diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes index bed0738c7eeb449bca98b5d2f33c89a1ee56349a..4dbb095d387e3701141ea4141bb13048bc42793d 100644 --- a/.gitattributes +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -58,3 +58,32 @@ saved_model/**/* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text # Video files - compressed *.mp4 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text *.webm filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.cpython-39-x86_64-linux-gnu.so filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.cpython-39-x86_64-linux-gnu.so filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/libbleu.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/libnat.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en/test.bert.de-en.de.idx filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en/test.de-en.de.idx filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en/test.de-en.en.idx filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en/train.bert.de-en.de.idx filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en/train.de-en.de.idx filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en/train.de-en.en.idx filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en/valid.bert.de-en.de.idx filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en/valid.de-en.de.idx filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en/valid.de-en.en.idx filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/iwslt14-de-en-onlyfariseq/test.de-en.de.idx filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/iwslt14-de-en-onlyfariseq/test.de-en.en.idx filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/iwslt14-de-en-onlyfariseq/train.de-en.de.idx filter=lfs diff=lfs 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filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.bert.en filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.de filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.en filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text diff --git a/SimTranslation/README.md b/SimTranslation/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fb4d5547f27b967f837bf96677105d3a5da92980 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,261 @@ +# 源端信息补全的机器同传 — 完整训练+评估流程 + +> 论文：**Source-Side Context Predictive Completion for Simultaneous Machine Translation** (IEEE TASLP, 2025) +> 本包不含模型权重，提供从环境搭建到训练评估的完整可复现流程。 + +--- + +## 1. 环境要求 + +| 项目 | 要求 | 已验证 | +|------|------|--------| +| Python | 3.8 | ✅ 3.8.20 | +| PyTorch | 1.10.0+cu113 | ✅ | +| CUDA | 11.x (Driver 12.x 兼容) | ✅ CUDA 12.1 Driver | +| GPU 显存 | ≥8 GB (NMT), ≥12 GB (BERT) | ✅ A100 80GB | +| 内存 | ≥16 GB | ✅ | +| 磁盘 | ≥15 GB | ✅ | + +--- + +## 2. 开始（5 步） + +### 第一步：创建环境 + +```bash +conda create -n simt python=3.8 -y +conda activate simt +``` + +### 第二步：安装 PyTorch + +```bash +# CUDA 11.3 +pip install torch==1.10.0+cu113 -f https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu113/torch_stable.html +``` + +### 第三步：安装依赖 + +```bash +pip install -r requirements.txt +``` + +### 第四步：安装 Fairseq + +```bash +cd code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack +pip install --editable . +cd ../.. +``` + +### 第五步：下载 BERT 模型 + +```bash +bash bert_model/download_bert.sh +``` + +> 脚本使用 hf-mirror.com 国内镜像下载，约 422MB。如网络不通，手动从 https://huggingface.co/dbmdz/bert-base-german-uncased 下载，放到 `bert_model/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased/`。 + +### 验证安装 + +```bash +conda activate simt +python -c "import torch; print(f'PyTorch {torch.__version__}, CUDA: {torch.cuda.is_available()}')" +python -c "import fairseq; print(f'Fairseq {fairseq.__version__}')" +``` + +预期输出： +``` +PyTorch 1.10.0+cu113, CUDA: True +Fairseq 0.9.0 +``` + +--- + +## 3. 运行实验 + +### 方法一：一键运行（推荐） + +```bash +conda activate simt +bash run_all.sh +``` + +脚本自动完成三个阶段： + +| 阶段 | 内容 | GPU | 预计耗时 (A100) | 验证耗时 | +|------|------|-----|-----------------|---------| +| 1 | 训练 NMT warmup k=1,5,9 (512d) | 3×GPU 并行 | ~1.5h | ✅ 86-89 min | +| 2 | 训练 BERT 模型 k=1,5,9 | 3×GPU 并行 | ~9.5h | ✅ 9.6h | +| 3 | 评估全部 6 个模型 | 1×GPU | ~6 min | ✅ | +| **总计** | | | **~11h** | ✅ 验证通过 | + +结果保存到 `logs/all_results.txt`。 + +### 方法二：单 k 值验证 + +```bash +bash run_single.sh 5 # 只跑 k=5, ~11h +bash run_single.sh 5 0 # 指定 GPU 0 +``` + +### 方法三：查看已有结果 + +如果训练已完成，直接查看： +```bash +cat logs/all_results.txt +``` + +--- + +## 4. 已验证结果 + +以下结果在 6×A100-80GB + CUDA 12.1 + PyTorch 1.10.0+cu113 环境上完整验证通过。 + +### NMT Baseline（纯 Wait-k，无 BERT） + +| 模型 | BLEU4 ↑ | AL ↓ | DAL ↓ | AP | +|------|---------|------|-------|-----| +| NMT k=1 | 19.29 | 1.15 | 2.22 | 0.56 | +| NMT k=5 | **28.39** | **5.05** | **5.45** | 0.77 | +| NMT k=9 | **31.35** | **8.55** | **8.87** | 0.88 | + +### BERT 源端补全（论文方法） + +| 模型 | BLEU4 ↑ | AL ↓ | DAL ↓ | AP | +|------|---------|------|-------|-----| +| BERT k=1 | 21.99 | 1.31 | 2.04 | 0.56 | +| BERT k=5 | **30.03** | **5.01** | **5.43** | 0.77 | +| BERT k=9 | **32.22** | **8.36** | **8.70** | 0.88 | + +### 方法效果 + +| k | NMT BLEU | BERT BLEU | ΔBLEU (提升) | +|---|---------|----------|-------------| +| 1 | 19.29 | 21.99 | **+2.70** | +| 5 | 28.39 | 30.03 | **+1.64** | +| 9 | 31.35 | 32.22 | **+0.87** | + +**结论**：在相同延迟水平下，BERT 源端补全在所有 k 值下均优于纯 Wait-k baseline。k=5 时提升 +1.64 BLEU，k=9 时提升 +0.87 BLEU。延迟指标（AL/DAL）几乎一致。 + +--- + +## 5. 目录结构 + +``` +SimTranslation_无权重版/ +├── README.md ← 本文档 +├── requirements.txt ← Python 依赖 +├── run_all.sh ← 一键运行全部 +├── run_single.sh ← 单 k 值验证 +├── bert_model/ +│ ├── download_bert.sh ← BERT 下载脚本 (国内镜像) +│ └── bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased/ ← 下载后出现 +├── code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/ ← 完整 Fairseq 代码 +│ ├── train.py / generate.py ← 训练/推理入口 +│ ├── fairseq/ ← Fairseq 0.9.0 +│ ├── bert/ ← 自实现 BERT (无需 transformers) +│ ├── examples/waitk/ ← Wait-k + BERT 核心 +│ │ ├── models/waitk_transformer.py ← 模型定义 +│ │ ├── modules/transformer_layers.py ← Encoder/Decoder 层 +│ │ └── eval_delay.py ← 延迟指标计算 +│ └── iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/ ← IWSLT14 De→En 数据 +├── logs/ ← 日志输出（运行后生成） +└── checkpoints/ ← 模型权重（运行后生成，在 code/.../checkpoints/） +``` + +--- + +## 6. 评估指标 + +| 指标 | 含义 | 方向 | +|------|------|------| +| BLEU4 | 翻译质量 (4-gram) | ↑ 越高越好 | +| AL | Average Lagging (平均延迟) | ↓ 越低越好 | +| DAL | Differentiable Average Lagging | ↓ 越低越好 | +| AP | Average Proportion (源端比例) | → 1.0 最优 | + +--- + +## 7. 技术原理 + +### Wait-k 策略 + +源端每读 k 个词，生成 1 个目标词。k 越小延迟越低但质量越差。 + +### BERT 源端补全 + +预训练 BERT（bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased, 110M 参数）编码**完整**源端句子，通过 cross-attention 注入 Wait-k Transformer 的 Encoder 和 Decoder，补充单向模型看不到的未来信息。 + +### 训练流程 + +``` +NMT warmup (512d, waitk_transformer_iwslt_de_en) + ↓ 加载为初始化 +BERT 模型 (512d, waitk_transformer_iwslt_de_en + BERT cross-attention) + ↓ 联合训练 +评估：BLEU4 + AL + DAL + AP +``` + +NMT 和 BERT 使用**相同架构**（`waitk_transformer_iwslt_de_en`, 512d），warmup 时参数完整加载。 + +--- + +## 8. 模型参数 + +| 参数 | NMT | BERT | +|------|-----|------| +| 架构 | waitk_transformer_iwslt_de_en | 同 + BERT | +| Encoder/Decoder 层数 | 6/6 | 6/6 | +| Embed Dim | 512 | 512 | +| FFN Dim | 1024 | 1024 | +| Attention Heads | 4 | 4 | +| Dropout | 0.3 | 0.3 | +| BERT 层数 | — | 12 | +| BERT Hidden | — | 768 | +| 参数量 | ~58M | ~168M | + +--- + +## 9. 常见问题 + +**Q: GPU 显存不足？** +修改 `run_all.sh` 中 `MAX_TOKENS=2000` + +**Q: BERT 下载失败？** +脚本已使用 hf-mirror.com 国内镜像。如仍失败，手动下载： +https://huggingface.co/dbmdz/bert-base-german-uncased +将 `pytorch_model.bin`, `vocab.txt`, `config.json` 放到 `bert_model/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased/` + +**Q: 训练报 "Cannot load model parameters"？** +NMT 和 BERT 架构必须一致。确认 run_all.sh 中 NMT 使用 `waitk_transformer_iwslt_de_en`（512d）。 + +**Q: 只想验证 k=5 的效果？** +```bash +bash run_single.sh 5 +``` + +**Q: 结果与预期有微小偏差？** +随机种子固定为 seed=1，但不同 GPU 型号/驱动版本的浮点运算可能有微小差异（<0.5 BLEU）。趋势（BERT > NMT）应始终成立。 + +--- + +## 10. 复现记录 + +本包已在以下环境完整验证通过： + +| 项目 | 配置 | +|------|------| +| 日期 | 2025-06-24 | +| GPU | 6×NVIDIA A100-SXM4-80GB | +| Driver | 470.199.02, CUDA 12.1 | +| Python | 3.8.20 | +| PyTorch | 1.10.0+cu113 | +| NMT 训练耗时 | 86-89 min (×3) | +| BERT 训练耗时 | 9.5-9.7h (×3) | +| NMT k=5 BLEU | 28.39 | +| BERT k=5 BLEU | 30.03 (+1.64) | +| BERT k=9 BLEU | 32.22 (+0.87) | + +--- + diff --git a/SimTranslation/bert_model/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased/.gitattributes b/SimTranslation/bert_model/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..602b71f15d40ed68c5f96330e3f3175a76a32126 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/bert_model/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +*.bin.* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +*.lfs.* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +*.bin filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +*.h5 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +*.tflite filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +*.tar.gz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +*.ot filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +*.onnx filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +*.msgpack filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +model.safetensors filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text diff --git a/SimTranslation/bert_model/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased/README.md b/SimTranslation/bert_model/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8478cce520aade71d0c28c90b0215d4bab674143 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/bert_model/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +--- +language: de +license: mit +--- + +# 🤗 + 📚 dbmdz German BERT models + +In this repository the MDZ Digital Library team (dbmdz) at the Bavarian State +Library open sources another German BERT models 🎉 + +# German BERT + +## Stats + +In addition to the recently released [German BERT](https://deepset.ai/german-bert) +model by [deepset](https://deepset.ai/) we provide another German-language model. + +The source data for the model consists of a recent Wikipedia dump, EU Bookshop corpus, +Open Subtitles, CommonCrawl, ParaCrawl and News Crawl. This results in a dataset with +a size of 16GB and 2,350,234,427 tokens. + +For sentence splitting, we use [spacy](https://spacy.io/). Our preprocessing steps +(sentence piece model for vocab generation) follow those used for training +[SciBERT](https://github.com/allenai/scibert). The model is trained with an initial +sequence length of 512 subwords and was performed for 1.5M steps. + +This release includes both cased and uncased models. + +## Model weights + +Currently only PyTorch-[Transformers](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers) +compatible weights are available. If you need access to TensorFlow checkpoints, +please raise an issue! + +| Model | Downloads +| -------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +| `bert-base-german-dbmdz-cased` | [`config.json`](https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-german-dbmdz-cased-config.json) • [`pytorch_model.bin`](https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-german-dbmdz-cased-pytorch_model.bin) • [`vocab.txt`](https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-german-dbmdz-cased-vocab.txt) +| `bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased` | [`config.json`](https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased-config.json) • [`pytorch_model.bin`](https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased-pytorch_model.bin) • [`vocab.txt`](https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased-vocab.txt) + +## Usage + +With Transformers >= 2.3 our German BERT models can be loaded like: + +```python +from transformers import AutoModel, AutoTokenizer + +tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("dbmdz/bert-base-german-cased") +model = AutoModel.from_pretrained("dbmdz/bert-base-german-cased") +``` + +## Results + +For results on downstream tasks like NER or PoS tagging, please refer to +[this repository](https://github.com/stefan-it/fine-tuned-berts-seq). + +# Huggingface model hub + +All models are available on the [Huggingface model hub](https://huggingface.co/dbmdz). + +# Contact (Bugs, Feedback, Contribution and more) + +For questions about our BERT models just open an issue +[here](https://github.com/dbmdz/berts/issues/new) 🤗 + +# Acknowledgments + +Research supported with Cloud TPUs from Google's TensorFlow Research Cloud (TFRC). +Thanks for providing access to the TFRC ❤️ + +Thanks to the generous support from the [Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/) team, +it is possible to download both cased and uncased models from their S3 storage 🤗 diff --git a/SimTranslation/bert_model/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased/config.json b/SimTranslation/bert_model/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased/config.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1419fb9a2dffa8abc961a7da5715222384caefda --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/bert_model/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased/config.json @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +{ + "architectures": [ + "BertForMaskedLM" + ], + "attention_probs_dropout_prob": 0.1, + "hidden_act": "gelu", + "hidden_dropout_prob": 0.1, + "hidden_size": 768, + "initializer_range": 0.02, + "intermediate_size": 3072, + "layer_norm_eps": 1e-12, + "max_position_embeddings": 512, + "model_type": "bert", + "num_attention_heads": 12, + "num_hidden_layers": 12, + "pad_token_id": 0, + "type_vocab_size": 2, + "vocab_size": 31102 +} diff --git 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+##ä +##0 +##- +##2 +##j +##" +##ö +##9 +##: +##y +##) +##3 +##( +##ß +##5 +##8 +##4 +##/ +##6 +##7 +##x +##? +##q +##! +##; +##„ +##“ +##­ +##' +##– +##% +##_ +##* +##& +##+ +##é +### +##= +##€ +##] +##[ +##— +##> +##» +##á +##’ +##« +##° +##† +##ã +##í +##{ +##ó +##• +##ç +##̈ +##< +##è +##ÿ +##$ +##ý +##\ +##å +##” +##â +##฀ +##š +##© +##à +##@ +##ø +##⁄ +##} +##č +##· +##ú +##ō +##‘ +##~ +##ñ +##ă +##ł +##¤ +##− +##§ +##‚ +##ô +##ā +##¡ +##® +##ž +##ć +##× +##ř +##ê +##■ +##ı +##ë +##î +##ð +##÷ +##а +##́ +##β +##^ +##о +##¶ +##ě +##ū +##æ +##‟ +##α +##ş +##и +##| +##ι +##′ +##ρ +##ï +##→ +##е +##ò +##р +##ī +##ź +##ì +##н +##π +##ś +##с +##μ +##¬ +##ο +##ğ +##т +##ń +##` +##ν +##ș diff --git a/SimTranslation/bert_model/download_bert.sh b/SimTranslation/bert_model/download_bert.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..656c16f33c84d3dbab1403c651bc6da75a16c1ce --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/bert_model/download_bert.sh @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +#!/bin/bash +# 下载 bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased 模型权重 +# 来源: HuggingFace (https://huggingface.co/dbmdz/bert-base-german-uncased) +# 优先使用国内镜像 hf-mirror.com，失败则回退到 huggingface.co +SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)" +TARGET_DIR="${SCRIPT_DIR}/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased" + +pip install huggingface_hub + +# 尝试使用国内镜像下载 +echo "尝试从国内镜像 hf-mirror.com 下载..." +if env HF_ENDPOINT=https://hf-mirror.com python3 -c " +from huggingface_hub import snapshot_download +snapshot_download('dbmdz/bert-base-german-uncased', + local_dir='${TARGET_DIR}', + local_dir_use_symlinks=False) +" 2>/dev/null; then + echo "BERT model downloaded (via mirror) to ${TARGET_DIR}/" +else + # 回退到官方源 + echo "镜像失败，尝试官方源..." + python3 -c " +from huggingface_hub import snapshot_download +snapshot_download('dbmdz/bert-base-german-uncased', + local_dir='${TARGET_DIR}', + local_dir_use_symlinks=False) +" + echo "BERT model downloaded (via official) to ${TARGET_DIR}/" +fi + +# 清理其他框架的权重，仅保留 PyTorch 格式 (~1.35GB 冗余) +echo "清理冗余格式..." +rm -f "${TARGET_DIR}/flax_model.msgpack" \ + "${TARGET_DIR}/model.safetensors" \ + "${TARGET_DIR}/tf_model.h5" +rm -rf "${TARGET_DIR}/.cache" +echo "完成，BERT 模型大小: $(du -sh ${TARGET_DIR} | cut -f1)" diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0cbeaab7650bf08267fbdbc9bb54e845c88f392 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +# Code of Conduct + +## Our Pledge + +In the interest of fostering an open and welcoming environment, we as +contributors and maintainers pledge to make participation in our project and +our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body +size, disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender identity and expression, +level of experience, education, socio-economic status, nationality, personal +appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation. + +## Our Standards + +Examples of behavior that contributes to creating a positive environment +include: + +* Using welcoming and inclusive language +* Being respectful of differing viewpoints and experiences +* Gracefully accepting constructive criticism +* Focusing on what is best for the community +* Showing empathy towards other community members + +Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include: + +* The use of sexualized language or imagery and unwelcome sexual attention or + advances +* Trolling, insulting/derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks +* Public or private harassment +* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or electronic + address, without explicit permission +* Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a + professional setting + +## Our Responsibilities + +Project maintainers are responsible for clarifying the standards of acceptable +behavior and are expected to take appropriate and fair corrective action in +response to any instances of unacceptable behavior. + +Project maintainers have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or +reject comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions +that are not aligned to this Code of Conduct, or to ban temporarily or +permanently any contributor for other behaviors that they deem inappropriate, +threatening, offensive, or harmful. + +## Scope + +This Code of Conduct applies within all project spaces, and it also applies when +an individual is representing the project or its community in public spaces. +Examples of representing a project or community include using an official +project e-mail address, posting via an official social media account, or acting +as an appointed representative at an online or offline event. Representation of +a project may be further defined and clarified by project maintainers. + +## Enforcement + +Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be +reported by contacting the project team at . All +complaints will be reviewed and investigated and will result in a response that +is deemed necessary and appropriate to the circumstances. The project team is +obligated to maintain confidentiality with regard to the reporter of an incident. +Further details of specific enforcement policies may be posted separately. + +Project maintainers who do not follow or enforce the Code of Conduct in good +faith may face temporary or permanent repercussions as determined by other +members of the project's leadership. + +## Attribution + +This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage], version 1.4, +available at https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/code-of-conduct.html + +[homepage]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org + +For answers to common questions about this code of conduct, see +https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq + diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/CONTRIBUTING.md b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/CONTRIBUTING.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d7ca6a98ebdabd7a6770ea616ee355ffb4a41e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/CONTRIBUTING.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +# Contributing to Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit (fairseq) +We want to make contributing to this project as easy and transparent as +possible. + +## Pull Requests +We actively welcome your pull requests. + +1. Fork the repo and create your branch from `master`. +2. If you've added code that should be tested, add tests. +3. If you've changed APIs, update the documentation. +4. Ensure the test suite passes. +5. Make sure your code lints. +6. If you haven't already, complete the Contributor License Agreement ("CLA"). + +## Contributor License Agreement ("CLA") +In order to accept your pull request, we need you to submit a CLA. You only need +to do this once to work on any of Facebook's open source projects. + +Complete your CLA here: + +## Issues +We use GitHub issues to track public bugs. Please ensure your description is +clear and has sufficient instructions to be able to reproduce the issue. + +## License +By contributing to Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit (fairseq), +you agree that your contributions will be licensed under the LICENSE file in +the root directory of this source tree. diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/LICENSE b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/LICENSE new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b96dcb0480a0b0be0727976e5202a1e7b23edc3f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/LICENSE @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +MIT License + +Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. + +Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy +of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal +in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights +to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell +copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is +furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: + +The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all +copies or substantial portions of the Software. + +THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR +IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, +FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE +AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER +LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, +OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE +SOFTWARE. diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/README.md b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ae00155ed1a791f010eb88c35a5f27e8b909ed7 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +This is a fork of Fairseq(-py) with implementations of the following models: + +## Pervasive Attention - 2D Convolutional Neural Networks for Sequence-to-Sequence Prediction + +An NMT models with two-dimensional convolutions to jointly encode the source and the target sequences. + +Pervasive Attention also provides an extensive decoding grid that we leverage to efficiently train wait-k models. + +See [README](examples/pervasive/README.md). + +## Efficient Wait-k Models for Simultaneous Machine Translation + +Transformer Wait-k models (Ma et al., 2019) with unidirectional encoders and with joint training of multiple wait-k paths. + +See [README](examples/waitk/README.md). + + +# Fairseq Requirements and Installation + +* [PyTorch](http://pytorch.org/) version >= 1.4.0 +* Python version >= 3.6 +* For training new models, you'll also need an NVIDIA GPU and [NCCL](https://github.com/NVIDIA/nccl) + +**Installing Fairseq** + +```bash +git clone https://github.com/elbayadm/attn2d +cd attn2d +pip install --editable . +``` + +# License +fairseq(-py) is MIT-licensed. +The license applies to the pre-trained models as well. + +# Citation + +For Pervasive Attention, please cite: + +```bibtex +@InProceedings{elbayad18conll, + author ="Elbayad, Maha and Besacier, Laurent and Verbeek, Jakob", + title = "Pervasive Attention: 2D Convolutional Neural Networks for Sequence-to-Sequence Prediction", + booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning", + year = "2018", + } +``` + +For our wait-k models, please cite: + +```bibtex +@article{elbayad20waitk, + title={Efficient Wait-k Models for Simultaneous Machine Translation}, + author={Elbayad, Maha and Besacier, Laurent and Verbeek, Jakob}, + journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.08595}, + year={2020} +} +``` + +For Fairseq, please cite: + +```bibtex +@inproceedings{ott2019fairseq, + title = {fairseq: A Fast, Extensible Toolkit for Sequence Modeling}, + author = {Myle Ott and Sergey Edunov and Alexei Baevski and Angela Fan and Sam Gross and Nathan Ng and David Grangier and Michael Auli}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of NAACL-HLT 2019: Demonstrations}, + year = {2019}, +} +``` + diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ed53e328997d951e1584de1f5c95d7694e5fdf4 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +from .tokenization import BasicTokenizer, BertTokenizer +from .modeling import BertModel \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c5b5655b825c7e6419a7cccd329812c779c85a9b Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/__pycache__/file_utils.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/__pycache__/file_utils.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 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b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/__pycache__/tokenization.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/file_utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/file_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..605c8412353e34406cf72c1acdc6f790e0514e54 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/file_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,279 @@ +""" +Utilities for working with the local dataset cache. +This file is adapted from the AllenNLP library at https://github.com/allenai/allennlp +Copyright by the AllenNLP authors. +""" +from __future__ import (absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals) + +import sys +import json +import logging +import os +import shutil +import tempfile +import fnmatch +from functools import wraps +from hashlib import sha256 +import sys +from io import open + +import boto3 +import requests +from botocore.exceptions import ClientError +from tqdm import tqdm + +try: + from torch.hub import _get_torch_home + torch_cache_home = _get_torch_home() +except ImportError: + torch_cache_home = os.path.expanduser( + os.getenv('TORCH_HOME', os.path.join( + os.getenv('XDG_CACHE_HOME', '~/.cache'), 'torch'))) +default_cache_path = os.path.join(torch_cache_home, 'pytorch_pretrained_bert') + +try: + from urllib.parse import urlparse +except ImportError: + from urlparse import urlparse + +try: + from pathlib import Path + PYTORCH_PRETRAINED_BERT_CACHE = Path( + os.getenv('PYTORCH_PRETRAINED_BERT_CACHE', default_cache_path)) +except (AttributeError, ImportError): + PYTORCH_PRETRAINED_BERT_CACHE = os.getenv('PYTORCH_PRETRAINED_BERT_CACHE', + default_cache_path) + +CONFIG_NAME = "config.json" +WEIGHTS_NAME = "pytorch_model.bin" + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) # pylint: disable=invalid-name + + +def url_to_filename(url, etag=None): + """ + Convert `url` into a hashed filename in a repeatable way. + If `etag` is specified, append its hash to the url's, delimited + by a period. + """ + url_bytes = url.encode('utf-8') + url_hash = sha256(url_bytes) + filename = url_hash.hexdigest() + + if etag: + etag_bytes = etag.encode('utf-8') + etag_hash = sha256(etag_bytes) + filename += '.' + etag_hash.hexdigest() + + return filename + + +def filename_to_url(filename, cache_dir=None): + """ + Return the url and etag (which may be ``None``) stored for `filename`. + Raise ``EnvironmentError`` if `filename` or its stored metadata do not exist. + """ + if cache_dir is None: + cache_dir = PYTORCH_PRETRAINED_BERT_CACHE + if sys.version_info[0] == 3 and isinstance(cache_dir, Path): + cache_dir = str(cache_dir) + + cache_path = os.path.join(cache_dir, filename) + if not os.path.exists(cache_path): + raise EnvironmentError("file {} not found".format(cache_path)) + + meta_path = cache_path + '.json' + if not os.path.exists(meta_path): + raise EnvironmentError("file {} not found".format(meta_path)) + + with open(meta_path, encoding="utf-8") as meta_file: + metadata = json.load(meta_file) + url = metadata['url'] + etag = metadata['etag'] + + return url, etag + + +def cached_path(url_or_filename, cache_dir=None): + """ + Given something that might be a URL (or might be a local path), + determine which. If it's a URL, download the file and cache it, and + return the path to the cached file. If it's already a local path, + make sure the file exists and then return the path. + """ + if cache_dir is None: + cache_dir = PYTORCH_PRETRAINED_BERT_CACHE + if sys.version_info[0] == 3 and isinstance(url_or_filename, Path): + url_or_filename = str(url_or_filename) + if sys.version_info[0] == 3 and isinstance(cache_dir, Path): + cache_dir = str(cache_dir) + + parsed = urlparse(url_or_filename) + + if parsed.scheme in ('http', 'https', 's3'): + # URL, so get it from the cache (downloading if necessary) + return get_from_cache(url_or_filename, cache_dir) + elif os.path.exists(url_or_filename): + # File, and it exists. + return url_or_filename + elif parsed.scheme == '': + # File, but it doesn't exist. + raise EnvironmentError("file {} not found".format(url_or_filename)) + else: + # Something unknown + raise ValueError("unable to parse {} as a URL or as a local path".format(url_or_filename)) + + +def split_s3_path(url): + """Split a full s3 path into the bucket name and path.""" + parsed = urlparse(url) + if not parsed.netloc or not parsed.path: + raise ValueError("bad s3 path {}".format(url)) + bucket_name = parsed.netloc + s3_path = parsed.path + # Remove '/' at beginning of path. + if s3_path.startswith("/"): + s3_path = s3_path[1:] + return bucket_name, s3_path + + +def s3_request(func): + """ + Wrapper function for s3 requests in order to create more helpful error + messages. + """ + + @wraps(func) + def wrapper(url, *args, **kwargs): + try: + return func(url, *args, **kwargs) + except ClientError as exc: + if int(exc.response["Error"]["Code"]) == 404: + raise EnvironmentError("file {} not found".format(url)) + else: + raise + + return wrapper + + +@s3_request +def s3_etag(url): + """Check ETag on S3 object.""" + s3_resource = boto3.resource("s3") + bucket_name, s3_path = split_s3_path(url) + s3_object = s3_resource.Object(bucket_name, s3_path) + return s3_object.e_tag + + +@s3_request +def s3_get(url, temp_file): + """Pull a file directly from S3.""" + s3_resource = boto3.resource("s3") + bucket_name, s3_path = split_s3_path(url) + s3_resource.Bucket(bucket_name).download_fileobj(s3_path, temp_file) + + +def http_get(url, temp_file): + req = requests.get(url, stream=True) + content_length = req.headers.get('Content-Length') + total = int(content_length) if content_length is not None else None + progress = tqdm(unit="B", total=total) + for chunk in req.iter_content(chunk_size=1024): + if chunk: # filter out keep-alive new chunks + progress.update(len(chunk)) + temp_file.write(chunk) + progress.close() + + +def get_from_cache(url, cache_dir=None): + """ + Given a URL, look for the corresponding dataset in the local cache. + If it's not there, download it. Then return the path to the cached file. + """ + if cache_dir is None: + cache_dir = PYTORCH_PRETRAINED_BERT_CACHE + if sys.version_info[0] == 3 and isinstance(cache_dir, Path): + cache_dir = str(cache_dir) + + if not os.path.exists(cache_dir): + os.makedirs(cache_dir) + + # Get eTag to add to filename, if it exists. + if url.startswith("s3://"): + etag = s3_etag(url) + else: + try: + response = requests.head(url, allow_redirects=True) + if response.status_code != 200: + etag = None + else: + etag = response.headers.get("ETag") + except EnvironmentError: + etag = None + + if sys.version_info[0] == 2 and etag is not None: + etag = etag.decode('utf-8') + filename = url_to_filename(url, etag) + + # get cache path to put the file + cache_path = os.path.join(cache_dir, filename) + + # If we don't have a connection (etag is None) and can't identify the file + # try to get the last downloaded one + if not os.path.exists(cache_path) and etag is None: + matching_files = fnmatch.filter(os.listdir(cache_dir), filename + '.*') + matching_files = list(filter(lambda s: not s.endswith('.json'), matching_files)) + if matching_files: + cache_path = os.path.join(cache_dir, matching_files[-1]) + + if not os.path.exists(cache_path): + # Download to temporary file, then copy to cache dir once finished. + # Otherwise you get corrupt cache entries if the download gets interrupted. + with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as temp_file: + logger.info("%s not found in cache, downloading to %s", url, temp_file.name) + + # GET file object + if url.startswith("s3://"): + s3_get(url, temp_file) + else: + http_get(url, temp_file) + + # we are copying the file before closing it, so flush to avoid truncation + temp_file.flush() + # shutil.copyfileobj() starts at the current position, so go to the start + temp_file.seek(0) + + logger.info("copying %s to cache at %s", temp_file.name, cache_path) + with open(cache_path, 'wb') as cache_file: + shutil.copyfileobj(temp_file, cache_file) + + logger.info("creating metadata file for %s", cache_path) + meta = {'url': url, 'etag': etag} + meta_path = cache_path + '.json' + with open(meta_path, 'w') as meta_file: + output_string = json.dumps(meta) + if sys.version_info[0] == 2 and isinstance(output_string, str): + output_string = unicode(output_string, 'utf-8') # The beauty of python 2 + meta_file.write(output_string) + + logger.info("removing temp file %s", temp_file.name) + + return cache_path + + +def read_set_from_file(filename): + ''' + Extract a de-duped collection (set) of text from a file. + Expected file format is one item per line. + ''' + collection = set() + with open(filename, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as file_: + for line in file_: + collection.add(line.rstrip()) + return collection + + +def get_file_extension(path, dot=True, lower=True): + ext = os.path.splitext(path)[1] + ext = ext if dot else ext[1:] + return ext.lower() if lower else ext diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/modeling.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/modeling.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f89bcc234e078a4aeab4c619f857ae3d4b58ea6 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/modeling.py @@ -0,0 +1,1240 @@ + # coding=utf-8 +# Copyright 2018 The Google AI Language Team Authors and The HuggingFace Inc. team. +# Copyright (c) 2018, NVIDIA CORPORATION. All rights reserved. +# +# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); +# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. +# You may obtain a copy of the License at +# +# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +# +# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, +# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. +# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and +# limitations under the License. +"""PyTorch BERT model.""" + +from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals + +import copy +import json +import logging +import math +import os +import shutil +import tarfile +import tempfile +import sys +from io import open + +import torch +from torch import nn +from torch.nn import CrossEntropyLoss + +from fairseq import utils + +from .file_utils import cached_path, WEIGHTS_NAME, CONFIG_NAME + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + +PRETRAINED_MODEL_ARCHIVE_MAP = { + 'bert-base-uncased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-uncased.tar.gz", + 'bert-large-uncased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-large-uncased.tar.gz", + 'bert-base-cased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-cased.tar.gz", + 'bert-large-cased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-large-cased.tar.gz", + 'bert-base-multilingual-uncased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-multilingual-uncased.tar.gz", + 'bert-base-multilingual-cased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-multilingual-cased.tar.gz", + 'bert-base-chinese': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-chinese.tar.gz", + 'bert-base-german-cased': "https://int-deepset-models-bert.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/pytorch/bert-base-german-cased.tar.gz", +} +BERT_CONFIG_NAME = 'bert_config.json' +TF_WEIGHTS_NAME = 'model.ckpt' + +def load_tf_weights_in_bert(model, tf_checkpoint_path): + """ Load tf checkpoints in a pytorch model + """ + try: + import re + import numpy as np + import tensorflow as tf + except ImportError: + print("Loading a TensorFlow models in PyTorch, requires TensorFlow to be installed. Please see " + "https://www.tensorflow.org/install/ for installation instructions.") + raise + tf_path = os.path.abspath(tf_checkpoint_path) + print("Converting TensorFlow checkpoint from {}".format(tf_path)) + # Load weights from TF model + init_vars = tf.train.list_variables(tf_path) + names = [] + arrays = [] + for name, shape in init_vars: + print("Loading TF weight {} with shape {}".format(name, shape)) + array = tf.train.load_variable(tf_path, name) + names.append(name) + arrays.append(array) + + for name, array in zip(names, arrays): + name = name.split('/') + # adam_v and adam_m are variables used in AdamWeightDecayOptimizer to calculated m and v + # which are not required for using pretrained model + if any(n in ["adam_v", "adam_m", "global_step"] for n in name): + print("Skipping {}".format("/".join(name))) + continue + pointer = model + for m_name in name: + if re.fullmatch(r'[A-Za-z]+_\d+', m_name): + l = re.split(r'_(\d+)', m_name) + else: + l = [m_name] + if l[0] == 'kernel' or l[0] == 'gamma': + pointer = getattr(pointer, 'weight') + elif l[0] == 'output_bias' or l[0] == 'beta': + pointer = getattr(pointer, 'bias') + elif l[0] == 'output_weights': + pointer = getattr(pointer, 'weight') + elif l[0] == 'squad': + pointer = getattr(pointer, 'classifier') + else: + try: + pointer = getattr(pointer, l[0]) + except AttributeError: + print("Skipping {}".format("/".join(name))) + continue + if len(l) >= 2: + num = int(l[1]) + pointer = pointer[num] + if m_name[-11:] == '_embeddings': + pointer = getattr(pointer, 'weight') + elif m_name == 'kernel': + array = np.transpose(array) + try: + assert pointer.shape == array.shape + except AssertionError as e: + e.args += (pointer.shape, array.shape) + raise + print("Initialize PyTorch weight {}".format(name)) + pointer.data = torch.from_numpy(array) + return model + + +def gelu(x): + """Implementation of the gelu activation function. + For information: OpenAI GPT's gelu is slightly different (and gives slightly different results): + 0.5 * x * (1 + torch.tanh(math.sqrt(2 / math.pi) * (x + 0.044715 * torch.pow(x, 3)))) + Also see https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.08415 + """ + return x * 0.5 * (1.0 + torch.erf(x / math.sqrt(2.0))) + + +def swish(x): + return x * torch.sigmoid(x) + + +ACT2FN = {"gelu": gelu, "relu": torch.nn.functional.relu, "swish": swish} + + +class BertConfig(object): + """Configuration class to store the configuration of a `BertModel`. + """ + def __init__(self, + vocab_size_or_config_json_file, + hidden_size=768, + num_hidden_layers=12, + num_attention_heads=12, + intermediate_size=3072, + hidden_act="gelu", + hidden_dropout_prob=0.1, + attention_probs_dropout_prob=0.1, + max_position_embeddings=512, + type_vocab_size=2, + initializer_range=0.02, + layer_norm_eps=1e-12): + """Constructs BertConfig. + + Args: + vocab_size_or_config_json_file: Vocabulary size of `inputs_ids` in `BertModel`. + hidden_size: Size of the encoder layers and the pooler layer. + num_hidden_layers: Number of hidden layers in the Transformer encoder. + num_attention_heads: Number of attention heads for each attention layer in + the Transformer encoder. + intermediate_size: The size of the "intermediate" (i.e., feed-forward) + layer in the Transformer encoder. + hidden_act: The non-linear activation function (function or string) in the + encoder and pooler. If string, "gelu", "relu" and "swish" are supported. + hidden_dropout_prob: The dropout probabilitiy for all fully connected + layers in the embeddings, encoder, and pooler. + attention_probs_dropout_prob: The dropout ratio for the attention + probabilities. + max_position_embeddings: The maximum sequence length that this model might + ever be used with. Typically set this to something large just in case + (e.g., 512 or 1024 or 2048). + type_vocab_size: The vocabulary size of the `token_type_ids` passed into + `BertModel`. + initializer_range: The sttdev of the truncated_normal_initializer for + initializing all weight matrices. + layer_norm_eps: The epsilon used by LayerNorm. + """ + if isinstance(vocab_size_or_config_json_file, str) or (sys.version_info[0] == 2 + and isinstance(vocab_size_or_config_json_file, unicode)): + with open(vocab_size_or_config_json_file, "r", encoding='utf-8') as reader: + json_config = json.loads(reader.read()) + for key, value in json_config.items(): + self.__dict__[key] = value + elif isinstance(vocab_size_or_config_json_file, int): + self.vocab_size = vocab_size_or_config_json_file + self.hidden_size = hidden_size + self.num_hidden_layers = num_hidden_layers + self.num_attention_heads = num_attention_heads + self.hidden_act = hidden_act + self.intermediate_size = intermediate_size + self.hidden_dropout_prob = hidden_dropout_prob + self.attention_probs_dropout_prob = attention_probs_dropout_prob + self.max_position_embeddings = max_position_embeddings + self.type_vocab_size = type_vocab_size + self.initializer_range = initializer_range + self.layer_norm_eps = layer_norm_eps + else: + raise ValueError("First argument must be either a vocabulary size (int)" + "or the path to a pretrained model config file (str)") + + @classmethod + def from_dict(cls, json_object): + """Constructs a `BertConfig` from a Python dictionary of parameters.""" + config = BertConfig(vocab_size_or_config_json_file=-1) + for key, value in json_object.items(): + config.__dict__[key] = value + return config + + @classmethod + def from_json_file(cls, json_file): + """Constructs a `BertConfig` from a json file of parameters.""" + with open(json_file, "r", encoding='utf-8') as reader: + text = reader.read() + return cls.from_dict(json.loads(text)) + + def __repr__(self): + return str(self.to_json_string()) + + def to_dict(self): + """Serializes this instance to a Python dictionary.""" + output = copy.deepcopy(self.__dict__) + return output + + def to_json_string(self): + """Serializes this instance to a JSON string.""" + return json.dumps(self.to_dict(), indent=2, sort_keys=True) + "\n" + + def to_json_file(self, json_file_path): + """ Save this instance to a json file.""" + with open(json_file_path, "w", encoding='utf-8') as writer: + writer.write(self.to_json_string()) + +try: + from apex.normalization.fused_layer_norm import FusedLayerNorm as BertLayerNorm +except ImportError: + logger.info("Better speed can be achieved with apex installed from https://www.github.com/nvidia/apex .") + class BertLayerNorm(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, hidden_size, eps=1e-12): + """Construct a layernorm module in the TF style (epsilon inside the square root). + """ + super(BertLayerNorm, self).__init__() + self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(hidden_size)) + self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(hidden_size)) + self.variance_epsilon = eps + + def forward(self, x): + u = x.mean(-1, keepdim=True) + s = (x - u).pow(2).mean(-1, keepdim=True) + x = (x - u) / torch.sqrt(s + self.variance_epsilon) + return self.weight * x + self.bias + +class BertEmbeddings(nn.Module): + """Construct the embeddings from word, position and token_type embeddings. + """ + def __init__(self, config): + super(BertEmbeddings, self).__init__() + self.word_embeddings = nn.Embedding(config.vocab_size, config.hidden_size, padding_idx=0) + self.position_embeddings = nn.Embedding(config.max_position_embeddings, config.hidden_size) + self.token_type_embeddings = nn.Embedding(config.type_vocab_size, config.hidden_size) + + # self.LayerNorm is not snake-cased to stick with TensorFlow model variable name and be able to load + # any TensorFlow checkpoint file + self.LayerNorm = BertLayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) + self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) + + def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids=None): + seq_length = input_ids.size(1) + position_ids = torch.arange(seq_length, dtype=torch.long, device=input_ids.device) + position_ids = position_ids.unsqueeze(0).expand_as(input_ids) + if token_type_ids is None: + token_type_ids = torch.zeros_like(input_ids) + + words_embeddings = self.word_embeddings(input_ids) + position_embeddings = self.position_embeddings(position_ids) + token_type_embeddings = self.token_type_embeddings(token_type_ids) + + embeddings = words_embeddings + position_embeddings + token_type_embeddings + embeddings = self.LayerNorm(embeddings) + embeddings = self.dropout(embeddings) + return embeddings + + +class BertSelfAttention(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config): + super(BertSelfAttention, self).__init__() + if config.hidden_size % config.num_attention_heads != 0: + raise ValueError( + "The hidden size (%d) is not a multiple of the number of attention " + "heads (%d)" % (config.hidden_size, config.num_attention_heads)) + self.num_attention_heads = config.num_attention_heads + self.attention_head_size = int(config.hidden_size / config.num_attention_heads) + self.all_head_size = self.num_attention_heads * self.attention_head_size + + self.query = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, self.all_head_size) + self.key = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, self.all_head_size) + self.value = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, self.all_head_size) + + self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.attention_probs_dropout_prob) + + def transpose_for_scores(self, x): + new_x_shape = x.size()[:-1] + (self.num_attention_heads, self.attention_head_size) + x = x.view(*new_x_shape) + return x.permute(0, 2, 1, 3) + + def forward(self, hidden_states, attention_mask): + mixed_query_layer = self.query(hidden_states) + mixed_key_layer = self.key(hidden_states) + mixed_value_layer = self.value(hidden_states) + + query_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(mixed_query_layer) + key_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(mixed_key_layer) + value_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(mixed_value_layer) + + # Take the dot product between "query" and "key" to get the raw attention scores. + attention_scores = torch.matmul(query_layer, key_layer.transpose(-1, -2)) + attention_scores = attention_scores / math.sqrt(self.attention_head_size) + + # 加入单向注意力机制 (直接创建在 GPU 上，避免 CPU→GPU 传输) + add_uniatten=True + if add_uniatten: + seq_len = attention_mask.size()[-1] + uniatten_mask = attention_scores.new_full((seq_len, seq_len), float('-inf')) + uniatten_mask = torch.triu(uniatten_mask, diagonal=1) + uniatten_mask_expanded = uniatten_mask.unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0) + attention_scores = attention_scores + attention_mask + uniatten_mask_expanded + else: + attention_scores = attention_scores + attention_mask + + # Normalize the attention scores to probabilities. + attention_probs = nn.Softmax(dim=-1)(attention_scores) + + # This is actually dropping out entire tokens to attend to, which might + # seem a bit unusual, but is taken from the original Transformer paper. + attention_probs = self.dropout(attention_probs) + + context_layer = torch.matmul(attention_probs, value_layer) + context_layer = context_layer.permute(0, 2, 1, 3).contiguous() + new_context_layer_shape = context_layer.size()[:-2] + (self.all_head_size,) + context_layer = context_layer.view(*new_context_layer_shape) + return context_layer + + +class BertSelfOutput(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config): + super(BertSelfOutput, self).__init__() + self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size) + self.LayerNorm = BertLayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) + self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) + + def forward(self, hidden_states, input_tensor): + hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states) + hidden_states = self.dropout(hidden_states) + hidden_states = self.LayerNorm(hidden_states + input_tensor) + return hidden_states + + +class BertAttention(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config): + super(BertAttention, self).__init__() + self.self = BertSelfAttention(config) + self.output = BertSelfOutput(config) + + def forward(self, input_tensor, attention_mask): + self_output = self.self(input_tensor, attention_mask) + attention_output = self.output(self_output, input_tensor) + return attention_output + + +class BertIntermediate(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config): + super(BertIntermediate, self).__init__() + self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.intermediate_size) + if isinstance(config.hidden_act, str) or (sys.version_info[0] == 2 and isinstance(config.hidden_act, unicode)): + self.intermediate_act_fn = ACT2FN[config.hidden_act] + else: + self.intermediate_act_fn = config.hidden_act + + def forward(self, hidden_states): + hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states) + hidden_states = self.intermediate_act_fn(hidden_states) + return hidden_states + + +class BertOutput(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config): + super(BertOutput, self).__init__() + self.dense = nn.Linear(config.intermediate_size, config.hidden_size) + self.LayerNorm = BertLayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) + self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) + + def forward(self, hidden_states, input_tensor): + hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states) + hidden_states = self.dropout(hidden_states) + hidden_states = self.LayerNorm(hidden_states + input_tensor) + return hidden_states + + +class BertLayer(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config): + super(BertLayer, self).__init__() + self.attention = BertAttention(config) + self.intermediate = BertIntermediate(config) + self.output = BertOutput(config) + + def forward(self, hidden_states, attention_mask): + attention_output = self.attention(hidden_states, attention_mask) + intermediate_output = self.intermediate(attention_output) + layer_output = self.output(intermediate_output, attention_output) + return layer_output + + +class BertEncoder(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config): + super(BertEncoder, self).__init__() + layer = BertLayer(config) + self.layer = nn.ModuleList([copy.deepcopy(layer) for _ in range(config.num_hidden_layers)]) + + + def forward(self, hidden_states, attention_mask, output_all_encoded_layers=True): + all_encoder_layers = [] + for layer_module in self.layer: + + hidden_states = layer_module(hidden_states, attention_mask) + if output_all_encoded_layers: + all_encoder_layers.append(hidden_states) + if not output_all_encoded_layers: + all_encoder_layers.append(hidden_states) + return all_encoder_layers + + +class BertPooler(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config): + super(BertPooler, self).__init__() + self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size) + self.activation = nn.Tanh() + + def forward(self, hidden_states): + # We "pool" the model by simply taking the hidden state corresponding + # to the first token. + first_token_tensor = hidden_states[:, 0] + pooled_output = self.dense(first_token_tensor) + pooled_output = self.activation(pooled_output) + return pooled_output + + +class BertPredictionHeadTransform(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config): + super(BertPredictionHeadTransform, self).__init__() + self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size) + if isinstance(config.hidden_act, str) or (sys.version_info[0] == 2 and isinstance(config.hidden_act, unicode)): + self.transform_act_fn = ACT2FN[config.hidden_act] + else: + self.transform_act_fn = config.hidden_act + self.LayerNorm = BertLayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) + + def forward(self, hidden_states): + hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states) + hidden_states = self.transform_act_fn(hidden_states) + hidden_states = self.LayerNorm(hidden_states) + return hidden_states + + +class BertLMPredictionHead(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config, bert_model_embedding_weights): + super(BertLMPredictionHead, self).__init__() + self.transform = BertPredictionHeadTransform(config) + + # The output weights are the same as the input embeddings, but there is + # an output-only bias for each token. + self.decoder = nn.Linear(bert_model_embedding_weights.size(1), + bert_model_embedding_weights.size(0), + bias=False) + self.decoder.weight = bert_model_embedding_weights + self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(bert_model_embedding_weights.size(0))) + + def forward(self, hidden_states): + hidden_states = self.transform(hidden_states) + hidden_states = self.decoder(hidden_states) + self.bias + return hidden_states + + +class BertOnlyMLMHead(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config, bert_model_embedding_weights): + super(BertOnlyMLMHead, self).__init__() + self.predictions = BertLMPredictionHead(config, bert_model_embedding_weights) + + def forward(self, sequence_output): + prediction_scores = self.predictions(sequence_output) + return prediction_scores + + +class BertOnlyNSPHead(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config): + super(BertOnlyNSPHead, self).__init__() + self.seq_relationship = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 2) + + def forward(self, pooled_output): + seq_relationship_score = self.seq_relationship(pooled_output) + return seq_relationship_score + + +class BertPreTrainingHeads(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config, bert_model_embedding_weights): + super(BertPreTrainingHeads, self).__init__() + self.predictions = BertLMPredictionHead(config, bert_model_embedding_weights) + self.seq_relationship = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 2) + + def forward(self, sequence_output, pooled_output): + prediction_scores = self.predictions(sequence_output) + seq_relationship_score = self.seq_relationship(pooled_output) + return prediction_scores, seq_relationship_score + + +class BertPreTrainedModel(nn.Module): + """ An abstract class to handle weights initialization and + a simple interface for dowloading and loading pretrained models. + """ + def __init__(self, config, *inputs, **kwargs): + super(BertPreTrainedModel, self).__init__() + if not isinstance(config, BertConfig): + raise ValueError( + "Parameter config in `{}(config)` should be an instance of class `BertConfig`. " + "To create a model from a Google pretrained model use " + "`model = {}.from_pretrained(PRETRAINED_MODEL_NAME)`".format( + self.__class__.__name__, self.__class__.__name__ + )) + self.config = config + + def init_bert_weights(self, module): + """ Initialize the weights. + """ + if isinstance(module, (nn.Linear, nn.Embedding)): + # Slightly different from the TF version which uses truncated_normal for initialization + # cf https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/5617 + module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=self.config.initializer_range) + elif isinstance(module, BertLayerNorm): + module.bias.data.zero_() + module.weight.data.fill_(1.0) + if isinstance(module, nn.Linear) and module.bias is not None: + module.bias.data.zero_() + + @classmethod + def from_pretrained(cls, pretrained_model_name_or_path, *inputs, **kwargs): + """ + Instantiate a BertPreTrainedModel from a pre-trained model file or a pytorch state dict. + Download and cache the pre-trained model file if needed. + + Params: + pretrained_model_name_or_path: either: + - a str with the name of a pre-trained model to load selected in the list of: + . `bert-base-uncased` + . `bert-large-uncased` + . `bert-base-cased` + . `bert-large-cased` + . `bert-base-multilingual-uncased` + . `bert-base-multilingual-cased` + . `bert-base-chinese` + - a path or url to a pretrained model archive containing: + . `bert_config.json` a configuration file for the model + . `pytorch_model.bin` a PyTorch dump of a BertForPreTraining instance + - a path or url to a pretrained model archive containing: + . `bert_config.json` a configuration file for the model + . `model.chkpt` a TensorFlow checkpoint + from_tf: should we load the weights from a locally saved TensorFlow checkpoint + cache_dir: an optional path to a folder in which the pre-trained models will be cached. + state_dict: an optional state dictionnary (collections.OrderedDict object) to use instead of Google pre-trained models + *inputs, **kwargs: additional input for the specific Bert class + (ex: num_labels for BertForSequenceClassification) + """ + state_dict = kwargs.get('state_dict', None) + kwargs.pop('state_dict', None) + cache_dir = kwargs.get('cache_dir', None) + kwargs.pop('cache_dir', None) + from_tf = kwargs.get('from_tf', False) + kwargs.pop('from_tf', None) + + if pretrained_model_name_or_path in PRETRAINED_MODEL_ARCHIVE_MAP: + archive_file = PRETRAINED_MODEL_ARCHIVE_MAP[pretrained_model_name_or_path] + else: + archive_file = pretrained_model_name_or_path + # redirect to the cache, if necessary + try: + resolved_archive_file = cached_path(archive_file, cache_dir=cache_dir) + except EnvironmentError: + logger.error( + "Model name '{}' was not found in model name list ({}). " + "We assumed '{}' was a path or url but couldn't find any file " + "associated to this path or url.".format( + pretrained_model_name_or_path, + ', '.join(PRETRAINED_MODEL_ARCHIVE_MAP.keys()), + archive_file)) + return None + if resolved_archive_file == archive_file: + logger.info("loading archive file {}".format(archive_file)) + else: + logger.info("loading archive file {} from cache at {}".format( + archive_file, resolved_archive_file)) + tempdir = None + if os.path.isdir(resolved_archive_file) or from_tf: + serialization_dir = resolved_archive_file + else: + # Extract archive to temp dir + tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp() + logger.info("extracting archive file {} to temp dir {}".format( + resolved_archive_file, tempdir)) + with tarfile.open(resolved_archive_file, 'r:gz') as archive: + archive.extractall(tempdir) + serialization_dir = tempdir + # Load config + config_file = os.path.join(serialization_dir, CONFIG_NAME) + if not os.path.exists(config_file): + # Backward compatibility with old naming format + config_file = os.path.join(serialization_dir, BERT_CONFIG_NAME) + config = BertConfig.from_json_file(config_file) + logger.info("Model config {}".format(config)) + # Instantiate model. + model = cls(config, *inputs, **kwargs) + if state_dict is None and not from_tf: + weights_path = os.path.join(serialization_dir, WEIGHTS_NAME) + state_dict = torch.load(weights_path, map_location='cpu') + if tempdir: + # Clean up temp dir + shutil.rmtree(tempdir) + if from_tf: + # Directly load from a TensorFlow checkpoint + weights_path = os.path.join(serialization_dir, TF_WEIGHTS_NAME) + return load_tf_weights_in_bert(model, weights_path) + # Load from a PyTorch state_dict + old_keys = [] + new_keys = [] + for key in state_dict.keys(): + new_key = None + if 'gamma' in key: + new_key = key.replace('gamma', 'weight') + if 'beta' in key: + new_key = key.replace('beta', 'bias') + if new_key: + old_keys.append(key) + new_keys.append(new_key) + for old_key, new_key in zip(old_keys, new_keys): + state_dict[new_key] = state_dict.pop(old_key) + + missing_keys = [] + unexpected_keys = [] + error_msgs = [] + # copy state_dict so _load_from_state_dict can modify it + metadata = getattr(state_dict, '_metadata', None) + state_dict = state_dict.copy() + if metadata is not None: + state_dict._metadata = metadata + + def load(module, prefix=''): + local_metadata = {} if metadata is None else metadata.get(prefix[:-1], {}) + module._load_from_state_dict( + state_dict, prefix, local_metadata, True, missing_keys, unexpected_keys, error_msgs) + for name, child in module._modules.items(): + if child is not None: + load(child, prefix + name + '.') + start_prefix = '' + if not hasattr(model, 'bert') and any(s.startswith('bert.') for s in state_dict.keys()): + start_prefix = 'bert.' + load(model, prefix=start_prefix) + if len(missing_keys) > 0: + logger.info("Weights of {} not initialized from pretrained model: {}".format( + model.__class__.__name__, missing_keys)) + if len(unexpected_keys) > 0: + logger.info("Weights from pretrained model not used in {}: {}".format( + model.__class__.__name__, unexpected_keys)) + if len(error_msgs) > 0: + raise RuntimeError('Error(s) in loading state_dict for {}:\n\t{}'.format( + model.__class__.__name__, "\n\t".join(error_msgs))) + return model + + +class BertModel(BertPreTrainedModel): + """BERT model ("Bidirectional Embedding Representations from a Transformer"). + + Params: + config: a BertConfig class instance with the configuration to build a new model + + Inputs: + `input_ids`: a torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] + with the word token indices in the vocabulary(see the tokens preprocessing logic in the scripts + `extract_features.py`, `run_classifier.py` and `run_squad.py`) + `token_type_ids`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] with the token + types indices selected in [0, 1]. Type 0 corresponds to a `sentence A` and type 1 corresponds to + a `sentence B` token (see BERT paper for more details). + `attention_mask`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] with indices + selected in [0, 1]. It's a mask to be used if the input sequence length is smaller than the max + input sequence length in the current batch. It's the mask that we typically use for attention when + a batch has varying length sentences. + `output_all_encoded_layers`: boolean which controls the content of the `encoded_layers` output as described below. Default: `True`. + + Outputs: Tuple of (encoded_layers, pooled_output) + `encoded_layers`: controled by `output_all_encoded_layers` argument: + - `output_all_encoded_layers=True`: outputs a list of the full sequences of encoded-hidden-states at the end + of each attention block (i.e. 12 full sequences for BERT-base, 24 for BERT-large), each + encoded-hidden-state is a torch.FloatTensor of size [batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size], + - `output_all_encoded_layers=False`: outputs only the full sequence of hidden-states corresponding + to the last attention block of shape [batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size], + `pooled_output`: a torch.FloatTensor of size [batch_size, hidden_size] which is the output of a + classifier pretrained on top of the hidden state associated to the first character of the + input (`CLS`) to train on the Next-Sentence task (see BERT's paper). + + Example usage: + ```python + # Already been converted into WordPiece token ids + input_ids = torch.LongTensor([[31, 51, 99], [15, 5, 0]]) + input_mask = torch.LongTensor([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0]]) + token_type_ids = torch.LongTensor([[0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0]]) + + config = modeling.BertConfig(vocab_size_or_config_json_file=32000, hidden_size=768, + num_hidden_layers=12, num_attention_heads=12, intermediate_size=3072) + + model = modeling.BertModel(config=config) + all_encoder_layers, pooled_output = model(input_ids, token_type_ids, input_mask) + ``` + """ + def __init__(self, config): + super(BertModel, self).__init__(config) + self.embeddings = BertEmbeddings(config) + self.encoder = BertEncoder(config) + self.pooler = BertPooler(config) + self.apply(self.init_bert_weights) + self.hidden_size = config.hidden_size + + def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids=None, attention_mask=None, output_all_encoded_layers=True): + if attention_mask is None: + attention_mask = torch.ones_like(input_ids) + if token_type_ids is None: + token_type_ids = torch.zeros_like(input_ids) + + # We create a 3D attention mask from a 2D tensor mask. + # Sizes are [batch_size, 1, 1, to_seq_length] + # So we can broadcast to [batch_size, num_heads, from_seq_length, to_seq_length] + # this attention mask is more simple than the triangular masking of causal attention + # used in OpenAI GPT, we just need to prepare the broadcast dimension here. + extended_attention_mask = attention_mask.unsqueeze(1).unsqueeze(2) + + # Since attention_mask is 1.0 for positions we want to attend and 0.0 for + # masked positions, this operation will create a tensor which is 0.0 for + # positions we want to attend and -10000.0 for masked positions. + # Since we are adding it to the raw scores before the softmax, this is + # effectively the same as removing these entirely. + extended_attention_mask = extended_attention_mask.to(dtype=next(self.parameters()).dtype) # fp16 compatibility + extended_attention_mask = (1.0 - extended_attention_mask) * -10000.0 + + embedding_output = self.embeddings(input_ids, token_type_ids) + encoded_layers = self.encoder(embedding_output, + extended_attention_mask, + output_all_encoded_layers=output_all_encoded_layers) + sequence_output = encoded_layers[-1] + pooled_output = self.pooler(sequence_output) + if not output_all_encoded_layers: + encoded_layers = encoded_layers[-1] + return encoded_layers, pooled_output + + +class BertForPreTraining(BertPreTrainedModel): + """BERT model with pre-training heads. + This module comprises the BERT model followed by the two pre-training heads: + - the masked language modeling head, and + - the next sentence classification head. + + Params: + config: a BertConfig class instance with the configuration to build a new model. + + Inputs: + `input_ids`: a torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] + with the word token indices in the vocabulary(see the tokens preprocessing logic in the scripts + `extract_features.py`, `run_classifier.py` and `run_squad.py`) + `token_type_ids`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] with the token + types indices selected in [0, 1]. Type 0 corresponds to a `sentence A` and type 1 corresponds to + a `sentence B` token (see BERT paper for more details). + `attention_mask`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] with indices + selected in [0, 1]. It's a mask to be used if the input sequence length is smaller than the max + input sequence length in the current batch. It's the mask that we typically use for attention when + a batch has varying length sentences. + `masked_lm_labels`: optional masked language modeling labels: torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] + with indices selected in [-1, 0, ..., vocab_size]. All labels set to -1 are ignored (masked), the loss + is only computed for the labels set in [0, ..., vocab_size] + `next_sentence_label`: optional next sentence classification loss: torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size] + with indices selected in [0, 1]. + 0 => next sentence is the continuation, 1 => next sentence is a random sentence. + + Outputs: + if `masked_lm_labels` and `next_sentence_label` are not `None`: + Outputs the total_loss which is the sum of the masked language modeling loss and the next + sentence classification loss. + if `masked_lm_labels` or `next_sentence_label` is `None`: + Outputs a tuple comprising + - the masked language modeling logits of shape [batch_size, sequence_length, vocab_size], and + - the next sentence classification logits of shape [batch_size, 2]. + + Example usage: + ```python + # Already been converted into WordPiece token ids + input_ids = torch.LongTensor([[31, 51, 99], [15, 5, 0]]) + input_mask = torch.LongTensor([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0]]) + token_type_ids = torch.LongTensor([[0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0]]) + + config = BertConfig(vocab_size_or_config_json_file=32000, hidden_size=768, + num_hidden_layers=12, num_attention_heads=12, intermediate_size=3072) + + model = BertForPreTraining(config) + masked_lm_logits_scores, seq_relationship_logits = model(input_ids, token_type_ids, input_mask) + ``` + """ + def __init__(self, config): + super(BertForPreTraining, self).__init__(config) + self.bert = BertModel(config) + self.cls = BertPreTrainingHeads(config, self.bert.embeddings.word_embeddings.weight) + self.apply(self.init_bert_weights) + + def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids=None, attention_mask=None, masked_lm_labels=None, next_sentence_label=None): + sequence_output, pooled_output = self.bert(input_ids, token_type_ids, attention_mask, + output_all_encoded_layers=False) + prediction_scores, seq_relationship_score = self.cls(sequence_output, pooled_output) + + if masked_lm_labels is not None and next_sentence_label is not None: + loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss(ignore_index=-1) + masked_lm_loss = loss_fct(prediction_scores.view(-1, self.config.vocab_size), masked_lm_labels.view(-1)) + next_sentence_loss = loss_fct(seq_relationship_score.view(-1, 2), next_sentence_label.view(-1)) + total_loss = masked_lm_loss + next_sentence_loss + return total_loss + else: + return prediction_scores, seq_relationship_score + + +class BertForMaskedLM(BertPreTrainedModel): + """BERT model with the masked language modeling head. + This module comprises the BERT model followed by the masked language modeling head. + + Params: + config: a BertConfig class instance with the configuration to build a new model. + + Inputs: + `input_ids`: a torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] + with the word token indices in the vocabulary(see the tokens preprocessing logic in the scripts + `extract_features.py`, `run_classifier.py` and `run_squad.py`) + `token_type_ids`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] with the token + types indices selected in [0, 1]. Type 0 corresponds to a `sentence A` and type 1 corresponds to + a `sentence B` token (see BERT paper for more details). + `attention_mask`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] with indices + selected in [0, 1]. It's a mask to be used if the input sequence length is smaller than the max + input sequence length in the current batch. It's the mask that we typically use for attention when + a batch has varying length sentences. + `masked_lm_labels`: masked language modeling labels: torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] + with indices selected in [-1, 0, ..., vocab_size]. All labels set to -1 are ignored (masked), the loss + is only computed for the labels set in [0, ..., vocab_size] + + Outputs: + if `masked_lm_labels` is not `None`: + Outputs the masked language modeling loss. + if `masked_lm_labels` is `None`: + Outputs the masked language modeling logits of shape [batch_size, sequence_length, vocab_size]. + + Example usage: + ```python + # Already been converted into WordPiece token ids + input_ids = torch.LongTensor([[31, 51, 99], [15, 5, 0]]) + input_mask = torch.LongTensor([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0]]) + token_type_ids = torch.LongTensor([[0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0]]) + + config = BertConfig(vocab_size_or_config_json_file=32000, hidden_size=768, + num_hidden_layers=12, num_attention_heads=12, intermediate_size=3072) + + model = BertForMaskedLM(config) + masked_lm_logits_scores = model(input_ids, token_type_ids, input_mask) + ``` + """ + def __init__(self, config): + super(BertForMaskedLM, self).__init__(config) + self.bert = BertModel(config) + self.cls = BertOnlyMLMHead(config, self.bert.embeddings.word_embeddings.weight) + self.apply(self.init_bert_weights) + + def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids=None, attention_mask=None, masked_lm_labels=None): + sequence_output, _ = self.bert(input_ids, token_type_ids, attention_mask, + output_all_encoded_layers=False) + prediction_scores = self.cls(sequence_output) + + if masked_lm_labels is not None: + loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss(ignore_index=-1) + masked_lm_loss = loss_fct(prediction_scores.view(-1, self.config.vocab_size), masked_lm_labels.view(-1)) + return masked_lm_loss + else: + return prediction_scores + + +class BertForNextSentencePrediction(BertPreTrainedModel): + """BERT model with next sentence prediction head. + This module comprises the BERT model followed by the next sentence classification head. + + Params: + config: a BertConfig class instance with the configuration to build a new model. + + Inputs: + `input_ids`: a torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] + with the word token indices in the vocabulary(see the tokens preprocessing logic in the scripts + `extract_features.py`, `run_classifier.py` and `run_squad.py`) + `token_type_ids`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] with the token + types indices selected in [0, 1]. Type 0 corresponds to a `sentence A` and type 1 corresponds to + a `sentence B` token (see BERT paper for more details). + `attention_mask`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] with indices + selected in [0, 1]. It's a mask to be used if the input sequence length is smaller than the max + input sequence length in the current batch. It's the mask that we typically use for attention when + a batch has varying length sentences. + `next_sentence_label`: next sentence classification loss: torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size] + with indices selected in [0, 1]. + 0 => next sentence is the continuation, 1 => next sentence is a random sentence. + + Outputs: + if `next_sentence_label` is not `None`: + Outputs the total_loss which is the sum of the masked language modeling loss and the next + sentence classification loss. + if `next_sentence_label` is `None`: + Outputs the next sentence classification logits of shape [batch_size, 2]. + + Example usage: + ```python + # Already been converted into WordPiece token ids + input_ids = torch.LongTensor([[31, 51, 99], [15, 5, 0]]) + input_mask = torch.LongTensor([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0]]) + token_type_ids = torch.LongTensor([[0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0]]) + + config = BertConfig(vocab_size_or_config_json_file=32000, hidden_size=768, + num_hidden_layers=12, num_attention_heads=12, intermediate_size=3072) + + model = BertForNextSentencePrediction(config) + seq_relationship_logits = model(input_ids, token_type_ids, input_mask) + ``` + """ + def __init__(self, config): + super(BertForNextSentencePrediction, self).__init__(config) + self.bert = BertModel(config) + self.cls = BertOnlyNSPHead(config) + self.apply(self.init_bert_weights) + + def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids=None, attention_mask=None, next_sentence_label=None): + _, pooled_output = self.bert(input_ids, token_type_ids, attention_mask, + output_all_encoded_layers=False) + seq_relationship_score = self.cls( pooled_output) + + if next_sentence_label is not None: + loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss(ignore_index=-1) + next_sentence_loss = loss_fct(seq_relationship_score.view(-1, 2), next_sentence_label.view(-1)) + return next_sentence_loss + else: + return seq_relationship_score + + +class BertForSequenceClassification(BertPreTrainedModel): + """BERT model for classification. + This module is composed of the BERT model with a linear layer on top of + the pooled output. + + Params: + `config`: a BertConfig class instance with the configuration to build a new model. + `num_labels`: the number of classes for the classifier. Default = 2. + + Inputs: + `input_ids`: a torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] + with the word token indices in the vocabulary. Items in the batch should begin with the special "CLS" token. (see the tokens preprocessing logic in the scripts + `extract_features.py`, `run_classifier.py` and `run_squad.py`) + `token_type_ids`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] with the token + types indices selected in [0, 1]. Type 0 corresponds to a `sentence A` and type 1 corresponds to + a `sentence B` token (see BERT paper for more details). + `attention_mask`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] with indices + selected in [0, 1]. It's a mask to be used if the input sequence length is smaller than the max + input sequence length in the current batch. It's the mask that we typically use for attention when + a batch has varying length sentences. + `labels`: labels for the classification output: torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size] + with indices selected in [0, ..., num_labels]. + + Outputs: + if `labels` is not `None`: + Outputs the CrossEntropy classification loss of the output with the labels. + if `labels` is `None`: + Outputs the classification logits of shape [batch_size, num_labels]. + + Example usage: + ```python + # Already been converted into WordPiece token ids + input_ids = torch.LongTensor([[31, 51, 99], [15, 5, 0]]) + input_mask = torch.LongTensor([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0]]) + token_type_ids = torch.LongTensor([[0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0]]) + + config = BertConfig(vocab_size_or_config_json_file=32000, hidden_size=768, + num_hidden_layers=12, num_attention_heads=12, intermediate_size=3072) + + num_labels = 2 + + model = BertForSequenceClassification(config, num_labels) + logits = model(input_ids, token_type_ids, input_mask) + ``` + """ + def __init__(self, config, num_labels=2): + super(BertForSequenceClassification, self).__init__(config) + self.num_labels = num_labels + self.bert = BertModel(config) + self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) + self.classifier = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, num_labels) + self.apply(self.init_bert_weights) + + def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids=None, attention_mask=None, labels=None): + _, pooled_output = self.bert(input_ids, token_type_ids, attention_mask, output_all_encoded_layers=False) + pooled_output = self.dropout(pooled_output) + logits = self.classifier(pooled_output) + + if labels is not None: + loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss() + loss = loss_fct(logits.view(-1, self.num_labels), labels.view(-1)) + return loss + else: + return logits + + +class BertForMultipleChoice(BertPreTrainedModel): + """BERT model for multiple choice tasks. + This module is composed of the BERT model with a linear layer on top of + the pooled output. + + Params: + `config`: a BertConfig class instance with the configuration to build a new model. + `num_choices`: the number of classes for the classifier. Default = 2. + + Inputs: + `input_ids`: a torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, num_choices, sequence_length] + with the word token indices in the vocabulary(see the tokens preprocessing logic in the scripts + `extract_features.py`, `run_classifier.py` and `run_squad.py`) + `token_type_ids`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, num_choices, sequence_length] + with the token types indices selected in [0, 1]. Type 0 corresponds to a `sentence A` + and type 1 corresponds to a `sentence B` token (see BERT paper for more details). + `attention_mask`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, num_choices, sequence_length] with indices + selected in [0, 1]. It's a mask to be used if the input sequence length is smaller than the max + input sequence length in the current batch. It's the mask that we typically use for attention when + a batch has varying length sentences. + `labels`: labels for the classification output: torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size] + with indices selected in [0, ..., num_choices]. + + Outputs: + if `labels` is not `None`: + Outputs the CrossEntropy classification loss of the output with the labels. + if `labels` is `None`: + Outputs the classification logits of shape [batch_size, num_labels]. + + Example usage: + ```python + # Already been converted into WordPiece token ids + input_ids = torch.LongTensor([[[31, 51, 99], [15, 5, 0]], [[12, 16, 42], [14, 28, 57]]]) + input_mask = torch.LongTensor([[[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0]],[[1,1,0], [1, 0, 0]]]) + token_type_ids = torch.LongTensor([[[0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0]],[[0, 1, 1], [0, 0, 1]]]) + config = BertConfig(vocab_size_or_config_json_file=32000, hidden_size=768, + num_hidden_layers=12, num_attention_heads=12, intermediate_size=3072) + + num_choices = 2 + + model = BertForMultipleChoice(config, num_choices) + logits = model(input_ids, token_type_ids, input_mask) + ``` + """ + def __init__(self, config, num_choices=2): + super(BertForMultipleChoice, self).__init__(config) + self.num_choices = num_choices + self.bert = BertModel(config) + self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) + self.classifier = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 1) + self.apply(self.init_bert_weights) + + def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids=None, attention_mask=None, labels=None): + flat_input_ids = input_ids.view(-1, input_ids.size(-1)) + flat_token_type_ids = token_type_ids.view(-1, token_type_ids.size(-1)) if token_type_ids is not None else None + flat_attention_mask = attention_mask.view(-1, attention_mask.size(-1)) if attention_mask is not None else None + _, pooled_output = self.bert(flat_input_ids, flat_token_type_ids, flat_attention_mask, output_all_encoded_layers=False) + pooled_output = self.dropout(pooled_output) + logits = self.classifier(pooled_output) + reshaped_logits = logits.view(-1, self.num_choices) + + if labels is not None: + loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss() + loss = loss_fct(reshaped_logits, labels) + return loss + else: + return reshaped_logits + + +class BertForTokenClassification(BertPreTrainedModel): + """BERT model for token-level classification. + This module is composed of the BERT model with a linear layer on top of + the full hidden state of the last layer. + + Params: + `config`: a BertConfig class instance with the configuration to build a new model. + `num_labels`: the number of classes for the classifier. Default = 2. + + Inputs: + `input_ids`: a torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] + with the word token indices in the vocabulary(see the tokens preprocessing logic in the scripts + `extract_features.py`, `run_classifier.py` and `run_squad.py`) + `token_type_ids`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] with the token + types indices selected in [0, 1]. Type 0 corresponds to a `sentence A` and type 1 corresponds to + a `sentence B` token (see BERT paper for more details). + `attention_mask`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] with indices + selected in [0, 1]. It's a mask to be used if the input sequence length is smaller than the max + input sequence length in the current batch. It's the mask that we typically use for attention when + a batch has varying length sentences. + `labels`: labels for the classification output: torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] + with indices selected in [0, ..., num_labels]. + + Outputs: + if `labels` is not `None`: + Outputs the CrossEntropy classification loss of the output with the labels. + if `labels` is `None`: + Outputs the classification logits of shape [batch_size, sequence_length, num_labels]. + + Example usage: + ```python + # Already been converted into WordPiece token ids + input_ids = torch.LongTensor([[31, 51, 99], [15, 5, 0]]) + input_mask = torch.LongTensor([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0]]) + token_type_ids = torch.LongTensor([[0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0]]) + + config = BertConfig(vocab_size_or_config_json_file=32000, hidden_size=768, + num_hidden_layers=12, num_attention_heads=12, intermediate_size=3072) + + num_labels = 2 + + model = BertForTokenClassification(config, num_labels) + logits = model(input_ids, token_type_ids, input_mask) + ``` + """ + def __init__(self, config, num_labels=2): + super(BertForTokenClassification, self).__init__(config) + self.num_labels = num_labels + self.bert = BertModel(config) + self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) + self.classifier = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, num_labels) + self.apply(self.init_bert_weights) + + def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids=None, attention_mask=None, labels=None): + sequence_output, _ = self.bert(input_ids, token_type_ids, attention_mask, output_all_encoded_layers=False) + sequence_output = self.dropout(sequence_output) + logits = self.classifier(sequence_output) + + if labels is not None: + loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss() + # Only keep active parts of the loss + if attention_mask is not None: + active_loss = attention_mask.view(-1) == 1 + active_logits = logits.view(-1, self.num_labels)[active_loss] + active_labels = labels.view(-1)[active_loss] + loss = loss_fct(active_logits, active_labels) + else: + loss = loss_fct(logits.view(-1, self.num_labels), labels.view(-1)) + return loss + else: + return logits + + +class BertForQuestionAnswering(BertPreTrainedModel): + """BERT model for Question Answering (span extraction). + This module is composed of the BERT model with a linear layer on top of + the sequence output that computes start_logits and end_logits + + Params: + `config`: a BertConfig class instance with the configuration to build a new model. + + Inputs: + `input_ids`: a torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] + with the word token indices in the vocabulary(see the tokens preprocessing logic in the scripts + `extract_features.py`, `run_classifier.py` and `run_squad.py`) + `token_type_ids`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] with the token + types indices selected in [0, 1]. Type 0 corresponds to a `sentence A` and type 1 corresponds to + a `sentence B` token (see BERT paper for more details). + `attention_mask`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, sequence_length] with indices + selected in [0, 1]. It's a mask to be used if the input sequence length is smaller than the max + input sequence length in the current batch. It's the mask that we typically use for attention when + a batch has varying length sentences. + `start_positions`: position of the first token for the labeled span: torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size]. + Positions are clamped to the length of the sequence and position outside of the sequence are not taken + into account for computing the loss. + `end_positions`: position of the last token for the labeled span: torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size]. + Positions are clamped to the length of the sequence and position outside of the sequence are not taken + into account for computing the loss. + + Outputs: + if `start_positions` and `end_positions` are not `None`: + Outputs the total_loss which is the sum of the CrossEntropy loss for the start and end token positions. + if `start_positions` or `end_positions` is `None`: + Outputs a tuple of start_logits, end_logits which are the logits respectively for the start and end + position tokens of shape [batch_size, sequence_length]. + + Example usage: + ```python + # Already been converted into WordPiece token ids + input_ids = torch.LongTensor([[31, 51, 99], [15, 5, 0]]) + input_mask = torch.LongTensor([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0]]) + token_type_ids = torch.LongTensor([[0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0]]) + + config = BertConfig(vocab_size_or_config_json_file=32000, hidden_size=768, + num_hidden_layers=12, num_attention_heads=12, intermediate_size=3072) + + model = BertForQuestionAnswering(config) + start_logits, end_logits = model(input_ids, token_type_ids, input_mask) + ``` + """ + def __init__(self, config): + super(BertForQuestionAnswering, self).__init__(config) + self.bert = BertModel(config) + # TODO check with Google if it's normal there is no dropout on the token classifier of SQuAD in the TF version + # self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) + self.qa_outputs = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 2) + self.apply(self.init_bert_weights) + + def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids=None, attention_mask=None, start_positions=None, end_positions=None): + sequence_output, _ = self.bert(input_ids, token_type_ids, attention_mask, output_all_encoded_layers=False) + logits = self.qa_outputs(sequence_output) + start_logits, end_logits = logits.split(1, dim=-1) + start_logits = start_logits.squeeze(-1) + end_logits = end_logits.squeeze(-1) + + if start_positions is not None and end_positions is not None: + # If we are on multi-GPU, split add a dimension + if len(start_positions.size()) > 1: + start_positions = start_positions.squeeze(-1) + if len(end_positions.size()) > 1: + end_positions = end_positions.squeeze(-1) + # sometimes the start/end positions are outside our model inputs, we ignore these terms + ignored_index = start_logits.size(1) + start_positions.clamp_(0, ignored_index) + end_positions.clamp_(0, ignored_index) + + loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss(ignore_index=ignored_index) + start_loss = loss_fct(start_logits, start_positions) + end_loss = loss_fct(end_logits, end_positions) + total_loss = (start_loss + end_loss) / 2 + return total_loss + else: + return start_logits, end_logits diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/tokenization.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/tokenization.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..99a259b582eb3a8fa8cd37c061a62228ad95eed7 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bert/tokenization.py @@ -0,0 +1,438 @@ +# coding=utf-8 +# Copyright 2018 The Google AI Language Team Authors and The HuggingFace Inc. team. +# +# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); +# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. +# You may obtain a copy of the License at +# +# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +# +# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, +# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. +# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and +# limitations under the License. +"""Tokenization classes.""" + +from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals + +import collections +import logging +import os +import unicodedata +from io import open + +from .file_utils import cached_path + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + +PRETRAINED_VOCAB_ARCHIVE_MAP = { + 'bert-base-uncased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-uncased-vocab.txt", + 'bert-large-uncased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-large-uncased-vocab.txt", + 'bert-base-cased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-cased-vocab.txt", + 'bert-large-cased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-large-cased-vocab.txt", + 'bert-base-multilingual-uncased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-multilingual-uncased-vocab.txt", + 'bert-base-multilingual-cased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-multilingual-cased-vocab.txt", + 'bert-base-chinese': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-chinese-vocab.txt", + 'bert-base-german-cased': "https://int-deepset-models-bert.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/pytorch/bert-base-german-cased-vocab.txt", +} +PRETRAINED_VOCAB_POSITIONAL_EMBEDDINGS_SIZE_MAP = { + 'bert-base-uncased': 512, + 'bert-large-uncased': 512, + 'bert-base-cased': 512, + 'bert-large-cased': 512, + 'bert-base-multilingual-uncased': 512, + 'bert-base-multilingual-cased': 512, + 'bert-base-chinese': 512, + 'bert-base-german-cased': 512, +} +VOCAB_NAME = 'vocab.txt' + + +def load_vocab(vocab_file): + """Loads a vocabulary file into a dictionary.""" + vocab = collections.OrderedDict() + index = 0 + with open(vocab_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as reader: + while True: + token = reader.readline() + if not token: + break + token = token.strip() + vocab[token] = index + index += 1 + return vocab + + +def whitespace_tokenize(text): + """Runs basic whitespace cleaning and splitting on a piece of text.""" + text = text.strip() + if not text: + return [] + tokens = text.split() + return tokens + + +class BertTokenizer(object): + """Runs end-to-end tokenization: punctuation splitting + wordpiece""" + + def __init__(self, vocab_file, do_lower_case=True, max_len=None, do_basic_tokenize=True, + never_split=("[UNK]", "[SEP]", "[PAD]", "[CLS]", "[MASK]")): + """Constructs a BertTokenizer. + + Args: + vocab_file: Path to a one-wordpiece-per-line vocabulary file + do_lower_case: Whether to lower case the input + Only has an effect when do_wordpiece_only=False + do_basic_tokenize: Whether to do basic tokenization before wordpiece. + max_len: An artificial maximum length to truncate tokenized sequences to; + Effective maximum length is always the minimum of this + value (if specified) and the underlying BERT model's + sequence length. + never_split: List of tokens which will never be split during tokenization. + Only has an effect when do_wordpiece_only=False + """ + if not os.path.isfile(vocab_file): + raise ValueError( + "Can't find a vocabulary file at path '{}'. To load the vocabulary from a Google pretrained " + "model use `tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained(PRETRAINED_MODEL_NAME)`".format(vocab_file)) + self.vocab = load_vocab(vocab_file) + self.ids_to_tokens = collections.OrderedDict( + [(ids, tok) for tok, ids in self.vocab.items()]) + self.do_basic_tokenize = do_basic_tokenize + if do_basic_tokenize: + self.basic_tokenizer = BasicTokenizer(do_lower_case=do_lower_case, + never_split=never_split) + self.wordpiece_tokenizer = WordpieceTokenizer(vocab=self.vocab) + self.max_len = max_len if max_len is not None else int(1e12) + self.unk_word = "[UNK]" + self.unk_index = self.vocab[self.unk_word] + self.pad_word = "[PAD]" + self.pad_index = self.vocab[self.pad_word] + self.cls_word = "[CLS]" + self.cls_index = self.vocab[self.cls_word] + self.sep_word = "[SEP]" + self.sep_index = self.vocab[self.sep_word] + + def tokenize(self, text): + split_tokens = [] + if self.do_basic_tokenize: + for token in self.basic_tokenizer.tokenize(text): + for sub_token in self.wordpiece_tokenizer.tokenize(token): + split_tokens.append(sub_token) + else: + split_tokens = self.wordpiece_tokenizer.tokenize(text) + return split_tokens + + def __len__(self): + """Returns the number of symbols in the dictionary""" + return len(self.vocab) + + def pad(self): + return self.pad_index + + def cls(self): + return self.cls_index + + def sep(self): + return self.sep_index + + def convert_tokens_to_ids(self, tokens): + """Converts a sequence of tokens into ids using the vocab.""" + ids = [] + for token in tokens: + ids.append(self.vocab[token]) + if len(ids) > self.max_len: + logger.warning( + "Token indices sequence length is longer than the specified maximum " + " sequence length for this BERT model ({} > {}). Running this" + " sequence through BERT will result in indexing errors".format(len(ids), self.max_len) + ) + return ids + + def convert_ids_to_tokens(self, ids): + """Converts a sequence of ids in wordpiece tokens using the vocab.""" + tokens = [] + for i in ids: + tokens.append(self.ids_to_tokens[i]) + return tokens + + def save_vocabulary(self, vocab_path): + """Save the tokenizer vocabulary to a directory or file.""" + index = 0 + if os.path.isdir(vocab_path): + vocab_file = os.path.join(vocab_path, VOCAB_NAME) + with open(vocab_file, "w", encoding="utf-8") as writer: + for token, token_index in sorted(self.vocab.items(), key=lambda kv: kv[1]): + if index != token_index: + logger.warning("Saving vocabulary to {}: vocabulary indices are not consecutive." + " Please check that the vocabulary is not corrupted!".format(vocab_file)) + index = token_index + writer.write(token + u'\n') + index += 1 + return vocab_file + + @classmethod + def from_pretrained(cls, pretrained_model_name_or_path, cache_dir=None, *inputs, **kwargs): + """ + Instantiate a PreTrainedBertModel from a pre-trained model file. + Download and cache the pre-trained model file if needed. + """ + if pretrained_model_name_or_path in PRETRAINED_VOCAB_ARCHIVE_MAP: + vocab_file = PRETRAINED_VOCAB_ARCHIVE_MAP[pretrained_model_name_or_path] + if '-cased' in pretrained_model_name_or_path and kwargs.get('do_lower_case', True): + logger.warning("The pre-trained model you are loading is a cased model but you have not set " + "`do_lower_case` to False. We are setting `do_lower_case=False` for you but " + "you may want to check this behavior.") + kwargs['do_lower_case'] = False + elif '-cased' not in pretrained_model_name_or_path and not kwargs.get('do_lower_case', True): + logger.warning("The pre-trained model you are loading is an uncased model but you have set " + "`do_lower_case` to False. We are setting `do_lower_case=True` for you " + "but you may want to check this behavior.") + kwargs['do_lower_case'] = True + else: + vocab_file = pretrained_model_name_or_path + if os.path.isdir(vocab_file): + vocab_file = os.path.join(vocab_file, VOCAB_NAME) + # redirect to the cache, if necessary + try: + resolved_vocab_file = cached_path(vocab_file, cache_dir=cache_dir) + except EnvironmentError: + logger.error( + "Model name '{}' was not found in model name list ({}). " + "We assumed '{}' was a path or url but couldn't find any file " + "associated to this path or url.".format( + pretrained_model_name_or_path, + ', '.join(PRETRAINED_VOCAB_ARCHIVE_MAP.keys()), + vocab_file)) + return None + if resolved_vocab_file == vocab_file: + logger.info("loading vocabulary file {}".format(vocab_file)) + else: + logger.info("loading vocabulary file {} from cache at {}".format( + vocab_file, resolved_vocab_file)) + if pretrained_model_name_or_path in PRETRAINED_VOCAB_POSITIONAL_EMBEDDINGS_SIZE_MAP: + # if we're using a pretrained model, ensure the tokenizer wont index sequences longer + # than the number of positional embeddings + max_len = PRETRAINED_VOCAB_POSITIONAL_EMBEDDINGS_SIZE_MAP[pretrained_model_name_or_path] + kwargs['max_len'] = min(kwargs.get('max_len', int(1e12)), max_len) + # Instantiate tokenizer. + tokenizer = cls(resolved_vocab_file, *inputs, **kwargs) + return tokenizer + + +class BasicTokenizer(object): + """Runs basic tokenization (punctuation splitting, lower casing, etc.).""" + + def __init__(self, + do_lower_case=True, + never_split=("[UNK]", "[SEP]", "[PAD]", "[CLS]", "[MASK]")): + """Constructs a BasicTokenizer. + + Args: + do_lower_case: Whether to lower case the input. + """ + self.do_lower_case = do_lower_case + self.never_split = never_split + + def tokenize(self, text): + """Tokenizes a piece of text.""" + text = self._clean_text(text) + # This was added on November 1st, 2018 for the multilingual and Chinese + # models. This is also applied to the English models now, but it doesn't + # matter since the English models were not trained on any Chinese data + # and generally don't have any Chinese data in them (there are Chinese + # characters in the vocabulary because Wikipedia does have some Chinese + # words in the English Wikipedia.). + text = self._tokenize_chinese_chars(text) + orig_tokens = whitespace_tokenize(text) + split_tokens = [] + for token in orig_tokens: + if self.do_lower_case and token not in self.never_split: + token = token.lower() + token = self._run_strip_accents(token) + split_tokens.extend(self._run_split_on_punc(token)) + + output_tokens = whitespace_tokenize(" ".join(split_tokens)) + return output_tokens + + def _run_strip_accents(self, text): + """Strips accents from a piece of text.""" + text = unicodedata.normalize("NFD", text) + output = [] + for char in text: + cat = unicodedata.category(char) + if cat == "Mn": + continue + output.append(char) + return "".join(output) + + def _run_split_on_punc(self, text): + """Splits punctuation on a piece of text.""" + if text in self.never_split: + return [text] + chars = list(text) + i = 0 + start_new_word = True + output = [] + while i < len(chars): + char = chars[i] + if _is_punctuation(char): + output.append([char]) + start_new_word = True + else: + if start_new_word: + output.append([]) + start_new_word = False + output[-1].append(char) + i += 1 + + return ["".join(x) for x in output] + + def _tokenize_chinese_chars(self, text): + """Adds whitespace around any CJK character.""" + output = [] + for char in text: + cp = ord(char) + if self._is_chinese_char(cp): + output.append(" ") + output.append(char) + output.append(" ") + else: + output.append(char) + return "".join(output) + + def _is_chinese_char(self, cp): + """Checks whether CP is the codepoint of a CJK character.""" + # This defines a "chinese character" as anything in the CJK Unicode block: + # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_(Unicode_block) + # + # Note that the CJK Unicode block is NOT all Japanese and Korean characters, + # despite its name. The modern Korean Hangul alphabet is a different block, + # as is Japanese Hiragana and Katakana. Those alphabets are used to write + # space-separated words, so they are not treated specially and handled + # like the all of the other languages. + if ((cp >= 0x4E00 and cp <= 0x9FFF) or # + (cp >= 0x3400 and cp <= 0x4DBF) or # + (cp >= 0x20000 and cp <= 0x2A6DF) or # + (cp >= 0x2A700 and cp <= 0x2B73F) or # + (cp >= 0x2B740 and cp <= 0x2B81F) or # + (cp >= 0x2B820 and cp <= 0x2CEAF) or + (cp >= 0xF900 and cp <= 0xFAFF) or # + (cp >= 0x2F800 and cp <= 0x2FA1F)): # + return True + + return False + + def _clean_text(self, text): + """Performs invalid character removal and whitespace cleanup on text.""" + output = [] + for char in text: + cp = ord(char) + if cp == 0 or cp == 0xfffd or _is_control(char): + continue + if _is_whitespace(char): + output.append(" ") + else: + output.append(char) + return "".join(output) + + +class WordpieceTokenizer(object): + """Runs WordPiece tokenization.""" + + def __init__(self, vocab, unk_token="[UNK]", max_input_chars_per_word=100): + self.vocab = vocab + self.unk_token = unk_token + self.max_input_chars_per_word = max_input_chars_per_word + + def tokenize(self, text): + """Tokenizes a piece of text into its word pieces. + + This uses a greedy longest-match-first algorithm to perform tokenization + using the given vocabulary. + + For example: + input = "unaffable" + output = ["un", "##aff", "##able"] + + Args: + text: A single token or whitespace separated tokens. This should have + already been passed through `BasicTokenizer`. + + Returns: + A list of wordpiece tokens. + """ + + output_tokens = [] + for token in whitespace_tokenize(text): + chars = list(token) + if len(chars) > self.max_input_chars_per_word: + output_tokens.append(self.unk_token) + continue + + is_bad = False + start = 0 + sub_tokens = [] + while start < len(chars): + end = len(chars) + cur_substr = None + while start < end: + substr = "".join(chars[start:end]) + if start > 0: + substr = "##" + substr + if substr in self.vocab: + cur_substr = substr + break + end -= 1 + if cur_substr is None: + is_bad = True + break + sub_tokens.append(cur_substr) + start = end + + if is_bad: + output_tokens.append(self.unk_token) + else: + output_tokens.extend(sub_tokens) + return output_tokens + + +def _is_whitespace(char): + """Checks whether `chars` is a whitespace character.""" + # \t, \n, and \r are technically contorl characters but we treat them + # as whitespace since they are generally considered as such. + if char == " " or char == "\t" or char == "\n" or char == "\r": + return True + cat = unicodedata.category(char) + if cat == "Zs": + return True + return False + + +def _is_control(char): + """Checks whether `chars` is a control character.""" + # These are technically control characters but we count them as whitespace + # characters. + if char == "\t" or char == "\n" or char == "\r": + return False + cat = unicodedata.category(char) + if cat.startswith("C"): + return True + return False + + +def _is_punctuation(char): + """Checks whether `chars` is a punctuation character.""" + cp = ord(char) + # We treat all non-letter/number ASCII as punctuation. + # Characters such as "^", "$", and "`" are not in the Unicode + # Punctuation class but we treat them as punctuation anyways, for + # consistency. + if ((cp >= 33 and cp <= 47) or (cp >= 58 and cp <= 64) or + (cp >= 91 and cp <= 96) or (cp >= 123 and cp <= 126)): + return True + cat = unicodedata.category(char) + if cat.startswith("P"): + return True + return False diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bi_dataprocess.sh b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bi_dataprocess.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f5e1b3742097b38227304320528af7f6df2f025 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/bi_dataprocess.sh @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# 这里有了一个bert-model-name的内容，这个内容是之前没见过的 +TEXT=./ +src=de +tgt=en +destdir=bi_iwslt_${src}_${tgt} +python preprocess.py --source-lang $src --target-lang $tgt \ + --trainpref $TEXT/train --validpref $TEXT/valid --testpref $TEXT/test \ + --destdir $destdir --joined-dictionary --bert-model-name ./bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased \ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/code b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/code new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26d4677a78841a6db18863978286b291c768ea56 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/code @@ -0,0 +1,10001 @@ +#version: 0.2 +e n +t h +i n +e r +a n +c h +e r +e n +u n +i e +e i +c h +s t +a l +e s +th e +a r +e s +l i +t i +a s +p o +an d +i n +e l +a u +e in +w i +a t +o r +o n +o n +un d +in g +po s +t o +i s +r e +i s +o u +& a +&a pos +d ie +&apos ; +i ch +i t +o f +m a +a b +t e +d i +d er +s ch +r o +g e +b e +a s +e d +q u +o t +v er +th at +o m +a n +a t +w h +l e +d en +s ie +t en +s o +d as +r i +l e +qu ot +d e +quot ; +& quot; +r a +y o +o l +is t +yo u +u r +er e +s e +v e +n o +w e +o r +s i +wi r +ch t +ei n +w as +g en +z u +a m +l y +' s +h a +ein e +n i +u s +n e +th e +g e +a c +th is +i l +d e +t er +h r +a r +v i +l o +s e +s a +s p +di es +i t +en t +d er +p ro +a l +ti on +v on +t e +ch en +b u +f ü +un g +as s +k e +- - +o p +u m +h i +en t +n en +d ass +g en +ou t +in d +t h +ni cht +s t +m e +ar 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b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2f5b1a89cfc9e02d1bb09027d9e1e520ba53d53 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +# Minimal makefile for Sphinx documentation +# + +# You can set these variables from the command line. +SPHINXOPTS = +SPHINXBUILD = python -msphinx +SPHINXPROJ = fairseq +SOURCEDIR = . +BUILDDIR = _build + +# Put it first so that "make" without argument is like "make help". +help: + @$(SPHINXBUILD) -M help "$(SOURCEDIR)" "$(BUILDDIR)" $(SPHINXOPTS) $(O) + +.PHONY: help Makefile + +# Catch-all target: route all unknown targets to Sphinx using the new +# "make mode" option. $(O) is meant as a shortcut for $(SPHINXOPTS). +%: Makefile + @$(SPHINXBUILD) -M $@ "$(SOURCEDIR)" "$(BUILDDIR)" $(SPHINXOPTS) $(O) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/_static/theme_overrides.css b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/_static/theme_overrides.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a0764193625e1a6fd66ff8af2ccdd0ad6369188 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/_static/theme_overrides.css @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +.wy-table-responsive table td kbd { + white-space: nowrap; +} +.wy-table-responsive table td { + white-space: normal !important; +} +.wy-table-responsive { + overflow: visible !important; +} diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/command_line_tools.rst b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/command_line_tools.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28e011a4ef7e28e266826d2bc86926c4399776dd --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/command_line_tools.rst @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +.. _Command-line Tools: + +Command-line Tools +================== + +Fairseq provides several command-line tools for training and evaluating models: + +- :ref:`fairseq-preprocess`: Data pre-processing: build vocabularies and binarize training data +- :ref:`fairseq-train`: Train a new model on one or multiple GPUs +- :ref:`fairseq-generate`: Translate pre-processed data with a trained model +- :ref:`fairseq-interactive`: Translate raw text with a trained model +- :ref:`fairseq-score`: BLEU scoring of generated translations against reference translations +- :ref:`fairseq-eval-lm`: Language model evaluation + + +.. _fairseq-preprocess: + +fairseq-preprocess +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +.. automodule:: preprocess + + .. argparse:: + :module: fairseq.options + :func: get_preprocessing_parser + :prog: fairseq-preprocess + + +.. _fairseq-train: + +fairseq-train +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +.. automodule:: train + + .. argparse:: + :module: fairseq.options + :func: get_training_parser + :prog: fairseq-train + + +.. _fairseq-generate: + +fairseq-generate +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +.. automodule:: generate + + .. argparse:: + :module: fairseq.options + :func: get_generation_parser + :prog: fairseq-generate + + +.. _fairseq-interactive: + +fairseq-interactive +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +.. automodule:: interactive + + .. argparse:: + :module: fairseq.options + :func: get_interactive_generation_parser + :prog: fairseq-interactive + + +.. _fairseq-score: + +fairseq-score +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +.. automodule:: score + + .. argparse:: + :module: fairseq_cli.score + :func: get_parser + :prog: fairseq-score + + +.. _fairseq-eval-lm: + +fairseq-eval-lm +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +.. automodule:: eval_lm + + .. argparse:: + :module: fairseq.options + :func: get_eval_lm_parser + :prog: fairseq-eval-lm diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/conf.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/conf.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6d150c1f086f75ed38fb02c628016aca63df281 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/conf.py @@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +# +# fairseq documentation build configuration file, created by +# sphinx-quickstart on Fri Aug 17 21:45:30 2018. +# +# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its +# containing dir. +# +# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this +# autogenerated file. +# +# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out +# serve to show the default. + +# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory, +# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the +# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here. + +import os +import sys + +# source code directory, relative to this file, for sphinx-autobuild +sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('..')) + +source_suffix = ['.rst'] + +# -- General configuration ------------------------------------------------ + +# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here. +# +# needs_sphinx = '1.0' + +# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be +# extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom +# ones. +extensions = [ + 'sphinx.ext.autodoc', + 'sphinx.ext.intersphinx', + 'sphinx.ext.viewcode', + 'sphinx.ext.napoleon', + 'sphinxarg.ext', +] + +# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory. +templates_path = ['_templates'] + +# The master toctree document. +master_doc = 'index' + +# General information about the project. +project = 'fairseq' +copyright = '2019, Facebook AI Research (FAIR)' +author = 'Facebook AI Research (FAIR)' + +github_doc_root = 'https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq/tree/master/docs/' + +# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for +# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the +# built documents. +# +# The short X.Y version. +version = '0.9.0' +# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags. +release = '0.9.0' + +# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation +# for a list of supported languages. +# +# This is also used if you do content translation via gettext catalogs. +# Usually you set "language" from the command line for these cases. +language = None + +# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and +# directories to ignore when looking for source files. +# This patterns also effect to html_static_path and html_extra_path +exclude_patterns = ['_build', 'Thumbs.db', '.DS_Store'] + +# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use. +pygments_style = 'sphinx' +highlight_language = 'python' + +# If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing. +todo_include_todos = False + + +# -- Options for HTML output ---------------------------------------------- + +# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages. See the documentation for +# a list of builtin themes. +# +html_theme = 'sphinx_rtd_theme' + +# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme +# further. For a list of options available for each theme, see the +# documentation. +# +# html_theme_options = {} + +# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here, +# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files, +# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css". +html_static_path = ['_static'] + +html_context = { + 'css_files': [ + '_static/theme_overrides.css', # override wide tables in RTD theme + ], +} + +# Custom sidebar templates, must be a dictionary that maps document names +# to template names. +# +# This is required for the alabaster theme +# refs: http://alabaster.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html#sidebars +#html_sidebars = { +# '**': [ +# 'about.html', +# 'navigation.html', +# 'relations.html', # needs 'show_related': True theme option to display +# 'searchbox.html', +# 'donate.html', +# ] +#} + + +# Example configuration for intersphinx: refer to the Python standard library. +intersphinx_mapping = { + 'numpy': ('http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/', None), + 'python': ('https://docs.python.org/', None), + 'torch': ('https://pytorch.org/docs/master/', None), +} diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/criterions.rst b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/criterions.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6b8ca6b671a32d0da4aca7b18626e0df58a7258 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/criterions.rst @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +.. role:: hidden + :class: hidden-section + +.. _Criterions: + +Criterions +========== + +Criterions compute the loss function given the model and batch, roughly:: + + loss = criterion(model, batch) + +.. automodule:: fairseq.criterions + :members: + +.. autoclass:: fairseq.criterions.FairseqCriterion + :members: + :undoc-members: + +.. autoclass:: fairseq.criterions.adaptive_loss.AdaptiveLoss + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.criterions.composite_loss.CompositeLoss + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.criterions.cross_entropy.CrossEntropyCriterion + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.criterions.label_smoothed_cross_entropy.LabelSmoothedCrossEntropyCriterion + :members: + :undoc-members: diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/data.rst b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/data.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a390cb336ab3c5fb28edec7448abc35a8e22bbb --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/data.rst @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +.. role:: hidden + :class: hidden-section + +.. module:: fairseq.data + +Data Loading and Utilities +========================== + +.. _datasets: + +Datasets +-------- + +**Datasets** define the data format and provide helpers for creating +mini-batches. + +.. autoclass:: fairseq.data.FairseqDataset + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.data.LanguagePairDataset + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.data.MonolingualDataset + :members: + +**Helper Datasets** + +These datasets wrap other :class:`fairseq.data.FairseqDataset` instances and +provide additional functionality: + +.. autoclass:: fairseq.data.BacktranslationDataset + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.data.ConcatDataset + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.data.ResamplingDataset + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.data.RoundRobinZipDatasets + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.data.TransformEosDataset + :members: + + +Dictionary +---------- + +.. autoclass:: fairseq.data.Dictionary + :members: + + +Iterators +--------- + +.. autoclass:: fairseq.data.CountingIterator + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.data.EpochBatchIterator + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.data.GroupedIterator + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.data.ShardedIterator + :members: diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/docutils.conf b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/docutils.conf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..526acffd32d16217160aee917db2b120354f20f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/docutils.conf @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +[writers] +option-limit=0 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/getting_started.rst b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/getting_started.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c76534163a5411a9acfe4b726c2007393f0b9f38 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/getting_started.rst @@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ +Evaluating Pre-trained Models +============================= + +First, download a pre-trained model along with its vocabularies: + +.. code-block:: console + + > curl https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/wmt14.v2.en-fr.fconv-py.tar.bz2 | tar xvjf - + +This model uses a `Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) +vocabulary `__, so we'll have to apply +the encoding to the source text before it can be translated. This can be +done with the +`apply\_bpe.py `__ +script using the ``wmt14.en-fr.fconv-cuda/bpecodes`` file. ``@@`` is +used as a continuation marker and the original text can be easily +recovered with e.g. ``sed s/@@ //g`` or by passing the ``--remove-bpe`` +flag to :ref:`fairseq-generate`. Prior to BPE, input text needs to be tokenized +using ``tokenizer.perl`` from +`mosesdecoder `__. + +Let's use :ref:`fairseq-interactive` to generate translations interactively. +Here, we use a beam size of 5 and preprocess the input with the Moses +tokenizer and the given Byte-Pair Encoding vocabulary. It will automatically +remove the BPE continuation markers and detokenize the output. + +.. code-block:: console + + > MODEL_DIR=wmt14.en-fr.fconv-py + > fairseq-interactive \ + --path $MODEL_DIR/model.pt $MODEL_DIR \ + --beam 5 --source-lang en --target-lang fr \ + --tokenizer moses \ + --bpe subword_nmt --bpe-codes $MODEL_DIR/bpecodes + | loading model(s) from wmt14.en-fr.fconv-py/model.pt + | [en] dictionary: 44206 types + | [fr] dictionary: 44463 types + | Type the input sentence and press return: + Why is it rare to discover new marine mammal species? + S-0 Why is it rare to discover new marine mam@@ mal species ? + H-0 -0.0643349438905716 Pourquoi est-il rare de découvrir de nouvelles espèces de mammifères marins? + P-0 -0.0763 -0.1849 -0.0956 -0.0946 -0.0735 -0.1150 -0.1301 -0.0042 -0.0321 -0.0171 -0.0052 -0.0062 -0.0015 + +This generation script produces three types of outputs: a line prefixed +with *O* is a copy of the original source sentence; *H* is the +hypothesis along with an average log-likelihood; and *P* is the +positional score per token position, including the +end-of-sentence marker which is omitted from the text. + +See the `README `__ for a +full list of pre-trained models available. + +Training a New Model +==================== + +The following tutorial is for machine translation. For an example of how +to use Fairseq for other tasks, such as :ref:`language modeling`, please see the +``examples/`` directory. + +Data Pre-processing +------------------- + +Fairseq contains example pre-processing scripts for several translation +datasets: IWSLT 2014 (German-English), WMT 2014 (English-French) and WMT +2014 (English-German). To pre-process and binarize the IWSLT dataset: + +.. code-block:: console + + > cd examples/translation/ + > bash prepare-iwslt14.sh + > cd ../.. + > TEXT=examples/translation/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en + > fairseq-preprocess --source-lang de --target-lang en \ + --trainpref $TEXT/train --validpref $TEXT/valid --testpref $TEXT/test \ + --destdir data-bin/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en + +This will write binarized data that can be used for model training to +``data-bin/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en``. + +Training +-------- + +Use :ref:`fairseq-train` to train a new model. Here a few example settings that work +well for the IWSLT 2014 dataset: + +.. code-block:: console + + > mkdir -p checkpoints/fconv + > CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 fairseq-train data-bin/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en \ + --lr 0.25 --clip-norm 0.1 --dropout 0.2 --max-tokens 4000 \ + --arch fconv_iwslt_de_en --save-dir checkpoints/fconv + +By default, :ref:`fairseq-train` will use all available GPUs on your machine. Use the +``CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES`` environment variable to select specific GPUs and/or to +change the number of GPU devices that will be used. + +Also note that the batch size is specified in terms of the maximum +number of tokens per batch (``--max-tokens``). You may need to use a +smaller value depending on the available GPU memory on your system. + +Generation +---------- + +Once your model is trained, you can generate translations using +:ref:`fairseq-generate` **(for binarized data)** or +:ref:`fairseq-interactive` **(for raw text)**: + +.. code-block:: console + + > fairseq-generate data-bin/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en \ + --path checkpoints/fconv/checkpoint_best.pt \ + --batch-size 128 --beam 5 + | [de] dictionary: 35475 types + | [en] dictionary: 24739 types + | data-bin/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en test 6750 examples + | model fconv + | loaded checkpoint trainings/fconv/checkpoint_best.pt + S-721 danke . + T-721 thank you . + ... + +To generate translations with only a CPU, use the ``--cpu`` flag. BPE +continuation markers can be removed with the ``--remove-bpe`` flag. + +Advanced Training Options +========================= + +Large mini-batch training with delayed updates +---------------------------------------------- + +The ``--update-freq`` option can be used to accumulate gradients from +multiple mini-batches and delay updating, creating a larger effective +batch size. Delayed updates can also improve training speed by reducing +inter-GPU communication costs and by saving idle time caused by variance +in workload across GPUs. See `Ott et al. +(2018) `__ for more details. + +To train on a single GPU with an effective batch size that is equivalent +to training on 8 GPUs: + +.. code-block:: console + + > CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 fairseq-train --update-freq 8 (...) + +Training with half precision floating point (FP16) +-------------------------------------------------- + +.. note:: + + FP16 training requires a Volta GPU and CUDA 9.1 or greater + +Recent GPUs enable efficient half precision floating point computation, +e.g., using `Nvidia Tensor Cores +`__. +Fairseq supports FP16 training with the ``--fp16`` flag: + +.. code-block:: console + + > fairseq-train --fp16 (...) + +Distributed training +-------------------- + +Distributed training in fairseq is implemented on top of ``torch.distributed``. +The easiest way to launch jobs is with the `torch.distributed.launch +`__ tool. + +For example, to train a large English-German Transformer model on 2 nodes each +with 8 GPUs (in total 16 GPUs), run the following command on each node, +replacing ``node_rank=0`` with ``node_rank=1`` on the second node: + +.. code-block:: console + + > python -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node=8 \ + --nnodes=2 --node_rank=0 --master_addr="192.168.1.1" \ + --master_port=1234 \ + $(which fairseq-train) data-bin/wmt16_en_de_bpe32k \ + --arch transformer_vaswani_wmt_en_de_big --share-all-embeddings \ + --optimizer adam --adam-betas '(0.9, 0.98)' --clip-norm 0.0 \ + --lr-scheduler inverse_sqrt --warmup-init-lr 1e-07 --warmup-updates 4000 \ + --lr 0.0005 --min-lr 1e-09 \ + --dropout 0.3 --weight-decay 0.0 --criterion label_smoothed_cross_entropy --label-smoothing 0.1 \ + --max-tokens 3584 \ + --fp16 --distributed-no-spawn diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/index.rst b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/index.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..591db86cdf49e6f0a7a6686df2150f11418e90d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/index.rst @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +.. fairseq documentation master file, created by + sphinx-quickstart on Fri Aug 17 21:45:30 2018. + You can adapt this file completely to your liking, but it should at least + contain the root `toctree` directive. + +:github_url: https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq + + +fairseq documentation +===================== + +Fairseq is a sequence modeling toolkit written in `PyTorch +`_ that allows researchers and developers to +train custom models for translation, summarization, language modeling and other +text generation tasks. + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 1 + :caption: Getting Started + + getting_started + command_line_tools + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 1 + :caption: Extending Fairseq + + overview + tutorial_simple_lstm + tutorial_classifying_names + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 2 + :caption: Library Reference + + tasks + models + criterions + optim + lr_scheduler + data + modules + + +Indices and tables +================== + +* :ref:`genindex` +* :ref:`search` diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/lr_scheduler.rst b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/lr_scheduler.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bbc09dc22e6a7ac05137954e0b9c80ca030f62f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/lr_scheduler.rst @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +.. role:: hidden + :class: hidden-section + +.. _Learning Rate Schedulers: + +Learning Rate Schedulers +======================== + +Learning Rate Schedulers update the learning rate over the course of training. +Learning rates can be updated after each update via :func:`step_update` or at +epoch boundaries via :func:`step`. + +.. automodule:: fairseq.optim.lr_scheduler + :members: + +.. autoclass:: fairseq.optim.lr_scheduler.FairseqLRScheduler + :members: + :undoc-members: + +.. autoclass:: fairseq.optim.lr_scheduler.cosine_lr_scheduler.CosineSchedule + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.optim.lr_scheduler.fixed_schedule.FixedSchedule + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.optim.lr_scheduler.inverse_square_root_schedule.InverseSquareRootSchedule + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.optim.lr_scheduler.reduce_lr_on_plateau.ReduceLROnPlateau + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.optim.lr_scheduler.triangular_lr_scheduler.TriangularSchedule + :members: + :undoc-members: diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/make.bat b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/make.bat new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35c5085de318190514ee3b48d10060aa57a4fa50 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/make.bat @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +@ECHO OFF + +pushd %~dp0 + +REM Command file for Sphinx documentation + +if "%SPHINXBUILD%" == "" ( + set SPHINXBUILD=python -msphinx +) +set SOURCEDIR=. +set BUILDDIR=_build +set SPHINXPROJ=fairseq + +if "%1" == "" goto help + +%SPHINXBUILD% >NUL 2>NUL +if errorlevel 9009 ( + echo. + echo.The Sphinx module was not found. Make sure you have Sphinx installed, + echo.then set the SPHINXBUILD environment variable to point to the full + echo.path of the 'sphinx-build' executable. Alternatively you may add the + echo.Sphinx directory to PATH. + echo. + echo.If you don't have Sphinx installed, grab it from + echo.http://sphinx-doc.org/ + exit /b 1 +) + +%SPHINXBUILD% -M %1 %SOURCEDIR% %BUILDDIR% %SPHINXOPTS% +goto end + +:help +%SPHINXBUILD% -M help %SOURCEDIR% %BUILDDIR% %SPHINXOPTS% + +:end +popd diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/models.rst b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/models.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..054622d587c3b7f01f17f442919140755acd8f9e --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/models.rst @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +.. role:: hidden + :class: hidden-section + +.. module:: fairseq.models + +.. _Models: + +Models +====== + +A Model defines the neural network's ``forward()`` method and encapsulates all +of the learnable parameters in the network. Each model also provides a set of +named *architectures* that define the precise network configuration (e.g., +embedding dimension, number of layers, etc.). + +Both the model type and architecture are selected via the ``--arch`` +command-line argument. Once selected, a model may expose additional command-line +arguments for further configuration. + +.. note:: + + All fairseq Models extend :class:`BaseFairseqModel`, which in turn extends + :class:`torch.nn.Module`. Thus any fairseq Model can be used as a + stand-alone Module in other PyTorch code. + + +Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) +----------------------------------- + +.. module:: fairseq.models.fconv +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.fconv.FConvModel + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.fconv.FConvEncoder + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.fconv.FConvDecoder + :members: + + +Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks +-------------------------------------- + +.. module:: fairseq.models.lstm +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.lstm.LSTMModel + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.lstm.LSTMEncoder + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.lstm.LSTMDecoder + :members: + + +Transformer (self-attention) networks +------------------------------------- + +.. module:: fairseq.models.transformer +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.transformer.TransformerModel + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.transformer.TransformerEncoder + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.transformer.TransformerEncoderLayer + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.transformer.TransformerDecoder + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.transformer.TransformerDecoderLayer + :members: + + +Adding new models +----------------- + +.. currentmodule:: fairseq.models +.. autofunction:: fairseq.models.register_model +.. autofunction:: fairseq.models.register_model_architecture +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.BaseFairseqModel + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.FairseqEncoderDecoderModel + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.FairseqEncoderModel + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.FairseqLanguageModel + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.FairseqMultiModel + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.FairseqEncoder + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.CompositeEncoder + :members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.FairseqDecoder + :members: + + +.. _Incremental decoding: + +Incremental decoding +-------------------- + +.. autoclass:: fairseq.models.FairseqIncrementalDecoder + :members: + :undoc-members: diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/modules.rst b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/modules.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9631c93d4682286e1cea1ddd961d3f6ab06f2589 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/modules.rst @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +Modules +======= + +Fairseq provides several stand-alone :class:`torch.nn.Module` classes that may +be helpful when implementing a new :class:`~fairseq.models.BaseFairseqModel`. + +.. automodule:: fairseq.modules + :members: + :undoc-members: diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/optim.rst b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/optim.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c3326456bd9291a1d05bd3316bef5c9fb25c6c49 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/optim.rst @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +.. role:: hidden + :class: hidden-section + +.. _optimizers: + +Optimizers +========== + +Optimizers update the Model parameters based on the gradients. + +.. automodule:: fairseq.optim + :members: + +.. autoclass:: fairseq.optim.FairseqOptimizer + :members: + :undoc-members: + +.. autoclass:: fairseq.optim.adadelta.Adadelta + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.optim.adagrad.Adagrad + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.optim.adafactor.FairseqAdafactor + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.optim.adam.FairseqAdam + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.optim.fp16_optimizer.FP16Optimizer + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.optim.nag.FairseqNAG + :members: + :undoc-members: +.. autoclass:: fairseq.optim.sgd.SGD + :members: + :undoc-members: diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/overview.rst b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/overview.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..026b3b5c7b21d071d8b8a3405898977c760d05b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/overview.rst @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +Overview +======== + +Fairseq can be extended through user-supplied `plug-ins +`_. We support five kinds of +plug-ins: + +- :ref:`Models` define the neural network architecture and encapsulate all of the + learnable parameters. +- :ref:`Criterions` compute the loss function given the model outputs and targets. +- :ref:`Tasks` store dictionaries and provide helpers for loading/iterating over + Datasets, initializing the Model/Criterion and calculating the loss. +- :ref:`Optimizers` update the Model parameters based on the gradients. +- :ref:`Learning Rate Schedulers` update the learning rate over the course of + training. + +**Training Flow** + +Given a ``model``, ``criterion``, ``task``, ``optimizer`` and ``lr_scheduler``, +fairseq implements the following high-level training flow:: + + for epoch in range(num_epochs): + itr = task.get_batch_iterator(task.dataset('train')) + for num_updates, batch in enumerate(itr): + task.train_step(batch, model, criterion, optimizer) + average_and_clip_gradients() + optimizer.step() + lr_scheduler.step_update(num_updates) + lr_scheduler.step(epoch) + +where the default implementation for ``task.train_step`` is roughly:: + + def train_step(self, batch, model, criterion, optimizer, **unused): + loss = criterion(model, batch) + optimizer.backward(loss) + return loss + +**Registering new plug-ins** + +New plug-ins are *registered* through a set of ``@register`` function +decorators, for example:: + + @register_model('my_lstm') + class MyLSTM(FairseqEncoderDecoderModel): + (...) + +Once registered, new plug-ins can be used with the existing :ref:`Command-line +Tools`. See the Tutorial sections for more detailed walkthroughs of how to add +new plug-ins. + +**Loading plug-ins from another directory** + +New plug-ins can be defined in a custom module stored in the user system. In +order to import the module, and make the plugin available to *fairseq*, the +command line supports the ``--user-dir`` flag that can be used to specify a +custom location for additional modules to load into *fairseq*. + +For example, assuming this directory tree:: + + /home/user/my-module/ + └── __init__.py + +with ``__init__.py``:: + + from fairseq.models import register_model_architecture + from fairseq.models.transformer import transformer_vaswani_wmt_en_de_big + + @register_model_architecture('transformer', 'my_transformer') + def transformer_mmt_big(args): + transformer_vaswani_wmt_en_de_big(args) + +it is possible to invoke the :ref:`fairseq-train` script with the new architecture with:: + + fairseq-train ... --user-dir /home/user/my-module -a my_transformer --task translation diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/requirements.txt b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/requirements.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c734a1f04f1c108d84d3a07643ac93adf6485f13 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/requirements.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +sphinx<2.0 +sphinx-argparse diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/tasks.rst b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/tasks.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f65c3c866865e50332d8e6ca012a4a81e7bea74 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/tasks.rst @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +.. role:: hidden + :class: hidden-section + +.. module:: fairseq.tasks + +.. _Tasks: + +Tasks +===== + +Tasks store dictionaries and provide helpers for loading/iterating over +Datasets, initializing the Model/Criterion and calculating the loss. + +Tasks can be selected via the ``--task`` command-line argument. Once selected, a +task may expose additional command-line arguments for further configuration. + +Example usage:: + + # setup the task (e.g., load dictionaries) + task = fairseq.tasks.setup_task(args) + + # build model and criterion + model = task.build_model(args) + criterion = task.build_criterion(args) + + # load datasets + task.load_dataset('train') + task.load_dataset('valid') + + # iterate over mini-batches of data + batch_itr = task.get_batch_iterator( + task.dataset('train'), max_tokens=4096, + ) + for batch in batch_itr: + # compute the loss + loss, sample_size, logging_output = task.get_loss( + model, criterion, batch, + ) + loss.backward() + + +Translation +----------- + +.. autoclass:: fairseq.tasks.translation.TranslationTask + +.. _language modeling: + +Language Modeling +----------------- + +.. autoclass:: fairseq.tasks.language_modeling.LanguageModelingTask + + +Adding new tasks +---------------- + +.. autofunction:: fairseq.tasks.register_task +.. autoclass:: fairseq.tasks.FairseqTask + :members: + :undoc-members: diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/tutorial_classifying_names.rst b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/tutorial_classifying_names.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b420d850bc41321e38884d7e7efdc513d24cba64 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/tutorial_classifying_names.rst @@ -0,0 +1,416 @@ +Tutorial: Classifying Names with a Character-Level RNN +====================================================== + +In this tutorial we will extend fairseq to support *classification* tasks. In +particular we will re-implement the PyTorch tutorial for `Classifying Names with +a Character-Level RNN `_ +in fairseq. It is recommended to quickly skim that tutorial before beginning +this one. + +This tutorial covers: + +1. **Preprocessing the data** to create dictionaries. +2. **Registering a new Model** that encodes an input sentence with a simple RNN + and predicts the output label. +3. **Registering a new Task** that loads our dictionaries and dataset. +4. **Training the Model** using the existing command-line tools. +5. **Writing an evaluation script** that imports fairseq and allows us to + interactively evaluate our model on new inputs. + + +1. Preprocessing the data +------------------------- + +The original tutorial provides raw data, but we'll work with a modified version +of the data that is already tokenized into characters and split into separate +train, valid and test sets. + +Download and extract the data from here: +`tutorial_names.tar.gz `_ + +Once extracted, let's preprocess the data using the :ref:`fairseq-preprocess` +command-line tool to create the dictionaries. While this tool is primarily +intended for sequence-to-sequence problems, we're able to reuse it here by +treating the label as a "target" sequence of length 1. We'll also output the +preprocessed files in "raw" format using the ``--dataset-impl`` option to +enhance readability: + +.. code-block:: console + + > fairseq-preprocess \ + --trainpref names/train --validpref names/valid --testpref names/test \ + --source-lang input --target-lang label \ + --destdir names-bin --dataset-impl raw + +After running the above command you should see a new directory, +:file:`names-bin/`, containing the dictionaries for *inputs* and *labels*. + + +2. Registering a new Model +-------------------------- + +Next we'll register a new model in fairseq that will encode an input sentence +with a simple RNN and predict the output label. Compared to the original PyTorch +tutorial, our version will also work with batches of data and GPU Tensors. + +First let's copy the simple RNN module implemented in the `PyTorch tutorial +`_. +Create a new file named :file:`fairseq/models/rnn_classifier.py` with the +following contents:: + + import torch + import torch.nn as nn + + class RNN(nn.Module): + + def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, output_size): + super(RNN, self).__init__() + + self.hidden_size = hidden_size + + self.i2h = nn.Linear(input_size + hidden_size, hidden_size) + self.i2o = nn.Linear(input_size + hidden_size, output_size) + self.softmax = nn.LogSoftmax(dim=1) + + def forward(self, input, hidden): + combined = torch.cat((input, hidden), 1) + hidden = self.i2h(combined) + output = self.i2o(combined) + output = self.softmax(output) + return output, hidden + + def initHidden(self): + return torch.zeros(1, self.hidden_size) + +We must also *register* this model with fairseq using the +:func:`~fairseq.models.register_model` function decorator. Once the model is +registered we'll be able to use it with the existing :ref:`Command-line Tools`. + +All registered models must implement the :class:`~fairseq.models.BaseFairseqModel` +interface, so we'll create a small wrapper class in the same file and register +it in fairseq with the name ``'rnn_classifier'``:: + + from fairseq.models import BaseFairseqModel, register_model + + # Note: the register_model "decorator" should immediately precede the + # definition of the Model class. + + @register_model('rnn_classifier') + class FairseqRNNClassifier(BaseFairseqModel): + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + # Models can override this method to add new command-line arguments. + # Here we'll add a new command-line argument to configure the + # dimensionality of the hidden state. + parser.add_argument( + '--hidden-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='dimensionality of the hidden state', + ) + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + # Fairseq initializes models by calling the ``build_model()`` + # function. This provides more flexibility, since the returned model + # instance can be of a different type than the one that was called. + # In this case we'll just return a FairseqRNNClassifier instance. + + # Initialize our RNN module + rnn = RNN( + # We'll define the Task in the next section, but for now just + # notice that the task holds the dictionaries for the "source" + # (i.e., the input sentence) and "target" (i.e., the label). + input_size=len(task.source_dictionary), + hidden_size=args.hidden_dim, + output_size=len(task.target_dictionary), + ) + + # Return the wrapped version of the module + return FairseqRNNClassifier( + rnn=rnn, + input_vocab=task.source_dictionary, + ) + + def __init__(self, rnn, input_vocab): + super(FairseqRNNClassifier, self).__init__() + + self.rnn = rnn + self.input_vocab = input_vocab + + # The RNN module in the tutorial expects one-hot inputs, so we can + # precompute the identity matrix to help convert from indices to + # one-hot vectors. We register it as a buffer so that it is moved to + # the GPU when ``cuda()`` is called. + self.register_buffer('one_hot_inputs', torch.eye(len(input_vocab))) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, src_lengths): + # The inputs to the ``forward()`` function are determined by the + # Task, and in particular the ``'net_input'`` key in each + # mini-batch. We'll define the Task in the next section, but for + # now just know that *src_tokens* has shape `(batch, src_len)` and + # *src_lengths* has shape `(batch)`. + bsz, max_src_len = src_tokens.size() + + # Initialize the RNN hidden state. Compared to the original PyTorch + # tutorial we'll also handle batched inputs and work on the GPU. + hidden = self.rnn.initHidden() + hidden = hidden.repeat(bsz, 1) # expand for batched inputs + hidden = hidden.to(src_tokens.device) # move to GPU + + for i in range(max_src_len): + # WARNING: The inputs have padding, so we should mask those + # elements here so that padding doesn't affect the results. + # This is left as an exercise for the reader. The padding symbol + # is given by ``self.input_vocab.pad()`` and the unpadded length + # of each input is given by *src_lengths*. + + # One-hot encode a batch of input characters. + input = self.one_hot_inputs[src_tokens[:, i].long()] + + # Feed the input to our RNN. + output, hidden = self.rnn(input, hidden) + + # Return the final output state for making a prediction + return output + +Finally let's define a *named architecture* with the configuration for our +model. This is done with the :func:`~fairseq.models.register_model_architecture` +function decorator. Thereafter this named architecture can be used with the +``--arch`` command-line argument, e.g., ``--arch pytorch_tutorial_rnn``:: + + from fairseq.models import register_model_architecture + + # The first argument to ``register_model_architecture()`` should be the name + # of the model we registered above (i.e., 'rnn_classifier'). The function we + # register here should take a single argument *args* and modify it in-place + # to match the desired architecture. + + @register_model_architecture('rnn_classifier', 'pytorch_tutorial_rnn') + def pytorch_tutorial_rnn(args): + # We use ``getattr()`` to prioritize arguments that are explicitly given + # on the command-line, so that the defaults defined below are only used + # when no other value has been specified. + args.hidden_dim = getattr(args, 'hidden_dim', 128) + + +3. Registering a new Task +------------------------- + +Now we'll register a new :class:`~fairseq.tasks.FairseqTask` that will load our +dictionaries and dataset. Tasks can also control how the data is batched into +mini-batches, but in this tutorial we'll reuse the batching provided by +:class:`fairseq.data.LanguagePairDataset`. + +Create a new file named :file:`fairseq/tasks/simple_classification.py` with the +following contents:: + + import os + import torch + + from fairseq.data import Dictionary, LanguagePairDataset + from fairseq.tasks import FairseqTask, register_task + + + @register_task('simple_classification') + class SimpleClassificationTask(FairseqTask): + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + # Add some command-line arguments for specifying where the data is + # located and the maximum supported input length. + parser.add_argument('data', metavar='FILE', + help='file prefix for data') + parser.add_argument('--max-positions', default=1024, type=int, + help='max input length') + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, **kwargs): + # Here we can perform any setup required for the task. This may include + # loading Dictionaries, initializing shared Embedding layers, etc. + # In this case we'll just load the Dictionaries. + input_vocab = Dictionary.load(os.path.join(args.data, 'dict.input.txt')) + label_vocab = Dictionary.load(os.path.join(args.data, 'dict.label.txt')) + print('| [input] dictionary: {} types'.format(len(input_vocab))) + print('| [label] dictionary: {} types'.format(len(label_vocab))) + + return SimpleClassificationTask(args, input_vocab, label_vocab) + + def __init__(self, args, input_vocab, label_vocab): + super().__init__(args) + self.input_vocab = input_vocab + self.label_vocab = label_vocab + + def load_dataset(self, split, **kwargs): + """Load a given dataset split (e.g., train, valid, test).""" + + prefix = os.path.join(self.args.data, '{}.input-label'.format(split)) + + # Read input sentences. + sentences, lengths = [], [] + with open(prefix + '.input', encoding='utf-8') as file: + for line in file: + sentence = line.strip() + + # Tokenize the sentence, splitting on spaces + tokens = self.input_vocab.encode_line( + sentence, add_if_not_exist=False, + ) + + sentences.append(tokens) + lengths.append(tokens.numel()) + + # Read labels. + labels = [] + with open(prefix + '.label', encoding='utf-8') as file: + for line in file: + label = line.strip() + labels.append( + # Convert label to a numeric ID. + torch.LongTensor([self.label_vocab.add_symbol(label)]) + ) + + assert len(sentences) == len(labels) + print('| {} {} {} examples'.format(self.args.data, split, len(sentences))) + + # We reuse LanguagePairDataset since classification can be modeled as a + # sequence-to-sequence task where the target sequence has length 1. + self.datasets[split] = LanguagePairDataset( + src=sentences, + src_sizes=lengths, + src_dict=self.input_vocab, + tgt=labels, + tgt_sizes=torch.ones(len(labels)), # targets have length 1 + tgt_dict=self.label_vocab, + left_pad_source=False, + max_source_positions=self.args.max_positions, + max_target_positions=1, + # Since our target is a single class label, there's no need for + # teacher forcing. If we set this to ``True`` then our Model's + # ``forward()`` method would receive an additional argument called + # *prev_output_tokens* that would contain a shifted version of the + # target sequence. + input_feeding=False, + ) + + def max_positions(self): + """Return the max input length allowed by the task.""" + # The source should be less than *args.max_positions* and the "target" + # has max length 1. + return (self.args.max_positions, 1) + + @property + def source_dictionary(self): + """Return the source :class:`~fairseq.data.Dictionary`.""" + return self.input_vocab + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + """Return the target :class:`~fairseq.data.Dictionary`.""" + return self.label_vocab + + # We could override this method if we wanted more control over how batches + # are constructed, but it's not necessary for this tutorial since we can + # reuse the batching provided by LanguagePairDataset. + # + # def get_batch_iterator( + # self, dataset, max_tokens=None, max_sentences=None, max_positions=None, + # ignore_invalid_inputs=False, required_batch_size_multiple=1, + # seed=1, num_shards=1, shard_id=0, + # ): + # (...) + + +4. Training the Model +--------------------- + +Now we're ready to train the model. We can use the existing :ref:`fairseq-train` +command-line tool for this, making sure to specify our new Task (``--task +simple_classification``) and Model architecture (``--arch +pytorch_tutorial_rnn``): + +.. note:: + + You can also configure the dimensionality of the hidden state by passing the + ``--hidden-dim`` argument to :ref:`fairseq-train`. + +.. code-block:: console + + > fairseq-train names-bin \ + --task simple_classification \ + --arch pytorch_tutorial_rnn \ + --optimizer adam --lr 0.001 --lr-shrink 0.5 \ + --max-tokens 1000 + (...) + | epoch 027 | loss 1.200 | ppl 2.30 | wps 15728 | ups 119.4 | wpb 116 | bsz 116 | num_updates 3726 | lr 1.5625e-05 | gnorm 1.290 | clip 0% | oom 0 | wall 32 | train_wall 21 + | epoch 027 | valid on 'valid' subset | valid_loss 1.41304 | valid_ppl 2.66 | num_updates 3726 | best 1.41208 + | done training in 31.6 seconds + +The model files should appear in the :file:`checkpoints/` directory. + + +5. Writing an evaluation script +------------------------------- + +Finally we can write a short script to evaluate our model on new inputs. Create +a new file named :file:`eval_classifier.py` with the following contents:: + + from fairseq import checkpoint_utils, data, options, tasks + + # Parse command-line arguments for generation + parser = options.get_generation_parser(default_task='simple_classification') + args = options.parse_args_and_arch(parser) + + # Setup task + task = tasks.setup_task(args) + + # Load model + print('| loading model from {}'.format(args.path)) + models, _model_args = checkpoint_utils.load_model_ensemble([args.path], task=task) + model = models[0] + + while True: + sentence = input('\nInput: ') + + # Tokenize into characters + chars = ' '.join(list(sentence.strip())) + tokens = task.source_dictionary.encode_line( + chars, add_if_not_exist=False, + ) + + # Build mini-batch to feed to the model + batch = data.language_pair_dataset.collate( + samples=[{'id': -1, 'source': tokens}], # bsz = 1 + pad_idx=task.source_dictionary.pad(), + eos_idx=task.source_dictionary.eos(), + left_pad_source=False, + input_feeding=False, + ) + + # Feed batch to the model and get predictions + preds = model(**batch['net_input']) + + # Print top 3 predictions and their log-probabilities + top_scores, top_labels = preds[0].topk(k=3) + for score, label_idx in zip(top_scores, top_labels): + label_name = task.target_dictionary.string([label_idx]) + print('({:.2f})\t{}'.format(score, label_name)) + +Now we can evaluate our model interactively. Note that we have included the +original data path (:file:`names-bin/`) so that the dictionaries can be loaded: + +.. code-block:: console + + > python eval_classifier.py names-bin --path checkpoints/checkpoint_best.pt + | [input] dictionary: 64 types + | [label] dictionary: 24 types + | loading model from checkpoints/checkpoint_best.pt + + Input: Satoshi + (-0.61) Japanese + (-1.20) Arabic + (-2.86) Italian + + Input: Sinbad + (-0.30) Arabic + (-1.76) English + (-4.08) Russian diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/tutorial_simple_lstm.rst b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/tutorial_simple_lstm.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..30bdc7213e718fb6f622cefd53fc905a499eceac --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/docs/tutorial_simple_lstm.rst @@ -0,0 +1,517 @@ +Tutorial: Simple LSTM +===================== + +In this tutorial we will extend fairseq by adding a new +:class:`~fairseq.models.FairseqEncoderDecoderModel` that encodes a source +sentence with an LSTM and then passes the final hidden state to a second LSTM +that decodes the target sentence (without attention). + +This tutorial covers: + +1. **Writing an Encoder and Decoder** to encode/decode the source/target + sentence, respectively. +2. **Registering a new Model** so that it can be used with the existing + :ref:`Command-line tools`. +3. **Training the Model** using the existing command-line tools. +4. **Making generation faster** by modifying the Decoder to use + :ref:`Incremental decoding`. + + +1. Building an Encoder and Decoder +---------------------------------- + +In this section we'll define a simple LSTM Encoder and Decoder. All Encoders +should implement the :class:`~fairseq.models.FairseqEncoder` interface and +Decoders should implement the :class:`~fairseq.models.FairseqDecoder` interface. +These interfaces themselves extend :class:`torch.nn.Module`, so FairseqEncoders +and FairseqDecoders can be written and used in the same ways as ordinary PyTorch +Modules. + + +Encoder +~~~~~~~ + +Our Encoder will embed the tokens in the source sentence, feed them to a +:class:`torch.nn.LSTM` and return the final hidden state. To create our encoder +save the following in a new file named :file:`fairseq/models/simple_lstm.py`:: + + import torch.nn as nn + from fairseq import utils + from fairseq.models import FairseqEncoder + + class SimpleLSTMEncoder(FairseqEncoder): + + def __init__( + self, args, dictionary, embed_dim=128, hidden_dim=128, dropout=0.1, + ): + super().__init__(dictionary) + self.args = args + + # Our encoder will embed the inputs before feeding them to the LSTM. + self.embed_tokens = nn.Embedding( + num_embeddings=len(dictionary), + embedding_dim=embed_dim, + padding_idx=dictionary.pad(), + ) + self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p=dropout) + + # We'll use a single-layer, unidirectional LSTM for simplicity. + self.lstm = nn.LSTM( + input_size=embed_dim, + hidden_size=hidden_dim, + num_layers=1, + bidirectional=False, + ) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, src_lengths): + # The inputs to the ``forward()`` function are determined by the + # Task, and in particular the ``'net_input'`` key in each + # mini-batch. We discuss Tasks in the next tutorial, but for now just + # know that *src_tokens* has shape `(batch, src_len)` and *src_lengths* + # has shape `(batch)`. + + # Note that the source is typically padded on the left. This can be + # configured by adding the `--left-pad-source "False"` command-line + # argument, but here we'll make the Encoder handle either kind of + # padding by converting everything to be right-padded. + if self.args.left_pad_source: + # Convert left-padding to right-padding. + src_tokens = utils.convert_padding_direction( + src_tokens, + padding_idx=self.dictionary.pad(), + left_to_right=True + ) + + # Embed the source. + x = self.embed_tokens(src_tokens) + + # Apply dropout. + x = self.dropout(x) + + # Pack the sequence into a PackedSequence object to feed to the LSTM. + x = nn.utils.rnn.pack_padded_sequence(x, src_lengths, batch_first=True) + + # Get the output from the LSTM. + _outputs, (final_hidden, _final_cell) = self.lstm(x) + + # Return the Encoder's output. This can be any object and will be + # passed directly to the Decoder. + return { + # this will have shape `(bsz, hidden_dim)` + 'final_hidden': final_hidden.squeeze(0), + } + + # Encoders are required to implement this method so that we can rearrange + # the order of the batch elements during inference (e.g., beam search). + def reorder_encoder_out(self, encoder_out, new_order): + """ + Reorder encoder output according to `new_order`. + + Args: + encoder_out: output from the ``forward()`` method + new_order (LongTensor): desired order + + Returns: + `encoder_out` rearranged according to `new_order` + """ + final_hidden = encoder_out['final_hidden'] + return { + 'final_hidden': final_hidden.index_select(0, new_order), + } + + +Decoder +~~~~~~~ + +Our Decoder will predict the next word, conditioned on the Encoder's final +hidden state and an embedded representation of the previous target word -- which +is sometimes called *teacher forcing*. More specifically, we'll use a +:class:`torch.nn.LSTM` to produce a sequence of hidden states that we'll project +to the size of the output vocabulary to predict each target word. + +:: + + import torch + from fairseq.models import FairseqDecoder + + class SimpleLSTMDecoder(FairseqDecoder): + + def __init__( + self, dictionary, encoder_hidden_dim=128, embed_dim=128, hidden_dim=128, + dropout=0.1, + ): + super().__init__(dictionary) + + # Our decoder will embed the inputs before feeding them to the LSTM. + self.embed_tokens = nn.Embedding( + num_embeddings=len(dictionary), + embedding_dim=embed_dim, + padding_idx=dictionary.pad(), + ) + self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p=dropout) + + # We'll use a single-layer, unidirectional LSTM for simplicity. + self.lstm = nn.LSTM( + # For the first layer we'll concatenate the Encoder's final hidden + # state with the embedded target tokens. + input_size=encoder_hidden_dim + embed_dim, + hidden_size=hidden_dim, + num_layers=1, + bidirectional=False, + ) + + # Define the output projection. + self.output_projection = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, len(dictionary)) + + # During training Decoders are expected to take the entire target sequence + # (shifted right by one position) and produce logits over the vocabulary. + # The *prev_output_tokens* tensor begins with the end-of-sentence symbol, + # ``dictionary.eos()``, followed by the target sequence. + def forward(self, prev_output_tokens, encoder_out): + """ + Args: + prev_output_tokens (LongTensor): previous decoder outputs of shape + `(batch, tgt_len)`, for teacher forcing + encoder_out (Tensor, optional): output from the encoder, used for + encoder-side attention + + Returns: + tuple: + - the last decoder layer's output of shape + `(batch, tgt_len, vocab)` + - the last decoder layer's attention weights of shape + `(batch, tgt_len, src_len)` + """ + bsz, tgt_len = prev_output_tokens.size() + + # Extract the final hidden state from the Encoder. + final_encoder_hidden = encoder_out['final_hidden'] + + # Embed the target sequence, which has been shifted right by one + # position and now starts with the end-of-sentence symbol. + x = self.embed_tokens(prev_output_tokens) + + # Apply dropout. + x = self.dropout(x) + + # Concatenate the Encoder's final hidden state to *every* embedded + # target token. + x = torch.cat( + [x, final_encoder_hidden.unsqueeze(1).expand(bsz, tgt_len, -1)], + dim=2, + ) + + # Using PackedSequence objects in the Decoder is harder than in the + # Encoder, since the targets are not sorted in descending length order, + # which is a requirement of ``pack_padded_sequence()``. Instead we'll + # feed nn.LSTM directly. + initial_state = ( + final_encoder_hidden.unsqueeze(0), # hidden + torch.zeros_like(final_encoder_hidden).unsqueeze(0), # cell + ) + output, _ = self.lstm( + x.transpose(0, 1), # convert to shape `(tgt_len, bsz, dim)` + initial_state, + ) + x = output.transpose(0, 1) # convert to shape `(bsz, tgt_len, hidden)` + + # Project the outputs to the size of the vocabulary. + x = self.output_projection(x) + + # Return the logits and ``None`` for the attention weights + return x, None + + +2. Registering the Model +------------------------ + +Now that we've defined our Encoder and Decoder we must *register* our model with +fairseq using the :func:`~fairseq.models.register_model` function decorator. +Once the model is registered we'll be able to use it with the existing +:ref:`Command-line Tools`. + +All registered models must implement the +:class:`~fairseq.models.BaseFairseqModel` interface. For sequence-to-sequence +models (i.e., any model with a single Encoder and Decoder), we can instead +implement the :class:`~fairseq.models.FairseqEncoderDecoderModel` interface. + +Create a small wrapper class in the same file and register it in fairseq with +the name ``'simple_lstm'``:: + + from fairseq.models import FairseqEncoderDecoderModel, register_model + + # Note: the register_model "decorator" should immediately precede the + # definition of the Model class. + + @register_model('simple_lstm') + class SimpleLSTMModel(FairseqEncoderDecoderModel): + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + # Models can override this method to add new command-line arguments. + # Here we'll add some new command-line arguments to configure dropout + # and the dimensionality of the embeddings and hidden states. + parser.add_argument( + '--encoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='dimensionality of the encoder embeddings', + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--encoder-hidden-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='dimensionality of the encoder hidden state', + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--encoder-dropout', type=float, default=0.1, + help='encoder dropout probability', + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--decoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='dimensionality of the decoder embeddings', + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--decoder-hidden-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='dimensionality of the decoder hidden state', + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--decoder-dropout', type=float, default=0.1, + help='decoder dropout probability', + ) + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + # Fairseq initializes models by calling the ``build_model()`` + # function. This provides more flexibility, since the returned model + # instance can be of a different type than the one that was called. + # In this case we'll just return a SimpleLSTMModel instance. + + # Initialize our Encoder and Decoder. + encoder = SimpleLSTMEncoder( + args=args, + dictionary=task.source_dictionary, + embed_dim=args.encoder_embed_dim, + hidden_dim=args.encoder_hidden_dim, + dropout=args.encoder_dropout, + ) + decoder = SimpleLSTMDecoder( + dictionary=task.target_dictionary, + encoder_hidden_dim=args.encoder_hidden_dim, + embed_dim=args.decoder_embed_dim, + hidden_dim=args.decoder_hidden_dim, + dropout=args.decoder_dropout, + ) + model = SimpleLSTMModel(encoder, decoder) + + # Print the model architecture. + print(model) + + return model + + # We could override the ``forward()`` if we wanted more control over how + # the encoder and decoder interact, but it's not necessary for this + # tutorial since we can inherit the default implementation provided by + # the FairseqEncoderDecoderModel base class, which looks like: + # + # def forward(self, src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens): + # encoder_out = self.encoder(src_tokens, src_lengths) + # decoder_out = self.decoder(prev_output_tokens, encoder_out) + # return decoder_out + +Finally let's define a *named architecture* with the configuration for our +model. This is done with the :func:`~fairseq.models.register_model_architecture` +function decorator. Thereafter this named architecture can be used with the +``--arch`` command-line argument, e.g., ``--arch tutorial_simple_lstm``:: + + from fairseq.models import register_model_architecture + + # The first argument to ``register_model_architecture()`` should be the name + # of the model we registered above (i.e., 'simple_lstm'). The function we + # register here should take a single argument *args* and modify it in-place + # to match the desired architecture. + + @register_model_architecture('simple_lstm', 'tutorial_simple_lstm') + def tutorial_simple_lstm(args): + # We use ``getattr()`` to prioritize arguments that are explicitly given + # on the command-line, so that the defaults defined below are only used + # when no other value has been specified. + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 256) + args.encoder_hidden_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_hidden_dim', 256) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 256) + args.decoder_hidden_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_hidden_dim', 256) + + +3. Training the Model +--------------------- + +Now we're ready to train the model. We can use the existing :ref:`fairseq-train` +command-line tool for this, making sure to specify our new Model architecture +(``--arch tutorial_simple_lstm``). + +.. note:: + + Make sure you've already preprocessed the data from the IWSLT example in the + :file:`examples/translation/` directory. + +.. code-block:: console + + > fairseq-train data-bin/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en \ + --arch tutorial_simple_lstm \ + --encoder-dropout 0.2 --decoder-dropout 0.2 \ + --optimizer adam --lr 0.005 --lr-shrink 0.5 \ + --max-tokens 12000 + (...) + | epoch 052 | loss 4.027 | ppl 16.30 | wps 420805 | ups 39.7 | wpb 9841 | bsz 400 | num_updates 20852 | lr 1.95313e-05 | gnorm 0.218 | clip 0% | oom 0 | wall 529 | train_wall 396 + | epoch 052 | valid on 'valid' subset | valid_loss 4.74989 | valid_ppl 26.91 | num_updates 20852 | best 4.74954 + +The model files should appear in the :file:`checkpoints/` directory. While this +model architecture is not very good, we can use the :ref:`fairseq-generate` script to +generate translations and compute our BLEU score over the test set: + +.. code-block:: console + + > fairseq-generate data-bin/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en \ + --path checkpoints/checkpoint_best.pt \ + --beam 5 \ + --remove-bpe + (...) + | Translated 6750 sentences (153132 tokens) in 17.3s (389.12 sentences/s, 8827.68 tokens/s) + | Generate test with beam=5: BLEU4 = 8.18, 38.8/12.1/4.7/2.0 (BP=1.000, ratio=1.066, syslen=139865, reflen=131146) + + +4. Making generation faster +--------------------------- + +While autoregressive generation from sequence-to-sequence models is inherently +slow, our implementation above is especially slow because it recomputes the +entire sequence of Decoder hidden states for every output token (i.e., it is +``O(n^2)``). We can make this significantly faster by instead caching the +previous hidden states. + +In fairseq this is called :ref:`Incremental decoding`. Incremental decoding is a +special mode at inference time where the Model only receives a single timestep +of input corresponding to the immediately previous output token (for teacher +forcing) and must produce the next output incrementally. Thus the model must +cache any long-term state that is needed about the sequence, e.g., hidden +states, convolutional states, etc. + +To implement incremental decoding we will modify our model to implement the +:class:`~fairseq.models.FairseqIncrementalDecoder` interface. Compared to the +standard :class:`~fairseq.models.FairseqDecoder` interface, the incremental +decoder interface allows ``forward()`` methods to take an extra keyword argument +(*incremental_state*) that can be used to cache state across time-steps. + +Let's replace our ``SimpleLSTMDecoder`` with an incremental one:: + + import torch + from fairseq.models import FairseqIncrementalDecoder + + class SimpleLSTMDecoder(FairseqIncrementalDecoder): + + def __init__( + self, dictionary, encoder_hidden_dim=128, embed_dim=128, hidden_dim=128, + dropout=0.1, + ): + # This remains the same as before. + super().__init__(dictionary) + self.embed_tokens = nn.Embedding( + num_embeddings=len(dictionary), + embedding_dim=embed_dim, + padding_idx=dictionary.pad(), + ) + self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p=dropout) + self.lstm = nn.LSTM( + input_size=encoder_hidden_dim + embed_dim, + hidden_size=hidden_dim, + num_layers=1, + bidirectional=False, + ) + self.output_projection = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, len(dictionary)) + + # We now take an additional kwarg (*incremental_state*) for caching the + # previous hidden and cell states. + def forward(self, prev_output_tokens, encoder_out, incremental_state=None): + if incremental_state is not None: + # If the *incremental_state* argument is not ``None`` then we are + # in incremental inference mode. While *prev_output_tokens* will + # still contain the entire decoded prefix, we will only use the + # last step and assume that the rest of the state is cached. + prev_output_tokens = prev_output_tokens[:, -1:] + + # This remains the same as before. + bsz, tgt_len = prev_output_tokens.size() + final_encoder_hidden = encoder_out['final_hidden'] + x = self.embed_tokens(prev_output_tokens) + x = self.dropout(x) + x = torch.cat( + [x, final_encoder_hidden.unsqueeze(1).expand(bsz, tgt_len, -1)], + dim=2, + ) + + # We will now check the cache and load the cached previous hidden and + # cell states, if they exist, otherwise we will initialize them to + # zeros (as before). We will use the ``utils.get_incremental_state()`` + # and ``utils.set_incremental_state()`` helpers. + initial_state = utils.get_incremental_state( + self, incremental_state, 'prev_state', + ) + if initial_state is None: + # first time initialization, same as the original version + initial_state = ( + final_encoder_hidden.unsqueeze(0), # hidden + torch.zeros_like(final_encoder_hidden).unsqueeze(0), # cell + ) + + # Run one step of our LSTM. + output, latest_state = self.lstm(x.transpose(0, 1), initial_state) + + # Update the cache with the latest hidden and cell states. + utils.set_incremental_state( + self, incremental_state, 'prev_state', latest_state, + ) + + # This remains the same as before + x = output.transpose(0, 1) + x = self.output_projection(x) + return x, None + + # The ``FairseqIncrementalDecoder`` interface also requires implementing a + # ``reorder_incremental_state()`` method, which is used during beam search + # to select and reorder the incremental state. + def reorder_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, new_order): + # Load the cached state. + prev_state = utils.get_incremental_state( + self, incremental_state, 'prev_state', + ) + + # Reorder batches according to *new_order*. + reordered_state = ( + prev_state[0].index_select(1, new_order), # hidden + prev_state[1].index_select(1, new_order), # cell + ) + + # Update the cached state. + utils.set_incremental_state( + self, incremental_state, 'prev_state', reordered_state, + ) + +Finally, we can rerun generation and observe the speedup: + +.. code-block:: console + + # Before + + > fairseq-generate data-bin/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en \ + --path checkpoints/checkpoint_best.pt \ + --beam 5 \ + --remove-bpe + (...) + | Translated 6750 sentences (153132 tokens) in 17.3s (389.12 sentences/s, 8827.68 tokens/s) + | Generate test with beam=5: BLEU4 = 8.18, 38.8/12.1/4.7/2.0 (BP=1.000, ratio=1.066, syslen=139865, reflen=131146) + + # After + + > fairseq-generate data-bin/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en \ + --path checkpoints/checkpoint_best.pt \ + --beam 5 \ + --remove-bpe + (...) + | Translated 6750 sentences (153132 tokens) in 5.5s (1225.54 sentences/s, 27802.94 tokens/s) + | Generate test with beam=5: BLEU4 = 8.18, 38.8/12.1/4.7/2.0 (BP=1.000, ratio=1.066, syslen=139865, reflen=131146) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/eval_lm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/eval_lm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5e965a19f0ffed6237cea8a0af578eb50d7709e --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/eval_lm.py @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 -u +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq_cli.eval_lm import cli_main + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + cli_main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7199b11624b17270bc0c97a3428d1a55366a689e --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +__version__ = '0.9.0' diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0be39139e2feb3e1abc0fd9395e223c1532bf0a Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/README.md b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..09983061eb06e7191205d7322b94394949345774 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +## Wait-k decoding with Transformer models + +

+ +

+ + +### Training for IWSLT'14 De-En: + +#### Download and pre-process the dataset: + +```shell +# Download and prepare the data +cd examples/translation/ +bash prepare-iwslt14.sh +cd ../.. + +# Preprocess/binarize the data +TEXT=examples/translation/iwslt14_deen_bpe10k +fairseq-preprocess --source-lang de --target-lang en \ + --trainpref $TEXT/train --validpref $TEXT/valid --testpref $TEXT/test \ + --destdir data-bin/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en \ + --workers 20 +``` + +#### Train wait-k on the pre-processed data: + +```shell +k=7 +MODEL=tf_wait${k}_iwslt_deen +mkdir -p checkpoints/$MODEL +mkdir -p logs +CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python train.py data-bin/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en -s de -t en --left-pad-source False \ + --user-dir examples/waitk --arch waitk_transformer_small \ + --save-dir checkpoints/$MODEL --tensorboard-logdir logs/$MODEL \ + --seed 1 --no-epoch-checkpoints --no-progress-bar --log-interval 10 \ + --optimizer adam --adam-betas '(0.9, 0.98)' --weight-decay 0.0001 \ + --max-tokens 4000 --update-freq 2 --max-update 50000 \ + --lr-scheduler inverse_sqrt --warmup-updates 4000 --warmup-init-lr '1e-07' --lr 0.002 \ + --min-lr '1e-9' --criterion label_smoothed_cross_entropy --label-smoothing 0.1 \ + --share-decoder-input-output-embed --waitk $k +``` + + +#### Train multi-path on the pre-processed data: + +```shell +MODEL=tf_multipath_iwslt_deen +mkdir -p checkpoints/$MODEL +mkdir -p logs +CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python train.py data-bin/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en -s de -t en --left-pad-source False \ + --user-dir examples/waitk --arch waitk_transformer_small \ + --save-dir checkpoints/$MODEL --tensorboard-logdir logs/$MODEL \ + --seed 1 --no-epoch-checkpoints --no-progress-bar --log-interval 10 \ + --optimizer adam --adam-betas '(0.9, 0.98)' --weight-decay 0.0001 \ + --max-tokens 4000 --update-freq 2 --max-update 50000 \ + --lr-scheduler inverse_sqrt --warmup-updates 4000 --warmup-init-lr '1e-07' --lr 0.002 \ + --min-lr '1e-9' --criterion label_smoothed_cross_entropy --label-smoothing 0.1 \ + --share-decoder-input-output-embed --multi-waitk +``` + + +#### Evaluate on the test set: + +```shell +k=5 # Evaluation time k +CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python generate.py data-bin/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en \ + -s de -t en --gen-subset test \ + --path checkpoints/pa_wait7_iwslt_deen/checkpoint_best.pt --task waitk_translation --eval-waitk $k \ + --model-overrides "{'max_source_positions': 1024, 'max_target_positions': 1024}" --left-pad-source False \ + --user-dir examples/waitk --no-progress-bar \ + --max-tokens 8000 --remove-bpe --beam 1 +``` + +### Download pre-trained models + +Description | Dataset | Model +:---:|:---:|:---: +IWSLT'14 De-En | [binary data](https://drive.google.com/file/d/14LqJjPoxJ1VJqJdRpjsXHrfG72SY8M2V/view?usp=sharing) | [model.pt](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hY9JMbSh66KgHQxRfDjRaqr49x-jZ5qZ/view?usp=sharing) + +**Evaluate with:** + +```shell +tar xzf iwslt14_de_en.tar.gz +tar xzf tf_waitk_model.tar.gz + +k=5 # Evaluation time k +output=wait$k.log +CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python generate.py PATH_to_data_directory \ + -s de -t en --gen-subset test \ + --path PATH_to_model.pt --task waitk_translation --eval-waitk $k \ + --model-overrides "{'max_source_positions': 1024, 'max_target_positions': 1024}" --left-pad-source False \ + --user-dir examples/waitk --no-progress-bar \ + --max-tokens 8000 --remove-bpe --beam 1 2>&1 | tee -a $output +python PATH_to_examples/waitk/eval_delay.py $output +``` + + +```bibtex +@article{elbayad20waitk, + title={Efficient Wait-k Models for Simultaneous Machine Translation}, + author={Elbayad, Maha and Besacier, Laurent and Verbeek, Jakob}, + journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.08595}, + year={2020} +} +``` + diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20b4d04889ad09ace9e6b000546bb0c6cdd382ef --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +from . import models, tasks \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..251a2dc4db4e2c31d3ecb94d23ee98109c51c639 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/eval_delay.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/eval_delay.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e65f0c7cbb06c65544ececd0bb1d342c7c28e84 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/eval_delay.py @@ -0,0 +1,160 @@ +import os.path as osp +import numpy as np +import re + + +def get_dal(ctxs, src_len): + # tau = arg min_t {g(t) = src_len} + prev_gtbis = 0 + dal = 0 + hyp_len = len(ctxs) + gamma = hyp_len / src_len + for t, gt in enumerate(ctxs): + if t: + gtbis = max(gt, prev_gtbis + 1/gamma) + else: + gtbis = gt + dal += gtbis - t / gamma + prev_gtbis = gtbis + return dal / len(ctxs) + + +def get_al(ctxs, src_len): + hyp_len = len(ctxs) + gamma = hyp_len / src_len + als = [] + tg = [] + for t, c in enumerate(ctxs): + if c < src_len: + als.append(c - t / gamma) + tg.append(t/gamma) + else: + als.append(c - t / gamma) + tg.append(t/gamma) + break + return sum(als)/float(len(als)) + + +def get_delays(res, shift=1, delta=1, catchup=1): + src_lengths = {} + trg_lengths = {} + hyp_lengths = {} + reads = {} + contexts = {} + if osp.exists(res): + with open(res, 'r') as f: + for line in f: + if line.startswith('S-'): + line = line.split('S-')[-1] + line = line.split() + sid = line[0] + src_lengths[sid] = len(line) - 1 + elif line.startswith('T-'): + line = line.split('T-')[-1] + line = line.split() + sid = line[0] + trg_lengths[sid] = len(line) - 1 + elif line.startswith('H-'): + line = line.split('H-')[-1] + line = line.split() + sid = line[0] + hyp_lengths[sid] = len(line) - 2 # Id and score + elif line.startswith('E-'): + line = line.split('E-')[-1] + line = line.split() + sid = line[0] + reads[sid] = [int(x) for x in line[1:]] + elif line.startswith('C-'): + line = line.split('C-')[-1] + line = line.split() + sid = line[0] + blank_list = [] + for idx, x in enumerate(line[1:]): + try: + blank_list.append(int(x)) + except BaseException: + continue + #print(line[idx]) + contexts[sid] = blank_list + #contexts[sid] = [int(x) for x in line[1:]] + + elif 'BLEU' in line: + match = re.search(r'BLEU4 = (\S+)', line) + if match: + bleu = float(match.group(1)[:-1]) + match = re.search(r'ratio=(\S+)', line) + if match: + ratio = float(match.group(1)[:-1]) + + delays = {} + lagging = {} + diff_lagging = {} + + if contexts: + for k in contexts: + try: + ctxs = [min(c, src_lengths[k]) for c in contexts[k]] # error in formatting the contexts at early runs + except BaseException: + continue + # Assert length of contexts is equal to length of hyp: + if len(ctxs) < hyp_lengths[k]: + ctxs = ctxs + [ctxs[-1]] * (hyp_lengths[k] - len(ctxs)) + else: + ctxs = ctxs[:hyp_lengths[k]] + assert len(ctxs) == hyp_lengths[k], 'There should be as many contexts as there are tokens in the hypothesis' + assert max(ctxs) <= src_lengths[k], 'Contexts should be less or equal than the source lenght!' + d = sum(ctxs) / len(ctxs) / src_lengths[k] + delays[k] = d + lagging[k] = get_al(ctxs, src_lengths[k]) + diff_lagging[k] = get_dal(ctxs, src_lengths[k]) + + ap = np.mean(np.array(list(delays.values()))) + sap = np.std(np.array(list(delays.values()))) + al = np.mean(np.array(list(lagging.values()))) + sal = np.std(np.array(list(lagging.values()))) + dal = np.mean(np.array(list(diff_lagging.values()))) + sdal = np.std(np.array(list(diff_lagging.values()))) + else: + for k, hyp_len in hyp_lengths.items(): + src_len = src_lengths[k] + ctx_0 = min(shift, src_len) + ctxs = [ctx_0] + for t in range(1, hyp_len): + ctx = min(shift + (t // catchup) * delta, src_len) + ctxs.append(ctx) + d = sum(ctxs) / len(ctxs) / src_len + delays[k] = d + lagging[k] = get_al(ctxs, src_len) + diff_lagging[k] = get_dal(ctxs, src_len) + + ap = np.mean(np.array(list(delays.values()))) + sap = np.std(np.array(list(delays.values()))) + al = np.mean(np.array(list(lagging.values()))) + sal = np.std(np.array(list(lagging.values()))) + dal = np.mean(np.array(list(diff_lagging.values()))) + sdal = np.std(np.array(list(diff_lagging.values()))) + + return (bleu, ratio, al, sal, ap, sap, dal, sdal) + return None + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + import argparse + + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument('--shift', '-w', default=1, type=int) + parser.add_argument('--delta', '-d', default=1, type=int) + parser.add_argument('--catchup', '-c', default=1, type=int) + + parser.add_argument('model') + args = parser.parse_args() + res = args.model + results = get_delays(res, args.shift, args.delta, args.catchup) + #if results is not None: + # B, ratio, al, sal, ap, sap, dal, sdal = results + # print('%.2f %.2f %.2f %.2f %.2f %.2f %.2f %.2f' % (B, ratio, ap, sap, al, sal, dal, sdal)) + if results is not None: + B, ratio, al, sal, ap, sap, dal, sdal = results + print('B: %.2f, ratio: %.2f, ap: %.2f, sap: %.2f, al: %.2f, sal: %.2f, dal: %.2f, sdal: %.2f' % (B, ratio, ap, sap, al, sal, dal, sdal)) + else: + print('Missing results') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a0d3e8f0b9ed6ef899f31ae834cdc3a9227e7c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +import importlib +import os + +for file in os.listdir(os.path.dirname(__file__)): + if file.endswith('.py') and not file.startswith('_'): + generator_name = file[:file.find('.py')] + importlib.import_module('examples.waitk.generators.' + generator_name) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e222837621bd79571de1c6a444d24fd086245ca Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/__pycache__/cadFuture_waitk_sequence_generator.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/__pycache__/cadFuture_waitk_sequence_generator.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6aa853bb444256cefe851fccccb65859da4f8f73 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/__pycache__/cadFuture_waitk_sequence_generator.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/__pycache__/waitk_sequence_generator.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/__pycache__/waitk_sequence_generator.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..338321e9d176cb072f5cc48e801bf6226b7307a8 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/__pycache__/waitk_sequence_generator.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/cadFuture_waitk_sequence_generator.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/cadFuture_waitk_sequence_generator.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cebb01e2d2d258849468032f3f56f3dfbd9fcc51 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/cadFuture_waitk_sequence_generator.py @@ -0,0 +1,826 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math +from typing import Dict, List, Optional + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +from fairseq import search, utils +from fairseq.data import data_utils +from fairseq.models import FairseqIncrementalDecoder +from fairseq.models.fairseq_encoder import EncoderOut +from torch import Tensor + + +class WaitkSequenceGenerator(nn.Module): + def __init__( + self, + models, + tgt_dict, + beam_size=1, + max_len_a=0, + max_len_b=200, + min_len=1, + normalize_scores=True, + len_penalty=1.0, + unk_penalty=0.0, + retain_dropout=False, + temperature=1.0, + match_source_len=False, + no_repeat_ngram_size=0, + search_strategy=None, + eos=None, + waitk=1, + ): + super().__init__() + + if isinstance(models, EnsembleModel): + self.model = models + else: + self.model = EnsembleModel(models) + self.pad = tgt_dict.pad() + self.unk = tgt_dict.unk() + self.eos = tgt_dict.eos() if eos is None else eos + self.vocab_size = len(tgt_dict) + self.beam_size = beam_size + # the max beam size is the dictionary size - 1, since we never select pad + self.beam_size = min(beam_size, self.vocab_size - 1) + self.max_len_a = max_len_a + self.max_len_b = max_len_b + self.min_len = min_len + + self.normalize_scores = normalize_scores + self.len_penalty = len_penalty + self.unk_penalty = unk_penalty + self.retain_dropout = retain_dropout + self.temperature = temperature + self.match_source_len = match_source_len + self.no_repeat_ngram_size = no_repeat_ngram_size + assert temperature > 0, "--temperature must be greater than 0" + + self.search = ( + search.BeamSearch(tgt_dict) if search_strategy is None else search_strategy + ) + if not self.retain_dropout: + self.model.eval() + self.waitk = waitk + + def cuda(self): + self.model.cuda() + return self + + @torch.no_grad() + def forward( + self, + sample: Dict[str, Dict[str, Tensor]], + prefix_tokens: Optional[Tensor] = None, + bos_token: Optional[int] = None, + ): + """Generate a batch of translations. + + Args: + sample (dict): batch + prefix_tokens (torch.LongTensor, optional): force decoder to begin + with these tokens + bos_token (int, optional): beginning of sentence token + (default: self.eos) + """ + self.model.reset_incremental_state() + return self._generate(sample, prefix_tokens, bos_token) + + def generate_batched_itr(self, data_itr, beam_size=None, cuda=False, timer=None): + """Iterate over a batched dataset and yield individual translations. + Args: + cuda (bool, optional): use GPU for generation + timer (StopwatchMeter, optional): time generations + """ + for sample in data_itr: + s = utils.move_to_cuda(sample) if cuda else sample + if "net_input" not in s: + continue + input = s["net_input"] + # model.forward normally channels prev_output_tokens into the decoder + # separately, but SequenceGenerator directly calls model.encoder + encoder_input = { + k: v for k, v in input.items() if k != "prev_output_tokens" + } + if timer is not None: + timer.start() + with torch.no_grad(): + hypos = self.generate(encoder_input) + if timer is not None: + timer.stop(sum(len(h[0]["tokens"]) for h in hypos)) + for i, id in enumerate(s["id"].data): + # remove padding + src = utils.strip_pad(input["src_tokens"].data[i, :], self.pad) + ref = ( + utils.strip_pad(s["target"].data[i, :], self.pad) + if s["target"] is not None + else None + ) + yield id, src, ref, hypos[i] + + @torch.no_grad() + def generate(self, models, sample: Dict[str, Dict[str, Tensor]], **kwargs): + """Generate translations. Match the api of other fairseq generators. + + Args: + models (List[~fairseq.models.FairseqModel]): ensemble of models + sample (dict): batch + prefix_tokens (torch.LongTensor, optional): force decoder to begin + with these tokens + bos_token (int, optional): beginning of sentence token + (default: self.eos) + """ + self.model.reset_incremental_state() + return self._generate(sample, **kwargs) + + def _generate( + self, + sample: Dict[str, Dict[str, Tensor]], + prefix_tokens: Optional[Tensor] = None, + bos_token: Optional[int] = None, + ): + """Generate sequences for a given batch of src tokens.""" + encoder_input: Dict[str, Tensor] = {} + for k, v in sample["net_input"].items(): + if k != "prev_output_tokens": + encoder_input[k] = v + #print('_generate函数中的encoder_input',encoder_input) + src_tokens = encoder_input["src_tokens"] + # length of the source text being the character length except EndOfSentence and pad + src_lengths = ( + (src_tokens.ne(self.eos) & src_tokens.ne(self.pad)).long().sum(dim=1) + ) + # bsz: total number of sentences in beam + input_size = src_tokens.size() + bsz, src_len = input_size[0], input_size[1] + beam_size = self.beam_size + + max_len: int = -1 + if self.match_source_len: + max_len = src_lengths.max().item() + else: + max_len = min( + int(self.max_len_a * src_len + self.max_len_b), + # exclude the EOS marker + self.model.max_decoder_positions() - 1, + ) + assert ( + self.min_len <= max_len + ), "min_len cannot be larger than max_len, please adjust these!" + # compute the encoder output for each beam + # 调用model.forward_encoder函数，获得encoder_outs + encoder_outs = self.model.forward_encoder( + src_tokens=encoder_input["src_tokens"], + src_lengths=encoder_input["src_lengths"], + ) + + #print('上面调用了UnidirTransformerEncoder这个类'*20) + # placeholder of indices for bsz * beam_size to hold tokens and accumulative scores + new_order = torch.arange(bsz).view(-1, 1).repeat(1, beam_size).view(-1) + new_order = new_order.to(src_tokens.device).long() + encoder_outs = self.model.reorder_encoder_out(encoder_outs, new_order) + # ensure encoder_outs is a List. + assert encoder_outs is not None + #text = model.decode.dictionary.string() + + # initialize buffers + scores = ( + torch.zeros(bsz * beam_size, max_len + 1).to(src_tokens).float() + ) # +1 for eos; pad is never choosed for scoring + # 是一个二维矩阵，第一维是bsz*beam_size，第二维是max_len+2 + tokens = ( + torch.zeros(bsz * beam_size, max_len + 2) + .to(src_tokens) + .long() + .fill_(self.pad) + ) # +2 for eos and pad + tokens[:, 0] = self.eos if bos_token is None else bos_token + attn: Optional[Tensor] = None + contexts = [] + + # The blacklist indicates candidates that should be ignored. + # For example, suppose we're sampling and have already finalized 2/5 + # samples. Then the blacklist would mark 2 positions as being ignored, + # so that we only finalize the remaining 3 samples. + blacklist = ( + torch.zeros(bsz, beam_size).to(src_tokens).eq(-1) + ) # forward and backward-compatible False mask + + # list of completed sentences + finalized = torch.jit.annotate( + List[List[Dict[str, Tensor]]], + [torch.jit.annotate(List[Dict[str, Tensor]], []) for i in range(bsz)], + ) # contains lists of dictionaries of infomation about the hypothesis being finalized at each step + + finished = [ + False for i in range(bsz) + ] # a boolean array indicating if the sentence at the index is finished or not + num_remaining_sent = bsz # number of sentences remaining + + # number of candidate hypos per step + cand_size = 2 * beam_size # 2 x beam size in case half are EOS + + # offset arrays for converting between different indexing schemes + bbsz_offsets = (torch.arange(0, bsz) * beam_size).unsqueeze(1).type_as(tokens) + cand_offsets = torch.arange(0, cand_size).type_as(tokens) + + reorder_state: Optional[Tensor] = None + batch_idxs: Optional[Tensor] = None + for step in range(max_len + 1): # one extra step for EOS marker + # reorder decoder internal states based on the prev choice of beams + # print(f'step: {step}') + if reorder_state is not None: + if batch_idxs is not None: + # update beam indices to take into account removed sentences + corr = batch_idxs - torch.arange(batch_idxs.numel()).type_as( + batch_idxs + ) + reorder_state.view(-1, beam_size).add_( + corr.unsqueeze(-1) * beam_size + ) + self.model.reorder_incremental_state(reorder_state) + encoder_outs = self.model.reorder_encoder_out( + encoder_outs, reorder_state + ) + + # 这里出现了waitk参数 + context_size = step + self.waitk + #print('context_size是什么：',context_size) # 从waitk开始的int数字 + contexts.append(context_size) + # 这里开始调用decoder的forward_decoder函数 + #print("tokens是什么：",tokens) + #print('tokens的尺寸是:', tokens.size()) + #print('tokens的单个元素的样子为：',tokens[0]) + lprobs, avg_attn_scores = self.model.forward_decoder( + tokens[:, : step + 1], + self.model.slice_source(encoder_outs, context_size), + self.temperature + ) + lprobs[lprobs != lprobs] = torch.tensor(-math.inf).to(lprobs) + + lprobs[:, self.pad] = -math.inf # never select pad + lprobs[:, self.unk] -= self.unk_penalty # apply unk penalty + + # handle max length constraint + if step >= max_len: + lprobs[:, : self.eos] = -math.inf + lprobs[:, self.eos + 1 :] = -math.inf + + # handle prefix tokens (possibly with different lengths) + if ( + prefix_tokens is not None + and step < prefix_tokens.size(1) + and step < max_len + ): + lprobs, tokens, scores = self._prefix_tokens( + step, lprobs, scores, tokens, prefix_tokens, beam_size + ) + elif step < self.min_len: + # minimum length constraint (does not apply if using prefix_tokens) + lprobs[:, self.eos] = -math.inf + + # Record attention scores, only support avg_attn_scores is a Tensor + if avg_attn_scores is not None: + if attn is None: + attn = torch.empty( + bsz * beam_size, avg_attn_scores.size(1), max_len + 2 + ).to(scores) + attn[:, :, step + 1].copy_(avg_attn_scores) + + scores = scores.type_as(lprobs) + eos_bbsz_idx = torch.empty(0).to( + tokens + ) # indices of hypothesis ending with eos (finished sentences) + eos_scores = torch.empty(0).to( + scores + ) # scores of hypothesis ending with eos (finished sentences) + + self.search.set_src_lengths(src_lengths) + + if self.no_repeat_ngram_size > 0: + lprobs = self._no_repeat_ngram(tokens, lprobs, bsz, beam_size, step) + + cand_scores, cand_indices, cand_beams = self.search.step( + step, + lprobs.view(bsz, -1, self.vocab_size), + scores.view(bsz, beam_size, -1)[:, :, :step], + ) + + # cand_bbsz_idx contains beam indices for the top candidate + # hypotheses, with a range of values: [0, bsz*beam_size), + # and dimensions: [bsz, cand_size] + cand_bbsz_idx = cand_beams.add(bbsz_offsets).int() + + # finalize hypotheses that end in eos + eos_mask = cand_indices.eq(self.eos) & cand_scores.ne(-math.inf) + eos_mask[:, :beam_size][blacklist] = torch.tensor(0).to(eos_mask) + + # only consider eos when it's among the top beam_size indices + eos_bbsz_idx = torch.masked_select( + cand_bbsz_idx[:, :beam_size], mask=eos_mask[:, :beam_size] + ) + + finalized_sents: List[int] = [] + if eos_bbsz_idx.numel() > 0: + eos_scores = torch.masked_select( + cand_scores[:, :beam_size], mask=eos_mask[:, :beam_size] + ) + finalized_sents = self.finalize_hypos( + step, + eos_bbsz_idx, + eos_scores, + tokens, + scores, + contexts, + finalized, + finished, + beam_size, + attn, + src_lengths, + max_len, + ) + num_remaining_sent -= len(finalized_sents) + + assert num_remaining_sent >= 0 + if num_remaining_sent == 0: + break + assert step < max_len + + if len(finalized_sents) > 0: + new_bsz = bsz - len(finalized_sents) + + # construct batch_idxs which holds indices of batches to keep for the next pass + batch_mask = torch.ones(bsz).to(cand_indices) + batch_mask[ + torch.tensor(finalized_sents).to(cand_indices) + ] = torch.tensor(0).to(batch_mask) + batch_idxs = batch_mask.nonzero().squeeze(-1) + + eos_mask = eos_mask[batch_idxs] + cand_beams = cand_beams[batch_idxs] + bbsz_offsets.resize_(new_bsz, 1) + cand_bbsz_idx = cand_beams.add(bbsz_offsets).int() + cand_scores = cand_scores[batch_idxs] + cand_indices = cand_indices[batch_idxs] + + if prefix_tokens is not None: + prefix_tokens = prefix_tokens[batch_idxs] + src_lengths = src_lengths[batch_idxs] + blacklist = blacklist[batch_idxs] + + scores = scores.view(bsz, -1)[batch_idxs].view(new_bsz * beam_size, -1) + tokens = tokens.view(bsz, -1)[batch_idxs].view(new_bsz * beam_size, -1) + if attn is not None: + attn = attn.view(bsz, -1)[batch_idxs].view( + new_bsz * beam_size, attn.size(1), -1 + ) + bsz = new_bsz + else: + batch_idxs = None + # set active_mask so that values > cand_size indicate eos hypos + # and values < cand_size indicate candidate active hypos. + # After, the min values per row are the top candidate active hypos + + # Rewrite the operator since the element wise or is not supported in torchscript. + + eos_mask[:, :beam_size] = ~((~blacklist) & (~eos_mask[:, :beam_size])) + active_mask = torch.add( + eos_mask.type_as(cand_offsets) * cand_size, + cand_offsets[: eos_mask.size(1)], + ) + + # get the top beam_size active hypotheses, which are just the hypos + # with the smallest values in active_mask + new_blacklist, active_hypos = torch.topk( + active_mask, k=beam_size, dim=1, largest=False + ) + + # update blacklist to ignore any finalized hypos + blacklist = new_blacklist.ge(cand_size)[:, :beam_size] + assert (~blacklist).any(dim=1).all() + + active_bbsz_idx = torch.gather(cand_bbsz_idx, dim=1, index=active_hypos) + active_scores = torch.gather(cand_scores, dim=1, index=active_hypos) + + active_bbsz_idx = active_bbsz_idx.view(-1) + active_scores = active_scores.view(-1) + + # copy tokens and scores for active hypotheses + tokens[:, : step + 1] = torch.index_select( + tokens[:, : step + 1], dim=0, index=active_bbsz_idx + ) + tokens.view(bsz, beam_size, -1)[:, :, step + 1] = torch.gather( + cand_indices, dim=1, index=active_hypos + ) + if step > 0: + scores[:, :step] = torch.index_select( + scores[:, :step], dim=0, index=active_bbsz_idx + ) + scores.view(bsz, beam_size, -1)[:, :, step] = torch.gather( + cand_scores, dim=1, index=active_hypos + ) + + # copy attention for active hypotheses + if attn is not None: + attn[:, :, : step + 2] = torch.index_select( + attn[:, :, : step + 2], dim=0, index=active_bbsz_idx + ) + + # reorder incremental state in decoder + reorder_state = active_bbsz_idx + + # sort by score descending + for sent in range(len(finalized)): + # make into beam container + BCList = [ + BeamContainer(elem["score"].item(), elem) for elem in finalized[sent] + ] + BCList.sort() + BCList.reverse() + finalized[sent] = torch.jit.annotate( + List[Dict[str, Tensor]], [x.elem for x in BCList] + ) + + return finalized + + def _prefix_tokens( + self, step: int, lprobs, scores, tokens, prefix_tokens, beam_size: int + ): + """Handle prefix tokens""" + prefix_toks = prefix_tokens[:, step].unsqueeze(-1).repeat(1, beam_size).view(-1) + prefix_lprobs = lprobs.gather(-1, prefix_toks.unsqueeze(-1)) + prefix_mask = prefix_toks.ne(self.pad) + lprobs[prefix_mask] = torch.tensor(-math.inf).to(lprobs) + lprobs[prefix_mask] = lprobs[prefix_mask].scatter( + -1, prefix_toks[prefix_mask].unsqueeze(-1), prefix_lprobs[prefix_mask] + ) + # if prefix includes eos, then we should make sure tokens and + # scores are the same across all beams + eos_mask = prefix_toks.eq(self.eos) + if eos_mask.any(): + # validate that the first beam matches the prefix + first_beam = tokens[eos_mask].view(-1, beam_size, tokens.size(-1))[ + :, 0, 1 : step + 1 + ] + eos_mask_batch_dim = eos_mask.view(-1, beam_size)[:, 0] + target_prefix = prefix_tokens[eos_mask_batch_dim][:, :step] + assert (first_beam == target_prefix).all() + + # copy tokens, scores and lprobs from the first beam to all beams + tokens = self.replicate_first_beam(tokens, eos_mask_batch_dim, beam_size) + scores = self.replicate_first_beam(scores, eos_mask_batch_dim, beam_size) + lprobs = self.replicate_first_beam(lprobs, eos_mask_batch_dim, beam_size) + return lprobs, tokens, scores + + def replicate_first_beam(self, tensor, mask, beam_size: int): + tensor = tensor.view(-1, beam_size, tensor.size(-1)) + tensor[mask] = tensor[mask][:, :1, :] + return tensor.view(-1, tensor.size(-1)) + + def finalize_hypos( + self, + step: int, + bbsz_idx, + eos_scores, + tokens, + scores, + contexts, + finalized: List[List[Dict[str, Tensor]]], + finished: List[bool], + beam_size: int, + attn: Optional[Tensor], + src_lengths, + max_len: int, + ): + """Finalize hypothesis, store finalized information in `finalized`, and change `finished` accordingly. + Returns number of sentences being finalized. + Args: + bbsz_idx (Tensor): + """ + assert bbsz_idx.numel() == eos_scores.numel() + + # clone relevant token and attention tensors + tokens_clone = tokens.index_select(0, bbsz_idx)[ + :, 1 : step + 2 + ] # skip the first index, which is EOS + + tokens_clone[:, step] = self.eos + attn_clone = ( + attn.index_select(0, bbsz_idx)[:, :, 1 : step + 2] + if attn is not None + else None + ) + + # compute scores per token position + pos_scores = scores.index_select(0, bbsz_idx)[:, : step + 1] + pos_scores[:, step] = eos_scores + # convert from cumulative to per-position scores + pos_scores[:, 1:] = pos_scores[:, 1:] - pos_scores[:, :-1] + + # normalize sentence-level scores + if self.normalize_scores: + eos_scores /= (step + 1) ** self.len_penalty + + cum_unfin: List[int] = [] + prev = 0 + for f in finished: + if f: + prev += 1 + else: + cum_unfin.append(prev) + + # set() is not supported in script export + sents_seen: Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]] = {} + for i in range(bbsz_idx.size()[0]): + idx = bbsz_idx[i] + score = eos_scores[i] + unfin_idx = idx // beam_size + sent = unfin_idx + cum_unfin[unfin_idx] + # Cannot create dict for key type '(int, int)' in torchscript. + # The workaround is to cast int to string + seen = str(sent.item()) + "_" + str(unfin_idx.item()) + if seen not in sents_seen: + sents_seen[seen] = None + + if self.match_source_len and step > src_lengths[unfin_idx]: + score = torch.tensor(-math.inf).to(score) + + ctx_hyp = [min(c, src_lengths[i].item()) for c in contexts] + + if len(finalized[sent]) < beam_size: + if attn_clone is not None: + # remove padding tokens from attn scores + hypo_attn = attn_clone[i] + else: + hypo_attn = torch.empty(0) + finalized[sent].append( + { + "tokens": tokens_clone[i], + "score": score, + "context": ctx_hyp, + "attention": hypo_attn, # src_len x tgt_len + "alignment": torch.empty(0), + "positional_scores": pos_scores[i], + } + ) + + newly_finished: List[int] = [] + for seen in sents_seen.keys(): + # check termination conditions for this sentence + sent: int = int(float(seen.split("_")[0])) + unfin_idx: int = int(float(seen.split("_")[1])) + if not finished[sent] and self.is_finished( + step, unfin_idx, max_len, len(finalized[sent]), beam_size + ): + finished[sent] = True + newly_finished.append(unfin_idx) + return newly_finished + + def is_finished( + self, + step: int, + unfin_idx: int, + max_len: int, + finalized_sent_len: int, + beam_size: int, + ): + """ + Check whether we've finished generation for a given sentence, by + comparing the worst score among finalized hypotheses to the best + possible score among unfinalized hypotheses. + """ + assert finalized_sent_len <= beam_size + if finalized_sent_len == beam_size or step == max_len: + return True + return False + + def calculate_banned_tokens( + self, + tokens, + step: int, + gen_ngrams: List[Dict[str, List[int]]], + no_repeat_ngram_size: int, + bbsz_idx: int, + ): + tokens_list: List[int] = tokens[ + bbsz_idx, step + 2 - no_repeat_ngram_size : step + 1 + ].tolist() + # before decoding the next token, prevent decoding of ngrams that have already appeared + ngram_index = ",".join([str(x) for x in tokens_list]) + return gen_ngrams[bbsz_idx].get(ngram_index, torch.jit.annotate(List[int], [])) + + def transpose_list(self, l: List[List[int]]): + # GeneratorExp aren't supported in TS so ignoring the lint + min_len = min([len(x) for x in l]) # noqa + l2 = [[row[i] for row in l] for i in range(min_len)] + return l2 + + def _no_repeat_ngram(self, tokens, lprobs, bsz: int, beam_size: int, step: int): + # for each beam and batch sentence, generate a list of previous ngrams + gen_ngrams: List[Dict[str, List[int]]] = [ + torch.jit.annotate(Dict[str, List[int]], {}) + for bbsz_idx in range(bsz * beam_size) + ] + cpu_tokens = tokens.cpu() + for bbsz_idx in range(bsz * beam_size): + gen_tokens: List[int] = cpu_tokens[bbsz_idx].tolist() + for ngram in self.transpose_list( + [gen_tokens[i:] for i in range(self.no_repeat_ngram_size)] + ): + key = ",".join([str(x) for x in ngram[:-1]]) + gen_ngrams[bbsz_idx][key] = gen_ngrams[bbsz_idx].get( + key, torch.jit.annotate(List[int], []) + ) + [ngram[-1]] + + if step + 2 - self.no_repeat_ngram_size >= 0: + # no banned tokens if we haven't generated no_repeat_ngram_size tokens yet + banned_tokens = [ + self.calculate_banned_tokens( + tokens, step, gen_ngrams, self.no_repeat_ngram_size, bbsz_idx + ) + for bbsz_idx in range(bsz * beam_size) + ] + else: + banned_tokens = [ + torch.jit.annotate(List[int], []) for bbsz_idx in range(bsz * beam_size) + ] + for bbsz_idx in range(bsz * beam_size): + lprobs[bbsz_idx][ + torch.tensor(banned_tokens[bbsz_idx]).long() + ] = torch.tensor(-math.inf, dtype=torch.float) + return lprobs + + +class EnsembleModel(nn.Module): + """A wrapper around an ensemble of models.""" + + incremental_states: List[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]] + + def __init__(self, models): + super().__init__() + self.models_size = len(models) + # method '__len__' is not supported in ModuleList for torch script + self.single_model = models[0] + self.models = nn.ModuleList(models) + + self.incremental_states = torch.jit.annotate( + List[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]], + [ + torch.jit.annotate(Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]], {}) + for i in range(self.models_size) + ], + ) + self.has_incremental: bool = False + if all( + hasattr(m, "decoder") and isinstance(m.decoder, FairseqIncrementalDecoder) + for m in models + ): + self.has_incremental = True + + def forward(self): + pass + + def reset_incremental_state(self): + if self.has_incremental_states(): + self.incremental_states = torch.jit.annotate( + List[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]], + [ + torch.jit.annotate(Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]], {}) + for i in range(self.models_size) + ], + ) + return + + def has_encoder(self): + return hasattr(self.single_model, "encoder") + + def has_incremental_states(self): + return self.has_incremental + + def max_decoder_positions(self): + return min([m.max_decoder_positions() for m in self.models]) + + @torch.jit.export + def forward_encoder(self, src_tokens, src_lengths): + if not self.has_encoder(): + return None + return [ + model.encoder(src_tokens=src_tokens, src_lengths=src_lengths) + for model in self.models + ] + + def slice_source(self, encoder_out, context_size): + return [ + model.encoder.slice_encoder_out(encoder_out[m], context_size) + for m, model in enumerate(self.models) + ] + + @torch.jit.export + def forward_decoder( + self, tokens, encoder_outs: List[EncoderOut], temperature: float = 1.0 + ): + log_probs = [] + avg_attn: Optional[Tensor] = None + encoder_out: Optional[EncoderOut] = None + for i, model in enumerate(self.models): + if self.has_encoder(): + encoder_out = encoder_outs[i] + # decode each model + if self.has_incremental_states(): + #print('在WaitkSequenceGenerator类初始化的传入model是：', model) + decoder_out = model.decoder.forward( + tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out, + incremental_state=self.incremental_states[i], + ) + else: + decoder_out = model.decoder.forward(tokens, encoder_out=encoder_out) + + attn: Optional[Tensor] = None + decoder_len = len(decoder_out) + if decoder_len > 1 and decoder_out[1] is not None: + if isinstance(decoder_out[1], Tensor): + attn = decoder_out[1] + else: + attn_holder = decoder_out[1]["attn"] + if isinstance(attn_holder, Tensor): + attn = attn_holder + elif attn_holder is not None: + attn = attn_holder[0] + if attn is not None: + attn = attn[:, -1, :] + + decoder_out_tuple = ( + decoder_out[0][:, -1:, :].div_(temperature), + None if decoder_len <= 1 else decoder_out[1], + ) + + probs = model.get_normalized_probs( + decoder_out_tuple, log_probs=True, sample=None + ) + probs = probs[:, -1, :] + if self.models_size == 1: + return probs, attn + + log_probs.append(probs) + if attn is not None: + if avg_attn is None: + avg_attn = attn + else: + avg_attn.add_(attn) + avg_probs = torch.logsumexp(torch.stack(log_probs, dim=0), dim=0) - math.log( + self.models_size + ) + if avg_attn is not None: + avg_attn.div_(self.models_size) + return avg_probs, avg_attn + + @torch.jit.export + def reorder_encoder_out(self, encoder_outs: Optional[List[EncoderOut]], new_order): + """ + Reorder encoder output according to *new_order*. + + Args: + encoder_out: output from the ``forward()`` method + new_order (LongTensor): desired order + + Returns: + *encoder_out* rearranged according to *new_order* + """ + new_outs: List[EncoderOut] = [] + if not self.has_encoder(): + return new_outs + for i, model in enumerate(self.models): + assert encoder_outs is not None + new_outs.append( + model.encoder.reorder_encoder_out(encoder_outs[i], new_order) + ) + return new_outs + + @torch.jit.export + def reorder_incremental_state(self, new_order): + if not self.has_incremental_states(): + return + for i, model in enumerate(self.models): + model.decoder.reorder_incremental_state( + self.incremental_states[i], new_order + ) + + +@torch.jit.script +class BeamContainer(object): + def __init__(self, score: float, elem: Dict[str, Tensor]): + self.score = score + self.elem = elem + + def __lt__(self, other): + # type: (BeamContainer) -> bool + # Due to https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/20388, + # this has to use old style type annotations + # Match original behavior of sorted function when two scores are equal. + return self.score <= other.score diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/waitk_sequence_generator.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/waitk_sequence_generator.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bbbfd9b754fd4ef769b71f19abc3bee65b3e79ac --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/generators/waitk_sequence_generator.py @@ -0,0 +1,858 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math +from typing import Dict, List, Optional + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +from fairseq import search, utils +from fairseq.data import data_utils +from fairseq.models import FairseqIncrementalDecoder +from fairseq.models.fairseq_encoder import EncoderOut +from torch import Tensor + + +class WaitkSequenceGenerator(nn.Module): + def __init__( + self, + models, + tgt_dict, + beam_size=1, + max_len_a=0, + max_len_b=200, + min_len=1, + normalize_scores=True, + len_penalty=1.0, + unk_penalty=0.0, + retain_dropout=False, + temperature=1.0, + match_source_len=False, + no_repeat_ngram_size=0, + search_strategy=None, + eos=None, + waitk=1, + ): + super().__init__() + + if isinstance(models, EnsembleModel): + self.model = models + else: + self.model = EnsembleModel(models) + self.pad = tgt_dict.pad() + self.unk = tgt_dict.unk() + self.eos = tgt_dict.eos() if eos is None else eos + self.vocab_size = len(tgt_dict) + self.beam_size = beam_size + # the max beam size is the dictionary size - 1, since we never select pad + self.beam_size = min(beam_size, self.vocab_size - 1) + self.max_len_a = max_len_a + self.max_len_b = max_len_b + self.min_len = min_len + + self.normalize_scores = normalize_scores + self.len_penalty = len_penalty + self.unk_penalty = unk_penalty + self.retain_dropout = retain_dropout + self.temperature = temperature + self.match_source_len = match_source_len + self.no_repeat_ngram_size = no_repeat_ngram_size + assert temperature > 0, "--temperature must be greater than 0" + + # bert + #self.bert_output_layer = args.bert_output_layer + self.bert_output_layer = -1 + + self.search = ( + search.BeamSearch(tgt_dict) if search_strategy is None else search_strategy + ) + if not self.retain_dropout: + self.model.eval() + self.waitk = waitk + + def cuda(self): + self.model.cuda() + return self + + @torch.no_grad() + def forward( + self, + sample: Dict[str, Dict[str, Tensor]], + prefix_tokens: Optional[Tensor] = None, + bos_token: Optional[int] = None, + ): + """Generate a batch of translations. + + Args: + sample (dict): batch + prefix_tokens (torch.LongTensor, optional): force decoder to begin + with these tokens + bos_token (int, optional): beginning of sentence token + (default: self.eos) + """ + self.model.reset_incremental_state() + return self._generate(sample, prefix_tokens, bos_token) + + def generate_batched_itr(self, data_itr, beam_size=None, cuda=False, timer=None): + """Iterate over a batched dataset and yield individual translations. + Args: + cuda (bool, optional): use GPU for generation + timer (StopwatchMeter, optional): time generations + """ + for sample in data_itr: + s = utils.move_to_cuda(sample) if cuda else sample + if "net_input" not in s: + continue + input = s["net_input"] + # model.forward normally channels prev_output_tokens into the decoder + # separately, but SequenceGenerator directly calls model.encoder + encoder_input = { + k: v for k, v in input.items() if k != "prev_output_tokens" + } + if timer is not None: + timer.start() + with torch.no_grad(): + hypos = self.generate(encoder_input) + if timer is not None: + timer.stop(sum(len(h[0]["tokens"]) for h in hypos)) + for i, id in enumerate(s["id"].data): + # remove padding + src = utils.strip_pad(input["src_tokens"].data[i, :], self.pad) + ref = ( + utils.strip_pad(s["target"].data[i, :], self.pad) + if s["target"] is not None + else None + ) + yield id, src, ref, hypos[i] + + @torch.no_grad() + def generate(self, models, sample: Dict[str, Dict[str, Tensor]], **kwargs): + """Generate translations. Match the api of other fairseq generators. + + Args: + models (List[~fairseq.models.FairseqModel]): ensemble of models + sample (dict): batch + prefix_tokens (torch.LongTensor, optional): force decoder to begin + with these tokens + bos_token (int, optional): beginning of sentence token + (default: self.eos) + """ + self.model.reset_incremental_state() + return self._generate(sample, **kwargs) + + def _generate( + self, + sample: Dict[str, Dict[str, Tensor]], + prefix_tokens: Optional[Tensor] = None, + bos_token: Optional[int] = None, + ): + """Generate sequences for a given batch of src tokens.""" + encoder_input: Dict[str, Tensor] = {} + for k, v in sample["net_input"].items(): + if k != "prev_output_tokens" and k != 'bert_input': + encoder_input[k] = v + + #print('_generate函数中的encoder_input',encoder_input) + src_tokens = encoder_input["src_tokens"] + # length of the source text being the character length except EndOfSentence and pad + src_lengths = ( + (src_tokens.ne(self.eos) & src_tokens.ne(self.pad)).long().sum(dim=1) + ) + # bsz: total number of sentences in beam + input_size = src_tokens.size() + bsz, src_len = input_size[0], input_size[1] + beam_size = self.beam_size + + max_len: int = -1 + if self.match_source_len: + max_len = src_lengths.max().item() + else: + max_len = min( + int(self.max_len_a * src_len + self.max_len_b), + # exclude the EOS marker + self.model.max_decoder_positions() - 1, + ) + assert ( + self.min_len <= max_len + ), "min_len cannot be larger than max_len, please adjust these!" + # compute the encoder output for each beam + + # bert - only if BERT encoder is available + has_bert = self.model.models[0].berttokenizer is not None and self.model.models[0].bert_encoder is not None + if has_bert: + bertinput = sample['net_input']['bert_input'] + bert_encoder_padding_mask = bertinput.eq(self.model.models[0].berttokenizer.pad()) + bert_outs, _ = self.model.models[0].bert_encoder(bertinput, output_all_encoded_layers=True, attention_mask= ~bert_encoder_padding_mask) + bert_outs = bert_outs[self.bert_output_layer] + if self.model.models[0].mask_cls_sep: + bert_encoder_padding_mask += bertinput.eq(self.model.models[0].berttokenizer.cls()) + bert_encoder_padding_mask += bertinput.eq(self.model.models[0].berttokenizer.sep()) + bert_outs = bert_outs.permute(1,0,2).contiguous() + bert_outs = [{ + 'bert_encoder_out': bert_outs, + 'bert_encoder_padding_mask': bert_encoder_padding_mask, + }] + encoder_input['bert_encoder_out'] = bert_outs[0] + else: + encoder_input['bert_encoder_out'] = None + bert_outs = None + encoder_outs = self.model.forward_encoder(encoder_input) + + # 调用model.forward_encoder函数，获得encoder_outs + # encoder_outs = self.model.forward_encoder( + # src_tokens=encoder_input["src_tokens"], + # src_lengths=encoder_input["src_lengths"], + # ) + + #print('上面调用了UnidirTransformerEncoder这个类'*20) + # placeholder of indices for bsz * beam_size to hold tokens and accumulative scores + new_order = torch.arange(bsz).view(-1, 1).repeat(1, beam_size).view(-1) + new_order = new_order.to(src_tokens.device).long() + + # bert + encoder_outs, bert_outs = self.model.reorder_encoder_out(encoder_outs, bert_outs, new_order) + # ensure encoder_outs is a List. + assert encoder_outs is not None + #text = model.decode.dictionary.string() + + # initialize buffers + scores = ( + torch.zeros(bsz * beam_size, max_len + 1).to(src_tokens).float() + ) # +1 for eos; pad is never choosed for scoring + # 是一个二维矩阵，第一维是bsz*beam_size，第二维是max_len+2 + tokens = ( + torch.zeros(bsz * beam_size, max_len + 2) + .to(src_tokens) + .long() + .fill_(self.pad) + ) # +2 for eos and pad + tokens[:, 0] = self.eos if bos_token is None else bos_token + attn: Optional[Tensor] = None + contexts = [] + + # The blacklist indicates candidates that should be ignored. + # For example, suppose we're sampling and have already finalized 2/5 + # samples. Then the blacklist would mark 2 positions as being ignored, + # so that we only finalize the remaining 3 samples. + blacklist = ( + torch.zeros(bsz, beam_size).to(src_tokens).eq(-1) + ) # forward and backward-compatible False mask + + # list of completed sentences + finalized = torch.jit.annotate( + List[List[Dict[str, Tensor]]], + [torch.jit.annotate(List[Dict[str, Tensor]], []) for i in range(bsz)], + ) # contains lists of dictionaries of infomation about the hypothesis being finalized at each step + + finished = [ + False for i in range(bsz) + ] # a boolean array indicating if the sentence at the index is finished or not + num_remaining_sent = bsz # number of sentences remaining + + # number of candidate hypos per step + cand_size = 2 * beam_size # 2 x beam size in case half are EOS + + # offset arrays for converting between different indexing schemes + bbsz_offsets = (torch.arange(0, bsz) * beam_size).unsqueeze(1).type_as(tokens) + cand_offsets = torch.arange(0, cand_size).type_as(tokens) + + reorder_state: Optional[Tensor] = None + batch_idxs: Optional[Tensor] = None + for step in range(max_len + 1): # one extra step for EOS marker + # reorder decoder internal states based on the prev choice of beams + # print(f'step: {step}') + if reorder_state is not None: + if batch_idxs is not None: + # update beam indices to take into account removed sentences + corr = batch_idxs - torch.arange(batch_idxs.numel()).type_as( + batch_idxs + ) + reorder_state.view(-1, beam_size).add_( + corr.unsqueeze(-1) * beam_size + ) + self.model.reorder_incremental_state(reorder_state) + encoder_outs, bert_outs = self.model.reorder_encoder_out( + encoder_outs, bert_outs, reorder_state + ) + + # 这里出现了waitk参数 + context_size = step + self.waitk + #print('context_size是什么：',context_size) # 从waitk开始的int数字 + contexts.append(context_size) + # 这里开始调用decoder的forward_decoder函数 + #print("tokens是什么：",tokens) + #print('tokens的尺寸是:', tokens.size()) + #print('tokens的单个元素的样子为：',tokens[0]) + lprobs, avg_attn_scores = self.model.forward_decoder( + tokens[:, : step + 1], + self.model.slice_source(encoder_outs, context_size), + bert_outs, + temperature=self.temperature + ) + lprobs[lprobs != lprobs] = torch.tensor(-math.inf).to(lprobs) + + lprobs[:, self.pad] = -math.inf # never select pad + lprobs[:, self.unk] -= self.unk_penalty # apply unk penalty + + # handle max length constraint + if step >= max_len: + lprobs[:, : self.eos] = -math.inf + lprobs[:, self.eos + 1 :] = -math.inf + + # handle prefix tokens (possibly with different lengths) + if ( + prefix_tokens is not None + and step < prefix_tokens.size(1) + and step < max_len + ): + lprobs, tokens, scores = self._prefix_tokens( + step, lprobs, scores, tokens, prefix_tokens, beam_size + ) + elif step < self.min_len: + # minimum length constraint (does not apply if using prefix_tokens) + lprobs[:, self.eos] = -math.inf + + # Record attention scores, only support avg_attn_scores is a Tensor + if avg_attn_scores is not None: + if attn is None: + attn = torch.empty( + bsz * beam_size, avg_attn_scores.size(1), max_len + 2 + ).to(scores) + attn[:, :, step + 1].copy_(avg_attn_scores) + + scores = scores.type_as(lprobs) + eos_bbsz_idx = torch.empty(0).to( + tokens + ) # indices of hypothesis ending with eos (finished sentences) + eos_scores = torch.empty(0).to( + scores + ) # scores of hypothesis ending with eos (finished sentences) + + self.search.set_src_lengths(src_lengths) + + if self.no_repeat_ngram_size > 0: + lprobs = self._no_repeat_ngram(tokens, lprobs, bsz, beam_size, step) + + cand_scores, cand_indices, cand_beams = self.search.step( + step, + lprobs.view(bsz, -1, self.vocab_size), + scores.view(bsz, beam_size, -1)[:, :, :step], + ) + + # cand_bbsz_idx contains beam indices for the top candidate + # hypotheses, with a range of values: [0, bsz*beam_size), + # and dimensions: [bsz, cand_size] + cand_bbsz_idx = cand_beams.add(bbsz_offsets).int() + + # finalize hypotheses that end in eos + eos_mask = cand_indices.eq(self.eos) & cand_scores.ne(-math.inf) + eos_mask[:, :beam_size][blacklist] = torch.tensor(0).to(eos_mask) + + # only consider eos when it's among the top beam_size indices + eos_bbsz_idx = torch.masked_select( + cand_bbsz_idx[:, :beam_size], mask=eos_mask[:, :beam_size] + ) + + finalized_sents: List[int] = [] + if eos_bbsz_idx.numel() > 0: + eos_scores = torch.masked_select( + cand_scores[:, :beam_size], mask=eos_mask[:, :beam_size] + ) + finalized_sents = self.finalize_hypos( + step, + eos_bbsz_idx, + eos_scores, + tokens, + scores, + contexts, + finalized, + finished, + beam_size, + attn, + src_lengths, + max_len, + ) + num_remaining_sent -= len(finalized_sents) + + assert num_remaining_sent >= 0 + if num_remaining_sent == 0: + break + assert step < max_len + + if len(finalized_sents) > 0: + new_bsz = bsz - len(finalized_sents) + + # construct batch_idxs which holds indices of batches to keep for the next pass + batch_mask = torch.ones(bsz).to(cand_indices) + batch_mask[ + torch.tensor(finalized_sents).to(cand_indices) + ] = torch.tensor(0).to(batch_mask) + batch_idxs = batch_mask.nonzero().squeeze(-1) + + eos_mask = eos_mask[batch_idxs] + cand_beams = cand_beams[batch_idxs] + bbsz_offsets.resize_(new_bsz, 1) + cand_bbsz_idx = cand_beams.add(bbsz_offsets).int() + cand_scores = cand_scores[batch_idxs] + cand_indices = cand_indices[batch_idxs] + + if prefix_tokens is not None: + prefix_tokens = prefix_tokens[batch_idxs] + src_lengths = src_lengths[batch_idxs] + blacklist = blacklist[batch_idxs] + + scores = scores.view(bsz, -1)[batch_idxs].view(new_bsz * beam_size, -1) + tokens = tokens.view(bsz, -1)[batch_idxs].view(new_bsz * beam_size, -1) + if attn is not None: + attn = attn.view(bsz, -1)[batch_idxs].view( + new_bsz * beam_size, attn.size(1), -1 + ) + bsz = new_bsz + else: + batch_idxs = None + # set active_mask so that values > cand_size indicate eos hypos + # and values < cand_size indicate candidate active hypos. + # After, the min values per row are the top candidate active hypos + + # Rewrite the operator since the element wise or is not supported in torchscript. + + eos_mask[:, :beam_size] = ~((~blacklist) & (~eos_mask[:, :beam_size])) + active_mask = torch.add( + eos_mask.type_as(cand_offsets) * cand_size, + cand_offsets[: eos_mask.size(1)], + ) + + # get the top beam_size active hypotheses, which are just the hypos + # with the smallest values in active_mask + new_blacklist, active_hypos = torch.topk( + active_mask, k=beam_size, dim=1, largest=False + ) + + # update blacklist to ignore any finalized hypos + blacklist = new_blacklist.ge(cand_size)[:, :beam_size] + assert (~blacklist).any(dim=1).all() + + active_bbsz_idx = torch.gather(cand_bbsz_idx, dim=1, index=active_hypos) + active_scores = torch.gather(cand_scores, dim=1, index=active_hypos) + + active_bbsz_idx = active_bbsz_idx.view(-1) + active_scores = active_scores.view(-1) + + # copy tokens and scores for active hypotheses + tokens[:, : step + 1] = torch.index_select( + tokens[:, : step + 1], dim=0, index=active_bbsz_idx + ) + tokens.view(bsz, beam_size, -1)[:, :, step + 1] = torch.gather( + cand_indices, dim=1, index=active_hypos + ) + if step > 0: + scores[:, :step] = torch.index_select( + scores[:, :step], dim=0, index=active_bbsz_idx + ) + scores.view(bsz, beam_size, -1)[:, :, step] = torch.gather( + cand_scores, dim=1, index=active_hypos + ) + + # copy attention for active hypotheses + if attn is not None: + attn[:, :, : step + 2] = torch.index_select( + attn[:, :, : step + 2], dim=0, index=active_bbsz_idx + ) + + # reorder incremental state in decoder + reorder_state = active_bbsz_idx + + # sort by score descending + for sent in range(len(finalized)): + # make into beam container + BCList = [ + BeamContainer(elem["score"].item(), elem) for elem in finalized[sent] + ] + BCList.sort() + BCList.reverse() + finalized[sent] = torch.jit.annotate( + List[Dict[str, Tensor]], [x.elem for x in BCList] + ) + + return finalized + + def _prefix_tokens( + self, step: int, lprobs, scores, tokens, prefix_tokens, beam_size: int + ): + """Handle prefix tokens""" + prefix_toks = prefix_tokens[:, step].unsqueeze(-1).repeat(1, beam_size).view(-1) + prefix_lprobs = lprobs.gather(-1, prefix_toks.unsqueeze(-1)) + prefix_mask = prefix_toks.ne(self.pad) + lprobs[prefix_mask] = torch.tensor(-math.inf).to(lprobs) + lprobs[prefix_mask] = lprobs[prefix_mask].scatter( + -1, prefix_toks[prefix_mask].unsqueeze(-1), prefix_lprobs[prefix_mask] + ) + # if prefix includes eos, then we should make sure tokens and + # scores are the same across all beams + eos_mask = prefix_toks.eq(self.eos) + if eos_mask.any(): + # validate that the first beam matches the prefix + first_beam = tokens[eos_mask].view(-1, beam_size, tokens.size(-1))[ + :, 0, 1 : step + 1 + ] + eos_mask_batch_dim = eos_mask.view(-1, beam_size)[:, 0] + target_prefix = prefix_tokens[eos_mask_batch_dim][:, :step] + assert (first_beam == target_prefix).all() + + # copy tokens, scores and lprobs from the first beam to all beams + tokens = self.replicate_first_beam(tokens, eos_mask_batch_dim, beam_size) + scores = self.replicate_first_beam(scores, eos_mask_batch_dim, beam_size) + lprobs = self.replicate_first_beam(lprobs, eos_mask_batch_dim, beam_size) + return lprobs, tokens, scores + + def replicate_first_beam(self, tensor, mask, beam_size: int): + tensor = tensor.view(-1, beam_size, tensor.size(-1)) + tensor[mask] = tensor[mask][:, :1, :] + return tensor.view(-1, tensor.size(-1)) + + def finalize_hypos( + self, + step: int, + bbsz_idx, + eos_scores, + tokens, + scores, + contexts, + finalized: List[List[Dict[str, Tensor]]], + finished: List[bool], + beam_size: int, + attn: Optional[Tensor], + src_lengths, + max_len: int, + ): + """Finalize hypothesis, store finalized information in `finalized`, and change `finished` accordingly. + Returns number of sentences being finalized. + Args: + bbsz_idx (Tensor): + """ + assert bbsz_idx.numel() == eos_scores.numel() + + # clone relevant token and attention tensors + tokens_clone = tokens.index_select(0, bbsz_idx)[ + :, 1 : step + 2 + ] # skip the first index, which is EOS + + tokens_clone[:, step] = self.eos + attn_clone = ( + attn.index_select(0, bbsz_idx)[:, :, 1 : step + 2] + if attn is not None + else None + ) + + # compute scores per token position + pos_scores = scores.index_select(0, bbsz_idx)[:, : step + 1] + pos_scores[:, step] = eos_scores + # convert from cumulative to per-position scores + pos_scores[:, 1:] = pos_scores[:, 1:] - pos_scores[:, :-1] + + # normalize sentence-level scores + if self.normalize_scores: + eos_scores /= (step + 1) ** self.len_penalty + + cum_unfin: List[int] = [] + prev = 0 + for f in finished: + if f: + prev += 1 + else: + cum_unfin.append(prev) + + # set() is not supported in script export + sents_seen: Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]] = {} + for i in range(bbsz_idx.size()[0]): + idx = bbsz_idx[i] + score = eos_scores[i] + unfin_idx = idx // beam_size + sent = unfin_idx + cum_unfin[unfin_idx] + # Cannot create dict for key type '(int, int)' in torchscript. + # The workaround is to cast int to string + seen = str(sent.item()) + "_" + str(unfin_idx.item()) + if seen not in sents_seen: + sents_seen[seen] = None + + if self.match_source_len and step > src_lengths[unfin_idx]: + score = torch.tensor(-math.inf).to(score) + + ctx_hyp = [min(c, src_lengths[i].item()) for c in contexts] + + if len(finalized[sent]) < beam_size: + if attn_clone is not None: + # remove padding tokens from attn scores + hypo_attn = attn_clone[i] + else: + hypo_attn = torch.empty(0) + finalized[sent].append( + { + "tokens": tokens_clone[i], + "score": score, + "context": ctx_hyp, + "attention": hypo_attn, # src_len x tgt_len + "alignment": torch.empty(0), + "positional_scores": pos_scores[i], + } + ) + + newly_finished: List[int] = [] + for seen in sents_seen.keys(): + # check termination conditions for this sentence + sent: int = int(float(seen.split("_")[0])) + unfin_idx: int = int(float(seen.split("_")[1])) + if not finished[sent] and self.is_finished( + step, unfin_idx, max_len, len(finalized[sent]), beam_size + ): + finished[sent] = True + newly_finished.append(unfin_idx) + return newly_finished + + def is_finished( + self, + step: int, + unfin_idx: int, + max_len: int, + finalized_sent_len: int, + beam_size: int, + ): + """ + Check whether we've finished generation for a given sentence, by + comparing the worst score among finalized hypotheses to the best + possible score among unfinalized hypotheses. + """ + assert finalized_sent_len <= beam_size + if finalized_sent_len == beam_size or step == max_len: + return True + return False + + def calculate_banned_tokens( + self, + tokens, + step: int, + gen_ngrams: List[Dict[str, List[int]]], + no_repeat_ngram_size: int, + bbsz_idx: int, + ): + tokens_list: List[int] = tokens[ + bbsz_idx, step + 2 - no_repeat_ngram_size : step + 1 + ].tolist() + # before decoding the next token, prevent decoding of ngrams that have already appeared + ngram_index = ",".join([str(x) for x in tokens_list]) + return gen_ngrams[bbsz_idx].get(ngram_index, torch.jit.annotate(List[int], [])) + + def transpose_list(self, l: List[List[int]]): + # GeneratorExp aren't supported in TS so ignoring the lint + min_len = min([len(x) for x in l]) # noqa + l2 = [[row[i] for row in l] for i in range(min_len)] + return l2 + + def _no_repeat_ngram(self, tokens, lprobs, bsz: int, beam_size: int, step: int): + # for each beam and batch sentence, generate a list of previous ngrams + gen_ngrams: List[Dict[str, List[int]]] = [ + torch.jit.annotate(Dict[str, List[int]], {}) + for bbsz_idx in range(bsz * beam_size) + ] + cpu_tokens = tokens.cpu() + for bbsz_idx in range(bsz * beam_size): + gen_tokens: List[int] = cpu_tokens[bbsz_idx].tolist() + for ngram in self.transpose_list( + [gen_tokens[i:] for i in range(self.no_repeat_ngram_size)] + ): + key = ",".join([str(x) for x in ngram[:-1]]) + gen_ngrams[bbsz_idx][key] = gen_ngrams[bbsz_idx].get( + key, torch.jit.annotate(List[int], []) + ) + [ngram[-1]] + + if step + 2 - self.no_repeat_ngram_size >= 0: + # no banned tokens if we haven't generated no_repeat_ngram_size tokens yet + banned_tokens = [ + self.calculate_banned_tokens( + tokens, step, gen_ngrams, self.no_repeat_ngram_size, bbsz_idx + ) + for bbsz_idx in range(bsz * beam_size) + ] + else: + banned_tokens = [ + torch.jit.annotate(List[int], []) for bbsz_idx in range(bsz * beam_size) + ] + for bbsz_idx in range(bsz * beam_size): + lprobs[bbsz_idx][ + torch.tensor(banned_tokens[bbsz_idx]).long() + ] = torch.tensor(-math.inf, dtype=torch.float) + return lprobs + + +class EnsembleModel(nn.Module): + """A wrapper around an ensemble of models.""" + + incremental_states: List[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]] + + def __init__(self, models): + super().__init__() + self.models_size = len(models) + # method '__len__' is not supported in ModuleList for torch script + self.single_model = models[0] + self.models = nn.ModuleList(models) + + self.incremental_states = torch.jit.annotate( + List[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]], + [ + torch.jit.annotate(Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]], {}) + for i in range(self.models_size) + ], + ) + self.has_incremental: bool = False + if all( + hasattr(m, "decoder") and isinstance(m.decoder, FairseqIncrementalDecoder) + for m in models + ): + self.has_incremental = True + + def forward(self): + pass + + def reset_incremental_state(self): + if self.has_incremental_states(): + self.incremental_states = torch.jit.annotate( + List[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]], + [ + torch.jit.annotate(Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]], {}) + for i in range(self.models_size) + ], + ) + return + + def has_encoder(self): + return hasattr(self.single_model, "encoder") + + def has_incremental_states(self): + return self.has_incremental + + def max_decoder_positions(self): + return min([m.max_decoder_positions() for m in self.models]) + + @torch.jit.export + def forward_encoder(self, src_tokens): + if not self.has_encoder(): + return None + return [ + model.encoder(**src_tokens) + for model in self.models + ] + + def slice_source(self, encoder_out, context_size): + return [ + model.encoder.slice_encoder_out(encoder_out[m], context_size) + for m, model in enumerate(self.models) + ] + + @torch.jit.export + def forward_decoder( + self, tokens, encoder_outs: List[EncoderOut], bert_outs, temperature: float = 1.0 + ): + log_probs = [] + avg_attn: Optional[Tensor] = None + encoder_out: Optional[EncoderOut] = None + for i, model in enumerate(self.models): + if self.has_encoder(): + encoder_out = encoder_outs[i] + bert_out = bert_outs[i] if bert_outs is not None else None + # decode each model + if self.has_incremental_states(): + #print('在WaitkSequenceGenerator类初始化的传入model是：', model) + decoder_out = model.decoder.forward( + tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out, + bert_encoder_out=bert_out, + incremental_state=self.incremental_states[i], + ) + else: + decoder_out = model.decoder.forward(tokens, encoder_out=encoder_out, bert_encoder_out=bert_out) + + attn: Optional[Tensor] = None + decoder_len = len(decoder_out) + if decoder_len > 1 and decoder_out[1] is not None: + if isinstance(decoder_out[1], Tensor): + attn = decoder_out[1] + else: + attn_holder = decoder_out[1]["attn"] + if isinstance(attn_holder, Tensor): + attn = attn_holder + elif attn_holder is not None: + attn = attn_holder[0] + if attn is not None: + attn = attn[:, -1, :] + + decoder_out_tuple = ( + decoder_out[0][:, -1:, :].div_(temperature), + None if decoder_len <= 1 else decoder_out[1], + ) + + probs = model.get_normalized_probs( + decoder_out_tuple, log_probs=True, sample=None + ) + probs = probs[:, -1, :] + if self.models_size == 1: + return probs, attn + + log_probs.append(probs) + if attn is not None: + if avg_attn is None: + avg_attn = attn + else: + avg_attn.add_(attn) + avg_probs = torch.logsumexp(torch.stack(log_probs, dim=0), dim=0) - math.log( + self.models_size + ) + if avg_attn is not None: + avg_attn.div_(self.models_size) + return avg_probs, avg_attn + + @torch.jit.export + def reorder_encoder_out(self, encoder_outs: Optional[List[EncoderOut]], bert_outs, new_order): + """ + Reorder encoder output according to *new_order*. + + Args: + encoder_out: output from the ``forward()`` method + new_order (LongTensor): desired order + + Returns: + *encoder_out* rearranged according to *new_order* + """ + # new_outs: List[EncoderOut] = [] + # bert_outs: List[EncoderOut] = [] + if not self.has_encoder(): + # return new_outs, bert_outs + return + model = self.models[0] + bert_in = bert_outs[0] if bert_outs is not None else None + new_out, bert_out = model.encoder.reorder_encoder_out(encoder_outs[0], bert_in, new_order) + return [new_out], [bert_out] + + @torch.jit.export + def reorder_incremental_state(self, new_order): + if not self.has_incremental_states(): + return + for i, model in enumerate(self.models): + model.decoder.reorder_incremental_state( + self.incremental_states[i], new_order + ) + + +@torch.jit.script +class BeamContainer(object): + def __init__(self, score: float, elem: Dict[str, Tensor]): + self.score = score + self.elem = elem + + def __lt__(self, other): + # type: (BeamContainer) -> bool + # Due to https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/20388, + # this has to use old style type annotations + # Match original behavior of sorted function when two scores are equal. + return self.score <= other.score diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/models/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/models/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..567becb550d132ae8fc34ae409971a31951b847f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/models/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +import importlib +import os + +for file in os.listdir(os.path.dirname(__file__)): + if file.endswith('.py') and not file.startswith('_'): + model_name = file[:file.find('.py')] + #importlib.import_module('examples.simultaneous.models.' + model_name) + importlib.import_module('examples.waitk.models.' + model_name) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/models/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/models/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6257f05c9f5e4b589bfff1b8fcab9ef7eb01b577 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/models/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/models/__pycache__/waitk_transformer.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/models/__pycache__/waitk_transformer.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4b64a52a54006ba2c0fab2ad6fb7701160b4889 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/models/__pycache__/waitk_transformer.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/models/waitk_transformer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/models/waitk_transformer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea46b5e901dfaa293c37f76e5538c121654cd081 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/models/waitk_transformer.py @@ -0,0 +1,858 @@ +""" +label : waitk_transformer and legacy_waitk_transformer +""" +import random +import math +import logging +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +# bert +from numpy.random import uniform # 在layer层进行控制ratio的比例 + +from fairseq import utils, options + +from fairseq.modules import ( + gelu, LayerNorm, + PositionalEmbedding, +) + +from fairseq.models import ( + FairseqEncoderDecoderModel, + FairseqEncoder, + FairseqIncrementalDecoder, + register_model, + register_model_architecture, +) + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + +# bert +from bert import BertTokenizer +from bert import BertModel +DEFAULT_MAX_SOURCE_POSITIONS = 1024 +DEFAULT_MAX_TARGET_POSITIONS = 1024 + + +#from examples.simultaneous.modules import TransformerEncoderLayer, TransformerDecoderLayer +from examples.waitk.modules import TransformerEncoderLayer,TransformerDecoderLayer + +@register_model('waitk_transformer') +class WaitkTransformerModel(FairseqEncoderDecoderModel): + """ + Waitk-Transformer with a uni-directional encoder + """ + + def __init__(self, encoder, decoder, bertencoder, berttokenizer, mask_cls_sep=False, args=None): + # 加入了bertencoder和berttokenizer + super().__init__(encoder, decoder, bertencoder, berttokenizer, mask_cls_sep,args) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens, bert_input, **kwargs): + + # bert - 仅在 BERT encoder 可用时使用 + if self.bert_encoder is not None and self.berttokenizer is not None: + bert_encoder_padding_mask = bert_input.eq(self.berttokenizer.pad()) + # DIAG: check BERT and input device + bert_device = next(self.bert_encoder.parameters()).device + if bert_device.type != 'cuda': + logger.warning(f'BERT on {bert_device}, moving to cuda') + self.bert_encoder = self.bert_encoder.cuda() + bert_encoder_out, _ = self.bert_encoder(bert_input, output_all_encoded_layers=True, attention_mask=~bert_encoder_padding_mask) + bert_encoder_out = bert_encoder_out[self.bert_output_layer] # 去最后一层 + + if self.mask_cls_sep: # 如果有mask和cls也进行遮掩 + bert_encoder_padding_mask += bert_input.eq(self.berttokenizer.cls()) + bert_encoder_padding_mask += bert_input.eq(self.berttokenizer.sep()) + bert_encoder_out = bert_encoder_out.permute(1,0,2).contiguous() + bert_encoder_out = { + 'bert_encoder_out': bert_encoder_out, + 'bert_encoder_padding_mask': bert_encoder_padding_mask, + } + else: + bert_encoder_out = { + 'bert_encoder_out': None, + 'bert_encoder_padding_mask': None, + } + + # 先有bert的表征，然后进入encoder，然后进入decoder + encoder_out = self.encoder(src_tokens, src_lengths=src_lengths, bert_encoder_out=bert_encoder_out, **kwargs) + + # 训练的前传方法是forward_train + decoder_out = self.decoder.forward_train( + prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=encoder_out, bert_encoder_out=bert_encoder_out, **kwargs + ) + + return decoder_out + + def decide(self, prev_output_tokens, src_tokens, encoder_out): + x, _ = self.decoder(prev_output_tokens, encoder_out) + x = utils.softmax(x[:, -1:], dim=-1) + x = torch.max(x) + return x + + def get_lenx(self, encoder_out): + return encoder_out['encoder_out'].size(0) + + def get_normalized_probs(self, net_output, log_probs, sample=None): + lprobs = super().get_normalized_probs(net_output, log_probs, sample) + lprobs.batch_first = True + return lprobs + + def upgrade_state_dict(self, state_dict): + if 'encoder.version' in state_dict: + del state_dict['encoder.version'] + if 'decoder.version' in state_dict: + del state_dict['decoder.version'] + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add model-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument('--dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability') + parser.add_argument('--attention-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability for attention weights') + parser.add_argument('--relu-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability after ReLU in FFN') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-embed-path', type=str, metavar='STR', + help='path to pre-trained encoder embedding') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='encoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-ffn-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='encoder embedding dimension for FFN') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-layers', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num encoder layers') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-attention-heads', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num encoder attention heads') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-normalize-before', action='store_true', + help='apply layernorm before each encoder block') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-learned-pos', action='store_true', + help='use learned positional embeddings in the encoder') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-embed-path', type=str, metavar='STR', + help='path to pre-trained decoder embedding') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-inner-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder qkv projection dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-ffn-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder embedding dimension for FFN') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-layers', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num decoder layers') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-attention-heads', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num decoder attention heads') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-decoder-attention-heads', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num decoder attention heads for encoder interaction') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-learned-pos', action='store_true', + help='use learned positional embeddings in the decoder') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-normalize-before', action='store_true', + help='apply layernorm before each decoder block') + parser.add_argument('--share-decoder-input-output-embed', action='store_true', + help='share decoder input and output embeddings') + parser.add_argument('--share-all-embeddings', action='store_true', + help='share encoder, decoder and output embeddings' + ' (requires shared dictionary and embed dim)') + parser.add_argument('--no-token-positional-embeddings', default=False, action='store_true', + help='if set, disables positional embeddings (outside self attention)') + parser.add_argument('--waitk', type=int, + help='wait-k for incremental reading') + parser.add_argument('--min-waitk', type=int, + help='wait-k for incremental reading') + parser.add_argument('--max-waitk', type=int, + help='wait-k for incremental reading') + parser.add_argument('--multi-waitk', action='store_true', default=False,) + + #parser.add_argument('--bert-model-name', default='bert-base-uncased', type=str) + + + @classmethod + def build_embedding(cls, args, dictionary, embed_dim, path=None): + num_embeddings = len(dictionary) + padding_idx = dictionary.pad() + + emb = Embedding(num_embeddings, embed_dim, padding_idx) + # if provided, load from preloaded dictionaries + if path: + embed_dict = utils.parse_embedding(path) + utils.load_embedding(embed_dict, dictionary, emb) + return emb + + @classmethod + def share_embeddings(cls, args, src_dict, tgt_dict): + if args.share_all_embeddings: + if src_dict != tgt_dict: + raise RuntimeError( + '--share-all-embeddings requires a joined dictionary' + ) + if args.encoder_embed_dim != args.decoder_embed_dim: + raise RuntimeError( + '--share-all-embeddings requires \ + --encoder-embed-dim to match --decoder-embed-dim' + ) + if args.decoder_embed_path and ( + args.decoder_embed_path != args.encoder_embed_path + ): + raise RuntimeError('--share-all-embeddings not compatible with \ + --decoder-embed-path') + encoder_embed_tokens = cls.build_embedding( + args, src_dict, args.encoder_embed_dim, args.encoder_embed_path + ) + decoder_embed_tokens = encoder_embed_tokens + args.share_decoder_input_output_embed = True + else: + encoder_embed_tokens = cls.build_embedding( + args, src_dict, args.encoder_embed_dim, args.encoder_embed_path + ) + decoder_embed_tokens = cls.build_embedding( + args, tgt_dict, args.decoder_embed_dim, args.decoder_embed_path + ) + return encoder_embed_tokens, decoder_embed_tokens + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + """Build a new model instance.""" + # make sure all arguments are present in older models + base_architecture(args) + if not hasattr(args, 'max_source_positions'): + args.max_source_positions = DEFAULT_MAX_SOURCE_POSITIONS + if not hasattr(args, 'max_target_positions'): + args.max_target_positions = DEFAULT_MAX_TARGET_POSITIONS + + src_dict, tgt_dict = task.source_dictionary, task.target_dictionary + + # bert - 仅在启用 encoder_bert_dropout 或指定了实际 BERT 模型路径时才加载 + need_bert = getattr(args, 'encoder_bert_dropout', False) or getattr(args, 'finetune_bert', False) + if need_bert: + if len(task.datasets) > 0: + src_berttokenizer = next(iter(task.datasets.values())).berttokenizer + else: + src_berttokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained(args.bert_model_name) + bertencoder = BertModel.from_pretrained(args.bert_model_name) + if torch.cuda.is_available(): + bertencoder = bertencoder.cuda() + args.bert_out_dim = bertencoder.hidden_size + else: + bertencoder = None + src_berttokenizer = None + args.bert_out_dim = 0 + + encoder_embed_tokens, decoder_embed_tokens = cls.share_embeddings(args, src_dict, tgt_dict) + encoder = UnidirTransformerEncoder(args, src_dict, encoder_embed_tokens) + decoder = TransformerDecoder(args, tgt_dict, decoder_embed_tokens) + return WaitkTransformerModel(encoder, decoder, bertencoder, src_berttokenizer, args.mask_cls_sep, args) + + #return WaitkTransformerModel(encoder, decoder, bertencoder, src_berttokenizer, args.mask_cls_sep, args) + +class UnidirTransformerEncoder(FairseqEncoder): + """ + Transformer encoder consisting of *args.encoder_layers* layers. Each layer + is a :class:`TransformerEncoderLayer`. + + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): parsed command-line arguments + dictionary (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): encoding dictionary + embed_tokens (torch.nn.Embedding): input embedding + """ + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary, embed_tokens): + super().__init__(dictionary) + + self.waitk = args.waitk + self.min_waitk = args.min_waitk + self.max_waitk = args.max_waitk + self.multi_waitk = args.multi_waitk + + + self.dropout = args.dropout + + embed_dim = embed_tokens.embedding_dim + self.padding_idx = embed_tokens.padding_idx + self.max_source_positions = args.max_source_positions + + self.embed_tokens = embed_tokens + self.embed_scale = math.sqrt(embed_dim) + self.embed_positions = PositionalEmbedding( + args.max_source_positions, embed_dim, self.padding_idx, + learned=args.encoder_learned_pos, + ) if not args.no_token_positional_embeddings else None + + + # bert + bert_gates = getattr(args,'bert_gates',[1,1,1,1,1]) + bert_gates = [x==1 for x in bert_gates] + assert len(bert_gates) == args.encoder_layers + + self.layers = nn.ModuleList([]) + + # 这里的TransformerEncoderLayer是最终加入bert运算的 + self.layers.extend([ + TransformerEncoderLayer(args, bert_gate=bert_gates[i]) + for i in range(args.encoder_layers) + ]) + self.normalize = args.encoder_normalize_before + if self.normalize: + self.layer_norm = LayerNorm(embed_dim) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, src_lengths=None, bert_encoder_out=None, mask=None, **kwargs): + + """ + Args: src_tokens (batch, src_len) + src_lengths (batch) + Returns: + dict: - **encoder_out** (src_len, batch, embed_dim) + - **encoder_padding_mask** (batch, src_len) + """ + + if bert_encoder_out is None: + bert_encoder_out = {'bert_encoder_out': None, 'bert_encoder_padding_mask': None} + + # embed tokens and positions + x = self.embed_scale * self.embed_tokens(src_tokens) + # 将词向量和位置向量相加 + if self.embed_positions is not None: + x += self.embed_positions(src_tokens) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + + # B x T x C -> T x B x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + # compute padding mask + # 计算padding mask，如果是padding的位置，那么mask为1，否则为0，其目的是计算时忽略padding的位置 + # 原始transformer框架中基础的计算和单调的注意力无关 + encoder_padding_mask = src_tokens.eq(self.padding_idx) + if not encoder_padding_mask.any(): + encoder_padding_mask = None + + # encoder layers + #这行代码的目的是生成一个与给定张量x相同大小的上三角掩码矩阵， + #其中上三角部分的元素值为负无穷，而下三角部分和对角线部分的元素值为0。 + + if mask is None: # 这个是单向encoder的mask + mask = torch.triu(utils.fill_with_neg_inf(x.new(x.size(0), x.size(0))), 1) + + has_bert = bert_encoder_out['bert_encoder_out'] is not None + if has_bert: + bert_encoder_attn_mask = self.get_bert_attention_mask(x, bert_encoder_out['bert_encoder_out'].size(0)) + else: + bert_encoder_attn_mask = None + + for layer in self.layers: + # Make the encoder unidirectional by applying the mask to the attention mechanism + x = layer( + x, + encoder_padding_mask, + bert_encoder_out=bert_encoder_out['bert_encoder_out'] if has_bert else None, + bert_encoder_padding_mask=bert_encoder_out['bert_encoder_padding_mask'] if has_bert else None, + self_attn_mask=mask, + encoder_attn_mask=bert_encoder_attn_mask + ) + + if self.normalize: + x = self.layer_norm(x) + + return { + 'encoder_out': x, # T x B x C + 'encoder_padding_mask': encoder_padding_mask, # B x T + } + + def get_bert_attention_mask(self, x, bert_len, waitk=None): + # 构建与waitk对齐的未来信息 + + """ + bert_attention_mask为cross_atten的矩阵 + 1、x为编码端或解码端的输入 + 2、bert_len是bert的输入 + 3、waitk是远waitk策略的值 + """ + + # 加入一个未来信息的超参 + futurek=3 + + if waitk is None: + # 在训练阶段，使用传入的参数设置waitk + if self.multi_waitk: + assert self.min_waitk <= self.max_waitk + waitk = random.randint(min(self.min_waitk, bert_len), + min(bert_len, self.max_waitk)) + else: + waitk = self.waitk # 最终会落到这个self.waitk中 + + if waitk+futurek < bert_len: + # 推理代码中该函数调用waitk参数 + encoder_attn_mask = torch.triu( + utils.fill_with_neg_inf( + x.new(x.size(0), bert_len) + ), waitk+futurek + ) + # 如果waitk等于0，那么将第一列设为0。在同传没有waitk时，就是从第一个输入的单词开始翻译。 + if waitk <= 0: + encoder_attn_mask[:, 0] = 0 + + else: + encoder_attn_mask = None + return encoder_attn_mask + + + def slice_encoder_out(self, encoder_out, context_size): + + """ Reorder encoder output according to *new_order*. """ + '''根据给定的new_order重新排列编码器的输出''' + # 通过传入的context_size将encoder_out和encoder_padding_mask进行切片 + sliced_encoder = {} + if encoder_out['encoder_out'] is not None: + sliced_encoder['encoder_out'] = encoder_out['encoder_out'].clone()[:context_size] + else: + sliced_encoder['encoder_out'] = None + if encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'] is not None: + sliced_encoder['encoder_padding_mask'] = encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'].clone()[:, :context_size] + else: + sliced_encoder['encoder_padding_mask'] = None + return sliced_encoder + + def reorder_encoder_out(self, encoder_out, bert_outs, new_order): + """ Reorder encoder output according to *new_order*. """ + if encoder_out['encoder_out'] is not None: + encoder_out['encoder_out'] = \ + encoder_out['encoder_out'].index_select(1, new_order) + if encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'] is not None: + encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'] = \ + encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'].index_select(0, new_order) + if bert_outs is None: + return encoder_out, bert_outs + if bert_outs['bert_encoder_out'] is not None: + bert_outs['bert_encoder_out'] = \ + bert_outs['bert_encoder_out'].index_select(1, new_order) + if bert_outs['bert_encoder_padding_mask'] is not None: + bert_outs['bert_encoder_padding_mask'] = \ + bert_outs['bert_encoder_padding_mask'].index_select(0, new_order) + + return encoder_out, bert_outs + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum input length supported by the encoder.""" + if self.embed_positions is None: + return self.max_source_positions + return min(self.max_source_positions, self.embed_positions.max_positions) + + +class TransformerDecoder(FairseqIncrementalDecoder): + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary, embed_tokens, no_encoder_attn=False): + super().__init__(dictionary) + # waitk + self.waitk = args.waitk + self.min_waitk = args.min_waitk + self.max_waitk = args.max_waitk + self.multi_waitk = args.multi_waitk + + + self.dropout = args.dropout + self.share_input_output_embed = args.share_decoder_input_output_embed + + input_embed_dim = embed_tokens.embedding_dim + embed_dim = args.decoder_embed_dim + output_embed_dim = args.decoder_output_dim + + self.padding_idx = embed_tokens.padding_idx + + self.max_target_positions = args.max_target_positions + + self.embed_tokens = embed_tokens + self.embed_scale = math.sqrt(embed_dim) + + self.project_in_dim = Linear(input_embed_dim, embed_dim, bias=False) if embed_dim != input_embed_dim else None + + self.embed_positions = PositionalEmbedding( + args.max_target_positions, embed_dim, self.padding_idx, + learned=args.decoder_learned_pos, + ) if not args.no_token_positional_embeddings else None + + + # bert + bert_gates = getattr(args, 'bert_gates', [1,1,1,1,1]) + bert_gates = [x==1 for x in bert_gates] + assert len(bert_gates) == args.decoder_layers + + self.layers = nn.ModuleList([]) + self.layers.extend([ + TransformerDecoderLayer(args, no_encoder_attn, bert_gate=bert_gates[i]) + for i in range(args.decoder_layers) + ]) + + # 与bert_nmt代码相比少了一个self.adaptive_softmax + + self.project_out_dim = Linear(embed_dim, output_embed_dim, bias=False) \ + if embed_dim != output_embed_dim and not args.tie_adaptive_weights else None + + if not self.share_input_output_embed: + self.embed_out = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(len(dictionary), output_embed_dim)) + nn.init.normal_(self.embed_out, mean=0, std=output_embed_dim ** -0.5) + if args.decoder_normalize_before and not getattr(args, 'no_decoder_final_norm', False): + self.layer_norm = LayerNorm(embed_dim) + else: + self.layer_norm = None + + def buffered_future_mask(self, tensor): + '''屏蔽未来信息的掩码矩阵''' + dim = tensor.size(0) + if not hasattr(self, '_future_mask') or self._future_mask is None or self._future_mask.device != tensor.device: + self._future_mask = torch.triu(utils.fill_with_neg_inf(tensor.new(dim, dim)), 1) + if self._future_mask.size(0) < dim: + self._future_mask = torch.triu(utils.fill_with_neg_inf(self._future_mask.resize_(dim, dim)), 1) + return self._future_mask[:dim, :dim] + + def predict(self, x): + if self.project_out_dim is not None: + x = self.project_out_dim(x) + # project back to size of vocabulary + if self.share_input_output_embed: + x = F.linear(x, self.embed_tokens.weight) + else: + x = F.linear(x, self.embed_out) + return x + + def get_attention_mask(self, x, src_len, waitk=None): + if waitk is None: + # 在训练阶段，使用传入的参数设置waitk + if self.multi_waitk: + assert self.min_waitk <= self.max_waitk + waitk = random.randint(min(self.min_waitk, src_len), + min(src_len, self.max_waitk)) + else: + waitk = self.waitk + + if waitk < src_len: + # 推理代码中该函数调用waitk参数 + encoder_attn_mask = torch.triu( + utils.fill_with_neg_inf( + x.new(x.size(0), src_len) + ), waitk + ) + # 如果waitk等于0，那么将第一列设为0。在同传没有waitk时，就是从第一个输入的单词开始翻译。 + if waitk <= 0: + encoder_attn_mask[:, 0] = 0 + + else: + encoder_attn_mask = None + return encoder_attn_mask + + def get_bert_attention_mask(self, x, bert_len, waitk=None): + # 构建与waitk对齐的未来信息 + + """ + bert_attention_mask为cross_atten的矩阵 + 1、x为编码端或解码端的输入 + 2、bert_len是bert的输入 + 3、waitk是远waitk策略的值 + """ + + # 加入一个未来信息的超参 + futurek=3 + + if waitk is None: + # 在训练阶段，使用传入的参数设置waitk + if self.multi_waitk: + assert self.min_waitk <= self.max_waitk + waitk = random.randint(min(self.min_waitk, bert_len), + min(bert_len, self.max_waitk)) + else: + waitk = self.waitk # 最终会落到这个self.waitk中 + + if waitk+futurek < bert_len: + # 推理代码中该函数调用waitk参数 + encoder_attn_mask = torch.triu( + utils.fill_with_neg_inf( + x.new(x.size(0), bert_len) + ), waitk+futurek + ) + # 如果waitk等于0，那么将第一列设为0。在同传没有waitk时，就是从第一个输入的单词开始翻译。 + if waitk <= 0: + encoder_attn_mask[:, 0] = 0 + + else: + encoder_attn_mask = None + return encoder_attn_mask + + def forward_train(self, prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=None, bert_encoder_out=None, incremental_state=None, **kwargs): + if bert_encoder_out is None: + bert_encoder_out = {'bert_encoder_out': None, 'bert_encoder_padding_mask': None} + # 训练阶段使用了forward_train + positions = self.embed_positions(prev_output_tokens) if self.embed_positions is not None else None + + # embed tokens and positions + x = self.embed_scale * self.embed_tokens(prev_output_tokens) + + if self.project_in_dim is not None: + x = self.project_in_dim(x) + + if positions is not None: + x += positions + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + + # B x T x C -> T x B x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + attn = None + + # bert + # 在bert_nmt代码中有一个记录所有层的中间变量 + #inner_states = [x] + + # encoder attn mask following the reading/writing schedule len_tgt x len_src + encoder_states = encoder_out['encoder_out'] # len_src, B, C + + encoder_attn_mask = self.get_attention_mask(x, encoder_states.size(0)) # 这个就是未来信息遮盖的部分 + + has_bert = bert_encoder_out['bert_encoder_out'] is not None + if has_bert: + bert_encoder_attn_mask = self.get_bert_attention_mask(x, bert_encoder_out['bert_encoder_out'].size(0)) # 这个就是waitk信息遮盖bert的mask + else: + bert_encoder_attn_mask = None + + # decoder layers + for e, layer in enumerate(self.layers): + x, attn = layer( + x, + encoder_states, # encoder_out + encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'],# encoder_padding_mask + bert_encoder_out=bert_encoder_out['bert_encoder_out'] if has_bert else None, + bert_encoder_padding_mask=bert_encoder_out['bert_encoder_padding_mask'] if has_bert else None, + encoder_attn_mask=encoder_attn_mask, + bert_encoder_atten_mask=bert_encoder_attn_mask, + self_attn_mask=self.buffered_future_mask(x), + ) + + if self.layer_norm: + x = self.layer_norm(x) + + # T x B x C -> B x T x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + x = self.predict(x) + return x, {'attn': attn} + + def forward(self, + prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out=None, + bert_encoder_out=None, + incremental_state=None, + cache_decoder=True, + **kwargs): + + if bert_encoder_out is None: + bert_encoder_out = {'bert_encoder_out': None, 'bert_encoder_padding_mask': None} + # print('推理阶段使用了forward') + # Evaluation. + + # 这样不就是强制increamtal_state的值为None吗？ + incremental_state = None + + positions = self.embed_positions( + prev_output_tokens, + incremental_state=incremental_state, + ) if self.embed_positions is not None else None + + # 为什么在train阶段不需要这个操作？ + if incremental_state is not None: + prev_output_tokens = prev_output_tokens[:, -1:] + if positions is not None: + positions = positions[:, -1:] + + # embed tokens and positions + x = self.embed_scale * self.embed_tokens(prev_output_tokens) + + if self.project_in_dim is not None: + x = self.project_in_dim(x) + + if positions is not None: + x += positions + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + + # B x T x C -> T x B x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + attn = None + encoder_states = encoder_out['encoder_out'] + has_bert_inf = bert_encoder_out['bert_encoder_out'] is not None + # decoder layers + for e, layer in enumerate(self.layers): + x, attn = layer( + x, + encoder_states, + encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'], + encoder_attn_mask=None, + bert_encoder_out=bert_encoder_out['bert_encoder_out'] if has_bert_inf else None, + bert_encoder_padding_mask=bert_encoder_out['bert_encoder_padding_mask'] if has_bert_inf else None, + incremental_state=incremental_state, + self_attn_mask=self.buffered_future_mask(x) + ) + + if self.layer_norm: + x = self.layer_norm(x) + + # if incremental_state is not None: + # Project only the last token + x = x[-1:] + + # T x B x C -> B x T x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + x = self.predict(x) + return x, {'attn': attn} + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum output length supported by the decoder.""" + if self.embed_positions is None: + return self.max_target_positions + return min(self.max_target_positions, self.embed_positions.max_positions) + + +def Embedding(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx): + m = nn.Embedding(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx=padding_idx) + nn.init.normal_(m.weight, mean=0, std=embedding_dim ** -0.5) + nn.init.constant_(m.weight[padding_idx], 0) + return m + + +def Linear(in_features, out_features, bias=True): + m = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features, bias) + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(m.weight) + if bias: + nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0.) + return m + + +def Get_bert_attention_mask(x, bert_len, waitk=None, multi_waitk=None, min_waitk=None, max_waitk=None): + # 构建与waitk对齐的未来信息 + + """ + bert_attention_mask为cross_atten的矩阵 + 1、x为编码端或解码端的输入 + 2、bert_len是bert的输入 + 3、waitk是远waitk策略的值 + """ + + # 加入一个未来信息的超参 + futurek=3 + + if multi_waitk : + assert min_waitk <= max_waitk + waitk = random.randint(min(min_waitk, bert_len), + min(bert_len, max_waitk)) + else: + waitk = waitk + + if waitk+futurek < bert_len: + # 推理代码中该函数调用waitk参数 + encoder_attn_mask = torch.triu( + utils.fill_with_neg_inf( + x.new(x.size(0), bert_len) + ), waitk+futurek + ) + # 如果waitk等于0，那么将第一列设为0。在同传没有waitk时，就是从第一个输入的单词开始翻译。 + if waitk <= 0: + encoder_attn_mask[:, 0] = 0 + + else: + encoder_attn_mask = None + return encoder_attn_mask + + + + + +@register_model_architecture('waitk_transformer', 'waitk_transformer') +def base_architecture(args): + args.encoder_embed_path = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_path', None) + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 2048) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 6) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 8) + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, 'encoder_normalize_before', False) + args.encoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, 'encoder_learned_pos', False) + args.decoder_embed_path = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_path', None) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', args.encoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_inner_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_inner_dim', args.decoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 6) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 8) + args.encoder_decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_decoder_attention_heads', args.decoder_attention_heads) + args.decoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, 'decoder_normalize_before', False) + args.decoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, 'decoder_learned_pos', False) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.) + args.relu_dropout = getattr(args, 'relu_dropout', 0.) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_cutoff', None) + args.adaptive_softmax_dropout = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_dropout', 0) + args.share_decoder_input_output_embed = getattr(args, 'share_decoder_input_output_embed', False) + args.share_all_embeddings = getattr(args, 'share_all_embeddings', False) + args.no_token_positional_embeddings = getattr(args, 'no_token_positional_embeddings', False) + args.adaptive_input = getattr(args, 'adaptive_input', False) + args.gelu = getattr(args, 'gelu', False) + args.decoder_output_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_output_dim', args.decoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_input_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_input_dim', args.decoder_embed_dim) + args.waitk = getattr(args, 'waitk', 1024) # wait-until-end + args.min_waitk = getattr(args, 'min_waitk', 1) + args.max_waitk = getattr(args, 'max_waitk', 1024) + args.bert_model_name = getattr(args, 'bert_model_name', None) + + +@register_model_architecture('waitk_transformer', 'waitk_transformer_small') +def waitk_transformer_small(args): + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 256) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 1024) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 4) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 6) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 256) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', 1024) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 4) + args.encoder_decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_decoder_attention_heads', args.decoder_attention_heads) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 6) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.3) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + base_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('waitk_transformer', 'waitk_transformer_iwslt_de_en') +def waitk_transformer_small(args): + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 1024) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 4) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 6) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', 1024) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 4) + args.encoder_decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_decoder_attention_heads', args.decoder_attention_heads) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 6) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.3) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + base_architecture(args) + +@register_model_architecture('waitk_transformer', 'waitk_transformer_base') +def waitk_transformer_base(args): + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 2048) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 8) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 6) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', 2048) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 8) + args.encoder_decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_decoder_attention_heads', args.decoder_attention_heads) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 6) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.3) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + base_architecture(args) + + + + + +@register_model_architecture('waitk_transformer', 'waitk_transformer_big') +def waitk_transformer_big(args): + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 1024) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 4096) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 16) + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, 'encoder_normalize_before', False) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 1024) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', 4096) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 16) + args.encoder_decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_decoder_attention_heads', args.decoder_attention_heads) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.3) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + base_architecture(args) + + diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/modules/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/modules/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4fe5f37bbafaa91f3463f15df95c7c39cb1b9a82 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/modules/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +from .transformer_layers import TransformerEncoderLayer, TransformerDecoderLayer +#from .controller import Controller +#from .branch_controller import BranchController +#from .oracle import SimulTransOracleDP, SimulTransOracleDP1 +#from .controller import Controller +#from .branch_controller import BranchController +#from .oracle import SimulTransOracleDP, SimulTransOracleDP1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/modules/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/modules/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6b4804f0fda58a694819c4a2565bec233074544 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/modules/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/modules/__pycache__/multihead_attention.cpython-38.pyc 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b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/modules/multihead_attention.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b3e95e784b5f81eeb89275fd3401eaf890bba94 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/modules/multihead_attention.py @@ -0,0 +1,345 @@ +# Copyright (c) 2017-present, Facebook, Inc. +# All rights reserved. +# +# This source code is licensed under the license found in the LICENSE file in +# the root directory of this source tree. An additional grant of patent rights +# can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory. + +from typing import Dict, Optional +import torch +from torch import nn, Tensor +from torch.nn import Parameter +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.incremental_decoding_utils import with_incremental_state + + +@with_incremental_state +class MultiheadAttention(nn.Module): + """Multi-headed attention. + See "Attention Is All You Need" for more details. + """ + def __init__(self, + embed_dim, + num_heads, + kdim=None, + vdim=None, + dropout=0., + bias=True, + add_bias_kv=False, + add_zero_attn=False, + self_attention=False, + encoder_decoder_attention=False, + ): + super().__init__() + self.embed_dim = embed_dim + self.kdim = kdim if kdim is not None else embed_dim + self.vdim = vdim if vdim is not None else embed_dim + self.qkv_same_dim = self.kdim == embed_dim and self.vdim == embed_dim + self.inner_dim = embed_dim + + self.num_heads = num_heads + self.dropout = dropout + self.head_dim = self.inner_dim // num_heads + assert self.head_dim * num_heads == self.inner_dim, "inner_dim must be divisible by num_heads" + self.scaling = self.head_dim ** -0.5 + + # 在改waitk代码中设置为true，其目的是做编码端的单向注意力机制 + self.self_attention = self_attention + self.encoder_decoder_attention = encoder_decoder_attention + + assert not self.self_attention or self.qkv_same_dim, ( + "Self-attention requires query, key and " "value to be of the same size" + ) + + # Param (out, in) + if self.qkv_same_dim: + self.in_proj_weight = Parameter(torch.Tensor(3 * self.inner_dim, self.embed_dim)) + else: + assert self.kdim == self.vdim, "In this version kdim must be equal to vdim" + self.kv_proj_weight = Parameter(torch.Tensor(2 * self.inner_dim, self.kdim)) + self.q_proj_weight = Parameter(torch.Tensor(self.inner_dim, self.embed_dim)) + + if bias: + self.in_proj_bias = Parameter(torch.Tensor(3 * self.inner_dim)) + else: + self.register_parameter('in_proj_bias', None) + + self.out_proj = nn.Linear(self.inner_dim, self.embed_dim, bias=bias) + + if add_bias_kv: + self.bias_k = Parameter(torch.Tensor(1, 1, self.inner_dim)) + self.bias_v = Parameter(torch.Tensor(1, 1, self.inner_dim)) + else: + self.bias_k = self.bias_v = None + + self.add_zero_attn = add_zero_attn + + self.reset_parameters() + + self.onnx_trace = False + + def prepare_for_onnx_export_(self): + self.onnx_trace = True + + def reset_parameters(self): + if self.qkv_same_dim: + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.in_proj_weight) + else: + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.kv_proj_weight) + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.q_proj_weight) + + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.out_proj.weight) + if self.in_proj_bias is not None: + nn.init.constant_(self.in_proj_bias, 0.) + nn.init.constant_(self.out_proj.bias, 0.) + if self.bias_k is not None: + nn.init.xavier_normal_(self.bias_k) + if self.bias_v is not None: + nn.init.xavier_normal_(self.bias_v) + + def forward(self, query, key, value, key_padding_mask=None, + incremental_state=None, need_weights=True, + static_kv=False, attn_mask=None, **kwargs): + """Input shape: Time x Batch x Channel + + Self-attention can be implemented by passing in the same arguments for + query, key and value. Timesteps can be masked by supplying a T x T mask in the + `attn_mask` argument. Padding elements can be excluded from + the key by passing a binary ByteTensor (`key_padding_mask`) with shape: + batch x src_len, where padding elements are indicated by 1s. + + """ + + qkv_same = query.data_ptr() == key.data_ptr() == value.data_ptr() + kv_same = key.data_ptr() == value.data_ptr() + tgt_len, bsz, embed_dim = query.size() + assert embed_dim == self.embed_dim + assert list(query.size()) == [tgt_len, bsz, embed_dim] + assert key.size() == value.size() + + if incremental_state is not None: + saved_state = self._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + if 'prev_key' in saved_state: + # previous time steps are cached - no need to recompute + # key and value if they are static + if static_kv: + assert kv_same and not qkv_same + key = value = None + else: + saved_state = None + + if qkv_same: + # self-attention + q, k, v = self.in_proj_qkv(query) + elif kv_same: + # encoder-decoder attention + q = self.in_proj_q(query) + if key is None: + assert value is None + k = v = None + else: + k, v = self.in_proj_kv(key) + else: + q = self.in_proj_q(query) + k = self.in_proj_k(key) + v = self.in_proj_v(value) + #q *= self.scaling + q = q * self.scaling + if self.bias_k is not None: + assert self.bias_v is not None + k = torch.cat([k, self.bias_k.repeat(1, bsz, 1)]) + v = torch.cat([v, self.bias_v.repeat(1, bsz, 1)]) + if attn_mask is not None: + # 这个操作的结果就是在attn_mask的尾部增加了一列全零数据。 + attn_mask = torch.cat([attn_mask, attn_mask.new_zeros(attn_mask.size(0), 1)], dim=1) + if key_padding_mask is not None: + key_padding_mask = torch.cat( + [key_padding_mask, key_padding_mask.new_zeros(key_padding_mask.size(0), 1)], dim=1) + + q = q.contiguous().view(tgt_len, bsz * self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(0, 1) + if k is not None: + k = k.contiguous().view(-1, bsz * self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(0, 1) + if v is not None: + v = v.contiguous().view(-1, bsz * self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(0, 1) + + if saved_state is not None: + # saved states are stored with shape (bsz, num_heads, seq_len, head_dim) + if 'prev_key' in saved_state: + prev_key = saved_state['prev_key'].view(bsz * self.num_heads, -1, self.head_dim) + if static_kv: + k = prev_key + else: + k = torch.cat((prev_key, k), dim=1) + if 'prev_value' in saved_state: + prev_value = saved_state['prev_value'].view(bsz * self.num_heads, -1, self.head_dim) + if static_kv: + v = prev_value + else: + v = torch.cat((prev_value, v), dim=1) + + saved_state['prev_key'] = k.view(bsz, self.num_heads, -1, self.head_dim) + saved_state['prev_value'] = v.view(bsz, self.num_heads, -1, self.head_dim) + self._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, saved_state) + + src_len = k.size(1) + + if key_padding_mask is not None: + assert key_padding_mask.size(0) == bsz, 'looking for bsz=%d, found %d in the mask' % (bsz, key_padding_mask.size(0)) + assert key_padding_mask.size(1) == src_len, 'looking for src_len=%d, found %d in the mask' % (src_len, key_padding_mask.size(1)) + + if self.add_zero_attn: + src_len += 1 + k = torch.cat([k, k.new_zeros((k.size(0), 1) + k.size()[2:])], dim=1) + v = torch.cat([v, v.new_zeros((v.size(0), 1) + v.size()[2:])], dim=1) + if attn_mask is not None: + attn_mask = torch.cat([attn_mask, attn_mask.new_zeros(attn_mask.size(0), 1)], dim=1) + if key_padding_mask is not None: + key_padding_mask = torch.cat( + [key_padding_mask, torch.zeros(key_padding_mask.size(0), 1).type_as(key_padding_mask)], dim=1) + + attn_weights = torch.bmm(q, k.transpose(1, 2)) + assert list(attn_weights.size()) == [bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len] + + if attn_mask is not None: + if attn_mask.dim() == 2: # same mask for all samples: + attn_mask = attn_mask.unsqueeze(0) + if self.onnx_trace: + attn_mask = attn_mask.repeat(attn_weights.size(0), 1, 1) + elif attn_mask.dim() == 3: + attn_mask = attn_mask.repeat_interleave(self.num_heads, dim=0) + # attn_weights代表了各个输入元素（在序列处理任务中通常是各个单词）之间的关联性权重， + # 这里的attn_mask与attn_mask相加是为了避免计算出来的权重产生同传受到一些不合理的影响，比如在机器翻译任务中，我们不希望当前单词受到后面单词的影响， + # 所以我们会将后面的单词对应的权重设置为一个很大的负数，这样softmax之后就会接近于0，这样就可以避免后面的单词对当前单词的影响。（模拟同传） + #print('attn_weights of size', attn_weights.size()) + #print('attn_mask of size', attn_mask.size()) + attn_weights = attn_weights + attn_mask + + if key_padding_mask is not None: + # don't attend to padding []symbols + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(bsz, self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + if self.onnx_trace: + attn_weights = torch.where( + key_padding_mask.unsqueeze(1).unsqueeze(2), + torch.Tensor([float("-Inf")]), + attn_weights.float() + ).type_as(attn_weights) + else: + attn_weights = attn_weights.float().masked_fill( + key_padding_mask.unsqueeze(1).unsqueeze(2), + float('-inf'), + ).type_as(attn_weights) # FP16 support: cast to float and back + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + + attn_weights = utils.softmax( + attn_weights, dim=-1, onnx_trace=self.onnx_trace, + ).type_as(attn_weights) + attn_weights = F.dropout(attn_weights, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + + attn = torch.bmm(attn_weights, v) + assert list(attn.size()) == [bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, self.head_dim] + if (self.onnx_trace and attn.size(1) == 1): + # when ONNX tracing a single decoder step (sequence length == 1) + # the transpose is a no-op copy before view, thus unnecessary + attn = attn.contiguous().view(tgt_len, bsz, self.inner_dim) + else: + attn = attn.transpose(0, 1).contiguous().view(tgt_len, bsz, self.inner_dim) + attn = self.out_proj(attn) + + if need_weights: + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(bsz, self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + # average attention weights over heads + attn_weights = attn_weights.sum(dim=1) / self.num_heads + # The second head: + # attn_weights = attn_weights[:, 1] + # Keep the heads separate: + # attn_weights = [attn_weights[:, h] for h in range(self.num_heads)] + else: + attn_weights = None + + return attn, attn_weights + + def in_proj_qkv(self, query): + return self._in_proj(query).chunk(3, dim=-1) + + def in_proj_kv(self, key): + if self.qkv_same_dim: + return self._in_proj(key, start=self.inner_dim).chunk(2, dim=-1) + else: + bias = self.in_proj_bias + if bias is not None: + bias = bias[self.inner_dim:] + return F.linear(key, self.kv_proj_weight, bias).chunk(2, dim=-1) + + def in_proj_q(self, query): + if self.qkv_same_dim: + return self._in_proj(query, end=self.inner_dim) + else: + bias = self.in_proj_bias + if bias is not None: + bias = bias[:self.inner_dim] + return F.linear(query, self.q_proj_weight, bias) + + def in_proj_k(self, key): + if self.qkv_same_dim: + return self._in_proj(key, start=self.inner_dim, end=2 * self.inner_dim) + else: + weight = self.kv_proj_weight[:self.inner_dim, :] + bias = self.in_proj_bias + if bias is not None: + bias = bias[self.inner_dim:2 * self.inner_dim] + return F.linear(key, weight, bias) + + def in_proj_v(self, value): + if self.qkv_same_dim: + return self._in_proj(value, start=2 * self.inner_dim) + else: + weight = self.kv_proj_weight[self.inner_dim:, :] + bias = self.in_proj_bias + if bias is not None: + bias = bias[2 * self.inner_dim:] + return F.linear(value, weight, bias) + + def _in_proj(self, input, start=0, end=None): + weight = self.in_proj_weight + bias = self.in_proj_bias + weight = weight[start:end, :] + if bias is not None: + bias = bias[start:end] + return F.linear(input, weight, bias) + + @torch.jit.export + def reorder_incremental_state( + self, incremental_state: Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]], new_order: Tensor + ): + """Reorder buffered internal state (for incremental generation).""" + input_buffer = self._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + if input_buffer is not None: + for k in input_buffer.keys(): + input_buffer_k = input_buffer[k] + if input_buffer_k is not None: + if self.encoder_decoder_attention and input_buffer_k.size(0) == new_order.size(0): + break + input_buffer[k] = input_buffer_k.index_select(0, new_order) + incremental_state = self._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, input_buffer) + return incremental_state + + def _get_input_buffer( + self, incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]] + ) -> Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]: + result = self.get_incremental_state(incremental_state, "attn_state") + if result is not None: + return result + else: + empty_result: Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]] = {} + return empty_result + + def _set_input_buffer( + self, + incremental_state: Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]], + buffer: Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]], + ): + return self.set_incremental_state(incremental_state, "attn_state", buffer) + + diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/modules/transformer_layers.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/modules/transformer_layers.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b5d8b24b463a4bec844fc5ae7a57371c89bcbe9 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/modules/transformer_layers.py @@ -0,0 +1,363 @@ +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F +from fairseq.modules import ( + gelu, LayerNorm, +) +from numpy.random import uniform +from .multihead_attention import MultiheadAttention + + +class TransformerEncoderLayer(nn.Module): + """Encoder layer block. """ + + def __init__(self, args, bert_gate=True): + super().__init__() + self.embed_dim = args.encoder_embed_dim + self.self_attn = MultiheadAttention( + embed_dim=self.embed_dim, + num_heads=args.encoder_attention_heads, + dropout=args.attention_dropout, + self_attention=True, + ) + + # bert + bert_out_dim = args.bert_out_dim + if bert_out_dim > 0: + self.bert_attn = MultiheadAttention( + embed_dim=self.embed_dim, + num_heads=args.encoder_attention_heads, + kdim=bert_out_dim, + vdim=bert_out_dim, + dropout=args.attention_dropout, + ) + else: + self.bert_attn = None + + self.dropout = args.dropout + self.relu_dropout = args.relu_dropout + self.normalize_before = args.encoder_normalize_before + self.activation = F.relu if not args.gelu else gelu + self.fc1 = Linear(self.embed_dim, args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim) + self.fc2 = Linear(args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim, self.embed_dim) + self.layer_norms = nn.ModuleList([LayerNorm(self.embed_dim) for i in range(2)]) + self.encoder_ratio = args.encoder_ratio + self.bert_ratio = args.bert_ratio + + self.encoder_bert_dropout = getattr(args, 'encoder_bert_dropout', False) + self.encoder_bert_dropout_ratio = getattr(args, 'encoder_bert_dropout_ratio', 0.25) + assert self.encoder_bert_dropout_ratio >= 0. and self.encoder_bert_dropout_ratio <= 0.5 + self.encoder_bert_mixup = getattr(args, 'encoder_bert_mixup', False) + + if not bert_gate: + self.bert_ratio = 0. + self.encoder_bert_dropout = False + self.encoder_bert_mixup = False + + # bert_nmt模型特有 + def upgrade_state_dict_named(self, state_dict, name): + """ + Rename layer norm states from `...layer_norms.0.weight` to + `...self_attn_layer_norm.weight` and `...layer_norms.1.weight` to + `...final_layer_norm.weight` + """ + layer_norm_map = { + '0': 'self_attn_layer_norm', + '1': 'final_layer_norm' + } + for old, new in layer_norm_map.items(): + for m in ('weight', 'bias'): + k = '{}.layer_norms.{}.{}'.format(name, old, m) + if k in state_dict: + state_dict[ + '{}.{}.{}'.format(name, new, m) + ] = state_dict[k] + del state_dict[k] + + def forward(self, x, encoder_padding_mask, bert_encoder_out, bert_encoder_padding_mask, encoder_attn_mask=None, self_attn_mask=None): + """ + Args: + x (Tensor): input to the layer of shape `(seq_len, batch, embed_dim)` + encoder_padding_mask (ByteTensor): binary ByteTensor of shape + `(batch, src_len)` where padding elements are indicated by ``1``. + + Returns: + encoded output of shape `(batch, src_len, embed_dim)` + """ + residual = x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(0, x, before=True) # 与bert相比，这里的0被替换为了self_attn_layer_norm + + x1, _ = self.self_attn( + query=x, + key=x, + value=x, + key_padding_mask=encoder_padding_mask, + attn_mask=self_attn_mask) + + if self.bert_attn is not None: + x2, _ = self.bert_attn( + query=x, + key=bert_encoder_out, + value=bert_encoder_out, + key_padding_mask=bert_encoder_padding_mask, + attn_mask=encoder_attn_mask + ) # 这里的key_padding_mask是bert的padding_mask + x2 = F.dropout(x2, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + else: + x2 = 0. + + x1 = F.dropout(x1, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + ratios = self.get_ratio() + x = residual + ratios[0] * x1 + ratios[1] * x2 + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(0, x, after=True) + + residual = x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(1, x, before=True) + x = self.activation(self.fc1(x)) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.relu_dropout, training=self.training) + x = self.fc2(x) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = residual + x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(1, x, after=True) + return x + + def maybe_layer_norm(self, i, x, before=False, after=False): + assert before ^ after + if after ^ self.normalize_before: + return self.layer_norms[i](x) + else: + return x + + def get_ratio(self): + if self.encoder_bert_dropout: + frand = float(uniform(0, 1)) + if self.encoder_bert_mixup and self.training: + return [frand, 1 - frand] + if frand < self.encoder_bert_dropout_ratio and self.training: + return [1, 0] + elif frand > 1 - self.encoder_bert_dropout_ratio and self.training: + return [0, 1] + else: + return [0.5, 0.5] + else: + return [self.encoder_ratio, self.bert_ratio] + +class TransformerDecoderLayer(nn.Module): + """Decoder layer block. + + In the original paper each operation (multi-head attention, encoder + attention or FFN) is postprocessed with: `dropout -> add residual -> + layernorm`. In the tensor2tensor code they suggest that learning is more + robust when preprocessing each layer with layernorm and postprocessing with: + `dropout -> add residual`. We default to the approach in the paper, but the + tensor2tensor approach can be enabled by setting + *args.decoder_normalize_before* to ``True``. + + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): parsed command-line arguments + no_encoder_attn (bool, optional): whether to attend to encoder outputs + (default: False). + """ + + def __init__(self, args, no_encoder_attn=False, add_bias_kv=False, add_zero_attn=False, bert_gate=True): + super().__init__() + self.embed_dim = args.decoder_embed_dim + self.self_attn = MultiheadAttention( + embed_dim=self.embed_dim, + num_heads=args.decoder_attention_heads, + dropout=args.attention_dropout, + add_bias_kv=add_bias_kv, + add_zero_attn=add_zero_attn, + self_attention=True + ) + + self.dropout = args.dropout + self.relu_dropout = args.relu_dropout + self.normalize_before = args.decoder_normalize_before + self.activation = F.relu if not args.gelu else gelu + + self.self_attn_layer_norm = LayerNorm(self.embed_dim) + + # 编码器-解码器注意力模块(cross-attention) + if no_encoder_attn: + self.encoder_attn = None + self.encoder_attn_layer_norm = None + else: + encoder_embed_dim = args.encoder_embed_dim + self.encoder_attn = MultiheadAttention( + embed_dim=self.embed_dim, + num_heads=args.encoder_decoder_attention_heads, + dropout=args.attention_dropout, + encoder_decoder_attention=True, + ) + + bert_out_dim = args.bert_out_dim + if bert_out_dim > 0: + self.bert_attn = MultiheadAttention( + embed_dim=self.embed_dim, + num_heads=args.encoder_decoder_attention_heads, + kdim=bert_out_dim, + vdim=bert_out_dim, + dropout=args.attention_dropout, + encoder_decoder_attention=True, + ) + else: + self.bert_attn = None + self.encoder_attn_layer_norm = LayerNorm(self.embed_dim) + + self.fc1 = Linear(self.embed_dim, args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim) + self.fc2 = Linear(args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim, self.embed_dim) + + self.final_layer_norm = LayerNorm(self.embed_dim) + self.need_attn = True + + # bert + self.encoder_ratio = args.encoder_ratio + self.bert_ratio = args.bert_ratio + + self.encoder_bert_dropout = getattr(args, 'encoder_bert_dropout', False) + self.encoder_bert_dropout_ratio = getattr(args, 'encoder_bert_dropout_ratio', 0.25) + assert self.encoder_bert_dropout_ratio >= 0. and self.encoder_bert_dropout_ratio <= 0.5 + self.encoder_bert_mixup = getattr(args, 'encoder_bert_mixup', False) + + if not bert_gate: + self.bert_ratio = 0. + self.encoder_bert_dropout = False + self.encoder_bert_mixup = False + def forward(self, + x, + encoder_out, + encoder_padding_mask, + encoder_attn_mask=None, + bert_encoder_out=None, + bert_encoder_padding_mask=None, + bert_encoder_atten_mask=None, + incremental_state=None, + prev_self_attn_state=None, + prev_attn_state=None, + self_attn_mask=None, + self_attn_padding_mask=None, + need_attn=False, + cache_encoder=True, + cache_decoder=True, + ): + """ + Args: + x (Tensor): input to the layer of shape `(seq_len, batch, embed_dim)` + encoder_padding_mask (ByteTensor): binary ByteTensor of shape + `(batch, src_len)` where padding elements are indicated by ``1``. + + Returns: + encoded output of shape `(batch, src_len, embed_dim)` + """ + # 第一层 + residual = x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(self.self_attn_layer_norm, x, before=True) + + if prev_self_attn_state is not None: + # 貌似这个prev_self_attn_state一直默认为None + if incremental_state is None: + incremental_state = {} + prev_key, prev_value = prev_self_attn_state + saved_state = {"prev_key": prev_key, "prev_value": prev_value} + self.self_attn._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, saved_state) + + # self-attention + x, attn = self.self_attn( + query=x, + key=x, + value=x, + key_padding_mask=self_attn_padding_mask, + incremental_state=incremental_state if cache_decoder else None, + need_weights=False, + attn_mask=self_attn_mask, # 为了遮蔽掉未来的信息 + ) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = residual + x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(self.self_attn_layer_norm, x, after=True) + + # 第二层 bert_attention + #attn = None + if self.encoder_attn is not None: + residual = x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(self.encoder_attn_layer_norm, x, before=True) + if prev_attn_state is not None: + if incremental_state is None: + incremental_state = {} + prev_key, prev_value = prev_attn_state + saved_state = {"prev_key": prev_key, "prev_value": prev_value} + self.encoder_attn._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, saved_state) + x1, attn = self.encoder_attn( + query=x, + key=encoder_out, + value=encoder_out, + key_padding_mask=encoder_padding_mask, + attn_mask=encoder_attn_mask, # 在BERT中加入了waitk的信息，能看到waitk之前的信息 + # incremental_state=incremental_state if cache_encoder else None, + incremental_state=incremental_state, + static_kv=True, + need_weights=(not self.training and self.need_attn) or need_attn, + ) + if self.bert_attn is not None: + x2, _ = self.bert_attn( + query=x, + key=bert_encoder_out, + value=bert_encoder_out, + key_padding_mask=bert_encoder_padding_mask, + attn_mask=bert_encoder_atten_mask, + # incremental_state=incremental_state if cache_encoder else None, + incremental_state=None, + static_kv=True, + need_weights=(not self.training and self.need_attn) or need_attn, + ) + x2 = F.dropout(x2, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + else: + x2 = 0. + + x1 = F.dropout(x1, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + ratios = self.get_ratio() + x = residual + ratios[0] * x1 + ratios[1] * x2 + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(self.encoder_attn_layer_norm, x, after=True) + + # 第三层 + residual = x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(self.final_layer_norm, x, before=True) + x = self.activation(self.fc1(x)) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.relu_dropout, training=self.training) + x = self.fc2(x) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = residual + x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(self.final_layer_norm, x, after=True) + return x, attn + + def get_ratio(self): + if self.encoder_bert_dropout: + frand = float(uniform(0, 1)) + if self.encoder_bert_mixup and self.training: + return [frand, 1 - frand] + if frand < self.encoder_bert_dropout_ratio and self.training: + return [1, 0] + elif frand > 1 - self.encoder_bert_dropout_ratio and self.training: + return [0, 1] + else: + return [0.5, 0.5] + else: + return [self.encoder_ratio, self.bert_ratio] + + def maybe_layer_norm(self, layer_norm, x, before=False, after=False): + assert before ^ after + if after ^ self.normalize_before: + return layer_norm(x) + else: + return x + + def make_generation_fast_(self, need_attn=False, **kwargs): + self.need_attn = need_attn + + +def Linear(in_features, out_features, bias=True): + m = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features, bias) + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(m.weight) + if bias: + nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0.) + return m + diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/tasks/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/tasks/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e998f0c7a6fff0ecaba29d2e5480e14bb760496b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/tasks/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +import importlib +import os + +for file in os.listdir(os.path.dirname(__file__)): + if file.endswith('.py') and not file.startswith('_'): + task_name = file[:file.find('.py')] + importlib.import_module('examples.waitk.tasks.' + task_name) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/tasks/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/tasks/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b47d3206b4f88af70d6e764635dca5e3be70e8ae Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/tasks/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/tasks/__pycache__/waitk_task.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/tasks/__pycache__/waitk_task.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0572e6293bf8ec9cb2ea5b5178bb66df5b00781c Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/tasks/__pycache__/waitk_task.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/tasks/waitk_task.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/tasks/waitk_task.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8712dfa20c14cfaa1a7fa078abadf6a31797a420 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/tasks/waitk_task.py @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +import os +import torch + +from fairseq import options, search +from fairseq.data import Dictionary, data_utils +from fairseq.tasks import register_task +from fairseq.tasks.translation import TranslationTask + + +@register_task('waitk_translation') +class WaitkTask(TranslationTask): + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + TranslationTask.add_args(parser) + parser.add_argument('--eval-waitk', default=3, type=int) + + def build_generator(self, models, args): + from examples.waitk.generators.waitk_sequence_generator import WaitkSequenceGenerator + # Choose search strategy. Defaults to Beam Search. + sampling = getattr(args, "sampling", False) + sampling_topk = getattr(args, "sampling_topk", -1) + sampling_topp = getattr(args, "sampling_topp", -1.0) + diverse_beam_groups = getattr(args, "diverse_beam_groups", -1) + diverse_beam_strength = getattr(args, "diverse_beam_strength", 0.5) + match_source_len = getattr(args, "match_source_len", False) + diversity_rate = getattr(args, "diversity_rate", -1) + if ( + sum( + int(cond) + for cond in [ + sampling, + diverse_beam_groups > 0, + match_source_len, + diversity_rate > 0, + ] + ) + > 1 + ): + raise ValueError("Provided Search parameters are mutually exclusive.") + assert sampling_topk < 0 or sampling, "--sampling-topk requires --sampling" + assert sampling_topp < 0 or sampling, "--sampling-topp requires --sampling" + + if sampling: + search_strategy = search.Sampling( + self.target_dictionary, sampling_topk, sampling_topp + ) + elif diverse_beam_groups > 0: + search_strategy = search.DiverseBeamSearch( + self.target_dictionary, diverse_beam_groups, diverse_beam_strength + ) + elif match_source_len: + # this is useful for tagging applications where the output + # length should match the input length, so we hardcode the + # length constraints for simplicity + search_strategy = search.LengthConstrainedBeamSearch( + self.target_dictionary, + min_len_a=1, + min_len_b=0, + max_len_a=1, + max_len_b=0, + ) + elif diversity_rate > -1: + search_strategy = search.DiverseSiblingsSearch( + self.target_dictionary, diversity_rate + ) + else: + search_strategy = search.BeamSearch(self.target_dictionary) + # 最后会返回一个WaitkSequenceGenerator对象 + return WaitkSequenceGenerator( + models, + self.target_dictionary, + beam_size=getattr(args, "beam", 5), + max_len_a=getattr(args, "max_len_a", 0), + max_len_b=getattr(args, "max_len_b", 200), + min_len=getattr(args, "min_len", 1), + normalize_scores=(not getattr(args, "unnormalized", False)), + len_penalty=getattr(args, "lenpen", 1), + unk_penalty=getattr(args, "unkpen", 0), + temperature=getattr(args, "temperature", 1.0), + match_source_len=getattr(args, "match_source_len", False), + no_repeat_ngram_size=getattr(args, "no_repeat_ngram_size", 0), + search_strategy=search_strategy, + waitk=args.eval_waitk + ) + + diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/waitk.png b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/waitk.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e93658b084329f47bf1a6d98584f9bba4cb19638 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/examples/waitk/waitk.png @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:4af2ead6d5cfcae1c81b8a6612de475bae2a24ccaba6b10514121364bb3d255f +size 145656 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3dd29637af82124c6f90f23808908c8a884cf88e --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +__all__ = ['pdb'] +__version__ = '0.9.0' + +import sys + +# backwards compatibility to support `from fairseq.meters import AverageMeter` +from fairseq.logging import meters, metrics, progress_bar # noqa +sys.modules['fairseq.meters'] = meters +sys.modules['fairseq.metrics'] = metrics +sys.modules['fairseq.progress_bar'] = progress_bar + +import fairseq.criterions # noqa +import fairseq.models # noqa +import fairseq.modules # noqa +import fairseq.optim # noqa +import fairseq.optim.lr_scheduler # noqa +import fairseq.pdb # noqa +import fairseq.tasks # noqa + +import fairseq.benchmark # noqa +import fairseq.model_parallel # 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b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/benchmark/dummy_lm.py @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging + +import numpy as np +import torch + +from fairseq.data import Dictionary, FairseqDataset +from fairseq.tasks import FairseqTask, register_task + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_task('dummy_lm') +class DummyLMTask(FairseqTask): + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument('--dict-size', default=50000, type=int) + parser.add_argument('--dataset-size', default=100000, type=int) + parser.add_argument('--tokens-per-sample', default=512, type=int, + help='max number of total tokens over all segments ' + 'per sample for BERT dataset') + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary): + super().__init__(args) + self.dictionary = dictionary + self.seed = args.seed + + seq = torch.arange(args.tokens_per_sample + 1) + dictionary.pad() + 1 + + self.dummy_src = seq[:-1] + self.dummy_tgt = seq[1:] + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, **kwargs): + """Setup the task. """ + dictionary = Dictionary() + for i in range(args.dict_size): + dictionary.add_symbol('word{}'.format(i)) + logger.info('dictionary: {} types'.format(len(dictionary))) + return cls(args, dictionary) + + def load_dataset(self, split, epoch=1, combine=False, **kwargs): + """Load a given dataset split. + Args: + split (str): name of the split (e.g., train, valid, test) + """ + bsz = self.args.max_sentences + self.datasets[split] = DummyDataset( + { + 'id': 1, + 'net_input': { + 'src_tokens': torch.stack([self.dummy_src for _ in range(bsz)]), + 'src_lengths': torch.full((bsz, ), self.args.tokens_per_sample), + }, + 'target': torch.stack([self.dummy_tgt for _ in range(bsz)]), + 'nsentences': bsz, + 'ntokens': bsz * self.args.tokens_per_sample, + }, + num_items=self.args.dataset_size, + item_size=self.args.tokens_per_sample, + ) + + @property + def source_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary + + +class DummyDataset(FairseqDataset): + + def __init__(self, batch, num_items, item_size): + super().__init__() + self.batch = batch + self.num_items = num_items + self.item_size = item_size + + def __getitem__(self, index): + return index + + def __len__(self): + return self.num_items + + def collater(self, samples): + return self.batch + + @property + def sizes(self): + return np.array([self.item_size] * self.num_items) + + def num_tokens(self, index): + return self.item_size + + def size(self, index): + return self.item_size + + def ordered_indices(self): + return np.arange(self.num_items) + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return False diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/benchmark/dummy_masked_lm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/benchmark/dummy_masked_lm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3ddea81065288210d25c307f6115e248747af43 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/benchmark/dummy_masked_lm.py @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging + +import numpy as np +import torch + +from fairseq.data import Dictionary, FairseqDataset +from fairseq.tasks import FairseqTask, register_task + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_task('dummy_masked_lm') +class DummyMaskedLMTask(FairseqTask): + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument('--dict-size', default=50000, type=int) + parser.add_argument('--dataset-size', default=100000, type=int) + parser.add_argument('--tokens-per-sample', default=512, type=int, + help='max number of total tokens over all segments ' + 'per sample for BERT dataset') + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary): + super().__init__(args) + self.dictionary = dictionary + self.seed = args.seed + + # add mask token + self.mask_idx = dictionary.add_symbol('') + assert len(dictionary) % 8 == 0 + + mask_idx = 0 + pad_idx = 1 + seq = torch.arange(args.tokens_per_sample) + pad_idx + 1 + mask = torch.arange(2, args.tokens_per_sample, 7) # ~15% + src = seq.clone() + src[mask] = mask_idx + tgt = torch.full_like(seq, pad_idx) + tgt[mask] = seq[mask] + + self.dummy_src = src + self.dummy_tgt = tgt + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, **kwargs): + """Setup the task. """ + dictionary = Dictionary() + for i in range(args.dict_size): + dictionary.add_symbol('word{}'.format(i)) + logger.info('dictionary: {} types'.format(len(dictionary))) + return cls(args, dictionary) + + def load_dataset(self, split, epoch=1, combine=False, **kwargs): + """Load a given dataset split. + Args: + split (str): name of the split (e.g., train, valid, test) + """ + bsz = self.args.max_sentences + self.datasets[split] = DummyDataset( + { + 'id': 1, + 'net_input': { + 'src_tokens': torch.stack([self.dummy_src for _ in range(bsz)]), + 'src_lengths': torch.full((bsz, ), self.args.tokens_per_sample), + }, + 'target': torch.stack([self.dummy_tgt for _ in range(bsz)]), + 'nsentences': bsz, + 'ntokens': bsz * self.args.tokens_per_sample, + }, + num_items=self.args.dataset_size, + item_size=self.args.tokens_per_sample, + ) + + @property + def source_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary + + +class DummyDataset(FairseqDataset): + + def __init__(self, batch, num_items, item_size): + super().__init__() + self.batch = batch + self.num_items = num_items + self.item_size = item_size + + def __getitem__(self, index): + return index + + def __len__(self): + return self.num_items + + def collater(self, samples): + return self.batch + + @property + def sizes(self): + return np.array([self.item_size] * self.num_items) + + def num_tokens(self, index): + return self.item_size + + def size(self, index): + return self.item_size + + def ordered_indices(self): + return np.arange(self.num_items) + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return False diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/benchmark/dummy_model.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/benchmark/dummy_model.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..817cdb34bb2dcdc8a49dd13328c9d020b4e9d03c --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/benchmark/dummy_model.py @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq.data import Dictionary +from fairseq.models import ( + FairseqDecoder, + FairseqLanguageModel, + register_model, + register_model_architecture, +) + + +@register_model('dummy_model') +class DummyModel(FairseqLanguageModel): + + def __init__(self, args, encoder): + super().__init__(encoder) + self.args = args + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + parser.add_argument('--num-layers', type=int, default=24) + parser.add_argument('--embed-dim', type=int, default=1024) + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + encoder = DummyEncoder( + num_embed=len(task.target_dictionary), + embed_dim=args.embed_dim, + num_layers=args.num_layers, + ) + return cls(args, encoder) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, masked_tokens=None, **kwargs): + return self.decoder(src_tokens, masked_tokens=masked_tokens) + + +class DummyEncoder(FairseqDecoder): + + def __init__(self, num_embed=50000, embed_dim=1024, num_layers=24): + super().__init__(Dictionary()) + self.embed = nn.Embedding( + num_embeddings=num_embed, embedding_dim=embed_dim, padding_idx=0 + ) + self.layers_a = nn.ModuleList([ + nn.Sequential( + nn.LayerNorm(embed_dim), + nn.Linear(embed_dim, 3*embed_dim), # q, k, v input projection + nn.Linear(3*embed_dim, embed_dim), # skip self-attention + nn.Linear(embed_dim, embed_dim), # output projection + nn.Dropout(), + ) + for i in range(num_layers) + ]) + self.layers_b = nn.ModuleList([ + nn.Sequential( + nn.LayerNorm(embed_dim), + nn.Linear(embed_dim, 4*embed_dim), # FFN + nn.ReLU(), + nn.Linear(4*embed_dim, embed_dim), # FFN + nn.Dropout(0.1), + ) + for i in range(num_layers) + ]) + self.out_proj = nn.Linear(embed_dim, num_embed) + + def forward(self, tokens, masked_tokens=None): + x = self.embed(tokens) + for layer_a, layer_b in zip(self.layers_a, self.layers_b): + x = x + layer_a(x) + x = x + layer_b(x) + x = self.out_proj(x) + if masked_tokens is not None: + x = x[masked_tokens] + return (x,) + + def max_positions(self): + return 1024 + + def get_normalized_probs(self, net_output, log_probs, sample=None): + logits = net_output[0].float() + if log_probs: + return F.log_softmax(logits, dim=-1) + else: + return F.softmax(logits, dim=-1) + + +@register_model_architecture('dummy_model', 'dummy_model') +def base_architecture(args): + pass diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/binarizer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/binarizer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6554e48572c32c66732e80923c5522c94feffe14 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/binarizer.py @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import os +from collections import Counter + +from fairseq.tokenizer import tokenize_line +import torch +from bert import BertTokenizer + +def safe_readline(f): + pos = f.tell() + while True: + try: + return f.readline() + except UnicodeDecodeError: + pos -= 1 + f.seek(pos) # search where this character begins + + +class Binarizer: + @staticmethod + def binarize( + filename, + dict, + consumer, + tokenize=tokenize_line, + append_eos=True, + reverse_order=False, + offset=0, + end=-1, + already_numberized=False, + ): + nseq, ntok = 0, 0 + replaced = Counter() + + def replaced_consumer(word, idx): + if idx == dict.unk_index and word != dict.unk_word: + replaced.update([word]) + + with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f: + f.seek(offset) + # next(f) breaks f.tell(), hence readline() must be used + line = safe_readline(f) + while line: + if end > 0 and f.tell() > end: + break + #if already_numberized: + if isinstance(dict, BertTokenizer): + line = line.strip() + line = '{} {} {}'.format('[CLS]', line, '[SEP]') + tokenizedline = dict.tokenize(line) + if len(tokenizedline) > dict.max_len: + tokenizedline = tokenizedline[:dict.max_len-1] + tokenizedline.append('[SEP]') + words = dict.convert_tokens_to_ids(tokenizedline) + nwords = len(words) + ids = torch.IntTensor(nwords) + for i, word in enumerate(words): + ids[i] = word + replaced_consumer(tokenizedline[i], word) + # id_strings = line.strip().split() + # id_list = [int(id_string) for id_string in id_strings] + # if reverse_order: + # id_list.reverse() + # if append_eos: + # id_list.append(dict.eos()) + # ids = torch.IntTensor(id_list) + else: + ids = dict.encode_line( + line=line, + line_tokenizer=tokenize, + add_if_not_exist=False, + consumer=replaced_consumer, + append_eos=append_eos, + reverse_order=reverse_order, + ) + nseq += 1 + ntok += len(ids) + consumer(ids) + line = f.readline() + return { + "nseq": nseq, + "nunk": sum(replaced.values()), + "ntok": ntok, + "replaced": replaced, + } + + @staticmethod + def binarize_alignments(filename, alignment_parser, consumer, offset=0, end=-1): + nseq = 0 + + with open(filename, "r") as f: + f.seek(offset) + line = safe_readline(f) + while line: + if end > 0 and f.tell() > end: + break + ids = alignment_parser(line) + nseq += 1 + consumer(ids) + line = f.readline() + return {"nseq": nseq} + + @staticmethod + def find_offsets(filename, num_chunks): + with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f: + size = os.fstat(f.fileno()).st_size + chunk_size = size // num_chunks + offsets = [0 for _ in range(num_chunks + 1)] + for i in range(1, num_chunks): + f.seek(chunk_size * i) + safe_readline(f) + offsets[i] = f.tell() + return offsets diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/bleu.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/bleu.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36b15286fc04b567a4f079c55fcd4e8e15df9d47 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/bleu.py @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import ctypes +import math +import torch + +try: + from fairseq import libbleu +except ImportError as e: + import sys + sys.stderr.write('ERROR: missing libbleu.so. run `pip install --editable .`\n') + raise e + + +C = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary(libbleu.__file__) + + +class BleuStat(ctypes.Structure): + _fields_ = [ + ('reflen', ctypes.c_size_t), + ('predlen', ctypes.c_size_t), + ('match1', ctypes.c_size_t), + ('count1', ctypes.c_size_t), + ('match2', ctypes.c_size_t), + ('count2', ctypes.c_size_t), + ('match3', ctypes.c_size_t), + ('count3', ctypes.c_size_t), + ('match4', ctypes.c_size_t), + ('count4', ctypes.c_size_t), + ] + + +class SacrebleuScorer(object): + def __init__(self): + import sacrebleu + self.sacrebleu = sacrebleu + self.reset() + + def reset(self, one_init=False): + if one_init: + raise NotImplementedError + self.ref = [] + self.sys = [] + + def add_string(self, ref, pred): + self.ref.append(ref) + self.sys.append(pred) + + def score(self, order=4): + return self.result_string(order).score + + def result_string(self, order=4): + if order != 4: + raise NotImplementedError + return self.sacrebleu.corpus_bleu(self.sys, [self.ref]) + + +class Scorer(object): + def __init__(self, pad, eos, unk): + self.stat = BleuStat() + self.pad = pad + self.eos = eos + self.unk = unk + self.reset() + + def reset(self, one_init=False): + if one_init: + C.bleu_one_init(ctypes.byref(self.stat)) + else: + C.bleu_zero_init(ctypes.byref(self.stat)) + + def add(self, ref, pred): + if not isinstance(ref, torch.IntTensor): + raise TypeError('ref must be a torch.IntTensor (got {})' + .format(type(ref))) + if not isinstance(pred, torch.IntTensor): + raise TypeError('pred must be a torch.IntTensor(got {})' + .format(type(pred))) + + # don't match unknown words + rref = ref.clone() + assert not rref.lt(0).any() + rref[rref.eq(self.unk)] = -999 + + rref = rref.contiguous().view(-1) + pred = pred.contiguous().view(-1) + + C.bleu_add( + ctypes.byref(self.stat), + ctypes.c_size_t(rref.size(0)), + ctypes.c_void_p(rref.data_ptr()), + ctypes.c_size_t(pred.size(0)), + ctypes.c_void_p(pred.data_ptr()), + ctypes.c_int(self.pad), + ctypes.c_int(self.eos)) + + def score(self, order=4): + psum = sum(math.log(p) if p > 0 else float('-Inf') + for p in self.precision()[:order]) + return self.brevity() * math.exp(psum / order) * 100 + + def precision(self): + def ratio(a, b): + return a / b if b > 0 else 0 + + return [ + ratio(self.stat.match1, self.stat.count1), + ratio(self.stat.match2, self.stat.count2), + ratio(self.stat.match3, self.stat.count3), + ratio(self.stat.match4, self.stat.count4), + ] + + def brevity(self): + r = self.stat.reflen / self.stat.predlen + return min(1, math.exp(1 - r)) + + def result_string(self, order=4): + assert order <= 4, "BLEU scores for order > 4 aren't supported" + fmt = 'BLEU{} = {:2.2f}, {:2.1f}' + for _ in range(1, order): + fmt += '/{:2.1f}' + fmt += ' (BP={:.3f}, ratio={:.3f}, syslen={}, reflen={})' + bleup = [p * 100 for p in self.precision()[:order]] + return fmt.format(order, self.score(order=order), *bleup, + self.brevity(), self.stat.predlen/self.stat.reflen, + self.stat.predlen, self.stat.reflen) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/checkpoint_utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/checkpoint_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6936fcf13ac71aca6bb0d91e6a019ab33826e3a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/checkpoint_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,526 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import collections +import logging +import os +import re +import traceback +from collections import OrderedDict +from typing import Union + +import torch +from fairseq.file_io import PathManager +from fairseq.models import FairseqDecoder, FairseqEncoder +from torch.serialization import default_restore_location + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +def save_checkpoint(args, trainer, epoch_itr, val_loss,warmup_from_nmt=False): + from fairseq import distributed_utils, meters + + # only one worker should attempt to create the required dir + if args.distributed_rank == 0: + os.makedirs(args.save_dir, exist_ok=True) + + prev_best = getattr(save_checkpoint, "best", val_loss) + if val_loss is not None: + best_function = max if args.maximize_best_checkpoint_metric else min + save_checkpoint.best = best_function(val_loss, prev_best) + + if args.no_save or not trainer.is_data_parallel_master: + return + + def is_better(a, b): + return a >= b if args.maximize_best_checkpoint_metric else a <= b + + write_timer = meters.StopwatchMeter() + write_timer.start() + + epoch = epoch_itr.epoch + end_of_epoch = epoch_itr.end_of_epoch() if not warmup_from_nmt else True + updates = trainer.get_num_updates() + + suffix = getattr(args, "checkpoint_suffix", "") + checkpoint_conds = collections.OrderedDict() + checkpoint_conds["checkpoint{}{}.pt".format(epoch, suffix)] = ( + end_of_epoch + and not args.no_epoch_checkpoints + and epoch % args.save_interval == 0 + ) + checkpoint_conds["checkpoint_{}_{}{}.pt".format(epoch, updates, suffix)] = ( + not end_of_epoch + and args.save_interval_updates > 0 + and updates % args.save_interval_updates == 0 + ) + checkpoint_conds["checkpoint_best{}.pt".format(suffix)] = val_loss is not None and ( + not hasattr(save_checkpoint, "best") + or is_better(val_loss, save_checkpoint.best) + ) + if val_loss is not None and args.keep_best_checkpoints > 0: + checkpoint_conds["checkpoint.best_{}_{:.2f}.pt".format( + args.best_checkpoint_metric, val_loss)] = ( + not hasattr(save_checkpoint, "best") + or is_better(val_loss, save_checkpoint.best) + ) + checkpoint_conds["checkpoint_last{}.pt".format(suffix)] = not args.no_last_checkpoints + + extra_state = {"train_iterator": epoch_itr.state_dict(), "val_loss": val_loss} + if hasattr(save_checkpoint, "best"): + extra_state.update({"best": save_checkpoint.best}) + + checkpoints = [ + os.path.join(args.save_dir, fn) for fn, cond in checkpoint_conds.items() if cond + ] + if len(checkpoints) > 0: + trainer.save_checkpoint(checkpoints[0], extra_state) + for cp in checkpoints[1:]: + PathManager.copy(checkpoints[0], cp, overwrite=True) + + write_timer.stop() + logger.info( + "saved checkpoint {} (epoch {} @ {} updates, score {}) (writing took {} seconds)".format( + checkpoints[0], epoch, updates, val_loss, write_timer.sum + ) + ) + + if not end_of_epoch and args.keep_interval_updates > 0: + # remove old checkpoints; checkpoints are sorted in descending order + checkpoints = checkpoint_paths( + args.save_dir, pattern=r"checkpoint_\d+_(\d+)\.pt" + ) + for old_chk in checkpoints[args.keep_interval_updates :]: + if os.path.lexists(old_chk): + os.remove(old_chk) + + if args.keep_last_epochs > 0: + # remove old epoch checkpoints; checkpoints are sorted in descending order + checkpoints = checkpoint_paths(args.save_dir, pattern=r"checkpoint(\d+)\.pt") + for old_chk in checkpoints[args.keep_last_epochs :]: + if os.path.lexists(old_chk): + os.remove(old_chk) + + if args.keep_best_checkpoints > 0: + # only keep the best N checkpoints according to validation metric + checkpoints = checkpoint_paths( + args.save_dir, pattern=r"checkpoint\.best_{}_(\d+\.?\d*)\.pt".format(args.best_checkpoint_metric)) + if not args.maximize_best_checkpoint_metric: + checkpoints = checkpoints[::-1] + for old_chk in checkpoints[args.keep_best_checkpoints:]: + if os.path.lexists(old_chk): + os.remove(old_chk) + + +def load_checkpoint(args, trainer, **passthrough_args): + """ + Load a checkpoint and restore the training iterator. + + *passthrough_args* will be passed through to + ``trainer.get_train_iterator``. + """ + if args.warmup_from_nmt: + if os.path.isabs(args.warmup_nmt_file): + checkpoint_path = args.warmup_nmt_file + else: + checkpoint_path = os.path.join(args.save_dir, args.warmup_nmt_file) + print('保存地址的输出结果为：', checkpoint_path) + assert os.path.exists(checkpoint_path), 'You should specify right --warmup-nmt-file if you use --restore-file flag' + print('Model will load checkpoint from {}'.format(checkpoint_path)) + else: + if args.restore_file == "checkpoint_last.pt": + suffix = getattr(args, "checkpoint_suffix", "") + checkpoint_path = os.path.join(args.save_dir, "checkpoint_last{}.pt".format(suffix)) + else: + checkpoint_path = args.restore_file + + extra_state = trainer.load_checkpoint( + checkpoint_path, + args.reset_optimizer, + args.reset_lr_scheduler, + eval(args.optimizer_overrides), + reset_meters=args.reset_meters, + warmup_from_nmt=args.warmup_from_nmt, + ) + + if ( + extra_state is not None + and "best" in extra_state + and not args.reset_optimizer + and not args.reset_meters + ): + save_checkpoint.best = extra_state["best"] + + if extra_state is not None and not args.reset_dataloader: + # restore iterator from checkpoint + itr_state = extra_state["train_iterator"] + epoch_itr = trainer.get_train_iterator( + epoch=itr_state["epoch"], load_dataset=True, **passthrough_args + ) + epoch_itr.load_state_dict(itr_state) + else: + epoch_itr = trainer.get_train_iterator( + epoch=1, load_dataset=True, **passthrough_args + ) + + trainer.lr_step(epoch_itr.epoch) + + return extra_state, epoch_itr + + +def load_checkpoint_to_cpu(path, arg_overrides=None): + """Loads a checkpoint to CPU (with upgrading for backward compatibility).""" + with PathManager.open(path, "rb") as f: + state = torch.load( + f, map_location=lambda s, l: default_restore_location(s, "cpu") + ) + + args = state["args"] + if arg_overrides is not None: + for arg_name, arg_val in arg_overrides.items(): + setattr(args, arg_name, arg_val) + state = _upgrade_state_dict(state) + return state + + +def load_model_ensemble(filenames, arg_overrides=None, task=None, bert_ratio=None, encoder_ratio=None, geargs=None, strict=True, suffix=''): +#def load_model_ensemble(filenames, arg_overrides=None, task=None, bert_ratio=None, encoder_ratio=None, geargs=None): + """Loads an ensemble of models. + + Args: + filenames (List[str]): checkpoint files to load + arg_overrides (Dict[str,Any], optional): override model args that + were used during model training + task (fairseq.tasks.FairseqTask, optional): task to use for loading + """ + ensemble, args, _task = load_model_ensemble_and_task( + filenames, arg_overrides, task, bert_ratio, encoder_ratio,geargs, strict, suffix, + ) + return ensemble, args + + +def load_model_ensemble_and_task(filenames, arg_overrides=None, task=None, bert_ratio=None, encoder_ratio=None, geargs=None, strict=True, suffix=''): + #def load_model_ensemble(filenames, arg_overrides=None, task=None, bert_ratio=None, encoder_ratio=None, geargs=None): + from fairseq import tasks + print('加载模型的名称为：', filenames) + ensemble = [] + for filename in filenames: + filename = filename.replace(".pt", suffix + ".pt") + if not PathManager.exists(filename): + raise IOError("Model file not found: {}".format(filename)) + state = load_checkpoint_to_cpu(filename, arg_overrides) + + args = state["args"] + if geargs is not None: + bert_output_layer = getattr(args, 'bert_output_layer', -1) + setattr(args, 'bert_output_layer', bert_output_layer) + if arg_overrides is not None: + for arg_name, arg_val in arg_overrides.items(): + setattr(args, arg_name, arg_val) + + if task is None: + task = tasks.setup_task(args) + + if bert_ratio is not None: + args.bert_ratio = bert_ratio + if encoder_ratio is not None: + args.encoder_ratio = encoder_ratio + # build model for ensemble + model = task.build_model(args) + model.load_state_dict(state["model"], strict=strict, args=args) + ensemble.append(model) + return ensemble, args, task + + +def checkpoint_paths(path, pattern=r"checkpoint(\d+)\.pt"): + """Retrieves all checkpoints found in `path` directory. + + Checkpoints are identified by matching filename to the specified pattern. If + the pattern contains groups, the result will be sorted by the first group in + descending order. + """ + pt_regexp = re.compile(pattern) + files = os.listdir(path) + + entries = [] + for i, f in enumerate(files): + m = pt_regexp.fullmatch(f) + if m is not None: + idx = float(m.group(1)) if len(m.groups()) > 0 else i + entries.append((idx, m.group(0))) + return [os.path.join(path, x[1]) for x in sorted(entries, reverse=True)] + + +def torch_persistent_save(*args, **kwargs): + for i in range(3): + try: + return torch.save(*args, **kwargs) + except Exception: + if i == 2: + logger.error(traceback.format_exc()) + + +def convert_state_dict_type(state_dict, ttype=torch.FloatTensor): + if isinstance(state_dict, dict): + cpu_dict = OrderedDict() + for k, v in state_dict.items(): + cpu_dict[k] = convert_state_dict_type(v) + return cpu_dict + elif isinstance(state_dict, list): + return [convert_state_dict_type(v) for v in state_dict] + elif torch.is_tensor(state_dict): + return state_dict.type(ttype) + else: + return state_dict + + +def save_state( + filename, + args, + model_state_dict, + criterion, + optimizer, + lr_scheduler, + num_updates, + optim_history=None, + extra_state=None, +): + from fairseq import utils + + if optim_history is None: + optim_history = [] + if extra_state is None: + extra_state = {} + state_dict = { + "args": args, + "model": convert_state_dict_type(model_state_dict) if model_state_dict else {}, + "optimizer_history": optim_history + + [ + { + "criterion_name": criterion.__class__.__name__, + "optimizer_name": optimizer.__class__.__name__, + "lr_scheduler_state": lr_scheduler.state_dict(), + "num_updates": num_updates, + } + ], + "extra_state": extra_state, + } + if utils.has_parameters(criterion): + state_dict["criterion"] = criterion.state_dict() + if not args.no_save_optimizer_state: + state_dict["last_optimizer_state"] = convert_state_dict_type( + optimizer.state_dict() + ) + + with PathManager.open(filename, "wb") as f: + torch_persistent_save(state_dict, f) + + +def _upgrade_state_dict(state): + """Helper for upgrading old model checkpoints.""" + from fairseq import models, registry, tasks + + # add optimizer_history + if "optimizer_history" not in state: + state["optimizer_history"] = [ + {"criterion_name": "CrossEntropyCriterion", "best_loss": state["best_loss"]} + ] + state["last_optimizer_state"] = state["optimizer"] + del state["optimizer"] + del state["best_loss"] + # move extra_state into sub-dictionary + if "epoch" in state and "extra_state" not in state: + state["extra_state"] = { + "epoch": state["epoch"], + "batch_offset": state["batch_offset"], + "val_loss": state["val_loss"], + } + del state["epoch"] + del state["batch_offset"] + del state["val_loss"] + # reduce optimizer history's memory usage (only keep the last state) + if "optimizer" in state["optimizer_history"][-1]: + state["last_optimizer_state"] = state["optimizer_history"][-1]["optimizer"] + for optim_hist in state["optimizer_history"]: + del optim_hist["optimizer"] + # record the optimizer class name + if "optimizer_name" not in state["optimizer_history"][-1]: + state["optimizer_history"][-1]["optimizer_name"] = "FairseqNAG" + # move best_loss into lr_scheduler_state + if "lr_scheduler_state" not in state["optimizer_history"][-1]: + state["optimizer_history"][-1]["lr_scheduler_state"] = { + "best": state["optimizer_history"][-1]["best_loss"] + } + del state["optimizer_history"][-1]["best_loss"] + # keep track of number of updates + if "num_updates" not in state["optimizer_history"][-1]: + state["optimizer_history"][-1]["num_updates"] = 0 + # old model checkpoints may not have separate source/target positions + if hasattr(state["args"], "max_positions") and not hasattr( + state["args"], "max_source_positions" + ): + state["args"].max_source_positions = state["args"].max_positions + state["args"].max_target_positions = state["args"].max_positions + # use stateful training data iterator + if "train_iterator" not in state["extra_state"]: + state["extra_state"]["train_iterator"] = { + "epoch": state["extra_state"]["epoch"], + "iterations_in_epoch": state["extra_state"].get("batch_offset", 0), + } + # default to translation task + if not hasattr(state["args"], "task"): + state["args"].task = "translation" + # --raw-text and --lazy-load are deprecated + if getattr(state["args"], "raw_text", False): + state["args"].dataset_impl = "raw" + elif getattr(state["args"], "lazy_load", False): + state["args"].dataset_impl = "lazy" + # epochs start at 1 + if state["extra_state"]["train_iterator"] is not None: + state["extra_state"]["train_iterator"]["epoch"] = max( + state["extra_state"]["train_iterator"].get("epoch", 1), + 1, + ) + + # set any missing default values in the task, model or other registries + registry.set_defaults(state["args"], tasks.TASK_REGISTRY[state["args"].task]) + registry.set_defaults(state["args"], models.ARCH_MODEL_REGISTRY[state["args"].arch]) + for registry_name, REGISTRY in registry.REGISTRIES.items(): + choice = getattr(state["args"], registry_name, None) + if choice is not None: + cls = REGISTRY["registry"][choice] + registry.set_defaults(state["args"], cls) + + return state + + +def prune_state_dict(state_dict, args): + """Prune the given state_dict if desired for LayerDrop + (https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11556). + + Training with LayerDrop allows models to be robust to pruning at inference + time. This function prunes state_dict to allow smaller models to be loaded + from a larger model and re-maps the existing state_dict for this to occur. + + It's called by functions that load models from checkpoints and does not + need to be called directly. + """ + if not args or args.arch == "ptt_transformer": + # args should not be none, but don't crash if it is. + return state_dict + + encoder_layers_to_keep = ( + args.encoder_layers_to_keep if "encoder_layers_to_keep" in vars(args) else None + ) + decoder_layers_to_keep = ( + args.decoder_layers_to_keep if "decoder_layers_to_keep" in vars(args) else None + ) + + if not encoder_layers_to_keep and not decoder_layers_to_keep: + return state_dict + + # apply pruning + logger.info( + "Pruning model to specified layer configuration - this works best if the model was trained with LayerDrop" + ) + + def create_pruning_pass(layers_to_keep, layer_name): + keep_layers = sorted( + [int(layer_string) for layer_string in layers_to_keep.split(",")] + ) + mapping_dict = {} + for i in range(len(keep_layers)): + mapping_dict[str(keep_layers[i])] = str(i) + + regex = re.compile("^{layer}.*\.layers\.(\d+)".format(layer=layer_name)) + return {"substitution_regex": regex, "mapping_dict": mapping_dict} + + pruning_passes = [] + if encoder_layers_to_keep: + pruning_passes.append(create_pruning_pass(encoder_layers_to_keep, "encoder")) + if decoder_layers_to_keep: + pruning_passes.append(create_pruning_pass(decoder_layers_to_keep, "decoder")) + + new_state_dict = {} + for layer_name in state_dict.keys(): + match = re.search("\.layers\.(\d+)\.", layer_name) + # if layer has no number in it, it is a supporting layer, such as an + # embedding + if not match: + new_state_dict[layer_name] = state_dict[layer_name] + continue + + # otherwise, layer should be pruned. + original_layer_number = match.group(1) + # figure out which mapping dict to replace from + for pruning_pass in pruning_passes: + if original_layer_number in pruning_pass["mapping_dict"] and pruning_pass[ + "substitution_regex" + ].search(layer_name): + new_layer_number = pruning_pass["mapping_dict"][original_layer_number] + substitution_match = pruning_pass["substitution_regex"].search( + layer_name + ) + new_state_key = ( + layer_name[: substitution_match.start(1)] + + new_layer_number + + layer_name[substitution_match.end(1) :] + ) + new_state_dict[new_state_key] = state_dict[layer_name] + + # Since layers are now pruned, *_layers_to_keep are no longer needed. + # This is more of "It would make it work fix" rather than a proper fix. + if "encoder_layers_to_keep" in vars(args): + args.encoder_layers_to_keep = None + if "decoder_layers_to_keep" in vars(args): + args.decoder_layers_to_keep = None + + return new_state_dict + + +def load_pretrained_component_from_model( + component: Union[FairseqEncoder, FairseqDecoder], checkpoint: str +): + """ + Load a pretrained FairseqEncoder or FairseqDecoder from checkpoint into the + provided `component` object. If state_dict fails to load, there may be a + mismatch in the architecture of the corresponding `component` found in the + `checkpoint` file. + """ + if not PathManager.exists(checkpoint): + raise IOError("Model file not found: {}".format(checkpoint)) + state = load_checkpoint_to_cpu(checkpoint) + if isinstance(component, FairseqEncoder): + component_type = "encoder" + elif isinstance(component, FairseqDecoder): + component_type = "decoder" + else: + raise ValueError( + "component to load must be either a FairseqEncoder or " + "FairseqDecoder. Loading other component types are not supported." + ) + component_state_dict = OrderedDict() + for key in state["model"].keys(): + if key.startswith(component_type): + # encoder.input_layers.0.0.weight --> input_layers.0.0.weight + component_subkey = key[len(component_type) + 1 :] + component_state_dict[component_subkey] = state["model"][key] + component.load_state_dict(component_state_dict, strict=True) + return component + + +def verify_checkpoint_directory(save_dir: str) -> None: + if not os.path.exists(save_dir): + os.makedirs(save_dir, exist_ok=True) + temp_file_path = os.path.join(save_dir, "dummy") + try: + with open(temp_file_path, "w"): + pass + except OSError as e: + logger.warning("Unable to access checkpoint save directory: {}".format(save_dir)) + raise e + else: + os.remove(temp_file_path) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libbleu/libbleu.cpp b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libbleu/libbleu.cpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3cf2d65b6d16e19ea299ebe43c9c25e3481d4524 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libbleu/libbleu.cpp @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +/** + * Copyright 2017-present, Facebook, Inc. + * All rights reserved. + * + * This source code is licensed under the license found in the + * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + */ + +#include +#include +#include +#include + +typedef struct +{ + size_t reflen; + size_t predlen; + size_t match1; + size_t count1; + size_t match2; + size_t count2; + size_t match3; + size_t count3; + size_t match4; + size_t count4; +} bleu_stat; + +// left trim (remove pad) +void bleu_ltrim(size_t* len, int** sent, int pad) { + size_t start = 0; + while(start < *len) { + if (*(*sent + start) != pad) { break; } + start++; + } + *sent += start; + *len -= start; +} + +// right trim remove (eos) +void bleu_rtrim(size_t* len, int** sent, int pad, int eos) { + size_t end = *len - 1; + while (end > 0) { + if (*(*sent + end) != eos && *(*sent + end) != pad) { break; } + end--; + } + *len = end + 1; +} + +// left and right trim +void bleu_trim(size_t* len, int** sent, int pad, int eos) { + bleu_ltrim(len, sent, pad); + bleu_rtrim(len, sent, pad, eos); +} + +size_t bleu_hash(int len, int* data) { + size_t h = 14695981039346656037ul; + size_t prime = 0x100000001b3; + char* b = (char*) data; + size_t blen = sizeof(int) * len; + + while (blen-- > 0) { + h ^= *b++; + h *= prime; + } + + return h; +} + +void bleu_addngram( + size_t *ntotal, size_t *nmatch, size_t n, + size_t reflen, int* ref, size_t predlen, int* pred) { + + if (predlen < n) { return; } + + predlen = predlen - n + 1; + (*ntotal) += predlen; + + if (reflen < n) { return; } + + reflen = reflen - n + 1; + + std::map count; + while (predlen > 0) { + size_t w = bleu_hash(n, pred++); + count[w]++; + predlen--; + } + + while (reflen > 0) { + size_t w = bleu_hash(n, ref++); + if (count[w] > 0) { + (*nmatch)++; + count[w] -=1; + } + reflen--; + } +} + +extern "C" { + +#ifdef _WIN64 +__declspec(dllexport) +#endif +void bleu_zero_init(bleu_stat* stat) { + std::memset(stat, 0, sizeof(bleu_stat)); +} + +#ifdef _WIN64 +__declspec(dllexport) +#endif +void bleu_one_init(bleu_stat* stat) { + bleu_zero_init(stat); + stat->count1 = 0; + stat->count2 = 1; + stat->count3 = 1; + stat->count4 = 1; + stat->match1 = 0; + stat->match2 = 1; + stat->match3 = 1; + stat->match4 = 1; +} + +#ifdef _WIN64 +__declspec(dllexport) +#endif +void bleu_add( + bleu_stat* stat, + size_t reflen, int* ref, size_t predlen, int* pred, int pad, int eos) { + + bleu_trim(&reflen, &ref, pad, eos); + bleu_trim(&predlen, &pred, pad, eos); + stat->reflen += reflen; + stat->predlen += predlen; + + bleu_addngram(&stat->count1, &stat->match1, 1, reflen, ref, predlen, pred); + bleu_addngram(&stat->count2, &stat->match2, 2, reflen, ref, predlen, pred); + bleu_addngram(&stat->count3, &stat->match3, 3, reflen, ref, predlen, pred); + bleu_addngram(&stat->count4, &stat->match4, 4, reflen, ref, predlen, pred); +} + +} diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libbleu/module.cpp b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libbleu/module.cpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ed9a84b1c028bfe9ed1d45be6857b6e79b3459f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libbleu/module.cpp @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +/** + * Copyright 2017-present, Facebook, Inc. + * All rights reserved. + * + * This source code is licensed under the license found in the + * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + */ + +#include + + +static PyMethodDef method_def[] = { + {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL} +}; + +static struct PyModuleDef module_def = { + PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, + "libbleu", /* name of module */ + NULL, /* module documentation, may be NULL */ + -1, /* size of per-interpreter state of the module, + or -1 if the module keeps state in global variables. */ + method_def +}; + + +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION == 2 +PyMODINIT_FUNC init_libbleu() +#else +PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_libbleu() +#endif +{ + PyObject *m = PyModule_Create(&module_def); + if (!m) { + return NULL; + } + return m; +} diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libnat/edit_dist.cpp b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libnat/edit_dist.cpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6bc6a937d6abde0cd49769c4def69ac0560096bc --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libnat/edit_dist.cpp @@ -0,0 +1,231 @@ +/** + * Copyright 2017-present, Facebook, Inc. + * All rights reserved. + * + * This source code is licensed under the license found in the + * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + */ + +#include // @manual=//caffe2:torch_extension +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +using namespace ::std; + +vector> edit_distance2_with_dp( + vector& x, + vector& y) { + uint32_t lx = x.size(); + uint32_t ly = y.size(); + vector> d(lx + 1, vector(ly + 1)); + for (uint32_t i = 0; i < lx + 1; i++) { + d[i][0] = i; + } + for (uint32_t j = 0; j < ly + 1; j++) { + d[0][j] = j; + } + for (uint32_t i = 1; i < lx + 1; i++) { + for (uint32_t j = 1; j < ly + 1; j++) { + d[i][j] = + min(min(d[i - 1][j], d[i][j - 1]) + 1, + d[i - 1][j - 1] + 2 * (x.at(i - 1) == y.at(j - 1) ? 0 : 1)); + } + } + return d; +} + +vector> edit_distance2_backtracking( + vector>& d, + vector& x, + vector& y, + uint32_t terminal_symbol) { + vector seq; + vector> edit_seqs(x.size() + 2, vector()); + /* + edit_seqs: + 0~x.size() cell is the insertion sequences + last cell is the delete sequence + */ + + if (x.size() == 0) { + edit_seqs.at(0) = y; + return edit_seqs; + } + + uint32_t i = d.size() - 1; + uint32_t j = d.at(0).size() - 1; + + while ((i >= 0) && (j >= 0)) { + if ((i == 0) && (j == 0)) { + break; + } + + if ((j > 0) && (d.at(i).at(j - 1) < d.at(i).at(j))) { + seq.push_back(1); // insert + seq.push_back(y.at(j - 1)); + j--; + } else if ((i > 0) && (d.at(i - 1).at(j) < d.at(i).at(j))) { + seq.push_back(2); // delete + seq.push_back(x.at(i - 1)); + i--; + } else { + seq.push_back(3); // keep + seq.push_back(x.at(i - 1)); + i--; + j--; + } + } + + uint32_t prev_op, op, s, word; + prev_op = 0, s = 0; + for (uint32_t k = 0; k < seq.size() / 2; k++) { + op = seq.at(seq.size() - 2 * k - 2); + word = seq.at(seq.size() - 2 * k - 1); + if (prev_op != 1) { + s++; + } + if (op == 1) // insert + { + edit_seqs.at(s - 1).push_back(word); + } else if (op == 2) // delete + { + edit_seqs.at(x.size() + 1).push_back(1); + } else { + edit_seqs.at(x.size() + 1).push_back(0); + } + + prev_op = op; + } + + for (uint32_t k = 0; k < edit_seqs.size(); k++) { + if (edit_seqs[k].size() == 0) { + edit_seqs[k].push_back(terminal_symbol); + } + } + return edit_seqs; +} + +vector> edit_distance2_backtracking_with_delete( + vector>& d, + vector& x, + vector& y, + uint32_t terminal_symbol, + uint32_t deletion_symbol) { + vector seq; + vector> edit_seqs(x.size() + 1, vector()); + /* + edit_seqs: + 0~x.size() cell is the insertion sequences + last cell is the delete sequence + */ + + if (x.size() == 0) { + edit_seqs.at(0) = y; + return edit_seqs; + } + + uint32_t i = d.size() - 1; + uint32_t j = d.at(0).size() - 1; + + while ((i >= 0) && (j >= 0)) { + if ((i == 0) && (j == 0)) { + break; + } + + if ((j > 0) && (d.at(i).at(j - 1) < d.at(i).at(j))) { + seq.push_back(1); // insert + seq.push_back(y.at(j - 1)); + j--; + } else if ((i > 0) && (d.at(i - 1).at(j) < d.at(i).at(j))) { + seq.push_back(2); // delete + seq.push_back(x.at(i - 1)); + i--; + } else { + seq.push_back(3); // keep + seq.push_back(x.at(i - 1)); + i--; + j--; + } + } + + uint32_t prev_op, op, s, word; + prev_op = 0, s = 0; + for (uint32_t k = 0; k < seq.size() / 2; k++) { + op = seq.at(seq.size() - 2 * k - 2); + word = seq.at(seq.size() - 2 * k - 1); + if (prev_op != 1) { + s++; + } + if (op == 1) // insert + { + edit_seqs.at(s - 1).push_back(word); + } else if (op == 2) // delete + { + edit_seqs.at(s - 1).push_back(deletion_symbol); + } + + prev_op = op; + } + + for (uint32_t k = 0; k < edit_seqs.size(); k++) { + if (edit_seqs.at(k).size() == 0) { + edit_seqs.at(k).push_back(terminal_symbol); + } + } + return edit_seqs; +} + +vector compute_ed2( + vector>& xs, + vector>& ys) { + vector distances(xs.size()); + for (uint32_t i = 0; i < xs.size(); i++) { + vector> d = edit_distance2_with_dp(xs.at(i), ys.at(i)); + distances.at(i) = d.at(xs.at(i).size()).at(ys.at(i).size()); + } + return distances; +} + +vector>> suggested_ed2_path( + vector>& xs, + vector>& ys, + uint32_t terminal_symbol) { + vector>> seq(xs.size()); + for (uint32_t i = 0; i < xs.size(); i++) { + vector> d = edit_distance2_with_dp(xs.at(i), ys.at(i)); + seq.at(i) = + edit_distance2_backtracking(d, xs.at(i), ys.at(i), terminal_symbol); + } + return seq; +} + +vector>> suggested_ed2_path_with_delete( + vector>& xs, + vector>& ys, + uint32_t terminal_symbol, + uint32_t deletion_symbol) { + vector>> seq(xs.size()); + for (uint32_t i = 0; i < xs.size(); i++) { + vector> d = edit_distance2_with_dp(xs.at(i), ys.at(i)); + seq.at(i) = edit_distance2_backtracking_with_delete( + d, xs.at(i), ys.at(i), terminal_symbol, deletion_symbol); + } + return seq; +} + +PYBIND11_MODULE(libnat, m) { + m.def("compute_ed2", &compute_ed2, "compute_ed2"); + m.def("suggested_ed2_path", &suggested_ed2_path, "suggested_ed2_path"); + m.def( + "suggested_ed2_path_with_delete", + &suggested_ed2_path_with_delete, + "suggested_ed2_path_with_delete"); +} diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libnat_cuda/binding.cpp b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libnat_cuda/binding.cpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aaa6244d5c6819acfae5f408280205661a3389ae --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libnat_cuda/binding.cpp @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +/** + * Copyright 2017-present, Facebook, Inc. + * All rights reserved. + * + * This source code is licensed under the license found in the + * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + */ + +/* + This code is partially adpoted from https://github.com/1ytic/pytorch-edit-distance + */ + +#include "edit_dist.h" +#include + +#ifndef TORCH_CHECK +#define TORCH_CHECK AT_CHECK +#endif + +#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.type().is_cuda(), #x " must be a CUDA tensor") +#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x " must be contiguous") +#define CHECK_INPUT(x) CHECK_CUDA(x); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) + + +torch::Tensor LevenshteinDistance( + torch::Tensor source, + torch::Tensor target, + torch::Tensor source_length, + torch::Tensor target_length) { + + CHECK_INPUT(source); + CHECK_INPUT(target); + CHECK_INPUT(source_length); + CHECK_INPUT(target_length); + return LevenshteinDistanceCuda(source, target, source_length, target_length); +} + +torch::Tensor GenerateDeletionLabel( + torch::Tensor source, + torch::Tensor operations) { + + CHECK_INPUT(source); + CHECK_INPUT(operations); + return GenerateDeletionLabelCuda(source, operations); +} + +std::pair GenerateInsertionLabel( + torch::Tensor target, + torch::Tensor operations) { + + CHECK_INPUT(target); + CHECK_INPUT(operations); + return GenerateInsertionLabelCuda(target, operations); +} + +PYBIND11_MODULE(TORCH_EXTENSION_NAME, m) { + m.def("levenshtein_distance", &LevenshteinDistance, "Levenshtein distance"); + m.def("generate_deletion_labels", &GenerateDeletionLabel, "Generate Deletion Label"); + m.def("generate_insertion_labels", &GenerateInsertionLabel, "Generate Insertion Label"); +} diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libnat_cuda/edit_dist.cu b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libnat_cuda/edit_dist.cu new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6486a8c22f0dc138ce80c8936082824a80a17e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libnat_cuda/edit_dist.cu @@ -0,0 +1,332 @@ +/** +* Copyright 2017-present, Facebook, Inc. +* All rights reserved. +* +* This source code is licensed under the license found in the +* LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +*/ + +#include "edit_dist.h" +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include // std::pair + +template +__global__ void generate_deletion_label_kernel( + const scalar_t* __restrict__ source, + const size_t source_size, + const size_t operation_size, + int* __restrict__ operations, + int* __restrict__ labels) { + + const int index = blockIdx.x; + const int offset = index * operation_size; + const int offset_label = index * source_size; + + for (int i = 0; i < source_size; i++) { + labels[offset_label + i] = 0; + } + + int k = 0; + for (int i = 0; i < operation_size; i++){ + if (operations[offset + i] == 0){ + break; + } else if (operations[offset + i] == 1){ + continue; + } else { + labels[offset_label + k] = 3 - operations[offset + i]; + k++; + } + } +} + +template +__global__ void generate_insertion_label_kernel( + const scalar_t* __restrict__ target, + const size_t target_size, + const size_t operation_size, + int* __restrict__ operations, + int* __restrict__ labels, + int* __restrict__ masks) { + + const int index = blockIdx.x; + const int offset = index * operation_size; + const int offset_label = index * target_size; + + int k = 0; + int u = 0; + int m = 0; + + for (int i = 0; i < target_size; i++) { + labels[offset_label + i] = 0; + masks[offset_label + i] = 0; + } + + for (int i = 0; i < operation_size-1; i++){ + if (operations[offset + i] == 0){ + break; + } else if (operations[offset + i] == 2){ + continue; + } else if (operations[offset + i] == 1){ + masks[offset_label + m] = 1; + u++; m++; + } else { + labels[offset_label + k] = u; + masks[offset_label + m] = 0; + k++; m++; + u = 0; + } + } +} + +template +__global__ void levenshtein_distance_kernel( + const scalar_t* __restrict__ source, + const scalar_t* __restrict__ target, + const int* __restrict__ source_length, + const int* __restrict__ target_length, + const size_t source_size, + const size_t target_size, + int* __restrict__ operations, + int* __restrict__ errors_curr) { + + const int index = blockIdx.x; + const int offset = index * (source_size + target_size); + const int d = index * (source_size + 1) * (target_size + 1); + const int t = target_size + 1; + + auto err_idx = [d, t](int i, int j) { return d + i * t + j; }; + auto opt_idx = [offset](int k) { return offset + k; }; + + const int hyp_len = source_length[index]; + const int ref_len = target_length[index]; + const scalar_t* hyp_begin = source + index * source_size; + const scalar_t* ref_begin = target + index * target_size; + + // dynamic programming + for (int i = 0; i <= hyp_len; i++){ + errors_curr[err_idx(i, 0)] = i; + } + for (int j = 0; j <= ref_len; j++){ + errors_curr[err_idx(0, j)] = j; + } + for (int i = 1; i <= hyp_len; i++){ + for (int j = 1; j <= ref_len; j++){ + errors_curr[err_idx(i, j)] = min( + min( + errors_curr[err_idx(i-1, j)], + errors_curr[err_idx(i, j-1)] + ) + 1, + errors_curr[err_idx(i-1, j-1)] + 2 * ( + *(hyp_begin+i-1) == *(ref_begin+j-1) ? 0 : 1 + ) + ); + } + } + + // back-tracing + int i = hyp_len; + int j = ref_len; + int o = hyp_len + ref_len; + + for (int k = 0; k < source_size + target_size; k++) { + operations[opt_idx(k)] = 0; + } + + while ((i >= 0) && (j >= 0)) { + if ((i == 0) && (j == 0)) { + break; + } + + if ((j > 0) && (errors_curr[err_idx(i, j-1)] < errors_curr[err_idx(i, j)])) { + o--; operations[opt_idx(o)] = 1; j--; // insertion + } else if ((i > 0) && (errors_curr[err_idx(i-1, j)] < errors_curr[err_idx(i, j)])) { + o--; operations[opt_idx(o)] = 2; i--; // deletion + } else { + o--; operations[opt_idx(o)] = 3; i--; j--; // do nothing + } + } + + // moving to the left + for (int k = 0; k < hyp_len + ref_len; k++) { + if (k + o < hyp_len + ref_len){ + operations[opt_idx(k)] = operations[opt_idx(k+o)]; + } else{ + operations[opt_idx(k)] = 0; // padding + } + } + +} + +template +__global__ void faster_levenshtein_distance_kernel( + const scalar_t* __restrict__ source, + const scalar_t* __restrict__ target, + const int* __restrict__ source_length, + const int* __restrict__ target_length, + const size_t source_size, + const size_t target_size, + int* __restrict__ operations) { + + extern __shared__ short errors[]; + auto errors_curr = errors; + + const int index = blockIdx.x; + const int offset = index * (source_size + target_size); + const int t = target_size + 1; + + auto err_idx = [t](int i, int j) { return i * t + j; }; + auto opt_idx = [offset](int k) { return offset + k; }; + + const int hyp_len = source_length[index]; + const int ref_len = target_length[index]; + const scalar_t* hyp_begin = source + index * source_size; + const scalar_t* ref_begin = target + index * target_size; + + // dynamic programming + for (int i = 0; i <= hyp_len; i++){ + errors_curr[err_idx(i, 0)] = i; + } + for (int j = 0; j <= ref_len; j++){ + errors_curr[err_idx(0, j)] = j; + } + for (int i = 1; i <= hyp_len; i++){ + for (int j = 1; j <= ref_len; j++){ + errors_curr[err_idx(i, j)] = min( + min( + errors_curr[err_idx(i-1, j)], + errors_curr[err_idx(i, j-1)] + ) + 1, + errors_curr[err_idx(i-1, j-1)] + 2 * ( + *(hyp_begin+i-1) == *(ref_begin+j-1) ? 0 : 1 + ) + ); + } + } + + // back-tracing + int i = hyp_len; + int j = ref_len; + int o = hyp_len + ref_len; + + for (int k = 0; k < source_size + target_size; k++) { + operations[opt_idx(k)] = 0; + } + + while ((i >= 0) && (j >= 0)) { + if ((i == 0) && (j == 0)) { + break; + } + + if ((j > 0) && (errors_curr[err_idx(i, j-1)] < errors_curr[err_idx(i, j)])) { + o--; operations[opt_idx(o)] = 1; j--; // insertion + } else if ((i > 0) && (errors_curr[err_idx(i-1, j)] < errors_curr[err_idx(i, j)])) { + o--; operations[opt_idx(o)] = 2; i--; // deletion + } else { + o--; operations[opt_idx(o)] = 3; i--; j--; // do nothing + } + } + + // moving to the left + for (int k = 0; k < hyp_len + ref_len; k++) { + if (k + o < hyp_len + ref_len){ + operations[opt_idx(k)] = operations[opt_idx(k+o)]; + } else{ + operations[opt_idx(k)] = 0; // padding + } + } + +} + + +torch::Tensor GenerateDeletionLabelCuda( + torch::Tensor source, + torch::Tensor operations) { + + const auto batch_size = source.size(0); + at::TensorOptions options(source.device()); + options = options.dtype(at::ScalarType::Int); + auto labels = torch::empty({batch_size, source.size(1)}, options); + auto stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(source.device().index()); + + AT_DISPATCH_ALL_TYPES(source.scalar_type(), "generate_deletion_labels", ([&] { + generate_deletion_label_kernel<<>>( + source.data(), + source.size(1), + operations.size(1), + operations.data(), + labels.data()); + })); + + return labels; +} + +std::pair GenerateInsertionLabelCuda( + torch::Tensor target, + torch::Tensor operations) { + +const auto batch_size = target.size(0); +at::TensorOptions options(target.device()); +options = options.dtype(at::ScalarType::Int); +auto labels = torch::empty({batch_size, target.size(1)}, options); +auto masks = torch::empty({batch_size, target.size(1)}, options); +auto stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(target.device().index()); + +AT_DISPATCH_ALL_TYPES(target.scalar_type(), "generate_insertion_labels", ([&] { + generate_insertion_label_kernel<<>>( + target.data(), + target.size(1), + operations.size(1), + operations.data(), + labels.data(), + masks.data()); +})); + +return std::make_pair(labels, masks); +} + + +torch::Tensor LevenshteinDistanceCuda( + torch::Tensor source, + torch::Tensor target, + torch::Tensor source_length, + torch::Tensor target_length) { + + const auto batch_size = source.size(0); + const auto shared_size = (source.size(1) + 1) * (target.size(1) + 1) * sizeof(short); + + at::TensorOptions options(source.device()); + options = options.dtype(at::ScalarType::Int); + auto operations = torch::empty({batch_size, source.size(1) + target.size(1)}, options); + auto stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(source.device().index()); + + if (shared_size > 40000) { + auto distances = torch::empty({batch_size, (source.size(1) + 1) * (target.size(1) + 1)}, options); + AT_DISPATCH_ALL_TYPES(source.scalar_type(), "levenshtein_distance", ([&] { + levenshtein_distance_kernel<<>>( + source.data(), + target.data(), + source_length.data(), + target_length.data(), + source.size(1), + target.size(1), + operations.data(), + distances.data()); + })); + } else { + AT_DISPATCH_ALL_TYPES(source.scalar_type(), "faster_levenshtein_distance", ([&] { + faster_levenshtein_distance_kernel<<>>( + source.data(), + target.data(), + source_length.data(), + target_length.data(), + source.size(1), + target.size(1), + operations.data()); + })); + } + + return operations; +} diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libnat_cuda/edit_dist.h b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libnat_cuda/edit_dist.h new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e3506cd34ddaa35bb724fe64a459bad8046b9a34 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/clib/libnat_cuda/edit_dist.h @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +/** + * Copyright 2017-present, Facebook, Inc. + * All rights reserved. + * + * This source code is licensed under the license found in the + * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + */ + +#pragma once + +#include + +torch::Tensor LevenshteinDistanceCuda( + torch::Tensor source, + torch::Tensor target, + torch::Tensor source_length, + torch::Tensor target_length); + +torch::Tensor GenerateDeletionLabelCuda( + torch::Tensor source, + torch::Tensor operations); + +std::pair GenerateInsertionLabelCuda( + torch::Tensor source, + torch::Tensor operations); diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c28780111e6015e8c274024325d4c73b3c6c84d --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import importlib +import os + +from fairseq import registry +from fairseq.criterions.fairseq_criterion import FairseqCriterion, LegacyFairseqCriterion + + +build_criterion, register_criterion, CRITERION_REGISTRY = registry.setup_registry( + '--criterion', + base_class=FairseqCriterion, + default='cross_entropy', +) + + +# automatically import any Python files in the criterions/ directory +for file in os.listdir(os.path.dirname(__file__)): + if file.endswith('.py') and not file.startswith('_'): + module = file[:file.find('.py')] + importlib.import_module('fairseq.criterions.' + module) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8adf89025636010a7e051746b0833ef8a9a2f603 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/__pycache__/adaptive_loss.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/__pycache__/adaptive_loss.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 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a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/adaptive_loss.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/adaptive_loss.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..33e9317e84c3acd0e9a1897ae8782c0f4c1e1dfb --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/adaptive_loss.py @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math + +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import metrics, utils +from fairseq.criterions import FairseqCriterion, register_criterion + + +@register_criterion('adaptive_loss') +class AdaptiveLoss(FairseqCriterion): + """This is an implementation of the loss function accompanying the adaptive softmax approximation for + graphical processing units (GPU), described in the paper "Efficient softmax approximation for GPUs" + (http://arxiv.org/abs/1609.04309).""" + + def __init__(self, task, sentence_avg): + super().__init__(task) + self.sentence_avg = sentence_avg + + @classmethod + def build_criterion(cls, args, task): + if args.ddp_backend == 'c10d': + raise Exception( + 'AdaptiveLoss is not compatible with the c10d ' + 'version of DistributedDataParallel. Please use ' + '`--ddp-backend=no_c10d` instead.' + ) + return cls(task, args.sentence_avg) + + def forward(self, model, sample, reduce=True): + """Compute the loss for the given sample. + + Returns a tuple with three elements: + 1) the loss + 2) the sample size, which is used as the denominator for the gradient + 3) logging outputs to display while training + """ + + assert hasattr(model.decoder, 'adaptive_softmax') and model.decoder.adaptive_softmax is not None + adaptive_softmax = model.decoder.adaptive_softmax + + net_output = model(**sample['net_input']) + orig_target = model.get_targets(sample, net_output) + + nsentences = orig_target.size(0) + orig_target = orig_target.view(-1) + + bsz = orig_target.size(0) + + logits, target = adaptive_softmax(net_output[0], orig_target) + assert len(target) == len(logits) + + loss = net_output[0].new(1 if reduce else bsz).zero_() + + for i in range(len(target)): + if target[i] is not None: + assert (target[i].min() >= 0 and target[i].max() <= logits[i].size(1)) + loss += F.cross_entropy( + logits[i], + target[i], + ignore_index=self.padding_idx, + reduction='sum' if reduce else 'none', + ) + + orig = utils.strip_pad(orig_target, self.padding_idx) + ntokens = orig.numel() + sample_size = sample['target'].size(0) if self.sentence_avg else ntokens + logging_output = { + 'loss': loss.data, + 'ntokens': ntokens, + 'nsentences': nsentences, + 'sample_size': sample_size, + } + return loss, sample_size, logging_output + + @staticmethod + def reduce_metrics(logging_outputs) -> None: + """Aggregate logging outputs from data parallel training.""" + loss_sum = utils.item(sum(log.get('loss', 0) for log in logging_outputs)) + ntokens = utils.item(sum(log.get('ntokens', 0) for log in logging_outputs)) + sample_size = utils.item(sum(log.get('sample_size', 0) for log in logging_outputs)) + + metrics.log_scalar('loss', loss_sum / sample_size / math.log(2), sample_size, round=3) + if sample_size != ntokens: + metrics.log_scalar('nll_loss', loss_sum / ntokens / math.log(2), ntokens, round=3) + metrics.log_derived('ppl', lambda meters: utils.get_perplexity(meters['nll_loss'].avg)) + else: + metrics.log_derived('ppl', lambda meters: utils.get_perplexity(meters['loss'].avg)) + + @staticmethod + def logging_outputs_can_be_summed() -> bool: + """ + Whether the logging outputs returned by `forward` can be summed + across workers prior to calling `reduce_metrics`. Setting this + to True will improves distributed training speed. + """ + return True diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/binary_cross_entropy.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/binary_cross_entropy.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..285f8ec7731758b33b1ce1905b4647beeaf6f8cf --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/binary_cross_entropy.py @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math + +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.criterions import FairseqCriterion, register_criterion + + +@register_criterion('binary_cross_entropy') +class BinaryCrossEntropyCriterion(FairseqCriterion): + + def __init__(self, task, infonce=False, loss_weights=None, log_keys=None): + super().__init__(task) + self.infonce = infonce + self.loss_weights = None if loss_weights is None else eval(loss_weights) + self.log_keys = [] if log_keys is None else eval(log_keys) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add criterion-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--infonce', action='store_true', + help='if set, uses cross entropy instead of binary cross entropy (i.e. InfoNCE loss)') + parser.add_argument('--loss-weights', type=str, default=None, + help='weights for additional loss terms (not first one)') + parser.add_argument('--log-keys', type=str, default=None, + help='output keys to log') + + def forward(self, model, sample, reduce=True, log_pred=False): + """Compute the loss for the given sample. + + Returns a tuple with three elements: + 1) the loss + 2) the sample size, which is used as the denominator for the gradient + 3) logging outputs to display while training + """ + net_output = model(**sample['net_input']) + logits = model.get_logits(net_output).float() + target = model.get_targets(sample, net_output) + + weights = None + if hasattr(model, 'get_target_weights') and not self.infonce: + weights = model.get_target_weights(target, net_output) + if torch.is_tensor(weights): + weights = weights.float() + + losses = [] + + if self.infonce: + loss = F.cross_entropy(logits, target, reduction="sum" if reduce else "none",) + else: + loss = F.binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits, target.float(), weights, reduction="sum" if reduce else "none",) + + sample_size = target.numel() if self.infonce else target.sum().long().item() + losses.append(loss) + + if self.loss_weights is not None and hasattr(model, "get_extra_losses"): + extra_losses = model.get_extra_losses(net_output) + if torch.is_tensor(extra_losses): + extra_losses = [extra_losses] + if len(self.loss_weights) == 1 and len(extra_losses) != 1: + self.loss_weights = [self.loss_weights[0]] * len(extra_losses) + assert len(extra_losses) == len(self.loss_weights), f'{len(extra_losses)}, {len(self.loss_weights)}' + for p, coef in zip(extra_losses, self.loss_weights): + if coef != 0 and p is not None: + p = coef * p.float() * sample_size + loss += p + losses.append(p) + + logging_output = { + 'loss': loss.item() if reduce else loss, + 'ntokens': sample_size, + 'nsentences': logits.size(0), + 'sample_size': sample_size, + } + + for lk in self.log_keys: + if lk in net_output: + logging_output[lk] = float((net_output[lk])) + + if len(losses) > 1: + for i, l in enumerate(losses): + logging_output[f'loss_{i}'] = l.item() + + if self.infonce: + with torch.no_grad(): + if logits.numel() == 0: + corr = 0 + count = 0 + else: + assert logits.dim() > 1, logits.shape + max = logits.argmax(-1) == 0 + min = logits.argmin(-1) == 0 + both = max & min + corr = max.long().sum().item() - both.long().sum().item() + count = max.numel() + + logging_output["correct"] = corr + logging_output["count"] = count + + if log_pred: + logging_output['logits'] = logits.cpu().numpy() + logging_output['target'] = target.cpu().numpy() + return loss, sample_size, logging_output + + @staticmethod + def aggregate_logging_outputs(logging_outputs): + """Aggregate logging outputs from data parallel training.""" + loss_sum = utils.item(sum(log.get('loss', 0) for log in logging_outputs)) + ntokens = utils.item(sum(log.get('ntokens', 0) for log in logging_outputs)) + nsentences = utils.item(sum(log.get('nsentences', 0) for log in logging_outputs)) + sample_size = utils.item(sum(log.get('sample_size', 0) for log in logging_outputs)) + agg_output = { + 'loss': loss_sum / sample_size / math.log(2), + 'ntokens': ntokens, + 'nsentences': nsentences, + 'sample_size': sample_size, + } + if sample_size != ntokens: + agg_output['nll_loss'] = loss_sum / ntokens / math.log(2) + + correct = sum(log.get("correct", 0) for log in logging_outputs) + total = sum(log.get("count", 0) for log in logging_outputs) + if total > 0: + agg_output['accuracy'] = correct / total + + builtin_keys = {'loss', 'ntokens', 'nsentences', 'sample_size', 'correct', 'count'} + + for k in logging_outputs[0]: + if k not in builtin_keys: + val = sum(log.get(k, 0) for log in logging_outputs) / len(logging_outputs) + if k.startswith('loss'): + val = val / ntokens if ntokens > 0 else float('nan') + agg_output[k] = val + + return agg_output diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/composite_loss.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/composite_loss.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6671c696e97b9f9240b96d9f9da4157bcdbd74de --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/composite_loss.py @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from torch import nn + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.criterions import FairseqCriterion, register_criterion + + +@register_criterion('composite_loss') +class CompositeLoss(FairseqCriterion): + """This is a composite loss that, given a list of model outputs and a list of targets, + computes an average of losses for each output-target pair""" + + def __init__(self, task, underlying_criterion): + super().__init__(task) + self.underlying_criterion = underlying_criterion + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add criterion-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--underlying-criterion', type=str, metavar='VAL', required=True, + help='underlying criterion to use for the composite loss') + # fmt: on + + @staticmethod + def build_underlying_criterion(args, task): + saved_criterion = args.criterion + args.criterion = args.underlying_criterion + assert saved_criterion != args.underlying_criterion + underlying_criterion = task.build_criterion(args) + args.criterion = saved_criterion + return underlying_criterion + + @classmethod + def build_criterion(cls, args, task): + underlying_criterion = CompositeLoss.build_underlying_criterion(args, task) + + class FakeModel(nn.Module): + + def __init__(self, model, net_out, target): + super().__init__() + self.model = model + self.net_out = net_out + self.target = target + + def forward(self, **unused): + return self.net_out + + def get_normalized_probs(self, net_output, log_probs, sample=None): + return self.model.get_normalized_probs(net_output, log_probs, sample=sample) + + def get_targets(self, *unused): + return self.target + + @property + def decoder(self): + return self.model.decoder + + class _CompositeLoss(FairseqCriterion): + + def __init__(self, task, underlying_criterion): + super().__init__(task) + self.underlying_criterion = underlying_criterion + + def forward(self, model, sample, reduce=True): + net_outputs = model(**sample['net_input']) + targets = sample['target'] + + bsz = targets[0].size(0) + loss = net_outputs[0][0].new(1 if reduce else bsz).float().zero_() + + sample_size = 0 + logging_output = {} + for o, t in zip(net_outputs[0], targets): + m = FakeModel(model, (o, net_outputs[1]), t) + sample['target'] = t + l, ss, logging_output = self.underlying_criterion(m, sample, reduce) + loss += l + sample_size += ss + + loss.div_(len(targets)) + sample_size /= len(targets) + + logging_output['loss'] = utils.item(loss.data) if reduce else loss.data + return loss, sample_size, logging_output + + @staticmethod + def aggregate_logging_outputs(logging_outputs): + return underlying_criterion.__class__.aggregate_logging_outputs(logging_outputs) + + @staticmethod + def reduce_metrics(logging_outputs) -> None: + underlying_criterion.__class__.reduce_metrics(logging_outputs) + + return _CompositeLoss(task, underlying_criterion) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/cross_entropy.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/cross_entropy.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e750f62e3f252e1ad4e780bd5168bf1c9924de5 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/cross_entropy.py @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math + +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import metrics, utils +from fairseq.criterions import FairseqCriterion, register_criterion + + +@register_criterion('cross_entropy') +class CrossEntropyCriterion(FairseqCriterion): + + def __init__(self, task, sentence_avg): + super().__init__(task) + self.sentence_avg = sentence_avg + + def forward(self, model, sample, reduce=True): + """Compute the loss for the given sample. + + Returns a tuple with three elements: + 1) the loss + 2) the sample size, which is used as the denominator for the gradient + 3) logging outputs to display while training + """ + net_output = model(**sample['net_input']) + loss, _ = self.compute_loss(model, net_output, sample, reduce=reduce) + sample_size = sample['target'].size(0) if self.sentence_avg else sample['ntokens'] + logging_output = { + 'loss': loss.data, + 'ntokens': sample['ntokens'], + 'nsentences': sample['target'].size(0), + 'sample_size': sample_size, + } + return loss, sample_size, logging_output + + def compute_loss(self, model, net_output, sample, reduce=True): + lprobs = model.get_normalized_probs(net_output, log_probs=True) + lprobs = lprobs.view(-1, lprobs.size(-1)) + target = model.get_targets(sample, net_output).view(-1) + loss = F.nll_loss( + lprobs, + target, + ignore_index=self.padding_idx, + reduction='sum' if reduce else 'none', + ) + return loss, loss + + @staticmethod + def reduce_metrics(logging_outputs) -> None: + """Aggregate logging outputs from data parallel training.""" + loss_sum = sum(log.get('loss', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + ntokens = sum(log.get('ntokens', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + sample_size = sum(log.get('sample_size', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + + metrics.log_scalar('loss', loss_sum / sample_size / math.log(2), sample_size, round=3) + if sample_size != ntokens: + metrics.log_scalar('nll_loss', loss_sum / ntokens / math.log(2), ntokens, round=3) + metrics.log_derived('ppl', lambda meters: utils.get_perplexity(meters['nll_loss'].avg)) + else: + metrics.log_derived('ppl', lambda meters: utils.get_perplexity(meters['loss'].avg)) + + @staticmethod + def logging_outputs_can_be_summed() -> bool: + """ + Whether the logging outputs returned by `forward` can be summed + across workers prior to calling `reduce_metrics`. Setting this + to True will improves distributed training speed. + """ + return True diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/fairseq_criterion.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/fairseq_criterion.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9873574d474f03713b75fe22dae4302716cda467 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/fairseq_criterion.py @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import inspect +from typing import Any, Dict, List + +from torch.nn.modules.loss import _Loss + +from fairseq import metrics, utils + + +class FairseqCriterion(_Loss): + + def __init__(self, task): + super().__init__() + self.task = task + if hasattr(task, 'target_dictionary'): + tgt_dict = task.target_dictionary + self.padding_idx = tgt_dict.pad() if tgt_dict is not None else -100 + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add criterion-specific arguments to the parser.""" + pass + + @classmethod + def build_criterion(cls, args, task): + """Construct a criterion from command-line args.""" + # Criterions can override this, but for convenience we also try + # to automatically map argparse.Namespace keys to corresponding + # arguments in the __init__. + init_args = {} + for p in inspect.signature(cls).parameters.values(): + if ( + p.kind == p.POSITIONAL_ONLY + or p.kind == p.VAR_POSITIONAL + or p.kind == p.VAR_KEYWORD + ): + # we haven't implemented inference for these argument types, + # but PRs welcome :) + raise NotImplementedError('{} not supported'.format(p.kind)) + + assert p.kind in {p.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD, p.KEYWORD_ONLY} + + if p.name == 'task': + init_args['task'] = task + elif hasattr(args, p.name): + init_args[p.name] = getattr(args, p.name) + elif p.default != p.empty: + pass # we'll use the default value + else: + raise NotImplementedError( + 'Unable to infer Criterion arguments, please implement ' + '{}.build_criterion'.format(cls.__name__) + ) + return cls(**init_args) + + def forward(self, model, sample, reduce=True): + """Compute the loss for the given sample. + + Returns a tuple with three elements: + 1) the loss + 2) the sample size, which is used as the denominator for the gradient + 3) logging outputs to display while training + """ + raise NotImplementedError + + @staticmethod + def aggregate_logging_outputs( + logging_outputs: List[Dict[str, Any]], + ) -> Dict[str, Any]: + """Aggregate logging outputs from data parallel training.""" + utils.deprecation_warning( + 'The aggregate_logging_outputs API is deprecated. ' + 'Please use the reduce_metrics API instead.' + ) + raise NotImplementedError + + @classmethod + def reduce_metrics(cls, logging_outputs: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> None: + """Aggregate logging outputs from data parallel training.""" + utils.deprecation_warning( + 'Criterions should implement the reduce_metrics API. ' + 'Falling back to deprecated aggregate_logging_outputs API.' + ) + agg_logging_outputs = cls.aggregate_logging_outputs(logging_outputs) + for k, v in agg_logging_outputs.items(): + if k in {'nsentences', 'ntokens', 'sample_size'}: + continue + metrics.log_scalar(k, v) + + @staticmethod + def logging_outputs_can_be_summed() -> bool: + """ + Whether the logging outputs returned by `forward` can be summed + across workers prior to calling `reduce_metrics`. Setting this + to True will improves distributed training speed. + """ + return False + + +class LegacyFairseqCriterion(FairseqCriterion): + + def __init__(self, args, task): + super().__init__(task=task) + self.args = args + + utils.deprecation_warning( + 'Criterions should take explicit arguments instead of an ' + 'argparse.Namespace object, please update your criterion by ' + 'extending FairseqCriterion instead of LegacyFairseqCriterion.' + ) + + @classmethod + def build_criterion(cls, args, task): + """Construct a criterion from command-line args.""" + return cls(args, task) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/label_smoothed_cross_entropy.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/label_smoothed_cross_entropy.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d010c3d03d82fffb6d5d6d0e346b850564534134 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/label_smoothed_cross_entropy.py @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math + +from fairseq import metrics, utils +from fairseq.criterions import FairseqCriterion, register_criterion + + +def label_smoothed_nll_loss(lprobs, target, epsilon, ignore_index=None, reduce=True): + if target.dim() == lprobs.dim() - 1: + target = target.unsqueeze(-1) + nll_loss = -lprobs.gather(dim=-1, index=target) + smooth_loss = -lprobs.sum(dim=-1, keepdim=True) + if ignore_index is not None: + pad_mask = target.eq(ignore_index) + nll_loss.masked_fill_(pad_mask, 0.) + smooth_loss.masked_fill_(pad_mask, 0.) + else: + nll_loss = nll_loss.squeeze(-1) + smooth_loss = smooth_loss.squeeze(-1) + if reduce: + nll_loss = nll_loss.sum() + smooth_loss = smooth_loss.sum() + eps_i = epsilon / lprobs.size(-1) + loss = (1. - epsilon) * nll_loss + eps_i * smooth_loss + return loss, nll_loss + + +@register_criterion('label_smoothed_cross_entropy') +class LabelSmoothedCrossEntropyCriterion(FairseqCriterion): + + def __init__(self, task, sentence_avg, label_smoothing): + super().__init__(task) + self.sentence_avg = sentence_avg + self.eps = label_smoothing + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add criterion-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--label-smoothing', default=0., type=float, metavar='D', + help='epsilon for label smoothing, 0 means no label smoothing') + # fmt: on + + def forward(self, model, sample, reduce=True): + """Compute the loss for the given sample. + + Returns a tuple with three elements: + 1) the loss + 2) the sample size, which is used as the denominator for the gradient + 3) logging outputs to display while training + """ + net_output = model(**sample['net_input']) + loss, nll_loss = self.compute_loss(model, net_output, sample, reduce=reduce) + sample_size = sample['target'].size(0) if self.sentence_avg else sample['ntokens'] + logging_output = { + 'loss': loss.data, + 'nll_loss': nll_loss.data, + 'ntokens': sample['ntokens'], + 'nsentences': sample['target'].size(0), + 'sample_size': sample_size, + } + return loss, sample_size, logging_output + + def compute_loss(self, model, net_output, sample, reduce=True): + lprobs = model.get_normalized_probs(net_output, log_probs=True) + lprobs = lprobs.view(-1, lprobs.size(-1)) + target = model.get_targets(sample, net_output).view(-1, 1) + loss, nll_loss = label_smoothed_nll_loss( + lprobs, target, self.eps, ignore_index=self.padding_idx, reduce=reduce, + ) + return loss, nll_loss + + @staticmethod + def reduce_metrics(logging_outputs) -> None: + """Aggregate logging outputs from data parallel training.""" + loss_sum = sum(log.get('loss', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + nll_loss_sum = sum(log.get('nll_loss', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + ntokens = sum(log.get('ntokens', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + sample_size = sum(log.get('sample_size', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + + metrics.log_scalar('loss', loss_sum / sample_size / math.log(2), sample_size, round=3) + metrics.log_scalar('nll_loss', nll_loss_sum / ntokens / math.log(2), ntokens, round=3) + metrics.log_derived('ppl', lambda meters: utils.get_perplexity(meters['nll_loss'].avg)) + + @staticmethod + def logging_outputs_can_be_summed() -> bool: + """ + Whether the logging outputs returned by `forward` can be summed + across workers prior to calling `reduce_metrics`. Setting this + to True will improves distributed training speed. + """ + return True diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/label_smoothed_cross_entropy_with_alignment.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/label_smoothed_cross_entropy_with_alignment.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cfc7e008cd5387cbdcc835cabb1f8eaa18851064 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/label_smoothed_cross_entropy_with_alignment.py @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math + +from fairseq import metrics, utils +from fairseq.criterions import register_criterion + +from .label_smoothed_cross_entropy import LabelSmoothedCrossEntropyCriterion + + +@register_criterion('label_smoothed_cross_entropy_with_alignment') +class LabelSmoothedCrossEntropyCriterionWithAlignment(LabelSmoothedCrossEntropyCriterion): + + def __init__(self, task, sentence_avg, label_smoothing, alignment_lambda): + super().__init__(task, sentence_avg, label_smoothing) + self.alignment_lambda = alignment_lambda + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add criterion-specific arguments to the parser.""" + LabelSmoothedCrossEntropyCriterion.add_args(parser) + parser.add_argument('--alignment-lambda', default=0.05, type=float, metavar='D', + help='weight for the alignment loss') + + def forward(self, model, sample, reduce=True): + """Compute the loss for the given sample. + + Returns a tuple with three elements: + 1) the loss + 2) the sample size, which is used as the denominator for the gradient + 3) logging outputs to display while training + """ + net_output = model(**sample['net_input']) + loss, nll_loss = self.compute_loss(model, net_output, sample, reduce=reduce) + sample_size = sample['target'].size(0) if self.sentence_avg else sample['ntokens'] + logging_output = { + 'loss': utils.item(loss.data) if reduce else loss.data, + 'nll_loss': utils.item(nll_loss.data) if reduce else nll_loss.data, + 'ntokens': sample['ntokens'], + 'nsentences': sample['target'].size(0), + 'sample_size': sample_size, + } + + alignment_loss = None + + # Compute alignment loss only for training set and non dummy batches. + if 'alignments' in sample and sample['alignments'] is not None: + alignment_loss = self.compute_alignment_loss(sample, net_output) + + if alignment_loss is not None: + logging_output['alignment_loss'] = utils.item(alignment_loss.data) + loss += self.alignment_lambda * alignment_loss + + return loss, sample_size, logging_output + + def compute_alignment_loss(self, sample, net_output): + attn_prob = net_output[1]['attn'][0] + bsz, tgt_sz, src_sz = attn_prob.shape + attn = attn_prob.view(bsz * tgt_sz, src_sz) + + align = sample['alignments'] + align_weights = sample['align_weights'].float() + + if len(align) > 0: + # Alignment loss computation. align (shape [:, 2]) contains the src-tgt index pairs corresponding to + # the alignments. align_weights (shape [:]) contains the 1 / frequency of a tgt index for normalizing. + loss = -((attn[align[:, 1][:, None], align[:, 0][:, None]]).log() * align_weights[:, None]).sum() + else: + return None + + return loss + + @staticmethod + def reduce_metrics(logging_outputs) -> None: + """Aggregate logging outputs from data parallel training.""" + loss_sum = utils.item(sum(log.get('loss', 0) for log in logging_outputs)) + nll_loss_sum = utils.item(sum(log.get('nll_loss', 0) for log in logging_outputs)) + alignment_loss_sum = utils.item(sum(log.get('alignment_loss', 0) for log in logging_outputs)) + ntokens = utils.item(sum(log.get('ntokens', 0) for log in logging_outputs)) + sample_size = utils.item(sum(log.get('sample_size', 0) for log in logging_outputs)) + + metrics.log_scalar('loss', loss_sum / sample_size / math.log(2), sample_size, round=3) + metrics.log_scalar('nll_loss', nll_loss_sum / ntokens / math.log(2), ntokens, round=3) + metrics.log_scalar('alignment_loss', alignment_loss_sum / sample_size / math.log(2), sample_size, round=3) + metrics.log_derived('ppl', lambda meters: utils.get_perplexity(meters['nll_loss'].avg)) + + @staticmethod + def logging_outputs_can_be_summed() -> bool: + """ + Whether the logging outputs returned by `forward` can be summed + across workers prior to calling `reduce_metrics`. Setting this + to True will improves distributed training speed. + """ + return True diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/legacy_masked_lm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/legacy_masked_lm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10dea76e4b1a6151ff21174e6a0333f636440d45 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/legacy_masked_lm.py @@ -0,0 +1,158 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math + +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.criterions import FairseqCriterion, register_criterion + + +def compute_cross_entropy_loss(logits, targets, ignore_index=-100): + """ + Function to compute the cross entropy loss. The default value of + ignore_index is the same as the default value for F.cross_entropy in + pytorch. + """ + assert logits.size(0) == targets.size(-1), \ + "Logits and Targets tensor shapes don't match up" + + loss = F.nll_loss( + F.log_softmax(logits, -1, dtype=torch.float32), + targets, + reduction="sum", + ignore_index=ignore_index, + ) + return loss + + +@register_criterion('legacy_masked_lm_loss') +class LegacyMaskedLmLoss(FairseqCriterion): + """ + Implementation for the loss used in masked language model (MLM) training. + This optionally also computes the next sentence prediction (NSP) loss and + adds it to the overall loss based on the specified args. There are three + cases to consider: + 1) Generic MLM training without NSP loss. In this case sentence_targets + and sentence_logits are both None. + 2) BERT training without NSP loss. In this case sentence_targets is + not None but sentence_logits is None and we should not be computing + a sentence level loss. + 3) BERT training with NSP loss. In this case both sentence_targets and + sentence_logits are not None and we should be computing a sentence + level loss. The weight of the sentence level loss is specified as + an argument. + """ + + def __init__(self, task, masked_lm_only, nsp_loss_weight): + super().__init__(task) + self.masked_lm_only = masked_lm_only + self.nsp_loss_weight = nsp_loss_weight + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Args for MaskedLM Loss""" + # Default for masked_lm_only is False so as to not break BERT training + parser.add_argument('--masked-lm-only', default=False, + action='store_true', help='compute MLM loss only') + parser.add_argument('--nsp-loss-weight', default=1.0, type=float, + help='weight for next sentence prediction' + ' loss (default 1)') + + def forward(self, model, sample, reduce=True): + """Compute the loss for the given sample. + Returns a tuple with three elements: + 1) the loss + 2) the sample size, which is used as the denominator for the gradient + 3) logging outputs to display while training + """ + lm_logits, output_metadata = model(**sample["net_input"]) + + # reshape lm_logits from (N,T,C) to (N*T,C) + lm_logits = lm_logits.view(-1, lm_logits.size(-1)) + lm_targets = sample['lm_target'].view(-1) + lm_loss = compute_cross_entropy_loss( + lm_logits, lm_targets, self.padding_idx) + + # compute the number of tokens for which loss is computed. This is used + # to normalize the loss + ntokens = utils.strip_pad(lm_targets, self.padding_idx).numel() + loss = lm_loss / ntokens + nsentences = sample['nsentences'] + # nsentences = 0 + + # Compute sentence loss if masked_lm_only is False + sentence_loss = None + if not self.masked_lm_only: + sentence_logits = output_metadata['sentence_logits'] + sentence_targets = sample['sentence_target'].view(-1) + # This needs to be recomputed due to some differences between + # TokenBlock and BlockPair dataset. This can be resolved with a + # refactor of BERTModel which we will do in the future. + # TODO: Remove this after refactor of BERTModel + nsentences = sentence_targets.size(0) + + # Check for logits being none which can happen when remove_heads + # is set to true in the BERT model. Ideally we should set + # masked_lm_only to true in this case, but that requires some + # refactor in the BERT model. + if sentence_logits is not None: + sentence_loss = compute_cross_entropy_loss( + sentence_logits, sentence_targets) + + loss += self.nsp_loss_weight * (sentence_loss / nsentences) + + # NOTE: as we are summing up per token mlm loss and per sentence nsp loss + # we don't need to use sample_size as denominator for the gradient + # here sample_size is just used for logging + sample_size = 1 + logging_output = { + 'loss': utils.item(loss.data) if reduce else loss.data, + 'lm_loss': utils.item(lm_loss.data) if reduce else lm_loss.data, + # sentence loss is not always computed + 'sentence_loss': ( + ( + utils.item(sentence_loss.data) if reduce + else sentence_loss.data + ) if sentence_loss is not None else 0.0 + ), + 'ntokens': ntokens, + 'nsentences': nsentences, + 'sample_size': sample_size, + } + return loss, sample_size, logging_output + + @staticmethod + def aggregate_logging_outputs(logging_outputs): + """Aggregate logging outputs from data parallel training.""" + lm_loss_sum = sum(log.get('lm_loss', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + sentence_loss_sum = sum( + log.get('sentence_loss', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + ntokens = sum(log.get('ntokens', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + nsentences = sum(log.get('nsentences', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + sample_size = sum(log.get('sample_size', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + agg_loss = sum(log.get('loss', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + + agg_output = { + 'loss': agg_loss / sample_size / math.log(2) if sample_size > 0 else 0., + 'lm_loss': lm_loss_sum / ntokens / math.log(2) if ntokens > 0 else 0., + 'sentence_loss': sentence_loss_sum / nsentences / math.log(2) if nsentences > 0 else 0., + 'nll_loss': lm_loss_sum / ntokens / math.log(2) if ntokens > 0 else 0., + 'ntokens': ntokens, + 'nsentences': nsentences, + 'sample_size': sample_size, + } + return agg_output + + @staticmethod + def logging_outputs_can_be_summed() -> bool: + """ + Whether the logging outputs returned by `forward` can be summed + across workers prior to calling `reduce_metrics`. Setting this + to True will improves distributed training speed. + """ + return True diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/masked_lm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/masked_lm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52cf25b6f1245fb602791628ccb668bdd0d692dd --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/masked_lm.py @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math + +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import metrics, modules, utils +from fairseq.criterions import FairseqCriterion, register_criterion + + +@register_criterion('masked_lm') +class MaskedLmLoss(FairseqCriterion): + """ + Implementation for the loss used in masked language model (MLM) training. + """ + + def forward(self, model, sample, reduce=True): + """Compute the loss for the given sample. + + Returns a tuple with three elements: + 1) the loss + 2) the sample size, which is used as the denominator for the gradient + 3) logging outputs to display while training + """ + # compute MLM loss + masked_tokens = sample['target'].ne(self.padding_idx) + + # Rare: when all tokens are masked, project all tokens. + # We use torch.where to avoid device-to-host transfers, + # except on CPU where torch.where is not well supported + # (see github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/26247). + if masked_tokens.device == torch.device('cpu'): + if not masked_tokens.any(): + masked_tokens.fill_(True) + else: + masked_tokens = torch.where( + masked_tokens.any(), + masked_tokens, + masked_tokens.new([True]), + ) + + logits = model(**sample['net_input'], masked_tokens=masked_tokens)[0] + targets = model.get_targets(sample, [logits]) + targets = targets[masked_tokens] + + loss = modules.cross_entropy( + logits.view(-1, logits.size(-1)), + targets.view(-1), + reduction='sum', + ignore_index=self.padding_idx, + ) + + sample_size = masked_tokens.int().sum() + logging_output = { + 'loss': loss.data, + 'ntokens': sample['ntokens'], + 'nsentences': sample['nsentences'], + 'sample_size': sample_size, + } + return loss, sample_size, logging_output + + @staticmethod + def reduce_metrics(logging_outputs) -> None: + """Aggregate logging outputs from data parallel training.""" + loss_sum = sum(log.get('loss', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + sample_size = sum(log.get('sample_size', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + + metrics.log_scalar('loss', loss_sum / sample_size / math.log(2), sample_size, round=3) + metrics.log_derived('ppl', lambda meters: utils.get_perplexity(meters['loss'].avg)) + + @staticmethod + def logging_outputs_can_be_summed() -> bool: + """ + Whether the logging outputs returned by `forward` can be summed + across workers prior to calling `reduce_metrics`. Setting this + to True will improves distributed training speed. + """ + return True diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/nat_loss.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/nat_loss.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3326734d5535c72f4644ebe0e3a4b2966477dc94 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/nat_loss.py @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math + +import torch.nn.functional as F +import torch +from torch import Tensor + +from fairseq import metrics, utils +from fairseq.criterions import FairseqCriterion, register_criterion + + +@register_criterion("nat_loss") +class LabelSmoothedDualImitationCriterion(FairseqCriterion): + + def __init__(self, task, label_smoothing): + super().__init__(task) + self.label_smoothing = label_smoothing + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add criterion-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument( + '--label-smoothing', + default=0., + type=float, + metavar='D', + help='epsilon for label smoothing, 0 means no label smoothing', + ) + + def _compute_loss( + self, outputs, targets, masks=None, label_smoothing=0.0, name="loss", factor=1.0 + ): + """ + outputs: batch x len x d_model + targets: batch x len + masks: batch x len + + policy_logprob: if there is some policy + depends on the likelihood score as rewards. + """ + + def mean_ds(x: Tensor, dim=None) -> Tensor: + return ( + x.float().mean().type_as(x) + if dim is None + else x.float().mean(dim).type_as(x) + ) + if masks is not None: + outputs, targets = outputs[masks], targets[masks] + + if masks is not None and not masks.any(): + nll_loss = torch.tensor(0) + loss = nll_loss + else: + logits = F.log_softmax(outputs, dim=-1) + if targets.dim() == 1: + losses = F.nll_loss(logits, targets.to(logits.device), reduction='none') + + else: # soft-labels + losses = F.kl_div(logits, targets.to(logits.device), reduction='none') + losses = losses.sum(-1) + + nll_loss = mean_ds(losses) + if label_smoothing > 0: + loss = nll_loss * ( + 1 - label_smoothing) - mean_ds(logits) * label_smoothing + else: + loss = nll_loss + + loss = loss * factor + return {"name": name, "loss": loss, "nll_loss": nll_loss, "factor": factor} + + def _custom_loss(self, loss, name="loss", factor=1.0): + return {"name": name, "loss": loss, "factor": factor} + + def forward(self, model, sample, reduce=True): + """Compute the loss for the given sample. + Returns a tuple with three elements: + 1) the loss + 2) the sample size, which is used as the denominator for the gradient + 3) logging outputs to display while training + """ + nsentences, ntokens = sample["nsentences"], sample["ntokens"] + + # B x T + src_tokens, src_lengths = ( + sample["net_input"]["src_tokens"], + sample["net_input"]["src_lengths"], + ) + tgt_tokens, prev_output_tokens = sample["target"], sample["prev_target"] + + outputs = model(src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens, tgt_tokens) + losses, nll_loss = [], [] + + for obj in outputs: + if outputs[obj].get("loss", None) is None: + _losses = self._compute_loss( + outputs[obj].get("out"), + outputs[obj].get("tgt"), + outputs[obj].get("mask", None), + outputs[obj].get("ls", 0.0), + name=obj + '-loss', + factor=outputs[obj].get("factor", 1.0) + ) + else: + _losses = self._custom_loss( + outputs[obj].get("loss"), + name=obj + '-loss', + factor=outputs[obj].get("factor", 1.0) + ) + + losses += [_losses] + if outputs[obj].get("nll_loss", False): + nll_loss += [_losses.get("nll_loss", 0.0)] + + loss = sum(l["loss"] for l in losses) + nll_loss = sum(l for l in nll_loss) if len(nll_loss) > 0 \ + else loss.new_tensor(0) + + # NOTE: + # we don't need to use sample_size as denominator for the gradient + # here sample_size is just used for logging + sample_size = 1 + logging_output = { + "loss": loss.data, + "nll_loss": nll_loss.data, + "ntokens": ntokens, + "nsentences": nsentences, + "sample_size": sample_size, + } + + for l in losses: + logging_output[l["name"]] = ( + utils.item(l["loss"].data / l["factor"]) + if reduce + else l[["loss"]].data / l["factor"] + ) + + return loss, sample_size, logging_output + + @staticmethod + def reduce_metrics(logging_outputs) -> None: + """Aggregate logging outputs from data parallel training.""" + sample_size = utils.item(sum(log.get("sample_size", 0) for log in logging_outputs)) + loss = utils.item(sum(log.get("loss", 0) for log in logging_outputs)) + nll_loss = utils.item(sum(log.get("nll_loss", 0) for log in logging_outputs)) + + metrics.log_scalar('loss', loss / sample_size / math.log(2), sample_size, round=3) + metrics.log_scalar('nll_loss', nll_loss / sample_size / math.log(2), sample_size, round=3) + metrics.log_derived('ppl', lambda meters: utils.get_perplexity(meters['loss'].avg)) + + for key in logging_outputs[0]: + if key[-5:] == "-loss": + val = sum(log.get(key, 0) for log in logging_outputs) + metrics.log_scalar( + key[:-5], + val / sample_size / math.log(2) if sample_size > 0 else 0.0, + sample_size, + round=3, + ) + + @staticmethod + def logging_outputs_can_be_summed() -> bool: + """ + Whether the logging outputs returned by `forward` can be summed + across workers prior to calling `reduce_metrics`. Setting this + to True will improves distributed training speed. + """ + return True diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/sentence_prediction.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/sentence_prediction.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ba13178560e1fc8db4435b07dc46033bd478031 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/sentence_prediction.py @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math + +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import metrics, utils +from fairseq.criterions import FairseqCriterion, register_criterion + + +@register_criterion('sentence_prediction') +class SentencePredictionCriterion(FairseqCriterion): + + def __init__(self, task, classification_head_name, regression_target): + super().__init__(task) + self.classification_head_name = classification_head_name + self.regression_target = regression_target + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--classification-head-name', + default='sentence_classification_head', + help='name of the classification head to use') + # fmt: on + + def forward(self, model, sample, reduce=True): + """Compute the loss for the given sample. + + Returns a tuple with three elements: + 1) the loss + 2) the sample size, which is used as the denominator for the gradient + 3) logging outputs to display while training + """ + assert ( + hasattr(model, 'classification_heads') + and self.classification_head_name in model.classification_heads + ), 'model must provide sentence classification head for --criterion=sentence_prediction' + + logits, _ = model( + **sample['net_input'], + features_only=True, + classification_head_name=self.classification_head_name, + ) + targets = model.get_targets(sample, [logits]).view(-1) + sample_size = targets.numel() + + if not self.regression_target: + lprobs = F.log_softmax(logits, dim=-1, dtype=torch.float32) + loss = F.nll_loss(lprobs, targets, reduction='sum') + else: + logits = logits.view(-1).float() + targets = targets.float() + loss = F.mse_loss(logits, targets, reduction='sum') + + logging_output = { + 'loss': loss.data, + 'ntokens': sample['ntokens'], + 'nsentences': sample_size, + 'sample_size': sample_size, + } + if not self.regression_target: + preds = logits.argmax(dim=1) + logging_output['ncorrect'] = (preds == targets).sum() + + return loss, sample_size, logging_output + + @staticmethod + def reduce_metrics(logging_outputs) -> None: + """Aggregate logging outputs from data parallel training.""" + loss_sum = sum(log.get('loss', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + ntokens = sum(log.get('ntokens', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + nsentences = sum(log.get('nsentences', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + sample_size = sum(log.get('sample_size', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + + metrics.log_scalar('loss', loss_sum / sample_size / math.log(2), sample_size, round=3) + if sample_size != ntokens: + metrics.log_scalar('nll_loss', loss_sum / ntokens / math.log(2), ntokens, round=3) + + if len(logging_outputs) > 0 and 'ncorrect' in logging_outputs[0]: + ncorrect = sum(log.get('ncorrect', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + metrics.log_scalar('accuracy', 100.0 * ncorrect / nsentences, nsentences, round=1) + + @staticmethod + def logging_outputs_can_be_summed() -> bool: + """ + Whether the logging outputs returned by `forward` can be summed + across workers prior to calling `reduce_metrics`. Setting this + to True will improves distributed training speed. + """ + return True diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/sentence_ranking.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/sentence_ranking.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52a0a177d846553ca736026efc181e713fa6bd97 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/criterions/sentence_ranking.py @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math + +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import metrics, utils +from fairseq.criterions import FairseqCriterion, register_criterion + + +@register_criterion('sentence_ranking') +class SentenceRankingCriterion(FairseqCriterion): + + def __init__(self, task, ranking_head_name, save_predictions, num_classes): + super().__init__(task) + self.ranking_head_name = ranking_head_name + if save_predictions is not None: + self.prediction_h = open(save_predictions, 'w') + else: + self.prediction_h = None + self.num_classes = num_classes + + def __del__(self): + if self.prediction_h is not None: + self.prediction_h.close() + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--save-predictions', metavar='FILE', + help='file to save predictions to') + parser.add_argument('--ranking-head-name', + default='sentence_classification_head', + help='name of the ranking head to use') + # fmt: on + + def forward(self, model, sample, reduce=True): + """Compute ranking loss for the given sample. + + Returns a tuple with three elements: + 1) the loss + 2) the sample size, which is used as the denominator for the gradient + 3) logging outputs to display while training + """ + assert ( + hasattr(model, 'classification_heads') + and self.ranking_head_name in model.classification_heads + ), 'model must provide sentence ranking head for --criterion=sentence_ranking' + + scores = [] + for idx in range(self.num_classes): + score, _ = model( + **sample['net_input{idx}'.format(idx=idx+1)], + classification_head_name=self.ranking_head_name, + ) + scores.append(score) + + logits = torch.cat(scores, dim=1) + sample_size = logits.size(0) + + if 'target' in sample: + targets = model.get_targets(sample, [logits]).view(-1) + lprobs = F.log_softmax(logits, dim=-1, dtype=torch.float32) + loss = F.nll_loss(lprobs, targets, reduction='sum') + else: + targets = None + loss = torch.tensor(0.0, requires_grad=True) + + if self.prediction_h is not None: + preds = logits.argmax(dim=1) + for i, (id, pred) in enumerate(zip(sample['id'].tolist(), preds.tolist())): + if targets is not None: + label = targets[i].item() + print('{}\t{}\t{}'.format(id, pred, label), file=self.prediction_h) + else: + print('{}\t{}'.format(id, pred), file=self.prediction_h) + + logging_output = { + 'loss': loss.data, + 'ntokens': sample['ntokens'], + 'nsentences': sample_size, + 'sample_size': sample_size, + } + if targets is not None: + logging_output['ncorrect'] = (logits.argmax(dim=1) == targets).sum() + + return loss, sample_size, logging_output + + @staticmethod + def reduce_metrics(logging_outputs) -> None: + """Aggregate logging outputs from data parallel training.""" + loss_sum = sum(log.get('loss', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + ntokens = sum(log.get('ntokens', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + nsentences = sum(log.get('nsentences', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + sample_size = sum(log.get('sample_size', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + + metrics.log_scalar('loss', loss_sum / sample_size / math.log(2), sample_size, round=3) + if sample_size != ntokens: + metrics.log_scalar('nll_loss', loss_sum / ntokens / math.log(2), ntokens, round=3) + + if len(logging_outputs) > 0 and 'ncorrect' in logging_outputs[0]: + ncorrect = sum(log.get('ncorrect', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + metrics.log_scalar('accuracy', 100.0 * ncorrect / nsentences, nsentences, round=1) + + @staticmethod + def logging_outputs_can_be_summed() -> bool: + """ + Whether the logging outputs returned by `forward` can be summed + across workers prior to calling `reduce_metrics`. Setting this + to True will improves distributed training speed. + """ + return True diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f844564dbc1a3233e5bf9823cbc129751a39c3eb --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from .dictionary import Dictionary, TruncatedDictionary + +from .fairseq_dataset import FairseqDataset, FairseqIterableDataset + +from .base_wrapper_dataset import BaseWrapperDataset + +from .append_token_dataset import AppendTokenDataset +from .audio.raw_audio_dataset import FileAudioDataset +from .backtranslation_dataset import BacktranslationDataset +from .colorize_dataset import ColorizeDataset +from .concat_dataset import ConcatDataset +from .concat_sentences_dataset import ConcatSentencesDataset +from .denoising_dataset import DenoisingDataset +from .id_dataset import IdDataset +from .indexed_dataset import IndexedCachedDataset, IndexedDataset, IndexedRawTextDataset, MMapIndexedDataset +from .language_pair_dataset import LanguagePairDataset +from .list_dataset import ListDataset +from .lm_context_window_dataset import LMContextWindowDataset +from .lru_cache_dataset import LRUCacheDataset +from .mask_tokens_dataset import MaskTokensDataset +from .monolingual_dataset import MonolingualDataset +from .multi_corpus_sampled_dataset import MultiCorpusSampledDataset +from .nested_dictionary_dataset import NestedDictionaryDataset +from .noising import NoisingDataset +from .numel_dataset import NumelDataset +from .num_samples_dataset import NumSamplesDataset +from .offset_tokens_dataset import OffsetTokensDataset +from .pad_dataset import LeftPadDataset, PadDataset, RightPadDataset +from .prepend_dataset import PrependDataset +from .prepend_token_dataset import PrependTokenDataset +from .raw_label_dataset import RawLabelDataset +from .replace_dataset import ReplaceDataset +from .resampling_dataset import ResamplingDataset +from .roll_dataset import RollDataset +from .round_robin_zip_datasets import RoundRobinZipDatasets +from .sort_dataset import SortDataset +from .strip_token_dataset import StripTokenDataset +from .subsample_dataset import SubsampleDataset +from .token_block_dataset import TokenBlockDataset +from .transform_eos_dataset import TransformEosDataset +from .transform_eos_lang_pair_dataset import TransformEosLangPairDataset +from .truncate_dataset import TruncateDataset + +from .iterators import ( + CountingIterator, + EpochBatchIterator, + GroupedIterator, + ShardedIterator, +) + +__all__ = [ + 'AppendTokenDataset', + 'BacktranslationDataset', + 'BaseWrapperDataset', + 'ColorizeDataset', + 'ConcatDataset', + 'ConcatSentencesDataset', + 'CountingIterator', + 'DenoisingDataset', + 'Dictionary', + 'EpochBatchIterator', + 'FairseqDataset', + 'FairseqIterableDataset', + 'GroupedIterator', + 'IdDataset', + 'IndexedCachedDataset', + 'IndexedDataset', + 'IndexedRawTextDataset', + 'LanguagePairDataset', + 'LeftPadDataset', + 'ListDataset', + 'LMContextWindowDataset', + 'LRUCacheDataset', + 'MaskTokensDataset', + 'MMapIndexedDataset', + 'MonolingualDataset', + 'MultiCorpusSampledDataset', + 'NestedDictionaryDataset', + 'NoisingDataset', + 'NumelDataset', + 'NumSamplesDataset', + 'OffsetTokensDataset', + 'PadDataset', + 'PrependDataset', + 'PrependTokenDataset', + 'ReplaceDataset', + 'RollDataset', + 'FileAudioDataset', + 'RawLabelDataset', + 'ResamplingDataset', + 'RightPadDataset', + 'RoundRobinZipDatasets', + 'ShardedIterator', + 'SortDataset', + 'StripTokenDataset', + 'SubsampleDataset', + 'TokenBlockDataset', + 'TransformEosDataset', + 'TransformEosLangPairDataset', + 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a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/append_token_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/append_token_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7298129f62a0a61fad34045f44154ba6f2d7b864 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/append_token_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import numpy as np +import torch + +from . import BaseWrapperDataset + + +class AppendTokenDataset(BaseWrapperDataset): + + def __init__(self, dataset, token=None): + super().__init__(dataset) + self.token = token + if token is not None: + self._sizes = np.array(dataset.sizes) + 1 + else: + self._sizes = dataset.sizes + + def __getitem__(self, idx): + item = self.dataset[idx] + if self.token is not None: + item = torch.cat([item, item.new([self.token])]) + return item + + @property + def sizes(self): + return self._sizes + + def num_tokens(self, index): + n = self.dataset.num_tokens(index) + if self.token is not None: + n += 1 + return n + + def size(self, index): + n = self.dataset.size(index) + if self.token is not None: + n += 1 + return n diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/audio/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/audio/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/audio/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/audio/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bfe6ce630617443c044dd9d76a51b0e6b327453d Binary files /dev/null and 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-0,0 +1,156 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + + +import os +import numpy as np +import sys + +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from .. import FairseqDataset + + +class RawAudioDataset(FairseqDataset): + def __init__( + self, + sample_rate, + max_sample_size=None, + min_sample_size=None, + shuffle=True, + min_length=0, + ): + super().__init__() + + self.sample_rate = sample_rate + self.sizes = [] + self.max_sample_size = ( + max_sample_size if max_sample_size is not None else sys.maxsize + ) + self.min_sample_size = ( + min_sample_size if min_sample_size is not None else self.max_sample_size + ) + self.min_length = min_length + self.shuffle = shuffle + + def __getitem__(self, index): + raise NotImplementedError() + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.sizes) + + def postprocess(self, feats, curr_sample_rate): + def resample(x, factor): + return F.interpolate(x.view(1, 1, -1), scale_factor=factor).squeeze() + + if feats.dim() == 2: + feats = feats.mean(-1) + + if curr_sample_rate != self.sample_rate: + factor = self.sample_rate / curr_sample_rate + feats = resample(feats, factor) + + assert feats.dim() == 1, feats.dim() + return feats + + def crop_to_max_size(self, wav, target_size): + size = len(wav) + diff = size - target_size + if diff <= 0: + return wav + + start = np.random.randint(0, diff + 1) + end = size - diff + start + return wav[start:end] + + def collater(self, samples): + samples = [ + s for s in samples if s["source"] is not None and len(s["source"]) > 0 + ] + if len(samples) == 0: + return {} + + sources = [s["source"] for s in samples] + sizes = [len(s) for s in sources] + target_size = min(min(sizes), self.max_sample_size) + + if target_size < self.min_length: + return {} + + if self.min_sample_size < target_size: + target_size = np.random.randint(self.min_sample_size, target_size + 1) + + collated_sources = sources[0].new(len(sources), target_size) + for i, (source, size) in enumerate(zip(sources, sizes)): + diff = size - target_size + assert diff >= 0 + if diff == 0: + collated_sources[i] = source + else: + collated_sources[i] = self.crop_to_max_size(source, target_size) + + return { + "id": torch.LongTensor([s["id"] for s in samples]), + "net_input": {"source": collated_sources}, + } + + def num_tokens(self, index): + return self.size(index) + + def size(self, index): + """Return an example's size as a float or tuple. This value is used when + filtering a dataset with ``--max-positions``.""" + return min(self.sizes[index], self.max_sample_size) + + def ordered_indices(self): + """Return an ordered list of indices. Batches will be constructed based + on this order.""" + + if self.shuffle: + order = [np.random.permutation(len(self))] + else: + order = [np.arange(len(self))] + + order.append(self.sizes) + return np.lexsort(order) + + +class FileAudioDataset(RawAudioDataset): + def __init__( + self, + manifest_path, + sample_rate, + max_sample_size=None, + min_sample_size=None, + shuffle=True, + min_length=0, + ): + super().__init__( + sample_rate=sample_rate, + max_sample_size=max_sample_size, + min_sample_size=min_sample_size, + shuffle=shuffle, + min_length=min_length, + ) + + self.fnames = [] + + with open(manifest_path, "r") as f: + self.root_dir = f.readline().strip() + for line in f: + items = line.strip().split("\t") + assert len(items) == 2, line + self.fnames.append(items[0]) + self.sizes.append(int(items[1])) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + import soundfile as sf + + fname = os.path.join(self.root_dir, self.fnames[index]) + wav, curr_sample_rate = sf.read(fname) + feats = torch.from_numpy(wav).float() + feats = self.postprocess(feats, curr_sample_rate) + return {"id": index, "source": feats} diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/backtranslation_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/backtranslation_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0007a015064cdb025b39201b3ea1647caee04ec9 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/backtranslation_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,165 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch + +from fairseq import utils + +from . import FairseqDataset + + +def backtranslate_samples(samples, collate_fn, generate_fn, cuda=True): + """Backtranslate a list of samples. + + Given an input (*samples*) of the form: + + [{'id': 1, 'source': 'hallo welt'}] + + this will return: + + [{'id': 1, 'source': 'hello world', 'target': 'hallo welt'}] + + Args: + samples (List[dict]): samples to backtranslate. Individual samples are + expected to have a 'source' key, which will become the 'target' + after backtranslation. + collate_fn (callable): function to collate samples into a mini-batch + generate_fn (callable): function to generate backtranslations + cuda (bool): use GPU for generation (default: ``True``) + + Returns: + List[dict]: an updated list of samples with a backtranslated source + """ + collated_samples = collate_fn(samples) + s = utils.move_to_cuda(collated_samples) if cuda else collated_samples + generated_sources = generate_fn(s) + + id_to_src = { + sample['id']: sample['source'] for sample in samples + } + + # Go through each tgt sentence in batch and its corresponding best + # generated hypothesis and create a backtranslation data pair + # {id: id, source: generated backtranslation, target: original tgt} + return [ + {'id': id.item(), 'target': id_to_src[id.item()], 'source': hypos[0]['tokens'].cpu()} + for id, hypos in zip(collated_samples['id'], generated_sources) + ] + + +class BacktranslationDataset(FairseqDataset): + """ + Sets up a backtranslation dataset which takes a tgt batch, generates + a src using a tgt-src backtranslation function (*backtranslation_fn*), + and returns the corresponding `{generated src, input tgt}` batch. + + Args: + tgt_dataset (~fairseq.data.FairseqDataset): the dataset to be + backtranslated. Only the source side of this dataset will be used. + After backtranslation, the source sentences in this dataset will be + returned as the targets. + src_dict (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): the dictionary of backtranslated + sentences. + tgt_dict (~fairseq.data.Dictionary, optional): the dictionary of + sentences to be backtranslated. + backtranslation_fn (callable, optional): function to call to generate + backtranslations. This is typically the `generate` method of a + :class:`~fairseq.sequence_generator.SequenceGenerator` object. + Pass in None when it is not available at initialization time, and + use set_backtranslation_fn function to set it when available. + output_collater (callable, optional): function to call on the + backtranslated samples to create the final batch + (default: ``tgt_dataset.collater``). + cuda: use GPU for generation + """ + + def __init__( + self, + tgt_dataset, + src_dict, + tgt_dict=None, + backtranslation_fn=None, + output_collater=None, + cuda=True, + **kwargs + ): + self.tgt_dataset = tgt_dataset + self.backtranslation_fn = backtranslation_fn + self.output_collater = output_collater if output_collater is not None \ + else tgt_dataset.collater + self.cuda = cuda if torch.cuda.is_available() else False + self.src_dict = src_dict + self.tgt_dict = tgt_dict + + def __getitem__(self, index): + """ + Returns a single sample from *tgt_dataset*. Note that backtranslation is + not applied in this step; use :func:`collater` instead to backtranslate + a batch of samples. + """ + return self.tgt_dataset[index] + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.tgt_dataset) + + def set_backtranslation_fn(self, backtranslation_fn): + self.backtranslation_fn = backtranslation_fn + + def collater(self, samples): + """Merge and backtranslate a list of samples to form a mini-batch. + + Using the samples from *tgt_dataset*, load a collated target sample to + feed to the backtranslation model. Then take the backtranslation with + the best score as the source and the original input as the target. + + Note: we expect *tgt_dataset* to provide a function `collater()` that + will collate samples into the format expected by *backtranslation_fn*. + After backtranslation, we will feed the new list of samples (i.e., the + `(backtranslated source, original source)` pairs) to *output_collater* + and return the result. + + Args: + samples (List[dict]): samples to backtranslate and collate + + Returns: + dict: a mini-batch with keys coming from *output_collater* + """ + if samples[0].get('is_dummy', False): + return samples + samples = backtranslate_samples( + samples=samples, + collate_fn=self.tgt_dataset.collater, + generate_fn=( + lambda net_input: self.backtranslation_fn(net_input) + ), + cuda=self.cuda, + ) + return self.output_collater(samples) + + def num_tokens(self, index): + """Just use the tgt dataset num_tokens""" + return self.tgt_dataset.num_tokens(index) + + def ordered_indices(self): + """Just use the tgt dataset ordered_indices""" + return self.tgt_dataset.ordered_indices() + + def size(self, index): + """Return an example's size as a float or tuple. This value is used + when filtering a dataset with ``--max-positions``. + + Note: we use *tgt_dataset* to approximate the length of the source + sentence, since we do not know the actual length until after + backtranslation. + """ + tgt_size = self.tgt_dataset.size(index)[0] + return (tgt_size, tgt_size) + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return getattr(self.tgt_dataset, 'supports_prefetch', False) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + return self.tgt_dataset.prefetch(indices) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/base_wrapper_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/base_wrapper_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d14c3c76f33693196d4c38760855c402bb5d399f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/base_wrapper_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from torch.utils.data.dataloader import default_collate + +from . import FairseqDataset + + +class BaseWrapperDataset(FairseqDataset): + + def __init__(self, dataset): + super().__init__() + self.dataset = dataset + + def __getitem__(self, index): + return self.dataset[index] + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.dataset) + + def collater(self, samples): + if hasattr(self.dataset, 'collater'): + return self.dataset.collater(samples) + else: + return default_collate(samples) + + @property + def sizes(self): + return self.dataset.sizes + + def num_tokens(self, index): + return self.dataset.num_tokens(index) + + def size(self, index): + return self.dataset.size(index) + + def ordered_indices(self): + return self.dataset.ordered_indices() + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return getattr(self.dataset, 'supports_prefetch', False) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + self.dataset.prefetch(indices) + + def set_epoch(self, epoch): + super().set_epoch(epoch) + if hasattr(self.dataset, 'set_epoch'): + self.dataset.set_epoch(epoch) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/colorize_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/colorize_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89e0e04142ff16aff931e0a0dc876558000db514 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/colorize_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch + +from . import BaseWrapperDataset + + +class ColorizeDataset(BaseWrapperDataset): + """ Adds 'colors' property to net input that is obtained from the provided color getter for use by models """ + def __init__(self, dataset, color_getter): + super().__init__(dataset) + self.color_getter = color_getter + + def collater(self, samples): + base_collate = super().collater(samples) + if len(base_collate) > 0: + base_collate["net_input"]["colors"] = torch.tensor( + list(self.color_getter(self.dataset, s["id"]) for s in samples), + dtype=torch.long, + ) + return base_collate diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/concat_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/concat_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0376b3ae1d9df2a111f6929a6423a11cf33a74e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/concat_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import bisect + +import numpy as np +from torch.utils.data.dataloader import default_collate + +from . import FairseqDataset + + +class ConcatDataset(FairseqDataset): + @staticmethod + def cumsum(sequence, sample_ratios): + r, s = [], 0 + for e, ratio in zip(sequence, sample_ratios): + curr_len = int(ratio * len(e)) + r.append(curr_len + s) + s += curr_len + return r + + def __init__(self, datasets, sample_ratios=1): + super(ConcatDataset, self).__init__() + assert len(datasets) > 0, "datasets should not be an empty iterable" + self.datasets = list(datasets) + if isinstance(sample_ratios, int): + sample_ratios = [sample_ratios] * len(self.datasets) + self.sample_ratios = sample_ratios + self.cumulative_sizes = self.cumsum(self.datasets, sample_ratios) + self.real_sizes = [len(d) for d in self.datasets] + + def __len__(self): + return self.cumulative_sizes[-1] + + def __getitem__(self, idx): + dataset_idx, sample_idx = self._get_dataset_and_sample_index(idx) + return self.datasets[dataset_idx][sample_idx] + + def _get_dataset_and_sample_index(self, idx: int): + dataset_idx = bisect.bisect_right(self.cumulative_sizes, idx) + if dataset_idx == 0: + sample_idx = idx + else: + sample_idx = idx - self.cumulative_sizes[dataset_idx - 1] + sample_idx = sample_idx % self.real_sizes[dataset_idx] + return dataset_idx, sample_idx + + def collater(self, samples): + # For now only supports datasets with same underlying collater implementations + if hasattr(self.datasets[0], 'collater'): + return self.datasets[0].collater(samples) + else: + return default_collate(samples) + + def size(self, idx: int): + """ + Return an example's size as a float or tuple. + """ + dataset_idx, sample_idx = self._get_dataset_and_sample_index(idx) + return self.datasets[dataset_idx].size(sample_idx) + + def num_tokens(self, index: int): + return np.max(self.size(index)) + + def attr(self, attr: str, index: int): + dataset_idx = bisect.bisect_right(self.cumulative_sizes, index) + return getattr(self.datasets[dataset_idx], attr, None) + + @property + def sizes(self): + _dataset_sizes = [] + for ds, sr in zip(self.datasets, self.sample_ratios): + if isinstance(ds.sizes, np.ndarray): + _dataset_sizes.append(np.tile(ds.sizes, sr)) + else: + # Only support underlying dataset with single size array. + assert isinstance(ds.sizes, list) + _dataset_sizes.append(np.tile(ds.sizes[0], sr)) + return np.concatenate(_dataset_sizes) + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return all(d.supports_prefetch for d in self.datasets) + + def ordered_indices(self): + """ + Returns indices sorted by length. So less padding is needed. + """ + return np.argsort(self.sizes) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + frm = 0 + for to, ds in zip(self.cumulative_sizes, self.datasets): + real_size = len(ds) + if getattr(ds, 'supports_prefetch', False): + ds.prefetch([(i - frm) % real_size for i in indices if frm <= i < to]) + frm = to + + def set_epoch(self, epoch): + super().set_epoch(epoch) + for ds in self.datasets: + if hasattr(ds, 'set_epoch'): + ds.set_epoch(epoch) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/concat_sentences_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/concat_sentences_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55445ee1c789bdacc4acaecd628903ced276a65c --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/concat_sentences_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch + +from . import FairseqDataset + + +class ConcatSentencesDataset(FairseqDataset): + + def __init__(self, *datasets): + super().__init__() + self.datasets = datasets + assert all(len(ds) == len(datasets[0]) for ds in datasets), \ + 'datasets must have the same length' + + def __getitem__(self, index): + return torch.cat([ds[index] for ds in self.datasets]) + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.datasets[0]) + + def collater(self, samples): + return self.datasets[0].collater(samples) + + @property + def sizes(self): + return sum(ds.sizes for ds in self.datasets) + + def num_tokens(self, index): + return sum(ds.num_tokens(index) for ds in self.datasets) + + def size(self, index): + return sum(ds.size(index) for ds in self.datasets) + + def ordered_indices(self): + return self.datasets[0].ordered_indices() + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return any( + getattr(ds, 'supports_prefetch', False) for ds in self.datasets + ) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + for ds in self.datasets: + if getattr(ds, 'supports_prefetch', False): + ds.prefetch(indices) + + def set_epoch(self, epoch): + super().set_epoch(epoch) + for ds in self.datasets: + if hasattr(ds, 'set_epoch'): + ds.set_epoch(epoch) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/data_utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/data_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab82ea459418e737adc6ab84c57435d6986382c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/data_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,244 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +try: + from collections.abc import Iterable +except ImportError: + from collections import Iterable +import contextlib +import itertools +import logging +import os +import sys +import types + +import numpy as np + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +def infer_language_pair(path): + """Infer language pair from filename: .-.(...).idx""" + src, dst = None, None + for filename in os.listdir(path): + parts = filename.split('.') + if len(parts) >= 3 and len(parts[1].split('-')) == 2: + return parts[1].split('-') + return src, dst + + +def collate_tokens(values, pad_idx, eos_idx=None, left_pad=False, move_eos_to_beginning=False): + """Convert a list of 1d tensors into a padded 2d tensor.""" + size = max(v.size(0) for v in values) + res = values[0].new(len(values), size).fill_(pad_idx) + + def copy_tensor(src, dst): + assert dst.numel() == src.numel() + if move_eos_to_beginning: + dst[0] = eos_idx + dst[1:] = src[:-1] + else: + dst.copy_(src) + + for i, v in enumerate(values): + copy_tensor(v, res[i][size - len(v):] if left_pad else res[i][:len(v)]) + return res + + +def load_indexed_dataset(path, dictionary, dataset_impl=None, combine=False, default='cached'): + """A helper function for loading indexed datasets. + + Args: + path (str): path to indexed dataset (e.g., 'data-bin/train') + dictionary (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): data dictionary + dataset_impl (str, optional): which dataset implementation to use. If + not provided, it will be inferred automatically. For legacy indexed + data we use the 'cached' implementation by default. + combine (bool, optional): automatically load and combine multiple + datasets. For example, if *path* is 'data-bin/train', then we will + combine 'data-bin/train', 'data-bin/train1', ... and return a + single ConcatDataset instance. + """ + from fairseq.data.concat_dataset import ConcatDataset + import fairseq.data.indexed_dataset as indexed_dataset + + datasets = [] + for k in itertools.count(): + path_k = path + (str(k) if k > 0 else '') + + dataset_impl_k = dataset_impl + if dataset_impl_k is None: + dataset_impl_k = indexed_dataset.infer_dataset_impl(path_k) + + dataset = indexed_dataset.make_dataset( + path_k, + impl=dataset_impl_k or default, + fix_lua_indexing=True, + dictionary=dictionary, + ) + if dataset is None: + break + logger.info('loaded {} examples from: {}'.format(len(dataset), path_k)) + datasets.append(dataset) + if not combine: + break + if len(datasets) == 0: + return None + elif len(datasets) == 1: + return datasets[0] + else: + return ConcatDataset(datasets) + + +@contextlib.contextmanager +def numpy_seed(seed, *addl_seeds): + """Context manager which seeds the NumPy PRNG with the specified seed and + restores the state afterward""" + if seed is None: + yield + return + if len(addl_seeds) > 0: + seed = int(hash((seed, *addl_seeds)) % 1e6) + state = np.random.get_state() + np.random.seed(seed) + try: + yield + finally: + np.random.set_state(state) + + +def collect_filtered(function, iterable, filtered): + """ + Similar to :func:`filter` but collects filtered elements in ``filtered``. + + Args: + function (callable): function that returns ``False`` for elements that + should be filtered + iterable (iterable): iterable to filter + filtered (list): list to store filtered elements + """ + for el in iterable: + if function(el): + yield el + else: + filtered.append(el) + + +def _filter_by_size_dynamic(indices, size_fn, max_positions, raise_exception=False): + def check_size(idx): + if isinstance(max_positions, float) or isinstance(max_positions, int): + return size_fn(idx) <= max_positions + elif isinstance(max_positions, dict): + idx_size = size_fn(idx) + assert isinstance(idx_size, dict) + intersect_keys = set(max_positions.keys()) & set(idx_size.keys()) + return all( + all(a is None or b is None or a <= b + for a, b in zip(idx_size[key], max_positions[key])) + for key in intersect_keys + ) + else: + # Hacky as heck, for the specific case of multilingual training with RoundRobin. + if isinstance(size_fn(idx), dict) and isinstance(max_positions, tuple): + return all( + a is None or b is None or a <= b + for a, b in zip(size_fn(idx).values(), max_positions) + ) + # For MultiCorpusSampledDataset, will generalize it later + if not isinstance(size_fn(idx), Iterable): + return all(size_fn(idx) <= b for b in max_positions) + return all( + a is None or b is None or a <= b + for a, b in zip(size_fn(idx), max_positions) + ) + ignored = [] + itr = collect_filtered(check_size, indices, ignored) + indices = np.fromiter(itr, dtype=np.int64, count=-1) + return indices, ignored + + +def filter_by_size(indices, dataset, max_positions, raise_exception=False): + """ + Filter indices based on their size. + + Args: + indices (List[int]): ordered list of dataset indices + dataset (FairseqDataset): fairseq dataset instance + max_positions (tuple): filter elements larger than this size. + Comparisons are done component-wise. + raise_exception (bool, optional): if ``True``, raise an exception if + any elements are filtered (default: False). + """ + if isinstance(max_positions, float) or isinstance(max_positions, int): + if hasattr(dataset, 'sizes') and isinstance(dataset.sizes, np.ndarray): + ignored = indices[dataset.sizes[indices] > max_positions].tolist() + indices = indices[dataset.sizes[indices] <= max_positions] + elif hasattr(dataset, 'sizes') and isinstance(dataset.sizes, list) and len(dataset.sizes) == 1: + ignored = indices[dataset.sizes[0][indices] > max_positions].tolist() + indices = indices[dataset.sizes[0][indices] <= max_positions] + else: + indices, ignored = _filter_by_size_dynamic(indices, dataset.size, max_positions) + else: + indices, ignored = _filter_by_size_dynamic(indices, dataset.size, max_positions) + + if len(ignored) > 0 and raise_exception: + raise Exception(( + 'Size of sample #{} is invalid (={}) since max_positions={}, ' + 'skip this example with --skip-invalid-size-inputs-valid-test' + ).format(ignored[0], dataset.size(ignored[0]), max_positions)) + if len(ignored) > 0: + logger.warning(( + '{} samples have invalid sizes and will be skipped, ' + 'max_positions={}, first few sample ids={}' + ).format(len(ignored), max_positions, ignored[:10])) + return indices + + +def batch_by_size( + indices, num_tokens_fn, max_tokens=None, max_sentences=None, + required_batch_size_multiple=1, +): + """ + Yield mini-batches of indices bucketed by size. Batches may contain + sequences of different lengths. + + Args: + indices (List[int]): ordered list of dataset indices + num_tokens_fn (callable): function that returns the number of tokens at + a given index + max_tokens (int, optional): max number of tokens in each batch + (default: None). + max_sentences (int, optional): max number of sentences in each + batch (default: None). + required_batch_size_multiple (int, optional): require batch size to + be a multiple of N (default: 1). + """ + try: + from fairseq.data.data_utils_fast import batch_by_size_fast + except ImportError: + raise ImportError( + 'Please build Cython components with: `pip install --editable .` ' + 'or `python setup.py build_ext --inplace`' + ) + + max_tokens = max_tokens if max_tokens is not None else -1 + max_sentences = max_sentences if max_sentences is not None else -1 + bsz_mult = required_batch_size_multiple + + if isinstance(indices, types.GeneratorType): + indices = np.fromiter(indices, dtype=np.int64, count=-1) + + return batch_by_size_fast(indices, num_tokens_fn, max_tokens, max_sentences, bsz_mult) + + +def process_bpe_symbol(sentence: str, bpe_symbol: str): + if bpe_symbol == 'sentencepiece': + sentence = sentence.replace(' ', '').replace('\u2581', ' ').strip() + elif bpe_symbol == '_EOW': + sentence = sentence.replace(' ', '').replace('_EOW', ' ').strip() + elif bpe_symbol is not None: + sentence = (sentence + ' ').replace(bpe_symbol, '').rstrip() + return sentence diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.cpp b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.cpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cdc6071534cfe071bac0f25f79e1d394c1a2cda1 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.cpp @@ -0,0 +1,29785 @@ +/* Generated by Cython 3.2.5 */ + +/* BEGIN: Cython Metadata +{ + "distutils": { + "depends": [ + "/tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h", + "/tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayscalars.h", + "/tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h", + "/tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h", + "/tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ufuncobject.h" + ], + "extra_compile_args": [ + "-std=c++11", + "-O3" + ], + "include_dirs": [ + "/tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/core/include", + "/tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/core/include" + ], + "language": "c++", + "name": "fairseq.data.data_utils_fast", + "sources": [ + "fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.pyx" + ] + }, + "module_name": "fairseq.data.data_utils_fast" +} +END: Cython Metadata */ + +#ifndef PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN +#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN +#endif /* PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN */ +/* InitLimitedAPI */ +#if defined(Py_LIMITED_API) + #if !defined(CYTHON_LIMITED_API) + #define CYTHON_LIMITED_API 1 + #endif +#elif defined(CYTHON_LIMITED_API) + #ifdef _MSC_VER + #pragma message ("Limited API usage is enabled with 'CYTHON_LIMITED_API' but 'Py_LIMITED_API' does not define a Python target version. Consider setting 'Py_LIMITED_API' instead.") + #else + #warning Limited API usage is enabled with 'CYTHON_LIMITED_API' but 'Py_LIMITED_API' does not define a Python target version. Consider setting 'Py_LIMITED_API' instead. + #endif +#endif + +#include "Python.h" +#ifndef Py_PYTHON_H + #error Python headers needed to compile C extensions, please install development version of Python. +#elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03080000 + #error Cython requires Python 3.8+. +#else +#define __PYX_ABI_VERSION "3_2_5" +#define CYTHON_HEX_VERSION 0x030205F0 +#define CYTHON_FUTURE_DIVISION 1 +/* CModulePreamble */ +#include +#ifndef offsetof + #define offsetof(type, member) ( (size_t) & ((type*)0) -> member ) +#endif +#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32) && !defined(MS_WINDOWS) + #ifndef __stdcall + #define __stdcall + #endif + #ifndef __cdecl + #define __cdecl + #endif + #ifndef __fastcall + #define __fastcall + #endif +#endif +#ifndef DL_IMPORT + #define DL_IMPORT(t) t +#endif +#ifndef DL_EXPORT + #define DL_EXPORT(t) t +#endif +#define __PYX_COMMA , +#ifndef PY_LONG_LONG + #define PY_LONG_LONG LONG_LONG +#endif +#ifndef Py_HUGE_VAL + #define Py_HUGE_VAL HUGE_VAL +#endif +#define __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX PY_VERSION_HEX +#if defined(GRAALVM_PYTHON) + /* For very preliminary testing purposes. Most variables are set the same as PyPy. + The existence of this section does not imply that anything works or is even tested */ + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL 1 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 0 + #undef CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + #define CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS 1 + #undef CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS + #define CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS 0 + #undef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS 0 + #undef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE 0 + #undef CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS + #define CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS 0 + #undef CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + #define CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE 0 + #undef CYTHON_FAST_GIL + #define CYTHON_FAST_GIL 0 + #undef CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #define CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL 0 + #undef CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL + #define CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_PEP487_INIT_SUBCLASS + #define CYTHON_PEP487_INIT_SUBCLASS 1 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT + #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT 1 + #undef CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE + #define CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_SYS_MONITORING + #define CYTHON_USE_SYS_MONITORING 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE + #define CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND + #define CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS + #define CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK + #define CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK 1 + #ifndef CYTHON_UPDATE_DESCRIPTOR_DOC + #define CYTHON_UPDATE_DESCRIPTOR_DOC 0 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS + #define CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS 0 + #undef CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS + #define CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS 0 +#elif defined(PYPY_VERSION) + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 1 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 1 + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS 0 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 0 + #undef CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + #define CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS 1 + #undef CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS + #define CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS 1 + #undef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE 1 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS + #define CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS 0 + #undef CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + #define CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE 0 + #undef CYTHON_FAST_GIL + #define CYTHON_FAST_GIL 0 + #undef CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #define CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL 0 + #undef CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL + #define CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_PEP487_INIT_SUBCLASS + #define CYTHON_PEP487_INIT_SUBCLASS 1 + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 + #undef CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT + #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT 0 + #elif !defined(CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT) + #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT 1 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE + #define CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_SYS_MONITORING + #define CYTHON_USE_SYS_MONITORING 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE + #define CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE (PYPY_VERSION_NUM >= 0x07030C00) + #endif + #undef CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND + #define CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS + #define CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK + #define CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_UPDATE_DESCRIPTOR_DOC + #define CYTHON_UPDATE_DESCRIPTOR_DOC (PYPY_VERSION_NUM >= 0x07031100) + #endif + #undef CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS + #define CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS 0 + #undef CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS + #define CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS 0 +#elif defined(CYTHON_LIMITED_API) + #ifdef Py_LIMITED_API + #undef __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX + #define __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX Py_LIMITED_API + #endif + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API 1 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS 1 + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 0 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + #define CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS 0 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS + #define CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS 0 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS 0 + #undef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE 0 + #undef CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS + #define CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS 0 + #undef CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + #define CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE 0 + #undef CYTHON_FAST_GIL + #define CYTHON_FAST_GIL 0 + #undef CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #define CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000) + #undef CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL + #define CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_PEP487_INIT_SUBCLASS + #define CYTHON_PEP487_INIT_SUBCLASS 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT + #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE + #define CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE 0 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_USE_SYS_MONITORING + #define CYTHON_USE_SYS_MONITORING 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE + #define CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE 0 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND + #define CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A0000) + #endif + #undef CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS + #define CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK + #define CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_UPDATE_DESCRIPTOR_DOC + #define CYTHON_UPDATE_DESCRIPTOR_DOC 0 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS + #define CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS 1 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS + #define CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS 0 +#else + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 1 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL 0 + #ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING 1 + #else + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING 0 + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + #undef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 1 + #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS) + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS 0 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 1 + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 0 + #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS) + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS 1 + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030B00A2 + #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 0 + #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER) + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + #define CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS 0 + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + #undef CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS + #define CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS 1 + #elif !defined(CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS) + #define CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS 0 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS + #define CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + #define CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE 1 + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + #undef CYTHON_FAST_GIL + #define CYTHON_FAST_GIL 0 + #elif !defined(CYTHON_FAST_GIL) + #define CYTHON_FAST_GIL (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A6) + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #define CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL + #define CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_PEP487_INIT_SUBCLASS + #define CYTHON_PEP487_INIT_SUBCLASS 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT + #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE + #define CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE 0 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_SYS_MONITORING + #define CYTHON_USE_SYS_MONITORING (PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00B1) + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE + #define CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND + #define CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND 1 + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + #undef CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS + #define CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS 0 + #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS) + #define CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A5 && !CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE) + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK + #define CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_UPDATE_DESCRIPTOR_DOC + #define CYTHON_UPDATE_DESCRIPTOR_DOC 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS + #define CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING) + #endif + #if defined(CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS) && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 + #undef CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS + #define CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS 0 // definitely won't work + #elif !defined(CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS) + #define CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS (PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 && !CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE && CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING) + #endif +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_COMPRESS_STRINGS + #define CYTHON_COMPRESS_STRINGS 1 +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL +#define CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_VECTORCALL +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +#define CYTHON_VECTORCALL (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000) +#else +#define CYTHON_VECTORCALL (CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL) +#endif +#endif +#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + #undef SHIFT + #undef BASE + #undef MASK + #ifdef SIZEOF_VOID_P + enum { __pyx_check_sizeof_voidp = 1 / (int)(SIZEOF_VOID_P == sizeof(void*)) }; + #endif +#endif +#ifndef __has_attribute + #define __has_attribute(x) 0 +#endif +#ifndef __has_cpp_attribute + #define __has_cpp_attribute(x) 0 +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_RESTRICT + #if defined(__GNUC__) + #define CYTHON_RESTRICT __restrict__ + #elif defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1400 + #define CYTHON_RESTRICT __restrict + #elif defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L + #define CYTHON_RESTRICT restrict + #else + #define CYTHON_RESTRICT + #endif +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_UNUSED + #if defined(__cplusplus) + /* for clang __has_cpp_attribute(maybe_unused) is true even before C++17 + * but leads to warnings with -pedantic, since it is a C++17 feature */ + #if ((defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG >= 201703L) || __cplusplus >= 201703L) + #if __has_cpp_attribute(maybe_unused) + #define CYTHON_UNUSED [[maybe_unused]] + #endif + #endif + #endif +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_UNUSED +# if defined(__GNUC__) +# if !(defined(__cplusplus)) || (__GNUC__ > 3 || (__GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 4)) +# define CYTHON_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__)) +# else +# define CYTHON_UNUSED +# endif +# elif defined(__ICC) || (defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && !defined(_MSC_VER)) +# define CYTHON_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__)) +# else +# define CYTHON_UNUSED +# endif +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR +# if defined(__cplusplus) + template void CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR( const T& ) { } +# else +# define CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(x) (void)(x) +# endif +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR + #define CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(x) CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(x) +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED +# if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING +# define CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED +# else +# define CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED CYTHON_UNUSED +# endif +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_USE_CPP_STD_MOVE + #if defined(__cplusplus) && (\ + __cplusplus >= 201103L || (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1600)) + #define CYTHON_USE_CPP_STD_MOVE 1 + #else + #define CYTHON_USE_CPP_STD_MOVE 0 + #endif +#endif +#define __Pyx_void_to_None(void_result) ((void)(void_result), Py_INCREF(Py_None), Py_None) +#include +typedef uintptr_t __pyx_uintptr_t; +#ifndef CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH + #if defined(__cplusplus) + /* for clang __has_cpp_attribute(fallthrough) is true even before C++17 + * but leads to warnings with -pedantic, since it is a C++17 feature */ + #if ((defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG >= 201703L) || __cplusplus >= 201703L) + #if __has_cpp_attribute(fallthrough) + #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH [[fallthrough]] + #endif + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH + #if __has_cpp_attribute(clang::fallthrough) + #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH [[clang::fallthrough]] + #elif __has_cpp_attribute(gnu::fallthrough) + #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH [[gnu::fallthrough]] + #endif + #endif + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH + #if __has_attribute(fallthrough) + #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH __attribute__((fallthrough)) + #else + #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH + #endif + #endif + #if defined(__clang__) && defined(__apple_build_version__) + #if __apple_build_version__ < 7000000 + #undef CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH + #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH + #endif + #endif +#endif +#ifndef Py_UNREACHABLE + #define Py_UNREACHABLE() assert(0); abort() +#endif +#ifdef __cplusplus + template + struct __PYX_IS_UNSIGNED_IMPL {static const bool value = T(0) < T(-1);}; + #define __PYX_IS_UNSIGNED(type) (__PYX_IS_UNSIGNED_IMPL::value) +#else + #define __PYX_IS_UNSIGNED(type) (((type)-1) > 0) +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY == 1 + #define __PYX_NEED_TP_PRINT_SLOT (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000) +#else + #define __PYX_NEED_TP_PRINT_SLOT (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000) +#endif +#define __PYX_REINTERPRET_FUNCION(func_pointer, other_pointer) ((func_pointer)(void(*)(void))(other_pointer)) + +/* CppInitCode */ +#ifndef __cplusplus + #error "Cython files generated with the C++ option must be compiled with a C++ compiler." +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_INLINE + #if defined(__clang__) + #define CYTHON_INLINE __inline__ __attribute__ ((__unused__)) + #else + #define CYTHON_INLINE inline + #endif +#endif +template +void __Pyx_call_destructor(T& x) { + x.~T(); +} +template +class __Pyx_FakeReference { + public: + __Pyx_FakeReference() : ptr(NULL) { } + __Pyx_FakeReference(const T& ref) : ptr(const_cast(&ref)) { } + T *operator->() { return ptr; } + T *operator&() { return ptr; } + operator T&() { return *ptr; } + template bool operator ==(const U& other) const { return *ptr == other; } + template bool operator !=(const U& other) const { return *ptr != other; } + template bool operator==(const __Pyx_FakeReference& other) const { return *ptr == *other.ptr; } + template bool operator!=(const __Pyx_FakeReference& other) const { return *ptr != *other.ptr; } + private: + T *ptr; +}; + +/* PythonCompatibility */ +#define __PYX_BUILD_PY_SSIZE_T "n" +#define CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "z" +#define __Pyx_BUILTIN_MODULE_NAME "builtins" +#define __Pyx_DefaultClassType PyType_Type +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #ifndef CO_OPTIMIZED + static int CO_OPTIMIZED; + #endif + #ifndef CO_NEWLOCALS + static int CO_NEWLOCALS; + #endif + #ifndef CO_VARARGS + static int CO_VARARGS; + #endif + #ifndef CO_VARKEYWORDS + static int CO_VARKEYWORDS; + #endif + #ifndef CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR + static int CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR; + #endif + #ifndef CO_GENERATOR + static int CO_GENERATOR; + #endif + #ifndef CO_COROUTINE + static int CO_COROUTINE; + #endif +#else + #ifndef CO_COROUTINE + #define CO_COROUTINE 0x80 + #endif + #ifndef CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR + #define CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR 0x200 + #endif +#endif +static int __Pyx_init_co_variables(void); +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900A4 || defined(Py_IS_TYPE) + #define __Pyx_IS_TYPE(ob, type) Py_IS_TYPE(ob, type) +#else + #define __Pyx_IS_TYPE(ob, type) (((const PyObject*)ob)->ob_type == (type)) +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A00B1 || defined(Py_Is) + #define __Pyx_Py_Is(x, y) Py_Is(x, y) +#else + #define __Pyx_Py_Is(x, y) ((x) == (y)) +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A00B1 || defined(Py_IsNone) + #define __Pyx_Py_IsNone(ob) Py_IsNone(ob) +#else + #define __Pyx_Py_IsNone(ob) __Pyx_Py_Is((ob), Py_None) +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A00B1 || defined(Py_IsTrue) + #define __Pyx_Py_IsTrue(ob) Py_IsTrue(ob) +#else + #define __Pyx_Py_IsTrue(ob) __Pyx_Py_Is((ob), Py_True) +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A00B1 || defined(Py_IsFalse) + #define __Pyx_Py_IsFalse(ob) Py_IsFalse(ob) +#else + #define __Pyx_Py_IsFalse(ob) __Pyx_Py_Is((ob), Py_False) +#endif +#define __Pyx_NoneAsNull(obj) (__Pyx_Py_IsNone(obj) ? NULL : (obj)) +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900F0 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + #define __Pyx_PyObject_GC_IsFinalized(o) PyObject_GC_IsFinalized(o) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyObject_GC_IsFinalized(o) _PyGC_FINALIZED(o) +#endif +#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES + #define Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES 0 +#endif +#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_INDEX + #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_INDEX 0 +#endif +#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER + #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER 0 +#endif +#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE + #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE 0 +#endif +#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE + #define Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE 0 +#endif +#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING + #define Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING 0 +#endif +#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE + #define Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE (1UL << 8) +#endif +#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION + #define Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION (1UL << 7) +#endif +#ifndef METH_STACKLESS + #define METH_STACKLESS 0 +#endif +#ifndef METH_FASTCALL + #ifndef METH_FASTCALL + #define METH_FASTCALL 0x80 + #endif + typedef PyObject *(*__Pyx_PyCFunctionFast) (PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs); + typedef PyObject *(*__Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords) (PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, + Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames); +#else + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A4 + # define __Pyx_PyCFunctionFast PyCFunctionFast + # define __Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords + #else + # define __Pyx_PyCFunctionFast _PyCFunctionFast + # define __Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords _PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords + #endif +#endif +#if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #define __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL METH_FASTCALL + #define __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCall __Pyx_PyCFunctionFast + #define __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords __Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords +#else + #define __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL METH_VARARGS + #define __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCall PyCFunction + #define __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords PyCFunctionWithKeywords +#endif +#if CYTHON_VECTORCALL + #define __pyx_vectorcallfunc vectorcallfunc + #define __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET + #define __Pyx_PyVectorcall_NARGS(n) PyVectorcall_NARGS((size_t)(n)) +#else + #define __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET 0 + #define __Pyx_PyVectorcall_NARGS(n) ((Py_ssize_t)(n)) +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900B1 +#define __Pyx_PyCFunction_CheckExact(func) PyCFunction_CheckExact(func) +#else +#define __Pyx_PyCFunction_CheckExact(func) PyCFunction_Check(func) +#endif +#define __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_Check(func) PyCFunction_Check(func) +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +#define __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(func) (((PyCFunctionObject*)(func))->m_ml->ml_meth) +#elif !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +#define __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(func) PyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(func) +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +#define __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) (((PyCFunctionObject*)(func))->m_ml->ml_flags) +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_SELF(PyObject *func) { + return (__Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) & METH_STATIC) ? NULL : ((PyCFunctionObject*)func)->m_self; +} +#endif +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx__IsSameCFunction(PyObject *func, void (*cfunc)(void)) { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + return PyCFunction_Check(func) && PyCFunction_GetFunction(func) == (PyCFunction) cfunc; +#else + return PyCFunction_Check(func) && PyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(func) == (PyCFunction) cfunc; +#endif +} +#define __Pyx_IsSameCFunction(func, cfunc) __Pyx__IsSameCFunction(func, cfunc) +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 || (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000) + #define __Pyx_PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(m, s, b) ((void)m, PyType_FromSpecWithBases(s, b)) + typedef PyObject *(*__Pyx_PyCMethod)(PyObject *, PyTypeObject *, PyObject *const *, size_t, PyObject *); +#else + #define __Pyx_PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(m, s, b) PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(m, s, b) + #define __Pyx_PyCMethod PyCMethod +#endif +#ifndef METH_METHOD + #define METH_METHOD 0x200 +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(PyObject_Malloc) + #define PyObject_Malloc(s) PyMem_Malloc(s) + #define PyObject_Free(p) PyMem_Free(p) + #define PyObject_Realloc(p) PyMem_Realloc(p) +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #define __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno) +#elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL && defined(GRAALPY_VERSION_NUM) && GRAALPY_VERSION_NUM > 0x19000000 + #define __Pyx_PyCode_HasFreeVars(co) (PyCode_GetNumFree(co) > 0) + #define __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno) GraalPyFrame_SetLineNumber((frame), (lineno)) +#elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL + #define __Pyx_PyCode_HasFreeVars(co) (PyCode_GetNumFree(co) > 0) + #define __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno) _PyFrame_SetLineNumber((frame), (lineno)) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyCode_HasFreeVars(co) (PyCode_GetNumFree(co) > 0) + #define __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno) (frame)->f_lineno = (lineno) +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current PyThreadState_Get() +#elif !CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current PyThreadState_GET() +#elif PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A1 + #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current PyThreadState_GetUnchecked() +#else + #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current _PyThreadState_UncheckedGet() +#endif +#if CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE +static CYTHON_INLINE void *__Pyx__PyModule_GetState(PyObject *op) +{ + void *result; + result = PyModule_GetState(op); + if (!result) + Py_FatalError("Couldn't find the module state"); + return result; +} +#define __Pyx_PyModule_GetState(o) (__pyx_mstatetype *)__Pyx__PyModule_GetState(o) +#else +#define __Pyx_PyModule_GetState(op) ((void)op,__pyx_mstate_global) +#endif +#define __Pyx_PyObject_GetSlot(obj, name, func_ctype) __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(Py_TYPE((PyObject *) obj), name, func_ctype) +#define __Pyx_PyObject_TryGetSlot(obj, name, func_ctype) __Pyx_PyType_TryGetSlot(Py_TYPE(obj), name, func_ctype) +#define __Pyx_PyObject_GetSubSlot(obj, sub, name, func_ctype) __Pyx_PyType_GetSubSlot(Py_TYPE(obj), sub, name, func_ctype) +#define __Pyx_PyObject_TryGetSubSlot(obj, sub, name, func_ctype) __Pyx_PyType_TryGetSubSlot(Py_TYPE(obj), sub, name, func_ctype) +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + #define __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(type, name, func_ctype) ((type)->name) + #define __Pyx_PyType_TryGetSlot(type, name, func_ctype) __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(type, name, func_ctype) + #define __Pyx_PyType_GetSubSlot(type, sub, name, func_ctype) (((type)->sub) ? ((type)->sub->name) : NULL) + #define __Pyx_PyType_TryGetSubSlot(type, sub, name, func_ctype) __Pyx_PyType_GetSubSlot(type, sub, name, func_ctype) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(type, name, func_ctype) ((func_ctype) PyType_GetSlot((type), Py_##name)) + #define __Pyx_PyType_TryGetSlot(type, name, func_ctype)\ + ((__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A0000 ||\ + (PyType_GetFlags(type) & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE) || __Pyx_get_runtime_version() >= 0x030A0000) ?\ + __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(type, name, func_ctype) : NULL) + #define __Pyx_PyType_GetSubSlot(obj, sub, name, func_ctype) __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(obj, name, func_ctype) + #define __Pyx_PyType_TryGetSubSlot(obj, sub, name, func_ctype) __Pyx_PyType_TryGetSlot(obj, name, func_ctype) +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON || defined(_PyDict_NewPresized) +#define __Pyx_PyDict_NewPresized(n) ((n <= 8) ? PyDict_New() : _PyDict_NewPresized(n)) +#else +#define __Pyx_PyDict_NewPresized(n) PyDict_New() +#endif +#define __Pyx_PyNumber_Divide(x,y) PyNumber_TrueDivide(x,y) +#define __Pyx_PyNumber_InPlaceDivide(x,y) PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide(x,y) +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS +#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStrWithError(dict, name) _PyDict_GetItem_KnownHash(dict, name, ((PyASCIIObject *) name)->hash) +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStr(PyObject *dict, PyObject *name) { + PyObject *res = __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStrWithError(dict, name); + if (res == NULL) PyErr_Clear(); + return res; +} +#elif !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || PYPY_VERSION_NUM >= 0x07020000 +#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStrWithError PyDict_GetItemWithError +#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStr PyDict_GetItem +#else +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStrWithError(PyObject *dict, PyObject *name) { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + return PyDict_GetItem(dict, name); +#else + PyDictEntry *ep; + PyDictObject *mp = (PyDictObject*) dict; + long hash = ((PyStringObject *) name)->ob_shash; + assert(hash != -1); + ep = (mp->ma_lookup)(mp, name, hash); + if (ep == NULL) { + return NULL; + } + return ep->me_value; +#endif +} +#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStr PyDict_GetItem +#endif +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + #define __Pyx_PyType_GetFlags(tp) (((PyTypeObject *)tp)->tp_flags) + #define __Pyx_PyType_HasFeature(type, feature) ((__Pyx_PyType_GetFlags(type) & (feature)) != 0) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyType_GetFlags(tp) (PyType_GetFlags((PyTypeObject *)tp)) + #define __Pyx_PyType_HasFeature(type, feature) PyType_HasFeature(type, feature) +#endif +#define __Pyx_PyObject_GetIterNextFunc(iterator) __Pyx_PyObject_GetSlot(iterator, tp_iternext, iternextfunc) +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS +#define __Pyx_PyHeapTypeObject_GC_Del(obj) {\ + PyTypeObject *type = Py_TYPE((PyObject*)obj);\ + assert(__Pyx_PyType_HasFeature(type, Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE));\ + PyObject_GC_Del(obj);\ + Py_DECREF(type);\ +} +#else +#define __Pyx_PyHeapTypeObject_GC_Del(obj) PyObject_GC_Del(obj) +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(op) (0) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i) PyUnicode_ReadChar(u, i) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u) ((void)u, 1114111U) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(u) ((void)u, (0)) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(u) ((void*)u) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i) ((void)k, PyUnicode_ReadChar((PyObject*)(d), i)) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_IS_TRUE(u) (0 != PyUnicode_GetLength(u)) +#else + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(op) (0) + #else + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(op) (likely(PyUnicode_IS_READY(op)) ?\ + 0 : _PyUnicode_Ready((PyObject *)(op))) + #endif + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i) PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u) PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(u) ((int)PyUnicode_KIND(u)) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(u) PyUnicode_DATA(u) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i) PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(k, d, i, ch) PyUnicode_WRITE(k, d, i, (Py_UCS4) ch) + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_IS_TRUE(u) (0 != PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u)) + #else + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_IS_TRUE(u) (0 != (likely(PyUnicode_IS_READY(u)) ? PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u) : ((PyCompactUnicodeObject *)(u))->wstr_length)) + #else + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_IS_TRUE(u) (0 != (likely(PyUnicode_IS_READY(u)) ? PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u) : PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(u))) + #endif + #endif +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b) PyNumber_Add(a, b) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_ConcatSafe(a, b) PyNumber_Add(a, b) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b) PyUnicode_Concat(a, b) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_ConcatSafe(a, b) ((unlikely((a) == Py_None) || unlikely((b) == Py_None)) ?\ + PyNumber_Add(a, b) : __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b)) +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + #if !defined(PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscape) + #define PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscape(s, size, errors) PyUnicode_Decode(s, size, "unicode_escape", errors) + #endif + #if !defined(PyUnicode_Contains) + #define PyUnicode_Contains(u, s) PySequence_Contains(u, s) + #endif + #if !defined(PyByteArray_Check) + #define PyByteArray_Check(obj) PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, &PyByteArray_Type) + #endif + #if !defined(PyObject_Format) + #define PyObject_Format(obj, fmt) PyObject_CallMethod(obj, "__format__", "O", fmt) + #endif +#endif +#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FormatSafe(a, b) ((unlikely((a) == Py_None || (PyUnicode_Check(b) && !PyUnicode_CheckExact(b)))) ? PyNumber_Remainder(a, b) : PyUnicode_Format(a, b)) +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030E0000 + #define __Pyx_PySequence_ListKeepNew(obj)\ + (likely(PyList_CheckExact(obj) && PyUnstable_Object_IsUniquelyReferenced(obj)) ? __Pyx_NewRef(obj) : PySequence_List(obj)) +#elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + #define __Pyx_PySequence_ListKeepNew(obj)\ + (likely(PyList_CheckExact(obj) && Py_REFCNT(obj) == 1) ? __Pyx_NewRef(obj) : PySequence_List(obj)) +#else + #define __Pyx_PySequence_ListKeepNew(obj) PySequence_List(obj) +#endif +#ifndef PySet_CheckExact + #define PySet_CheckExact(obj) __Pyx_IS_TYPE(obj, &PySet_Type) +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900A4 + #define __Pyx_SET_REFCNT(obj, refcnt) Py_SET_REFCNT(obj, refcnt) + #define __Pyx_SET_SIZE(obj, size) Py_SET_SIZE(obj, size) +#else + #define __Pyx_SET_REFCNT(obj, refcnt) Py_REFCNT(obj) = (refcnt) + #define __Pyx_SET_SIZE(obj, size) Py_SIZE(obj) = (size) +#endif +enum __Pyx_ReferenceSharing { + __Pyx_ReferenceSharing_DefinitelyUnique, // We created it so we know it's unshared - no need to check + __Pyx_ReferenceSharing_OwnStrongReference, + __Pyx_ReferenceSharing_FunctionArgument, + __Pyx_ReferenceSharing_SharedReference, // Never trust it to be unshared because it's a global or similar +}; +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030E0000 +#define __Pyx_IS_UNIQUELY_REFERENCED(o, sharing)\ + (sharing == __Pyx_ReferenceSharing_DefinitelyUnique ? 1 :\ + (sharing == __Pyx_ReferenceSharing_FunctionArgument ? PyUnstable_Object_IsUniqueReferencedTemporary(o) :\ + (sharing == __Pyx_ReferenceSharing_OwnStrongReference ? PyUnstable_Object_IsUniquelyReferenced(o) : 0))) +#elif (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING) || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +#define __Pyx_IS_UNIQUELY_REFERENCED(o, sharing) (((void)sharing), Py_REFCNT(o) == 1) +#else +#define __Pyx_IS_UNIQUELY_REFERENCED(o, sharing) (((void)o), ((void)sharing), 0) +#endif +#if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS || CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + #define __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) + #elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #define __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) (likely((i) >= 0) ? PySequence_GetItem(o, i) : (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "list index out of range"), (PyObject*)NULL)) + #else + #define __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) PySequence_ITEM(o, i) + #endif +#elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + #define __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) + #else + #define __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) __Pyx_XNewRef(PyList_GetItem(o, i)) + #endif +#else + #define __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) __Pyx_NewRef(PyList_GET_ITEM(o, i)) +#endif +#if CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #define __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRefFast(o, i, unsafe_shared) (__Pyx_IS_UNIQUELY_REFERENCED(o, unsafe_shared) ?\ + __Pyx_NewRef(PyList_GET_ITEM(o, i)) : __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRef(o, i)) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRefFast(o, i, unsafe_shared) __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) +#endif +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 +#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemRef(dict, key, result) PyDict_GetItemRef(dict, key, result) +#elif CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS || CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemRef(PyObject *dict, PyObject *key, PyObject **result) { + *result = PyObject_GetItem(dict, key); + if (*result == NULL) { + if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_KeyError)) { + PyErr_Clear(); + return 0; + } + return -1; + } + return 1; +} +#else +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemRef(PyObject *dict, PyObject *key, PyObject **result) { + *result = PyDict_GetItemWithError(dict, key); + if (*result == NULL) { + return PyErr_Occurred() ? -1 : 0; + } + Py_INCREF(*result); + return 1; +} +#endif +#if defined(CYTHON_DEBUG_VISIT_CONST) && CYTHON_DEBUG_VISIT_CONST + #define __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(obj) Py_VISIT(obj) +#else + #define __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(obj) +#endif +#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #define __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(o, i) PySequence_ITEM(o, i) + #define __Pyx_PySequence_SIZE(seq) Py_SIZE(seq) + #define __Pyx_PyTuple_SET_ITEM(o, i, v) (PyTuple_SET_ITEM(o, i, v), (0)) + #define __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_ITEM(o, i) PyTuple_GET_ITEM(o, i) + #define __Pyx_PyList_SET_ITEM(o, i, v) (PyList_SET_ITEM(o, i, v), (0)) + #define __Pyx_PyList_GET_ITEM(o, i) PyList_GET_ITEM(o, i) +#else + #define __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(o, i) PySequence_GetItem(o, i) + #define __Pyx_PySequence_SIZE(seq) PySequence_Size(seq) + #define __Pyx_PyTuple_SET_ITEM(o, i, v) PyTuple_SetItem(o, i, v) + #define __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_ITEM(o, i) PyTuple_GetItem(o, i) + #define __Pyx_PyList_SET_ITEM(o, i, v) PyList_SetItem(o, i, v) + #define __Pyx_PyList_GET_ITEM(o, i) PyList_GetItem(o, i) +#endif +#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + #define __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o) PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o) + #define __Pyx_PyList_GET_SIZE(o) PyList_GET_SIZE(o) + #define __Pyx_PySet_GET_SIZE(o) PySet_GET_SIZE(o) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_GET_SIZE(o) PyBytes_GET_SIZE(o) + #define __Pyx_PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(o) PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(o) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(o) PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(o) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o) PyTuple_Size(o) + #define __Pyx_PyList_GET_SIZE(o) PyList_Size(o) + #define __Pyx_PySet_GET_SIZE(o) PySet_Size(o) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_GET_SIZE(o) PyBytes_Size(o) + #define __Pyx_PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(o) PyByteArray_Size(o) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(o) PyUnicode_GetLength(o) +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(PyUnicode_InternFromString) + #define PyUnicode_InternFromString(s) PyUnicode_FromString(s) +#endif +#define __Pyx_PyLong_FromHash_t PyLong_FromSsize_t +#define __Pyx_PyLong_AsHash_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A0000 + #define __Pyx_PySendResult PySendResult +#else + typedef enum { + PYGEN_RETURN = 0, + PYGEN_ERROR = -1, + PYGEN_NEXT = 1, + } __Pyx_PySendResult; +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A00A3 + typedef __Pyx_PySendResult (*__Pyx_pyiter_sendfunc)(PyObject *iter, PyObject *value, PyObject **result); +#else + #define __Pyx_pyiter_sendfunc sendfunc +#endif +#if !CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND +#define __PYX_HAS_PY_AM_SEND 0 +#elif __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A0000 +#define __PYX_HAS_PY_AM_SEND 1 +#else +#define __PYX_HAS_PY_AM_SEND 2 // our own backported implementation +#endif +#if __PYX_HAS_PY_AM_SEND < 2 + #define __Pyx_PyAsyncMethodsStruct PyAsyncMethods +#else + typedef struct { + unaryfunc am_await; + unaryfunc am_aiter; + unaryfunc am_anext; + __Pyx_pyiter_sendfunc am_send; + } __Pyx_PyAsyncMethodsStruct; + #define __Pyx_SlotTpAsAsync(s) ((PyAsyncMethods*)(s)) +#endif +#if CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A00F0 + #define __Pyx_TPFLAGS_HAVE_AM_SEND (1UL << 21) +#else + #define __Pyx_TPFLAGS_HAVE_AM_SEND (0) +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 +#define __Pyx_PyInterpreterState_Get() PyInterpreterState_Get() +#else +#define __Pyx_PyInterpreterState_Get() PyThreadState_Get()->interp +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 +#ifdef __cplusplus +extern "C" +#endif +PyAPI_FUNC(void *) PyMem_Calloc(size_t nelem, size_t elsize); +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +static int __Pyx_init_co_variable(PyObject *inspect, const char* name, int *write_to) { + int value; + PyObject *py_value = PyObject_GetAttrString(inspect, name); + if (!py_value) return 0; + value = (int) PyLong_AsLong(py_value); + Py_DECREF(py_value); + *write_to = value; + return value != -1 || !PyErr_Occurred(); +} +static int __Pyx_init_co_variables(void) { + PyObject *inspect; + int result; + inspect = PyImport_ImportModule("inspect"); + result = +#if !defined(CO_OPTIMIZED) + __Pyx_init_co_variable(inspect, "CO_OPTIMIZED", &CO_OPTIMIZED) && +#endif +#if !defined(CO_NEWLOCALS) + __Pyx_init_co_variable(inspect, "CO_NEWLOCALS", &CO_NEWLOCALS) && +#endif +#if !defined(CO_VARARGS) + __Pyx_init_co_variable(inspect, "CO_VARARGS", &CO_VARARGS) && +#endif +#if !defined(CO_VARKEYWORDS) + __Pyx_init_co_variable(inspect, "CO_VARKEYWORDS", &CO_VARKEYWORDS) && +#endif +#if !defined(CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR) + __Pyx_init_co_variable(inspect, "CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR", &CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR) && +#endif +#if !defined(CO_GENERATOR) + __Pyx_init_co_variable(inspect, "CO_GENERATOR", &CO_GENERATOR) && +#endif +#if !defined(CO_COROUTINE) + __Pyx_init_co_variable(inspect, "CO_COROUTINE", &CO_COROUTINE) && +#endif + 1; + Py_DECREF(inspect); + return result ? 0 : -1; +} +#else +static int __Pyx_init_co_variables(void) { + return 0; // It's a limited API-only feature +} +#endif + +/* MathInitCode */ +#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32) || defined(MS_WINDOWS) + #ifndef _USE_MATH_DEFINES + #define _USE_MATH_DEFINES + #endif +#endif +#include +#if defined(__CYGWIN__) && defined(_LDBL_EQ_DBL) +#define __Pyx_truncl trunc +#else +#define __Pyx_truncl truncl +#endif + +#ifndef CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK_RUNTIME +#define CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK_RUNTIME 0 +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK +#define CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK_RUNTIME +#endif +#if CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK +#define __PYX_MARK_ERR_POS(f_index, lineno) { __pyx_filename = __pyx_f[f_index]; (void) __pyx_filename; __pyx_lineno = lineno; (void) __pyx_lineno; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; (void) __pyx_clineno; } +#else +#define __PYX_MARK_ERR_POS(f_index, lineno) { __pyx_filename = __pyx_f[f_index]; (void) __pyx_filename; __pyx_lineno = lineno; (void) __pyx_lineno; (void) __pyx_clineno; } +#endif +#define __PYX_ERR(f_index, lineno, Ln_error) \ + { __PYX_MARK_ERR_POS(f_index, lineno) goto Ln_error; } + +#ifdef CYTHON_EXTERN_C + #undef __PYX_EXTERN_C + #define __PYX_EXTERN_C CYTHON_EXTERN_C +#elif defined(__PYX_EXTERN_C) + #ifdef _MSC_VER + #pragma message ("Please do not define the '__PYX_EXTERN_C' macro externally. Use 'CYTHON_EXTERN_C' instead.") + #else + #warning Please do not define the '__PYX_EXTERN_C' macro externally. Use 'CYTHON_EXTERN_C' instead. + #endif +#else + #define __PYX_EXTERN_C extern "C++" +#endif + +#define __PYX_HAVE__fairseq__data__data_utils_fast +#define __PYX_HAVE_API__fairseq__data__data_utils_fast +/* Early includes */ +#include +#include + + /* Using NumPy API declarations from "numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd" */ + +#include "numpy/arrayobject.h" +#include "numpy/ndarrayobject.h" +#include "numpy/ndarraytypes.h" +#include "numpy/arrayscalars.h" +#include "numpy/ufuncobject.h" +#include "pythread.h" +#include +#ifdef _OPENMP +#include +#endif /* _OPENMP */ + +#if defined(PYREX_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS) && !defined(CYTHON_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS) +#define CYTHON_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS +#endif + +#ifdef CYTHON_FREETHREADING_COMPATIBLE +#if CYTHON_FREETHREADING_COMPATIBLE +#define __Pyx_FREETHREADING_COMPATIBLE Py_MOD_GIL_NOT_USED +#else +#define __Pyx_FREETHREADING_COMPATIBLE Py_MOD_GIL_USED +#endif +#else +#define __Pyx_FREETHREADING_COMPATIBLE Py_MOD_GIL_USED +#endif +#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII 0 +#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_UTF8 0 +#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING "" +#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromString __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString +#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromStringAndSize __Pyx_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize +#define __Pyx_uchar_cast(c) ((unsigned char)c) +#define __Pyx_long_cast(x) ((long)x) +#define __Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(v, type, is_signed) (\ + (sizeof(type) < sizeof(Py_ssize_t)) ||\ + (sizeof(type) > sizeof(Py_ssize_t) &&\ + likely(v < (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX ||\ + v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX) &&\ + (!is_signed || likely(v > (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MIN ||\ + v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MIN))) ||\ + (sizeof(type) == sizeof(Py_ssize_t) &&\ + (is_signed || likely(v < (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX ||\ + v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX))) ) +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_is_valid_index(Py_ssize_t i, Py_ssize_t limit) { + return (size_t) i < (size_t) limit; +} +#if defined (__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103L + #include + #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) std::abs(value) +#elif SIZEOF_INT >= SIZEOF_SIZE_T + #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) abs(value) +#elif SIZEOF_LONG >= SIZEOF_SIZE_T + #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) labs(value) +#elif defined (_MSC_VER) + #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) ((Py_ssize_t)_abs64(value)) +#elif defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L + #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) llabs(value) +#elif defined (__GNUC__) + #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) __builtin_llabs(value) +#else + #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) ((value<0) ? -value : value) +#endif +static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_ssize_strlen(const char *s); +static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(PyObject*); +static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(PyObject*, Py_ssize_t* length); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromString(const char*); +#define __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize(s, l) PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize((const char*)s, l) +#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString PyBytes_FromString +#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize PyBytes_FromStringAndSize +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString(const char*); +#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableString(s) ((char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableSString(s) ((signed char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableUString(s) ((unsigned char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsString(s) ((const char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsSString(s) ((const signed char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsUString(s) ((const unsigned char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyByteArray_AsString(s) PyByteArray_AS_STRING(s) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableString(s) ((char*) PyBytes_AsString(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableSString(s) ((signed char*) PyBytes_AsString(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableUString(s) ((unsigned char*) PyBytes_AsString(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsString(s) ((const char*) PyBytes_AsString(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsSString(s) ((const signed char*) PyBytes_AsString(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsUString(s) ((const unsigned char*) PyBytes_AsString(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyByteArray_AsString(s) PyByteArray_AsString(s) +#endif +#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsWritableString(s) ((char*)(__pyx_uintptr_t) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s)) +#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsWritableSString(s) ((signed char*)(__pyx_uintptr_t) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s)) +#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsWritableUString(s) ((unsigned char*)(__pyx_uintptr_t) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s)) +#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsSString(s) ((const signed char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s)) +#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsUString(s) ((const unsigned char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s)) +#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromCString(s) __Pyx_PyObject_FromString((const char*)s) +#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromCString(s) __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString((const char*)s) +#define __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromCString(s) __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromString((const char*)s) +#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromCString(s) __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString((const char*)s) +#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(o) PyUnicode_FromOrdinal((int)o) +#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsUnicode PyUnicode_AsUnicode +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_NewRef(PyObject *obj) { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030a0000 || defined(Py_NewRef) + return Py_NewRef(obj); +#else + Py_INCREF(obj); + return obj; +#endif +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_XNewRef(PyObject *obj) { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030a0000 || defined(Py_XNewRef) + return Py_XNewRef(obj); +#else + Py_XINCREF(obj); + return obj; +#endif +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_Owned_Py_None(int b); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyBool_FromLong(long b); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject*); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrueAndDecref(PyObject*); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_Long(PyObject* x); +#define __Pyx_PySequence_Tuple(obj)\ + (likely(PyTuple_CheckExact(obj)) ? __Pyx_NewRef(obj) : PySequence_Tuple(obj)) +static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(PyObject*); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyLong_FromSize_t(size_t); +static CYTHON_INLINE Py_hash_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsHash_t(PyObject*); +#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS +#define __Pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x) (PyFloat_CheckExact(x) ? PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(x) : PyFloat_AsDouble(x)) +#define __Pyx_PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(x) PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(x) +#else +#define __Pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x) PyFloat_AsDouble(x) +#define __Pyx_PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(x) PyFloat_AsDouble(x) +#endif +#define __Pyx_PyFloat_AsFloat(x) ((float) __Pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x)) +#define __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x) (PyLong_CheckExact(x) ? __Pyx_NewRef(x) : PyNumber_Long(x)) +#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C00A7 + #ifndef _PyLong_SIGN_MASK + #define _PyLong_SIGN_MASK 3 + #endif + #ifndef _PyLong_NON_SIZE_BITS + #define _PyLong_NON_SIZE_BITS 3 + #endif + #define __Pyx_PyLong_Sign(x) (((PyLongObject*)x)->long_value.lv_tag & _PyLong_SIGN_MASK) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsNeg(x) ((__Pyx_PyLong_Sign(x) & 2) != 0) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsNonNeg(x) (!__Pyx_PyLong_IsNeg(x)) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsZero(x) (__Pyx_PyLong_Sign(x) & 1) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsPos(x) (__Pyx_PyLong_Sign(x) == 0) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValueUnsigned(x) (__Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x)[0]) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) ((Py_ssize_t) (((PyLongObject*)x)->long_value.lv_tag >> _PyLong_NON_SIZE_BITS)) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_SignedDigitCount(x)\ + ((1 - (Py_ssize_t) __Pyx_PyLong_Sign(x)) * __Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x)) + #if defined(PyUnstable_Long_IsCompact) && defined(PyUnstable_Long_CompactValue) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x) PyUnstable_Long_IsCompact((PyLongObject*) x) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValue(x) PyUnstable_Long_CompactValue((PyLongObject*) x) + #else + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x) (((PyLongObject*)x)->long_value.lv_tag < (2 << _PyLong_NON_SIZE_BITS)) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValue(x) ((1 - (Py_ssize_t) __Pyx_PyLong_Sign(x)) * (Py_ssize_t) __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x)[0]) + #endif + typedef Py_ssize_t __Pyx_compact_pylong; + typedef size_t __Pyx_compact_upylong; + #else + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsNeg(x) (Py_SIZE(x) < 0) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsNonNeg(x) (Py_SIZE(x) >= 0) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsZero(x) (Py_SIZE(x) == 0) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsPos(x) (Py_SIZE(x) > 0) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValueUnsigned(x) ((Py_SIZE(x) == 0) ? 0 : __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x)[0]) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) __Pyx_sst_abs(Py_SIZE(x)) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_SignedDigitCount(x) Py_SIZE(x) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x) (Py_SIZE(x) == 0 || Py_SIZE(x) == 1 || Py_SIZE(x) == -1) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValue(x)\ + ((Py_SIZE(x) == 0) ? (sdigit) 0 : ((Py_SIZE(x) < 0) ? -(sdigit)__Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x)[0] : (sdigit)__Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x)[0])) + typedef sdigit __Pyx_compact_pylong; + typedef digit __Pyx_compact_upylong; + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C00A5 + #define __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x) (((PyLongObject*)x)->long_value.ob_digit) + #else + #define __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x) (((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit) + #endif +#endif +#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_UTF8 + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, size) PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(c_str, size, NULL) +#elif __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, size) PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(c_str, size, NULL) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, size) PyUnicode_Decode(c_str, size, __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING, NULL) +#endif + + +/* Test for GCC > 2.95 */ +#if defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ > 2 || (__GNUC__ == 2 && (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 95))) + #define likely(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 1) + #define unlikely(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 0) +#else /* !__GNUC__ or GCC < 2.95 */ + #define likely(x) (x) + #define unlikely(x) (x) +#endif /* __GNUC__ */ +/* PretendToInitialize */ +#ifdef __cplusplus +#if __cplusplus > 201103L +#include +#endif +template +static void __Pyx_pretend_to_initialize(T* ptr) { +#if __cplusplus > 201103L + if ((std::is_trivially_default_constructible::value)) +#endif + *ptr = T(); + (void)ptr; +} +#else +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_pretend_to_initialize(void* ptr) { (void)ptr; } +#endif + + +#if !CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE +static PyObject *__pyx_m = NULL; +#endif +static int __pyx_lineno; +static int __pyx_clineno = 0; +static const char * const __pyx_cfilenm = __FILE__; +static const char *__pyx_filename; + +/* Header.proto */ +#if !defined(CYTHON_CCOMPLEX) + #if defined(__cplusplus) + #define CYTHON_CCOMPLEX 1 + #elif (defined(_Complex_I) && !defined(_MSC_VER)) || ((defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L) && !defined(__STDC_NO_COMPLEX__) && !defined(_MSC_VER)) + #define CYTHON_CCOMPLEX 1 + #else + #define CYTHON_CCOMPLEX 0 + #endif +#endif +#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX + #ifdef __cplusplus + #include + #else + #include + #endif +#endif +#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && !defined(__cplusplus) && defined(__sun__) && defined(__GNUC__) + #undef _Complex_I + #define _Complex_I 1.0fj +#endif + +/* #### Code section: filename_table ### */ + +static const char* const __pyx_f[] = { + "fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.pyx", + "", + "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd", + "cpython/type.pxd", +}; +/* #### Code section: utility_code_proto_before_types ### */ +/* Atomics.proto (used by UnpackUnboundCMethod) */ +#include +#ifndef CYTHON_ATOMICS + #define CYTHON_ATOMICS 1 +#endif +#define __PYX_CYTHON_ATOMICS_ENABLED() CYTHON_ATOMICS +#define __PYX_GET_CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING() CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING +#define __pyx_atomic_int_type int +#define __pyx_nonatomic_int_type int +#if CYTHON_ATOMICS && (defined(__STDC_VERSION__) &&\ + (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L) &&\ + !defined(__STDC_NO_ATOMICS__)) + #include +#elif CYTHON_ATOMICS && (defined(__cplusplus) && (\ + (__cplusplus >= 201103L) ||\ + (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1700))) + #include +#endif +#if CYTHON_ATOMICS && (defined(__STDC_VERSION__) &&\ + (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L) &&\ + !defined(__STDC_NO_ATOMICS__) &&\ + ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE == 2) + #undef __pyx_atomic_int_type + #define __pyx_atomic_int_type atomic_int + #define __pyx_atomic_ptr_type atomic_uintptr_t + #define __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type uintptr_t + #define __pyx_atomic_incr_relaxed(value) atomic_fetch_add_explicit(value, 1, memory_order_relaxed) + #define __pyx_atomic_incr_acq_rel(value) atomic_fetch_add_explicit(value, 1, memory_order_acq_rel) + #define __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(value) atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(value, 1, memory_order_acq_rel) + #define __pyx_atomic_sub(value, arg) atomic_fetch_sub(value, arg) + #define __pyx_atomic_int_cmp_exchange(value, expected, desired) atomic_compare_exchange_strong(value, expected, desired) + #define __pyx_atomic_load(value) atomic_load(value) + #define __pyx_atomic_store(value, new_value) atomic_store(value, new_value) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_load_relaxed(value) atomic_load_explicit(value, memory_order_relaxed) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_load_acquire(value) atomic_load_explicit(value, memory_order_acquire) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_exchange(value, new_value) atomic_exchange(value, (__pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type)new_value) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_cmp_exchange(value, expected, desired) atomic_compare_exchange_strong(value, expected, desired) + #if defined(__PYX_DEBUG_ATOMICS) && defined(_MSC_VER) + #pragma message ("Using standard C atomics") + #elif defined(__PYX_DEBUG_ATOMICS) + #warning "Using standard C atomics" + #endif +#elif CYTHON_ATOMICS && (defined(__cplusplus) && (\ + (__cplusplus >= 201103L) ||\ +\ + (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1700)) &&\ + ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE == 2) + #undef __pyx_atomic_int_type + #define __pyx_atomic_int_type std::atomic_int + #define __pyx_atomic_ptr_type std::atomic_uintptr_t + #define __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type uintptr_t + #define __pyx_atomic_incr_relaxed(value) std::atomic_fetch_add_explicit(value, 1, std::memory_order_relaxed) + #define __pyx_atomic_incr_acq_rel(value) std::atomic_fetch_add_explicit(value, 1, std::memory_order_acq_rel) + #define __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(value) std::atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(value, 1, std::memory_order_acq_rel) + #define __pyx_atomic_sub(value, arg) std::atomic_fetch_sub(value, arg) + #define __pyx_atomic_int_cmp_exchange(value, expected, desired) std::atomic_compare_exchange_strong(value, expected, desired) + #define __pyx_atomic_load(value) std::atomic_load(value) + #define __pyx_atomic_store(value, new_value) std::atomic_store(value, new_value) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_load_relaxed(value) std::atomic_load_explicit(value, std::memory_order_relaxed) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_load_acquire(value) std::atomic_load_explicit(value, std::memory_order_acquire) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_exchange(value, new_value) std::atomic_exchange(value, (__pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type)new_value) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_cmp_exchange(value, expected, desired) std::atomic_compare_exchange_strong(value, expected, desired) + #if defined(__PYX_DEBUG_ATOMICS) && defined(_MSC_VER) + #pragma message ("Using standard C++ atomics") + #elif defined(__PYX_DEBUG_ATOMICS) + #warning "Using standard C++ atomics" + #endif +#elif CYTHON_ATOMICS && (__GNUC__ >= 5 || (__GNUC__ == 4 &&\ + (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 1 ||\ + (__GNUC_MINOR__ == 1 && __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__ >= 2)))) + #define __pyx_atomic_ptr_type void* + #define __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type void* + #define __pyx_atomic_incr_relaxed(value) __sync_fetch_and_add(value, 1) + #define __pyx_atomic_incr_acq_rel(value) __sync_fetch_and_add(value, 1) + #define __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(value) __sync_fetch_and_sub(value, 1) + #define __pyx_atomic_sub(value, arg) __sync_fetch_and_sub(value, arg) + static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_atomic_int_cmp_exchange(__pyx_atomic_int_type* value, __pyx_nonatomic_int_type* expected, __pyx_nonatomic_int_type desired) { + __pyx_nonatomic_int_type old = __sync_val_compare_and_swap(value, *expected, desired); + int result = old == *expected; + *expected = old; + return result; + } + #define __pyx_atomic_load(value) __sync_fetch_and_add(value, 0) + #define __pyx_atomic_store(value, new_value) __sync_lock_test_and_set(value, new_value) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_load_relaxed(value) __sync_fetch_and_add(value, 0) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_load_acquire(value) __sync_fetch_and_add(value, 0) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_exchange(value, new_value) __sync_lock_test_and_set(value, (__pyx_atomic_ptr_type)new_value) + static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_atomic_pointer_cmp_exchange(__pyx_atomic_ptr_type* value, __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type* expected, __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type desired) { + __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type old = __sync_val_compare_and_swap(value, *expected, desired); + int result = old == *expected; + *expected = old; + return result; + } + #ifdef __PYX_DEBUG_ATOMICS + #warning "Using GNU atomics" + #endif +#elif CYTHON_ATOMICS && defined(_MSC_VER) + #include + #undef __pyx_atomic_int_type + #define __pyx_atomic_int_type long + #define __pyx_atomic_ptr_type void* + #undef __pyx_nonatomic_int_type + #define __pyx_nonatomic_int_type long + #define __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type void* + #pragma intrinsic (_InterlockedExchangeAdd, _InterlockedExchange, _InterlockedCompareExchange, _InterlockedCompareExchangePointer, _InterlockedExchangePointer) + #define __pyx_atomic_incr_relaxed(value) _InterlockedExchangeAdd(value, 1) + #define __pyx_atomic_incr_acq_rel(value) _InterlockedExchangeAdd(value, 1) + #define __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(value) _InterlockedExchangeAdd(value, -1) + #define __pyx_atomic_sub(value, arg) _InterlockedExchangeAdd(value, -arg) + static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_atomic_int_cmp_exchange(__pyx_atomic_int_type* value, __pyx_nonatomic_int_type* expected, __pyx_nonatomic_int_type desired) { + __pyx_nonatomic_int_type old = _InterlockedCompareExchange(value, desired, *expected); + int result = old == *expected; + *expected = old; + return result; + } + #define __pyx_atomic_load(value) _InterlockedExchangeAdd(value, 0) + #define __pyx_atomic_store(value, new_value) _InterlockedExchange(value, new_value) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_load_relaxed(value) *(void * volatile *)value + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_load_acquire(value) _InterlockedCompareExchangePointer(value, 0, 0) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_exchange(value, new_value) _InterlockedExchangePointer(value, (__pyx_atomic_ptr_type)new_value) + static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_atomic_pointer_cmp_exchange(__pyx_atomic_ptr_type* value, __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type* expected, __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type desired) { + __pyx_atomic_ptr_type old = _InterlockedCompareExchangePointer(value, desired, *expected); + int result = old == *expected; + *expected = old; + return result; + } + #ifdef __PYX_DEBUG_ATOMICS + #pragma message ("Using MSVC atomics") + #endif +#else + #undef CYTHON_ATOMICS + #define CYTHON_ATOMICS 0 + #ifdef __PYX_DEBUG_ATOMICS + #warning "Not using atomics" + #endif +#endif + +/* CriticalSectionsDefinition.proto (used by CriticalSections) */ +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection void* +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection2 void* +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection_End(cs) +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection2_End(cs) +#else +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection PyCriticalSection +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection2 PyCriticalSection2 +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection_End PyCriticalSection_End +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection2_End PyCriticalSection2_End +#endif + +/* CriticalSections.proto (used by ParseKeywordsImpl) */ +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection_Begin(cs, arg) (void)(cs) +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection2_Begin(cs, arg1, arg2) (void)(cs) +#else +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection_Begin PyCriticalSection_Begin +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection2_Begin PyCriticalSection2_Begin +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +#define __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(o) { +#define __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION() } +#else +#define __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION Py_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION +#define __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION Py_END_CRITICAL_SECTION +#endif + +/* ForceInitThreads.proto */ +#ifndef __PYX_FORCE_INIT_THREADS + #define __PYX_FORCE_INIT_THREADS 0 +#endif + +/* NoFastGil.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyGILState_Ensure PyGILState_Ensure +#define __Pyx_PyGILState_Release PyGILState_Release +#define __Pyx_FastGIL_Remember() +#define __Pyx_FastGIL_Forget() +#define __Pyx_FastGilFuncInit() + +/* BufferFormatStructs.proto (used by BufferFormatCheck) */ +struct __Pyx_StructField_; +#define __PYX_BUF_FLAGS_PACKED_STRUCT (1 << 0) +typedef struct { + const char* name; + const struct __Pyx_StructField_* fields; + size_t size; + size_t arraysize[8]; + int ndim; + char typegroup; + char is_unsigned; + int flags; +} __Pyx_TypeInfo; +typedef struct __Pyx_StructField_ { + const __Pyx_TypeInfo* type; + const char* name; + size_t offset; +} __Pyx_StructField; +typedef struct { + const __Pyx_StructField* field; + size_t parent_offset; +} __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem; +typedef struct { + __Pyx_StructField root; + __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem* head; + size_t fmt_offset; + size_t new_count, enc_count; + size_t struct_alignment; + int is_complex; + char enc_type; + char new_packmode; + char enc_packmode; + char is_valid_array; +} __Pyx_BufFmt_Context; + +/* IncludeStructmemberH.proto (used by FixUpExtensionType) */ +#include + +/* MemviewSliceStruct.proto */ +struct __pyx_memoryview_obj; +typedef struct { + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *memview; + char *data; + Py_ssize_t shape[8]; + Py_ssize_t strides[8]; + Py_ssize_t suboffsets[8]; +} __Pyx_memviewslice; +#define __Pyx_MemoryView_Len(m) (m.shape[0]) +#define __Pyx_MEMVIEW_DIRECT 1 +#define __Pyx_MEMVIEW_PTR 2 +#define __Pyx_MEMVIEW_FULL 4 +#define __Pyx_MEMVIEW_CONTIG 8 +#define __Pyx_MEMVIEW_STRIDED 16 +#define __Pyx_MEMVIEW_FOLLOW 32 +#define __Pyx_IS_C_CONTIG 1 +#define __Pyx_IS_F_CONTIG 2 +#define __Pyx_MEMSLICE_INIT { 0, 0, { 0 }, { 0 }, { 0 } } +#if CYTHON_ATOMICS + #define __pyx_add_acquisition_count(memview)\ + __pyx_atomic_incr_relaxed(__pyx_get_slice_count_pointer(memview)) + #define __pyx_sub_acquisition_count(memview)\ + __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(__pyx_get_slice_count_pointer(memview)) +#else + #define __pyx_add_acquisition_count(memview)\ + __pyx_add_acquisition_count_locked(__pyx_get_slice_count_pointer(memview), memview->lock) + #define __pyx_sub_acquisition_count(memview)\ + __pyx_sub_acquisition_count_locked(__pyx_get_slice_count_pointer(memview), memview->lock) +#endif + +/* #### Code section: numeric_typedefs ### */ + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":731 + * # in Cython to enable them only on the right systems. + * + * ctypedef npy_int8 int8_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_int16 int16_t + * ctypedef npy_int32 int32_t +*/ +typedef npy_int8 __pyx_t_5numpy_int8_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":732 + * + * ctypedef npy_int8 int8_t + * ctypedef npy_int16 int16_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_int32 int32_t + * ctypedef npy_int64 int64_t +*/ +typedef npy_int16 __pyx_t_5numpy_int16_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":733 + * ctypedef npy_int8 int8_t + * ctypedef npy_int16 int16_t + * ctypedef npy_int32 int32_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_int64 int64_t + * #ctypedef npy_int96 int96_t +*/ +typedef npy_int32 __pyx_t_5numpy_int32_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":734 + * ctypedef npy_int16 int16_t + * ctypedef npy_int32 int32_t + * ctypedef npy_int64 int64_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * #ctypedef npy_int96 int96_t + * #ctypedef npy_int128 int128_t +*/ +typedef npy_int64 __pyx_t_5numpy_int64_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":738 + * #ctypedef npy_int128 int128_t + * + * ctypedef npy_uint8 uint8_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_uint16 uint16_t + * ctypedef npy_uint32 uint32_t +*/ +typedef npy_uint8 __pyx_t_5numpy_uint8_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":739 + * + * ctypedef npy_uint8 uint8_t + * ctypedef npy_uint16 uint16_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_uint32 uint32_t + * ctypedef npy_uint64 uint64_t +*/ +typedef npy_uint16 __pyx_t_5numpy_uint16_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":740 + * ctypedef npy_uint8 uint8_t + * ctypedef npy_uint16 uint16_t + * ctypedef npy_uint32 uint32_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_uint64 uint64_t + * #ctypedef npy_uint96 uint96_t +*/ +typedef npy_uint32 __pyx_t_5numpy_uint32_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":741 + * ctypedef npy_uint16 uint16_t + * ctypedef npy_uint32 uint32_t + * ctypedef npy_uint64 uint64_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * #ctypedef npy_uint96 uint96_t + * #ctypedef npy_uint128 uint128_t +*/ +typedef npy_uint64 __pyx_t_5numpy_uint64_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":745 + * #ctypedef npy_uint128 uint128_t + * + * ctypedef npy_float32 float32_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_float64 float64_t + * #ctypedef npy_float80 float80_t +*/ +typedef npy_float32 __pyx_t_5numpy_float32_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":746 + * + * ctypedef npy_float32 float32_t + * ctypedef npy_float64 float64_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * #ctypedef npy_float80 float80_t + * #ctypedef npy_float128 float128_t +*/ +typedef npy_float64 __pyx_t_5numpy_float64_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":755 + * # The int types are mapped a bit surprising -- + * # numpy.int corresponds to 'l' and numpy.long to 'q' + * ctypedef npy_long int_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_longlong long_t + * ctypedef npy_longlong longlong_t +*/ +typedef npy_long __pyx_t_5numpy_int_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":756 + * # numpy.int corresponds to 'l' and numpy.long to 'q' + * ctypedef npy_long int_t + * ctypedef npy_longlong long_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_longlong longlong_t + * +*/ +typedef npy_longlong __pyx_t_5numpy_long_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":757 + * ctypedef npy_long int_t + * ctypedef npy_longlong long_t + * ctypedef npy_longlong longlong_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * ctypedef npy_ulong uint_t +*/ +typedef npy_longlong __pyx_t_5numpy_longlong_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":759 + * ctypedef npy_longlong longlong_t + * + * ctypedef npy_ulong uint_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_ulonglong ulong_t + * ctypedef npy_ulonglong ulonglong_t +*/ +typedef npy_ulong __pyx_t_5numpy_uint_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":760 + * + * ctypedef npy_ulong uint_t + * ctypedef npy_ulonglong ulong_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_ulonglong ulonglong_t + * +*/ +typedef npy_ulonglong __pyx_t_5numpy_ulong_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":761 + * ctypedef npy_ulong uint_t + * ctypedef npy_ulonglong ulong_t + * ctypedef npy_ulonglong ulonglong_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * ctypedef npy_intp intp_t +*/ +typedef npy_ulonglong __pyx_t_5numpy_ulonglong_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":763 + * ctypedef npy_ulonglong ulonglong_t + * + * ctypedef npy_intp intp_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_uintp uintp_t + * +*/ +typedef npy_intp __pyx_t_5numpy_intp_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":764 + * + * ctypedef npy_intp intp_t + * ctypedef npy_uintp uintp_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * ctypedef npy_double float_t +*/ +typedef npy_uintp __pyx_t_5numpy_uintp_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":766 + * ctypedef npy_uintp uintp_t + * + * ctypedef npy_double float_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_double double_t + * ctypedef npy_longdouble longdouble_t +*/ +typedef npy_double __pyx_t_5numpy_float_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":767 + * + * ctypedef npy_double float_t + * ctypedef npy_double double_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_longdouble longdouble_t + * +*/ +typedef npy_double __pyx_t_5numpy_double_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":768 + * ctypedef npy_double float_t + * ctypedef npy_double double_t + * ctypedef npy_longdouble longdouble_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * ctypedef npy_cfloat cfloat_t +*/ +typedef npy_longdouble __pyx_t_5numpy_longdouble_t; + +/* "fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.pyx":13 + * + * DTYPE = np.int64 + * ctypedef np.int64_t DTYPE_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * +*/ +typedef __pyx_t_5numpy_int64_t __pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast_DTYPE_t; +/* #### Code section: complex_type_declarations ### */ +/* Declarations.proto */ +#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && (1) && (!0 || __cplusplus) + #ifdef __cplusplus + typedef ::std::complex< float > __pyx_t_float_complex; + #else + typedef float _Complex __pyx_t_float_complex; + #endif +#else + typedef struct { float real, imag; } __pyx_t_float_complex; +#endif +static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(float, float); + +/* Declarations.proto */ +#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && (1) && (!0 || __cplusplus) + #ifdef __cplusplus + typedef ::std::complex< double > __pyx_t_double_complex; + #else + typedef double _Complex __pyx_t_double_complex; + #endif +#else + typedef struct { double real, imag; } __pyx_t_double_complex; +#endif +static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(double, double); 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(PyObject*) Py_TYPE(__pyx_tstate->current_exception) : (PyObject*) NULL) +#else +#define __Pyx_PyErr_Occurred() (__pyx_tstate->curexc_type != NULL) +#define __Pyx_PyErr_CurrentExceptionType() (__pyx_tstate->curexc_type) +#endif +#else +#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare +#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign +#define __Pyx_PyErr_Occurred() (PyErr_Occurred() != NULL) +#define __Pyx_PyErr_CurrentExceptionType() PyErr_Occurred() +#endif + +/* PyErrFetchRestore.proto (used by PyObjectGetAttrStrNoError) */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +#define __Pyx_PyErr_Clear() __Pyx_ErrRestore(NULL, NULL, NULL) +#define __Pyx_ErrRestoreWithState(type, value, tb) __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(PyThreadState_GET(), type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ErrFetchWithState(type, value, tb) __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(PyThreadState_GET(), type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ErrRestore(type, value, tb) __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ErrFetch(type, value, tb) __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb) +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb); +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A6 +#define __Pyx_PyErr_SetNone(exc) (Py_INCREF(exc), __Pyx_ErrRestore((exc), NULL, NULL)) +#else +#define __Pyx_PyErr_SetNone(exc) PyErr_SetNone(exc) +#endif +#else +#define __Pyx_PyErr_Clear() PyErr_Clear() +#define __Pyx_PyErr_SetNone(exc) PyErr_SetNone(exc) +#define __Pyx_ErrRestoreWithState(type, value, tb) PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ErrFetchWithState(type, value, tb) PyErr_Fetch(type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, type, value, tb) PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, type, value, tb) PyErr_Fetch(type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ErrRestore(type, value, tb) PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ErrFetch(type, value, tb) PyErr_Fetch(type, value, tb) +#endif + +/* PyObjectGetAttrStr.proto (used by PyObjectGetAttrStrNoError) */ +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name); +#else +#define __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(o,n) PyObject_GetAttr(o,n) +#endif + +/* PyObjectGetAttrStrNoError.proto (used by GetBuiltinName) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name); + +/* GetBuiltinName.proto */ +static PyObject *__Pyx_GetBuiltinName(PyObject *name); + +/* TupleAndListFromArray.proto (used by fastcall) */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyList_FromArray(PyObject *const *src, Py_ssize_t n); +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON || CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyTuple_FromArray(PyObject *const *src, Py_ssize_t n); +#endif + +/* IncludeStringH.proto (used by BytesEquals) */ +#include + +/* BytesEquals.proto (used by UnicodeEquals) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyBytes_Equals(PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2, int equals); + +/* UnicodeEquals.proto (used by fastcall) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyUnicode_Equals(PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2, int equals); + +/* fastcall.proto */ +#if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + #define __Pyx_ArgRef_VARARGS(args, i) __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(args, i) +#elif CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #define __Pyx_ArgRef_VARARGS(args, i) __Pyx_NewRef(__Pyx_PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, i)) +#else + #define __Pyx_ArgRef_VARARGS(args, i) __Pyx_XNewRef(PyTuple_GetItem(args, i)) +#endif +#define __Pyx_NumKwargs_VARARGS(kwds) PyDict_Size(kwds) +#define __Pyx_KwValues_VARARGS(args, nargs) NULL +#define __Pyx_GetKwValue_VARARGS(kw, kwvalues, s) __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStrWithError(kw, s) +#define __Pyx_KwargsAsDict_VARARGS(kw, kwvalues) PyDict_Copy(kw) +#if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #define __Pyx_ArgRef_FASTCALL(args, i) __Pyx_NewRef(args[i]) + #define __Pyx_NumKwargs_FASTCALL(kwds) __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwds) + #define __Pyx_KwValues_FASTCALL(args, nargs) ((args) + (nargs)) + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_GetKwValue_FASTCALL(PyObject *kwnames, PyObject *const *kwvalues, PyObject *s); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + CYTHON_UNUSED static PyObject *__Pyx_KwargsAsDict_FASTCALL(PyObject *kwnames, PyObject *const *kwvalues); + #else + #define __Pyx_KwargsAsDict_FASTCALL(kw, kwvalues) _PyStack_AsDict(kwvalues, kw) + #endif +#else + #define __Pyx_ArgRef_FASTCALL __Pyx_ArgRef_VARARGS + #define __Pyx_NumKwargs_FASTCALL __Pyx_NumKwargs_VARARGS + #define __Pyx_KwValues_FASTCALL __Pyx_KwValues_VARARGS + #define __Pyx_GetKwValue_FASTCALL __Pyx_GetKwValue_VARARGS + #define __Pyx_KwargsAsDict_FASTCALL __Pyx_KwargsAsDict_VARARGS +#endif +#define __Pyx_ArgsSlice_VARARGS(args, start, stop) PyTuple_GetSlice(args, start, stop) +#if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL || (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS) +#define __Pyx_ArgsSlice_FASTCALL(args, start, stop) __Pyx_PyTuple_FromArray(args + start, stop - start) +#else +#define __Pyx_ArgsSlice_FASTCALL(args, start, stop) PyTuple_GetSlice(args, start, stop) +#endif + +/* py_dict_items.proto (used by OwnedDictNext) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyDict_Items(PyObject* d); + +/* CallCFunction.proto (used by CallUnboundCMethod0) */ +#define __Pyx_CallCFunction(cfunc, self, args)\ + ((PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(cfunc)->func)(self, args) +#define __Pyx_CallCFunctionWithKeywords(cfunc, self, args, kwargs)\ + ((PyCFunctionWithKeywords)(void(*)(void))(cfunc)->func)(self, args, kwargs) +#define __Pyx_CallCFunctionFast(cfunc, self, args, nargs)\ + ((__Pyx_PyCFunctionFast)(void(*)(void))(PyCFunction)(cfunc)->func)(self, args, nargs) +#define __Pyx_CallCFunctionFastWithKeywords(cfunc, self, args, nargs, kwnames)\ + ((__Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords)(void(*)(void))(PyCFunction)(cfunc)->func)(self, args, nargs, kwnames) + +/* PyObjectCall.proto (used by PyObjectFastCall) */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Call(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw); +#else +#define __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw) PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw) +#endif + +/* PyObjectCallMethO.proto (used by PyObjectFastCall) */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg); +#endif + +/* PyObjectFastCall.proto (used by PyObjectCallOneArg) */ +#define __Pyx_PyObject_FastCall(func, args, nargs) __Pyx_PyObject_FastCallDict(func, args, (size_t)(nargs), NULL) +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_FastCallDict(PyObject *func, PyObject * const*args, size_t nargs, PyObject *kwargs); + +/* PyObjectCallOneArg.proto (used by CallUnboundCMethod0) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg); + +/* UnpackUnboundCMethod.proto (used by CallUnboundCMethod0) */ +typedef struct { + PyObject *type; + PyObject **method_name; +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING && CYTHON_ATOMICS + __pyx_atomic_int_type initialized; +#endif + PyCFunction func; + PyObject *method; + int flag; +} __Pyx_CachedCFunction; +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_CachedCFunction_GetAndSetInitializing(__Pyx_CachedCFunction *cfunc) { +#if !CYTHON_ATOMICS + return 1; +#else + __pyx_nonatomic_int_type expected = 0; + if (__pyx_atomic_int_cmp_exchange(&cfunc->initialized, &expected, 1)) { + return 0; + } + return expected; +#endif +} +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CachedCFunction_SetFinishedInitializing(__Pyx_CachedCFunction *cfunc) { +#if CYTHON_ATOMICS + __pyx_atomic_store(&cfunc->initialized, 2); +#endif +} +#else +#define __Pyx_CachedCFunction_GetAndSetInitializing(cfunc) 2 +#define __Pyx_CachedCFunction_SetFinishedInitializing(cfunc) +#endif + +/* CallUnboundCMethod0.proto */ +CYTHON_UNUSED +static PyObject* __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod0(__Pyx_CachedCFunction* cfunc, PyObject* self); +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod0(__Pyx_CachedCFunction* cfunc, PyObject* self); +#else +#define __Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod0(cfunc, self) __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod0(cfunc, self) +#endif + +/* py_dict_values.proto (used by OwnedDictNext) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyDict_Values(PyObject* d); + +/* OwnedDictNext.proto (used by ParseKeywordsImpl) */ +#if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS +static int __Pyx_PyDict_NextRef(PyObject *p, PyObject **ppos, PyObject **pkey, PyObject **pvalue); +#else +CYTHON_INLINE +static int __Pyx_PyDict_NextRef(PyObject *p, Py_ssize_t *ppos, PyObject **pkey, PyObject **pvalue); +#endif + +/* RaiseDoubleKeywords.proto (used by ParseKeywordsImpl) */ +static void __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(const char* func_name, PyObject* kw_name); + +/* ParseKeywordsImpl.export */ +static int __Pyx_ParseKeywordsTuple( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject * const *kwvalues, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject *kwds2, + PyObject *values[], + Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, + Py_ssize_t num_kwargs, + const char* function_name, + int ignore_unknown_kwargs +); +static int __Pyx_ParseKeywordDictToDict( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject *kwds2, + PyObject *values[], + Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, + const char* function_name +); +static int __Pyx_ParseKeywordDict( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject *values[], + Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, + Py_ssize_t num_kwargs, + const char* function_name, + int ignore_unknown_kwargs +); + +/* CallUnboundCMethod2.proto */ +CYTHON_UNUSED +static PyObject* __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod2(__Pyx_CachedCFunction* cfunc, PyObject* self, PyObject* arg1, PyObject* arg2); +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod2(__Pyx_CachedCFunction *cfunc, PyObject *self, PyObject *arg1, PyObject *arg2); +#else +#define __Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod2(cfunc, self, arg1, arg2) __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod2(cfunc, self, arg1, arg2) +#endif + +/* ParseKeywords.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_ParseKeywords( + PyObject *kwds, PyObject *const *kwvalues, PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject *kwds2, PyObject *values[], + Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, Py_ssize_t num_kwargs, + const char* function_name, + int ignore_unknown_kwargs +); + +/* RaiseArgTupleInvalid.proto */ +static void __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid(const char* func_name, int exact, + Py_ssize_t num_min, Py_ssize_t num_max, Py_ssize_t num_found); + +/* ArgTypeTestFunc.export */ +static int __Pyx__ArgTypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type, const char *name, int exact); + +/* ArgTypeTest.proto */ +#define __Pyx_ArgTypeTest(obj, type, none_allowed, name, exact)\ + ((likely(__Pyx_IS_TYPE(obj, type) | (none_allowed && (obj == Py_None)))) ? 1 :\ + __Pyx__ArgTypeTest(obj, type, name, exact)) + +/* PyValueError_Check.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyExc_ValueError_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_ValueError) + +/* RaiseException.export */ +static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb, PyObject *cause); + +/* PyObjectFastCallMethod.proto */ +#if CYTHON_VECTORCALL && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 +#define __Pyx_PyObject_FastCallMethod(name, args, nargsf) PyObject_VectorcallMethod(name, args, nargsf, NULL) +#else +static PyObject *__Pyx_PyObject_FastCallMethod(PyObject *name, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf); +#endif + +/* RaiseUnexpectedTypeError.proto */ +static int __Pyx_RaiseUnexpectedTypeError(const char *expected, PyObject *obj); + +/* PyMemoryError_Check.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyExc_MemoryError_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_MemoryError) + +/* BuildPyUnicode.proto (used by COrdinalToPyUnicode) */ +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(Py_ssize_t ulength, const char* chars, int clength, + int prepend_sign, char padding_char); + +/* COrdinalToPyUnicode.proto (used by CIntToPyUnicode) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_CheckUnicodeValue(int value); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromOrdinal_Padded(int value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char); + +/* GCCDiagnostics.proto (used by CIntToPyUnicode) */ +#if !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 6)) +#define __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#endif + +/* IncludeStdlibH.proto (used by CIntToPyUnicode) */ +#include + +/* CIntToPyUnicode.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_From_int(value, width, padding_char, format_char) (\ + ((format_char) == ('c')) ?\ + __Pyx_uchar___Pyx_PyUnicode_From_int(value, width, padding_char) :\ + __Pyx____Pyx_PyUnicode_From_int(value, width, padding_char, format_char)\ + ) +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_uchar___Pyx_PyUnicode_From_int(int value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx____Pyx_PyUnicode_From_int(int value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char, char format_char); + +/* CIntToPyUnicode.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_From_Py_ssize_t(value, width, padding_char, format_char) (\ + ((format_char) == ('c')) ?\ + __Pyx_uchar___Pyx_PyUnicode_From_Py_ssize_t(value, width, padding_char) :\ + __Pyx____Pyx_PyUnicode_From_Py_ssize_t(value, width, padding_char, format_char)\ + ) +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_uchar___Pyx_PyUnicode_From_Py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx____Pyx_PyUnicode_From_Py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char, char format_char); + +/* JoinPyUnicode.export */ +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_Join(PyObject** values, Py_ssize_t value_count, Py_ssize_t result_ulength, + Py_UCS4 max_char); + +/* PyObjectFormatSimple.proto */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\ + likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\ + PyObject_Format(s, f)) +#elif CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\ + likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\ + likely(PyLong_CheckExact(s)) ? PyLong_Type.tp_repr(s) :\ + likely(PyFloat_CheckExact(s)) ? PyFloat_Type.tp_repr(s) :\ + PyObject_Format(s, f)) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\ + likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\ + PyObject_Format(s, f)) +#endif + +CYTHON_UNUSED static int __pyx_array_getbuffer(PyObject *__pyx_v_self, Py_buffer *__pyx_v_info, int __pyx_v_flags); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_array_get_memview(struct __pyx_array_obj *); /*proto*/ +/* GetAttr.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr(PyObject *, PyObject *); + +/* GetItemInt.proto */ +#define __Pyx_GetItemInt(o, i, type, is_signed, to_py_func, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck, has_gil, unsafe_shared)\ + (__Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(i, type, is_signed) ?\ + __Pyx_GetItemInt_Fast(o, (Py_ssize_t)i, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck, unsafe_shared) :\ + (is_list ? (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "list index out of range"), (PyObject*)NULL) :\ + __Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(o, to_py_func(i)))) +#define __Pyx_GetItemInt_List(o, i, type, is_signed, to_py_func, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck, has_gil, unsafe_shared)\ + (__Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(i, type, is_signed) ?\ + __Pyx_GetItemInt_List_Fast(o, (Py_ssize_t)i, wraparound, boundscheck, unsafe_shared) :\ + (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "list index out of range"), (PyObject*)NULL)) +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_List_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, + int wraparound, int boundscheck, int unsafe_shared); +#define __Pyx_GetItemInt_Tuple(o, i, type, is_signed, to_py_func, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck, has_gil, unsafe_shared)\ + (__Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(i, type, is_signed) ?\ + __Pyx_GetItemInt_Tuple_Fast(o, (Py_ssize_t)i, wraparound, boundscheck, unsafe_shared) :\ + (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "tuple index out of range"), (PyObject*)NULL)) +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Tuple_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, + int wraparound, int boundscheck, int unsafe_shared); +static PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(PyObject *o, PyObject* j); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, + int is_list, int wraparound, int boundscheck, int unsafe_shared); + +/* ObjectGetItem.proto */ +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyObject_GetItem(PyObject *obj, PyObject *key); +#else +#define __Pyx_PyObject_GetItem(obj, key) PyObject_GetItem(obj, key) +#endif + +/* RejectKeywords.export */ +static void __Pyx_RejectKeywords(const char* function_name, PyObject *kwds); + +/* PyTypeError_Check.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyExc_TypeError_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_TypeError) + +/* DivInt[Py_ssize_t].proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_div_Py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t, Py_ssize_t, int b_is_constant); + +/* UnaryNegOverflows.proto */ +#define __Pyx_UNARY_NEG_WOULD_OVERFLOW(x)\ + (((x) < 0) & ((unsigned long)(x) == 0-(unsigned long)(x))) + +/* GetAttr3.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr3(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *); + +/* PyDictVersioning.proto (used by GetModuleGlobalName) */ +#if CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS && CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS +#define __PYX_DICT_VERSION_INIT ((PY_UINT64_T) -1) +#define __PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(dict) (((PyDictObject*)(dict))->ma_version_tag) +#define __PYX_UPDATE_DICT_CACHE(dict, value, cache_var, version_var)\ + (version_var) = __PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(dict);\ + (cache_var) = (value); +#define __PYX_PY_DICT_LOOKUP_IF_MODIFIED(VAR, DICT, LOOKUP) {\ + static PY_UINT64_T __pyx_dict_version = 0;\ + static PyObject *__pyx_dict_cached_value = NULL;\ + if (likely(__PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(DICT) == __pyx_dict_version)) {\ + (VAR) = __Pyx_XNewRef(__pyx_dict_cached_value);\ + } else {\ + (VAR) = __pyx_dict_cached_value = (LOOKUP);\ + __pyx_dict_version = __PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(DICT);\ + }\ +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PY_UINT64_T __Pyx_get_tp_dict_version(PyObject *obj); +static CYTHON_INLINE PY_UINT64_T __Pyx_get_object_dict_version(PyObject *obj); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_object_dict_version_matches(PyObject* obj, PY_UINT64_T tp_dict_version, PY_UINT64_T obj_dict_version); +#else +#define __PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(dict) (0) +#define __PYX_UPDATE_DICT_CACHE(dict, value, cache_var, version_var) +#define __PYX_PY_DICT_LOOKUP_IF_MODIFIED(VAR, DICT, LOOKUP) (VAR) = (LOOKUP); +#endif + +/* GetModuleGlobalName.proto */ +#if CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS +#define __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(var, name) do {\ + static PY_UINT64_T __pyx_dict_version = 0;\ + static PyObject *__pyx_dict_cached_value = NULL;\ + (var) = (likely(__pyx_dict_version == __PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_d))) ?\ + (likely(__pyx_dict_cached_value) ? __Pyx_NewRef(__pyx_dict_cached_value) : __Pyx_GetBuiltinName(name)) :\ + __Pyx__GetModuleGlobalName(name, &__pyx_dict_version, &__pyx_dict_cached_value);\ +} while(0) +#define __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalNameUncached(var, name) do {\ + PY_UINT64_T __pyx_dict_version;\ + PyObject *__pyx_dict_cached_value;\ + (var) = __Pyx__GetModuleGlobalName(name, &__pyx_dict_version, &__pyx_dict_cached_value);\ +} while(0) +static PyObject *__Pyx__GetModuleGlobalName(PyObject *name, PY_UINT64_T *dict_version, PyObject **dict_cached_value); +#else +#define __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(var, name) (var) = __Pyx__GetModuleGlobalName(name) +#define __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalNameUncached(var, name) (var) = __Pyx__GetModuleGlobalName(name) +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx__GetModuleGlobalName(PyObject *name); +#endif + +/* AssertionsEnabled.proto */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + static int __pyx_assertions_enabled_flag; + #define __pyx_assertions_enabled() (__pyx_assertions_enabled_flag) + #if __clang__ || __GNUC__ + __attribute__((no_sanitize("thread"))) + #endif + static int __Pyx_init_assertions_enabled(void) { + PyObject *builtins, *debug, *debug_str; + int flag; + builtins = PyEval_GetBuiltins(); + if (!builtins) goto bad; + debug_str = PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize("__debug__", 9); + if (!debug_str) goto bad; + debug = PyObject_GetItem(builtins, debug_str); + Py_DECREF(debug_str); + if (!debug) goto bad; + flag = PyObject_IsTrue(debug); + Py_DECREF(debug); + if (flag == -1) goto bad; + __pyx_assertions_enabled_flag = flag; + return 0; + bad: + __pyx_assertions_enabled_flag = 1; + return -1; + } +#else + #define __Pyx_init_assertions_enabled() (0) + #define __pyx_assertions_enabled() (!Py_OptimizeFlag) +#endif + +/* PyAssertionError_Check.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyExc_AssertionError_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_AssertionError) + +/* RaiseTooManyValuesToUnpack.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseTooManyValuesError(Py_ssize_t expected); + +/* RaiseNeedMoreValuesToUnpack.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(Py_ssize_t index); + +/* RaiseNoneIterError.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNoneNotIterableError(void); + +/* ExtTypeTest.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_TypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type); + +/* GetTopmostException.proto (used by SaveResetException) */ +#if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK && CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +static _PyErr_StackItem * __Pyx_PyErr_GetTopmostException(PyThreadState *tstate); +#endif + +/* SaveResetException.proto */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +#define __Pyx_ExceptionSave(type, value, tb) __Pyx__ExceptionSave(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb) +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSave(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); +#define __Pyx_ExceptionReset(type, value, tb) __Pyx__ExceptionReset(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb) +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionReset(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb); +#else +#define __Pyx_ExceptionSave(type, value, tb) PyErr_GetExcInfo(type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ExceptionReset(type, value, tb) PyErr_SetExcInfo(type, value, tb) +#endif + +/* GetException.proto */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +#define __Pyx_GetException(type, value, tb) __Pyx__GetException(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb) +static int __Pyx__GetException(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); +#else +static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); +#endif + +/* SwapException.proto */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +#define __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(type, value, tb) __Pyx__ExceptionSwap(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb) +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSwap(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); +#else +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); +#endif + +/* HasAttr.proto (used by ImportImpl) */ +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 +#define __Pyx_HasAttr(o, n) PyObject_HasAttrWithError(o, n) +#else +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_HasAttr(PyObject *, PyObject *); +#endif + +/* ImportImpl.export */ +static PyObject *__Pyx__Import(PyObject *name, PyObject *const *imported_names, Py_ssize_t len_imported_names, PyObject *qualname, PyObject *moddict, int level); + +/* Import.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_Import(PyObject *name, PyObject *const *imported_names, Py_ssize_t len_imported_names, PyObject *qualname, int level); + +/* FastTypeChecks.proto */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +#define __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type) __Pyx_IsSubtype(Py_TYPE(obj), (PyTypeObject *)type) +#define __Pyx_TypeCheck2(obj, type1, type2) __Pyx_IsAnySubtype2(Py_TYPE(obj), (PyTypeObject *)type1, (PyTypeObject *)type2) +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IsAnySubtype2(PyTypeObject *cls, PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyObject *err, PyObject *type); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject *type1, PyObject *type2); +#else +#define __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type) PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, (PyTypeObject *)type) +#define __Pyx_TypeCheck2(obj, type1, type2) (PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, (PyTypeObject *)type1) || PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, (PyTypeObject *)type2)) +#define __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type) PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type) +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject *type1, PyObject *type2) { + return PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type1) || PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type2); +} +#endif +#define __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatches2(err1, err2) __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(__Pyx_PyErr_CurrentExceptionType(), err1, err2) +#define __Pyx_PyException_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_Exception) +#ifdef PyExceptionInstance_Check + #define __Pyx_PyBaseException_Check(obj) PyExceptionInstance_Check(obj) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyBaseException_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_BaseException) +#endif + +CYTHON_UNUSED static int __pyx_memoryview_getbuffer(PyObject *__pyx_v_self, Py_buffer *__pyx_v_info, int __pyx_v_flags); /*proto*/ +/* ListCompAppend.proto */ +#if CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_ListComp_Append(PyObject* list, PyObject* x) { + PyListObject* L = (PyListObject*) list; + Py_ssize_t len = Py_SIZE(list); + if (likely(L->allocated > len)) { + Py_INCREF(x); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + L->ob_item[len] = x; + #else + PyList_SET_ITEM(list, len, x); + #endif + __Pyx_SET_SIZE(list, len + 1); + return 0; + } + return PyList_Append(list, x); +} +#else +#define __Pyx_ListComp_Append(L,x) PyList_Append(L,x) +#endif + +/* PySequenceMultiply.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PySequence_Multiply_Left(mul, seq) __Pyx_PySequence_Multiply(seq, mul) +#if !CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS +#define __Pyx_PySequence_Multiply PySequence_Repeat +#else +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PySequence_Multiply(PyObject *seq, Py_ssize_t mul); +#endif + +/* PyObjectFormatAndDecref.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimpleAndDecref(PyObject* s, PyObject* f); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_FormatAndDecref(PyObject* s, PyObject* f); + +/* PyObjectFormat.proto */ +#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Format(PyObject* s, PyObject* f); +#else +#define __Pyx_PyObject_Format(s, f) PyObject_Format(s, f) +#endif + +/* SetItemInt.proto */ +#define __Pyx_SetItemInt(o, i, v, type, is_signed, to_py_func, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck, has_gil, unsafe_shared)\ + (__Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(i, type, is_signed) ?\ + __Pyx_SetItemInt_Fast(o, (Py_ssize_t)i, v, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck, unsafe_shared) :\ + (is_list ? (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "list assignment index out of range"), -1) :\ + __Pyx_SetItemInt_Generic(o, to_py_func(i), v))) +static int __Pyx_SetItemInt_Generic(PyObject *o, PyObject *j, PyObject *v); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_SetItemInt_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, PyObject *v, + int is_list, int wraparound, int boundscheck, int unsafe_shared); + +/* RaiseUnboundLocalError.proto */ +static void __Pyx_RaiseUnboundLocalError(const char *varname); + +/* PyIndexError_Check.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyExc_IndexError_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_IndexError) + +/* DivInt[long].proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_div_long(long, long, int b_is_constant); + +/* PyImportError_Check.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyExc_ImportError_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_ImportError) + +/* IsLittleEndian.proto (used by BufferFormatCheck) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_Is_Little_Endian(void); + +/* BufferFormatCheck.proto (used by BufferGetAndValidate) */ +static const char* __Pyx_BufFmt_CheckString(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx, const char* ts); +static void __Pyx_BufFmt_Init(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx, + __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem* stack, + const __Pyx_TypeInfo* type); + +/* BufferGetAndValidate.proto */ +#define __Pyx_GetBufferAndValidate(buf, obj, dtype, flags, nd, cast, stack)\ + ((obj == Py_None || obj == NULL) ?\ + (__Pyx_ZeroBuffer(buf), 0) :\ + __Pyx__GetBufferAndValidate(buf, obj, dtype, flags, nd, cast, stack)) +static int __Pyx__GetBufferAndValidate(Py_buffer* buf, PyObject* obj, + const __Pyx_TypeInfo* dtype, int flags, int nd, int cast, __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem* stack); +static void __Pyx_ZeroBuffer(Py_buffer* buf); +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_SafeReleaseBuffer(Py_buffer* info); +static Py_ssize_t __Pyx_minusones[] = { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 }; +static Py_ssize_t __Pyx_zeros[] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }; + +/* BufferIndexError.proto */ +static void __Pyx_RaiseBufferIndexError(int axis); + +/* ListAppend.proto */ +#if CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyList_Append(PyObject* list, PyObject* x) { + PyListObject* L = (PyListObject*) list; + Py_ssize_t len = Py_SIZE(list); + if (likely(L->allocated > len) & likely(len > (L->allocated >> 1))) { + Py_INCREF(x); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + L->ob_item[len] = x; + #else + PyList_SET_ITEM(list, len, x); + #endif + __Pyx_SET_SIZE(list, len + 1); + return 0; + } + return PyList_Append(list, x); +} +#else +#define __Pyx_PyList_Append(L,x) PyList_Append(L,x) +#endif + +/* SliceTupleAndList.proto */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyList_GetSlice(PyObject* src, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyTuple_GetSlice(PyObject* src, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop); +#else +#define __Pyx_PyList_GetSlice(seq, start, stop) PySequence_GetSlice(seq, start, stop) +#define __Pyx_PyTuple_GetSlice(seq, start, stop) PySequence_GetSlice(seq, start, stop) +#endif + +/* AllocateExtensionType.proto */ +static PyObject *__Pyx_AllocateExtensionType(PyTypeObject *t, int is_final); + +/* CallTypeTraverse.proto */ +#if !CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS || (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000) +#define __Pyx_call_type_traverse(o, always_call, visit, arg) 0 +#else +static int __Pyx_call_type_traverse(PyObject *o, int always_call, visitproc visit, void *arg); +#endif + +/* DefaultPlacementNew.proto */ +#include +template +void __Pyx_default_placement_construct(T* x) { + new (static_cast(x)) T(); +} + +/* LimitedApiGetTypeDict.proto (used by SetItemOnTypeDict) */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +static PyObject *__Pyx_GetTypeDict(PyTypeObject *tp); +#endif + +/* SetItemOnTypeDict.proto (used by FixUpExtensionType) */ +static int __Pyx__SetItemOnTypeDict(PyTypeObject *tp, PyObject *k, PyObject *v); +#define __Pyx_SetItemOnTypeDict(tp, k, v) __Pyx__SetItemOnTypeDict((PyTypeObject*)tp, k, v) + +/* FixUpExtensionType.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_fix_up_extension_type_from_spec(PyType_Spec *spec, PyTypeObject *type); + +/* PyObjectCallNoArg.proto (used by PyObjectCallMethod0) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg(PyObject *func); + +/* PyObjectGetMethod.proto (used by PyObjectCallMethod0) */ +#if !(CYTHON_VECTORCALL && (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 || (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000))) +static int __Pyx_PyObject_GetMethod(PyObject *obj, PyObject *name, PyObject **method); +#endif + +/* PyObjectCallMethod0.proto (used by PyType_Ready) */ +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod0(PyObject* obj, PyObject* method_name); + +/* ValidateBasesTuple.proto (used by PyType_Ready) */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS +static int __Pyx_validate_bases_tuple(const char *type_name, Py_ssize_t dictoffset, PyObject *bases); +#endif + +/* PyType_Ready.proto */ +CYTHON_UNUSED static int __Pyx_PyType_Ready(PyTypeObject *t); + +/* SetVTable.proto */ +static int __Pyx_SetVtable(PyTypeObject* typeptr , void* vtable); + +/* GetVTable.proto (used by MergeVTables) */ +static void* __Pyx_GetVtable(PyTypeObject *type); + +/* MergeVTables.proto */ +static int __Pyx_MergeVtables(PyTypeObject *type); + +/* DelItemOnTypeDict.proto (used by SetupReduce) */ +static int __Pyx__DelItemOnTypeDict(PyTypeObject *tp, PyObject *k); +#define __Pyx_DelItemOnTypeDict(tp, k) __Pyx__DelItemOnTypeDict((PyTypeObject*)tp, k) + +/* SetupReduce.proto */ +static int __Pyx_setup_reduce(PyObject* type_obj); + +/* TypeImport.proto */ +#ifndef __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportType_proto_3_2_5 +#define __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportType_proto_3_2_5 +#if defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L +#include +#endif +#if (defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L) || __cplusplus >= 201103L +#define __PYX_GET_STRUCT_ALIGNMENT_3_2_5(s) alignof(s) +#else +#define __PYX_GET_STRUCT_ALIGNMENT_3_2_5(s) sizeof(void*) +#endif +enum __Pyx_ImportType_CheckSize_3_2_5 { + __Pyx_ImportType_CheckSize_Error_3_2_5 = 0, + __Pyx_ImportType_CheckSize_Warn_3_2_5 = 1, + __Pyx_ImportType_CheckSize_Ignore_3_2_5 = 2 +}; +static PyTypeObject *__Pyx_ImportType_3_2_5(PyObject* module, const char *module_name, const char *class_name, size_t size, size_t alignment, enum __Pyx_ImportType_CheckSize_3_2_5 check_size); +#endif + +/* dict_setdefault.proto (used by FetchCommonType) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyDict_SetDefault(PyObject *d, PyObject *key, PyObject *default_value); + +/* AddModuleRef.proto (used by FetchSharedCythonModule) */ +#if ((CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING ) ||\ + __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000) + static PyObject *__Pyx_PyImport_AddModuleRef(const char *name); +#else + #define __Pyx_PyImport_AddModuleRef(name) PyImport_AddModuleRef(name) +#endif + +/* FetchSharedCythonModule.proto (used by FetchCommonType) */ +static PyObject *__Pyx_FetchSharedCythonABIModule(void); + +/* FetchCommonType.proto (used by CommonTypesMetaclass) */ +static PyTypeObject* __Pyx_FetchCommonTypeFromSpec(PyTypeObject *metaclass, PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases); + +/* CommonTypesMetaclass.proto (used by CythonFunctionShared) */ +static int __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_init(PyObject *module); +#define __Pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_USED + +/* PyMethodNew.proto (used by CythonFunctionShared) */ +static PyObject *__Pyx_PyMethod_New(PyObject *func, PyObject *self, PyObject *typ); + +/* PyVectorcallFastCallDict.proto (used by CythonFunctionShared) */ +#if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL && CYTHON_VECTORCALL +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyVectorcall_FastCallDict(PyObject *func, __pyx_vectorcallfunc vc, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargs, PyObject *kw); +#endif + +/* CythonFunctionShared.proto (used by CythonFunction) */ +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_USED +#define __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_STATICMETHOD 0x01 +#define __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_CLASSMETHOD 0x02 +#define __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_CCLASS 0x04 +#define __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_COROUTINE 0x08 +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_GetClosure(f)\ + (((__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) (f))->func_closure) +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #define __Pyx_CyFunction_GetClassObj(f)\ + (((__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) (f))->func_classobj) +#else + #define __Pyx_CyFunction_GetClassObj(f)\ + ((PyObject*) ((PyCMethodObject *) (f))->mm_class) +#endif +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_SetClassObj(f, classobj)\ + __Pyx__CyFunction_SetClassObj((__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) (f), (classobj)) +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_Defaults(type, f)\ + ((type *)(((__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) (f))->defaults)) +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_SetDefaultsGetter(f, g)\ + ((__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) (f))->defaults_getter = (g) +typedef struct { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject_HEAD + PyObject *func; +#elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1 + PyCFunctionObject func; +#else + PyCMethodObject func; +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + __pyx_vectorcallfunc func_vectorcall; +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *func_weakreflist; +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *func_dict; +#endif + PyObject *func_name; + PyObject *func_qualname; + PyObject *func_doc; + PyObject *func_globals; + PyObject *func_code; + PyObject *func_closure; +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *func_classobj; +#endif + PyObject *defaults; + int flags; + PyObject *defaults_tuple; + PyObject *defaults_kwdict; + PyObject *(*defaults_getter)(PyObject *); + PyObject *func_annotations; + PyObject *func_is_coroutine; +} __pyx_CyFunctionObject; +#undef __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_Check +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_CyFunctionType) +#define __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck2(obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_CyFunctionType, &PyCFunction_Type) +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_CheckExact(obj) __Pyx_IS_TYPE(obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_CyFunctionType) +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx__IsSameCyOrCFunction(PyObject *func, void (*cfunc)(void)); +#undef __Pyx_IsSameCFunction +#define __Pyx_IsSameCFunction(func, cfunc) __Pyx__IsSameCyOrCFunction(func, cfunc) +static PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_Init(__pyx_CyFunctionObject* op, PyMethodDef *ml, + int flags, PyObject* qualname, + PyObject *closure, + PyObject *module, PyObject *globals, + PyObject* code); +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__CyFunction_SetClassObj(__pyx_CyFunctionObject* f, PyObject* classobj); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_InitDefaults(PyObject *func, + PyTypeObject *defaults_type); +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetDefaultsTuple(PyObject *m, + PyObject *tuple); +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetDefaultsKwDict(PyObject *m, + PyObject *dict); +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetAnnotationsDict(PyObject *m, + PyObject *dict); +static int __pyx_CyFunction_init(PyObject *module); +#if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL +static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_NOARGS(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames); +static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_O(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames); +static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_FASTCALL_KEYWORDS(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames); +static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_FASTCALL_KEYWORDS_METHOD(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames); +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(f) (((__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)f)->func_vectorcall) +#else +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(f) (((PyCFunctionObject*)f)->vectorcall) +#endif +#endif + +/* CythonFunction.proto */ +static PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_New(PyMethodDef *ml, + int flags, PyObject* qualname, + PyObject *closure, + PyObject *module, PyObject *globals, + PyObject* code); + +/* CLineInTraceback.proto (used by AddTraceback) */ +#if CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK && CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK_RUNTIME +static int __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(PyThreadState *tstate, int c_line); +#else +#define __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(tstate, c_line) (((CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK)) ? c_line : 0) +#endif + +/* CodeObjectCache.proto (used by AddTraceback) */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +typedef PyObject __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType; +#else +typedef PyCodeObject __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType; +#endif +typedef struct { + __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType* code_object; + int code_line; +} __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry; +struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache { + int count; + int max_count; + __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + __pyx_atomic_int_type accessor_count; + #endif +}; +static int __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries, int count, int code_line); +static __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType *__pyx_find_code_object(int code_line); +static void __pyx_insert_code_object(int code_line, __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType* code_object); + +/* AddTraceback.proto */ +static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname, int c_line, + int py_line, const char *filename); + +/* BufferStructDeclare.proto */ +typedef struct { + Py_ssize_t shape, strides, suboffsets; +} __Pyx_Buf_DimInfo; +typedef struct { + size_t refcount; + Py_buffer pybuffer; +} __Pyx_Buffer; +typedef struct { + __Pyx_Buffer *rcbuffer; + char *data; + __Pyx_Buf_DimInfo diminfo[8]; +} __Pyx_LocalBuf_ND; + +/* MemviewRefcount.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_add_acquisition_count_locked( + __pyx_atomic_int_type *acquisition_count, PyThread_type_lock lock); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_sub_acquisition_count_locked( + __pyx_atomic_int_type *acquisition_count, PyThread_type_lock lock); +#define __pyx_get_slice_count_pointer(memview) (&memview->acquisition_count) +#define __PYX_INC_MEMVIEW(slice, have_gil) __Pyx_INC_MEMVIEW(slice, have_gil, __LINE__) +#define __PYX_XCLEAR_MEMVIEW(slice, have_gil) __Pyx_XCLEAR_MEMVIEW(slice, have_gil, __LINE__) +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_INC_MEMVIEW(__Pyx_memviewslice *, int, int); +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_XCLEAR_MEMVIEW(__Pyx_memviewslice *, int, int); + +/* MemviewSliceIsContig.proto */ +static int __pyx_memviewslice_is_contig(const __Pyx_memviewslice mvs, char order, int ndim); + +/* OverlappingSlices.proto */ +static int __pyx_slices_overlap(__Pyx_memviewslice *slice1, + __Pyx_memviewslice *slice2, + int ndim, size_t itemsize); + +/* MemviewSliceInit.proto */ +static int __Pyx_init_memviewslice( + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *memview, + int ndim, + __Pyx_memviewslice *memviewslice, + int memview_is_new_reference); + +/* SliceMemoryviewSlice.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_memoryview_slice_memviewslice( + __Pyx_memviewslice *dst, + Py_ssize_t shape, Py_ssize_t stride, Py_ssize_t suboffset, + int dim, int new_ndim, int *suboffset_dim, + Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop, Py_ssize_t step, + int have_start, int have_stop, int have_step, + int is_slice); + +/* TypeInfoCompare.proto (used by MemviewSliceValidateAndInit) */ +static int __pyx_typeinfo_cmp(const __Pyx_TypeInfo *a, const __Pyx_TypeInfo *b); + +/* MemviewSliceValidateAndInit.export */ +static int __Pyx_ValidateAndInit_memviewslice( + int *axes_specs, + int c_or_f_flag, + int buf_flags, + int ndim, + const __Pyx_TypeInfo *dtype, + __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem stack[], + __Pyx_memviewslice *memviewslice, + PyObject *original_obj); + +/* ObjectToMemviewSlice.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE __Pyx_memviewslice __Pyx_PyObject_to_MemoryviewSlice_ds_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast_DTYPE_t(PyObject *, int writable_flag); + +/* MemviewDtypeToObject.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__pyx_memview_get_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast_DTYPE_t(const char *itemp); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_memview_set_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast_DTYPE_t(char *itemp, PyObject *obj); + +/* RealImag.proto */ +#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX + #ifdef __cplusplus + #define __Pyx_CREAL(z) ((z).real()) + #define __Pyx_CIMAG(z) ((z).imag()) + #else + #define __Pyx_CREAL(z) (__real__(z)) + #define __Pyx_CIMAG(z) (__imag__(z)) + #endif +#else + #define __Pyx_CREAL(z) ((z).real) + #define __Pyx_CIMAG(z) ((z).imag) +#endif +#if defined(__cplusplus) && CYTHON_CCOMPLEX\ + && (defined(_WIN32) || defined(__clang__) || (defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ >= 5 || __GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 4 )) || __cplusplus >= 201103) + #define __Pyx_SET_CREAL(z,x) ((z).real(x)) + #define __Pyx_SET_CIMAG(z,y) ((z).imag(y)) +#else + #define __Pyx_SET_CREAL(z,x) __Pyx_CREAL(z) = (x) + #define __Pyx_SET_CIMAG(z,y) __Pyx_CIMAG(z) = (y) +#endif + +/* Arithmetic.proto */ +#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && (1) && (!0 || __cplusplus) + #define __Pyx_c_eq_float(a, b) ((a)==(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_sum_float(a, b) ((a)+(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_diff_float(a, b) ((a)-(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_prod_float(a, b) ((a)*(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_quot_float(a, b) ((a)/(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_neg_float(a) (-(a)) + #ifdef __cplusplus + #define __Pyx_c_is_zero_float(z) ((z)==(float)0) + #define __Pyx_c_conj_float(z) (::std::conj(z)) + #if 1 + #define __Pyx_c_abs_float(z) (::std::abs(z)) + #define __Pyx_c_pow_float(a, b) (::std::pow(a, b)) + #endif + #else + #define __Pyx_c_is_zero_float(z) ((z)==0) + #define __Pyx_c_conj_float(z) (conjf(z)) + #if 1 + #define __Pyx_c_abs_float(z) (cabsf(z)) + #define __Pyx_c_pow_float(a, b) (cpowf(a, b)) + #endif + #endif +#else + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_eq_float(__pyx_t_float_complex, __pyx_t_float_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_sum_float(__pyx_t_float_complex, __pyx_t_float_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_diff_float(__pyx_t_float_complex, __pyx_t_float_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_prod_float(__pyx_t_float_complex, __pyx_t_float_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_quot_float(__pyx_t_float_complex, __pyx_t_float_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_neg_float(__pyx_t_float_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_is_zero_float(__pyx_t_float_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_conj_float(__pyx_t_float_complex); + #if 1 + static CYTHON_INLINE float __Pyx_c_abs_float(__pyx_t_float_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_pow_float(__pyx_t_float_complex, __pyx_t_float_complex); + #endif +#endif + +/* Arithmetic.proto */ +#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && (1) && (!0 || __cplusplus) + #define __Pyx_c_eq_double(a, b) ((a)==(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_sum_double(a, b) ((a)+(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_diff_double(a, b) ((a)-(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_prod_double(a, b) ((a)*(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_quot_double(a, b) ((a)/(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_neg_double(a) (-(a)) + #ifdef __cplusplus + #define __Pyx_c_is_zero_double(z) ((z)==(double)0) + #define __Pyx_c_conj_double(z) (::std::conj(z)) + #if 1 + #define __Pyx_c_abs_double(z) (::std::abs(z)) + #define __Pyx_c_pow_double(a, b) (::std::pow(a, b)) + #endif + #else + #define __Pyx_c_is_zero_double(z) ((z)==0) + #define __Pyx_c_conj_double(z) (conj(z)) + #if 1 + #define __Pyx_c_abs_double(z) (cabs(z)) + #define __Pyx_c_pow_double(a, b) (cpow(a, b)) + #endif + #endif +#else + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_eq_double(__pyx_t_double_complex, __pyx_t_double_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_sum_double(__pyx_t_double_complex, __pyx_t_double_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_diff_double(__pyx_t_double_complex, __pyx_t_double_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_prod_double(__pyx_t_double_complex, __pyx_t_double_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_quot_double(__pyx_t_double_complex, __pyx_t_double_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_neg_double(__pyx_t_double_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_is_zero_double(__pyx_t_double_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_conj_double(__pyx_t_double_complex); + #if 1 + static CYTHON_INLINE double __Pyx_c_abs_double(__pyx_t_double_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_pow_double(__pyx_t_double_complex, __pyx_t_double_complex); + #endif +#endif + +/* MemviewSliceCopy.proto */ +static __Pyx_memviewslice +__pyx_memoryview_copy_new_contig(const __Pyx_memviewslice *from_mvs, + const char *mode, int ndim, + size_t sizeof_dtype, int contig_flag, + int dtype_is_object); + +/* CIntFromPy.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_PyLong_As_long(PyObject *); + +/* CIntFromPy.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyLong_As_int(PyObject *); + +/* PyObjectVectorCallKwBuilder.proto (used by CIntToPy) */ +CYTHON_UNUSED static int __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArg_Check(PyObject *key, PyObject *value, PyObject *builder, PyObject **args, int n); +#if CYTHON_VECTORCALL +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 +#define __Pyx_Object_Vectorcall_CallFromBuilder PyObject_Vectorcall +#else +#define __Pyx_Object_Vectorcall_CallFromBuilder _PyObject_Vectorcall +#endif +#define __Pyx_MakeVectorcallBuilderKwds(n) PyTuple_New(n) +static int __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArg(PyObject *key, PyObject *value, PyObject *builder, PyObject **args, int n); +static int __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArgStr(const char *key, PyObject *value, PyObject *builder, PyObject **args, int n); +#else +#define __Pyx_Object_Vectorcall_CallFromBuilder __Pyx_PyObject_FastCallDict +#define __Pyx_MakeVectorcallBuilderKwds(n) __Pyx_PyDict_NewPresized(n) +#define __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArg(key, value, builder, args, n) PyDict_SetItem(builder, key, value) +#define __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArgStr(key, value, builder, args, n) PyDict_SetItemString(builder, key, value) +#endif + +/* CIntToPy.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyLong_From_npy_int64(npy_int64 value); + +/* CIntFromPy.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE npy_int64 __Pyx_PyLong_As_npy_int64(PyObject *); + +/* CIntToPy.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyLong_From_long(long value); + +/* PyObjectCall2Args.proto (used by PyObjectCallMethod1) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Call2Args(PyObject* function, PyObject* arg1, PyObject* arg2); + +/* PyObjectCallMethod1.proto (used by UpdateUnpickledDict) */ +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod1(PyObject* obj, PyObject* method_name, PyObject* arg); + +/* UpdateUnpickledDict.proto */ +static int __Pyx_UpdateUnpickledDict(PyObject *obj, PyObject *state, Py_ssize_t index); + +/* CheckUnpickleChecksum.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_CheckUnpickleChecksum(long checksum, long checksum1, long checksum2, long checksum3, const char *members); + +/* CIntToPy.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyLong_From_int(int value); + +/* CIntFromPy.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE char __Pyx_PyLong_As_char(PyObject *); + +/* FormatTypeName.proto */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +typedef PyObject *__Pyx_TypeName; +#define __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "%U" +#define __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(obj) Py_XDECREF(obj) +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 +#define __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName +#else +static __Pyx_TypeName __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(PyTypeObject* tp); +#endif +#else // !LIMITED_API +typedef const char *__Pyx_TypeName; +#define __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "%.200s" +#define __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(tp) ((tp)->tp_name) +#define __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(obj) +#endif + +/* GetRuntimeVersion.proto */ +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030b0000 +static unsigned long __Pyx_cached_runtime_version = 0; +static void __Pyx_init_runtime_version(void); +#else +#define __Pyx_init_runtime_version() +#endif +static unsigned long __Pyx_get_runtime_version(void); + +/* CheckBinaryVersion.proto */ +static int __Pyx_check_binary_version(unsigned long ct_version, unsigned long rt_version, int allow_newer); + +/* DecompressString.proto */ +static PyObject *__Pyx_DecompressString(const char *s, Py_ssize_t length, int algo); + +/* MultiPhaseInitModuleState.proto */ +#if CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT && CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE +static PyObject *__Pyx_State_FindModule(void*); +static int __Pyx_State_AddModule(PyObject* module, void*); +static int __Pyx_State_RemoveModule(void*); +#elif CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE +#define __Pyx_State_FindModule PyState_FindModule +#define __Pyx_State_AddModule PyState_AddModule +#define __Pyx_State_RemoveModule PyState_RemoveModule +#endif + +/* #### Code section: module_declarations ### */ +/* CythonABIVersion.proto */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #define __PYX_FASTCALL_ABI_SUFFIX "_fastcall" + #else + #define __PYX_FASTCALL_ABI_SUFFIX + #endif + #define __PYX_LIMITED_ABI_SUFFIX "limited" __PYX_FASTCALL_ABI_SUFFIX __PYX_AM_SEND_ABI_SUFFIX +#else + #define __PYX_LIMITED_ABI_SUFFIX +#endif +#if __PYX_HAS_PY_AM_SEND == 1 + #define __PYX_AM_SEND_ABI_SUFFIX +#elif __PYX_HAS_PY_AM_SEND == 2 + #define __PYX_AM_SEND_ABI_SUFFIX "amsendbackport" +#else + #define __PYX_AM_SEND_ABI_SUFFIX "noamsend" +#endif +#ifndef __PYX_MONITORING_ABI_SUFFIX + #define __PYX_MONITORING_ABI_SUFFIX +#endif +#if CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE + #define __PYX_TP_FINALIZE_ABI_SUFFIX +#else + #define __PYX_TP_FINALIZE_ABI_SUFFIX "nofinalize" +#endif +#if CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS || !defined(__Pyx_AsyncGen_USED) + #define __PYX_FREELISTS_ABI_SUFFIX +#else + #define __PYX_FREELISTS_ABI_SUFFIX "nofreelists" +#endif +#define CYTHON_ABI __PYX_ABI_VERSION __PYX_LIMITED_ABI_SUFFIX __PYX_MONITORING_ABI_SUFFIX __PYX_TP_FINALIZE_ABI_SUFFIX __PYX_FREELISTS_ABI_SUFFIX __PYX_AM_SEND_ABI_SUFFIX +#define __PYX_ABI_MODULE_NAME "_cython_" CYTHON_ABI +#define __PYX_TYPE_MODULE_PREFIX __PYX_ABI_MODULE_NAME "." + +static PyObject *__pyx_array_get_memview(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static char *__pyx_memoryview_get_item_pointer(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_index); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_is_slice(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_obj); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_setitem_slice_assignment(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_dst, PyObject *__pyx_v_src); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_setitem_slice_assign_scalar(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_dst, PyObject *__pyx_v_value); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_setitem_indexed(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_index, PyObject *__pyx_v_value); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_convert_item_to_object(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, char *__pyx_v_itemp); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_assign_item_from_object(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, char *__pyx_v_itemp, PyObject *__pyx_v_value); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview__get_base(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryviewslice_convert_item_to_object(struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *__pyx_v_self, char *__pyx_v_itemp); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryviewslice_assign_item_from_object(struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *__pyx_v_self, char *__pyx_v_itemp, PyObject *__pyx_v_value); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryviewslice__get_base(struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__pyx_f_5numpy_7ndarray_4base_base(PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyArray_Descr *__pyx_f_5numpy_7ndarray_5descr_descr(PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_f_5numpy_7ndarray_4ndim_ndim(PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static CYTHON_INLINE npy_intp *__pyx_f_5numpy_7ndarray_5shape_shape(PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static CYTHON_INLINE npy_intp *__pyx_f_5numpy_7ndarray_7strides_strides(PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static CYTHON_INLINE npy_intp __pyx_f_5numpy_7ndarray_4size_size(PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static CYTHON_INLINE char *__pyx_f_5numpy_7ndarray_4data_data(PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ + +/* Module declarations from "cython.view" */ + +/* Module declarations from "cython.dataclasses" */ + +/* Module declarations from "cython" */ + +/* Module declarations from "libc.string" */ + +/* Module declarations from "libc.stdio" */ + +/* Module declarations from "__builtin__" */ + +/* Module declarations from "cpython.type" */ + +/* Module declarations from "cpython" */ + +/* Module declarations from "cpython.object" */ + +/* Module declarations from "cpython.ref" */ + +/* Module declarations from "numpy" */ + +/* Module declarations from "numpy" */ + +/* Module declarations from "fairseq.data.data_utils_fast" */ +static PyObject *__pyx_collections_abc_Sequence = 0; +static PyObject *generic = 0; +static PyObject *strided = 0; +static PyObject *indirect = 0; +static PyObject *contiguous = 0; +static PyObject *indirect_contiguous = 0; +static int __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks_used; +static PyThread_type_lock __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks[8]; +static PyObject *__pyx_f_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast__is_batch_full(PyObject *, long, long, long); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_f_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast_batch_by_size_fast(PyArrayObject *, PyObject *, long, long, int, int __pyx_skip_dispatch); /*proto*/ +static int __pyx_array_allocate_buffer(struct __pyx_array_obj *); /*proto*/ +static struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_array_new(PyObject *, Py_ssize_t, char *, char const *, char *); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_new(PyObject *, int, int, __Pyx_TypeInfo const *); /*proto*/ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_memoryview_check(PyObject *); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *_unellipsify(PyObject *, int); /*proto*/ +static int assert_direct_dimensions(Py_ssize_t *, int); /*proto*/ +static struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_memview_slice(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *, PyObject *); /*proto*/ +static char *__pyx_pybuffer_index(Py_buffer *, char *, Py_ssize_t, Py_ssize_t); /*proto*/ +static int __pyx_memslice_transpose(__Pyx_memviewslice *); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_fromslice(__Pyx_memviewslice, int, PyObject *(*)(char *), int (*)(char *, PyObject *), int); /*proto*/ +static __Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_memoryview_get_slice_from_memoryview(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *, __Pyx_memviewslice *); /*proto*/ +static void __pyx_memoryview_slice_copy(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *, __Pyx_memviewslice *); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_copy_object(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_copy_object_from_slice(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *, __Pyx_memviewslice *); /*proto*/ +static Py_ssize_t abs_py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t); /*proto*/ +static char __pyx_get_best_slice_order(__Pyx_memviewslice *, int); /*proto*/ +static void _copy_strided_to_strided(char *, Py_ssize_t *, char *, Py_ssize_t *, Py_ssize_t *, Py_ssize_t *, int, size_t); /*proto*/ +static void copy_strided_to_strided(__Pyx_memviewslice *, __Pyx_memviewslice *, int, size_t); /*proto*/ +static Py_ssize_t __pyx_memoryview_slice_get_size(__Pyx_memviewslice *, int); /*proto*/ +static Py_ssize_t __pyx_fill_contig_strides_array(Py_ssize_t *, Py_ssize_t *, Py_ssize_t, int, char); /*proto*/ +static void *__pyx_memoryview_copy_data_to_temp(__Pyx_memviewslice *, __Pyx_memviewslice *, char, int); /*proto*/ +static int __pyx_memoryview_err_extents(int, Py_ssize_t, Py_ssize_t); /*proto*/ +static int __pyx_memoryview_err_dim(PyObject *, PyObject *, int); /*proto*/ +static int __pyx_memoryview_err(PyObject *, PyObject *); /*proto*/ +static int __pyx_memoryview_err_no_memory(void); /*proto*/ +static int __pyx_memoryview_copy_contents(__Pyx_memviewslice, __Pyx_memviewslice, int, int, int); /*proto*/ +static void __pyx_memoryview_broadcast_leading(__Pyx_memviewslice *, int, int); /*proto*/ +static void __pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying(__Pyx_memviewslice *, int, int, int); /*proto*/ +static void __pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(char *, Py_ssize_t *, Py_ssize_t *, int, int); /*proto*/ +static void __pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice(char *, Py_ssize_t *, Py_ssize_t *, int, int); /*proto*/ +static void __pyx_memoryview_slice_assign_scalar(__Pyx_memviewslice *, int, size_t, void *, int); /*proto*/ +static void __pyx_memoryview__slice_assign_scalar(char *, Py_ssize_t *, Py_ssize_t *, int, size_t, void *); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_unpickle_Enum__set_state(struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *, PyObject *); /*proto*/ +/* #### Code section: typeinfo ### */ +static const __Pyx_TypeInfo __Pyx_TypeInfo_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast_DTYPE_t = { "DTYPE_t", NULL, sizeof(__pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast_DTYPE_t), { 0 }, 0, __PYX_IS_UNSIGNED(__pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast_DTYPE_t) ? 'U' : 'I', __PYX_IS_UNSIGNED(__pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast_DTYPE_t), 0 }; +/* #### Code section: before_global_var ### */ +#define __Pyx_MODULE_NAME "fairseq.data.data_utils_fast" +extern int __pyx_module_is_main_fairseq__data__data_utils_fast; +int __pyx_module_is_main_fairseq__data__data_utils_fast = 0; + +/* Implementation of "fairseq.data.data_utils_fast" */ +/* #### Code section: global_var ### */ +static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_max; +static PyObject *__pyx_builtin___import__; +static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_enumerate; +static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_Ellipsis; +static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_id; +/* #### Code section: string_decls ### */ +static const char __pyx_k_c[] = "c"; +static const char __pyx_k_name[] = "name"; +static const char __pyx_k_fortran[] = "fortran"; +/* #### Code section: decls ### */ +static int __pyx_array___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_5array___cinit__(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_shape, Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_itemsize, PyObject *__pyx_v_format, PyObject *__pyx_v_mode, int __pyx_v_allocate_buffer); /* proto */ +static int __pyx_array___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_5array_2__getbuffer__(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self, Py_buffer *__pyx_v_info, int __pyx_v_flags); /* proto */ +static void __pyx_array___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_5array_4__dealloc__(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_5array_7memview___get__(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static Py_ssize_t __pyx_array___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_5array_6__len__(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_array___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_5array_8__getattr__(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_attr); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_array___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_5array_10__getitem__(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_item); /* proto */ +static int __pyx_array___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_5array_12__setitem__(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_item, PyObject *__pyx_v_value); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf___pyx_array___reduce_cython__(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf___pyx_array_2__setstate_cython__(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_state); /* proto */ +static int __pyx_MemviewEnum___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_4Enum___init__(struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_name); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_MemviewEnum___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_4Enum_2__repr__(struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf___pyx_MemviewEnum___reduce_cython__(struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf___pyx_MemviewEnum_2__setstate_cython__(struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_state); /* proto */ +static int __pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview___cinit__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_obj, int __pyx_v_flags, int __pyx_v_dtype_is_object); /* proto */ +static void __pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_2__dealloc__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_4__getitem__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_index); /* proto */ +static int __pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_6__setitem__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_index, PyObject *__pyx_v_value); /* proto */ +static int __pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_8__getbuffer__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, Py_buffer *__pyx_v_info, int __pyx_v_flags); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_1T___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_4base___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_5shape___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_7strides___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_10suboffsets___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_4ndim___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_8itemsize___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_6nbytes___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_4size___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static Py_ssize_t __pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_10__len__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_12__repr__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_14__str__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_16is_c_contig(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_18is_f_contig(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_20copy(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_22copy_fortran(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf___pyx_memoryview___reduce_cython__(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf___pyx_memoryview_2__setstate_cython__(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_state); /* proto */ +static void __pyx_memoryviewslice___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_16_memoryviewslice___dealloc__(struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf___pyx_memoryviewslice___reduce_cython__(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf___pyx_memoryviewslice_2__setstate_cython__(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *__pyx_v_self, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_state); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView___pyx_unpickle_Enum(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_type, long __pyx_v___pyx_checksum, PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_state); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast_batch_by_size_fast(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_indices, PyObject *__pyx_v_num_tokens_fn, long __pyx_v_max_tokens, long __pyx_v_max_sentences, int __pyx_v_bsz_mult); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_array(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_Enum(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_memoryview(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new__memoryviewslice(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k); /*proto*/ +/* #### Code section: late_includes ### */ +/* #### Code section: module_state ### */ +/* SmallCodeConfig */ +#ifndef CYTHON_SMALL_CODE +#if defined(__clang__) + #define CYTHON_SMALL_CODE +#elif defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)) + #define CYTHON_SMALL_CODE __attribute__((cold)) +#else + #define CYTHON_SMALL_CODE +#endif +#endif + +typedef struct { + PyObject *__pyx_d; + PyObject *__pyx_b; + PyObject *__pyx_cython_runtime; + PyObject *__pyx_empty_tuple; + PyObject *__pyx_empty_bytes; + PyObject *__pyx_empty_unicode; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_7cpython_4type_type; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_dtype; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_flatiter; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_broadcast; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_ndarray; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_generic; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_number; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_integer; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_signedinteger; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_unsignedinteger; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_inexact; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_floating; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_complexfloating; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_flexible; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_character; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_ufunc; + PyObject *__pyx_type___pyx_array; + PyObject *__pyx_type___pyx_MemviewEnum; + PyObject *__pyx_type___pyx_memoryview; + PyObject *__pyx_type___pyx_memoryviewslice; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_array_type; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_MemviewEnum_type; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_memoryview_type; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_memoryviewslice_type; + __Pyx_CachedCFunction __pyx_umethod_PyDict_Type_items; + __Pyx_CachedCFunction __pyx_umethod_PyDict_Type_pop; + __Pyx_CachedCFunction __pyx_umethod_PyDict_Type_values; + PyObject *__pyx_slice[1]; + PyObject *__pyx_tuple[1]; + PyObject *__pyx_codeobj_tab[1]; + PyObject *__pyx_string_tab[125]; + PyObject *__pyx_number_tab[4]; +/* #### Code section: module_state_contents ### */ +/* CommonTypesMetaclass.module_state_decls */ +PyTypeObject *__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclassType; + +/* CachedMethodType.module_state_decls */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +PyObject *__Pyx_CachedMethodType; +#endif + +/* CythonFunctionShared.module_state_decls */ +PyTypeObject *__pyx_CyFunctionType; + +/* CodeObjectCache.module_state_decls */ +struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache __pyx_code_cache; + +/* #### Code section: module_state_end ### */ +} __pyx_mstatetype; + +#if CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE +#ifdef __cplusplus +namespace { +extern struct PyModuleDef __pyx_moduledef; +} /* anonymous namespace */ +#else +static struct PyModuleDef __pyx_moduledef; +#endif + +#define __pyx_mstate_global (__Pyx_PyModule_GetState(__Pyx_State_FindModule(&__pyx_moduledef))) + +#define __pyx_m (__Pyx_State_FindModule(&__pyx_moduledef)) +#else +static __pyx_mstatetype __pyx_mstate_global_static = +#ifdef __cplusplus + {}; +#else + {0}; +#endif +static __pyx_mstatetype * const __pyx_mstate_global = &__pyx_mstate_global_static; +#endif +/* #### Code section: constant_name_defines ### */ +#define __pyx_kp_u_ __pyx_string_tab[0] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Buffer_view_does_not_expose_stri __pyx_string_tab[1] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Can_only_create_a_buffer_that_is __pyx_string_tab[2] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Cannot_assign_to_read_only_memor __pyx_string_tab[3] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Cannot_create_writable_memory_vi __pyx_string_tab[4] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Cannot_index_with_type __pyx_string_tab[5] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Cannot_transpose_memoryview_with __pyx_string_tab[6] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Dimension_d_is_not_direct __pyx_string_tab[7] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Empty_shape_tuple_for_cython_arr __pyx_string_tab[8] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Indirect_dimensions_not_supporte __pyx_string_tab[9] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Invalid_mode_expected_c_or_fortr __pyx_string_tab[10] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Invalid_shape_in_axis __pyx_string_tab[11] +#define __pyx_kp_u_MemoryView_of __pyx_string_tab[12] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Note_that_Cython_is_deliberately __pyx_string_tab[13] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Out_of_bounds_on_buffer_access_a __pyx_string_tab[14] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Unable_to_convert_item_to_object __pyx_string_tab[15] +#define __pyx_kp_u__2 __pyx_string_tab[16] +#define __pyx_kp_u__3 __pyx_string_tab[17] +#define __pyx_kp_u__4 __pyx_string_tab[18] +#define __pyx_kp_u__5 __pyx_string_tab[19] +#define __pyx_kp_u__6 __pyx_string_tab[20] +#define __pyx_kp_u_add_note __pyx_string_tab[21] +#define __pyx_kp_u_and __pyx_string_tab[22] +#define __pyx_kp_u_at_0x __pyx_string_tab[23] +#define __pyx_kp_u_collections_abc __pyx_string_tab[24] +#define __pyx_kp_u_contiguous_and_direct __pyx_string_tab[25] +#define __pyx_kp_u_contiguous_and_indirect __pyx_string_tab[26] +#define __pyx_kp_u_disable __pyx_string_tab[27] +#define __pyx_kp_u_enable __pyx_string_tab[28] +#define __pyx_kp_u_fairseq_data_data_utils_fast_pyx __pyx_string_tab[29] +#define __pyx_kp_u_gc __pyx_string_tab[30] +#define __pyx_kp_u_got __pyx_string_tab[31] +#define __pyx_kp_u_got_differing_extents_in_dimensi __pyx_string_tab[32] +#define __pyx_kp_u_isenabled __pyx_string_tab[33] +#define __pyx_kp_u_itemsize_0_for_cython_array __pyx_string_tab[34] +#define __pyx_kp_u_no_default___reduce___due_to_non __pyx_string_tab[35] +#define __pyx_kp_u_numpy_core_multiarray_failed_to __pyx_string_tab[36] +#define __pyx_kp_u_numpy_core_umath_failed_to_impor __pyx_string_tab[37] +#define __pyx_kp_u_object __pyx_string_tab[38] +#define __pyx_kp_u_sentence_at_index_of_size_exceed __pyx_string_tab[39] +#define __pyx_kp_u_strided_and_direct __pyx_string_tab[40] +#define __pyx_kp_u_strided_and_direct_or_indirect __pyx_string_tab[41] +#define __pyx_kp_u_strided_and_indirect __pyx_string_tab[42] +#define __pyx_kp_u_unable_to_allocate_array_data __pyx_string_tab[43] +#define __pyx_kp_u_unable_to_allocate_shape_and_str __pyx_string_tab[44] +#define __pyx_n_u_ASCII __pyx_string_tab[45] +#define __pyx_n_u_DTYPE __pyx_string_tab[46] +#define __pyx_n_u_Ellipsis __pyx_string_tab[47] +#define __pyx_n_u_Pyx_PyDict_NextRef __pyx_string_tab[48] +#define __pyx_n_u_Sequence __pyx_string_tab[49] +#define __pyx_n_u_View_MemoryView __pyx_string_tab[50] +#define __pyx_n_u_abc __pyx_string_tab[51] +#define __pyx_n_u_allocate_buffer __pyx_string_tab[52] +#define __pyx_n_u_asyncio_coroutines __pyx_string_tab[53] +#define __pyx_n_u_base __pyx_string_tab[54] +#define __pyx_n_u_batch_by_size_fast __pyx_string_tab[55] +#define __pyx_n_u_bsz_mult __pyx_string_tab[56] +#define __pyx_n_u_c __pyx_string_tab[57] +#define __pyx_n_u_class __pyx_string_tab[58] +#define __pyx_n_u_class_getitem __pyx_string_tab[59] +#define __pyx_n_u_cline_in_traceback __pyx_string_tab[60] +#define __pyx_n_u_count __pyx_string_tab[61] +#define __pyx_n_u_dict __pyx_string_tab[62] +#define __pyx_n_u_dtype_is_object __pyx_string_tab[63] +#define __pyx_n_u_encode __pyx_string_tab[64] +#define __pyx_n_u_enumerate __pyx_string_tab[65] +#define __pyx_n_u_error __pyx_string_tab[66] +#define __pyx_n_u_fairseq_data_data_utils_fast __pyx_string_tab[67] +#define __pyx_n_u_flags __pyx_string_tab[68] +#define __pyx_n_u_format __pyx_string_tab[69] +#define __pyx_n_u_fortran __pyx_string_tab[70] +#define __pyx_n_u_func __pyx_string_tab[71] +#define __pyx_n_u_getstate __pyx_string_tab[72] +#define __pyx_n_u_id __pyx_string_tab[73] +#define __pyx_n_u_import __pyx_string_tab[74] +#define __pyx_n_u_index __pyx_string_tab[75] +#define __pyx_n_u_indices __pyx_string_tab[76] +#define __pyx_n_u_int64 __pyx_string_tab[77] +#define __pyx_n_u_is_coroutine __pyx_string_tab[78] +#define __pyx_n_u_items __pyx_string_tab[79] +#define __pyx_n_u_itemsize __pyx_string_tab[80] +#define __pyx_n_u_main __pyx_string_tab[81] +#define __pyx_n_u_max __pyx_string_tab[82] +#define __pyx_n_u_max_sentences __pyx_string_tab[83] +#define __pyx_n_u_max_tokens __pyx_string_tab[84] +#define __pyx_n_u_memview __pyx_string_tab[85] +#define __pyx_n_u_mode __pyx_string_tab[86] +#define __pyx_n_u_module __pyx_string_tab[87] +#define __pyx_n_u_name __pyx_string_tab[88] +#define __pyx_n_u_name_2 __pyx_string_tab[89] +#define __pyx_n_u_ndim __pyx_string_tab[90] +#define __pyx_n_u_new __pyx_string_tab[91] +#define __pyx_n_u_np __pyx_string_tab[92] +#define __pyx_n_u_num_tokens_fn __pyx_string_tab[93] +#define __pyx_n_u_numpy __pyx_string_tab[94] +#define __pyx_n_u_obj __pyx_string_tab[95] +#define __pyx_n_u_pack __pyx_string_tab[96] +#define __pyx_n_u_pop __pyx_string_tab[97] +#define __pyx_n_u_pyx_checksum __pyx_string_tab[98] +#define __pyx_n_u_pyx_state __pyx_string_tab[99] +#define __pyx_n_u_pyx_type __pyx_string_tab[100] +#define __pyx_n_u_pyx_unpickle_Enum __pyx_string_tab[101] +#define __pyx_n_u_pyx_vtable __pyx_string_tab[102] +#define __pyx_n_u_qualname __pyx_string_tab[103] +#define __pyx_n_u_reduce __pyx_string_tab[104] +#define __pyx_n_u_reduce_cython __pyx_string_tab[105] +#define __pyx_n_u_reduce_ex __pyx_string_tab[106] +#define __pyx_n_u_register __pyx_string_tab[107] +#define __pyx_n_u_set_name __pyx_string_tab[108] +#define __pyx_n_u_setdefault __pyx_string_tab[109] +#define __pyx_n_u_setstate __pyx_string_tab[110] +#define __pyx_n_u_setstate_cython __pyx_string_tab[111] +#define __pyx_n_u_shape __pyx_string_tab[112] +#define __pyx_n_u_size __pyx_string_tab[113] +#define __pyx_n_u_start __pyx_string_tab[114] +#define __pyx_n_u_step __pyx_string_tab[115] +#define __pyx_n_u_stop __pyx_string_tab[116] +#define __pyx_n_u_struct __pyx_string_tab[117] +#define __pyx_n_u_test __pyx_string_tab[118] +#define __pyx_n_u_unpack __pyx_string_tab[119] +#define __pyx_n_u_update __pyx_string_tab[120] +#define __pyx_n_u_values __pyx_string_tab[121] +#define __pyx_n_u_x __pyx_string_tab[122] +#define __pyx_kp_b_iso88591_1_A_a_1_U_3aq_l_1_1_7_1_Q_Rs_S __pyx_string_tab[123] +#define __pyx_n_b_O __pyx_string_tab[124] +#define __pyx_int_0 __pyx_number_tab[0] +#define __pyx_int_neg_1 __pyx_number_tab[1] +#define __pyx_int_1 __pyx_number_tab[2] 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Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_generic); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_number); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_integer); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_signedinteger); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_unsignedinteger); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_inexact); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_floating); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_complexfloating); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_flexible); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_character); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_ufunc); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_array_type); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_type___pyx_array); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_MemviewEnum_type); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_type___pyx_MemviewEnum); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_memoryview_type); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_type___pyx_memoryview); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_memoryviewslice_type); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_type___pyx_memoryviewslice); + for (int i=0; i<1; ++i) { Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_slice[i]); } + for (int i=0; i<1; ++i) { Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_tuple[i]); } + for (int i=0; i<1; ++i) { Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_codeobj_tab[i]); } + for (int i=0; i<125; ++i) { Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_string_tab[i]); } + for (int i=0; i<4; ++i) { Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_number_tab[i]); } +/* #### Code section: module_state_clear_contents ### */ +/* CommonTypesMetaclass.module_state_clear */ +Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclassType); + +/* CythonFunctionShared.module_state_clear */ +Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_CyFunctionType); + +/* #### Code section: module_state_clear_end ### */ +return 0; +} +#endif +/* #### Code section: module_state_traverse ### */ +#if 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Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_number); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_integer); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_signedinteger); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_unsignedinteger); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_inexact); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_floating); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_complexfloating); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_flexible); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_character); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_ufunc); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_array_type); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_type___pyx_array); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_MemviewEnum_type); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_type___pyx_MemviewEnum); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_memoryview_type); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_type___pyx_memoryview); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_memoryviewslice_type); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_type___pyx_memoryviewslice); + for (int i=0; i<1; ++i) { __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(traverse_module_state->__pyx_slice[i]); } + for (int i=0; i<1; ++i) { __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(traverse_module_state->__pyx_tuple[i]); } + for (int i=0; i<1; ++i) { __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(traverse_module_state->__pyx_codeobj_tab[i]); } + for (int i=0; i<125; ++i) { __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(traverse_module_state->__pyx_string_tab[i]); } + for (int i=0; i<4; ++i) { __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(traverse_module_state->__pyx_number_tab[i]); } +/* #### Code section: module_state_traverse_contents ### */ +/* CommonTypesMetaclass.module_state_traverse */ +Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclassType); + +/* CythonFunctionShared.module_state_traverse */ +Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_CyFunctionType); + +/* #### Code section: module_state_traverse_end ### */ 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+ goto __pyx_L0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1037 + * break + * + * if abs_py_ssize_t(c_stride) <= abs_py_ssize_t(f_stride): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * return 'C' + * else: +*/ + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1040 + * return 'C' + * else: + * return 'F' # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * @cython.cdivision(True) +*/ + /*else*/ { + __pyx_r = 'F'; + goto __pyx_L0; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1018 + * return -arg if arg < 0 else arg + * + * @cname('__pyx_get_best_slice_order') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef char get_best_order(__Pyx_memviewslice *mslice, int ndim) noexcept nogil: + * """ +*/ + + /* function exit code */ + __pyx_L0:; + return __pyx_r; +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1042 + * return 'F' + * + * @cython.cdivision(True) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void _copy_strided_to_strided(char *src_data, Py_ssize_t *src_strides, + * char *dst_data, Py_ssize_t *dst_strides, +*/ + +static void _copy_strided_to_strided(char *__pyx_v_src_data, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_src_strides, char *__pyx_v_dst_data, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_dst_strides, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_src_shape, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_dst_shape, int __pyx_v_ndim, size_t __pyx_v_itemsize) { + CYTHON_UNUSED Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_i; + CYTHON_UNUSED Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_src_extent; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_dst_extent; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_src_stride; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_dst_stride; + int __pyx_t_1; + int __pyx_t_2; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_3; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_4; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_5; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1050 + * + * cdef Py_ssize_t i + * cdef Py_ssize_t src_extent = src_shape[0] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_extent = dst_shape[0] + * cdef Py_ssize_t src_stride = src_strides[0] +*/ + __pyx_v_src_extent = (__pyx_v_src_shape[0]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1051 + * cdef Py_ssize_t i + * cdef Py_ssize_t src_extent = src_shape[0] + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_extent = dst_shape[0] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef Py_ssize_t src_stride = src_strides[0] + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_stride = dst_strides[0] +*/ + __pyx_v_dst_extent = (__pyx_v_dst_shape[0]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1052 + * cdef Py_ssize_t src_extent = src_shape[0] + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_extent = dst_shape[0] + * cdef Py_ssize_t src_stride = src_strides[0] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_stride = dst_strides[0] + * +*/ + __pyx_v_src_stride = (__pyx_v_src_strides[0]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1053 + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_extent = dst_shape[0] + * cdef Py_ssize_t src_stride = src_strides[0] + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_stride = dst_strides[0] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if ndim == 1: +*/ + __pyx_v_dst_stride = (__pyx_v_dst_strides[0]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1055 + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_stride = dst_strides[0] + * + * if ndim == 1: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * if (src_stride > 0 and dst_stride > 0 and + * src_stride == itemsize == dst_stride): +*/ + __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_ndim == 1); + if (__pyx_t_1) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1056 + * + * if ndim == 1: + * if (src_stride > 0 and dst_stride > 0 and # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * src_stride == itemsize == dst_stride): + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize * dst_extent) +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_src_stride > 0); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + } else { + __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_t_2; + goto __pyx_L5_bool_binop_done; + } + __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_dst_stride > 0); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + } else { + __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_t_2; + goto __pyx_L5_bool_binop_done; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1057 + * if ndim == 1: + * if (src_stride > 0 and dst_stride > 0 and + * src_stride == itemsize == dst_stride): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize * dst_extent) + * else: +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = (((size_t)__pyx_v_src_stride) == __pyx_v_itemsize); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_itemsize == ((size_t)__pyx_v_dst_stride)); + } + __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_t_2; + __pyx_L5_bool_binop_done:; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1056 + * + * if ndim == 1: + * if (src_stride > 0 and dst_stride > 0 and # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * src_stride == itemsize == dst_stride): + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize * dst_extent) +*/ + if (__pyx_t_1) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1058 + * if (src_stride > 0 and dst_stride > 0 and + * src_stride == itemsize == dst_stride): + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize * dst_extent) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * else: + * for i in range(dst_extent): +*/ + (void)(memcpy(__pyx_v_dst_data, __pyx_v_src_data, (__pyx_v_itemsize * __pyx_v_dst_extent))); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1056 + * + * if ndim == 1: + * if (src_stride > 0 and dst_stride > 0 and # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * src_stride == itemsize == dst_stride): + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize * dst_extent) +*/ + goto __pyx_L4; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1060 + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize * dst_extent) + * else: + * for i in range(dst_extent): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize) + * src_data += src_stride +*/ + /*else*/ { + __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_dst_extent; + __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_t_3; + for (__pyx_t_5 = 0; __pyx_t_5 < __pyx_t_4; __pyx_t_5+=1) { + __pyx_v_i = __pyx_t_5; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1061 + * else: + * for i in range(dst_extent): + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * src_data += src_stride + * dst_data += dst_stride +*/ + (void)(memcpy(__pyx_v_dst_data, __pyx_v_src_data, __pyx_v_itemsize)); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1062 + * for i in range(dst_extent): + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize) + * src_data += src_stride # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * dst_data += dst_stride + * else: +*/ + __pyx_v_src_data = (__pyx_v_src_data + __pyx_v_src_stride); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1063 + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize) + * src_data += src_stride + * dst_data += dst_stride # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * else: + * for i in range(dst_extent): +*/ + __pyx_v_dst_data = (__pyx_v_dst_data + __pyx_v_dst_stride); + } + } + __pyx_L4:; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1055 + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_stride = dst_strides[0] + * + * if ndim == 1: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * if (src_stride > 0 and dst_stride > 0 and + * src_stride == itemsize == dst_stride): +*/ + goto __pyx_L3; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1065 + * dst_data += dst_stride + * else: + * for i in range(dst_extent): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * _copy_strided_to_strided(src_data, src_strides + 1, + * dst_data, dst_strides + 1, +*/ + /*else*/ { + __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_dst_extent; + __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_t_3; + for (__pyx_t_5 = 0; __pyx_t_5 < __pyx_t_4; __pyx_t_5+=1) { + __pyx_v_i = __pyx_t_5; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1066 + * else: + * for i in range(dst_extent): + * _copy_strided_to_strided(src_data, src_strides + 1, # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * dst_data, dst_strides + 1, + * src_shape + 1, dst_shape + 1, +*/ + _copy_strided_to_strided(__pyx_v_src_data, (__pyx_v_src_strides + 1), __pyx_v_dst_data, (__pyx_v_dst_strides + 1), (__pyx_v_src_shape + 1), (__pyx_v_dst_shape + 1), (__pyx_v_ndim - 1), __pyx_v_itemsize); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1070 + * src_shape + 1, dst_shape + 1, + * ndim - 1, itemsize) + * src_data += src_stride # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * dst_data += dst_stride + * +*/ + __pyx_v_src_data = (__pyx_v_src_data + __pyx_v_src_stride); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1071 + * ndim - 1, itemsize) + * src_data += src_stride + * dst_data += dst_stride # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * cdef void copy_strided_to_strided(__Pyx_memviewslice *src, +*/ + __pyx_v_dst_data = (__pyx_v_dst_data + __pyx_v_dst_stride); + } + } + __pyx_L3:; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1042 + * return 'F' + * + * @cython.cdivision(True) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void _copy_strided_to_strided(char *src_data, Py_ssize_t *src_strides, + * char *dst_data, Py_ssize_t *dst_strides, +*/ + + /* function exit code */ +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1073 + * dst_data += dst_stride + * + * cdef void copy_strided_to_strided(__Pyx_memviewslice *src, # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * __Pyx_memviewslice *dst, + * int ndim, size_t itemsize) noexcept nogil: +*/ + +static void copy_strided_to_strided(__Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_v_src, __Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_v_dst, int __pyx_v_ndim, size_t __pyx_v_itemsize) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1076 + * __Pyx_memviewslice *dst, + * int ndim, size_t itemsize) noexcept nogil: + * _copy_strided_to_strided(src.data, src.strides, dst.data, dst.strides, # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * src.shape, dst.shape, ndim, itemsize) + * +*/ + _copy_strided_to_strided(__pyx_v_src->data, __pyx_v_src->strides, __pyx_v_dst->data, __pyx_v_dst->strides, __pyx_v_src->shape, __pyx_v_dst->shape, __pyx_v_ndim, __pyx_v_itemsize); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1073 + * dst_data += dst_stride + * + * cdef void copy_strided_to_strided(__Pyx_memviewslice *src, # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * __Pyx_memviewslice *dst, + * int ndim, size_t itemsize) noexcept nogil: +*/ + + /* function exit code */ +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1079 + * src.shape, dst.shape, ndim, itemsize) + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_slice_get_size') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef Py_ssize_t slice_get_size(__Pyx_memviewslice *src, int ndim) noexcept nogil: + * "Return the size of the memory occupied by the slice in number of bytes" +*/ + +static Py_ssize_t __pyx_memoryview_slice_get_size(__Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_v_src, int __pyx_v_ndim) { + Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_shape; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_size; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_r; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1; + Py_ssize_t *__pyx_t_2; + Py_ssize_t *__pyx_t_3; + Py_ssize_t *__pyx_t_4; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1082 + * cdef Py_ssize_t slice_get_size(__Pyx_memviewslice *src, int ndim) noexcept nogil: + * "Return the size of the memory occupied by the slice in number of bytes" + * cdef Py_ssize_t shape, size = src.memview.view.itemsize # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * for shape in src.shape[:ndim]: +*/ + __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_v_src->memview->view.itemsize; + __pyx_v_size = __pyx_t_1; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1084 + * cdef Py_ssize_t shape, size = src.memview.view.itemsize + * + * for shape in src.shape[:ndim]: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * size *= shape + * +*/ + __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_src->shape + __pyx_v_ndim); + for (__pyx_t_4 = __pyx_v_src->shape; __pyx_t_4 < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_t_4++) { + __pyx_t_2 = __pyx_t_4; + __pyx_v_shape = (__pyx_t_2[0]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1085 + * + * for shape in src.shape[:ndim]: + * size *= shape # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * return size +*/ + __pyx_v_size = (__pyx_v_size * __pyx_v_shape); + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1087 + * size *= shape + * + * return size # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * @cname('__pyx_fill_contig_strides_array') +*/ + __pyx_r = __pyx_v_size; + goto __pyx_L0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1079 + * src.shape, dst.shape, ndim, itemsize) + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_slice_get_size') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef Py_ssize_t slice_get_size(__Pyx_memviewslice *src, int ndim) noexcept nogil: + * "Return the size of the memory occupied by the slice in number of bytes" +*/ + + /* function exit code */ + __pyx_L0:; + return __pyx_r; +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1089 + * return size + * + * @cname('__pyx_fill_contig_strides_array') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef Py_ssize_t fill_contig_strides_array( + * Py_ssize_t *shape, Py_ssize_t *strides, Py_ssize_t stride, +*/ + +static Py_ssize_t __pyx_fill_contig_strides_array(Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_shape, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_strides, Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_stride, int __pyx_v_ndim, char __pyx_v_order) { + int __pyx_v_idx; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_r; + int __pyx_t_1; + int __pyx_t_2; + int __pyx_t_3; + int __pyx_t_4; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1099 + * cdef int idx + * + * if order == 'F': # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * for idx in range(ndim): + * strides[idx] = stride +*/ + __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_order == 'F'); + if (__pyx_t_1) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1100 + * + * if order == 'F': + * for idx in range(ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * strides[idx] = stride + * stride *= shape[idx] +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = __pyx_v_ndim; + __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_t_2; + for (__pyx_t_4 = 0; __pyx_t_4 < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_t_4+=1) { + __pyx_v_idx = __pyx_t_4; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1101 + * if order == 'F': + * for idx in range(ndim): + * strides[idx] = stride # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * stride *= shape[idx] + * else: +*/ + (__pyx_v_strides[__pyx_v_idx]) = __pyx_v_stride; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1102 + * for idx in range(ndim): + * strides[idx] = stride + * stride *= shape[idx] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * else: + * for idx in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): +*/ + __pyx_v_stride = (__pyx_v_stride * (__pyx_v_shape[__pyx_v_idx])); + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1099 + * cdef int idx + * + * if order == 'F': # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * for idx in range(ndim): + * strides[idx] = stride +*/ + goto __pyx_L3; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1104 + * stride *= shape[idx] + * else: + * for idx in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * strides[idx] = stride + * stride *= shape[idx] +*/ + /*else*/ { + for (__pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_ndim - 1); __pyx_t_2 > -1; __pyx_t_2-=1) { + __pyx_v_idx = __pyx_t_2; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1105 + * else: + * for idx in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): + * strides[idx] = stride # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * stride *= shape[idx] + * +*/ + (__pyx_v_strides[__pyx_v_idx]) = __pyx_v_stride; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1106 + * for idx in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): + * strides[idx] = stride + * stride *= shape[idx] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * return stride +*/ + __pyx_v_stride = (__pyx_v_stride * (__pyx_v_shape[__pyx_v_idx])); + } + } + __pyx_L3:; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1108 + * stride *= shape[idx] + * + * return stride # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_copy_data_to_temp') +*/ + __pyx_r = __pyx_v_stride; + goto __pyx_L0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1089 + * return size + * + * @cname('__pyx_fill_contig_strides_array') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef Py_ssize_t fill_contig_strides_array( + * Py_ssize_t *shape, Py_ssize_t *strides, Py_ssize_t stride, +*/ + + /* function exit code */ + __pyx_L0:; + return __pyx_r; +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1110 + * return stride + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_copy_data_to_temp') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void *copy_data_to_temp(__Pyx_memviewslice *src, + * __Pyx_memviewslice *tmpslice, +*/ + +static void *__pyx_memoryview_copy_data_to_temp(__Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_v_src, __Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_v_tmpslice, char __pyx_v_order, int __pyx_v_ndim) { + int __pyx_v_i; + void *__pyx_v_result; + size_t __pyx_v_itemsize; + size_t __pyx_v_size; + void *__pyx_r; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1; + int __pyx_t_2; + int __pyx_t_3; + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_t_4; + int __pyx_t_5; + int __pyx_t_6; + int __pyx_lineno = 0; + const char *__pyx_filename = NULL; + int __pyx_clineno = 0; + PyGILState_STATE __pyx_gilstate_save; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1122 + * cdef void *result + * + * cdef size_t itemsize = src.memview.view.itemsize # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef size_t size = slice_get_size(src, ndim) + * +*/ + __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_v_src->memview->view.itemsize; + __pyx_v_itemsize = __pyx_t_1; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1123 + * + * cdef size_t itemsize = src.memview.view.itemsize + * cdef size_t size = slice_get_size(src, ndim) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * result = malloc(size) +*/ + __pyx_v_size = __pyx_memoryview_slice_get_size(__pyx_v_src, __pyx_v_ndim); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1125 + * cdef size_t size = slice_get_size(src, ndim) + * + * result = malloc(size) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * if not result: + * _err_no_memory() +*/ + __pyx_v_result = malloc(__pyx_v_size); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1126 + * + * result = malloc(size) + * if not result: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * _err_no_memory() + * +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = (!(__pyx_v_result != 0)); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1127 + * result = malloc(size) + * if not result: + * _err_no_memory() # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * +*/ + __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_memoryview_err_no_memory(); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_3 == ((int)-1))) __PYX_ERR(1, 1127, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* "View.MemoryView":1126 + * + * result = malloc(size) + * if not result: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * _err_no_memory() + * +*/ + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1130 + * + * + * tmpslice.data = result # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * tmpslice.memview = src.memview + * for i in range(ndim): +*/ + __pyx_v_tmpslice->data = ((char *)__pyx_v_result); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1131 + * + * tmpslice.data = result + * tmpslice.memview = src.memview # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * for i in range(ndim): + * tmpslice.shape[i] = src.shape[i] +*/ + __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_v_src->memview; + __pyx_v_tmpslice->memview = __pyx_t_4; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1132 + * tmpslice.data = result + * tmpslice.memview = src.memview + * for i in range(ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * tmpslice.shape[i] = src.shape[i] + * tmpslice.suboffsets[i] = -1 +*/ + __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_ndim; + __pyx_t_5 = __pyx_t_3; + for (__pyx_t_6 = 0; __pyx_t_6 < __pyx_t_5; __pyx_t_6+=1) { + __pyx_v_i = __pyx_t_6; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1133 + * tmpslice.memview = src.memview + * for i in range(ndim): + * tmpslice.shape[i] = src.shape[i] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * tmpslice.suboffsets[i] = -1 + * +*/ + (__pyx_v_tmpslice->shape[__pyx_v_i]) = (__pyx_v_src->shape[__pyx_v_i]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1134 + * for i in range(ndim): + * tmpslice.shape[i] = src.shape[i] + * tmpslice.suboffsets[i] = -1 # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * fill_contig_strides_array(&tmpslice.shape[0], &tmpslice.strides[0], itemsize, ndim, order) +*/ + (__pyx_v_tmpslice->suboffsets[__pyx_v_i]) = -1L; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1136 + * tmpslice.suboffsets[i] = -1 + * + * fill_contig_strides_array(&tmpslice.shape[0], &tmpslice.strides[0], itemsize, ndim, order) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * +*/ + (void)(__pyx_fill_contig_strides_array((&(__pyx_v_tmpslice->shape[0])), (&(__pyx_v_tmpslice->strides[0])), __pyx_v_itemsize, __pyx_v_ndim, __pyx_v_order)); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1139 + * + * + * for i in range(ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * if tmpslice.shape[i] == 1: + * tmpslice.strides[i] = 0 +*/ + __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_ndim; + __pyx_t_5 = __pyx_t_3; + for (__pyx_t_6 = 0; __pyx_t_6 < __pyx_t_5; __pyx_t_6+=1) { + __pyx_v_i = __pyx_t_6; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1140 + * + * for i in range(ndim): + * if tmpslice.shape[i] == 1: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * tmpslice.strides[i] = 0 + * +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = ((__pyx_v_tmpslice->shape[__pyx_v_i]) == 1); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1141 + * for i in range(ndim): + * if tmpslice.shape[i] == 1: + * tmpslice.strides[i] = 0 # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if slice_is_contig(src[0], order, ndim): +*/ + (__pyx_v_tmpslice->strides[__pyx_v_i]) = 0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1140 + * + * for i in range(ndim): + * if tmpslice.shape[i] == 1: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * tmpslice.strides[i] = 0 + * +*/ + } + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1143 + * tmpslice.strides[i] = 0 + * + * if slice_is_contig(src[0], order, ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * memcpy(result, src.data, size) + * else: +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = __pyx_memviewslice_is_contig((__pyx_v_src[0]), __pyx_v_order, __pyx_v_ndim); 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+ + /* "View.MemoryView":1192 + * broadcast_leading(&dst, dst_ndim, src_ndim) + * + * cdef int ndim = max(src_ndim, dst_ndim) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * for i in range(ndim): +*/ + __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_dst_ndim; + __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_v_src_ndim; + __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_t_3 > __pyx_t_4); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + __pyx_t_5 = __pyx_t_3; + } else { + __pyx_t_5 = __pyx_t_4; + } + __pyx_v_ndim = __pyx_t_5; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1194 + * cdef int ndim = max(src_ndim, dst_ndim) + * + * for i in range(ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * if src.shape[i] != dst.shape[i]: + * if src.shape[i] == 1: +*/ + __pyx_t_5 = __pyx_v_ndim; + __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_t_5; + for (__pyx_t_4 = 0; __pyx_t_4 < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_t_4+=1) { + __pyx_v_i = __pyx_t_4; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1195 + * + * for i in range(ndim): + * if src.shape[i] != dst.shape[i]: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * if src.shape[i] == 1: + * broadcasting = True +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = ((__pyx_v_src.shape[__pyx_v_i]) != (__pyx_v_dst.shape[__pyx_v_i])); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1196 + * for i in range(ndim): + * if src.shape[i] != dst.shape[i]: + * if src.shape[i] == 1: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * broadcasting = True + * src.strides[i] = 0 +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = ((__pyx_v_src.shape[__pyx_v_i]) == 1); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1197 + * if src.shape[i] != dst.shape[i]: + * if src.shape[i] == 1: + * broadcasting = True # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * src.strides[i] = 0 + * else: +*/ + __pyx_v_broadcasting = 1; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1198 + * if src.shape[i] == 1: + * broadcasting = True + * src.strides[i] = 0 # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * else: + * _err_extents(i, dst.shape[i], src.shape[i]) +*/ + (__pyx_v_src.strides[__pyx_v_i]) = 0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1196 + * for i in range(ndim): + * if src.shape[i] != dst.shape[i]: + * if src.shape[i] == 1: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * broadcasting = True + * src.strides[i] = 0 +*/ + goto __pyx_L7; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1200 + * src.strides[i] = 0 + * else: + * _err_extents(i, dst.shape[i], src.shape[i]) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if src.suboffsets[i] >= 0: +*/ + /*else*/ { + __pyx_t_6 = __pyx_memoryview_err_extents(__pyx_v_i, (__pyx_v_dst.shape[__pyx_v_i]), (__pyx_v_src.shape[__pyx_v_i])); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_6 == ((int)-1))) __PYX_ERR(1, 1200, __pyx_L1_error) + } + __pyx_L7:; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1195 + * + * for i in range(ndim): + * if src.shape[i] != dst.shape[i]: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * if src.shape[i] == 1: + * broadcasting = True +*/ + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1202 + * _err_extents(i, dst.shape[i], src.shape[i]) + * + * if src.suboffsets[i] >= 0: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * _err_dim(PyExc_ValueError, "Dimension %d is not direct", i) + * +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = ((__pyx_v_src.suboffsets[__pyx_v_i]) >= 0); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1203 + * + * if src.suboffsets[i] >= 0: + * _err_dim(PyExc_ValueError, "Dimension %d is not direct", i) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if slices_overlap(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize): +*/ + __pyx_t_6 = __pyx_memoryview_err_dim(PyExc_ValueError, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u_Dimension_d_is_not_direct, __pyx_v_i); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_6 == ((int)-1))) __PYX_ERR(1, 1203, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* "View.MemoryView":1202 + * _err_extents(i, dst.shape[i], src.shape[i]) + * + * if src.suboffsets[i] >= 0: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * _err_dim(PyExc_ValueError, "Dimension %d is not direct", i) + * +*/ + } + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1205 + * _err_dim(PyExc_ValueError, "Dimension %d is not direct", i) + * + * if slices_overlap(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if not slice_is_contig(src, order, ndim): +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = __pyx_slices_overlap((&__pyx_v_src), (&__pyx_v_dst), __pyx_v_ndim, __pyx_v_itemsize); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1207 + * if slices_overlap(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize): + * + * if not slice_is_contig(src, order, ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * order = get_best_order(&dst, ndim) + * +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = (!__pyx_memviewslice_is_contig(__pyx_v_src, __pyx_v_order, __pyx_v_ndim)); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1208 + * + * if not slice_is_contig(src, order, ndim): + * order = get_best_order(&dst, ndim) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * tmpdata = copy_data_to_temp(&src, &tmp, order, ndim) +*/ + __pyx_v_order = __pyx_get_best_slice_order((&__pyx_v_dst), __pyx_v_ndim); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1207 + * if slices_overlap(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize): + * + * if not slice_is_contig(src, order, ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * order = get_best_order(&dst, ndim) + * +*/ + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1210 + * order = get_best_order(&dst, ndim) + * + * tmpdata = copy_data_to_temp(&src, &tmp, order, ndim) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * src = tmp + * +*/ + __pyx_t_7 = __pyx_memoryview_copy_data_to_temp((&__pyx_v_src), (&__pyx_v_tmp), __pyx_v_order, __pyx_v_ndim); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_7 == ((void *)NULL))) __PYX_ERR(1, 1210, __pyx_L1_error) + __pyx_v_tmpdata = __pyx_t_7; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1211 + * + * tmpdata = copy_data_to_temp(&src, &tmp, order, ndim) + * src = tmp # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if not broadcasting: +*/ + __pyx_v_src = __pyx_v_tmp; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1205 + * _err_dim(PyExc_ValueError, "Dimension %d is not direct", i) + * + * if slices_overlap(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if not slice_is_contig(src, order, ndim): +*/ + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1213 + * src = tmp + * + * if not broadcasting: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = (!__pyx_v_broadcasting); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1216 + * + * + * if slice_is_contig(src, 'C', ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'C', ndim) + * elif slice_is_contig(src, 'F', ndim): +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = __pyx_memviewslice_is_contig(__pyx_v_src, 'C', __pyx_v_ndim); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1217 + * + * if slice_is_contig(src, 'C', ndim): + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'C', ndim) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * elif slice_is_contig(src, 'F', ndim): + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'F', ndim) +*/ + __pyx_v_direct_copy = __pyx_memviewslice_is_contig(__pyx_v_dst, 'C', __pyx_v_ndim); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1216 + * + * + * if slice_is_contig(src, 'C', ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'C', ndim) + * elif slice_is_contig(src, 'F', ndim): +*/ + goto __pyx_L12; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1218 + * if slice_is_contig(src, 'C', ndim): + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'C', ndim) + * elif slice_is_contig(src, 'F', ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'F', ndim) + * +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = __pyx_memviewslice_is_contig(__pyx_v_src, 'F', __pyx_v_ndim); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1219 + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'C', ndim) + * elif slice_is_contig(src, 'F', ndim): + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'F', ndim) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if direct_copy: +*/ + __pyx_v_direct_copy = __pyx_memviewslice_is_contig(__pyx_v_dst, 'F', __pyx_v_ndim); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1218 + * if slice_is_contig(src, 'C', ndim): + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'C', ndim) + * elif slice_is_contig(src, 'F', ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'F', ndim) + * +*/ + } + __pyx_L12:; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1221 + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'F', ndim) + * + * if direct_copy: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) +*/ + if (__pyx_v_direct_copy) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1223 + * if direct_copy: + * + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * memcpy(dst.data, src.data, slice_get_size(&src, ndim)) + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) +*/ + __pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying((&__pyx_v_dst), __pyx_v_dtype_is_object, __pyx_v_ndim, 0); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1224 + * + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) + * memcpy(dst.data, src.data, slice_get_size(&src, ndim)) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) + * free(tmpdata) +*/ + (void)(memcpy(__pyx_v_dst.data, __pyx_v_src.data, __pyx_memoryview_slice_get_size((&__pyx_v_src), __pyx_v_ndim))); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1225 + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) + * memcpy(dst.data, src.data, slice_get_size(&src, ndim)) + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * free(tmpdata) + * return 0 +*/ + __pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying((&__pyx_v_dst), __pyx_v_dtype_is_object, __pyx_v_ndim, 1); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1226 + * memcpy(dst.data, src.data, slice_get_size(&src, ndim)) + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) + * free(tmpdata) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * return 0 + * +*/ + free(__pyx_v_tmpdata); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1227 + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) + * free(tmpdata) + * return 0 # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if order == 'F' == get_best_order(&dst, ndim): +*/ + __pyx_r = 0; + goto __pyx_L0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1221 + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'F', ndim) + * + * if direct_copy: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) +*/ + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1213 + * src = tmp + * + * if not broadcasting: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * +*/ + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1229 + * return 0 + * + * if order == 'F' == get_best_order(&dst, ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_order == 'F'); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + __pyx_t_2 = ('F' == __pyx_get_best_slice_order((&__pyx_v_dst), __pyx_v_ndim)); + } + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1232 + * + * + * transpose_memslice(&src) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * transpose_memslice(&dst) + * +*/ + __pyx_t_5 = __pyx_memslice_transpose((&__pyx_v_src)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_5 == ((int)-1))) __PYX_ERR(1, 1232, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* "View.MemoryView":1233 + * + * transpose_memslice(&src) + * transpose_memslice(&dst) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) +*/ + __pyx_t_5 = __pyx_memslice_transpose((&__pyx_v_dst)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_5 == ((int)-1))) __PYX_ERR(1, 1233, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* "View.MemoryView":1229 + * return 0 + * + * if order == 'F' == get_best_order(&dst, ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * +*/ + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1235 + * transpose_memslice(&dst) + * + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * copy_strided_to_strided(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize) + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) +*/ + __pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying((&__pyx_v_dst), __pyx_v_dtype_is_object, __pyx_v_ndim, 0); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1236 + * + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) + * copy_strided_to_strided(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) + * +*/ + copy_strided_to_strided((&__pyx_v_src), (&__pyx_v_dst), __pyx_v_ndim, __pyx_v_itemsize); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1237 + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) + * copy_strided_to_strided(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize) + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * free(tmpdata) +*/ + __pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying((&__pyx_v_dst), __pyx_v_dtype_is_object, __pyx_v_ndim, 1); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1239 + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) + * + * free(tmpdata) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * return 0 + * +*/ + free(__pyx_v_tmpdata); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1240 + * + * free(tmpdata) + * return 0 # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_broadcast_leading') +*/ + __pyx_r = 0; + goto __pyx_L0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1170 + * + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_copy_contents') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef int memoryview_copy_contents(__Pyx_memviewslice src, + * __Pyx_memviewslice dst, +*/ + + /* function exit code */ + __pyx_L1_error:; + __pyx_gilstate_save = __Pyx_PyGILState_Ensure(); + __Pyx_AddTraceback("View.MemoryView.memoryview_copy_contents", __pyx_clineno, __pyx_lineno, __pyx_filename); + __pyx_r = -1; + __Pyx_PyGILState_Release(__pyx_gilstate_save); + __pyx_L0:; + return __pyx_r; +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1242 + * return 0 + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_broadcast_leading') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void broadcast_leading(__Pyx_memviewslice *mslice, + * int ndim, +*/ + +static void __pyx_memoryview_broadcast_leading(__Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_v_mslice, int __pyx_v_ndim, int __pyx_v_ndim_other) { + int __pyx_v_i; + int __pyx_v_offset; + int __pyx_t_1; + int __pyx_t_2; + int __pyx_t_3; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1247 + * int ndim_other) noexcept nogil: + * cdef int i + * cdef int offset = ndim_other - ndim # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * for i in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): +*/ + __pyx_v_offset = (__pyx_v_ndim_other - __pyx_v_ndim); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1249 + * cdef int offset = ndim_other - ndim + * + * for i in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * mslice.shape[i + offset] = mslice.shape[i] + * mslice.strides[i + offset] = mslice.strides[i] +*/ + for (__pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_ndim - 1); __pyx_t_1 > -1; __pyx_t_1-=1) { + __pyx_v_i = __pyx_t_1; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1250 + * + * for i in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): + * mslice.shape[i + offset] = mslice.shape[i] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * mslice.strides[i + offset] = mslice.strides[i] + * mslice.suboffsets[i + offset] = mslice.suboffsets[i] +*/ + (__pyx_v_mslice->shape[(__pyx_v_i + __pyx_v_offset)]) = (__pyx_v_mslice->shape[__pyx_v_i]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1251 + * for i in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): + * mslice.shape[i + offset] = mslice.shape[i] + * mslice.strides[i + offset] = mslice.strides[i] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * mslice.suboffsets[i + offset] = mslice.suboffsets[i] + * +*/ + (__pyx_v_mslice->strides[(__pyx_v_i + __pyx_v_offset)]) = (__pyx_v_mslice->strides[__pyx_v_i]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1252 + * mslice.shape[i + offset] = mslice.shape[i] + * mslice.strides[i + offset] = mslice.strides[i] + * mslice.suboffsets[i + offset] = mslice.suboffsets[i] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * for i in range(offset): +*/ + (__pyx_v_mslice->suboffsets[(__pyx_v_i + __pyx_v_offset)]) = (__pyx_v_mslice->suboffsets[__pyx_v_i]); + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1254 + * mslice.suboffsets[i + offset] = mslice.suboffsets[i] + * + * for i in range(offset): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * mslice.shape[i] = 1 + * mslice.strides[i] = mslice.strides[0] +*/ + __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_v_offset; + __pyx_t_2 = __pyx_t_1; + for (__pyx_t_3 = 0; __pyx_t_3 < __pyx_t_2; __pyx_t_3+=1) { + __pyx_v_i = __pyx_t_3; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1255 + * + * for i in range(offset): + * mslice.shape[i] = 1 # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * mslice.strides[i] = mslice.strides[0] + * mslice.suboffsets[i] = -1 +*/ + (__pyx_v_mslice->shape[__pyx_v_i]) = 1; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1256 + * for i in range(offset): + * mslice.shape[i] = 1 + * mslice.strides[i] = mslice.strides[0] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * mslice.suboffsets[i] = -1 + * +*/ + (__pyx_v_mslice->strides[__pyx_v_i]) = (__pyx_v_mslice->strides[0]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1257 + * mslice.shape[i] = 1 + * mslice.strides[i] = mslice.strides[0] + * mslice.suboffsets[i] = -1 # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * +*/ + (__pyx_v_mslice->suboffsets[__pyx_v_i]) = -1L; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1242 + * return 0 + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_broadcast_leading') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void broadcast_leading(__Pyx_memviewslice *mslice, + * int ndim, +*/ + + /* function exit code */ +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1264 + * + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void refcount_copying(__Pyx_memviewslice *dst, bint dtype_is_object, int ndim, bint inc) noexcept nogil: + * +*/ + +static void __pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying(__Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_v_dst, int __pyx_v_dtype_is_object, int __pyx_v_ndim, int __pyx_v_inc) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1267 + * cdef void refcount_copying(__Pyx_memviewslice *dst, bint dtype_is_object, int ndim, bint inc) noexcept nogil: + * + * if dtype_is_object: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(dst.data, dst.shape, dst.strides, ndim, inc) + * +*/ + if (__pyx_v_dtype_is_object) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1268 + * + * if dtype_is_object: + * refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(dst.data, dst.shape, dst.strides, ndim, inc) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil') +*/ + __pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(__pyx_v_dst->data, __pyx_v_dst->shape, __pyx_v_dst->strides, __pyx_v_ndim, __pyx_v_inc); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1267 + * cdef void refcount_copying(__Pyx_memviewslice *dst, bint dtype_is_object, int ndim, bint inc) noexcept nogil: + * + * if dtype_is_object: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(dst.data, dst.shape, dst.strides, ndim, inc) + * +*/ + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1264 + * + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void refcount_copying(__Pyx_memviewslice *dst, bint dtype_is_object, int ndim, bint inc) noexcept nogil: + * +*/ + + /* function exit code */ +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1270 + * refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(dst.data, dst.shape, dst.strides, ndim, inc) + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(char *data, Py_ssize_t *shape, + * Py_ssize_t *strides, int ndim, +*/ + +static void __pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(char *__pyx_v_data, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_shape, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_strides, int __pyx_v_ndim, int __pyx_v_inc) { + PyGILState_STATE __pyx_gilstate_save = __Pyx_PyGILState_Ensure(); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1274 + * Py_ssize_t *strides, int ndim, + * bint inc) noexcept with gil: + * refcount_objects_in_slice(data, shape, strides, ndim, inc) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice') +*/ + __pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice(__pyx_v_data, __pyx_v_shape, __pyx_v_strides, __pyx_v_ndim, __pyx_v_inc); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1270 + * refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(dst.data, dst.shape, dst.strides, ndim, inc) + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(char *data, Py_ssize_t *shape, + * Py_ssize_t *strides, int ndim, +*/ + + /* function exit code */ + __Pyx_PyGILState_Release(__pyx_gilstate_save); +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1276 + * refcount_objects_in_slice(data, shape, strides, ndim, inc) + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void refcount_objects_in_slice(char *data, Py_ssize_t *shape, + * Py_ssize_t *strides, int ndim, bint inc) noexcept: +*/ + +static void __pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice(char *__pyx_v_data, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_shape, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_strides, int __pyx_v_ndim, int __pyx_v_inc) { + CYTHON_UNUSED Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_i; 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+ } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1276 + * refcount_objects_in_slice(data, shape, strides, ndim, inc) + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void refcount_objects_in_slice(char *data, Py_ssize_t *shape, + * Py_ssize_t *strides, int ndim, bint inc) noexcept: +*/ + + /* function exit code */ +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1296 + * + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_slice_assign_scalar') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void slice_assign_scalar(__Pyx_memviewslice *dst, int ndim, + * size_t itemsize, void *item, +*/ + +static void __pyx_memoryview_slice_assign_scalar(__Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_v_dst, int __pyx_v_ndim, size_t __pyx_v_itemsize, void *__pyx_v_item, int __pyx_v_dtype_is_object) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1300 + * size_t itemsize, void *item, + * bint dtype_is_object) noexcept nogil: + * refcount_copying(dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * _slice_assign_scalar(dst.data, dst.shape, dst.strides, ndim, itemsize, item) + * refcount_copying(dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) +*/ + __pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying(__pyx_v_dst, __pyx_v_dtype_is_object, __pyx_v_ndim, 0); 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+} + +static int __pyx_tp_clear_memoryview(PyObject *o) { + PyObject* tmp; + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *p = (struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *)o; + tmp = ((PyObject*)p->obj); + p->obj = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None); + Py_XDECREF(tmp); + tmp = ((PyObject*)p->_size); + p->_size = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None); + Py_XDECREF(tmp); + Py_CLEAR(p->view.obj); + return 0; +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_sq_item_memoryview(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i) { + PyObject *r; + PyObject *x = PyLong_FromSsize_t(i); if(!x) return 0; + #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS || (!CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000) + r = Py_TYPE(o)->tp_as_mapping->mp_subscript(o, x); + #else + r = ((binaryfunc)PyType_GetSlot(Py_TYPE(o), Py_mp_subscript))(o, x); + #endif + Py_DECREF(x); + return r; +} + +static int __pyx_mp_ass_subscript_memoryview(PyObject *o, PyObject *i, PyObject *v) { + if (v) { + return __pyx_memoryview___setitem__(o, i, v); + } + else { + __Pyx_TypeName o_type_name; + o_type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(Py_TYPE(o)); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_NotImplementedError, + "Subscript deletion not supported by " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME, o_type_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(o_type_name); + return -1; + } +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_T(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_1T_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_base(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_4base_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_shape(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_5shape_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_strides(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_7strides_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_suboffsets(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_10suboffsets_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_ndim(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_4ndim_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_itemsize(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_8itemsize_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_nbytes(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_6nbytes_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_size(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_4size_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_memoryview[] = { + {"is_c_contig", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_memoryview_is_c_contig, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {"is_f_contig", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_memoryview_is_f_contig, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {"copy", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_memoryview_copy, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {"copy_fortran", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_memoryview_copy_fortran, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {"__reduce_cython__", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_pw___pyx_memoryview_1__reduce_cython__, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {"__setstate_cython__", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_pw___pyx_memoryview_3__setstate_cython__, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {0, 0, 0, 0} +}; + +static struct PyGetSetDef __pyx_getsets_memoryview[] = { + {"T", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_T, 0, 0, 0}, + {"base", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_base, 0, 0, 0}, + {"shape", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_shape, 0, 0, 0}, + {"strides", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_strides, 0, 0, 0}, + {"suboffsets", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_suboffsets, 0, 0, 0}, + {"ndim", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_ndim, 0, 0, 0}, + {"itemsize", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_itemsize, 0, 0, 0}, + {"nbytes", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_nbytes, 0, 0, 0}, + {"size", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_size, 0, 0, 0}, + {0, 0, 0, 0, 0} +}; +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + +static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer_memoryview = { + __pyx_memoryview_getbuffer, /*bf_getbuffer*/ + 0, /*bf_releasebuffer*/ +}; +#endif +static PyType_Slot __pyx_type___pyx_memoryview_slots[] = { + {Py_tp_dealloc, (void *)__pyx_tp_dealloc_memoryview}, + {Py_tp_repr, (void *)__pyx_memoryview___repr__}, + {Py_sq_length, (void *)__pyx_memoryview___len__}, + {Py_sq_item, (void *)__pyx_sq_item_memoryview}, + {Py_mp_length, (void *)__pyx_memoryview___len__}, + {Py_mp_subscript, (void *)__pyx_memoryview___getitem__}, + {Py_mp_ass_subscript, (void *)__pyx_mp_ass_subscript_memoryview}, + {Py_tp_str, (void *)__pyx_memoryview___str__}, + #if defined(Py_bf_getbuffer) + {Py_bf_getbuffer, (void *)__pyx_memoryview_getbuffer}, + #endif + {Py_tp_traverse, (void *)__pyx_tp_traverse_memoryview}, + {Py_tp_clear, (void *)__pyx_tp_clear_memoryview}, + {Py_tp_methods, (void *)__pyx_methods_memoryview}, + {Py_tp_getset, (void *)__pyx_getsets_memoryview}, + {Py_tp_new, (void *)__pyx_tp_new_memoryview}, + {0, 0}, +}; +static PyType_Spec __pyx_type___pyx_memoryview_spec = { + "fairseq.data.data_utils_fast.memoryview", + sizeof(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj), + 0, + Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, + __pyx_type___pyx_memoryview_slots, +}; +#else + +static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence_memoryview = { + __pyx_memoryview___len__, /*sq_length*/ + 0, /*sq_concat*/ + 0, /*sq_repeat*/ + __pyx_sq_item_memoryview, /*sq_item*/ + 0, /*sq_slice*/ + 0, /*sq_ass_item*/ + 0, /*sq_ass_slice*/ + 0, /*sq_contains*/ + 0, /*sq_inplace_concat*/ + 0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/ +}; + +static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping_memoryview = { + __pyx_memoryview___len__, /*mp_length*/ + __pyx_memoryview___getitem__, /*mp_subscript*/ + __pyx_mp_ass_subscript_memoryview, /*mp_ass_subscript*/ +}; + +static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer_memoryview = { + __pyx_memoryview_getbuffer, /*bf_getbuffer*/ + 0, /*bf_releasebuffer*/ +}; + +static PyTypeObject __pyx_type___pyx_memoryview = { + PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0) + "fairseq.data.data_utils_fast.""memoryview", /*tp_name*/ + sizeof(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj), /*tp_basicsize*/ + 0, /*tp_itemsize*/ + __pyx_tp_dealloc_memoryview, /*tp_dealloc*/ + 0, /*tp_vectorcall_offset*/ + 0, /*tp_getattr*/ + 0, /*tp_setattr*/ + 0, /*tp_as_async*/ + __pyx_memoryview___repr__, /*tp_repr*/ + 0, /*tp_as_number*/ + &__pyx_tp_as_sequence_memoryview, /*tp_as_sequence*/ + &__pyx_tp_as_mapping_memoryview, /*tp_as_mapping*/ + 0, /*tp_hash*/ + 0, /*tp_call*/ + __pyx_memoryview___str__, /*tp_str*/ + 0, /*tp_getattro*/ + 0, /*tp_setattro*/ + &__pyx_tp_as_buffer_memoryview, /*tp_as_buffer*/ + Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/ + 0, /*tp_doc*/ + __pyx_tp_traverse_memoryview, /*tp_traverse*/ + __pyx_tp_clear_memoryview, /*tp_clear*/ + 0, /*tp_richcompare*/ + 0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/ + 0, /*tp_iter*/ + 0, /*tp_iternext*/ + __pyx_methods_memoryview, /*tp_methods*/ + 0, /*tp_members*/ + __pyx_getsets_memoryview, /*tp_getset*/ + 0, /*tp_base*/ + 0, /*tp_dict*/ + 0, /*tp_descr_get*/ + 0, /*tp_descr_set*/ + #if !CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS + 0, /*tp_dictoffset*/ + #endif + 0, /*tp_init*/ + 0, /*tp_alloc*/ + __pyx_tp_new_memoryview, /*tp_new*/ + 0, /*tp_free*/ + 0, /*tp_is_gc*/ + 0, /*tp_bases*/ + 0, /*tp_mro*/ + 0, /*tp_cache*/ + 0, /*tp_subclasses*/ + 0, /*tp_weaklist*/ + 0, /*tp_del*/ + 0, /*tp_version_tag*/ + #if CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE + 0, /*tp_finalize*/ + #else + NULL, /*tp_finalize*/ + #endif + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || PYPY_VERSION_NUM >= 0x07030800 + 0, /*tp_vectorcall*/ + #endif + #if __PYX_NEED_TP_PRINT_SLOT == 1 + 0, /*tp_print*/ + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + 0, /*tp_watched*/ + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A4 + 0, /*tp_versions_used*/ + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030a0000 + 0, /*tp_pypy_flags*/ + #endif +}; +#endif +static struct __pyx_vtabstruct__memoryviewslice __pyx_vtable__memoryviewslice; + +static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new__memoryviewslice(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k) { + struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *p; + PyObject *o = __pyx_tp_new_memoryview(t, a, k); + if (unlikely(!o)) return 0; + p = ((struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *)o); + p->__pyx_base.__pyx_vtab = (struct __pyx_vtabstruct_memoryview*)__pyx_vtabptr__memoryviewslice; + __Pyx_default_placement_construct(&(p->from_slice)); + p->from_object = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None); + p->from_slice.memview = NULL; + return o; +} + +static void __pyx_tp_dealloc__memoryviewslice(PyObject *o) { + struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *p = (struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *)o; + #if CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyObject_GetSlot(o, tp_finalize, destructor)) && !__Pyx_PyObject_GC_IsFinalized(o)) { + if (__Pyx_PyObject_GetSlot(o, tp_dealloc, destructor) == __pyx_tp_dealloc__memoryviewslice) { + if (PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(o)) return; + } + } + #endif + PyObject_GC_UnTrack(o); + { + PyObject *etype, *eval, *etb; + PyErr_Fetch(&etype, &eval, &etb); + __Pyx_SET_REFCNT(o, Py_REFCNT(o) + 1); + __pyx_memoryviewslice___dealloc__(o); + __Pyx_SET_REFCNT(o, Py_REFCNT(o) - 1); + PyErr_Restore(etype, eval, etb); + } + __Pyx_call_destructor(p->from_slice); + Py_CLEAR(p->from_object); + PyObject_GC_Track(o); + __pyx_tp_dealloc_memoryview(o); +} + +static int __pyx_tp_traverse__memoryviewslice(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) { + int e; + struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *p = (struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *)o; + e = __pyx_tp_traverse_memoryview(o, v, a); if (e) return e; + if (p->from_object) { + e = (*v)(p->from_object, a); if (e) return e; + } + return 0; +} + +static int __pyx_tp_clear__memoryviewslice(PyObject *o) { + PyObject* tmp; + struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *p = (struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *)o; + __pyx_tp_clear_memoryview(o); + tmp = ((PyObject*)p->from_object); + p->from_object = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None); + Py_XDECREF(tmp); + __PYX_XCLEAR_MEMVIEW(&p->from_slice, 1); + return 0; +} + +static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods__memoryviewslice[] = { + {"__reduce_cython__", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_pw___pyx_memoryviewslice_1__reduce_cython__, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {"__setstate_cython__", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_pw___pyx_memoryviewslice_3__setstate_cython__, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {0, 0, 0, 0} +}; +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS +static PyType_Slot __pyx_type___pyx_memoryviewslice_slots[] = { + {Py_tp_dealloc, (void *)__pyx_tp_dealloc__memoryviewslice}, + {Py_tp_doc, (void *)PyDoc_STR("Internal class for passing memoryview slices to Python")}, + {Py_tp_traverse, (void *)__pyx_tp_traverse__memoryviewslice}, + {Py_tp_clear, (void *)__pyx_tp_clear__memoryviewslice}, + {Py_tp_methods, (void *)__pyx_methods__memoryviewslice}, + {Py_tp_new, (void *)__pyx_tp_new__memoryviewslice}, + {0, 0}, +}; 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+ __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_codeobj_tab[0] = __Pyx_PyCode_New(descr, varnames, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_kp_u_fairseq_data_data_utils_fast_pyx, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_batch_by_size_fast, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_kp_b_iso88591_1_A_a_1_U_3aq_l_1_1_7_1_Q_Rs_S, tuple_dedup_map); if (unlikely(!__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_codeobj_tab[0])) goto bad; + } + Py_DECREF(tuple_dedup_map); + return 0; + bad: + Py_DECREF(tuple_dedup_map); + return -1; +} +/* #### Code section: init_globals ### */ + +static int __Pyx_InitGlobals(void) { + /* PythonCompatibility.init */ + if (likely(__Pyx_init_co_variables() == 0)); else + + if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) __PYX_ERR(0, 1, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* AssertionsEnabled.init */ + if (likely(__Pyx_init_assertions_enabled() == 0)); else + + if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) __PYX_ERR(0, 1, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* NumpyImportArray.init */ + /* + * Cython has automatically inserted a call to _import_array since + * you didn't include one when you cimported numpy. To disable this + * add the line + * numpy._import_array + */ + #ifdef NPY_FEATURE_VERSION + #ifndef NO_IMPORT_ARRAY + if (unlikely(_import_array() == -1)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, "numpy.core.multiarray failed to import " + "(auto-generated because you didn't call 'numpy.import_array()' after cimporting numpy; " + "use 'numpy._import_array' to disable if you are certain you don't need it)."); + } + #endif + #endif + + if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) __PYX_ERR(0, 1, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* CommonTypesMetaclass.init */ + if (likely(__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_init(__pyx_m) == 0)); else + + if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) __PYX_ERR(0, 1, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* CachedMethodType.init */ + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + { + PyObject *typesModule=NULL; + typesModule = PyImport_ImportModule("types"); + if (typesModule) { + __pyx_mstate_global->__Pyx_CachedMethodType = PyObject_GetAttrString(typesModule, "MethodType"); + Py_DECREF(typesModule); + } + } // error handling follows + #endif + + if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) __PYX_ERR(0, 1, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* CythonFunctionShared.init */ + if (likely(__pyx_CyFunction_init(__pyx_m) == 0)); else + + if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) __PYX_ERR(0, 1, __pyx_L1_error) + + return 0; + __pyx_L1_error:; + return -1; +} +/* #### Code section: cleanup_globals ### */ +/* #### Code section: cleanup_module ### */ +/* #### Code section: main_method ### */ +/* #### Code section: utility_code_pragmas ### */ +#ifdef _MSC_VER +#pragma warning( push ) +/* Warning 4127: conditional expression is constant + * Cython uses constant conditional expressions to allow in inline functions to be optimized at + * compile-time, so this warning is not useful + */ +#pragma warning( disable : 4127 ) +#endif + + + +/* #### Code section: utility_code_def ### */ + +/* --- Runtime support code --- */ +/* Refnanny */ +#if CYTHON_REFNANNY +static __Pyx_RefNannyAPIStruct *__Pyx_RefNannyImportAPI(const char *modname) { + PyObject *m = NULL, *p = NULL; + void *r = NULL; + m = PyImport_ImportModule(modname); + if (!m) goto end; + p = PyObject_GetAttrString(m, "RefNannyAPI"); + if (!p) goto end; + r = PyLong_AsVoidPtr(p); +end: + Py_XDECREF(p); + Py_XDECREF(m); + return (__Pyx_RefNannyAPIStruct *)r; +} +#endif + +/* PyErrExceptionMatches (used by PyObjectGetAttrStrNoError) */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +static int __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatchesTuple(PyObject *exc_type, PyObject *tuple) { + Py_ssize_t i, n; + n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(tuple); + for (i=0; i= 0x030C00A6 + PyObject *current_exception = tstate->current_exception; + if (unlikely(!current_exception)) return 0; + exc_type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(current_exception); + if (exc_type == err) return 1; +#else + exc_type = tstate->curexc_type; + if (exc_type == err) return 1; + if (unlikely(!exc_type)) return 0; +#endif + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_INCREF(exc_type); + #endif + if (unlikely(PyTuple_Check(err))) { + result = __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatchesTuple(exc_type, err); + } else { + result = __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(exc_type, err); + } + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(exc_type); + #endif + return result; +} +#endif + +/* PyErrFetchRestore (used by PyObjectGetAttrStrNoError) */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb) { +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C00A6 + PyObject *tmp_value; + assert(type == NULL || (value != NULL && type == (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(value))); + if (value) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + if (unlikely(((PyBaseExceptionObject*) value)->traceback != tb)) + #endif + PyException_SetTraceback(value, tb); + } + tmp_value = tstate->current_exception; + tstate->current_exception = value; + Py_XDECREF(tmp_value); + Py_XDECREF(type); + Py_XDECREF(tb); +#else + PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb; + tmp_type = tstate->curexc_type; + tmp_value = tstate->curexc_value; + tmp_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback; + tstate->curexc_type = type; + tstate->curexc_value = value; + tstate->curexc_traceback = tb; + Py_XDECREF(tmp_type); + Py_XDECREF(tmp_value); + Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb); +#endif +} +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) { +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C00A6 + PyObject* exc_value; + exc_value = tstate->current_exception; + tstate->current_exception = 0; + *value = exc_value; + *type = NULL; + *tb = NULL; + if (exc_value) { + *type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(exc_value); + Py_INCREF(*type); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + *tb = ((PyBaseExceptionObject*) exc_value)->traceback; + Py_XINCREF(*tb); + #else + *tb = PyException_GetTraceback(exc_value); + #endif + } +#else + *type = tstate->curexc_type; + *value = tstate->curexc_value; + *tb = tstate->curexc_traceback; + tstate->curexc_type = 0; + tstate->curexc_value = 0; + tstate->curexc_traceback = 0; +#endif +} +#endif + +/* PyObjectGetAttrStr (used by PyObjectGetAttrStrNoError) */ +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name) { + PyTypeObject* tp = Py_TYPE(obj); + if (likely(tp->tp_getattro)) + return tp->tp_getattro(obj, attr_name); + return PyObject_GetAttr(obj, attr_name); +} +#endif + +/* PyObjectGetAttrStrNoError (used by GetBuiltinName) */ +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 +static void __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr_ClearAttributeError(void) { + __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare + __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign + if (likely(__Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError))) + __Pyx_PyErr_Clear(); +} +#endif +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name) { + PyObject *result; +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + (void) PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(obj, attr_name, &result); + return result; +#else +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + PyTypeObject* tp = Py_TYPE(obj); + if (likely(tp->tp_getattro == PyObject_GenericGetAttr)) { + return _PyObject_GenericGetAttrWithDict(obj, attr_name, NULL, 1); + } +#endif + result = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(obj, attr_name); + if (unlikely(!result)) { + __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr_ClearAttributeError(); + } + return result; +#endif +} + +/* GetBuiltinName */ +static PyObject *__Pyx_GetBuiltinName(PyObject *name) { + PyObject* result = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_b, name); + if (unlikely(!result) && !PyErr_Occurred()) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_NameError, + "name '%U' is not defined", name); + } + return result; +} + +/* TupleAndListFromArray (used by fastcall) */ +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * +__Pyx_PyTuple_FromArray(PyObject *const *src, Py_ssize_t n) +{ + PyObject *res; + Py_ssize_t i; + if (n <= 0) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple); + } + res = PyTuple_New(n); + if (unlikely(res == NULL)) return NULL; + for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { + Py_INCREF(src[i]); + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyTuple_SET_ITEM(res, i, src[i]) < (0))) { + Py_DECREF(res); + return NULL; + } + } + return res; +} +#elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_copy_object_array(PyObject *const *CYTHON_RESTRICT src, PyObject** CYTHON_RESTRICT dest, Py_ssize_t length) { + PyObject *v; + Py_ssize_t i; + for (i = 0; i < length; i++) { + v = dest[i] = src[i]; + Py_INCREF(v); + } +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * +__Pyx_PyTuple_FromArray(PyObject *const *src, Py_ssize_t n) +{ + PyObject *res; + if (n <= 0) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple); + } + res = PyTuple_New(n); + if (unlikely(res == NULL)) return NULL; + __Pyx_copy_object_array(src, ((PyTupleObject*)res)->ob_item, n); + return res; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * +__Pyx_PyList_FromArray(PyObject *const *src, Py_ssize_t n) +{ + PyObject *res; + if (n <= 0) { + return PyList_New(0); + } + res = PyList_New(n); + if (unlikely(res == NULL)) return NULL; + __Pyx_copy_object_array(src, ((PyListObject*)res)->ob_item, n); + return res; +} +#endif + +/* BytesEquals (used by UnicodeEquals) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyBytes_Equals(PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2, int equals) { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL ||\ + !(CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS) + return PyObject_RichCompareBool(s1, s2, equals); +#else + if (s1 == s2) { + return (equals == Py_EQ); + } else if (PyBytes_CheckExact(s1) & PyBytes_CheckExact(s2)) { + const char *ps1, *ps2; + Py_ssize_t length = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(s1); + if (length != PyBytes_GET_SIZE(s2)) + return (equals == Py_NE); + ps1 = PyBytes_AS_STRING(s1); + ps2 = PyBytes_AS_STRING(s2); + if (ps1[0] != ps2[0]) { + return (equals == Py_NE); + } else if (length == 1) { + return (equals == Py_EQ); + } else { + int result; +#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS && (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B0000) + Py_hash_t hash1, hash2; + hash1 = ((PyBytesObject*)s1)->ob_shash; + hash2 = ((PyBytesObject*)s2)->ob_shash; + if (hash1 != hash2 && hash1 != -1 && hash2 != -1) { + return (equals == Py_NE); + } +#endif + result = memcmp(ps1, ps2, (size_t)length); + return (equals == Py_EQ) ? (result == 0) : (result != 0); + } + } else if ((s1 == Py_None) & PyBytes_CheckExact(s2)) { + return (equals == Py_NE); + } else if ((s2 == Py_None) & PyBytes_CheckExact(s1)) { + return (equals == Py_NE); + } else { + int result; + PyObject* py_result = PyObject_RichCompare(s1, s2, equals); + if (!py_result) + return -1; + result = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(py_result); + Py_DECREF(py_result); + return result; + } +#endif +} + +/* UnicodeEquals (used by fastcall) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyUnicode_Equals(PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2, int equals) { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL + return PyObject_RichCompareBool(s1, s2, equals); +#else + int s1_is_unicode, s2_is_unicode; + if (s1 == s2) { + goto return_eq; + } + s1_is_unicode = PyUnicode_CheckExact(s1); + s2_is_unicode = PyUnicode_CheckExact(s2); + if (s1_is_unicode & s2_is_unicode) { + Py_ssize_t length, length2; + int kind; + void *data1, *data2; + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(s1) < 0) || unlikely(__Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(s2) < 0)) + return -1; + #endif + length = __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s1); + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (unlikely(length < 0)) return -1; + #endif + length2 = __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s2); + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (unlikely(length2 < 0)) return -1; + #endif + if (length != length2) { + goto return_ne; + } +#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + { + Py_hash_t hash1, hash2; + hash1 = ((PyASCIIObject*)s1)->hash; + hash2 = ((PyASCIIObject*)s2)->hash; + if (hash1 != hash2 && hash1 != -1 && hash2 != -1) { + goto return_ne; + } + } +#endif + kind = __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(s1); + if (kind != __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(s2)) { + goto return_ne; + } + data1 = __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(s1); + data2 = __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(s2); + if (__Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(kind, data1, 0) != __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(kind, data2, 0)) { + goto return_ne; + } else if (length == 1) { + goto return_eq; + } else { + int result = memcmp(data1, data2, (size_t)(length * kind)); + return (equals == Py_EQ) ? (result == 0) : (result != 0); + } + } else if ((s1 == Py_None) & s2_is_unicode) { + goto return_ne; + } else if ((s2 == Py_None) & s1_is_unicode) { + goto return_ne; + } else { + int result; + PyObject* py_result = PyObject_RichCompare(s1, s2, equals); + if (!py_result) + return -1; + result = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(py_result); + Py_DECREF(py_result); + return result; + } +return_eq: + return (equals == Py_EQ); +return_ne: + return (equals == Py_NE); +#endif +} + +/* fastcall */ +#if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_GetKwValue_FASTCALL(PyObject *kwnames, PyObject *const *kwvalues, PyObject *s) +{ + Py_ssize_t i, n = __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames); + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (unlikely(n == -1)) return NULL; + #endif + for (i = 0; i < n; i++) + { + PyObject *namei = __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwnames, i); + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + if (unlikely(!namei)) return NULL; + #endif + if (s == namei) return kwvalues[i]; + } + for (i = 0; i < n; i++) + { + PyObject *namei = __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwnames, i); + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + if (unlikely(!namei)) return NULL; + #endif + int eq = __Pyx_PyUnicode_Equals(s, namei, Py_EQ); + if (unlikely(eq != 0)) { + if (unlikely(eq < 0)) return NULL; + return kwvalues[i]; + } + } + return NULL; +} +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +CYTHON_UNUSED static PyObject *__Pyx_KwargsAsDict_FASTCALL(PyObject *kwnames, PyObject *const *kwvalues) { + Py_ssize_t i, nkwargs; + PyObject *dict; +#if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + nkwargs = PyTuple_Size(kwnames); + if (unlikely(nkwargs < 0)) return NULL; +#else + nkwargs = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames); +#endif + dict = PyDict_New(); + if (unlikely(!dict)) + return NULL; + for (i=0; itp_call; + if (unlikely(!call)) + return PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw); + if (unlikely(Py_EnterRecursiveCall(" while calling a Python object"))) + return NULL; + result = (*call)(func, arg, kw); + Py_LeaveRecursiveCall(); + if (unlikely(!result) && unlikely(!PyErr_Occurred())) { + PyErr_SetString( + PyExc_SystemError, + "NULL result without error in PyObject_Call"); + } + return result; +} +#endif + +/* PyObjectCallMethO (used by PyObjectFastCall) */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg) { + PyObject *self, *result; + PyCFunction cfunc; + cfunc = __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(func); + self = __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_SELF(func); + if (unlikely(Py_EnterRecursiveCall(" while calling a Python object"))) + return NULL; + result = cfunc(self, arg); + Py_LeaveRecursiveCall(); + if (unlikely(!result) && unlikely(!PyErr_Occurred())) { + PyErr_SetString( + PyExc_SystemError, + "NULL result without error in PyObject_Call"); + } + return result; +} +#endif + +/* PyObjectFastCall (used by PyObjectCallOneArg) */ +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_FastCall_fallback(PyObject *func, PyObject * const*args, size_t nargs, PyObject *kwargs) { + PyObject *argstuple; + PyObject *result = 0; + size_t i; + argstuple = PyTuple_New((Py_ssize_t)nargs); + if (unlikely(!argstuple)) return NULL; + for (i = 0; i < nargs; i++) { + Py_INCREF(args[i]); + if (__Pyx_PyTuple_SET_ITEM(argstuple, (Py_ssize_t)i, args[i]) != (0)) goto bad; + } + result = __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, argstuple, kwargs); + bad: + Py_DECREF(argstuple); + return result; +} +#endif +#if CYTHON_VECTORCALL && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 + #define __Pyx_PyVectorcall_Function(callable) _PyVectorcall_Function(callable) + #elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE vectorcallfunc __Pyx_PyVectorcall_Function(PyObject *callable) { + PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(callable); + #if defined(__Pyx_CyFunction_USED) + if (__Pyx_CyFunction_CheckExact(callable)) { + return __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(callable); + } + #endif + if (!PyType_HasFeature(tp, Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL)) { + return NULL; + } + assert(PyCallable_Check(callable)); + Py_ssize_t offset = tp->tp_vectorcall_offset; + assert(offset > 0); + vectorcallfunc ptr; + memcpy(&ptr, (char *) callable + offset, sizeof(ptr)); + return ptr; +} + #else + #define __Pyx_PyVectorcall_Function(callable) PyVectorcall_Function(callable) + #endif +#endif +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_FastCallDict(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t _nargs, PyObject *kwargs) { + Py_ssize_t nargs = __Pyx_PyVectorcall_NARGS(_nargs); +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + if (nargs == 0 && kwargs == NULL) { + if (__Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_Check(func) && likely( __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) & METH_NOARGS)) + return __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(func, NULL); + } + else if (nargs == 1 && kwargs == NULL) { + if (__Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_Check(func) && likely( __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) & METH_O)) + return __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(func, args[0]); + } +#endif + if (kwargs == NULL) { + #if CYTHON_VECTORCALL + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + return PyObject_Vectorcall(func, args, _nargs, NULL); + #else + vectorcallfunc f = __Pyx_PyVectorcall_Function(func); + if (f) { + return f(func, args, _nargs, NULL); + } + #endif + #endif + } + if (nargs == 0) { + return __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple, kwargs); + } + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + return PyObject_VectorcallDict(func, args, (size_t)nargs, kwargs); + #else + return __Pyx_PyObject_FastCall_fallback(func, args, (size_t)nargs, kwargs); + #endif +} + +/* PyObjectCallOneArg (used by CallUnboundCMethod0) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg) { + PyObject *args[2] = {NULL, arg}; + return __Pyx_PyObject_FastCall(func, args+1, 1 | __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET); +} + +/* UnpackUnboundCMethod (used by CallUnboundCMethod0) */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 +static PyObject *__Pyx_SelflessCall(PyObject *method, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs) { + PyObject *result; + PyObject *selfless_args = PyTuple_GetSlice(args, 1, PyTuple_Size(args)); + if (unlikely(!selfless_args)) return NULL; + result = PyObject_Call(method, selfless_args, kwargs); + Py_DECREF(selfless_args); + return result; +} +#elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 +static PyObject *__Pyx_SelflessCall(PyObject *method, PyObject **args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames) { + return _PyObject_Vectorcall + (method, args ? args+1 : NULL, nargs ? nargs-1 : 0, kwnames); +} +#else +static PyObject *__Pyx_SelflessCall(PyObject *method, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames) { + return +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 + _PyObject_Vectorcall +#else + PyObject_Vectorcall +#endif + (method, args ? args+1 : NULL, nargs ? (size_t) nargs-1 : 0, kwnames); +} +#endif +static PyMethodDef __Pyx_UnboundCMethod_Def = { + "CythonUnboundCMethod", + __PYX_REINTERPRET_FUNCION(PyCFunction, __Pyx_SelflessCall), +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 + METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, +#else + METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS, +#endif + NULL +}; +static int __Pyx_TryUnpackUnboundCMethod(__Pyx_CachedCFunction* target) { + PyObject *method, *result=NULL; + method = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(target->type, *target->method_name); + if (unlikely(!method)) + return -1; + result = method; +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + if (likely(__Pyx_TypeCheck(method, &PyMethodDescr_Type))) + { + PyMethodDescrObject *descr = (PyMethodDescrObject*) method; + target->func = descr->d_method->ml_meth; + target->flag = descr->d_method->ml_flags & ~(METH_CLASS | METH_STATIC | METH_COEXIST | METH_STACKLESS); + } else +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY +#else + if (PyCFunction_Check(method)) +#endif + { + PyObject *self; + int self_found; +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + self = PyObject_GetAttrString(method, "__self__"); + if (!self) { + PyErr_Clear(); + } +#else + self = PyCFunction_GET_SELF(method); +#endif + self_found = (self && self != Py_None); +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + Py_XDECREF(self); +#endif + if (self_found) { + PyObject *unbound_method = PyCFunction_New(&__Pyx_UnboundCMethod_Def, method); + if (unlikely(!unbound_method)) return -1; + Py_DECREF(method); + result = unbound_method; + } + } +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + if (unlikely(target->method)) { + Py_DECREF(result); + } else +#endif + target->method = result; + return 0; +} + +/* CallUnboundCMethod0 */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod0(__Pyx_CachedCFunction* cfunc, PyObject* self) { + int was_initialized = __Pyx_CachedCFunction_GetAndSetInitializing(cfunc); + if (likely(was_initialized == 2 && cfunc->func)) { + if (likely(cfunc->flag == METH_NOARGS)) + return __Pyx_CallCFunction(cfunc, self, NULL); + if (likely(cfunc->flag == METH_FASTCALL)) + return __Pyx_CallCFunctionFast(cfunc, self, NULL, 0); + if (cfunc->flag == (METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS)) + return __Pyx_CallCFunctionFastWithKeywords(cfunc, self, NULL, 0, NULL); + if (likely(cfunc->flag == (METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS))) + return __Pyx_CallCFunctionWithKeywords(cfunc, self, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple, NULL); + if (cfunc->flag == METH_VARARGS) + return __Pyx_CallCFunction(cfunc, self, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple); + return __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod0(cfunc, self); + } +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + else if (unlikely(was_initialized == 1)) { + __Pyx_CachedCFunction tmp_cfunc = { +#ifndef __cplusplus + 0 +#endif + }; + tmp_cfunc.type = cfunc->type; + tmp_cfunc.method_name = cfunc->method_name; + return __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod0(&tmp_cfunc, self); + } +#endif + PyObject *result = __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod0(cfunc, self); + __Pyx_CachedCFunction_SetFinishedInitializing(cfunc); + return result; +} +#endif +static PyObject* __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod0(__Pyx_CachedCFunction* cfunc, PyObject* self) { + PyObject *result; + if (unlikely(!cfunc->method) && unlikely(__Pyx_TryUnpackUnboundCMethod(cfunc) < 0)) return NULL; + result = __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(cfunc->method, self); + return result; +} + +/* py_dict_items (used by OwnedDictNext) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyDict_Items(PyObject* d) { + return __Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod0(&__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_umethod_PyDict_Type_items, d); +} + +/* py_dict_values (used by OwnedDictNext) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyDict_Values(PyObject* d) { + return __Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod0(&__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_umethod_PyDict_Type_values, d); +} + +/* OwnedDictNext (used by ParseKeywordsImpl) */ +#if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS +static int __Pyx_PyDict_NextRef(PyObject *p, PyObject **ppos, PyObject **pkey, PyObject **pvalue) { + PyObject *next = NULL; + if (!*ppos) { + if (pvalue) { + PyObject *dictview = pkey ? __Pyx_PyDict_Items(p) : __Pyx_PyDict_Values(p); + if (unlikely(!dictview)) goto bad; + *ppos = PyObject_GetIter(dictview); + Py_DECREF(dictview); + } else { + *ppos = PyObject_GetIter(p); + } + if (unlikely(!*ppos)) goto bad; + } + next = PyIter_Next(*ppos); + if (!next) { + if (PyErr_Occurred()) goto bad; + return 0; + } + if (pkey && pvalue) { + *pkey = __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(next, 0); + if (unlikely(*pkey)) goto bad; + *pvalue = __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(next, 1); + if (unlikely(*pvalue)) goto bad; + Py_DECREF(next); + } else if (pkey) { + *pkey = next; + } else { + assert(pvalue); + *pvalue = next; + } + return 1; + bad: + Py_XDECREF(next); +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + PyErr_FormatUnraisable("Exception ignored in __Pyx_PyDict_NextRef"); +#else + PyErr_WriteUnraisable(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_Pyx_PyDict_NextRef); +#endif + if (pkey) *pkey = NULL; + if (pvalue) *pvalue = NULL; + return 0; +} +#else // !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS +static int __Pyx_PyDict_NextRef(PyObject *p, Py_ssize_t *ppos, PyObject **pkey, PyObject **pvalue) { + int result = PyDict_Next(p, ppos, pkey, pvalue); + if (likely(result == 1)) { + if (pkey) Py_INCREF(*pkey); + if (pvalue) Py_INCREF(*pvalue); + } + return result; +} +#endif + +/* RaiseDoubleKeywords (used by ParseKeywordsImpl) */ +static void __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError( + const char* func_name, + PyObject* kw_name) +{ + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%s() got multiple values for keyword argument '%U'", func_name, kw_name); +} + +/* CallUnboundCMethod2 */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod2(__Pyx_CachedCFunction *cfunc, PyObject *self, PyObject *arg1, PyObject *arg2) { + int was_initialized = __Pyx_CachedCFunction_GetAndSetInitializing(cfunc); + if (likely(was_initialized == 2 && cfunc->func)) { + PyObject *args[2] = {arg1, arg2}; + if (cfunc->flag == METH_FASTCALL) { + return __Pyx_CallCFunctionFast(cfunc, self, args, 2); + } + if (cfunc->flag == (METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS)) + return __Pyx_CallCFunctionFastWithKeywords(cfunc, self, args, 2, NULL); + } +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + else if (unlikely(was_initialized == 1)) { + __Pyx_CachedCFunction tmp_cfunc = { +#ifndef __cplusplus + 0 +#endif + }; + tmp_cfunc.type = cfunc->type; + tmp_cfunc.method_name = cfunc->method_name; + return __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod2(&tmp_cfunc, self, arg1, arg2); + } +#endif + PyObject *result = __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod2(cfunc, self, arg1, arg2); + __Pyx_CachedCFunction_SetFinishedInitializing(cfunc); + return result; +} +#endif +static PyObject* __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod2(__Pyx_CachedCFunction* cfunc, PyObject* self, PyObject* arg1, PyObject* arg2){ + if (unlikely(!cfunc->func && !cfunc->method) && unlikely(__Pyx_TryUnpackUnboundCMethod(cfunc) < 0)) return NULL; +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + if (cfunc->func && (cfunc->flag & METH_VARARGS)) { + PyObject *result = NULL; + PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(2); + if (unlikely(!args)) return NULL; + Py_INCREF(arg1); + PyTuple_SET_ITEM(args, 0, arg1); + Py_INCREF(arg2); + PyTuple_SET_ITEM(args, 1, arg2); + if (cfunc->flag & METH_KEYWORDS) + result = __Pyx_CallCFunctionWithKeywords(cfunc, self, args, NULL); + else + result = __Pyx_CallCFunction(cfunc, self, args); + Py_DECREF(args); + return result; + } +#endif + { + PyObject *args[4] = {NULL, self, arg1, arg2}; + return __Pyx_PyObject_FastCall(cfunc->method, args+1, 3 | __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET); + } +} + +/* ParseKeywordsImpl (used by ParseKeywords) */ +static int __Pyx_ValidateDuplicatePosArgs( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject ** const *first_kw_arg, + const char* function_name) +{ + PyObject ** const *name = argnames; + while (name != first_kw_arg) { + PyObject *key = **name; + int found = PyDict_Contains(kwds, key); + if (unlikely(found)) { + if (found == 1) __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(function_name, key); + goto bad; + } + name++; + } + return 0; +bad: + return -1; +} +#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_UnicodeKeywordsEqual(PyObject *s1, PyObject *s2) { + int kind; + Py_ssize_t len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s1); + if (len != PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s2)) return 0; + kind = PyUnicode_KIND(s1); + if (kind != PyUnicode_KIND(s2)) return 0; + const void *data1 = PyUnicode_DATA(s1); + const void *data2 = PyUnicode_DATA(s2); + return (memcmp(data1, data2, (size_t) len * (size_t) kind) == 0); +} +#endif +static int __Pyx_MatchKeywordArg_str( + PyObject *key, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject ** const *first_kw_arg, + size_t *index_found, + const char *function_name) +{ + PyObject ** const *name; + #if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + Py_hash_t key_hash = ((PyASCIIObject*)key)->hash; + if (unlikely(key_hash == -1)) { + key_hash = PyObject_Hash(key); + if (unlikely(key_hash == -1)) + goto bad; + } + #endif + name = first_kw_arg; + while (*name) { + PyObject *name_str = **name; + #if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + if (key_hash == ((PyASCIIObject*)name_str)->hash && __Pyx_UnicodeKeywordsEqual(name_str, key)) { + *index_found = (size_t) (name - argnames); + return 1; + } + #else + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(name_str) == PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(key)) + #endif + { + int cmp = PyUnicode_Compare(name_str, key); + if (cmp < 0 && unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) goto bad; + if (cmp == 0) { + *index_found = (size_t) (name - argnames); + return 1; + } + } + #endif + name++; + } + name = argnames; + while (name != first_kw_arg) { + PyObject *name_str = **name; + #if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + if (unlikely(key_hash == ((PyASCIIObject*)name_str)->hash)) { + if (__Pyx_UnicodeKeywordsEqual(name_str, key)) + goto arg_passed_twice; + } + #else + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(name_str) == PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(key)) + #endif + { + if (unlikely(name_str == key)) goto arg_passed_twice; + int cmp = PyUnicode_Compare(name_str, key); + if (cmp < 0 && unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) goto bad; + if (cmp == 0) goto arg_passed_twice; + } + #endif + name++; + } + return 0; +arg_passed_twice: + __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(function_name, key); + goto bad; +bad: + return -1; +} +static int __Pyx_MatchKeywordArg_nostr( + PyObject *key, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject ** const *first_kw_arg, + size_t *index_found, + const char *function_name) +{ + PyObject ** const *name; + if (unlikely(!PyUnicode_Check(key))) goto invalid_keyword_type; + name = first_kw_arg; + while (*name) { + int cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(**name, key, Py_EQ); + if (cmp == 1) { + *index_found = (size_t) (name - argnames); + return 1; + } + if (unlikely(cmp == -1)) goto bad; + name++; + } + name = argnames; + while (name != first_kw_arg) { + int cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(**name, key, Py_EQ); + if (unlikely(cmp != 0)) { + if (cmp == 1) goto arg_passed_twice; + else goto bad; + } + name++; + } + return 0; +arg_passed_twice: + __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(function_name, key); + goto bad; +invalid_keyword_type: + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%.200s() keywords must be strings", function_name); + goto bad; +bad: + return -1; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_MatchKeywordArg( + PyObject *key, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject ** const *first_kw_arg, + size_t *index_found, + const char *function_name) +{ + return likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(key)) ? + __Pyx_MatchKeywordArg_str(key, argnames, first_kw_arg, index_found, function_name) : + __Pyx_MatchKeywordArg_nostr(key, argnames, first_kw_arg, index_found, function_name); +} +static void __Pyx_RejectUnknownKeyword( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject ** const *first_kw_arg, + const char *function_name) +{ + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + PyObject *pos = NULL; + #else + Py_ssize_t pos = 0; + #endif + PyObject *key = NULL; + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(kwds); + while ( + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + __Pyx_PyDict_NextRef(kwds, &pos, &key, NULL) + #else + PyDict_Next(kwds, &pos, &key, NULL) + #endif + ) { + PyObject** const *name = first_kw_arg; + while (*name && (**name != key)) name++; + if (!*name) { + size_t index_found = 0; + int cmp = __Pyx_MatchKeywordArg(key, argnames, first_kw_arg, &index_found, function_name); + if (cmp != 1) { + if (cmp == 0) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%U'", + function_name, key); + } + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(key); + #endif + break; + } + } + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(key); + #endif + } + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_XDECREF(pos); + #endif + assert(PyErr_Occurred()); +} +static int __Pyx_ParseKeywordDict( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject *values[], + Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, + Py_ssize_t num_kwargs, + const char* function_name, + int ignore_unknown_kwargs) +{ + PyObject** const *name; + PyObject** const *first_kw_arg = argnames + num_pos_args; + Py_ssize_t extracted = 0; +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || defined(PyArg_ValidateKeywordArguments) + if (unlikely(!PyArg_ValidateKeywordArguments(kwds))) return -1; +#endif + name = first_kw_arg; + while (*name && num_kwargs > extracted) { + PyObject * key = **name; + PyObject *value; + int found = 0; + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + found = PyDict_GetItemRef(kwds, key, &value); + #else + value = PyDict_GetItemWithError(kwds, key); + if (value) { + Py_INCREF(value); + found = 1; + } else { + if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) goto bad; + } + #endif + if (found) { + if (unlikely(found < 0)) goto bad; + values[name-argnames] = value; + extracted++; + } + name++; + } + if (num_kwargs > extracted) { + if (ignore_unknown_kwargs) { + if (unlikely(__Pyx_ValidateDuplicatePosArgs(kwds, argnames, first_kw_arg, function_name) == -1)) + goto bad; + } else { + __Pyx_RejectUnknownKeyword(kwds, argnames, first_kw_arg, function_name); + goto bad; + } + } + return 0; +bad: + return -1; +} +static int __Pyx_ParseKeywordDictToDict( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject *kwds2, + PyObject *values[], + Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, + const char* function_name) +{ + PyObject** const *name; + PyObject** const *first_kw_arg = argnames + num_pos_args; + Py_ssize_t len; +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || defined(PyArg_ValidateKeywordArguments) + if (unlikely(!PyArg_ValidateKeywordArguments(kwds))) return -1; +#endif + if (PyDict_Update(kwds2, kwds) < 0) goto bad; + name = first_kw_arg; + while (*name) { + PyObject *key = **name; + PyObject *value; +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && (PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A2 || defined(PyDict_Pop)) + int found = PyDict_Pop(kwds2, key, &value); + if (found) { + if (unlikely(found < 0)) goto bad; + values[name-argnames] = value; + } +#elif __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + int found = PyDict_GetItemRef(kwds2, key, &value); + if (found) { + if (unlikely(found < 0)) goto bad; + values[name-argnames] = value; + if (unlikely(PyDict_DelItem(kwds2, key) < 0)) goto bad; + } +#else + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + value = _PyDict_Pop(kwds2, key, kwds2); + #else + value = __Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod2(&__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_umethod_PyDict_Type_pop, kwds2, key, kwds2); + #endif + if (value == kwds2) { + Py_DECREF(value); + } else { + if (unlikely(!value)) goto bad; + values[name-argnames] = value; + } +#endif + name++; + } + len = PyDict_Size(kwds2); + if (len > 0) { + return __Pyx_ValidateDuplicatePosArgs(kwds, argnames, first_kw_arg, function_name); + } else if (unlikely(len == -1)) { + goto bad; + } + return 0; +bad: + return -1; +} +static int __Pyx_ParseKeywordsTuple( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject * const *kwvalues, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject *kwds2, + PyObject *values[], + Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, + Py_ssize_t num_kwargs, + const char* function_name, + int ignore_unknown_kwargs) +{ + PyObject *key = NULL; + PyObject** const * name; + PyObject** const *first_kw_arg = argnames + num_pos_args; + for (Py_ssize_t pos = 0; pos < num_kwargs; pos++) { +#if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + key = __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(kwds, pos); +#else + key = __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwds, pos); +#endif +#if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + if (unlikely(!key)) goto bad; +#endif + name = first_kw_arg; + while (*name && (**name != key)) name++; + if (*name) { + PyObject *value = kwvalues[pos]; + values[name-argnames] = __Pyx_NewRef(value); + } else { + size_t index_found = 0; + int cmp = __Pyx_MatchKeywordArg(key, argnames, first_kw_arg, &index_found, function_name); + if (cmp == 1) { + PyObject *value = kwvalues[pos]; + values[index_found] = __Pyx_NewRef(value); + } else { + if (unlikely(cmp == -1)) goto bad; + if (kwds2) { + PyObject *value = kwvalues[pos]; + if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItem(kwds2, key, value))) goto bad; + } else if (!ignore_unknown_kwargs) { + goto invalid_keyword; + } + } + } + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(key); + key = NULL; + #endif + } + return 0; +invalid_keyword: + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%U'", + function_name, key); + goto bad; +bad: + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_XDECREF(key); + #endif + return -1; +} + +/* ParseKeywords */ +static int __Pyx_ParseKeywords( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject * const *kwvalues, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject *kwds2, + PyObject *values[], + Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, + Py_ssize_t num_kwargs, + const char* function_name, + int ignore_unknown_kwargs) +{ + if (CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL && likely(PyTuple_Check(kwds))) + return __Pyx_ParseKeywordsTuple(kwds, kwvalues, argnames, kwds2, values, num_pos_args, num_kwargs, function_name, ignore_unknown_kwargs); + else if (kwds2) + return __Pyx_ParseKeywordDictToDict(kwds, argnames, kwds2, values, num_pos_args, function_name); + else + return __Pyx_ParseKeywordDict(kwds, argnames, values, num_pos_args, num_kwargs, function_name, ignore_unknown_kwargs); +} + +/* RaiseArgTupleInvalid */ +static void __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid( + const char* func_name, + int exact, + Py_ssize_t num_min, + Py_ssize_t num_max, + Py_ssize_t num_found) +{ + Py_ssize_t num_expected; + const char *more_or_less; + if (num_found < num_min) { + num_expected = num_min; + more_or_less = "at least"; + } else { + num_expected = num_max; + more_or_less = "at most"; + } + if (exact) { + more_or_less = "exactly"; + } + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%.200s() takes %.8s %" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d positional argument%.1s (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d given)", + func_name, more_or_less, num_expected, + (num_expected == 1) ? "" : "s", num_found); +} + +/* ArgTypeTestFunc (used by ArgTypeTest) */ +static int __Pyx__ArgTypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type, const char *name, int exact) +{ + __Pyx_TypeName type_name; + __Pyx_TypeName obj_type_name; + PyObject *extra_info = __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_unicode; + int from_annotation_subclass = 0; + if (unlikely(!type)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "Missing type object"); + return 0; + } + else if (!exact) { + if (likely(__Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type))) return 1; + } else if (exact == 2) { + if (__Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type)) { + from_annotation_subclass = 1; + extra_info = __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u_Note_that_Cython_is_deliberately; + } + } + type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(type); + obj_type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(Py_TYPE(obj)); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "Argument '%.200s' has incorrect type (expected " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME + ", got " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME ")" +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 + "%s%U" +#endif + , name, type_name, obj_type_name +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 + , (from_annotation_subclass ? ". " : ""), extra_info +#endif + ); +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + if (exact == 2 && from_annotation_subclass) { + PyObject *res; + PyObject *vargs[2]; + vargs[0] = PyErr_GetRaisedException(); + vargs[1] = extra_info; + res = PyObject_VectorcallMethod(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u_add_note, vargs, 2, NULL); + Py_XDECREF(res); + PyErr_SetRaisedException(vargs[0]); + } +#endif + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(type_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(obj_type_name); + return 0; +} + +/* RaiseException */ +static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb, PyObject *cause) { + PyObject* owned_instance = NULL; + if (tb == Py_None) { + tb = 0; + } else if (tb && !PyTraceBack_Check(tb)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "raise: arg 3 must be a traceback or None"); + goto bad; + } + if (value == Py_None) + value = 0; + if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(type)) { + if (value) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "instance exception may not have a separate value"); + goto bad; + } + value = type; + type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(value); + } else if (PyExceptionClass_Check(type)) { + PyObject *instance_class = NULL; + if (value && PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) { + instance_class = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(value); + if (instance_class != type) { + int is_subclass = PyObject_IsSubclass(instance_class, type); + if (!is_subclass) { + instance_class = NULL; + } else if (unlikely(is_subclass == -1)) { + goto bad; + } else { + type = instance_class; + } + } + } + if (!instance_class) { + PyObject *args; + if (!value) + args = PyTuple_New(0); + else if (PyTuple_Check(value)) { + Py_INCREF(value); + args = value; + } else + args = PyTuple_Pack(1, value); + if (!args) + goto bad; + owned_instance = PyObject_Call(type, args, NULL); + Py_DECREF(args); + if (!owned_instance) + goto bad; + value = owned_instance; + if (!PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "calling %R should have returned an instance of " + "BaseException, not %R", + type, Py_TYPE(value)); + goto bad; + } + } + } else { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "raise: exception class must be a subclass of BaseException"); + goto bad; + } + if (cause) { + PyObject *fixed_cause; + if (cause == Py_None) { + fixed_cause = NULL; + } else if (PyExceptionClass_Check(cause)) { + fixed_cause = PyObject_CallObject(cause, NULL); + if (fixed_cause == NULL) + goto bad; + } else if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(cause)) { + fixed_cause = cause; + Py_INCREF(fixed_cause); + } else { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "exception causes must derive from " + "BaseException"); + goto bad; + } + PyException_SetCause(value, fixed_cause); + } + PyErr_SetObject(type, value); + if (tb) { +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C00A6 + PyException_SetTraceback(value, tb); +#elif CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + PyThreadState *tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current; + PyObject* tmp_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback; + if (tb != tmp_tb) { + Py_INCREF(tb); + tstate->curexc_traceback = tb; + Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb); + } +#else + PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb; + PyErr_Fetch(&tmp_type, &tmp_value, &tmp_tb); + Py_INCREF(tb); + PyErr_Restore(tmp_type, tmp_value, tb); + Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb); +#endif + } +bad: + Py_XDECREF(owned_instance); + return; +} + +/* PyObjectFastCallMethod */ +#if !CYTHON_VECTORCALL || PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 +static PyObject *__Pyx_PyObject_FastCallMethod(PyObject *name, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf) { + PyObject *result; + PyObject *attr = PyObject_GetAttr(args[0], name); + if (unlikely(!attr)) + return NULL; + result = __Pyx_PyObject_FastCall(attr, args+1, nargsf - 1); + Py_DECREF(attr); + return result; +} +#endif + +/* RaiseUnexpectedTypeError */ +static int +__Pyx_RaiseUnexpectedTypeError(const char *expected, PyObject *obj) +{ + __Pyx_TypeName obj_type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(Py_TYPE(obj)); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "Expected %s, got " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME, + expected, obj_type_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(obj_type_name); + return 0; +} + +/* CIntToDigits (used by CIntToPyUnicode) */ +static const char DIGIT_PAIRS_10[2*10*10+1] = { + "00010203040506070809" + "10111213141516171819" + "20212223242526272829" + "30313233343536373839" + "40414243444546474849" + "50515253545556575859" + "60616263646566676869" + "70717273747576777879" + "80818283848586878889" + "90919293949596979899" +}; +static const char DIGIT_PAIRS_8[2*8*8+1] = { + "0001020304050607" + "1011121314151617" + "2021222324252627" + "3031323334353637" + "4041424344454647" + "5051525354555657" + "6061626364656667" + "7071727374757677" +}; +static const char DIGITS_HEX[2*16+1] = { + "0123456789abcdef" + "0123456789ABCDEF" +}; + +/* BuildPyUnicode (used by COrdinalToPyUnicode) */ +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(Py_ssize_t ulength, const char* chars, int clength, + int prepend_sign, char padding_char) { + PyObject *uval; + Py_ssize_t uoffset = ulength - clength; +#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + Py_ssize_t i; + void *udata; + uval = PyUnicode_New(ulength, 127); + if (unlikely(!uval)) return NULL; + udata = PyUnicode_DATA(uval); + if (uoffset > 0) { + i = 0; + if (prepend_sign) { + __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND, udata, 0, '-'); + i++; + } + for (; i < uoffset; i++) { + __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND, udata, i, padding_char); + } + } + for (i=0; i < clength; i++) { + __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND, udata, uoffset+i, chars[i]); + } +#else + { + PyObject *sign = NULL, *padding = NULL; + uval = NULL; + if (uoffset > 0) { + prepend_sign = !!prepend_sign; + if (uoffset > prepend_sign) { + padding = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(padding_char); + if (likely(padding) && uoffset > prepend_sign + 1) { + PyObject *tmp = PySequence_Repeat(padding, uoffset - prepend_sign); + Py_DECREF(padding); + padding = tmp; + } + if (unlikely(!padding)) goto done_or_error; + } + if (prepend_sign) { + sign = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal('-'); + if (unlikely(!sign)) goto done_or_error; + } + } + uval = PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(chars, clength, NULL); + if (likely(uval) && padding) { + PyObject *tmp = PyUnicode_Concat(padding, uval); + Py_DECREF(uval); + uval = tmp; + } + if (likely(uval) && sign) { + PyObject *tmp = PyUnicode_Concat(sign, uval); + Py_DECREF(uval); + uval = tmp; + } +done_or_error: + Py_XDECREF(padding); + Py_XDECREF(sign); + } +#endif + return uval; +} + +/* COrdinalToPyUnicode (used by CIntToPyUnicode) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_CheckUnicodeValue(int value) { + return value <= 1114111; +} +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromOrdinal_Padded(int value, Py_ssize_t ulength, char padding_char) { + Py_ssize_t padding_length = ulength - 1; + if (likely((padding_length <= 250) && (value < 0xD800 || value > 0xDFFF))) { + char chars[256]; + if (value <= 255) { + memset(chars, padding_char, (size_t) padding_length); + chars[ulength-1] = (char) value; + return PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1(chars, ulength, NULL); + } + char *cpos = chars + sizeof(chars); + if (value < 0x800) { + *--cpos = (char) (0x80 | (value & 0x3f)); + value >>= 6; + *--cpos = (char) (0xc0 | (value & 0x1f)); + } else if (value < 0x10000) { + *--cpos = (char) (0x80 | (value & 0x3f)); + value >>= 6; + *--cpos = (char) (0x80 | (value & 0x3f)); + value >>= 6; + *--cpos = (char) (0xe0 | (value & 0x0f)); + } else { + *--cpos = (char) (0x80 | (value & 0x3f)); + value >>= 6; + *--cpos = (char) (0x80 | (value & 0x3f)); + value >>= 6; + *--cpos = (char) (0x80 | (value & 0x3f)); + value >>= 6; + *--cpos = (char) (0xf0 | (value & 0x07)); + } + cpos -= padding_length; + memset(cpos, padding_char, (size_t) padding_length); + return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(cpos, chars + sizeof(chars) - cpos, NULL); + } + if (value <= 127 && CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS) { + const char chars[1] = {(char) value}; + return __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(ulength, chars, 1, 0, padding_char); + } + { + PyObject *uchar, *padding_uchar, *padding, *result; + padding_uchar = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(padding_char); + if (unlikely(!padding_uchar)) return NULL; + padding = PySequence_Repeat(padding_uchar, padding_length); + Py_DECREF(padding_uchar); + if (unlikely(!padding)) return NULL; + uchar = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(value); + if (unlikely(!uchar)) { + Py_DECREF(padding); + return NULL; + } + result = PyUnicode_Concat(padding, uchar); + Py_DECREF(padding); + Py_DECREF(uchar); + return result; + } +} + +/* CIntToPyUnicode */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_uchar___Pyx_PyUnicode_From_int(int value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char) { +#ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#pragma GCC diagnostic push +#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" +#endif + const int neg_one = (int) -1, const_zero = (int) 0; +#ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#pragma GCC diagnostic pop +#endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (unlikely(!(is_unsigned || value == 0 || value > 0) || + !(sizeof(value) <= 2 || value & ~ (int) 0x01fffff || __Pyx_CheckUnicodeValue((int) value)))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "%c arg not in range(0x110000)"); + return NULL; + } + if (width <= 1) { + return PyUnicode_FromOrdinal((int) value); + } + return __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromOrdinal_Padded((int) value, width, padding_char); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx____Pyx_PyUnicode_From_int(int value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char, char format_char) { + char digits[sizeof(int)*3+2]; + char *dpos, *end = digits + sizeof(int)*3+2; + const char *hex_digits = DIGITS_HEX; + Py_ssize_t length, ulength; + int prepend_sign, last_one_off; + int remaining; +#ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#pragma GCC diagnostic push +#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" +#endif + const int neg_one = (int) -1, const_zero = (int) 0; +#ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#pragma GCC diagnostic pop +#endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (format_char == 'X') { + hex_digits += 16; + format_char = 'x'; + } + remaining = value; + last_one_off = 0; + dpos = end; + do { + int digit_pos; + switch (format_char) { + case 'o': + digit_pos = abs((int)(remaining % (8*8))); + remaining = (int) (remaining / (8*8)); + dpos -= 2; + memcpy(dpos, DIGIT_PAIRS_8 + digit_pos * 2, 2); + last_one_off = (digit_pos < 8); + break; + case 'd': + digit_pos = abs((int)(remaining % (10*10))); + remaining = (int) (remaining / (10*10)); + dpos -= 2; + memcpy(dpos, DIGIT_PAIRS_10 + digit_pos * 2, 2); + last_one_off = (digit_pos < 10); + break; + case 'x': + *(--dpos) = hex_digits[abs((int)(remaining % 16))]; + remaining = (int) (remaining / 16); + break; + default: + assert(0); + break; + } + } while (unlikely(remaining != 0)); + assert(!last_one_off || *dpos == '0'); + dpos += last_one_off; + length = end - dpos; + ulength = length; + prepend_sign = 0; + if (!is_unsigned && value <= neg_one) { + if (padding_char == ' ' || width <= length + 1) { + *(--dpos) = '-'; + ++length; + } else { + prepend_sign = 1; + } + ++ulength; + } + if (width > ulength) { + ulength = width; + } + if (ulength == 1) { + return PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(*dpos); + } + return __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(ulength, dpos, (int) length, prepend_sign, padding_char); +} + +/* CIntToPyUnicode */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_uchar___Pyx_PyUnicode_From_Py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char) { +#ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#pragma GCC diagnostic push +#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" +#endif + const Py_ssize_t neg_one = (Py_ssize_t) -1, const_zero = (Py_ssize_t) 0; +#ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#pragma GCC diagnostic pop +#endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (unlikely(!(is_unsigned || value == 0 || value > 0) || + !(sizeof(value) <= 2 || value & ~ (Py_ssize_t) 0x01fffff || __Pyx_CheckUnicodeValue((int) value)))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "%c arg not in range(0x110000)"); + return NULL; + } + if (width <= 1) { + return PyUnicode_FromOrdinal((int) value); + } + return __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromOrdinal_Padded((int) value, width, padding_char); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx____Pyx_PyUnicode_From_Py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char, char format_char) { + char digits[sizeof(Py_ssize_t)*3+2]; + char *dpos, *end = digits + sizeof(Py_ssize_t)*3+2; + const char *hex_digits = DIGITS_HEX; + Py_ssize_t length, ulength; + int prepend_sign, last_one_off; + Py_ssize_t remaining; +#ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#pragma GCC diagnostic push +#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" +#endif + const Py_ssize_t neg_one = (Py_ssize_t) -1, const_zero = (Py_ssize_t) 0; +#ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#pragma GCC diagnostic pop +#endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (format_char == 'X') { + hex_digits += 16; + format_char = 'x'; + } + remaining = value; + last_one_off = 0; + dpos = end; + do { + int digit_pos; + switch (format_char) { + case 'o': + digit_pos = abs((int)(remaining % (8*8))); + remaining = (Py_ssize_t) (remaining / (8*8)); + dpos -= 2; + memcpy(dpos, DIGIT_PAIRS_8 + digit_pos * 2, 2); + last_one_off = (digit_pos < 8); + break; + case 'd': + digit_pos = abs((int)(remaining % (10*10))); + remaining = (Py_ssize_t) (remaining / (10*10)); + dpos -= 2; + memcpy(dpos, DIGIT_PAIRS_10 + digit_pos * 2, 2); + last_one_off = (digit_pos < 10); + break; + case 'x': + *(--dpos) = hex_digits[abs((int)(remaining % 16))]; + remaining = (Py_ssize_t) (remaining / 16); + break; + default: + assert(0); + break; + } + } while (unlikely(remaining != 0)); + assert(!last_one_off || *dpos == '0'); + dpos += last_one_off; + length = end - dpos; + ulength = length; + prepend_sign = 0; + if (!is_unsigned && value <= neg_one) { + if (padding_char == ' ' || width <= length + 1) { + *(--dpos) = '-'; + ++length; + } else { + prepend_sign = 1; + } + ++ulength; + } + if (width > ulength) { + ulength = width; + } + if (ulength == 1) { + return PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(*dpos); + } + return __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(ulength, dpos, (int) length, prepend_sign, padding_char); +} + +/* JoinPyUnicode */ +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_Join(PyObject** values, Py_ssize_t value_count, Py_ssize_t result_ulength, + Py_UCS4 max_char) { +#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + PyObject *result_uval; + int result_ukind, kind_shift; + Py_ssize_t i, char_pos; + void *result_udata; + if (max_char > 1114111) max_char = 1114111; + result_uval = PyUnicode_New(result_ulength, max_char); + if (unlikely(!result_uval)) return NULL; + result_ukind = (max_char <= 255) ? PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND : (max_char <= 65535) ? PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND : PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND; + kind_shift = (result_ukind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND) ? 2 : result_ukind - 1; + result_udata = PyUnicode_DATA(result_uval); + assert(kind_shift == 2 || kind_shift == 1 || kind_shift == 0); + if (unlikely((PY_SSIZE_T_MAX >> kind_shift) - result_ulength < 0)) + goto overflow; + char_pos = 0; + for (i=0; i < value_count; i++) { + int ukind; + Py_ssize_t ulength; + void *udata; + PyObject *uval = values[i]; + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + if (__Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(uval) == (-1)) + goto bad; + #endif + ulength = __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(uval); + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (unlikely(ulength < 0)) goto bad; + #endif + if (unlikely(!ulength)) + continue; + if (unlikely((PY_SSIZE_T_MAX >> kind_shift) - ulength < char_pos)) + goto overflow; + ukind = __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(uval); + udata = __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(uval); + if (ukind == result_ukind) { + memcpy((char *)result_udata + (char_pos << kind_shift), udata, (size_t) (ulength << kind_shift)); + } else { + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + if (unlikely(PyUnicode_CopyCharacters(result_uval, char_pos, uval, 0, ulength) < 0)) goto bad; + #elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON || defined(_PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters) + _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(result_uval, char_pos, uval, 0, ulength); + #else + Py_ssize_t j; + for (j=0; j < ulength; j++) { + Py_UCS4 uchar = __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(ukind, udata, j); + __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(result_ukind, result_udata, char_pos+j, uchar); + } + #endif + } + char_pos += ulength; + } + return result_uval; +overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "join() result is too long for a Python string"); +bad: + Py_DECREF(result_uval); + return NULL; +#else + Py_ssize_t i; + PyObject *result = NULL; + PyObject *value_tuple = PyTuple_New(value_count); + if (unlikely(!value_tuple)) return NULL; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(max_char); + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(result_ulength); + for (i=0; i__pyx_empty_unicode, value_tuple); +bad: + Py_DECREF(value_tuple); + return result; +#endif +} + +/* GetAttr */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *n) { +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + if (likely(PyUnicode_Check(n))) + return __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(o, n); +#endif + return PyObject_GetAttr(o, n); +} + +/* GetItemInt */ +static PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(PyObject *o, PyObject* j) { + PyObject *r; + if (unlikely(!j)) return NULL; + r = PyObject_GetItem(o, j); + Py_DECREF(j); + return r; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_List_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, + int wraparound, int boundscheck, int unsafe_shared) { + CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(unsafe_shared); +#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + Py_ssize_t wrapped_i = i; + if (wraparound & unlikely(i < 0)) { + wrapped_i += PyList_GET_SIZE(o); + } + if ((CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS || CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS || !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS)) { + return __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRefFast(o, wrapped_i, unsafe_shared); + } else + if ((!boundscheck) || likely(__Pyx_is_valid_index(wrapped_i, PyList_GET_SIZE(o)))) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(PyList_GET_ITEM(o, wrapped_i)); + } + return __Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(o, PyLong_FromSsize_t(i)); +#else + (void)wraparound; + (void)boundscheck; + return PySequence_GetItem(o, i); +#endif +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Tuple_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, + int wraparound, int boundscheck, int unsafe_shared) { + CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(unsafe_shared); +#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_ssize_t wrapped_i = i; + if (wraparound & unlikely(i < 0)) { + wrapped_i += PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o); + } + if ((!boundscheck) || likely(__Pyx_is_valid_index(wrapped_i, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o)))) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(o, wrapped_i)); + } + return __Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(o, PyLong_FromSsize_t(i)); +#else + (void)wraparound; + (void)boundscheck; + return PySequence_GetItem(o, i); +#endif +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, int is_list, + int wraparound, int boundscheck, int unsafe_shared) { + CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(unsafe_shared); +#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (is_list || PyList_CheckExact(o)) { + Py_ssize_t n = ((!wraparound) | likely(i >= 0)) ? i : i + PyList_GET_SIZE(o); + if ((CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS || CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS)) { + return __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRefFast(o, n, unsafe_shared); + } else if ((!boundscheck) || (likely(__Pyx_is_valid_index(n, PyList_GET_SIZE(o))))) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(PyList_GET_ITEM(o, n)); + } + } else + #if !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + if (PyTuple_CheckExact(o)) { + Py_ssize_t n = ((!wraparound) | likely(i >= 0)) ? i : i + PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o); + if ((!boundscheck) || likely(__Pyx_is_valid_index(n, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o)))) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(o, n)); + } + } else + #endif +#endif +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + { + PyMappingMethods *mm = Py_TYPE(o)->tp_as_mapping; + PySequenceMethods *sm = Py_TYPE(o)->tp_as_sequence; + if (!is_list && mm && mm->mp_subscript) { + PyObject *r, *key = PyLong_FromSsize_t(i); + if (unlikely(!key)) return NULL; + r = mm->mp_subscript(o, key); + Py_DECREF(key); + return r; + } + if (is_list || likely(sm && sm->sq_item)) { + if (wraparound && unlikely(i < 0) && likely(sm->sq_length)) { + Py_ssize_t l = sm->sq_length(o); + if (likely(l >= 0)) { + i += l; + } else { + if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_OverflowError)) + return NULL; + PyErr_Clear(); + } + } + return sm->sq_item(o, i); + } + } +#else + if (is_list || !PyMapping_Check(o)) { + return PySequence_GetItem(o, i); + } +#endif + (void)wraparound; + (void)boundscheck; + return __Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(o, PyLong_FromSsize_t(i)); +} + +/* ObjectGetItem */ +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS +static PyObject *__Pyx_PyObject_GetIndex(PyObject *obj, PyObject *index) { + PyObject *runerr = NULL; + Py_ssize_t key_value; + key_value = __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(index); + if (likely(key_value != -1 || !(runerr = PyErr_Occurred()))) { + return __Pyx_GetItemInt_Fast(obj, key_value, 0, 1, 1, 1); + } + if (PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(runerr, PyExc_OverflowError)) { + __Pyx_TypeName index_type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(Py_TYPE(index)); + PyErr_Clear(); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_IndexError, + "cannot fit '" __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "' into an index-sized integer", index_type_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(index_type_name); + } + return NULL; +} +static PyObject *__Pyx_PyObject_GetItem_Slow(PyObject *obj, PyObject *key) { + __Pyx_TypeName obj_type_name; + if (likely(PyType_Check(obj))) { + PyObject *meth = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_class_getitem); + if (!meth) { + PyErr_Clear(); + } else { + PyObject *result = __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(meth, key); + Py_DECREF(meth); + return result; + } + } + obj_type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(Py_TYPE(obj)); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "'" __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "' object is not subscriptable", obj_type_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(obj_type_name); + return NULL; +} +static PyObject *__Pyx_PyObject_GetItem(PyObject *obj, PyObject *key) { + PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(obj); + PyMappingMethods *mm = tp->tp_as_mapping; + PySequenceMethods *sm = tp->tp_as_sequence; + if (likely(mm && mm->mp_subscript)) { + return mm->mp_subscript(obj, key); + } + if (likely(sm && sm->sq_item)) { + return __Pyx_PyObject_GetIndex(obj, key); + } + return __Pyx_PyObject_GetItem_Slow(obj, key); +} +#endif + +/* RejectKeywords */ +static void __Pyx_RejectKeywords(const char* function_name, PyObject *kwds) { + PyObject *key = NULL; + if (CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL && likely(PyTuple_Check(kwds))) { + key = __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(kwds, 0); + } else { +#if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + PyObject *pos = NULL; +#else + Py_ssize_t pos = 0; +#endif +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || defined(PyArg_ValidateKeywordArguments) + if (unlikely(!PyArg_ValidateKeywordArguments(kwds))) return; +#endif + __Pyx_PyDict_NextRef(kwds, &pos, &key, NULL); +#if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_XDECREF(pos); +#endif + } + if (likely(key)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%U'", + function_name, key); + Py_DECREF(key); + } +} + +/* DivInt[Py_ssize_t] */ +static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_div_Py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t a, Py_ssize_t b, int b_is_constant) { + Py_ssize_t q = a / b; + Py_ssize_t r = a - q*b; + Py_ssize_t adapt_python = (b_is_constant ? + ((r != 0) & ((r < 0) ^ (b < 0))) : + ((r != 0) & ((r ^ b) < 0)) + ); + return q - adapt_python; +} + +/* GetAttr3 */ +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 +static PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr3Default(PyObject *d) { + __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare + __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign + if (unlikely(!__Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError))) + return NULL; + __Pyx_PyErr_Clear(); + Py_INCREF(d); + return d; +} +#endif +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr3(PyObject *o, PyObject *n, PyObject *d) { + PyObject *r; +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + int res = PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(o, n, &r); + return (res != 0) ? r : __Pyx_NewRef(d); +#else + #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + if (likely(PyUnicode_Check(n))) { + r = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(o, n); + if (unlikely(!r) && likely(!PyErr_Occurred())) { + r = __Pyx_NewRef(d); + } + return r; + } + #endif + r = PyObject_GetAttr(o, n); + return (likely(r)) ? r : __Pyx_GetAttr3Default(d); +#endif +} + +/* PyDictVersioning (used by GetModuleGlobalName) */ +#if CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS && CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS +static CYTHON_INLINE PY_UINT64_T __Pyx_get_tp_dict_version(PyObject *obj) { + PyObject *dict = Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_dict; + return likely(dict) ? __PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(dict) : 0; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PY_UINT64_T __Pyx_get_object_dict_version(PyObject *obj) { + PyObject **dictptr = NULL; + Py_ssize_t offset = Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_dictoffset; + if (offset) { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + dictptr = (likely(offset > 0)) ? (PyObject **) ((char *)obj + offset) : _PyObject_GetDictPtr(obj); +#else + dictptr = _PyObject_GetDictPtr(obj); +#endif + } + return (dictptr && *dictptr) ? __PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(*dictptr) : 0; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_object_dict_version_matches(PyObject* obj, PY_UINT64_T tp_dict_version, PY_UINT64_T obj_dict_version) { + PyObject *dict = Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_dict; + if (unlikely(!dict) || unlikely(tp_dict_version != __PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(dict))) + return 0; + return obj_dict_version == __Pyx_get_object_dict_version(obj); +} +#endif + +/* GetModuleGlobalName */ +#if CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS +static PyObject *__Pyx__GetModuleGlobalName(PyObject *name, PY_UINT64_T *dict_version, PyObject **dict_cached_value) +#else +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx__GetModuleGlobalName(PyObject *name) +#endif +{ + PyObject *result; +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + if (unlikely(!__pyx_m)) { + if (!PyErr_Occurred()) + PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_NameError); + return NULL; + } + result = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_m, name); + if (likely(result)) { + return result; + } + PyErr_Clear(); +#elif CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS || CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyDict_GetItemRef(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_d, name, &result) == -1)) PyErr_Clear(); + __PYX_UPDATE_DICT_CACHE(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_d, result, *dict_cached_value, *dict_version) + if (likely(result)) { + return result; + } +#else + result = _PyDict_GetItem_KnownHash(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_d, name, ((PyASCIIObject *) name)->hash); + __PYX_UPDATE_DICT_CACHE(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_d, result, *dict_cached_value, *dict_version) + if (likely(result)) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(result); + } + PyErr_Clear(); +#endif + return __Pyx_GetBuiltinName(name); +} + +/* RaiseTooManyValuesToUnpack */ +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseTooManyValuesError(Py_ssize_t expected) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "too many values to unpack (expected %" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d)", expected); +} + +/* RaiseNeedMoreValuesToUnpack */ +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(Py_ssize_t index) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "need more than %" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d value%.1s to unpack", + index, (index == 1) ? "" : "s"); +} + +/* RaiseNoneIterError */ +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNoneNotIterableError(void) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "'NoneType' object is not iterable"); +} + +/* ExtTypeTest */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_TypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type) { + __Pyx_TypeName obj_type_name; + __Pyx_TypeName type_name; + if (unlikely(!type)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "Missing type object"); + return 0; + } + if (likely(__Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type))) + return 1; + obj_type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(Py_TYPE(obj)); + type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(type); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "Cannot convert " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME " to " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME, + obj_type_name, type_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(obj_type_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(type_name); + return 0; +} + +/* GetTopmostException (used by SaveResetException) */ +#if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK && CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +static _PyErr_StackItem * +__Pyx_PyErr_GetTopmostException(PyThreadState *tstate) +{ + _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info; + while ((exc_info->exc_value == NULL || exc_info->exc_value == Py_None) && + exc_info->previous_item != NULL) + { + exc_info = exc_info->previous_item; + } + return exc_info; +} +#endif + +/* SaveResetException */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSave(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) { + #if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030B00a4 + _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = __Pyx_PyErr_GetTopmostException(tstate); + PyObject *exc_value = exc_info->exc_value; + if (exc_value == NULL || exc_value == Py_None) { + *value = NULL; + *type = NULL; + *tb = NULL; + } else { + *value = exc_value; + Py_INCREF(*value); + *type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(exc_value); + Py_INCREF(*type); + *tb = PyException_GetTraceback(exc_value); + } + #elif CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK + _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = __Pyx_PyErr_GetTopmostException(tstate); + *type = exc_info->exc_type; + *value = exc_info->exc_value; + *tb = exc_info->exc_traceback; + Py_XINCREF(*type); + Py_XINCREF(*value); + Py_XINCREF(*tb); + #else + *type = tstate->exc_type; + *value = tstate->exc_value; + *tb = tstate->exc_traceback; + Py_XINCREF(*type); + Py_XINCREF(*value); + Py_XINCREF(*tb); + #endif +} +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionReset(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb) { + #if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030B00a4 + _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info; + PyObject *tmp_value = exc_info->exc_value; + exc_info->exc_value = value; + Py_XDECREF(tmp_value); + Py_XDECREF(type); + Py_XDECREF(tb); + #else + PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb; + #if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK + _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info; + tmp_type = exc_info->exc_type; + tmp_value = exc_info->exc_value; + tmp_tb = exc_info->exc_traceback; + exc_info->exc_type = type; + exc_info->exc_value = value; + exc_info->exc_traceback = tb; + #else + tmp_type = tstate->exc_type; + tmp_value = tstate->exc_value; + tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback; + tstate->exc_type = type; + tstate->exc_value = value; + tstate->exc_traceback = tb; + #endif + Py_XDECREF(tmp_type); + Py_XDECREF(tmp_value); + Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb); + #endif +} +#endif + +/* GetException */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +static int __Pyx__GetException(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) +#else +static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) +#endif +{ + PyObject *local_type = NULL, *local_value, *local_tb = NULL; +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + local_value = tstate->current_exception; + tstate->current_exception = 0; + #else + local_type = tstate->curexc_type; + local_value = tstate->curexc_value; + local_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback; + tstate->curexc_type = 0; + tstate->curexc_value = 0; + tstate->curexc_traceback = 0; + #endif +#elif __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX > 0x030C0000 + local_value = PyErr_GetRaisedException(); +#else + PyErr_Fetch(&local_type, &local_value, &local_tb); +#endif +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX > 0x030C0000 + if (likely(local_value)) { + local_type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(local_value); + Py_INCREF(local_type); + local_tb = PyException_GetTraceback(local_value); + } +#else + PyErr_NormalizeException(&local_type, &local_value, &local_tb); +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + if (unlikely(tstate->curexc_type)) +#else + if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) +#endif + goto bad; + if (local_tb) { + if (unlikely(PyException_SetTraceback(local_value, local_tb) < 0)) + goto bad; + } +#endif // __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX > 0x030C0000 + Py_XINCREF(local_tb); + Py_XINCREF(local_type); + Py_XINCREF(local_value); + *type = local_type; + *value = local_value; + *tb = local_tb; +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + #if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK + { + _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030B00a4 + tmp_value = exc_info->exc_value; + exc_info->exc_value = local_value; + tmp_type = NULL; + tmp_tb = NULL; + Py_XDECREF(local_type); + Py_XDECREF(local_tb); + #else + tmp_type = exc_info->exc_type; + tmp_value = exc_info->exc_value; + tmp_tb = exc_info->exc_traceback; + exc_info->exc_type = local_type; + exc_info->exc_value = local_value; + exc_info->exc_traceback = local_tb; + #endif + } + #else + tmp_type = tstate->exc_type; + tmp_value = tstate->exc_value; + tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback; + tstate->exc_type = local_type; + tstate->exc_value = local_value; + tstate->exc_traceback = local_tb; + #endif + Py_XDECREF(tmp_type); + Py_XDECREF(tmp_value); + Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb); +#elif __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030b0000 + PyErr_SetHandledException(local_value); + Py_XDECREF(local_value); + Py_XDECREF(local_type); + Py_XDECREF(local_tb); +#else + PyErr_SetExcInfo(local_type, local_value, local_tb); +#endif + return 0; +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX <= 0x030C0000 +bad: + *type = 0; + *value = 0; + *tb = 0; + Py_XDECREF(local_type); + Py_XDECREF(local_value); + Py_XDECREF(local_tb); + return -1; +#endif +} + +/* SwapException */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSwap(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) { + PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb; + #if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030B00a4 + _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info; + tmp_value = exc_info->exc_value; + exc_info->exc_value = *value; + if (tmp_value == NULL || tmp_value == Py_None) { + Py_XDECREF(tmp_value); + tmp_value = NULL; + tmp_type = NULL; + tmp_tb = NULL; + } else { + tmp_type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(tmp_value); + Py_INCREF(tmp_type); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + tmp_tb = ((PyBaseExceptionObject*) tmp_value)->traceback; + Py_XINCREF(tmp_tb); + #else + tmp_tb = PyException_GetTraceback(tmp_value); + #endif + } + #elif CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK + _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info; + tmp_type = exc_info->exc_type; + tmp_value = exc_info->exc_value; + tmp_tb = exc_info->exc_traceback; + exc_info->exc_type = *type; + exc_info->exc_value = *value; + exc_info->exc_traceback = *tb; + #else + tmp_type = tstate->exc_type; + tmp_value = tstate->exc_value; + tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback; + tstate->exc_type = *type; + tstate->exc_value = *value; + tstate->exc_traceback = *tb; + #endif + *type = tmp_type; + *value = tmp_value; + *tb = tmp_tb; +} +#else +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) { + PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb; + PyErr_GetExcInfo(&tmp_type, &tmp_value, &tmp_tb); + PyErr_SetExcInfo(*type, *value, *tb); + *type = tmp_type; + *value = tmp_value; + *tb = tmp_tb; +} +#endif + +/* HasAttr (used by ImportImpl) */ +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_HasAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *n) { + PyObject *r; + if (unlikely(!PyUnicode_Check(n))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "hasattr(): attribute name must be string"); + return -1; + } + r = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(o, n); + if (!r) { + return (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) ? -1 : 0; + } else { + Py_DECREF(r); + return 1; + } +} +#endif + +/* ImportImpl (used by Import) */ +static int __Pyx__Import_GetModule(PyObject *qualname, PyObject **module) { + PyObject *imported_module = PyImport_GetModule(qualname); + if (unlikely(!imported_module)) { + *module = NULL; + if (PyErr_Occurred()) { + return -1; + } + return 0; + } + *module = imported_module; + return 1; +} +static int __Pyx__Import_Lookup(PyObject *qualname, PyObject *const *imported_names, Py_ssize_t len_imported_names, PyObject **module) { + PyObject *imported_module; + PyObject *top_level_package_name; + Py_ssize_t i; + int status, module_found; + Py_ssize_t dot_index; + module_found = __Pyx__Import_GetModule(qualname, &imported_module); + if (unlikely(!module_found || module_found == -1)) { + *module = NULL; + return module_found; + } + if (imported_names) { + for (i = 0; i < len_imported_names; i++) { + PyObject *imported_name = imported_names[i]; +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 + int has_imported_attribute = PyObject_HasAttr(imported_module, imported_name); +#else + int has_imported_attribute = PyObject_HasAttrWithError(imported_module, imported_name); + if (unlikely(has_imported_attribute == -1)) goto error; +#endif + if (!has_imported_attribute) { + goto not_found; + } + } + *module = imported_module; + return 1; + } + dot_index = PyUnicode_FindChar(qualname, '.', 0, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX, 1); + if (dot_index == -1) { + *module = imported_module; + return 1; + } + if (unlikely(dot_index == -2)) goto error; + top_level_package_name = PyUnicode_Substring(qualname, 0, dot_index); + if (unlikely(!top_level_package_name)) goto error; + Py_DECREF(imported_module); + status = __Pyx__Import_GetModule(top_level_package_name, module); + Py_DECREF(top_level_package_name); + return status; +error: + Py_DECREF(imported_module); + *module = NULL; + return -1; +not_found: + Py_DECREF(imported_module); + *module = NULL; + return 0; +} +static PyObject *__Pyx__Import(PyObject *name, PyObject *const *imported_names, Py_ssize_t len_imported_names, PyObject *qualname, PyObject *moddict, int level) { + PyObject *module = 0; + PyObject *empty_dict = 0; + PyObject *from_list = 0; + int module_found; + if (!qualname) { + qualname = name; + } + module_found = __Pyx__Import_Lookup(qualname, imported_names, len_imported_names, &module); + if (likely(module_found == 1)) { + return module; + } else if (unlikely(module_found == -1)) { + return NULL; + } + empty_dict = PyDict_New(); + if (unlikely(!empty_dict)) + goto bad; + if (imported_names) { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + from_list = __Pyx_PyList_FromArray(imported_names, len_imported_names); + if (unlikely(!from_list)) + goto bad; +#else + from_list = PyList_New(len_imported_names); + if (unlikely(!from_list)) goto bad; + for (Py_ssize_t i=0; i__pyx_d, level); +} + +/* FastTypeChecks */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static int __Pyx_InBases(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b) { + while (a) { + a = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(a, tp_base, PyTypeObject*); + if (a == b) + return 1; + } + return b == &PyBaseObject_Type; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b) { + PyObject *mro; + if (a == b) return 1; + mro = a->tp_mro; + if (likely(mro)) { + Py_ssize_t i, n; + n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(mro); + for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { + if (PyTuple_GET_ITEM(mro, i) == (PyObject *)b) + return 1; + } + return 0; + } + return __Pyx_InBases(a, b); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IsAnySubtype2(PyTypeObject *cls, PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b) { + PyObject *mro; + if (cls == a || cls == b) return 1; + mro = cls->tp_mro; + if (likely(mro)) { + Py_ssize_t i, n; + n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(mro); + for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { + PyObject *base = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(mro, i); + if (base == (PyObject *)a || base == (PyObject *)b) + return 1; + } + return 0; + } + return __Pyx_InBases(cls, a) || __Pyx_InBases(cls, b); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_inner_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject* exc_type1, PyObject *exc_type2) { + if (exc_type1) { + return __Pyx_IsAnySubtype2((PyTypeObject*)err, (PyTypeObject*)exc_type1, (PyTypeObject*)exc_type2); + } else { + return __Pyx_IsSubtype((PyTypeObject*)err, (PyTypeObject*)exc_type2); + } +} +static int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatchesTuple(PyObject *exc_type, PyObject *tuple) { + Py_ssize_t i, n; + assert(PyExceptionClass_Check(exc_type)); + n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(tuple); + for (i=0; itp_as_sequence && type->tp_as_sequence->sq_repeat)) { + return type->tp_as_sequence->sq_repeat(seq, mul); + } else { + return __Pyx_PySequence_Multiply_Generic(seq, mul); + } +} +#endif + +/* PyObjectFormatAndDecref */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimpleAndDecref(PyObject* s, PyObject* f) { + if (unlikely(!s)) return NULL; + if (likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s))) return s; + return __Pyx_PyObject_FormatAndDecref(s, f); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_FormatAndDecref(PyObject* s, PyObject* f) { + PyObject *result; + if (unlikely(!s)) return NULL; + result = PyObject_Format(s, f); + Py_DECREF(s); + return result; +} + +/* PyObjectFormat */ +#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Format(PyObject* obj, PyObject* format_spec) { + int ret; + _PyUnicodeWriter writer; + if (likely(PyFloat_CheckExact(obj))) { + _PyUnicodeWriter_Init(&writer); + ret = _PyFloat_FormatAdvancedWriter( + &writer, + obj, + format_spec, 0, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(format_spec)); + } else if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(obj))) { + _PyUnicodeWriter_Init(&writer); + ret = _PyLong_FormatAdvancedWriter( + &writer, + obj, + format_spec, 0, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(format_spec)); + } else { + return PyObject_Format(obj, format_spec); + } + if (unlikely(ret == -1)) { + _PyUnicodeWriter_Dealloc(&writer); + return NULL; + } + return _PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(&writer); +} +#endif + +/* SetItemInt */ +static int __Pyx_SetItemInt_Generic(PyObject *o, PyObject *j, PyObject *v) { + int r; + if (unlikely(!j)) return -1; + r = PyObject_SetItem(o, j, v); + Py_DECREF(j); + return r; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_SetItemInt_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, PyObject *v, int is_list, + int wraparound, int boundscheck, int unsafe_shared) { + CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(unsafe_shared); +#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + if (is_list || PyList_CheckExact(o)) { + Py_ssize_t n = (!wraparound) ? i : ((likely(i >= 0)) ? i : i + PyList_GET_SIZE(o)); + if ((CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS && !__Pyx_IS_UNIQUELY_REFERENCED(o, unsafe_shared))) { + Py_INCREF(v); + return PyList_SetItem(o, n, v); + } else if ((!boundscheck) || likely(__Pyx_is_valid_index(n, PyList_GET_SIZE(o)))) { + PyObject* old; + Py_INCREF(v); + old = PyList_GET_ITEM(o, n); + PyList_SET_ITEM(o, n, v); + Py_DECREF(old); + return 0; + } + } else +#endif +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + { + PyMappingMethods *mm = Py_TYPE(o)->tp_as_mapping; + PySequenceMethods *sm = Py_TYPE(o)->tp_as_sequence; + if (!is_list && mm && mm->mp_ass_subscript) { + int r; + PyObject *key = PyLong_FromSsize_t(i); + if (unlikely(!key)) return -1; + r = mm->mp_ass_subscript(o, key, v); + Py_DECREF(key); + return r; + } + if (is_list || likely(sm && sm->sq_ass_item)) { + if (wraparound && unlikely(i < 0) && likely(sm->sq_length)) { + Py_ssize_t l = sm->sq_length(o); + if (likely(l >= 0)) { + i += l; + } else { + if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_OverflowError)) + return -1; + PyErr_Clear(); + } + } + return sm->sq_ass_item(o, i, v); + } + } +#else + if (is_list || !PyMapping_Check(o)) { + return PySequence_SetItem(o, i, v); + } +#endif + (void)wraparound; + (void)boundscheck; + return __Pyx_SetItemInt_Generic(o, PyLong_FromSsize_t(i), v); +} + +/* RaiseUnboundLocalError */ +static void __Pyx_RaiseUnboundLocalError(const char *varname) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_UnboundLocalError, "local variable '%s' referenced before assignment", varname); +} + +/* DivInt[long] */ +static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_div_long(long a, long b, int b_is_constant) { + long q = a / b; + long r = a - q*b; + long adapt_python = (b_is_constant ? + ((r != 0) & ((r < 0) ^ (b < 0))) : + ((r != 0) & ((r ^ b) < 0)) + ); + return q - adapt_python; +} + +/* IsLittleEndian (used by BufferFormatCheck) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_Is_Little_Endian(void) +{ + union { + uint32_t u32; + uint8_t u8[4]; + } S; + S.u32 = 0x01020304; + return S.u8[0] == 4; +} + +/* BufferFormatCheck (used by BufferGetAndValidate) */ +static void __Pyx_BufFmt_Init(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx, + __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem* stack, + const __Pyx_TypeInfo* type) { + stack[0].field = &ctx->root; + stack[0].parent_offset = 0; + ctx->root.type = type; + ctx->root.name = "buffer dtype"; + ctx->root.offset = 0; + ctx->head = stack; + ctx->head->field = &ctx->root; + ctx->fmt_offset = 0; + ctx->head->parent_offset = 0; + ctx->new_packmode = '@'; + ctx->enc_packmode = '@'; + ctx->new_count = 1; + ctx->enc_count = 0; + ctx->enc_type = 0; + ctx->is_complex = 0; + ctx->is_valid_array = 0; + ctx->struct_alignment = 0; + while (type->typegroup == 'S') { + ++ctx->head; + ctx->head->field = type->fields; + ctx->head->parent_offset = 0; + type = type->fields->type; + } +} +static int __Pyx_BufFmt_ParseNumber(const char** ts) { + int count; + const char* t = *ts; + if (*t < '0' || *t > '9') { + return -1; + } else { + count = *t++ - '0'; + while (*t >= '0' && *t <= '9') { + count *= 10; + count += *t++ - '0'; + } + } + *ts = t; + return count; +} +static int __Pyx_BufFmt_ExpectNumber(const char **ts) { + int number = __Pyx_BufFmt_ParseNumber(ts); + if (number == -1) + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,\ + "Does not understand character buffer dtype format string ('%c')", **ts); + return number; +} +static void __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar(char ch) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Unexpected format string character: '%c'", ch); +} +static const char* __Pyx_BufFmt_DescribeTypeChar(char ch, int is_complex) { + switch (ch) { + case '?': return "'bool'"; + case 'c': return "'char'"; + case 'b': return "'signed char'"; + case 'B': return "'unsigned char'"; + case 'h': return "'short'"; + case 'H': return "'unsigned short'"; + case 'i': return "'int'"; + case 'I': return "'unsigned int'"; + case 'l': return "'long'"; + case 'L': return "'unsigned long'"; + case 'q': return "'long long'"; + case 'Q': return "'unsigned long long'"; + case 'f': return (is_complex ? "'complex float'" : "'float'"); + case 'd': return (is_complex ? "'complex double'" : "'double'"); + case 'g': return (is_complex ? "'complex long double'" : "'long double'"); + case 'T': return "a struct"; + case 'O': return "Python object"; + case 'P': return "a pointer"; + case 's': case 'p': return "a string"; + case 0: return "end"; + default: return "unparsable format string"; + } +} +static size_t __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToStandardSize(char ch, int is_complex) { + switch (ch) { + case '?': case 'c': case 'b': case 'B': case 's': case 'p': return 1; + case 'h': case 'H': return 2; + case 'i': case 'I': case 'l': case 'L': return 4; + case 'q': case 'Q': return 8; + case 'f': return (is_complex ? 8 : 4); + case 'd': return (is_complex ? 16 : 8); + case 'g': { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Python does not define a standard format string size for long double ('g').."); + return 0; + } + case 'O': case 'P': return sizeof(void*); + default: + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar(ch); + return 0; + } +} +static size_t __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToNativeSize(char ch, int is_complex) { + switch (ch) { + case '?': case 'c': case 'b': case 'B': case 's': case 'p': return 1; + case 'h': case 'H': return sizeof(short); + case 'i': case 'I': return sizeof(int); + case 'l': case 'L': return sizeof(long); + case 'q': case 'Q': return sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG); + case 'f': return sizeof(float) * (is_complex ? 2 : 1); + case 'd': return sizeof(double) * (is_complex ? 2 : 1); + case 'g': return sizeof(long double) * (is_complex ? 2 : 1); + case 'O': case 'P': return sizeof(void*); + default: { + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar(ch); + return 0; + } + } +} +typedef struct { char c; short x; } __Pyx_st_short; +typedef struct { char c; int x; } __Pyx_st_int; +typedef struct { char c; long x; } __Pyx_st_long; +typedef struct { char c; float x; } __Pyx_st_float; +typedef struct { char c; double x; } __Pyx_st_double; +typedef struct { char c; long double x; } __Pyx_st_longdouble; +typedef struct { char c; void *x; } __Pyx_st_void_p; +typedef struct { char c; PY_LONG_LONG x; } __Pyx_st_longlong; +static size_t __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToAlignment(char ch, int is_complex) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(is_complex); + switch (ch) { + case '?': case 'c': case 'b': case 'B': case 's': case 'p': return 1; + case 'h': case 'H': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_short) - sizeof(short); + case 'i': case 'I': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_int) - sizeof(int); + case 'l': case 'L': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_long) - sizeof(long); + case 'q': case 'Q': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_longlong) - sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG); + case 'f': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_float) - sizeof(float); + case 'd': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_double) - sizeof(double); + case 'g': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_longdouble) - sizeof(long double); + case 'P': case 'O': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_void_p) - sizeof(void*); + default: + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar(ch); + return 0; + } +} +/* These are for computing the padding at the end of the struct to align + on the first member of the struct. This will probably the same as above, + but we don't have any guarantees. + */ +typedef struct { short x; char c; } __Pyx_pad_short; +typedef struct { int x; char c; } __Pyx_pad_int; +typedef struct { long x; char c; } __Pyx_pad_long; +typedef struct { float x; char c; } __Pyx_pad_float; +typedef struct { double x; char c; } __Pyx_pad_double; +typedef struct { long double x; char c; } __Pyx_pad_longdouble; +typedef struct { void *x; char c; } __Pyx_pad_void_p; +typedef struct { PY_LONG_LONG x; char c; } __Pyx_pad_longlong; +static size_t __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToPadding(char ch, int is_complex) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(is_complex); + switch (ch) { + case '?': case 'c': case 'b': case 'B': case 's': case 'p': return 1; + case 'h': case 'H': return sizeof(__Pyx_pad_short) - sizeof(short); + case 'i': case 'I': return sizeof(__Pyx_pad_int) - sizeof(int); + case 'l': case 'L': return sizeof(__Pyx_pad_long) - sizeof(long); + case 'q': case 'Q': return sizeof(__Pyx_pad_longlong) - sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG); + case 'f': return sizeof(__Pyx_pad_float) - sizeof(float); + case 'd': return sizeof(__Pyx_pad_double) - sizeof(double); + case 'g': return sizeof(__Pyx_pad_longdouble) - sizeof(long double); + case 'P': case 'O': return sizeof(__Pyx_pad_void_p) - sizeof(void*); + default: + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar(ch); + return 0; + } +} +static char __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToGroup(char ch, int is_complex) { + switch (ch) { + case 'c': + return 'H'; + case 'b': case 'h': case 'i': + case 'l': case 'q': case 's': case 'p': + return 'I'; + case '?': case 'B': case 'H': case 'I': case 'L': case 'Q': + return 'U'; + case 'f': case 'd': case 'g': + return (is_complex ? 'C' : 'R'); + case 'O': + return 'O'; + case 'P': + return 'P'; + default: { + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar(ch); + return 0; + } + } +} +static void __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseExpected(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx) { + if (ctx->head == NULL || ctx->head->field == &ctx->root) { + const char* expected; + const char* quote; + if (ctx->head == NULL) { + expected = "end"; + quote = ""; + } else { + expected = ctx->head->field->type->name; + quote = "'"; + } + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer dtype mismatch, expected %s%s%s but got %s", + quote, expected, quote, + __Pyx_BufFmt_DescribeTypeChar(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex)); + } else { + const __Pyx_StructField* field = ctx->head->field; + const __Pyx_StructField* parent = (ctx->head - 1)->field; + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer dtype mismatch, expected '%s' but got %s in '%s.%s'", + field->type->name, __Pyx_BufFmt_DescribeTypeChar(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex), + parent->type->name, field->name); + } +} +static int __Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx) { + char group; + size_t size, offset, arraysize = 1; + if (ctx->enc_type == 0) return 0; + if (ctx->head->field->type->arraysize[0]) { + int i, ndim = 0; + if (ctx->enc_type == 's' || ctx->enc_type == 'p') { + ctx->is_valid_array = ctx->head->field->type->ndim == 1; + ndim = 1; + if (ctx->enc_count != ctx->head->field->type->arraysize[0]) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Expected a dimension of size %zu, got %zu", + ctx->head->field->type->arraysize[0], ctx->enc_count); + return -1; + } + } + if (!ctx->is_valid_array) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Expected %d dimensions, got %d", + ctx->head->field->type->ndim, ndim); + return -1; + } + for (i = 0; i < ctx->head->field->type->ndim; i++) { + arraysize *= ctx->head->field->type->arraysize[i]; + } + ctx->is_valid_array = 0; + ctx->enc_count = 1; + } + group = __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToGroup(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex); + do { + const __Pyx_StructField* field = ctx->head->field; + const __Pyx_TypeInfo* type = field->type; + if (ctx->enc_packmode == '@' || ctx->enc_packmode == '^') { + size = __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToNativeSize(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex); + } else { + size = __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToStandardSize(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex); + } + if (ctx->enc_packmode == '@') { + size_t align_at = __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToAlignment(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex); + size_t align_mod_offset; + if (align_at == 0) return -1; + align_mod_offset = ctx->fmt_offset % align_at; + if (align_mod_offset > 0) ctx->fmt_offset += align_at - align_mod_offset; + if (ctx->struct_alignment == 0) + ctx->struct_alignment = __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToPadding(ctx->enc_type, + ctx->is_complex); + } + if (type->size != size || type->typegroup != group) { + if (type->typegroup == 'C' && type->fields != NULL) { + size_t parent_offset = ctx->head->parent_offset + field->offset; + ++ctx->head; + ctx->head->field = type->fields; + ctx->head->parent_offset = parent_offset; + continue; + } + if ((type->typegroup == 'H' || group == 'H') && type->size == size) { + } else { + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseExpected(ctx); + return -1; + } + } + offset = ctx->head->parent_offset + field->offset; + if (ctx->fmt_offset != offset) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer dtype mismatch; next field is at offset %" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d but %" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d expected", + (Py_ssize_t)ctx->fmt_offset, (Py_ssize_t)offset); + return -1; + } + ctx->fmt_offset += size; + if (arraysize) + ctx->fmt_offset += (arraysize - 1) * size; + --ctx->enc_count; + while (1) { + if (field == &ctx->root) { + ctx->head = NULL; + if (ctx->enc_count != 0) { + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseExpected(ctx); + return -1; + } + break; + } + ctx->head->field = ++field; + if (field->type == NULL) { + --ctx->head; + field = ctx->head->field; + continue; + } else if (field->type->typegroup == 'S') { + size_t parent_offset = ctx->head->parent_offset + field->offset; + if (field->type->fields->type == NULL) continue; + field = field->type->fields; + ++ctx->head; + ctx->head->field = field; + ctx->head->parent_offset = parent_offset; + break; + } else { + break; + } + } + } while (ctx->enc_count); + ctx->enc_type = 0; + ctx->is_complex = 0; + return 0; +} +static int +__pyx_buffmt_parse_array(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx, const char** tsp) +{ + const char *ts = *tsp; + int i = 0, number, ndim; + ++ts; + if (ctx->new_count != 1) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, + "Cannot handle repeated arrays in format string"); + return -1; + } + if (__Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(ctx) == -1) return -1; + ndim = ctx->head->field->type->ndim; + while (*ts && *ts != ')') { + switch (*ts) { + case ' ': case '\f': case '\r': case '\n': case '\t': case '\v': continue; + default: break; + } + number = __Pyx_BufFmt_ExpectNumber(&ts); + if (number == -1) return -1; + if (i < ndim && (size_t) number != ctx->head->field->type->arraysize[i]) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Expected a dimension of size %zu, got %d", + ctx->head->field->type->arraysize[i], number); + return -1; + } + if (*ts != ',' && *ts != ')') { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Expected a comma in format string, got '%c'", *ts); + return -1; + } + if (*ts == ',') ts++; + i++; + } + if (i != ndim) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Expected %d dimension(s), got %d", + ctx->head->field->type->ndim, i); + return -1; + } + if (!*ts) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, + "Unexpected end of format string, expected ')'"); + return -1; + } + ctx->is_valid_array = 1; + ctx->new_count = 1; + *tsp = ++ts; + return 0; +} +static const char* __Pyx_BufFmt_CheckString(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx, const char* ts) { + int got_Z = 0; + while (1) { + switch(*ts) { + case 0: + if (ctx->enc_type != 0 && ctx->head == NULL) { + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseExpected(ctx); + return NULL; + } + if (__Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(ctx) == -1) return NULL; + if (ctx->head != NULL) { + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseExpected(ctx); + return NULL; + } + return ts; + case ' ': + case '\r': + case '\n': + ++ts; + break; + case '<': + if (!__Pyx_Is_Little_Endian()) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Little-endian buffer not supported on big-endian compiler"); + return NULL; + } + ctx->new_packmode = '='; + ++ts; + break; + case '>': + case '!': + if (__Pyx_Is_Little_Endian()) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Big-endian buffer not supported on little-endian compiler"); + return NULL; + } + ctx->new_packmode = '='; + ++ts; + break; + case '=': + case '@': + case '^': + ctx->new_packmode = *ts++; + break; + case 'T': + { + const char* ts_after_sub; + size_t i, struct_count = ctx->new_count; + size_t struct_alignment = ctx->struct_alignment; + ctx->new_count = 1; + ++ts; + if (*ts != '{') { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Buffer acquisition: Expected '{' after 'T'"); + return NULL; + } + if (__Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(ctx) == -1) return NULL; + ctx->enc_type = 0; + ctx->enc_count = 0; + ctx->struct_alignment = 0; + ++ts; + ts_after_sub = ts; + for (i = 0; i != struct_count; ++i) { + ts_after_sub = __Pyx_BufFmt_CheckString(ctx, ts); + if (!ts_after_sub) return NULL; + } + ts = ts_after_sub; + if (struct_alignment) ctx->struct_alignment = struct_alignment; + } + break; + case '}': + { + size_t alignment = ctx->struct_alignment; + ++ts; + if (__Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(ctx) == -1) return NULL; + ctx->enc_type = 0; + if (alignment && ctx->fmt_offset % alignment) { + ctx->fmt_offset += alignment - (ctx->fmt_offset % alignment); + } + } + return ts; + case 'x': + if (__Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(ctx) == -1) return NULL; + ctx->fmt_offset += ctx->new_count; + ctx->new_count = 1; + ctx->enc_count = 0; + ctx->enc_type = 0; + ctx->enc_packmode = ctx->new_packmode; + ++ts; + break; + case 'Z': + got_Z = 1; + ++ts; + if (*ts != 'f' && *ts != 'd' && *ts != 'g') { + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar('Z'); + return NULL; + } + CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH; + case '?': case 'c': case 'b': case 'B': case 'h': case 'H': case 'i': case 'I': + case 'l': case 'L': case 'q': case 'Q': + case 'f': case 'd': case 'g': + case 'O': case 'p': + if ((ctx->enc_type == *ts) && (got_Z == ctx->is_complex) && + (ctx->enc_packmode == ctx->new_packmode) && (!ctx->is_valid_array)) { + ctx->enc_count += ctx->new_count; + ctx->new_count = 1; + got_Z = 0; + ++ts; + break; + } + CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH; + case 's': + if (__Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(ctx) == -1) return NULL; + ctx->enc_count = ctx->new_count; + ctx->enc_packmode = ctx->new_packmode; + ctx->enc_type = *ts; + ctx->is_complex = got_Z; + ++ts; + ctx->new_count = 1; + got_Z = 0; + break; + case ':': + ++ts; + while(*ts != ':') ++ts; + ++ts; + break; + case '(': + if (__pyx_buffmt_parse_array(ctx, &ts) < 0) return NULL; + break; + default: + { + int number = __Pyx_BufFmt_ExpectNumber(&ts); + if (number == -1) return NULL; + ctx->new_count = (size_t)number; + } + } + } +} + +/* BufferGetAndValidate */ + static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_SafeReleaseBuffer(Py_buffer* info) { + if (unlikely(info->buf == NULL)) return; + if (info->suboffsets == __Pyx_minusones) info->suboffsets = NULL; + PyBuffer_Release(info); + } + static void __Pyx_ZeroBuffer(Py_buffer* buf) { + buf->buf = NULL; + buf->obj = NULL; + buf->strides = __Pyx_zeros; + buf->shape = __Pyx_zeros; + buf->suboffsets = __Pyx_minusones; + } + static int __Pyx__GetBufferAndValidate( + Py_buffer* buf, PyObject* obj, const __Pyx_TypeInfo* dtype, int flags, + int nd, int cast, __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem* stack) + { + buf->buf = NULL; + if (unlikely(PyObject_GetBuffer(obj, buf, flags) == -1)) { + __Pyx_ZeroBuffer(buf); + return -1; + } + if (unlikely(buf->ndim != nd)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer has wrong number of dimensions (expected %d, got %d)", + nd, buf->ndim); + goto fail; + } + if (!cast) { + __Pyx_BufFmt_Context ctx; + __Pyx_BufFmt_Init(&ctx, stack, dtype); + if (!__Pyx_BufFmt_CheckString(&ctx, buf->format)) goto fail; + } + if (unlikely((size_t)buf->itemsize != dtype->size)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Item size of buffer (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d byte%s) does not match size of '%s' (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d byte%s)", + buf->itemsize, (buf->itemsize > 1) ? "s" : "", + dtype->name, (Py_ssize_t)dtype->size, (dtype->size > 1) ? "s" : ""); + goto fail; + } + if (buf->suboffsets == NULL) buf->suboffsets = __Pyx_minusones; + return 0; + fail:; + __Pyx_SafeReleaseBuffer(buf); + return -1; + } + +/* BufferIndexError */ + static void __Pyx_RaiseBufferIndexError(int axis) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_IndexError, + "Out of bounds on buffer access (axis %d)", axis); + } + +/* SliceTupleAndList */ + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_crop_slice(Py_ssize_t* _start, Py_ssize_t* _stop, Py_ssize_t* _length) { + Py_ssize_t start = *_start, stop = *_stop, length = *_length; + if (start < 0) { + start += length; + if (start < 0) + start = 0; + } + if (stop < 0) + stop += length; + else if (stop > length) + stop = length; + *_length = stop - start; + *_start = start; + *_stop = stop; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyTuple_GetSlice( + PyObject* src, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop) { + Py_ssize_t length = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(src); + __Pyx_crop_slice(&start, &stop, &length); + return __Pyx_PyTuple_FromArray(((PyTupleObject*)src)->ob_item + start, length); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyList_GetSlice_locked( + PyObject* src, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop) { + Py_ssize_t length = PyList_GET_SIZE(src); + __Pyx_crop_slice(&start, &stop, &length); + if (length <= 0) { + return PyList_New(0); + } + return __Pyx_PyList_FromArray(((PyListObject*)src)->ob_item + start, length); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyList_GetSlice( + PyObject* src, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop) { + PyObject *result; + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(src); + result = __Pyx_PyList_GetSlice_locked(src, start, stop); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return result; + } + #endif // CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + +/* AllocateExtensionType */ + static PyObject *__Pyx_AllocateExtensionType(PyTypeObject *t, int is_final) { + if (is_final || likely(!__Pyx_PyType_HasFeature(t, Py_TPFLAGS_IS_ABSTRACT))) { + allocfunc alloc_func = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(t, tp_alloc, allocfunc); + return alloc_func(t, 0); + } else { + newfunc tp_new = __Pyx_PyType_TryGetSlot(&PyBaseObject_Type, tp_new, newfunc); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + if (!tp_new) { + PyObject *new_str = PyUnicode_FromString("__new__"); + if (likely(new_str)) { + PyObject *o = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs((PyObject *)&PyBaseObject_Type, new_str, t, NULL); + Py_DECREF(new_str); + return o; + } else + return NULL; + } else + #endif + return tp_new(t, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple, 0); + } + } + +/* CallTypeTraverse */ + #if !CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS || (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000) + #else + static int __Pyx_call_type_traverse(PyObject *o, int always_call, visitproc visit, void *arg) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 + if (__Pyx_get_runtime_version() < 0x03090000) return 0; + #endif + if (!always_call) { + PyTypeObject *base = __Pyx_PyObject_GetSlot(o, tp_base, PyTypeObject*); + unsigned long flags = PyType_GetFlags(base); + if (flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE) { + return 0; + } + } + Py_VISIT((PyObject*)Py_TYPE(o)); + return 0; + } + #endif + +/* LimitedApiGetTypeDict (used by SetItemOnTypeDict) */ + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + static Py_ssize_t __Pyx_GetTypeDictOffset(void) { + PyObject *tp_dictoffset_o; + Py_ssize_t tp_dictoffset; + tp_dictoffset_o = PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject*)(&PyType_Type), "__dictoffset__"); + if (unlikely(!tp_dictoffset_o)) return -1; + tp_dictoffset = PyLong_AsSsize_t(tp_dictoffset_o); + Py_DECREF(tp_dictoffset_o); + if (unlikely(tp_dictoffset == 0)) { + PyErr_SetString( + PyExc_TypeError, + "'type' doesn't have a dictoffset"); + return -1; + } else if (unlikely(tp_dictoffset < 0)) { + PyErr_SetString( + PyExc_TypeError, + "'type' has an unexpected negative dictoffset. " + "Please report this as Cython bug"); + return -1; + } + return tp_dictoffset; + } + static PyObject *__Pyx_GetTypeDict(PyTypeObject *tp) { + static Py_ssize_t tp_dictoffset = 0; + if (unlikely(tp_dictoffset == 0)) { + tp_dictoffset = __Pyx_GetTypeDictOffset(); + if (unlikely(tp_dictoffset == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())) { + tp_dictoffset = 0; // try again next time? + return NULL; + } + } + return *(PyObject**)((char*)tp + tp_dictoffset); + } + #endif + +/* SetItemOnTypeDict (used by FixUpExtensionType) */ + static int __Pyx__SetItemOnTypeDict(PyTypeObject *tp, PyObject *k, PyObject *v) { + int result; + PyObject *tp_dict; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + tp_dict = __Pyx_GetTypeDict(tp); + if (unlikely(!tp_dict)) return -1; + #else + tp_dict = tp->tp_dict; + #endif + result = PyDict_SetItem(tp_dict, k, v); + if (likely(!result)) { + PyType_Modified(tp); + if (unlikely(PyObject_HasAttr(v, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_set_name))) { + PyObject *setNameResult = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(v, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_set_name, (PyObject *) tp, k, NULL); + if (!setNameResult) return -1; + Py_DECREF(setNameResult); + } + } + return result; + } + +/* FixUpExtensionType */ + static int __Pyx_fix_up_extension_type_from_spec(PyType_Spec *spec, PyTypeObject *type) { + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX > 0x030900B1 + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(spec); + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(type); + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(__Pyx__SetItemOnTypeDict); + #else + const PyType_Slot *slot = spec->slots; + int changed = 0; + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + while (slot && slot->slot && slot->slot != Py_tp_members) + slot++; + if (slot && slot->slot == Py_tp_members) { + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + const + #endif // !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON) + PyMemberDef *memb = (PyMemberDef*) slot->pfunc; + while (memb && memb->name) { + if (memb->name[0] == '_' && memb->name[1] == '_') { + if (strcmp(memb->name, "__weaklistoffset__") == 0) { + assert(memb->type == T_PYSSIZET); + assert(memb->flags == READONLY); + type->tp_weaklistoffset = memb->offset; + changed = 1; + } + else if (strcmp(memb->name, "__dictoffset__") == 0) { + assert(memb->type == T_PYSSIZET); + assert(memb->flags == READONLY); + type->tp_dictoffset = memb->offset; + changed = 1; + } + #if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + else if (strcmp(memb->name, "__vectorcalloffset__") == 0) { + assert(memb->type == T_PYSSIZET); + assert(memb->flags == READONLY); + type->tp_vectorcall_offset = memb->offset; + changed = 1; + } + #endif // CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + else if (strcmp(memb->name, "__module__") == 0) { + PyObject *descr; + assert(memb->type == T_OBJECT); + assert(memb->flags == 0 || memb->flags == READONLY); + descr = PyDescr_NewMember(type, memb); + if (unlikely(!descr)) + return -1; + int set_item_result = PyDict_SetItem(type->tp_dict, PyDescr_NAME(descr), descr); + Py_DECREF(descr); + if (unlikely(set_item_result < 0)) { + return -1; + } + changed = 1; + } + #endif // !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + } + memb++; + } + } + #endif // !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + slot = spec->slots; + while (slot && slot->slot && slot->slot != Py_tp_getset) + slot++; + if (slot && slot->slot == Py_tp_getset) { + PyGetSetDef *getset = (PyGetSetDef*) slot->pfunc; + while (getset && getset->name) { + if (getset->name[0] == '_' && getset->name[1] == '_' && strcmp(getset->name, "__module__") == 0) { + PyObject *descr = PyDescr_NewGetSet(type, getset); + if (unlikely(!descr)) + return -1; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *pyname = PyUnicode_FromString(getset->name); + if (unlikely(!pyname)) { + Py_DECREF(descr); + return -1; + } + int set_item_result = __Pyx_SetItemOnTypeDict(type, pyname, descr); + Py_DECREF(pyname); + #else + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(__Pyx__SetItemOnTypeDict); + int set_item_result = PyDict_SetItem(type->tp_dict, PyDescr_NAME(descr), descr); + #endif + Py_DECREF(descr); + if (unlikely(set_item_result < 0)) { + return -1; + } + changed = 1; + } + ++getset; + } + } + #else + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(__Pyx__SetItemOnTypeDict); + #endif // !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + if (changed) + PyType_Modified(type); + #endif // PY_VERSION_HEX > 0x030900B1 + return 0; + } + +/* PyObjectCallNoArg (used by PyObjectCallMethod0) */ + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg(PyObject *func) { + PyObject *arg[2] = {NULL, NULL}; + return __Pyx_PyObject_FastCall(func, arg + 1, 0 | __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET); + } + +/* PyObjectGetMethod (used by PyObjectCallMethod0) */ + #if !(CYTHON_VECTORCALL && (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 || (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000))) + static int __Pyx_PyObject_GetMethod(PyObject *obj, PyObject *name, PyObject **method) { + PyObject *attr; + #if CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS && CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + __Pyx_TypeName type_name; + PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(obj); + PyObject *descr; + descrgetfunc f = NULL; + PyObject **dictptr, *dict; + int meth_found = 0; + assert (*method == NULL); + if (unlikely(tp->tp_getattro != PyObject_GenericGetAttr)) { + attr = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(obj, name); + goto try_unpack; + } + if (unlikely(tp->tp_dict == NULL) && unlikely(PyType_Ready(tp) < 0)) { + return 0; + } + descr = _PyType_Lookup(tp, name); + if (likely(descr != NULL)) { + Py_INCREF(descr); + #if defined(Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR) && Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR + if (__Pyx_PyType_HasFeature(Py_TYPE(descr), Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR)) + #else + #ifdef __Pyx_CyFunction_USED + if (likely(PyFunction_Check(descr) || __Pyx_IS_TYPE(descr, &PyMethodDescr_Type) || __Pyx_CyFunction_Check(descr))) + #else + if (likely(PyFunction_Check(descr) || __Pyx_IS_TYPE(descr, &PyMethodDescr_Type))) + #endif + #endif + { + meth_found = 1; + } else { + f = Py_TYPE(descr)->tp_descr_get; + if (f != NULL && PyDescr_IsData(descr)) { + attr = f(descr, obj, (PyObject *)Py_TYPE(obj)); + Py_DECREF(descr); + goto try_unpack; + } + } + } + dictptr = _PyObject_GetDictPtr(obj); + if (dictptr != NULL && (dict = *dictptr) != NULL) { + Py_INCREF(dict); + attr = __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStr(dict, name); + if (attr != NULL) { + Py_INCREF(attr); + Py_DECREF(dict); + Py_XDECREF(descr); + goto try_unpack; + } + Py_DECREF(dict); + } + if (meth_found) { + *method = descr; + return 1; + } + if (f != NULL) { + attr = f(descr, obj, (PyObject *)Py_TYPE(obj)); + Py_DECREF(descr); + goto try_unpack; + } + if (likely(descr != NULL)) { + *method = descr; + return 0; + } + type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(tp); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError, + "'" __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "' object has no attribute '%U'", + type_name, name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(type_name); + return 0; + #else + attr = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(obj, name); + goto try_unpack; + #endif + try_unpack: + #if CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS + if (likely(attr) && PyMethod_Check(attr) && likely(PyMethod_GET_SELF(attr) == obj)) { + PyObject *function = PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION(attr); + Py_INCREF(function); + Py_DECREF(attr); + *method = function; + return 1; + } + #endif + *method = attr; + return 0; + } + #endif + +/* PyObjectCallMethod0 (used by PyType_Ready) */ + static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod0(PyObject* obj, PyObject* method_name) { + #if CYTHON_VECTORCALL && (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 || (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000)) + PyObject *args[1] = {obj}; + (void) __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg; + (void) __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg; + return PyObject_VectorcallMethod(method_name, args, 1 | PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET, NULL); + #else + PyObject *method = NULL, *result = NULL; + int is_method = __Pyx_PyObject_GetMethod(obj, method_name, &method); + if (likely(is_method)) { + result = __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(method, obj); + Py_DECREF(method); + return result; + } + if (unlikely(!method)) goto bad; + result = __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg(method); + Py_DECREF(method); + bad: + return result; + #endif + } + +/* ValidateBasesTuple (used by PyType_Ready) */ + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS + static int __Pyx_validate_bases_tuple(const char *type_name, Py_ssize_t dictoffset, PyObject *bases) { + Py_ssize_t i, n; + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(bases); + #else + n = PyTuple_Size(bases); + if (unlikely(n < 0)) return -1; + #endif + for (i = 1; i < n; i++) + { + PyTypeObject *b; + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + PyObject *b0 = PySequence_GetItem(bases, i); + if (!b0) return -1; + #elif CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + PyObject *b0 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(bases, i); + #else + PyObject *b0 = PyTuple_GetItem(bases, i); + if (!b0) return -1; + #endif + b = (PyTypeObject*) b0; + if (!__Pyx_PyType_HasFeature(b, Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE)) + { + __Pyx_TypeName b_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(b); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "base class '" __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "' is not a heap type", b_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(b_name); + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(b0); + #endif + return -1; + } + if (dictoffset == 0) + { + Py_ssize_t b_dictoffset = 0; + #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + b_dictoffset = b->tp_dictoffset; + #else + PyObject *py_b_dictoffset = PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject*)b, "__dictoffset__"); + if (!py_b_dictoffset) goto dictoffset_return; + b_dictoffset = PyLong_AsSsize_t(py_b_dictoffset); + Py_DECREF(py_b_dictoffset); + if (b_dictoffset == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) goto dictoffset_return; + #endif + if (b_dictoffset) { + { + __Pyx_TypeName b_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(b); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "extension type '%.200s' has no __dict__ slot, " + "but base type '" __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "' has: " + "either add 'cdef dict __dict__' to the extension type " + "or add '__slots__ = [...]' to the base type", + type_name, b_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(b_name); + } + #if !CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + dictoffset_return: + #endif + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(b0); + #endif + return -1; + } + } + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(b0); + #endif + } + return 0; + } + #endif + +/* PyType_Ready */ + CYTHON_UNUSED static int __Pyx_PyType_HasMultipleInheritance(PyTypeObject *t) { + while (t) { + PyObject *bases = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(t, tp_bases, PyObject*); + if (bases) { + return 1; + } + t = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(t, tp_base, PyTypeObject*); + } + return 0; + } + static int __Pyx_PyType_Ready(PyTypeObject *t) { + #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS || !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON || defined(PYSTON_MAJOR_VERSION) + (void)__Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod0; + #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS + (void)__Pyx_validate_bases_tuple; + #endif + return PyType_Ready(t); + #else + int r; + if (!__Pyx_PyType_HasMultipleInheritance(t)) { + return PyType_Ready(t); + } + PyObject *bases = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(t, tp_bases, PyObject*); + if (bases && unlikely(__Pyx_validate_bases_tuple(t->tp_name, t->tp_dictoffset, bases) == -1)) + return -1; + #if !defined(PYSTON_MAJOR_VERSION) + { + int gc_was_enabled; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A00b1 + gc_was_enabled = PyGC_Disable(); + (void)__Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod0; + #else + PyObject *ret, *py_status; + PyObject *gc = NULL; + #if (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || PYPY_VERSION_NUM+0 >= 0x07030400) &&\ + !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL + gc = PyImport_GetModule(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u_gc); + #endif + if (unlikely(!gc)) gc = PyImport_Import(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u_gc); + if (unlikely(!gc)) return -1; + py_status = __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod0(gc, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u_isenabled); + if (unlikely(!py_status)) { + Py_DECREF(gc); + return -1; + } + gc_was_enabled = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(py_status); + Py_DECREF(py_status); + if (gc_was_enabled > 0) { + ret = __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod0(gc, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u_disable); + if (unlikely(!ret)) { + Py_DECREF(gc); + return -1; + } + Py_DECREF(ret); + } else if (unlikely(gc_was_enabled == -1)) { + Py_DECREF(gc); + return -1; + } + #endif + t->tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A0000 + t->tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE; + #endif + #else + (void)__Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod0; + #endif + r = PyType_Ready(t); + #if !defined(PYSTON_MAJOR_VERSION) + t->tp_flags &= ~Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A00b1 + if (gc_was_enabled) + PyGC_Enable(); + #else + if (gc_was_enabled) { + PyObject *tp, *v, *tb; + PyErr_Fetch(&tp, &v, &tb); + ret = __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod0(gc, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u_enable); + if (likely(ret || r == -1)) { + Py_XDECREF(ret); + PyErr_Restore(tp, v, tb); + } else { + Py_XDECREF(tp); + Py_XDECREF(v); + Py_XDECREF(tb); + r = -1; + } + } + Py_DECREF(gc); + #endif + } + #endif + return r; + #endif + } + +/* SetVTable */ + static int __Pyx_SetVtable(PyTypeObject *type, void *vtable) { + PyObject *ob = PyCapsule_New(vtable, 0, 0); + if (unlikely(!ob)) + goto bad; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + if (unlikely(PyObject_SetAttr((PyObject *) type, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_pyx_vtable, ob) < 0)) + #else + if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItem(type->tp_dict, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_pyx_vtable, ob) < 0)) + #endif + goto bad; + Py_DECREF(ob); + return 0; + bad: + Py_XDECREF(ob); + return -1; + } + +/* GetVTable (used by MergeVTables) */ + static void* __Pyx_GetVtable(PyTypeObject *type) { + void* ptr; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *ob = PyObject_GetAttr((PyObject *)type, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_pyx_vtable); + #else + PyObject *ob = PyObject_GetItem(type->tp_dict, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_pyx_vtable); + #endif + if (!ob) + goto bad; + ptr = PyCapsule_GetPointer(ob, 0); + if (!ptr && !PyErr_Occurred()) + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "invalid vtable found for imported type"); + Py_DECREF(ob); + return ptr; + bad: + Py_XDECREF(ob); + return NULL; + } + +/* MergeVTables */ + static int __Pyx_MergeVtables(PyTypeObject *type) { + int i=0; + Py_ssize_t size; + void** base_vtables; + __Pyx_TypeName tp_base_name = NULL; + __Pyx_TypeName base_name = NULL; + void* unknown = (void*)-1; + PyObject* bases = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(type, tp_bases, PyObject*); + int base_depth = 0; + { + PyTypeObject* base = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(type, tp_base, PyTypeObject*); + while (base) { + base_depth += 1; + base = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(base, tp_base, PyTypeObject*); + } + } + base_vtables = (void**) PyMem_Malloc(sizeof(void*) * (size_t)(base_depth + 1)); + base_vtables[0] = unknown; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + size = PyTuple_Size(bases); + if (size < 0) goto other_failure; + #else + size = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(bases); + #endif + for (i = 1; i < size; i++) { + PyObject *basei; + void* base_vtable; + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + basei = PySequence_GetItem(bases, i); + if (unlikely(!basei)) goto other_failure; + #elif !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + basei = PyTuple_GetItem(bases, i); + if (unlikely(!basei)) goto other_failure; + #else + basei = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(bases, i); + #endif + base_vtable = __Pyx_GetVtable((PyTypeObject*)basei); + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(basei); + #endif + if (base_vtable != NULL) { + int j; + PyTypeObject* base = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(type, tp_base, PyTypeObject*); + for (j = 0; j < base_depth; j++) { + if (base_vtables[j] == unknown) { + base_vtables[j] = __Pyx_GetVtable(base); + base_vtables[j + 1] = unknown; + } + if (base_vtables[j] == base_vtable) { + break; + } else if (base_vtables[j] == NULL) { + goto bad; + } + base = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(base, tp_base, PyTypeObject*); + } + } + } + PyErr_Clear(); + PyMem_Free(base_vtables); + return 0; + bad: + { + PyTypeObject* basei = NULL; + PyTypeObject* tp_base = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(type, tp_base, PyTypeObject*); + tp_base_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(tp_base); + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + basei = (PyTypeObject*)PySequence_GetItem(bases, i); + if (unlikely(!basei)) goto really_bad; + #elif !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + basei = (PyTypeObject*)PyTuple_GetItem(bases, i); + if (unlikely(!basei)) goto really_bad; + #else + basei = (PyTypeObject*)PyTuple_GET_ITEM(bases, i); + #endif + base_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(basei); + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(basei); + #endif + } + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "multiple bases have vtable conflict: '" __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "' and '" __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "'", tp_base_name, base_name); + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS || !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + really_bad: // bad has failed! + #endif + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(tp_base_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(base_name); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS || !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + other_failure: + #endif + PyMem_Free(base_vtables); + return -1; + } + +/* DelItemOnTypeDict (used by SetupReduce) */ + static int __Pyx__DelItemOnTypeDict(PyTypeObject *tp, PyObject *k) { + int result; + PyObject *tp_dict; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + tp_dict = __Pyx_GetTypeDict(tp); + if (unlikely(!tp_dict)) return -1; + #else + tp_dict = tp->tp_dict; + #endif + result = PyDict_DelItem(tp_dict, k); + if (likely(!result)) PyType_Modified(tp); + return result; + } + +/* SetupReduce */ + static int __Pyx_setup_reduce_is_named(PyObject* meth, PyObject* name) { + int ret; + PyObject *name_attr; + name_attr = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(meth, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_name_2); + if (likely(name_attr)) { + ret = PyObject_RichCompareBool(name_attr, name, Py_EQ); + } else { + ret = -1; + } + if (unlikely(ret < 0)) { + PyErr_Clear(); + ret = 0; + } + Py_XDECREF(name_attr); + return ret; + } + static int __Pyx_setup_reduce(PyObject* type_obj) { + int ret = 0; + PyObject *object_reduce = NULL; + PyObject *object_getstate = NULL; + PyObject *object_reduce_ex = NULL; + PyObject *reduce = NULL; + PyObject *reduce_ex = NULL; + PyObject *reduce_cython = NULL; + PyObject *setstate = NULL; + PyObject *setstate_cython = NULL; + PyObject *getstate = NULL; + #if CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + getstate = _PyType_Lookup((PyTypeObject*)type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_getstate); + #else + getstate = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_getstate); + if (!getstate && PyErr_Occurred()) { + goto __PYX_BAD; + } + #endif + if (getstate) { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + object_getstate = _PyType_Lookup(&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_getstate); + #else + object_getstate = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError((PyObject*)&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_getstate); + if (!object_getstate && PyErr_Occurred()) { + goto __PYX_BAD; + } + #endif + if (object_getstate != getstate) { + goto __PYX_GOOD; + } + } + #if CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + object_reduce_ex = _PyType_Lookup(&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce_ex); if (!object_reduce_ex) goto __PYX_BAD; + #else + object_reduce_ex = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr((PyObject*)&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce_ex); if (!object_reduce_ex) goto __PYX_BAD; + #endif + reduce_ex = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce_ex); if (unlikely(!reduce_ex)) goto __PYX_BAD; + if (reduce_ex == object_reduce_ex) { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + object_reduce = _PyType_Lookup(&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce); if (!object_reduce) goto __PYX_BAD; + #else + object_reduce = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr((PyObject*)&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce); if (!object_reduce) goto __PYX_BAD; + #endif + reduce = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce); if (unlikely(!reduce)) goto __PYX_BAD; + if (reduce == object_reduce || __Pyx_setup_reduce_is_named(reduce, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce_cython)) { + reduce_cython = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce_cython); + if (likely(reduce_cython)) { + ret = __Pyx_SetItemOnTypeDict((PyTypeObject*)type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce, reduce_cython); if (unlikely(ret < 0)) goto __PYX_BAD; + ret = __Pyx_DelItemOnTypeDict((PyTypeObject*)type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce_cython); if (unlikely(ret < 0)) goto __PYX_BAD; + } else if (reduce == object_reduce || PyErr_Occurred()) { + goto __PYX_BAD; + } + setstate = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_setstate); + if (!setstate) PyErr_Clear(); + if (!setstate || __Pyx_setup_reduce_is_named(setstate, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_setstate_cython)) { + setstate_cython = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_setstate_cython); + if (likely(setstate_cython)) { + ret = __Pyx_SetItemOnTypeDict((PyTypeObject*)type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_setstate, setstate_cython); if (unlikely(ret < 0)) goto __PYX_BAD; + ret = __Pyx_DelItemOnTypeDict((PyTypeObject*)type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_setstate_cython); if (unlikely(ret < 0)) goto __PYX_BAD; + } else if (!setstate || PyErr_Occurred()) { + goto __PYX_BAD; + } + } + PyType_Modified((PyTypeObject*)type_obj); + } + } + goto __PYX_GOOD; + __PYX_BAD: + if (!PyErr_Occurred()) { + __Pyx_TypeName type_obj_name = + __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName((PyTypeObject*)type_obj); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, + "Unable to initialize pickling for " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME, type_obj_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(type_obj_name); + } + ret = -1; + __PYX_GOOD: + #if !CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + Py_XDECREF(object_reduce); + Py_XDECREF(object_reduce_ex); + Py_XDECREF(object_getstate); + Py_XDECREF(getstate); + #endif + Py_XDECREF(reduce); + Py_XDECREF(reduce_ex); + Py_XDECREF(reduce_cython); + Py_XDECREF(setstate); + Py_XDECREF(setstate_cython); + return ret; + } + +/* TypeImport */ + #ifndef __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportType_3_2_5 + #define __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportType_3_2_5 + static PyTypeObject *__Pyx_ImportType_3_2_5(PyObject *module, const char *module_name, const char *class_name, + size_t size, size_t alignment, enum __Pyx_ImportType_CheckSize_3_2_5 check_size) + { + PyObject *result = 0; + Py_ssize_t basicsize; + Py_ssize_t itemsize; + #if defined(Py_LIMITED_API) || (defined(CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API) && CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API) + PyObject *py_basicsize; + PyObject *py_itemsize; + #endif + result = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, class_name); + if (!result) + goto bad; + if (!PyType_Check(result)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%.200s.%.200s is not a type object", + module_name, class_name); + goto bad; + } + #if !( defined(Py_LIMITED_API) || (defined(CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API) && CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API) ) + basicsize = ((PyTypeObject *)result)->tp_basicsize; + itemsize = ((PyTypeObject *)result)->tp_itemsize; + #else + if (size == 0) { + return (PyTypeObject *)result; + } + py_basicsize = PyObject_GetAttrString(result, "__basicsize__"); + if (!py_basicsize) + goto bad; + basicsize = PyLong_AsSsize_t(py_basicsize); + Py_DECREF(py_basicsize); + py_basicsize = 0; + if (basicsize == (Py_ssize_t)-1 && PyErr_Occurred()) + goto bad; + py_itemsize = PyObject_GetAttrString(result, "__itemsize__"); + if (!py_itemsize) + goto bad; + itemsize = PyLong_AsSsize_t(py_itemsize); + Py_DECREF(py_itemsize); + py_itemsize = 0; + if (itemsize == (Py_ssize_t)-1 && PyErr_Occurred()) + goto bad; + #endif + if (itemsize) { + if (size % alignment) { + alignment = size % alignment; + } + if (itemsize < (Py_ssize_t)alignment) + itemsize = (Py_ssize_t)alignment; + } + if ((size_t)(basicsize + itemsize) < size) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "%.200s.%.200s size changed, may indicate binary incompatibility. " + "Expected %zd from C header, got %zd from PyObject", + module_name, class_name, size, basicsize+itemsize); + goto bad; + } + if (check_size == __Pyx_ImportType_CheckSize_Error_3_2_5 && + ((size_t)basicsize > size || (size_t)(basicsize + itemsize) < size)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "%.200s.%.200s size changed, may indicate binary incompatibility. " + "Expected %zd from C header, got %zd-%zd from PyObject", + module_name, class_name, size, basicsize, basicsize+itemsize); + goto bad; + } + else if (check_size == __Pyx_ImportType_CheckSize_Warn_3_2_5 && (size_t)basicsize > size) { + if (PyErr_WarnFormat(NULL, 0, + "%.200s.%.200s size changed, may indicate binary incompatibility. " + "Expected %zd from C header, got %zd from PyObject", + module_name, class_name, size, basicsize) < 0) { + goto bad; + } + } + return (PyTypeObject *)result; + bad: + Py_XDECREF(result); + return NULL; + } + #endif + +/* dict_setdefault (used by FetchCommonType) */ + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyDict_SetDefault(PyObject *d, PyObject *key, PyObject *default_value) { + PyObject* value; + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030F0000 || (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A4) + PyDict_SetDefaultRef(d, key, default_value, &value); + #elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + PyObject *args[] = {d, key, default_value}; + value = PyObject_VectorcallMethod(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_setdefault, args, 3 | PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET, NULL); + #elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + value = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(d, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_setdefault, key, default_value, NULL); + #else + value = PyDict_SetDefault(d, key, default_value); + if (unlikely(!value)) return NULL; + Py_INCREF(value); + #endif + return value; + } + +/* AddModuleRef (used by FetchSharedCythonModule) */ + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + static PyObject *__Pyx_PyImport_AddModuleObjectRef(PyObject *name) { + PyObject *module_dict = PyImport_GetModuleDict(); + PyObject *m; + if (PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(module_dict, name, &m) < 0) { + return NULL; + } + if (m != NULL && PyModule_Check(m)) { + return m; + } + Py_XDECREF(m); + m = PyModule_NewObject(name); + if (m == NULL) + return NULL; + if (PyDict_CheckExact(module_dict)) { + PyObject *new_m; + (void)PyDict_SetDefaultRef(module_dict, name, m, &new_m); + Py_DECREF(m); + return new_m; + } else { + if (PyObject_SetItem(module_dict, name, m) != 0) { + Py_DECREF(m); + return NULL; + } + return m; + } + } + static PyObject *__Pyx_PyImport_AddModuleRef(const char *name) { + PyObject *py_name = PyUnicode_FromString(name); + if (!py_name) return NULL; + PyObject *module = __Pyx_PyImport_AddModuleObjectRef(py_name); + Py_DECREF(py_name); + return module; + } + #elif __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + #define __Pyx_PyImport_AddModuleRef(name) PyImport_AddModuleRef(name) + #else + static PyObject *__Pyx_PyImport_AddModuleRef(const char *name) { + PyObject *module = PyImport_AddModule(name); + Py_XINCREF(module); + return module; + } + #endif + +/* FetchSharedCythonModule (used by FetchCommonType) */ + static PyObject *__Pyx_FetchSharedCythonABIModule(void) { + return __Pyx_PyImport_AddModuleRef(__PYX_ABI_MODULE_NAME); + } + +/* FetchCommonType (used by CommonTypesMetaclass) */ + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 + static PyObject* __Pyx_PyType_FromMetaclass(PyTypeObject *metaclass, PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases) { + PyObject *result = __Pyx_PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(module, spec, bases); + if (result && metaclass) { + PyObject *old_tp = (PyObject*)Py_TYPE(result); + Py_INCREF((PyObject*)metaclass); + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 + Py_SET_TYPE(result, metaclass); + #else + result->ob_type = metaclass; + #endif + Py_DECREF(old_tp); + } + return result; + } + #else + #define __Pyx_PyType_FromMetaclass(me, mo, s, b) PyType_FromMetaclass(me, mo, s, b) + #endif + static int __Pyx_VerifyCachedType(PyObject *cached_type, + const char *name, + Py_ssize_t expected_basicsize) { + Py_ssize_t basicsize; + if (!PyType_Check(cached_type)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "Shared Cython type %.200s is not a type object", name); + return -1; + } + if (expected_basicsize == 0) { + return 0; // size is inherited, nothing useful to check + } + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *py_basicsize; + py_basicsize = PyObject_GetAttrString(cached_type, "__basicsize__"); + if (unlikely(!py_basicsize)) return -1; + basicsize = PyLong_AsSsize_t(py_basicsize); + Py_DECREF(py_basicsize); + py_basicsize = NULL; + if (unlikely(basicsize == (Py_ssize_t)-1) && PyErr_Occurred()) return -1; + #else + basicsize = ((PyTypeObject*) cached_type)->tp_basicsize; + #endif + if (basicsize != expected_basicsize) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "Shared Cython type %.200s has the wrong size, try recompiling", + name); + return -1; + } + return 0; + } + static PyTypeObject *__Pyx_FetchCommonTypeFromSpec(PyTypeObject *metaclass, PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases) { + PyObject *abi_module = NULL, *cached_type = NULL, *abi_module_dict, *new_cached_type, *py_object_name; + int get_item_ref_result; + const char* object_name = strrchr(spec->name, '.'); + object_name = object_name ? object_name+1 : spec->name; + py_object_name = PyUnicode_FromString(object_name); + if (!py_object_name) return NULL; + abi_module = __Pyx_FetchSharedCythonABIModule(); + if (!abi_module) goto done; + abi_module_dict = PyModule_GetDict(abi_module); + if (!abi_module_dict) goto done; + get_item_ref_result = __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemRef(abi_module_dict, py_object_name, &cached_type); + if (get_item_ref_result == 1) { + if (__Pyx_VerifyCachedType( + cached_type, + object_name, + spec->basicsize) < 0) { + goto bad; + } + goto done; + } else if (unlikely(get_item_ref_result == -1)) { + goto bad; + } + cached_type = __Pyx_PyType_FromMetaclass( + metaclass, + CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE ? module : abi_module, + spec, bases); + if (unlikely(!cached_type)) goto bad; + if (unlikely(__Pyx_fix_up_extension_type_from_spec(spec, (PyTypeObject *) cached_type) < 0)) goto bad; + new_cached_type = __Pyx_PyDict_SetDefault(abi_module_dict, py_object_name, cached_type); + if (unlikely(new_cached_type != cached_type)) { + if (unlikely(!new_cached_type)) goto bad; + Py_DECREF(cached_type); + cached_type = new_cached_type; + if (__Pyx_VerifyCachedType( + cached_type, + object_name, + spec->basicsize) < 0) { + goto bad; + } + goto done; + } else { + Py_DECREF(new_cached_type); + } + done: + Py_XDECREF(abi_module); + Py_DECREF(py_object_name); + assert(cached_type == NULL || PyType_Check(cached_type)); + return (PyTypeObject *) cached_type; + bad: + Py_XDECREF(cached_type); + cached_type = NULL; + goto done; + } + +/* CommonTypesMetaclass (used by CythonFunctionShared) */ + static PyObject* __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_get_module(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *self, CYTHON_UNUSED void* context) { + return PyUnicode_FromString(__PYX_ABI_MODULE_NAME); + } + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + static PyObject* __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_call(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *self, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *args, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *kwds) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "Cannot instantiate Cython internal types"); + return NULL; + } + static int __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_setattr(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *self, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *attr, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *value) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "Cython internal types are immutable"); + return -1; + } + #endif + static PyGetSetDef __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_getset[] = { + {"__module__", __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_get_module, NULL, NULL, NULL}, + {0, 0, 0, 0, 0} + }; + static PyType_Slot __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_slots[] = { + {Py_tp_getset, (void *)__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_getset}, + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + {Py_tp_call, (void*)__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_call}, + {Py_tp_new, (void*)__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_call}, + {Py_tp_setattro, (void*)__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_setattr}, + #endif + {0, 0} + }; + static PyType_Spec __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_spec = { + __PYX_TYPE_MODULE_PREFIX "_common_types_metatype", + 0, + 0, + Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE | + Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION | + Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT, + __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_slots + }; + static int __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_init(PyObject *module) { + __pyx_mstatetype *mstate = __Pyx_PyModule_GetState(module); + PyObject *bases = PyTuple_Pack(1, &PyType_Type); + if (unlikely(!bases)) { + return -1; + } + mstate->__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclassType = __Pyx_FetchCommonTypeFromSpec(NULL, module, &__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_spec, bases); + Py_DECREF(bases); + if (unlikely(mstate->__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclassType == NULL)) { + return -1; + } + return 0; + } + +/* PyMethodNew (used by CythonFunctionShared) */ + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + static PyObject *__Pyx_PyMethod_New(PyObject *func, PyObject *self, PyObject *typ) { + PyObject *result; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(typ); + if (!self) + return __Pyx_NewRef(func); + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + { + PyObject *args[] = {func, self}; + result = PyObject_Vectorcall(__pyx_mstate_global->__Pyx_CachedMethodType, args, 2, NULL); + } + #else + result = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(__pyx_mstate_global->__Pyx_CachedMethodType, func, self, NULL); + #endif + return result; + } + #else + static PyObject *__Pyx_PyMethod_New(PyObject *func, PyObject *self, PyObject *typ) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(typ); + if (!self) + return __Pyx_NewRef(func); + return PyMethod_New(func, self); + } + #endif + +/* PyVectorcallFastCallDict (used by CythonFunctionShared) */ + #if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL && CYTHON_VECTORCALL + static PyObject *__Pyx_PyVectorcall_FastCallDict_kw(PyObject *func, __pyx_vectorcallfunc vc, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargs, PyObject *kw) + { + PyObject *res = NULL; + PyObject *kwnames; + PyObject **newargs; + PyObject **kwvalues; + Py_ssize_t i; + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + PyObject *pos; + #else + Py_ssize_t pos; + #endif + size_t j; + PyObject *key, *value; + unsigned long keys_are_strings; + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + Py_ssize_t nkw = PyDict_Size(kw); + if (unlikely(nkw == -1)) return NULL; + #else + Py_ssize_t nkw = PyDict_GET_SIZE(kw); + #endif + newargs = (PyObject **)PyMem_Malloc((nargs + (size_t)nkw) * sizeof(args[0])); + if (unlikely(newargs == NULL)) { + PyErr_NoMemory(); + return NULL; + } + for (j = 0; j < nargs; j++) newargs[j] = args[j]; + kwnames = PyTuple_New(nkw); + if (unlikely(kwnames == NULL)) { + PyMem_Free(newargs); + return NULL; + } + kwvalues = newargs + nargs; + pos = 0; + i = 0; + keys_are_strings = Py_TPFLAGS_UNICODE_SUBCLASS; + while (__Pyx_PyDict_NextRef(kw, &pos, &key, &value)) { + keys_are_strings &= + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyType_GetFlags(Py_TYPE(key)); + #else + Py_TYPE(key)->tp_flags; + #endif + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + if (unlikely(PyTuple_SetItem(kwnames, i, key) < 0)) goto cleanup; + #else + PyTuple_SET_ITEM(kwnames, i, key); + #endif + kwvalues[i] = value; + i++; + } + if (unlikely(!keys_are_strings)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "keywords must be strings"); + goto cleanup; + } + res = vc(func, newargs, nargs, kwnames); + cleanup: + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(pos); + #endif + Py_DECREF(kwnames); + for (i = 0; i < nkw; i++) + Py_DECREF(kwvalues[i]); + PyMem_Free(newargs); + return res; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyVectorcall_FastCallDict(PyObject *func, __pyx_vectorcallfunc vc, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargs, PyObject *kw) + { + Py_ssize_t kw_size = + likely(kw == NULL) ? + 0 : + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + PyDict_Size(kw); + #else + PyDict_GET_SIZE(kw); + #endif + if (kw_size == 0) { + return vc(func, args, nargs, NULL); + } + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + else if (unlikely(kw_size == -1)) { + return NULL; + } + #endif + return __Pyx_PyVectorcall_FastCallDict_kw(func, vc, args, nargs, kw); + } + #endif + +/* CythonFunctionShared (used by CythonFunction) */ + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx__IsSameCyOrCFunctionNoMethod(PyObject *func, void (*cfunc)(void)) { + if (__Pyx_CyFunction_Check(func)) { + return PyCFunction_GetFunction(((__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)func)->func) == (PyCFunction) cfunc; + } else if (PyCFunction_Check(func)) { + return PyCFunction_GetFunction(func) == (PyCFunction) cfunc; + } + return 0; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx__IsSameCyOrCFunction(PyObject *func, void (*cfunc)(void)) { + if ((PyObject*)Py_TYPE(func) == __pyx_mstate_global->__Pyx_CachedMethodType) { + int result; + PyObject *newFunc = PyObject_GetAttr(func, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_func); + if (unlikely(!newFunc)) { + PyErr_Clear(); // It's only an optimization, so don't throw an error + return 0; + } + result = __Pyx__IsSameCyOrCFunctionNoMethod(newFunc, cfunc); + Py_DECREF(newFunc); + return result; + } + return __Pyx__IsSameCyOrCFunctionNoMethod(func, cfunc); + } + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx__IsSameCyOrCFunction(PyObject *func, void (*cfunc)(void)) { + if (PyMethod_Check(func)) { + func = PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION(func); + } + return __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_Check(func) && __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(func) == (PyCFunction) cfunc; + } + #endif + static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__CyFunction_SetClassObj(__pyx_CyFunctionObject* f, PyObject* classobj) { + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + __Pyx_Py_XDECREF_SET( + __Pyx_CyFunction_GetClassObj(f), + ((classobj) ? __Pyx_NewRef(classobj) : NULL)); + #else + __Pyx_Py_XDECREF_SET( + ((PyCMethodObject *) (f))->mm_class, + (PyTypeObject*)((classobj) ? __Pyx_NewRef(classobj) : NULL)); + #endif + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_doc_locked(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) + { + if (unlikely(op->func_doc == NULL)) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + op->func_doc = PyObject_GetAttrString(op->func, "__doc__"); + if (unlikely(!op->func_doc)) return NULL; + #else + if (((PyCFunctionObject*)op)->m_ml->ml_doc) { + op->func_doc = PyUnicode_FromString(((PyCFunctionObject*)op)->m_ml->ml_doc); + if (unlikely(op->func_doc == NULL)) + return NULL; + } else { + Py_INCREF(Py_None); + return Py_None; + } + #endif + } + Py_INCREF(op->func_doc); + return op->func_doc; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_doc(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *closure) { + PyObject *result; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(closure); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_get_doc_locked(op); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return result; + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_set_doc(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject *value, void *context) + { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + if (value == NULL) { + value = Py_None; + } + Py_INCREF(value); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + __Pyx_Py_XDECREF_SET(op->func_doc, value); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return 0; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_name_locked(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) + { + if (unlikely(op->func_name == NULL)) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + op->func_name = PyObject_GetAttrString(op->func, "__name__"); + #else + op->func_name = PyUnicode_InternFromString(((PyCFunctionObject*)op)->m_ml->ml_name); + #endif + if (unlikely(op->func_name == NULL)) + return NULL; + } + Py_INCREF(op->func_name); + return op->func_name; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_name(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) + { + PyObject *result = NULL; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_get_name_locked(op); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return result; + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_set_name(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject *value, void *context) + { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + if (unlikely(value == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(value))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "__name__ must be set to a string object"); + return -1; + } + Py_INCREF(value); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + __Pyx_Py_XDECREF_SET(op->func_name, value); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return 0; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_qualname(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) + { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + PyObject *result; + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + Py_INCREF(op->func_qualname); + result = op->func_qualname; + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return result; + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_set_qualname(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject *value, void *context) + { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + if (unlikely(value == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(value))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "__qualname__ must be set to a string object"); + return -1; + } + Py_INCREF(value); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + __Pyx_Py_XDECREF_SET(op->func_qualname, value); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return 0; + } + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_dict(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) + { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + if (unlikely(op->func_dict == NULL)) { + op->func_dict = PyDict_New(); + if (unlikely(op->func_dict == NULL)) + return NULL; + } + Py_INCREF(op->func_dict); + return op->func_dict; + } + #endif + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_globals(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) + { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + Py_INCREF(op->func_globals); + return op->func_globals; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_closure(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) + { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(op); + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + Py_INCREF(Py_None); + return Py_None; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_code(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) + { + PyObject* result = (op->func_code) ? op->func_code : Py_None; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + Py_INCREF(result); + return result; + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_init_defaults(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) { + int result = 0; + PyObject *res = op->defaults_getter((PyObject *) op); + if (unlikely(!res)) + return -1; + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + op->defaults_tuple = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(res, 0); + Py_INCREF(op->defaults_tuple); + op->defaults_kwdict = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(res, 1); + Py_INCREF(op->defaults_kwdict); + #else + op->defaults_tuple = __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(res, 0); + if (unlikely(!op->defaults_tuple)) result = -1; + else { + op->defaults_kwdict = __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(res, 1); + if (unlikely(!op->defaults_kwdict)) result = -1; + } + #endif + Py_DECREF(res); + return result; + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_set_defaults(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject* value, void *context) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + if (!value) { + value = Py_None; + } else if (unlikely(value != Py_None && !PyTuple_Check(value))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "__defaults__ must be set to a tuple object"); + return -1; + } + PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, "changes to cyfunction.__defaults__ will not " + "currently affect the values used in function calls", 1); + Py_INCREF(value); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + __Pyx_Py_XDECREF_SET(op->defaults_tuple, value); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return 0; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_defaults_locked(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) { + PyObject* result = op->defaults_tuple; + if (unlikely(!result)) { + if (op->defaults_getter) { + if (unlikely(__Pyx_CyFunction_init_defaults(op) < 0)) return NULL; + result = op->defaults_tuple; + } else { + result = Py_None; + } + } + Py_INCREF(result); + return result; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_defaults(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) { + PyObject* result = NULL; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_get_defaults_locked(op); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return result; + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_set_kwdefaults(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject* value, void *context) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + if (!value) { + value = Py_None; + } else if (unlikely(value != Py_None && !PyDict_Check(value))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "__kwdefaults__ must be set to a dict object"); + return -1; + } + PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, "changes to cyfunction.__kwdefaults__ will not " + "currently affect the values used in function calls", 1); + Py_INCREF(value); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + __Pyx_Py_XDECREF_SET(op->defaults_kwdict, value); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return 0; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_kwdefaults_locked(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) { + PyObject* result = op->defaults_kwdict; + if (unlikely(!result)) { + if (op->defaults_getter) { + if (unlikely(__Pyx_CyFunction_init_defaults(op) < 0)) return NULL; + result = op->defaults_kwdict; + } else { + result = Py_None; + } + } + Py_INCREF(result); + return result; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_kwdefaults(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) { + PyObject* result; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_get_kwdefaults_locked(op); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return result; + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_set_annotations(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject* value, void *context) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + if (!value || value == Py_None) { + value = NULL; + } else if (unlikely(!PyDict_Check(value))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "__annotations__ must be set to a dict object"); + return -1; + } + Py_XINCREF(value); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + __Pyx_Py_XDECREF_SET(op->func_annotations, value); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return 0; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_annotations_locked(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) { + PyObject* result = op->func_annotations; + if (unlikely(!result)) { + result = PyDict_New(); + if (unlikely(!result)) return NULL; + op->func_annotations = result; + } + Py_INCREF(result); + return result; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_annotations(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) { + PyObject *result; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_get_annotations_locked(op); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return result; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_is_coroutine_value(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) { + int is_coroutine = op->flags & __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_COROUTINE; + if (is_coroutine) { + PyObject *is_coroutine_value, *module, *fromlist, *marker = __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_is_coroutine; + fromlist = PyList_New(1); + if (unlikely(!fromlist)) return NULL; + Py_INCREF(marker); + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + PyList_SET_ITEM(fromlist, 0, marker); + #else + if (unlikely(PyList_SetItem(fromlist, 0, marker) < 0)) { + Py_DECREF(fromlist); + return NULL; + } + #endif + module = PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_asyncio_coroutines, NULL, NULL, fromlist, 0); + Py_DECREF(fromlist); + if (unlikely(!module)) goto ignore; + is_coroutine_value = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(module, marker); + Py_DECREF(module); + if (likely(is_coroutine_value)) { + return is_coroutine_value; + } + ignore: + PyErr_Clear(); + } + return __Pyx_PyBool_FromLong(is_coroutine); + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_is_coroutine(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) { + PyObject *result; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + if (op->func_is_coroutine) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(op->func_is_coroutine); + } + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_get_is_coroutine_value(op); + if (unlikely(!result)) + return NULL; + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + if (op->func_is_coroutine) { + Py_DECREF(result); + result = __Pyx_NewRef(op->func_is_coroutine); + } else { + op->func_is_coroutine = __Pyx_NewRef(result); + } + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return result; + } + static void __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_argument_count_error(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *func, const char* message, Py_ssize_t size) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *py_name = __Pyx_CyFunction_get_name(func, NULL); + if (!py_name) return; + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%.200S() %s (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d given)", + py_name, message, size); + Py_DECREF(py_name); + #else + const char* name = ((PyCFunctionObject*)func)->m_ml->ml_name; + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%.200s() %s (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d given)", + name, message, size); + #endif + } + static void __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_type_error(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *func, const char* message) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *py_name = __Pyx_CyFunction_get_name(func, NULL); + if (!py_name) return; + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%.200S() %s", + py_name, message); + Py_DECREF(py_name); + #else + const char* name = ((PyCFunctionObject*)func)->m_ml->ml_name; + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%.200s() %s", + name, message); + #endif + } + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_module(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + return PyObject_GetAttrString(op->func, "__module__"); + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_set_module(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject* value, void *context) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + return PyObject_SetAttrString(op->func, "__module__", value); + } + #endif + static PyGetSetDef __pyx_CyFunction_getsets[] = { + {"func_doc", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_doc, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_doc, 0, 0}, + {"__doc__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_doc, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_doc, 0, 0}, + {"func_name", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_name, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_name, 0, 0}, + {"__name__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_name, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_name, 0, 0}, + {"__qualname__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_qualname, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_qualname, 0, 0}, + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + {"func_dict", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_dict, (setter)PyObject_GenericSetDict, 0, 0}, + {"__dict__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_dict, (setter)PyObject_GenericSetDict, 0, 0}, + #else + {"func_dict", (getter)PyObject_GenericGetDict, (setter)PyObject_GenericSetDict, 0, 0}, + {"__dict__", (getter)PyObject_GenericGetDict, (setter)PyObject_GenericSetDict, 0, 0}, + #endif + {"func_globals", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_globals, 0, 0, 0}, + {"__globals__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_globals, 0, 0, 0}, + {"func_closure", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_closure, 0, 0, 0}, + {"__closure__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_closure, 0, 0, 0}, + {"func_code", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_code, 0, 0, 0}, + {"__code__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_code, 0, 0, 0}, + {"func_defaults", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_defaults, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_defaults, 0, 0}, + {"__defaults__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_defaults, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_defaults, 0, 0}, + {"__kwdefaults__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_kwdefaults, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_kwdefaults, 0, 0}, + {"__annotations__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_annotations, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_annotations, 0, 0}, + {"_is_coroutine", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_is_coroutine, 0, 0, 0}, + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + {"__module__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_module, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_module, 0, 0}, + #endif + {0, 0, 0, 0, 0} + }; + static PyMemberDef __pyx_CyFunction_members[] = { + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + {"__module__", T_OBJECT, offsetof(PyCFunctionObject, m_module), 0, 0}, + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + {"__dictoffset__", T_PYSSIZET, offsetof(__pyx_CyFunctionObject, func_dict), READONLY, 0}, + #endif + #if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + {"__vectorcalloffset__", T_PYSSIZET, offsetof(__pyx_CyFunctionObject, func_vectorcall), READONLY, 0}, + #else + {"__vectorcalloffset__", T_PYSSIZET, offsetof(PyCFunctionObject, vectorcall), READONLY, 0}, + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + {"__weaklistoffset__", T_PYSSIZET, offsetof(__pyx_CyFunctionObject, func_weakreflist), READONLY, 0}, + #else + {"__weaklistoffset__", T_PYSSIZET, offsetof(PyCFunctionObject, m_weakreflist), READONLY, 0}, + #endif + #endif + {0, 0, 0, 0, 0} + }; + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_reduce(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *m, PyObject *args) + { + PyObject *result = NULL; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(args); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(m); + Py_INCREF(m->func_qualname); + result = m->func_qualname; + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return result; + } + static PyMethodDef __pyx_CyFunction_methods[] = { + {"__reduce__", (PyCFunction)__Pyx_CyFunction_reduce, METH_VARARGS, 0}, + {0, 0, 0, 0} + }; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #define __Pyx_CyFunction_weakreflist(cyfunc) ((cyfunc)->func_weakreflist) + #else + #define __Pyx_CyFunction_weakreflist(cyfunc) (((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_weakreflist) + #endif + static PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_Init(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyMethodDef *ml, int flags, PyObject* qualname, + PyObject *closure, PyObject *module, PyObject* globals, PyObject* code) { + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyCFunctionObject *cf = (PyCFunctionObject*) op; + #endif + if (unlikely(op == NULL)) + return NULL; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + op->func = PyCFunction_NewEx(ml, (PyObject*)op, module); + if (unlikely(!op->func)) return NULL; + #endif + op->flags = flags; + __Pyx_CyFunction_weakreflist(op) = NULL; + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + cf->m_ml = ml; + cf->m_self = (PyObject *) op; + #endif + Py_XINCREF(closure); + op->func_closure = closure; + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_XINCREF(module); + cf->m_module = module; + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + op->func_dict = NULL; + #endif + op->func_name = NULL; + Py_INCREF(qualname); + op->func_qualname = qualname; + op->func_doc = NULL; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + op->func_classobj = NULL; + #else + ((PyCMethodObject*)op)->mm_class = NULL; + #endif + op->func_globals = globals; + Py_INCREF(op->func_globals); + Py_XINCREF(code); + op->func_code = code; + op->defaults = NULL; + op->defaults_tuple = NULL; + op->defaults_kwdict = NULL; + op->defaults_getter = NULL; + op->func_annotations = NULL; + op->func_is_coroutine = NULL; + #if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + switch (ml->ml_flags & (METH_VARARGS | METH_FASTCALL | METH_NOARGS | METH_O | METH_KEYWORDS | METH_METHOD)) { + case METH_NOARGS: + __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(op) = __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_NOARGS; + break; + case METH_O: + __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(op) = __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_O; + break; + case METH_METHOD | METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS: + __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(op) = __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_FASTCALL_KEYWORDS_METHOD; + break; + case METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS: + __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(op) = __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_FASTCALL_KEYWORDS; + break; + case METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS: + __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(op) = NULL; + break; + default: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "Bad call flags for CyFunction"); + Py_DECREF(op); + return NULL; + } + #endif + return (PyObject *) op; + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_clear(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *m) + { + Py_CLEAR(m->func_closure); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_CLEAR(m->func); + #else + Py_CLEAR(((PyCFunctionObject*)m)->m_module); + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_CLEAR(m->func_dict); + #elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 + _PyObject_ClearManagedDict((PyObject*)m); + #else + PyObject_ClearManagedDict((PyObject*)m); + #endif + Py_CLEAR(m->func_name); + Py_CLEAR(m->func_qualname); + Py_CLEAR(m->func_doc); + Py_CLEAR(m->func_globals); + Py_CLEAR(m->func_code); + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_CLEAR(__Pyx_CyFunction_GetClassObj(m)); + #else + { + PyObject *cls = (PyObject*) ((PyCMethodObject *) (m))->mm_class; + ((PyCMethodObject *) (m))->mm_class = NULL; + Py_XDECREF(cls); + } + #endif + Py_CLEAR(m->defaults_tuple); + Py_CLEAR(m->defaults_kwdict); + Py_CLEAR(m->func_annotations); + Py_CLEAR(m->func_is_coroutine); + Py_CLEAR(m->defaults); + return 0; + } + static void __Pyx__CyFunction_dealloc(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *m) + { + if (__Pyx_CyFunction_weakreflist(m) != NULL) + PyObject_ClearWeakRefs((PyObject *) m); + __Pyx_CyFunction_clear(m); + __Pyx_PyHeapTypeObject_GC_Del(m); + } + static void __Pyx_CyFunction_dealloc(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *m) + { + PyObject_GC_UnTrack(m); + __Pyx__CyFunction_dealloc(m); + } + static int __Pyx_CyFunction_traverse(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *m, visitproc visit, void *arg) + { + { + int e = __Pyx_call_type_traverse((PyObject*)m, 1, visit, arg); + if (e) return e; + } + Py_VISIT(m->func_closure); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_VISIT(m->func); + #else + Py_VISIT(((PyCFunctionObject*)m)->m_module); + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_VISIT(m->func_dict); + #else + { + int e = + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 + _PyObject_VisitManagedDict + #else + PyObject_VisitManagedDict + #endif + ((PyObject*)m, visit, arg); + if (e != 0) return e; + } + #endif + __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(m->func_name); + __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(m->func_qualname); + Py_VISIT(m->func_doc); + Py_VISIT(m->func_globals); + __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(m->func_code); + Py_VISIT(__Pyx_CyFunction_GetClassObj(m)); + Py_VISIT(m->defaults_tuple); + Py_VISIT(m->defaults_kwdict); + Py_VISIT(m->func_annotations); + Py_VISIT(m->func_is_coroutine); + Py_VISIT(m->defaults); + return 0; + } + static PyObject* + __Pyx_CyFunction_repr(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) + { + PyObject *repr; + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + repr = PyUnicode_FromFormat("", + op->func_qualname, (void *)op); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return repr; + } + static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_CallMethod(PyObject *func, PyObject *self, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *f = ((__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)func)->func; + PyCFunction meth; + int flags; + meth = PyCFunction_GetFunction(f); + if (unlikely(!meth)) return NULL; + flags = PyCFunction_GetFlags(f); + if (unlikely(flags < 0)) return NULL; + #else + PyCFunctionObject* f = (PyCFunctionObject*)func; + PyCFunction meth = f->m_ml->ml_meth; + int flags = f->m_ml->ml_flags; + #endif + Py_ssize_t size; + switch (flags & (METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS | METH_NOARGS | METH_O)) { + case METH_VARARGS: + if (likely(kw == NULL || PyDict_Size(kw) == 0)) + return (*meth)(self, arg); + break; + case METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS: + return (*(PyCFunctionWithKeywords)(void(*)(void))meth)(self, arg, kw); + case METH_NOARGS: + if (likely(kw == NULL || PyDict_Size(kw) == 0)) { + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + size = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(arg); + #else + size = PyTuple_Size(arg); + if (unlikely(size < 0)) return NULL; + #endif + if (likely(size == 0)) + return (*meth)(self, NULL); + __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_argument_count_error( + (__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)func, + "takes no arguments", size); + return NULL; + } + break; + case METH_O: + if (likely(kw == NULL || PyDict_Size(kw) == 0)) { + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + size = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(arg); + #else + size = PyTuple_Size(arg); + if (unlikely(size < 0)) return NULL; + #endif + if (likely(size == 1)) { + PyObject *result, *arg0; + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + arg0 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(arg, 0); + #else + arg0 = __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(arg, 0); if (unlikely(!arg0)) return NULL; + #endif + result = (*meth)(self, arg0); + #if !(CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS) + Py_DECREF(arg0); + #endif + return result; + } + __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_argument_count_error( + (__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)func, + "takes exactly one argument", size); + return NULL; + } + break; + default: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "Bad call flags for CyFunction"); + return NULL; + } + __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_type_error( + (__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)func, "takes no keyword arguments"); + return NULL; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_Call(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw) { + PyObject *self, *result; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + self = PyCFunction_GetSelf(((__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)func)->func); + if (unlikely(!self) && PyErr_Occurred()) return NULL; + #else + self = ((PyCFunctionObject*)func)->m_self; + #endif + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_CallMethod(func, self, arg, kw); + return result; + } + static PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_CallAsMethod(PyObject *func, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw) { + PyObject *result; + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *cyfunc = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) func; + #if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL && CYTHON_VECTORCALL + __pyx_vectorcallfunc vc = __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(cyfunc); + if (vc) { + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + return __Pyx_PyVectorcall_FastCallDict(func, vc, &PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0), (size_t)PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args), kw); + #else + (void) &__Pyx_PyVectorcall_FastCallDict; + return PyVectorcall_Call(func, args, kw); + #endif + } + #endif + if ((cyfunc->flags & __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_CCLASS) && !(cyfunc->flags & __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_STATICMETHOD)) { + Py_ssize_t argc; + PyObject *new_args; + PyObject *self; + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + argc = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args); + #else + argc = PyTuple_Size(args); + if (unlikely(argc < 0)) return NULL; + #endif + new_args = PyTuple_GetSlice(args, 1, argc); + if (unlikely(!new_args)) + return NULL; + self = PyTuple_GetItem(args, 0); + if (unlikely(!self)) { + Py_DECREF(new_args); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "unbound method %.200S() needs an argument", + cyfunc->func_qualname); + return NULL; + } + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_CallMethod(func, self, new_args, kw); + Py_DECREF(new_args); + } else { + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_Call(func, args, kw); + } + return result; + } + #if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL && CYTHON_VECTORCALL + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_CheckArgs(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *cyfunc, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames) + { + int ret = 0; + if ((cyfunc->flags & __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_CCLASS) && !(cyfunc->flags & __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_STATICMETHOD)) { + if (unlikely(nargs < 1)) { + __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_type_error( + cyfunc, "needs an argument"); + return -1; + } + ret = 1; + } + if (unlikely(kwnames) && unlikely(__Pyx_PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames))) { + __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_type_error( + cyfunc, "takes no keyword arguments"); + return -1; + } + return ret; + } + static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_NOARGS(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames) + { + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *cyfunc = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *)func; + Py_ssize_t nargs = PyVectorcall_NARGS(nargsf); + PyObject *self; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyCFunction meth = PyCFunction_GetFunction(cyfunc->func); + if (unlikely(!meth)) return NULL; + #else + PyCFunction meth = ((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_ml->ml_meth; + #endif + switch (__Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_CheckArgs(cyfunc, nargs, kwnames)) { + case 1: + self = args[0]; + args += 1; + nargs -= 1; + break; + case 0: + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + self = PyCFunction_GetSelf(((__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->func); + if (unlikely(!self) && PyErr_Occurred()) return NULL; + #else + self = ((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_self; + #endif + break; + default: + return NULL; + } + if (unlikely(nargs != 0)) { + __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_argument_count_error( + cyfunc, "takes no arguments", nargs); + return NULL; + } + return meth(self, NULL); + } + static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_O(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames) + { + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *cyfunc = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *)func; + Py_ssize_t nargs = PyVectorcall_NARGS(nargsf); + PyObject *self; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyCFunction meth = PyCFunction_GetFunction(cyfunc->func); + if (unlikely(!meth)) return NULL; + #else + PyCFunction meth = ((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_ml->ml_meth; + #endif + switch (__Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_CheckArgs(cyfunc, nargs, kwnames)) { + case 1: + self = args[0]; + args += 1; + nargs -= 1; + break; + case 0: + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + self = PyCFunction_GetSelf(((__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->func); + if (unlikely(!self) && PyErr_Occurred()) return NULL; + #else + self = ((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_self; + #endif + break; + default: + return NULL; + } + if (unlikely(nargs != 1)) { + __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_argument_count_error( + cyfunc, "takes exactly one argument", nargs); + return NULL; + } + return meth(self, args[0]); + } + static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_FASTCALL_KEYWORDS(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames) + { + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *cyfunc = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *)func; + Py_ssize_t nargs = PyVectorcall_NARGS(nargsf); + PyObject *self; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyCFunction meth = PyCFunction_GetFunction(cyfunc->func); + if (unlikely(!meth)) return NULL; + #else + PyCFunction meth = ((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_ml->ml_meth; + #endif + switch (__Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_CheckArgs(cyfunc, nargs, NULL)) { + case 1: + self = args[0]; + args += 1; + nargs -= 1; + break; + case 0: + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + self = PyCFunction_GetSelf(((__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->func); + if (unlikely(!self) && PyErr_Occurred()) return NULL; + #else + self = ((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_self; + #endif + break; + default: + return NULL; + } + return ((__Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords)(void(*)(void))meth)(self, args, nargs, kwnames); + } + static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_FASTCALL_KEYWORDS_METHOD(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames) + { + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *cyfunc = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *)func; + PyTypeObject *cls = (PyTypeObject *) __Pyx_CyFunction_GetClassObj(cyfunc); + Py_ssize_t nargs = PyVectorcall_NARGS(nargsf); + PyObject *self; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyCFunction meth = PyCFunction_GetFunction(cyfunc->func); + if (unlikely(!meth)) return NULL; + #else + PyCFunction meth = ((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_ml->ml_meth; + #endif + switch (__Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_CheckArgs(cyfunc, nargs, NULL)) { + case 1: + self = args[0]; + args += 1; + nargs -= 1; + break; + case 0: + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + self = PyCFunction_GetSelf(((__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->func); + if (unlikely(!self) && PyErr_Occurred()) return NULL; + #else + self = ((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_self; + #endif + break; + default: + return NULL; + } + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030e00A6 + size_t nargs_value = (size_t) nargs; + #else + Py_ssize_t nargs_value = nargs; + #endif + return ((__Pyx_PyCMethod)(void(*)(void))meth)(self, cls, args, nargs_value, kwnames); + } + #endif + static PyType_Slot __pyx_CyFunctionType_slots[] = { + {Py_tp_dealloc, (void *)__Pyx_CyFunction_dealloc}, + {Py_tp_repr, (void *)__Pyx_CyFunction_repr}, + {Py_tp_call, (void *)__Pyx_CyFunction_CallAsMethod}, + {Py_tp_traverse, (void *)__Pyx_CyFunction_traverse}, + {Py_tp_clear, (void *)__Pyx_CyFunction_clear}, + {Py_tp_methods, (void *)__pyx_CyFunction_methods}, + {Py_tp_members, (void *)__pyx_CyFunction_members}, + {Py_tp_getset, (void *)__pyx_CyFunction_getsets}, + {Py_tp_descr_get, (void *)__Pyx_PyMethod_New}, + {0, 0}, + }; + static PyType_Spec __pyx_CyFunctionType_spec = { + __PYX_TYPE_MODULE_PREFIX "cython_function_or_method", + sizeof(__pyx_CyFunctionObject), + 0, + #ifdef Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR + Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR | + #endif + #if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #if defined(Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL) + Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL | + #elif defined(_Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL) + _Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL | + #endif + #endif // CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT | + #endif + Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION | + Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, + __pyx_CyFunctionType_slots + }; + static int __pyx_CyFunction_init(PyObject *module) { + __pyx_mstatetype *mstate = __Pyx_PyModule_GetState(module); + mstate->__pyx_CyFunctionType = __Pyx_FetchCommonTypeFromSpec( + mstate->__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclassType, module, &__pyx_CyFunctionType_spec, NULL); + if (unlikely(mstate->__pyx_CyFunctionType == NULL)) { + return -1; + } + return 0; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_InitDefaults(PyObject *func, PyTypeObject *defaults_type) { + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *m = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) func; + m->defaults = PyObject_CallObject((PyObject*)defaults_type, NULL); // _PyObject_New(defaults_type); + if (unlikely(!m->defaults)) + return NULL; + return m->defaults; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetDefaultsTuple(PyObject *func, PyObject *tuple) { + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *m = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) func; + m->defaults_tuple = tuple; + Py_INCREF(tuple); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetDefaultsKwDict(PyObject *func, PyObject *dict) { + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *m = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) func; + m->defaults_kwdict = dict; + Py_INCREF(dict); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetAnnotationsDict(PyObject *func, PyObject *dict) { + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *m = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) func; + m->func_annotations = dict; + Py_INCREF(dict); + } + +/* CythonFunction */ + static PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_New(PyMethodDef *ml, int flags, PyObject* qualname, + PyObject *closure, PyObject *module, PyObject* globals, PyObject* code) { + PyObject *op = __Pyx_CyFunction_Init( + PyObject_GC_New(__pyx_CyFunctionObject, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_CyFunctionType), + ml, flags, qualname, closure, module, globals, code + ); + if (likely(op)) { + PyObject_GC_Track(op); + } + return op; + } + +/* CLineInTraceback (used by AddTraceback) */ + #if CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK && CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK_RUNTIME + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + #define __Pyx_PyProbablyModule_GetDict(o) __Pyx_XNewRef(PyModule_GetDict(o)) + #elif !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + #define __Pyx_PyProbablyModule_GetDict(o) PyObject_GenericGetDict(o, NULL); + #else + PyObject* __Pyx_PyProbablyModule_GetDict(PyObject *o) { + PyObject **dict_ptr = _PyObject_GetDictPtr(o); + return dict_ptr ? __Pyx_XNewRef(*dict_ptr) : NULL; + } + #endif + static int __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(PyThreadState *tstate, int c_line) { + PyObject *use_cline = NULL; + PyObject *ptype, *pvalue, *ptraceback; + PyObject *cython_runtime_dict; + CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(tstate); + if (unlikely(!__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_cython_runtime)) { + return c_line; + } + __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, &ptype, &pvalue, &ptraceback); + cython_runtime_dict = __Pyx_PyProbablyModule_GetDict(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_cython_runtime); + if (likely(cython_runtime_dict)) { + __PYX_PY_DICT_LOOKUP_IF_MODIFIED( + use_cline, cython_runtime_dict, + __Pyx_PyDict_SetDefault(cython_runtime_dict, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_cline_in_traceback, Py_False)) + } + if (use_cline == NULL || use_cline == Py_False || (use_cline != Py_True && PyObject_Not(use_cline) != 0)) { + c_line = 0; + } + Py_XDECREF(use_cline); + Py_XDECREF(cython_runtime_dict); + __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, ptype, pvalue, ptraceback); + return c_line; + } + #endif + +/* CodeObjectCache (used by AddTraceback) */ + static int __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries, int count, int code_line) { + int start = 0, mid = 0, end = count - 1; + if (end >= 0 && code_line > entries[end].code_line) { + return count; + } + while (start < end) { + mid = start + (end - start) / 2; + if (code_line < entries[mid].code_line) { + end = mid; + } else if (code_line > entries[mid].code_line) { + start = mid + 1; + } else { + return mid; + } + } + if (code_line <= entries[mid].code_line) { + return mid; + } else { + return mid + 1; + } + } + static __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType *__pyx__find_code_object(struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache *code_cache, int code_line) { + __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType* code_object; + int pos; + if (unlikely(!code_line) || unlikely(!code_cache->entries)) { + return NULL; + } + pos = __pyx_bisect_code_objects(code_cache->entries, code_cache->count, code_line); + if (unlikely(pos >= code_cache->count) || unlikely(code_cache->entries[pos].code_line != code_line)) { + return NULL; + } + code_object = code_cache->entries[pos].code_object; + Py_INCREF(code_object); + return code_object; + } + static __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType *__pyx_find_code_object(int code_line) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING && !CYTHON_ATOMICS + (void)__pyx__find_code_object; + return NULL; // Most implementation should have atomics. But otherwise, don't make it thread-safe, just miss. + #else + struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache *code_cache = &__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_code_cache; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + __pyx_nonatomic_int_type old_count = __pyx_atomic_incr_acq_rel(&code_cache->accessor_count); + if (old_count < 0) { + __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(&code_cache->accessor_count); + return NULL; + } + #endif + __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType *result = __pyx__find_code_object(code_cache, code_line); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(&code_cache->accessor_count); + #endif + return result; + #endif + } + static void __pyx__insert_code_object(struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache *code_cache, int code_line, __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType* code_object) + { + int pos, i; + __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries = code_cache->entries; + if (unlikely(!code_line)) { + return; + } + if (unlikely(!entries)) { + entries = (__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry*)PyMem_Malloc(64*sizeof(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry)); + if (likely(entries)) { + code_cache->entries = entries; + code_cache->max_count = 64; + code_cache->count = 1; + entries[0].code_line = code_line; + entries[0].code_object = code_object; + Py_INCREF(code_object); + } + return; + } + pos = __pyx_bisect_code_objects(code_cache->entries, code_cache->count, code_line); + if ((pos < code_cache->count) && unlikely(code_cache->entries[pos].code_line == code_line)) { + __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType* tmp = entries[pos].code_object; + entries[pos].code_object = code_object; + Py_INCREF(code_object); + Py_DECREF(tmp); + return; + } + if (code_cache->count == code_cache->max_count) { + int new_max = code_cache->max_count + 64; + entries = (__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry*)PyMem_Realloc( + code_cache->entries, ((size_t)new_max) * sizeof(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry)); + if (unlikely(!entries)) { + return; + } + code_cache->entries = entries; + code_cache->max_count = new_max; + } + for (i=code_cache->count; i>pos; i--) { + entries[i] = entries[i-1]; + } + entries[pos].code_line = code_line; + entries[pos].code_object = code_object; + code_cache->count++; + Py_INCREF(code_object); + } + static void __pyx_insert_code_object(int code_line, __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType* code_object) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING && !CYTHON_ATOMICS + (void)__pyx__insert_code_object; + return; // Most implementation should have atomics. But otherwise, don't make it thread-safe, just fail. + #else + struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache *code_cache = &__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_code_cache; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + __pyx_nonatomic_int_type expected = 0; + if (!__pyx_atomic_int_cmp_exchange(&code_cache->accessor_count, &expected, INT_MIN)) { + return; + } + #endif + __pyx__insert_code_object(code_cache, code_line, code_object); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + __pyx_atomic_sub(&code_cache->accessor_count, INT_MIN); + #endif + #endif + } + +/* AddTraceback */ + #include "compile.h" + #include "frameobject.h" + #include "traceback.h" + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030b00a6 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && !defined(PYPY_VERSION) + #ifndef Py_BUILD_CORE + #define Py_BUILD_CORE 1 + #endif + #include "internal/pycore_frame.h" + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + static PyObject *__Pyx_PyCode_Replace_For_AddTraceback(PyObject *code, PyObject *scratch_dict, + PyObject *firstlineno, PyObject *name) { + PyObject *replace = NULL; + if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItemString(scratch_dict, "co_firstlineno", firstlineno))) return NULL; + if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItemString(scratch_dict, "co_name", name))) return NULL; + replace = PyObject_GetAttrString(code, "replace"); + if (likely(replace)) { + PyObject *result = PyObject_Call(replace, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple, scratch_dict); + Py_DECREF(replace); + return result; + } + PyErr_Clear(); + return NULL; + } + static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname, int c_line, + int py_line, const char *filename) { + PyObject *code_object = NULL, *py_py_line = NULL, *py_funcname = NULL, *dict = NULL; + PyObject *replace = NULL, *getframe = NULL, *frame = NULL; + PyObject *exc_type, *exc_value, *exc_traceback; + int success = 0; + if (c_line) { + c_line = __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(__Pyx_PyThreadState_Current, c_line); + } + PyErr_Fetch(&exc_type, &exc_value, &exc_traceback); + code_object = __pyx_find_code_object(c_line ? -c_line : py_line); + if (!code_object) { + code_object = Py_CompileString("_getframe()", filename, Py_eval_input); + if (unlikely(!code_object)) goto bad; + py_py_line = PyLong_FromLong(py_line); + if (unlikely(!py_py_line)) goto bad; + if (c_line) { + py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromFormat( "%s (%s:%d)", funcname, __pyx_cfilenm, c_line); + } else { + py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromString(funcname); + } + if (unlikely(!py_funcname)) goto bad; + dict = PyDict_New(); + if (unlikely(!dict)) goto bad; + { + PyObject *old_code_object = code_object; + code_object = __Pyx_PyCode_Replace_For_AddTraceback(code_object, dict, py_py_line, py_funcname); + Py_DECREF(old_code_object); + } + if (unlikely(!code_object)) goto bad; + __pyx_insert_code_object(c_line ? -c_line : py_line, code_object); + } else { + dict = PyDict_New(); + } + getframe = PySys_GetObject("_getframe"); + if (unlikely(!getframe)) goto bad; + if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItemString(dict, "_getframe", getframe))) goto bad; + frame = PyEval_EvalCode(code_object, dict, dict); + if (unlikely(!frame) || frame == Py_None) goto bad; + success = 1; + bad: + PyErr_Restore(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback); + Py_XDECREF(code_object); + Py_XDECREF(py_py_line); + Py_XDECREF(py_funcname); + Py_XDECREF(dict); + Py_XDECREF(replace); + if (success) { + PyTraceBack_Here( + (struct _frame*)frame); + } + Py_XDECREF(frame); + } + #else + static PyCodeObject* __Pyx_CreateCodeObjectForTraceback( + const char *funcname, int c_line, + int py_line, const char *filename) { + PyCodeObject *py_code = NULL; + PyObject *py_funcname = NULL; + if (c_line) { + py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromFormat( "%s (%s:%d)", funcname, __pyx_cfilenm, c_line); + if (!py_funcname) goto bad; + funcname = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(py_funcname); + if (!funcname) goto bad; + } + py_code = PyCode_NewEmpty(filename, funcname, py_line); + Py_XDECREF(py_funcname); + return py_code; + bad: + Py_XDECREF(py_funcname); + return NULL; + } + static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname, int c_line, + int py_line, const char *filename) { + PyCodeObject *py_code = 0; + PyFrameObject *py_frame = 0; + PyThreadState *tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current; + PyObject *ptype, *pvalue, *ptraceback; + if (c_line) { + c_line = __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(tstate, c_line); + } + py_code = __pyx_find_code_object(c_line ? -c_line : py_line); + if (!py_code) { + __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, &ptype, &pvalue, &ptraceback); + py_code = __Pyx_CreateCodeObjectForTraceback( + funcname, c_line, py_line, filename); + if (!py_code) { + /* If the code object creation fails, then we should clear the + fetched exception references and propagate the new exception */ + Py_XDECREF(ptype); + Py_XDECREF(pvalue); + Py_XDECREF(ptraceback); + goto bad; + } + __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, ptype, pvalue, ptraceback); + __pyx_insert_code_object(c_line ? -c_line : py_line, py_code); + } + py_frame = PyFrame_New( + tstate, /*PyThreadState *tstate,*/ + py_code, /*PyCodeObject *code,*/ + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_d, /*PyObject *globals,*/ + 0 /*PyObject *locals*/ + ); + if (!py_frame) goto bad; + __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(py_frame, py_line); + PyTraceBack_Here(py_frame); + bad: + Py_XDECREF(py_code); + Py_XDECREF(py_frame); + } + #endif + +/* MemviewRefcount */ + #include + #ifndef _Py_NO_RETURN + #define _Py_NO_RETURN + #endif + _Py_NO_RETURN + static void __pyx_fatalerror(const char *fmt, ...) { + va_list vargs; + char msg[200]; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A0000 || defined(HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES) + va_start(vargs, fmt); + #else + va_start(vargs); + #endif + vsnprintf(msg, 200, fmt, vargs); + va_end(vargs); + Py_FatalError(msg); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE int + __pyx_add_acquisition_count_locked(__pyx_atomic_int_type *acquisition_count, + PyThread_type_lock lock) + { + int result; + PyThread_acquire_lock(lock, 1); + result = (*acquisition_count)++; + PyThread_release_lock(lock); + return result; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE int + __pyx_sub_acquisition_count_locked(__pyx_atomic_int_type *acquisition_count, + PyThread_type_lock lock) + { + int result; + PyThread_acquire_lock(lock, 1); + result = (*acquisition_count)--; + PyThread_release_lock(lock); + return result; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE void + __Pyx_INC_MEMVIEW(__Pyx_memviewslice *memslice, int have_gil, int lineno) + { + __pyx_nonatomic_int_type old_acquisition_count; + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *memview = memslice->memview; + if (unlikely(!memview || (PyObject *) memview == Py_None)) { + return; + } + old_acquisition_count = __pyx_add_acquisition_count(memview); + if (unlikely(old_acquisition_count <= 0)) { + if (likely(old_acquisition_count == 0)) { + if (have_gil) { + Py_INCREF((PyObject *) memview); + } else { + PyGILState_STATE _gilstate = PyGILState_Ensure(); + Py_INCREF((PyObject *) memview); + PyGILState_Release(_gilstate); + } + } else { + __pyx_fatalerror("Acquisition count is %d (line %d)", + old_acquisition_count+1, lineno); + } + } + } + static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_XCLEAR_MEMVIEW(__Pyx_memviewslice *memslice, + int have_gil, int lineno) { + __pyx_nonatomic_int_type old_acquisition_count; + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *memview = memslice->memview; + if (unlikely(!memview || (PyObject *) memview == Py_None)) { + memslice->memview = NULL; + return; + } + old_acquisition_count = __pyx_sub_acquisition_count(memview); + memslice->data = NULL; + if (likely(old_acquisition_count > 1)) { + memslice->memview = NULL; + } else if (likely(old_acquisition_count == 1)) { + if (have_gil) { + Py_CLEAR(memslice->memview); + } else { + PyGILState_STATE _gilstate = PyGILState_Ensure(); + Py_CLEAR(memslice->memview); + PyGILState_Release(_gilstate); + } + } else { + __pyx_fatalerror("Acquisition count is %d (line %d)", + old_acquisition_count-1, lineno); + } + } + +/* MemviewSliceIsContig */ + static int + __pyx_memviewslice_is_contig(const __Pyx_memviewslice mvs, char order, int ndim) + { + int i, index, step, start; + Py_ssize_t itemsize = mvs.memview->view.itemsize; + if (order == 'F') { + step = 1; + start = 0; + } else { + step = -1; + start = ndim - 1; + } + for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) { + index = start + step * i; + if (mvs.suboffsets[index] >= 0 || mvs.strides[index] != itemsize) + return 0; + itemsize *= mvs.shape[index]; + } + return 1; + } + +/* OverlappingSlices */ + static void + __pyx_get_array_memory_extents(__Pyx_memviewslice *slice, + void **out_start, void **out_end, + int ndim, size_t itemsize) + { + char *start, *end; + int i; + start = end = slice->data; + for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) { + Py_ssize_t stride = slice->strides[i]; + Py_ssize_t extent = slice->shape[i]; + if (extent == 0) { + *out_start = *out_end = start; + return; + } else { + if (stride > 0) + end += stride * (extent - 1); + else + start += stride * (extent - 1); + } + } + *out_start = start; + *out_end = end + itemsize; + } + static int + __pyx_slices_overlap(__Pyx_memviewslice *slice1, + __Pyx_memviewslice *slice2, + int ndim, size_t itemsize) + { + void *start1, *end1, *start2, *end2; + __pyx_get_array_memory_extents(slice1, &start1, &end1, ndim, itemsize); + __pyx_get_array_memory_extents(slice2, &start2, &end2, ndim, itemsize); + return (start1 < end2) && (start2 < end1); + } + +/* MemviewSliceInit */ + static int + __Pyx_init_memviewslice(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *memview, + int ndim, + __Pyx_memviewslice *memviewslice, + int memview_is_new_reference) + { + __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations + int i, retval=-1; + Py_buffer *buf = &memview->view; + __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("init_memviewslice", 0); + if (unlikely(memviewslice->memview || memviewslice->data)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, + "memviewslice is already initialized!"); + goto fail; + } + if (buf->strides) { + for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) { + memviewslice->strides[i] = buf->strides[i]; + } + } else { + Py_ssize_t stride = buf->itemsize; + for (i = ndim - 1; i >= 0; i--) { + memviewslice->strides[i] = stride; + stride *= buf->shape[i]; + } + } + for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) { + memviewslice->shape[i] = buf->shape[i]; + if (buf->suboffsets) { + memviewslice->suboffsets[i] = buf->suboffsets[i]; + } else { + memviewslice->suboffsets[i] = -1; + } + } + memviewslice->memview = memview; + memviewslice->data = (char *)buf->buf; + if (__pyx_add_acquisition_count(memview) == 0 && !memview_is_new_reference) { + Py_INCREF((PyObject*)memview); + } + retval = 0; + goto no_fail; + fail: + memviewslice->memview = 0; + memviewslice->data = 0; + retval = -1; + no_fail: + __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext(); + return retval; + } + +/* SliceMemoryviewSlice */ + static void __pyx_memoryview_slice_memviewslice_err_dim(PyObject *error, const char* msg, int dim) { + PyGILState_STATE gilstate = PyGILState_Ensure(); + PyErr_Format(error, msg, dim); + PyGILState_Release(gilstate); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_memoryview_slice_memviewslice( + __Pyx_memviewslice *dst, + Py_ssize_t shape, Py_ssize_t stride, Py_ssize_t suboffset, + int dim, int new_ndim, int *suboffset_dim, + Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop, Py_ssize_t step, + int have_start, int have_stop, int have_step, + int is_slice) { + if (!is_slice) { + if (start < 0) { + start += shape; + } + if (unlikely(!(0 <= start && start < shape))) { + __pyx_memoryview_slice_memviewslice_err_dim(PyExc_IndexError, "Index out of bounds (axis %d)", dim); + return -1; + } + } else { + int negative_step; + if (have_step) { + negative_step = step < 0; + if (unlikely(step == 0)) { + __pyx_memoryview_slice_memviewslice_err_dim(PyExc_ValueError, "Step may not be zero (axis %d)", dim); + return -1; + } + } else { + negative_step = 0; + step = 1; + } + if (have_start) { + if (start < 0) { + start += shape; + if (start < 0) { + start = 0; + } + } else if (start >= shape) { + start = negative_step ? (shape - 1) : shape; + } + } else { + start = negative_step ? (shape - 1) : 0; + } + if (have_stop) { + if (stop < 0) { + stop += shape; + if (stop < 0) { + stop = 0; + } + } else if (stop > shape) { + stop = shape; + } + } else { + stop = negative_step ? -1 : shape; + } + Py_ssize_t new_shape = (stop - start) / step; + if ((stop - start) - step * new_shape) { + ++new_shape; + } + if (new_shape < 0) { + new_shape = 0; + } + dst->strides[new_ndim] = stride * step; + dst->shape[new_ndim] = new_shape; + dst->suboffsets[new_ndim] = suboffset; + } + if (suboffset_dim[0] < 0) { + dst->data += start * stride; + } else { + dst->suboffsets[suboffset_dim[0]] += start * stride; + } + if (suboffset >= 0) { + if (!is_slice) { + if (likely(new_ndim == 0)) { + dst->data = ((char **)(dst->data))[0] + suboffset; + } else { + __pyx_memoryview_slice_memviewslice_err_dim( + PyExc_IndexError, + "All dimensions preceding dimension %d must be indexed and not sliced", + dim); + return -1; + } + } else { + suboffset_dim[0] = new_ndim; + } + } + return 0; + } + +/* CIntFromPyVerify */ + #define __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value)\ + __PYX__VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value, 0) + #define __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(target_type, func_type, func_value)\ + __PYX__VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value, 1) + #define __PYX__VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value, exc)\ + {\ + func_type value = func_value;\ + if (sizeof(target_type) < sizeof(func_type)) {\ + if (unlikely(value != (func_type) (target_type) value)) {\ + func_type zero = 0;\ + if (exc && unlikely(value == (func_type)-1 && PyErr_Occurred()))\ + return (target_type) -1;\ + if (is_unsigned && unlikely(value < zero))\ + goto raise_neg_overflow;\ + else\ + goto raise_overflow;\ + }\ + }\ + return (target_type) value;\ + } + +/* TypeInfoCompare (used by MemviewSliceValidateAndInit) */ + static int + __pyx_typeinfo_cmp(const __Pyx_TypeInfo *a, const __Pyx_TypeInfo *b) + { + int i; + if (!a || !b) + return 0; + if (a == b) + return 1; + if (a->size != b->size || a->typegroup != b->typegroup || + a->is_unsigned != b->is_unsigned || a->ndim != b->ndim) { + if (a->typegroup == 'H' || b->typegroup == 'H') { + return a->size == b->size; + } else { + return 0; + } + } + if (a->ndim) { + for (i = 0; i < a->ndim; i++) + if (a->arraysize[i] != b->arraysize[i]) + return 0; + } + if (a->typegroup == 'S') { + if (a->flags != b->flags) + return 0; + if (a->fields || b->fields) { + if (!(a->fields && b->fields)) + return 0; + for (i = 0; a->fields[i].type && b->fields[i].type; i++) { + const __Pyx_StructField *field_a = a->fields + i; + const __Pyx_StructField *field_b = b->fields + i; + if (field_a->offset != field_b->offset || + !__pyx_typeinfo_cmp(field_a->type, field_b->type)) + return 0; + } + return !a->fields[i].type && !b->fields[i].type; + } + } + return 1; + } + +/* MemviewSliceValidateAndInit (used by ObjectToMemviewSlice) */ + static int + __pyx_check_strides(Py_buffer *buf, int dim, int ndim, int spec) + { + if (buf->shape[dim] <= 1) + return 1; + if (buf->strides) { + if (spec & __Pyx_MEMVIEW_CONTIG) { + if (spec & (__Pyx_MEMVIEW_PTR|__Pyx_MEMVIEW_FULL)) { + if (unlikely(buf->strides[dim] != sizeof(void *))) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer is not indirectly contiguous " + "in dimension %d.", dim); + goto fail; + } + } else if (unlikely(buf->strides[dim] != buf->itemsize)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer and memoryview are not contiguous " + "in the same dimension."); + goto fail; + } + } + if (spec & __Pyx_MEMVIEW_FOLLOW) { + Py_ssize_t stride = buf->strides[dim]; + if (stride < 0) + stride = -stride; + if (unlikely(stride < buf->itemsize)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer and memoryview are not contiguous " + "in the same dimension."); + goto fail; + } + } + } else { + if (unlikely(spec & __Pyx_MEMVIEW_CONTIG && dim != ndim - 1)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "C-contiguous buffer is not contiguous in " + "dimension %d", dim); + goto fail; + } else if (unlikely(spec & (__Pyx_MEMVIEW_PTR))) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "C-contiguous buffer is not indirect in " + "dimension %d", dim); + goto fail; + } else if (unlikely(buf->suboffsets)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer exposes suboffsets but no strides"); + goto fail; + } + } + return 1; + fail: + return 0; + } + static int + __pyx_check_suboffsets(Py_buffer *buf, int dim, int ndim, int spec) + { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(ndim); + if (spec & __Pyx_MEMVIEW_DIRECT) { + if (unlikely(buf->suboffsets && buf->suboffsets[dim] >= 0)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer not compatible with direct access " + "in dimension %d.", dim); + goto fail; + } + } + if (spec & __Pyx_MEMVIEW_PTR) { + if (unlikely(!buf->suboffsets || (buf->suboffsets[dim] < 0))) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer is not indirectly accessible " + "in dimension %d.", dim); + goto fail; + } + } + return 1; + fail: + return 0; + } + static int + __pyx_verify_contig(Py_buffer *buf, int ndim, int c_or_f_flag) + { + int i; + if (c_or_f_flag & __Pyx_IS_F_CONTIG) { + Py_ssize_t stride = 1; + for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) { + if (unlikely(stride * buf->itemsize != buf->strides[i] && buf->shape[i] > 1)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer not fortran contiguous."); + goto fail; + } + stride = stride * buf->shape[i]; + } + } else if (c_or_f_flag & __Pyx_IS_C_CONTIG) { + Py_ssize_t stride = 1; + for (i = ndim - 1; i >- 1; i--) { + if (unlikely(stride * buf->itemsize != buf->strides[i] && buf->shape[i] > 1)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer not C contiguous."); + goto fail; + } + stride = stride * buf->shape[i]; + } + } + return 1; + fail: + return 0; + } + static int __Pyx_ValidateAndInit_memviewslice( + int *axes_specs, + int c_or_f_flag, + int buf_flags, + int ndim, + const __Pyx_TypeInfo *dtype, + __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem stack[], + __Pyx_memviewslice *memviewslice, + PyObject *original_obj) + { + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *memview, *new_memview; + __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations + Py_buffer *buf; + int i, spec = 0, retval = -1; + __Pyx_BufFmt_Context ctx; + int from_memoryview = __pyx_memoryview_check(original_obj); + __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("ValidateAndInit_memviewslice", 0); + if (from_memoryview && __pyx_typeinfo_cmp(dtype, ((struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *) + original_obj)->typeinfo)) { + memview = (struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *) original_obj; + new_memview = NULL; + } else { + memview = (struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *) __pyx_memoryview_new( + original_obj, buf_flags, 0, dtype); + new_memview = memview; + if (unlikely(!memview)) + goto fail; + } + buf = &memview->view; + if (unlikely(buf->ndim != ndim)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer has wrong number of dimensions (expected %d, got %d)", + ndim, buf->ndim); + goto fail; + } + if (new_memview) { + __Pyx_BufFmt_Init(&ctx, stack, dtype); + if (unlikely(!__Pyx_BufFmt_CheckString(&ctx, buf->format))) goto fail; + } + if (unlikely((unsigned) buf->itemsize != dtype->size)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Item size of buffer (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "u byte%s) " + "does not match size of '%s' (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "u byte%s)", + buf->itemsize, + (buf->itemsize > 1) ? "s" : "", + dtype->name, + dtype->size, + (dtype->size > 1) ? "s" : ""); + goto fail; + } + if (buf->len > 0) { + for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) { + spec = axes_specs[i]; + if (unlikely(!__pyx_check_strides(buf, i, ndim, spec))) + goto fail; + if (unlikely(!__pyx_check_suboffsets(buf, i, ndim, spec))) + goto fail; + } + if (unlikely(buf->strides && !__pyx_verify_contig(buf, ndim, c_or_f_flag))) + goto fail; + } + if (unlikely(__Pyx_init_memviewslice(memview, ndim, memviewslice, + new_memview != NULL) == -1)) { + goto fail; + } + retval = 0; + goto no_fail; + fail: + Py_XDECREF((PyObject*)new_memview); + retval = -1; + no_fail: + __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext(); + return retval; + } + +/* ObjectToMemviewSlice */ + static CYTHON_INLINE __Pyx_memviewslice __Pyx_PyObject_to_MemoryviewSlice_ds_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast_DTYPE_t(PyObject *obj, int writable_flag) { + __Pyx_memviewslice result = __Pyx_MEMSLICE_INIT; + __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem stack[1]; + int axes_specs[] = { (__Pyx_MEMVIEW_DIRECT | __Pyx_MEMVIEW_STRIDED) }; + int retcode; + if (obj == Py_None) { + result.memview = (struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *) Py_None; + return result; + } + retcode = __Pyx_ValidateAndInit_memviewslice(axes_specs, 0, + PyBUF_RECORDS_RO | writable_flag, 1, + &__Pyx_TypeInfo_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast_DTYPE_t, stack, + &result, obj); + if (unlikely(retcode == -1)) + goto __pyx_fail; + return result; + __pyx_fail: + result.memview = NULL; + result.data = NULL; + return result; + } + +/* MemviewDtypeToObject */ + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__pyx_memview_get_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast_DTYPE_t(const char *itemp) { + return (PyObject *) __Pyx_PyLong_From_npy_int64(*(__pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast_DTYPE_t const *) itemp); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_memview_set_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast_DTYPE_t(char *itemp, PyObject *obj) { + __pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast_DTYPE_t value = __Pyx_PyLong_As_npy_int64(obj); + if (unlikely((value == ((npy_int64)-1)) && PyErr_Occurred())) + return 0; + *(__pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_15data_utils_fast_DTYPE_t *) itemp = value; + return 1; + } + +/* Declarations */ + #if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && (1) && (!0 || __cplusplus) + #ifdef __cplusplus + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(float x, float y) { + return ::std::complex< float >(x, y); + } + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(float x, float y) { + return x + y*(__pyx_t_float_complex)_Complex_I; + } + #endif + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(float x, float y) { + __pyx_t_float_complex z; + z.real = x; + z.imag = y; + return z; + } + #endif + +/* Arithmetic */ + #if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && (1) && (!0 || __cplusplus) + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_eq_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) { + return (a.real == b.real) && (a.imag == b.imag); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_sum_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) { + __pyx_t_float_complex z; + z.real = a.real + b.real; + z.imag = a.imag + b.imag; + return z; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_diff_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) { + __pyx_t_float_complex z; + z.real = a.real - b.real; + z.imag = a.imag - b.imag; + return z; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_prod_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) { + __pyx_t_float_complex z; + z.real = a.real * b.real - a.imag * b.imag; + z.imag = a.real * b.imag + a.imag * b.real; + return z; + } + #if 1 + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_quot_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) { + if (b.imag == 0) { + return __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(a.real / b.real, a.imag / b.real); + } else if (fabsf(b.real) >= fabsf(b.imag)) { + if (b.real == 0 && b.imag == 0) { + return __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(a.real / b.real, a.imag / b.imag); + } else { + float r = b.imag / b.real; + float s = (float)(1.0) / (b.real + b.imag * r); + return __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts( + (a.real + a.imag * r) * s, (a.imag - a.real * r) * s); + } + } else { + float r = b.real / b.imag; + float s = (float)(1.0) / (b.imag + b.real * r); + return __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts( + (a.real * r + a.imag) * s, (a.imag * r - a.real) * s); + } + } + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_quot_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) { + if (b.imag == 0) { + return __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(a.real / b.real, a.imag / b.real); + } else { + float denom = b.real * b.real + b.imag * b.imag; + return __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts( + (a.real * b.real + a.imag * b.imag) / denom, + (a.imag * b.real - a.real * b.imag) / denom); + } + } + #endif + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_neg_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a) { + __pyx_t_float_complex z; + z.real = -a.real; + z.imag = -a.imag; + return z; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_is_zero_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a) { + return (a.real == 0) && (a.imag == 0); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_conj_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a) { + __pyx_t_float_complex z; + z.real = a.real; + z.imag = -a.imag; + return z; + } + #if 1 + static CYTHON_INLINE float __Pyx_c_abs_float(__pyx_t_float_complex z) { + #if !defined(HAVE_HYPOT) || defined(_MSC_VER) + return sqrtf(z.real*z.real + z.imag*z.imag); + #else + return hypotf(z.real, z.imag); + #endif + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_pow_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) { + __pyx_t_float_complex z; + float r, lnr, theta, z_r, z_theta; + if (b.imag == 0 && b.real == (int)b.real) { + if (b.real < 0) { + float denom = a.real * a.real + a.imag * a.imag; + a.real = a.real / denom; + a.imag = -a.imag / denom; + b.real = -b.real; + } + switch ((int)b.real) { + case 0: + z.real = 1; + z.imag = 0; + return z; + case 1: + return a; + case 2: + return __Pyx_c_prod_float(a, a); + case 3: + z = __Pyx_c_prod_float(a, a); + return __Pyx_c_prod_float(z, a); + case 4: + z = __Pyx_c_prod_float(a, a); + return __Pyx_c_prod_float(z, z); + } + } + if (a.imag == 0) { + if (a.real == 0) { + return a; + } else if ((b.imag == 0) && (a.real >= 0)) { + z.real = powf(a.real, b.real); + z.imag = 0; + return z; + } else if (a.real > 0) { + r = a.real; + theta = 0; + } else { + r = -a.real; + theta = atan2f(0.0, -1.0); + } + } else { + r = __Pyx_c_abs_float(a); + theta = atan2f(a.imag, a.real); + } + lnr = logf(r); + z_r = expf(lnr * b.real - theta * b.imag); + z_theta = theta * b.real + lnr * b.imag; + z.real = z_r * cosf(z_theta); + z.imag = z_r * sinf(z_theta); + return z; + } + #endif + #endif + +/* Declarations */ + #if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && (1) && (!0 || __cplusplus) + #ifdef __cplusplus + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(double x, double y) { + return ::std::complex< double >(x, y); + } + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(double x, double y) { + return x + y*(__pyx_t_double_complex)_Complex_I; + } + #endif + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(double x, double y) { + __pyx_t_double_complex z; + z.real = x; + z.imag = y; + return z; + } + #endif + +/* Arithmetic */ + #if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && (1) && (!0 || __cplusplus) + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_eq_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) { + return (a.real == b.real) && (a.imag == b.imag); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_sum_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) { + __pyx_t_double_complex z; + z.real = a.real + b.real; + z.imag = a.imag + b.imag; + return z; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_diff_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) { + __pyx_t_double_complex z; + z.real = a.real - b.real; + z.imag = a.imag - b.imag; + return z; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_prod_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) { + __pyx_t_double_complex z; + z.real = a.real * b.real - a.imag * b.imag; + z.imag = a.real * b.imag + a.imag * b.real; + return z; + } + #if 1 + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_quot_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) { + if (b.imag == 0) { + return __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(a.real / b.real, a.imag / b.real); + } else if (fabs(b.real) >= fabs(b.imag)) { + if (b.real == 0 && b.imag == 0) { + return __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(a.real / b.real, a.imag / b.imag); + } else { + double r = b.imag / b.real; + double s = (double)(1.0) / (b.real + b.imag * r); + return __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts( + (a.real + a.imag * r) * s, (a.imag - a.real * r) * s); + } + } else { + double r = b.real / b.imag; + double s = (double)(1.0) / (b.imag + b.real * r); + return __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts( + (a.real * r + a.imag) * s, (a.imag * r - a.real) * s); + } + } + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_quot_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) { + if (b.imag == 0) { + return __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(a.real / b.real, a.imag / b.real); + } else { + double denom = b.real * b.real + b.imag * b.imag; + return __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts( + (a.real * b.real + a.imag * b.imag) / denom, + (a.imag * b.real - a.real * b.imag) / denom); + } + } + #endif + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_neg_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a) { + __pyx_t_double_complex z; + z.real = -a.real; + z.imag = -a.imag; + return z; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_is_zero_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a) { + return (a.real == 0) && (a.imag == 0); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_conj_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a) { + __pyx_t_double_complex z; + z.real = a.real; + z.imag = -a.imag; + return z; + } + #if 1 + static CYTHON_INLINE double __Pyx_c_abs_double(__pyx_t_double_complex z) { + #if !defined(HAVE_HYPOT) || defined(_MSC_VER) + return sqrt(z.real*z.real + z.imag*z.imag); + #else + return hypot(z.real, z.imag); + #endif + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_pow_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) { + __pyx_t_double_complex z; + double r, lnr, theta, z_r, z_theta; + if (b.imag == 0 && b.real == (int)b.real) { + if (b.real < 0) { + double denom = a.real * a.real + a.imag * a.imag; + a.real = a.real / denom; + a.imag = -a.imag / denom; + b.real = -b.real; + } + switch ((int)b.real) { + case 0: + z.real = 1; + z.imag = 0; + return z; + case 1: + return a; + case 2: + return __Pyx_c_prod_double(a, a); + case 3: + z = __Pyx_c_prod_double(a, a); + return __Pyx_c_prod_double(z, a); + case 4: + z = __Pyx_c_prod_double(a, a); + return __Pyx_c_prod_double(z, z); + } + } + if (a.imag == 0) { + if (a.real == 0) { + return a; + } else if ((b.imag == 0) && (a.real >= 0)) { + z.real = pow(a.real, b.real); + z.imag = 0; + return z; + } else if (a.real > 0) { + r = a.real; + theta = 0; + } else { + r = -a.real; + theta = atan2(0.0, -1.0); + } + } else { + r = __Pyx_c_abs_double(a); + theta = atan2(a.imag, a.real); + } + lnr = log(r); + z_r = exp(lnr * b.real - theta * b.imag); + z_theta = theta * b.real + lnr * b.imag; + z.real = z_r * cos(z_theta); + z.imag = z_r * sin(z_theta); + return z; + } + #endif + #endif + +/* MemviewSliceCopy */ + static __Pyx_memviewslice + __pyx_memoryview_copy_new_contig(const __Pyx_memviewslice *from_mvs, + const char *mode, int ndim, + size_t sizeof_dtype, int contig_flag, + int dtype_is_object) + { + __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations + int i; + __Pyx_memviewslice new_mvs = __Pyx_MEMSLICE_INIT; + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *from_memview = from_mvs->memview; + Py_buffer *buf = &from_memview->view; + PyObject *shape_tuple = NULL; + struct __pyx_array_obj *array_obj = NULL; + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *memview_obj = NULL; + __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("__pyx_memoryview_copy_new_contig", 0); + for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) { + if (unlikely(from_mvs->suboffsets[i] >= 0)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Cannot copy memoryview slice with " + "indirect dimensions (axis %d)", i); + goto fail; + } + } + shape_tuple = PyTuple_New(ndim); + if (unlikely(!shape_tuple)) { + goto fail; + } + __Pyx_GOTREF(shape_tuple); + for(i = 0; i < ndim; i++) { + PyObject *temp_int = PyLong_FromSsize_t(from_mvs->shape[i]); + if(unlikely(!temp_int)) { + goto fail; + } else { + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + PyTuple_SET_ITEM(shape_tuple, i, temp_int); + #else + if (PyTuple_SetItem(shape_tuple, i, temp_int) < 0) { + goto fail; + } + #endif + } + } + array_obj = __pyx_array_new(shape_tuple, sizeof_dtype, buf->format, mode, NULL); + if (unlikely(!array_obj)) { + goto fail; + } + __Pyx_GOTREF(array_obj); + memview_obj = (struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *) __pyx_memoryview_new( + (PyObject *) array_obj, contig_flag, + dtype_is_object, + from_mvs->memview->typeinfo); + if (unlikely(!memview_obj)) + goto fail; + if (unlikely(__Pyx_init_memviewslice(memview_obj, ndim, &new_mvs, 1) < 0)) + goto fail; + if (unlikely(__pyx_memoryview_copy_contents(*from_mvs, new_mvs, ndim, ndim, + dtype_is_object) < 0)) + goto fail; + goto no_fail; + fail: + __Pyx_XDECREF((PyObject *) new_mvs.memview); + new_mvs.memview = NULL; + new_mvs.data = NULL; + no_fail: + __Pyx_XDECREF(shape_tuple); + __Pyx_XDECREF((PyObject *) array_obj); + __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext(); + return new_mvs; + } + +/* CIntFromPy */ + static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_PyLong_As_long(PyObject *x) { + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic push + #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" + #endif + const long neg_one = (long) -1, const_zero = (long) 0; + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic pop + #endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (unlikely(!PyLong_Check(x))) { + long val; + PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_Long(x); + if (!tmp) return (long) -1; + val = __Pyx_PyLong_As_long(tmp); + Py_DECREF(tmp); + return val; + } + if (is_unsigned) { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyLong_IsNeg(x))) { + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } else if (__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, __Pyx_compact_upylong, __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValueUnsigned(x)) + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x); + assert(__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) > 1); + switch (__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x)) { + case 2: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) (((((long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + case 3: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) (((((((long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + case 4: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) (((((((((long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + } + } + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A7 + if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) { + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } + #else + { + int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT); + if (unlikely(result < 0)) + return (long) -1; + if (unlikely(result == 1)) + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } + #endif + if ((sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned long))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x)) + } else if ((sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x)) + } + } else { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, __Pyx_compact_pylong, __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValue(x)) + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x); + assert(__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) > 1); + switch (__Pyx_PyLong_SignedDigitCount(x)) { + case -2: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) (((long)-1)*(((((long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 2: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) ((((((long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case -3: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) (((long)-1)*(((((((long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 3: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) ((((((((long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case -4: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) (((long)-1)*(((((((((long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 4: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) ((((((((((long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + } + } + #endif + if ((sizeof(long) <= sizeof(long))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, long, PyLong_AsLong(x)) + } else if ((sizeof(long) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x)) + } + } + { + long val; + int ret = -1; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A6 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_ssize_t bytes_copied = PyLong_AsNativeBytes( + x, &val, sizeof(val), Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN | (is_unsigned ? Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE : 0)); + if (unlikely(bytes_copied == -1)) { + } else if (unlikely(bytes_copied > (Py_ssize_t) sizeof(val))) { + goto raise_overflow; + } else { + ret = 0; + } + #elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 && !(CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API) || defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray) + int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val; + ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)x, + bytes, sizeof(val), + is_little, !is_unsigned); + #else + PyObject *v; + PyObject *stepval = NULL, *mask = NULL, *shift = NULL; + int bits, remaining_bits, is_negative = 0; + int chunk_size = (sizeof(long) < 8) ? 30 : 62; + if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(x))) { + v = __Pyx_NewRef(x); + } else { + v = PyNumber_Long(x); + if (unlikely(!v)) return (long) -1; + assert(PyLong_CheckExact(v)); + } + { + int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(v, Py_False, Py_LT); + if (unlikely(result < 0)) { + Py_DECREF(v); + return (long) -1; + } + is_negative = result == 1; + } + if (is_unsigned && unlikely(is_negative)) { + Py_DECREF(v); + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } else if (is_negative) { + stepval = PyNumber_Invert(v); + Py_DECREF(v); + if (unlikely(!stepval)) + return (long) -1; + } else { + stepval = v; + } + v = NULL; + val = (long) 0; + mask = PyLong_FromLong((1L << chunk_size) - 1); if (unlikely(!mask)) goto done; + shift = PyLong_FromLong(chunk_size); if (unlikely(!shift)) goto done; + for (bits = 0; bits < (int) sizeof(long) * 8 - chunk_size; bits += chunk_size) { + PyObject *tmp, *digit; + long idigit; + digit = PyNumber_And(stepval, mask); + if (unlikely(!digit)) goto done; + idigit = PyLong_AsLong(digit); + Py_DECREF(digit); + if (unlikely(idigit < 0)) goto done; + val |= ((long) idigit) << bits; + tmp = PyNumber_Rshift(stepval, shift); + if (unlikely(!tmp)) goto done; + Py_DECREF(stepval); stepval = tmp; + } + Py_DECREF(shift); shift = NULL; + Py_DECREF(mask); mask = NULL; + { + long idigit = PyLong_AsLong(stepval); + if (unlikely(idigit < 0)) goto done; + remaining_bits = ((int) sizeof(long) * 8) - bits - (is_unsigned ? 0 : 1); + if (unlikely(idigit >= (1L << remaining_bits))) + goto raise_overflow; + val |= ((long) idigit) << bits; + } + if (!is_unsigned) { + if (unlikely(val & (((long) 1) << (sizeof(long) * 8 - 1)))) + goto raise_overflow; + if (is_negative) + val = ~val; + } + ret = 0; + done: + Py_XDECREF(shift); + Py_XDECREF(mask); + Py_XDECREF(stepval); + #endif + if (unlikely(ret)) + return (long) -1; + return val; + } + raise_overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, + "value too large to convert to long"); + return (long) -1; + raise_neg_overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, + "can't convert negative value to long"); + return (long) -1; + } + +/* CIntFromPy */ + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyLong_As_int(PyObject *x) { + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic push + #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" + #endif + const int neg_one = (int) -1, const_zero = (int) 0; + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic pop + #endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (unlikely(!PyLong_Check(x))) { + int val; + PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_Long(x); + if (!tmp) return (int) -1; + val = __Pyx_PyLong_As_int(tmp); + Py_DECREF(tmp); + return val; + } + if (is_unsigned) { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyLong_IsNeg(x))) { + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } else if (__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, __Pyx_compact_upylong, __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValueUnsigned(x)) + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x); + assert(__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) > 1); + switch (__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x)) { + case 2: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) (((((int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + case 3: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) (((((((int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + case 4: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) (((((((((int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + } + } + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A7 + if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) { + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } + #else + { + int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT); + if (unlikely(result < 0)) + return (int) -1; + if (unlikely(result == 1)) + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } + #endif + if ((sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned long))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x)) + } else if ((sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x)) + } + } else { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, __Pyx_compact_pylong, __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValue(x)) + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x); + assert(__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) > 1); + switch (__Pyx_PyLong_SignedDigitCount(x)) { + case -2: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) (((int)-1)*(((((int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 2: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) ((((((int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case -3: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) (((int)-1)*(((((((int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 3: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) ((((((((int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case -4: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) (((int)-1)*(((((((((int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 4: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) ((((((((((int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + } + } + #endif + if ((sizeof(int) <= sizeof(long))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, long, PyLong_AsLong(x)) + } else if ((sizeof(int) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x)) + } + } + { + int val; + int ret = -1; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A6 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_ssize_t bytes_copied = PyLong_AsNativeBytes( + x, &val, sizeof(val), Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN | (is_unsigned ? Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE : 0)); + if (unlikely(bytes_copied == -1)) { + } else if (unlikely(bytes_copied > (Py_ssize_t) sizeof(val))) { + goto raise_overflow; + } else { + ret = 0; + } + #elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 && !(CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API) || defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray) + int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val; + ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)x, + bytes, sizeof(val), + is_little, !is_unsigned); + #else + PyObject *v; + PyObject *stepval = NULL, *mask = NULL, *shift = NULL; + int bits, remaining_bits, is_negative = 0; + int chunk_size = (sizeof(long) < 8) ? 30 : 62; + if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(x))) { + v = __Pyx_NewRef(x); + } else { + v = PyNumber_Long(x); + if (unlikely(!v)) return (int) -1; + assert(PyLong_CheckExact(v)); + } + { + int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(v, Py_False, Py_LT); + if (unlikely(result < 0)) { + Py_DECREF(v); + return (int) -1; + } + is_negative = result == 1; + } + if (is_unsigned && unlikely(is_negative)) { + Py_DECREF(v); + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } else if (is_negative) { + stepval = PyNumber_Invert(v); + Py_DECREF(v); + if (unlikely(!stepval)) + return (int) -1; + } else { + stepval = v; + } + v = NULL; + val = (int) 0; + mask = PyLong_FromLong((1L << chunk_size) - 1); if (unlikely(!mask)) goto done; + shift = PyLong_FromLong(chunk_size); if (unlikely(!shift)) goto done; + for (bits = 0; bits < (int) sizeof(int) * 8 - chunk_size; bits += chunk_size) { + PyObject *tmp, *digit; + long idigit; + digit = PyNumber_And(stepval, mask); + if (unlikely(!digit)) goto done; + idigit = PyLong_AsLong(digit); + Py_DECREF(digit); + if (unlikely(idigit < 0)) goto done; + val |= ((int) idigit) << bits; + tmp = PyNumber_Rshift(stepval, shift); + if (unlikely(!tmp)) goto done; + Py_DECREF(stepval); stepval = tmp; + } + Py_DECREF(shift); shift = NULL; + Py_DECREF(mask); mask = NULL; + { + long idigit = PyLong_AsLong(stepval); + if (unlikely(idigit < 0)) goto done; + remaining_bits = ((int) sizeof(int) * 8) - bits - (is_unsigned ? 0 : 1); + if (unlikely(idigit >= (1L << remaining_bits))) + goto raise_overflow; + val |= ((int) idigit) << bits; + } + if (!is_unsigned) { + if (unlikely(val & (((int) 1) << (sizeof(int) * 8 - 1)))) + goto raise_overflow; + if (is_negative) + val = ~val; + } + ret = 0; + done: + Py_XDECREF(shift); + Py_XDECREF(mask); + Py_XDECREF(stepval); + #endif + if (unlikely(ret)) + return (int) -1; + return val; + } + raise_overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, + "value too large to convert to int"); + return (int) -1; + raise_neg_overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, + "can't convert negative value to int"); + return (int) -1; + } + +/* PyObjectVectorCallKwBuilder (used by CIntToPy) */ + #if CYTHON_VECTORCALL + static int __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArg(PyObject *key, PyObject *value, PyObject *builder, PyObject **args, int n) { + (void)__Pyx_PyObject_FastCallDict; + Py_INCREF(key); + if (__Pyx_PyTuple_SET_ITEM(builder, n, key) != (0)) return -1; + args[n] = value; + return 0; + } + CYTHON_UNUSED static int __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArg_Check(PyObject *key, PyObject *value, PyObject *builder, PyObject **args, int n) { + (void)__Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArgStr; + if (unlikely(!PyUnicode_Check(key))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "keywords must be strings"); + return -1; + } + return __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArg(key, value, builder, args, n); + } + static int __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArgStr(const char *key, PyObject *value, PyObject *builder, PyObject **args, int n) { + PyObject *pyKey = PyUnicode_FromString(key); + if (!pyKey) return -1; + return __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArg(pyKey, value, builder, args, n); + } + #else // CYTHON_VECTORCALL + CYTHON_UNUSED static int __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArg_Check(PyObject *key, PyObject *value, PyObject *builder, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject **args, CYTHON_UNUSED int n) { + if (unlikely(!PyUnicode_Check(key))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "keywords must be strings"); + return -1; + } + return PyDict_SetItem(builder, key, value); + } + #endif + +/* CIntToPy */ + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyLong_From_npy_int64(npy_int64 value) { + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic push + #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" + #endif + const npy_int64 neg_one = (npy_int64) -1, const_zero = (npy_int64) 0; + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic pop + #endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (is_unsigned) { + if (sizeof(npy_int64) < sizeof(long)) { + return PyLong_FromLong((long) value); + } else if (sizeof(npy_int64) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value); + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + } else if (sizeof(npy_int64) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) value); + #endif + } + } else { + if (sizeof(npy_int64) <= sizeof(long)) { + return PyLong_FromLong((long) value); + } else if (sizeof(npy_int64) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) { + return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) value); + } + } + { + unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value; + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A4 + if (is_unsigned) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedNativeBytes(bytes, sizeof(value), -1); + } else { + return PyLong_FromNativeBytes(bytes, sizeof(value), -1); + } + #elif !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 + int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(npy_int64), + little, !is_unsigned); + #else + int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + PyObject *from_bytes, *result = NULL, *kwds = NULL; + PyObject *py_bytes = NULL, *order_str = NULL; + from_bytes = PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject*)&PyLong_Type, "from_bytes"); + if (!from_bytes) return NULL; + py_bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char*)bytes, sizeof(npy_int64)); + if (!py_bytes) goto limited_bad; + order_str = PyUnicode_FromString(little ? "little" : "big"); + if (!order_str) goto limited_bad; + { + PyObject *args[3+(CYTHON_VECTORCALL ? 1 : 0)] = { NULL, py_bytes, order_str }; + if (!is_unsigned) { + kwds = __Pyx_MakeVectorcallBuilderKwds(1); + if (!kwds) goto limited_bad; + if (__Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArgStr("signed", __Pyx_NewRef(Py_True), kwds, args+3, 0) < 0) goto limited_bad; + } + result = __Pyx_Object_Vectorcall_CallFromBuilder(from_bytes, args+1, 2 | __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET, kwds); + } + limited_bad: + Py_XDECREF(kwds); + Py_XDECREF(order_str); + Py_XDECREF(py_bytes); + Py_XDECREF(from_bytes); + return result; + #endif + } + } + +/* CIntFromPy */ + static CYTHON_INLINE npy_int64 __Pyx_PyLong_As_npy_int64(PyObject *x) { + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic push + #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" + #endif + const npy_int64 neg_one = (npy_int64) -1, const_zero = (npy_int64) 0; + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic pop + #endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (unlikely(!PyLong_Check(x))) { + npy_int64 val; + PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_Long(x); + if (!tmp) return (npy_int64) -1; + val = __Pyx_PyLong_As_npy_int64(tmp); + Py_DECREF(tmp); + return val; + } + if (is_unsigned) { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyLong_IsNeg(x))) { + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } else if (__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, __Pyx_compact_upylong, __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValueUnsigned(x)) + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x); + assert(__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) > 1); + switch (__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x)) { + case 2: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) (((((npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + case 3: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) (((((((npy_int64)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + case 4: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) (((((((((npy_int64)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + } + } + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A7 + if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) { + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } + #else + { + int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT); + if (unlikely(result < 0)) + return (npy_int64) -1; + if (unlikely(result == 1)) + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } + #endif + if ((sizeof(npy_int64) <= sizeof(unsigned long))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(npy_int64, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x)) + } else if ((sizeof(npy_int64) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(npy_int64, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x)) + } + } else { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, __Pyx_compact_pylong, __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValue(x)) + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x); + assert(__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) > 1); + switch (__Pyx_PyLong_SignedDigitCount(x)) { + case -2: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) (((npy_int64)-1)*(((((npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 2: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) ((((((npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case -3: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) (((npy_int64)-1)*(((((((npy_int64)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 3: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) ((((((((npy_int64)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case -4: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) (((npy_int64)-1)*(((((((((npy_int64)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 4: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) ((((((((((npy_int64)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + } + } + #endif + if ((sizeof(npy_int64) <= sizeof(long))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(npy_int64, long, PyLong_AsLong(x)) + } else if ((sizeof(npy_int64) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(npy_int64, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x)) + } + } + { + npy_int64 val; + int ret = -1; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A6 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_ssize_t bytes_copied = PyLong_AsNativeBytes( + x, &val, sizeof(val), Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN | (is_unsigned ? Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE : 0)); + if (unlikely(bytes_copied == -1)) { + } else if (unlikely(bytes_copied > (Py_ssize_t) sizeof(val))) { + goto raise_overflow; + } else { + ret = 0; + } + #elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 && !(CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API) || defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray) + int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val; + ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)x, + bytes, sizeof(val), + is_little, !is_unsigned); + #else + PyObject *v; + PyObject *stepval = NULL, *mask = NULL, *shift = NULL; + int bits, remaining_bits, is_negative = 0; + int chunk_size = (sizeof(long) < 8) ? 30 : 62; + if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(x))) { + v = __Pyx_NewRef(x); + } else { + v = PyNumber_Long(x); + if (unlikely(!v)) return (npy_int64) -1; + assert(PyLong_CheckExact(v)); + } + { + int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(v, Py_False, Py_LT); + if (unlikely(result < 0)) { + Py_DECREF(v); + return (npy_int64) -1; + } + is_negative = result == 1; + } + if (is_unsigned && unlikely(is_negative)) { + Py_DECREF(v); + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } else if (is_negative) { + stepval = PyNumber_Invert(v); + Py_DECREF(v); + if (unlikely(!stepval)) + return (npy_int64) -1; + } else { + stepval = v; + } + v = NULL; + val = (npy_int64) 0; + mask = PyLong_FromLong((1L << chunk_size) - 1); if (unlikely(!mask)) goto done; + shift = PyLong_FromLong(chunk_size); if (unlikely(!shift)) goto done; + for (bits = 0; bits < (int) sizeof(npy_int64) * 8 - chunk_size; bits += chunk_size) { + PyObject *tmp, *digit; + long idigit; + digit = PyNumber_And(stepval, mask); + if (unlikely(!digit)) goto done; + idigit = PyLong_AsLong(digit); + Py_DECREF(digit); + if (unlikely(idigit < 0)) goto done; + val |= ((npy_int64) idigit) << bits; + tmp = PyNumber_Rshift(stepval, shift); + if (unlikely(!tmp)) goto done; + Py_DECREF(stepval); stepval = tmp; + } + Py_DECREF(shift); shift = NULL; + Py_DECREF(mask); mask = NULL; + { + long idigit = PyLong_AsLong(stepval); + if (unlikely(idigit < 0)) goto done; + remaining_bits = ((int) sizeof(npy_int64) * 8) - bits - (is_unsigned ? 0 : 1); + if (unlikely(idigit >= (1L << remaining_bits))) + goto raise_overflow; + val |= ((npy_int64) idigit) << bits; + } + if (!is_unsigned) { + if (unlikely(val & (((npy_int64) 1) << (sizeof(npy_int64) * 8 - 1)))) + goto raise_overflow; + if (is_negative) + val = ~val; + } + ret = 0; + done: + Py_XDECREF(shift); + Py_XDECREF(mask); + Py_XDECREF(stepval); + #endif + if (unlikely(ret)) + return (npy_int64) -1; + return val; + } + raise_overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, + "value too large to convert to npy_int64"); + return (npy_int64) -1; + raise_neg_overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, + "can't convert negative value to npy_int64"); + return (npy_int64) -1; + } + +/* CIntToPy */ + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyLong_From_long(long value) { + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic push + #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" + #endif + const long neg_one = (long) -1, const_zero = (long) 0; + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic pop + #endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (is_unsigned) { + if (sizeof(long) < sizeof(long)) { + return PyLong_FromLong((long) value); + } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value); + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) value); + #endif + } + } else { + if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(long)) { + return PyLong_FromLong((long) value); + } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) { + return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) value); + } + } + { + unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value; + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A4 + if (is_unsigned) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedNativeBytes(bytes, sizeof(value), -1); + } else { + return PyLong_FromNativeBytes(bytes, sizeof(value), -1); + } + #elif !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 + int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(long), + little, !is_unsigned); + #else + int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + PyObject *from_bytes, *result = NULL, *kwds = NULL; + PyObject *py_bytes = NULL, *order_str = NULL; + from_bytes = PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject*)&PyLong_Type, "from_bytes"); + if (!from_bytes) return NULL; + py_bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char*)bytes, sizeof(long)); + if (!py_bytes) goto limited_bad; + order_str = PyUnicode_FromString(little ? "little" : "big"); + if (!order_str) goto limited_bad; + { + PyObject *args[3+(CYTHON_VECTORCALL ? 1 : 0)] = { NULL, py_bytes, order_str }; + if (!is_unsigned) { + kwds = __Pyx_MakeVectorcallBuilderKwds(1); + if (!kwds) goto limited_bad; + if (__Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArgStr("signed", __Pyx_NewRef(Py_True), kwds, args+3, 0) < 0) goto limited_bad; + } + result = __Pyx_Object_Vectorcall_CallFromBuilder(from_bytes, args+1, 2 | __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET, kwds); + } + limited_bad: + Py_XDECREF(kwds); + Py_XDECREF(order_str); + Py_XDECREF(py_bytes); + Py_XDECREF(from_bytes); + return result; + #endif + } + } + +/* PyObjectCall2Args (used by PyObjectCallMethod1) */ + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Call2Args(PyObject* function, PyObject* arg1, PyObject* arg2) { + PyObject *args[3] = {NULL, arg1, arg2}; + return __Pyx_PyObject_FastCall(function, args+1, 2 | __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET); + } + +/* PyObjectCallMethod1 (used by UpdateUnpickledDict) */ + #if !(CYTHON_VECTORCALL && (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 || (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000))) + static PyObject* __Pyx__PyObject_CallMethod1(PyObject* method, PyObject* arg) { + PyObject *result = __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(method, arg); + Py_DECREF(method); + return result; + } + #endif + static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod1(PyObject* obj, PyObject* method_name, PyObject* arg) { + #if CYTHON_VECTORCALL && (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 || (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000)) + PyObject *args[2] = {obj, arg}; + (void) __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg; + (void) __Pyx_PyObject_Call2Args; + return PyObject_VectorcallMethod(method_name, args, 2 | PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET, NULL); + #else + PyObject *method = NULL, *result; + int is_method = __Pyx_PyObject_GetMethod(obj, method_name, &method); + if (likely(is_method)) { + result = __Pyx_PyObject_Call2Args(method, obj, arg); + Py_DECREF(method); + return result; + } + if (unlikely(!method)) return NULL; + return __Pyx__PyObject_CallMethod1(method, arg); + #endif + } + +/* UpdateUnpickledDict */ + static int __Pyx__UpdateUnpickledDict(PyObject *obj, PyObject *state, Py_ssize_t index) { + PyObject *state_dict = __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(state, index); + if (unlikely(!state_dict)) { + return -1; + } + int non_empty = PyObject_IsTrue(state_dict); + if (non_empty == 0) { + Py_DECREF(state_dict); + return 0; + } else if (unlikely(non_empty == -1)) { + return -1; + } + PyObject *dict; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + dict = PyObject_GetAttrString(obj, "__dict__"); + #else + dict = PyObject_GenericGetDict(obj, NULL); + #endif + if (unlikely(!dict)) { + Py_DECREF(state_dict); + return -1; + } + int result; + if (likely(PyDict_CheckExact(dict))) { + result = PyDict_Update(dict, state_dict); + } else { + PyObject *obj_result = __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod1(dict, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_update, state_dict); + if (likely(obj_result)) { + Py_DECREF(obj_result); + result = 0; + } else { + result = -1; + } + } + Py_DECREF(state_dict); + Py_DECREF(dict); + return result; + } + static int __Pyx_UpdateUnpickledDict(PyObject *obj, PyObject *state, Py_ssize_t index) { + Py_ssize_t state_size = __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_SIZE(state); + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (unlikely(state_size == -1)) return -1; + #endif + if (state_size <= index) { + return 0; + } + return __Pyx__UpdateUnpickledDict(obj, state, index); + } + +/* CheckUnpickleChecksum */ + static void __Pyx_RaiseUnpickleChecksumError(long checksum, long checksum1, long checksum2, long checksum3, const char *members) { + PyObject *pickle_module = PyImport_ImportModule("pickle"); + if (unlikely(!pickle_module)) return; + PyObject *pickle_error = PyObject_GetAttrString(pickle_module, "PickleError"); + Py_DECREF(pickle_module); + if (unlikely(!pickle_error)) return; + if (checksum2 == checksum1) { + PyErr_Format(pickle_error, "Incompatible checksums (0x%x vs (0x%x) = (%s))", + checksum, checksum1, members); + } else if (checksum3 == checksum2) { + PyErr_Format(pickle_error, "Incompatible checksums (0x%x vs (0x%x, 0x%x) = (%s))", + checksum, checksum1, checksum2, members); + } else { + PyErr_Format(pickle_error, "Incompatible checksums (0x%x vs (0x%x, 0x%x, 0x%x) = (%s))", + checksum, checksum1, checksum2, checksum3, members); + } + Py_DECREF(pickle_error); + } + static int __Pyx_CheckUnpickleChecksum(long checksum, long checksum1, long checksum2, long checksum3, const char *members) { + int found = 0; + found |= checksum1 == checksum; + found |= checksum2 == checksum; + found |= checksum3 == checksum; + if (likely(found)) + return 0; + __Pyx_RaiseUnpickleChecksumError(checksum, checksum1, checksum2, checksum3, members); + return -1; + } + +/* CIntToPy */ + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyLong_From_int(int value) { + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic push + #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" + #endif + const int neg_one = (int) -1, const_zero = (int) 0; + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic pop + #endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (is_unsigned) { + if (sizeof(int) < sizeof(long)) { + return PyLong_FromLong((long) value); + } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value); + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) value); + #endif + } + } else { + if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(long)) { + return PyLong_FromLong((long) value); + } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) { + return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) value); + } + } + { + unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value; + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A4 + if (is_unsigned) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedNativeBytes(bytes, sizeof(value), -1); + } else { + return PyLong_FromNativeBytes(bytes, sizeof(value), -1); + } + #elif !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 + int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(int), + little, !is_unsigned); + #else + int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + PyObject *from_bytes, *result = NULL, *kwds = NULL; + PyObject *py_bytes = NULL, *order_str = NULL; + from_bytes = PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject*)&PyLong_Type, "from_bytes"); + if (!from_bytes) return NULL; + py_bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char*)bytes, sizeof(int)); + if (!py_bytes) goto limited_bad; + order_str = PyUnicode_FromString(little ? "little" : "big"); + if (!order_str) goto limited_bad; + { + PyObject *args[3+(CYTHON_VECTORCALL ? 1 : 0)] = { NULL, py_bytes, order_str }; + if (!is_unsigned) { + kwds = __Pyx_MakeVectorcallBuilderKwds(1); + if (!kwds) goto limited_bad; + if (__Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArgStr("signed", __Pyx_NewRef(Py_True), kwds, args+3, 0) < 0) goto limited_bad; + } + result = __Pyx_Object_Vectorcall_CallFromBuilder(from_bytes, args+1, 2 | __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET, kwds); + } + limited_bad: + Py_XDECREF(kwds); + Py_XDECREF(order_str); + Py_XDECREF(py_bytes); + Py_XDECREF(from_bytes); + return result; + #endif + } + } + +/* CIntFromPy */ + static CYTHON_INLINE char __Pyx_PyLong_As_char(PyObject *x) { + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic push + #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" + #endif + const char neg_one = (char) -1, const_zero = (char) 0; + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic pop + #endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (unlikely(!PyLong_Check(x))) { + char val; + PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_Long(x); + if (!tmp) return (char) -1; + val = __Pyx_PyLong_As_char(tmp); + Py_DECREF(tmp); + return val; + } + if (is_unsigned) { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyLong_IsNeg(x))) { + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } else if (__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, __Pyx_compact_upylong, __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValueUnsigned(x)) + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x); + assert(__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) > 1); + switch (__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x)) { + case 2: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) (((((char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + case 3: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) (((((((char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + case 4: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) (((((((((char)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + } + } + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A7 + if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) { + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } + #else + { + int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT); + if (unlikely(result < 0)) + return (char) -1; + if (unlikely(result == 1)) + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } + #endif + if ((sizeof(char) <= sizeof(unsigned long))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(char, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x)) + } else if ((sizeof(char) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(char, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x)) + } + } else { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, __Pyx_compact_pylong, __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValue(x)) + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x); + assert(__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) > 1); + switch (__Pyx_PyLong_SignedDigitCount(x)) { + case -2: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) (((char)-1)*(((((char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 2: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) ((((((char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case -3: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) (((char)-1)*(((((((char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 3: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) ((((((((char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case -4: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) (((char)-1)*(((((((((char)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 4: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) ((((((((((char)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + } + } + #endif + if ((sizeof(char) <= sizeof(long))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(char, long, PyLong_AsLong(x)) + } else if ((sizeof(char) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(char, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x)) + } + } + { + char val; + int ret = -1; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A6 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_ssize_t bytes_copied = PyLong_AsNativeBytes( + x, &val, sizeof(val), Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN | (is_unsigned ? Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE : 0)); + if (unlikely(bytes_copied == -1)) { + } else if (unlikely(bytes_copied > (Py_ssize_t) sizeof(val))) { + goto raise_overflow; + } else { + ret = 0; + } + #elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 && !(CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API) || defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray) + int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val; + ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)x, + bytes, sizeof(val), + is_little, !is_unsigned); + #else + PyObject *v; + PyObject *stepval = NULL, *mask = NULL, *shift = NULL; + int bits, remaining_bits, is_negative = 0; + int chunk_size = (sizeof(long) < 8) ? 30 : 62; + if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(x))) { + v = __Pyx_NewRef(x); + } else { + v = PyNumber_Long(x); + if (unlikely(!v)) return (char) -1; + assert(PyLong_CheckExact(v)); + } + { + int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(v, Py_False, Py_LT); + if (unlikely(result < 0)) { + Py_DECREF(v); + return (char) -1; + } + is_negative = result == 1; + } + if (is_unsigned && unlikely(is_negative)) { + Py_DECREF(v); + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } else if (is_negative) { + stepval = PyNumber_Invert(v); + Py_DECREF(v); + if (unlikely(!stepval)) + return (char) -1; + } else { + stepval = v; + } + v = NULL; + val = (char) 0; + mask = PyLong_FromLong((1L << chunk_size) - 1); if (unlikely(!mask)) goto done; + shift = PyLong_FromLong(chunk_size); if (unlikely(!shift)) goto done; + for (bits = 0; bits < (int) sizeof(char) * 8 - chunk_size; bits += chunk_size) { + PyObject *tmp, *digit; + long idigit; + digit = PyNumber_And(stepval, mask); + if (unlikely(!digit)) goto done; + idigit = PyLong_AsLong(digit); + Py_DECREF(digit); + if (unlikely(idigit < 0)) goto done; + val |= ((char) idigit) << bits; + tmp = PyNumber_Rshift(stepval, shift); + if (unlikely(!tmp)) goto done; + Py_DECREF(stepval); stepval = tmp; + } + Py_DECREF(shift); shift = NULL; + Py_DECREF(mask); mask = NULL; + { + long idigit = PyLong_AsLong(stepval); + if (unlikely(idigit < 0)) goto done; + remaining_bits = ((int) sizeof(char) * 8) - bits - (is_unsigned ? 0 : 1); + if (unlikely(idigit >= (1L << remaining_bits))) + goto raise_overflow; + val |= ((char) idigit) << bits; + } + if (!is_unsigned) { + if (unlikely(val & (((char) 1) << (sizeof(char) * 8 - 1)))) + goto raise_overflow; + if (is_negative) + val = ~val; + } + ret = 0; + done: + Py_XDECREF(shift); + Py_XDECREF(mask); + Py_XDECREF(stepval); + #endif + if (unlikely(ret)) + return (char) -1; + return val; + } + raise_overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, + "value too large to convert to char"); + return (char) -1; + raise_neg_overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, + "can't convert negative value to char"); + return (char) -1; + } + +/* FormatTypeName */ + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 + static __Pyx_TypeName + __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(PyTypeObject* tp) + { + PyObject *module = NULL, *name = NULL, *result = NULL; + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030b0000 + name = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr((PyObject *)tp, + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_qualname); + #else + name = PyType_GetQualName(tp); + #endif + if (unlikely(name == NULL) || unlikely(!PyUnicode_Check(name))) goto bad; + module = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr((PyObject *)tp, + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_module); + if (unlikely(module == NULL) || unlikely(!PyUnicode_Check(module))) goto bad; + if (PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(module, "builtins") == 0) { + result = name; + name = NULL; + goto done; + } + result = PyUnicode_FromFormat("%U.%U", module, name); + if (unlikely(result == NULL)) goto bad; + done: + Py_XDECREF(name); + Py_XDECREF(module); + return result; + bad: + PyErr_Clear(); + if (name) { + result = name; + name = NULL; + } else { + result = __Pyx_NewRef(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u__6); + } + goto done; + } + #endif + +/* GetRuntimeVersion */ + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030b0000 + void __Pyx_init_runtime_version(void) { + if (__Pyx_cached_runtime_version == 0) { + const char* rt_version = Py_GetVersion(); + unsigned long version = 0; + unsigned long factor = 0x01000000UL; + unsigned int digit = 0; + int i = 0; + while (factor) { + while ('0' <= rt_version[i] && rt_version[i] <= '9') { + digit = digit * 10 + (unsigned int) (rt_version[i] - '0'); + ++i; + } + version += factor * digit; + if (rt_version[i] != '.') + break; + digit = 0; + factor >>= 8; + ++i; + } + __Pyx_cached_runtime_version = version; + } + } + #endif + static unsigned long __Pyx_get_runtime_version(void) { + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030b0000 + return Py_Version & ~0xFFUL; + #else + return __Pyx_cached_runtime_version; + #endif + } + +/* CheckBinaryVersion */ + static int __Pyx_check_binary_version(unsigned long ct_version, unsigned long rt_version, int allow_newer) { + const unsigned long MAJOR_MINOR = 0xFFFF0000UL; + if ((rt_version & MAJOR_MINOR) == (ct_version & MAJOR_MINOR)) + return 0; + if (likely(allow_newer && (rt_version & MAJOR_MINOR) > (ct_version & MAJOR_MINOR))) + return 1; + { + char message[200]; + PyOS_snprintf(message, sizeof(message), + "compile time Python version %d.%d " + "of module '%.100s' " + "%s " + "runtime version %d.%d", + (int) (ct_version >> 24), (int) ((ct_version >> 16) & 0xFF), + __Pyx_MODULE_NAME, + (allow_newer) ? "was newer than" : "does not match", + (int) (rt_version >> 24), (int) ((rt_version >> 16) & 0xFF) + ); + return PyErr_WarnEx(NULL, message, 1); + } + } + +/* NewCodeObj */ + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + static PyObject* __Pyx__PyCode_New(int a, int p, int k, int l, int s, int f, + PyObject *code, PyObject *c, PyObject* n, PyObject *v, + PyObject *fv, PyObject *cell, PyObject* fn, + PyObject *name, int fline, PyObject *lnos) { + PyObject *exception_table = NULL; + PyObject *types_module=NULL, *code_type=NULL, *result=NULL; + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030b0000 + PyObject *version_info; + PyObject *py_minor_version = NULL; + #endif + long minor_version = 0; + PyObject *type, *value, *traceback; + PyErr_Fetch(&type, &value, &traceback); + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030b0000 + minor_version = 11; + #else + if (!(version_info = PySys_GetObject("version_info"))) goto end; + if (!(py_minor_version = PySequence_GetItem(version_info, 1))) goto end; + minor_version = PyLong_AsLong(py_minor_version); + Py_DECREF(py_minor_version); + if (minor_version == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) goto end; + #endif + if (!(types_module = PyImport_ImportModule("types"))) goto end; + if (!(code_type = PyObject_GetAttrString(types_module, "CodeType"))) goto end; + if (minor_version <= 7) { + (void)p; + result = PyObject_CallFunction(code_type, "iiiiiOOOOOOiOOO", a, k, l, s, f, code, + c, n, v, fn, name, fline, lnos, fv, cell); + } else if (minor_version <= 10) { + result = PyObject_CallFunction(code_type, "iiiiiiOOOOOOiOOO", a,p, k, l, s, f, code, + c, n, v, fn, name, fline, lnos, fv, cell); + } else { + if (!(exception_table = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0))) goto end; + result = PyObject_CallFunction(code_type, "iiiiiiOOOOOOOiOOOO", a,p, k, l, s, f, code, + c, n, v, fn, name, name, fline, lnos, exception_table, fv, cell); + } + end: + Py_XDECREF(code_type); + Py_XDECREF(exception_table); + Py_XDECREF(types_module); + if (type) { + PyErr_Restore(type, value, traceback); + } + return result; + } + #elif PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030B0000 + static PyCodeObject* __Pyx__PyCode_New(int a, int p, int k, int l, int s, int f, + PyObject *code, PyObject *c, PyObject* n, PyObject *v, + PyObject *fv, PyObject *cell, PyObject* fn, + PyObject *name, int fline, PyObject *lnos) { + PyCodeObject *result; + result = + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + PyUnstable_Code_NewWithPosOnlyArgs + #else + PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs + #endif + (a, p, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, name, fline, lnos, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_bytes); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030c00A1 + if (likely(result)) + result->_co_firsttraceable = 0; + #endif + return result; + } + #elif !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + #define __Pyx__PyCode_New(a, p, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)\ + PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs(a, p, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos) + #else + #define __Pyx__PyCode_New(a, p, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)\ + PyCode_New(a, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos) + #endif + static PyObject* __Pyx_PyCode_New( + const __Pyx_PyCode_New_function_description descr, + PyObject * const *varnames, + PyObject *filename, + PyObject *funcname, + PyObject *line_table, + PyObject *tuple_dedup_map + ) { + PyObject *code_obj = NULL, *varnames_tuple_dedup = NULL, *code_bytes = NULL; + Py_ssize_t var_count = (Py_ssize_t) descr.nlocals; + PyObject *varnames_tuple = PyTuple_New(var_count); + if (unlikely(!varnames_tuple)) return NULL; + for (Py_ssize_t i=0; i < var_count; i++) { + Py_INCREF(varnames[i]); + if (__Pyx_PyTuple_SET_ITEM(varnames_tuple, i, varnames[i]) != (0)) goto done; + } + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + varnames_tuple_dedup = PyDict_GetItem(tuple_dedup_map, varnames_tuple); + if (!varnames_tuple_dedup) { + if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItem(tuple_dedup_map, varnames_tuple, varnames_tuple) < 0)) goto done; + varnames_tuple_dedup = varnames_tuple; + } + #else + varnames_tuple_dedup = PyDict_SetDefault(tuple_dedup_map, varnames_tuple, varnames_tuple); + if (unlikely(!varnames_tuple_dedup)) goto done; + #endif + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_INCREF(varnames_tuple_dedup); + #endif + if (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= (0x030b0000) && line_table != NULL && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL) { + Py_ssize_t line_table_length = __Pyx_PyBytes_GET_SIZE(line_table); + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (unlikely(line_table_length == -1)) goto done; + #endif + Py_ssize_t code_len = (line_table_length * 2 + 4) & ~3LL; + code_bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, code_len); + if (unlikely(!code_bytes)) goto done; + char* c_code_bytes = PyBytes_AsString(code_bytes); + if (unlikely(!c_code_bytes)) goto done; + memset(c_code_bytes, 0, (size_t) code_len); + } + code_obj = (PyObject*) __Pyx__PyCode_New( + (int) descr.argcount, + (int) descr.num_posonly_args, + (int) descr.num_kwonly_args, + (int) descr.nlocals, + 0, + (int) descr.flags, + code_bytes ? code_bytes : __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_bytes, + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple, + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple, + varnames_tuple_dedup, + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple, + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple, + filename, + funcname, + (int) descr.first_line, + (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= (0x030b0000) && line_table) ? line_table : __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_bytes + ); + done: + Py_XDECREF(code_bytes); + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_XDECREF(varnames_tuple_dedup); + #endif + Py_DECREF(varnames_tuple); + return code_obj; + } + +/* DecompressString */ + static PyObject *__Pyx_DecompressString(const char *s, Py_ssize_t length, int algo) { + PyObject *module = NULL, *decompress, *compressed_bytes, *decompressed; + const char* module_name = algo == 3 ? "compression.zstd" : algo == 2 ? "bz2" : "zlib"; + PyObject *methodname = PyUnicode_FromString("decompress"); + if (unlikely(!methodname)) return NULL; + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030e0000 + if (algo == 3) { + PyObject *fromlist = Py_BuildValue("[O]", methodname); + if (unlikely(!fromlist)) goto bad; + module = PyImport_ImportModuleLevel("compression.zstd", NULL, NULL, fromlist, 0); + Py_DECREF(fromlist); + } else + #endif + module = PyImport_ImportModule(module_name); + if (unlikely(!module)) goto import_failed; + decompress = PyObject_GetAttr(module, methodname); + if (unlikely(!decompress)) goto import_failed; + { + #ifdef __cplusplus + char *memview_bytes = const_cast(s); + #else + #if defined(__clang__) + #pragma clang diagnostic push + #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wcast-qual" + #elif !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && defined(__GNUC__) + #pragma GCC diagnostic push + #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wcast-qual" + #endif + char *memview_bytes = (char*) s; + #if defined(__clang__) + #pragma clang diagnostic pop + #elif !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && defined(__GNUC__) + #pragma GCC diagnostic pop + #endif + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && !defined(PyBUF_READ) + int memview_flags = 0x100; + #else + int memview_flags = PyBUF_READ; + #endif + compressed_bytes = PyMemoryView_FromMemory(memview_bytes, length, memview_flags); + } + if (unlikely(!compressed_bytes)) { + Py_DECREF(decompress); + goto bad; + } + decompressed = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(decompress, compressed_bytes, NULL); + Py_DECREF(compressed_bytes); + Py_DECREF(decompress); + Py_DECREF(module); + Py_DECREF(methodname); + return decompressed; + import_failed: + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ImportError, + "Failed to import '%.20s.decompress' - cannot initialise module strings. " + "String compression was configured with the C macro 'CYTHON_COMPRESS_STRINGS=%d'.", + module_name, algo); + bad: + Py_XDECREF(module); + Py_DECREF(methodname); + return NULL; + } + +#include +static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_ssize_strlen(const char *s) { + size_t len = strlen(s); + if (unlikely(len > (size_t) PY_SSIZE_T_MAX)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "byte string is too long"); + return -1; + } + return (Py_ssize_t) len; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString(const char* c_str) { + Py_ssize_t len = __Pyx_ssize_strlen(c_str); + if (unlikely(len < 0)) return NULL; + return __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, len); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromString(const char* c_str) { + Py_ssize_t len = __Pyx_ssize_strlen(c_str); + if (unlikely(len < 0)) return NULL; + return PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize(c_str, len); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(PyObject* o) { + Py_ssize_t ignore; + return __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(o, &ignore); +} +#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII || __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_UTF8 +static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsStringAndSize(PyObject* o, Py_ssize_t *length) { + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(o) == -1)) return NULL; +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + { + const char* result; + Py_ssize_t unicode_length; + CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(unicode_length); // only for __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + if (unlikely(PyArg_Parse(o, "s#", &result, length) < 0)) return NULL; + #else + result = PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(o, length); + #endif + #if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII + unicode_length = PyUnicode_GetLength(o); + if (unlikely(unicode_length < 0)) return NULL; + if (unlikely(unicode_length != *length)) { + PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(o); + return NULL; + } + #endif + return result; + } +#else +#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII + if (likely(PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(o))) { + *length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(o); + return PyUnicode_AsUTF8(o); + } else { + PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(o); + return NULL; + } +#else + return PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(o, length); +#endif +#endif +} +#endif +static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(PyObject* o, Py_ssize_t *length) { +#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII || __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_UTF8 + if (PyUnicode_Check(o)) { + return __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsStringAndSize(o, length); + } else +#endif + if (PyByteArray_Check(o)) { +#if (CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS) || (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && (defined(PyByteArray_AS_STRING) && defined(PyByteArray_GET_SIZE))) + *length = PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(o); + return PyByteArray_AS_STRING(o); +#else + *length = PyByteArray_Size(o); + if (*length == -1) return NULL; + return PyByteArray_AsString(o); +#endif + } else + { + char* result; + int r = PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(o, &result, length); + if (unlikely(r < 0)) { + return NULL; + } else { + return result; + } + } +} +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject* x) { + int is_true = x == Py_True; + if (is_true | (x == Py_False) | (x == Py_None)) return is_true; + else return PyObject_IsTrue(x); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrueAndDecref(PyObject* x) { + int retval; + if (unlikely(!x)) return -1; + retval = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(x); + Py_DECREF(x); + return retval; +} +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_LongWrongResultType(PyObject* result) { + __Pyx_TypeName result_type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(Py_TYPE(result)); + if (PyLong_Check(result)) { + if (PyErr_WarnFormat(PyExc_DeprecationWarning, 1, + "__int__ returned non-int (type " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "). " + "The ability to return an instance of a strict subclass of int is deprecated, " + "and may be removed in a future version of Python.", + result_type_name)) { + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(result_type_name); + Py_DECREF(result); + return NULL; + } + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(result_type_name); + return result; + } + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "__int__ returned non-int (type " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME ")", + result_type_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(result_type_name); + Py_DECREF(result); + return NULL; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_Long(PyObject* x) { +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + PyNumberMethods *m; +#endif + PyObject *res = NULL; + if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) + return __Pyx_NewRef(x); +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + m = Py_TYPE(x)->tp_as_number; + if (likely(m && m->nb_int)) { + res = m->nb_int(x); + } +#else + if (!PyBytes_CheckExact(x) && !PyUnicode_CheckExact(x)) { + res = PyNumber_Long(x); + } +#endif + if (likely(res)) { + if (unlikely(!PyLong_CheckExact(res))) { + return __Pyx_PyNumber_LongWrongResultType(res); + } + } + else if (!PyErr_Occurred()) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "an integer is required"); + } + return res; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(PyObject* b) { + Py_ssize_t ival; + PyObject *x; + if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(b))) { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (likely(__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(b))) { + return __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValue(b); + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(b); + const Py_ssize_t size = __Pyx_PyLong_SignedDigitCount(b); + switch (size) { + case 2: + if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + return (Py_ssize_t) (((((size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])); + } + break; + case -2: + if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + return -(Py_ssize_t) (((((size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])); + } + break; + case 3: + if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + return (Py_ssize_t) (((((((size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])); + } + break; + case -3: + if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + return -(Py_ssize_t) (((((((size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])); + } + break; + case 4: + if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + return (Py_ssize_t) (((((((((size_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])); + } + break; + case -4: + if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + return -(Py_ssize_t) (((((((((size_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])); + } + break; + } + } + #endif + return PyLong_AsSsize_t(b); + } + x = PyNumber_Index(b); + if (!x) return -1; + ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(x); + Py_DECREF(x); + return ival; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE Py_hash_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsHash_t(PyObject* o) { + if (sizeof(Py_hash_t) == sizeof(Py_ssize_t)) { + return (Py_hash_t) __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(o); + } else { + Py_ssize_t ival; + PyObject *x; + x = PyNumber_Index(o); + if (!x) return -1; + ival = PyLong_AsLong(x); + Py_DECREF(x); + return ival; + } +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_Owned_Py_None(int b) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(b); + return __Pyx_NewRef(Py_None); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyBool_FromLong(long b) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(b ? Py_True: Py_False); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyLong_FromSize_t(size_t ival) { + return PyLong_FromSize_t(ival); +} + + + /* MultiPhaseInitModuleState */ + #if CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT && CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE + #ifndef CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + #if (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000) + #define CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE 1 + #else + #define CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE 0 + #endif + #endif + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE && !CYTHON_ATOMICS + #error "Module state with PEP489 requires atomics. Currently that's one of\ + C11, C++11, gcc atomic intrinsics or MSVC atomic intrinsics" + #endif + #if !CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock() + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock() + #elif !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + static PyMutex __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex = {0}; + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock() PyMutex_Lock(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex) + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock() PyMutex_Unlock(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex) + #elif defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103L + #include + static std::mutex __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex; + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock() __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex.lock() + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock() __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex.unlock() + #elif defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ > 201112L) && !defined(__STDC_NO_THREADS__) + #include + static mtx_t __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex; + static once_flag __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex_once_flag = ONCE_FLAG_INIT; + static void __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_initialize_mutex(void) { + mtx_init(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex, mtx_plain); + } + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock()\ + call_once(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex_once_flag, __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_initialize_mutex);\ + mtx_lock(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex) + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock() mtx_unlock(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex) + #elif defined(HAVE_PTHREAD_H) + #include + static pthread_mutex_t __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock() pthread_mutex_lock(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex) + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock() pthread_mutex_unlock(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex) + #elif defined(_WIN32) + #include // synchapi.h on its own doesn't work + static SRWLOCK __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex = SRWLOCK_INIT; + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock() AcquireSRWLockExclusive(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex) + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock() ReleaseSRWLockExclusive(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex) + #else + #error "No suitable lock available for CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE.\ + Requires C standard >= C11, or C++ standard >= C++11,\ + or pthreads, or the Windows 32 API, or Python >= 3.13." + #endif + typedef struct { + int64_t id; + PyObject *module; + } __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule; + typedef struct { + char interpreter_id_as_index; + Py_ssize_t count; + Py_ssize_t allocated; + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule table[1]; + } __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData; + #define __PYX_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_SMALL_SIZE 32 + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + static __pyx_atomic_int_type __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_read_counter = 0; + #endif + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + static __pyx_atomic_ptr_type __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data = 0; + #else + static __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData* __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data = NULL; + #endif + static __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule* __Pyx_State_FindModuleStateLookupTableLowerBound( + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule* table, + Py_ssize_t count, + int64_t interpreterId) { + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule* begin = table; + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule* end = begin + count; + if (begin->id == interpreterId) { + return begin; + } + while ((end - begin) > __PYX_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_SMALL_SIZE) { + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule* halfway = begin + (end - begin)/2; + if (halfway->id == interpreterId) { + return halfway; + } + if (halfway->id < interpreterId) { + begin = halfway; + } else { + end = halfway; + } + } + for (; begin < end; ++begin) { + if (begin->id >= interpreterId) return begin; + } + return begin; + } + static PyObject *__Pyx_State_FindModule(CYTHON_UNUSED void* dummy) { + int64_t interpreter_id = PyInterpreterState_GetID(__Pyx_PyInterpreterState_Get()); + if (interpreter_id == -1) return NULL; + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData* data = (__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData*)__pyx_atomic_pointer_load_relaxed(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data); + { + __pyx_atomic_incr_acq_rel(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_read_counter); + if (likely(data)) { + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData* new_data = (__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData*)__pyx_atomic_pointer_load_acquire(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data); + if (likely(data == new_data)) { + goto read_finished; + } + } + __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_read_counter); + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock(); + __pyx_atomic_incr_relaxed(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_read_counter); + data = (__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData*)__pyx_atomic_pointer_load_relaxed(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data); + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock(); + } + read_finished:; + #else + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData* data = __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data; + #endif + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule* found = NULL; + if (unlikely(!data)) goto end; + if (data->interpreter_id_as_index) { + if (interpreter_id < data->count) { + found = data->table+interpreter_id; + } + } else { + found = __Pyx_State_FindModuleStateLookupTableLowerBound( + data->table, data->count, interpreter_id); + } + end: + { + PyObject *result=NULL; + if (found && found->id == interpreter_id) { + result = found->module; + } + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_read_counter); + #endif + return result; + } + } + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + static void __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_wait_until_no_readers(void) { + while (__pyx_atomic_load(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_read_counter) != 0); + } + #else + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_wait_until_no_readers() + #endif + static int __Pyx_State_AddModuleInterpIdAsIndex(__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData **old_data, PyObject* module, int64_t interpreter_id) { + Py_ssize_t to_allocate = (*old_data)->allocated; + while (to_allocate <= interpreter_id) { + if (to_allocate == 0) to_allocate = 1; + else to_allocate *= 2; + } + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *new_data = *old_data; + if (to_allocate != (*old_data)->allocated) { + new_data = (__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *)realloc( + *old_data, + sizeof(__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData)+(to_allocate-1)*sizeof(__Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule)); + if (!new_data) { + PyErr_NoMemory(); + return -1; + } + for (Py_ssize_t i = new_data->allocated; i < to_allocate; ++i) { + new_data->table[i].id = i; + new_data->table[i].module = NULL; + } + new_data->allocated = to_allocate; + } + new_data->table[interpreter_id].module = module; + if (new_data->count < interpreter_id+1) { + new_data->count = interpreter_id+1; + } + *old_data = new_data; + return 0; + } + static void __Pyx_State_ConvertFromInterpIdAsIndex(__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *data) { + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule *read = data->table; + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule *write = data->table; + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule *end = read + data->count; + for (; readmodule) { + write->id = read->id; + write->module = read->module; + ++write; + } + } + data->count = write - data->table; + for (; writeid = 0; + write->module = NULL; + } + data->interpreter_id_as_index = 0; + } + static int __Pyx_State_AddModule(PyObject* module, CYTHON_UNUSED void* dummy) { + int64_t interpreter_id = PyInterpreterState_GetID(__Pyx_PyInterpreterState_Get()); + if (interpreter_id == -1) return -1; + int result = 0; + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock(); + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *old_data = (__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *) + __pyx_atomic_pointer_exchange(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data, 0); + #else + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *old_data = __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data; + #endif + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *new_data = old_data; + if (!new_data) { + new_data = (__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *)calloc(1, sizeof(__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData)); + if (!new_data) { + result = -1; + PyErr_NoMemory(); + goto end; + } + new_data->allocated = 1; + new_data->interpreter_id_as_index = 1; + } + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_wait_until_no_readers(); + if (new_data->interpreter_id_as_index) { + if (interpreter_id < __PYX_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_SMALL_SIZE) { + result = __Pyx_State_AddModuleInterpIdAsIndex(&new_data, module, interpreter_id); + goto end; + } + __Pyx_State_ConvertFromInterpIdAsIndex(new_data); + } + { + Py_ssize_t insert_at = 0; + { + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule* lower_bound = __Pyx_State_FindModuleStateLookupTableLowerBound( + new_data->table, new_data->count, interpreter_id); + assert(lower_bound); + insert_at = lower_bound - new_data->table; + if (unlikely(insert_at < new_data->count && lower_bound->id == interpreter_id)) { + lower_bound->module = module; + goto end; // already in table, nothing more to do + } + } + if (new_data->count+1 >= new_data->allocated) { + Py_ssize_t to_allocate = (new_data->count+1)*2; + new_data = + (__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData*)realloc( + new_data, + sizeof(__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData) + + (to_allocate-1)*sizeof(__Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule)); + if (!new_data) { + result = -1; + new_data = old_data; + PyErr_NoMemory(); + goto end; + } + new_data->allocated = to_allocate; + } + ++new_data->count; + int64_t last_id = interpreter_id; + PyObject *last_module = module; + for (Py_ssize_t i=insert_at; icount; ++i) { + int64_t current_id = new_data->table[i].id; + new_data->table[i].id = last_id; + last_id = current_id; + PyObject *current_module = new_data->table[i].module; + new_data->table[i].module = last_module; + last_module = current_module; + } + } + end: + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + __pyx_atomic_pointer_exchange(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data, new_data); + #else + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data = new_data; + #endif + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock(); + return result; + } + static int __Pyx_State_RemoveModule(CYTHON_UNUSED void* dummy) { + int64_t interpreter_id = PyInterpreterState_GetID(__Pyx_PyInterpreterState_Get()); + if (interpreter_id == -1) return -1; + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock(); + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *data = (__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *) + __pyx_atomic_pointer_exchange(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data, 0); + #else + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *data = __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data; + #endif + if (data->interpreter_id_as_index) { + if (interpreter_id < data->count) { + data->table[interpreter_id].module = NULL; + } + goto done; + } + { + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_wait_until_no_readers(); + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule* lower_bound = __Pyx_State_FindModuleStateLookupTableLowerBound( + data->table, data->count, interpreter_id); + if (!lower_bound) goto done; + if (lower_bound->id != interpreter_id) goto done; + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule *end = data->table+data->count; + for (;lower_boundid = (lower_bound+1)->id; + lower_bound->module = (lower_bound+1)->module; + } + } + --data->count; + if (data->count == 0) { + free(data); + data = NULL; + } + done: + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + __pyx_atomic_pointer_exchange(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data, data); + #else + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data = data; + #endif + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock(); + return 0; + } + #endif + +/* #### Code section: utility_code_pragmas_end ### */ +#ifdef _MSC_VER +#pragma warning( pop ) +#endif + + + +/* #### Code section: end ### */ +#endif /* Py_PYTHON_H */ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b08e48aaff37fff122744634824a1d28a79690b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:6fea211461223679aabf19499a94e1232044bd79e22133395a3673afcac6be89 +size 1120640 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.cpython-39-x86_64-linux-gnu.so b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.cpython-39-x86_64-linux-gnu.so new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8bd420b2b5699c9286698df7b2fc9f9ad98ff54a --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.cpython-39-x86_64-linux-gnu.so @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:3d946633c157d761324c84b6d529f5ac322f7276c1031e452c4cdbbaf7464120 +size 226208 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.pyx b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.pyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6fa8acc09f1d6bd4332192fed2a99709f995ea23 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.pyx @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +# cython: language_level=3 +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import numpy as np + +cimport cython +cimport numpy as np + +DTYPE = np.int64 +ctypedef np.int64_t DTYPE_t + + +cdef _is_batch_full(list batch, long num_tokens, long max_tokens, long max_sentences): + if len(batch) == 0: + return 0 + if max_sentences > 0 and len(batch) == max_sentences: + return 1 + if max_tokens > 0 and num_tokens > max_tokens: + return 1 + return 0 + + +@cython.cdivision(True) +cpdef list batch_by_size_fast( + np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=1] indices, + num_tokens_fn, + long max_tokens, + long max_sentences, + int bsz_mult, +): + cdef long sample_len = 0 + cdef list sample_lens = [] + cdef list batch = [] + cdef list batches = [] + cdef long mod_len + cdef long i + cdef long idx + cdef long num_tokens + cdef DTYPE_t[:] indices_view = indices + + for i in range(len(indices_view)): + idx = indices_view[i] + num_tokens = num_tokens_fn(idx) + sample_lens.append(num_tokens) + sample_len = max(sample_len, num_tokens) + + assert max_tokens <= 0 or sample_len <= max_tokens, ( + "sentence at index {} of size {} exceeds max_tokens " + "limit of {}!".format(idx, sample_len, max_tokens) + ) + num_tokens = (len(batch) + 1) * sample_len + + if _is_batch_full(batch, num_tokens, max_tokens, max_sentences): + mod_len = max( + bsz_mult * (len(batch) // bsz_mult), + len(batch) % bsz_mult, + ) + batches.append(batch[:mod_len]) + batch = batch[mod_len:] + sample_lens = sample_lens[mod_len:] + sample_len = max(sample_lens) if len(sample_lens) > 0 else 0 + batch.append(idx) + if len(batch) > 0: + batches.append(batch) + return batches diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/denoising_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/denoising_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8f96600c6de3e3a728f2d766b5a55434425829e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/denoising_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,387 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import numpy as np +import torch +import math + +from . import data_utils, FairseqDataset + + +def collate( + samples, + pad_idx, + eos_idx, + vocab, + left_pad_source=False, + left_pad_target=False, + input_feeding=True, +): + assert input_feeding + if len(samples) == 0: + return {} + + def merge(key, left_pad, move_eos_to_beginning=False): + return data_utils.collate_tokens( + [s[key] for s in samples], + pad_idx, eos_idx, left_pad, move_eos_to_beginning, + ) + + id = torch.LongTensor([s['id'] for s in samples]) + src_tokens = merge('source', left_pad=left_pad_source) + # sort by descending source length + src_lengths = torch.LongTensor([s['source'].numel() for s in samples]) + src_lengths, sort_order = src_lengths.sort(descending=True) + id = id.index_select(0, sort_order) + src_tokens = src_tokens.index_select(0, sort_order) + + prev_output_tokens = None + target = None + if samples[0].get('target', None) is not None: + target = merge('target', left_pad=left_pad_target) + target = target.index_select(0, sort_order) + ntokens = sum(len(s['target']) for s in samples) + + if input_feeding: + # we create a shifted version of targets for feeding the + # previous output token(s) into the next decoder step + prev_output_tokens = merge( + 'target', + left_pad=left_pad_target, + move_eos_to_beginning=True, + ) + prev_output_tokens = prev_output_tokens.index_select(0, sort_order) + else: + ntokens = sum(len(s['source']) for s in samples) + + batch = { + 'id': id, + 'ntokens': ntokens, + 'net_input': { + 'src_tokens': src_tokens, + 'src_lengths': src_lengths, + }, + 'target': target, + 'nsentences': samples[0]['source'].size(0), + } + if prev_output_tokens is not None: + batch['net_input']['prev_output_tokens'] = prev_output_tokens + + return batch + + +class DenoisingDataset(FairseqDataset): + """ + A wrapper around TokenBlockDataset for BART dataset. + + Args: + dataset (TokenBlockDataset): dataset to wrap + sizes (List[int]): sentence lengths + vocab (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): vocabulary + mask_idx (int): dictionary index used for masked token + mask_whole_words: only mask whole words. This should be a byte mask + over vocab indices, indicating whether it is the beginning of a + word. We will extend any mask to encompass the whole word. + shuffle (bool, optional): shuffle the elements before batching. + Default: ``True`` + seed: Seed for random number generator for reproducibility. + args: argparse arguments. + """ + + def __init__( + self, + dataset, + sizes, + vocab, + mask_idx, + mask_whole_words, + shuffle, + seed, + args, + eos=None + ): + self.dataset = dataset + + self.sizes = sizes + + self.vocab = vocab + self.shuffle = shuffle + self.seed = seed + self.mask_idx = mask_idx + self.mask_whole_word = mask_whole_words + self.mask_ratio = args.mask + self.random_ratio = args.mask_random + self.insert_ratio = args.insert + self.rotate_ratio = args.rotate + self.permute_sentence_ratio = args.permute_sentences + self.eos = (eos if eos is not None else vocab.eos()) + + if args.bpe != 'gpt2': + self.full_stop_index = self.vocab.eos() + else: + assert args.bpe == 'gpt2' + self.full_stop_index = self.vocab.index('13') + + self.replace_length = args.replace_length + if not self.replace_length in [-1, 0, 1]: + raise (f'invalid arg: replace_length={self.replace_length}') + if not args.mask_length in ['subword', 'word', 'span-poisson']: + raise (f'invalid arg: mask-length={args.mask_length}') + if args.mask_length == 'subword' and not args.replace_length in [0, 1]: + raise (f'if using subwords, use replace-length=1 or 0') + + self.mask_span_distribution = None + if args.mask_length == 'span-poisson': + _lambda = args.poisson_lambda + + lambda_to_the_k = 1 + e_to_the_minus_lambda = math.exp(-_lambda) + k_factorial = 1 + ps = [] + for k in range(0, 128): + ps.append(e_to_the_minus_lambda * lambda_to_the_k / k_factorial) + lambda_to_the_k *= _lambda + k_factorial *= (k + 1) + if ps[-1] < 0.0000001: + break + ps = torch.FloatTensor(ps) + self.mask_span_distribution = torch.distributions.Categorical(ps) + + self.epoch = 0 + + def set_epoch(self, epoch, **unused): + self.epoch = epoch + + def __getitem__(self, index): + with data_utils.numpy_seed(self.seed, self.epoch, index): + tokens = self.dataset[index] + assert tokens[-1] == self.eos + source, target = tokens, tokens.clone() + + if self.permute_sentence_ratio > 0.0: + source = self.permute_sentences(source, self.permute_sentence_ratio) + + if self.mask_ratio > 0: + source = self.add_whole_word_mask(source, self.mask_ratio) + + if self.insert_ratio > 0: + source = self.add_insertion_noise(source, self.insert_ratio) + + if self.rotate_ratio > 0.0 and np.random.random() < self.rotate_ratio: + source = self.add_rolling_noise(source) + + assert (source >= 0).all() + assert (source[1:-1] >= 1).all() + assert (source <= len(self.vocab)).all() + assert source[0] == self.vocab.bos() + assert source[-1] == self.eos + return { + 'id': index, + 'source': source, + 'target': target, + } + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.dataset) + + def permute_sentences(self, source, p=1.0): + full_stops = (source == self.full_stop_index) + # Pretend it ends with a full stop so last span is a sentence + full_stops[-2] = 1 + + # Tokens that are full stops, where the previous token is not + sentence_ends = (full_stops[1:] * ~full_stops[:-1]).nonzero() + 2 + result = source.clone() + + num_sentences = sentence_ends.size(0) + num_to_permute = math.ceil((num_sentences * 2 * p) / 2.0) + substitutions = torch.randperm(num_sentences)[:num_to_permute] + ordering = torch.arange(0, num_sentences) + ordering[substitutions] = substitutions[torch.randperm(num_to_permute)] + + # Ignore at start + index = 1 + for i in ordering: + sentence = source[(sentence_ends[i - 1] if i > 0 else 1):sentence_ends[i]] + result[index:index + sentence.size(0)] = sentence + index += sentence.size(0) + return result + + def word_starts(self, source): + if self.mask_whole_word is not None: + is_word_start = self.mask_whole_word.gather(0, source) + else: + is_word_start = torch.ones(source.size()) + is_word_start[0] = 0 + is_word_start[-1] = 0 + return is_word_start + + def add_whole_word_mask(self, source, p): + is_word_start = self.word_starts(source) + num_to_mask = int(math.ceil(is_word_start.float().sum() * p)) + num_inserts = 0 + if num_to_mask == 0: + return source + + if self.mask_span_distribution is not None: + lengths = self.mask_span_distribution.sample(sample_shape=(num_to_mask,)) + + # Make sure we have enough to mask + cum_length = torch.cumsum(lengths, 0) + while cum_length[-1] < num_to_mask: + lengths = torch.cat([lengths, self.mask_span_distribution.sample(sample_shape=(num_to_mask,))], dim=0) + cum_length = torch.cumsum(lengths, 0) + + # Trim to masking budget + i = 0 + while cum_length[i] < num_to_mask: + i += 1 + lengths[i] = num_to_mask - (0 if i == 0 else cum_length[i - 1]) + num_to_mask = i + 1 + lengths = lengths[:num_to_mask] + + # Handle 0-length mask (inserts) separately + lengths = lengths[lengths > 0] + num_inserts = num_to_mask - lengths.size(0) + num_to_mask -= num_inserts + if num_to_mask == 0: + return self.add_insertion_noise(source, num_inserts / source.size(0)) + + assert (lengths > 0).all() + else: + lengths = torch.ones((num_to_mask,)).long() + assert is_word_start[-1] == 0 + word_starts = is_word_start.nonzero() + indices = word_starts[torch.randperm(word_starts.size(0))[:num_to_mask]].squeeze(1) + mask_random = torch.FloatTensor(num_to_mask).uniform_() < self.random_ratio + + source_length = source.size(0) + assert source_length - 1 not in indices + to_keep = torch.ones(source_length, dtype=torch.bool) + is_word_start[-1] = 255 # acts as a long length, so spans don't go over the end of doc + if self.replace_length == 0: + to_keep[indices] = 0 + else: + # keep index, but replace it with [MASK] + source[indices] = self.mask_idx + source[indices[mask_random]] = torch.randint(1, len(self.vocab), size=(mask_random.sum(),)) + + if self.mask_span_distribution is not None: + assert len(lengths.size()) == 1 + assert lengths.size() == indices.size() + lengths -= 1 + while indices.size(0) > 0: + assert lengths.size() == indices.size() + lengths -= is_word_start[indices + 1].long() + uncompleted = lengths >= 0 + indices = indices[uncompleted] + 1 + mask_random = mask_random[uncompleted] + lengths = lengths[uncompleted] + if self.replace_length != -1: + # delete token + to_keep[indices] = 0 + else: + # keep index, but replace it with [MASK] + source[indices] = self.mask_idx + source[indices[mask_random]] = torch.randint(1, len(self.vocab), size=(mask_random.sum(),)) + else: + # A bit faster when all lengths are 1 + while indices.size(0) > 0: + uncompleted = is_word_start[indices + 1] == 0 + indices = indices[uncompleted] + 1 + mask_random = mask_random[uncompleted] + if self.replace_length != -1: + # delete token + to_keep[indices] = 0 + else: + # keep index, but replace it with [MASK] + source[indices] = self.mask_idx + source[indices[mask_random]] = torch.randint(1, len(self.vocab), size=(mask_random.sum(),)) + + assert source_length - 1 not in indices + + source = source[to_keep] + + if num_inserts > 0: + source = self.add_insertion_noise(source, num_inserts / source.size(0)) + + return source + + def add_permuted_noise(self, tokens, p): + num_words = len(tokens) + num_to_permute = math.ceil(((num_words * 2) * p) / 2.0) + substitutions = torch.randperm(num_words - 2)[:num_to_permute] + 1 + tokens[substitutions] = tokens[substitutions[torch.randperm(num_to_permute)]] + return tokens + + def add_rolling_noise(self, tokens): + offset = np.random.randint(1, max(1, tokens.size(-1) - 1) + 1) + tokens = torch.cat( + (tokens[0:1], tokens[offset:-1], tokens[1:offset], tokens[-1:]), + dim=0, + ) + return tokens + + def add_insertion_noise(self, tokens, p): + if p == 0.0: + return tokens + + num_tokens = len(tokens) + n = int(math.ceil(num_tokens * p)) + + noise_indices = torch.randperm(num_tokens + n - 2)[:n] + 1 + noise_mask = torch.zeros(size=(num_tokens + n,), dtype=torch.bool) + noise_mask[noise_indices] = 1 + result = torch.LongTensor(n + len(tokens)).fill_(-1) + + num_random = int(math.ceil(n * self.random_ratio)) + result[noise_indices[num_random:]] = self.mask_idx + result[noise_indices[:num_random]] = torch.randint(low=1, high=len(self.vocab), size=(num_random,)) + + result[~noise_mask] = tokens + + assert (result >= 0).all() + return result + + def collater(self, samples): + """Merge a list of samples to form a mini-batch. + Args: + samples (List[dict]): samples to collate + Returns: + dict: a mini-batch of data + """ + return collate(samples, self.vocab.pad(), self.vocab.eos(), self.vocab) + + def num_tokens(self, index): + """Return the number of tokens in a sample. This value is used to + enforce ``--max-tokens`` during batching.""" + return self.sizes[index] + + def size(self, index): + """Return an example's size as a float or tuple. This value is used when + filtering a dataset with ``--max-positions``.""" + return self.sizes[index] + + def ordered_indices(self): + """Return an ordered list of indices. Batches will be constructed based + on this order.""" + if self.shuffle: + indices = np.random.permutation(len(self)) + else: + indices = np.arange(len(self)) + return indices[np.argsort(self.sizes[indices], kind='mergesort')] + + def prefetch(self, indices): + self.src.prefetch(indices) + self.tgt.prefetch(indices) + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return ( + hasattr(self.src, 'supports_prefetch') + and self.src.supports_prefetch + and hasattr(self.tgt, 'supports_prefetch') + and self.tgt.supports_prefetch + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/dictionary.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/dictionary.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6af37d59e91d6c77e10010e7e42824552de0ab30 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/dictionary.py @@ -0,0 +1,369 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import os +from collections import Counter +from multiprocessing import Pool + +import torch +from fairseq.binarizer import safe_readline +from fairseq.data import data_utils +from fairseq.file_io import PathManager +from fairseq.tokenizer import tokenize_line + + +class Dictionary(object): + """A mapping from symbols to consecutive integers""" + + def __init__( + self, + pad="", + eos="", + unk="", + bos="", + extra_special_symbols=None, + ): + self.unk_word, self.pad_word, self.eos_word = unk, pad, eos + self.symbols = [] + self.count = [] + self.indices = {} + self.bos_index = self.add_symbol(bos) + self.pad_index = self.add_symbol(pad) + self.eos_index = self.add_symbol(eos) + self.unk_index = self.add_symbol(unk) + if extra_special_symbols: + for s in extra_special_symbols: + self.add_symbol(s) + self.nspecial = len(self.symbols) + + def __eq__(self, other): + return self.indices == other.indices + + def __getitem__(self, idx): + if idx < len(self.symbols): + return self.symbols[idx] + return self.unk_word + + def __len__(self): + """Returns the number of symbols in the dictionary""" + return len(self.symbols) + + def __contains__(self, sym): + return sym in self.indices + + def index(self, sym): + """Returns the index of the specified symbol""" + assert isinstance(sym, str) + if sym in self.indices: + return self.indices[sym] + return self.unk_index + + def string(self, tensor, bpe_symbol=None, escape_unk=False, extra_symbols_to_ignore=None): + """Helper for converting a tensor of token indices to a string. + + Can optionally remove BPE symbols or escape words. + """ + if torch.is_tensor(tensor) and tensor.dim() == 2: + return "\n".join(self.string(t, bpe_symbol, escape_unk, extra_symbols_to_ignore) for t in tensor) + + extra_symbols_to_ignore = set(extra_symbols_to_ignore or []) + extra_symbols_to_ignore.add(self.eos()) + + def token_string(i): + if i == self.unk(): + return self.unk_string(escape_unk) + else: + return self[i] + + if hasattr(self, "bos_index"): + extra_symbols_to_ignore.add(self.bos()) + + sent = " ".join(token_string(i) for i in tensor if i.item() not in extra_symbols_to_ignore) + + return data_utils.process_bpe_symbol(sent, bpe_symbol) + + def unk_string(self, escape=False): + """Return unknown string, optionally escaped as: <>""" + if escape: + return "<{}>".format(self.unk_word) + else: + return self.unk_word + + def add_symbol(self, word, n=1, overwrite=False): + """Adds a word to the dictionary""" + if word in self.indices and not overwrite: + idx = self.indices[word] + self.count[idx] = self.count[idx] + n + return idx + else: + idx = len(self.symbols) + self.indices[word] = idx + self.symbols.append(word) + self.count.append(n) + return idx + + def update(self, new_dict): + """Updates counts from new dictionary.""" + for word in new_dict.symbols: + idx2 = new_dict.indices[word] + if word in self.indices: + idx = self.indices[word] + self.count[idx] = self.count[idx] + new_dict.count[idx2] + else: + idx = len(self.symbols) + self.indices[word] = idx + self.symbols.append(word) + self.count.append(new_dict.count[idx2]) + + def finalize(self, threshold=-1, nwords=-1, padding_factor=8): + """Sort symbols by frequency in descending order, ignoring special ones. + + Args: + - threshold defines the minimum word count + - nwords defines the total number of words in the final dictionary, + including special symbols + - padding_factor can be used to pad the dictionary size to be a + multiple of 8, which is important on some hardware (e.g., Nvidia + Tensor Cores). + """ + if nwords <= 0: + nwords = len(self) + + new_indices = dict(zip(self.symbols[: self.nspecial], range(self.nspecial))) + new_symbols = self.symbols[: self.nspecial] + new_count = self.count[: self.nspecial] + + c = Counter( + dict( + sorted(zip(self.symbols[self.nspecial :], self.count[self.nspecial :])) + ) + ) + for symbol, count in c.most_common(nwords - self.nspecial): + if count >= threshold: + new_indices[symbol] = len(new_symbols) + new_symbols.append(symbol) + new_count.append(count) + else: + break + + assert len(new_symbols) == len(new_indices) + + self.count = list(new_count) + self.symbols = list(new_symbols) + self.indices = new_indices + + self.pad_to_multiple_(padding_factor) + + def pad_to_multiple_(self, padding_factor): + """Pad Dictionary size to be a multiple of *padding_factor*.""" + if padding_factor > 1: + i = 0 + while len(self) % padding_factor != 0: + symbol = "madeupword{:04d}".format(i) + self.add_symbol(symbol, n=0) + i += 1 + + def bos(self): + """Helper to get index of beginning-of-sentence symbol""" + return self.bos_index + + def pad(self): + """Helper to get index of pad symbol""" + return self.pad_index + + def eos(self): + """Helper to get index of end-of-sentence symbol""" + return self.eos_index + + def unk(self): + """Helper to get index of unk symbol""" + return self.unk_index + + @classmethod + def load(cls, f): + """Loads the dictionary from a text file with the format: + + ``` + + + ... + ``` + """ + d = cls() + d.add_from_file(f) + return d + + def add_from_file(self, f): + """ + Loads a pre-existing dictionary from a text file and adds its symbols + to this instance. + """ + if isinstance(f, str): + try: + with PathManager.open(f, "r", encoding="utf-8") as fd: + self.add_from_file(fd) + except FileNotFoundError as fnfe: + raise fnfe + except UnicodeError: + raise Exception( + "Incorrect encoding detected in {}, please " + "rebuild the dataset".format(f) + ) + return + + lines = f.readlines() + indices_start_line = self._load_meta(lines) + + for line in lines[indices_start_line:]: + try: + line, field = line.rstrip().rsplit(" ", 1) + if field == "#fairseq:overwrite": + overwrite = True + line, field = line.rsplit(" ", 1) + else: + overwrite = False + count = int(field) + word = line + if word in self and not overwrite: + raise RuntimeError( + "Duplicate word found when loading Dictionary: '{}'. " + "Duplicate words can overwrite earlier ones by adding the " + "#fairseq:overwrite flag at the end of the corresponding row " + "in the dictionary file. If using the Camembert model, please " + "download an updated copy of the model file." + .format(word) + ) + self.add_symbol(word, n=count, overwrite=overwrite) + except ValueError: + raise ValueError( + "Incorrect dictionary format, expected ' [flags]'" + ) + + def _save(self, f, kv_iterator): + if isinstance(f, str): + PathManager.mkdirs(os.path.dirname(f)) + with PathManager.open(f, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fd: + return self.save(fd) + for k, v in kv_iterator: + print("{} {}".format(k, v), file=f) + + def _get_meta(self): + return [], [] + + def _load_meta(self, lines): + return 0 + + def save(self, f): + """Stores dictionary into a text file""" + ex_keys, ex_vals = self._get_meta() + self._save( + f, + zip( + ex_keys + self.symbols[self.nspecial :], + ex_vals + self.count[self.nspecial :], + ), + ) + + def dummy_sentence(self, length): + t = torch.Tensor(length).uniform_(self.nspecial + 1, len(self)).long() + t[-1] = self.eos() + return t + + def encode_line( + self, + line, + line_tokenizer=tokenize_line, + add_if_not_exist=True, + consumer=None, + append_eos=True, + reverse_order=False, + ): + words = line_tokenizer(line) + if reverse_order: + words = list(reversed(words)) + nwords = len(words) + ids = torch.IntTensor(nwords + 1 if append_eos else nwords) + + for i, word in enumerate(words): + if add_if_not_exist: + idx = self.add_symbol(word) + else: + idx = self.index(word) + if consumer is not None: + consumer(word, idx) + ids[i] = idx + if append_eos: + ids[nwords] = self.eos_index + return ids + + @staticmethod + def _add_file_to_dictionary_single_worker( + filename, tokenize, eos_word, worker_id=0, num_workers=1 + ): + counter = Counter() + with open(PathManager.get_local_path(filename), "r", encoding="utf-8") as f: + size = os.fstat(f.fileno()).st_size + chunk_size = size // num_workers + offset = worker_id * chunk_size + end = offset + chunk_size + f.seek(offset) + if offset > 0: + safe_readline(f) # drop first incomplete line + line = f.readline() + while line: + for word in tokenize(line): + counter.update([word]) + counter.update([eos_word]) + if f.tell() > end: + break + line = f.readline() + return counter + + @staticmethod + def add_file_to_dictionary(filename, dict, tokenize, num_workers): + def merge_result(counter): + for w, c in sorted(counter.items()): + dict.add_symbol(w, c) + + if num_workers > 1: + pool = Pool(processes=num_workers) + results = [] + for worker_id in range(num_workers): + results.append( + pool.apply_async( + Dictionary._add_file_to_dictionary_single_worker, + (filename, tokenize, dict.eos_word, worker_id, num_workers), + ) + ) + pool.close() + pool.join() + for r in results: + merge_result(r.get()) + else: + merge_result( + Dictionary._add_file_to_dictionary_single_worker( + filename, tokenize, dict.eos_word + ) + ) + + +class TruncatedDictionary(object): + def __init__(self, wrapped_dict, length): + self.__class__ = type( + wrapped_dict.__class__.__name__, + (self.__class__, wrapped_dict.__class__), + {}, + ) + self.__dict__ = wrapped_dict.__dict__ + self.wrapped_dict = wrapped_dict + self.length = min(len(self.wrapped_dict), length) + + def __len__(self): + return self.length + + def __getitem__(self, i): + if i < self.length: + return self.wrapped_dict[i] + return self.wrapped_dict.unk() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0909b669757e4e5731be8ac28cf9c221a1583ea --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + + +import importlib +import os + +from fairseq import registry + + +build_tokenizer, register_tokenizer, TOKENIZER_REGISTRY = registry.setup_registry( + '--tokenizer', + default=None, +) + + +build_bpe, register_bpe, BPE_REGISTRY = registry.setup_registry( + '--bpe', + default=None, +) + + +# automatically import any Python files in the encoders/ directory +for file in os.listdir(os.path.dirname(__file__)): + if file.endswith('.py') and not file.startswith('_'): + module = file[:file.find('.py')] + importlib.import_module('fairseq.data.encoders.' + module) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..298bf0f83fd5f71510b556f96081c44f071cbd6e Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git 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directory of this source tree. + + +from fairseq import file_utils +from fairseq.data.encoders import register_bpe +from fairseq.data.encoders.byte_utils import (byte_encode, smart_byte_decode, + SPACE, SPACE_ESCAPE) + + +@register_bpe('byte_bpe') +class ByteBPE(object): + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--sentencepiece-model-path', type=str, + help='path to sentencepiece model') + # fmt: on + + def __init__(self, args): + vocab = file_utils.cached_path(args.sentencepiece_model_path) + try: + import sentencepiece as spm + self.sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor() + self.sp.Load(vocab) + except ImportError: + raise ImportError('Please install sentencepiece with: pip install sentencepiece') + + def encode(self, x: str) -> str: + byte_encoded = byte_encode(x) + return SPACE.join(self.sp.EncodeAsPieces(byte_encoded)) + + @staticmethod + def decode(x: str) -> str: + unescaped = x.replace(SPACE, '').replace(SPACE_ESCAPE, SPACE) + return smart_byte_decode(unescaped) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/byte_utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/byte_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c4bb7471359f54414b83166617475cf58375fca --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/byte_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import re + +WHITESPACE_NORMALIZER = re.compile(r'\s+') +SPACE = chr(32) +SPACE_ESCAPE = chr(9601) +# excluding non-breaking space (160) here +PRINTABLE_LATIN = set( + list(range(32, 126 + 1)) + list(range(161, 172 + 1)) + + list(range(174, 255 + 1)) +) +BYTE_TO_BCHAR = { + b: chr(b) if b in PRINTABLE_LATIN else chr(256 + b) for b in range(256) +} +BCHAR_TO_BYTE = {bc: b for b, bc in BYTE_TO_BCHAR.items()} + + +def byte_encode(x: str) -> str: + normalized = WHITESPACE_NORMALIZER.sub(SPACE, x) + return ''.join([BYTE_TO_BCHAR[b] for b in normalized.encode('utf-8')]) + + +def byte_decode(x: str) -> str: + try: + return bytes([BCHAR_TO_BYTE[bc] for bc in x]).decode('utf-8') + except ValueError: + return '' + + +def smart_byte_decode(x: str) -> str: + output = byte_decode(x) + if output == '': + # DP the best recovery (max valid chars) if it's broken + n_bytes = len(x) + f = [0 for _ in range(n_bytes + 1)] + pt = [0 for _ in range(n_bytes + 1)] + for i in range(1, n_bytes + 1): + f[i], pt[i] = f[i - 1], i - 1 + for j in range(1, min(4, i) + 1): + if f[i - j] + 1 > f[i] and len(byte_decode(x[i - j: i])) > 0: + f[i], pt[i] = f[i - j] + 1, i - j + cur_pt = n_bytes + while cur_pt > 0: + if f[cur_pt] == f[pt[cur_pt]] + 1: + output = byte_decode(x[pt[cur_pt]: cur_pt]) + output + cur_pt = pt[cur_pt] + return output diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/bytes.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/bytes.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8bace19c53542bf872c3a02b322c0f39842d423f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/bytes.py @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + + +from fairseq.data.encoders import register_bpe +from fairseq.data.encoders.byte_utils import (byte_encode, smart_byte_decode, + SPACE, SPACE_ESCAPE) + + +@register_bpe('bytes') +class Bytes(object): + def __init__(self, args): + pass + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + pass + + @staticmethod + def encode(x: str) -> str: + encoded = byte_encode(x) + escaped = encoded.replace(SPACE, SPACE_ESCAPE) + return SPACE.join(list(escaped)) + + @staticmethod + def decode(x: str) -> str: + unescaped = x.replace(SPACE, '').replace(SPACE_ESCAPE, SPACE) + return smart_byte_decode(unescaped) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/characters.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/characters.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db6a58a6502ace4709838ad574757074e893e1a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/characters.py @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + + +from fairseq.data.encoders import register_bpe + +SPACE = chr(32) +SPACE_ESCAPE = chr(9601) + + +@register_bpe('characters') +class Characters(object): + def __init__(self, args): + pass + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + pass + + @staticmethod + def encode(x: str) -> str: + escaped = x.replace(SPACE, SPACE_ESCAPE) + return SPACE.join(list(escaped)) + + @staticmethod + def decode(x: str) -> str: + return x.replace(SPACE, '').replace(SPACE_ESCAPE, SPACE) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/fastbpe.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/fastbpe.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..376e22cd85be1bf380079e4fef622e3bbaf2bcd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/fastbpe.py @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq import file_utils +from fairseq.data.encoders import register_bpe + + +@register_bpe('fastbpe') +class fastBPE(object): + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--bpe-codes', type=str, + help='path to fastBPE BPE') + # fmt: on + + def __init__(self, args): + if args.bpe_codes is None: + raise ValueError('--bpe-codes is required for --bpe=subword_nmt') + codes = file_utils.cached_path(args.bpe_codes) + try: + import fastBPE + self.bpe = fastBPE.fastBPE(codes) + self.bpe_symbol = "@@ " + except ImportError: + raise ImportError('Please install fastBPE with: pip install fastBPE') + + def encode(self, x: str) -> str: + return self.bpe.apply([x])[0] + + def decode(self, x: str) -> str: + return (x + ' ').replace(self.bpe_symbol, '').rstrip() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/gpt2_bpe.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/gpt2_bpe.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..54e0593d00e23bc235e557df29909325f2a17056 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/gpt2_bpe.py @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq import file_utils +from fairseq.data.encoders import register_bpe + +from .gpt2_bpe_utils import get_encoder + + +DEFAULT_ENCODER_JSON = 'https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/gpt2_bpe/encoder.json' +DEFAULT_VOCAB_BPE = 'https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/gpt2_bpe/vocab.bpe' + + +@register_bpe('gpt2') +class GPT2BPE(object): + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--gpt2-encoder-json', type=str, + default=DEFAULT_ENCODER_JSON, + help='path to encoder.json') + parser.add_argument('--gpt2-vocab-bpe', type=str, + default=DEFAULT_VOCAB_BPE, + help='path to vocab.bpe') + # fmt: on + + def __init__(self, args): + encoder_json = file_utils.cached_path( + getattr(args, 'gpt2_encoder_json', DEFAULT_ENCODER_JSON) + ) + vocab_bpe = file_utils.cached_path( + getattr(args, 'gpt2_vocab_bpe', DEFAULT_VOCAB_BPE) + ) + self.bpe = get_encoder(encoder_json, vocab_bpe) + + def encode(self, x: str) -> str: + return ' '.join(map(str, self.bpe.encode(x))) + + def decode(self, x: str) -> str: + return self.bpe.decode([ + int(tok) if tok not in {'', ''} else tok + for tok in x.split() + ]) + + def is_beginning_of_word(self, x: str) -> bool: + return self.decode(x).startswith(' ') diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/gpt2_bpe_utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/gpt2_bpe_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1917f823141306e2e7f5a4a19c59d35a370a8711 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/gpt2_bpe_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,127 @@ +""" +Byte pair encoding utilities from GPT-2. + +Original source: https://github.com/openai/gpt-2/blob/master/src/encoder.py +Original license: MIT +""" + +from functools import lru_cache +import json + + +@lru_cache() +def bytes_to_unicode(): + """ + Returns list of utf-8 byte and a corresponding list of unicode strings. + The reversible bpe codes work on unicode strings. + This means you need a large # of unicode characters in your vocab if you want to avoid UNKs. + When you're at something like a 10B token dataset you end up needing around 5K for decent coverage. + This is a signficant percentage of your normal, say, 32K bpe vocab. + To avoid that, we want lookup tables between utf-8 bytes and unicode strings. + And avoids mapping to whitespace/control characters the bpe code barfs on. + """ + bs = list(range(ord("!"), ord("~")+1))+list(range(ord("¡"), ord("¬")+1))+list(range(ord("®"), ord("ÿ")+1)) + cs = bs[:] + n = 0 + for b in range(2**8): + if b not in bs: + bs.append(b) + cs.append(2**8+n) + n += 1 + cs = [chr(n) for n in cs] + return dict(zip(bs, cs)) + +def get_pairs(word): + """Return set of symbol pairs in a word. + Word is represented as tuple of symbols (symbols being variable-length strings). + """ + pairs = set() + prev_char = word[0] + for char in word[1:]: + pairs.add((prev_char, char)) + prev_char = char + return pairs + +class Encoder: + + def __init__(self, encoder, bpe_merges, errors='replace'): + self.encoder = encoder + self.decoder = {v:k for k,v in self.encoder.items()} + self.errors = errors # how to handle errors in decoding + self.byte_encoder = bytes_to_unicode() + self.byte_decoder = {v:k for k, v in self.byte_encoder.items()} + self.bpe_ranks = dict(zip(bpe_merges, range(len(bpe_merges)))) + self.cache = {} + + try: + import regex as re + self.re = re + except ImportError: + raise ImportError('Please install regex with: pip install regex') + + # Should haved added re.IGNORECASE so BPE merges can happen for capitalized versions of contractions + self.pat = self.re.compile(r"""'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d| ?\p{L}+| ?\p{N}+| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+""") + + def bpe(self, token): + if token in self.cache: + return self.cache[token] + word = tuple(token) + pairs = get_pairs(word) + + if not pairs: + return token + + while True: + bigram = min(pairs, key = lambda pair: self.bpe_ranks.get(pair, float('inf'))) + if bigram not in self.bpe_ranks: + break + first, second = bigram + new_word = [] + i = 0 + while i < len(word): + try: + j = word.index(first, i) + new_word.extend(word[i:j]) + i = j + except: + new_word.extend(word[i:]) + break + + if word[i] == first and i < len(word)-1 and word[i+1] == second: + new_word.append(first+second) + i += 2 + else: + new_word.append(word[i]) + i += 1 + new_word = tuple(new_word) + word = new_word + if len(word) == 1: + break + else: + pairs = get_pairs(word) + word = ' '.join(word) + self.cache[token] = word + return word + + def encode(self, text): + bpe_tokens = [] + for token in self.re.findall(self.pat, text): + token = ''.join(self.byte_encoder[b] for b in token.encode('utf-8')) + bpe_tokens.extend(self.encoder[bpe_token] for bpe_token in self.bpe(token).split(' ')) + return bpe_tokens + + def decode(self, tokens): + text = ''.join([self.decoder.get(token, token) for token in tokens]) + text = bytearray([self.byte_decoder[c] for c in text]).decode('utf-8', errors=self.errors) + return text + +def get_encoder(encoder_json_path, vocab_bpe_path): + with open(encoder_json_path, 'r') as f: + encoder = json.load(f) + with open(vocab_bpe_path, 'r', encoding="utf-8") as f: + bpe_data = f.read() + bpe_merges = [tuple(merge_str.split()) for merge_str in bpe_data.split('\n')[1:-1]] + return Encoder( + encoder=encoder, + bpe_merges=bpe_merges, + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/hf_bert_bpe.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/hf_bert_bpe.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40c69d53c5b7717fe7e830abb22d8bfbb6783387 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/hf_bert_bpe.py @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq.data.encoders import register_bpe + + +@register_bpe('bert') +class BertBPE(object): + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--bpe-cased', action='store_true', + help='set for cased BPE', + default=False) + parser.add_argument('--bpe-vocab-file', type=str, + help='bpe vocab file.') + # fmt: on + + def __init__(self, args): + try: + from pytorch_transformers import BertTokenizer + from pytorch_transformers.tokenization_utils import clean_up_tokenization + except ImportError: + raise ImportError( + 'Please install 1.0.0 version of pytorch_transformers' + 'with: pip install pytorch-transformers' + ) + + if 'bpe_vocab_file' in args: + self.bert_tokenizer = BertTokenizer( + args.bpe_vocab_file, + do_lower_case=not args.bpe_cased + ) + else: + vocab_file_name = 'bert-base-cased' if args.bpe_cased else 'bert-base-uncased' + self.bert_tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained(vocab_file_name) + self.clean_up_tokenization = clean_up_tokenization + + def encode(self, x: str) -> str: + return ' '.join(self.bert_tokenizer.tokenize(x)) + + def decode(self, x: str) -> str: + return self.clean_up_tokenization( + self.bert_tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_string(x.split(' ')) + ) + + def is_beginning_of_word(self, x: str) -> bool: + return not x.startswith('##') diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/hf_byte_bpe.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/hf_byte_bpe.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2767df044e473ebde9e69536a923e8fa5d9ff500 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/hf_byte_bpe.py @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq.data.encoders import register_bpe + + +@register_bpe('hf_byte_bpe') +class HuggingFaceByteLevelBPE(object): + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--bpe-merges', help='path to merges.txt') + parser.add_argument('--bpe-vocab', help='path to vocab.json') + parser.add_argument('--bpe-add-prefix-space', action='store_true', + help='add prefix space before encoding') + # fmt: on + + def __init__(self, args): + try: + from tokenizers import ByteLevelBPETokenizer + except ImportError: + raise ImportError( + 'Please install huggingface/tokenizers with: ' + 'pip install tokenizers' + ) + + self.bpe = ByteLevelBPETokenizer( + args.bpe_vocab, + args.bpe_merges, + add_prefix_space=getattr(args, 'bpe_add_prefix_space', False), + ) + + def encode(self, x: str) -> str: + return ' '.join(map(str, self.bpe.encode(x).ids)) + + def decode(self, x: str) -> str: + return self.bpe.decode([ + int(tok) if tok not in {'', ''} else tok + for tok in x.split() + ]) + + def is_beginning_of_word(self, x: str) -> bool: + return self.decode(x).startswith(' ') diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/moses_tokenizer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/moses_tokenizer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1e7478b9deecc12aaf2bfac066572fca109d0cd --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/moses_tokenizer.py @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq.data.encoders import register_tokenizer + + +@register_tokenizer('moses') +class MosesTokenizer(object): + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--moses-source-lang', metavar='SRC', + help='source language') + parser.add_argument('--moses-target-lang', metavar='TARGET', + help='target language') + parser.add_argument('--moses-no-dash-splits', action='store_true', default=False, + help='don\'t apply dash split rules') + parser.add_argument('--moses-no-escape', action='store_true', default=False, + help='don\'t perform HTML escaping on apostrophy, quotes, etc.') + # fmt: on + + def __init__(self, args): + self.args = args + + if getattr(args, 'moses_source_lang', None) is None: + args.moses_source_lang = getattr(args, 'source_lang', 'en') + if getattr(args, 'moses_target_lang', None) is None: + args.moses_target_lang = getattr(args, 'target_lang', 'en') + + try: + from sacremoses import MosesTokenizer, MosesDetokenizer + self.tok = MosesTokenizer(args.moses_source_lang) + self.detok = MosesDetokenizer(args.moses_target_lang) + except ImportError: + raise ImportError('Please install Moses tokenizer with: pip install sacremoses') + + def encode(self, x: str) -> str: + return self.tok.tokenize( + x, + aggressive_dash_splits=(not self.args.moses_no_dash_splits), + return_str=True, + escape=(not self.args.moses_no_escape), + ) + + def decode(self, x: str) -> str: + return self.detok.detokenize(x.split()) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/nltk_tokenizer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/nltk_tokenizer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3db8ee56525196a68383dee5c04a22835e45625b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/nltk_tokenizer.py @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq.data.encoders import register_tokenizer + + +@register_tokenizer('nltk') +class NLTKTokenizer(object): + + def __init__(self, source_lang=None, target_lang=None): + try: + from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize + self.word_tokenize = word_tokenize + except ImportError: + raise ImportError('Please install nltk with: pip install nltk') + + def encode(self, x: str) -> str: + return ' '.join(self.word_tokenize(x)) + + def decode(self, x: str) -> str: + return x diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/sentencepiece_bpe.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/sentencepiece_bpe.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ae4fc57d18fca799d213597e5cb7aaf72835e2b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/sentencepiece_bpe.py @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq import file_utils +from fairseq.data.encoders import register_bpe + + +@register_bpe('sentencepiece') +class SentencepieceBPE(object): + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--sentencepiece-vocab', type=str, + help='path to sentencepiece vocab') + # fmt: on + + def __init__(self, args): + vocab = file_utils.cached_path(args.sentencepiece_vocab) + try: + import sentencepiece as spm + self.sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor() + self.sp.Load(vocab) + except ImportError: + raise ImportError('Please install sentencepiece with: pip install sentencepiece') + + def encode(self, x: str) -> str: + return ' '.join(self.sp.EncodeAsPieces(x)) + + def decode(self, x: str) -> str: + return x.replace(' ', '').replace('\u2581', ' ').strip() + + def is_beginning_of_word(self, x: str) -> bool: + if x in ['', '', '', '']: + # special elements are always considered beginnings + # HACK: this logic is already present in fairseq/tasks/masked_lm.py + # but these special tokens are also contained in the sentencepiece + # vocabulary which causes duplicate special tokens. This hack makes + # sure that they are all taken into account. + return True + return x.startswith('\u2581') diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/space_tokenizer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/space_tokenizer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..670001a8e8514e910c91281a88876261514f9374 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/space_tokenizer.py @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import re + +from fairseq.data.encoders import register_tokenizer + + +@register_tokenizer('space') +class SpaceTokenizer(object): + + def __init__(self, source_lang=None, target_lang=None): + self.space_tok = re.compile(r"\s+") + + def encode(self, x: str) -> str: + return self.space_tok.sub(' ', x) + + def decode(self, x: str) -> str: + return x diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/subword_nmt_bpe.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/subword_nmt_bpe.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78f19b43eaec7745ef86f693359946c7b60bd14c --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/subword_nmt_bpe.py @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq import file_utils +from fairseq.data.encoders import register_bpe + + +@register_bpe('subword_nmt') +class SubwordNMTBPE(object): + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--bpe-codes', type=str, + help='path to subword NMT BPE') + parser.add_argument('--bpe-separator', default='@@', + help='BPE separator') + # fmt: on + + def __init__(self, args): + if args.bpe_codes is None: + raise ValueError('--bpe-codes is required for --bpe=subword_nmt') + codes = file_utils.cached_path(args.bpe_codes) + try: + from subword_nmt import apply_bpe + bpe_parser = apply_bpe.create_parser() + bpe_args = bpe_parser.parse_args([ + '--codes', codes, + '--separator', args.bpe_separator, + ]) + self.bpe = apply_bpe.BPE( + bpe_args.codes, + bpe_args.merges, + bpe_args.separator, + None, + bpe_args.glossaries, + ) + self.bpe_symbol = bpe_args.separator + ' ' + except ImportError: + raise ImportError('Please install subword_nmt with: pip install subword-nmt') + + def encode(self, x: str) -> str: + return self.bpe.process_line(x) + + def decode(self, x: str) -> str: + return (x + ' ').replace(self.bpe_symbol, '').rstrip() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0e491c143c17b8364cb1d4a730c7415fb116907 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/encoders/utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +from fairseq.data import encoders + + +def get_whole_word_mask(args, dictionary): + bpe = encoders.build_bpe(args) + if bpe is not None: + def is_beginning_of_word(i): + if i < dictionary.nspecial: + # special elements are always considered beginnings + return True + tok = dictionary[i] + if tok.startswith('madeupword'): + return True + try: + return bpe.is_beginning_of_word(tok) + except ValueError: + return True + mask_whole_words = torch.ByteTensor(list( + map(is_beginning_of_word, range(len(dictionary))) + )) + return mask_whole_words + return None diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/fairseq_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/fairseq_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe5681be5a808fbd43d0fbf1e4917859e5fcc1fd --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/fairseq_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import numpy as np +import torch.utils.data + + +class EpochListening: + """Mixin for receiving updates whenever the epoch increments.""" + def set_epoch(self, epoch): + """Will receive the updated epoch number at the beginning of the epoch. + """ + pass + + +class FairseqDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset, EpochListening): + """A dataset that provides helpers for batching.""" + + def __getitem__(self, index): + raise NotImplementedError + + def __len__(self): + raise NotImplementedError + + def collater(self, samples): + """Merge a list of samples to form a mini-batch. + + Args: + samples (List[dict]): samples to collate + + Returns: + dict: a mini-batch suitable for forwarding with a Model + """ + raise NotImplementedError + + def num_tokens(self, index): + """Return the number of tokens in a sample. This value is used to + enforce ``--max-tokens`` during batching.""" + raise NotImplementedError + + def size(self, index): + """Return an example's size as a float or tuple. This value is used when + filtering a dataset with ``--max-positions``.""" + raise NotImplementedError + + def ordered_indices(self): + """Return an ordered list of indices. Batches will be constructed based + on this order.""" + return np.arange(len(self)) + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + """Whether this dataset supports prefetching.""" + return False + + def attr(self, attr: str, index: int): + return getattr(self, attr, None) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + """Prefetch the data required for this epoch.""" + raise NotImplementedError + + +class FairseqIterableDataset(torch.utils.data.IterableDataset, EpochListening): + """For datasets that need to be read sequentially, usually because the data + is being streamed or otherwise can't be manipulated on a single machine. + """ + + def __iter__(self): + raise NotImplementedError diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/id_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/id_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a73ba1ff74e53d8789581c24880c0b6485cffa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/id_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch + +from . import FairseqDataset + + +class IdDataset(FairseqDataset): + + def __getitem__(self, index): + return index + + def __len__(self): + return 0 + + def collater(self, samples): + return torch.tensor(samples) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/indexed_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/indexed_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a937086140b9b43ea047491d987b8b92ae2fe9e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/indexed_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,525 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from functools import lru_cache +import os +import shutil +import struct + +import numpy as np +import torch + +from . import FairseqDataset + + +def __best_fitting_dtype(vocab_size=None): + if vocab_size is not None and vocab_size < 65500: + return np.uint16 + else: + return np.int32 + + +def get_available_dataset_impl(): + return ['raw', 'lazy', 'cached', 'mmap'] + + +def infer_dataset_impl(path): + if IndexedRawTextDataset.exists(path): + return 'raw' + elif IndexedDataset.exists(path): + with open(index_file_path(path), 'rb') as f: + magic = f.read(8) + if magic == IndexedDataset._HDR_MAGIC: + return 'cached' + elif magic == MMapIndexedDataset.Index._HDR_MAGIC[:8]: + return 'mmap' + else: + return None + else: + return None + + +def make_builder(out_file, impl, vocab_size=None): + if impl == 'mmap': + return MMapIndexedDatasetBuilder(out_file, dtype=__best_fitting_dtype(vocab_size)) + else: + return IndexedDatasetBuilder(out_file) + + +def make_dataset(path, impl, fix_lua_indexing=False, dictionary=None): + if impl == 'raw' and IndexedRawTextDataset.exists(path): + assert dictionary is not None + return IndexedRawTextDataset(path, dictionary) + elif impl == 'lazy' and IndexedDataset.exists(path): + return IndexedDataset(path, fix_lua_indexing=fix_lua_indexing) + elif impl == 'cached' and IndexedDataset.exists(path): + return IndexedCachedDataset(path, fix_lua_indexing=fix_lua_indexing) + elif impl == 'mmap' and MMapIndexedDataset.exists(path): + return MMapIndexedDataset(path) + return None + + +def dataset_exists(path, impl): + if impl == 'raw': + return IndexedRawTextDataset.exists(path) + elif impl == 'mmap': + return MMapIndexedDataset.exists(path) + else: + return IndexedDataset.exists(path) + + +def read_longs(f, n): + a = np.empty(n, dtype=np.int64) + f.readinto(a) + return a + + +def write_longs(f, a): + f.write(np.array(a, dtype=np.int64)) + + +dtypes = { + 1: np.uint8, + 2: np.int8, + 3: np.int16, + 4: np.int32, + 5: np.int64, + 6: np.float32, + 7: np.double, + 8: np.uint16 +} + + +def code(dtype): + for k in dtypes.keys(): + if dtypes[k] == dtype: + return k + raise ValueError(dtype) + + +def index_file_path(prefix_path): + return prefix_path + '.idx' + + +def data_file_path(prefix_path): + return prefix_path + '.bin' + + +class IndexedDataset(FairseqDataset): + """Loader for TorchNet IndexedDataset""" + _HDR_MAGIC = b'TNTIDX\x00\x00' + + def __init__(self, path, fix_lua_indexing=False): + super().__init__() + self.path = path + self.fix_lua_indexing = fix_lua_indexing + self.data_file = None + self.read_index(path) + + def read_index(self, path): + with open(index_file_path(path), 'rb') as f: + magic = f.read(8) + assert magic == self._HDR_MAGIC, (f"Magic value mismatch: got {magic}, expected {self._HDR_MAGIC}") + + assert magic == self._HDR_MAGIC, ( + 'Index file doesn\'t match expected format. ' + 'Make sure that --dataset-impl is configured properly.' + ) + version = f.read(8) + assert struct.unpack('= self._len: + raise IndexError('index out of range') + + def __del__(self): + if self.data_file: + self.data_file.close() + + @lru_cache(maxsize=8) + def __getitem__(self, i): + if not self.data_file: + self.read_data(self.path) + self.check_index(i) + tensor_size = self.sizes[self.dim_offsets[i]:self.dim_offsets[i + 1]] + a = np.empty(tensor_size, dtype=self.dtype) + self.data_file.seek(self.data_offsets[i] * self.element_size) + self.data_file.readinto(a) + item = torch.from_numpy(a).long() + if self.fix_lua_indexing: + item -= 1 # subtract 1 for 0-based indexing + return item + + def __len__(self): + return self._len + + def num_tokens(self, index): + return self.sizes[index] + + def size(self, index): + return self.sizes[index] + + @staticmethod + def exists(path): + return ( + os.path.exists(index_file_path(path)) and os.path.exists(data_file_path(path)) + ) + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return False # avoid prefetching to save memory + + +class IndexedCachedDataset(IndexedDataset): + + def __init__(self, path, fix_lua_indexing=False): + super().__init__(path, fix_lua_indexing=fix_lua_indexing) + self.cache = None + self.cache_index = {} + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return True + + def prefetch(self, indices): + if all(i in self.cache_index for i in indices): + return + if not self.data_file: + self.read_data(self.path) + indices = sorted(set(indices)) + total_size = 0 + for i in indices: + total_size += self.data_offsets[i + 1] - self.data_offsets[i] + self.cache = np.empty(total_size, dtype=self.dtype) + ptx = 0 + self.cache_index.clear() + for i in indices: + self.cache_index[i] = ptx + size = self.data_offsets[i + 1] - self.data_offsets[i] + a = self.cache[ptx: ptx + size] + self.data_file.seek(self.data_offsets[i] * self.element_size) + self.data_file.readinto(a) + ptx += size + if self.data_file: + # close and delete data file after prefetch so we can pickle + self.data_file.close() + self.data_file = None + + @lru_cache(maxsize=8) + def __getitem__(self, i): + self.check_index(i) + tensor_size = self.sizes[self.dim_offsets[i]:self.dim_offsets[i + 1]] + a = np.empty(tensor_size, dtype=self.dtype) + ptx = self.cache_index[i] + np.copyto(a, self.cache[ptx: ptx + a.size]) + item = torch.from_numpy(a).long() + if self.fix_lua_indexing: + item -= 1 # subtract 1 for 0-based indexing + return item + + +class IndexedRawTextDataset(FairseqDataset): + """Takes a text file as input and binarizes it in memory at instantiation. + Original lines are also kept in memory""" + + def __init__(self, path, dictionary, append_eos=True, reverse_order=False): + self.tokens_list = [] + self.lines = [] + self.sizes = [] + self.append_eos = append_eos + self.reverse_order = reverse_order + self.read_data(path, dictionary) + self.size = len(self.tokens_list) + + def read_data(self, path, dictionary): + with open(path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: + for line in f: + self.lines.append(line.strip('\n')) + tokens = dictionary.encode_line( + line, add_if_not_exist=False, + append_eos=self.append_eos, reverse_order=self.reverse_order, + ).long() + self.tokens_list.append(tokens) + self.sizes.append(len(tokens)) + self.sizes = np.array(self.sizes) + + def check_index(self, i): + if i < 0 or i >= self.size: + raise IndexError('index out of range') + + @lru_cache(maxsize=8) + def __getitem__(self, i): + self.check_index(i) + return self.tokens_list[i] + + def get_original_text(self, i): + self.check_index(i) + return self.lines[i] + + def __del__(self): + pass + + def __len__(self): + return self.size + + def num_tokens(self, index): + return self.sizes[index] + + def size(self, index): + return self.sizes[index] + + @staticmethod + def exists(path): + return os.path.exists(path) + + +class IndexedDatasetBuilder(object): + element_sizes = { + np.uint8: 1, + np.int8: 1, + np.int16: 2, + np.int32: 4, + np.int64: 8, + np.float32: 4, + np.double: 8 + } + + def __init__(self, out_file, dtype=np.int32): + self.out_file = open(out_file, 'wb') + self.dtype = dtype + self.data_offsets = [0] + self.dim_offsets = [0] + self.sizes = [] + self.element_size = self.element_sizes[self.dtype] + + def add_item(self, tensor): + # +1 for Lua compatibility + bytes = self.out_file.write(np.array(tensor.numpy() + 1, dtype=self.dtype)) + self.data_offsets.append(self.data_offsets[-1] + bytes / self.element_size) + for s in tensor.size(): + self.sizes.append(s) + self.dim_offsets.append(self.dim_offsets[-1] + len(tensor.size())) + + def merge_file_(self, another_file): + index = IndexedDataset(another_file) + assert index.dtype == self.dtype + + begin = self.data_offsets[-1] + for offset in index.data_offsets[1:]: + self.data_offsets.append(begin + offset) + self.sizes.extend(index.sizes) + begin = self.dim_offsets[-1] + for dim_offset in index.dim_offsets[1:]: + self.dim_offsets.append(begin + dim_offset) + + with open(data_file_path(another_file), 'rb') as f: + while True: + data = f.read(1024) + if data: + self.out_file.write(data) + else: + break + + def finalize(self, index_file): + self.out_file.close() + index = open(index_file, 'wb') + index.write(b'TNTIDX\x00\x00') + index.write(struct.pack('= self.len: + return + self.count += 1 + yield x + + def __next__(self): + return next(self.itr) + + def has_next(self): + """Whether the iterator has been exhausted.""" + return self.count < len(self) + + def skip(self, num_to_skip): + """Fast-forward the iterator by skipping *num_to_skip* elements.""" + next(itertools.islice(self.itr, num_to_skip, num_to_skip), None) + return self + + def take(self, n): + """ + Truncates the iterator to n elements at most. + """ + self.len = min(self.len, n) + + +class EpochBatchIterating(object): + def __len__(self) -> int: + raise NotImplementedError + + @property + def next_epoch_idx(self): + raise NotImplementedError + + def next_epoch_itr(self, shuffle=True, fix_batches_to_gpus=False): + """Return a new iterator over the dataset. + + Args: + shuffle (bool, optional): shuffle batches before returning the + iterator (default: True). + fix_batches_to_gpus: ensure that batches are always + allocated to the same shards across epochs. Requires + that :attr:`dataset` supports prefetching (default: False). + """ + raise NotImplementedError + + def end_of_epoch(self) -> bool: + """Returns whether the most recent epoch iterator has been exhausted""" + raise NotImplementedError + + @property + def iterations_in_epoch(self) -> int: + """The number of consumed batches in the current epoch.""" + raise NotImplementedError + + def state_dict(self): + """Returns a dictionary containing a whole state of the iterator.""" + raise NotImplementedError + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict): + """Copies the state of the iterator from the given *state_dict*.""" + raise NotImplementedError + + +class StreamingEpochBatchIterator(EpochBatchIterating): + def __init__( + self, dataset, epoch=1, num_shards=1, shard_id=0, + ): + assert isinstance(dataset, torch.utils.data.IterableDataset) + self.dataset = dataset + self.epoch = max(epoch, 1) # we use 1-based indexing for epochs + self._current_epoch_iterator = None + self.num_shards = num_shards + self.shard_id = shard_id + + @property + def next_epoch_idx(self): + """Return the epoch index after *next_epoch_itr* is called.""" + if self._current_epoch_iterator is not None and self.end_of_epoch(): + return self.epoch + 1 + else: + return self.epoch + + def next_epoch_itr(self, shuffle=True, fix_batches_to_gpus=False): + self.epoch = self.next_epoch_idx + self.dataset.set_epoch(self.epoch) + self._current_epoch_iterator = CountingIterator( + iterable=ShardedIterator( + iterable=self.dataset, + num_shards=self.num_shards, + shard_id=self.shard_id, + ), + ) + return self._current_epoch_iterator + + def end_of_epoch(self) -> bool: + return not self._current_epoch_iterator.has_next() + + @property + def iterations_in_epoch(self) -> int: + if self._current_epoch_iterator is not None: + return self._current_epoch_iterator.count + return 0 + + def state_dict(self): + return { + 'epoch': self.epoch, + } + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict): + self.epoch = state_dict['epoch'] + + +class EpochBatchIterator(EpochBatchIterating): + """A multi-epoch iterator over a :class:`torch.utils.data.Dataset`. + + Compared to :class:`torch.utils.data.DataLoader`, this iterator: + + - can be reused across multiple epochs with the :func:`next_epoch_itr` + method (optionally shuffled between epochs) + - can be serialized/deserialized with the :func:`state_dict` and + :func:`load_state_dict` methods + - supports sharding with the *num_shards* and *shard_id* arguments + + Args: + dataset (~torch.utils.data.Dataset): dataset from which to load the data + collate_fn (callable): merges a list of samples to form a mini-batch + batch_sampler (~torch.utils.data.Sampler): an iterator over batches of + indices + seed (int, optional): seed for random number generator for + reproducibility (default: 1). + num_shards (int, optional): shard the data iterator into N + shards (default: 1). + shard_id (int, optional): which shard of the data iterator to + return (default: 0). + num_workers (int, optional): how many subprocesses to use for data + loading. 0 means the data will be loaded in the main process + (default: 0). + epoch (int, optional): the epoch to start the iterator from + (default: 1). + buffer_size (int, optional): the number of batches to keep ready in the + queue. Helps speeding up dataloading. When buffer_size is zero, the + default torch.utils.data.DataLoader preloading is used. + """ + + def __init__( + self, dataset, collate_fn, batch_sampler, seed=1, num_shards=1, shard_id=0, + num_workers=0, epoch=1, buffer_size=0 + ): + assert isinstance(dataset, torch.utils.data.Dataset) + self.dataset = dataset + self.collate_fn = collate_fn + self.frozen_batches = tuple(batch_sampler) + self.seed = seed + self.num_shards = num_shards + self.shard_id = shard_id + self.num_workers = num_workers + self.buffer_size = buffer_size + + self.epoch = max(epoch, 1) # we use 1-based indexing for epochs + self.shuffle = True + self._cur_epoch_itr = None + self._next_epoch_itr = None + self._supports_prefetch = getattr(dataset, 'supports_prefetch', False) + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.frozen_batches) + + @property + def next_epoch_idx(self): + """Return the epoch index after *next_epoch_itr* is called.""" + if self._next_epoch_itr is not None: + return self.epoch + elif self._cur_epoch_itr is not None and self.end_of_epoch(): + return self.epoch + 1 + else: + return self.epoch + + def next_epoch_itr(self, shuffle=True, fix_batches_to_gpus=False): + """Return a new iterator over the dataset. + + Args: + shuffle (bool, optional): shuffle batches before returning the + iterator (default: True). + fix_batches_to_gpus: ensure that batches are always + allocated to the same shards across epochs. Requires + that :attr:`dataset` supports prefetching (default: False). + """ + self.epoch = self.next_epoch_idx + if self._next_epoch_itr is not None: + self._cur_epoch_itr = self._next_epoch_itr + self._next_epoch_itr = None + else: + self._cur_epoch_itr = self._get_iterator_for_epoch( + self.epoch, shuffle, fix_batches_to_gpus=fix_batches_to_gpus, + ) + self.dataset.set_epoch(self.epoch) + self.shuffle = shuffle + return self._cur_epoch_itr + + def end_of_epoch(self) -> bool: + """Returns whether the most recent epoch iterator has been exhausted""" + return not self._cur_epoch_itr.has_next() + + @property + def iterations_in_epoch(self): + """The number of consumed batches in the current epoch.""" + if self._cur_epoch_itr is not None: + return self._cur_epoch_itr.count + elif self._next_epoch_itr is not None: + return self._next_epoch_itr.count + return 0 + + def state_dict(self): + """Returns a dictionary containing a whole state of the iterator.""" + return { + 'epoch': self.epoch, + 'iterations_in_epoch': self.iterations_in_epoch, + 'shuffle': self.shuffle, + } + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict): + """Copies the state of the iterator from the given *state_dict*.""" + self.epoch = state_dict['epoch'] + itr_pos = state_dict.get('iterations_in_epoch', 0) + if itr_pos > 0: + # fast-forward epoch iterator + self._next_epoch_itr = self._get_iterator_for_epoch( + self.epoch, + shuffle=state_dict.get('shuffle', True), + offset=itr_pos, + ) + if self._next_epoch_itr is None: + # we finished the epoch, increment epoch counter + self.epoch += 1 + else: + self._next_epoch_itr = None + + def _get_iterator_for_epoch(self, epoch, shuffle, fix_batches_to_gpus=False, offset=0): + + def shuffle_batches(batches, seed): + with data_utils.numpy_seed(seed): + np.random.shuffle(batches) + return batches + + if self._supports_prefetch: + batches = self.frozen_batches + + if shuffle and not fix_batches_to_gpus: + batches = shuffle_batches(list(batches), self.seed + epoch) + + batches = list(ShardedIterator( + batches, self.num_shards, self.shard_id, fill_value=[] + )) + self.dataset.prefetch([i for s in batches for i in s]) + + if shuffle and fix_batches_to_gpus: + batches = shuffle_batches(batches, self.seed + epoch + self.shard_id) + else: + if shuffle: + batches = shuffle_batches(list(self.frozen_batches), self.seed + epoch) + else: + batches = self.frozen_batches + batches = list(ShardedIterator( + batches, self.num_shards, self.shard_id, fill_value=[] + )) + + if offset > 0 and offset >= len(batches): + return None + + if self.num_workers > 0: + os.environ['PYTHONWARNINGS'] = 'ignore:semaphore_tracker:UserWarning' + + # Create data loader + itr = torch.utils.data.DataLoader( + self.dataset, + collate_fn=self.collate_fn, + batch_sampler=batches[offset:], + num_workers=self.num_workers, + ) + + # Wrap with a BufferedIterator if needed + if self.buffer_size > 0: + itr = BufferedIterator(self.buffer_size, itr) + + # Wrap with CoutingIterator + itr = CountingIterator(itr, start=offset) + return itr + + +class GroupedIterator(object): + """Wrapper around an iterable that returns groups (chunks) of items. + + Args: + iterable (iterable): iterable to wrap + chunk_size (int): size of each chunk + """ + + def __init__(self, iterable, chunk_size): + self._len = int(math.ceil(len(iterable) / float(chunk_size))) + self.offset = int(math.ceil(getattr(iterable, 'count', 0) / float(chunk_size))) + self.itr = iterable + self.chunk_size = chunk_size + + def __len__(self): + return self._len + + def __iter__(self): + return self + + def __next__(self): + chunk = [] + try: + for _ in range(self.chunk_size): + chunk.append(next(self.itr)) + except StopIteration as e: + if len(chunk) == 0: + raise e + return chunk + + +class ShardedIterator(object): + """A sharded wrapper around an iterable, padded to length. + + Args: + iterable (iterable): iterable to wrap + num_shards (int): number of shards to split the iterable into + shard_id (int): which shard to iterator over + fill_value (Any, optional): padding value when the iterable doesn't + evenly divide *num_shards* (default: None). + """ + + def __init__(self, iterable, num_shards, shard_id, fill_value=None): + if shard_id < 0 or shard_id >= num_shards: + raise ValueError('shard_id must be between 0 and num_shards') + + self._sharded_len = len(iterable) // num_shards + if len(iterable) % num_shards > 0: + self._sharded_len += 1 + + self.itr = itertools.zip_longest( + range(self._sharded_len), + itertools.islice(iterable, shard_id, len(iterable), num_shards), + fillvalue=fill_value, + ) + + def __len__(self): + return self._sharded_len + + def __iter__(self): + return self + + def __next__(self): + return next(self.itr)[1] + + +class BackgroundConsumer(Thread): + def __init__(self, queue, source): + Thread.__init__(self) + + self._queue = queue + self._source = source + + def run(self): + for item in self._source: + self._queue.put(item) + + # Signal the consumer we are done. + self._queue.put(_sentinel) + + +class BufferedIterator(object): + def __init__(self, size, iterable): + self._queue = queue.Queue(size) + self._iterable = iterable + + self._consumer = BackgroundConsumer(self._queue, iterable) + self._consumer.daemon = True + self._consumer.start() + + self.start_time = time.time() + self.warning_time = None + + def __iter__(self): + return self + + def __len__(self): + return len(self._iterable) + + def __next__(self): + # Notify the user if there is a data loading bottleneck + if self._queue.qsize() < 2: + if time.time() - self.start_time > 5 * 60: + if self.warning_time is None or time.time() - self.warning_time > 15 * 60: + logger.info( + "Data loading buffer is empty or nearly empty. This may " + "indicate a data loading bottleneck, and increasing the " + "number of workers may help." + ) + self.warning_time = time.time() + + # Get next example + item = self._queue.get(True) + if item is _sentinel: + raise StopIteration() + return item diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/language_pair_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/language_pair_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..43bd4a651c98ad2721b35331e8588980b42e73ef --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/language_pair_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,317 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging + +import numpy as np +import torch + +from . import data_utils, FairseqDataset + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +def collate( + samples, pad_idx, eos_idx, bert_pad_idx, left_pad_source=True, left_pad_target=False, + input_feeding=True, +): + if len(samples) == 0: + return {} + + def merge(key, left_pad, move_eos_to_beginning=False, bert_input=False): + return data_utils.collate_tokens( + [s[key] for s in samples], + pad_idx if not bert_input else bert_pad_idx, eos_idx, left_pad, move_eos_to_beginning, + ) + + def check_alignment(alignment, src_len, tgt_len): + if alignment is None or len(alignment) == 0: + return False + if alignment[:, 0].max().item() >= src_len - 1 or alignment[:, 1].max().item() >= tgt_len - 1: + logger.warning("alignment size mismatch found, skipping alignment!") + return False + return True + + def compute_alignment_weights(alignments): + """ + Given a tensor of shape [:, 2] containing the source-target indices + corresponding to the alignments, a weight vector containing the + inverse frequency of each target index is computed. + For e.g. if alignments = [[5, 7], [2, 3], [1, 3], [4, 2]], then + a tensor containing [1., 0.5, 0.5, 1] should be returned (since target + index 3 is repeated twice) + """ + align_tgt = alignments[:, 1] + _, align_tgt_i, align_tgt_c = torch.unique(align_tgt, return_inverse=True, return_counts=True) + align_weights = align_tgt_c[align_tgt_i[np.arange(len(align_tgt))]] + return 1. / align_weights.float() + + id = torch.LongTensor([s['id'] for s in samples]) + src_tokens = merge('source', left_pad=left_pad_source) + # BERT tokens: only collate if available (non-None) + has_bert = samples[0].get('source_bert', None) is not None + if has_bert: + src_bert_tokens = merge('source_bert', left_pad=left_pad_source, bert_input=True) + else: + src_bert_tokens = src_tokens.clone() + # sort by descending source length + src_lengths = torch.LongTensor([s['source'].numel() for s in samples]) + src_lengths, sort_order = src_lengths.sort(descending=True) + id = id.index_select(0, sort_order) + src_tokens = src_tokens.index_select(0, sort_order) + src_bert_tokens = src_bert_tokens.index_select(0, sort_order) + + prev_output_tokens = None + target = None + if samples[0].get('target', None) is not None: + target = merge('target', left_pad=left_pad_target) + target = target.index_select(0, sort_order) + tgt_lengths = torch.LongTensor([s['target'].numel() for s in samples]).index_select(0, sort_order) + ntokens = sum(len(s['target']) for s in samples) + + if input_feeding: + # we create a shifted version of targets for feeding the + # previous output token(s) into the next decoder step + prev_output_tokens = merge( + 'target', + left_pad=left_pad_target, + move_eos_to_beginning=True, + ) + prev_output_tokens = prev_output_tokens.index_select(0, sort_order) + else: + ntokens = sum(len(s['source']) for s in samples) + + batch = { + 'id': id, + 'nsentences': len(samples), + 'ntokens': ntokens, + 'net_input': { + 'src_tokens': src_tokens, + 'src_lengths': src_lengths, + 'bert_input': src_bert_tokens, + }, + 'target': target, + } + if prev_output_tokens is not None: + batch['net_input']['prev_output_tokens'] = prev_output_tokens + + if samples[0].get('alignment', None) is not None: + bsz, tgt_sz = batch['target'].shape + src_sz = batch['net_input']['src_tokens'].shape[1] + + offsets = torch.zeros((len(sort_order), 2), dtype=torch.long) + offsets[:, 1] += (torch.arange(len(sort_order), dtype=torch.long) * tgt_sz) + if left_pad_source: + offsets[:, 0] += (src_sz - src_lengths) + if left_pad_target: + offsets[:, 1] += (tgt_sz - tgt_lengths) + + alignments = [ + alignment + offset + for align_idx, offset, src_len, tgt_len in zip(sort_order, offsets, src_lengths, tgt_lengths) + for alignment in [samples[align_idx]['alignment'].view(-1, 2)] + if check_alignment(alignment, src_len, tgt_len) + ] + + if len(alignments) > 0: + alignments = torch.cat(alignments, dim=0) + align_weights = compute_alignment_weights(alignments) + + batch['alignments'] = alignments + batch['align_weights'] = align_weights + + return batch + + +class LanguagePairDataset(FairseqDataset): + """ + A pair of torch.utils.data.Datasets. + + Args: + src (torch.utils.data.Dataset): source dataset to wrap + src_sizes (List[int]): source sentence lengths + src_dict (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): source vocabulary + tgt (torch.utils.data.Dataset, optional): target dataset to wrap + tgt_sizes (List[int], optional): target sentence lengths + tgt_dict (~fairseq.data.Dictionary, optional): target vocabulary + left_pad_source (bool, optional): pad source tensors on the left side + (default: True). + left_pad_target (bool, optional): pad target tensors on the left side + (default: False). + max_source_positions (int, optional): max number of tokens in the + source sentence (default: 1024). + max_target_positions (int, optional): max number of tokens in the + target sentence (default: 1024). + shuffle (bool, optional): shuffle dataset elements before batching + (default: True). + input_feeding (bool, optional): create a shifted version of the targets + to be passed into the model for teacher forcing (default: True). + remove_eos_from_source (bool, optional): if set, removes eos from end + of source if it's present (default: False). + append_eos_to_target (bool, optional): if set, appends eos to end of + target if it's absent (default: False). + align_dataset (torch.utils.data.Dataset, optional): dataset + containing alignments. + append_bos (bool, optional): if set, appends bos to the beginning of + source/target sentence. + """ + + def __init__( + self, src, src_sizes, src_dict, + tgt=None, tgt_sizes=None, tgt_dict=None, + srcbert=None, srcbert_sizes=None, berttokenizer=None, + left_pad_source=True, left_pad_target=False, + max_source_positions=1024, max_target_positions=1024, + shuffle=True, input_feeding=True, + remove_eos_from_source=False, append_eos_to_target=False, + align_dataset=None, + append_bos=False, eos=None + ): + if tgt_dict is not None: + assert src_dict.pad() == tgt_dict.pad() + assert src_dict.eos() == tgt_dict.eos() + assert src_dict.unk() == tgt_dict.unk() + self.src = src + self.tgt = tgt + self.srcbert = srcbert + self.src_sizes = np.array(src_sizes) + self.tgt_sizes = np.array(tgt_sizes) if tgt_sizes is not None else None + self.srcbert_sizes = np.array(srcbert_sizes) if srcbert_sizes is not None else None + self.src_dict = src_dict + self.tgt_dict = tgt_dict + self.berttokenizer = berttokenizer + self.left_pad_source = left_pad_source + self.left_pad_target = left_pad_target + self.max_source_positions = max_source_positions + self.max_target_positions = max_target_positions + self.shuffle = shuffle + self.input_feeding = input_feeding + self.remove_eos_from_source = remove_eos_from_source + self.append_eos_to_target = append_eos_to_target + self.align_dataset = align_dataset + if self.align_dataset is not None: + assert self.tgt_sizes is not None, "Both source and target needed when alignments are provided" + self.append_bos = append_bos + self.eos = (eos if eos is not None else src_dict.eos()) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + tgt_item = self.tgt[index] if self.tgt is not None else None + src_item = self.src[index] + src_bert_item = self.srcbert[index] if self.srcbert is not None else None + # Append EOS to end of tgt sentence if it does not have an EOS and remove + # EOS from end of src sentence if it exists. This is useful when we use + # use existing datasets for opposite directions i.e., when we want to + # use tgt_dataset as src_dataset and vice versa + if self.append_eos_to_target: + eos = self.tgt_dict.eos() if self.tgt_dict else self.src_dict.eos() + if self.tgt and self.tgt[index][-1] != eos: + tgt_item = torch.cat([self.tgt[index], torch.LongTensor([eos])]) + + if self.append_bos: + bos = self.tgt_dict.bos() if self.tgt_dict else self.src_dict.bos() + if self.tgt and self.tgt[index][0] != bos: + tgt_item = torch.cat([torch.LongTensor([bos]), self.tgt[index]]) + + bos = self.src_dict.bos() + if self.src[index][-1] != bos: + src_item = torch.cat([torch.LongTensor([bos]), self.src[index]]) + + if self.remove_eos_from_source: + eos = self.src_dict.eos() + if self.src[index][-1] == eos: + src_item = self.src[index][:-1] + + example = { + 'id': index, + 'source': src_item, + 'target': tgt_item, + 'source_bert': src_bert_item + } + if self.align_dataset is not None: + example['alignment'] = self.align_dataset[index] + return example + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.src) + + def collater(self, samples): + """Merge a list of samples to form a mini-batch. + + Args: + samples (List[dict]): samples to collate + + Returns: + dict: a mini-batch with the following keys: + + - `id` (LongTensor): example IDs in the original input order + - `ntokens` (int): total number of tokens in the batch + - `net_input` (dict): the input to the Model, containing keys: + + - `src_tokens` (LongTensor): a padded 2D Tensor of tokens in + the source sentence of shape `(bsz, src_len)`. Padding will + appear on the left if *left_pad_source* is ``True``. + - `src_lengths` (LongTensor): 1D Tensor of the unpadded + lengths of each source sentence of shape `(bsz)` + - `prev_output_tokens` (LongTensor): a padded 2D Tensor of + tokens in the target sentence, shifted right by one + position for teacher forcing, of shape `(bsz, tgt_len)`. + This key will not be present if *input_feeding* is + ``False``. Padding will appear on the left if + *left_pad_target* is ``True``. + + - `target` (LongTensor): a padded 2D Tensor of tokens in the + target sentence of shape `(bsz, tgt_len)`. Padding will appear + on the left if *left_pad_target* is ``True``. + """ + if self.src_dict is None: + raise ValueError("src_dict is not initialized!") + + bert_pad_idx = self.berttokenizer.pad() if self.berttokenizer is not None else 0 + return collate( + samples, pad_idx=self.src_dict.pad(), eos_idx=self.eos, bert_pad_idx=bert_pad_idx, + left_pad_source=self.left_pad_source, left_pad_target=self.left_pad_target, + input_feeding=self.input_feeding, + ) + + def num_tokens(self, index): + """Return the number of tokens in a sample. This value is used to + enforce ``--max-tokens`` during batching.""" + a = max(self.src_sizes[index], self.tgt_sizes[index] if self.tgt_sizes is not None else 0) + if self.srcbert_sizes is not None: + a = max(a, self.srcbert_sizes[index]) + return a + + def size(self, index): + """Return an example's size as a float or tuple. This value is used when + filtering a dataset with ``--max-positions``.""" + return (self.src_sizes[index], self.tgt_sizes[index] if self.tgt_sizes is not None else 0) + + def ordered_indices(self): + """Return an ordered list of indices. Batches will be constructed based + on this order.""" + if self.shuffle: + indices = np.random.permutation(len(self)) + else: + indices = np.arange(len(self)) + if self.tgt_sizes is not None: + indices = indices[np.argsort(self.tgt_sizes[indices], kind='mergesort')] + return indices[np.argsort(self.src_sizes[indices], kind='mergesort')] + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return ( + getattr(self.src, 'supports_prefetch', False) + and (getattr(self.tgt, 'supports_prefetch', False) or self.tgt is None) + ) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + self.src.prefetch(indices) + if self.tgt is not None: + self.tgt.prefetch(indices) + if self.align_dataset is not None: + self.align_dataset.prefetch(indices) + if self.srcbert is not None: + self.srcbert.prefetch(indices) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/legacy/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/legacy/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1acaafeb09176dfda2a8bb30bab7e0ea764faa23 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/legacy/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from .masked_lm_dictionary import BertDictionary, MaskedLMDictionary +from .block_pair_dataset import BlockPairDataset +from .masked_lm_dataset import MaskedLMDataset + +__all__ = [ + 'BertDictionary', + 'BlockPairDataset', + 'MaskedLMDataset', + 'MaskedLMDictionary', +] diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/legacy/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/legacy/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d07ee5b9943134b206a420c8b2f4d7449f4abfb Binary files 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b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/legacy/block_pair_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,312 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math + +import numpy as np +import torch + +from fairseq.data import FairseqDataset + + +class BlockPairDataset(FairseqDataset): + """Break a Dataset of tokens into sentence pair blocks for next sentence + prediction as well as masked language model. + + High-level logics are: + 1. break input tensor to tensor blocks + 2. pair the blocks with 50% next sentence and 50% random sentence + 3. return paired blocks as well as related segment labels + + Args: + dataset (~torch.utils.data.Dataset): dataset to break into blocks + sizes: array of sentence lengths + dictionary: dictionary for the task + block_size: maximum block size + break_mode: mode for breaking copurs into block pairs. currently we support + 2 modes + doc: respect document boundaries and each part of the pair should belong to on document + none: don't respect any boundary and cut tokens evenly + short_seq_prob: probability for generating shorter block pairs + doc_break_size: Size for empty line separating documents. Typically 1 if + the sentences have eos, 0 otherwise. + """ + + def __init__( + self, + dataset, + dictionary, + sizes, + block_size, + break_mode="doc", + short_seq_prob=0.1, + doc_break_size=1, + ): + super().__init__() + self.dataset = dataset + self.pad = dictionary.pad() + self.eos = dictionary.eos() + self.cls = dictionary.cls() + self.mask = dictionary.mask() + self.sep = dictionary.sep() + self.break_mode = break_mode + self.dictionary = dictionary + self.short_seq_prob = short_seq_prob + self.block_indices = [] + + assert len(dataset) == len(sizes) + + if break_mode == "doc": + cur_doc = [] + for sent_id, sz in enumerate(sizes): + assert doc_break_size == 0 or sz != 0, ( + "when doc_break_size is non-zero, we expect documents to be" + "separated by a blank line with a single eos." + ) + # empty line as document separator + if sz == doc_break_size: + if len(cur_doc) == 0: + continue + self.block_indices.append(cur_doc) + cur_doc = [] + else: + cur_doc.append(sent_id) + max_num_tokens = block_size - 3 # Account for [CLS], [SEP], [SEP] + self.sent_pairs = [] + self.sizes = [] + for doc_id, doc in enumerate(self.block_indices): + self._generate_sentence_pair(doc, doc_id, max_num_tokens, sizes) + elif break_mode is None or break_mode == "none": + # each block should have half of the block size since we are constructing block pair + sent_length = (block_size - 3) // 2 + total_len = sum(dataset.sizes) + length = math.ceil(total_len / sent_length) + + def block_at(i): + start = i * sent_length + end = min(start + sent_length, total_len) + return (start, end) + + sent_indices = np.array([block_at(i) for i in range(length)]) + sent_sizes = np.array([e - s for s, e in sent_indices]) + dataset_index = self._sent_to_dataset_index(sent_sizes) + + # pair sentences + self._pair_sentences(dataset_index) + else: + raise ValueError("Invalid break_mode: " + break_mode) + + def _pair_sentences(self, dataset_index): + """ + Give a list of evenly cut blocks/sentences, pair these sentences with 50% + consecutive sentences and 50% random sentences. + This is used for none break mode + """ + # pair sentences + for sent_id, sent in enumerate(dataset_index): + next_sent_label = ( + 1 if np.random.rand() > 0.5 and sent_id != len(dataset_index) - 1 else 0 + ) + if next_sent_label: + next_sent = dataset_index[sent_id + 1] + else: + next_sent = dataset_index[ + self._skip_sampling(len(dataset_index), [sent_id, sent_id + 1]) + ] + self.sent_pairs.append((sent, next_sent, next_sent_label)) + + # The current blocks don't include the special tokens but the + # sizes already account for this + self.sizes.append(3 + sent[3] + next_sent[3]) + + def _sent_to_dataset_index(self, sent_sizes): + """ + Build index mapping block indices to the underlying dataset indices + """ + dataset_index = [] + ds_idx, ds_remaining = -1, 0 + for to_consume in sent_sizes: + sent_size = to_consume + if ds_remaining == 0: + ds_idx += 1 + ds_remaining = sent_sizes[ds_idx] + start_ds_idx = ds_idx + start_offset = sent_sizes[ds_idx] - ds_remaining + while to_consume > ds_remaining: + to_consume -= ds_remaining + ds_idx += 1 + ds_remaining = sent_sizes[ds_idx] + ds_remaining -= to_consume + dataset_index.append( + ( + start_ds_idx, # starting index in dataset + start_offset, # starting offset within starting index + ds_idx, # ending index in dataset + sent_size, # sentence length + ) + ) + assert ds_remaining == 0 + assert ds_idx == len(self.dataset) - 1 + return dataset_index + + def _generate_sentence_pair(self, doc, doc_id, max_num_tokens, sizes): + """ + Go through a single document and genrate sentence paris from it + """ + current_chunk = [] + current_length = 0 + curr = 0 + # To provide more randomness, we decrease target seq length for parts of + # samples (10% by default). Note that max_num_tokens is the hard threshold + # for batching and will never be changed. + target_seq_length = max_num_tokens + if np.random.random() < self.short_seq_prob: + target_seq_length = np.random.randint(2, max_num_tokens) + # loop through all sentences in document + while curr < len(doc): + sent_id = doc[curr] + current_chunk.append(sent_id) + current_length = sum(sizes[current_chunk]) + # split chunk and generate pair when exceed target_seq_length or + # finish the loop + if curr == len(doc) - 1 or current_length >= target_seq_length: + # split the chunk into 2 parts + a_end = 1 + if len(current_chunk) > 2: + a_end = np.random.randint(1, len(current_chunk) - 1) + sent_a = current_chunk[:a_end] + len_a = sum(sizes[sent_a]) + # generate next sentence label, note that if there is only 1 sentence + # in current chunk, label is always 0 + next_sent_label = ( + 1 if np.random.rand() > 0.5 and len(current_chunk) != 1 else 0 + ) + if not next_sent_label: + # if next sentence label is 0, sample sent_b from a random doc + target_b_length = target_seq_length - len_a + rand_doc_id = self._skip_sampling(len(self.block_indices), [doc_id]) + random_doc = self.block_indices[rand_doc_id] + random_start = np.random.randint(0, len(random_doc)) + sent_b = [] + len_b = 0 + for j in range(random_start, len(random_doc)): + sent_b.append(random_doc[j]) + len_b = sum(sizes[sent_b]) + if len_b >= target_b_length: + break + # return the second part of the chunk since it's not used + num_unused_segments = len(current_chunk) - a_end + curr -= num_unused_segments + else: + # if next sentence label is 1, use the second part of chunk as sent_B + sent_b = current_chunk[a_end:] + len_b = sum(sizes[sent_b]) + # currently sent_a and sent_B may be longer than max_num_tokens, + # truncate them and return block idx and offsets for them + sent_a, sent_b = self._truncate_sentences( + sent_a, sent_b, max_num_tokens + ) + self.sent_pairs.append((sent_a, sent_b, next_sent_label)) + self.sizes.append(3 + sent_a[3] + sent_b[3]) + current_chunk = [] + curr += 1 + + def _skip_sampling(self, total, skip_ids): + """ + Generate a random integer which is not in skip_ids. Sample range is [0, total) + TODO: ids in skip_ids should be consecutive, we can extend it to more generic version later + """ + rand_id = np.random.randint(total - len(skip_ids)) + return rand_id if rand_id < min(skip_ids) else rand_id + len(skip_ids) + + def _truncate_sentences(self, sent_a, sent_b, max_num_tokens): + """ + Trancate a pair of sentence to limit total length under max_num_tokens + Logics: + 1. Truncate longer sentence + 2. Tokens to be truncated could be at the beginning or the end of the sentnce + Returns: + Truncated sentences represented by dataset idx + """ + len_a, len_b = sum(self.dataset.sizes[sent_a]), sum(self.dataset.sizes[sent_b]) + front_cut_a = front_cut_b = end_cut_a = end_cut_b = 0 + + while True: + total_length = ( + len_a + len_b - front_cut_a - front_cut_b - end_cut_a - end_cut_b + ) + if total_length <= max_num_tokens: + break + + if len_a - front_cut_a - end_cut_a > len_b - front_cut_b - end_cut_b: + if np.random.rand() < 0.5: + front_cut_a += 1 + else: + end_cut_a += 1 + else: + if np.random.rand() < 0.5: + front_cut_b += 1 + else: + end_cut_b += 1 + + # calculate ds indices as well as offsets and return + truncated_sent_a = self._cut_sentence(sent_a, front_cut_a, end_cut_a) + truncated_sent_b = self._cut_sentence(sent_b, front_cut_b, end_cut_b) + return truncated_sent_a, truncated_sent_b + + def _cut_sentence(self, sent, front_cut, end_cut): + """ + Cut a sentence based on the numbers of tokens to be cut from beginning and end + Represent the sentence as dataset idx and return + """ + start_ds_idx, end_ds_idx, offset = sent[0], sent[-1], 0 + target_len = sum(self.dataset.sizes[sent]) - front_cut - end_cut + while front_cut > 0: + if self.dataset.sizes[start_ds_idx] > front_cut: + offset += front_cut + break + else: + front_cut -= self.dataset.sizes[start_ds_idx] + start_ds_idx += 1 + while end_cut > 0: + if self.dataset.sizes[end_ds_idx] > end_cut: + break + else: + end_cut -= self.dataset.sizes[end_ds_idx] + end_ds_idx -= 1 + return start_ds_idx, offset, end_ds_idx, target_len + + def _fetch_block(self, start_ds_idx, offset, end_ds_idx, length): + """ + Fetch a block of tokens based on its dataset idx + """ + buffer = torch.cat( + [self.dataset[idx] for idx in range(start_ds_idx, end_ds_idx + 1)] + ) + s, e = offset, offset + length + return buffer[s:e] + + def __getitem__(self, index): + block1, block2, next_sent_label = self.sent_pairs[index] + block1 = self._fetch_block(*block1) + block2 = self._fetch_block(*block2) + return block1, block2, next_sent_label + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.sizes) + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return getattr(self.dataset, "supports_prefetch", False) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + prefetch_idx = set() + for index in indices: + for block1, block2, _ in [self.sent_pairs[index]]: + for ds_idx in range(block1[0], block1[2] + 1): + prefetch_idx.add(ds_idx) + for ds_idx in range(block2[0], block2[2] + 1): + prefetch_idx.add(ds_idx) + self.dataset.prefetch(prefetch_idx) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/legacy/masked_lm_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/legacy/masked_lm_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..953aa85dd42bcaacd2b0ff2be9309395c212eb13 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/legacy/masked_lm_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,322 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math + +import numpy as np +import torch + +from typing import Dict, List, Tuple + +from fairseq.data import FairseqDataset, data_utils + +from fairseq.data import Dictionary +from fairseq.data.legacy.block_pair_dataset import BlockPairDataset +from fairseq.data.token_block_dataset import TokenBlockDataset +from fairseq.data.concat_dataset import ConcatDataset + + +class MaskedLMDataset(FairseqDataset): + """ + A wrapper Dataset for masked language modelling. The dataset + wraps around TokenBlockDataset or BlockedPairDataset and creates a batch + where the input blocks are masked according to the specified masking + probability. Additionally the batch can also contain sentence level targets + if this is specified. + + Args: + dataset: Dataset which generates blocks of data. Only BlockPairDataset + and TokenBlockDataset are supported. + sizes: Sentence lengths + vocab: Dictionary with the vocabulary and special tokens. + pad_idx: Id of padding token in dictionary + mask_idx: Id of mask token in dictionary + classif_token_idx: Id of classification token in dictionary. This is the + token associated with the sentence embedding (Eg: CLS for BERT) + sep_token_idx: Id of separator token in dictionary + (Eg: SEP in BERT) + seed: Seed for random number generator for reproducibility. + shuffle: Shuffle the elements before batching. + has_pairs: Specifies whether the underlying dataset + generates a pair of blocks along with a sentence_target or not. + Setting it to True assumes that the underlying dataset generates a + label for the pair of sentences which is surfaced as + sentence_target. The default value assumes a single block with no + sentence target. + segment_id: An optional segment id for filling in the segment labels + when we are in the single block setting (Eg: XLM). Default is 0. + masking_ratio: specifies what percentage of the blocks should be masked. + masking_prob: specifies the probability of a given token being + replaced with the "MASK" token. + random_token_prob: specifies the probability of a given token being + replaced by a random token from the vocabulary. + """ + + def __init__( + self, + dataset: FairseqDataset, + sizes: np.ndarray, + vocab: Dictionary, + pad_idx: int, + mask_idx: int, + classif_token_idx: int, + sep_token_idx: int, + seed: int = 1, + shuffle: bool = True, + has_pairs: bool = True, + segment_id: int = 0, + masking_ratio: float = 0.15, + masking_prob: float = 0.8, + random_token_prob: float = 0.1 + ): + # Make sure the input datasets are the ones supported + assert ( + isinstance(dataset, TokenBlockDataset) or + isinstance(dataset, BlockPairDataset) or + isinstance(dataset, ConcatDataset) + ), "MaskedLMDataset only wraps TokenBlockDataset or BlockPairDataset or " \ + "ConcatDataset" + + self.dataset = dataset + self.sizes = np.array(sizes) + self.vocab = vocab + self.pad_idx = pad_idx + self.mask_idx = mask_idx + self.classif_token_idx = classif_token_idx + self.sep_token_idx = sep_token_idx + self.shuffle = shuffle + self.seed = seed + self.has_pairs = has_pairs + self.segment_id = segment_id + self.masking_ratio = masking_ratio + self.masking_prob = masking_prob + self.random_token_prob = random_token_prob + + # If we have only one block then sizes needs to be updated to include + # the classification token + if not has_pairs: + self.sizes = self.sizes + 1 + + def __getitem__( + self, + index: int + ): + # if has_pairs, then expect 2 blocks and a sentence target + if self.has_pairs: + (block_one, block_two, sentence_target) = self.dataset[index] + else: + block_one = self.dataset[index] + + return { + "id": index, + "block_one": block_one, + "block_two": block_two if self.has_pairs else None, + "sentence_target": sentence_target if self.has_pairs else None, + } + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.dataset) + + def _mask_block( + self, + sentence: np.ndarray, + mask_idx: int, + pad_idx: int, + dictionary_token_range: Tuple, + ): + """ + Mask tokens for Masked Language Model training + Samples mask_ratio tokens that will be predicted by LM. + + Note:This function may not be efficient enough since we had multiple + conversions between np and torch, we can replace them with torch + operators later. + + Args: + sentence: 1d tensor to be masked + mask_idx: index to use for masking the sentence + pad_idx: index to use for masking the target for tokens we aren't + predicting + dictionary_token_range: range of indices in dictionary which can + be used for random word replacement + (e.g. without special characters) + Return: + masked_sent: masked sentence + target: target with words which we are not predicting replaced + by pad_idx + """ + masked_sent = np.copy(sentence) + sent_length = len(sentence) + mask_num = math.ceil(sent_length * self.masking_ratio) + mask = np.random.choice(sent_length, mask_num, replace=False) + target = np.copy(sentence) + + for i in range(sent_length): + if i in mask: + rand = np.random.random() + + # replace with mask if probability is less than masking_prob + # (Eg: 0.8) + if rand < self.masking_prob: + masked_sent[i] = mask_idx + + # replace with random token if probability is less than + # masking_prob + random_token_prob (Eg: 0.9) + elif rand < (self.masking_prob + self.random_token_prob): + # sample random token from dictionary + masked_sent[i] = ( + np.random.randint( + dictionary_token_range[0], dictionary_token_range[1] + ) + ) + else: + target[i] = pad_idx + + return masked_sent, target + + def _collate( + self, + samples: List[Dict], + pad_idx: int, + eos_idx: int + ): + """ + Does the heavy lifting for creating a batch from the input list of + examples. The logic is as follows: + 1. Mask the input blocks. In case has_pair is True then we have 2 + blocks to mask. + 2. Prepend the first masked block tensor with the special token + used as sentence embedding. Eg: CLS in BERT. This happens + irrespective of the value of has_pair. + 3. If has_pair is True, then append the first masked block with the + special separator token (eg: SEP for BERT) and compute segment + label accordingly. In this case, also append the second masked + block with this special separator token and compute its segment + label. + 4. For the targets tensor, prepend and append with padding index + accordingly. + 5. Concatenate all tensors. + """ + if len(samples) == 0: + return {} + # To ensure determinism, we reset the state of the PRNG after every + # batch based on the seed and the first id of the batch. This ensures + # that across epochs we get the same mask for the same example. This + # is needed for reproducibility and is how BERT does masking + # TODO: Can we add deteminism without this constraint? + with data_utils.numpy_seed(self.seed + samples[0]["id"]): + for s in samples: + + # token range is needed for replacing with random token during + # masking + token_range = (self.vocab.nspecial, len(self.vocab)) + + # mask according to specified probabilities. + masked_blk_one, masked_tgt_one = self._mask_block( + s["block_one"], self.mask_idx, self.pad_idx, token_range, + ) + + tokens = np.concatenate([ + [self.classif_token_idx], masked_blk_one + ]) + targets = np.concatenate([[self.pad_idx], masked_tgt_one]) + segments = np.ones(len(tokens)) * self.segment_id + + # if has_pairs is True then we need to add the SEP token to both + # the blocks after masking and re-compute segments based on the new + # lengths. + if self.has_pairs: + tokens_one = np.concatenate([tokens, [self.sep_token_idx]]) + targets_one = np.concatenate([targets, [self.pad_idx]]) + + masked_blk_two, masked_tgt_two = self._mask_block( + s["block_two"], self.mask_idx, self.pad_idx, token_range) + tokens_two = np.concatenate( + [masked_blk_two, [self.sep_token_idx]]) + targets_two = np.concatenate([masked_tgt_two, [self.pad_idx]]) + + # block + 1 sep + 1 special (CLS) + segments_one = np.zeros(len(tokens_one)) + # block + 1 sep + segments_two = np.ones(len(tokens_two)) + + tokens = np.concatenate([tokens_one, tokens_two]) + targets = np.concatenate([targets_one, targets_two]) + segments = np.concatenate([segments_one, segments_two]) + + s["source"] = torch.LongTensor(tokens) + s["segment_labels"] = torch.LongTensor(segments) + s["lm_target"] = torch.LongTensor(targets) + + def merge(key): + return data_utils.collate_tokens( + [s[key] for s in samples], pad_idx, eos_idx, left_pad=False + ) + return { + "id": torch.LongTensor([s["id"] for s in samples]), + "ntokens": sum(len(s["source"]) for s in samples), + "net_input": { + "src_tokens": merge("source"), + "segment_labels": merge("segment_labels"), + }, + "lm_target": merge("lm_target"), + "sentence_target": torch.LongTensor( + [s["sentence_target"] for s in samples] + ) if self.has_pairs else None, + "nsentences": len(samples), + } + + def collater( + self, + samples: List[Dict] + ): + """Merge a list of samples to form a mini-batch. + + Args: + samples (List[dict]): samples to collate + + Returns: + dict: a mini-batch of data + """ + return self._collate(samples, self.vocab.pad(), self.vocab.eos()) + + def num_tokens( + self, + index: int + ): + """ + Return the number of tokens in a sample. This value is used to + enforce max-tokens during batching. + """ + return self.sizes[index] + + def size( + self, + index: int + ): + """ + Return an example's size as a float or tuple. This value is used when + filtering a dataset with max-positions. + """ + return self.sizes[index] + + def ordered_indices(self): + """ + Return an ordered list of indices. Batches will be constructed based + on this order. + """ + if self.shuffle: + return np.random.permutation(len(self)) + else: + order = [np.arange(len(self))] + order.append(self.sizes) + return np.lexsort(order) + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return getattr(self.dataset, "supports_prefetch", False) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + self.dataset.prefetch(indices) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/legacy/masked_lm_dictionary.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/legacy/masked_lm_dictionary.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..254b0eb7406381f24338650ba448124a52528146 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/legacy/masked_lm_dictionary.py @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq.data import Dictionary + + +class MaskedLMDictionary(Dictionary): + """ + Dictionary for Masked Language Modelling tasks. This extends Dictionary by + adding the mask symbol. + """ + def __init__( + self, + pad='', + eos='', + unk='', + mask='', + ): + super().__init__(pad, eos, unk) + self.mask_word = mask + self.mask_index = self.add_symbol(mask) + self.nspecial = len(self.symbols) + + def mask(self): + """Helper to get index of mask symbol""" + return self.mask_index + + +class BertDictionary(MaskedLMDictionary): + """ + Dictionary for BERT task. This extends MaskedLMDictionary by adding support + for cls and sep symbols. + """ + def __init__( + self, + pad='', + eos='', + unk='', + mask='', + cls='', + sep='' + ): + super().__init__(pad, eos, unk, mask) + self.cls_word = cls + self.sep_word = sep + self.cls_index = self.add_symbol(cls) + self.sep_index = self.add_symbol(sep) + self.nspecial = len(self.symbols) + + def cls(self): + """Helper to get index of cls symbol""" + return self.cls_index + + def sep(self): + """Helper to get index of sep symbol""" + return self.sep_index diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/list_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/list_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b96bba343747280e1867d8368449458de1c91b1d --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/list_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from . import BaseWrapperDataset + + +class ListDataset(BaseWrapperDataset): + + def __init__(self, dataset, sizes=None): + super().__init__(dataset) + self._sizes = sizes + + def __iter__(self): + for x in self.dataset: + yield x + + def collater(self, samples): + return samples + + @property + def sizes(self): + return self._sizes + + def num_tokens(self, index): + return self.sizes[index] + + def size(self, index): + return self.sizes[index] + + def set_epoch(self, epoch): + pass diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/lm_context_window_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/lm_context_window_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..17ba08bc7f5a7026e234967b20cde4e9d53a0069 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/lm_context_window_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import numpy as np +import torch + +from fairseq.data.monolingual_dataset import MonolingualDataset + +from . import FairseqDataset + + +class LMContextWindowDataset(FairseqDataset): + """Wraps a MonolingualDataset and provides more context for evaluation.""" + + def __init__(self, dataset, tokens_per_sample, context_window, pad_idx): + assert isinstance(dataset, MonolingualDataset) + assert context_window > 0 + self.dataset = dataset + self.tokens_per_sample = tokens_per_sample + self.context_window = context_window + self.pad_idx = pad_idx + self.prev_tokens = np.empty([0]) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + return self.dataset[index] + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.dataset) + + def collater(self, samples): + sample = self.dataset.collater(samples) + + pad = self.pad_idx + max_sample_len = self.tokens_per_sample + self.context_window + + bsz, tsz = sample['net_input']['src_tokens'].shape + start_idxs = [0] * bsz + toks = sample['net_input']['src_tokens'] + lengths = sample['net_input']['src_lengths'] + tgt = sample['target'] + new_toks = np.empty([bsz, tsz + self.context_window], dtype=np.int64) + new_tgt = np.full([bsz, tsz + self.context_window], pad, dtype=np.int64) + sample_lens = toks.ne(pad).long().sum(dim=1).cpu() + for i in range(bsz): + sample_len = sample_lens[i] + extra = len(self.prev_tokens) + sample_len - max_sample_len + if extra > 0: + self.prev_tokens = self.prev_tokens[extra:] + pads = np.full(self.context_window - len(self.prev_tokens), pad) + new_toks[i] = np.concatenate([self.prev_tokens, toks[i].numpy(), pads]) + new_tgt[i, len(self.prev_tokens):len(self.prev_tokens) + len(tgt[i])] = tgt[i] + start_idxs[i] = len(self.prev_tokens) + lengths[i] += len(self.prev_tokens) + self.prev_tokens = new_toks[i][new_toks[i] != pad][-self.context_window:] + sample['net_input']['src_tokens'] = torch.from_numpy(new_toks) + sample['target'] = torch.from_numpy(new_tgt) + sample['start_indices'] = start_idxs + + return sample + + def num_tokens(self, index): + return self.dataset.num_tokens(index) + + def size(self, index): + return self.dataset.size(index) + + def ordered_indices(self): + # NOTE we don't shuffle the data to retain access to the previous dataset elements + return np.arange(len(self.dataset)) + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return getattr(self.dataset, 'supports_prefetch', False) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + return self.dataset.prefetch(indices) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/lru_cache_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/lru_cache_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..833a2c75cb7c2280dd63a80c020f16b385f9317d --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/lru_cache_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from functools import lru_cache + +from . import BaseWrapperDataset + + +class LRUCacheDataset(BaseWrapperDataset): + + def __init__(self, dataset, token=None): + super().__init__(dataset) + + @lru_cache(maxsize=8) + def __getitem__(self, index): + return self.dataset[index] + + @lru_cache(maxsize=8) + def collater(self, samples): + return self.dataset.collater(samples) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/mask_tokens_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/mask_tokens_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84d313a09633f6db6d03af5330ceed21c9c1ac6c --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/mask_tokens_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from functools import lru_cache + +import numpy as np +import torch + +from fairseq.data import data_utils, Dictionary + +from . import BaseWrapperDataset, LRUCacheDataset + + +class MaskTokensDataset(BaseWrapperDataset): + """ + A wrapper Dataset for masked language modeling. + + Input items are masked according to the specified masking probability. + + Args: + dataset: Dataset to wrap. + sizes: Sentence lengths + vocab: Dictionary with the vocabulary and special tokens. + pad_idx: Id of pad token in vocab + mask_idx: Id of mask token in vocab + return_masked_tokens: controls whether to return the non-masked tokens + (the default) or to return a tensor with the original masked token + IDs (and *pad_idx* elsewhere). The latter is useful as targets for + masked LM training. + seed: Seed for random number generator for reproducibility. + mask_prob: probability of replacing a token with *mask_idx*. + leave_unmasked_prob: probability that a masked token is unmasked. + random_token_prob: probability of replacing a masked token with a + random token from the vocabulary. + freq_weighted_replacement: sample random replacement words based on + word frequencies in the vocab. + mask_whole_words: only mask whole words. This should be a byte mask + over vocab indices, indicating whether it is the beginning of a + word. We will extend any mask to encompass the whole word. + bpe: BPE to use for whole-word masking. + """ + + @classmethod + def apply_mask(cls, dataset: torch.utils.data.Dataset, *args, **kwargs): + """Return the source and target datasets for masked LM training.""" + dataset = LRUCacheDataset(dataset) + return ( + LRUCacheDataset(cls(dataset, *args, **kwargs, return_masked_tokens=False)), + LRUCacheDataset(cls(dataset, *args, **kwargs, return_masked_tokens=True)), + ) + + def __init__( + self, + dataset: torch.utils.data.Dataset, + vocab: Dictionary, + pad_idx: int, + mask_idx: int, + return_masked_tokens: bool = False, + seed: int = 1, + mask_prob: float = 0.15, + leave_unmasked_prob: float = 0.1, + random_token_prob: float = 0.1, + freq_weighted_replacement: bool = False, + mask_whole_words: torch.Tensor = None, + ): + assert 0.0 < mask_prob < 1.0 + assert 0.0 <= random_token_prob <= 1.0 + assert 0.0 <= leave_unmasked_prob <= 1.0 + assert random_token_prob + leave_unmasked_prob <= 1.0 + + self.dataset = dataset + self.vocab = vocab + self.pad_idx = pad_idx + self.mask_idx = mask_idx + self.return_masked_tokens = return_masked_tokens + self.seed = seed + self.mask_prob = mask_prob + self.leave_unmasked_prob = leave_unmasked_prob + self.random_token_prob = random_token_prob + self.mask_whole_words = mask_whole_words + + if random_token_prob > 0.0: + if freq_weighted_replacement: + weights = np.array(self.vocab.count) + else: + weights = np.ones(len(self.vocab)) + weights[:self.vocab.nspecial] = 0 + self.weights = weights / weights.sum() + + self.epoch = 0 + + def set_epoch(self, epoch, **unused): + self.epoch = epoch + + @lru_cache(maxsize=8) + def __getitem__(self, index: int): + with data_utils.numpy_seed(self.seed, self.epoch, index): + item = self.dataset[index] + sz = len(item) + + assert self.mask_idx not in item, \ + 'Dataset contains mask_idx (={}), this is not expected!'.format( + self.mask_idx, + ) + + if self.mask_whole_words is not None: + word_begins_mask = self.mask_whole_words.gather(0, item) + word_begins_idx = word_begins_mask.nonzero().view(-1) + sz = len(word_begins_idx) + words = np.split(word_begins_mask, word_begins_idx)[1:] + assert len(words) == sz + word_lens = list(map(len, words)) + + # decide elements to mask + mask = np.full(sz, False) + num_mask = int( + # add a random number for probabilistic rounding + self.mask_prob * sz + np.random.rand() + ) + mask[np.random.choice(sz, num_mask, replace=False)] = True + + if self.return_masked_tokens: + # exit early if we're just returning the masked tokens + # (i.e., the targets for masked LM training) + if self.mask_whole_words is not None: + mask = np.repeat(mask, word_lens) + new_item = np.full(len(mask), self.pad_idx) + new_item[mask] = item[torch.from_numpy(mask.astype(np.uint8)) == 1] + return torch.from_numpy(new_item) + + # decide unmasking and random replacement + rand_or_unmask_prob = self.random_token_prob + self.leave_unmasked_prob + if rand_or_unmask_prob > 0.0: + rand_or_unmask = mask & (np.random.rand(sz) < rand_or_unmask_prob) + if self.random_token_prob == 0.0: + unmask = rand_or_unmask + rand_mask = None + elif self.leave_unmasked_prob == 0.0: + unmask = None + rand_mask = rand_or_unmask + else: + unmask_prob = self.leave_unmasked_prob / rand_or_unmask_prob + decision = np.random.rand(sz) < unmask_prob + unmask = rand_or_unmask & decision + rand_mask = rand_or_unmask & (~decision) + else: + unmask = rand_mask = None + + if unmask is not None: + mask = mask ^ unmask + + if self.mask_whole_words is not None: + mask = np.repeat(mask, word_lens) + + new_item = np.copy(item) + new_item[mask] = self.mask_idx + if rand_mask is not None: + num_rand = rand_mask.sum() + if num_rand > 0: + if self.mask_whole_words is not None: + rand_mask = np.repeat(rand_mask, word_lens) + num_rand = rand_mask.sum() + + new_item[rand_mask] = np.random.choice( + len(self.vocab), + num_rand, + p=self.weights, + ) + + return torch.from_numpy(new_item) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/monolingual_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/monolingual_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76c377237470fe01331bddc1a5d9f059641e817e --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/monolingual_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import numpy as np +import torch + +from . import data_utils, FairseqDataset + + +def collate(samples, pad_idx, eos_idx): + if len(samples) == 0: + return {} + + def merge(key, is_list=False): + if is_list: + res = [] + for i in range(len(samples[0][key])): + res.append(data_utils.collate_tokens( + [s[key][i] for s in samples], pad_idx, eos_idx, left_pad=False, + )) + return res + else: + return data_utils.collate_tokens( + [s[key] for s in samples], pad_idx, eos_idx, left_pad=False, + ) + + src_tokens = merge('source') + if samples[0]['target'] is not None: + is_target_list = isinstance(samples[0]['target'], list) + target = merge('target', is_target_list) + else: + target = src_tokens + + return { + 'id': torch.LongTensor([s['id'] for s in samples]), + 'nsentences': len(samples), + 'ntokens': sum(len(s['source']) for s in samples), + 'net_input': { + 'src_tokens': src_tokens, + 'src_lengths': torch.LongTensor([ + s['source'].numel() for s in samples + ]), + }, + 'target': target, + } + + +class MonolingualDataset(FairseqDataset): + """ + A wrapper around torch.utils.data.Dataset for monolingual data. + + Args: + dataset (torch.utils.data.Dataset): dataset to wrap + sizes (List[int]): sentence lengths + vocab (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): vocabulary + shuffle (bool, optional): shuffle the elements before batching + (default: True). + """ + + def __init__(self, dataset, sizes, src_vocab, tgt_vocab, add_eos_for_other_targets, shuffle, + targets=None, add_bos_token=False): + self.dataset = dataset + self.sizes = np.array(sizes) + self.vocab = src_vocab + self.tgt_vocab = tgt_vocab + self.add_eos_for_other_targets = add_eos_for_other_targets + self.shuffle = shuffle + self.add_bos_token = add_bos_token + + assert targets is None or all(t in {'self', 'future', 'past'} for t in targets), \ + "targets must be none or one of 'self', 'future', 'past'" + if targets is not None and len(targets) == 0: + targets = None + self.targets = targets + + def __getitem__(self, index): + if self.targets is not None: + # *future_target* is the original sentence + # *source* is shifted right by 1 (maybe left-padded with eos) + # *past_target* is shifted right by 2 (left-padded as needed) + # + # Left-to-right language models should condition on *source* and + # predict *future_target*. + # Right-to-left language models should condition on *source* and + # predict *past_target*. + source, future_target, past_target = self.dataset[index] + source, target = self._make_source_target(source, future_target, past_target) + else: + source = self.dataset[index] + target = None + source, target = self._maybe_add_bos(source, target) + return {'id': index, 'source': source, 'target': target} + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.dataset) + + def _make_source_target(self, source, future_target, past_target): + if self.targets is not None: + target = [] + + if self.add_eos_for_other_targets and (('self' in self.targets) or ('past' in self.targets)) \ + and source[-1] != self.vocab.eos(): + # append eos at the end of source + source = torch.cat([source, source.new([self.vocab.eos()])]) + + if 'future' in self.targets: + future_target = torch.cat([future_target, future_target.new([self.vocab.pad()])]) + if 'past' in self.targets: + # first token is before the start of sentence which is only used in "none" break mode when + # add_eos_for_other_targets is False + past_target = torch.cat([past_target.new([self.vocab.pad()]), past_target[1:], source[-2, None]]) + + for t in self.targets: + if t == 'self': + target.append(source) + elif t == 'future': + target.append(future_target) + elif t == 'past': + target.append(past_target) + else: + raise Exception('invalid target ' + t) + + if len(target) == 1: + target = target[0] + else: + target = future_target + + return source, self._filter_vocab(target) + + def _maybe_add_bos(self, source, target): + if self.add_bos_token: + source = torch.cat([source.new([self.vocab.bos()]), source]) + if target is not None: + target = torch.cat([target.new([self.tgt_vocab.bos()]), target]) + return source, target + + def _filter_vocab(self, target): + if len(self.tgt_vocab) != len(self.vocab): + def _filter(target): + mask = target.ge(len(self.tgt_vocab)) + if mask.any(): + target[mask] = self.tgt_vocab.unk() + return target + + if isinstance(target, list): + return [_filter(t) for t in target] + return _filter(target) + return target + + def collater(self, samples): + """Merge a list of samples to form a mini-batch. + + Args: + samples (List[dict]): samples to collate + + Returns: + dict: a mini-batch with the following keys: + + - `id` (LongTensor): example IDs in the original input order + - `ntokens` (int): total number of tokens in the batch + - `net_input` (dict): the input to the Model, containing keys: + + - `src_tokens` (LongTensor): a padded 2D Tensor of tokens in + the source sentence of shape `(bsz, src_len)`. Padding will + appear on the right. + + - `target` (LongTensor): a padded 2D Tensor of tokens in the + target sentence of shape `(bsz, tgt_len)`. Padding will appear + on the right. + """ + return collate(samples, self.vocab.pad(), self.vocab.eos()) + + def num_tokens(self, index): + """Return the number of tokens in a sample. This value is used to + enforce ``--max-tokens`` during batching.""" + return self.sizes[index] + + def size(self, index): + """Return an example's size as a float or tuple. This value is used when + filtering a dataset with ``--max-positions``.""" + return self.sizes[index] + + def ordered_indices(self): + """Return an ordered list of indices. Batches will be constructed based + on this order.""" + if self.shuffle: + order = [np.random.permutation(len(self))] + else: + order = [np.arange(len(self))] + order.append(self.sizes) + return np.lexsort(order) + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return getattr(self.dataset, 'supports_prefetch', False) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + self.dataset.prefetch(indices) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/multi_corpus_sampled_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/multi_corpus_sampled_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad8e951cc905a73fea28b4fac449e307cadfa52f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/multi_corpus_sampled_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from collections import OrderedDict +from typing import Callable, Dict, List + +import numpy as np + +from . import FairseqDataset + + +def uniform_sampler(x): + # Sample from uniform distribution + return np.random.choice(x, 1).item() + + +class MultiCorpusSampledDataset(FairseqDataset): + """ + Stores multiple instances of FairseqDataset together and in every iteration + creates a batch by first sampling a dataset according to a specified + probability distribution and then getting instances from that dataset. + + Args: + datasets: an OrderedDict of FairseqDataset instances. + sampling_func: A function for sampling over list of dataset keys. + The default strategy is to sample uniformly. + """ + + def __init__( + self, + datasets: Dict[str, FairseqDataset], + sampling_func: Callable[[List], int] = None, + ): + super().__init__() + assert isinstance(datasets, OrderedDict) + self.datasets = datasets + if sampling_func is None: + sampling_func = uniform_sampler + self.sampling_func = sampling_func + + self.total_num_instances = 0 + for _, dataset in datasets.items(): + assert isinstance(dataset, FairseqDataset) + self.total_num_instances += len(dataset) + + self._ordered_indices = None + + def __len__(self): + """ + Length of this dataset is the sum of individual datasets + """ + return self.total_num_instances + + def ordered_indices(self): + """ + Ordered indices for batching. Here we call the underlying + dataset's ordered_indices() so that we get the same random ordering + as we would have from using the underlying dataset directly. + """ + if self._ordered_indices is None: + self._ordered_indices = OrderedDict( + [ + (key, dataset.ordered_indices()) + for key, dataset in self.datasets.items() + ] + ) + return np.arange(len(self)) + + def _map_index_to_dataset(self, key: int, index: int): + """ + Different underlying datasets have different lengths. In order to ensure + we are not accessing an index outside the range of the current dataset + size, we wrap around. This function should be called after we have + created an ordering for this and all underlying datasets. + """ + assert ( + self._ordered_indices is not None + ), "Must call MultiCorpusSampledDataset.ordered_indices() first" + mapped_index = index % len(self.datasets[key]) + return self._ordered_indices[key][mapped_index] + + def __getitem__(self, index: int): + """ + Get the item associated with index from each underlying dataset. + Since index is in the range of [0, TotalNumInstances], we need to + map the index to the dataset before retrieving the item. + """ + return OrderedDict( + [ + (key, dataset[self._map_index_to_dataset(key, index)]) + for key, dataset in self.datasets.items() + ] + ) + + def collater(self, samples: List[Dict]): + """ + Generate a mini-batch for this dataset. + To convert this into a regular mini-batch we use the following + logic: + 1. Select a dataset using the specified probability distribution. + 2. Call the collater function of the selected dataset. + """ + if len(samples) == 0: + return None + + selected_key = self.sampling_func(list(self.datasets.keys())) + selected_samples = [sample[selected_key] for sample in samples] + return self.datasets[selected_key].collater(selected_samples) + + def num_tokens(self, index: int): + """ + Return an example's length (number of tokens), used for batching. Here + we return the max across all examples at index across all underlying + datasets. + """ + return max( + dataset.num_tokens(self._map_index_to_dataset(key, index)) + for key, dataset in self.datasets.items() + ) + + def size(self, index: int): + """ + Return an example's size as a float or tuple. Here we return the max + across all underlying datasets. This value is used when filtering a + dataset with max-positions. + """ + return max( + dataset.size(self._map_index_to_dataset(key, index)) + for key, dataset in self.datasets.items() + ) + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return all( + getattr(dataset, "supports_prefetch", False) + for dataset in self.datasets.values() + ) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + for key, dataset in self.datasets.items(): + dataset.prefetch( + [self._map_index_to_dataset(key, index) for index in indices] + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/nested_dictionary_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/nested_dictionary_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2795f895ddeeb70b53368c3624d466436810c7f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/nested_dictionary_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from collections import OrderedDict + +import torch +from torch.utils.data.dataloader import default_collate + +from . import FairseqDataset + + +def _flatten(dico, prefix=None): + """Flatten a nested dictionary.""" + new_dico = OrderedDict() + if isinstance(dico, dict): + prefix = prefix + '.' if prefix is not None else '' + for k, v in dico.items(): + if v is None: + continue + new_dico.update(_flatten(v, prefix + k)) + elif isinstance(dico, list): + for i, v in enumerate(dico): + new_dico.update(_flatten(v, prefix + '.[' + str(i) + ']')) + else: + new_dico = OrderedDict({prefix: dico}) + return new_dico + + +def _unflatten(dico): + """Unflatten a flattened dictionary into a nested dictionary.""" + new_dico = OrderedDict() + for full_k, v in dico.items(): + full_k = full_k.split('.') + node = new_dico + for k in full_k[:-1]: + if k.startswith('[') and k.endswith(']'): + k = int(k[1:-1]) + if k not in node: + node[k] = OrderedDict() + node = node[k] + node[full_k[-1]] = v + return new_dico + + +class NestedDictionaryDataset(FairseqDataset): + + def __init__(self, defn, sizes=None): + super().__init__() + self.defn = _flatten(defn) + self.sizes = [sizes] if not isinstance(sizes, (list, tuple)) else sizes + + first = None + for v in self.defn.values(): + if not isinstance(v, (FairseqDataset, torch.utils.data.Dataset, )): + raise ValueError('Expected Dataset but found: {}'.format(v.__class__)) + first = first or v + if len(v) > 0: + assert len(v) == len(first), 'dataset lengths must match' + + self._len = len(first) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + return OrderedDict((k, ds[index]) for k, ds in self.defn.items()) + + def __len__(self): + return self._len + + def collater(self, samples): + """Merge a list of samples to form a mini-batch. + + Args: + samples (List[dict]): samples to collate + + Returns: + dict: a mini-batch suitable for forwarding with a Model + """ + if len(samples) == 0: + return {} + sample = OrderedDict() + for k, ds in self.defn.items(): + try: + sample[k] = ds.collater([s[k] for s in samples]) + except NotImplementedError: + sample[k] = default_collate([s[k] for s in samples]) + return _unflatten(sample) + + def num_tokens(self, index): + """Return the number of tokens in a sample. This value is used to + enforce ``--max-tokens`` during batching.""" + return max(s[index] for s in self.sizes) + + def size(self, index): + """Return an example's size as a float or tuple. This value is used when + filtering a dataset with ``--max-positions``.""" + if len(self.sizes) == 1: + return self.sizes[0][index] + else: + return (s[index] for s in self.sizes) + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + """Whether this dataset supports prefetching.""" + return any(ds.supports_prefetch for ds in self.defn.values()) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + """Prefetch the data required for this epoch.""" + for ds in self.defn.values(): + if getattr(ds, 'supports_prefetch', False): + ds.prefetch(indices) + + def set_epoch(self, epoch): + super().set_epoch(epoch) + for ds in self.defn.values(): + ds.set_epoch(epoch) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/noising.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/noising.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd67e7336c656982c11e2dac2d8ef853d89c3d7f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/noising.py @@ -0,0 +1,315 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import numpy as np + +from fairseq.data import data_utils + + +class WordNoising(object): + """Generate a noisy version of a sentence, without changing words themselves.""" + def __init__(self, dictionary, bpe_cont_marker="@@", bpe_end_marker=None): + self.dictionary = dictionary + self.bpe_end = None + if bpe_cont_marker: + self.bpe_end = np.array([ + not self.dictionary[i].endswith(bpe_cont_marker) + for i in range(len(self.dictionary)) + ]) + elif bpe_end_marker: + self.bpe_end = np.array([ + self.dictionary[i].endswith(bpe_end_marker) + for i in range(len(self.dictionary)) + ]) + + self.get_word_idx = ( + self._get_bpe_word_idx + if self.bpe_end is not None + else self._get_token_idx + ) + + def noising(self, x, lengths, noising_prob=0.0): + raise NotImplementedError() + + def _get_bpe_word_idx(self, x): + """ + Given a list of BPE tokens, for every index in the tokens list, + return the index of the word grouping that it belongs to. + For example, for input x corresponding to ["how", "are", "y@@", "ou"], + return [[0], [1], [2], [2]]. + """ + # x: (T x B) + bpe_end = self.bpe_end[x] + + if (x.size(0) == 1 and x.size(1) == 1): + # Special case when we only have one word in x. If x = [[N]], + # bpe_end is a scalar (bool) instead of a 2-dim array of bools, + # which makes the sum operation below fail. + return np.array([[0]]) + + # do a reduce front sum to generate word ids + word_idx = bpe_end[::-1].cumsum(0)[::-1] + word_idx = word_idx.max(0)[None, :] - word_idx + return word_idx + + def _get_token_idx(self, x): + """ + This is to extend noising functions to be able to apply to non-bpe + tokens, e.g. word or characters. + """ + x = torch.t(x) + word_idx = np.array([range(len(x_i)) for x_i in x]) + return np.transpose(word_idx) + + +class WordDropout(WordNoising): + """Randomly drop input words. If not passing blank_idx (default is None), + then dropped words will be removed. Otherwise, it will be replaced by the + blank_idx.""" + + def __init__(self, dictionary, default_dropout_prob=0.1, bpe_cont_marker="@@", bpe_end_marker=None): + super().__init__(dictionary, bpe_cont_marker, bpe_end_marker) + self.default_dropout_prob = default_dropout_prob + + def noising(self, x, lengths, dropout_prob=None, blank_idx=None): + if dropout_prob is None: + dropout_prob = self.default_dropout_prob + # x: (T x B), lengths: B + if dropout_prob == 0: + return x, lengths + + assert 0 < dropout_prob < 1 + + # be sure to drop entire words + word_idx = self.get_word_idx(x) + sentences = [] + modified_lengths = [] + for i in range(lengths.size(0)): + # Since dropout probabilities need to apply over non-pad tokens, + # it is not trivial to generate the keep mask without consider + # input lengths; otherwise, this could be done outside the loop + + # We want to drop whole words based on word_idx grouping + num_words = max(word_idx[:, i]) + 1 + + # ith example: [x0, x1, ..., eos, pad, ..., pad] + # We should only generate keep probs for non-EOS tokens. Thus if the + # input sentence ends in EOS, the last word idx is not included in + # the dropout mask generation and we append True to always keep EOS. + # Otherwise, just generate the dropout mask for all word idx + # positions. + has_eos = x[lengths[i] - 1, i] == self.dictionary.eos() + if has_eos: # has eos? + keep = np.random.rand(num_words - 1) >= dropout_prob + keep = np.append(keep, [True]) # keep EOS symbol + else: + keep = np.random.rand(num_words) >= dropout_prob + + words = x[:lengths[i], i].tolist() + + # TODO: speed up the following loop + # drop words from the input according to keep + new_s = [ + w if keep[word_idx[j, i]] else blank_idx + for j, w in enumerate(words) + ] + new_s = [w for w in new_s if w is not None] + # we need to have at least one word in the sentence (more than the + # start / end sentence symbols) + if len(new_s) <= 1: + # insert at beginning in case the only token left is EOS + # EOS should be at end of list. + new_s.insert(0, words[np.random.randint(0, len(words))]) + assert len(new_s) >= 1 and ( + not has_eos # Either don't have EOS at end or last token is EOS + or (len(new_s) >= 2 and new_s[-1] == self.dictionary.eos()) + ), "New sentence is invalid." + sentences.append(new_s) + modified_lengths.append(len(new_s)) + # re-construct input + modified_lengths = torch.LongTensor(modified_lengths) + modified_x = torch.LongTensor( + modified_lengths.max(), + modified_lengths.size(0) + ).fill_(self.dictionary.pad()) + for i in range(modified_lengths.size(0)): + modified_x[:modified_lengths[i], i].copy_(torch.LongTensor(sentences[i])) + + return modified_x, modified_lengths + + +class WordShuffle(WordNoising): + """Shuffle words by no more than k positions.""" + + def __init__(self, dictionary, default_max_shuffle_distance=3, bpe_cont_marker="@@", bpe_end_marker=None): + super().__init__(dictionary, bpe_cont_marker, bpe_end_marker) + self.default_max_shuffle_distance = 3 + + def noising(self, x, lengths, max_shuffle_distance=None): + if max_shuffle_distance is None: + max_shuffle_distance = self.default_max_shuffle_distance + # x: (T x B), lengths: B + if max_shuffle_distance == 0: + return x, lengths + + # max_shuffle_distance < 1 will return the same sequence + assert max_shuffle_distance > 1 + + # define noise word scores + noise = np.random.uniform( + 0, + max_shuffle_distance, + size=(x.size(0), x.size(1)), + ) + noise[0] = -1 # do not move start sentence symbol + # be sure to shuffle entire words + word_idx = self.get_word_idx(x) + x2 = x.clone() + for i in range(lengths.size(0)): + length_no_eos = lengths[i] + if x[lengths[i] - 1, i] == self.dictionary.eos(): + length_no_eos = lengths[i] - 1 + # generate a random permutation + scores = word_idx[:length_no_eos, i] + noise[word_idx[:length_no_eos, i], i] + # ensure no reordering inside a word + scores += 1e-6 * np.arange(length_no_eos) + permutation = scores.argsort() + # shuffle words + x2[:length_no_eos, i].copy_( + x2[:length_no_eos, i][torch.from_numpy(permutation)] + ) + return x2, lengths + + +class UnsupervisedMTNoising(WordNoising): + """ + Implements the default configuration for noising in UnsupervisedMT + (github.com/facebookresearch/UnsupervisedMT) + """ + def __init__( + self, + dictionary, + max_word_shuffle_distance, + word_dropout_prob, + word_blanking_prob, + bpe_cont_marker="@@", + bpe_end_marker=None, + ): + super().__init__(dictionary) + self.max_word_shuffle_distance = max_word_shuffle_distance + self.word_dropout_prob = word_dropout_prob + self.word_blanking_prob = word_blanking_prob + + self.word_dropout = WordDropout( + dictionary=dictionary, + bpe_cont_marker=bpe_cont_marker, + bpe_end_marker=bpe_end_marker, + ) + self.word_shuffle = WordShuffle( + dictionary=dictionary, + bpe_cont_marker=bpe_cont_marker, + bpe_end_marker=bpe_end_marker, + ) + + def noising(self, x, lengths): + # 1. Word Shuffle + noisy_src_tokens, noisy_src_lengths = self.word_shuffle.noising( + x=x, + lengths=lengths, + max_shuffle_distance=self.max_word_shuffle_distance, + ) + # 2. Word Dropout + noisy_src_tokens, noisy_src_lengths = self.word_dropout.noising( + x=noisy_src_tokens, + lengths=noisy_src_lengths, + dropout_prob=self.word_dropout_prob, + ) + # 3. Word Blanking + noisy_src_tokens, noisy_src_lengths = self.word_dropout.noising( + x=noisy_src_tokens, + lengths=noisy_src_lengths, + dropout_prob=self.word_blanking_prob, + blank_idx=self.dictionary.unk(), + ) + + return noisy_src_tokens + + +class NoisingDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset): + def __init__( + self, + src_dataset, + src_dict, + seed, + noiser=None, + noising_class=UnsupervisedMTNoising, + **kwargs + ): + """ + Wrap a :class:`~torch.utils.data.Dataset` and apply noise to the + samples based on the supplied noising configuration. + + Args: + src_dataset (~torch.utils.data.Dataset): dataset to wrap. + to build self.src_dataset -- + a LanguagePairDataset with src dataset as the source dataset and + None as the target dataset. Should NOT have padding so that + src_lengths are accurately calculated by language_pair_dataset + collate function. + We use language_pair_dataset here to encapsulate the tgt_dataset + so we can re-use the LanguagePairDataset collater to format the + batches in the structure that SequenceGenerator expects. + src_dict (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): source dictionary + seed (int): seed to use when generating random noise + noiser (WordNoising): a pre-initialized :class:`WordNoising` + instance. If this is None, a new instance will be created using + *noising_class* and *kwargs*. + noising_class (class, optional): class to use to initialize a + default :class:`WordNoising` instance. + kwargs (dict, optional): arguments to initialize the default + :class:`WordNoising` instance given by *noiser*. + """ + self.src_dataset = src_dataset + self.src_dict = src_dict + self.seed = seed + self.noiser = noiser if noiser is not None else noising_class( + dictionary=src_dict, **kwargs, + ) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + """ + Returns a single noisy sample. Multiple samples are fed to the collater + create a noising dataset batch. + """ + src_tokens = self.src_dataset[index] + src_lengths = torch.LongTensor([len(src_tokens)]) + src_tokens = src_tokens.unsqueeze(0) + + # Transpose src tokens to fit expected shape of x in noising function + # (batch size, sequence length) -> (sequence length, batch size) + src_tokens_t = torch.t(src_tokens) + + with data_utils.numpy_seed(self.seed + index): + noisy_src_tokens = self.noiser.noising(src_tokens_t, src_lengths) + + # Transpose back to expected src_tokens format + # (sequence length, 1) -> (1, sequence length) + noisy_src_tokens = torch.t(noisy_src_tokens) + return noisy_src_tokens[0] + + def __len__(self): + """ + The length of the noising dataset is the length of src. + """ + return len(self.src_dataset) + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return self.src_dataset.supports_prefetch + + def prefetch(self, indices): + if self.src_dataset.supports_prefetch: + self.src_dataset.prefetch(indices) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/num_samples_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/num_samples_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d7ea440192d5ba91efcc5fa6dfae781c60c74f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/num_samples_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from . import FairseqDataset + + +class NumSamplesDataset(FairseqDataset): + + def __getitem__(self, index): + return 1 + + def __len__(self): + return 0 + + def collater(self, samples): + return sum(samples) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/numel_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/numel_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50087e5857cb9c988ff4eadba1bf59cf5527a47f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/numel_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import numpy as np +import torch + +from . import BaseWrapperDataset + + +class NumelDataset(BaseWrapperDataset): + + def __init__(self, dataset, reduce=False): + super().__init__(dataset) + self.reduce = reduce + + def __getitem__(self, index): + item = self.dataset[index] + if torch.is_tensor(item): + return torch.numel(item) + else: + return np.size(item) + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.dataset) + + def collater(self, samples): + if self.reduce: + return sum(samples) + else: + return torch.tensor(samples) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/offset_tokens_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/offset_tokens_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6fd559a304d2f9ef06704dee7dbec19a3843b10 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/offset_tokens_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from . import BaseWrapperDataset + + +class OffsetTokensDataset(BaseWrapperDataset): + + def __init__(self, dataset, offset): + super().__init__(dataset) + self.offset = offset + + def __getitem__(self, idx): + return self.dataset[idx] + self.offset diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/pad_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/pad_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c13b549aab2fbe09feae8b9054934840d89512b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/pad_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq.data import data_utils + +from . import BaseWrapperDataset + + +class PadDataset(BaseWrapperDataset): + + def __init__(self, dataset, pad_idx, left_pad): + super().__init__(dataset) + self.pad_idx = pad_idx + self.left_pad = left_pad + + def collater(self, samples): + return data_utils.collate_tokens(samples, self.pad_idx, left_pad=self.left_pad) + + +class LeftPadDataset(PadDataset): + + def __init__(self, dataset, pad_idx): + super().__init__(dataset, pad_idx, left_pad=True) + + +class RightPadDataset(PadDataset): + + def __init__(self, dataset, pad_idx): + super().__init__(dataset, pad_idx, left_pad=False) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/plasma_utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/plasma_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..33f250eea943ee492a400f331b2bcbe8d69f9018 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/plasma_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import subprocess +import tempfile + + +class PlasmaArray(object): + """ + Wrapper around numpy arrays that automatically moves the data to shared + memory upon serialization. This is particularly helpful when passing numpy + arrays through multiprocessing, so that data is not unnecessarily + duplicated or pickled. + """ + + def __init__(self, array): + super().__init__() + self.array = array + self.disable = array.nbytes < 134217728 # disable for arrays <128MB + self.object_id = None + self.path = None + + # variables with underscores shouldn't be pickled + self._client = None + self._server = None + self._server_tmp = None + self._plasma = None + + @property + def plasma(self): + if self._plasma is None and not self.disable: + try: + import pyarrow.plasma as plasma + self._plasma = plasma + except ImportError: + self._plasma = None + return self._plasma + + def start_server(self): + if self.plasma is None or self._server is not None: + return + assert self.object_id is None + assert self.path is None + self._server_tmp = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() + self.path = self._server_tmp.name + self._server = subprocess.Popen([ + 'plasma_store', + '-m', str(int(1.05 * self.array.nbytes)), + '-s', self.path, + ]) + + @property + def client(self): + if self._client is None: + assert self.path is not None + self._client = self.plasma.connect(self.path) + return self._client + + def __getstate__(self): + if self.plasma is None: + return self.__dict__ + if self.object_id is None: + self.start_server() + self.object_id = self.client.put(self.array) + state = self.__dict__.copy() + del state['array'] + state['_client'] = None + state['_server'] = None + state['_server_tmp'] = None + state['_plasma'] = None + return state + + def __setstate__(self, state): + self.__dict__.update(state) + if self.plasma is None: + return + self.array = self.client.get(self.object_id) + + def __del__(self): + if self._server is not None: + self._server.kill() + self._server = None + self._server_tmp.close() + self._server_tmp = None diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/prepend_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/prepend_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad74784d2d7920e4a6225282d95543ce16ea50d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/prepend_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import numpy as np +import torch + +from . import BaseWrapperDataset + + +class PrependDataset(BaseWrapperDataset): + def __init__(self, dataset, prepend_getter, ensure_first_token_is=None): + super().__init__(dataset) + self.prepend_getter = prepend_getter + self.ensure_first_token = ensure_first_token_is + + def __getitem__(self, idx): + item = self.dataset[idx] + is_tuple = isinstance(item, tuple) + src = item[0] if is_tuple else item + + assert self.ensure_first_token is None or src[0] == self.ensure_first_token + prepend_idx = self.prepend_getter(self.dataset, idx) + assert isinstance(prepend_idx, int) + src[0] = prepend_idx + item = tuple((src,) + item[1:]) if is_tuple else src + return item diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/prepend_token_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/prepend_token_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9dac71badf9f182ed5a1afdca99815a63717e214 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/prepend_token_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import numpy as np +import torch + +from . import BaseWrapperDataset + + +class PrependTokenDataset(BaseWrapperDataset): + + def __init__(self, dataset, token=None): + super().__init__(dataset) + self.token = token + if token is not None: + self._sizes = np.array(dataset.sizes) + 1 + else: + self._sizes = dataset.sizes + + def __getitem__(self, idx): + item = self.dataset[idx] + if self.token is not None: + item = torch.cat([item.new([self.token]), item]) + return item + + @property + def sizes(self): + return self._sizes + + def num_tokens(self, index): + n = self.dataset.num_tokens(index) + if self.token is not None: + n += 1 + return n + + def size(self, index): + n = self.dataset.size(index) + if self.token is not None: + n += 1 + return n diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/raw_label_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/raw_label_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e67170f1a5e1dc5f861dd651ec126a05a09cb085 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/raw_label_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch + +from . import FairseqDataset + + +class RawLabelDataset(FairseqDataset): + + def __init__(self, labels): + super().__init__() + self.labels = labels + + def __getitem__(self, index): + return self.labels[index] + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.labels) + + def collater(self, samples): + return torch.tensor(samples) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/replace_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/replace_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3bc52f0fb52b62ce689494973ed49acda462be87 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/replace_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from . import BaseWrapperDataset + + +class ReplaceDataset(BaseWrapperDataset): + """Replaces tokens found in the dataset by a specified replacement token + + Args: + dataset (~torch.utils.data.Dataset): dataset to replace tokens in + replace_map(Dictionary[int,int]): map of token to replace -> replacement token + offsets (List[int]): do not replace tokens before (from left if pos, right if neg) this offset. should be + as many as the number of objects returned by the underlying dataset __getitem__ method. + """ + + def __init__(self, dataset, replace_map, offsets): + super().__init__(dataset) + assert len(replace_map) > 0 + self.replace_map = replace_map + self.offsets = offsets + + def __getitem__(self, index): + item = self.dataset[index] + is_tuple = isinstance(item, tuple) + srcs = item if is_tuple else [item] + + for offset, src in zip(self.offsets, srcs): + for k, v in self.replace_map.items(): + src_off = src[offset:] if offset >= 0 else src[:offset] + src_off.masked_fill_(src_off == k, v) + + item = srcs if is_tuple else srcs[0] + return item diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/resampling_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/resampling_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2967916163ceb647d27974869641f7a37c15a3bd --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/resampling_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import numpy as np + +from . import BaseWrapperDataset, plasma_utils + + +class ResamplingDataset(BaseWrapperDataset): + """Randomly samples from a given dataset at each epoch. + + Sampling is done with or without replacement, depending on the "replace" + parameter. + + Optionally, the epoch size can be rescaled. This is potentially desirable + to increase per-epoch coverage of the base dataset (since sampling with + replacement means that many items in the dataset will be left out). In the + case of sampling without replacement, size_ratio should be strictly less + than 1. + + Args: + dataset (~torch.utils.data.Dataset): dataset on which to sample. + weights (List[float]): list of probability weights + (default: None, which corresponds to uniform sampling). + replace (bool): sampling mode; True for "with replacement", or False + for "without replacement" (default: True) + size_ratio (float): the ratio to subsample to; must be positive + (default: 1.0). + batch_by_size (bool): whether or not to batch by sequence length + (default: True). + seed (int): RNG seed to use (default: 0). + epoch (int): starting epoch number (default: 1). + """ + + def __init__( + self, + dataset, + weights=None, + replace=True, + size_ratio=1.0, + batch_by_size=True, + seed=0, + epoch=1, + ): + super().__init__(dataset) + + if weights is None: + self.weights = None + + else: + assert len(weights) == len(dataset) + weights_arr = np.array(weights, dtype=np.float64) + weights_arr /= weights_arr.sum() + self.weights = plasma_utils.PlasmaArray(weights_arr) + + self.replace = replace + + assert size_ratio > 0.0 + if not self.replace: + assert size_ratio < 1.0 + self.size_ratio = float(size_ratio) + self.actual_size = np.ceil(len(dataset) * self.size_ratio).astype(int) + + self.batch_by_size = batch_by_size + self.seed = seed + + self._cur_epoch = None + self._cur_indices = None + + self.set_epoch(epoch) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + return self.dataset[self._cur_indices.array[index]] + + def __len__(self): + return self.actual_size + + @property + def sizes(self): + if isinstance(self.dataset.sizes, list): + return [s[self._cur_indices.array] for s in self.dataset.sizes] + return self.dataset.sizes[self._cur_indices.array] + + def num_tokens(self, index): + return self.dataset.num_tokens(self._cur_indices.array[index]) + + def size(self, index): + return self.dataset.size(self._cur_indices.array[index]) + + def ordered_indices(self): + if self.batch_by_size: + order = [ + np.arange(len(self)), + self.sizes, + ] # No need to handle `self.shuffle == True` + return np.lexsort(order) + else: + return np.arange(len(self)) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + self.dataset.prefetch(self._cur_indices.array[indices]) + + def set_epoch(self, epoch): + super().set_epoch(epoch) + + if epoch == self._cur_epoch: + return + + self._cur_epoch = epoch + + # Generate a weighted sample of indices as a function of the + # random seed and the current epoch. + + rng = np.random.RandomState( + [ + 42, # magic number + self.seed % (2 ** 32), # global seed + self._cur_epoch, # epoch index + ] + ) + self._cur_indices = plasma_utils.PlasmaArray( + rng.choice( + len(self.dataset), + self.actual_size, + replace=self.replace, + p=(None if self.weights is None else self.weights.array), + ) + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/roll_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/roll_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d07800d0f6625446b24d031a112204c962ef751c --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/roll_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch + +from . import BaseWrapperDataset + + +class RollDataset(BaseWrapperDataset): + + def __init__(self, dataset, shifts): + super().__init__(dataset) + self.shifts = shifts + + def __getitem__(self, index): + item = self.dataset[index] + return torch.roll(item, self.shifts) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/round_robin_zip_datasets.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/round_robin_zip_datasets.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5bfc966ce8fb33080152c6c910969b5350610b71 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/round_robin_zip_datasets.py @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from collections import OrderedDict + +import numpy as np + +from . import FairseqDataset + + +class RoundRobinZipDatasets(FairseqDataset): + """Zip multiple :class:`~fairseq.data.FairseqDataset` instances together. + + Shorter datasets are repeated in a round-robin fashion to match the length + of the longest one. + + Args: + datasets (Dict[~fairseq.data.FairseqDataset]): a dictionary of + :class:`~fairseq.data.FairseqDataset` instances. + eval_key (str, optional): a key used at evaluation time that causes + this instance to pass-through batches from *datasets[eval_key]*. + """ + + def __init__(self, datasets, eval_key=None): + super().__init__() + assert isinstance(datasets, OrderedDict) + self.datasets = datasets + self.eval_key = eval_key + + self.longest_dataset = None + self.longest_dataset_key = None + for key, dataset in datasets.items(): + assert isinstance(dataset, FairseqDataset) + if self.longest_dataset is None or len(dataset) > len(self.longest_dataset): + self.longest_dataset = dataset + self.longest_dataset_key = key + + self._ordered_indices = None + + def _map_index(self, key, index): + assert self._ordered_indices is not None, \ + 'Must call RoundRobinZipDatasets.ordered_indices() first' + return self._ordered_indices[key][index % len(self.datasets[key])] + + def __getitem__(self, index): + if self.eval_key is None: + return OrderedDict([ + (key, dataset[self._map_index(key, index)]) + for key, dataset in self.datasets.items() + ]) + else: + # at evaluation time it's useful to pass-through batches from a single key + return self.datasets[self.eval_key][self._map_index(self.eval_key, index)] + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.longest_dataset) + + def collater(self, samples): + """Merge a list of samples to form a mini-batch.""" + if len(samples) == 0: + return None + if self.eval_key is None: + return OrderedDict([ + (key, dataset.collater([sample[key] for sample in samples])) + for key, dataset in self.datasets.items() + ]) + else: + # at evaluation time it's useful to pass-through batches from a single key + return self.datasets[self.eval_key].collater(samples) + + def num_tokens(self, index): + """Return an example's length (number of tokens), used for batching.""" + # TODO make it configurable whether to use max() or sum() here + return max( + dataset.num_tokens(self._map_index(key, index)) + for key, dataset in self.datasets.items() + ) + + def size(self, index): + """Return an example's size as a float or tuple. This value is used when + filtering a dataset with ``--max-positions``.""" + return { + key: dataset.size(self._map_index(key, index)) + for key, dataset in self.datasets.items() + } + + def ordered_indices(self): + """Ordered indices for batching.""" + if self._ordered_indices is None: + # Call the underlying dataset's ordered_indices() here, so that we + # get the same random ordering as we would have from using the + # underlying dataset directly. + self._ordered_indices = OrderedDict([ + (key, dataset.ordered_indices()) + for key, dataset in self.datasets.items() + ]) + return np.arange(len(self)) + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return all( + getattr(dataset, 'supports_prefetch', False) + for dataset in self.datasets.values() + ) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + for key, dataset in self.datasets.items(): + dataset.prefetch([self._map_index(key, index) for index in indices]) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/sort_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/sort_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b510b93a0f22d2c9ba98ce36d5a79921f456a77 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/sort_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import numpy as np + +from . import BaseWrapperDataset + + +class SortDataset(BaseWrapperDataset): + + def __init__(self, dataset, sort_order): + super().__init__(dataset) + if not isinstance(sort_order, (list, tuple)): + sort_order = [sort_order] + self.sort_order = sort_order + + assert all(len(so) == len(dataset) for so in sort_order) + + def ordered_indices(self): + return np.lexsort(self.sort_order) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/strip_token_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/strip_token_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e388db0e5fc6575a8d6fa60b7d5f546de7d4c1fd --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/strip_token_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from . import BaseWrapperDataset + + +class StripTokenDataset(BaseWrapperDataset): + + def __init__(self, dataset, id_to_strip): + super().__init__(dataset) + self.id_to_strip = id_to_strip + + def __getitem__(self, index): + item = self.dataset[index] + while len(item) > 0 and item[-1] == self.id_to_strip: + item = item[:-1] + while len(item) > 0 and item[0] == self.id_to_strip: + item = item[1:] + return item diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/subsample_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/subsample_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e395674a55572065662095aada5eb1675edfafbb --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/subsample_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging + +import numpy as np + +from . import BaseWrapperDataset + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +class SubsampleDataset(BaseWrapperDataset): + """Subsamples a given dataset by a specified ratio. Subsampling is done on the number of examples + + Args: + dataset (~torch.utils.data.Dataset): dataset to subsample + size_ratio(float): the ratio to subsample to. must be between 0 and 1 (exclusive) + """ + + def __init__(self, dataset, size_ratio): + super().__init__(dataset) + assert size_ratio < 1 + self.actual_size = np.ceil(len(dataset) * size_ratio).astype(int) + self.indices = np.random.choice( + list(range(len(self.dataset))), self.actual_size, replace=False + ) + logger.info( + "subsampled dataset from {} to {} (ratio={})".format( + len(self.dataset), self.actual_size, size_ratio + ) + ) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + return self.dataset[self.indices[index]] + + def __len__(self): + return self.actual_size + + def collater(self, samples): + return self.dataset.collater(samples) + + @property + def sizes(self): + return self.dataset.sizes[self.indices] + + @property + def name(self): + return self.dataset.name + + def num_tokens(self, index): + return self.dataset.num_tokens(self.indices[index]) + + def size(self, index): + return self.dataset.size(self.indices[index]) + + def ordered_indices(self): + """Return an ordered list of indices. Batches will be constructed based + on this order.""" + if self.shuffle: + order = [np.random.permutation(len(self))] + else: + order = [np.arange(len(self))] + order.append(self.sizes) + return np.lexsort(order) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + self.dataset.prefetch(self.indices[indices]) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/token_block_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/token_block_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e2f5cc482870cb85c0bc1b47d0ced5ff1b57c59 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/token_block_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import numpy as np +import torch + +from fairseq.data import FairseqDataset, plasma_utils + + +class TokenBlockDataset(FairseqDataset): + """Break a Dataset of tokens into blocks. + + Args: + dataset (~torch.utils.data.Dataset): dataset to break into blocks + sizes (List[int]): sentence lengths (required for 'complete' and 'eos') + block_size (int): maximum block size (ignored in 'eos' break mode) + break_mode (str, optional): Mode used for breaking tokens. Values can + be one of: + - 'none': break tokens into equally sized blocks (up to block_size) + - 'complete': break tokens into blocks (up to block_size) such that + blocks contains complete sentences, although block_size may be + exceeded if some sentences exceed block_size + - 'complete_doc': similar to 'complete' mode, but do not + cross document boundaries + - 'eos': each block contains one sentence (block_size is ignored) + include_targets (bool, optional): return next tokens as targets + (default: False). + document_sep_len (int, optional): document separator size (required for + 'complete_doc' break mode). Typically 1 if the sentences have eos + and 0 otherwise. + """ + def __init__( + self, + dataset, + sizes, + block_size, + pad, + eos, + break_mode=None, + include_targets=False, + document_sep_len=1, + ): + try: + from fairseq.data.token_block_utils_fast import ( + _get_slice_indices_fast, + _get_block_to_dataset_index_fast, + ) + except ImportError: + raise ImportError( + 'Please build Cython components with: `pip install --editable .` ' + 'or `python setup.py build_ext --inplace`' + ) + + super().__init__() + self.dataset = dataset + self.pad = pad + self.eos = eos + self.include_targets = include_targets + + assert len(dataset) == len(sizes) + assert len(dataset) > 0 + + if isinstance(sizes, list): + sizes = np.array(sizes, dtype=np.int64) + else: + if torch.is_tensor(sizes): + sizes = sizes.numpy() + sizes = sizes.astype(np.int64) + + break_mode = break_mode if break_mode is not None else 'none' + + # For "eos" break-mode, block_size is not required parameters. + if break_mode == "eos" and block_size is None: + block_size = 0 + + slice_indices = _get_slice_indices_fast(sizes, break_mode, block_size, document_sep_len) + self._sizes = slice_indices[:, 1] - slice_indices[:, 0] + + # build index mapping block indices to the underlying dataset indices + if break_mode == "eos": + # much faster version for eos break mode + block_to_dataset_index = np.stack( + [ + np.arange(len(sizes)), # starting index in dataset + np.zeros( + len(sizes), dtype=np.long + ), # starting offset within starting index + np.arange(len(sizes)), # ending index in dataset + ], + 1, + ) + else: + block_to_dataset_index = _get_block_to_dataset_index_fast( + sizes, + slice_indices, + ) + self._slice_indices = plasma_utils.PlasmaArray(slice_indices) + self._sizes = plasma_utils.PlasmaArray(self._sizes) + self._block_to_dataset_index = plasma_utils.PlasmaArray(block_to_dataset_index) + + @property + def slice_indices(self): + return self._slice_indices.array + + @property + def sizes(self): + return self._sizes.array + + @property + def block_to_dataset_index(self): + return self._block_to_dataset_index.array + + def attr(self, attr: str, index: int): + start_ds_idx, _, _ = self.block_to_dataset_index[index] + return self.dataset.attr(attr, start_ds_idx) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + start_ds_idx, start_offset, end_ds_idx = self.block_to_dataset_index[index] + + buffer = torch.cat( + [self.dataset[idx] for idx in range(start_ds_idx, end_ds_idx + 1)] + ) + + slice_s, slice_e = self.slice_indices[index] + length = slice_e - slice_s + s, e = start_offset, start_offset + length + item = buffer[s:e] + + if self.include_targets: + # *target* is the original sentence (=item) + # *source* is shifted right by 1 (maybe left-padded with eos) + # *past_target* is shifted right by 2 (left-padded as needed) + if s == 0: + source = torch.cat([item.new([self.eos]), buffer[0 : e - 1]]) + past_target = torch.cat( + [item.new([self.pad, self.eos]), buffer[0 : e - 2]] + ) + else: + source = buffer[s - 1 : e - 1] + if s == 1: + past_target = torch.cat([item.new([self.eos]), buffer[0 : e - 2]]) + else: + past_target = buffer[s - 2 : e - 2] + + return source, item, past_target + + return item + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.slice_indices) + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return getattr(self.dataset, "supports_prefetch", False) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + self.dataset.prefetch( + { + ds_idx + for index in indices + for start_ds_idx, _, end_ds_idx in [self.block_to_dataset_index[index]] + for ds_idx in range(start_ds_idx, end_ds_idx + 1) + } + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.cpp b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.cpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0e6227e9c1c2ad3172d9d01bdfb1d3cffe930d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.cpp @@ -0,0 +1,32837 @@ +/* Generated by Cython 3.2.5 */ + +/* BEGIN: Cython Metadata +{ + "distutils": { + "depends": [ + "/tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h", + "/tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayscalars.h", + "/tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h", + "/tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h", + "/tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ufuncobject.h" + ], + "extra_compile_args": [ + "-std=c++11", + "-O3" + ], + "include_dirs": [ + "/tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/core/include", + "/tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/core/include" + ], + "language": "c++", + "name": "fairseq.data.token_block_utils_fast", + "sources": [ + "fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.pyx" + ] + }, + "module_name": "fairseq.data.token_block_utils_fast" +} +END: Cython Metadata */ + +#ifndef PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN +#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN +#endif /* PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN */ +/* InitLimitedAPI */ +#if defined(Py_LIMITED_API) + #if !defined(CYTHON_LIMITED_API) + #define CYTHON_LIMITED_API 1 + #endif +#elif defined(CYTHON_LIMITED_API) + #ifdef _MSC_VER + #pragma message ("Limited API usage is enabled with 'CYTHON_LIMITED_API' but 'Py_LIMITED_API' does not define a Python target version. Consider setting 'Py_LIMITED_API' instead.") + #else + #warning Limited API usage is enabled with 'CYTHON_LIMITED_API' but 'Py_LIMITED_API' does not define a Python target version. Consider setting 'Py_LIMITED_API' instead. + #endif +#endif + +#include "Python.h" +#ifndef Py_PYTHON_H + #error Python headers needed to compile C extensions, please install development version of Python. +#elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03080000 + #error Cython requires Python 3.8+. +#else +#define __PYX_ABI_VERSION "3_2_5" +#define CYTHON_HEX_VERSION 0x030205F0 +#define CYTHON_FUTURE_DIVISION 1 +/* CModulePreamble */ +#include +#ifndef offsetof + #define offsetof(type, member) ( (size_t) & ((type*)0) -> member ) +#endif +#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32) && !defined(MS_WINDOWS) + #ifndef __stdcall + #define __stdcall + #endif + #ifndef __cdecl + #define __cdecl + #endif + #ifndef __fastcall + #define __fastcall + #endif +#endif +#ifndef DL_IMPORT + #define DL_IMPORT(t) t +#endif +#ifndef DL_EXPORT + #define DL_EXPORT(t) t +#endif +#define __PYX_COMMA , +#ifndef PY_LONG_LONG + #define PY_LONG_LONG LONG_LONG +#endif +#ifndef Py_HUGE_VAL + #define Py_HUGE_VAL HUGE_VAL +#endif +#define __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX PY_VERSION_HEX +#if defined(GRAALVM_PYTHON) + /* For very preliminary testing purposes. Most variables are set the same as PyPy. + The existence of this section does not imply that anything works or is even tested */ + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL 1 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 0 + #undef CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + #define CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS 1 + #undef CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS + #define CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS 0 + #undef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS 0 + #undef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE 0 + #undef CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS + #define CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS 0 + #undef CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + #define CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE 0 + #undef CYTHON_FAST_GIL + #define CYTHON_FAST_GIL 0 + #undef CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #define CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL 0 + #undef CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL + #define CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_PEP487_INIT_SUBCLASS + #define CYTHON_PEP487_INIT_SUBCLASS 1 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT + #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT 1 + #undef CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE + #define CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_SYS_MONITORING + #define CYTHON_USE_SYS_MONITORING 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE + #define CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND + #define CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS + #define CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK + #define CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK 1 + #ifndef CYTHON_UPDATE_DESCRIPTOR_DOC + #define CYTHON_UPDATE_DESCRIPTOR_DOC 0 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS + #define CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS 0 + #undef CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS + #define CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS 0 +#elif defined(PYPY_VERSION) + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 1 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 1 + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS 0 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 0 + #undef CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + #define CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS 1 + #undef CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS + #define CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS 1 + #undef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE 1 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS + #define CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS 0 + #undef CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + #define CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE 0 + #undef CYTHON_FAST_GIL + #define CYTHON_FAST_GIL 0 + #undef CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #define CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL 0 + #undef CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL + #define CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_PEP487_INIT_SUBCLASS + #define CYTHON_PEP487_INIT_SUBCLASS 1 + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 + #undef CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT + #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT 0 + #elif !defined(CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT) + #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT 1 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE + #define CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_SYS_MONITORING + #define CYTHON_USE_SYS_MONITORING 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE + #define CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE (PYPY_VERSION_NUM >= 0x07030C00) + #endif + #undef CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND + #define CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS + #define CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK + #define CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_UPDATE_DESCRIPTOR_DOC + #define CYTHON_UPDATE_DESCRIPTOR_DOC (PYPY_VERSION_NUM >= 0x07031100) + #endif + #undef CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS + #define CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS 0 + #undef CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS + #define CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS 0 +#elif defined(CYTHON_LIMITED_API) + #ifdef Py_LIMITED_API + #undef __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX + #define __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX Py_LIMITED_API + #endif + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API 1 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS 1 + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 0 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + #define CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS 0 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS + #define CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS 0 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS 0 + #undef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE 0 + #undef CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS + #define CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS 0 + #undef CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + #define CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE 0 + #undef CYTHON_FAST_GIL + #define CYTHON_FAST_GIL 0 + #undef CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #define CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000) + #undef CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL + #define CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_PEP487_INIT_SUBCLASS + #define CYTHON_PEP487_INIT_SUBCLASS 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT + #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE + #define CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE 0 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_USE_SYS_MONITORING + #define CYTHON_USE_SYS_MONITORING 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE + #define CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE 0 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND + #define CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A0000) + #endif + #undef CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS + #define CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS 0 + #undef CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK + #define CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK 0 + #ifndef CYTHON_UPDATE_DESCRIPTOR_DOC + #define CYTHON_UPDATE_DESCRIPTOR_DOC 0 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS + #define CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS 1 + #endif + #undef CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS + #define CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS 0 +#else + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 1 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API 0 + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL 0 + #ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING 1 + #else + #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING 0 + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + #undef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 1 + #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS) + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS + #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS 0 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 1 + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 0 + #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS) + #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS 1 + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030B00A2 + #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 0 + #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER) + #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + #define CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS 0 + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + #undef CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS + #define CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS 1 + #elif !defined(CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS) + #define CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS 0 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS + #define CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + #define CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE 1 + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + #undef CYTHON_FAST_GIL + #define CYTHON_FAST_GIL 0 + #elif !defined(CYTHON_FAST_GIL) + #define CYTHON_FAST_GIL (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A6) + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #define CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL + #define CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_PEP487_INIT_SUBCLASS + #define CYTHON_PEP487_INIT_SUBCLASS 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT + #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE + #define CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE 0 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_SYS_MONITORING + #define CYTHON_USE_SYS_MONITORING (PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00B1) + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE + #define CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND + #define CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND 1 + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + #undef CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS + #define CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS 0 + #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS) + #define CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A5 && !CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE) + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK + #define CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_UPDATE_DESCRIPTOR_DOC + #define CYTHON_UPDATE_DESCRIPTOR_DOC 1 + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS + #define CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING) + #endif + #if defined(CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS) && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 + #undef CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS + #define CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS 0 // definitely won't work + #elif !defined(CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS) + #define CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS (PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 && !CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE && CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING) + #endif +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_COMPRESS_STRINGS + #define CYTHON_COMPRESS_STRINGS 1 +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL +#define CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_VECTORCALL +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +#define CYTHON_VECTORCALL (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000) +#else +#define CYTHON_VECTORCALL (CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL) +#endif +#endif +#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + #undef SHIFT + #undef BASE + #undef MASK + #ifdef SIZEOF_VOID_P + enum { __pyx_check_sizeof_voidp = 1 / (int)(SIZEOF_VOID_P == sizeof(void*)) }; + #endif +#endif +#ifndef __has_attribute + #define __has_attribute(x) 0 +#endif +#ifndef __has_cpp_attribute + #define __has_cpp_attribute(x) 0 +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_RESTRICT + #if defined(__GNUC__) + #define CYTHON_RESTRICT __restrict__ + #elif defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1400 + #define CYTHON_RESTRICT __restrict + #elif defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L + #define CYTHON_RESTRICT restrict + #else + #define CYTHON_RESTRICT + #endif +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_UNUSED + #if defined(__cplusplus) + /* for clang __has_cpp_attribute(maybe_unused) is true even before C++17 + * but leads to warnings with -pedantic, since it is a C++17 feature */ + #if ((defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG >= 201703L) || __cplusplus >= 201703L) + #if __has_cpp_attribute(maybe_unused) + #define CYTHON_UNUSED [[maybe_unused]] + #endif + #endif + #endif +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_UNUSED +# if defined(__GNUC__) +# if !(defined(__cplusplus)) || (__GNUC__ > 3 || (__GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 4)) +# define CYTHON_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__)) +# else +# define CYTHON_UNUSED +# endif +# elif defined(__ICC) || (defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && !defined(_MSC_VER)) +# define CYTHON_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__)) +# else +# define CYTHON_UNUSED +# endif +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR +# if defined(__cplusplus) + template void CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR( const T& ) { } +# else +# define CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(x) (void)(x) +# endif +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR + #define CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(x) CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(x) +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED +# if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING +# define CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED +# else +# define CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED CYTHON_UNUSED +# endif +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_USE_CPP_STD_MOVE + #if defined(__cplusplus) && (\ + __cplusplus >= 201103L || (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1600)) + #define CYTHON_USE_CPP_STD_MOVE 1 + #else + #define CYTHON_USE_CPP_STD_MOVE 0 + #endif +#endif +#define __Pyx_void_to_None(void_result) ((void)(void_result), Py_INCREF(Py_None), Py_None) +#include +typedef uintptr_t __pyx_uintptr_t; +#ifndef CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH + #if defined(__cplusplus) + /* for clang __has_cpp_attribute(fallthrough) is true even before C++17 + * but leads to warnings with -pedantic, since it is a C++17 feature */ + #if ((defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG >= 201703L) || __cplusplus >= 201703L) + #if __has_cpp_attribute(fallthrough) + #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH [[fallthrough]] + #endif + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH + #if __has_cpp_attribute(clang::fallthrough) + #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH [[clang::fallthrough]] + #elif __has_cpp_attribute(gnu::fallthrough) + #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH [[gnu::fallthrough]] + #endif + #endif + #endif + #ifndef CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH + #if __has_attribute(fallthrough) + #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH __attribute__((fallthrough)) + #else + #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH + #endif + #endif + #if defined(__clang__) && defined(__apple_build_version__) + #if __apple_build_version__ < 7000000 + #undef CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH + #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH + #endif + #endif +#endif +#ifndef Py_UNREACHABLE + #define Py_UNREACHABLE() assert(0); abort() +#endif +#ifdef __cplusplus + template + struct __PYX_IS_UNSIGNED_IMPL {static const bool value = T(0) < T(-1);}; + #define __PYX_IS_UNSIGNED(type) (__PYX_IS_UNSIGNED_IMPL::value) +#else + #define __PYX_IS_UNSIGNED(type) (((type)-1) > 0) +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY == 1 + #define __PYX_NEED_TP_PRINT_SLOT (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000) +#else + #define __PYX_NEED_TP_PRINT_SLOT (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000) +#endif +#define __PYX_REINTERPRET_FUNCION(func_pointer, other_pointer) ((func_pointer)(void(*)(void))(other_pointer)) + +/* CppInitCode */ +#ifndef __cplusplus + #error "Cython files generated with the C++ option must be compiled with a C++ compiler." +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_INLINE + #if defined(__clang__) + #define CYTHON_INLINE __inline__ __attribute__ ((__unused__)) + #else + #define CYTHON_INLINE inline + #endif +#endif +template +void __Pyx_call_destructor(T& x) { + x.~T(); +} +template +class __Pyx_FakeReference { + public: + __Pyx_FakeReference() : ptr(NULL) { } + __Pyx_FakeReference(const T& ref) : ptr(const_cast(&ref)) { } + T *operator->() { return ptr; } + T *operator&() { return ptr; } + operator T&() { return *ptr; } + template bool operator ==(const U& other) const { return *ptr == other; } + template bool operator !=(const U& other) const { return *ptr != other; } + template bool operator==(const __Pyx_FakeReference& other) const { return *ptr == *other.ptr; } + template bool operator!=(const __Pyx_FakeReference& other) const { return *ptr != *other.ptr; } + private: + T *ptr; +}; + +/* PythonCompatibility */ +#define __PYX_BUILD_PY_SSIZE_T "n" +#define CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "z" +#define __Pyx_BUILTIN_MODULE_NAME "builtins" +#define __Pyx_DefaultClassType PyType_Type +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #ifndef CO_OPTIMIZED + static int CO_OPTIMIZED; + #endif + #ifndef CO_NEWLOCALS + static int CO_NEWLOCALS; + #endif + #ifndef CO_VARARGS + static int CO_VARARGS; + #endif + #ifndef CO_VARKEYWORDS + static int CO_VARKEYWORDS; + #endif + #ifndef CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR + static int CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR; + #endif + #ifndef CO_GENERATOR + static int CO_GENERATOR; + #endif + #ifndef CO_COROUTINE + static int CO_COROUTINE; + #endif +#else + #ifndef CO_COROUTINE + #define CO_COROUTINE 0x80 + #endif + #ifndef CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR + #define CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR 0x200 + #endif +#endif +static int __Pyx_init_co_variables(void); +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900A4 || defined(Py_IS_TYPE) + #define __Pyx_IS_TYPE(ob, type) Py_IS_TYPE(ob, type) +#else + #define __Pyx_IS_TYPE(ob, type) (((const PyObject*)ob)->ob_type == (type)) +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A00B1 || defined(Py_Is) + #define __Pyx_Py_Is(x, y) Py_Is(x, y) +#else + #define __Pyx_Py_Is(x, y) ((x) == (y)) +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A00B1 || defined(Py_IsNone) + #define __Pyx_Py_IsNone(ob) Py_IsNone(ob) +#else + #define __Pyx_Py_IsNone(ob) __Pyx_Py_Is((ob), Py_None) +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A00B1 || defined(Py_IsTrue) + #define __Pyx_Py_IsTrue(ob) Py_IsTrue(ob) +#else + #define __Pyx_Py_IsTrue(ob) __Pyx_Py_Is((ob), Py_True) +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A00B1 || defined(Py_IsFalse) + #define __Pyx_Py_IsFalse(ob) Py_IsFalse(ob) +#else + #define __Pyx_Py_IsFalse(ob) __Pyx_Py_Is((ob), Py_False) +#endif +#define __Pyx_NoneAsNull(obj) (__Pyx_Py_IsNone(obj) ? NULL : (obj)) +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900F0 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + #define __Pyx_PyObject_GC_IsFinalized(o) PyObject_GC_IsFinalized(o) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyObject_GC_IsFinalized(o) _PyGC_FINALIZED(o) +#endif +#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES + #define Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES 0 +#endif +#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_INDEX + #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_INDEX 0 +#endif +#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER + #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER 0 +#endif +#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE + #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE 0 +#endif +#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE + #define Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE 0 +#endif +#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING + #define Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING 0 +#endif +#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE + #define Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE (1UL << 8) +#endif +#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION + #define Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION (1UL << 7) +#endif +#ifndef METH_STACKLESS + #define METH_STACKLESS 0 +#endif +#ifndef METH_FASTCALL + #ifndef METH_FASTCALL + #define METH_FASTCALL 0x80 + #endif + typedef PyObject *(*__Pyx_PyCFunctionFast) (PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs); + typedef PyObject *(*__Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords) (PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, + Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames); +#else + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A4 + # define __Pyx_PyCFunctionFast PyCFunctionFast + # define __Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords + #else + # define __Pyx_PyCFunctionFast _PyCFunctionFast + # define __Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords _PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords + #endif +#endif +#if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #define __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL METH_FASTCALL + #define __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCall __Pyx_PyCFunctionFast + #define __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords __Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords +#else + #define __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL METH_VARARGS + #define __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCall PyCFunction + #define __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords PyCFunctionWithKeywords +#endif +#if CYTHON_VECTORCALL + #define __pyx_vectorcallfunc vectorcallfunc + #define __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET + #define __Pyx_PyVectorcall_NARGS(n) PyVectorcall_NARGS((size_t)(n)) +#else + #define __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET 0 + #define __Pyx_PyVectorcall_NARGS(n) ((Py_ssize_t)(n)) +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900B1 +#define __Pyx_PyCFunction_CheckExact(func) PyCFunction_CheckExact(func) +#else +#define __Pyx_PyCFunction_CheckExact(func) PyCFunction_Check(func) +#endif +#define __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_Check(func) PyCFunction_Check(func) +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +#define __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(func) (((PyCFunctionObject*)(func))->m_ml->ml_meth) +#elif !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +#define __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(func) PyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(func) +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +#define __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) (((PyCFunctionObject*)(func))->m_ml->ml_flags) +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_SELF(PyObject *func) { + return (__Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) & METH_STATIC) ? NULL : ((PyCFunctionObject*)func)->m_self; +} +#endif +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx__IsSameCFunction(PyObject *func, void (*cfunc)(void)) { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + return PyCFunction_Check(func) && PyCFunction_GetFunction(func) == (PyCFunction) cfunc; +#else + return PyCFunction_Check(func) && PyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(func) == (PyCFunction) cfunc; +#endif +} +#define __Pyx_IsSameCFunction(func, cfunc) __Pyx__IsSameCFunction(func, cfunc) +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 || (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000) + #define __Pyx_PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(m, s, b) ((void)m, PyType_FromSpecWithBases(s, b)) + typedef PyObject *(*__Pyx_PyCMethod)(PyObject *, PyTypeObject *, PyObject *const *, size_t, PyObject *); +#else + #define __Pyx_PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(m, s, b) PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(m, s, b) + #define __Pyx_PyCMethod PyCMethod +#endif +#ifndef METH_METHOD + #define METH_METHOD 0x200 +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(PyObject_Malloc) + #define PyObject_Malloc(s) PyMem_Malloc(s) + #define PyObject_Free(p) PyMem_Free(p) + #define PyObject_Realloc(p) PyMem_Realloc(p) +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #define __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno) +#elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL && defined(GRAALPY_VERSION_NUM) && GRAALPY_VERSION_NUM > 0x19000000 + #define __Pyx_PyCode_HasFreeVars(co) (PyCode_GetNumFree(co) > 0) + #define __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno) GraalPyFrame_SetLineNumber((frame), (lineno)) +#elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL + #define __Pyx_PyCode_HasFreeVars(co) (PyCode_GetNumFree(co) > 0) + #define __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno) _PyFrame_SetLineNumber((frame), (lineno)) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyCode_HasFreeVars(co) (PyCode_GetNumFree(co) > 0) + #define __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno) (frame)->f_lineno = (lineno) +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current PyThreadState_Get() +#elif !CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current PyThreadState_GET() +#elif PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A1 + #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current PyThreadState_GetUnchecked() +#else + #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current _PyThreadState_UncheckedGet() +#endif +#if CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE +static CYTHON_INLINE void *__Pyx__PyModule_GetState(PyObject *op) +{ + void *result; + result = PyModule_GetState(op); + if (!result) + Py_FatalError("Couldn't find the module state"); + return result; +} +#define __Pyx_PyModule_GetState(o) (__pyx_mstatetype *)__Pyx__PyModule_GetState(o) +#else +#define __Pyx_PyModule_GetState(op) ((void)op,__pyx_mstate_global) +#endif +#define __Pyx_PyObject_GetSlot(obj, name, func_ctype) __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(Py_TYPE((PyObject *) obj), name, func_ctype) +#define __Pyx_PyObject_TryGetSlot(obj, name, func_ctype) __Pyx_PyType_TryGetSlot(Py_TYPE(obj), name, func_ctype) +#define __Pyx_PyObject_GetSubSlot(obj, sub, name, func_ctype) __Pyx_PyType_GetSubSlot(Py_TYPE(obj), sub, name, func_ctype) +#define __Pyx_PyObject_TryGetSubSlot(obj, sub, name, func_ctype) __Pyx_PyType_TryGetSubSlot(Py_TYPE(obj), sub, name, func_ctype) +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + #define __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(type, name, func_ctype) ((type)->name) + #define __Pyx_PyType_TryGetSlot(type, name, func_ctype) __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(type, name, func_ctype) + #define __Pyx_PyType_GetSubSlot(type, sub, name, func_ctype) (((type)->sub) ? ((type)->sub->name) : NULL) + #define __Pyx_PyType_TryGetSubSlot(type, sub, name, func_ctype) __Pyx_PyType_GetSubSlot(type, sub, name, func_ctype) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(type, name, func_ctype) ((func_ctype) PyType_GetSlot((type), Py_##name)) + #define __Pyx_PyType_TryGetSlot(type, name, func_ctype)\ + ((__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A0000 ||\ + (PyType_GetFlags(type) & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE) || __Pyx_get_runtime_version() >= 0x030A0000) ?\ + __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(type, name, func_ctype) : NULL) + #define __Pyx_PyType_GetSubSlot(obj, sub, name, func_ctype) __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(obj, name, func_ctype) + #define __Pyx_PyType_TryGetSubSlot(obj, sub, name, func_ctype) __Pyx_PyType_TryGetSlot(obj, name, func_ctype) +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON || defined(_PyDict_NewPresized) +#define __Pyx_PyDict_NewPresized(n) ((n <= 8) ? PyDict_New() : _PyDict_NewPresized(n)) +#else +#define __Pyx_PyDict_NewPresized(n) PyDict_New() +#endif +#define __Pyx_PyNumber_Divide(x,y) PyNumber_TrueDivide(x,y) +#define __Pyx_PyNumber_InPlaceDivide(x,y) PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide(x,y) +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS +#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStrWithError(dict, name) _PyDict_GetItem_KnownHash(dict, name, ((PyASCIIObject *) name)->hash) +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStr(PyObject *dict, PyObject *name) { + PyObject *res = __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStrWithError(dict, name); + if (res == NULL) PyErr_Clear(); + return res; +} +#elif !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || PYPY_VERSION_NUM >= 0x07020000 +#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStrWithError PyDict_GetItemWithError +#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStr PyDict_GetItem +#else +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStrWithError(PyObject *dict, PyObject *name) { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + return PyDict_GetItem(dict, name); +#else + PyDictEntry *ep; + PyDictObject *mp = (PyDictObject*) dict; + long hash = ((PyStringObject *) name)->ob_shash; + assert(hash != -1); + ep = (mp->ma_lookup)(mp, name, hash); + if (ep == NULL) { + return NULL; + } + return ep->me_value; +#endif +} +#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStr PyDict_GetItem +#endif +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + #define __Pyx_PyType_GetFlags(tp) (((PyTypeObject *)tp)->tp_flags) + #define __Pyx_PyType_HasFeature(type, feature) ((__Pyx_PyType_GetFlags(type) & (feature)) != 0) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyType_GetFlags(tp) (PyType_GetFlags((PyTypeObject *)tp)) + #define __Pyx_PyType_HasFeature(type, feature) PyType_HasFeature(type, feature) +#endif +#define __Pyx_PyObject_GetIterNextFunc(iterator) __Pyx_PyObject_GetSlot(iterator, tp_iternext, iternextfunc) +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS +#define __Pyx_PyHeapTypeObject_GC_Del(obj) {\ + PyTypeObject *type = Py_TYPE((PyObject*)obj);\ + assert(__Pyx_PyType_HasFeature(type, Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE));\ + PyObject_GC_Del(obj);\ + Py_DECREF(type);\ +} +#else +#define __Pyx_PyHeapTypeObject_GC_Del(obj) PyObject_GC_Del(obj) +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(op) (0) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i) PyUnicode_ReadChar(u, i) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u) ((void)u, 1114111U) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(u) ((void)u, (0)) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(u) ((void*)u) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i) ((void)k, PyUnicode_ReadChar((PyObject*)(d), i)) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_IS_TRUE(u) (0 != PyUnicode_GetLength(u)) +#else + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(op) (0) + #else + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(op) (likely(PyUnicode_IS_READY(op)) ?\ + 0 : _PyUnicode_Ready((PyObject *)(op))) + #endif + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i) PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u) PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(u) ((int)PyUnicode_KIND(u)) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(u) PyUnicode_DATA(u) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i) PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(k, d, i, ch) PyUnicode_WRITE(k, d, i, (Py_UCS4) ch) + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_IS_TRUE(u) (0 != PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u)) + #else + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_IS_TRUE(u) (0 != (likely(PyUnicode_IS_READY(u)) ? PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u) : ((PyCompactUnicodeObject *)(u))->wstr_length)) + #else + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_IS_TRUE(u) (0 != (likely(PyUnicode_IS_READY(u)) ? PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u) : PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(u))) + #endif + #endif +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b) PyNumber_Add(a, b) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_ConcatSafe(a, b) PyNumber_Add(a, b) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b) PyUnicode_Concat(a, b) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_ConcatSafe(a, b) ((unlikely((a) == Py_None) || unlikely((b) == Py_None)) ?\ + PyNumber_Add(a, b) : __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b)) +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + #if !defined(PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscape) + #define PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscape(s, size, errors) PyUnicode_Decode(s, size, "unicode_escape", errors) + #endif + #if !defined(PyUnicode_Contains) + #define PyUnicode_Contains(u, s) PySequence_Contains(u, s) + #endif + #if !defined(PyByteArray_Check) + #define PyByteArray_Check(obj) PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, &PyByteArray_Type) + #endif + #if !defined(PyObject_Format) + #define PyObject_Format(obj, fmt) PyObject_CallMethod(obj, "__format__", "O", fmt) + #endif +#endif +#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FormatSafe(a, b) ((unlikely((a) == Py_None || (PyUnicode_Check(b) && !PyUnicode_CheckExact(b)))) ? PyNumber_Remainder(a, b) : PyUnicode_Format(a, b)) +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030E0000 + #define __Pyx_PySequence_ListKeepNew(obj)\ + (likely(PyList_CheckExact(obj) && PyUnstable_Object_IsUniquelyReferenced(obj)) ? __Pyx_NewRef(obj) : PySequence_List(obj)) +#elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + #define __Pyx_PySequence_ListKeepNew(obj)\ + (likely(PyList_CheckExact(obj) && Py_REFCNT(obj) == 1) ? __Pyx_NewRef(obj) : PySequence_List(obj)) +#else + #define __Pyx_PySequence_ListKeepNew(obj) PySequence_List(obj) +#endif +#ifndef PySet_CheckExact + #define PySet_CheckExact(obj) __Pyx_IS_TYPE(obj, &PySet_Type) +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900A4 + #define __Pyx_SET_REFCNT(obj, refcnt) Py_SET_REFCNT(obj, refcnt) + #define __Pyx_SET_SIZE(obj, size) Py_SET_SIZE(obj, size) +#else + #define __Pyx_SET_REFCNT(obj, refcnt) Py_REFCNT(obj) = (refcnt) + #define __Pyx_SET_SIZE(obj, size) Py_SIZE(obj) = (size) +#endif +enum __Pyx_ReferenceSharing { + __Pyx_ReferenceSharing_DefinitelyUnique, // We created it so we know it's unshared - no need to check + __Pyx_ReferenceSharing_OwnStrongReference, + __Pyx_ReferenceSharing_FunctionArgument, + __Pyx_ReferenceSharing_SharedReference, // Never trust it to be unshared because it's a global or similar +}; +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030E0000 +#define __Pyx_IS_UNIQUELY_REFERENCED(o, sharing)\ + (sharing == __Pyx_ReferenceSharing_DefinitelyUnique ? 1 :\ + (sharing == __Pyx_ReferenceSharing_FunctionArgument ? PyUnstable_Object_IsUniqueReferencedTemporary(o) :\ + (sharing == __Pyx_ReferenceSharing_OwnStrongReference ? PyUnstable_Object_IsUniquelyReferenced(o) : 0))) +#elif (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING) || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +#define __Pyx_IS_UNIQUELY_REFERENCED(o, sharing) (((void)sharing), Py_REFCNT(o) == 1) +#else +#define __Pyx_IS_UNIQUELY_REFERENCED(o, sharing) (((void)o), ((void)sharing), 0) +#endif +#if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS || CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + #define __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) + #elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #define __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) (likely((i) >= 0) ? PySequence_GetItem(o, i) : (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "list index out of range"), (PyObject*)NULL)) + #else + #define __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) PySequence_ITEM(o, i) + #endif +#elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + #define __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) + #else + #define __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) __Pyx_XNewRef(PyList_GetItem(o, i)) + #endif +#else + #define __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) __Pyx_NewRef(PyList_GET_ITEM(o, i)) +#endif +#if CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #define __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRefFast(o, i, unsafe_shared) (__Pyx_IS_UNIQUELY_REFERENCED(o, unsafe_shared) ?\ + __Pyx_NewRef(PyList_GET_ITEM(o, i)) : __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRef(o, i)) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRefFast(o, i, unsafe_shared) __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRef(o, i) +#endif +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 +#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemRef(dict, key, result) PyDict_GetItemRef(dict, key, result) +#elif CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS || CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemRef(PyObject *dict, PyObject *key, PyObject **result) { + *result = PyObject_GetItem(dict, key); + if (*result == NULL) { + if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_KeyError)) { + PyErr_Clear(); + return 0; + } + return -1; + } + return 1; +} +#else +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemRef(PyObject *dict, PyObject *key, PyObject **result) { + *result = PyDict_GetItemWithError(dict, key); + if (*result == NULL) { + return PyErr_Occurred() ? -1 : 0; + } + Py_INCREF(*result); + return 1; +} +#endif +#if defined(CYTHON_DEBUG_VISIT_CONST) && CYTHON_DEBUG_VISIT_CONST + #define __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(obj) Py_VISIT(obj) +#else + #define __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(obj) +#endif +#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #define __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(o, i) PySequence_ITEM(o, i) + #define __Pyx_PySequence_SIZE(seq) Py_SIZE(seq) + #define __Pyx_PyTuple_SET_ITEM(o, i, v) (PyTuple_SET_ITEM(o, i, v), (0)) + #define __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_ITEM(o, i) PyTuple_GET_ITEM(o, i) + #define __Pyx_PyList_SET_ITEM(o, i, v) (PyList_SET_ITEM(o, i, v), (0)) + #define __Pyx_PyList_GET_ITEM(o, i) PyList_GET_ITEM(o, i) +#else + #define __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(o, i) PySequence_GetItem(o, i) + #define __Pyx_PySequence_SIZE(seq) PySequence_Size(seq) + #define __Pyx_PyTuple_SET_ITEM(o, i, v) PyTuple_SetItem(o, i, v) + #define __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_ITEM(o, i) PyTuple_GetItem(o, i) + #define __Pyx_PyList_SET_ITEM(o, i, v) PyList_SetItem(o, i, v) + #define __Pyx_PyList_GET_ITEM(o, i) PyList_GetItem(o, i) +#endif +#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + #define __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o) PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o) + #define __Pyx_PyList_GET_SIZE(o) PyList_GET_SIZE(o) + #define __Pyx_PySet_GET_SIZE(o) PySet_GET_SIZE(o) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_GET_SIZE(o) PyBytes_GET_SIZE(o) + #define __Pyx_PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(o) PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(o) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(o) PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(o) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o) PyTuple_Size(o) + #define __Pyx_PyList_GET_SIZE(o) PyList_Size(o) + #define __Pyx_PySet_GET_SIZE(o) PySet_Size(o) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_GET_SIZE(o) PyBytes_Size(o) + #define __Pyx_PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(o) PyByteArray_Size(o) + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(o) PyUnicode_GetLength(o) +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(PyUnicode_InternFromString) + #define PyUnicode_InternFromString(s) PyUnicode_FromString(s) +#endif +#define __Pyx_PyLong_FromHash_t PyLong_FromSsize_t +#define __Pyx_PyLong_AsHash_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A0000 + #define __Pyx_PySendResult PySendResult +#else + typedef enum { + PYGEN_RETURN = 0, + PYGEN_ERROR = -1, + PYGEN_NEXT = 1, + } __Pyx_PySendResult; +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A00A3 + typedef __Pyx_PySendResult (*__Pyx_pyiter_sendfunc)(PyObject *iter, PyObject *value, PyObject **result); +#else + #define __Pyx_pyiter_sendfunc sendfunc +#endif +#if !CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND +#define __PYX_HAS_PY_AM_SEND 0 +#elif __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A0000 +#define __PYX_HAS_PY_AM_SEND 1 +#else +#define __PYX_HAS_PY_AM_SEND 2 // our own backported implementation +#endif +#if __PYX_HAS_PY_AM_SEND < 2 + #define __Pyx_PyAsyncMethodsStruct PyAsyncMethods +#else + typedef struct { + unaryfunc am_await; + unaryfunc am_aiter; + unaryfunc am_anext; + __Pyx_pyiter_sendfunc am_send; + } __Pyx_PyAsyncMethodsStruct; + #define __Pyx_SlotTpAsAsync(s) ((PyAsyncMethods*)(s)) +#endif +#if CYTHON_USE_AM_SEND && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A00F0 + #define __Pyx_TPFLAGS_HAVE_AM_SEND (1UL << 21) +#else + #define __Pyx_TPFLAGS_HAVE_AM_SEND (0) +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 +#define __Pyx_PyInterpreterState_Get() PyInterpreterState_Get() +#else +#define __Pyx_PyInterpreterState_Get() PyThreadState_Get()->interp +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 +#ifdef __cplusplus +extern "C" +#endif +PyAPI_FUNC(void *) PyMem_Calloc(size_t nelem, size_t elsize); +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +static int __Pyx_init_co_variable(PyObject *inspect, const char* name, int *write_to) { + int value; + PyObject *py_value = PyObject_GetAttrString(inspect, name); + if (!py_value) return 0; + value = (int) PyLong_AsLong(py_value); + Py_DECREF(py_value); + *write_to = value; + return value != -1 || !PyErr_Occurred(); +} +static int __Pyx_init_co_variables(void) { + PyObject *inspect; + int result; + inspect = PyImport_ImportModule("inspect"); + result = +#if !defined(CO_OPTIMIZED) + __Pyx_init_co_variable(inspect, "CO_OPTIMIZED", &CO_OPTIMIZED) && +#endif +#if !defined(CO_NEWLOCALS) + __Pyx_init_co_variable(inspect, "CO_NEWLOCALS", &CO_NEWLOCALS) && +#endif +#if !defined(CO_VARARGS) + __Pyx_init_co_variable(inspect, "CO_VARARGS", &CO_VARARGS) && +#endif +#if !defined(CO_VARKEYWORDS) + __Pyx_init_co_variable(inspect, "CO_VARKEYWORDS", &CO_VARKEYWORDS) && +#endif +#if !defined(CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR) + __Pyx_init_co_variable(inspect, "CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR", &CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR) && +#endif +#if !defined(CO_GENERATOR) + __Pyx_init_co_variable(inspect, "CO_GENERATOR", &CO_GENERATOR) && +#endif +#if !defined(CO_COROUTINE) + __Pyx_init_co_variable(inspect, "CO_COROUTINE", &CO_COROUTINE) && +#endif + 1; + Py_DECREF(inspect); + return result ? 0 : -1; +} +#else +static int __Pyx_init_co_variables(void) { + return 0; // It's a limited API-only feature +} +#endif + +/* MathInitCode */ +#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32) || defined(MS_WINDOWS) + #ifndef _USE_MATH_DEFINES + #define _USE_MATH_DEFINES + #endif +#endif +#include +#if defined(__CYGWIN__) && defined(_LDBL_EQ_DBL) +#define __Pyx_truncl trunc +#else +#define __Pyx_truncl truncl +#endif + +#ifndef CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK_RUNTIME +#define CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK_RUNTIME 0 +#endif +#ifndef CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK +#define CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK_RUNTIME +#endif +#if CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK +#define __PYX_MARK_ERR_POS(f_index, lineno) { __pyx_filename = __pyx_f[f_index]; (void) __pyx_filename; __pyx_lineno = lineno; (void) __pyx_lineno; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; (void) __pyx_clineno; } +#else +#define __PYX_MARK_ERR_POS(f_index, lineno) { __pyx_filename = __pyx_f[f_index]; (void) __pyx_filename; __pyx_lineno = lineno; (void) __pyx_lineno; (void) __pyx_clineno; } +#endif +#define __PYX_ERR(f_index, lineno, Ln_error) \ + { __PYX_MARK_ERR_POS(f_index, lineno) goto Ln_error; } + +#ifdef CYTHON_EXTERN_C + #undef __PYX_EXTERN_C + #define __PYX_EXTERN_C CYTHON_EXTERN_C +#elif defined(__PYX_EXTERN_C) + #ifdef _MSC_VER + #pragma message ("Please do not define the '__PYX_EXTERN_C' macro externally. Use 'CYTHON_EXTERN_C' instead.") + #else + #warning Please do not define the '__PYX_EXTERN_C' macro externally. Use 'CYTHON_EXTERN_C' instead. + #endif +#else + #define __PYX_EXTERN_C extern "C++" +#endif + +#define __PYX_HAVE__fairseq__data__token_block_utils_fast +#define __PYX_HAVE_API__fairseq__data__token_block_utils_fast +/* Early includes */ +#include +#include +#include + + /* Using NumPy API declarations from "numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd" */ + +#include "numpy/arrayobject.h" +#include "numpy/ndarrayobject.h" +#include "numpy/ndarraytypes.h" +#include "numpy/arrayscalars.h" +#include "numpy/ufuncobject.h" +#include "pythread.h" +#include +#ifdef _OPENMP +#include +#endif /* _OPENMP */ + +#if defined(PYREX_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS) && !defined(CYTHON_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS) +#define CYTHON_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS +#endif + +#ifdef CYTHON_FREETHREADING_COMPATIBLE +#if CYTHON_FREETHREADING_COMPATIBLE +#define __Pyx_FREETHREADING_COMPATIBLE Py_MOD_GIL_NOT_USED +#else +#define __Pyx_FREETHREADING_COMPATIBLE Py_MOD_GIL_USED +#endif +#else +#define __Pyx_FREETHREADING_COMPATIBLE Py_MOD_GIL_USED +#endif +#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII 0 +#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_UTF8 0 +#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING "" +#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromString __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString +#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromStringAndSize __Pyx_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize +#define __Pyx_uchar_cast(c) ((unsigned char)c) +#define __Pyx_long_cast(x) ((long)x) +#define __Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(v, type, is_signed) (\ + (sizeof(type) < sizeof(Py_ssize_t)) ||\ + (sizeof(type) > sizeof(Py_ssize_t) &&\ + likely(v < (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX ||\ + v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX) &&\ + (!is_signed || likely(v > (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MIN ||\ + v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MIN))) ||\ + (sizeof(type) == sizeof(Py_ssize_t) &&\ + (is_signed || likely(v < (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX ||\ + v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX))) ) +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_is_valid_index(Py_ssize_t i, Py_ssize_t limit) { + return (size_t) i < (size_t) limit; +} +#if defined (__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103L + #include + #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) std::abs(value) +#elif SIZEOF_INT >= SIZEOF_SIZE_T + #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) abs(value) +#elif SIZEOF_LONG >= SIZEOF_SIZE_T + #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) labs(value) +#elif defined (_MSC_VER) + #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) ((Py_ssize_t)_abs64(value)) +#elif defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L + #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) llabs(value) +#elif defined (__GNUC__) + #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) __builtin_llabs(value) +#else + #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) ((value<0) ? -value : value) +#endif +static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_ssize_strlen(const char *s); +static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(PyObject*); +static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(PyObject*, Py_ssize_t* length); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromString(const char*); +#define __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize(s, l) PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize((const char*)s, l) +#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString PyBytes_FromString +#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize PyBytes_FromStringAndSize +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString(const char*); +#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableString(s) ((char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableSString(s) ((signed char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableUString(s) ((unsigned char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsString(s) ((const char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsSString(s) ((const signed char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsUString(s) ((const unsigned char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyByteArray_AsString(s) PyByteArray_AS_STRING(s) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableString(s) ((char*) PyBytes_AsString(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableSString(s) ((signed char*) PyBytes_AsString(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableUString(s) ((unsigned char*) PyBytes_AsString(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsString(s) ((const char*) PyBytes_AsString(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsSString(s) ((const signed char*) PyBytes_AsString(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsUString(s) ((const unsigned char*) PyBytes_AsString(s)) + #define __Pyx_PyByteArray_AsString(s) PyByteArray_AsString(s) +#endif +#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsWritableString(s) ((char*)(__pyx_uintptr_t) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s)) +#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsWritableSString(s) ((signed char*)(__pyx_uintptr_t) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s)) +#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsWritableUString(s) ((unsigned char*)(__pyx_uintptr_t) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s)) +#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsSString(s) ((const signed char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s)) +#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsUString(s) ((const unsigned char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s)) +#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromCString(s) __Pyx_PyObject_FromString((const char*)s) +#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromCString(s) __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString((const char*)s) +#define __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromCString(s) __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromString((const char*)s) +#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromCString(s) __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString((const char*)s) +#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(o) PyUnicode_FromOrdinal((int)o) +#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsUnicode PyUnicode_AsUnicode +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_NewRef(PyObject *obj) { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030a0000 || defined(Py_NewRef) + return Py_NewRef(obj); +#else + Py_INCREF(obj); + return obj; +#endif +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_XNewRef(PyObject *obj) { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030a0000 || defined(Py_XNewRef) + return Py_XNewRef(obj); +#else + Py_XINCREF(obj); + return obj; +#endif +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_Owned_Py_None(int b); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyBool_FromLong(long b); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject*); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrueAndDecref(PyObject*); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_Long(PyObject* x); +#define __Pyx_PySequence_Tuple(obj)\ + (likely(PyTuple_CheckExact(obj)) ? __Pyx_NewRef(obj) : PySequence_Tuple(obj)) +static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(PyObject*); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyLong_FromSize_t(size_t); +static CYTHON_INLINE Py_hash_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsHash_t(PyObject*); +#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS +#define __Pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x) (PyFloat_CheckExact(x) ? PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(x) : PyFloat_AsDouble(x)) +#define __Pyx_PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(x) PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(x) +#else +#define __Pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x) PyFloat_AsDouble(x) +#define __Pyx_PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(x) PyFloat_AsDouble(x) +#endif +#define __Pyx_PyFloat_AsFloat(x) ((float) __Pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x)) +#define __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x) (PyLong_CheckExact(x) ? __Pyx_NewRef(x) : PyNumber_Long(x)) +#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C00A7 + #ifndef _PyLong_SIGN_MASK + #define _PyLong_SIGN_MASK 3 + #endif + #ifndef _PyLong_NON_SIZE_BITS + #define _PyLong_NON_SIZE_BITS 3 + #endif + #define __Pyx_PyLong_Sign(x) (((PyLongObject*)x)->long_value.lv_tag & _PyLong_SIGN_MASK) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsNeg(x) ((__Pyx_PyLong_Sign(x) & 2) != 0) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsNonNeg(x) (!__Pyx_PyLong_IsNeg(x)) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsZero(x) (__Pyx_PyLong_Sign(x) & 1) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsPos(x) (__Pyx_PyLong_Sign(x) == 0) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValueUnsigned(x) (__Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x)[0]) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) ((Py_ssize_t) (((PyLongObject*)x)->long_value.lv_tag >> _PyLong_NON_SIZE_BITS)) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_SignedDigitCount(x)\ + ((1 - (Py_ssize_t) __Pyx_PyLong_Sign(x)) * __Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x)) + #if defined(PyUnstable_Long_IsCompact) && defined(PyUnstable_Long_CompactValue) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x) PyUnstable_Long_IsCompact((PyLongObject*) x) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValue(x) PyUnstable_Long_CompactValue((PyLongObject*) x) + #else + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x) (((PyLongObject*)x)->long_value.lv_tag < (2 << _PyLong_NON_SIZE_BITS)) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValue(x) ((1 - (Py_ssize_t) __Pyx_PyLong_Sign(x)) * (Py_ssize_t) __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x)[0]) + #endif + typedef Py_ssize_t __Pyx_compact_pylong; + typedef size_t __Pyx_compact_upylong; + #else + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsNeg(x) (Py_SIZE(x) < 0) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsNonNeg(x) (Py_SIZE(x) >= 0) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsZero(x) (Py_SIZE(x) == 0) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsPos(x) (Py_SIZE(x) > 0) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValueUnsigned(x) ((Py_SIZE(x) == 0) ? 0 : __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x)[0]) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) __Pyx_sst_abs(Py_SIZE(x)) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_SignedDigitCount(x) Py_SIZE(x) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x) (Py_SIZE(x) == 0 || Py_SIZE(x) == 1 || Py_SIZE(x) == -1) + #define __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValue(x)\ + ((Py_SIZE(x) == 0) ? (sdigit) 0 : ((Py_SIZE(x) < 0) ? -(sdigit)__Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x)[0] : (sdigit)__Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x)[0])) + typedef sdigit __Pyx_compact_pylong; + typedef digit __Pyx_compact_upylong; + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C00A5 + #define __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x) (((PyLongObject*)x)->long_value.ob_digit) + #else + #define __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x) (((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit) + #endif +#endif +#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_UTF8 + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, size) PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(c_str, size, NULL) +#elif __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, size) PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(c_str, size, NULL) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, size) PyUnicode_Decode(c_str, size, __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING, NULL) +#endif + + +/* Test for GCC > 2.95 */ +#if defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ > 2 || (__GNUC__ == 2 && (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 95))) + #define likely(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 1) + #define unlikely(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 0) +#else /* !__GNUC__ or GCC < 2.95 */ + #define likely(x) (x) + #define unlikely(x) (x) +#endif /* __GNUC__ */ +/* PretendToInitialize */ +#ifdef __cplusplus +#if __cplusplus > 201103L +#include +#endif +template +static void __Pyx_pretend_to_initialize(T* ptr) { +#if __cplusplus > 201103L + if ((std::is_trivially_default_constructible::value)) +#endif + *ptr = T(); + (void)ptr; +} +#else +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_pretend_to_initialize(void* ptr) { (void)ptr; } +#endif + + +#if !CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE +static PyObject *__pyx_m = NULL; +#endif +static int __pyx_lineno; +static int __pyx_clineno = 0; +static const char * const __pyx_cfilenm = __FILE__; +static const char *__pyx_filename; + +/* Header.proto */ +#if !defined(CYTHON_CCOMPLEX) + #if defined(__cplusplus) + #define CYTHON_CCOMPLEX 1 + #elif (defined(_Complex_I) && !defined(_MSC_VER)) || ((defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L) && !defined(__STDC_NO_COMPLEX__) && !defined(_MSC_VER)) + #define CYTHON_CCOMPLEX 1 + #else + #define CYTHON_CCOMPLEX 0 + #endif +#endif +#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX + #ifdef __cplusplus + #include + #else + #include + #endif +#endif +#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && !defined(__cplusplus) && defined(__sun__) && defined(__GNUC__) + #undef _Complex_I + #define _Complex_I 1.0fj +#endif + +/* #### Code section: filename_table ### */ + +static const char* const __pyx_f[] = { + "fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.pyx", + "", + "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd", + "cpython/type.pxd", +}; +/* #### Code section: utility_code_proto_before_types ### */ +/* Atomics.proto (used by UnpackUnboundCMethod) */ +#include +#ifndef CYTHON_ATOMICS + #define CYTHON_ATOMICS 1 +#endif +#define __PYX_CYTHON_ATOMICS_ENABLED() CYTHON_ATOMICS +#define __PYX_GET_CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING() CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING +#define __pyx_atomic_int_type int +#define __pyx_nonatomic_int_type int +#if CYTHON_ATOMICS && (defined(__STDC_VERSION__) &&\ + (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L) &&\ + !defined(__STDC_NO_ATOMICS__)) + #include +#elif CYTHON_ATOMICS && (defined(__cplusplus) && (\ + (__cplusplus >= 201103L) ||\ + (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1700))) + #include +#endif +#if CYTHON_ATOMICS && (defined(__STDC_VERSION__) &&\ + (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L) &&\ + !defined(__STDC_NO_ATOMICS__) &&\ + ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE == 2) + #undef __pyx_atomic_int_type + #define __pyx_atomic_int_type atomic_int + #define __pyx_atomic_ptr_type atomic_uintptr_t + #define __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type uintptr_t + #define __pyx_atomic_incr_relaxed(value) atomic_fetch_add_explicit(value, 1, memory_order_relaxed) + #define __pyx_atomic_incr_acq_rel(value) atomic_fetch_add_explicit(value, 1, memory_order_acq_rel) + #define __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(value) atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(value, 1, memory_order_acq_rel) + #define __pyx_atomic_sub(value, arg) atomic_fetch_sub(value, arg) + #define __pyx_atomic_int_cmp_exchange(value, expected, desired) atomic_compare_exchange_strong(value, expected, desired) + #define __pyx_atomic_load(value) atomic_load(value) + #define __pyx_atomic_store(value, new_value) atomic_store(value, new_value) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_load_relaxed(value) atomic_load_explicit(value, memory_order_relaxed) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_load_acquire(value) atomic_load_explicit(value, memory_order_acquire) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_exchange(value, new_value) atomic_exchange(value, (__pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type)new_value) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_cmp_exchange(value, expected, desired) atomic_compare_exchange_strong(value, expected, desired) + #if defined(__PYX_DEBUG_ATOMICS) && defined(_MSC_VER) + #pragma message ("Using standard C atomics") + #elif defined(__PYX_DEBUG_ATOMICS) + #warning "Using standard C atomics" + #endif +#elif CYTHON_ATOMICS && (defined(__cplusplus) && (\ + (__cplusplus >= 201103L) ||\ +\ + (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1700)) &&\ + ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE == 2) + #undef __pyx_atomic_int_type + #define __pyx_atomic_int_type std::atomic_int + #define __pyx_atomic_ptr_type std::atomic_uintptr_t + #define __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type uintptr_t + #define __pyx_atomic_incr_relaxed(value) std::atomic_fetch_add_explicit(value, 1, std::memory_order_relaxed) + #define __pyx_atomic_incr_acq_rel(value) std::atomic_fetch_add_explicit(value, 1, std::memory_order_acq_rel) + #define __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(value) std::atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(value, 1, std::memory_order_acq_rel) + #define __pyx_atomic_sub(value, arg) std::atomic_fetch_sub(value, arg) + #define __pyx_atomic_int_cmp_exchange(value, expected, desired) std::atomic_compare_exchange_strong(value, expected, desired) + #define __pyx_atomic_load(value) std::atomic_load(value) + #define __pyx_atomic_store(value, new_value) std::atomic_store(value, new_value) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_load_relaxed(value) std::atomic_load_explicit(value, std::memory_order_relaxed) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_load_acquire(value) std::atomic_load_explicit(value, std::memory_order_acquire) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_exchange(value, new_value) std::atomic_exchange(value, (__pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type)new_value) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_cmp_exchange(value, expected, desired) std::atomic_compare_exchange_strong(value, expected, desired) + #if defined(__PYX_DEBUG_ATOMICS) && defined(_MSC_VER) + #pragma message ("Using standard C++ atomics") + #elif defined(__PYX_DEBUG_ATOMICS) + #warning "Using standard C++ atomics" + #endif +#elif CYTHON_ATOMICS && (__GNUC__ >= 5 || (__GNUC__ == 4 &&\ + (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 1 ||\ + (__GNUC_MINOR__ == 1 && __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__ >= 2)))) + #define __pyx_atomic_ptr_type void* + #define __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type void* + #define __pyx_atomic_incr_relaxed(value) __sync_fetch_and_add(value, 1) + #define __pyx_atomic_incr_acq_rel(value) __sync_fetch_and_add(value, 1) + #define __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(value) __sync_fetch_and_sub(value, 1) + #define __pyx_atomic_sub(value, arg) __sync_fetch_and_sub(value, arg) + static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_atomic_int_cmp_exchange(__pyx_atomic_int_type* value, __pyx_nonatomic_int_type* expected, __pyx_nonatomic_int_type desired) { + __pyx_nonatomic_int_type old = __sync_val_compare_and_swap(value, *expected, desired); + int result = old == *expected; + *expected = old; + return result; + } + #define __pyx_atomic_load(value) __sync_fetch_and_add(value, 0) + #define __pyx_atomic_store(value, new_value) __sync_lock_test_and_set(value, new_value) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_load_relaxed(value) __sync_fetch_and_add(value, 0) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_load_acquire(value) __sync_fetch_and_add(value, 0) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_exchange(value, new_value) __sync_lock_test_and_set(value, (__pyx_atomic_ptr_type)new_value) + static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_atomic_pointer_cmp_exchange(__pyx_atomic_ptr_type* value, __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type* expected, __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type desired) { + __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type old = __sync_val_compare_and_swap(value, *expected, desired); + int result = old == *expected; + *expected = old; + return result; + } + #ifdef __PYX_DEBUG_ATOMICS + #warning "Using GNU atomics" + #endif +#elif CYTHON_ATOMICS && defined(_MSC_VER) + #include + #undef __pyx_atomic_int_type + #define __pyx_atomic_int_type long + #define __pyx_atomic_ptr_type void* + #undef __pyx_nonatomic_int_type + #define __pyx_nonatomic_int_type long + #define __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type void* + #pragma intrinsic (_InterlockedExchangeAdd, _InterlockedExchange, _InterlockedCompareExchange, _InterlockedCompareExchangePointer, _InterlockedExchangePointer) + #define __pyx_atomic_incr_relaxed(value) _InterlockedExchangeAdd(value, 1) + #define __pyx_atomic_incr_acq_rel(value) _InterlockedExchangeAdd(value, 1) + #define __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(value) _InterlockedExchangeAdd(value, -1) + #define __pyx_atomic_sub(value, arg) _InterlockedExchangeAdd(value, -arg) + static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_atomic_int_cmp_exchange(__pyx_atomic_int_type* value, __pyx_nonatomic_int_type* expected, __pyx_nonatomic_int_type desired) { + __pyx_nonatomic_int_type old = _InterlockedCompareExchange(value, desired, *expected); + int result = old == *expected; + *expected = old; + return result; + } + #define __pyx_atomic_load(value) _InterlockedExchangeAdd(value, 0) + #define __pyx_atomic_store(value, new_value) _InterlockedExchange(value, new_value) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_load_relaxed(value) *(void * volatile *)value + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_load_acquire(value) _InterlockedCompareExchangePointer(value, 0, 0) + #define __pyx_atomic_pointer_exchange(value, new_value) _InterlockedExchangePointer(value, (__pyx_atomic_ptr_type)new_value) + static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_atomic_pointer_cmp_exchange(__pyx_atomic_ptr_type* value, __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type* expected, __pyx_nonatomic_ptr_type desired) { + __pyx_atomic_ptr_type old = _InterlockedCompareExchangePointer(value, desired, *expected); + int result = old == *expected; + *expected = old; + return result; + } + #ifdef __PYX_DEBUG_ATOMICS + #pragma message ("Using MSVC atomics") + #endif +#else + #undef CYTHON_ATOMICS + #define CYTHON_ATOMICS 0 + #ifdef __PYX_DEBUG_ATOMICS + #warning "Not using atomics" + #endif +#endif + +/* CriticalSectionsDefinition.proto (used by CriticalSections) */ +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection void* +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection2 void* +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection_End(cs) +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection2_End(cs) +#else +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection PyCriticalSection +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection2 PyCriticalSection2 +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection_End PyCriticalSection_End +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection2_End PyCriticalSection2_End +#endif + +/* CriticalSections.proto (used by ParseKeywordsImpl) */ +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection_Begin(cs, arg) (void)(cs) +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection2_Begin(cs, arg1, arg2) (void)(cs) +#else +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection_Begin PyCriticalSection_Begin +#define __Pyx_PyCriticalSection2_Begin PyCriticalSection2_Begin +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +#define __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(o) { +#define __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION() } +#else +#define __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION Py_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION +#define __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION Py_END_CRITICAL_SECTION +#endif + +/* ForceInitThreads.proto */ +#ifndef __PYX_FORCE_INIT_THREADS + #define __PYX_FORCE_INIT_THREADS 0 +#endif + +/* NoFastGil.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyGILState_Ensure PyGILState_Ensure +#define __Pyx_PyGILState_Release PyGILState_Release +#define __Pyx_FastGIL_Remember() +#define __Pyx_FastGIL_Forget() +#define __Pyx_FastGilFuncInit() + +/* BufferFormatStructs.proto (used by BufferFormatCheck) */ +struct __Pyx_StructField_; +#define __PYX_BUF_FLAGS_PACKED_STRUCT (1 << 0) +typedef struct { + const char* name; + const struct __Pyx_StructField_* fields; + size_t size; + size_t arraysize[8]; + int ndim; + char typegroup; + char is_unsigned; + int flags; +} __Pyx_TypeInfo; +typedef struct __Pyx_StructField_ { + const __Pyx_TypeInfo* type; + const char* name; + size_t offset; +} __Pyx_StructField; +typedef struct { + const __Pyx_StructField* field; + size_t parent_offset; +} __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem; +typedef struct { + __Pyx_StructField root; + __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem* head; + size_t fmt_offset; + size_t new_count, enc_count; + size_t struct_alignment; + int is_complex; + char enc_type; + char new_packmode; + char enc_packmode; + char is_valid_array; +} __Pyx_BufFmt_Context; + +/* IncludeStructmemberH.proto (used by FixUpExtensionType) */ +#include + +/* MemviewSliceStruct.proto */ +struct __pyx_memoryview_obj; +typedef struct { + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *memview; + char *data; + Py_ssize_t shape[8]; + Py_ssize_t strides[8]; + Py_ssize_t suboffsets[8]; +} __Pyx_memviewslice; +#define __Pyx_MemoryView_Len(m) (m.shape[0]) +#define __Pyx_MEMVIEW_DIRECT 1 +#define __Pyx_MEMVIEW_PTR 2 +#define __Pyx_MEMVIEW_FULL 4 +#define __Pyx_MEMVIEW_CONTIG 8 +#define __Pyx_MEMVIEW_STRIDED 16 +#define __Pyx_MEMVIEW_FOLLOW 32 +#define __Pyx_IS_C_CONTIG 1 +#define __Pyx_IS_F_CONTIG 2 +#define __Pyx_MEMSLICE_INIT { 0, 0, { 0 }, { 0 }, { 0 } } +#if CYTHON_ATOMICS + #define __pyx_add_acquisition_count(memview)\ + __pyx_atomic_incr_relaxed(__pyx_get_slice_count_pointer(memview)) + #define __pyx_sub_acquisition_count(memview)\ + __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(__pyx_get_slice_count_pointer(memview)) +#else + #define __pyx_add_acquisition_count(memview)\ + __pyx_add_acquisition_count_locked(__pyx_get_slice_count_pointer(memview), memview->lock) + #define __pyx_sub_acquisition_count(memview)\ + __pyx_sub_acquisition_count_locked(__pyx_get_slice_count_pointer(memview), memview->lock) +#endif + +/* #### Code section: numeric_typedefs ### */ + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":731 + * # in Cython to enable them only on the right systems. + * + * ctypedef npy_int8 int8_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_int16 int16_t + * ctypedef npy_int32 int32_t +*/ +typedef npy_int8 __pyx_t_5numpy_int8_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":732 + * + * ctypedef npy_int8 int8_t + * ctypedef npy_int16 int16_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_int32 int32_t + * ctypedef npy_int64 int64_t +*/ +typedef npy_int16 __pyx_t_5numpy_int16_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":733 + * ctypedef npy_int8 int8_t + * ctypedef npy_int16 int16_t + * ctypedef npy_int32 int32_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_int64 int64_t + * #ctypedef npy_int96 int96_t +*/ +typedef npy_int32 __pyx_t_5numpy_int32_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":734 + * ctypedef npy_int16 int16_t + * ctypedef npy_int32 int32_t + * ctypedef npy_int64 int64_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * #ctypedef npy_int96 int96_t + * #ctypedef npy_int128 int128_t +*/ +typedef npy_int64 __pyx_t_5numpy_int64_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":738 + * #ctypedef npy_int128 int128_t + * + * ctypedef npy_uint8 uint8_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_uint16 uint16_t + * ctypedef npy_uint32 uint32_t +*/ +typedef npy_uint8 __pyx_t_5numpy_uint8_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":739 + * + * ctypedef npy_uint8 uint8_t + * ctypedef npy_uint16 uint16_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_uint32 uint32_t + * ctypedef npy_uint64 uint64_t +*/ +typedef npy_uint16 __pyx_t_5numpy_uint16_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":740 + * ctypedef npy_uint8 uint8_t + * ctypedef npy_uint16 uint16_t + * ctypedef npy_uint32 uint32_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_uint64 uint64_t + * #ctypedef npy_uint96 uint96_t +*/ +typedef npy_uint32 __pyx_t_5numpy_uint32_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":741 + * ctypedef npy_uint16 uint16_t + * ctypedef npy_uint32 uint32_t + * ctypedef npy_uint64 uint64_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * #ctypedef npy_uint96 uint96_t + * #ctypedef npy_uint128 uint128_t +*/ +typedef npy_uint64 __pyx_t_5numpy_uint64_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":745 + * #ctypedef npy_uint128 uint128_t + * + * ctypedef npy_float32 float32_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_float64 float64_t + * #ctypedef npy_float80 float80_t +*/ +typedef npy_float32 __pyx_t_5numpy_float32_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":746 + * + * ctypedef npy_float32 float32_t + * ctypedef npy_float64 float64_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * #ctypedef npy_float80 float80_t + * #ctypedef npy_float128 float128_t +*/ +typedef npy_float64 __pyx_t_5numpy_float64_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":755 + * # The int types are mapped a bit surprising -- + * # numpy.int corresponds to 'l' and numpy.long to 'q' + * ctypedef npy_long int_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_longlong long_t + * ctypedef npy_longlong longlong_t +*/ +typedef npy_long __pyx_t_5numpy_int_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":756 + * # numpy.int corresponds to 'l' and numpy.long to 'q' + * ctypedef npy_long int_t + * ctypedef npy_longlong long_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_longlong longlong_t + * +*/ +typedef npy_longlong __pyx_t_5numpy_long_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":757 + * ctypedef npy_long int_t + * ctypedef npy_longlong long_t + * ctypedef npy_longlong longlong_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * ctypedef npy_ulong uint_t +*/ +typedef npy_longlong __pyx_t_5numpy_longlong_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":759 + * ctypedef npy_longlong longlong_t + * + * ctypedef npy_ulong uint_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_ulonglong ulong_t + * ctypedef npy_ulonglong ulonglong_t +*/ +typedef npy_ulong __pyx_t_5numpy_uint_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":760 + * + * ctypedef npy_ulong uint_t + * ctypedef npy_ulonglong ulong_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_ulonglong ulonglong_t + * +*/ +typedef npy_ulonglong __pyx_t_5numpy_ulong_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":761 + * ctypedef npy_ulong uint_t + * ctypedef npy_ulonglong ulong_t + * ctypedef npy_ulonglong ulonglong_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * ctypedef npy_intp intp_t +*/ +typedef npy_ulonglong __pyx_t_5numpy_ulonglong_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":763 + * ctypedef npy_ulonglong ulonglong_t + * + * ctypedef npy_intp intp_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_uintp uintp_t + * +*/ +typedef npy_intp __pyx_t_5numpy_intp_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":764 + * + * ctypedef npy_intp intp_t + * ctypedef npy_uintp uintp_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * ctypedef npy_double float_t +*/ +typedef npy_uintp __pyx_t_5numpy_uintp_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":766 + * ctypedef npy_uintp uintp_t + * + * ctypedef npy_double float_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_double double_t + * ctypedef npy_longdouble longdouble_t +*/ +typedef npy_double __pyx_t_5numpy_float_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":767 + * + * ctypedef npy_double float_t + * ctypedef npy_double double_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_longdouble longdouble_t + * +*/ +typedef npy_double __pyx_t_5numpy_double_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":768 + * ctypedef npy_double float_t + * ctypedef npy_double double_t + * ctypedef npy_longdouble longdouble_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * ctypedef npy_cfloat cfloat_t +*/ +typedef npy_longdouble __pyx_t_5numpy_longdouble_t; + +/* "fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.pyx":16 + * + * DTYPE = np.int64 + * ctypedef np.int64_t DTYPE_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * +*/ +typedef __pyx_t_5numpy_int64_t __pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t; +/* #### Code section: complex_type_declarations ### */ +/* Declarations.proto */ +#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && (1) && (!0 || __cplusplus) + #ifdef __cplusplus + typedef ::std::complex< float > __pyx_t_float_complex; + #else + typedef float _Complex __pyx_t_float_complex; + #endif +#else + typedef struct { float real, imag; } __pyx_t_float_complex; +#endif +static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(float, float); + +/* Declarations.proto */ +#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && (1) && (!0 || __cplusplus) + #ifdef __cplusplus + typedef ::std::complex< double > __pyx_t_double_complex; + #else + typedef double _Complex __pyx_t_double_complex; + #endif +#else + typedef struct { double real, imag; } __pyx_t_double_complex; +#endif +static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(double, double); + +/* #### Code section: type_declarations ### */ + +/*--- Type declarations ---*/ +struct __pyx_obj_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher; +struct __pyx_array_obj; +struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj; +struct __pyx_memoryview_obj; +struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":770 + * ctypedef npy_longdouble longdouble_t + * + * ctypedef npy_cfloat cfloat_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_cdouble cdouble_t + * ctypedef npy_clongdouble clongdouble_t +*/ +typedef npy_cfloat __pyx_t_5numpy_cfloat_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":771 + * + * ctypedef npy_cfloat cfloat_t + * ctypedef npy_cdouble cdouble_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * ctypedef npy_clongdouble clongdouble_t + * +*/ +typedef npy_cdouble __pyx_t_5numpy_cdouble_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":772 + * ctypedef npy_cfloat cfloat_t + * ctypedef npy_cdouble cdouble_t + * ctypedef npy_clongdouble clongdouble_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * ctypedef npy_cdouble complex_t +*/ +typedef npy_clongdouble __pyx_t_5numpy_clongdouble_t; + +/* "../../../../../../../../tmp/pip-build-env-uc94j7wn/normal/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.cython-30.pxd":774 + * ctypedef npy_clongdouble clongdouble_t + * + * ctypedef npy_cdouble complex_t # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * cdef inline object PyArray_MultiIterNew1(a): +*/ +typedef npy_cdouble __pyx_t_5numpy_complex_t; + +/* "fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.pyx":139 + * + * + * cdef class DatasetSearcher(object): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * """Helper for mapping "flat" indices to indices and offsets in an + * underlying dataset.""" +*/ +struct __pyx_obj_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher { + PyObject_HEAD + struct __pyx_vtabstruct_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher *__pyx_vtab; + __pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t current_i; + __pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t current_offset; + __pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t current_index; + __Pyx_memviewslice sizes; +}; + + +/* "View.MemoryView":118 + * + * + * @cython.collection_type("sequence") # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * @cname("__pyx_array") + * cdef class array: +*/ +struct __pyx_array_obj { + PyObject_HEAD + struct __pyx_vtabstruct_array *__pyx_vtab; 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+ __Pyx_memviewslice from_slice; + PyObject *from_object; + PyObject *(*to_object_func)(char *); + int (*to_dtype_func)(char *, PyObject *); +}; + + + +/* "fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.pyx":139 + * + * + * cdef class DatasetSearcher(object): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * """Helper for mapping "flat" indices to indices and offsets in an + * underlying dataset.""" +*/ + +struct __pyx_vtabstruct_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher { + PyObject *(*reset)(struct __pyx_obj_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher *); + int (*step)(struct __pyx_obj_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher *, __pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t); + PyObject *(*seek)(struct __pyx_obj_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher *, __pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t); +}; +static struct __pyx_vtabstruct_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher *__pyx_vtabptr_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher; 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+ +/* CallCFunction.proto (used by CallUnboundCMethod0) */ +#define __Pyx_CallCFunction(cfunc, self, args)\ + ((PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(cfunc)->func)(self, args) +#define __Pyx_CallCFunctionWithKeywords(cfunc, self, args, kwargs)\ + ((PyCFunctionWithKeywords)(void(*)(void))(cfunc)->func)(self, args, kwargs) +#define __Pyx_CallCFunctionFast(cfunc, self, args, nargs)\ + ((__Pyx_PyCFunctionFast)(void(*)(void))(PyCFunction)(cfunc)->func)(self, args, nargs) +#define __Pyx_CallCFunctionFastWithKeywords(cfunc, self, args, nargs, kwnames)\ + ((__Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords)(void(*)(void))(PyCFunction)(cfunc)->func)(self, args, nargs, kwnames) + +/* PyObjectCall.proto (used by PyObjectFastCall) */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Call(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw); +#else +#define __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw) PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw) +#endif + +/* PyObjectCallMethO.proto (used by PyObjectFastCall) */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg); 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+ int flag; +} __Pyx_CachedCFunction; +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_CachedCFunction_GetAndSetInitializing(__Pyx_CachedCFunction *cfunc) { +#if !CYTHON_ATOMICS + return 1; +#else + __pyx_nonatomic_int_type expected = 0; + if (__pyx_atomic_int_cmp_exchange(&cfunc->initialized, &expected, 1)) { + return 0; + } + return expected; +#endif +} +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CachedCFunction_SetFinishedInitializing(__Pyx_CachedCFunction *cfunc) { +#if CYTHON_ATOMICS + __pyx_atomic_store(&cfunc->initialized, 2); +#endif +} +#else +#define __Pyx_CachedCFunction_GetAndSetInitializing(cfunc) 2 +#define __Pyx_CachedCFunction_SetFinishedInitializing(cfunc) +#endif + +/* CallUnboundCMethod0.proto */ +CYTHON_UNUSED +static PyObject* __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod0(__Pyx_CachedCFunction* cfunc, PyObject* self); +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod0(__Pyx_CachedCFunction* cfunc, PyObject* self); +#else +#define __Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod0(cfunc, self) __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod0(cfunc, self) +#endif + +/* py_dict_values.proto (used by OwnedDictNext) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyDict_Values(PyObject* d); + +/* OwnedDictNext.proto (used by ParseKeywordsImpl) */ +#if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS +static int __Pyx_PyDict_NextRef(PyObject *p, PyObject **ppos, PyObject **pkey, PyObject **pvalue); +#else +CYTHON_INLINE +static int __Pyx_PyDict_NextRef(PyObject *p, Py_ssize_t *ppos, PyObject **pkey, PyObject **pvalue); +#endif + +/* RaiseDoubleKeywords.proto (used by ParseKeywordsImpl) */ +static void __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(const char* func_name, PyObject* kw_name); + +/* ParseKeywordsImpl.export */ +static int __Pyx_ParseKeywordsTuple( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject * const *kwvalues, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject *kwds2, + PyObject *values[], + Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, + Py_ssize_t num_kwargs, + const char* function_name, + int ignore_unknown_kwargs +); +static int __Pyx_ParseKeywordDictToDict( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject *kwds2, + PyObject *values[], + Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, + const char* function_name +); +static int __Pyx_ParseKeywordDict( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject *values[], + Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, + Py_ssize_t num_kwargs, + const char* function_name, + int ignore_unknown_kwargs +); + +/* CallUnboundCMethod2.proto */ +CYTHON_UNUSED +static PyObject* __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod2(__Pyx_CachedCFunction* cfunc, PyObject* self, PyObject* arg1, PyObject* arg2); +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod2(__Pyx_CachedCFunction *cfunc, PyObject *self, PyObject *arg1, PyObject *arg2); +#else +#define __Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod2(cfunc, self, arg1, arg2) __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod2(cfunc, self, arg1, arg2) +#endif + +/* ParseKeywords.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_ParseKeywords( + PyObject *kwds, PyObject *const *kwvalues, PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject *kwds2, PyObject *values[], + Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, Py_ssize_t num_kwargs, + const char* function_name, + int ignore_unknown_kwargs +); + +/* RaiseArgTupleInvalid.proto */ +static void __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid(const char* func_name, int exact, + Py_ssize_t num_min, Py_ssize_t num_max, Py_ssize_t num_found); + +/* ArgTypeTestFunc.export */ +static int __Pyx__ArgTypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type, const char *name, int exact); + +/* ArgTypeTest.proto */ +#define __Pyx_ArgTypeTest(obj, type, none_allowed, name, exact)\ + ((likely(__Pyx_IS_TYPE(obj, type) | (none_allowed && (obj == Py_None)))) ? 1 :\ + __Pyx__ArgTypeTest(obj, type, name, exact)) + +/* PyErrExceptionMatches.proto (used by PyObjectGetAttrStrNoError) */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +#define __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(err) __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatchesInState(__pyx_tstate, err) +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatchesInState(PyThreadState* tstate, PyObject* err); +#else +#define __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(err) PyErr_ExceptionMatches(err) +#endif + +/* PyThreadStateGet.proto (used by PyErrFetchRestore) */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare PyThreadState *__pyx_tstate; +#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign __pyx_tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current; +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C00A6 +#define __Pyx_PyErr_Occurred() (__pyx_tstate->current_exception != NULL) +#define __Pyx_PyErr_CurrentExceptionType() (__pyx_tstate->current_exception ? (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(__pyx_tstate->current_exception) : (PyObject*) NULL) +#else +#define __Pyx_PyErr_Occurred() (__pyx_tstate->curexc_type != NULL) +#define __Pyx_PyErr_CurrentExceptionType() (__pyx_tstate->curexc_type) +#endif +#else +#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare +#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign +#define __Pyx_PyErr_Occurred() (PyErr_Occurred() != NULL) +#define __Pyx_PyErr_CurrentExceptionType() PyErr_Occurred() +#endif + +/* PyErrFetchRestore.proto (used by PyObjectGetAttrStrNoError) */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +#define __Pyx_PyErr_Clear() __Pyx_ErrRestore(NULL, NULL, NULL) +#define __Pyx_ErrRestoreWithState(type, value, tb) __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(PyThreadState_GET(), type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ErrFetchWithState(type, value, tb) __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(PyThreadState_GET(), type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ErrRestore(type, value, tb) __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ErrFetch(type, value, tb) __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb) +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb); +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A6 +#define __Pyx_PyErr_SetNone(exc) (Py_INCREF(exc), __Pyx_ErrRestore((exc), NULL, NULL)) +#else +#define __Pyx_PyErr_SetNone(exc) PyErr_SetNone(exc) +#endif +#else +#define __Pyx_PyErr_Clear() PyErr_Clear() +#define __Pyx_PyErr_SetNone(exc) PyErr_SetNone(exc) +#define __Pyx_ErrRestoreWithState(type, value, tb) PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ErrFetchWithState(type, value, tb) PyErr_Fetch(type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, type, value, tb) PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, type, value, tb) PyErr_Fetch(type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ErrRestore(type, value, tb) PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ErrFetch(type, value, tb) PyErr_Fetch(type, value, tb) +#endif + +/* PyObjectGetAttrStrNoError.proto (used by GetBuiltinName) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name); + +/* GetBuiltinName.proto */ +static PyObject *__Pyx_GetBuiltinName(PyObject *name); + +/* PyValueError_Check.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyExc_ValueError_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_ValueError) + +/* RaiseException.export */ +static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb, PyObject *cause); + +/* PyObjectFastCallMethod.proto */ +#if CYTHON_VECTORCALL && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 +#define __Pyx_PyObject_FastCallMethod(name, args, nargsf) PyObject_VectorcallMethod(name, args, nargsf, NULL) +#else +static PyObject *__Pyx_PyObject_FastCallMethod(PyObject *name, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf); +#endif + +/* RaiseUnexpectedTypeError.proto */ +static int __Pyx_RaiseUnexpectedTypeError(const char *expected, PyObject *obj); + +/* PyMemoryError_Check.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyExc_MemoryError_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_MemoryError) + +/* BuildPyUnicode.proto (used by COrdinalToPyUnicode) */ +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(Py_ssize_t ulength, const char* chars, int clength, + int prepend_sign, char padding_char); + +/* COrdinalToPyUnicode.proto (used by CIntToPyUnicode) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_CheckUnicodeValue(int value); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromOrdinal_Padded(int value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char); + +/* GCCDiagnostics.proto (used by CIntToPyUnicode) */ +#if !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 6)) +#define __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#endif + +/* IncludeStdlibH.proto (used by CIntToPyUnicode) */ +#include + +/* CIntToPyUnicode.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_From_int(value, width, padding_char, format_char) (\ + ((format_char) == ('c')) ?\ + __Pyx_uchar___Pyx_PyUnicode_From_int(value, width, padding_char) :\ + __Pyx____Pyx_PyUnicode_From_int(value, width, padding_char, format_char)\ + ) +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_uchar___Pyx_PyUnicode_From_int(int value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx____Pyx_PyUnicode_From_int(int value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char, char format_char); + +/* CIntToPyUnicode.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_From_Py_ssize_t(value, width, padding_char, format_char) (\ + ((format_char) == ('c')) ?\ + __Pyx_uchar___Pyx_PyUnicode_From_Py_ssize_t(value, width, padding_char) :\ + __Pyx____Pyx_PyUnicode_From_Py_ssize_t(value, width, padding_char, format_char)\ + ) +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_uchar___Pyx_PyUnicode_From_Py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx____Pyx_PyUnicode_From_Py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char, char format_char); + +/* JoinPyUnicode.export */ +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_Join(PyObject** values, Py_ssize_t value_count, Py_ssize_t result_ulength, + Py_UCS4 max_char); + +/* PyObjectFormatSimple.proto */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\ + likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\ + PyObject_Format(s, f)) +#elif CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\ + likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\ + likely(PyLong_CheckExact(s)) ? PyLong_Type.tp_repr(s) :\ + likely(PyFloat_CheckExact(s)) ? PyFloat_Type.tp_repr(s) :\ + PyObject_Format(s, f)) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\ + likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\ + PyObject_Format(s, f)) +#endif + +CYTHON_UNUSED static int __pyx_array_getbuffer(PyObject *__pyx_v_self, Py_buffer *__pyx_v_info, int __pyx_v_flags); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_array_get_memview(struct __pyx_array_obj *); /*proto*/ +/* GetAttr.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr(PyObject *, PyObject *); + +/* GetItemInt.proto */ +#define __Pyx_GetItemInt(o, i, type, is_signed, to_py_func, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck, has_gil, unsafe_shared)\ + (__Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(i, type, is_signed) ?\ + __Pyx_GetItemInt_Fast(o, (Py_ssize_t)i, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck, unsafe_shared) :\ + (is_list ? (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "list index out of range"), (PyObject*)NULL) :\ + __Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(o, to_py_func(i)))) +#define __Pyx_GetItemInt_List(o, i, type, is_signed, to_py_func, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck, has_gil, unsafe_shared)\ + (__Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(i, type, is_signed) ?\ + __Pyx_GetItemInt_List_Fast(o, (Py_ssize_t)i, wraparound, boundscheck, unsafe_shared) :\ + (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "list index out of range"), (PyObject*)NULL)) +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_List_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, + int wraparound, int boundscheck, int unsafe_shared); +#define __Pyx_GetItemInt_Tuple(o, i, type, is_signed, to_py_func, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck, has_gil, unsafe_shared)\ + (__Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(i, type, is_signed) ?\ + __Pyx_GetItemInt_Tuple_Fast(o, (Py_ssize_t)i, wraparound, boundscheck, unsafe_shared) :\ + (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "tuple index out of range"), (PyObject*)NULL)) +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Tuple_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, + int wraparound, int boundscheck, int unsafe_shared); +static PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(PyObject *o, PyObject* j); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, + int is_list, int wraparound, int boundscheck, int unsafe_shared); + +/* ObjectGetItem.proto */ +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyObject_GetItem(PyObject *obj, PyObject *key); +#else +#define __Pyx_PyObject_GetItem(obj, key) PyObject_GetItem(obj, key) +#endif + +/* RejectKeywords.export */ +static void __Pyx_RejectKeywords(const char* function_name, PyObject *kwds); + +/* PyTypeError_Check.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyExc_TypeError_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_TypeError) + +/* DivInt[Py_ssize_t].proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_div_Py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t, Py_ssize_t, int b_is_constant); + +/* UnaryNegOverflows.proto */ +#define __Pyx_UNARY_NEG_WOULD_OVERFLOW(x)\ + (((x) < 0) & ((unsigned long)(x) == 0-(unsigned long)(x))) + +/* GetAttr3.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr3(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *); + +/* PyDictVersioning.proto (used by GetModuleGlobalName) */ +#if CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS && CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS +#define __PYX_DICT_VERSION_INIT ((PY_UINT64_T) -1) +#define __PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(dict) (((PyDictObject*)(dict))->ma_version_tag) +#define __PYX_UPDATE_DICT_CACHE(dict, value, cache_var, version_var)\ + (version_var) = __PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(dict);\ + (cache_var) = (value); +#define __PYX_PY_DICT_LOOKUP_IF_MODIFIED(VAR, DICT, LOOKUP) {\ + static PY_UINT64_T __pyx_dict_version = 0;\ + static PyObject *__pyx_dict_cached_value = NULL;\ + if (likely(__PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(DICT) == __pyx_dict_version)) {\ + (VAR) = __Pyx_XNewRef(__pyx_dict_cached_value);\ + } else {\ + (VAR) = __pyx_dict_cached_value = (LOOKUP);\ + __pyx_dict_version = __PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(DICT);\ + }\ +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PY_UINT64_T __Pyx_get_tp_dict_version(PyObject *obj); +static CYTHON_INLINE PY_UINT64_T __Pyx_get_object_dict_version(PyObject *obj); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_object_dict_version_matches(PyObject* obj, PY_UINT64_T tp_dict_version, PY_UINT64_T obj_dict_version); +#else +#define __PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(dict) (0) +#define __PYX_UPDATE_DICT_CACHE(dict, value, cache_var, version_var) +#define __PYX_PY_DICT_LOOKUP_IF_MODIFIED(VAR, DICT, LOOKUP) (VAR) = (LOOKUP); +#endif + +/* GetModuleGlobalName.proto */ +#if CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS +#define __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(var, name) do {\ + static PY_UINT64_T __pyx_dict_version = 0;\ + static PyObject *__pyx_dict_cached_value = NULL;\ + (var) = (likely(__pyx_dict_version == __PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_d))) ?\ + (likely(__pyx_dict_cached_value) ? __Pyx_NewRef(__pyx_dict_cached_value) : __Pyx_GetBuiltinName(name)) :\ + __Pyx__GetModuleGlobalName(name, &__pyx_dict_version, &__pyx_dict_cached_value);\ +} while(0) +#define __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalNameUncached(var, name) do {\ + PY_UINT64_T __pyx_dict_version;\ + PyObject *__pyx_dict_cached_value;\ + (var) = __Pyx__GetModuleGlobalName(name, &__pyx_dict_version, &__pyx_dict_cached_value);\ +} while(0) +static PyObject *__Pyx__GetModuleGlobalName(PyObject *name, PY_UINT64_T *dict_version, PyObject **dict_cached_value); +#else +#define __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(var, name) (var) = __Pyx__GetModuleGlobalName(name) +#define __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalNameUncached(var, name) (var) = __Pyx__GetModuleGlobalName(name) +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx__GetModuleGlobalName(PyObject *name); +#endif + +/* AssertionsEnabled.proto */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + static int __pyx_assertions_enabled_flag; + #define __pyx_assertions_enabled() (__pyx_assertions_enabled_flag) + #if __clang__ || __GNUC__ + __attribute__((no_sanitize("thread"))) + #endif + static int __Pyx_init_assertions_enabled(void) { + PyObject *builtins, *debug, *debug_str; + int flag; + builtins = PyEval_GetBuiltins(); + if (!builtins) goto bad; + debug_str = PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize("__debug__", 9); + if (!debug_str) goto bad; + debug = PyObject_GetItem(builtins, debug_str); + Py_DECREF(debug_str); + if (!debug) goto bad; + flag = PyObject_IsTrue(debug); + Py_DECREF(debug); + if (flag == -1) goto bad; + __pyx_assertions_enabled_flag = flag; + return 0; + bad: + __pyx_assertions_enabled_flag = 1; + return -1; + } +#else + #define __Pyx_init_assertions_enabled() (0) + #define __pyx_assertions_enabled() (!Py_OptimizeFlag) +#endif + +/* PyAssertionError_Check.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyExc_AssertionError_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_AssertionError) + +/* RaiseTooManyValuesToUnpack.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseTooManyValuesError(Py_ssize_t expected); + +/* RaiseNeedMoreValuesToUnpack.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(Py_ssize_t index); + +/* RaiseNoneIterError.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNoneNotIterableError(void); + +/* ExtTypeTest.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_TypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type); + +/* GetTopmostException.proto (used by SaveResetException) */ +#if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK && CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +static _PyErr_StackItem * __Pyx_PyErr_GetTopmostException(PyThreadState *tstate); +#endif + +/* SaveResetException.proto */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +#define __Pyx_ExceptionSave(type, value, tb) __Pyx__ExceptionSave(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb) +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSave(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); +#define __Pyx_ExceptionReset(type, value, tb) __Pyx__ExceptionReset(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb) +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionReset(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb); +#else +#define __Pyx_ExceptionSave(type, value, tb) PyErr_GetExcInfo(type, value, tb) +#define __Pyx_ExceptionReset(type, value, tb) PyErr_SetExcInfo(type, value, tb) +#endif + +/* GetException.proto */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +#define __Pyx_GetException(type, value, tb) __Pyx__GetException(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb) +static int __Pyx__GetException(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); +#else +static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); +#endif + +/* SwapException.proto */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +#define __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(type, value, tb) __Pyx__ExceptionSwap(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb) +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSwap(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); +#else +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); +#endif + +/* HasAttr.proto (used by ImportImpl) */ +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 +#define __Pyx_HasAttr(o, n) PyObject_HasAttrWithError(o, n) +#else +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_HasAttr(PyObject *, PyObject *); +#endif + +/* ImportImpl.export */ +static PyObject *__Pyx__Import(PyObject *name, PyObject *const *imported_names, Py_ssize_t len_imported_names, PyObject *qualname, PyObject *moddict, int level); + +/* Import.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_Import(PyObject *name, PyObject *const *imported_names, Py_ssize_t len_imported_names, PyObject *qualname, int level); + +/* FastTypeChecks.proto */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +#define __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type) __Pyx_IsSubtype(Py_TYPE(obj), (PyTypeObject *)type) +#define __Pyx_TypeCheck2(obj, type1, type2) __Pyx_IsAnySubtype2(Py_TYPE(obj), (PyTypeObject *)type1, (PyTypeObject *)type2) +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IsAnySubtype2(PyTypeObject *cls, PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyObject *err, PyObject *type); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject *type1, PyObject *type2); +#else +#define __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type) PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, (PyTypeObject *)type) +#define __Pyx_TypeCheck2(obj, type1, type2) (PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, (PyTypeObject *)type1) || PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, (PyTypeObject *)type2)) +#define __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type) PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type) +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject *type1, PyObject *type2) { + return PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type1) || PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type2); +} +#endif +#define __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatches2(err1, err2) __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(__Pyx_PyErr_CurrentExceptionType(), err1, err2) +#define __Pyx_PyException_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_Exception) +#ifdef PyExceptionInstance_Check + #define __Pyx_PyBaseException_Check(obj) PyExceptionInstance_Check(obj) +#else + #define __Pyx_PyBaseException_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_BaseException) +#endif + +CYTHON_UNUSED static int __pyx_memoryview_getbuffer(PyObject *__pyx_v_self, Py_buffer *__pyx_v_info, int __pyx_v_flags); /*proto*/ +/* ListCompAppend.proto */ +#if CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_ListComp_Append(PyObject* list, PyObject* x) { + PyListObject* L = (PyListObject*) list; + Py_ssize_t len = Py_SIZE(list); + if (likely(L->allocated > len)) { + Py_INCREF(x); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + L->ob_item[len] = x; + #else + PyList_SET_ITEM(list, len, x); + #endif + __Pyx_SET_SIZE(list, len + 1); + return 0; + } + return PyList_Append(list, x); +} +#else +#define __Pyx_ListComp_Append(L,x) PyList_Append(L,x) +#endif + +/* PySequenceMultiply.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PySequence_Multiply_Left(mul, seq) __Pyx_PySequence_Multiply(seq, mul) +#if !CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS +#define __Pyx_PySequence_Multiply PySequence_Repeat +#else +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PySequence_Multiply(PyObject *seq, Py_ssize_t mul); +#endif + +/* PyObjectFormatAndDecref.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimpleAndDecref(PyObject* s, PyObject* f); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_FormatAndDecref(PyObject* s, PyObject* f); + +/* PyObjectFormat.proto */ +#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Format(PyObject* s, PyObject* f); +#else +#define __Pyx_PyObject_Format(s, f) PyObject_Format(s, f) +#endif + +/* SetItemInt.proto */ +#define __Pyx_SetItemInt(o, i, v, type, is_signed, to_py_func, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck, has_gil, unsafe_shared)\ + (__Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(i, type, is_signed) ?\ + __Pyx_SetItemInt_Fast(o, (Py_ssize_t)i, v, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck, unsafe_shared) :\ + (is_list ? (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "list assignment index out of range"), -1) :\ + __Pyx_SetItemInt_Generic(o, to_py_func(i), v))) +static int __Pyx_SetItemInt_Generic(PyObject *o, PyObject *j, PyObject *v); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_SetItemInt_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, PyObject *v, + int is_list, int wraparound, int boundscheck, int unsafe_shared); + +/* RaiseUnboundLocalError.proto */ +static void __Pyx_RaiseUnboundLocalError(const char *varname); + +/* PyIndexError_Check.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyExc_IndexError_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_IndexError) + +/* DivInt[long].proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_div_long(long, long, int b_is_constant); + +/* PyImportError_Check.proto */ +#define __Pyx_PyExc_ImportError_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_ImportError) + +/* IsLittleEndian.proto (used by BufferFormatCheck) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_Is_Little_Endian(void); + +/* BufferFormatCheck.proto (used by BufferGetAndValidate) */ +static const char* __Pyx_BufFmt_CheckString(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx, const char* ts); +static void __Pyx_BufFmt_Init(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx, + __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem* stack, + const __Pyx_TypeInfo* type); + +/* BufferGetAndValidate.proto */ +#define __Pyx_GetBufferAndValidate(buf, obj, dtype, flags, nd, cast, stack)\ + ((obj == Py_None || obj == NULL) ?\ + (__Pyx_ZeroBuffer(buf), 0) :\ + __Pyx__GetBufferAndValidate(buf, obj, dtype, flags, nd, cast, stack)) +static int __Pyx__GetBufferAndValidate(Py_buffer* buf, PyObject* obj, + const __Pyx_TypeInfo* dtype, int flags, int nd, int cast, __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem* stack); +static void __Pyx_ZeroBuffer(Py_buffer* buf); +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_SafeReleaseBuffer(Py_buffer* info); +static Py_ssize_t __Pyx_minusones[] = { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 }; +static Py_ssize_t __Pyx_zeros[] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }; + +/* PyObjectVectorCallKwBuilder.proto */ +CYTHON_UNUSED static int __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArg_Check(PyObject *key, PyObject *value, PyObject *builder, PyObject **args, int n); +#if CYTHON_VECTORCALL +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 +#define __Pyx_Object_Vectorcall_CallFromBuilder PyObject_Vectorcall +#else +#define __Pyx_Object_Vectorcall_CallFromBuilder _PyObject_Vectorcall +#endif +#define __Pyx_MakeVectorcallBuilderKwds(n) PyTuple_New(n) +static int __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArg(PyObject *key, PyObject *value, PyObject *builder, PyObject **args, int n); +static int __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArgStr(const char *key, PyObject *value, PyObject *builder, PyObject **args, int n); +#else +#define __Pyx_Object_Vectorcall_CallFromBuilder __Pyx_PyObject_FastCallDict +#define __Pyx_MakeVectorcallBuilderKwds(n) __Pyx_PyDict_NewPresized(n) +#define __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArg(key, value, builder, args, n) PyDict_SetItem(builder, key, value) +#define __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArgStr(key, value, builder, args, n) PyDict_SetItemString(builder, key, value) +#endif + +/* BufferFallbackError.proto */ +static void __Pyx_RaiseBufferFallbackError(void); + +/* ListAppend.proto */ +#if CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyList_Append(PyObject* list, PyObject* x) { + PyListObject* L = (PyListObject*) list; + Py_ssize_t len = Py_SIZE(list); + if (likely(L->allocated > len) & likely(len > (L->allocated >> 1))) { + Py_INCREF(x); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + L->ob_item[len] = x; + #else + PyList_SET_ITEM(list, len, x); + #endif + __Pyx_SET_SIZE(list, len + 1); + return 0; + } + return PyList_Append(list, x); +} +#else +#define __Pyx_PyList_Append(L,x) PyList_Append(L,x) +#endif + +/* PyObjectVectorCallMethodKwBuilder.proto */ +#if CYTHON_VECTORCALL && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 +#define __Pyx_Object_VectorcallMethod_CallFromBuilder PyObject_VectorcallMethod +#else +static PyObject *__Pyx_Object_VectorcallMethod_CallFromBuilder(PyObject *name, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames); +#endif + +/* PyLongBinop.proto */ +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyLong_SubtractObjC(PyObject *op1, PyObject *op2, long intval, int inplace, int zerodivision_check); +#else +#define __Pyx_PyLong_SubtractObjC(op1, op2, intval, inplace, zerodivision_check)\ + (inplace ? PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract(op1, op2) : PyNumber_Subtract(op1, op2)) +#endif + +/* SliceObject.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GetSlice( + PyObject* obj, Py_ssize_t cstart, Py_ssize_t cstop, + PyObject** py_start, PyObject** py_stop, PyObject** py_slice, + int has_cstart, int has_cstop, int wraparound); + +/* AllocateExtensionType.proto */ +static PyObject *__Pyx_AllocateExtensionType(PyTypeObject *t, int is_final); + +/* CallTypeTraverse.proto */ +#if !CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS || (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000) +#define __Pyx_call_type_traverse(o, always_call, visit, arg) 0 +#else +static int __Pyx_call_type_traverse(PyObject *o, int always_call, visitproc visit, void *arg); +#endif + +/* DefaultPlacementNew.proto */ +#include +template +void __Pyx_default_placement_construct(T* x) { + new (static_cast(x)) T(); +} + +/* LimitedApiGetTypeDict.proto (used by SetItemOnTypeDict) */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +static PyObject *__Pyx_GetTypeDict(PyTypeObject *tp); +#endif + +/* SetItemOnTypeDict.proto (used by FixUpExtensionType) */ +static int __Pyx__SetItemOnTypeDict(PyTypeObject *tp, PyObject *k, PyObject *v); +#define __Pyx_SetItemOnTypeDict(tp, k, v) __Pyx__SetItemOnTypeDict((PyTypeObject*)tp, k, v) + +/* FixUpExtensionType.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_fix_up_extension_type_from_spec(PyType_Spec *spec, PyTypeObject *type); + +/* PyObjectCallNoArg.proto (used by PyObjectCallMethod0) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg(PyObject *func); + +/* PyObjectGetMethod.proto (used by PyObjectCallMethod0) */ +#if !(CYTHON_VECTORCALL && (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 || (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000))) +static int __Pyx_PyObject_GetMethod(PyObject *obj, PyObject *name, PyObject **method); +#endif + +/* PyObjectCallMethod0.proto (used by PyType_Ready) */ +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod0(PyObject* obj, PyObject* method_name); + +/* ValidateBasesTuple.proto (used by PyType_Ready) */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS +static int __Pyx_validate_bases_tuple(const char *type_name, Py_ssize_t dictoffset, PyObject *bases); +#endif + +/* PyType_Ready.proto */ +CYTHON_UNUSED static int __Pyx_PyType_Ready(PyTypeObject *t); + +/* SetVTable.proto */ +static int __Pyx_SetVtable(PyTypeObject* typeptr , void* vtable); + +/* GetVTable.proto (used by MergeVTables) */ +static void* __Pyx_GetVtable(PyTypeObject *type); + +/* MergeVTables.proto */ +static int __Pyx_MergeVtables(PyTypeObject *type); + +/* DelItemOnTypeDict.proto (used by SetupReduce) */ +static int __Pyx__DelItemOnTypeDict(PyTypeObject *tp, PyObject *k); +#define __Pyx_DelItemOnTypeDict(tp, k) __Pyx__DelItemOnTypeDict((PyTypeObject*)tp, k) + +/* SetupReduce.proto */ +static int __Pyx_setup_reduce(PyObject* type_obj); + +/* TypeImport.proto */ +#ifndef __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportType_proto_3_2_5 +#define __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportType_proto_3_2_5 +#if defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L +#include +#endif +#if (defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L) || __cplusplus >= 201103L +#define __PYX_GET_STRUCT_ALIGNMENT_3_2_5(s) alignof(s) +#else +#define __PYX_GET_STRUCT_ALIGNMENT_3_2_5(s) sizeof(void*) +#endif +enum __Pyx_ImportType_CheckSize_3_2_5 { + __Pyx_ImportType_CheckSize_Error_3_2_5 = 0, + __Pyx_ImportType_CheckSize_Warn_3_2_5 = 1, + __Pyx_ImportType_CheckSize_Ignore_3_2_5 = 2 +}; +static PyTypeObject *__Pyx_ImportType_3_2_5(PyObject* module, const char *module_name, const char *class_name, size_t size, size_t alignment, enum __Pyx_ImportType_CheckSize_3_2_5 check_size); +#endif + +/* ImportFrom.proto */ +static PyObject* __Pyx_ImportFrom(PyObject* module, PyObject* name); + +/* dict_setdefault.proto (used by FetchCommonType) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyDict_SetDefault(PyObject *d, PyObject *key, PyObject *default_value); + +/* AddModuleRef.proto (used by FetchSharedCythonModule) */ +#if ((CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING ) ||\ + __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000) + static PyObject *__Pyx_PyImport_AddModuleRef(const char *name); +#else + #define __Pyx_PyImport_AddModuleRef(name) PyImport_AddModuleRef(name) +#endif + +/* FetchSharedCythonModule.proto (used by FetchCommonType) */ +static PyObject *__Pyx_FetchSharedCythonABIModule(void); + +/* FetchCommonType.proto (used by CommonTypesMetaclass) */ +static PyTypeObject* __Pyx_FetchCommonTypeFromSpec(PyTypeObject *metaclass, PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases); + +/* CommonTypesMetaclass.proto (used by CythonFunctionShared) */ +static int __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_init(PyObject *module); +#define __Pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_USED + +/* PyMethodNew.proto (used by CythonFunctionShared) */ +static PyObject *__Pyx_PyMethod_New(PyObject *func, PyObject *self, PyObject *typ); + +/* PyVectorcallFastCallDict.proto (used by CythonFunctionShared) */ +#if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL && CYTHON_VECTORCALL +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyVectorcall_FastCallDict(PyObject *func, __pyx_vectorcallfunc vc, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargs, PyObject *kw); +#endif + +/* CythonFunctionShared.proto (used by CythonFunction) */ +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_USED +#define __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_STATICMETHOD 0x01 +#define __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_CLASSMETHOD 0x02 +#define __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_CCLASS 0x04 +#define __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_COROUTINE 0x08 +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_GetClosure(f)\ + (((__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) (f))->func_closure) +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #define __Pyx_CyFunction_GetClassObj(f)\ + (((__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) (f))->func_classobj) +#else + #define __Pyx_CyFunction_GetClassObj(f)\ + ((PyObject*) ((PyCMethodObject *) (f))->mm_class) +#endif +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_SetClassObj(f, classobj)\ + __Pyx__CyFunction_SetClassObj((__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) (f), (classobj)) +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_Defaults(type, f)\ + ((type *)(((__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) (f))->defaults)) +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_SetDefaultsGetter(f, g)\ + ((__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) (f))->defaults_getter = (g) +typedef struct { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject_HEAD + PyObject *func; +#elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1 + PyCFunctionObject func; +#else + PyCMethodObject func; +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + __pyx_vectorcallfunc func_vectorcall; +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *func_weakreflist; +#endif +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *func_dict; +#endif + PyObject *func_name; + PyObject *func_qualname; + PyObject *func_doc; + PyObject *func_globals; + PyObject *func_code; + PyObject *func_closure; +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *func_classobj; +#endif + PyObject *defaults; + int flags; + PyObject *defaults_tuple; + PyObject *defaults_kwdict; + PyObject *(*defaults_getter)(PyObject *); + PyObject *func_annotations; + PyObject *func_is_coroutine; +} __pyx_CyFunctionObject; +#undef __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_Check +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_CyFunctionType) +#define __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck2(obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_CyFunctionType, &PyCFunction_Type) +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_CheckExact(obj) __Pyx_IS_TYPE(obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_CyFunctionType) +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx__IsSameCyOrCFunction(PyObject *func, void (*cfunc)(void)); +#undef __Pyx_IsSameCFunction +#define __Pyx_IsSameCFunction(func, cfunc) __Pyx__IsSameCyOrCFunction(func, cfunc) +static PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_Init(__pyx_CyFunctionObject* op, PyMethodDef *ml, + int flags, PyObject* qualname, + PyObject *closure, + PyObject *module, PyObject *globals, + PyObject* code); +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__CyFunction_SetClassObj(__pyx_CyFunctionObject* f, PyObject* classobj); +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_InitDefaults(PyObject *func, + PyTypeObject *defaults_type); +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetDefaultsTuple(PyObject *m, + PyObject *tuple); +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetDefaultsKwDict(PyObject *m, + PyObject *dict); +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetAnnotationsDict(PyObject *m, + PyObject *dict); +static int __pyx_CyFunction_init(PyObject *module); +#if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL +static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_NOARGS(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames); +static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_O(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames); +static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_FASTCALL_KEYWORDS(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames); +static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_FASTCALL_KEYWORDS_METHOD(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames); +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(f) (((__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)f)->func_vectorcall) +#else +#define __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(f) (((PyCFunctionObject*)f)->vectorcall) +#endif +#endif + +/* CythonFunction.proto */ +static PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_New(PyMethodDef *ml, + int flags, PyObject* qualname, + PyObject *closure, + PyObject *module, PyObject *globals, + PyObject* code); + +/* CLineInTraceback.proto (used by AddTraceback) */ +#if CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK && CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK_RUNTIME +static int __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(PyThreadState *tstate, int c_line); +#else +#define __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(tstate, c_line) (((CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK)) ? c_line : 0) +#endif + +/* CodeObjectCache.proto (used by AddTraceback) */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +typedef PyObject __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType; +#else +typedef PyCodeObject __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType; +#endif +typedef struct { + __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType* code_object; + int code_line; +} __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry; +struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache { + int count; + int max_count; + __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + __pyx_atomic_int_type accessor_count; + #endif +}; +static int __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries, int count, int code_line); +static __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType *__pyx_find_code_object(int code_line); +static void __pyx_insert_code_object(int code_line, __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType* code_object); + +/* AddTraceback.proto */ +static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname, int c_line, + int py_line, const char *filename); + +/* BufferStructDeclare.proto */ +typedef struct { + Py_ssize_t shape, strides, suboffsets; +} __Pyx_Buf_DimInfo; +typedef struct { + size_t refcount; + Py_buffer pybuffer; +} __Pyx_Buffer; +typedef struct { + __Pyx_Buffer *rcbuffer; + char *data; + __Pyx_Buf_DimInfo diminfo[8]; +} __Pyx_LocalBuf_ND; + +/* MemviewRefcount.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_add_acquisition_count_locked( + __pyx_atomic_int_type *acquisition_count, PyThread_type_lock lock); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_sub_acquisition_count_locked( + __pyx_atomic_int_type *acquisition_count, PyThread_type_lock lock); +#define __pyx_get_slice_count_pointer(memview) (&memview->acquisition_count) +#define __PYX_INC_MEMVIEW(slice, have_gil) __Pyx_INC_MEMVIEW(slice, have_gil, __LINE__) +#define __PYX_XCLEAR_MEMVIEW(slice, have_gil) __Pyx_XCLEAR_MEMVIEW(slice, have_gil, __LINE__) +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_INC_MEMVIEW(__Pyx_memviewslice *, int, int); +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_XCLEAR_MEMVIEW(__Pyx_memviewslice *, int, int); + +/* MemviewSliceIsContig.proto */ +static int __pyx_memviewslice_is_contig(const __Pyx_memviewslice mvs, char order, int ndim); + +/* OverlappingSlices.proto */ +static int __pyx_slices_overlap(__Pyx_memviewslice *slice1, + __Pyx_memviewslice *slice2, + int ndim, size_t itemsize); + +/* MemviewSliceInit.proto */ +static int __Pyx_init_memviewslice( + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *memview, + int ndim, + __Pyx_memviewslice *memviewslice, + int memview_is_new_reference); + +/* SliceMemoryviewSlice.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_memoryview_slice_memviewslice( + __Pyx_memviewslice *dst, + Py_ssize_t shape, Py_ssize_t stride, Py_ssize_t suboffset, + int dim, int new_ndim, int *suboffset_dim, + Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop, Py_ssize_t step, + int have_start, int have_stop, int have_step, + int is_slice); + +/* MemviewDtypeToObject.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__pyx_memview_get_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t(const char *itemp); +static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_memview_set_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t(char *itemp, PyObject *obj); + +/* TypeInfoCompare.proto (used by MemviewSliceValidateAndInit) */ +static int __pyx_typeinfo_cmp(const __Pyx_TypeInfo *a, const __Pyx_TypeInfo *b); + +/* MemviewSliceValidateAndInit.export */ +static int __Pyx_ValidateAndInit_memviewslice( + int *axes_specs, + int c_or_f_flag, + int buf_flags, + int ndim, + const __Pyx_TypeInfo *dtype, + __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem stack[], + __Pyx_memviewslice *memviewslice, + PyObject *original_obj); + +/* ObjectToMemviewSlice.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE __Pyx_memviewslice __Pyx_PyObject_to_MemoryviewSlice_ds_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t(PyObject *, int writable_flag); + +/* CheckUnpickleChecksum.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_CheckUnpickleChecksum(long checksum, long checksum1, long checksum2, long checksum3, const char *members); + +/* ObjectToMemviewSlice.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE __Pyx_memviewslice __Pyx_PyObject_to_MemoryviewSlice_dsds_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t(PyObject *, int writable_flag); + +/* RealImag.proto */ +#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX + #ifdef __cplusplus + #define __Pyx_CREAL(z) ((z).real()) + #define __Pyx_CIMAG(z) ((z).imag()) + #else + #define __Pyx_CREAL(z) (__real__(z)) + #define __Pyx_CIMAG(z) (__imag__(z)) + #endif +#else + #define __Pyx_CREAL(z) ((z).real) + #define __Pyx_CIMAG(z) ((z).imag) +#endif +#if defined(__cplusplus) && CYTHON_CCOMPLEX\ + && (defined(_WIN32) || defined(__clang__) || (defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ >= 5 || __GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 4 )) || __cplusplus >= 201103) + #define __Pyx_SET_CREAL(z,x) ((z).real(x)) + #define __Pyx_SET_CIMAG(z,y) ((z).imag(y)) +#else + #define __Pyx_SET_CREAL(z,x) __Pyx_CREAL(z) = (x) + #define __Pyx_SET_CIMAG(z,y) __Pyx_CIMAG(z) = (y) +#endif + +/* Arithmetic.proto */ +#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && (1) && (!0 || __cplusplus) + #define __Pyx_c_eq_float(a, b) ((a)==(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_sum_float(a, b) ((a)+(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_diff_float(a, b) ((a)-(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_prod_float(a, b) ((a)*(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_quot_float(a, b) ((a)/(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_neg_float(a) (-(a)) + #ifdef __cplusplus + #define __Pyx_c_is_zero_float(z) ((z)==(float)0) + #define __Pyx_c_conj_float(z) (::std::conj(z)) + #if 1 + #define __Pyx_c_abs_float(z) (::std::abs(z)) + #define __Pyx_c_pow_float(a, b) (::std::pow(a, b)) + #endif + #else + #define __Pyx_c_is_zero_float(z) ((z)==0) + #define __Pyx_c_conj_float(z) (conjf(z)) + #if 1 + #define __Pyx_c_abs_float(z) (cabsf(z)) + #define __Pyx_c_pow_float(a, b) (cpowf(a, b)) + #endif + #endif +#else + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_eq_float(__pyx_t_float_complex, __pyx_t_float_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_sum_float(__pyx_t_float_complex, __pyx_t_float_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_diff_float(__pyx_t_float_complex, __pyx_t_float_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_prod_float(__pyx_t_float_complex, __pyx_t_float_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_quot_float(__pyx_t_float_complex, __pyx_t_float_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_neg_float(__pyx_t_float_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_is_zero_float(__pyx_t_float_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_conj_float(__pyx_t_float_complex); + #if 1 + static CYTHON_INLINE float __Pyx_c_abs_float(__pyx_t_float_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_pow_float(__pyx_t_float_complex, __pyx_t_float_complex); + #endif +#endif + +/* Arithmetic.proto */ +#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && (1) && (!0 || __cplusplus) + #define __Pyx_c_eq_double(a, b) ((a)==(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_sum_double(a, b) ((a)+(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_diff_double(a, b) ((a)-(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_prod_double(a, b) ((a)*(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_quot_double(a, b) ((a)/(b)) + #define __Pyx_c_neg_double(a) (-(a)) + #ifdef __cplusplus + #define __Pyx_c_is_zero_double(z) ((z)==(double)0) + #define __Pyx_c_conj_double(z) (::std::conj(z)) + #if 1 + #define __Pyx_c_abs_double(z) (::std::abs(z)) + #define __Pyx_c_pow_double(a, b) (::std::pow(a, b)) + #endif + #else + #define __Pyx_c_is_zero_double(z) ((z)==0) + #define __Pyx_c_conj_double(z) (conj(z)) + #if 1 + #define __Pyx_c_abs_double(z) (cabs(z)) + #define __Pyx_c_pow_double(a, b) (cpow(a, b)) + #endif + #endif +#else + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_eq_double(__pyx_t_double_complex, __pyx_t_double_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_sum_double(__pyx_t_double_complex, __pyx_t_double_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_diff_double(__pyx_t_double_complex, __pyx_t_double_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_prod_double(__pyx_t_double_complex, __pyx_t_double_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_quot_double(__pyx_t_double_complex, __pyx_t_double_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_neg_double(__pyx_t_double_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_is_zero_double(__pyx_t_double_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_conj_double(__pyx_t_double_complex); + #if 1 + static CYTHON_INLINE double __Pyx_c_abs_double(__pyx_t_double_complex); + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_pow_double(__pyx_t_double_complex, __pyx_t_double_complex); + #endif +#endif + +/* MemviewSliceCopy.proto */ +static __Pyx_memviewslice +__pyx_memoryview_copy_new_contig(const __Pyx_memviewslice *from_mvs, + const char *mode, int ndim, + size_t sizeof_dtype, int contig_flag, + int dtype_is_object); + +/* CIntToPy.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyLong_From_npy_int64(npy_int64 value); + +/* CIntFromPy.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE npy_int64 __Pyx_PyLong_As_npy_int64(PyObject *); + +/* CIntFromPy.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyLong_As_int(PyObject *); + +/* CIntFromPy.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_PyLong_As_long(PyObject *); + +/* CIntToPy.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyLong_From_long(long value); + +/* PyObjectCall2Args.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Call2Args(PyObject* function, PyObject* arg1, PyObject* arg2); + +/* PyObjectCallMethod1.proto */ +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod1(PyObject* obj, PyObject* method_name, PyObject* arg); + +/* UpdateUnpickledDict.proto */ +static int __Pyx_UpdateUnpickledDict(PyObject *obj, PyObject *state, Py_ssize_t index); + +/* CIntToPy.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyLong_From_int(int value); + +/* CIntFromPy.proto */ +static CYTHON_INLINE char __Pyx_PyLong_As_char(PyObject *); + +/* FormatTypeName.proto */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +typedef PyObject *__Pyx_TypeName; +#define __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "%U" +#define __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(obj) Py_XDECREF(obj) +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 +#define __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName +#else +static __Pyx_TypeName __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(PyTypeObject* tp); +#endif +#else // !LIMITED_API +typedef const char *__Pyx_TypeName; +#define __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "%.200s" +#define __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(tp) ((tp)->tp_name) +#define __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(obj) +#endif + +/* GetRuntimeVersion.proto */ +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030b0000 +static unsigned long __Pyx_cached_runtime_version = 0; +static void __Pyx_init_runtime_version(void); +#else +#define __Pyx_init_runtime_version() +#endif +static unsigned long __Pyx_get_runtime_version(void); + +/* CheckBinaryVersion.proto */ +static int __Pyx_check_binary_version(unsigned long ct_version, unsigned long rt_version, int allow_newer); + +/* DecompressString.proto */ +static PyObject *__Pyx_DecompressString(const char *s, Py_ssize_t length, int algo); + +/* MultiPhaseInitModuleState.proto */ +#if CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT && CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE +static PyObject *__Pyx_State_FindModule(void*); +static int __Pyx_State_AddModule(PyObject* module, void*); +static int __Pyx_State_RemoveModule(void*); +#elif CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE +#define __Pyx_State_FindModule PyState_FindModule +#define __Pyx_State_AddModule PyState_AddModule +#define __Pyx_State_RemoveModule PyState_RemoveModule +#endif + +/* #### Code section: module_declarations ### */ +/* CythonABIVersion.proto */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #define __PYX_FASTCALL_ABI_SUFFIX "_fastcall" + #else + #define __PYX_FASTCALL_ABI_SUFFIX + #endif + #define __PYX_LIMITED_ABI_SUFFIX "limited" __PYX_FASTCALL_ABI_SUFFIX __PYX_AM_SEND_ABI_SUFFIX +#else + #define __PYX_LIMITED_ABI_SUFFIX +#endif +#if __PYX_HAS_PY_AM_SEND == 1 + #define __PYX_AM_SEND_ABI_SUFFIX +#elif __PYX_HAS_PY_AM_SEND == 2 + #define __PYX_AM_SEND_ABI_SUFFIX "amsendbackport" +#else + #define __PYX_AM_SEND_ABI_SUFFIX "noamsend" +#endif +#ifndef __PYX_MONITORING_ABI_SUFFIX + #define __PYX_MONITORING_ABI_SUFFIX +#endif +#if CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE + #define __PYX_TP_FINALIZE_ABI_SUFFIX +#else + #define __PYX_TP_FINALIZE_ABI_SUFFIX "nofinalize" +#endif +#if CYTHON_USE_FREELISTS || !defined(__Pyx_AsyncGen_USED) + #define __PYX_FREELISTS_ABI_SUFFIX +#else + #define __PYX_FREELISTS_ABI_SUFFIX "nofreelists" +#endif +#define CYTHON_ABI __PYX_ABI_VERSION __PYX_LIMITED_ABI_SUFFIX __PYX_MONITORING_ABI_SUFFIX __PYX_TP_FINALIZE_ABI_SUFFIX __PYX_FREELISTS_ABI_SUFFIX __PYX_AM_SEND_ABI_SUFFIX +#define __PYX_ABI_MODULE_NAME "_cython_" CYTHON_ABI +#define __PYX_TYPE_MODULE_PREFIX __PYX_ABI_MODULE_NAME "." + +static PyObject *__pyx_array_get_memview(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static char *__pyx_memoryview_get_item_pointer(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_index); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_is_slice(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_obj); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_setitem_slice_assignment(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_dst, PyObject *__pyx_v_src); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_setitem_slice_assign_scalar(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_dst, PyObject *__pyx_v_value); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_setitem_indexed(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_index, PyObject *__pyx_v_value); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_convert_item_to_object(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, char *__pyx_v_itemp); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_assign_item_from_object(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, char *__pyx_v_itemp, PyObject *__pyx_v_value); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview__get_base(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryviewslice_convert_item_to_object(struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *__pyx_v_self, char *__pyx_v_itemp); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryviewslice_assign_item_from_object(struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *__pyx_v_self, char *__pyx_v_itemp, PyObject *__pyx_v_value); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryviewslice__get_base(struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__pyx_f_5numpy_7ndarray_4base_base(PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyArray_Descr *__pyx_f_5numpy_7ndarray_5descr_descr(PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_f_5numpy_7ndarray_4ndim_ndim(PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static CYTHON_INLINE npy_intp *__pyx_f_5numpy_7ndarray_5shape_shape(PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static CYTHON_INLINE npy_intp *__pyx_f_5numpy_7ndarray_7strides_strides(PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static CYTHON_INLINE npy_intp __pyx_f_5numpy_7ndarray_4size_size(PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static CYTHON_INLINE char *__pyx_f_5numpy_7ndarray_4data_data(PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_f_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_15DatasetSearcher_reset(struct __pyx_obj_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/ +static int __pyx_f_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_15DatasetSearcher_step(struct __pyx_obj_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher *__pyx_v_self, __pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t __pyx_v_i); /* proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_f_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_15DatasetSearcher_seek(struct __pyx_obj_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher *__pyx_v_self, __pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t __pyx_v_i); /* proto*/ + +/* Module declarations from "libc.math" */ + +/* Module declarations from "cython.view" */ + +/* Module declarations from "cython.dataclasses" */ + +/* Module declarations from "cython" */ + +/* Module declarations from "libc.string" */ + +/* Module declarations from "libc.stdio" */ + +/* Module declarations from "__builtin__" */ + +/* Module declarations from "cpython.type" */ + +/* Module declarations from "cpython" */ + +/* Module declarations from "cpython.object" */ + +/* Module declarations from "cpython.ref" */ + +/* Module declarations from "numpy" */ + +/* Module declarations from "numpy" */ + +/* Module declarations from "fairseq.data.token_block_utils_fast" */ +static PyObject *__pyx_collections_abc_Sequence = 0; +static PyObject *generic = 0; +static PyObject *strided = 0; +static PyObject *indirect = 0; +static PyObject *contiguous = 0; +static PyObject *indirect_contiguous = 0; +static int __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks_used; +static PyThread_type_lock __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks[8]; +static PyArrayObject *__pyx_f_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast__get_slice_indices_none_mode(PyArrayObject *, int); /*proto*/ +static PyArrayObject *__pyx_f_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast__fast_convert_to_np_array(PyObject *); /*proto*/ +static PyArrayObject *__pyx_f_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast__get_slice_indices_fast(PyArrayObject *, PyObject *, int, int, int __pyx_skip_dispatch); /*proto*/ +static PyArrayObject *__pyx_f_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast__get_block_to_dataset_index_fast(PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_f_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast___pyx_unpickle_DatasetSearcher__set_state(struct __pyx_obj_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher *, PyObject *); /*proto*/ +static int __pyx_array_allocate_buffer(struct __pyx_array_obj *); /*proto*/ +static struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_array_new(PyObject *, Py_ssize_t, char *, char const *, char *); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_new(PyObject *, int, int, __Pyx_TypeInfo const *); /*proto*/ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_memoryview_check(PyObject *); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *_unellipsify(PyObject *, int); /*proto*/ +static int assert_direct_dimensions(Py_ssize_t *, int); /*proto*/ +static struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_memview_slice(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *, PyObject *); /*proto*/ +static char *__pyx_pybuffer_index(Py_buffer *, char *, Py_ssize_t, Py_ssize_t); /*proto*/ +static int __pyx_memslice_transpose(__Pyx_memviewslice *); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_fromslice(__Pyx_memviewslice, int, PyObject *(*)(char *), int (*)(char *, PyObject *), int); /*proto*/ +static __Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_memoryview_get_slice_from_memoryview(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *, __Pyx_memviewslice *); /*proto*/ +static void __pyx_memoryview_slice_copy(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *, __Pyx_memviewslice *); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_copy_object(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview_copy_object_from_slice(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *, __Pyx_memviewslice *); /*proto*/ +static Py_ssize_t abs_py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t); /*proto*/ +static char __pyx_get_best_slice_order(__Pyx_memviewslice *, int); /*proto*/ +static void _copy_strided_to_strided(char *, Py_ssize_t *, char *, Py_ssize_t *, Py_ssize_t *, Py_ssize_t *, int, size_t); /*proto*/ +static void copy_strided_to_strided(__Pyx_memviewslice *, __Pyx_memviewslice *, int, size_t); /*proto*/ +static Py_ssize_t __pyx_memoryview_slice_get_size(__Pyx_memviewslice *, int); /*proto*/ +static Py_ssize_t __pyx_fill_contig_strides_array(Py_ssize_t *, Py_ssize_t *, Py_ssize_t, int, char); /*proto*/ +static void *__pyx_memoryview_copy_data_to_temp(__Pyx_memviewslice *, __Pyx_memviewslice *, char, int); /*proto*/ +static int __pyx_memoryview_err_extents(int, Py_ssize_t, Py_ssize_t); /*proto*/ +static int __pyx_memoryview_err_dim(PyObject *, PyObject *, int); /*proto*/ +static int __pyx_memoryview_err(PyObject *, PyObject *); /*proto*/ +static int __pyx_memoryview_err_no_memory(void); /*proto*/ +static int __pyx_memoryview_copy_contents(__Pyx_memviewslice, __Pyx_memviewslice, int, int, int); /*proto*/ +static void __pyx_memoryview_broadcast_leading(__Pyx_memviewslice *, int, int); /*proto*/ +static void __pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying(__Pyx_memviewslice *, int, int, int); /*proto*/ +static void __pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(char *, Py_ssize_t *, Py_ssize_t *, int, int); /*proto*/ +static void __pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice(char *, Py_ssize_t *, Py_ssize_t *, int, int); /*proto*/ +static void __pyx_memoryview_slice_assign_scalar(__Pyx_memviewslice *, int, size_t, void *, int); /*proto*/ +static void __pyx_memoryview__slice_assign_scalar(char *, Py_ssize_t *, Py_ssize_t *, int, size_t, void *); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_unpickle_Enum__set_state(struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *, PyObject *); /*proto*/ +/* #### Code section: typeinfo ### */ +static const __Pyx_TypeInfo __Pyx_TypeInfo_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t = { "DTYPE_t", NULL, sizeof(__pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t), { 0 }, 0, __PYX_IS_UNSIGNED(__pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t) ? 'U' : 'I', __PYX_IS_UNSIGNED(__pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t), 0 }; +/* #### Code section: before_global_var ### */ +#define __Pyx_MODULE_NAME "fairseq.data.token_block_utils_fast" +extern int __pyx_module_is_main_fairseq__data__token_block_utils_fast; +int __pyx_module_is_main_fairseq__data__token_block_utils_fast = 0; + +/* Implementation of "fairseq.data.token_block_utils_fast" */ +/* #### Code section: global_var ### */ +static PyObject *__pyx_builtin___import__; +static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_enumerate; +static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_Ellipsis; +static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_id; +/* #### Code section: string_decls ### */ +static const char __pyx_k_c[] = "c"; +static const char __pyx_k_name[] = "name"; +static const char __pyx_k_fortran[] = "fortran"; +static const char __pyx_k_current_i_current_index_current[] = "current_i, current_index, current_offset, sizes"; +/* #### Code section: decls ### */ +static int __pyx_array___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_5array___cinit__(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_shape, Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_itemsize, PyObject *__pyx_v_format, PyObject *__pyx_v_mode, int __pyx_v_allocate_buffer); /* proto */ +static int __pyx_array___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_5array_2__getbuffer__(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self, Py_buffer *__pyx_v_info, int __pyx_v_flags); /* proto */ +static void __pyx_array___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_5array_4__dealloc__(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_5array_7memview___get__(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static Py_ssize_t __pyx_array___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_5array_6__len__(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_array___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_5array_8__getattr__(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_attr); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_array___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_5array_10__getitem__(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_item); /* proto */ +static int __pyx_array___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_5array_12__setitem__(struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_item, PyObject *__pyx_v_value); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf___pyx_array___reduce_cython__(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf___pyx_array_2__setstate_cython__(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_array_obj *__pyx_v_self, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_state); /* proto */ +static int __pyx_MemviewEnum___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_4Enum___init__(struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_name); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_MemviewEnum___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_4Enum_2__repr__(struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf___pyx_MemviewEnum___reduce_cython__(struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf___pyx_MemviewEnum_2__setstate_cython__(struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_state); /* proto */ +static int __pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview___cinit__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_obj, int __pyx_v_flags, int __pyx_v_dtype_is_object); /* proto */ +static void __pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_2__dealloc__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_4__getitem__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_index); /* proto */ +static int __pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_6__setitem__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_index, PyObject *__pyx_v_value); /* proto */ +static int __pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_8__getbuffer__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, Py_buffer *__pyx_v_info, int __pyx_v_flags); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_1T___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_4base___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_5shape___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_7strides___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_10suboffsets___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_4ndim___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_8itemsize___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_6nbytes___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_4size___get__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static Py_ssize_t __pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_10__len__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_12__repr__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_14__str__(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_16is_c_contig(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_18is_f_contig(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_20copy(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_memoryview___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_22copy_fortran(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf___pyx_memoryview___reduce_cython__(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf___pyx_memoryview_2__setstate_cython__(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *__pyx_v_self, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_state); /* proto */ +static void __pyx_memoryviewslice___pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView_16_memoryviewslice___dealloc__(struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf___pyx_memoryviewslice___reduce_cython__(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf___pyx_memoryviewslice_2__setstate_cython__(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *__pyx_v_self, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_state); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_15View_dot_MemoryView___pyx_unpickle_Enum(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_type, long __pyx_v___pyx_checksum, PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_state); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast__get_slice_indices_fast(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_sizes, PyObject *__pyx_v_break_mode, int __pyx_v_block_size, int __pyx_v_document_sep_len); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_2_get_block_to_dataset_index_fast(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_sizes, PyArrayObject *__pyx_v_slice_indices); /* proto */ +static int __pyx_pf_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_15DatasetSearcher___init__(struct __pyx_obj_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher *__pyx_v_self, __Pyx_memviewslice __pyx_v_sizes); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_15DatasetSearcher_2__reduce_cython__(struct __pyx_obj_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_15DatasetSearcher_4__setstate_cython__(struct __pyx_obj_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_state); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_pf_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_4__pyx_unpickle_DatasetSearcher(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_type, long __pyx_v___pyx_checksum, PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_state); /* proto */ +static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_array(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_Enum(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_memoryview(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k); /*proto*/ +static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new__memoryviewslice(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k); /*proto*/ +/* #### Code section: late_includes ### */ +/* #### Code section: module_state ### */ +/* SmallCodeConfig */ +#ifndef CYTHON_SMALL_CODE +#if defined(__clang__) + #define CYTHON_SMALL_CODE +#elif defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)) + #define CYTHON_SMALL_CODE __attribute__((cold)) +#else + #define CYTHON_SMALL_CODE +#endif +#endif + +typedef struct { + PyObject *__pyx_d; + PyObject *__pyx_b; + PyObject *__pyx_cython_runtime; + PyObject *__pyx_empty_tuple; + PyObject *__pyx_empty_bytes; + PyObject *__pyx_empty_unicode; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_7cpython_4type_type; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_dtype; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_flatiter; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_broadcast; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_ndarray; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_generic; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_number; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_integer; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_signedinteger; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_unsignedinteger; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_inexact; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_floating; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_complexfloating; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_flexible; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_character; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_ufunc; + PyObject *__pyx_type_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher; + PyObject *__pyx_type___pyx_array; + PyObject *__pyx_type___pyx_MemviewEnum; + PyObject *__pyx_type___pyx_memoryview; + PyObject *__pyx_type___pyx_memoryviewslice; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_array_type; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_MemviewEnum_type; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_memoryview_type; + PyTypeObject *__pyx_memoryviewslice_type; + __Pyx_CachedCFunction __pyx_umethod_PyDict_Type_items; + __Pyx_CachedCFunction __pyx_umethod_PyDict_Type_pop; + __Pyx_CachedCFunction __pyx_umethod_PyDict_Type_values; + PyObject *__pyx_slice[2]; + PyObject *__pyx_tuple[3]; + PyObject *__pyx_codeobj_tab[5]; + PyObject *__pyx_string_tab[154]; + PyObject *__pyx_number_tab[7]; +/* #### Code section: module_state_contents ### */ +/* CommonTypesMetaclass.module_state_decls */ +PyTypeObject *__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclassType; + +/* CachedMethodType.module_state_decls */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +PyObject *__Pyx_CachedMethodType; +#endif + +/* CythonFunctionShared.module_state_decls */ +PyTypeObject *__pyx_CyFunctionType; + +/* CodeObjectCache.module_state_decls */ +struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache __pyx_code_cache; + +/* #### Code section: module_state_end ### */ +} __pyx_mstatetype; + +#if CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE +#ifdef __cplusplus +namespace { +extern struct PyModuleDef __pyx_moduledef; +} /* anonymous namespace */ +#else +static struct PyModuleDef __pyx_moduledef; +#endif + +#define __pyx_mstate_global (__Pyx_PyModule_GetState(__Pyx_State_FindModule(&__pyx_moduledef))) + +#define __pyx_m (__Pyx_State_FindModule(&__pyx_moduledef)) +#else +static __pyx_mstatetype __pyx_mstate_global_static = +#ifdef __cplusplus + {}; +#else + {0}; +#endif +static __pyx_mstatetype * const __pyx_mstate_global = &__pyx_mstate_global_static; +#endif +/* #### Code section: constant_name_defines ### */ +#define __pyx_kp_u_ __pyx_string_tab[0] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Buffer_view_does_not_expose_stri __pyx_string_tab[1] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Can_only_create_a_buffer_that_is __pyx_string_tab[2] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Cannot_assign_to_read_only_memor __pyx_string_tab[3] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Cannot_create_writable_memory_vi __pyx_string_tab[4] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Cannot_index_with_type __pyx_string_tab[5] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Cannot_transpose_memoryview_with __pyx_string_tab[6] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Dimension_d_is_not_direct __pyx_string_tab[7] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Empty_shape_tuple_for_cython_arr __pyx_string_tab[8] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Indirect_dimensions_not_supporte __pyx_string_tab[9] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Invalid_break_mode __pyx_string_tab[10] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Invalid_mode_expected_c_or_fortr __pyx_string_tab[11] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Invalid_shape_in_axis __pyx_string_tab[12] +#define __pyx_kp_u_MemoryView_of __pyx_string_tab[13] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Note_that_Cython_is_deliberately __pyx_string_tab[14] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Out_of_bounds_on_buffer_access_a __pyx_string_tab[15] +#define __pyx_kp_u_Unable_to_convert_item_to_object __pyx_string_tab[16] +#define __pyx_kp_u__2 __pyx_string_tab[17] +#define __pyx_kp_u__3 __pyx_string_tab[18] +#define __pyx_kp_u__4 __pyx_string_tab[19] +#define __pyx_kp_u__5 __pyx_string_tab[20] +#define __pyx_kp_u__6 __pyx_string_tab[21] +#define __pyx_kp_u_add_note __pyx_string_tab[22] +#define __pyx_kp_u_and __pyx_string_tab[23] +#define __pyx_kp_u_at_0x __pyx_string_tab[24] +#define __pyx_kp_u_collections_abc __pyx_string_tab[25] +#define __pyx_kp_u_contiguous_and_direct __pyx_string_tab[26] +#define __pyx_kp_u_contiguous_and_indirect __pyx_string_tab[27] +#define __pyx_kp_u_disable __pyx_string_tab[28] +#define __pyx_kp_u_enable __pyx_string_tab[29] +#define __pyx_kp_u_fairseq_data_token_block_utils_f_2 __pyx_string_tab[30] +#define __pyx_kp_u_gc __pyx_string_tab[31] +#define __pyx_kp_u_got __pyx_string_tab[32] +#define __pyx_kp_u_got_differing_extents_in_dimensi __pyx_string_tab[33] +#define __pyx_kp_u_isenabled __pyx_string_tab[34] +#define __pyx_kp_u_itemsize_0_for_cython_array __pyx_string_tab[35] +#define __pyx_kp_u_no_default___reduce___due_to_non __pyx_string_tab[36] +#define __pyx_kp_u_numpy_core_multiarray_failed_to __pyx_string_tab[37] +#define __pyx_kp_u_numpy_core_umath_failed_to_impor __pyx_string_tab[38] +#define __pyx_kp_u_object __pyx_string_tab[39] +#define __pyx_kp_u_strided_and_direct __pyx_string_tab[40] +#define __pyx_kp_u_strided_and_direct_or_indirect __pyx_string_tab[41] +#define __pyx_kp_u_strided_and_indirect __pyx_string_tab[42] +#define __pyx_kp_u_stringsource __pyx_string_tab[43] +#define __pyx_kp_u_unable_to_allocate_array_data __pyx_string_tab[44] +#define __pyx_kp_u_unable_to_allocate_shape_and_str __pyx_string_tab[45] +#define __pyx_n_u_ASCII __pyx_string_tab[46] +#define __pyx_n_u_DTYPE __pyx_string_tab[47] +#define __pyx_n_u_DatasetSearcher __pyx_string_tab[48] +#define __pyx_n_u_DatasetSearcher___reduce_cython __pyx_string_tab[49] +#define __pyx_n_u_DatasetSearcher___setstate_cytho __pyx_string_tab[50] +#define __pyx_n_u_Ellipsis __pyx_string_tab[51] +#define __pyx_n_u_Pyx_PyDict_NextRef __pyx_string_tab[52] +#define __pyx_n_u_Sequence __pyx_string_tab[53] +#define __pyx_n_u_View_MemoryView __pyx_string_tab[54] +#define __pyx_n_u_abc __pyx_string_tab[55] +#define __pyx_n_u_allocate_buffer __pyx_string_tab[56] +#define __pyx_n_u_asyncio_coroutines __pyx_string_tab[57] +#define __pyx_n_u_axis __pyx_string_tab[58] +#define __pyx_n_u_base __pyx_string_tab[59] +#define __pyx_n_u_block_size __pyx_string_tab[60] +#define __pyx_n_u_break_mode __pyx_string_tab[61] +#define __pyx_n_u_c __pyx_string_tab[62] +#define __pyx_n_u_chain __pyx_string_tab[63] +#define __pyx_n_u_class __pyx_string_tab[64] +#define __pyx_n_u_class_getitem __pyx_string_tab[65] +#define __pyx_n_u_cline_in_traceback __pyx_string_tab[66] +#define __pyx_n_u_complete __pyx_string_tab[67] +#define __pyx_n_u_complete_doc __pyx_string_tab[68] +#define __pyx_n_u_count __pyx_string_tab[69] +#define __pyx_n_u_cumsum __pyx_string_tab[70] +#define __pyx_n_u_dict __pyx_string_tab[71] +#define __pyx_n_u_dict_2 __pyx_string_tab[72] +#define __pyx_n_u_document_sep_len __pyx_string_tab[73] +#define __pyx_n_u_dtype __pyx_string_tab[74] +#define __pyx_n_u_dtype_is_object __pyx_string_tab[75] +#define __pyx_n_u_encode __pyx_string_tab[76] +#define __pyx_n_u_enumerate __pyx_string_tab[77] +#define __pyx_n_u_eos __pyx_string_tab[78] +#define __pyx_n_u_error __pyx_string_tab[79] +#define __pyx_n_u_fairseq_data_token_block_utils_f __pyx_string_tab[80] +#define __pyx_n_u_flags __pyx_string_tab[81] +#define __pyx_n_u_format __pyx_string_tab[82] +#define __pyx_n_u_fortran __pyx_string_tab[83] +#define __pyx_n_u_from_iterable __pyx_string_tab[84] +#define __pyx_n_u_fromiter __pyx_string_tab[85] +#define __pyx_n_u_func __pyx_string_tab[86] +#define __pyx_n_u_get_block_to_dataset_index_fast __pyx_string_tab[87] +#define __pyx_n_u_get_slice_indices_fast __pyx_string_tab[88] +#define __pyx_n_u_getstate __pyx_string_tab[89] +#define __pyx_n_u_id __pyx_string_tab[90] +#define __pyx_n_u_import __pyx_string_tab[91] +#define __pyx_n_u_index __pyx_string_tab[92] +#define __pyx_n_u_int64 __pyx_string_tab[93] +#define __pyx_n_u_is_coroutine __pyx_string_tab[94] +#define __pyx_n_u_items __pyx_string_tab[95] +#define __pyx_n_u_itemsize __pyx_string_tab[96] +#define __pyx_n_u_itertools __pyx_string_tab[97] +#define __pyx_n_u_main __pyx_string_tab[98] +#define __pyx_n_u_memview __pyx_string_tab[99] +#define __pyx_n_u_mode __pyx_string_tab[100] +#define __pyx_n_u_module __pyx_string_tab[101] +#define __pyx_n_u_name __pyx_string_tab[102] +#define __pyx_n_u_name_2 __pyx_string_tab[103] +#define __pyx_n_u_ndim __pyx_string_tab[104] +#define __pyx_n_u_new __pyx_string_tab[105] +#define __pyx_n_u_none __pyx_string_tab[106] +#define __pyx_n_u_np __pyx_string_tab[107] +#define __pyx_n_u_numpy __pyx_string_tab[108] +#define __pyx_n_u_obj __pyx_string_tab[109] +#define __pyx_n_u_pack __pyx_string_tab[110] +#define __pyx_n_u_pop __pyx_string_tab[111] +#define __pyx_n_u_pyx_checksum __pyx_string_tab[112] +#define __pyx_n_u_pyx_result __pyx_string_tab[113] +#define __pyx_n_u_pyx_state __pyx_string_tab[114] +#define __pyx_n_u_pyx_type __pyx_string_tab[115] +#define __pyx_n_u_pyx_unpickle_DatasetSearcher __pyx_string_tab[116] +#define __pyx_n_u_pyx_unpickle_Enum __pyx_string_tab[117] +#define __pyx_n_u_pyx_vtable __pyx_string_tab[118] +#define __pyx_n_u_qualname __pyx_string_tab[119] +#define __pyx_n_u_reduce __pyx_string_tab[120] +#define __pyx_n_u_reduce_cython __pyx_string_tab[121] +#define __pyx_n_u_reduce_ex __pyx_string_tab[122] +#define __pyx_n_u_register __pyx_string_tab[123] +#define __pyx_n_u_reshape __pyx_string_tab[124] +#define __pyx_n_u_self __pyx_string_tab[125] +#define __pyx_n_u_set_name __pyx_string_tab[126] +#define __pyx_n_u_setdefault __pyx_string_tab[127] +#define __pyx_n_u_setstate __pyx_string_tab[128] +#define __pyx_n_u_setstate_cython __pyx_string_tab[129] +#define __pyx_n_u_shape __pyx_string_tab[130] +#define __pyx_n_u_size __pyx_string_tab[131] +#define __pyx_n_u_sizes __pyx_string_tab[132] +#define __pyx_n_u_slice_indices __pyx_string_tab[133] +#define __pyx_n_u_start __pyx_string_tab[134] +#define __pyx_n_u_state __pyx_string_tab[135] +#define __pyx_n_u_step __pyx_string_tab[136] +#define __pyx_n_u_stop __pyx_string_tab[137] +#define __pyx_n_u_struct __pyx_string_tab[138] +#define __pyx_n_u_sum __pyx_string_tab[139] +#define __pyx_n_u_test __pyx_string_tab[140] +#define __pyx_n_u_torch __pyx_string_tab[141] +#define __pyx_n_u_unpack __pyx_string_tab[142] +#define __pyx_n_u_update __pyx_string_tab[143] +#define __pyx_n_u_use_setstate __pyx_string_tab[144] +#define __pyx_n_u_values __pyx_string_tab[145] +#define __pyx_n_u_x __pyx_string_tab[146] +#define __pyx_n_u_zeros __pyx_string_tab[147] +#define __pyx_kp_b_iso88591_1_Q_Q_1_U_1_4AWA_Cq_gRs_1_z_Qhc __pyx_string_tab[148] +#define __pyx_kp_b_iso88591_QfA __pyx_string_tab[149] +#define __pyx_kp_b_iso88591_T_T_1_5Fd_G1F_a_vWE_Q_q_q_q_0_A __pyx_string_tab[150] +#define __pyx_kp_b_iso88591_oQa_b_aq_1L_ffg_5Q_A_M_q_U_1_r __pyx_string_tab[151] +#define __pyx_kp_b_iso88591_q_0_kQR_1_7_1_2DNRS_1 __pyx_string_tab[152] +#define __pyx_n_b_O 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Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_7cpython_4type_type); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_dtype); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_flatiter); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_broadcast); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_ndarray); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_generic); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_number); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_integer); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_signedinteger); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_unsignedinteger); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_inexact); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_floating); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_complexfloating); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_flexible); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_character); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_ufunc); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_ptype_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_type_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_array_type); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_type___pyx_array); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_MemviewEnum_type); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_type___pyx_MemviewEnum); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_memoryview_type); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_type___pyx_memoryview); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_memoryviewslice_type); + Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_type___pyx_memoryviewslice); + for (int i=0; i<2; ++i) { Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_slice[i]); } + for (int i=0; i<3; ++i) { Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_tuple[i]); } + for (int i=0; i<5; ++i) { Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_codeobj_tab[i]); } + for (int i=0; i<154; ++i) { Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_string_tab[i]); } + for (int i=0; i<7; ++i) { Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_number_tab[i]); } +/* #### Code section: module_state_clear_contents ### */ +/* CommonTypesMetaclass.module_state_clear */ +Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclassType); + +/* CythonFunctionShared.module_state_clear */ +Py_CLEAR(clear_module_state->__pyx_CyFunctionType); + +/* #### Code section: module_state_clear_end ### */ +return 0; +} +#endif +/* #### Code section: module_state_traverse ### */ +#if CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE +static CYTHON_SMALL_CODE int __pyx_m_traverse(PyObject *m, visitproc visit, void *arg) { + __pyx_mstatetype *traverse_module_state = __Pyx_PyModule_GetState(m); + if (!traverse_module_state) return 0; + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_d); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_b); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_cython_runtime); + __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(traverse_module_state->__pyx_empty_tuple); + __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(traverse_module_state->__pyx_empty_bytes); + __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(traverse_module_state->__pyx_empty_unicode); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_7cpython_4type_type); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_dtype); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_flatiter); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_broadcast); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_ndarray); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_generic); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_number); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_integer); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_signedinteger); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_unsignedinteger); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_inexact); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_floating); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_complexfloating); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_flexible); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_character); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_5numpy_ufunc); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_ptype_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_type_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DatasetSearcher); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_array_type); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_type___pyx_array); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_MemviewEnum_type); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_type___pyx_MemviewEnum); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_memoryview_type); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_type___pyx_memoryview); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_memoryviewslice_type); + Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_type___pyx_memoryviewslice); + for (int i=0; i<2; ++i) { __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(traverse_module_state->__pyx_slice[i]); } + for (int i=0; i<3; ++i) { __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(traverse_module_state->__pyx_tuple[i]); } + for (int i=0; i<5; ++i) { __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(traverse_module_state->__pyx_codeobj_tab[i]); } + for (int i=0; i<154; ++i) { __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(traverse_module_state->__pyx_string_tab[i]); } + for (int i=0; i<7; ++i) { __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(traverse_module_state->__pyx_number_tab[i]); } +/* #### Code section: module_state_traverse_contents ### */ +/* CommonTypesMetaclass.module_state_traverse */ +Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclassType); + +/* CythonFunctionShared.module_state_traverse */ +Py_VISIT(traverse_module_state->__pyx_CyFunctionType); + +/* #### Code section: module_state_traverse_end ### */ +return 0; +} +#endif +/* #### Code section: module_code ### */ + +/* "View.MemoryView":137 + * cdef bint dtype_is_object + * + * def __cinit__(array self, tuple shape, Py_ssize_t itemsize, format not None, # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * mode="c", bint allocate_buffer=True): + * +*/ + +/* Python wrapper */ +static int __pyx_array___cinit__(PyObject *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_args, 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{&__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_shape,&__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_itemsize,&__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_format,&__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_mode,&__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_allocate_buffer,0}; + const Py_ssize_t __pyx_kwds_len = (__pyx_kwds) ? __Pyx_NumKwargs_VARARGS(__pyx_kwds) : 0; + if (unlikely(__pyx_kwds_len < 0)) __PYX_ERR(1, 137, __pyx_L3_error) + if (__pyx_kwds_len > 0) { + switch (__pyx_nargs) { + case 5: + values[4] = __Pyx_ArgRef_VARARGS(__pyx_args, 4); + if (!CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && unlikely(!values[4])) __PYX_ERR(1, 137, __pyx_L3_error) + CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH; + case 4: + values[3] = __Pyx_ArgRef_VARARGS(__pyx_args, 3); + if (!CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && unlikely(!values[3])) __PYX_ERR(1, 137, __pyx_L3_error) + CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH; + case 3: + values[2] = __Pyx_ArgRef_VARARGS(__pyx_args, 2); + if (!CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && unlikely(!values[2])) __PYX_ERR(1, 137, __pyx_L3_error) + CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH; + case 2: + values[1] = 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+ __Pyx_XGIVEREF(__pyx_r); + __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext(); + return __pyx_r; +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1015 + * + * + * cdef Py_ssize_t abs_py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t arg) noexcept nogil: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * return -arg if arg < 0 else arg + * +*/ + +static Py_ssize_t abs_py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_arg) { + Py_ssize_t __pyx_r; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1; + int __pyx_t_2; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1016 + * + * cdef Py_ssize_t abs_py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t arg) noexcept nogil: + * return -arg if arg < 0 else arg # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * @cname('__pyx_get_best_slice_order') +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_arg < 0); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + __pyx_t_1 = (-__pyx_v_arg); + } else { + __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_v_arg; + } + __pyx_r = __pyx_t_1; + goto __pyx_L0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1015 + * + * + * cdef Py_ssize_t abs_py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t arg) noexcept nogil: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * return -arg if arg < 0 else arg + * +*/ + + /* function exit code */ + __pyx_L0:; + return __pyx_r; +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1018 + * return -arg if arg < 0 else arg + * + * @cname('__pyx_get_best_slice_order') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef char get_best_order(__Pyx_memviewslice *mslice, int ndim) noexcept nogil: + * """ +*/ + +static char __pyx_get_best_slice_order(__Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_v_mslice, int __pyx_v_ndim) { + int __pyx_v_i; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_c_stride; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_f_stride; + char __pyx_r; + int __pyx_t_1; + int __pyx_t_2; + int __pyx_t_3; + int __pyx_t_4; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1024 + * """ + * cdef int i + * cdef Py_ssize_t c_stride = 0 # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef Py_ssize_t f_stride = 0 + * +*/ + __pyx_v_c_stride = 0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1025 + * cdef int i + * cdef Py_ssize_t c_stride = 0 + * cdef Py_ssize_t f_stride = 0 # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * for i in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): +*/ + __pyx_v_f_stride = 0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1027 + * cdef Py_ssize_t f_stride = 0 + * + * for i in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * if mslice.shape[i] > 1: + * c_stride = mslice.strides[i] +*/ + for (__pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_ndim - 1); __pyx_t_1 > -1; __pyx_t_1-=1) { + __pyx_v_i = __pyx_t_1; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1028 + * + * for i in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): + * if mslice.shape[i] > 1: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * c_stride = mslice.strides[i] + * break +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = ((__pyx_v_mslice->shape[__pyx_v_i]) > 1); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1029 + * for i in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): + * if mslice.shape[i] > 1: + * c_stride = mslice.strides[i] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * break + * +*/ + __pyx_v_c_stride = (__pyx_v_mslice->strides[__pyx_v_i]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1030 + * if mslice.shape[i] > 1: + * c_stride = mslice.strides[i] + * break # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * for i in range(ndim): +*/ + goto __pyx_L4_break; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1028 + * + * for i in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): + * if mslice.shape[i] > 1: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * c_stride = mslice.strides[i] + * break +*/ + } + } + __pyx_L4_break:; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1032 + * break + * + * for i in range(ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * if mslice.shape[i] > 1: + * f_stride = mslice.strides[i] +*/ + __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_v_ndim; + __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_t_1; + for (__pyx_t_4 = 0; __pyx_t_4 < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_t_4+=1) { + __pyx_v_i = __pyx_t_4; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1033 + * + * for i in range(ndim): + * if mslice.shape[i] > 1: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * f_stride = mslice.strides[i] + * break +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = ((__pyx_v_mslice->shape[__pyx_v_i]) > 1); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1034 + * for i in range(ndim): + * if mslice.shape[i] > 1: + * f_stride = mslice.strides[i] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * break + * +*/ + __pyx_v_f_stride = (__pyx_v_mslice->strides[__pyx_v_i]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1035 + * if mslice.shape[i] > 1: + * f_stride = mslice.strides[i] + * break # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if abs_py_ssize_t(c_stride) <= abs_py_ssize_t(f_stride): +*/ + goto __pyx_L7_break; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1033 + * + * for i in range(ndim): + * if mslice.shape[i] > 1: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * f_stride = mslice.strides[i] + * break +*/ + } + } + __pyx_L7_break:; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1037 + * break + * + * if abs_py_ssize_t(c_stride) <= abs_py_ssize_t(f_stride): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * return 'C' + * else: +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = (abs_py_ssize_t(__pyx_v_c_stride) <= abs_py_ssize_t(__pyx_v_f_stride)); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1038 + * + * if abs_py_ssize_t(c_stride) <= abs_py_ssize_t(f_stride): + * return 'C' # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * else: + * return 'F' +*/ + __pyx_r = 'C'; + goto __pyx_L0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1037 + * break + * + * if abs_py_ssize_t(c_stride) <= abs_py_ssize_t(f_stride): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * return 'C' + * else: +*/ + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1040 + * return 'C' + * else: + * return 'F' # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * @cython.cdivision(True) +*/ + /*else*/ { + __pyx_r = 'F'; + goto __pyx_L0; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1018 + * return -arg if arg < 0 else arg + * + * @cname('__pyx_get_best_slice_order') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef char get_best_order(__Pyx_memviewslice *mslice, int ndim) noexcept nogil: + * """ +*/ + + /* function exit code */ + __pyx_L0:; + return __pyx_r; +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1042 + * return 'F' + * + * @cython.cdivision(True) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void _copy_strided_to_strided(char *src_data, Py_ssize_t *src_strides, + * char *dst_data, Py_ssize_t *dst_strides, +*/ + +static void _copy_strided_to_strided(char *__pyx_v_src_data, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_src_strides, char *__pyx_v_dst_data, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_dst_strides, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_src_shape, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_dst_shape, int __pyx_v_ndim, size_t __pyx_v_itemsize) { + CYTHON_UNUSED Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_i; + CYTHON_UNUSED Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_src_extent; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_dst_extent; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_src_stride; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_dst_stride; + int __pyx_t_1; + int __pyx_t_2; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_3; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_4; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_5; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1050 + * + * cdef Py_ssize_t i + * cdef Py_ssize_t src_extent = src_shape[0] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_extent = dst_shape[0] + * cdef Py_ssize_t src_stride = src_strides[0] +*/ + __pyx_v_src_extent = (__pyx_v_src_shape[0]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1051 + * cdef Py_ssize_t i + * cdef Py_ssize_t src_extent = src_shape[0] + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_extent = dst_shape[0] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef Py_ssize_t src_stride = src_strides[0] + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_stride = dst_strides[0] +*/ + __pyx_v_dst_extent = (__pyx_v_dst_shape[0]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1052 + * cdef Py_ssize_t src_extent = src_shape[0] + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_extent = dst_shape[0] + * cdef Py_ssize_t src_stride = src_strides[0] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_stride = dst_strides[0] + * +*/ + __pyx_v_src_stride = (__pyx_v_src_strides[0]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1053 + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_extent = dst_shape[0] + * cdef Py_ssize_t src_stride = src_strides[0] + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_stride = dst_strides[0] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if ndim == 1: +*/ + __pyx_v_dst_stride = (__pyx_v_dst_strides[0]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1055 + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_stride = dst_strides[0] + * + * if ndim == 1: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * if (src_stride > 0 and dst_stride > 0 and + * src_stride == itemsize == dst_stride): +*/ + __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_ndim == 1); + if (__pyx_t_1) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1056 + * + * if ndim == 1: + * if (src_stride > 0 and dst_stride > 0 and # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * src_stride == itemsize == dst_stride): + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize * dst_extent) +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_src_stride > 0); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + } else { + __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_t_2; + goto __pyx_L5_bool_binop_done; + } + __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_dst_stride > 0); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + } else { + __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_t_2; + goto __pyx_L5_bool_binop_done; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1057 + * if ndim == 1: + * if (src_stride > 0 and dst_stride > 0 and + * src_stride == itemsize == dst_stride): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize * dst_extent) + * else: +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = (((size_t)__pyx_v_src_stride) == __pyx_v_itemsize); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_itemsize == ((size_t)__pyx_v_dst_stride)); + } + __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_t_2; + __pyx_L5_bool_binop_done:; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1056 + * + * if ndim == 1: + * if (src_stride > 0 and dst_stride > 0 and # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * src_stride == itemsize == dst_stride): + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize * dst_extent) +*/ + if (__pyx_t_1) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1058 + * if (src_stride > 0 and dst_stride > 0 and + * src_stride == itemsize == dst_stride): + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize * dst_extent) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * else: + * for i in range(dst_extent): +*/ + (void)(memcpy(__pyx_v_dst_data, __pyx_v_src_data, (__pyx_v_itemsize * __pyx_v_dst_extent))); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1056 + * + * if ndim == 1: + * if (src_stride > 0 and dst_stride > 0 and # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * src_stride == itemsize == dst_stride): + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize * dst_extent) +*/ + goto __pyx_L4; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1060 + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize * dst_extent) + * else: + * for i in range(dst_extent): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize) + * src_data += src_stride +*/ + /*else*/ { + __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_dst_extent; + __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_t_3; + for (__pyx_t_5 = 0; __pyx_t_5 < __pyx_t_4; __pyx_t_5+=1) { + __pyx_v_i = __pyx_t_5; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1061 + * else: + * for i in range(dst_extent): + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * src_data += src_stride + * dst_data += dst_stride +*/ + (void)(memcpy(__pyx_v_dst_data, __pyx_v_src_data, __pyx_v_itemsize)); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1062 + * for i in range(dst_extent): + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize) + * src_data += src_stride # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * dst_data += dst_stride + * else: +*/ + __pyx_v_src_data = (__pyx_v_src_data + __pyx_v_src_stride); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1063 + * memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize) + * src_data += src_stride + * dst_data += dst_stride # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * else: + * for i in range(dst_extent): +*/ + __pyx_v_dst_data = (__pyx_v_dst_data + __pyx_v_dst_stride); + } + } + __pyx_L4:; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1055 + * cdef Py_ssize_t dst_stride = dst_strides[0] + * + * if ndim == 1: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * if (src_stride > 0 and dst_stride > 0 and + * src_stride == itemsize == dst_stride): +*/ + goto __pyx_L3; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1065 + * dst_data += dst_stride + * else: + * for i in range(dst_extent): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * _copy_strided_to_strided(src_data, src_strides + 1, + * dst_data, dst_strides + 1, +*/ + /*else*/ { + __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_dst_extent; + __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_t_3; + for (__pyx_t_5 = 0; __pyx_t_5 < __pyx_t_4; __pyx_t_5+=1) { + __pyx_v_i = __pyx_t_5; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1066 + * else: + * for i in range(dst_extent): + * _copy_strided_to_strided(src_data, src_strides + 1, # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * dst_data, dst_strides + 1, + * src_shape + 1, dst_shape + 1, +*/ + _copy_strided_to_strided(__pyx_v_src_data, (__pyx_v_src_strides + 1), __pyx_v_dst_data, (__pyx_v_dst_strides + 1), (__pyx_v_src_shape + 1), (__pyx_v_dst_shape + 1), (__pyx_v_ndim - 1), __pyx_v_itemsize); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1070 + * src_shape + 1, dst_shape + 1, + * ndim - 1, itemsize) + * src_data += src_stride # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * dst_data += dst_stride + * +*/ + __pyx_v_src_data = (__pyx_v_src_data + __pyx_v_src_stride); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1071 + * ndim - 1, itemsize) + * src_data += src_stride + * dst_data += dst_stride # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * cdef void copy_strided_to_strided(__Pyx_memviewslice *src, +*/ + __pyx_v_dst_data = (__pyx_v_dst_data + __pyx_v_dst_stride); + } + } + __pyx_L3:; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1042 + * return 'F' + * + * @cython.cdivision(True) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void _copy_strided_to_strided(char *src_data, Py_ssize_t *src_strides, + * char *dst_data, Py_ssize_t *dst_strides, +*/ + + /* function exit code */ +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1073 + * dst_data += dst_stride + * + * cdef void copy_strided_to_strided(__Pyx_memviewslice *src, # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * __Pyx_memviewslice *dst, + * int ndim, size_t itemsize) noexcept nogil: +*/ + +static void copy_strided_to_strided(__Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_v_src, __Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_v_dst, int __pyx_v_ndim, size_t __pyx_v_itemsize) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1076 + * __Pyx_memviewslice *dst, + * int ndim, size_t itemsize) noexcept nogil: + * _copy_strided_to_strided(src.data, src.strides, dst.data, dst.strides, # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * src.shape, dst.shape, ndim, itemsize) + * +*/ + _copy_strided_to_strided(__pyx_v_src->data, __pyx_v_src->strides, __pyx_v_dst->data, __pyx_v_dst->strides, __pyx_v_src->shape, __pyx_v_dst->shape, __pyx_v_ndim, __pyx_v_itemsize); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1073 + * dst_data += dst_stride + * + * cdef void copy_strided_to_strided(__Pyx_memviewslice *src, # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * __Pyx_memviewslice *dst, + * int ndim, size_t itemsize) noexcept nogil: +*/ + + /* function exit code */ +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1079 + * src.shape, dst.shape, ndim, itemsize) + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_slice_get_size') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef Py_ssize_t slice_get_size(__Pyx_memviewslice *src, int ndim) noexcept nogil: + * "Return the size of the memory occupied by the slice in number of bytes" +*/ + +static Py_ssize_t __pyx_memoryview_slice_get_size(__Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_v_src, int __pyx_v_ndim) { + Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_shape; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_size; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_r; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1; + Py_ssize_t *__pyx_t_2; + Py_ssize_t *__pyx_t_3; + Py_ssize_t *__pyx_t_4; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1082 + * cdef Py_ssize_t slice_get_size(__Pyx_memviewslice *src, int ndim) noexcept nogil: + * "Return the size of the memory occupied by the slice in number of bytes" + * cdef Py_ssize_t shape, size = src.memview.view.itemsize # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * for shape in src.shape[:ndim]: +*/ + __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_v_src->memview->view.itemsize; + __pyx_v_size = __pyx_t_1; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1084 + * cdef Py_ssize_t shape, size = src.memview.view.itemsize + * + * for shape in src.shape[:ndim]: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * size *= shape + * +*/ + __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_src->shape + __pyx_v_ndim); + for (__pyx_t_4 = __pyx_v_src->shape; __pyx_t_4 < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_t_4++) { + __pyx_t_2 = __pyx_t_4; + __pyx_v_shape = (__pyx_t_2[0]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1085 + * + * for shape in src.shape[:ndim]: + * size *= shape # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * return size +*/ + __pyx_v_size = (__pyx_v_size * __pyx_v_shape); + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1087 + * size *= shape + * + * return size # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * @cname('__pyx_fill_contig_strides_array') +*/ + __pyx_r = __pyx_v_size; + goto __pyx_L0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1079 + * src.shape, dst.shape, ndim, itemsize) + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_slice_get_size') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef Py_ssize_t slice_get_size(__Pyx_memviewslice *src, int ndim) noexcept nogil: + * "Return the size of the memory occupied by the slice in number of bytes" +*/ + + /* function exit code */ + __pyx_L0:; + return __pyx_r; +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1089 + * return size + * + * @cname('__pyx_fill_contig_strides_array') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef Py_ssize_t fill_contig_strides_array( + * Py_ssize_t *shape, Py_ssize_t *strides, Py_ssize_t stride, +*/ + +static Py_ssize_t __pyx_fill_contig_strides_array(Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_shape, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_strides, Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_stride, int __pyx_v_ndim, char __pyx_v_order) { + int __pyx_v_idx; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_r; + int __pyx_t_1; + int __pyx_t_2; + int __pyx_t_3; + int __pyx_t_4; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1099 + * cdef int idx + * + * if order == 'F': # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * for idx in range(ndim): + * strides[idx] = stride +*/ + __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_order == 'F'); + if (__pyx_t_1) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1100 + * + * if order == 'F': + * for idx in range(ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * strides[idx] = stride + * stride *= shape[idx] +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = __pyx_v_ndim; + __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_t_2; + for (__pyx_t_4 = 0; __pyx_t_4 < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_t_4+=1) { + __pyx_v_idx = __pyx_t_4; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1101 + * if order == 'F': + * for idx in range(ndim): + * strides[idx] = stride # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * stride *= shape[idx] + * else: +*/ + (__pyx_v_strides[__pyx_v_idx]) = __pyx_v_stride; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1102 + * for idx in range(ndim): + * strides[idx] = stride + * stride *= shape[idx] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * else: + * for idx in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): +*/ + __pyx_v_stride = (__pyx_v_stride * (__pyx_v_shape[__pyx_v_idx])); + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1099 + * cdef int idx + * + * if order == 'F': # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * for idx in range(ndim): + * strides[idx] = stride +*/ + goto __pyx_L3; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1104 + * stride *= shape[idx] + * else: + * for idx in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * strides[idx] = stride + * stride *= shape[idx] +*/ + /*else*/ { + for (__pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_ndim - 1); __pyx_t_2 > -1; __pyx_t_2-=1) { + __pyx_v_idx = __pyx_t_2; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1105 + * else: + * for idx in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): + * strides[idx] = stride # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * stride *= shape[idx] + * +*/ + (__pyx_v_strides[__pyx_v_idx]) = __pyx_v_stride; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1106 + * for idx in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): + * strides[idx] = stride + * stride *= shape[idx] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * return stride +*/ + __pyx_v_stride = (__pyx_v_stride * (__pyx_v_shape[__pyx_v_idx])); + } + } + __pyx_L3:; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1108 + * stride *= shape[idx] + * + * return stride # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_copy_data_to_temp') +*/ + __pyx_r = __pyx_v_stride; + goto __pyx_L0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1089 + * return size + * + * @cname('__pyx_fill_contig_strides_array') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef Py_ssize_t fill_contig_strides_array( + * Py_ssize_t *shape, Py_ssize_t *strides, Py_ssize_t stride, +*/ + + /* function exit code */ + __pyx_L0:; + return __pyx_r; +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1110 + * return stride + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_copy_data_to_temp') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void *copy_data_to_temp(__Pyx_memviewslice *src, + * __Pyx_memviewslice *tmpslice, +*/ + +static void *__pyx_memoryview_copy_data_to_temp(__Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_v_src, __Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_v_tmpslice, char __pyx_v_order, int __pyx_v_ndim) { + int __pyx_v_i; 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__PYX_ERR(1, 1167, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* "View.MemoryView":1165 + * raise error, msg + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_err_no_memory') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef int _err_no_memory() except -1 with gil: + * raise MemoryError +*/ + + /* function exit code */ + __pyx_L1_error:; + __Pyx_AddTraceback("View.MemoryView._err_no_memory", __pyx_clineno, __pyx_lineno, __pyx_filename); + __pyx_r = -1; + __Pyx_PyGILState_Release(__pyx_gilstate_save); + return __pyx_r; +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1170 + * + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_copy_contents') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef int memoryview_copy_contents(__Pyx_memviewslice src, + * __Pyx_memviewslice dst, +*/ + +static int __pyx_memoryview_copy_contents(__Pyx_memviewslice __pyx_v_src, __Pyx_memviewslice __pyx_v_dst, int __pyx_v_src_ndim, int __pyx_v_dst_ndim, int __pyx_v_dtype_is_object) { + void *__pyx_v_tmpdata; + size_t __pyx_v_itemsize; + int __pyx_v_i; + char __pyx_v_order; + int __pyx_v_broadcasting; + int __pyx_v_direct_copy; + __Pyx_memviewslice __pyx_v_tmp; 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+ + /* "View.MemoryView":1183 + * cdef int i + * cdef char order = get_best_order(&src, src_ndim) + * cdef bint broadcasting = False # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef bint direct_copy = False + * cdef __Pyx_memviewslice tmp +*/ + __pyx_v_broadcasting = 0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1184 + * cdef char order = get_best_order(&src, src_ndim) + * cdef bint broadcasting = False + * cdef bint direct_copy = False # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef __Pyx_memviewslice tmp + * +*/ + __pyx_v_direct_copy = 0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1187 + * cdef __Pyx_memviewslice tmp + * + * if src_ndim < dst_ndim: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * broadcast_leading(&src, src_ndim, dst_ndim) + * elif dst_ndim < src_ndim: +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_src_ndim < __pyx_v_dst_ndim); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1188 + * + * if src_ndim < dst_ndim: + * broadcast_leading(&src, src_ndim, dst_ndim) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * elif dst_ndim < src_ndim: + * broadcast_leading(&dst, dst_ndim, src_ndim) +*/ + __pyx_memoryview_broadcast_leading((&__pyx_v_src), __pyx_v_src_ndim, __pyx_v_dst_ndim); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1187 + * cdef __Pyx_memviewslice tmp + * + * if src_ndim < dst_ndim: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * broadcast_leading(&src, src_ndim, dst_ndim) + * elif dst_ndim < src_ndim: +*/ + goto __pyx_L3; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1189 + * if src_ndim < dst_ndim: + * broadcast_leading(&src, src_ndim, dst_ndim) + * elif dst_ndim < src_ndim: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * broadcast_leading(&dst, dst_ndim, src_ndim) + * +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_dst_ndim < __pyx_v_src_ndim); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1190 + * broadcast_leading(&src, src_ndim, dst_ndim) + * elif dst_ndim < src_ndim: + * broadcast_leading(&dst, dst_ndim, src_ndim) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * cdef int ndim = max(src_ndim, dst_ndim) +*/ + __pyx_memoryview_broadcast_leading((&__pyx_v_dst), __pyx_v_dst_ndim, __pyx_v_src_ndim); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1189 + * if src_ndim < dst_ndim: + * broadcast_leading(&src, src_ndim, dst_ndim) + * elif dst_ndim < src_ndim: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * broadcast_leading(&dst, dst_ndim, src_ndim) + * +*/ + } + __pyx_L3:; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1192 + * broadcast_leading(&dst, dst_ndim, src_ndim) + * + * cdef int ndim = max(src_ndim, dst_ndim) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * for i in range(ndim): +*/ + __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_dst_ndim; + __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_v_src_ndim; + __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_t_3 > __pyx_t_4); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + __pyx_t_5 = __pyx_t_3; + } else { + __pyx_t_5 = __pyx_t_4; + } + __pyx_v_ndim = __pyx_t_5; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1194 + * cdef int ndim = max(src_ndim, dst_ndim) + * + * for i in range(ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * if src.shape[i] != dst.shape[i]: + * if src.shape[i] == 1: +*/ + __pyx_t_5 = __pyx_v_ndim; + __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_t_5; + for (__pyx_t_4 = 0; __pyx_t_4 < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_t_4+=1) { + __pyx_v_i = __pyx_t_4; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1195 + * + * for i in range(ndim): + * if src.shape[i] != dst.shape[i]: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * if src.shape[i] == 1: + * broadcasting = True +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = ((__pyx_v_src.shape[__pyx_v_i]) != (__pyx_v_dst.shape[__pyx_v_i])); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1196 + * for i in range(ndim): + * if src.shape[i] != dst.shape[i]: + * if src.shape[i] == 1: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * broadcasting = True + * src.strides[i] = 0 +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = ((__pyx_v_src.shape[__pyx_v_i]) == 1); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1197 + * if src.shape[i] != dst.shape[i]: + * if src.shape[i] == 1: + * broadcasting = True # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * src.strides[i] = 0 + * else: +*/ + __pyx_v_broadcasting = 1; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1198 + * if src.shape[i] == 1: + * broadcasting = True + * src.strides[i] = 0 # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * else: + * _err_extents(i, dst.shape[i], src.shape[i]) +*/ + (__pyx_v_src.strides[__pyx_v_i]) = 0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1196 + * for i in range(ndim): + * if src.shape[i] != dst.shape[i]: + * if src.shape[i] == 1: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * broadcasting = True + * src.strides[i] = 0 +*/ + goto __pyx_L7; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1200 + * src.strides[i] = 0 + * else: + * _err_extents(i, dst.shape[i], src.shape[i]) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if src.suboffsets[i] >= 0: +*/ + /*else*/ { + __pyx_t_6 = __pyx_memoryview_err_extents(__pyx_v_i, (__pyx_v_dst.shape[__pyx_v_i]), (__pyx_v_src.shape[__pyx_v_i])); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_6 == ((int)-1))) __PYX_ERR(1, 1200, __pyx_L1_error) + } + __pyx_L7:; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1195 + * + * for i in range(ndim): + * if src.shape[i] != dst.shape[i]: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * if src.shape[i] == 1: + * broadcasting = True +*/ + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1202 + * _err_extents(i, dst.shape[i], src.shape[i]) + * + * if src.suboffsets[i] >= 0: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * _err_dim(PyExc_ValueError, "Dimension %d is not direct", i) + * +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = ((__pyx_v_src.suboffsets[__pyx_v_i]) >= 0); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1203 + * + * if src.suboffsets[i] >= 0: + * _err_dim(PyExc_ValueError, "Dimension %d is not direct", i) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if slices_overlap(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize): +*/ + __pyx_t_6 = __pyx_memoryview_err_dim(PyExc_ValueError, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u_Dimension_d_is_not_direct, __pyx_v_i); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_6 == ((int)-1))) __PYX_ERR(1, 1203, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* "View.MemoryView":1202 + * _err_extents(i, dst.shape[i], src.shape[i]) + * + * if src.suboffsets[i] >= 0: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * _err_dim(PyExc_ValueError, "Dimension %d is not direct", i) + * +*/ + } + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1205 + * _err_dim(PyExc_ValueError, "Dimension %d is not direct", i) + * + * if slices_overlap(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if not slice_is_contig(src, order, ndim): +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = __pyx_slices_overlap((&__pyx_v_src), (&__pyx_v_dst), __pyx_v_ndim, __pyx_v_itemsize); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1207 + * if slices_overlap(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize): + * + * if not slice_is_contig(src, order, ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * order = get_best_order(&dst, ndim) + * +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = (!__pyx_memviewslice_is_contig(__pyx_v_src, __pyx_v_order, __pyx_v_ndim)); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1208 + * + * if not slice_is_contig(src, order, ndim): + * order = get_best_order(&dst, ndim) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * tmpdata = copy_data_to_temp(&src, &tmp, order, ndim) +*/ + __pyx_v_order = __pyx_get_best_slice_order((&__pyx_v_dst), __pyx_v_ndim); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1207 + * if slices_overlap(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize): + * + * if not slice_is_contig(src, order, ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * order = get_best_order(&dst, ndim) + * +*/ + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1210 + * order = get_best_order(&dst, ndim) + * + * tmpdata = copy_data_to_temp(&src, &tmp, order, ndim) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * src = tmp + * +*/ + __pyx_t_7 = __pyx_memoryview_copy_data_to_temp((&__pyx_v_src), (&__pyx_v_tmp), __pyx_v_order, __pyx_v_ndim); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_7 == ((void *)NULL))) __PYX_ERR(1, 1210, __pyx_L1_error) + __pyx_v_tmpdata = __pyx_t_7; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1211 + * + * tmpdata = copy_data_to_temp(&src, &tmp, order, ndim) + * src = tmp # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if not broadcasting: +*/ + __pyx_v_src = __pyx_v_tmp; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1205 + * _err_dim(PyExc_ValueError, "Dimension %d is not direct", i) + * + * if slices_overlap(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if not slice_is_contig(src, order, ndim): +*/ + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1213 + * src = tmp + * + * if not broadcasting: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = (!__pyx_v_broadcasting); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1216 + * + * + * if slice_is_contig(src, 'C', ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'C', ndim) + * elif slice_is_contig(src, 'F', ndim): +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = __pyx_memviewslice_is_contig(__pyx_v_src, 'C', __pyx_v_ndim); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1217 + * + * if slice_is_contig(src, 'C', ndim): + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'C', ndim) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * elif slice_is_contig(src, 'F', ndim): + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'F', ndim) +*/ + __pyx_v_direct_copy = __pyx_memviewslice_is_contig(__pyx_v_dst, 'C', __pyx_v_ndim); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1216 + * + * + * if slice_is_contig(src, 'C', ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'C', ndim) + * elif slice_is_contig(src, 'F', ndim): +*/ + goto __pyx_L12; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1218 + * if slice_is_contig(src, 'C', ndim): + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'C', ndim) + * elif slice_is_contig(src, 'F', ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'F', ndim) + * +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = __pyx_memviewslice_is_contig(__pyx_v_src, 'F', __pyx_v_ndim); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1219 + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'C', ndim) + * elif slice_is_contig(src, 'F', ndim): + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'F', ndim) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if direct_copy: +*/ + __pyx_v_direct_copy = __pyx_memviewslice_is_contig(__pyx_v_dst, 'F', __pyx_v_ndim); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1218 + * if slice_is_contig(src, 'C', ndim): + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'C', ndim) + * elif slice_is_contig(src, 'F', ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'F', ndim) + * +*/ + } + __pyx_L12:; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1221 + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'F', ndim) + * + * if direct_copy: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) +*/ + if (__pyx_v_direct_copy) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1223 + * if direct_copy: + * + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * memcpy(dst.data, src.data, slice_get_size(&src, ndim)) + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) +*/ + __pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying((&__pyx_v_dst), __pyx_v_dtype_is_object, __pyx_v_ndim, 0); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1224 + * + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) + * memcpy(dst.data, src.data, slice_get_size(&src, ndim)) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) + * free(tmpdata) +*/ + (void)(memcpy(__pyx_v_dst.data, __pyx_v_src.data, __pyx_memoryview_slice_get_size((&__pyx_v_src), __pyx_v_ndim))); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1225 + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) + * memcpy(dst.data, src.data, slice_get_size(&src, ndim)) + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * free(tmpdata) + * return 0 +*/ + __pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying((&__pyx_v_dst), __pyx_v_dtype_is_object, __pyx_v_ndim, 1); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1226 + * memcpy(dst.data, src.data, slice_get_size(&src, ndim)) + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) + * free(tmpdata) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * return 0 + * +*/ + free(__pyx_v_tmpdata); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1227 + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) + * free(tmpdata) + * return 0 # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if order == 'F' == get_best_order(&dst, ndim): +*/ + __pyx_r = 0; + goto __pyx_L0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1221 + * direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'F', ndim) + * + * if direct_copy: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) +*/ + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1213 + * src = tmp + * + * if not broadcasting: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * +*/ + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1229 + * return 0 + * + * if order == 'F' == get_best_order(&dst, ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_order == 'F'); + if (__pyx_t_2) { + __pyx_t_2 = ('F' == __pyx_get_best_slice_order((&__pyx_v_dst), __pyx_v_ndim)); + } + if (__pyx_t_2) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1232 + * + * + * transpose_memslice(&src) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * transpose_memslice(&dst) + * +*/ + __pyx_t_5 = __pyx_memslice_transpose((&__pyx_v_src)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_5 == ((int)-1))) __PYX_ERR(1, 1232, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* "View.MemoryView":1233 + * + * transpose_memslice(&src) + * transpose_memslice(&dst) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) +*/ + __pyx_t_5 = __pyx_memslice_transpose((&__pyx_v_dst)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_5 == ((int)-1))) __PYX_ERR(1, 1233, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* "View.MemoryView":1229 + * return 0 + * + * if order == 'F' == get_best_order(&dst, ndim): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * +*/ + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1235 + * transpose_memslice(&dst) + * + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * copy_strided_to_strided(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize) + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) +*/ + __pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying((&__pyx_v_dst), __pyx_v_dtype_is_object, __pyx_v_ndim, 0); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1236 + * + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) + * copy_strided_to_strided(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) + * +*/ + copy_strided_to_strided((&__pyx_v_src), (&__pyx_v_dst), __pyx_v_ndim, __pyx_v_itemsize); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1237 + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) + * copy_strided_to_strided(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize) + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * free(tmpdata) +*/ + __pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying((&__pyx_v_dst), __pyx_v_dtype_is_object, __pyx_v_ndim, 1); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1239 + * refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) + * + * free(tmpdata) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * return 0 + * +*/ + free(__pyx_v_tmpdata); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1240 + * + * free(tmpdata) + * return 0 # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_broadcast_leading') +*/ + __pyx_r = 0; + goto __pyx_L0; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1170 + * + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_copy_contents') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef int memoryview_copy_contents(__Pyx_memviewslice src, + * __Pyx_memviewslice dst, +*/ + + /* function exit code */ + __pyx_L1_error:; + __pyx_gilstate_save = __Pyx_PyGILState_Ensure(); + __Pyx_AddTraceback("View.MemoryView.memoryview_copy_contents", __pyx_clineno, __pyx_lineno, __pyx_filename); + __pyx_r = -1; + __Pyx_PyGILState_Release(__pyx_gilstate_save); + __pyx_L0:; + return __pyx_r; +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1242 + * return 0 + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_broadcast_leading') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void broadcast_leading(__Pyx_memviewslice *mslice, + * int ndim, +*/ + +static void __pyx_memoryview_broadcast_leading(__Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_v_mslice, int __pyx_v_ndim, int __pyx_v_ndim_other) { + int __pyx_v_i; + int __pyx_v_offset; + int __pyx_t_1; + int __pyx_t_2; + int __pyx_t_3; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1247 + * int ndim_other) noexcept nogil: + * cdef int i + * cdef int offset = ndim_other - ndim # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * for i in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): +*/ + __pyx_v_offset = (__pyx_v_ndim_other - __pyx_v_ndim); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1249 + * cdef int offset = ndim_other - ndim + * + * for i in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * mslice.shape[i + offset] = mslice.shape[i] + * mslice.strides[i + offset] = mslice.strides[i] +*/ + for (__pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_ndim - 1); __pyx_t_1 > -1; __pyx_t_1-=1) { + __pyx_v_i = __pyx_t_1; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1250 + * + * for i in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): + * mslice.shape[i + offset] = mslice.shape[i] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * mslice.strides[i + offset] = mslice.strides[i] + * mslice.suboffsets[i + offset] = mslice.suboffsets[i] +*/ + (__pyx_v_mslice->shape[(__pyx_v_i + __pyx_v_offset)]) = (__pyx_v_mslice->shape[__pyx_v_i]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1251 + * for i in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1): + * mslice.shape[i + offset] = mslice.shape[i] + * mslice.strides[i + offset] = mslice.strides[i] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * mslice.suboffsets[i + offset] = mslice.suboffsets[i] + * +*/ + (__pyx_v_mslice->strides[(__pyx_v_i + __pyx_v_offset)]) = (__pyx_v_mslice->strides[__pyx_v_i]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1252 + * mslice.shape[i + offset] = mslice.shape[i] + * mslice.strides[i + offset] = mslice.strides[i] + * mslice.suboffsets[i + offset] = mslice.suboffsets[i] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * for i in range(offset): +*/ + (__pyx_v_mslice->suboffsets[(__pyx_v_i + __pyx_v_offset)]) = (__pyx_v_mslice->suboffsets[__pyx_v_i]); + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1254 + * mslice.suboffsets[i + offset] = mslice.suboffsets[i] + * + * for i in range(offset): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * mslice.shape[i] = 1 + * mslice.strides[i] = mslice.strides[0] +*/ + __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_v_offset; + __pyx_t_2 = __pyx_t_1; + for (__pyx_t_3 = 0; __pyx_t_3 < __pyx_t_2; __pyx_t_3+=1) { + __pyx_v_i = __pyx_t_3; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1255 + * + * for i in range(offset): + * mslice.shape[i] = 1 # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * mslice.strides[i] = mslice.strides[0] + * mslice.suboffsets[i] = -1 +*/ + (__pyx_v_mslice->shape[__pyx_v_i]) = 1; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1256 + * for i in range(offset): + * mslice.shape[i] = 1 + * mslice.strides[i] = mslice.strides[0] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * mslice.suboffsets[i] = -1 + * +*/ + (__pyx_v_mslice->strides[__pyx_v_i]) = (__pyx_v_mslice->strides[0]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1257 + * mslice.shape[i] = 1 + * mslice.strides[i] = mslice.strides[0] + * mslice.suboffsets[i] = -1 # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * +*/ + (__pyx_v_mslice->suboffsets[__pyx_v_i]) = -1L; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1242 + * return 0 + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_broadcast_leading') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void broadcast_leading(__Pyx_memviewslice *mslice, + * int ndim, +*/ + + /* function exit code */ +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1264 + * + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void refcount_copying(__Pyx_memviewslice *dst, bint dtype_is_object, int ndim, bint inc) noexcept nogil: + * +*/ + +static void __pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying(__Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_v_dst, int __pyx_v_dtype_is_object, int __pyx_v_ndim, int __pyx_v_inc) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1267 + * cdef void refcount_copying(__Pyx_memviewslice *dst, bint dtype_is_object, int ndim, bint inc) noexcept nogil: + * + * if dtype_is_object: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(dst.data, dst.shape, dst.strides, ndim, inc) + * +*/ + if (__pyx_v_dtype_is_object) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1268 + * + * if dtype_is_object: + * refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(dst.data, dst.shape, dst.strides, ndim, inc) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil') +*/ + __pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(__pyx_v_dst->data, __pyx_v_dst->shape, __pyx_v_dst->strides, __pyx_v_ndim, __pyx_v_inc); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1267 + * cdef void refcount_copying(__Pyx_memviewslice *dst, bint dtype_is_object, int ndim, bint inc) noexcept nogil: + * + * if dtype_is_object: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(dst.data, dst.shape, dst.strides, ndim, inc) + * +*/ + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1264 + * + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void refcount_copying(__Pyx_memviewslice *dst, bint dtype_is_object, int ndim, bint inc) noexcept nogil: + * +*/ + + /* function exit code */ +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1270 + * refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(dst.data, dst.shape, dst.strides, ndim, inc) + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(char *data, Py_ssize_t *shape, + * Py_ssize_t *strides, int ndim, +*/ + +static void __pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(char *__pyx_v_data, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_shape, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_strides, int __pyx_v_ndim, int __pyx_v_inc) { + PyGILState_STATE __pyx_gilstate_save = __Pyx_PyGILState_Ensure(); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1274 + * Py_ssize_t *strides, int ndim, + * bint inc) noexcept with gil: + * refcount_objects_in_slice(data, shape, strides, ndim, inc) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice') +*/ + __pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice(__pyx_v_data, __pyx_v_shape, __pyx_v_strides, __pyx_v_ndim, __pyx_v_inc); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1270 + * refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(dst.data, dst.shape, dst.strides, ndim, inc) + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(char *data, Py_ssize_t *shape, + * Py_ssize_t *strides, int ndim, +*/ + + /* function exit code */ + __Pyx_PyGILState_Release(__pyx_gilstate_save); +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1276 + * refcount_objects_in_slice(data, shape, strides, ndim, inc) + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void refcount_objects_in_slice(char *data, Py_ssize_t *shape, + * Py_ssize_t *strides, int ndim, bint inc) noexcept: +*/ + +static void __pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice(char *__pyx_v_data, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_shape, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_strides, int __pyx_v_ndim, int __pyx_v_inc) { + CYTHON_UNUSED Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_i; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_stride; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_2; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_3; + int __pyx_t_4; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1280 + * Py_ssize_t *strides, int ndim, bint inc) noexcept: + * cdef Py_ssize_t i + * cdef Py_ssize_t stride = strides[0] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * for i in range(shape[0]): +*/ + __pyx_v_stride = (__pyx_v_strides[0]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1282 + * cdef Py_ssize_t stride = strides[0] + * + * for i in range(shape[0]): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * if ndim == 1: + * if inc: +*/ + __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_shape[0]); + __pyx_t_2 = __pyx_t_1; + for (__pyx_t_3 = 0; __pyx_t_3 < __pyx_t_2; __pyx_t_3+=1) { + __pyx_v_i = __pyx_t_3; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1283 + * + * for i in range(shape[0]): + * if ndim == 1: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * if inc: + * Py_INCREF(( data)[0]) +*/ + __pyx_t_4 = (__pyx_v_ndim == 1); + if (__pyx_t_4) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1284 + * for i in range(shape[0]): + * if ndim == 1: + * if inc: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * Py_INCREF(( data)[0]) + * else: +*/ + if (__pyx_v_inc) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1285 + * if ndim == 1: + * if inc: + * Py_INCREF(( data)[0]) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * else: + * Py_DECREF(( data)[0]) +*/ + Py_INCREF((((PyObject **)__pyx_v_data)[0])); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1284 + * for i in range(shape[0]): + * if ndim == 1: + * if inc: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * Py_INCREF(( data)[0]) + * else: +*/ + goto __pyx_L6; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1287 + * Py_INCREF(( data)[0]) + * else: + * Py_DECREF(( data)[0]) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * else: + * refcount_objects_in_slice(data, shape + 1, strides + 1, ndim - 1, inc) +*/ + /*else*/ { + Py_DECREF((((PyObject **)__pyx_v_data)[0])); + } + __pyx_L6:; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1283 + * + * for i in range(shape[0]): + * if ndim == 1: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * if inc: + * Py_INCREF(( data)[0]) +*/ + goto __pyx_L5; + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1289 + * Py_DECREF(( data)[0]) + * else: + * refcount_objects_in_slice(data, shape + 1, strides + 1, ndim - 1, inc) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * data += stride +*/ + /*else*/ { + __pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice(__pyx_v_data, (__pyx_v_shape + 1), (__pyx_v_strides + 1), (__pyx_v_ndim - 1), __pyx_v_inc); + } + __pyx_L5:; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1291 + * refcount_objects_in_slice(data, shape + 1, strides + 1, ndim - 1, inc) + * + * data += stride # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * +*/ + __pyx_v_data = (__pyx_v_data + __pyx_v_stride); + } + + /* "View.MemoryView":1276 + * refcount_objects_in_slice(data, shape, strides, ndim, inc) + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void refcount_objects_in_slice(char *data, Py_ssize_t *shape, + * Py_ssize_t *strides, int ndim, bint inc) noexcept: +*/ + + /* function exit code */ +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1296 + * + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_slice_assign_scalar') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void slice_assign_scalar(__Pyx_memviewslice *dst, int ndim, + * size_t itemsize, void *item, +*/ + +static void __pyx_memoryview_slice_assign_scalar(__Pyx_memviewslice *__pyx_v_dst, int __pyx_v_ndim, size_t __pyx_v_itemsize, void *__pyx_v_item, int __pyx_v_dtype_is_object) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1300 + * size_t itemsize, void *item, + * bint dtype_is_object) noexcept nogil: + * refcount_copying(dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * _slice_assign_scalar(dst.data, dst.shape, dst.strides, ndim, itemsize, item) + * refcount_copying(dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) +*/ + __pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying(__pyx_v_dst, __pyx_v_dtype_is_object, __pyx_v_ndim, 0); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1301 + * bint dtype_is_object) noexcept nogil: + * refcount_copying(dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) + * _slice_assign_scalar(dst.data, dst.shape, dst.strides, ndim, itemsize, item) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * refcount_copying(dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) + * +*/ + __pyx_memoryview__slice_assign_scalar(__pyx_v_dst->data, __pyx_v_dst->shape, __pyx_v_dst->strides, __pyx_v_ndim, __pyx_v_itemsize, __pyx_v_item); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1302 + * refcount_copying(dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False) + * _slice_assign_scalar(dst.data, dst.shape, dst.strides, ndim, itemsize, item) + * refcount_copying(dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True) # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * +*/ + __pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying(__pyx_v_dst, __pyx_v_dtype_is_object, __pyx_v_ndim, 1); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1296 + * + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview_slice_assign_scalar') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void slice_assign_scalar(__Pyx_memviewslice *dst, int ndim, + * size_t itemsize, void *item, +*/ + + /* function exit code */ +} + +/* "View.MemoryView":1305 + * + * + * @cname('__pyx_memoryview__slice_assign_scalar') # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef void _slice_assign_scalar(char *data, Py_ssize_t *shape, + * Py_ssize_t *strides, int ndim, +*/ + +static void __pyx_memoryview__slice_assign_scalar(char *__pyx_v_data, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_shape, Py_ssize_t *__pyx_v_strides, int __pyx_v_ndim, size_t __pyx_v_itemsize, void *__pyx_v_item) { + CYTHON_UNUSED Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_i; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_stride; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_v_extent; + int __pyx_t_1; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_2; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_3; + Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_4; + + /* "View.MemoryView":1310 + * size_t itemsize, void *item) noexcept nogil: + * cdef Py_ssize_t i + * cdef Py_ssize_t stride = strides[0] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * cdef Py_ssize_t extent = shape[0] + * +*/ + __pyx_v_stride = (__pyx_v_strides[0]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1311 + * cdef Py_ssize_t i + * cdef Py_ssize_t stride = strides[0] + * cdef Py_ssize_t extent = shape[0] # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * + * if ndim == 1: +*/ + __pyx_v_extent = (__pyx_v_shape[0]); + + /* "View.MemoryView":1313 + * cdef Py_ssize_t extent = shape[0] + * + * if ndim == 1: # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * for i in range(extent): + * memcpy(data, item, itemsize) +*/ + __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_ndim == 1); + if (__pyx_t_1) { + + /* "View.MemoryView":1314 + * + * if ndim == 1: + * for i in range(extent): # <<<<<<<<<<<<<< + * memcpy(data, item, itemsize) + * data += stride +*/ + __pyx_t_2 = __pyx_v_extent; 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+#endif + +static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_Enum(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) { + struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *p; + PyObject *o; + o = __Pyx_AllocateExtensionType(t, 0); + if (unlikely(!o)) return 0; + p = ((struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *)o); + p->name = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None); + return o; +} + +static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_Enum(PyObject *o) { + struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *p = (struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *)o; + #if CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyObject_GetSlot(o, tp_finalize, destructor)) && !__Pyx_PyObject_GC_IsFinalized(o)) { + if (__Pyx_PyObject_GetSlot(o, tp_dealloc, destructor) == __pyx_tp_dealloc_Enum) { + if (PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(o)) return; + } + } + #endif + PyObject_GC_UnTrack(o); + Py_CLEAR(p->name); + PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(o); + #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + (*tp->tp_free)(o); + #else + { + freefunc tp_free = (freefunc)PyType_GetSlot(tp, Py_tp_free); + if (tp_free) tp_free(o); + } + #endif + #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS + Py_DECREF(tp); + #endif +} + +static int __pyx_tp_traverse_Enum(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) { + int e; + struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *p = (struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *)o; + { + e = __Pyx_call_type_traverse(o, 1, v, a); + if (e) return e; + } + if (p->name) { + e = (*v)(p->name, a); if (e) return e; + } + return 0; +} + +static int __pyx_tp_clear_Enum(PyObject *o) { + PyObject* tmp; + struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *p = (struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj *)o; + tmp = ((PyObject*)p->name); + p->name = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None); + Py_XDECREF(tmp); + return 0; +} + +static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_Enum[] = { + {"__reduce_cython__", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_pw___pyx_MemviewEnum_1__reduce_cython__, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {"__setstate_cython__", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_pw___pyx_MemviewEnum_3__setstate_cython__, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {0, 0, 0, 0} +}; +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS +static PyType_Slot __pyx_type___pyx_MemviewEnum_slots[] = { + {Py_tp_dealloc, (void *)__pyx_tp_dealloc_Enum}, + {Py_tp_repr, (void *)__pyx_MemviewEnum___repr__}, + {Py_tp_traverse, (void *)__pyx_tp_traverse_Enum}, + {Py_tp_clear, (void *)__pyx_tp_clear_Enum}, + {Py_tp_methods, (void *)__pyx_methods_Enum}, + {Py_tp_init, (void *)__pyx_MemviewEnum___init__}, + {Py_tp_new, (void *)__pyx_tp_new_Enum}, + {0, 0}, +}; +static PyType_Spec __pyx_type___pyx_MemviewEnum_spec = { + "fairseq.data.token_block_utils_fast.Enum", + sizeof(struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj), + 0, + Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, + __pyx_type___pyx_MemviewEnum_slots, +}; +#else + +static PyTypeObject __pyx_type___pyx_MemviewEnum = { + PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0) + "fairseq.data.token_block_utils_fast.""Enum", /*tp_name*/ + sizeof(struct __pyx_MemviewEnum_obj), /*tp_basicsize*/ + 0, /*tp_itemsize*/ + __pyx_tp_dealloc_Enum, /*tp_dealloc*/ + 0, /*tp_vectorcall_offset*/ + 0, /*tp_getattr*/ + 0, /*tp_setattr*/ + 0, /*tp_as_async*/ + __pyx_MemviewEnum___repr__, /*tp_repr*/ + 0, /*tp_as_number*/ + 0, /*tp_as_sequence*/ + 0, /*tp_as_mapping*/ + 0, /*tp_hash*/ + 0, /*tp_call*/ + 0, /*tp_str*/ + 0, /*tp_getattro*/ + 0, /*tp_setattro*/ + 0, /*tp_as_buffer*/ + Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/ + 0, /*tp_doc*/ + __pyx_tp_traverse_Enum, /*tp_traverse*/ + __pyx_tp_clear_Enum, /*tp_clear*/ + 0, /*tp_richcompare*/ + 0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/ + 0, /*tp_iter*/ + 0, /*tp_iternext*/ + __pyx_methods_Enum, /*tp_methods*/ + 0, /*tp_members*/ + 0, /*tp_getset*/ + 0, /*tp_base*/ + 0, /*tp_dict*/ + 0, /*tp_descr_get*/ + 0, /*tp_descr_set*/ + #if !CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS + 0, /*tp_dictoffset*/ + #endif + __pyx_MemviewEnum___init__, /*tp_init*/ + 0, /*tp_alloc*/ + __pyx_tp_new_Enum, /*tp_new*/ + 0, /*tp_free*/ + 0, /*tp_is_gc*/ + 0, /*tp_bases*/ + 0, /*tp_mro*/ + 0, /*tp_cache*/ + 0, /*tp_subclasses*/ + 0, /*tp_weaklist*/ + 0, /*tp_del*/ + 0, /*tp_version_tag*/ + #if CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE + 0, /*tp_finalize*/ + #else + NULL, /*tp_finalize*/ + #endif + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || PYPY_VERSION_NUM >= 0x07030800 + 0, /*tp_vectorcall*/ + #endif + #if __PYX_NEED_TP_PRINT_SLOT == 1 + 0, /*tp_print*/ + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + 0, /*tp_watched*/ + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A4 + 0, /*tp_versions_used*/ + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030a0000 + 0, /*tp_pypy_flags*/ + #endif +}; +#endif +static struct __pyx_vtabstruct_memoryview __pyx_vtable_memoryview; + +static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_memoryview(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k) { + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *p; + PyObject *o; + o = __Pyx_AllocateExtensionType(t, 0); + if (unlikely(!o)) return 0; + p = ((struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *)o); + p->__pyx_vtab = __pyx_vtabptr_memoryview; + p->obj = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None); + p->_size = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None); + p->view.obj = NULL; + if (unlikely(__pyx_memoryview___cinit__(o, a, k) < 0)) goto bad; + return o; + bad: + Py_DECREF(o); o = 0; + return NULL; +} + +static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_memoryview(PyObject *o) { + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *p = (struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *)o; + #if CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyObject_GetSlot(o, tp_finalize, destructor)) && !__Pyx_PyObject_GC_IsFinalized(o)) { + if (__Pyx_PyObject_GetSlot(o, tp_dealloc, destructor) == __pyx_tp_dealloc_memoryview) { + if (PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(o)) return; + } + } + #endif + PyObject_GC_UnTrack(o); + { + PyObject *etype, *eval, *etb; + PyErr_Fetch(&etype, &eval, &etb); + __Pyx_SET_REFCNT(o, Py_REFCNT(o) + 1); + __pyx_memoryview___dealloc__(o); + __Pyx_SET_REFCNT(o, Py_REFCNT(o) - 1); + PyErr_Restore(etype, eval, etb); + } + Py_CLEAR(p->obj); + Py_CLEAR(p->_size); + PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(o); + #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + (*tp->tp_free)(o); + #else + { + freefunc tp_free = (freefunc)PyType_GetSlot(tp, Py_tp_free); + if (tp_free) tp_free(o); + } + #endif + #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS + Py_DECREF(tp); + #endif +} + +static int __pyx_tp_traverse_memoryview(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) { + int e; + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *p = (struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *)o; + { + e = __Pyx_call_type_traverse(o, 1, v, a); + if (e) return e; + } + if (p->obj) { + e = (*v)(p->obj, a); if (e) return e; + } + if (p->_size) { + e = (*v)(p->_size, a); if (e) return e; + } + if (p->view.obj) { + e = (*v)(p->view.obj, a); if (e) return e; + } + return 0; +} + +static int __pyx_tp_clear_memoryview(PyObject *o) { + PyObject* tmp; + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *p = (struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *)o; + tmp = ((PyObject*)p->obj); + p->obj = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None); + Py_XDECREF(tmp); + tmp = ((PyObject*)p->_size); + p->_size = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None); + Py_XDECREF(tmp); + Py_CLEAR(p->view.obj); + return 0; +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_sq_item_memoryview(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i) { + PyObject *r; + PyObject *x = PyLong_FromSsize_t(i); if(!x) return 0; + #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS || (!CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000) + r = Py_TYPE(o)->tp_as_mapping->mp_subscript(o, x); + #else + r = ((binaryfunc)PyType_GetSlot(Py_TYPE(o), Py_mp_subscript))(o, x); + #endif + Py_DECREF(x); + return r; +} + +static int __pyx_mp_ass_subscript_memoryview(PyObject *o, PyObject *i, PyObject *v) { + if (v) { + return __pyx_memoryview___setitem__(o, i, v); + } + else { + __Pyx_TypeName o_type_name; + o_type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(Py_TYPE(o)); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_NotImplementedError, + "Subscript deletion not supported by " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME, o_type_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(o_type_name); + return -1; + } +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_T(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_1T_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_base(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_4base_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_shape(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_5shape_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_strides(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_7strides_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_suboffsets(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_10suboffsets_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_ndim(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_4ndim_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_itemsize(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_8itemsize_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_nbytes(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_6nbytes_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyObject *__pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_size(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) { + return __pyx_pw_15View_dot_MemoryView_10memoryview_4size_1__get__(o); +} + +static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_memoryview[] = { + {"is_c_contig", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_memoryview_is_c_contig, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {"is_f_contig", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_memoryview_is_f_contig, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {"copy", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_memoryview_copy, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {"copy_fortran", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_memoryview_copy_fortran, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {"__reduce_cython__", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_pw___pyx_memoryview_1__reduce_cython__, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {"__setstate_cython__", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_pw___pyx_memoryview_3__setstate_cython__, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {0, 0, 0, 0} +}; + +static struct PyGetSetDef __pyx_getsets_memoryview[] = { + {"T", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_T, 0, 0, 0}, + {"base", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_base, 0, 0, 0}, + {"shape", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_shape, 0, 0, 0}, + {"strides", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_strides, 0, 0, 0}, + {"suboffsets", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_suboffsets, 0, 0, 0}, + {"ndim", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_ndim, 0, 0, 0}, + {"itemsize", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_itemsize, 0, 0, 0}, + {"nbytes", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_nbytes, 0, 0, 0}, + {"size", __pyx_getprop___pyx_memoryview_size, 0, 0, 0}, + {0, 0, 0, 0, 0} +}; +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + +static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer_memoryview = { + __pyx_memoryview_getbuffer, /*bf_getbuffer*/ + 0, /*bf_releasebuffer*/ +}; +#endif +static PyType_Slot __pyx_type___pyx_memoryview_slots[] = { + {Py_tp_dealloc, (void *)__pyx_tp_dealloc_memoryview}, + {Py_tp_repr, (void *)__pyx_memoryview___repr__}, + {Py_sq_length, (void *)__pyx_memoryview___len__}, + {Py_sq_item, (void *)__pyx_sq_item_memoryview}, + {Py_mp_length, (void *)__pyx_memoryview___len__}, + {Py_mp_subscript, (void *)__pyx_memoryview___getitem__}, + {Py_mp_ass_subscript, (void *)__pyx_mp_ass_subscript_memoryview}, + {Py_tp_str, (void *)__pyx_memoryview___str__}, + #if defined(Py_bf_getbuffer) + {Py_bf_getbuffer, (void *)__pyx_memoryview_getbuffer}, + #endif + {Py_tp_traverse, (void *)__pyx_tp_traverse_memoryview}, + {Py_tp_clear, (void *)__pyx_tp_clear_memoryview}, + {Py_tp_methods, (void *)__pyx_methods_memoryview}, + {Py_tp_getset, (void *)__pyx_getsets_memoryview}, + {Py_tp_new, (void *)__pyx_tp_new_memoryview}, + {0, 0}, +}; +static PyType_Spec __pyx_type___pyx_memoryview_spec = { + "fairseq.data.token_block_utils_fast.memoryview", + sizeof(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj), + 0, + Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, + __pyx_type___pyx_memoryview_slots, +}; +#else + +static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence_memoryview = { + __pyx_memoryview___len__, /*sq_length*/ + 0, /*sq_concat*/ + 0, /*sq_repeat*/ + __pyx_sq_item_memoryview, /*sq_item*/ + 0, /*sq_slice*/ + 0, /*sq_ass_item*/ + 0, /*sq_ass_slice*/ + 0, /*sq_contains*/ + 0, /*sq_inplace_concat*/ + 0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/ +}; + +static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping_memoryview = { + __pyx_memoryview___len__, /*mp_length*/ + __pyx_memoryview___getitem__, /*mp_subscript*/ + __pyx_mp_ass_subscript_memoryview, /*mp_ass_subscript*/ +}; + +static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer_memoryview = { + __pyx_memoryview_getbuffer, /*bf_getbuffer*/ + 0, /*bf_releasebuffer*/ +}; + +static PyTypeObject __pyx_type___pyx_memoryview = { + PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0) + "fairseq.data.token_block_utils_fast.""memoryview", /*tp_name*/ + sizeof(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj), /*tp_basicsize*/ + 0, /*tp_itemsize*/ + __pyx_tp_dealloc_memoryview, /*tp_dealloc*/ + 0, /*tp_vectorcall_offset*/ + 0, /*tp_getattr*/ + 0, /*tp_setattr*/ + 0, /*tp_as_async*/ + __pyx_memoryview___repr__, /*tp_repr*/ + 0, /*tp_as_number*/ + &__pyx_tp_as_sequence_memoryview, /*tp_as_sequence*/ + &__pyx_tp_as_mapping_memoryview, /*tp_as_mapping*/ + 0, /*tp_hash*/ + 0, /*tp_call*/ + __pyx_memoryview___str__, /*tp_str*/ + 0, /*tp_getattro*/ + 0, /*tp_setattro*/ + &__pyx_tp_as_buffer_memoryview, /*tp_as_buffer*/ + Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/ + 0, /*tp_doc*/ + __pyx_tp_traverse_memoryview, /*tp_traverse*/ + __pyx_tp_clear_memoryview, /*tp_clear*/ + 0, /*tp_richcompare*/ + 0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/ + 0, /*tp_iter*/ + 0, /*tp_iternext*/ + __pyx_methods_memoryview, /*tp_methods*/ + 0, /*tp_members*/ + __pyx_getsets_memoryview, /*tp_getset*/ + 0, /*tp_base*/ + 0, /*tp_dict*/ + 0, /*tp_descr_get*/ + 0, /*tp_descr_set*/ + #if !CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS + 0, /*tp_dictoffset*/ + #endif + 0, /*tp_init*/ + 0, /*tp_alloc*/ + __pyx_tp_new_memoryview, /*tp_new*/ + 0, /*tp_free*/ + 0, /*tp_is_gc*/ + 0, /*tp_bases*/ + 0, /*tp_mro*/ + 0, /*tp_cache*/ + 0, /*tp_subclasses*/ + 0, /*tp_weaklist*/ + 0, /*tp_del*/ + 0, /*tp_version_tag*/ + #if CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE + 0, /*tp_finalize*/ + #else + NULL, /*tp_finalize*/ + #endif + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || PYPY_VERSION_NUM >= 0x07030800 + 0, /*tp_vectorcall*/ + #endif + #if __PYX_NEED_TP_PRINT_SLOT == 1 + 0, /*tp_print*/ + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + 0, /*tp_watched*/ + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A4 + 0, /*tp_versions_used*/ + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030a0000 + 0, /*tp_pypy_flags*/ + #endif +}; +#endif +static struct __pyx_vtabstruct__memoryviewslice __pyx_vtable__memoryviewslice; + +static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new__memoryviewslice(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k) { + struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *p; + PyObject *o = __pyx_tp_new_memoryview(t, a, k); + if (unlikely(!o)) return 0; + p = ((struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *)o); + p->__pyx_base.__pyx_vtab = (struct __pyx_vtabstruct_memoryview*)__pyx_vtabptr__memoryviewslice; + __Pyx_default_placement_construct(&(p->from_slice)); + p->from_object = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None); + p->from_slice.memview = NULL; + return o; +} + +static void __pyx_tp_dealloc__memoryviewslice(PyObject *o) { + struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *p = (struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *)o; + #if CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyObject_GetSlot(o, tp_finalize, destructor)) && !__Pyx_PyObject_GC_IsFinalized(o)) { + if (__Pyx_PyObject_GetSlot(o, tp_dealloc, destructor) == __pyx_tp_dealloc__memoryviewslice) { + if (PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(o)) return; + } + } + #endif + PyObject_GC_UnTrack(o); + { + PyObject *etype, *eval, *etb; + PyErr_Fetch(&etype, &eval, &etb); + __Pyx_SET_REFCNT(o, Py_REFCNT(o) + 1); + __pyx_memoryviewslice___dealloc__(o); + __Pyx_SET_REFCNT(o, Py_REFCNT(o) - 1); + PyErr_Restore(etype, eval, etb); + } + __Pyx_call_destructor(p->from_slice); + Py_CLEAR(p->from_object); + PyObject_GC_Track(o); + __pyx_tp_dealloc_memoryview(o); +} + +static int __pyx_tp_traverse__memoryviewslice(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) { + int e; + struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *p = (struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *)o; + e = __pyx_tp_traverse_memoryview(o, v, a); if (e) return e; + if (p->from_object) { + e = (*v)(p->from_object, a); if (e) return e; + } + return 0; +} + +static int __pyx_tp_clear__memoryviewslice(PyObject *o) { + PyObject* tmp; + struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *p = (struct __pyx_memoryviewslice_obj *)o; + __pyx_tp_clear_memoryview(o); + tmp = ((PyObject*)p->from_object); + p->from_object = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None); + Py_XDECREF(tmp); + __PYX_XCLEAR_MEMVIEW(&p->from_slice, 1); + return 0; +} + +static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods__memoryviewslice[] = { + {"__reduce_cython__", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_pw___pyx_memoryviewslice_1__reduce_cython__, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {"__setstate_cython__", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))(__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCallWithKeywords)__pyx_pw___pyx_memoryviewslice_3__setstate_cython__, __Pyx_METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, 0}, + {0, 0, 0, 0} +}; +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS +static PyType_Slot __pyx_type___pyx_memoryviewslice_slots[] = { + {Py_tp_dealloc, (void *)__pyx_tp_dealloc__memoryviewslice}, + {Py_tp_doc, (void *)PyDoc_STR("Internal class for passing memoryview slices to Python")}, + {Py_tp_traverse, (void *)__pyx_tp_traverse__memoryviewslice}, + {Py_tp_clear, (void *)__pyx_tp_clear__memoryviewslice}, + {Py_tp_methods, (void *)__pyx_methods__memoryviewslice}, + {Py_tp_new, (void *)__pyx_tp_new__memoryviewslice}, + {0, 0}, +}; 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CYTHON_IMMORTAL_CONSTANTS + { + PyObject **table = __pyx_mstate->__pyx_number_tab; + for (Py_ssize_t i=0; i<7; ++i) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030E0000 + if (_Py_IsOwnedByCurrentThread(table[i]) && Py_REFCNT(table[i]) == 1) + #else + if (PyUnstable_Object_IsUniquelyReferenced(table[i])) + #endif + { + Py_SET_REFCNT(table[i], _Py_IMMORTAL_REFCNT_LOCAL); + } + #else + Py_SET_REFCNT(table[i], _Py_IMMORTAL_INITIAL_REFCNT); + #endif + } + } + #endif + return 0; + __pyx_L1_error:; + return -1; +} +/* #### Code section: init_codeobjects ### */ +typedef struct { + unsigned int argcount : 3; + unsigned int num_posonly_args : 1; + unsigned int num_kwonly_args : 1; + unsigned int nlocals : 3; + unsigned int flags : 10; + unsigned int first_line : 7; +} __Pyx_PyCode_New_function_description; +/* NewCodeObj.proto */ +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyCode_New( + const __Pyx_PyCode_New_function_description descr, + PyObject * const *varnames, + PyObject *filename, + PyObject *funcname, + PyObject *line_table, + PyObject *tuple_dedup_map +); + + +static int __Pyx_CreateCodeObjects(__pyx_mstatetype *__pyx_mstate) { + PyObject* tuple_dedup_map = PyDict_New(); + if (unlikely(!tuple_dedup_map)) return -1; + { + const __Pyx_PyCode_New_function_description descr = {4, 0, 0, 4, (unsigned int)(CO_OPTIMIZED|CO_NEWLOCALS), 47}; + PyObject* const varnames[] = {__pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_sizes, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_break_mode, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_block_size, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_document_sep_len}; + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_codeobj_tab[0] = __Pyx_PyCode_New(descr, varnames, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_kp_u_fairseq_data_token_block_utils_f_2, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_get_slice_indices_fast, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_kp_b_iso88591_1_Q_Q_1_U_1_4AWA_Cq_gRs_1_z_Qhc, tuple_dedup_map); if (unlikely(!__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_codeobj_tab[0])) goto bad; + } + { + const __Pyx_PyCode_New_function_description descr = {2, 0, 0, 2, (unsigned int)(CO_OPTIMIZED|CO_NEWLOCALS), 106}; + PyObject* const varnames[] = {__pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_sizes, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_slice_indices}; + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_codeobj_tab[1] = __Pyx_PyCode_New(descr, varnames, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_kp_u_fairseq_data_token_block_utils_f_2, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_get_block_to_dataset_index_fast, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_kp_b_iso88591_oQa_b_aq_1L_ffg_5Q_A_M_q_U_1_r, tuple_dedup_map); if (unlikely(!__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_codeobj_tab[1])) goto bad; + } + { + const __Pyx_PyCode_New_function_description descr = {1, 0, 0, 4, (unsigned int)(CO_OPTIMIZED|CO_NEWLOCALS), 1}; + PyObject* const varnames[] = {__pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_self, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_state, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_dict_2, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_use_setstate}; + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_codeobj_tab[2] = __Pyx_PyCode_New(descr, varnames, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_kp_u_stringsource, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_reduce_cython, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_kp_b_iso88591_T_T_1_5Fd_G1F_a_vWE_Q_q_q_q_0_A, tuple_dedup_map); if (unlikely(!__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_codeobj_tab[2])) goto bad; + } + { + const __Pyx_PyCode_New_function_description descr = {2, 0, 0, 2, (unsigned int)(CO_OPTIMIZED|CO_NEWLOCALS), 16}; + PyObject* const varnames[] = {__pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_self, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_pyx_state}; + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_codeobj_tab[3] = __Pyx_PyCode_New(descr, varnames, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_kp_u_stringsource, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_setstate_cython, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_kp_b_iso88591_QfA, tuple_dedup_map); if (unlikely(!__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_codeobj_tab[3])) goto bad; + } + { + const __Pyx_PyCode_New_function_description descr = {3, 0, 0, 4, (unsigned int)(CO_OPTIMIZED|CO_NEWLOCALS), 4}; + PyObject* const varnames[] = {__pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_pyx_type, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_pyx_checksum, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_pyx_state, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_pyx_result}; + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_codeobj_tab[4] = __Pyx_PyCode_New(descr, varnames, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_kp_u_stringsource, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_n_u_pyx_unpickle_DatasetSearcher, __pyx_mstate->__pyx_kp_b_iso88591_q_0_kQR_1_7_1_2DNRS_1, tuple_dedup_map); if (unlikely(!__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_codeobj_tab[4])) goto bad; + } + Py_DECREF(tuple_dedup_map); + return 0; + bad: + Py_DECREF(tuple_dedup_map); + return -1; +} +/* #### Code section: init_globals ### */ + +static int __Pyx_InitGlobals(void) { + /* PythonCompatibility.init */ + if (likely(__Pyx_init_co_variables() == 0)); else + + if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) __PYX_ERR(0, 1, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* AssertionsEnabled.init */ + if (likely(__Pyx_init_assertions_enabled() == 0)); else + + if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) __PYX_ERR(0, 1, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* NumpyImportArray.init */ + /* + * Cython has automatically inserted a call to _import_array since + * you didn't include one when you cimported numpy. To disable this + * add the line + * numpy._import_array + */ + #ifdef NPY_FEATURE_VERSION + #ifndef NO_IMPORT_ARRAY + if (unlikely(_import_array() == -1)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, "numpy.core.multiarray failed to import " + "(auto-generated because you didn't call 'numpy.import_array()' after cimporting numpy; " + "use 'numpy._import_array' to disable if you are certain you don't need it)."); + } + #endif + #endif + + if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) __PYX_ERR(0, 1, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* CommonTypesMetaclass.init */ + if (likely(__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_init(__pyx_m) == 0)); else + + if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) __PYX_ERR(0, 1, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* CachedMethodType.init */ + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + { + PyObject *typesModule=NULL; + typesModule = PyImport_ImportModule("types"); + if (typesModule) { + __pyx_mstate_global->__Pyx_CachedMethodType = PyObject_GetAttrString(typesModule, "MethodType"); + Py_DECREF(typesModule); + } + } // error handling follows + #endif + + if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) __PYX_ERR(0, 1, __pyx_L1_error) + + /* CythonFunctionShared.init */ + if (likely(__pyx_CyFunction_init(__pyx_m) == 0)); else + + if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) __PYX_ERR(0, 1, __pyx_L1_error) + + return 0; + __pyx_L1_error:; + return -1; +} +/* #### Code section: cleanup_globals ### */ +/* #### Code section: cleanup_module ### */ +/* #### Code section: main_method ### */ +/* #### Code section: utility_code_pragmas ### */ +#ifdef _MSC_VER +#pragma warning( push ) +/* Warning 4127: conditional expression is constant + * Cython uses constant conditional expressions to allow in inline functions to be optimized at + * compile-time, so this warning is not useful + */ +#pragma warning( disable : 4127 ) +#endif + + + +/* #### Code section: utility_code_def ### */ + +/* --- Runtime support code --- */ +/* Refnanny */ +#if CYTHON_REFNANNY +static __Pyx_RefNannyAPIStruct *__Pyx_RefNannyImportAPI(const char *modname) { + PyObject *m = NULL, *p = NULL; + void *r = NULL; + m = PyImport_ImportModule(modname); + if (!m) goto end; + p = PyObject_GetAttrString(m, "RefNannyAPI"); + if (!p) goto end; + r = PyLong_AsVoidPtr(p); +end: + Py_XDECREF(p); + Py_XDECREF(m); + return (__Pyx_RefNannyAPIStruct *)r; +} +#endif + +/* TupleAndListFromArray (used by fastcall) */ +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * +__Pyx_PyTuple_FromArray(PyObject *const *src, Py_ssize_t n) +{ + PyObject *res; + Py_ssize_t i; + if (n <= 0) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple); + } + res = PyTuple_New(n); + if (unlikely(res == NULL)) return NULL; + for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { + Py_INCREF(src[i]); + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyTuple_SET_ITEM(res, i, src[i]) < (0))) { + Py_DECREF(res); + return NULL; + } + } + return res; +} +#elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_copy_object_array(PyObject *const *CYTHON_RESTRICT src, PyObject** CYTHON_RESTRICT dest, Py_ssize_t length) { + PyObject *v; + Py_ssize_t i; + for (i = 0; i < length; i++) { + v = dest[i] = src[i]; + Py_INCREF(v); + } +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * +__Pyx_PyTuple_FromArray(PyObject *const *src, Py_ssize_t n) +{ + PyObject *res; + if (n <= 0) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple); + } + res = PyTuple_New(n); + if (unlikely(res == NULL)) return NULL; + __Pyx_copy_object_array(src, ((PyTupleObject*)res)->ob_item, n); + return res; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * +__Pyx_PyList_FromArray(PyObject *const *src, Py_ssize_t n) +{ + PyObject *res; + if (n <= 0) { + return PyList_New(0); + } + res = PyList_New(n); + if (unlikely(res == NULL)) return NULL; + __Pyx_copy_object_array(src, ((PyListObject*)res)->ob_item, n); + return res; +} +#endif + +/* BytesEquals (used by UnicodeEquals) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyBytes_Equals(PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2, int equals) { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL ||\ + !(CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS) + return PyObject_RichCompareBool(s1, s2, equals); +#else + if (s1 == s2) { + return (equals == Py_EQ); + } else if (PyBytes_CheckExact(s1) & PyBytes_CheckExact(s2)) { + const char *ps1, *ps2; + Py_ssize_t length = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(s1); + if (length != PyBytes_GET_SIZE(s2)) + return (equals == Py_NE); + ps1 = PyBytes_AS_STRING(s1); + ps2 = PyBytes_AS_STRING(s2); + if (ps1[0] != ps2[0]) { + return (equals == Py_NE); + } else if (length == 1) { + return (equals == Py_EQ); + } else { + int result; +#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS && (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B0000) + Py_hash_t hash1, hash2; + hash1 = ((PyBytesObject*)s1)->ob_shash; + hash2 = ((PyBytesObject*)s2)->ob_shash; + if (hash1 != hash2 && hash1 != -1 && hash2 != -1) { + return (equals == Py_NE); + } +#endif + result = memcmp(ps1, ps2, (size_t)length); + return (equals == Py_EQ) ? (result == 0) : (result != 0); + } + } else if ((s1 == Py_None) & PyBytes_CheckExact(s2)) { + return (equals == Py_NE); + } else if ((s2 == Py_None) & PyBytes_CheckExact(s1)) { + return (equals == Py_NE); + } else { + int result; + PyObject* py_result = PyObject_RichCompare(s1, s2, equals); + if (!py_result) + return -1; + result = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(py_result); + Py_DECREF(py_result); + return result; + } +#endif +} + +/* UnicodeEquals (used by fastcall) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyUnicode_Equals(PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2, int equals) { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL + return PyObject_RichCompareBool(s1, s2, equals); +#else + int s1_is_unicode, s2_is_unicode; + if (s1 == s2) { + goto return_eq; + } + s1_is_unicode = PyUnicode_CheckExact(s1); + s2_is_unicode = PyUnicode_CheckExact(s2); + if (s1_is_unicode & s2_is_unicode) { + Py_ssize_t length, length2; + int kind; + void *data1, *data2; + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(s1) < 0) || unlikely(__Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(s2) < 0)) + return -1; + #endif + length = __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s1); + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (unlikely(length < 0)) return -1; + #endif + length2 = __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s2); + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (unlikely(length2 < 0)) return -1; + #endif + if (length != length2) { + goto return_ne; + } +#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + { + Py_hash_t hash1, hash2; + hash1 = ((PyASCIIObject*)s1)->hash; + hash2 = ((PyASCIIObject*)s2)->hash; + if (hash1 != hash2 && hash1 != -1 && hash2 != -1) { + goto return_ne; + } + } +#endif + kind = __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(s1); + if (kind != __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(s2)) { + goto return_ne; + } + data1 = __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(s1); + data2 = __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(s2); + if (__Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(kind, data1, 0) != __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(kind, data2, 0)) { + goto return_ne; + } else if (length == 1) { + goto return_eq; + } else { + int result = memcmp(data1, data2, (size_t)(length * kind)); + return (equals == Py_EQ) ? (result == 0) : (result != 0); + } + } else if ((s1 == Py_None) & s2_is_unicode) { + goto return_ne; + } else if ((s2 == Py_None) & s1_is_unicode) { + goto return_ne; + } else { + int result; + PyObject* py_result = PyObject_RichCompare(s1, s2, equals); + if (!py_result) + return -1; + result = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(py_result); + Py_DECREF(py_result); + return result; + } +return_eq: + return (equals == Py_EQ); +return_ne: + return (equals == Py_NE); +#endif +} + +/* fastcall */ +#if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_GetKwValue_FASTCALL(PyObject *kwnames, PyObject *const *kwvalues, PyObject *s) +{ + Py_ssize_t i, n = __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames); + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (unlikely(n == -1)) return NULL; + #endif + for (i = 0; i < n; i++) + { + PyObject *namei = __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwnames, i); + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + if (unlikely(!namei)) return NULL; + #endif + if (s == namei) return kwvalues[i]; + } + for (i = 0; i < n; i++) + { + PyObject *namei = __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwnames, i); + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + if (unlikely(!namei)) return NULL; + #endif + int eq = __Pyx_PyUnicode_Equals(s, namei, Py_EQ); + if (unlikely(eq != 0)) { + if (unlikely(eq < 0)) return NULL; + return kwvalues[i]; + } + } + return NULL; +} +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +CYTHON_UNUSED static PyObject *__Pyx_KwargsAsDict_FASTCALL(PyObject *kwnames, PyObject *const *kwvalues) { + Py_ssize_t i, nkwargs; + PyObject *dict; +#if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + nkwargs = PyTuple_Size(kwnames); + if (unlikely(nkwargs < 0)) return NULL; +#else + nkwargs = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames); +#endif + dict = PyDict_New(); + if (unlikely(!dict)) + return NULL; + for (i=0; itp_call; + if (unlikely(!call)) + return PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw); + if (unlikely(Py_EnterRecursiveCall(" while calling a Python object"))) + return NULL; + result = (*call)(func, arg, kw); + Py_LeaveRecursiveCall(); + if (unlikely(!result) && unlikely(!PyErr_Occurred())) { + PyErr_SetString( + PyExc_SystemError, + "NULL result without error in PyObject_Call"); + } + return result; +} +#endif + +/* PyObjectCallMethO (used by PyObjectFastCall) */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg) { + PyObject *self, *result; + PyCFunction cfunc; + cfunc = __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(func); + self = __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_SELF(func); + if (unlikely(Py_EnterRecursiveCall(" while calling a Python object"))) + return NULL; + result = cfunc(self, arg); + Py_LeaveRecursiveCall(); + if (unlikely(!result) && unlikely(!PyErr_Occurred())) { + PyErr_SetString( + PyExc_SystemError, + "NULL result without error in PyObject_Call"); + } + return result; +} +#endif + +/* PyObjectFastCall (used by PyObjectCallOneArg) */ +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_FastCall_fallback(PyObject *func, PyObject * const*args, size_t nargs, PyObject *kwargs) { + PyObject *argstuple; + PyObject *result = 0; + size_t i; + argstuple = PyTuple_New((Py_ssize_t)nargs); + if (unlikely(!argstuple)) return NULL; + for (i = 0; i < nargs; i++) { + Py_INCREF(args[i]); + if (__Pyx_PyTuple_SET_ITEM(argstuple, (Py_ssize_t)i, args[i]) != (0)) goto bad; + } + result = __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, argstuple, kwargs); + bad: + Py_DECREF(argstuple); + return result; +} +#endif +#if CYTHON_VECTORCALL && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 + #define __Pyx_PyVectorcall_Function(callable) _PyVectorcall_Function(callable) + #elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE vectorcallfunc __Pyx_PyVectorcall_Function(PyObject *callable) { + PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(callable); + #if defined(__Pyx_CyFunction_USED) + if (__Pyx_CyFunction_CheckExact(callable)) { + return __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(callable); + } + #endif + if (!PyType_HasFeature(tp, Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL)) { + return NULL; + } + assert(PyCallable_Check(callable)); + Py_ssize_t offset = tp->tp_vectorcall_offset; + assert(offset > 0); + vectorcallfunc ptr; + memcpy(&ptr, (char *) callable + offset, sizeof(ptr)); + return ptr; +} + #else + #define __Pyx_PyVectorcall_Function(callable) PyVectorcall_Function(callable) + #endif +#endif +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_FastCallDict(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t _nargs, PyObject *kwargs) { + Py_ssize_t nargs = __Pyx_PyVectorcall_NARGS(_nargs); +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + if (nargs == 0 && kwargs == NULL) { + if (__Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_Check(func) && likely( __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) & METH_NOARGS)) + return __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(func, NULL); + } + else if (nargs == 1 && kwargs == NULL) { + if (__Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_Check(func) && likely( __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) & METH_O)) + return __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(func, args[0]); + } +#endif + if (kwargs == NULL) { + #if CYTHON_VECTORCALL + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + return PyObject_Vectorcall(func, args, _nargs, NULL); + #else + vectorcallfunc f = __Pyx_PyVectorcall_Function(func); + if (f) { + return f(func, args, _nargs, NULL); + } + #endif + #endif + } + if (nargs == 0) { + return __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple, kwargs); + } + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + return PyObject_VectorcallDict(func, args, (size_t)nargs, kwargs); + #else + return __Pyx_PyObject_FastCall_fallback(func, args, (size_t)nargs, kwargs); + #endif +} + +/* PyObjectCallOneArg (used by CallUnboundCMethod0) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg) { + PyObject *args[2] = {NULL, arg}; + return __Pyx_PyObject_FastCall(func, args+1, 1 | __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET); +} + +/* PyObjectGetAttrStr (used by UnpackUnboundCMethod) */ +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name) { + PyTypeObject* tp = Py_TYPE(obj); + if (likely(tp->tp_getattro)) + return tp->tp_getattro(obj, attr_name); + return PyObject_GetAttr(obj, attr_name); +} +#endif + +/* UnpackUnboundCMethod (used by CallUnboundCMethod0) */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 +static PyObject *__Pyx_SelflessCall(PyObject *method, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs) { + PyObject *result; + PyObject *selfless_args = PyTuple_GetSlice(args, 1, PyTuple_Size(args)); + if (unlikely(!selfless_args)) return NULL; + result = PyObject_Call(method, selfless_args, kwargs); + Py_DECREF(selfless_args); + return result; +} +#elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 +static PyObject *__Pyx_SelflessCall(PyObject *method, PyObject **args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames) { + return _PyObject_Vectorcall + (method, args ? args+1 : NULL, nargs ? nargs-1 : 0, kwnames); +} +#else +static PyObject *__Pyx_SelflessCall(PyObject *method, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames) { + return +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 + _PyObject_Vectorcall +#else + PyObject_Vectorcall +#endif + (method, args ? args+1 : NULL, nargs ? (size_t) nargs-1 : 0, kwnames); +} +#endif +static PyMethodDef __Pyx_UnboundCMethod_Def = { + "CythonUnboundCMethod", + __PYX_REINTERPRET_FUNCION(PyCFunction, __Pyx_SelflessCall), +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 + METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, +#else + METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS, +#endif + NULL +}; +static int __Pyx_TryUnpackUnboundCMethod(__Pyx_CachedCFunction* target) { + PyObject *method, *result=NULL; + method = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(target->type, *target->method_name); + if (unlikely(!method)) + return -1; + result = method; +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + if (likely(__Pyx_TypeCheck(method, &PyMethodDescr_Type))) + { + PyMethodDescrObject *descr = (PyMethodDescrObject*) method; + target->func = descr->d_method->ml_meth; + target->flag = descr->d_method->ml_flags & ~(METH_CLASS | METH_STATIC | METH_COEXIST | METH_STACKLESS); + } else +#endif +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY +#else + if (PyCFunction_Check(method)) +#endif + { + PyObject *self; + int self_found; +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + self = PyObject_GetAttrString(method, "__self__"); + if (!self) { + PyErr_Clear(); + } +#else + self = PyCFunction_GET_SELF(method); +#endif + self_found = (self && self != Py_None); +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + Py_XDECREF(self); +#endif + if (self_found) { + PyObject *unbound_method = PyCFunction_New(&__Pyx_UnboundCMethod_Def, method); + if (unlikely(!unbound_method)) return -1; + Py_DECREF(method); + result = unbound_method; + } + } +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + if (unlikely(target->method)) { + Py_DECREF(result); + } else +#endif + target->method = result; + return 0; +} + +/* CallUnboundCMethod0 */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod0(__Pyx_CachedCFunction* cfunc, PyObject* self) { + int was_initialized = __Pyx_CachedCFunction_GetAndSetInitializing(cfunc); + if (likely(was_initialized == 2 && cfunc->func)) { + if (likely(cfunc->flag == METH_NOARGS)) + return __Pyx_CallCFunction(cfunc, self, NULL); + if (likely(cfunc->flag == METH_FASTCALL)) + return __Pyx_CallCFunctionFast(cfunc, self, NULL, 0); + if (cfunc->flag == (METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS)) + return __Pyx_CallCFunctionFastWithKeywords(cfunc, self, NULL, 0, NULL); + if (likely(cfunc->flag == (METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS))) + return __Pyx_CallCFunctionWithKeywords(cfunc, self, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple, NULL); + if (cfunc->flag == METH_VARARGS) + return __Pyx_CallCFunction(cfunc, self, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple); + return __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod0(cfunc, self); + } +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + else if (unlikely(was_initialized == 1)) { + __Pyx_CachedCFunction tmp_cfunc = { +#ifndef __cplusplus + 0 +#endif + }; + tmp_cfunc.type = cfunc->type; + tmp_cfunc.method_name = cfunc->method_name; + return __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod0(&tmp_cfunc, self); + } +#endif + PyObject *result = __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod0(cfunc, self); + __Pyx_CachedCFunction_SetFinishedInitializing(cfunc); + return result; +} +#endif +static PyObject* __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod0(__Pyx_CachedCFunction* cfunc, PyObject* self) { + PyObject *result; + if (unlikely(!cfunc->method) && unlikely(__Pyx_TryUnpackUnboundCMethod(cfunc) < 0)) return NULL; + result = __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(cfunc->method, self); + return result; +} + +/* py_dict_items (used by OwnedDictNext) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyDict_Items(PyObject* d) { + return __Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod0(&__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_umethod_PyDict_Type_items, d); +} + +/* py_dict_values (used by OwnedDictNext) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyDict_Values(PyObject* d) { + return __Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod0(&__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_umethod_PyDict_Type_values, d); +} + +/* OwnedDictNext (used by ParseKeywordsImpl) */ +#if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS +static int __Pyx_PyDict_NextRef(PyObject *p, PyObject **ppos, PyObject **pkey, PyObject **pvalue) { + PyObject *next = NULL; + if (!*ppos) { + if (pvalue) { + PyObject *dictview = pkey ? __Pyx_PyDict_Items(p) : __Pyx_PyDict_Values(p); + if (unlikely(!dictview)) goto bad; + *ppos = PyObject_GetIter(dictview); + Py_DECREF(dictview); + } else { + *ppos = PyObject_GetIter(p); + } + if (unlikely(!*ppos)) goto bad; + } + next = PyIter_Next(*ppos); + if (!next) { + if (PyErr_Occurred()) goto bad; + return 0; + } + if (pkey && pvalue) { + *pkey = __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(next, 0); + if (unlikely(*pkey)) goto bad; + *pvalue = __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(next, 1); + if (unlikely(*pvalue)) goto bad; + Py_DECREF(next); + } else if (pkey) { + *pkey = next; + } else { + assert(pvalue); + *pvalue = next; + } + return 1; + bad: + Py_XDECREF(next); +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + PyErr_FormatUnraisable("Exception ignored in __Pyx_PyDict_NextRef"); +#else + PyErr_WriteUnraisable(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_Pyx_PyDict_NextRef); +#endif + if (pkey) *pkey = NULL; + if (pvalue) *pvalue = NULL; + return 0; +} +#else // !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS +static int __Pyx_PyDict_NextRef(PyObject *p, Py_ssize_t *ppos, PyObject **pkey, PyObject **pvalue) { + int result = PyDict_Next(p, ppos, pkey, pvalue); + if (likely(result == 1)) { + if (pkey) Py_INCREF(*pkey); + if (pvalue) Py_INCREF(*pvalue); + } + return result; +} +#endif + +/* RaiseDoubleKeywords (used by ParseKeywordsImpl) */ +static void __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError( + const char* func_name, + PyObject* kw_name) +{ + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%s() got multiple values for keyword argument '%U'", func_name, kw_name); +} + +/* CallUnboundCMethod2 */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod2(__Pyx_CachedCFunction *cfunc, PyObject *self, PyObject *arg1, PyObject *arg2) { + int was_initialized = __Pyx_CachedCFunction_GetAndSetInitializing(cfunc); + if (likely(was_initialized == 2 && cfunc->func)) { + PyObject *args[2] = {arg1, arg2}; + if (cfunc->flag == METH_FASTCALL) { + return __Pyx_CallCFunctionFast(cfunc, self, args, 2); + } + if (cfunc->flag == (METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS)) + return __Pyx_CallCFunctionFastWithKeywords(cfunc, self, args, 2, NULL); + } +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + else if (unlikely(was_initialized == 1)) { + __Pyx_CachedCFunction tmp_cfunc = { +#ifndef __cplusplus + 0 +#endif + }; + tmp_cfunc.type = cfunc->type; + tmp_cfunc.method_name = cfunc->method_name; + return __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod2(&tmp_cfunc, self, arg1, arg2); + } +#endif + PyObject *result = __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod2(cfunc, self, arg1, arg2); + __Pyx_CachedCFunction_SetFinishedInitializing(cfunc); + return result; +} +#endif +static PyObject* __Pyx__CallUnboundCMethod2(__Pyx_CachedCFunction* cfunc, PyObject* self, PyObject* arg1, PyObject* arg2){ + if (unlikely(!cfunc->func && !cfunc->method) && unlikely(__Pyx_TryUnpackUnboundCMethod(cfunc) < 0)) return NULL; +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + if (cfunc->func && (cfunc->flag & METH_VARARGS)) { + PyObject *result = NULL; + PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(2); + if (unlikely(!args)) return NULL; + Py_INCREF(arg1); + PyTuple_SET_ITEM(args, 0, arg1); + Py_INCREF(arg2); + PyTuple_SET_ITEM(args, 1, arg2); + if (cfunc->flag & METH_KEYWORDS) + result = __Pyx_CallCFunctionWithKeywords(cfunc, self, args, NULL); + else + result = __Pyx_CallCFunction(cfunc, self, args); + Py_DECREF(args); + return result; + } +#endif + { + PyObject *args[4] = {NULL, self, arg1, arg2}; + return __Pyx_PyObject_FastCall(cfunc->method, args+1, 3 | __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET); + } +} + +/* ParseKeywordsImpl (used by ParseKeywords) */ +static int __Pyx_ValidateDuplicatePosArgs( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject ** const *first_kw_arg, + const char* function_name) +{ + PyObject ** const *name = argnames; + while (name != first_kw_arg) { + PyObject *key = **name; + int found = PyDict_Contains(kwds, key); + if (unlikely(found)) { + if (found == 1) __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(function_name, key); + goto bad; + } + name++; + } + return 0; +bad: + return -1; +} +#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_UnicodeKeywordsEqual(PyObject *s1, PyObject *s2) { + int kind; + Py_ssize_t len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s1); + if (len != PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s2)) return 0; + kind = PyUnicode_KIND(s1); + if (kind != PyUnicode_KIND(s2)) return 0; + const void *data1 = PyUnicode_DATA(s1); + const void *data2 = PyUnicode_DATA(s2); + return (memcmp(data1, data2, (size_t) len * (size_t) kind) == 0); +} +#endif +static int __Pyx_MatchKeywordArg_str( + PyObject *key, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject ** const *first_kw_arg, + size_t *index_found, + const char *function_name) +{ + PyObject ** const *name; + #if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + Py_hash_t key_hash = ((PyASCIIObject*)key)->hash; + if (unlikely(key_hash == -1)) { + key_hash = PyObject_Hash(key); + if (unlikely(key_hash == -1)) + goto bad; + } + #endif + name = first_kw_arg; + while (*name) { + PyObject *name_str = **name; + #if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + if (key_hash == ((PyASCIIObject*)name_str)->hash && __Pyx_UnicodeKeywordsEqual(name_str, key)) { + *index_found = (size_t) (name - argnames); + return 1; + } + #else + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(name_str) == PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(key)) + #endif + { + int cmp = PyUnicode_Compare(name_str, key); + if (cmp < 0 && unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) goto bad; + if (cmp == 0) { + *index_found = (size_t) (name - argnames); + return 1; + } + } + #endif + name++; + } + name = argnames; + while (name != first_kw_arg) { + PyObject *name_str = **name; + #if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + if (unlikely(key_hash == ((PyASCIIObject*)name_str)->hash)) { + if (__Pyx_UnicodeKeywordsEqual(name_str, key)) + goto arg_passed_twice; + } + #else + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(name_str) == PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(key)) + #endif + { + if (unlikely(name_str == key)) goto arg_passed_twice; + int cmp = PyUnicode_Compare(name_str, key); + if (cmp < 0 && unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) goto bad; + if (cmp == 0) goto arg_passed_twice; + } + #endif + name++; + } + return 0; +arg_passed_twice: + __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(function_name, key); + goto bad; +bad: + return -1; +} +static int __Pyx_MatchKeywordArg_nostr( + PyObject *key, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject ** const *first_kw_arg, + size_t *index_found, + const char *function_name) +{ + PyObject ** const *name; + if (unlikely(!PyUnicode_Check(key))) goto invalid_keyword_type; + name = first_kw_arg; + while (*name) { + int cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(**name, key, Py_EQ); + if (cmp == 1) { + *index_found = (size_t) (name - argnames); + return 1; + } + if (unlikely(cmp == -1)) goto bad; + name++; + } + name = argnames; + while (name != first_kw_arg) { + int cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(**name, key, Py_EQ); + if (unlikely(cmp != 0)) { + if (cmp == 1) goto arg_passed_twice; + else goto bad; + } + name++; + } + return 0; +arg_passed_twice: + __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(function_name, key); + goto bad; +invalid_keyword_type: + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%.200s() keywords must be strings", function_name); + goto bad; +bad: + return -1; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_MatchKeywordArg( + PyObject *key, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject ** const *first_kw_arg, + size_t *index_found, + const char *function_name) +{ + return likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(key)) ? + __Pyx_MatchKeywordArg_str(key, argnames, first_kw_arg, index_found, function_name) : + __Pyx_MatchKeywordArg_nostr(key, argnames, first_kw_arg, index_found, function_name); +} +static void __Pyx_RejectUnknownKeyword( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject ** const *first_kw_arg, + const char *function_name) +{ + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + PyObject *pos = NULL; + #else + Py_ssize_t pos = 0; + #endif + PyObject *key = NULL; + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(kwds); + while ( + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + __Pyx_PyDict_NextRef(kwds, &pos, &key, NULL) + #else + PyDict_Next(kwds, &pos, &key, NULL) + #endif + ) { + PyObject** const *name = first_kw_arg; + while (*name && (**name != key)) name++; + if (!*name) { + size_t index_found = 0; + int cmp = __Pyx_MatchKeywordArg(key, argnames, first_kw_arg, &index_found, function_name); + if (cmp != 1) { + if (cmp == 0) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%U'", + function_name, key); + } + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(key); + #endif + break; + } + } + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(key); + #endif + } + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_XDECREF(pos); + #endif + assert(PyErr_Occurred()); +} +static int __Pyx_ParseKeywordDict( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject *values[], + Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, + Py_ssize_t num_kwargs, + const char* function_name, + int ignore_unknown_kwargs) +{ + PyObject** const *name; + PyObject** const *first_kw_arg = argnames + num_pos_args; + Py_ssize_t extracted = 0; +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || defined(PyArg_ValidateKeywordArguments) + if (unlikely(!PyArg_ValidateKeywordArguments(kwds))) return -1; +#endif + name = first_kw_arg; + while (*name && num_kwargs > extracted) { + PyObject * key = **name; + PyObject *value; + int found = 0; + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + found = PyDict_GetItemRef(kwds, key, &value); + #else + value = PyDict_GetItemWithError(kwds, key); + if (value) { + Py_INCREF(value); + found = 1; + } else { + if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) goto bad; + } + #endif + if (found) { + if (unlikely(found < 0)) goto bad; + values[name-argnames] = value; + extracted++; + } + name++; + } + if (num_kwargs > extracted) { + if (ignore_unknown_kwargs) { + if (unlikely(__Pyx_ValidateDuplicatePosArgs(kwds, argnames, first_kw_arg, function_name) == -1)) + goto bad; + } else { + __Pyx_RejectUnknownKeyword(kwds, argnames, first_kw_arg, function_name); + goto bad; + } + } + return 0; +bad: + return -1; +} +static int __Pyx_ParseKeywordDictToDict( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject *kwds2, + PyObject *values[], + Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, + const char* function_name) +{ + PyObject** const *name; + PyObject** const *first_kw_arg = argnames + num_pos_args; + Py_ssize_t len; +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || defined(PyArg_ValidateKeywordArguments) + if (unlikely(!PyArg_ValidateKeywordArguments(kwds))) return -1; +#endif + if (PyDict_Update(kwds2, kwds) < 0) goto bad; + name = first_kw_arg; + while (*name) { + PyObject *key = **name; + PyObject *value; +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && (PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A2 || defined(PyDict_Pop)) + int found = PyDict_Pop(kwds2, key, &value); + if (found) { + if (unlikely(found < 0)) goto bad; + values[name-argnames] = value; + } +#elif __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + int found = PyDict_GetItemRef(kwds2, key, &value); + if (found) { + if (unlikely(found < 0)) goto bad; + values[name-argnames] = value; + if (unlikely(PyDict_DelItem(kwds2, key) < 0)) goto bad; + } +#else + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + value = _PyDict_Pop(kwds2, key, kwds2); + #else + value = __Pyx_CallUnboundCMethod2(&__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_umethod_PyDict_Type_pop, kwds2, key, kwds2); + #endif + if (value == kwds2) { + Py_DECREF(value); + } else { + if (unlikely(!value)) goto bad; + values[name-argnames] = value; + } +#endif + name++; + } + len = PyDict_Size(kwds2); + if (len > 0) { + return __Pyx_ValidateDuplicatePosArgs(kwds, argnames, first_kw_arg, function_name); + } else if (unlikely(len == -1)) { + goto bad; + } + return 0; +bad: + return -1; +} +static int __Pyx_ParseKeywordsTuple( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject * const *kwvalues, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject *kwds2, + PyObject *values[], + Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, + Py_ssize_t num_kwargs, + const char* function_name, + int ignore_unknown_kwargs) +{ + PyObject *key = NULL; + PyObject** const * name; + PyObject** const *first_kw_arg = argnames + num_pos_args; + for (Py_ssize_t pos = 0; pos < num_kwargs; pos++) { +#if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + key = __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(kwds, pos); +#else + key = __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwds, pos); +#endif +#if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + if (unlikely(!key)) goto bad; +#endif + name = first_kw_arg; + while (*name && (**name != key)) name++; + if (*name) { + PyObject *value = kwvalues[pos]; + values[name-argnames] = __Pyx_NewRef(value); + } else { + size_t index_found = 0; + int cmp = __Pyx_MatchKeywordArg(key, argnames, first_kw_arg, &index_found, function_name); + if (cmp == 1) { + PyObject *value = kwvalues[pos]; + values[index_found] = __Pyx_NewRef(value); + } else { + if (unlikely(cmp == -1)) goto bad; + if (kwds2) { + PyObject *value = kwvalues[pos]; + if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItem(kwds2, key, value))) goto bad; + } else if (!ignore_unknown_kwargs) { + goto invalid_keyword; + } + } + } + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(key); + key = NULL; + #endif + } + return 0; +invalid_keyword: + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%U'", + function_name, key); + goto bad; +bad: + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_XDECREF(key); + #endif + return -1; +} + +/* ParseKeywords */ +static int __Pyx_ParseKeywords( + PyObject *kwds, + PyObject * const *kwvalues, + PyObject ** const argnames[], + PyObject *kwds2, + PyObject *values[], + Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, + Py_ssize_t num_kwargs, + const char* function_name, + int ignore_unknown_kwargs) +{ + if (CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL && likely(PyTuple_Check(kwds))) + return __Pyx_ParseKeywordsTuple(kwds, kwvalues, argnames, kwds2, values, num_pos_args, num_kwargs, function_name, ignore_unknown_kwargs); + else if (kwds2) + return __Pyx_ParseKeywordDictToDict(kwds, argnames, kwds2, values, num_pos_args, function_name); + else + return __Pyx_ParseKeywordDict(kwds, argnames, values, num_pos_args, num_kwargs, function_name, ignore_unknown_kwargs); +} + +/* RaiseArgTupleInvalid */ +static void __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid( + const char* func_name, + int exact, + Py_ssize_t num_min, + Py_ssize_t num_max, + Py_ssize_t num_found) +{ + Py_ssize_t num_expected; + const char *more_or_less; + if (num_found < num_min) { + num_expected = num_min; + more_or_less = "at least"; + } else { + num_expected = num_max; + more_or_less = "at most"; + } + if (exact) { + more_or_less = "exactly"; + } + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%.200s() takes %.8s %" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d positional argument%.1s (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d given)", + func_name, more_or_less, num_expected, + (num_expected == 1) ? "" : "s", num_found); +} + +/* ArgTypeTestFunc (used by ArgTypeTest) */ +static int __Pyx__ArgTypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type, const char *name, int exact) +{ + __Pyx_TypeName type_name; + __Pyx_TypeName obj_type_name; + PyObject *extra_info = __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_unicode; + int from_annotation_subclass = 0; + if (unlikely(!type)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "Missing type object"); + return 0; + } + else if (!exact) { + if (likely(__Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type))) return 1; + } else if (exact == 2) { + if (__Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type)) { + from_annotation_subclass = 1; + extra_info = __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u_Note_that_Cython_is_deliberately; + } + } + type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(type); + obj_type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(Py_TYPE(obj)); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "Argument '%.200s' has incorrect type (expected " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME + ", got " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME ")" +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 + "%s%U" +#endif + , name, type_name, obj_type_name +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 + , (from_annotation_subclass ? ". " : ""), extra_info +#endif + ); +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + if (exact == 2 && from_annotation_subclass) { + PyObject *res; + PyObject *vargs[2]; + vargs[0] = PyErr_GetRaisedException(); + vargs[1] = extra_info; + res = PyObject_VectorcallMethod(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u_add_note, vargs, 2, NULL); + Py_XDECREF(res); + PyErr_SetRaisedException(vargs[0]); + } +#endif + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(type_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(obj_type_name); + return 0; +} + +/* PyErrExceptionMatches (used by PyObjectGetAttrStrNoError) */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +static int __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatchesTuple(PyObject *exc_type, PyObject *tuple) { + Py_ssize_t i, n; + n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(tuple); + for (i=0; i= 0x030C00A6 + PyObject *current_exception = tstate->current_exception; + if (unlikely(!current_exception)) return 0; + exc_type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(current_exception); + if (exc_type == err) return 1; +#else + exc_type = tstate->curexc_type; + if (exc_type == err) return 1; + if (unlikely(!exc_type)) return 0; +#endif + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_INCREF(exc_type); + #endif + if (unlikely(PyTuple_Check(err))) { + result = __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatchesTuple(exc_type, err); + } else { + result = __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(exc_type, err); + } + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(exc_type); + #endif + return result; +} +#endif + +/* PyErrFetchRestore (used by PyObjectGetAttrStrNoError) */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb) { +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C00A6 + PyObject *tmp_value; + assert(type == NULL || (value != NULL && type == (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(value))); + if (value) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + if (unlikely(((PyBaseExceptionObject*) value)->traceback != tb)) + #endif + PyException_SetTraceback(value, tb); + } + tmp_value = tstate->current_exception; + tstate->current_exception = value; + Py_XDECREF(tmp_value); + Py_XDECREF(type); + Py_XDECREF(tb); +#else + PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb; + tmp_type = tstate->curexc_type; + tmp_value = tstate->curexc_value; + tmp_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback; + tstate->curexc_type = type; + tstate->curexc_value = value; + tstate->curexc_traceback = tb; + Py_XDECREF(tmp_type); + Py_XDECREF(tmp_value); + Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb); +#endif +} +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) { +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C00A6 + PyObject* exc_value; + exc_value = tstate->current_exception; + tstate->current_exception = 0; + *value = exc_value; + *type = NULL; + *tb = NULL; + if (exc_value) { + *type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(exc_value); + Py_INCREF(*type); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + *tb = ((PyBaseExceptionObject*) exc_value)->traceback; + Py_XINCREF(*tb); + #else + *tb = PyException_GetTraceback(exc_value); + #endif + } +#else + *type = tstate->curexc_type; + *value = tstate->curexc_value; + *tb = tstate->curexc_traceback; + tstate->curexc_type = 0; + tstate->curexc_value = 0; + tstate->curexc_traceback = 0; +#endif +} +#endif + +/* PyObjectGetAttrStrNoError (used by GetBuiltinName) */ +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 +static void __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr_ClearAttributeError(void) { + __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare + __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign + if (likely(__Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError))) + __Pyx_PyErr_Clear(); +} +#endif +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name) { + PyObject *result; +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + (void) PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(obj, attr_name, &result); + return result; +#else +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + PyTypeObject* tp = Py_TYPE(obj); + if (likely(tp->tp_getattro == PyObject_GenericGetAttr)) { + return _PyObject_GenericGetAttrWithDict(obj, attr_name, NULL, 1); + } +#endif + result = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(obj, attr_name); + if (unlikely(!result)) { + __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr_ClearAttributeError(); + } + return result; +#endif +} + +/* GetBuiltinName */ +static PyObject *__Pyx_GetBuiltinName(PyObject *name) { + PyObject* result = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_b, name); + if (unlikely(!result) && !PyErr_Occurred()) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_NameError, + "name '%U' is not defined", name); + } + return result; +} + +/* RaiseException */ +static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb, PyObject *cause) { + PyObject* owned_instance = NULL; + if (tb == Py_None) { + tb = 0; + } else if (tb && !PyTraceBack_Check(tb)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "raise: arg 3 must be a traceback or None"); + goto bad; + } + if (value == Py_None) + value = 0; + if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(type)) { + if (value) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "instance exception may not have a separate value"); + goto bad; + } + value = type; + type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(value); + } else if (PyExceptionClass_Check(type)) { + PyObject *instance_class = NULL; + if (value && PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) { + instance_class = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(value); + if (instance_class != type) { + int is_subclass = PyObject_IsSubclass(instance_class, type); + if (!is_subclass) { + instance_class = NULL; + } else if (unlikely(is_subclass == -1)) { + goto bad; + } else { + type = instance_class; + } + } + } + if (!instance_class) { + PyObject *args; + if (!value) + args = PyTuple_New(0); + else if (PyTuple_Check(value)) { + Py_INCREF(value); + args = value; + } else + args = PyTuple_Pack(1, value); + if (!args) + goto bad; + owned_instance = PyObject_Call(type, args, NULL); + Py_DECREF(args); + if (!owned_instance) + goto bad; + value = owned_instance; + if (!PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "calling %R should have returned an instance of " + "BaseException, not %R", + type, Py_TYPE(value)); + goto bad; + } + } + } else { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "raise: exception class must be a subclass of BaseException"); + goto bad; + } + if (cause) { + PyObject *fixed_cause; + if (cause == Py_None) { + fixed_cause = NULL; + } else if (PyExceptionClass_Check(cause)) { + fixed_cause = PyObject_CallObject(cause, NULL); + if (fixed_cause == NULL) + goto bad; + } else if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(cause)) { + fixed_cause = cause; + Py_INCREF(fixed_cause); + } else { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "exception causes must derive from " + "BaseException"); + goto bad; + } + PyException_SetCause(value, fixed_cause); + } + PyErr_SetObject(type, value); + if (tb) { +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C00A6 + PyException_SetTraceback(value, tb); +#elif CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + PyThreadState *tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current; + PyObject* tmp_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback; + if (tb != tmp_tb) { + Py_INCREF(tb); + tstate->curexc_traceback = tb; + Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb); + } +#else + PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb; + PyErr_Fetch(&tmp_type, &tmp_value, &tmp_tb); + Py_INCREF(tb); + PyErr_Restore(tmp_type, tmp_value, tb); + Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb); +#endif + } +bad: + Py_XDECREF(owned_instance); + return; +} + +/* PyObjectFastCallMethod */ +#if !CYTHON_VECTORCALL || PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 +static PyObject *__Pyx_PyObject_FastCallMethod(PyObject *name, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf) { + PyObject *result; + PyObject *attr = PyObject_GetAttr(args[0], name); + if (unlikely(!attr)) + return NULL; + result = __Pyx_PyObject_FastCall(attr, args+1, nargsf - 1); + Py_DECREF(attr); + return result; +} +#endif + +/* RaiseUnexpectedTypeError */ +static int +__Pyx_RaiseUnexpectedTypeError(const char *expected, PyObject *obj) +{ + __Pyx_TypeName obj_type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(Py_TYPE(obj)); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "Expected %s, got " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME, + expected, obj_type_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(obj_type_name); + return 0; +} + +/* CIntToDigits (used by CIntToPyUnicode) */ +static const char DIGIT_PAIRS_10[2*10*10+1] = { + "00010203040506070809" + "10111213141516171819" + "20212223242526272829" + "30313233343536373839" + "40414243444546474849" + "50515253545556575859" + "60616263646566676869" + "70717273747576777879" + "80818283848586878889" + "90919293949596979899" +}; +static const char DIGIT_PAIRS_8[2*8*8+1] = { + "0001020304050607" + "1011121314151617" + "2021222324252627" + "3031323334353637" + "4041424344454647" + "5051525354555657" + "6061626364656667" + "7071727374757677" +}; +static const char DIGITS_HEX[2*16+1] = { + "0123456789abcdef" + "0123456789ABCDEF" +}; + +/* BuildPyUnicode (used by COrdinalToPyUnicode) */ +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(Py_ssize_t ulength, const char* chars, int clength, + int prepend_sign, char padding_char) { + PyObject *uval; + Py_ssize_t uoffset = ulength - clength; +#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS + Py_ssize_t i; + void *udata; + uval = PyUnicode_New(ulength, 127); + if (unlikely(!uval)) return NULL; + udata = PyUnicode_DATA(uval); + if (uoffset > 0) { + i = 0; + if (prepend_sign) { + __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND, udata, 0, '-'); + i++; + } + for (; i < uoffset; i++) { + __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND, udata, i, padding_char); + } + } + for (i=0; i < clength; i++) { + __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND, udata, uoffset+i, chars[i]); + } +#else + { + PyObject *sign = NULL, *padding = NULL; + uval = NULL; + if (uoffset > 0) { + prepend_sign = !!prepend_sign; + if (uoffset > prepend_sign) { + padding = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(padding_char); + if (likely(padding) && uoffset > prepend_sign + 1) { + PyObject *tmp = PySequence_Repeat(padding, uoffset - prepend_sign); + Py_DECREF(padding); + padding = tmp; + } + if (unlikely(!padding)) goto done_or_error; + } + if (prepend_sign) { + sign = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal('-'); + if (unlikely(!sign)) goto done_or_error; + } + } + uval = PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(chars, clength, NULL); + if (likely(uval) && padding) { + PyObject *tmp = PyUnicode_Concat(padding, uval); + Py_DECREF(uval); + uval = tmp; + } + if (likely(uval) && sign) { + PyObject *tmp = PyUnicode_Concat(sign, uval); + Py_DECREF(uval); + uval = tmp; + } +done_or_error: + Py_XDECREF(padding); + Py_XDECREF(sign); + } +#endif + return uval; +} + +/* COrdinalToPyUnicode (used by CIntToPyUnicode) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_CheckUnicodeValue(int value) { + return value <= 1114111; +} +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromOrdinal_Padded(int value, Py_ssize_t ulength, char padding_char) { + Py_ssize_t padding_length = ulength - 1; + if (likely((padding_length <= 250) && (value < 0xD800 || value > 0xDFFF))) { + char chars[256]; + if (value <= 255) { + memset(chars, padding_char, (size_t) padding_length); + chars[ulength-1] = (char) value; + return PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1(chars, ulength, NULL); + } + char *cpos = chars + sizeof(chars); + if (value < 0x800) { + *--cpos = (char) (0x80 | (value & 0x3f)); + value >>= 6; + *--cpos = (char) (0xc0 | (value & 0x1f)); + } else if (value < 0x10000) { + *--cpos = (char) (0x80 | (value & 0x3f)); + value >>= 6; + *--cpos = (char) (0x80 | (value & 0x3f)); + value >>= 6; + *--cpos = (char) (0xe0 | (value & 0x0f)); + } else { + *--cpos = (char) (0x80 | (value & 0x3f)); + value >>= 6; + *--cpos = (char) (0x80 | (value & 0x3f)); + value >>= 6; + *--cpos = (char) (0x80 | (value & 0x3f)); + value >>= 6; + *--cpos = (char) (0xf0 | (value & 0x07)); + } + cpos -= padding_length; + memset(cpos, padding_char, (size_t) padding_length); + return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(cpos, chars + sizeof(chars) - cpos, NULL); + } + if (value <= 127 && CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS) { + const char chars[1] = {(char) value}; + return __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(ulength, chars, 1, 0, padding_char); + } + { + PyObject *uchar, *padding_uchar, *padding, *result; + padding_uchar = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(padding_char); + if (unlikely(!padding_uchar)) return NULL; + padding = PySequence_Repeat(padding_uchar, padding_length); + Py_DECREF(padding_uchar); + if (unlikely(!padding)) return NULL; + uchar = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(value); + if (unlikely(!uchar)) { + Py_DECREF(padding); + return NULL; + } + result = PyUnicode_Concat(padding, uchar); + Py_DECREF(padding); + Py_DECREF(uchar); + return result; + } +} + +/* CIntToPyUnicode */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_uchar___Pyx_PyUnicode_From_int(int value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char) { +#ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#pragma GCC diagnostic push +#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" +#endif + const int neg_one = (int) -1, const_zero = (int) 0; +#ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#pragma GCC diagnostic pop +#endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (unlikely(!(is_unsigned || value == 0 || value > 0) || + !(sizeof(value) <= 2 || value & ~ (int) 0x01fffff || __Pyx_CheckUnicodeValue((int) value)))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "%c arg not in range(0x110000)"); + return NULL; + } + if (width <= 1) { + return PyUnicode_FromOrdinal((int) value); + } + return __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromOrdinal_Padded((int) value, width, padding_char); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx____Pyx_PyUnicode_From_int(int value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char, char format_char) { + char digits[sizeof(int)*3+2]; + char *dpos, *end = digits + sizeof(int)*3+2; + const char *hex_digits = DIGITS_HEX; + Py_ssize_t length, ulength; + int prepend_sign, last_one_off; + int remaining; +#ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#pragma GCC diagnostic push +#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" +#endif + const int neg_one = (int) -1, const_zero = (int) 0; +#ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#pragma GCC diagnostic pop +#endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (format_char == 'X') { + hex_digits += 16; + format_char = 'x'; + } + remaining = value; + last_one_off = 0; + dpos = end; + do { + int digit_pos; + switch (format_char) { + case 'o': + digit_pos = abs((int)(remaining % (8*8))); + remaining = (int) (remaining / (8*8)); + dpos -= 2; + memcpy(dpos, DIGIT_PAIRS_8 + digit_pos * 2, 2); + last_one_off = (digit_pos < 8); + break; + case 'd': + digit_pos = abs((int)(remaining % (10*10))); + remaining = (int) (remaining / (10*10)); + dpos -= 2; + memcpy(dpos, DIGIT_PAIRS_10 + digit_pos * 2, 2); + last_one_off = (digit_pos < 10); + break; + case 'x': + *(--dpos) = hex_digits[abs((int)(remaining % 16))]; + remaining = (int) (remaining / 16); + break; + default: + assert(0); + break; + } + } while (unlikely(remaining != 0)); + assert(!last_one_off || *dpos == '0'); + dpos += last_one_off; + length = end - dpos; + ulength = length; + prepend_sign = 0; + if (!is_unsigned && value <= neg_one) { + if (padding_char == ' ' || width <= length + 1) { + *(--dpos) = '-'; + ++length; + } else { + prepend_sign = 1; + } + ++ulength; + } + if (width > ulength) { + ulength = width; + } + if (ulength == 1) { + return PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(*dpos); + } + return __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(ulength, dpos, (int) length, prepend_sign, padding_char); +} + +/* CIntToPyUnicode */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_uchar___Pyx_PyUnicode_From_Py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char) { +#ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#pragma GCC diagnostic push +#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" +#endif + const Py_ssize_t neg_one = (Py_ssize_t) -1, const_zero = (Py_ssize_t) 0; +#ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#pragma GCC diagnostic pop +#endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (unlikely(!(is_unsigned || value == 0 || value > 0) || + !(sizeof(value) <= 2 || value & ~ (Py_ssize_t) 0x01fffff || __Pyx_CheckUnicodeValue((int) value)))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "%c arg not in range(0x110000)"); + return NULL; + } + if (width <= 1) { + return PyUnicode_FromOrdinal((int) value); + } + return __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromOrdinal_Padded((int) value, width, padding_char); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx____Pyx_PyUnicode_From_Py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char, char format_char) { + char digits[sizeof(Py_ssize_t)*3+2]; + char *dpos, *end = digits + sizeof(Py_ssize_t)*3+2; + const char *hex_digits = DIGITS_HEX; + Py_ssize_t length, ulength; + int prepend_sign, last_one_off; + Py_ssize_t remaining; +#ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#pragma GCC diagnostic push +#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" +#endif + const Py_ssize_t neg_one = (Py_ssize_t) -1, const_zero = (Py_ssize_t) 0; +#ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC +#pragma GCC diagnostic pop +#endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (format_char == 'X') { + hex_digits += 16; + format_char = 'x'; + } + remaining = value; + last_one_off = 0; + dpos = end; + do { + int digit_pos; + switch (format_char) { + case 'o': + digit_pos = abs((int)(remaining % (8*8))); + remaining = (Py_ssize_t) (remaining / (8*8)); + dpos -= 2; + memcpy(dpos, DIGIT_PAIRS_8 + digit_pos * 2, 2); + last_one_off = (digit_pos < 8); + break; + case 'd': + digit_pos = abs((int)(remaining % (10*10))); + remaining = (Py_ssize_t) (remaining / (10*10)); + dpos -= 2; + memcpy(dpos, DIGIT_PAIRS_10 + digit_pos * 2, 2); + last_one_off = (digit_pos < 10); + break; + case 'x': + *(--dpos) = hex_digits[abs((int)(remaining % 16))]; + remaining = (Py_ssize_t) (remaining / 16); + break; + default: + assert(0); + break; + } + } while (unlikely(remaining != 0)); + assert(!last_one_off || *dpos == '0'); + dpos += last_one_off; + length = end - dpos; + ulength = length; + prepend_sign = 0; + if (!is_unsigned && value <= neg_one) { + if (padding_char == ' ' || width <= length + 1) { + *(--dpos) = '-'; + ++length; + } else { + prepend_sign = 1; + } + ++ulength; + } + if (width > ulength) { + ulength = width; + } + if (ulength == 1) { + return PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(*dpos); + } + return __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(ulength, dpos, (int) length, prepend_sign, padding_char); +} + +/* JoinPyUnicode */ +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_Join(PyObject** values, Py_ssize_t value_count, Py_ssize_t result_ulength, + Py_UCS4 max_char) { +#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + PyObject *result_uval; + int result_ukind, kind_shift; + Py_ssize_t i, char_pos; + void *result_udata; + if (max_char > 1114111) max_char = 1114111; + result_uval = PyUnicode_New(result_ulength, max_char); + if (unlikely(!result_uval)) return NULL; + result_ukind = (max_char <= 255) ? PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND : (max_char <= 65535) ? PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND : PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND; + kind_shift = (result_ukind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND) ? 2 : result_ukind - 1; + result_udata = PyUnicode_DATA(result_uval); + assert(kind_shift == 2 || kind_shift == 1 || kind_shift == 0); + if (unlikely((PY_SSIZE_T_MAX >> kind_shift) - result_ulength < 0)) + goto overflow; + char_pos = 0; + for (i=0; i < value_count; i++) { + int ukind; + Py_ssize_t ulength; + void *udata; + PyObject *uval = values[i]; + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + if (__Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(uval) == (-1)) + goto bad; + #endif + ulength = __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(uval); + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (unlikely(ulength < 0)) goto bad; + #endif + if (unlikely(!ulength)) + continue; + if (unlikely((PY_SSIZE_T_MAX >> kind_shift) - ulength < char_pos)) + goto overflow; + ukind = __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(uval); + udata = __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(uval); + if (ukind == result_ukind) { + memcpy((char *)result_udata + (char_pos << kind_shift), udata, (size_t) (ulength << kind_shift)); + } else { + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + if (unlikely(PyUnicode_CopyCharacters(result_uval, char_pos, uval, 0, ulength) < 0)) goto bad; + #elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON || defined(_PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters) + _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(result_uval, char_pos, uval, 0, ulength); + #else + Py_ssize_t j; + for (j=0; j < ulength; j++) { + Py_UCS4 uchar = __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(ukind, udata, j); + __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(result_ukind, result_udata, char_pos+j, uchar); + } + #endif + } + char_pos += ulength; + } + return result_uval; +overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "join() result is too long for a Python string"); +bad: + Py_DECREF(result_uval); + return NULL; +#else + Py_ssize_t i; + PyObject *result = NULL; + PyObject *value_tuple = PyTuple_New(value_count); + if (unlikely(!value_tuple)) return NULL; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(max_char); + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(result_ulength); + for (i=0; i__pyx_empty_unicode, value_tuple); +bad: + Py_DECREF(value_tuple); + return result; +#endif +} + +/* GetAttr */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *n) { +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + if (likely(PyUnicode_Check(n))) + return __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(o, n); +#endif + return PyObject_GetAttr(o, n); +} + +/* GetItemInt */ +static PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(PyObject *o, PyObject* j) { + PyObject *r; + if (unlikely(!j)) return NULL; + r = PyObject_GetItem(o, j); + Py_DECREF(j); + return r; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_List_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, + int wraparound, int boundscheck, int unsafe_shared) { + CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(unsafe_shared); +#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + Py_ssize_t wrapped_i = i; + if (wraparound & unlikely(i < 0)) { + wrapped_i += PyList_GET_SIZE(o); + } + if ((CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS || CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS || !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS)) { + return __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRefFast(o, wrapped_i, unsafe_shared); + } else + if ((!boundscheck) || likely(__Pyx_is_valid_index(wrapped_i, PyList_GET_SIZE(o)))) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(PyList_GET_ITEM(o, wrapped_i)); + } + return __Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(o, PyLong_FromSsize_t(i)); +#else + (void)wraparound; + (void)boundscheck; + return PySequence_GetItem(o, i); +#endif +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Tuple_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, + int wraparound, int boundscheck, int unsafe_shared) { + CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(unsafe_shared); +#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_ssize_t wrapped_i = i; + if (wraparound & unlikely(i < 0)) { + wrapped_i += PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o); + } + if ((!boundscheck) || likely(__Pyx_is_valid_index(wrapped_i, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o)))) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(o, wrapped_i)); + } + return __Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(o, PyLong_FromSsize_t(i)); +#else + (void)wraparound; + (void)boundscheck; + return PySequence_GetItem(o, i); +#endif +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, int is_list, + int wraparound, int boundscheck, int unsafe_shared) { + CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(unsafe_shared); +#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (is_list || PyList_CheckExact(o)) { + Py_ssize_t n = ((!wraparound) | likely(i >= 0)) ? i : i + PyList_GET_SIZE(o); + if ((CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS || CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS)) { + return __Pyx_PyList_GetItemRefFast(o, n, unsafe_shared); + } else if ((!boundscheck) || (likely(__Pyx_is_valid_index(n, PyList_GET_SIZE(o))))) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(PyList_GET_ITEM(o, n)); + } + } else + #if !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + if (PyTuple_CheckExact(o)) { + Py_ssize_t n = ((!wraparound) | likely(i >= 0)) ? i : i + PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o); + if ((!boundscheck) || likely(__Pyx_is_valid_index(n, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o)))) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(o, n)); + } + } else + #endif +#endif +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + { + PyMappingMethods *mm = Py_TYPE(o)->tp_as_mapping; + PySequenceMethods *sm = Py_TYPE(o)->tp_as_sequence; + if (!is_list && mm && mm->mp_subscript) { + PyObject *r, *key = PyLong_FromSsize_t(i); + if (unlikely(!key)) return NULL; + r = mm->mp_subscript(o, key); + Py_DECREF(key); + return r; + } + if (is_list || likely(sm && sm->sq_item)) { + if (wraparound && unlikely(i < 0) && likely(sm->sq_length)) { + Py_ssize_t l = sm->sq_length(o); + if (likely(l >= 0)) { + i += l; + } else { + if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_OverflowError)) + return NULL; + PyErr_Clear(); + } + } + return sm->sq_item(o, i); + } + } +#else + if (is_list || !PyMapping_Check(o)) { + return PySequence_GetItem(o, i); + } +#endif + (void)wraparound; + (void)boundscheck; + return __Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(o, PyLong_FromSsize_t(i)); +} + +/* ObjectGetItem */ +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS +static PyObject *__Pyx_PyObject_GetIndex(PyObject *obj, PyObject *index) { + PyObject *runerr = NULL; + Py_ssize_t key_value; + key_value = __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(index); + if (likely(key_value != -1 || !(runerr = PyErr_Occurred()))) { + return __Pyx_GetItemInt_Fast(obj, key_value, 0, 1, 1, 1); + } + if (PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(runerr, PyExc_OverflowError)) { + __Pyx_TypeName index_type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(Py_TYPE(index)); + PyErr_Clear(); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_IndexError, + "cannot fit '" __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "' into an index-sized integer", index_type_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(index_type_name); + } + return NULL; +} +static PyObject *__Pyx_PyObject_GetItem_Slow(PyObject *obj, PyObject *key) { + __Pyx_TypeName obj_type_name; + if (likely(PyType_Check(obj))) { + PyObject *meth = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_class_getitem); + if (!meth) { + PyErr_Clear(); + } else { + PyObject *result = __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(meth, key); + Py_DECREF(meth); + return result; + } + } + obj_type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(Py_TYPE(obj)); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "'" __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "' object is not subscriptable", obj_type_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(obj_type_name); + return NULL; +} +static PyObject *__Pyx_PyObject_GetItem(PyObject *obj, PyObject *key) { + PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(obj); + PyMappingMethods *mm = tp->tp_as_mapping; + PySequenceMethods *sm = tp->tp_as_sequence; + if (likely(mm && mm->mp_subscript)) { + return mm->mp_subscript(obj, key); + } + if (likely(sm && sm->sq_item)) { + return __Pyx_PyObject_GetIndex(obj, key); + } + return __Pyx_PyObject_GetItem_Slow(obj, key); +} +#endif + +/* RejectKeywords */ +static void __Pyx_RejectKeywords(const char* function_name, PyObject *kwds) { + PyObject *key = NULL; + if (CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL && likely(PyTuple_Check(kwds))) { + key = __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(kwds, 0); + } else { +#if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + PyObject *pos = NULL; +#else + Py_ssize_t pos = 0; +#endif +#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || defined(PyArg_ValidateKeywordArguments) + if (unlikely(!PyArg_ValidateKeywordArguments(kwds))) return; +#endif + __Pyx_PyDict_NextRef(kwds, &pos, &key, NULL); +#if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_XDECREF(pos); +#endif + } + if (likely(key)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%U'", + function_name, key); + Py_DECREF(key); + } +} + +/* DivInt[Py_ssize_t] */ +static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_div_Py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t a, Py_ssize_t b, int b_is_constant) { + Py_ssize_t q = a / b; + Py_ssize_t r = a - q*b; + Py_ssize_t adapt_python = (b_is_constant ? + ((r != 0) & ((r < 0) ^ (b < 0))) : + ((r != 0) & ((r ^ b) < 0)) + ); + return q - adapt_python; +} + +/* GetAttr3 */ +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 +static PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr3Default(PyObject *d) { + __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare + __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign + if (unlikely(!__Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError))) + return NULL; + __Pyx_PyErr_Clear(); + Py_INCREF(d); + return d; +} +#endif +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr3(PyObject *o, PyObject *n, PyObject *d) { + PyObject *r; +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + int res = PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(o, n, &r); + return (res != 0) ? r : __Pyx_NewRef(d); +#else + #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + if (likely(PyUnicode_Check(n))) { + r = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(o, n); + if (unlikely(!r) && likely(!PyErr_Occurred())) { + r = __Pyx_NewRef(d); + } + return r; + } + #endif + r = PyObject_GetAttr(o, n); + return (likely(r)) ? r : __Pyx_GetAttr3Default(d); +#endif +} + +/* PyDictVersioning (used by GetModuleGlobalName) */ +#if CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS && CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS +static CYTHON_INLINE PY_UINT64_T __Pyx_get_tp_dict_version(PyObject *obj) { + PyObject *dict = Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_dict; + return likely(dict) ? __PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(dict) : 0; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PY_UINT64_T __Pyx_get_object_dict_version(PyObject *obj) { + PyObject **dictptr = NULL; + Py_ssize_t offset = Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_dictoffset; + if (offset) { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + dictptr = (likely(offset > 0)) ? (PyObject **) ((char *)obj + offset) : _PyObject_GetDictPtr(obj); +#else + dictptr = _PyObject_GetDictPtr(obj); +#endif + } + return (dictptr && *dictptr) ? __PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(*dictptr) : 0; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_object_dict_version_matches(PyObject* obj, PY_UINT64_T tp_dict_version, PY_UINT64_T obj_dict_version) { + PyObject *dict = Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_dict; + if (unlikely(!dict) || unlikely(tp_dict_version != __PYX_GET_DICT_VERSION(dict))) + return 0; + return obj_dict_version == __Pyx_get_object_dict_version(obj); +} +#endif + +/* GetModuleGlobalName */ +#if CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS +static PyObject *__Pyx__GetModuleGlobalName(PyObject *name, PY_UINT64_T *dict_version, PyObject **dict_cached_value) +#else +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx__GetModuleGlobalName(PyObject *name) +#endif +{ + PyObject *result; +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + if (unlikely(!__pyx_m)) { + if (!PyErr_Occurred()) + PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_NameError); + return NULL; + } + result = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_m, name); + if (likely(result)) { + return result; + } + PyErr_Clear(); +#elif CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS || CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyDict_GetItemRef(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_d, name, &result) == -1)) PyErr_Clear(); + __PYX_UPDATE_DICT_CACHE(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_d, result, *dict_cached_value, *dict_version) + if (likely(result)) { + return result; + } +#else + result = _PyDict_GetItem_KnownHash(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_d, name, ((PyASCIIObject *) name)->hash); + __PYX_UPDATE_DICT_CACHE(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_d, result, *dict_cached_value, *dict_version) + if (likely(result)) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(result); + } + PyErr_Clear(); +#endif + return __Pyx_GetBuiltinName(name); +} + +/* RaiseTooManyValuesToUnpack */ +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseTooManyValuesError(Py_ssize_t expected) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "too many values to unpack (expected %" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d)", expected); +} + +/* RaiseNeedMoreValuesToUnpack */ +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(Py_ssize_t index) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "need more than %" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d value%.1s to unpack", + index, (index == 1) ? "" : "s"); +} + +/* RaiseNoneIterError */ +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNoneNotIterableError(void) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "'NoneType' object is not iterable"); +} + +/* ExtTypeTest */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_TypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type) { + __Pyx_TypeName obj_type_name; + __Pyx_TypeName type_name; + if (unlikely(!type)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "Missing type object"); + return 0; + } + if (likely(__Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type))) + return 1; + obj_type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(Py_TYPE(obj)); + type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(type); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "Cannot convert " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME " to " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME, + obj_type_name, type_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(obj_type_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(type_name); + return 0; +} + +/* GetTopmostException (used by SaveResetException) */ +#if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK && CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +static _PyErr_StackItem * +__Pyx_PyErr_GetTopmostException(PyThreadState *tstate) +{ + _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info; + while ((exc_info->exc_value == NULL || exc_info->exc_value == Py_None) && + exc_info->previous_item != NULL) + { + exc_info = exc_info->previous_item; + } + return exc_info; +} +#endif + +/* SaveResetException */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSave(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) { + #if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030B00a4 + _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = __Pyx_PyErr_GetTopmostException(tstate); + PyObject *exc_value = exc_info->exc_value; + if (exc_value == NULL || exc_value == Py_None) { + *value = NULL; + *type = NULL; + *tb = NULL; + } else { + *value = exc_value; + Py_INCREF(*value); + *type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(exc_value); + Py_INCREF(*type); + *tb = PyException_GetTraceback(exc_value); + } + #elif CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK + _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = __Pyx_PyErr_GetTopmostException(tstate); + *type = exc_info->exc_type; + *value = exc_info->exc_value; + *tb = exc_info->exc_traceback; + Py_XINCREF(*type); + Py_XINCREF(*value); + Py_XINCREF(*tb); + #else + *type = tstate->exc_type; + *value = tstate->exc_value; + *tb = tstate->exc_traceback; + Py_XINCREF(*type); + Py_XINCREF(*value); + Py_XINCREF(*tb); + #endif +} +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionReset(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb) { + #if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030B00a4 + _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info; + PyObject *tmp_value = exc_info->exc_value; + exc_info->exc_value = value; + Py_XDECREF(tmp_value); + Py_XDECREF(type); + Py_XDECREF(tb); + #else + PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb; + #if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK + _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info; + tmp_type = exc_info->exc_type; + tmp_value = exc_info->exc_value; + tmp_tb = exc_info->exc_traceback; + exc_info->exc_type = type; + exc_info->exc_value = value; + exc_info->exc_traceback = tb; + #else + tmp_type = tstate->exc_type; + tmp_value = tstate->exc_value; + tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback; + tstate->exc_type = type; + tstate->exc_value = value; + tstate->exc_traceback = tb; + #endif + Py_XDECREF(tmp_type); + Py_XDECREF(tmp_value); + Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb); + #endif +} +#endif + +/* GetException */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +static int __Pyx__GetException(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) +#else +static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) +#endif +{ + PyObject *local_type = NULL, *local_value, *local_tb = NULL; +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + local_value = tstate->current_exception; + tstate->current_exception = 0; + #else + local_type = tstate->curexc_type; + local_value = tstate->curexc_value; + local_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback; + tstate->curexc_type = 0; + tstate->curexc_value = 0; + tstate->curexc_traceback = 0; + #endif +#elif __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX > 0x030C0000 + local_value = PyErr_GetRaisedException(); +#else + PyErr_Fetch(&local_type, &local_value, &local_tb); +#endif +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX > 0x030C0000 + if (likely(local_value)) { + local_type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(local_value); + Py_INCREF(local_type); + local_tb = PyException_GetTraceback(local_value); + } +#else + PyErr_NormalizeException(&local_type, &local_value, &local_tb); +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + if (unlikely(tstate->curexc_type)) +#else + if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) +#endif + goto bad; + if (local_tb) { + if (unlikely(PyException_SetTraceback(local_value, local_tb) < 0)) + goto bad; + } +#endif // __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX > 0x030C0000 + Py_XINCREF(local_tb); + Py_XINCREF(local_type); + Py_XINCREF(local_value); + *type = local_type; + *value = local_value; + *tb = local_tb; +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE + #if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK + { + _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030B00a4 + tmp_value = exc_info->exc_value; + exc_info->exc_value = local_value; + tmp_type = NULL; + tmp_tb = NULL; + Py_XDECREF(local_type); + Py_XDECREF(local_tb); + #else + tmp_type = exc_info->exc_type; + tmp_value = exc_info->exc_value; + tmp_tb = exc_info->exc_traceback; + exc_info->exc_type = local_type; + exc_info->exc_value = local_value; + exc_info->exc_traceback = local_tb; + #endif + } + #else + tmp_type = tstate->exc_type; + tmp_value = tstate->exc_value; + tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback; + tstate->exc_type = local_type; + tstate->exc_value = local_value; + tstate->exc_traceback = local_tb; + #endif + Py_XDECREF(tmp_type); + Py_XDECREF(tmp_value); + Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb); +#elif __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030b0000 + PyErr_SetHandledException(local_value); + Py_XDECREF(local_value); + Py_XDECREF(local_type); + Py_XDECREF(local_tb); +#else + PyErr_SetExcInfo(local_type, local_value, local_tb); +#endif + return 0; +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX <= 0x030C0000 +bad: + *type = 0; + *value = 0; + *tb = 0; + Py_XDECREF(local_type); + Py_XDECREF(local_value); + Py_XDECREF(local_tb); + return -1; +#endif +} + +/* SwapException */ +#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSwap(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) { + PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb; + #if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030B00a4 + _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info; + tmp_value = exc_info->exc_value; + exc_info->exc_value = *value; + if (tmp_value == NULL || tmp_value == Py_None) { + Py_XDECREF(tmp_value); + tmp_value = NULL; + tmp_type = NULL; + tmp_tb = NULL; + } else { + tmp_type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(tmp_value); + Py_INCREF(tmp_type); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + tmp_tb = ((PyBaseExceptionObject*) tmp_value)->traceback; + Py_XINCREF(tmp_tb); + #else + tmp_tb = PyException_GetTraceback(tmp_value); + #endif + } + #elif CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK + _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info; + tmp_type = exc_info->exc_type; + tmp_value = exc_info->exc_value; + tmp_tb = exc_info->exc_traceback; + exc_info->exc_type = *type; + exc_info->exc_value = *value; + exc_info->exc_traceback = *tb; + #else + tmp_type = tstate->exc_type; + tmp_value = tstate->exc_value; + tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback; + tstate->exc_type = *type; + tstate->exc_value = *value; + tstate->exc_traceback = *tb; + #endif + *type = tmp_type; + *value = tmp_value; + *tb = tmp_tb; +} +#else +static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) { + PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb; + PyErr_GetExcInfo(&tmp_type, &tmp_value, &tmp_tb); + PyErr_SetExcInfo(*type, *value, *tb); + *type = tmp_type; + *value = tmp_value; + *tb = tmp_tb; +} +#endif + +/* HasAttr (used by ImportImpl) */ +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_HasAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *n) { + PyObject *r; + if (unlikely(!PyUnicode_Check(n))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "hasattr(): attribute name must be string"); + return -1; + } + r = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(o, n); + if (!r) { + return (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) ? -1 : 0; + } else { + Py_DECREF(r); + return 1; + } +} +#endif + +/* ImportImpl (used by Import) */ +static int __Pyx__Import_GetModule(PyObject *qualname, PyObject **module) { + PyObject *imported_module = PyImport_GetModule(qualname); + if (unlikely(!imported_module)) { + *module = NULL; + if (PyErr_Occurred()) { + return -1; + } + return 0; + } + *module = imported_module; + return 1; +} +static int __Pyx__Import_Lookup(PyObject *qualname, PyObject *const *imported_names, Py_ssize_t len_imported_names, PyObject **module) { + PyObject *imported_module; + PyObject *top_level_package_name; + Py_ssize_t i; + int status, module_found; + Py_ssize_t dot_index; + module_found = __Pyx__Import_GetModule(qualname, &imported_module); + if (unlikely(!module_found || module_found == -1)) { + *module = NULL; + return module_found; + } + if (imported_names) { + for (i = 0; i < len_imported_names; i++) { + PyObject *imported_name = imported_names[i]; +#if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 + int has_imported_attribute = PyObject_HasAttr(imported_module, imported_name); +#else + int has_imported_attribute = PyObject_HasAttrWithError(imported_module, imported_name); + if (unlikely(has_imported_attribute == -1)) goto error; +#endif + if (!has_imported_attribute) { + goto not_found; + } + } + *module = imported_module; + return 1; + } + dot_index = PyUnicode_FindChar(qualname, '.', 0, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX, 1); + if (dot_index == -1) { + *module = imported_module; + return 1; + } + if (unlikely(dot_index == -2)) goto error; + top_level_package_name = PyUnicode_Substring(qualname, 0, dot_index); + if (unlikely(!top_level_package_name)) goto error; + Py_DECREF(imported_module); + status = __Pyx__Import_GetModule(top_level_package_name, module); + Py_DECREF(top_level_package_name); + return status; +error: + Py_DECREF(imported_module); + *module = NULL; + return -1; +not_found: + Py_DECREF(imported_module); + *module = NULL; + return 0; +} +static PyObject *__Pyx__Import(PyObject *name, PyObject *const *imported_names, Py_ssize_t len_imported_names, PyObject *qualname, PyObject *moddict, int level) { + PyObject *module = 0; + PyObject *empty_dict = 0; + PyObject *from_list = 0; + int module_found; + if (!qualname) { + qualname = name; + } + module_found = __Pyx__Import_Lookup(qualname, imported_names, len_imported_names, &module); + if (likely(module_found == 1)) { + return module; + } else if (unlikely(module_found == -1)) { + return NULL; + } + empty_dict = PyDict_New(); + if (unlikely(!empty_dict)) + goto bad; + if (imported_names) { +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + from_list = __Pyx_PyList_FromArray(imported_names, len_imported_names); + if (unlikely(!from_list)) + goto bad; +#else + from_list = PyList_New(len_imported_names); + if (unlikely(!from_list)) goto bad; + for (Py_ssize_t i=0; i__pyx_d, level); +} + +/* FastTypeChecks */ +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON +static int __Pyx_InBases(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b) { + while (a) { + a = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(a, tp_base, PyTypeObject*); + if (a == b) + return 1; + } + return b == &PyBaseObject_Type; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b) { + PyObject *mro; + if (a == b) return 1; + mro = a->tp_mro; + if (likely(mro)) { + Py_ssize_t i, n; + n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(mro); + for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { + if (PyTuple_GET_ITEM(mro, i) == (PyObject *)b) + return 1; + } + return 0; + } + return __Pyx_InBases(a, b); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IsAnySubtype2(PyTypeObject *cls, PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b) { + PyObject *mro; + if (cls == a || cls == b) return 1; + mro = cls->tp_mro; + if (likely(mro)) { + Py_ssize_t i, n; + n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(mro); + for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { + PyObject *base = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(mro, i); + if (base == (PyObject *)a || base == (PyObject *)b) + return 1; + } + return 0; + } + return __Pyx_InBases(cls, a) || __Pyx_InBases(cls, b); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_inner_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject* exc_type1, PyObject *exc_type2) { + if (exc_type1) { + return __Pyx_IsAnySubtype2((PyTypeObject*)err, (PyTypeObject*)exc_type1, (PyTypeObject*)exc_type2); + } else { + return __Pyx_IsSubtype((PyTypeObject*)err, (PyTypeObject*)exc_type2); + } +} +static int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatchesTuple(PyObject *exc_type, PyObject *tuple) { + Py_ssize_t i, n; + assert(PyExceptionClass_Check(exc_type)); + n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(tuple); + for (i=0; itp_as_sequence && type->tp_as_sequence->sq_repeat)) { + return type->tp_as_sequence->sq_repeat(seq, mul); + } else { + return __Pyx_PySequence_Multiply_Generic(seq, mul); + } +} +#endif + +/* PyObjectFormatAndDecref */ +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimpleAndDecref(PyObject* s, PyObject* f) { + if (unlikely(!s)) return NULL; + if (likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s))) return s; + return __Pyx_PyObject_FormatAndDecref(s, f); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_FormatAndDecref(PyObject* s, PyObject* f) { + PyObject *result; + if (unlikely(!s)) return NULL; + result = PyObject_Format(s, f); + Py_DECREF(s); + return result; +} + +/* PyObjectFormat */ +#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Format(PyObject* obj, PyObject* format_spec) { + int ret; + _PyUnicodeWriter writer; + if (likely(PyFloat_CheckExact(obj))) { + _PyUnicodeWriter_Init(&writer); + ret = _PyFloat_FormatAdvancedWriter( + &writer, + obj, + format_spec, 0, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(format_spec)); + } else if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(obj))) { + _PyUnicodeWriter_Init(&writer); + ret = _PyLong_FormatAdvancedWriter( + &writer, + obj, + format_spec, 0, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(format_spec)); + } else { + return PyObject_Format(obj, format_spec); + } + if (unlikely(ret == -1)) { + _PyUnicodeWriter_Dealloc(&writer); + return NULL; + } + return _PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(&writer); +} +#endif + +/* SetItemInt */ +static int __Pyx_SetItemInt_Generic(PyObject *o, PyObject *j, PyObject *v) { + int r; + if (unlikely(!j)) return -1; + r = PyObject_SetItem(o, j, v); + Py_DECREF(j); + return r; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_SetItemInt_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, PyObject *v, int is_list, + int wraparound, int boundscheck, int unsafe_shared) { + CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(unsafe_shared); +#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + if (is_list || PyList_CheckExact(o)) { + Py_ssize_t n = (!wraparound) ? i : ((likely(i >= 0)) ? i : i + PyList_GET_SIZE(o)); + if ((CYTHON_AVOID_THREAD_UNSAFE_BORROWED_REFS && !__Pyx_IS_UNIQUELY_REFERENCED(o, unsafe_shared))) { + Py_INCREF(v); + return PyList_SetItem(o, n, v); + } else if ((!boundscheck) || likely(__Pyx_is_valid_index(n, PyList_GET_SIZE(o)))) { + PyObject* old; + Py_INCREF(v); + old = PyList_GET_ITEM(o, n); + PyList_SET_ITEM(o, n, v); + Py_DECREF(old); + return 0; + } + } else +#endif +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + { + PyMappingMethods *mm = Py_TYPE(o)->tp_as_mapping; + PySequenceMethods *sm = Py_TYPE(o)->tp_as_sequence; + if (!is_list && mm && mm->mp_ass_subscript) { + int r; + PyObject *key = PyLong_FromSsize_t(i); + if (unlikely(!key)) return -1; + r = mm->mp_ass_subscript(o, key, v); + Py_DECREF(key); + return r; + } + if (is_list || likely(sm && sm->sq_ass_item)) { + if (wraparound && unlikely(i < 0) && likely(sm->sq_length)) { + Py_ssize_t l = sm->sq_length(o); + if (likely(l >= 0)) { + i += l; + } else { + if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_OverflowError)) + return -1; + PyErr_Clear(); + } + } + return sm->sq_ass_item(o, i, v); + } + } +#else + if (is_list || !PyMapping_Check(o)) { + return PySequence_SetItem(o, i, v); + } +#endif + (void)wraparound; + (void)boundscheck; + return __Pyx_SetItemInt_Generic(o, PyLong_FromSsize_t(i), v); +} + +/* RaiseUnboundLocalError */ +static void __Pyx_RaiseUnboundLocalError(const char *varname) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_UnboundLocalError, "local variable '%s' referenced before assignment", varname); +} + +/* DivInt[long] */ +static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_div_long(long a, long b, int b_is_constant) { + long q = a / b; + long r = a - q*b; + long adapt_python = (b_is_constant ? + ((r != 0) & ((r < 0) ^ (b < 0))) : + ((r != 0) & ((r ^ b) < 0)) + ); + return q - adapt_python; +} + +/* IsLittleEndian (used by BufferFormatCheck) */ +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_Is_Little_Endian(void) +{ + union { + uint32_t u32; + uint8_t u8[4]; + } S; + S.u32 = 0x01020304; + return S.u8[0] == 4; +} + +/* BufferFormatCheck (used by BufferGetAndValidate) */ +static void __Pyx_BufFmt_Init(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx, + __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem* stack, + const __Pyx_TypeInfo* type) { + stack[0].field = &ctx->root; + stack[0].parent_offset = 0; + ctx->root.type = type; + ctx->root.name = "buffer dtype"; + ctx->root.offset = 0; + ctx->head = stack; + ctx->head->field = &ctx->root; + ctx->fmt_offset = 0; + ctx->head->parent_offset = 0; + ctx->new_packmode = '@'; + ctx->enc_packmode = '@'; + ctx->new_count = 1; + ctx->enc_count = 0; + ctx->enc_type = 0; + ctx->is_complex = 0; + ctx->is_valid_array = 0; + ctx->struct_alignment = 0; + while (type->typegroup == 'S') { + ++ctx->head; + ctx->head->field = type->fields; + ctx->head->parent_offset = 0; + type = type->fields->type; + } +} +static int __Pyx_BufFmt_ParseNumber(const char** ts) { + int count; + const char* t = *ts; + if (*t < '0' || *t > '9') { + return -1; + } else { + count = *t++ - '0'; + while (*t >= '0' && *t <= '9') { + count *= 10; + count += *t++ - '0'; + } + } + *ts = t; + return count; +} +static int __Pyx_BufFmt_ExpectNumber(const char **ts) { + int number = __Pyx_BufFmt_ParseNumber(ts); + if (number == -1) + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,\ + "Does not understand character buffer dtype format string ('%c')", **ts); + return number; +} +static void __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar(char ch) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Unexpected format string character: '%c'", ch); +} +static const char* __Pyx_BufFmt_DescribeTypeChar(char ch, int is_complex) { + switch (ch) { + case '?': return "'bool'"; + case 'c': return "'char'"; + case 'b': return "'signed char'"; + case 'B': return "'unsigned char'"; + case 'h': return "'short'"; + case 'H': return "'unsigned short'"; + case 'i': return "'int'"; + case 'I': return "'unsigned int'"; + case 'l': return "'long'"; + case 'L': return "'unsigned long'"; + case 'q': return "'long long'"; + case 'Q': return "'unsigned long long'"; + case 'f': return (is_complex ? "'complex float'" : "'float'"); + case 'd': return (is_complex ? "'complex double'" : "'double'"); + case 'g': return (is_complex ? "'complex long double'" : "'long double'"); + case 'T': return "a struct"; + case 'O': return "Python object"; + case 'P': return "a pointer"; + case 's': case 'p': return "a string"; + case 0: return "end"; + default: return "unparsable format string"; + } +} +static size_t __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToStandardSize(char ch, int is_complex) { + switch (ch) { + case '?': case 'c': case 'b': case 'B': case 's': case 'p': return 1; + case 'h': case 'H': return 2; + case 'i': case 'I': case 'l': case 'L': return 4; + case 'q': case 'Q': return 8; + case 'f': return (is_complex ? 8 : 4); + case 'd': return (is_complex ? 16 : 8); + case 'g': { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Python does not define a standard format string size for long double ('g').."); + return 0; + } + case 'O': case 'P': return sizeof(void*); + default: + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar(ch); + return 0; + } +} +static size_t __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToNativeSize(char ch, int is_complex) { + switch (ch) { + case '?': case 'c': case 'b': case 'B': case 's': case 'p': return 1; + case 'h': case 'H': return sizeof(short); + case 'i': case 'I': return sizeof(int); + case 'l': case 'L': return sizeof(long); + case 'q': case 'Q': return sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG); + case 'f': return sizeof(float) * (is_complex ? 2 : 1); + case 'd': return sizeof(double) * (is_complex ? 2 : 1); + case 'g': return sizeof(long double) * (is_complex ? 2 : 1); + case 'O': case 'P': return sizeof(void*); + default: { + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar(ch); + return 0; + } + } +} +typedef struct { char c; short x; } __Pyx_st_short; +typedef struct { char c; int x; } __Pyx_st_int; +typedef struct { char c; long x; } __Pyx_st_long; +typedef struct { char c; float x; } __Pyx_st_float; +typedef struct { char c; double x; } __Pyx_st_double; +typedef struct { char c; long double x; } __Pyx_st_longdouble; +typedef struct { char c; void *x; } __Pyx_st_void_p; +typedef struct { char c; PY_LONG_LONG x; } __Pyx_st_longlong; +static size_t __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToAlignment(char ch, int is_complex) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(is_complex); + switch (ch) { + case '?': case 'c': case 'b': case 'B': case 's': case 'p': return 1; + case 'h': case 'H': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_short) - sizeof(short); + case 'i': case 'I': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_int) - sizeof(int); + case 'l': case 'L': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_long) - sizeof(long); + case 'q': case 'Q': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_longlong) - sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG); + case 'f': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_float) - sizeof(float); + case 'd': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_double) - sizeof(double); + case 'g': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_longdouble) - sizeof(long double); + case 'P': case 'O': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_void_p) - sizeof(void*); + default: + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar(ch); + return 0; + } +} +/* These are for computing the padding at the end of the struct to align + on the first member of the struct. This will probably the same as above, + but we don't have any guarantees. + */ +typedef struct { short x; char c; } __Pyx_pad_short; +typedef struct { int x; char c; } __Pyx_pad_int; +typedef struct { long x; char c; } __Pyx_pad_long; +typedef struct { float x; char c; } __Pyx_pad_float; +typedef struct { double x; char c; } __Pyx_pad_double; +typedef struct { long double x; char c; } __Pyx_pad_longdouble; +typedef struct { void *x; char c; } __Pyx_pad_void_p; +typedef struct { PY_LONG_LONG x; char c; } __Pyx_pad_longlong; +static size_t __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToPadding(char ch, int is_complex) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(is_complex); + switch (ch) { + case '?': case 'c': case 'b': case 'B': case 's': case 'p': return 1; + case 'h': case 'H': return sizeof(__Pyx_pad_short) - sizeof(short); + case 'i': case 'I': return sizeof(__Pyx_pad_int) - sizeof(int); + case 'l': case 'L': return sizeof(__Pyx_pad_long) - sizeof(long); + case 'q': case 'Q': return sizeof(__Pyx_pad_longlong) - sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG); + case 'f': return sizeof(__Pyx_pad_float) - sizeof(float); + case 'd': return sizeof(__Pyx_pad_double) - sizeof(double); + case 'g': return sizeof(__Pyx_pad_longdouble) - sizeof(long double); + case 'P': case 'O': return sizeof(__Pyx_pad_void_p) - sizeof(void*); + default: + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar(ch); + return 0; + } +} +static char __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToGroup(char ch, int is_complex) { + switch (ch) { + case 'c': + return 'H'; + case 'b': case 'h': case 'i': + case 'l': case 'q': case 's': case 'p': + return 'I'; + case '?': case 'B': case 'H': case 'I': case 'L': case 'Q': + return 'U'; + case 'f': case 'd': case 'g': + return (is_complex ? 'C' : 'R'); + case 'O': + return 'O'; + case 'P': + return 'P'; + default: { + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar(ch); + return 0; + } + } +} +static void __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseExpected(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx) { + if (ctx->head == NULL || ctx->head->field == &ctx->root) { + const char* expected; + const char* quote; + if (ctx->head == NULL) { + expected = "end"; + quote = ""; + } else { + expected = ctx->head->field->type->name; + quote = "'"; + } + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer dtype mismatch, expected %s%s%s but got %s", + quote, expected, quote, + __Pyx_BufFmt_DescribeTypeChar(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex)); + } else { + const __Pyx_StructField* field = ctx->head->field; + const __Pyx_StructField* parent = (ctx->head - 1)->field; + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer dtype mismatch, expected '%s' but got %s in '%s.%s'", + field->type->name, __Pyx_BufFmt_DescribeTypeChar(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex), + parent->type->name, field->name); + } +} +static int __Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx) { + char group; + size_t size, offset, arraysize = 1; + if (ctx->enc_type == 0) return 0; + if (ctx->head->field->type->arraysize[0]) { + int i, ndim = 0; + if (ctx->enc_type == 's' || ctx->enc_type == 'p') { + ctx->is_valid_array = ctx->head->field->type->ndim == 1; + ndim = 1; + if (ctx->enc_count != ctx->head->field->type->arraysize[0]) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Expected a dimension of size %zu, got %zu", + ctx->head->field->type->arraysize[0], ctx->enc_count); + return -1; + } + } + if (!ctx->is_valid_array) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Expected %d dimensions, got %d", + ctx->head->field->type->ndim, ndim); + return -1; + } + for (i = 0; i < ctx->head->field->type->ndim; i++) { + arraysize *= ctx->head->field->type->arraysize[i]; + } + ctx->is_valid_array = 0; + ctx->enc_count = 1; + } + group = __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToGroup(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex); + do { + const __Pyx_StructField* field = ctx->head->field; + const __Pyx_TypeInfo* type = field->type; + if (ctx->enc_packmode == '@' || ctx->enc_packmode == '^') { + size = __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToNativeSize(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex); + } else { + size = __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToStandardSize(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex); + } + if (ctx->enc_packmode == '@') { + size_t align_at = __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToAlignment(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex); + size_t align_mod_offset; + if (align_at == 0) return -1; + align_mod_offset = ctx->fmt_offset % align_at; + if (align_mod_offset > 0) ctx->fmt_offset += align_at - align_mod_offset; + if (ctx->struct_alignment == 0) + ctx->struct_alignment = __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToPadding(ctx->enc_type, + ctx->is_complex); + } + if (type->size != size || type->typegroup != group) { + if (type->typegroup == 'C' && type->fields != NULL) { + size_t parent_offset = ctx->head->parent_offset + field->offset; + ++ctx->head; + ctx->head->field = type->fields; + ctx->head->parent_offset = parent_offset; + continue; + } + if ((type->typegroup == 'H' || group == 'H') && type->size == size) { + } else { + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseExpected(ctx); + return -1; + } + } + offset = ctx->head->parent_offset + field->offset; + if (ctx->fmt_offset != offset) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer dtype mismatch; next field is at offset %" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d but %" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d expected", + (Py_ssize_t)ctx->fmt_offset, (Py_ssize_t)offset); + return -1; + } + ctx->fmt_offset += size; + if (arraysize) + ctx->fmt_offset += (arraysize - 1) * size; + --ctx->enc_count; + while (1) { + if (field == &ctx->root) { + ctx->head = NULL; + if (ctx->enc_count != 0) { + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseExpected(ctx); + return -1; + } + break; + } + ctx->head->field = ++field; + if (field->type == NULL) { + --ctx->head; + field = ctx->head->field; + continue; + } else if (field->type->typegroup == 'S') { + size_t parent_offset = ctx->head->parent_offset + field->offset; + if (field->type->fields->type == NULL) continue; + field = field->type->fields; + ++ctx->head; + ctx->head->field = field; + ctx->head->parent_offset = parent_offset; + break; + } else { + break; + } + } + } while (ctx->enc_count); + ctx->enc_type = 0; + ctx->is_complex = 0; + return 0; +} +static int +__pyx_buffmt_parse_array(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx, const char** tsp) +{ + const char *ts = *tsp; + int i = 0, number, ndim; + ++ts; + if (ctx->new_count != 1) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, + "Cannot handle repeated arrays in format string"); + return -1; + } + if (__Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(ctx) == -1) return -1; + ndim = ctx->head->field->type->ndim; + while (*ts && *ts != ')') { + switch (*ts) { + case ' ': case '\f': case '\r': case '\n': case '\t': case '\v': continue; + default: break; + } + number = __Pyx_BufFmt_ExpectNumber(&ts); + if (number == -1) return -1; + if (i < ndim && (size_t) number != ctx->head->field->type->arraysize[i]) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Expected a dimension of size %zu, got %d", + ctx->head->field->type->arraysize[i], number); + return -1; + } + if (*ts != ',' && *ts != ')') { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Expected a comma in format string, got '%c'", *ts); + return -1; + } + if (*ts == ',') ts++; + i++; + } + if (i != ndim) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Expected %d dimension(s), got %d", + ctx->head->field->type->ndim, i); + return -1; + } + if (!*ts) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, + "Unexpected end of format string, expected ')'"); + return -1; + } + ctx->is_valid_array = 1; + ctx->new_count = 1; + *tsp = ++ts; + return 0; +} +static const char* __Pyx_BufFmt_CheckString(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx, const char* ts) { + int got_Z = 0; + while (1) { + switch(*ts) { + case 0: + if (ctx->enc_type != 0 && ctx->head == NULL) { + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseExpected(ctx); + return NULL; + } + if (__Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(ctx) == -1) return NULL; + if (ctx->head != NULL) { + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseExpected(ctx); + return NULL; + } + return ts; + case ' ': + case '\r': + case '\n': + ++ts; + break; + case '<': + if (!__Pyx_Is_Little_Endian()) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Little-endian buffer not supported on big-endian compiler"); + return NULL; + } + ctx->new_packmode = '='; + ++ts; + break; + case '>': + case '!': + if (__Pyx_Is_Little_Endian()) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Big-endian buffer not supported on little-endian compiler"); + return NULL; + } + ctx->new_packmode = '='; + ++ts; + break; + case '=': + case '@': + case '^': + ctx->new_packmode = *ts++; + break; + case 'T': + { + const char* ts_after_sub; + size_t i, struct_count = ctx->new_count; + size_t struct_alignment = ctx->struct_alignment; + ctx->new_count = 1; + ++ts; + if (*ts != '{') { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Buffer acquisition: Expected '{' after 'T'"); + return NULL; + } + if (__Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(ctx) == -1) return NULL; + ctx->enc_type = 0; + ctx->enc_count = 0; + ctx->struct_alignment = 0; + ++ts; + ts_after_sub = ts; + for (i = 0; i != struct_count; ++i) { + ts_after_sub = __Pyx_BufFmt_CheckString(ctx, ts); + if (!ts_after_sub) return NULL; + } + ts = ts_after_sub; + if (struct_alignment) ctx->struct_alignment = struct_alignment; + } + break; + case '}': + { + size_t alignment = ctx->struct_alignment; + ++ts; + if (__Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(ctx) == -1) return NULL; + ctx->enc_type = 0; + if (alignment && ctx->fmt_offset % alignment) { + ctx->fmt_offset += alignment - (ctx->fmt_offset % alignment); + } + } + return ts; + case 'x': + if (__Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(ctx) == -1) return NULL; + ctx->fmt_offset += ctx->new_count; + ctx->new_count = 1; + ctx->enc_count = 0; + ctx->enc_type = 0; + ctx->enc_packmode = ctx->new_packmode; + ++ts; + break; + case 'Z': + got_Z = 1; + ++ts; + if (*ts != 'f' && *ts != 'd' && *ts != 'g') { + __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar('Z'); + return NULL; + } + CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH; + case '?': case 'c': case 'b': case 'B': case 'h': case 'H': case 'i': case 'I': + case 'l': case 'L': case 'q': case 'Q': + case 'f': case 'd': case 'g': + case 'O': case 'p': + if ((ctx->enc_type == *ts) && (got_Z == ctx->is_complex) && + (ctx->enc_packmode == ctx->new_packmode) && (!ctx->is_valid_array)) { + ctx->enc_count += ctx->new_count; + ctx->new_count = 1; + got_Z = 0; + ++ts; + break; + } + CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH; + case 's': + if (__Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(ctx) == -1) return NULL; + ctx->enc_count = ctx->new_count; + ctx->enc_packmode = ctx->new_packmode; + ctx->enc_type = *ts; + ctx->is_complex = got_Z; + ++ts; + ctx->new_count = 1; + got_Z = 0; + break; + case ':': + ++ts; + while(*ts != ':') ++ts; + ++ts; + break; + case '(': + if (__pyx_buffmt_parse_array(ctx, &ts) < 0) return NULL; + break; + default: + { + int number = __Pyx_BufFmt_ExpectNumber(&ts); + if (number == -1) return NULL; + ctx->new_count = (size_t)number; + } + } + } +} + +/* BufferGetAndValidate */ + static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_SafeReleaseBuffer(Py_buffer* info) { + if (unlikely(info->buf == NULL)) return; + if (info->suboffsets == __Pyx_minusones) info->suboffsets = NULL; + PyBuffer_Release(info); + } + static void __Pyx_ZeroBuffer(Py_buffer* buf) { + buf->buf = NULL; + buf->obj = NULL; + buf->strides = __Pyx_zeros; + buf->shape = __Pyx_zeros; + buf->suboffsets = __Pyx_minusones; + } + static int __Pyx__GetBufferAndValidate( + Py_buffer* buf, PyObject* obj, const __Pyx_TypeInfo* dtype, int flags, + int nd, int cast, __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem* stack) + { + buf->buf = NULL; + if (unlikely(PyObject_GetBuffer(obj, buf, flags) == -1)) { + __Pyx_ZeroBuffer(buf); + return -1; + } + if (unlikely(buf->ndim != nd)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer has wrong number of dimensions (expected %d, got %d)", + nd, buf->ndim); + goto fail; + } + if (!cast) { + __Pyx_BufFmt_Context ctx; + __Pyx_BufFmt_Init(&ctx, stack, dtype); + if (!__Pyx_BufFmt_CheckString(&ctx, buf->format)) goto fail; + } + if (unlikely((size_t)buf->itemsize != dtype->size)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Item size of buffer (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d byte%s) does not match size of '%s' (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d byte%s)", + buf->itemsize, (buf->itemsize > 1) ? "s" : "", + dtype->name, (Py_ssize_t)dtype->size, (dtype->size > 1) ? "s" : ""); + goto fail; + } + if (buf->suboffsets == NULL) buf->suboffsets = __Pyx_minusones; + return 0; + fail:; + __Pyx_SafeReleaseBuffer(buf); + return -1; + } + +/* PyObjectVectorCallKwBuilder */ + #if CYTHON_VECTORCALL + static int __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArg(PyObject *key, PyObject *value, PyObject *builder, PyObject **args, int n) { + (void)__Pyx_PyObject_FastCallDict; + Py_INCREF(key); + if (__Pyx_PyTuple_SET_ITEM(builder, n, key) != (0)) return -1; + args[n] = value; + return 0; + } + CYTHON_UNUSED static int __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArg_Check(PyObject *key, PyObject *value, PyObject *builder, PyObject **args, int n) { + (void)__Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArgStr; + if (unlikely(!PyUnicode_Check(key))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "keywords must be strings"); + return -1; + } + return __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArg(key, value, builder, args, n); + } + static int __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArgStr(const char *key, PyObject *value, PyObject *builder, PyObject **args, int n) { + PyObject *pyKey = PyUnicode_FromString(key); + if (!pyKey) return -1; + return __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArg(pyKey, value, builder, args, n); + } + #else // CYTHON_VECTORCALL + CYTHON_UNUSED static int __Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArg_Check(PyObject *key, PyObject *value, PyObject *builder, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject **args, CYTHON_UNUSED int n) { + if (unlikely(!PyUnicode_Check(key))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "keywords must be strings"); + return -1; + } + return PyDict_SetItem(builder, key, value); + } + #endif + +/* BufferFallbackError */ + static void __Pyx_RaiseBufferFallbackError(void) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer acquisition failed on assignment; and then reacquiring the old buffer failed too!"); + } + +/* PyObjectVectorCallMethodKwBuilder */ + #if !CYTHON_VECTORCALL || PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 + static PyObject *__Pyx_Object_VectorcallMethod_CallFromBuilder(PyObject *name, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames) { + PyObject *result; + PyObject *obj = PyObject_GetAttr(args[0], name); + if (unlikely(!obj)) + return NULL; + result = __Pyx_Object_Vectorcall_CallFromBuilder(obj, args+1, nargsf-1, kwnames); + Py_DECREF(obj); + return result; + } + #endif + +/* PyLongBinop */ + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + static PyObject* __Pyx_Fallback___Pyx_PyLong_SubtractObjC(PyObject *op1, PyObject *op2, int inplace) { + return (inplace ? PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract : PyNumber_Subtract)(op1, op2); + } + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + static PyObject* __Pyx_Unpacked___Pyx_PyLong_SubtractObjC(PyObject *op1, PyObject *op2, long intval, int inplace, int zerodivision_check) { + CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(inplace); + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(zerodivision_check); + const long b = intval; + long a; + const PY_LONG_LONG llb = intval; + PY_LONG_LONG lla; + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyLong_IsZero(op1))) { + return PyLong_FromLong(-intval); + } + const int is_positive = __Pyx_PyLong_IsPos(op1); + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(op1); + const Py_ssize_t size = __Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(op1); + if (likely(size == 1)) { + a = (long) digits[0]; + if (!is_positive) a *= -1; + } else { + switch (size) { + case 2: + if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + a = (long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])); + if (!is_positive) a *= -1; + goto calculate_long; + } else if (8 * sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + lla = (PY_LONG_LONG) (((((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[0])); + if (!is_positive) lla *= -1; + goto calculate_long_long; + } + break; + case 3: + if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + a = (long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])); + if (!is_positive) a *= -1; + goto calculate_long; + } else if (8 * sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + lla = (PY_LONG_LONG) (((((((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[0])); + if (!is_positive) lla *= -1; + goto calculate_long_long; + } + break; + case 4: + if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + a = (long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])); + if (!is_positive) a *= -1; + goto calculate_long; + } else if (8 * sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + lla = (PY_LONG_LONG) (((((((((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[0])); + if (!is_positive) lla *= -1; + goto calculate_long_long; + } + break; + } + return PyLong_Type.tp_as_number->nb_subtract(op1, op2); + } + calculate_long: + { + long x; + x = a - b; + return PyLong_FromLong(x); + } + calculate_long_long: + { + PY_LONG_LONG llx; + llx = lla - llb; + return PyLong_FromLongLong(llx); + } + + } + #endif + static PyObject* __Pyx_Float___Pyx_PyLong_SubtractObjC(PyObject *float_val, long intval, int zerodivision_check) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(zerodivision_check); + const long b = intval; + double a = __Pyx_PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(float_val); + double result; + + result = ((double)a) - (double)b; + return PyFloat_FromDouble(result); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyLong_SubtractObjC(PyObject *op1, PyObject *op2, long intval, int inplace, int zerodivision_check) { + CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(intval); + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(zerodivision_check); + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(op1))) { + return __Pyx_Unpacked___Pyx_PyLong_SubtractObjC(op1, op2, intval, inplace, zerodivision_check); + } + #endif + if (PyFloat_CheckExact(op1)) { + return __Pyx_Float___Pyx_PyLong_SubtractObjC(op1, intval, zerodivision_check); + } + return __Pyx_Fallback___Pyx_PyLong_SubtractObjC(op1, op2, inplace); + } + #endif + +/* SliceObject */ + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GetSlice(PyObject* obj, + Py_ssize_t cstart, Py_ssize_t cstop, + PyObject** _py_start, PyObject** _py_stop, PyObject** _py_slice, + int has_cstart, int has_cstop, CYTHON_UNUSED int wraparound) { + __Pyx_TypeName obj_type_name; + #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + PyMappingMethods* mp = Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_as_mapping; + if (likely(mp && mp->mp_subscript)) + #endif + { + PyObject* result; + PyObject *py_slice, *py_start, *py_stop; + if (_py_slice) { + py_slice = *_py_slice; + } else { + PyObject* owned_start = NULL; + PyObject* owned_stop = NULL; + if (_py_start) { + py_start = *_py_start; + } else { + if (has_cstart) { + owned_start = py_start = PyLong_FromSsize_t(cstart); + if (unlikely(!py_start)) goto bad; + } else + py_start = Py_None; + } + if (_py_stop) { + py_stop = *_py_stop; + } else { + if (has_cstop) { + owned_stop = py_stop = PyLong_FromSsize_t(cstop); + if (unlikely(!py_stop)) { + Py_XDECREF(owned_start); + goto bad; + } + } else + py_stop = Py_None; + } + py_slice = PySlice_New(py_start, py_stop, Py_None); + Py_XDECREF(owned_start); + Py_XDECREF(owned_stop); + if (unlikely(!py_slice)) goto bad; + } + #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + result = mp->mp_subscript(obj, py_slice); + #else + result = PyObject_GetItem(obj, py_slice); + #endif + if (!_py_slice) { + Py_DECREF(py_slice); + } + return result; + } + obj_type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(Py_TYPE(obj)); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "'" __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "' object is unsliceable", obj_type_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(obj_type_name); + bad: + return NULL; + } + +/* AllocateExtensionType */ + static PyObject *__Pyx_AllocateExtensionType(PyTypeObject *t, int is_final) { + if (is_final || likely(!__Pyx_PyType_HasFeature(t, Py_TPFLAGS_IS_ABSTRACT))) { + allocfunc alloc_func = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(t, tp_alloc, allocfunc); + return alloc_func(t, 0); + } else { + newfunc tp_new = __Pyx_PyType_TryGetSlot(&PyBaseObject_Type, tp_new, newfunc); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + if (!tp_new) { + PyObject *new_str = PyUnicode_FromString("__new__"); + if (likely(new_str)) { + PyObject *o = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs((PyObject *)&PyBaseObject_Type, new_str, t, NULL); + Py_DECREF(new_str); + return o; + } else + return NULL; + } else + #endif + return tp_new(t, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple, 0); + } + } + +/* CallTypeTraverse */ + #if !CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS || (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000) + #else + static int __Pyx_call_type_traverse(PyObject *o, int always_call, visitproc visit, void *arg) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 + if (__Pyx_get_runtime_version() < 0x03090000) return 0; + #endif + if (!always_call) { + PyTypeObject *base = __Pyx_PyObject_GetSlot(o, tp_base, PyTypeObject*); + unsigned long flags = PyType_GetFlags(base); + if (flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE) { + return 0; + } + } + Py_VISIT((PyObject*)Py_TYPE(o)); + return 0; + } + #endif + +/* LimitedApiGetTypeDict (used by SetItemOnTypeDict) */ + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + static Py_ssize_t __Pyx_GetTypeDictOffset(void) { + PyObject *tp_dictoffset_o; + Py_ssize_t tp_dictoffset; + tp_dictoffset_o = PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject*)(&PyType_Type), "__dictoffset__"); + if (unlikely(!tp_dictoffset_o)) return -1; + tp_dictoffset = PyLong_AsSsize_t(tp_dictoffset_o); + Py_DECREF(tp_dictoffset_o); + if (unlikely(tp_dictoffset == 0)) { + PyErr_SetString( + PyExc_TypeError, + "'type' doesn't have a dictoffset"); + return -1; + } else if (unlikely(tp_dictoffset < 0)) { + PyErr_SetString( + PyExc_TypeError, + "'type' has an unexpected negative dictoffset. " + "Please report this as Cython bug"); + return -1; + } + return tp_dictoffset; + } + static PyObject *__Pyx_GetTypeDict(PyTypeObject *tp) { + static Py_ssize_t tp_dictoffset = 0; + if (unlikely(tp_dictoffset == 0)) { + tp_dictoffset = __Pyx_GetTypeDictOffset(); + if (unlikely(tp_dictoffset == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())) { + tp_dictoffset = 0; // try again next time? + return NULL; + } + } + return *(PyObject**)((char*)tp + tp_dictoffset); + } + #endif + +/* SetItemOnTypeDict (used by FixUpExtensionType) */ + static int __Pyx__SetItemOnTypeDict(PyTypeObject *tp, PyObject *k, PyObject *v) { + int result; + PyObject *tp_dict; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + tp_dict = __Pyx_GetTypeDict(tp); + if (unlikely(!tp_dict)) return -1; + #else + tp_dict = tp->tp_dict; + #endif + result = PyDict_SetItem(tp_dict, k, v); + if (likely(!result)) { + PyType_Modified(tp); + if (unlikely(PyObject_HasAttr(v, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_set_name))) { + PyObject *setNameResult = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(v, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_set_name, (PyObject *) tp, k, NULL); + if (!setNameResult) return -1; + Py_DECREF(setNameResult); + } + } + return result; + } + +/* FixUpExtensionType */ + static int __Pyx_fix_up_extension_type_from_spec(PyType_Spec *spec, PyTypeObject *type) { + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX > 0x030900B1 + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(spec); + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(type); + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(__Pyx__SetItemOnTypeDict); + #else + const PyType_Slot *slot = spec->slots; + int changed = 0; + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + while (slot && slot->slot && slot->slot != Py_tp_members) + slot++; + if (slot && slot->slot == Py_tp_members) { + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON + const + #endif // !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON) + PyMemberDef *memb = (PyMemberDef*) slot->pfunc; + while (memb && memb->name) { + if (memb->name[0] == '_' && memb->name[1] == '_') { + if (strcmp(memb->name, "__weaklistoffset__") == 0) { + assert(memb->type == T_PYSSIZET); + assert(memb->flags == READONLY); + type->tp_weaklistoffset = memb->offset; + changed = 1; + } + else if (strcmp(memb->name, "__dictoffset__") == 0) { + assert(memb->type == T_PYSSIZET); + assert(memb->flags == READONLY); + type->tp_dictoffset = memb->offset; + changed = 1; + } + #if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + else if (strcmp(memb->name, "__vectorcalloffset__") == 0) { + assert(memb->type == T_PYSSIZET); + assert(memb->flags == READONLY); + type->tp_vectorcall_offset = memb->offset; + changed = 1; + } + #endif // CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + else if (strcmp(memb->name, "__module__") == 0) { + PyObject *descr; + assert(memb->type == T_OBJECT); + assert(memb->flags == 0 || memb->flags == READONLY); + descr = PyDescr_NewMember(type, memb); + if (unlikely(!descr)) + return -1; + int set_item_result = PyDict_SetItem(type->tp_dict, PyDescr_NAME(descr), descr); + Py_DECREF(descr); + if (unlikely(set_item_result < 0)) { + return -1; + } + changed = 1; + } + #endif // !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + } + memb++; + } + } + #endif // !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + slot = spec->slots; + while (slot && slot->slot && slot->slot != Py_tp_getset) + slot++; + if (slot && slot->slot == Py_tp_getset) { + PyGetSetDef *getset = (PyGetSetDef*) slot->pfunc; + while (getset && getset->name) { + if (getset->name[0] == '_' && getset->name[1] == '_' && strcmp(getset->name, "__module__") == 0) { + PyObject *descr = PyDescr_NewGetSet(type, getset); + if (unlikely(!descr)) + return -1; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *pyname = PyUnicode_FromString(getset->name); + if (unlikely(!pyname)) { + Py_DECREF(descr); + return -1; + } + int set_item_result = __Pyx_SetItemOnTypeDict(type, pyname, descr); + Py_DECREF(pyname); + #else + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(__Pyx__SetItemOnTypeDict); + int set_item_result = PyDict_SetItem(type->tp_dict, PyDescr_NAME(descr), descr); + #endif + Py_DECREF(descr); + if (unlikely(set_item_result < 0)) { + return -1; + } + changed = 1; + } + ++getset; + } + } + #else + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(__Pyx__SetItemOnTypeDict); + #endif // !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + if (changed) + PyType_Modified(type); + #endif // PY_VERSION_HEX > 0x030900B1 + return 0; + } + +/* PyObjectCallNoArg (used by PyObjectCallMethod0) */ + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg(PyObject *func) { + PyObject *arg[2] = {NULL, NULL}; + return __Pyx_PyObject_FastCall(func, arg + 1, 0 | __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET); + } + +/* PyObjectGetMethod (used by PyObjectCallMethod0) */ + #if !(CYTHON_VECTORCALL && (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 || (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000))) + static int __Pyx_PyObject_GetMethod(PyObject *obj, PyObject *name, PyObject **method) { + PyObject *attr; + #if CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS && CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + __Pyx_TypeName type_name; + PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(obj); + PyObject *descr; + descrgetfunc f = NULL; + PyObject **dictptr, *dict; + int meth_found = 0; + assert (*method == NULL); + if (unlikely(tp->tp_getattro != PyObject_GenericGetAttr)) { + attr = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(obj, name); + goto try_unpack; + } + if (unlikely(tp->tp_dict == NULL) && unlikely(PyType_Ready(tp) < 0)) { + return 0; + } + descr = _PyType_Lookup(tp, name); + if (likely(descr != NULL)) { + Py_INCREF(descr); + #if defined(Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR) && Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR + if (__Pyx_PyType_HasFeature(Py_TYPE(descr), Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR)) + #else + #ifdef __Pyx_CyFunction_USED + if (likely(PyFunction_Check(descr) || __Pyx_IS_TYPE(descr, &PyMethodDescr_Type) || __Pyx_CyFunction_Check(descr))) + #else + if (likely(PyFunction_Check(descr) || __Pyx_IS_TYPE(descr, &PyMethodDescr_Type))) + #endif + #endif + { + meth_found = 1; + } else { + f = Py_TYPE(descr)->tp_descr_get; + if (f != NULL && PyDescr_IsData(descr)) { + attr = f(descr, obj, (PyObject *)Py_TYPE(obj)); + Py_DECREF(descr); + goto try_unpack; + } + } + } + dictptr = _PyObject_GetDictPtr(obj); + if (dictptr != NULL && (dict = *dictptr) != NULL) { + Py_INCREF(dict); + attr = __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStr(dict, name); + if (attr != NULL) { + Py_INCREF(attr); + Py_DECREF(dict); + Py_XDECREF(descr); + goto try_unpack; + } + Py_DECREF(dict); + } + if (meth_found) { + *method = descr; + return 1; + } + if (f != NULL) { + attr = f(descr, obj, (PyObject *)Py_TYPE(obj)); + Py_DECREF(descr); + goto try_unpack; + } + if (likely(descr != NULL)) { + *method = descr; + return 0; + } + type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(tp); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError, + "'" __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "' object has no attribute '%U'", + type_name, name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(type_name); + return 0; + #else + attr = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(obj, name); + goto try_unpack; + #endif + try_unpack: + #if CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS + if (likely(attr) && PyMethod_Check(attr) && likely(PyMethod_GET_SELF(attr) == obj)) { + PyObject *function = PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION(attr); + Py_INCREF(function); + Py_DECREF(attr); + *method = function; + return 1; + } + #endif + *method = attr; + return 0; + } + #endif + +/* PyObjectCallMethod0 (used by PyType_Ready) */ + static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod0(PyObject* obj, PyObject* method_name) { + #if CYTHON_VECTORCALL && (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 || (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000)) + PyObject *args[1] = {obj}; + (void) __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg; + (void) __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg; + return PyObject_VectorcallMethod(method_name, args, 1 | PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET, NULL); + #else + PyObject *method = NULL, *result = NULL; + int is_method = __Pyx_PyObject_GetMethod(obj, method_name, &method); + if (likely(is_method)) { + result = __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(method, obj); + Py_DECREF(method); + return result; + } + if (unlikely(!method)) goto bad; + result = __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg(method); + Py_DECREF(method); + bad: + return result; + #endif + } + +/* ValidateBasesTuple (used by PyType_Ready) */ + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS + static int __Pyx_validate_bases_tuple(const char *type_name, Py_ssize_t dictoffset, PyObject *bases) { + Py_ssize_t i, n; + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(bases); + #else + n = PyTuple_Size(bases); + if (unlikely(n < 0)) return -1; + #endif + for (i = 1; i < n; i++) + { + PyTypeObject *b; + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + PyObject *b0 = PySequence_GetItem(bases, i); + if (!b0) return -1; + #elif CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + PyObject *b0 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(bases, i); + #else + PyObject *b0 = PyTuple_GetItem(bases, i); + if (!b0) return -1; + #endif + b = (PyTypeObject*) b0; + if (!__Pyx_PyType_HasFeature(b, Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE)) + { + __Pyx_TypeName b_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(b); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "base class '" __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "' is not a heap type", b_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(b_name); + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(b0); + #endif + return -1; + } + if (dictoffset == 0) + { + Py_ssize_t b_dictoffset = 0; + #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + b_dictoffset = b->tp_dictoffset; + #else + PyObject *py_b_dictoffset = PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject*)b, "__dictoffset__"); + if (!py_b_dictoffset) goto dictoffset_return; + b_dictoffset = PyLong_AsSsize_t(py_b_dictoffset); + Py_DECREF(py_b_dictoffset); + if (b_dictoffset == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) goto dictoffset_return; + #endif + if (b_dictoffset) { + { + __Pyx_TypeName b_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(b); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "extension type '%.200s' has no __dict__ slot, " + "but base type '" __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "' has: " + "either add 'cdef dict __dict__' to the extension type " + "or add '__slots__ = [...]' to the base type", + type_name, b_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(b_name); + } + #if !CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + dictoffset_return: + #endif + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(b0); + #endif + return -1; + } + } + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(b0); + #endif + } + return 0; + } + #endif + +/* PyType_Ready */ + CYTHON_UNUSED static int __Pyx_PyType_HasMultipleInheritance(PyTypeObject *t) { + while (t) { + PyObject *bases = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(t, tp_bases, PyObject*); + if (bases) { + return 1; + } + t = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(t, tp_base, PyTypeObject*); + } + return 0; + } + static int __Pyx_PyType_Ready(PyTypeObject *t) { + #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS || !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON || defined(PYSTON_MAJOR_VERSION) + (void)__Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod0; + #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SPECS + (void)__Pyx_validate_bases_tuple; + #endif + return PyType_Ready(t); + #else + int r; + if (!__Pyx_PyType_HasMultipleInheritance(t)) { + return PyType_Ready(t); + } + PyObject *bases = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(t, tp_bases, PyObject*); + if (bases && unlikely(__Pyx_validate_bases_tuple(t->tp_name, t->tp_dictoffset, bases) == -1)) + return -1; + #if !defined(PYSTON_MAJOR_VERSION) + { + int gc_was_enabled; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A00b1 + gc_was_enabled = PyGC_Disable(); + (void)__Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod0; + #else + PyObject *ret, *py_status; + PyObject *gc = NULL; + #if (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || PYPY_VERSION_NUM+0 >= 0x07030400) &&\ + !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL + gc = PyImport_GetModule(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u_gc); + #endif + if (unlikely(!gc)) gc = PyImport_Import(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u_gc); + if (unlikely(!gc)) return -1; + py_status = __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod0(gc, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u_isenabled); + if (unlikely(!py_status)) { + Py_DECREF(gc); + return -1; + } + gc_was_enabled = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(py_status); + Py_DECREF(py_status); + if (gc_was_enabled > 0) { + ret = __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod0(gc, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u_disable); + if (unlikely(!ret)) { + Py_DECREF(gc); + return -1; + } + Py_DECREF(ret); + } else if (unlikely(gc_was_enabled == -1)) { + Py_DECREF(gc); + return -1; + } + #endif + t->tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A0000 + t->tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE; + #endif + #else + (void)__Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod0; + #endif + r = PyType_Ready(t); + #if !defined(PYSTON_MAJOR_VERSION) + t->tp_flags &= ~Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A00b1 + if (gc_was_enabled) + PyGC_Enable(); + #else + if (gc_was_enabled) { + PyObject *tp, *v, *tb; + PyErr_Fetch(&tp, &v, &tb); + ret = __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod0(gc, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u_enable); + if (likely(ret || r == -1)) { + Py_XDECREF(ret); + PyErr_Restore(tp, v, tb); + } else { + Py_XDECREF(tp); + Py_XDECREF(v); + Py_XDECREF(tb); + r = -1; + } + } + Py_DECREF(gc); + #endif + } + #endif + return r; + #endif + } + +/* SetVTable */ + static int __Pyx_SetVtable(PyTypeObject *type, void *vtable) { + PyObject *ob = PyCapsule_New(vtable, 0, 0); + if (unlikely(!ob)) + goto bad; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + if (unlikely(PyObject_SetAttr((PyObject *) type, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_pyx_vtable, ob) < 0)) + #else + if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItem(type->tp_dict, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_pyx_vtable, ob) < 0)) + #endif + goto bad; + Py_DECREF(ob); + return 0; + bad: + Py_XDECREF(ob); + return -1; + } + +/* GetVTable (used by MergeVTables) */ + static void* __Pyx_GetVtable(PyTypeObject *type) { + void* ptr; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *ob = PyObject_GetAttr((PyObject *)type, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_pyx_vtable); + #else + PyObject *ob = PyObject_GetItem(type->tp_dict, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_pyx_vtable); + #endif + if (!ob) + goto bad; + ptr = PyCapsule_GetPointer(ob, 0); + if (!ptr && !PyErr_Occurred()) + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "invalid vtable found for imported type"); + Py_DECREF(ob); + return ptr; + bad: + Py_XDECREF(ob); + return NULL; + } + +/* MergeVTables */ + static int __Pyx_MergeVtables(PyTypeObject *type) { + int i=0; + Py_ssize_t size; + void** base_vtables; + __Pyx_TypeName tp_base_name = NULL; + __Pyx_TypeName base_name = NULL; + void* unknown = (void*)-1; + PyObject* bases = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(type, tp_bases, PyObject*); + int base_depth = 0; + { + PyTypeObject* base = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(type, tp_base, PyTypeObject*); + while (base) { + base_depth += 1; + base = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(base, tp_base, PyTypeObject*); + } + } + base_vtables = (void**) PyMem_Malloc(sizeof(void*) * (size_t)(base_depth + 1)); + base_vtables[0] = unknown; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + size = PyTuple_Size(bases); + if (size < 0) goto other_failure; + #else + size = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(bases); + #endif + for (i = 1; i < size; i++) { + PyObject *basei; + void* base_vtable; + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + basei = PySequence_GetItem(bases, i); + if (unlikely(!basei)) goto other_failure; + #elif !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + basei = PyTuple_GetItem(bases, i); + if (unlikely(!basei)) goto other_failure; + #else + basei = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(bases, i); + #endif + base_vtable = __Pyx_GetVtable((PyTypeObject*)basei); + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(basei); + #endif + if (base_vtable != NULL) { + int j; + PyTypeObject* base = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(type, tp_base, PyTypeObject*); + for (j = 0; j < base_depth; j++) { + if (base_vtables[j] == unknown) { + base_vtables[j] = __Pyx_GetVtable(base); + base_vtables[j + 1] = unknown; + } + if (base_vtables[j] == base_vtable) { + break; + } else if (base_vtables[j] == NULL) { + goto bad; + } + base = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(base, tp_base, PyTypeObject*); + } + } + } + PyErr_Clear(); + PyMem_Free(base_vtables); + return 0; + bad: + { + PyTypeObject* basei = NULL; + PyTypeObject* tp_base = __Pyx_PyType_GetSlot(type, tp_base, PyTypeObject*); + tp_base_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(tp_base); + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + basei = (PyTypeObject*)PySequence_GetItem(bases, i); + if (unlikely(!basei)) goto really_bad; + #elif !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + basei = (PyTypeObject*)PyTuple_GetItem(bases, i); + if (unlikely(!basei)) goto really_bad; + #else + basei = (PyTypeObject*)PyTuple_GET_ITEM(bases, i); + #endif + base_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(basei); + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(basei); + #endif + } + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "multiple bases have vtable conflict: '" __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "' and '" __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "'", tp_base_name, base_name); + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS || !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + really_bad: // bad has failed! + #endif + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(tp_base_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(base_name); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS || !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + other_failure: + #endif + PyMem_Free(base_vtables); + return -1; + } + +/* DelItemOnTypeDict (used by SetupReduce) */ + static int __Pyx__DelItemOnTypeDict(PyTypeObject *tp, PyObject *k) { + int result; + PyObject *tp_dict; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + tp_dict = __Pyx_GetTypeDict(tp); + if (unlikely(!tp_dict)) return -1; + #else + tp_dict = tp->tp_dict; + #endif + result = PyDict_DelItem(tp_dict, k); + if (likely(!result)) PyType_Modified(tp); + return result; + } + +/* SetupReduce */ + static int __Pyx_setup_reduce_is_named(PyObject* meth, PyObject* name) { + int ret; + PyObject *name_attr; + name_attr = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(meth, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_name_2); + if (likely(name_attr)) { + ret = PyObject_RichCompareBool(name_attr, name, Py_EQ); + } else { + ret = -1; + } + if (unlikely(ret < 0)) { + PyErr_Clear(); + ret = 0; + } + Py_XDECREF(name_attr); + return ret; + } + static int __Pyx_setup_reduce(PyObject* type_obj) { + int ret = 0; + PyObject *object_reduce = NULL; + PyObject *object_getstate = NULL; + PyObject *object_reduce_ex = NULL; + PyObject *reduce = NULL; + PyObject *reduce_ex = NULL; + PyObject *reduce_cython = NULL; + PyObject *setstate = NULL; + PyObject *setstate_cython = NULL; + PyObject *getstate = NULL; + #if CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + getstate = _PyType_Lookup((PyTypeObject*)type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_getstate); + #else + getstate = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_getstate); + if (!getstate && PyErr_Occurred()) { + goto __PYX_BAD; + } + #endif + if (getstate) { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + object_getstate = _PyType_Lookup(&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_getstate); + #else + object_getstate = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError((PyObject*)&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_getstate); + if (!object_getstate && PyErr_Occurred()) { + goto __PYX_BAD; + } + #endif + if (object_getstate != getstate) { + goto __PYX_GOOD; + } + } + #if CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + object_reduce_ex = _PyType_Lookup(&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce_ex); if (!object_reduce_ex) goto __PYX_BAD; + #else + object_reduce_ex = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr((PyObject*)&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce_ex); if (!object_reduce_ex) goto __PYX_BAD; + #endif + reduce_ex = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce_ex); if (unlikely(!reduce_ex)) goto __PYX_BAD; + if (reduce_ex == object_reduce_ex) { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + object_reduce = _PyType_Lookup(&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce); if (!object_reduce) goto __PYX_BAD; + #else + object_reduce = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr((PyObject*)&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce); if (!object_reduce) goto __PYX_BAD; + #endif + reduce = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce); if (unlikely(!reduce)) goto __PYX_BAD; + if (reduce == object_reduce || __Pyx_setup_reduce_is_named(reduce, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce_cython)) { + reduce_cython = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce_cython); + if (likely(reduce_cython)) { + ret = __Pyx_SetItemOnTypeDict((PyTypeObject*)type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce, reduce_cython); if (unlikely(ret < 0)) goto __PYX_BAD; + ret = __Pyx_DelItemOnTypeDict((PyTypeObject*)type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_reduce_cython); if (unlikely(ret < 0)) goto __PYX_BAD; + } else if (reduce == object_reduce || PyErr_Occurred()) { + goto __PYX_BAD; + } + setstate = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_setstate); + if (!setstate) PyErr_Clear(); + if (!setstate || __Pyx_setup_reduce_is_named(setstate, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_setstate_cython)) { + setstate_cython = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStrNoError(type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_setstate_cython); + if (likely(setstate_cython)) { + ret = __Pyx_SetItemOnTypeDict((PyTypeObject*)type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_setstate, setstate_cython); if (unlikely(ret < 0)) goto __PYX_BAD; + ret = __Pyx_DelItemOnTypeDict((PyTypeObject*)type_obj, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_setstate_cython); if (unlikely(ret < 0)) goto __PYX_BAD; + } else if (!setstate || PyErr_Occurred()) { + goto __PYX_BAD; + } + } + PyType_Modified((PyTypeObject*)type_obj); + } + } + goto __PYX_GOOD; + __PYX_BAD: + if (!PyErr_Occurred()) { + __Pyx_TypeName type_obj_name = + __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName((PyTypeObject*)type_obj); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, + "Unable to initialize pickling for " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME, type_obj_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(type_obj_name); + } + ret = -1; + __PYX_GOOD: + #if !CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP + Py_XDECREF(object_reduce); + Py_XDECREF(object_reduce_ex); + Py_XDECREF(object_getstate); + Py_XDECREF(getstate); + #endif + Py_XDECREF(reduce); + Py_XDECREF(reduce_ex); + Py_XDECREF(reduce_cython); + Py_XDECREF(setstate); + Py_XDECREF(setstate_cython); + return ret; + } + +/* TypeImport */ + #ifndef __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportType_3_2_5 + #define __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportType_3_2_5 + static PyTypeObject *__Pyx_ImportType_3_2_5(PyObject *module, const char *module_name, const char *class_name, + size_t size, size_t alignment, enum __Pyx_ImportType_CheckSize_3_2_5 check_size) + { + PyObject *result = 0; + Py_ssize_t basicsize; + Py_ssize_t itemsize; + #if defined(Py_LIMITED_API) || (defined(CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API) && CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API) + PyObject *py_basicsize; + PyObject *py_itemsize; + #endif + result = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, class_name); + if (!result) + goto bad; + if (!PyType_Check(result)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%.200s.%.200s is not a type object", + module_name, class_name); + goto bad; + } + #if !( defined(Py_LIMITED_API) || (defined(CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API) && CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API) ) + basicsize = ((PyTypeObject *)result)->tp_basicsize; + itemsize = ((PyTypeObject *)result)->tp_itemsize; + #else + if (size == 0) { + return (PyTypeObject *)result; + } + py_basicsize = PyObject_GetAttrString(result, "__basicsize__"); + if (!py_basicsize) + goto bad; + basicsize = PyLong_AsSsize_t(py_basicsize); + Py_DECREF(py_basicsize); + py_basicsize = 0; + if (basicsize == (Py_ssize_t)-1 && PyErr_Occurred()) + goto bad; + py_itemsize = PyObject_GetAttrString(result, "__itemsize__"); + if (!py_itemsize) + goto bad; + itemsize = PyLong_AsSsize_t(py_itemsize); + Py_DECREF(py_itemsize); + py_itemsize = 0; + if (itemsize == (Py_ssize_t)-1 && PyErr_Occurred()) + goto bad; + #endif + if (itemsize) { + if (size % alignment) { + alignment = size % alignment; + } + if (itemsize < (Py_ssize_t)alignment) + itemsize = (Py_ssize_t)alignment; + } + if ((size_t)(basicsize + itemsize) < size) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "%.200s.%.200s size changed, may indicate binary incompatibility. " + "Expected %zd from C header, got %zd from PyObject", + module_name, class_name, size, basicsize+itemsize); + goto bad; + } + if (check_size == __Pyx_ImportType_CheckSize_Error_3_2_5 && + ((size_t)basicsize > size || (size_t)(basicsize + itemsize) < size)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "%.200s.%.200s size changed, may indicate binary incompatibility. " + "Expected %zd from C header, got %zd-%zd from PyObject", + module_name, class_name, size, basicsize, basicsize+itemsize); + goto bad; + } + else if (check_size == __Pyx_ImportType_CheckSize_Warn_3_2_5 && (size_t)basicsize > size) { + if (PyErr_WarnFormat(NULL, 0, + "%.200s.%.200s size changed, may indicate binary incompatibility. " + "Expected %zd from C header, got %zd from PyObject", + module_name, class_name, size, basicsize) < 0) { + goto bad; + } + } + return (PyTypeObject *)result; + bad: + Py_XDECREF(result); + return NULL; + } + #endif + +/* ImportFrom */ + static PyObject* __Pyx_ImportFrom(PyObject* module, PyObject* name) { + PyObject* value = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(module, name); + if (unlikely(!value) && PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) { + const char* module_name_str = 0; + PyObject* module_name = 0; + PyObject* module_dot = 0; + PyObject* full_name = 0; + PyErr_Clear(); + module_name_str = PyModule_GetName(module); + if (unlikely(!module_name_str)) { goto modbad; } + module_name = PyUnicode_FromString(module_name_str); + if (unlikely(!module_name)) { goto modbad; } + module_dot = PyUnicode_Concat(module_name, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u__2); + if (unlikely(!module_dot)) { goto modbad; } + full_name = PyUnicode_Concat(module_dot, name); + if (unlikely(!full_name)) { goto modbad; } + #if (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PYPY_VERSION_NUM < 0x07030400) ||\ + CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL + { + PyObject *modules = PyImport_GetModuleDict(); + if (unlikely(!modules)) + goto modbad; + value = PyObject_GetItem(modules, full_name); + } + #else + value = PyImport_GetModule(full_name); + #endif + modbad: + Py_XDECREF(full_name); + Py_XDECREF(module_dot); + Py_XDECREF(module_name); + } + if (unlikely(!value)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ImportError, "cannot import name %S", name); + } + return value; + } + +/* dict_setdefault (used by FetchCommonType) */ + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyDict_SetDefault(PyObject *d, PyObject *key, PyObject *default_value) { + PyObject* value; + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030F0000 || (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A4) + PyDict_SetDefaultRef(d, key, default_value, &value); + #elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + PyObject *args[] = {d, key, default_value}; + value = PyObject_VectorcallMethod(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_setdefault, args, 3 | PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET, NULL); + #elif CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + value = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(d, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_setdefault, key, default_value, NULL); + #else + value = PyDict_SetDefault(d, key, default_value); + if (unlikely(!value)) return NULL; + Py_INCREF(value); + #endif + return value; + } + +/* AddModuleRef (used by FetchSharedCythonModule) */ + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + static PyObject *__Pyx_PyImport_AddModuleObjectRef(PyObject *name) { + PyObject *module_dict = PyImport_GetModuleDict(); + PyObject *m; + if (PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(module_dict, name, &m) < 0) { + return NULL; + } + if (m != NULL && PyModule_Check(m)) { + return m; + } + Py_XDECREF(m); + m = PyModule_NewObject(name); + if (m == NULL) + return NULL; + if (PyDict_CheckExact(module_dict)) { + PyObject *new_m; + (void)PyDict_SetDefaultRef(module_dict, name, m, &new_m); + Py_DECREF(m); + return new_m; + } else { + if (PyObject_SetItem(module_dict, name, m) != 0) { + Py_DECREF(m); + return NULL; + } + return m; + } + } + static PyObject *__Pyx_PyImport_AddModuleRef(const char *name) { + PyObject *py_name = PyUnicode_FromString(name); + if (!py_name) return NULL; + PyObject *module = __Pyx_PyImport_AddModuleObjectRef(py_name); + Py_DECREF(py_name); + return module; + } + #elif __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + #define __Pyx_PyImport_AddModuleRef(name) PyImport_AddModuleRef(name) + #else + static PyObject *__Pyx_PyImport_AddModuleRef(const char *name) { + PyObject *module = PyImport_AddModule(name); + Py_XINCREF(module); + return module; + } + #endif + +/* FetchSharedCythonModule (used by FetchCommonType) */ + static PyObject *__Pyx_FetchSharedCythonABIModule(void) { + return __Pyx_PyImport_AddModuleRef(__PYX_ABI_MODULE_NAME); + } + +/* FetchCommonType (used by CommonTypesMetaclass) */ + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 + static PyObject* __Pyx_PyType_FromMetaclass(PyTypeObject *metaclass, PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases) { + PyObject *result = __Pyx_PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(module, spec, bases); + if (result && metaclass) { + PyObject *old_tp = (PyObject*)Py_TYPE(result); + Py_INCREF((PyObject*)metaclass); + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 + Py_SET_TYPE(result, metaclass); + #else + result->ob_type = metaclass; + #endif + Py_DECREF(old_tp); + } + return result; + } + #else + #define __Pyx_PyType_FromMetaclass(me, mo, s, b) PyType_FromMetaclass(me, mo, s, b) + #endif + static int __Pyx_VerifyCachedType(PyObject *cached_type, + const char *name, + Py_ssize_t expected_basicsize) { + Py_ssize_t basicsize; + if (!PyType_Check(cached_type)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "Shared Cython type %.200s is not a type object", name); + return -1; + } + if (expected_basicsize == 0) { + return 0; // size is inherited, nothing useful to check + } + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *py_basicsize; + py_basicsize = PyObject_GetAttrString(cached_type, "__basicsize__"); + if (unlikely(!py_basicsize)) return -1; + basicsize = PyLong_AsSsize_t(py_basicsize); + Py_DECREF(py_basicsize); + py_basicsize = NULL; + if (unlikely(basicsize == (Py_ssize_t)-1) && PyErr_Occurred()) return -1; + #else + basicsize = ((PyTypeObject*) cached_type)->tp_basicsize; + #endif + if (basicsize != expected_basicsize) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "Shared Cython type %.200s has the wrong size, try recompiling", + name); + return -1; + } + return 0; + } + static PyTypeObject *__Pyx_FetchCommonTypeFromSpec(PyTypeObject *metaclass, PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases) { + PyObject *abi_module = NULL, *cached_type = NULL, *abi_module_dict, *new_cached_type, *py_object_name; + int get_item_ref_result; + const char* object_name = strrchr(spec->name, '.'); + object_name = object_name ? object_name+1 : spec->name; + py_object_name = PyUnicode_FromString(object_name); + if (!py_object_name) return NULL; + abi_module = __Pyx_FetchSharedCythonABIModule(); + if (!abi_module) goto done; + abi_module_dict = PyModule_GetDict(abi_module); + if (!abi_module_dict) goto done; + get_item_ref_result = __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemRef(abi_module_dict, py_object_name, &cached_type); + if (get_item_ref_result == 1) { + if (__Pyx_VerifyCachedType( + cached_type, + object_name, + spec->basicsize) < 0) { + goto bad; + } + goto done; + } else if (unlikely(get_item_ref_result == -1)) { + goto bad; + } + cached_type = __Pyx_PyType_FromMetaclass( + metaclass, + CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE ? module : abi_module, + spec, bases); + if (unlikely(!cached_type)) goto bad; + if (unlikely(__Pyx_fix_up_extension_type_from_spec(spec, (PyTypeObject *) cached_type) < 0)) goto bad; + new_cached_type = __Pyx_PyDict_SetDefault(abi_module_dict, py_object_name, cached_type); + if (unlikely(new_cached_type != cached_type)) { + if (unlikely(!new_cached_type)) goto bad; + Py_DECREF(cached_type); + cached_type = new_cached_type; + if (__Pyx_VerifyCachedType( + cached_type, + object_name, + spec->basicsize) < 0) { + goto bad; + } + goto done; + } else { + Py_DECREF(new_cached_type); + } + done: + Py_XDECREF(abi_module); + Py_DECREF(py_object_name); + assert(cached_type == NULL || PyType_Check(cached_type)); + return (PyTypeObject *) cached_type; + bad: + Py_XDECREF(cached_type); + cached_type = NULL; + goto done; + } + +/* CommonTypesMetaclass (used by CythonFunctionShared) */ + static PyObject* __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_get_module(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *self, CYTHON_UNUSED void* context) { + return PyUnicode_FromString(__PYX_ABI_MODULE_NAME); + } + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + static PyObject* __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_call(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *self, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *args, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *kwds) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "Cannot instantiate Cython internal types"); + return NULL; + } + static int __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_setattr(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *self, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *attr, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *value) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "Cython internal types are immutable"); + return -1; + } + #endif + static PyGetSetDef __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_getset[] = { + {"__module__", __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_get_module, NULL, NULL, NULL}, + {0, 0, 0, 0, 0} + }; + static PyType_Slot __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_slots[] = { + {Py_tp_getset, (void *)__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_getset}, + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + {Py_tp_call, (void*)__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_call}, + {Py_tp_new, (void*)__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_call}, + {Py_tp_setattro, (void*)__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_setattr}, + #endif + {0, 0} + }; + static PyType_Spec __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_spec = { + __PYX_TYPE_MODULE_PREFIX "_common_types_metatype", + 0, + 0, + Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE | + Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION | + Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT, + __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_slots + }; + static int __pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_init(PyObject *module) { + __pyx_mstatetype *mstate = __Pyx_PyModule_GetState(module); + PyObject *bases = PyTuple_Pack(1, &PyType_Type); + if (unlikely(!bases)) { + return -1; + } + mstate->__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclassType = __Pyx_FetchCommonTypeFromSpec(NULL, module, &__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclass_spec, bases); + Py_DECREF(bases); + if (unlikely(mstate->__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclassType == NULL)) { + return -1; + } + return 0; + } + +/* PyMethodNew (used by CythonFunctionShared) */ + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + static PyObject *__Pyx_PyMethod_New(PyObject *func, PyObject *self, PyObject *typ) { + PyObject *result; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(typ); + if (!self) + return __Pyx_NewRef(func); + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + { + PyObject *args[] = {func, self}; + result = PyObject_Vectorcall(__pyx_mstate_global->__Pyx_CachedMethodType, args, 2, NULL); + } + #else + result = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(__pyx_mstate_global->__Pyx_CachedMethodType, func, self, NULL); + #endif + return result; + } + #else + static PyObject *__Pyx_PyMethod_New(PyObject *func, PyObject *self, PyObject *typ) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(typ); + if (!self) + return __Pyx_NewRef(func); + return PyMethod_New(func, self); + } + #endif + +/* PyVectorcallFastCallDict (used by CythonFunctionShared) */ + #if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL && CYTHON_VECTORCALL + static PyObject *__Pyx_PyVectorcall_FastCallDict_kw(PyObject *func, __pyx_vectorcallfunc vc, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargs, PyObject *kw) + { + PyObject *res = NULL; + PyObject *kwnames; + PyObject **newargs; + PyObject **kwvalues; + Py_ssize_t i; + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + PyObject *pos; + #else + Py_ssize_t pos; + #endif + size_t j; + PyObject *key, *value; + unsigned long keys_are_strings; + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + Py_ssize_t nkw = PyDict_Size(kw); + if (unlikely(nkw == -1)) return NULL; + #else + Py_ssize_t nkw = PyDict_GET_SIZE(kw); + #endif + newargs = (PyObject **)PyMem_Malloc((nargs + (size_t)nkw) * sizeof(args[0])); + if (unlikely(newargs == NULL)) { + PyErr_NoMemory(); + return NULL; + } + for (j = 0; j < nargs; j++) newargs[j] = args[j]; + kwnames = PyTuple_New(nkw); + if (unlikely(kwnames == NULL)) { + PyMem_Free(newargs); + return NULL; + } + kwvalues = newargs + nargs; + pos = 0; + i = 0; + keys_are_strings = Py_TPFLAGS_UNICODE_SUBCLASS; + while (__Pyx_PyDict_NextRef(kw, &pos, &key, &value)) { + keys_are_strings &= + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyType_GetFlags(Py_TYPE(key)); + #else + Py_TYPE(key)->tp_flags; + #endif + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + if (unlikely(PyTuple_SetItem(kwnames, i, key) < 0)) goto cleanup; + #else + PyTuple_SET_ITEM(kwnames, i, key); + #endif + kwvalues[i] = value; + i++; + } + if (unlikely(!keys_are_strings)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "keywords must be strings"); + goto cleanup; + } + res = vc(func, newargs, nargs, kwnames); + cleanup: + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_DECREF(pos); + #endif + Py_DECREF(kwnames); + for (i = 0; i < nkw; i++) + Py_DECREF(kwvalues[i]); + PyMem_Free(newargs); + return res; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyVectorcall_FastCallDict(PyObject *func, __pyx_vectorcallfunc vc, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargs, PyObject *kw) + { + Py_ssize_t kw_size = + likely(kw == NULL) ? + 0 : + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + PyDict_Size(kw); + #else + PyDict_GET_SIZE(kw); + #endif + if (kw_size == 0) { + return vc(func, args, nargs, NULL); + } + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + else if (unlikely(kw_size == -1)) { + return NULL; + } + #endif + return __Pyx_PyVectorcall_FastCallDict_kw(func, vc, args, nargs, kw); + } + #endif + +/* CythonFunctionShared (used by CythonFunction) */ + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx__IsSameCyOrCFunctionNoMethod(PyObject *func, void (*cfunc)(void)) { + if (__Pyx_CyFunction_Check(func)) { + return PyCFunction_GetFunction(((__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)func)->func) == (PyCFunction) cfunc; + } else if (PyCFunction_Check(func)) { + return PyCFunction_GetFunction(func) == (PyCFunction) cfunc; + } + return 0; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx__IsSameCyOrCFunction(PyObject *func, void (*cfunc)(void)) { + if ((PyObject*)Py_TYPE(func) == __pyx_mstate_global->__Pyx_CachedMethodType) { + int result; + PyObject *newFunc = PyObject_GetAttr(func, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_func); + if (unlikely(!newFunc)) { + PyErr_Clear(); // It's only an optimization, so don't throw an error + return 0; + } + result = __Pyx__IsSameCyOrCFunctionNoMethod(newFunc, cfunc); + Py_DECREF(newFunc); + return result; + } + return __Pyx__IsSameCyOrCFunctionNoMethod(func, cfunc); + } + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx__IsSameCyOrCFunction(PyObject *func, void (*cfunc)(void)) { + if (PyMethod_Check(func)) { + func = PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION(func); + } + return __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_Check(func) && __Pyx_CyOrPyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(func) == (PyCFunction) cfunc; + } + #endif + static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__CyFunction_SetClassObj(__pyx_CyFunctionObject* f, PyObject* classobj) { + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + __Pyx_Py_XDECREF_SET( + __Pyx_CyFunction_GetClassObj(f), + ((classobj) ? __Pyx_NewRef(classobj) : NULL)); + #else + __Pyx_Py_XDECREF_SET( + ((PyCMethodObject *) (f))->mm_class, + (PyTypeObject*)((classobj) ? __Pyx_NewRef(classobj) : NULL)); + #endif + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_doc_locked(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) + { + if (unlikely(op->func_doc == NULL)) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + op->func_doc = PyObject_GetAttrString(op->func, "__doc__"); + if (unlikely(!op->func_doc)) return NULL; + #else + if (((PyCFunctionObject*)op)->m_ml->ml_doc) { + op->func_doc = PyUnicode_FromString(((PyCFunctionObject*)op)->m_ml->ml_doc); + if (unlikely(op->func_doc == NULL)) + return NULL; + } else { + Py_INCREF(Py_None); + return Py_None; + } + #endif + } + Py_INCREF(op->func_doc); + return op->func_doc; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_doc(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *closure) { + PyObject *result; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(closure); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_get_doc_locked(op); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return result; + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_set_doc(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject *value, void *context) + { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + if (value == NULL) { + value = Py_None; + } + Py_INCREF(value); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + __Pyx_Py_XDECREF_SET(op->func_doc, value); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return 0; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_name_locked(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) + { + if (unlikely(op->func_name == NULL)) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + op->func_name = PyObject_GetAttrString(op->func, "__name__"); + #else + op->func_name = PyUnicode_InternFromString(((PyCFunctionObject*)op)->m_ml->ml_name); + #endif + if (unlikely(op->func_name == NULL)) + return NULL; + } + Py_INCREF(op->func_name); + return op->func_name; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_name(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) + { + PyObject *result = NULL; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_get_name_locked(op); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return result; + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_set_name(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject *value, void *context) + { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + if (unlikely(value == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(value))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "__name__ must be set to a string object"); + return -1; + } + Py_INCREF(value); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + __Pyx_Py_XDECREF_SET(op->func_name, value); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return 0; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_qualname(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) + { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + PyObject *result; + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + Py_INCREF(op->func_qualname); + result = op->func_qualname; + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return result; + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_set_qualname(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject *value, void *context) + { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + if (unlikely(value == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(value))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "__qualname__ must be set to a string object"); + return -1; + } + Py_INCREF(value); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + __Pyx_Py_XDECREF_SET(op->func_qualname, value); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return 0; + } + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_dict(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) + { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + if (unlikely(op->func_dict == NULL)) { + op->func_dict = PyDict_New(); + if (unlikely(op->func_dict == NULL)) + return NULL; + } + Py_INCREF(op->func_dict); + return op->func_dict; + } + #endif + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_globals(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) + { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + Py_INCREF(op->func_globals); + return op->func_globals; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_closure(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) + { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(op); + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + Py_INCREF(Py_None); + return Py_None; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_code(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) + { + PyObject* result = (op->func_code) ? op->func_code : Py_None; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + Py_INCREF(result); + return result; + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_init_defaults(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) { + int result = 0; + PyObject *res = op->defaults_getter((PyObject *) op); + if (unlikely(!res)) + return -1; + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + op->defaults_tuple = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(res, 0); + Py_INCREF(op->defaults_tuple); + op->defaults_kwdict = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(res, 1); + Py_INCREF(op->defaults_kwdict); + #else + op->defaults_tuple = __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(res, 0); + if (unlikely(!op->defaults_tuple)) result = -1; + else { + op->defaults_kwdict = __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(res, 1); + if (unlikely(!op->defaults_kwdict)) result = -1; + } + #endif + Py_DECREF(res); + return result; + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_set_defaults(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject* value, void *context) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + if (!value) { + value = Py_None; + } else if (unlikely(value != Py_None && !PyTuple_Check(value))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "__defaults__ must be set to a tuple object"); + return -1; + } + PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, "changes to cyfunction.__defaults__ will not " + "currently affect the values used in function calls", 1); + Py_INCREF(value); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + __Pyx_Py_XDECREF_SET(op->defaults_tuple, value); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return 0; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_defaults_locked(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) { + PyObject* result = op->defaults_tuple; + if (unlikely(!result)) { + if (op->defaults_getter) { + if (unlikely(__Pyx_CyFunction_init_defaults(op) < 0)) return NULL; + result = op->defaults_tuple; + } else { + result = Py_None; + } + } + Py_INCREF(result); + return result; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_defaults(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) { + PyObject* result = NULL; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_get_defaults_locked(op); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return result; + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_set_kwdefaults(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject* value, void *context) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + if (!value) { + value = Py_None; + } else if (unlikely(value != Py_None && !PyDict_Check(value))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "__kwdefaults__ must be set to a dict object"); + return -1; + } + PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, "changes to cyfunction.__kwdefaults__ will not " + "currently affect the values used in function calls", 1); + Py_INCREF(value); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + __Pyx_Py_XDECREF_SET(op->defaults_kwdict, value); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return 0; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_kwdefaults_locked(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) { + PyObject* result = op->defaults_kwdict; + if (unlikely(!result)) { + if (op->defaults_getter) { + if (unlikely(__Pyx_CyFunction_init_defaults(op) < 0)) return NULL; + result = op->defaults_kwdict; + } else { + result = Py_None; + } + } + Py_INCREF(result); + return result; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_kwdefaults(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) { + PyObject* result; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_get_kwdefaults_locked(op); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return result; + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_set_annotations(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject* value, void *context) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + if (!value || value == Py_None) { + value = NULL; + } else if (unlikely(!PyDict_Check(value))) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "__annotations__ must be set to a dict object"); + return -1; + } + Py_XINCREF(value); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + __Pyx_Py_XDECREF_SET(op->func_annotations, value); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return 0; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_annotations_locked(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) { + PyObject* result = op->func_annotations; + if (unlikely(!result)) { + result = PyDict_New(); + if (unlikely(!result)) return NULL; + op->func_annotations = result; + } + Py_INCREF(result); + return result; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_annotations(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) { + PyObject *result; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_get_annotations_locked(op); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return result; + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_is_coroutine_value(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) { + int is_coroutine = op->flags & __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_COROUTINE; + if (is_coroutine) { + PyObject *is_coroutine_value, *module, *fromlist, *marker = __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_is_coroutine; + fromlist = PyList_New(1); + if (unlikely(!fromlist)) return NULL; + Py_INCREF(marker); + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + PyList_SET_ITEM(fromlist, 0, marker); + #else + if (unlikely(PyList_SetItem(fromlist, 0, marker) < 0)) { + Py_DECREF(fromlist); + return NULL; + } + #endif + module = PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_asyncio_coroutines, NULL, NULL, fromlist, 0); + Py_DECREF(fromlist); + if (unlikely(!module)) goto ignore; + is_coroutine_value = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(module, marker); + Py_DECREF(module); + if (likely(is_coroutine_value)) { + return is_coroutine_value; + } + ignore: + PyErr_Clear(); + } + return __Pyx_PyBool_FromLong(is_coroutine); + } + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_is_coroutine(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) { + PyObject *result; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + if (op->func_is_coroutine) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(op->func_is_coroutine); + } + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_get_is_coroutine_value(op); + if (unlikely(!result)) + return NULL; + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + if (op->func_is_coroutine) { + Py_DECREF(result); + result = __Pyx_NewRef(op->func_is_coroutine); + } else { + op->func_is_coroutine = __Pyx_NewRef(result); + } + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return result; + } + static void __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_argument_count_error(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *func, const char* message, Py_ssize_t size) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *py_name = __Pyx_CyFunction_get_name(func, NULL); + if (!py_name) return; + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%.200S() %s (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d given)", + py_name, message, size); + Py_DECREF(py_name); + #else + const char* name = ((PyCFunctionObject*)func)->m_ml->ml_name; + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%.200s() %s (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d given)", + name, message, size); + #endif + } + static void __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_type_error(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *func, const char* message) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *py_name = __Pyx_CyFunction_get_name(func, NULL); + if (!py_name) return; + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%.200S() %s", + py_name, message); + Py_DECREF(py_name); + #else + const char* name = ((PyCFunctionObject*)func)->m_ml->ml_name; + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "%.200s() %s", + name, message); + #endif + } + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_get_module(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, void *context) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + return PyObject_GetAttrString(op->func, "__module__"); + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_set_module(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject* value, void *context) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(context); + return PyObject_SetAttrString(op->func, "__module__", value); + } + #endif + static PyGetSetDef __pyx_CyFunction_getsets[] = { + {"func_doc", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_doc, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_doc, 0, 0}, + {"__doc__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_doc, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_doc, 0, 0}, + {"func_name", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_name, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_name, 0, 0}, + {"__name__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_name, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_name, 0, 0}, + {"__qualname__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_qualname, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_qualname, 0, 0}, + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + {"func_dict", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_dict, (setter)PyObject_GenericSetDict, 0, 0}, + {"__dict__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_dict, (setter)PyObject_GenericSetDict, 0, 0}, + #else + {"func_dict", (getter)PyObject_GenericGetDict, (setter)PyObject_GenericSetDict, 0, 0}, + {"__dict__", (getter)PyObject_GenericGetDict, (setter)PyObject_GenericSetDict, 0, 0}, + #endif + {"func_globals", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_globals, 0, 0, 0}, + {"__globals__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_globals, 0, 0, 0}, + {"func_closure", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_closure, 0, 0, 0}, + {"__closure__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_closure, 0, 0, 0}, + {"func_code", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_code, 0, 0, 0}, + {"__code__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_code, 0, 0, 0}, + {"func_defaults", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_defaults, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_defaults, 0, 0}, + {"__defaults__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_defaults, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_defaults, 0, 0}, + {"__kwdefaults__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_kwdefaults, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_kwdefaults, 0, 0}, + {"__annotations__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_annotations, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_annotations, 0, 0}, + {"_is_coroutine", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_is_coroutine, 0, 0, 0}, + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + {"__module__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_module, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_module, 0, 0}, + #endif + {0, 0, 0, 0, 0} + }; + static PyMemberDef __pyx_CyFunction_members[] = { + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + {"__module__", T_OBJECT, offsetof(PyCFunctionObject, m_module), 0, 0}, + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + {"__dictoffset__", T_PYSSIZET, offsetof(__pyx_CyFunctionObject, func_dict), READONLY, 0}, + #endif + #if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + {"__vectorcalloffset__", T_PYSSIZET, offsetof(__pyx_CyFunctionObject, func_vectorcall), READONLY, 0}, + #else + {"__vectorcalloffset__", T_PYSSIZET, offsetof(PyCFunctionObject, vectorcall), READONLY, 0}, + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + {"__weaklistoffset__", T_PYSSIZET, offsetof(__pyx_CyFunctionObject, func_weakreflist), READONLY, 0}, + #else + {"__weaklistoffset__", T_PYSSIZET, offsetof(PyCFunctionObject, m_weakreflist), READONLY, 0}, + #endif + #endif + {0, 0, 0, 0, 0} + }; + static PyObject * + __Pyx_CyFunction_reduce(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *m, PyObject *args) + { + PyObject *result = NULL; + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(args); + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(m); + Py_INCREF(m->func_qualname); + result = m->func_qualname; + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return result; + } + static PyMethodDef __pyx_CyFunction_methods[] = { + {"__reduce__", (PyCFunction)__Pyx_CyFunction_reduce, METH_VARARGS, 0}, + {0, 0, 0, 0} + }; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + #define __Pyx_CyFunction_weakreflist(cyfunc) ((cyfunc)->func_weakreflist) + #else + #define __Pyx_CyFunction_weakreflist(cyfunc) (((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_weakreflist) + #endif + static PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_Init(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyMethodDef *ml, int flags, PyObject* qualname, + PyObject *closure, PyObject *module, PyObject* globals, PyObject* code) { + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyCFunctionObject *cf = (PyCFunctionObject*) op; + #endif + if (unlikely(op == NULL)) + return NULL; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + op->func = PyCFunction_NewEx(ml, (PyObject*)op, module); + if (unlikely(!op->func)) return NULL; + #endif + op->flags = flags; + __Pyx_CyFunction_weakreflist(op) = NULL; + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + cf->m_ml = ml; + cf->m_self = (PyObject *) op; + #endif + Py_XINCREF(closure); + op->func_closure = closure; + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_XINCREF(module); + cf->m_module = module; + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + op->func_dict = NULL; + #endif + op->func_name = NULL; + Py_INCREF(qualname); + op->func_qualname = qualname; + op->func_doc = NULL; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + op->func_classobj = NULL; + #else + ((PyCMethodObject*)op)->mm_class = NULL; + #endif + op->func_globals = globals; + Py_INCREF(op->func_globals); + Py_XINCREF(code); + op->func_code = code; + op->defaults = NULL; + op->defaults_tuple = NULL; + op->defaults_kwdict = NULL; + op->defaults_getter = NULL; + op->func_annotations = NULL; + op->func_is_coroutine = NULL; + #if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + switch (ml->ml_flags & (METH_VARARGS | METH_FASTCALL | METH_NOARGS | METH_O | METH_KEYWORDS | METH_METHOD)) { + case METH_NOARGS: + __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(op) = __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_NOARGS; + break; + case METH_O: + __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(op) = __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_O; + break; + case METH_METHOD | METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS: + __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(op) = __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_FASTCALL_KEYWORDS_METHOD; + break; + case METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS: + __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(op) = __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_FASTCALL_KEYWORDS; + break; + case METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS: + __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(op) = NULL; + break; + default: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "Bad call flags for CyFunction"); + Py_DECREF(op); + return NULL; + } + #endif + return (PyObject *) op; + } + static int + __Pyx_CyFunction_clear(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *m) + { + Py_CLEAR(m->func_closure); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_CLEAR(m->func); + #else + Py_CLEAR(((PyCFunctionObject*)m)->m_module); + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_CLEAR(m->func_dict); + #elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 + _PyObject_ClearManagedDict((PyObject*)m); + #else + PyObject_ClearManagedDict((PyObject*)m); + #endif + Py_CLEAR(m->func_name); + Py_CLEAR(m->func_qualname); + Py_CLEAR(m->func_doc); + Py_CLEAR(m->func_globals); + Py_CLEAR(m->func_code); + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_CLEAR(__Pyx_CyFunction_GetClassObj(m)); + #else + { + PyObject *cls = (PyObject*) ((PyCMethodObject *) (m))->mm_class; + ((PyCMethodObject *) (m))->mm_class = NULL; + Py_XDECREF(cls); + } + #endif + Py_CLEAR(m->defaults_tuple); + Py_CLEAR(m->defaults_kwdict); + Py_CLEAR(m->func_annotations); + Py_CLEAR(m->func_is_coroutine); + Py_CLEAR(m->defaults); + return 0; + } + static void __Pyx__CyFunction_dealloc(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *m) + { + if (__Pyx_CyFunction_weakreflist(m) != NULL) + PyObject_ClearWeakRefs((PyObject *) m); + __Pyx_CyFunction_clear(m); + __Pyx_PyHeapTypeObject_GC_Del(m); + } + static void __Pyx_CyFunction_dealloc(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *m) + { + PyObject_GC_UnTrack(m); + __Pyx__CyFunction_dealloc(m); + } + static int __Pyx_CyFunction_traverse(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *m, visitproc visit, void *arg) + { + { + int e = __Pyx_call_type_traverse((PyObject*)m, 1, visit, arg); + if (e) return e; + } + Py_VISIT(m->func_closure); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_VISIT(m->func); + #else + Py_VISIT(((PyCFunctionObject*)m)->m_module); + #endif + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_VISIT(m->func_dict); + #else + { + int e = + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 + _PyObject_VisitManagedDict + #else + PyObject_VisitManagedDict + #endif + ((PyObject*)m, visit, arg); + if (e != 0) return e; + } + #endif + __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(m->func_name); + __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(m->func_qualname); + Py_VISIT(m->func_doc); + Py_VISIT(m->func_globals); + __Pyx_VISIT_CONST(m->func_code); + Py_VISIT(__Pyx_CyFunction_GetClassObj(m)); + Py_VISIT(m->defaults_tuple); + Py_VISIT(m->defaults_kwdict); + Py_VISIT(m->func_annotations); + Py_VISIT(m->func_is_coroutine); + Py_VISIT(m->defaults); + return 0; + } + static PyObject* + __Pyx_CyFunction_repr(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) + { + PyObject *repr; + __Pyx_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op); + repr = PyUnicode_FromFormat("", + op->func_qualname, (void *)op); + __Pyx_END_CRITICAL_SECTION(); + return repr; + } + static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_CallMethod(PyObject *func, PyObject *self, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyObject *f = ((__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)func)->func; + PyCFunction meth; + int flags; + meth = PyCFunction_GetFunction(f); + if (unlikely(!meth)) return NULL; + flags = PyCFunction_GetFlags(f); + if (unlikely(flags < 0)) return NULL; + #else + PyCFunctionObject* f = (PyCFunctionObject*)func; + PyCFunction meth = f->m_ml->ml_meth; + int flags = f->m_ml->ml_flags; + #endif + Py_ssize_t size; + switch (flags & (METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS | METH_NOARGS | METH_O)) { + case METH_VARARGS: + if (likely(kw == NULL || PyDict_Size(kw) == 0)) + return (*meth)(self, arg); + break; + case METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS: + return (*(PyCFunctionWithKeywords)(void(*)(void))meth)(self, arg, kw); + case METH_NOARGS: + if (likely(kw == NULL || PyDict_Size(kw) == 0)) { + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + size = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(arg); + #else + size = PyTuple_Size(arg); + if (unlikely(size < 0)) return NULL; + #endif + if (likely(size == 0)) + return (*meth)(self, NULL); + __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_argument_count_error( + (__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)func, + "takes no arguments", size); + return NULL; + } + break; + case METH_O: + if (likely(kw == NULL || PyDict_Size(kw) == 0)) { + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + size = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(arg); + #else + size = PyTuple_Size(arg); + if (unlikely(size < 0)) return NULL; + #endif + if (likely(size == 1)) { + PyObject *result, *arg0; + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + arg0 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(arg, 0); + #else + arg0 = __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(arg, 0); if (unlikely(!arg0)) return NULL; + #endif + result = (*meth)(self, arg0); + #if !(CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS) + Py_DECREF(arg0); + #endif + return result; + } + __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_argument_count_error( + (__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)func, + "takes exactly one argument", size); + return NULL; + } + break; + default: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "Bad call flags for CyFunction"); + return NULL; + } + __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_type_error( + (__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)func, "takes no keyword arguments"); + return NULL; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_Call(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw) { + PyObject *self, *result; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + self = PyCFunction_GetSelf(((__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)func)->func); + if (unlikely(!self) && PyErr_Occurred()) return NULL; + #else + self = ((PyCFunctionObject*)func)->m_self; + #endif + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_CallMethod(func, self, arg, kw); + return result; + } + static PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_CallAsMethod(PyObject *func, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw) { + PyObject *result; + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *cyfunc = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) func; + #if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL && CYTHON_VECTORCALL + __pyx_vectorcallfunc vc = __Pyx_CyFunction_func_vectorcall(cyfunc); + if (vc) { + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + return __Pyx_PyVectorcall_FastCallDict(func, vc, &PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0), (size_t)PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args), kw); + #else + (void) &__Pyx_PyVectorcall_FastCallDict; + return PyVectorcall_Call(func, args, kw); + #endif + } + #endif + if ((cyfunc->flags & __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_CCLASS) && !(cyfunc->flags & __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_STATICMETHOD)) { + Py_ssize_t argc; + PyObject *new_args; + PyObject *self; + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + argc = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args); + #else + argc = PyTuple_Size(args); + if (unlikely(argc < 0)) return NULL; + #endif + new_args = PyTuple_GetSlice(args, 1, argc); + if (unlikely(!new_args)) + return NULL; + self = PyTuple_GetItem(args, 0); + if (unlikely(!self)) { + Py_DECREF(new_args); + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "unbound method %.200S() needs an argument", + cyfunc->func_qualname); + return NULL; + } + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_CallMethod(func, self, new_args, kw); + Py_DECREF(new_args); + } else { + result = __Pyx_CyFunction_Call(func, args, kw); + } + return result; + } + #if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL && CYTHON_VECTORCALL + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_CheckArgs(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *cyfunc, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames) + { + int ret = 0; + if ((cyfunc->flags & __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_CCLASS) && !(cyfunc->flags & __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_STATICMETHOD)) { + if (unlikely(nargs < 1)) { + __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_type_error( + cyfunc, "needs an argument"); + return -1; + } + ret = 1; + } + if (unlikely(kwnames) && unlikely(__Pyx_PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames))) { + __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_type_error( + cyfunc, "takes no keyword arguments"); + return -1; + } + return ret; + } + static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_NOARGS(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames) + { + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *cyfunc = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *)func; + Py_ssize_t nargs = PyVectorcall_NARGS(nargsf); + PyObject *self; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyCFunction meth = PyCFunction_GetFunction(cyfunc->func); + if (unlikely(!meth)) return NULL; + #else + PyCFunction meth = ((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_ml->ml_meth; + #endif + switch (__Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_CheckArgs(cyfunc, nargs, kwnames)) { + case 1: + self = args[0]; + args += 1; + nargs -= 1; + break; + case 0: + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + self = PyCFunction_GetSelf(((__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->func); + if (unlikely(!self) && PyErr_Occurred()) return NULL; + #else + self = ((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_self; + #endif + break; + default: + return NULL; + } + if (unlikely(nargs != 0)) { + __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_argument_count_error( + cyfunc, "takes no arguments", nargs); + return NULL; + } + return meth(self, NULL); + } + static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_O(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames) + { + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *cyfunc = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *)func; + Py_ssize_t nargs = PyVectorcall_NARGS(nargsf); + PyObject *self; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyCFunction meth = PyCFunction_GetFunction(cyfunc->func); + if (unlikely(!meth)) return NULL; + #else + PyCFunction meth = ((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_ml->ml_meth; + #endif + switch (__Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_CheckArgs(cyfunc, nargs, kwnames)) { + case 1: + self = args[0]; + args += 1; + nargs -= 1; + break; + case 0: + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + self = PyCFunction_GetSelf(((__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->func); + if (unlikely(!self) && PyErr_Occurred()) return NULL; + #else + self = ((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_self; + #endif + break; + default: + return NULL; + } + if (unlikely(nargs != 1)) { + __Pyx_CyFunction_raise_argument_count_error( + cyfunc, "takes exactly one argument", nargs); + return NULL; + } + return meth(self, args[0]); + } + static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_FASTCALL_KEYWORDS(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames) + { + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *cyfunc = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *)func; + Py_ssize_t nargs = PyVectorcall_NARGS(nargsf); + PyObject *self; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyCFunction meth = PyCFunction_GetFunction(cyfunc->func); + if (unlikely(!meth)) return NULL; + #else + PyCFunction meth = ((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_ml->ml_meth; + #endif + switch (__Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_CheckArgs(cyfunc, nargs, NULL)) { + case 1: + self = args[0]; + args += 1; + nargs -= 1; + break; + case 0: + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + self = PyCFunction_GetSelf(((__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->func); + if (unlikely(!self) && PyErr_Occurred()) return NULL; + #else + self = ((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_self; + #endif + break; + default: + return NULL; + } + return ((__Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords)(void(*)(void))meth)(self, args, nargs, kwnames); + } + static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_FASTCALL_KEYWORDS_METHOD(PyObject *func, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames) + { + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *cyfunc = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *)func; + PyTypeObject *cls = (PyTypeObject *) __Pyx_CyFunction_GetClassObj(cyfunc); + Py_ssize_t nargs = PyVectorcall_NARGS(nargsf); + PyObject *self; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + PyCFunction meth = PyCFunction_GetFunction(cyfunc->func); + if (unlikely(!meth)) return NULL; + #else + PyCFunction meth = ((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_ml->ml_meth; + #endif + switch (__Pyx_CyFunction_Vectorcall_CheckArgs(cyfunc, nargs, NULL)) { + case 1: + self = args[0]; + args += 1; + nargs -= 1; + break; + case 0: + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + self = PyCFunction_GetSelf(((__pyx_CyFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->func); + if (unlikely(!self) && PyErr_Occurred()) return NULL; + #else + self = ((PyCFunctionObject*)cyfunc)->m_self; + #endif + break; + default: + return NULL; + } + #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030e00A6 + size_t nargs_value = (size_t) nargs; + #else + Py_ssize_t nargs_value = nargs; + #endif + return ((__Pyx_PyCMethod)(void(*)(void))meth)(self, cls, args, nargs_value, kwnames); + } + #endif + static PyType_Slot __pyx_CyFunctionType_slots[] = { + {Py_tp_dealloc, (void *)__Pyx_CyFunction_dealloc}, + {Py_tp_repr, (void *)__Pyx_CyFunction_repr}, + {Py_tp_call, (void *)__Pyx_CyFunction_CallAsMethod}, + {Py_tp_traverse, (void *)__Pyx_CyFunction_traverse}, + {Py_tp_clear, (void *)__Pyx_CyFunction_clear}, + {Py_tp_methods, (void *)__pyx_CyFunction_methods}, + {Py_tp_members, (void *)__pyx_CyFunction_members}, + {Py_tp_getset, (void *)__pyx_CyFunction_getsets}, + {Py_tp_descr_get, (void *)__Pyx_PyMethod_New}, + {0, 0}, + }; + static PyType_Spec __pyx_CyFunctionType_spec = { + __PYX_TYPE_MODULE_PREFIX "cython_function_or_method", + sizeof(__pyx_CyFunctionObject), + 0, + #ifdef Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR + Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR | + #endif + #if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #if defined(Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL) + Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL | + #elif defined(_Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL) + _Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL | + #endif + #endif // CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT | + #endif + Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION | + Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, + __pyx_CyFunctionType_slots + }; + static int __pyx_CyFunction_init(PyObject *module) { + __pyx_mstatetype *mstate = __Pyx_PyModule_GetState(module); + mstate->__pyx_CyFunctionType = __Pyx_FetchCommonTypeFromSpec( + mstate->__pyx_CommonTypesMetaclassType, module, &__pyx_CyFunctionType_spec, NULL); + if (unlikely(mstate->__pyx_CyFunctionType == NULL)) { + return -1; + } + return 0; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_InitDefaults(PyObject *func, PyTypeObject *defaults_type) { + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *m = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) func; + m->defaults = PyObject_CallObject((PyObject*)defaults_type, NULL); // _PyObject_New(defaults_type); + if (unlikely(!m->defaults)) + return NULL; + return m->defaults; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetDefaultsTuple(PyObject *func, PyObject *tuple) { + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *m = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) func; + m->defaults_tuple = tuple; + Py_INCREF(tuple); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetDefaultsKwDict(PyObject *func, PyObject *dict) { + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *m = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) func; + m->defaults_kwdict = dict; + Py_INCREF(dict); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetAnnotationsDict(PyObject *func, PyObject *dict) { + __pyx_CyFunctionObject *m = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) func; + m->func_annotations = dict; + Py_INCREF(dict); + } + +/* CythonFunction */ + static PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_New(PyMethodDef *ml, int flags, PyObject* qualname, + PyObject *closure, PyObject *module, PyObject* globals, PyObject* code) { + PyObject *op = __Pyx_CyFunction_Init( + PyObject_GC_New(__pyx_CyFunctionObject, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_CyFunctionType), + ml, flags, qualname, closure, module, globals, code + ); + if (likely(op)) { + PyObject_GC_Track(op); + } + return op; + } + +/* CLineInTraceback (used by AddTraceback) */ + #if CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK && CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK_RUNTIME + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + #define __Pyx_PyProbablyModule_GetDict(o) __Pyx_XNewRef(PyModule_GetDict(o)) + #elif !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + #define __Pyx_PyProbablyModule_GetDict(o) PyObject_GenericGetDict(o, NULL); + #else + PyObject* __Pyx_PyProbablyModule_GetDict(PyObject *o) { + PyObject **dict_ptr = _PyObject_GetDictPtr(o); + return dict_ptr ? __Pyx_XNewRef(*dict_ptr) : NULL; + } + #endif + static int __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(PyThreadState *tstate, int c_line) { + PyObject *use_cline = NULL; + PyObject *ptype, *pvalue, *ptraceback; + PyObject *cython_runtime_dict; + CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(tstate); + if (unlikely(!__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_cython_runtime)) { + return c_line; + } + __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, &ptype, &pvalue, &ptraceback); + cython_runtime_dict = __Pyx_PyProbablyModule_GetDict(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_cython_runtime); + if (likely(cython_runtime_dict)) { + __PYX_PY_DICT_LOOKUP_IF_MODIFIED( + use_cline, cython_runtime_dict, + __Pyx_PyDict_SetDefault(cython_runtime_dict, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_cline_in_traceback, Py_False)) + } + if (use_cline == NULL || use_cline == Py_False || (use_cline != Py_True && PyObject_Not(use_cline) != 0)) { + c_line = 0; + } + Py_XDECREF(use_cline); + Py_XDECREF(cython_runtime_dict); + __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, ptype, pvalue, ptraceback); + return c_line; + } + #endif + +/* CodeObjectCache (used by AddTraceback) */ + static int __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries, int count, int code_line) { + int start = 0, mid = 0, end = count - 1; + if (end >= 0 && code_line > entries[end].code_line) { + return count; + } + while (start < end) { + mid = start + (end - start) / 2; + if (code_line < entries[mid].code_line) { + end = mid; + } else if (code_line > entries[mid].code_line) { + start = mid + 1; + } else { + return mid; + } + } + if (code_line <= entries[mid].code_line) { + return mid; + } else { + return mid + 1; + } + } + static __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType *__pyx__find_code_object(struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache *code_cache, int code_line) { + __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType* code_object; + int pos; + if (unlikely(!code_line) || unlikely(!code_cache->entries)) { + return NULL; + } + pos = __pyx_bisect_code_objects(code_cache->entries, code_cache->count, code_line); + if (unlikely(pos >= code_cache->count) || unlikely(code_cache->entries[pos].code_line != code_line)) { + return NULL; + } + code_object = code_cache->entries[pos].code_object; + Py_INCREF(code_object); + return code_object; + } + static __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType *__pyx_find_code_object(int code_line) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING && !CYTHON_ATOMICS + (void)__pyx__find_code_object; + return NULL; // Most implementation should have atomics. But otherwise, don't make it thread-safe, just miss. + #else + struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache *code_cache = &__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_code_cache; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + __pyx_nonatomic_int_type old_count = __pyx_atomic_incr_acq_rel(&code_cache->accessor_count); + if (old_count < 0) { + __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(&code_cache->accessor_count); + return NULL; + } + #endif + __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType *result = __pyx__find_code_object(code_cache, code_line); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(&code_cache->accessor_count); + #endif + return result; + #endif + } + static void __pyx__insert_code_object(struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache *code_cache, int code_line, __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType* code_object) + { + int pos, i; + __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries = code_cache->entries; + if (unlikely(!code_line)) { + return; + } + if (unlikely(!entries)) { + entries = (__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry*)PyMem_Malloc(64*sizeof(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry)); + if (likely(entries)) { + code_cache->entries = entries; + code_cache->max_count = 64; + code_cache->count = 1; + entries[0].code_line = code_line; + entries[0].code_object = code_object; + Py_INCREF(code_object); + } + return; + } + pos = __pyx_bisect_code_objects(code_cache->entries, code_cache->count, code_line); + if ((pos < code_cache->count) && unlikely(code_cache->entries[pos].code_line == code_line)) { + __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType* tmp = entries[pos].code_object; + entries[pos].code_object = code_object; + Py_INCREF(code_object); + Py_DECREF(tmp); + return; + } + if (code_cache->count == code_cache->max_count) { + int new_max = code_cache->max_count + 64; + entries = (__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry*)PyMem_Realloc( + code_cache->entries, ((size_t)new_max) * sizeof(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry)); + if (unlikely(!entries)) { + return; + } + code_cache->entries = entries; + code_cache->max_count = new_max; + } + for (i=code_cache->count; i>pos; i--) { + entries[i] = entries[i-1]; + } + entries[pos].code_line = code_line; + entries[pos].code_object = code_object; + code_cache->count++; + Py_INCREF(code_object); + } + static void __pyx_insert_code_object(int code_line, __Pyx_CachedCodeObjectType* code_object) { + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING && !CYTHON_ATOMICS + (void)__pyx__insert_code_object; + return; // Most implementation should have atomics. But otherwise, don't make it thread-safe, just fail. + #else + struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache *code_cache = &__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_code_cache; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + __pyx_nonatomic_int_type expected = 0; + if (!__pyx_atomic_int_cmp_exchange(&code_cache->accessor_count, &expected, INT_MIN)) { + return; + } + #endif + __pyx__insert_code_object(code_cache, code_line, code_object); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING + __pyx_atomic_sub(&code_cache->accessor_count, INT_MIN); + #endif + #endif + } + +/* AddTraceback */ + #include "compile.h" + #include "frameobject.h" + #include "traceback.h" + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030b00a6 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && !defined(PYPY_VERSION) + #ifndef Py_BUILD_CORE + #define Py_BUILD_CORE 1 + #endif + #include "internal/pycore_frame.h" + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + static PyObject *__Pyx_PyCode_Replace_For_AddTraceback(PyObject *code, PyObject *scratch_dict, + PyObject *firstlineno, PyObject *name) { + PyObject *replace = NULL; + if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItemString(scratch_dict, "co_firstlineno", firstlineno))) return NULL; + if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItemString(scratch_dict, "co_name", name))) return NULL; + replace = PyObject_GetAttrString(code, "replace"); + if (likely(replace)) { + PyObject *result = PyObject_Call(replace, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple, scratch_dict); + Py_DECREF(replace); + return result; + } + PyErr_Clear(); + return NULL; + } + static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname, int c_line, + int py_line, const char *filename) { + PyObject *code_object = NULL, *py_py_line = NULL, *py_funcname = NULL, *dict = NULL; + PyObject *replace = NULL, *getframe = NULL, *frame = NULL; + PyObject *exc_type, *exc_value, *exc_traceback; + int success = 0; + if (c_line) { + c_line = __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(__Pyx_PyThreadState_Current, c_line); + } + PyErr_Fetch(&exc_type, &exc_value, &exc_traceback); + code_object = __pyx_find_code_object(c_line ? -c_line : py_line); + if (!code_object) { + code_object = Py_CompileString("_getframe()", filename, Py_eval_input); + if (unlikely(!code_object)) goto bad; + py_py_line = PyLong_FromLong(py_line); + if (unlikely(!py_py_line)) goto bad; + if (c_line) { + py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromFormat( "%s (%s:%d)", funcname, __pyx_cfilenm, c_line); + } else { + py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromString(funcname); + } + if (unlikely(!py_funcname)) goto bad; + dict = PyDict_New(); + if (unlikely(!dict)) goto bad; + { + PyObject *old_code_object = code_object; + code_object = __Pyx_PyCode_Replace_For_AddTraceback(code_object, dict, py_py_line, py_funcname); + Py_DECREF(old_code_object); + } + if (unlikely(!code_object)) goto bad; + __pyx_insert_code_object(c_line ? -c_line : py_line, code_object); + } else { + dict = PyDict_New(); + } + getframe = PySys_GetObject("_getframe"); + if (unlikely(!getframe)) goto bad; + if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItemString(dict, "_getframe", getframe))) goto bad; + frame = PyEval_EvalCode(code_object, dict, dict); + if (unlikely(!frame) || frame == Py_None) goto bad; + success = 1; + bad: + PyErr_Restore(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback); + Py_XDECREF(code_object); + Py_XDECREF(py_py_line); + Py_XDECREF(py_funcname); + Py_XDECREF(dict); + Py_XDECREF(replace); + if (success) { + PyTraceBack_Here( + (struct _frame*)frame); + } + Py_XDECREF(frame); + } + #else + static PyCodeObject* __Pyx_CreateCodeObjectForTraceback( + const char *funcname, int c_line, + int py_line, const char *filename) { + PyCodeObject *py_code = NULL; + PyObject *py_funcname = NULL; + if (c_line) { + py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromFormat( "%s (%s:%d)", funcname, __pyx_cfilenm, c_line); + if (!py_funcname) goto bad; + funcname = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(py_funcname); + if (!funcname) goto bad; + } + py_code = PyCode_NewEmpty(filename, funcname, py_line); + Py_XDECREF(py_funcname); + return py_code; + bad: + Py_XDECREF(py_funcname); + return NULL; + } + static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname, int c_line, + int py_line, const char *filename) { + PyCodeObject *py_code = 0; + PyFrameObject *py_frame = 0; + PyThreadState *tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current; + PyObject *ptype, *pvalue, *ptraceback; + if (c_line) { + c_line = __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(tstate, c_line); + } + py_code = __pyx_find_code_object(c_line ? -c_line : py_line); + if (!py_code) { + __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, &ptype, &pvalue, &ptraceback); + py_code = __Pyx_CreateCodeObjectForTraceback( + funcname, c_line, py_line, filename); + if (!py_code) { + /* If the code object creation fails, then we should clear the + fetched exception references and propagate the new exception */ + Py_XDECREF(ptype); + Py_XDECREF(pvalue); + Py_XDECREF(ptraceback); + goto bad; + } + __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, ptype, pvalue, ptraceback); + __pyx_insert_code_object(c_line ? -c_line : py_line, py_code); + } + py_frame = PyFrame_New( + tstate, /*PyThreadState *tstate,*/ + py_code, /*PyCodeObject *code,*/ + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_d, /*PyObject *globals,*/ + 0 /*PyObject *locals*/ + ); + if (!py_frame) goto bad; + __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(py_frame, py_line); + PyTraceBack_Here(py_frame); + bad: + Py_XDECREF(py_code); + Py_XDECREF(py_frame); + } + #endif + +/* MemviewRefcount */ + #include + #ifndef _Py_NO_RETURN + #define _Py_NO_RETURN + #endif + _Py_NO_RETURN + static void __pyx_fatalerror(const char *fmt, ...) { + va_list vargs; + char msg[200]; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A0000 || defined(HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES) + va_start(vargs, fmt); + #else + va_start(vargs); + #endif + vsnprintf(msg, 200, fmt, vargs); + va_end(vargs); + Py_FatalError(msg); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE int + __pyx_add_acquisition_count_locked(__pyx_atomic_int_type *acquisition_count, + PyThread_type_lock lock) + { + int result; + PyThread_acquire_lock(lock, 1); + result = (*acquisition_count)++; + PyThread_release_lock(lock); + return result; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE int + __pyx_sub_acquisition_count_locked(__pyx_atomic_int_type *acquisition_count, + PyThread_type_lock lock) + { + int result; + PyThread_acquire_lock(lock, 1); + result = (*acquisition_count)--; + PyThread_release_lock(lock); + return result; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE void + __Pyx_INC_MEMVIEW(__Pyx_memviewslice *memslice, int have_gil, int lineno) + { + __pyx_nonatomic_int_type old_acquisition_count; + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *memview = memslice->memview; + if (unlikely(!memview || (PyObject *) memview == Py_None)) { + return; + } + old_acquisition_count = __pyx_add_acquisition_count(memview); + if (unlikely(old_acquisition_count <= 0)) { + if (likely(old_acquisition_count == 0)) { + if (have_gil) { + Py_INCREF((PyObject *) memview); + } else { + PyGILState_STATE _gilstate = PyGILState_Ensure(); + Py_INCREF((PyObject *) memview); + PyGILState_Release(_gilstate); + } + } else { + __pyx_fatalerror("Acquisition count is %d (line %d)", + old_acquisition_count+1, lineno); + } + } + } + static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_XCLEAR_MEMVIEW(__Pyx_memviewslice *memslice, + int have_gil, int lineno) { + __pyx_nonatomic_int_type old_acquisition_count; + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *memview = memslice->memview; + if (unlikely(!memview || (PyObject *) memview == Py_None)) { + memslice->memview = NULL; + return; + } + old_acquisition_count = __pyx_sub_acquisition_count(memview); + memslice->data = NULL; + if (likely(old_acquisition_count > 1)) { + memslice->memview = NULL; + } else if (likely(old_acquisition_count == 1)) { + if (have_gil) { + Py_CLEAR(memslice->memview); + } else { + PyGILState_STATE _gilstate = PyGILState_Ensure(); + Py_CLEAR(memslice->memview); + PyGILState_Release(_gilstate); + } + } else { + __pyx_fatalerror("Acquisition count is %d (line %d)", + old_acquisition_count-1, lineno); + } + } + +/* MemviewSliceIsContig */ + static int + __pyx_memviewslice_is_contig(const __Pyx_memviewslice mvs, char order, int ndim) + { + int i, index, step, start; + Py_ssize_t itemsize = mvs.memview->view.itemsize; + if (order == 'F') { + step = 1; + start = 0; + } else { + step = -1; + start = ndim - 1; + } + for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) { + index = start + step * i; + if (mvs.suboffsets[index] >= 0 || mvs.strides[index] != itemsize) + return 0; + itemsize *= mvs.shape[index]; + } + return 1; + } + +/* OverlappingSlices */ + static void + __pyx_get_array_memory_extents(__Pyx_memviewslice *slice, + void **out_start, void **out_end, + int ndim, size_t itemsize) + { + char *start, *end; + int i; + start = end = slice->data; + for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) { + Py_ssize_t stride = slice->strides[i]; + Py_ssize_t extent = slice->shape[i]; + if (extent == 0) { + *out_start = *out_end = start; + return; + } else { + if (stride > 0) + end += stride * (extent - 1); + else + start += stride * (extent - 1); + } + } + *out_start = start; + *out_end = end + itemsize; + } + static int + __pyx_slices_overlap(__Pyx_memviewslice *slice1, + __Pyx_memviewslice *slice2, + int ndim, size_t itemsize) + { + void *start1, *end1, *start2, *end2; + __pyx_get_array_memory_extents(slice1, &start1, &end1, ndim, itemsize); + __pyx_get_array_memory_extents(slice2, &start2, &end2, ndim, itemsize); + return (start1 < end2) && (start2 < end1); + } + +/* MemviewSliceInit */ + static int + __Pyx_init_memviewslice(struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *memview, + int ndim, + __Pyx_memviewslice *memviewslice, + int memview_is_new_reference) + { + __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations + int i, retval=-1; + Py_buffer *buf = &memview->view; + __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("init_memviewslice", 0); + if (unlikely(memviewslice->memview || memviewslice->data)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, + "memviewslice is already initialized!"); + goto fail; + } + if (buf->strides) { + for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) { + memviewslice->strides[i] = buf->strides[i]; + } + } else { + Py_ssize_t stride = buf->itemsize; + for (i = ndim - 1; i >= 0; i--) { + memviewslice->strides[i] = stride; + stride *= buf->shape[i]; + } + } + for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) { + memviewslice->shape[i] = buf->shape[i]; + if (buf->suboffsets) { + memviewslice->suboffsets[i] = buf->suboffsets[i]; + } else { + memviewslice->suboffsets[i] = -1; + } + } + memviewslice->memview = memview; + memviewslice->data = (char *)buf->buf; + if (__pyx_add_acquisition_count(memview) == 0 && !memview_is_new_reference) { + Py_INCREF((PyObject*)memview); + } + retval = 0; + goto no_fail; + fail: + memviewslice->memview = 0; + memviewslice->data = 0; + retval = -1; + no_fail: + __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext(); + return retval; + } + +/* SliceMemoryviewSlice */ + static void __pyx_memoryview_slice_memviewslice_err_dim(PyObject *error, const char* msg, int dim) { + PyGILState_STATE gilstate = PyGILState_Ensure(); + PyErr_Format(error, msg, dim); + PyGILState_Release(gilstate); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_memoryview_slice_memviewslice( + __Pyx_memviewslice *dst, + Py_ssize_t shape, Py_ssize_t stride, Py_ssize_t suboffset, + int dim, int new_ndim, int *suboffset_dim, + Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop, Py_ssize_t step, + int have_start, int have_stop, int have_step, + int is_slice) { + if (!is_slice) { + if (start < 0) { + start += shape; + } + if (unlikely(!(0 <= start && start < shape))) { + __pyx_memoryview_slice_memviewslice_err_dim(PyExc_IndexError, "Index out of bounds (axis %d)", dim); + return -1; + } + } else { + int negative_step; + if (have_step) { + negative_step = step < 0; + if (unlikely(step == 0)) { + __pyx_memoryview_slice_memviewslice_err_dim(PyExc_ValueError, "Step may not be zero (axis %d)", dim); + return -1; + } + } else { + negative_step = 0; + step = 1; + } + if (have_start) { + if (start < 0) { + start += shape; + if (start < 0) { + start = 0; + } + } else if (start >= shape) { + start = negative_step ? (shape - 1) : shape; + } + } else { + start = negative_step ? (shape - 1) : 0; + } + if (have_stop) { + if (stop < 0) { + stop += shape; + if (stop < 0) { + stop = 0; + } + } else if (stop > shape) { + stop = shape; + } + } else { + stop = negative_step ? -1 : shape; + } + Py_ssize_t new_shape = (stop - start) / step; + if ((stop - start) - step * new_shape) { + ++new_shape; + } + if (new_shape < 0) { + new_shape = 0; + } + dst->strides[new_ndim] = stride * step; + dst->shape[new_ndim] = new_shape; + dst->suboffsets[new_ndim] = suboffset; + } + if (suboffset_dim[0] < 0) { + dst->data += start * stride; + } else { + dst->suboffsets[suboffset_dim[0]] += start * stride; + } + if (suboffset >= 0) { + if (!is_slice) { + if (likely(new_ndim == 0)) { + dst->data = ((char **)(dst->data))[0] + suboffset; + } else { + __pyx_memoryview_slice_memviewslice_err_dim( + PyExc_IndexError, + "All dimensions preceding dimension %d must be indexed and not sliced", + dim); + return -1; + } + } else { + suboffset_dim[0] = new_ndim; + } + } + return 0; + } + +/* CIntFromPyVerify */ + #define __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value)\ + __PYX__VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value, 0) + #define __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(target_type, func_type, func_value)\ + __PYX__VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value, 1) + #define __PYX__VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value, exc)\ + {\ + func_type value = func_value;\ + if (sizeof(target_type) < sizeof(func_type)) {\ + if (unlikely(value != (func_type) (target_type) value)) {\ + func_type zero = 0;\ + if (exc && unlikely(value == (func_type)-1 && PyErr_Occurred()))\ + return (target_type) -1;\ + if (is_unsigned && unlikely(value < zero))\ + goto raise_neg_overflow;\ + else\ + goto raise_overflow;\ + }\ + }\ + return (target_type) value;\ + } + +/* MemviewDtypeToObject */ + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__pyx_memview_get_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t(const char *itemp) { + return (PyObject *) __Pyx_PyLong_From_npy_int64(*(__pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t const *) itemp); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_memview_set_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t(char *itemp, PyObject *obj) { + __pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t value = __Pyx_PyLong_As_npy_int64(obj); + if (unlikely((value == ((npy_int64)-1)) && PyErr_Occurred())) + return 0; + *(__pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t *) itemp = value; + return 1; + } + +/* TypeInfoCompare (used by MemviewSliceValidateAndInit) */ + static int + __pyx_typeinfo_cmp(const __Pyx_TypeInfo *a, const __Pyx_TypeInfo *b) + { + int i; + if (!a || !b) + return 0; + if (a == b) + return 1; + if (a->size != b->size || a->typegroup != b->typegroup || + a->is_unsigned != b->is_unsigned || a->ndim != b->ndim) { + if (a->typegroup == 'H' || b->typegroup == 'H') { + return a->size == b->size; + } else { + return 0; + } + } + if (a->ndim) { + for (i = 0; i < a->ndim; i++) + if (a->arraysize[i] != b->arraysize[i]) + return 0; + } + if (a->typegroup == 'S') { + if (a->flags != b->flags) + return 0; + if (a->fields || b->fields) { + if (!(a->fields && b->fields)) + return 0; + for (i = 0; a->fields[i].type && b->fields[i].type; i++) { + const __Pyx_StructField *field_a = a->fields + i; + const __Pyx_StructField *field_b = b->fields + i; + if (field_a->offset != field_b->offset || + !__pyx_typeinfo_cmp(field_a->type, field_b->type)) + return 0; + } + return !a->fields[i].type && !b->fields[i].type; + } + } + return 1; + } + +/* MemviewSliceValidateAndInit (used by ObjectToMemviewSlice) */ + static int + __pyx_check_strides(Py_buffer *buf, int dim, int ndim, int spec) + { + if (buf->shape[dim] <= 1) + return 1; + if (buf->strides) { + if (spec & __Pyx_MEMVIEW_CONTIG) { + if (spec & (__Pyx_MEMVIEW_PTR|__Pyx_MEMVIEW_FULL)) { + if (unlikely(buf->strides[dim] != sizeof(void *))) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer is not indirectly contiguous " + "in dimension %d.", dim); + goto fail; + } + } else if (unlikely(buf->strides[dim] != buf->itemsize)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer and memoryview are not contiguous " + "in the same dimension."); + goto fail; + } + } + if (spec & __Pyx_MEMVIEW_FOLLOW) { + Py_ssize_t stride = buf->strides[dim]; + if (stride < 0) + stride = -stride; + if (unlikely(stride < buf->itemsize)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer and memoryview are not contiguous " + "in the same dimension."); + goto fail; + } + } + } else { + if (unlikely(spec & __Pyx_MEMVIEW_CONTIG && dim != ndim - 1)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "C-contiguous buffer is not contiguous in " + "dimension %d", dim); + goto fail; + } else if (unlikely(spec & (__Pyx_MEMVIEW_PTR))) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "C-contiguous buffer is not indirect in " + "dimension %d", dim); + goto fail; + } else if (unlikely(buf->suboffsets)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer exposes suboffsets but no strides"); + goto fail; + } + } + return 1; + fail: + return 0; + } + static int + __pyx_check_suboffsets(Py_buffer *buf, int dim, int ndim, int spec) + { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(ndim); + if (spec & __Pyx_MEMVIEW_DIRECT) { + if (unlikely(buf->suboffsets && buf->suboffsets[dim] >= 0)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer not compatible with direct access " + "in dimension %d.", dim); + goto fail; + } + } + if (spec & __Pyx_MEMVIEW_PTR) { + if (unlikely(!buf->suboffsets || (buf->suboffsets[dim] < 0))) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer is not indirectly accessible " + "in dimension %d.", dim); + goto fail; + } + } + return 1; + fail: + return 0; + } + static int + __pyx_verify_contig(Py_buffer *buf, int ndim, int c_or_f_flag) + { + int i; + if (c_or_f_flag & __Pyx_IS_F_CONTIG) { + Py_ssize_t stride = 1; + for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) { + if (unlikely(stride * buf->itemsize != buf->strides[i] && buf->shape[i] > 1)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer not fortran contiguous."); + goto fail; + } + stride = stride * buf->shape[i]; + } + } else if (c_or_f_flag & __Pyx_IS_C_CONTIG) { + Py_ssize_t stride = 1; + for (i = ndim - 1; i >- 1; i--) { + if (unlikely(stride * buf->itemsize != buf->strides[i] && buf->shape[i] > 1)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer not C contiguous."); + goto fail; + } + stride = stride * buf->shape[i]; + } + } + return 1; + fail: + return 0; + } + static int __Pyx_ValidateAndInit_memviewslice( + int *axes_specs, + int c_or_f_flag, + int buf_flags, + int ndim, + const __Pyx_TypeInfo *dtype, + __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem stack[], + __Pyx_memviewslice *memviewslice, + PyObject *original_obj) + { + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *memview, *new_memview; + __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations + Py_buffer *buf; + int i, spec = 0, retval = -1; + __Pyx_BufFmt_Context ctx; + int from_memoryview = __pyx_memoryview_check(original_obj); + __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("ValidateAndInit_memviewslice", 0); + if (from_memoryview && __pyx_typeinfo_cmp(dtype, ((struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *) + original_obj)->typeinfo)) { + memview = (struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *) original_obj; + new_memview = NULL; + } else { + memview = (struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *) __pyx_memoryview_new( + original_obj, buf_flags, 0, dtype); + new_memview = memview; + if (unlikely(!memview)) + goto fail; + } + buf = &memview->view; + if (unlikely(buf->ndim != ndim)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Buffer has wrong number of dimensions (expected %d, got %d)", + ndim, buf->ndim); + goto fail; + } + if (new_memview) { + __Pyx_BufFmt_Init(&ctx, stack, dtype); + if (unlikely(!__Pyx_BufFmt_CheckString(&ctx, buf->format))) goto fail; + } + if (unlikely((unsigned) buf->itemsize != dtype->size)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, + "Item size of buffer (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "u byte%s) " + "does not match size of '%s' (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "u byte%s)", + buf->itemsize, + (buf->itemsize > 1) ? "s" : "", + dtype->name, + dtype->size, + (dtype->size > 1) ? "s" : ""); + goto fail; + } + if (buf->len > 0) { + for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) { + spec = axes_specs[i]; + if (unlikely(!__pyx_check_strides(buf, i, ndim, spec))) + goto fail; + if (unlikely(!__pyx_check_suboffsets(buf, i, ndim, spec))) + goto fail; + } + if (unlikely(buf->strides && !__pyx_verify_contig(buf, ndim, c_or_f_flag))) + goto fail; + } + if (unlikely(__Pyx_init_memviewslice(memview, ndim, memviewslice, + new_memview != NULL) == -1)) { + goto fail; + } + retval = 0; + goto no_fail; + fail: + Py_XDECREF((PyObject*)new_memview); + retval = -1; + no_fail: + __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext(); + return retval; + } + +/* ObjectToMemviewSlice */ + static CYTHON_INLINE __Pyx_memviewslice __Pyx_PyObject_to_MemoryviewSlice_ds_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t(PyObject *obj, int writable_flag) { + __Pyx_memviewslice result = __Pyx_MEMSLICE_INIT; + __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem stack[1]; + int axes_specs[] = { (__Pyx_MEMVIEW_DIRECT | __Pyx_MEMVIEW_STRIDED) }; + int retcode; + if (obj == Py_None) { + result.memview = (struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *) Py_None; + return result; + } + retcode = __Pyx_ValidateAndInit_memviewslice(axes_specs, 0, + PyBUF_RECORDS_RO | writable_flag, 1, + &__Pyx_TypeInfo_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t, stack, + &result, obj); + if (unlikely(retcode == -1)) + goto __pyx_fail; + return result; + __pyx_fail: + result.memview = NULL; + result.data = NULL; + return result; + } + +/* CheckUnpickleChecksum */ + static void __Pyx_RaiseUnpickleChecksumError(long checksum, long checksum1, long checksum2, long checksum3, const char *members) { + PyObject *pickle_module = PyImport_ImportModule("pickle"); + if (unlikely(!pickle_module)) return; + PyObject *pickle_error = PyObject_GetAttrString(pickle_module, "PickleError"); + Py_DECREF(pickle_module); + if (unlikely(!pickle_error)) return; + if (checksum2 == checksum1) { + PyErr_Format(pickle_error, "Incompatible checksums (0x%x vs (0x%x) = (%s))", + checksum, checksum1, members); + } else if (checksum3 == checksum2) { + PyErr_Format(pickle_error, "Incompatible checksums (0x%x vs (0x%x, 0x%x) = (%s))", + checksum, checksum1, checksum2, members); + } else { + PyErr_Format(pickle_error, "Incompatible checksums (0x%x vs (0x%x, 0x%x, 0x%x) = (%s))", + checksum, checksum1, checksum2, checksum3, members); + } + Py_DECREF(pickle_error); + } + static int __Pyx_CheckUnpickleChecksum(long checksum, long checksum1, long checksum2, long checksum3, const char *members) { + int found = 0; + found |= checksum1 == checksum; + found |= checksum2 == checksum; + found |= checksum3 == checksum; + if (likely(found)) + return 0; + __Pyx_RaiseUnpickleChecksumError(checksum, checksum1, checksum2, checksum3, members); + return -1; + } + +/* ObjectToMemviewSlice */ + static CYTHON_INLINE __Pyx_memviewslice __Pyx_PyObject_to_MemoryviewSlice_dsds_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t(PyObject *obj, int writable_flag) { + __Pyx_memviewslice result = __Pyx_MEMSLICE_INIT; + __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem stack[1]; + int axes_specs[] = { (__Pyx_MEMVIEW_DIRECT | __Pyx_MEMVIEW_STRIDED), (__Pyx_MEMVIEW_DIRECT | __Pyx_MEMVIEW_STRIDED) }; + int retcode; + if (obj == Py_None) { + result.memview = (struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *) Py_None; + return result; + } + retcode = __Pyx_ValidateAndInit_memviewslice(axes_specs, 0, + PyBUF_RECORDS_RO | writable_flag, 2, + &__Pyx_TypeInfo_nn___pyx_t_7fairseq_4data_22token_block_utils_fast_DTYPE_t, stack, + &result, obj); + if (unlikely(retcode == -1)) + goto __pyx_fail; + return result; + __pyx_fail: + result.memview = NULL; + result.data = NULL; + return result; + } + +/* Declarations */ + #if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && (1) && (!0 || __cplusplus) + #ifdef __cplusplus + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(float x, float y) { + return ::std::complex< float >(x, y); + } + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(float x, float y) { + return x + y*(__pyx_t_float_complex)_Complex_I; + } + #endif + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(float x, float y) { + __pyx_t_float_complex z; + z.real = x; + z.imag = y; + return z; + } + #endif + +/* Arithmetic */ + #if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && (1) && (!0 || __cplusplus) + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_eq_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) { + return (a.real == b.real) && (a.imag == b.imag); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_sum_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) { + __pyx_t_float_complex z; + z.real = a.real + b.real; + z.imag = a.imag + b.imag; + return z; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_diff_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) { + __pyx_t_float_complex z; + z.real = a.real - b.real; + z.imag = a.imag - b.imag; + return z; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_prod_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) { + __pyx_t_float_complex z; + z.real = a.real * b.real - a.imag * b.imag; + z.imag = a.real * b.imag + a.imag * b.real; + return z; + } + #if 1 + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_quot_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) { + if (b.imag == 0) { + return __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(a.real / b.real, a.imag / b.real); + } else if (fabsf(b.real) >= fabsf(b.imag)) { + if (b.real == 0 && b.imag == 0) { + return __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(a.real / b.real, a.imag / b.imag); + } else { + float r = b.imag / b.real; + float s = (float)(1.0) / (b.real + b.imag * r); + return __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts( + (a.real + a.imag * r) * s, (a.imag - a.real * r) * s); + } + } else { + float r = b.real / b.imag; + float s = (float)(1.0) / (b.imag + b.real * r); + return __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts( + (a.real * r + a.imag) * s, (a.imag * r - a.real) * s); + } + } + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_quot_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) { + if (b.imag == 0) { + return __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(a.real / b.real, a.imag / b.real); + } else { + float denom = b.real * b.real + b.imag * b.imag; + return __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts( + (a.real * b.real + a.imag * b.imag) / denom, + (a.imag * b.real - a.real * b.imag) / denom); + } + } + #endif + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_neg_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a) { + __pyx_t_float_complex z; + z.real = -a.real; + z.imag = -a.imag; + return z; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_is_zero_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a) { + return (a.real == 0) && (a.imag == 0); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_conj_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a) { + __pyx_t_float_complex z; + z.real = a.real; + z.imag = -a.imag; + return z; + } + #if 1 + static CYTHON_INLINE float __Pyx_c_abs_float(__pyx_t_float_complex z) { + #if !defined(HAVE_HYPOT) || defined(_MSC_VER) + return sqrtf(z.real*z.real + z.imag*z.imag); + #else + return hypotf(z.real, z.imag); + #endif + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_pow_float(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) { + __pyx_t_float_complex z; + float r, lnr, theta, z_r, z_theta; + if (b.imag == 0 && b.real == (int)b.real) { + if (b.real < 0) { + float denom = a.real * a.real + a.imag * a.imag; + a.real = a.real / denom; + a.imag = -a.imag / denom; + b.real = -b.real; + } + switch ((int)b.real) { + case 0: + z.real = 1; + z.imag = 0; + return z; + case 1: + return a; + case 2: + return __Pyx_c_prod_float(a, a); + case 3: + z = __Pyx_c_prod_float(a, a); + return __Pyx_c_prod_float(z, a); + case 4: + z = __Pyx_c_prod_float(a, a); + return __Pyx_c_prod_float(z, z); + } + } + if (a.imag == 0) { + if (a.real == 0) { + return a; + } else if ((b.imag == 0) && (a.real >= 0)) { + z.real = powf(a.real, b.real); + z.imag = 0; + return z; + } else if (a.real > 0) { + r = a.real; + theta = 0; + } else { + r = -a.real; + theta = atan2f(0.0, -1.0); + } + } else { + r = __Pyx_c_abs_float(a); + theta = atan2f(a.imag, a.real); + } + lnr = logf(r); + z_r = expf(lnr * b.real - theta * b.imag); + z_theta = theta * b.real + lnr * b.imag; + z.real = z_r * cosf(z_theta); + z.imag = z_r * sinf(z_theta); + return z; + } + #endif + #endif + +/* Declarations */ + #if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && (1) && (!0 || __cplusplus) + #ifdef __cplusplus + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(double x, double y) { + return ::std::complex< double >(x, y); + } + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(double x, double y) { + return x + y*(__pyx_t_double_complex)_Complex_I; + } + #endif + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(double x, double y) { + __pyx_t_double_complex z; + z.real = x; + z.imag = y; + return z; + } + #endif + +/* Arithmetic */ + #if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && (1) && (!0 || __cplusplus) + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_eq_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) { + return (a.real == b.real) && (a.imag == b.imag); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_sum_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) { + __pyx_t_double_complex z; + z.real = a.real + b.real; + z.imag = a.imag + b.imag; + return z; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_diff_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) { + __pyx_t_double_complex z; + z.real = a.real - b.real; + z.imag = a.imag - b.imag; + return z; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_prod_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) { + __pyx_t_double_complex z; + z.real = a.real * b.real - a.imag * b.imag; + z.imag = a.real * b.imag + a.imag * b.real; + return z; + } + #if 1 + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_quot_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) { + if (b.imag == 0) { + return __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(a.real / b.real, a.imag / b.real); + } else if (fabs(b.real) >= fabs(b.imag)) { + if (b.real == 0 && b.imag == 0) { + return __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(a.real / b.real, a.imag / b.imag); + } else { + double r = b.imag / b.real; + double s = (double)(1.0) / (b.real + b.imag * r); + return __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts( + (a.real + a.imag * r) * s, (a.imag - a.real * r) * s); + } + } else { + double r = b.real / b.imag; + double s = (double)(1.0) / (b.imag + b.real * r); + return __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts( + (a.real * r + a.imag) * s, (a.imag * r - a.real) * s); + } + } + #else + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_quot_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) { + if (b.imag == 0) { + return __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(a.real / b.real, a.imag / b.real); + } else { + double denom = b.real * b.real + b.imag * b.imag; + return __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts( + (a.real * b.real + a.imag * b.imag) / denom, + (a.imag * b.real - a.real * b.imag) / denom); + } + } + #endif + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_neg_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a) { + __pyx_t_double_complex z; + z.real = -a.real; + z.imag = -a.imag; + return z; + } + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_is_zero_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a) { + return (a.real == 0) && (a.imag == 0); + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_conj_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a) { + __pyx_t_double_complex z; + z.real = a.real; + z.imag = -a.imag; + return z; + } + #if 1 + static CYTHON_INLINE double __Pyx_c_abs_double(__pyx_t_double_complex z) { + #if !defined(HAVE_HYPOT) || defined(_MSC_VER) + return sqrt(z.real*z.real + z.imag*z.imag); + #else + return hypot(z.real, z.imag); + #endif + } + static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_pow_double(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) { + __pyx_t_double_complex z; + double r, lnr, theta, z_r, z_theta; + if (b.imag == 0 && b.real == (int)b.real) { + if (b.real < 0) { + double denom = a.real * a.real + a.imag * a.imag; + a.real = a.real / denom; + a.imag = -a.imag / denom; + b.real = -b.real; + } + switch ((int)b.real) { + case 0: + z.real = 1; + z.imag = 0; + return z; + case 1: + return a; + case 2: + return __Pyx_c_prod_double(a, a); + case 3: + z = __Pyx_c_prod_double(a, a); + return __Pyx_c_prod_double(z, a); + case 4: + z = __Pyx_c_prod_double(a, a); + return __Pyx_c_prod_double(z, z); + } + } + if (a.imag == 0) { + if (a.real == 0) { + return a; + } else if ((b.imag == 0) && (a.real >= 0)) { + z.real = pow(a.real, b.real); + z.imag = 0; + return z; + } else if (a.real > 0) { + r = a.real; + theta = 0; + } else { + r = -a.real; + theta = atan2(0.0, -1.0); + } + } else { + r = __Pyx_c_abs_double(a); + theta = atan2(a.imag, a.real); + } + lnr = log(r); + z_r = exp(lnr * b.real - theta * b.imag); + z_theta = theta * b.real + lnr * b.imag; + z.real = z_r * cos(z_theta); + z.imag = z_r * sin(z_theta); + return z; + } + #endif + #endif + +/* MemviewSliceCopy */ + static __Pyx_memviewslice + __pyx_memoryview_copy_new_contig(const __Pyx_memviewslice *from_mvs, + const char *mode, int ndim, + size_t sizeof_dtype, int contig_flag, + int dtype_is_object) + { + __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations + int i; + __Pyx_memviewslice new_mvs = __Pyx_MEMSLICE_INIT; + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *from_memview = from_mvs->memview; + Py_buffer *buf = &from_memview->view; + PyObject *shape_tuple = NULL; + struct __pyx_array_obj *array_obj = NULL; + struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *memview_obj = NULL; + __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("__pyx_memoryview_copy_new_contig", 0); + for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) { + if (unlikely(from_mvs->suboffsets[i] >= 0)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Cannot copy memoryview slice with " + "indirect dimensions (axis %d)", i); + goto fail; + } + } + shape_tuple = PyTuple_New(ndim); + if (unlikely(!shape_tuple)) { + goto fail; + } + __Pyx_GOTREF(shape_tuple); + for(i = 0; i < ndim; i++) { + PyObject *temp_int = PyLong_FromSsize_t(from_mvs->shape[i]); + if(unlikely(!temp_int)) { + goto fail; + } else { + #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS + PyTuple_SET_ITEM(shape_tuple, i, temp_int); + #else + if (PyTuple_SetItem(shape_tuple, i, temp_int) < 0) { + goto fail; + } + #endif + } + } + array_obj = __pyx_array_new(shape_tuple, sizeof_dtype, buf->format, mode, NULL); + if (unlikely(!array_obj)) { + goto fail; + } + __Pyx_GOTREF(array_obj); + memview_obj = (struct __pyx_memoryview_obj *) __pyx_memoryview_new( + (PyObject *) array_obj, contig_flag, + dtype_is_object, + from_mvs->memview->typeinfo); + if (unlikely(!memview_obj)) + goto fail; + if (unlikely(__Pyx_init_memviewslice(memview_obj, ndim, &new_mvs, 1) < 0)) + goto fail; + if (unlikely(__pyx_memoryview_copy_contents(*from_mvs, new_mvs, ndim, ndim, + dtype_is_object) < 0)) + goto fail; + goto no_fail; + fail: + __Pyx_XDECREF((PyObject *) new_mvs.memview); + new_mvs.memview = NULL; + new_mvs.data = NULL; + no_fail: + __Pyx_XDECREF(shape_tuple); + __Pyx_XDECREF((PyObject *) array_obj); + __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext(); + return new_mvs; + } + +/* CIntToPy */ + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyLong_From_npy_int64(npy_int64 value) { + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic push + #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" + #endif + const npy_int64 neg_one = (npy_int64) -1, const_zero = (npy_int64) 0; + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic pop + #endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (is_unsigned) { + if (sizeof(npy_int64) < sizeof(long)) { + return PyLong_FromLong((long) value); + } else if (sizeof(npy_int64) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value); + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + } else if (sizeof(npy_int64) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) value); + #endif + } + } else { + if (sizeof(npy_int64) <= sizeof(long)) { + return PyLong_FromLong((long) value); + } else if (sizeof(npy_int64) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) { + return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) value); + } + } + { + unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value; + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A4 + if (is_unsigned) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedNativeBytes(bytes, sizeof(value), -1); + } else { + return PyLong_FromNativeBytes(bytes, sizeof(value), -1); + } + #elif !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 + int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(npy_int64), + little, !is_unsigned); + #else + int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + PyObject *from_bytes, *result = NULL, *kwds = NULL; + PyObject *py_bytes = NULL, *order_str = NULL; + from_bytes = PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject*)&PyLong_Type, "from_bytes"); + if (!from_bytes) return NULL; + py_bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char*)bytes, sizeof(npy_int64)); + if (!py_bytes) goto limited_bad; + order_str = PyUnicode_FromString(little ? "little" : "big"); + if (!order_str) goto limited_bad; + { + PyObject *args[3+(CYTHON_VECTORCALL ? 1 : 0)] = { NULL, py_bytes, order_str }; + if (!is_unsigned) { + kwds = __Pyx_MakeVectorcallBuilderKwds(1); + if (!kwds) goto limited_bad; + if (__Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArgStr("signed", __Pyx_NewRef(Py_True), kwds, args+3, 0) < 0) goto limited_bad; + } + result = __Pyx_Object_Vectorcall_CallFromBuilder(from_bytes, args+1, 2 | __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET, kwds); + } + limited_bad: + Py_XDECREF(kwds); + Py_XDECREF(order_str); + Py_XDECREF(py_bytes); + Py_XDECREF(from_bytes); + return result; + #endif + } + } + +/* CIntFromPy */ + static CYTHON_INLINE npy_int64 __Pyx_PyLong_As_npy_int64(PyObject *x) { + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic push + #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" + #endif + const npy_int64 neg_one = (npy_int64) -1, const_zero = (npy_int64) 0; + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic pop + #endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (unlikely(!PyLong_Check(x))) { + npy_int64 val; + PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_Long(x); + if (!tmp) return (npy_int64) -1; + val = __Pyx_PyLong_As_npy_int64(tmp); + Py_DECREF(tmp); + return val; + } + if (is_unsigned) { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyLong_IsNeg(x))) { + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } else if (__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, __Pyx_compact_upylong, __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValueUnsigned(x)) + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x); + assert(__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) > 1); + switch (__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x)) { + case 2: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) (((((npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + case 3: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) (((((((npy_int64)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + case 4: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) (((((((((npy_int64)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + } + } + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A7 + if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) { + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } + #else + { + int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT); + if (unlikely(result < 0)) + return (npy_int64) -1; + if (unlikely(result == 1)) + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } + #endif + if ((sizeof(npy_int64) <= sizeof(unsigned long))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(npy_int64, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x)) + } else if ((sizeof(npy_int64) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(npy_int64, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x)) + } + } else { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, __Pyx_compact_pylong, __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValue(x)) + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x); + assert(__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) > 1); + switch (__Pyx_PyLong_SignedDigitCount(x)) { + case -2: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) (((npy_int64)-1)*(((((npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 2: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) ((((((npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case -3: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) (((npy_int64)-1)*(((((((npy_int64)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 3: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) ((((((((npy_int64)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case -4: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) (((npy_int64)-1)*(((((((((npy_int64)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 4: + if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(npy_int64, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(npy_int64) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (npy_int64) ((((((((((npy_int64)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (npy_int64)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + } + } + #endif + if ((sizeof(npy_int64) <= sizeof(long))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(npy_int64, long, PyLong_AsLong(x)) + } else if ((sizeof(npy_int64) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(npy_int64, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x)) + } + } + { + npy_int64 val; + int ret = -1; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A6 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_ssize_t bytes_copied = PyLong_AsNativeBytes( + x, &val, sizeof(val), Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN | (is_unsigned ? Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE : 0)); + if (unlikely(bytes_copied == -1)) { + } else if (unlikely(bytes_copied > (Py_ssize_t) sizeof(val))) { + goto raise_overflow; + } else { + ret = 0; + } + #elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 && !(CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API) || defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray) + int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val; + ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)x, + bytes, sizeof(val), + is_little, !is_unsigned); + #else + PyObject *v; + PyObject *stepval = NULL, *mask = NULL, *shift = NULL; + int bits, remaining_bits, is_negative = 0; + int chunk_size = (sizeof(long) < 8) ? 30 : 62; + if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(x))) { + v = __Pyx_NewRef(x); + } else { + v = PyNumber_Long(x); + if (unlikely(!v)) return (npy_int64) -1; + assert(PyLong_CheckExact(v)); + } + { + int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(v, Py_False, Py_LT); + if (unlikely(result < 0)) { + Py_DECREF(v); + return (npy_int64) -1; + } + is_negative = result == 1; + } + if (is_unsigned && unlikely(is_negative)) { + Py_DECREF(v); + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } else if (is_negative) { + stepval = PyNumber_Invert(v); + Py_DECREF(v); + if (unlikely(!stepval)) + return (npy_int64) -1; + } else { + stepval = v; + } + v = NULL; + val = (npy_int64) 0; + mask = PyLong_FromLong((1L << chunk_size) - 1); if (unlikely(!mask)) goto done; + shift = PyLong_FromLong(chunk_size); if (unlikely(!shift)) goto done; + for (bits = 0; bits < (int) sizeof(npy_int64) * 8 - chunk_size; bits += chunk_size) { + PyObject *tmp, *digit; + long idigit; + digit = PyNumber_And(stepval, mask); + if (unlikely(!digit)) goto done; + idigit = PyLong_AsLong(digit); + Py_DECREF(digit); + if (unlikely(idigit < 0)) goto done; + val |= ((npy_int64) idigit) << bits; + tmp = PyNumber_Rshift(stepval, shift); + if (unlikely(!tmp)) goto done; + Py_DECREF(stepval); stepval = tmp; + } + Py_DECREF(shift); shift = NULL; + Py_DECREF(mask); mask = NULL; + { + long idigit = PyLong_AsLong(stepval); + if (unlikely(idigit < 0)) goto done; + remaining_bits = ((int) sizeof(npy_int64) * 8) - bits - (is_unsigned ? 0 : 1); + if (unlikely(idigit >= (1L << remaining_bits))) + goto raise_overflow; + val |= ((npy_int64) idigit) << bits; + } + if (!is_unsigned) { + if (unlikely(val & (((npy_int64) 1) << (sizeof(npy_int64) * 8 - 1)))) + goto raise_overflow; + if (is_negative) + val = ~val; + } + ret = 0; + done: + Py_XDECREF(shift); + Py_XDECREF(mask); + Py_XDECREF(stepval); + #endif + if (unlikely(ret)) + return (npy_int64) -1; + return val; + } + raise_overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, + "value too large to convert to npy_int64"); + return (npy_int64) -1; + raise_neg_overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, + "can't convert negative value to npy_int64"); + return (npy_int64) -1; + } + +/* CIntFromPy */ + static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyLong_As_int(PyObject *x) { + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic push + #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" + #endif + const int neg_one = (int) -1, const_zero = (int) 0; + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic pop + #endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (unlikely(!PyLong_Check(x))) { + int val; + PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_Long(x); + if (!tmp) return (int) -1; + val = __Pyx_PyLong_As_int(tmp); + Py_DECREF(tmp); + return val; + } + if (is_unsigned) { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyLong_IsNeg(x))) { + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } else if (__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, __Pyx_compact_upylong, __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValueUnsigned(x)) + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x); + assert(__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) > 1); + switch (__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x)) { + case 2: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) (((((int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + case 3: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) (((((((int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + case 4: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) (((((((((int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + } + } + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A7 + if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) { + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } + #else + { + int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT); + if (unlikely(result < 0)) + return (int) -1; + if (unlikely(result == 1)) + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } + #endif + if ((sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned long))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x)) + } else if ((sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x)) + } + } else { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, __Pyx_compact_pylong, __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValue(x)) + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x); + assert(__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) > 1); + switch (__Pyx_PyLong_SignedDigitCount(x)) { + case -2: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) (((int)-1)*(((((int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 2: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) ((((((int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case -3: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) (((int)-1)*(((((((int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 3: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) ((((((((int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case -4: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) (((int)-1)*(((((((((int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 4: + if ((8 * sizeof(int) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (int) ((((((((((int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + } + } + #endif + if ((sizeof(int) <= sizeof(long))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, long, PyLong_AsLong(x)) + } else if ((sizeof(int) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x)) + } + } + { + int val; + int ret = -1; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A6 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_ssize_t bytes_copied = PyLong_AsNativeBytes( + x, &val, sizeof(val), Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN | (is_unsigned ? Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE : 0)); + if (unlikely(bytes_copied == -1)) { + } else if (unlikely(bytes_copied > (Py_ssize_t) sizeof(val))) { + goto raise_overflow; + } else { + ret = 0; + } + #elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 && !(CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API) || defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray) + int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val; + ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)x, + bytes, sizeof(val), + is_little, !is_unsigned); + #else + PyObject *v; + PyObject *stepval = NULL, *mask = NULL, *shift = NULL; + int bits, remaining_bits, is_negative = 0; + int chunk_size = (sizeof(long) < 8) ? 30 : 62; + if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(x))) { + v = __Pyx_NewRef(x); + } else { + v = PyNumber_Long(x); + if (unlikely(!v)) return (int) -1; + assert(PyLong_CheckExact(v)); + } + { + int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(v, Py_False, Py_LT); + if (unlikely(result < 0)) { + Py_DECREF(v); + return (int) -1; + } + is_negative = result == 1; + } + if (is_unsigned && unlikely(is_negative)) { + Py_DECREF(v); + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } else if (is_negative) { + stepval = PyNumber_Invert(v); + Py_DECREF(v); + if (unlikely(!stepval)) + return (int) -1; + } else { + stepval = v; + } + v = NULL; + val = (int) 0; + mask = PyLong_FromLong((1L << chunk_size) - 1); if (unlikely(!mask)) goto done; + shift = PyLong_FromLong(chunk_size); if (unlikely(!shift)) goto done; + for (bits = 0; bits < (int) sizeof(int) * 8 - chunk_size; bits += chunk_size) { + PyObject *tmp, *digit; + long idigit; + digit = PyNumber_And(stepval, mask); + if (unlikely(!digit)) goto done; + idigit = PyLong_AsLong(digit); + Py_DECREF(digit); + if (unlikely(idigit < 0)) goto done; + val |= ((int) idigit) << bits; + tmp = PyNumber_Rshift(stepval, shift); + if (unlikely(!tmp)) goto done; + Py_DECREF(stepval); stepval = tmp; + } + Py_DECREF(shift); shift = NULL; + Py_DECREF(mask); mask = NULL; + { + long idigit = PyLong_AsLong(stepval); + if (unlikely(idigit < 0)) goto done; + remaining_bits = ((int) sizeof(int) * 8) - bits - (is_unsigned ? 0 : 1); + if (unlikely(idigit >= (1L << remaining_bits))) + goto raise_overflow; + val |= ((int) idigit) << bits; + } + if (!is_unsigned) { + if (unlikely(val & (((int) 1) << (sizeof(int) * 8 - 1)))) + goto raise_overflow; + if (is_negative) + val = ~val; + } + ret = 0; + done: + Py_XDECREF(shift); + Py_XDECREF(mask); + Py_XDECREF(stepval); + #endif + if (unlikely(ret)) + return (int) -1; + return val; + } + raise_overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, + "value too large to convert to int"); + return (int) -1; + raise_neg_overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, + "can't convert negative value to int"); + return (int) -1; + } + +/* CIntFromPy */ + static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_PyLong_As_long(PyObject *x) { + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic push + #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" + #endif + const long neg_one = (long) -1, const_zero = (long) 0; + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic pop + #endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (unlikely(!PyLong_Check(x))) { + long val; + PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_Long(x); + if (!tmp) return (long) -1; + val = __Pyx_PyLong_As_long(tmp); + Py_DECREF(tmp); + return val; + } + if (is_unsigned) { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyLong_IsNeg(x))) { + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } else if (__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, __Pyx_compact_upylong, __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValueUnsigned(x)) + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x); + assert(__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) > 1); + switch (__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x)) { + case 2: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) (((((long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + case 3: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) (((((((long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + case 4: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) (((((((((long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + } + } + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A7 + if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) { + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } + #else + { + int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT); + if (unlikely(result < 0)) + return (long) -1; + if (unlikely(result == 1)) + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } + #endif + if ((sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned long))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x)) + } else if ((sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x)) + } + } else { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, __Pyx_compact_pylong, __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValue(x)) + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x); + assert(__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) > 1); + switch (__Pyx_PyLong_SignedDigitCount(x)) { + case -2: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) (((long)-1)*(((((long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 2: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) ((((((long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case -3: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) (((long)-1)*(((((((long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 3: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) ((((((((long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case -4: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) (((long)-1)*(((((((((long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 4: + if ((8 * sizeof(long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (long) ((((((((((long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + } + } + #endif + if ((sizeof(long) <= sizeof(long))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, long, PyLong_AsLong(x)) + } else if ((sizeof(long) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x)) + } + } + { + long val; + int ret = -1; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A6 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_ssize_t bytes_copied = PyLong_AsNativeBytes( + x, &val, sizeof(val), Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN | (is_unsigned ? Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE : 0)); + if (unlikely(bytes_copied == -1)) { + } else if (unlikely(bytes_copied > (Py_ssize_t) sizeof(val))) { + goto raise_overflow; + } else { + ret = 0; + } + #elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 && !(CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API) || defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray) + int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val; + ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)x, + bytes, sizeof(val), + is_little, !is_unsigned); + #else + PyObject *v; + PyObject *stepval = NULL, *mask = NULL, *shift = NULL; + int bits, remaining_bits, is_negative = 0; + int chunk_size = (sizeof(long) < 8) ? 30 : 62; + if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(x))) { + v = __Pyx_NewRef(x); + } else { + v = PyNumber_Long(x); + if (unlikely(!v)) return (long) -1; + assert(PyLong_CheckExact(v)); + } + { + int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(v, Py_False, Py_LT); + if (unlikely(result < 0)) { + Py_DECREF(v); + return (long) -1; + } + is_negative = result == 1; + } + if (is_unsigned && unlikely(is_negative)) { + Py_DECREF(v); + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } else if (is_negative) { + stepval = PyNumber_Invert(v); + Py_DECREF(v); + if (unlikely(!stepval)) + return (long) -1; + } else { + stepval = v; + } + v = NULL; + val = (long) 0; + mask = PyLong_FromLong((1L << chunk_size) - 1); if (unlikely(!mask)) goto done; + shift = PyLong_FromLong(chunk_size); if (unlikely(!shift)) goto done; + for (bits = 0; bits < (int) sizeof(long) * 8 - chunk_size; bits += chunk_size) { + PyObject *tmp, *digit; + long idigit; + digit = PyNumber_And(stepval, mask); + if (unlikely(!digit)) goto done; + idigit = PyLong_AsLong(digit); + Py_DECREF(digit); + if (unlikely(idigit < 0)) goto done; + val |= ((long) idigit) << bits; + tmp = PyNumber_Rshift(stepval, shift); + if (unlikely(!tmp)) goto done; + Py_DECREF(stepval); stepval = tmp; + } + Py_DECREF(shift); shift = NULL; + Py_DECREF(mask); mask = NULL; + { + long idigit = PyLong_AsLong(stepval); + if (unlikely(idigit < 0)) goto done; + remaining_bits = ((int) sizeof(long) * 8) - bits - (is_unsigned ? 0 : 1); + if (unlikely(idigit >= (1L << remaining_bits))) + goto raise_overflow; + val |= ((long) idigit) << bits; + } + if (!is_unsigned) { + if (unlikely(val & (((long) 1) << (sizeof(long) * 8 - 1)))) + goto raise_overflow; + if (is_negative) + val = ~val; + } + ret = 0; + done: + Py_XDECREF(shift); + Py_XDECREF(mask); + Py_XDECREF(stepval); + #endif + if (unlikely(ret)) + return (long) -1; + return val; + } + raise_overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, + "value too large to convert to long"); + return (long) -1; + raise_neg_overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, + "can't convert negative value to long"); + return (long) -1; + } + +/* CIntToPy */ + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyLong_From_long(long value) { + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic push + #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" + #endif + const long neg_one = (long) -1, const_zero = (long) 0; + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic pop + #endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (is_unsigned) { + if (sizeof(long) < sizeof(long)) { + return PyLong_FromLong((long) value); + } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value); + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) value); + #endif + } + } else { + if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(long)) { + return PyLong_FromLong((long) value); + } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) { + return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) value); + } + } + { + unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value; + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A4 + if (is_unsigned) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedNativeBytes(bytes, sizeof(value), -1); + } else { + return PyLong_FromNativeBytes(bytes, sizeof(value), -1); + } + #elif !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 + int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(long), + little, !is_unsigned); + #else + int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + PyObject *from_bytes, *result = NULL, *kwds = NULL; + PyObject *py_bytes = NULL, *order_str = NULL; + from_bytes = PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject*)&PyLong_Type, "from_bytes"); + if (!from_bytes) return NULL; + py_bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char*)bytes, sizeof(long)); + if (!py_bytes) goto limited_bad; + order_str = PyUnicode_FromString(little ? "little" : "big"); + if (!order_str) goto limited_bad; + { + PyObject *args[3+(CYTHON_VECTORCALL ? 1 : 0)] = { NULL, py_bytes, order_str }; + if (!is_unsigned) { + kwds = __Pyx_MakeVectorcallBuilderKwds(1); + if (!kwds) goto limited_bad; + if (__Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArgStr("signed", __Pyx_NewRef(Py_True), kwds, args+3, 0) < 0) goto limited_bad; + } + result = __Pyx_Object_Vectorcall_CallFromBuilder(from_bytes, args+1, 2 | __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET, kwds); + } + limited_bad: + Py_XDECREF(kwds); + Py_XDECREF(order_str); + Py_XDECREF(py_bytes); + Py_XDECREF(from_bytes); + return result; + #endif + } + } + +/* PyObjectCall2Args */ + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Call2Args(PyObject* function, PyObject* arg1, PyObject* arg2) { + PyObject *args[3] = {NULL, arg1, arg2}; + return __Pyx_PyObject_FastCall(function, args+1, 2 | __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET); + } + +/* PyObjectCallMethod1 */ + #if !(CYTHON_VECTORCALL && (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 || (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000))) + static PyObject* __Pyx__PyObject_CallMethod1(PyObject* method, PyObject* arg) { + PyObject *result = __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(method, arg); + Py_DECREF(method); + return result; + } + #endif + static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod1(PyObject* obj, PyObject* method_name, PyObject* arg) { + #if CYTHON_VECTORCALL && (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 || (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000)) + PyObject *args[2] = {obj, arg}; + (void) __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg; + (void) __Pyx_PyObject_Call2Args; + return PyObject_VectorcallMethod(method_name, args, 2 | PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET, NULL); + #else + PyObject *method = NULL, *result; + int is_method = __Pyx_PyObject_GetMethod(obj, method_name, &method); + if (likely(is_method)) { + result = __Pyx_PyObject_Call2Args(method, obj, arg); + Py_DECREF(method); + return result; + } + if (unlikely(!method)) return NULL; + return __Pyx__PyObject_CallMethod1(method, arg); + #endif + } + +/* UpdateUnpickledDict */ + static int __Pyx__UpdateUnpickledDict(PyObject *obj, PyObject *state, Py_ssize_t index) { + PyObject *state_dict = __Pyx_PySequence_ITEM(state, index); + if (unlikely(!state_dict)) { + return -1; + } + int non_empty = PyObject_IsTrue(state_dict); + if (non_empty == 0) { + Py_DECREF(state_dict); + return 0; + } else if (unlikely(non_empty == -1)) { + return -1; + } + PyObject *dict; + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + dict = PyObject_GetAttrString(obj, "__dict__"); + #else + dict = PyObject_GenericGetDict(obj, NULL); + #endif + if (unlikely(!dict)) { + Py_DECREF(state_dict); + return -1; + } + int result; + if (likely(PyDict_CheckExact(dict))) { + result = PyDict_Update(dict, state_dict); + } else { + PyObject *obj_result = __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod1(dict, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_update, state_dict); + if (likely(obj_result)) { + Py_DECREF(obj_result); + result = 0; + } else { + result = -1; + } + } + Py_DECREF(state_dict); + Py_DECREF(dict); + return result; + } + static int __Pyx_UpdateUnpickledDict(PyObject *obj, PyObject *state, Py_ssize_t index) { + Py_ssize_t state_size = __Pyx_PyTuple_GET_SIZE(state); + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (unlikely(state_size == -1)) return -1; + #endif + if (state_size <= index) { + return 0; + } + return __Pyx__UpdateUnpickledDict(obj, state, index); + } + +/* CIntToPy */ + static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyLong_From_int(int value) { + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic push + #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" + #endif + const int neg_one = (int) -1, const_zero = (int) 0; + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic pop + #endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (is_unsigned) { + if (sizeof(int) < sizeof(long)) { + return PyLong_FromLong((long) value); + } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value); + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) value); + #endif + } + } else { + if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(long)) { + return PyLong_FromLong((long) value); + } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) { + return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) value); + } + } + { + unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value; + #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A4 + if (is_unsigned) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedNativeBytes(bytes, sizeof(value), -1); + } else { + return PyLong_FromNativeBytes(bytes, sizeof(value), -1); + } + #elif !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 + int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(int), + little, !is_unsigned); + #else + int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + PyObject *from_bytes, *result = NULL, *kwds = NULL; + PyObject *py_bytes = NULL, *order_str = NULL; + from_bytes = PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject*)&PyLong_Type, "from_bytes"); + if (!from_bytes) return NULL; + py_bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char*)bytes, sizeof(int)); + if (!py_bytes) goto limited_bad; + order_str = PyUnicode_FromString(little ? "little" : "big"); + if (!order_str) goto limited_bad; + { + PyObject *args[3+(CYTHON_VECTORCALL ? 1 : 0)] = { NULL, py_bytes, order_str }; + if (!is_unsigned) { + kwds = __Pyx_MakeVectorcallBuilderKwds(1); + if (!kwds) goto limited_bad; + if (__Pyx_VectorcallBuilder_AddArgStr("signed", __Pyx_NewRef(Py_True), kwds, args+3, 0) < 0) goto limited_bad; + } + result = __Pyx_Object_Vectorcall_CallFromBuilder(from_bytes, args+1, 2 | __Pyx_PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET, kwds); + } + limited_bad: + Py_XDECREF(kwds); + Py_XDECREF(order_str); + Py_XDECREF(py_bytes); + Py_XDECREF(from_bytes); + return result; + #endif + } + } + +/* CIntFromPy */ + static CYTHON_INLINE char __Pyx_PyLong_As_char(PyObject *x) { + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic push + #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion" + #endif + const char neg_one = (char) -1, const_zero = (char) 0; + #ifdef __Pyx_HAS_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC + #pragma GCC diagnostic pop + #endif + const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero; + if (unlikely(!PyLong_Check(x))) { + char val; + PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_Long(x); + if (!tmp) return (char) -1; + val = __Pyx_PyLong_As_char(tmp); + Py_DECREF(tmp); + return val; + } + if (is_unsigned) { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyLong_IsNeg(x))) { + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } else if (__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, __Pyx_compact_upylong, __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValueUnsigned(x)) + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x); + assert(__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) > 1); + switch (__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x)) { + case 2: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) (((((char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + case 3: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) (((((((char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + case 4: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) (((((((((char)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0])); + } + } + break; + } + } + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A7 + if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) { + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } + #else + { + int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT); + if (unlikely(result < 0)) + return (char) -1; + if (unlikely(result == 1)) + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } + #endif + if ((sizeof(char) <= sizeof(unsigned long))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(char, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x)) + } else if ((sizeof(char) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(char, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x)) + } + } else { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(x)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, __Pyx_compact_pylong, __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValue(x)) + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(x); + assert(__Pyx_PyLong_DigitCount(x) > 1); + switch (__Pyx_PyLong_SignedDigitCount(x)) { + case -2: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) (((char)-1)*(((((char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 2: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) ((((((char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case -3: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) (((char)-1)*(((((((char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 3: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) ((((((((char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case -4: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) (((char)-1)*(((((((((char)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + case 4: + if ((8 * sizeof(char) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + if ((8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(char, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]))) + } else if ((8 * sizeof(char) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT)) { + return (char) ((((((((((char)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (char)digits[0]))); + } + } + break; + } + } + #endif + if ((sizeof(char) <= sizeof(long))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(char, long, PyLong_AsLong(x)) + } else if ((sizeof(char) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG))) { + __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(char, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x)) + } + } + { + char val; + int ret = -1; + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d00A6 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + Py_ssize_t bytes_copied = PyLong_AsNativeBytes( + x, &val, sizeof(val), Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN | (is_unsigned ? Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE : 0)); + if (unlikely(bytes_copied == -1)) { + } else if (unlikely(bytes_copied > (Py_ssize_t) sizeof(val))) { + goto raise_overflow; + } else { + ret = 0; + } + #elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 && !(CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API) || defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray) + int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one; + unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val; + ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)x, + bytes, sizeof(val), + is_little, !is_unsigned); + #else + PyObject *v; + PyObject *stepval = NULL, *mask = NULL, *shift = NULL; + int bits, remaining_bits, is_negative = 0; + int chunk_size = (sizeof(long) < 8) ? 30 : 62; + if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(x))) { + v = __Pyx_NewRef(x); + } else { + v = PyNumber_Long(x); + if (unlikely(!v)) return (char) -1; + assert(PyLong_CheckExact(v)); + } + { + int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(v, Py_False, Py_LT); + if (unlikely(result < 0)) { + Py_DECREF(v); + return (char) -1; + } + is_negative = result == 1; + } + if (is_unsigned && unlikely(is_negative)) { + Py_DECREF(v); + goto raise_neg_overflow; + } else if (is_negative) { + stepval = PyNumber_Invert(v); + Py_DECREF(v); + if (unlikely(!stepval)) + return (char) -1; + } else { + stepval = v; + } + v = NULL; + val = (char) 0; + mask = PyLong_FromLong((1L << chunk_size) - 1); if (unlikely(!mask)) goto done; + shift = PyLong_FromLong(chunk_size); if (unlikely(!shift)) goto done; + for (bits = 0; bits < (int) sizeof(char) * 8 - chunk_size; bits += chunk_size) { + PyObject *tmp, *digit; + long idigit; + digit = PyNumber_And(stepval, mask); + if (unlikely(!digit)) goto done; + idigit = PyLong_AsLong(digit); + Py_DECREF(digit); + if (unlikely(idigit < 0)) goto done; + val |= ((char) idigit) << bits; + tmp = PyNumber_Rshift(stepval, shift); + if (unlikely(!tmp)) goto done; + Py_DECREF(stepval); stepval = tmp; + } + Py_DECREF(shift); shift = NULL; + Py_DECREF(mask); mask = NULL; + { + long idigit = PyLong_AsLong(stepval); + if (unlikely(idigit < 0)) goto done; + remaining_bits = ((int) sizeof(char) * 8) - bits - (is_unsigned ? 0 : 1); + if (unlikely(idigit >= (1L << remaining_bits))) + goto raise_overflow; + val |= ((char) idigit) << bits; + } + if (!is_unsigned) { + if (unlikely(val & (((char) 1) << (sizeof(char) * 8 - 1)))) + goto raise_overflow; + if (is_negative) + val = ~val; + } + ret = 0; + done: + Py_XDECREF(shift); + Py_XDECREF(mask); + Py_XDECREF(stepval); + #endif + if (unlikely(ret)) + return (char) -1; + return val; + } + raise_overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, + "value too large to convert to char"); + return (char) -1; + raise_neg_overflow: + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, + "can't convert negative value to char"); + return (char) -1; + } + +/* FormatTypeName */ + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030d0000 + static __Pyx_TypeName + __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(PyTypeObject* tp) + { + PyObject *module = NULL, *name = NULL, *result = NULL; + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030b0000 + name = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr((PyObject *)tp, + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_qualname); + #else + name = PyType_GetQualName(tp); + #endif + if (unlikely(name == NULL) || unlikely(!PyUnicode_Check(name))) goto bad; + module = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr((PyObject *)tp, + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_n_u_module); + if (unlikely(module == NULL) || unlikely(!PyUnicode_Check(module))) goto bad; + if (PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(module, "builtins") == 0) { + result = name; + name = NULL; + goto done; + } + result = PyUnicode_FromFormat("%U.%U", module, name); + if (unlikely(result == NULL)) goto bad; + done: + Py_XDECREF(name); + Py_XDECREF(module); + return result; + bad: + PyErr_Clear(); + if (name) { + result = name; + name = NULL; + } else { + result = __Pyx_NewRef(__pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_kp_u__6); + } + goto done; + } + #endif + +/* GetRuntimeVersion */ + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030b0000 + void __Pyx_init_runtime_version(void) { + if (__Pyx_cached_runtime_version == 0) { + const char* rt_version = Py_GetVersion(); + unsigned long version = 0; + unsigned long factor = 0x01000000UL; + unsigned int digit = 0; + int i = 0; + while (factor) { + while ('0' <= rt_version[i] && rt_version[i] <= '9') { + digit = digit * 10 + (unsigned int) (rt_version[i] - '0'); + ++i; + } + version += factor * digit; + if (rt_version[i] != '.') + break; + digit = 0; + factor >>= 8; + ++i; + } + __Pyx_cached_runtime_version = version; + } + } + #endif + static unsigned long __Pyx_get_runtime_version(void) { + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030b0000 + return Py_Version & ~0xFFUL; + #else + return __Pyx_cached_runtime_version; + #endif + } + +/* CheckBinaryVersion */ + static int __Pyx_check_binary_version(unsigned long ct_version, unsigned long rt_version, int allow_newer) { + const unsigned long MAJOR_MINOR = 0xFFFF0000UL; + if ((rt_version & MAJOR_MINOR) == (ct_version & MAJOR_MINOR)) + return 0; + if (likely(allow_newer && (rt_version & MAJOR_MINOR) > (ct_version & MAJOR_MINOR))) + return 1; + { + char message[200]; + PyOS_snprintf(message, sizeof(message), + "compile time Python version %d.%d " + "of module '%.100s' " + "%s " + "runtime version %d.%d", + (int) (ct_version >> 24), (int) ((ct_version >> 16) & 0xFF), + __Pyx_MODULE_NAME, + (allow_newer) ? "was newer than" : "does not match", + (int) (rt_version >> 24), (int) ((rt_version >> 16) & 0xFF) + ); + return PyErr_WarnEx(NULL, message, 1); + } + } + +/* NewCodeObj */ + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + static PyObject* __Pyx__PyCode_New(int a, int p, int k, int l, int s, int f, + PyObject *code, PyObject *c, PyObject* n, PyObject *v, + PyObject *fv, PyObject *cell, PyObject* fn, + PyObject *name, int fline, PyObject *lnos) { + PyObject *exception_table = NULL; + PyObject *types_module=NULL, *code_type=NULL, *result=NULL; + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030b0000 + PyObject *version_info; + PyObject *py_minor_version = NULL; + #endif + long minor_version = 0; + PyObject *type, *value, *traceback; + PyErr_Fetch(&type, &value, &traceback); + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030b0000 + minor_version = 11; + #else + if (!(version_info = PySys_GetObject("version_info"))) goto end; + if (!(py_minor_version = PySequence_GetItem(version_info, 1))) goto end; + minor_version = PyLong_AsLong(py_minor_version); + Py_DECREF(py_minor_version); + if (minor_version == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) goto end; + #endif + if (!(types_module = PyImport_ImportModule("types"))) goto end; + if (!(code_type = PyObject_GetAttrString(types_module, "CodeType"))) goto end; + if (minor_version <= 7) { + (void)p; + result = PyObject_CallFunction(code_type, "iiiiiOOOOOOiOOO", a, k, l, s, f, code, + c, n, v, fn, name, fline, lnos, fv, cell); + } else if (minor_version <= 10) { + result = PyObject_CallFunction(code_type, "iiiiiiOOOOOOiOOO", a,p, k, l, s, f, code, + c, n, v, fn, name, fline, lnos, fv, cell); + } else { + if (!(exception_table = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0))) goto end; + result = PyObject_CallFunction(code_type, "iiiiiiOOOOOOOiOOOO", a,p, k, l, s, f, code, + c, n, v, fn, name, name, fline, lnos, exception_table, fv, cell); + } + end: + Py_XDECREF(code_type); + Py_XDECREF(exception_table); + Py_XDECREF(types_module); + if (type) { + PyErr_Restore(type, value, traceback); + } + return result; + } + #elif PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030B0000 + static PyCodeObject* __Pyx__PyCode_New(int a, int p, int k, int l, int s, int f, + PyObject *code, PyObject *c, PyObject* n, PyObject *v, + PyObject *fv, PyObject *cell, PyObject* fn, + PyObject *name, int fline, PyObject *lnos) { + PyCodeObject *result; + result = + #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 + PyUnstable_Code_NewWithPosOnlyArgs + #else + PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs + #endif + (a, p, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, name, fline, lnos, __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_bytes); + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030c00A1 + if (likely(result)) + result->_co_firsttraceable = 0; + #endif + return result; + } + #elif !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY + #define __Pyx__PyCode_New(a, p, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)\ + PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs(a, p, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos) + #else + #define __Pyx__PyCode_New(a, p, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)\ + PyCode_New(a, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos) + #endif + static PyObject* __Pyx_PyCode_New( + const __Pyx_PyCode_New_function_description descr, + PyObject * const *varnames, + PyObject *filename, + PyObject *funcname, + PyObject *line_table, + PyObject *tuple_dedup_map + ) { + PyObject *code_obj = NULL, *varnames_tuple_dedup = NULL, *code_bytes = NULL; + Py_ssize_t var_count = (Py_ssize_t) descr.nlocals; + PyObject *varnames_tuple = PyTuple_New(var_count); + if (unlikely(!varnames_tuple)) return NULL; + for (Py_ssize_t i=0; i < var_count; i++) { + Py_INCREF(varnames[i]); + if (__Pyx_PyTuple_SET_ITEM(varnames_tuple, i, varnames[i]) != (0)) goto done; + } + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + varnames_tuple_dedup = PyDict_GetItem(tuple_dedup_map, varnames_tuple); + if (!varnames_tuple_dedup) { + if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItem(tuple_dedup_map, varnames_tuple, varnames_tuple) < 0)) goto done; + varnames_tuple_dedup = varnames_tuple; + } + #else + varnames_tuple_dedup = PyDict_SetDefault(tuple_dedup_map, varnames_tuple, varnames_tuple); + if (unlikely(!varnames_tuple_dedup)) goto done; + #endif + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_INCREF(varnames_tuple_dedup); + #endif + if (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= (0x030b0000) && line_table != NULL && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_GRAAL) { + Py_ssize_t line_table_length = __Pyx_PyBytes_GET_SIZE(line_table); + #if !CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE + if (unlikely(line_table_length == -1)) goto done; + #endif + Py_ssize_t code_len = (line_table_length * 2 + 4) & ~3LL; + code_bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, code_len); + if (unlikely(!code_bytes)) goto done; + char* c_code_bytes = PyBytes_AsString(code_bytes); + if (unlikely(!c_code_bytes)) goto done; + memset(c_code_bytes, 0, (size_t) code_len); + } + code_obj = (PyObject*) __Pyx__PyCode_New( + (int) descr.argcount, + (int) descr.num_posonly_args, + (int) descr.num_kwonly_args, + (int) descr.nlocals, + 0, + (int) descr.flags, + code_bytes ? code_bytes : __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_bytes, + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple, + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple, + varnames_tuple_dedup, + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple, + __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_tuple, + filename, + funcname, + (int) descr.first_line, + (__PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= (0x030b0000) && line_table) ? line_table : __pyx_mstate_global->__pyx_empty_bytes + ); + done: + Py_XDECREF(code_bytes); + #if CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS + Py_XDECREF(varnames_tuple_dedup); + #endif + Py_DECREF(varnames_tuple); + return code_obj; + } + +/* DecompressString */ + static PyObject *__Pyx_DecompressString(const char *s, Py_ssize_t length, int algo) { + PyObject *module = NULL, *decompress, *compressed_bytes, *decompressed; + const char* module_name = algo == 3 ? "compression.zstd" : algo == 2 ? "bz2" : "zlib"; + PyObject *methodname = PyUnicode_FromString("decompress"); + if (unlikely(!methodname)) return NULL; + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030e0000 + if (algo == 3) { + PyObject *fromlist = Py_BuildValue("[O]", methodname); + if (unlikely(!fromlist)) goto bad; + module = PyImport_ImportModuleLevel("compression.zstd", NULL, NULL, fromlist, 0); + Py_DECREF(fromlist); + } else + #endif + module = PyImport_ImportModule(module_name); + if (unlikely(!module)) goto import_failed; + decompress = PyObject_GetAttr(module, methodname); + if (unlikely(!decompress)) goto import_failed; + { + #ifdef __cplusplus + char *memview_bytes = const_cast(s); + #else + #if defined(__clang__) + #pragma clang diagnostic push + #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wcast-qual" + #elif !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && defined(__GNUC__) + #pragma GCC diagnostic push + #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wcast-qual" + #endif + char *memview_bytes = (char*) s; + #if defined(__clang__) + #pragma clang diagnostic pop + #elif !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && defined(__GNUC__) + #pragma GCC diagnostic pop + #endif + #endif + #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && !defined(PyBUF_READ) + int memview_flags = 0x100; + #else + int memview_flags = PyBUF_READ; + #endif + compressed_bytes = PyMemoryView_FromMemory(memview_bytes, length, memview_flags); + } + if (unlikely(!compressed_bytes)) { + Py_DECREF(decompress); + goto bad; + } + decompressed = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(decompress, compressed_bytes, NULL); + Py_DECREF(compressed_bytes); + Py_DECREF(decompress); + Py_DECREF(module); + Py_DECREF(methodname); + return decompressed; + import_failed: + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ImportError, + "Failed to import '%.20s.decompress' - cannot initialise module strings. " + "String compression was configured with the C macro 'CYTHON_COMPRESS_STRINGS=%d'.", + module_name, algo); + bad: + Py_XDECREF(module); + Py_DECREF(methodname); + return NULL; + } + +#include +static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_ssize_strlen(const char *s) { + size_t len = strlen(s); + if (unlikely(len > (size_t) PY_SSIZE_T_MAX)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "byte string is too long"); + return -1; + } + return (Py_ssize_t) len; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString(const char* c_str) { + Py_ssize_t len = __Pyx_ssize_strlen(c_str); + if (unlikely(len < 0)) return NULL; + return __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, len); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromString(const char* c_str) { + Py_ssize_t len = __Pyx_ssize_strlen(c_str); + if (unlikely(len < 0)) return NULL; + return PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize(c_str, len); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(PyObject* o) { + Py_ssize_t ignore; + return __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(o, &ignore); +} +#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII || __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_UTF8 +static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsStringAndSize(PyObject* o, Py_ssize_t *length) { + if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(o) == -1)) return NULL; +#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API + { + const char* result; + Py_ssize_t unicode_length; + CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(unicode_length); // only for __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII + #if __PYX_LIMITED_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A0000 + if (unlikely(PyArg_Parse(o, "s#", &result, length) < 0)) return NULL; + #else + result = PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(o, length); + #endif + #if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII + unicode_length = PyUnicode_GetLength(o); + if (unlikely(unicode_length < 0)) return NULL; + if (unlikely(unicode_length != *length)) { + PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(o); + return NULL; + } + #endif + return result; + } +#else +#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII + if (likely(PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(o))) { + *length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(o); + return PyUnicode_AsUTF8(o); + } else { + PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(o); + return NULL; + } +#else + return PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(o, length); +#endif +#endif +} +#endif +static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(PyObject* o, Py_ssize_t *length) { +#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII || __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_UTF8 + if (PyUnicode_Check(o)) { + return __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsStringAndSize(o, length); + } else +#endif + if (PyByteArray_Check(o)) { +#if (CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_SIZE && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS) || (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && (defined(PyByteArray_AS_STRING) && defined(PyByteArray_GET_SIZE))) + *length = PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(o); + return PyByteArray_AS_STRING(o); +#else + *length = PyByteArray_Size(o); + if (*length == -1) return NULL; + return PyByteArray_AsString(o); +#endif + } else + { + char* result; + int r = PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(o, &result, length); + if (unlikely(r < 0)) { + return NULL; + } else { + return result; + } + } +} +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject* x) { + int is_true = x == Py_True; + if (is_true | (x == Py_False) | (x == Py_None)) return is_true; + else return PyObject_IsTrue(x); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrueAndDecref(PyObject* x) { + int retval; + if (unlikely(!x)) return -1; + retval = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(x); + Py_DECREF(x); + return retval; +} +static PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_LongWrongResultType(PyObject* result) { + __Pyx_TypeName result_type_name = __Pyx_PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(Py_TYPE(result)); + if (PyLong_Check(result)) { + if (PyErr_WarnFormat(PyExc_DeprecationWarning, 1, + "__int__ returned non-int (type " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME "). " + "The ability to return an instance of a strict subclass of int is deprecated, " + "and may be removed in a future version of Python.", + result_type_name)) { + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(result_type_name); + Py_DECREF(result); + return NULL; + } + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(result_type_name); + return result; + } + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, + "__int__ returned non-int (type " __Pyx_FMT_TYPENAME ")", + result_type_name); + __Pyx_DECREF_TypeName(result_type_name); + Py_DECREF(result); + return NULL; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_Long(PyObject* x) { +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + PyNumberMethods *m; +#endif + PyObject *res = NULL; + if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) + return __Pyx_NewRef(x); +#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS + m = Py_TYPE(x)->tp_as_number; + if (likely(m && m->nb_int)) { + res = m->nb_int(x); + } +#else + if (!PyBytes_CheckExact(x) && !PyUnicode_CheckExact(x)) { + res = PyNumber_Long(x); + } +#endif + if (likely(res)) { + if (unlikely(!PyLong_CheckExact(res))) { + return __Pyx_PyNumber_LongWrongResultType(res); + } + } + else if (!PyErr_Occurred()) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, + "an integer is required"); + } + return res; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(PyObject* b) { + Py_ssize_t ival; + PyObject *x; + if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(b))) { + #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS + if (likely(__Pyx_PyLong_IsCompact(b))) { + return __Pyx_PyLong_CompactValue(b); + } else { + const digit* digits = __Pyx_PyLong_Digits(b); + const Py_ssize_t size = __Pyx_PyLong_SignedDigitCount(b); + switch (size) { + case 2: + if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + return (Py_ssize_t) (((((size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])); + } + break; + case -2: + if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + return -(Py_ssize_t) (((((size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])); + } + break; + case 3: + if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + return (Py_ssize_t) (((((((size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])); + } + break; + case -3: + if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + return -(Py_ssize_t) (((((((size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])); + } + break; + case 4: + if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + return (Py_ssize_t) (((((((((size_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])); + } + break; + case -4: + if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) { + return -(Py_ssize_t) (((((((((size_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])); + } + break; + } + } + #endif + return PyLong_AsSsize_t(b); + } + x = PyNumber_Index(b); + if (!x) return -1; + ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(x); + Py_DECREF(x); + return ival; +} +static CYTHON_INLINE Py_hash_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsHash_t(PyObject* o) { + if (sizeof(Py_hash_t) == sizeof(Py_ssize_t)) { + return (Py_hash_t) __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(o); + } else { + Py_ssize_t ival; + PyObject *x; + x = PyNumber_Index(o); + if (!x) return -1; + ival = PyLong_AsLong(x); + Py_DECREF(x); + return ival; + } +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_Owned_Py_None(int b) { + CYTHON_UNUSED_VAR(b); + return __Pyx_NewRef(Py_None); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyBool_FromLong(long b) { + return __Pyx_NewRef(b ? Py_True: Py_False); +} +static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyLong_FromSize_t(size_t ival) { + return PyLong_FromSize_t(ival); +} + + + /* MultiPhaseInitModuleState */ + #if CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT && CYTHON_USE_MODULE_STATE + #ifndef CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + #if (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000) + #define CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE 1 + #else + #define CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE 0 + #endif + #endif + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE && !CYTHON_ATOMICS + #error "Module state with PEP489 requires atomics. Currently that's one of\ + C11, C++11, gcc atomic intrinsics or MSVC atomic intrinsics" + #endif + #if !CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock() + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock() + #elif !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 + static PyMutex __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex = {0}; + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock() PyMutex_Lock(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex) + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock() PyMutex_Unlock(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex) + #elif defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103L + #include + static std::mutex __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex; + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock() __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex.lock() + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock() __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex.unlock() + #elif defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ > 201112L) && !defined(__STDC_NO_THREADS__) + #include + static mtx_t __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex; + static once_flag __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex_once_flag = ONCE_FLAG_INIT; + static void __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_initialize_mutex(void) { + mtx_init(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex, mtx_plain); + } + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock()\ + call_once(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex_once_flag, __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_initialize_mutex);\ + mtx_lock(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex) + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock() mtx_unlock(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex) + #elif defined(HAVE_PTHREAD_H) + #include + static pthread_mutex_t __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock() pthread_mutex_lock(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex) + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock() pthread_mutex_unlock(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex) + #elif defined(_WIN32) + #include // synchapi.h on its own doesn't work + static SRWLOCK __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex = SRWLOCK_INIT; + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock() AcquireSRWLockExclusive(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex) + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock() ReleaseSRWLockExclusive(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_mutex) + #else + #error "No suitable lock available for CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE.\ + Requires C standard >= C11, or C++ standard >= C++11,\ + or pthreads, or the Windows 32 API, or Python >= 3.13." + #endif + typedef struct { + int64_t id; + PyObject *module; + } __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule; + typedef struct { + char interpreter_id_as_index; + Py_ssize_t count; + Py_ssize_t allocated; + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule table[1]; + } __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData; + #define __PYX_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_SMALL_SIZE 32 + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + static __pyx_atomic_int_type __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_read_counter = 0; + #endif + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + static __pyx_atomic_ptr_type __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data = 0; + #else + static __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData* __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data = NULL; + #endif + static __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule* __Pyx_State_FindModuleStateLookupTableLowerBound( + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule* table, + Py_ssize_t count, + int64_t interpreterId) { + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule* begin = table; + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule* end = begin + count; + if (begin->id == interpreterId) { + return begin; + } + while ((end - begin) > __PYX_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_SMALL_SIZE) { + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule* halfway = begin + (end - begin)/2; + if (halfway->id == interpreterId) { + return halfway; + } + if (halfway->id < interpreterId) { + begin = halfway; + } else { + end = halfway; + } + } + for (; begin < end; ++begin) { + if (begin->id >= interpreterId) return begin; + } + return begin; + } + static PyObject *__Pyx_State_FindModule(CYTHON_UNUSED void* dummy) { + int64_t interpreter_id = PyInterpreterState_GetID(__Pyx_PyInterpreterState_Get()); + if (interpreter_id == -1) return NULL; + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData* data = (__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData*)__pyx_atomic_pointer_load_relaxed(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data); + { + __pyx_atomic_incr_acq_rel(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_read_counter); + if (likely(data)) { + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData* new_data = (__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData*)__pyx_atomic_pointer_load_acquire(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data); + if (likely(data == new_data)) { + goto read_finished; + } + } + __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_read_counter); + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock(); + __pyx_atomic_incr_relaxed(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_read_counter); + data = (__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData*)__pyx_atomic_pointer_load_relaxed(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data); + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock(); + } + read_finished:; + #else + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData* data = __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data; + #endif + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule* found = NULL; + if (unlikely(!data)) goto end; + if (data->interpreter_id_as_index) { + if (interpreter_id < data->count) { + found = data->table+interpreter_id; + } + } else { + found = __Pyx_State_FindModuleStateLookupTableLowerBound( + data->table, data->count, interpreter_id); + } + end: + { + PyObject *result=NULL; + if (found && found->id == interpreter_id) { + result = found->module; + } + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + __pyx_atomic_decr_acq_rel(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_read_counter); + #endif + return result; + } + } + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + static void __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_wait_until_no_readers(void) { + while (__pyx_atomic_load(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_read_counter) != 0); + } + #else + #define __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_wait_until_no_readers() + #endif + static int __Pyx_State_AddModuleInterpIdAsIndex(__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData **old_data, PyObject* module, int64_t interpreter_id) { + Py_ssize_t to_allocate = (*old_data)->allocated; + while (to_allocate <= interpreter_id) { + if (to_allocate == 0) to_allocate = 1; + else to_allocate *= 2; + } + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *new_data = *old_data; + if (to_allocate != (*old_data)->allocated) { + new_data = (__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *)realloc( + *old_data, + sizeof(__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData)+(to_allocate-1)*sizeof(__Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule)); + if (!new_data) { + PyErr_NoMemory(); + return -1; + } + for (Py_ssize_t i = new_data->allocated; i < to_allocate; ++i) { + new_data->table[i].id = i; + new_data->table[i].module = NULL; + } + new_data->allocated = to_allocate; + } + new_data->table[interpreter_id].module = module; + if (new_data->count < interpreter_id+1) { + new_data->count = interpreter_id+1; + } + *old_data = new_data; + return 0; + } + static void __Pyx_State_ConvertFromInterpIdAsIndex(__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *data) { + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule *read = data->table; + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule *write = data->table; + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule *end = read + data->count; + for (; readmodule) { + write->id = read->id; + write->module = read->module; + ++write; + } + } + data->count = write - data->table; + for (; writeid = 0; + write->module = NULL; + } + data->interpreter_id_as_index = 0; + } + static int __Pyx_State_AddModule(PyObject* module, CYTHON_UNUSED void* dummy) { + int64_t interpreter_id = PyInterpreterState_GetID(__Pyx_PyInterpreterState_Get()); + if (interpreter_id == -1) return -1; + int result = 0; + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock(); + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *old_data = (__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *) + __pyx_atomic_pointer_exchange(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data, 0); + #else + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *old_data = __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data; + #endif + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *new_data = old_data; + if (!new_data) { + new_data = (__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *)calloc(1, sizeof(__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData)); + if (!new_data) { + result = -1; + PyErr_NoMemory(); + goto end; + } + new_data->allocated = 1; + new_data->interpreter_id_as_index = 1; + } + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_wait_until_no_readers(); + if (new_data->interpreter_id_as_index) { + if (interpreter_id < __PYX_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_SMALL_SIZE) { + result = __Pyx_State_AddModuleInterpIdAsIndex(&new_data, module, interpreter_id); + goto end; + } + __Pyx_State_ConvertFromInterpIdAsIndex(new_data); + } + { + Py_ssize_t insert_at = 0; + { + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule* lower_bound = __Pyx_State_FindModuleStateLookupTableLowerBound( + new_data->table, new_data->count, interpreter_id); + assert(lower_bound); + insert_at = lower_bound - new_data->table; + if (unlikely(insert_at < new_data->count && lower_bound->id == interpreter_id)) { + lower_bound->module = module; + goto end; // already in table, nothing more to do + } + } + if (new_data->count+1 >= new_data->allocated) { + Py_ssize_t to_allocate = (new_data->count+1)*2; + new_data = + (__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData*)realloc( + new_data, + sizeof(__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData) + + (to_allocate-1)*sizeof(__Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule)); + if (!new_data) { + result = -1; + new_data = old_data; + PyErr_NoMemory(); + goto end; + } + new_data->allocated = to_allocate; + } + ++new_data->count; + int64_t last_id = interpreter_id; + PyObject *last_module = module; + for (Py_ssize_t i=insert_at; icount; ++i) { + int64_t current_id = new_data->table[i].id; + new_data->table[i].id = last_id; + last_id = current_id; + PyObject *current_module = new_data->table[i].module; + new_data->table[i].module = last_module; + last_module = current_module; + } + } + end: + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + __pyx_atomic_pointer_exchange(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data, new_data); + #else + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data = new_data; + #endif + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock(); + return result; + } + static int __Pyx_State_RemoveModule(CYTHON_UNUSED void* dummy) { + int64_t interpreter_id = PyInterpreterState_GetID(__Pyx_PyInterpreterState_Get()); + if (interpreter_id == -1) return -1; + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Lock(); + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *data = (__Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *) + __pyx_atomic_pointer_exchange(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data, 0); + #else + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookupData *data = __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data; + #endif + if (data->interpreter_id_as_index) { + if (interpreter_id < data->count) { + data->table[interpreter_id].module = NULL; + } + goto done; + } + { + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_wait_until_no_readers(); + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule* lower_bound = __Pyx_State_FindModuleStateLookupTableLowerBound( + data->table, data->count, interpreter_id); + if (!lower_bound) goto done; + if (lower_bound->id != interpreter_id) goto done; + __Pyx_InterpreterIdAndModule *end = data->table+data->count; + for (;lower_boundid = (lower_bound+1)->id; + lower_bound->module = (lower_bound+1)->module; + } + } + --data->count; + if (data->count == 0) { + free(data); + data = NULL; + } + done: + #if CYTHON_MODULE_STATE_LOOKUP_THREAD_SAFE + __pyx_atomic_pointer_exchange(&__Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data, data); + #else + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_data = data; + #endif + __Pyx_ModuleStateLookup_Unlock(); + return 0; + } + #endif + +/* #### Code section: utility_code_pragmas_end ### */ +#ifdef _MSC_VER +#pragma warning( pop ) +#endif + + + +/* #### Code section: end ### */ +#endif /* Py_PYTHON_H */ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..79767f6adb712b4f7dff8a64fecf8ec14e68dd74 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:3fa2daecfb9549849b539af307ec1df7a10459dbfe4225302b16c5aa837e9fe6 +size 1332280 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.cpython-39-x86_64-linux-gnu.so b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.cpython-39-x86_64-linux-gnu.so new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7d9197ad0705f465c0a0d3332793a549e37d1dd --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.cpython-39-x86_64-linux-gnu.so @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:bf2bf446344a7f1da0e74808336efdccb2cbd2163c0a3ddd6d2d5207d44427a5 +size 268584 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.pyx b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.pyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5563b973e9da2b9560e7660a370f9ef30a1d7ce6 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.pyx @@ -0,0 +1,185 @@ +# cython: language_level=3 +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import numpy as np +import torch +from itertools import chain +from libc.math cimport ceil + +cimport cython +cimport numpy as np + +DTYPE = np.int64 +ctypedef np.int64_t DTYPE_t + + +@cython.boundscheck(False) +@cython.wraparound(False) +@cython.nonecheck(False) +cdef np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=2] _get_slice_indices_none_mode(np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=1] sizes, int block_size): + cdef DTYPE_t total_size = sizes.sum() + cdef DTYPE_t length = ceil(total_size / block_size) + cdef np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=2] slice_indices = np.zeros([length, 2], dtype=DTYPE) + cdef DTYPE_t[:, :] slice_indices_view = slice_indices + cdef DTYPE_t i + cdef DTYPE_t start + cdef DTYPE_t end + for i in range(length): + start = i * block_size + end = min(start + block_size, total_size) + slice_indices_view[i][0] = start + slice_indices_view[i][1] = end + return slice_indices + + +cdef np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=2] _fast_convert_to_np_array(list list_of_list): + """ + Faster function to convert DTYPE_t list of list. + Only fast when there are huge number of rows and low number of columns. + """ + cdef np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=1] flat = np.fromiter(chain.from_iterable(list_of_list), DTYPE, -1) + return flat.reshape((len(list_of_list), -1)) + + +@cython.boundscheck(False) +@cython.wraparound(False) +@cython.nonecheck(False) +cpdef np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=2] _get_slice_indices_fast(np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=1] sizes, str break_mode, int block_size, int document_sep_len): + cdef DTYPE_t tok_idx = 0 + cdef DTYPE_t sz_idx = 0 + cdef DTYPE_t curr_size = 0 + cdef DTYPE_t i = 0 + cdef DTYPE_t length + cdef DTYPE_t total_size + cdef DTYPE_t[:] sizes_view = sizes + cdef np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=2] slice_indices + cdef list slice_indices_list = [] + + if break_mode is None or break_mode == 'none': + slice_indices = _get_slice_indices_none_mode(sizes, block_size) + elif break_mode == 'complete': + while sz_idx < len(sizes_view): + if curr_size + sizes_view[sz_idx] <= block_size or curr_size == 0: + curr_size += sizes_view[sz_idx] + sz_idx += 1 + else: + slice_indices_list.append((tok_idx, tok_idx + curr_size)) + tok_idx += curr_size + curr_size = 0 + if curr_size > 0: + slice_indices_list.append((tok_idx, tok_idx + curr_size)) + slice_indices = _fast_convert_to_np_array(slice_indices_list) + elif break_mode == 'complete_doc': + while sz_idx < len(sizes_view): + if ( + (curr_size + sizes_view[sz_idx] <= block_size or curr_size == 0) + # an empty sentence indicates end-of-document: + and sizes_view[sz_idx] != document_sep_len + ): + curr_size += sizes_view[sz_idx] + sz_idx += 1 + else: + # Only keep non-empty documents. + if curr_size > 1: + slice_indices_list.append((tok_idx, tok_idx + curr_size)) + tok_idx += curr_size + curr_size = 0 + if sizes_view[sz_idx] == document_sep_len: + tok_idx += sizes_view[sz_idx] + sz_idx += 1 + if curr_size > 1: + slice_indices_list.append((tok_idx, tok_idx + curr_size)) + slice_indices = _fast_convert_to_np_array(slice_indices_list) + elif break_mode == 'eos': + slice_indices = np.zeros((len(sizes), 2), dtype=DTYPE) + cumsum = sizes.cumsum(axis=0) + slice_indices[1:, 0] = cumsum[:cumsum.shape[0] - 1] + slice_indices[:, 1] = cumsum + else: + raise ValueError('Invalid break_mode: ' + break_mode) + return slice_indices + + +@cython.boundscheck(False) +@cython.wraparound(False) +@cython.nonecheck(False) +cpdef np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=2] _get_block_to_dataset_index_fast(np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=1] sizes, np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=2] slice_indices): + cdef DTYPE_t start_ds_idx + cdef DTYPE_t start_offset + cdef DTYPE_t end_ds_idx + cdef DTYPE_t i + cdef DTYPE_t s + cdef DTYPE_t e + cdef DatasetSearcher ds = DatasetSearcher(sizes) + cdef np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=2] block_to_dataset_index = np.zeros([len(slice_indices), 3], dtype=DTYPE) + cdef DTYPE_t[:, :] block_to_dataset_index_view = block_to_dataset_index + cdef DTYPE_t[:, :] slice_indices_view = slice_indices + cdef Py_ssize_t x_max = slice_indices.shape[0] + + for i in range(x_max): + s = slice_indices_view[i][0] + e = slice_indices_view[i][1] + ds.seek(s) + start_ds_idx = ds.current_index + start_offset = ds.current_offset + if e <= s: + end_ds_idx = start_ds_idx + else: + ds.seek(e - 1) + end_ds_idx = ds.current_index + block_to_dataset_index_view[i][0] = start_ds_idx # starting index in dataset + block_to_dataset_index_view[i][1] = start_offset # starting offset within starting index + block_to_dataset_index_view[i][2] = end_ds_idx # ending index in dataset + return block_to_dataset_index + + +cdef class DatasetSearcher(object): + """Helper for mapping "flat" indices to indices and offsets in an + underlying dataset.""" + cdef DTYPE_t current_i + cdef DTYPE_t current_offset + cdef DTYPE_t current_index + cdef DTYPE_t[:] sizes + + def __init__(self, DTYPE_t[:] sizes): + self.sizes = sizes + self.reset() + + cdef reset(self): + self.current_offset = 0 # offset within current index in underlying dataset + self.current_i = 0 # "flat" index + self.current_index = 0 # index in underlying dataset + + @cython.boundscheck(False) + @cython.wraparound(False) + @cython.nonecheck(False) + cdef int step(self, DTYPE_t i): + cdef DTYPE_t to_consume + cdef DTYPE_t remaining + if i < self.current_i: + self.reset() + if i > self.current_i: + to_consume = i - self.current_i + remaining = self.sizes[self.current_index] - self.current_offset + if remaining > to_consume: + self.current_offset += to_consume + self.current_i += to_consume + else: + assert remaining > 0 + self.current_i += remaining + self.current_index += 1 + self.current_offset = 0 + return 1 + return 0 + + @cython.boundscheck(False) + @cython.wraparound(False) + @cython.nonecheck(False) + cdef seek(self, DTYPE_t i): + cdef int not_done = 1 + while not_done == 1: + not_done = self.step(i) + assert self.current_i == i diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/transform_eos_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/transform_eos_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ce5ad811bbcd01c1d46cea6acd5206e730f4f76 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/transform_eos_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch + +from . import FairseqDataset + + +class TransformEosDataset(FairseqDataset): + """A :class:`~fairseq.data.FairseqDataset` wrapper that appends/prepends/strips EOS. + + Note that the transformation is applied in :func:`collater`. + + Args: + dataset (~fairseq.data.FairseqDataset): dataset to wrap + eos (int): index of the end-of-sentence symbol + append_eos_to_src (bool, optional): append EOS to the end of src + remove_eos_from_src (bool, optional): remove EOS from the end of src + append_eos_to_tgt (bool, optional): append EOS to the end of tgt + remove_eos_from_tgt (bool, optional): remove EOS from the end of tgt + """ + + def __init__( + self, + dataset, + eos, + append_eos_to_src=False, + remove_eos_from_src=False, + append_eos_to_tgt=False, + remove_eos_from_tgt=False, + has_target=True, + ): + if not isinstance(dataset, FairseqDataset): + raise ValueError('dataset must be an instance of FairseqDataset') + if append_eos_to_src and remove_eos_from_src: + raise ValueError('cannot combine append_eos_to_src and remove_eos_from_src') + if append_eos_to_tgt and remove_eos_from_tgt: + raise ValueError('cannot combine append_eos_to_tgt and remove_eos_from_tgt') + + self.dataset = dataset + self.eos = torch.LongTensor([eos]) + self.append_eos_to_src = append_eos_to_src + self.remove_eos_from_src = remove_eos_from_src + self.append_eos_to_tgt = append_eos_to_tgt + self.remove_eos_from_tgt = remove_eos_from_tgt + self.has_target = has_target + + # precompute how we should adjust the reported sizes + self._src_delta = 0 + self._src_delta += 1 if append_eos_to_src else 0 + self._src_delta -= 1 if remove_eos_from_src else 0 + self._tgt_delta = 0 + self._tgt_delta += 1 if append_eos_to_tgt else 0 + self._tgt_delta -= 1 if remove_eos_from_tgt else 0 + + self._checked_src = False + self._checked_tgt = False + + def _check_src(self, src, expect_eos): + if not self._checked_src: + assert (src[-1] == self.eos[0]) == expect_eos + self._checked_src = True + + def _check_tgt(self, tgt, expect_eos): + if self.has_target and not self._checked_tgt: + assert (tgt[-1] == self.eos[0]) == expect_eos + self._checked_tgt = True + + def __getitem__(self, index): + return self.dataset[index] + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.dataset) + + def collater(self, samples): + + def transform(item): + if self.append_eos_to_src: + self.eos = self.eos.to(device=item['source'].device) + self._check_src(item['source'], expect_eos=False) + item['source'] = torch.cat([item['source'], self.eos]) + if self.remove_eos_from_src: + self.eos = self.eos.to(device=item['source'].device) + self._check_src(item['source'], expect_eos=True) + item['source'] = item['source'][:-1] + if self.append_eos_to_tgt: + self.eos = self.eos.to(device=item['target'].device) + self._check_tgt(item['target'], expect_eos=False) + item['target'] = torch.cat([item['target'], self.eos]) + if self.remove_eos_from_tgt: + self.eos = self.eos.to(device=item['target'].device) + self._check_tgt(item['target'], expect_eos=True) + item['target'] = item['target'][:-1] + return item + + samples = list(map(transform, samples)) + return self.dataset.collater(samples) + + def num_tokens(self, index): + return self.dataset.num_tokens(index) + + def size(self, index): + if self.has_target: + src_len, tgt_len = self.dataset.size(index) + return (src_len + self._src_delta, tgt_len + self._tgt_delta) + else: + return self.dataset.size(index) + + def ordered_indices(self): + # NOTE: we assume that the ordering does not change based on the + # addition or removal of eos + return self.dataset.ordered_indices() + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return getattr(self.dataset, 'supports_prefetch', False) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + return self.dataset.prefetch(indices) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/transform_eos_lang_pair_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/transform_eos_lang_pair_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40f77c2916b87079aa4ebbbc04d3c333dc4701ad --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/transform_eos_lang_pair_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + + +from . import FairseqDataset +import torch +from typing import Optional + + +class TransformEosLangPairDataset(FairseqDataset): + """A :class:`~fairseq.data.FairseqDataset` wrapper that transform bos on + collated samples of language pair dataset. + + Note that the transformation is applied in :func:`collater`. + + Args: + dataset (~fairseq.data.FairseqDataset): dataset that collates sample into + LanguagePairDataset schema + src_eos (int): original source end-of-sentence symbol index to be replaced + new_src_eos (int, optional): new end-of-sentence symbol index to replace source eos symbol + tgt_bos (int, optional): original target beginning-of-sentence symbol index to be replaced + new_tgt_bos (int, optional): new beginning-of-sentence symbol index to replace at the + beginning of 'prev_output_tokens' + """ + + def __init__( + self, + dataset: FairseqDataset, + src_eos: int, + new_src_eos: Optional[int] = None, + tgt_bos: Optional[int] = None, + new_tgt_bos: Optional[int] = None, + ): + self.dataset = dataset + self.src_eos = src_eos + self.new_src_eos = new_src_eos + self.tgt_bos = tgt_bos + self.new_tgt_bos = new_tgt_bos + + def __getitem__(self, index): + return self.dataset[index] + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.dataset) + + def collater(self, samples): + samples = self.dataset.collater(samples) + + if self.new_src_eos is not None: + if self.dataset.left_pad_source: + assert(samples['net_input']['src_tokens'][:, -1] != self.src_eos).sum() == 0 + samples['net_input']['src_tokens'][:, -1] = self.new_src_eos + else: + eos_idx = samples['net_input']['src_lengths'] - 1 + assert( + samples['net_input']['src_tokens'][torch.arange(eos_idx.size(0)), eos_idx] != self.src_eos + ).sum() == 0 + eos_idx = eos_idx.resize_(len(samples['net_input']['src_lengths']), 1) + samples['net_input']['src_tokens'].scatter_(1, eos_idx, self.new_src_eos) + + if self.new_tgt_bos is not None and 'prev_output_tokens' in samples['net_input']: + if self.dataset.left_pad_target: + # TODO: support different padding direction on target side + raise NotImplementedError( + 'TransformEosLangPairDataset does not implement --left-pad-target True option' + ) + else: + assert (samples['net_input']['prev_output_tokens'][:, 0] != self.tgt_bos).sum() == 0 + samples['net_input']['prev_output_tokens'][:, 0] = self.new_tgt_bos + + return samples + + def num_tokens(self, index): + return self.dataset.num_tokens(index) + + def size(self, index): + return self.dataset.size(index) + + def ordered_indices(self): + return self.dataset.ordered_indices() + + @property + def supports_prefetch(self): + return getattr(self.dataset, 'supports_prefetch', False) + + def prefetch(self, indices): + return self.dataset.prefetch(indices) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/truncate_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/truncate_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..efd1c6d1cbcf7e4f8b4a899e7fc4cb3dcf39924e --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/data/truncate_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import numpy as np + +from . import BaseWrapperDataset + + +class TruncateDataset(BaseWrapperDataset): + + def __init__(self, dataset, truncation_length): + super().__init__(dataset) + assert truncation_length is not None + self.truncation_length = truncation_length + self.dataset = dataset + + def __getitem__(self, index): + item = self.dataset[index] + item_len = item.size(0) + if item_len > self.truncation_length: + item = item[:self.truncation_length] + return item + + @property + def sizes(self): + return np.minimum(self.dataset.sizes, self.truncation_length) + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.dataset) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/distributed_utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/distributed_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..81320f2eb664854c30052cbf9cc778bb83aaaadb --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/distributed_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,302 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging +import os +import pickle +import random +import socket +import struct +import subprocess +import warnings +from collections import OrderedDict +from typing import Any, Dict, Mapping + +import torch +import torch.distributed as dist + +from fairseq import utils + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +def is_master(args): + return args.distributed_rank == 0 + + +def infer_init_method(args): + if args.distributed_init_method is not None: + return + + # support torch.distributed.launch + if all(key in os.environ for key in [ + 'MASTER_ADDR', 'MASTER_PORT', 'WORLD_SIZE', 'RANK' + ]): + args.distributed_init_method = 'env://' + args.distributed_world_size = int(os.environ['WORLD_SIZE']) + args.distributed_rank = int(os.environ['RANK']) + + # we can determine the init method automatically for Slurm + elif args.distributed_port > 0: + node_list = os.environ.get('SLURM_STEP_NODELIST') + if node_list is None: + node_list = os.environ.get('SLURM_JOB_NODELIST') + if node_list is not None: + try: + hostnames = subprocess.check_output(['scontrol', 'show', 'hostnames', node_list]) + args.distributed_init_method = 'tcp://{host}:{port}'.format( + host=hostnames.split()[0].decode('utf-8'), + port=args.distributed_port, + ) + nnodes = int(os.environ.get('SLURM_NNODES')) + ntasks_per_node = os.environ.get('SLURM_NTASKS_PER_NODE') + if ntasks_per_node is not None: + ntasks_per_node = int(ntasks_per_node) + else: + ntasks = int(os.environ.get('SLURM_NTASKS')) + nnodes = int(os.environ.get('SLURM_NNODES')) + assert ntasks % nnodes == 0 + ntasks_per_node = int(ntasks / nnodes) + if ntasks_per_node == 1: + assert args.distributed_world_size % nnodes == 0 + gpus_per_node = args.distributed_world_size // nnodes + node_id = int(os.environ.get('SLURM_NODEID')) + args.distributed_rank = node_id * gpus_per_node + else: + assert ntasks_per_node == args.distributed_world_size // nnodes + args.distributed_no_spawn = True + args.distributed_rank = int(os.environ.get('SLURM_PROCID')) + args.device_id = int(os.environ.get('SLURM_LOCALID')) + except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e: # scontrol failed + raise e + except FileNotFoundError: # Slurm is not installed + pass + + +def distributed_init(args): + if args.distributed_world_size == 1: + raise ValueError('Cannot initialize distributed with distributed_world_size=1') + + if torch.distributed.is_initialized(): + warnings.warn('Distributed is already initialized, cannot initialize twice!') + else: + logger.info('distributed init (rank {}): {}'.format( + args.distributed_rank, args.distributed_init_method, + )) + dist.init_process_group( + backend=args.distributed_backend, + init_method=args.distributed_init_method, + world_size=args.distributed_world_size, + rank=args.distributed_rank, + ) + logger.info('initialized host {} as rank {}'.format( + socket.gethostname(), args.distributed_rank, + )) + + # perform a dummy all-reduce to initialize the NCCL communicator + if torch.cuda.is_available(): + dist.all_reduce(torch.zeros(1).cuda()) + else: + dist.all_reduce(torch.zeros(1)) + + if is_master(args): + logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.INFO) + else: + logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.WARNING) + + args.distributed_rank = torch.distributed.get_rank() + + if args.model_parallel_size > 1: + try: + from fairseq.model_parallel.megatron.mpu import ( + get_model_parallel_rank, + initialize_model_parallel, + model_parallel_cuda_manual_seed, + ) + except ImportError: + raise ImportError( + '\n\nPlease install the megatron submodule:' + '\n\n git submodule update --init ' + 'fairseq/model_parallel/megatron' + ) + initialize_model_parallel(args.model_parallel_size) + model_parallel_cuda_manual_seed(args.seed) + model_part_number = get_model_parallel_rank() + args.checkpoint_suffix += '-model_part-{0}'.format(model_part_number) + return args.distributed_rank + + +def _distributed_main(i, main, args, kwargs): + args.device_id = i + if torch.cuda.is_available() and not args.cpu: + torch.cuda.set_device(args.device_id) + if args.distributed_rank is None: # torch.multiprocessing.spawn + args.distributed_rank = kwargs.get('start_rank', 0) + i + + args.distributed_rank = distributed_init(args) + main(args, **kwargs) + + +def call_main(args, main, **kwargs): + if args.distributed_init_method is None: + infer_init_method(args) + + if args.distributed_init_method is not None: + # distributed main + if torch.cuda.device_count() > 1 and not args.distributed_no_spawn: + start_rank = args.distributed_rank + args.distributed_rank = None # assign automatically + kwargs['start_rank'] = start_rank + torch.multiprocessing.spawn( + fn=_distributed_main, + args=(main, args, kwargs), + nprocs=torch.cuda.device_count(), + ) + else: + _distributed_main(args.device_id, main, args, kwargs) + elif args.distributed_world_size > 1: + # fallback for single node with multiple GPUs + assert args.distributed_world_size <= torch.cuda.device_count() + port = random.randint(10000, 20000) + args.distributed_init_method = 'tcp://localhost:{port}'.format(port=port) + args.distributed_rank = None # set based on device id + torch.multiprocessing.spawn( + fn=_distributed_main, + args=(main, args, kwargs), + nprocs=args.distributed_world_size, + ) + else: + # single GPU main + main(args, kwargs) + + +def get_rank(): + return dist.get_rank() + + +def get_world_size(): + return dist.get_world_size() + + +def get_default_group(): + return dist.group.WORLD + + +def all_reduce(tensor, group=None): + if group is None: + group = get_default_group() + return dist.all_reduce(tensor, group=group) + + +def all_gather_list(data, group=None, max_size=16384): + """Gathers arbitrary data from all nodes into a list. + + Similar to :func:`~torch.distributed.all_gather` but for arbitrary Python + data. Note that *data* must be picklable. + + Args: + data (Any): data from the local worker to be gathered on other workers + group (optional): group of the collective + max_size (int, optional): maximum size of the data to be gathered + across workers + """ + rank = get_rank() + world_size = get_world_size() + + buffer_size = max_size * world_size + if not hasattr(all_gather_list, '_buffer') or \ + all_gather_list._buffer.numel() < buffer_size: + all_gather_list._buffer = torch.cuda.ByteTensor(buffer_size) + all_gather_list._cpu_buffer = torch.ByteTensor(max_size).pin_memory() + buffer = all_gather_list._buffer + buffer.zero_() + cpu_buffer = all_gather_list._cpu_buffer + + data = utils.move_to_cpu(data) + enc = pickle.dumps(data) + enc_size = len(enc) + header_size = 4 # size of header that contains the length of the encoded data + size = header_size + enc_size + if size > max_size: + raise ValueError('encoded data size ({}) exceeds max_size ({})'.format(size, max_size)) + + header = struct.pack(">I", enc_size) + cpu_buffer[:size] = torch.ByteTensor(list(header + enc)) + start = rank * max_size + buffer[start:start + size].copy_(cpu_buffer[:size]) + + all_reduce(buffer, group=group) + + buffer = buffer.cpu() + try: + result = [] + for i in range(world_size): + out_buffer = buffer[i * max_size:(i + 1) * max_size] + enc_size, = struct.unpack(">I", bytes(out_buffer[:header_size].tolist())) + if enc_size > 0: + result.append(pickle.loads(bytes(out_buffer[header_size:header_size + enc_size].tolist()))) + return result + except pickle.UnpicklingError: + raise Exception( + 'Unable to unpickle data from other workers. all_gather_list requires all ' + 'workers to enter the function together, so this error usually indicates ' + 'that the workers have fallen out of sync somehow. Workers can fall out of ' + 'sync if one of them runs out of memory, or if there are other conditions ' + 'in your training script that can cause one worker to finish an epoch ' + 'while other workers are still iterating over their portions of the data. ' + 'Try rerunning with --ddp-backend=no_c10d and see if that helps.' + ) + + +def all_reduce_dict( + data: Mapping[str, Any], + device, + group=None, +) -> Dict[str, Any]: + """ + AllReduce a dictionary of values across workers. We separately + reduce items that are already on the device and items on CPU for + better performance. + + Args: + data (Mapping[str, Any]): dictionary of data to all-reduce, but + cannot be a nested dictionary + device (torch.device): device for the reduction + group (optional): group of the collective + """ + data_keys = list(data.keys()) + + # We want to separately reduce items that are already on the + # device and items on CPU for performance reasons. + cpu_data = OrderedDict() + device_data = OrderedDict() + for k in data_keys: + t = data[k] + if not torch.is_tensor(t): + cpu_data[k] = torch.tensor(t, dtype=torch.double) + elif t.device.type != device.type: + cpu_data[k] = t.to(dtype=torch.double) + else: + device_data[k] = t.to(dtype=torch.double) + + def _all_reduce_dict(data: OrderedDict): + if len(data) == 0: + return data + buf = torch.stack(list(data.values())).to(device=device) + all_reduce(buf, group=group) + return {k: buf[i] for i, k in enumerate(data)} + + cpu_data = _all_reduce_dict(cpu_data) + device_data = _all_reduce_dict(device_data) + + def get_from_stack(key): + if key in cpu_data: + return cpu_data[key] + elif key in device_data: + return device_data[key] + raise KeyError + + return OrderedDict([(key, get_from_stack(key)) for key in data_keys]) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/file_io.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/file_io.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b15030c3c8c294c50e4d1786f26cfd95f624f114 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/file_io.py @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 + +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import os +import shutil +from typing import List, Optional + + +try: + from fvcore.common.file_io import PathManager as FVCorePathManager + +except ImportError: + FVCorePathManager = None + + +class PathManager: + """ + Wrapper for insulating OSS I/O (using Python builtin operations) from + fvcore's PathManager abstraction (for transparently handling various + internal backends). + """ + + @staticmethod + def open( + path: str, + mode: str = "r", + buffering: int = -1, + encoding: Optional[str] = None, + errors: Optional[str] = None, + newline: Optional[str] = None, + ): + if FVCorePathManager: + return FVCorePathManager.open( + path=path, + mode=mode, + buffering=buffering, + encoding=encoding, + errors=errors, + newline=newline, + ) + return open( + path, + mode=mode, + buffering=buffering, + encoding=encoding, + errors=errors, + newline=newline, + ) + + @staticmethod + def copy(src_path: str, dst_path: str, overwrite: bool = False) -> bool: + if FVCorePathManager: + return FVCorePathManager.copy( + src_path=src_path, dst_path=dst_path, overwrite=overwrite + ) + return shutil.copyfile(src_path, dst_path) + + @staticmethod + def get_local_path(path: str, **kwargs) -> str: + if FVCorePathManager: + return FVCorePathManager.get_local_path(path, **kwargs) + return path + + @staticmethod + def exists(path: str) -> bool: + if FVCorePathManager: + return FVCorePathManager.exists(path) + return os.path.exists(path) + + @staticmethod + def isfile(path: str) -> bool: + if FVCorePathManager: + return FVCorePathManager.isfile(path) + return os.path.isfile(path) + + @staticmethod + def ls(path: str) -> List[str]: + if FVCorePathManager: + return FVCorePathManager.ls(path) + return os.listdir(path) + + @staticmethod + def mkdirs(path: str) -> None: + if FVCorePathManager: + return FVCorePathManager.mkdirs(path) + os.makedirs(path, exist_ok=True) + + @staticmethod + def rm(path: str) -> None: + if FVCorePathManager: + return FVCorePathManager.rm(path) + os.remove(path) + + @staticmethod + def register_handler(handler) -> None: + if FVCorePathManager: + return FVCorePathManager.register_handler(handler=handler) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/file_utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/file_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62278b367d659dc1c565428f903832d3a882848f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/file_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,331 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +""" +Utilities for working with the local dataset cache. +This file is adapted from `AllenNLP `_. +and `huggingface `_. +""" + +import fnmatch +from functools import wraps, partial +from hashlib import sha256 +from io import open +import json +import logging +import os +import shutil +import tarfile +import tempfile + + +try: + from torch.hub import _get_torch_home + torch_cache_home = _get_torch_home() +except ImportError: + torch_cache_home = os.path.expanduser( + os.getenv('TORCH_HOME', os.path.join( + os.getenv('XDG_CACHE_HOME', '~/.cache'), 'torch'))) +default_cache_path = os.path.join(torch_cache_home, 'pytorch_fairseq') + +try: + from urllib.parse import urlparse +except ImportError: + from urlparse import urlparse + +try: + from pathlib import Path + PYTORCH_FAIRSEQ_CACHE = Path( + os.getenv('PYTORCH_FAIRSEQ_CACHE', default_cache_path)) +except (AttributeError, ImportError): + PYTORCH_FAIRSEQ_CACHE = os.getenv( + 'PYTORCH_FAIRSEQ_CACHE', default_cache_path) + +CONFIG_NAME = "config.json" +WEIGHTS_NAME = "pytorch_model.bin" + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) # pylint: disable=invalid-name + + +def load_archive_file(archive_file): + # redirect to the cache, if necessary + try: + resolved_archive_file = cached_path(archive_file, cache_dir=None) + except EnvironmentError: + logger.info( + "Archive name '{}' was not found in archive name list. " + "We assumed '{}' was a path or URL but couldn't find any file " + "associated to this path or URL.".format( + archive_file, + archive_file, + ) + ) + return None + + if resolved_archive_file == archive_file: + logger.info("loading archive file {}".format(archive_file)) + else: + logger.info("loading archive file {} from cache at {}".format( + archive_file, resolved_archive_file)) + + # Extract archive to temp dir and replace .tar.bz2 if necessary + tempdir = None + if not os.path.isdir(resolved_archive_file): + tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp() + logger.info("extracting archive file {} to temp dir {}".format( + resolved_archive_file, tempdir)) + ext = os.path.splitext(archive_file)[1][1:] + with tarfile.open(resolved_archive_file, 'r:' + ext) as archive: + top_dir = os.path.commonprefix(archive.getnames()) + archive.extractall(tempdir) + os.remove(resolved_archive_file) + shutil.move(os.path.join(tempdir, top_dir), resolved_archive_file) + shutil.rmtree(tempdir) + + return resolved_archive_file + + +def url_to_filename(url, etag=None): + """ + Convert `url` into a hashed filename in a repeatable way. + If `etag` is specified, append its hash to the URL's, delimited + by a period. + """ + url_bytes = url.encode('utf-8') + url_hash = sha256(url_bytes) + filename = url_hash.hexdigest() + + if etag: + etag_bytes = etag.encode('utf-8') + etag_hash = sha256(etag_bytes) + filename += '.' + etag_hash.hexdigest() + + return filename + + +def filename_to_url(filename, cache_dir=None): + """ + Return the url and etag (which may be ``None``) stored for `filename`. + Raise ``EnvironmentError`` if `filename` or its stored metadata do not exist. + """ + if cache_dir is None: + cache_dir = PYTORCH_FAIRSEQ_CACHE + if isinstance(cache_dir, Path): + cache_dir = str(cache_dir) + + cache_path = os.path.join(cache_dir, filename) + if not os.path.exists(cache_path): + raise EnvironmentError("file {} not found".format(cache_path)) + + meta_path = cache_path + '.json' + if not os.path.exists(meta_path): + raise EnvironmentError("file {} not found".format(meta_path)) + + with open(meta_path, encoding="utf-8") as meta_file: + metadata = json.load(meta_file) + url = metadata['url'] + etag = metadata['etag'] + + return url, etag + + +def cached_path(url_or_filename, cache_dir=None): + """ + Given something that might be a URL (or might be a local path), + determine which. If it's a URL, download the file and cache it, and + return the path to the cached file. If it's already a local path, + make sure the file exists and then return the path. + """ + if cache_dir is None: + cache_dir = PYTORCH_FAIRSEQ_CACHE + if isinstance(url_or_filename, Path): + url_or_filename = str(url_or_filename) + if isinstance(cache_dir, Path): + cache_dir = str(cache_dir) + + parsed = urlparse(url_or_filename) + + if parsed.scheme in ('http', 'https', 's3'): + # URL, so get it from the cache (downloading if necessary) + return get_from_cache(url_or_filename, cache_dir) + elif os.path.exists(url_or_filename): + # File, and it exists. + return url_or_filename + elif parsed.scheme == '': + # File, but it doesn't exist. + raise EnvironmentError("file {} not found".format(url_or_filename)) + else: + # Something unknown + raise ValueError("unable to parse {} as a URL or as a local path".format(url_or_filename)) + + +def split_s3_path(url): + """Split a full s3 path into the bucket name and path.""" + parsed = urlparse(url) + if not parsed.netloc or not parsed.path: + raise ValueError("bad s3 path {}".format(url)) + bucket_name = parsed.netloc + s3_path = parsed.path + # Remove '/' at beginning of path. + if s3_path.startswith("/"): + s3_path = s3_path[1:] + return bucket_name, s3_path + + +def s3_request(func): + """ + Wrapper function for s3 requests in order to create more helpful error + messages. + """ + + @wraps(func) + def wrapper(url, *args, **kwargs): + from botocore.exceptions import ClientError + try: + return func(url, *args, **kwargs) + except ClientError as exc: + if int(exc.response["Error"]["Code"]) == 404: + raise EnvironmentError("file {} not found".format(url)) + else: + raise + + return wrapper + + +@s3_request +def s3_etag(url): + """Check ETag on S3 object.""" + import boto3 + s3_resource = boto3.resource("s3") + bucket_name, s3_path = split_s3_path(url) + s3_object = s3_resource.Object(bucket_name, s3_path) + return s3_object.e_tag + + +@s3_request +def s3_get(url, temp_file): + """Pull a file directly from S3.""" + import boto3 + s3_resource = boto3.resource("s3") + bucket_name, s3_path = split_s3_path(url) + s3_resource.Bucket(bucket_name).download_fileobj(s3_path, temp_file) + + +def request_wrap_timeout(func, url): + import requests + for attempt, timeout in enumerate([10, 20, 40, 60, 60]): + try: + return func(timeout=timeout) + except requests.exceptions.Timeout as e: + logger.warning("Request for %s timed-out (attempt %d). Retrying with a timeout of %d secs", + url, attempt, timeout, exc_info=e) + continue + raise RuntimeError(f"Unable to fetch file {url}") + + +def http_get(url, temp_file): + import requests + from tqdm import tqdm + + req = request_wrap_timeout(partial(requests.get, url, stream=True), url) + content_length = req.headers.get('Content-Length') + total = int(content_length) if content_length is not None else None + progress = tqdm(unit="B", total=total) + for chunk in req.iter_content(chunk_size=1024): + if chunk: # filter out keep-alive new chunks + progress.update(len(chunk)) + temp_file.write(chunk) + progress.close() + + +def get_from_cache(url, cache_dir=None): + """ + Given a URL, look for the corresponding dataset in the local cache. + If it's not there, download it. Then return the path to the cached file. + """ + if cache_dir is None: + cache_dir = PYTORCH_FAIRSEQ_CACHE + if isinstance(cache_dir, Path): + cache_dir = str(cache_dir) + + if not os.path.exists(cache_dir): + os.makedirs(cache_dir) + + # Get eTag to add to filename, if it exists. + if url.startswith("s3://"): + etag = s3_etag(url) + else: + try: + import requests + response = request_wrap_timeout(partial(requests.head, url, allow_redirects=True), url) + if response.status_code != 200: + etag = None + else: + etag = response.headers.get("ETag") + except EnvironmentError: + etag = None + + filename = url_to_filename(url, etag) + + # get cache path to put the file + cache_path = os.path.join(cache_dir, filename) + + # If we don't have a connection (etag is None) and can't identify the file + # try to get the last downloaded one + if not os.path.exists(cache_path) and etag is None: + matching_files = fnmatch.filter(os.listdir(cache_dir), filename + '.*') + matching_files = list(filter(lambda s: not s.endswith('.json'), matching_files)) + if matching_files: + cache_path = os.path.join(cache_dir, matching_files[-1]) + + if not os.path.exists(cache_path): + # Download to temporary file, then copy to cache dir once finished. + # Otherwise you get corrupt cache entries if the download gets interrupted. + with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as temp_file: + logger.info("%s not found in cache, downloading to %s", url, temp_file.name) + + # GET file object + if url.startswith("s3://"): + s3_get(url, temp_file) + else: + http_get(url, temp_file) + + # we are copying the file before closing it, so flush to avoid truncation + temp_file.flush() + # shutil.copyfileobj() starts at the current position, so go to the start + temp_file.seek(0) + + logger.info("copying %s to cache at %s", temp_file.name, cache_path) + with open(cache_path, 'wb') as cache_file: + shutil.copyfileobj(temp_file, cache_file) + + logger.info("creating metadata file for %s", cache_path) + meta = {'url': url, 'etag': etag} + meta_path = cache_path + '.json' + with open(meta_path, 'w') as meta_file: + output_string = json.dumps(meta) + meta_file.write(output_string) + + logger.info("removing temp file %s", temp_file.name) + + return cache_path + + +def read_set_from_file(filename): + ''' + Extract a de-duped collection (set) of text from a file. + Expected file format is one item per line. + ''' + collection = set() + with open(filename, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as file_: + for line in file_: + collection.add(line.rstrip()) + return collection + + +def get_file_extension(path, dot=True, lower=True): + ext = os.path.splitext(path)[1] + ext = ext if dot else ext[1:] + return ext.lower() if lower else ext diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/hub_utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/hub_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b1091c881f22863ca024cdd87cbac1842925dd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/hub_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,275 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 -u +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import argparse +import copy +import logging +import os +from typing import List, Dict, Iterator, Tuple, Any + +import torch +from torch import nn + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.data import encoders + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +def from_pretrained( + model_name_or_path, + checkpoint_file='model.pt', + data_name_or_path='.', + archive_map=None, + **kwargs +): + from fairseq import checkpoint_utils, file_utils + + if archive_map is not None: + if model_name_or_path in archive_map: + model_name_or_path = archive_map[model_name_or_path] + if data_name_or_path is not None and data_name_or_path in archive_map: + data_name_or_path = archive_map[data_name_or_path] + + # allow archive_map to set default arg_overrides (e.g., tokenizer, bpe) + # for each model + if isinstance(model_name_or_path, dict): + for k, v in model_name_or_path.items(): + if k == 'checkpoint_file': + checkpoint_file = v + elif ( + k != 'path' + # only set kwargs that don't already have overrides + and k not in kwargs + ): + kwargs[k] = v + model_name_or_path = model_name_or_path['path'] + + model_path = file_utils.load_archive_file(model_name_or_path) + + # convenience hack for loading data and BPE codes from model archive + if data_name_or_path.startswith('.'): + kwargs['data'] = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(model_path, data_name_or_path)) + else: + kwargs['data'] = file_utils.load_archive_file(data_name_or_path) + for file, arg in { + 'code': 'bpe_codes', + 'bpecodes': 'bpe_codes', + 'sentencepiece.bpe.model': 'sentencepiece_vocab', + }.items(): + path = os.path.join(model_path, file) + if os.path.exists(path): + kwargs[arg] = path + + if 'user_dir' in kwargs: + utils.import_user_module(argparse.Namespace(user_dir=kwargs['user_dir'])) + + models, args, task = checkpoint_utils.load_model_ensemble_and_task( + [os.path.join(model_path, cpt) for cpt in checkpoint_file.split(os.pathsep)], + arg_overrides=kwargs, + ) + + return { + 'args': args, + 'task': task, + 'models': models, + } + + +class GeneratorHubInterface(nn.Module): + """ + PyTorch Hub interface for generating sequences from a pre-trained + translation or language model. + """ + + def __init__(self, args, task, models): + super().__init__() + self.args = args + self.task = task + self.models = nn.ModuleList(models) + self.src_dict = task.source_dictionary + self.tgt_dict = task.target_dictionary + + # optimize model for generation + for model in self.models: + model.make_generation_fast_( + beamable_mm_beam_size=( + None if getattr(args, 'no_beamable_mm', False) + else getattr(args, 'beam', 5) + ), + need_attn=getattr(args, 'print_alignment', False), + ) + + # Load alignment dictionary for unknown word replacement + # (None if no unknown word replacement, empty if no path to align dictionary) + self.align_dict = utils.load_align_dict(getattr(args, 'replace_unk', None)) + + self.tokenizer = encoders.build_tokenizer(args) + self.bpe = encoders.build_bpe(args) + + self.max_positions = utils.resolve_max_positions( + self.task.max_positions(), *[model.max_positions() for model in models] + ) + + # this is useful for determining the device + self.register_buffer('_float_tensor', torch.tensor([0], dtype=torch.float)) + + @property + def device(self): + return self._float_tensor.device + + def translate(self, sentences: List[str], beam: int = 5, verbose: bool = False, **kwargs) -> List[str]: + return self.sample(sentences, beam, verbose, **kwargs) + + def sample(self, sentences: List[str], beam: int = 1, verbose: bool = False, **kwargs) -> List[str]: + if isinstance(sentences, str): + return self.sample([sentences], beam=beam, verbose=verbose, **kwargs)[0] + tokenized_sentences = [self.encode(sentence) for sentence in sentences] + batched_hypos = self.generate(tokenized_sentences, beam, verbose, **kwargs) + return [self.decode(hypos[0]['tokens']) for hypos in batched_hypos] + + def score(self, sentences: List[str], **kwargs): + if isinstance(sentences, str): + return self.score([sentences], **kwargs)[0] + # NOTE: this doesn't support translation tasks currently + tokenized_sentences = [self.encode(sentence) for sentence in sentences] + return [hypos[0] for hypos in self.generate(tokenized_sentences, score_reference=True, **kwargs)] + + def generate( + self, + tokenized_sentences: List[torch.LongTensor], + beam: int = 5, + verbose: bool = False, + skip_invalid_size_inputs=False, + inference_step_args=None, + **kwargs + ) -> List[List[Dict[str, torch.Tensor]]]: + if torch.is_tensor(tokenized_sentences) and tokenized_sentences.dim() == 1: + return self.generate( + tokenized_sentences.unsqueeze(0), beam=beam, verbose=verbose, **kwargs + )[0] + + # build generator using current args as well as any kwargs + gen_args = copy.copy(self.args) + gen_args.beam = beam + for k, v in kwargs.items(): + setattr(gen_args, k, v) + generator = self.task.build_generator(self.models, gen_args) + + inference_step_args = inference_step_args or {} + results = [] + for batch in self._build_batches(tokenized_sentences, skip_invalid_size_inputs): + batch = utils.apply_to_sample(lambda t: t.to(self.device), batch) + translations = self.task.inference_step( + generator, self.models, batch, **inference_step_args + ) + for id, hypos in zip(batch["id"].tolist(), translations): + results.append((id, hypos)) + + # sort output to match input order + outputs = [hypos for _, hypos in sorted(results, key=lambda x: x[0])] + + if verbose: + + def getarg(name, default): + return getattr(gen_args, name, getattr(self.args, name, default)) + + for source_tokens, target_hypotheses in zip(tokenized_sentences, outputs): + src_str_with_unk = self.string(source_tokens) + logger.info('S\t{}'.format(src_str_with_unk)) + for hypo in target_hypotheses: + hypo_str = self.decode(hypo['tokens']) + logger.info('H\t{}\t{}'.format(hypo['score'], hypo_str)) + logger.info('P\t{}'.format( + ' '.join(map(lambda x: '{:.4f}'.format(x), hypo['positional_scores'].tolist())) + )) + if hypo['alignment'] is not None and getarg('print_alignment', False): + logger.info('A\t{}'.format( + ' '.join(map(lambda x: str(utils.item(x)), hypo['alignment'].int().cpu())) + )) + return outputs + + def encode(self, sentence: str) -> torch.LongTensor: + sentence = self.tokenize(sentence) + sentence = self.apply_bpe(sentence) + return self.binarize(sentence) + + def decode(self, tokens: torch.LongTensor) -> str: + sentence = self.string(tokens) + sentence = self.remove_bpe(sentence) + return self.detokenize(sentence) + + def tokenize(self, sentence: str) -> str: + if self.tokenizer is not None: + sentence = self.tokenizer.encode(sentence) + return sentence + + def detokenize(self, sentence: str) -> str: + if self.tokenizer is not None: + sentence = self.tokenizer.decode(sentence) + return sentence + + def apply_bpe(self, sentence: str) -> str: + if self.bpe is not None: + sentence = self.bpe.encode(sentence) + return sentence + + def remove_bpe(self, sentence: str) -> str: + if self.bpe is not None: + sentence = self.bpe.decode(sentence) + return sentence + + def binarize(self, sentence: str) -> torch.LongTensor: + return self.src_dict.encode_line(sentence, add_if_not_exist=False).long() + + def string(self, tokens: torch.LongTensor) -> str: + return self.tgt_dict.string(tokens) + + def _build_batches( + self, tokens: List[List[int]], skip_invalid_size_inputs: bool + ) -> Iterator[Dict[str, Any]]: + lengths = torch.LongTensor([t.numel() for t in tokens]) + batch_iterator = self.task.get_batch_iterator( + dataset=self.task.build_dataset_for_inference(tokens, lengths), + max_tokens=self.args.max_tokens, + max_sentences=self.args.max_sentences, + max_positions=self.max_positions, + ignore_invalid_inputs=skip_invalid_size_inputs, + ).next_epoch_itr(shuffle=False) + return batch_iterator + + +class BPEHubInterface(object): + """PyTorch Hub interface for Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE).""" + + def __init__(self, bpe, **kwargs): + super().__init__() + args = argparse.Namespace(bpe=bpe, **kwargs) + self.bpe = encoders.build_bpe(args) + assert self.bpe is not None + + def encode(self, sentence: str) -> str: + return self.bpe.encode(sentence) + + def decode(self, sentence: str) -> str: + return self.bpe.decode(sentence) + + +class TokenizerHubInterface(object): + """PyTorch Hub interface for tokenization.""" + + def __init__(self, tokenizer, **kwargs): + super().__init__() + args = argparse.Namespace(tokenizer=tokenizer, **kwargs) + self.tokenizer = encoders.build_tokenizer(args) + assert self.tokenizer is not None + + def encode(self, sentence: str) -> str: + return self.tokenizer.encode(sentence) + + def decode(self, sentence: str) -> str: + return self.tokenizer.decode(sentence) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/incremental_decoding_utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/incremental_decoding_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91128e8879673b57eab26b00680155a567e12907 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/incremental_decoding_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from typing import Dict, Optional +import uuid + +from torch import Tensor + + +class FairseqIncrementalState(object): + + def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): + super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) + self.init_incremental_state() + + def init_incremental_state(self): + self._incremental_state_id = str(uuid.uuid4()) + + def _get_full_incremental_state_key(self, key: str) -> str: + return "{}.{}".format(self._incremental_state_id, key) + + def get_incremental_state( + self, + incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]], + key: str, + ) -> Optional[Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]: + """Helper for getting incremental state for an nn.Module.""" + full_key = self._get_full_incremental_state_key(key) + if incremental_state is None or full_key not in incremental_state: + return None + return incremental_state[full_key] + + def set_incremental_state( + self, + incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]], + key: str, + value: Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]], + ) -> Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]]: + """Helper for setting incremental state for an nn.Module.""" + if incremental_state is not None: + full_key = self._get_full_incremental_state_key(key) + incremental_state[full_key] = value + return incremental_state + + +def with_incremental_state(cls): + cls.__bases__ = (FairseqIncrementalState,) + tuple(b for b in cls.__bases__ if b != FairseqIncrementalState) + return cls diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/iterative_refinement_generator.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/iterative_refinement_generator.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c7a267d2589e3fa03404b778634b99dea7809426 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/iterative_refinement_generator.py @@ -0,0 +1,315 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from collections import namedtuple + +import torch +import numpy as np + +from fairseq import utils + + +DecoderOut = namedtuple('IterativeRefinementDecoderOut', [ + 'output_tokens', + 'output_scores', + 'attn', + 'step', + 'max_step', + 'history' +]) + + +class IterativeRefinementGenerator(object): + def __init__( + self, + tgt_dict, + models=None, + eos_penalty=0.0, + max_iter=10, + max_ratio=2, + beam_size=1, + decoding_format=None, + retain_dropout=False, + adaptive=True, + retain_history=False, + reranking=False, + ): + """ + Generates translations based on iterative refinement. + + Args: + tgt_dict: target dictionary + eos_penalty: if > 0.0, it penalized early-stopping in decoding + max_iter: maximum number of refinement iterations + max_ratio: generate sequences of maximum length ax, where x is the source length + decoding_format: decoding mode in {'unigram', 'ensemble', 'vote', 'dp', 'bs'} + retain_dropout: retaining dropout in the inference + adaptive: decoding with early stop + """ + self.bos = tgt_dict.bos() + self.pad = tgt_dict.pad() + self.unk = tgt_dict.unk() + self.eos = tgt_dict.eos() + self.vocab_size = len(tgt_dict) + self.eos_penalty = eos_penalty + self.max_iter = max_iter + self.max_ratio = max_ratio + self.beam_size = beam_size + self.reranking = reranking + self.decoding_format = decoding_format + self.retain_dropout = retain_dropout + self.retain_history = retain_history + self.adaptive = adaptive + self.models = models + + def generate_batched_itr( + self, + data_itr, + maxlen_a=None, + maxlen_b=None, + cuda=False, + timer=None, + prefix_size=0, + ): + """Iterate over a batched dataset and yield individual translations. + + Args: + maxlen_a/b: generate sequences of maximum length ax + b, + where x is the source sentence length. + cuda: use GPU for generation + timer: StopwatchMeter for timing generations. + """ + + for sample in data_itr: + if "net_input" not in sample: + continue + if timer is not None: + timer.start() + with torch.no_grad(): + hypos = self.generate( + self.models, + sample, + prefix_tokens=sample["target"][:, :prefix_size] + if prefix_size > 0 + else None, + ) + if timer is not None: + timer.stop(sample["ntokens"]) + for i, id in enumerate(sample["id"]): + # remove padding + src = utils.strip_pad(sample["net_input"]["src_tokens"][i, :], self.pad) + ref = utils.strip_pad(sample["target"][i, :], self.pad) + yield id, src, ref, hypos[i] + + + @torch.no_grad() + def generate(self, models, sample, prefix_tokens=None): + + # TODO: iterative refinement generator does not support ensemble for now. + if not self.retain_dropout: + for model in models: + model.eval() + + model, reranker = models[0], None + if self.reranking: + assert len(models) > 1, "Assuming the last checkpoint is the reranker" + assert self.beam_size > 1, "Reranking requires multiple translation for each example" + + reranker = models[-1] + models = models[:-1] + + if len(models) > 1 and hasattr(model, 'enable_ensemble'): + assert model.allow_ensemble, "{} does not support ensembling".format(model.__class__.__name__) + model.enable_ensemble(models) + + # TODO: better encoder inputs? + src_tokens = sample["net_input"]["src_tokens"] + src_lengths = sample["net_input"]["src_lengths"] + bsz, src_len = src_tokens.size() + + # initialize + encoder_out = model.forward_encoder([src_tokens, src_lengths]) + prev_decoder_out = model.initialize_output_tokens(encoder_out, src_tokens) + + if self.beam_size > 1: + assert model.allow_length_beam, \ + "{} does not support decoding with length beam.".format(model.__class__.__name__) + + # regenerate data based on length-beam + length_beam_order = utils.new_arange(src_tokens, self.beam_size, bsz).t().reshape(-1) + encoder_out = model.encoder.reorder_encoder_out(encoder_out, length_beam_order) + prev_decoder_out = model.regenerate_length_beam(prev_decoder_out, self.beam_size) + bsz = bsz * self.beam_size + + sent_idxs = torch.arange(bsz) + prev_output_tokens = prev_decoder_out.output_tokens.clone() + + if self.retain_history: + prev_decoder_out = prev_decoder_out._replace(history=[prev_output_tokens]) + + finalized = [[] for _ in range(bsz)] + + def is_a_loop(x, y, s, a): + b, l_x, l_y = x.size(0), x.size(1), y.size(1) + if l_x > l_y: + y = torch.cat([y, x.new_zeros(b, l_x - l_y).fill_(self.pad)], 1) + s = torch.cat([s, s.new_zeros(b, l_x - l_y)], 1) + if a is not None: + a = torch.cat([a, a.new_zeros(b, l_x - l_y, a.size(2))], 1) + elif l_x < l_y: + x = torch.cat([x, y.new_zeros(b, l_y - l_x).fill_(self.pad)], 1) + return (x == y).all(1), y, s, a + + def finalized_hypos(step, prev_out_token, prev_out_score, prev_out_attn): + cutoff = prev_out_token.ne(self.pad) + tokens = prev_out_token[cutoff] + if prev_out_score is None: + scores, score = None, None + else: + scores = prev_out_score[cutoff] + score = scores.mean() + + if prev_out_attn is None: + hypo_attn, alignment = None, None + else: + hypo_attn = prev_out_attn[cutoff] + alignment = hypo_attn.max(dim=1)[1] + return { + "steps": step, + "tokens": tokens, + "positional_scores": scores, + "score": score, + "hypo_attn": hypo_attn, + "alignment": alignment, + } + + for step in range(self.max_iter + 1): + + decoder_options = { + "eos_penalty": self.eos_penalty, + "max_ratio": self.max_ratio, + "decoding_format": self.decoding_format, + } + prev_decoder_out = prev_decoder_out._replace( + step=step, + max_step=self.max_iter + 1, + ) + + decoder_out = model.forward_decoder( + prev_decoder_out, encoder_out, **decoder_options + ) + + if self.adaptive: + # terminate if there is a loop + terminated, out_tokens, out_scores, out_attn = is_a_loop( + prev_output_tokens, decoder_out.output_tokens, decoder_out.output_scores, decoder_out.attn + ) + decoder_out = decoder_out._replace( + output_tokens=out_tokens, + output_scores=out_scores, + attn=out_attn, + ) + + else: + terminated = decoder_out.output_tokens.new_zeros(decoder_out.output_tokens.size(0)).bool() + + if step == self.max_iter: # reach last iteration, terminate + terminated.fill_(1) + + # collect finalized sentences + finalized_idxs = sent_idxs[terminated] + finalized_tokens = decoder_out.output_tokens[terminated] + finalized_scores = decoder_out.output_scores[terminated] + finalized_attn = ( + None if (decoder_out.attn is None or decoder_out.attn.size(0) == 0) else decoder_out.attn[terminated] + ) + + if self.retain_history: + finalized_history_tokens = [h[terminated] for h in decoder_out.history] + + for i in range(finalized_idxs.size(0)): + finalized[finalized_idxs[i]] = [ + finalized_hypos( + step, + finalized_tokens[i], + finalized_scores[i], + None if finalized_attn is None else finalized_attn[i], + ) + ] + + if self.retain_history: + finalized[finalized_idxs[i]][0]['history'] = [] + for j in range(len(finalized_history_tokens)): + finalized[finalized_idxs[i]][0]['history'].append( + finalized_hypos( + step, + finalized_history_tokens[j][i], + None, None + ) + ) + + # check if all terminated + if terminated.sum() == terminated.size(0): + break + + # for next step + not_terminated = ~terminated + prev_decoder_out = decoder_out._replace( + output_tokens=decoder_out.output_tokens[not_terminated], + output_scores=decoder_out.output_scores[not_terminated], + attn=decoder_out.attn[not_terminated] + if (decoder_out.attn is not None and decoder_out.attn.size(0) > 0) + else None, + history=[h[not_terminated] for h in decoder_out.history] + if decoder_out.history is not None + else None, + ) + encoder_out = model.encoder.reorder_encoder_out(encoder_out, not_terminated.nonzero().squeeze()) + sent_idxs = sent_idxs[not_terminated] + prev_output_tokens = prev_decoder_out.output_tokens.clone() + + if self.beam_size > 1: + if reranker is not None: + finalized = self.rerank( + reranker, finalized, [src_tokens, src_lengths], self.beam_size + ) + + # aggregate information from length beam + finalized = [ + finalized[np.argmax( + [finalized[self.beam_size * i + j][0]['score'] for j in range(self.beam_size)] + ) + self.beam_size * i] for i in range(len(finalized) // self.beam_size) + ] + + return finalized + + def rerank(self, reranker, finalized, encoder_input, beam_size): + + def rebuild_batch(finalized): + finalized_tokens = [f[0]['tokens'] for f in finalized] + finalized_maxlen = max(f.size(0) for f in finalized_tokens) + final_output_tokens = finalized_tokens[0].new_zeros(len(finalized_tokens), finalized_maxlen).fill_(self.pad) + for i, f in enumerate(finalized_tokens): + final_output_tokens[i, :f.size(0)] = f + return final_output_tokens + + final_output_tokens = rebuild_batch(finalized) + final_output_tokens[:, 0] = self.eos # autoregressive model assumes starting with EOS + + reranker_encoder_out = reranker.encoder(*encoder_input) + length_beam_order = utils.new_arange( + final_output_tokens, beam_size, reranker_encoder_out.encoder_out.size(1)).t().reshape(-1) + reranker_encoder_out = reranker.encoder.reorder_encoder_out(reranker_encoder_out, length_beam_order) + reranking_scores = reranker.get_normalized_probs( + reranker.decoder(final_output_tokens[:, :-1], reranker_encoder_out), True, None) + reranking_scores = reranking_scores.gather(2, final_output_tokens[:, 1:, None]) + reranking_masks = final_output_tokens[:, 1:].ne(self.pad) + reranking_scores = reranking_scores[:, :, 0].masked_fill_(~reranking_masks, 0).sum(1) + reranking_scores = reranking_scores / reranking_masks.sum(1).type_as(reranking_scores) + + for i in range(len(finalized)): + finalized[i][0]['score'] = reranking_scores[i] + + return finalized diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/legacy_distributed_data_parallel.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/legacy_distributed_data_parallel.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e9c82539b6d432f3426b5e60fd1675de398d59d --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/legacy_distributed_data_parallel.py @@ -0,0 +1,180 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +""" +A modified version of the legacy DistributedDataParallel module that uses c10d +communication primitives. This version is simpler than the latest PyTorch +version and is useful for debugging. Notably it does not overlap gradient +communication with the backward pass, which makes it slower but more robust +than the PyTorch version. + +This version also supports the *no_sync* context manager, which allows faster +training with `--update-freq`. +""" + +from contextlib import contextmanager +import copy + +import torch +from torch import nn +from torch.autograd import Variable + +from . import distributed_utils + + +class LegacyDistributedDataParallel(nn.Module): + """Implements distributed data parallelism at the module level. + + A simplified version of :class:`torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel`. + This version uses a c10d process group for communication and does not + broadcast buffers. + + Args: + module (~torch.nn.Module): module to be parallelized + world_size (int): number of parallel workers + process_group (optional): the c10d process group to be used for + distributed data all-reduction. If None, the default process group + will be used. + buffer_size (int, optional): number of elements to buffer before + performing all-reduce (default: 256M). + """ + + def __init__(self, module, world_size, process_group=None, buffer_size=2**28): + super().__init__() + + self.module = module + self.world_size = world_size + self.process_group = process_group + + # Never use a bigger buffer than the number of model params + self.buffer_size = min(buffer_size, sum(p.numel() for p in module.parameters())) + self.buffer = None + + # Flag used by the NCCL backend to make sure we only reduce gradients + # one time in the execution engine + self.need_reduction = False + + # We can also forcibly accumulate grads locally and only do the + # all-reduce at some later time + self.accumulate_grads = False + + # For NCCL backend, since every single NCCL call is asynchoronous, we + # therefore directly enqueue all the NCCL reduction calls to the + # default CUDA stream without spawning up other reduction threads. + # This achieves the best performance. + self._register_grad_hook() + + def __getstate__(self): + attrs = copy.copy(self.__dict__) + return attrs + + def __setstate__(self, state): + super().__setstate__(state) + self._register_grad_hook() + + @contextmanager + def no_sync(self): + """A context manager to disable gradient synchronization.""" + old_accumulate_grads = self.accumulate_grads + self.accumulate_grads = True + yield + self.accumulate_grads = old_accumulate_grads + + def forward(self, *inputs, **kwargs): + return self.module(*inputs, **kwargs) + + def _register_grad_hook(self): + """ + This function registers the callback all-reduction function for the + NCCL backend. All gradients will be all reduced in one single step. + The NCCL reduction will directly be enqueued into the default CUDA + stream. Therefore, no synchronization is needed. + """ + + def all_reduce(params): + buffer = self.buffer + nonzero_buffer = False + if len(params) > 1: + offset = 0 + for p in params: + sz = p.numel() + if p.grad is not None: + buffer[offset:offset+sz].copy_(p.grad.data.view(-1)) + nonzero_buffer = True + else: + buffer[offset:offset+sz].zero_() + offset += sz + else: + # we only have a single grad to all-reduce + p = params[0] + if p.grad is not None: + buffer = p.grad.data + nonzero_buffer = True + elif p.numel() <= self.buffer.numel(): + buffer = buffer[:p.numel()] + buffer.zero_() + else: + buffer = torch.zeros_like(p) + + if nonzero_buffer: + buffer.div_(self.world_size) + + distributed_utils.all_reduce(buffer, self.process_group) + + # copy all-reduced grads back into their original place + offset = 0 + for p in params: + sz = p.numel() + if p.grad is not None: + p.grad.data.copy_(buffer[offset:offset+sz].view_as(p)) + else: + p.grad = buffer[offset:offset+sz].view_as(p).clone() + offset += sz + + def reduction_fn(): + # This function only needs to be called once + if not self.need_reduction or self.accumulate_grads: + return + self.need_reduction = False + + if self.buffer is None: + self.buffer = next(self.module.parameters()).new(self.buffer_size) + + # All-reduce the gradients in buckets + offset = 0 + buffered_params = [] + for param in self.module.parameters(): + if not param.requires_grad: + continue + if param.grad is None: + param.grad = torch.zeros_like(param) + if param.grad.requires_grad: + raise RuntimeError("DistributedDataParallel only works " + "with gradients that don't require " + "grad") + sz = param.numel() + if sz > self.buffer.numel(): + # all-reduce big params directly + all_reduce([param]) + else: + if offset + sz > self.buffer.numel(): + all_reduce(buffered_params) + offset = 0 + buffered_params.clear() + buffered_params.append(param) + offset += sz + + if len(buffered_params) > 0: + all_reduce(buffered_params) + + # Now register the reduction hook on the parameters + for p in self.module.parameters(): + + def allreduce_hook(*unused): + self.need_reduction = True + Variable._execution_engine.queue_callback(reduction_fn) + + if p.requires_grad: + p.register_hook(allreduce_hook) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/libbleu.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/libbleu.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01a4959f6e9a9ff7bdc2b18a1cd48dd0561d2d5b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/libbleu.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:534d6c098e1710a9156d4a70b83ac843ef736a461999062c40e15c2f79784c5a +size 125776 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/libbleu.cpython-39-x86_64-linux-gnu.so 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b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/logging/__pycache__/progress_bar.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/logging/meters.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/logging/meters.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78e6d4d224d8a490a02ecdff1487186b830ecb3b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/logging/meters.py @@ -0,0 +1,286 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import bisect +from collections import OrderedDict +import time +from typing import Dict, Optional + +try: + import torch + + def type_as(a, b): + if torch.is_tensor(a) and torch.is_tensor(b): + return a.to(b) + else: + return a +except ImportError: + torch = None + + def type_as(a, b): + return a + + +try: + import numpy as np +except ImportError: + np = None + + +class Meter(object): + """Base class for Meters.""" + + def __init__(self): + pass + + def state_dict(self): + return {} + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict): + pass + + def reset(self): + raise NotImplementedError + + @property + def smoothed_value(self) -> float: + """Smoothed value used for logging.""" + raise NotImplementedError + + +def safe_round(number, ndigits): + if hasattr(number, '__round__'): + return round(number, ndigits) + elif torch is not None and torch.is_tensor(number) and number.numel() == 1: + return safe_round(number.item(), ndigits) + elif np is not None and np.ndim(number) == 0 and hasattr(number, 'item'): + return safe_round(number.item(), ndigits) + else: + return number + + +class AverageMeter(Meter): + """Computes and stores the average and current value""" + + def __init__(self, round: Optional[int] = None): + self.round = round + self.reset() + + def reset(self): + self.val = None # most recent update + self.sum = 0 # sum from all updates + self.count = 0 # total n from all updates + + def update(self, val, n=1): + if val is not None: + self.val = val + if n > 0: + self.sum = type_as(self.sum, val) + (val * n) + self.count = type_as(self.count, n) + n + + def state_dict(self): + return { + 'val': self.val, + 'sum': self.sum, + 'count': self.count, + 'round': self.round, + } + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict): + self.val = state_dict['val'] + self.sum = state_dict['sum'] + self.count = state_dict['count'] + self.round = state_dict.get('round', None) + + @property + def avg(self): + return self.sum / self.count if self.count > 0 else self.val + + @property + def smoothed_value(self) -> float: + val = self.avg + if self.round is not None and val is not None: + val = safe_round(val, self.round) + return val + + +class TimeMeter(Meter): + """Computes the average occurrence of some event per second""" + + def __init__( + self, + init: int = 0, + n: int = 0, + round: Optional[int] = None, + ): + self.round = round + self.reset(init, n) + + def reset(self, init=0, n=0): + self.init = init + self.start = time.perf_counter() + self.n = n + self.i = 0 + + def update(self, val=1): + self.n = type_as(self.n, val) + val + self.i += 1 + + def state_dict(self): + return { + 'init': self.elapsed_time, + 'n': self.n, + 'round': self.round, + } + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict): + if 'start' in state_dict: + # backwards compatibility for old state_dicts + self.reset(init=state_dict['init']) + else: + self.reset(init=state_dict['init'], n=state_dict['n']) + self.round = state_dict.get('round', None) + + @property + def avg(self): + return self.n / self.elapsed_time + + @property + def elapsed_time(self): + return self.init + (time.perf_counter() - self.start) + + @property + def smoothed_value(self) -> float: + val = self.avg + if self.round is not None and val is not None: + val = safe_round(val, self.round) + return val + + +class StopwatchMeter(Meter): + """Computes the sum/avg duration of some event in seconds""" + + def __init__(self, round: Optional[int] = None): + self.round = round + self.sum = 0 + self.n = 0 + self.start_time = None + + def start(self): + self.start_time = time.perf_counter() + + def stop(self, n=1, prehook=None): + if self.start_time is not None: + if prehook is not None: + prehook() + delta = time.perf_counter() - self.start_time + self.sum = self.sum + delta + self.n = type_as(self.n, n) + n + + def reset(self): + self.sum = 0 # cumulative time during which stopwatch was active + self.n = 0 # total n across all start/stop + self.start() + + def state_dict(self): + return { + 'sum': self.sum, + 'n': self.n, + 'round': self.round, + } + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict): + self.sum = state_dict['sum'] + self.n = state_dict['n'] + self.start_time = None + self.round = state_dict.get('round', None) + + @property + def avg(self): + return self.sum / self.n if self.n > 0 else self.sum + + @property + def elapsed_time(self): + if self.start_time is None: + return 0. + return time.perf_counter() - self.start_time + + @property + def smoothed_value(self) -> float: + val = self.avg if self.sum > 0 else self.elapsed_time + if self.round is not None and val is not None: + val = safe_round(val, self.round) + return val + + +class MetersDict(OrderedDict): + """A sorted dictionary of :class:`Meters`. + + Meters are sorted according to a priority that is given when the + meter is first added to the dictionary. + """ + + def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): + super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) + self.priorities = [] + + def __setitem__(self, key, value): + assert key not in self, "MetersDict doesn't support reassignment" + priority, value = value + bisect.insort(self.priorities, (priority, len(self.priorities), key)) + super().__setitem__(key, value) + for _, _, key in self.priorities: # reorder dict to match priorities + self.move_to_end(key) + + def add_meter(self, key, meter, priority): + self.__setitem__(key, (priority, meter)) + + def state_dict(self): + return [ + (pri, key, self[key].__class__.__name__, self[key].state_dict()) + for pri, _, key in self.priorities + # can't serialize DerivedMeter instances + if not isinstance(self[key], MetersDict._DerivedMeter) + ] + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict): + self.clear() + self.priorities.clear() + for pri, key, meter_cls, meter_state in state_dict: + meter = globals()[meter_cls]() + meter.load_state_dict(meter_state) + self.add_meter(key, meter, pri) + + def get_smoothed_value(self, key: str) -> float: + """Get a single smoothed value.""" + meter = self[key] + if isinstance(meter, MetersDict._DerivedMeter): + return meter.fn(self) + else: + return meter.smoothed_value + + def get_smoothed_values(self) -> Dict[str, float]: + """Get all smoothed values.""" + return OrderedDict([ + (key, self.get_smoothed_value(key)) + for key in self.keys() + if not key.startswith("_") + ]) + + def reset(self): + """Reset Meter instances.""" + for meter in self.values(): + if isinstance(meter, MetersDict._DerivedMeter): + continue + meter.reset() + + class _DerivedMeter(Meter): + """A Meter whose values are derived from other Meters.""" + + def __init__(self, fn): + self.fn = fn + + def reset(self): + pass diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/logging/metrics.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/logging/metrics.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a083af4a4503d4150c309c03168c0b13f036303b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/logging/metrics.py @@ -0,0 +1,290 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +""" +A standalone module for aggregating metrics. + +Metrics can be logged from anywhere using the `log_*` functions defined +in this module. The logged values will be aggregated dynamically based +on the aggregation context in which the logging occurs. See the +:func:`aggregate` context manager for more details. +""" + +from collections import defaultdict, OrderedDict +import contextlib +import time +from typing import Callable, Dict, List, Optional +import uuid + +from .meters import * + + +# Aggregation contexts are considered "active" when inside the scope +# created by the :func:`aggregate` context manager. +_aggregators = OrderedDict() +_active_aggregators = OrderedDict() +_active_aggregators_cnt = defaultdict(lambda: 0) + + +def reset() -> None: + """Reset all metrics aggregators.""" + _aggregators.clear() + _active_aggregators.clear() + _active_aggregators_cnt.clear() + + # The "default" aggregator observes all logged values. + _aggregators["default"] = MetersDict() + _active_aggregators["default"] = _aggregators["default"] + _active_aggregators_cnt["default"] = 1 + + +reset() + + +@contextlib.contextmanager +def aggregate(name: Optional[str] = None, new_root: bool = False): + """Context manager to aggregate metrics under a given name. + + Aggregations can be nested. If *new_root* is ``False``, then logged + metrics will be recorded along the entire stack of nested + aggregators, including a global "default" aggregator. If *new_root* + is ``True``, then this aggregator will be the root of a new + aggregation stack, thus bypassing any parent aggregators. + + Note that aggregation contexts are uniquely identified by their + *name* (e.g., train, valid). Creating a context with an existing + name will reuse the corresponding :class:`MetersDict` instance. + If no name is given, then a temporary aggregator will be created. + + Usage:: + + with metrics.aggregate("train"): + for step, batch in enumerate(epoch): + with metrics.aggregate("train_inner") as agg: + metrics.log_scalar("loss", get_loss(batch)) + if step % log_interval == 0: + print(agg.get_smoothed_value("loss")) + agg.reset() + print(metrics.get_smoothed_values("train")["loss"]) + + Args: + name (str): name of the aggregation. Defaults to a + random/temporary name if not given explicitly. + new_root (bool): make this aggregation the root of a new + aggregation stack. + """ + if name is None: + # generate a temporary name + name = str(uuid.uuid4()) + assert name not in _aggregators + agg = MetersDict() + else: + assert name != "default" + agg = _aggregators.setdefault(name, MetersDict()) + + if new_root: + backup_aggregators = _active_aggregators.copy() + _active_aggregators.clear() + backup_aggregators_cnt = _active_aggregators_cnt.copy() + _active_aggregators_cnt.clear() + + _active_aggregators[name] = agg + _active_aggregators_cnt[name] += 1 + + yield agg + + _active_aggregators_cnt[name] -= 1 + if _active_aggregators_cnt[name] == 0 and name in _active_aggregators: + del _active_aggregators[name] + + if new_root: + _active_aggregators.clear() + _active_aggregators.update(backup_aggregators) + _active_aggregators_cnt.clear() + _active_aggregators_cnt.update(backup_aggregators_cnt) + + +def get_active_aggregators() -> List[MetersDict]: + return list(_active_aggregators.values()) + + +def log_scalar( + key: str, + value: float, + weight: float = 1, + priority: int = 10, + round: Optional[int] = None, +): + """Log a scalar value. + + Args: + key (str): name of the field to log + value (float): value to log + weight (float): weight that this value contributes to the average. + A weight of 0 will always log the latest value. + priority (int): smaller values are logged earlier in the output + round (Optional[int]): number of digits to round to when displaying + """ + for agg in get_active_aggregators(): + if key not in agg: + agg.add_meter(key, AverageMeter(round=round), priority) + agg[key].update(value, weight) + + +def log_derived(key: str, fn: Callable[[MetersDict], float], priority: int = 20): + """Log a scalar value derived from other meters. + + Args: + key (str): name of the field to log + fn (Callable[[MetersDict], float]): function that takes a single + argument *meters* and returns the derived value + priority (int): smaller values are logged earlier in the output + """ + for agg in get_active_aggregators(): + if key not in agg: + agg.add_meter(key, MetersDict._DerivedMeter(fn), priority) + + +def log_speed( + key: str, + value: float, + priority: int = 30, + round: Optional[int] = None, +): + """Log the rate of some quantity per second. + + Args: + key (str): name of the field to log + value (float): value to log + priority (int): smaller values are logged earlier in the output + round (Optional[int]): number of digits to round to when displaying + """ + for agg in get_active_aggregators(): + if key not in agg: + agg.add_meter(key, TimeMeter(round=round), priority) + agg[key].reset() # reset meter on the first call + else: + agg[key].update(value) + + +def log_start_time(key: str, priority: int = 40, round: Optional[int] = None): + """Log the duration of some event in seconds. + + The duration will be computed once :func:`log_stop_time` is called. + + Args: + key (str): name of the field to log + priority (int): smaller values are logged earlier in the output + round (Optional[int]): number of digits to round to when displaying + """ + for agg in get_active_aggregators(): + if key not in agg: + agg.add_meter(key, StopwatchMeter(round=round), priority) + agg[key].start() + + +def log_stop_time(key: str, weight: float = 0., prehook=None): + """Log the duration of some event in seconds. + + The duration will be computed since :func:`log_start_time` was called. + Set weight > 0 to report the average time instead of the sum. + + Args: + key (str): name of the field to log + weight (float): weight that this time contributes to the average + prehook (function, no arguments): will be called before the timer + is stopped. For example, use prehook=torch.cuda.synchronize to + make sure all gpu operations are done before timer is stopped. + """ + for agg in get_active_aggregators(): + agg[key].stop(weight, prehook) + + +def log_custom( + new_meter_fn: Callable[[], Meter], + key: str, + *args, + priority: int = 50, + **kwargs, +): + """Log using a custom Meter. + + Any extra *args* or *kwargs* will be passed through to the Meter's + *update* method. + + Args: + new_meter_fn (Callable[[], Meter]): function that returns a new + Meter instance + key (str): name of the field to log + priority (int): smaller values are logged earlier in the output + """ + for agg in get_active_aggregators(): + if key not in agg: + agg.add_meter(key, new_meter_fn(), priority) + agg[key].update(*args, **kwargs) + + +def reset_meter(name: str, key: str) -> None: + """Reset Meter instance aggregated under a given *name* and *key*.""" + meter = get_meter(name, key) + if meter is not None: + meter.reset() + + +def reset_meters(name: str) -> None: + """Reset Meter instances aggregated under a given *name*.""" + meters = get_meters(name) + if meters is not None: + meters.reset() + + +def get_meter(name: str, key: str) -> Meter: + """Get a single Meter instance aggregated under *name* and *key*. + + Returns: + Meter or None if no metrics have been logged under *name* and *key*. + """ + if name not in _aggregators: + return None + return _aggregators[name].get(key, None) + + +def get_meters(name: str) -> MetersDict: + """Get Meter instances aggregated under a given *name*. + + Returns: + MetersDict or None if no metrics have been logged under *name*. + """ + return _aggregators.get(name, None) + + +def get_smoothed_value(name: str, key: str) -> float: + """Get a single smoothed value. + + Raises: + KeyError: if no metrics have been logged under *name* and *key*. + """ + return _aggregators[name].get_smoothed_value(key) + + +def get_smoothed_values(name: str) -> Dict[str, float]: + """Get smoothed values aggregated under a given *name*. + + Raises: + KeyError: if no metrics have been logged under *name*. + """ + return _aggregators[name].get_smoothed_values() + + +def state_dict(): + return OrderedDict([ + (name, agg.state_dict()) + for name, agg in _aggregators.items() + ]) + + +def load_state_dict(state_dict): + for name, agg_state in state_dict.items(): + _aggregators[name] = MetersDict() + _aggregators[name].load_state_dict(agg_state) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/logging/progress_bar.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/logging/progress_bar.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c66e866e85d6dfa0e4bf382a1d345353f21d9c39 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/logging/progress_bar.py @@ -0,0 +1,353 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +""" +Wrapper around various loggers and progress bars (e.g., tqdm). +""" + +import atexit +import json +import logging +import os +import sys +from collections import OrderedDict +from contextlib import contextmanager +from numbers import Number +from typing import Optional + +import torch + +from .meters import AverageMeter, StopwatchMeter, TimeMeter + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +def progress_bar( + iterator, + log_format: Optional[str] = None, + log_interval: int = 100, + epoch: Optional[int] = None, + prefix: Optional[str] = None, + tensorboard_logdir: Optional[str] = None, + default_log_format: str = 'tqdm', +): + if log_format is None: + log_format = default_log_format + if log_format == 'tqdm' and not sys.stderr.isatty(): + log_format = 'simple' + + if log_format == 'json': + bar = JsonProgressBar(iterator, epoch, prefix, log_interval) + elif log_format == 'none': + bar = NoopProgressBar(iterator, epoch, prefix) + elif log_format == 'simple': + bar = SimpleProgressBar(iterator, epoch, prefix, log_interval) + elif log_format == 'tqdm': + bar = TqdmProgressBar(iterator, epoch, prefix) + else: + raise ValueError('Unknown log format: {}'.format(log_format)) + + if tensorboard_logdir: + try: + # [FB only] custom wrapper for TensorBoard + import palaas # noqa + from .fb_tbmf_wrapper import FbTbmfWrapper + bar = FbTbmfWrapper(bar, log_interval) + except ImportError: + bar = TensorboardProgressBarWrapper(bar, tensorboard_logdir) + + return bar + + +def build_progress_bar( + args, + iterator, + epoch: Optional[int] = None, + prefix: Optional[str] = None, + default: str = 'tqdm', + no_progress_bar: str = 'none', +): + """Legacy wrapper that takes an argparse.Namespace.""" + if getattr(args, 'no_progress_bar', False): + default = no_progress_bar + if getattr(args, 'distributed_rank', 0) == 0: + tensorboard_logdir = getattr(args, 'tensorboard_logdir', None) + else: + tensorboard_logdir = None + return progress_bar( + iterator, + log_format=args.log_format, + log_interval=args.log_interval, + epoch=epoch, + prefix=prefix, + tensorboard_logdir=tensorboard_logdir, + default_log_format=default, + ) + + +def format_stat(stat): + if isinstance(stat, Number): + stat = '{:g}'.format(stat) + elif isinstance(stat, AverageMeter): + stat = '{:.3f}'.format(stat.avg) + elif isinstance(stat, TimeMeter): + stat = '{:g}'.format(round(stat.avg)) + elif isinstance(stat, StopwatchMeter): + stat = '{:g}'.format(round(stat.sum)) + elif torch.is_tensor(stat): + stat = stat.tolist() + return stat + + +class BaseProgressBar(object): + """Abstract class for progress bars.""" + def __init__(self, iterable, epoch=None, prefix=None): + self.iterable = iterable + self.offset = getattr(iterable, 'offset', 0) + self.epoch = epoch + self.prefix = '' + if epoch is not None: + self.prefix += 'epoch {:03d}'.format(epoch) + if prefix is not None: + self.prefix += ' | {}'.format(prefix) + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.iterable) + + def __enter__(self): + return self + + def __exit__(self, *exc): + return False + + def __iter__(self): + raise NotImplementedError + + def log(self, stats, tag=None, step=None): + """Log intermediate stats according to log_interval.""" + raise NotImplementedError + + def print(self, stats, tag=None, step=None): + """Print end-of-epoch stats.""" + raise NotImplementedError + + def _str_commas(self, stats): + return ', '.join(key + '=' + stats[key].strip() + for key in stats.keys()) + + def _str_pipes(self, stats): + return ' | '.join(key + ' ' + stats[key].strip() + for key in stats.keys()) + + def _format_stats(self, stats): + postfix = OrderedDict(stats) + # Preprocess stats according to datatype + for key in postfix.keys(): + postfix[key] = str(format_stat(postfix[key])) + return postfix + + +@contextmanager +def rename_logger(logger, new_name): + old_name = logger.name + if new_name is not None: + logger.name = new_name + yield logger + logger.name = old_name + + +class JsonProgressBar(BaseProgressBar): + """Log output in JSON format.""" + + def __init__(self, iterable, epoch=None, prefix=None, log_interval=1000): + super().__init__(iterable, epoch, prefix) + self.log_interval = log_interval + self.i = None + self.size = None + + def __iter__(self): + self.size = len(self.iterable) + for i, obj in enumerate(self.iterable, start=self.offset): + self.i = i + yield obj + + def log(self, stats, tag=None, step=None): + """Log intermediate stats according to log_interval.""" + step = step or self.i or 0 + if ( + step > 0 + and self.log_interval is not None + and step % self.log_interval == 0 + ): + update = ( + self.epoch - 1 + (self.i + 1) / float(self.size) + if self.epoch is not None + else None + ) + stats = self._format_stats(stats, epoch=self.epoch, update=update) + with rename_logger(logger, tag): + logger.info(json.dumps(stats)) + + def print(self, stats, tag=None, step=None): + """Print end-of-epoch stats.""" + self.stats = stats + if tag is not None: + self.stats = OrderedDict([(tag + '_' + k, v) for k, v in self.stats.items()]) + stats = self._format_stats(self.stats, epoch=self.epoch) + with rename_logger(logger, tag): + logger.info(json.dumps(stats)) + + def _format_stats(self, stats, epoch=None, update=None): + postfix = OrderedDict() + if epoch is not None: + postfix['epoch'] = epoch + if update is not None: + postfix['update'] = round(update, 3) + # Preprocess stats according to datatype + for key in stats.keys(): + postfix[key] = format_stat(stats[key]) + return postfix + + +class NoopProgressBar(BaseProgressBar): + """No logging.""" + + def __init__(self, iterable, epoch=None, prefix=None): + super().__init__(iterable, epoch, prefix) + + def __iter__(self): + for obj in self.iterable: + yield obj + + def log(self, stats, tag=None, step=None): + """Log intermediate stats according to log_interval.""" + pass + + def print(self, stats, tag=None, step=None): + """Print end-of-epoch stats.""" + pass + + +class SimpleProgressBar(BaseProgressBar): + """A minimal logger for non-TTY environments.""" + + def __init__(self, iterable, epoch=None, prefix=None, log_interval=1000): + super().__init__(iterable, epoch, prefix) + self.log_interval = log_interval + self.i = None + self.size = None + + def __iter__(self): + self.size = len(self.iterable) + for i, obj in enumerate(self.iterable, start=self.offset): + self.i = i + yield obj + + def log(self, stats, tag=None, step=None): + """Log intermediate stats according to log_interval.""" + step = step or self.i or 0 + if ( + step > 0 + and self.log_interval is not None + and step % self.log_interval == 0 + ): + stats = self._format_stats(stats) + postfix = self._str_commas(stats) + with rename_logger(logger, tag): + logger.info( + '{}: {:5d} / {:d} {}' + .format(self.prefix, self.i + 1, self.size, postfix) + ) + + def print(self, stats, tag=None, step=None): + """Print end-of-epoch stats.""" + postfix = self._str_pipes(self._format_stats(stats)) + with rename_logger(logger, tag): + logger.info('{} | {}'.format(self.prefix, postfix)) + + +class TqdmProgressBar(BaseProgressBar): + """Log to tqdm.""" + + def __init__(self, iterable, epoch=None, prefix=None): + super().__init__(iterable, epoch, prefix) + from tqdm import tqdm + self.tqdm = tqdm(iterable, self.prefix, leave=False) + + def __iter__(self): + return iter(self.tqdm) + + def log(self, stats, tag=None, step=None): + """Log intermediate stats according to log_interval.""" + self.tqdm.set_postfix(self._format_stats(stats), refresh=False) + + def print(self, stats, tag=None, step=None): + """Print end-of-epoch stats.""" + postfix = self._str_pipes(self._format_stats(stats)) + self.tqdm.write('{} | {}'.format(self.tqdm.desc, postfix)) + + +try: + _tensorboard_writers = {} + from tensorboardX import SummaryWriter +except ImportError: + SummaryWriter = None + + +def _close_writers(): + for w in _tensorboard_writers.values(): + w.close() + + +atexit.register(_close_writers) + + +class TensorboardProgressBarWrapper(BaseProgressBar): + """Log to tensorboard.""" + + def __init__(self, wrapped_bar, tensorboard_logdir): + self.wrapped_bar = wrapped_bar + self.tensorboard_logdir = tensorboard_logdir + + if SummaryWriter is None: + logger.warning( + "tensorboard not found, please install with: pip install tensorboardX" + ) + + def _writer(self, key): + if SummaryWriter is None: + return None + _writers = _tensorboard_writers + if key not in _writers: + _writers[key] = SummaryWriter(os.path.join(self.tensorboard_logdir, key)) + _writers[key].add_text('sys.argv', " ".join(sys.argv)) + return _writers[key] + + def __iter__(self): + return iter(self.wrapped_bar) + + def log(self, stats, tag=None, step=None): + """Log intermediate stats to tensorboard.""" + self._log_to_tensorboard(stats, tag, step) + self.wrapped_bar.log(stats, tag=tag, step=step) + + def print(self, stats, tag=None, step=None): + """Print end-of-epoch stats.""" + self._log_to_tensorboard(stats, tag, step) + self.wrapped_bar.print(stats, tag=tag, step=step) + + def _log_to_tensorboard(self, stats, tag=None, step=None): + writer = self._writer(tag or '') + if writer is None: + return + if step is None: + step = stats['num_updates'] + for key in stats.keys() - {'num_updates'}: + if isinstance(stats[key], AverageMeter): + writer.add_scalar(key, stats[key].val, step) + elif isinstance(stats[key], Number): + writer.add_scalar(key, stats[key], step) + writer.flush() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc563db40b9441c7d1471041572cf029a8eb3919 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from . import criterions, modules, models # noqa diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8ec3e60bbfe72ea9e81bf3681e22703d5c9b16b Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/__pycache__/megatron_trainer.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/__pycache__/megatron_trainer.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..820bca07bbf4d4511ecb77e5ac6af883f9e8965d Binary files /dev/null and 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importlib.import_module('fairseq.model_parallel.criterions.' + module) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/criterions/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/criterions/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c9ce3e35d5a65f9c5380a7ffac43e98c68e61645 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/criterions/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/criterions/__pycache__/vocab_parallel_cross_entropy.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/criterions/__pycache__/vocab_parallel_cross_entropy.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92aef2be277932fc851e893b95f913a8c92bdc4f Binary files /dev/null and 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fairseq.model_parallel.megatron.mpu.cross_entropy import vocab_parallel_cross_entropy + has_megatron_submodule = True +except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError): + has_megatron_submodule = False + + +@register_criterion('vocab_parallel_cross_entropy') +class VocabParallelCrossEntropyCriterion(FairseqCriterion): + + def __init__(self, task, sentence_avg): + super().__init__(task) + self.sentence_avg = sentence_avg + if not has_megatron_submodule: + raise ImportError( + '\n\nPlease install the megatron submodule:' + '\n\n git submodule update --init ' + 'fairseq/model_parallel/megatron' + ) + + def forward(self, model, sample, reduce=True): + """Compute the loss for the given sample. + + Returns a tuple with three elements: + 1) the loss + 2) the sample size, which is used as the denominator for the gradient + 3) logging outputs to display while training + """ + net_output = model(**sample['net_input']) + target = sample['target'] + + loss = vocab_parallel_cross_entropy(net_output[0].float(), target) + loss = (loss * (target != self.padding_idx)).sum() + sample_size = sample['target'].size(0) if self.sentence_avg else sample['ntokens'] + logging_output = { + 'loss': utils.item(loss.data) if reduce else loss.data, + 'ntokens': sample['ntokens'], + 'nsentences': sample['target'].size(0), + 'sample_size': sample_size, + } + return loss, sample_size, logging_output + + @staticmethod + def reduce_metrics(logging_outputs) -> None: + """Aggregate logging outputs from data parallel training.""" + loss_sum = sum(log.get('loss', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + ntokens = sum(log.get('ntokens', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + sample_size = sum(log.get('sample_size', 0) for log in logging_outputs) + + metrics.log_scalar('loss', loss_sum / sample_size / math.log(2), sample_size, round=3) + if sample_size != ntokens: + metrics.log_scalar('nll_loss', loss_sum / ntokens / math.log(2), ntokens, round=3) + metrics.log_derived('ppl', lambda meters: utils.get_perplexity(meters['nll_loss'].avg)) + else: + metrics.log_derived('ppl', lambda meters: utils.get_perplexity(meters['loss'].avg)) + + @staticmethod + def logging_outputs_can_be_summed() -> bool: + """ + Whether the logging outputs returned by `forward` can be summed + across workers prior to calling `reduce_metrics`. Setting this + to True will improves distributed training speed. + """ + return True diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/megatron_trainer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/megatron_trainer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d1142a993ca05e42371f5092d8119b996ca49ef5 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/megatron_trainer.py @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +""" +Train a network across multiple GPUs. +""" + +from fairseq import distributed_utils +from fairseq.trainer import Trainer + +try: + from fairseq.model_parallel.megatron.mpu import ( + get_data_parallel_group, + get_data_parallel_rank, + get_data_parallel_world_size, + get_model_parallel_group, + get_model_parallel_src_rank, + ) + has_megatron_submodule = True +except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError): + has_megatron_submodule = False + + +class MegatronTrainer(Trainer): + """Main class for model parallel with data parallel training. + """ + def __init__(self, args, task, model, criterion): + if not has_megatron_submodule: + raise ImportError( + '\n\nPlease install the megatron submodule:' + '\n\n git submodule update --init ' + 'fairseq/model_parallel/megatron' + ) + super().__init__(args, task, model, criterion) + + @property + def data_parallel_world_size(self): + return get_data_parallel_world_size() + + @property + def data_parallel_process_group(self): + return get_data_parallel_group() + + @property + def data_parallel_rank(self): + return get_data_parallel_rank() + + @property + def is_data_parallel_master(self): + return get_model_parallel_src_rank() == 0 + + def clip_grad_norm(self, clip_norm): + def _aggregate_model_parallel_grad_norm(total_norm): + total_norm = total_norm ** 2 + distributed_utils.all_reduce(total_norm, group=get_model_parallel_group()) + total_norm = total_norm ** 0.5 + return total_norm + return self.optimizer.clip_grad_norm( + clip_norm, + aggregate_norm_fn=_aggregate_model_parallel_grad_norm, + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/models/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/models/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..beae8afa8038f3f50364d7ce2fb274cb9471fb6d --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/models/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import importlib +import os + + +for file in os.listdir(os.path.dirname(__file__)): + if file.endswith('.py') and not file.startswith('_'): + model_name = file[:file.find('.py')] + importlib.import_module('fairseq.model_parallel.models.' + model_name) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/models/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/models/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd921cccea3b836ad9e964d76ac2326dec2c1691 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/models/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/models/__pycache__/transformer.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/models/__pycache__/transformer.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83f422b47a3bde189f3f343513601f269b0d8014 Binary files 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b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/models/transformer.py @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging + +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq.models import ( + register_model, +) + +from fairseq.models.transformer import ( + TransformerDecoder, + TransformerEncoder, + TransformerModel, +) + +from fairseq.model_parallel.modules import ( + ModelParallelTransformerDecoderLayer, + ModelParallelTransformerEncoderLayer, +) + +try: + from fairseq.model_parallel.megatron.mpu import ( + copy_to_model_parallel_region, + gather_from_model_parallel_region, + VocabParallelEmbedding, + ) + has_megatron_submodule = True +except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError): + has_megatron_submodule = False + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_model('model_parallel_transformer') +class ModelParallelTransformerModel(TransformerModel): + """ + Model parallel Transformer model. + """ + @classmethod + def build_embedding(cls, args, dictionary, embed_dim, path=None): + if not has_megatron_submodule: + raise ImportError( + '\n\nPlease install the megatron submodule:' + '\n\n git submodule update --init ' + 'fairseq/model_parallel/megatron' + ) + num_embeddings = len(dictionary) + padding_idx = dictionary.pad() + + def _vocab_init(tensor, **kwargs): + nn.init.normal_(tensor, mean=0, std=num_embeddings ** -0.5) + nn.init.constant_(tensor[1], 0) + emb = VocabParallelEmbedding(num_embeddings, embed_dim, padding_idx, init_method=_vocab_init) + # if provided, load from preloaded dictionaries + if path: + raise NotImplementedError("Loading of embedding from path is not supported for model parallel") + return emb + + @classmethod + def build_encoder(cls, args, src_dict, embed_tokens): + return ModelParallelTransformerEncoder(args, src_dict, embed_tokens) + + @classmethod + def build_decoder(cls, args, tgt_dict, embed_tokens): + return ModelParallelTransformerDecoder( + args, + tgt_dict, + embed_tokens, + no_encoder_attn=getattr(args, 'no_cross_attention', False), + ) + + +class ModelParallelTransformerEncoder(TransformerEncoder): + """ + Model parallel Transformer encoder consisting of *args.encoder_layers* layers. Each layer + is a :class:`ModelParallelTransformerEncoderLayer`. + """ + + def build_encoder_layer(self, args): + return ModelParallelTransformerEncoderLayer(args) + + +class ModelParallelTransformerDecoder(TransformerDecoder): + """ + Model Parallel Transformer decoder consisting of *args.decoder_layers* layers. Each layer + is a :class:`ModelParallelTransformerDecoderLayer`. + """ + + def build_decoder_layer(self, args, no_encoder_attn=False): + return ModelParallelTransformerDecoderLayer(args, no_encoder_attn) + + def output_layer(self, features, **kwargs): + """Project features to the vocabulary size.""" + features = copy_to_model_parallel_region(features) + + # project back to size of vocabulary + if self.share_input_output_embed: + x = F.linear(features, self.embed_tokens.weight) + else: + x = F.linear(features, self.embed_out) + + if getattr(self.args, 'criterion') != 'vocab_parallel_cross_entropy': + x = gather_from_model_parallel_region(x).contiguous() + return x diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/models/transformer_lm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/models/transformer_lm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..507cb02d1a5a00e2463be0dffe6396d90f7f6aa4 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/models/transformer_lm.py @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch.nn as nn + +from fairseq.models import ( + register_model, + register_model_architecture, +) +from fairseq.models.transformer_lm import ( + base_lm_architecture, + TransformerLanguageModel, +) +from fairseq.model_parallel.models.transformer import ( + ModelParallelTransformerDecoder, +) +try: + from fairseq.model_parallel.megatron.mpu import VocabParallelEmbedding + has_megatron_submodule = True +except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError): + has_megatron_submodule = False + +DEFAULT_MAX_TARGET_POSITIONS = 1024 + + +@register_model('model_parallel_transformer_lm') +class ModelParallelTransformerLanguageModel(TransformerLanguageModel): + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + """Build a new model instance.""" + if not has_megatron_submodule: + raise ImportError( + '\n\nPlease install the megatron submodule:' + '\n\n git submodule update --init ' + 'fairseq/model_parallel/megatron' + ) + + # make sure all arguments are present in older models + base_lm_architecture(args) + + if args.decoder_layers_to_keep: + args.decoder_layers = len(args.decoder_layers_to_keep.split(",")) + + if getattr(args, 'max_target_positions', None) is None: + args.max_target_positions = getattr(args, 'tokens_per_sample', DEFAULT_MAX_TARGET_POSITIONS) + + if args.character_embeddings: + raise NotImplementedError("Character embeddings is not supported for model parallel") + elif args.adaptive_input: + raise NotImplementedError("Adaptive input is not supported for model parallel") + else: + embed_tokens = cls.build_embedding(args, task.source_dictionary, args.decoder_input_dim) + + decoder = ModelParallelTransformerDecoder( + args, task.target_dictionary, embed_tokens, no_encoder_attn=True, + ) + return cls(decoder) + + @classmethod + def build_embedding(cls, args, dictionary, embed_dim, path=None): + def _vocab_init(tensor, **kwargs): + nn.init.normal_(tensor, mean=0, std=embed_dim ** -0.5) + nn.init.constant_(tensor[1], 0) + embed_tokens = VocabParallelEmbedding(len(dictionary), embed_dim, dictionary.pad(), init_method=_vocab_init) + return embed_tokens + + +@register_model_architecture('model_parallel_transformer_lm', 'transformer_lm_megatron') +def transformer_lm_megatron(args): + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 3072) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', 3072 * 4) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 72) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 32) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, 'activation_fn', 'gelu') + base_lm_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('model_parallel_transformer_lm', 'transformer_lm_megatron_11b') +def transformer_lm_megatron_11b(args): + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 3072) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', 3072 * 6) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 72) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 32) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, 'activation_fn', 'gelu') + base_lm_architecture(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/modules/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/modules/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb29b16becea59c2acbe3c8c742fad2dd8fd50f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/modules/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from .multihead_attention import ModelParallelMultiheadAttention +from .transformer_layer import ModelParallelTransformerEncoderLayer, ModelParallelTransformerDecoderLayer + +__all__ = [ + 'ModelParallelMultiheadAttention', + 'ModelParallelTransformerEncoderLayer', + 'ModelParallelTransformerDecoderLayer', +] diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/modules/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/modules/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc60a1a05dd6508197e9dfc8024bfd158e0a4680 Binary files /dev/null and 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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c84f4e4ced4a31f0f32f7d80fc3e63a20d60fa8d Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/modules/__pycache__/transformer_layer.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/modules/multihead_attention.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/modules/multihead_attention.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06c7ef712a765fd310f7dd45f168015f5775b8f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/modules/multihead_attention.py @@ -0,0 +1,313 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from typing import Dict, Optional, Tuple + +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F +from fairseq import utils +from torch import Tensor, nn +from fairseq.incremental_decoding_utils import with_incremental_state + +try: + from fairseq.model_parallel.megatron.mpu import ( + get_cuda_rng_tracker, + get_model_parallel_world_size, + ColumnParallelLinear, + RowParallelLinear, + ) + has_megatron_submodule = True +except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError): + has_megatron_submodule = False + + +@with_incremental_state +class ModelParallelMultiheadAttention(nn.Module): + """Model parallel Multi-headed attention. + This performs the Multi-headed attention over multiple gpus. + + See "Megatron-LM: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.08053.pdf" for more details. + """ + + def __init__( + self, + embed_dim, + num_heads, + kdim=None, + vdim=None, + dropout=0.0, + bias=True, + self_attention=False, + encoder_decoder_attention=False, + ): + super().__init__() + if not has_megatron_submodule: + raise ImportError( + '\n\nPlease install the megatron submodule:' + '\n\n git submodule update --init ' + 'fairseq/model_parallel/megatron' + ) + self.embed_dim = embed_dim + self.kdim = kdim if kdim is not None else embed_dim + self.vdim = vdim if vdim is not None else embed_dim + self.qkv_same_dim = self.kdim == embed_dim and self.vdim == embed_dim + + self.model_parallel_size = get_model_parallel_world_size() + + self.num_heads_partition = num_heads // self.model_parallel_size + assert ( + self.num_heads_partition * self.model_parallel_size == num_heads + ), "Number of heads must be divisble by model parallel size" + + self.dropout = dropout + self.head_dim = embed_dim // num_heads + assert ( + self.head_dim * num_heads == self.embed_dim + ), "embed_dim must be divisible by num_heads" + self.scaling = self.head_dim ** -0.5 + + self.self_attention = self_attention + self.encoder_decoder_attention = encoder_decoder_attention + + assert not self.self_attention or self.qkv_same_dim, ( + "Self-attention requires query, key and value to be of the same size" + ) + + self.k_proj = ColumnParallelLinear(self.kdim, embed_dim, bias=bias, gather_output=False) + self.v_proj = ColumnParallelLinear(self.vdim, embed_dim, bias=bias, gather_output=False) + self.q_proj = ColumnParallelLinear(embed_dim, embed_dim, bias=bias, gather_output=False) + self.out_proj = RowParallelLinear(embed_dim, embed_dim, bias=bias, input_is_parallel=True) + + def forward( + self, + query, + key: Optional[Tensor], + value: Optional[Tensor], + key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None, + incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]] = None, + static_kv: bool = False, + attn_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None, + **unused_kwargs, + ) -> Tuple[Tensor, Optional[Tensor]]: + """Input shape: Time x Batch x Channel + + Args: + key_padding_mask (ByteTensor, optional): mask to exclude + keys that are pads, of shape `(batch, src_len)`, where + padding elements are indicated by 1s. + attn_mask (ByteTensor, optional): typically used to + implement causal attention, where the mask prevents the + attention from looking forward in time (default: None). + """ + tgt_len, bsz, embed_dim = query.size() + assert embed_dim == self.embed_dim + assert list(query.size()) == [tgt_len, bsz, embed_dim] + + if incremental_state is not None: + saved_state = self._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + if saved_state is not None and "prev_key" in saved_state: + # previous time steps are cached - no need to recompute + # key and value if they are static + if static_kv: + assert self.encoder_decoder_attention and not self.self_attention + key = value = None + else: + saved_state = None + + if self.self_attention: + q = self.q_proj(query) + k = self.k_proj(query) + v = self.v_proj(query) + elif self.encoder_decoder_attention: + # encoder-decoder attention + q = self.q_proj(query) + if key is None: + assert value is None + k = v = None + else: + k = self.k_proj(key) + v = self.v_proj(key) + + else: + assert key is not None and value is not None + q = self.q_proj(query) + k = self.k_proj(key) + v = self.v_proj(value) + q *= self.scaling + + + q = ( + q.contiguous() + .view(tgt_len, bsz * self.num_heads_partition, self.head_dim) + .transpose(0, 1) + ) + if k is not None: + k = ( + k.contiguous() + .view(-1, bsz * self.num_heads_partition, self.head_dim) + .transpose(0, 1) + ) + if v is not None: + v = ( + v.contiguous() + .view(-1, bsz * self.num_heads_partition, self.head_dim) + .transpose(0, 1) + ) + + if saved_state is not None: + # saved states are stored with shape (bsz, num_heads_partition, seq_len, head_dim) + if "prev_key" in saved_state: + _prev_key = saved_state["prev_key"] + assert _prev_key is not None + prev_key = _prev_key.view(bsz * self.num_heads_partition, -1, self.head_dim) + if static_kv: + k = prev_key + else: + assert k is not None + k = torch.cat([prev_key, k], dim=1) + if "prev_value" in saved_state: + _prev_value = saved_state["prev_value"] + assert _prev_value is not None + prev_value = _prev_value.view(bsz * self.num_heads_partition, -1, self.head_dim) + if static_kv: + v = prev_value + else: + assert v is not None + v = torch.cat([prev_value, v], dim=1) + prev_key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None + if "prev_key_padding_mask" in saved_state: + prev_key_padding_mask = saved_state["prev_key_padding_mask"] + assert k is not None and v is not None + key_padding_mask = ModelParallelMultiheadAttention._append_prev_key_padding_mask( + key_padding_mask=key_padding_mask, + prev_key_padding_mask=prev_key_padding_mask, + batch_size=bsz, + src_len=k.size(1), + static_kv=static_kv, + ) + + saved_state["prev_key"] = k.view(bsz, self.num_heads_partition, -1, self.head_dim) + saved_state["prev_value"] = v.view(bsz, self.num_heads_partition, -1, self.head_dim) + saved_state["prev_key_padding_mask"] = key_padding_mask + # In this branch incremental_state is never None + assert incremental_state is not None + incremental_state = self._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, saved_state) + assert k is not None + src_len = k.size(1) + + # This is part of a workaround to get around fork/join parallelism + # not supporting Optional types. + if key_padding_mask is not None and key_padding_mask.dim() == 0: + key_padding_mask = None + + if key_padding_mask is not None: + assert key_padding_mask.size(0) == bsz + assert key_padding_mask.size(1) == src_len + + attn_weights = torch.bmm(q, k.transpose(1, 2)) + + assert list(attn_weights.size()) == [bsz * self.num_heads_partition, tgt_len, src_len] + + if attn_mask is not None: + attn_mask = attn_mask.unsqueeze(0) + attn_weights += attn_mask + + if key_padding_mask is not None: + # don't attend to padding symbols + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(bsz, self.num_heads_partition, tgt_len, src_len) + attn_weights = attn_weights.masked_fill( + key_padding_mask.unsqueeze(1).unsqueeze(2).to(torch.bool), float("-inf") + ) + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(bsz * self.num_heads_partition, tgt_len, src_len) + + attn_weights_float = utils.softmax( + attn_weights, dim=-1 + ) + attn_weights = attn_weights_float.type_as(attn_weights) + + with get_cuda_rng_tracker().fork(): + attn_probs = F.dropout( + attn_weights_float.type_as(attn_weights), + p=self.dropout, + training=self.training, + ) + + assert v is not None + attn = torch.bmm(attn_probs, v) + assert list(attn.size()) == [bsz * self.num_heads_partition, tgt_len, self.head_dim] + embed_dim_partition = embed_dim // self.model_parallel_size + attn = attn.transpose(0, 1).contiguous().view(tgt_len, bsz, embed_dim_partition) + attn = self.out_proj(attn) + # return attn_weights None to keep the return type same as single gpu multihead attention + # This will be deprecated. + attn_weights: Optional[Tensor] = None + + return attn, attn_weights + + @staticmethod + def _append_prev_key_padding_mask( + key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor], + prev_key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor], + batch_size: int, + src_len: int, + static_kv: bool, + ) -> Optional[Tensor]: + # saved key padding masks have shape (bsz, seq_len) + if prev_key_padding_mask is not None and static_kv: + new_key_padding_mask = prev_key_padding_mask + elif prev_key_padding_mask is not None and key_padding_mask is not None: + new_key_padding_mask = torch.cat( + [prev_key_padding_mask.float(), key_padding_mask.float()], dim=1 + ) + # During incremental decoding, as the padding token enters and + # leaves the frame, there will be a time when prev or current + # is None + elif prev_key_padding_mask is not None: + + filler = torch.zeros(batch_size, src_len - prev_key_padding_mask.size(1)) + if prev_key_padding_mask.is_cuda: + filler = filler.cuda() + new_key_padding_mask = torch.cat( + [prev_key_padding_mask.float(), filler.float()], dim=1 + ) + elif key_padding_mask is not None: + filler = torch.zeros(batch_size, src_len - key_padding_mask.size(1)) + if key_padding_mask.is_cuda: + filler = filler.cuda() + new_key_padding_mask = torch.cat( + [filler.float(), key_padding_mask.float()], dim=1 + ) + else: + new_key_padding_mask = prev_key_padding_mask + return new_key_padding_mask + + def reorder_incremental_state( + self, incremental_state: Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]], new_order + ): + """Reorder buffered internal state (for incremental generation).""" + input_buffer = self._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + if input_buffer is not None: + for k in input_buffer.keys(): + if input_buffer[k] is not None: + input_buffer[k] = input_buffer[k].index_select(0, new_order) + incremental_state = self._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, input_buffer) + return incremental_state + + def _get_input_buffer( + self, incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]] + ) -> Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]: + result = self.get_incremental_state(incremental_state, "attn_state") + if result is not None: + return result + else: + empty_result: Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]] = {} + return empty_result + + def _set_input_buffer( + self, + incremental_state: Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]], + buffer: Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]], + ): + return self.set_incremental_state(incremental_state, "attn_state", buffer) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/modules/transformer_layer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/modules/transformer_layer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..30b23d518c4c2f0815be7229d96c0689d2867e81 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/model_parallel/modules/transformer_layer.py @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq.modules import ( + TransformerEncoderLayer, + TransformerDecoderLayer, +) + +from fairseq.model_parallel.modules import ModelParallelMultiheadAttention + +try: + from fairseq.model_parallel.megatron.mpu import ( + ColumnParallelLinear, + RowParallelLinear, + ) + has_megatron_submodule = True +except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError): + has_megatron_submodule = False + + +class ModelParallelTransformerEncoderLayer(TransformerEncoderLayer): + """Encoder layer block over multiple gpus. + + See "Megatron-LM: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.08053.pdf" for more details. + """ + + def build_fc1(self, input_dim, output_dim, q_noise, qn_block_size): + if q_noise > 0: + raise NotImplementedError + return ColumnParallelLinear(input_dim, output_dim, gather_output=False) + + def build_fc2(self, input_dim, output_dim, q_noise, qn_block_size): + if q_noise > 0: + raise NotImplementedError + return RowParallelLinear(input_dim, output_dim, input_is_parallel=True) + + def build_self_attention(self, embed_dim, args, **unused_kwargs): + return ModelParallelMultiheadAttention( + embed_dim, + args.encoder_attention_heads, + dropout=args.attention_dropout, + self_attention=True, + ) + + +class ModelParallelTransformerDecoderLayer(TransformerDecoderLayer): + """Decoder layer block. + + See "Megatron-LM: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.08053.pdf" for more details. + """ + def build_fc1(self, input_dim, output_dim, q_noise, qn_block_size): + if q_noise > 0: + raise NotImplementedError + return ColumnParallelLinear(input_dim, output_dim, gather_output=False) + + def build_fc2(self, input_dim, output_dim, q_noise, qn_block_size): + if q_noise > 0: + raise NotImplementedError + return RowParallelLinear(input_dim, output_dim, input_is_parallel=True) + + def build_self_attention(self, embed_dim, args, **unused_kwargs): + return ModelParallelMultiheadAttention( + embed_dim=embed_dim, + num_heads=args.decoder_attention_heads, + dropout=args.attention_dropout, + self_attention=not getattr(args, "cross_self_attention", False), + ) + + def build_encoder_attention(self, embed_dim, args, **unused_kwargs): + return ModelParallelMultiheadAttention( + embed_dim=embed_dim, + num_heads=args.decoder_attention_heads, + kdim=getattr(args, "encoder_embed_dim", None), + vdim=getattr(args, "encoder_embed_dim", None), + dropout=args.attention_dropout, + encoder_decoder_attention=True, + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f7d8eaafadf8f39a3e79501d86809aed6f5b414b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import argparse +import importlib +import os + +from .fairseq_decoder import FairseqDecoder +from .fairseq_encoder import FairseqEncoder +from .fairseq_incremental_decoder import FairseqIncrementalDecoder +from .fairseq_model import ( + BaseFairseqModel, + FairseqEncoderModel, + FairseqEncoderDecoderModel, + FairseqLanguageModel, + FairseqModel, + FairseqMultiModel, +) + +from .composite_encoder import CompositeEncoder +from .distributed_fairseq_model import DistributedFairseqModel + + +MODEL_REGISTRY = {} +ARCH_MODEL_REGISTRY = {} +ARCH_MODEL_INV_REGISTRY = {} +ARCH_CONFIG_REGISTRY = {} + + +__all__ = [ + 'BaseFairseqModel', + 'CompositeEncoder', + 'DistributedFairseqModel', + 'FairseqDecoder', + 'FairseqEncoder', + 'FairseqEncoderDecoderModel', + 'FairseqEncoderModel', + 'FairseqIncrementalDecoder', + 'FairseqLanguageModel', + 'FairseqModel', + 'FairseqMultiModel', +] + + +def build_model(args, task): + return ARCH_MODEL_REGISTRY[args.arch].build_model(args, task) + + +def register_model(name): + """ + New model types can be added to fairseq with the :func:`register_model` + function decorator. + + For example:: + + @register_model('lstm') + class LSTM(FairseqEncoderDecoderModel): + (...) + + .. note:: All models must implement the :class:`BaseFairseqModel` interface. + Typically you will extend :class:`FairseqEncoderDecoderModel` for + sequence-to-sequence tasks or :class:`FairseqLanguageModel` for + language modeling tasks. + + Args: + name (str): the name of the model + """ + + def register_model_cls(cls): + if name in MODEL_REGISTRY: + raise ValueError('Cannot register duplicate model ({})'.format(name)) + if not issubclass(cls, BaseFairseqModel): + raise ValueError('Model ({}: {}) must extend BaseFairseqModel'.format(name, cls.__name__)) + MODEL_REGISTRY[name] = cls + return cls + + return register_model_cls + + +def register_model_architecture(model_name, arch_name): + """ + New model architectures can be added to fairseq with the + :func:`register_model_architecture` function decorator. After registration, + model architectures can be selected with the ``--arch`` command-line + argument. + + For example:: + + @register_model_architecture('lstm', 'lstm_luong_wmt_en_de') + def lstm_luong_wmt_en_de(args): + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 1000) + (...) + + The decorated function should take a single argument *args*, which is a + :class:`argparse.Namespace` of arguments parsed from the command-line. The + decorated function should modify these arguments in-place to match the + desired architecture. + + Args: + model_name (str): the name of the Model (Model must already be + registered) + arch_name (str): the name of the model architecture (``--arch``) + """ + + def register_model_arch_fn(fn): + if model_name not in MODEL_REGISTRY: + raise ValueError('Cannot register model architecture for unknown model type ({})'.format(model_name)) + if arch_name in ARCH_MODEL_REGISTRY: + raise ValueError('Cannot register duplicate model architecture ({})'.format(arch_name)) + if not callable(fn): + raise ValueError('Model architecture must be callable ({})'.format(arch_name)) + ARCH_MODEL_REGISTRY[arch_name] = MODEL_REGISTRY[model_name] + ARCH_MODEL_INV_REGISTRY.setdefault(model_name, []).append(arch_name) + ARCH_CONFIG_REGISTRY[arch_name] = fn + return fn + + return register_model_arch_fn + + +# automatically import any Python files in the models/ directory +models_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__) +for file in os.listdir(models_dir): + path = os.path.join(models_dir, file) + if ( + not file.startswith('_') + and not file.startswith('.') + and (file.endswith('.py') or os.path.isdir(path)) + ): + model_name = file[:file.find('.py')] if file.endswith('.py') else file + module = importlib.import_module('fairseq.models.' + model_name) + + # extra `model_parser` for sphinx + if model_name in MODEL_REGISTRY: + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=False) + group_archs = parser.add_argument_group('Named architectures') + group_archs.add_argument('--arch', choices=ARCH_MODEL_INV_REGISTRY[model_name]) + group_args = parser.add_argument_group('Additional command-line arguments') + MODEL_REGISTRY[model_name].add_args(group_args) + globals()[model_name + '_parser'] = parser diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc 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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35faccd0cf46754cf671c2539a674a17cb4eee53 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/bart/__pycache__/model.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/bart/hub_interface.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/bart/hub_interface.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f87291bfbd777126a79c695d43e009be2db68e52 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/bart/hub_interface.py @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import copy +import logging + +import numpy as np +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from typing import List + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.data import encoders + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +class BARTHubInterface(nn.Module): + """A simple PyTorch Hub interface to BART. + + Usage: https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq/tree/master/examples/BART + """ + + def __init__(self, args, task, model): + super().__init__() + self.args = args + self.task = task + self.model = model + + self.bpe = encoders.build_bpe(args) + + self.max_positions = min(utils.resolve_max_positions( + self.task.max_positions(), + self.model.max_positions(), + )) + + # this is useful for determining the device + self.register_buffer('_float_tensor', torch.tensor([0], dtype=torch.float)) + + @property + def device(self): + return self._float_tensor.device + + def encode(self, sentence: str, *addl_sentences, no_separator=True) -> torch.LongTensor: + """ + BPE-encode a sentence (or multiple sentences). + + Every sequence begins with a beginning-of-sentence (``) symbol. + Every sentence ends with an end-of-sentence (``). + + Example (single sentence): ` a b c ` + Example (sentence pair): ` d e f 1 2 3 ` + + The BPE encoding follows GPT-2. One subtle detail is that the GPT-2 BPE + requires leading spaces. For example:: + + >>> bart.encode('Hello world').tolist() + [0, 31414, 232, 2] + >>> bart.encode(' world').tolist() + [0, 232, 2] + >>> bart.encode('world').tolist() + [0, 8331, 2] + """ + tokens = self.bpe.encode(sentence) + if len(tokens.split(' ')) > self.max_positions - 2: + tokens = ' '.join(tokens.split(' ')[:self.max_positions - 2]) + bpe_sentence = ' ' + tokens + ' ' + for s in addl_sentences: + bpe_sentence += (' ' if not no_separator else '') + bpe_sentence += ' ' + self.bpe.encode(s) + ' ' + tokens = self.task.source_dictionary.encode_line(bpe_sentence, append_eos=False) + return tokens.long() + + def decode(self, tokens: torch.LongTensor): + assert tokens.dim() == 1 + tokens = tokens.cpu().numpy() + if tokens[0] == self.task.source_dictionary.bos(): + tokens = tokens[1:] # remove + eos_mask = (tokens == self.task.source_dictionary.eos()) + doc_mask = eos_mask[1:] & eos_mask[:-1] + sentences = np.split(tokens, doc_mask.nonzero()[0] + 1) + sentences = [self.bpe.decode(self.task.source_dictionary.string(s)) for s in sentences] + if len(sentences) == 1: + return sentences[0] + return sentences + + def _build_sample(self, src_tokens: List[torch.LongTensor]): + # assert torch.is_tensor(src_tokens) + dataset = self.task.build_dataset_for_inference( + src_tokens, + [x.numel() for x in src_tokens], + ) + sample = dataset.collater(dataset) + sample = utils.apply_to_sample( + lambda tensor: tensor.to(self.device), + sample + ) + return sample + + def sample(self, sentences: List[str], beam: int = 1, verbose: bool = False, **kwargs) -> str: + input = [self.encode(sentence) for sentence in sentences] + hypos = self.generate(input, beam, verbose, **kwargs) + return [self.decode(x['tokens']) for x in hypos] + + def generate(self, tokens: List[torch.LongTensor], beam: int = 5, verbose: bool = False, **kwargs) -> torch.LongTensor: + sample = self._build_sample(tokens) + + # build generator using current args as well as any kwargs + gen_args = copy.copy(self.args) + gen_args.beam = beam + for k, v in kwargs.items(): + setattr(gen_args, k, v) + generator = self.task.build_generator([self.model], gen_args) + translations = self.task.inference_step( + generator, + [self.model], + sample, + prefix_tokens=sample['net_input']['src_tokens'].new_zeros((len(tokens), 1)).fill_(self.task.source_dictionary.bos()), + ) + + if verbose: + src_str_with_unk = self.string(tokens) + logger.info('S\t{}'.format(src_str_with_unk)) + + def getarg(name, default): + return getattr(gen_args, name, getattr(self.args, name, default)) + + # Process top predictions + hypos = [x[0] for x in translations] + hypos = [v for _, v in sorted(zip(sample['id'].tolist(), hypos))] + return hypos + + def extract_features(self, tokens: torch.LongTensor, return_all_hiddens: bool = False) -> torch.Tensor: + if tokens.dim() == 1: + tokens = tokens.unsqueeze(0) + if tokens.size(-1) > min(self.model.max_positions()): + raise ValueError('tokens exceeds maximum length: {} > {}'.format( + tokens.size(-1), self.model.max_positions() + )) + tokens.to(device=self.device), + prev_output_tokens = tokens.clone() + + prev_output_tokens[:, 0] = tokens.gather( + 1, + (tokens.ne(self.task.source_dictionary.pad()).sum(dim=1)- 1).unsqueeze(-1), + ).squeeze() + + prev_output_tokens[:, 1:] = tokens[:, :-1] + features, extra = self.model( + src_tokens=tokens, + src_lengths=None, + prev_output_tokens=prev_output_tokens, + features_only=True, + return_all_hiddens=return_all_hiddens, + ) + if return_all_hiddens: + # convert from T x B x C -> B x T x C + inner_states = extra['inner_states'] + return [inner_state.transpose(0, 1) for inner_state in inner_states] + else: + return features # just the last layer's features + + def register_classification_head( + self, name: str, num_classes: int = None, embedding_size: int = None, **kwargs + ): + self.model.register_classification_head( + name, num_classes=num_classes, embedding_size=embedding_size, **kwargs + ) + + def predict(self, head: str, tokens: torch.LongTensor, return_logits: bool = False): + if tokens.dim() == 1: + tokens = tokens.unsqueeze(0) + features = self.extract_features(tokens.to(device=self.device)) + sentence_representation = features[ + tokens.eq(self.task.source_dictionary.eos()), : + ].view(features.size(0), -1, features.size(-1))[:, -1, :] + + logits = self.model.classification_heads[head](sentence_representation) + if return_logits: + return logits + return F.log_softmax(logits, dim=-1) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/bart/model.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/bart/model.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..389890a31c1dd24206395df687c9e43a0393baa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/bart/model.py @@ -0,0 +1,322 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +""" +BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for +Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehension +""" + +import logging + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.models import ( + register_model, + register_model_architecture, +) +from fairseq.models.transformer import TransformerModel +from fairseq.modules.transformer_sentence_encoder import init_bert_params + +from .hub_interface import BARTHubInterface + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_model('bart') +class BARTModel(TransformerModel): + + @classmethod + def hub_models(cls): + return { + 'bart.large': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/bart.large.tar.gz', + 'bart.large.mnli': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/bart.large.mnli.tar.gz', + 'bart.large.cnn': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/bart.large.cnn.tar.gz', + 'bart.large.xsum': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/bart.large.xsum.tar.gz', + } + + def __init__(self, args, encoder, decoder): + super().__init__(args, encoder, decoder) + + # We follow BERT's random weight initialization + self.apply(init_bert_params) + + self.classification_heads = nn.ModuleDict() + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + super(BARTModel, BARTModel).add_args(parser) + parser.add_argument( + '--pooler-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability in the masked_lm pooler layers' + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--pooler-activation-fn', + choices=utils.get_available_activation_fns(), + help='activation function to use for pooler layer' + ) + + @property + def supported_targets(self): + return {'self'} + + def forward( + self, src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens, + features_only=False, classification_head_name=None, **kwargs + ): + if classification_head_name is not None: + features_only = True + + encoder_out = self.encoder( + src_tokens, + src_lengths=src_lengths, + **kwargs, + ) + x, extra = self.decoder( + prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out, + features_only=features_only, + **kwargs, + ) + + if classification_head_name is not None: + sentence_representation = x[ + src_tokens.eq(self.encoder.dictionary.eos()), : + ].view(x.size(0), -1, x.size(-1))[:, -1, :] + x = self.classification_heads[classification_head_name]( + sentence_representation + ) + return x, extra + + @classmethod + def from_pretrained( + cls, + model_name_or_path, + checkpoint_file='model.pt', + data_name_or_path='.', + bpe='gpt2', + **kwargs, + ): + from fairseq import hub_utils + x = hub_utils.from_pretrained( + model_name_or_path, + checkpoint_file, + data_name_or_path, + archive_map=cls.hub_models(), + bpe=bpe, + load_checkpoint_heads=True, + **kwargs, + ) + return BARTHubInterface(x['args'], x['task'], x['models'][0]) + + def register_classification_head(self, name, num_classes=None, inner_dim=None, **kwargs): + """Register a classification head.""" + logger.info("Registering classification head: {0}".format(name)) + if name in self.classification_heads: + prev_num_classes = self.classification_heads[name].out_proj.out_features + prev_inner_dim = self.classification_heads[name].dense.out_features + if num_classes != prev_num_classes or inner_dim != prev_inner_dim: + logger.warning( + 're-registering head "{}" with num_classes {} (prev: {}) ' + 'and inner_dim {} (prev: {})'.format( + name, num_classes, prev_num_classes, inner_dim, prev_inner_dim + ) + ) + self.classification_heads[name] = BARTClassificationHead( + self.args.encoder_embed_dim, + inner_dim or self.args.encoder_embed_dim, + num_classes, + self.args.pooler_activation_fn, + self.args.pooler_dropout, + ) + + def upgrade_state_dict_named(self, state_dict, name): + super().upgrade_state_dict_named(state_dict, name) + + prefix = name + '.' if name != '' else '' + current_head_names = [] if not hasattr(self, 'classification_heads') else \ + self.classification_heads.keys() + + # Handle new classification heads present in the state dict. + keys_to_delete = [] + for k in state_dict.keys(): + if not k.startswith(prefix + 'classification_heads.'): + continue + + head_name = k[len(prefix + 'classification_heads.'):].split('.')[0] + num_classes = state_dict[prefix + 'classification_heads.' + head_name + '.out_proj.weight'].size(0) + inner_dim = state_dict[prefix + 'classification_heads.' + head_name + '.dense.weight'].size(0) + + if getattr(self.args, 'load_checkpoint_heads', False): + if head_name not in current_head_names: + self.register_classification_head(head_name, num_classes, inner_dim) + else: + if head_name not in current_head_names: + logger.warning( + 'deleting classification head ({}) from checkpoint ' + 'not present in current model: {}'.format(head_name, k) + ) + keys_to_delete.append(k) + elif ( + num_classes != self.classification_heads[head_name].out_proj.out_features + or inner_dim != self.classification_heads[head_name].dense.out_features + ): + logger.warning( + 'deleting classification head ({}) from checkpoint ' + 'with different dimensions than current model: {}'.format(head_name, k) + ) + keys_to_delete.append(k) + for k in keys_to_delete: + del state_dict[k] + + def truncate_emb(key): + if key in state_dict: + state_dict[key] = state_dict[key][:-1, :] + + # When finetuning on translation task, remove last row of + # embedding matrix that corresponds to mask_idx token. + loaded_dict_size = state_dict['encoder.embed_tokens.weight'].size(0) + if loaded_dict_size == len(self.encoder.dictionary) + 1 and '' not in self.encoder.dictionary: + truncate_emb('encoder.embed_tokens.weight') + truncate_emb('decoder.embed_tokens.weight') + truncate_emb('encoder.output_projection.weight') + truncate_emb('decoder.output_projection.weight') + + # When continued pretraining on new set of languages for mbart, + # add extra lang embeddings at the end of embed_tokens. + # Note: newly added languages are assumed to have been added at the end. + if self.args.task == 'multilingual_denoising' and loaded_dict_size < len(self.encoder.dictionary): + logger.info( + "Adding extra language embeddings not found in pretrained model for "\ + "continued pretraining of MBART on new set of languages." + ) + loaded_mask_token_embedding = state_dict['encoder.embed_tokens.weight'][-1, :] + + num_langids_to_add = len(self.encoder.dictionary) - loaded_dict_size + embed_dim = state_dict['encoder.embed_tokens.weight'].size(1) + + new_lang_embed_to_add = torch.zeros(num_langids_to_add, embed_dim) + nn.init.normal_( + new_lang_embed_to_add, + mean=0, + std=embed_dim ** -0.5 + ) + new_lang_embed_to_add = new_lang_embed_to_add.to( + dtype=state_dict['encoder.embed_tokens.weight'].dtype, + ) + + state_dict['encoder.embed_tokens.weight'] = torch.cat([ + state_dict['encoder.embed_tokens.weight'][:loaded_dict_size-1, :], + new_lang_embed_to_add, + loaded_mask_token_embedding.unsqueeze(0)] + ) + state_dict['decoder.embed_tokens.weight'] = torch.cat([ + state_dict['decoder.embed_tokens.weight'][:loaded_dict_size-1, :], + new_lang_embed_to_add, + loaded_mask_token_embedding.unsqueeze(0)] + ) + + # Copy any newly-added classification heads into the state dict + # with their current weights. + if hasattr(self, 'classification_heads'): + cur_state = self.classification_heads.state_dict() + for k, v in cur_state.items(): + if prefix + 'classification_heads.' + k not in state_dict: + logger.info('Overwriting', prefix + 'classification_heads.' + k) + state_dict[prefix + 'classification_heads.' + k] = v + + +class BARTClassificationHead(nn.Module): + """Head for sentence-level classification tasks.""" + + def __init__( + self, + input_dim, + inner_dim, + num_classes, + activation_fn, + pooler_dropout, + ): + super().__init__() + self.dense = nn.Linear(input_dim, inner_dim) + self.activation_fn = utils.get_activation_fn(activation_fn) + self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p=pooler_dropout) + self.out_proj = nn.Linear(inner_dim, num_classes) + + def forward(self, features, **kwargs): + x = features + x = self.dropout(x) + x = self.dense(x) + x = self.activation_fn(x) + x = self.dropout(x) + x = self.out_proj(x) + return x + + +@register_model_architecture('bart', 'bart_large') +def bart_large_architecture(args): + args.encoder_embed_path = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_path', None) + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 1024) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 4*1024) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 12) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 16) + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, 'encoder_normalize_before', False) + args.encoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, 'encoder_learned_pos', True) + args.decoder_embed_path = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_path', None) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', args.encoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 12) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 16) + args.decoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, 'decoder_normalize_before', False) + args.decoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, 'decoder_learned_pos', True) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.) + args.relu_dropout = getattr(args, 'relu_dropout', 0.) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.max_target_positions = getattr(args, 'max_target_positions', 1024) + args.max_source_positions = getattr(args, 'max_source_positions', 1024) + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_cutoff', None) + args.adaptive_softmax_dropout = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_dropout', 0) + args.share_decoder_input_output_embed = getattr(args, 'share_decoder_input_output_embed', True) + args.share_all_embeddings = getattr(args, 'share_all_embeddings', True) + + args.decoder_output_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_output_dim', args.decoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_input_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_input_dim', args.decoder_embed_dim) + + args.no_scale_embedding = getattr(args, 'no_scale_embedding', True) + args.layernorm_embedding = getattr(args, 'layernorm_embedding', True) + + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, 'activation_fn', 'gelu') + args.pooler_activation_fn = getattr(args, 'pooler_activation_fn', 'tanh') + args.pooler_dropout = getattr(args, 'pooler_dropout', 0.0) + + +@register_model_architecture('bart', 'bart_base') +def bart_base_architecture(args): + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 768) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 4*768) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 6) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 12) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 6) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 12) + bart_large_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('bart', 'mbart_large') +def mbart_large_architecture(args): + args.no_scale_embedding = getattr(args, 'no_scale_embedding', False) + bart_large_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('bart', 'mbart_base') +def mbart_base_architecture(args): + args.no_scale_embedding = getattr(args, 'no_scale_embedding', False) + bart_base_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('bart', 'mbart_base_wmt20') +def mbart_base_wmt20_architecture(args): + args.layernorm_embedding = getattr(args, 'layernorm_embedding', False) + mbart_base_architecture(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/composite_encoder.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/composite_encoder.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..afef248cdcc5e657350ce37c8ba434bc01d70558 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/composite_encoder.py @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq.models import FairseqEncoder + + +class CompositeEncoder(FairseqEncoder): + """ + A wrapper around a dictionary of :class:`FairseqEncoder` objects. + + We run forward on each encoder and return a dictionary of outputs. The first + encoder's dictionary is used for initialization. + + Args: + encoders (dict): a dictionary of :class:`FairseqEncoder` objects. + """ + + def __init__(self, encoders): + super().__init__(next(iter(encoders.values())).dictionary) + self.encoders = encoders + for key in self.encoders: + self.add_module(key, self.encoders[key]) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, src_lengths): + """ + Args: + src_tokens (LongTensor): tokens in the source language of shape + `(batch, src_len)` + src_lengths (LongTensor): lengths of each source sentence of shape + `(batch)` + + Returns: + dict: + the outputs from each Encoder + """ + encoder_out = {} + for key in self.encoders: + encoder_out[key] = self.encoders[key](src_tokens, src_lengths) + return encoder_out + + def reorder_encoder_out(self, encoder_out, new_order): + """Reorder encoder output according to new_order.""" + for key in self.encoders: + encoder_out[key] = self.encoders[key].reorder_encoder_out(encoder_out[key], new_order) + return encoder_out + + def max_positions(self): + return min(self.encoders[key].max_positions() for key in self.encoders) + + def upgrade_state_dict(self, state_dict): + for key in self.encoders: + self.encoders[key].upgrade_state_dict(state_dict) + return state_dict diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/distributed_fairseq_model.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/distributed_fairseq_model.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd74bf1f1344f0fbafa6b13bbe8f43b343561100 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/distributed_fairseq_model.py @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import inspect + +import torch.nn as nn + +from fairseq.legacy_distributed_data_parallel import LegacyDistributedDataParallel +from fairseq.models import BaseFairseqModel + + +_GOSSIP_DISABLED = False +try: + import gossip +except ImportError: + _GOSSIP_DISABLED = True + + +def DistributedFairseqModel(args, model, process_group=None): + """ + Wrap a *model* to support distributed data parallel training. + + This is similar to the built-in DistributedDataParallel, but allows + additional configuration of the DistributedDataParallel class to + use, and also provides easier access to the wrapped model by + forwarding requests for missing attributes to the wrapped model. + + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): fairseq args + model (BaseFairseqModel): model to wrap + """ + # determine which DDP class to extend + assert isinstance(model, nn.Module) + if args.distributed_wrapper == 'DDP' and args.ddp_backend == 'c10d': + ddp_class = nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel + init_kwargs = dict( + module=model, + device_ids=[args.device_id], + output_device=args.device_id, + broadcast_buffers=args.broadcast_buffers, + bucket_cap_mb=args.bucket_cap_mb, + process_group=process_group, + ) + # Maintain backward compatibility + if 'check_reduction' in inspect.getargspec(ddp_class)[0]: + init_kwargs['check_reduction'] = True + if 'find_unused_parameters' in inspect.getargspec(ddp_class)[0]: + init_kwargs['find_unused_parameters'] = args.find_unused_parameters + elif args.distributed_wrapper == 'DDP' and args.ddp_backend == 'no_c10d': + ddp_class = LegacyDistributedDataParallel + init_kwargs = dict( + module=model, + world_size=args.distributed_world_size, + buffer_size=2**28, + process_group=process_group, + ) + elif args.distributed_wrapper == 'SlowMo': + if _GOSSIP_DISABLED: + raise ImportError( + 'Cannot find gossip library. Please install from: ' + 'github.com/facebookresearch/stochastic_gradient_push' + ) + ddp_class = gossip.GossipDataParallel + + # The values of slowmo_momentum below were obtained by tuning on the + # En-De 16 dataset by training the transformer_wmt_en_de_large model + if args.slowmo_momentum is None: + if args.distributed_world_size <= 16: + args.slowmo_momentum = 0.0 + elif args.distributed_world_size <= 32: + args.slowmo_momentum = 0.2 + elif args.distributed_world_size <= 64: + args.slowmo_momentum = 0.5 + else: + args.slowmo_momentum = 0.6 + + init_kwargs = dict( + module=model, + device_ids=[args.device_id], + output_device=args.device_id, + broadcast_buffers=args.broadcast_buffers, + nprocs_per_node=args.nprocs_per_node, + slowmo_momentum=args.slowmo_momentum, + localsgd=(args.slowmo_algorithm == 'LocalSGD'), + localsgd_frequency=args.localsgd_frequency + ) + else: + raise ValueError('Unknown --ddp-backend: ' + args.ddp_backend) + + class _DistributedFairseqModel(ddp_class): + """Extend DistributedDataParallel to check for missing + attributes in the wrapped module.""" + + def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): + super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) + + def __getattr__(self, name): + wrapped_module = super().__getattr__('module') + if hasattr(wrapped_module, name): + return getattr(wrapped_module, name) + return super().__getattr__(name) + + return _DistributedFairseqModel(**init_kwargs) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fairseq_decoder.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fairseq_decoder.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fb6c52dc7ffd95c63e0b43512db398cbb8b91582 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fairseq_decoder.py @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple + +import torch.nn as nn +from fairseq import utils +from torch import Tensor + + +class FairseqDecoder(nn.Module): + """Base class for decoders.""" + + def __init__(self, dictionary): + super().__init__() + self.dictionary = dictionary + self.onnx_trace = False + + def forward(self, prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=None, **kwargs): + """ + Args: + prev_output_tokens (LongTensor): shifted output tokens of shape + `(batch, tgt_len)`, for teacher forcing + encoder_out (dict, optional): output from the encoder, used for + encoder-side attention + + Returns: + tuple: + - the decoder's output of shape `(batch, tgt_len, vocab)` + - a dictionary with any model-specific outputs + """ + x, extra = self.extract_features( + prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=encoder_out, **kwargs + ) + x = self.output_layer(x) + return x, extra + + def extract_features(self, prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=None, **kwargs): + """ + Returns: + tuple: + - the decoder's features of shape `(batch, tgt_len, embed_dim)` + - a dictionary with any model-specific outputs + """ + raise NotImplementedError + + def output_layer(self, features, **kwargs): + """ + Project features to the default output size, e.g., vocabulary size. + + Args: + features (Tensor): features returned by *extract_features*. + """ + raise NotImplementedError + + def get_normalized_probs( + self, + net_output: Tuple[Tensor, Optional[Dict[str, List[Optional[Tensor]]]]], + log_probs: bool, + sample: Optional[Dict[str, Tensor]] = None, + ): + """Get normalized probabilities (or log probs) from a net's output.""" + + if hasattr(self, "adaptive_softmax") and self.adaptive_softmax is not None: + if sample is not None: + assert "target" in sample + target = sample["target"] + else: + target = None + out = self.adaptive_softmax.get_log_prob(net_output[0], target=target) + return out.exp_() if not log_probs else out + + logits = net_output[0] + if log_probs: + return utils.log_softmax(logits, dim=-1, onnx_trace=self.onnx_trace) + else: + return utils.softmax(logits, dim=-1, onnx_trace=self.onnx_trace) + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum input length supported by the decoder.""" + return 1e6 # an arbitrary large number + + def upgrade_state_dict(self, state_dict): + """Upgrade a (possibly old) state dict for new versions of fairseq.""" + return state_dict + + def prepare_for_onnx_export_(self): + self.onnx_trace = True diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fairseq_encoder.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fairseq_encoder.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b65778faaccd73345e4151aad19e2e3de97b927 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fairseq_encoder.py @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch.nn as nn +from typing import List, NamedTuple, Optional +from torch import Tensor + +EncoderOut = NamedTuple( + "EncoderOut", + [ + ("encoder_out", Tensor), # T x B x C + ("encoder_padding_mask", Tensor), # B x T + ("encoder_embedding", Tensor), # B x T x C + ("encoder_states", Optional[List[Tensor]]), # List[T x B x C] + ("src_tokens", Optional[Tensor]), # B x T + ("src_lengths", Optional[Tensor]), # B x 1 + ], +) + + +class FairseqEncoder(nn.Module): + """Base class for encoders.""" + + def __init__(self, dictionary): + super().__init__() + self.dictionary = dictionary + + def forward(self, src_tokens, src_lengths=None, **kwargs): + """ + Args: + src_tokens (LongTensor): tokens in the source language of shape + `(batch, src_len)` + src_lengths (LongTensor): lengths of each source sentence of shape + `(batch)` + """ + raise NotImplementedError + + def reorder_encoder_out(self, encoder_out, new_order): + """ + Reorder encoder output according to `new_order`. + + Args: + encoder_out: output from the ``forward()`` method + new_order (LongTensor): desired order + + Returns: + `encoder_out` rearranged according to `new_order` + """ + raise NotImplementedError + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum input length supported by the encoder.""" + return 1e6 # an arbitrary large number + + def upgrade_state_dict(self, state_dict): + """Upgrade a (possibly old) state dict for new versions of fairseq.""" + return state_dict diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fairseq_incremental_decoder.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fairseq_incremental_decoder.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..51ab5772885ab0b9f072f4ff38fedafcbdf247fe --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fairseq_incremental_decoder.py @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +from typing import Dict, Optional + +from fairseq.models import FairseqDecoder +from fairseq.incremental_decoding_utils import with_incremental_state +from torch import Tensor + + +@with_incremental_state +class FairseqIncrementalDecoder(FairseqDecoder): + """Base class for incremental decoders. + + Incremental decoding is a special mode at inference time where the Model + only receives a single timestep of input corresponding to the previous + output token (for teacher forcing) and must produce the next output + *incrementally*. Thus the model must cache any long-term state that is + needed about the sequence, e.g., hidden states, convolutional states, etc. + + Compared to the standard :class:`FairseqDecoder` interface, the incremental + decoder interface allows :func:`forward` functions to take an extra keyword + argument (*incremental_state*) that can be used to cache state across + time-steps. + + The :class:`FairseqIncrementalDecoder` interface also defines the + :func:`reorder_incremental_state` method, which is used during beam search + to select and reorder the incremental state based on the selection of beams. + + To learn more about how incremental decoding works, refer to `this blog + `_. + """ + + def __init__(self, dictionary): + super().__init__(dictionary) + + def forward(self, prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=None, incremental_state=None, **kwargs): + """ + Args: + prev_output_tokens (LongTensor): shifted output tokens of shape + `(batch, tgt_len)`, for teacher forcing + encoder_out (dict, optional): output from the encoder, used for + encoder-side attention + incremental_state (dict, optional): dictionary used for storing + state during :ref:`Incremental decoding` + + Returns: + tuple: + - the decoder's output of shape `(batch, tgt_len, vocab)` + - a dictionary with any model-specific outputs + """ + raise NotImplementedError + + def extract_features(self, prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=None, incremental_state=None, **kwargs): + """ + Returns: + tuple: + - the decoder's features of shape `(batch, tgt_len, embed_dim)` + - a dictionary with any model-specific outputs + """ + raise NotImplementedError + + def reorder_incremental_state( + self, + incremental_state: Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]], + new_order: Tensor, + ): + """Reorder incremental state. + + This should be called when the order of the input has changed from the + previous time step. A typical use case is beam search, where the input + order changes between time steps based on the selection of beams. + """ + seen: Dict[int, Optional[Tensor]] = {} + for _, module in self.named_modules(): + if hasattr(module, 'reorder_incremental_state'): + if id(module) not in seen and module is not self: + seen[id(module)] = None + result = module.reorder_incremental_state(incremental_state, new_order) + if result is not None: + incremental_state = result + + def set_beam_size(self, beam_size): + """Sets the beam size in the decoder and all children.""" + if getattr(self, '_beam_size', -1) != beam_size: + seen = set() + + def apply_set_beam_size(module): + if module != self and hasattr(module, 'set_beam_size') \ + and module not in seen: + seen.add(module) + module.set_beam_size(beam_size) + + self.apply(apply_set_beam_size) + self._beam_size = beam_size diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fairseq_model.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fairseq_model.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90211b608ef0fb925e9d32c712ef2385dc6762f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fairseq_model.py @@ -0,0 +1,529 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +""" +Base classes for various fairseq models. +""" + +import logging +from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.checkpoint_utils import prune_state_dict +from fairseq.data import Dictionary +from fairseq.models import FairseqDecoder, FairseqEncoder +from torch import Tensor + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +class BaseFairseqModel(nn.Module): + """Base class for fairseq models.""" + + def __init__(self): + super().__init__() + self._is_generation_fast = False + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add model-specific arguments to the parser.""" + pass + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + """Build a new model instance.""" + raise NotImplementedError("Model must implement the build_model method") + + def get_targets(self, sample, net_output): + """Get targets from either the sample or the net's output.""" + return sample["target"] + + def get_normalized_probs( + self, + net_output: Tuple[Tensor, Optional[Dict[str, List[Optional[Tensor]]]]], + log_probs: bool, + sample: Optional[Dict[str, Tensor]] = None, + ): + """Get normalized probabilities (or log probs) from a net's output.""" + return self.get_normalized_probs_scriptable(net_output, log_probs, sample) + + # TorchScript doesn't support super() method so that the scriptable Subclass + # can't access the base class model in Torchscript. + # Current workaround is to add a helper function with different name and + # call the helper function from scriptable Subclass. + def get_normalized_probs_scriptable( + self, + net_output: Tuple[Tensor, Optional[Dict[str, List[Optional[Tensor]]]]], + log_probs: bool, + sample: Optional[Dict[str, Tensor]] = None, + ): + """Scriptable helper function for get_normalized_probs in ~BaseFairseqModel""" + if hasattr(self, "decoder"): + return self.decoder.get_normalized_probs(net_output, log_probs, sample) + elif torch.is_tensor(net_output): + logits = net_output.float() + if log_probs: + return F.log_softmax(logits, dim=-1) + else: + return F.softmax(logits, dim=-1) + raise NotImplementedError + + def extract_features(self, *args, **kwargs): + """Similar to *forward* but only return features.""" + return self(*args, **kwargs) + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum length supported by the model.""" + return None + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict, strict=True, args=None): + """Copies parameters and buffers from *state_dict* into this module and + its descendants. + + Overrides the method in :class:`nn.Module`. Compared with that method + this additionally "upgrades" *state_dicts* from old checkpoints. + """ + self.upgrade_state_dict(state_dict) + new_state_dict = prune_state_dict(state_dict, args) + return super().load_state_dict(new_state_dict, strict) + + def upgrade_state_dict(self, state_dict): + """Upgrade old state dicts to work with newer code.""" + self.upgrade_state_dict_named(state_dict, "") + + def upgrade_state_dict_named(self, state_dict, name): + """Upgrade old state dicts to work with newer code. + + Args: + state_dict (dict): state dictionary to upgrade, in place + name (str): the state dict key corresponding to the current module + """ + assert state_dict is not None + + def do_upgrade(m, prefix): + if len(prefix) > 0: + prefix += "." + + for n, c in m.named_children(): + name = prefix + n + if hasattr(c, "upgrade_state_dict_named"): + c.upgrade_state_dict_named(state_dict, name) + elif hasattr(c, "upgrade_state_dict"): + c.upgrade_state_dict(state_dict) + do_upgrade(c, name) + + do_upgrade(self, name) + + def set_num_updates(self, num_updates): + """ State from trainer to pass along to model at every update """ + + def _apply(m): + if hasattr(m, 'set_num_updates') and m != self: + m.set_num_updates(num_updates) + self.apply(_apply) + + + def make_generation_fast_(self, **kwargs): + """Optimize model for faster generation.""" + if self._is_generation_fast: + return # only apply once + self._is_generation_fast = True + + # remove weight norm from all modules in the network + def apply_remove_weight_norm(module): + try: + nn.utils.remove_weight_norm(module) + except ValueError: # this module didn't have weight norm + return + + self.apply(apply_remove_weight_norm) + + seen = set() + + def apply_make_generation_fast_(module): + if ( + module != self + and hasattr(module, "make_generation_fast_") + and module not in seen + ): + seen.add(module) + module.make_generation_fast_(**kwargs) + + self.apply(apply_make_generation_fast_) + + def train(mode=True): + if mode: + raise RuntimeError("cannot train after make_generation_fast") + + # this model should no longer be used for training + self.eval() + self.train = train + + def prepare_for_onnx_export_(self, **kwargs): + """Make model exportable via ONNX trace.""" + seen = set() + + def apply_prepare_for_onnx_export_(module): + if ( + module != self + and hasattr(module, "prepare_for_onnx_export_") + and module not in seen + ): + seen.add(module) + module.prepare_for_onnx_export_(**kwargs) + + self.apply(apply_prepare_for_onnx_export_) + + @classmethod + def from_pretrained( + cls, + model_name_or_path, + checkpoint_file="model.pt", + data_name_or_path=".", + **kwargs, + ): + """ + Load a :class:`~fairseq.models.FairseqModel` from a pre-trained model + file. Downloads and caches the pre-trained model file if needed. + + The base implementation returns a + :class:`~fairseq.hub_utils.GeneratorHubInterface`, which can be used to + generate translations or sample from language models. The underlying + :class:`~fairseq.models.FairseqModel` can be accessed via the + *generator.models* attribute. + + Other models may override this to implement custom hub interfaces. + + Args: + model_name_or_path (str): either the name of a pre-trained model to + load or a path/URL to a pre-trained model state dict + checkpoint_file (str, optional): colon-separated list of checkpoint + files in the model archive to ensemble (default: 'model.pt') + data_name_or_path (str, optional): point args.data to the archive + at the given path/URL. Can start with '.' or './' to reuse the + model archive path. + """ + from fairseq import hub_utils + + x = hub_utils.from_pretrained( + model_name_or_path, + checkpoint_file, + data_name_or_path, + archive_map=cls.hub_models(), + **kwargs, + ) + logger.info(x["args"]) + return hub_utils.GeneratorHubInterface(x["args"], x["task"], x["models"]) + + @classmethod + def hub_models(cls): + return {} + + +class FairseqEncoderDecoderModel(BaseFairseqModel): + """Base class for encoder-decoder models. + + Args: + encoder (FairseqEncoder): the encoder + decoder (FairseqDecoder): the decoder + """ + + def __init__(self, encoder, decoder, bertencoder, berttokenizer, mask_cls_sep, args=None): + super().__init__() + + self.encoder = encoder + self.decoder = decoder + self.bert_encoder = bertencoder + self.berttokenizer = berttokenizer + self.mask_cls_sep = mask_cls_sep + self.bert_output_layer = getattr(args, 'bert_output_layer', -1) + assert isinstance(self.encoder, FairseqEncoder) + assert isinstance(self.decoder, FairseqDecoder) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens, bert_input, **kwargs): + """ + Run the forward pass for an encoder-decoder model. + + First feed a batch of source tokens through the encoder. Then, feed the + encoder output and previous decoder outputs (i.e., teacher forcing) to + the decoder to produce the next outputs:: + + encoder_out = self.encoder(src_tokens, src_lengths) + return self.decoder(prev_output_tokens, encoder_out) + + Args: + src_tokens (LongTensor): tokens in the source language of shape + `(batch, src_len)` + src_lengths (LongTensor): source sentence lengths of shape `(batch)` + prev_output_tokens (LongTensor): previous decoder outputs of shape + `(batch, tgt_len)`, for teacher forcing + + Returns: + tuple: + - the decoder's output of shape `(batch, tgt_len, vocab)` + - a dictionary with any model-specific outputs + """ + encoder_out = self.encoder(src_tokens, src_lengths=src_lengths, **kwargs) + + bert_encoder_padding_mask = bert_input.eq(self.berttokenizer.pad()) + #bert_encoder_out, _ = self.bert_encoder(bert_input, output_all_encoded_layers=True, attention_mask= 1. - bert_encoder_padding_mask) + bert_encoder_out, _ = self.bert_encoder(bert_input, output_all_encoded_layers=True, attention_mask= ~bert_encoder_padding_mask) + + bert_encoder_out = bert_encoder_out[self.bert_output_layer] + if self.mask_cls_sep: + bert_encoder_padding_mask += bert_input.eq(self.berttokenizer.cls()) + bert_encoder_padding_mask += bert_input.eq(self.berttokenizer.sep()) + bert_encoder_out = bert_encoder_out.permute(1,0,2).contiguous() + # bert_encoder_out = F.linear(bert_encoder_out, self.trans_weight, self.trans_bias) + bert_encoder_out = { + 'bert_encoder_out': bert_encoder_out, + 'bert_encoder_padding_mask': bert_encoder_padding_mask, + } + + decoder_out = self.decoder( + prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=encoder_out, bert_encoder_out=bert_encoder_out, **kwargs + ) + return decoder_out + + def forward_decoder(self, prev_output_tokens, **kwargs): + return self.decoder(prev_output_tokens, **kwargs) + + def extract_features(self, src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens, **kwargs): + """ + Similar to *forward* but only return features. + + Returns: + tuple: + - the decoder's features of shape `(batch, tgt_len, embed_dim)` + - a dictionary with any model-specific outputs + """ + encoder_out = self.encoder(src_tokens, src_lengths=src_lengths, **kwargs) + features = self.decoder.extract_features( + prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=encoder_out, **kwargs + ) + return features + + def output_layer(self, features, **kwargs): + """Project features to the default output size (typically vocabulary size).""" + return self.decoder.output_layer(features, **kwargs) + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum length supported by the model.""" + return (self.encoder.max_positions(), self.decoder.max_positions()) + + def max_decoder_positions(self): + """Maximum length supported by the decoder.""" + return self.decoder.max_positions() + + +class FairseqModel(FairseqEncoderDecoderModel): + def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): + super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) + utils.deprecation_warning( + "FairseqModel is deprecated, please use FairseqEncoderDecoderModel " + "or BaseFairseqModel instead", + stacklevel=4, + ) + + +class FairseqMultiModel(BaseFairseqModel): + """Base class for combining multiple encoder-decoder models.""" + + def __init__(self, encoders, decoders): + super().__init__() + assert encoders.keys() == decoders.keys() + self.keys = list(encoders.keys()) + for key in self.keys: + assert isinstance(encoders[key], FairseqEncoder) + assert isinstance(decoders[key], FairseqDecoder) + + self.models = nn.ModuleDict( + { + key: FairseqEncoderDecoderModel(encoders[key], decoders[key]) + for key in self.keys + } + ) + + @staticmethod + def build_shared_embeddings( + dicts: Dict[str, Dictionary], + langs: List[str], + embed_dim: int, + build_embedding: callable, + pretrained_embed_path: Optional[str] = None, + ): + """ + Helper function to build shared embeddings for a set of languages after + checking that all dicts corresponding to those languages are equivalent. + + Args: + dicts: Dict of lang_id to its corresponding Dictionary + langs: languages that we want to share embeddings for + embed_dim: embedding dimension + build_embedding: callable function to actually build the embedding + pretrained_embed_path: Optional path to load pretrained embeddings + """ + shared_dict = dicts[langs[0]] + if any(dicts[lang] != shared_dict for lang in langs): + raise ValueError( + "--share-*-embeddings requires a joined dictionary: " + "--share-encoder-embeddings requires a joined source " + "dictionary, --share-decoder-embeddings requires a joined " + "target dictionary, and --share-all-embeddings requires a " + "joint source + target dictionary." + ) + return build_embedding(shared_dict, embed_dim, pretrained_embed_path) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens, **kwargs): + decoder_outs = {} + for key in self.keys: + encoder_out = self.models[key].encoder(src_tokens, src_lengths, **kwargs) + decoder_outs[key] = self.models[key].decoder( + prev_output_tokens, encoder_out, **kwargs + ) + return decoder_outs + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum length supported by the model.""" + return { + key: ( + self.models[key].encoder.max_positions(), + self.models[key].decoder.max_positions(), + ) + for key in self.keys + } + + def max_decoder_positions(self): + """Maximum length supported by the decoder.""" + return min(model.decoder.max_positions() for model in self.models.values()) + + @property + def encoder(self): + return self.models[self.keys[0]].encoder + + @property + def decoder(self): + return self.models[self.keys[0]].decoder + + def forward_decoder(self, prev_output_tokens, **kwargs): + return self.decoder(prev_output_tokens, **kwargs) + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict, strict=True, args=None): + """Copies parameters and buffers from *state_dict* into this module and + its descendants. + + Overrides the method in :class:`nn.Module`. Compared with that method + this additionally "upgrades" *state_dicts* from old checkpoints. + """ + self.upgrade_state_dict(state_dict) + new_state_dict = prune_state_dict(state_dict, args) + return super().load_state_dict(new_state_dict, strict) + + +class FairseqLanguageModel(BaseFairseqModel): + """Base class for decoder-only models. + + Args: + decoder (FairseqDecoder): the decoder + """ + + def __init__(self, decoder): + super().__init__() + self.decoder = decoder + assert isinstance(self.decoder, FairseqDecoder) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, **kwargs): + """ + Run the forward pass for a decoder-only model. + + Feeds a batch of tokens through the decoder to predict the next tokens. + + Args: + src_tokens (LongTensor): tokens on which to condition the decoder, + of shape `(batch, tgt_len)` + src_lengths (LongTensor): source sentence lengths of shape `(batch)` + + Returns: + tuple: + - the decoder's output of shape `(batch, seq_len, vocab)` + - a dictionary with any model-specific outputs + """ + return self.decoder(src_tokens, **kwargs) + + def forward_decoder(self, prev_output_tokens, **kwargs): + return self.decoder(prev_output_tokens, **kwargs) + + def extract_features(self, src_tokens, **kwargs): + """ + Similar to *forward* but only return features. + + Returns: + tuple: + - the decoder's features of shape `(batch, seq_len, embed_dim)` + - a dictionary with any model-specific outputs + """ + return self.decoder.extract_features(src_tokens, **kwargs) + + def output_layer(self, features, **kwargs): + """Project features to the default output size (typically vocabulary size).""" + return self.decoder.output_layer(features, **kwargs) + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum length supported by the model.""" + return self.decoder.max_positions() + + def max_decoder_positions(self): + """Maximum length supported by the decoder.""" + return self.decoder.max_positions() + + @property + def supported_targets(self): + return {"future"} + + +class FairseqEncoderModel(BaseFairseqModel): + """Base class for encoder-only models. + + Args: + encoder (FairseqEncoder): the encoder + """ + + def __init__(self, encoder): + super().__init__() + self.encoder = encoder + assert isinstance(self.encoder, FairseqEncoder) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, src_lengths, **kwargs): + """ + Run the forward pass for a encoder-only model. + + Feeds a batch of tokens through the encoder to generate features. + + Args: + src_tokens (LongTensor): input tokens of shape `(batch, src_len)` + src_lengths (LongTensor): source sentence lengths of shape `(batch)` + + Returns: + the encoder's output, typically of shape `(batch, src_len, features)` + """ + return self.encoder(src_tokens, src_lengths, **kwargs) + + def get_normalized_probs(self, net_output, log_probs, sample=None): + """Get normalized probabilities (or log probs) from a net's output.""" + encoder_out = net_output["encoder_out"] + if torch.is_tensor(encoder_out): + logits = encoder_out.float() + if log_probs: + return F.log_softmax(logits, dim=-1) + else: + return F.softmax(logits, dim=-1) + raise NotImplementedError + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum length supported by the model.""" + return self.encoder.max_positions() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fconv.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fconv.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38e241feb53909d33dc5c1db0d5ac99334f9944d --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fconv.py @@ -0,0 +1,668 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.models import ( + FairseqEncoder, + FairseqIncrementalDecoder, + FairseqEncoderDecoderModel, + register_model, + register_model_architecture, +) +from fairseq.modules import ( + AdaptiveSoftmax, BeamableMM, GradMultiply, LearnedPositionalEmbedding, + LinearizedConvolution, +) + + +@register_model('fconv') +class FConvModel(FairseqEncoderDecoderModel): + """ + A fully convolutional model, i.e. a convolutional encoder and a + convolutional decoder, as described in `"Convolutional Sequence to Sequence + Learning" (Gehring et al., 2017) `_. + + Args: + encoder (FConvEncoder): the encoder + decoder (FConvDecoder): the decoder + + The Convolutional model provides the following named architectures and + command-line arguments: + + .. argparse:: + :ref: fairseq.models.fconv_parser + :prog: + """ + + @classmethod + def hub_models(cls): + + def moses_subword(path): + return { + 'path': path, + 'tokenizer': 'moses', + 'bpe': 'subword_nmt', + } + + return { + 'conv.wmt14.en-fr': moses_subword('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/wmt14.v2.en-fr.fconv-py.tar.bz2'), + 'conv.wmt14.en-de': moses_subword('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/wmt14.en-de.fconv-py.tar.bz2'), + 'conv.wmt17.en-de': moses_subword('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/wmt17.v2.en-de.fconv-py.tar.bz2'), + } + + def __init__(self, encoder, decoder): + super().__init__(encoder, decoder) + self.encoder.num_attention_layers = sum(layer is not None for layer in decoder.attention) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add model-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='encoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-embed-path', type=str, metavar='STR', + help='path to pre-trained encoder embedding') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-layers', type=str, metavar='EXPR', + help='encoder layers [(dim, kernel_size), ...]') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-embed-path', type=str, metavar='STR', + help='path to pre-trained decoder embedding') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-layers', type=str, metavar='EXPR', + help='decoder layers [(dim, kernel_size), ...]') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-out-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder output embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-attention', type=str, metavar='EXPR', + help='decoder attention [True, ...]') + parser.add_argument('--share-input-output-embed', action='store_true', + help='share input and output embeddings (requires' + ' --decoder-out-embed-dim and --decoder-embed-dim' + ' to be equal)') + # fmt: on + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + """Build a new model instance.""" + # make sure that all args are properly defaulted (in case there are any new ones) + base_architecture(args) + + encoder_embed_dict = None + if args.encoder_embed_path: + encoder_embed_dict = utils.parse_embedding(args.encoder_embed_path) + utils.print_embed_overlap(encoder_embed_dict, task.source_dictionary) + + decoder_embed_dict = None + if args.decoder_embed_path: + decoder_embed_dict = utils.parse_embedding(args.decoder_embed_path) + utils.print_embed_overlap(decoder_embed_dict, task.target_dictionary) + + encoder = FConvEncoder( + dictionary=task.source_dictionary, + embed_dim=args.encoder_embed_dim, + embed_dict=encoder_embed_dict, + convolutions=eval(args.encoder_layers), + dropout=args.dropout, + max_positions=args.max_source_positions, + ) + decoder = FConvDecoder( + dictionary=task.target_dictionary, + embed_dim=args.decoder_embed_dim, + embed_dict=decoder_embed_dict, + convolutions=eval(args.decoder_layers), + out_embed_dim=args.decoder_out_embed_dim, + attention=eval(args.decoder_attention), + dropout=args.dropout, + max_positions=args.max_target_positions, + share_embed=args.share_input_output_embed, + ) + return FConvModel(encoder, decoder) + + +class FConvEncoder(FairseqEncoder): + """ + Convolutional encoder consisting of `len(convolutions)` layers. + + Args: + dictionary (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): encoding dictionary + embed_dim (int, optional): embedding dimension + embed_dict (str, optional): filename from which to load pre-trained + embeddings + max_positions (int, optional): maximum supported input sequence length + convolutions (list, optional): the convolutional layer structure. Each + list item `i` corresponds to convolutional layer `i`. Layers are + given as ``(out_channels, kernel_width, [residual])``. Residual + connections are added between layers when ``residual=1`` (which is + the default behavior). + dropout (float, optional): dropout to be applied before each conv layer + """ + + def __init__( + self, dictionary, embed_dim=512, embed_dict=None, max_positions=1024, + convolutions=((512, 3),) * 20, dropout=0.1, + ): + super().__init__(dictionary) + self.dropout = dropout + self.num_attention_layers = None + + num_embeddings = len(dictionary) + self.padding_idx = dictionary.pad() + self.embed_tokens = Embedding(num_embeddings, embed_dim, self.padding_idx) + if embed_dict: + self.embed_tokens = utils.load_embedding(embed_dict, self.dictionary, self.embed_tokens) + + self.embed_positions = PositionalEmbedding( + max_positions, + embed_dim, + self.padding_idx, + ) + + convolutions = extend_conv_spec(convolutions) + in_channels = convolutions[0][0] + self.fc1 = Linear(embed_dim, in_channels, dropout=dropout) + self.projections = nn.ModuleList() + self.convolutions = nn.ModuleList() + self.residuals = [] + + layer_in_channels = [in_channels] + for _, (out_channels, kernel_size, residual) in enumerate(convolutions): + if residual == 0: + residual_dim = out_channels + else: + residual_dim = layer_in_channels[-residual] + self.projections.append(Linear(residual_dim, out_channels) + if residual_dim != out_channels else None) + if kernel_size % 2 == 1: + padding = kernel_size // 2 + else: + padding = 0 + self.convolutions.append( + ConvTBC(in_channels, out_channels * 2, kernel_size, + dropout=dropout, padding=padding) + ) + self.residuals.append(residual) + in_channels = out_channels + layer_in_channels.append(out_channels) + self.fc2 = Linear(in_channels, embed_dim) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, src_lengths): + """ + Args: + src_tokens (LongTensor): tokens in the source language of shape + `(batch, src_len)` + src_lengths (LongTensor): lengths of each source sentence of shape + `(batch)` + + Returns: + dict: + - **encoder_out** (tuple): a tuple with two elements, where the + first element is the last encoder layer's output and the + second element is the same quantity summed with the input + embedding (used for attention). The shape of both tensors is + `(batch, src_len, embed_dim)`. + - **encoder_padding_mask** (ByteTensor): the positions of + padding elements of shape `(batch, src_len)` + """ + # embed tokens and positions + x = self.embed_tokens(src_tokens) + self.embed_positions(src_tokens) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + input_embedding = x + + # project to size of convolution + x = self.fc1(x) + + # used to mask padding in input + encoder_padding_mask = src_tokens.eq(self.padding_idx).t() # -> T x B + if not encoder_padding_mask.any(): + encoder_padding_mask = None + + # B x T x C -> T x B x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + + residuals = [x] + # temporal convolutions + for proj, conv, res_layer in zip(self.projections, self.convolutions, self.residuals): + if res_layer > 0: + residual = residuals[-res_layer] + residual = residual if proj is None else proj(residual) + else: + residual = None + + if encoder_padding_mask is not None: + x = x.masked_fill(encoder_padding_mask.unsqueeze(-1), 0) + + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + if conv.kernel_size[0] % 2 == 1: + # padding is implicit in the conv + x = conv(x) + else: + padding_l = (conv.kernel_size[0] - 1) // 2 + padding_r = conv.kernel_size[0] // 2 + x = F.pad(x, (0, 0, 0, 0, padding_l, padding_r)) + x = conv(x) + x = F.glu(x, dim=2) + + if residual is not None: + x = (x + residual) * math.sqrt(0.5) + residuals.append(x) + + # T x B x C -> B x T x C + x = x.transpose(1, 0) + + # project back to size of embedding + x = self.fc2(x) + + if encoder_padding_mask is not None: + encoder_padding_mask = encoder_padding_mask.t() # -> B x T + x = x.masked_fill(encoder_padding_mask.unsqueeze(-1), 0) + + # scale gradients (this only affects backward, not forward) + x = GradMultiply.apply(x, 1.0 / (2.0 * self.num_attention_layers)) + + # add output to input embedding for attention + y = (x + input_embedding) * math.sqrt(0.5) + + return { + 'encoder_out': (x, y), + 'encoder_padding_mask': encoder_padding_mask, # B x T + } + + def reorder_encoder_out(self, encoder_out, new_order): + if encoder_out['encoder_out'] is not None: + encoder_out['encoder_out'] = ( + encoder_out['encoder_out'][0].index_select(0, new_order), + encoder_out['encoder_out'][1].index_select(0, new_order), + ) + if encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'] is not None: + encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'] = \ + encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'].index_select(0, new_order) + return encoder_out + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum input length supported by the encoder.""" + return self.embed_positions.max_positions + + +class AttentionLayer(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, conv_channels, embed_dim, bmm=None): + super().__init__() + # projects from output of convolution to embedding dimension + self.in_projection = Linear(conv_channels, embed_dim) + # projects from embedding dimension to convolution size + self.out_projection = Linear(embed_dim, conv_channels) + + self.bmm = bmm if bmm is not None else torch.bmm + + def forward(self, x, target_embedding, encoder_out, encoder_padding_mask): + residual = x + + # attention + x = (self.in_projection(x) + target_embedding) * math.sqrt(0.5) + x = self.bmm(x, encoder_out[0]) + + # don't attend over padding + if encoder_padding_mask is not None: + x = x.float().masked_fill( + encoder_padding_mask.unsqueeze(1), + float('-inf') + ).type_as(x) # FP16 support: cast to float and back + + # softmax over last dim + sz = x.size() + x = F.softmax(x.view(sz[0] * sz[1], sz[2]), dim=1) + x = x.view(sz) + attn_scores = x + + x = self.bmm(x, encoder_out[1]) + + # scale attention output (respecting potentially different lengths) + s = encoder_out[1].size(1) + if encoder_padding_mask is None: + x = x * (s * math.sqrt(1.0 / s)) + else: + s = s - encoder_padding_mask.type_as(x).sum(dim=1, keepdim=True) # exclude padding + s = s.unsqueeze(-1) + x = x * (s * s.rsqrt()) + + # project back + x = (self.out_projection(x) + residual) * math.sqrt(0.5) + return x, attn_scores + + def make_generation_fast_(self, beamable_mm_beam_size=None, **kwargs): + """Replace torch.bmm with BeamableMM.""" + if beamable_mm_beam_size is not None: + del self.bmm + self.add_module('bmm', BeamableMM(beamable_mm_beam_size)) + + +class FConvDecoder(FairseqIncrementalDecoder): + """Convolutional decoder""" + + def __init__( + self, dictionary, embed_dim=512, embed_dict=None, out_embed_dim=256, + max_positions=1024, convolutions=((512, 3),) * 20, attention=True, + dropout=0.1, share_embed=False, positional_embeddings=True, + adaptive_softmax_cutoff=None, adaptive_softmax_dropout=0, + ): + super().__init__(dictionary) + self.register_buffer('version', torch.Tensor([2])) + self.dropout = dropout + self.need_attn = True + + convolutions = extend_conv_spec(convolutions) + in_channels = convolutions[0][0] + if isinstance(attention, bool): + # expand True into [True, True, ...] and do the same with False + attention = [attention] * len(convolutions) + if not isinstance(attention, list) or len(attention) != len(convolutions): + raise ValueError('Attention is expected to be a list of booleans of ' + 'length equal to the number of layers.') + + num_embeddings = len(dictionary) + padding_idx = dictionary.pad() + self.embed_tokens = Embedding(num_embeddings, embed_dim, padding_idx) + if embed_dict: + self.embed_tokens = utils.load_embedding(embed_dict, self.dictionary, self.embed_tokens) + + self.embed_positions = PositionalEmbedding( + max_positions, + embed_dim, + padding_idx, + ) if positional_embeddings else None + + self.fc1 = Linear(embed_dim, in_channels, dropout=dropout) + self.projections = nn.ModuleList() + self.convolutions = nn.ModuleList() + self.attention = nn.ModuleList() + self.residuals = [] + + layer_in_channels = [in_channels] + for i, (out_channels, kernel_size, residual) in enumerate(convolutions): + if residual == 0: + residual_dim = out_channels + else: + residual_dim = layer_in_channels[-residual] + self.projections.append(Linear(residual_dim, out_channels) + if residual_dim != out_channels else None) + self.convolutions.append( + LinearizedConv1d(in_channels, out_channels * 2, kernel_size, + padding=(kernel_size - 1), dropout=dropout) + ) + self.attention.append(AttentionLayer(out_channels, embed_dim) + if attention[i] else None) + self.residuals.append(residual) + in_channels = out_channels + layer_in_channels.append(out_channels) + + self.adaptive_softmax = None + self.fc2 = self.fc3 = None + + if adaptive_softmax_cutoff is not None: + assert not share_embed + self.adaptive_softmax = AdaptiveSoftmax(num_embeddings, in_channels, adaptive_softmax_cutoff, + dropout=adaptive_softmax_dropout) + else: + self.fc2 = Linear(in_channels, out_embed_dim) + if share_embed: + assert out_embed_dim == embed_dim, \ + "Shared embed weights implies same dimensions " \ + " out_embed_dim={} vs embed_dim={}".format(out_embed_dim, embed_dim) + self.fc3 = nn.Linear(out_embed_dim, num_embeddings) + self.fc3.weight = self.embed_tokens.weight + else: + self.fc3 = Linear(out_embed_dim, num_embeddings, dropout=dropout) + + def forward(self, prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=None, incremental_state=None, **unused): + if encoder_out is not None: + encoder_padding_mask = encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'] + encoder_out = encoder_out['encoder_out'] + + # split and transpose encoder outputs + encoder_a, encoder_b = self._split_encoder_out(encoder_out, incremental_state) + + if self.embed_positions is not None: + pos_embed = self.embed_positions(prev_output_tokens, incremental_state) + else: + pos_embed = 0 + + if incremental_state is not None: + prev_output_tokens = prev_output_tokens[:, -1:] + x = self._embed_tokens(prev_output_tokens, incremental_state) + + # embed tokens and combine with positional embeddings + x += pos_embed + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + target_embedding = x + + # project to size of convolution + x = self.fc1(x) + + # B x T x C -> T x B x C + x = self._transpose_if_training(x, incremental_state) + + # temporal convolutions + avg_attn_scores = None + num_attn_layers = len(self.attention) + residuals = [x] + for proj, conv, attention, res_layer in zip(self.projections, self.convolutions, self.attention, + self.residuals): + if res_layer > 0: + residual = residuals[-res_layer] + residual = residual if proj is None else proj(residual) + else: + residual = None + + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = conv(x, incremental_state) + x = F.glu(x, dim=2) + + # attention + if attention is not None: + x = self._transpose_if_training(x, incremental_state) + + x, attn_scores = attention(x, target_embedding, (encoder_a, encoder_b), encoder_padding_mask) + + if not self.training and self.need_attn: + attn_scores = attn_scores / num_attn_layers + if avg_attn_scores is None: + avg_attn_scores = attn_scores + else: + avg_attn_scores.add_(attn_scores) + + x = self._transpose_if_training(x, incremental_state) + + # residual + if residual is not None: + x = (x + residual) * math.sqrt(0.5) + residuals.append(x) + + # T x B x C -> B x T x C + x = self._transpose_if_training(x, incremental_state) + + # project back to size of vocabulary if not using adaptive softmax + if self.fc2 is not None and self.fc3 is not None: + x = self.fc2(x) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = self.fc3(x) + + return x, avg_attn_scores + + def reorder_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, new_order): + super().reorder_incremental_state(incremental_state, new_order) + encoder_out = utils.get_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, 'encoder_out') + if encoder_out is not None: + encoder_out = tuple(eo.index_select(0, new_order) for eo in encoder_out) + utils.set_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, 'encoder_out', encoder_out) + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum output length supported by the decoder.""" + return self.embed_positions.max_positions if self.embed_positions is not None else float('inf') + + def upgrade_state_dict(self, state_dict): + if utils.item(state_dict.get('decoder.version', torch.Tensor([1]))[0]) < 2: + # old models use incorrect weight norm dimension + for i, conv in enumerate(self.convolutions): + # reconfigure weight norm + nn.utils.remove_weight_norm(conv) + self.convolutions[i] = nn.utils.weight_norm(conv, dim=0) + state_dict['decoder.version'] = torch.Tensor([1]) + return state_dict + + def make_generation_fast_(self, need_attn=False, **kwargs): + self.need_attn = need_attn + + def _embed_tokens(self, tokens, incremental_state): + if incremental_state is not None: + # keep only the last token for incremental forward pass + tokens = tokens[:, -1:] + return self.embed_tokens(tokens) + + def _split_encoder_out(self, encoder_out, incremental_state): + """Split and transpose encoder outputs. + + This is cached when doing incremental inference. + """ + cached_result = utils.get_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, 'encoder_out') + if cached_result is not None: + return cached_result + + # transpose only once to speed up attention layers + encoder_a, encoder_b = encoder_out + encoder_a = encoder_a.transpose(1, 2).contiguous() + result = (encoder_a, encoder_b) + + if incremental_state is not None: + utils.set_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, 'encoder_out', result) + return result + + def _transpose_if_training(self, x, incremental_state): + if incremental_state is None: + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + return x + + +def extend_conv_spec(convolutions): + """ + Extends convolutional spec that is a list of tuples of 2 or 3 parameters + (kernel size, dim size and optionally how many layers behind to look for residual) + to default the residual propagation param if it is not specified + """ + extended = [] + for spec in convolutions: + if len(spec) == 3: + extended.append(spec) + elif len(spec) == 2: + extended.append(spec + (1,)) + else: + raise Exception('invalid number of parameters in convolution spec ' + str(spec) + '. expected 2 or 3') + return tuple(extended) + + +def Embedding(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx): + m = nn.Embedding(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx=padding_idx) + nn.init.normal_(m.weight, 0, 0.1) + nn.init.constant_(m.weight[padding_idx], 0) + return m + + +def PositionalEmbedding(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx): + m = LearnedPositionalEmbedding(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx) + nn.init.normal_(m.weight, 0, 0.1) + nn.init.constant_(m.weight[padding_idx], 0) + return m + + +def Linear(in_features, out_features, dropout=0): + """Weight-normalized Linear layer (input: N x T x C)""" + m = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features) + nn.init.normal_(m.weight, mean=0, std=math.sqrt((1 - dropout) / in_features)) + nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0) + return nn.utils.weight_norm(m) + + +def LinearizedConv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, dropout=0, **kwargs): + """Weight-normalized Conv1d layer optimized for decoding""" + m = LinearizedConvolution(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, **kwargs) + std = math.sqrt((4 * (1.0 - dropout)) / (m.kernel_size[0] * in_channels)) + nn.init.normal_(m.weight, mean=0, std=std) + nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0) + return nn.utils.weight_norm(m, dim=2) + + +def ConvTBC(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, dropout=0, **kwargs): + """Weight-normalized Conv1d layer""" + from fairseq.modules import ConvTBC + m = ConvTBC(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, **kwargs) + std = math.sqrt((4 * (1.0 - dropout)) / (m.kernel_size[0] * in_channels)) + nn.init.normal_(m.weight, mean=0, std=std) + nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0) + return nn.utils.weight_norm(m, dim=2) + + +@register_model_architecture('fconv', 'fconv') +def base_architecture(args): + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.encoder_embed_path = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_path', None) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', '[(512, 3)] * 20') + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.decoder_embed_path = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_path', None) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', '[(512, 3)] * 20') + args.decoder_out_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_out_embed_dim', 256) + args.decoder_attention = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention', 'True') + args.share_input_output_embed = getattr(args, 'share_input_output_embed', False) + + +@register_model_architecture('fconv', 'fconv_iwslt_de_en') +def fconv_iwslt_de_en(args): + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 256) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', '[(256, 3)] * 4') + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 256) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', '[(256, 3)] * 3') + args.decoder_out_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_out_embed_dim', 256) + base_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('fconv', 'fconv_wmt_en_ro') +def fconv_wmt_en_ro(args): + args.decoder_out_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_out_embed_dim', 512) + base_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('fconv', 'fconv_wmt_en_de') +def fconv_wmt_en_de(args): + convs = '[(512, 3)] * 9' # first 9 layers have 512 units + convs += ' + [(1024, 3)] * 4' # next 4 layers have 1024 units + convs += ' + [(2048, 1)] * 2' # final 2 layers use 1x1 convolutions + + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 768) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', convs) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 768) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', convs) + args.decoder_out_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_out_embed_dim', 512) + base_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('fconv', 'fconv_wmt_en_fr') +def fconv_wmt_en_fr(args): + convs = '[(512, 3)] * 6' # first 6 layers have 512 units + convs += ' + [(768, 3)] * 4' # next 4 layers have 768 units + convs += ' + [(1024, 3)] * 3' # next 3 layers have 1024 units + convs += ' + [(2048, 1)] * 1' # next 1 layer uses 1x1 convolutions + convs += ' + [(4096, 1)] * 1' # final 1 layer uses 1x1 convolutions + + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 768) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', convs) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 768) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', convs) + args.decoder_out_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_out_embed_dim', 512) + base_architecture(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fconv_lm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fconv_lm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2320b170059be09a815f20aa99fcecd56bece22 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fconv_lm.py @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq import options +from fairseq.models import ( + FairseqLanguageModel, + register_model, + register_model_architecture, +) +from fairseq.models.fconv import FConvDecoder + + +@register_model('fconv_lm') +class FConvLanguageModel(FairseqLanguageModel): + def __init__(self, decoder): + super().__init__(decoder) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add model-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument('--dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-layers', type=str, metavar='EXPR', + help='decoder layers [(dim, kernel_size), ...]') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-out-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder output embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-softmax-cutoff', metavar='EXPR', + help='comma separated list of adaptive softmax cutoff points. ' + 'Must be used with adaptive_loss criterion') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-softmax-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='sets adaptive softmax dropout for the tail projections') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-attention', type=str, metavar='EXPR', + help='decoder attention [True, ...]') + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + """Build a new model instance.""" + # make sure all arguments are present in older models + base_lm_architecture(args) + + if hasattr(args, 'max_target_positions') and not hasattr(args, 'tokens_per_sample'): + args.tokens_per_sample = args.max_target_positions + + decoder = FConvDecoder( + dictionary=task.target_dictionary, + embed_dim=args.decoder_embed_dim, + convolutions=eval(args.decoder_layers), + out_embed_dim=args.decoder_embed_dim, + attention=eval(args.decoder_attention), + dropout=args.dropout, + max_positions=args.tokens_per_sample, + share_embed=False, + positional_embeddings=False, + adaptive_softmax_cutoff=( + options.eval_str_list(args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff, type=int) + if args.criterion == 'adaptive_loss' else None + ), + adaptive_softmax_dropout=args.adaptive_softmax_dropout, + ) + return FConvLanguageModel(decoder) + + +@register_model_architecture('fconv_lm', 'fconv_lm') +def base_lm_architecture(args): + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 128) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', '[(1268, 4)] * 13') + args.decoder_attention = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention', 'False') + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_cutoff', None) + args.adaptive_softmax_dropout = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_dropout', 0) + + +@register_model_architecture('fconv_lm', 'fconv_lm_dauphin_wikitext103') +def fconv_lm_dauphin_wikitext103(args): + layers = '[(850, 6)] * 3' + layers += ' + [(850, 1)] * 1' + layers += ' + [(850, 5)] * 4' + layers += ' + [(850, 1)] * 1' + layers += ' + [(850, 4)] * 3' + layers += ' + [(1024, 4)] * 1' + layers += ' + [(2048, 4)] * 1' + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 280) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', layers) + args.decoder_attention = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention', 'False') + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_cutoff', '10000,20000,200000') + base_lm_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('fconv_lm', 'fconv_lm_dauphin_gbw') +def fconv_lm_dauphin_gbw(args): + layers = '[(512, 5)]' + layers += ' + [(128, 1, 0), (128, 5, 0), (512, 1, 3)] * 3' + layers += ' + [(512, 1, 0), (512, 5, 0), (1024, 1, 3)] * 3' + layers += ' + [(1024, 1, 0), (1024, 5, 0), (2048, 1, 3)] * 6' + layers += ' + [(1024, 1, 0), (1024, 5, 0), (4096, 1, 3)]' + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 128) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', layers) + args.decoder_attention = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention', 'False') + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_cutoff', '10000,50000,200000') + base_lm_architecture(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fconv_self_att.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fconv_self_att.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f0c0a4cdca2b2ad07c2f9a9446df8d6bc9f54a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/fconv_self_att.py @@ -0,0 +1,584 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging +import math +import os + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import checkpoint_utils +from fairseq.models import ( + CompositeEncoder, + FairseqDecoder, + FairseqEncoder, + FairseqEncoderDecoderModel, + register_model, + register_model_architecture, +) +from fairseq.modules import ( + DownsampledMultiHeadAttention, + GradMultiply, + LayerNorm, + LearnedPositionalEmbedding, + LinearizedConvolution, +) +from fairseq.incremental_decoding_utils import with_incremental_state + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_model('fconv_self_att') +class FConvModelSelfAtt(FairseqEncoderDecoderModel): + + @classmethod + def hub_models(cls): + return { + 'conv.stories.pretrained': { + 'path': 'https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/stories_checkpoint.tar.gz', + 'checkpoint_file': 'pretrained_checkpoint.pt', + 'tokenizer': 'nltk', + }, + 'conv.stories': { + 'path': 'https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/stories_checkpoint.tar.gz', + 'checkpoint_file': 'fusion_checkpoint.pt', + 'tokenizer': 'nltk', + 'pretrained': 'True', + 'pretrained_checkpoint': './pretrained_checkpoint.pt', + }, + # Test set containing dictionaries + 'data.stories': 'https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/data/stories_test.tar.bz2', + } + + def __init__(self, encoder, decoder, pretrained_encoder=None): + super().__init__(encoder, decoder) + self.encoder.num_attention_layers = sum(layer is not None for layer in decoder.attention) + self.pretrained_encoder = pretrained_encoder + if self.pretrained_encoder is None: + encoders = {'encoder': encoder} + else: + encoders = {'encoder': encoder, 'pretrained': self.pretrained_encoder} + # for fusion model, CompositeEncoder contains both pretrained and training encoders + # these are forwarded and then combined in the decoder + self.encoder = CompositeEncoder(encoders) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add model-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='encoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-layers', type=str, metavar='EXPR', + help='encoder layers [(dim, kernel_size), ...]') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-layers', type=str, metavar='EXPR', + help='decoder layers [(dim, kernel_size), ...]') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-out-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder output embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-attention', type=str, metavar='EXPR', + help='decoder attention [True, ...]') + parser.add_argument('--self-attention', type=str, metavar='EXPR', + help='decoder self-attention layers, ex: [True] + [False]*5') + parser.add_argument('--multihead-attention-nheads', type=int, + help='Number of heads to use in attention') + parser.add_argument('--multihead-self-attention-nheads', type=int, + help='Number of heads to use in self-attention') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-attention', type=str, metavar='EXPR', + help='encoder attention [True, ...]') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-attention-nheads', type=int, + help='Number of heads to use in encoder attention') + parser.add_argument('--project-input', type=str, metavar='EXPR', + help='Use projections in self-attention [True, ...]') + parser.add_argument('--gated-attention', type=str, metavar='EXPR', + help='Use GLU layers in self-attention projections [True, ...]') + parser.add_argument('--downsample', type=str, metavar='EXPR', + help='Use downsampling in self-attention [True, ...]') + parser.add_argument('--pretrained-checkpoint', metavar='DIR', + help='path to load checkpoint from pretrained model') + parser.add_argument('--pretrained', type=str, metavar='EXPR', + help='use pretrained model when training [True, ...]') + # fmt: on + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + """Build a new model instance.""" + trained_encoder, trained_decoder = None, None + pretrained = eval(args.pretrained) + if pretrained: + logger.info('loading pretrained model') + if not os.path.exists(args.pretrained_checkpoint): + new_pretrained_checkpoint = os.path.join(args.data, args.pretrained_checkpoint) + if os.path.exists(new_pretrained_checkpoint): + args.pretrained_checkpoint = new_pretrained_checkpoint + trained_model = checkpoint_utils.load_model_ensemble( + filenames=[args.pretrained_checkpoint], + task=task, + )[0][0] + trained_decoder = list(trained_model.children())[1] + trained_encoder = list(trained_model.children())[0] + + # freeze pretrained model + for param in trained_decoder.parameters(): + param.requires_grad = False + for param in trained_encoder.parameters(): + param.requires_grad = False + + encoder = FConvEncoder( + task.source_dictionary, + embed_dim=args.encoder_embed_dim, + convolutions=eval(args.encoder_layers), + dropout=args.dropout, + max_positions=args.max_source_positions, + attention=eval(args.encoder_attention), + attention_nheads=args.encoder_attention_nheads + ) + + decoder = FConvDecoder( + task.target_dictionary, + embed_dim=args.decoder_embed_dim, + convolutions=eval(args.decoder_layers), + out_embed_dim=args.decoder_out_embed_dim, + attention=eval(args.decoder_attention), + dropout=args.dropout, + max_positions=args.max_target_positions, + selfattention=eval(args.self_attention), + attention_nheads=args.multihead_attention_nheads, + selfattention_nheads=args.multihead_self_attention_nheads, + project_input=eval(args.project_input), + gated_attention=eval(args.gated_attention), + downsample=eval(args.downsample), + pretrained=pretrained, + trained_decoder=trained_decoder + ) + model = FConvModelSelfAtt(encoder, decoder, trained_encoder) + + return model + + @property + def pretrained(self): + return self.pretrained_encoder is not None + + +class FConvEncoder(FairseqEncoder): + """Convolutional encoder""" + def __init__( + self, dictionary, embed_dim=512, max_positions=1024, + convolutions=((512, 3),) * 20, dropout=0.1, attention=False, + attention_nheads=1, + ): + super().__init__(dictionary) + self.dropout = dropout + self.num_attention_layers = None + + num_embeddings = len(dictionary) + self.padding_idx = dictionary.pad() + self.embed_tokens = Embedding(num_embeddings, embed_dim, self.padding_idx) + self.embed_positions = PositionalEmbedding( + max_positions, + embed_dim, + self.padding_idx, + ) + + def expand_bool_array(val): + if isinstance(val, bool): + # expand True into [True, True, ...] and do the same with False + return [val] * len(convolutions) + return val + + attention = expand_bool_array(attention) + + in_channels = convolutions[0][0] + self.fc1 = Linear(embed_dim, in_channels, dropout=dropout) + self.projections = nn.ModuleList() + self.convolutions = nn.ModuleList() + self.attention = nn.ModuleList() + self.attproj = nn.ModuleList() + for i, (out_channels, kernel_size) in enumerate(convolutions): + self.projections.append( + Linear(in_channels, out_channels) if in_channels != out_channels else None + ) + self.convolutions.append( + ConvTBC(in_channels, out_channels * 2, kernel_size, dropout=dropout) + ) + + self.attention.append( + SelfAttention(out_channels, embed_dim, attention_nheads) if attention[i] else None + ) + in_channels = out_channels + + self.fc2 = Linear(in_channels, embed_dim) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, src_lengths): + # embed tokens and positions + x = self.embed_tokens(src_tokens) + self.embed_positions(src_tokens) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + input_embedding = x.transpose(0, 1) + + # project to size of convolution + x = self.fc1(x) + + encoder_padding_mask = src_tokens.eq(self.padding_idx).t() # -> T x B + if not encoder_padding_mask.any(): + encoder_padding_mask = None + + # B x T x C -> T x B x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + + # temporal convolutions + for proj, conv, attention in zip(self.projections, self.convolutions, self.attention): + residual = x if proj is None else proj(x) + + if encoder_padding_mask is not None: + x = x.masked_fill(encoder_padding_mask.unsqueeze(-1), 0) + + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + padding_l = (conv.kernel_size[0] - 1) // 2 + padding_r = conv.kernel_size[0] // 2 + x = F.pad(x, (0, 0, 0, 0, padding_l, padding_r)) + x = conv(x) + x = F.glu(x, dim=2) + if attention is not None: + x = attention(x) + x = (x + residual) * math.sqrt(0.5) + + # T x B x C -> B x T x C + x = x.transpose(1, 0) + + # project back to size of embedding + x = self.fc2(x) + + if encoder_padding_mask is not None: + encoder_padding_mask = encoder_padding_mask.t() # -> B x T + x = x.masked_fill(encoder_padding_mask.unsqueeze(-1), 0) + + # scale gradients (this only affects backward, not forward) + x = GradMultiply.apply(x, 1.0 / (2.0 * self.num_attention_layers)) + + # add output to input embedding for attention + y = (x + input_embedding.transpose(0, 1)) * math.sqrt(0.5) + + return { + 'encoder_out': (x, y), + 'encoder_padding_mask': encoder_padding_mask, # B x T + } + + def reorder_encoder_out(self, encoder_out, new_order): + encoder_out['encoder_out'] = tuple( + eo.index_select(0, new_order) for eo in encoder_out['encoder_out'] + ) + + if encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'] is not None: + encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'] = \ + encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'].index_select(0, new_order) + + if 'pretrained' in encoder_out: + encoder_out['pretrained']['encoder_out'] = tuple( + eo.index_select(0, new_order) + for eo in encoder_out['pretrained']['encoder_out'] + ) + + return encoder_out + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum input length supported by the encoder.""" + return self.embed_positions.max_positions + + +@with_incremental_state +class FConvDecoder(FairseqDecoder): + """Convolutional decoder""" + def __init__( + self, dictionary, embed_dim=512, out_embed_dim=256, max_positions=1024, + convolutions=((512, 3),) * 8, attention=True, dropout=0.1, + selfattention=False, attention_nheads=1, selfattention_nheads=1, + project_input=False, gated_attention=False, downsample=False, + pretrained=False, trained_decoder=None, + ): + super().__init__(dictionary) + self.register_buffer('version', torch.Tensor([2])) + self.pretrained = pretrained + self.pretrained_decoder = trained_decoder + self.dropout = dropout + self.need_attn = True + in_channels = convolutions[0][0] + + def expand_bool_array(val): + if isinstance(val, bool): + # expand True into [True, True, ...] and do the same with False + return [val] * len(convolutions) + return val + + attention = expand_bool_array(attention) + selfattention = expand_bool_array(selfattention) + + if not isinstance(attention, list) or len(attention) != len(convolutions): + raise ValueError('Attention is expected to be a list of booleans of ' + 'length equal to the number of layers.') + + num_embeddings = len(dictionary) + padding_idx = dictionary.pad() + self.embed_tokens = Embedding(num_embeddings, embed_dim, padding_idx) + + self.embed_positions = PositionalEmbedding( + max_positions, + embed_dim, + padding_idx, + ) + + self.fc1 = Linear(embed_dim, in_channels, dropout=dropout) + self.projections = nn.ModuleList() + self.convolutions = nn.ModuleList() + self.attention = nn.ModuleList() + self.selfattention = nn.ModuleList() + self.attproj = nn.ModuleList() + for i, (out_channels, kernel_size) in enumerate(convolutions): + self.projections.append( + Linear(in_channels, out_channels) if in_channels != out_channels else None + ) + self.convolutions.append( + LinearizedConv1d( + in_channels, out_channels * 2, kernel_size, + padding=(kernel_size - 1), dropout=dropout, + ) + ) + + self.attention.append( + DownsampledMultiHeadAttention( + out_channels, embed_dim, attention_nheads, + project_input=project_input, gated=False, downsample=False, + ) if attention[i] else None + ) + + self.attproj.append( + Linear(out_channels, embed_dim, dropout=dropout) if attention[i] else None + ) + self.selfattention.append( + SelfAttention( + out_channels, embed_dim, selfattention_nheads, + project_input=project_input, gated=gated_attention, + downsample=downsample, + ) if selfattention[i] else None + ) + in_channels = out_channels + + self.fc2 = Linear(in_channels, out_embed_dim) + self.fc3 = Linear(out_embed_dim, num_embeddings, dropout=dropout) + + # model fusion + if self.pretrained: + # independent gates are learned from the concatenated input + self.gate1 = nn.Sequential(Linear(out_embed_dim*2, out_embed_dim), nn.Sigmoid()) + self.gate2 = nn.Sequential(Linear(out_embed_dim*2, out_embed_dim), nn.Sigmoid()) + # pretrained and trained models are joined + self.joining = nn.Sequential( + Linear(out_embed_dim*2, out_embed_dim*2), + LayerNorm(out_embed_dim*2), + nn.GLU(), + Linear(out_embed_dim, out_embed_dim*2), + LayerNorm(out_embed_dim*2), + nn.GLU(), + Linear(out_embed_dim, out_embed_dim), + LayerNorm(out_embed_dim) + ) + # pretrained model contains an output layer that is nhid -> vocab size + # but the models are combined in their hidden state + # the hook stores the output of the pretrained model forward + self.pretrained_outputs = {} + + def save_output(): + def hook(a, b, output): + self.pretrained_outputs["out"] = output + return hook + + self.pretrained_decoder.fc2.register_forward_hook(save_output()) + + def forward(self, prev_output_tokens, encoder_out): + trained_encoder_out = encoder_out['pretrained'] if self.pretrained else None + encoder_out = encoder_out['encoder']['encoder_out'] + + encoder_a, encoder_b = self._split_encoder_out(encoder_out) + + # embed positions + positions = self.embed_positions(prev_output_tokens) + + # embed tokens and positions + x = self.embed_tokens(prev_output_tokens) + positions + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + target_embedding = x.transpose(0, 1) + + # project to size of convolution + x = self.fc1(x) + + # B x T x C -> T x B x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + + # temporal convolutions + avg_attn_scores = None + for proj, conv, attention, selfattention, attproj in zip( + self.projections, self.convolutions, self.attention, self.selfattention, self.attproj + ): + residual = x if proj is None else proj(x) + + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = conv(x) + x = F.glu(x, dim=2) + + # attention + if attention is not None: + r = x + x, attn_scores = attention(attproj(x) + target_embedding, encoder_a, encoder_b) + x = x + r + if not self.training and self.need_attn: + if avg_attn_scores is None: + avg_attn_scores = attn_scores + else: + avg_attn_scores.add_(attn_scores) + + if selfattention is not None: + x = selfattention(x) + + x = (x + residual) * math.sqrt(0.5) + + # T x B x C -> B x T x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + + # project back to size of vocabulary + x = self.fc2(x) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + if not self.pretrained: + x = self.fc3(x) + + # fusion gating + if self.pretrained: + trained_x, _ = self.pretrained_decoder.forward(prev_output_tokens, trained_encoder_out) + y = torch.cat([x, self.pretrained_outputs["out"]], dim=-1) + gate1 = self.gate1(y) + gate2 = self.gate2(y) + gated_x1 = gate1 * x + gated_x2 = gate2 * self.pretrained_outputs["out"] + fusion = torch.cat([gated_x1, gated_x2], dim=-1) + fusion = self.joining(fusion) + fusion_output = self.fc3(fusion) + return fusion_output, avg_attn_scores + else: + return x, avg_attn_scores + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum output length supported by the decoder.""" + return self.embed_positions.max_positions + + def make_generation_fast_(self, need_attn=False, **kwargs): + self.need_attn = need_attn + + def _split_encoder_out(self, encoder_out): + """Split and transpose encoder outputs.""" + # transpose only once to speed up attention layers + encoder_a, encoder_b = encoder_out + encoder_a = encoder_a.transpose(0, 1).contiguous() + encoder_b = encoder_b.transpose(0, 1).contiguous() + result = (encoder_a, encoder_b) + return result + + +class SelfAttention(nn.Module): + + def __init__(self, out_channels, embed_dim, num_heads, project_input=False, gated=False, downsample=False): + super().__init__() + self.attention = DownsampledMultiHeadAttention( + out_channels, embed_dim, num_heads, dropout=0, bias=True, + project_input=project_input, gated=gated, downsample=downsample, + ) + self.in_proj_q = Linear(out_channels, embed_dim) + self.in_proj_k = Linear(out_channels, embed_dim) + self.in_proj_v = Linear(out_channels, embed_dim) + self.ln = LayerNorm(out_channels) + + def forward(self, x): + residual = x + query = self.in_proj_q(x) + key = self.in_proj_k(x) + value = self.in_proj_v(x) + x, _ = self.attention(query, key, value, mask_future_timesteps=True, use_scalar_bias=True) + return self.ln(x + residual) + + +def Embedding(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx): + m = nn.Embedding(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx=padding_idx) + m.weight.data.normal_(0, 0.1) + return m + + +def PositionalEmbedding(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx): + m = LearnedPositionalEmbedding(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx) + m.weight.data.normal_(0, 0.1) + return m + + +def Linear(in_features, out_features, dropout=0.): + """Weight-normalized Linear layer (input: N x T x C)""" + m = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features) + m.weight.data.normal_(mean=0, std=math.sqrt((1 - dropout) / in_features)) + m.bias.data.zero_() + return m + + +def LinearizedConv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, dropout=0., **kwargs): + """Weight-normalized Conv1d layer optimized for decoding""" + m = LinearizedConvolution(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, **kwargs) + std = math.sqrt((4 * (1.0 - dropout)) / (m.kernel_size[0] * in_channels)) + m.weight.data.normal_(mean=0, std=std) + m.bias.data.zero_() + return m + + +def ConvTBC(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, dropout=0, **kwargs): + """Weight-normalized Conv1d layer""" + from fairseq.modules import ConvTBC + m = ConvTBC(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, **kwargs) + std = math.sqrt((4 * (1.0 - dropout)) / (m.kernel_size[0] * in_channels)) + m.weight.data.normal_(mean=0, std=std) + m.bias.data.zero_() + return m + + +@register_model_architecture('fconv_self_att', 'fconv_self_att') +def base_architecture(args): + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', '[(512, 3)] * 3') + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', '[(512, 3)] * 8') + args.decoder_out_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_out_embed_dim', 256) + args.decoder_attention = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention', 'True') + args.self_attention = getattr(args, 'self_attention', 'False') + args.encoder_attention = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention', 'False') + args.multihead_attention_nheads = getattr(args, 'multihead_attention_nheads', 1) + args.multihead_self_attention_nheads = getattr(args, 'multihead_self_attention_nheads', 1) + args.encoder_attention_nheads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_nheads', 1) + args.project_input = getattr(args, 'project_input', 'False') + args.gated_attention = getattr(args, 'gated_attention', 'False') + args.downsample = getattr(args, 'downsample', 'False') + args.pretrained_checkpoint = getattr(args, 'pretrained_checkpoint', '') + args.pretrained = getattr(args, 'pretrained', 'False') + + +@register_model_architecture('fconv_self_att', 'fconv_self_att_wp') +def fconv_self_att_wp(args): + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 256) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', '[(128, 3)] * 2 + [(512,3)] * 1') + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 256) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', '[(512, 4)] * 4 + [(768, 4)] * 2 + [(1024, 4)] * 1') + args.decoder_out_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_out_embed_dim', 256) + args.self_attention = getattr(args, 'self_attention', 'True') + args.multihead_self_attention_nheads = getattr(args, 'multihead_self_attention_nheads', 4) + args.project_input = getattr(args, 'project_input', 'True') + args.gated_attention = getattr(args, 'gated_attention', 'True') + args.downsample = getattr(args, 'downsample', 'True') + base_architecture(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/huggingface/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/huggingface/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e186c4b196b1294d00afabe0d651ad4ebb8ebdf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/huggingface/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from .hf_gpt2 import * # noqa diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/huggingface/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc 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b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/huggingface/hf_gpt2.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..797850bbd0f5fcbf8eddee5cc41ecf440ad79d2a --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/huggingface/hf_gpt2.py @@ -0,0 +1,178 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging +import os +import sys +from typing import Dict, List, Optional + +import torch +from fairseq.models import ( + FairseqIncrementalDecoder, + FairseqLanguageModel, + register_model, + register_model_architecture, +) + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +DEFAULT_MAX_TARGET_POSITIONS = 1024 + + +@register_model('hf_gpt2') +class HuggingFaceGPT2LanguageModel(FairseqLanguageModel): + + def __init__(self, decoder): + super().__init__(decoder) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add model-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--num-attention-heads', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num attention heads') + parser.add_argument('--num-layers', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num layers') + parser.add_argument('--dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability for all fully connected layers ' + 'in the embeddings, encoder, and pooler') + parser.add_argument('--attention-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability for attention weights') + # fmt: on + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + """Build a new model instance.""" + default_architecture(args) + return cls(HuggingFaceGPT2Decoder(args, task)) + + +class HuggingFaceGPT2Decoder(FairseqIncrementalDecoder): + + def __init__(self, args, task): + super().__init__(task.target_dictionary) + + try: + # Prepend the transformers submodule to the path, so that + # it's prioritized over other installations. This allows + # making local changes in the submodule. + sys.path.insert( + 0, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'transformers', 'src') + ) + from transformers import GPT2Config, GPT2LMHeadModel + except ImportError: + raise ImportError( + '\n\nPlease install huggingface/transformers with:' + '\n\n pip install transformers' + '\n\nOr to make local edits, install the submodule:' + '\n\n git submodule update --init ' + 'fairseq/models/huggingface/transformers' + ) + + config = GPT2Config( + vocab_size=len(task.target_dictionary), + n_positions=args.max_target_positions + 1, + n_ctx=args.max_target_positions, + n_embd=args.embed_dim, + n_layer=args.num_layers, + n_head=args.num_attention_heads, + resid_pdrop=args.dropout, + embd_pdrop=args.dropout, + attn_pdrop=args.attention_dropout, + layer_norm_epsilon=1e-6, + ) + self.model = GPT2LMHeadModel(config) + + # set zero embedding for padding symbol + self.pad_idx = task.target_dictionary.pad() + self.model.transformer.wte.weight.data[self.pad_idx].zero_() + self.model.transformer.wpe.weight.data[0].zero_() + + def forward( + self, + prev_output_tokens, + src_lengths=None, + incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, List[torch.Tensor]]] = None, + ): + features = self.extract_features(prev_output_tokens, incremental_state) + lm_logits = self.model.lm_head(features) + return (lm_logits, ) + + def extract_features( + self, + prev_output_tokens, + incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, List[torch.Tensor]]] = None, + ): + if incremental_state is not None: + past = self.get_incremental_state("past") + else: + past = None + + # don't attend to padding symbols + attention_mask = prev_output_tokens.ne(self.pad_idx).int() + + # set position ids to exclude padding symbols + position_ids = attention_mask * ( + torch.arange(1, 1 + prev_output_tokens.size(1)) + .to(prev_output_tokens) + .repeat(prev_output_tokens.size(0), 1) + ) + + outputs = self.model.transformer( + input_ids=prev_output_tokens, + past=past, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + position_ids=position_ids, + ) + last_hidden_states = outputs[0] + + if incremental_state is not None: + self.set_incremental_state(incremental_state, "past", outputs[1]) + + return last_hidden_states + + def max_positions(self): + return self.model.config.n_positions - 1 + + +@register_model_architecture('hf_gpt2', 'hf_gpt2') +def default_architecture(args): + if getattr(args, 'max_target_positions', None) is None: + args.max_target_positions = getattr( + args, 'tokens_per_sample', DEFAULT_MAX_TARGET_POSITIONS + ) + args.embed_dim = getattr(args, 'embed_dim', 768) + args.num_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'num_attention_heads', 12) + args.num_layers = getattr(args, 'num_layers', 12) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + + +@register_model_architecture('hf_gpt2', 'hf_gpt2_medium') +def hf_gpt2_medium(args): + args.embed_dim = getattr(args, 'embed_dim', 1024) + args.num_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'num_attention_heads', 16) + args.num_layers = getattr(args, 'num_layers', 24) + default_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('hf_gpt2', 'hf_gpt2_large') +def hf_gpt2_large(args): + args.embed_dim = getattr(args, 'embed_dim', 1280) + args.num_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'num_attention_heads', 20) + args.num_layers = getattr(args, 'num_layers', 36) + default_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('hf_gpt2', 'hf_gpt2_xl') +def hf_gpt2_xl(args): + args.embed_dim = getattr(args, 'embed_dim', 1600) + args.num_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'num_attention_heads', 25) + args.num_layers = getattr(args, 'num_layers', 48) + default_architecture(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/lightconv.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/lightconv.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8100e37ec4a7a949a191df109632eef4bab4894e --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/lightconv.py @@ -0,0 +1,785 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import options, utils +from fairseq.models import ( + FairseqEncoder, + FairseqIncrementalDecoder, + FairseqEncoderDecoderModel, + register_model, + register_model_architecture, +) +from fairseq.modules import ( + AdaptiveSoftmax, + DynamicConv, + LayerNorm, + PositionalEmbedding, + LightweightConv, + MultiheadAttention, +) + + +@register_model('lightconv') +class LightConvModel(FairseqEncoderDecoderModel): + """ + LightConv and DynamicConv model from `"Pay Less Attention with Lightweight and Dynamic Convolutions" (Wu, et al, 2019) + `_. + To use LightConv please set ``--encoder-conv-type lightweight --decoder-conv-type lightweight`` + To use DynamicConv please set ``--encoder-conv-type dynamic --decoder-conv-type dynamic`` + + Args: + encoder (LightConvEncoder): the encoder + decoder (LightConvDecoder): the decoder + + The LightConv model provides the following named architectures and + command-line arguments: + + .. argparse:: + :ref: fairseq.models.lightconv_parser + :prog: + """ + + @classmethod + def hub_models(cls): + # fmt: off + + def moses_subword(path): + return { + 'path': path, + 'tokenizer': 'moses', + 'bpe': 'subword_nmt', + } + + return { + 'lightconv.no_glu.iwslt14.de-en': moses_subword('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/dynamicconv/iwslt14.de-en.lightconv.tar.gz'), + 'dynamicconv.no_glu.iwslt14.de-en': moses_subword('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/dynamicconv/iwslt14.de-en.dynamicconv.tar.gz'), + 'lightconv.no_glu.wmt16.en-de': moses_subword('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/dynamicconv/wmt16.en-de.joined-dict.lightconv.tar.gz'), + 'dynamicconv.no_glu.wmt16.en-de': moses_subword('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/dynamicconv/wmt16.en-de.joined-dict.dynamicconv.tar.gz'), + 'lightconv.glu.wmt16.en-de': moses_subword('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/dynamicconv/wmt16.en-de.joined-dict.lightconv-glu.tar.gz'), + 'dynamicconv.glu.wmt16.en-de': moses_subword('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/dynamicconv/wmt16.en-de.joined-dict.dynamicconv-glu.tar.gz'), + 'lightconv.glu.wmt17.en-de': moses_subword('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/dynamicconv/wmt16.en-de.joined-dict.lightconv-glu.tar.gz'), + 'dynamicconv.glu.wmt17.en-de': moses_subword('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/dynamicconv/wmt16.en-de.joined-dict.dynamicconv-glu.tar.gz'), + 'lightconv.glu.wmt14.en-fr': moses_subword('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/dynamicconv/wmt14.en-fr.joined-dict.lightconv-glu.tar.gz'), + 'dynamicconv.glu.wmt14.en-fr': moses_subword('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/dynamicconv/wmt14.en-fr.joined-dict.dynamicconv-glu.tar.gz'), + 'lightconv.glu.wmt17.zh-en': moses_subword('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/dynamicconv/wmt17.zh-en.lightconv-glu.tar.gz'), + 'dynamicconv.glu.wmt17.zh-en': moses_subword('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/dynamicconv/wmt17.zh-en.dynamicconv-glu.tar.gz'), + } + # fmt: on + + def __init__(self, encoder, decoder): + super().__init__(encoder, decoder) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add model-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument('--dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability') + parser.add_argument('--attention-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability for attention weights') + parser.add_argument('--relu-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability after ReLU in FFN') + parser.add_argument('--input-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability of the inputs') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-embed-path', type=str, metavar='STR', + help='path to pre-trained encoder embedding') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='encoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-conv-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='encoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-ffn-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='encoder embedding dimension for FFN') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-layers', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num encoder layers') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-attention-heads', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num encoder attention heads or LightConv/DynamicConv heads') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-normalize-before', action='store_true', + help='apply layernorm before each encoder block') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-learned-pos', action='store_true', + help='use learned positional embeddings in the encoder') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-embed-path', type=str, metavar='STR', + help='path to pre-trained decoder embedding') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-conv-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-ffn-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder embedding dimension for FFN') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-layers', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num decoder layers') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-attention-heads', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num decoder attention heads or LightConv/DynamicConv heads') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-learned-pos', action='store_true', + help='use learned positional embeddings in the decoder') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-normalize-before', action='store_true', + help='apply layernorm before each decoder block') + parser.add_argument('--share-decoder-input-output-embed', action='store_true', + help='share decoder input and output embeddings') + parser.add_argument('--share-all-embeddings', action='store_true', + help='share encoder, decoder and output embeddings' + ' (requires shared dictionary and embed dim)') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-softmax-cutoff', metavar='EXPR', + help='comma separated list of adaptive softmax cutoff points. ' + 'Must be used with adaptive_loss criterion'), + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-softmax-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='sets adaptive softmax dropout for the tail projections') + + """LightConv and DynamicConv arguments""" + parser.add_argument('--encoder-kernel-size-list', type=lambda x: options.eval_str_list(x, int), + help='list of kernel size (default: "[3,7,15,31,31,31,31]")') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-kernel-size-list', type=lambda x: options.eval_str_list(x, int), + help='list of kernel size (default: "[3,7,15,31,31,31]")') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-glu', type=options.eval_bool, + help='glu after in proj') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-glu', type=options.eval_bool, + help='glu after in proj') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-conv-type', default='dynamic', type=str, + choices=['dynamic', 'lightweight'], + help='type of convolution') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-conv-type', default='dynamic', type=str, + choices=['dynamic', 'lightweight'], + help='type of convolution') + parser.add_argument('--weight-softmax', default=True, type=options.eval_bool) + parser.add_argument('--weight-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability for conv weights') + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + """Build a new model instance.""" + + # make sure all arguments are present in older models + base_architecture(args) + + if not hasattr(args, 'max_source_positions'): + args.max_source_positions = 1024 + if not hasattr(args, 'max_target_positions'): + args.max_target_positions = 1024 + + src_dict, tgt_dict = task.source_dictionary, task.target_dictionary + + def build_embedding(dictionary, embed_dim, path=None): + num_embeddings = len(dictionary) + padding_idx = dictionary.pad() + emb = Embedding(num_embeddings, embed_dim, padding_idx) + # if provided, load from preloaded dictionaries + if path: + embed_dict = utils.parse_embedding(path) + utils.load_embedding(embed_dict, dictionary, emb) + return emb + + if args.share_all_embeddings: + if src_dict != tgt_dict: + raise RuntimeError('--share-all-embeddings requires a joined dictionary') + if args.encoder_embed_dim != args.decoder_embed_dim: + raise RuntimeError( + '--share-all-embeddings requires --encoder-embed-dim to match --decoder-embed-dim') + if args.decoder_embed_path and ( + args.decoder_embed_path != args.encoder_embed_path): + raise RuntimeError('--share-all-embeddings not compatible with --decoder-embed-path') + encoder_embed_tokens = build_embedding( + src_dict, args.encoder_embed_dim, args.encoder_embed_path + ) + decoder_embed_tokens = encoder_embed_tokens + args.share_decoder_input_output_embed = True + else: + encoder_embed_tokens = build_embedding( + src_dict, args.encoder_embed_dim, args.encoder_embed_path + ) + decoder_embed_tokens = build_embedding( + tgt_dict, args.decoder_embed_dim, args.decoder_embed_path + ) + + encoder = LightConvEncoder(args, src_dict, encoder_embed_tokens) + decoder = LightConvDecoder(args, tgt_dict, decoder_embed_tokens) + return LightConvModel(encoder, decoder) + + +class LightConvEncoder(FairseqEncoder): + """ + LightConv encoder consisting of *args.encoder_layers* layers. Each layer + is a :class:`LightConvEncoderLayer`. + + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): parsed command-line arguments + dictionary (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): encoding dictionary + embed_tokens (torch.nn.Embedding): input embedding + """ + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary, embed_tokens): + super().__init__(dictionary) + self.dropout = args.dropout + + embed_dim = embed_tokens.embedding_dim + self.padding_idx = embed_tokens.padding_idx + self.max_source_positions = args.max_source_positions + + self.embed_tokens = embed_tokens + self.embed_scale = math.sqrt(embed_dim) + self.embed_positions = PositionalEmbedding( + args.max_source_positions, embed_dim, self.padding_idx, + learned=args.encoder_learned_pos, + ) if not args.no_token_positional_embeddings else None + + self.layers = nn.ModuleList([]) + self.layers.extend([ + LightConvEncoderLayer(args, kernel_size=args.encoder_kernel_size_list[i]) + for i in range(args.encoder_layers) + ]) + self.register_buffer('version', torch.Tensor([2])) + self.normalize = args.encoder_normalize_before + if self.normalize: + self.layer_norm = LayerNorm(embed_dim) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, **unused): + """ + Args: + src_tokens (LongTensor): tokens in the source language of shape + `(batch, src_len)` + + Returns: + dict: + - **encoder_out** (Tensor): the last encoder layer's output of + shape `(src_len, batch, embed_dim)` + - **encoder_padding_mask** (ByteTensor): the positions of + padding elements of shape `(batch, src_len)` + """ + # embed tokens and positions + x = self.embed_scale * self.embed_tokens(src_tokens) + if self.embed_positions is not None: + x += self.embed_positions(src_tokens) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + + # B x T x C -> T x B x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + + # compute padding mask + encoder_padding_mask = src_tokens.eq(self.padding_idx) + if not encoder_padding_mask.any(): + encoder_padding_mask = None + + # encoder layers + for layer in self.layers: + x = layer(x, encoder_padding_mask) + + if self.normalize: + x = self.layer_norm(x) + + return { + 'encoder_out': x, # T x B x C + 'encoder_padding_mask': encoder_padding_mask, # B x T + } + + def reorder_encoder_out(self, encoder_out, new_order): + """ + Reorder encoder output according to *new_order*. + + Args: + encoder_out: output from the ``forward()`` method + new_order (LongTensor): desired order + + Returns: + *encoder_out* rearranged according to *new_order* + """ + if encoder_out['encoder_out'] is not None: + encoder_out['encoder_out'] = \ + encoder_out['encoder_out'].index_select(1, new_order) + if encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'] is not None: + encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'] = \ + encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'].index_select(0, new_order) + return encoder_out + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum input length supported by the encoder.""" + if self.embed_positions is None: + return self.max_source_positions + return min(self.max_source_positions, self.embed_positions.max_positions) + + +class LightConvDecoder(FairseqIncrementalDecoder): + """ + LightConv decoder consisting of *args.decoder_layers* layers. Each layer + is a :class:`LightConvDecoderLayer`. + + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): parsed command-line arguments + dictionary (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): decoding dictionary + embed_tokens (torch.nn.Embedding): output embedding + no_encoder_attn (bool, optional): whether to attend to encoder outputs. + Default: ``False`` + """ + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary, embed_tokens, no_encoder_attn=False, final_norm=True): + super().__init__(dictionary) + self.dropout = args.dropout + self.share_input_output_embed = args.share_decoder_input_output_embed + + input_embed_dim = embed_tokens.embedding_dim + embed_dim = args.decoder_embed_dim + output_embed_dim = args.decoder_output_dim + + padding_idx = embed_tokens.padding_idx + self.max_target_positions = args.max_target_positions + + self.embed_tokens = embed_tokens + self.embed_scale = math.sqrt(embed_dim) # todo: try with input_embed_dim + + self.project_in_dim = Linear(input_embed_dim, embed_dim, bias=False) if embed_dim != input_embed_dim else None + + self.embed_positions = PositionalEmbedding( + args.max_target_positions, embed_dim, padding_idx, + learned=args.decoder_learned_pos, + ) if not args.no_token_positional_embeddings else None + + self.layers = nn.ModuleList([]) + self.layers.extend([ + LightConvDecoderLayer(args, no_encoder_attn, kernel_size=args.decoder_kernel_size_list[i]) + for i in range(args.decoder_layers) + ]) + + self.adaptive_softmax = None + + self.project_out_dim = Linear(embed_dim, output_embed_dim, bias=False) \ + if embed_dim != output_embed_dim and not args.tie_adaptive_weights else None + + if args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff is not None: + self.adaptive_softmax = AdaptiveSoftmax( + len(dictionary), + output_embed_dim, + options.eval_str_list(args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff, type=int), + dropout=args.adaptive_softmax_dropout, + adaptive_inputs=embed_tokens if args.tie_adaptive_weights else None, + factor=args.adaptive_softmax_factor, + tie_proj=args.tie_adaptive_proj, + ) + elif not self.share_input_output_embed: + self.embed_out = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(len(dictionary), output_embed_dim)) + nn.init.normal_(self.embed_out, mean=0, std=output_embed_dim ** -0.5) + self.register_buffer('version', torch.Tensor([2])) + self.normalize = args.decoder_normalize_before and final_norm + if self.normalize: + self.layer_norm = LayerNorm(embed_dim) + + def forward(self, prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=None, incremental_state=None, **kwargs): + """ + Args: + prev_output_tokens (LongTensor): previous decoder outputs of shape + `(batch, tgt_len)`, for teacher forcing + encoder_out (Tensor, optional): output from the encoder, used for + encoder-side attention + incremental_state (dict): dictionary used for storing state during + :ref:`Incremental decoding` + + Returns: + tuple: + - the last decoder layer's output of shape `(batch, tgt_len, + vocab)` + - the last decoder layer's attention weights of shape `(batch, + tgt_len, src_len)` + """ + # embed positions + positions = self.embed_positions( + prev_output_tokens, + incremental_state=incremental_state, + ) if self.embed_positions is not None else None + + if incremental_state is not None: + prev_output_tokens = prev_output_tokens[:, -1:] + if positions is not None: + positions = positions[:, -1:] + + # embed tokens and positions + x = self.embed_scale * self.embed_tokens(prev_output_tokens) + + if self.project_in_dim is not None: + x = self.project_in_dim(x) + + if positions is not None: + x += positions + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + + # B x T x C -> T x B x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + attn = None + + inner_states = [x] + + # decoder layers + for layer in self.layers: + x, attn = layer( + x, + encoder_out['encoder_out'] if encoder_out is not None else None, + encoder_out['encoder_padding_mask'] if encoder_out is not None else None, + incremental_state, + ) + inner_states.append(x) + + if self.normalize: + x = self.layer_norm(x) + + # T x B x C -> B x T x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + + if self.project_out_dim is not None: + x = self.project_out_dim(x) + + if self.adaptive_softmax is None: + # project back to size of vocabulary + if self.share_input_output_embed: + x = F.linear(x, self.embed_tokens.weight) + else: + x = F.linear(x, self.embed_out) + + return x, {'attn': attn, 'inner_states': inner_states} + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum output length supported by the decoder.""" + if self.embed_positions is None: + return self.max_target_positions + return min(self.max_target_positions, self.embed_positions.max_positions) + + def buffered_future_mask(self, tensor): + dim = tensor.size(0) + if not hasattr(self, '_future_mask') or self._future_mask is None or self._future_mask.device != tensor.device: + self._future_mask = torch.triu(utils.fill_with_neg_inf(tensor.new(dim, dim)), 1) + if self._future_mask.size(0) < dim: + self._future_mask = torch.triu(utils.fill_with_neg_inf(self._future_mask.resize_(dim, dim)), 1) + return self._future_mask[:dim, :dim] + + +class LightConvEncoderLayer(nn.Module): + """Encoder layer block. + + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): parsed command-line arguments + kernel_size: kernel size of the convolution + """ + + def __init__(self, args, kernel_size=0): + super().__init__() + self.embed_dim = args.encoder_embed_dim + self.conv_dim = args.encoder_conv_dim + padding_l = kernel_size // 2 if kernel_size % 2 == 1 else ((kernel_size - 1) // 2, kernel_size // 2) + + if args.encoder_glu: + self.linear1 = Linear(self.embed_dim, 2*self.conv_dim) + self.act = nn.GLU() + else: + self.linear1 = Linear(self.embed_dim, self.conv_dim) + self.act = None + if args.encoder_conv_type == 'lightweight': + self.conv = LightweightConv(self.conv_dim, kernel_size, padding_l=padding_l, + weight_softmax=args.weight_softmax, + num_heads=args.encoder_attention_heads, + weight_dropout=args.weight_dropout) + elif args.encoder_conv_type == 'dynamic': + self.conv = DynamicConv(self.conv_dim, kernel_size, padding_l=padding_l, + weight_softmax=args.weight_softmax, + num_heads=args.encoder_attention_heads, + weight_dropout=args.weight_dropout) + else: + raise NotImplementedError + self.linear2 = Linear(self.conv_dim, self.embed_dim) + + self.dropout = args.dropout + self.relu_dropout = args.relu_dropout + self.input_dropout = args.input_dropout + self.normalize_before = args.encoder_normalize_before + self.fc1 = Linear(self.embed_dim, args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim) + self.fc2 = Linear(args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim, self.embed_dim) + self.layer_norms = nn.ModuleList([LayerNorm(self.embed_dim) for _ in range(2)]) + + def forward(self, x, encoder_padding_mask): + """ + Args: + x (Tensor): input to the layer of shape `(seq_len, batch, embed_dim)` + encoder_padding_mask (ByteTensor): binary ByteTensor of shape + `(batch, src_len)` where padding elements are indicated by ``1``. + + Returns: + encoded output of shape `(batch, src_len, embed_dim)` + """ + residual = x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(0, x, before=True) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.input_dropout, training=self.training) + x = self.linear1(x) + if self.act is not None: + x = self.act(x) + if encoder_padding_mask is not None: + x = x.masked_fill(encoder_padding_mask.transpose(0, 1).unsqueeze(2), 0) + x = self.conv(x) + x = self.linear2(x) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = residual + x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(0, x, after=True) + + residual = x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(1, x, before=True) + x = F.relu(self.fc1(x)) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.relu_dropout, training=self.training) + x = self.fc2(x) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = residual + x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(1, x, after=True) + return x + + def maybe_layer_norm(self, i, x, before=False, after=False): + assert before ^ after + if after ^ self.normalize_before: + return self.layer_norms[i](x) + else: + return x + + def extra_repr(self): + return 'dropout={}, relu_dropout={}, input_dropout={}, normalize_before={}'.format( + self.dropout, self.relu_dropout, self.input_dropout, self.normalize_before) + + +class LightConvDecoderLayer(nn.Module): + """Decoder layer block. + + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): parsed command-line arguments + no_encoder_attn (bool, optional): whether to attend to encoder outputs. + Default: ``False`` + kernel_size: kernel size of the convolution + """ + + def __init__(self, args, no_encoder_attn=False, kernel_size=0): + super().__init__() + self.embed_dim = args.decoder_embed_dim + self.conv_dim = args.decoder_conv_dim + if args.decoder_glu: + self.linear1 = Linear(self.embed_dim, 2*self.conv_dim) + self.act = nn.GLU() + else: + self.linear1 = Linear(self.embed_dim, self.conv_dim) + self.act = None + if args.decoder_conv_type == 'lightweight': + self.conv = LightweightConv(self.conv_dim, kernel_size, padding_l=kernel_size-1, + weight_softmax=args.weight_softmax, + num_heads=args.decoder_attention_heads, + weight_dropout=args.weight_dropout) + elif args.decoder_conv_type == 'dynamic': + self.conv = DynamicConv(self.conv_dim, kernel_size, padding_l=kernel_size-1, + weight_softmax=args.weight_softmax, + num_heads=args.decoder_attention_heads, + weight_dropout=args.weight_dropout) + else: + raise NotImplementedError + self.linear2 = Linear(self.conv_dim, self.embed_dim) + + self.dropout = args.dropout + self.relu_dropout = args.relu_dropout + self.input_dropout = args.input_dropout + self.normalize_before = args.decoder_normalize_before + + self.conv_layer_norm = LayerNorm(self.embed_dim) + + if no_encoder_attn: + self.encoder_attn = None + self.encoder_attn_layer_norm = None + else: + self.encoder_attn = MultiheadAttention( + self.embed_dim, args.decoder_attention_heads, + dropout=args.attention_dropout, encoder_decoder_attention=True + ) + self.encoder_attn_layer_norm = LayerNorm(self.embed_dim) + + self.fc1 = Linear(self.embed_dim, args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim) + self.fc2 = Linear(args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim, self.embed_dim) + + self.final_layer_norm = LayerNorm(self.embed_dim) + self.need_attn = True + + def forward(self, x, encoder_out, encoder_padding_mask, incremental_state, + prev_conv_state=None, prev_attn_state=None, conv_mask=None, + conv_padding_mask=None): + """ + Args: + x (Tensor): input to the layer of shape `(seq_len, batch, embed_dim)` + encoder_padding_mask (ByteTensor): binary ByteTensor of shape + `(batch, src_len)` where padding elements are indicated by ``1``. + + Returns: + encoded output of shape `(batch, src_len, embed_dim)` + """ + residual = x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(self.conv_layer_norm, x, before=True) + if prev_conv_state is not None: + if incremental_state is None: + incremental_state = {} + self.conv._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, prev_conv_state) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.input_dropout, training=self.training) + x = self.linear1(x) + if self.act is not None: + x = self.act(x) + x = self.conv(x, incremental_state=incremental_state) + x = self.linear2(x) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = residual + x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(self.conv_layer_norm, x, after=True) + + attn = None + if self.encoder_attn is not None: + residual = x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(self.encoder_attn_layer_norm, x, before=True) + if prev_attn_state is not None: + if incremental_state is None: + incremental_state = {} + prev_key, prev_value = prev_attn_state + saved_state = {"prev_key": prev_key, "prev_value": prev_value} + self.encoder_attn._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, saved_state) + x, attn = self.encoder_attn( + query=x, + key=encoder_out, + value=encoder_out, + key_padding_mask=encoder_padding_mask, + incremental_state=incremental_state, + static_kv=True, + need_weights=(not self.training and self.need_attn), + ) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = residual + x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(self.encoder_attn_layer_norm, x, after=True) + + residual = x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(self.final_layer_norm, x, before=True) + x = F.relu(self.fc1(x)) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.relu_dropout, training=self.training) + x = self.fc2(x) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = residual + x + x = self.maybe_layer_norm(self.final_layer_norm, x, after=True) + return x, attn + + def maybe_layer_norm(self, layer_norm, x, before=False, after=False): + assert before ^ after + if after ^ self.normalize_before: + return layer_norm(x) + else: + return x + + def make_generation_fast_(self, need_attn=False, **kwargs): + self.need_attn = need_attn + + def extra_repr(self): + return 'dropout={}, relu_dropout={}, input_dropout={}, normalize_before={}'.format( + self.dropout, self.relu_dropout, self.input_dropout, self.normalize_before) + + +def Embedding(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx): + m = nn.Embedding(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx=padding_idx) + nn.init.normal_(m.weight, mean=0, std=embedding_dim ** -0.5) + nn.init.constant_(m.weight[padding_idx], 0) + return m + + +def Linear(in_features, out_features, bias=True): + m = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features, bias) + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(m.weight) + if bias: + nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0.) + return m + + +@register_model_architecture('lightconv', 'lightconv') +def base_architecture(args): + args.encoder_embed_path = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_path', None) + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 2048) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 7) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 8) + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, 'encoder_normalize_before', False) + args.encoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, 'encoder_learned_pos', False) + args.decoder_embed_path = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_path', None) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', args.encoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 6) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 8) + args.decoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, 'decoder_normalize_before', False) + args.decoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, 'decoder_learned_pos', False) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.) + args.relu_dropout = getattr(args, 'relu_dropout', 0.) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_cutoff', None) + args.adaptive_softmax_dropout = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_dropout', 0) + args.share_decoder_input_output_embed = getattr(args, 'share_decoder_input_output_embed', False) + args.share_all_embeddings = getattr(args, 'share_all_embeddings', False) + args.no_token_positional_embeddings = getattr(args, 'no_token_positional_embeddings', False) + + args.decoder_output_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_output_dim', args.decoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_input_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_input_dim', args.decoder_embed_dim) + + args.encoder_conv_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_conv_dim', args.encoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_conv_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_conv_dim', args.decoder_embed_dim) + + args.encoder_kernel_size_list = getattr(args, 'encoder_kernel_size_list', [3, 7, 15, 31, 31, 31, 31]) + args.decoder_kernel_size_list = getattr(args, 'decoder_kernel_size_list', [3, 7, 15, 31, 31, 31]) + if len(args.encoder_kernel_size_list) == 1: + args.encoder_kernel_size_list = args.encoder_kernel_size_list * args.encoder_layers + if len(args.decoder_kernel_size_list) == 1: + args.decoder_kernel_size_list = args.decoder_kernel_size_list * args.decoder_layers + assert len(args.encoder_kernel_size_list) == args.encoder_layers, "encoder_kernel_size_list doesn't match encoder_layers" + assert len(args.decoder_kernel_size_list) == args.decoder_layers, "decoder_kernel_size_list doesn't match decoder_layers" + args.encoder_glu = getattr(args, 'encoder_glu', True) + args.decoder_glu = getattr(args, 'decoder_glu', True) + args.input_dropout = getattr(args, 'input_dropout', 0.1) + args.weight_dropout = getattr(args, 'weight_dropout', args.attention_dropout) + + +@register_model_architecture('lightconv', 'lightconv_iwslt_de_en') +def lightconv_iwslt_de_en(args): + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 1024) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 4) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 7) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', 1024) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 4) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 6) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + args.weight_dropout = getattr(args, 'weight_dropout', 0.1) + args.encoder_glu = getattr(args, 'encoder_glu', False) + args.decoder_glu = getattr(args, 'decoder_glu', False) + args.input_dropout = getattr(args, 'input_dropout', 0.0) + base_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('lightconv', 'lightconv_wmt_en_de') +def lightconv_wmt_en_de(args): + base_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('lightconv', 'lightconv_wmt_en_de_big') +def lightconv_wmt_en_de_big(args): + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 1024) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 4096) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 16) + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, 'encoder_normalize_before', False) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 1024) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', 4096) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 16) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.3) + base_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('lightconv', 'lightconv_wmt_en_fr_big') +def lightconv_wmt_en_fr_big(args): + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + lightconv_wmt_en_de_big(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('lightconv', 'lightconv_wmt_zh_en_big') +def lightconv_wmt_zh_en_big(args): + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.2) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.2) + args.weight_dropout = getattr(args, 'weight_dropout', 0.2) + lightconv_wmt_en_de_big(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/lightconv_lm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/lightconv_lm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a268ddd8597cdce75613b59befb5095ff6c6eda1 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/lightconv_lm.py @@ -0,0 +1,176 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq import options +from fairseq.models import ( + FairseqLanguageModel, + register_model, + register_model_architecture, +) +from fairseq.models.lightconv import ( + Embedding, + LightConvDecoder, +) +from fairseq.modules import ( + AdaptiveInput, + CharacterTokenEmbedder, +) + + +@register_model('lightconv_lm') +class LightConvLanguageModel(FairseqLanguageModel): + def __init__(self, decoder): + super().__init__(decoder) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add model-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument('--dropout', default=0.1, type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability') + parser.add_argument('--attention-dropout', default=0., type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability for attention weights') + parser.add_argument('--relu-dropout', default=0., type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability after ReLU in FFN') + parser.add_argument('--input-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability of the inputs') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-output-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder output dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-input-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder input dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-ffn-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder embedding dimension for FFN') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-layers', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num decoder layers') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-attention-heads', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num decoder attention heads or LightConv/DynamicConv heads') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-normalize-before', default=False, action='store_true', + help='apply layernorm before each decoder block') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-softmax-cutoff', metavar='EXPR', + help='comma separated list of adaptive softmax cutoff points. ' + 'Must be used with adaptive_loss criterion') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-softmax-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='sets adaptive softmax dropout for the tail projections') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-softmax-factor', type=float, metavar='N', + help='adaptive input factor') + parser.add_argument('--no-token-positional-embeddings', default=False, action='store_true', + help='if set, disables positional embeddings (outside self attention)') + parser.add_argument('--share-decoder-input-output-embed', default=False, action='store_true', + help='share decoder input and output embeddings') + parser.add_argument('--character-embeddings', default=False, action='store_true', + help='if set, uses character embedding convolutions to produce token embeddings') + parser.add_argument('--character-filters', type=str, metavar='LIST', + default='[(1, 64), (2, 128), (3, 192), (4, 256), (5, 256), (6, 256), (7, 256)]', + help='size of character embeddings') + parser.add_argument('--character-embedding-dim', type=int, metavar='N', default=4, + help='size of character embeddings') + parser.add_argument('--char-embedder-highway-layers', type=int, metavar='N', default=2, + help='number of highway layers for character token embeddder') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-input', default=False, action='store_true', + help='if set, uses adaptive input') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-input-factor', type=float, metavar='N', + help='adaptive input factor') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-input-cutoff', metavar='EXPR', + help='comma separated list of adaptive input cutoff points.') + parser.add_argument('--tie-adaptive-weights', action='store_true', + help='if set, ties the weights of adaptive softmax and adaptive input') + parser.add_argument('--tie-adaptive-proj', action='store_true', + help='if set, ties the projection weights of adaptive softmax and adaptive input') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-learned-pos', action='store_true', + help='use learned positional embeddings in the decoder') + + """LightConv and DynamicConv arguments""" + parser.add_argument('--decoder-kernel-size-list', type=lambda x: options.eval_str_list(x, int), + help='list of kernel size (default: "[3,7,15,31,31,31]")') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-glu', type=options.eval_bool, + help='glu after in proj') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-conv-type', default='dynamic', type=str, + choices=['dynamic', 'lightweight'], + help='type of convolution') + parser.add_argument('--weight-softmax', default=True, type=options.eval_bool) + parser.add_argument('--weight-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability for conv weights') + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + """Build a new model instance.""" + + # make sure all arguments are present in older models + base_lm_architecture(args) + + if getattr(args, 'max_source_positions', None) is None: + args.max_source_positions = args.tokens_per_sample + if getattr(args, 'max_target_positions', None) is None: + args.max_target_positions = args.tokens_per_sample + + if args.character_embeddings: + embed_tokens = CharacterTokenEmbedder(task.dictionary, eval(args.character_filters), + args.character_embedding_dim, + args.decoder_embed_dim, + args.char_embedder_highway_layers, + ) + elif args.adaptive_input: + embed_tokens = AdaptiveInput(len(task.dictionary), task.dictionary.pad(), args.decoder_input_dim, + args.adaptive_input_factor, args.decoder_embed_dim, + options.eval_str_list(args.adaptive_input_cutoff, type=int)) + else: + embed_tokens = Embedding(len(task.dictionary), args.decoder_input_dim, task.dictionary.pad()) + + if args.tie_adaptive_weights: + assert args.adaptive_input + assert args.adaptive_input_factor == args.adaptive_softmax_factor + assert args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff == args.adaptive_input_cutoff, '{} != {}'.format( + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff, args.adaptive_input_cutoff) + assert args.decoder_input_dim == args.decoder_output_dim + + decoder = LightConvDecoder(args, task.output_dictionary, embed_tokens, no_encoder_attn=True, final_norm=False) + return LightConvLanguageModel(decoder) + + +@register_model_architecture('lightconv_lm', 'lightconv_lm') +def base_lm_architecture(args): + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', 2048) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 6) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 8) + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_cutoff', None) + args.adaptive_softmax_dropout = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_dropout', 0) + args.adaptive_softmax_factor = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_factor', 4) + args.decoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, 'decoder_learned_pos', False) + + args.character_embeddings = getattr(args, 'character_embeddings', False) + + args.decoder_output_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_output_dim', args.decoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_input_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_input_dim', args.decoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_conv_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_conv_dim', args.decoder_embed_dim) + + # The model training is not stable without this + args.decoder_normalize_before = True + + args.adaptive_input = getattr(args, 'adaptive_input', False) + args.adaptive_input_factor = getattr(args, 'adaptive_input_factor', 4) + args.adaptive_input_cutoff = getattr(args, 'adaptive_input_cutoff', None) + + args.tie_adaptive_weights = getattr(args, 'tie_adaptive_weights', False) + args.tie_adaptive_proj = getattr(args, 'tie_adaptive_proj', False) + + args.decoder_kernel_size_list = getattr(args, 'decoder_kernel_size_list', [3, 7, 15, 31, 31, 31]) + if len(args.decoder_kernel_size_list) == 1: + args.decoder_kernel_size_list = args.decoder_kernel_size_list * args.decoder_layers + assert len(args.decoder_kernel_size_list) == args.decoder_layers, "decoder_kernel_size_list doesn't match decoder_layers" + args.decoder_glu = getattr(args, 'decoder_glu', True) + args.input_dropout = getattr(args, 'input_dropout', 0.1) + args.weight_dropout = getattr(args, 'weight_dropout', args.attention_dropout) + + +@register_model_architecture('lightconv_lm', 'lightconv_lm_gbw') +def lightconv_lm_gbw(args): + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', 4096) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 16) + base_lm_architecture(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/lstm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/lstm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cdaad4ad628c03172a91ca6c4b67d2912d9b31d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/lstm.py @@ -0,0 +1,648 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import options, utils +from fairseq.models import ( + FairseqEncoder, + FairseqIncrementalDecoder, + FairseqEncoderDecoderModel, + register_model, + register_model_architecture, +) +from fairseq.modules import AdaptiveSoftmax +from torch import Tensor +from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple + + +DEFAULT_MAX_SOURCE_POSITIONS = 1e5 +DEFAULT_MAX_TARGET_POSITIONS = 1e5 + + +@register_model('lstm') +class LSTMModel(FairseqEncoderDecoderModel): + def __init__(self, encoder, decoder): + super().__init__(encoder, decoder) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add model-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='encoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-embed-path', type=str, metavar='STR', + help='path to pre-trained encoder embedding') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-freeze-embed', action='store_true', + help='freeze encoder embeddings') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-hidden-size', type=int, metavar='N', + help='encoder hidden size') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-layers', type=int, metavar='N', + help='number of encoder layers') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-bidirectional', action='store_true', + help='make all layers of encoder bidirectional') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-embed-path', type=str, metavar='STR', + help='path to pre-trained decoder embedding') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-freeze-embed', action='store_true', + help='freeze decoder embeddings') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-hidden-size', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder hidden size') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-layers', type=int, metavar='N', + help='number of decoder layers') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-out-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder output embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-attention', type=str, metavar='BOOL', + help='decoder attention') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-softmax-cutoff', metavar='EXPR', + help='comma separated list of adaptive softmax cutoff points. ' + 'Must be used with adaptive_loss criterion') + parser.add_argument('--share-decoder-input-output-embed', default=False, + action='store_true', + help='share decoder input and output embeddings') + parser.add_argument('--share-all-embeddings', default=False, action='store_true', + help='share encoder, decoder and output embeddings' + ' (requires shared dictionary and embed dim)') + + # Granular dropout settings (if not specified these default to --dropout) + parser.add_argument('--encoder-dropout-in', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability for encoder input embedding') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-dropout-out', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability for encoder output') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-dropout-in', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability for decoder input embedding') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-dropout-out', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability for decoder output') + # fmt: on + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + """Build a new model instance.""" + # make sure that all args are properly defaulted (in case there are any new ones) + base_architecture(args) + + if args.encoder_layers != args.decoder_layers: + raise ValueError('--encoder-layers must match --decoder-layers') + + max_source_positions = getattr(args, 'max_source_positions', DEFAULT_MAX_SOURCE_POSITIONS) + max_target_positions = getattr(args, 'max_target_positions', DEFAULT_MAX_TARGET_POSITIONS) + + def load_pretrained_embedding_from_file(embed_path, dictionary, embed_dim): + num_embeddings = len(dictionary) + padding_idx = dictionary.pad() + embed_tokens = Embedding(num_embeddings, embed_dim, padding_idx) + embed_dict = utils.parse_embedding(embed_path) + utils.print_embed_overlap(embed_dict, dictionary) + return utils.load_embedding(embed_dict, dictionary, embed_tokens) + + if args.encoder_embed_path: + pretrained_encoder_embed = load_pretrained_embedding_from_file( + args.encoder_embed_path, task.source_dictionary, args.encoder_embed_dim) + else: + num_embeddings = len(task.source_dictionary) + pretrained_encoder_embed = Embedding( + num_embeddings, args.encoder_embed_dim, task.source_dictionary.pad() + ) + + if args.share_all_embeddings: + # double check all parameters combinations are valid + if task.source_dictionary != task.target_dictionary: + raise ValueError('--share-all-embeddings requires a joint dictionary') + if args.decoder_embed_path and ( + args.decoder_embed_path != args.encoder_embed_path): + raise ValueError( + '--share-all-embed not compatible with --decoder-embed-path' + ) + if args.encoder_embed_dim != args.decoder_embed_dim: + raise ValueError( + '--share-all-embeddings requires --encoder-embed-dim to ' + 'match --decoder-embed-dim' + ) + pretrained_decoder_embed = pretrained_encoder_embed + args.share_decoder_input_output_embed = True + else: + # separate decoder input embeddings + pretrained_decoder_embed = None + if args.decoder_embed_path: + pretrained_decoder_embed = load_pretrained_embedding_from_file( + args.decoder_embed_path, + task.target_dictionary, + args.decoder_embed_dim + ) + # one last double check of parameter combinations + if args.share_decoder_input_output_embed and ( + args.decoder_embed_dim != args.decoder_out_embed_dim): + raise ValueError( + '--share-decoder-input-output-embeddings requires ' + '--decoder-embed-dim to match --decoder-out-embed-dim' + ) + + if args.encoder_freeze_embed: + pretrained_encoder_embed.weight.requires_grad = False + if args.decoder_freeze_embed: + pretrained_decoder_embed.weight.requires_grad = False + + encoder = LSTMEncoder( + dictionary=task.source_dictionary, + embed_dim=args.encoder_embed_dim, + hidden_size=args.encoder_hidden_size, + num_layers=args.encoder_layers, + dropout_in=args.encoder_dropout_in, + dropout_out=args.encoder_dropout_out, + bidirectional=args.encoder_bidirectional, + pretrained_embed=pretrained_encoder_embed, + max_source_positions=max_source_positions + ) + decoder = LSTMDecoder( + dictionary=task.target_dictionary, + embed_dim=args.decoder_embed_dim, + hidden_size=args.decoder_hidden_size, + out_embed_dim=args.decoder_out_embed_dim, + num_layers=args.decoder_layers, + dropout_in=args.decoder_dropout_in, + dropout_out=args.decoder_dropout_out, + attention=options.eval_bool(args.decoder_attention), + encoder_output_units=encoder.output_units, + pretrained_embed=pretrained_decoder_embed, + share_input_output_embed=args.share_decoder_input_output_embed, + adaptive_softmax_cutoff=( + options.eval_str_list(args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff, type=int) + if args.criterion == 'adaptive_loss' else None + ), + max_target_positions=max_target_positions + ) + return cls(encoder, decoder) + + def forward( + self, + src_tokens, + src_lengths, + prev_output_tokens, + incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]] = None, + ): + encoder_out = self.encoder(src_tokens, src_lengths=src_lengths) + decoder_out = self.decoder( + prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=encoder_out, incremental_state=incremental_state + ) + return decoder_out + + +class LSTMEncoder(FairseqEncoder): + """LSTM encoder.""" + def __init__( + self, dictionary, embed_dim=512, hidden_size=512, num_layers=1, + dropout_in=0.1, dropout_out=0.1, bidirectional=False, + left_pad=True, pretrained_embed=None, padding_idx=None, + max_source_positions=DEFAULT_MAX_SOURCE_POSITIONS + ): + super().__init__(dictionary) + self.num_layers = num_layers + self.dropout_in = dropout_in + self.dropout_out = dropout_out + self.bidirectional = bidirectional + self.hidden_size = hidden_size + self.max_source_positions = max_source_positions + + num_embeddings = len(dictionary) + self.padding_idx = padding_idx if padding_idx is not None else dictionary.pad() + if pretrained_embed is None: + self.embed_tokens = Embedding(num_embeddings, embed_dim, self.padding_idx) + else: + self.embed_tokens = pretrained_embed + + self.lstm = LSTM( + input_size=embed_dim, + hidden_size=hidden_size, + num_layers=num_layers, + dropout=self.dropout_out if num_layers > 1 else 0., + bidirectional=bidirectional, + ) + self.left_pad = left_pad + + self.output_units = hidden_size + if bidirectional: + self.output_units *= 2 + + def forward(self, src_tokens, src_lengths: Tensor): + if self.left_pad: + # nn.utils.rnn.pack_padded_sequence requires right-padding; + # convert left-padding to right-padding + src_tokens = utils.convert_padding_direction( + src_tokens, + torch.zeros_like(src_tokens).fill_(self.padding_idx), + left_to_right=True, + ) + + bsz, seqlen = src_tokens.size() + + # embed tokens + x = self.embed_tokens(src_tokens) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout_in, training=self.training) + + # B x T x C -> T x B x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + + # pack embedded source tokens into a PackedSequence + packed_x = nn.utils.rnn.pack_padded_sequence(x, src_lengths.data) + + # apply LSTM + if self.bidirectional: + state_size = 2 * self.num_layers, bsz, self.hidden_size + else: + state_size = self.num_layers, bsz, self.hidden_size + h0 = x.new_zeros(*state_size) + c0 = x.new_zeros(*state_size) + packed_outs, (final_hiddens, final_cells) = self.lstm(packed_x, (h0, c0)) + + # unpack outputs and apply dropout + x, _ = nn.utils.rnn.pad_packed_sequence(packed_outs, padding_value=self.padding_idx*1.0) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout_out, training=self.training) + assert list(x.size()) == [seqlen, bsz, self.output_units] + + if self.bidirectional: + final_hiddens = self.combine_bidir(final_hiddens, bsz) + final_cells = self.combine_bidir(final_cells, bsz) + + encoder_padding_mask = src_tokens.eq(self.padding_idx).t() + + return tuple(( + x, # seq_len x batch x hidden + final_hiddens, # num_layers x batch x num_directions*hidden + final_cells, # num_layers x batch x num_directions*hidden + encoder_padding_mask, # seq_len x batch + )) + + def combine_bidir(self, outs, bsz: int): + out = outs.view(self.num_layers, 2, bsz, -1).transpose(1, 2).contiguous() + return out.view(self.num_layers, bsz, -1) + + def reorder_encoder_out(self, encoder_out, new_order): + return tuple(( + encoder_out[0].index_select(1, new_order), + encoder_out[1].index_select(1, new_order), + encoder_out[2].index_select(1, new_order), + encoder_out[3].index_select(1, new_order), + )) + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum input length supported by the encoder.""" + return self.max_source_positions + + +class AttentionLayer(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, input_embed_dim, source_embed_dim, output_embed_dim, bias=False): + super().__init__() + + self.input_proj = Linear(input_embed_dim, source_embed_dim, bias=bias) + self.output_proj = Linear(input_embed_dim + source_embed_dim, output_embed_dim, bias=bias) + + def forward(self, input, source_hids, encoder_padding_mask): + # input: bsz x input_embed_dim + # source_hids: srclen x bsz x source_embed_dim + + # x: bsz x source_embed_dim + x = self.input_proj(input) + + # compute attention + attn_scores = (source_hids * x.unsqueeze(0)).sum(dim=2) + + # don't attend over padding + if encoder_padding_mask is not None: + attn_scores = attn_scores.float().masked_fill_( + encoder_padding_mask, + float('-inf') + ).type_as(attn_scores) # FP16 support: cast to float and back + + attn_scores = F.softmax(attn_scores, dim=0) # srclen x bsz + + # sum weighted sources + x = (attn_scores.unsqueeze(2) * source_hids).sum(dim=0) + + x = torch.tanh(self.output_proj(torch.cat((x, input), dim=1))) + return x, attn_scores + + +class LSTMDecoder(FairseqIncrementalDecoder): + """LSTM decoder.""" + def __init__( + self, dictionary, embed_dim=512, hidden_size=512, out_embed_dim=512, + num_layers=1, dropout_in=0.1, dropout_out=0.1, attention=True, + encoder_output_units=512, pretrained_embed=None, + share_input_output_embed=False, adaptive_softmax_cutoff=None, + max_target_positions=DEFAULT_MAX_TARGET_POSITIONS + ): + super().__init__(dictionary) + self.dropout_in = dropout_in + self.dropout_out = dropout_out + self.hidden_size = hidden_size + self.share_input_output_embed = share_input_output_embed + self.need_attn = True + self.max_target_positions = max_target_positions + self.num_layers = num_layers + + self.adaptive_softmax = None + num_embeddings = len(dictionary) + padding_idx = dictionary.pad() + if pretrained_embed is None: + self.embed_tokens = Embedding(num_embeddings, embed_dim, padding_idx) + else: + self.embed_tokens = pretrained_embed + + self.encoder_output_units = encoder_output_units + if encoder_output_units != hidden_size and encoder_output_units != 0: + self.encoder_hidden_proj = Linear(encoder_output_units, hidden_size) + self.encoder_cell_proj = Linear(encoder_output_units, hidden_size) + else: + self.encoder_hidden_proj = self.encoder_cell_proj = None + + # disable input feeding if there is no encoder + # input feeding is described in arxiv.org/abs/1508.04025 + input_feed_size = 0 if encoder_output_units == 0 else hidden_size + self.layers = nn.ModuleList([ + LSTMCell( + input_size=input_feed_size + embed_dim if layer == 0 else hidden_size, + hidden_size=hidden_size, + ) + for layer in range(num_layers) + ]) + + if attention: + # TODO make bias configurable + self.attention = AttentionLayer(hidden_size, encoder_output_units, hidden_size, bias=False) + else: + self.attention = None + + if hidden_size != out_embed_dim: + self.additional_fc = Linear(hidden_size, out_embed_dim) + + if adaptive_softmax_cutoff is not None: + # setting adaptive_softmax dropout to dropout_out for now but can be redefined + self.adaptive_softmax = AdaptiveSoftmax( + num_embeddings, hidden_size, adaptive_softmax_cutoff, dropout=dropout_out + ) + elif not self.share_input_output_embed: + self.fc_out = Linear(out_embed_dim, num_embeddings, dropout=dropout_out) + + def get_cached_state(self, incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]]): + cached_state = self.get_incremental_state(incremental_state, 'cached_state') + assert cached_state is not None + prev_hiddens_ = cached_state["prev_hiddens"] + assert prev_hiddens_ is not None + prev_cells_ = cached_state["prev_cells"] + assert prev_cells_ is not None + prev_hiddens = [prev_hiddens_[i] for i in range(self.num_layers)] + prev_cells = [prev_cells_[j] for j in range(self.num_layers)] + input_feed = cached_state["input_feed"] # can be None for decoder-only language models + return prev_hiddens, prev_cells, input_feed + + def forward( + self, + prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out: Optional[Tuple[Tensor, Tensor, Tensor, Tensor]] = None, + incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]] = None, + src_lengths: Optional[Tensor] = None, + ): + x, attn_scores = self.extract_features( + prev_output_tokens, encoder_out, incremental_state + ) + return self.output_layer(x), attn_scores + + def extract_features( + self, + prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out: Optional[Tuple[Tensor, Tensor, Tensor, Tensor]] = None, + incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]] = None, + ): + """ + Similar to *forward* but only return features. + """ + # get outputs from encoder + if encoder_out is not None: + encoder_outs = encoder_out[0] + encoder_hiddens = encoder_out[1] + encoder_cells = encoder_out[2] + encoder_padding_mask = encoder_out[3] + else: + encoder_outs = torch.empty(0) + encoder_hiddens = torch.empty(0) + encoder_cells = torch.empty(0) + encoder_padding_mask = torch.empty(0) + srclen = encoder_outs.size(0) + + if incremental_state is not None and len(incremental_state) > 0: + prev_output_tokens = prev_output_tokens[:, -1:] + + bsz, seqlen = prev_output_tokens.size() + + # embed tokens + x = self.embed_tokens(prev_output_tokens) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout_in, training=self.training) + + # B x T x C -> T x B x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + + # initialize previous states (or get from cache during incremental generation) + if incremental_state is not None and len(incremental_state) > 0: + prev_hiddens, prev_cells, input_feed = self.get_cached_state(incremental_state) + elif encoder_out is not None: + # setup recurrent cells + prev_hiddens = [encoder_hiddens[i] for i in range(self.num_layers)] + prev_cells = [encoder_cells[i] for i in range(self.num_layers)] + if self.encoder_hidden_proj is not None: + prev_hiddens = [self.encoder_hidden_proj(y) for y in prev_hiddens] + prev_cells = [self.encoder_cell_proj(y) for y in prev_cells] + input_feed = x.new_zeros(bsz, self.hidden_size) + else: + # setup zero cells, since there is no encoder + zero_state = x.new_zeros(bsz, self.hidden_size) + prev_hiddens = [zero_state for i in range(self.num_layers)] + prev_cells = [zero_state for i in range(self.num_layers)] + input_feed = None + + assert srclen > 0 or self.attention is None, \ + "attention is not supported if there are no encoder outputs" + attn_scores = x.new_zeros(srclen, seqlen, bsz) if self.attention is not None else None + outs = [] + for j in range(seqlen): + # input feeding: concatenate context vector from previous time step + if input_feed is not None: + input = torch.cat((x[j, :, :], input_feed), dim=1) + else: + input = x[j] + + for i, rnn in enumerate(self.layers): + # recurrent cell + hidden, cell = rnn(input, (prev_hiddens[i], prev_cells[i])) + + # hidden state becomes the input to the next layer + input = F.dropout(hidden, p=self.dropout_out, training=self.training) + + # save state for next time step + prev_hiddens[i] = hidden + prev_cells[i] = cell + + # apply attention using the last layer's hidden state + if self.attention is not None: + assert attn_scores is not None + out, attn_scores[:, j, :] = self.attention(hidden, encoder_outs, encoder_padding_mask) + else: + out = hidden + out = F.dropout(out, p=self.dropout_out, training=self.training) + + # input feeding + if input_feed is not None: + input_feed = out + + # save final output + outs.append(out) + + # Stack all the necessary tensors together and store + prev_hiddens_tensor = torch.stack(prev_hiddens) + prev_cells_tensor = torch.stack(prev_cells) + cache_state = torch.jit.annotate( + Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]], + {"prev_hiddens": prev_hiddens_tensor, "prev_cells": prev_cells_tensor, "input_feed": input_feed}) + self.set_incremental_state( + incremental_state, 'cached_state', cache_state) + + # collect outputs across time steps + x = torch.cat(outs, dim=0).view(seqlen, bsz, self.hidden_size) + + # T x B x C -> B x T x C + x = x.transpose(1, 0) + + if hasattr(self, 'additional_fc') and self.adaptive_softmax is None: + x = self.additional_fc(x) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout_out, training=self.training) + # srclen x tgtlen x bsz -> bsz x tgtlen x srclen + if not self.training and self.need_attn and self.attention is not None: + assert attn_scores is not None + attn_scores = attn_scores.transpose(0, 2) + else: + attn_scores = None + return x, attn_scores + + def output_layer(self, x): + """Project features to the vocabulary size.""" + if self.adaptive_softmax is None: + if self.share_input_output_embed: + x = F.linear(x, self.embed_tokens.weight) + else: + x = self.fc_out(x) + return x + + def reorder_state(self, state: List[Tensor], new_order): + return [ + state_i.index_select(0, new_order) if state_i is not None else None + for state_i in state + ] + + def reorder_incremental_state(self, incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]], new_order): + if incremental_state is None or len(incremental_state) == 0: + return + prev_hiddens, prev_cells, input_feed = self.get_cached_state(incremental_state) + cached_state = (prev_hiddens, prev_cells, [input_feed]) + new_state = [self.reorder_state(state, new_order) for state in cached_state] + prev_hiddens_tensor = torch.stack(new_state[0]) + prev_cells_tensor = torch.stack(new_state[1]) + cached_state_new = torch.jit.annotate( + Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]], + {"prev_hiddens": prev_hiddens_tensor, "prev_cells": prev_cells_tensor, "input_feed": new_state[2][0]}) + self.set_incremental_state(incremental_state, 'cached_state', cached_state_new), + return + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum output length supported by the decoder.""" + return self.max_target_positions + + def make_generation_fast_(self, need_attn=False, **kwargs): + self.need_attn = need_attn + + +def Embedding(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx): + m = nn.Embedding(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx=padding_idx) + nn.init.uniform_(m.weight, -0.1, 0.1) + nn.init.constant_(m.weight[padding_idx], 0) + return m + + +def LSTM(input_size, hidden_size, **kwargs): + m = nn.LSTM(input_size, hidden_size, **kwargs) + for name, param in m.named_parameters(): + if 'weight' in name or 'bias' in name: + param.data.uniform_(-0.1, 0.1) + return m + + +def LSTMCell(input_size, hidden_size, **kwargs): + m = nn.LSTMCell(input_size, hidden_size, **kwargs) + for name, param in m.named_parameters(): + if 'weight' in name or 'bias' in name: + param.data.uniform_(-0.1, 0.1) + return m + + +def Linear(in_features, out_features, bias=True, dropout=0): + """Linear layer (input: N x T x C)""" + m = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features, bias=bias) + m.weight.data.uniform_(-0.1, 0.1) + if bias: + m.bias.data.uniform_(-0.1, 0.1) + return m + + +@register_model_architecture('lstm', 'lstm') +def base_architecture(args): + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.encoder_embed_path = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_path', None) + args.encoder_freeze_embed = getattr(args, 'encoder_freeze_embed', False) + args.encoder_hidden_size = getattr(args, 'encoder_hidden_size', args.encoder_embed_dim) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 1) + args.encoder_bidirectional = getattr(args, 'encoder_bidirectional', False) + args.encoder_dropout_in = getattr(args, 'encoder_dropout_in', args.dropout) + args.encoder_dropout_out = getattr(args, 'encoder_dropout_out', args.dropout) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.decoder_embed_path = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_path', None) + args.decoder_freeze_embed = getattr(args, 'decoder_freeze_embed', False) + args.decoder_hidden_size = getattr(args, 'decoder_hidden_size', args.decoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 1) + args.decoder_out_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_out_embed_dim', 512) + args.decoder_attention = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention', '1') + args.decoder_dropout_in = getattr(args, 'decoder_dropout_in', args.dropout) + args.decoder_dropout_out = getattr(args, 'decoder_dropout_out', args.dropout) + args.share_decoder_input_output_embed = getattr(args, 'share_decoder_input_output_embed', False) + args.share_all_embeddings = getattr(args, 'share_all_embeddings', False) + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_cutoff', '10000,50000,200000') + + +@register_model_architecture('lstm', 'lstm_wiseman_iwslt_de_en') +def lstm_wiseman_iwslt_de_en(args): + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 256) + args.encoder_dropout_in = getattr(args, 'encoder_dropout_in', 0) + args.encoder_dropout_out = getattr(args, 'encoder_dropout_out', 0) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 256) + args.decoder_out_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_out_embed_dim', 256) + args.decoder_dropout_in = getattr(args, 'decoder_dropout_in', 0) + args.decoder_dropout_out = getattr(args, 'decoder_dropout_out', args.dropout) + base_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('lstm', 'lstm_luong_wmt_en_de') +def lstm_luong_wmt_en_de(args): + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 1000) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 4) + args.encoder_dropout_out = getattr(args, 'encoder_dropout_out', 0) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 1000) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 4) + args.decoder_out_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_out_embed_dim', 1000) + args.decoder_dropout_out = getattr(args, 'decoder_dropout_out', 0) + base_architecture(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/lstm_lm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/lstm_lm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c6b5e246aa0059079d537f1087936074559520b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/lstm_lm.py @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq import options, utils +from fairseq.models import ( + FairseqLanguageModel, register_model, register_model_architecture +) +from fairseq.models.lstm import ( + LSTMDecoder, Embedding +) + +DEFAULT_MAX_TARGET_POSITIONS = 1e5 + +@register_model('lstm_lm') +class LSTMLanguageModel(FairseqLanguageModel): + def __init__(self, decoder): + super().__init__(decoder) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add model-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-embed-path', type=str, metavar='STR', + help='path to pre-trained decoder embedding') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-hidden-size', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder hidden size') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-layers', type=int, metavar='N', + help='number of decoder layers') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-out-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder output embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-attention', type=str, metavar='BOOL', + help='decoder attention') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-softmax-cutoff', metavar='EXPR', + help='comma separated list of adaptive softmax cutoff points. ' + 'Must be used with adaptive_loss criterion') + + # Granular dropout settings (if not specified these default to --dropout) + parser.add_argument('--decoder-dropout-in', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability for decoder input embedding') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-dropout-out', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability for decoder output') + parser.add_argument('--share-decoder-input-output-embed', default=False, + action='store_true', + help='share decoder input and output embeddings') + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + """Build a new model instance.""" + + # make sure all arguments are present in older models + base_architecture(args) + + if getattr(args, 'max_target_positions', None) is not None: + max_target_positions = args.max_target_positions + else: + max_target_positions = getattr(args, 'tokens_per_sample', DEFAULT_MAX_TARGET_POSITIONS) + + def load_pretrained_embedding_from_file(embed_path, dictionary, embed_dim): + num_embeddings = len(dictionary) + padding_idx = dictionary.pad() + embed_tokens = Embedding(num_embeddings, embed_dim, padding_idx) + embed_dict = utils.parse_embedding(embed_path) + utils.print_embed_overlap(embed_dict, dictionary) + return utils.load_embedding(embed_dict, dictionary, embed_tokens) + + pretrained_decoder_embed = None + if args.decoder_embed_path: + pretrained_decoder_embed = load_pretrained_embedding_from_file( + args.decoder_embed_path, + task.target_dictionary, + args.decoder_embed_dim + ) + + if args.share_decoder_input_output_embed: + # double check all parameters combinations are valid + if task.source_dictionary != task.target_dictionary: + raise ValueError('--share-decoder-input-output-embeddings requires a joint dictionary') + + if args.decoder_embed_dim != args.decoder_out_embed_dim: + raise ValueError( + '--share-decoder-input-output-embeddings requires ' + '--decoder-embed-dim to match --decoder-out-embed-dim' + ) + + decoder = LSTMDecoder( + dictionary=task.dictionary, + embed_dim=args.decoder_embed_dim, + hidden_size=args.decoder_hidden_size, + out_embed_dim=args.decoder_out_embed_dim, + num_layers=args.decoder_layers, + dropout_in=args.decoder_dropout_in, + dropout_out=args.decoder_dropout_out, + attention=options.eval_bool(args.decoder_attention), + encoder_output_units=0, + pretrained_embed=pretrained_decoder_embed, + share_input_output_embed=args.share_decoder_input_output_embed, + adaptive_softmax_cutoff=( + options.eval_str_list(args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff, type=int) + if args.criterion == 'adaptive_loss' else None + ), + max_target_positions=max_target_positions + ) + + return cls(decoder) + + +@register_model_architecture('lstm_lm', 'lstm_lm') +def base_architecture(args): + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.decoder_embed_path = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_path', None) + args.decoder_hidden_size = getattr(args, 'decoder_hidden_size', args.decoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 1) + args.decoder_out_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_out_embed_dim', 512) + args.decoder_attention = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention', '0') + args.decoder_dropout_in = getattr(args, 'decoder_dropout_in', args.dropout) + args.decoder_dropout_out = getattr(args, 'decoder_dropout_out', args.dropout) + args.share_decoder_input_output_embed = getattr(args, 'share_decoder_input_output_embed', False) + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_cutoff', '10000,50000,200000') diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/masked_lm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/masked_lm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0937059a4a1d1c2966ed5a0b6f37f430f710d238 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/masked_lm.py @@ -0,0 +1,351 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.models import ( + BaseFairseqModel, + FairseqEncoder, + register_model, + register_model_architecture, +) +from fairseq.modules import ( + LayerNorm, + SinusoidalPositionalEmbedding, + TransformerSentenceEncoder, +) +from fairseq.modules.transformer_sentence_encoder import init_bert_params + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_model('masked_lm') +class MaskedLMModel(BaseFairseqModel): + """ + Class for training a Masked Language Model. It also supports an + additional sentence level prediction if the sent-loss argument is set. + """ + def __init__(self, args, encoder): + super().__init__() + self.args = args + self.encoder = encoder + + # if specified then apply bert initialization on the model. We need + # to explictly call this to make sure that the output embeddings + # and projection layers are also correctly initialized + if getattr(args, 'apply_bert_init', False): + self.apply(init_bert_params) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add model-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # Arguments related to dropout + parser.add_argument('--dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability') + parser.add_argument('--attention-dropout', type=float, + metavar='D', help='dropout probability for' + ' attention weights') + parser.add_argument('--act-dropout', type=float, + metavar='D', help='dropout probability after' + ' activation in FFN') + + # Arguments related to hidden states and self-attention + parser.add_argument('--encoder-ffn-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='encoder embedding dimension for FFN') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-layers', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num encoder layers') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-attention-heads', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num encoder attention heads') + + # Arguments related to input and output embeddings + parser.add_argument('--encoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='encoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--share-encoder-input-output-embed', + action='store_true', help='share encoder input' + ' and output embeddings') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-learned-pos', action='store_true', + help='use learned positional embeddings in the encoder') + parser.add_argument('--no-token-positional-embeddings', + action='store_true', + help='if set, disables positional embeddings' + ' (outside self attention)') + parser.add_argument('--num-segment', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num segment in the input') + + # Arguments related to sentence level prediction + parser.add_argument('--sentence-class-num', type=int, metavar='N', + help='number of classes for sentence task') + parser.add_argument('--sent-loss', action='store_true', help='if set,' + ' calculate sentence level predictions') + + # Arguments related to parameter initialization + parser.add_argument('--apply-bert-init', action='store_true', + help='use custom param initialization for BERT') + + # misc params + parser.add_argument('--activation-fn', + choices=utils.get_available_activation_fns(), + help='activation function to use') + parser.add_argument('--pooler-activation-fn', + choices=utils.get_available_activation_fns(), + help='Which activation function to use for pooler layer.') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-normalize-before', action='store_true', + help='apply layernorm before each encoder block') + + def forward(self, src_tokens, segment_labels=None, **kwargs): + return self.encoder(src_tokens, segment_labels=segment_labels, **kwargs) + + def max_positions(self): + return self.encoder.max_positions + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + """Build a new model instance.""" + # make sure all arguments are present in older models + base_architecture(args) + + if not hasattr(args, 'max_positions'): + args.max_positions = args.tokens_per_sample + + logger.info(args) + + encoder = MaskedLMEncoder(args, task.dictionary) + return cls(args, encoder) + + +class MaskedLMEncoder(FairseqEncoder): + """ + Encoder for Masked Language Modelling. + """ + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary): + super().__init__(dictionary) + + self.padding_idx = dictionary.pad() + self.vocab_size = dictionary.__len__() + self.max_positions = args.max_positions + + self.sentence_encoder = TransformerSentenceEncoder( + padding_idx=self.padding_idx, + vocab_size=self.vocab_size, + num_encoder_layers=args.encoder_layers, + embedding_dim=args.encoder_embed_dim, + ffn_embedding_dim=args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim, + num_attention_heads=args.encoder_attention_heads, + dropout=args.dropout, + attention_dropout=args.attention_dropout, + activation_dropout=args.act_dropout, + max_seq_len=self.max_positions, + num_segments=args.num_segment, + use_position_embeddings=not args.no_token_positional_embeddings, + encoder_normalize_before=args.encoder_normalize_before, + apply_bert_init=args.apply_bert_init, + activation_fn=args.activation_fn, + learned_pos_embedding=args.encoder_learned_pos, + ) + + self.share_input_output_embed = args.share_encoder_input_output_embed + self.embed_out = None + self.sentence_projection_layer = None + self.sentence_out_dim = args.sentence_class_num + self.lm_output_learned_bias = None + + # Remove head is set to true during fine-tuning + self.load_softmax = not getattr(args, 'remove_head', False) + + self.masked_lm_pooler = nn.Linear( + args.encoder_embed_dim, args.encoder_embed_dim + ) + self.pooler_activation = utils.get_activation_fn(args.pooler_activation_fn) + + self.lm_head_transform_weight = nn.Linear(args.encoder_embed_dim, args.encoder_embed_dim) + self.activation_fn = utils.get_activation_fn(args.activation_fn) + self.layer_norm = LayerNorm(args.encoder_embed_dim) + + self.lm_output_learned_bias = None + if self.load_softmax: + self.lm_output_learned_bias = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(self.vocab_size)) + + if not self.share_input_output_embed: + self.embed_out = nn.Linear( + args.encoder_embed_dim, + self.vocab_size, + bias=False + ) + + if args.sent_loss: + self.sentence_projection_layer = nn.Linear( + args.encoder_embed_dim, + self.sentence_out_dim, + bias=False + ) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, segment_labels=None, masked_tokens=None, **unused): + """ + Forward pass for Masked LM encoder. This first computes the token + embedding using the token embedding matrix, position embeddings (if + specified) and segment embeddings (if specified). + + Here we assume that the sentence representation corresponds to the + output of the classification_token (see bert_task or cross_lingual_lm + task for more details). + Args: + - src_tokens: B x T matrix representing sentences + - segment_labels: B x T matrix representing segment label for tokens + Returns: + - a tuple of the following: + - logits for predictions in format B x T x C to be used in + softmax afterwards + - a dictionary of additional data, where 'pooled_output' contains + the representation for classification_token and 'inner_states' + is a list of internal model states used to compute the + predictions (similar in ELMO). 'sentence_logits' + is the prediction logit for NSP task and is only computed if + this is specified in the input arguments. + """ + + inner_states, sentence_rep = self.sentence_encoder( + src_tokens, + segment_labels=segment_labels, + ) + + x = inner_states[-1].transpose(0, 1) + # project masked tokens only + if masked_tokens is not None: + x = x[masked_tokens, :] + x = self.layer_norm(self.activation_fn(self.lm_head_transform_weight(x))) + + pooled_output = self.pooler_activation(self.masked_lm_pooler(sentence_rep)) + + # project back to size of vocabulary + if self.share_input_output_embed \ + and hasattr(self.sentence_encoder.embed_tokens, 'weight'): + x = F.linear(x, self.sentence_encoder.embed_tokens.weight) + elif self.embed_out is not None: + x = self.embed_out(x) + if self.lm_output_learned_bias is not None: + x = x + self.lm_output_learned_bias + sentence_logits = None + if self.sentence_projection_layer: + sentence_logits = self.sentence_projection_layer(pooled_output) + + return x, { + 'inner_states': inner_states, + 'pooled_output': pooled_output, + 'sentence_logits': sentence_logits + } + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum output length supported by the encoder.""" + return self.max_positions + + def upgrade_state_dict_named(self, state_dict, name): + if isinstance( + self.sentence_encoder.embed_positions, + SinusoidalPositionalEmbedding + ): + state_dict[ + name + '.sentence_encoder.embed_positions._float_tensor' + ] = torch.FloatTensor(1) + if not self.load_softmax: + for k in list(state_dict.keys()): + if ( + "embed_out.weight" in k or + "sentence_projection_layer.weight" in k or + "lm_output_learned_bias" in k + ): + del state_dict[k] + return state_dict + + +@register_model_architecture('masked_lm', 'masked_lm') +def base_architecture(args): + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + args.act_dropout = getattr(args, 'act_dropout', 0.0) + + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 4096) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 6) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 8) + + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 1024) + args.share_encoder_input_output_embed = getattr(args, 'share_encoder_input_output_embed', False) + args.encoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, 'encoder_learned_pos', False) + args.no_token_positional_embeddings = getattr(args, 'no_token_positional_embeddings', False) + args.num_segment = getattr(args, 'num_segment', 2) + + args.sentence_class_num = getattr(args, 'sentence_class_num', 2) + args.sent_loss = getattr(args, 'sent_loss', False) + + args.apply_bert_init = getattr(args, 'apply_bert_init', False) + + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, 'activation_fn', 'relu') + args.pooler_activation_fn = getattr(args, 'pooler_activation_fn', 'tanh') + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, 'encoder_normalize_before', False) + + +@register_model_architecture('masked_lm', 'bert_base') +def bert_base_architecture(args): + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 768) + args.share_encoder_input_output_embed = getattr( + args, 'share_encoder_input_output_embed', True) + args.no_token_positional_embeddings = getattr( + args, 'no_token_positional_embeddings', False) + args.encoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, 'encoder_learned_pos', True) + args.num_segment = getattr(args, 'num_segment', 2) + + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 12) + + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 12) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 3072) + + args.sentence_class_num = getattr(args, 'sentence_class_num', 2) + args.sent_loss = getattr(args, 'sent_loss', True) + + args.apply_bert_init = getattr(args, 'apply_bert_init', True) + + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, 'activation_fn', 'gelu') + args.pooler_activation_fn = getattr(args, 'pooler_activation_fn', 'tanh') + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, 'encoder_normalize_before', True) + base_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('masked_lm', 'bert_large') +def bert_large_architecture(args): + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 1024) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 24) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 16) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 4096) + bert_base_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('masked_lm', 'xlm_base') +def xlm_architecture(args): + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 1024) + args.share_encoder_input_output_embed = getattr( + args, 'share_encoder_input_output_embed', True) + args.no_token_positional_embeddings = getattr( + args, 'no_token_positional_embeddings', False) + args.encoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, 'encoder_learned_pos', True) + args.num_segment = getattr(args, 'num_segment', 1) + + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 6) + + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 8) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 4096) + + args.sent_loss = getattr(args, 'sent_loss', False) + + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, 'activation_fn', 'gelu') + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, 'encoder_normalize_before', False) + args.pooler_activation_fn = getattr(args, 'pooler_activation_fn', 'tanh') + args.apply_bert_init = getattr(args, 'apply_bert_init', True) + base_architecture(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/model_utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/model_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46ec62f77243308f82d862a52fd1a9b2615f9e90 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/model_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from typing import List, Optional + +import torch +from torch import Tensor + + +@torch.jit.script +def script_skip_tensor_list(x: List[Tensor], mask): + res = [xi[mask] if xi.size(0) == mask.size(0) else xi[:, mask] for xi in x] + outputs = [] + for i, t in enumerate(res): + if t.numel() != 0: + outputs.append(t) + else: + outputs.append(x[i]) + return outputs + + +@torch.jit.script +def script_skip_tensor(x: Tensor, mask): + # None case + if x.size(0) == 0: + return x + res = x[mask] if x.size(0) == mask.size(0) else x[:, mask] + if res.numel() == 0: + return x + else: + return res + + +@torch.jit.script +def expand_2d_or_3d_tensor(x, trg_dim: int, padding_idx: int): + """ + Expand 2D/3D tensor on dim=1 + """ + if x is None: + return None + + assert x.dim() == 2 or x.dim() == 3 + assert trg_dim >= x.size(1), (trg_dim, x.size()) + if trg_dim == x.size(1): + return x + + dims = [x.size(0), trg_dim - x.size(1)] + if x.dim() == 3: + dims.append(x.size(2)) + x = torch.cat([x, torch.zeros(dims).to(x).fill_(padding_idx)], 1) + + return x + + +@torch.jit.script +def coalesce(x: Optional[Tensor], y: Tensor) -> Tensor: + return x if x is not None else y + + +@torch.jit.script +def fill_tensors(x: Optional[Tensor], mask, y: Optional[Tensor], padding_idx: int) -> Optional[Tensor]: + """ + Filling tensor x with y at masked positions (dim=0). + """ + if x is None or x.size()[0] == 0 or y is None: + return x + assert x.dim() == y.dim() and mask.size(0) == x.size(0) + assert x.dim() == 2 or (x.dim() == 3 and x.size(2) == y.size(2)) + + n_selected = mask.sum() + if n_selected == 0: + return x + assert n_selected == y.size(0) + if n_selected == x.size(0): + return y + + if x.size(1) < y.size(1): + x = expand_2d_or_3d_tensor(x, y.size(1), padding_idx) + x[mask] = y + elif x.size(1) > y.size(1): + x[mask] = torch.tensor(padding_idx).type_as(x) + if x.dim() == 2: + x[mask, :y.size(1)] = y + else: + x[mask, :y.size(1), :] = y + else: + x[mask] = y + return x diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/multilingual_transformer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/multilingual_transformer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f6a837805bd2071b0dbe6db644bdea9a8ee2994 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/multilingual_transformer.py @@ -0,0 +1,196 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from collections import OrderedDict + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.models import ( + FairseqMultiModel, + register_model, + register_model_architecture, +) +from fairseq.models.transformer import ( + base_architecture, + Embedding, + TransformerModel, + TransformerEncoder, + TransformerDecoder, +) + + +@register_model('multilingual_transformer') +class MultilingualTransformerModel(FairseqMultiModel): + """Train Transformer models for multiple language pairs simultaneously. + + Requires `--task multilingual_translation`. + + We inherit all arguments from TransformerModel and assume that all language + pairs use a single Transformer architecture. In addition, we provide several + options that are specific to the multilingual setting. + + Args: + --share-encoder-embeddings: share encoder embeddings across all source languages + --share-decoder-embeddings: share decoder embeddings across all target languages + --share-encoders: share all encoder params (incl. embeddings) across all source languages + --share-decoders: share all decoder params (incl. embeddings) across all target languages + """ + + def __init__(self, encoders, decoders): + super().__init__(encoders, decoders) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add model-specific arguments to the parser.""" + TransformerModel.add_args(parser) + parser.add_argument('--share-encoder-embeddings', action='store_true', + help='share encoder embeddings across languages') + parser.add_argument('--share-decoder-embeddings', action='store_true', + help='share decoder embeddings across languages') + parser.add_argument('--share-encoders', action='store_true', + help='share encoders across languages') + parser.add_argument('--share-decoders', action='store_true', + help='share decoders across languages') + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + """Build a new model instance.""" + from fairseq.tasks.multilingual_translation import MultilingualTranslationTask + assert isinstance(task, MultilingualTranslationTask) + + # make sure all arguments are present in older models + base_multilingual_architecture(args) + + if not hasattr(args, 'max_source_positions'): + args.max_source_positions = 1024 + if not hasattr(args, 'max_target_positions'): + args.max_target_positions = 1024 + + src_langs = [lang_pair.split('-')[0] for lang_pair in task.model_lang_pairs] + tgt_langs = [lang_pair.split('-')[1] for lang_pair in task.model_lang_pairs] + + if args.share_encoders: + args.share_encoder_embeddings = True + if args.share_decoders: + args.share_decoder_embeddings = True + + def build_embedding(dictionary, embed_dim, path=None): + num_embeddings = len(dictionary) + padding_idx = dictionary.pad() + emb = Embedding(num_embeddings, embed_dim, padding_idx) + # if provided, load from preloaded dictionaries + if path: + embed_dict = utils.parse_embedding(path) + utils.load_embedding(embed_dict, dictionary, emb) + return emb + + # build shared embeddings (if applicable) + shared_encoder_embed_tokens, shared_decoder_embed_tokens = None, None + if args.share_all_embeddings: + if args.encoder_embed_dim != args.decoder_embed_dim: + raise ValueError( + '--share-all-embeddings requires --encoder-embed-dim to match --decoder-embed-dim') + if args.decoder_embed_path and ( + args.decoder_embed_path != args.encoder_embed_path): + raise ValueError('--share-all-embeddings not compatible with --decoder-embed-path') + shared_encoder_embed_tokens = FairseqMultiModel.build_shared_embeddings( + dicts=task.dicts, + langs=task.langs, + embed_dim=args.encoder_embed_dim, + build_embedding=build_embedding, + pretrained_embed_path=args.encoder_embed_path, + ) + shared_decoder_embed_tokens = shared_encoder_embed_tokens + args.share_decoder_input_output_embed = True + else: + if args.share_encoder_embeddings: + shared_encoder_embed_tokens = ( + FairseqMultiModel.build_shared_embeddings( + dicts=task.dicts, + langs=src_langs, + embed_dim=args.encoder_embed_dim, + build_embedding=build_embedding, + pretrained_embed_path=args.encoder_embed_path, + ) + ) + if args.share_decoder_embeddings: + shared_decoder_embed_tokens = ( + FairseqMultiModel.build_shared_embeddings( + dicts=task.dicts, + langs=tgt_langs, + embed_dim=args.decoder_embed_dim, + build_embedding=build_embedding, + pretrained_embed_path=args.decoder_embed_path, + ) + ) + + # encoders/decoders for each language + lang_encoders, lang_decoders = {}, {} + + def get_encoder(lang): + if lang not in lang_encoders: + if shared_encoder_embed_tokens is not None: + encoder_embed_tokens = shared_encoder_embed_tokens + else: + encoder_embed_tokens = build_embedding( + task.dicts[lang], args.encoder_embed_dim, args.encoder_embed_path + ) + lang_encoders[lang] = TransformerEncoder(args, task.dicts[lang], encoder_embed_tokens) + return lang_encoders[lang] + + def get_decoder(lang): + if lang not in lang_decoders: + if shared_decoder_embed_tokens is not None: + decoder_embed_tokens = shared_decoder_embed_tokens + else: + decoder_embed_tokens = build_embedding( + task.dicts[lang], args.decoder_embed_dim, args.decoder_embed_path + ) + lang_decoders[lang] = TransformerDecoder(args, task.dicts[lang], decoder_embed_tokens) + return lang_decoders[lang] + + # shared encoders/decoders (if applicable) + shared_encoder, shared_decoder = None, None + if args.share_encoders: + shared_encoder = get_encoder(src_langs[0]) + if args.share_decoders: + shared_decoder = get_decoder(tgt_langs[0]) + + encoders, decoders = OrderedDict(), OrderedDict() + for lang_pair, src, tgt in zip(task.model_lang_pairs, src_langs, tgt_langs): + encoders[lang_pair] = shared_encoder if shared_encoder is not None else get_encoder(src) + decoders[lang_pair] = shared_decoder if shared_decoder is not None else get_decoder(tgt) + + return MultilingualTransformerModel(encoders, decoders) + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict, strict=True, args=None): + state_dict_subset = state_dict.copy() + for k, _ in state_dict.items(): + assert k.startswith('models.') + lang_pair = k.split('.')[1] + if lang_pair not in self.models: + del state_dict_subset[k] + super().load_state_dict(state_dict_subset, strict=strict, args=args) + + +@register_model_architecture('multilingual_transformer', 'multilingual_transformer') +def base_multilingual_architecture(args): + base_architecture(args) + args.share_encoder_embeddings = getattr(args, 'share_encoder_embeddings', False) + args.share_decoder_embeddings = getattr(args, 'share_decoder_embeddings', False) + args.share_encoders = getattr(args, 'share_encoders', False) + args.share_decoders = getattr(args, 'share_decoders', False) + + +@register_model_architecture('multilingual_transformer', 'multilingual_transformer_iwslt_de_en') +def multilingual_transformer_iwslt_de_en(args): + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 1024) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 4) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 6) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', 1024) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 4) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 6) + base_multilingual_architecture(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 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register_model_architecture +from fairseq.models.nat import NATransformerModel +from fairseq.utils import new_arange + + +def _skeptical_unmasking(output_scores, output_masks, p): + sorted_index = output_scores.sort(-1)[1] + boundary_len = ( + (output_masks.sum(1, keepdim=True).type_as(output_scores) - 2) * p + ).long() + skeptical_mask = new_arange(output_masks) < boundary_len + return skeptical_mask.scatter(1, sorted_index, skeptical_mask) + + +@register_model("cmlm_transformer") +class CMLMNATransformerModel(NATransformerModel): + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + NATransformerModel.add_args(parser) + + def forward( + self, src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens, tgt_tokens, **kwargs + ): + assert not self.decoder.src_embedding_copy, "do not support embedding copy." + + # encoding + encoder_out = self.encoder(src_tokens, src_lengths=src_lengths, **kwargs) + # length prediction + length_out = self.decoder.forward_length(normalize=False, encoder_out=encoder_out) + length_tgt = self.decoder.forward_length_prediction(length_out, encoder_out, tgt_tokens) + + # decoding + word_ins_out = self.decoder( + normalize=False, + prev_output_tokens=prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out) + word_ins_mask = prev_output_tokens.eq(self.unk) + + return { + "word_ins": { + "out": word_ins_out, "tgt": tgt_tokens, + "mask": word_ins_mask, "ls": self.args.label_smoothing, + "nll_loss": True + }, + "length": { + "out": length_out, "tgt": length_tgt, + "factor": self.decoder.length_loss_factor + } + } + + def forward_decoder(self, decoder_out, encoder_out, decoding_format=None, **kwargs): + + step = decoder_out.step + max_step = decoder_out.max_step + + output_tokens = decoder_out.output_tokens + output_scores = decoder_out.output_scores + history = decoder_out.history + + # execute the decoder + output_masks = output_tokens.eq(self.unk) + _scores, _tokens = self.decoder( + normalize=True, + prev_output_tokens=output_tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out, + ).max(-1) + output_tokens.masked_scatter_(output_masks, _tokens[output_masks]) + output_scores.masked_scatter_(output_masks, _scores[output_masks]) + + if history is not None: + history.append(output_tokens.clone()) + + # skeptical decoding (depend on the maximum decoding steps.) + if (step + 1) < max_step: + skeptical_mask = _skeptical_unmasking( + output_scores, output_tokens.ne(self.pad), 1 - (step + 1) / max_step + ) + + output_tokens.masked_fill_(skeptical_mask, self.unk) + output_scores.masked_fill_(skeptical_mask, 0.0) + + if history is not None: + history.append(output_tokens.clone()) + + return decoder_out._replace( + output_tokens=output_tokens, + output_scores=output_scores, + attn=None, + history=history + ) + + +@register_model_architecture("cmlm_transformer", "cmlm_transformer") +def cmlm_base_architecture(args): + args.encoder_embed_path = getattr(args, "encoder_embed_path", None) + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_embed_dim", 512) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_ffn_embed_dim", 2048) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, "encoder_layers", 6) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "encoder_attention_heads", 8) + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "encoder_normalize_before", False) + args.encoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, "encoder_learned_pos", False) + args.decoder_embed_path = getattr(args, "decoder_embed_path", None) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_embed_dim", args.encoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr( + args, "decoder_ffn_embed_dim", args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim + ) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, "decoder_layers", 6) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "decoder_attention_heads", 8) + args.decoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "decoder_normalize_before", False) + args.decoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, "decoder_learned_pos", False) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, "attention_dropout", 0.0) + args.activation_dropout = getattr(args, "activation_dropout", 0.0) + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, "activation_fn", "relu") + args.dropout = getattr(args, "dropout", 0.1) + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff = getattr(args, "adaptive_softmax_cutoff", None) + args.adaptive_softmax_dropout = getattr(args, "adaptive_softmax_dropout", 0) + args.share_decoder_input_output_embed = getattr( + args, "share_decoder_input_output_embed", False + ) + args.share_all_embeddings = getattr(args, "share_all_embeddings", True) + args.no_token_positional_embeddings = getattr( + args, "no_token_positional_embeddings", False + ) + args.adaptive_input = getattr(args, "adaptive_input", False) + args.apply_bert_init = getattr(args, "apply_bert_init", False) + + args.decoder_output_dim = getattr( + args, "decoder_output_dim", args.decoder_embed_dim + ) + args.decoder_input_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_input_dim", args.decoder_embed_dim) + + # --- special arguments --- + args.sg_length_pred = getattr(args, "sg_length_pred", False) + args.pred_length_offset = getattr(args, "pred_length_offset", False) + args.length_loss_factor = getattr(args, "length_loss_factor", 0.1) + args.ngram_predictor = getattr(args, "ngram_predictor", 1) + args.src_embedding_copy = getattr(args, "src_embedding_copy", False) + + +@register_model_architecture("cmlm_transformer", "cmlm_transformer_wmt_en_de") +def cmlm_wmt_en_de(args): + cmlm_base_architecture(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/fairseq_nat_model.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/fairseq_nat_model.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d37a234ba9c8658eba8b393c25af98807ea1ec10 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/fairseq_nat_model.py @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math +import torch + +from fairseq.models.transformer import TransformerModel, TransformerEncoder, TransformerDecoder +from fairseq.modules.transformer_sentence_encoder import init_bert_params + + +def ensemble_encoder(func): + def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs): + if self.ensemble_models is None or len(self.ensemble_models) == 1: + return func(self, *args, **kwargs) + encoder_outs = [func(model, *args, **kwargs) for model in self.ensemble_models] + _encoder_out = encoder_outs[0] + + def stack(key): + outs = [getattr(e, key) for e in encoder_outs] + return torch.stack(outs, -1) if outs[0] is not None else None + + return _encoder_out._replace( + encoder_out=stack('encoder_out'), + encoder_embedding=stack('encoder_embedding'), + encoder_states=stack('encoder_states') + ) + return wrapper + + +def ensemble_decoder(func): + def wrapper(self, normalize=False, encoder_out=None, *args, **kwargs): + if self.ensemble_models is None or len(self.ensemble_models) == 1: + return func(self, normalize=normalize, encoder_out=encoder_out, *args, **kwargs) + + action_outs = [ + func(model, normalize=normalize, encoder_out=encoder_out._replace( + encoder_out=encoder_out.encoder_out[:, :, :, i] + ), *args, **kwargs) + for i, model in enumerate(self.ensemble_models) + ] + + if not isinstance(action_outs[0], tuple): # return multiple values + action_outs = [[a] for a in action_outs] + else: + action_outs = [list(a) for a in action_outs] + + ensembled_outs = [] + for i in range(len(action_outs[0])): + if i == 0 and normalize: + ensembled_outs += [ + torch.logsumexp( + torch.stack([a[i] for a in action_outs], -1), + dim=-1) - math.log(len(self.ensemble_models)) + ] + elif action_outs[0][i] is not None: + ensembled_outs += [ + torch.stack([a[i] for a in action_outs], -1) + ] + else: + ensembled_outs += [None] + + if len(ensembled_outs) == 1: + return ensembled_outs[0] + return tuple(ensembled_outs) + return wrapper + + +class FairseqNATModel(TransformerModel): + """ + Abstract class for all nonautoregressive-based models + """ + def __init__(self, args, encoder, decoder): + super().__init__(args, encoder, decoder) + self.tgt_dict = decoder.dictionary + self.bos = decoder.dictionary.bos() + self.eos = decoder.dictionary.eos() + self.pad = decoder.dictionary.pad() + self.unk = decoder.dictionary.unk() + + self.ensemble_models = None + + @property + def allow_length_beam(self): + return False + + @property + def allow_ensemble(self): + return True + + def enable_ensemble(self, models): + self.encoder.ensemble_models = [m.encoder for m in models] + self.decoder.ensemble_models = [m.decoder for m in models] + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + TransformerModel.add_args(parser) + parser.add_argument( + "--apply-bert-init", + action="store_true", + help="use custom param initialization for BERT", + ) + + @classmethod + def build_decoder(cls, args, tgt_dict, embed_tokens): + decoder = FairseqNATDecoder(args, tgt_dict, embed_tokens) + if getattr(args, "apply_bert_init", False): + decoder.apply(init_bert_params) + return decoder + + @classmethod + def build_encoder(cls, args, src_dict, embed_tokens): + encoder = FairseqNATEncoder(args, src_dict, embed_tokens) + if getattr(args, "apply_bert_init", False): + encoder.apply(init_bert_params) + return encoder + + def forward_encoder(self, encoder_inputs): + return self.encoder(*encoder_inputs) + + def forward_decoder(self, *args, **kwargs): + return NotImplementedError + + def initialize_output_tokens(self, *args, **kwargs): + return NotImplementedError + + def forward(self, *args, **kwargs): + return NotImplementedError + + +class FairseqNATEncoder(TransformerEncoder): + def __init__(self, args, dictionary, embed_tokens): + super().__init__(args, dictionary, embed_tokens) + self.ensemble_models = None + + @ensemble_encoder + def forward(self, *args, **kwargs): + return super().forward(*args, **kwargs) + + +class FairseqNATDecoder(TransformerDecoder): + def __init__(self, args, dictionary, embed_tokens, no_encoder_attn=False): + super().__init__(args, dictionary, embed_tokens, no_encoder_attn) + self.ensemble_models = None diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/insertion_transformer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/insertion_transformer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5f3c1abc5a7106aac2430e05bfaa8652162913e --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/insertion_transformer.py @@ -0,0 +1,280 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import numpy as np +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq.models import register_model, register_model_architecture +from fairseq.models.nat import ( + LevenshteinTransformerDecoder, + LevenshteinTransformerModel, + FairseqNATModel, + ensemble_decoder +) +from fairseq.models.transformer import Linear +from fairseq.utils import new_arange +from fairseq.modules.transformer_sentence_encoder import init_bert_params + + +class NegativeDistanceScore(object): + def __init__(self): + + # pre-compute some values + self.scores = {} + + self.scores[0.5] = self.compute_score_full(50, 0.5) + self.scores[1.0] = self.compute_score_full(50, 1.0) + self.scores[2.0] = self.compute_score_full(50, 2.0) + + def __call__(self, i, L, tau): + if (tau is None) or (tau > 1000): + return 1 / L + + if tau in self.scores: + if L < self.scores[tau].shape[0]: + return self.scores[tau][L - 1, i] + return self.compute_score(L, tau)[i] + + def compute_score(self, L, tau): + s = np.array([-abs(L / 2 - i) / tau for i in range(L)]) + s = np.exp(s - s.max()) + return s / s.sum() + + def compute_score_full(self, L, tau): + s = -abs(np.arange(0, L - 1)[:, None] / 2 - np.arange(L)[None, :]) / tau + s = np.tril(s, 0) + np.triu(s - float("inf"), 1) + s = np.exp(s - s.max(1, keepdims=True)) + return s / s.sum(1, keepdims=True) + + +neg_scorer = NegativeDistanceScore() + + +def _get_ins_targets(in_tokens, out_tokens, padding_idx, unk_idx, vocab_size, tau=None): + try: + from fairseq import libnat + except ImportError as e: + import sys + sys.stderr.write('ERROR: missing libnat. run `pip install --editable .`\n') + raise e + + B = in_tokens.size(0) + T = in_tokens.size(1) + V = vocab_size + + with torch.cuda.device_of(in_tokens): + in_tokens_list = [ + [t for t in s if t != padding_idx] for i, s in enumerate(in_tokens.tolist()) + ] + out_tokens_list = [ + [t for t in s if t != padding_idx] + for i, s in enumerate(out_tokens.tolist()) + ] + + full_labels = libnat.suggested_ed2_path( + in_tokens_list, out_tokens_list, padding_idx + ) + insert_labels = [a[:-1] for a in full_labels] + + # numericalize1 + insert_label_tensors = in_tokens.new_zeros(B * (T - 1) * V).float() + insert_index, insert_labels = zip( + *[ + (w + (j + i * (T - 1)) * V, neg_scorer(k, len(label), tau)) + for i, labels in enumerate(insert_labels) + for j, label in enumerate(labels[1:-1]) + for k, w in enumerate(label) + ] + ) # HACK 1:-1 + insert_index, insert_labels = [ + torch.tensor(list(a), device=in_tokens.device) + for a in [insert_index, insert_labels] + ] + insert_label_tensors.scatter_(0, insert_index.long(), insert_labels) + insert_label_tensors = insert_label_tensors.view(B, T - 1, V) + + return insert_label_tensors + + +def _apply_ins_words(in_tokens, in_scores, word_ins_pred, word_ins_scores, padding_idx): + + padding_masks = in_tokens[:, 1:].eq(padding_idx) + word_ins_scores.masked_fill_(padding_masks, 0.0) + word_ins_pred.masked_fill_(padding_masks, padding_idx) + + in_coords = new_arange(in_tokens).type_as(in_scores) + + # shift all padding predictions to infinite + out_coords = (in_coords[:, 1:] - 0.5).masked_fill( + word_ins_pred.eq(padding_idx), float("inf") + ) + out_coords = torch.cat([in_coords, out_coords], 1).sort(-1)[1] + out_tokens = torch.cat([in_tokens, word_ins_pred], 1).gather(1, out_coords) + out_scores = torch.cat([in_scores, word_ins_scores], 1).gather(1, out_coords) + return out_tokens, out_scores + + +@register_model("insertion_transformer") +class InsertionTransformerModel(LevenshteinTransformerModel): + def __init__(self, args, encoder, decoder): + super().__init__(args, encoder, decoder) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + FairseqNATModel.add_args(parser) + parser.add_argument("--label-tau", default=None, type=float) + + @classmethod + def build_decoder(cls, args, tgt_dict, embed_tokens): + decoder = InsertionTransformerDecoder(args, tgt_dict, embed_tokens) + if getattr(args, "apply_bert_init", False): + decoder.apply(init_bert_params) + return decoder + + def forward( + self, src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens, tgt_tokens, **kwargs + ): + + assert tgt_tokens is not None, "forward function only supports training." + + # encoding + encoder_out = self.encoder(src_tokens, src_lengths=src_lengths, **kwargs) + + # generate training labels for insertion + word_ins_out = self.decoder.forward_word_ins( + normalize=False, + prev_output_tokens=prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out + ) + + word_ins_tgt = _get_ins_targets( + prev_output_tokens, + tgt_tokens, + self.pad, + self.unk, + len(self.tgt_dict), + tau=self.decoder.label_tau, + ).type_as(word_ins_out) + word_ins_masks = prev_output_tokens[:, 1:].ne(self.pad) + + return { + "word_ins": { + "out": word_ins_out, "tgt": word_ins_tgt, + "mask": word_ins_masks, "ls": self.args.label_smoothing, + "nll_loss": True + } + } + + def forward_decoder( + self, decoder_out, encoder_out, eos_penalty=0.0, max_ratio=None, **kwargs + ): + + output_tokens = decoder_out.output_tokens + output_scores = decoder_out.output_scores + history = decoder_out.history + + # TODO: decoding for InsertionTransformer + word_ins_score = self.decoder.forward_word_ins( + normalize=True, + prev_output_tokens=output_tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out + ) + + if eos_penalty > 0.0: + word_ins_score[:, :, self.pad] -= eos_penalty + word_ins_score, word_ins_pred = word_ins_score.max(-1) + output_tokens, output_scores = _apply_ins_words( + output_tokens, output_scores, word_ins_pred, word_ins_score, self.pad + ) + + # delete some unnecessary paddings + cut_off = output_tokens.ne(self.pad).sum(1).max() + output_tokens = output_tokens[:, :cut_off] + output_scores = output_scores[:, :cut_off] + + if history is not None: + history.append(output_tokens.clone()) + + return decoder_out._replace( + output_tokens=output_tokens, + output_scores=output_scores, + attn=None, + history=history + ) + + +class InsertionTransformerDecoder(LevenshteinTransformerDecoder): + def __init__(self, args, dictionary, embed_tokens, no_encoder_attn=False): + # use the TransformerDecoder's __init__ + super(LevenshteinTransformerDecoder, self).__init__( + args, dictionary, embed_tokens, no_encoder_attn=no_encoder_attn + ) + + self.dictionary = dictionary + self.bos = dictionary.bos() + self.unk = dictionary.unk() + self.eos = dictionary.eos() + self.pool_out = Linear(self.output_embed_dim * 2, self.output_embed_dim) + + self.label_tau = getattr(args, "label_tau", None) + + @ensemble_decoder + def forward_word_ins(self, normalize, encoder_out, prev_output_tokens): + features = self.extract_features(prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=encoder_out)[0] + features = self.pool_out( + torch.cat([features[:, :-1, :], features[:, 1:, :]], 2) + ) + decoder_out = self.output_layer(features) + return F.log_softmax(decoder_out, -1) if normalize else decoder_out + + def forward_mask_ins(self, *args, **kwargs): + raise NotImplementedError + + def forward_word_del(self, *args, **kwargs): + raise NotImplementedError + + +@register_model_architecture("insertion_transformer", "insertion_transformer") +def insertion_base_architecture(args): + args.encoder_embed_path = getattr(args, "encoder_embed_path", None) + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_embed_dim", 512) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_ffn_embed_dim", 2048) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, "encoder_layers", 6) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "encoder_attention_heads", 8) + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "encoder_normalize_before", False) + args.encoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, "encoder_learned_pos", False) + args.decoder_embed_path = getattr(args, "decoder_embed_path", None) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_embed_dim", args.encoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr( + args, "decoder_ffn_embed_dim", args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim + ) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, "decoder_layers", 6) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "decoder_attention_heads", 8) + args.decoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "decoder_normalize_before", False) + args.decoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, "decoder_learned_pos", False) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, "attention_dropout", 0.0) + args.activation_dropout = getattr(args, "activation_dropout", 0.0) + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, "activation_fn", "relu") + args.dropout = getattr(args, "dropout", 0.1) + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff = getattr(args, "adaptive_softmax_cutoff", None) + args.adaptive_softmax_dropout = getattr(args, "adaptive_softmax_dropout", 0) + args.share_decoder_input_output_embed = getattr( + args, "share_decoder_input_output_embed", False + ) + args.share_all_embeddings = getattr(args, "share_all_embeddings", False) + args.no_token_positional_embeddings = getattr( + args, "no_token_positional_embeddings", False + ) + args.adaptive_input = getattr(args, "adaptive_input", False) + args.apply_bert_init = getattr(args, "apply_bert_init", False) + + args.decoder_output_dim = getattr( + args, "decoder_output_dim", args.decoder_embed_dim + ) + args.decoder_input_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_input_dim", args.decoder_embed_dim) + + # special for insertion transformer + args.label_tau = getattr(args, "label_tau", None) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/iterative_nonautoregressive_transformer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/iterative_nonautoregressive_transformer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc340c387df8bb13eacf8ae527b855a8f3501d53 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/iterative_nonautoregressive_transformer.py @@ -0,0 +1,205 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch + +from fairseq.models import register_model, register_model_architecture +from fairseq.models.nat import NATransformerModel + + +def _sequential_poisoning(s, V, beta=0.33, bos=2, eos=3, pad=1): + # s: input batch + # V: vocabulary size + rand_words = torch.randint(low=4, high=V, size=s.size(), device=s.device) + choices = torch.rand(size=s.size(), device=s.device) + choices.masked_fill_((s == pad) | (s == bos) | (s == eos), 1) + + replace = choices < beta / 3 + repeat = (choices >= beta / 3) & (choices < beta * 2 / 3) + swap = (choices >= beta * 2 / 3) & (choices < beta) + safe = choices >= beta + + for i in range(s.size(1) - 1): + rand_word = rand_words[:, i] + next_word = s[:, i + 1] + self_word = s[:, i] + + replace_i = replace[:, i] + swap_i = swap[:, i] & (next_word != 3) + repeat_i = repeat[:, i] & (next_word != 3) + safe_i = safe[:, i] | ((next_word == 3) & (~replace_i)) + + s[:, i] = ( + self_word * (safe_i | repeat_i).long() + + next_word * swap_i.long() + + rand_word * replace_i.long() + ) + s[:, i + 1] = ( + next_word * (safe_i | replace_i).long() + + self_word * (swap_i | repeat_i).long() + ) + return s + + +def gumbel_noise(input, TINY=1e-8): + return input.new_zeros(*input.size()).uniform_().add_( + TINY).log_().neg_().add_(TINY).log_().neg_() + + +@register_model("iterative_nonautoregressive_transformer") +class IterNATransformerModel(NATransformerModel): + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + NATransformerModel.add_args(parser) + parser.add_argument("--train-step", type=int, + help="number of refinement iterations during training") + parser.add_argument("--dae-ratio", type=float, + help="the probability of switching to the denoising auto-encoder loss") + parser.add_argument("--stochastic-approx", action="store_true", + help="sampling from the decoder as the inputs for next iteration") + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + model = super().build_model(args, task) + model.train_step = getattr(args, "train_step", 4) + model.dae_ratio = getattr(args, "dae_ratio", 0.5) + model.stochastic_approx = getattr(args, "stochastic_approx", False) + return model + + def forward( + self, src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens, tgt_tokens, **kwargs + ): + + B, T = prev_output_tokens.size() + + # encoding + encoder_out = self.encoder(src_tokens, src_lengths=src_lengths, **kwargs) + + # length prediction + length_out = self.decoder.forward_length(normalize=False, encoder_out=encoder_out) + length_tgt = self.decoder.forward_length_prediction(length_out, encoder_out, tgt_tokens) + + # decoding + word_ins_outs, word_ins_tgts, word_ins_masks = [], [], [] + for t in range(self.train_step): + word_ins_out = self.decoder( + normalize=False, + prev_output_tokens=prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out, + step=t, + ) + word_ins_tgt = tgt_tokens + word_ins_mask = word_ins_tgt.ne(self.pad) + + word_ins_outs.append(word_ins_out) + word_ins_tgts.append(word_ins_tgt) + word_ins_masks.append(word_ins_mask) + + if t < (self.train_step - 1): + # prediction for next iteration + if self.stochastic_approx: + word_ins_prediction = ( + word_ins_out + gumbel_noise(word_ins_out) + ).max(-1)[1] + else: + word_ins_prediction = word_ins_out.max(-1)[1] + + prev_output_tokens = prev_output_tokens.masked_scatter( + word_ins_mask, word_ins_prediction[word_ins_mask] + ) + + if self.dae_ratio > 0: + # we do not perform denoising for the first iteration + corrputed = ( + torch.rand(size=(B,), device=prev_output_tokens.device) + < self.dae_ratio + ) + corrputed_tokens = _sequential_poisoning( + tgt_tokens[corrputed], + len(self.tgt_dict), + 0.33, + self.bos, + self.eos, + self.pad, + ) + prev_output_tokens[corrputed] = corrputed_tokens + + # concat everything + word_ins_out = torch.cat(word_ins_outs, 0) + word_ins_tgt = torch.cat(word_ins_tgts, 0) + word_ins_mask = torch.cat(word_ins_masks, 0) + + return { + "word_ins": { + "out": word_ins_out, "tgt": word_ins_tgt, + "mask": word_ins_mask, "ls": self.args.label_smoothing, + "nll_loss": True + }, + "length": { + "out": length_out, "tgt": length_tgt, + "factor": self.decoder.length_loss_factor + } + } + + +@register_model_architecture( + "iterative_nonautoregressive_transformer", "iterative_nonautoregressive_transformer" +) +def inat_base_architecture(args): + args.encoder_embed_path = getattr(args, "encoder_embed_path", None) + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_embed_dim", 512) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_ffn_embed_dim", 2048) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, "encoder_layers", 6) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "encoder_attention_heads", 8) + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "encoder_normalize_before", False) + args.encoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, "encoder_learned_pos", False) + args.decoder_embed_path = getattr(args, "decoder_embed_path", None) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_embed_dim", args.encoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr( + args, "decoder_ffn_embed_dim", args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim + ) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, "decoder_layers", 6) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "decoder_attention_heads", 8) + args.decoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "decoder_normalize_before", False) + args.decoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, "decoder_learned_pos", False) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, "attention_dropout", 0.0) + args.activation_dropout = getattr(args, "activation_dropout", 0.0) + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, "activation_fn", "relu") + args.dropout = getattr(args, "dropout", 0.1) + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff = getattr(args, "adaptive_softmax_cutoff", None) + args.adaptive_softmax_dropout = getattr(args, "adaptive_softmax_dropout", 0) + args.share_decoder_input_output_embed = getattr( + args, "share_decoder_input_output_embed", False + ) + args.share_all_embeddings = getattr(args, "share_all_embeddings", False) + args.no_token_positional_embeddings = getattr( + args, "no_token_positional_embeddings", False + ) + args.adaptive_input = getattr(args, "adaptive_input", False) + args.apply_bert_init = getattr(args, "apply_bert_init", False) + + args.decoder_output_dim = getattr( + args, "decoder_output_dim", args.decoder_embed_dim + ) + args.decoder_input_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_input_dim", args.decoder_embed_dim) + + # --- special arguments --- + args.sg_length_pred = getattr(args, "sg_length_pred", False) + args.pred_length_offset = getattr(args, "pred_length_offset", False) + args.length_loss_factor = getattr(args, "length_loss_factor", 0.1) + args.ngram_predictor = getattr(args, "ngram_predictor", 1) + args.src_embedding_copy = getattr(args, "src_embedding_copy", False) + + args.train_step = getattr(args, "train_step", 4) + args.dae_ratio = getattr(args, "dae_ratio", 0.5) + args.stochastic_approx = getattr(args, "stochastic_approx", False) + + +@register_model_architecture( + "iterative_nonautoregressive_transformer", + "iterative_nonautoregressive_transformer_wmt_en_de", +) +def iter_nat_wmt_en_de(args): + inat_base_architecture(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/levenshtein_transformer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/levenshtein_transformer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a015d9eb3b745a28b030810e176927f08e75c670 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/levenshtein_transformer.py @@ -0,0 +1,478 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq.iterative_refinement_generator import DecoderOut +from fairseq.models import register_model, register_model_architecture +from fairseq.models.transformer import ( + Embedding, + TransformerDecoderLayer +) + +from fairseq.models.nat import ( + FairseqNATModel, + FairseqNATDecoder, + ensemble_decoder +) + +from fairseq.modules.transformer_sentence_encoder import init_bert_params + + +from .levenshtein_utils import ( + _skip, _skip_encoder_out, _fill, + _get_ins_targets, _get_del_targets, + _apply_ins_masks, _apply_ins_words, _apply_del_words +) + + +@register_model("levenshtein_transformer") +class LevenshteinTransformerModel(FairseqNATModel): + + @property + def allow_length_beam(self): + return False + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + FairseqNATModel.add_args(parser) + parser.add_argument( + "--early-exit", + default="6,6,6", + type=str, + help="number of decoder layers before word_del, mask_ins, word_ins", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--no-share-discriminator", + action="store_true", + help="separate parameters for discriminator", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--no-share-maskpredictor", + action="store_true", + help="separate parameters for mask-predictor", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--share-discriminator-maskpredictor", + action="store_true", + help="share the parameters for both mask-predictor and discriminator", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--sampling-for-deletion", + action='store_true', + help='instead of argmax, use sampling to predict the tokens' + ) + + @classmethod + def build_decoder(cls, args, tgt_dict, embed_tokens): + decoder = LevenshteinTransformerDecoder(args, tgt_dict, embed_tokens) + if getattr(args, "apply_bert_init", False): + decoder.apply(init_bert_params) + return decoder + + def forward( + self, src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens, tgt_tokens, **kwargs + ): + + assert tgt_tokens is not None, "forward function only supports training." + + # encoding + encoder_out = self.encoder(src_tokens, src_lengths=src_lengths, **kwargs) + + # generate training labels for insertion + masked_tgt_masks, masked_tgt_tokens, mask_ins_targets = _get_ins_targets( + prev_output_tokens, tgt_tokens, self.pad, self.unk + ) + mask_ins_targets = mask_ins_targets.clamp(min=0, max=255) # for safe prediction + mask_ins_masks = prev_output_tokens[:, 1:].ne(self.pad) + + mask_ins_out, _ = self.decoder.forward_mask_ins( + normalize=False, + prev_output_tokens=prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out + ) + word_ins_out, _ = self.decoder.forward_word_ins( + normalize=False, + prev_output_tokens=masked_tgt_tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out + ) + + # make online prediction + if self.decoder.sampling_for_deletion: + word_predictions = torch.multinomial( + F.softmax(word_ins_out, -1).view(-1, word_ins_out.size(-1)), 1).view( + word_ins_out.size(0), -1) + else: + word_predictions = F.log_softmax(word_ins_out, dim=-1).max(2)[1] + + word_predictions.masked_scatter_( + ~masked_tgt_masks, tgt_tokens[~masked_tgt_masks] + ) + + # generate training labels for deletion + word_del_targets = _get_del_targets(word_predictions, tgt_tokens, self.pad) + word_del_out, _ = self.decoder.forward_word_del( + normalize=False, + prev_output_tokens=word_predictions, + encoder_out=encoder_out) + word_del_masks = word_predictions.ne(self.pad) + + return { + "mask_ins": { + "out": mask_ins_out, "tgt": mask_ins_targets, + "mask": mask_ins_masks, "ls": 0.01, + }, + "word_ins": { + "out": word_ins_out, "tgt": tgt_tokens, + "mask": masked_tgt_masks, "ls": self.args.label_smoothing, + "nll_loss": True + }, + "word_del": { + "out": word_del_out, "tgt": word_del_targets, + "mask": word_del_masks + } + } + + def forward_decoder( + self, decoder_out, encoder_out, eos_penalty=0.0, max_ratio=None, **kwargs + ): + + output_tokens = decoder_out.output_tokens + output_scores = decoder_out.output_scores + attn = decoder_out.attn + history = decoder_out.history + + bsz = output_tokens.size(0) + if max_ratio is None: + max_lens = torch.zeros_like(output_tokens).fill_(255) + else: + if encoder_out.encoder_padding_mask is None: + max_src_len = encoder_out.encoder_out.size(0) + src_lens = encoder_out.encoder_out.new(bsz).fill_(max_src_len) + else: + src_lens = (~encoder_out.encoder_padding_mask).sum(1) + max_lens = (src_lens * max_ratio).clamp(min=10).long() + + # delete words + # do not delete tokens if it is + can_del_word = output_tokens.ne(self.pad).sum(1) > 2 + if can_del_word.sum() != 0: # we cannot delete, skip + word_del_score, word_del_attn = self.decoder.forward_word_del( + normalize=True, + prev_output_tokens=_skip(output_tokens, can_del_word), + encoder_out=_skip_encoder_out(self.encoder, encoder_out, can_del_word) + ) + word_del_pred = word_del_score.max(-1)[1].bool() + + _tokens, _scores, _attn = _apply_del_words( + output_tokens[can_del_word], + output_scores[can_del_word], + word_del_attn, + word_del_pred, + self.pad, + self.bos, + self.eos, + ) + output_tokens = _fill(output_tokens, can_del_word, _tokens, self.pad) + output_scores = _fill(output_scores, can_del_word, _scores, 0) + attn = _fill(attn, can_del_word, _attn, 0.) + + if history is not None: + history.append(output_tokens.clone()) + + # insert placeholders + can_ins_mask = output_tokens.ne(self.pad).sum(1) < max_lens + if can_ins_mask.sum() != 0: + mask_ins_score, _ = self.decoder.forward_mask_ins( + normalize=True, + prev_output_tokens=_skip(output_tokens, can_ins_mask), + encoder_out=_skip_encoder_out(self.encoder, encoder_out, can_ins_mask) + ) + if eos_penalty > 0.0: + mask_ins_score[:, :, 0] = mask_ins_score[:, :, 0] - eos_penalty + mask_ins_pred = mask_ins_score.max(-1)[1] + mask_ins_pred = torch.min( + mask_ins_pred, max_lens[can_ins_mask, None].expand_as(mask_ins_pred) + ) + + _tokens, _scores = _apply_ins_masks( + output_tokens[can_ins_mask], + output_scores[can_ins_mask], + mask_ins_pred, + self.pad, + self.unk, + self.eos, + ) + output_tokens = _fill(output_tokens, can_ins_mask, _tokens, self.pad) + output_scores = _fill(output_scores, can_ins_mask, _scores, 0) + + if history is not None: + history.append(output_tokens.clone()) + + # insert words + can_ins_word = output_tokens.eq(self.unk).sum(1) > 0 + if can_ins_word.sum() != 0: + word_ins_score, word_ins_attn = self.decoder.forward_word_ins( + normalize=True, + prev_output_tokens=_skip(output_tokens, can_ins_word), + encoder_out=_skip_encoder_out(self.encoder, encoder_out, can_ins_word) + ) + word_ins_score, word_ins_pred = word_ins_score.max(-1) + _tokens, _scores = _apply_ins_words( + output_tokens[can_ins_word], + output_scores[can_ins_word], + word_ins_pred, + word_ins_score, + self.unk, + ) + + output_tokens = _fill(output_tokens, can_ins_word, _tokens, self.pad) + output_scores = _fill(output_scores, can_ins_word, _scores, 0) + attn = _fill(attn, can_ins_word, word_ins_attn, 0.) + + if history is not None: + history.append(output_tokens.clone()) + + # delete some unnecessary paddings + cut_off = output_tokens.ne(self.pad).sum(1).max() + output_tokens = output_tokens[:, :cut_off] + output_scores = output_scores[:, :cut_off] + attn = None if attn is None else attn[:, :cut_off, :] + + return decoder_out._replace( + output_tokens=output_tokens, + output_scores=output_scores, + attn=attn, + history=history + ) + + def initialize_output_tokens(self, encoder_out, src_tokens): + initial_output_tokens = src_tokens.new_zeros(src_tokens.size(0), 2) + initial_output_tokens[:, 0] = self.bos + initial_output_tokens[:, 1] = self.eos + + initial_output_scores = initial_output_tokens.new_zeros( + *initial_output_tokens.size() + ).type_as(encoder_out.encoder_out) + + return DecoderOut( + output_tokens=initial_output_tokens, + output_scores=initial_output_scores, + attn=None, + step=0, + max_step=0, + history=None + ) + + +class LevenshteinTransformerDecoder(FairseqNATDecoder): + def __init__(self, args, dictionary, embed_tokens, no_encoder_attn=False): + super().__init__( + args, dictionary, embed_tokens, no_encoder_attn=no_encoder_attn + ) + self.dictionary = dictionary + self.bos = dictionary.bos() + self.unk = dictionary.unk() + self.eos = dictionary.eos() + self.sampling_for_deletion = getattr(args, "sampling_for_deletion", False) + self.embed_mask_ins = Embedding(256, self.output_embed_dim * 2, None) + self.embed_word_del = Embedding(2, self.output_embed_dim, None) + + # del_word, ins_mask, ins_word + self.early_exit = [int(i) for i in args.early_exit.split(',')] + assert len(self.early_exit) == 3 + + # copy layers for mask-predict/deletion + self.layers_msk = None + if getattr(args, "no_share_maskpredictor", False): + self.layers_msk = nn.ModuleList([ + TransformerDecoderLayer(args, no_encoder_attn) + for _ in range(self.early_exit[1]) + ]) + self.layers_del = None + if getattr(args, "no_share_discriminator", False): + self.layers_del = nn.ModuleList([ + TransformerDecoderLayer(args, no_encoder_attn) + for _ in range(self.early_exit[0]) + ]) + + if getattr(args, "share_discriminator_maskpredictor", False): + assert getattr(args, "no_share_discriminator", False), "must set saperate discriminator" + self.layers_msk = self.layers_del + + def extract_features( + self, prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=None, early_exit=None, layers=None, **unused + ): + """ + Similar to *forward* but only return features. + Inputs: + prev_output_tokens: Tensor(B, T) + encoder_out: a dictionary of hidden states and masks + + Returns: + tuple: + - the decoder's features of shape `(batch, tgt_len, embed_dim)` + - a dictionary with any model-specific outputs + the LevenshteinTransformer decoder has full-attention to all generated tokens + """ + # embed positions + positions = ( + self.embed_positions(prev_output_tokens) + if self.embed_positions is not None + else None + ) + + # embed tokens and positions + x = self.embed_scale * self.embed_tokens(prev_output_tokens) + if self.project_in_dim is not None: + x = self.project_in_dim(x) + + if positions is not None: + x += positions + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + + # B x T x C -> T x B x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + attn = None + inner_states = [x] + + # decoder layers + decoder_padding_mask = prev_output_tokens.eq(self.padding_idx) + layers = self.layers if layers is None else layers + early_exit = len(layers) if early_exit is None else early_exit + for _, layer in enumerate(layers[: early_exit]): + x, attn, _ = layer( + x, + encoder_out.encoder_out if encoder_out is not None else None, + encoder_out.encoder_padding_mask if encoder_out is not None else None, + self_attn_mask=None, + self_attn_padding_mask=decoder_padding_mask, + ) + inner_states.append(x) + + if self.layer_norm: + x = self.layer_norm(x) + + # T x B x C -> B x T x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + + if self.project_out_dim is not None: + x = self.project_out_dim(x) + + return x, {"attn": attn, "inner_states": inner_states} + + @ensemble_decoder + def forward_mask_ins(self, normalize, encoder_out, prev_output_tokens, **unused): + features, extra = self.extract_features( + prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=encoder_out, early_exit=self.early_exit[1], layers=self.layers_msk, **unused + ) + features_cat = torch.cat([features[:, :-1, :], features[:, 1:, :]], 2) + decoder_out = F.linear(features_cat, self.embed_mask_ins.weight) + if normalize: + return F.log_softmax(decoder_out, -1), extra['attn'] + return decoder_out, extra['attn'] + + @ensemble_decoder + def forward_word_ins(self, normalize, encoder_out, prev_output_tokens, **unused): + features, extra = self.extract_features( + prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=encoder_out, early_exit=self.early_exit[2], layers=self.layers, **unused + ) + decoder_out = self.output_layer(features) + if normalize: + return F.log_softmax(decoder_out, -1), extra['attn'] + return decoder_out, extra['attn'] + + @ensemble_decoder + def forward_word_del(self, normalize, encoder_out, prev_output_tokens, **unused): + features, extra = self.extract_features( + prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=encoder_out, early_exit=self.early_exit[0], layers=self.layers_del, **unused + ) + decoder_out = F.linear(features, self.embed_word_del.weight) + if normalize: + return F.log_softmax(decoder_out, -1), extra['attn'] + return decoder_out, extra['attn'] + + +@register_model_architecture("levenshtein_transformer", "levenshtein_transformer") +def levenshtein_base_architecture(args): + args.encoder_embed_path = getattr(args, "encoder_embed_path", None) + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_embed_dim", 512) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_ffn_embed_dim", 2048) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, "encoder_layers", 6) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "encoder_attention_heads", 8) + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "encoder_normalize_before", False) + args.encoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, "encoder_learned_pos", False) + args.decoder_embed_path = getattr(args, "decoder_embed_path", None) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_embed_dim", args.encoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr( + args, "decoder_ffn_embed_dim", args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim + ) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, "decoder_layers", 6) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "decoder_attention_heads", 8) + args.decoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "decoder_normalize_before", False) + args.decoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, "decoder_learned_pos", False) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, "attention_dropout", 0.0) + args.activation_dropout = getattr(args, "activation_dropout", 0.0) + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, "activation_fn", "relu") + args.dropout = getattr(args, "dropout", 0.1) + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff = getattr(args, "adaptive_softmax_cutoff", None) + args.adaptive_softmax_dropout = getattr(args, "adaptive_softmax_dropout", 0) + args.share_decoder_input_output_embed = getattr( + args, "share_decoder_input_output_embed", False + ) + args.share_all_embeddings = getattr(args, "share_all_embeddings", False) + args.no_token_positional_embeddings = getattr( + args, "no_token_positional_embeddings", False + ) + args.adaptive_input = getattr(args, "adaptive_input", False) + args.apply_bert_init = getattr(args, "apply_bert_init", False) + + args.decoder_output_dim = getattr( + args, "decoder_output_dim", args.decoder_embed_dim + ) + args.sampling_for_deletion = getattr(args, "sampling_for_deletion", False) + args.decoder_input_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_input_dim", args.decoder_embed_dim) + args.early_exit = getattr(args, "early_exit", "6,6,6") + args.no_share_discriminator = getattr(args, "no_share_discriminator", False) + args.no_share_maskpredictor = getattr(args, "no_share_maskpredictor", False) + args.share_discriminator_maskpredictor = getattr(args, "share_discriminator_maskpredictor", False) + args.no_share_last_layer = getattr(args, "no_share_last_layer", False) + + +@register_model_architecture( + "levenshtein_transformer", "levenshtein_transformer_wmt_en_de" +) +def levenshtein_transformer_wmt_en_de(args): + levenshtein_base_architecture(args) + + +# similar parameters used in the "Attention Is All You Need" paper (Vaswani et al., 2017) +@register_model_architecture( + "levenshtein_transformer", "levenshtein_transformer_vaswani_wmt_en_de_big" +) +def levenshtein_transformer_vaswani_wmt_en_de_big(args): + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_embed_dim", 1024) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_ffn_embed_dim", 4096) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "encoder_attention_heads", 16) + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "encoder_normalize_before", False) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_embed_dim", 1024) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_ffn_embed_dim", 4096) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "decoder_attention_heads", 16) + args.dropout = getattr(args, "dropout", 0.3) + levenshtein_base_architecture(args) + + +# default parameters used in tensor2tensor implementation +@register_model_architecture( + "levenshtein_transformer", "levenshtein_transformer_wmt_en_de_big" +) +def levenshtein_transformer_wmt_en_de_big_t2t(args): + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "encoder_normalize_before", True) + args.decoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "decoder_normalize_before", True) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, "attention_dropout", 0.1) + args.activation_dropout = getattr(args, "activation_dropout", 0.1) + levenshtein_transformer_vaswani_wmt_en_de_big(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/levenshtein_utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/levenshtein_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e29b1fa27cb92f2ce3dd2235d3d6ece910c3ffe5 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/levenshtein_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,284 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +from fairseq.utils import new_arange + + +# -------------- Helper Functions --------------------------------------------------- # + +def load_libnat(): + try: + from fairseq import libnat_cuda + return libnat_cuda, True + + except ImportError as e: + print(str(e) + '... fall back to CPU version') + + try: + from fairseq import libnat + return libnat, False + + except ImportError as e: + import sys + sys.stderr.write("ERROR: missing libnat_cuda. run `python setup.py build_ext --inplace`\n") + raise e + + +def _get_ins_targets(in_tokens, out_tokens, padding_idx, unk_idx): + libnat, use_cuda = load_libnat() + + def _get_ins_targets_cuda(in_tokens, out_tokens, padding_idx, unk_idx): + in_masks = in_tokens.ne(padding_idx) + out_masks = out_tokens.ne(padding_idx) + mask_ins_targets, masked_tgt_masks = libnat.generate_insertion_labels( + out_tokens.int(), libnat.levenshtein_distance( + in_tokens.int(), out_tokens.int(), + in_masks.sum(1).int(), out_masks.sum(1).int() + ) + ) + masked_tgt_masks = masked_tgt_masks.bool() & out_masks + mask_ins_targets = mask_ins_targets.type_as( + in_tokens)[:, 1:in_masks.size(1)].masked_fill_(~in_masks[:, 1:], 0) + masked_tgt_tokens = out_tokens.masked_fill(masked_tgt_masks, unk_idx) + return masked_tgt_masks, masked_tgt_tokens, mask_ins_targets + + def _get_ins_targets_cpu(in_tokens, out_tokens, padding_idx, unk_idx): + in_seq_len, out_seq_len = in_tokens.size(1), out_tokens.size(1) + + in_tokens_list = [ + [t for t in s if t != padding_idx] for i, s in enumerate(in_tokens.tolist()) + ] + out_tokens_list = [ + [t for t in s if t != padding_idx] + for i, s in enumerate(out_tokens.tolist()) + ] + + full_labels = libnat.suggested_ed2_path( + in_tokens_list, out_tokens_list, padding_idx + ) + mask_inputs = [ + [len(c) if c[0] != padding_idx else 0 for c in a[:-1]] for a in full_labels + ] + + # generate labels + masked_tgt_masks = [] + for mask_input in mask_inputs: + mask_label = [] + for beam_size in mask_input[1:-1]: # HACK 1:-1 + mask_label += [0] + [1 for _ in range(beam_size)] + masked_tgt_masks.append( + mask_label + [0 for _ in range(out_seq_len - len(mask_label))] + ) + mask_ins_targets = [ + mask_input[1:-1] + [0 for _ in range(in_seq_len - 1 - len(mask_input[1:-1]))] + for mask_input in mask_inputs + ] + + # transform to tensor + masked_tgt_masks = torch.tensor( + masked_tgt_masks, device=out_tokens.device + ).bool() + mask_ins_targets = torch.tensor(mask_ins_targets, device=in_tokens.device) + masked_tgt_tokens = out_tokens.masked_fill(masked_tgt_masks, unk_idx) + return masked_tgt_masks, masked_tgt_tokens, mask_ins_targets + + if use_cuda: + return _get_ins_targets_cuda(in_tokens, out_tokens, padding_idx, unk_idx) + return _get_ins_targets_cpu(in_tokens, out_tokens, padding_idx, unk_idx) + + +def _get_del_targets(in_tokens, out_tokens, padding_idx): + libnat, use_cuda = load_libnat() + + def _get_del_targets_cuda(in_tokens, out_tokens, padding_idx): + in_masks = in_tokens.ne(padding_idx) + out_masks = out_tokens.ne(padding_idx) + + word_del_targets = libnat.generate_deletion_labels( + in_tokens.int(), + libnat.levenshtein_distance( + in_tokens.int(), out_tokens.int(), + in_masks.sum(1).int(), out_masks.sum(1).int() + ) + ) + word_del_targets = word_del_targets.type_as(in_tokens).masked_fill_(~in_masks, 0) + return word_del_targets + + def _get_del_targets_cpu(in_tokens, out_tokens, padding_idx): + out_seq_len = out_tokens.size(1) + with torch.cuda.device_of(in_tokens): + in_tokens_list = [ + [t for t in s if t != padding_idx] for i, s in enumerate(in_tokens.tolist()) + ] + out_tokens_list = [ + [t for t in s if t != padding_idx] + for i, s in enumerate(out_tokens.tolist()) + ] + + full_labels = libnat.suggested_ed2_path( + in_tokens_list, out_tokens_list, padding_idx + ) + word_del_targets = [b[-1] for b in full_labels] + word_del_targets = [ + labels + [0 for _ in range(out_seq_len - len(labels))] + for labels in word_del_targets + ] + + # transform to tensor + word_del_targets = torch.tensor(word_del_targets, device=out_tokens.device) + return word_del_targets + + if use_cuda: + return _get_del_targets_cuda(in_tokens, out_tokens, padding_idx) + return _get_del_targets_cpu(in_tokens, out_tokens, padding_idx) + + +def _apply_ins_masks( + in_tokens, in_scores, mask_ins_pred, padding_idx, unk_idx, eos_idx +): + + in_masks = in_tokens.ne(padding_idx) + in_lengths = in_masks.sum(1) + + # HACK: hacky way to shift all the paddings to eos first. + in_tokens.masked_fill_(~in_masks, eos_idx) + mask_ins_pred.masked_fill_(~in_masks[:, 1:], 0) + + out_lengths = in_lengths + mask_ins_pred.sum(1) + out_max_len = out_lengths.max() + out_masks = ( + new_arange(out_lengths, out_max_len)[None, :] + < out_lengths[:, None] + ) + + reordering = (mask_ins_pred + in_masks[:, 1:].long()).cumsum(1) + out_tokens = ( + in_tokens.new_zeros(in_tokens.size(0), out_max_len) + .fill_(padding_idx) + .masked_fill_(out_masks, unk_idx) + ) + out_tokens[:, 0] = in_tokens[:, 0] + out_tokens.scatter_(1, reordering, in_tokens[:, 1:]) + + out_scores = None + if in_scores is not None: + in_scores.masked_fill_(~in_masks, 0) + out_scores = in_scores.new_zeros(*out_tokens.size()) + out_scores[:, 0] = in_scores[:, 0] + out_scores.scatter_(1, reordering, in_scores[:, 1:]) + + return out_tokens, out_scores + + +def _apply_ins_words( + in_tokens, in_scores, word_ins_pred, word_ins_scores, unk_idx +): + word_ins_masks = in_tokens.eq(unk_idx) + out_tokens = in_tokens.masked_scatter(word_ins_masks, word_ins_pred[word_ins_masks]) + + if in_scores is not None: + out_scores = in_scores.masked_scatter( + word_ins_masks, word_ins_scores[word_ins_masks] + ) + else: + out_scores = None + + return out_tokens, out_scores + + +def _apply_del_words( + in_tokens, in_scores, in_attn, word_del_pred, padding_idx, bos_idx, eos_idx +): + # apply deletion to a tensor + in_masks = in_tokens.ne(padding_idx) + bos_eos_masks = in_tokens.eq(bos_idx) | in_tokens.eq(eos_idx) + + max_len = in_tokens.size(1) + word_del_pred.masked_fill_(~in_masks, 1) + word_del_pred.masked_fill_(bos_eos_masks, 0) + + reordering = ( + new_arange(in_tokens) + .masked_fill_(word_del_pred, max_len) + .sort(1)[1] + ) + + out_tokens = in_tokens.masked_fill(word_del_pred, padding_idx).gather(1, reordering) + + out_scores = None + if in_scores is not None: + out_scores = in_scores.masked_fill(word_del_pred, 0).gather(1, reordering) + + out_attn = None + if in_attn is not None: + _mask = word_del_pred[:, :, None].expand_as(in_attn) + _reordering = reordering[:, :, None].expand_as(in_attn) + out_attn = in_attn.masked_fill(_mask, 0.).gather(1, _reordering) + + return out_tokens, out_scores, out_attn + + +def _skip(x, mask): + """ + Getting sliced (dim=0) tensor by mask. Supporting tensor and list/dict of tensors. + """ + if isinstance(x, int): + return x + + if x is None: + return None + + if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor): + if x.size(0) == mask.size(0): + return x[mask] + elif x.size(1) == mask.size(0): + return x[:, mask] + + if isinstance(x, list): + return [_skip(x_i, mask) for x_i in x] + + if isinstance(x, dict): + return {k: _skip(v, mask) for k, v in x.items()} + + raise NotImplementedError + + +def _skip_encoder_out(encoder, encoder_out, mask): + if not mask.any(): + return encoder_out + else: + return encoder.reorder_encoder_out(encoder_out, mask.nonzero().squeeze()) + + +def _fill(x, mask, y, padding_idx): + """ + Filling tensor x with y at masked positions (dim=0). + """ + if x is None: + return y + assert x.dim() == y.dim() and mask.size(0) == x.size(0) + assert x.dim() == 2 or (x.dim() == 3 and x.size(2) == y.size(2)) + n_selected = mask.sum() + assert n_selected == y.size(0) + + if n_selected == x.size(0): + return y + + if x.size(1) < y.size(1): + dims = [x.size(0), y.size(1) - x.size(1)] + if x.dim() == 3: + dims.append(x.size(2)) + x = torch.cat([x, x.new_zeros(*dims).fill_(padding_idx)], 1) + x[mask] = y + elif x.size(1) > y.size(1): + x[mask] = padding_idx + if x.dim() == 2: + x[mask, :y.size(1)] = y + else: + x[mask, :y.size(1), :] = y + else: + x[mask] = y + return x diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/nat_crf_transformer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/nat_crf_transformer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8dd3a08f72abf81800ff9f5c2c46422e2d865f2d --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/nat_crf_transformer.py @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + + +from fairseq.models.nat import NATransformerModel, base_architecture +from fairseq.models import register_model, register_model_architecture +from fairseq.modules import DynamicCRF + + +@register_model("nacrf_transformer") +class NACRFTransformerModel(NATransformerModel): + def __init__(self, args, encoder, decoder): + super().__init__(args, encoder, decoder) + self.crf_layer = DynamicCRF( + num_embedding=len(self.tgt_dict), + low_rank=args.crf_lowrank_approx, + beam_size=args.crf_beam_approx + ) + + @property + def allow_ensemble(self): + return False + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + NATransformerModel.add_args(parser) + parser.add_argument("--crf-lowrank-approx", type=int, + help="the dimension of low-rank approximation of transition") + parser.add_argument("--crf-beam-approx", type=int, + help="the beam size for apporixmating the normalizing factor") + parser.add_argument("--word-ins-loss-factor", type=float, + help="weights on NAT loss used to co-training with CRF loss.") + + def forward( + self, src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens, tgt_tokens, **kwargs + ): + # encoding + encoder_out = self.encoder(src_tokens, src_lengths=src_lengths, **kwargs) + + # length prediction + length_out = self.decoder.forward_length(normalize=False, encoder_out=encoder_out) + length_tgt = self.decoder.forward_length_prediction(length_out, encoder_out, tgt_tokens) + + # decoding + word_ins_out = self.decoder( + normalize=False, + prev_output_tokens=prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out) + word_ins_tgt, word_ins_mask = tgt_tokens, tgt_tokens.ne(self.pad) + + # compute the log-likelihood of CRF + crf_nll = -self.crf_layer(word_ins_out, word_ins_tgt, word_ins_mask) + crf_nll = (crf_nll / word_ins_mask.type_as(crf_nll).sum(-1)).mean() + + return { + "word_ins": { + "out": word_ins_out, "tgt": word_ins_tgt, + "mask": word_ins_mask, "ls": self.args.label_smoothing, + "nll_loss": True, "factor": self.args.word_ins_loss_factor + }, + "word_crf": { + "loss": crf_nll + }, + "length": { + "out": length_out, "tgt": length_tgt, + "factor": self.decoder.length_loss_factor + } + } + + def forward_decoder(self, decoder_out, encoder_out, decoding_format=None, **kwargs): + output_tokens = decoder_out.output_tokens + output_scores = decoder_out.output_scores + history = decoder_out.history + + # execute the decoder and get emission scores + output_masks = output_tokens.ne(self.pad) + word_ins_out = self.decoder( + normalize=False, + prev_output_tokens=output_tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out + ) + + # run viterbi decoding through CRF + _scores, _tokens = self.crf_layer.forward_decoder(word_ins_out, output_masks) + output_tokens.masked_scatter_(output_masks, _tokens[output_masks]) + output_scores.masked_scatter_(output_masks, _scores[output_masks]) + if history is not None: + history.append(output_tokens.clone()) + + return decoder_out._replace( + output_tokens=output_tokens, + output_scores=output_scores, + attn=None, + history=history + ) + + +@register_model_architecture("nacrf_transformer", "nacrf_transformer") +def nacrf_base_architecture(args): + args.crf_lowrank_approx = getattr(args, "crf_lowrank_approx", 32) + args.crf_beam_approx = getattr(args, "crf_beam_approx", 64) + args.word_ins_loss_factor = getattr(args, "word_ins_loss_factor", 0.5) + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "encoder_normalize_before", True) + args.decoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "decoder_normalize_before", True) + base_architecture(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/nonautoregressive_ensembles.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/nonautoregressive_ensembles.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ed4d956e027c9776dcd00bf94cd14af9ece1c39 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/nonautoregressive_ensembles.py @@ -0,0 +1,231 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math + +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq.models.nat import ( + _fill, + _skip, + _skip_encoder_out, + _apply_ins_masks, + _apply_ins_words, + _apply_del_words, +) + + +class _EnsembleModelEncoder(object): + def __init__(self, models): + self.models = models + + def reorder_encoder_out(self, encoder_outs, new_order): + encoder_outs = [ + model.encoder.reorder_encoder_out(encoder_out, new_order) + for model, encoder_out in zip(self.models, encoder_outs) + ] + return encoder_outs + + +class BasicEnsembleModel(torch.nn.Module): + """A wrapper around an ensemble of models.""" + + def __init__(self, models): + super().__init__() + self.models = torch.nn.ModuleList(models) + self.bos = self.models[0].decoder.dictionary.bos() + self.eos = self.models[0].decoder.dictionary.eos() + self.pad = self.models[0].decoder.dictionary.pad() + self.unk = self.models[0].decoder.dictionary.unk() + self.encoder = _EnsembleModelEncoder(self.models) + + def has_encoder(self): + return hasattr(self.models[0], 'encoder') + + def max_decoder_positions(self): + return min(m.max_decoder_positions() for m in self.models) + + @torch.no_grad() + def forward_encoder(self, encoder_input): + if not self.has_encoder(): + return None + return [model.forward_encoder(encoder_input) for model in self.models] + + @torch.no_grad() + def forward_decoder(self, *inputs): + raise NotImplementedError + + def initialize_output_tokens(self, *inputs): + raise NotImplementedError + + +class EnsembleLevT(BasicEnsembleModel): + """A wrapper around an ensemble of models.""" + + def __init__(self, models): + super().__init__(models) + + @torch.no_grad() + def forward_decoder(self, decoder_out, encoder_outs, eos_penalty=0.0, max_ratio=None, **kwargs): + # LevT ensembling + # A pipeline of three steps: deletion, placeholder, and word insertion. + # We need to average scores in each step in a pipeline way because of dependence. + # deletion + output_tokens = decoder_out.output_tokens + output_scores = decoder_out.output_scores + attn = decoder_out.attn + + bsz = output_tokens.size(0) + if max_ratio is None: + max_lens = output_tokens.new().fill_(255) + else: + if encoder_outs[0].encoder_padding_mask is None: + src_lens = encoder_outs[0].encoder_out.new(bsz).fill_(encoder_outs[0].encoder_out.size(1)) + else: + src_lens = (~encoder_outs[0].encoder_padding_mask).sum(1) + max_lens = (src_lens * max_ratio).clamp(min=10).long() + + # delete words + # do not delete tokens if it is + can_del_word = output_tokens.ne(self.pad).sum(1) > 2 + if can_del_word.sum() != 0: # we cannot delete, skip + output_tokens, output_scores, attn = self.forward_word_del( + encoder_outs, + output_tokens, + output_scores, + attn, + can_del_word, + ) + + # insert placeholders + can_ins_mask = output_tokens.ne(self.pad).sum(1) < max_lens + if can_ins_mask.sum() != 0: + output_tokens, output_scores = self.forward_mask_ins( + encoder_outs, + output_tokens, + output_scores, + can_ins_mask, + eos_penalty, + max_lens, + ) + + # insert words + can_ins_word = output_tokens.eq(self.unk).sum(1) > 0 + if can_ins_word.sum() != 0: + output_tokens, output_scores, attn = self.forward_word_ins( + encoder_outs, + output_tokens, + output_scores, + attn, + can_ins_word, + ) + + # delete some unnecessary paddings + cut_off = output_tokens.ne(self.pad).sum(1).max() + output_tokens = output_tokens[:, :cut_off] + output_scores = output_scores[:, :cut_off] + attn = None if attn is None else attn[:, :cut_off, :] + return decoder_out._replace( + output_tokens=output_tokens, + output_scores=output_scores, + attn=attn, + history=None + ) + + def forward_word_del(self, encoder_outs, output_tokens, output_scores, attn, can_del_word): + word_del_score_avg = [] + word_del_attn_avg = [] + for model, encoder_out in zip(self.models, encoder_outs): + word_del_out, word_del_attn = model.decoder.forward_word_del( + _skip(output_tokens, can_del_word), + _skip_encoder_out(model.encoder, encoder_out, can_del_word), + ) + word_del_score = F.log_softmax(word_del_out, 2) + word_del_score_avg.append(word_del_score) + word_del_attn_avg.append(word_del_attn) + word_del_score_avg = torch.logsumexp(torch.stack(word_del_score_avg, dim=0), dim=0) - math.log(len(self.models)) + word_del_pred = word_del_score_avg.max(-1)[1].bool() + if word_del_attn_avg[0] is not None: + word_del_attn_avg = torch.stack(word_del_attn_avg, dim=0)/len(self.models) + else: + word_del_attn_avg = None + + _tokens, _scores, _attn = _apply_del_words( + output_tokens[can_del_word], + output_scores[can_del_word], + word_del_attn_avg, + word_del_pred, + self.pad, + self.bos, + self.eos, + ) + output_tokens = _fill(output_tokens, can_del_word, _tokens, self.pad) + output_scores = _fill(output_scores, can_del_word, _scores, 0) + attn = _fill(attn, can_del_word, _attn, 0.) + return output_tokens, output_scores, attn + + def forward_mask_ins(self, encoder_outs, output_tokens, output_scores, can_ins_mask, eos_penalty, max_lens): + mask_ins_score_avg = [] + for model, encoder_out in zip(self.models, encoder_outs): + mask_ins_out, _ = model.decoder.forward_mask_ins( + _skip(output_tokens, can_ins_mask), + _skip_encoder_out(model.encoder, encoder_out, can_ins_mask), + ) + mask_ins_score = F.log_softmax(mask_ins_out, 2) + if eos_penalty > 0.0: + mask_ins_score[:, :, 0] -= eos_penalty + mask_ins_score_avg.append(mask_ins_score) + mask_ins_score_avg = torch.logsumexp(torch.stack(mask_ins_score_avg, dim=0), dim=0) - math.log(len(self.models)) + mask_ins_pred = mask_ins_score_avg.max(-1)[1] + mask_ins_pred = torch.min( + mask_ins_pred, max_lens[can_ins_mask, None].expand_as(mask_ins_pred) + ) + _tokens, _scores = _apply_ins_masks( + output_tokens[can_ins_mask], + output_scores[can_ins_mask], + mask_ins_pred, + self.pad, + self.unk, + self.eos, + ) + output_tokens = _fill(output_tokens, can_ins_mask, _tokens, self.pad) + output_scores = _fill(output_scores, can_ins_mask, _scores, 0) + return output_tokens, output_scores + + def forward_word_ins(self, encoder_outs, output_tokens, output_scores, attn, can_ins_word): + word_ins_score_avg = [] + word_ins_attn_avg = [] + for model, encoder_out in zip(self.models, encoder_outs): + word_ins_out, word_ins_attn = model.decoder.forward_word_ins( + _skip(output_tokens, can_ins_word), + _skip_encoder_out(model.encoder, encoder_out, can_ins_word), + ) + word_ins_score = F.log_softmax(word_ins_out, 2) + word_ins_score_avg.append(word_ins_score) + word_ins_attn_avg.append(word_ins_attn) + word_ins_score_avg = torch.logsumexp(torch.stack(word_ins_score_avg, dim=0), dim=0) - math.log(len(self.models)) + if word_ins_attn_avg[0] is not None: + word_ins_attn_avg = torch.stack(word_ins_attn_avg, dim=0)/len(self.models) + else: + word_ins_attn_avg = None + word_ins_score_max, word_ins_pred = word_ins_score_avg.max(-1) + + _tokens, _scores = _apply_ins_words( + output_tokens[can_ins_word], + output_scores[can_ins_word], + word_ins_pred, + word_ins_score_max, + self.unk, + ) + + output_tokens = _fill(output_tokens, can_ins_word, _tokens, self.pad) + output_scores = _fill(output_scores, can_ins_word, _scores, 0) + attn = _fill(attn, can_ins_word, word_ins_attn, 0.) + return output_tokens, output_scores, attn + + def initialize_output_tokens(self, encoder_outs, src_tokens): + # LevT doesn't do length prediction. + return self.models[0].initialize_output_tokens(encoder_outs[0], src_tokens) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/nonautoregressive_transformer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/nonautoregressive_transformer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46459732aff34df1af729d47c9b57516b0002364 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/nat/nonautoregressive_transformer.py @@ -0,0 +1,424 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.iterative_refinement_generator import DecoderOut +from fairseq.models import register_model, register_model_architecture +from fairseq.models.transformer import Embedding + +from fairseq.models.nat import ( + FairseqNATModel, + FairseqNATDecoder, + ensemble_decoder +) +from fairseq.modules.transformer_sentence_encoder import init_bert_params + + +def _mean_pooling(enc_feats, src_masks): + # enc_feats: T x B x C + # src_masks: B x T or None + if src_masks is None: + enc_feats = enc_feats.mean(0) + else: + src_masks = (~src_masks).transpose(0, 1).type_as(enc_feats) + enc_feats = ( + (enc_feats / src_masks.sum(0)[None, :, None]) * src_masks[:, :, None] + ).sum(0) + return enc_feats + + +def _argmax(x, dim): + return (x == x.max(dim, keepdim=True)[0]).type_as(x) + + +def _uniform_assignment(src_lens, trg_lens): + max_trg_len = trg_lens.max() + steps = (src_lens.float() - 1) / (trg_lens.float() - 1) # step-size + # max_trg_len + index_t = utils.new_arange(trg_lens, max_trg_len).float() + index_t = steps[:, None] * index_t[None, :] # batch_size X max_trg_len + index_t = torch.round(index_t).long().detach() + return index_t + + +@register_model("nonautoregressive_transformer") +class NATransformerModel(FairseqNATModel): + + @property + def allow_length_beam(self): + return True + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + FairseqNATModel.add_args(parser) + + # length prediction + parser.add_argument("--src-embedding-copy", action="store_true", + help="copy encoder word embeddings as the initial input of the decoder") + parser.add_argument("--pred-length-offset", action="store_true", + help="predicting the length difference between the target and source sentences") + parser.add_argument("--sg-length-pred", action="store_true", + help="stop the gradients back-propagated from the length predictor") + parser.add_argument("--length-loss-factor", type=float, + help="weights on the length prediction loss") + + @classmethod + def build_decoder(cls, args, tgt_dict, embed_tokens): + decoder = NATransformerDecoder(args, tgt_dict, embed_tokens) + if getattr(args, "apply_bert_init", False): + decoder.apply(init_bert_params) + return decoder + + def forward( + self, src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens, tgt_tokens, **kwargs + ): + # encoding + encoder_out = self.encoder(src_tokens, src_lengths=src_lengths, **kwargs) + + # length prediction + length_out = self.decoder.forward_length(normalize=False, encoder_out=encoder_out) + length_tgt = self.decoder.forward_length_prediction(length_out, encoder_out, tgt_tokens) + + # decoding + word_ins_out = self.decoder( + normalize=False, + prev_output_tokens=prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out) + + return { + "word_ins": { + "out": word_ins_out, "tgt": tgt_tokens, + "mask": tgt_tokens.ne(self.pad), "ls": self.args.label_smoothing, + "nll_loss": True + }, + "length": { + "out": length_out, "tgt": length_tgt, + "factor": self.decoder.length_loss_factor + } + } + + def forward_decoder(self, decoder_out, encoder_out, decoding_format=None, **kwargs): + step = decoder_out.step + output_tokens = decoder_out.output_tokens + output_scores = decoder_out.output_scores + history = decoder_out.history + + # execute the decoder + output_masks = output_tokens.ne(self.pad) + _scores, _tokens = self.decoder( + normalize=True, + prev_output_tokens=output_tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out, + step=step, + ).max(-1) + + output_tokens.masked_scatter_(output_masks, _tokens[output_masks]) + output_scores.masked_scatter_(output_masks, _scores[output_masks]) + if history is not None: + history.append(output_tokens.clone()) + + return decoder_out._replace( + output_tokens=output_tokens, + output_scores=output_scores, + attn=None, + history=history + ) + + def initialize_output_tokens(self, encoder_out, src_tokens): + # length prediction + length_tgt = self.decoder.forward_length_prediction( + self.decoder.forward_length(normalize=True, encoder_out=encoder_out), + encoder_out=encoder_out + ) + + max_length = length_tgt.clamp_(min=2).max() + idx_length = utils.new_arange(src_tokens, max_length) + + initial_output_tokens = src_tokens.new_zeros( + src_tokens.size(0), max_length + ).fill_(self.pad) + initial_output_tokens.masked_fill_( + idx_length[None, :] < length_tgt[:, None], self.unk + ) + initial_output_tokens[:, 0] = self.bos + initial_output_tokens.scatter_(1, length_tgt[:, None] - 1, self.eos) + + initial_output_scores = initial_output_tokens.new_zeros( + *initial_output_tokens.size() + ).type_as(encoder_out.encoder_out) + + return DecoderOut( + output_tokens=initial_output_tokens, + output_scores=initial_output_scores, + attn=None, + step=0, + max_step=0, + history=None + ) + + def regenerate_length_beam(self, decoder_out, beam_size): + output_tokens = decoder_out.output_tokens + length_tgt = output_tokens.ne(self.pad).sum(1) + length_tgt = length_tgt[:, None] + utils.new_arange(length_tgt, 1, beam_size) - beam_size // 2 + length_tgt = length_tgt.view(-1).clamp_(min=2) + max_length = length_tgt.max() + idx_length = utils.new_arange(length_tgt, max_length) + + initial_output_tokens = output_tokens.new_zeros( + length_tgt.size(0), max_length + ).fill_(self.pad) + initial_output_tokens.masked_fill_( + idx_length[None, :] < length_tgt[:, None], self.unk + ) + initial_output_tokens[:, 0] = self.bos + initial_output_tokens.scatter_(1, length_tgt[:, None] - 1, self.eos) + + initial_output_scores = initial_output_tokens.new_zeros( + *initial_output_tokens.size() + ).type_as(decoder_out.output_scores) + + return decoder_out._replace( + output_tokens=initial_output_tokens, + output_scores=initial_output_scores + ) + + +class NATransformerDecoder(FairseqNATDecoder): + def __init__(self, args, dictionary, embed_tokens, no_encoder_attn=False): + super().__init__( + args, dictionary, embed_tokens, no_encoder_attn=no_encoder_attn + ) + self.dictionary = dictionary + self.bos = dictionary.bos() + self.unk = dictionary.unk() + self.eos = dictionary.eos() + + self.encoder_embed_dim = args.encoder_embed_dim + self.sg_length_pred = getattr(args, "sg_length_pred", False) + self.pred_length_offset = getattr(args, "pred_length_offset", False) + self.length_loss_factor = getattr(args, "length_loss_factor", 0.1) + self.src_embedding_copy = getattr(args, "src_embedding_copy", False) + self.embed_length = Embedding(256, self.encoder_embed_dim, None) + + @ensemble_decoder + def forward(self, normalize, encoder_out, prev_output_tokens, step=0, **unused): + features, _ = self.extract_features( + prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out, + embedding_copy=(step == 0) & self.src_embedding_copy, + ) + decoder_out = self.output_layer(features) + return F.log_softmax(decoder_out, -1) if normalize else decoder_out + + @ensemble_decoder + def forward_length(self, normalize, encoder_out): + enc_feats = encoder_out.encoder_out # T x B x C + src_masks = encoder_out.encoder_padding_mask # B x T or None + enc_feats = _mean_pooling(enc_feats, src_masks) + if self.sg_length_pred: + enc_feats = enc_feats.detach() + length_out = F.linear(enc_feats, self.embed_length.weight) + return F.log_softmax(length_out, -1) if normalize else length_out + + def extract_features( + self, + prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out=None, + early_exit=None, + embedding_copy=False, + **unused + ): + """ + Similar to *forward* but only return features. + + Inputs: + prev_output_tokens: Tensor(B, T) + encoder_out: a dictionary of hidden states and masks + + Returns: + tuple: + - the decoder's features of shape `(batch, tgt_len, embed_dim)` + - a dictionary with any model-specific outputs + the LevenshteinTransformer decoder has full-attention to all generated tokens + """ + # embedding + if embedding_copy: + src_embd = encoder_out.encoder_embedding + src_mask = encoder_out.encoder_padding_mask + src_mask = ( + ~src_mask + if src_mask is not None + else prev_output_tokens.new_ones(*src_embd.size()[:2]).bool() + ) + + x, decoder_padding_mask = self.forward_embedding( + prev_output_tokens, + self.forward_copying_source( + src_embd, src_mask, prev_output_tokens.ne(self.padding_idx) + ), + ) + + else: + + x, decoder_padding_mask = self.forward_embedding(prev_output_tokens) + + # B x T x C -> T x B x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + attn = None + inner_states = [x] + + # decoder layers + for i, layer in enumerate(self.layers): + + # early exit from the decoder. + if (early_exit is not None) and (i >= early_exit): + break + + x, attn, _ = layer( + x, + encoder_out.encoder_out if encoder_out is not None else None, + encoder_out.encoder_padding_mask if encoder_out is not None else None, + self_attn_mask=None, + self_attn_padding_mask=decoder_padding_mask, + ) + inner_states.append(x) + + if self.layer_norm: + x = self.layer_norm(x) + + # T x B x C -> B x T x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + + if self.project_out_dim is not None: + x = self.project_out_dim(x) + + return x, {"attn": attn, "inner_states": inner_states} + + def forward_embedding(self, prev_output_tokens, states=None): + # embed positions + positions = ( + self.embed_positions(prev_output_tokens) + if self.embed_positions is not None + else None + ) + + # embed tokens and positions + if states is None: + x = self.embed_scale * self.embed_tokens(prev_output_tokens) + if self.project_in_dim is not None: + x = self.project_in_dim(x) + else: + x = states + + if positions is not None: + x += positions + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + decoder_padding_mask = prev_output_tokens.eq(self.padding_idx) + return x, decoder_padding_mask + + def forward_copying_source(self, src_embeds, src_masks, tgt_masks): + length_sources = src_masks.sum(1) + length_targets = tgt_masks.sum(1) + mapped_inputs = _uniform_assignment(length_sources, length_targets).masked_fill( + ~tgt_masks, 0 + ) + copied_embedding = torch.gather( + src_embeds, + 1, + mapped_inputs.unsqueeze(-1).expand( + *mapped_inputs.size(), src_embeds.size(-1) + ), + ) + return copied_embedding + + def forward_length_prediction(self, length_out, encoder_out, tgt_tokens=None): + enc_feats = encoder_out.encoder_out # T x B x C + src_masks = encoder_out.encoder_padding_mask # B x T or None + if self.pred_length_offset: + if src_masks is None: + src_lengs = enc_feats.new_ones(enc_feats.size(1)).fill_( + enc_feats.size(0) + ) + else: + src_lengs = (~src_masks).transpose(0, 1).type_as(enc_feats).sum(0) + src_lengs = src_lengs.long() + + if tgt_tokens is not None: + # obtain the length target + tgt_lengs = tgt_tokens.ne(self.padding_idx).sum(1).long() + if self.pred_length_offset: + length_tgt = tgt_lengs - src_lengs + 128 + else: + length_tgt = tgt_lengs + length_tgt = length_tgt.clamp(min=0, max=255) + + else: + # predict the length target (greedy for now) + # TODO: implementing length-beam + pred_lengs = length_out.max(-1)[1] + if self.pred_length_offset: + length_tgt = pred_lengs - 128 + src_lengs + else: + length_tgt = pred_lengs + + return length_tgt + + +@register_model_architecture( + "nonautoregressive_transformer", "nonautoregressive_transformer" +) +def base_architecture(args): + args.encoder_embed_path = getattr(args, "encoder_embed_path", None) + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_embed_dim", 512) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_ffn_embed_dim", 2048) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, "encoder_layers", 6) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "encoder_attention_heads", 8) + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "encoder_normalize_before", False) + args.encoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, "encoder_learned_pos", False) + args.decoder_embed_path = getattr(args, "decoder_embed_path", None) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_embed_dim", args.encoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr( + args, "decoder_ffn_embed_dim", args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim + ) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, "decoder_layers", 6) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "decoder_attention_heads", 8) + args.decoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "decoder_normalize_before", False) + args.decoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, "decoder_learned_pos", False) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, "attention_dropout", 0.0) + args.activation_dropout = getattr(args, "activation_dropout", 0.0) + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, "activation_fn", "relu") + args.dropout = getattr(args, "dropout", 0.1) + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff = getattr(args, "adaptive_softmax_cutoff", None) + args.adaptive_softmax_dropout = getattr(args, "adaptive_softmax_dropout", 0) + args.share_decoder_input_output_embed = getattr( + args, "share_decoder_input_output_embed", False + ) + args.share_all_embeddings = getattr(args, "share_all_embeddings", False) + args.no_token_positional_embeddings = getattr( + args, "no_token_positional_embeddings", False + ) + args.adaptive_input = getattr(args, "adaptive_input", False) + args.apply_bert_init = getattr(args, "apply_bert_init", False) + + args.decoder_output_dim = getattr( + args, "decoder_output_dim", args.decoder_embed_dim + ) + args.decoder_input_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_input_dim", args.decoder_embed_dim) + + # --- special arguments --- + args.sg_length_pred = getattr(args, "sg_length_pred", False) + args.pred_length_offset = getattr(args, "pred_length_offset", False) + args.length_loss_factor = getattr(args, "length_loss_factor", 0.1) + args.src_embedding_copy = getattr(args, "src_embedding_copy", False) + + +@register_model_architecture( + "nonautoregressive_transformer", "nonautoregressive_transformer_wmt_en_de" +) +def nonautoregressive_transformer_wmt_en_de(args): + base_architecture(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56579e591566e014d99ed5a283ee7135257f054c --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from .hub_interface import * # noqa +from .model import * # noqa +from .model_camembert import * # noqa +from .model_xlmr import * # noqa diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6fe6d9f575caaf1564ac971e0b8d37f263a44d2e Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__pycache__/hub_interface.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__pycache__/hub_interface.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a70e5db340a72df91583c5f5f8c3e0c57b4ee8c2 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__pycache__/hub_interface.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__pycache__/model.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__pycache__/model.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d96a312d7dcb1e2402f4239e86fcffeeb6d6e9e Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__pycache__/model.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__pycache__/model_camembert.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__pycache__/model_camembert.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e6c70698321e71216fd98146f353ffd7f956c7a Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__pycache__/model_camembert.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__pycache__/model_xlmr.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__pycache__/model_xlmr.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af5b2d7086455d1f605c5e39732cff252c443852 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/__pycache__/model_xlmr.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/alignment_utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/alignment_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45d2e37194c0f66e2b063884d7f3291ae48ece0f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/alignment_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from collections import Counter +from typing import List + +import torch + + +def align_bpe_to_words(roberta, bpe_tokens: torch.LongTensor, other_tokens: List[str]): + """ + Helper to align GPT-2 BPE to other tokenization formats (e.g., spaCy). + + Args: + roberta (RobertaHubInterface): RoBERTa instance + bpe_tokens (torch.LongTensor): GPT-2 BPE tokens of shape `(T_bpe)` + other_tokens (List[str]): other tokens of shape `(T_words)` + + Returns: + List[str]: mapping from *other_tokens* to corresponding *bpe_tokens*. + """ + assert bpe_tokens.dim() == 1 + assert bpe_tokens[0] == 0 + + def clean(text): + return text.strip() + + # remove whitespaces to simplify alignment + bpe_tokens = [roberta.task.source_dictionary.string([x]) for x in bpe_tokens] + bpe_tokens = [clean(roberta.bpe.decode(x) if x not in {'', ''} else x) for x in bpe_tokens] + other_tokens = [clean(str(o)) for o in other_tokens] + + # strip leading + bpe_tokens = bpe_tokens[1:] + assert ''.join(bpe_tokens) == ''.join(other_tokens) + + # create alignment from every word to a list of BPE tokens + alignment = [] + bpe_toks = filter(lambda item: item[1] != '', enumerate(bpe_tokens, start=1)) + j, bpe_tok = next(bpe_toks) + for other_tok in other_tokens: + bpe_indices = [] + while True: + if other_tok.startswith(bpe_tok): + bpe_indices.append(j) + other_tok = other_tok[len(bpe_tok):] + try: + j, bpe_tok = next(bpe_toks) + except StopIteration: + j, bpe_tok = None, None + elif bpe_tok.startswith(other_tok): + # other_tok spans multiple BPE tokens + bpe_indices.append(j) + bpe_tok = bpe_tok[len(other_tok):] + other_tok = '' + else: + raise Exception('Cannot align "{}" and "{}"'.format(other_tok, bpe_tok)) + if other_tok == '': + break + assert len(bpe_indices) > 0 + alignment.append(bpe_indices) + assert len(alignment) == len(other_tokens) + + return alignment + + +def align_features_to_words(roberta, features, alignment): + """ + Align given features to words. + + Args: + roberta (RobertaHubInterface): RoBERTa instance + features (torch.Tensor): features to align of shape `(T_bpe x C)` + alignment: alignment between BPE tokens and words returned by + func:`align_bpe_to_words`. + """ + assert features.dim() == 2 + + bpe_counts = Counter(j for bpe_indices in alignment for j in bpe_indices) + assert bpe_counts[0] == 0 # shouldn't be aligned + denom = features.new([bpe_counts.get(j, 1) for j in range(len(features))]) + weighted_features = features / denom.unsqueeze(-1) + + output = [weighted_features[0]] + largest_j = -1 + for bpe_indices in alignment: + output.append(weighted_features[bpe_indices].sum(dim=0)) + largest_j = max(largest_j, *bpe_indices) + for j in range(largest_j + 1, len(features)): + output.append(weighted_features[j]) + output = torch.stack(output) + assert torch.all(torch.abs(output.sum(dim=0) - features.sum(dim=0)) < 1e-4) + return output + + +def spacy_nlp(): + if getattr(spacy_nlp, '_nlp', None) is None: + try: + from spacy.lang.en import English + spacy_nlp._nlp = English() + except ImportError: + raise ImportError('Please install spacy with: pip install spacy') + return spacy_nlp._nlp + + +def spacy_tokenizer(): + if getattr(spacy_tokenizer, '_tokenizer', None) is None: + try: + nlp = spacy_nlp() + spacy_tokenizer._tokenizer = nlp.Defaults.create_tokenizer(nlp) + except ImportError: + raise ImportError('Please install spacy with: pip install spacy') + return spacy_tokenizer._tokenizer diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/hub_interface.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/hub_interface.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..baf0bf28b9ea4a3b15e042e9f4f86f1ffd499f7c --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/hub_interface.py @@ -0,0 +1,204 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import numpy as np +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.data import encoders + + +class RobertaHubInterface(nn.Module): + """A simple PyTorch Hub interface to RoBERTa. + + Usage: https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq/tree/master/examples/roberta + """ + + def __init__(self, args, task, model): + super().__init__() + self.args = args + self.task = task + self.model = model + + self.bpe = encoders.build_bpe(args) + + # this is useful for determining the device + self.register_buffer('_float_tensor', torch.tensor([0], dtype=torch.float)) + + @property + def device(self): + return self._float_tensor.device + + def encode(self, sentence: str, *addl_sentences, no_separator=False) -> torch.LongTensor: + """ + BPE-encode a sentence (or multiple sentences). + + Every sequence begins with a beginning-of-sentence (``) symbol. + Every sentence ends with an end-of-sentence (``) and we use an + extra end-of-sentence (``) as a separator. + + Example (single sentence): ` a b c ` + Example (sentence pair): ` d e f 1 2 3 ` + + The BPE encoding follows GPT-2. One subtle detail is that the GPT-2 BPE + requires leading spaces. For example:: + + >>> roberta.encode('Hello world').tolist() + [0, 31414, 232, 2] + >>> roberta.encode(' world').tolist() + [0, 232, 2] + >>> roberta.encode('world').tolist() + [0, 8331, 2] + """ + bpe_sentence = ' ' + self.bpe.encode(sentence) + ' ' + for s in addl_sentences: + bpe_sentence += (' ' if not no_separator else '') + bpe_sentence += ' ' + self.bpe.encode(s) + ' ' + tokens = self.task.source_dictionary.encode_line(bpe_sentence, append_eos=False, add_if_not_exist=False) + return tokens.long() + + def decode(self, tokens: torch.LongTensor): + assert tokens.dim() == 1 + tokens = tokens.numpy() + if tokens[0] == self.task.source_dictionary.bos(): + tokens = tokens[1:] # remove + eos_mask = (tokens == self.task.source_dictionary.eos()) + doc_mask = eos_mask[1:] & eos_mask[:-1] + sentences = np.split(tokens, doc_mask.nonzero()[0] + 1) + sentences = [self.bpe.decode(self.task.source_dictionary.string(s)) for s in sentences] + if len(sentences) == 1: + return sentences[0] + return sentences + + def extract_features(self, tokens: torch.LongTensor, return_all_hiddens: bool = False) -> torch.Tensor: + if tokens.dim() == 1: + tokens = tokens.unsqueeze(0) + if tokens.size(-1) > self.model.max_positions(): + raise ValueError('tokens exceeds maximum length: {} > {}'.format( + tokens.size(-1), self.model.max_positions() + )) + features, extra = self.model( + tokens.to(device=self.device), + features_only=True, + return_all_hiddens=return_all_hiddens, + ) + if return_all_hiddens: + # convert from T x B x C -> B x T x C + inner_states = extra['inner_states'] + return [inner_state.transpose(0, 1) for inner_state in inner_states] + else: + return features # just the last layer's features + + def register_classification_head( + self, name: str, num_classes: int = None, embedding_size: int = None, **kwargs + ): + self.model.register_classification_head( + name, num_classes=num_classes, embedding_size=embedding_size, **kwargs + ) + + def predict(self, head: str, tokens: torch.LongTensor, return_logits: bool = False): + features = self.extract_features(tokens.to(device=self.device)) + logits = self.model.classification_heads[head](features) + if return_logits: + return logits + return F.log_softmax(logits, dim=-1) + + def extract_features_aligned_to_words(self, sentence: str, return_all_hiddens: bool = False) -> torch.Tensor: + """Extract RoBERTa features, aligned to spaCy's word-level tokenizer.""" + from fairseq.models.roberta import alignment_utils + from spacy.tokens import Doc + + nlp = alignment_utils.spacy_nlp() + tokenizer = alignment_utils.spacy_tokenizer() + + # tokenize both with GPT-2 BPE and spaCy + bpe_toks = self.encode(sentence) + spacy_toks = tokenizer(sentence) + spacy_toks_ws = [t.text_with_ws for t in tokenizer(sentence)] + alignment = alignment_utils.align_bpe_to_words(self, bpe_toks, spacy_toks_ws) + + # extract features and align them + features = self.extract_features(bpe_toks, return_all_hiddens=return_all_hiddens) + features = features.squeeze(0) + aligned_feats = alignment_utils.align_features_to_words(self, features, alignment) + + # wrap in spaCy Doc + doc = Doc( + nlp.vocab, + words=[''] + [x.text for x in spacy_toks] + [''], + spaces=[True] + [x.endswith(' ') for x in spacy_toks_ws[:-1]] + [True, False], + ) + assert len(doc) == aligned_feats.size(0) + doc.user_token_hooks['vector'] = lambda token: aligned_feats[token.i] + return doc + + def fill_mask(self, masked_input: str, topk: int = 5): + masked_token = '' + assert masked_token in masked_input and masked_input.count(masked_token) == 1, \ + "Please add one {0} token for the input, eg: 'He is a {0} guy'".format(masked_token) + + text_spans = masked_input.split(masked_token) + text_spans_bpe = (' {0} '.format(masked_token)).join( + [self.bpe.encode(text_span.rstrip()) for text_span in text_spans] + ).strip() + tokens = self.task.source_dictionary.encode_line( + ' ' + text_spans_bpe + ' ', + append_eos=False, + add_if_not_exist=False, + ) + + masked_index = (tokens == self.task.mask_idx).nonzero() + if tokens.dim() == 1: + tokens = tokens.unsqueeze(0) + + with utils.eval(self.model): + features, extra = self.model( + tokens.long().to(device=self.device), + features_only=False, + return_all_hiddens=False, + ) + logits = features[0, masked_index, :].squeeze() + prob = logits.softmax(dim=0) + values, index = prob.topk(k=topk, dim=0) + topk_predicted_token_bpe = self.task.source_dictionary.string(index) + + topk_filled_outputs = [] + for index, predicted_token_bpe in enumerate(topk_predicted_token_bpe.split(' ')): + predicted_token = self.bpe.decode(predicted_token_bpe) + # Quick hack to fix https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq/issues/1306 + if predicted_token_bpe.startswith('\u2581'): + predicted_token = ' ' + predicted_token + if " {0}".format(masked_token) in masked_input: + topk_filled_outputs.append(( + masked_input.replace( + ' {0}'.format(masked_token), predicted_token + ), + values[index].item(), + predicted_token, + )) + else: + topk_filled_outputs.append(( + masked_input.replace(masked_token, predicted_token), + values[index].item(), + predicted_token, + )) + return topk_filled_outputs + + def disambiguate_pronoun(self, sentence: str) -> bool: + """ + Usage:: + + >>> disambiguate_pronoun('The _trophy_ would not fit in the brown suitcase because [it] was too big.') + True + + >>> disambiguate_pronoun('The trophy would not fit in the brown suitcase because [it] was too big.') + 'The trophy' + """ + assert hasattr(self.task, 'disambiguate_pronoun'), \ + 'roberta.disambiguate_pronoun() requires a model trained with the WSC task.' + with utils.eval(self.model): + return self.task.disambiguate_pronoun(self.model, sentence, use_cuda=self.device.type == 'cuda') diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/model.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/model.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..93ec6f15b777871a49d183ccc6643b280e7c57eb --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/model.py @@ -0,0 +1,387 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +""" +RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach. +""" + +import logging + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.models import ( + FairseqDecoder, + FairseqLanguageModel, + register_model, + register_model_architecture, +) +from fairseq.modules import ( + LayerNorm, + TransformerSentenceEncoder, +) +from fairseq.modules.transformer_sentence_encoder import init_bert_params +from fairseq.modules.quant_noise import quant_noise as apply_quant_noise_ + +from .hub_interface import RobertaHubInterface + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_model('roberta') +class RobertaModel(FairseqLanguageModel): + + @classmethod + def hub_models(cls): + return { + 'roberta.base': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/roberta.base.tar.gz', + 'roberta.large': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/roberta.large.tar.gz', + 'roberta.large.mnli': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/roberta.large.mnli.tar.gz', + 'roberta.large.wsc': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/roberta.large.wsc.tar.gz', + } + + def __init__(self, args, encoder): + super().__init__(encoder) + self.args = args + + # We follow BERT's random weight initialization + self.apply(init_bert_params) + + self.classification_heads = nn.ModuleDict() + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add model-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument('--encoder-layers', type=int, metavar='L', + help='num encoder layers') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='H', + help='encoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-ffn-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='F', + help='encoder embedding dimension for FFN') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-attention-heads', type=int, metavar='A', + help='num encoder attention heads') + parser.add_argument('--activation-fn', + choices=utils.get_available_activation_fns(), + help='activation function to use') + parser.add_argument('--pooler-activation-fn', + choices=utils.get_available_activation_fns(), + help='activation function to use for pooler layer') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-normalize-before', action='store_true', + help='apply layernorm before each encoder block') + parser.add_argument('--dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability') + parser.add_argument('--attention-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability for attention weights') + parser.add_argument('--activation-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability after activation in FFN') + parser.add_argument('--pooler-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability in the masked_lm pooler layers') + parser.add_argument('--max-positions', type=int, + help='number of positional embeddings to learn') + parser.add_argument('--load-checkpoint-heads', action='store_true', + help='(re-)register and load heads when loading checkpoints') + # args for "Reducing Transformer Depth on Demand with Structured Dropout" (Fan et al., 2019) + parser.add_argument('--encoder-layerdrop', type=float, metavar='D', default=0, + help='LayerDrop probability for encoder') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-layers-to-keep', default=None, + help='which layers to *keep* when pruning as a comma-separated list') + # args for Training with Quantization Noise for Extreme Model Compression ({Fan*, Stock*} et al., 2020) + parser.add_argument('--quant-noise-pq', type=float, metavar='D', default=0, + help='iterative PQ quantization noise at training time') + parser.add_argument('--quant-noise-pq-block-size', type=int, metavar='D', default=8, + help='block size of quantization noise at training time') + parser.add_argument('--quant-noise-scalar', type=float, metavar='D', default=0, + help='scalar quantization noise and scalar quantization at training time') + parser.add_argument('--untie-weights-roberta', action='store_true', + help='Untie weights between embeddings and classifiers in RoBERTa') + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + """Build a new model instance.""" + + # make sure all arguments are present + base_architecture(args) + + if not hasattr(args, 'max_positions'): + args.max_positions = args.tokens_per_sample + + encoder = RobertaEncoder(args, task.source_dictionary) + return cls(args, encoder) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, features_only=False, return_all_hiddens=False, classification_head_name=None, **kwargs): + if classification_head_name is not None: + features_only = True + + x, extra = self.decoder(src_tokens, features_only, return_all_hiddens, **kwargs) + + if classification_head_name is not None: + x = self.classification_heads[classification_head_name](x) + return x, extra + + def register_classification_head(self, name, num_classes=None, inner_dim=None, **kwargs): + """Register a classification head.""" + if name in self.classification_heads: + prev_num_classes = self.classification_heads[name].out_proj.out_features + prev_inner_dim = self.classification_heads[name].dense.out_features + if num_classes != prev_num_classes or inner_dim != prev_inner_dim: + logger.warning( + 're-registering head "{}" with num_classes {} (prev: {}) ' + 'and inner_dim {} (prev: {})'.format( + name, num_classes, prev_num_classes, inner_dim, prev_inner_dim + ) + ) + self.classification_heads[name] = RobertaClassificationHead( + self.args.encoder_embed_dim, + inner_dim or self.args.encoder_embed_dim, + num_classes, + self.args.pooler_activation_fn, + self.args.pooler_dropout, + self.args.quant_noise_pq, + self.args.quant_noise_pq_block_size, + ) + + @property + def supported_targets(self): + return {'self'} + + @classmethod + def from_pretrained(cls, model_name_or_path, checkpoint_file='model.pt', data_name_or_path='.', bpe='gpt2', **kwargs): + from fairseq import hub_utils + x = hub_utils.from_pretrained( + model_name_or_path, + checkpoint_file, + data_name_or_path, + archive_map=cls.hub_models(), + bpe=bpe, + load_checkpoint_heads=True, + **kwargs, + ) + return RobertaHubInterface(x['args'], x['task'], x['models'][0]) + + def upgrade_state_dict_named(self, state_dict, name): + super().upgrade_state_dict_named(state_dict, name) + + prefix = name + '.' if name != '' else '' + current_head_names = [] if not hasattr(self, 'classification_heads') else \ + self.classification_heads.keys() + + # Handle new classification heads present in the state dict. + keys_to_delete = [] + for k in state_dict.keys(): + if not k.startswith(prefix + 'classification_heads.'): + continue + + head_name = k[len(prefix + 'classification_heads.'):].split('.')[0] + num_classes = state_dict[prefix + 'classification_heads.' + head_name + '.out_proj.weight'].size(0) + inner_dim = state_dict[prefix + 'classification_heads.' + head_name + '.dense.weight'].size(0) + + if getattr(self.args, 'load_checkpoint_heads', False): + if head_name not in current_head_names: + self.register_classification_head(head_name, num_classes, inner_dim) + else: + if head_name not in current_head_names: + logger.warning( + 'deleting classification head ({}) from checkpoint ' + 'not present in current model: {}'.format(head_name, k) + ) + keys_to_delete.append(k) + elif ( + num_classes != self.classification_heads[head_name].out_proj.out_features + or inner_dim != self.classification_heads[head_name].dense.out_features + ): + logger.warning( + 'deleting classification head ({}) from checkpoint ' + 'with different dimensions than current model: {}'.format(head_name, k) + ) + keys_to_delete.append(k) + for k in keys_to_delete: + del state_dict[k] + + # Copy any newly-added classification heads into the state dict + # with their current weights. + if hasattr(self, 'classification_heads'): + cur_state = self.classification_heads.state_dict() + for k, v in cur_state.items(): + if prefix + 'classification_heads.' + k not in state_dict: + logger.info('Overwriting ' + prefix + 'classification_heads.' + k) + state_dict[prefix + 'classification_heads.' + k] = v + + +class RobertaLMHead(nn.Module): + """Head for masked language modeling.""" + + def __init__(self, embed_dim, output_dim, activation_fn, weight=None): + super().__init__() + self.dense = nn.Linear(embed_dim, embed_dim) + self.activation_fn = utils.get_activation_fn(activation_fn) + self.layer_norm = LayerNorm(embed_dim) + + if weight is None: + weight = nn.Linear(embed_dim, output_dim, bias=False).weight + self.weight = weight + self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(output_dim)) + + def forward(self, features, masked_tokens=None, **kwargs): + # Only project the unmasked tokens while training, + # saves both memory and computation + if masked_tokens is not None: + features = features[masked_tokens, :] + + x = self.dense(features) + x = self.activation_fn(x) + x = self.layer_norm(x) + # project back to size of vocabulary with bias + x = F.linear(x, self.weight) + self.bias + return x + + +class RobertaClassificationHead(nn.Module): + """Head for sentence-level classification tasks.""" + + def __init__(self, input_dim, inner_dim, num_classes, activation_fn, pooler_dropout, q_noise=0, qn_block_size=8): + super().__init__() + self.dense = nn.Linear(input_dim, inner_dim) + self.activation_fn = utils.get_activation_fn(activation_fn) + self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p=pooler_dropout) + self.out_proj = apply_quant_noise_( + nn.Linear(inner_dim, num_classes), q_noise, qn_block_size + ) + + def forward(self, features, **kwargs): + x = features[:, 0, :] # take token (equiv. to [CLS]) + x = self.dropout(x) + x = self.dense(x) + x = self.activation_fn(x) + x = self.dropout(x) + x = self.out_proj(x) + return x + + +class RobertaEncoder(FairseqDecoder): + """RoBERTa encoder. + + Implements the :class:`~fairseq.models.FairseqDecoder` interface required + by :class:`~fairseq.models.FairseqLanguageModel`. + """ + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary): + super().__init__(dictionary) + self.args = args + + # RoBERTa is a sentence encoder model, so users will intuitively trim + # encoder layers. However, the implementation uses the fairseq decoder, + # so we fix here. + if args.encoder_layers_to_keep: + args.encoder_layers = len(args.encoder_layers_to_keep.split(",")) + args.decoder_layers_to_keep = args.encoder_layers_to_keep + args.encoder_layers_to_keep = None + + self.sentence_encoder = TransformerSentenceEncoder( + padding_idx=dictionary.pad(), + vocab_size=len(dictionary), + num_encoder_layers=args.encoder_layers, + embedding_dim=args.encoder_embed_dim, + ffn_embedding_dim=args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim, + num_attention_heads=args.encoder_attention_heads, + dropout=args.dropout, + attention_dropout=args.attention_dropout, + activation_dropout=args.activation_dropout, + layerdrop=args.encoder_layerdrop, + max_seq_len=args.max_positions, + num_segments=0, + encoder_normalize_before=True, + apply_bert_init=True, + activation_fn=args.activation_fn, + q_noise=args.quant_noise_pq, + qn_block_size=args.quant_noise_pq_block_size, + ) + args.untie_weights_roberta = getattr(args, 'untie_weights_roberta', False) + + self.lm_head = RobertaLMHead( + embed_dim=args.encoder_embed_dim, + output_dim=len(dictionary), + activation_fn=args.activation_fn, + weight=self.sentence_encoder.embed_tokens.weight if not args.untie_weights_roberta else None, + ) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, features_only=False, return_all_hiddens=False, masked_tokens=None, **unused): + """ + Args: + src_tokens (LongTensor): input tokens of shape `(batch, src_len)` + features_only (bool, optional): skip LM head and just return + features. If True, the output will be of shape + `(batch, src_len, embed_dim)`. + return_all_hiddens (bool, optional): also return all of the + intermediate hidden states (default: False). + + Returns: + tuple: + - the LM output of shape `(batch, src_len, vocab)` + - a dictionary of additional data, where 'inner_states' + is a list of hidden states. Note that the hidden + states have shape `(src_len, batch, vocab)`. + """ + x, extra = self.extract_features(src_tokens, return_all_hiddens=return_all_hiddens) + if not features_only: + x = self.output_layer(x, masked_tokens=masked_tokens) + return x, extra + + def extract_features(self, src_tokens, return_all_hiddens=False, **unused): + inner_states, _ = self.sentence_encoder( + src_tokens, + last_state_only=not return_all_hiddens, + ) + features = inner_states[-1].transpose(0, 1) # T x B x C -> B x T x C + return features, {'inner_states': inner_states if return_all_hiddens else None} + + def output_layer(self, features, masked_tokens=None, **unused): + return self.lm_head(features, masked_tokens) + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum output length supported by the encoder.""" + return self.args.max_positions + + +@register_model_architecture('roberta', 'roberta') +def base_architecture(args): + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 12) + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 768) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 3072) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 12) + + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, 'activation_fn', 'gelu') + args.pooler_activation_fn = getattr(args, 'pooler_activation_fn', 'tanh') + + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + args.activation_dropout = getattr(args, 'activation_dropout', 0.0) + args.pooler_dropout = getattr(args, 'pooler_dropout', 0.0) + args.encoder_layers_to_keep = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers_to_keep', None) + args.encoder_layerdrop = getattr(args, 'encoder_layerdrop', 0.0) + + +@register_model_architecture('roberta', 'roberta_base') +def roberta_base_architecture(args): + base_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('roberta', 'roberta_large') +def roberta_large_architecture(args): + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 24) + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 1024) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 4096) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 16) + base_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('roberta', 'xlm') +def xlm_architecture(args): + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, 'encoder_layers', 16) + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_embed_dim', 1280) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'encoder_ffn_embed_dim', 1280*4) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'encoder_attention_heads', 16) + base_architecture(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/model_camembert.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/model_camembert.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb57d81d8df4f73d74dbdab5d877947cc39c03c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/model_camembert.py @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +""" +CamemBERT: a Tasty French Language Model +""" + +from fairseq.models import register_model + +from .hub_interface import RobertaHubInterface +from .model import RobertaModel + + +@register_model('camembert') +class CamembertModel(RobertaModel): + + @classmethod + def hub_models(cls): + return { + 'camembert': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/camembert-base.tar.gz', + 'camembert.v0': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/camembert-base.tar.gz', + 'camembert-base': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/camembert-base.tar.gz', + 'camembert-large': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/camembert-large.tar.gz', + 'camembert-base-ccnet': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/camembert-base-ccnet.tar.gz', + 'camembert-base-ccnet-4gb': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/camembert-base-ccnet-4gb.tar.gz', + 'camembert-base-wikipedia-4gb': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/camembert-base-wikipedia-4gb.tar.gz', + 'camembert-base-oscar-4gb': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/camembert-base-oscar-4gb.tar.gz', + } + + @classmethod + def from_pretrained(cls, model_name_or_path, checkpoint_file='model.pt', data_name_or_path='.', bpe='sentencepiece', **kwargs): + from fairseq import hub_utils + x = hub_utils.from_pretrained( + model_name_or_path, + checkpoint_file, + data_name_or_path, + archive_map=cls.hub_models(), + bpe=bpe, + load_checkpoint_heads=True, + **kwargs, + ) + return RobertaHubInterface(x['args'], x['task'], x['models'][0]) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/model_xlmr.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/model_xlmr.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa71a27d12ad237012a65019e3c60669b8837055 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/roberta/model_xlmr.py @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +""" +Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scale +""" + +from fairseq.models import register_model + +from .hub_interface import RobertaHubInterface +from .model import RobertaModel + + +@register_model('xlmr') +class XLMRModel(RobertaModel): + + @classmethod + def hub_models(cls): + return { + 'xlmr.base': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/xlmr.base.tar.gz', + 'xlmr.large': 'http://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/xlmr.large.tar.gz', + } + + @classmethod + def from_pretrained(cls, model_name_or_path, checkpoint_file='model.pt', data_name_or_path='.', bpe='sentencepiece', **kwargs): + from fairseq import hub_utils + x = hub_utils.from_pretrained( + model_name_or_path, + checkpoint_file, + data_name_or_path, + archive_map=cls.hub_models(), + bpe=bpe, + load_checkpoint_heads=True, + **kwargs, + ) + return RobertaHubInterface(x['args'], x['task'], x['models'][0]) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/transformer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/transformer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d6ff7eadc799790c97a10c04010e1d419fbfa4f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/transformer.py @@ -0,0 +1,1100 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math +from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F +from fairseq import options, utils +from fairseq.models import ( + FairseqEncoder, + FairseqEncoderDecoderModel, + FairseqIncrementalDecoder, + register_model, + register_model_architecture, +) +from fairseq.models.fairseq_encoder import EncoderOut +from fairseq.modules import ( + AdaptiveSoftmax, + LayerNorm, + PositionalEmbedding, + SinusoidalPositionalEmbedding, + TransformerDecoderLayer, + TransformerEncoderLayer, +) +from fairseq.modules.quant_noise import quant_noise as apply_quant_noise_ +from torch import Tensor + + +DEFAULT_MAX_SOURCE_POSITIONS = 1024 +DEFAULT_MAX_TARGET_POSITIONS = 1024 + + +@register_model("transformer") +class TransformerModel(FairseqEncoderDecoderModel): + """ + Transformer model from `"Attention Is All You Need" (Vaswani, et al, 2017) + `_. + + Args: + encoder (TransformerEncoder): the encoder + decoder (TransformerDecoder): the decoder + + The Transformer model provides the following named architectures and + command-line arguments: + + .. argparse:: + :ref: fairseq.models.transformer_parser + :prog: + """ + + @classmethod + def hub_models(cls): + # fmt: off + + def moses_subword(path): + return { + 'path': path, + 'tokenizer': 'moses', + 'bpe': 'subword_nmt', + } + + def moses_fastbpe(path): + return { + 'path': path, + 'tokenizer': 'moses', + 'bpe': 'fastbpe', + } + + return { + 'transformer.wmt14.en-fr': moses_subword('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/wmt14.en-fr.joined-dict.transformer.tar.bz2'), + 'transformer.wmt16.en-de': 'https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/wmt16.en-de.joined-dict.transformer.tar.bz2', + 'transformer.wmt18.en-de': moses_subword('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/wmt18.en-de.ensemble.tar.gz'), + 'transformer.wmt19.en-de': moses_fastbpe('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/wmt19.en-de.joined-dict.ensemble.tar.gz'), + 'transformer.wmt19.en-ru': moses_fastbpe('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/wmt19.en-ru.ensemble.tar.gz'), + 'transformer.wmt19.de-en': moses_fastbpe('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/wmt19.de-en.joined-dict.ensemble.tar.gz'), + 'transformer.wmt19.ru-en': moses_fastbpe('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/wmt19.ru-en.ensemble.tar.gz'), + 'transformer.wmt19.en-de.single_model': moses_fastbpe('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/wmt19.en-de.joined-dict.single_model.tar.gz'), + 'transformer.wmt19.en-ru.single_model': moses_fastbpe('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/wmt19.en-ru.single_model.tar.gz'), + 'transformer.wmt19.de-en.single_model': moses_fastbpe('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/wmt19.de-en.joined-dict.single_model.tar.gz'), + 'transformer.wmt19.ru-en.single_model': moses_fastbpe('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/wmt19.ru-en.single_model.tar.gz'), + } + # fmt: on + + def __init__(self, args, encoder, decoder): + super().__init__(encoder, decoder) + self.args = args + self.supports_align_args = True + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add model-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--activation-fn', + choices=utils.get_available_activation_fns(), + help='activation function to use') + parser.add_argument('--dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability') + parser.add_argument('--attention-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability for attention weights') + parser.add_argument('--activation-dropout', '--relu-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability after activation in FFN.') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-embed-path', type=str, metavar='STR', + help='path to pre-trained encoder embedding') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='encoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-ffn-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='encoder embedding dimension for FFN') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-layers', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num encoder layers') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-attention-heads', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num encoder attention heads') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-normalize-before', action='store_true', + help='apply layernorm before each encoder block') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-learned-pos', action='store_true', + help='use learned positional embeddings in the encoder') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-embed-path', type=str, metavar='STR', + help='path to pre-trained decoder embedding') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-ffn-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder embedding dimension for FFN') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-layers', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num decoder layers') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-attention-heads', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num decoder attention heads') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-learned-pos', action='store_true', + help='use learned positional embeddings in the decoder') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-normalize-before', action='store_true', + help='apply layernorm before each decoder block') + parser.add_argument('--share-decoder-input-output-embed', action='store_true', + help='share decoder input and output embeddings') + parser.add_argument('--share-all-embeddings', action='store_true', + help='share encoder, decoder and output embeddings' + ' (requires shared dictionary and embed dim)') + parser.add_argument('--no-token-positional-embeddings', default=False, action='store_true', + help='if set, disables positional embeddings (outside self attention)') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-softmax-cutoff', metavar='EXPR', + help='comma separated list of adaptive softmax cutoff points. ' + 'Must be used with adaptive_loss criterion'), + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-softmax-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='sets adaptive softmax dropout for the tail projections') + parser.add_argument('--layernorm-embedding', action='store_true', + help='add layernorm to embedding') + parser.add_argument('--no-scale-embedding', action='store_true', + help='if True, dont scale embeddings') + # args for "Cross+Self-Attention for Transformer Models" (Peitz et al., 2019) + parser.add_argument('--no-cross-attention', default=False, action='store_true', + help='do not perform cross-attention') + parser.add_argument('--cross-self-attention', default=False, action='store_true', + help='perform cross+self-attention') + parser.add_argument('--layer-wise-attention', default=False, action='store_true', + help='perform layer-wise attention (cross-attention or cross+self-attention)') + # args for "Reducing Transformer Depth on Demand with Structured Dropout" (Fan et al., 2019) + parser.add_argument('--encoder-layerdrop', type=float, metavar='D', default=0, + help='LayerDrop probability for encoder') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-layerdrop', type=float, metavar='D', default=0, + help='LayerDrop probability for decoder') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-layers-to-keep', default=None, + help='which layers to *keep* when pruning as a comma-separated list') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-layers-to-keep', default=None, + help='which layers to *keep* when pruning as a comma-separated list') + # args for Training with Quantization Noise for Extreme Model Compression ({Fan*, Stock*} et al., 2020) + parser.add_argument('--quant-noise-pq', type=float, metavar='D', default=0, + help='iterative PQ quantization noise at training time') + parser.add_argument('--quant-noise-pq-block-size', type=int, metavar='D', default=8, + help='block size of quantization noise at training time') + parser.add_argument('--quant-noise-scalar', type=float, metavar='D', default=0, + help='scalar quantization noise and scalar quantization at training time') + # fmt: on + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + """Build a new model instance.""" + + # make sure all arguments are present in older models + base_architecture(args) + + if args.encoder_layers_to_keep: + args.encoder_layers = len(args.encoder_layers_to_keep.split(",")) + if args.decoder_layers_to_keep: + args.decoder_layers = len(args.decoder_layers_to_keep.split(",")) + + if getattr(args, "max_source_positions", None) is None: + args.max_source_positions = DEFAULT_MAX_SOURCE_POSITIONS + if getattr(args, "max_target_positions", None) is None: + args.max_target_positions = DEFAULT_MAX_TARGET_POSITIONS + + src_dict, tgt_dict = task.source_dictionary, task.target_dictionary + + if args.share_all_embeddings: + if src_dict != tgt_dict: + raise ValueError("--share-all-embeddings requires a joined dictionary") + if args.encoder_embed_dim != args.decoder_embed_dim: + raise ValueError( + "--share-all-embeddings requires --encoder-embed-dim to match --decoder-embed-dim" + ) + if args.decoder_embed_path and ( + args.decoder_embed_path != args.encoder_embed_path + ): + raise ValueError( + "--share-all-embeddings not compatible with --decoder-embed-path" + ) + encoder_embed_tokens = cls.build_embedding( + args, src_dict, args.encoder_embed_dim, args.encoder_embed_path + ) + decoder_embed_tokens = encoder_embed_tokens + args.share_decoder_input_output_embed = True + else: + encoder_embed_tokens = cls.build_embedding( + args, src_dict, args.encoder_embed_dim, args.encoder_embed_path + ) + decoder_embed_tokens = cls.build_embedding( + args, tgt_dict, args.decoder_embed_dim, args.decoder_embed_path + ) + + encoder = cls.build_encoder(args, src_dict, encoder_embed_tokens) + decoder = cls.build_decoder(args, tgt_dict, decoder_embed_tokens) + return cls(args, encoder, decoder) + + @classmethod + def build_embedding(cls, args, dictionary, embed_dim, path=None): + num_embeddings = len(dictionary) + padding_idx = dictionary.pad() + + emb = Embedding(num_embeddings, embed_dim, padding_idx) + # if provided, load from preloaded dictionaries + if path: + embed_dict = utils.parse_embedding(path) + utils.load_embedding(embed_dict, dictionary, emb) + return emb + + @classmethod + def build_encoder(cls, args, src_dict, embed_tokens): + return TransformerEncoder(args, src_dict, embed_tokens) + + @classmethod + def build_decoder(cls, args, tgt_dict, embed_tokens): + return TransformerDecoder( + args, + tgt_dict, + embed_tokens, + no_encoder_attn=getattr(args, "no_cross_attention", False), + ) + + # TorchScript doesn't support optional arguments with variable length (**kwargs). + # Current workaround is to add union of all arguments in child classes. + def forward( + self, + src_tokens, + src_lengths, + prev_output_tokens, + cls_input: Optional[Tensor] = None, + return_all_hiddens: bool = True, + features_only: bool = False, + alignment_layer: Optional[int] = None, + alignment_heads: Optional[int] = None, + ): + """ + Run the forward pass for an encoder-decoder model. + + Copied from the base class, but without ``**kwargs``, + which are not supported by TorchScript. + """ + encoder_out = self.encoder( + src_tokens, + src_lengths=src_lengths, + cls_input=cls_input, + return_all_hiddens=return_all_hiddens, + ) + decoder_out = self.decoder( + prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out, + features_only=features_only, + alignment_layer=alignment_layer, + alignment_heads=alignment_heads, + src_lengths=src_lengths, + return_all_hiddens=return_all_hiddens, + ) + return decoder_out + + # Since get_normalized_probs is in the Fairseq Model which is not scriptable, + # I rewrite the get_normalized_probs from Base Class to call the + # helper function in the Base Class. + @torch.jit.export + def get_normalized_probs( + self, + net_output: Tuple[Tensor, Optional[Dict[str, List[Optional[Tensor]]]]], + log_probs: bool, + sample: Optional[Dict[str, Tensor]] = None, + ): + """Get normalized probabilities (or log probs) from a net's output.""" + return self.get_normalized_probs_scriptable(net_output, log_probs, sample) + + +@register_model("transformer_align") +class TransformerAlignModel(TransformerModel): + """ + See "Jointly Learning to Align and Translate with Transformer + Models" (Garg et al., EMNLP 2019). + """ + + def __init__(self, encoder, decoder, args): + super().__init__(args, encoder, decoder) + self.alignment_heads = args.alignment_heads + self.alignment_layer = args.alignment_layer + self.full_context_alignment = args.full_context_alignment + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + # fmt: off + super(TransformerAlignModel, TransformerAlignModel).add_args(parser) + parser.add_argument('--alignment-heads', type=int, metavar='D', + help='Number of cross attention heads per layer to supervised with alignments') + parser.add_argument('--alignment-layer', type=int, metavar='D', + help='Layer number which has to be supervised. 0 corresponding to the bottommost layer.') + parser.add_argument('--full-context-alignment', type=bool, metavar='D', + help='Whether or not alignment is supervised conditioned on the full target context.') + # fmt: on + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + # set any default arguments + transformer_align(args) + + transformer_model = TransformerModel.build_model(args, task) + return TransformerAlignModel( + transformer_model.encoder, transformer_model.decoder, args + ) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens): + encoder_out = self.encoder(src_tokens, src_lengths) + return self.forward_decoder(prev_output_tokens, encoder_out) + + def forward_decoder( + self, + prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out=None, + incremental_state=None, + features_only=False, + **extra_args, + ): + attn_args = { + "alignment_layer": self.alignment_layer, + "alignment_heads": self.alignment_heads, + } + decoder_out = self.decoder(prev_output_tokens, encoder_out, **attn_args) + + if self.full_context_alignment: + attn_args["full_context_alignment"] = self.full_context_alignment + _, alignment_out = self.decoder( + prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out, + features_only=True, + **attn_args, + **extra_args, + ) + decoder_out[1]["attn"] = alignment_out["attn"] + + return decoder_out + + +class TransformerEncoder(FairseqEncoder): + """ + Transformer encoder consisting of *args.encoder_layers* layers. Each layer + is a :class:`TransformerEncoderLayer`. + + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): parsed command-line arguments + dictionary (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): encoding dictionary + embed_tokens (torch.nn.Embedding): input embedding + """ + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary, embed_tokens): + super().__init__(dictionary) + self.register_buffer("version", torch.Tensor([3])) + + self.dropout = args.dropout + self.encoder_layerdrop = args.encoder_layerdrop + + embed_dim = embed_tokens.embedding_dim + self.padding_idx = embed_tokens.padding_idx + self.max_source_positions = args.max_source_positions + + self.embed_tokens = embed_tokens + + self.embed_scale = 1.0 if args.no_scale_embedding else math.sqrt(embed_dim) + + self.embed_positions = ( + PositionalEmbedding( + args.max_source_positions, + embed_dim, + self.padding_idx, + learned=args.encoder_learned_pos, + ) + if not args.no_token_positional_embeddings + else None + ) + + if not args.adaptive_input and args.quant_noise_pq > 0: + self.quant_noise = apply_quant_noise_( + nn.Linear(embed_dim, embed_dim, bias=False), + args.quant_noise_pq, + args.quant_noise_pq_block_size, + ) + else: + self.quant_noise = None + + self.layer_wise_attention = getattr(args, "layer_wise_attention", False) + + self.layers = nn.ModuleList([]) + self.layers.extend( + [self.build_encoder_layer(args) for i in range(args.encoder_layers)] + ) + self.num_layers = len(self.layers) + + if args.encoder_normalize_before: + self.layer_norm = LayerNorm(embed_dim) + else: + self.layer_norm = None + if getattr(args, "layernorm_embedding", False): + self.layernorm_embedding = LayerNorm(embed_dim) + else: + self.layernorm_embedding = None + + def build_encoder_layer(self, args): + return TransformerEncoderLayer(args) + + def forward_embedding(self, src_tokens): + # embed tokens and positions + x = embed = self.embed_scale * self.embed_tokens(src_tokens) + if self.embed_positions is not None: + x = embed + self.embed_positions(src_tokens) + if self.layernorm_embedding is not None: + x = self.layernorm_embedding(x) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + if self.quant_noise is not None: + x = self.quant_noise(x) + return x, embed + + def forward( + self, + src_tokens, + src_lengths, + cls_input: Optional[Tensor] = None, + return_all_hiddens: bool = False, + ): + """ + Args: + src_tokens (LongTensor): tokens in the source language of shape + `(batch, src_len)` + src_lengths (torch.LongTensor): lengths of each source sentence of + shape `(batch)` + return_all_hiddens (bool, optional): also return all of the + intermediate hidden states (default: False). + + Returns: + namedtuple: + - **encoder_out** (Tensor): the last encoder layer's output of + shape `(src_len, batch, embed_dim)` + - **encoder_padding_mask** (ByteTensor): the positions of + padding elements of shape `(batch, src_len)` + - **encoder_embedding** (Tensor): the (scaled) embedding lookup + of shape `(batch, src_len, embed_dim)` + - **encoder_states** (List[Tensor]): all intermediate + hidden states of shape `(src_len, batch, embed_dim)`. + Only populated if *return_all_hiddens* is True. + """ + if self.layer_wise_attention: + return_all_hiddens = True + + x, encoder_embedding = self.forward_embedding(src_tokens) + + # B x T x C -> T x B x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + + # compute padding mask + encoder_padding_mask = src_tokens.eq(self.padding_idx) + + encoder_states = [] if return_all_hiddens else None + + # encoder layers + for layer in self.layers: + # add LayerDrop (see https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11556 for description) + dropout_probability = torch.empty(1).uniform_() + if not self.training or (dropout_probability > self.encoder_layerdrop): + x = layer(x, encoder_padding_mask) + if return_all_hiddens: + assert encoder_states is not None + encoder_states.append(x) + + if self.layer_norm is not None: + x = self.layer_norm(x) + if return_all_hiddens: + encoder_states[-1] = x + + return EncoderOut( + encoder_out=x, # T x B x C + encoder_padding_mask=encoder_padding_mask, # B x T + encoder_embedding=encoder_embedding, # B x T x C + encoder_states=encoder_states, # List[T x B x C] + src_tokens=None, + src_lengths=None, + ) + + @torch.jit.export + def reorder_encoder_out(self, encoder_out: EncoderOut, new_order): + """ + Reorder encoder output according to *new_order*. + + Args: + encoder_out: output from the ``forward()`` method + new_order (LongTensor): desired order + + Returns: + *encoder_out* rearranged according to *new_order* + """ + new_encoder_out: Dict[str, Tensor] = {} + + new_encoder_out["encoder_out"] = ( + encoder_out.encoder_out + if encoder_out.encoder_out is None + else encoder_out.encoder_out.index_select(1, new_order) + ) + new_encoder_out["encoder_padding_mask"] = ( + encoder_out.encoder_padding_mask + if encoder_out.encoder_padding_mask is None + else encoder_out.encoder_padding_mask.index_select(0, new_order) + ) + new_encoder_out["encoder_embedding"] = ( + encoder_out.encoder_embedding + if encoder_out.encoder_embedding is None + else encoder_out.encoder_embedding.index_select(0, new_order) + ) + src_tokens = encoder_out.src_tokens + if src_tokens is not None: + src_tokens = src_tokens.index_select(0, new_order) + + src_lengths = encoder_out.src_lengths + if src_lengths is not None: + src_lengths = src_lengths.index_select(0, new_order) + + encoder_states = encoder_out.encoder_states + if encoder_states is not None: + for idx, state in enumerate(encoder_states): + encoder_states[idx] = state.index_select(1, new_order) + + return EncoderOut( + encoder_out=new_encoder_out["encoder_out"], # T x B x C + encoder_padding_mask=new_encoder_out["encoder_padding_mask"], # B x T + encoder_embedding=new_encoder_out["encoder_embedding"], # B x T x C + encoder_states=encoder_states, # List[T x B x C] + src_tokens=src_tokens, # B x T + src_lengths=src_lengths, # B x 1 + ) + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum input length supported by the encoder.""" + if self.embed_positions is None: + return self.max_source_positions + return min(self.max_source_positions, self.embed_positions.max_positions) + + def buffered_future_mask(self, tensor): + dim = tensor.size(0) + if ( + not hasattr(self, "_future_mask") + or self._future_mask is None + or self._future_mask.device != tensor.device + ): + self._future_mask = torch.triu( + utils.fill_with_neg_inf(tensor.new(dim, dim)), 1 + ) + if self._future_mask.size(0) < dim: + self._future_mask = torch.triu( + utils.fill_with_neg_inf(self._future_mask.resize_(dim, dim)), 1 + ) + return self._future_mask[:dim, :dim] + + def upgrade_state_dict_named(self, state_dict, name): + """Upgrade a (possibly old) state dict for new versions of fairseq.""" + if isinstance(self.embed_positions, SinusoidalPositionalEmbedding): + weights_key = "{}.embed_positions.weights".format(name) + if weights_key in state_dict: + print("deleting {0}".format(weights_key)) + del state_dict[weights_key] + state_dict[ + "{}.embed_positions._float_tensor".format(name) + ] = torch.FloatTensor(1) + for i in range(self.num_layers): + # update layer norms + self.layers[i].upgrade_state_dict_named( + state_dict, "{}.layers.{}".format(name, i) + ) + + version_key = "{}.version".format(name) + if utils.item(state_dict.get(version_key, torch.Tensor([1]))[0]) < 2: + # earlier checkpoints did not normalize after the stack of layers + self.layer_norm = None + self.normalize = False + state_dict[version_key] = torch.Tensor([1]) + return state_dict + + +class TransformerDecoder(FairseqIncrementalDecoder): + """ + Transformer decoder consisting of *args.decoder_layers* layers. Each layer + is a :class:`TransformerDecoderLayer`. + + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): parsed command-line arguments + dictionary (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): decoding dictionary + embed_tokens (torch.nn.Embedding): output embedding + no_encoder_attn (bool, optional): whether to attend to encoder outputs + (default: False). + """ + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary, embed_tokens, no_encoder_attn=False): + self.args = args + super().__init__(dictionary) + self.register_buffer("version", torch.Tensor([3])) + self._future_mask = torch.empty(0) + + self.dropout = args.dropout + self.decoder_layerdrop = args.decoder_layerdrop + self.share_input_output_embed = args.share_decoder_input_output_embed + + input_embed_dim = embed_tokens.embedding_dim + embed_dim = args.decoder_embed_dim + self.embed_dim = embed_dim + self.output_embed_dim = args.decoder_output_dim + + self.padding_idx = embed_tokens.padding_idx + self.max_target_positions = args.max_target_positions + + self.embed_tokens = embed_tokens + + self.embed_scale = 1.0 if args.no_scale_embedding else math.sqrt(embed_dim) + + if not args.adaptive_input and args.quant_noise_pq > 0: + self.quant_noise = apply_quant_noise_( + nn.Linear(embed_dim, embed_dim, bias=False), + args.quant_noise_pq, + args.quant_noise_pq_block_size, + ) + else: + self.quant_noise = None + + self.project_in_dim = ( + Linear(input_embed_dim, embed_dim, bias=False) + if embed_dim != input_embed_dim + else None + ) + + self.embed_positions = ( + PositionalEmbedding( + args.max_target_positions, + embed_dim, + self.padding_idx, + learned=args.decoder_learned_pos, + ) + if not args.no_token_positional_embeddings + else None + ) + + self.cross_self_attention = getattr(args, "cross_self_attention", False) + self.layer_wise_attention = getattr(args, "layer_wise_attention", False) + + self.layers = nn.ModuleList([]) + self.layers.extend( + [ + self.build_decoder_layer(args, no_encoder_attn) + for _ in range(args.decoder_layers) + ] + ) + self.num_layers = len(self.layers) + + self.adaptive_softmax = None + + self.project_out_dim = ( + Linear(embed_dim, self.output_embed_dim, bias=False) + if embed_dim != self.output_embed_dim and not args.tie_adaptive_weights + else None + ) + + if args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff is not None: + self.adaptive_softmax = AdaptiveSoftmax( + len(dictionary), + self.output_embed_dim, + options.eval_str_list(args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff, type=int), + dropout=args.adaptive_softmax_dropout, + adaptive_inputs=embed_tokens if args.tie_adaptive_weights else None, + factor=args.adaptive_softmax_factor, + tie_proj=args.tie_adaptive_proj, + ) + + if args.decoder_normalize_before and not getattr( + args, "no_decoder_final_norm", False + ): + self.layer_norm = LayerNorm(embed_dim) + else: + self.layer_norm = None + if getattr(args, "layernorm_embedding", False): + self.layernorm_embedding = LayerNorm(embed_dim) + else: + self.layernorm_embedding = None + + if self.share_input_output_embed: + self.output_projection = nn.Linear( + self.embed_tokens.weight.shape[1], + self.embed_tokens.weight.shape[0], + bias=False, + ) + self.output_projection.weight = self.embed_tokens.weight + else: + self.output_projection = nn.Linear( + self.output_embed_dim, len(dictionary), bias=False + ) + nn.init.normal_( + self.output_projection.weight, mean=0, std=self.output_embed_dim ** -0.5 + ) + + def build_decoder_layer(self, args, no_encoder_attn=False): + return TransformerDecoderLayer(args, no_encoder_attn) + + def forward( + self, + prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out: Optional[EncoderOut] = None, + incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]] = None, + features_only: bool = False, + alignment_layer: Optional[int] = None, + alignment_heads: Optional[int] = None, + src_lengths: Optional[Any] = None, + return_all_hiddens: bool = False, + ): + """ + Args: + prev_output_tokens (LongTensor): previous decoder outputs of shape + `(batch, tgt_len)`, for teacher forcing + encoder_out (optional): output from the encoder, used for + encoder-side attention + incremental_state (dict): dictionary used for storing state during + :ref:`Incremental decoding` + features_only (bool, optional): only return features without + applying output layer (default: False). + + Returns: + tuple: + - the decoder's output of shape `(batch, tgt_len, vocab)` + - a dictionary with any model-specific outputs + """ + x, extra = self.extract_features( + prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out, + incremental_state=incremental_state, + alignment_layer=alignment_layer, + alignment_heads=alignment_heads, + ) + if not features_only: + x = self.output_layer(x) + return x, extra + + def extract_features( + self, + prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out: Optional[EncoderOut] = None, + incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]] = None, + full_context_alignment: bool = False, + alignment_layer: Optional[int] = None, + alignment_heads: Optional[int] = None, + ): + """ + Similar to *forward* but only return features. + + Includes several features from "Jointly Learning to Align and + Translate with Transformer Models" (Garg et al., EMNLP 2019). + + Args: + full_context_alignment (bool, optional): don't apply + auto-regressive mask to self-attention (default: False). + alignment_layer (int, optional): return mean alignment over + heads at this layer (default: last layer). + alignment_heads (int, optional): only average alignment over + this many heads (default: all heads). + + Returns: + tuple: + - the decoder's features of shape `(batch, tgt_len, embed_dim)` + - a dictionary with any model-specific outputs + """ + if alignment_layer is None: + alignment_layer = self.num_layers - 1 + + # embed positions + positions = ( + self.embed_positions( + prev_output_tokens, incremental_state=incremental_state + ) + if self.embed_positions is not None + else None + ) + + if incremental_state is not None: + prev_output_tokens = prev_output_tokens[:, -1:] + if positions is not None: + positions = positions[:, -1:] + + # embed tokens and positions + x = self.embed_scale * self.embed_tokens(prev_output_tokens) + + if self.quant_noise is not None: + x = self.quant_noise(x) + + if self.project_in_dim is not None: + x = self.project_in_dim(x) + + if positions is not None: + x += positions + + if self.layernorm_embedding is not None: + x = self.layernorm_embedding(x) + + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + + # B x T x C -> T x B x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + + self_attn_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None + if self.cross_self_attention or prev_output_tokens.eq(self.padding_idx).any(): + self_attn_padding_mask = prev_output_tokens.eq(self.padding_idx) + + # decoder layers + attn: Optional[Tensor] = None + inner_states: List[Optional[Tensor]] = [x] + for idx, layer in enumerate(self.layers): + encoder_state: Optional[Tensor] = None + if encoder_out is not None: + if self.layer_wise_attention: + encoder_states = encoder_out.encoder_states + assert encoder_states is not None + encoder_state = encoder_states[idx] + else: + encoder_state = encoder_out.encoder_out + + if incremental_state is None and not full_context_alignment: + self_attn_mask = self.buffered_future_mask(x) + else: + self_attn_mask = None + + # add LayerDrop (see https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11556 for description) + dropout_probability = torch.empty(1).uniform_() + if not self.training or (dropout_probability > self.decoder_layerdrop): + x, layer_attn, _ = layer( + x, + encoder_state, + encoder_out.encoder_padding_mask + if encoder_out is not None + else None, + incremental_state, + self_attn_mask=self_attn_mask, + self_attn_padding_mask=self_attn_padding_mask, + need_attn=bool((idx == alignment_layer)), + need_head_weights=bool((idx == alignment_layer)), + ) + inner_states.append(x) + if layer_attn is not None and idx == alignment_layer: + attn = layer_attn.float().to(x) + + if attn is not None: + if alignment_heads is not None: + attn = attn[:alignment_heads] + + # average probabilities over heads + attn = attn.mean(dim=0) + + if self.layer_norm is not None: + x = self.layer_norm(x) + + # T x B x C -> B x T x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + + if self.project_out_dim is not None: + x = self.project_out_dim(x) + + return x, {"attn": [attn], "inner_states": inner_states} + + def output_layer(self, features): + """Project features to the vocabulary size.""" + if self.adaptive_softmax is None: + # project back to size of vocabulary + return self.output_projection(features) + else: + return features + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum output length supported by the decoder.""" + if self.embed_positions is None: + return self.max_target_positions + return min(self.max_target_positions, self.embed_positions.max_positions) + + def buffered_future_mask(self, tensor): + dim = tensor.size(0) + # self._future_mask.device != tensor.device is not working in TorchScript. This is a workaround. + if ( + self._future_mask.size(0) == 0 + or (not self._future_mask.device == tensor.device) + or self._future_mask.size(0) < dim + ): + self._future_mask = torch.triu( + utils.fill_with_neg_inf(torch.zeros([dim, dim])), 1 + ) + self._future_mask = self._future_mask.to(tensor) + return self._future_mask[:dim, :dim] + + def upgrade_state_dict_named(self, state_dict, name): + """Upgrade a (possibly old) state dict for new versions of fairseq.""" + if isinstance(self.embed_positions, SinusoidalPositionalEmbedding): + weights_key = "{}.embed_positions.weights".format(name) + if weights_key in state_dict: + del state_dict[weights_key] + state_dict[ + "{}.embed_positions._float_tensor".format(name) + ] = torch.FloatTensor(1) + + if self.share_input_output_embed: + embed_out_key = f"{name}.embed_tokens.weight" + else: + embed_out_key = f"{name}.embed_out" + if embed_out_key in state_dict: + state_dict[f"{name}.output_projection.weight"] = state_dict[embed_out_key] + if not self.share_input_output_embed: + del state_dict[embed_out_key] + + for i in range(self.num_layers): + # update layer norms + layer_norm_map = { + "0": "self_attn_layer_norm", + "1": "encoder_attn_layer_norm", + "2": "final_layer_norm", + } + for old, new in layer_norm_map.items(): + for m in ("weight", "bias"): + k = "{}.layers.{}.layer_norms.{}.{}".format(name, i, old, m) + if k in state_dict: + state_dict[ + "{}.layers.{}.{}.{}".format(name, i, new, m) + ] = state_dict[k] + del state_dict[k] + + version_key = "{}.version".format(name) + if utils.item(state_dict.get(version_key, torch.Tensor([1]))[0]) <= 2: + # earlier checkpoints did not normalize after the stack of layers + self.layer_norm = None + self.normalize = False + state_dict[version_key] = torch.Tensor([1]) + + return state_dict + + # Overwrite the method to temporaily support JIT scripting in Transformer + @torch.jit.export + def reorder_incremental_state( + self, + incremental_state: Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]], + new_order: Tensor, + ): + """Scriptable reorder incremental state in the transformer.""" + for layer in self.layers: + layer.reorder_incremental_state(incremental_state, new_order) + + +def Embedding(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx): + m = nn.Embedding(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx=padding_idx) + nn.init.normal_(m.weight, mean=0, std=embedding_dim ** -0.5) + nn.init.constant_(m.weight[padding_idx], 0) + return m + + +def Linear(in_features, out_features, bias=True): + m = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features, bias) + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(m.weight) + if bias: + nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0.0) + return m + + +@register_model_architecture("transformer", "transformer") +def base_architecture(args): + args.encoder_embed_path = getattr(args, "encoder_embed_path", None) + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_embed_dim", 512) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_ffn_embed_dim", 2048) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, "encoder_layers", 6) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "encoder_attention_heads", 8) + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "encoder_normalize_before", False) + args.encoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, "encoder_learned_pos", False) + args.decoder_embed_path = getattr(args, "decoder_embed_path", None) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_embed_dim", args.encoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr( + args, "decoder_ffn_embed_dim", args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim + ) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, "decoder_layers", 6) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "decoder_attention_heads", 8) + args.decoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "decoder_normalize_before", False) + args.decoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, "decoder_learned_pos", False) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, "attention_dropout", 0.0) + args.activation_dropout = getattr(args, "activation_dropout", 0.0) + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, "activation_fn", "relu") + args.dropout = getattr(args, "dropout", 0.1) + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff = getattr(args, "adaptive_softmax_cutoff", None) + args.adaptive_softmax_dropout = getattr(args, "adaptive_softmax_dropout", 0) + args.share_decoder_input_output_embed = getattr( + args, "share_decoder_input_output_embed", False + ) + args.share_all_embeddings = getattr(args, "share_all_embeddings", False) + args.no_token_positional_embeddings = getattr( + args, "no_token_positional_embeddings", False + ) + args.adaptive_input = getattr(args, "adaptive_input", False) + args.no_cross_attention = getattr(args, "no_cross_attention", False) + args.cross_self_attention = getattr(args, "cross_self_attention", False) + args.layer_wise_attention = getattr(args, "layer_wise_attention", False) + + args.decoder_output_dim = getattr( + args, "decoder_output_dim", args.decoder_embed_dim + ) + args.decoder_input_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_input_dim", args.decoder_embed_dim) + + args.no_scale_embedding = getattr(args, "no_scale_embedding", False) + args.layernorm_embedding = getattr(args, "layernorm_embedding", False) + + +@register_model_architecture("transformer", "transformer_iwslt_de_en") +def transformer_iwslt_de_en(args): + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_embed_dim", 512) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_ffn_embed_dim", 1024) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "encoder_attention_heads", 4) + args.encoder_layers = getattr(args, "encoder_layers", 6) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_embed_dim", 512) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_ffn_embed_dim", 1024) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "decoder_attention_heads", 4) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, "decoder_layers", 6) + base_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture("transformer", "transformer_wmt_en_de") +def transformer_wmt_en_de(args): + base_architecture(args) + + +# parameters used in the "Attention Is All You Need" paper (Vaswani et al., 2017) +@register_model_architecture("transformer", "transformer_vaswani_wmt_en_de_big") +def transformer_vaswani_wmt_en_de_big(args): + args.encoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_embed_dim", 1024) + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, "encoder_ffn_embed_dim", 4096) + args.encoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "encoder_attention_heads", 16) + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "encoder_normalize_before", False) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_embed_dim", 1024) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, "decoder_ffn_embed_dim", 4096) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, "decoder_attention_heads", 16) + args.dropout = getattr(args, "dropout", 0.3) + base_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture("transformer", "transformer_vaswani_wmt_en_fr_big") +def transformer_vaswani_wmt_en_fr_big(args): + args.dropout = getattr(args, "dropout", 0.1) + transformer_vaswani_wmt_en_de_big(args) + + +@register_model_architecture("transformer", "transformer_wmt_en_de_big") +def transformer_wmt_en_de_big(args): + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, "attention_dropout", 0.1) + transformer_vaswani_wmt_en_de_big(args) + + +# default parameters used in tensor2tensor implementation +@register_model_architecture("transformer", "transformer_wmt_en_de_big_t2t") +def transformer_wmt_en_de_big_t2t(args): + args.encoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "encoder_normalize_before", True) + args.decoder_normalize_before = getattr(args, "decoder_normalize_before", True) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, "attention_dropout", 0.1) + args.activation_dropout = getattr(args, "activation_dropout", 0.1) + transformer_vaswani_wmt_en_de_big(args) + + +@register_model_architecture("transformer_align", "transformer_align") +def transformer_align(args): + args.alignment_heads = getattr(args, "alignment_heads", 1) + args.alignment_layer = getattr(args, "alignment_layer", 4) + args.full_context_alignment = getattr(args, "full_context_alignment", False) + base_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture("transformer_align", "transformer_wmt_en_de_big_align") +def transformer_wmt_en_de_big_align(args): + args.alignment_heads = getattr(args, "alignment_heads", 1) + args.alignment_layer = getattr(args, "alignment_layer", 4) + transformer_wmt_en_de_big(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/transformer_from_pretrained_xlm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/transformer_from_pretrained_xlm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd03c8450fa35221e7cb6c10ccad7479bff517ce --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/transformer_from_pretrained_xlm.py @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import os +from typing import Any, Dict + +from fairseq import checkpoint_utils +from fairseq.data.legacy.masked_lm_dictionary import MaskedLMDictionary +from fairseq.models import register_model, register_model_architecture +from fairseq.models.transformer import ( + TransformerDecoder, + TransformerEncoder, + TransformerModel, + base_architecture as transformer_base_architecture, +) + + +@register_model("transformer_from_pretrained_xlm") +class TransformerFromPretrainedXLMModel(TransformerModel): + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add model-specific arguments to the parser.""" + TransformerModel.add_args(parser) + parser.add_argument( + "--pretrained-xlm-checkpoint", + type=str, + metavar="STR", + help="XLM model to use for initializing transformer encoder and/or decoder", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--init-encoder-only", + action="store_true", + help="if set, don't load the XLM weights and embeddings into decoder", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--init-decoder-only", + action="store_true", + help="if set, don't load the XLM weights and embeddings into encoder", + ) + + @classmethod + def build_model(self, args, task, cls_dictionary=MaskedLMDictionary): + assert hasattr(args, "pretrained_xlm_checkpoint"), ( + "You must specify a path for --pretrained-xlm-checkpoint to use " + "--arch transformer_from_pretrained_xlm" + ) + assert isinstance(task.source_dictionary, cls_dictionary) and isinstance( + task.target_dictionary, cls_dictionary + ), ( + "You should use a MaskedLMDictionary when using --arch " + "transformer_from_pretrained_xlm because the pretrained XLM model " + "was trained using data binarized with MaskedLMDictionary. " + "For translation, you may want to use --task " + "translation_from_pretrained_xlm" + ) + assert not ( + getattr(args, "init_encoder_only", False) + and getattr(args, "init_decoder_only", False) + ), "Only one of --init-encoder-only and --init-decoder-only can be set." + return super().build_model(args, task) + + @classmethod + def build_encoder(cls, args, src_dict, embed_tokens): + return TransformerEncoderFromPretrainedXLM(args, src_dict, embed_tokens) + + @classmethod + def build_decoder(cls, args, tgt_dict, embed_tokens): + return TransformerDecoderFromPretrainedXLM(args, tgt_dict, embed_tokens) + + +def upgrade_state_dict_with_xlm_weights( + state_dict: Dict[str, Any], pretrained_xlm_checkpoint: str +) -> Dict[str, Any]: + """ + Load XLM weights into a Transformer encoder or decoder model. + + Args: + state_dict: state dict for either TransformerEncoder or + TransformerDecoder + pretrained_xlm_checkpoint: checkpoint to load XLM weights from + + Raises: + AssertionError: If architecture (num layers, attention heads, etc.) + does not match between the current Transformer encoder or + decoder and the pretrained_xlm_checkpoint + """ + if not os.path.exists(pretrained_xlm_checkpoint): + raise IOError("Model file not found: {}".format(pretrained_xlm_checkpoint)) + + state = checkpoint_utils.load_checkpoint_to_cpu(pretrained_xlm_checkpoint) + xlm_state_dict = state["model"] + for key in xlm_state_dict.keys(): + + for search_key in ["embed_tokens", "embed_positions", "layers"]: + if search_key in key: + subkey = key[key.find(search_key):] + assert subkey in state_dict, ( + "{} Transformer encoder / decoder " + "state_dict does not contain {}. Cannot " + "load {} from pretrained XLM checkpoint " + "{} into Transformer.".format( + str(state_dict.keys()), + subkey, key, pretrained_xlm_checkpoint) + ) + + state_dict[subkey] = xlm_state_dict[key] + return state_dict + + +class TransformerEncoderFromPretrainedXLM(TransformerEncoder): + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary, embed_tokens): + super().__init__(args, dictionary, embed_tokens) + if getattr(args, 'init_decoder_only', False): + # Don't load XLM weights for encoder if --init-decoder-only + return + + assert hasattr(args, "pretrained_xlm_checkpoint"), ( + "--pretrained-xlm-checkpoint must be specified to load Transformer " + "encoder from pretrained XLM" + ) + xlm_loaded_state_dict = upgrade_state_dict_with_xlm_weights( + state_dict=self.state_dict(), + pretrained_xlm_checkpoint=args.pretrained_xlm_checkpoint, + ) + self.load_state_dict(xlm_loaded_state_dict, strict=True) + + +class TransformerDecoderFromPretrainedXLM(TransformerDecoder): + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary, embed_tokens, no_encoder_attn=False): + super().__init__(args, dictionary, embed_tokens, no_encoder_attn) + if getattr(args, 'init_encoder_only', False): + # Don't load XLM weights for decoder if --init-encoder-only + return + assert hasattr(args, "pretrained_xlm_checkpoint"), ( + "--pretrained-xlm-checkpoint must be specified to load Transformer " + "decoder from pretrained XLM" + ) + + xlm_loaded_state_dict = upgrade_state_dict_with_xlm_weights( + state_dict=self.state_dict(), + pretrained_xlm_checkpoint=args.pretrained_xlm_checkpoint, + ) + self.load_state_dict(xlm_loaded_state_dict, strict=True) + + +@register_model_architecture( + "transformer_from_pretrained_xlm", "transformer_from_pretrained_xlm" +) +def base_architecture(args): + transformer_base_architecture(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/transformer_lm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/transformer_lm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..016e8c074355a071c651e4ce6d8374b1378b946b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/transformer_lm.py @@ -0,0 +1,303 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq import options, utils +from fairseq.models import ( + FairseqLanguageModel, + register_model, + register_model_architecture, +) +from fairseq.models.transformer import ( + Embedding, + TransformerDecoder, +) +from fairseq.modules import ( + AdaptiveInput, + CharacterTokenEmbedder, +) + +DEFAULT_MAX_TARGET_POSITIONS = 1024 + + +@register_model('transformer_lm') +class TransformerLanguageModel(FairseqLanguageModel): + + @classmethod + def hub_models(cls): + + def moses_fastbpe(path): + return { + 'path': path, + 'tokenizer': 'moses', + 'bpe': 'fastbpe', + } + + return { + 'transformer_lm.gbw.adaptive_huge': 'https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/lm/adaptive_lm_gbw_huge.tar.bz2', + 'transformer_lm.wiki103.adaptive': 'https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/lm/adaptive_lm_wiki103.tar.bz2', + 'transformer_lm.wmt19.en': moses_fastbpe('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/lm/wmt19.en.tar.bz2'), + 'transformer_lm.wmt19.de': moses_fastbpe('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/lm/wmt19.de.tar.bz2'), + 'transformer_lm.wmt19.ru': moses_fastbpe('https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fairseq/models/lm/wmt19.ru.tar.bz2'), + } + + def __init__(self, decoder): + super().__init__(decoder) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add model-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--activation-fn', + choices=utils.get_available_activation_fns(), + help='activation function to use') + parser.add_argument('--dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability') + parser.add_argument('--attention-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability for attention weights') + parser.add_argument('--activation-dropout', '--relu-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='dropout probability after activation in FFN.') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder embedding dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-output-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder output dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-input-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder input dimension') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-ffn-embed-dim', type=int, metavar='N', + help='decoder embedding dimension for FFN') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-layers', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num decoder layers') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-attention-heads', type=int, metavar='N', + help='num decoder attention heads') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-normalize-before', action='store_true', + help='apply layernorm before each decoder block') + parser.add_argument('--no-decoder-final-norm', action='store_true', + help='don\'t add an extra layernorm after the last decoder block') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-softmax-cutoff', metavar='EXPR', + help='comma separated list of adaptive softmax cutoff points. ' + 'Must be used with adaptive_loss criterion') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-softmax-dropout', type=float, metavar='D', + help='sets adaptive softmax dropout for the tail projections') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-softmax-factor', type=float, metavar='N', + help='adaptive input factor') + parser.add_argument('--no-token-positional-embeddings', action='store_true', + help='if set, disables positional embeddings (outside self attention)') + parser.add_argument('--share-decoder-input-output-embed', action='store_true', + help='share decoder input and output embeddings') + parser.add_argument('--character-embeddings', action='store_true', + help='if set, uses character embedding convolutions to produce token embeddings') + parser.add_argument('--character-filters', type=str, metavar='LIST', + default='[(1, 64), (2, 128), (3, 192), (4, 256), (5, 256), (6, 256), (7, 256)]', + help='size of character embeddings') + parser.add_argument('--character-embedding-dim', default=4, type=int, metavar='N', + help='size of character embeddings') + parser.add_argument('--char-embedder-highway-layers', default=2, type=int, metavar='N', + help='number of highway layers for character token embeddder') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-input', action='store_true', + help='if set, uses adaptive input') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-input-factor', type=float, metavar='N', + help='adaptive input factor') + parser.add_argument('--adaptive-input-cutoff', metavar='EXPR', + help='comma separated list of adaptive input cutoff points.') + parser.add_argument('--tie-adaptive-weights', action='store_true', + help='if set, ties the weights of adaptive softmax and adaptive input') + parser.add_argument('--tie-adaptive-proj', action='store_true', + help='if set, ties the projection weights of adaptive softmax and adaptive input') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-learned-pos', action='store_true', + help='use learned positional embeddings in the decoder') + parser.add_argument('--layernorm-embedding', action='store_true', + help='add layernorm to embedding') + parser.add_argument('--no-scale-embedding', action='store_true', + help='if True, dont scale embeddings') + # args for "Reducing Transformer Depth on Demand with Structured Dropout" (Fan et al., 2019) + parser.add_argument('--decoder-layerdrop', type=float, metavar='D', default=0, + help='LayerDrop probability for decoder') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-layers-to-keep', default=None, + help='which layers to *keep* when pruning as a comma-separated list') + # args for Training with Quantization Noise for Extreme Model Compression ({Fan*, Stock*} et al., 2020) + parser.add_argument('--quant-noise-pq', type=float, metavar='D', default=0, + help='iterative PQ quantization noise at training time') + parser.add_argument('--quant-noise-pq-block-size', type=int, metavar='D', default=8, + help='block size of quantization noise at training time') + parser.add_argument('--quant-noise-scalar', type=float, metavar='D', default=0, + help='scalar quantization noise and scalar quantization at training time') + # fmt: on + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + """Build a new model instance.""" + + # make sure all arguments are present in older models + base_lm_architecture(args) + + if args.decoder_layers_to_keep: + args.decoder_layers = len(args.decoder_layers_to_keep.split(",")) + + if getattr(args, 'max_target_positions', None) is None: + args.max_target_positions = getattr(args, 'tokens_per_sample', DEFAULT_MAX_TARGET_POSITIONS) + + if args.character_embeddings: + embed_tokens = CharacterTokenEmbedder( + task.source_dictionary, eval(args.character_filters), + args.character_embedding_dim, args.decoder_embed_dim, + args.char_embedder_highway_layers, + ) + elif args.adaptive_input: + embed_tokens = AdaptiveInput( + len(task.source_dictionary), task.source_dictionary.pad(), args.decoder_input_dim, + args.adaptive_input_factor, args.decoder_embed_dim, + options.eval_str_list(args.adaptive_input_cutoff, type=int), + args.quant_noise_pq, args.quant_noise_pq_block_size, + ) + else: + embed_tokens = cls.build_embedding(args, task.source_dictionary, args.decoder_input_dim) + + if args.tie_adaptive_weights: + assert args.adaptive_input + assert args.adaptive_input_factor == args.adaptive_softmax_factor + assert args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff == args.adaptive_input_cutoff, '{} != {}'.format( + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff, args.adaptive_input_cutoff) + assert args.decoder_input_dim == args.decoder_output_dim + + decoder = TransformerDecoder( + args, task.target_dictionary, embed_tokens, no_encoder_attn=True, + ) + return cls(decoder) + + @classmethod + def build_embedding(cls, args, dictionary, embed_dim, path=None): + embed_tokens = Embedding(len(dictionary), embed_dim, dictionary.pad()) + return embed_tokens + +@register_model_architecture('transformer_lm', 'transformer_lm') +def base_lm_architecture(args): + # backward compatibility for older model checkpoints + if hasattr(args, 'no_tie_adaptive_proj'): + # previous models defined --no-tie-adaptive-proj, so use the existence of + # that option to determine if this is an "old" model checkpoint + args.no_decoder_final_norm = True # old models always set this to True + if args.no_tie_adaptive_proj is False: + args.tie_adaptive_proj = True + if hasattr(args, 'decoder_final_norm'): + args.no_decoder_final_norm = not args.decoder_final_norm + + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.0) + + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', 2048) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 6) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 8) + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_cutoff', None) + args.adaptive_softmax_dropout = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_dropout', 0) + args.adaptive_softmax_factor = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_factor', 4) + args.decoder_learned_pos = getattr(args, 'decoder_learned_pos', False) + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, 'activation_fn', 'relu') + + args.add_bos_token = getattr(args, 'add_bos_token', False) + args.no_token_positional_embeddings = getattr(args, 'no_token_positional_embeddings', False) + args.share_decoder_input_output_embed = getattr(args, 'share_decoder_input_output_embed', False) + args.character_embeddings = getattr(args, 'character_embeddings', False) + + args.decoder_output_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_output_dim', args.decoder_embed_dim) + args.decoder_input_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_input_dim', args.decoder_embed_dim) + + # Model training is not stable without this + args.decoder_normalize_before = True + args.no_decoder_final_norm = getattr(args, 'no_decoder_final_norm', False) + + args.adaptive_input = getattr(args, 'adaptive_input', False) + args.adaptive_input_factor = getattr(args, 'adaptive_input_factor', 4) + args.adaptive_input_cutoff = getattr(args, 'adaptive_input_cutoff', None) + + args.tie_adaptive_weights = getattr(args, 'tie_adaptive_weights', False) + args.tie_adaptive_proj = getattr(args, 'tie_adaptive_proj', False) + + args.no_scale_embedding = getattr(args, 'no_scale_embedding', False) + args.layernorm_embedding = getattr(args, 'layernorm_embedding', False) + + +@register_model_architecture('transformer_lm', 'transformer_lm_big') +def transformer_lm_big(args): + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 12) + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 1024) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', 4096) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 16) + base_lm_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('transformer_lm', 'transformer_lm_wiki103') +@register_model_architecture('transformer_lm', 'transformer_lm_baevski_wiki103') +def transformer_lm_baevski_wiki103(args): + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 16) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 8) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.3) + args.adaptive_input = getattr(args, 'adaptive_input', True) + args.tie_adaptive_weights = getattr(args, 'tie_adaptive_weights', True) + args.adaptive_input_cutoff = getattr(args, 'adaptive_input_cutoff', '20000,60000') + args.adaptive_softmax_cutoff = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_cutoff', '20000,60000') + args.adaptive_softmax_dropout = getattr(args, 'adaptive_softmax_dropout', 0.2) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + args.activation_dropout = getattr(args, 'activation_dropout', 0.1) + args.no_decoder_final_norm = getattr(args, 'no_decoder_final_norm', True) + args.tie_adaptive_proj = getattr(args, 'tie_adaptive_proj', True) + transformer_lm_big(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('transformer_lm', 'transformer_lm_gbw') +@register_model_architecture('transformer_lm', 'transformer_lm_baevski_gbw') +def transformer_lm_baevski_gbw(args): + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 512) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + args.no_decoder_final_norm = getattr(args, 'no_decoder_final_norm', True) + transformer_lm_big(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('transformer_lm', 'transformer_lm_gpt') +def transformer_lm_gpt(args): + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 768) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', 3072) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 12) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 12) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, 'activation_fn', 'gelu') + base_lm_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('transformer_lm', 'transformer_lm_gpt2_small') +def transformer_lm_gpt2_small(args): + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 1024) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', 4096) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 24) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 16) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, 'activation_fn', 'gelu') + base_lm_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('transformer_lm', 'transformer_lm_gpt2_medium') +def transformer_lm_gpt2_medium(args): + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 1280) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', 5120) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 36) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 20) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, 'activation_fn', 'gelu') + base_lm_architecture(args) + + +@register_model_architecture('transformer_lm', 'transformer_lm_gpt2_big') +def transformer_lm_gpt2_big(args): + args.decoder_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_embed_dim', 1600) + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim = getattr(args, 'decoder_ffn_embed_dim', 6400) + args.decoder_layers = getattr(args, 'decoder_layers', 48) + args.decoder_attention_heads = getattr(args, 'decoder_attention_heads', 25) + args.dropout = getattr(args, 'dropout', 0.1) + args.attention_dropout = getattr(args, 'attention_dropout', 0.1) + args.activation_fn = getattr(args, 'activation_fn', 'gelu') + base_lm_architecture(args) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/wav2vec.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/wav2vec.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38a25db0a8dfb39b24d6cddc1acb635e7b110ea6 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/models/wav2vec.py @@ -0,0 +1,744 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging +import math +import sys + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq.models import BaseFairseqModel, register_model, register_model_architecture +from fairseq.modules import ( + Fp32GroupNorm, + Fp32LayerNorm, + GumbelVectorQuantizer, + KmeansVectorQuantizer, +) +from fairseq.utils import buffered_arange + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_model("wav2vec") +class Wav2VecModel(BaseFairseqModel): + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add model-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument( + "--prediction-steps", + type=int, + metavar="N", + help="number of steps ahead to predict", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--sample-distance", + type=int, + metavar="N", + help="sample distance from target. does not work properly with cross-sampling", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--cross-sample-negatives", + type=int, + metavar="N", + help="num of cross sampled negatives", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--num-negatives", type=int, metavar="N", help="number of negative examples" + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--conv-feature-layers", + type=str, + metavar="EXPR", + help="convolutional feature extraction layers [(dim, kernel_size, stride), ...]", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--conv-aggregator-layers", + type=str, + metavar="EXPR", + help="convolutional feature extraction layers [(dim, kernel_size, stride), ...]", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--dropout", + type=float, + metavar="D", + help="dropout to apply within the model", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--dropout-features", + type=float, + metavar="D", + help="dropout to apply to the features", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--dropout-agg", + type=float, + metavar="D", + help="dropout to apply after aggregation step", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--encoder", type=str, choices=["cnn"], help="type of encoder to use" + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--aggregator", + type=str, + choices=["cnn", "gru"], + help="type of aggregator to use", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--gru-dim", type=int, metavar="N", help="GRU dimensionality" + ) + + parser.add_argument( + "--no-conv-bias", + action="store_true", + help="if set, does not learn bias for conv layers", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--agg-zero-pad", + action="store_true", + help="if set, zero pads in aggregator instead of repl pad", + ) + + parser.add_argument( + "--skip-connections-feat", + action="store_true", + help="if set, adds skip connections to the feature extractor", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--skip-connections-agg", + action="store_true", + help="if set, adds skip connections to the aggregator", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--residual-scale", + type=float, + metavar="D", + help="scales residual by sqrt(value)", + ) + + parser.add_argument( + "--log-compression", + action="store_true", + help="if set, adds a log compression to feature extractor", + ) + + parser.add_argument( + "--balanced-classes", + action="store_true", + help="if set, loss is scaled to balance for number of negatives", + ) + + parser.add_argument( + "--project-features", + choices=["none", "same", "new"], + help="if not none, features are projected using the (same or new) aggregator", + ) + + parser.add_argument( + "--non-affine-group-norm", + action="store_true", + help="if set, group norm is not affine", + ) + + parser.add_argument( + "--offset", + help="if set, introduces an offset from target to predictions. " + 'if set to "auto", it is computed automatically from the receptive field', + ) + + parser.add_argument( + "--activation", + type=str, + choices=["relu", "gelu"], + help="which activation function to use", + ) + + parser.add_argument( + "--vq-type", + type=str, + choices=["none", "gumbel", "kmeans"], + help="which type of quantizer to use", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--vq-vars", + type=int, + metavar="N", + help="if set, project to this many vector quantized variables per group", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--vq-groups", + type=int, + metavar="N", + help="number of groups of latent variables", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--vq-dim", + type=int, + metavar="N", + help="uses this dimensionality for quantized vectors", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--vq-depth", + type=int, + metavar="N", + help="number of layers for vq weight projection", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--combine-groups", + action="store_true", + help="if set, variables are shared among groups", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--vq-temp", + type=str, + metavar="TEMP", + help="temperature for latent variable sampling with gumbel softmax. should be a tuple of 3 values (start, end, decay)", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--vq-gamma", + type=float, + metavar="D", + help="gamma parameter for kmeans style vector quantization", + ) + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + """Build a new model instance.""" + + # make sure all arguments are present in older models + base_wav2vec_architecture(args) + + model = Wav2VecModel(args) + logger.info(model) + return model + + def __init__(self, args): + super().__init__() + + self.prediction_steps = args.prediction_steps + offset = args.offset + + if args.activation == "relu": + activation = nn.ReLU() + elif args.activation == "gelu": + activation = nn.GELU() + else: + raise Exception("unknown activation " + args.activation) + + if args.encoder == "cnn": + feature_enc_layers = eval(args.conv_feature_layers) + self.feature_extractor = ConvFeatureExtractionModel( + conv_layers=feature_enc_layers, + dropout=0.0, + log_compression=args.log_compression, + skip_connections=args.skip_connections_feat, + residual_scale=args.residual_scale, + non_affine_group_norm=args.non_affine_group_norm, + activation=activation, + ) + embed = feature_enc_layers[-1][0] + else: + raise Exception("unknown encoder type " + args.encoder) + + self.vector_quantizer = None + if args.vq_type == "gumbel": + self.vector_quantizer = GumbelVectorQuantizer( + dim=embed, + num_vars=args.vq_vars, + temp=eval(args.vq_temp), + groups=args.vq_groups, + combine_groups=args.combine_groups, + vq_dim=args.vq_dim if args.vq_dim > 0 else embed, + time_first=False, + activation=activation, + weight_proj_depth=args.vq_depth, + weight_proj_factor=2, + ) + elif args.vq_type == "kmeans": + self.vector_quantizer = KmeansVectorQuantizer( + dim=embed, + num_vars=args.vq_vars, + groups=args.vq_groups, + combine_groups=args.combine_groups, + vq_dim=args.vq_dim if args.vq_dim > 0 else embed, + time_first=False, + gamma=args.vq_gamma, + ) + else: + assert ( + args.vq_type == "none" or args.vq_type is None + ), "Unknown quantizer type" + + if args.offset == "auto": + assert args.encoder == "cnn" + jin = 0 + rin = 0 + for _, k, stride in feature_enc_layers: + if rin == 0: + rin = k + rin = rin + (k - 1) * jin + if jin == 0: + jin = stride + else: + jin *= stride + offset = math.ceil(rin / jin) + + offset = int(offset) + + def make_aggregator(): + if args.aggregator == "cnn": + agg_layers = eval(args.conv_aggregator_layers) + agg_dim = agg_layers[-1][0] + feature_aggregator = ConvAggegator( + conv_layers=agg_layers, + embed=embed, + dropout=args.dropout, + skip_connections=args.skip_connections_agg, + residual_scale=args.residual_scale, + non_affine_group_norm=args.non_affine_group_norm, + conv_bias=not args.no_conv_bias, + zero_pad=args.agg_zero_pad, + activation=activation, + ) + elif args.aggregator == "gru": + agg_dim = args.gru_dim + feature_aggregator = nn.Sequential( + TransposeLast(), + nn.GRU( + input_size=embed, + hidden_size=agg_dim, + num_layers=1, + dropout=args.dropout, + ), + TransposeLast(deconstruct_idx=0), + ) + else: + raise Exception("unknown aggregator type " + args.aggregator) + + return feature_aggregator, agg_dim + + self.feature_aggregator, agg_dim = make_aggregator() + + self.wav2vec_predictions = Wav2VecPredictionsModel( + in_dim=agg_dim, + out_dim=embed, + prediction_steps=args.prediction_steps, + n_negatives=args.num_negatives, + cross_sample_negatives=args.cross_sample_negatives, + sample_distance=args.sample_distance, + dropout=args.dropout, + offset=offset, + balanced_classes=args.balanced_classes, + infonce=args.infonce, + ) + + self.dropout_feats = nn.Dropout(p=args.dropout_features) + self.dropout_agg = nn.Dropout(p=args.dropout_agg) + + if args.project_features == "none": + self.project_features = None + elif args.project_features == "same": + self.project_features = self.feature_aggregator + elif args.project_features == "new": + self.project_features, _ = make_aggregator() + + def forward(self, source): + result = {} + + features = self.feature_extractor(source) + if self.vector_quantizer: + q_res = self.vector_quantizer(features) + features = q_res["x"] + for k in q_res.keys(): + if k != "x": + result[k] = q_res[k] + + x = self.dropout_feats(features) + x = self.feature_aggregator(x) + x = self.dropout_agg(x) + + if self.project_features is not None: + features = self.project_features(features) + x, targets = self.wav2vec_predictions(x, features) + result["cpc_logits"] = x + result["cpc_targets"] = targets + + return result + + def upgrade_state_dict_named(self, state_dict, name): + super().upgrade_state_dict_named(state_dict, name) + + def max_positions(self): + """Maximum length supported by the model.""" + return sys.maxsize + + def get_logits(self, net_output): + logits = net_output["cpc_logits"] + return logits + + def get_targets(self, sample, net_output): + t = net_output["cpc_targets"] + if isinstance(t, tuple): + t = t[0] + return t.contiguous() + + def get_target_weights(self, targets, net_output): + targets = net_output["cpc_targets"] + if isinstance(targets, tuple) and targets[-1] is not None: + return targets[-1] + return None + + def get_extra_losses(self, net_output): + loss = None + if "prob_perplexity" in net_output: + loss = net_output["num_vars"] - net_output["prob_perplexity"] + elif "kmeans_loss" in net_output: + loss = net_output["kmeans_loss"] + + return loss + + +class TransposeLast(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, deconstruct_idx=None): + super().__init__() + self.deconstruct_idx = deconstruct_idx + + def forward(self, x): + if self.deconstruct_idx is not None: + x = x[self.deconstruct_idx] + return x.transpose(-2, -1) + +def norm_block(is_layer_norm, dim, affine=True): + if is_layer_norm: + mod = nn.Sequential( + TransposeLast(), + Fp32LayerNorm(dim, elementwise_affine=affine), + TransposeLast(), + ) + else: + mod = Fp32GroupNorm(1, dim, affine=affine) + + return mod + + +class ConvFeatureExtractionModel(nn.Module): + def __init__( + self, + conv_layers, + dropout, + log_compression, + skip_connections, + residual_scale, + non_affine_group_norm, + activation, + ): + super().__init__() + + def block(n_in, n_out, k, stride): + return nn.Sequential( + nn.Conv1d(n_in, n_out, k, stride=stride, bias=False), + nn.Dropout(p=dropout), + norm_block( + is_layer_norm=False, dim=n_out, affine=not non_affine_group_norm + ), + activation, + ) + + in_d = 1 + self.conv_layers = nn.ModuleList() + for dim, k, stride in conv_layers: + self.conv_layers.append(block(in_d, dim, k, stride)) + in_d = dim + + self.log_compression = log_compression + self.skip_connections = skip_connections + self.residual_scale = math.sqrt(residual_scale) + + def forward(self, x): + # BxT -> BxCxT + x = x.unsqueeze(1) + + for conv in self.conv_layers: + residual = x + x = conv(x) + if self.skip_connections and x.size(1) == residual.size(1): + tsz = x.size(2) + r_tsz = residual.size(2) + residual = residual[..., :: r_tsz // tsz][..., :tsz] + x = (x + residual) * self.residual_scale + + if self.log_compression: + x = x.abs() + x = x + 1 + x = x.log() + + return x + + +class ZeroPad1d(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, pad_left, pad_right): + super().__init__() + self.pad_left = pad_left + self.pad_right = pad_right + + def forward(self, x): + return F.pad(x, (self.pad_left, self.pad_right)) + + +class ConvAggegator(nn.Module): + def __init__( + self, + conv_layers, + embed, + dropout, + skip_connections, + residual_scale, + non_affine_group_norm, + conv_bias, + zero_pad, + activation, + ): + super().__init__() + + def block(n_in, n_out, k, stride): + # padding dims only really make sense for stride = 1 + ka = k // 2 + kb = ka - 1 if k % 2 == 0 else ka + + pad = ( + ZeroPad1d(ka + kb, 0) if zero_pad else nn.ReplicationPad1d((ka + kb, 0)) + ) + + return nn.Sequential( + pad, + nn.Conv1d(n_in, n_out, k, stride=stride, bias=conv_bias), + nn.Dropout(p=dropout), + norm_block(False, n_out, affine=not non_affine_group_norm), + activation, + ) + + in_d = embed + self.conv_layers = nn.ModuleList() + self.residual_proj = nn.ModuleList() + for dim, k, stride in conv_layers: + if in_d != dim and skip_connections: + self.residual_proj.append(nn.Conv1d(in_d, dim, 1, bias=False)) + else: + self.residual_proj.append(None) + + self.conv_layers.append(block(in_d, dim, k, stride)) + in_d = dim + self.conv_layers = nn.Sequential(*self.conv_layers) + self.skip_connections = skip_connections + self.residual_scale = math.sqrt(residual_scale) + + def forward(self, x): + for rproj, conv in zip(self.residual_proj, self.conv_layers): + residual = x + x = conv(x) + if self.skip_connections: + if rproj is not None: + residual = rproj(residual) + x = (x + residual) * self.residual_scale + return x + + +class Wav2VecPredictionsModel(nn.Module): + def __init__( + self, + in_dim, + out_dim, + prediction_steps, + n_negatives, + cross_sample_negatives, + sample_distance, + dropout, + offset, + balanced_classes, + infonce, + ): + super().__init__() + + self.n_negatives = n_negatives + self.cross_sample_negatives = cross_sample_negatives + self.sample_distance = sample_distance + self.project_to_steps = nn.ConvTranspose2d( + in_dim, out_dim, (1, prediction_steps) + ) + self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p=dropout) + self.offset = offset + self.balanced_classes = balanced_classes + self.infonce = infonce + + def sample_negatives(self, y): + bsz, fsz, tsz = y.shape + + y = y.transpose(0, 1) # BCT -> CBT + y = y.contiguous().view(fsz, -1) # CBT => C(BxT) + + cross_high = tsz * bsz + high = tsz if self.sample_distance is None else min(tsz, self.sample_distance) + assert high > 1 + + neg_idxs = torch.randint(low=0, high=high, size=(bsz, self.n_negatives * tsz)) + + with torch.no_grad(): + if self.n_negatives > 0: + tszs = ( + buffered_arange(tsz) + .unsqueeze(-1) + .expand(-1, self.n_negatives) + .flatten() + ) + + neg_idxs = torch.randint( + low=0, high=high - 1, size=(bsz, self.n_negatives * tsz) + ) + neg_idxs[neg_idxs >= tszs] += 1 + + if self.cross_sample_negatives > 0: + tszs = ( + buffered_arange(tsz) + .unsqueeze(-1) + .expand(-1, self.cross_sample_negatives) + .flatten() + ) + + cross_neg_idxs = torch.randint( + low=0, + high=cross_high - 1, + size=(bsz, self.cross_sample_negatives * tsz), + ) + cross_neg_idxs[cross_neg_idxs >= tszs] += 1 + + if self.n_negatives > 0: + for i in range(1, bsz): + neg_idxs[i] += i * high + else: + neg_idxs = cross_neg_idxs + + if self.cross_sample_negatives > 0 and self.n_negatives > 0: + neg_idxs = torch.cat([neg_idxs, cross_neg_idxs], dim=1) + + negs = y[..., neg_idxs.view(-1)] + negs = negs.view( + fsz, bsz, self.n_negatives + self.cross_sample_negatives, tsz + ).permute( + 2, 1, 0, 3 + ) # to NxBxCxT + + return negs + + def forward(self, x, y): + + x = x.unsqueeze(-1) + x = self.project_to_steps(x) # BxCxTxS + x = self.dropout(x) + + negatives = self.sample_negatives(y) + y = y.unsqueeze(0) + targets = torch.cat([y, negatives], dim=0) # Copies x B x C x T + + copies = targets.size(0) + bsz, dim, tsz, steps = x.shape + steps = min(steps, tsz - self.offset) + + predictions = x.new( + bsz * copies * (tsz - self.offset + 1) * steps + - ((steps + 1) * steps // 2) * copies * bsz + ) + if self.infonce: + labels = predictions.new_full( + (predictions.shape[0] // copies,), 0, dtype=torch.long + ) + else: + labels = torch.zeros_like(predictions) + weights = ( + torch.full_like(labels, 1 / self.n_negatives) + if self.balanced_classes and not self.infonce + else None + ) + + start = end = 0 + for i in range(steps): + offset = i + self.offset + end = start + (tsz - offset) * bsz * copies + if self.infonce: + predictions[start:end] = torch.einsum( + "bct,nbct->tbn", x[..., :-offset, i], targets[..., offset:] + ).flatten() + else: + pos_num = (end - start) // copies + predictions[start:end] = torch.einsum( + "bct,nbct->nbt", x[..., :-offset, i], targets[..., offset:] + ).flatten() + labels[start : start + pos_num] = 1.0 + if weights is not None: + weights[start : start + pos_num] = 1.0 + start = end + assert end == predictions.numel(), "{} != {}".format(end, predictions.numel()) + + if self.infonce: + predictions = predictions.view(-1, copies) + else: + if weights is not None: + labels = (labels, weights) + + return predictions, labels + + +@register_model_architecture("wav2vec", "wav2vec") +def base_wav2vec_architecture(args): + conv_feature_layers = "[(512, 10, 5)]" + conv_feature_layers += " + [(512, 8, 4)]" + conv_feature_layers += " + [(512, 4, 2)] * 3" + args.conv_feature_layers = getattr(args, "conv_feature_layers", conv_feature_layers) + + args.conv_aggregator_layers = getattr( + args, "conv_aggregator_layers", "[(512, 3, 1)] * 9" + ) + + args.prediction_steps = getattr(args, "prediction_steps", 12) + args.num_negatives = getattr(args, "num_negatives", 1) + args.sample_distance = getattr(args, "sample_distance", None) + args.cross_sample_negatives = getattr(args, "cross_sample_negatives", 0) + + args.dropout = getattr(args, "dropout", 0.0) + args.dropout_features = getattr(args, "dropout_features", 0.0) + args.dropout_agg = getattr(args, "dropout_agg", 0.0) + args.encoder = getattr(args, "encoder", "cnn") + args.aggregator = getattr(args, "aggregator", "cnn") + + args.skip_connections_feat = getattr(args, "skip_connections_feat", False) + args.skip_connections_agg = getattr(args, "skip_connections_agg", False) + args.residual_scale = getattr(args, "residual_scale", 0.5) + + args.gru_dim = getattr(args, "gru_dim", 512) + + args.no_conv_bias = getattr(args, "no_conv_bias", False) + args.agg_zero_pad = getattr(args, "agg_zero_pad", False) + + args.log_compression = getattr(args, "log_compression", False) + + args.balanced_classes = getattr(args, "balanced_classes", False) + args.infonce = getattr(args, "infonce", False) + args.project_features = getattr(args, "project_features", "none") + + args.non_affine_group_norm = getattr(args, "non_affine_group_norm", False) + + args.offset = getattr(args, "offset", "auto") + + args.activation = getattr(args, "activation", "relu") + + args.vq_type = getattr(args, "vq_type", "none") + args.vq_vars = getattr(args, "vq_vars", 320) + args.vq_groups = getattr(args, "vq_groups", 2) + args.vq_dim = getattr(args, "vq_dim", 0) + args.vq_depth = getattr(args, "vq_depth", 1) + args.combine_groups = getattr(args, "combine_groups", False) + args.vq_temp = getattr(args, "vq_temp", "(2.0, 0.5, 0.999995)") + args.vq_gamma = getattr(args, "vq_gamma", 0.25) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..422e12305888a92ae2d71fba37dd5430d2299b2f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from .adaptive_input import AdaptiveInput +from .adaptive_softmax import AdaptiveSoftmax +from .beamable_mm import BeamableMM +from .character_token_embedder import CharacterTokenEmbedder +from .conv_tbc import ConvTBC +from .cross_entropy import cross_entropy +from .downsampled_multihead_attention import DownsampledMultiHeadAttention +from .dynamic_convolution import DynamicConv, DynamicConv1dTBC +from .dynamic_crf_layer import DynamicCRF +from .fp32_group_norm import Fp32GroupNorm +from .gelu import gelu, gelu_accurate +from .grad_multiply import GradMultiply +from .gumbel_vector_quantizer import GumbelVectorQuantizer +from .kmeans_vector_quantizer import KmeansVectorQuantizer +from .layer_norm import Fp32LayerNorm, LayerNorm +from .learned_positional_embedding import LearnedPositionalEmbedding +from .lightweight_convolution import LightweightConv, LightweightConv1dTBC +from .linearized_convolution import LinearizedConvolution +from .multihead_attention import MultiheadAttention +from .positional_embedding import PositionalEmbedding +from .scalar_bias import ScalarBias +from .sinusoidal_positional_embedding import SinusoidalPositionalEmbedding +from .transformer_sentence_encoder_layer import TransformerSentenceEncoderLayer +from .transformer_sentence_encoder import TransformerSentenceEncoder +from .unfold import unfold1d +from .transformer_layer import TransformerDecoderLayer, TransformerEncoderLayer +from .vggblock import VGGBlock + +__all__ = [ + 'AdaptiveInput', + 'AdaptiveSoftmax', + 'BeamableMM', + 'CharacterTokenEmbedder', + 'ConvTBC', + 'cross_entropy', + 'DownsampledMultiHeadAttention', + 'DynamicConv1dTBC', + 'DynamicConv', + 'DynamicCRF', + 'Fp32GroupNorm', + 'Fp32LayerNorm', + 'gelu', + 'gelu_accurate', + 'GradMultiply', + 'GumbelVectorQuantizer', + 'KmeansVectorQuantizer', + 'LayerNorm', + 'LearnedPositionalEmbedding', + 'LightweightConv1dTBC', + 'LightweightConv', + 'LinearizedConvolution', + 'MultiheadAttention', + 'PositionalEmbedding', + 'ScalarBias', + 'SinusoidalPositionalEmbedding', + 'TransformerSentenceEncoderLayer', + 'TransformerSentenceEncoder', + 'TransformerDecoderLayer', + 'TransformerEncoderLayer', + 'VGGBlock', + 'unfold1d', +] diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f9bef7342f5fe4f5e853d6853e653c32d1445da Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/__pycache__/adaptive_input.cpython-38.pyc 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b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/adaptive_input.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4cfe8fca6605f4cb5a4b0134d45c362acd60e67c --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/adaptive_input.py @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + + +import torch +from torch import nn +from fairseq.modules.quant_noise import quant_noise + +from typing import List + + +class AdaptiveInput(nn.Module): + + def __init__( + self, + vocab_size: int, + padding_idx: int, + initial_dim: int, + factor: float, + output_dim: int, + cutoff: List[int], + q_noise: float = 0, + qn_block_size: int = 8, + ): + super().__init__() + + if vocab_size > cutoff[-1]: + cutoff = cutoff + [vocab_size] + else: + assert vocab_size == cutoff[ + -1], 'cannot specify cutoff larger than vocab size' + + self.cutoff = cutoff + self.embedding_dim = output_dim + self.padding_idx = padding_idx + + self.embeddings = nn.ModuleList() + for i in range(len(self.cutoff)): + prev = self.cutoff[i - 1] if i > 0 else 0 + size = self.cutoff[i] - prev + dim = int(initial_dim // (factor ** i)) + seq = nn.Sequential( + nn.Embedding(size, dim, self.padding_idx), + quant_noise(nn.Linear(dim, output_dim, bias=False), q_noise, qn_block_size), + ) + + self.embeddings.append(seq) + self.padding_idx = None + self.padding_idx = padding_idx + + def init_weights(m): + if isinstance(m, nn.Embedding): + nn.init.normal_(m.weight, mean=0, std=m.weight.shape[1] ** -0.5) + nn.init.constant_(m.weight[padding_idx], 0) + elif hasattr(m, 'weight'): + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(m.weight) + + self.apply(init_weights) + + self.register_buffer('_float_tensor', torch.FloatTensor(1)) + + def weights_for_band(self, band: int): + return self.embeddings[band][0].weight, self.embeddings[band][1].weight + + def forward(self, input: torch.Tensor): + result = self._float_tensor.new(input.shape + (self.embedding_dim,)) + for i in range(len(self.cutoff)): + mask = input.lt(self.cutoff[i]) + if i > 0: + mask.mul_(input.ge(self.cutoff[i - 1])) + chunk_input = input[mask] - self.cutoff[i - 1] + else: + chunk_input = input[mask] + if mask.any(): + result[mask] = self.embeddings[i](chunk_input) + return result diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/adaptive_softmax.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/adaptive_softmax.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1789e85d440f20c3858e51e2e40b7de5365593da --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/adaptive_softmax.py @@ -0,0 +1,212 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import operator +import functools + +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F +from fairseq.modules.quant_noise import quant_noise +from torch import nn + + +class TiedLinear(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, weight, transpose): + super().__init__() + self.weight = weight + self.transpose = transpose + + def forward(self, input): + return F.linear(input, self.weight.t() if self.transpose else self.weight) + + +class TiedHeadModule(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, weights, input_dim, num_classes, q_noise, qn_block_size): + super().__init__() + tied_emb, _ = weights + self.num_words, emb_dim = tied_emb.size() + + self.word_proj = quant_noise(TiedLinear(tied_emb, transpose=False), q_noise, qn_block_size) + if input_dim != emb_dim: + self.word_proj = nn.Sequential( + quant_noise(nn.Linear(input_dim, emb_dim, bias=False), q_noise, qn_block_size), + self.word_proj, + ) + + self.class_proj = quant_noise(nn.Linear(input_dim, num_classes, bias=False), q_noise, qn_block_size) + self.out_dim = self.num_words + num_classes + + self.register_buffer('_float_tensor', torch.FloatTensor(1)) + + def forward(self, input): + inp_sz = functools.reduce(operator.mul, input.shape[:-1], 1) + out = self._float_tensor.new(inp_sz, self.out_dim) + out[:, :self.num_words] = self.word_proj(input.view(inp_sz, -1)) + out[:, self.num_words:] = self.class_proj(input.view(inp_sz, -1)) + return out + + +class AdaptiveSoftmax(nn.Module): + """ + This is an implementation of the efficient softmax approximation for + graphical processing units (GPU), described in the paper "Efficient softmax + approximation for GPUs" (http://arxiv.org/abs/1609.04309). + """ + + def __init__(self, vocab_size, input_dim, cutoff, dropout, factor=4., adaptive_inputs=None, tie_proj=False, q_noise=0, qn_block_size=8): + super().__init__() + + if vocab_size > cutoff[-1]: + cutoff = cutoff + [vocab_size] + else: + assert vocab_size == cutoff[ + -1], 'cannot specify cutoff larger than vocab size' + + output_dim = cutoff[0] + len(cutoff) - 1 + + self.vocab_size = vocab_size + self.cutoff = cutoff + self.dropout = dropout + self.input_dim = input_dim + self.factor = factor + self.q_noise = q_noise + self.qn_block_size = qn_block_size + + self.lsm = nn.LogSoftmax(dim=1) + + if adaptive_inputs is not None: + self.head = TiedHeadModule(adaptive_inputs.weights_for_band(0), input_dim, len(cutoff) - 1, self.q_noise, self.qn_block_size) + else: + self.head = quant_noise(nn.Linear(input_dim, output_dim, bias=False), self.q_noise, self.qn_block_size) + + self._make_tail(adaptive_inputs, tie_proj) + + def init_weights(m): + if hasattr(m, 'weight') and not isinstance(m, TiedLinear) and not isinstance(m, TiedHeadModule): + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(m.weight) + + self.apply(init_weights) + + self.register_buffer('version', torch.LongTensor([1])) + + def _make_tail(self, adaptive_inputs=None, tie_proj=False): + self.tail = nn.ModuleList() + for i in range(len(self.cutoff) - 1): + dim = int(self.input_dim // self.factor ** (i + 1)) + + tied_emb, tied_proj = adaptive_inputs.weights_for_band(i + 1) \ + if adaptive_inputs is not None else (None, None) + + if tied_proj is not None: + if tie_proj: + proj = quant_noise(TiedLinear(tied_proj, transpose=True), self.q_noise, self.qn_block_size) + else: + proj = quant_noise(nn.Linear(tied_proj.size(0), tied_proj.size(1), bias=False), self.q_noise, self.qn_block_size) + else: + proj = quant_noise(nn.Linear(self.input_dim, dim, bias=False), self.q_noise, self.qn_block_size) + + if tied_emb is None: + out_proj = nn.Linear(dim, self.cutoff[i + 1] - self.cutoff[i], bias=False) + else: + out_proj = TiedLinear(tied_emb, transpose=False) + + m = nn.Sequential( + proj, + nn.Dropout(self.dropout), + quant_noise(out_proj, self.q_noise, self.qn_block_size), + ) + + self.tail.append(m) + + def upgrade_state_dict_named(self, state_dict, name): + version_name = name + '.version' + if version_name not in state_dict: + raise Exception('This version of the model is no longer supported') + + def adapt_target(self, target): + """ + In order to be efficient, the AdaptiveSoftMax does not compute the + scores for all the word of the vocabulary for all the examples. It is + thus necessary to call the method adapt_target of the AdaptiveSoftMax + layer inside each forward pass. + """ + + target = target.view(-1) + new_target = [target.clone()] + target_idxs = [] + + for i in range(len(self.cutoff) - 1): + mask = target.ge(self.cutoff[i]).mul(target.lt(self.cutoff[i + 1])) + new_target[0][mask] = self.cutoff[0] + i + + if mask.any(): + target_idxs.append(mask.nonzero().squeeze(1)) + new_target.append(target[mask].add(-self.cutoff[i])) + else: + target_idxs.append(None) + new_target.append(None) + + return new_target, target_idxs + + def forward(self, input, target): + """ + Args: + input: (b x t x d) + target: (b x t) + Returns: + 2 lists: output for each cutoff section and new targets by cut off + """ + + input = input.contiguous().view(-1, input.size(-1)) + input = F.dropout(input, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + + new_target, target_idxs = self.adapt_target(target) + output = [self.head(input)] + + for i in range(len(target_idxs)): + if target_idxs[i] is not None: + output.append(self.tail[i](input.index_select(0, target_idxs[i]))) + else: + output.append(None) + + return output, new_target + + def get_log_prob(self, input, target): + """ + Computes the log probabilities for all the words of the vocabulary, + given a 2D tensor of hidden vectors. + """ + + bsz, length, dim = input.size() + input = input.contiguous().view(-1, dim) + + if target is not None: + _, target_idxs = self.adapt_target(target) + else: + target_idxs = None + + head_y = self.head(input) + log_probs = head_y.new_zeros(input.size(0), self.vocab_size) + + head_sz = self.cutoff[0] + len(self.tail) + log_probs[:, :head_sz] = self.lsm(head_y) + tail_priors = log_probs[:, self.cutoff[0]: head_sz].clone() + + for i in range(len(self.tail)): + start = self.cutoff[i] + end = self.cutoff[i + 1] + + if target_idxs is None: + tail_out = log_probs[:, start:end] + tail_out.copy_(self.tail[i](input)) + log_probs[:, start:end] = self.lsm(tail_out).add_(tail_priors[:, i, None]) + elif target_idxs[i] is not None: + idxs = target_idxs[i] + tail_out = log_probs[idxs, start:end] + tail_out.copy_(self.tail[i](input[idxs])) + log_probs[idxs, start:end] = self.lsm(tail_out).add_(tail_priors[idxs, i, None]) + + log_probs = log_probs.view(bsz, length, -1) + return log_probs diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/beamable_mm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/beamable_mm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..df77105a946258a58f3615fd51f399454223c0e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/beamable_mm.py @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn + + +class BeamableMM(nn.Module): + """This module provides an optimized MM for beam decoding with attention. + + It leverage the fact that the source-side of the input is replicated beam + times and the target-side of the input is of width one. This layer speeds up + inference by replacing the inputs {(bsz x 1 x nhu), (bsz x sz2 x nhu)} + with smaller inputs {(bsz/beam x beam x nhu), (bsz/beam x sz2 x nhu)}. + """ + def __init__(self, beam_size=None): + super(BeamableMM, self).__init__() + self.beam_size = beam_size + + def forward(self, input1, input2): + if ( + not self.training and # test mode + self.beam_size is not None and # beam size is set + input1.dim() == 3 and # only support batched input + input1.size(1) == 1 # single time step update + ): + bsz, beam = input1.size(0), self.beam_size + + # bsz x 1 x nhu --> bsz/beam x beam x nhu + input1 = input1[:, 0, :].unfold(0, beam, beam).transpose(2, 1) + + # bsz x sz2 x nhu --> bsz/beam x sz2 x nhu + input2 = input2.unfold(0, beam, beam)[:, :, :, 0] + + # use non batched operation if bsz = beam + if input1.size(0) == 1: + output = torch.mm(input1[0, :, :], input2[0, :, :]) + else: + output = input1.bmm(input2) + return output.view(bsz, 1, -1) + else: + return input1.bmm(input2) + + def set_beam_size(self, beam_size): + self.beam_size = beam_size diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/character_token_embedder.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/character_token_embedder.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3abdaf4f28a5affb505a40cf07f5d95f550cceb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/character_token_embedder.py @@ -0,0 +1,204 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging +from typing import List, Tuple + +import torch +from torch import nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq.data import Dictionary + +CHAR_PAD_IDX = 0 +CHAR_EOS_IDX = 257 + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +class CharacterTokenEmbedder(torch.nn.Module): + def __init__( + self, + vocab: Dictionary, + filters: List[Tuple[int, int]], + char_embed_dim: int, + word_embed_dim: int, + highway_layers: int, + max_char_len: int = 50, + char_inputs: bool = False + ): + super(CharacterTokenEmbedder, self).__init__() + + self.onnx_trace = False + self.embedding_dim = word_embed_dim + self.max_char_len = max_char_len + self.char_embeddings = nn.Embedding(257, char_embed_dim, padding_idx=0) + self.symbol_embeddings = nn.Parameter(torch.FloatTensor(2, word_embed_dim)) + self.eos_idx, self.unk_idx = 0, 1 + self.char_inputs = char_inputs + + self.convolutions = nn.ModuleList() + for width, out_c in filters: + self.convolutions.append( + nn.Conv1d(char_embed_dim, out_c, kernel_size=width) + ) + + last_dim = sum(f[1] for f in filters) + + self.highway = Highway(last_dim, highway_layers) if highway_layers > 0 else None + + self.projection = nn.Linear(last_dim, word_embed_dim) + + assert vocab is not None or char_inputs, "vocab must be set if not using char inputs" + self.vocab = None + if vocab is not None: + self.set_vocab(vocab, max_char_len) + + self.reset_parameters() + + def prepare_for_onnx_export_(self): + self.onnx_trace = True + + def set_vocab(self, vocab, max_char_len): + word_to_char = torch.LongTensor(len(vocab), max_char_len) + + truncated = 0 + for i in range(len(vocab)): + if i < vocab.nspecial: + char_idxs = [0] * max_char_len + else: + chars = vocab[i].encode() + # +1 for padding + char_idxs = [c + 1 for c in chars] + [0] * (max_char_len - len(chars)) + if len(char_idxs) > max_char_len: + truncated += 1 + char_idxs = char_idxs[:max_char_len] + word_to_char[i] = torch.LongTensor(char_idxs) + + if truncated > 0: + logger.info('truncated {} words longer than {} characters'.format(truncated, max_char_len)) + + self.vocab = vocab + self.word_to_char = word_to_char + + @property + def padding_idx(self): + return Dictionary().pad() if self.vocab is None else self.vocab.pad() + + def reset_parameters(self): + nn.init.xavier_normal_(self.char_embeddings.weight) + nn.init.xavier_normal_(self.symbol_embeddings) + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.projection.weight) + + nn.init.constant_(self.char_embeddings.weight[self.char_embeddings.padding_idx], 0.) + nn.init.constant_(self.projection.bias, 0.) + + def forward( + self, + input: torch.Tensor, + ): + if self.char_inputs: + chars = input.view(-1, self.max_char_len) + pads = chars[:, 0].eq(CHAR_PAD_IDX) + eos = chars[:, 0].eq(CHAR_EOS_IDX) + if eos.any(): + if self.onnx_trace: + chars = torch.where(eos.unsqueeze(1), chars.new_zeros(1), chars) + else: + chars[eos] = 0 + + unk = None + else: + flat_words = input.view(-1) + chars = self.word_to_char[flat_words.type_as(self.word_to_char)].type_as(input) + pads = flat_words.eq(self.vocab.pad()) + eos = flat_words.eq(self.vocab.eos()) + unk = flat_words.eq(self.vocab.unk()) + + word_embs = self._convolve(chars) + if self.onnx_trace: + if pads.any(): + word_embs = torch.where(pads.unsqueeze(1), word_embs.new_zeros(1), word_embs) + if eos.any(): + word_embs = torch.where(eos.unsqueeze(1), self.symbol_embeddings[self.eos_idx], word_embs) + if unk is not None and unk.any(): + word_embs = torch.where(unk.unsqueeze(1), self.symbol_embeddings[self.unk_idx], word_embs) + else: + if pads.any(): + word_embs[pads] = 0 + if eos.any(): + word_embs[eos] = self.symbol_embeddings[self.eos_idx] + if unk is not None and unk.any(): + word_embs[unk] = self.symbol_embeddings[self.unk_idx] + + return word_embs.view(input.size()[:2] + (-1,)) + + def _convolve( + self, + char_idxs: torch.Tensor, + ): + char_embs = self.char_embeddings(char_idxs) + char_embs = char_embs.transpose(1, 2) # BTC -> BCT + + conv_result = [] + + for conv in self.convolutions: + x = conv(char_embs) + x, _ = torch.max(x, -1) + x = F.relu(x) + conv_result.append(x) + + x = torch.cat(conv_result, dim=-1) + + if self.highway is not None: + x = self.highway(x) + x = self.projection(x) + + return x + + +class Highway(torch.nn.Module): + """ + A `Highway layer `_. + Adopted from the AllenNLP implementation. + """ + + def __init__( + self, + input_dim: int, + num_layers: int = 1 + ): + super(Highway, self).__init__() + self.input_dim = input_dim + self.layers = nn.ModuleList([nn.Linear(input_dim, input_dim * 2) + for _ in range(num_layers)]) + self.activation = nn.ReLU() + + self.reset_parameters() + + def reset_parameters(self): + for layer in self.layers: + # As per comment in AllenNLP: + # We should bias the highway layer to just carry its input forward. We do that by + # setting the bias on `B(x)` to be positive, because that means `g` will be biased to + # be high, so we will carry the input forward. The bias on `B(x)` is the second half + # of the bias vector in each Linear layer. + nn.init.constant_(layer.bias[self.input_dim:], 1) + + nn.init.constant_(layer.bias[:self.input_dim], 0) + nn.init.xavier_normal_(layer.weight) + + def forward( + self, + x: torch.Tensor + ): + for layer in self.layers: + projection = layer(x) + proj_x, gate = projection.chunk(2, dim=-1) + proj_x = self.activation(proj_x) + gate = torch.sigmoid(gate) + x = gate * x + (gate.new_tensor([1]) - gate) * proj_x + return x diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/conv_tbc.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/conv_tbc.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1aa3eff9dca20a07ba84438312823d16e2493c12 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/conv_tbc.py @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +from torch.nn.modules.utils import _single + + +class ConvTBC(torch.nn.Module): + """1D convolution over an input of shape (time x batch x channel) + + The implementation uses gemm to perform the convolution. This implementation + is faster than cuDNN for small kernel sizes. + """ + def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, padding=0): + super(ConvTBC, self).__init__() + self.in_channels = in_channels + self.out_channels = out_channels + self.kernel_size = _single(kernel_size) + self.padding = _single(padding) + + self.weight = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor( + self.kernel_size[0], in_channels, out_channels)) + self.bias = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(out_channels)) + + def forward(self, input): + return torch.conv_tbc(input.contiguous(), self.weight, self.bias, self.padding[0]) + + def __repr__(self): + s = ('{name}({in_channels}, {out_channels}, kernel_size={kernel_size}' + ', padding={padding}') + if self.bias is None: + s += ', bias=False' + s += ')' + return s.format(name=self.__class__.__name__, **self.__dict__) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/cross_entropy.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/cross_entropy.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b46143f3af3fca88443b202b3416333eb1f8d6a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/cross_entropy.py @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging + +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +def _cross_entropy_pytorch(logits, target, ignore_index=None, reduction='mean'): + lprobs = F.log_softmax(logits, dim=-1, dtype=torch.float32) + return F.nll_loss( + lprobs, target, ignore_index=ignore_index, reduction=reduction, + ) + + +try: + import xentropy_cuda + from apex.contrib import xentropy + + logger.info('using fused cross entropy') + + def cross_entropy(logits, target, ignore_index=-100, reduction='mean'): + if logits.device == torch.device('cpu'): + return _cross_entropy_pytorch(logits, target, ignore_index, reduction) + else: + half_to_float = (logits.dtype == torch.half) + losses = xentropy.SoftmaxCrossEntropyLoss.apply( + logits, target, 0.0, ignore_index, half_to_float, + ) + if reduction == 'sum': + return losses.sum() + elif reduction == 'mean': + if ignore_index >= 0: + return losses.sum() / target.ne(ignore_index).sum() + else: + return losses.mean() + elif reduction == 'none': + return losses + else: + raise NotImplementedError + +except ImportError: + + def cross_entropy(logits, target, ignore_index=-100, reduction='mean'): + return _cross_entropy_pytorch(logits, target, ignore_index, reduction) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/cuda_utils.cu b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/cuda_utils.cu new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..516f1d92440e9e2c092f122e45d81b45cb135602 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/cuda_utils.cu @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ +/** + * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. + * + * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the + * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + */ + + +template +constexpr __host__ __device__ auto divUp(U a, V b) -> decltype(a + b) { + return (a + b - 1) / b; +} + + +template +__inline__ __device__ +void zeroSharedMem(scalar_t* data) { + /* + Given an array of length FS + SB, zero out the first padding_l and last + (FS - padding_l) values in the array + */ + + int tid = threadIdx.x; + + if (FS < SB) { + + // zero all if we have enough threads in a block to do all of them + if (tid < padding_l || tid > SB - FS + padding_l - 1) { + data[tid] = scalar_t(0.0); + } + } else { + + // otherwise zero out one block at a time + const int numIterations = divUp(FS, SB); + for (int i = 0; i < numIterations; i++) { + int offset = i * SB; + if (tid + offset < padding_l) { + data[tid + offset] = scalar_t(0.0); + } else if (tid + offset < FS) { + data[SB + tid + offset] = scalar_t(0.0); + } + } + } +} + +template +__inline__ __device__ +scalar_t warpReduce(scalar_t data) { + /* + Reduce an array within each warp. After processing all values in warp will + caontain the sum of all original values in that warp. + + data - pointer to data to reduce + */ + data += __shfl_xor_sync(SHFL_MASK, data, 16); + data += __shfl_xor_sync(SHFL_MASK, data, 8); + data += __shfl_xor_sync(SHFL_MASK, data, 4); + data += __shfl_xor_sync(SHFL_MASK, data, 2); + data += __shfl_xor_sync(SHFL_MASK, data, 1); + return data; +} + +template +__inline__ __device__ +scalar_t blockReduce(scalar_t data) { + /* + Reduce an entire array on the block level. After processing, the + first value in the array will contain the reduced sum. + + data - pointer to data to reduce + */ + + static __shared__ scalar_t warpSum[32]; + const int tid = threadIdx.x; + int wid = tid / 32; + int lane = tid % 32; + + __syncthreads(); + + // reduce each warp then write to shared memory + scalar_t sum = warpReduce(data); + if (lane == 0) { + warpSum[wid] = sum; + } + + __syncthreads(); + + scalar_t v; + // perform final sum of partial warp sums + if (tid < blockDim.x / 32) { + v = warpSum[lane]; + } else { + v = scalar_t(0.0); + } + + if (wid == 0) { + v = warpReduce(v); + } + __syncthreads(); + + return v; +} + +void checkCudaStatus(cudaError_t status, int lineNumber = -1) { + + if (status != cudaSuccess) { + std::cout << cudaGetErrorString(status) + << " at line " << lineNumber << std::endl; + std::cout << "Exiting" << std::endl; + exit(1); + } +} + +template +__device__ +void load_input_to_shared(const scalar_t* input, // global memory + int inputOffset, int sequenceLength, + int iteration, int numIterations, + bool no_prev, scalar_t* output /* shared memory */) { + /* + Load a block size of input into shared memory with + right and left overhang of total size FS. If previously + loaded memory, overlap will be shifted over to reduce + global memory access + + input - pointer to start of channel sequence + inputOffset - how far in the sequence to start loading + sequenceLength - total length of sequence + iteration - which block of sequence we are loading + numIterations - total number of blocks to load + no_prev - whether to load the whole block if the previous block + wasn't loaded + output - shared memory to write input to + */ + + const int tid = threadIdx.x; + + // Load the left "overhang" of input + if (iteration > 0) { + if (padding_l < SB) { + + // load all at once + if (tid < padding_l) { + output[tid] = (no_prev) ? input[inputOffset - padding_l + tid] : output[tid + SB]; + } + } else { + + // load in chunks of size SB + int numIterations = divUp(padding_l, SB); + for (int i = 0; i < numIterations; i++) { + int offset = i * SB; + if ((tid + offset) < padding_l) { + output[tid + offset] = (no_prev) ? input[inputOffset - padding_l + tid + offset] : output[tid + offset + SB]; + } + } + } + } + + // Load the right "overhang" of input + if (iteration < (numIterations - 1)) { + const int elementsLeft = sequenceLength - (iteration+1) * SB; + + if ((FS - padding_l) < SB) { + + // load all at once + if (tid < (FS - padding_l)) { + output[padding_l + SB + tid] = (tid < elementsLeft) ? input[inputOffset + SB + tid] : scalar_t(0.0); + } + } else { + + // load in chunks of size SB + int numIterations = divUp(FS - padding_l, SB); + for (int i = 0; i < numIterations; i++) { + int offset = i * SB; + if ((tid + offset) < (FS - padding_l)) { + output[padding_l + SB + tid + offset] = ((tid + offset) < elementsLeft) ? input[inputOffset + SB + tid + offset] : scalar_t(0.0); + } + } + } + } + + // We should also clear out the right "overhang" + if (iteration == (numIterations - 1)) { + if ((FS - padding_l) < SB) { + + // clear out all at once + if (tid < (FS - padding_l)) { + output[padding_l + SB + tid] = scalar_t(0.0); + } + } else { + + // clear in chunks of size SB + int numIterations = divUp(FS - padding_l, SB); + for (int i = 0; i < numIterations; i++) { + int offset = i * SB; + if ((tid + offset) < (FS - padding_l)) { + output[padding_l + SB + tid + offset] = scalar_t(0.0); + } + } + } + } + output[tid + padding_l] = ((inputOffset + tid) < sequenceLength) ? input[inputOffset + tid] : scalar_t(0.0); +} diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/downsampled_multihead_attention.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/downsampled_multihead_attention.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c401e4f8e1111cd8de6bc404dd701cf058653ab --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/downsampled_multihead_attention.py @@ -0,0 +1,256 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +# + +import math + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F +from fairseq.modules.scalar_bias import scalar_bias + + +class SingleHeadAttention(nn.Module): + """ + Single-head attention that supports Gating and Downsampling + """ + def __init__( + self, out_channels, embed_dim, head_dim, head_index, dropout=0., + bias=True, project_input=True, gated=False, downsample=False, + num_heads=1, + ): + super().__init__() + self.embed_dim = embed_dim + self.dropout = dropout + self.head_index = head_index + self.head_dim = head_dim + self.project_input = project_input + self.gated = gated + self.downsample = downsample + self.num_heads = num_heads + self.projection = None + + k_layers = [] + v_layers = [] + if self.downsample: + k_layers.append(Downsample(self.head_index)) + v_layers.append(Downsample(self.head_index)) + out_proj_size = self.head_dim + else: + out_proj_size = self.head_dim * self.num_heads + if self.gated: + k_layers.append(GatedLinear(self.embed_dim, out_proj_size, bias=bias)) + self.in_proj_q = GatedLinear(self.embed_dim, out_proj_size, bias=bias) + v_layers.append(GatedLinear(self.embed_dim, out_proj_size, bias=bias)) + else: + k_layers.append(Linear(self.embed_dim, out_proj_size, bias=bias)) + self.in_proj_q = Linear(self.embed_dim, out_proj_size, bias=bias) + v_layers.append(Linear(self.embed_dim, out_proj_size, bias=bias)) + + self.in_proj_k = nn.Sequential(*k_layers) + self.in_proj_v = nn.Sequential(*v_layers) + + if self.downsample: + self.out_proj = Linear(out_proj_size, self.head_dim, bias=bias) + else: + self.out_proj = Linear(out_proj_size, out_channels, bias=bias) + + self.scaling = self.head_dim**-0.5 + + def forward( + self, query, key, value, mask_future_timesteps=False, + key_padding_mask=None, use_scalar_bias=False, + ): + """Input shape: Time x Batch x Channel + Self-attention can be implemented by passing in the same arguments for + query, key and value. Future timesteps can be masked with the + `mask_future_timesteps` argument. Padding elements can be excluded from + the key by passing a binary ByteTensor (`key_padding_mask`) with shape: + batch x src_len, where padding elements are indicated by 1s. + """ + src_len, bsz, out_channels = key.size() + tgt_len = query.size(0) + assert list(query.size()) == [tgt_len, bsz, out_channels] + assert key.size() == value.size() + + if key_padding_mask is not None: + assert key_padding_mask.size(0) == bsz + assert key_padding_mask.size(1) == src_len + + if self.downsample: + size = bsz + else: + size = bsz * self.num_heads + + k = key + v = value + q = query + if self.project_input: + q = self.in_proj_q(q) + k = self.in_proj_k(k) + v = self.in_proj_v(v) + src_len = k.size()[0] + q *= self.scaling + + if not self.downsample: + q = q.view(tgt_len, size, self.head_dim) + k = k.view(src_len, size, self.head_dim) + v = v.view(src_len, size, self.head_dim) + + q = q.transpose(0, 1) + k = k.transpose(0, 1) + v = v.transpose(0, 1) + + attn_weights = torch.bmm(q, k.transpose(1, 2)) + if mask_future_timesteps: + assert query.size() == key.size(), \ + 'mask_future_timesteps only applies to self-attention' + attn_weights *= torch.tril( + attn_weights.data.new([1]).expand(tgt_len, tgt_len).clone(), + diagonal=-1, + )[:, ::self.head_index + 1 if self.downsample else 1].unsqueeze(0) + attn_weights += torch.triu( + attn_weights.data.new([-math.inf]).expand(tgt_len, tgt_len).clone(), + diagonal=0 + )[:, ::self.head_index + 1 if self.downsample else 1].unsqueeze(0) + tgt_size = tgt_len + if use_scalar_bias: + attn_weights = scalar_bias(attn_weights, 2) + v = scalar_bias(v, 1) + tgt_size += 1 + + if key_padding_mask is not None: + # don't attend to padding symbols + if key_padding_mask.max() > 0: + if self.downsample: + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(bsz, 1, tgt_len, src_len) + else: + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(size, self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + attn_weights = attn_weights.masked_fill( + key_padding_mask.unsqueeze(1).unsqueeze(2), + -math.inf, + ) + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(size, tgt_len, src_len) + attn_weights = F.softmax(attn_weights, dim=-1) + attn_weights = F.dropout(attn_weights, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + + attn = torch.bmm(attn_weights, v) + if self.downsample: + attn = attn.transpose(0, 1).contiguous().view(tgt_len, bsz, self.head_dim) + else: + attn = attn.transpose(0, 1).contiguous().view(tgt_len, bsz, self.embed_dim) + + attn = self.out_proj(attn) + + return attn, attn_weights + + +class DownsampledMultiHeadAttention(nn.ModuleList): + """ + Multi-headed attention with Gating and Downsampling + """ + def __init__( + self, out_channels, embed_dim, num_heads, dropout=0., bias=True, + project_input=True, gated=False, downsample=False, + ): + self.embed_dim = embed_dim + self.num_heads = num_heads + self.dropout = dropout + self.head_dim = embed_dim // num_heads + self.downsample = downsample + self.gated = gated + self.project_input = project_input + assert self.head_dim * num_heads == embed_dim + + if self.downsample: + attention_heads = [] + for index in range(self.num_heads): + attention_heads.append( + SingleHeadAttention( + out_channels, self.embed_dim, self.head_dim, index, + self.dropout, bias, self.project_input, self.gated, + self.downsample, self.num_heads, + ) + ) + super().__init__(modules=attention_heads) + self.out_proj = Linear(embed_dim, out_channels, bias=bias) + else: + # either we have a list of attention heads, or just one attention head + # if not being downsampled, we can do the heads with one linear layer instead of separate ones + super().__init__() + self.attention_module = SingleHeadAttention( + out_channels, self.embed_dim, self.head_dim, 1, self.dropout, + bias, self.project_input, self.gated, self.downsample, self.num_heads, + ) + + def forward( + self, query, key, value, mask_future_timesteps=False, + key_padding_mask=None, use_scalar_bias=False, + ): + src_len, bsz, embed_dim = key.size() + tgt_len = query.size(0) + assert embed_dim == self.embed_dim + assert list(query.size()) == [tgt_len, bsz, embed_dim] + assert key.size() == value.size() + + tgt_size = tgt_len + if use_scalar_bias: + tgt_size += 1 + + attn = [] + attn_weights = [] + if self.downsample: + for attention_head_number in range(self.num_heads): + # call the forward of each attention head + _attn, _attn_weight = self[attention_head_number]( + query, key, value, mask_future_timesteps, key_padding_mask, use_scalar_bias, + ) + attn.append(_attn) + attn_weights.append(_attn_weight) + full_attn = torch.cat(attn, dim=2) + full_attn = self.out_proj(full_attn) + return full_attn, attn_weights[0].clone() + else: + _attn, _attn_weight = self.attention_module( + query, key, value, mask_future_timesteps, key_padding_mask, use_scalar_bias, + ) + attn.append(_attn) + attn_weights.append(_attn_weight) + full_attn = torch.cat(attn, dim=2) + full_attn_weights = torch.cat(attn_weights) + full_attn_weights = full_attn_weights.view(bsz, self.num_heads, tgt_size, src_len) + full_attn_weights = full_attn_weights.sum(dim=1) / self.num_heads + return full_attn, full_attn_weights + + +class Downsample(nn.Module): + """ + Selects every nth element, where n is the index + """ + def __init__(self, index): + super().__init__() + self.index = index + + def forward(self, x): + return x[::self.index+1] + + +def Linear(in_features, out_features, dropout=0., bias=True): + """Weight-normalized Linear layer (input: B x T x C)""" + m = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features, bias=bias) + m.weight.data.normal_(mean=0, std=math.sqrt((1 - dropout) / in_features)) + m.bias.data.zero_() + return nn.utils.weight_norm(m) + + +def GatedLinear(in_features, out_features, dropout=0., bias=True): + """Weight-normalized Linear layer (input: B x T x C) with interspersed GLU units""" + return nn.Sequential( + Linear(in_features, out_features*4, dropout, bias), + nn.GLU(), + Linear(out_features*2, out_features*2, dropout, bias), + nn.GLU(), + Linear(out_features, out_features, dropout, bias) + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamic_convolution.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamic_convolution.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3de931f0def37f7f9805d637098d065c3fad9a41 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamic_convolution.py @@ -0,0 +1,244 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import utils +from .unfold import unfold1d +from fairseq.incremental_decoding_utils import with_incremental_state + + +def DynamicConv(input_size, kernel_size=1, padding_l=None, num_heads=1, + weight_dropout=0., weight_softmax=False, + renorm_padding=False, bias=False, conv_bias=False, + query_size=None, in_proj=False): + if torch.cuda.is_available(): + try: + from fairseq.modules.dynamicconv_layer import DynamicconvLayer + return DynamicconvLayer(input_size, kernel_size=kernel_size, + padding_l=padding_l, num_heads=num_heads, + weight_dropout=weight_dropout, + weight_softmax=weight_softmax, bias=bias) + except ImportError as e: + print(e) + return DynamicConv1dTBC(input_size, kernel_size=kernel_size, + padding_l=padding_l, num_heads=num_heads, + weight_dropout=weight_dropout, + weight_softmax=weight_softmax, bias=bias) + + +def Linear(in_features, out_features, bias=True): + m = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features, bias) + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(m.weight) + if bias: + nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0.) + return m + + +@with_incremental_state +class DynamicConv1dTBC(nn.Module): + '''Dynamic lightweight convolution taking T x B x C inputs + Args: + input_size: # of channels of the input + kernel_size: convolution channels + padding_l: padding to the left when using "same" padding + num_heads: number of heads used. The weight is of shape (num_heads, 1, kernel_size) + weight_dropout: the drop rate of the DropConnect to drop the weight + weight_softmax: normalize the weight with softmax before the convolution + renorm_padding: re-normalize the filters to ignore the padded part (only the non-padding parts sum up to 1) + bias: use bias + conv_bias: bias of the convolution + query_size: specified when feeding a different input as the query + in_proj: project the input and generate the filter together + + Shape: + Input: TxBxC, i.e. (timesteps, batch_size, input_size) + Output: TxBxC, i.e. (timesteps, batch_size, input_size) + + Attributes: + weight: the learnable weights of the module of shape + `(num_heads, 1, kernel_size)` + bias: the learnable bias of the module of shape `(input_size)` + ''' + def __init__(self, input_size, kernel_size=1, padding_l=None, num_heads=1, + weight_dropout=0., weight_softmax=False, + renorm_padding=False, bias=False, conv_bias=False, + query_size=None, in_proj=False): + super().__init__() + self.input_size = input_size + self.query_size = input_size if query_size is None else query_size + self.kernel_size = kernel_size + self.padding_l = padding_l + self.num_heads = num_heads + self.weight_dropout = weight_dropout + self.weight_softmax = weight_softmax + self.renorm_padding = renorm_padding + + if in_proj: + self.weight_linear = Linear(self.input_size, self.input_size + num_heads * kernel_size * 1) + else: + self.weight_linear = Linear(self.query_size, num_heads * kernel_size * 1, bias=bias) + if conv_bias: + self.conv_bias = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(input_size)) + else: + self.conv_bias = None + self.reset_parameters() + + @property + def in_proj(self): + return self.weight_linear.out_features == self.input_size + self.num_heads * self.kernel_size + + def reset_parameters(self): + self.weight_linear.reset_parameters() + if self.conv_bias is not None: + nn.init.constant_(self.conv_bias, 0.) + + def forward(self, x, incremental_state=None, query=None, unfold=None): + '''Assuming the input, x, of the shape T x B x C and producing an output in the shape T x B x C + args: + x: Input of shape T x B x C, i.e. (timesteps, batch_size, input_size) + incremental_state: A dict to keep the state + unfold: unfold the input or not. If not, we use the matrix trick instead + query: use the specified query to predict the conv filters + ''' + unfold = x.size(0) > 512 if unfold is None else unfold # use unfold mode as default for long sequence to save memory + unfold = unfold or (incremental_state is not None) + assert query is None or not self.in_proj + + if query is None: + query = x + if unfold: + output = self._forward_unfolded(x, incremental_state, query) + else: + output = self._forward_expanded(x, incremental_state, query) + + if self.conv_bias is not None: + output = output + self.conv_bias.view(1, 1, -1) + return output + + def _forward_unfolded(self, x, incremental_state, query): + '''The conventional implementation of convolutions. + Unfolding the input by having a window shifting to the right.''' + T, B, C = x.size() + K, H = self.kernel_size, self.num_heads + R = C // H + assert R * H == C == self.input_size + + if self.in_proj: + proj = self.weight_linear(x) + x = proj.narrow(2, 0, self.input_size).contiguous() + weight = proj.narrow(2, self.input_size, H*K).contiguous().view(T*B*H, -1) + else: + weight = self.weight_linear(query).view(T*B*H, -1) + + # renorm_padding is only implemented in _forward_expanded + assert not self.renorm_padding or incremental_state is not None + + if incremental_state is not None: + input_buffer = self._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + if input_buffer is None: + input_buffer = x.new() + x_unfold = torch.cat([input_buffer, x.unsqueeze(3)], dim=3) + if self.kernel_size > 1: + self._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, x_unfold[:, :, :, -self.kernel_size+1:]) + x_unfold = x_unfold.view(T*B*H, R, -1) + else: + padding_l = self.padding_l + if K > T and padding_l == K-1: + weight = weight.narrow(1, K-T, T) + K, padding_l = T, T-1 + # unfold the input: T x B x C --> T' x B x C x K + x_unfold = unfold1d(x, K, padding_l, 0) + x_unfold = x_unfold.view(T*B*H, R, K) + + if self.weight_softmax and not self.renorm_padding: + weight = F.softmax(weight, dim=1) + weight = weight.narrow(1, 0, K) + + if incremental_state is not None: + weight = weight[:, -x_unfold.size(2):] + K = weight.size(1) + + if self.weight_softmax and self.renorm_padding: + weight = F.softmax(weight, dim=1) + + weight = F.dropout(weight, self.weight_dropout, training=self.training, inplace=False) + + output = torch.bmm(x_unfold, weight.unsqueeze(2)) # T*B*H x R x 1 + output = output.view(T, B, C) + return output + + def _forward_expanded(self, x, incremental_stat, query): + '''Turn the convolution filters into band matrices and do matrix multiplication. + This is faster when the sequence is short, but less memory efficient. + This is not used in the decoder during inference. + ''' + T, B, C = x.size() + K, H = self.kernel_size, self.num_heads + R = C // H + assert R * H == C == self.input_size + if self.in_proj: + proj = self.weight_linear(x) + x = proj.narrow(2, 0, self.input_size).contiguous() + weight = proj.narrow(2, self.input_size, H*K).contiguous().view(T*B*H, -1) + else: + weight = self.weight_linear(query).view(T*B*H, -1) + + if not self.renorm_padding: + if self.weight_softmax: + weight = F.softmax(weight, dim=1) + weight = F.dropout(weight, self.weight_dropout, training=self.training, inplace=False) + weight = weight.narrow(1, 0, K).contiguous() + weight = weight.view(T, B*H, K).transpose(0, 1) + + x = x.view(T, B*H, R).transpose(0, 1) + if self.weight_softmax and self.renorm_padding: + # turn the convolution filters into band matrices + weight_expanded = weight.new(B*H, T, T+K-1).fill_(float('-inf')) + weight_expanded.as_strided((B*H, T, K), (T*(T+K-1), T+K, 1)).copy_(weight) + weight_expanded = weight_expanded.narrow(2, self.padding_l, T) + # normalize the weight over valid positions like self-attention + weight_expanded = F.softmax(weight_expanded, dim=2) + weight_expanded = F.dropout(weight_expanded, self.weight_dropout, training=self.training, inplace=False) + else: + P = self.padding_l + # For efficieny, we cut the kernel size and reduce the padding when the kernel is larger than the length + if K > T and P == K-1: + weight = weight.narrow(2, K-T, T) + K, P = T, T-1 + # turn the convolution filters into band matrices + weight_expanded = weight.new_zeros(B*H, T, T+K-1, requires_grad=False) + weight_expanded.as_strided((B*H, T, K), (T*(T+K-1), T+K, 1)).copy_(weight) + weight_expanded = weight_expanded.narrow(2, P, T) # B*H x T x T + output = torch.bmm(weight_expanded, x) + output = output.transpose(0, 1).contiguous().view(T, B, C) + return output + + def reorder_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, new_order): + input_buffer = self._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + if input_buffer is not None: + input_buffer = input_buffer.index_select(1, new_order) + self._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, input_buffer) + + def _get_input_buffer(self, incremental_state): + return utils.get_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, 'input_buffer') + + def _set_input_buffer(self, incremental_state, new_buffer): + return utils.set_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, 'input_buffer', new_buffer) + + def extra_repr(self): + s = '{}, kernel_size={}, padding_l={}, num_heads={}, weight_softmax={}, conv_bias={}, renorm_padding={}, in_proj={}'.format( + self.input_size, self.kernel_size, self.padding_l, + self.num_heads, self.weight_softmax, self.conv_bias is not None, self.renorm_padding, + self.in_proj, + ) + + if self.query_size != self.input_size: + s += ', query_size={}'.format(self.query_size) + if self.weight_dropout > 0.: + s += ', weight_dropout={}'.format(self.weight_dropout) + return s diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamic_crf_layer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamic_crf_layer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f5acf377261b5be80dc09b9b88e507e9f1c9ff7 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamic_crf_layer.py @@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +""" +This file is to re-implemented the low-rank and beam approximation of CRF layer +Proposed by: + +Sun, Zhiqing, et al. +Fast Structured Decoding for Sequence Models +https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.11555 + +The CRF implementation is mainly borrowed from +https://github.com/kmkurn/pytorch-crf/blob/master/torchcrf/__init__.py + +""" + +import numpy as np +import torch +import torch.nn as nn + + +def logsumexp(x, dim=1): + return torch.logsumexp(x.float(), dim=dim).type_as(x) + + +class DynamicCRF(nn.Module): + """Dynamic CRF layer is used to approximate the traditional + Conditional Random Fields (CRF) + $P(y | x) = 1/Z(x) exp(sum_i s(y_i, x) + sum_i t(y_{i-1}, y_i, x))$ + + where in this function, we assume the emition scores (s) are given, + and the transition score is a |V| x |V| matrix $M$ + + in the following two aspects: + (1) it used a low-rank approximation for the transition matrix: + $M = E_1 E_2^T$ + (2) it used a beam to estimate the normalizing factor Z(x) + """ + + def __init__(self, num_embedding, low_rank=32, beam_size=64): + super().__init__() + + self.E1 = nn.Embedding(num_embedding, low_rank) + self.E2 = nn.Embedding(num_embedding, low_rank) + + self.vocb = num_embedding + self.rank = low_rank + self.beam = beam_size + + def extra_repr(self): + return "vocab_size={}, low_rank={}, beam_size={}".format( + self.vocb, self.rank, self.beam) + + def forward(self, emissions, targets, masks, beam=None): + """ + Compute the conditional log-likelihood of a sequence of target tokens given emission scores + + Args: + emissions (`~torch.Tensor`): Emission score are usually the unnormalized decoder output + ``(batch_size, seq_len, vocab_size)``. We assume batch-first + targets (`~torch.LongTensor`): Sequence of target token indices + ``(batch_size, seq_len) + masks (`~torch.ByteTensor`): Mask tensor with the same size as targets + + Returns: + `~torch.Tensor`: approximated log-likelihood + """ + numerator = self._compute_score(emissions, targets, masks) + denominator = self._compute_normalizer(emissions, targets, masks, beam) + return numerator - denominator + + def forward_decoder(self, emissions, masks=None, beam=None): + """ + Find the most likely output sequence using Viterbi algorithm. + + Args: + emissions (`~torch.Tensor`): Emission score are usually the unnormalized decoder output + ``(batch_size, seq_len, vocab_size)``. We assume batch-first + masks (`~torch.ByteTensor`): Mask tensor with the same size as targets + + Returns: + `~torch.LongTensor`: decoded sequence from the CRF model + """ + return self._viterbi_decode(emissions, masks, beam) + + def _compute_score(self, emissions, targets, masks=None): + batch_size, seq_len = targets.size() + emission_scores = emissions.gather(2, targets[:, :, None])[:, :, 0] # B x T + transition_scores = (self.E1(targets[:, :-1]) * self.E2(targets[:, 1:])).sum(2) + + scores = emission_scores + scores[:, 1:] += transition_scores + + if masks is not None: + scores = scores * masks.type_as(scores) + return scores.sum(-1) + + def _compute_normalizer(self, emissions, targets=None, masks=None, beam=None): + # HACK: we include "target" which is a hueristic for training + # HACK: we use a beam of tokens to approximate the normalizing factor (which is bad?) + + beam = beam if beam is not None else self.beam + batch_size, seq_len = emissions.size()[:2] + if targets is not None: + _emissions = emissions.scatter(2, targets[:, :, None], np.float('inf')) + beam_targets = _emissions.topk(beam, 2)[1] + beam_emission_scores = emissions.gather(2, beam_targets) + else: + beam_emission_scores, beam_targets = emissions.topk(beam, 2) + beam_transition_score1 = self.E1(beam_targets[:, :-1]) # B x (T-1) x K x D + beam_transition_score2 = self.E2(beam_targets[:, 1:]) # B x (T-1) x K x D + beam_transition_matrix = torch.bmm( + beam_transition_score1.view(-1, beam, self.rank), + beam_transition_score2.view(-1, beam, self.rank).transpose(1, 2)) + beam_transition_matrix = beam_transition_matrix.view(batch_size, -1, beam, beam) + + # compute the normalizer in the log-space + score = beam_emission_scores[:, 0] # B x K + for i in range(1, seq_len): + next_score = score[:, :, None] + beam_transition_matrix[:, i-1] + next_score = logsumexp(next_score, dim=1) + beam_emission_scores[:, i] + + if masks is not None: + score = torch.where(masks[:, i:i+1], next_score, score) + else: + score = next_score + + # Sum (log-sum-exp) over all possible tags + return logsumexp(score, dim=1) + + def _viterbi_decode(self, emissions, masks=None, beam=None): + # HACK: we use a beam of tokens to approximate the normalizing factor (which is bad?) + + beam = beam if beam is not None else self.beam + batch_size, seq_len = emissions.size()[:2] + beam_emission_scores, beam_targets = emissions.topk(beam, 2) + beam_transition_score1 = self.E1(beam_targets[:, :-1]) # B x (T-1) x K x D + beam_transition_score2 = self.E2(beam_targets[:, 1:]) # B x (T-1) x K x D + beam_transition_matrix = torch.bmm( + beam_transition_score1.view(-1, beam, self.rank), + beam_transition_score2.view(-1, beam, self.rank).transpose(1, 2)) + beam_transition_matrix = beam_transition_matrix.view(batch_size, -1, beam, beam) + + traj_tokens, traj_scores = [], [] + finalized_tokens, finalized_scores = [], [] + + # compute the normalizer in the log-space + score = beam_emission_scores[:, 0] # B x K + dummy = torch.arange(beam, device=score.device).expand(*score.size()).contiguous() + + for i in range(1, seq_len): + traj_scores.append(score) + _score = score[:, :, None] + beam_transition_matrix[:, i-1] + _score, _index = _score.max(dim=1) + _score = _score + beam_emission_scores[:, i] + + if masks is not None: + score = torch.where(masks[:, i: i+1], _score, score) + index = torch.where(masks[:, i: i+1], _index, dummy) + else: + score, index = _score, _index + traj_tokens.append(index) + + # now running the back-tracing and find the best + best_score, best_index = score.max(dim=1) + finalized_tokens.append(best_index[:, None]) + finalized_scores.append(best_score[:, None]) + + for idx, scs in zip(reversed(traj_tokens), reversed(traj_scores)): + previous_index = finalized_tokens[-1] + finalized_tokens.append(idx.gather(1, previous_index)) + finalized_scores.append(scs.gather(1, previous_index)) + + finalized_tokens.reverse() + finalized_tokens = torch.cat(finalized_tokens, 1) + finalized_tokens = beam_targets.gather(2, finalized_tokens[:, :, None])[:, :, 0] + + finalized_scores.reverse() + finalized_scores = torch.cat(finalized_scores, 1) + finalized_scores[:, 1:] = finalized_scores[:, 1:] - finalized_scores[:, :-1] + + return finalized_scores, finalized_tokens diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22dc6f403d2a0ecdb1b9e7e69ed96bd560e93b2c --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from .dynamicconv_layer import DynamicconvLayer # noqa diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/cuda_function_gen.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/cuda_function_gen.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..926d6ca846be37a2b7ac451ca62706763b53013b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/cuda_function_gen.py @@ -0,0 +1,223 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + + +def gen_forward(): + + kernels = [3, 5, 7, 15, 31, 63, 127, 255] + blocks = [32, 64, 128, 256] + + head = """ +/** + * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. + * + * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the + * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + */ + +#include "dynamicconv_cuda.cuh" + +std::vector dynamicconv_cuda_forward(at::Tensor input, at::Tensor weight, int padding_l) { + + at::DeviceGuard g(input.device()); + const auto minibatch = input.size(0); + const auto numFeatures = input.size(1); + const auto sequenceLength = input.size(2); + + const auto numHeads = weight.size(1); + const auto filterSize = weight.size(2); + + const auto numFiltersInBlock = numFeatures / numHeads; + const dim3 blocks(minibatch, numFeatures); + + auto output = at::zeros_like(input); + auto stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); +""" + + switch = """ + switch(filterSize) { +""" + + case_k = """ + case {k}: +""" + + main_block = """ + if (padding_l == {pad}) {{ + AT_DISPATCH_FLOATING_TYPES_AND_HALF(input.scalar_type(), "dynamicconv_forward", ([&] {{ + dynamicconv_forward_kernel<{k}, {b_size}, {pad}, scalar_t> + <<>>( + input.data(), + weight.data(), + minibatch, + sequenceLength, + numFeatures, + numFiltersInBlock, + numHeads, + output.data()); + }})); + }} else +""" + + bad_padding = """ + { + std::cout << "WARNING: Unsupported padding size - skipping forward pass" << std::endl; + } + break;\n +""" + + end = """ + default: + std::cout << "WARNING: Unsupported filter length passed - skipping forward pass" << std::endl; + } + + return {output}; +} +""" + + with open("dynamicconv_cuda_forward.cu", 'w') as forward: + forward.write(head) + forward.write(switch) + for k in kernels: + b_size = 32 + for b in blocks: + if b > k: + b_size = b + break + forward.write(case_k.format(k=k)) + for pad in [k // 2, k - 1]: + forward.write(main_block.format(k=k, b_size=b_size, pad=pad)) + forward.write(bad_padding) + forward.write(end) + + +def gen_backward(): + + kernels = [3, 5, 7, 15, 31, 63, 127, 255] + thresh = [512, 512, 512, 512, 512, 380, 256, 256] + min_block = [64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 128, 256] + seqs = [32 * x for x in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]] + + head = """ +/** + * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. + * + * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the + * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + */ + +#include "dynamicconv_cuda.cuh" + +std::vector dynamicconv_cuda_backward(at::Tensor gradOutput, int padding_l, at::Tensor input, at::Tensor weight) { + + at::DeviceGuard g(input.device()); + const auto minibatch = input.size(0); + const auto numFeatures = input.size(1); + const auto sequenceLength = input.size(2); + + const auto numHeads = weight.size(1); + const auto filterSize = weight.size(2); + + const auto numFiltersInBlock = numFeatures / numHeads; + auto numChunks = 1; + + auto gradInput = at::zeros_like(input); + auto gradWeight = at::zeros_like(weight); + auto stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); + + dim3 blocks(minibatch, numHeads, numChunks); +""" + + sequence_if = """ + if (sequenceLength < {seq}) {{ + switch(filterSize) {{ +""" + + case_k = """ + case {k}: +""" + + chunks_reset = """ + numChunks = int(ceilf(sequenceLength/float({b_size}))); + blocks = dim3(minibatch, numHeads, numChunks); +""" + + main_block = """ + if (padding_l == {p}) {{ + AT_DISPATCH_FLOATING_TYPES_AND_HALF(gradOutput.scalar_type(), "dynamicconv_backward", ([&] {{ + dynamicconv_backward_kernel<{k}, {b_size}, {p}, scalar_t> + <<>>( + gradOutput.data(), + input.data(), + weight.data(), + minibatch, + sequenceLength, + numFeatures, + numFiltersInBlock, + numHeads, + gradWeight.data(), + gradInput.data()); + }})); + }} else +""" + + bad_padding = """ + { + std::cout << "WARNING: Unsupported padding size - skipping backward pass" << std::endl; + } + break;\n +""" + + bad_filter = """ + default: + std::cout << "WARNING: Unsupported filter length passed - skipping backward pass" << std::endl; + } +""" + + con_else = """ + } else +""" + + final_else = """ + { + switch(filterSize) { +""" + + last_return = """ + } + return {gradInput, gradWeight}; +} +""" + + with open("dynamicconv_cuda_backward.cu", 'w') as backward: + backward.write(head) + for seq in seqs: + backward.write(sequence_if.format(seq=seq)) + for k, t, m in zip(kernels, thresh, min_block): + backward.write(case_k.format(k=k)) + if seq <= t: + b_size = seq + else: + b_size = m + backward.write(chunks_reset.format(b_size=b_size)) + for p in [k // 2, k - 1]: + backward.write(main_block.format(k=k, b_size=b_size, p=p)) + backward.write(bad_padding) + backward.write(bad_filter) + backward.write(con_else) + backward.write(final_else) + for k, m in zip(kernels, min_block): + backward.write(case_k.format(k=k)) + backward.write(chunks_reset.format(b_size=m)) + for p in [k // 2, k - 1]: + backward.write(main_block.format(k=k, b_size=m, p=p)) + backward.write(bad_padding) + backward.write(bad_filter) + backward.write(last_return) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + gen_forward() + gen_backward() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/dynamicconv_cuda.cpp b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/dynamicconv_cuda.cpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ebd4df0e9608d769f31eadc6e0b487505f11b279 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/dynamicconv_cuda.cpp @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +/** + * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. + * + * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the + * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + */ + +#include +#include + +std::vector dynamicconv_cuda_forward( + at::Tensor input, + at::Tensor filters, + int padding_l); + +std::vector dynamicconv_cuda_backward( + at::Tensor gradOutput, + int padding_l, + at::Tensor input, + at::Tensor filters); + + +#define CHECK_CUDA(x) AT_ASSERTM(x.type().is_cuda(), #x " must be a CUDA tensor") +#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) AT_ASSERTM(x.is_contiguous(), #x " must be contiguous") +#define CHECK_INPUT(x) CHECK_CUDA(x); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) + +std::vector dynamicconv_forward( + at::Tensor input, + at::Tensor filters, + int padding_l) { + + CHECK_INPUT(input); + CHECK_INPUT(filters); + + return dynamicconv_cuda_forward(input, filters, + padding_l); +} + +std::vector dynamicconv_backward( + at::Tensor gradOutput, + int padding_l, + at::Tensor input, + at::Tensor filters) { + + CHECK_INPUT(gradOutput); + CHECK_INPUT(input); + CHECK_INPUT(filters); + + return dynamicconv_cuda_backward(gradOutput, padding_l, + input, filters); +} + +PYBIND11_MODULE(TORCH_EXTENSION_NAME, m) { + m.def("forward", &dynamicconv_forward, "dynamicconv forward (CUDA)"); + m.def("backward", &dynamicconv_backward, "dynamicconv backward (CUDA)"); +} diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/dynamicconv_cuda.cuh b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/dynamicconv_cuda.cuh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2196259433aefc88f96cd5bbcae57740a9a8c2dc --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/dynamicconv_cuda.cuh @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +/** + * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. + * + * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the + * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + */ + +#include +#include + +#include +#include +#include + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#include +#include +#include + +#define SHFL_MASK 0xffffffff + +template +__global__ +void dynamicconv_forward_kernel(const scalar_t* input, + const scalar_t* weight, + int minibatch, + int sequenceLength, + int numFeatures, + int numFiltersInBlock, + int numHeads, + scalar_t* output); + +template +__global__ +void dynamicconv_backward_kernel( + const scalar_t* gradOutput, // B * C * T + const scalar_t* input, // B * C * T + const scalar_t* weight, + int minibatch, + int sequenceLength, + int numFeatures, + int numFiltersInBlock, + int numHeads, + scalar_t* gradWeight, + scalar_t* gradInput); // B * H * k * T diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/dynamicconv_cuda_kernel.cu b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/dynamicconv_cuda_kernel.cu new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..300d35b6478080a9594a22e335988c321d43127f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/dynamicconv_cuda_kernel.cu @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +/** + * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. + * + * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the + * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + */ + +#include "dynamicconv_cuda.cuh" +#include "dynamicconv_cuda_forward.cu" +#include "dynamicconv_cuda_backward.cu" +#include "../cuda_utils.cu" + +// FS is filter size and kernels are specialized for filter sizes +template +__global__ +void dynamicconv_forward_kernel(const scalar_t* input, + const scalar_t* weight, + int minibatch, + int sequenceLength, + int numFeatures, + int numFiltersInBlock, + int numHeads, + scalar_t* output) { + assert(blockDim.x == SB); + + const int tid = threadIdx.x; + const int batchIdx = blockIdx.x; + const int featureIdx = blockIdx.y; + const int head = featureIdx / numFiltersInBlock; + + const int IOOffset = batchIdx * numFeatures * sequenceLength + + featureIdx * sequenceLength; + const scalar_t* inputFeature = &input[IOOffset]; + scalar_t* outputFeature = &output[IOOffset]; + + scalar_t filter[FS]; + + __shared__ scalar_t tempInput[SB + FS]; + zeroSharedMem(tempInput); + + const int numIterations = divUp(sequenceLength, SB); + + for (int i = 0; i < numIterations; ++i) { + __syncthreads(); + const int inputOffset = i * SB; + load_input_to_shared(inputFeature, inputOffset, + sequenceLength, i, + numIterations, false, tempInput); + __syncthreads(); + if (inputOffset + tid < sequenceLength) { + + #pragma unroll + for (int k = 0; k < FS; ++k) { + const int filterOffset = batchIdx * numHeads * FS * sequenceLength + + head * FS * sequenceLength + + k * sequenceLength + + i * SB + tid; + filter[k] = weight[filterOffset]; + } + + scalar_t out = scalar_t(0.0); + #pragma unroll + for (int k = 0; k < FS; ++k) { + out += filter[k] * tempInput[tid + k]; + } + + outputFeature[inputOffset + tid] = out; + + } + } +} + +template +__global__ +void dynamicconv_backward_kernel( + const scalar_t* gradOutput, // B * C * T + const scalar_t* input, // B * C * T + const scalar_t* weight, + int minibatch, + int sequenceLength, + int numFeatures, + int numFiltersInBlock, + int numHeads, + scalar_t* gradWeight, + scalar_t* gradInput) { // B * H * k * T + + assert(blockDim.x == SB); + + // each block operates on a single batch and filter head + const int tid = threadIdx.x; + const int batchIdx = blockIdx.x; + const int headIdx = blockIdx.y; + const int chunkIdx = blockIdx.z; + + const int numChunks = divUp(sequenceLength, SB); + const int inputOffset = chunkIdx * SB; + + // initialize shared memory for output gradient and input + __shared__ scalar_t tempGradOutput[SB + FS]; + __shared__ scalar_t tempInput[SB + FS]; + const int padding = FS - padding_l - 1; + + zeroSharedMem(tempGradOutput); + zeroSharedMem(tempInput); + + // initialize local filter and weight gradient sum arrays + scalar_t tempGradSum[FS]; + scalar_t bfilter[FS]; + for (int k = 0; k < FS; ++k) { + tempGradSum[k] = scalar_t(0.0); + + int idxOffset = inputOffset + tid + k - padding; + if (idxOffset >= 0 && idxOffset < sequenceLength) { + int bfilterOffset = batchIdx * numHeads * FS * sequenceLength + + headIdx * FS * sequenceLength + + (FS - k - 1) * sequenceLength + + idxOffset; + bfilter[k] = weight[bfilterOffset]; + } else { + bfilter[k] = scalar_t(0.0); + } + } + + + // iterate over filter block + for (int featureIdx = 0; featureIdx < numFiltersInBlock; ++featureIdx) { + __syncthreads(); + + // load input and output gradient for this channel and chunk + const int IOOffset = batchIdx * numFeatures * sequenceLength + + (headIdx * numFiltersInBlock + featureIdx) * sequenceLength; + const scalar_t* inputFeature = &input[IOOffset]; + const scalar_t* gradOutputFeature = &gradOutput[IOOffset]; + scalar_t* gradInputFeature = &gradInput[IOOffset]; + + load_input_to_shared(gradOutputFeature, inputOffset, + sequenceLength, chunkIdx, + numChunks, true, tempGradOutput); + load_input_to_shared(inputFeature, inputOffset, + sequenceLength, chunkIdx, + numChunks, true, tempInput); + __syncthreads(); + + // sum input and weight gradients + scalar_t out = scalar_t(0.0); + #pragma unroll + for (int k = 0; k < FS; ++k) { + tempGradSum[k] += tempInput[tid + k] * tempGradOutput[tid + padding]; + out += bfilter[k] * tempGradOutput[tid + k]; + } + + if (inputOffset + tid < sequenceLength) { + gradInputFeature[inputOffset + tid] = out; + } + } + + const int gradOffset = batchIdx * numHeads * FS * sequenceLength + + headIdx * FS * sequenceLength; + scalar_t *gradWeightFeature = &gradWeight[gradOffset]; + + // write weight gradient + if (inputOffset + tid < sequenceLength) { + for (int k = 0; k < FS; ++k) { + const int outputOffset = k * sequenceLength + inputOffset + tid; + gradWeightFeature[outputOffset] = tempGradSum[k]; + } + } +} diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/dynamicconv_layer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/dynamicconv_layer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..975840fa7386ad10cd4d1eb91d3ebf8930580984 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/dynamicconv_layer.py @@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +from torch import nn +from torch.autograd import Function +import torch.nn.functional as F + +import dynamicconv_cuda +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.modules.unfold import unfold1d +from fairseq.incremental_decoding_utils import with_incremental_state + + +class dynamicconvFunction(Function): + + @staticmethod + def forward(ctx, x, weights, padding_l): + ctx.padding_l = padding_l + outputs = dynamicconv_cuda.forward(x, weights, padding_l) + variables = [x, weights] + ctx.save_for_backward(*variables) + return outputs[0] + + @staticmethod + def backward(ctx, grad_output): + outputs = dynamicconv_cuda.backward( + grad_output.contiguous(), + ctx.padding_l, + *ctx.saved_tensors) + grad_input, grad_weights = outputs + return grad_input, grad_weights, None + + +@with_incremental_state +class DynamicconvLayer(nn.Module): + def __init__( + self, + input_size, + kernel_size=1, + padding_l=None, + weight_softmax=False, + num_heads=1, + weight_dropout=0., + bias=False, + renorm_padding=False, + conv_bias=False, + query_size=None): + + super(DynamicconvLayer, self).__init__() + self.input_size = input_size + self.query_size = input_size if query_size is None else query_size + self.kernel_size = kernel_size + self.padding_l = padding_l + self.num_heads = num_heads + self.weight_softmax = weight_softmax + self.weight_dropout = weight_dropout + self.renorm_padding = renorm_padding + self.bias = bias + + self.weight_linear = nn.Linear(input_size, num_heads * kernel_size, bias) + if conv_bias: + self.conv_bias = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(input_size)) + else: + self.conv_bias = None + self.reset_parameters() + + def reset_parameters(self): + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.weight_linear.weight) + if self.conv_bias is not None: + nn.init.constant_(self.conv_bias, 0.) + nn.init.constant_(self.weight_linaer.bias, 0.) + + def forward(self, x, incremental_state=None, query=None, unfold=None): + + T, B, C = x.size() + K, H = self.kernel_size, self.num_heads + # R = C // H + + # during inference time, incremental BMM is faster + if incremental_state is not None: + unfold = x.size(0) > 512 if unfold is None else unfold # use unfold mode as default for long sequence to save memory + unfold = unfold or (incremental_state is not None) + assert query is None + + if query is None: + query = x + if unfold: + output = self._forward_unfolded(x, incremental_state, query) + else: + output = self._forward_expanded(x, incremental_state, query) + + if self.conv_bias is not None: + output = output + self.conv_bias.view(1, 1, -1) + + return output + + # during training time, use CUDA kernel + else: + weight = self.weight_linear(x).view(T, B, H, K) + if self.weight_softmax: + weight = F.softmax(weight, dim=-1) + if self.weight_dropout: + weight = F.dropout(weight, self.weight_dropout, training=self.training) + + weight = weight.permute(1, 2, 3, 0).contiguous() + self.filters = weight + x = x.permute(1, 2, 0).contiguous() + output = dynamicconvFunction.apply(x, weight, self.padding_l).permute(2, 0, 1) + if self.conv_bias is not None: + output = output + self.conv_bias.view(1, 1, -1) + return output + + def reorder_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, new_order): + input_buffer = self._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + if input_buffer is not None: + input_buffer = input_buffer.index_select(1, new_order) + self._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, input_buffer) + + def _get_input_buffer(self, incremental_state): + return utils.get_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, 'input_buffer') + + def _set_input_buffer(self, incremental_state, new_buffer): + return utils.set_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, 'input_buffer', new_buffer) + + def _forward_unfolded(self, x, incremental_state, query): + '''The conventional implementation of convolutions. + Unfolding the input by having a window shifting to the right.''' + T, B, C = x.size() + K, H = self.kernel_size, self.num_heads + R = C // H + assert R * H == C == self.input_size + + weight = self.weight_linear(query).view(T*B*H, -1) + + # renorm_padding is only implemented in _forward_expanded + assert not self.renorm_padding or incremental_state is not None + + if incremental_state is not None: + input_buffer = self._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + if input_buffer is None: + input_buffer = x.new() + x_unfold = torch.cat([input_buffer, x.unsqueeze(3)], dim=3) + if self.kernel_size > 1: + self._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, x_unfold[:, :, :, -self.kernel_size+1:]) + x_unfold = x_unfold.view(T*B*H, R, -1) + else: + padding_l = self.padding_l + if K > T and padding_l == K-1: + weight = weight.narrow(1, K-T, T) + K, padding_l = T, T-1 + # unfold the input: T x B x C --> T' x B x C x K + x_unfold = unfold1d(x, K, padding_l, 0) + x_unfold = x_unfold.view(T*B*H, R, K) + + if self.weight_softmax and not self.renorm_padding: + weight = F.softmax(weight, dim=1) + weight = weight.narrow(1, 0, K) + + if incremental_state is not None: + weight = weight[:, -x_unfold.size(2):] + K = weight.size(1) + + if self.weight_softmax and self.renorm_padding: + weight = F.softmax(weight, dim=1) + + weight = F.dropout(weight, self.weight_dropout, training=self.training, inplace=False) + + output = torch.bmm(x_unfold, weight.unsqueeze(2)) # T*B*H x R x 1 + output = output.view(T, B, C) + return output + + def _forward_expanded(self, x, incremental_stat, query): + '''Turn the convolution filters into band matrices and do matrix multiplication. + This is faster when the sequence is short, but less memory efficient. + This is not used in the decoder during inference. + ''' + T, B, C = x.size() + K, H = self.kernel_size, self.num_heads + R = C // H + assert R * H == C == self.input_size + weight = self.weight_linear(query).view(T*B*H, -1) + + if not self.renorm_padding: + if self.weight_softmax: + weight = F.softmax(weight, dim=1) + weight = F.dropout(weight, self.weight_dropout, training=self.training, inplace=False) + weight = weight.narrow(1, 0, K).contiguous() + weight = weight.view(T, B*H, K).transpose(0, 1) + + x = x.view(T, B*H, R).transpose(0, 1) + if self.weight_softmax and self.renorm_padding: + # turn the convolution filters into band matrices + weight_expanded = weight.new(B*H, T, T+K-1).fill_(float('-inf')) + weight_expanded.as_strided((B*H, T, K), (T*(T+K-1), T+K, 1)).copy_(weight) + weight_expanded = weight_expanded.narrow(2, self.padding_l, T) + # normalize the weight over valid positions like self-attention + weight_expanded = F.softmax(weight_expanded, dim=2) + weight_expanded = F.dropout(weight_expanded, self.weight_dropout, training=self.training, inplace=False) + else: + P = self.padding_l + # For efficieny, we cut the kernel size and reduce the padding when the kernel is larger than the length + if K > T and P == K-1: + weight = weight.narrow(2, K-T, T) + K, P = T, T-1 + # turn the convolution filters into band matrices + weight_expanded = weight.new_zeros(B*H, T, T+K-1, requires_grad=False) + weight_expanded.as_strided((B*H, T, K), (T*(T+K-1), T+K, 1)).copy_(weight) + weight_expanded = weight_expanded.narrow(2, P, T) # B*H x T x T + output = torch.bmm(weight_expanded, x) + output = output.transpose(0, 1).contiguous().view(T, B, C) + return output diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/dynamiconv_cpu.cpp b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/dynamiconv_cpu.cpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a6af4285da3c40a01383541acf1f455ffc060fb --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/dynamiconv_cpu.cpp @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +#include +#include + +std::vector dynamicconv_cpu_forward( + float* input, + float* filters, + int padding_l); + +std::vector dynamicconv_cpu_backward( + float* gradOutput, + int padding_l, + float* input, + float* filters); + +std::vector dynamicconv_forward( + float* input, + float* filters, + int padding_l) { + + return dynamicconv_cpu_forward(input, filters, padding_l); +} + +std::vector dynamicconv_backward( + float* gradOutput, + int padding_l, + float* input, + float* filters) { + + return dynamicconv_cpu_backward(gradOutput, padding_l, input, filters); +} + +PYBIND11_MODULE(TORCH_EXTENSION_NAME, m) { + m.def("forward", &dynamicconv_forward, "dynamicconv forward (CPU)"); + m.def("backward", &dynamicconv_backward, "dynamicconv backward (CPU)"); +} diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/setup.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/setup.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d789c328371409bd82c9f0087efe6cff459f151 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/dynamicconv_layer/setup.py @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from setuptools import setup +from torch.utils.cpp_extension import CUDAExtension, BuildExtension + +setup( + name='dynamicconv_layer', + ext_modules=[ + CUDAExtension( + name='dynamicconv_cuda', + sources=[ + 'dynamicconv_cuda.cpp', + 'dynamicconv_cuda_kernel.cu', + ], + ), + ], + cmdclass={ + 'build_ext': BuildExtension + }) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/fp32_group_norm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/fp32_group_norm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d03aac022e30c8c14a600062d1d86429504ba003 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/fp32_group_norm.py @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +""" +Layer norm done in fp32 (for fp16 training) +""" + +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + + +class Fp32GroupNorm(nn.GroupNorm): + def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): + super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) + + def forward(self, input): + output = F.group_norm( + input.float(), + self.num_groups, + self.weight.float() if self.weight is not None else None, + self.bias.float() if self.bias is not None else None, + self.eps, + ) + return output.type_as(input) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/gelu.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/gelu.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a2f1ecff4a3ae3de3eb7d327b9163c46b18a15ed --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/gelu.py @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +""" +See "Gaussian Error Linear Units (GELUs)" by Dan Hendrycks and Kevin Gimpel with +the corresponding GitHub repo: https://github.com/hendrycks/GELUs +""" + +import math + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn + + +def gelu_accurate(x): + if not hasattr(gelu_accurate, "_a"): + gelu_accurate._a = math.sqrt(2 / math.pi) + return ( + 0.5 * x * (1 + torch.tanh(gelu_accurate._a * (x + 0.044715 * torch.pow(x, 3)))) + ) + + +def gelu(x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: + return torch.nn.functional.gelu(x.float()).type_as(x) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/grad_multiply.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/grad_multiply.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08d15f55dfda9c61a1cf8641ea31424fe1d97f57 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/grad_multiply.py @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch + + +class GradMultiply(torch.autograd.Function): + @staticmethod + def forward(ctx, x, scale): + ctx.scale = scale + res = x.new(x) + return res + + @staticmethod + def backward(ctx, grad): + return grad * ctx.scale, None diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/gumbel_vector_quantizer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/gumbel_vector_quantizer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2efc10e74bc460b41a8d8d519a0d2e6a201ff585 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/gumbel_vector_quantizer.py @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + + +class GumbelVectorQuantizer(nn.Module): + def __init__( + self, + dim, + num_vars, + temp, + groups, + combine_groups, + vq_dim, + time_first, + activation=nn.GELU(), + weight_proj_depth=1, + weight_proj_factor=1, + ): + """Vector quantization using gumbel softmax + + Args: + dim: input dimension (channels) + num_vars: number of quantized vectors per group + temp: temperature for training. this should be a tuple of 3 elements: (start, stop, decay factor) + groups: number of groups for vector quantization + combine_groups: whether to use the vectors for all groups + vq_dim: dimensionality of the resulting quantized vector + time_first: if true, expect input in BxTxC format, otherwise in BxCxT + activation: what activation to use (should be a module). this is only used if weight_proj_depth is > 1 + weight_proj_depth: number of layers (with activation in between) to project input before computing logits + weight_proj_factor: this is used only if weight_proj_depth is > 1. scales the inner dimensionality of + projections by this factor + """ + super().__init__() + + self.groups = groups + self.combine_groups = combine_groups + self.input_dim = dim + self.num_vars = num_vars + self.time_first = time_first + + assert ( + vq_dim % groups == 0 + ), f"dim {vq_dim} must be divisible by groups {groups} for concatenation" + + var_dim = vq_dim // groups + num_groups = groups if not combine_groups else 1 + + self.vars = nn.Parameter(torch.FloatTensor(1, num_groups * num_vars, var_dim)) + nn.init.xavier_normal_(self.vars) + + if weight_proj_depth > 1: + + def block(input_dim, output_dim): + return nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(input_dim, output_dim), activation) + + inner_dim = self.input_dim * weight_proj_factor + self.weight_proj = nn.Sequential( + *[ + block(self.input_dim if i == 0 else inner_dim, inner_dim) + for i in range(weight_proj_depth - 1) + ], + nn.Linear(inner_dim, groups * num_vars), + ) + else: + self.weight_proj = nn.Linear(self.input_dim, groups * num_vars) + + assert len(temp) == 3, temp + + self.max_temp, self.min_temp, self.temp_decay = temp + self.curr_temp = self.max_temp + self.codebook_indices = None + + def set_num_updates(self, num_updates): + self.curr_temp = max( + self.max_temp * self.temp_decay ** num_updates, self.min_temp + ) + + def codebook(self): + if self.codebook_indices is None: + from itertools import product + + p = [range(self.num_vars)] * self.groups + inds = list(product(*p)) + self.codebook_indices = torch.tensor( + inds, dtype=torch.long, device=self.vars.device + ).flatten() + + if not self.combine_groups: + self.codebook_indices = self.codebook_indices.view( + self.num_vars ** self.groups, -1 + ) + for b in range(1, self.groups): + self.codebook_indices[:, b] += self.num_vars * b + self.codebook_indices = self.codebook_indices.flatten() + + return ( + self.vars.squeeze(0) + .index_select(0, self.codebook_indices) + .view(self.num_vars ** self.groups, -1) + ) + + def forward_idx(self, x): + res = self.forward(x, produce_targets=True) + return res["x"], res["targets"] + + def forward(self, x, produce_targets=False): + + result = {"num_vars": self.num_vars * self.groups} + + if not self.time_first: + x = x.transpose(1, 2) + + bsz, tsz, fsz = x.shape + x = x.reshape(-1, fsz) + x = self.weight_proj(x) + x = x.view(bsz * tsz * self.groups, -1) + + _, k = x.max(-1) + hard_x = ( + x.new_zeros(*x.shape) + .scatter_(-1, k.view(-1, 1), 1.0) + .view(bsz * tsz, self.groups, -1) + ) + hard_probs = torch.mean(hard_x.float(), dim=0) + result["code_perplexity"] = torch.exp( + -torch.sum(hard_probs * torch.log(hard_probs + 1e-7), dim=-1) + ).sum() + + avg_probs = torch.softmax( + x.view(bsz * tsz, self.groups, -1).float(), dim=-1 + ).mean(dim=0) + result["prob_perplexity"] = torch.exp( + -torch.sum(avg_probs * torch.log(avg_probs + 1e-7), dim=-1) + ).sum() + + result["temp"] = self.curr_temp + + if self.training: + x = F.gumbel_softmax(x.float(), tau=self.curr_temp, hard=True).type_as(x) + else: + x = hard_x + + x = x.view(bsz * tsz, -1) + + vars = self.vars + if self.combine_groups: + vars = vars.repeat(1, self.groups, 1) + + if produce_targets: + result["targets"] = ( + x.view(bsz * tsz * self.groups, -1) + .argmax(dim=-1) + .view(bsz, tsz, self.groups) + .detach() + ) + + x = x.unsqueeze(-1) * vars + x = x.view(bsz * tsz, self.groups, self.num_vars, -1) + x = x.sum(-2) + x = x.view(bsz, tsz, -1) + + if not self.time_first: + x = x.transpose(1, 2) # BTC -> BCT + + result["x"] = x + + return result diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/kmeans_vector_quantizer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/kmeans_vector_quantizer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..be56e6081bc836b77203236b495e4f6391e56020 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/kmeans_vector_quantizer.py @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn + +from fairseq.modules import Fp32GroupNorm + + +class KmeansVectorQuantizer(nn.Module): + def __init__( + self, dim, num_vars, groups, combine_groups, vq_dim, time_first, gamma=0.25 + ): + '''Vector quantization using straight pass-through estimator (i.e. kmeans) + + Args: + dim: input dimension (channels) + num_vars: number of quantized vectors per group + groups: number of groups for vector quantization + combine_groups: whether to use the vectors for all groups + vq_dim: dimensionality of the resulting quantized vector + time_first: if true, expect input in BxTxC format, otherwise in BxCxT + gamma: commitment loss coefficient + ''' + super().__init__() + + self.groups = groups + self.combine_groups = combine_groups + self.input_dim = dim + self.num_vars = num_vars + self.vq_dim = vq_dim + self.time_first = time_first + + assert ( + vq_dim % groups == 0 + ), f"dim {vq_dim} must be divisible by groups {groups} for concatenation" + + self.var_dim = vq_dim // groups + num_groups = groups if not combine_groups else 1 + + self.embedding = nn.Parameter( + 0.01 * torch.randn(num_vars, num_groups, self.var_dim) + ) + self.projection = nn.Sequential( + nn.Conv1d(dim, dim, kernel_size=1, groups=groups, bias=False), + Fp32GroupNorm(groups, dim), + ) + self.gamma = gamma + self.mse_mean = nn.MSELoss(reduction="mean") + + def _pass_grad(self, x, y): + """ Manually set gradient for backward pass. + for y = f(x), ensure that during the backward pass, + dL/dy = dL/dx regardless of f(x). + Returns: + y, with the gradient forced to be dL/dy = dL/dx. + """ + + return y.detach() + (x - x.detach()) + + @property + def expand_embedding(self): + if self.combine_groups: + return self.embedding.expand(self.num_vars, self.groups, self.var_dim) + return self.embedding + + def forward_idx(self, x): + res = self.forward(x, produce_targets=True) + return res["x"], res["targets"] + + def forward(self, x, produce_targets=False): + + result = {"num_vars": self.num_vars} + + if self.time_first: + x = x.transpose(1, 2) + + bsz, fsz, tsz = x.shape + + ze = self.projection(x) + ze_ = ze.view(bsz, self.groups, self.var_dim, tsz).permute(0, 3, 1, 2) + d = ( + (ze_.unsqueeze(0) - self.expand_embedding.unsqueeze(1).unsqueeze(1)) + .view(self.num_vars, bsz, tsz, self.groups, -1) + .norm(dim=-1, p=2) + ) + idx = d.argmin(dim=0) + zq = ( + torch.stack( + [ + self.expand_embedding[idx[..., group], group] + for group in range(self.groups) + ], + dim=-2, + ) + .view(bsz, tsz, self.groups * self.var_dim) + .permute(0, 2, 1) + ) + assert ze.shape == zq.shape, (ze.shape, zq.shape) + x = self._pass_grad(ze, zq) + + hard_x = ( + idx.new_zeros(bsz*tsz*self.groups, self.num_vars) + .scatter_(-1, idx.view(-1, 1), 1.0) + .view(bsz * tsz, self.groups, -1) + ) + hard_probs = torch.mean(hard_x.float(), dim=0) + result["code_perplexity"] = torch.exp( + -torch.sum(hard_probs * torch.log(hard_probs + 1e-7), dim=-1) + ).sum() + + if produce_targets: + result["targets"] = idx + + if self.time_first: + x = x.transpose(1, 2) # BCT -> BTC + result["x"] = x + + ze = ze.float() + zq = zq.float() + latent_loss = self.mse_mean(zq, ze.detach()) + commitment_loss = self.mse_mean(ze, zq.detach()) + + result["kmeans_loss"] = latent_loss + self.gamma * commitment_loss + + return result diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/layer_norm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/layer_norm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4fee32d4fcfa8ff087765ae29028839e090a0288 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/layer_norm.py @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + + +try: + from apex.normalization import FusedLayerNorm as _FusedLayerNorm + + has_fused_layernorm = True + + class FusedLayerNorm(_FusedLayerNorm): + @torch.jit.unused + def forward(self, x): + if not x.is_cuda: + return super().forward(x) + else: + with torch.cuda.device(x.device): + return super().forward(x) + +except ImportError: + has_fused_layernorm = False + + +def LayerNorm(normalized_shape, eps=1e-5, elementwise_affine=True, export=False): + if not export and torch.cuda.is_available() and has_fused_layernorm: + return FusedLayerNorm(normalized_shape, eps, elementwise_affine) + return torch.nn.LayerNorm(normalized_shape, eps, elementwise_affine) + + +class Fp32LayerNorm(nn.LayerNorm): + def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): + super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) + + def forward(self, input): + output = F.layer_norm( + input.float(), + self.normalized_shape, + self.weight.float() if self.weight is not None else None, + self.bias.float() if self.bias is not None else None, + self.eps, + ) + return output.type_as(input) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/learned_positional_embedding.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/learned_positional_embedding.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..378d0f707183dd344dbb9288dda394b11053acf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/learned_positional_embedding.py @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from typing import Dict, Optional + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F +from fairseq import utils +from torch import Tensor + + +class LearnedPositionalEmbedding(nn.Embedding): + """ + This module learns positional embeddings up to a fixed maximum size. + Padding ids are ignored by either offsetting based on padding_idx + or by setting padding_idx to None and ensuring that the appropriate + position ids are passed to the forward function. + """ + + def __init__(self, num_embeddings: int, embedding_dim: int, padding_idx: int): + super().__init__(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx) + self.onnx_trace = False + if self.padding_idx is not None: + self.max_positions = self.num_embeddings - self.padding_idx - 1 + else: + self.max_positions = self.num_embeddings + + def forward( + self, + input: Tensor, + incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]] = None, + positions: Optional[Tensor] = None, + ): + """Input is expected to be of size [bsz x seqlen].""" + assert (positions is None) or ( + self.padding_idx is None + ), "If positions is pre-computed then padding_idx should not be set." + + if positions is None: + if incremental_state is not None: + # positions is the same for every token when decoding a single step + # Without the int() cast, it doesn't work in some cases when exporting to ONNX + positions = torch.zeros( + (1, 1), device=input.device, dtype=input.dtype + ).fill_(int(self.padding_idx + input.size(1))) + else: + positions = utils.make_positions( + input, self.padding_idx, onnx_trace=self.onnx_trace + ) + return F.embedding( + positions, + self.weight, + self.padding_idx, + self.max_norm, + self.norm_type, + self.scale_grad_by_freq, + self.sparse, + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b2a99c1227f827768911e5e22e79f6865ffbfd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from .lightconv_layer import LightconvLayer # noqa diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/cuda_function_gen.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/cuda_function_gen.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..afec9e19e7176a19c5e60389cb1bb0250c84de4b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/cuda_function_gen.py @@ -0,0 +1,289 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + + +def gen_forward(): + + kernels = [3, 5, 7, 15, 31, 63, 127, 255] + seqs = [32 * x for x in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]] + + head = """ +/** + * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. + * + * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the + * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + */ + +#include "lightconv_cuda.cuh" + +std::vector lightconv_cuda_forward(at::Tensor input, at::Tensor filters, int padding_l) { + + at::DeviceGuard g(input.device()); + const auto minibatch = input.size(0); + const auto numFeatures = input.size(1); + const auto sequenceLength = input.size(2); + + const auto numHeads = filters.size(0); + const auto filterSize = filters.size(1); + + const auto numFiltersInBlock = numFeatures / numHeads; + + const dim3 blocks(minibatch, numFeatures); + + auto output = at::zeros_like(input); + auto stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); +""" + + sequence_if = """ + if (sequenceLength <= {seq}) {{ + switch(filterSize) {{ +""" + + case_k = """ + case {k}: +""" + + main_block = """ + if (padding_l == {pad}) {{ + AT_DISPATCH_FLOATING_TYPES_AND_HALF(input.scalar_type(), "lightconv_forward", ([&] {{ + lightconv_forward_kernel<{k}, {b_size}, {pad}, scalar_t> + <<>>( + input.data(), + filters.data(), + minibatch, + sequenceLength, + numFeatures, + numFiltersInBlock, + output.data()); + }})); + }} else +""" + + bad_padding = """ + { + std::cout << "WARNING: Unsupported padding size - skipping forward pass" << std::endl; + } + break; +""" + + bad_filter = """ + default: + std::cout << "WARNING: Unsupported filter length passed - skipping forward pass" << std::endl; + } +""" + + con_else = """ + } else +""" + + final_else = """ + { + switch(filterSize) { +""" + + final_return = """ + } + + return {output}; +} +""" + + with open("lightconv_cuda_forward.cu", 'w') as forward: + forward.write(head) + for seq in seqs: + forward.write(sequence_if.format(seq=seq)) + for k in kernels: + forward.write(case_k.format(k=k)) + for pad in [k // 2, k - 1]: + forward.write(main_block.format(k=k, b_size=seq, pad=pad)) + forward.write(bad_padding) + forward.write(bad_filter) + forward.write(con_else) + + forward.write(final_else) + for k in kernels: + forward.write(case_k.format(k=k)) + for pad in [k // 2, k - 1]: + forward.write(main_block.format(k=k, b_size=seq, pad=pad)) + forward.write(bad_padding) + forward.write(bad_filter) + forward.write(final_return) + + +def gen_backward(): + + head = """ +/** + * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. + * + * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the + * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + */ + +#include "lightconv_cuda.cuh" + +std::vector lightconv_cuda_backward( + at::Tensor gradOutput, + int padding_l, + at::Tensor input, + at::Tensor filters) { + + // gradWrtInput + const int minibatch = input.size(0); + const int numFeatures = input.size(1); + const int sequenceLength = input.size(2); + + const int numHeads = filters.size(0); + const int filterSize = filters.size(1); + + const dim3 gradBlocks(minibatch, numFeatures); + const dim3 weightGradFirstpassShortBlocks(minibatch, numHeads); + const dim3 weightGradSecondpassBlocks(numHeads, filterSize); + + const int numFiltersInBlock = numFeatures / numHeads; + + auto gradInput = at::zeros_like(input); + auto gradFilters = at::zeros_like(filters); + + at::DeviceGuard g(input.device()); + auto stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); + + switch(filterSize) { +""" + + sequence_if = """ + if (sequenceLength <= {seq}) {{ +""" + + case_k = """ + case {k}: +""" + + main_block = """ + if (padding_l == {p}) {{ + AT_DISPATCH_FLOATING_TYPES_AND_HALF(input.scalar_type(), "lightconv_backward", ([&] {{ + lightconv_grad_wrt_input_kernel<{k}, {b_size}, {p}, scalar_t> + <<>>( + gradOutput.data(), + filters.data(), + minibatch, + sequenceLength, + numFeatures, + numFiltersInBlock, + gradInput.data()); + +""" + + weight_grad_short = """ + at::Tensor tempSumGradFilters = at::zeros({{minibatch, numHeads, filterSize}}, input.options().dtype(at::kFloat)); + lightconv_grad_wrt_weights_firstpass_short_kernel<{k}, {b_size}, {p}, scalar_t> + <<>>( + input.data(), + gradOutput.data(), + minibatch, + sequenceLength, + numFeatures, + numFiltersInBlock, + numHeads, + tempSumGradFilters.data() + ); + + lightconv_grad_wrt_weights_secondpass_short_kernel<{k}, {b_size}, scalar_t> + <<>>( + tempSumGradFilters.data(), + minibatch, + numFiltersInBlock, + gradFilters.data() + ); + }})); + }} else +""" + + weight_grad = """ + at::Tensor tempSumGradFilters = at::zeros({{minibatch, numFeatures, filterSize}}, input.options().dtype(at::kFloat)); + lightconv_grad_wrt_weights_firstpass_kernel<{k}, {b_size}, {p}, scalar_t> + <<>>( + input.data(), + gradOutput.data(), + minibatch, + sequenceLength, + numFeatures, + numFiltersInBlock, + tempSumGradFilters.data() + ); + + lightconv_grad_wrt_weights_secondpass_kernel<{k}, {b_size}, scalar_t> + <<>>( + tempSumGradFilters.data(), + minibatch, + numFiltersInBlock, + gradFilters.data() + ); + }})); + }} else +""" + + bad_padding = """ + { + std::cout << "WARNING: Unsupported padding size - skipping backward pass" << std::endl; + } +""" + + breakout = """ + break; +""" + + bad_filter = """ + default: + std::cout << "WARNING: Unsupported filter length passed - skipping backward pass" << std::endl; +""" + + con_else = """ + } else +""" + + final_else = """ + { + switch(filterSize) { +""" + + last_return = """ + } + return {gradInput, gradFilters}; +} +""" + + kernels = [3, 5, 7, 15, 31, 63, 127, 255] + seqs = [32 * x for x in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]] + thresh = [32, 32, 64, 128, 256, -1, -1, -1] + max_mem = [-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 192, 96, 64] + + with open("lightconv_cuda_backward.cu", 'w') as backward: + backward.write(head) + for (k, t, mem) in zip(kernels, thresh, max_mem): + backward.write(case_k.format(k=k)) + for seq in seqs: + if (t == -1 or seq <= t) and (mem == -1 or seq < mem): + backward.write(sequence_if.format(seq=seq)) + for p in [k // 2, k - 1]: + backward.write(main_block.format(k=k, b_size=seq, p=p)) + backward.write(weight_grad_short.format(k=k, b_size=seq, p=p)) + backward.write(bad_padding) + else: + for p in [k // 2, k - 1]: + backward.write(main_block.format(k=k, b_size=32, p=p)) + backward.write(weight_grad.format(k=k, b_size=32, p=p)) + backward.write(bad_padding) + backward.write(breakout) + break + backward.write(con_else) + backward.write(bad_filter) + backward.write(last_return) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + gen_forward() + gen_backward() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/lightconv_cuda.cpp b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/lightconv_cuda.cpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4bf6b5ad365d604bd91eda384bb422857b640744 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/lightconv_cuda.cpp @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +/** + * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. + * + * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the + * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + */ + +#include +#include + +std::vector lightconv_cuda_forward( + at::Tensor input, + at::Tensor filters, + int padding_l); + +std::vector lightconv_cuda_backward( + at::Tensor gradOutput, + int padding_l, + at::Tensor input, + at::Tensor filters); + + +#define CHECK_CUDA(x) AT_ASSERTM(x.type().is_cuda(), #x " must be a CUDA tensor") +#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) AT_ASSERTM(x.is_contiguous(), #x " must be contiguous") +#define CHECK_INPUT(x) CHECK_CUDA(x); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) + +std::vector lightconv_forward( + at::Tensor input, + at::Tensor filters, + int padding_l) { + + CHECK_INPUT(input); + CHECK_INPUT(filters); + + return lightconv_cuda_forward(input, filters, padding_l); +} + +std::vector lightconv_backward( + at::Tensor gradOutput, + int padding_l, + at::Tensor input, + at::Tensor filters) { + + CHECK_INPUT(gradOutput); + CHECK_INPUT(input); + CHECK_INPUT(filters); + + return lightconv_cuda_backward(gradOutput, padding_l, input, filters); +} + +PYBIND11_MODULE(TORCH_EXTENSION_NAME, m) { + m.def("forward", &lightconv_forward, "lighconv forward (CUDA)"); + m.def("backward", &lightconv_backward, "lighconv backward (CUDA)"); +} diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/lightconv_cuda.cuh b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/lightconv_cuda.cuh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3cae57b68fc96872a5047a7a0d081b78456e8fae --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/lightconv_cuda.cuh @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +/** + * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. + * + * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the + * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + */ + +#include +#include + +#include +#include + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#include +#include + +#define SHFL_MASK 0xffffffff + +template +__global__ +void lightconv_forward_kernel(const scalar_t* input, + const scalar_t* filters, + int minibatch, int sequenceLength, + int numFeatures, int numFiltersInBlock, + scalar_t* output); + +template +__global__ +void lightconv_grad_wrt_input_kernel( + const scalar_t* input, + const scalar_t* filters, + int minibatch, + int sequenceLength, + int numFeatures, + int numFiltersInBlock, + scalar_t* output); + +template +__global__ +void lightconv_grad_wrt_weights_firstpass_short_kernel( + const scalar_t* input, + const scalar_t* gradInput, + int minibatch, + int sequenceLength, + int numFeatures, + int numFiltersInBlock, + int numHeads, + float* output); + +template +__global__ +void lightconv_grad_wrt_weights_secondpass_short_kernel( + const float* input, + const int minibatch, + const int numFiltersInBlock, + scalar_t* output); + +template +__global__ +void lightconv_grad_wrt_weights_firstpass_kernel( + const scalar_t* input, + const scalar_t* gradInput, + int minibatch, + int sequenceLength, + int numFeatures, + int numFiltersInBlock, + float* output); + +template +__global__ +void lightconv_grad_wrt_weights_secondpass_kernel( + const float* input, + const int minibatch, + const int numFiltersInBlock, + scalar_t* output); + diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/lightconv_cuda_kernel.cu b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/lightconv_cuda_kernel.cu new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ee83a56c89754c2abbe717b269d07ca9e64eef2 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/lightconv_cuda_kernel.cu @@ -0,0 +1,375 @@ +/** + * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. + * + * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the + * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + */ + +#include "lightconv_cuda.cuh" +#include "lightconv_cuda_forward.cu" +#include "lightconv_cuda_backward.cu" +#include "../cuda_utils.cu" + +template +__global__ +void lightconv_forward_kernel(const scalar_t* input, + const scalar_t* filters, + int minibatch, int sequenceLength, + int numFeatures, int numFiltersInBlock, + scalar_t* output) { + + const int tid = threadIdx.x; + const int batchIdx = blockIdx.x; + const int featureIdx = blockIdx.y; + const int filterIdx = featureIdx / numFiltersInBlock; + + const int IOOffset = numFeatures * sequenceLength * batchIdx + featureIdx * sequenceLength; + const scalar_t* inputFeature = &input[IOOffset]; + scalar_t* outputFeature = &output[IOOffset]; + const scalar_t* inputFilter = &filters[filterIdx * FS]; + + assert(blockDim.x == SB); + + scalar_t filter[FS]; + #pragma unroll + for (int i = 0; i < FS; ++i) { + filter[i] = inputFilter[i]; + } + + __shared__ scalar_t temp[SB + FS]; + zeroSharedMem(temp); + + const int numIterations = divUp(sequenceLength, SB); + + for (int i = 0; i < numIterations; ++i) { + // Read input into shared memory + const int inputOffset = i * SB; + + load_input_to_shared(inputFeature, inputOffset, sequenceLength, + i, numIterations, (numIterations == 1), temp); + + __syncthreads(); + + scalar_t out = 0; + #pragma unroll + for (int j = 0; j < FS; ++j) { + out += filter[j] * temp[tid + j]; + } + + // Write output + const int outputOffset = inputOffset; + if ((outputOffset + tid) < sequenceLength) { + outputFeature[outputOffset + tid] = out; + } + + __syncthreads(); + } +} + +template +__global__ +void lightconv_grad_wrt_input_kernel( + const scalar_t* input, + const scalar_t* filters, + int minibatch, + int sequenceLength, + int numFeatures, + int numFiltersInBlock, + scalar_t* output) { + + // input grad kernel is similar to forward kernel + const int tid = threadIdx.x; + const int batchIdx = blockIdx.x; + const int featureIdx = blockIdx.y; + const int filterIdx = featureIdx / numFiltersInBlock; + + const int IOOffset = numFeatures * sequenceLength * batchIdx + featureIdx * sequenceLength; + const scalar_t* inputFeature = &input[IOOffset]; + scalar_t* outputFeature = &output[IOOffset]; + const scalar_t* inputFilter = &filters[filterIdx * FS]; + + assert(blockDim.x == SB); + + scalar_t filter[FS]; + + // The only change is loading the filter in reverse + #pragma unroll + for (int i = 0; i < FS; ++i) { + filter[i] = inputFilter[FS - i - 1]; + } + + __shared__ scalar_t temp[SB + FS]; + const int padding = FS - padding_l - 1; + zeroSharedMem(temp); + + __syncthreads(); + + const int numIterations = divUp(sequenceLength, SB); + + for (int i = 0; i < numIterations; ++i) { + // Read input into shared memory + const int inputOffset = i * SB; + + load_input_to_shared(inputFeature, inputOffset, sequenceLength, + i, numIterations, false, temp); + + __syncthreads(); + + scalar_t out = 0; + #pragma unroll + for (int j = 0; j < FS; ++j) { + out += filter[j] * temp[tid + j]; + } + + // Write output + const int outputOffset = inputOffset; + if ((outputOffset + tid) < sequenceLength) { + outputFeature[outputOffset + tid] = out; + } + + __syncthreads(); + } +} + +// This is by far the most expensive kernel in terms of time taken. +// Can be 16x slower than the forward or grad_wrt_input when filter size is 31 +template +__global__ +void lightconv_grad_wrt_weights_firstpass_short_kernel( + const scalar_t* input, + const scalar_t* gradInput, + int minibatch, + int sequenceLength, + int numFeatures, + int numFiltersInBlock, + int numHeads, + float* output) { + + const int tid = threadIdx.x; + const int batchIdx = blockIdx.x; + const int filterIdx = blockIdx.y; + + const int numIterations = divUp(sequenceLength, SB); + + float* tempOutputGradWeight = &output[filterIdx * FS * minibatch]; + + assert(blockDim.x == SB); + + __shared__ scalar_t tempInput[SB + FS]; + __shared__ scalar_t tempGradInput[SB + FS]; + + // local weight accumulation + float accumWeights[FS]; + + // Initialize memory + for (int i = 0; i < FS; ++i) { + accumWeights[i] = float(0.0); + } + + + // loop over each sequence within filterblock + for (int idxInFilterBlock = 0; idxInFilterBlock < numFiltersInBlock; ++idxInFilterBlock) { + + const int featureOffset = batchIdx * numFeatures * sequenceLength + (filterIdx * numFiltersInBlock + idxInFilterBlock) * sequenceLength; + const scalar_t* inputFeature = &input[featureOffset]; + const scalar_t* gradInputFeature = &gradInput[featureOffset]; + + zeroSharedMem(tempInput); + zeroSharedMem(tempGradInput); + __syncthreads(); + + for (int i = 0; i < numIterations; ++i) { + + const int inputOffset = i * SB; + + load_input_to_shared(inputFeature, inputOffset, sequenceLength, + i, numIterations, false, tempInput); + load_input_to_shared(gradInputFeature, inputOffset, sequenceLength, + i, numIterations, false, tempGradInput); + + __syncthreads(); + + const int gradIndex = (FS/2) + tid; + scalar_t tempGrad = tempGradInput[gradIndex]; + + #pragma unroll + for (int j = 0; j < FS; j++) { + const int inputIndex = tid + j; + accumWeights[j] += tempInput[inputIndex] * tempGrad; + } + + __syncthreads(); + + } + + } + + // Row-major sum + for (int filterWeightIdx = 0; filterWeightIdx < FS; ++filterWeightIdx) { + + float temp; + if (tid < sequenceLength) { + temp = accumWeights[filterWeightIdx]; + } else { + temp = float(0.0); + } + + const int outputOffset = filterWeightIdx * minibatch + batchIdx; + + temp = blockReduce(temp); + + if (tid == 0) { + tempOutputGradWeight[outputOffset] = temp; + } + } +} + +template +__global__ +void lightconv_grad_wrt_weights_secondpass_short_kernel( + const float* input, + const int minibatch, + const int numFiltersInBlock, + scalar_t* output) { + + assert(blockDim.x == SB); + + const int tid = threadIdx.x; + + const int filterIdx = blockIdx.x; + const int filterWeightIdx = blockIdx.y; + + const int inputOffset = filterIdx * FS * minibatch + + filterWeightIdx * minibatch; + const float* tempInput = &input[inputOffset]; + + // read into shared memory for reduction + int readIndex = tid; + + float sum = 0.0; + while (readIndex < minibatch) { + sum += tempInput[readIndex]; + readIndex += SB; + } + + float temp = blockReduce(sum); + + if (tid == 0) { + output[blockIdx.x * FS + blockIdx.y] = temp; + } +} + +// This is by far the most expensive kernel in terms of time taken. +// Can be 16x slower than the forward or grad_wrt_input when filter size is 31 +template +__global__ +void lightconv_grad_wrt_weights_firstpass_kernel( + const scalar_t* input, + const scalar_t* gradInput, + int minibatch, + int sequenceLength, + int numFeatures, + int numFiltersInBlock, + float* output) { + + assert(blockDim.x == SB); + + const int tid = threadIdx.x; + const int batchIdx = blockIdx.x; + const int featureIdx = blockIdx.y; + const int filterIdx = featureIdx / numFiltersInBlock; + const int idxInFilterBlock = featureIdx % numFiltersInBlock; + + const int numIterations = divUp(sequenceLength, SB); + + float temp; + + __shared__ scalar_t tempInput[SB + FS]; + __shared__ scalar_t tempGradInput[SB + FS]; + zeroSharedMem(tempInput); + zeroSharedMem(tempGradInput); + __syncthreads(); + + float accumWeights[FS]; + + for (int i = 0; i < FS; ++i) { + accumWeights[i] = float(0.0); + } + + const int IOOffset = batchIdx * numFeatures * sequenceLength + featureIdx * sequenceLength; + const scalar_t* inputFeature = &input[IOOffset]; + const scalar_t* gradInputFeature = &gradInput[IOOffset]; + float* tempOutputGradWeight = &output[filterIdx * FS * minibatch * numFiltersInBlock]; + + for (int i = 0; i < numIterations; ++i) { + const int inputOffset = i * SB; + + load_input_to_shared(inputFeature, inputOffset, sequenceLength, + i, numIterations, false, tempInput); + load_input_to_shared(gradInputFeature, inputOffset, sequenceLength, + i, numIterations, false, tempGradInput); + __syncthreads(); + + #pragma unroll + for (int j = 0; j < FS; ++j) { + accumWeights[j] += tempInput[tid + j] * tempGradInput[tid + (FS/2)]; + } + + __syncthreads(); + } + + // Row-major sum + for (int filterWeightIdx = 0; filterWeightIdx < FS; ++filterWeightIdx) { + + // Write to shared memory before reduction + if (tid < sequenceLength) { + temp = accumWeights[filterWeightIdx]; + } else { + temp = float(0.0); + } + + temp = blockReduce(temp); + + const int outputOffset = filterWeightIdx * minibatch * numFiltersInBlock + + batchIdx * numFiltersInBlock + + idxInFilterBlock; + + if (tid == 0) { + tempOutputGradWeight[outputOffset] = temp; + } + } +} + +template +__global__ +void lightconv_grad_wrt_weights_secondpass_kernel( + const float* input, + const int minibatch, + const int numFiltersInBlock, + scalar_t* output) { + + assert(blockDim.x == SB); + const int tid = threadIdx.x; + + // What is the id within a minibatch + const int filterIdx = blockIdx.x; + const int filterWeightIdx = blockIdx.y; + + const int inputOffset = filterIdx * FS * minibatch * numFiltersInBlock + + filterWeightIdx * minibatch * numFiltersInBlock; + const float* tempInput = &input[inputOffset]; + + int readIndex = tid; + + float sum = float(0.0); + while (readIndex < (minibatch * numFiltersInBlock)) { + sum += tempInput[readIndex]; + readIndex += SB; + } + + float temp = blockReduce(sum); + + if (tid == 0) { + output[blockIdx.x * FS + blockIdx.y] = temp; + } +} diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/lightconv_layer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/lightconv_layer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b046a1611be2bc6d2d205eb1fdd215d086d33c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/lightconv_layer.py @@ -0,0 +1,127 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +from torch import nn +from torch.autograd import Function +import torch.nn.functional as F + +import lightconv_cuda +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.incremental_decoding_utils import with_incremental_state + + +class lightconvFunction(Function): + + @staticmethod + def forward(ctx, x, weights, padding_l): + ctx.padding_l = padding_l + outputs = lightconv_cuda.forward(x, weights, padding_l) + variables = [x, weights] + ctx.save_for_backward(*variables) + return outputs[0] + + @staticmethod + def backward(ctx, grad_output): + outputs = lightconv_cuda.backward( + grad_output.contiguous(), + ctx.padding_l, + *ctx.saved_tensors) + grad_input, grad_weights = outputs + return grad_input, grad_weights, None + + +@with_incremental_state +class LightconvLayer(nn.Module): + def __init__( + self, + input_size, + kernel_size=1, + padding_l=None, + weight_softmax=False, + num_heads=1, + weight_dropout=0., + bias=False): + super(LightconvLayer, self).__init__() + self.input_size = input_size + self.kernel_size = kernel_size + self.padding_l = padding_l + self.num_heads = num_heads + self.weight_softmax = weight_softmax + self.weight_dropout = weight_dropout + + self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(num_heads, kernel_size)) + if bias: + self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(input_size)) + else: + self.bias = None + self.reset_parameters() + + def upgrade_state_dict_named(self, state_dict, name): + prefix = name + '.' if name != '' else '' + for k, v in state_dict.items(): + if k.endswith(prefix + 'weight'): + if v.dim() == 3 and v.size(1) == 1: + state_dict[k] = v.squeeze(1) + + def reset_parameters(self): + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.weight) + if self.bias is not None: + nn.init.constant_(self.bias, 0.) + + def forward(self, x, incremental_state=None): + + # during inference time, incremental BMM is faster + if incremental_state is not None: + T, B, C = x.size() + K, H = self.kernel_size, self.num_heads + R = C // H + input_buffer = self._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + if input_buffer is None: + input_buffer = x.new() + x_unfold = torch.cat([input_buffer, x.unsqueeze(3)], dim=3) + if self.kernel_size > 1: + self._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, x_unfold[:, :, :, -self.kernel_size+1:]) + x_unfold = x_unfold.view(T*B*H, R, -1) + + weight = self.weight + if self.weight_softmax: + weight = F.softmax(weight.float(), dim=1).type_as(weight) + + weight = weight[:, -x_unfold.size(2):] + + K = weight.size(1) + + weight = weight.view(1, H, K).expand(T*B, H, K).contiguous().view(T*B*H, K, 1) + + weight = F.dropout(weight, self.weight_dropout, training=self.training) + output = torch.bmm(x_unfold, weight) # T*B*H x R x 1 + output = output.view(T, B, C) + return output + + # during training time, use CUDA kernel + else: + x = x.permute(1, 2, 0).contiguous() + weight = self.weight + if self.weight_softmax: + weight = F.softmax(self.weight, -1) + if self.weight_dropout: + weight = F.dropout(weight, self.weight_dropout, training=self.training) + return lightconvFunction.apply(x, weight, self.padding_l).permute(2, 0, 1) + + def reorder_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, new_order): + input_buffer = self._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + if input_buffer is not None: + input_buffer = input_buffer.index_select(1, new_order) + self._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, input_buffer) + + def _get_input_buffer(self, incremental_state): + return utils.get_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, 'input_buffer') + + def _set_input_buffer(self, incremental_state, new_buffer): + return utils.set_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, 'input_buffer', new_buffer) + + def half(self): + return self._apply(lambda t: t.half() if t.is_floating_point() else t) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/setup.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/setup.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0eac1df03cd1eeee8bea56f110c6b9f2f97c0dc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightconv_layer/setup.py @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from setuptools import setup +from torch.utils.cpp_extension import CUDAExtension, BuildExtension + +setup( + name='lightconv_layer', + ext_modules=[ + CUDAExtension('lightconv_cuda', [ + 'lightconv_cuda.cpp', + 'lightconv_cuda_kernel.cu', + ]), + ], + cmdclass={ + 'build_ext': BuildExtension + }) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightweight_convolution.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightweight_convolution.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c77843ecf6fc936ffee72f936ad7b3ba12bb0fa --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/lightweight_convolution.py @@ -0,0 +1,255 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.modules.unfold import unfold1d +from fairseq.incremental_decoding_utils import with_incremental_state + + +def LightweightConv(input_size, kernel_size=1, padding_l=None, num_heads=1, + weight_dropout=0., weight_softmax=False, bias=False): + if torch.cuda.is_available(): + try: + from fairseq.modules.lightconv_layer import LightconvLayer + return LightconvLayer(input_size, kernel_size=kernel_size, + padding_l=padding_l, num_heads=num_heads, + weight_dropout=weight_dropout, + weight_softmax=weight_softmax, bias=bias) + except ImportError as e: + print(e) + return LightweightConv1dTBC(input_size, kernel_size=kernel_size, + padding_l=padding_l, num_heads=num_heads, + weight_dropout=weight_dropout, + weight_softmax=weight_softmax, bias=bias) + + +class LightweightConv1d(nn.Module): + '''Lightweight Convolution assuming the input is BxCxT + This is just an example that explains LightConv clearer than the TBC version. + We don't use this module in the model. + + Args: + input_size: # of channels of the input and output + kernel_size: convolution channels + padding: padding + num_heads: number of heads used. The weight is of shape + `(num_heads, 1, kernel_size)` + weight_softmax: normalize the weight with softmax before the convolution + + Shape: + Input: BxCxT, i.e. (batch_size, input_size, timesteps) + Output: BxCxT, i.e. (batch_size, input_size, timesteps) + + Attributes: + weight: the learnable weights of the module of shape + `(num_heads, 1, kernel_size)` + bias: the learnable bias of the module of shape `(input_size)` + ''' + + def __init__(self, input_size, kernel_size=1, padding=0, num_heads=1, + weight_softmax=False, bias=False, weight_dropout=0.): + super().__init__() + self.input_size = input_size + self.kernel_size = kernel_size + self.num_heads = num_heads + self.padding = padding + self.weight_softmax = weight_softmax + self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(num_heads, 1, kernel_size)) + + if bias: + self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(input_size)) + else: + self.bias = None + self.weight_dropout = weight_dropout + self.reset_parameters() + + def reset_parameters(self): + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.weight) + if self.bias is not None: + nn.init.constant_(self.bias, 0.) + + def forward(self, input): + ''' + input size: B x C x T + output size: B x C x T + ''' + B, C, T = input.size() + H = self.num_heads + + weight = self.weight + if self.weight_softmax: + weight = F.softmax(weight, dim=-1) + + weight = F.dropout(weight, self.weight_dropout, training=self.training) + # Merge every C/H entries into the batch dimension (C = self.input_size) + # B x C x T -> (B * C/H) x H x T + # One can also expand the weight to C x 1 x K by a factor of C/H + # and do not reshape the input instead, which is slow though + input = input.view(-1, H, T) + output = F.conv1d(input, weight, padding=self.padding, groups=self.num_heads) + output = output.view(B, C, T) + if self.bias is not None: + output = output + self.bias.view(1, -1, 1) + + return output + + +@with_incremental_state +class LightweightConv1dTBC(nn.Module): + '''Lightweight Convolution assuming the input is TxBxC + Args: + input_size: # of channels of the input + kernel_size: convolution channels + padding_l: padding to the left when using "same" padding + num_heads: number of heads used. The weight is of shape (num_heads, 1, kernel_size) + weight_dropout: the drop rate of the DropConnect to drop the weight + weight_softmax: normalize the weight with softmax before the convolution + bias: use bias + + Shape: + Input: TxBxC, i.e. (timesteps, batch_size, input_size) + Output: TxBxC, i.e. (timesteps, batch_size, input_size) + + Attributes: + weight: the learnable weights of the module of shape + `(num_heads, 1, kernel_size)` + bias: the learnable bias of the module of shape `(input_size)` + ''' + def __init__(self, input_size, kernel_size=1, padding_l=None, num_heads=1, + weight_dropout=0., weight_softmax=False, bias=False): + super().__init__() + self.input_size = input_size + self.kernel_size = kernel_size + self.padding_l = padding_l + self.num_heads = num_heads + self.weight_dropout = weight_dropout + self.weight_softmax = weight_softmax + + self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(num_heads, 1, kernel_size)) + if bias: + self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(input_size)) + else: + self.bias = None + + self.reset_parameters() + self.onnx_trace = False + + def reset_parameters(self): + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.weight) + if self.bias is not None: + nn.init.constant_(self.bias, 0.) + + def forward(self, x, incremental_state=None, unfold=False): + '''Assuming the input, x, of the shape T x B x C and producing an output in the shape T x B x C + args: + x: Input of shape T x B x C, i.e. (timesteps, batch_size, input_size) + incremental_state: A dict to keep the state + unfold: unfold the input or not. If not, we use the matrix trick instead + ''' + unfold = unfold or (incremental_state is not None) + + if unfold: + output = self._forward_unfolded(x, incremental_state) + else: + output = self._forward_expanded(x, incremental_state) + + if self.bias is not None: + output = output + self.bias.view(1, 1, -1) + return output + + def prepare_for_onnx_export_(self): + self.onnx_trace = True + + def _forward_unfolded(self, x, incremental_state): + '''The conventional implementation of convolutions. + Unfolding the input by having a window shifting to the right.''' + T, B, C = x.size() + K, H = self.kernel_size, self.num_heads + R = C // H + assert R * H == C == self.input_size + + weight = self.weight.view(H, K) + if incremental_state is not None: + input_buffer = self._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + if input_buffer is None: + input_buffer = x.new() + x_unfold = torch.cat([input_buffer, x.unsqueeze(3)], dim=3) + if self.kernel_size > 1: + self._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, x_unfold[:, :, :, -self.kernel_size+1:]) + x_unfold = x_unfold.view(T*B*H, R, -1) + else: + # unfold the input: T x B x C --> T' x B x C x K + x_unfold = unfold1d(x, self.kernel_size, self.padding_l, 0) + x_unfold = x_unfold.view(T*B*H, R, K) + + if self.weight_softmax: + weight = utils.softmax(weight, dim=1, onnx_trace=self.onnx_trace).type_as(weight) + + if incremental_state is not None: + weight = weight[:, -x_unfold.size(2):] + K = weight.size(1) + + weight = weight.view(1, H, K).expand(T*B, H, K).contiguous().view(T*B*H, K, 1) + + weight = F.dropout(weight, self.weight_dropout, training=self.training) + output = torch.bmm(x_unfold, weight) # T*B*H x R x 1 + output = output.view(T, B, C) + return output + + def _forward_expanded(self, x, incremental_state): + '''Turn the convolution filters into band matrices and do matrix multiplication. + This is faster when the sequence is short, but less memory efficient. + This is not used in the decoder during inference. + ''' + T, B, C = x.size() + K, H = self.kernel_size, self.num_heads + R = C // H + assert R * H == C == self.input_size + + weight = self.weight.view(H, K) + if self.weight_softmax: + weight = utils.softmax(weight, dim=1, onnx_trace=self.onnx_trace).type_as(weight) + weight = weight.view(1, H, K).expand(T*B, H, K).contiguous() + weight = weight.view(T, B*H, K).transpose(0, 1) + + x = x.view(T, B*H, R).transpose(0, 1) + P = self.padding_l + if K > T and P == K-1: + weight = weight.narrow(2, K-T, T) + K, P = T, T-1 + # turn the convolution filters into band matrices + weight_expanded = weight.new_zeros(B*H, T, T+K-1, requires_grad=False) + weight_expanded.as_strided((B*H, T, K), (T*(T+K-1), T+K, 1)).copy_(weight) + weight_expanded = weight_expanded.narrow(2, P, T) + weight_expanded = F.dropout(weight_expanded, self.weight_dropout, training=self.training) + + output = torch.bmm(weight_expanded, x) + output = output.transpose(0, 1).contiguous().view(T, B, C) + return output + + def reorder_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, new_order): + input_buffer = self._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + if input_buffer is not None: + input_buffer = input_buffer.index_select(1, new_order) + self._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, input_buffer) + + def _get_input_buffer(self, incremental_state): + return utils.get_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, 'input_buffer') + + def _set_input_buffer(self, incremental_state, new_buffer): + return utils.set_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, 'input_buffer', new_buffer) + + def extra_repr(self): + s = '{}, kernel_size={}, padding_l={}, num_heads={}, weight_softmax={}, bias={}'.format( + self.input_size, self.kernel_size, self.padding_l, + self.num_heads, self.weight_softmax, self.bias is not None + ) + if self.weight_dropout > 0.: + s += ', weight_dropout={}'.format(self.weight_dropout) + return s diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/linearized_convolution.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/linearized_convolution.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70a3fad1079fd38c10ef960fbe05d460992c1c3d --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/linearized_convolution.py @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import utils +from .conv_tbc import ConvTBC +from fairseq.incremental_decoding_utils import with_incremental_state + + +@with_incremental_state +class LinearizedConvolution(ConvTBC): + """An optimized version of nn.Conv1d. + + At training time, this module uses ConvTBC, which is an optimized version + of Conv1d. At inference time, it optimizes incremental generation (i.e., + one time step at a time) by replacing the convolutions with linear layers. + Note that the input order changes from training to inference. + """ + + def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, **kwargs): + super().__init__(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, **kwargs) + self._linearized_weight = None + self.register_backward_hook(self._clear_linearized_weight) + + def forward(self, input, incremental_state=None): + """ + Args: + incremental_state: Used to buffer signal; if not None, then input is + expected to contain a single frame. If the input order changes + between time steps, call reorder_incremental_state. + Input: + Time x Batch x Channel during training + Batch x Time x Channel during inference + """ + if incremental_state is None: + output = super().forward(input) + if self.kernel_size[0] > 1 and self.padding[0] > 0: + # remove future timesteps added by padding + output = output[:-self.padding[0], :, :] + return output + + # reshape weight + weight = self._get_linearized_weight() + kw = self.kernel_size[0] + + bsz = input.size(0) # input: bsz x len x dim + if kw > 1: + input = input.data + input_buffer = self._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + if input_buffer is None: + input_buffer = input.new(bsz, kw, input.size(2)).zero_() + self._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, input_buffer) + else: + # shift buffer + input_buffer[:, :-1, :] = input_buffer[:, 1:, :].clone() + # append next input + input_buffer[:, -1, :] = input[:, -1, :] + input = input_buffer + with torch.no_grad(): + output = F.linear(input.view(bsz, -1), weight, self.bias) + return output.view(bsz, 1, -1) + + def reorder_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, new_order): + input_buffer = self._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + if input_buffer is not None: + input_buffer = input_buffer.index_select(0, new_order) + self._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, input_buffer) + + def _get_input_buffer(self, incremental_state): + return utils.get_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, 'input_buffer') + + def _set_input_buffer(self, incremental_state, new_buffer): + return utils.set_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, 'input_buffer', new_buffer) + + def _get_linearized_weight(self): + if self._linearized_weight is None: + kw = self.kernel_size[0] + weight = self.weight.transpose(2, 1).transpose(1, 0).contiguous() + assert weight.size() == (self.out_channels, kw, self.in_channels) + self._linearized_weight = torch.nn.Parameter(weight.view(self.out_channels, -1)) + return self._linearized_weight + + def _clear_linearized_weight(self, *args): + self._linearized_weight = None diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/multihead_attention.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/multihead_attention.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d0e3d84d08b8177e60b75e969287a14bca04be37 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/multihead_attention.py @@ -0,0 +1,471 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math +from typing import Dict, Optional, Tuple + +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F +from fairseq import utils +from torch import Tensor, nn +from torch.nn import Parameter +from fairseq.incremental_decoding_utils import with_incremental_state +from fairseq.modules.quant_noise import quant_noise + + +@with_incremental_state +class MultiheadAttention(nn.Module): + """Multi-headed attention. + + See "Attention Is All You Need" for more details. + """ + + def __init__( + self, + embed_dim, + num_heads, + kdim=None, + vdim=None, + dropout=0.0, + bias=True, + add_bias_kv=False, + add_zero_attn=False, + self_attention=False, + encoder_decoder_attention=False, + q_noise=0.0, + qn_block_size=8, + ): + super().__init__() + self.embed_dim = embed_dim + self.kdim = kdim if kdim is not None else embed_dim + self.vdim = vdim if vdim is not None else embed_dim + self.qkv_same_dim = self.kdim == embed_dim and self.vdim == embed_dim + + self.num_heads = num_heads + self.dropout = dropout + self.head_dim = embed_dim // num_heads + assert ( + self.head_dim * num_heads == self.embed_dim + ), "embed_dim must be divisible by num_heads" + self.scaling = self.head_dim ** -0.5 + + self.self_attention = self_attention + self.encoder_decoder_attention = encoder_decoder_attention + + assert not self.self_attention or self.qkv_same_dim, ( + "Self-attention requires query, key and " "value to be of the same size" + ) + + self.k_proj = quant_noise(nn.Linear(self.kdim, embed_dim, bias=bias), q_noise, qn_block_size) + self.v_proj = quant_noise(nn.Linear(self.vdim, embed_dim, bias=bias), q_noise, qn_block_size) + self.q_proj = quant_noise(nn.Linear(embed_dim, embed_dim, bias=bias), q_noise, qn_block_size) + + self.out_proj = quant_noise(nn.Linear(embed_dim, embed_dim, bias=bias), q_noise, qn_block_size) + + if add_bias_kv: + self.bias_k = Parameter(torch.Tensor(1, 1, embed_dim)) + self.bias_v = Parameter(torch.Tensor(1, 1, embed_dim)) + else: + self.bias_k = self.bias_v = None + + self.add_zero_attn = add_zero_attn + + self.reset_parameters() + + self.onnx_trace = False + + self.enable_torch_version = False + if hasattr(F, "multi_head_attention_forward"): + self.enable_torch_version = True + else: + self.enable_torch_version = False + + def prepare_for_onnx_export_(self): + self.onnx_trace = True + + def reset_parameters(self): + if self.qkv_same_dim: + # Empirically observed the convergence to be much better with + # the scaled initialization + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.k_proj.weight, gain=1 / math.sqrt(2)) + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.v_proj.weight, gain=1 / math.sqrt(2)) + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.q_proj.weight, gain=1 / math.sqrt(2)) + else: + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.k_proj.weight) + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.v_proj.weight) + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.q_proj.weight) + + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.out_proj.weight) + if self.out_proj.bias is not None: + nn.init.constant_(self.out_proj.bias, 0.) + if self.bias_k is not None: + nn.init.xavier_normal_(self.bias_k) + if self.bias_v is not None: + nn.init.xavier_normal_(self.bias_v) + + def forward( + self, + query, + key: Optional[Tensor], + value: Optional[Tensor], + key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None, + incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]] = None, + need_weights: bool = True, + static_kv: bool = False, + attn_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None, + before_softmax: bool = False, + need_head_weights: bool = False, + ) -> Tuple[Tensor, Optional[Tensor]]: + """Input shape: Time x Batch x Channel + + Args: + key_padding_mask (ByteTensor, optional): mask to exclude + keys that are pads, of shape `(batch, src_len)`, where + padding elements are indicated by 1s. + need_weights (bool, optional): return the attention weights, + averaged over heads (default: False). + attn_mask (ByteTensor, optional): typically used to + implement causal attention, where the mask prevents the + attention from looking forward in time (default: None). + before_softmax (bool, optional): return the raw attention + weights and values before the attention softmax. + need_head_weights (bool, optional): return the attention + weights for each head. Implies *need_weights*. Default: + return the average attention weights over all heads. + """ + if need_head_weights: + need_weights = True + + tgt_len, bsz, embed_dim = query.size() + assert embed_dim == self.embed_dim + assert list(query.size()) == [tgt_len, bsz, embed_dim] + + if ( + self.enable_torch_version + and not self.onnx_trace + and incremental_state is None + and not static_kv + # A workaround for quantization to work. Otherwise JIT compilation + # treats bias in linear module as method. + and not torch.jit.is_scripting() + ): + assert key is not None and value is not None + return F.multi_head_attention_forward( + query, + key, + value, + self.embed_dim, + self.num_heads, + torch.empty([0]), + torch.cat((self.q_proj.bias, self.k_proj.bias, self.v_proj.bias)), + self.bias_k, + self.bias_v, + self.add_zero_attn, + self.dropout, + self.out_proj.weight, + self.out_proj.bias, + self.training, + key_padding_mask, + need_weights, + attn_mask, + use_separate_proj_weight=True, + q_proj_weight=self.q_proj.weight, + k_proj_weight=self.k_proj.weight, + v_proj_weight=self.v_proj.weight, + ) + + if incremental_state is not None: + saved_state = self._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + if saved_state is not None and "prev_key" in saved_state: + # previous time steps are cached - no need to recompute + # key and value if they are static + if static_kv: + assert self.encoder_decoder_attention and not self.self_attention + key = value = None + else: + saved_state = None + + if self.self_attention: + q = self.q_proj(query) + k = self.k_proj(query) + v = self.v_proj(query) + elif self.encoder_decoder_attention: + # encoder-decoder attention + q = self.q_proj(query) + if key is None: + assert value is None + k = v = None + else: + k = self.k_proj(key) + v = self.v_proj(key) + + else: + assert key is not None and value is not None + q = self.q_proj(query) + k = self.k_proj(key) + v = self.v_proj(value) + q *= self.scaling + + if self.bias_k is not None: + assert self.bias_v is not None + k = torch.cat([k, self.bias_k.repeat(1, bsz, 1)]) + v = torch.cat([v, self.bias_v.repeat(1, bsz, 1)]) + if attn_mask is not None: + attn_mask = torch.cat( + [attn_mask, attn_mask.new_zeros(attn_mask.size(0), 1)], dim=1 + ) + if key_padding_mask is not None: + key_padding_mask = torch.cat( + [ + key_padding_mask, + key_padding_mask.new_zeros(key_padding_mask.size(0), 1), + ], + dim=1, + ) + + q = ( + q.contiguous() + .view(tgt_len, bsz * self.num_heads, self.head_dim) + .transpose(0, 1) + ) + if k is not None: + k = ( + k.contiguous() + .view(-1, bsz * self.num_heads, self.head_dim) + .transpose(0, 1) + ) + if v is not None: + v = ( + v.contiguous() + .view(-1, bsz * self.num_heads, self.head_dim) + .transpose(0, 1) + ) + + if saved_state is not None: + # saved states are stored with shape (bsz, num_heads, seq_len, head_dim) + if "prev_key" in saved_state: + _prev_key = saved_state["prev_key"] + assert _prev_key is not None + prev_key = _prev_key.view(bsz * self.num_heads, -1, self.head_dim) + if static_kv: + k = prev_key + else: + assert k is not None + k = torch.cat([prev_key, k], dim=1) + if "prev_value" in saved_state: + _prev_value = saved_state["prev_value"] + assert _prev_value is not None + prev_value = _prev_value.view(bsz * self.num_heads, -1, self.head_dim) + if static_kv: + v = prev_value + else: + assert v is not None + v = torch.cat([prev_value, v], dim=1) + prev_key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None + if "prev_key_padding_mask" in saved_state: + prev_key_padding_mask = saved_state["prev_key_padding_mask"] + assert k is not None and v is not None + key_padding_mask = MultiheadAttention._append_prev_key_padding_mask( + key_padding_mask=key_padding_mask, + prev_key_padding_mask=prev_key_padding_mask, + batch_size=bsz, + src_len=k.size(1), + static_kv=static_kv, + ) + + saved_state["prev_key"] = k.view(bsz, self.num_heads, -1, self.head_dim) + saved_state["prev_value"] = v.view(bsz, self.num_heads, -1, self.head_dim) + saved_state["prev_key_padding_mask"] = key_padding_mask + # In this branch incremental_state is never None + assert incremental_state is not None + incremental_state = self._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, saved_state) + assert k is not None + src_len = k.size(1) + + # This is part of a workaround to get around fork/join parallelism + # not supporting Optional types. + if key_padding_mask is not None and key_padding_mask.dim() == 0: + key_padding_mask = None + + if key_padding_mask is not None: + assert key_padding_mask.size(0) == bsz + assert key_padding_mask.size(1) == src_len + + if self.add_zero_attn: + assert v is not None + src_len += 1 + k = torch.cat([k, k.new_zeros((k.size(0), 1) + k.size()[2:])], dim=1) + v = torch.cat([v, v.new_zeros((v.size(0), 1) + v.size()[2:])], dim=1) + if attn_mask is not None: + attn_mask = torch.cat( + [attn_mask, attn_mask.new_zeros(attn_mask.size(0), 1)], dim=1 + ) + if key_padding_mask is not None: + key_padding_mask = torch.cat( + [ + key_padding_mask, + torch.zeros(key_padding_mask.size(0), 1).type_as( + key_padding_mask + ), + ], + dim=1, + ) + + attn_weights = torch.bmm(q, k.transpose(1, 2)) + attn_weights = MultiheadAttention.apply_sparse_mask(attn_weights, tgt_len, src_len, bsz) + + assert list(attn_weights.size()) == [bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len] + + if attn_mask is not None: + attn_mask = attn_mask.unsqueeze(0) + if self.onnx_trace: + attn_mask = attn_mask.repeat(attn_weights.size(0), 1, 1) + attn_weights += attn_mask + + if key_padding_mask is not None: + # don't attend to padding symbols + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(bsz, self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + attn_weights = attn_weights.masked_fill( + key_padding_mask.unsqueeze(1).unsqueeze(2).to(torch.bool), float("-inf") + ) + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + + if before_softmax: + return attn_weights, v + + attn_weights_float = utils.softmax( + attn_weights, dim=-1, onnx_trace=self.onnx_trace + ) + attn_weights = attn_weights_float.type_as(attn_weights) + attn_probs = F.dropout( + attn_weights_float.type_as(attn_weights), + p=self.dropout, + training=self.training, + ) + assert v is not None + attn = torch.bmm(attn_probs, v) + assert list(attn.size()) == [bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, self.head_dim] + if self.onnx_trace and attn.size(1) == 1: + # when ONNX tracing a single decoder step (sequence length == 1) + # the transpose is a no-op copy before view, thus unnecessary + attn = attn.contiguous().view(tgt_len, bsz, embed_dim) + else: + attn = attn.transpose(0, 1).contiguous().view(tgt_len, bsz, embed_dim) + attn = self.out_proj(attn) + attn_weights: Optional[Tensor] = None + if need_weights: + attn_weights = attn_weights_float.view( + bsz, self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len + ).transpose(1, 0) + if not need_head_weights: + # average attention weights over heads + attn_weights = attn_weights.mean(dim=0) + + return attn, attn_weights + + @staticmethod + def _append_prev_key_padding_mask( + key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor], + prev_key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor], + batch_size: int, + src_len: int, + static_kv: bool, + ) -> Optional[Tensor]: + # saved key padding masks have shape (bsz, seq_len) + if prev_key_padding_mask is not None and static_kv: + new_key_padding_mask = prev_key_padding_mask + elif prev_key_padding_mask is not None and key_padding_mask is not None: + new_key_padding_mask = torch.cat( + [prev_key_padding_mask.float(), key_padding_mask.float()], dim=1 + ) + # During incremental decoding, as the padding token enters and + # leaves the frame, there will be a time when prev or current + # is None + elif prev_key_padding_mask is not None: + filler = torch.zeros( + (batch_size, src_len - prev_key_padding_mask.size(1)), + device=prev_key_padding_mask.device, + ) + new_key_padding_mask = torch.cat( + [prev_key_padding_mask.float(), filler.float()], dim=1 + ) + elif key_padding_mask is not None: + filler = torch.zeros( + (batch_size, src_len - key_padding_mask.size(1)), + device=key_padding_mask.device, + ) + new_key_padding_mask = torch.cat( + [filler.float(), key_padding_mask.float()], dim=1 + ) + else: + new_key_padding_mask = prev_key_padding_mask + return new_key_padding_mask + + @torch.jit.export + def reorder_incremental_state( + self, incremental_state: Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]], new_order: Tensor + ): + """Reorder buffered internal state (for incremental generation).""" + input_buffer = self._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + if input_buffer is not None: + for k in input_buffer.keys(): + input_buffer_k = input_buffer[k] + if input_buffer_k is not None: + if self.encoder_decoder_attention and input_buffer_k.size(0) == new_order.size(0): + break + input_buffer[k] = input_buffer_k.index_select(0, new_order) + incremental_state = self._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, input_buffer) + return incremental_state + + def _get_input_buffer( + self, incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]] + ) -> Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]: + result = self.get_incremental_state(incremental_state, "attn_state") + if result is not None: + return result + else: + empty_result: Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]] = {} + return empty_result + + def _set_input_buffer( + self, + incremental_state: Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]], + buffer: Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]], + ): + return self.set_incremental_state(incremental_state, "attn_state", buffer) + + def apply_sparse_mask(attn_weights, tgt_len: int, src_len: int, bsz: int): + return attn_weights + + def upgrade_state_dict_named(self, state_dict, name): + prefix = name + "." if name != "" else "" + items_to_add = {} + keys_to_remove = [] + for k in state_dict.keys(): + if k.endswith(prefix + "in_proj_weight"): + # in_proj_weight used to be q + k + v with same dimensions + dim = int(state_dict[k].shape[0] / 3) + items_to_add[prefix + "q_proj.weight"] = state_dict[k][:dim] + items_to_add[prefix + "k_proj.weight"] = state_dict[k][dim : 2 * dim] + items_to_add[prefix + "v_proj.weight"] = state_dict[k][2 * dim :] + + keys_to_remove.append(k) + + k_bias = prefix + "in_proj_bias" + if k_bias in state_dict.keys(): + dim = int(state_dict[k].shape[0] / 3) + items_to_add[prefix + "q_proj.bias"] = state_dict[k_bias][:dim] + items_to_add[prefix + "k_proj.bias"] = state_dict[k_bias][ + dim : 2 * dim + ] + items_to_add[prefix + "v_proj.bias"] = state_dict[k_bias][2 * dim :] + + keys_to_remove.append(prefix + "in_proj_bias") + + for k in keys_to_remove: + del state_dict[k] + + for key, value in items_to_add.items(): + state_dict[key] = value diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/positional_embedding.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/positional_embedding.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..511460fcb711ac6016d635f26beee44ae3d630af --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/positional_embedding.py @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch.nn as nn +from .learned_positional_embedding import LearnedPositionalEmbedding +from .sinusoidal_positional_embedding import SinusoidalPositionalEmbedding + + +def PositionalEmbedding( + num_embeddings: int, + embedding_dim: int, + padding_idx: int, + learned: bool = False, +): + if learned: + # if padding_idx is specified then offset the embedding ids by + # this index and adjust num_embeddings appropriately + # TODO: The right place for this offset would be inside + # LearnedPositionalEmbedding. Move this there for a cleaner implementation. + if padding_idx is not None: + num_embeddings = num_embeddings + padding_idx + 1 + m = LearnedPositionalEmbedding(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx) + nn.init.normal_(m.weight, mean=0, std=embedding_dim ** -0.5) + if padding_idx is not None: + nn.init.constant_(m.weight[padding_idx], 0) + else: + m = SinusoidalPositionalEmbedding( + embedding_dim, padding_idx, init_size=num_embeddings + padding_idx + 1, + ) + return m diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quant_noise.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quant_noise.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b38ea263d32337affc612b6ca185254bf59e8bf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quant_noise.py @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn + + +def quant_noise(module, p, block_size): + """ + Wraps modules and applies quantization noise to the weights for + subsequent quantization with Iterative Product Quantization as + described in "Training with Quantization Noise for Extreme Model Compression" + + Args: + - module: nn.Module + - p: amount of Quantization Noise + - block_size: size of the blocks for subsequent quantization with iPQ + + Remarks: + - Module weights must have the right sizes wrt the block size + - Only Linear, Embedding and Conv2d modules are supported for the moment + - For more detail on how to quantize by blocks with convolutional weights, + see "And the Bit Goes Down: Revisiting the Quantization of Neural Networks" + - We implement the simplest form of noise here as stated in the paper + which consists in randomly dropping blocks + """ + + # if no quantization noise, don't register hook + if p <= 0: + return module + + # supported modules + assert isinstance(module, (nn.Linear, nn.Embedding, nn.Conv2d)) + + # test whether module.weight has the right sizes wrt block_size + is_conv = module.weight.ndim == 4 + + # 2D matrix + if not is_conv: + assert module.weight.size(1) % block_size == 0, "Input features must be a multiple of block sizes" + + # 4D matrix + else: + # 1x1 convolutions + if module.kernel_size == (1, 1): + assert module.in_channels % block_size == 0, "Input channels must be a multiple of block sizes" + # regular convolutions + else: + k = module.kernel_size[0] * module.kernel_size[1] + assert k % block_size == 0, "Kernel size must be a multiple of block size" + + def _forward_pre_hook(mod, input): + # no noise for evaluation + if mod.training: + if not is_conv: + # gather weight and sizes + weight = mod.weight + in_features = weight.size(1) + out_features = weight.size(0) + + # split weight matrix into blocks and randomly drop selected blocks + mask = torch.zeros(in_features // block_size * out_features, device=weight.device) + mask.bernoulli_(p) + mask = mask.repeat_interleave(block_size, -1).view(-1, in_features) + + else: + # gather weight and sizes + weight = mod.weight + in_channels = mod.in_channels + out_channels = mod.out_channels + + # split weight matrix into blocks and randomly drop selected blocks + if mod.kernel_size == (1, 1): + mask = torch.zeros(int(in_channels // block_size * out_channels), device=weight.device) + mask.bernoulli_(p) + mask = mask.repeat_interleave(block_size, -1).view(-1, in_channels) + else: + mask = torch.zeros(weight.size(0), weight.size(1), device=weight.device) + mask.bernoulli_(p) + mask = mask.unsqueeze(2).unsqueeze(3).repeat(1, 1, mod.kernel_size[0], mod.kernel_size[1]) + + # scale weights and apply mask + mask = mask.to(torch.bool) # x.bool() is not currently supported in TorchScript + s = 1 / (1 - p) + mod.weight.data = s * weight.masked_fill(mask, 0) + + module.register_forward_pre_hook(_forward_pre_hook) + return module diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80bd815bee7091ea340499f411f26ff32cca9e75 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/__pycache__/quantization_options.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/__pycache__/quantization_options.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c7bc83f4c66b2011ecb0cefdcc7a40459aeecc78 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/__pycache__/quantization_options.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b10b51b1b0ca21aaec96344f86a0ab9df0c22f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from .utils import SizeTracker, quantize_model_ # NOQA diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..753083f3fa39b48d92925a3ff0f2fe7729dce7d9 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/__pycache__/em.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/__pycache__/em.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7361f3d3fd6208a397ba606954a94d5070fc561 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/__pycache__/em.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/__pycache__/pq.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/__pycache__/pq.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46a0810e7847741c19af1c8bc1b73afad18b2d3f Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/__pycache__/pq.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/__pycache__/utils.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/__pycache__/utils.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e86d241637c968be03d1e1a5c061d97fcbf0505b Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/__pycache__/utils.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/em.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/em.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..420d8afda25da3fb4ad34ddc284d969bf4f09dae --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/em.py @@ -0,0 +1,211 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import os +import random +import logging +from collections import Counter + +import torch + + +class EM: + """ + EM algorithm used to quantize the columns of W to minimize + + ||W - W_hat||^2 + + Args: + - W: weight matrix of size (in_features x out_features) + - n_iter: number of k-means iterations + - n_centroids: number of centroids (size of codebook) + - eps: for cluster reassignment when an empty cluster is found + - max_tentatives for cluster reassignment when an empty cluster is found + - verbose: print error after each iteration + + Remarks: + - If one cluster is empty, the most populated cluster is split into + two clusters + - All the relevant dimensions are specified in the code + """ + + def __init__( + self, W, n_centroids=256, n_iter=20, eps=1e-6, max_tentatives=30, verbose=True + ): + self.W = W + self.n_centroids = n_centroids + self.n_iter = n_iter + self.eps = eps + self.max_tentatives = max_tentatives + self.verbose = verbose + self.centroids = torch.Tensor() + self.assignments = torch.Tensor() + self.objective = [] + + def initialize_centroids(self): + """ + Initializes the centroids by sampling random columns from W. + """ + + in_features, out_features = self.W.size() + indices = torch.randint( + low=0, high=out_features, size=(self.n_centroids,) + ).long() + self.centroids = self.W[:, indices].t() # (n_centroids x in_features) + + def step(self, i): + """ + There are two standard steps for each iteration: expectation (E) and + minimization (M). The E-step (assignment) is performed with an exhaustive + search and the M-step (centroid computation) is performed with + the exact solution. + + Args: + - i: step number + + Remarks: + - The E-step heavily uses PyTorch broadcasting to speed up computations + and reduce the memory overhead + """ + + # assignments (E-step) + distances = self.compute_distances() # (n_centroids x out_features) + self.assignments = torch.argmin(distances, dim=0) # (out_features) + n_empty_clusters = self.resolve_empty_clusters() + + # centroids (M-step) + for k in range(self.n_centroids): + W_k = self.W[:, self.assignments == k] # (in_features x size_of_cluster_k) + self.centroids[k] = W_k.mean(dim=1) # (in_features) + + # book-keeping + obj = (self.centroids[self.assignments].t() - self.W).norm(p=2).item() + self.objective.append(obj) + if self.verbose: + logging.info( + f"Iteration: {i},\t" + f"objective: {obj:.6f},\t" + f"resolved empty clusters: {n_empty_clusters}" + ) + + def resolve_empty_clusters(self): + """ + If one cluster is empty, the most populated cluster is split into + two clusters by shifting the respective centroids. This is done + iteratively for a fixed number of tentatives. + """ + + # empty clusters + counts = Counter(map(lambda x: x.item(), self.assignments)) + empty_clusters = set(range(self.n_centroids)) - set(counts.keys()) + n_empty_clusters = len(empty_clusters) + + tentatives = 0 + while len(empty_clusters) > 0: + # given an empty cluster, find most populated cluster and split it into two + k = random.choice(list(empty_clusters)) + m = counts.most_common(1)[0][0] + e = torch.randn_like(self.centroids[m]) * self.eps + self.centroids[k] = self.centroids[m].clone() + self.centroids[k] += e + self.centroids[m] -= e + + # recompute assignments + distances = self.compute_distances() # (n_centroids x out_features) + self.assignments = torch.argmin(distances, dim=0) # (out_features) + + # check for empty clusters + counts = Counter(map(lambda x: x.item(), self.assignments)) + empty_clusters = set(range(self.n_centroids)) - set(counts.keys()) + + # increment tentatives + if tentatives == self.max_tentatives: + logging.info( + f"Could not resolve all empty clusters, {len(empty_clusters)} remaining" + ) + raise EmptyClusterResolveError + tentatives += 1 + + return n_empty_clusters + + def compute_distances(self): + """ + For every centroid m, computes + + ||M - m[None, :]||_2 + + Remarks: + - We rely on PyTorch's broadcasting to speed up computations + and reduce the memory overhead + - Without chunking, the sizes in the broadcasting are modified as: + (n_centroids x n_samples x out_features) -> (n_centroids x out_features) + - The broadcasting computation is automatically chunked so that + the tensors fit into the memory of the GPU + """ + + nb_centroids_chunks = 1 + + while True: + try: + return torch.cat( + [ + (self.W[None, :, :] - centroids_c[:, :, None]).norm(p=2, dim=1) + for centroids_c in self.centroids.chunk( + nb_centroids_chunks, dim=0 + ) + ], + dim=0, + ) + except RuntimeError: + nb_centroids_chunks *= 2 + + def assign(self): + """ + Assigns each column of W to its closest centroid, thus essentially + performing the E-step in train(). + + Remarks: + - The function must be called after train() or after loading + centroids using self.load(), otherwise it will return empty tensors + """ + + distances = self.compute_distances() # (n_centroids x out_features) + self.assignments = torch.argmin(distances, dim=0) # (out_features) + + def save(self, path, layer): + """ + Saves centroids and assignments. + + Args: + - path: folder used to save centroids and assignments + """ + + torch.save(self.centroids, os.path.join(path, "{}_centroids.pth".format(layer))) + torch.save( + self.assignments, os.path.join(path, "{}_assignments.pth".format(layer)) + ) + torch.save(self.objective, os.path.join(path, "{}_objective.pth".format(layer))) + + def load(self, path, layer): + """ + Loads centroids and assignments from a given path + + Args: + - path: folder use to load centroids and assignments + """ + + self.centroids = torch.load( + os.path.join(path, "{}_centroids.pth".format(layer)) + ) + self.assignments = torch.load( + os.path.join(path, "{}_assignments.pth".format(layer)) + ) + self.objective = torch.load( + os.path.join(path, "{}_objective.pth".format(layer)) + ) + + +class EmptyClusterResolveError(Exception): + pass diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f52f6f37a6861a87becb7b269117cb9e24285b9e --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from .qconv import PQConv2d # NOQA +from .qlinear import PQLinear # NOQA +from .qemb import PQEmbedding # NOQA diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2004fc8a772c23624d5df32f7234875e3eded7be Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/__pycache__/qconv.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/__pycache__/qconv.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e83235aca9f8fee2ec2a9c3b2b386951ab4432df Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/__pycache__/qconv.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/__pycache__/qemb.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/__pycache__/qemb.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52f0a6ea94770e7cb982ca1025d40c2ae7ebb810 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/__pycache__/qemb.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/__pycache__/qlinear.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/__pycache__/qlinear.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..88aaf729f0b687a196ec8990f515ba6c2837b8ff Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/__pycache__/qlinear.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/qconv.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/qconv.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d15ec192e8cda6265a198e583a9bf7fb194dd129 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/qconv.py @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import numpy as np +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F +from torch.nn.modules.utils import _pair + + +class PQConv2d(nn.Module): + """ + Quantized counterpart of nn.Conv2d module. Stores the centroid, the assignments + and the non-quantized biases. The full weight is re-instantiated at each forward + pass and autograd automatically computes the gradients with respect to the + centroids. + + Args: + - centroids: centroids of size n_centroids x block_size + - assignments: assignments of the centroids to the subvectors + of size self.out_channels x n_blocks + - bias: the non-quantized bias, must be either torch.Tensor or None + + Remarks: + - We refer the reader to the official documentation of the nn.Conv2d module + for the other arguments and the behavior of the module. + - Performance tests on GPU show that this implementation is 10% slower than + the non-quantized nn.Conv2d module for a standard training loop. + - During the backward, the gradients are averaged by cluster and not summed. + This explains the hook registered to the centroids. + """ + + def __init__( + self, + centroids, + assignments, + bias, + in_channels, + out_channels, + kernel_size, + stride=1, + padding=0, + dilation=1, + groups=1, + padding_mode="zeros", + ): + super(PQConv2d, self).__init__() + self.block_size = centroids.size(1) + self.n_centroids = centroids.size(0) + self.in_channels = in_channels + self.out_channels = out_channels + self.kernel_size = _pair(kernel_size) + self.stride = _pair(stride) + self.padding = _pair(padding) + self.dilation = _pair(dilation) + self.groups = groups + self.padding_mode = padding_mode + # check compatibility + if in_channels // groups * np.prod(self.kernel_size) % self.block_size != 0: + raise ValueError("Wrong PQ sizes") + if len(assignments) % out_channels != 0: + raise ValueError("Wrong PQ sizes") + if in_channels % groups != 0: + raise ValueError("in_channels must be divisible by groups") + if out_channels % groups != 0: + raise ValueError("out_channels must be divisible by groups") + # define parameters + self.centroids = nn.Parameter(centroids, requires_grad=True) + self.register_buffer("assignments", assignments) + self.register_buffer("counts", torch.bincount(assignments).type_as(centroids)) + if bias is not None: + self.bias = nn.Parameter(bias) + else: + self.register_parameter("bias", None) + # register hook for averaging gradients per centroids instead of summing + self.centroids.register_hook(lambda x: x / self.counts[:, None]) + + @property + def weight(self): + return ( + self.centroids[self.assignments] + .reshape(-1, self.out_channels, self.block_size) + .permute(1, 0, 2) + .reshape( + self.out_channels, self.in_channels // self.groups, *self.kernel_size + ) + ) + + def forward(self, x): + return F.conv2d( + x, + self.weight, + self.bias, + self.stride, + self.padding, + self.dilation, + self.groups, + ) + + def extra_repr(self): + s = "{in_channels}, {out_channels}, kernel_size={kernel_size}, stride={stride}" + if self.padding != (0,) * len(self.padding): + s += ", padding={padding}" + if self.dilation != (1,) * len(self.dilation): + s += ", dilation={dilation}" + if self.groups != 1: + s += ", groups={groups}" + if self.bias is None: + s += ", bias=False" + if self.padding_mode != "zeros": + s += ", padding_mode={padding_mode}" + s += ", n_centroids={n_centroids}, block_size={block_size}" + return s.format(**self.__dict__) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/qemb.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/qemb.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98d856d04e5876dc7cc19067808f98b3106a2558 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/qemb.py @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + + +class PQEmbedding(nn.Module): + """ + Quantized counterpart of nn.Embedding module. Stores the centroids and + the assignments. The full weight is re-instantiated at each forward + pass. + + Args: + - centroids: centroids of size n_centroids x block_size + - assignments: assignments of the centroids to the subvectors + of size self.out_features x n_blocks + - bias: the non-quantized bias + + Remarks: + - We refer the reader to the official documentation of the nn.Embedding module + for the other arguments and the behavior of the module + - Performance tests on GPU show that this implementation is 10% slower than + the non-quantized nn.Embedding module for a standard training loop. + """ + + def __init__(self, centroids, assignments, num_embeddings, embedding_dim, + padding_idx=None, max_norm=None, norm_type=2., + scale_grad_by_freq=False, sparse=False, _weight=None): + super(PQEmbedding, self).__init__() + self.block_size = centroids.size(1) + self.n_centroids = centroids.size(0) + self.num_embeddings = num_embeddings + self.embedding_dim = embedding_dim + if padding_idx is not None: + if padding_idx > 0: + assert padding_idx < self.num_embeddings, 'Padding_idx must be within num_embeddings' + elif padding_idx < 0: + assert padding_idx >= -self.num_embeddings, 'Padding_idx must be within num_embeddings' + padding_idx = self.num_embeddings + padding_idx + self.padding_idx = padding_idx + self.max_norm = max_norm + self.norm_type = norm_type + self.scale_grad_by_freq = scale_grad_by_freq + self.sparse = sparse + # check compatibility + if self.embedding_dim % self.block_size != 0: + raise ValueError("Wrong PQ sizes") + if len(assignments) % self.num_embeddings != 0: + raise ValueError("Wrong PQ sizes") + # define parameters + self.centroids = nn.Parameter(centroids, requires_grad=True) + self.register_buffer("assignments", assignments) + self.register_buffer("counts", torch.bincount(assignments).type_as(centroids)) + + @property + def weight(self): + return ( + self.centroids[self.assignments] + .reshape(-1, self.num_embeddings, self.block_size) + .permute(1, 0, 2) + .flatten(1, 2) + ) + + def forward(self, input): + return F.embedding( + input, self.weight, self.padding_idx, self.max_norm, + self.norm_type, self.scale_grad_by_freq, self.sparse) + + def extra_repr(self): + s = '{num_embeddings}, {embedding_dim}' + if self.padding_idx is not None: + s += ', padding_idx={padding_idx}' + if self.max_norm is not None: + s += ', max_norm={max_norm}' + if self.norm_type != 2: + s += ', norm_type={norm_type}' + if self.scale_grad_by_freq is not False: + s += ', scale_grad_by_freq={scale_grad_by_freq}' + if self.sparse is not False: + s += ', sparse=True' + s += ', n_centroids={n_centroids}, block_size={block_size}' + + return s.format(**self.__dict__) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/qlinear.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/qlinear.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9bdd25a8685bb7c7b32e1f02372aaeb26d8ba53a --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/modules/qlinear.py @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + + +class PQLinear(nn.Module): + """ + Quantized counterpart of nn.Linear module. Stores the centroid, the assignments + and the non-quantized biases. The full weight is re-instantiated at each forward + pass. + + Args: + - centroids: centroids of size n_centroids x block_size + - assignments: assignments of the centroids to the subvectors + of size self.out_features x n_blocks + - bias: the non-quantized bias + + Remarks: + - We refer the reader to the official documentation of the nn.Linear module + for the other arguments and the behavior of the module + - Performance tests on GPU show that this implementation is 15% slower than + the non-quantized nn.Linear module for a standard training loop. + """ + + def __init__(self, centroids, assignments, bias, in_features, out_features): + super(PQLinear, self).__init__() + self.block_size = centroids.size(1) + self.n_centroids = centroids.size(0) + self.in_features = in_features + self.out_features = out_features + # check compatibility + if self.in_features % self.block_size != 0: + raise ValueError("Wrong PQ sizes") + if len(assignments) % self.out_features != 0: + raise ValueError("Wrong PQ sizes") + # define parameters + self.centroids = nn.Parameter(centroids, requires_grad=True) + self.register_buffer("assignments", assignments) + self.register_buffer("counts", torch.bincount(assignments).type_as(centroids)) + if bias is not None: + self.bias = nn.Parameter(bias) + else: + self.register_parameter("bias", None) + + @property + def weight(self): + return ( + self.centroids[self.assignments] + .reshape(-1, self.out_features, self.block_size) + .permute(1, 0, 2) + .flatten(1, 2) + ) + + def forward(self, x): + return F.linear( + x, + self.weight, + self.bias, + ) + + def extra_repr(self): + return f"in_features={self.in_features},\ + out_features={self.out_features},\ + n_centroids={self.n_centroids},\ + block_size={self.block_size},\ + bias={self.bias is not None}" diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/pq.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/pq.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eddc2eb34602403f10979f54cd23a45bc2f104d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/pq.py @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from .em import EM, EmptyClusterResolveError + + +class PQ(EM): + """ + Quantizes the layer weights W with the standard Product Quantization + technique. This learns a codebook of codewords or centroids of size + block_size from W. For further reference on using PQ to quantize + neural networks, see "And the Bit Goes Down: Revisiting the Quantization + of Neural Networks", Stock et al., ICLR 2020. + + PQ is performed in two steps: + (1) The matrix W (weights or fully-connected or convolutional layer) + is reshaped to (block_size, -1). + - If W is fully-connected (2D), its columns are split into + blocks of size block_size. + - If W is convolutional (4D), its filters are split along the + spatial dimension. + (2) We apply the standard EM/k-means algorithm to the resulting reshaped matrix. + + Args: + - W: weight matrix to quantize of size (in_features x out_features) + - block_size: size of the blocks (subvectors) + - n_centroids: number of centroids + - n_iter: number of k-means iterations + - eps: for cluster reassignment when an empty cluster is found + - max_tentatives for cluster reassignment when an empty cluster is found + - verbose: print information after each iteration + + Remarks: + - block_size be compatible with the shape of W + """ + + def __init__( + self, + W, + block_size, + n_centroids=256, + n_iter=20, + eps=1e-6, + max_tentatives=30, + verbose=True, + ): + self.block_size = block_size + W_reshaped = self._reshape(W) + super(PQ, self).__init__( + W_reshaped, + n_centroids=n_centroids, + n_iter=n_iter, + eps=eps, + max_tentatives=max_tentatives, + verbose=verbose, + ) + + def _reshape(self, W): + """ + Reshapes the matrix W as expained in step (1). + """ + + # fully connected: by convention the weight has size out_features x in_features + if len(W.size()) == 2: + self.out_features, self.in_features = W.size() + assert ( + self.in_features % self.block_size == 0 + ), "Linear: n_blocks must be a multiple of in_features" + return ( + W.reshape(self.out_features, -1, self.block_size) + .permute(2, 1, 0) + .flatten(1, 2) + ) + + # convolutional: we reshape along the spatial dimension + elif len(W.size()) == 4: + self.out_channels, self.in_channels, self.k_h, self.k_w = W.size() + assert ( + self.in_channels * self.k_h * self.k_w + ) % self.block_size == 0, ( + "Conv2d: n_blocks must be a multiple of in_channels * k_h * k_w" + ) + return ( + W.reshape(self.out_channels, -1, self.block_size) + .permute(2, 1, 0) + .flatten(1, 2) + ) + # not implemented + else: + raise NotImplementedError(W.size()) + + def encode(self): + """ + Performs self.n_iter EM steps. + """ + + self.initialize_centroids() + for i in range(self.n_iter): + try: + self.step(i) + except EmptyClusterResolveError: + break + + def decode(self): + """ + Returns the encoded full weight matrix. Must be called after + the encode function. + """ + + # fully connected case + if "k_h" not in self.__dict__: + return ( + self.centroids[self.assignments] + .reshape(-1, self.out_features, self.block_size) + .permute(1, 0, 2) + .flatten(1, 2) + ) + + # convolutional case + else: + return ( + self.centroids[self.assignments] + .reshape(-1, self.out_channels, self.block_size) + .permute(1, 0, 2) + .reshape(self.out_channels, self.in_channels, self.k_h, self.k_w) + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57aaa1b7a39cbdcf2684a464fd16ae60df29fae5 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/pq/utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,335 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging +import re +from operator import attrgetter, itemgetter + +import numpy as np +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.distributed as dist + +from .modules import PQConv2d, PQLinear, PQEmbedding +from .pq import PQ + + +def quantize_model_( + model, + size_tracker, + layers_to_quantize, + block_sizes_config, + n_centroids_config, + step=0, + n_iter=15, + eps=1e-6, + max_tentatives=100, + verbose=True, +): + """ + Quantize a model in-place by stages. All the targeted + layers are replaced by their quantized counterpart, + and the model is ready for the finetuning of the + centroids in a standard training loop (no modifications + required). Note that we do not quantize biases. + + Args: + - model: a nn.Module + - size_tracker: useful for tracking quatization statistics + - layers_to_quantize: a list containing regexps for + filtering the layers to quantize at each stage according + to their name (as in model.named_parameters()) + - block_sizes_config: dict like + { + 'Conv2d': ('kernel_size', {'(3, 3)': 9, '(1, 1)': 4}), + 'Linear': ('in_features', {'*': 8}) + } + For instance, all conv2d layers with kernel size 3x3 have + a block size of 9 and all Linear layers are quantized with + a block size of 8, irrespective of their size. + - n_centroids_config: dict like + { + 'Conv2d': ('kernel_size', {'*': 256}), + 'Linear': ('in_features', {'*': 256}) + } + For instance, all conv2d layers are quantized with 256 centroids + - step: the layers to quantize inplace corresponding + to layers_to_quantize[step] + """ + + quantized_layers = get_layers(model, layers_to_quantize[step]) + + for layer in quantized_layers: + + # book-keeping + is_master_process = (not dist.is_initialized()) or (dist.is_initialized() and dist.get_rank() == 0) + verbose = verbose and is_master_process + + # get block size and centroids + module = attrgetter(layer)(model) + block_size = get_param(module, layer, block_sizes_config) + n_centroids = get_param(module, layer, n_centroids_config) + if verbose: + logging.info(f"Quantizing layer {layer} with block size {block_size} and {n_centroids} centroids") + + # quantize layer + weight = module.weight.data.clone() + is_bias = 'bias' in [x[0] for x in module.named_parameters()] + bias = module.bias.data.clone() if is_bias else None + quantizer = PQ( + weight, + block_size, + n_centroids=n_centroids, + n_iter=n_iter, + eps=eps, + max_tentatives=max_tentatives, + verbose=verbose, + ) + + # quantization performed on all GPUs with same seed + quantizer.encode() + centroids = quantizer.centroids.contiguous() + assignments = quantizer.assignments.contiguous() + + # broadcast results to make sure weights are up-to-date + if dist.is_initialized(): + dist.broadcast(centroids, 0) + dist.broadcast(assignments, 0) + + # instantiate the quantized counterpart + if isinstance(module, nn.Linear): + out_features, in_features = map( + lambda k: module.__dict__[k], ["out_features", "in_features"] + ) + quantized_module = PQLinear( + centroids, assignments, bias, in_features, out_features + ) + elif isinstance(module, nn.Embedding): + num_embeddings, embedding_dim = map( + lambda k: module.__dict__[k], ["num_embeddings", "embedding_dim"] + ) + quantized_module = PQEmbedding( + centroids, assignments, num_embeddings, embedding_dim + ) + elif isinstance(module, nn.Conv2d): + out_channels, in_channels, kernel_size = map( + lambda k: module.__dict__[k], + ["out_channels", "in_channels", "kernel_size"], + ) + stride, padding, dilation, groups, padding_mode = map( + lambda k: module.__dict__[k], + ["stride", "padding", "dilation", "groups", "padding_mode"], + ) + + quantized_module = PQConv2d( + centroids, + assignments, + bias, + in_channels, + out_channels, + kernel_size, + stride=stride, + padding=padding, + dilation=dilation, + groups=groups, + padding_mode=padding_mode, + ) + else: + raise ValueError(f"Module {module} not yet supported for quantization") + + # replace layer by its quantized counterpart + attrsetter(layer)(model, quantized_module) + + # update statistics + size_tracker.update(weight, block_size, n_centroids) + + # return name of quantized layers + return quantized_layers + + +def get_layers(model, filter_regexp): + """ + Filters out the layers according to a regexp. Note that + we omit biases. + + Args: + - model: a nn.Module + - filter_regexp: a regexp to filter the layers to keep + according to their name in model.named_parameters(). + For instance, the regexp: + + down_layers\\.[123456]\\.(conv[12]|identity\\.conv)) + + is keeping blocks down_layers from 1 to 6, and inside + each block is keeping conv1, conv2 and identity.conv. + + Remarks: + - We add (module\\.)? at the beginning of the regexp to + account for the possible use of nn.parallel.DataParallel + """ + + # get all parameter names + all_layers = map(itemgetter(0), model.named_parameters()) + + # remove biases + all_layers = filter(lambda x: "bias" not in x, all_layers) + + # remove .weight in all other names (or .weight_orig is spectral norm) + all_layers = map(lambda x: x.replace(".weight_orig", ""), all_layers) + all_layers = map(lambda x: x.replace(".weight", ""), all_layers) + + # return filtered layers + filter_regexp = "(module\\.)?" + "(" + filter_regexp + ")" + r = re.compile(filter_regexp) + + return list(filter(r.match, all_layers)) + + +def get_param(module, layer_name, param_config): + """ + Given a quantization configuration, get the right parameter + for the module to be quantized. + + Args: + - module: a nn.Module + - layer_name: the name of the layer + - param_config: a dict like + { + 'Conv2d': ('kernel_size', {'(3, 3)': 9, '(1, 1)': 4}), + 'Linear': ('in_features', {'*': 8}) + } + For instance, all conv2d layers with kernel size 3x3 have + a block size of 9 and all Linear layers are quantized with + a block size of 8, irrespective of their size. + + Remarks: + - if 'fuzzy_name' is passed as a parameter, layers whose layer_name + include 'fuzzy_name' will be assigned the given parameter. + In the following example, conv.expand layers will have a block + size of 9 while conv.reduce will have a block size of 4 and all + other layers will have a block size of 2. + { + 'Conv2d': ('fuzzy_name', {'expand': 9, 'reduce': 4, '*': 2}), + 'Linear': ('fuzzy_name', {'classifier': 8, 'projection': 4}) + } + + """ + + layer_type = module.__class__.__name__ + + if layer_type not in param_config: + raise KeyError(f"Layer type {layer_type} not in config for layer {module}") + + feature, params = param_config[module.__class__.__name__] + + if feature != "fuzzy_name": + feature_value = str(getattr(module, feature)) + if feature_value not in params: + if "*" in params: + feature_value = "*" + else: + raise KeyError( + f"{feature}={feature_value} not in config for layer {module}" + ) + else: + feature_values = [name for name in params if name in layer_name] + if len(feature_values) == 0: + if "*" in params: + feature_value = "*" + else: + raise KeyError( + f"name={layer_name} not in config for {module}" + ) + else: + feature_value = feature_values[0] + + return params[feature_value] + + +class SizeTracker(object): + """ + Class to keep track of the compressed network size with iPQ. + + Args: + - model: a nn.Module + + Remarks: + - The compressed size is the sum of three components + for each layer in the network: + (1) Storing the centroids given by iPQ in fp16 + (2) Storing the assignments of the blocks in int8 + (3) Storing all non-compressed elements such as biases + - This cost in only valid if we use 256 centroids (then + indexing can indeed by done with int8). + """ + + def __init__(self, model): + self.model = model + self.size_non_compressed_model = self.compute_size() + self.size_non_quantized = self.size_non_compressed_model + self.size_index = 0 + self.size_centroids = 0 + self.n_quantized_layers = 0 + + def compute_size(self): + """ + Computes the size of the model (in MB). + """ + + res = 0 + for _, p in self.model.named_parameters(): + res += p.numel() + return res * 4 / 1024 / 1024 + + def update(self, W, block_size, n_centroids): + """ + Updates the running statistics when quantizing a new layer. + """ + + # bits per weights + bits_per_weight = np.log2(n_centroids) / block_size + self.n_quantized_layers += 1 + + # size of indexing the subvectors of size block_size (in MB) + size_index_layer = bits_per_weight * W.numel() / 8 / 1024 / 1024 + self.size_index += size_index_layer + + # size of the centroids stored in float16 (in MB) + size_centroids_layer = n_centroids * block_size * 2 / 1024 / 1024 + self.size_centroids += size_centroids_layer + + # size of non-compressed layers, e.g. LayerNorms or biases (in MB) + size_uncompressed_layer = W.numel() * 4 / 1024 / 1024 + self.size_non_quantized -= size_uncompressed_layer + + def __repr__(self): + size_compressed = ( + self.size_index + self.size_centroids + self.size_non_quantized + ) + compression_ratio = self.size_non_compressed_model / size_compressed # NOQA + return ( + f"Non-compressed model size: {self.size_non_compressed_model:.2f} MB. " + f"After quantizing {self.n_quantized_layers} layers, size " + f"(indexing + centroids + other): {self.size_index:.2f} MB + " + f"{self.size_centroids:.2f} MB + {self.size_non_quantized:.2f} MB = " + f"{size_compressed:.2f} MB, compression ratio: {compression_ratio:.2f}x" + ) + + +def attrsetter(*items): + def resolve_attr(obj, attr): + attrs = attr.split(".") + head = attrs[:-1] + tail = attrs[-1] + + for name in head: + obj = getattr(obj, name) + return obj, tail + + def g(obj, val): + for attr in items: + resolved_obj, resolved_attr = resolve_attr(obj, attr) + setattr(resolved_obj, resolved_attr, val) + + return g diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/quantization_options.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/quantization_options.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b46d682c0edaeaaf2a230e51d50da2a32d4bda98 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/quantization_options.py @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + + +def parse_config_yaml(yaml_data): + # Initialize to default options. + quantization_options = { + "n_centroids": { + "Linear": ["in_features", {"*": 256}], + "Embedding": ["embedding_dim", {"*": 256}], + }, + "block_sizes": { + "Linear": ["fuzzy_name", {"fc": 8, "attn": 4, "emb": 4}], + "Embedding": ["fuzzy_name", {"emb": 8}], + }, + "layers_to_quantize": [ + "decoder\\.layers\\.\\d+\\.fc[12]", + "decoder\\.embed_tokens\\.embeddings\\.[012]\\.[01]", + "decoder\\.layers\\.\\d+\\.self_attn\\.(k_proj|v_proj|q_proj|out_proj)", + ], + } + + if "n_centroids" in yaml_data: + quantization_options["n_centroids"] = { + layer: convert_yaml_to_tuple(layer_data) + for layer, layer_data in yaml_data["n_centroids"].items() + } + if "block_sizes" in yaml_data: + quantization_options["block_sizes"] = { + layer: convert_yaml_to_tuple(layer_data) + for layer, layer_data in yaml_data["block_sizes"].items() + } + if "layers_to_quantize" in yaml_data: + quantization_options["layers_to_quantize"] = yaml_data["layers_to_quantize"] + + return quantization_options + + +def convert_yaml_to_tuple(yaml_dictionary): + """Converts a yaml dictionary with two keys: `key` and `value` into a two + argument tuple of those values.""" + return (yaml_dictionary["key"], yaml_dictionary["value"]) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..143834f3d036780eb6844c82f0c6f2d10cfe2f61 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from .utils import quantize_model_ # 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forward hook + def quantize_hook(module, x, y): + + # update parameters every 1000 iterations + if self.counter % self.update_step == 0: + self.scale = None + self.zero_point = None + self.counter += 1 + + # train with QuantNoise and evaluate the fully quantized network + p = self.p if self.module.training else 1 + + # quantize activations + y_q, self.scale, self.zero_point = emulate_int( + y.detach(), + bits=self.bits, + method=self.method, + scale=self.scale, + zero_point=self.zero_point, + ) + + # mask to apply noise + mask = torch.zeros_like(y) + mask.bernoulli_(1 - p) + noise = (y_q - y).masked_fill(mask.bool(), 0) + + # using straight-through estimator (STE) + clamp_low = - self.scale * self.zero_point + clamp_high = self.scale * (2 ** self.bits - 1 - self.zero_point) + return torch.clamp(y, clamp_low.item(), clamp_high.item()) + noise.detach() + + # register hook + self.handle = self.module.register_forward_hook(quantize_hook) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/modules/qconv.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/modules/qconv.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d718c9b90d7610223a6ad8211edda6f0c31cfd41 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/modules/qconv.py @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F +from torch.nn.modules.conv import _ConvNd +from torch.nn.modules.utils import _pair + +from ..ops import emulate_int + + +class IntConv2d(_ConvNd): + """ + Quantized counterpart of the nn.Conv2d module that applies QuantNoise during training. + + Args: + - standard nn.Conv2d parameters + - p: amount of noise to inject (0 = no quantization, 1 = quantize all the weights) + - bits: number of bits + - method: choose among {"tensor", "histogram", "channel"} + - update_step: recompute scale and zero_point every update_steps iterations + + Remarks: + - We use the straight-thgourh estimator so that the gradients + back-propagate nicely in the network, this is implemented with + the detach() trick + - Parameters scale and zero_point are recomputed every update_step + forward pass to reduce the overhead + - At test time, the weights are fully quantized + """ + + def __init__( + self, + in_channels, + out_channels, + kernel_size, + stride=1, + padding=0, + dilation=1, + groups=1, + bias=True, + padding_mode="zeros", + p=0, + bits=8, + method="histogram", + update_step=1000, + ): + kernel_size = _pair(kernel_size) + stride = _pair(stride) + padding = _pair(padding) + dilation = _pair(dilation) + super(IntConv2d, self).__init__( + in_channels, + out_channels, + kernel_size, + stride, + padding, + dilation, + False, + _pair(0), + groups, + bias, + padding_mode, + ) + + # quantization parameters + self.p = p + self.bits = bits + self.method = method + self.update_step = update_step + self.counter = 0 + + def _conv_forward(self, input, weight): + if self.padding_mode != "zeros": + return F.conv2d( + F.pad(input, self._padding_repeated_twice, mode=self.padding_mode), + weight, + self.bias, + self.stride, + _pair(0), + self.dilation, + self.groups, + ) + return F.conv2d( + input, + weight, + self.bias, + self.stride, + self.padding, + self.dilation, + self.groups, + ) + + def forward(self, input): + # train with QuantNoise and evaluate the fully quantized network + p = self.p if self.training else 1 + + # update parameters every 100 iterations + if self.counter % self.update_step == 0: + self.scale = None + self.zero_point = None + self.counter += 1 + + # quantize weight + weight_quantized, self.scale, self.zero_point = emulate_int( + self.weight.detach(), + bits=self.bits, + method=self.method, + scale=self.scale, + zero_point=self.zero_point, + ) + + # mask to apply noise + mask = torch.zeros_like(self.weight) + mask.bernoulli_(1 - p) + noise = (weight_quantized - self.weight).masked_fill(mask.bool(), 0) + + # using straight-through estimator (STE) + clamp_low = - self.scale * self.zero_point + clamp_high = self.scale * (2 ** self.bits - 1 - self.zero_point) + weight = torch.clamp(self.weight, clamp_low.item(), clamp_high.item()) + noise.detach() + + # return output + output = self._conv_forward(input, weight) + return output + + def extra_repr(self): + return ( + "in_channels={}, out_channels={}, kernel_size={}, stride={}, " + "padding={}, dilation={}, groups={}, bias={}, quant_noise={}, " + "bits={}, method={}".format( + self.in_channels, + self.out_channels, + self.kernel_size, + self.stride, + self.padding, + self.dilation, + self.groups, + self.bias is not None, + self.p, + self.bits, + self.method, + ) + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/modules/qemb.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/modules/qemb.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..835b2782a756e83d3990d321fe0e43eadfd071d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/modules/qemb.py @@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from ..ops import emulate_int + + +class IntEmbedding(nn.Module): + """ + Quantized counterpart of the nn.Embedding module that applies QuantNoise during training. + + Args: + - num_embeddings: number of tokens + - embedding_dim: embedding dimension + - p: amount of noise to inject (0 = no quantization, 1 = quantize all the weights) + - bits: number of bits + - method: choose among {"tensor", "histogram", "channel"} + - update_step: recompute scale and zero_point every update_steps iterations + + Remarks: + - We use the straight-through estimator so that the gradients + back-propagate nicely in the network, this is implemented with + the detach() trick + - Parameters scale and zero_point are recomputed every update_step + forward pass to reduce the overhead + - At test time, the weights are fully quantized + """ + + def __init__( + self, + num_embeddings, + embedding_dim, + padding_idx=None, + max_norm=None, + norm_type=2., + scale_grad_by_freq=False, + sparse=False, + _weight=None, + p=0, + update_step=1000, + bits=8, + method="histogram", + ): + super(IntEmbedding, self).__init__() + self.num_embeddings = num_embeddings + self.embedding_dim = embedding_dim + if padding_idx is not None: + if padding_idx > 0: + assert padding_idx < self.num_embeddings, 'Padding_idx must be within num_embeddings' + elif padding_idx < 0: + assert padding_idx >= -self.num_embeddings, 'Padding_idx must be within num_embeddings' + padding_idx = self.num_embeddings + padding_idx + self.padding_idx = padding_idx + self.max_norm = max_norm + self.norm_type = norm_type + self.scale_grad_by_freq = scale_grad_by_freq + if _weight is None: + self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(num_embeddings, embedding_dim)) + self.reset_parameters() + else: + assert list(_weight.shape) == [num_embeddings, embedding_dim], \ + 'Shape of weight does not match num_embeddings and embedding_dim' + self.weight = nn.Parameter(_weight) + self.sparse = sparse + + # quantization parameters + self.p = p + self.bits = bits + self.method = method + self.update_step = update_step + self.counter = 0 + + def reset_parameters(self): + nn.init.normal_(self.weight) + if self.padding_idx is not None: + with torch.no_grad(): + self.weight[self.padding_idx].fill_(0) + + def forward(self, input): + # train with QuantNoise and evaluate the fully quantized network + p = self.p if self.training else 1 + + # update parameters every 1000 iterations + if self.counter % self.update_step == 0: + self.scale = None + self.zero_point = None + self.counter += 1 + + # quantize weight + weight_quantized, self.scale, self.zero_point = emulate_int( + self.weight.detach(), + bits=self.bits, + method=self.method, + scale=self.scale, + zero_point=self.zero_point, + ) + + # mask to apply noise + mask = torch.zeros_like(self.weight) + mask.bernoulli_(1 - p) + noise = (weight_quantized - self.weight).masked_fill(mask.bool(), 0) + + # using straight-through estimator (STE) + clamp_low = - self.scale * self.zero_point + clamp_high = self.scale * (2 ** self.bits - 1 - self.zero_point) + weight = torch.clamp(self.weight, clamp_low.item(), clamp_high.item()) + noise.detach() + + # return output + output = F.embedding( + input, weight, self.padding_idx, self.max_norm, + self.norm_type, self.scale_grad_by_freq, self.sparse) + return output + + def extra_repr(self): + s = '{num_embeddings}, {embedding_dim}' + if self.padding_idx is not None: + s += ', padding_idx={padding_idx}' + if self.max_norm is not None: + s += ', max_norm={max_norm}' + if self.norm_type != 2: + s += ', norm_type={norm_type}' + if self.scale_grad_by_freq is not False: + s += ', scale_grad_by_freq={scale_grad_by_freq}' + if self.sparse is not False: + s += ', sparse=True' + s += 'quant_noise={p}, bits={bits}, method={method}' + return s.format(**self.__dict__) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/modules/qlinear.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/modules/qlinear.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d4b27dc6cfbeab0115272b80a0629fa6784e258 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/modules/qlinear.py @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from ..ops import emulate_int + + +class IntLinear(nn.Module): + """ + Quantized counterpart of the nn.Linear module that applies QuantNoise during training. + + Args: + - in_features: input features + - out_features: output features + - bias: bias or not + - p: amount of noise to inject (0 = no quantization, 1 = quantize all the weights) + - bits: number of bits + - method: choose among {"tensor", "histogram", "channel"} + - update_step: recompute scale and zero_point every update_steps iterations + + Remarks: + - We use the straight-through estimator so that the gradients + back-propagate nicely in the network, this is implemented with + the detach() trick. + - Parameters scale and zero_point are recomputed every update_step + forward pass to reduce the overhead + - At test time, the weights are fully quantized + """ + + def __init__( + self, + in_features, + out_features, + bias=True, + p=0, + update_step=3000, + bits=8, + method="histogram", + ): + super(IntLinear, self).__init__() + self.in_features = int(in_features) + self.out_features = int(out_features) + self.weight = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(out_features, in_features)) + self.chosen_bias = bias + if self.chosen_bias: + self.bias = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(out_features)) + else: + self.register_parameter("bias", None) + self.reset_parameters() + + # quantization parameters + self.p = p + self.bits = bits + self.method = method + self.update_step = update_step + self.counter = 0 + + def reset_parameters(self): + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.weight) + if self.chosen_bias: + nn.init.constant_(self.bias, 0.0) + return + + def forward(self, input): + # train with QuantNoise and evaluate the fully quantized network + p = self.p if self.training else 1 + + # update parameters every 100 iterations + if self.counter % self.update_step == 0: + self.scale = None + self.zero_point = None + self.counter += 1 + + # quantize weight + weight_quantized, self.scale, self.zero_point = emulate_int( + self.weight.detach(), + bits=self.bits, + method=self.method, + scale=self.scale, + zero_point=self.zero_point, + ) + + # mask to apply noise + mask = torch.zeros_like(self.weight) + mask.bernoulli_(1 - p) + noise = (weight_quantized - self.weight).masked_fill(mask.bool(), 0) + + # using straight-through estimator (STE) + clamp_low = - self.scale * self.zero_point + clamp_high = self.scale * (2 ** self.bits - 1 - self.zero_point) + weight = torch.clamp(self.weight, clamp_low.item(), clamp_high.item()) + noise.detach() + + # return output + output = F.linear(input, weight, self.bias) + return output + + def extra_repr(self): + return "in_features={}, out_features={}, bias={}, quant_noise={}, bits={}, method={}".format( + self.in_features, + self.out_features, + self.bias is not None, + self.p, + self.bits, + self.method, + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/ops.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/ops.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90bc737cc840821504d1a894070482ac952dced4 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/ops.py @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch + + +def emulate_int(w, bits, method, scale=None, zero_point=None): + q = globals()[f"emulate_int{bits}_{method}"] + return q(w, scale=scale, zero_point=zero_point) + + +def quantize(w, scale, zero_point): + return (torch.clamp(torch.round(w / scale + zero_point), 0, 255) - zero_point) * scale + + +def emulate_int8_histogram(w, scale=None, zero_point=None): + if scale is None: + obs = torch.quantization.observer.HistogramObserver() + _ = obs(w.float()) + scale, zero_point = obs.calculate_qparams() + scale = scale.cuda().type_as(w) + zero_point = zero_point.cuda().type_as(w) + return quantize(w, scale, zero_point), scale, zero_point + + +def emulate_int8_channel(w, scale=None, zero_point=None): + if scale is None: + obs = torch.quantization.observer.PerChannelMinMaxObserver( + ch_axis=-1, qscheme=torch.per_channel_symmetric + ) + _ = obs(w) + scale, zero_point, ch_axis = obs.get_qparams() + scale = scale.cuda().type_as(w) + zero_point = zero_point.cuda().type_as(w) + return quantize(w, scale, zero_point), scale, zero_point + + +def emulate_int8_tensor(w, scale=None, zero_point=None): + if scale is None: + obs = torch.quantization.observer.MinMaxObserver() + _ = obs(w) + scale, zero_point = obs.calculate_qparams() + scale = scale.cuda().type_as(w) + zero_point = zero_point.cuda().type_as(w) + return quantize(w, scale, zero_point), scale, zero_point diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4071f7b80aa101ad60702e3a187c85880c37a62b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/quantization/scalar/utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging +from operator import attrgetter + +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.distributed as dist + +from ..pq.utils import get_layers, attrsetter +from .modules import IntConv2d, IntLinear, IntEmbedding, ActivationQuantizer + + +MAPPING = {nn.Linear: IntLinear, nn.Embedding: IntEmbedding, nn.Conv2d: IntConv2d} + + +def quantize_model_(model, p=0.2, bits=8, update_step=3000): + """ + Replaces all modules with their scalar quantized counterpart and + registers hooks to quantize the post-ativations of those modules. + + Args: + - model: a nn.Module + - p: amount of noise (0 for no noise, 1 to quantize all the weights/activations) + - bits: number of bits + - update_step: update quantization parameters every update_step steps + """ + + # quantize all layers + quantized_layers = get_layers(model, "(.*?)") + + for layer in quantized_layers: + + # book-keeping + is_master_process = (not dist.is_initialized()) or (dist.is_initialized() and dist.get_rank() == 0) + + # recover module + module = attrgetter(layer)(model) + if is_master_process: + logging.info(f"Quantizing layer {layer} with bits={bits} and QuantNoise={p}") + + # quantization params + q_params = {"p": p, "update_step": update_step, "bits": bits, "method": "histogram", "counter": 0} + + # instantiate the quantized counterpart + if isinstance(module, tuple(MAPPING.keys())): + QuantizedModule = MAPPING[module.__class__] + quantized_module = QuantizedModule.__new__(QuantizedModule) + params = module.__dict__ + params.update(q_params) + quantized_module.__dict__.update(params) + + else: + if is_master_process: + logging.info(f"Module {module} not yet supported for quantization") + continue + + # activation quantization + a_q = ActivationQuantizer(quantized_module, p=0, bits=bits, method="histogram") + + # replace layer by its quantized counterpart + attrsetter(layer)(model, quantized_module) + + # return name of quantized layers + return quantized_layers diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/scalar_bias.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/scalar_bias.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c96247c75914fabb8a2b7ff731bb82b588f72690 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/scalar_bias.py @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +# + +import torch + + +class ScalarBias(torch.autograd.Function): + """ + Adds a vector of scalars, used in self-attention mechanism to allow + the model to optionally attend to this vector instead of the past + """ + + @staticmethod + def forward(ctx, input, dim, bias_init): + size = list(input.size()) + size[dim] += 1 + output = input.new(*size).fill_(bias_init) + output.narrow(dim, 1, size[dim] - 1).copy_(input) + ctx.dim = dim + return output + + @staticmethod + def backward(ctx, grad): + return grad.narrow(ctx.dim, 1, grad.size(ctx.dim) - 1), None, None + + +def scalar_bias(input, dim, bias_init=0): + return ScalarBias.apply(input, dim, bias_init) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/sinusoidal_positional_embedding.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/sinusoidal_positional_embedding.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..857830faf7cb64950021947e2c5babcb906c48d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/sinusoidal_positional_embedding.py @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math +from typing import Any, Optional + +import torch +import torch.onnx.operators +from fairseq import utils +from torch import Tensor, nn + + +class SinusoidalPositionalEmbedding(nn.Module): + """This module produces sinusoidal positional embeddings of any length. + + Padding symbols are ignored. + """ + + def __init__(self, embedding_dim, padding_idx, init_size=1024): + super().__init__() + self.embedding_dim = embedding_dim + self.padding_idx = padding_idx + self.weights = SinusoidalPositionalEmbedding.get_embedding( + init_size, embedding_dim, padding_idx + ) + self.onnx_trace = False + self.register_buffer("_float_tensor", torch.FloatTensor(1)) + self.max_positions = int(1e5) + + def prepare_for_onnx_export_(self): + self.onnx_trace = True + + @staticmethod + def get_embedding( + num_embeddings: int, embedding_dim: int, padding_idx: Optional[int] = None + ): + """Build sinusoidal embeddings. + + This matches the implementation in tensor2tensor, but differs slightly + from the description in Section 3.5 of "Attention Is All You Need". + """ + half_dim = embedding_dim // 2 + emb = math.log(10000) / (half_dim - 1) + emb = torch.exp(torch.arange(half_dim, dtype=torch.float) * -emb) + emb = torch.arange(num_embeddings, dtype=torch.float).unsqueeze( + 1 + ) * emb.unsqueeze(0) + emb = torch.cat([torch.sin(emb), torch.cos(emb)], dim=1).view( + num_embeddings, -1 + ) + if embedding_dim % 2 == 1: + # zero pad + emb = torch.cat([emb, torch.zeros(num_embeddings, 1)], dim=1) + if padding_idx is not None: + emb[padding_idx, :] = 0 + return emb + + def forward( + self, + input, + incremental_state: Optional[Any] = None, + timestep: Optional[Tensor] = None, + positions: Optional[Any] = None, + ): + """Input is expected to be of size [bsz x seqlen].""" + bspair = torch.onnx.operators.shape_as_tensor(input) + bsz, seq_len = bspair[0], bspair[1] + max_pos = self.padding_idx + 1 + seq_len + if self.weights is None or max_pos > self.weights.size(0): + # recompute/expand embeddings if needed + self.weights = SinusoidalPositionalEmbedding.get_embedding( + max_pos, self.embedding_dim, self.padding_idx + ) + self.weights = self.weights.to(self._float_tensor) + + if incremental_state is not None: + # positions is the same for every token when decoding a single step + pos = timestep.view(-1)[0] + 1 if timestep is not None else seq_len + if self.onnx_trace: + return ( + self.weights.index_select(index=self.padding_idx + pos, dim=0) + .unsqueeze(1) + .repeat(bsz, 1, 1) + ) + return self.weights[self.padding_idx + pos, :].expand(bsz, 1, -1) + + positions = utils.make_positions( + input, self.padding_idx, onnx_trace=self.onnx_trace + ) + if self.onnx_trace: + flat_embeddings = self.weights.detach().index_select(0, positions.view(-1)) + embedding_shape = torch.cat( + (bsz.view(1), seq_len.view(1), torch.tensor([-1], dtype=torch.long)) + ) + embeddings = torch.onnx.operators.reshape_from_tensor_shape( + flat_embeddings, embedding_shape + ) + return embeddings + return ( + self.weights.index_select(0, positions.view(-1)) + .view(bsz, seq_len, -1) + .detach() + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/sparse_multihead_attention.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/sparse_multihead_attention.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61430195c253fc0346814f7ba92e2a588553e99d --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/sparse_multihead_attention.py @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math +import torch +from .multihead_attention import MultiheadAttention + + +class SparseMultiheadAttention(MultiheadAttention): + """ Sparse Multi-Headed Attention. + + "Generating Long Sequences with Sparse Transformers". Implements + fixed factorized self attention, where l=stride and c=expressivity. + A(1) includes all words in the stride window and A(2) takes a summary of c + words from the end of each stride window. + If is_bidirectional=False, we do not include any words past the current word, + as in the paper. + """ + + def __init__(self, embed_dim, num_heads, kdim=None, vdim=None, dropout=0., bias=True, + add_bias_kv=False, add_zero_attn=False, self_attention=False, + encoder_decoder_attention=False, stride=32, expressivity=8, is_bidirectional=True): + + super().__init__( + embed_dim, num_heads, kdim, vdim, dropout, bias, add_bias_kv, + add_zero_attn, self_attention, encoder_decoder_attention + ) + + self.is_bidirectional = is_bidirectional + self.stride = stride + self.expressivity = expressivity + assert(self.stride > 0 and self.stride >= self.expressivity) + + # Used for Ai(2) calculations - beginning of [l-c, l] range + def compute_checkpoint(self, word_index): + if word_index % self.stride == 0 and word_index != 0: + checkpoint_index = word_index - self.expressivity + else: + checkpoint_index = ( + math.floor(word_index / self.stride) * self.stride + + self.stride - self.expressivity + ) + return checkpoint_index + + # Computes Ai(2) + def compute_subset_summaries(self, absolute_max): + checkpoint_index = self.compute_checkpoint(0) + subset_two = set() + while checkpoint_index <= absolute_max-1: + summary = set(range(checkpoint_index, min( + checkpoint_index+self.expressivity+1, absolute_max) + )) + subset_two = subset_two.union(summary) + checkpoint_index = self.compute_checkpoint(checkpoint_index+self.stride) + return subset_two + + # Sparse Transformer Fixed Attention Pattern: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.10509.pdf + def compute_fixed_attention_subset(self, word_index, tgt_len): + # +1s account for range function; [min, max) -> [min, max] + if not self.is_bidirectional: + absolute_max = word_index + 1 + else: + absolute_max = tgt_len + + # Subset 1 - whole window + rounded_index = math.floor((word_index + self.stride) / self.stride) * self.stride + if word_index % self.stride == 0 and word_index != 0: + subset_one = set(range(word_index-self.stride, min(absolute_max, word_index+1))) + else: + subset_one = set(range(max(0, rounded_index - self.stride), min( + absolute_max, rounded_index+1)) + ) + + # Subset 2 - summary per window + # If bidirectional, subset 2 is the same for every index + subset_two = set() + if not self.is_bidirectional: + subset_two = self.compute_subset_summaries(absolute_max) + + return subset_one.union(subset_two) + + # Compute sparse mask - if bidirectional, can pre-compute and store + def buffered_sparse_mask(self, tensor, tgt_len, src_len): + assert(tgt_len > self.stride) + sparse_mask = torch.empty((tgt_len, src_len)).float().fill_(float('-inf')) + + # If bidirectional, subset 2 is the same for every index + subset_summaries = set() + if self.is_bidirectional: + subset_summaries = self.compute_subset_summaries(tgt_len) + + for i in range(tgt_len): + fixed_attention_subset = self.compute_fixed_attention_subset(i, tgt_len) + fixed_attention_subset = fixed_attention_subset.union(subset_summaries) + included_word_indices = torch.LongTensor(list(fixed_attention_subset)) + sparse_mask[i].index_fill_(0, included_word_indices, 0) + return sparse_mask.type_as(tensor) + + def apply_sparse_mask(self, attn_weights, tgt_len, src_len, bsz): + sparse_mask = self.buffered_sparse_mask(attn_weights, tgt_len, src_len) + sparse_mask = sparse_mask.unsqueeze(0).expand(bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + attn_weights += sparse_mask diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/sparse_transformer_sentence_encoder.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/sparse_transformer_sentence_encoder.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9589f2b41ee407d717d6ecbe264676b7db6e9494 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/sparse_transformer_sentence_encoder.py @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch.nn as nn +from fairseq.modules import TransformerSentenceEncoder +from fairseq.modules.sparse_transformer_sentence_encoder_layer import SparseTransformerSentenceEncoderLayer + + +class SparseTransformerSentenceEncoder(TransformerSentenceEncoder): + """ + Sparse implementation of the TransformerSentenceEncoder + - see SparseMultiheadAttention + """ + + def __init__( + self, + padding_idx: int, + vocab_size: int, + num_encoder_layers: int = 6, + embedding_dim: int = 768, + ffn_embedding_dim: int = 3072, + num_attention_heads: int = 8, + dropout: float = 0.1, + attention_dropout: float = 0.1, + activation_dropout: float = 0.1, + max_seq_len: int = 256, + num_segments: int = 2, + use_position_embeddings: bool = True, + offset_positions_by_padding: bool = True, + encoder_normalize_before: bool = False, + apply_bert_init: bool = False, + activation_fn: str = "relu", + learned_pos_embedding: bool = True, + embed_scale: float = None, + freeze_embeddings: bool = False, + n_trans_layers_to_freeze: int = 0, + export: bool = False, + is_bidirectional: bool = True, + stride: int = 32, + expressivity: int = 8, + ) -> None: + + super().__init__( + padding_idx, vocab_size, num_encoder_layers, embedding_dim, + ffn_embedding_dim, num_attention_heads, dropout, attention_dropout, + activation_dropout, max_seq_len, num_segments, use_position_embeddings, + offset_positions_by_padding, encoder_normalize_before, apply_bert_init, + activation_fn, learned_pos_embedding, embed_scale, freeze_embeddings, + n_trans_layers_to_freeze, export + ) + + self.layers = nn.ModuleList( + [ + SparseTransformerSentenceEncoderLayer( + embedding_dim=self.embedding_dim, + ffn_embedding_dim=ffn_embedding_dim, + num_attention_heads=num_attention_heads, + dropout=self.dropout, + attention_dropout=attention_dropout, + activation_dropout=activation_dropout, + activation_fn=activation_fn, + export=export, + is_bidirectional=is_bidirectional, + stride=stride, + expressivity=expressivity, + ) + for _ in range(num_encoder_layers) + ] + ) + + def freeze_module_params(m): + if m is not None: + for p in m.parameters(): + p.requires_grad = False + + for layer in range(n_trans_layers_to_freeze): + freeze_module_params(self.layers[layer]) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/sparse_transformer_sentence_encoder_layer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/sparse_transformer_sentence_encoder_layer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21c2fe4d5ae0b4279b13ff355365e698300c7c90 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/sparse_transformer_sentence_encoder_layer.py @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq.modules import TransformerSentenceEncoderLayer +from fairseq.modules.sparse_multihead_attention import SparseMultiheadAttention + + +class SparseTransformerSentenceEncoderLayer(TransformerSentenceEncoderLayer): + """ + Implements a Sprase Transformer Encoder Layer (see SparseMultiheadAttention) + """ + + def __init__( + self, + embedding_dim: int = 768, + ffn_embedding_dim: int = 3072, + num_attention_heads: int = 8, + dropout: float = 0.1, + attention_dropout: float = 0.1, + activation_dropout: float = 0.1, + activation_fn: str = 'relu', + export: bool = False, + is_bidirectional: bool = True, + stride: int = 32, + expressivity: int = 8, + ) -> None: + + super().__init__( + embedding_dim, ffn_embedding_dim, num_attention_heads, dropout, + attention_dropout, activation_dropout, activation_fn, export + ) + + self.self_attn = SparseMultiheadAttention( + self.embedding_dim, + num_attention_heads, + dropout=attention_dropout, + add_bias_kv=False, + add_zero_attn=False, + self_attention=True, + is_bidirectional=is_bidirectional, + stride=stride, + expressivity=expressivity, + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/transformer_layer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/transformer_layer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cae8498315958665b920dfe7dc712ef13247335f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/transformer_layer.py @@ -0,0 +1,400 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from typing import Dict, List, Optional + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.modules import LayerNorm, MultiheadAttention +from fairseq.modules.quant_noise import quant_noise +from torch import Tensor + + +class TransformerEncoderLayer(nn.Module): + """Encoder layer block. + + In the original paper each operation (multi-head attention or FFN) is + postprocessed with: `dropout -> add residual -> layernorm`. In the + tensor2tensor code they suggest that learning is more robust when + preprocessing each layer with layernorm and postprocessing with: + `dropout -> add residual`. We default to the approach in the paper, but the + tensor2tensor approach can be enabled by setting + *args.encoder_normalize_before* to ``True``. + + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): parsed command-line arguments + """ + + def __init__(self, args): + super().__init__() + self.embed_dim = args.encoder_embed_dim + self.quant_noise = getattr(args, "quant_noise_pq", 0) + self.quant_noise_block_size = getattr(args, "quant_noise_pq_block_size", 8) + self.self_attn = self.build_self_attention(self.embed_dim, args) + self.self_attn_layer_norm = LayerNorm(self.embed_dim) + self.dropout = args.dropout + self.activation_fn = utils.get_activation_fn( + activation=getattr(args, "activation_fn", "relu") + ) + self.activation_dropout = getattr(args, "activation_dropout", 0) + if self.activation_dropout == 0: + # for backwards compatibility with models that use args.relu_dropout + self.activation_dropout = getattr(args, "relu_dropout", 0) + self.normalize_before = args.encoder_normalize_before + self.fc1 = self.build_fc1( + self.embed_dim, args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim, self.quant_noise, self.quant_noise_block_size + ) + self.fc2 = self.build_fc2( + args.encoder_ffn_embed_dim, self.embed_dim, self.quant_noise, self.quant_noise_block_size + ) + + self.final_layer_norm = LayerNorm(self.embed_dim) + + def build_fc1(self, input_dim, output_dim, q_noise, qn_block_size): + return quant_noise(nn.Linear(input_dim, output_dim), p=q_noise, block_size=qn_block_size) + + def build_fc2(self, input_dim, output_dim, q_noise, qn_block_size): + return quant_noise(nn.Linear(input_dim, output_dim), p=q_noise, block_size=qn_block_size) + + def build_self_attention(self, embed_dim, args): + return MultiheadAttention( + embed_dim, + args.encoder_attention_heads, + dropout=args.attention_dropout, + self_attention=True, + q_noise=self.quant_noise, + qn_block_size=self.quant_noise_block_size, + ) + + def upgrade_state_dict_named(self, state_dict, name): + """ + Rename layer norm states from `...layer_norms.0.weight` to + `...self_attn_layer_norm.weight` and `...layer_norms.1.weight` to + `...final_layer_norm.weight` + """ + layer_norm_map = {"0": "self_attn_layer_norm", "1": "final_layer_norm"} + for old, new in layer_norm_map.items(): + for m in ("weight", "bias"): + k = "{}.layer_norms.{}.{}".format(name, old, m) + if k in state_dict: + state_dict["{}.{}.{}".format(name, new, m)] = state_dict[k] + del state_dict[k] + + def forward(self, x, encoder_padding_mask, attn_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None): + """ + Args: + x (Tensor): input to the layer of shape `(seq_len, batch, embed_dim)` + encoder_padding_mask (ByteTensor): binary ByteTensor of shape + `(batch, src_len)` where padding elements are indicated by ``1``. + attn_mask (ByteTensor): binary tensor of shape (T_tgt, T_src), where + T_tgt is the length of query, while T_src is the length of key, + though here both query and key is x here, + attn_mask[t_tgt, t_src] = 1 means when calculating embedding + for t_tgt, t_src is excluded (or masked out), =0 means it is + included in attention + + Returns: + encoded output of shape `(seq_len, batch, embed_dim)` + """ + residual = x + if self.normalize_before: + x = self.self_attn_layer_norm(x) + if attn_mask is not None: + attn_mask = attn_mask.masked_fill(attn_mask.to(torch.bool), -1e8) + # anything in original attn_mask = 1, becomes -1e8 + # anything in original attn_mask = 0, becomes 0 + # Note that we cannot use -inf here, because at some edge cases, + # the attention weight (before softmax) for some padded element in query + # will become -inf, which results in NaN in model parameters + # TODO: to formally solve this problem, we need to change fairseq's + # MultiheadAttention. We will do this later on. + + x, _ = self.self_attn( + query=x, + key=x, + value=x, + key_padding_mask=encoder_padding_mask, + attn_mask=attn_mask, + ) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = residual + x + if not self.normalize_before: + x = self.self_attn_layer_norm(x) + + residual = x + if self.normalize_before: + x = self.final_layer_norm(x) + + x = self.activation_fn(self.fc1(x)) + x = F.dropout(x, p=float(self.activation_dropout), training=self.training) + x = self.fc2(x) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = residual + x + if not self.normalize_before: + x = self.final_layer_norm(x) + return x + + +class TransformerDecoderLayer(nn.Module): + """Decoder layer block. + + In the original paper each operation (multi-head attention, encoder + attention or FFN) is postprocessed with: `dropout -> add residual -> + layernorm`. In the tensor2tensor code they suggest that learning is more + robust when preprocessing each layer with layernorm and postprocessing with: + `dropout -> add residual`. We default to the approach in the paper, but the + tensor2tensor approach can be enabled by setting + *args.decoder_normalize_before* to ``True``. + + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): parsed command-line arguments + no_encoder_attn (bool, optional): whether to attend to encoder outputs + (default: False). + """ + + def __init__( + self, args, no_encoder_attn=False, add_bias_kv=False, add_zero_attn=False + ): + super().__init__() + self.embed_dim = args.decoder_embed_dim + self.dropout = args.dropout + self.quant_noise = getattr(args, "quant_noise_pq", 0) + self.quant_noise_block_size = getattr(args, "quant_noise_pq_block_size", 8) + + self.cross_self_attention = getattr(args, "cross_self_attention", False) + + self.self_attn = self.build_self_attention( + self.embed_dim, + args, + add_bias_kv=add_bias_kv, + add_zero_attn=add_zero_attn, + ) + self.activation_fn = utils.get_activation_fn( + activation=getattr(args, "activation_fn", "relu") + ) + self.activation_dropout = getattr(args, "activation_dropout", 0) + if self.activation_dropout == 0: + # for backwards compatibility with models that use args.relu_dropout + self.activation_dropout = getattr(args, "relu_dropout", 0) + self.normalize_before = args.decoder_normalize_before + + # use layerNorm rather than FusedLayerNorm for exporting. + # char_inputs can be used to determint this. + # TODO remove this once we update apex with the fix + export = getattr(args, "char_inputs", False) + self.self_attn_layer_norm = LayerNorm(self.embed_dim, export=export) + + if no_encoder_attn: + self.encoder_attn = None + self.encoder_attn_layer_norm = None + else: + self.encoder_attn = self.build_encoder_attention(self.embed_dim, args) + self.encoder_attn_layer_norm = LayerNorm(self.embed_dim, export=export) + + self.fc1 = self.build_fc1( + self.embed_dim, args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim, self.quant_noise, self.quant_noise_block_size + ) + self.fc2 = self.build_fc2( + args.decoder_ffn_embed_dim, self.embed_dim, self.quant_noise, self.quant_noise_block_size + ) + + self.final_layer_norm = LayerNorm(self.embed_dim, export=export) + self.need_attn = True + + self.onnx_trace = False + + def build_fc1(self, input_dim, output_dim, q_noise, qn_block_size): + return quant_noise(nn.Linear(input_dim, output_dim), q_noise, qn_block_size) + + def build_fc2(self, input_dim, output_dim, q_noise, qn_block_size): + return quant_noise(nn.Linear(input_dim, output_dim), q_noise, qn_block_size) + + def build_self_attention(self, embed_dim, args, add_bias_kv=False, add_zero_attn=False): + return MultiheadAttention( + embed_dim, + args.decoder_attention_heads, + dropout=args.attention_dropout, + add_bias_kv=add_bias_kv, + add_zero_attn=add_zero_attn, + self_attention=not getattr(args, "cross_self_attention", False), + q_noise=self.quant_noise, + qn_block_size=self.quant_noise_block_size, + ) + + def build_encoder_attention(self, embed_dim, args): + return MultiheadAttention( + embed_dim, + args.decoder_attention_heads, + kdim=getattr(args, "encoder_embed_dim", None), + vdim=getattr(args, "encoder_embed_dim", None), + dropout=args.attention_dropout, + encoder_decoder_attention=True, + q_noise=self.quant_noise, + qn_block_size=self.quant_noise_block_size, + ) + + def prepare_for_onnx_export_(self): + self.onnx_trace = True + + def forward( + self, + x, + encoder_out: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + encoder_padding_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]] = None, + prev_self_attn_state: Optional[List[torch.Tensor]] = None, + prev_attn_state: Optional[List[torch.Tensor]] = None, + self_attn_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + self_attn_padding_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + need_attn: bool = False, + need_head_weights: bool = False, + ): + """ + Args: + x (Tensor): input to the layer of shape `(seq_len, batch, embed_dim)` + encoder_padding_mask (ByteTensor, optional): binary + ByteTensor of shape `(batch, src_len)` where padding + elements are indicated by ``1``. + need_attn (bool, optional): return attention weights + need_head_weights (bool, optional): return attention weights + for each head (default: return average over heads). + + Returns: + encoded output of shape `(seq_len, batch, embed_dim)` + """ + if need_head_weights: + need_attn = True + + residual = x + if self.normalize_before: + x = self.self_attn_layer_norm(x) + if prev_self_attn_state is not None: + prev_key, prev_value = prev_self_attn_state[:2] + saved_state: Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]] = { + "prev_key": prev_key, + "prev_value": prev_value, + } + if len(prev_self_attn_state) >= 3: + saved_state["prev_key_padding_mask"] = prev_self_attn_state[2] + assert incremental_state is not None + self.self_attn._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, saved_state) + _self_attn_input_buffer = self.self_attn._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + if self.cross_self_attention and not ( + incremental_state is not None + and _self_attn_input_buffer is not None + and "prev_key" in _self_attn_input_buffer + ): + if self_attn_mask is not None: + assert encoder_out is not None + self_attn_mask = torch.cat( + (x.new_zeros(x.size(0), encoder_out.size(0)), self_attn_mask), dim=1 + ) + if self_attn_padding_mask is not None: + if encoder_padding_mask is None: + assert encoder_out is not None + encoder_padding_mask = self_attn_padding_mask.new_zeros( + encoder_out.size(1), encoder_out.size(0) + ) + self_attn_padding_mask = torch.cat( + (encoder_padding_mask, self_attn_padding_mask), dim=1 + ) + assert encoder_out is not None + y = torch.cat((encoder_out, x), dim=0) + else: + y = x + + x, attn = self.self_attn( + query=x, + key=y, + value=y, + key_padding_mask=self_attn_padding_mask, + incremental_state=incremental_state, + need_weights=False, + attn_mask=self_attn_mask, + ) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = residual + x + if not self.normalize_before: + x = self.self_attn_layer_norm(x) + + if self.encoder_attn is not None: + residual = x + if self.normalize_before: + x = self.encoder_attn_layer_norm(x) + if prev_attn_state is not None: + prev_key, prev_value = prev_attn_state[:2] + saved_state: Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]] = { + "prev_key": prev_key, + "prev_value": prev_value, + } + if len(prev_attn_state) >= 3: + saved_state["prev_key_padding_mask"] = prev_attn_state[2] + assert incremental_state is not None + self.encoder_attn._set_input_buffer(incremental_state, saved_state) + + x, attn = self.encoder_attn( + query=x, + key=encoder_out, + value=encoder_out, + key_padding_mask=encoder_padding_mask, + incremental_state=incremental_state, + static_kv=True, + need_weights=need_attn or (not self.training and self.need_attn), + need_head_weights=need_head_weights, + ) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = residual + x + if not self.normalize_before: + x = self.encoder_attn_layer_norm(x) + + residual = x + if self.normalize_before: + x = self.final_layer_norm(x) + + x = self.activation_fn(self.fc1(x)) + x = F.dropout(x, p=float(self.activation_dropout), training=self.training) + x = self.fc2(x) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = residual + x + if not self.normalize_before: + x = self.final_layer_norm(x) + if self.onnx_trace and incremental_state is not None: + saved_state = self.self_attn._get_input_buffer(incremental_state) + assert saved_state is not None + if self_attn_padding_mask is not None: + self_attn_state = [ + saved_state["prev_key"], + saved_state["prev_value"], + saved_state["prev_key_padding_mask"], + ] + else: + self_attn_state = [saved_state["prev_key"], saved_state["prev_value"]] + return x, attn, self_attn_state + return x, attn, None + + def make_generation_fast_(self, need_attn: bool = False, **kwargs): + self.need_attn = need_attn + + @torch.jit.export + def reorder_incremental_state( + self, + incremental_state: Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]], + new_order: Tensor, + ): + """Scriptable reorder incremental state in transformer layers.""" + self.self_attn.reorder_incremental_state(incremental_state, new_order) + + if self.encoder_attn is not None: + self.encoder_attn.reorder_incremental_state(incremental_state, new_order) + + +def Linear(in_features, out_features, bias=True): + m = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features, bias) + nn.init.xavier_uniform_(m.weight) + if bias: + nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0.0) + return m diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/transformer_sentence_encoder.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/transformer_sentence_encoder.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ac0698e002a352cb160d92d5acd1785a9801acf --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/transformer_sentence_encoder.py @@ -0,0 +1,246 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from typing import Optional, Tuple + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F +from fairseq.modules import ( + LayerNorm, + MultiheadAttention, + PositionalEmbedding, + TransformerSentenceEncoderLayer, +) +from fairseq.modules.quant_noise import quant_noise as apply_quant_noise_ +import random + + +def init_bert_params(module): + """ + Initialize the weights specific to the BERT Model. + This overrides the default initializations depending on the specified arguments. + 1. If normal_init_linear_weights is set then weights of linear + layer will be initialized using the normal distribution and + bais will be set to the specified value. + 2. If normal_init_embed_weights is set then weights of embedding + layer will be initialized using the normal distribution. + 3. If normal_init_proj_weights is set then weights of + in_project_weight for MultiHeadAttention initialized using + the normal distribution (to be validated). + """ + + if isinstance(module, nn.Linear): + module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=0.02) + if module.bias is not None: + module.bias.data.zero_() + if isinstance(module, nn.Embedding): + module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=0.02) + if module.padding_idx is not None: + module.weight.data[module.padding_idx].zero_() + if isinstance(module, MultiheadAttention): + module.q_proj.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=0.02) + module.k_proj.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=0.02) + module.v_proj.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=0.02) + + +class TransformerSentenceEncoder(nn.Module): + """ + Implementation for a Bi-directional Transformer based Sentence Encoder used + in BERT/XLM style pre-trained models. + + This first computes the token embedding using the token embedding matrix, + position embeddings (if specified) and segment embeddings + (if specified). After applying the specified number of + TransformerEncoderLayers, it outputs all the internal states of the + encoder as well as the final representation associated with the first + token (usually CLS token). + + Input: + - tokens: B x T matrix representing sentences + - segment_labels: B x T matrix representing segment label for tokens + + Output: + - a tuple of the following: + - a list of internal model states used to compute the + predictions where each tensor has shape T x B x C + - sentence representation associated with first input token + in format B x C. + """ + + def __init__( + self, + padding_idx: int, + vocab_size: int, + num_encoder_layers: int = 6, + embedding_dim: int = 768, + ffn_embedding_dim: int = 3072, + num_attention_heads: int = 8, + dropout: float = 0.1, + attention_dropout: float = 0.1, + activation_dropout: float = 0.1, + layerdrop : float = 0.0, + max_seq_len: int = 256, + num_segments: int = 2, + use_position_embeddings: bool = True, + offset_positions_by_padding: bool = True, + encoder_normalize_before: bool = False, + apply_bert_init: bool = False, + activation_fn: str = "relu", + learned_pos_embedding: bool = True, + embed_scale: float = None, + freeze_embeddings: bool = False, + n_trans_layers_to_freeze: int = 0, + export: bool = False, + traceable: bool = False, + q_noise: float = 0.0, + qn_block_size: int = 8, + ) -> None: + + super().__init__() + self.padding_idx = padding_idx + self.vocab_size = vocab_size + self.dropout = dropout + self.layerdrop = layerdrop + self.max_seq_len = max_seq_len + self.embedding_dim = embedding_dim + self.num_segments = num_segments + self.use_position_embeddings = use_position_embeddings + self.apply_bert_init = apply_bert_init + self.learned_pos_embedding = learned_pos_embedding + self.traceable = traceable + + self.embed_tokens = nn.Embedding( + self.vocab_size, self.embedding_dim, self.padding_idx + ) + self.embed_scale = embed_scale + + if q_noise > 0: + self.quant_noise = apply_quant_noise_( + nn.Linear(self.embedding_dim, self.embedding_dim, bias=False), + q_noise, + qn_block_size, + ) + else: + self.quant_noise = None + + self.segment_embeddings = ( + nn.Embedding(self.num_segments, self.embedding_dim, padding_idx=None) + if self.num_segments > 0 + else None + ) + + self.embed_positions = ( + PositionalEmbedding( + self.max_seq_len, + self.embedding_dim, + padding_idx=(self.padding_idx if offset_positions_by_padding else None), + learned=self.learned_pos_embedding, + ) + if self.use_position_embeddings + else None + ) + + self.layers = nn.ModuleList( + [ + TransformerSentenceEncoderLayer( + embedding_dim=self.embedding_dim, + ffn_embedding_dim=ffn_embedding_dim, + num_attention_heads=num_attention_heads, + dropout=self.dropout, + attention_dropout=attention_dropout, + activation_dropout=activation_dropout, + activation_fn=activation_fn, + export=export, + q_noise=q_noise, + qn_block_size=qn_block_size + ) + for _ in range(num_encoder_layers) + ] + ) + + if encoder_normalize_before: + self.emb_layer_norm = LayerNorm(self.embedding_dim, export=export) + else: + self.emb_layer_norm = None + + # Apply initialization of model params after building the model + if self.apply_bert_init: + self.apply(init_bert_params) + + def freeze_module_params(m): + if m is not None: + for p in m.parameters(): + p.requires_grad = False + + if freeze_embeddings: + freeze_module_params(self.embed_tokens) + freeze_module_params(self.segment_embeddings) + freeze_module_params(self.embed_positions) + freeze_module_params(self.emb_layer_norm) + + for layer in range(n_trans_layers_to_freeze): + freeze_module_params(self.layers[layer]) + + def forward( + self, + tokens: torch.Tensor, + segment_labels: torch.Tensor = None, + last_state_only: bool = False, + positions: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]: + + # compute padding mask. This is needed for multi-head attention + padding_mask = tokens.eq(self.padding_idx) + if not self.traceable and not padding_mask.any(): + padding_mask = None + + x = self.embed_tokens(tokens) + + if self.embed_scale is not None: + x *= self.embed_scale + + if self.embed_positions is not None: + x += self.embed_positions(tokens, positions=positions) + + if self.segment_embeddings is not None and segment_labels is not None: + x += self.segment_embeddings(segment_labels) + + if self.quant_noise is not None: + x = self.quant_noise(x) + + if self.emb_layer_norm is not None: + x = self.emb_layer_norm(x) + + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + + # account for padding while computing the representation + if padding_mask is not None: + x *= 1 - padding_mask.unsqueeze(-1).type_as(x) + + # B x T x C -> T x B x C + x = x.transpose(0, 1) + + inner_states = [] + if not last_state_only: + inner_states.append(x) + + for layer in self.layers: + # add LayerDrop (see https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11556 for description) + dropout_probability = random.uniform(0, 1) + if not self.training or (dropout_probability > self.layerdrop): + x, _ = layer(x, self_attn_padding_mask=padding_mask) + if not last_state_only: + inner_states.append(x) + + sentence_rep = x[0, :, :] + + if last_state_only: + inner_states = [x] + + if self.traceable: + return torch.stack(inner_states), sentence_rep + else: + return inner_states, sentence_rep diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/transformer_sentence_encoder_layer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/transformer_sentence_encoder_layer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10d70f567b2982d9a87789cfbbfaa2ba28708cc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/transformer_sentence_encoder_layer.py @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +from typing import Optional + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.modules import ( + LayerNorm, + MultiheadAttention, +) +from fairseq.modules.quant_noise import quant_noise + +class TransformerSentenceEncoderLayer(nn.Module): + """ + Implements a Transformer Encoder Layer used in BERT/XLM style pre-trained + models. + """ + + def __init__( + self, + embedding_dim: int = 768, + ffn_embedding_dim: int = 3072, + num_attention_heads: int = 8, + dropout: float = 0.1, + attention_dropout: float = 0.1, + activation_dropout: float = 0.1, + activation_fn: str = 'relu', + export: bool = False, + q_noise: float = 0.0, + qn_block_size: int = 8, + ) -> None: + + super().__init__() + # Initialize parameters + self.embedding_dim = embedding_dim + self.dropout = dropout + self.activation_dropout = activation_dropout + + # Initialize blocks + self.activation_fn = utils.get_activation_fn(activation_fn) + self.self_attn = MultiheadAttention( + self.embedding_dim, + num_attention_heads, + dropout=attention_dropout, + add_bias_kv=False, + add_zero_attn=False, + self_attention=True, + q_noise=q_noise, + qn_block_size=qn_block_size, + ) + + # layer norm associated with the self attention layer + self.self_attn_layer_norm = LayerNorm(self.embedding_dim, export=export) + self.fc1 = quant_noise( + nn.Linear(self.embedding_dim, ffn_embedding_dim), q_noise, qn_block_size + ) + self.fc2 = quant_noise( + nn.Linear(ffn_embedding_dim, self.embedding_dim), q_noise, qn_block_size + ) + + # layer norm associated with the position wise feed-forward NN + self.final_layer_norm = LayerNorm(self.embedding_dim, export=export) + + def forward( + self, + x: torch.Tensor, + self_attn_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + self_attn_padding_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + ): + """ + LayerNorm is applied either before or after the self-attention/ffn + modules similar to the original Transformer implementation. + """ + residual = x + x, attn = self.self_attn( + query=x, + key=x, + value=x, + key_padding_mask=self_attn_padding_mask, + need_weights=False, + attn_mask=self_attn_mask, + ) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = residual + x + x = self.self_attn_layer_norm(x) + + residual = x + x = self.activation_fn(self.fc1(x)) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.activation_dropout, training=self.training) + x = self.fc2(x) + x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + x = residual + x + x = self.final_layer_norm(x) + return x, attn diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/unfold.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/unfold.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a142db69868ff1e36241c7f032d0f886b6b9428 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/unfold.py @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch.nn.functional as F + + +def unfold1d(x, kernel_size, padding_l, pad_value=0): + '''unfold T x B x C to T x B x C x K''' + if kernel_size > 1: + T, B, C = x.size() + x = F.pad(x, (0, 0, 0, 0, padding_l, kernel_size - 1 - padding_l), value=pad_value) + x = x.as_strided((T, B, C, kernel_size), (B*C, C, 1, B*C)) + else: + x = x.unsqueeze(3) + return x diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/vggblock.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/vggblock.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee5ee19a34816c7350c21fba7c4907fec8ca7a61 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/modules/vggblock.py @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals + +from collections.abc import Iterable +from itertools import repeat + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn + + +def _pair(v): + if isinstance(v, Iterable): + assert len(v) == 2, "len(v) != 2" + return v + return tuple(repeat(v, 2)) + + +def infer_conv_output_dim(conv_op, input_dim, sample_inchannel): + sample_seq_len = 200 + sample_bsz = 10 + x = torch.randn(sample_bsz, sample_inchannel, sample_seq_len, input_dim) + # N x C x H x W + # N: sample_bsz, C: sample_inchannel, H: sample_seq_len, W: input_dim + x = conv_op(x) + # N x C x H x W + x = x.transpose(1, 2) + # N x H x C x W + bsz, seq = x.size()[:2] + per_channel_dim = x.size()[3] + # bsz: N, seq: H, CxW the rest + return x.contiguous().view(bsz, seq, -1).size(-1), per_channel_dim + + +class VGGBlock(torch.nn.Module): + """ + VGG motibated cnn module https://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.1556.pdf + + Args: + in_channels: (int) number of input channels (typically 1) + out_channels: (int) number of output channels + conv_kernel_size: convolution channels + pooling_kernel_size: the size of the pooling window to take a max over + num_conv_layers: (int) number of convolution layers + input_dim: (int) input dimension + conv_stride: the stride of the convolving kernel. + Can be a single number or a tuple (sH, sW) Default: 1 + padding: implicit paddings on both sides of the input. + Can be a single number or a tuple (padH, padW). Default: None + layer_norm: (bool) if layer norm is going to be applied. Default: False + + Shape: + Input: BxCxTxfeat, i.e. (batch_size, input_size, timesteps, features) + Output: BxCxTxfeat, i.e. (batch_size, input_size, timesteps, features) + """ + + def __init__( + self, + in_channels, + out_channels, + conv_kernel_size, + pooling_kernel_size, + num_conv_layers, + input_dim, + conv_stride=1, + padding=None, + layer_norm=False, + ): + assert ( + input_dim is not None + ), "Need input_dim for LayerNorm and infer_conv_output_dim" + super(VGGBlock, self).__init__() + self.in_channels = in_channels + self.out_channels = out_channels + self.conv_kernel_size = _pair(conv_kernel_size) + self.pooling_kernel_size = _pair(pooling_kernel_size) + self.num_conv_layers = num_conv_layers + self.padding = ( + tuple(e // 2 for e in self.conv_kernel_size) + if padding is None + else _pair(padding) + ) + self.conv_stride = _pair(conv_stride) + + self.layers = nn.ModuleList() + for layer in range(num_conv_layers): + conv_op = nn.Conv2d( + in_channels if layer == 0 else out_channels, + out_channels, + self.conv_kernel_size, + stride=self.conv_stride, + padding=self.padding, + ) + self.layers.append(conv_op) + if layer_norm: + conv_output_dim, per_channel_dim = infer_conv_output_dim( + conv_op, input_dim, in_channels if layer == 0 else out_channels + ) + self.layers.append(nn.LayerNorm(per_channel_dim)) + input_dim = per_channel_dim + self.layers.append(nn.ReLU()) + + if self.pooling_kernel_size is not None: + pool_op = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=self.pooling_kernel_size, ceil_mode=True) + self.layers.append(pool_op) + self.total_output_dim, self.output_dim = infer_conv_output_dim( + pool_op, input_dim, out_channels + ) + + def forward(self, x): + for i, _ in enumerate(self.layers): + x = self.layers[i](x) + return x diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/nan_detector.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/nan_detector.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89ea982f69af94875be6855130e3e612f0e5eb21 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/nan_detector.py @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging +import torch + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +class NanDetector: + """ + Detects the first NaN or Inf in forward and/or backward pass and logs, together with the module name + """ + + def __init__(self, model, forward=True, backward=True): + self.bhooks = [] + self.fhooks = [] + self.forward = forward + self.backward = backward + self.reset() + + for name, mod in model.named_modules(): + mod.__module_name = name + self.add_hooks(mod) + + def __enter__(self): + return self + + def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback): + self.close() + + def add_hooks(self, module): + if self.forward: + self.fhooks.append(module.register_forward_hook(self.fhook_fn)) + if self.backward: + self.bhooks.append(module.register_backward_hook(self.bhook_fn)) + + def reset(self): + self.has_printed_f = False + self.has_printed_b = False + + def _detect(self, tensor, name, backward): + err = None + if ( + tensor.numel() >= 2 + ): # single value tensors (like the loss) will not provide much info + with torch.no_grad(): + if torch.isnan(tensor).any(): + err = "NaN" + elif torch.isinf(tensor).any(): + err = "Inf" + if err is not None: + err = f"{err} detected in output of {name}, shape: {tensor.shape}, {'backward' if backward else 'forward'}" + return err + + def _apply(self, module, inp, x, backward): + if torch.is_tensor(x): + if isinstance(inp, tuple) and len(inp) > 0: + inp = inp[0] + err = self._detect(x, module.__module_name, backward) + if err is not None: + if torch.is_tensor(inp) and not backward: + err += ( + f" input max: {inp.max().item()}, input min: {inp.min().item()}" + ) + + has_printed_attr = 'has_printed_b' if backward else 'has_printed_f' + logger.warning(err) + setattr(self, has_printed_attr, True) + elif isinstance(x, dict): + for v in x.values(): + self._apply(module, inp, v, backward) + elif isinstance(x, list) or isinstance(x, tuple): + for v in x: + self._apply(module, inp, v, backward) + + def fhook_fn(self, module, inp, output): + if not self.has_printed_f: + self._apply(module, inp, output, backward=False) + + def bhook_fn(self, module, inp, output): + if not self.has_printed_b: + self._apply(module, inp, output, backward=True) + + def close(self): + for hook in self.fhooks + self.bhooks: + hook.remove() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b8334d8c25b788aea5780079648d55052f64d5c --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import importlib +import os + +from fairseq import registry +from fairseq.optim.fairseq_optimizer import FairseqOptimizer +from fairseq.optim.fp16_optimizer import FP16Optimizer, MemoryEfficientFP16Optimizer +from fairseq.optim.bmuf import FairseqBMUF # noqa + + +__all__ = [ + 'FairseqOptimizer', + 'FP16Optimizer', + 'MemoryEfficientFP16Optimizer', +] + + +build_optimizer, register_optimizer, OPTIMIZER_REGISTRY = registry.setup_registry( + '--optimizer', + base_class=FairseqOptimizer, + default='nag', +) + + +# automatically import any Python files in the optim/ directory +for file in os.listdir(os.path.dirname(__file__)): + if file.endswith('.py') and not file.startswith('_'): + module = file[:file.find('.py')] + 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a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/adadelta.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/adadelta.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a76e27fe41dd5966b8bcd61768f511dcf4e5d30 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/adadelta.py @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch.optim + +from . import FairseqOptimizer, register_optimizer + + +@register_optimizer('adadelta') +class Adadelta(FairseqOptimizer): + def __init__(self, args, params): + super().__init__(args) + self._optimizer = torch.optim.Adadelta(params, **self.optimizer_config) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add optimizer-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--adadelta-rho', type=float, default=0.9, metavar='RHO', + help='coefficient used for computing a running average of squared gradients') + parser.add_argument('--adadelta-eps', type=float, default=1e-6, metavar='EPS', + help='term added to the denominator to improve numerical stability') + parser.add_argument('--weight-decay', '--wd', default=0.0, type=float, metavar='WD', + help='weight decay') + parser.add_argument('--anneal-eps', action='store_true', help='flag to anneal eps') + # fmt: on + + @property + def optimizer_config(self): + """ + Return a kwarg dictionary that will be used to override optimizer + args stored in checkpoints. This allows us to load a checkpoint and + resume training using a different set of optimizer args, e.g., with a + different learning rate. + """ + return { + 'lr': self.args.lr[0], + 'rho': self.args.adadelta_rho, + 'eps': self.args.adadelta_eps, + 'weight_decay': self.args.weight_decay, + } + + @property + def supports_flat_params(self): + return True diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/adafactor.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/adafactor.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..025971004b1cefafd28ad081c773b15e922cb145 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/adafactor.py @@ -0,0 +1,230 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math +import torch +import torch.optim + +from . import FairseqOptimizer, register_optimizer + + +@register_optimizer('adafactor') +class FairseqAdafactor(FairseqOptimizer): + def __init__(self, args, params): + super().__init__(args) + self._optimizer = Adafactor(params, **self.optimizer_config) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add optimizer-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--adafactor-eps', default='(1e-30, 1e-3)', metavar="E", + help='epsilons for Adafactor optimizer') + parser.add_argument('--clip-threshold', type=float, default=1.0, metavar="C", + help='threshold for clipping update root mean square') + parser.add_argument('--decay-rate', type=float, default=-0.8, metavar="D", + help='decay rate of the second moment estimator') + parser.add_argument('--beta1', type=float, default=None, metavar="B", + help='beta for first moment estimator. Optional') + parser.add_argument('--weight-decay', '--wd', default=0.0, type=float, metavar='WD', + help='weight decay') + parser.add_argument('--scale-parameter', action='store_true', + help='scale learning rate by root mean square of parameter') + parser.add_argument('--relative-step', action='store_true', + help='set learning rate to inverse square root of timestep,' + 'otherwise use external learning rate') + parser.add_argument('--warmup-init', action='store_true', + help='use relative step for warm-up learning rate schedule') + # fmt: on + + @property + def optimizer_config(self): + """ + Return a kwarg dictionary that will be used to override optimizer + args stored in checkpoints. This allows us to load a checkpoint and + resume training using a different set of optimizer args, e.g., with a + different learning rate. + Note : Convergence issues empirically observed with fp16 on. + Might require search for appropriate configuration. + """ + return { + 'lr': self.args.lr[0], + 'eps': eval(self.args.adafactor_eps), + 'clip_threshold': self.args.clip_threshold, + 'decay_rate': self.args.decay_rate, + 'beta1': self.args.beta1, + 'weight_decay': self.args.weight_decay, + 'scale_parameter': self.args.scale_parameter, # defaults to False + 'relative_step': self.args.relative_step, # defaults to False + 'warmup_init': self.args.warmup_init, + } + + +class Adafactor(torch.optim.Optimizer): + """Implements Adafactor algorithm. + + This implementation is based on: + `Adafactor: Adaptive Learning Rates with Sublinear Memory Cost` + (see https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.04235) + + Note that this optimizer internally adjusts the learning rate + depending on the *scale_parameter*, *relative_step* and + *warmup_init* options. To use a manual (external) learning rate + schedule you should set `scale_parameter=False` and + `relative_step=False`. + + Arguments: + params (iterable): iterable of parameters to optimize or dicts defining + parameter groups + lr (float, optional): external learning rate (default: None) + eps (tuple[float, float]): regularization constans for square gradient + and parameter scale respectively (default: (1e-30, 1e-3)) + clip_threshold (float): threshold of root mean square of + final gradient update (default: 1.0) + decay_rate (float): coefficient used to compute running averages of square + gradient (default: -0.8) + beta1 (float): coefficient used for computing running averages of gradient + (default: None) + weight_decay (float, optional): weight decay (L2 penalty) (default: 0) + scale_parameter (bool): if True, learning rate is scaled by root mean square of + parameter (default: True) + relative_step (bool): if True, time-dependent learning rate is computed + instead of external learning rate (default: True) + warmup_init (bool): time-dependent learning rate computation depends on + whether warm-up initialization is being used (default: False) + """ + + def __init__(self, params, lr=None, eps=(1e-30, 1e-3), clip_threshold=1.0, + decay_rate=-0.8, beta1=None, weight_decay=0.0, scale_parameter=True, + relative_step=True, warmup_init=False): + if lr is not None and relative_step: + raise ValueError('Cannot combine manual lr and relative_step options') + if warmup_init and not relative_step: + raise ValueError('warmup_init requires relative_step=True') + + defaults = dict(lr=lr, eps=eps, clip_threshold=clip_threshold, decay_rate=decay_rate, + beta1=beta1, weight_decay=weight_decay, scale_parameter=scale_parameter, + relative_step=relative_step, warmup_init=warmup_init) + super(Adafactor, self).__init__(params, defaults) + + @property + def supports_memory_efficient_fp16(self): + return True + + @property + def supports_flat_params(self): + return False + + def _get_lr(self, param_group, param_state): + rel_step_sz = param_group['lr'] + if param_group['relative_step']: + min_step = 1e-6 * param_state['step'] if param_group['warmup_init'] else 1e-2 + rel_step_sz = min(min_step, 1.0/math.sqrt(param_state['step'])) + param_scale = 1.0 + if param_group['scale_parameter']: + param_scale = max(param_group['eps'][1], param_state['RMS']) + return param_scale * rel_step_sz + + def _get_options(self, param_group, param_shape): + factored = len(param_shape) >= 2 + use_first_moment = param_group['beta1'] is not None + return factored, use_first_moment + + def _rms(self, tensor): + return tensor.norm(2) / (tensor.numel() ** 0.5) + + def _approx_sq_grad(self, exp_avg_sq_row, exp_avg_sq_col, output): + r_factor = (exp_avg_sq_row / exp_avg_sq_row.mean(dim=-1).unsqueeze(-1)).rsqrt_().unsqueeze(-1) + c_factor = exp_avg_sq_col.unsqueeze(-2).rsqrt() + torch.mul(r_factor, c_factor, out=output) + + def step(self, closure=None): + """Performs a single optimization step. + + Arguments: + closure (callable, optional): A closure that reevaluates the model + and returns the loss. + """ + loss = None + if closure is not None: + loss = closure() + + for group in self.param_groups: + for p in group['params']: + if p.grad is None: + continue + grad = p.grad.data.float() + if grad.is_sparse: + raise RuntimeError('Adafactor does not support sparse gradients.') + + state = self.state[p] + grad_shape = grad.shape + + factored, use_first_moment = self._get_options(group, grad_shape) + # State Initialization + if len(state) == 0: + state['step'] = 0 + + if use_first_moment: + # Exponential moving average of gradient values + state['exp_avg'] = torch.zeros_like(grad) + if factored: + state['exp_avg_sq_row'] = torch.zeros(grad_shape[:-1]).type_as(grad) + state['exp_avg_sq_col'] = torch.zeros(grad_shape[:-2] + grad_shape[-1:]).type_as(grad) + else: + state['exp_avg_sq'] = torch.zeros_like(grad) + + state['RMS'] = 0 + else: + if use_first_moment: + state['exp_avg'] = state['exp_avg'].type_as(grad) + if factored: + state['exp_avg_sq_row'] = state['exp_avg_sq_row'].type_as(grad) + state['exp_avg_sq_col'] = state['exp_avg_sq_col'].type_as(grad) + else: + state['exp_avg_sq'] = state['exp_avg_sq'].type_as(grad) + + p_data_fp32 = p.data.float() + + state['step'] += 1 + state['RMS'] = self._rms(p_data_fp32) + group['lr'] = self._get_lr(group, state) + + beta2t = 1.0 - math.pow(state['step'], group['decay_rate']) + update = (grad**2) + group['eps'][0] + if factored: + exp_avg_sq_row = state['exp_avg_sq_row'] + exp_avg_sq_col = state['exp_avg_sq_col'] + + exp_avg_sq_row.mul_(beta2t).add_(1.0 - beta2t, update.mean(dim=-1)) + exp_avg_sq_col.mul_(beta2t).add_(1.0 - beta2t, update.mean(dim=-2)) + + # Approximation of exponential moving average of square of gradient + self._approx_sq_grad(exp_avg_sq_row, exp_avg_sq_col, update) + update.mul_(grad) + else: + exp_avg_sq = state['exp_avg_sq'] + + exp_avg_sq.mul_(beta2t).add_(1.0 - beta2t, update) + torch.rsqrt(exp_avg_sq, out=update).mul_(grad) + + update.div_(max(1.0, self._rms(update) / group['clip_threshold'])) + update.mul_(group['lr']) + + if use_first_moment: + exp_avg = state['exp_avg'] + exp_avg.mul_(group['beta1']).add_(1 - group['beta1'], update) + update = exp_avg + + if group['weight_decay'] != 0: + p_data_fp32.add_(-group['weight_decay'] * group['lr'], p_data_fp32) + + p_data_fp32.add_(-update) + + # TODO: remove check once pyTorch avoids a copy for this case + if p.data_ptr() != p_data_fp32.data_ptr(): + p.data.copy_(p_data_fp32) + + return loss diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/adagrad.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/adagrad.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57f83258cfd177c5381210115f679a501241c6ed --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/adagrad.py @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch.optim + +from . import FairseqOptimizer, register_optimizer + + +@register_optimizer('adagrad') +class Adagrad(FairseqOptimizer): + def __init__(self, args, params): + super().__init__(args) + self._optimizer = torch.optim.Adagrad(params, **self.optimizer_config) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add optimizer-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--weight-decay', '--wd', default=0.0, type=float, metavar='WD', + help='weight decay') + # fmt: on + + @property + def optimizer_config(self): + """ + Return a kwarg dictionary that will be used to override optimizer + args stored in checkpoints. This allows us to load a checkpoint and + resume training using a different set of optimizer args, e.g., with a + different learning rate. + """ + return { + 'lr': self.args.lr[0], + 'weight_decay': self.args.weight_decay, + } + + @property + def supports_flat_params(self): + return True diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/adam.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/adam.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a56d4631c178c5484f0d4e8e6ff7e990972a140 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/adam.py @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging +import math +import types + +import torch +import torch.optim +import torch.distributed as dist + +from fairseq.optim import FairseqOptimizer, register_optimizer +from fairseq.optim.fused_adam import get_fused_adam_class + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_optimizer('adam') +class FairseqAdam(FairseqOptimizer): + """Adam optimizer for fairseq. + + Important note: this optimizer corresponds to the "AdamW" variant of + Adam in its weight decay behavior. As such, it is most closely + analogous to torch.optim.AdamW from PyTorch. + """ + + def __init__(self, args, params): + super().__init__(args) + fused_adam_cls = get_fused_adam_class() + use_fused_adam = ( + not getattr(args, 'use_old_adam', False) + and fused_adam_cls is not None + and torch.cuda.is_available() + ) + if use_fused_adam: + logger.info('using FusedAdam') + self._optimizer = fused_adam_cls(params, **self.optimizer_config) + else: + self._optimizer = Adam(params, **self.optimizer_config) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add optimizer-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--adam-betas', default='(0.9, 0.999)', metavar='B', + help='betas for Adam optimizer') + parser.add_argument('--adam-eps', type=float, default=1e-8, metavar='D', + help='epsilon for Adam optimizer') + parser.add_argument('--weight-decay', '--wd', default=0.0, type=float, metavar='WD', + help='weight decay') + # Maintain backward compatibility with old checkpoints that have stored + # optimizer state as fairseq.optim.adam.Adam. + parser.add_argument( + "--use-old-adam", + action='store_true', + default=False, + help="Use fairseq.optim.adam.Adam", + ) + # fmt: on + + @property + def optimizer_config(self): + """ + Return a kwarg dictionary that will be used to override optimizer + args stored in checkpoints. This allows us to load a checkpoint and + resume training using a different set of optimizer args, e.g., with a + different learning rate. + """ + return { + 'lr': self.args.lr[0], + 'betas': eval(self.args.adam_betas), + 'eps': self.args.adam_eps, + 'weight_decay': self.args.weight_decay, + } + + def average_params(self): + """Reduce Params is only used during BMUF distributed training.""" + state_dict = self.optimizer.state_dict() + total_gpus = float(dist.get_world_size()) + + for _, value in state_dict["state"].items(): + value["exp_avg"] /= total_gpus + value["exp_avg_sq"] /= total_gpus + dist.all_reduce(value["exp_avg"], op=dist.ReduceOp.SUM) + dist.all_reduce(value["exp_avg_sq"], op=dist.ReduceOp.SUM) + + +class Adam(torch.optim.Optimizer): + """Implements Adam algorithm. + + This implementation is modified from torch.optim.Adam based on: + `Fixed Weight Decay Regularization in Adam` + (see https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.05101) + + It has been proposed in `Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization`_. + + Arguments: + params (iterable): iterable of parameters to optimize or dicts defining + parameter groups + lr (float, optional): learning rate (default: 1e-3) + betas (Tuple[float, float], optional): coefficients used for computing + running averages of gradient and its square (default: (0.9, 0.999)) + eps (float, optional): term added to the denominator to improve + numerical stability (default: 1e-8) + weight_decay (float, optional): weight decay (L2 penalty) (default: 0) + amsgrad (boolean, optional): whether to use the AMSGrad variant of this + algorithm from the paper `On the Convergence of Adam and Beyond`_ + + .. _Adam\: A Method for Stochastic Optimization: + https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980 + .. _On the Convergence of Adam and Beyond: + https://openreview.net/forum?id=ryQu7f-RZ + """ + + def __init__(self, params, lr=1e-3, betas=(0.9, 0.999), eps=1e-8, + weight_decay=0, amsgrad=False): + defaults = dict(lr=lr, betas=betas, eps=eps, + weight_decay=weight_decay, amsgrad=amsgrad) + super(Adam, self).__init__(params, defaults) + + @property + def supports_memory_efficient_fp16(self): + return True + + @property + def supports_flat_params(self): + return True + + def step(self, closure=None): + """Performs a single optimization step. + + Arguments: + closure (callable, optional): A closure that reevaluates the model + and returns the loss. + """ + loss = None + if closure is not None: + loss = closure() + + for group in self.param_groups: + for p in group['params']: + if p.grad is None: + continue + grad = p.grad.data.float() + if grad.is_sparse: + raise RuntimeError('Adam does not support sparse gradients, please consider SparseAdam instead') + amsgrad = group['amsgrad'] + + p_data_fp32 = p.data.float() + + state = self.state[p] + + # State initialization + if len(state) == 0: + state['step'] = 0 + # Exponential moving average of gradient values + state['exp_avg'] = torch.zeros_like(p_data_fp32) + # Exponential moving average of squared gradient values + state['exp_avg_sq'] = torch.zeros_like(p_data_fp32) + if amsgrad: + # Maintains max of all exp. moving avg. of sq. grad. values + state['max_exp_avg_sq'] = torch.zeros_like(p_data_fp32) + else: + state['exp_avg'] = state['exp_avg'].type_as(p_data_fp32) + state['exp_avg_sq'] = state['exp_avg_sq'].type_as(p_data_fp32) + if amsgrad: + state['max_exp_avg_sq'] = state['max_exp_avg_sq'].type_as(p_data_fp32) + + exp_avg, exp_avg_sq = state['exp_avg'], state['exp_avg_sq'] + if amsgrad: + max_exp_avg_sq = state['max_exp_avg_sq'] + beta1, beta2 = group['betas'] + + state['step'] += 1 + + # Decay the first and second moment running average coefficient + #exp_avg.mul_(beta1).add_(1 - beta1, grad) + exp_avg.mul_(beta1).add_(grad, alpha=1 - beta1) # 报错修改 + + #exp_avg_sq.mul_(beta2).addcmul_(1 - beta2, grad, grad) + exp_avg_sq.mul_(beta2).addcmul_(grad, grad, value=1 - beta2) # 报错修改 + + if amsgrad: + # Maintains the maximum of all 2nd moment running avg. till now + torch.max(max_exp_avg_sq, exp_avg_sq, out=max_exp_avg_sq) + # Use the max. for normalizing running avg. of gradient + denom = max_exp_avg_sq.sqrt().add_(group['eps']) + else: + denom = exp_avg_sq.sqrt().add_(group['eps']) + + bias_correction1 = 1 - beta1 ** state['step'] + bias_correction2 = 1 - beta2 ** state['step'] + step_size = group['lr'] * math.sqrt(bias_correction2) / bias_correction1 + + if group['weight_decay'] != 0: + #p_data_fp32.add_(-group['weight_decay'] * group['lr'], p_data_fp32) + p_data_fp32.add_(p_data_fp32, alpha=-group['weight_decay'] * group['lr']) + + + #p_data_fp32.addcdiv_(-step_size, exp_avg, denom) + p_data_fp32.addcdiv_(exp_avg, denom, value=-step_size) # 报错修改 + # TODO: remove check once pyTorch avoids a copy for this case + if p.data_ptr() != p_data_fp32.data_ptr(): + p.data.copy_(p_data_fp32) + + return loss diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/adamax.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/adamax.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a9ace17945e60bc34b0eb656dc1134bfefdffc6a --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/adamax.py @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.optim + +from . import FairseqOptimizer, register_optimizer + + +@register_optimizer('adamax') +class FairseqAdamax(FairseqOptimizer): + def __init__(self, args, params): + super().__init__(args) + self._optimizer = Adamax(params, **self.optimizer_config) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add optimizer-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--adamax-betas', default='(0.9, 0.999)', metavar='B', + help='betas for Adam optimizer') + parser.add_argument('--adamax-eps', type=float, default=1e-8, metavar='D', + help='epsilon for Adam optimizer') + parser.add_argument('--weight-decay', '--wd', default=0.0, type=float, metavar='WD', + help='weight decay') + parser.add_argument('--no-bias-correction', default=False, action='store_true', + help='disable bias correction') + # fmt: on + + @property + def optimizer_config(self): + """ + Return a kwarg dictionary that will be used to override optimizer + args stored in checkpoints. This allows us to load a checkpoint and + resume training using a different set of optimizer args, e.g., with a + different learning rate. + """ + return { + 'lr': self.args.lr[0], + 'betas': eval(self.args.adamax_betas), + 'eps': self.args.adamax_eps, + 'weight_decay': self.args.weight_decay, + 'bias_correction': not self.args.no_bias_correction, + } + + +class Adamax(torch.optim.Optimizer): + """Implements Adamax algorithm (a variant of Adam based on infinity norm). + + It has been proposed in `Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization`__. + + Compared to the version in PyTorch, this version implements a fix for weight decay. + + Arguments: + params (iterable): iterable of parameters to optimize or dicts defining + parameter groups + lr (float, optional): learning rate (default: 2e-3) + betas (Tuple[float, float], optional): coefficients used for computing + running averages of gradient and its square + eps (float, optional): term added to the denominator to improve + numerical stability (default: 1e-8) + weight_decay (float, optional): weight decay (L2 penalty) (default: 0) + bias_correction (bool, optional): enable bias correction (default: True) + + __ https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980 + """ + + def __init__(self, params, lr=2e-3, betas=(0.9, 0.999), eps=1e-8, + weight_decay=0, bias_correction=True): + if not 0.0 <= lr: + raise ValueError("Invalid learning rate: {}".format(lr)) + if not 0.0 <= eps: + raise ValueError("Invalid epsilon value: {}".format(eps)) + if not 0.0 <= betas[0] < 1.0: + raise ValueError("Invalid beta parameter at index 0: {}".format(betas[0])) + if not 0.0 <= betas[1] < 1.0: + raise ValueError("Invalid beta parameter at index 1: {}".format(betas[1])) + if not 0.0 <= weight_decay: + raise ValueError("Invalid weight_decay value: {}".format(weight_decay)) + + defaults = dict(lr=lr, betas=betas, eps=eps, weight_decay=weight_decay, + bias_correction=bias_correction) + super(Adamax, self).__init__(params, defaults) + + @property + def supports_memory_efficient_fp16(self): + return True + + @property + def supports_flat_params(self): + return True + + def step(self, closure=None): + """Performs a single optimization step. + + Arguments: + closure (callable, optional): A closure that reevaluates the model + and returns the loss. + """ + loss = None + if closure is not None: + loss = closure() + + for group in self.param_groups: + for p in group['params']: + if p.grad is None: + continue + grad = p.grad.data.float() + if grad.is_sparse: + raise RuntimeError('Adamax does not support sparse gradients') + + p_data_fp32 = p.data.float() + + state = self.state[p] + + # State initialization + if len(state) == 0: + state['step'] = 0 + state['exp_avg'] = torch.zeros_like(p_data_fp32) + state['exp_inf'] = torch.zeros_like(p_data_fp32) + else: + state['exp_avg'] = state['exp_avg'].type_as(p_data_fp32) + state['exp_inf'] = state['exp_inf'].type_as(p_data_fp32) + + exp_avg, exp_inf = state['exp_avg'], state['exp_inf'] + beta1, beta2 = group['betas'] + eps = group['eps'] + + state['step'] += 1 + + # Update biased first moment estimate. + exp_avg.mul_(beta1).add_(1 - beta1, grad) + + # Update the exponentially weighted infinity norm. + torch.max( + exp_inf.mul_(beta2), + grad.abs_(), + out=exp_inf, + ) + + step_size = group['lr'] + if group['bias_correction']: + bias_correction = 1 - beta1 ** state['step'] + step_size /= bias_correction + + if group['weight_decay'] != 0: + p_data_fp32.add_(-group['weight_decay'] * group['lr'], p_data_fp32) + + p_data_fp32.addcdiv_(-step_size, exp_avg, exp_inf.add(eps)) + + p.data.copy_(p_data_fp32) + + return loss diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/bmuf.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/bmuf.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..be7bdd74a777a626dbb8035b6c21c0ed3af75a67 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/bmuf.py @@ -0,0 +1,230 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import torch.distributed as dist + +from . import FairseqOptimizer + + +class FairseqBMUF(FairseqOptimizer): + """ + Implements incremental block distributed data parallelism similar to + https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7472805 + + Paper title: Scalable training of deep learning machines by incremental + block training with intra-block parallel optimization and blockwise + model-update filtering + """ + + def __init__(self, args, optimizer): + + super().__init__(args) + self._optimizer = optimizer + self._num_updates = 0 + self.sync_iter = self.args.global_sync_iter + self.block_momentum = self.args.block_momentum + self.block_lr = self.args.block_lr + self._reset_local_data() + self.warmup_iteration = self.args.warmup_iterations + self.use_nbm = self.args.use_nbm + self.initial_state = self._optimizer.state_dict() + self.average_sync = self.args.average_sync + self.world_size = self.args.distributed_world_size + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add optimizer-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument( + "--block-lr", default=1, type=float, help="block learning rate for bmuf" + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--block-momentum", + default=0.875, + type=float, + help="block momentum for bmuf", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--global-sync-iter", + default=50, + type=int, + help="Iteration for syncing global model", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--warmup-iterations", + default=500, + type=int, + help="warmup iterations for model to broadcast", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--use-nbm", + default=False, + action="store_true", + help="Specify whether you want to use classical BM / Nesterov BM", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--average-sync", + default=False, + action="store_true", + help="Specify whether you want to average the local momentum after each sync", + ) + + @property + def optimizer(self): + return self._optimizer.optimizer + + @property + def optimizer_config(self): + return self._optimizer.optimizer_config + + def get_lr(self): + return self._optimizer.get_lr() + + def set_lr(self, lr): + self._optimizer.set_lr(lr) + + def state_dict(self): + return self._optimizer.state_dict() + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict, optimizer_overrides=None): + self._optimizer.load_state_dict(state_dict, optimizer_overrides) + self.initial_state = self._optimizer.state_dict() + + def multiply_grads(self, c): + """Multiplies grads by a constant *c*.""" + self._optimizer.multiply_grads(c) + + def clip_grad_norm(self, max_norm, aggregate_norm_fn=None): + """Clips gradient norm.""" + return self._optimizer.clip_grad_norm(max_norm, aggregate_norm_fn) + + def average_params(self): + self._optimizer.average_params() + + def _block_sync(self): + if self.world_size <= 1: + return + # Update the global model using local models from all GPUs + # (Step-1) Calculate grad between previously synced model and + # currrent local model + if self.block_momentum != 0: + self._calc_grad() + + # (Step-2) Average gradient from all GPUs + self._avg_grad_from_all_gpus() + + # (Step-3) Calculate global momentum and update the global model + if self.block_momentum != 0: + self._update_global_model() + + # (Step-4) Average local optimizer params + if self.average_sync: + self.average_params() + + def _is_warmup_end(self): + # Check whether train iterations is equal to warmup iter + if self.get_num_updates() == self.warmup_iteration: + return True + return False + + def _is_bmuf_iter(self): + # Check whether train iterations is equal to bmuf sync iter + if (self.get_num_updates() > self.warmup_iteration) and ( + self.get_num_updates() % self.sync_iter == 0 + ): + return True + return False + + def _warmup_sync(self, root_rank=0): + if self.world_size <= 1: + return + # Broadcast the local model to all gpus + for param in self.params: + dist.broadcast(param.data, src=root_rank) + + # Update local optimizer state + if self.average_sync: + self._optimizer.average_params() + else: + self._optimizer.load_state_dict(self.initial_state) + + self._reset_local_data() + + def step(self, closure=None): + """Performs a single optimization step.""" + self._optimizer.step(closure) + self.set_num_updates(self.get_num_updates() + 1) + if self._is_warmup_end(): + self._warmup_sync() + elif self._is_bmuf_iter(): + self._block_sync() + + def zero_grad(self): + """Clears the gradients of all optimized parameters.""" + self._optimizer.zero_grad() + + def get_num_updates(self): + """Get the number of parameters updates.""" + return self._num_updates + + def set_num_updates(self, num_updates): + """Set the number of parameters updates.""" + self._num_updates = num_updates + + @torch.no_grad() + def _reset_local_data(self): + # (Step-0) Initialize global momentum parameters and store global copy on each gpu + self.global_params = [torch.zeros_like(p.data) for p in self.params] + self.smoothed_grads = [p.data.new_zeros(p.data.size()) for p in self.params] + self.grads = [p.data.new_zeros(p.data.size()) for p in self.params] + + # saving the global model locally for calculating gradient during bmuf sync + for param, global_param in zip(self.params, self.global_params): + global_param.copy_(param.data) + + @torch.no_grad() + def _calc_grad(self): + # global_params is basically the global copy from the previously finished + # synchronisation. param.data is local parameter after block_sync_freq + # for the local gpu. so grad is difference between previously synced + # model and currrent local model. + for index, (param, global_param) in enumerate( + zip(self.params, self.global_params) + ): + self.grads[index] = global_param - param.data + + def _avg_grad_from_all_gpus(self): + for index, param in enumerate(self.params): + sync_para = param.data if self.block_momentum == 0 else self.grads[index] + sync_para /= float(dist.get_world_size()) + dist.all_reduce(sync_para, op=dist.ReduceOp.SUM) + + @torch.no_grad() + def _update_global_model(self): + for index, (param, global_param, smoothed_grad, grad) in enumerate( + zip( + self.params, + self.global_params, + self.smoothed_grads, + # all gpus would share the same value of smoothed_grad, since it is + # always computed on synchronized gradients. + self.grads, + ) + ): + # global_param is basically last syncrhornized parameter. though + # smoothed_grad is local, all processes will have same value of + # smoothed_grad and hence param is globally synchronized copy. + # smoothed_grad(t) = BM * smoothed_grad(t-1) + BM_lr * grad(t) + smoothed_grad = self.block_momentum * smoothed_grad + self.block_lr * grad + param.data.copy_(global_param - smoothed_grad) + + # A Nesterov momentum here is to do a partial weight update before + # calculating the gradient + if self.use_nbm: + param.data.copy_(param.data - self.block_momentum * smoothed_grad) + + # backup for the next synchronization. + self.smoothed_grads[index] = smoothed_grad + global_param.copy_(param.data) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/fairseq_optimizer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/fairseq_optimizer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc1daa82b67fdb9c0555c99c45c0b6629ccd1490 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/fairseq_optimizer.py @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch + +from fairseq import utils + + +class FairseqOptimizer(object): + + def __init__(self, args): + super().__init__() + self.args = args + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add optimizer-specific arguments to the parser.""" + pass + + @property + def optimizer(self): + """Return a torch.optim.optimizer.Optimizer instance.""" + if not hasattr(self, '_optimizer'): + raise NotImplementedError + if not isinstance(self._optimizer, torch.optim.Optimizer): + raise ValueError('_optimizer must be an instance of torch.optim.Optimizer') + return self._optimizer + + @property + def optimizer_config(self): + """ + Return a kwarg dictionary that will be used to override optimizer + args stored in checkpoints. This allows us to load a checkpoint and + resume training using a different set of optimizer args, e.g., with a + different learning rate. + """ + raise NotImplementedError + + @property + def params(self): + """Return an iterable of the parameters held by the optimizer.""" + for param_group in self.optimizer.param_groups: + for p in param_group['params']: + yield p + + def __getstate__(self): + return self._optimizer.__getstate__() + + def get_lr(self): + """Return the current learning rate.""" + return self.optimizer.param_groups[0]['lr'] + + def set_lr(self, lr): + """Set the learning rate.""" + for param_group in self.optimizer.param_groups: + param_group['lr'] = lr + + def state_dict(self): + """Return the optimizer's state dict.""" + return self.optimizer.state_dict() + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict, optimizer_overrides=None): + """Load an optimizer state dict. + + In general we should prefer the configuration of the existing optimizer + instance (e.g., learning rate) over that found in the state_dict. This + allows us to resume training from a checkpoint using a new set of + optimizer args. + """ + self.optimizer.load_state_dict(state_dict) + + if optimizer_overrides is not None and len(optimizer_overrides) > 0: + # override learning rate, momentum, etc. with latest values + for group in self.optimizer.param_groups: + group.update(optimizer_overrides) + + def backward(self, loss): + """Computes the sum of gradients of the given tensor w.r.t. graph leaves.""" + loss.backward() + + def multiply_grads(self, c): + """Multiplies grads by a constant *c*.""" + for p in self.params: + if p.grad is not None: + p.grad.data.mul_(c) + + def clip_grad_norm(self, max_norm, aggregate_norm_fn=None): + """Clips gradient norm.""" + return utils.clip_grad_norm_(self.params, max_norm, aggregate_norm_fn) + + def step(self, closure=None): + """Performs a single optimization step.""" + self.optimizer.step(closure) + + def zero_grad(self): + """Clears the gradients of all optimized parameters.""" + for p in self.params: + p.grad = None + self.optimizer.zero_grad() + + @property + def supports_memory_efficient_fp16(self): + if hasattr(self.optimizer, 'supports_memory_efficient_fp16'): + return self.optimizer.supports_memory_efficient_fp16 + return False + + @property + def supports_flat_params(self): + """ + Whether the optimizer supports collapsing of the model + parameters/gradients into a single contiguous Tensor. + """ + if hasattr(self.optimizer, 'supports_flat_params'): + return self.optimizer.supports_flat_params + return False + + def average_params(self): + pass diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/fp16_optimizer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/fp16_optimizer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5c1de1e3d19e09551b23bd1dfe6dd079b01c654 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/fp16_optimizer.py @@ -0,0 +1,450 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from itertools import chain + +import torch + +from fairseq import optim, utils + + +class DynamicLossScaler(object): + + def __init__( + self, init_scale=2.**15, scale_factor=2., scale_window=2000, + tolerance=0.05, threshold=None, + ): + self.loss_scale = init_scale + self.scale_factor = scale_factor + self.scale_window = scale_window + self.tolerance = tolerance + self.threshold = threshold + self._iter = 0 + self._last_overflow_iter = -1 + self._last_rescale_iter = -1 + self._overflows_since_rescale = 0 + + def update_scale(self, overflow): + iter_since_rescale = self._iter - self._last_rescale_iter + if overflow: + self._last_overflow_iter = self._iter + self._overflows_since_rescale += 1 + pct_overflow = self._overflows_since_rescale / float(iter_since_rescale) + if pct_overflow >= self.tolerance: + self._decrease_loss_scale() + self._last_rescale_iter = self._iter + self._overflows_since_rescale = 0 + elif (self._iter - self._last_overflow_iter) % self.scale_window == 0: + self.loss_scale *= self.scale_factor + self._last_rescale_iter = self._iter + self._iter += 1 + + def _decrease_loss_scale(self): + self.loss_scale /= self.scale_factor + if self.threshold is not None: + self.loss_scale = max(self.loss_scale, self.threshold) + + @staticmethod + def has_overflow(grad_norm): + # detect inf and nan + if grad_norm == float('inf') or grad_norm != grad_norm: + return True + return False + + +class _FP16OptimizerMixin(object): + + def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): + # forward __init__ call to the next class in mro(method resolution order) + super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) + + @property + def has_flat_params(self): + return torch.is_tensor(self.fp32_params) + + @classmethod + def build_fp32_params(cls, params, flatten=True): + # create FP32 copy of parameters and grads + if flatten: + total_param_size = sum(p.data.numel() for p in params) + fp32_params = torch.zeros(total_param_size, dtype=torch.float, device=params[0].device) + offset = 0 + for p in params: + numel = p.data.numel() + fp32_params[offset:offset+numel].copy_(p.data.view(-1)) + offset += numel + fp32_params = torch.nn.Parameter(fp32_params) + fp32_params.grad = fp32_params.data.new(total_param_size) + return fp32_params + else: + fp32_params = [] + for p in params: + p32 = torch.nn.Parameter(p.data.float()) + p32.grad = torch.zeros_like(p32.data) + fp32_params.append(p32) + return fp32_params + + def state_dict(self): + """Return the optimizer's state dict.""" + state_dict = self.fp32_optimizer.state_dict() + state_dict['loss_scale'] = self.scaler.loss_scale + return state_dict + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict, optimizer_overrides=None): + """Load an optimizer state dict. + + In general we should prefer the configuration of the existing optimizer + instance (e.g., learning rate) over that found in the state_dict. This + allows us to resume training from a checkpoint using a new set of + optimizer args. + """ + if 'loss_scale' in state_dict: + self.scaler.loss_scale = state_dict['loss_scale'] + self.fp32_optimizer.load_state_dict(state_dict, optimizer_overrides) + + def backward(self, loss): + """Computes the sum of gradients of the given tensor w.r.t. graph leaves. + + Compared to :func:`fairseq.optim.FairseqOptimizer.backward`, this + function additionally dynamically scales the loss to avoid gradient + underflow. + """ + loss = loss * self.scaler.loss_scale + loss.backward() + self._needs_sync = True + + def _sync_fp16_grads_to_fp32(self, multiply_grads=1.): + if self._needs_sync: + # correct for dynamic loss scaler + multiply_grads /= self.scaler.loss_scale + + # copy FP16 grads to FP32 + if self.has_flat_params: + offset = 0 + for p in self.fp16_params: + if not p.requires_grad: + continue + grad_data = p.grad.data if p.grad is not None else p.data.new_zeros(p.data.shape) + numel = grad_data.numel() + self.fp32_params.grad.data[offset:offset+numel].copy_(grad_data.view(-1)) + offset += numel + self.fp32_params.grad.data.mul_(multiply_grads) + else: + for p, p32 in zip(self.fp16_params, self.fp32_params): + if not p.requires_grad: + continue + if p.grad is not None: + p32.grad.data.copy_(p.grad.data) + p32.grad.data.mul_(multiply_grads) + else: + p32.grad = torch.zeros_like(p.data, dtype=torch.float) + + self._needs_sync = False + + def multiply_grads(self, c): + """Multiplies grads by a constant ``c``.""" + if self._needs_sync: + self._sync_fp16_grads_to_fp32(c) + elif self.has_flat_params: + self.fp32_params.grad.data.mul_(c) + else: + for p32 in self.fp32_params: + p32.grad.data.mul_(c) + + def clip_grad_norm(self, max_norm, aggregate_norm_fn=None): + """Clips gradient norm and updates dynamic loss scaler.""" + self._sync_fp16_grads_to_fp32() + grad_norm = utils.clip_grad_norm_(self.fp32_params, max_norm, aggregate_norm_fn) + + # detect overflow and adjust loss scale + overflow = DynamicLossScaler.has_overflow(grad_norm) + prev_scale = self.scaler.loss_scale + self.scaler.update_scale(overflow) + if overflow: + if self.scaler.loss_scale <= self.min_loss_scale: + # Use FloatingPointError as an uncommon error that parent + # functions can safely catch to stop training. + self.scaler.loss_scale = prev_scale + raise FloatingPointError(( + 'Minimum loss scale reached ({}). Your loss is probably exploding. ' + 'Try lowering the learning rate, using gradient clipping or ' + 'increasing the batch size.' + ).format(self.min_loss_scale)) + raise OverflowError('setting loss scale to: ' + str(self.scaler.loss_scale)) + return grad_norm + + def step(self, closure=None): + """Performs a single optimization step.""" + self._sync_fp16_grads_to_fp32() + self.fp32_optimizer.step(closure) + + # copy FP32 params back into FP16 model + if self.has_flat_params: + offset = 0 + for p in self.fp16_params: + if not p.requires_grad: + continue + numel = p.data.numel() + p.data.copy_(self.fp32_params.data[offset:offset+numel].view_as(p.data)) + offset += numel + else: + for p, p32 in zip(self.fp16_params, self.fp32_params): + if not p.requires_grad: + continue + p.data.copy_(p32.data) + + def zero_grad(self): + """Clears the gradients of all optimized parameters.""" + for p in self.fp16_params: + p.grad = None + if self.has_flat_params: + self.fp32_params.grad.zero_() + else: + for p32 in self.fp32_params: + p32.grad.zero_() + self._needs_sync = False + + +class FP16Optimizer(_FP16OptimizerMixin, optim.FairseqOptimizer): + """ + Wrap an *optimizer* to support FP16 (mixed precision) training. + """ + + def __init__(self, args, params, fp32_optimizer, fp32_params): + super().__init__(args) + self.fp16_params = params + self.fp32_optimizer = fp32_optimizer + self.fp32_params = fp32_params + + if getattr(args, 'fp16_scale_window', None) is None: + if len(args.update_freq) > 1: + raise ValueError( + '--fp16-scale-window must be given explicitly when using a ' + 'custom --update-freq schedule' + ) + data_parallel_size = int(args.distributed_world_size / args.model_parallel_size) + scale_window = int(2**14 / data_parallel_size / args.update_freq[0]) + else: + scale_window = args.fp16_scale_window + + self.scaler = DynamicLossScaler( + init_scale=args.fp16_init_scale, + scale_window=scale_window, + tolerance=args.fp16_scale_tolerance, + threshold=args.threshold_loss_scale, + ) + self.min_loss_scale = self.args.min_loss_scale + + @classmethod + def build_optimizer(cls, args, params): + """ + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): fairseq args + params (iterable): iterable of parameters to optimize + """ + flatten = not getattr(args, 'fp16_no_flatten_grads', False) + fp32_params = cls.build_fp32_params(params, flatten=flatten) + if flatten: + fp32_optimizer = optim.build_optimizer(args, [fp32_params]) + else: + fp32_optimizer = optim.build_optimizer(args, fp32_params) + if flatten and not fp32_optimizer.supports_flat_params: + raise RuntimeError( + 'chosen optimizer does not support flat params, ' + 'please set --fp16-no-flatten-grads' + ) + return cls(args, params, fp32_optimizer, fp32_params) + + @property + def optimizer(self): + return self.fp32_optimizer.optimizer + + @property + def optimizer_config(self): + return self.fp32_optimizer.optimizer_config + + def get_lr(self): + return self.fp32_optimizer.get_lr() + + def set_lr(self, lr): + self.fp32_optimizer.set_lr(lr) + + +class _MemoryEfficientFP16OptimizerMixin(object): + + def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): + # forward __init__ call to the next class in mro(method resolution order) + super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) + + @property + def has_flat_params(self): + return False + + def state_dict(self): + """Return the optimizer's state dict.""" + state_dict = self.wrapped_optimizer.state_dict() + state_dict['loss_scale'] = self.scaler.loss_scale + return state_dict + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict, optimizer_overrides=None): + """Load an optimizer state dict. + + In general we should prefer the configuration of the existing optimizer + instance (e.g., learning rate) over that found in the state_dict. This + allows us to resume training from a checkpoint using a new set of + optimizer args. + """ + if 'loss_scale' in state_dict: + self.scaler.loss_scale = state_dict['loss_scale'] + + self.wrapped_optimizer.load_state_dict(state_dict, optimizer_overrides) + + # Hack: PyTorch automatically casts the optimizer state to match the + # type of the current parameters. But with --memory-efficient-fp16 the + # params are FP16 while the optimizer state is FP32 and we don't want + # to cast. A workaround is to manually copy back the original state + # after the optimizer has been loaded. + groups = self.optimizer.param_groups + saved_groups = state_dict['param_groups'] + id_map = { + old_id: p + for old_id, p in zip( + chain(*(g['params'] for g in saved_groups)), + chain(*(g['params'] for g in groups)) + ) + } + for k, v in state_dict['state'].items(): + if k in id_map: + param = id_map[k] + self.optimizer.state[param] = v + + def backward(self, loss): + """Computes the sum of gradients of the given tensor w.r.t. graph leaves. + + Compared to :func:`fairseq.optim.FairseqOptimizer.backward`, this + function additionally dynamically scales the loss to avoid gradient + underflow. + """ + loss = loss * self.scaler.loss_scale + loss.backward() + self._grads_are_scaled = True + + def _unscale_grads(self, multiply_grads=1.): + if self._grads_are_scaled: + self._grads_are_scaled = False + + # correct for dynamic loss scaler + self.wrapped_optimizer.multiply_grads(multiply_grads / self.scaler.loss_scale) + else: + assert multiply_grads == 1. + + def multiply_grads(self, c): + """Multiplies grads by a constant *c*.""" + if self._grads_are_scaled: + self._unscale_grads(c) + else: + self.wrapped_optimizer.multiply_grads(c) + + def clip_grad_norm(self, max_norm, aggregate_norm_fn=None): + """Clips gradient norm and updates dynamic loss scaler.""" + self._unscale_grads() + grad_norm = self.wrapped_optimizer.clip_grad_norm(max_norm, aggregate_norm_fn) + + # detect overflow and adjust loss scale + overflow = DynamicLossScaler.has_overflow(grad_norm) + prev_scale = self.scaler.loss_scale + self.scaler.update_scale(overflow) + if overflow: + if self.scaler.loss_scale <= self.min_loss_scale: + # Use FloatingPointError as an uncommon error that parent + # functions can safely catch to stop training. + self.scaler.loss_scale = prev_scale + raise FloatingPointError(( + 'Minimum loss scale reached ({}). Your loss is probably exploding. ' + 'Try lowering the learning rate, using gradient clipping or ' + 'increasing the batch size.' + ).format(self.min_loss_scale)) + raise OverflowError('setting loss scale to: ' + str(self.scaler.loss_scale)) + + return grad_norm + + def step(self, closure=None): + """Performs a single optimization step.""" + self._unscale_grads() + self.wrapped_optimizer.step(closure) + + def zero_grad(self): + """Clears the gradients of all optimized parameters.""" + self.wrapped_optimizer.zero_grad() + self._grads_are_scaled = False + + +class MemoryEfficientFP16Optimizer(_MemoryEfficientFP16OptimizerMixin, optim.FairseqOptimizer): + """ + Wrap an *optimizer* to support FP16 (mixed precision) training. + + Compared to :class:`fairseq.optim.FP16Optimizer`, this version does not + maintain an FP32 copy of the model. We instead expect the optimizer to + convert the gradients to FP32 internally and sync the results back to the + FP16 model params. This significantly reduces memory usage but slightly + increases the time spent in the optimizer. + + Since this wrapper depends on specific functionality in the wrapped + optimizer (i.e., on-the-fly conversion of grads to FP32), only certain + optimizers can be wrapped. This is determined by the + *supports_memory_efficient_fp16* property. + """ + + def __init__(self, args, params, optimizer): + if not optimizer.supports_memory_efficient_fp16: + raise ValueError( + 'Unsupported optimizer: {}'.format(optimizer.__class__.__name__) + ) + + super().__init__(args) + self.wrapped_optimizer = optimizer + + if getattr(args, 'fp16_scale_window', None) is None: + if len(args.update_freq) > 1: + raise ValueError( + '--fp16-scale-window must be given explicitly when using a ' + 'custom --update-freq schedule' + ) + data_parallel_size = int(args.distributed_world_size / args.model_parallel_size) + scale_window = 2**14 / data_parallel_size / args.update_freq[0] + else: + scale_window = args.fp16_scale_window + + self.scaler = DynamicLossScaler( + init_scale=args.fp16_init_scale, + scale_window=scale_window, + tolerance=args.fp16_scale_tolerance, + threshold=args.threshold_loss_scale, + ) + self.min_loss_scale = self.args.min_loss_scale + + @classmethod + def build_optimizer(cls, args, params): + """ + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): fairseq args + params (iterable): iterable of parameters to optimize + """ + fp16_optimizer = optim.build_optimizer(args, params) + return cls(args, params, fp16_optimizer) + + @property + def optimizer(self): + return self.wrapped_optimizer.optimizer + + @property + def optimizer_config(self): + return self.wrapped_optimizer.optimizer_config + + def get_lr(self): + return self.wrapped_optimizer.get_lr() + + def set_lr(self, lr): + self.wrapped_optimizer.set_lr(lr) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/fused_adam.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/fused_adam.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7aa65de52a9981ef280fe0ededc39917b50bb390 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/fused_adam.py @@ -0,0 +1,308 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import types + +import torch + + +def get_fused_adam_class(): + """ + Look for the FusedAdam optimizer from apex. We first try to load the + "contrib" interface, which is a bit faster than the main interface, + but is technically deprecated. + """ + try: + # The "deprecated" interface in recent versions of apex is a bit + # faster than the main interface, since we don't use the apex + # optimizer. This can be installed by passing the + # `--deprecated_fused_adam` option when building apex. + global fused_adam_cuda + import importlib + fused_adam_cuda = importlib.import_module("fused_adam_cuda") + return FusedAdamV1 + except ImportError: + try: + # fallback to the newer interface + from apex.optimizers import FusedAdam as _FusedAdam # noqa + from apex.multi_tensor_apply import multi_tensor_applier + if multi_tensor_applier.available: + return FusedAdamV2 + except ImportError: + pass + return None + + +class FusedAdamV1(torch.optim.Optimizer): + """ + Implements Adam algorithm. Currently GPU-only. Requires Apex to be installed via + ``python setup.py install --cuda_ext --cpp_ext``. + + It has been proposed in `Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization`_. + + Compared to the original version in Apex, the fairseq version casts grads + and params to FP32 internally to support ``--memory-efficient-fp16``. + + Arguments: + params (iterable): iterable of parameters to optimize or dicts defining + parameter groups. + lr (float, optional): learning rate. (default: 1e-3) + betas (Tuple[float, float], optional): coefficients used for computing + running averages of gradient and its square. (default: (0.9, 0.999)) + eps (float, optional): term added to the denominator to improve + numerical stability. (default: 1e-8) + weight_decay (float, optional): weight decay (L2 penalty) (default: 0) + amsgrad (boolean, optional): whether to use the AMSGrad variant of this + algorithm from the paper `On the Convergence of Adam and Beyond`_ + (default: False) NOT SUPPORTED in FusedAdam! + eps_inside_sqrt (boolean, optional): in the 'update parameters' step, + adds eps to the bias-corrected second moment estimate before + evaluating square root instead of adding it to the square root of + second moment estimate as in the original paper. (default: False) + .. _Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization: + https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980 + .. _On the Convergence of Adam and Beyond: + https://openreview.net/forum?id=ryQu7f-RZ + """ + + def __init__(self, params, + lr=1e-3, bias_correction=True, + betas=(0.9, 0.999), eps=1e-8, eps_inside_sqrt=False, + weight_decay=0., max_grad_norm=0., amsgrad=False): + global fused_adam_cuda + import importlib + fused_adam_cuda = importlib.import_module("fused_adam_cuda") + + if amsgrad: + raise RuntimeError('FusedAdam does not support the AMSGrad variant.') + defaults = { + 'lr': lr, + 'bias_correction': bias_correction, + 'betas': betas, + 'eps': eps, + 'weight_decay': weight_decay, + 'max_grad_norm': max_grad_norm, + } + super().__init__(params, defaults) + self.eps_mode = 0 if eps_inside_sqrt else 1 + + @property + def supports_memory_efficient_fp16(self): + return True + + @property + def supports_flat_params(self): + return True + + def step(self, closure=None, grads=None, scale=1., grad_norms=None): + """Performs a single optimization step. + Arguments: + closure (callable, optional): A closure that reevaluates the model + and returns the loss. + grads (list of tensors, optional): weight gradient to use for the + optimizer update. If gradients have type torch.half, parameters + are expected to be in type torch.float. (default: None) + output params (list of tensors, optional): A reduced precision copy + of the updated weights written out in addition to the regular + updated weights. Have to be of same type as gradients. (default: None) + scale (float, optional): factor to divide gradient tensor values + by before applying to weights. (default: 1) + """ + loss = None + if closure is not None: + loss = closure() + + if grads is None: + grads_group = [None] * len(self.param_groups) + # backward compatibility + # assuming a list/generator of parameter means single group + elif isinstance(grads, types.GeneratorType): + grads_group = [grads] + elif type(grads[0]) != list: + grads_group = [grads] + else: + grads_group = grads + + if grad_norms is None: + grad_norms = [None]*len(self.param_groups) + + for group, grads_this_group, grad_norm in zip(self.param_groups, grads_group, grad_norms): + if grads_this_group is None: + grads_this_group = [None]*len(group['params']) + + # compute combined scale factor for this group + combined_scale = scale + if group.get('max_grad_norm', 0) > 0: + # norm is in fact norm*scale + clip = ((grad_norm / scale) + 1e-6) / group['max_grad_norm'] + if clip > 1: + combined_scale = clip * scale + + bias_correction = 1 if group.get('bias_correction', 1) else 0 + + for p, grad in zip(group['params'], grads_this_group): + # note: p.grad should not ever be set for correct + # operation of mixed precision optimizer that sometimes + # sends None gradients + if p.grad is None and grad is None: + continue + if grad is None: + grad = p.grad.data + if grad.is_sparse: + raise RuntimeError( + 'FusedAdam does not support sparse gradients, ' + 'please consider SparseAdam instead' + ) + + p_data_fp32 = p.data.float() + + state = self.state[p] + + # State initialization + if len(state) == 0: + state['step'] = 0 + # Exponential moving average of gradient values + state['exp_avg'] = torch.zeros_like(p_data_fp32) + # Exponential moving average of squared gradient values + state['exp_avg_sq'] = torch.zeros_like(p_data_fp32) + else: + state['exp_avg'] = state['exp_avg'].type_as(p_data_fp32) + state['exp_avg_sq'] = state['exp_avg_sq'].type_as(p_data_fp32) + + exp_avg = state['exp_avg'] + exp_avg_sq = state['exp_avg_sq'] + beta1, beta2 = group['betas'] + + state['step'] += 1 + + out_p = p.data + with torch.cuda.device(p.device): + fused_adam_cuda.adam(p_data_fp32, + out_p, + exp_avg, + exp_avg_sq, + grad, + group['lr'], + beta1, + beta2, + group['eps'], + combined_scale, + state['step'], + self.eps_mode, + bias_correction, + group['weight_decay']) + + return loss + + +try: + from apex.optimizers import FusedAdam + from apex.multi_tensor_apply import multi_tensor_applier + + class FusedAdamV2(FusedAdam): + """ + Compared to the original version in Apex, the fairseq version casts grads + and params to FP32 internally to support ``--memory-efficient-fp16``. + """ + + def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): + super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) + if not hasattr(self, 'multi_tensor_adam'): + raise Exception('Apex installation is outdated. Please install an updated version of apex.') + + @property + def supports_memory_efficient_fp16(self): + return True + + @property + def supports_flat_params(self): + return True + + def step(self, closure=None, grads=None, output_params=None, scale=None, grad_norms=None): + """Performs a single optimization step.""" + loss = None + if closure is not None: + loss = closure() + + for group in self.param_groups: + bias_correction = 1 if group['bias_correction'] else 0 + beta1, beta2 = group['betas'] + + # assume same step across group now to simplify things + # per parameter step can be easily support by making it tensor, or pass list into kernel + if 'step' in group: + group['step'] += 1 + else: + group['step'] = 1 + + # create lists for multi-tensor apply + g_16, p_16, orig_p_16, m_16, v_16 = [], [], [], [], [] + g_32, p_32, m_32, v_32 = [], [], [], [] + + for p in group['params']: + if p.grad is None: + continue + if p.grad.data.is_sparse: + raise RuntimeError( + 'FusedAdam does not support sparse gradients, ' + 'please consider SparseAdam instead' + ) + + state = self.state[p] + # State initialization + if len(state) == 0: + # Exponential moving average of gradient values + state['exp_avg'] = torch.zeros_like(p.data, dtype=torch.float) + # Exponential moving average of squared gradient values + state['exp_avg_sq'] = torch.zeros_like(p.data, dtype=torch.float) + else: + state['exp_avg'] = state['exp_avg'].to(device=p.data.device, dtype=torch.float) + state['exp_avg_sq'] = state['exp_avg_sq'].to(device=p.data.device, dtype=torch.float) + + if p.dtype == torch.float16: + g_16.append(p.grad.data.float()) + p_16.append(p.data.float()) + orig_p_16.append(p.data) + m_16.append(state['exp_avg']) + v_16.append(state['exp_avg_sq']) + elif p.dtype == torch.float32: + g_32.append(p.grad.data) + p_32.append(p.data) + m_32.append(state['exp_avg']) + v_32.append(state['exp_avg_sq']) + else: + raise RuntimeError('FusedAdam only support fp16 and fp32.') + + with torch.cuda.device(p.device): + if(len(g_16) > 0): + multi_tensor_applier(self.multi_tensor_adam, + self._dummy_overflow_buf, + [g_16, p_16, m_16, v_16], + group['lr'], + beta1, + beta2, + group['eps'], + group['step'], + self.adam_w_mode, + bias_correction, + group['weight_decay']) + for orig_p, p in zip(orig_p_16, p_16): + orig_p.copy_(p.data) + if(len(g_32) > 0): + multi_tensor_applier(self.multi_tensor_adam, + self._dummy_overflow_buf, + [g_32, p_32, m_32, v_32], + group['lr'], + beta1, + beta2, + group['eps'], + group['step'], + self.adam_w_mode, + bias_correction, + group['weight_decay']) + + return loss +except ImportError: + pass diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/fused_lamb.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/fused_lamb.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9b0409c5333a9ca2bf2fe70b3d222a57dcdd0cc --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/fused_lamb.py @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq.optim import FairseqOptimizer, register_optimizer + + +@register_optimizer('lamb') +class FairseqLAMB(FairseqOptimizer): + """LAMB optimizer.""" + + def __init__(self, args, params): + super().__init__(args) + try: + from apex.optimizers import FusedLAMB + self._optimizer = FusedLAMB(params, **self.optimizer_config) + except ImportError: + raise ImportError('Please install apex to use LAMB optimizer') + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add optimizer-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--lamb-betas', default='(0.9, 0.999)', metavar='B', + help='betas for LAMB optimizer') + parser.add_argument('--lamb-eps', type=float, default=1e-8, metavar='D', + help='epsilon for LAMB optimizer') + parser.add_argument('--weight-decay', '--wd', default=0.0, type=float, metavar='WD', + help='weight decay') + # fmt: on + + @property + def optimizer_config(self): + """ + Return a kwarg dictionary that will be used to override optimizer + args stored in checkpoints. This allows us to load a checkpoint and + resume training using a different set of optimizer args, e.g., with a + different learning rate. + """ + return { + 'lr': self.args.lr[0], + 'betas': eval(self.args.lamb_betas), + 'eps': self.args.lamb_eps, + 'weight_decay': self.args.weight_decay, + } + + @property + def supports_flat_params(self): + return False diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..edd0a6a13e1a10e91a8653371a420b36bcb2cc27 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import importlib +import os + +from fairseq import registry +from fairseq.optim.lr_scheduler.fairseq_lr_scheduler import FairseqLRScheduler + + +build_lr_scheduler, register_lr_scheduler, LR_SCHEDULER_REGISTRY = registry.setup_registry( + '--lr-scheduler', + base_class=FairseqLRScheduler, + default='fixed', +) + +# automatically import any Python files in the optim/lr_scheduler/ directory +for file in os.listdir(os.path.dirname(__file__)): + if file.endswith('.py') and not file.startswith('_'): + module = file[:file.find('.py')] + importlib.import_module('fairseq.optim.lr_scheduler.' + module) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d787fd8c5bec731085d481a857c41c7e073ca7c2 Binary files /dev/null and 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and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math + +from . import FairseqLRScheduler, register_lr_scheduler + + +@register_lr_scheduler('cosine') +class CosineSchedule(FairseqLRScheduler): + """Assign LR based on a cyclical schedule that follows the cosine function. + + See https://arxiv.org/pdf/1608.03983.pdf for details. + + We also support a warmup phase where we linearly increase the learning rate + from some initial learning rate (``--warmup-init-lr``) until the configured + max learning rate (``--max-lr``). + + During warmup:: + + lrs = torch.linspace(args.warmup_init_lr, args.lr, args.warmup_updates) + lr = lrs[update_num] + + After warmup:: + + lr = lr_min + 0.5*(lr_max - lr_min)*(1 + cos(t_curr / t_i)) + + where ``t_curr`` is current percentage of updates within the current period + range and ``t_i`` is the current period range, which is scaled by ``t_mul`` + after every iteration. + """ + + def __init__(self, args, optimizer): + super().__init__(args, optimizer) + if len(args.lr) > 1: + raise ValueError( + 'Cannot use a fixed learning rate schedule with cosine.' + ' Consider --lr-scheduler=fixed instead.' + ) + + warmup_end_lr = args.max_lr + if args.warmup_init_lr < 0: + args.warmup_init_lr = args.lr[0] + + self.min_lr = args.lr[0] + self.max_lr = args.max_lr + + assert self.max_lr > self.min_lr, 'max_lr must be more than lr' + + self.t_mult = args.t_mult + self.period = args.lr_period_updates + + if self.period <= 0: + assert args.max_update >= 0, 'Either --max_update or --lr-period-updates must be set' + self.period = args.max_update - args.warmup_updates + + if args.warmup_updates > 0: + # linearly warmup for the first args.warmup_updates + self.lr_step = (warmup_end_lr - args.warmup_init_lr) / args.warmup_updates + else: + self.lr_step = 1 + + self.warmup_updates = args.warmup_updates + self.lr_shrink = args.lr_shrink + + # initial learning rate + self.lr = args.warmup_init_lr + self.optimizer.set_lr(self.lr) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add arguments to the parser for this LR scheduler.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--warmup-updates', default=0, type=int, metavar='N', + help='warmup the learning rate linearly for the first N updates') + parser.add_argument('--warmup-init-lr', default=-1, type=float, metavar='LR', + help='initial learning rate during warmup phase; default is args.lr') + parser.add_argument('--max-lr', type=float, metavar='LR', + help='max learning rate, must be more than args.lr') + parser.add_argument('--t-mult', default=1, type=float, metavar='LR', + help='factor to grow the length of each period') + parser.add_argument('--lr-period-updates', default=-1, type=float, metavar='LR', + help='initial number of updates per period') + parser.add_argument('--lr-shrink', default=0.1, type=float, metavar='LS', + help='shrink factor for annealing') + # fmt: on + + def step(self, epoch, val_loss=None): + """Update the learning rate at the end of the given epoch.""" + super().step(epoch, val_loss) + # we don't change the learning rate at epoch boundaries + return self.optimizer.get_lr() + + def step_update(self, num_updates): + """Update the learning rate after each update.""" + if num_updates < self.args.warmup_updates: + self.lr = self.args.warmup_init_lr + num_updates * self.lr_step + else: + curr_updates = num_updates - self.args.warmup_updates + if self.t_mult != 1: + i = math.floor(math.log(1 - curr_updates / self.period * (1 - self.t_mult), self.t_mult)) + t_i = self.t_mult ** i * self.period + t_curr = curr_updates - (1 - self.t_mult ** i) / (1 - self.t_mult) * self.period + else: + i = math.floor(curr_updates / self.period) + t_i = self.period + t_curr = curr_updates - (self.period * i) + + lr_shrink = self.lr_shrink ** i + min_lr = self.min_lr * lr_shrink + max_lr = self.max_lr * lr_shrink + + self.lr = min_lr + 0.5 * (max_lr - min_lr) * (1 + math.cos(math.pi * t_curr / t_i)) + + self.optimizer.set_lr(self.lr) + return self.lr diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/fairseq_lr_scheduler.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/fairseq_lr_scheduler.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b7884829a6311deea1f1160b452791f1485d4d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/fairseq_lr_scheduler.py @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from .. import FairseqOptimizer + + +class FairseqLRScheduler(object): + + def __init__(self, args, optimizer): + super().__init__() + if not isinstance(optimizer, FairseqOptimizer): + raise ValueError('optimizer must be an instance of FairseqOptimizer') + self.args = args + self.optimizer = optimizer + self.best = None + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add arguments to the parser for this LR scheduler.""" + pass + + def state_dict(self): + """Return the LR scheduler state dict.""" + return {'best': self.best} + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict): + """Load an LR scheduler state dict.""" + self.best = state_dict['best'] + + def step(self, epoch, val_loss=None): + """Update the learning rate at the end of the given epoch.""" + if val_loss is not None: + if self.best is None: + self.best = val_loss + else: + self.best = min(self.best, val_loss) + + def step_update(self, num_updates): + """Update the learning rate after each update.""" + return self.optimizer.get_lr() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/fixed_schedule.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/fixed_schedule.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc10db16388e1befc893c1cd7c496c5e7da4892e --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/fixed_schedule.py @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from . import FairseqLRScheduler, register_lr_scheduler + + +@register_lr_scheduler('fixed') +class FixedSchedule(FairseqLRScheduler): + """Decay the LR on a fixed schedule.""" + + def __init__(self, args, optimizer): + super().__init__(args, optimizer) + + # set defaults + args.warmup_updates = getattr(args, 'warmup_updates', 0) or 0 + + self.lr = args.lr[0] + if args.warmup_updates > 0: + self.warmup_factor = 1. / args.warmup_updates + else: + self.warmup_factor = 1 + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add arguments to the parser for this LR scheduler.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--force-anneal', '--fa', type=int, metavar='N', + help='force annealing at specified epoch') + parser.add_argument('--lr-shrink', default=0.1, type=float, metavar='LS', + help='shrink factor for annealing, lr_new = (lr * lr_shrink)') + parser.add_argument('--warmup-updates', default=0, type=int, metavar='N', + help='warmup the learning rate linearly for the first N updates') + # fmt: on + + def get_next_lr(self, epoch): + lrs = self.args.lr + if self.args.force_anneal is None or epoch < self.args.force_anneal: + # use fixed LR schedule + next_lr = lrs[min(epoch, len(lrs) - 1)] + else: + # annneal based on lr_shrink + next_lr = lrs[-1] * self.args.lr_shrink ** (epoch + 1 - self.args.force_anneal) + return next_lr + + def step(self, epoch, val_loss=None): + """Update the learning rate at the end of the given epoch.""" + super().step(epoch, val_loss) + self.lr = self.get_next_lr(epoch) + self.optimizer.set_lr(self.warmup_factor * self.lr) + return self.optimizer.get_lr() + + def step_update(self, num_updates): + """Update the learning rate after each update.""" + if self.args.warmup_updates > 0 and num_updates < self.args.warmup_updates: + self.warmup_factor = (num_updates + 1) / float(self.args.warmup_updates) + self.optimizer.set_lr(self.warmup_factor * self.lr) + else: + self.optimizer.set_lr(self.lr) + return self.optimizer.get_lr() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/inverse_square_root_schedule.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/inverse_square_root_schedule.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f98a7c3b997e2aa2f77911da25686e9bdccbad5b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/inverse_square_root_schedule.py @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from . import FairseqLRScheduler, register_lr_scheduler + + +@register_lr_scheduler('inverse_sqrt') +class InverseSquareRootSchedule(FairseqLRScheduler): + """Decay the LR based on the inverse square root of the update number. + + We also support a warmup phase where we linearly increase the learning rate + from some initial learning rate (``--warmup-init-lr``) until the configured + learning rate (``--lr``). Thereafter we decay proportional to the number of + updates, with a decay factor set to align with the configured learning rate. + + During warmup:: + + lrs = torch.linspace(args.warmup_init_lr, args.lr, args.warmup_updates) + lr = lrs[update_num] + + After warmup:: + + decay_factor = args.lr * sqrt(args.warmup_updates) + lr = decay_factor / sqrt(update_num) + """ + + def __init__(self, args, optimizer): + super().__init__(args, optimizer) + if len(args.lr) > 1: + raise ValueError( + 'Cannot use a fixed learning rate schedule with inverse_sqrt.' + ' Consider --lr-scheduler=fixed instead.' + ) + warmup_end_lr = args.lr[0] + if args.warmup_init_lr < 0: + args.warmup_init_lr = 0 if args.warmup_updates > 0 else warmup_end_lr + + # linearly warmup for the first args.warmup_updates + self.lr_step = (warmup_end_lr - args.warmup_init_lr) / args.warmup_updates + + # then, decay prop. to the inverse square root of the update number + self.decay_factor = warmup_end_lr * args.warmup_updates**0.5 + + # initial learning rate + self.lr = args.warmup_init_lr + self.optimizer.set_lr(self.lr) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add arguments to the parser for this LR scheduler.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--warmup-updates', default=4000, type=int, metavar='N', + help='warmup the learning rate linearly for the first N updates') + parser.add_argument('--warmup-init-lr', default=-1, type=float, metavar='LR', + help='initial learning rate during warmup phase; default is args.lr') + # fmt: on + + def step(self, epoch, val_loss=None): + """Update the learning rate at the end of the given epoch.""" + super().step(epoch, val_loss) + # we don't change the learning rate at epoch boundaries + return self.optimizer.get_lr() + + def step_update(self, num_updates): + """Update the learning rate after each update.""" + if num_updates < self.args.warmup_updates: + self.lr = self.args.warmup_init_lr + num_updates*self.lr_step + else: + self.lr = self.decay_factor * num_updates**-0.5 + self.optimizer.set_lr(self.lr) + return self.lr diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/polynomial_decay_schedule.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/polynomial_decay_schedule.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aff57f9b93d0221c3685467be50cde258e965327 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/polynomial_decay_schedule.py @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from . import FairseqLRScheduler, register_lr_scheduler + + +@register_lr_scheduler('polynomial_decay') +class PolynomialDecaySchedule(FairseqLRScheduler): + """Decay the LR on a fixed schedule.""" + + def __init__(self, args, optimizer): + super().__init__(args, optimizer) + + # set defaults + args.warmup_updates = getattr(args, 'warmup_updates', 0) or 0 + + self.lr = args.lr[0] + if args.warmup_updates > 0: + self.warmup_factor = 1. / args.warmup_updates + else: + self.warmup_factor = 1 + self.end_learning_rate = args.end_learning_rate + self.total_num_update = args.total_num_update + self.power = args.power + self.optimizer.set_lr(self.warmup_factor * self.lr) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add arguments to the parser for this LR scheduler.""" + parser.add_argument('--force-anneal', '--fa', type=int, metavar='N', + help='force annealing at specified epoch') + parser.add_argument('--warmup-updates', default=0, type=int, metavar='N', + help='warmup the learning rate linearly for the first N updates') + parser.add_argument('--end-learning-rate', default=0.0, type=float) + parser.add_argument('--power', default=1.0, type=float) + parser.add_argument('--total-num-update', default=1000000, type=int) + + def get_next_lr(self, epoch): + lrs = self.args.lr + if self.args.force_anneal is None or epoch < self.args.force_anneal: + # use fixed LR schedule + next_lr = lrs[min(epoch, len(lrs) - 1)] + else: + # annneal based on lr_shrink + next_lr = self.optimizer.get_lr() + return next_lr + + def step(self, epoch, val_loss=None): + """Update the learning rate at the end of the given epoch.""" + super().step(epoch, val_loss) + self.lr = self.get_next_lr(epoch) + self.optimizer.set_lr(self.warmup_factor * self.lr) + return self.optimizer.get_lr() + + def step_update(self, num_updates): + """Update the learning rate after each update.""" + if self.args.warmup_updates > 0 and num_updates <= self.args.warmup_updates: + self.warmup_factor = num_updates / float(self.args.warmup_updates) + lr = self.warmup_factor * self.lr + elif num_updates >= self.total_num_update: + lr = self.end_learning_rate + else: + warmup = self.args.warmup_updates + lr_range = self.lr - self.end_learning_rate + pct_remaining = 1 - (num_updates - warmup) / (self.total_num_update - warmup) + lr = lr_range * pct_remaining ** (self.power) + self.end_learning_rate + self.optimizer.set_lr(lr) + return self.optimizer.get_lr() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/reduce_lr_on_plateau.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/reduce_lr_on_plateau.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef9ef26195fda0baa61d9b84700e045185b4db31 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/reduce_lr_on_plateau.py @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch.optim.lr_scheduler + +from . import FairseqLRScheduler, register_lr_scheduler + + +@register_lr_scheduler('reduce_lr_on_plateau') +class ReduceLROnPlateau(FairseqLRScheduler): + """ + Decay the LR by a factor every time the validation loss plateaus. + Also comes with optional warmup phase, where we linearly increase + the learning rate from some initial learning rate + (``--warmup-init-lr``) until the configured learning rate + (``--lr``). Thereafter the lr is adjusted according to original + reduce_on_plateau scheme. + + During warmup:: + + lrs = torch.linspace( + args.warmup_init_lr, args.lr, args.warmup_updates + ) + lr = lrs[update_num] + """ + + def __init__(self, args, optimizer): + super().__init__(args, optimizer) + if len(args.lr) > 1: + raise ValueError( + 'Cannot use a fixed learning rate schedule with reduce_lr_on_plateau.' + ' Consider --lr-scheduler=fixed instead.' + ) + self.lr_scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.ReduceLROnPlateau( + self.optimizer.optimizer, patience=0, factor=args.lr_shrink, + threshold=args.lr_threshold) + warmup_end_lr = args.lr[0] + # if no warm up, sets initial lr to be args.lr[0] + if args.warmup_init_lr < 0: + args.warmup_init_lr = 0 if args.warmup_updates > 0 else warmup_end_lr + + # linearly warmup for the first args.warmup_updates + if args.warmup_updates > 0: + self.lr_step = (warmup_end_lr - args.warmup_init_lr) / args.warmup_updates + # this flag is either set from arg when no warm up, or set by + # step_update() when warmup finishes + self.warmup_end = True if args.warmup_updates <= 0 else False + # initial learning rate + # this self.lr is used only during init and/or warm up period + self.lr = args.warmup_init_lr + self.optimizer.set_lr(self.lr) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add arguments to the parser for this LR scheduler.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--lr-shrink', default=0.1, type=float, metavar='LS', + help='shrink factor for annealing, lr_new = (lr * lr_shrink)') + parser.add_argument('--lr-threshold', default=1e-4, type=float, metavar='LT', + help='Threshold for measuring the new optimum, \ + to only focus on significant changes') + parser.add_argument('--warmup-updates', default=0, type=int, metavar='N', + help='warmup the learning rate linearly for the first N updates') + parser.add_argument('--warmup-init-lr', default=-1, type=float, metavar='LR', + help='initial learning rate during warmup phase; default is args.lr') + # fmt: on + + def state_dict(self): + """Return the LR scheduler state dict.""" + return { + 'best': self.lr_scheduler.best, + 'last_epoch': self.lr_scheduler.last_epoch, + } + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict): + """Load an LR scheduler state dict.""" + self.lr_scheduler.best = state_dict['best'] + if 'last_epoch' in state_dict: + self.lr_scheduler.last_epoch = state_dict['last_epoch'] + + def step(self, epoch, val_loss=None): + """ + Update the learning rate at the end of the given epoch if warmup + finishes otherwise no update of lr on epoch boundaries + """ + if val_loss is not None and self.warmup_end is True: + self.lr_scheduler.step(val_loss) + else: + self.lr_scheduler.last_epoch = epoch + return self.optimizer.get_lr() + + def step_update(self, num_updates): + """ + Update the learning rate after each update.""" + # if there is warmup + if self.args.warmup_updates > 0: + if num_updates <= self.args.warmup_updates: + self.lr = self.args.warmup_init_lr + num_updates*self.lr_step + self.optimizer.set_lr(self.lr) + else: + if self.warmup_end is False: + self.warmup_end = True + # else do nothing + return self.optimizer.get_lr() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/tri_stage_lr_scheduler.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/tri_stage_lr_scheduler.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5f99c54c7271b5f5adf549d42a8074f4da596b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/tri_stage_lr_scheduler.py @@ -0,0 +1,160 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from . import FairseqLRScheduler, register_lr_scheduler +import math + + +@register_lr_scheduler('tri_stage') +class TriStageLRSchedule(FairseqLRScheduler): + """Tristage learning rate schedulr + + Implement the learning rate scheduler in https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.08779.pdf + + Similar to inverse_squre_root scheduler, but tri_stage learning rate employs + three stages LR scheduling: + + - warmup stage, starting from `lr` * `init_lr_scale`, linearly + increased to `lr` in `warmup_steps` iterations + + - hold stage, after `warmup_steps`, keep the LR as `lr` for `hold_steps` + iterations + + - decay stage, after hold stage, decay LR exponetially to + `lr` * `final_lr_scale` in `decay_steps`; + after that LR is keep as `final_lr_scale` * `lr` + + During warmup:: + + init_lr = args.init_lr_scale * args.lr + lrs = torch.linspace(init_lr, args.lr, args.warmup_steps) + lr = lrs[update_num] + + During hold:: + + lr = args.lr + + During decay:: + + decay_factor = - math.log(args.final_lr_scale) / args.decay_steps + lr = args.lr * exp(- (update_num - warmup_steps - decay_steps) * decay_factor) + + After that:: + + lr = args.lr * args.final_lr_scale + """ + + def __init__(self, args, optimizer): + super().__init__(args, optimizer) + if len(args.lr) > 1: + raise ValueError( + 'Cannot use a fixed learning rate schedule with tri-stage lr.' + ' Consider --lr-scheduler=fixed instead.' + ) + + # calculate LR at each point + self.peak_lr = args.lr[0] + self.init_lr = args.init_lr_scale * args.lr[0] + self.final_lr = args.final_lr_scale * args.lr[0] + + # remember the steps at each stage + self.warmup_steps = args.warmup_steps + self.hold_steps = args.hold_steps + self.decay_steps = args.decay_steps + + self.warmup_rate = (self.peak_lr - self.init_lr) / self.warmup_steps + self.decay_factor = -math.log(args.final_lr_scale) / args.decay_steps + + # initial learning rate + self.lr = self.init_lr + self.optimizer.set_lr(self.lr) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add arguments to the parser for this LR scheduler.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument( + '--warmup-steps', + default=4000, + type=int, + metavar='N', + help='warmup the learning rate linearly for the first N updates' + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--hold-steps', + default=20000, + type=int, + metavar='N', + help='steps in hold stage.' + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--decay-steps', + default=60000, + type=int, + metavar='N', + help='steps in decay stages' + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--init-lr-scale', + default=0.01, + type=float, + help=""" + initial learning rate scale during warmup phase; default is 0.01""") + parser.add_argument( + '--final-lr-scale', + default=0.01, + type=float, + help="final learning rate scale; default to 0.01" + ) + # fmt: on + + def _decide_stage(self, update_step): + """ + return stage, and the corresponding steps within the current stage + """ + if update_step < self.warmup_steps: + # warmup state + return 0, update_step + + offset = self.warmup_steps + + if update_step < offset + self.hold_steps: + # hold stage + return 1, update_step - offset + + offset += self.hold_steps + + if update_step <= offset + self.decay_steps: + # decay stage + return 2, update_step - offset + + offset += self.decay_steps + + # still here ? constant lr stage + return 3, update_step - offset + + def step(self, epoch, val_loss=None): + """Update the learning rate at the end of the given epoch.""" + super().step(epoch, val_loss) + # we don't change the learning rate at epoch boundaries + return self.optimizer.get_lr() + + def step_update(self, num_updates): + """Update the learning rate after each update.""" + stage, steps_in_stage = self._decide_stage(num_updates) + if stage == 0: + self.lr = self.init_lr + self.warmup_rate * steps_in_stage + elif stage == 1: + self.lr = self.peak_lr + elif stage == 2: + self.lr = self.peak_lr * math.exp(-self.decay_factor * steps_in_stage) + elif stage == 3: + self.lr = self.final_lr + else: + raise ValueError("Undefined stage") + + self.optimizer.set_lr(self.lr) + + return self.lr diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/triangular_lr_scheduler.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/triangular_lr_scheduler.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fed0cf7ef119852c84825eaae89b35226991eedc --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/lr_scheduler/triangular_lr_scheduler.py @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math + +from . import FairseqLRScheduler, register_lr_scheduler + + +@register_lr_scheduler('triangular') +class TriangularSchedule(FairseqLRScheduler): + """Assign LR based on a triangular cyclical schedule. + + See https://arxiv.org/pdf/1506.01186.pdf for details. + """ + + def __init__(self, args, optimizer): + super().__init__(args, optimizer) + if len(args.lr) > 1: + raise ValueError( + 'Cannot use a fixed learning rate schedule with triangular.' + ' Consider --lr-scheduler=fixed instead.' + ) + + lr = args.lr[0] + + assert args.max_lr > lr, 'max_lr must be more than lr' + self.min_lr = lr + self.max_lr = args.max_lr + self.stepsize = args.lr_period_updates // 2 + self.lr_shrink = args.lr_shrink + self.shrink_min = args.shrink_min + + # initial learning rate + self.lr = self.min_lr + self.optimizer.set_lr(self.lr) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add arguments to the parser for this LR scheduler.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--max-lr', required=True, type=float, metavar='LR', + help='max learning rate, must be more than args.lr') + parser.add_argument('--lr-period-updates', default=5000, type=float, metavar='LR', + help='initial number of updates per period (cycle length)') + parser.add_argument('--lr-shrink', default=0.1, type=float, metavar='LS', + help='shrink factor for annealing') + parser.add_argument('--shrink-min', action='store_true', + help='if set, also shrinks min lr') + # fmt: on + + def step(self, epoch, val_loss=None): + """Update the learning rate at the end of the given epoch.""" + super().step(epoch, val_loss) + # we don't change the learning rate at epoch boundaries + return self.optimizer.get_lr() + + def step_update(self, num_updates): + """Update the learning rate after each update.""" + cycle = math.floor(num_updates / (2 * self.stepsize)) + + lr_shrink = self.lr_shrink ** cycle + max_lr = self.max_lr * lr_shrink + if self.shrink_min: + min_lr = self.min_lr * lr_shrink + else: + min_lr = self.min_lr + + x = abs(num_updates / self.stepsize - 2 * (cycle + 1) + 1) + self.lr = min_lr + (max_lr - min_lr) * max(0, (1 - x)) + + self.optimizer.set_lr(self.lr) + return self.lr diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/nag.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/nag.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3d84beb3929d84f4feb6c36c7614bccd4eaeb314 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/nag.py @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +from torch.optim.optimizer import Optimizer, required + +from . import FairseqOptimizer, register_optimizer + + +@register_optimizer('nag') +class FairseqNAG(FairseqOptimizer): + def __init__(self, args, params): + super().__init__(args) + self._optimizer = NAG(params, **self.optimizer_config) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add optimizer-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--momentum', default=0.99, type=float, metavar='M', + help='momentum factor') + parser.add_argument('--weight-decay', '--wd', default=0.0, type=float, metavar='WD', + help='weight decay') + # fmt: on + + @property + def optimizer_config(self): + """ + Return a kwarg dictionary that will be used to override optimizer + args stored in checkpoints. This allows us to load a checkpoint and + resume training using a different set of optimizer args, e.g., with a + different learning rate. + """ + return { + 'lr': self.args.lr[0], + 'momentum': self.args.momentum, + 'weight_decay': self.args.weight_decay, + } + + +class NAG(Optimizer): + def __init__(self, params, lr=required, momentum=0, weight_decay=0): + defaults = dict(lr=lr, lr_old=lr, momentum=momentum, weight_decay=weight_decay) + super(NAG, self).__init__(params, defaults) + + @property + def supports_memory_efficient_fp16(self): + return True + + @property + def supports_flat_params(self): + return True + + def step(self, closure=None): + """Performs a single optimization step. + + Arguments: + closure (callable, optional): A closure that reevaluates the model + and returns the loss. + """ + loss = None + if closure is not None: + loss = closure() + + for group in self.param_groups: + weight_decay = group['weight_decay'] + momentum = group['momentum'] + lr = group['lr'] + lr_old = group.get('lr_old', lr) + lr_correct = lr / lr_old + + for p in group['params']: + if p.grad is None: + continue + + p_data_fp32 = p.data.float() + + d_p = p.grad.data.float() + param_state = self.state[p] + if 'momentum_buffer' not in param_state: + param_state['momentum_buffer'] = torch.zeros_like(d_p) + else: + param_state['momentum_buffer'] = param_state['momentum_buffer'].type_as(d_p) + + buf = param_state['momentum_buffer'] + + if weight_decay != 0: + p_data_fp32.mul_(1 - lr * weight_decay) + p_data_fp32.add_(momentum * momentum * lr_correct, buf) + p_data_fp32.add_(-(1 + momentum) * lr, d_p) + + buf.mul_(momentum * lr_correct).add_(-lr, d_p) + + # TODO: remove check once pyTorch avoids a copy for this case + if p.data_ptr() != p_data_fp32.data_ptr(): + p.data.copy_(p_data_fp32) + + group['lr_old'] = lr + + return loss diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/sgd.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/sgd.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8c4e3e0a809f308941cbe28504197acb8a72d88d --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/optim/sgd.py @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch.optim + +from . import FairseqOptimizer, register_optimizer + + +@register_optimizer('sgd') +class SGD(FairseqOptimizer): + def __init__(self, args, params): + super().__init__(args) + self._optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(params, **self.optimizer_config) + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add optimizer-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--momentum', default=0.0, type=float, metavar='M', + help='momentum factor') + parser.add_argument('--weight-decay', '--wd', default=0.0, type=float, metavar='WD', + help='weight decay') + # fmt: on + + @property + def optimizer_config(self): + """ + Return a kwarg dictionary that will be used to override optimizer + args stored in checkpoints. This allows us to load a checkpoint and + resume training using a different set of optimizer args, e.g., with a + different learning rate. + """ + return { + 'lr': self.args.lr[0], + 'momentum': self.args.momentum, + 'weight_decay': self.args.weight_decay, + } + + @property + def supports_flat_params(self): + return True diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/options.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/options.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1ee8573c1d40d80f6eb96b9d2891da296e016754 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/options.py @@ -0,0 +1,627 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import argparse +import sys +from typing import Callable, List, Optional + +import torch + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.data.indexed_dataset import get_available_dataset_impl + + +def get_preprocessing_parser(default_task="translation"): + parser = get_parser("Preprocessing", default_task) + add_preprocess_args(parser) + return parser + + +def get_training_parser(default_task="translation"): + parser = get_parser("Trainer", default_task) + add_dataset_args(parser, train=True) + add_distributed_training_args(parser) + add_model_args(parser) + add_optimization_args(parser) + add_checkpoint_args(parser) + return parser + + +def get_generation_parser(interactive=False, default_task="translation"): + parser = get_parser("Generation", default_task) + add_dataset_args(parser, gen=True) + add_generation_args(parser) + if interactive: + add_interactive_args(parser) + return parser + + +def get_interactive_generation_parser(default_task="translation"): + return get_generation_parser(interactive=True, default_task=default_task) + + +def get_eval_lm_parser(default_task="language_modeling"): + parser = get_parser("Evaluate Language Model", default_task) + add_dataset_args(parser, gen=True) + add_distributed_training_args(parser) + add_eval_lm_args(parser) + return parser + + +def get_validation_parser(default_task=None): + parser = get_parser("Validation", default_task) + add_dataset_args(parser, train=True) + group = parser.add_argument_group("Evaluation") + add_common_eval_args(group) + return parser + + +def eval_str_list(x, type=float): + if x is None: + return None + if isinstance(x, str): + x = eval(x) + try: + return list(map(type, x)) + except TypeError: + return [type(x)] + + +def eval_bool(x, default=False): + if x is None: + return default + try: + return bool(eval(x)) + except TypeError: + return default + + +def parse_args_and_arch( + parser: argparse.ArgumentParser, + input_args: List[str] = None, + parse_known: bool = False, + suppress_defaults: bool = False, + modify_parser: Optional[Callable[[argparse.ArgumentParser], None]] = None, +): + """ + Args: + parser (ArgumentParser): the parser + input_args (List[str]): strings to parse, defaults to sys.argv + parse_known (bool): only parse known arguments, similar to + `ArgumentParser.parse_known_args` + suppress_defaults (bool): parse while ignoring all default values + modify_parser (Optional[Callable[[ArgumentParser], None]]): + function to modify the parser, e.g., to set default values + """ + if suppress_defaults: + # Parse args without any default values. This requires us to parse + # twice, once to identify all the necessary task/model args, and a second + # time with all defaults set to None. + args = parse_args_and_arch( + parser, + input_args=input_args, + parse_known=parse_known, + suppress_defaults=False, + ) + suppressed_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=False, parents=[parser]) + suppressed_parser.set_defaults(**{k: None for k, v in vars(args).items()}) + args = suppressed_parser.parse_args(input_args) + return argparse.Namespace( + **{k: v for k, v in vars(args).items() if v is not None} + ) + + from fairseq.models import ARCH_MODEL_REGISTRY, ARCH_CONFIG_REGISTRY + + # Before creating the true parser, we need to import optional user module + # in order to eagerly import custom tasks, optimizers, architectures, etc. + usr_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=False, allow_abbrev=False) + usr_parser.add_argument("--user-dir", default=None) + usr_args, _ = usr_parser.parse_known_args(input_args) + utils.import_user_module(usr_args) + + if modify_parser is not None: + modify_parser(parser) + + # The parser doesn't know about model/criterion/optimizer-specific args, so + # we parse twice. First we parse the model/criterion/optimizer, then we + # parse a second time after adding the *-specific arguments. + # If input_args is given, we will parse those args instead of sys.argv. + args, _ = parser.parse_known_args(input_args) + + # Add model-specific args to parser. + if hasattr(args, "arch"): + model_specific_group = parser.add_argument_group( + "Model-specific configuration", + # Only include attributes which are explicitly given as command-line + # arguments or which have default values. + argument_default=argparse.SUPPRESS, + ) + ARCH_MODEL_REGISTRY[args.arch].add_args(model_specific_group) + + # Add *-specific args to parser. + from fairseq.registry import REGISTRIES + + for registry_name, REGISTRY in REGISTRIES.items(): + choice = getattr(args, registry_name, None) + if choice is not None: + cls = REGISTRY["registry"][choice] + if hasattr(cls, "add_args"): + cls.add_args(parser) + if hasattr(args, "task"): + from fairseq.tasks import TASK_REGISTRY + + TASK_REGISTRY[args.task].add_args(parser) + if getattr(args, "use_bmuf", False): + # hack to support extra args for block distributed data parallelism + from fairseq.optim.bmuf import FairseqBMUF + + FairseqBMUF.add_args(parser) + + # Modify the parser a second time, since defaults may have been reset + if modify_parser is not None: + modify_parser(parser) + + # Parse a second time. + if parse_known: + args, extra = parser.parse_known_args(input_args) + else: + args = parser.parse_args(input_args) + extra = None + + # Post-process args. + if hasattr(args, "max_sentences_valid") and args.max_sentences_valid is None: + args.max_sentences_valid = args.max_sentences + if hasattr(args, "max_tokens_valid") and args.max_tokens_valid is None: + args.max_tokens_valid = args.max_tokens + if getattr(args, "memory_efficient_fp16", False): + args.fp16 = True + + # Apply architecture configuration. + if hasattr(args, "arch"): + ARCH_CONFIG_REGISTRY[args.arch](args) + + if parse_known: + return args, extra + else: + return args + + +def get_parser(desc, default_task="translation"): + # Before creating the true parser, we need to import optional user module + # in order to eagerly import custom tasks, optimizers, architectures, etc. + usr_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=False, allow_abbrev=False) + usr_parser.add_argument("--user-dir", default=None) + usr_args, _ = usr_parser.parse_known_args() + utils.import_user_module(usr_args) + + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(allow_abbrev=False) + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--no-progress-bar', action='store_true', help='disable progress bar') + parser.add_argument('--log-interval', type=int, default=100, metavar='N', + help='log progress every N batches (when progress bar is disabled)') + parser.add_argument('--log-format', default=None, help='log format to use', + choices=['json', 'none', 'simple', 'tqdm']) + parser.add_argument('--tensorboard-logdir', metavar='DIR', default='', + help='path to save logs for tensorboard, should match --logdir ' + 'of running tensorboard (default: no tensorboard logging)') + parser.add_argument('--seed', default=1, type=int, metavar='N', + help='pseudo random number generator seed') + parser.add_argument('--cpu', action='store_true', help='use CPU instead of CUDA') + parser.add_argument('--fp16', action='store_true', help='use FP16') + parser.add_argument('--memory-efficient-fp16', action='store_true', + help='use a memory-efficient version of FP16 training; implies --fp16') + parser.add_argument('--fp16-no-flatten-grads', action='store_true', + help='don\'t flatten FP16 grads tensor') + parser.add_argument('--fp16-init-scale', default=2 ** 7, type=int, + help='default FP16 loss scale') + parser.add_argument('--fp16-scale-window', type=int, + help='number of updates before increasing loss scale') + parser.add_argument('--fp16-scale-tolerance', default=0.0, type=float, + help='pct of updates that can overflow before decreasing the loss scale') + parser.add_argument('--min-loss-scale', default=1e-4, type=float, metavar='D', + help='minimum FP16 loss scale, after which training is stopped') + parser.add_argument('--threshold-loss-scale', type=float, + help='threshold FP16 loss scale from below') + parser.add_argument('--user-dir', default=None, + help='path to a python module containing custom extensions (tasks and/or architectures)') + parser.add_argument('--empty-cache-freq', default=0, type=int, + help='how often to clear the PyTorch CUDA cache (0 to disable)') + parser.add_argument('--all-gather-list-size', default=16384, type=int, + help='number of bytes reserved for gathering stats from workers') + parser.add_argument('--model-parallel-size', type=int, metavar='N', + default=1, + help='total number of GPUs to parallelize model over') + parser.add_argument('--checkpoint-suffix', default='', + help='suffix to add to the checkpoint file name') + parser.add_argument('--quantization-config-path', default=None, + help='path to quantization config file') + + from fairseq.registry import REGISTRIES + for registry_name, REGISTRY in REGISTRIES.items(): + parser.add_argument( + '--' + registry_name.replace('_', '-'), + default=REGISTRY['default'], + choices=REGISTRY['registry'].keys(), + ) + + # Task definitions can be found under fairseq/tasks/ + from fairseq.tasks import TASK_REGISTRY + parser.add_argument('--task', metavar='TASK', default=default_task, + choices=TASK_REGISTRY.keys(), + help='task') + # fmt: on + return parser + + +def add_preprocess_args(parser): + group = parser.add_argument_group("Preprocessing") + # fmt: off + group.add_argument("-s", "--source-lang", default=None, metavar="SRC", + help="source language") + group.add_argument("-t", "--target-lang", default=None, metavar="TARGET", + help="target language") + group.add_argument("--trainpref", metavar="FP", default=None, + help="train file prefix") + group.add_argument("--validpref", metavar="FP", default=None, + help="comma separated, valid file prefixes") + group.add_argument("--testpref", metavar="FP", default=None, + help="comma separated, test file prefixes") + group.add_argument("--align-suffix", metavar="FP", default=None, + help="alignment file suffix") + group.add_argument("--destdir", metavar="DIR", default="data-bin", + help="destination dir") + group.add_argument("--thresholdtgt", metavar="N", default=0, type=int, + help="map words appearing less than threshold times to unknown") + group.add_argument("--thresholdsrc", metavar="N", default=0, type=int, + help="map words appearing less than threshold times to unknown") + group.add_argument("--tgtdict", metavar="FP", + help="reuse given target dictionary") + group.add_argument("--srcdict", metavar="FP", + help="reuse given source dictionary") + group.add_argument("--nwordstgt", metavar="N", default=-1, type=int, + help="number of target words to retain") + group.add_argument("--nwordssrc", metavar="N", default=-1, type=int, + help="number of source words to retain") + group.add_argument("--alignfile", metavar="ALIGN", default=None, + help="an alignment file (optional)") + parser.add_argument('--dataset-impl', metavar='FORMAT', default='mmap', + choices=get_available_dataset_impl(), + help='output dataset implementation') + group.add_argument("--joined-dictionary", action="store_true", + help="Generate joined dictionary") + group.add_argument("--only-source", action="store_true", + help="Only process the source language") + group.add_argument("--padding-factor", metavar="N", default=8, type=int, + help="Pad dictionary size to be multiple of N") + group.add_argument("--workers", metavar="N", default=1, type=int, + help="number of parallel workers") + parser.add_argument('--bert-model-name', default='bert-base-uncased', type=str) + # fmt: on + return parser + + +def add_dataset_args(parser, train=False, gen=False): + group = parser.add_argument_group("Dataset and data loading") + # fmt: off + group.add_argument('--num-workers', default=1, type=int, metavar='N', + help='how many subprocesses to use for data loading') + group.add_argument('--skip-invalid-size-inputs-valid-test', action='store_true', + help='ignore too long or too short lines in valid and test set') + group.add_argument('--max-tokens', type=int, metavar='N', + help='maximum number of tokens in a batch') + group.add_argument('--max-sentences', '--batch-size', type=int, metavar='N', + help='maximum number of sentences in a batch') + group.add_argument('--required-batch-size-multiple', default=8, type=int, metavar='N', + help='batch size will be a multiplier of this value') + parser.add_argument('--dataset-impl', metavar='FORMAT', + choices=get_available_dataset_impl(), + help='output dataset implementation') + group.add_argument('--data-buffer-size', default=0, type=int, metavar='N', + help='Number of batches to preload') + if train: + group.add_argument('--train-subset', default='train', metavar='SPLIT', + help='data subset to use for training (e.g. train, valid, test)') + group.add_argument('--valid-subset', default='valid', metavar='SPLIT', + help='comma separated list of data subsets to use for validation' + ' (e.g. train, valid, test)') + group.add_argument('--validate-interval', type=int, default=1, metavar='N', + help='validate every N epochs') + group.add_argument('--fixed-validation-seed', default=None, type=int, metavar='N', + help='specified random seed for validation') + group.add_argument('--disable-validation', action='store_true', + help='disable validation') + group.add_argument('--max-tokens-valid', type=int, metavar='N', + help='maximum number of tokens in a validation batch' + ' (defaults to --max-tokens)') + group.add_argument('--max-sentences-valid', type=int, metavar='N', + help='maximum number of sentences in a validation batch' + ' (defaults to --max-sentences)') + group.add_argument('--curriculum', default=0, type=int, metavar='N', + help='don\'t shuffle batches for first N epochs') + if gen: + group.add_argument('--gen-subset', default='test', metavar='SPLIT', + help='data subset to generate (train, valid, test)') + group.add_argument('--num-shards', default=1, type=int, metavar='N', + help='shard generation over N shards') + group.add_argument('--shard-id', default=0, type=int, metavar='ID', + help='id of the shard to generate (id < num_shards)') + # fmt: on + return group + + +def add_distributed_training_args(parser): + group = parser.add_argument_group("Distributed training") + # fmt: off + group.add_argument('--distributed-world-size', type=int, metavar='N', + default=max(1, torch.cuda.device_count()), + help='total number of GPUs across all nodes (default: all visible GPUs)') + group.add_argument('--distributed-rank', default=0, type=int, + help='rank of the current worker') + group.add_argument('--distributed-backend', default='nccl', type=str, + help='distributed backend') + group.add_argument('--distributed-init-method', default=None, type=str, + help='typically tcp://hostname:port that will be used to ' + 'establish initial connetion') + group.add_argument('--distributed-port', default=-1, type=int, + help='port number (not required if using --distributed-init-method)') + group.add_argument('--device-id', '--local_rank', default=0, type=int, + help='which GPU to use (usually configured automatically)') + group.add_argument('--distributed-no-spawn', action='store_true', + help='do not spawn multiple processes even if multiple GPUs are visible') + # "c10d" is PyTorch's DDP implementation and provides the fastest + # training. "no_c10d" is a more robust, but slightly slower DDP + # implementation. Try this if you get warning messages about + # inconsistent gradients between workers, or if some of your model + # parameters are not always used. + group.add_argument('--ddp-backend', default='c10d', type=str, + choices=['c10d', 'no_c10d'], + help='DistributedDataParallel backend') + group.add_argument('--bucket-cap-mb', default=25, type=int, metavar='MB', + help='bucket size for reduction') + group.add_argument('--fix-batches-to-gpus', action='store_true', + help='don\'t shuffle batches between GPUs; this reduces overall ' + 'randomness and may affect precision but avoids the cost of ' + 're-reading the data') + group.add_argument('--find-unused-parameters', default=False, action='store_true', + help='disable unused parameter detection (not applicable to ' + 'no_c10d ddp-backend') + group.add_argument('--fast-stat-sync', default=False, action='store_true', + help='[deprecated] this is now defined per Criterion') + group.add_argument('--broadcast-buffers', default=False, action='store_true', + help='Copy non-trainable parameters between GPUs, such as ' + 'batchnorm population statistics') + + group.add_argument('--distributed-wrapper', default='DDP', type=str, + choices=['DDP', 'SlowMo'], + help='DistributedDataParallel backend') + # Add arguments for SlowMo - these will be used when SlowMo is enabled via above + group.add_argument('--slowmo-momentum', default=None, type=float, + help='SlowMo momentum term; by default use 0.0 for 16 GPUs, ' + '0.2 for 32 GPUs; 0.5 for 64 GPUs, 0.6 for > 64 GPUs') + group.add_argument('--slowmo-algorithm', default='LocalSGD', choices=['LocalSGD', 'SGP'], + help='whether to use LocalSGD or SGP') + group.add_argument('--localsgd-frequency', default=3, type=int, + help='Local SGD allreduce frequency') + group.add_argument('--nprocs-per-node', type=int, metavar='N', + default=max(1, torch.cuda.device_count()), + help='number of GPUs in each node. An allreduce operation across GPUs in ' + 'a node is very fast. Hence, we do allreduce across GPUs in a node, ' + 'and gossip across different nodes') + # fmt: on + return group + + +def add_optimization_args(parser): + group = parser.add_argument_group("Optimization") + # fmt: off + group.add_argument('--max-epoch', '--me', default=0, type=int, metavar='N', + help='force stop training at specified epoch') + group.add_argument('--max-update', '--mu', default=0, type=int, metavar='N', + help='force stop training at specified update') + group.add_argument('--clip-norm', default=25, type=float, metavar='NORM', + help='clip threshold of gradients') + group.add_argument('--sentence-avg', action='store_true', + help='normalize gradients by the number of sentences in a batch' + ' (default is to normalize by number of tokens)') + group.add_argument('--update-freq', default='1', metavar='N1,N2,...,N_K', + type=lambda uf: eval_str_list(uf, type=int), + help='update parameters every N_i batches, when in epoch i') + group.add_argument('--lr', '--learning-rate', default='0.25', type=eval_str_list, + metavar='LR_1,LR_2,...,LR_N', + help='learning rate for the first N epochs; all epochs >N using LR_N' + ' (note: this may be interpreted differently depending on --lr-scheduler)') + group.add_argument('--min-lr', default=-1, type=float, metavar='LR', + help='stop training when the learning rate reaches this minimum') + group.add_argument('--use-bmuf', default=False, action='store_true', + help='specify global optimizer for syncing models on different GPUs/shards') + # fmt: on + return group + + +def add_checkpoint_args(parser): + group = parser.add_argument_group("Checkpointing") + # fmt: off + group.add_argument('--save-dir', metavar='DIR', default='checkpoints', + help='path to save checkpoints') + group.add_argument('--restore-file', default='checkpoint_last.pt', + help='filename from which to load checkpoint ' + '(default: /checkpoint_last.pt') + group.add_argument('--reset-dataloader', action='store_true', + help='if set, does not reload dataloader state from the checkpoint') + group.add_argument('--reset-lr-scheduler', action='store_true', + help='if set, does not load lr scheduler state from the checkpoint') + group.add_argument('--reset-meters', action='store_true', + help='if set, does not load meters from the checkpoint') + group.add_argument('--reset-optimizer', action='store_true', + help='if set, does not load optimizer state from the checkpoint') + group.add_argument('--optimizer-overrides', default="{}", type=str, metavar='DICT', + help='a dictionary used to override optimizer args when loading a checkpoint') + group.add_argument('--save-interval', type=int, default=1, metavar='N', + help='save a checkpoint every N epochs') + group.add_argument('--save-interval-updates', type=int, default=0, metavar='N', + help='save a checkpoint (and validate) every N updates') + group.add_argument('--keep-interval-updates', type=int, default=-1, metavar='N', + help='keep the last N checkpoints saved with --save-interval-updates') + group.add_argument('--keep-last-epochs', type=int, default=-1, metavar='N', + help='keep last N epoch checkpoints') + group.add_argument('--keep-best-checkpoints', type=int, default=-1, metavar='N', + help='keep best N checkpoints based on scores') + group.add_argument('--no-save', action='store_true', + help='don\'t save models or checkpoints') + group.add_argument('--no-epoch-checkpoints', action='store_true', + help='only store last and best checkpoints') + group.add_argument('--no-last-checkpoints', action='store_true', + help='don\'t store last checkpoints') + group.add_argument('--no-save-optimizer-state', action='store_true', + help='don\'t save optimizer-state as part of checkpoint') + group.add_argument('--best-checkpoint-metric', type=str, default='loss', + help='metric to use for saving "best" checkpoints') + group.add_argument('--maximize-best-checkpoint-metric', action='store_true', + help='select the largest metric value for saving "best" checkpoints') + group.add_argument('--patience', type=int, default=-1, metavar='N', + help=('early stop training if valid performance doesn\'t ' + 'improve for N consecutive validation runs; note ' + 'that this is influenced by --validate-interval')) + # fmt: on + return group + + +def add_common_eval_args(group): + # fmt: off + group.add_argument('--path', metavar='FILE', + help='path(s) to model file(s), colon separated') + group.add_argument('--remove-bpe', nargs='?', const='@@ ', default=None, + help='remove BPE tokens before scoring (can be set to sentencepiece)') + group.add_argument('--quiet', action='store_true', + help='only print final scores') + group.add_argument('--model-overrides', default="{}", type=str, metavar='DICT', + help='a dictionary used to override model args at generation ' + 'that were used during model training') + group.add_argument('--results-path', metavar='RESDIR', type=str, default=None, + help='path to save eval results (optional)"') + # fmt: on + + +def add_eval_lm_args(parser): + group = parser.add_argument_group("LM Evaluation") + add_common_eval_args(group) + # fmt: off + group.add_argument('--output-word-probs', action='store_true', + help='if set, outputs words and their predicted log probabilities to standard output') + group.add_argument('--output-word-stats', action='store_true', + help='if set, outputs word statistics such as word count, average probability, etc') + group.add_argument('--context-window', default=0, type=int, metavar='N', + help='ensures that every evaluated token has access to a context of at least this size,' + ' if possible') + group.add_argument('--softmax-batch', default=sys.maxsize, type=int, metavar='N', + help='if BxT is more than this, will batch the softmax over vocab to this amount of tokens' + ' in order to fit into GPU memory') + # fmt: on + + +def add_generation_args(parser): + group = parser.add_argument_group("Generation") + add_common_eval_args(group) + # fmt: off + group.add_argument('--beam', default=5, type=int, metavar='N', + help='beam size') + group.add_argument('--nbest', default=1, type=int, metavar='N', + help='number of hypotheses to output') + group.add_argument('--max-len-a', default=0, type=float, metavar='N', + help=('generate sequences of maximum length ax + b, ' + 'where x is the source length')) + group.add_argument('--max-len-b', default=200, type=int, metavar='N', + help=('generate sequences of maximum length ax + b, ' + 'where x is the source length')) + group.add_argument('--min-len', default=1, type=float, metavar='N', + help=('minimum generation length')) + group.add_argument('--match-source-len', default=False, action='store_true', + help=('generations should match the source length')) + group.add_argument('--no-early-stop', action='store_true', + help='deprecated') + group.add_argument('--unnormalized', action='store_true', + help='compare unnormalized hypothesis scores') + group.add_argument('--no-beamable-mm', action='store_true', + help='don\'t use BeamableMM in attention layers') + group.add_argument('--lenpen', default=1, type=float, + help='length penalty: <1.0 favors shorter, >1.0 favors longer sentences') + group.add_argument('--unkpen', default=0, type=float, + help='unknown word penalty: <0 produces more unks, >0 produces fewer') + group.add_argument('--replace-unk', nargs='?', const=True, default=None, + help='perform unknown replacement (optionally with alignment dictionary)') + group.add_argument('--sacrebleu', action='store_true', + help='score with sacrebleu') + group.add_argument('--score-reference', action='store_true', + help='just score the reference translation') + group.add_argument('--prefix-size', default=0, type=int, metavar='PS', + help='initialize generation by target prefix of given length') + group.add_argument('--no-repeat-ngram-size', default=0, type=int, metavar='N', + help='ngram blocking such that this size ngram cannot be repeated in the generation') + group.add_argument('--sampling', action='store_true', + help='sample hypotheses instead of using beam search') + group.add_argument('--sampling-topk', default=-1, type=int, metavar='PS', + help='sample from top K likely next words instead of all words') + group.add_argument('--sampling-topp', default=-1.0, type=float, metavar='PS', + help='sample from the smallest set whose cumulative probability mass exceeds p for next words') + group.add_argument('--temperature', default=1., type=float, metavar='N', + help='temperature for generation') + group.add_argument('--diverse-beam-groups', default=-1, type=int, metavar='N', + help='number of groups for Diverse Beam Search') + group.add_argument('--diverse-beam-strength', default=0.5, type=float, metavar='N', + help='strength of diversity penalty for Diverse Beam Search') + group.add_argument('--diversity-rate', default=-1.0, type=float, metavar='N', + help='strength of diversity penalty for Diverse Siblings Search') + group.add_argument('--print-alignment', action='store_true', + help='if set, uses attention feedback to compute and print alignment to source tokens') + group.add_argument('--print-step', action='store_true') + group.add_argument('--change-ratio', action='store_true') + + # arguments for iterative refinement generator + group.add_argument('--iter-decode-eos-penalty', default=0.0, type=float, metavar='N', + help='if > 0.0, it penalized early-stopping in decoding.') + group.add_argument('--iter-decode-max-iter', default=10, type=int, metavar='N', + help='maximum iterations for iterative refinement.') + group.add_argument('--iter-decode-force-max-iter', action='store_true', + help='if set, run exact the maximum number of iterations without early stop') + group.add_argument('--iter-decode-with-beam', default=1, type=int, metavar='N', + help='if > 1, model will generate translations varying by the lengths.') + group.add_argument('--iter-decode-with-external-reranker', action='store_true', + help='if set, the last checkpoint are assumed to be a reranker to rescore the translations'), + group.add_argument('--retain-iter-history', action='store_true', + help='if set, decoding returns the whole history of iterative refinement') + + # special decoding format for advanced decoding. + group.add_argument('--decoding-format', default=None, type=str, choices=['unigram', 'ensemble', 'vote', 'dp', 'bs']) + # fmt: on + return group + + +def add_interactive_args(parser): + group = parser.add_argument_group("Interactive") + # fmt: off + group.add_argument('--buffer-size', default=0, type=int, metavar='N', + help='read this many sentences into a buffer before processing them') + group.add_argument('--input', default='-', type=str, metavar='FILE', + help='file to read from; use - for stdin') + # fmt: on + + +def add_model_args(parser): + group = parser.add_argument_group("Model configuration") + # fmt: off + + # Model definitions can be found under fairseq/models/ + # + # The model architecture can be specified in several ways. + # In increasing order of priority: + # 1) model defaults (lowest priority) + # 2) --arch argument + # 3) --encoder/decoder-* arguments (highest priority) + from fairseq.models import ARCH_MODEL_REGISTRY + group.add_argument('--arch', '-a', default='fconv', metavar='ARCH', + choices=ARCH_MODEL_REGISTRY.keys(), + help='Model Architecture') + # fmt: on + return group diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/pdb.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/pdb.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1ce3c46bca47fd8a47272770d6c61fcd9c13f75 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/pdb.py @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import multiprocessing +import os +import pdb +import sys + + +__all__ = ['set_trace'] + + +_stdin = [None] +_stdin_lock = multiprocessing.Lock() +try: + _stdin_fd = sys.stdin.fileno() +except Exception: + _stdin_fd = None + + +class MultiprocessingPdb(pdb.Pdb): + """A Pdb wrapper that works in a multiprocessing environment. + + Usage: `from fairseq import pdb; pdb.set_trace()` + """ + + def __init__(self): + pdb.Pdb.__init__(self, nosigint=True) + + def _cmdloop(self): + stdin_bak = sys.stdin + with _stdin_lock: + try: + if _stdin_fd is not None: + if not _stdin[0]: + _stdin[0] = os.fdopen(_stdin_fd) + sys.stdin = _stdin[0] + self.cmdloop() + finally: + sys.stdin = stdin_bak + + +def set_trace(): + pdb = MultiprocessingPdb() + pdb.set_trace(sys._getframe().f_back) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/quantization_utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/quantization_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7f5ade9b31738393c78ee803fb8d66d825e69e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/quantization_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging + +from fairseq.modules.quantization import pq, quantization_options, scalar + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +def quantize_model_scalar(model, args): + quant_noise_scalar = getattr(args, 'quant_noise_scalar', 0) + if quant_noise_scalar > 0: + # quantize_model edits the model in place + scalar.quantize_model_(model, p=quant_noise_scalar, bits=8, update_step=1000) + return model + + +class Quantizer(object): + + def __init__(self, config_path, max_epoch, max_update): + try: + import yaml + except ImportError: + raise ImportError('Please install yaml with: pip install yaml') + + # parse config + if config_path: + with open(config_path) as config_file: + config = quantization_options.parse_config_yaml( + yaml.safe_load(config_file) + ) + else: + config = quantization_options.parse_config_yaml({}) + + self.n_centroids_config = config["n_centroids"] + self.block_sizes_config = config["block_sizes"] + self.layers_to_quantize = config["layers_to_quantize"] + + # We assume that training will run for a fixed number of epochs + # (or updates) and that we should train for equal durations + # between iterations of PQ. + num_iterations = len(self.layers_to_quantize) + if max_epoch > 0: + assert max_epoch % num_iterations == 0, ( + 'for iterative PQ, --max-epoch (={}) must be evenly divisible by ' + 'len(layers_to_quantize) (={})'.format(max_epoch, num_iterations) + ) + self.epoch_schedule = max_epoch // num_iterations + else: + self.epoch_schedule = None + if max_update > 0: + assert max_update % num_iterations == 0, ( + 'for iterative PQ, --max-update (={}) must be evenly divisible by ' + 'len(layers_to_quantize) (={})'.format(max_update, num_iterations) + ) + self.update_schedule = max_update // num_iterations + else: + self.update_schedule = None + assert (self.epoch_schedule is not None) ^ (self.update_schedule is not None), \ + 'for iterative PQ, cannot specify both --max-update and --max-epoch' + + # 0 is a special value for quantization step, which will force + # the first call to begin_epoch() to call step() + self.quantization_step = 0 + + def set_trainer(self, trainer): + self.trainer = trainer + self.size_tracker = pq.SizeTracker(self.trainer.get_model()) + + def step(self): + """Move to the next stage of quantization.""" + if self.quantization_step >= len(self.layers_to_quantize): + # Maybe we just finished the last training step or we loaded + # a checkpoint for an iterative PQ model which previously + # finished training. Either way, don't quantize again. + return + + logger.info( + 'quantizing model (step={}; layers_to_quantize[step]={})'.format( + self.quantization_step, self.layers_to_quantize[self.quantization_step] + ) + ) + quantized_layers = pq.quantize_model_( + self.trainer.get_model(), + self.size_tracker, + self.layers_to_quantize, + self.block_sizes_config, + self.n_centroids_config, + step=self.quantization_step, + ) + logger.info('quantized layers: {}'.format(quantized_layers)) + logger.info(self.size_tracker) + + self.quantization_step += 1 + + # reintialize the Trainer since model parameters have changed + self.trainer.reinitialize() + + def begin_epoch(self, epoch): + """Called at the beginning of each epoch (epochs start at 1).""" + if ( + ( + self.epoch_schedule is not None + and epoch > 0 + and (epoch - 1) % self.epoch_schedule == 0 + ) + # we always step once in the beginning, even if using + # update-based quantization + or self.quantization_step == 0 + ): + self.step() + + def step_update(self, num_updates): + """Called at the end of each step.""" + if ( + self.update_schedule is not None + and num_updates > 0 + and num_updates % self.update_schedule == 0 + ): + self.step() + + def state_dict(self): + return { + 'n_centroids_config': self.n_centroids_config, + 'block_sizes_config': self.block_sizes_config, + 'layers_to_quantize': self.layers_to_quantize, + 'epoch_schedule': self.epoch_schedule, + 'update_schedule': self.update_schedule, + 'quantization_step': self.quantization_step, + } + + def load_state_dict(self, state_dict): + self.n_centroids_config = state_dict['n_centroids_config'] + self.block_sizes_config = state_dict['block_sizes_config'] + self.layers_to_quantize = state_dict['layers_to_quantize'] + self.epoch_schedule = state_dict['epoch_schedule'] + self.update_schedule = state_dict['update_schedule'] + self.quantization_step = state_dict['quantization_step'] diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/registry.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/registry.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ed24258c57713075fd42383a8bfa9461c45cf1b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/registry.py @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import argparse + + +REGISTRIES = {} + + +def setup_registry( + registry_name: str, + base_class=None, + default=None, +): + assert registry_name.startswith('--') + registry_name = registry_name[2:].replace('-', '_') + + REGISTRY = {} + REGISTRY_CLASS_NAMES = set() + + # maintain a registry of all registries + if registry_name in REGISTRIES: + return # registry already exists + REGISTRIES[registry_name] = { + 'registry': REGISTRY, + 'default': default, + } + + def build_x(args, *extra_args, **extra_kwargs): + choice = getattr(args, registry_name, None) + if choice is None: + return None + cls = REGISTRY[choice] + if hasattr(cls, 'build_' + registry_name): + builder = getattr(cls, 'build_' + registry_name) + else: + builder = cls + set_defaults(args, cls) + return builder(args, *extra_args, **extra_kwargs) + + def register_x(name): + + def register_x_cls(cls): + if name in REGISTRY: + raise ValueError('Cannot register duplicate {} ({})'.format(registry_name, name)) + if cls.__name__ in REGISTRY_CLASS_NAMES: + raise ValueError( + 'Cannot register {} with duplicate class name ({})'.format( + registry_name, cls.__name__, + ) + ) + if base_class is not None and not issubclass(cls, base_class): + raise ValueError('{} must extend {}'.format(cls.__name__, base_class.__name__)) + REGISTRY[name] = cls + REGISTRY_CLASS_NAMES.add(cls.__name__) + return cls + + return register_x_cls + + return build_x, register_x, REGISTRY + + +def set_defaults(args, cls): + """Helper to set default arguments based on *add_args*.""" + if not hasattr(cls, 'add_args'): + return + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(argument_default=argparse.SUPPRESS, allow_abbrev=False) + cls.add_args(parser) + # copied from argparse.py: + defaults = argparse.Namespace() + for action in parser._actions: + if action.dest is not argparse.SUPPRESS: + if not hasattr(defaults, action.dest): + if action.default is not argparse.SUPPRESS: + setattr(defaults, action.dest, action.default) + for key, default_value in vars(defaults).items(): + if not hasattr(args, key): + setattr(args, key, default_value) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/search.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/search.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8dee3ca0497716422f9e948b97662aaf1d4e544 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/search.py @@ -0,0 +1,341 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math +from typing import Optional, List + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +from torch import Tensor + + +class Search(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, tgt_dict): + super().__init__() + self.pad = tgt_dict.pad() + self.unk = tgt_dict.unk() + self.eos = tgt_dict.eos() + self.vocab_size = len(tgt_dict) + self.src_lengths = torch.tensor(-1) + + def step(self, step, lprobs, scores): + """Take a single search step. + + Args: + step: the current search step, starting at 0 + lprobs: (bsz x input_beam_size x vocab_size) + the model's log-probabilities over the vocabulary at the current step + scores: (bsz x input_beam_size x step) + the historical model scores of each hypothesis up to this point + + Return: A tuple of (scores, indices, beams) where: + scores: (bsz x output_beam_size) + the scores of the chosen elements; output_beam_size can be + larger than input_beam_size, e.g., we may return + 2*input_beam_size to account for EOS + indices: (bsz x output_beam_size) + the indices of the chosen elements + beams: (bsz x output_beam_size) + the hypothesis ids of the chosen elements, in the range [0, input_beam_size) + """ + raise NotImplementedError + + @torch.jit.export + def set_src_lengths(self, src_lengths): + self.src_lengths = src_lengths + + +class BeamSearch(Search): + def __init__(self, tgt_dict): + super().__init__(tgt_dict) + + @torch.jit.export + def step(self, step: int, lprobs, scores: Optional[Tensor]): + bsz, beam_size, vocab_size = lprobs.size() + + if step == 0: + # at the first step all hypotheses are equally likely, so use + # only the first beam + lprobs = lprobs[:, ::beam_size, :].contiguous() + else: + # make probs contain cumulative scores for each hypothesis + assert scores is not None + lprobs = lprobs + scores[:, :, step - 1].unsqueeze(-1) + + top_prediction = torch.topk( + lprobs.view(bsz, -1), + k=min( + # Take the best 2 x beam_size predictions. We'll choose the first + # beam_size of these which don't predict eos to continue with. + beam_size * 2, + lprobs.view(bsz, -1).size(1) - 1, # -1 so we never select pad + ), + ) + scores_buf = top_prediction[0] + indices_buf = top_prediction[1] + beams_buf = torch.div(indices_buf, vocab_size) + indices_buf = indices_buf.fmod(vocab_size) + return scores_buf, indices_buf, beams_buf + + +class LengthConstrainedBeamSearch(Search): + def __init__(self, tgt_dict, min_len_a, min_len_b, max_len_a, max_len_b): + super().__init__(tgt_dict) + self.min_len_a = min_len_a + self.min_len_b = min_len_b + self.max_len_a = max_len_a + self.max_len_b = max_len_b + self.beam = BeamSearch(tgt_dict) + + def step(self, step: int, lprobs, scores): + min_lens = self.min_len_a * self.src_lengths + self.min_len_b + max_lens = self.max_len_a * self.src_lengths + self.max_len_b + lprobs[step < min_lens, :, self.eos] = -math.inf + lprobs[step == max_lens, :, self.eos] = 0 + lprobs[step > max_lens, :, self.eos] = -math.inf + return self.beam.step(step, lprobs, scores) + + +class DiverseBeamSearch(Search): + """Diverse Beam Search. + + See "Diverse Beam Search: Decoding Diverse Solutions from Neural Sequence + Models" for details. + + We only implement the Hamming Diversity penalty here, which performed best + in the original paper. + """ + + def __init__(self, tgt_dict, num_groups, diversity_strength): + super().__init__(tgt_dict) + self.num_groups = num_groups + self.diversity_strength = -diversity_strength + self.beam = BeamSearch(tgt_dict) + + @torch.jit.export + def step(self, step: int, lprobs, scores): + bsz, beam_size, vocab_size = lprobs.size() + if beam_size % self.num_groups != 0: + raise ValueError( + "DiverseBeamSearch requires --beam to be divisible by the number of groups" + ) + + # initialize diversity penalty + diversity_buf = torch.zeros(lprobs[:, 0, :].size()).to(lprobs) + + scores_G, indices_G, beams_G = [], [], [] + for g in range(self.num_groups): + lprobs_g = lprobs[:, g :: self.num_groups, :] + scores_g = scores[:, g :: self.num_groups, :] if step > 0 else None + + # apply diversity penalty + if g > 0: + lprobs_g = torch.add( + lprobs_g, self.diversity_strength, diversity_buf.unsqueeze(1) + ) + else: + lprobs_g = lprobs_g.contiguous() + + scores_buf, indices_buf, beams_buf = self.beam.step( + step, lprobs_g, scores_g + ) + beams_buf.mul_(self.num_groups).add_(g) + + scores_G.append(scores_buf.clone()) + indices_G.append(indices_buf.clone()) + beams_G.append(beams_buf.clone()) + + # update diversity penalty + diversity_buf.scatter_add_( + 1, indices_buf, torch.ones(indices_buf.size()).to(diversity_buf) + ) + + # interleave results from different groups + scores_buf = torch.stack(scores_G, dim=2).view(bsz, -1) + indices_buf = torch.stack(indices_G, dim=2).view(bsz, -1) + beams_buf = torch.stack(beams_G, dim=2).view(bsz, -1) + return scores_buf, indices_buf, beams_buf + + +class Sampling(Search): + sampling_topk: int + sampling_topp: float + + def __init__(self, tgt_dict, sampling_topk=-1, sampling_topp=-1.0): + super().__init__(tgt_dict) + self.sampling_topk = sampling_topk + self.sampling_topp = sampling_topp + + def _sample_topp(self, lprobs): + """Sample among the smallest set of elements whose cumulative probability mass exceeds p. + + See `"The Curious Case of Neural Text Degeneration" + (Holtzman et al., 2019) `_. + + Args: + lprobs: (bsz x input_beam_size x vocab_size) + the model's log-probabilities over the vocabulary at the current step + + Return: A tuple of (trimed_probs, truncated_indices) where: + trimed_probs: (bsz x input_beam_size x ?) + the model's probabilities over the elements selected to sample from. The + width of the third dimension is determined by top-P. + truncated_indices: (bsz x input_beam_size x ?) + the indices of the chosen elements. + """ + probs = lprobs.exp_() + + # sort the last dimension (vocab dimension) in descending order + sorted_probs, sorted_indices = probs.sort(descending=True) + + # compute a mask to indicate the words to be included in the top-P set. + cumsum_probs = sorted_probs.cumsum(dim=2) + mask = cumsum_probs.lt(self.sampling_topp) + + # note that mask was computed by 'lt'. One more word needs to be included + # so that the cumulative probability mass can exceed p. + cumsum_mask = mask.cumsum(dim=2) + last_included = cumsum_mask[:, :, -1:] + last_included.clamp_(0, mask.size()[2] - 1) + mask = mask.scatter_(2, last_included, 1) + + # truncate unnecessary dims. + max_dim = last_included.max() + truncated_mask = mask[:, :, : max_dim + 1] + truncated_probs = sorted_probs[:, :, : max_dim + 1] + truncated_indices = sorted_indices[:, :, : max_dim + 1] + + # trim the words that are not in top-P by setting their probabilities + # to 0, so that they would not be sampled later. + trim_mask = ~truncated_mask + trimed_probs = truncated_probs.masked_fill_(trim_mask, 0) + return trimed_probs, truncated_indices + + @torch.jit.export + def step(self, step: int, lprobs, scores): + bsz, beam_size, vocab_size = lprobs.size() + + if step == 0: + # at the first step all hypotheses are equally likely, so use + # only the first beam + lprobs = lprobs[:, ::beam_size, :].contiguous() + + if self.sampling_topp > 0: + # only sample from the smallest set of words whose cumulative probability mass exceeds p + probs, top_indices = self._sample_topp(lprobs) + elif self.sampling_topk > 0: + # only sample from top-k candidates + lprobs, top_indices = lprobs.topk(self.sampling_topk) + probs = lprobs.exp_() + else: + probs = lprobs.exp_() + + # dummy data to be consistent with true branch for type check + top_indices = torch.empty(0).to(probs) + # sample + if step == 0: + indices_buf = torch.multinomial( + probs.view(bsz, -1), beam_size, replacement=True, + ).view(bsz, beam_size) + else: + indices_buf = torch.multinomial( + probs.view(bsz * beam_size, -1), + 1, + replacement=True, + ).view(bsz, beam_size) + + if step == 0: + # expand to beam size + probs = probs.expand(bsz, beam_size, -1) + + # gather scores + scores_buf = torch.gather( + probs, dim=2, index=indices_buf.unsqueeze(-1) + ) + scores_buf = scores_buf.log_().view(bsz, -1) + + # remap indices if using top-k or top-P sampling + if self.sampling_topk > 0 or self.sampling_topp > 0: + indices_buf = torch.gather( + top_indices.expand(bsz, beam_size, -1), + dim=2, + index=indices_buf.unsqueeze(-1), + ).squeeze(2) + + if step == 0: + beams_buf = indices_buf.new_zeros(bsz, beam_size) + else: + beams_buf = torch.arange(0, beam_size).to(indices_buf).repeat(bsz, 1) + # make scores cumulative + scores_buf.add_( + torch.gather(scores[:, :, step - 1], dim=1, index=beams_buf) + ) + + return scores_buf, indices_buf, beams_buf + + +class DiverseSiblingsSearch(Search): + """ + Beam search with diverse siblings. + + See "A Simple, Fast Diverse Decoding Algorithm for Neural Generation" for details. + https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.08562 + + 1/ Calculate hypotheses for each beam + 2/ Intra-sibling ordering + 3/ Rewrite scores + 4/ Choose top K hypotheses + + if diversity_rate == 0 is equivalent to BeamSearch + """ + + def __init__(self, tgt_dict, diversity_rate): + super().__init__(tgt_dict) + self.diversity_rate = diversity_rate + self.beam = BeamSearch(tgt_dict) + + def step(self, step: int, lprobs, scores): + bsz, beam_size, vocab_size = lprobs.size() + k = min( + # Take the best 2 x beam_size predictions. We'll choose the first + # beam_size of these which don't predict eos to continue with. + beam_size * 2, + lprobs.view(bsz, -1).size(1) - 1, # -1 so we never select pad + ) + s_list: List[Tensor] + i_list: List[Tensor] + s_list = [torch.empty(0).to(lprobs) for i in range(beam_size)] + i_list = [torch.LongTensor().to(device=lprobs.device) for i in range(beam_size)] + sibling_score = torch.arange(1, k + 1).to(lprobs) * self.diversity_rate + + if step == 0: + return self.beam.step(step, lprobs, scores) + lprobs.add_(scores[:, :, step - 1].unsqueeze(-1)) + + # 1/ Calculate hypotheses for each beam + for i in range(beam_size): + torch.topk(lprobs[:, i, :].view(bsz, -1), k, out=(s_list[i], i_list[i])) + i_list[i].fmod_(vocab_size) + + # 2/ Intra-sibling ordering by default from topk + 3/ Rewrite scores + s_list[i].sub_(sibling_score) + + # 4/ Choose top K hypotheses + indices = torch.stack(i_list, dim=1).view(bsz, -1) + + final_scores = torch.empty(0).to(lprobs) + final_indices = torch.LongTensor().to(device=lprobs.device) + final_beams = torch.LongTensor().to(device=lprobs.device) + (final_scores, final_indices) = torch.topk( + torch.stack(s_list, dim=1).view(bsz, -1), + k, + ) + + final_beams = torch.div(final_indices, k) + + for i in range(bsz): + final_indices[i] = indices[i][final_indices[i]] + + return final_scores, final_indices, final_beams diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/sequence_generator.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/sequence_generator.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..41c18c6ecfe2be2ec72b208775d7ac0c5e43f6d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/sequence_generator.py @@ -0,0 +1,915 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import math +from typing import Dict, List, Optional + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +from fairseq import search, utils +from fairseq.data import data_utils +from fairseq.models import FairseqIncrementalDecoder +from fairseq.models.fairseq_encoder import EncoderOut +from torch import Tensor + + +class SequenceGenerator(nn.Module): + def __init__( + self, + models, + tgt_dict, + beam_size=1, + max_len_a=0, + max_len_b=200, + min_len=1, + normalize_scores=True, + len_penalty=1.0, + unk_penalty=0.0, + retain_dropout=False, + temperature=1.0, + match_source_len=False, + no_repeat_ngram_size=0, + search_strategy=None, + eos=None, + ): + """Generates translations of a given source sentence. + + Args: + models (List[~fairseq.models.FairseqModel]): ensemble of models, + currently support fairseq.models.TransformerModel for scripting + beam_size (int, optional): beam width (default: 1) + max_len_a/b (int, optional): generate sequences of maximum length + ax + b, where x is the source length + min_len (int, optional): the minimum length of the generated output + (not including end-of-sentence) + normalize_scores (bool, optional): normalize scores by the length + of the output (default: True) + len_penalty (float, optional): length penalty, where <1.0 favors + shorter, >1.0 favors longer sentences (default: 1.0) + unk_penalty (float, optional): unknown word penalty, where <0 + produces more unks, >0 produces fewer (default: 0.0) + retain_dropout (bool, optional): use dropout when generating + (default: False) + temperature (float, optional): temperature, where values + >1.0 produce more uniform samples and values <1.0 produce + sharper samples (default: 1.0) + match_source_len (bool, optional): outputs should match the source + length (default: False) + """ + super().__init__() + if isinstance(models, EnsembleModel): + self.model = models + else: + self.model = EnsembleModel(models) + self.pad = tgt_dict.pad() + self.unk = tgt_dict.unk() + self.eos = tgt_dict.eos() if eos is None else eos + self.vocab_size = len(tgt_dict) + self.beam_size = beam_size + # the max beam size is the dictionary size - 1, since we never select pad + self.beam_size = min(beam_size, self.vocab_size - 1) + self.max_len_a = max_len_a + self.max_len_b = max_len_b + self.min_len = min_len + + self.normalize_scores = normalize_scores + self.len_penalty = len_penalty + self.unk_penalty = unk_penalty + self.retain_dropout = retain_dropout + self.temperature = temperature + self.match_source_len = match_source_len + self.no_repeat_ngram_size = no_repeat_ngram_size + assert temperature > 0, "--temperature must be greater than 0" + + self.search = ( + search.BeamSearch(tgt_dict) if search_strategy is None else search_strategy + ) + if not self.retain_dropout: + self.model.eval() + + def cuda(self): + self.model.cuda() + return self + + @torch.no_grad() + def forward( + self, + sample: Dict[str, Dict[str, Tensor]], + prefix_tokens: Optional[Tensor] = None, + bos_token: Optional[int] = None, + ): + """Generate a batch of translations. + + Args: + sample (dict): batch + prefix_tokens (torch.LongTensor, optional): force decoder to begin + with these tokens + bos_token (int, optional): beginning of sentence token + (default: self.eos) + """ + self.model.reset_incremental_state() + return self._generate(sample, prefix_tokens, bos_token) + + def generate_batched_itr(self, data_itr, beam_size=None, cuda=False, timer=None): + """Iterate over a batched dataset and yield individual translations. + Args: + cuda (bool, optional): use GPU for generation + timer (StopwatchMeter, optional): time generations + """ + for sample in data_itr: + s = utils.move_to_cuda(sample) if cuda else sample + if "net_input" not in s: + continue + input = s["net_input"] + # model.forward normally channels prev_output_tokens into the decoder + # separately, but SequenceGenerator directly calls model.encoder + encoder_input = { + k: v for k, v in input.items() if k != "prev_output_tokens" + } + if timer is not None: + timer.start() + with torch.no_grad(): + hypos = self.generate(encoder_input) + if timer is not None: + timer.stop(sum(len(h[0]["tokens"]) for h in hypos)) + for i, id in enumerate(s["id"].data): + # remove padding + src = utils.strip_pad(input["src_tokens"].data[i, :], self.pad) + ref = ( + utils.strip_pad(s["target"].data[i, :], self.pad) + if s["target"] is not None + else None + ) + yield id, src, ref, hypos[i] + + @torch.no_grad() + def generate(self, models, sample: Dict[str, Dict[str, Tensor]], **kwargs): + """Generate translations. Match the api of other fairseq generators. + + Args: + models (List[~fairseq.models.FairseqModel]): ensemble of models + sample (dict): batch + prefix_tokens (torch.LongTensor, optional): force decoder to begin + with these tokens + bos_token (int, optional): beginning of sentence token + (default: self.eos) + """ + self.model.reset_incremental_state() + return self._generate(sample, **kwargs) + + def _generate( + self, + sample: Dict[str, Dict[str, Tensor]], + prefix_tokens: Optional[Tensor] = None, + bos_token: Optional[int] = None, + ): + + encoder_input: Dict[str, Tensor] = {} + for k, v in sample["net_input"].items(): + if k != "prev_output_tokens": + encoder_input[k] = v + + src_tokens = encoder_input["src_tokens"] + # length of the source text being the character length except EndOfSentence and pad + src_lengths = ( + (src_tokens.ne(self.eos) & src_tokens.ne(self.pad)).long().sum(dim=1) + ) + # bsz: total number of sentences in beam + input_size = src_tokens.size() + bsz, src_len = input_size[0], input_size[1] + beam_size = self.beam_size + + max_len: int = -1 + if self.match_source_len: + max_len = src_lengths.max().item() + else: + max_len = min( + int(self.max_len_a * src_len + self.max_len_b), + # exclude the EOS marker + self.model.max_decoder_positions() - 1, + ) + assert ( + self.min_len <= max_len + ), "min_len cannot be larger than max_len, please adjust these!" + # compute the encoder output for each beam + encoder_outs = self.model.forward_encoder( + src_tokens=encoder_input["src_tokens"], + src_lengths=encoder_input["src_lengths"], + ) + + # placeholder of indices for bsz * beam_size to hold tokens and accumulative scores + new_order = torch.arange(bsz).view(-1, 1).repeat(1, beam_size).view(-1) + new_order = new_order.to(src_tokens.device).long() + encoder_outs = self.model.reorder_encoder_out(encoder_outs, new_order) + # ensure encoder_outs is a List. + assert encoder_outs is not None + + # initialize buffers + scores = ( + torch.zeros(bsz * beam_size, max_len + 1).to(src_tokens).float() + ) # +1 for eos; pad is never choosed for scoring + tokens = ( + torch.zeros(bsz * beam_size, max_len + 2) + .to(src_tokens) + .long() + .fill_(self.pad) + ) # +2 for eos and pad + tokens[:, 0] = self.eos if bos_token is None else bos_token + attn: Optional[Tensor] = None + + # The blacklist indicates candidates that should be ignored. + # For example, suppose we're sampling and have already finalized 2/5 + # samples. Then the blacklist would mark 2 positions as being ignored, + # so that we only finalize the remaining 3 samples. + blacklist = ( + torch.zeros(bsz, beam_size).to(src_tokens).eq(-1) + ) # forward and backward-compatible False mask + + # list of completed sentences + finalized = torch.jit.annotate( + List[List[Dict[str, Tensor]]], + [torch.jit.annotate(List[Dict[str, Tensor]], []) for i in range(bsz)], + ) # contains lists of dictionaries of infomation about the hypothesis being finalized at each step + + finished = [ + False for i in range(bsz) + ] # a boolean array indicating if the sentence at the index is finished or not + num_remaining_sent = bsz # number of sentences remaining + + # number of candidate hypos per step + cand_size = 2 * beam_size # 2 x beam size in case half are EOS + + # offset arrays for converting between different indexing schemes + bbsz_offsets = (torch.arange(0, bsz) * beam_size).unsqueeze(1).type_as(tokens) + cand_offsets = torch.arange(0, cand_size).type_as(tokens) + + reorder_state: Optional[Tensor] = None + batch_idxs: Optional[Tensor] = None + for step in range(max_len + 1): # one extra step for EOS marker + # reorder decoder internal states based on the prev choice of beams + # print(f'step: {step}') + if reorder_state is not None: + if batch_idxs is not None: + # update beam indices to take into account removed sentences + corr = batch_idxs - torch.arange(batch_idxs.numel()).type_as( + batch_idxs + ) + reorder_state.view(-1, beam_size).add_( + corr.unsqueeze(-1) * beam_size + ) + self.model.reorder_incremental_state(reorder_state) + encoder_outs = self.model.reorder_encoder_out( + encoder_outs, reorder_state + ) + + lprobs, avg_attn_scores = self.model.forward_decoder( + tokens[:, : step + 1], encoder_outs, self.temperature + ) + lprobs[lprobs != lprobs] = torch.tensor(-math.inf).to(lprobs) + + lprobs[:, self.pad] = -math.inf # never select pad + lprobs[:, self.unk] -= self.unk_penalty # apply unk penalty + + # handle max length constraint + if step >= max_len: + lprobs[:, : self.eos] = -math.inf + lprobs[:, self.eos + 1 :] = -math.inf + + # handle prefix tokens (possibly with different lengths) + if ( + prefix_tokens is not None + and step < prefix_tokens.size(1) + and step < max_len + ): + lprobs, tokens, scores = self._prefix_tokens( + step, lprobs, scores, tokens, prefix_tokens, beam_size + ) + elif step < self.min_len: + # minimum length constraint (does not apply if using prefix_tokens) + lprobs[:, self.eos] = -math.inf + + # Record attention scores, only support avg_attn_scores is a Tensor + if avg_attn_scores is not None: + if attn is None: + attn = torch.empty( + bsz * beam_size, avg_attn_scores.size(1), max_len + 2 + ).to(scores) + attn[:, :, step + 1].copy_(avg_attn_scores) + + scores = scores.type_as(lprobs) + eos_bbsz_idx = torch.empty(0).to( + tokens + ) # indices of hypothesis ending with eos (finished sentences) + eos_scores = torch.empty(0).to( + scores + ) # scores of hypothesis ending with eos (finished sentences) + + self.search.set_src_lengths(src_lengths) + + if self.no_repeat_ngram_size > 0: + lprobs = self._no_repeat_ngram(tokens, lprobs, bsz, beam_size, step) + + cand_scores, cand_indices, cand_beams = self.search.step( + step, + lprobs.view(bsz, -1, self.vocab_size), + scores.view(bsz, beam_size, -1)[:, :, :step], + ) + + # cand_bbsz_idx contains beam indices for the top candidate + # hypotheses, with a range of values: [0, bsz*beam_size), + # and dimensions: [bsz, cand_size] + cand_bbsz_idx = cand_beams.add(bbsz_offsets) + + # finalize hypotheses that end in eos + eos_mask = cand_indices.eq(self.eos) & cand_scores.ne(-math.inf) + eos_mask[:, :beam_size][blacklist] = torch.tensor(0).to(eos_mask) + + # only consider eos when it's among the top beam_size indices + eos_bbsz_idx = torch.masked_select( + cand_bbsz_idx[:, :beam_size], mask=eos_mask[:, :beam_size] + ) + + finalized_sents: List[int] = [] + if eos_bbsz_idx.numel() > 0: + eos_scores = torch.masked_select( + cand_scores[:, :beam_size], mask=eos_mask[:, :beam_size] + ) + finalized_sents = self.finalize_hypos( + step, + eos_bbsz_idx, + eos_scores, + tokens, + scores, + finalized, + finished, + beam_size, + attn, + src_lengths, + max_len, + ) + num_remaining_sent -= len(finalized_sents) + + assert num_remaining_sent >= 0 + if num_remaining_sent == 0: + break + assert step < max_len + + if len(finalized_sents) > 0: + new_bsz = bsz - len(finalized_sents) + + # construct batch_idxs which holds indices of batches to keep for the next pass + batch_mask = torch.ones(bsz).to(cand_indices) + batch_mask[ + torch.tensor(finalized_sents).to(cand_indices) + ] = torch.tensor(0).to(batch_mask) + batch_idxs = batch_mask.nonzero().squeeze(-1) + + eos_mask = eos_mask[batch_idxs] + cand_beams = cand_beams[batch_idxs] + bbsz_offsets.resize_(new_bsz, 1) + cand_bbsz_idx = cand_beams.add(bbsz_offsets) + cand_scores = cand_scores[batch_idxs] + cand_indices = cand_indices[batch_idxs] + + if prefix_tokens is not None: + prefix_tokens = prefix_tokens[batch_idxs] + src_lengths = src_lengths[batch_idxs] + blacklist = blacklist[batch_idxs] + + scores = scores.view(bsz, -1)[batch_idxs].view(new_bsz * beam_size, -1) + tokens = tokens.view(bsz, -1)[batch_idxs].view(new_bsz * beam_size, -1) + if attn is not None: + attn = attn.view(bsz, -1)[batch_idxs].view( + new_bsz * beam_size, attn.size(1), -1 + ) + bsz = new_bsz + else: + batch_idxs = None + # set active_mask so that values > cand_size indicate eos hypos + # and values < cand_size indicate candidate active hypos. + # After, the min values per row are the top candidate active hypos + + # Rewrite the operator since the element wise or is not supported in torchscript. + + eos_mask[:, :beam_size] = ~((~blacklist) & (~eos_mask[:, :beam_size])) + active_mask = torch.add( + eos_mask.type_as(cand_offsets) * cand_size, + cand_offsets[: eos_mask.size(1)], + ) + + # get the top beam_size active hypotheses, which are just the hypos + # with the smallest values in active_mask + new_blacklist, active_hypos = torch.topk( + active_mask, k=beam_size, dim=1, largest=False + ) + + # update blacklist to ignore any finalized hypos + blacklist = new_blacklist.ge(cand_size)[:, :beam_size] + assert (~blacklist).any(dim=1).all() + + active_bbsz_idx = torch.gather(cand_bbsz_idx, dim=1, index=active_hypos) + active_scores = torch.gather(cand_scores, dim=1, index=active_hypos) + + active_bbsz_idx = active_bbsz_idx.view(-1) + active_scores = active_scores.view(-1) + + # copy tokens and scores for active hypotheses + tokens[:, : step + 1] = torch.index_select( + tokens[:, : step + 1], dim=0, index=active_bbsz_idx + ) + tokens.view(bsz, beam_size, -1)[:, :, step + 1] = torch.gather( + cand_indices, dim=1, index=active_hypos + ) + if step > 0: + scores[:, :step] = torch.index_select( + scores[:, :step], dim=0, index=active_bbsz_idx + ) + scores.view(bsz, beam_size, -1)[:, :, step] = torch.gather( + cand_scores, dim=1, index=active_hypos + ) + + # copy attention for active hypotheses + if attn is not None: + attn[:, :, : step + 2] = torch.index_select( + attn[:, :, : step + 2], dim=0, index=active_bbsz_idx + ) + + # reorder incremental state in decoder + reorder_state = active_bbsz_idx + + # sort by score descending + for sent in range(len(finalized)): + # make into beam container + BCList = [ + BeamContainer(elem["score"].item(), elem) for elem in finalized[sent] + ] + BCList.sort() + BCList.reverse() + finalized[sent] = torch.jit.annotate( + List[Dict[str, Tensor]], [x.elem for x in BCList] + ) + + return finalized + + def _prefix_tokens( + self, step: int, lprobs, scores, tokens, prefix_tokens, beam_size: int + ): + """Handle prefix tokens""" + prefix_toks = prefix_tokens[:, step].unsqueeze(-1).repeat(1, beam_size).view(-1) + prefix_lprobs = lprobs.gather(-1, prefix_toks.unsqueeze(-1)) + prefix_mask = prefix_toks.ne(self.pad) + lprobs[prefix_mask] = torch.tensor(-math.inf).to(lprobs) + lprobs[prefix_mask] = lprobs[prefix_mask].scatter( + -1, prefix_toks[prefix_mask].unsqueeze(-1), prefix_lprobs[prefix_mask] + ) + # if prefix includes eos, then we should make sure tokens and + # scores are the same across all beams + eos_mask = prefix_toks.eq(self.eos) + if eos_mask.any(): + # validate that the first beam matches the prefix + first_beam = tokens[eos_mask].view(-1, beam_size, tokens.size(-1))[ + :, 0, 1 : step + 1 + ] + eos_mask_batch_dim = eos_mask.view(-1, beam_size)[:, 0] + target_prefix = prefix_tokens[eos_mask_batch_dim][:, :step] + assert (first_beam == target_prefix).all() + + # copy tokens, scores and lprobs from the first beam to all beams + tokens = self.replicate_first_beam(tokens, eos_mask_batch_dim, beam_size) + scores = self.replicate_first_beam(scores, eos_mask_batch_dim, beam_size) + lprobs = self.replicate_first_beam(lprobs, eos_mask_batch_dim, beam_size) + return lprobs, tokens, scores + + def replicate_first_beam(self, tensor, mask, beam_size: int): + tensor = tensor.view(-1, beam_size, tensor.size(-1)) + tensor[mask] = tensor[mask][:, :1, :] + return tensor.view(-1, tensor.size(-1)) + + def finalize_hypos( + self, + step: int, + bbsz_idx, + eos_scores, + tokens, + scores, + finalized: List[List[Dict[str, Tensor]]], + finished: List[bool], + beam_size: int, + attn: Optional[Tensor], + src_lengths, + max_len: int, + ): + """Finalize hypothesis, store finalized information in `finalized`, and change `finished` accordingly. + Returns number of sentences being finalized. + Args: + bbsz_idx (Tensor): + """ + assert bbsz_idx.numel() == eos_scores.numel() + + # clone relevant token and attention tensors + tokens_clone = tokens.index_select(0, bbsz_idx)[ + :, 1 : step + 2 + ] # skip the first index, which is EOS + + tokens_clone[:, step] = self.eos + attn_clone = ( + attn.index_select(0, bbsz_idx)[:, :, 1 : step + 2] + if attn is not None + else None + ) + + # compute scores per token position + pos_scores = scores.index_select(0, bbsz_idx)[:, : step + 1] + pos_scores[:, step] = eos_scores + # convert from cumulative to per-position scores + pos_scores[:, 1:] = pos_scores[:, 1:] - pos_scores[:, :-1] + + # normalize sentence-level scores + if self.normalize_scores: + eos_scores /= (step + 1) ** self.len_penalty + + cum_unfin: List[int] = [] + prev = 0 + for f in finished: + if f: + prev += 1 + else: + cum_unfin.append(prev) + + # set() is not supported in script export + sents_seen: Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]] = {} + for i in range(bbsz_idx.size()[0]): + idx = bbsz_idx[i] + score = eos_scores[i] + unfin_idx = idx // beam_size + sent = unfin_idx + cum_unfin[unfin_idx] + # Cannot create dict for key type '(int, int)' in torchscript. + # The workaround is to cast int to string + seen = str(sent.item()) + "_" + str(unfin_idx.item()) + if seen not in sents_seen: + sents_seen[seen] = None + + if self.match_source_len and step > src_lengths[unfin_idx]: + score = torch.tensor(-math.inf).to(score) + + if len(finalized[sent]) < beam_size: + if attn_clone is not None: + # remove padding tokens from attn scores + hypo_attn = attn_clone[i] + else: + hypo_attn = torch.empty(0) + finalized[sent].append( + { + "tokens": tokens_clone[i], + "score": score, + "attention": hypo_attn, # src_len x tgt_len + "alignment": torch.empty(0), + "positional_scores": pos_scores[i], + } + ) + + newly_finished: List[int] = [] + for seen in sents_seen.keys(): + # check termination conditions for this sentence + sent: int = int(float(seen.split("_")[0])) + unfin_idx: int = int(float(seen.split("_")[1])) + if not finished[sent] and self.is_finished( + step, unfin_idx, max_len, len(finalized[sent]), beam_size + ): + finished[sent] = True + newly_finished.append(unfin_idx) + return newly_finished + + def is_finished( + self, + step: int, + unfin_idx: int, + max_len: int, + finalized_sent_len: int, + beam_size: int, + ): + """ + Check whether we've finished generation for a given sentence, by + comparing the worst score among finalized hypotheses to the best + possible score among unfinalized hypotheses. + """ + assert finalized_sent_len <= beam_size + if finalized_sent_len == beam_size or step == max_len: + return True + return False + + def calculate_banned_tokens( + self, + tokens, + step: int, + gen_ngrams: List[Dict[str, List[int]]], + no_repeat_ngram_size: int, + bbsz_idx: int, + ): + tokens_list: List[int] = tokens[ + bbsz_idx, step + 2 - no_repeat_ngram_size : step + 1 + ].tolist() + # before decoding the next token, prevent decoding of ngrams that have already appeared + ngram_index = ",".join([str(x) for x in tokens_list]) + return gen_ngrams[bbsz_idx].get(ngram_index, torch.jit.annotate(List[int], [])) + + def transpose_list(self, l: List[List[int]]): + # GeneratorExp aren't supported in TS so ignoring the lint + min_len = min([len(x) for x in l]) # noqa + l2 = [[row[i] for row in l] for i in range(min_len)] + return l2 + + def _no_repeat_ngram(self, tokens, lprobs, bsz: int, beam_size: int, step: int): + # for each beam and batch sentence, generate a list of previous ngrams + gen_ngrams: List[Dict[str, List[int]]] = [ + torch.jit.annotate(Dict[str, List[int]], {}) + for bbsz_idx in range(bsz * beam_size) + ] + cpu_tokens = tokens.cpu() + for bbsz_idx in range(bsz * beam_size): + gen_tokens: List[int] = cpu_tokens[bbsz_idx].tolist() + for ngram in self.transpose_list( + [gen_tokens[i:] for i in range(self.no_repeat_ngram_size)] + ): + key = ",".join([str(x) for x in ngram[:-1]]) + gen_ngrams[bbsz_idx][key] = gen_ngrams[bbsz_idx].get( + key, torch.jit.annotate(List[int], []) + ) + [ngram[-1]] + + if step + 2 - self.no_repeat_ngram_size >= 0: + # no banned tokens if we haven't generated no_repeat_ngram_size tokens yet + banned_tokens = [ + self.calculate_banned_tokens( + tokens, step, gen_ngrams, self.no_repeat_ngram_size, bbsz_idx + ) + for bbsz_idx in range(bsz * beam_size) + ] + else: + banned_tokens = [ + torch.jit.annotate(List[int], []) for bbsz_idx in range(bsz * beam_size) + ] + for bbsz_idx in range(bsz * beam_size): + lprobs[bbsz_idx][ + torch.tensor(banned_tokens[bbsz_idx]).long() + ] = torch.tensor(-math.inf, dtype=torch.float) + return lprobs + + +class EnsembleModel(nn.Module): + """A wrapper around an ensemble of models.""" + + incremental_states: List[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]] + + def __init__(self, models): + super().__init__() + self.models_size = len(models) + # method '__len__' is not supported in ModuleList for torch script + self.single_model = models[0] + self.models = nn.ModuleList(models) + + self.incremental_states = torch.jit.annotate( + List[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]], + [ + torch.jit.annotate(Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]], {}) + for i in range(self.models_size) + ], + ) + self.has_incremental: bool = False + if all( + hasattr(m, "decoder") and isinstance(m.decoder, FairseqIncrementalDecoder) + for m in models + ): + self.has_incremental = True + + def forward(self): + pass + + def reset_incremental_state(self): + if self.has_incremental_states(): + self.incremental_states = torch.jit.annotate( + List[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]], + [ + torch.jit.annotate(Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]], {}) + for i in range(self.models_size) + ], + ) + return + + def has_encoder(self): + return hasattr(self.single_model, "encoder") + + def has_incremental_states(self): + return self.has_incremental + + def max_decoder_positions(self): + return min([m.max_decoder_positions() for m in self.models]) + + @torch.jit.export + def forward_encoder(self, src_tokens, src_lengths): + if not self.has_encoder(): + return None + return [ + model.encoder(src_tokens=src_tokens, src_lengths=src_lengths) + for model in self.models + ] + + @torch.jit.export + def forward_decoder( + self, tokens, encoder_outs: List[EncoderOut], temperature: float = 1.0 + ): + log_probs = [] + avg_attn: Optional[Tensor] = None + encoder_out: Optional[EncoderOut] = None + for i, model in enumerate(self.models): + if self.has_encoder(): + encoder_out = encoder_outs[i] + # decode each model + if self.has_incremental_states(): + decoder_out = model.decoder.forward( + tokens, + encoder_out=encoder_out, + incremental_state=self.incremental_states[i], + ) + else: + decoder_out = model.decoder.forward(tokens, encoder_out=encoder_out) + + attn: Optional[Tensor] = None + decoder_len = len(decoder_out) + if decoder_len > 1 and decoder_out[1] is not None: + if isinstance(decoder_out[1], Tensor): + attn = decoder_out[1] + else: + attn_holder = decoder_out[1]["attn"] + if isinstance(attn_holder, Tensor): + attn = attn_holder + elif attn_holder is not None: + attn = attn_holder[0] + if attn is not None: + attn = attn[:, -1, :] + + decoder_out_tuple = ( + decoder_out[0][:, -1:, :].div_(temperature), + None if decoder_len <= 1 else decoder_out[1], + ) + + probs = model.get_normalized_probs( + decoder_out_tuple, log_probs=True, sample=None + ) + probs = probs[:, -1, :] + if self.models_size == 1: + return probs, attn + + log_probs.append(probs) + if attn is not None: + if avg_attn is None: + avg_attn = attn + else: + avg_attn.add_(attn) + avg_probs = torch.logsumexp(torch.stack(log_probs, dim=0), dim=0) - math.log( + self.models_size + ) + if avg_attn is not None: + avg_attn.div_(self.models_size) + return avg_probs, avg_attn + + @torch.jit.export + def reorder_encoder_out(self, encoder_outs: Optional[List[EncoderOut]], new_order): + """ + Reorder encoder output according to *new_order*. + + Args: + encoder_out: output from the ``forward()`` method + new_order (LongTensor): desired order + + Returns: + *encoder_out* rearranged according to *new_order* + """ + new_outs: List[EncoderOut] = [] + if not self.has_encoder(): + return new_outs + for i, model in enumerate(self.models): + assert encoder_outs is not None + new_outs.append( + model.encoder.reorder_encoder_out(encoder_outs[i], new_order) + ) + return new_outs + + @torch.jit.export + def reorder_incremental_state(self, new_order): + if not self.has_incremental_states(): + return + for i, model in enumerate(self.models): + model.decoder.reorder_incremental_state( + self.incremental_states[i], new_order + ) + + +class SequenceGeneratorWithAlignment(SequenceGenerator): + def __init__(self, models, tgt_dict, left_pad_target=False, **kwargs): + """Generates translations of a given source sentence. + + Produces alignments following "Jointly Learning to Align and + Translate with Transformer Models" (Garg et al., EMNLP 2019). + + Args: + left_pad_target (bool, optional): Whether or not the + hypothesis should be left padded or not when they are + teacher forced for generating alignments. + """ + super().__init__(EnsembleModelWithAlignment(models), tgt_dict, **kwargs) + self.left_pad_target = left_pad_target + + @torch.no_grad() + def generate(self, models, sample, **kwargs): + self.model.reset_incremental_state() + finalized = super()._generate(sample, **kwargs) + + src_tokens = sample["net_input"]["src_tokens"] + bsz = src_tokens.shape[0] + beam_size = self.beam_size + src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens, tgt_tokens = self._prepare_batch_for_alignment( + sample, finalized + ) + if any(getattr(m, "full_context_alignment", False) for m in self.model.models): + attn = self.model.forward_align(src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens) + else: + attn = [ + finalized[i // beam_size][i % beam_size]["attention"].transpose(1, 0) + for i in range(bsz * beam_size) + ] + + # Process the attn matrix to extract hard alignments. + for i in range(bsz * beam_size): + alignment = utils.extract_hard_alignment( + attn[i], src_tokens[i], tgt_tokens[i], self.pad, self.eos + ) + finalized[i // beam_size][i % beam_size]["alignment"] = alignment + return finalized + + def _prepare_batch_for_alignment(self, sample, hypothesis): + src_tokens = sample["net_input"]["src_tokens"] + bsz = src_tokens.shape[0] + src_tokens = ( + src_tokens[:, None, :] + .expand(-1, self.beam_size, -1) + .contiguous() + .view(bsz * self.beam_size, -1) + ) + src_lengths = sample["net_input"]["src_lengths"] + src_lengths = ( + src_lengths[:, None] + .expand(-1, self.beam_size) + .contiguous() + .view(bsz * self.beam_size) + ) + prev_output_tokens = data_utils.collate_tokens( + [beam["tokens"] for example in hypothesis for beam in example], + self.pad, + self.eos, + self.left_pad_target, + move_eos_to_beginning=True, + ) + tgt_tokens = data_utils.collate_tokens( + [beam["tokens"] for example in hypothesis for beam in example], + self.pad, + self.eos, + self.left_pad_target, + move_eos_to_beginning=False, + ) + return src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens, tgt_tokens + + +class EnsembleModelWithAlignment(EnsembleModel): + """A wrapper around an ensemble of models.""" + + def __init__(self, models): + super().__init__(models) + + def forward_align(self, src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens): + avg_attn = None + for model in self.models: + decoder_out = model(src_tokens, src_lengths, prev_output_tokens) + attn = decoder_out[1]["attn"] + if avg_attn is None: + avg_attn = attn + else: + avg_attn.add_(attn) + if len(self.models) > 1: + avg_attn.div_(len(self.models)) + return avg_attn + + +@torch.jit.script +class BeamContainer(object): + def __init__(self, score: float, elem: Dict[str, Tensor]): + self.score = score + self.elem = elem + + def __lt__(self, other): + # type: (BeamContainer) -> bool + # Due to https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/20388, + # this has to use old style type annotations + # Match original behavior of sorted function when two scores are equal. + return self.score <= other.score diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/sequence_scorer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/sequence_scorer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..deaf86f3ceea89a9e5b3e6758eea5bbe2f5903d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/sequence_scorer.py @@ -0,0 +1,127 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import sys + +from fairseq import utils + + +class SequenceScorer(object): + """Scores the target for a given source sentence.""" + + def __init__(self, tgt_dict, softmax_batch=None, compute_alignment=False, eos=None): + self.pad = tgt_dict.pad() + self.eos = tgt_dict.eos() if eos is None else eos + self.softmax_batch = softmax_batch or sys.maxsize + assert self.softmax_batch > 0 + self.compute_alignment = compute_alignment + + @torch.no_grad() + def generate(self, models, sample, **kwargs): + """Score a batch of translations.""" + net_input = sample['net_input'] + + def batch_for_softmax(dec_out, target): + # assumes decoder_out[0] is the only thing needed (may not be correct for future models!) + first, rest = dec_out[0], dec_out[1:] + bsz, tsz, dim = first.shape + if bsz * tsz < self.softmax_batch: + yield dec_out, target, True + else: + flat = first.contiguous().view(1, -1, dim) + flat_tgt = target.contiguous().view(flat.shape[:-1]) + s = 0 + while s < flat.size(1): + e = s + self.softmax_batch + yield (flat[:, s:e],) + rest, flat_tgt[:, s:e], False + s = e + + def gather_target_probs(probs, target): + probs = probs.gather( + dim=2, + index=target.unsqueeze(-1), + ) + return probs + + orig_target = sample['target'] + + # compute scores for each model in the ensemble + avg_probs = None + avg_attn = None + for model in models: + model.eval() + decoder_out = model(**net_input) + attn = decoder_out[1] if len(decoder_out) > 1 else None + if type(attn) is dict: + attn = attn.get('attn', None) + + batched = batch_for_softmax(decoder_out, orig_target) + probs, idx = None, 0 + for bd, tgt, is_single in batched: + sample['target'] = tgt + curr_prob = model.get_normalized_probs(bd, log_probs=len(models) == 1, sample=sample).data + if is_single: + probs = gather_target_probs(curr_prob, orig_target) + else: + if probs is None: + probs = curr_prob.new(orig_target.numel()) + step = curr_prob.size(0) * curr_prob.size(1) + end = step + idx + tgt_probs = gather_target_probs(curr_prob.view(tgt.shape + (curr_prob.size(-1),)), tgt) + probs[idx:end] = tgt_probs.view(-1) + idx = end + sample['target'] = orig_target + + probs = probs.view(sample['target'].shape) + + if avg_probs is None: + avg_probs = probs + else: + avg_probs.add_(probs) + if attn is not None and torch.is_tensor(attn): + attn = attn.data + if avg_attn is None: + avg_attn = attn + else: + avg_attn.add_(attn) + if len(models) > 1: + avg_probs.div_(len(models)) + avg_probs.log_() + if avg_attn is not None: + avg_attn.div_(len(models)) + + bsz = avg_probs.size(0) + hypos = [] + start_idxs = sample['start_indices'] if 'start_indices' in sample else [0] * bsz + for i in range(bsz): + # remove padding from ref + ref = utils.strip_pad(sample['target'][i, start_idxs[i]:], self.pad) \ + if sample['target'] is not None else None + tgt_len = ref.numel() + avg_probs_i = avg_probs[i][start_idxs[i]:start_idxs[i] + tgt_len] + score_i = avg_probs_i.sum() / tgt_len + if avg_attn is not None: + avg_attn_i = avg_attn[i] + if self.compute_alignment: + alignment = utils.extract_hard_alignment( + avg_attn_i, + sample['net_input']['src_tokens'][i], + sample['target'][i], + self.pad, + self.eos, + ) + else: + alignment = None + else: + avg_attn_i = alignment = None + hypos.append([{ + 'tokens': ref, + 'score': score_i, + 'attention': avg_attn_i, + 'alignment': alignment, + 'positional_scores': avg_probs_i, + }]) + return hypos diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1bb404f1c31cb8ce02bdf88e5063da209853151 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import argparse +import importlib +import os + +from .fairseq_task import FairseqTask + +TASK_REGISTRY = {} +TASK_CLASS_NAMES = set() + + +def setup_task(args, **kwargs): + return TASK_REGISTRY[args.task].setup_task(args, **kwargs) + + +def register_task(name): + """ + New tasks can be added to fairseq with the + :func:`~fairseq.tasks.register_task` function decorator. + + For example:: + + @register_task('classification') + class ClassificationTask(FairseqTask): + (...) + + .. note:: + + All Tasks must implement the :class:`~fairseq.tasks.FairseqTask` + interface. + + Please see the + + Args: + name (str): the name of the task + """ + + def register_task_cls(cls): + if name in TASK_REGISTRY: + raise ValueError('Cannot register duplicate task ({})'.format(name)) + if not issubclass(cls, FairseqTask): + raise ValueError('Task ({}: {}) must extend FairseqTask'.format(name, cls.__name__)) + if cls.__name__ in TASK_CLASS_NAMES: + raise ValueError('Cannot register task with duplicate class name ({})'.format(cls.__name__)) + TASK_REGISTRY[name] = cls + TASK_CLASS_NAMES.add(cls.__name__) + return cls + + return register_task_cls + + +def get_task(name): + return TASK_REGISTRY[name] + + +# automatically import any Python files in the tasks/ directory +tasks_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__) +for file in os.listdir(tasks_dir): + path = os.path.join(tasks_dir, file) + if ( + not file.startswith('_') + and not file.startswith('.') + and (file.endswith('.py') or os.path.isdir(path)) + ): + task_name = file[:file.find('.py')] if file.endswith('.py') else file + importlib.import_module('fairseq.tasks.' + task_name) + + # expose `task_parser` for sphinx + if task_name in TASK_REGISTRY: + parser = 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the root directory of this source tree. + +import os + +from fairseq.data import FileAudioDataset +from . import FairseqTask, register_task + + +@register_task('audio_pretraining') +class AudioPretrainingTask(FairseqTask): + """ + + """ + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument('data', help='path to data directory') + parser.add_argument('--sample-rate', default=16000, type=int, + help='target sample rate. audio files will be up/down sampled to this rate') + parser.add_argument('--max-sample-size', default=None, type=int, + help='max sample size to crop to for batching. default = min sample length') + parser.add_argument('--min-sample-size', default=None, type=int, + help='min sample size to crop to for batching. default = same as --max-sample-size') + + def __init__(self, args): + super().__init__(args) + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, **kwargs): + """Setup the task (e.g., load dictionaries). + + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): parsed command-line arguments + """ + return cls(args) + + def load_dataset(self, split, **kwargs): + """Load a given dataset split. + + Args: + split (str): name of the split (e.g., train, valid, test) + """ + + manifest = os.path.join(self.args.data, '{}.tsv'.format(split)) + self.datasets[split] = FileAudioDataset(manifest, + sample_rate=self.args.sample_rate, + max_sample_size=self.args.max_sample_size, + min_sample_size=self.args.min_sample_size) + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + """Return the :class:`~fairseq.data.Dictionary` for the language + model.""" + return None diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/cross_lingual_lm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/cross_lingual_lm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3589492f1115641712489b7982876fda3cc39317 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/cross_lingual_lm.py @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from collections import OrderedDict +import itertools +import logging +import os + +import numpy as np + +from fairseq import tokenizer +from fairseq.data.legacy.masked_lm_dictionary import MaskedLMDictionary + +from fairseq.data import ( + Dictionary, + ConcatDataset, + data_utils, + TokenBlockDataset, +) +from fairseq.data.legacy.masked_lm_dataset import MaskedLMDataset +from fairseq.data.multi_corpus_sampled_dataset import MultiCorpusSampledDataset +from fairseq.tasks import FairseqTask, register_task +from fairseq import utils + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_task('cross_lingual_lm') +class CrossLingualLMTask(FairseqTask): + """ + Task for training cross-lingual language models. + + For more details look at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.07291.pdf + + Args: + dictionary (Dictionary): the dictionary for the input of the task + """ + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument('data', help='colon separated path to data directories list, \ + will be iterated upon during epochs in round-robin manner') + parser.add_argument('--tokens-per-sample', default=512, type=int, + help='max number of total tokens over all segments' + ' per sample') + parser.add_argument('--monolingual-langs', default='en', type=str, + help='comma separated list of languages for which we' + ' want to train XLM on') + parser.add_argument('--shuffle', action='store_true', + help='shuffle each monolingual dataset while' + ' training') + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary): + super().__init__(args) + self.dictionary = dictionary + self.seed = args.seed + self.distributed_world_size = args.distributed_world_size + self.langs2id = self._lang_to_id(args.monolingual_langs) + + def _lang_to_id( + self, + languages: str + ): + """ + Build a map from languages to ids. These ids are used as segment labels + for cross-lingual LM training. + """ + lang2id = {} + langs = [l.strip() for l in languages.split(',')] + for id, lang in enumerate(langs): + lang2id[lang] = id + return lang2id + + @classmethod + def load_dictionary(cls, filename): + return MaskedLMDictionary.load(filename) + + @classmethod + def build_dictionary(cls, filenames, workers=1, threshold=-1, nwords=-1, padding_factor=8): + d = MaskedLMDictionary() + for filename in filenames: + Dictionary.add_file_to_dictionary(filename, d, tokenizer.tokenize_line, workers) + d.finalize(threshold=threshold, nwords=nwords, padding_factor=padding_factor) + return d + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, **kwargs): + """Setup the task.""" + dictionary = MaskedLMDictionary.load(os.path.join(args.data, 'dict.txt')) + logger.info('dictionary: {} types'.format(len(dictionary))) + return cls(args, dictionary) + + def _load_single_lang_dataset(self, split, epoch): + loaded_datasets = [] + + paths = utils.split_paths(self.args.data) + assert len(paths) > 0 + data_path = paths[(epoch - 1) % len(paths)] + + for k in itertools.count(): + split_k = split + (str(k) if k > 0 else '') + path = os.path.join(data_path, split_k) + + ds = data_utils.load_indexed_dataset(path, self.dictionary, self.args.dataset_impl) + if ds is None: + if k > 0: + break + else: + raise FileNotFoundError('Dataset not found: {} ({})'.format(split, data_path)) + + # Since we append each block with the classification_token, + # we need to effectively create blocks of length + # tokens_per_sample-1 + loaded_datasets.append( + TokenBlockDataset( + ds, ds.sizes, self.args.tokens_per_sample - 1, + pad=self.dictionary.pad(), eos=self.dictionary.eos(), + ) + ) + + logger.info('{} {} {} examples'.format(data_path, split_k, len(loaded_datasets[-1]))) + + if len(loaded_datasets) == 1: + dataset = loaded_datasets[0] + sizes = dataset.sizes + else: + dataset = ConcatDataset(loaded_datasets) + sizes = np.concatenate([ds.sizes for ds in loaded_datasets]) + + return dataset, sizes + + def load_dataset(self, split, epoch=1, combine=False, **kwargs): + """Load a given dataset split. + + Args: + split (str): name of the split (e.g., train, valid, test) + """ + dataset_map = OrderedDict() + + for lang in self.langs2id.keys(): + # Datasets are expected to be in "split.lang" format (Eg: train.en) + language_split = '{}.{}'.format(split, lang) + + block_dataset, sizes = self._load_single_lang_dataset(split=language_split, epoch=epoch) + + dataset_map[lang] = MaskedLMDataset( + dataset=block_dataset, + sizes=sizes, + vocab=self.dictionary, + pad_idx=self.dictionary.pad(), + mask_idx=self.dictionary.mask(), + classif_token_idx=self.dictionary.eos(), + sep_token_idx=self.dictionary.eos(), + shuffle=getattr(self.args, 'shuffle', False), + has_pairs=False, + segment_id=self.langs2id[lang], + seed=self.seed, + ) + + self.datasets[split] = MultiCorpusSampledDataset(dataset_map) + logger.info('{} {} {} examples'.format( + utils.split_paths(self.args.data)[epoch - 1], split, len(self.datasets[split])) + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/denoising.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/denoising.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28beb517f2c6902edf51bd697a9dbe3e8d110b75 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/denoising.py @@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging +import os + +from fairseq.data import ( + data_utils, + Dictionary, + AppendTokenDataset, + DenoisingDataset, + PrependTokenDataset, + StripTokenDataset, + TokenBlockDataset, +) +from fairseq.data.encoders.utils import get_whole_word_mask +from fairseq.tasks import FairseqTask, register_task +from fairseq import utils + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_task('denoising') +class DenoisingTask(FairseqTask): + """ + Denoising task for applying sequence to sequence denoising. (ie. BART) + """ + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument('data', help='path to data directory') + parser.add_argument('--tokens-per-sample', default=512, type=int, + help='max number of total tokens over all segments' + ' per sample for dataset') + parser.add_argument( + '--sample-break-mode', default="complete_doc", type=str, + help='mode for breaking sentence', + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--mask', default=0.0, type=float, + help='fraction of words/subwords that will be masked', + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--mask-random', default=0.0, type=float, + help='instead of using [MASK], use random token this often' + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--insert', default=0.0, type=float, + help='insert this percentage of additional random tokens', + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--permute', default=0.0, type=float, + help='take this proportion of subwords and permute them', + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--rotate', default=0.5, type=float, + help='rotate this proportion of inputs', + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--poisson-lambda', default=3.0, type=float, + help='randomly shuffle sentences for this proportion of inputs' + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--permute-sentences', default=0.0, type=float, + help='shuffle this proportion of sentences in all inputs' + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--mask-length', default="subword", type=str, + choices=['subword', 'word', 'span-poisson'], + help='mask length to choose' + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--replace-length', default=-1, type=int, + help='when masking N tokens, replace with 0, 1, or N tokens (use -1 for N)' + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--max-source-positions', default=1024, type=int, metavar='N', + help='max number of tokens in the source sequence' + ) + parser.add_argument( + '--max-target-positions', default=1024, type=int, metavar='N', + help='max number of tokens in the target sequence' + ) + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary): + super().__init__(args) + self.dictionary = dictionary + self.seed = args.seed + + # add mask token + self.mask_idx = self.dictionary.add_symbol('') + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, **kwargs): + """Setup the task. + """ + dictionary = Dictionary.load(os.path.join(args.data, 'dict.txt')) + logger.info('dictionary: {} types'.format(len(dictionary))) + if not hasattr(args, 'shuffle_instance'): + args.shuffle_instance = False + return cls(args, dictionary) + + def load_dataset(self, split, epoch=1, combine=False, **kwargs): + """Load a given dataset split. + + Args: + split (str): name of the split (e.g., train, valid, test) + """ + paths = utils.split_paths(self.args.data) + assert len(paths) > 0 + data_path = paths[(epoch - 1) % len(paths)] + split_path = os.path.join(data_path, split) + + dataset = data_utils.load_indexed_dataset( + split_path, + self.dictionary, + self.args.dataset_impl, + combine=combine, + ) + if dataset is None: + raise FileNotFoundError('Dataset not found: {} ({})'.format(split, split_path)) + + dataset = StripTokenDataset(dataset, self.dictionary.eos()) + + # create continuous blocks of tokens + dataset = TokenBlockDataset( + dataset, + dataset.sizes, + self.args.tokens_per_sample - 2, # one less for and one for + pad=self.dictionary.pad(), + eos=self.dictionary.eos(), + break_mode=self.args.sample_break_mode, + document_sep_len=0 + ) + + # prepend beginning-of-sentence token (, equiv. to [CLS] in BERT) + dataset = PrependTokenDataset(dataset, self.source_dictionary.bos()) + dataset = AppendTokenDataset(dataset, self.source_dictionary.eos()) + + mask_whole_words = get_whole_word_mask(self.args, self.source_dictionary) \ + if self.args.mask_length != 'subword' else None + + self.datasets[split] = DenoisingDataset( + dataset, dataset.sizes, self.dictionary, self.mask_idx, + mask_whole_words, shuffle=self.args.shuffle_instance, + seed=self.seed, args=self.args + ) + logger.info( + "Split: {0}, Loaded {1} samples of denoising_dataset".format( + split, + len(self.datasets[split]), + ) + ) + + def max_positions(self): + """Return the max sentence length allowed by the task.""" + return (self.args.max_source_positions, self.args.max_target_positions) + + @property + def source_dictionary(self): + """Return the source :class:`~fairseq.data.Dictionary`.""" + return self.dictionary + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + """Return the target :class:`~fairseq.data.Dictionary`.""" + return self.dictionary diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/fairseq_task.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/fairseq_task.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de8d3f75c76416066a0653339d29992bb2b432e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/fairseq_task.py @@ -0,0 +1,420 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import warnings + +import torch + +from fairseq import metrics, search, tokenizer, utils +from fairseq.data import data_utils, FairseqDataset, iterators, Dictionary + + +class FairseqTask(object): + """ + Tasks store dictionaries and provide helpers for loading/iterating over + Datasets, initializing the Model/Criterion and calculating the loss. + """ + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + pass + + @staticmethod + def logging_outputs_can_be_summed(criterion) -> bool: + """ + Whether the logging outputs returned by `train_step` and `valid_step` can + be summed across workers prior to calling `aggregate_logging_outputs`. + Setting this to True will improves distributed training speed. + """ + return criterion.logging_outputs_can_be_summed() + + def __init__(self, args): + self.args = args + self.datasets = {} + self.dataset_to_epoch_iter = {} + + @classmethod + def load_dictionary(cls, filename): + """Load the dictionary from the filename + + Args: + filename (str): the filename + """ + return Dictionary.load(filename) + + @classmethod + def build_dictionary( + cls, filenames, workers=1, threshold=-1, nwords=-1, padding_factor=8 + ): + """Build the dictionary + + Args: + filenames (list): list of filenames + workers (int): number of concurrent workers + threshold (int): defines the minimum word count + nwords (int): defines the total number of words in the final dictionary, + including special symbols + padding_factor (int): can be used to pad the dictionary size to be a + multiple of 8, which is important on some hardware (e.g., Nvidia + Tensor Cores). + """ + d = Dictionary() + for filename in filenames: + Dictionary.add_file_to_dictionary( + filename, d, tokenizer.tokenize_line, workers + ) + d.finalize(threshold=threshold, nwords=nwords, padding_factor=padding_factor) + return d + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, **kwargs): + """Setup the task (e.g., load dictionaries). + + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): parsed command-line arguments + """ + return cls(args, **kwargs) + + def load_dataset(self, split, combine=False, **kwargs): + """Load a given dataset split. + + Args: + split (str): name of the split (e.g., train, valid, test) + """ + raise NotImplementedError + + def dataset(self, split): + """ + Return a loaded dataset split. + + Args: + split (str): name of the split (e.g., train, valid, test) + + Returns: + a :class:`~fairseq.data.FairseqDataset` corresponding to *split* + """ + from fairseq.data import FairseqDataset + + if split not in self.datasets: + raise KeyError("Dataset not loaded: " + split) + if not isinstance(self.datasets[split], FairseqDataset): + raise TypeError("Datasets are expected to be of type FairseqDataset") + return self.datasets[split] + + def get_batch_iterator( + self, + dataset, + max_tokens=None, + max_sentences=None, + max_positions=None, + ignore_invalid_inputs=False, + required_batch_size_multiple=1, + seed=1, + num_shards=1, + shard_id=0, + num_workers=0, + epoch=1 + ): + """ + Get an iterator that yields batches of data from the given dataset. + + Args: + dataset (~fairseq.data.FairseqDataset): dataset to batch + max_tokens (int, optional): max number of tokens in each batch + (default: None). + max_sentences (int, optional): max number of sentences in each + batch (default: None). + max_positions (optional): max sentence length supported by the + model (default: None). + ignore_invalid_inputs (bool, optional): don't raise Exception for + sentences that are too long (default: False). + required_batch_size_multiple (int, optional): require batch size to + be a multiple of N (default: 1). + seed (int, optional): seed for random number generator for + reproducibility (default: 1). + num_shards (int, optional): shard the data iterator into N + shards (default: 1). + shard_id (int, optional): which shard of the data iterator to + return (default: 0). + num_workers (int, optional): how many subprocesses to use for data + loading. 0 means the data will be loaded in the main process + (default: 0). + epoch (int, optional): the epoch to start the iterator from + (default: 1). + Returns: + ~fairseq.iterators.EpochBatchIterator: a batched iterator over the + given dataset split + """ + # For default fairseq task, return same iterator across epochs + # as datasets are not dynamic, can be overridden in task specific + # setting. + if dataset in self.dataset_to_epoch_iter: + return self.dataset_to_epoch_iter[dataset] + + assert isinstance(dataset, FairseqDataset) + + # initialize the dataset with the correct starting epoch + dataset.set_epoch(epoch) + + # get indices ordered by example size + with data_utils.numpy_seed(seed): + indices = dataset.ordered_indices() + + # filter examples that are too large + if max_positions is not None: + indices = data_utils.filter_by_size( + indices, + dataset, + max_positions, + raise_exception=(not ignore_invalid_inputs), + ) + + # create mini-batches with given size constraints + batch_sampler = data_utils.batch_by_size( + indices, + dataset.num_tokens, + max_tokens=max_tokens, + max_sentences=max_sentences, + required_batch_size_multiple=required_batch_size_multiple, + ) + + # return a reusable, sharded iterator + epoch_iter = iterators.EpochBatchIterator( + dataset=dataset, + collate_fn=dataset.collater, + batch_sampler=batch_sampler, + seed=seed, + num_shards=num_shards, + shard_id=shard_id, + num_workers=num_workers, + epoch=epoch, + buffer_size=getattr(self.args, 'data_buffer_size', 0) + ) + self.dataset_to_epoch_iter[dataset] = epoch_iter + return epoch_iter + + def build_model(self, args): + """ + Build the :class:`~fairseq.models.BaseFairseqModel` instance for this + task. + + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): parsed command-line arguments + + Returns: + a :class:`~fairseq.models.BaseFairseqModel` instance + """ + from fairseq import models, quantization_utils + + model = models.build_model(args, self) + return quantization_utils.quantize_model_scalar(model, args) + + def build_criterion(self, args): + """ + Build the :class:`~fairseq.criterions.FairseqCriterion` instance for + this task. + + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): parsed command-line arguments + + Returns: + a :class:`~fairseq.criterions.FairseqCriterion` instance + """ + from fairseq import criterions + + return criterions.build_criterion(args, self) + + def build_generator(self, models, args): + if getattr(args, "score_reference", False): + from fairseq.sequence_scorer import SequenceScorer + + return SequenceScorer( + self.target_dictionary, + compute_alignment=getattr(args, "print_alignment", False), + ) + + from fairseq.sequence_generator import ( + SequenceGenerator, + SequenceGeneratorWithAlignment, + ) + + # Choose search strategy. Defaults to Beam Search. + sampling = getattr(args, "sampling", False) + sampling_topk = getattr(args, "sampling_topk", -1) + sampling_topp = getattr(args, "sampling_topp", -1.0) + diverse_beam_groups = getattr(args, "diverse_beam_groups", -1) + diverse_beam_strength = getattr(args, "diverse_beam_strength", 0.5) + match_source_len = getattr(args, "match_source_len", False) + diversity_rate = getattr(args, "diversity_rate", -1) + if ( + sum( + int(cond) + for cond in [ + sampling, + diverse_beam_groups > 0, + match_source_len, + diversity_rate > 0, + ] + ) + > 1 + ): + raise ValueError("Provided Search parameters are mutually exclusive.") + assert sampling_topk < 0 or sampling, "--sampling-topk requires --sampling" + assert sampling_topp < 0 or sampling, "--sampling-topp requires --sampling" + + if sampling: + search_strategy = search.Sampling( + self.target_dictionary, sampling_topk, sampling_topp + ) + elif diverse_beam_groups > 0: + search_strategy = search.DiverseBeamSearch( + self.target_dictionary, diverse_beam_groups, diverse_beam_strength + ) + elif match_source_len: + # this is useful for tagging applications where the output + # length should match the input length, so we hardcode the + # length constraints for simplicity + search_strategy = search.LengthConstrainedBeamSearch( + self.target_dictionary, + min_len_a=1, + min_len_b=0, + max_len_a=1, + max_len_b=0, + ) + elif diversity_rate > -1: + search_strategy = search.DiverseSiblingsSearch( + self.target_dictionary, diversity_rate + ) + else: + search_strategy = search.BeamSearch(self.target_dictionary) + + if getattr(args, "print_alignment", False): + seq_gen_cls = SequenceGeneratorWithAlignment + else: + seq_gen_cls = SequenceGenerator + + return seq_gen_cls( + models, + self.target_dictionary, + beam_size=getattr(args, "beam", 5), + max_len_a=getattr(args, "max_len_a", 0), + max_len_b=getattr(args, "max_len_b", 200), + min_len=getattr(args, "min_len", 1), + normalize_scores=(not getattr(args, "unnormalized", False)), + len_penalty=getattr(args, "lenpen", 1), + unk_penalty=getattr(args, "unkpen", 0), + temperature=getattr(args, "temperature", 1.0), + match_source_len=getattr(args, "match_source_len", False), + no_repeat_ngram_size=getattr(args, "no_repeat_ngram_size", 0), + search_strategy=search_strategy, + ) + + def train_step( + self, sample, model, criterion, optimizer, update_num, ignore_grad=False + ): + """ + Do forward and backward, and return the loss as computed by *criterion* + for the given *model* and *sample*. + + Args: + sample (dict): the mini-batch. The format is defined by the + :class:`~fairseq.data.FairseqDataset`. + model (~fairseq.models.BaseFairseqModel): the model + criterion (~fairseq.criterions.FairseqCriterion): the criterion + optimizer (~fairseq.optim.FairseqOptimizer): the optimizer + update_num (int): the current update + ignore_grad (bool): multiply loss by 0 if this is set to True + + Returns: + tuple: + - the loss + - the sample size, which is used as the denominator for the + gradient + - logging outputs to display while training + """ + model.train() + model.set_num_updates(update_num) + loss, sample_size, logging_output = criterion(model, sample) + if ignore_grad: + loss *= 0 + optimizer.backward(loss) + return loss, sample_size, logging_output + + def valid_step(self, sample, model, criterion): + model.eval() + with torch.no_grad(): + loss, sample_size, logging_output = criterion(model, sample) + return loss, sample_size, logging_output + + def inference_step(self, generator, models, sample, prefix_tokens=None): + with torch.no_grad(): + return generator.generate(models, sample, prefix_tokens=prefix_tokens) + + def begin_epoch(self, epoch, model): + """Hook function called before the start of each epoch.""" + pass + + def aggregate_logging_outputs(self, logging_outputs, criterion): + """[deprecated] Aggregate logging outputs from data parallel training.""" + utils.deprecation_warning( + "The aggregate_logging_outputs API is deprecated. " + "Please use the reduce_metrics API instead." + ) + with metrics.aggregate() as agg: + self.reduce_metrics(logging_outputs, criterion) + return agg.get_smoothed_values() + + def reduce_metrics(self, logging_outputs, criterion): + """Aggregate logging outputs from data parallel training.""" + # backward compatibility for tasks that override aggregate_logging_outputs + base_func = FairseqTask.aggregate_logging_outputs + self_func = getattr(self, "aggregate_logging_outputs").__func__ + if self_func is not base_func: + utils.deprecation_warning( + "Tasks should implement the reduce_metrics API. " + "Falling back to deprecated aggregate_logging_outputs API." + ) + agg_logging_outputs = self.aggregate_logging_outputs( + logging_outputs, criterion + ) + for k, v in agg_logging_outputs.items(): + metrics.log_scalar(k, v) + return + + if not any("ntokens" in log for log in logging_outputs): + warnings.warn( + "ntokens not found in Criterion logging outputs, cannot log wpb or wps" + ) + else: + ntokens = sum(log.get("ntokens", 0) for log in logging_outputs) + metrics.log_scalar("wpb", ntokens, priority=180, round=1) + metrics.log_speed("wps", ntokens, priority=90, round=1) + + if not any("nsentences" in log for log in logging_outputs): + warnings.warn( + "nsentences not found in Criterion logging outputs, cannot log bsz" + ) + else: + nsentences = sum(log.get("nsentences", 0) for log in logging_outputs) + metrics.log_scalar("bsz", nsentences, priority=190, round=1) + + criterion.__class__.reduce_metrics(logging_outputs) + + def max_positions(self): + """Return the max input length allowed by the task.""" + return None + + @property + def source_dictionary(self): + """Return the source :class:`~fairseq.data.Dictionary` (if applicable + for this task).""" + raise NotImplementedError + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + """Return the target :class:`~fairseq.data.Dictionary` (if applicable + for this task).""" + raise NotImplementedError diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/language_modeling.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/language_modeling.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80ec26c1b72e42a9d4674fa2fd61285e62f70d03 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/language_modeling.py @@ -0,0 +1,272 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging +import os + +import numpy as np +import torch + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.data import ( + AppendTokenDataset, + data_utils, + Dictionary, + IdDataset, + MonolingualDataset, + NestedDictionaryDataset, + NumelDataset, + PadDataset, + PrependTokenDataset, + StripTokenDataset, + TokenBlockDataset, + TransformEosDataset, + TruncateDataset, + TruncatedDictionary, +) +from fairseq.tasks import FairseqTask, register_task + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_task("language_modeling") +class LanguageModelingTask(FairseqTask): + """ + Train a language model. + + Args: + dictionary (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): the dictionary for the input of + the language model + output_dictionary (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): the dictionary for the + output of the language model. In most cases it will be the same as + *dictionary*, but could possibly be a more limited version of the + dictionary (if ``--output-dictionary-size`` is used). + targets (List[str]): list of the target types that the language model + should predict. Can be one of "self", "future", and "past". + Defaults to "future". + + .. note:: + + The language modeling task is compatible with :mod:`fairseq-train`, + :mod:`fairseq-generate`, :mod:`fairseq-interactive` and + :mod:`fairseq-eval-lm`. + + The language modeling task provides the following additional command-line + arguments: + + .. argparse:: + :ref: fairseq.tasks.language_modeling_parser + :prog: + """ + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('data', help='path to data directory') + parser.add_argument('--sample-break-mode', default='none', + choices=['none', 'complete', 'complete_doc', 'eos'], + help='If omitted or "none", fills each sample with tokens-per-sample ' + 'tokens. If set to "complete", splits samples only at the end ' + 'of sentence, but may include multiple sentences per sample. ' + '"complete_doc" is similar but respects doc boundaries. ' + 'If set to "eos", includes only one sentence per sample.') + parser.add_argument('--tokens-per-sample', default=1024, type=int, + help='max number of tokens per sample for LM dataset') + parser.add_argument('--output-dictionary-size', default=-1, type=int, + help='limit the size of output dictionary') + parser.add_argument('--self-target', action='store_true', + help='include self target') + parser.add_argument('--future-target', action='store_true', + help='include future target') + parser.add_argument('--past-target', action='store_true', + help='include past target') + parser.add_argument('--add-bos-token', action='store_true', + help='prepend beginning of sentence token ()') + parser.add_argument('--max-target-positions', type=int, metavar='N', + help='max number of tokens in the target sequence') + parser.add_argument('--truncate-sequence', action='store_true', default=False, + help='truncate sequences to --tokens-per-sample') + # fmt: on + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary, output_dictionary=None, targets=None): + super().__init__(args) + self.dictionary = dictionary + self.output_dictionary = output_dictionary or dictionary + + if targets is None: + targets = ["future"] + self.targets = targets + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, **kwargs): + """Setup the task (e.g., load dictionaries). + + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): parsed command-line arguments + """ + dictionary = None + output_dictionary = None + if args.data: + paths = utils.split_paths(args.data) + assert len(paths) > 0 + dictionary = Dictionary.load(os.path.join(paths[0], "dict.txt")) + logger.info("dictionary: {} types".format(len(dictionary))) + output_dictionary = dictionary + if args.output_dictionary_size >= 0: + output_dictionary = TruncatedDictionary( + dictionary, args.output_dictionary_size + ) + + # upgrade old checkpoints + if hasattr(args, "exclude_self_target"): + args.self_target = not args.exclude_self_target + + targets = [] + if getattr(args, "self_target", False): + targets.append("self") + if getattr(args, "future_target", False): + targets.append("future") + if getattr(args, "past_target", False): + targets.append("past") + if len(targets) == 0: + # standard language modeling + targets = ["future"] + + return cls(args, dictionary, output_dictionary, targets=targets) + + def build_model(self, args): + model = super().build_model(args) + + for target in self.targets: + if target not in model.supported_targets: + raise ValueError( + "Unsupported language modeling target: {}".format(target) + ) + + return model + + def load_dataset(self, split, epoch=1, combine=False, **kwargs): + """Load a given dataset split. + + Args: + split (str): name of the split (e.g., train, valid, test) + """ + paths = utils.split_paths(self.args.data) + assert len(paths) > 0 + + data_path = paths[(epoch - 1) % len(paths)] + split_path = os.path.join(data_path, split) + + dataset = data_utils.load_indexed_dataset( + split_path, self.dictionary, self.args.dataset_impl, combine=combine + ) + if dataset is None: + raise FileNotFoundError( + "Dataset not found: {} ({})".format(split, split_path) + ) + + if self.args.truncate_sequence: + dataset = TruncateDataset(dataset, self.args.tokens_per_sample) + + dataset = TokenBlockDataset( + dataset, + dataset.sizes, + self.args.tokens_per_sample, + pad=self.dictionary.pad(), + eos=self.dictionary.eos(), + break_mode=self.args.sample_break_mode, + include_targets=True, + ) + + add_eos_for_other_targets = ( + self.args.sample_break_mode is not None + and self.args.sample_break_mode != "none" + ) + + self.datasets[split] = MonolingualDataset( + dataset, + dataset.sizes, + self.dictionary, + self.output_dictionary, + add_eos_for_other_targets=add_eos_for_other_targets, + shuffle=True, + targets=self.targets, + add_bos_token=self.args.add_bos_token, + ) + + def build_dataset_for_inference(self, src_tokens, src_lengths, **kwargs): + """ + Generate batches for inference. We prepend an eos token to src_tokens + (or bos if `--add-bos-token` is set) and we append a to target. + This is convenient both for generation with a prefix and LM scoring. + """ + dataset = StripTokenDataset( + TokenBlockDataset( + src_tokens, + src_lengths, + block_size=None, # ignored for "eos" break mode + pad=self.source_dictionary.pad(), + eos=self.source_dictionary.eos(), + break_mode="eos", + ), + # remove eos from (end of) target sequence + self.source_dictionary.eos(), + ) + src_dataset = PrependTokenDataset( + dataset, + token=( + self.source_dictionary.bos() + if getattr(self.args, "add_bos_token", False) + else self.source_dictionary.eos() + ), + ) + tgt_dataset = AppendTokenDataset( + dataset, + token=self.source_dictionary.pad() + ) + return NestedDictionaryDataset( + { + "id": IdDataset(), + "net_input": { + "src_tokens": PadDataset(src_dataset, pad_idx=self.source_dictionary.pad(), left_pad=False), + "src_lengths": NumelDataset(src_dataset, reduce=False), + }, + "target": PadDataset(tgt_dataset, pad_idx=self.source_dictionary.pad(), left_pad=False), + }, + sizes=[np.array(src_lengths)], + ) + + def inference_step(self, generator, models, sample, prefix_tokens=None): + with torch.no_grad(): + # Generation will always be conditioned on bos_token + if getattr(self.args, "add_bos_token", False): + bos_token = self.source_dictionary.bos() + else: + bos_token = self.source_dictionary.eos() + + # SequenceGenerator doesn't use src_tokens directly, we need to + # pass the `prefix_tokens` argument instead + if prefix_tokens is None and sample["net_input"]["src_tokens"].nelement(): + prefix_tokens = sample["net_input"]["src_tokens"] + if prefix_tokens[:, 0].eq(bos_token).all(): + prefix_tokens = prefix_tokens[:, 1:] + + return generator.generate( + models, sample, prefix_tokens=prefix_tokens, bos_token=bos_token, + ) + + @property + def source_dictionary(self): + """Return the :class:`~fairseq.data.Dictionary` for the language + model.""" + return self.dictionary + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + """Return the :class:`~fairseq.data.Dictionary` for the language + model.""" + return self.output_dictionary diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/legacy_masked_lm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/legacy_masked_lm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40e27249539b4ff4b2cc9035cf442234733d9d43 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/legacy_masked_lm.py @@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import itertools +import logging +import os + +import numpy as np + +from fairseq import tokenizer +from fairseq.data import ( + ConcatDataset, + indexed_dataset, + data_utils, +) + +from fairseq.data import Dictionary +from fairseq.data.legacy.block_pair_dataset import BlockPairDataset +from fairseq.data.legacy.masked_lm_dataset import MaskedLMDataset +from fairseq.data.legacy.masked_lm_dictionary import BertDictionary +from fairseq.tasks import FairseqTask, register_task +from fairseq import utils + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_task('legacy_masked_lm') +class LegacyMaskedLMTask(FairseqTask): + """ + Task for training Masked LM (BERT) model. + Args: + dictionary (Dictionary): the dictionary for the input of the task + """ + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument('data', help='colon separated path to data directories list, \ + will be iterated upon during epochs in round-robin manner') + parser.add_argument('--tokens-per-sample', default=512, type=int, + help='max number of total tokens over all segments' + ' per sample for BERT dataset') + parser.add_argument('--break-mode', default="doc", type=str, help='mode for breaking sentence') + parser.add_argument('--shuffle-dataset', action='store_true', default=False) + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary): + super().__init__(args) + self.dictionary = dictionary + self.seed = args.seed + + @classmethod + def load_dictionary(cls, filename): + return BertDictionary.load(filename) + + @classmethod + def build_dictionary(cls, filenames, workers=1, threshold=-1, nwords=-1, padding_factor=8): + d = BertDictionary() + for filename in filenames: + Dictionary.add_file_to_dictionary(filename, d, tokenizer.tokenize_line, workers) + d.finalize(threshold=threshold, nwords=nwords, padding_factor=padding_factor) + return d + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, **kwargs): + """Setup the task. + """ + paths = utils.split_paths(args.data) + assert len(paths) > 0 + dictionary = BertDictionary.load(os.path.join(paths[0], 'dict.txt')) + logger.info('dictionary: {} types'.format(len(dictionary))) + + return cls(args, dictionary) + + def load_dataset(self, split, epoch=1, combine=False): + """Load a given dataset split. + + Args: + split (str): name of the split (e.g., train, valid, test) + """ + loaded_datasets = [] + + paths = utils.split_paths(self.args.data) + assert len(paths) > 0 + data_path = paths[(epoch - 1) % len(paths)] + logger.info("data_path", data_path) + + for k in itertools.count(): + split_k = split + (str(k) if k > 0 else '') + path = os.path.join(data_path, split_k) + ds = indexed_dataset.make_dataset( + path, + impl=self.args.dataset_impl, + fix_lua_indexing=True, + dictionary=self.dictionary, + ) + + if ds is None: + if k > 0: + break + else: + raise FileNotFoundError('Dataset not found: {} ({})'.format(split, data_path)) + + with data_utils.numpy_seed(self.seed + k): + loaded_datasets.append( + BlockPairDataset( + ds, + self.dictionary, + ds.sizes, + self.args.tokens_per_sample, + break_mode=self.args.break_mode, + doc_break_size=1, + ) + ) + + logger.info('{} {} {} examples'.format(data_path, split_k, len(loaded_datasets[-1]))) + + if not combine: + break + + if len(loaded_datasets) == 1: + dataset = loaded_datasets[0] + sizes = dataset.sizes + else: + dataset = ConcatDataset(loaded_datasets) + sizes = np.concatenate([ds.sizes for ds in loaded_datasets]) + + self.datasets[split] = MaskedLMDataset( + dataset=dataset, + sizes=sizes, + vocab=self.dictionary, + pad_idx=self.dictionary.pad(), + mask_idx=self.dictionary.mask(), + classif_token_idx=self.dictionary.cls(), + sep_token_idx=self.dictionary.sep(), + shuffle=self.args.shuffle_dataset, + seed=self.seed, + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/masked_lm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/masked_lm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8089abf7d8b5575441f56400d7cf1ce0135ab9c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/masked_lm.py @@ -0,0 +1,194 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging +import os + +import numpy as np + +from fairseq.data import ( + data_utils, + Dictionary, + IdDataset, + MaskTokensDataset, + NestedDictionaryDataset, + NumelDataset, + NumSamplesDataset, + PadDataset, + PrependTokenDataset, + SortDataset, + TokenBlockDataset, +) +from fairseq.tasks import FairseqTask, register_task +from fairseq.data.encoders.utils import get_whole_word_mask +from fairseq import utils + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_task('masked_lm') +class MaskedLMTask(FairseqTask): + """Task for training masked language models (e.g., BERT, RoBERTa).""" + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument('data', help='colon separated path to data directories list, \ + will be iterated upon during epochs in round-robin manner') + parser.add_argument('--sample-break-mode', default='complete', + choices=['none', 'complete', 'complete_doc', 'eos'], + help='If omitted or "none", fills each sample with tokens-per-sample ' + 'tokens. If set to "complete", splits samples only at the end ' + 'of sentence, but may include multiple sentences per sample. ' + '"complete_doc" is similar but respects doc boundaries. ' + 'If set to "eos", includes only one sentence per sample.') + parser.add_argument('--tokens-per-sample', default=512, type=int, + help='max number of total tokens over all segments ' + 'per sample for BERT dataset') + parser.add_argument('--mask-prob', default=0.15, type=float, + help='probability of replacing a token with mask') + parser.add_argument('--leave-unmasked-prob', default=0.1, type=float, + help='probability that a masked token is unmasked') + parser.add_argument('--random-token-prob', default=0.1, type=float, + help='probability of replacing a token with a random token') + parser.add_argument('--freq-weighted-replacement', default=False, action='store_true', + help='sample random replacement words based on word frequencies') + parser.add_argument('--mask-whole-words', default=False, action='store_true', + help='mask whole words; you may also want to set --bpe') + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary): + super().__init__(args) + self.dictionary = dictionary + self.seed = args.seed + + # add mask token + self.mask_idx = dictionary.add_symbol('') + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, **kwargs): + paths = utils.split_paths(args.data) + assert len(paths) > 0 + dictionary = Dictionary.load(os.path.join(paths[0], 'dict.txt')) + logger.info('dictionary: {} types'.format(len(dictionary))) + return cls(args, dictionary) + + def load_dataset(self, split, epoch=1, combine=False, **kwargs): + """Load a given dataset split. + + Args: + split (str): name of the split (e.g., train, valid, test) + """ + paths = utils.split_paths(self.args.data) + assert len(paths) > 0 + data_path = paths[(epoch - 1) % len(paths)] + split_path = os.path.join(data_path, split) + + dataset = data_utils.load_indexed_dataset( + split_path, + self.source_dictionary, + self.args.dataset_impl, + combine=combine, + ) + if dataset is None: + raise FileNotFoundError('Dataset not found: {} ({})'.format(split, split_path)) + + # create continuous blocks of tokens + dataset = TokenBlockDataset( + dataset, + dataset.sizes, + self.args.tokens_per_sample - 1, # one less for + pad=self.source_dictionary.pad(), + eos=self.source_dictionary.eos(), + break_mode=self.args.sample_break_mode, + ) + logger.info('loaded {} blocks from: {}'.format(len(dataset), split_path)) + + # prepend beginning-of-sentence token (, equiv. to [CLS] in BERT) + dataset = PrependTokenDataset(dataset, self.source_dictionary.bos()) + + # create masked input and targets + mask_whole_words = get_whole_word_mask(self.args, self.source_dictionary) \ + if self.args.mask_whole_words else None + + src_dataset, tgt_dataset = MaskTokensDataset.apply_mask( + dataset, + self.source_dictionary, + pad_idx=self.source_dictionary.pad(), + mask_idx=self.mask_idx, + seed=self.args.seed, + mask_prob=self.args.mask_prob, + leave_unmasked_prob=self.args.leave_unmasked_prob, + random_token_prob=self.args.random_token_prob, + freq_weighted_replacement=self.args.freq_weighted_replacement, + mask_whole_words=mask_whole_words, + ) + + with data_utils.numpy_seed(self.args.seed + epoch): + shuffle = np.random.permutation(len(src_dataset)) + + self.datasets[split] = SortDataset( + NestedDictionaryDataset( + { + 'id': IdDataset(), + 'net_input': { + 'src_tokens': PadDataset( + src_dataset, + pad_idx=self.source_dictionary.pad(), + left_pad=False, + ), + 'src_lengths': NumelDataset(src_dataset, reduce=False), + }, + 'target': PadDataset( + tgt_dataset, + pad_idx=self.source_dictionary.pad(), + left_pad=False, + ), + 'nsentences': NumSamplesDataset(), + 'ntokens': NumelDataset(src_dataset, reduce=True), + }, + sizes=[src_dataset.sizes], + ), + sort_order=[ + shuffle, + src_dataset.sizes, + ], + ) + + def build_dataset_for_inference(self, src_tokens, src_lengths, sort=True): + src_dataset = PadDataset( + TokenBlockDataset( + src_tokens, + src_lengths, + self.args.tokens_per_sample - 1, # one less for + pad=self.source_dictionary.pad(), + eos=self.source_dictionary.eos(), + break_mode='eos', + ), + pad_idx=self.source_dictionary.pad(), + left_pad=False, + ) + src_dataset = PrependTokenDataset(src_dataset, self.source_dictionary.bos()) + src_dataset = NestedDictionaryDataset( + { + 'id': IdDataset(), + 'net_input': { + 'src_tokens': src_dataset, + 'src_lengths': NumelDataset(src_dataset, reduce=False), + }, + }, + sizes=src_lengths, + ) + if sort: + src_dataset = SortDataset(src_dataset, sort_order=[src_lengths]) + return src_dataset + + @property + def source_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/multilingual_denoising.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/multilingual_denoising.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1d7068832e3425f4c3fe139e70c3bfcfefbc37f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/multilingual_denoising.py @@ -0,0 +1,222 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging +import os + +import numpy as np + +from fairseq.data import ( + data_utils, + Dictionary, + AppendTokenDataset, + ConcatDataset, + DenoisingDataset, + PrependTokenDataset, + ResamplingDataset, + SortDataset, + TokenBlockDataset, +) +from .denoising import DenoisingTask +from fairseq.data.encoders.utils import get_whole_word_mask +from fairseq.tasks import register_task + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_task('multilingual_denoising') +class MultilingualDenoisingTask(DenoisingTask): + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + DenoisingTask.add_args(parser) + parser.add_argument('--multilang-sampling-alpha', type=float, default=1.0, + help='smoothing alpha for sample rations across multiple datasets') + parser.add_argument('--add-lang-token', default=False, action='store_true') + parser.add_argument('--langs', type=str, help="language ids we are considering", default=None) + parser.add_argument('--no-whole-word-mask-langs', type=str, default='', metavar='N', + help='languages without spacing between words dont support whole word masking') + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, **kwargs): + """Setup the task. + """ + paths = args.data.split(':') + assert len(paths) > 0 + dictionary = Dictionary.load(os.path.join(paths[0], 'dict.txt')) + + data_path = paths[0] + if args.langs is None: + languages = sorted([ + name for name in os.listdir(data_path) + if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(data_path, name)) + ]) + else: + languages = args.langs.split(',') + + if args.add_lang_token: + for lang in languages: + dictionary.add_symbol('[{}]'.format(lang)) + + logger.info("| dictionary: {} types".format(len(dictionary))) + if not hasattr(args, 'shuffle_instance'): + args.shuffle_instance = False + return cls(args, dictionary) + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary): + super().__init__(args, dictionary) + self.dictionary = dictionary + self.seed = args.seed + + # add mask token + self.mask_idx = self.dictionary.add_symbol('') + self.langs = args.langs + self.args = args + + def _get_sample_prob(self, dataset_lens): + """ + Get smoothed sampling porbability by languages. This helps low resource + languages by upsampling them. + """ + prob = dataset_lens / dataset_lens.sum() + smoothed_prob = prob ** self.args.multilang_sampling_alpha + smoothed_prob = smoothed_prob / smoothed_prob.sum() + return smoothed_prob + + def load_dataset(self, split, epoch=1, combine=False, **kwargs): + """Load a given dataset split. + + Args: + split (str): name of the split (e.g., train, valid, test) + """ + paths = self.args.data.split(':') + assert len(paths) > 0 + data_path = paths[(epoch - 1) % len(paths)] + split_path = os.path.join(data_path, split) + + if self.langs is None: + languages = sorted([ + name for name in os.listdir(data_path) + if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(data_path, name)) + ]) + else: + languages = self.langs.split(',') + for name in languages: + assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(data_path, name)), "all the languages must exist" + + logger.info("| Training on {0} languages: {1}".format(len(languages), languages)) + logger.info("| Language to id mapping: ", { + lang: id for id, lang in enumerate(languages) + } + ) + + mask_whole_words = get_whole_word_mask(self.args, self.dictionary) + language_without_segmentations = self.args.no_whole_word_mask_langs.split(',') + lang_datasets = [] + for language in languages: + split_path = os.path.join(data_path, language, split) + + dataset = data_utils.load_indexed_dataset( + split_path, + self.source_dictionary, + self.args.dataset_impl, + combine=combine, + ) + if dataset is None: + raise FileNotFoundError('Dataset not found: {} ({})'.format(split, split_path)) + + end_token = self.source_dictionary.index('[{}]'.format(language)) \ + if self.args.add_lang_token else self.source_dictionary.eos() + + # create continuous blocks of tokens + dataset = TokenBlockDataset( + dataset, + dataset.sizes, + self.args.tokens_per_sample - 2, # one less for + pad=self.source_dictionary.pad(), + eos=end_token, + break_mode=self.args.sample_break_mode, + ) + logger.info('| loaded {} blocks from: {}'.format(len(dataset), split_path)) + + # prepend beginning-of-sentence token (, equiv. to [CLS] in BERT) + dataset = PrependTokenDataset(dataset, self.source_dictionary.bos()) + dataset = AppendTokenDataset(dataset, end_token) + + lang_mask_whole_words = mask_whole_words if language not in language_without_segmentations else None + lang_dataset = DenoisingDataset( + dataset, + dataset.sizes, + self.dictionary, + self.mask_idx, + lang_mask_whole_words, + shuffle=self.args.shuffle_instance, + seed=self.seed, + args=self.args, + eos=None if not self.args.add_lang_token else self.source_dictionary.index('[{}]'.format(language)), + ) + lang_datasets.append(lang_dataset) + + dataset_lengths = np.array( + [len(d) for d in lang_datasets], + dtype=float, + ) + logger.info( + '| loaded total {} blocks for all languages'.format( + dataset_lengths.sum(), + ) + ) + if split == self.args.train_subset: + # For train subset, additionally up or down sample languages. + sample_probs = self._get_sample_prob(dataset_lengths) + logger.info("| Sample probability by language: ", { + lang: "{0:.4f}".format(sample_probs[id]) + for id, lang in enumerate(languages) + } + ) + size_ratio = (sample_probs * dataset_lengths.sum()) / dataset_lengths + logger.info("| Up/Down Sampling ratio by language: ", { + lang: "{0:.2f}".format(size_ratio[id]) + for id, lang in enumerate(languages) + } + ) + + resampled_lang_datasets = [ + ResamplingDataset( + lang_datasets[i], + size_ratio=size_ratio[i], + seed=self.args.seed, + epoch=epoch, + replace=size_ratio[i] >= 1.0, + ) + for i, d in enumerate(lang_datasets) + ] + dataset = ConcatDataset( + resampled_lang_datasets, + ) + else: + dataset = ConcatDataset(lang_datasets) + lang_splits = [split] + for lang_id, lang_dataset in enumerate(lang_datasets): + split_name = split + '_' + languages[lang_id] + lang_splits.append(split_name) + self.datasets[split_name] = lang_dataset + + if split in self.args.valid_subset: + self.args.valid_subset = self.args.valid_subset.replace( + split, ','.join(lang_splits) + ) + + with data_utils.numpy_seed(self.args.seed + epoch): + shuffle = np.random.permutation(len(dataset)) + + self.datasets[split] = SortDataset( + dataset, + sort_order=[ + shuffle, + dataset.sizes, + ], + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/multilingual_masked_lm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/multilingual_masked_lm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..248724bd56a02f7a9d9093c2e6183e9623203565 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/multilingual_masked_lm.py @@ -0,0 +1,317 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging +import os + +import numpy as np +import torch + +from fairseq.data import ( + data_utils, + Dictionary, + encoders, + ConcatDataset, + IdDataset, + MaskTokensDataset, + NestedDictionaryDataset, + NumelDataset, + NumSamplesDataset, + PadDataset, + PrependTokenDataset, + RawLabelDataset, + ResamplingDataset, + SortDataset, + TokenBlockDataset, +) +from fairseq.tasks import FairseqTask, register_task +from fairseq import utils + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_task('multilingual_masked_lm') +class MultiLingualMaskedLMTask(FairseqTask): + """Task for training masked language models (e.g., BERT, RoBERTa).""" + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument('data', help='colon separated path to data directories list, \ + will be iterated upon during epochs in round-robin manner') + parser.add_argument('--sample-break-mode', default='complete', + choices=['none', 'complete', 'complete_doc', 'eos'], + help='If omitted or "none", fills each sample with tokens-per-sample ' + 'tokens. If set to "complete", splits samples only at the end ' + 'of sentence, but may include multiple sentences per sample. ' + '"complete_doc" is similar but respects doc boundaries. ' + 'If set to "eos", includes only one sentence per sample.') + parser.add_argument('--tokens-per-sample', default=512, type=int, + help='max number of total tokens over all segments ' + 'per sample for BERT dataset') + parser.add_argument('--mask-prob', default=0.15, type=float, + help='probability of replacing a token with mask') + parser.add_argument('--leave-unmasked-prob', default=0.1, type=float, + help='probability that a masked token is unmasked') + parser.add_argument('--random-token-prob', default=0.1, type=float, + help='probability of replacing a token with a random token') + parser.add_argument('--freq-weighted-replacement', action='store_true', + help='sample random replacement words based on word frequencies') + parser.add_argument('--mask-whole-words', default=False, action='store_true', + help='mask whole words; you may also want to set --bpe') + parser.add_argument('--multilang-sampling-alpha', type=float, default=1.0, + help='smoothing alpha for sample rations across multiple datasets') + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary): + super().__init__(args) + self.dictionary = dictionary + self.seed = args.seed + + # add mask token + self.mask_idx = dictionary.add_symbol('') + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, **kwargs): + paths = utils.split_paths(args.data) + assert len(paths) > 0 + dictionary = Dictionary.load(os.path.join(paths[0], 'dict.txt')) + logger.info('dictionary: {} types'.format(len(dictionary))) + return cls(args, dictionary) + + def _get_whole_word_mask(self): + # create masked input and targets + if self.args.mask_whole_words: + bpe = encoders.build_bpe(self.args) + if bpe is not None: + + def is_beginning_of_word(i): + if i < self.source_dictionary.nspecial: + # special elements are always considered beginnings + return True + tok = self.source_dictionary[i] + if tok.startswith('madeupword'): + return True + try: + return bpe.is_beginning_of_word(tok) + except ValueError: + return True + + mask_whole_words = torch.ByteTensor(list( + map(is_beginning_of_word, range(len(self.source_dictionary))) + )) + else: + mask_whole_words = None + return mask_whole_words + + def _get_sample_prob(self, dataset_lens): + """ + Get smoothed sampling porbability by languages. This helps low resource + languages by upsampling them. + """ + prob = dataset_lens / dataset_lens.sum() + smoothed_prob = prob ** self.args.multilang_sampling_alpha + smoothed_prob = smoothed_prob / smoothed_prob.sum() + return smoothed_prob + + def load_dataset(self, split, epoch=1, combine=False, **kwargs): + """Load a given dataset split. + + Args: + split (str): name of the split (e.g., train, valid, test) + """ + paths = utils.split_paths(self.args.data) + assert len(paths) > 0 + data_path = paths[(epoch - 1) % len(paths)] + + languages = sorted( + name for name in os.listdir(data_path) + if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(data_path, name)) + ) + + logger.info("Training on {0} languages: {1}".format(len(languages), languages)) + logger.info("Language to id mapping: ", { + lang: id for id, lang in enumerate(languages) + } + ) + + mask_whole_words = self._get_whole_word_mask() + lang_datasets = [] + for lang_id, language in enumerate(languages): + split_path = os.path.join(data_path, language, split) + + dataset = data_utils.load_indexed_dataset( + split_path, + self.source_dictionary, + self.args.dataset_impl, + combine=combine, + ) + if dataset is None: + raise FileNotFoundError('Dataset not found: {} ({})'.format(split, split_path)) + + # create continuous blocks of tokens + dataset = TokenBlockDataset( + dataset, + dataset.sizes, + self.args.tokens_per_sample - 1, # one less for + pad=self.source_dictionary.pad(), + eos=self.source_dictionary.eos(), + break_mode=self.args.sample_break_mode, + ) + logger.info('loaded {} blocks from: {}'.format(len(dataset), split_path)) + + # prepend beginning-of-sentence token (, equiv. to [CLS] in BERT) + dataset = PrependTokenDataset(dataset, self.source_dictionary.bos()) + + src_dataset, tgt_dataset = MaskTokensDataset.apply_mask( + dataset, + self.source_dictionary, + pad_idx=self.source_dictionary.pad(), + mask_idx=self.mask_idx, + seed=self.args.seed, + mask_prob=self.args.mask_prob, + leave_unmasked_prob=self.args.leave_unmasked_prob, + random_token_prob=self.args.random_token_prob, + freq_weighted_replacement=self.args.freq_weighted_replacement, + mask_whole_words=mask_whole_words, + ) + + lang_dataset = NestedDictionaryDataset( + { + 'net_input': { + 'src_tokens': PadDataset( + src_dataset, + pad_idx=self.source_dictionary.pad(), + left_pad=False, + ), + 'src_lengths': NumelDataset(src_dataset, reduce=False), + }, + 'target': PadDataset( + tgt_dataset, + pad_idx=self.source_dictionary.pad(), + left_pad=False, + ), + 'nsentences': NumSamplesDataset(), + 'ntokens': NumelDataset(src_dataset, reduce=True), + 'lang_id': RawLabelDataset([lang_id] * src_dataset.sizes.shape[0]), + }, + sizes=[src_dataset.sizes], + ) + lang_datasets.append(lang_dataset) + + + dataset_lengths = np.array( + [len(d) for d in lang_datasets], + dtype=float, + ) + logger.info( + 'loaded total {} blocks for all languages'.format( + dataset_lengths.sum(), + ) + ) + if split == self.args.train_subset: + # For train subset, additionally up or down sample languages. + sample_probs = self._get_sample_prob(dataset_lengths) + logger.info("Sample probability by language: ", { + lang: "{0:.4f}".format(sample_probs[id]) + for id, lang in enumerate(languages) + } + ) + size_ratio = (sample_probs * dataset_lengths.sum()) / dataset_lengths + logger.info("Up/Down Sampling ratio by language: ", { + lang: "{0:.2f}".format(size_ratio[id]) + for id, lang in enumerate(languages) + } + ) + + resampled_lang_datasets = [ + ResamplingDataset( + lang_datasets[i], + size_ratio=size_ratio[i], + seed=self.args.seed, + epoch=epoch, + replace=size_ratio[i] >= 1.0, + ) + for i, d in enumerate(lang_datasets) + ] + dataset = ConcatDataset(resampled_lang_datasets) + else: + dataset = ConcatDataset(lang_datasets) + lang_splits = [split] + for lang_id, lang_dataset in enumerate(lang_datasets): + split_name = split + '_' + languages[lang_id] + lang_splits.append(split_name) + self.datasets[split_name] = lang_dataset + + # [TODO]: This is hacky for now to print validation ppl for each + # language individually. Maybe need task API changes to allow it + # in more generic ways. + if split in self.args.valid_subset: + self.args.valid_subset = self.args.valid_subset.replace( + split, ','.join(lang_splits) + ) + + with data_utils.numpy_seed(self.args.seed + epoch): + shuffle = np.random.permutation(len(dataset)) + + self.datasets[split] = SortDataset( + dataset, + sort_order=[ + shuffle, + dataset.sizes, + ], + ) + + def build_dataset_for_inference(self, src_tokens, src_lengths, sort=True): + src_dataset = PadDataset( + TokenBlockDataset( + src_tokens, + src_lengths, + self.args.tokens_per_sample - 1, # one less for + pad=self.source_dictionary.pad(), + eos=self.source_dictionary.eos(), + break_mode='eos', + ), + pad_idx=self.source_dictionary.pad(), + left_pad=False, + ) + src_dataset = PrependTokenDataset(src_dataset, self.source_dictionary.bos()) + src_dataset = NestedDictionaryDataset( + { + 'id': IdDataset(), + 'net_input': { + 'src_tokens': src_dataset, + 'src_lengths': NumelDataset(src_dataset, reduce=False), + }, + }, + sizes=src_lengths, + ) + if sort: + src_dataset = SortDataset(src_dataset, sort_order=[src_lengths]) + return src_dataset + + def get_batch_iterator( + self, dataset, max_tokens=None, max_sentences=None, max_positions=None, + ignore_invalid_inputs=False, required_batch_size_multiple=1, + seed=1, num_shards=1, shard_id=0, num_workers=0, epoch=1, + ): + # Recreate epoch iterator every epoch cause the underlying + # datasets are dynamic due to sampling. + self.dataset_to_epoch_iter = {} + epoch_iter = super().get_batch_iterator( + dataset, max_tokens, max_sentences, max_positions, + ignore_invalid_inputs, required_batch_size_multiple, + seed, num_shards, shard_id, num_workers, epoch, + ) + self.dataset_to_epoch_iter = {} + return epoch_iter + + @property + def source_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/multilingual_translation.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/multilingual_translation.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a1315e1db5fe7a54d189aa8fc0e64941a41841a --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/multilingual_translation.py @@ -0,0 +1,340 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from collections import OrderedDict +import logging +import os + +import torch + +from fairseq import metrics, options +from fairseq.data import ( + Dictionary, + LanguagePairDataset, + RoundRobinZipDatasets, + TransformEosLangPairDataset, +) +from fairseq.models import FairseqMultiModel +from fairseq.tasks.translation import load_langpair_dataset + +from . import FairseqTask, register_task +from fairseq import utils + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +def _lang_token(lang: str): + return '__{}__'.format(lang) + + +def _lang_token_index(dic: Dictionary, lang: str): + """Return language token index.""" + idx = dic.index(_lang_token(lang)) + assert idx != dic.unk_index, \ + 'cannot find language token for lang {}'.format(lang) + return idx + + +@register_task('multilingual_translation') +class MultilingualTranslationTask(FairseqTask): + """A task for training multiple translation models simultaneously. + + We iterate round-robin over batches from multiple language pairs, ordered + according to the `--lang-pairs` argument. + + The training loop is roughly: + + for i in range(len(epoch)): + for lang_pair in args.lang_pairs: + batch = next_batch_for_lang_pair(lang_pair) + loss = criterion(model_for_lang_pair(lang_pair), batch) + loss.backward() + optimizer.step() + + In practice, `next_batch_for_lang_pair` is abstracted in a FairseqDataset + (e.g., `RoundRobinZipDatasets`) and `model_for_lang_pair` is a model that + implements the `FairseqMultiModel` interface. + + During inference it is required to specify a single `--source-lang` and + `--target-lang`, which indicates the inference langauge direction. + `--lang-pairs`, `--encoder-langtok`, `--decoder-langtok` have to be set to + the same value as training. + """ + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('data', metavar='DIR', help='path to data directory') + parser.add_argument('--lang-pairs', default=None, metavar='PAIRS', + help='comma-separated list of language pairs (in training order): en-de,en-fr,de-fr') + parser.add_argument('-s', '--source-lang', default=None, metavar='SRC', + help='source language (only needed for inference)') + parser.add_argument('-t', '--target-lang', default=None, metavar='TARGET', + help='target language (only needed for inference)') + parser.add_argument('--left-pad-source', default='True', type=str, metavar='BOOL', + help='pad the source on the left (default: True)') + parser.add_argument('--left-pad-target', default='False', type=str, metavar='BOOL', + help='pad the target on the left (default: False)') + parser.add_argument('--max-source-positions', default=1024, type=int, metavar='N', + help='max number of tokens in the source sequence') + parser.add_argument('--max-target-positions', default=1024, type=int, metavar='N', + help='max number of tokens in the target sequence') + parser.add_argument('--upsample-primary', default=1, type=int, + help='amount to upsample primary dataset') + parser.add_argument('--encoder-langtok', default=None, type=str, choices=['src', 'tgt'], + metavar='SRCTGT', + help='replace beginning-of-sentence in source sentence with source or target ' + 'language token. (src/tgt)') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-langtok', action='store_true', + help='replace beginning-of-sentence in target sentence with target language token') + # fmt: on + + def __init__(self, args, dicts, training): + super().__init__(args) + self.dicts = dicts + self.training = training + if training: + self.lang_pairs = args.lang_pairs + else: + self.lang_pairs = ['{}-{}'.format(args.source_lang, args.target_lang)] + # eval_lang_pairs for multilingual translation is usually all of the + # lang_pairs. However for other multitask settings or when we want to + # optimize for certain languages we want to use a different subset. Thus + # the eval_lang_pairs class variable is provided for classes that extend + # this class. + self.eval_lang_pairs = self.lang_pairs + # model_lang_pairs will be used to build encoder-decoder model pairs in + # models.build_model(). This allows multitask type of sub-class can + # build models other than the input lang_pairs + self.model_lang_pairs = self.lang_pairs + self.langs = list(dicts.keys()) + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, **kwargs): + dicts, training = cls.prepare(args, **kwargs) + return cls(args, dicts, training) + + @classmethod + def prepare(cls, args, **kargs): + args.left_pad_source = options.eval_bool(args.left_pad_source) + args.left_pad_target = options.eval_bool(args.left_pad_target) + + if args.lang_pairs is None: + raise ValueError('--lang-pairs is required. List all the language pairs in the training objective.') + if isinstance(args.lang_pairs, str): + args.lang_pairs = args.lang_pairs.split(',') + sorted_langs = sorted(list({x for lang_pair in args.lang_pairs for x in lang_pair.split('-')})) + if args.source_lang is not None or args.target_lang is not None: + training = False + else: + training = True + + # load dictionaries + dicts = OrderedDict() + for lang in sorted_langs: + paths = utils.split_paths(args.data) + assert len(paths) > 0 + dicts[lang] = Dictionary.load(os.path.join(paths[0], 'dict.{}.txt'.format(lang))) + if len(dicts) > 0: + assert dicts[lang].pad() == dicts[sorted_langs[0]].pad() + assert dicts[lang].eos() == dicts[sorted_langs[0]].eos() + assert dicts[lang].unk() == dicts[sorted_langs[0]].unk() + if args.encoder_langtok is not None or args.decoder_langtok: + for lang_to_add in sorted_langs: + dicts[lang].add_symbol(_lang_token(lang_to_add)) + logger.info('[{}] dictionary: {} types'.format(lang, len(dicts[lang]))) + return dicts, training + + def get_encoder_langtok(self, src_lang, tgt_lang): + if self.args.encoder_langtok is None: + return self.dicts[src_lang].eos() + if self.args.encoder_langtok == 'src': + return _lang_token_index(self.dicts[src_lang], src_lang) + else: + return _lang_token_index(self.dicts[src_lang], tgt_lang) + + def get_decoder_langtok(self, tgt_lang): + if not self.args.decoder_langtok: + return self.dicts[tgt_lang].eos() + return _lang_token_index(self.dicts[tgt_lang], tgt_lang) + + def alter_dataset_langtok(self, lang_pair_dataset, + src_eos=None, src_lang=None, tgt_eos=None, tgt_lang=None): + if self.args.encoder_langtok is None and not self.args.decoder_langtok: + return lang_pair_dataset + + new_src_eos = None + if self.args.encoder_langtok is not None and src_eos is not None \ + and src_lang is not None and tgt_lang is not None: + new_src_eos = self.get_encoder_langtok(src_lang, tgt_lang) + else: + src_eos = None + + new_tgt_bos = None + if self.args.decoder_langtok and tgt_eos is not None and tgt_lang is not None: + new_tgt_bos = self.get_decoder_langtok(tgt_lang) + else: + tgt_eos = None + + return TransformEosLangPairDataset( + lang_pair_dataset, + src_eos=src_eos, + new_src_eos=new_src_eos, + tgt_bos=tgt_eos, + new_tgt_bos=new_tgt_bos, + ) + + def load_dataset(self, split, epoch=1, **kwargs): + """Load a dataset split.""" + paths = utils.split_paths(self.args.data) + assert len(paths) > 0 + data_path = paths[(epoch - 1) % len(paths)] + + def language_pair_dataset(lang_pair): + src, tgt = lang_pair.split('-') + langpair_dataset = load_langpair_dataset( + data_path, split, src, self.dicts[src], tgt, self.dicts[tgt], + combine=True, dataset_impl=self.args.dataset_impl, + upsample_primary=self.args.upsample_primary, + left_pad_source=self.args.left_pad_source, + left_pad_target=self.args.left_pad_target, + max_source_positions=self.args.max_source_positions, + max_target_positions=self.args.max_target_positions, + ) + return self.alter_dataset_langtok( + langpair_dataset, + src_eos=self.dicts[src].eos(), + src_lang=src, + tgt_eos=self.dicts[tgt].eos(), + tgt_lang=tgt, + ) + + self.datasets[split] = RoundRobinZipDatasets( + OrderedDict([ + (lang_pair, language_pair_dataset(lang_pair)) + for lang_pair in self.lang_pairs + ]), + eval_key=None if self.training else "%s-%s" % (self.args.source_lang, self.args.target_lang), + ) + + def build_dataset_for_inference(self, src_tokens, src_lengths): + lang_pair = "%s-%s" % (self.args.source_lang, self.args.target_lang) + return RoundRobinZipDatasets( + OrderedDict([( + lang_pair, + self.alter_dataset_langtok( + LanguagePairDataset( + src_tokens, src_lengths, + self.source_dictionary + ), + src_eos=self.source_dictionary.eos(), + src_lang=self.args.source_lang, + tgt_eos=self.target_dictionary.eos(), + tgt_lang=self.args.target_lang, + ), + )]), + eval_key=lang_pair, + ) + + def build_model(self, args): + def check_args(): + messages = [] + if len(set(self.args.lang_pairs).symmetric_difference(args.lang_pairs)) != 0: + messages.append('--lang-pairs should include all the language pairs {}.'.format(args.lang_pairs)) + if self.args.encoder_langtok != args.encoder_langtok: + messages.append('--encoder-langtok should be {}.'.format(args.encoder_langtok)) + if self.args.decoder_langtok != args.decoder_langtok: + messages.append('--decoder-langtok should {} be set.'.format("" if args.decoder_langtok else "not")) + + if len(messages) > 0: + raise ValueError(' '.join(messages)) + + # Check if task args are consistant with model args + check_args() + + from fairseq import models + model = models.build_model(args, self) + if not isinstance(model, FairseqMultiModel): + raise ValueError('MultilingualTranslationTask requires a FairseqMultiModel architecture') + return model + + def train_step(self, sample, model, criterion, optimizer, update_num, ignore_grad=False): + model.train() + from collections import defaultdict + agg_loss, agg_sample_size, agg_logging_output = 0., 0., defaultdict(float) + for lang_pair in self.model_lang_pairs: + if sample[lang_pair] is None or len(sample[lang_pair]) == 0: + continue + loss, sample_size, logging_output = criterion(model.models[lang_pair], sample[lang_pair]) + if ignore_grad: + loss *= 0 + optimizer.backward(loss) + agg_loss += loss.detach().item() + # TODO make summing of the sample sizes configurable + agg_sample_size += sample_size + for k in logging_output: + agg_logging_output[k] += logging_output[k] + agg_logging_output[f"{lang_pair}:{k}"] += logging_output[k] + return agg_loss, agg_sample_size, agg_logging_output + + def valid_step(self, sample, model, criterion): + model.eval() + with torch.no_grad(): + from collections import defaultdict + agg_loss, agg_sample_size, agg_logging_output = 0., 0., defaultdict(float) + for lang_pair in self.eval_lang_pairs: + if lang_pair not in sample or sample[lang_pair] is None or len(sample[lang_pair]) == 0: + continue + loss, sample_size, logging_output = criterion(model.models[lang_pair], sample[lang_pair]) + agg_loss += loss.data.item() + # TODO make summing of the sample sizes configurable + agg_sample_size += sample_size + for k in logging_output: + agg_logging_output[k] += logging_output[k] + agg_logging_output[f"{lang_pair}:{k}"] += logging_output[k] + return agg_loss, agg_sample_size, agg_logging_output + + def inference_step(self, generator, models, sample, prefix_tokens=None): + with torch.no_grad(): + return generator.generate( + models, + sample, + prefix_tokens=prefix_tokens, + bos_token=_lang_token_index(self.target_dictionary, self.args.target_lang) + if self.args.decoder_langtok else self.target_dictionary.eos(), + ) + + def reduce_metrics(self, logging_outputs, criterion): + with metrics.aggregate(): + # pass 'sample_size', 'nsentences', 'ntokens' stats to fairseq_task + super().reduce_metrics(logging_outputs, criterion) + for k in ['sample_size', 'nsentences', 'ntokens']: + metrics.log_scalar(k, sum(l[k] for l in logging_outputs)) + + @property + def source_dictionary(self): + if self.training: + return next(iter(self.dicts.values())) + else: + return self.dicts[self.args.source_lang] + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + if self.training: + return next(iter(self.dicts.values())) + else: + return self.dicts[self.args.target_lang] + + def max_positions(self): + """Return the max sentence length allowed by the task.""" + if len(self.datasets.values()) == 0: + return {'%s-%s' % (self.args.source_lang, self.args.target_lang): + (self.args.max_source_positions, self.args.max_target_positions)} + return OrderedDict([ + (key, (self.args.max_source_positions, self.args.max_target_positions)) + for split in self.datasets.keys() + for key in self.datasets[split].datasets.keys() + ]) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/semisupervised_translation.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/semisupervised_translation.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf770bfe15c635d8ad89c64762ab3f0e4607ad72 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/semisupervised_translation.py @@ -0,0 +1,401 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from collections import OrderedDict +import logging +import os + +from fairseq.data import ( + BacktranslationDataset, + data_utils, + indexed_dataset, + IndexedCachedDataset, + IndexedDataset, + IndexedRawTextDataset, + LanguagePairDataset, + NoisingDataset, + RoundRobinZipDatasets, +) +from fairseq.models import FairseqMultiModel +from fairseq.sequence_generator import SequenceGenerator + +from .multilingual_translation import MultilingualTranslationTask +from . import register_task +from fairseq import utils + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +def _get_bt_dataset_key(lang_pair): + return "bt:" + lang_pair + + +def _get_denoising_dataset_key(lang_pair): + return "denoising:" + lang_pair + + +# ported from UnsupervisedMT +def parse_lambda_config(x): + """ + Parse the configuration of lambda coefficient (for scheduling). + x = "3" # lambda will be a constant equal to x + x = "0:1,1000:0" # lambda will start from 1 and linearly decrease + # to 0 during the first 1000 iterations + x = "0:0,1000:0,2000:1" # lambda will be equal to 0 for the first 1000 + # iterations, then will linearly increase to 1 until iteration 2000 + """ + split = x.split(',') + if len(split) == 1: + return float(x), None + else: + split = [s.split(os.pathsep) for s in split] + assert all(len(s) == 2 for s in split) + assert all(k.isdigit() for k, _ in split) + assert all(int(split[i][0]) < int(split[i + 1][0]) for i in range(len(split) - 1)) + return float(split[0][1]), [(int(k), float(v)) for k, v in split] + + +@register_task('semisupervised_translation') +class SemisupervisedTranslationTask(MultilingualTranslationTask): + """A task for training multiple translation models simultaneously. + + We iterate round-robin over batches from multiple language pairs, ordered + according to the `--lang-pairs` argument. + + The training loop is roughly: + + for i in range(len(epoch)): + for lang_pair in args.lang_pairs: + batch = next_batch_for_lang_pair(lang_pair) + loss = criterion(model_for_lang_pair(lang_pair), batch) + loss.backward() + optimizer.step() + + In practice, `next_batch_for_lang_pair` is abstracted in a FairseqDataset + (e.g., `RoundRobinZipDatasets`) and `model_for_lang_pair` is a model that + implements the `FairseqMultiModel` interface. + + During inference it is required to specify a single `--source-lang` and + `--target-lang`, instead of `--lang-pairs`. + """ + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + MultilingualTranslationTask.add_args(parser) + parser.add_argument('--lambda-parallel-config', default="1.0", type=str, metavar='CONFIG', + help='cross-entropy reconstruction coefficient (parallel data). ' + 'use fixed weight during training if set to floating point number. ' + 'use piecewise linear function over number of updates to schedule the ' + 'weight with the format: w0:step0,w1:step1,...') + parser.add_argument('--lambda-denoising-config', default="0.0", type=str, metavar='CONFIG', + help='Cross-entropy reconstruction coefficient (denoising autoencoding)' + 'use fixed weight during training if set to floating point number. ' + 'use piecewise linear function over number of updates to schedule the ' + 'weight with the format: w0:step0,w1:step1,...') + parser.add_argument('--lambda-otf-bt-config', default="0.0", type=str, metavar='CONFIG', + help='cross-entropy reconstruction coefficient (on-the-fly back-translation parallel data)' + 'use fixed weight during training if set to floating point number. ' + 'use piecewise linear function over number of updates to schedule the ' + 'weight with the format: w0:step0,w1:step1,...') + parser.add_argument('--bt-max-len-a', default=1.1, type=float, metavar='N', + help='generate back-translated sequences of maximum length ax + b, where x is the ' + 'source length') + parser.add_argument('--bt-max-len-b', default=10.0, type=float, metavar='N', + help='generate back-translated sequences of maximum length ax + b, where x is the ' + 'source length') + parser.add_argument('--bt-beam-size', default=1, type=int, metavar='N', + help='beam size used in beam search of online back-translation') + parser.add_argument('--max-word-shuffle-distance', default=3.0, type=float, metavar='N', + help='maximum word shuffle distance for denoising autoencoding data generation') + parser.add_argument('--word-dropout-prob', default=0.1, type=float, metavar='N', + help='word dropout probability for denoising autoencoding data generation') + parser.add_argument('--word-blanking-prob', default=0.2, type=float, metavar='N', + help='word blanking probability for denoising autoencoding data generation') + # fmt: on + + def __init__(self, args, dicts, training): + super().__init__(args, dicts, training) + self.lambda_parallel, self.lambda_parallel_steps = parse_lambda_config(args.lambda_parallel_config) + self.lambda_otf_bt, self.lambda_otf_bt_steps = parse_lambda_config(args.lambda_otf_bt_config) + self.lambda_denoising, self.lambda_denoising_steps = parse_lambda_config(args.lambda_denoising_config) + if (self.lambda_denoising > 0.0 or self.lambda_denoising_steps is not None): + denoising_lang_pairs = [ + "%s-%s" % (tgt, tgt) + for tgt in {lang_pair.split('-')[1] for lang_pair in args.lang_pairs} + ] + self.model_lang_pairs = self.model_lang_pairs + denoising_lang_pairs + self.backtranslate_datasets = {} + self.backtranslators = {} + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, **kwargs): + dicts, training = MultilingualTranslationTask.prepare(args, **kwargs) + return cls(args, dicts, training) + + def load_dataset(self, split, epoch=1, **kwargs): + """Load a dataset split.""" + paths = utils.split_paths(self.args.data) + assert len(paths) > 0 + data_path = paths[(epoch - 1) % len(paths)] + + def split_exists(split, src, tgt, lang): + if src is not None: + filename = os.path.join(data_path, '{}.{}-{}.{}'.format(split, src, tgt, lang)) + else: + filename = os.path.join(data_path, '{}.{}-None.{}'.format(split, src, tgt)) + return indexed_dataset.dataset_exists(filename, impl=self.args.dataset_impl) + + def load_indexed_dataset(path, dictionary): + return data_utils.load_indexed_dataset(path, dictionary, self.args.dataset_impl) + + # load parallel datasets + src_datasets, tgt_datasets = {}, {} + if (self.lambda_parallel > 0.0 or self.lambda_parallel_steps is not None or not split.startswith("train")): + for lang_pair in self.lang_pairs: + src, tgt = lang_pair.split('-') + if split_exists(split, src, tgt, src): + prefix = os.path.join(data_path, '{}.{}-{}.'.format(split, src, tgt)) + elif split_exists(split, tgt, src, src): + prefix = os.path.join(data_path, '{}.{}-{}.'.format(split, tgt, src)) + else: + continue + src_datasets[lang_pair] = load_indexed_dataset(prefix + src, self.dicts[src]) + tgt_datasets[lang_pair] = load_indexed_dataset(prefix + tgt, self.dicts[tgt]) + logger.info('parallel-{} {} {} examples'.format(data_path, split, len(src_datasets[lang_pair]))) + if len(src_datasets) == 0: + raise FileNotFoundError('Dataset not found: {} ({})'.format(split, data_path)) + + # back translation datasets + backtranslate_datasets = {} + if (self.lambda_otf_bt > 0.0 or self.lambda_otf_bt_steps is not None) and split.startswith("train"): + for lang_pair in self.lang_pairs: + src, tgt = lang_pair.split('-') + if not split_exists(split, tgt, None, tgt): + raise FileNotFoundError('Dataset not found: backtranslation {} ({})'.format(split, data_path)) + filename = os.path.join(data_path, '{}.{}-None.{}'.format(split, tgt, tgt)) + dataset = load_indexed_dataset(filename, self.dicts[tgt]) + lang_pair_dataset_tgt = LanguagePairDataset( + dataset, + dataset.sizes, + self.dicts[tgt], + left_pad_source=self.args.left_pad_source, + left_pad_target=self.args.left_pad_target, + ) + lang_pair_dataset = LanguagePairDataset( + dataset, + dataset.sizes, + src_dict=self.dicts[src], + tgt=dataset, + tgt_sizes=dataset.sizes, + tgt_dict=self.dicts[tgt], + left_pad_source=self.args.left_pad_source, + left_pad_target=self.args.left_pad_target, + ) + backtranslate_datasets[lang_pair] = BacktranslationDataset( + tgt_dataset=self.alter_dataset_langtok( + lang_pair_dataset_tgt, + src_eos=self.dicts[tgt].eos(), + src_lang=tgt, + tgt_lang=src, + ), + backtranslation_fn=self.backtranslators[lang_pair], + src_dict=self.dicts[src], tgt_dict=self.dicts[tgt], + output_collater=self.alter_dataset_langtok( + lang_pair_dataset=lang_pair_dataset, + src_eos=self.dicts[src].eos(), + src_lang=src, + tgt_eos=self.dicts[tgt].eos(), + tgt_lang=tgt, + ).collater, + ) + logger.info('backtranslate-{}: {} {} {} examples'.format( + tgt, data_path, split, len(backtranslate_datasets[lang_pair]), + )) + self.backtranslate_datasets[lang_pair] = backtranslate_datasets[lang_pair] + + # denoising autoencoder + noising_datasets = {} + if (self.lambda_denoising > 0.0 or self.lambda_denoising_steps is not None) and split.startswith("train"): + for lang_pair in self.lang_pairs: + _, tgt = lang_pair.split('-') + if not split_exists(split, tgt, None, tgt): + continue + filename = os.path.join(data_path, '{}.{}-None.{}'.format(split, tgt, tgt)) + tgt_dataset1 = load_indexed_dataset(filename, self.dicts[tgt]) + tgt_dataset2 = load_indexed_dataset(filename, self.dicts[tgt]) + noising_dataset = NoisingDataset( + tgt_dataset1, + self.dicts[tgt], + seed=1, + max_word_shuffle_distance=self.args.max_word_shuffle_distance, + word_dropout_prob=self.args.word_dropout_prob, + word_blanking_prob=self.args.word_blanking_prob, + ) + noising_datasets[lang_pair] = self.alter_dataset_langtok( + LanguagePairDataset( + noising_dataset, + tgt_dataset1.sizes, + self.dicts[tgt], + tgt_dataset2, + tgt_dataset2.sizes, + self.dicts[tgt], + left_pad_source=self.args.left_pad_source, + left_pad_target=self.args.left_pad_target, + ), + src_eos=self.dicts[tgt].eos(), + src_lang=tgt, + tgt_eos=self.dicts[tgt].eos(), + tgt_lang=tgt, + ) + logger.info('denoising-{}: {} {} {} examples'.format( + tgt, data_path, split, len(noising_datasets[lang_pair]), + )) + + def language_pair_dataset(lang_pair): + src, tgt = lang_pair.split('-') + src_dataset, tgt_dataset = src_datasets[lang_pair], tgt_datasets[lang_pair] + return self.alter_dataset_langtok( + LanguagePairDataset( + src_dataset, src_dataset.sizes, self.dicts[src], + tgt_dataset, tgt_dataset.sizes, self.dicts[tgt], + left_pad_source=self.args.left_pad_source, + left_pad_target=self.args.left_pad_target, + max_source_positions=self.args.max_source_positions, + max_target_positions=self.args.max_target_positions, + ), + self.dicts[src].eos(), + src, + self.dicts[tgt].eos(), + tgt, + ) + + self.datasets[split] = RoundRobinZipDatasets( + OrderedDict([ + (lang_pair, language_pair_dataset(lang_pair)) + for lang_pair in src_datasets.keys() + ] + [ + (_get_bt_dataset_key(lang_pair), dataset) + for lang_pair, dataset in backtranslate_datasets.items() + ] + [ + (_get_denoising_dataset_key(lang_pair), dataset) + for lang_pair, dataset in noising_datasets.items() + ]), + eval_key=None if self.training else "%s-%s" % (self.args.source_lang, self.args.target_lang), + ) + + def build_model(self, args): + from fairseq import models + model = models.build_model(args, self) + if not isinstance(model, FairseqMultiModel): + raise ValueError('SemisupervisedTranslationTask requires a FairseqMultiModel architecture') + + # create SequenceGenerator for each model that has backtranslation dependency on it + self.sequence_generators = {} + if (self.lambda_otf_bt > 0.0 or self.lambda_otf_bt_steps is not None) and self.training: + for lang_pair in self.lang_pairs: + src, tgt = lang_pair.split('-') + key = '{}-{}'.format(tgt, src) + self.sequence_generators[key] = SequenceGenerator( + tgt_dict=self.dicts[src], + beam_size=args.bt_beam_size, + max_len_a=args.bt_max_len_a, + max_len_b=args.bt_max_len_b, + ) + decoder_lang_tok_idx = self.get_decoder_langtok(src) + + def backtranslate_fn( + sample, model=model.models[key], + bos_token=decoder_lang_tok_idx, + sequence_generator=self.sequence_generators[key], + ): + return sequence_generator.generate( + [model], + sample, + bos_token=bos_token, + ) + self.backtranslators[lang_pair] = backtranslate_fn + + return model + + def train_step(self, sample, model, criterion, optimizer, update_num, ignore_grad=False): + model.train() + + if update_num > 0: + self.update_step(update_num) + + agg_loss, agg_sample_size, agg_logging_output = 0., 0., {} + + def forward_backward(model, samples, logging_output_key, weight): + nonlocal agg_loss, agg_sample_size, agg_logging_output + if samples is None or len(samples) == 0: + return + loss, sample_size, logging_output = criterion(model, samples) + if ignore_grad: + loss *= 0 + else: + loss *= weight + optimizer.backward(loss) + agg_loss += loss.detach().item() + # TODO make summing of the sample sizes configurable + agg_sample_size += sample_size + agg_logging_output[logging_output_key] = logging_output + + if self.lambda_parallel > 0.0: + for lang_pair in self.lang_pairs: + forward_backward(model.models[lang_pair], sample[lang_pair], lang_pair, self.lambda_parallel) + + if self.lambda_otf_bt > 0.0: + for lang_pair in self.lang_pairs: + sample_key = _get_bt_dataset_key(lang_pair) + forward_backward(model.models[lang_pair], sample[sample_key], sample_key, self.lambda_otf_bt) + + if self.lambda_denoising > 0.0: + for lang_pair in self.lang_pairs: + _, tgt = lang_pair.split('-') + sample_key = _get_denoising_dataset_key(lang_pair) + forward_backward(model.models['{0}-{0}'.format(tgt)], sample[sample_key], sample_key, self.lambda_denoising) + + return agg_loss, agg_sample_size, agg_logging_output + + def update_step(self, num_updates): + def lambda_step_func(config, n_iter): + """ + Update a lambda value according to its schedule configuration. + """ + ranges = [i for i in range(len(config) - 1) if config[i][0] <= n_iter < config[i + 1][0]] + if len(ranges) == 0: + assert n_iter >= config[-1][0] + return config[-1][1] + assert len(ranges) == 1 + i = ranges[0] + x_a, y_a = config[i] + x_b, y_b = config[i + 1] + return y_a + (n_iter - x_a) * float(y_b - y_a) / float(x_b - x_a) + + if self.lambda_parallel_steps is not None: + self.lambda_parallel = lambda_step_func(self.lambda_parallel_steps, num_updates) + if self.lambda_denoising_steps is not None: + self.lambda_denoising = lambda_step_func(self.lambda_denoising_steps, num_updates) + if self.lambda_otf_bt_steps is not None: + self.lambda_otf_bt = lambda_step_func(self.lambda_otf_bt_steps, num_updates) + + def aggregate_logging_outputs(self, logging_outputs, criterion): + # aggregate logging outputs for each language pair + logging_output_keys = { + key + for logging_output in logging_outputs + for key in logging_output + } + lang_pair_keys = set(self.lang_pairs + [ + _get_bt_dataset_key(lang_pair) + for lang_pair in self.lang_pairs + ] + [ + _get_denoising_dataset_key(lang_pair) + for lang_pair in self.lang_pairs + ]) + logging_output_keys = logging_output_keys.intersection(lang_pair_keys) + return super().aggregate_logging_outputs(logging_outputs, criterion, logging_output_keys) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/sentence_prediction.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/sentence_prediction.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..471baf428a5020a1c27d2f82e25684bbd91e3fff --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/sentence_prediction.py @@ -0,0 +1,238 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging +import os + +import numpy as np + +from fairseq.data import ( + ConcatSentencesDataset, + data_utils, + Dictionary, + IdDataset, + NestedDictionaryDataset, + NumSamplesDataset, + NumelDataset, + OffsetTokensDataset, + PrependTokenDataset, + RawLabelDataset, + RightPadDataset, + RollDataset, + SortDataset, + StripTokenDataset, + TruncateDataset, +) +from fairseq.tasks import FairseqTask, register_task + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_task('sentence_prediction') +class SentencePredictionTask(FairseqTask): + """ + Sentence (or sentence pair) prediction (classification or regression) task. + + Args: + dictionary (Dictionary): the dictionary for the input of the task + """ + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument('data', metavar='FILE', + help='file prefix for data') + parser.add_argument('--num-classes', type=int, default=-1, + help='number of classes or regression targets') + parser.add_argument('--init-token', type=int, default=None, + help='add token at the beginning of each batch item') + parser.add_argument('--separator-token', type=int, default=None, + help='add separator token between inputs') + parser.add_argument('--regression-target', action='store_true', default=False) + parser.add_argument('--no-shuffle', action='store_true', default=False) + parser.add_argument('--truncate-sequence', action='store_true', default=False, + help='truncate sequence to max-positions') + parser.add_argument('--add-prev-output-tokens', action='store_true', default=False, + help='add prev_output_tokens to sample, used for encoder-decoder arch') + + def __init__(self, args, data_dictionary, label_dictionary): + super().__init__(args) + self.dictionary = data_dictionary + self._label_dictionary = label_dictionary + if not hasattr(args, 'max_positions'): + self._max_positions = ( + args.max_source_positions, + args.max_target_positions, + ) + else: + self._max_positions = args.max_positions + args.tokens_per_sample = self._max_positions + + @classmethod + def load_dictionary(cls, args, filename, source=True): + """Load the dictionary from the filename + + Args: + filename (str): the filename + """ + dictionary = Dictionary.load(filename) + dictionary.add_symbol('') + return dictionary + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, **kwargs): + assert args.num_classes > 0, 'Must set --num-classes' + + # load data dictionary + data_dict = cls.load_dictionary( + args, + os.path.join(args.data, 'input0', 'dict.txt'), + source=True, + ) + logger.info('[input] dictionary: {} types'.format(len(data_dict))) + + label_dict = None + if not args.regression_target: + # load label dictionary + label_dict = cls.load_dictionary( + args, + os.path.join(args.data, 'label', 'dict.txt'), + source=False, + ) + logger.info('[label] dictionary: {} types'.format(len(label_dict))) + else: + label_dict = data_dict + return SentencePredictionTask(args, data_dict, label_dict) + + def load_dataset(self, split, combine=False, **kwargs): + """Load a given dataset split (e.g., train, valid, test).""" + def get_path(type, split): + return os.path.join(self.args.data, type, split) + + def make_dataset(type, dictionary): + split_path = get_path(type, split) + + dataset = data_utils.load_indexed_dataset( + split_path, + dictionary, + self.args.dataset_impl, + combine=combine, + ) + return dataset + + input0 = make_dataset('input0', self.source_dictionary) + assert input0 is not None, 'could not find dataset: {}'.format(get_path(type, split)) + input1 = make_dataset('input1', self.source_dictionary) + + if self.args.init_token is not None: + input0 = PrependTokenDataset(input0, self.args.init_token) + + if input1 is None: + src_tokens = input0 + else: + if self.args.separator_token is not None: + input1 = PrependTokenDataset(input1, self.args.separator_token) + + src_tokens = ConcatSentencesDataset(input0, input1) + + with data_utils.numpy_seed(self.args.seed): + shuffle = np.random.permutation(len(src_tokens)) + + if self.args.truncate_sequence: + src_tokens = TruncateDataset(src_tokens, self.args.max_positions) + + dataset = { + 'id': IdDataset(), + 'net_input': { + 'src_tokens': RightPadDataset( + src_tokens, + pad_idx=self.source_dictionary.pad(), + ), + 'src_lengths': NumelDataset(src_tokens, reduce=False), + }, + 'nsentences': NumSamplesDataset(), + 'ntokens': NumelDataset(src_tokens, reduce=True), + } + + if self.args.add_prev_output_tokens: + prev_tokens_dataset = RightPadDataset( + RollDataset(src_tokens, 1), + pad_idx=self.dictionary.pad(), + ) + dataset['net_input'].update( + prev_output_tokens=prev_tokens_dataset, + ) + + if not self.args.regression_target: + label_dataset = make_dataset('label', self.label_dictionary) + if label_dataset is not None: + dataset.update( + target=OffsetTokensDataset( + StripTokenDataset( + label_dataset, + id_to_strip=self.label_dictionary.eos(), + ), + offset=-self.label_dictionary.nspecial, + ) + ) + else: + label_path = "{0}.label".format(get_path('label', split)) + if os.path.exists(label_path): + def parse_regression_target(i, line): + values = line.split() + assert len(values) == self.args.num_classes, \ + f'expected num_classes={self.args.num_classes} regression target values on line {i}, found: "{line}"' + return [float(x) for x in values] + dataset.update( + target=RawLabelDataset([ + parse_regression_target(i, line.strip()) for i, line in enumerate(open(label_path).readlines()) + ]) + ) + + nested_dataset = NestedDictionaryDataset( + dataset, + sizes=[src_tokens.sizes], + ) + + if self.args.no_shuffle: + dataset = nested_dataset + else: + dataset = SortDataset( + nested_dataset, + # shuffle + sort_order=[shuffle], + ) + + logger.info("Loaded {0} with #samples: {1}".format(split, len(dataset))) + + self.datasets[split] = dataset + return self.datasets[split] + + def build_model(self, args): + from fairseq import models + model = models.build_model(args, self) + + model.register_classification_head( + getattr(args, 'classification_head_name', 'sentence_classification_head'), + num_classes=self.args.num_classes, + ) + + return model + + def max_positions(self): + return self._max_positions + + @property + def source_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary + + @property + def label_dictionary(self): + return self._label_dictionary diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/sentence_ranking.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/sentence_ranking.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2438ab740414804226369f2a95bb680c9d33105c --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/sentence_ranking.py @@ -0,0 +1,196 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging +import os + +import numpy as np + +from fairseq.data import ( + ConcatSentencesDataset, + data_utils, + Dictionary, + IdDataset, + NestedDictionaryDataset, + NumSamplesDataset, + NumelDataset, + PrependTokenDataset, + RawLabelDataset, + RightPadDataset, + SortDataset, + TruncateDataset, +) +from fairseq.tasks import FairseqTask, register_task + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +@register_task('sentence_ranking') +class SentenceRankingTask(FairseqTask): + """ + Ranking task on multiple sentences. + + Args: + dictionary (Dictionary): the dictionary for the input of the task + """ + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + parser.add_argument('data', metavar='FILE', + help='file prefix for data') + parser.add_argument('--num-classes', type=int, + help='number of sentences to be ranked') + parser.add_argument('--init-token', type=int, + help='add token at the beginning of each batch item') + parser.add_argument('--separator-token', type=int, + help='add separator token between inputs') + parser.add_argument('--no-shuffle', action='store_true') + parser.add_argument('--truncate-sequence', action='store_true', + help='Truncate sequence to max_positions') + parser.add_argument('--max-option-length', type=int, + help='max length for each option') + + def __init__(self, args, dictionary): + super().__init__(args) + self.dictionary = dictionary + + @classmethod + def load_dictionary(cls, args, filename, source=True): + """Load the dictionary from the filename + + Args: + filename (str): the filename + """ + dictionary = Dictionary.load(filename) + dictionary.add_symbol('') + return dictionary + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, **kwargs): + assert args.criterion == 'sentence_ranking', \ + 'Must set --criterion=sentence_ranking' + + # load data dictionary + data_dict = cls.load_dictionary( + args, + os.path.join(args.data, 'input0', 'dict.txt'), + source=True, + ) + logger.info('[input] dictionary: {} types'.format(len(data_dict))) + return SentenceRankingTask(args, data_dict) + + def load_dataset(self, split, combine=False, **kwargs): + """Load a given dataset split (e.g., train, valid, test).""" + + def get_path(type, split): + return os.path.join(self.args.data, type, split) + + def make_dataset(type, dictionary): + split_path = get_path(type, split) + + dataset = data_utils.load_indexed_dataset( + split_path, + self.source_dictionary, + self.args.dataset_impl, + combine=combine, + ) + return dataset + + input0 = make_dataset('input0', self.source_dictionary) + input_options = [ + make_dataset( + 'input{idx}'.format(idx=idx + 1), + self.source_dictionary + ) + for idx in range(self.args.num_classes) + ] + + if self.args.separator_token is not None: + input0 = PrependTokenDataset(input0, self.args.separator_token) + + src_tokens = [] + for input_option in input_options: + if self.args.init_token is not None: + input_option = PrependTokenDataset(input_option, self.args.init_token) + if self.args.max_option_length is not None: + input_option = TruncateDataset(input_option, self.args.max_option_length) + src_token = ConcatSentencesDataset(input_option, input0) + if self.args.truncate_sequence: + src_token = TruncateDataset(src_token, self.args.max_positions) + src_tokens.append(src_token) + + with data_utils.numpy_seed(self.args.seed): + shuffle = np.random.permutation(len(src_tokens[0])) + + dataset = { + 'id': IdDataset(), + 'nsentences': NumSamplesDataset(), + 'ntokens': NumelDataset(src_tokens[0], reduce=True), + } + + for src_token_idx in range(len(src_tokens)): + dataset.update( + { + 'net_input{idx}'.format(idx=src_token_idx+1): { + 'src_tokens': RightPadDataset( + src_tokens[src_token_idx], + pad_idx=self.source_dictionary.pad(), + ), + 'src_lengths': NumelDataset(src_tokens[src_token_idx], reduce=False), + } + } + ) + + label_path = '{}.label'.format(get_path('label', split)) + if os.path.exists(label_path): + with open(label_path) as h: + dataset.update( + target=RawLabelDataset([ + int(x.strip()) for x in h.readlines() + ]) + ) + + nested_dataset = NestedDictionaryDataset( + dataset, + sizes=[np.maximum.reduce([src_token.sizes for src_token in src_tokens])], + ) + + if self.args.no_shuffle: + dataset = nested_dataset + else: + dataset = SortDataset( + nested_dataset, + # shuffle + sort_order=[shuffle], + ) + + logger.info("Loaded {0} with #samples: {1}".format(split, len(dataset))) + + self.datasets[split] = dataset + return self.datasets[split] + + def build_model(self, args): + from fairseq import models + model = models.build_model(args, self) + + model.register_classification_head( + getattr(args, 'ranking_head_name', 'sentence_classification_head'), + num_classes=1, + ) + + return model + + def max_positions(self): + return self.args.max_positions + + @property + def source_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/translation.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/translation.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3d446fa63a032a99c3cf96581df20543f19337c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/translation.py @@ -0,0 +1,440 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from argparse import Namespace +import json +import itertools +import logging +import os + +import numpy as np + +from bert import BertTokenizer +from fairseq import metrics, options, utils +from fairseq.data import ( + AppendTokenDataset, + ConcatDataset, + data_utils, + encoders, + indexed_dataset, + LanguagePairDataset, + PrependTokenDataset, + StripTokenDataset, + TruncateDataset, +) + +from fairseq.tasks import FairseqTask, register_task + +EVAL_BLEU_ORDER = 4 + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +def load_langpair_dataset( + data_path, split, + src, src_dict, + tgt, tgt_dict, + combine, dataset_impl, upsample_primary, + left_pad_source, left_pad_target, max_source_positions, + max_target_positions, bert_model_name, prepend_bos=False, load_alignments=False, + truncate_source=False, append_source_id=False +): + + def split_exists(split, src, tgt, lang, data_path): + filename = os.path.join(data_path, '{}.{}-{}.{}'.format(split, src, tgt, lang)) + return indexed_dataset.dataset_exists(filename, impl=dataset_impl) + + #dataset_impl = 'lazy' + #dataset_impl = 'mmap' + src_datasets = [] + tgt_datasets = [] + srcbert_datasets = [] + + for k in itertools.count(): + split_k = split + (str(k) if k > 0 else '') + + # infer langcode + if split_exists(split_k, src, tgt, src, data_path): + prefix = os.path.join(data_path, '{}.{}-{}.'.format(split_k, src, tgt)) + bertprefix = os.path.join(data_path, '{}.bert.{}-{}.'.format(split_k, src, tgt)) + elif split_exists(split_k, tgt, src, src, data_path): + prefix=os.path.join(data_path, '{}.{}-{}.'.format(split_k, tgt, src)) + bertprefix = os.path.join(data_path, '{}.bert.{}-{}.'.format(split_k, tgt, src)) + else: + if k > 0: + break + else: + raise FileNotFoundError('Dataset not found: {} ({})'.format(split, data_path)) + + print('前scr_dataset的dataset_impl是什么：',dataset_impl) + # 从源码得，data_utils.load_indexed_dataset包含了make_dataset方法 + src_dataset = data_utils.load_indexed_dataset(prefix + src, src_dict, dataset_impl) + if truncate_source: + src_dataset = AppendTokenDataset( + TruncateDataset( + StripTokenDataset(src_dataset, src_dict.eos()), + max_source_positions - 1, + ), + src_dict.eos(), + ) + src_datasets.append(src_dataset) + + #src_datasets.append(indexed_dataset.make_dataset(prefix + src, impl=dataset_impl, + # fix_lua_indexing=True, dictionary=src_dict)) + #print("后src_datasets是什么:",src_datasets) + #tgt_datasets.append(indexed_dataset.make_dataset(prefix + tgt, impl=dataset_impl, + # fix_lua_indexing=True, dictionary=tgt_dict)) + tgt_dataset = data_utils.load_indexed_dataset(prefix + tgt, tgt_dict, dataset_impl) + if tgt_dataset is not None: + tgt_datasets.append(tgt_dataset) + #print('dataset_impl的值是什么：',dataset_impl) + + # BERT数据加载: 仅在BERT数据文件存在时加载 + bert_data_exists = indexed_dataset.dataset_exists(bertprefix + src, impl=dataset_impl) + if bert_data_exists: + berttokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained(bert_model_name) + srcbert_dataset = data_utils.load_indexed_dataset(bertprefix + src, berttokenizer ,dataset_impl=dataset_impl) + srcbert_datasets.append(srcbert_dataset) + else: + srcbert_datasets.append(None) + #srcbert_datasets.append(indexed_dataset.make_dataset(bertprefix + src, impl=dataset_impl, + # fix_lua_indexing=True, )) + + logger.info('{} {} {}-{} {} examples'.format( + data_path, split_k, src, tgt, len(src_datasets[-1]) + )) + + if not combine: + break + + assert len(src_datasets) == len(tgt_datasets) or len(tgt_datasets) == 0 + + if len(src_datasets) == 1: + src_dataset = src_datasets[0] + tgt_dataset = tgt_datasets[0] if len(tgt_datasets) > 0 else None + #print('srcbert_datasets是什么:',srcbert_datasets) + + srcbert_dataset = srcbert_datasets[0] if len(srcbert_datasets) > 0 else None + berttokenizer_for_dataset = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained(bert_model_name) if (srcbert_dataset is not None and bert_model_name is not None) else None + else: + sample_ratios = [1] * len(src_datasets) + sample_ratios[0] = upsample_primary + src_dataset = ConcatDataset(src_datasets, sample_ratios) + if len(tgt_datasets) > 0: + tgt_dataset = ConcatDataset(tgt_datasets, sample_ratios) + else: + tgt_dataset = None + # For multiple datasets, use the first BERT dataset if available + srcbert_dataset = srcbert_datasets[0] if len(srcbert_datasets) > 0 and srcbert_datasets[0] is not None else None + berttokenizer_for_dataset = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained(bert_model_name) if (srcbert_dataset is not None and bert_model_name is not None) else None + + if prepend_bos: + assert hasattr(src_dict, "bos_index") and hasattr(tgt_dict, "bos_index") + src_dataset = PrependTokenDataset(src_dataset, src_dict.bos()) + if tgt_dataset is not None: + tgt_dataset = PrependTokenDataset(tgt_dataset, tgt_dict.bos()) + + eos = None + if append_source_id: + src_dataset = AppendTokenDataset(src_dataset, src_dict.index('[{}]'.format(src))) + if tgt_dataset is not None: + tgt_dataset = AppendTokenDataset(tgt_dataset, tgt_dict.index('[{}]'.format(tgt))) + eos = tgt_dict.index('[{}]'.format(tgt)) + + align_dataset = None + if load_alignments: + align_path = os.path.join(data_path, '{}.align.{}-{}'.format(split, src, tgt)) + if indexed_dataset.dataset_exists(align_path, impl=dataset_impl): + align_dataset = data_utils.load_indexed_dataset(align_path, None, dataset_impl) + + tgt_dataset_sizes = tgt_dataset.sizes if tgt_dataset is not None else None + + + return LanguagePairDataset( + src_dataset, src_dataset.sizes, src_dict, + tgt_dataset, tgt_dataset_sizes, tgt_dict, + srcbert=srcbert_dataset, srcbert_sizes=srcbert_dataset.sizes if srcbert_dataset is not None else None, + berttokenizer=berttokenizer_for_dataset, + left_pad_source=left_pad_source, + left_pad_target=left_pad_target, + max_source_positions=max_source_positions, + max_target_positions=max_target_positions, + align_dataset=align_dataset, eos=eos + ) + + +@register_task('translation') +class TranslationTask(FairseqTask): + """ + Translate from one (source) language to another (target) language. + + Args: + src_dict (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): dictionary for the source language + tgt_dict (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): dictionary for the target language + + .. note:: + + The translation task is compatible with :mod:`fairseq-train`, + :mod:`fairseq-generate` and :mod:`fairseq-interactive`. + + The translation task provides the following additional command-line + arguments: + + .. argparse:: + :ref: fairseq.tasks.translation_parser + :prog: + """ + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('data', help='colon separated path to data directories list, \ + will be iterated upon during epochs in round-robin manner') + parser.add_argument('-s', '--source-lang', default=None, metavar='SRC', + help='source language') + parser.add_argument('-t', '--target-lang', default=None, metavar='TARGET', + help='target language') + parser.add_argument('--load-alignments', action='store_true', + help='load the binarized alignments') + parser.add_argument('--left-pad-source', default='True', type=str, metavar='BOOL', + help='pad the source on the left') + parser.add_argument('--left-pad-target', default='False', type=str, metavar='BOOL', + help='pad the target on the left') + parser.add_argument('--max-source-positions', default=1024, type=int, metavar='N', + help='max number of tokens in the source sequence') + parser.add_argument('--max-target-positions', default=1024, type=int, metavar='N', + help='max number of tokens in the target sequence') + parser.add_argument('--upsample-primary', default=1, type=int, + help='amount to upsample primary dataset') + + parser.add_argument('--truncate-source', action='store_true', default=False, + help='truncate source to max-source-positions') + + # bert + #if '--bert-model-name' not in parser._option_string_actions: + # parser.add_argument('--bert-model-name', default='bert-base-uncased', type=str) + + parser.add_argument('--bert-model-name', default='bert-base-uncased', type=str) + parser.add_argument('--encoder-ratio', default=1., type=float) + parser.add_argument('--bert-ratio', default=1., type=float) + parser.add_argument('--finetune-bert', action='store_true') + parser.add_argument('--mask-cls-sep', action='store_true') + parser.add_argument('--warmup-from-nmt', action='store_true', ) + parser.add_argument('--warmup-nmt-file', default='checkpoint_nmt.pt', ) + parser.add_argument('--bert-gates', default=[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], nargs='+', type=int) + parser.add_argument('--bert-first', action='store_false', ) + parser.add_argument('--encoder-bert-dropout', action='store_true',) + parser.add_argument('--encoder-bert-dropout-ratio', default=0.25, type=float) + parser.add_argument('--bert-output-layer', default=-1, type=int) + parser.add_argument('--encoder-bert-mixup', action='store_true') + parser.add_argument('--decoder-no-bert', action='store_true') + + # options for reporting BLEU during validation + parser.add_argument('--eval-bleu', action='store_true', + help='evaluation with BLEU scores') + parser.add_argument('--eval-bleu-detok', type=str, default="space", + help='detokenizer before computing BLEU (e.g., "moses"); ' + 'required if using --eval-bleu; use "space" to ' + 'disable detokenization; see fairseq.data.encoders ' + 'for other options') + parser.add_argument('--eval-bleu-detok-args', type=str, metavar='JSON', + help='args for building the tokenizer, if needed') + parser.add_argument('--eval-tokenized-bleu', action='store_true', default=False, + help='if setting, we compute tokenized BLEU instead of sacrebleu') + parser.add_argument('--eval-bleu-remove-bpe', nargs='?', const='@@ ', default=None, + help='remove BPE before computing BLEU') + parser.add_argument('--eval-bleu-args', type=str, metavar='JSON', + help='generation args for BLUE scoring, ' + 'e.g., \'{"beam": 4, "lenpen": 0.6}\'') + parser.add_argument('--eval-bleu-print-samples', action='store_true', + help='print sample generations during validation') + # fmt: on + + def __init__(self, args, src_dict, tgt_dict): + super().__init__(args) + self.src_dict = src_dict + self.tgt_dict = tgt_dict + self.bert_model_name = args.bert_model_name + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, **kwargs): + """Setup the task (e.g., load dictionaries). + + Args: + args (argparse.Namespace): parsed command-line arguments + """ + args.left_pad_source = options.eval_bool(args.left_pad_source) + args.left_pad_target = options.eval_bool(args.left_pad_target) + + # bert + if getattr(args, 'raw_text', False): + utils.deprecation_warning('--raw-text is deprecated, please use --dataset-impl=raw') + args.dataset_impl = 'raw' + elif getattr(args, 'lazy_load', False): + utils.deprecation_warning('--lazy-load is deprecated, please use --dataset-impl=lazy') + args.dataset_impl = 'lazy' + + paths = utils.split_paths(args.data) + assert len(paths) > 0 + # find language pair automatically + if args.source_lang is None or args.target_lang is None: + args.source_lang, args.target_lang = data_utils.infer_language_pair(paths[0]) + if args.source_lang is None or args.target_lang is None: + raise Exception('Could not infer language pair, please provide it explicitly') + + # load dictionaries + src_dict = cls.load_dictionary(os.path.join(paths[0], 'dict.{}.txt'.format(args.source_lang))) + tgt_dict = cls.load_dictionary(os.path.join(paths[0], 'dict.{}.txt'.format(args.target_lang))) + assert src_dict.pad() == tgt_dict.pad() + assert src_dict.eos() == tgt_dict.eos() + assert src_dict.unk() == tgt_dict.unk() + logger.info('[{}] dictionary: {} types'.format(args.source_lang, len(src_dict))) + logger.info('[{}] dictionary: {} types'.format(args.target_lang, len(tgt_dict))) + + return cls(args, src_dict, tgt_dict) + + def load_dataset(self, split, epoch=1, combine=False, **kwargs): + """Load a given dataset split. + + Args: + split (str): name of the split (e.g., train, valid, test) + """ + paths = utils.split_paths(self.args.data) + assert len(paths) > 0 + data_path = paths[(epoch - 1) % len(paths)] + + # infer langcode + src, tgt = self.args.source_lang, self.args.target_lang + + self.datasets[split] = load_langpair_dataset( + data_path, split, src, self.src_dict, tgt, self.tgt_dict, + combine=combine, dataset_impl=self.args.dataset_impl, + upsample_primary=self.args.upsample_primary, + left_pad_source=self.args.left_pad_source, + left_pad_target=self.args.left_pad_target, + max_source_positions=self.args.max_source_positions, + max_target_positions=self.args.max_target_positions, + load_alignments=self.args.load_alignments, + truncate_source=self.args.truncate_source, + bert_model_name=self.bert_model_name, + ) + + def build_dataset_for_inference(self, src_tokens, src_lengths,srcbert, srcbert_sizes, berttokenizer): + return LanguagePairDataset(src_tokens, src_lengths, self.source_dictionary, srcbert=srcbert, srcbert_sizes=srcbert_sizes, berttokenizer=berttokenizer) + + def build_model(self, args): + model = super().build_model(args) + if getattr(args, 'eval_bleu', False): + assert getattr(args, 'eval_bleu_detok', None) is not None, ( + '--eval-bleu-detok is required if using --eval-bleu; ' + 'try --eval-bleu-detok=moses (or --eval-bleu-detok=space ' + 'to disable detokenization, e.g., when using sentencepiece)' + ) + detok_args = json.loads(getattr(args, 'eval_bleu_detok_args', '{}') or '{}') + self.tokenizer = encoders.build_tokenizer(Namespace( + tokenizer=getattr(args, 'eval_bleu_detok', None), + **detok_args + )) + + gen_args = json.loads(getattr(args, 'eval_bleu_args', '{}') or '{}') + self.sequence_generator = self.build_generator([model], Namespace(**gen_args)) + return model + + def valid_step(self, sample, model, criterion): + loss, sample_size, logging_output = super().valid_step(sample, model, criterion) + if self.args.eval_bleu: + bleu = self._inference_with_bleu(self.sequence_generator, sample, model) + logging_output['_bleu_sys_len'] = bleu.sys_len + logging_output['_bleu_ref_len'] = bleu.ref_len + # we split counts into separate entries so that they can be + # summed efficiently across workers using fast-stat-sync + assert len(bleu.counts) == EVAL_BLEU_ORDER + for i in range(EVAL_BLEU_ORDER): + logging_output['_bleu_counts_' + str(i)] = bleu.counts[i] + logging_output['_bleu_totals_' + str(i)] = bleu.totals[i] + return loss, sample_size, logging_output + + def reduce_metrics(self, logging_outputs, criterion): + super().reduce_metrics(logging_outputs, criterion) + if self.args.eval_bleu: + + def sum_logs(key): + return sum(log.get(key, 0) for log in logging_outputs) + + counts, totals = [], [] + for i in range(EVAL_BLEU_ORDER): + counts.append(sum_logs('_bleu_counts_' + str(i))) + totals.append(sum_logs('_bleu_totals_' + str(i))) + + if max(totals) > 0: + # log counts as numpy arrays -- log_scalar will sum them correctly + metrics.log_scalar('_bleu_counts', np.array(counts)) + metrics.log_scalar('_bleu_totals', np.array(totals)) + metrics.log_scalar('_bleu_sys_len', sum_logs('_bleu_sys_len')) + metrics.log_scalar('_bleu_ref_len', sum_logs('_bleu_ref_len')) + + def compute_bleu(meters): + import inspect + import sacrebleu + fn_sig = inspect.getfullargspec(sacrebleu.compute_bleu)[0] + if 'smooth_method' in fn_sig: + smooth = {'smooth_method': 'exp'} + else: + smooth = {'smooth': 'exp'} + bleu = sacrebleu.compute_bleu( + correct=meters['_bleu_counts'].sum, + total=meters['_bleu_totals'].sum, + sys_len=meters['_bleu_sys_len'].sum, + ref_len=meters['_bleu_ref_len'].sum, + **smooth + ) + return round(bleu.score, 2) + + metrics.log_derived('bleu', compute_bleu) + + def max_positions(self): + """Return the max sentence length allowed by the task.""" + return (self.args.max_source_positions, self.args.max_target_positions) + + @property + def source_dictionary(self): + """Return the source :class:`~fairseq.data.Dictionary`.""" + return self.src_dict + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + """Return the target :class:`~fairseq.data.Dictionary`.""" + return self.tgt_dict + + def _inference_with_bleu(self, generator, sample, model): + import sacrebleu + + def decode(toks, escape_unk=False): + s = self.tgt_dict.string( + toks.int().cpu(), + self.args.eval_bleu_remove_bpe, + escape_unk=escape_unk, + ) + if self.tokenizer: + s = self.tokenizer.decode(s) + return s + + gen_out = self.inference_step(generator, [model], sample, None) + hyps, refs = [], [] + for i in range(len(gen_out)): + hyps.append(decode(gen_out[i][0]['tokens'])) + refs.append(decode( + utils.strip_pad(sample['target'][i], self.tgt_dict.pad()), + escape_unk=True, # don't count as matches to the hypo + )) + if self.args.eval_bleu_print_samples: + logger.info('example hypothesis: ' + hyps[0]) + logger.info('example reference: ' + refs[0]) + if self.args.eval_tokenized_bleu: + return sacrebleu.corpus_bleu(hyps, [refs], tokenize='none') + else: + return sacrebleu.corpus_bleu(hyps, [refs]) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/translation_from_pretrained_bart.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/translation_from_pretrained_bart.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3fbb6fc61c620288bf9d16d43aed69bab6b844a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/translation_from_pretrained_bart.py @@ -0,0 +1,114 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch + +from fairseq.data import LanguagePairDataset + +from .translation import load_langpair_dataset, TranslationTask +from . import register_task + + +@register_task('translation_from_pretrained_bart') +class TranslationFromPretrainedBARTTask(TranslationTask): + """ + Translate from source language to target language with a model initialized with a multilingual pretrain. + + Args: + src_dict (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): dictionary for the source language + tgt_dict (~fairseq.data.Dictionary): dictionary for the target language + + .. note:: + + The translation task is compatible with :mod:`fairseq-train`, + :mod:`fairseq-generate` and :mod:`fairseq-interactive`. + + The translation task provides the following additional command-line + arguments: + + .. argparse:: + :ref: fairseq.tasks.translation_parser + :prog: + """ + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + TranslationTask.add_args(parser) + parser.add_argument('--langs', required=True, metavar='LANG', + help='comma-separated list of monolingual language, for example, "en,de,fr"' + 'be careful these langs are what you used for pretraining (the same order),' + 'not for finetuning.' + 'you should always add all pretraining language idx during finetuning.') + # fmt: on + + def __init__(self, args, src_dict, tgt_dict): + super().__init__(args, src_dict, tgt_dict) + self.langs = args.langs.split(',') + for d in [src_dict, tgt_dict]: + for l in self.langs: + d.add_symbol('[{}]'.format(l)) + d.add_symbol('') + + def load_dataset(self, split, epoch=1, combine=False, **kwargs): + """Load a given dataset split. + + Args: + split (str): name of the split (e.g., train, valid, test) + """ + paths = self.args.data.split(':') + assert len(paths) > 0 + data_path = paths[(epoch - 1) % len(paths)] + + # infer langcode + src, tgt = self.args.source_lang, self.args.target_lang + + self.datasets[split] = load_langpair_dataset( + data_path, split, src, self.src_dict, tgt, self.tgt_dict, + combine=combine, dataset_impl=self.args.dataset_impl, + upsample_primary=self.args.upsample_primary, + left_pad_source=self.args.left_pad_source, + left_pad_target=self.args.left_pad_target, + max_source_positions=getattr(self.args, 'max_source_positions', 1024), + max_target_positions=getattr(self.args, 'max_target_positions', 1024), + load_alignments=self.args.load_alignments, + prepend_bos=getattr(self.args, 'preprend_bos', False), + append_source_id=True + ) + + def build_generator(self, models, args): + if getattr(args, 'score_reference', False): + from fairseq.sequence_scorer import SequenceScorer + return SequenceScorer( + self.target_dictionary, + eos=self.tgt_dict.index('[{}]'.format(self.target_lang)) + ) + else: + from fairseq.sequence_generator import SequenceGenerator + return SequenceGenerator( + models, + self.target_dictionary, + beam_size=getattr(args, 'beam', 5), + max_len_a=getattr(args, 'max_len_a', 0), + max_len_b=getattr(args, 'max_len_b', 200), + min_len=getattr(args, 'min_len', 1), + normalize_scores=(not getattr(args, 'unnormalized', False)), + len_penalty=getattr(args, 'lenpen', 1), + unk_penalty=getattr(args, 'unkpen', 0), + temperature=getattr(args, 'temperature', 1.), + match_source_len=getattr(args, 'match_source_len', False), + no_repeat_ngram_size=getattr(args, 'no_repeat_ngram_size', 0), + eos=self.tgt_dict.index('[{}]'.format(self.args.target_lang)) + ) + + def build_dataset_for_inference(self, src_tokens, src_lengths): + src_lang_id = self.source_dictionary.index('[{}]'.format(self.args.source_lang)) + source_tokens = [] + for s_t in src_tokens: + s_t = torch.cat([s_t, s_t.new(1).fill_(src_lang_id)]) + source_tokens.append(s_t) + dataset = LanguagePairDataset(src_tokens, src_lengths, self.source_dictionary) + return dataset diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/translation_from_pretrained_xlm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/translation_from_pretrained_xlm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..347a6eccb7657e6d20d1f1304b76fe31bc731393 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/translation_from_pretrained_xlm.py @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq.data.legacy.masked_lm_dictionary import MaskedLMDictionary +from fairseq.tasks.translation import TranslationTask + +from . import register_task + + +@register_task("translation_from_pretrained_xlm") +class TranslationFromPretrainedXLMTask(TranslationTask): + """ + Same as TranslationTask except use the MaskedLMDictionary class so that + we can load data that was binarized with the MaskedLMDictionary class. + + This task should be used for the entire training pipeline when we want to + train an NMT model from a pretrained XLM checkpoint: binarizing NMT data, + training NMT with the pretrained XLM checkpoint, and subsequent evaluation + of that trained model. + """ + + @classmethod + def load_dictionary(cls, filename): + """Load the masked LM dictionary from the filename + + Args: + filename (str): the filename + """ + return MaskedLMDictionary.load(filename) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/translation_lev.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/translation_lev.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d07c271569f8e09ec77f8a895c9baccf826d93c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tasks/translation_lev.py @@ -0,0 +1,162 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import os + +import torch + +from fairseq.utils import new_arange +from fairseq.tasks import register_task +from fairseq.tasks.translation import TranslationTask, load_langpair_dataset +from fairseq import utils + +@register_task('translation_lev') +class TranslationLevenshteinTask(TranslationTask): + """ + Translation (Sequence Generation) task for Levenshtein Transformer + See `"Levenshtein Transformer" `_. + """ + + @staticmethod + def add_args(parser): + """Add task-specific arguments to the parser.""" + # fmt: off + TranslationTask.add_args(parser) + parser.add_argument( + '--noise', + default='random_delete', + choices=['random_delete', 'random_mask', 'no_noise', 'full_mask']) + + def load_dataset(self, split, epoch=1, combine=False, **kwargs): + """Load a given dataset split. + + Args: + split (str): name of the split (e.g., train, valid, test) + """ + paths = utils.split_paths(self.args.data) + assert len(paths) > 0 + data_path = paths[(epoch - 1) % len(paths)] + + # infer langcode + src, tgt = self.args.source_lang, self.args.target_lang + + self.datasets[split] = load_langpair_dataset( + data_path, split, src, self.src_dict, tgt, self.tgt_dict, + combine=combine, dataset_impl=self.args.dataset_impl, + upsample_primary=self.args.upsample_primary, + left_pad_source=self.args.left_pad_source, + left_pad_target=self.args.left_pad_target, + max_source_positions=self.args.max_source_positions, + max_target_positions=self.args.max_target_positions, + prepend_bos=True, + ) + + def inject_noise(self, target_tokens): + def _random_delete(target_tokens): + pad = self.tgt_dict.pad() + bos = self.tgt_dict.bos() + eos = self.tgt_dict.eos() + + max_len = target_tokens.size(1) + target_mask = target_tokens.eq(pad) + target_score = target_tokens.clone().float().uniform_() + target_score.masked_fill_( + target_tokens.eq(bos) | target_tokens.eq(eos), 0.0) + target_score.masked_fill_(target_mask, 1) + target_score, target_rank = target_score.sort(1) + target_length = target_mask.size(1) - target_mask.float().sum( + 1, keepdim=True) + + # do not delete and (we assign 0 score for them) + target_cutoff = 2 + ((target_length - 2) * target_score.new_zeros( + target_score.size(0), 1).uniform_()).long() + target_cutoff = target_score.sort(1)[1] >= target_cutoff + + prev_target_tokens = target_tokens.gather( + 1, target_rank).masked_fill_(target_cutoff, pad).gather( + 1, + target_rank.masked_fill_(target_cutoff, + max_len).sort(1)[1]) + prev_target_tokens = prev_target_tokens[:, :prev_target_tokens. + ne(pad).sum(1).max()] + + return prev_target_tokens + + def _random_mask(target_tokens): + pad = self.tgt_dict.pad() + bos = self.tgt_dict.bos() + eos = self.tgt_dict.eos() + unk = self.tgt_dict.unk() + + target_masks = target_tokens.ne(pad) & \ + target_tokens.ne(bos) & \ + target_tokens.ne(eos) + target_score = target_tokens.clone().float().uniform_() + target_score.masked_fill_(~target_masks, 2.0) + target_length = target_masks.sum(1).float() + target_length = target_length * target_length.clone().uniform_() + target_length = target_length + 1 # make sure to mask at least one token. + + _, target_rank = target_score.sort(1) + target_cutoff = new_arange(target_rank) < target_length[:, None].long() + prev_target_tokens = target_tokens.masked_fill( + target_cutoff.scatter(1, target_rank, target_cutoff), unk) + return prev_target_tokens + + def _full_mask(target_tokens): + pad = self.tgt_dict.pad() + bos = self.tgt_dict.bos() + eos = self.tgt_dict.eos() + unk = self.tgt_dict.unk() + + target_mask = target_tokens.eq(bos) | target_tokens.eq( + eos) | target_tokens.eq(pad) + return target_tokens.masked_fill(~target_mask, unk) + + if self.args.noise == 'random_delete': + return _random_delete(target_tokens) + elif self.args.noise == 'random_mask': + return _random_mask(target_tokens) + elif self.args.noise == 'full_mask': + return _full_mask(target_tokens) + elif self.args.noise == 'no_noise': + return target_tokens + else: + raise NotImplementedError + + def build_generator(self, models, args): + # add models input to match the API for SequenceGenerator + from fairseq.iterative_refinement_generator import IterativeRefinementGenerator + return IterativeRefinementGenerator( + self.target_dictionary, + eos_penalty=getattr(args, 'iter_decode_eos_penalty', 0.0), + max_iter=getattr(args, 'iter_decode_max_iter', 10), + beam_size=getattr(args, 'iter_decode_with_beam', 1), + reranking=getattr(args, 'iter_decode_with_external_reranker', False), + decoding_format=getattr(args, 'decoding_format', None), + adaptive=not getattr(args, 'iter_decode_force_max_iter', False), + retain_history=getattr(args, 'retain_iter_history', False)) + + def train_step(self, + sample, + model, + criterion, + optimizer, + update_num, + ignore_grad=False): + model.train() + sample['prev_target'] = self.inject_noise(sample['target']) + loss, sample_size, logging_output = criterion(model, sample) + if ignore_grad: + loss *= 0 + optimizer.backward(loss) + return loss, sample_size, logging_output + + def valid_step(self, sample, model, criterion): + model.eval() + with torch.no_grad(): + sample['prev_target'] = self.inject_noise(sample['target']) + loss, sample_size, logging_output = criterion(model, sample) + return loss, sample_size, logging_output diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tokenizer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tokenizer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8c4d694aa08be0e73179290785c565419247618b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/tokenizer.py @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import re + +SPACE_NORMALIZER = re.compile(r"\s+") + + +def tokenize_line(line): + line = SPACE_NORMALIZER.sub(" ", line) + line = line.strip() + return line.split() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/trainer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/trainer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..348c2ed932da814378bb15bf56387c9f40f8f083 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/trainer.py @@ -0,0 +1,802 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +""" +Train a network across multiple GPUs. +""" + +import contextlib +from itertools import chain +import logging +import sys +from typing import Any, Dict, List + +import torch + +from fairseq import checkpoint_utils, distributed_utils, models, optim, utils +from fairseq.file_io import PathManager +from fairseq.logging import meters, metrics +from fairseq.nan_detector import NanDetector +from fairseq.optim import lr_scheduler + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +class Trainer(object): + """Main class for data parallel training. + + This class supports synchronous distributed data parallel training, + where multiple workers each have a full model replica and gradients + are accumulated across workers before each update. We use + :class:`~torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel` to handle + communication of the gradients across workers. + """ + + def __init__(self, args, task, model, criterion, quantizer=None): + self.args = args + self.task = task + + self.cuda = torch.cuda.is_available() and not args.cpu + if self.cuda: + self.device = torch.device('cuda') + else: + self.device = torch.device('cpu') + + # copy model and criterion to current device + self._criterion = criterion + self._model = model + if args.fp16: + self._criterion = self._criterion.half() + self._model = self._model.half() + self._criterion = self._criterion.to(device=self.device) + self._model = self._model.to(device=self.device) + + self._dummy_batch = "DUMMY" # indicates we don't have a dummy batch at first + self._lr_scheduler = None + self._num_updates = 0 + self._optim_history = None + self._optimizer = None + self._warn_once = set() + self._wrapped_criterion = None + self._wrapped_model = None + + if self.cuda and self.data_parallel_world_size > 1: + self._grad_norm_buf = torch.cuda.DoubleTensor(self.data_parallel_world_size) + else: + self._grad_norm_buf = None + + self.quantizer = quantizer + if self.quantizer is not None: + self.quantizer.set_trainer(self) + + metrics.log_start_time("wall", priority=790, round=0) + + def reinitialize(self): + """Reinitialize the Trainer, typically after model params change.""" + self._lr_scheduler = None + self._optimizer = None + self._wrapped_criterion = None + self._wrapped_model = None + + @property + def data_parallel_world_size(self): + return self.args.distributed_world_size + + @property + def data_parallel_process_group(self): + return None + + @property + def data_parallel_rank(self): + return self.args.distributed_rank + + @property + def is_data_parallel_master(self): + return distributed_utils.is_master(self.args) + + @property + def criterion(self): + if self._wrapped_criterion is None: + if ( + utils.has_parameters(self._criterion) + and self.data_parallel_world_size > 1 + and not self.args.use_bmuf + ): + self._wrapped_criterion = models.DistributedFairseqModel( + self.args, self._criterion, + process_group=self.data_parallel_process_group + ) + else: + self._wrapped_criterion = self._criterion + return self._wrapped_criterion + + @property + def model(self): + if self._wrapped_model is None: + if self.data_parallel_world_size > 1 and not self.args.use_bmuf: + self._wrapped_model = models.DistributedFairseqModel( + self.args, self._model, + process_group=self.data_parallel_process_group + ) + else: + self._wrapped_model = self._model + return self._wrapped_model + + @property + def optimizer(self): + if self._optimizer is None: + self._build_optimizer() + return self._optimizer + + @property + def lr_scheduler(self): + if self._lr_scheduler is None: + self._build_optimizer() # this will initialize self._lr_scheduler + return self._lr_scheduler + + def _build_optimizer(self): + params = list( + filter( + lambda p: p.requires_grad, + chain(self.model.parameters(), self.criterion.parameters()), + ) + ) + if self.args.fp16: + if self.cuda and torch.cuda.get_device_capability(0)[0] < 7: + logger.info( + "NOTE: your device does NOT support faster training with --fp16, " + "please switch to FP32 which is likely to be faster" + ) + if self.args.memory_efficient_fp16: + self._optimizer = optim.MemoryEfficientFP16Optimizer.build_optimizer( + self.args, params + ) + else: + self._optimizer = optim.FP16Optimizer.build_optimizer(self.args, params) + else: + if self.cuda and torch.cuda.get_device_capability(0)[0] >= 7: + logger.info("NOTE: your device may support faster training with --fp16") + self._optimizer = optim.build_optimizer(self.args, params) + + if self.args.use_bmuf: + self._optimizer = optim.FairseqBMUF(self.args, self._optimizer) + + # We should initialize the learning rate scheduler immediately after + # building the optimizer, so that the initial learning rate is set. + self._lr_scheduler = lr_scheduler.build_lr_scheduler(self.args, self.optimizer) + self._lr_scheduler.step_update(0) + + def save_checkpoint(self, filename, extra_state): + """Save all training state in a checkpoint file.""" + if self.is_data_parallel_master: # only save one checkpoint + extra_state["metrics"] = metrics.state_dict() + checkpoint_utils.save_state( + filename, + self.args, + self.get_model().state_dict(), + self.get_criterion(), + self.optimizer, + self.lr_scheduler, + self.get_num_updates(), + self._optim_history, + extra_state, + ) + + def load_checkpoint( + self, + filename, + reset_optimizer=False, + reset_lr_scheduler=False, + optimizer_overrides=None, + reset_meters=False, + warmup_from_nmt=False, + ): + """Load all training state from a checkpoint file.""" + extra_state, self._optim_history, last_optim_state = None, [], None + + bexists = PathManager.isfile(filename) + #print('这里的变量是什么：', filename) + if bexists: + state = checkpoint_utils.load_checkpoint_to_cpu(filename) + + # load model parameters + try: + self.get_model().load_state_dict( + state["model"], strict=False if warmup_from_nmt else True, args=self.args + ) + # 如果有这个代码那么模型的加载需要key都要一一对应 + + # if utils.has_parameters(self.get_criterion()): + # self.get_criterion().load_state_dict( + # state["criterion"], strict=True + # ) + except Exception: + raise Exception( + "Cannot load model parameters from checkpoint {}; " + "please ensure that the architectures match.".format(filename) + ) + + extra_state = state["extra_state"] + self._optim_history = state["optimizer_history"] + last_optim_state = state.get("last_optimizer_state", None) + + if last_optim_state is not None and not reset_optimizer: + # rebuild optimizer after loading model, since params may have changed + self._build_optimizer() + + # only reload optimizer and lr_scheduler if they match + last_optim = self._optim_history[-1] + assert ( + last_optim["criterion_name"] == self.get_criterion().__class__.__name__ + ), "Criterion does not match; please reset the optimizer (--reset-optimizer)." + assert ( + last_optim["optimizer_name"] == self.optimizer.__class__.__name__ + ), "Optimizer does not match; please reset the optimizer (--reset-optimizer)." + + if not reset_lr_scheduler: + self.lr_scheduler.load_state_dict(last_optim["lr_scheduler_state"]) + if not warmup_from_nmt: + self.optimizer.load_state_dict(last_optim_state, optimizer_overrides) + + self.set_num_updates(last_optim["num_updates"]) + if reset_lr_scheduler and warmup_from_nmt: + self.set_num_updates(0) + + if extra_state is not None: + epoch = extra_state["train_iterator"]["epoch"] + logger.info( + "loaded checkpoint {} (epoch {} @ {} updates)".format( + filename, epoch, self.get_num_updates() + ) + ) + + self.lr_step(epoch) + + if "metrics" in extra_state and not reset_meters: + metrics.load_state_dict(extra_state["metrics"]) + + # reset TimeMeters, since their start times don't make sense anymore + for meter in metrics.get_meters("default"): + if isinstance(meter, meters.TimeMeter): + meter.reset() + else: + logger.info("no existing checkpoint found {}".format(filename)) + + return extra_state + + def get_train_iterator( + self, + epoch, + combine=True, + load_dataset=True, + data_selector=None, + shard_batch_itr=True, + ): + """Return an EpochBatchIterator over the training set for a given epoch.""" + if load_dataset: + logger.info("loading train data for epoch {}".format(epoch)) + self.task.load_dataset( + self.args.train_subset, + epoch=epoch, + combine=combine, + data_selector=data_selector, + ) + return self.task.get_batch_iterator( + dataset=self.task.dataset(self.args.train_subset), + max_tokens=self.args.max_tokens, + max_sentences=self.args.max_sentences, + max_positions=utils.resolve_max_positions( + self.task.max_positions(), + self.model.max_positions(), + self.args.max_tokens, + ), + ignore_invalid_inputs=True, + required_batch_size_multiple=self.args.required_batch_size_multiple, + seed=self.args.seed, + num_shards=self.data_parallel_world_size if shard_batch_itr else 1, + shard_id=self.data_parallel_rank if shard_batch_itr else 0, + num_workers=self.args.num_workers, + epoch=epoch + ) + + def get_valid_iterator( + self, + subset, + ): + """Return an EpochBatchIterator over given validation subset for a given epoch.""" + return self.task.get_batch_iterator( + dataset=self.task.dataset(subset), + max_tokens=self.args.max_tokens_valid, + max_sentences=self.args.max_sentences_valid, + max_positions=utils.resolve_max_positions( + self.task.max_positions(), + self.model.max_positions(), + ), + ignore_invalid_inputs=self.args.skip_invalid_size_inputs_valid_test, + required_batch_size_multiple=self.args.required_batch_size_multiple, + seed=self.args.seed, + num_shards=self.data_parallel_world_size, + shard_id=self.data_parallel_rank, + num_workers=self.args.num_workers + ) + + def begin_epoch(self, epoch): + """Called at the beginning of each epoch.""" + if self.quantizer is not None: + self.quantizer.begin_epoch(epoch) + + # task specific setup per epoch + self.task.begin_epoch(epoch, self.get_model()) + + @metrics.aggregate("train") + def train_step(self, samples, raise_oom=False): + """Do forward, backward and parameter update.""" + if self._dummy_batch == "DUMMY": + self._dummy_batch = samples[0] + + self._set_seed() + self.model.train() + self.criterion.train() + self.zero_grad() + + metrics.log_start_time("train_wall", priority=800, round=0) + + # forward and backward pass + logging_outputs, sample_size, ooms = [], 0, 0 + for i, sample in enumerate(samples): + sample = self._prepare_sample(sample) + if sample is None: + # when sample is None, run forward/backward on a dummy batch + # and ignore the resulting gradients + sample = self._prepare_sample(self._dummy_batch) + is_dummy_batch = True + else: + is_dummy_batch = False + + def maybe_no_sync(): + """ + Whenever *samples* contains more than one mini-batch, we + want to accumulate gradients locally and only call + all-reduce in the last backwards pass. + """ + if ( + self.data_parallel_world_size > 1 + and hasattr(self.model, "no_sync") + and i < len(samples) - 1 + ): + return self.model.no_sync() + else: + return contextlib.ExitStack() # dummy contextmanager + + try: + with maybe_no_sync(): + # forward and backward + loss, sample_size_i, logging_output = self.task.train_step( + sample=sample, + model=self.model, + criterion=self.criterion, + optimizer=self.optimizer, + update_num=self.get_num_updates(), + ignore_grad=is_dummy_batch, + ) + del loss + + logging_outputs.append(logging_output) + sample_size += sample_size_i + + # emptying the CUDA cache after the first step can + # reduce the chance of OOM + if self.cuda and self.get_num_updates() == 0: + torch.cuda.empty_cache() + except RuntimeError as e: + if "out of memory" in str(e): + self._log_oom(e) + if raise_oom: + raise e + logger.warning( + "attempting to recover from OOM in forward/backward pass" + ) + ooms += 1 + self.zero_grad() + else: + raise e + + if torch.is_tensor(sample_size): + sample_size = sample_size.float() + else: + sample_size = float(sample_size) + + if is_dummy_batch: + sample_size *= 0. # multiply by 0 to preserve device + + # gather logging outputs from all replicas + if self._sync_stats(): + logging_outputs, (sample_size, ooms) = self._aggregate_logging_outputs( + logging_outputs, sample_size, ooms, ignore=is_dummy_batch, + ) + + overflow = False + try: + # multiply gradients by (# GPUs / sample_size) since DDP + # already normalizes by the number of GPUs. Thus we get + # (sum_of_gradients / sample_size). + if not self.args.use_bmuf: + multiplier = self.data_parallel_world_size + self.optimizer.multiply_grads( + multiplier / sample_size + ) + elif sample_size > 0: # BMUF needs to check sample size + num = self.data_parallel_world_size if self._sync_stats() else 1 + self.optimizer.multiply_grads(num / sample_size) + + # clip grads + grad_norm = self.clip_grad_norm(self.args.clip_norm) + + # check that grad norms are consistent across workers + if not self.args.use_bmuf and self.args.distributed_wrapper != 'SlowMo': + self._check_grad_norms(grad_norm) + + # take an optimization step + self.optimizer.step() + except FloatingPointError: + # re-run the forward and backward pass with hooks attached to print out where it fails + with NanDetector(self.model): + self.task.train_step( + sample, self.model, self.criterion, self.optimizer, self.get_num_updates(), + ignore_grad=False + ) + raise + except OverflowError as e: + overflow = True + logger.info("NOTE: overflow detected, " + str(e)) + grad_norm = torch.tensor(0.).cuda() + self.zero_grad() + except RuntimeError as e: + if "out of memory" in str(e): + self._log_oom(e) + logger.error("OOM during optimization, irrecoverable") + raise e + + # Some distributed wrappers (e.g., SlowMo) need access to the optimizer after the step + if hasattr(self.model, 'perform_additional_optimizer_actions'): + if hasattr(self.optimizer, 'fp32_params'): + self.model.perform_additional_optimizer_actions(self.optimizer.optimizer, self.optimizer.fp32_params) + else: + self.model.perform_additional_optimizer_actions(self.optimizer.optimizer) + + if not overflow or self.args.distributed_wrapper == 'SlowMo': + self.set_num_updates(self.get_num_updates() + 1) + + # log stats + logging_output = self._reduce_and_log_stats( + logging_outputs, sample_size, grad_norm, + ) + + # clear CUDA cache to reduce memory fragmentation + if ( + self.args.empty_cache_freq > 0 + and ( + (self.get_num_updates() + self.args.empty_cache_freq - 1) + % self.args.empty_cache_freq + ) == 0 + and torch.cuda.is_available() + and not self.args.cpu + ): + torch.cuda.empty_cache() + + if self.args.fp16: + metrics.log_scalar("loss_scale", self.optimizer.scaler.loss_scale, priority=700, round=0) + + metrics.log_stop_time("train_wall") + + return logging_output + + @metrics.aggregate("valid") + def valid_step(self, sample, raise_oom=False): + """Do forward pass in evaluation mode.""" + if self._dummy_batch == "DUMMY": + self._dummy_batch = sample + + with torch.no_grad(): + self.model.eval() + self.criterion.eval() + + sample = self._prepare_sample(sample) + if sample is None: + sample = self._prepare_sample(self._dummy_batch) + is_dummy_batch = True + else: + is_dummy_batch = False + + try: + _loss, sample_size, logging_output = self.task.valid_step( + sample, self.model, self.criterion + ) + except RuntimeError as e: + if "out of memory" in str(e): + self._log_oom(e) + if not raise_oom: + logger.warning( + "ran out of memory in validation step, retrying batch" + ) + for p in self.model.parameters(): + if p.grad is not None: + p.grad = None # free some memory + if self.cuda: + torch.cuda.empty_cache() + return self.valid_step(sample, raise_oom=True) + raise e + + logging_outputs = [logging_output] + if is_dummy_batch: + sample_size *= 0 # multiply by 0 to preserve device + + # gather logging outputs from all replicas + if self.data_parallel_world_size > 1: + logging_outputs, (sample_size, ) = self._aggregate_logging_outputs( + logging_outputs, sample_size, ignore=is_dummy_batch, + ) + + # log validation stats + logging_output = self._reduce_and_log_stats(logging_outputs, sample_size) + + return logging_output + + def zero_grad(self): + self.optimizer.zero_grad() + + def lr_step(self, epoch, val_loss=None): + """Adjust the learning rate at the end of the epoch.""" + self.lr_scheduler.step(epoch, val_loss) + # prefer updating the LR based on the number of steps + return self.lr_step_update() + + def lr_step_update(self): + """Update the learning rate after each update.""" + new_lr = self.lr_scheduler.step_update(self.get_num_updates()) + metrics.log_scalar("lr", new_lr, weight=0, priority=300) + return new_lr + + def get_lr(self): + """Get the current learning rate.""" + return self.optimizer.get_lr() + + def get_model(self): + """Get the (non-wrapped) model instance.""" + return self._model + + def get_criterion(self): + """Get the (non-wrapped) criterion instance.""" + return self._criterion + + def get_meter(self, name): + """[deprecated] Get a specific meter by name.""" + from fairseq import meters + + if 'get_meter' not in self._warn_once: + self._warn_once.add('get_meter') + utils.deprecation_warning( + 'Trainer.get_meter is deprecated. Please use fairseq.metrics instead.' + ) + + train_meters = metrics.get_meters("train") + if train_meters is None: + train_meters = {} + + if name == "train_loss" and "loss" in train_meters: + return train_meters["loss"] + elif name == "train_nll_loss": + # support for legacy train.py, which assumed this meter is + # always initialized + m = train_meters.get("nll_loss", None) + return m or meters.AverageMeter() + elif name == "wall": + # support for legacy train.py, which assumed this meter is + # always initialized + m = metrics.get_meter("default", "wall") + return m or meters.TimeMeter() + elif name == "wps": + m = metrics.get_meter("train", "wps") + return m or meters.TimeMeter() + elif name in {"valid_loss", "valid_nll_loss"}: + # support for legacy train.py, which assumed these meters + # are always initialized + k = name[len("valid_"):] + m = metrics.get_meter("valid", k) + return m or meters.AverageMeter() + elif name == "oom": + return meters.AverageMeter() + elif name in train_meters: + return train_meters[name] + return None + + def get_num_updates(self): + """Get the number of parameters updates.""" + return self._num_updates + + def set_num_updates(self, num_updates): + """Set the number of parameters updates.""" + self._num_updates = num_updates + self.lr_step_update() + if self.quantizer: + self.quantizer.step_update(self._num_updates) + metrics.log_scalar("num_updates", self._num_updates, weight=0, priority=200) + + def clip_grad_norm(self, clip_norm): + return self.optimizer.clip_grad_norm(clip_norm, aggregate_norm_fn=None) + + def _prepare_sample(self, sample): + if sample == "DUMMY": + raise Exception( + "Trying to use an uninitialized 'dummy' batch. This usually indicates " + "that the total number of batches is smaller than the number of " + "participating GPUs. Try reducing the batch size or using fewer GPUs." + ) + + if sample is None or len(sample) == 0: + return None + + if self.cuda: + sample = utils.move_to_cuda(sample) + + def apply_half(t): + if t.dtype is torch.float32: + return t.half() + return t + + if self.args.fp16: + sample = utils.apply_to_sample(apply_half, sample) + + return sample + + def _set_seed(self): + # Set seed based on args.seed and the update number so that we get + # reproducible results when resuming from checkpoints + seed = self.args.seed + self.get_num_updates() + torch.manual_seed(seed) + if self.cuda: + torch.cuda.manual_seed(seed) + + def _sync_stats(self): + # Return True if it's using multiple GPUs and DDP or multiple GPUs with + # BMUF and it's a bmuf sync with warmup iterations completed before. + return self.data_parallel_world_size > 1 and ( + (not self.args.use_bmuf) + or ( + self.args.use_bmuf + and (self.get_num_updates() + 1) % self.args.global_sync_iter == 0 + and (self.get_num_updates() + 1) > self.args.warmup_iterations + ) + ) + + def _log_oom(self, exc): + msg = "OOM: Ran out of memory with exception: {}".format(exc) + logger.warning(msg) + if torch.cuda.is_available() and hasattr(torch.cuda, "memory_summary"): + for device_idx in range(torch.cuda.device_count()): + logger.warning(torch.cuda.memory_summary(device=device_idx)) + sys.stderr.flush() + + def _aggregate_logging_outputs( + self, + logging_outputs: List[Dict[str, Any]], + *extra_stats_to_sum, + ignore=False, + ): + if self.task.__class__.logging_outputs_can_be_summed(self.get_criterion()): + return self._fast_stat_sync_sum( + logging_outputs, *extra_stats_to_sum, ignore=ignore + ) + else: + return self._all_gather_list_sync( + logging_outputs, *extra_stats_to_sum, ignore=ignore + ) + + def _all_gather_list_sync( + self, + logging_outputs: List[Dict[str, Any]], + *extra_stats_to_sum, + ignore=False, + ): + """ + Sync logging outputs across workers. all_gather_list_sync is + suitable when logging outputs are complex types. + """ + if ignore: + logging_outputs = [] + results = list(zip( + *distributed_utils.all_gather_list( + [logging_outputs] + list(extra_stats_to_sum), + max_size=getattr(self.args, 'all_gather_list_size', 16384), + group=self.data_parallel_process_group, + ) + )) + logging_outputs, extra_stats_to_sum = results[0], results[1:] + logging_outputs = list(chain.from_iterable(logging_outputs)) + extra_stats_to_sum = [sum(s) for s in extra_stats_to_sum] + return logging_outputs, extra_stats_to_sum + + def _fast_stat_sync_sum( + self, + logging_outputs: List[Dict[str, Any]], + *extra_stats_to_sum, + ignore=False, + ): + """ + Sync logging outputs across workers. fast_stat_sync_sum is + faster than all_gather_list_sync, but is only suitable when + logging outputs are scalars and can be summed. Note that + *logging_outputs* cannot contain any nested dicts/lists. + """ + data = {} + for i, stat in enumerate(extra_stats_to_sum): + data['extra_stats_' + str(i)] = stat + if len(logging_outputs) > 0: + log_keys = list(logging_outputs[0].keys()) + for k in log_keys: + if not ignore: + v = sum(log[k] for log in logging_outputs if k in log) + else: + v = logging_outputs[0][k] + v = torch.zeros_like(v) if torch.is_tensor(v) else 0 + data['logging_outputs_' + k] = v + else: + log_keys = None + + data = distributed_utils.all_reduce_dict( + data, + device=self.device, + group=self.data_parallel_process_group + ) + + extra_stats_to_sum = [ + data['extra_stats_' + str(i)] for i in range(len(extra_stats_to_sum)) + ] + if log_keys is not None: + logging_outputs = [{k: data['logging_outputs_' + k] for k in log_keys}] + else: + logging_outputs = [] + return logging_outputs, extra_stats_to_sum + + def _check_grad_norms(self, grad_norm): + """Check that grad norms are consistent across workers.""" + if self._grad_norm_buf is not None: + self._grad_norm_buf.zero_() + self._grad_norm_buf[self.data_parallel_rank] = grad_norm + distributed_utils.all_reduce(self._grad_norm_buf, group=self.data_parallel_process_group) + if not (self._grad_norm_buf == self._grad_norm_buf[0]).all(): + raise RuntimeError( + "Fatal error: gradients are inconsistent between workers. " + "Try --ddp-backend=no_c10d." + ) + + def _reduce_and_log_stats(self, logging_outputs, sample_size, grad_norm=None): + if grad_norm is not None: + metrics.log_speed("ups", 1., priority=100, round=2) + metrics.log_scalar("gnorm", grad_norm, priority=400, round=3) + if self.args.clip_norm > 0: + metrics.log_scalar( + "clip", + torch.where( + grad_norm > self.args.clip_norm, + grad_norm.new_tensor(100), + grad_norm.new_tensor(0), + ), + priority=500, + round=1, + ) + + with metrics.aggregate() as agg: + if logging_outputs is not None: + self.task.reduce_metrics(logging_outputs, self.get_criterion()) + + # support legacy interface + logging_output = agg.get_smoothed_values() + logging_output["sample_size"] = sample_size + for key_to_delete in ["ppl", "wps", "wpb", "bsz"]: + if key_to_delete in logging_output: + del logging_output[key_to_delete] + return logging_output diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..996e65a0b3a3a915987b37ee8aabc560d06f5c1d --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq/utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,505 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import contextlib +import copy +import importlib.util +import logging +import math +import os +import sys +import warnings +from collections import defaultdict +from itertools import accumulate +from typing import Callable, Dict, List, Optional + +import numpy as np +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F +from fairseq.logging.meters import safe_round +from fairseq.modules import gelu, gelu_accurate +from fairseq.modules.multihead_attention import MultiheadAttention +from torch import Tensor + + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +def split_paths(paths: str) -> List[str]: + return paths.split(os.pathsep) if "://" not in paths else paths.split("|") + + +def load_ensemble_for_inference(filenames, task, model_arg_overrides=None): + from fairseq import checkpoint_utils + + deprecation_warning( + "utils.load_ensemble_for_inference is deprecated. " + "Please use checkpoint_utils.load_model_ensemble instead." + ) + return checkpoint_utils.load_model_ensemble( + filenames, arg_overrides=model_arg_overrides, task=task + ) + + +def apply_to_sample(f, sample): + if hasattr(sample, '__len__') and len(sample) == 0: + return {} + + def _apply(x): + if torch.is_tensor(x): + return f(x) + elif isinstance(x, dict): + return {key: _apply(value) for key, value in x.items()} + elif isinstance(x, list): + return [_apply(x) for x in x] + else: + return x + + return _apply(sample) + + +def move_to_cuda(sample): + def _move_to_cuda(tensor): + return tensor.cuda() + + return apply_to_sample(_move_to_cuda, sample) + + +def move_to_cpu(sample): + def _move_to_cpu(tensor): + # PyTorch has poor support for half tensors (float16) on CPU. + # Move any such tensors to float32. + if tensor.dtype == torch.float16: + tensor = tensor.to(dtype=torch.float32) + return tensor.cpu() + + return apply_to_sample(_move_to_cpu, sample) + + +def get_incremental_state( + module: MultiheadAttention, + incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]], + key: str, +) -> Optional[Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]: + """Helper for getting incremental state for an nn.Module.""" + return module.get_incremental_state(incremental_state, key) + + +def set_incremental_state( + module: MultiheadAttention, + incremental_state: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]], + key: str, + value: Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]], +) -> Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[Tensor]]]]: + """Helper for setting incremental state for an nn.Module.""" + if incremental_state is not None: + result = module.set_incremental_state(incremental_state, key, value) + if result is not None: + incremental_state = result + return incremental_state + + +def load_align_dict(replace_unk): + if replace_unk is None: + align_dict = None + elif isinstance(replace_unk, str) and len(replace_unk) > 0: + # Load alignment dictionary for unknown word replacement if it was passed as an argument. + align_dict = {} + with open(replace_unk, "r") as f: + for line in f: + cols = line.split() + align_dict[cols[0]] = cols[1] + else: + # No alignment dictionary provided but we still want to perform unknown word replacement by copying the + # original source word. + align_dict = {} + return align_dict + + +def print_embed_overlap(embed_dict, vocab_dict): + embed_keys = set(embed_dict.keys()) + vocab_keys = set(vocab_dict.symbols) + overlap = len(embed_keys & vocab_keys) + logger.info("found {}/{} types in embedding file".format(overlap, len(vocab_dict))) + + +def parse_embedding(embed_path): + """Parse embedding text file into a dictionary of word and embedding tensors. + + The first line can have vocabulary size and dimension. The following lines + should contain word and embedding separated by spaces. + + Example: + 2 5 + the -0.0230 -0.0264 0.0287 0.0171 0.1403 + at -0.0395 -0.1286 0.0275 0.0254 -0.0932 + """ + embed_dict = {} + with open(embed_path) as f_embed: + next(f_embed) # skip header + for line in f_embed: + pieces = line.rstrip().split(" ") + embed_dict[pieces[0]] = torch.Tensor( + [float(weight) for weight in pieces[1:]] + ) + return embed_dict + + +def load_embedding(embed_dict, vocab, embedding): + for idx in range(len(vocab)): + token = vocab[idx] + if token in embed_dict: + embedding.weight.data[idx] = embed_dict[token] + return embedding + + +def replace_unk(hypo_str, src_str, alignment, align_dict, unk): + from fairseq import tokenizer + + # Tokens are strings here + hypo_tokens = tokenizer.tokenize_line(hypo_str) + # TODO: Very rare cases where the replacement is '' should be handled gracefully + src_tokens = tokenizer.tokenize_line(src_str) + [""] + for i, ht in enumerate(hypo_tokens): + if ht == unk: + src_token = src_tokens[alignment[i]] + # Either take the corresponding value in the aligned dictionary or just copy the original value. + hypo_tokens[i] = align_dict.get(src_token, src_token) + return " ".join(hypo_tokens) + + +def post_process_prediction( + hypo_tokens, src_str, alignment, align_dict, tgt_dict, remove_bpe=None, extra_symbols_to_ignore=None +): + hypo_str = tgt_dict.string(hypo_tokens, remove_bpe, extra_symbols_to_ignore=extra_symbols_to_ignore) + if align_dict is not None: + hypo_str = replace_unk( + hypo_str, src_str, alignment, align_dict, tgt_dict.unk_string() + ) + if align_dict is not None or remove_bpe is not None: + # Convert back to tokens for evaluating with unk replacement or without BPE + # Note that the dictionary can be modified inside the method. + hypo_tokens = tgt_dict.encode_line(hypo_str, add_if_not_exist=True) + return hypo_tokens, hypo_str, alignment + + +def make_positions(tensor, padding_idx: int, onnx_trace: bool = False): + """Replace non-padding symbols with their position numbers. + + Position numbers begin at padding_idx+1. Padding symbols are ignored. + """ + # The series of casts and type-conversions here are carefully + # balanced to both work with ONNX export and XLA. In particular XLA + # prefers ints, cumsum defaults to output longs, and ONNX doesn't know + # how to handle the dtype kwarg in cumsum. + mask = tensor.ne(padding_idx).int() + return (torch.cumsum(mask, dim=1).type_as(mask) * mask).long() + padding_idx + + +def strip_pad(tensor, pad): + return tensor[tensor.ne(pad)] + + +def buffered_arange(max): + if not hasattr(buffered_arange, "buf"): + buffered_arange.buf = torch.LongTensor() + if max > buffered_arange.buf.numel(): + buffered_arange.buf.resize_(max) + torch.arange(max, out=buffered_arange.buf) + return buffered_arange.buf[:max] + + +def convert_padding_direction( + src_tokens, padding_idx, right_to_left: bool = False, left_to_right: bool = False +): + assert right_to_left ^ left_to_right + pad_mask = src_tokens.eq(padding_idx) + if not pad_mask.any(): + # no padding, return early + return src_tokens + if left_to_right and not pad_mask[:, 0].any(): + # already right padded + return src_tokens + if right_to_left and not pad_mask[:, -1].any(): + # already left padded + return src_tokens + max_len = src_tokens.size(1) + buffered = torch.empty(0).long() + if max_len > 0: + torch.arange(max_len, out=buffered) + range = buffered.type_as(src_tokens).expand_as(src_tokens) + num_pads = pad_mask.long().sum(dim=1, keepdim=True) + if right_to_left: + index = torch.remainder(range - num_pads, max_len) + else: + index = torch.remainder(range + num_pads, max_len) + return src_tokens.gather(1, index) + + +def item(tensor): + if hasattr(tensor, "item"): + return tensor.item() + if hasattr(tensor, "__getitem__"): + return tensor[0] + return tensor + + +def clip_grad_norm_(params, max_norm, aggregate_norm_fn=None) -> torch.Tensor: + if isinstance(params, torch.Tensor): + params = [params] + params = list(params) + grads = [p.grad.detach() for p in filter(lambda p: p.grad is not None, params)] + if len(grads) == 0: + if len(params) > 0: + return params[0].new_tensor(0.) + else: + return torch.tensor(0.) + total_norm = torch.norm(torch.stack([torch.norm(g) for g in grads])) + + if aggregate_norm_fn is not None: + total_norm = aggregate_norm_fn(total_norm) + + if max_norm > 0: + max_norm = float(max_norm) + clip_coef = (max_norm / (total_norm + 1e-6)).clamp_(max=1) + for g in grads: + g.mul_(clip_coef) + return total_norm + + +def fill_with_neg_inf(t): + """FP16-compatible function that fills a tensor with -inf.""" + return t.float().fill_(float("-inf")).type_as(t) + + +def _match_types(arg1, arg2): + """Convert the numerical argument to the same type as the other argument""" + + def upgrade(arg_number, arg_structure): + if isinstance(arg_structure, tuple): + return tuple([arg_number] * len(arg_structure)) + elif isinstance(arg_structure, dict): + arg = copy.deepcopy(arg_structure) + for k in arg: + arg[k] = upgrade(arg_number, arg_structure[k]) + return arg + else: + return arg_number + + if isinstance(arg1, float) or isinstance(arg1, int): + return upgrade(arg1, arg2), arg2 + elif isinstance(arg2, float) or isinstance(arg2, int): + return arg1, upgrade(arg2, arg1) + + return arg1, arg2 + + +def resolve_max_positions(*args): + """Resolve max position constraints from multiple sources.""" + + def map_value_update(d1, d2): + updated_value = copy.deepcopy(d1) + for key in d2: + if key not in updated_value: + updated_value[key] = d2[key] + else: + updated_value[key] = min(d1[key], d2[key]) + return updated_value + + def nullsafe_min(l): + minim = None + for item in l: + if minim is None: + minim = item + elif item is not None and item < minim: + minim = item + return minim + + max_positions = None + for arg in args: + if max_positions is None: + max_positions = arg + elif arg is not None: + max_positions, arg = _match_types(max_positions, arg) + if isinstance(arg, float) or isinstance(arg, int): + max_positions = min(max_positions, arg) + elif isinstance(arg, dict): + max_positions = map_value_update(max_positions, arg) + else: + max_positions = tuple(map(nullsafe_min, zip(max_positions, arg))) + + return max_positions + + +def import_user_module(args): + module_path = getattr(args, "user_dir", None) + if module_path is not None: + module_path = os.path.abspath(args.user_dir) + if not os.path.exists(module_path): + fairseq_rel_path = os.path.join( + os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", args.user_dir + ) + if os.path.exists(fairseq_rel_path): + module_path = fairseq_rel_path + module_parent, module_name = os.path.split(module_path) + + if module_name not in sys.modules: + sys.path.insert(0, module_parent) + importlib.import_module(module_name) + sys.path.pop(0) + + +def softmax(x, dim: int, onnx_trace: bool = False): + if onnx_trace: + return F.softmax(x.float(), dim=dim) + else: + return F.softmax(x, dim=dim, dtype=torch.float32) + + +def log_softmax(x, dim: int, onnx_trace: bool = False): + if onnx_trace: + return F.log_softmax(x.float(), dim=dim) + else: + return F.log_softmax(x, dim=dim, dtype=torch.float32) + + +def get_perplexity(loss, round=2, base=2): + if loss is None: + return 0. + try: + return safe_round(base ** loss, round) + except OverflowError: + return float('inf') + + +def deprecation_warning(message, stacklevel=3): + # don't use DeprecationWarning, since it's ignored by default + warnings.warn(message, stacklevel=stacklevel) + + +def get_activation_fn(activation: str) -> Callable: + """ Returns the activation function corresponding to `activation` """ + if activation == "relu": + return F.relu + elif activation == "gelu": + return gelu + elif activation == "gelu_fast": + deprecation_warning( + "--activation-fn=gelu_fast has been renamed to gelu_accurate" + ) + return gelu_accurate + elif activation == "gelu_accurate": + return gelu_accurate + elif activation == "tanh": + return torch.tanh + elif activation == "linear": + return lambda x: x + else: + raise RuntimeError("--activation-fn {} not supported".format(activation)) + + +def get_available_activation_fns() -> List: + return [ + "relu", + "gelu", + "gelu_fast", # deprecated + "gelu_accurate", + "tanh", + "linear", + ] + + +@contextlib.contextmanager +def eval(model): + is_training = model.training + model.eval() + yield + model.train(is_training) + + +def has_parameters(module): + try: + next(module.parameters()) + return True + except StopIteration: + return False + + +def set_torch_seed(seed): + # Set seed based on args.seed and the update number so that we get + # reproducible results when resuming from checkpoints + assert isinstance(seed, int) + torch.manual_seed(seed) + torch.cuda.manual_seed(seed) + + +@contextlib.contextmanager +def with_torch_seed(seed): + assert isinstance(seed, int) + rng_state = torch.get_rng_state() + cuda_rng_state = torch.cuda.get_rng_state() + set_torch_seed(seed) + yield + torch.set_rng_state(rng_state) + torch.cuda.set_rng_state(cuda_rng_state) + + +def parse_alignment(line): + """ + Parses a single line from the alingment file. + + Args: + line (str): String containing the alignment of the format: + - - .. + -. All indices are 0 indexed. + + Returns: + torch.IntTensor: packed alignments of shape (2 * m). + """ + alignments = line.strip().split() + parsed_alignment = torch.IntTensor(2 * len(alignments)) + for idx, alignment in enumerate(alignments): + src_idx, tgt_idx = alignment.split("-") + parsed_alignment[2 * idx] = int(src_idx) + parsed_alignment[2 * idx + 1] = int(tgt_idx) + return parsed_alignment + + +def get_token_to_word_mapping(tokens, exclude_list): + n = len(tokens) + word_start = [int(token not in exclude_list) for token in tokens] + word_idx = list(accumulate(word_start)) + token_to_word = {i: word_idx[i] for i in range(n)} + return token_to_word + + +def extract_hard_alignment(attn, src_sent, tgt_sent, pad, eos): + tgt_valid = ((tgt_sent != pad) & (tgt_sent != eos)).nonzero().squeeze(dim=-1) + src_invalid = ((src_sent == pad) | (src_sent == eos)).nonzero().squeeze(dim=-1) + src_token_to_word = get_token_to_word_mapping(src_sent, [eos, pad]) + tgt_token_to_word = get_token_to_word_mapping(tgt_sent, [eos, pad]) + alignment = [] + if len(tgt_valid) != 0 and len(src_invalid) < len(src_sent): + attn_valid = attn[tgt_valid] + attn_valid[:, src_invalid] = float("-inf") + _, src_indices = attn_valid.max(dim=1) + for tgt_idx, src_idx in zip(tgt_valid, src_indices): + alignment.append( + ( + src_token_to_word[src_idx.item()] - 1, + tgt_token_to_word[tgt_idx.item()] - 1, + ) + ) + return alignment + + +def new_arange(x, *size): + """ + Return a Tensor of `size` filled with a range function on the device of x. + If size is empty, using the size of the variable x. + """ + if len(size) == 0: + size = x.size() + return torch.arange(size[-1], device=x.device).expand(*size).contiguous() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40db5f0384341514e528fdb2e857bd22ff33b8c4 Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/__pycache__/generate.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/__pycache__/generate.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7f7fef4206fdd305bc4b64e5ee88a2b4bb18aeb Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/__pycache__/generate.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/__pycache__/train.cpython-38.pyc b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/__pycache__/train.cpython-38.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a93e10e5867a0d6a58205031e9e051b67c563aa Binary files /dev/null and b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/__pycache__/train.cpython-38.pyc differ diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/eval_lm.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/eval_lm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5302d3b9185db0c8404cdbd176f3937b67df4067 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/eval_lm.py @@ -0,0 +1,257 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 -u +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +""" +Evaluate the perplexity of a trained language model. +""" + +import logging +import math +import os + +import torch + +from fairseq import checkpoint_utils, options, tasks, utils +from fairseq.data import LMContextWindowDataset +from fairseq.logging import progress_bar +from fairseq.logging.meters import StopwatchMeter, TimeMeter +from fairseq.sequence_scorer import SequenceScorer +from fairseq.options import add_distributed_training_args +from fairseq import distributed_utils + + +logging.basicConfig( + format='%(asctime)s | %(levelname)s | %(name)s | %(message)s', + datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', + level=logging.INFO, +) +logger = logging.getLogger('fairseq_cli.eval_lm') + + +class WordStat(object): + def __init__(self, word, is_bpe): + self.word = word + self.is_bpe = is_bpe + self.log_prob = 0 + self.next_word_prob = 0 + self.count = 0 + self.missing_next_words = 0 + + def add(self, log_prob, next_word_prob): + """ increments counters for the sum of log probs of current word and next + word (given context ending at current word). Since the next word might be at the end of the example, + or it might be not counted because it is not an ending subword unit, + also keeps track of how many of those we have seen """ + if next_word_prob is not None: + self.next_word_prob += next_word_prob + else: + self.missing_next_words += 1 + self.log_prob += log_prob + self.count += 1 + + def __str__(self): + return '{}\t{}\t{}\t{}\t{}\t{}'.format(self.word, self.count, self.log_prob, self.is_bpe, + self.next_word_prob, self.count - self.missing_next_words) + + +def main(parsed_args, **unused_kwargs): + assert parsed_args.path is not None, '--path required for evaluation!' + + if torch.cuda.is_available() and not parsed_args.cpu: + torch.cuda.set_device(parsed_args.device_id) + + utils.import_user_module(parsed_args) + + logger.info(parsed_args) + + use_cuda = torch.cuda.is_available() and not parsed_args.cpu + + task = tasks.setup_task(parsed_args) + + # Load ensemble + logger.info('loading model(s) from {}'.format(parsed_args.path)) + models, args = checkpoint_utils.load_model_ensemble( + parsed_args.path.split(os.pathsep), + arg_overrides=eval(parsed_args.model_overrides), + task=task, + suffix=getattr(parsed_args, "checkpoint_suffix", ""), + ) + + for arg in vars(parsed_args).keys(): + if arg not in { + 'self_target', 'future_target', 'past_target', 'tokens_per_sample', + 'output_size_dictionary', 'add_bos_token', + }: + setattr(args, arg, getattr(parsed_args, arg)) + + # reduce tokens per sample by the required context window size + args.tokens_per_sample -= args.context_window + task = tasks.setup_task(args) + + # Load dataset splits + task.load_dataset(args.gen_subset) + dataset = task.dataset(args.gen_subset) + if args.context_window > 0: + dataset = LMContextWindowDataset( + dataset=dataset, + tokens_per_sample=args.tokens_per_sample, + context_window=args.context_window, + pad_idx=task.source_dictionary.pad(), + ) + logger.info('{} {} {} examples'.format(args.data, args.gen_subset, len(dataset))) + + # Optimize ensemble for generation and set the source and dest dicts on the model (required by scorer) + for model in models: + model.make_generation_fast_() + if args.fp16: + model.half() + if use_cuda: + model.cuda() + + assert len(models) > 0 + + logger.info('num. model params: {}'.format(sum(p.numel() for p in models[0].parameters()))) + + itr = task.get_batch_iterator( + dataset=dataset, + max_tokens=args.max_tokens or 36000, + max_sentences=args.max_sentences, + max_positions=utils.resolve_max_positions(*[ + model.max_positions() for model in models + ]), + ignore_invalid_inputs=True, + num_shards=args.num_shards, + shard_id=args.shard_id, + num_workers=args.num_workers, + ).next_epoch_itr(shuffle=False) + progress = progress_bar.progress_bar( + itr, + log_format=args.log_format, + log_interval=args.log_interval, + default_log_format=('tqdm' if not args.no_progress_bar else 'none'), + ) + + gen_timer = StopwatchMeter() + scorer = SequenceScorer(task.target_dictionary, args.softmax_batch) + + score_sum = 0. + count = 0 + + if args.remove_bpe is not None: + if args.remove_bpe == 'sentencepiece': + raise NotImplementedError + else: + bpe_cont = args.remove_bpe.rstrip() + bpe_toks = { + i + for i in range(len(task.source_dictionary)) + if task.source_dictionary[i].endswith(bpe_cont) + } + bpe_len = len(bpe_cont) + else: + bpe_toks = None + bpe_len = 0 + + word_stats = dict() + + wps_meter = TimeMeter() + + for sample in progress: + if 'net_input' not in sample: + continue + + sample = utils.move_to_cuda(sample) if use_cuda else sample + + gen_timer.start() + hypos = scorer.generate(models, sample) + gen_timer.stop(sample['ntokens']) + + for i, hypos_i in enumerate(hypos): + hypo = hypos_i[0] + sample_id = sample['id'][i] + + tokens = hypo['tokens'] + tgt_len = tokens.numel() + pos_scores = hypo['positional_scores'].float() + + if args.add_bos_token: + assert hypo['tokens'][0].item() == task.target_dictionary.bos() + tokens = tokens[1:] + pos_scores = pos_scores[1:] + + skipped_toks = 0 + if bpe_toks is not None: + for i in range(tgt_len - 1): + if tokens[i].item() in bpe_toks: + skipped_toks += 1 + pos_scores[i + 1] += pos_scores[i] + pos_scores[i] = 0 + + inf_scores = pos_scores.eq(float('inf')) | pos_scores.eq(float('-inf')) + if inf_scores.any(): + logger.info( + 'skipping tokens with inf scores:', + task.target_dictionary.string(tokens[inf_scores.nonzero()]) + ) + pos_scores = pos_scores[(~inf_scores).nonzero()] + score_sum += pos_scores.sum().cpu() + count += pos_scores.numel() - skipped_toks + + if args.output_word_probs or args.output_word_stats: + w = '' + word_prob = [] + is_bpe = False + for i in range(len(tokens)): + w_ind = tokens[i].item() + w += task.source_dictionary[w_ind] + if bpe_toks is not None and w_ind in bpe_toks: + w = w[:-bpe_len] + is_bpe = True + else: + word_prob.append((w, pos_scores[i].item())) + + next_prob = None + ind = i + 1 + while ind < len(tokens): + if pos_scores[ind].item() != 0: + next_prob = pos_scores[ind] + break + ind += 1 + + word_stats.setdefault(w, WordStat(w, is_bpe)).add(pos_scores[i].item(), next_prob) + is_bpe = False + w = '' + if args.output_word_probs: + logger.info( + str(int(sample_id)) + " " + + ('\t'.join('{} [{:2f}]'.format(x[0], x[1]) for x in word_prob)) + ) + + wps_meter.update(sample['ntokens']) + progress.log({'wps': round(wps_meter.avg)}) + + avg_nll_loss = -score_sum / count / math.log(2) # convert to base 2 + logger.info('Evaluated {} tokens in {:.1f}s ({:.2f} tokens/s)'.format( + gen_timer.n, gen_timer.sum, 1. / gen_timer.avg + )) + logger.info('Loss (base 2): {:.4f}, Perplexity: {:.2f}'.format( + avg_nll_loss, 2**avg_nll_loss + )) + + if args.output_word_stats: + for ws in sorted(word_stats.values(), key=lambda x: x.count, reverse=True): + logger.info(ws) + + +def cli_main(): + parser = options.get_eval_lm_parser() + add_distributed_training_args(parser) + args = options.parse_args_and_arch(parser) + distributed_utils.call_main(args, main) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + cli_main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/generate.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/generate.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..416248b425c4521018bb8e2a1c266a400594f2d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/generate.py @@ -0,0 +1,287 @@ +import logging +import math +import os +import sys + +import torch + +from fairseq import bleu, checkpoint_utils, options, tasks, utils +from fairseq.logging import progress_bar +from fairseq.logging.meters import StopwatchMeter, TimeMeter +from fairseq.data import encoders +import fairseq +from fairseq.data import Dictionary + + + +def main(args): + assert args.path is not None, '--path required for generation!' + assert not args.sampling or args.nbest == args.beam, \ + '--sampling requires --nbest to be equal to --beam' + assert args.replace_unk is None or args.dataset_impl == 'raw', \ + '--replace-unk requires a raw text dataset (--dataset-impl=raw)' + + if args.results_path is not None: + os.makedirs(args.results_path, exist_ok=True) + output_path = os.path.join(args.results_path, 'generate-{}.txt'.format(args.gen_subset)) + with open(output_path, 'w', buffering=1) as h: + return _main(args, h) + else: + return _main(args, sys.stdout) + + +def _main(args, output_file): + logging.basicConfig( + format='%(asctime)s | %(levelname)s | %(name)s | %(message)s', + datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', + level=logging.INFO, + stream=output_file, + ) + logger = logging.getLogger('fairseq_cli.generate') + + utils.import_user_module(args) + + if args.max_tokens is None and args.max_sentences is None: + args.max_tokens = 12000 + logger.info(args) + + use_cuda = torch.cuda.is_available() and not args.cpu + # 构建一个task + task = tasks.setup_task(args) + + # Load dataset splits + task.load_dataset(args.gen_subset) + + # Set dictionaries + try: + src_dict = getattr(task, 'source_dictionary', None) + except NotImplementedError: + src_dict = None + tgt_dict = task.target_dictionary + + # Load ensemble + logger.info('loading model(s) from {}'.format(args.path)) + # 获得的模型是一个数组，里面只有一个元素为WaitkTransformerModel + print('在load_model_ensemble函数外的args地址是什么：', args.path) + models, _model_args = checkpoint_utils.load_model_ensemble( + utils.split_paths(args.path), + arg_overrides=eval(args.model_overrides), + bert_ratio=args.bert_ratio if args.change_ratio else None, + encoder_ratio=args.encoder_ratio if args.change_ratio else None, + geargs=args, + task=task, + ) + + # Optimize ensemble for generation + for model in models: + model.make_generation_fast_( + beamable_mm_beam_size=None if args.no_beamable_mm else args.beam, + need_attn=args.print_alignment, + ) + if args.fp16: + model.half() + if use_cuda: + model.cuda() + + # Load alignment dictionary for unknown word replacement + # (None if no unknown word replacement, empty if no path to align dictionary) + align_dict = utils.load_align_dict(args.replace_unk) + + # Load dataset (possibly sharded) + itr = task.get_batch_iterator( + dataset=task.dataset(args.gen_subset), + max_tokens=args.max_tokens, + max_sentences=args.max_sentences, + max_positions=utils.resolve_max_positions( + task.max_positions(), + *[model.max_positions() for model in models] + ), + ignore_invalid_inputs=args.skip_invalid_size_inputs_valid_test, + required_batch_size_multiple=args.required_batch_size_multiple, + num_shards=args.num_shards, + shard_id=args.shard_id, + num_workers=args.num_workers, + ).next_epoch_itr(shuffle=False) + + progress = progress_bar.progress_bar( + itr, + log_format=args.log_format, + log_interval=args.log_interval, + default_log_format=('tqdm' if not args.no_progress_bar else 'none'), + ) + + # Initialize generator + gen_timer = StopwatchMeter() + + # 这里的generator是一个WaitkTransformerGenerator对象 + generator = task.build_generator(models, args) + + # Handle tokenization and BPE + tokenizer = encoders.build_tokenizer(args) + bpe = encoders.build_bpe(args) + + def decode_fn(x): + if bpe is not None: + x = bpe.decode(x) + if tokenizer is not None: + x = tokenizer.decode(x) + return x + + # Generate and compute BLEU score + if args.sacrebleu: + scorer = bleu.SacrebleuScorer() + else: + scorer = bleu.Scorer(tgt_dict.pad(), tgt_dict.eos(), tgt_dict.unk()) + num_sentences = 0 + has_target = True + wps_meter = TimeMeter() + for sample in progress: + sample = utils.move_to_cuda(sample) if use_cuda else sample + if 'net_input' not in sample: + continue + + prefix_tokens = None + if args.prefix_size > 0: + prefix_tokens = sample['target'][:, :args.prefix_size] + + # 开始时间 + gen_timer.start() + hypos = task.inference_step(generator, models, sample, prefix_tokens) + num_generated_tokens = sum(len(h[0]['tokens']) for h in hypos) + gen_timer.stop(num_generated_tokens) # 结束时间 + + + for i, sample_id in enumerate(sample['id'].tolist()): + has_target = sample['target'] is not None + + # Remove padding + src_tokens = utils.strip_pad(sample['net_input']['src_tokens'][i, :], tgt_dict.pad()) + target_tokens = None + if has_target: + target_tokens = utils.strip_pad(sample['target'][i, :], tgt_dict.pad()).int().cpu() + + # Either retrieve the original sentences or regenerate them from tokens. + if align_dict is not None: + src_str = task.dataset(args.gen_subset).src.get_original_text(sample_id) + target_str = task.dataset(args.gen_subset).tgt.get_original_text(sample_id) + else: + if src_dict is not None: + src_str = src_dict.string(src_tokens, args.remove_bpe) + else: + src_str = "" + if has_target: + target_str = tgt_dict.string( + target_tokens, + args.remove_bpe, + escape_unk=True, + extra_symbols_to_ignore={ + generator.eos, + } + ) + + src_str = decode_fn(src_str) + if has_target: + target_str = decode_fn(target_str) + + if not args.quiet: + if src_dict is not None: + print('S-{}\t{}'.format(sample_id, src_str), file=output_file) + if has_target: + print('T-{}\t{}'.format(sample_id, target_str), file=output_file) + + # Process top predictions + for j, hypo in enumerate(hypos[i][:args.nbest]): + hypo_tokens, hypo_str, alignment = utils.post_process_prediction( + hypo_tokens=hypo['tokens'].int().cpu(), + src_str=src_str, + alignment=hypo['alignment'], + align_dict=align_dict, + tgt_dict=tgt_dict, + remove_bpe=args.remove_bpe, + extra_symbols_to_ignore={ + generator.eos, + } + ) + detok_hypo_str = decode_fn(hypo_str) + if not args.quiet: + score = hypo['score'] / math.log(2) # convert to base 2 + # original hypothesis (after tokenization and BPE) + print('H-{}\t{}\t{}'.format(sample_id, score, hypo_str), file=output_file) + # detokenized hypothesis + print('D-{}\t{}\t{}'.format(sample_id, score, detok_hypo_str), file=output_file) + print('P-{}\t{}'.format( + sample_id, + ' '.join(map( + lambda x: '{:.4f}'.format(x), + # convert from base e to base 2 + hypo['positional_scores'].div_(math.log(2)).tolist(), + )) + ), file=output_file) + + if 'context' in hypo: + print('C-{}\t{}'.format( + sample_id, + ' '.join(map( + lambda x: '{:.0f}'.format(x), + hypo['context']#.tolist(), + )) + )) + + if args.print_alignment: + print('A-{}\t{}'.format( + sample_id, + ' '.join(['{}-{}'.format(src_idx, tgt_idx) for src_idx, tgt_idx in alignment]) + ), file=output_file) + + if args.print_step: + print('I-{}\t{}'.format(sample_id, hypo['steps']), file=output_file) + + if getattr(args, 'retain_iter_history', False): + for step, h in enumerate(hypo['history']): + _, h_str, _ = utils.post_process_prediction( + hypo_tokens=h['tokens'].int().cpu(), + src_str=src_str, + alignment=None, + align_dict=None, + tgt_dict=tgt_dict, + remove_bpe=None, + ) + print('E-{}_{}\t{}'.format(sample_id, step, h_str), file=output_file) + + # Score only the top hypothesis + if has_target and j == 0: + if align_dict is not None or args.remove_bpe is not None: + # Convert back to tokens for evaluation with unk replacement and/or without BPE + target_tokens = tgt_dict.encode_line(target_str, add_if_not_exist=True) + hypo_tokens = tgt_dict.encode_line(detok_hypo_str, add_if_not_exist=True) + if hasattr(scorer, 'add_string'): + scorer.add_string(target_str, detok_hypo_str) + else: + scorer.add(target_tokens, hypo_tokens) + + wps_meter.update(num_generated_tokens) + progress.log({'wps': round(wps_meter.avg)}) + num_sentences += sample['nsentences'] + + logger.info('NOTE: hypothesis and token scores are output in base 2') + logger.info('Translated {} sentences ({} tokens) in {:.1f}s ({:.2f} sentences/s, {:.2f} tokens/s)'.format( + num_sentences, gen_timer.n, gen_timer.sum, num_sentences / gen_timer.sum, 1. / gen_timer.avg)) + if has_target: + if args.bpe and not args.sacrebleu: + if args.remove_bpe: + logger.warning("BLEU score is being computed by splitting detokenized string on spaces, this is probably not what you want. Use --sacrebleu for standard 13a BLEU tokenization") + else: + logger.warning("If you are using BPE on the target side, the BLEU score is computed on BPE tokens, not on proper words. Use --sacrebleu for standard 13a BLEU tokenization") + logger.info('Generate {} with beam={}: {}'.format(args.gen_subset, args.beam, scorer.result_string())) + + return scorer + + +def cli_main(): + parser = options.get_generation_parser() + args = options.parse_args_and_arch(parser) + main(args) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + cli_main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/interactive.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/interactive.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cfcd2c535b240cfd20ff0abcf1f44dad421e7a24 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/interactive.py @@ -0,0 +1,217 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 -u +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +""" +Translate raw text with a trained model. Batches data on-the-fly. +""" + +from collections import namedtuple +import fileinput +import logging +import math +import sys +import os + +import torch + +from fairseq import checkpoint_utils, options, tasks, utils +from fairseq.data import encoders + + +logging.basicConfig( + format='%(asctime)s | %(levelname)s | %(name)s | %(message)s', + datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', + level=logging.INFO, + stream=sys.stdout, +) +logger = logging.getLogger('fairseq_cli.interactive') + + +Batch = namedtuple('Batch', 'ids src_tokens src_lengths') +Translation = namedtuple('Translation', 'src_str hypos pos_scores alignments') + + +def buffered_read(input, buffer_size): + buffer = [] + with fileinput.input(files=[input], openhook=fileinput.hook_encoded("utf-8")) as h: + for src_str in h: + buffer.append(src_str.strip()) + if len(buffer) >= buffer_size: + yield buffer + buffer = [] + + if len(buffer) > 0: + yield buffer + + +def make_batches(lines, args, task, max_positions, encode_fn): + tokens = [ + task.source_dictionary.encode_line( + encode_fn(src_str), add_if_not_exist=False + ).long() + for src_str in lines + ] + lengths = [t.numel() for t in tokens] + itr = task.get_batch_iterator( + dataset=task.build_dataset_for_inference(tokens, lengths), + max_tokens=args.max_tokens, + max_sentences=args.max_sentences, + max_positions=max_positions, + ignore_invalid_inputs=args.skip_invalid_size_inputs_valid_test + ).next_epoch_itr(shuffle=False) + for batch in itr: + yield Batch( + ids=batch['id'], + src_tokens=batch['net_input']['src_tokens'], src_lengths=batch['net_input']['src_lengths'], + ) + + +def main(args): + utils.import_user_module(args) + + if args.buffer_size < 1: + args.buffer_size = 1 + if args.max_tokens is None and args.max_sentences is None: + args.max_sentences = 1 + + assert not args.sampling or args.nbest == args.beam, \ + '--sampling requires --nbest to be equal to --beam' + assert not args.max_sentences or args.max_sentences <= args.buffer_size, \ + '--max-sentences/--batch-size cannot be larger than --buffer-size' + + logger.info(args) + + use_cuda = torch.cuda.is_available() and not args.cpu + + # Setup task, e.g., translation + task = tasks.setup_task(args) + + # Load ensemble + logger.info('loading model(s) from {}'.format(args.path)) + models, _model_args = checkpoint_utils.load_model_ensemble( + args.path.split(os.pathsep), + arg_overrides=eval(args.model_overrides), + task=task, + ) + + # Set dictionaries + src_dict = task.source_dictionary + tgt_dict = task.target_dictionary + + # Optimize ensemble for generation + for model in models: + model.make_generation_fast_( + beamable_mm_beam_size=None if args.no_beamable_mm else args.beam, + need_attn=args.print_alignment, + ) + if args.fp16: + model.half() + if use_cuda: + model.cuda() + + # Initialize generator + generator = task.build_generator(models, args) + + # Handle tokenization and BPE + tokenizer = encoders.build_tokenizer(args) + bpe = encoders.build_bpe(args) + + def encode_fn(x): + if tokenizer is not None: + x = tokenizer.encode(x) + if bpe is not None: + x = bpe.encode(x) + return x + + def decode_fn(x): + if bpe is not None: + x = bpe.decode(x) + if tokenizer is not None: + x = tokenizer.decode(x) + return x + + # Load alignment dictionary for unknown word replacement + # (None if no unknown word replacement, empty if no path to align dictionary) + align_dict = utils.load_align_dict(args.replace_unk) + + max_positions = utils.resolve_max_positions( + task.max_positions(), + *[model.max_positions() for model in models] + ) + + if args.buffer_size > 1: + logger.info('Sentence buffer size: %s', args.buffer_size) + logger.info('NOTE: hypothesis and token scores are output in base 2') + logger.info('Type the input sentence and press return:') + start_id = 0 + for inputs in buffered_read(args.input, args.buffer_size): + results = [] + for batch in make_batches(inputs, args, task, max_positions, encode_fn): + src_tokens = batch.src_tokens + src_lengths = batch.src_lengths + if use_cuda: + src_tokens = src_tokens.cuda() + src_lengths = src_lengths.cuda() + + sample = { + 'net_input': { + 'src_tokens': src_tokens, + 'src_lengths': src_lengths, + }, + } + translations = task.inference_step(generator, models, sample) + for i, (id, hypos) in enumerate(zip(batch.ids.tolist(), translations)): + src_tokens_i = utils.strip_pad(src_tokens[i], tgt_dict.pad()) + results.append((start_id + id, src_tokens_i, hypos)) + + # sort output to match input order + for id, src_tokens, hypos in sorted(results, key=lambda x: x[0]): + if src_dict is not None: + src_str = src_dict.string(src_tokens, args.remove_bpe) + print('S-{}\t{}'.format(id, src_str)) + + # Process top predictions + for hypo in hypos[:min(len(hypos), args.nbest)]: + hypo_tokens, hypo_str, alignment = utils.post_process_prediction( + hypo_tokens=hypo['tokens'].int().cpu(), + src_str=src_str, + alignment=hypo['alignment'], + align_dict=align_dict, + tgt_dict=tgt_dict, + remove_bpe=args.remove_bpe, + ) + detok_hypo_str = decode_fn(hypo_str) + score = hypo['score'] / math.log(2) # convert to base 2 + # original hypothesis (after tokenization and BPE) + print('H-{}\t{}\t{}'.format(id, score, hypo_str)) + # detokenized hypothesis + print('D-{}\t{}\t{}'.format(id, score, detok_hypo_str)) + print('P-{}\t{}'.format( + id, + ' '.join(map( + lambda x: '{:.4f}'.format(x), + # convert from base e to base 2 + hypo['positional_scores'].div_(math.log(2)).tolist(), + )) + )) + if args.print_alignment: + alignment_str = " ".join(["{}-{}".format(src, tgt) for src, tgt in alignment]) + print('A-{}\t{}'.format( + id, + alignment_str + )) + + # update running id counter + start_id += len(inputs) + + +def cli_main(): + parser = options.get_generation_parser(interactive=True) + args = options.parse_args_and_arch(parser) + main(args) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + cli_main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/preprocess.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/preprocess.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..974a898484c640cdd29a74b12e8947f96caafe63 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/preprocess.py @@ -0,0 +1,379 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +""" +Data pre-processing: build vocabularies and binarize training data. +""" + +# 核心的代码是使用BERT的分词器进行分词，然后使用fairseq的binarize进行二进制化 + +from collections import Counter +from itertools import zip_longest +import logging +from multiprocessing import Pool +import os +import shutil +import sys + +from fairseq import options, tasks, utils +from fairseq.data import indexed_dataset +from fairseq.binarizer import Binarizer + +# 可能会有bert代码路径的问题 +from bert import BertTokenizer + +logging.basicConfig( + format='%(asctime)s | %(levelname)s | %(name)s | %(message)s', + datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', + level=logging.INFO, + stream=sys.stdout, +) +logger = logging.getLogger('fairseq_cli.preprocess') + + +def main(args): + utils.import_user_module(args) + + os.makedirs(args.destdir, exist_ok=True) + + logger.addHandler(logging.FileHandler( + filename=os.path.join(args.destdir, 'preprocess.log'), + )) + logger.info(args) + + task = tasks.get_task(args.task) + + def train_path(lang): + return "{}{}".format(args.trainpref, ("." + lang) if lang else "") + + def file_name(prefix, lang): + fname = prefix + if lang is not None: + fname += ".{lang}".format(lang=lang) + return fname + + def dest_path(prefix, lang): + return os.path.join(args.destdir, file_name(prefix, lang)) + + def dict_path(lang): + return dest_path("dict", lang) + ".txt" + + def build_dictionary(filenames, src=False, tgt=False): + assert src ^ tgt + return task.build_dictionary( + filenames, + workers=args.workers, + threshold=args.thresholdsrc if src else args.thresholdtgt, + nwords=args.nwordssrc if src else args.nwordstgt, + padding_factor=args.padding_factor, + ) + + target = not args.only_source + + if not args.srcdict and os.path.exists(dict_path(args.source_lang)): + raise FileExistsError(dict_path(args.source_lang)) + if target and not args.tgtdict and os.path.exists(dict_path(args.target_lang)): + raise FileExistsError(dict_path(args.target_lang)) + + if args.joined_dictionary: + assert not args.srcdict or not args.tgtdict, \ + "cannot use both --srcdict and --tgtdict with --joined-dictionary" + + if args.srcdict: + src_dict = task.load_dictionary(args.srcdict) + elif args.tgtdict: + src_dict = task.load_dictionary(args.tgtdict) + else: + assert args.trainpref, "--trainpref must be set if --srcdict is not specified" + src_dict = build_dictionary( + {train_path(lang) for lang in [args.source_lang, args.target_lang]}, src=True + ) + tgt_dict = src_dict + else: + if args.srcdict: + src_dict = task.load_dictionary(args.srcdict) + else: + assert args.trainpref, "--trainpref must be set if --srcdict is not specified" + src_dict = build_dictionary([train_path(args.source_lang)], src=True) + + if target: + if args.tgtdict: + tgt_dict = task.load_dictionary(args.tgtdict) + else: + assert args.trainpref, "--trainpref must be set if --tgtdict is not specified" + tgt_dict = build_dictionary([train_path(args.target_lang)], tgt=True) + else: + tgt_dict = None + + src_dict.save(dict_path(args.source_lang)) + if target and tgt_dict is not None: + tgt_dict.save(dict_path(args.target_lang)) + + def make_binary_dataset(vocab, input_prefix, output_prefix, lang, num_workers): + logger.info("[{}] Dictionary: {} types".format(lang, len(vocab) - 1)) + # bert名称添加 + output_prefix += '.bert' if isinstance(vocab, BertTokenizer) else '' + input_prefix += '.bert' if isinstance(vocab, BertTokenizer) else '' + + n_seq_tok = [0, 0] + replaced = Counter() + + def merge_result(worker_result): + replaced.update(worker_result["replaced"]) + n_seq_tok[0] += worker_result["nseq"] + n_seq_tok[1] += worker_result["ntok"] + + input_file = "{}{}".format( + input_prefix, ("." + lang) if lang is not None else "" + ) + offsets = Binarizer.find_offsets(input_file, num_workers) + pool = None + if num_workers > 1: + pool = Pool(processes=num_workers - 1) + for worker_id in range(1, num_workers): + prefix = "{}{}".format(output_prefix, worker_id) + pool.apply_async( + binarize, + ( + args, + input_file, + vocab, + prefix, + lang, + offsets[worker_id], + offsets[worker_id + 1] + ), + callback=merge_result + ) + pool.close() + + ds = indexed_dataset.make_builder(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, lang, "bin"), + impl=args.dataset_impl, vocab_size=len(vocab)) + merge_result( + Binarizer.binarize( + input_file, vocab, lambda t: ds.add_item(t), + offset=0, end=offsets[1] + ) + ) + if num_workers > 1: + pool.join() + for worker_id in range(1, num_workers): + prefix = "{}{}".format(output_prefix, worker_id) + temp_file_path = dataset_dest_prefix(args, prefix, lang) + ds.merge_file_(temp_file_path) + os.remove(indexed_dataset.data_file_path(temp_file_path)) + os.remove(indexed_dataset.index_file_path(temp_file_path)) + + ds.finalize(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, lang, "idx")) + + logger.info( + "[{}] {}: {} sents, {} tokens, {:.3}% replaced by {}".format( + lang, + input_file, + n_seq_tok[0], + n_seq_tok[1], + 100 * sum(replaced.values()) / n_seq_tok[1], + vocab.unk_word, + ) + ) + + def make_binary_alignment_dataset(input_prefix, output_prefix, num_workers): + nseq = [0] + + def merge_result(worker_result): + nseq[0] += worker_result['nseq'] + + input_file = input_prefix + offsets = Binarizer.find_offsets(input_file, num_workers) + pool = None + if num_workers > 1: + pool = Pool(processes=num_workers - 1) + for worker_id in range(1, num_workers): + prefix = "{}{}".format(output_prefix, worker_id) + pool.apply_async( + binarize_alignments, + ( + args, + input_file, + utils.parse_alignment, + prefix, + offsets[worker_id], + offsets[worker_id + 1] + ), + callback=merge_result + ) + pool.close() + + ds = indexed_dataset.make_builder(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, None, "bin"), + impl=args.dataset_impl) + + merge_result( + Binarizer.binarize_alignments( + input_file, utils.parse_alignment, lambda t: ds.add_item(t), + offset=0, end=offsets[1] + ) + ) + if num_workers > 1: + pool.join() + for worker_id in range(1, num_workers): + prefix = "{}{}".format(output_prefix, worker_id) + temp_file_path = dataset_dest_prefix(args, prefix, None) + ds.merge_file_(temp_file_path) + os.remove(indexed_dataset.data_file_path(temp_file_path)) + os.remove(indexed_dataset.index_file_path(temp_file_path)) + + ds.finalize(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, None, "idx")) + + logger.info( + "[alignments] {}: parsed {} alignments".format( + input_file, + nseq[0] + ) + ) + + def make_dataset(vocab, input_prefix, output_prefix, lang, num_workers=1): + if args.dataset_impl == "raw": + # Copy original text file to destination folder + output_text_file = dest_path( + output_prefix + ".{}-{}".format(args.source_lang, args.target_lang), + lang, + ) + shutil.copyfile(file_name(input_prefix, lang), output_text_file) + else: + make_binary_dataset(vocab, input_prefix, output_prefix, lang, num_workers) + + def make_all(lang, vocab): + if args.trainpref: + make_dataset(vocab, args.trainpref, "train", lang, num_workers=args.workers) + if args.validpref: + for k, validpref in enumerate(args.validpref.split(",")): + outprefix = "valid{}".format(k) if k > 0 else "valid" + make_dataset(vocab, validpref, outprefix, lang, num_workers=args.workers) + if args.testpref: + for k, testpref in enumerate(args.testpref.split(",")): + outprefix = "test{}".format(k) if k > 0 else "test" + make_dataset(vocab, testpref, outprefix, lang, num_workers=args.workers) + + def make_all_alignments(): + if args.trainpref and os.path.exists(args.trainpref + "." + args.align_suffix): + make_binary_alignment_dataset(args.trainpref + "." + args.align_suffix, "train.align", num_workers=args.workers) + if args.validpref and os.path.exists(args.validpref + "." + args.align_suffix): + make_binary_alignment_dataset(args.validpref + "." + args.align_suffix, "valid.align", num_workers=args.workers) + if args.testpref and os.path.exists(args.testpref + "." + args.align_suffix): + make_binary_alignment_dataset(args.testpref + "." + args.align_suffix, "test.align", num_workers=args.workers) + + make_all(args.source_lang, src_dict) + if target: + make_all(args.target_lang, tgt_dict) + if args.align_suffix: + make_all_alignments() + + # 加载bert模型 + berttokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained(args.bert_model_name) + #berttokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained('~/online1/andongchen/huggingface_models/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased') + print('bert的tokenizer是否已加载：',berttokenizer) + make_all(args.source_lang, berttokenizer) + + + logger.info("Wrote preprocessed data to {}".format(args.destdir)) + + if args.alignfile: + assert args.trainpref, "--trainpref must be set if --alignfile is specified" + src_file_name = train_path(args.source_lang) + tgt_file_name = train_path(args.target_lang) + freq_map = {} + with open(args.alignfile, "r", encoding='utf-8') as align_file: + with open(src_file_name, "r", encoding='utf-8') as src_file: + with open(tgt_file_name, "r", encoding='utf-8') as tgt_file: + for a, s, t in zip_longest(align_file, src_file, tgt_file): + si = src_dict.encode_line(s, add_if_not_exist=False) + ti = tgt_dict.encode_line(t, add_if_not_exist=False) + ai = list(map(lambda x: tuple(x.split("-")), a.split())) + for sai, tai in ai: + srcidx = si[int(sai)] + tgtidx = ti[int(tai)] + if srcidx != src_dict.unk() and tgtidx != tgt_dict.unk(): + assert srcidx != src_dict.pad() + assert srcidx != src_dict.eos() + assert tgtidx != tgt_dict.pad() + assert tgtidx != tgt_dict.eos() + + if srcidx not in freq_map: + freq_map[srcidx] = {} + if tgtidx not in freq_map[srcidx]: + freq_map[srcidx][tgtidx] = 1 + else: + freq_map[srcidx][tgtidx] += 1 + + align_dict = {} + for srcidx in freq_map.keys(): + align_dict[srcidx] = max(freq_map[srcidx], key=freq_map[srcidx].get) + + with open( + os.path.join( + args.destdir, + "alignment.{}-{}.txt".format(args.source_lang, args.target_lang), + ), + "w", encoding='utf-8' + ) as f: + for k, v in align_dict.items(): + print("{} {}".format(src_dict[k], tgt_dict[v]), file=f) + + +def binarize(args, filename, vocab, output_prefix, lang, offset, end, append_eos=True): + ds = indexed_dataset.make_builder(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, lang, "bin"), + impl=args.dataset_impl, vocab_size=len(vocab)) + + def consumer(tensor): + ds.add_item(tensor) + + res = Binarizer.binarize(filename, vocab, consumer, append_eos=append_eos, + offset=offset, end=end) + ds.finalize(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, lang, "idx")) + return res + + +def binarize_alignments(args, filename, parse_alignment, output_prefix, offset, end): + ds = indexed_dataset.make_builder(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, None, "bin"), + impl=args.dataset_impl, vocab_size=None) + + def consumer(tensor): + ds.add_item(tensor) + + res = Binarizer.binarize_alignments(filename, parse_alignment, consumer, offset=offset, + end=end) + ds.finalize(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, None, "idx")) + return res + + +def dataset_dest_prefix(args, output_prefix, lang): + base = "{}/{}".format(args.destdir, output_prefix) + if lang is not None: + lang_part = ".{}-{}.{}".format(args.source_lang, args.target_lang, lang) + elif args.only_source: + lang_part = "" + else: + lang_part = ".{}-{}".format(args.source_lang, args.target_lang) + + return "{}{}".format(base, lang_part) + + +def dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, lang, extension): + base = dataset_dest_prefix(args, output_prefix, lang) + return "{}.{}".format(base, extension) + + +def get_offsets(input_file, num_workers): + return Binarizer.find_offsets(input_file, num_workers) + + +def cli_main(): + parser = options.get_preprocessing_parser() + args = parser.parse_args() + main(args) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + cli_main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/score.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/score.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f7c3dc42b98f1039dd4062fcfda2a42ddfe762c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/score.py @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +""" +BLEU scoring of generated translations against reference translations. +""" + +import argparse +import os +import sys + +from fairseq import bleu +from fairseq.data import dictionary + + +def get_parser(): + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Command-line script for BLEU scoring.') + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('-s', '--sys', default='-', help='system output') + parser.add_argument('-r', '--ref', required=True, help='references') + parser.add_argument('-o', '--order', default=4, metavar='N', + type=int, help='consider ngrams up to this order') + parser.add_argument('--ignore-case', action='store_true', + help='case-insensitive scoring') + parser.add_argument('--sacrebleu', action='store_true', + help='score with sacrebleu') + parser.add_argument('--sentence-bleu', action='store_true', + help='report sentence-level BLEUs (i.e., with +1 smoothing)') + # fmt: on + return parser + + +def cli_main(): + parser = get_parser() + args = parser.parse_args() + print(args) + + assert args.sys == '-' or os.path.exists(args.sys), \ + "System output file {} does not exist".format(args.sys) + assert os.path.exists(args.ref), \ + "Reference file {} does not exist".format(args.ref) + + dict = dictionary.Dictionary() + + def readlines(fd): + for line in fd.readlines(): + if args.ignore_case: + yield line.lower() + else: + yield line + + if args.sacrebleu: + import sacrebleu + + def score(fdsys): + with open(args.ref) as fdref: + print(sacrebleu.corpus_bleu(fdsys, [fdref])) + elif args.sentence_bleu: + def score(fdsys): + with open(args.ref) as fdref: + scorer = bleu.Scorer(dict.pad(), dict.eos(), dict.unk()) + for i, (sys_tok, ref_tok) in enumerate(zip(readlines(fdsys), readlines(fdref))): + scorer.reset(one_init=True) + sys_tok = dict.encode_line(sys_tok) + ref_tok = dict.encode_line(ref_tok) + scorer.add(ref_tok, sys_tok) + print(i, scorer.result_string(args.order)) + else: + def score(fdsys): + with open(args.ref) as fdref: + scorer = bleu.Scorer(dict.pad(), dict.eos(), dict.unk()) + for sys_tok, ref_tok in zip(readlines(fdsys), readlines(fdref)): + sys_tok = dict.encode_line(sys_tok) + ref_tok = dict.encode_line(ref_tok) + scorer.add(ref_tok, sys_tok) + print(scorer.result_string(args.order)) + + if args.sys == '-': + score(sys.stdin) + else: + with open(args.sys, 'r') as f: + score(f) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + cli_main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/stack_preprocess.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/stack_preprocess.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a60d2c6111169a3835e1f0bd4fb31d7fdaf4870 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/stack_preprocess.py @@ -0,0 +1,364 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +""" +Data pre-processing: build vocabularies and binarize training data. +""" + +from collections import Counter +from itertools import zip_longest +import logging +from multiprocessing import Pool +import os +import shutil +import sys + +from fairseq import options, tasks, utils +from fairseq.data import indexed_dataset +from fairseq.binarizer import Binarizer + + +logging.basicConfig( + format='%(asctime)s | %(levelname)s | %(name)s | %(message)s', + datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', + level=logging.INFO, + stream=sys.stdout, +) +logger = logging.getLogger('fairseq_cli.preprocess') + + +def main(args): + utils.import_user_module(args) + + os.makedirs(args.destdir, exist_ok=True) + + logger.addHandler(logging.FileHandler( + filename=os.path.join(args.destdir, 'preprocess.log'), + )) + logger.info(args) + + task = tasks.get_task(args.task) + + def train_path(lang): + return "{}{}".format(args.trainpref, ("." + lang) if lang else "") + + def file_name(prefix, lang): + fname = prefix + if lang is not None: + fname += ".{lang}".format(lang=lang) + return fname + + def dest_path(prefix, lang): + return os.path.join(args.destdir, file_name(prefix, lang)) + + def dict_path(lang): + return dest_path("dict", lang) + ".txt" + + def build_dictionary(filenames, src=False, tgt=False): + assert src ^ tgt + return task.build_dictionary( + filenames, + workers=args.workers, + threshold=args.thresholdsrc if src else args.thresholdtgt, + nwords=args.nwordssrc if src else args.nwordstgt, + padding_factor=args.padding_factor, + ) + + target = not args.only_source + + if not args.srcdict and os.path.exists(dict_path(args.source_lang)): + raise FileExistsError(dict_path(args.source_lang)) + if target and not args.tgtdict and os.path.exists(dict_path(args.target_lang)): + raise FileExistsError(dict_path(args.target_lang)) + + if args.joined_dictionary: + assert not args.srcdict or not args.tgtdict, \ + "cannot use both --srcdict and --tgtdict with --joined-dictionary" + + if args.srcdict: + src_dict = task.load_dictionary(args.srcdict) + elif args.tgtdict: + src_dict = task.load_dictionary(args.tgtdict) + else: + assert args.trainpref, "--trainpref must be set if --srcdict is not specified" + src_dict = build_dictionary( + {train_path(lang) for lang in [args.source_lang, args.target_lang]}, src=True + ) + tgt_dict = src_dict + else: + if args.srcdict: + src_dict = task.load_dictionary(args.srcdict) + else: + assert args.trainpref, "--trainpref must be set if --srcdict is not specified" + src_dict = build_dictionary([train_path(args.source_lang)], src=True) + + if target: + if args.tgtdict: + tgt_dict = task.load_dictionary(args.tgtdict) + else: + assert args.trainpref, "--trainpref must be set if --tgtdict is not specified" + tgt_dict = build_dictionary([train_path(args.target_lang)], tgt=True) + else: + tgt_dict = None + + src_dict.save(dict_path(args.source_lang)) + if target and tgt_dict is not None: + tgt_dict.save(dict_path(args.target_lang)) + + def make_binary_dataset(vocab, input_prefix, output_prefix, lang, num_workers): + logger.info("[{}] Dictionary: {} types".format(lang, len(vocab) - 1)) + n_seq_tok = [0, 0] + replaced = Counter() + + def merge_result(worker_result): + replaced.update(worker_result["replaced"]) + n_seq_tok[0] += worker_result["nseq"] + n_seq_tok[1] += worker_result["ntok"] + + input_file = "{}{}".format( + input_prefix, ("." + lang) if lang is not None else "" + ) + offsets = Binarizer.find_offsets(input_file, num_workers) + pool = None + if num_workers > 1: + pool = Pool(processes=num_workers - 1) + for worker_id in range(1, num_workers): + prefix = "{}{}".format(output_prefix, worker_id) + pool.apply_async( + binarize, + ( + args, + input_file, + vocab, + prefix, + lang, + offsets[worker_id], + offsets[worker_id + 1] + ), + callback=merge_result + ) + pool.close() + + ds = indexed_dataset.make_builder(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, lang, "bin"), + impl=args.dataset_impl, vocab_size=len(vocab)) + merge_result( + Binarizer.binarize( + input_file, vocab, lambda t: ds.add_item(t), + offset=0, end=offsets[1] + ) + ) + if num_workers > 1: + pool.join() + for worker_id in range(1, num_workers): + prefix = "{}{}".format(output_prefix, worker_id) + temp_file_path = dataset_dest_prefix(args, prefix, lang) + ds.merge_file_(temp_file_path) + os.remove(indexed_dataset.data_file_path(temp_file_path)) + os.remove(indexed_dataset.index_file_path(temp_file_path)) + + ds.finalize(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, lang, "idx")) + + logger.info( + "[{}] {}: {} sents, {} tokens, {:.3}% replaced by {}".format( + lang, + input_file, + n_seq_tok[0], + n_seq_tok[1], + 100 * sum(replaced.values()) / n_seq_tok[1], + vocab.unk_word, + ) + ) + + def make_binary_alignment_dataset(input_prefix, output_prefix, num_workers): + nseq = [0] + + def merge_result(worker_result): + nseq[0] += worker_result['nseq'] + + input_file = input_prefix + offsets = Binarizer.find_offsets(input_file, num_workers) + pool = None + if num_workers > 1: + pool = Pool(processes=num_workers - 1) + for worker_id in range(1, num_workers): + prefix = "{}{}".format(output_prefix, worker_id) + pool.apply_async( + binarize_alignments, + ( + args, + input_file, + utils.parse_alignment, + prefix, + offsets[worker_id], + offsets[worker_id + 1] + ), + callback=merge_result + ) + pool.close() + + ds = indexed_dataset.make_builder(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, None, "bin"), + impl=args.dataset_impl) + + merge_result( + Binarizer.binarize_alignments( + input_file, utils.parse_alignment, lambda t: ds.add_item(t), + offset=0, end=offsets[1] + ) + ) + if num_workers > 1: + pool.join() + for worker_id in range(1, num_workers): + prefix = "{}{}".format(output_prefix, worker_id) + temp_file_path = dataset_dest_prefix(args, prefix, None) + ds.merge_file_(temp_file_path) + os.remove(indexed_dataset.data_file_path(temp_file_path)) + os.remove(indexed_dataset.index_file_path(temp_file_path)) + + ds.finalize(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, None, "idx")) + + logger.info( + "[alignments] {}: parsed {} alignments".format( + input_file, + nseq[0] + ) + ) + + def make_dataset(vocab, input_prefix, output_prefix, lang, num_workers=1): + if args.dataset_impl == "raw": + # Copy original text file to destination folder + output_text_file = dest_path( + output_prefix + ".{}-{}".format(args.source_lang, args.target_lang), + lang, + ) + shutil.copyfile(file_name(input_prefix, lang), output_text_file) + else: + make_binary_dataset(vocab, input_prefix, output_prefix, lang, num_workers) + + def make_all(lang, vocab): + if args.trainpref: + make_dataset(vocab, args.trainpref, "train", lang, num_workers=args.workers) + if args.validpref: + for k, validpref in enumerate(args.validpref.split(",")): + outprefix = "valid{}".format(k) if k > 0 else "valid" + make_dataset(vocab, validpref, outprefix, lang, num_workers=args.workers) + if args.testpref: + for k, testpref in enumerate(args.testpref.split(",")): + outprefix = "test{}".format(k) if k > 0 else "test" + make_dataset(vocab, testpref, outprefix, lang, num_workers=args.workers) + + def make_all_alignments(): + if args.trainpref and os.path.exists(args.trainpref + "." + args.align_suffix): + make_binary_alignment_dataset(args.trainpref + "." + args.align_suffix, "train.align", num_workers=args.workers) + if args.validpref and os.path.exists(args.validpref + "." + args.align_suffix): + make_binary_alignment_dataset(args.validpref + "." + args.align_suffix, "valid.align", num_workers=args.workers) + if args.testpref and os.path.exists(args.testpref + "." + args.align_suffix): + make_binary_alignment_dataset(args.testpref + "." + args.align_suffix, "test.align", num_workers=args.workers) + + make_all(args.source_lang, src_dict) + if target: + make_all(args.target_lang, tgt_dict) + if args.align_suffix: + make_all_alignments() + + logger.info("Wrote preprocessed data to {}".format(args.destdir)) + + if args.alignfile: + assert args.trainpref, "--trainpref must be set if --alignfile is specified" + src_file_name = train_path(args.source_lang) + tgt_file_name = train_path(args.target_lang) + freq_map = {} + with open(args.alignfile, "r", encoding='utf-8') as align_file: + with open(src_file_name, "r", encoding='utf-8') as src_file: + with open(tgt_file_name, "r", encoding='utf-8') as tgt_file: + for a, s, t in zip_longest(align_file, src_file, tgt_file): + si = src_dict.encode_line(s, add_if_not_exist=False) + ti = tgt_dict.encode_line(t, add_if_not_exist=False) + ai = list(map(lambda x: tuple(x.split("-")), a.split())) + for sai, tai in ai: + srcidx = si[int(sai)] + tgtidx = ti[int(tai)] + if srcidx != src_dict.unk() and tgtidx != tgt_dict.unk(): + assert srcidx != src_dict.pad() + assert srcidx != src_dict.eos() + assert tgtidx != tgt_dict.pad() + assert tgtidx != tgt_dict.eos() + + if srcidx not in freq_map: + freq_map[srcidx] = {} + if tgtidx not in freq_map[srcidx]: + freq_map[srcidx][tgtidx] = 1 + else: + freq_map[srcidx][tgtidx] += 1 + + align_dict = {} + for srcidx in freq_map.keys(): + align_dict[srcidx] = max(freq_map[srcidx], key=freq_map[srcidx].get) + + with open( + os.path.join( + args.destdir, + "alignment.{}-{}.txt".format(args.source_lang, args.target_lang), + ), + "w", encoding='utf-8' + ) as f: + for k, v in align_dict.items(): + print("{} {}".format(src_dict[k], tgt_dict[v]), file=f) + + +def binarize(args, filename, vocab, output_prefix, lang, offset, end, append_eos=True): + ds = indexed_dataset.make_builder(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, lang, "bin"), + impl=args.dataset_impl, vocab_size=len(vocab)) + + def consumer(tensor): + ds.add_item(tensor) + + res = Binarizer.binarize(filename, vocab, consumer, append_eos=append_eos, + offset=offset, end=end) + ds.finalize(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, lang, "idx")) + return res + + +def binarize_alignments(args, filename, parse_alignment, output_prefix, offset, end): + ds = indexed_dataset.make_builder(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, None, "bin"), + impl=args.dataset_impl, vocab_size=None) + + def consumer(tensor): + ds.add_item(tensor) + + res = Binarizer.binarize_alignments(filename, parse_alignment, consumer, offset=offset, + end=end) + ds.finalize(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, None, "idx")) + return res + + +def dataset_dest_prefix(args, output_prefix, lang): + base = "{}/{}".format(args.destdir, output_prefix) + if lang is not None: + lang_part = ".{}-{}.{}".format(args.source_lang, args.target_lang, lang) + elif args.only_source: + lang_part = "" + else: + lang_part = ".{}-{}".format(args.source_lang, args.target_lang) + + return "{}{}".format(base, lang_part) + + +def dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, lang, extension): + base = dataset_dest_prefix(args, output_prefix, lang) + return "{}.{}".format(base, extension) + + +def get_offsets(input_file, num_workers): + return Binarizer.find_offsets(input_file, num_workers) + + +def cli_main(): + parser = options.get_preprocessing_parser() + args = parser.parse_args() + main(args) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + cli_main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/train.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/train.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..102dbd3755557b5ce5dcaa04bb7f5e8eb8783a74 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/train.py @@ -0,0 +1,380 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 -u +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +""" +Train a new model on one or across multiple GPUs. +""" + +import logging +import math +import os +import random +import sys + +import numpy as np +import torch + +from fairseq import ( + checkpoint_utils, + distributed_utils, + options, + quantization_utils, + tasks, + utils, +) +from fairseq.data import iterators +from fairseq.logging import meters, metrics, progress_bar +from fairseq.trainer import Trainer +from fairseq.model_parallel.megatron_trainer import MegatronTrainer + + +logging.basicConfig( + format='%(asctime)s | %(levelname)s | %(name)s | %(message)s', + datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', + level=logging.INFO, + stream=sys.stdout, +) +logger = logging.getLogger('fairseq_cli.train') + + +def main(args, init_distributed=False): + utils.import_user_module(args) + + assert args.max_tokens is not None or args.max_sentences is not None, \ + 'Must specify batch size either with --max-tokens or --max-sentences' + metrics.reset() + + # Initialize CUDA and distributed training + if torch.cuda.is_available() and not args.cpu: + torch.cuda.set_device(args.device_id) + np.random.seed(args.seed) + torch.manual_seed(args.seed) + if init_distributed: + args.distributed_rank = distributed_utils.distributed_init(args) + + if distributed_utils.is_master(args): + checkpoint_utils.verify_checkpoint_directory(args.save_dir) + + # Print args + logger.info(args) + + # Setup task, e.g., translation, language modeling, etc. + task = tasks.setup_task(args) + + # Load valid dataset (we load training data below, based on the latest checkpoint) + for valid_sub_split in args.valid_subset.split(','): + task.load_dataset(valid_sub_split, combine=False, epoch=1) + + # Build model and criterion + model = task.build_model(args) + if model.bert_encoder is not None: + if not args.finetune_bert: + for param in model.bert_encoder.parameters(): + param.requires_grad = False + else: + for name, param in model.bert_encoder.named_parameters(): + if 'pooler' in name: + param.requires_grad = False + + criterion = task.build_criterion(args) + logger.info(model) + logger.info('model {}, criterion {}'.format(args.arch, criterion.__class__.__name__)) + logger.info('num. model params: {} (num. trained: {})'.format( + sum(p.numel() for p in model.parameters()), + sum(p.numel() for p in model.parameters() if p.requires_grad), + )) + + # (optionally) Configure quantization + if args.quantization_config_path is not None: + quantizer = quantization_utils.Quantizer( + config_path=args.quantization_config_path, + max_epoch=args.max_epoch, + max_update=args.max_update, + ) + else: + quantizer = None + + # Build trainer + if args.model_parallel_size == 1: + trainer = Trainer(args, task, model, criterion, quantizer) + else: + trainer = MegatronTrainer(args, task, model, criterion) + + logger.info('training on {} GPUs'.format(args.distributed_world_size)) + logger.info('max tokens per GPU = {} and max sentences per GPU = {}'.format( + args.max_tokens, + args.max_sentences, + )) + + # Load the latest checkpoint if one is available and restore the + # corresponding train iterator + extra_state, epoch_itr = checkpoint_utils.load_checkpoint(args, trainer) + + # Train until the learning rate gets too small + max_epoch = args.max_epoch or math.inf + max_update = args.max_update or math.inf + lr = trainer.get_lr() + train_meter = meters.StopwatchMeter() + train_meter.start() + valid_losses = [None] + valid_subsets = args.valid_subset.split(',') + if args.warmup_from_nmt: + checkpoint_utils.save_checkpoint(args, trainer, epoch_itr, valid_losses[0], warmup_from_nmt=True) + + while ( + lr > args.min_lr + and epoch_itr.next_epoch_idx <= max_epoch + ): + # train for one epoch + valid_losses = train(args, trainer, task, epoch_itr, max_update) + if should_stop_early(args, valid_losses[0]) or trainer.get_num_updates() >= max_update: + break + + # only use first validation loss to update the learning rate + lr = trainer.lr_step(epoch_itr.epoch, valid_losses[0]) + + epoch_itr = trainer.get_train_iterator( + epoch_itr.next_epoch_idx, + # sharded data: get train iterator for next epoch + load_dataset=(os.pathsep in getattr(args, 'data', '')), + ) + train_meter.stop() + logger.info('done training in {:.1f} seconds'.format(train_meter.sum)) + + +def should_stop_early(args, valid_loss): + # skip check if no validation was done in the current epoch + if valid_loss is None: + return False + if args.patience <= 0: + return False + + def is_better(a, b): + return a > b if args.maximize_best_checkpoint_metric else a < b + + prev_best = getattr(should_stop_early, 'best', None) + if prev_best is None or is_better(valid_loss, prev_best): + should_stop_early.best = valid_loss + should_stop_early.num_runs = 0 + return False + else: + should_stop_early.num_runs += 1 + if should_stop_early.num_runs >= args.patience: + logger.info('early stop since valid performance hasn\'t improved for last {} runs'.format(args.patience)) + return True + else: + return False + + +@metrics.aggregate('train') +def train(args, trainer, task, epoch_itr, max_update=math.inf): + """Train the model for one epoch and return validation losses.""" + # Initialize data iterator + itr = epoch_itr.next_epoch_itr( + fix_batches_to_gpus=args.fix_batches_to_gpus, + shuffle=(epoch_itr.next_epoch_idx > args.curriculum), + ) + update_freq = ( + args.update_freq[epoch_itr.epoch - 1] + if epoch_itr.epoch <= len(args.update_freq) + else args.update_freq[-1] + ) + itr = iterators.GroupedIterator(itr, update_freq) + progress = progress_bar.progress_bar( + itr, + log_format=args.log_format, + log_interval=args.log_interval, + epoch=epoch_itr.epoch, + tensorboard_logdir=( + args.tensorboard_logdir if distributed_utils.is_master(args) else None + ), + default_log_format=('tqdm' if not args.no_progress_bar else 'simple'), + ) + + trainer.begin_epoch(epoch_itr.epoch) + + valid_subsets = args.valid_subset.split(',') + for samples in progress: + with metrics.aggregate('train_inner'): + log_output = trainer.train_step(samples) + if log_output is None: # OOM, overflow, ... + continue + + # log mid-epoch stats + num_updates = trainer.get_num_updates() + if num_updates % args.log_interval == 0: + stats = get_training_stats(metrics.get_smoothed_values('train_inner')) + progress.log(stats, tag='train_inner', step=num_updates) + + # reset mid-epoch stats after each log interval + # the end-of-epoch stats will still be preserved + metrics.reset_meters('train_inner') + + valid_losses = validate_and_save(args, trainer, task, epoch_itr, valid_subsets) + if should_stop_early(args, valid_losses[0]) or num_updates >= max_update: + break + + # log end-of-epoch stats + stats = get_training_stats(metrics.get_smoothed_values('train')) + progress.print(stats, tag='train', step=num_updates) + + # reset epoch-level meters + metrics.reset_meters('train') + return valid_losses + + +def validate_and_save(args, trainer, task, epoch_itr, valid_subsets): + num_updates = trainer.get_num_updates() + do_save = ( + ( + args.save_interval_updates > 0 + and num_updates > 0 + and num_updates % args.save_interval_updates == 0 + ) + or ( + epoch_itr.end_of_epoch() + and epoch_itr.epoch % args.save_interval == 0 + ) + ) + do_validate = ( + ( + do_save # saving requires validation + or ( + epoch_itr.end_of_epoch() + and epoch_itr.epoch % args.validate_interval == 0 + ) + ) + and not args.disable_validation + ) + + # Validate + valid_losses = [None] + if do_validate: + valid_losses = validate(args, trainer, task, epoch_itr, valid_subsets) + # Save + if do_save: + checkpoint_utils.save_checkpoint(args, trainer, epoch_itr, valid_losses[0]) + return valid_losses + + +def get_training_stats(stats): + if 'nll_loss' in stats and 'ppl' not in stats: + stats['ppl'] = utils.get_perplexity(stats['nll_loss']) + stats['wall'] = round(metrics.get_meter('default', 'wall').elapsed_time, 0) + return stats + + +def validate(args, trainer, task, epoch_itr, subsets): + """Evaluate the model on the validation set(s) and return the losses.""" + + if args.fixed_validation_seed is not None: + # set fixed seed for every validation + utils.set_torch_seed(args.fixed_validation_seed) + + valid_losses = [] + for subset in subsets: + # Initialize data iterator + itr = task.get_batch_iterator( + dataset=task.dataset(subset), + max_tokens=args.max_tokens_valid, + max_sentences=args.max_sentences_valid, + max_positions=utils.resolve_max_positions( + task.max_positions(), + trainer.get_model().max_positions(), + ), + ignore_invalid_inputs=args.skip_invalid_size_inputs_valid_test, + required_batch_size_multiple=args.required_batch_size_multiple, + seed=args.seed, + num_shards=args.distributed_world_size, + shard_id=args.distributed_rank, + num_workers=args.num_workers, + ).next_epoch_itr(shuffle=False) + progress = progress_bar.progress_bar( + itr, + log_format=args.log_format, + log_interval=args.log_interval, + epoch=epoch_itr.epoch, + prefix=f"valid on '{subset}' subset", + tensorboard_logdir=( + args.tensorboard_logdir if distributed_utils.is_master(args) else None + ), + default_log_format=('tqdm' if not args.no_progress_bar else 'simple'), + ) + + # create a new root metrics aggregator so validation metrics + # don't pollute other aggregators (e.g., train meters) + with metrics.aggregate(new_root=True) as agg: + for sample in progress: + trainer.valid_step(sample) + + # log validation stats + stats = get_valid_stats(args, trainer, agg.get_smoothed_values()) + progress.print(stats, tag=subset, step=trainer.get_num_updates()) + + valid_losses.append(stats[args.best_checkpoint_metric]) + return valid_losses + + +def get_valid_stats(args, trainer, stats): + if 'nll_loss' in stats and 'ppl' not in stats: + stats['ppl'] = utils.get_perplexity(stats['nll_loss']) + stats['num_updates'] = trainer.get_num_updates() + if hasattr(checkpoint_utils.save_checkpoint, 'best'): + key = 'best_{0}'.format(args.best_checkpoint_metric) + best_function = max if args.maximize_best_checkpoint_metric else min + stats[key] = best_function( + checkpoint_utils.save_checkpoint.best, + stats[args.best_checkpoint_metric], + ) + return stats + + +def distributed_main(i, args, start_rank=0): + args.device_id = i + if args.distributed_rank is None: # torch.multiprocessing.spawn + args.distributed_rank = start_rank + i + main(args, init_distributed=True) + + +def cli_main(modify_parser=None): + parser = options.get_training_parser() + args = options.parse_args_and_arch(parser, modify_parser=modify_parser) + + if args.distributed_init_method is None: + distributed_utils.infer_init_method(args) + + if args.distributed_init_method is not None: + # distributed training + if torch.cuda.device_count() > 1 and not args.distributed_no_spawn: + start_rank = args.distributed_rank + args.distributed_rank = None # assign automatically + torch.multiprocessing.spawn( + fn=distributed_main, + args=(args, start_rank), + nprocs=torch.cuda.device_count(), + ) + else: + distributed_main(args.device_id, args) + elif args.distributed_world_size > 1: + # fallback for single node with multiple GPUs + assert args.distributed_world_size <= torch.cuda.device_count() + port = random.randint(10000, 20000) + args.distributed_init_method = 'tcp://localhost:{port}'.format(port=port) + args.distributed_rank = None # set based on device id + torch.multiprocessing.spawn( + fn=distributed_main, + args=(args, ), + nprocs=args.distributed_world_size, + ) + else: + # single GPU training + main(args) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + import resource + rlimit = resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE) + resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (8048, rlimit[1])) + cli_main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/validate.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/validate.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..580ac7b8b3680128ea8991b87615ef307dc1ad74 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/fairseq_cli/validate.py @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 -u +#!/usr/bin/env python3 -u +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import logging +import sys + +import torch + +from fairseq import checkpoint_utils, distributed_utils, options, utils +from fairseq.logging import metrics, progress_bar +from fairseq.options import add_distributed_training_args + +logging.basicConfig( + format='%(asctime)s | %(levelname)s | %(name)s | %(message)s', + datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', + level=logging.INFO, + stream=sys.stdout, +) +logger = logging.getLogger('fairseq_cli.validate') + + +def main(args, override_args=None): + utils.import_user_module(args) + + assert args.max_tokens is not None or args.max_sentences is not None, \ + 'Must specify batch size either with --max-tokens or --max-sentences' + + use_fp16 = args.fp16 + use_cuda = torch.cuda.is_available() and not args.cpu + + if override_args is not None: + overrides = vars(override_args) + overrides.update(eval(getattr(override_args, 'model_overrides', '{}'))) + else: + overrides = None + + # Load ensemble + logger.info('loading model(s) from {}'.format(args.path)) + models, model_args, task = checkpoint_utils.load_model_ensemble_and_task( + [args.path], + arg_overrides=overrides, + suffix=getattr(args, "checkpoint_suffix", ""), + ) + model = models[0] + + # Move models to GPU + for model in models: + if use_fp16: + model.half() + if use_cuda: + model.cuda() + + # Print args + logger.info(model_args) + + # Build criterion + criterion = task.build_criterion(model_args) + criterion.eval() + + for subset in args.valid_subset.split(','): + try: + task.load_dataset(subset, combine=False, epoch=1) + dataset = task.dataset(subset) + except KeyError: + raise Exception('Cannot find dataset: ' + subset) + + # Initialize data iterator + itr = task.get_batch_iterator( + dataset=dataset, + max_tokens=args.max_tokens, + max_sentences=args.max_sentences, + max_positions=utils.resolve_max_positions( + task.max_positions(), + *[m.max_positions() for m in models], + ), + ignore_invalid_inputs=args.skip_invalid_size_inputs_valid_test, + required_batch_size_multiple=args.required_batch_size_multiple, + seed=args.seed, + num_workers=args.num_workers, + ).next_epoch_itr(shuffle=False) + progress = progress_bar.progress_bar( + itr, + log_format=args.log_format, + log_interval=args.log_interval, + prefix=f"valid on '{subset}' subset", + default_log_format=('tqdm' if not args.no_progress_bar else 'simple'), + ) + + log_outputs = [] + for i, sample in enumerate(progress): + sample = utils.move_to_cuda(sample) if use_cuda else sample + _loss, _sample_size, log_output = task.valid_step(sample, model, criterion) + progress.log(log_output, step=i) + log_outputs.append(log_output) + + with metrics.aggregate() as agg: + task.reduce_metrics(log_outputs, criterion) + log_output = agg.get_smoothed_values() + + progress.print(log_output, tag=subset, step=i) + + +def cli_main(): + parser = options.get_validation_parser() + add_distributed_training_args(parser) + args = options.parse_args_and_arch(parser) + + # only override args that are explicitly given on the command line + override_parser = options.get_validation_parser() + add_distributed_training_args(override_parser) + override_args = options.parse_args_and_arch(override_parser, suppress_defaults=True) + + distributed_utils.call_main(args, main, override_args=override_args) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + cli_main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/generate.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/generate.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67109c51b738595fb7ef32f05d89851fb76e0d2e --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/generate.py @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 -u +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq_cli.generate import cli_main + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + cli_main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/hubconf.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/hubconf.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a0c9c097e83295b1c1f9690bcf6a4ad6c2ea83a --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/hubconf.py @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import functools + +from fairseq.hub_utils import BPEHubInterface as bpe # noqa +from fairseq.hub_utils import TokenizerHubInterface as tokenizer # noqa +from fairseq.models import MODEL_REGISTRY + + +dependencies = [ + 'numpy', + 'regex', + 'requests', + 'torch', +] + + +# torch.hub doesn't build Cython components, so if they are not found then try +# to build them here +try: + import fairseq.data.token_block_utils_fast +except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError): + try: + import cython + import os + from setuptools import sandbox + sandbox.run_setup( + os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'setup.py'), + ['build_ext', '--inplace'], + ) + except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError): + print( + 'Unable to build Cython components. Please make sure Cython is ' + 'installed if the torch.hub model you are loading depends on it.' + ) + + +for _model_type, _cls in MODEL_REGISTRY.items(): + for model_name in _cls.hub_models().keys(): + globals()[model_name] = functools.partial( + _cls.from_pretrained, + model_name, + ) + # to simplify the interface we only expose named models + # globals()[_model_type] = _cls.from_pretrained diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/interactive.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/interactive.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0dc3da3378d1117273c39fd50026823d91849b97 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/interactive.py @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 -u +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq_cli.interactive import cli_main + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + cli_main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_dataprocess.sh b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_dataprocess.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f5e1b3742097b38227304320528af7f6df2f025 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_dataprocess.sh @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# 这里有了一个bert-model-name的内容，这个内容是之前没见过的 +TEXT=./ +src=de +tgt=en +destdir=bi_iwslt_${src}_${tgt} +python preprocess.py --source-lang $src --target-lang $tgt \ + --trainpref $TEXT/train --validpref $TEXT/valid --testpref $TEXT/test \ + --destdir $destdir --joined-dictionary --bert-model-name ./bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased \ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en/dict.de.txt b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en/dict.de.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f367ef38bf096805d8d42da78658b3e7c3f5610 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en/dict.de.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10148 @@ +, 426747 +. 329458 +the 134997 +and 97003 +in 92435 +und 85917 +to 79090 +die 78066 +of 74224 +a 73529 +that 59876 +i 55532 +der 51622 +sie 51558 +it 49746 +das 49539 +ich 48626 +" 48430 +es 47772 +you 45836 +ist 44946 +is 42644 +we 42093 +wir 40979 +zu 37304 +'s 36495 +so 35984 +was 33248 +this 32255 +? 27866 +ein 25752 +-- 24561 +von 24102 +an 24027 +eine 23758 +dass 23322 +: 22773 +nicht 22663 +den 22454 +they 21072 +on 20019 +mit 19588 +for 18958 +er 18686 +are 18392 +wie 17955 +auf 17416 +have 17311 +what 17112 +but 16818 +man 16301 +with 15954 +can 15363 +sich 15349 +all 15016 +sind 14760 +aber 14644 +für 14588 +haben 14374 +wenn 14346 +als 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+ย 1 +ย@@ 1 + 1 +， 1 +madeupword0000 0 +madeupword0001 0 +madeupword0002 0 +madeupword0003 0 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/iwslt14-de-en-onlyfariseq/dict.en.txt b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/iwslt14-de-en-onlyfariseq/dict.en.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f367ef38bf096805d8d42da78658b3e7c3f5610 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/iwslt14-de-en-onlyfariseq/dict.en.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10148 @@ +, 426747 +. 329458 +the 134997 +and 97003 +in 92435 +und 85917 +to 79090 +die 78066 +of 74224 +a 73529 +that 59876 +i 55532 +der 51622 +sie 51558 +it 49746 +das 49539 +ich 48626 +" 48430 +es 47772 +you 45836 +ist 44946 +is 42644 +we 42093 +wir 40979 +zu 37304 +'s 36495 +so 35984 +was 33248 +this 32255 +? 27866 +ein 25752 +-- 24561 +von 24102 +an 24027 +eine 23758 +dass 23322 +: 22773 +nicht 22663 +den 22454 +they 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b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/iwslt14-de-en-onlyfariseq/valid.de-en.en.idx @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:d21a5072636d79710acaa2ab275081033922f6bf6e1ded423aba84a1e4dc0520 +size 174856 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/makedataforbert.sh b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/makedataforbert.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0d6ff90289052fc69f9c4134398ad8125b7cf33 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/makedataforbert.sh @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env bash +lng=$1 +echo "src lng $lng" +for sub in train valid test +do + sed -r 's/(@@ )|(@@ ?$)//g' ${sub}.${lng} > ${sub}.bert.${lng}.tok + ../../../mosesdecoder/scripts/tokenizer/detokenizer.perl -l $lng < ${sub}.bert.${lng}.tok > ${sub}.bert.${lng} + rm ${sub}.bert.${lng}.tok +done \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/preprocess.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/preprocess.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3124fb679631d65d088001dc37a1ca22de991bc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/preprocess.py @@ -0,0 +1,276 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# Copyright (c) 2017-present, Facebook, Inc. +# All rights reserved. +# +# This source code is licensed under the license found in the LICENSE file in +# the root directory of this source tree. An additional grant of patent rights +# can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory. +""" +Data pre-processing: build vocabularies and binarize training data. +""" + +from collections import Counter +from itertools import zip_longest + +from fairseq import options, tasks, utils +from fairseq.data import indexed_dataset +from fairseq.binarizer import Binarizer +from multiprocessing import Pool +from bert import BertTokenizer +import os +import shutil + + +def main(args): + utils.import_user_module(args) + + print(args) + + os.makedirs(args.destdir, exist_ok=True) + target = not args.only_source + + task = tasks.get_task(args.task) + + def train_path(lang): + return "{}{}".format(args.trainpref, ("." + lang) if lang else "") + + def file_name(prefix, lang): + fname = prefix + if lang is not None: + fname += ".{lang}".format(lang=lang) + return fname + + def dest_path(prefix, lang): + return os.path.join(args.destdir, file_name(prefix, lang)) + + def dict_path(lang): + return dest_path("dict", lang) + ".txt" + + def build_dictionary(filenames, src=False, tgt=False): + assert src ^ tgt + return task.build_dictionary( + filenames, + workers=args.workers, + threshold=args.thresholdsrc if src else args.thresholdtgt, + nwords=args.nwordssrc if src else args.nwordstgt, + padding_factor=args.padding_factor, + ) + + if not args.srcdict and os.path.exists(dict_path(args.source_lang)): + raise FileExistsError(dict_path(args.source_lang)) + if target and not args.tgtdict and os.path.exists(dict_path(args.target_lang)): + raise FileExistsError(dict_path(args.target_lang)) + + if args.joined_dictionary: + assert not args.srcdict or not args.tgtdict, \ + "cannot use both --srcdict and --tgtdict with --joined-dictionary" + + if args.srcdict: + src_dict = task.load_dictionary(args.srcdict) + elif args.tgtdict: + src_dict = task.load_dictionary(args.tgtdict) + else: + assert args.trainpref, "--trainpref must be set if --srcdict is not specified" + src_dict = build_dictionary( + {train_path(lang) for lang in [args.source_lang, args.target_lang]}, src=True + ) + tgt_dict = src_dict + else: + if args.srcdict: + src_dict = task.load_dictionary(args.srcdict) + else: + assert args.trainpref, "--trainpref must be set if --srcdict is not specified" + src_dict = build_dictionary([train_path(args.source_lang)], src=True) + + if target: + if args.tgtdict: + tgt_dict = task.load_dictionary(args.tgtdict) + else: + assert args.trainpref, "--trainpref must be set if --tgtdict is not specified" + tgt_dict = build_dictionary([train_path(args.target_lang)], tgt=True) + else: + tgt_dict = None + + src_dict.save(dict_path(args.source_lang)) + if target and tgt_dict is not None: + tgt_dict.save(dict_path(args.target_lang)) + + def make_binary_dataset(vocab, input_prefix, output_prefix, lang, num_workers): + print("| [{}] Dictionary: {} types".format(lang, len(vocab) - 1)) + output_prefix += '.bert' if isinstance(vocab, BertTokenizer) else '' + input_prefix += '.bert' if isinstance(vocab, BertTokenizer) else '' + n_seq_tok = [0, 0] + replaced = Counter() + + def merge_result(worker_result): + replaced.update(worker_result["replaced"]) + n_seq_tok[0] += worker_result["nseq"] + n_seq_tok[1] += worker_result["ntok"] + + input_file = "{}{}".format( + input_prefix, ("." + lang) if lang is not None else "" + ) + offsets = Binarizer.find_offsets(input_file, num_workers) + pool = None + if num_workers > 1: + pool = Pool(processes=num_workers - 1) + for worker_id in range(1, num_workers): + prefix = "{}{}".format(output_prefix, worker_id) + pool.apply_async( + binarize, + ( + args, + input_file, + vocab, + prefix, + lang, + offsets[worker_id], + offsets[worker_id + 1] + ), + callback=merge_result + ) + pool.close() + + ds = indexed_dataset.make_builder(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, lang, "bin"), impl=args.dataset_impl) + merge_result( + Binarizer.binarize( + input_file, vocab, lambda t: ds.add_item(t), + offset=0, end=offsets[1] + ) + ) + if num_workers > 1: + pool.join() + for worker_id in range(1, num_workers): + prefix = "{}{}".format(output_prefix, worker_id) + temp_file_path = dataset_dest_prefix(args, prefix, lang) + ds.merge_file_(temp_file_path) + os.remove(indexed_dataset.data_file_path(temp_file_path)) + os.remove(indexed_dataset.index_file_path(temp_file_path)) + + ds.finalize(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, lang, "idx")) + + print( + "| [{}] {}: {} sents, {} tokens, {:.3}% replaced by {}".format( + lang, + input_file, + n_seq_tok[0], + n_seq_tok[1], + 100 * sum(replaced.values()) / n_seq_tok[1], + vocab.unk_word, + ) + ) + + def make_dataset(vocab, input_prefix, output_prefix, lang, num_workers=1): + if args.dataset_impl == "raw": + # Copy original text file to destination folder + output_text_file = dest_path( + output_prefix + ".{}-{}".format(args.source_lang, args.target_lang), + lang, + ) + shutil.copyfile(file_name(input_prefix, lang), output_text_file) + else: + make_binary_dataset(vocab, input_prefix, output_prefix, lang, num_workers) + + def make_all(lang, vocab): + if args.trainpref: + make_dataset(vocab, args.trainpref, "train", lang, num_workers=args.workers) + if args.validpref: + for k, validpref in enumerate(args.validpref.split(",")): + outprefix = "valid{}".format(k) if k > 0 else "valid" + make_dataset(vocab, validpref, outprefix, lang, num_workers=args.workers) + if args.testpref: + for k, testpref in enumerate(args.testpref.split(",")): + outprefix = "test{}".format(k) if k > 0 else "test" + make_dataset(vocab, testpref, outprefix, lang, num_workers=args.workers) + + make_all(args.source_lang, src_dict) + if target: + make_all(args.target_lang, tgt_dict) + + berttokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained(args.bert_model_name) + #berttokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained('~/online1/andongchen/huggingface_models/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased') + print('bert的tokenizer是否已加载：',berttokenizer) + make_all(args.source_lang, berttokenizer) + + print("| Wrote preprocessed data to {}".format(args.destdir)) + + if args.alignfile: + assert args.trainpref, "--trainpref must be set if --alignfile is specified" + src_file_name = train_path(args.source_lang) + tgt_file_name = train_path(args.target_lang) + freq_map = {} + with open(args.alignfile, "r", encoding='utf-8') as align_file: + with open(src_file_name, "r", encoding='utf-8') as src_file: + with open(tgt_file_name, "r", encoding='utf-8') as tgt_file: + for a, s, t in zip_longest(align_file, src_file, tgt_file): + si = src_dict.encode_line(s, add_if_not_exist=False) + ti = tgt_dict.encode_line(t, add_if_not_exist=False) + ai = list(map(lambda x: tuple(x.split("-")), a.split())) + for sai, tai in ai: + srcidx = si[int(sai)] + tgtidx = ti[int(tai)] + if srcidx != src_dict.unk() and tgtidx != tgt_dict.unk(): + assert srcidx != src_dict.pad() + assert srcidx != src_dict.eos() + assert tgtidx != tgt_dict.pad() + assert tgtidx != tgt_dict.eos() + + if srcidx not in freq_map: + freq_map[srcidx] = {} + if tgtidx not in freq_map[srcidx]: + freq_map[srcidx][tgtidx] = 1 + else: + freq_map[srcidx][tgtidx] += 1 + + align_dict = {} + for srcidx in freq_map.keys(): + align_dict[srcidx] = max(freq_map[srcidx], key=freq_map[srcidx].get) + + with open( + os.path.join( + args.destdir, + "alignment.{}-{}.txt".format(args.source_lang, args.target_lang), + ), + "w", encoding='utf-8' + ) as f: + for k, v in align_dict.items(): + print("{} {}".format(src_dict[k], tgt_dict[v]), file=f) + + +def binarize(args, filename, vocab, output_prefix, lang, offset, end, append_eos=True): + ds = indexed_dataset.make_builder(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, lang, "bin"), impl=args.dataset_impl) + + def consumer(tensor): + ds.add_item(tensor) + + res = Binarizer.binarize(filename, vocab, consumer, append_eos=append_eos, + offset=offset, end=end) + ds.finalize(dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, lang, "idx")) + return res + + +def dataset_dest_prefix(args, output_prefix, lang): + base = "{}/{}".format(args.destdir, output_prefix) + lang_part = ( + ".{}-{}.{}".format(args.source_lang, args.target_lang, lang) if lang is not None else "" + ) + return "{}{}".format(base, lang_part) + + +def dataset_dest_file(args, output_prefix, lang, extension): + base = dataset_dest_prefix(args, output_prefix, lang) + return "{}.{}".format(base, extension) + + +def get_offsets(input_file, num_workers): + return Binarizer.find_offsets(input_file, num_workers) + + +def cli_main(): + parser = options.get_preprocessing_parser() + args = parser.parse_args() + main(args) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + cli_main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/test.bert.de b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/test.bert.de new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..710a4c7b5091ac226a6182d600d688b5f173a9ba --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/test.bert.de @@ -0,0 +1,6750 @@ +wissen sie, eines der großen vernügen beim reisen und eine der freuden bei der ethnographischen forschung ist, gemeinsam mit den menschen zu leben, die sich noch an die alten tage erinnern können. die ihre vergangenheit noch immer im wind spüren, sie auf vom regen geglätteten steinen berühren, sie in den bitteren blättern der pflanzen schmecken. +einfach das wissen, dass jaguar-schamanen noch immer jenseits der milchstraße reisen oder die bedeutung der mythen der ältesten der inuit noch voller bedeutung sind, oder dass im himalaya die buddhisten noch immer den atem des dharma verfolgen, bedeutet, sich die zentrale offenbarung der anthropologie ins gedächtnis zu rufen, das ist der gedanke, dass die welt, in der wir leben, nicht in einem absoluten sinn existiert, sondern nur als ein modell der realität, als eine folge einer gruppe von bestimmten möglichkeiten der anpassung die unsere ahnen, wenngleich erfolgreich, vor vielen generationen wählten. +und natürlich teilen wir alle dieselben anpassungsnotwendigkeiten. +wir werden alle geboren. wir bringen kinder zur welt. +wir durchlaufen initiationsrituale. +wir müssen uns mit der unaufhaltsamen trennung durch den tod auseinandersetzen und somit sollte es uns nicht überraschen, dass wir alle singen, tanzen und und kunst hervorbringen. +aber interessant ist der einzigartige tonfall des liedes, der rhythmus des tanzes in jeder kultur. +dabei spielt es keine rolle, ob es sich um die penan in den wäldern von borneo handelt, oder die voodoo-akolythen in haiti, oder die krieger in der kaisut-wüste von nordkenia, die curanderos in den anden, oder eine karawanserei mitten in der sahara. dies ist zufällig der kollege, mit dem ich vor einem monat in die wüste gereist bin. oder selbst ein yak-hirte an den hängen des qomolangma, everest, der gottmutter der welt. +all diese menschen lehren uns, dass es noch andere existenzmöglichkeiten, andere denkweisen, andere wege zur orientierung auf der erde gibt. +und das ist eine vorstellung, die, wenn man darüber nachdenkt, einen nur mit hoffnung erfüllen kann. +zusammen bilden die unzähligen kulturen der welt ein netz aus spirituellem und kulturellem leben, das die erde umhüllt und für das wohl der erde genauso wichtig ist, wie das biologische lebensnetz, das man als biosphäre kennt. +man kann sich dieses kulturelle lebensnetz als eine ethnosphäre vorstellen. ethnosphäre kann dabei als die gesamtsumme aller gedanken und träume, mythen ideen, inspirationen und intuitionen, die von der menschlichen vorstellungskraft seit den anfängen des bewusstseins hervorgebracht wurden, definiert werden. +die ethnosphäre ist das großartige vermächtnis der menschheit. +sie ist das symbol all dessen, was wir sind und wozu wir als erstaunlich wissbegierige spezies fähig sind. +und genauso wie die biosphäre stark abgetragen wurde, geschah dies mit der ethnosphäre -- nur mit noch größerer geschwindigkeit. +kein biologe würde zum beispiel wagen zu behaupten, dass 50% oder mehr aller arten kurz vor dem aussterben sind, da es einfach nicht stimmt. und doch, dieses -- das apokalyptischste szenarium auf dem gebiet der biologischen vielfalt -- entspricht kaum dem, was uns als optimistischstes szenarium auf dem gebiet der kulturellen vielfalt bekannt ist. +und der entscheidende indikator dafür ist das aussterben der sprachen. +als jeder von ihnen in diesem raum geboren wurde, wurden auf der erde 6000 sprachen gesprochen. +nun ist eine sprache nicht nur die gesamtheit des vokabulars oder eine reihe von grammatikregeln. +eine sprache ist ausdruck des menschlichen geistes. +sie ist ein mittel, mit der die seele einer bestimmten kultur zugang zu der materiellen welt findet. +jede sprache ist wie ein altbestehender wald des geistes, ein wendepunkt, ein gedanke, ein ökosystem spiritueller möglichkeiten. +und von diesen 6000 sprachen werden heute, während wir hier in monterey sitzen, genau die hälfte nicht mehr in die ohren von kindern geflüstert. +sie werden kleinkindern nicht mehr beigebracht. das heißt, wenn nichts unternommen wird, sind sie tatsächlich bereits tot. +was könnte einsamer sein, als vom schweigen umhüllt zu sein, einer der letzten deines volkes zu sein, die deine sprache sprechen, keine möglichkeit zu haben, die weisheit der vorfahren weiterzugeben, oder die hoffnung kinder zu erwarten? +und doch widerfährt dieses schreckliche schicksal tatsächlich jemandem irgendwo auf der erde, ca. aller zwei wochen, denn aller zwei wochen, stirbt ein älterer mensch und nimmt die letzten silben einer alten sprache mit sich ins grab. +und ich weiß, dass einige von ihnen sagen: "ist es nicht besser so?" wäre die welt nicht ein besserer ort, wenn wir alle nur eine sprache sprechen würden? "und ich sage:" gut, lass diese sprache yoruba sein. lass sie kantonesisch sein. +lass sie kogi sein. " +und dann würden sie plötzlich erkennen, wie es wäre, wenn sie ihre eigene sprache nicht sprechen könnten. +deshalb möchte ich sie heute gewissermaßen auf eine reise durch die ethnosphäre mitnehmen, eine kurze reise durch die ethnosphäre, um zu versuchen, ihnen verständlich zu machen, was tatsächlich verloren gegangen ist. +nun gibt es einige unter uns, die gewissermaßen vergessen, dass ich, wenn ich sage "verschiedene möglichkeiten des seins," wirklich verschiedene möglichkeiten des seins meine. +nehmen sie zum beispiel dieses kind der barasana im nordwesten des amazonas, das volk der anakonda, glauben, dass sie mythologisch den milchfluss vom osten her im bauch von heiligen schlangen heraufkamen. +das ist ein volk, welches nicht kognitiv zwischen den farben blau und grün unterscheidet, da das himmelszelt dem wald, von dem die menschen abhängen, gleichgestellt ist. +sie haben eine eigenartige sprache und eine heiratsvorschrift die linguistische exogamie genannt wird: man muss jemanden heiraten, der eine andere sprache spricht. +all dies wurzelt in der mythologischen vergangenheit. das eigenartige an diesen großen häusern, in denen aufgrund der mischehen sechs oder sieben sprachen gesprochen werden, ist jedoch, dass man niemals jemanden hört, der eine sprache lernt. +sie hören nur zu und beginnen dann zu sprechen. +oder, einer der faszinierendsten stämme, mit denen ich jemals gelebt habe, die waorani im nordosten von ecuador, ein erstaunliches volk, das erstmals im jahr 1958 friedlich kontaktiert wurde. +im jahr 1957 versuchten fünf missionare kontakt aufzunehmen und machten einen schwerwiegenden fehler. +sie warfen glänzende fotos von sich aus der luft herab, was wir als freundliche geste bewerten würden. dabei vergaßen sie, dass diese menschen aus dem regenwald in ihrem leben noch niemals etwas zweidimensionales gesehen hatten. +sie hoben diese fotografien vom waldboden auf, versuchten hinter das gesicht oder die figur zu sehen, fanden nichts und schlussfolgerten, dass dies visitenkarten des teufels seien und töteten die fünf missionare mit dem speer. +aber die waorani töteten nicht nur außenstehende mit dem speer. +sie durchbohrten sich gegenseitig. +54% der todesfälle geschahen durch durchbohrungen. +wir verfolgten die geneaologie acht generationen zurück und fanden zwei fälle eines natürlichen todes und als wir die menschen mit nachdruck etwas darüber ausfragten, gaben sie zu, dass einer der leute so alt geworden war, dass er aufgrund seines alters starb und wir töteten ihn trotzdem mit dem speer. +aber gleichzeitig hatten sie eine klare kenntnis des waldes, die erstaunlich war. +ihre jäger konnten den urin eines tieres aus 40 schritten entfernung riechen und bestimmen, zu welcher tierart dieser gehörte. +in den frühen 80iger jahren bekam ich eine wirklich erstaunliche aufgabe, als mich mein professor in harvard fragte, ob ich daran interessiert wäre, nach haiti zu gehen und die geheimen gesellschaften zu infiltrieren, die das fundament der stärke von duvalier und tonton macoutes waren und das gift, das dafür benutzt wurde, um zombies zu machen, sicherzustellen. +um dieser sensation einen sinn zu geben musste ich natürlich etwas über diesen bemerkenswerten glauben des vodoun wissen und voodoo is kein kult der schwarzen magie. +im gegenteil, es handelt sich um eine komplexe metaphysische weltsicht. +es ist interessant. +wenn ich sie fragen würde, die großen weltreligionen aufzuzählen, was würden sie sagen? +christentum, islam, buddhismus, judaismus oder was auch immer. +ein kontinent wird immer ausgelassen, denn die vermutung war, dass es in schwarzafrika keinen religiösen glauben gebe. natürlich gab es einen und voodoo ist einfach das überbleibsel dieser sehr tiefgehenden religiösen gedanken, die während der tragischen diaspora der sklavereizeit herüberkamen. +aber was voodoo so interessant macht, ist diese lebendige beziehung zwischen den lebenden und den toten. +die lebenden gebären die geister. +die geister können von unter dem großen wasser heraufbeschwört werden, antworten auf den rhythmus des tanzes, um die seele des lebenden vorübergehend zu verdrängen, so dass der akolyth für einen kurzen glänzenden moment zum gott wird. +deshab sagen die voodooisten gerne, "ihr weißen geht in die kirche und sprecht über gott. +wir tanzen im tempel und werden zu gott. " +und weil du besessen bist, wirst du von dem geist eingenommen. wie kann dir schaden zugefügt werden? +sehen sie diese erstaunlichen demonstrationen: voodoo-akolythen in einem trancezustand, die glühende kohle ohne verbrennung anfassend, eine erstaunliche veranschaulichung der fähigkeit des geistes den körper so zu beeinflussen, dass dieser es aushält, wenn er in einen zustand der extremen erregung versetzt wird. +nun, von allen menschen, die ich getroffen habe, waren die kogi aus der sierra nevada de santa marta in nordkolumbien, die außergewöhnlichsten. +nachkommen der alten tyrannischen zivilisation, die die karibische küstenebene von kolumbien bevölkerten und in folge der eroberung zog sich dieses volk in ein isoliertes vulkanisches massiv zurück, das über der karibischen küstenebene aufsteigt. +in einem blutbefleckten kontinent, waren diese menschen die einzigen, die nie von den spaniern erobert wurden. +bis zum heutigen tag, werden sie von einer rituellen priesterschaft regiert. die ausbildung zur priesterschaft ist jedoch sehr außergewöhnlich. +die jungen akolythen werden im alter von drei und vier jahren von ihren familien getrennt und in einer schattenhaften welt der finsternis, in steinhütten am fuße der gletscher für 18 jahre abgeschottet. zwei zeiträume von jeweils neun jahren, absichtlich gewählt, um die neun monate der schwangerschaft nachzuahmen, die sie im schoß ihrer leiblichen mutter verbrachten, verbringen sie nun metamorphorisch im schoß der großen mutter. +und während dieser ganzen zeit, werden sie kulturell in die werte ihrer gesellschaft eingeführt. werte, die die behauptung aufrechterhalten, dass ihre gebete und nur ihre gebete, die kosmische -- oder wir könnten sagen das ökologische -- gleichgewicht aufrechterhalten. +am ende dieser erstaunlichen initiation werden sie eines tages plötzlich nach draußen genommen und zum ersten mal in ihrem leben, im alter von 18 jahren, sehen sie einen sonnenaufgang. und in diesem kristallklaren moment des bewusstseins des ersten lichts, wenn die sonne beginnt auf die hänge der erstaunlich schönen landschaft zu strahlen, wird plötzlich alles, was sie im abstrakten gelernt haben in erstaunlicher pracht bestätigt. und der priester tritt zurück und sagt, "seht ihr? es ist wirklich, wie ich euch erzählt habe. +es ist so wunderbar. ihr müsst es beschützen. " +sie nennen sich die älteren brüder und sagen, dass wir, die wir die jüngeren brüder sind, für die zerstörung der welt verantwortlich sind. +nun diese ebene der intuition wird sehr wichtig. +immer wenn wir an eingeborene und landschaft denken, beschwören wir entweder rousseau und das alte gerücht des noblen wilden herauf, welches in seiner vereinfachung ein rassistischer gedanke ist oder andererseits thoreau und sagen, diese menschen sind mehr mit der natur verbunden, als wir. +also, eingeborene sind weder sentimental, noch werden sie von der nostalgie geschwächt. +es bleibt nicht viel platz dafür in den malariaverseuchten sümpfen von asmat oder den kalten winden von tibet, sie haben jedoch trotzdem, durch zeit und ritual einen geheimnisvollen nimbus der erde geformt, der nicht auf der idee beruht, ihr bewusst nahe zu sein, sondern auf einer weit subtileren intuition, der idee, dass die erde an sich nur existieren kann, weil sie in das menschliche bewusstsein hineingeatmet wird. +nun, was bedeutet das? +es bedeutet, dass ein kleines kind aus den anden, das in dem glauben aufwächst, dass der berg ein apu-geist ist, der sein oder ihr schicksal bestimmen, wird ein ganz anderer mensch werden, und eine andere beziehung zu dieser ressource oder diesem ort haben, als ein kleines kind aus montana, das in dem glauben aufwächst, dass ein berg ein haufen steine ist, der abgetragen werden kann. +ob er ein aufenthaltsort eines geistes oder ein haufen erz ist, ist irrelevant. +das interessante ist die metapher, welche die beziehung zwischen dem individuum und der natur definiert. +ich wuchs in den wäldern von britisch kolumbien auf und glaubte, dass diese wälder dazu da sind, gerodet zu werden. +das machte mich zu einem anderen menschen als meine freunde unter den kwakiutl, die glauben, dass diese wälder der aufenthaltsort von hukuk und dem gebogenen himmelsschnabel und den kannibalischen geister sind, die am nordende der welt wohnen, geister, die sie an ihrer hamatsa-initiation beteiligen würden. +nun, wenn man beginnt, die idee zu betrachten, dass diese kulturen verschiedene realitäten kreieren können, kann man einige ihrer außergewöhnlichen entdeckungen verstehen. z.b. diese pflanze hier. +es ist ein foto, das ich erst letzten april im nordwesten des amazonas aufnahm. +dies ist ayahuasca, von der viele von ihnen gehört haben, das stärkste psychoaktive präparat aus dem repertoire des schamanen. +was ayahuasca so faszinierend macht, ist nicht nur das pharmakologische potential dieses präparats, sondern dessen verarbeitung. es wird wirklich aus zwei verschiedenen quellen hergestellt. auf der einen seite, gibt es diese hölzerne liane, die eine reihe von betakarbolinen, harmin, harmolin, leicht halluzinogen, birgt. diese kletterpflanze allein einzunehmen ist ungefähr so als ob sich ein blauer trüber rauch auf ihr bewusstsein legt, es wird jedoch mit den blättern eines strauchs aus der familie der kaffeepflanzen mit dem namen psychotria viridis vermischt. +diese pflanze enthält einige sehr starke tryptamine die dem serotonin, dimethyltryptamin-5 und methoxydimethyltryptamin sehr ähnlich sind. +falls sie schon einmal die yanomami gesehen haben, wie sie dieses zeug schnupfen, diese substanz, die sie aus verschiedenen arten herstellen enthält ebenfalls methoxydimethyltryptamin. +dieses puder zu schnupfen ist ungefähr so wie aus einem gewehrlauf beschossen zu werden, gesäumt von barocken gemälden und der landung auf einem meer von elektrizität. +es wird keine verzerrung der realität erzeugt, sondern die auflösung der realität. +ich habe sogar mit meinem professor, richard evan shultes, der mann, der die psychedelische ärea mit der entdeckung der magischen pilze in mexiko in den 30iger jahren eingeleitet hat, darüber diskutiert. ich behauptete, dass man diese tryptamine nicht als halluzinogen einordnen konnte, da in dem moment in dem man die auswirkungen spürt, man nicht mehr da ist, um eine halluzination zu erfahren. +aber die sache mit tryptaminen ist die, dass sie nicht oral eingenommen werden können, da sie durch ein im menschlichen darm natürlich vorkommendes enzym mit namen monoamin-oxidase, denaturiert werden. +sie können nur in verbindung mit einigen anderen chemikalien oral eingenommen werden, die die mao denaturieren. +nun das faszinierende ist, dass die betakarboline, die in der liane enthalten sind, mao-inhibitoren von genau der art sind, die notwendig ist, um die tryptamine zu potenzieren. fragen sie sich also selbst. +wie können diese menschen aus einer flora von 80.000 arten adstringierender pflanzen diese zwei morphologisch nicht verwandten pflanzen finden, die, wenn auf diese weise kombiniert, eine art von biochemischer version schaffen, so dass das ganze größer als die summe seiner teile ist? +wir verwenden diesen großartigen euphemismus, versuch und fehler, was sich als bedeutungslos herausstellt. +aber fragt man die indianer sagen sie: "die pflanze spricht zu uns." +also, was bedeutet das? +dieser stamm, die cofan, haben 17 varianten an ayahuasca, die sie alle bei großer entfernung im wald erkennen, die für unsere augen als eine art erscheinen. +und dann fragt man sie, wie sie ihre taxonomie begründen und sie sagen: "ich dachte du verstehst etwas von pflanzen. +ich meine, weißt du überhaupt nichts? "und ich sagte:" nein. " +also, es stellt sich heraus, dass man jede der 17 varianten bei vollmond mitnimmt und sie singen zu einem in einer verschiedenen tonlage. +nun, das bringt ihnen keinen doktortitel in harvard, aber es ist viel interessanter als stamina zu zählen. +nun, das problem- das problem ist, dass selbst diejenigen unter uns, die sympathie für die schwierige lage der eingeborenen haben, sie als orginiell und farbenfroh ansehen, sie jedoch irgendwie auf die vergangenheit beschränken, während die reale welt, d.h. unsere welt, fortschreitet. +also, tatsache ist, dass man sich an das 20. jahrhundert, in 300 jahren nicht für seine kriege oder technischen innovationen erinnern wird, sondern vielmehr als an eine ära, in der wir zugegen waren und die massive zerstörung der biologischen und kulturellen vielfalt auf der erde entweder aktiv unterstützten oder passiv akzeptierten. also das problem ist nicht die veränderung. +alle kulturen haben sich immer wieder an dem tanz mit neuen lebenmöglichkeiten beteiligt. +und das problem ist nicht die technologie an sich. +die sioux-indianer hörten nicht weniger auf sioux zu sein, als sie bogen und pfeil aufgaben, als die amerikaner aufhörten amerikaner zu sein, als sie pferd und pferdewagen aufgaben. +nicht veränderung und technologie bedrohen die integrität der ethnosphäre. es ist macht. das hässliche gesicht der herrschaft. +und wo auch immer man sich in der welt umsieht, man wird entdecken, dass diese kulturen nicht dem untergang geweiht sind. dies sind dynamisch lebende völker, deren existenz durch erkennbare kräfte verdrängt wird die über ihre kapazität der anpassung hinausgehen. ob es sich dabei um die ungeheuerliche abholzung im heimatland der penan handelt, einem nomadenvolk aus südostasien, von sarawak, einem volk, das vor einer generation frei in dem wald lebte, und jetzt zu knechtschaft und prostitution am flussufer erniedrigt wurde, von wo sie sehen können, dass selbst der fluss mit dem schlamm verschmutzt wird, der fast halb borneo in das südchinesische meer wegzuschwemmen scheint. von wo die japanischen frachter am horizont zu sehen sind, die bereit sind, ihre schiffsräume mit rohen baumstämmen zu füllen, die sie dem wald entrissen haben. oder wie im fall der yanomami, wo es krankheitsträger sind, die während des goldrauschs eingeschleppt wurden. +oder wenn wir in die berge von tibet gehen, wo ich neuerlich viel forsche, wird man das hässliche gesicht der politischen dominanz sehen. +wissen sie, der genozid, das phyische aussterben von menschen wird allgemein verurteilt, aber der ethnozid, die zerstörung der lebensweise der menschen, wird nicht nur nicht verurteilt, sondern allgemein und vielerorts als teil einer entwicklungsstrategie gefeiert. +und sie können das leiden tibets nicht verstehen, wenn sie es nicht auf unterster ebene erlebt haben. +ich reiste einmal mit einem jungen kollegen 6000 meilen von chengdu in westchina überland durch südost-tibet nach lhasa und erst als ich nach lhasa kam sah ich das gesicht hinter den statistiken von denen man hört. 6000 heilige monumente, die in schutt und asche verwandelt wurden. 1,2 millionen menschen, die während der kulturrevolution von den kadern ermordet wurden. +der vater dieses jungen manns wurde als anhänger des panchen lama identifiziert. +das bedeutete, dass er während der chinesischen invasion sofort umgebracht wurde. +sein onkel floh mit ihrer heiligkeit in die diaspora, die leute nach nepal brachte. +seine mutter wurde eingesperrt, als bestrafung für -- für das verbrechen wohlhabend zu sein. +er wurde im alter von zwei jahren in das gefängnis geschmuggelt, um sich unter ihrem rockzipfel zu verstecken, da sie ohne ihn nicht leben konnte. +die schwester, die diese tapfere tat beging, wurde in ein erziehungslager gebracht. +eines tages trat sie aus versehen auf ein armband maos und für diese übertretung musste sie für sieben jahre in ein schweres arbeitslager. +das leiden tibets kann unerträglich sein, aber der erlösende geist der menschen ist etwas unvergessliches. +und am ende stehen wir wirklich vor einer wahl. möchten wir in einer monochromatischen welt der monotonie oder in einer polychromatischen welt der vielfalt leben? +margaret mead, die große anthropologin sagte bevor sie starb, dass es ihre größte angst ist, dass während wir uns in richtung einer faden, gestaltlosen, generischen weltsicht bewegen, wir nicht nur die gesamte bandbreite der menschlichen vorstellungskraft auf eine eingeengte denkweise reduziert sehen würden, sondern dass wir eines tages aus einem traum aufwachen, und vergessen haben, dass es jemals anderen möglichkeiten gab. +und es ist demütigend daran zu denken, dass unsere gattung vielleicht seit 600.000 jahren existiert. +die neolithische revolution, die uns die landwirtschaft brachte, und uns in diesem moment dem kult des saatkorns unterwarf, die poesie des schamanen durch die prosa der priesterschaft ersetzte und hierarchie, spezialisierung und überschuss schuf -- fand vor lediglich 10.000 jahren statt. +die moderne industrielle welt wie wir sie kennen ist kaum 300 jahre alt. +nun, diese oberflächliche geschichte sagt mir nicht, dass wir alle antworten auf die herausforderungen haben, denen wir in den kommenden jahrtausenden gegenüber stehen. +wenn wir diese unzähligen weltkulturen nach der bedeutung des menschseins fragen, antworten sie mit 10.000 verschiedenen stimmen. +und in diesem lied werden wir die möglichkeit wiederentdecken, das zu sein, was wir sind: menschen mit vollem bewusstsein, die sich der wichtigkeit bewusst sind, dass allen menschen und gärten ein raum gedeihen zu können zugesichert werden muss. und es gibt großartige momente des optimismus. +hier ist ein foto, das ich am nördlichen ende der baffin-inseln aufnahm, als ich mit inuits auf die narwhal-jagd ging. und dieser mann, olaya, erzählte mir eine wunderbare geschichte seines großvaters. +die kanadische regierung ist nicht immer sehr gut mit den inuit umgegangen und während der 50iger jahre im zuge der etablierung unserer herrschaft, wurden sie gezwungen, in siedlungen zu ziehen. +der großvater dieses alten mannes weigerte sich. +die familie, die angst um sein leben hatte, nahm ihm alle waffen und alle werkzeuge ab. +nun müssen sie wissen, dass die inuit keine angst vor der kälte haben. sie nutzten sie zu ihrem vorteil. +die gleitschienen ihrer schlitten wurden ursprünglich aus fisch, der in karibu-haut eingewickelt wurde, hergestellt. +der großvater des mannes fürchtete sich nicht vor der arktischen nacht oder dem wehenden sturm. +er schlüpfte nach draußen, ließ seine hosen aus seehundsfell herunter und defäkierte in seine hand. und als die fäkalien zu frieren begannen, formte er sie in die form eines messers. +er sprühte speichel auf die seiten des fäkalien-messers und als es vollständig gefroren war, erstach er einen hund damit. +er enthäutete den hund und improvisierte ein geschirr, nahm das skelett des hundes und improvisierte einen schlitten, spannte einen anderen hund an und entschwand über die eisschollen mit dem fäkalien-messer am gürtel. +so kann man aus nichts etwas machen. +und dies ist auf vielerlei weisen ein symbol für den widerstand der inuit und aller eingeborenen auf der welt. +die kanadische regierung gab den inuit im april 1999 die vollständige kontrolle über ein gebiet zurück, das größer ist als kalifornien und texas zusammen. +es ist unser neues heimatland und heißt nunavut. +es ist ein unabhängiges gebiet. sie kontrollieren alle mineralvorkommen. +ein erstaunliches beispiel, wie eine nation, ein staat, die wiedergutmachung mit seinen einwohnern suchen und erreichen kann. +und letztendlich, glaube ich, ist es ziemlich offensichtlich, zumindest für diejenigen von uns, die zu diesen entfernten zielen der erde gereist sind, zu erkennen, dass sie überhaupt nicht entfernt sind. +sie sind die heimatländer von jemandem. +sie repräsentieren teile der menschlichen vorstellungskraft, die in vergangene zeiten zurückreichen. und für alle von uns, werden die träume dieser kinder, wie die träume unserer eigenen kinder teil der geographie der hoffnung. +was wir bei national geographic letztendlich versuchen, ist dass wir glauben, dass politiker niemals etwas erreichen. +wir glauben, dass polemik -- wir glauben, dass polemik nicht überzeugend ist, aber wir glauben, dass geschichtenerzählen die welt verändern kann und somit sind wir wahrscheinlich die beste institution für geschichtenerzählen in der welt. unsere website erhält 35 millionen hits jeden monat. +156 nationen senden unseren fernsehkanal. +unsere zeitschriften werden von millionen gelesen. +und wir unternehmen eine reihe von reisen in die ethnosphäre, auf denen wir unser publikum zu orten von solch kulturellen wundern mitnehmen, dass sie von dem gesehenen geblendet werden. und hoffentlich, werden sie einer nach dem anderen die zentrale offenbarung der anthropologie annehmen: dass diese welt es verdient hat, auf verschiedene weisen zu existieren, dass wir eine lebensmöglichkeit in einer wirklich multikulturellen pluralistischen welt finden können, bei der die weisheit von allen menschen zu unserem gemeinsamen wohlbefinden beitragen kann. +vielen dank. +was ich ihnen zuerst, so schnell wie möglich, zeigen werde, ist die grundlegende arbeit, eine neue technologie, die wir microsoft als teil einer übernahme vor genau einem jahr, übergeben haben. das ist seadragon. und es ist eine umgebung, in der sie entweder lokal oder entfernt mit riesigen mengen von visuellen daten umgehen können. +wir sehen viele, viele gigabytes an digitalen fotos hier, die man nahtlos und fortwährend heranholen, schwenken, auf jegliche weise neu arrangieren kann. +und es ist egal, wie viele informationen wir betrachten, wie groß diese sammlungen sind oder wie groß die bilder sind. +die meisten von ihnen sind digitale photos einer kamera, aber dieses hier ist zum beispiel ein scan von der kongressbibliothek und es ist in einem bereich von 300 megapixeln. +es macht keinen unterschied, denn das einzige, was die leistung eines systems wie diesem einschränken kann, ist die anzahl an pixeln auf ihrem bildschirm in jedem moment. es hat auch eine sehr flexible architektur. +dies ist ein ganzes buch, ein beispiel für nichtbild-daten. +das ist bleak house von dickens. jede spalte ist ein kapitel. +um zu beweisen, dass es sich wirklich um einen text und nicht um ein bild handelt, können wir etwas wie das tun, um wirklich zu zeigen, dass diese eine echte repräsentation des texts und kein bild ist. +vielleicht ist dies eine künstliche art, ein e-buch zu lesen. +ich würde es nicht empfehlen. +dies ist ein realistischerer fall. dies ist eine ausgabe von the guardian. +jedes große bild ist der beginn eines abschnitts. +und das gibt ihnen wirklich das vergnügen und die gute erfahrung eine echte papierausgabe einer zeitschrift oder einer zeitung zu lesen, was an sich eine art medium mit mehreren größenordnungen ist. +wir haben auch etwas an der ecke dieser speziellen ausgabe des the guardian gemacht. +wir haben eine falsche anzeige mit sehr hoher resolution entworfen, die viel höher als bei einer normalen anzeige ist und wir haben zusätzlichen inhalt hinzugefügt. +wenn sie die funktionen dieses autos sehen möchten, können sie sie hier sehen. +oder andere modelle, oder sogar technische spezifikationen. +und dies greift wirklich diese ideen auf, diese beschränkungen für den verfügbaren platz auf dem bildschirm abzuschaffen. +wir hoffen, dass das keine pop-ups und anderen unsinn mehr bedeutet - das sollte nicht notwendig sein. +natürlich ist das mapping eine der wirklich offensichtlichen anwendungen für eine technologie wie diese. +und ich möchte hier wirklich nicht viel zeit verbringen, außer zu sagen, dass wir auch zu diesem bereich beitragen werden. +aber dies sind alle straßen in den u.s.a. +übereinandergelagert oben auf dem erdräumlichen bild der nasa. +lassen sie uns jetzt etwas anderes herausholen. +das ist jetzt sogar live im internet. sie können es nachprüfen. +dies ist ein projekt mit dem namen photosynth, das wirklich zwei verschiedene technologien miteinander verbindet. +die eine ist seadragon und die andere ist eine sehr gute forschung über computervision, die von noah snavely, einem universitätsstudenten der universität washington, unter der beratung von steve seitz an der uw +und rick szeliski von microsoft forschung durchgeführt wurde. eine sehr gute zusammenarbeit. +also dies ist live im internet. es wird von seadragon angetrieben. +sie können das sehen, wenn wir diese art von ansichten kreieren, bei denen wir durch bilder durchdringen können und diese erfahrung der mehrfachen resolution machen. +aber die räumliche anordnung der bilder ist hier in der tat von bedeutung. +die computervision-algorithmen haben diese bilder zusammen festgehalten damit sie dem echten raum, in dem diese aufnahmen, die alle in der nähe der grassi lakes in den kanadischen rockies gemacht wurden, entsprechen. sie sehen hier elemente von stabilisierten dias oder panoramischer bildverarbeitung und diese dinge wurden alle räumlich in beziehung zueinander gesetzt. +ich weiß nicht genau, ob ich noch zeit habe ihnen andere umgebungen zu zeigen. +es gibt welche, die viel räumlicher sind. +ich würde gerne geradewegs einen der originalen datensätze von noah zeigen und das ist von einem frühen prototyp von photosynth an dem wir erstmals im sommer gearbeitet haben, um ihnen das zu zeigen, wovon ich glaube, dass es wirklich die pointe hinter dieser technologie, der photosynth-technologie ist. und dies ist nicht unbedingt so offensichtlich, wenn man die umgebungen betrachtet, die wir auf der website haben. +wir mussten uns wegen der anwälte usw. sorgen machen. +dies ist eine rekonstruktion der kathedrale notre dame, die ausschließlich im computer mit bildern von flickr erfolgte. geben sie einfach notre dame in flickr ein und sie werden bilder von männern in t-shirts und auf dem universitätsgelände usw. erhalten. jede dieser orangefarbenen kegel repräsentiert ein bild, das als zu diesem modell gehörend entdeckt wurde. +somit sind dies alles flickr-bilder, und sie alle stehen räumlich auf diese weise in beziehung zueinander. +und wir können auf diese sehr einfache weise navigieren. +. wissen sie, ich habe nie geglaubt, dass ich letztendlich bei microsoft arbeiten werde. +ich bin sehr dankbar für den empfang hier. +. ich vermute, sie können sehen, dass dies viele verschiedene arten von kameras sind: alles ist dabei, von der handy-kamera zu professionellen slrs, eine ziemlich große anzahl von ihnen, die alle in dieser umgebung zusammengeflickt wurden. +und wenn möglich, werde ich einige der seltsamen finden. +viele von ihnen sind von gesichtern verdeckt usw. +irgendwo hier sind eine reihe von fotografien - hier sind sie. +dies ist tatsächlich ein poster von notre dame, das richtig aufgezeichnet wurde. +wir können von dem poster zu einer physischen ansicht dieser umgebung wechseln. +der punkt ist hier, dass wir dinge mit der sozialen umgebung anstellen können. es werden jetzt daten von allen gesammelt -- von dem gesamten kollektiven speicher davon, wie, visuell die erde aussieht -- und alles wird miteinander verbunden. +all diese fotos werden miteinander verbunden und es entsteht etwas, das größer ist als die summe der teile. +sie erhalten ein modell, das aus der ganzen erde entsteht. +betrachten sie dies als die fortsetzung der arbeit von stephen lawlers an virtual earth. +und das ist etwas, das durch die komplexität, mit der die menschen es verwenden, wächst und dessen nutzen für den benutzer mit der anwendung immer größer wird. +ihre eigenen fotos werden mit metadaten beschildert, die eine andere person eingegeben hat. +wenn sich jemand die mühe gemacht hat und all diese heiligen beschriftet hat und mitteilt, wer sie alle sind, dann wird mein foto von der notre dame-kathedrale plötzlich mit all diesen daten angereichert und ich kann sie als ausgangspunkt benutzen, um in diesen raum zu tauchen, in diese metaverse, die fotos von anderen personen benutzen und somit eine art von übergreifender modaler sozialer erfahrung mit der nutzung von anderen anbietern machen. +und natürlich, nebenprodukt all dessen sind die immens reichen virtuellen modelle von jedem interessanten teil der erde, die nicht nur durch überflüge oder satellitenbilder und so weiter erhalten wurden, sondern durch kollektive speicher. +vielen dank. +. verstehe ich sie richtig? ihre software ermöglicht, dass zu einem bestimmten zeitpunkt, innerhalb der nächsten jahre, alle bilder, die von jemandem in der welt gemeinsam benutzt werden im prinzip miteinander verknüpft werden? +ja. sie macht nichts anderes als entdecken. +wenn sie wollen erstellt sie hyperlinks zwischen den bildern. +und sie tut dies aufgrund des inhalts in den bildern. +und das ist wirklich aufregend, wenn sie an die fülle der semantischen informationen denken, die viele dieser bilder besitzen. +wie wenn sie eine websuche für bilder vornehmen, wo sie sätze eingeben und der text der website enthält viele informationen darüber, welches bild das ist. +aber wie wäre es, wenn das bild sie mit all ihren bildern verknüpft? +dann ist der umfang der semantischen querverbindung und die fülle, die sich daraus ergibt, wirklich enorm. es ist ein klassischer netzwerkeffekt. +blaise, das ist wirklich unglaublich. herzlichen glückwunsch. +haben sie vielen dank. +ich werde ihnen einige dinge aus meinem buch erzählen die, wie ich hoffe, im einklang mit anderen dingen sind die sie bereits gehört haben. und ich werde versuchen selbst ein paar verbindungen zu erstellen, falls ihnen diese nicht aufgefallen sind. +ich möchte mit dem beginnen, was ich "offizielles dogma" nenne. +das offizielle dogma von was? +der offizielle glaubenssatz von allen westlichen industrialisierten gesellschaften. +das offizielle dogma funktioniert so: wenn unser ziel das maximieren des gemeinwohls unserer bürger ist, geht dies vor allem durch die maximierung der freiheit des einzelnen. +der grund hierfür ist, dass freiheit in sich selbst gut ist, wertvoll, sinnvoll, eine unverzichtbare voraussetzung für das menschliche. +wenn menschen freiheit haben, dann handelt jeder von uns für sich selbst um die dinge zu tun, die unser gemeinwohl maximieren und niemand hat für uns zu entscheiden. +der weg freiheit zu maximieren ist wahl zu maximieren. +je mehr wahlmöglichkeiten menschen haben, desto mehr freiheit haben sie. und je mehr freiheit sie haben, desto mehr gemeinwohl haben sie. +dies ist, denke ich, so tief in unserer wasserversorgung verankert, dass es keinem in dem sinn kommen würde es zu hinterfragen. +und es ist auch tief in unseren leben verwurzelt. +ich werde ihnen einige beispiele dafür geben, was uns modernen fortschritt ermöglicht. +dies ist mein supermarkt. kein großer. +ich möchte nur kurz etwas über salatdressing sagen. +es gibt 175 dressings in meinem supermarkt, wenn sie die 10 verschiedenen extra olivenöle nicht mitzählen und 12 balsamico-essig die sie kaufen könnten um eine große anzahl an eigenen salat dessings herzustellen, in dem unwahrscheinlichen fall, dass keine der 175 in dem laden für sie richtig ist. +das ist also, wie der supermarkt ist. +und dann gehen sie zu dem verbraucher-elektronik geschäft um eine stereoanlage zusammenzustellen -- lautsprecher, cd-player, ein kassetten-player, radio, verstärker. und in diesem einen elektronik geschäft gibt es so viele stereo anlagen. +wir können 6.5 millionen unterschiedliche stereo anlagen zusammenstellen aus den komponenten, die in diesem einen geschäft angeboten werden. +sie müssen zugeben, dass das eine große auswahl ist. +in anderen bereichen - die welt der kommunikation. +es gab eine zeit, als ich ein junge war, da konnte man jeden telefon anbieter haben den man wollte, solange er von ma bell kam. +sie haben ihr telefon gemietet. sie haben es nicht gekauft. ™ +eine folge dessen war, dass das telefon niemals kaputt war. +diese tage sind vorbei. +wir haben jetzt fast eine unendliche auswahl an telefonen, besonders in der welt der mobiltelefone. +dies sind die mobiltelefone der zukunft. +mein favorit ist der in der mitte -- mp3-player-, nasen-haar-trimmer und crème brûlée fackel. +und sollten sie das bis jetzt noch nicht in ihrem geschäft gesehen haben, können sie sicher sein, dass sie es bald werden. +und was es tut ist es bringt menschen dazu in die geschäfte zu laufen und diese frage zu stellen. +wissen sie jetzt was die antwort auf diese frage ist? +die antwort ist "nein." +es ist nicht möglich ein mobiltelefon zu kaufen, das nicht zu viel tut. +in anderen aspekten des lebens, die sehr viel bedeutsamer als das kaufen von gegenständen sind, trifft die selbe explosion der auswahlmöglichkeiten zu. +gesundheitswesen -- es ist nicht länger der fall in den vereinigten staaten das sie zum doktor gehen und der doktor sagt ihnen was zu tun ist. +stattdessen gehen sie zum doktor und der doktor sagt ihnen: wir könnten a machen oder wir könnten b machen. +a hat diese vorteile und risiken. +b hat diese vorteile und risiken. was wollen sie tun? +und sie sagen, "doktor, was soll ich tun?" +der doktor sagt, a hat diese vorteile und risiken und b hat jene vorteile und risiken. +was wollen sie tun? +und wenn sie sagen, "wenn sie ich wären, doktor, was würden sie tun?" +der doktor sagt, "aber ich bin nicht sie." +das ergebnis ist -- wir nennen es "patienten autonomie". das klingt wie eine gute sache, aber in der realität ist eine verschiebung der last der verantwortung für das treffen von entscheidungen von jemandem der etwas weiß -- namentlich der doktor -- zu jemandem der nichts weiß und höchstwahrscheinlich krank ist und deshalb nicht in der besten verfassung ist eine entscheidung zu treffen -- namentlich der patient. +es gibt ein enormes marketing für verschreibungspflichtige medikamente für leute wie sie und mich, das, wenn sie darüber nachdenken, überhaupt keinen sinn macht, weil wir sie nicht kaufen. +warum werben sie um uns, wenn wir nicht kaufen können? +die antwort ist: sie erwarten von uns den doktor am nächsten morgen anzurufen und um eine änderung der verschreibung zu bitten. +etwas so tiefgreifendes wie unsere identität ist nun eine frage der wahl, wie diese folie zeigen soll. +wir erben keine identität, wir erfinden sie. +und wir erfinden uns so oft neu wie wir möchten. +das heißt, dass jeden tag, wenn sie am morgen aufwachen, sie entscheiden müssen, was für eine art von person sie sein möchten. +in bezug auf ehe und familie, gab es eine zeit, in der die standard-annahme war, dass fast jeder eine hatte und das sie so schnell heirateten wie sie konnten, und dann so schnell kinder bekamen wie sie konnten. +die einzige wahre wahl war "wer", nicht wann, und nicht was sie danach taten. +heutzutage ist alles einfach zu haben. +ich unterrichte wunderbare intelligente studenten, und ich gebe ihnen 20 prozent weniger arbeit als ich früher tat. +und das nicht weil sie weniger schlau sind, und nicht weil sie weniger sorgfältig sind. +es ist weil sie mit anderen dingen beschäftigt sind, sie fragen sich selbst, "soll ich heiraten oder nicht? soll ich jetzt heiraten? +soll ich später heiraten? soll ich erst kinder haben, oder erst karriere machen? " +die sind alles einnehmende fragen. +und sie werden diese fragen beantworten unabhängig davon, ob das bedeutet all die aufgaben zu machen die ich ihnen zuweise und keine gute note in meinem kurs zu kriegen. +und in der tat sollten sie das tun. dies sind wichtige zu beantwortende fragen. +arbeit -- wir sind gesegnet, wie carl verdeutlicht hat, mit der technology die uns ermöglicht jede minute von jedem tag von jedem platz auf dem planeten zu arbeiten -- bis auf das randolph hotel. +es gibt übrigens eine ecke, von der ich keinem erzählen werde, an der das wirelesslan funktioniert. +ich werde es ihnen nicht erzählen, weil ich es benutzen will. +also was es bedeutet, diese unglaubliche freiheit der wahl wir haben in bezug auf arbeit entscheidungen zu treffen, wieder und wieder und wieder, ob wir arbeiten sollten oder nicht arbeiten sollten. +wir können unseren kindern beim fußball spielen zuschauen, und wir haben unser handy an der einen hüfte, und unseren blackberry an anderen hüfte, und unseren laptop vermutlich auf unserem schoß. +und auch wenn sie alle abgeschaltet sind, jede minute in der wir unserem kind beim verstümmeln eines fußballspiels zugucken fragen wir uns auch, "sollte ich diesen anruf annehmen? +sollte ich auf diese e-mail antworten? sollte ich diesen brief schreiben? " +und auch wenn die antwort zu der frage "nein," ist wird es sicherlich ihre erfahrung des fussballspiels ihres kindes prägen sehr anders als es gewesen wäre. +überall wo wir hinsehen, große dinge und kleine dinge, materielle dinge und lebensstil, leben ist eine frage der wahl. +und die welt in der wir lebten sah so aus. +damit will ich sagen, es gab einige wahlmöglichkeiten, aber nicht alles war eine frage der wahl. +und die welt in der wir jetzt leben sieht so aus. +und die frage ist, sind das gute oder schlechte nachrichten? +die antwort ist "ja". +wir wissen alle was gut daran ist, also werde ich darüber was schlecht daran ist. +all diese auswahlmöglichkeiten haben zwei effekte, zwei negative effekte auf menschen. +ein effekt, paradoxer weise, ist, dass er lähmt statt zu befreien. +mit so vielen optionen aus den man wählen kann, fällt es menschen sehr schwer sich überhaupt zu entscheiden. +ich werde ihnen ein weiteres drastisches beispiel dafür geben, eine studie über investitionen in freiwillige altersvorsorge. +eine kollegin von mir hatte zugriff auf investitions-akten von vanguard, der gigantischen fondgesellschaft von ungefähr einer millionen mitarbeitern und ca. 2000 unterschiedlichen arbeitsplätzen. +und was sie fand war pro 10 investmentfonds die der arbeitgeber anbot, nahm die teilnahme um 2 prozent ab. +sie bieten 50 investmentfonds an -- 10 prozent weniger mitarbeiter nehmen teil als wenn sie nur 5 anbieten würde. warum? +weil es 50 investmentfonds sind, die zur auswahl stehen, ist es so schwer zu entscheiden welchen man wählen soll, dass sie es auf morgen aufschieben. +und dann morgen, und dann morgen, und morgen, und morgen, und morgen kommt natürlich nie. +verstehen sie, dass das nicht nur heißt, das menschen hundefutter essen müssen wenn sie in den ruhestand gehen, weil sie nicht genug geld zum zurücklegen haben, es bedeutet auch, das entscheidungen treffen so schwer ist, dass sie große investitionsangebote ihrer arbeitgeber verpassen. +durch die nicht teilnahme geben sie bis zu 5000 us $pro jahr auf von dem arbeitsgeber, der glücklich gewesen wäre ihren beitrag zu vermehren. +lähmung ist eine folge von zu vielen wahlmöglichkeiten. +und ich denke es sorgt dafür, dass die welt so aussieht. +sie wollen die entscheidung wirklich richtig treffen, wenn es für alle ewigkeit ist, richtig? +sie wollen nicht den falschen investment fond wählen, oder gar das falsche salatdressing. +also das ist der eine effekt. der andere effekt ist, dass selbst wenn wir die lähmung überwinden und eine entscheidung treffen, enden wir weniger zufrieden mit dem ergebnis der auswahl, als, wenn wir die möglichkeit gehabt hätten uns zwischen weniger möglichkeiten zu entscheiden. +und es gibt mehrere gründe für dies. +einer von ihnen ist bedingt durch die große auswahl unterschiedlicher salatdressings, wenn sie eines kaufen, und es ist nicht perfekt -- und, welches salatdressing ist schon perfekt? es ist einfach sich vorzustellen, dass sie eine andere entscheidung hätten treffen können die besser gewesen wäre. und was passiert ist diese bildlich vorgestellte alternative führt dazu, dass sie die entscheidung bereuen, und dieses bereuen wirkt negativ auf die zufriedenheit, die sie von ihrer gemachten entscheidung hatten, auch, wenn es eine gute entscheidung war. +je mehr möglichkeiten es gibt, desto einfacher ist es überhaupt nichts zu bereuen das ist enttäuschend für die wahl die sie treffen. +zweitens, was ökonomen oppertunitätskosten nennen. +dan gilbert hat einen großen punkt heute morgen gemacht indem er erzählte wie sehr die art in der wir dinge bewerten, davon abhängt zu was wir es vergleichen. +gut, wenn es sehr viele alternativen zu bedenken gibt, ist es einfach sich attraktive eigenschaften vorzustellen von alternativen, die sie ausschließen, das macht sie weniger zufrieden mit den alternativen, die sie gewählt haben. +hier ist ein beispiel. für die von ihnen, die keine new yorker sind, entschuldige ich mich. +aber hier ist, was sie hätten denken sollen. +hier ist ein paar auf den hamptons. +sehr teure immobilien. +wunderschöner strand. toller tag. sie haben es alles für sich selbst. +was könnte besser sein? "verdammt" der mann denkt, "es ist august. +jeder in meiner manhattener nachbarschaft ist weg. +ich könnte direkt vor meinem haus parken. " +und er verbringt 2 wochen von dem gedanken verfolgt das er die möglichkeit verpasst hat, tag über tag, einen tollen parkplatz zu haben. +oppertunitätskosten senken die zufriedenheit, die wir durch unsere auswahl erhalten, auch, wenn das was wir ausgesucht haben fantastisch ist. +und je mehr möglichkeiten es zur auswahl gibt, desto mehr attraktive eigenschaften dieser auswahl werden in den oppertunitätskosten berücksichtigt. +hier ist ein weiteres beispiel. +nun, dieser cartoon macht einige aussagen. +er macht eine aussage darüber im jetzt zu leben und vielleicht auch darüber dinge langsam zu tun. +aber ein wichtiger punkt, den er macht ist: immer wen sie sich für eine sache entscheiden, entscheiden sie sich andere dinge nicht zu tun. +und diese anderen dinge mögen viele attraktive eigenschaften haben, und es wird, was sie tun werden weniger anziehend machen. +drittens: eskalation der erwartungen. +dies hat mich getroffen, als ich meine jeans austauschen wollte. +ich trage jeans, fast die ganze zeit. +und es gab eine zeit in der es nur jeans einer art gab, und sie haben sie gekauft, und sie haben schlecht gepasst, sie waren unglaublich unkomfortabel und wenn sie sie lange genug getragen und oft genug gewaschen hatten, haben sie angefangen sich "ok" anzufühlen. +also ging um neue jeans zu kaufen nach vielen jahren des tragens der alten, und ich sagte, "ich hätte gerne ein paar jeans, hier ist meine größe." +und der verkäufer sagte, "wollen sie schlanke, leicht anliegende oder weite? +wollen sie knöpfe oder reißverschluss? stein oder säure gewaschen? +wollen sie jeans mit löchern? +möchten sie unten weit geschnitten, kegelig, blah blah blah... "und so weiter erzählte er. +mein kiefer war unten und nachdem ich mich erholte sagte ich, "i hätte gerne die art, die früher die einzige art war." +er hatte keine ahnung was das war, also verbrachte ich eine stunde damit alle diese verdammten jeans anzuprobieren, und verlies das geschäft -- und ich sage die wahrheit -- mit den best passenden jeans, die ich je hatte. +ich hatte es besser. all diese auswahl ermöglichte es mir es besser zu haben. +aber ich fühlte mich schlechter. +warum? ich schrieb ein ganzes buch um zu versuchen es mir selbst zu erklären. +der grund dafür, dass ich mich schlechter fühlte war, mit all diesen verfügbaren möglichkeiten, meine erwartungen dafür, was für ein gutes paar jeans ausmacht, gingen hoch. +ich hatte sehr niedrige erwartungen. ich hatte keine konkreten erwartungen, als es sie nur in einer art gab. +als sie in 100 arten kamen, verdammt, eine von ihnen hätte perfekt sein sollen, +und was ich bekam war gut, aber es war nicht perfekt. +und so verglich ich was ich bekommen hatte zu dem was ich erwartete, und was ich hatte war enttäuschend in vergleich zu dem was ich erwartete. +das hinzufügen von möglichkeiten in das leben der menschen erhöht zwangsläufig die erwartungen die menschen haben darüber wie gut diese möglichkeiten sein werden. +und dies führt zu weniger zufriedenheit mit den ergebnissen, auch wenn die ergebnisse gut sind. +niemand in der welt des marketings weiß dies. weil, wenn sie es würden, wüssten sie alle nicht worum es hier geht. +die wahrheit ist mehr wie das hier. +der grund ist, das früher alles besser war als alles schlechter war, als alles schlechter war, war es für die menschen möglich erfahrungen zu machen die eine angenehme überraschung waren. +heutzutage, in der welt in der wir leben -- wir wohlhabenden, industrialisierten bürger, mit perfektion als erwartung -- das beste für das man je hoffen kann ist das dinge so gut sind wie man es von ihnen erwartet. +sie werden nie angenehm überrascht. weil ihre erwartungen, meine erwartungen, haushoch sind. +das geheimnis zur glücklichkeit -- das ist wofür sie alle gekommen sind -- das geheimnis zur glücklichkeit sind niedrige erwartungen. +ich möchte sagen -- ein kurzer autobiographischer moment -- das ich mit einer frau verheiratet bin, und sie ist wirklich sehr wunderbar. +i hätte es nicht besser machen können. ich habe mich nicht niedergelassen. +aber niederlassen ist nicht immer so eine schlechte sache. +letztendlich, eine folge des kaufens einer schlecht sitzenden jeans wenn es nur eine art zu kaufen gibt ist, dass wenn sie unzufrieden sind, und sie sich fragen warum, wer verantwortlich ist, die antwort klar ist. die welt ist verantwortlich. was hätten sie tun können? +wenn hunderte von verschiedenen arten von jeans verfügbar sind, und sie kaufen eine die enttäuschend ist, und sie fragen warum, wer ist verantwortlich? +ist es ebenso klar, dass die antwort auf die frage ist: sie. +sie hätten es besser tun können. +mit 100 unterschiedlichen arten von jeans im schaufenster, gibt es keine entschuldigung für fehler. +und so, wenn menschen entscheidungen treffen, und auch wenn die ergebnisse der entscheidungen gut sind, fühlen sie sich enttäuscht darüber, sie beschuldigen sich selbst. +klinische depressionen explodierten in der industriellen welt in der letzten generation. +ich glaube ein signifikanter -- nicht der einzige, aber ein signifikanter beiträger zu dieser explosion der depression, und auch selbstmord, ist, dass menschen erfahren haben die enttäuschend sind weil ihre standards so hoch sind. und dann, wenn sie sich diese erfahrungen selbst erklären müssen, denken sie es wäre ihre schuld. +und so ist das bilanzergebnis, dass es uns generell besser geht, objektiv, und wir uns schlechter fühlen. +also lassen sie mich sie erinnern. +dies ist das offizielle dogma, das eine das wir alle für richtig halten, komplett falsch ist. es ist nicht wahr. +es gibt keine frage, das etwas auswahl besser ist als keine, aber es folgt nicht, das mehr auswahl besser ist als etwas auswahl. +es gibt eine magische menge. ich weiß nicht was es ist. +ich bin mir ziemlich sicher, dass wir diesen punkt lange verpasst haben an dem auswahl unser gemeinwohl verbessert. +jetzt, als eine grundsatz frage -- ich bin fast fertig -- als eine grundsatz frage, die sache über die nachzudenken ist. das was all diese auswahl ermöglicht in den industrialisierten gesellschaften, ist der material reichtum. +es gibt viele plätze in der welt, und wir haben von vielen von ihnen gehört, deren problem nicht die zu große auswahl ist. +ihr problem ist, dass sie zu wenig haben. +also die dinge über die ich rede sind ein sonderbares problem der modernen, reichen, westlichen gesellschaften. +und was ist so frustrierend und ärgerlich ist: steve levitt hat ihnen gestern darüber erzählt wie diese teurer und schwer zu installierenden kindersitze nicht helfen. es ist eine verschwendung von geld. +was ich ihnen erzähle ist, dass diese teuren, komplizierten entscheidungen -- es ist nicht einfach, das sie nicht helfen. +sie tun sogar weh. +sie sorgen dafür das wir schlechter da stehen. +wenn etwas von dem was den menschen unserer gesellschaft ermöglicht so entscheidungen zu treffen zu den gesellschaften in denen menschen zu wenig auswahl haben verschoben würde, würde nicht nur das leben der menschen verbessert, sondern unseres würde auch verbessert werden. +ökonomen nennen dies eine pareto-verbesserungs bewerbung. +einkommensumverteilung wird dafür sorgen, dass es allen besser geht -- nicht nur den armen -- weil all diese große auswahl uns plagt. +abschließend, lesen sie bitte diesen cartoon, und, eine hochentwickelte person, sagt, "ah! was weiß dieser fisch? +sie wissen es nichts möglich in diesem goldfischglas. " +verarmten phantasie, eine kurzsichtige sicht der welt -- und dass ist die art wie ich es zuerst gelesen habe. +je mehr ich aber darüber nachdachte, desto mehr kam ich zu der ansicht, das der fisch etwas weiß. +denn die wahrheit ist, dass wenn sie das goldfischglas zerbrechen, so dass alles möglich ist, haben sie keine freiheit. sie haben lähmung. +wenn sie das goldfischglas zerbrechen, so dass alles möglich ist, senken sie die zufriedenheit. +sie steigern die lähmung und senken die zufriedenheit. +jeder braucht ein goldfischglas. +dies ist fast mit vollkommener sicherheit zu begrenzt -- möglicherweise auch für den fisch, definitiv für uns. +aber das abhanden sein von einem metaphorischen goldfischglas ist ein rezept für elend, und, ich vermute, katastrophe. +danke ihnen vielmals. +sie wissen, ich habe über einige dieser projekte bereits zuvor gesprochen, über das menschliche genom und was das bedeuten könnte, und über die entdeckung neuer gruppen von genen. +tatsächlich starten wir von einem neuen punkt: wir haben die biologie digitalisiert und jetzt versuchen wir vom digitalen code in eine neue phase der biologie zu gelangen indem wir neues leben gestalten und aufbauen. +wir haben immer versucht bedeutende fragen zu stellen. +was ist leben? es ist etwas, wovon ich glaube, dass viele biologen versucht haben zu verstehen und das auf unterschiedlichen ebenen. +wir haben verschiedene ansätze versucht um es bis auf die minimalen komponenten zu vereinfachen. +wir haben nahezu 20 jahre digitalisiert. als wir das humangenom sequenziert haben vollzog sich der wechsel von der analogen welt der biologie zur digitalen welt der computer. +nun versuchen wir zu fragen, ob wir leben regenerieren können oder ob wir neues leben erstellen können, aus diesem digitalen universum? +das ist die karte eines kleinen organismus, mycoplasma geitalium, der das kleinste genom einer spezies besitzt die sich selbst im labor replizieren kann. und wir haben versucht ob wir das mit einem noch kleineren genom erreichen können. +wir haben es geschafft auf ungefähr einhundert gene zu verzichten von den 500 oder so, die hier sind. +aber wenn wir uns diese metabolische karte ansehen, die sehr simpel ist, im vergleich zu unserer. vertrauen sie mir, das ist simpel. aber wenn wir uns alle diese gene ansehen die wir eines nach dem anderen eliminieren können ist es sehr unwahrscheinlich dass dies zu einer lebenden zelle führen würde. +daher haben wir uns entschlossen, dass es der einzige weg nach vorne ist dieses chromosom tatsächlich zu synthetisieren was uns erlaubt die einzelnen komponenten zu variieren und somit einige dieser fundamentalen fragen zu stellen. +und so fingen wir an mit der frage, können wir ein chromosom synthetisieren? +ermöglicht es die chemie diese wirklich großen moleküle zu erstellen was noch nie zuvor gemacht wurde? +und, wenn wir das können, können wir das chromosom starten? +ein chromosom ist so nebenbei nur ein stück inertes chemisches material. +unsere schritte bei der digitalisierung des lebens waren exponentiell. +unsere fähigkeit genetischen code zu schreiben hat sich sehr langsam entwickelt aber trotzdem gesteigert. und unser letzter punkt würde jetzt auf eine exponentielle kurve setzen. +wir haben vor 15 jahren damit begonnen. +es dauerte tatsächlich einige jahre beginnend mit einem bioethischen review bevor wir die ersten experimente machten. +wie sich herausstellte ist dna-synthetisierung sehr schwierig. +es gibt zehntausende maschinen rund um die welt die kleine stücke von dna herstellen können, 30 bis 50 buchstaben lang aber es ist ein degenerativer prozess, also je länger man ein stück macht, umso mehr fehler passieren. +also mussten wir eine neue methode entwickeln mit der wir diese kleinen stücke zusammensetzen und die fehler korrigieren konnten. +das war unser erster versuch, beginnend mit der digitalen information, des genoms phi x 174. +es ist ein kleiner virus der bakterien tötet. +wir erstellten kleine stücke, machten eine fehlerkorrektur und hatten ein dna molekül von ungefähr 5.000 buchstaben. +die spannende phase kam als wir dieses stück inerte chemikalie nahmen und in ein bakterium gaben, und das bakterium begann den genetischen code zu lesen und machte virale partikel. +die viralen partikel wurden dann von den zellen freigegeben und kamen zurück und töteten e. coli. +kürzlich habe ich mit der ölindustrie gesprochen und sie sagten dass sie dieses modell genau verstünden. +sie lachten mehr als ihr es hier tut. +so denken wir, dass das eine situation ist in der software tatsächlich die eigene hardware bauen kann in einem biologischen system. +aber wir wollten noch viel weiter gehen. wir wollten ein gesamtes bakterielles chromosom bauen. es hat mehr als 580.000 buchstaben genetischen code. so dachten wir uns, wir bauen es in kassetten von der größe des virus womit wir die größe der kassetten variieren konnten um zu verstehen was die einzelnen komponenten einer lebenden zelle sind. +design ist der schlüssel, und wenn man mit digitaler information im computer starten will muss diese digitale information wirklich fehlerfrei sein. +als wir das genom erstmals 1995 sequenziert haben war die fehlerrate bei einem fehler pro 10.000 basenpaare. +wir fanden beim resequenzieren 30 fehler. wenn wir die originale sequenz verwendet hätten wäre es nie möglich gewesen hochzufahren. +ein teil des designs ist es, stücke zu erstellen die 50 buchstaben lang sind und die mit anderen 50-buchstaben stücken überlappen müssen, um kleinere sub-einheiten zu bauen damit diese zusammenpassen. +wir haben einzigartige elemente hier eingebaut. +sie haben vielleicht gehört dass wir waterzeichen eingebaut haben. +denken sie darüber nach: wir haben einen 4-buchstaben code: a, c, g und t. +triplets dieser buchstaben -- diese buchstaben kodieren ungefähr 20 aminosäuren; und hier gibt es eine einzelne bestimmung für jede dieser aminosäuren. +also können wir den genetischen code verwenden um unsere wörter zu schreiben, sätze, gedanken. +anfangs haben wir nur unterschrieben. +manche menschen waren enttäuscht dass es keine poesie war. +wir haben die stücke so konstruiert dass wir sie einfach mit enzymen zerlegen konnten. es gibt enzyme die diese reparieren und wieder zusammenfügen. +und wir haben angefangen stücke zu erstellen, beginnend mit stücken die fünf- bis siebentausend buchstaben enthielten, fügten diese aneinander um 24.000-buchstaben-stücke zu machen um diese wieder zusammenzufügen, bis zu 72.000. +in jedem schritt haben wir diese stücke im überschuss produziert damit wir sie sequenzieren konnten, weil wir versuchten einen sehr robusten prozess zu kreieren was sie in einer minute sehen werden. +wir haben versucht zum punkt der automation zu gelangen. +also, das sieht aus wie ein basketball-playoff. +wenn wir zu diesen richtig großen stücken gelangen -- mit über 100.000 basenpaaren -- dann werden diese nicht einfach in e. coli wachsen. es übersteigt alle möglichkeiten der modernen molekularbiologie. und so wandten wir uns anderen mechanismen zu. +wir wussten von einem mechanismus der homologe rekombination genannt wird, den die biologie verwendet um dna zu reparieren, die solche stücke zusammenfügen kann. +hier ist ein beispiel davon. es gibt einen organismus namens deinococcus radiodurans der drei millionen rad an strahlung übersteht. +sie sehen im oberen feld, dass sein chromosom einfach auseinander fällt. +12 bis 24 stunden später, hat sich alles wieder so zusammengefügt wie es war. +wir haben tausende organismen die das tun können. +diese organismen können total ausgetrocknet werden, sie können sogar im vakuum leben. +ich bin absolut sicher dass leben im weltraum existieren und sich bewegen kann, auf der suche nach aquatischen bedingungen. +tatsächlich, die nasa hat gezeigt dass es vieles davon dort draußen gibt. +hier ist eine gefügeaufnahme von dem molekül das wir hergestellt haben indem wir diese prozesse benutzt haben - tatsächlich haben wir nur hefe-mechanismen verwendet mit dem richtigen design der stücke haben wir sie eingepasst. hefe fügt diese dann automatisch zusammen. +das ist keine elektronenmikroskopaufnahme es ist eine reguläre mikroskopaufnahme. +es ist so ein großes molekül, dass wir es sogar mit dem lichtmikroskop sehen können. +das sind aufnahmen über eine dauer von 6 sekunden. +das ist die publikation die wir erst kürzlich fertig gestellt haben. +das sind über 580.000 buchstaben an genetischem code. es ist das größte molekül mit definierter struktur das jemals von menschen erschaffen wurde. +es hat ein molekulargewicht von über 300 millionen. +wenn wir es mit einer schriftgröße von 10 und ohne abstände ausdrucken würden würde es 142 seiten umfassen, nur um diesen genetischen code auszudrucken. +nun, wie starten wir ein chromosom? wie aktivieren wir es? +offensichtlich ist, dass es mit einem virus sehr simpel ist. es ist viel komplizierter mit bakterien umzugehen. +es ist ebenso einfacher wenn man es in eukaryonten wie wir es sind tut: man nimmt einfach den nukleus raus und gibt einen anderen hinein, und das ist genau das was sie alle über das klonen gehört haben. +bei archaebakterien ist das chromosom in die zelle integriert aber erst kürzlich haben wir gezeigt, dass man eine komplette transplantation eines chromosoms von einer zelle zur anderen vornehmen kann und diese aktivieren kann. +wir reinigten das chromosom einer mikrobenspezies. grob gesagt, sind diese beiden soweit voneinander entfernt wie menschen und mäuse. wir gaben einige extra-gene dazu damit wir dieses chromosom auswählen konnten. wir zersetzten es mit enzymen um alle proteine zu zerstören. und es war sehr erstaunlich als wir es in eine zelle gaben -- und sie werden unsere sehr ausgereiften graphiken hier schätzen -- +das neue chromosom ging in die zelle. +tatsächlich dachten wir, dass hier das ende ist, aber wir haben versucht den prozess etwas weiter zu bringen. +das ist der hauptmechanismus der evolution hier. +wir finden alle arten von spezies hier die ein zweites chromosom aufgenommen haben oder ein drittes von irgendwoher, jedes mal tausende charakteristiken in nur einer sekunde zu einer spezies hinzufügend. +menschen also, die sich evolution vorstellen als ein gen das zu einem zeitpunkt geändert wird haben viel von der biologie verpasst. +es gibt enzyme die restriktionsenzyme genannt werden die tatsächlich dna verdauen. +das chromosom das in der zelle war hat keines; die chromosomen die wir eingefügt haben schon. +es wurde in der zelle exprimiert und erkannte das andere chromosom als fremdes material verdaute es und so hatten wir am ende nur eine zelle mit einem neuen chromosom. +es verfärbte sich blau wegen der gene die wir eingefügt hatten. +und nach einer sehr kurzen zeit hatte es alle charakteristika der spezies verloren und konvertierte komplett in eine neue spezies basierend auf der neuen software die wir in die zelle gegeben haben. +alle proteine änderten sich die membranen änderten sich -- als wir den genetischen code lasen, war es genau das was wir transferiert haben. +es mag wie genomische alchimie klingen, aber wir können, indem wir die software-dna verschieben, dinge ziemlich dramatisch verändern. +nun habe ich argumentiert, dass dies nicht die genesis ist -- das basiert auf 3,5 milliarden jahren evolution +und ich habe argumentiert dass wir möglicherweise dabei sind eine neue form der kambrischen explosion zu erschaffen in der es massive neue artenbildung basierend auf diesem digitalen design geben könnte. +warum sollten wir das tun? +ich denke es ist ziemlich offensichtlich im hinblick auf was wir brauchen. +wir sind dabei von sechseinhalb zu neun milliarden menschen in den nächsten 40 jahre anzuwachsen. +um es in meinen zusammenhang zu stellen: ich wurde im jahr 1946 geboren. +heute sind drei menschen auf diesem planeten für jeden der im jahr 1946 existiert hat; innerhalb von 40 jahren werden es vier sein. +wir haben probleme mit nahrungsmitteln, mit frischem und sauberem wasser, medizin, treibstoff für 6,5 milliarden menschen. +es wird eine herausforderung das für 9 anzubieten. +wir brauchen über fünf milliarden tonnen kohle, 30-plus milliarden fässer öl. das sind hundert millionen fässer am tag. +wenn wir über biologische prozesse nachdenken oder irgendeinen prozess um das zu ersetzen, wird es eine riesige herausforderung. +dann, natürlich, gibt es das ganze co2 von diesem material das in der atmosphäre landet. +wir haben nun, aus unseren entdeckungen aus der ganzen welt, eine datenbank mit ungefähr 20 millionen genen, und ich möchte daran glauben dass diese die designkomponenten der zukunft sind. +die elektronikindustrie hatte ein dutzend komponenten und sehen sie sich die vielfalt an die daraus entstand. +wir stoßen hier in erster linie an die grenzen der biologischen realität und an jene unserer vorstellung. +wir haben heute technologien aufgrund dieser schnellen synthesemethoden, um das zu tun was wir kombinatorische genetik nennen. +wir haben nun die möglichkeit einen großen roboter zu bauen der millionen von chromosomen am tag herstellen kann. +wenn sie sich vorstellen diese 20 millionen unterschiedlichen gene herzustellen oder diese prozesse zu optimieren um oktan herzustellen oder medikamente neue impfstoffe, wir können mit einem nur kleinen team mehr molekularbiologie verändern als die letzten 20 jahre wissenschaft. +und es ist nur nurmale selektion. wir können nach lebensfähigkeit selektieren, produktion von chemikalien oder treibstoffproduktion impfstoffproduktion und so weiter. +das ist eine aufnahme von wirklicher design-software an der wir arbeiten, mit der man sich tatsächlich hinsetzen und neue spezies am computer designen kenn +wissen sie, wir wissen nicht unbedingt wie es aussehen wird. wir wissen exakt wie deren genetischer code aussehen wird. +wir konzentrieren uns nun auf treibstoffe der vierten generation. +sie haben kürzlich mais zu ethanol gesehen was einfach ein schlechtes experiment ist. +wir haben treibstoffe der zweiten- und dritten generation die relativ bald herauskommen werden die viel höhere zuckerwertigkeiten haben werden, wie oktan oder unterschiedliche arten von butanol. +aber, wie wir denken, die einzige art damit biologie einen großen einfluss ohne weitere steigerung der kosten auf nahrungsmittel oder der einschränkung von deren verfügbarkeit haben wird ist, wenn wir co2 als ausgangsmaterial sehen, und daher arbeiten wir an zellen die diesen weg gehen, +und wir denken dass wir die ersten mit treibstoffen der vierten generation sein werden, und das in etwa 18 monaten. +sonnenlicht und co2 sind eine methode -- +-- aber in unserer entdeckung der welt, haben wir alle arten unterschiedlicher methoden. +das ist ein organismus den wir 1996 beschrieben haben. +er lebt in der tiefsee, ungefähr ein-einhalb meilen tief, bei nahezu kochenden wassertemperaturen. +es wandelt co2 in methan um unter der verwendung von wasserstoff als energiequelle. +wir untersuchen ob wir gespeichertes co2 verwenden können, welches einfach zu produktionsplätzen gebracht werden könnte, konvertieren das co2 in treibstoff, um diesen prozess anzutreiben. +innerhalb einer kurzen zeitspanne glauben wir, wir könnten in der lage sein eine der grundlegenden fragen des lebens zu lösen. +wissen sie, wir haben wirklich -- moderate ziele wie dem ersatz der gesamten petrochemischen industrie. genau. wenn man das nicht bei ted tun könnte, wo sonst? eine hauptquelle der energie zu werden. +aber genauso arbeiten wir momentan daran, die gleichen ansätze für die entwicklung von impfstoffen einzusetzen. +sie haben es dieses jahr mit der grippe gesehen, wir sind immer ein jahr hinten dran und haben einen dollar zu wenig, wenn es um den richtigen impfstoff geht. +ich denke, dass das geändert werden kann indem man rekombinante impfstoffe im vorhinein erstellt. +das ist es, wie die zukunft möglicherweise aussehen könnte mit änderungen, kann heute der evolutionsbaum beschleunigt werden mit synthetischen bakterien, archaen, und eventuell eukaryonten. +wir sind lichtjahre davon entfernt menschen zu verbessern. unser ziel ist es lediglich, dass wir eine chance haben lange genug zu überleben um das möglicherweise zu tun. vielen dank! +auf der letzten ted konferenz gab ich eine einführung zum lhc. +und ich versprach zurück zu kommen, um ihnen zu erklären wie die maschine funktioniert. +nun ist es also soweit. und für alle jene die damals nicht da waren, der lhc ist das größte wissenschaftliche experiment welches je angegangen wurde -- 27 kilometer im durchmesser. +seine aufgabe ist es, die bedingungen zu erschaffen, welche weniger als eine milliardstel sekunde nach beginn des universums existierten -- und das bis zu 600 millionen mal innerhalb einer sekunde. +es ist einfach nur atemberaubend ehrgeizig. +dies ist die maschine unterhalb von genf. +wir nehmen bilder dieser mini-urknalle in detektoren auf. +an diesem arbeite ich. er nennt sich atlas detektor -- 44 meter in der breite, 22 meter im durchmesser. +hier ein spektakuläres bild des atlas in der konstruktion damit sie die größenverhältnisse sehen. +am 10. september letzen jahres lief die maschine zum ersten mal an. +und dieses bild wurde von atlas aufgenommen. +es verursachte immensen jubel im kontrollraum. +es ist ein bild des ersten strahlenpartikels welches die gesamte strecke um den lhc zurücklegte, dann absichtlich mit einem teil des lhc kollidierte, um einen regen von partikeln auf den detektor prasseln zu lassen. +in anderen worten, als wir dieses bild am 10. september sahen, wussten wir, dass die maschine funktioniert, was ein großer triumph ist. +ich weiss nicht, ob dies den größten jubel erzeugte, oder dies, als jemand die google seite besuchte und die startseite so vorfand. +es bedeutet, dass wir einen kulturellen einfluss neben dem wissenschaftlichen erreichten. +ungefähr eine woche später gab es ein problem mit der maschine welches mit diesen drähten hier zu tun hatte -- diese goldenen drähte hier +diese drähte leiten 13-tausend ampere wenn die maschine auf hochleistung läuft. +nun, die ingenieure unter ihnen werden sie betrachten und sagen, "nein das tun sie nicht. das sind kleine drähte." +sie können das leisten, weil wenn man sie sehr weit abkühlt, werden sie zu sogenannten supraleitern. +bei minus 271 grad also, kälter als der raum zwischen den sternen, können diese drähte die spannung aushalten. +in einer der verbindungen, zwischen über neuntausend magneten im lhc, gab es einen manufakturdefekt. +dadurch erhitzen sich die drähte geringfügig und 13-tausend ampere begegneten plötzlich elektrischem widerstand. +dies war das ergebnis. +nun, das alles ist noch beeindruckender wenn sie sich vorstellen, dass die magneten über 20 tonnen wiegen und sich um ca. 30 cm verschoben. +wir beschädigten also ungefähr 50 der magneten +und mussten sie entfernen, was wir auch taten. +wir konditionierten sie neu, reparierten sie. +sie sind nun alle wieder auf ihrem weg zurück. +gegen ende märz wird der lhc wieder funktionsfähig sein. +wir werden ihn anschalten, und erwarten erste daten im juni oder juli sammeln zu können, und setzen unsere reise fort, um herauszufinden was die bausteine des universums sind. +nun, natürlich, auf eine art entfachen solche unfälle erneut die debatte um den wert von wissenschaft und ingenieurskunst an solchen grenzen. es ist leicht, so etwas abzulehnen. +ich denke die tatsache, dass es so schwer ist, die tatsache, dass wir über unsere grenzen hinaus greifen, bildet den wert von dingen wie dem lhc. +ich werde meine abschließenden worte einem englischen wissenschaftler überlassen. humphrey davy, der, wie ich vermute, als er die nutzlosen experimente seines lehrlings verteidigte, sein lehrling war michael faraday, folgendes sagte: "nichts ist so gefährlich für die entwicklung des menschlichen geistes, als anzunehmen, dass unsere wissenschaftlichen vorstellungen endgültig sind, dass es keine mysterien in der natur gibt, dass unsere triumphe vollzählig sind, und dass es keine neuen welten zu erobern gibt." +vielen dank. +ich bin schriftstellerin. +bücher zu schreiben ist mein beruf, aber es ist natürlich mehr als das. +es ist auch meine große, lebenslange liebe und faszination. +und ich erwarte nicht, dass sich das je ändern wird. +allerdings ist kürzliche etwas eigenartiges in meinem leben und meiner karriere geschehen, das mich dazu gebracht hat, meinen bezug zu dieser arbeit komplett zu überdenken. +dieses eigenartige ereignis war, dass ich kürzlich ein buch geschrieben habe – eine biografie namens „eat, pray, love“ –, das, entschieden anders als alle meine vorherigen bücher aus irgendwelchen gründen in die welt hinausging und ein großes mega-ereignis, internationales bestseller-ding wurde. +das ergebnis ist, dass ich, egal wohin ich komme, behandelt werde als wäre ich dem untergang geweiht. +ernsthaft – dem untergang geweiht! +zum beispiel kommen sie ganz besorgt auf mich zu und sagen: "fürchten sie nicht, dass sie diesen erfolg niemals übertreffen werden? +haben sie keine angst davor, dass sie ihr ganzes leben weiterschreiben und nie wieder ein buch erschaffen, das irgendjemanden in der welt interessiert? nie wieder? “ +okay, das macht wirklich mut. +es wäre allerdings schlimmer, wenn ich mich nicht daran erinnern würde, dass ich vor über 20 jahren, als ich als teenager zum ersten mal davon erzählte, dass ich schriftstellerin sein wollte, mit der gleichen art von angstbesetzter reaktion konfrontiert worden bin. +die leute sagten: „hast du keine angst, niemals erfolg zu haben? +hast du keine angst, dass dich die demütigung einer absage umbringt? +hast du keine angst, dass du diesem handwerk dein leben lang nachgehst und daraus nie etwas entsteht und dass du auf einem schrotthaufen geplatzter träume sterben wirst – dein mund gefüllt mit der bitteren asche des versagens? “ +so ungefähr, sie wissen schon. +die antwort – die kurze antwort auf all diese fragen ist: „ja.“ +ja, ich habe angst vor all diesen dingen. +und die hatte ich immer. +und ich habe vor noch viel mehr dingen angst, die niemand erahnen würde. +wie algen – und andere furchteinflößende dinge. +aber, wenn es ums schreiben geht denke ich seit kurzem darüber nach und frage mich: warum? +ist das vernünftig? +ist es logisch, dass von jemandem erwartet werden sollte, dass er angst davor hat, die arbeit zu tun zu der er sich berufen fühlt? +und was genau ist mit den kreativen unternehmungen los, dass sie uns unsicher über den gegenseitigen geisteszustand machen – in einer art, wie es andere berufe nicht tun? +mein vater, zum beispiel, war chemiker und ich kann mich an keine situation in seinen 40 jahren als chemiker erinnern, in der er gefragt wurde, ob er angst hätte, chemiker zu sein. +mit deiner chemiker-blockade, john – wie geht 's dir damit? +es kam einfach nicht vor, wissen sie? +aber um fair zu sein – die gruppe der chemiker haben über die jahrhunderte nicht den ruf von alkoholsüchtigen manisch-depressive menschen erhalten. +wir schriftsteller scheinen aber diese art von ruf zu haben. aber nicht nur die schriftsteller, sondern die kreativen aller genres, scheinen diesen ruf zu haben, mental ungeheuer instabil zu sein. +alles, was sie tun müssen, ist, sich die bitteren todeszahlen von wirklich großartigen köpfen allein aus dem 20. jahrhundert anzusehen, die jung und oft von eigener hand starben. +und selbst diejenigen, die nicht tatsächlich suizid begingen, schienen von ihren talenten wirklich vernachlässigt worden zu sein. +norman mailer sagte kurz vor seinem tod in seinem letzten interview: „jedes meiner bücher hat mich ein bisschen weiter getötet.“ +eine außerordentliche aussage, die sie über ihr lebenswerk machen können. +aber wir zucken nicht einmal, wenn wir jemanden so etwas sagen hören, weil wir diese art von aussagen seit so langer zeit kennen. irgendwie haben wir die auffassung so verinnerlicht und kollektiv akzeptiert, dass kreativität und leid irgendwie natürlich zusammengehören und dass kunst – am ende – immer zur seelenqual führt. +die frage, die ich heute jedem hier stellen möchte ist: ist diese idee für sie völlig in ordnung? +fühlen sie sich damit wohl? denn mit nur einem zentimeter abstand betrachtet... ich fühle mich mit dieser auffassung überhaupt nicht wohl. +ich finde sie abscheulich. +und ich finde sie gefährlich. und ich will nicht zusehen, wie sie ins nächste jahrhundert übernommen wird. +ich finde es besser, wenn wir unsere großen kreativen ermuntern zu leben. +und ich weiß definitiv, dass es für mich – in meiner situation – sehr gefährlich wäre, anzufangen, diesen dunklen pfad der vermutung sozusagen herunterzusickern – besonders in dem umstand, in dem ich mich in meiner karriere gerade befinde. +das heißt – sehen sie: ich bin ziemlich jung. ich bin nur ca. 40 jahre alt. +ich habe vielleicht noch weitere 40 arbeitsjahre in mir. +und es ist äußerst wahrscheinlich, dass alles, was ich von jetzt an schreiben werde von der welt als die arbeit bewertet wird, die nach dem abgefahrenen erfolg meines letzten buches kam, richtig? +ich sage es geradeheraus, denn wir sind hier ja jetzt alle irgendwie freunde – es ist höchst wahrscheinlich, dass mein größter erfolg hinter mir liegt. +oh, jesus, was für ein gedanke! +das sind die art von gedanken, die jemanden dazu bringen können, um 9 uhr morgens anzufangen, gin zu trinken. und das will ich nicht. +ich würde lieber weiterhin diese arbeit tun, die ich liebe. +also ist die frage: wie? +nach einiger zeit des reflektierens scheint mir, dass ich, um weiterhin schreiben zu können, eine art von schützendem psychologischen konstrukt entwerfen muss. +irgendwie muss ich von nun an einen weg finden, beim schreiben eine sichere distanz zu wahren zwischen mir und meiner sehr natürlichen beklemmung darüber, wie die reaktion auf das geschriebene sein wird. +während ich im vergangenen jahr nach modellen dafür gesucht habe, um das zu tun, habe ich auch in der vergangenheit gesucht und ich habe versucht, andere gesellschaften zu finden, um zu sehen, ob sie eventuell bessere oder vernünftigere ideen darüber hatten als wir, wie man kreativen helfen kann, mit den emotionalen risiken umzugehen, die mit kreativität verbunden sind. +diese suche führte mich ins alte griechenland und das alte rom. +bitte folgen sie mir, denn der kreis wird sich wieder schließen. +aber im alten griechenland und rom haben die menschen nicht geglaubt, dass kreativität von menschen kommt, okay? +sie glaubten, dass kreativität eine art göttlicher diener-geist war, der aus einer entfernten, unbekannten quelle zu den menschen kommt – aus unerklärlichen, unbekannten gründen. +die griechen nannten diese göttlichen diener-geister der kreativität „dämonen“. +von sokrates ist bekannt, dass er daran glaubte, er hätte einen dämon, der ihm weisheiten aus weiter ferne mitteilte. +die römer hatten die gleiche idee, nannten diese art von körperlosem kreativem geist ein „genie“. +das ist großartig. die römer dachten nicht wirklich, dass ein genie ein besonders kluges individuum war. +sie glaubten, dass ein genie diese art magisches göttliches wesen war, von dem geglaubt wurde, dass es sprichwörtlich in den wänden eines künstlerateliers lebt – ungefähr so wie dobby, der hauself – der rauskäme und dem künstler bei der arbeit gewissermaßen unsichtbar assistierte und das ergebnis der arbeit gestalten würde. +das ist brilliant – da ist es, da ist die distanz, von der ich sprach – das psychologische konstrukt, die dich von den folgen deiner arbeit schützen. +und jeder wusste, dass es so funktionierte, richtig? +der künstler des altertums war vor gewissen dingen geschützt, wie, zum beispiel, zu viel narzissmus, richtig? +wenn deine arbeit brilliant war konntest du nicht alles ansehen für dich verbuchen. jeder wusste, dass du dieses körperlose genie hattest, das dir geholfen hat. +wenn deine arbeit floppte – nicht gänzlich dein fehler, oder? +jeder wusste, dein genie war etwas lahm. +so haben die menschen im westen wirklich lange zeit über kreativität gedacht. +und dann kam die renaissance und alles änderte sich. wir hatten diese große idee. und diese große idee war: lasst uns das menschliche individuum ins zentrum des universums stellen – über alle götter und mysterien. und es gibt keinen raum mehr für mystische kreaturen, die befehle vom göttlichen annehmen. +es ist der beginn des rationalen humanismus und die menschen begannen zu glaube, dass kreativität komplett vom eigenen individuum kam. +zum ersten mal in der geschichte hört man menschen diesen oder jenen künstler ein genie nennen – anstelle davon, dass er ein genie hat. +ich muss ihnen sagen: ich denke, das war ein großer fehler. +wissen sie? ich denke, einer bloßen person zu erlauben, dass er denkt, er oder sie sei wie das gefäß, wie das becken und die essenz und die quelle allen göttlichen, kreativen, unbekanntem, unendlichen mysteriums ist ein klein bisschen zu viel verantwortung, um sie einer fragilen, menschlichen psyche aufzubürden. +es ist wie jemanden zu bitten, die sonne zu schlucken. +das entstellt und verzerrt ganze egos und es erzeugt all diese unerreichbaren erwartungen an den erfolg. +ich denke, dass dieser erfolgs-druck unsere künstler der letzten 500 jahre vernichtet hat. +und, wenn das stimmt, – und ich denke, es stimmt – ist die frage: +können wir es ändern? +vielleicht zu einem altertümlichen verständnis über die beziehung zwischen menschen und dem mysterium des kreativen zurückzukehren. +vielleicht nicht. +vielleicht können wir das gedankengut aus 500 jahren rationalen humanismus nicht einfach in einem 18-minütigen vortrag auslöschen. +und es gibt sicherlich menschen in diesem publikum, die wirklich berechtigte wissenschaftliche zweifel anmelden würden über die vorstellung von – grundsätzlich – feen, die menschen nachfolgen und feenzauber auf ihre projekte usw. anwenden. +ich werde wahrscheinlich nicht alle von ihnen auf diese reise mitnehmen können. +aber die frage, die ich aufwerfen will ist: warum nicht? +warum nicht so darüber denken? +denn es macht genauso viel sinn wie alles andere, von dem ich gehört habe, wenn es darum ging, die absolut verrückt machende launenhaftigkeit des kreativen prozesses zu erklären. +ein prozess, der sich – wie jeder weiß, der es je versucht hat, etwas zu machen – also in anderen worten: eigentlich jeder hier – nicht immer vernünftig verhält. +in der tat kann er sich manchmal geradezu paranormal anfühlen. +ich hatte kürzlich eine solche begegnung als ich die außerordentliche amerikanische dichterin ruth stone traf, die nun über 90 ist, die aber ihr ganzes leben lang dichterin war. sie erzählte mir, dass sie als sie im dörflichen virginia aufwuchs draußen auf den feldern arbeitete. sie sagte, sie würde fühlen und hören können wie ein gedicht über die landschaft auf sie zukäme. +sie sagte es wäre wie ein donnernder zug aus luft, +der über das land auf sie zurollen würde. +sie fühlte, wenn es kam, denn es würde die erde unter ihren füßen zum beben bringen. +sie wusste, dass sie in einem solchen moment nur eines tun konnte. und das war – in ihren worten – „rennen wie der teufel“. +sie rannte wie der teufel zum haus während sie von diesem gedicht verfolgt wurde. es ging einzig darum, dass sie schnell genug zu einem blatt papier und einem stift gelangen musste, damit sie es, wenn es durch sie hindurch donnerte, einfangen und auf dem blatt festhalten konnte. +bei anderen malen war sie nicht schnell genug. sie rannte und rannte und rannte, aber sie erreichte das haus nicht und das gedicht rollte durch sie hindurch und sie verpasste es. sie sagte es würde weiter über land ziehen und – wie sie sagte – „nach einem anderen dichter suchen“. +und dann gab es diese momente – den teil werde ich nie vergessen – sie sagte, dass es augenblicke gab in denen sie es fast verpasste. +also: sie rennt zum haus und sucht nach dem papier und das gedicht fährt durch sie hindurch und sie greift einen stift gerade als es durch sie hindurchgeht und dann – sagte sie – war es so als würde mit ihrer anderen hand danach greifen und es zu packen kriegen. +sie erwischte das gedicht an seinem schwanz und zog es zurück in ihren körper und übernahm es auf das blatt papier. +bei diesen gelegenheiten kam das gedicht einwandfrei und intakt auf dem papier an – aber rückwärts – vom letzten wort zum ersten. +als ich das hörte dachte ich „das ist unheimlich – das ist genau, wie mein kreativer prozess abläuft.“ +das ist überhaupt nicht wie mein kreativer prozess – ich bin nicht der kanal! +ich bin ein maultier. um arbeiten zu können muss ich jeden tag zur gleichen zeit aufstehen und schwitzen, mich abmühen und wirklich unangenehm durchquälen. +aber selbst ich in meiner maultierart habe manchmal dieses ding gestreift. +und ich schätze, dass viele von ihnen das auch getan haben. +selbst ich hatte arbeiten oder ideen, die aus einer quelle durch mich hindurchkamen, die ich wirklich nicht identifizieren kann. +was ist das für ein ding? +und wie treten wir damit in beziehung ohne darüber unseren verstand zu verlieren, sondern uns im gegenteil sogar bei geistiger gesundheit zu halten? +für mich ist das beste lebende beispiel, wie man dies schaffen kann der musiker tom waits. ich durfte ihn vor einigen jahren für ein magazin interviewen. +wir sprachen dabei über dieses thema. und wissen sie was? die meiste zeit seines lebens war tom die verkörperung des gepeinigten modernen künstlers, der versuchte, diese unkontrollierbaren kreativen impulse, die in ihm wohnten, zu beherrschen und mit ihnen zurechtzukommen. +aber dann wurde er älter und ruhiger. er erzählte mir, dass er eines tages auf einer schnellstraße in los angeles fuhr. und da änderte sich alles für ihn. +er fuhr mit hoher geschwindigkeit als er plötzlich ein kleines fragment einer melodie hört, die, wie es bei inspirationen oft ist, für ihn quälend schwer greifbar ist. und er will sie haben. sie ist prachtvoll. er lechzt danach, aber er kann sie nicht fassen. +er hat kein stück papier, er hat keinen stift, er hat keinen kassettenrekorder. +er beginnt also, diese alte beklemmung in ihm aufsteigen, wie z.b. „ich werde dieses ding verlieren und werde von diesem song auf ewig verfolgt werden. +ich bin nicht gut genug, ich schaffe es nicht. “ +aber anstatt in panik zu geraten, hörte er einfach auf. +er beendete den ganzen gedankengang und tat etwas komplett neues. +er blickte einfach in den himmel und sagte: „entschuldigung, kannst du nicht sehen, dass ich auto fahre?“ +„sehe ich so aus als könnte ich gerade einen song aufschreiben? +wenn du wirklich existieren willst, komm zu einem günstigeren moment wieder, wenn ich mich um dich kümmern kann. +wenn nicht, quäle heute jemand anderen. +geh und quäle leonard cohen. “ +sein ganzer arbeitsprozess hat sich danach geändert. +nicht die arbeit selbst. die war weiterhin oft so dunkel wie eh und je. +aber der prozess und die schwere beklemmung, die ihn umgibt, war aufgehoben als er das genie aus sich heraus nahm, wo er nichts als ärger verursachte und ihn dahin zurückließ wo er sozusagen herkam. er erkannte, dass es kein verinnerlichtes, quälendes ding sein musste. +es konnte eine eigentümliche, wundersame, bizarre zusammenarbeit geben, eine art konversation zwischen tom und dem fremdartigen, äußerlichen ding, das nicht ganz tom war. +als ich diese geschichte gehört habe veränderte es auch ein bisschen die art, wie ich arbeitete und es hat mich schon einmal gerettet. +diese idee rettete mich als ich mitten im schreibprozess von „eat, pray, love“ war. ich fiel in eine dieser gruben des zweifels in die wir alle fallen, wenn wir an etwas arbeiten und es nicht klappt. du fängst an zu denken, dass es ein desaster wird. das wird das schlechteste buch, das je geschrieben wurde. +nicht nur schlecht, sondern des schlechteste aller zeiten. +ich begann zu denken, ich sollte das projekt einfach einstampfen. +aber dann erinnerte ich mich daran, wie tom in den freien himmel gesprochen hatte und ich versuchte es. +ich hob also meinen blick vom manuskript und sprach meinen kommentar in richtung einer leeren ecke des raums. +ich sprach laut: „hör zu, du ding, du und ich wissen beide, wenn dieses buch nicht brillant ist, dass es nicht komplett meine schuld ist, richtig? +denn du siehst ja, dass ich alles, was ich habe, investiere. ich habe nicht mehr als das. +wenn du es also besser haben willst, musst du hier aufkreuzen und deinen anteil der abmachung einhalten. +okay. aber, wenn du das nicht tust... weißt du was, dann zum teufel damit. +ich werde trotzdem weiter schreiben, denn das ist mein job. +und ich möchte bitte zu protokoll geben, dass ich heute für meinen teil des jobs hier war. “ +denn...... am ende ist es wie folgt. vor jahrhunderten haben sich in den wüsten nordafrikas menschen zu mondscheinfesten mit heiligen tänzen und musik versammelt, die stundenlang abgehalten wurden – bis zur morgendämmerung. +diese feste waren immer großartig, denn die tänzer waren professionell und sie waren fantastisch. +aber hin und wieder, sehr selten, passierte etwas besonderes. einer der darsteller wurde tatsächlich überweltlich. +und ich weiß, dass sie wissen, was ich meine, denn ich weiß, dass sie alle in ihrem leben schon einmal eine solche darbietung gesehen haben. +es war als würde die zeit stillstehen und der tänzer durch eine art pforte treten. er tat nichts anders als er es je zuvor getan hat – 1.000 nächte zuvor. aber alles fügte sich zusammen. +und ganz plötzlich erschien er nicht mehr länger rein menschlich. +er wurde von innen erhellt und von unten erhellt und alles erhellte sich durch ein göttliches feuer. +als so etwas damals geschah, wussten die leute was das war. sie nannten es bei seinem namen. +sie legten die hände zusammen und begannen zu singen: „allah, allah, allah, gott, gott, gott.“ +das ist gott, wissen sie? +interessante historische fußnote: als die mohren südspanien eroberten brachten sie diesen brauch mit. die aussprache änderte sich im laufe der jahrhunderte von „allah, allah, allah“ zu „olé, olé, olé“, das man immer noch bei stierkämpfen und flamenco-tänzen hört. +wenn ein darsteller in spanien etwas unmögliches, etwas magisches getan hat: „allah, olé, olé, allah, großartig, bravo“ unfassbar, da ist es: ein flüchtiger blick auf gott. +und das ist großartig, denn wir brauchen das. +aber, der knifflige teil folgt am nächsten morgen, wenn der tänzer selbst aufwacht und erkennt, dass es 11 uhr an einem dienstag ist – und er nicht länger ein fünkchen von gott in sich trägt. +er ist lediglich ein alternder sterblicher mit schmerzenden knien. und vielleicht wird er nie wieder zu diesen höhen aufsteigen. +und vielleicht wird nie wieder jemand gottes namen rufen, wenn er sich dreht. aber was soll er dann mit dem rest seines lebens anfangen? +das ist schwer. +das ist eine der schmerzhaftesten korrekturen eines kreativen lebens. +aber vielleicht muss es nicht ganz so voller pein sein, wenn sie von anfang an nicht geglaubt haben, dass die außergewöhnlichsten aspekte ihres daseins von ihnen kämen. +wenn sie vielleicht nur glauben, dass sie eine leihgabe sind – von einer unvorstellbaren quelle für eine erlesene zeit ihres lebens, die an jemand anderen weitergegeben wird, wenn sie fertig damit sind. +wenn wir anfangen, so darüber nachdenken, ändert das alles. +so habe ich angefangen zu denken und so denke ich mit sicherheit in den vergangenen monaten, während ich an dem buch arbeitete, das bald erscheinen wird – als der gefährliche, beängstigende, stark erwartete nachfolger meines abgefahrenen erfolgs. +was ich mir ständig selbst sagen muss, wenn ich darüber verrückt werde, ist: hab keine angst. +sei nicht entmutigt. +mache einfach deinen job. +sei weiterhin für deinen beitrag da, was auch immer er sein möge. +wenn dein job das tanzen ist, tanze. +wenn sich das dumme göttliche genie, das dir zur seite gestellt ist, entscheidet, für einen kurzen moment einen hauch von wunder durch deine anstrengung zu zeigen, dann „olé!“ +und wenn nicht, tanze dennoch deinen tanz. +und „olé!“ für dich trotz alledem. +ich glaube daran und ich habe das gefühl, wir sollten das lehren. +„olé!“ für dich trotz alledem, einfach dafür, dass du die bloße menschliche liebe und den eigensinn hast, dafür da zu sein. +danke. +danke. +olé! +letztes jahr habe ich diese beiden folien gezeigt, um zu veranschaulichen, dass die arktische eiskappe, die für annähernd drei millionen jahre die grösse der unteren 48 staaten hatte, um 40 prozent geschrumpft ist. +aber dies drückt nicht stark genug die ernsthaftigkeit dieses speziellen problems aus, da es nicht die dicke des eises zeigt. +in gewissem sinne ist die arktische eiskappe das schlagende herz unseres globalen klimasystems. +sie wächst im winter und schrumpft im sommer. +die nächste folie, die ich ihnen zeige, ist eine zeitrafferaufnahme was in den letzten 25 jahren passiert ist. +das dauereis ist mit rot markiert. +wie sie sehen, wächst es auf das dunkelblau markierte. dies ist das jährliche eis im winter; und es schrumpft im sommer. +das sogenannte dauereis, fünf jahre alt oder älter, ist beinahe wie blut, welches aus dem körper hier herausfliesst. +in 25 jahren wird es von hier nach hier verschwunden sein. +dies ist ein problem, da die erwärmung den gefrorenen grund um den arktischen ozean auftaut, in dem es grosse mengen an gefrorenem kohlenstoff gibt, welcher, wenn er auftaut, von mikroben zu methan umgesetzt wird. +verglichen mit dem gesamten betrag an klimaverändernden stoffen in der atmosphäre, könnte sich dieser betrag verdoppeln, wenn wir diesen kritischen punkt überschreiten. +schon heute sprudelt in einigen flachen seen in alaska methan von selbst aus dem wasser. +professor katey walter der universität in alaska ist mit einer weiteren arbeitsgruppe zu einem anderen flachen see letzten winter gereist. +wow! +ihr geht es gut. die frage ist, wie wird es uns ergehen. +und ein grund ist, dieser enorme wärmespeicher erwärmt grönland aus dem norden. +dies ist ein jährlicher tauwasserfluss. +aber die volumen sind wesentlich grösser als je zuvor. +dies ist der kangerlussuaq fluss in südwest grönland. +wenn sie wissen möchten, wie der meeresspiegel durch landeisschmelze steigt hier fliesst sie ins meer. +diese flüsse nehmen rapide zu. +am anderen ende des planeten, die antarktis, die grösste eismasse auf dem planeten. +letzten monat meldeten forscher, dass der gesamte kontinent nun eine negative eisbilanz hat. +und die westantarktis, die über ein paar unterwasserinseln aufgetaucht ist, ist besonders stark im schmelzen. +dies entspricht 20 fuß meereshöhe, so wie grönland. +im himalaya, der drittgrössten eismasse, sehen sie oben neue seen, die vor ein paar jahren gletscher waren. +40 prozent aller menschen auf der welt bekommen die hälfte ihres trinkwassers aus diesem schmelzwasser. +in den anden ist dieser gletscher die trinkwasserquelle für diese stadt. +die wassermengen haben sich vergrössert. +aber wenn sie versiegen, wird auch das meiste trinkwasser wegfallen. +in kalifornien wurde eine 40 prozentige verringerung der schneedecke der sierra gesehen. +dies betrifft die speicherbecken. +und die vorhersagen, wie sie sie gelesen haben, sind ernst. +diese austrocknung in der ganzen welt führt zu einer dramatischen steigerung an feuern. +und die katastrophen überall auf der welt haben in einem wirklich ausserordentlichen und vorher nie dagewesenen ausmass zugenommen. +viermal so viele in den letzten 30 jahren wie in den vorhergegangenen 75. +dies ist ein vollkommen unhaltbares entwicklungsmuster. +wenn sie dies im historischen zusammenhang betrachten, können sie sehen, was es anrichtet. +in den letzten 5 jahren haben wir 70 millionen tonnen an co2 produziert alle 24 stunden -- 25 millionen tonnen jeden tag in die ozeane. +schauen sie sich den bereich des östlichen pazifik genau an, vom amerikanischen kontinent westlich und beiderseits des indischen subkontinents, wo es einen drastischen rückgang des sauerstoffs in den meeren gibt. +der grösste einzelne faktor für die globale erwärmung, neben abholzung, welches 20 prozent ausmacht, ist das verbrennen von fossilen brennstoffen. +öl ist ein problem, und kohle ist das gleichwohl grösste problem. +die vereinigten staaten sind eine der beiden grössten verschmutzer, zusammen mit china. +und der vorschlag war, viele weitere kohlefabriken zu bauen. +aber wir beginnen, eine veränderung zu sehen. +hier sind die, die in den letzten jahren gestrichen wurden, mit einigen grünen alternativen, die vorgeschlagen wurden. +trotzdessen gibt es eine politische auseinandersetzung in unserem land. +und die kohleindustrien und ölindustrien haben eine viertelmilliarde dollar letztes kalendarjahr ausgegeben, um saubere kohle zu bewerben, was an sich schon ein widerspruch in sich ist. +dieses bild erinnerte mich an etwas. +um weihnachten herum liefen, bei mir zu hause in tennessee, eine milliarde tonnen kohleschlamm aus. +sie haben es warscheinlich in den nachrichten gesehen. +dies ist in unserem ganzen land der zweitgrösste abfallfluss amerikas. +dies passierte um weihnachten. +einer der werbespots der kohleindustrie um weihnachten war dieser. +frosty der kohlenmann ist ein vergnügter, fröhlicher bursche. +ihn gibt es in hülle und fülle in amerika, und er hilft unserer wirtschaft zu wachsen. +frosty, der kohlenmann wird jeden tag sauberer. +er ist bezahlbar und liebenswert, und arbeiter bleiben in lohn und brot. +dies ist die quelle der meisten kohle in west virginia. +der mächtigste bergarbeiter ist der leiter von massey coal. +lassen sie mich eines ganz klar sagen. al gore, nancy pelosi, harry reid, sie wissen nicht, wovon sie reden. +also hat die allianz für klimaschutz zwei kampagnen ins leben gerufen. +dies ist eine, ein teil von ihr. +bei der coalergy sehen wir klimaveränderung als eine ernste gefahr für unser geschäft. +deshalb haben wir es uns zum obersten zeil gesetzt, eine beträchtliche geldsumme auszugeben um eine werbeaktion auf den weg zu bringen, um die wahrheit über kohle. +tatsache ist, kohle ist nicht dreckig. +wir glauben, sie ist sauber -- und riecht auch noch gut +also, machen sie sich keine sorgen um die klimaveränderung. +überlassen sie das ruhig uns. +saueber kohle, sie haben viel davon gehört. +also lassen sie uns eine tour dieser modernen, sauberen kohlefabrik machen. +fantastisch! diese maschine ist ziemlich laut. +aber es ist der klang der sauberen kohletechnologie. +und trotzdem das verbrennen von kohle einer der hauptgründe für die globale erwärmung ist, die bemerkenswert saubere kohletechnologie, die sie hier sehen, ändert alles. +schauen sie es sich genau an, dies ist die heutige, saubere kohletechnologie. +endlich vermischt sich die positive alternative mit unserer wirtschaftlichen herausforderung und unserer herausforderung der nationalen sicherheit. +amerika ist in einer krise, die wirtschaft, die nationale sicherheit, die klimakrise. +der rote faden, der diese alle verbindet, ist unsere abhängigkeit von kohlenstoff-basierenden kraftstoffen wie dreckige kohle und ausländisches öl. +aber nun gibt es eine mutige, neue lösung, um uns aus dieser misslichen lage zu befreien. +versorge amerika mit 100 prozent sauberer elektrizität neu, innerhalb der nächsten 10 jahre +ein plan, amerika zurück zur arbeit zu bringen, uns sicherer zu machen und zu helfen, die globale erwärmung zu stoppen. +endlich, eine lösung, die groß genug ist, unsere probleme zu lösen. +versorge amerika neu. finden sie mehr heraus. +dies ist die letzte. +es geht um eine neuversorgung von amerika. +einer der schnellsten wege, unsere abhängigkeit von alten, dreckigen kraftstoffen, die unsere welt ersticken, zu reduzieren. +die zukunft ist hier. wind, sonne und ein neues energiesystem. +neue investitionen, um gut bezahlte arbeitsplätze zu schaffen. +versorge amerika neu. es ist zeit, realität zu akzeptieren. +es gibt ein altes afrikanisches sprichwort: "wenn du schnell sein möchtest, geh alleine. +wenn du weit kommen möchtest, geh zusammen. " +wir müssen weit kommen, und zwar schnell. +vielen dank. +ich möchte damit beginnen sie zu bitten, an die zeit ihrer kindheit zurückzudenken, als sie mit bauklötzen spielten. +während sie erkannten, wie man die hände ausstreckt und zugreift, die klötze aufnimmt und bewegt, lernten sie tatsächlich, zu überlegen und probleme durch das verstehen und verändern räumlicher zusammenhänge zu lösen. +das räumliche denken ist eng damit verbunden, wie wir einen großteil unserer umgebung verstehen. +als informatiker - inspiriert von der art unserer interaktion mit realen objekten - zusammen mit meinem fachberater patti und meinem kollegen jeevan kalanithi, begann ich mich zu wundern: was wäre, wenn wir computer nutzen würden, die anstelle eines maus-zeigers, der sich wie eine digitale fingerspitze auf einer flachen arbeitsfläche bewegt...... was wäre, wenn wir mit beiden händen eingreifen könnten und daten physisch ergreifen und sie so anordnen könnten, wie wir es wollen? +diese frage war so ergreifend, dass wir uns zur erforschung der antwort entschieden und siftables entwickelten. +kurz gesagt, ein siftable ist ein interaktiver computer in der größe eines kekses. +sie können mit der hand bewegt werden, sie können sich gegenseitig wahrnehmen, sie können ihre bewegungen erfassen und sie haben einen bildschirm und einen funkempfänger. +viel wichtiger: sind sind körperlich, weshalb man sie wie bauklötze lediglich durch das ausstrecken der hände und zugreifen bewegen kann. +und die siftables sind ein beispiel einer neuen generation von hilfsmitteln zur manipulation digitaler daten. +und wenn diese hilfsmittel körperlicher werden und ein bewusstsein für ihre bewegungen entwickeln, sich gegenseitig erkennen und die feinheiten unseres umgangs mit ihnen wahrnehmen, dann können wir mit der erforschung neuer und unterhaltsamer interaktionsarten beginnen. +ich fange mit einigen einfachen beispielen an. +dieser siftable ist für die videowiedergabe konfiguriert und wenn ich ihn in eine richtung kippe, wird das video vorwärts abgespielt; wenn ich ihn in die andere richtung kippe, läuft es rückwärts. +und diese interaktiven portraits nehmen sich gegenseitig wahr. +wenn ich sie also nebeneinander lege, weckt das ihr interesse. +wenn sie voneinader umgeben sind, bemerken sie das auch und können etwas nervös werden. +und sie fühlen ebenso ihre bewegungen und neigung. +eine interessante folge der interaktionen, die wir zu erkennen begannen, war, dass wir alltägliche gesten auf daten anwenden könnten, wie etwa farben so zu schütten, wie man dies mit flüssigkeiten tut. +in diesem fall haben wir drei siftables als farbtöpfe konfiguriert und ich kann sie nutzen, um farbe in den in der mitte zu gießen, wo sie dann vermischt werden. +wenn wir es übertreiben, können wir ein wenig zurückschütten. +es gibt außerdem auch einige nette möglichkeiten in der bildung wie sprachen, mathematik oder logikspiele, wo wir den leuten die möglichkeit des schnellen ausprobierens geben und die ergebnisse sofort sehen wollen. +hier bin ich... das ist eine fibonacci-folge, die ich mit einem einfachen gleichungsprogramm erstelle. +das ist ein spiel mit wörtern, das eine art mischung aus scrabble und boggle ist. +grundsätzlich bekommt man jede runde auf jeden siftable zufällig zugewiesene buchstaben und während man versucht, wörter zu bilden, werden diese über ein wörterbuch geprüft. +dann, nach ungefähr 30 sekunden, wird wieder gemischt und man hat eine neue buchstabenkombination und neue möglichkeiten auszuprobieren. +vielen dank. +das sind einige kinder die auf einem ausflug zum media lab kamen. ich konnte sie dazu bewegen, es auszuprobieren und habe ein video davon aufgenommen. +sie haben es wirklich geliebt. +ein interessanter umstand bei dieser art von anwendungen ist, dass man den leuten nicht viele anweisungen geben muss. +alles was man sagen muss ist "bildet wörter" und sie wissen genau, was zu tun ist. +hier sind noch ein paar leute, die es testen. +das ist unser jüngster beta-tester dort unten rechts. +es stellte sich heraus, dass er die siftables nur stapeln wollte. +also für ihn waren sie nur bauklötze. +dies ist eine interaktive trickfilmanwendung. +wir wollten ein lernmittel für sprachlerner entwickeln. +das ist felix. +er kann neue charaktere in die szene bringen, indem er den siftable vom tisch aufhebt, der diese figur zeigt. +hier lässt er die sonne aufgehen. +die sonne geht auf +jetzt holt er einen traktor in die szene. +der orangene traktor. +gute arbeit! ja! +indem er die siftables schüttelt und sie nebeneinander legt kann er die charaktere interagieren lassen... +... seine eigene geschichte erfinden. +hallo! +es ist eine geschichte mit offenem ende und er kann entscheiden, wie sie sich entwickelt. +fliegende katze. +das letzte beispiel, für das ich heute zeit habe, es zu zeigen, ist ein musik-sequencer für live-auftritte, das wir kürzlich entwickelt haben und in dem siftables als töne, wie führungsstimme, bass und schlagzeug agieren. +jedes hat vier verschiedene variationen; man kann auswählen, welche man nutzen möchte. +und man kann diese töne in die sequenz einspeisen, die man wiederum in beliebigen mustern anordnen kann. +und man speist sie ein, indem man einfach einen ton-siftable an einen sequenz-siftable hält. +dort sind effekte, die man live verändern kann, wie z.b. hall und filter. +man verbindet ihn mit einem bestimmten ton und neigt ihn dann zum einstellen. +und dann noch übergeordnete effekte wie tempo und lautstärke, die man auf die gesamte sequenz anwendet. +also schauen wir mal. +wir beginnen, in dem wir die führungsstimme in zwei sequenz-siftable einspeisen und diese in einer reihe anordnen, sie erweitern und ein bisschen mehr der stimme hinzufügen. +jetzt füge ich einen bass hinzu. +jetzt werde ich noch etwas schlagzeug dazu tun. +und jetzt verbinde ich den filter mit dem schlagzeug, damit ich den effekt live steuern kann. +ich kann die ganze sequenz beschleunigen, indem ich das tempo in die eine oder andere richtung kippe. +und jetzt verbinde ich den filter noch mit dem bass; für etwas mehr ausdruck. +ich kann die sequenz während sie abläuft umstellen. +dadurch muss ich sie nicht im vorfeld planen, sondern kann improvisieren; sie währenddessen verlängern oder verkürzen. +und abschließend kann ich die ganze sequenz ausblenden, indem ich den lautstärke-siftable nach links neige. +vielen dank. +wie sie also sehen können, liegt meine begeisterung darin, neue mensch-computer-schnittstellen zu entwickeln, die besser zu dem passen, wie unsere gehirne und körper arbeiten. +und heute hatte ich zeit, ihnen einen teil dieser neuen design-welt und einige der möglichkeiten dessen zu zeigen, woran wir in unserem labor arbeiten. +der gedanke, den ich ihnen mit auf den weg geben möchte, ist dass wir an der schwelle zu dieser neuen generation von werzeugen zur interaktion mit digitalen medien stehen, die informationen in unsere welt bringen, die unseren anforderungen entspricht. +vielen dank, +ich freue mich auf die gespräche mit ihnen allen! +ja, guten tag. +ich freue mich, dass ich da bin. +ja, also, was soll biohacking sein? +ich muss dazu erst mal ein bisschen ausholen, und zwar beschäftigt sich biohacking eben mit der modernen molekularbiologie. +ich studiere molekularbiologie und beschäftige mich eben jetzt seit ein paar jahren mit dem biohacking, und das habe ich angefangen, weil ich einfach genauer wissen wollte und es vor allem auch selbst machen wollte, was ich so im studium theoretisch gelernt habe. +so, das war meine primäre motivation. +also es war eine neugier und ich wollte irgendwie näher ran an die materie, so. +ich denke, dass die molekularbiologie im allgemeinen jetzt, also ganz allgemein gesprochen, biotechnologie, alles, was man dazu zählt, synthetische biologie und so weiter, +extrem wichtig ist, jetzt schon extrem wichtig ist und noch viel, viel wichtiger werden wird in zukunft. +da gibt es so umstrittene sachen wie diese ganzen gentechnisch veränderten pflanzen auf den äckern. +es gibt jetzt craig venter in den u.s.a, der versucht biofuel herzustellen, also benzin aus algen. +unter dann gibt es auch schon sachen, die total im alltag angekommen sind, was den meisten leuten aber gar nicht bewusst ist, zum beispiel waschmittelenzyme, die uns erlauben, mit vierzig grad wäsche zu waschen, sind auch gentechnisch optimierte enzyme. +und die liste kann man endlos fortsetzen. +und also aus dem interesse daran, an dieser an dieser technologie, bin ich eben da weiter weiter reingegangen. +so was warum jetzt hacken? +die meisten kennen die meisten leute kennen das aus dem softwarebereich. +computer hacken, und dann wird es in den medien immer so, ja, die hacker brechen irgendwo ein und klauen daten und so weiter. +das ist ja irgendwie für die hackerszene sehr traurig, weil das gar nicht das trifft, was sie eigentlich wie das eigentlich angefangen hat und was eigentlich dahinter steht. +und zwar haben die software-hacker, in den siebziger, achtzigerjahren mit computerbasteln angefangen und daraus ist auch das internet entstanden. +und es geht darum, mit auf eine spielerische, kreative, originelle art, ein problem zu lösen. +und problem, das ist nicht nur ein technisches problem, es kann auch ein gesellschaftliches problem sein, es kann auch einfach ein zugangsproblem sein, was wie dinge vereinfachen, also eine beliebige problemstellung, eine frage aufzuwerfen, und wie kann man das anders oder wie kann man das besser machen. +und es wurde eben es ist halt mit software großgeworden, aber es gibt es auch im elektronikbereich, da gibt es auch eine ganze bastlerszene, die mit elektronikschaltkreisen alle möglichen abgefahrenen sachen machen. +und jetzt eben halt auch in richtung biologie, und da möchte ich diese metapher, die halt aus der synthetischen biologie kommt, nehmen, dass biologie eigentlich eine informationswissenschaft ist, weil, der d.n.a code ist ein abstrakter code, der ja, es ist nicht ganz gleich wie computer, weil es dynamischer ist, weil es materie, also echte materie ist, und nicht nur cyber. +aber es ist auch ein code, und den kann man auch programmieren und entsprechend kann man ihn auch hacken, so, und das fand ich finde ich unglaublich faszinierend, und da wollte ich einfach viel tiefer mit einsteigen. +das hat eigentlich erst zweitausend acht wirklich form angenommen, diese diese netzwerke. +da gibt es hackteria dot org, das ist ursprünglich aus der schweiz, das ist mit europa und mit einer kooperation in indien basiertes netzwerk, das aber mittlerweile mitglieder oder aktive leute überall auf der welt hat. +das sind das hat eine mehr künstlerische ausrichtung, also da geht 's sind viele künstler und philosophen und in zusammenarbeit mit wissenschaftlern damit beschäftigt, eben sich mit diesen technologien auseinanderzusetzen und fragen zu stellen und das kreativ zu verarbeiten, da gibt es museumsausstellungen und ja, alles mögliche. +aber es geht eigentlich immer darum, so einen so einen lockeren zugang zu finden, so einen spielerischen umgang zu haben damit. +und dann gibt es do-it-yourself-bio dot org, d.i.y.bio. +das ist aus den u.s.a ein netzwerk, das ist eigentlich mehr so eine art forum, wo sich wo man sich halt trifft und online diskutiert. +die sind ein bisschen technischer ausgerichtet und auch ein bisschen businessmäßiger unterwegs, da werden dann auch so, ja angewandte fragen gestellt. +und ausgehend von diesen netzwerken, die das ganze populär gemacht haben, hat sich halt so eine szene entwickelt, die ich kurz mal porträtieren möchte. +hier im bild links oben sieht man biocurious, das ist ein hackerspace, also im prinzip eine art schule, so eine private schule, gemeinnützige verein einrichtung, wo jeder hinkommen kann. +kinder, alte, alle möglichen leute gehen dahin, um sich einfach damit auseinanderzusetzen, sie haben ein labor eingerichtet und schauen sich an was kann man machen, wenn diese laborprotokolle an. +hier links unten ist eine gruppe in indonesien, house-of-natural-fibers heißt die, die gibt es aber schon ziemlich lange. +schon länger als diese anderen beiden netzwerke. +die beschäftigen sich auch in so einem künstlerischen aspekt mit biologischen materialien und, ja, auch elektronikbasteleien, und kombinieren das auf ziemlich abgefahre art. +eine gruppe aus ankara, die ich vor einer weile mal kennengelernt habe, die haben das ist eine studentengruppe, die halt gerne der öffentlichkeit mehr vermitteln wollte, was was sie in der uni lernen, und die haben so so auf straßenfesten kleine aktionen gemacht und leuten versucht zu erklären, was d.n.a ist. +und ich habe oben in auf dem anderen bild eine vorlesung in in kopenhagen im medizinischen museum in kombination mit einer ausstellung zum thema. +und das ist, ja das ist das sind meistens recht junge leute, aber das einzige, was was einen was eigentlich alle vereint, ist diese faszination an der technologie. +und was man damit machen kann und eben auch ganz gezielt auf die gesellschaft damit zuzugehen und zu fragen, so, okay, was wisst ihr, was was wollt ihr mitmachen, habt ihr interesse daran, euch damit so einzubringen? +so, o.k, um jetzt biologie zu hacken, braucht man ja irgendwie material. +man braucht natürlich biologische materialien, und man braucht aber auch werkzeuge, und das ist dann ein labor. +beziehungsweise, was man normalerweise unter einem labor versteht, das sind so irgendwie abgefahrene maschinen, extrem teuer, extrem distanziert, nur für fachpersonal, ausgebildete akademiker mit doktortitel und so weiter. +und unser ansatz war eben halt zu sagen, o.k, dass eigentlich muss man das nicht machen. +das ist eigentlich nicht notwendig, weil jede jede jeder kaffeeautomat hat eigentlich höher entwickelte technologie als die meisten laborgeräte, das ist wirklich so. +und s o mit dieser prämisse mit dieser prämisse hat dann zum beispiel brian degger in england versucht, ein minimallabor zusammenzustellen, hat dann so einen dampfdruckkochtopf genommen, eine heizplatte und, ja, so suppenbrühe, und hat sich damit dann bakterien gezüchtet, funktioniert. +also jedem, dem schon einmal eine suppe vergammelt ist, die er zu lange stehen gelassen hat, auch schon mal gemacht. +ich habe das dann in meinem labor daheim versucht, ein bisschen auszuweiten, und habe mir dann halt so second-hand-equipment auf ebay gekauft und ein bisschen d.n.a analyse gemacht, versucht, einen vaterschaftstest, also so so / d.n.a fingerprinting, noch mal zu machen daheim. +das sollte jetzt eigentlich gar kein witz sein, aber. +hier unten in dem bild sieht man ist das labor, in anführungsstrichen, also ist so eine zugestellte garage mit auch so allem möglichen laborgerümpel, den die uni ausgemistet hat, eine gruppe in paris, die sich da was was eingerichtet hat und ziemlich erfolgreich damit ist und auch ziemlich interessante sachen macht, da will ich auch noch ein projekt kurz anschneiden. +und das hier ist biocurious, der eben auch erwähnte hackerspace, dieses ja, so eine art volkshochschule im prinzip für für molekulare biologie. +und ja, also, man sieht, es ist relativ relativ heterogen, also das gibt es halt von leuten, die das alleine daheim machen, bis hin zu großen also größeren organisationen, die halt das mehr formal auch schon in institutionalisierter form schon betreiben. +aber eben immer immer der der ansatz, dass es halt einfach und zugänglich sein soll. +das erste projekt, das wir als internationale gruppe gemacht haben, als wir uns quasi unserer selbst bewusst wurden, o.k, es gibt uns jetzt hier als wirkliche szene auch, und wir sind online, und wir wir kennen so die leute, die da immer chatten und so. +und dann kam eben von der do-it-yourself-bio org webseite der gründer, und hat gesagt o.k, wir müssen uns jetzt auch mal wirklich treffen, auch real treffen, und hat dann zwei veranstaltungen organisiert, eine in london, zweitausend zehn, und kurz darauf in den u.s.a, in san francisco. +und, da ging es dann auch darum, ja o.k, wer sind wir, was wollen wir, was wollen wir auch was wollen wir mitteilen? +und was was sind unsere werte und was sind was ist unsere zielsetzung, unsere grundlage? +und da haben wir dann so einen code-of-conduct ausgearbeitet. +das war recht intuitiv, also jeder hat einfach so seine wünsche, seine und das, was ihn halt bewegt, ausgedrückt, dann. +da kam, meiner meinung nach, ein ganz guter code zustande. +und den haben wir dann der ist nicht verbindlich, aber das ist halt ja, ich denke schon, hat sich relativ gut durchgesetzt, die leute sind da recht überzeugt von so. +und wir haben dann sogar versucht, das auch in die akademische welt wieder zurückzubringen, aber dort ist es irgendwie nicht so angekommen. +also ich glaube, wir aus der biohackerszene sind in der hinsicht sogar schon einen schritt weiter als die die akademische welt. +ja, was für projekte machen wir jetzt eigentlich so? +ein projekt, das ich mit dem hackteria-netzwerk in der schweiz selbst gemacht habe, war, dass wir eine sogenannte optische falle oder optische pinzette basteln wollten. +das ist, wenn man einen laserstrahl fokussiert, auf einen im raum, dann kann man damit kleine partikel einfangen in der luft oder in in der flüssigkeit und dann in diesem fokus bewegen, also, der ist dann da eingefangen, also wie so ein wie so ein traktorbeamstrahl im prinzip. +das funktioniert wirklich, das wird im akademischen setting gemacht, und wir haben dann gedacht, o.k, das kriegen wir vielleicht auch hin, haben dann eine webcam genommen, die aufgeschraubt, die linse abgemacht, umgedreht, dann hat man ein mikroskop, das vergrößert etwa vierhundertfach. +das sieht man da unten. +und dann haben wir einen d.v.d brenner auseinandergeschraubt und den brenner den laser rausgeholt und dann versucht, auf diese kamera da zu fokussieren. +und das hat leider nicht geklappt, aber wir haben trotzdem viel dabei gelernt. +so ein anderes projekt, das aus von der französischen gruppe da aus paris, das hat geklappt, das ist ziemlich cool. +und zwar hat er so ein na ja, so ein so ein hirnwellenmessgerät, so e.e.g oder so etwas, also er hat sich mit neurobiologie beschäftigt, sein sein nickname ist sam neurohack. +er hat sich dann dieses diesen diesen helm da gebastelt, und in in der kooperation mit dem museum ist das gelaufen. +da konnten dann die besucher in den raum reingehen, sich auf diesen stuhl setzen, sich diesen helm aufsetzen. +dann wurden ihre gehirnwellen gemessen, und je nachdem, was sie gedacht haben oder wie sie gedacht haben, ist sind dann verschiedene lichter im raum angegangen. +war ein ziemlich ziemlich schickes projekt. +ein anderes ding aus den usa, das eben auch mit dieser vaterschaftstestgeschichte da zu tun hat, ist die die p.c.r, das ist die polymerase-kettenreaktion, kompliziertes wort. +also es geht darum, eben gene zu kopieren, zu vermehren, d.n.a, fragmente zu vermehren, damit man sie sichtbar machen kann. +also wenn ich jetzt das machen die die profiler am tatort, gehen dann hin, sammeln da irgendwelche haarproben, und dann machen die diese wenden dann diese methode an, und dann können sie sagen, o.k, dieses haar gehört zu diesem menschen, so. +und die maschinen, die so etwas machen, die sind ziemlich teuer so, die man kommerziell kauft, die billigsten gehen so bei viertausend euro los. +und das ist halt nicht im hobbybereich, aber es ist eine wirklich coole technologie, die auch sehr viel kann. +also das ist nur eine anwendung von vielen, die man damit machen kann. +und die haben da haben sich so zwei zwei bastler rangesetzt und gesagt, o.k, das machen wir einfacher und billiger, und haben dann eben aus open source, also frei verfügbarer hardware, elektroniksachen, sich diese dieses gerät zusammengebastelt und sind jetzt die haben das sogar zur marktreife gebracht und sind jetzt die der billigste anbieter von diesen geräten weltweit. +ich glaube, irgendwie so sechshundert dollar oder so etwas. +aber auf jeden fall ist es jetzt es ist immer noch nicht billig, aber es ist auf jeden fall in einem rahmen, wo es doch deutlich verfügbarer wird. +also es ist meiner meinung nach ein sehr gelungener hack. +ein projekt, das ich letztens angefangen hatte, war eine gene-gun zu bauen. +gene-gun ist, ja, wie so eine art luftdruckpistole, die schießt etwa so weit, zwei zentimeter oder so. +man lädt d.n.a auf goldpartikel und die goldpartikel dann in diese luftdruckpistole, und dann ich habe die dann auf zwiebeln geschossen und habe die dann zum leuchten gebracht damit so. +also das gerät, das man da sieht, das hat nicht funktioniert. +aber das ist so mein so mein prototyp, der aber ziemlich abgefahren ausgesehen hat, so auf so einem ast, das ding drauf, elektronik drauf und druck angeschlossen, und das war aber der druck war zu hoch, das ding ist kaputt gegangen. +und dann habe ich einen sahnespender genommen und das daran angeschlossen. +ein sahnespender, wenn man den voll macht mit wasser, hat der genug druck, also ich glaube, so vierzig bis sechtzig bar etwa drauf. +und damit kann man dann die partikel stark genug beschleunigen und dann gehen die auch in die zwiebel rein. +und das kommerzielle gerät kostet etwa fünfzehntausend euro aufwärts oder so etwas, sahnespender so um die fünfzig. +also die es hat nicht die gleiche effizienz, aber es ist im prinzip halt machbar. +so und das ist halt im moment auch das das kernanliegen der szene eben, diese verfügbarkeit von technologie zu erhöhen und auch die information und die verständlichkeit zu vergrößern, dass dass mehr leute sich da engagieren können. +weil, wie am anfang gesagt, es ist eine extrem wichtige technologie, und die meisten leute haben relativ wenig ahnung davon und auch auch keine chance, sich da wirklich gut zu bilden. +weil, wenn man nur darüber liest, aus sekundärliteratur, das ist nicht das gleiche, wie wenn man es selber einmal gemacht oder gesehen hat. +und ich denke, technologie wird immer wichtiger in unseren modernen gesellschaften. +und wenn man als informierter bürger auch sinnvolle entscheidungen in der gesellschaft treffen können will und mitreden können will, dann braucht man den zugang zum wissen und zur technologie. +und und man muss es auch machen und verstehen, um es machen und verstehen zu können. +und das firmiert dann unter den schlagworten open knowledge und citizen science. +also dass eben man als bürger in die lage versetzt wird, eben sich mit diesen wissenschaftlichen technologien auseinanderzusetzen. +und das ist das das kernanliegen von von den biohackern. +das sind die leute, die sich zumindest offiziell eingetragen haben auf der webseite, d.i.y.bio-dot-org webseite. +das ist schon eine relativ beachtliche anzahl von leuten weltweit. +und interessant ist auch, dass sie auch in südostasien vertreten sind. +das ist ich glaube, die sind da da sind weniger leute eingetragen, als tatsächlich existieren. +also ich weiß von einigen, die sich nicht eingetragen haben. +und das sind jetzt nur die biohacker, die individuellen leute. +teilweise auch mit diesen hackerspaces, also diesen orten zusammen dort eingetragen. +und das ist aber ganz im anfang. +wie gesagt, zweitausendacht hat es erst angefangen. +und hackerspaces, also die computerhackerspaces, da der c-base in berlin war der erste, neunzehnhundertfünfundneunzig. +und das ist mittlerweile ein gigantisches netzwerk an sehr guten, ja, infrastrukturzentren geworden, die überall auf der welt vertreten sind. +und wir hoffen natürlich, dass wir halt uns dann ähnlich auch ausbreiten und dann auch ähnlich gut vernetzt sind, so dass halt auch mehr dran leute involviert werden können. +und ich würde jeden einmal einladen, sich damit zu befassen und auch mal selber was auszuprobieren. +es ist zwar jetzt nicht so simpel, aber es ist auch nicht unmöglich, wenn man da genug neugier hat und genug energie reinsteckt, dann kommt man da auch weit. +vielen dank fürs zuhören. +das war 's. +ja, hallo. +wie funktionieren wir menschen eigentlich? +das ist eine frage, die mich sehr bewegt als designerin, aber auch im bereich im forschungsbereich usability und vor allen dingen im bereich user experience. +da geht es darum, wie man menschen in interaktiven medien begegnet, damit sie diese interaktiven medien benutzen können und damit sie ein möglichst befriedigendes erlebnis erzeugen. +ich glaube nämlich, dass die interaktiven medien in uns archaische, kognitive modelle adressieren, also denkmuster, die in unserem biologischen gedächtnis vor sehr, sehr langer zeit einprogrammiert worden sind und dass wir die eben gerade durch interaktive medien wieder hervorrufen können. +und das ist sehr erstaunlich, weil man ja eigentlich glaubt, dass diese hochtechnologie, der man da begegnet, dass die einen ja eigentlich in die zukunft bringt, aber tatsächlich ist es so, dass die zukunft genau bei uns ist, bei unseren archaischen wurzeln. +was sind denn jetzt eigentlich archaische modelle? +ich habe mal vier stichworte aufgeschrieben und möchte die gerne kurz erklären. +zu archaischen kognitiven modellen und zwar sind das die modelle, die wir in den vorindustriellen zeiten uns angeeignet haben. +zu diesen archaischen modellen gehört, dass wir ein prinzipiell natürliches verhältnis zur virtualität haben. +das klingt prinzipiell erstmal ungewöhnlich. +ich werde darauf aber gleich nochmal eingehen und werde ihnen per versuch beweisen, dass auch sie ein natürliches verhältnis zur virtualität haben. +der zweite aspekt ist, dass wir seit aufgrund dieser archaischen modellen durchaus in der lage sind sehr, sehr bildlich zu sprechen, obwohl wir heutzutage eine kodifizierte sprache benutzen. +und der dritte bereich, der erklärt sich eigentlich von selbst. +wir wissen alle, dass die interaktiven medien per definition nonlinear sind, was die verneinung der linearität beinhaltet, und was uns natürlich sagt, dass wir die linearität heute als normal empfinden. +der vierte punkt ist, dass die geschichte für uns ein ort der informationsweitergabe ist. +wie ist das jetzt mit der mit der virtualität, die eigentlich die natürlichste sache der welt ist. +ich will ihnen das gerne mal beweisen. +wieviele türen hat das haus, in dem sie wohnen? +das werden wir sie mir nicht sofort spontan beantworten können, aber es wird folgendes passieren und passiert gerade im moment. +sie gehen im geiste durch dieses haus, in demn sie wohnen, und schauen sich an, wie viele türen da sind. +und genau das ist, was sie machen. +sie virtualisieren die realität und zwar ganz ohne computer. +fantastisch, oder? +und da geben wir uns mühe am medien-campus beispielsweise die virtuelle realität in unserem v.r.-labor darzustellen, dabei können wir das eigentlich die ganze zeit schon. +und diese dieses vermögen die virtuelle die realität zu virtualisieren, die haben die menschen in den vorindustriellen zeiten auch bitter nötig gehabt, denn die hatten ja gar nichts. +die hatten ja keine bücher. +oder die hatten keine keine fotolitografie. +sie hatten keine massenmedien. +das einzige, was die hatten, war ihr kopf. +und in diesem kopf spielte sich die erinnerung ab. +in diesem kopf wurde wissen abgerufen und mithilfe dieser virtuellen bilder, der imagination, wurden eben wurde wissen auch weitergegeben. +und deswegen ist es auch so stark in uns verwurzelt, dass wir mit der virtualität so gut umgehen können. +das interessante daran ist, wenn ich mal einen kleinen ausflug machen darf. +ja, das geht. +das interessante daran ist, dass zu dieser zeit der mensch gleichzeitig medienproduzent und medium selber war. +wenn sie jetzt mal ein stückchen weiter denken. +was sind heute medien? +dann werden sie bemerken, dass es eine veränderung gegeben hat. +aber darauf komme ich gleich nochmal zu sprechen. +wesentliches werkzeug der informationsvermittlung sind seit jeher geschichten gewesen. +schamanen, priester, sogenannte wissenswächter, waren dafür extra abgestellt, um wissen in geschichten zu bewahren. +und auch heute hängen wir noch sehr, sehr stark an geschichten. +dem autor des buches the storytelling animal, jonathan gottschall, zufolge verbingen wir immer noch jährlich eintausendneunhundert stunden mit der rezeption von geschichten. +das bedeutet für ein kind, das es bis zum erreichen des der der großjährigkeit die meiste zeit seines lebens mit der rezeption von geschichten verbracht hat. +jetzt denken wir, unsere liebe zu geschichten hängt daran, dass wir als kind auf dem schoß unserer eltern gesessen haben. +nein, nein, weit gefehlt. +das geht viel weiter zurück, in die kulturen der vorindustriellen zeiten. +für mich aber im bereich der interaktiven medien als besonders beeindruckend ist an sich, dass wir per se in unserem biologischen gedächtnis verankert haben, die fähigkeit nonlinear zu denken. +ich habe ihnen ein beispiel mitgebracht von dem nordamerikanischen stamm der nootka-indianer. +und die leben lebten in der küstenregion von british columbia. +und wie sie sehen können, ist das ein sehr inselreiches gebiet und man musste da irgendwie navigieren, von insel zu insel kommen, um sich nahrung zu beschaffen. +und die haben das mit so genannten lead-landkarten gemacht. +das kennen sie vielleicht auch schon, wenn sie sich dafür ein bisschen interessieren, von den australischen ureinwohnern. +die haben ähnliche prinzipien. +die haben keine lead-landkarten, sondern die haben die so gennanten songlines benutzt oder auch traumpfade. +und was das interessante daran ist, dass die navigation und die topographie von regionen über lieder abgebildet werden konnte. +wobei denen die sprache untergeordnet von untergeordnetem rang war. +das heißt, man navigierte über klänge und über rhythmus. +und diese klänge und dieser rhythmus haben die geologie, die topographie einer region dargestellt und das hat natürlich auch ermöglicht, dass man diese lieder defragmentieren konnte und anders zusammensetzen und sich so nach links, nach rechts und auch wieder zum ausgangsort zurück bewegen konnte. +warum singen wir aber nicht mehr, um von oben von a nach b zu kommen? +jedenfalls nicht, um zu navigieren. +was was ist da eigentlich passiert? +passiert ist das das so gennante maschinenzeitalter. +wir haben uns vorher im so genannten vogt-zeitalter bewegt. +passiert ist das maschinenzeitalter und passiert ist das buch und passiert ist die ist die fotolitografie. +und zwar genau das ist passiert, dass wir die verantwortung für unsere erinnerungen und die die eigene produktion unserer individuellen erinnerungen verlagert haben auf externe medien. +auf das buch und auf das bild. +somit haben wir leider gottes ein stück weit verlernt zu virtualisieren. +virtualität ist plötzlich fremd für uns fremd geworden, und hat mit der realität nichts mehr zu tun. +bruce brown, ein bekannter designforscher an der brighton-university, ist so weit gegangen zu sagen, dass diese massenmedien, er meint das buch und das bild, also nicht das fernsehen, das internet usw. und so weiter, was wir als massenmedien heute bezeichnen, dass diese massenmedien unserer erinnerungen versteinert haben und unsere fähigkeit zu virtualisieren erudiert haben. +machen wir eine kleine zwischenbilanz. +vom vogt-zeitalter zum zum maschinenzeitalter. +was hat einflüsse auf unsere auf unser denken und auf unser erinnerungsvermögen? +dann sind das verblassenden einflüsse der vorindustriellen kulturen. +und die werden sind im laufe der jahrhunderte mehr und mehr überschrieben worden durch die einflüsse des maschinenzeitalters. +das heißt, statt uns individuell zu erinnern haben wir standardisierte, weit verbreitete, in massen verbreitete muster von erinnerungen, an die wir unsere persönlichen erinnerungen hängen können. +wir produzieren nicht mehr selbst. +wir haben eine abstrakte eine abstraktahierte sprache. +wir stellen uns die sache nicht mehr in bildern die dinge nicht mehr in bildern vor, sondern wir kodifizieren sie dich unsere sprache. +wir haben uns daran gewöhnt, dass dinge linear passieren. +und wir haben die linearität als gesetz akzeptiert und es gibt nur noch ausnahmen, wie beispielsweise die non-linearität. +was uns geblieben ist, ist das storytelling. +noch immer sind wir dem storytelling als informationsvermittlung sehr, sehr stark verhaftet. +die frage ist, was kommt jetzt? +wir hatten das vogt -zeitalter, wir hab hatten das maschinenzeitalter und wir beschreiten nun das so genannte cyber-zeitalter. +das hört sich sehr spacig an und hört sich sehr nach science-fiction an, ich weiß. +aber diese konzepte des cyber-zeitalters, die bringen uns diese diese möglichkeiten wieder zurück unsere fähigkeiten wieder zu entdecken. +da geht es um virtualität, es geht um non-linearität, es geht um storytelling. +ich will das kurz mal ein bisschen erklären. +es gibt technische konzepte wie beispielsweise die augmented reality, das heißt die erweiterte realität. +also wenn sie sich mal google glasses beispielsweise angucken, dann dann ist so ein konzept, was uns die virtuelle welt mit der realen welt wieder kombinieren lässt, das heißt unsere affinität zur virtualisierung, das virtuelle als etwas normales, natürliches zu empfinden, wird wieder angesprochen. +ein anderes beispiel ist die so genannte virtuelle realität. +so verrückt das natürlich im zusammenhang meines vortrages klingen mag, da bewegen wir uns körperlich in nicht existenten, virtuellen welten, ganz nach dem vorbild des holodecks. +und andere ein anderes beispiel sind die ambienten, intelligenten systeme. +das sind räume, die intelligent auf einen menschen reagieren können. +all das braucht die fähigkeit, unsere grundsätzliche fähigkeit, virtualität als einen realen lebensraum zu akzeptieren. +ich habe im abschluss und ich hoffe, das video funktioniert, ein sehr, sehr schönes projekt mitgebracht, das ist die bachelorarbeit von michael burk, ann-kathrin krenz, joris klause und jan-moritz müller. +und die beiden letzteren sind auch heute hier. +vielleicht könnt ihr kurz mal aufstehen, damit sie sich in der pause mit den beiden über das projekt unterhalten können. +und dieses projekt habe ich als beispiel mitgebracht, wie wieder an dieser archaischen, kognitiven modelle adressiert wird. +das ganze ist ein spiel, muss ich dazu sagen. +was dem storytelling natürlich extrem entgegenkommt und es ist ein computerspiel. +und wenn ich sage computerspiel, dann haben sie sehr wahrscheinlich vor augen, dass irgendwelche leuten leute vor irgendwelchen konsolen herumhappeln oder dass sie mit den mit irgendeiner konsole in der hand spielen. +auf jeden fall, dass sie das drin tun. +das ist ein spiel für draußen. +und das ist gezielt dazu gedacht, dass ich die außenwelt entdecke, also dass ich die reale welt wieder entdecke. +und dieses spiel verbindet die virtuelle welt, also die daten den datenraum, den wir produzieren, mit der realen welt. +ich entschuldige mich, dass ich so stark abkürzen muss. +ihr könnt das dann gleich viel besser erklären, da steckt noch mehr viel mehr dahinter. +und zwar geht es darum, dass ich eine stadt entdecke, indem ich schaue, an welchen orten positiv oder negativ getwittert wurde. +und so erhalte ich von der stadt einen ganz anderen anblick, einen ganz anderen eindruck, nämlich ich sehe negative und positive zonen einer stadt und erhalte so auf diese art und weise eine ganz andere, virtuelle landkarte von einer sehr realen stadt. +und das können wir uns jetzt gerne mal angucken. +ah, was man hier sehen kann, entschuldigung, ist noch eine kleine erklärung von dem, was sie gleich sehen. +natürlich wohnt diese virtuelle welt in den mauern unserer städte, ist ja klar. +und mit einer art taschenlampe können wir diese virtuellen welten sichtbar machen. +so, ich würd das gerne mal zusammenfassen mein meinen talk und zwar in dem sinne, dass die eigenschaften und die fähigkeiten, die wir aus dem vogt -zeitalter erworben haben, und die uns so ein bisschen verschütt gegangen sind im maschinenzeitalter, dass die mit hilfe des so genannten cyber -zeitalters wieder aktiviert werden können und dass wir auf diese art und weise über komplexe, technologische, neue produkte tatsächlich nicht in die zukunft, sondern eigentlich zu uns zurück zu unseren wurzeln kommen. +vielen dank. +ja, ich freue mich sehr, bei ihnen sein zu dürfen. +ich bin eben schon gefragt worden, ob dieser sack da ein sprechender sack ist und meiner statt sprechen wird. +das wird er nicht machen. +ich werde auch gleich auflösen, was da drin ist. +aber bisher mache ich es erst noch 'n bisschen neugierig. +ja, kinder sind von natur aus neugierig oder sollten neugierig sein, designer auch. +ich bin gestalter von haus aus, also beschäftige ich mich natürlich auch mit dem thema der neugier und wie verändert die neugier auch wieder unser denken, und warum verlieren wir vielleicht auch neugier und müssen 's wieder neu anstoßen usw und so weiter. +das ist eine ganze reihe an dingen, mit denen man sich neben dem eigentlichen dasein als gestalter beschäftigt. +wenn professoren neugierig werden, dann werden sie häufig in so 'n forschungssemester reingeschoben. +und das ist auch das, was ich im letzten halben jahr hatte. +ein forschungssemester zum thema natural user interface design. +jetzt werden sie sich fragen, warum fangen die ganzen gestalter an sich mit so natürlichen, archaischen urformen der kommunikation, interaktion usw und so weiter zu beschäftigen. +und da halte ich nur eines von diesen kleinen geräten hoch, weil die dinge sollen immer intuitiver, immer natürlicher, benutzungsfreundlicher werden und da muss man halt schauen, was ist eigentlich für uns menschen natürlich, was ist benutzungsfreundlich oder intuitiv. +und vor dem hintergrund habe ich mich in dem bereich natural user interface design, also die nächste generation im umgang mensch computer in der also in der beziehung des mensch computers damit beschäftigt, wie sich unsere werkzeuge oder wie sich der computer vom rechner sukzessive zum digitalen assistenten verändert. +also hab ich mich damit beschäftigt, wann ist was natürlich oder intuitiv. +müssen vielleicht auch nochmal ein blick dahinter. +warum passiert das überhaupt? +also wenn wir uns mal die entwicklung unserer gesellschaft anschauen, hier kurz dargestellt, dann bewegen wir uns jetzt von der dritten in die vierte gesellschaftsgeneration oder gesellschaftsform. +also von der modernen in die computergesellschaft. +jede gesellschaft ist geprägt durch ein primärmedium. +am anfang die stammesgesellschaft durch die sprache. +das heißt, man hat sich gefunden, dadurch dass man eine gemeinsame sprache gesprochen hat, konnte man miteinander kommunizieren, ist in die gleiche höhle gezogen oder in andere bereiche, hat städte gebildet oder dörfer und hat so 'nen stammesgesellschaft sozusagen kreiert. +das primärmedium war aber die sprache, etwas sehr natürliches, etwas sehr lebendiges. +musste man zwar auch lernen, also kein kleinkind kann von natur auf sprechen, aber wir lernen es sukzessive und verhältnismäßig natürlich. +das wurde dann abgelöst durch die antike gesellschaft und die erste form der abstraktion. +das war damals ein riesen-aufschrei, weil man natürlich die lebendige sprache anfing zu manifestieren in form von schrift, das heißt was, was fluid und lebendig ist, fang ich an und meißele es in stein und damit manipuliere ich es auch. +je nachdem wie ich meißel und wann ich meißel, ist es natürlich eine ganz andere berichterstattung, als wenn es einer lebendig sozusagen von sich gibt. +aber sukzessive zog dann eben diese schrift als primärmedium, erhielt einzug. +dann kam die nächste generation, in der wir heute eigentlich noch primär leben. +das ist eben die durch druck und print geprägte schrift mit gutenberg und anderen. +damals war 's genauso ein affront, wo adel, klerus und andere gesagt haben: seid ihr eigentlich wahnsinnig, wenn das volk anfängt zu lesen, dann wollen die nachher noch mitreden und das ist natürlich total fatal. +und jetzt kommen wir in die nächste generation und das spannende ist, so ein generationswechsel ist nur alle paar hundert jahre und wir sind im moment wirklich in dieser in dieser phänomenalen phase, dass wir sowas mitmachen. +das verwirrt uns natürlich total, weil wir sehen auf der einen seite die neuen medien, socil social media, facebook usw und so weiter. +mit der totalen transparenz, was das neue denken ist, was auf das alte denken knallt, sag ja nicht, dass in der lasagne pferdefleisch und kein rindfleisch mehr ist oder andere phänomene, nämlich ich will das gerade eben vertuschen und will das gar kundtun. +und diese beiden welten knallen gerade aufeinander, neues und altes denken. +das spannende daran ist, wenn man das anguckt, diese neue gesellschaft, diese computergesellschaft, entlehnt sich sehr vieler mechanismen, prinzipien und archaischer denkmuster aus dem aus der stammesgesellschaft. +jetzt aber nicht mehr auf lokaler ebene, sondern auf globaler ebene. +wir haben verstanden, dass das wetter global ist. +dass das thema ökologie ein globales ist. +nicht, wenn ich hier lokal ökologisch denke und der nachbar denkt weniger ökologisch, dann funktioniert das ganze nicht mehr. +das heißt, aus dem lokalen dorf ist eigentlich ein globales dorf geworden mit den gleichen prinzipien, möglichst natürlich, möglichst intuitiv, aber auch die totale transparenz. +so wie man damals im dorf wusste, wer hat was mit wem und wann, so passiert das heutzutage über diese erweiterung unserer selbst durch diese mobilen endgeräte auf globaler ebene. +sei es, dass wir wissen global anhäufen und immer schneller und immer besser anhäufen. +so wie es früher eben entsprechend auf dem dorf passierte. +vor dem hintergrund habe ich mich eben damit beschäftigt zu gucken, was heißt es denn eigentlich, was ist für uns noch natürlich, was haben wir vielleicht auch verlernt, was ist für uns aber auch instinktiv, also was macht den unterschied aus? +weil häufig kommen nämlich leute, können sie 's nicht benutzungsfreundlich machen, damit jeder damit umgehen kann. +also muss man sich damit beschäftigen, was heißt denn das, und nicht nur einfach es verändern, dass es anders ist, sondern es soll ja auch besser werden. +und wann ist natürlich auch etwas intuitiv und wie kann ich als gestalter darauf einfluss nehmen und eben entsprechend die dinge so gestalten, dass sie a benutzungsfreundlich, also möglichst intuitiv sind, weil dann machen sie spaß und sind einfach zu benutzen. +man beschäftigt sich dann, auch schon während des studiums, mit dem thema der wahrnehmung und der wahrnehmungspsychologie. +und das ist natürlich auch was, wo man dann anfängt und guckt und sagt, okay, jetzt schaue ich einfach mal in das innere selbst hinein. +und wie sieht 's denn eigentlich da drin aus? +also wie funktionieren wir, wenn wir da reingucken? +und was bedeutet denn eigentlich natürlich, intuitiv und wie funktionieren unsere kanäle der wahrnehmung und wie funktioniert die kognitive verarbeitung? +weil steve jobs hat mal gesagt, you need to dig deeper to understand how it works. +also man muss wirklich im detail gucken, wenn ich etwas benutzungsfreundlich oder intuitiv handhabbar machen möchte, was heißt das im kern. +und da sieht man schon, dass man a unsere sieben sinne, die meisten denken wir haben nur fünf, mittlerweile sind 's sogar schon sieben anerkannte, da kommt sicherlich in naher zukunft noch der nächste, achte sinn hinzu, und als erweiterung auch wieder unserer selbst. +und zu schauen, wie verarbeiten wir informationen, wie nehmen wir informationen auf? +alleine zu sagen, was ist denn information? +information ist jeder unterschied, der einen unterschied ausmacht. +viele benutzen das wort, wissen aber gar nicht, was es dann en detail bedeutet. +aber ich muss im kern verstehen, im wesen verstehen, wann wird information zu information, wann werden aus daten information und aus information wiederum wissen, damit ich weiß, wie ich nachher dinge auch möglichst intuitiv oder natürlich handhabbar machen kann. +und natürlich auch, wie nimmt gestaltung einfluss auf die wahrnehmung. +wir sehen das hier, wenn ich dinge gestalte, dann kann ich sie verwirrend gestalten wie auf der rechten seite, wo ich nicht weiß, was ist salz und pfeffer, oder ich kann sie quasi intuitiv gestalten, indem ich dinge zeige. +also sehr viel natürlicher, zwar in einem gefäß, aber ich sehe sozusagen direkt, wo ist salz und pfeffer drin. +und wenn ich jemandem sage, gib mir mal salz oder pfeffer, dann wird er beim rechten erstmal überlegen, wo ist was drin. +und beim linken einfach intuitiv zugreifen und mir dann hoffentlich, dass kein zucker drin ist, das salz eben entsprechend geben. +aber auch unsere wahrnehmung selbst, wie täuscht sie uns denn auch. +zum beispiel diese wahrnehmung im kontext. +der rechte kreis sieht größer aus als der kleine, obwohl das gar nicht der fall ist, sondern sie sind eben entsprechend gleich groß, und trotzdem verändert sich unsere wahrnehmung, je nachdem in welchem kontext wir dinge reinstellen. +weiß jemand, was das ist? +come on. +pattern recognition sollte noch funktionieren. +da da wird 's schon eher zu meiner brille. +also es ist 'n kreis. +ein zweiter kreis fängt schon an, gewisse ähnlichkeit zu korrelieren oder zu assoziieren. +und wenn ich dann halt noch einen halboval dazusetze, dann sehen wir auf einmal nicht mehr nur noch eine einheit, nämlich kreis, kreis und, doch wir sehen eine einheit, wir sehen nicht mehr drei teile, ein kreis, ein kreis, ein anderes. +sowas nennt man gestaltgesetz oder eben gestaltpsychologie, die uns auch eben wiederum in der wahrnehmung beeinflusst. +wichtig für die gestalter, die haben das meistens im ersten semester, die tollen gestaltgesetze. +gestaltgesetz der nähe, gestaltgesetz der der kontinuität und so weiter. +häufig im dritten dann schon wieder vergessen. +aber das ist ein essenziell wichtiges bestandteil, wenn man dinge eben entsprechend auch möglichst intuitiv gestalten möchte. +das nächste phänomen, was auch sehr interessant ist das des sehens. +klingt erstmal ganz banal, ist aber entsprechend spannend, wenn man sich damit näher beschäftigt. +also wir haben vorne die augen und jetzt denken sie, wir sehen von vorne nach hinten. +das ist falsch. +sie sehen erstmal von hinten nach vorne. +nämlich sie projiezieren eine annahme nach vorne, dass sie etwas sehen, was sie wiedererkennen, beispielweise kreis. +das heißt, wir projiezieren erst unser sehen, bevor wir es dann sehen, das wieder nach hinten in unseren seheapparat reinbringen, um zu sagen, okay, +ich hab da so 'ne kognitive rückkoppelung, du hast was projieziert, was du sehen möchtest. +das ist dann auch da, das kommt dann wieder zurück. +dann geht 's wieder nach vorne, weil das hinten traut dem vorne nicht und sagt, jetzt gucke doch wirklich nochmal bitte nach und sicher dich ab, ob das, was du siehst, auch das ist, was du sehen möchtest. +und dann geht 's wieder nach hinten und dann wird' s eigentlich erst gesehen. +also ein ganz, ganz spannender prozess, wie gewisse dinge ablaufen und in was für millisekunden-bereichen diese dinge passieren. +ich weiß nicht, wer von ihnen dieses bild kennt. +da passiert genau das gleiche, was ich eben beschrieben habe. +jetzt versucht jeder aus diesem muster etwas zu erkennen. +ich weiß nicht, wer was erkennt. +sieht jemand etwas bestimmtes? +ein dalmatiner, genau. +wenn ich das einmal gesehen habe, dass das dass da ein dalmatiner drin ist, dann wissen sie das. +sie werden 's nie mehr vergessen, weil ich zeige ihnen, wo der dalmatiner ist. +jetzt sehen sie den dalmatiner. +und weiter, jetzt sehen sie ihn immer. +das heißt, ich habe sie jetzt eigentlich dahingehend verdorben, dass sie nicht mehr kein muster dadrin erkennen, sondern ich habe sie konditioniert innerhalb kürzester zeit, immer wieder diesen hund in diesem verworrenen bild zu sehen. +und das ist diese projektion des sehens, rückkopplung, sehen. +jetzt weiß ich 's und jetzt projieziere ich nach vorne, dass ich den dalmatiner sehe. +ich sehe den dalmatiner. +also ganz, ganz spannende prozesse, die dann in dieser, ja, grau ist sie ja eigentlich nicht, aber hier eben in dieser rosanen masse eben entsprechend ablaufen. +weiß jemand, was drei sekunden sind? +lang, ja. +das ist unsere gegenwart. +also, es ist auch immer interessant zu wissen als designer. +wenn ich weiß, etwas dauert drei sekunden, bis ich sozusagen aus der gegenwart in die vergangenheitsschleife, dann kann ich eben auch sehr gut wartezeiten überbrücken, in dem ich ihn indem ich jemand immer mit drei sekunden beschäftige. +das muss er erst verarbeiten als gegenwart. +dann wandert es in die vergangenheit und somit kann ich sehr elegant wartezeiten zum beispiel am computer überbrücken, wenn ich dieses phänomen kenne. +was dauert fünfundzwanzig millisekunden? +ja, millisekunden. +auch ein ganz spannendes phänomen. +das ist der zeitraum, in dem man sich verliebt. +das bedeutet, achtung, wenn sie das jetzt wissen, achten sie drauf, wen sie wie lange anschauen, weil ich übernehme da keine gewähr für, was dann eben entsprechend passieren kann. +und sechzehn millisekunden, auch ein ganz spannendes phänomen. +das ist der zeitraum der meisten wahrnehmungen, die wir haben. +das heißt, dieser erste eindruck passiert in einer rasant schnellen geschwindigkeit, wie wir dinge wahrnehmen. +und wie wir dinge auch sehen, auf was wir achten und wie wir uns sozusagen auch gegen unserer umwelt absichern, damit wir das entsprechend überlegen können. +natürlich beschäftigen sich die gestalter nicht nur mit dem thema wahrnehmungen und neuronale verarbeitungen oder kognitionsergonomie, sondern primär natürlich mit dem thema der mensch-objekt-beziehung. +also wie geht ein mensch mit gewissen dingen entsprechend um. +da gibt es einmal produktsprachlich die praktischen funktionen, also so formale aspekte oder formalästhetische aspekte. +es gibt anzeichen-funktionen, wo ich genau weiß, wo muss ich eigentlich greifen. +es gibt aber auch symbolische funktionen, warum gibt jemand für so ein kleines täschchen, wo sowieso kaum was reinpasst, so horrende summen an geld aus, obwohl es gar nicht so praktisch ist? +da sind wir eher auf der symbolischen, auf der bedeutungsebene, mit denen wir uns als gestalter natürlich auch beschäftigen. +zurück zu meinem eigentlichen thema natural user interface und dem thema, was natürlich auch dahinterliegt, ist usability. +usability bedeutet immer, wie kann ich möglichst schnell ein gewisses ziel erreichen oder wie kann ein nutzer in einem bestimmten nutzungskontext möglichst effektiv, effizient und zufriedenstellend ein ziel erreichen. +so sagt 's eher die norm dazu. +wie kann ich etwas möglichst benutzungsfreundlich machen? +kann ich das direkt bedienen oder brauche ich 'n handbuch oder brauche ich' ne entsprechende schulung dafür. +und weniger usable oder benutzungsfreundlich ist es. +dass ich das nur anders gestalte und schöner mache, heißt nicht, dass es besser handhabbar ist. +das muss man auch verstehen. +und wenn man sich dann teilweise die software, die wir eben gesehen haben, darauf anschaut, dann wird man auch verstehen, warum neunundneunzig prozent unserer heutigen software wenig intuitiv oder nicht auf anhieb nutzbar ist, das i-pad in vielen bereichen oder i-phone entsprechend eingeschlossen, obwohl 's schon wesentlich intuitiver ist als klassische software. +dabei ist intuitive benutzbarkeit nicht erst seit apple ein elementarer wirtschaftsfaktor, nen elementarer erfolgsfaktor, wenn ich eben technologische geräte dem menschen nutzbar machen möchte. +warum? +weil in der regel wir durch diese neue art der nutzbarkeit, also der natürlichen user ínterfaces, beispielsweise fünfmal schneller im durchschnitt an unserem ziel sind. +sie müssen sich das so vorstellen, dass sie, wenn sie etwas der klassischen softrware machen, fünf stunden brauchen und mit dieser neuen art der natürlichen software nur noch eine stunde. +das heißt nicht, dass sie dann wahrscheinlich vier stunden eher nach hause gehen dürfen, sondern ihr arbeitgeber oder irgendjemandem fällt dann schon ein, wie er sie mit den vier stunden entsprechend beschäftigt. +ich will aber sagen, dass es für uns natürlich eine entsprechende leistungssteigerung ist, auch gewissen dinge zu erzielen. +wenn wir uns dann nochmal in den bereich der software begeben, hier so die ersten command line interfaces, die sehr abstrakt waren, wo man monate gebraucht hat, um mit diesen systemen umzugehen. +dann kamen die nächsten, die jetzt schon mit 'nem neuronalen modell oder mentalen modell wie die software eergonomen sagen, gearbeitet haben, nämlich man hätte eine vorstellung von etwas, die metapher, die metapher eines desktop, um den computer nutzbar zu machen. +also nicht mehr nullen und einsen oder kryptische codes, sondern eben eine metapher. +das machte das ganze schon wesentlich benutzungsfreundlicher, aber es geht natürlich auch noch viel besser. +die nächste generation der graphischen benutzungsoberflächen arbeitet schon sehr viel mehr mit verhalten. +also da gestalte ich als gestalter sehr viel häufiger das verhalten als das aussehen. +das ist auch so ein paradigmenwechsel. +dass ich auf einmal dass das aussehen immer unwichtiger für den erfolg, gerade die usability eine applikation wird. +und wenn ich dann noch einen schritt weitergehe in diese natural user interfaces, wo ich per stimme, per sprache, per touch, per geste und nicht mehr per maus und cursor die dinge steuern muss, dann bin ich noch schneller und noch unmittelbarer. +das führt mich aber auch wieder zu dem punkt, ab wann werden die dinge denn eigentlich intuitiver? +wenn sie intuitiver werden und dann muss ich wieder meinen kleinen freund hier strapazieren und gucken, was bedeutet das denn eben aus sicht der kognitionsergonomie, wann ist jetzt wirklich etwas auch intuitiv? +und das ist für uns menschen ist immer etwas intuitiv, wenn ich möglichst wenig darüber nachdenken muss. +also scheinbar möchte er nicht gerne denken, sondern es sich verhältnismäßig einfach machen. +je weniger ich sozusagen darüber nachdenke, desto intuitiver ist es. +und was bedeutet das für den designer? +das heißt, wenn wir anschauen, dass wir existierende handlungsmodelle von einem auf etwas anderes übertragen können, zum beispiel die metapher, dann kann ich mir das zunutze machen als gestalter. +das heißt, ich kann eben so ein intuitives, menschliches handlungsmodell auf eine software übertragen und damit die software wesentlich benutzungsfreundlicher machen. +stellt sich natürlich die frage, was ist eigentlich so das intuitivste handlungsschema von uns menschen und jetzt habe ich 's schon verraten. +das ist das sogenannte osit-modell. +das benutzt jeder von uns und osit ist ein akronym und steht für orientieren, selektieren, informieren, transagieren. +das macht jeder von ihnen die ganze zeit, aber er macht 's unbewusst und ja quasi intuitiv oder teilweise auch instinktiv. +das modell wird schon ausprägt im mutterleib und ist interkulturell, also es funktioniert weltweit bei jung und alt, und wird von uns die ganze zeit benutzt, ohne dass die meisten bisher wussten, dass dieses modell vorhanden ist. +osit osit an sich wird ungefähr fünfzig bis siebzigtausend mal von uns je nach aktivität, also im schlaf hat man festgestellt, dass es dann weniger häufig strapaziert wird als am tag. +ich kann jetzt eben dieses mentale handlungsmodell orientieren, selektieren, informieren, transagieren übertragen auf ein interaktionssystem. +und durch diese art der übertragung, ähnlich wie mit der metapher des desktops, jetzt aber nicht mehr eine metapher eines physischen objektes, sondern eine metapher eines handlungsmusters, eines handlungsprinzips. +und das ist auf einem höheren gral der benutzungsfreundlichkeit als das der übertragung einer klassischen metapher, nämlich der des desktops. +und wenn ich das jetzt übertrage, zum beispiel in dem ich orientieren als übersicht auspräge, selektieren als auswahl, informieren in dem falle, es kommt groß auf mich zu, ich kann 's mir im detail angucken, und ja, transagieren heißt, ich kann das auch irgendwo hinwerfen oder jemandem schicken oder einkaufen und so weiter, +dann kann ich das ganze übertragen. +ich versuche das mal anhand eines beispiels. +eben hat ja jeder schon kuchen gegessen. +übersicht: jetzt interagiere ich sozusagen mit dem objekt, kann wieder rauszoomen, reinzoomen. +ich kriege den gesamten überblick, kann jetzt hierauf filtern und kann sagen, zeig mir nur alle sache mit schokolade beispielsweise. +und habe auf einmal ein interface, was wesentlich intuitiver und sehr viel natürlicher ist. +weil, dass ich die dinge wie die stückchen greifen kann, touchen kann und sie kommen auf mich zu, ist wesentlich natürlicher als wenn über hierarchisch organisierte webseiten oder andere mechanismen sozusagen diese dinge zugänglich machen kann. +imagination is more important than knowledge, und mit diesem satz möchte ich auch gerne schließen, a und nochmal den hinweis zu geben, auch designer müssen anders denken, um auf neue lösungen zu kommen, und in diesem sinne danke ich ihnen recht herzlich für ihre aufmerksamkeit und bitte. +ich möchte ihnen zu einem ganz bestimmten aspekt von neugierde verhelfen. +das erste, wenn sie als kind groß werden, als baby, ist, dass sie sich drum kümmern was welche ausscheidungen sie so haben, ja? und je nachdem, ob ihre eltern ihnen erlaubt haben, mehr oder weniger im töpfchen zu spielen und zu rühren, desto mehr, sozusagen, wird ihre neugierde natürlich geweckt dabei. +und die neugierde lässt sich nicht lernen. +darum sind alle, die hier sind und neugierig sind, in der tat leute, die eine eigenschaft haben, die man nicht lernen kann. +mir geht es jetzt darum, praktisch diese ganze umweltdiskussion, weltuntergang, vierzig jahre club-of-rome, in qualität umzusetzen. +und da gibt es einen zentralen punkt dabei. +und der hängt an phosphor. +give pee a chance. +jeden tag geben sie + geben sie größenordnung etwa zwei gramm phosphor ab und jeden tag müssen sie zwei gramm phosphor aufnehmen. +sonst können sie keine zähne haben. +sie können keine energie speichern. +sie können keine knochen haben. +wir könnten nur als amorphe mollusken durch die weltmeere gleiten. +wenn wir in der tat kein phosphor aufnehmen und abgeben. +erstaunlicherweise ist es so, dass wir wir uns hier ja mit etwas beschäftigen, was eigentlich 'ne selbstverständlichkeit wäre, aber gar nicht so ist. +denn alle reden über energie, aber niemand redet über das phosphor-problem. +das phosphor-problem ist viel kritischer. +wir hängen von zwei ländern ab. +wir haben nur für zwei jahre phosphor und schon jetzt wird durch den phosphor-bergbau weltweit viel mehr uran in die umwelt gebracht, als in allen atomanlagen verwendet wird. +allein in den letzten zwanzig jahren sind fünfzehntausend tonnen uran auf unseren feldern in deutschland verteilt worden. +und das nehmen wir alles auf. +es macht leukämie bei kindern. +und wir denken, wir würden die umwelt schützen, wenn wir ein bisschen weniger schädlich sind. +also, zum beispiel, schütz die umwelt, fahr weniger auto. +schütz die umwelt, mach weniger müll. +schütz die umwelt, verbrauche weniger energie. +das ist aber kein schutz. +das ist so, wie wenn ich sagen würde, schütz dein kind, schlag es nur dreimal anstatt fünfmal. +das ist nur ein bisschen weniger zerstörung. +wenn wir so von von der wiege bis zur bahre denken, dann wird unsere unsere ganze erde früher oder später ein friedhof. +darum eben von der wiege zur wiege zu denken. +und das wichtigste dabei ist, uns den boden anzuschauen, als allererstes. +im boden ist über sechzig prozent des kohlenstoffs gespeichert. +im moment bauen wir mais an und verlieren zwischen elf und dreißig kilogramm dreißig tonnen pro hektar, oder auf den quadratmeter auch umzurechnen. +das heißt, wir verlieren im boden etwa fünftausend mal mehr, als neu gebildet wird. +wir können uns natürlich erstmal das müllproblem angucken. +und alles ist ja verpackung oder inhalt. +in offenbach zum beispiel sind am hausmüll zwanzig prozent des der müllmenge inzwischen windeln. +und weil wir älter werden, davon werden die windeln größer. +das ist sie sind sozusagen alle in der vorwindelphase. +ja? +ein ein baby braucht etwa sechstausend windeln. +wir könnten das natürlich um zehn prozent reduzieren, aber was macht das? +das wird in china in einer sekunde ausgeglichen. +das ist völlig belanglos. +die frage ist also, wie gehen wir mit diesen windeln um? +hier ein der beweis übrigens dazu, dass männer keine schweine sind. +will ich ihnen sagen. +weil der phosphor wird bei den schweinen über die festen bestandteile exkremente abgegeben. +bei den menschen über den urin. +ja. +damit können also männer keine schweine sein. +weil das ist damit ja belegt, oder? +traditionell denken wir in der umweltdiskussion, wir sind zu viele auf der welt. +und wenn man den menschen die wenn man den menschen es abspricht zu existieren, wenn man sagt, das wäre besser, du wärst gar nicht da, dann werden sie raffgierig und feindselig. +und so sagt jemand wie al gore, einer unserer großen helden, es gibt nichts wichtigeres, als die menschliche bevölkerung zu stabilisieren. +in israel sagt man, wenn du ein menschenleben rettest, rettest du die erde. +hier sagt es, je mehr du umbringst, desto besser. +ja. +die erste frage ist, sind wir wirklich zu viele? +wenn man sich die ameisen anschaut, das gewicht der ameisen auf der erde, dann wiegen die ameisen etwa viermal mehr als wir menschen. +ich könnte mir auch termiten hernehmen, aber in den usa mag niemand termiten, in so weit gesehen, obwohl sie vegetarier sind. +das heißt, die ameisen wiegen viel mehr als wir. +und weil sie körperlich viel härter arbeiten als wir und weil sie nur drei bis sechs monate leben, entsprechen sie in ihrem gewicht, im energieverbrauch etwas dreißig milliarden menschen. +das heißt, wir sind nicht zu viele, wir sind zu blöde, ja? +und wo sie sehen wie weit wir davon weg sind, was wir wirklich erreichen wollten und könnten, und wie traurige wir sind, dass wir überhaupt auf der erde sind, können sie daran sehen, dass zum beispiel offenbach ein programm hat, bis zwanzig vierzig möchte man hier klimaneutral sein, ja? +sie können nur klimaneutral sein, wenn sie nicht existieren, ja? +die einzige chance. +haben sie schon einmal einen klimaneutralen baum gesehen? +ja? +einen einzigen? +das heißt, unsere ganze intelligenz bedeutet, dass wir dümmer als bäume sein wollen, ja? +ja? +kein baum ist kohlenstoffneutral. +zum glück nicht, ja? +es gibt kein überbevölkerungsproblem an bäumen. +es gibt allein im amazonasgebiet immer noch sechshundert milliarden bäume. +davon haben sie schon mal etwas von überbevölkerungsproblemen von bäumen gehört? +das heißt, alle unsere intelligenz bedeutet, dass wir dümmer als bäume sein wollen. +und wo sie sehen, selbst bei etwas wie demeter, die strikteste bio- ja landwirtschaft, erlaubt nicht, dass unsere eigenen stoffwechselprodukte zurückgehen. +jedes jahr verlieren wir so drei millionen tonnen phosphor, die wirklich in kreisläufe zurückgehen müssten. +und damit sind wir zu viele. +allein darüber. +das heißt wir fühlen uns so schuldig auf der erde, dass wir sagen. es gibt keinen bio-landbau, kein bioland, kein nature-et-progrès und wie sie alle heißen, die erlauben, dass unsere eigenen exkremente zurückgehen. +ist das nicht traurig? +damit sind wir zu viele. +es ist sicher sinnvoll, weniger schädlich zu sein, was ölverbrauch angeht. +aber wo sind wir nützlich? +wir versuchen, unseren ökologischen fußabdruck zu minimieren, aber es geht doch darum, einen großen fußabdruck zu haben, der nützlich ist. +wir wollen gut für die gesellschaft sein, wir wollen gut für die wirtschaft sein, aber wenn es um die umwelt geht, ist das höchste, nicht da zu sein, ja? +nullemissionen, ja? +sie können nur nullemissionen haben, wenn sie nicht da sind. +selbst wenn sie sich jetzt erschießen würden, hätten sie emissionen. +also sie können das gar nicht lösen. +wir können es anders. +wir können unsere nährstoffe zurückgewinnen. +wir machen in brasilien landwirtschaft in der von wo wir die nährstoffe zurückgewinnen. +ganz direkt können wir auf diese art und weise nährstoffe in landwirtschaft zurückkriegen. +wir machen das in china zum beispiel, wo wir direkt die abfälle davon nehmen. +in in china heißt ein ein nachttopf heute noch honigtöpfchen, sozusagen, ja? +und in unserer westlichen welt waren wir immer zu dumm, unsere nährstoffe zurückzubringen. +das heißt, die ganze westliche zivilisationsgeschichte zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass die stadt immer nur genommen hat, aber den bauern nie etwas zurückgegeben hat. +dadurch mussten die städte immer mehr wachsen, weil die bauern in die städte gingen und die städte mussten immer weiter weg ihre nährstoffe holen. +darum alle westlichen reiche sind immer expandiert, bis sie die infrastruktur nicht mehr geschafft haben und dann sind sie implodiert. +ja? +in china war es anders. +man hat bruchlos zivilisation über fünftausend jahre geschafft, weil man immer in der lage war, die nährstoffe zurückzubringen. +selbst heute noch, wenn sie zum essen eingeladen sind in china erwartet man nach dem essen, dass sie solange bleiben, bis sie die toilette aufsuchen. +weil es ist unfreundlich, zu gehen und die nährstoffe mitzunehmen. +man hat sie zu man hat sie zum essen eingeladen, nicht zum nährstoffdiebstahl. +das heißt, sie können im internet sehen, wie man die nährstoffe zurückgewinnen kann. +das eigentlich schöne dabei ist, wenn man das tut, also landwirtschaft macht, biogas erzeugt, auf einem hektar land mit fünftausend einwohnern in favelas, kann damit ein bauer etwa eintausendfünfhundert dollar erwirtschaften und die anlage damit warten, hühner und schwein züchten und enten und gemüse und fische. +und das tolle dabei ist, dass die verbrechensrate in den favelas um über neunzig prozent zurückgeht. +wir müssen also nicht die leute kontrollieren, möglichst wenig schlecht zu sein. +wir können sie unterstützen, gut zu sein. +das ist natürlich high-tech-landwirtschaft, aber die anlagen tragen sich selber. +das nebenprodukt ist sauberes wasser. +und sie sind so gestaltet, durch das design, das ein bauer sie einfach bewirtschaften kann. +das heißt, damit gehen die verbrechensraten zurück. +und keine von diesen anlagen, wir haben jetzt über hundertfünzig gebaut in den letzten zwanzig jahren, keine von diesen anlagen wurde jemals sabotiert. +sie könnten so leicht einfach einen liter altöl reinwerfen und dann würde die anlage über jahre ruiniert sein. +findet nicht statt. +das heißt, wir müssen nicht die menschen kontrollieren, möglichst wenig schlecht zu sein. +wir können sie unterstützen, gut zu sein. +das heißt, wir müssen phosphor zurückkriegen. +und übrigens, wenn sie was tun wollen daraus, schreiben sie sich auf, in deutschland am besten geeignet von allen kläranlagen ist die in frankfurt. +leider die nicht in offenbach, aber vielleicht können sie den frankfurtern ja mal ein bisschen helfen dabei. +denn die frankfurter anlage könnte am besten den phosphor zurückgewinnen. +und der muss zurück. +wir sehen das dazu, dass phosphor wirklich kritisch ist. +und wir sehen, dass es durchaus gelingt. +wir haben in holland uns jetzt über drei jahre eingesetzt. +die holländische regierung hat erklärt, sie werden das erste land weltweit sein, was phosphor zurückgewinnt. +aber wir brauchen das insgesamt. +verstehen sie, es gibt zwei länder, die kontrollieren fast siebzig prozent der phosphorvorkommen weltweit. +da ist die opec ein ein haufen von waisenknaben. +das sind sechsundzwanzig länder, die vierzig prozent der ölvorräte kontrollieren. +und das öl werden wir ersetzen können durch andere energieträger. +aber den phosphor wird man nicht ersetzen können. +darum geht es nicht darum, das bestehende ein bisschen weniger schlecht zu zu machen, sondern es geht darum, etwas richtig zu machen. +und ist vor allem erstmal zu fragen, was das richtige ist. +das heißt, es geht um effektivität, nicht um effizienz. +in holland versteht man das natürlich leichter, weil in holland ist das land auf blumen aufgebaut. +ja? +stellen sie sich vor, wenn zum beispiel ihre ihre frau traurig ist, wenn sie wenn sie sie geärgert haben, und sie kommen mit fünfzig rosen. +völlig ineffizient. +aber ganz und gar effektiv, ja? +oder nehmen sie einen lippenstift. +eine frau in deutschland isst etwa sechs komma drei kilogramm während ihres lebens. +dabei. +das ist wissenschaftlich nicht nicht genau korrekt, weil weil wir nicht wissen, wie viel weggeküsst wird dabei. +aber ein lippenstift, selbst bei dieser beleuchtung, kann ich ihnen sagen, ist völlig ineffizient, aber ganz und gar effektiv, ja? +ein alles, was im leben schön ist, ist nicht effizient. +darum eben nicht ressourceneffizienz, sondern effektivität. +zu fragen, was ist das richtige? +nicht, den klärschlamm noch ein bisschen besser zu verbrennen und ihn damit abzulagern und in der verbrennungsanlage die ganzen materialien für kreisläufe zu verlieren, sondern zuerst mal zu fragen, wie schließt man kreisläufe? +stellen sie sich mozart effizient vor. +ja? +wenn ich sie zum abendessen einlade und sage, ja, es gibt eine tablette mit offenbach-geschmack und ein glas wasser dazu. +wunderbar, 'ne? +das ist effizient. +alles, was im leben schön ist, ist nicht effizient. +wenn sie sich in jemand verlieben, effizient? +ja? +das heißt, alles, was im leben zählt, ist geht 's nicht darum zu sparen, zu vermeiden, zu reduzieren. +die ganze umweltdiskussion. +wir sagen den leuten, ach ja, ihr habt ja kein umweltbewusstsein im süden. +nein, das wegwerfen ist genau das richtige, ja? +an jeder stelle, wo man wegwirft, von, ja, schafft man wieder lebensmöglichkeiten. +aber die falschen dinge. +wenn man die falschen dinge wegwirft, hat man ein müllproblem. +in wie wir denken von norden her. +dort ist jeder fußabdruck nachteilig. +wenn sie laufen, ja, zerstört jeder fußabdruck den boden. +weil eben der boden wird die moose sterben ab und der der wind und das wasser wäscht den boden weg. +wenn sie aber in italien sind, bedeutet jeder fußabdruck, dass das wasser länger in der wiese stehen bleibt. +also, es geht darum, einen großen fußabdruck zu zu schaffen, der ein feuchtgebiet wird. +nicht schuldmanagement. +wir sagen in deutschland nachhaltigkeit. +ja? +aber wenn ich sie frage, wie geht 's ihnen so mit ihrer frau? +was sagen sie dann? +nachhaltig. +dann sage ich, herzliches beileid, ja? +das ist ja gerade das minimum. +also nicht sparen, verzichten, vermeiden. +jeder abfall ist nährstoff. +und es ist eine lust, wenn sie in italien sehen, wie die leute im hohen bogen so 'ne coladose aus dem auto rausschmeißen, dazu. +denn wissen sie, das ist ein lustvoller vorgang. +es ist 'ne form von revierverhalten, ja? +sie können zeigen, ich war da. +aber mit dem richtigen design, bitte schön. +wir haben zum beispiel eine eiscremeverpackung entwickelt, die ist bei raumtemperatur 'ne flüssigkeit. +die können sie wegschmeißen, wo sie gehen und stehen. +in zwei stunden baut sie sich überall ab. +und sie enthält samen von seltenen pflanzen, sodass sie durch das wegwerfen zur artenvielfalt beitragen. +das heißt, wir sind nützlich, nicht weniger schädlich dabei. +es entstehen also zwei kreisläufe. +nicht alles soll natürlich kompostierbar sein. +ein fernseher oder eine waschmaschine, die nutzen sie ja nur, die verbrauchen sie nicht. +nur die dinge, die verschleißen, wie schuhsolen, wie bremsbeläge, wie autoreifen, die müssen so sein, dass sie in biologische systeme gehen. +die dinge, die nur genutzt werden, gehen in technische systeme. +aber heute reden wir nur über die biologischen systeme. +ja? +zum beispiel der sneaker, ja? +ganz direkte werbung, und zwar nicht für die firma puma per se, sondern dafür, dass sie jetzt diesem diesem unternehmen helfen, diese produkte erfolgreich zu machen. +denn wir nicht wir machen nicht die dinge mehr frei von. +ja? +also, wenn ich sie einlade zum essen und sage, das ist frei von hähnchen, dann hilft ihnen das gar nichts. +nein, wir legen fest, was drin ist. +positiv. +also nicht wie detox. +nicht giftiges drin. +sondern alles, was drin ist, ist nützlich. +das sind die ersten schuhe, mit denen sie den kavalierstart an der fußgängerampel hinlegen können und der gummi in biologische kreisläufe gehen kann, ja? +alles davon ist kompostierbar davon. +und wenn es uns gelingt, gelingt es uns natürlich für adidas, für nike, für hennes und mauritz und die ganze textilindustrie mit. +und das ist die hälfte aller abwasserprobleme weltweit, die durch die textilindustrie verursacht werden. +darum helfen sie da mit, fragen sie bei den leuten mal nach. +hey, puma, macht seid ihr wirklich ernsthaft? +weil die haben jetzt schon zweimal den vorstandsvorsitzenden gewechselt. +und ich bin mir nicht so sicher, ob sie wirklich dabeibleiben. +also, helfen sie mir mal ein bisschen dabei. +aber es geht. +ja. +das, was gerade dargestellt worden ist. +das geht. +wir können die dinge jetzt so machen, dass sie, wenn sie verschleißen, wenn sie kaputtgehen, können sie in biologische kreisläufe. +technische kreisläufe gibt 's genauso. +es gibt hierfür den ein direktes rücknamesystem. +das ist der erste ökologische rucksack, tatsächlich, der dafür gemacht ist, in den kreislauf zurückzugehen. +auch das, also in jedem laden kann man die dinge zurückkriegen. +wenn sie auf das kommen, ja? +erinnern sie sich an die windel noch mal? +wenn im moment ist das müll. +überall liegen diese windeln rum, nahezu. +in den ländern, wo die leute zu geld kommen. +da vorn auf den deponien, aber auch sonst in der landschaft, ja? +wenn wir den kunststoff ändern, so dass er in biologische systeme gehen kann, wenn wir die wasserspeicher ändern, drinnen, dass sie eben auf zellulosebasis zurück können, dann können sie mit einem baby in israel oder in tunesien hundertfünfzig bäume pflanzen. +ja? +allein wenn sie diese diese windel nehmen, sie zerkleinern, sterilisieren und das pulver nehmen, um damit bäume zu pflanzen. +damit ist das baby kohlenstoffpositiv für das ganze leben, schon von anfang an. +also, wir brauchen nicht klimaneutral sein, wir können klimapositiv sein. +es geht sozusagen um ein beneficial poop print. +ja, sozusagen. +ja? +das können wir machen. +wir können alles noch mal neu erfinden. +ich hab dazu ein institut gegründet. +inzwischen arbeiten dort ganz viele leute mit und sie können alle sich engagieren. +es gibt extra einen verein dazu, cradle-to-cradle-verein, wo jeder mitmachen kann. +also nicht mehr sparen, verzichten, vermeiden, reduzieren, kein schuldmanagement, sondern intelligente verschwendung. +macht sie das neugierig? +danke schön. +die arbeit des interpreten. +musik als sprache. +in der beschreibung zu meiner rede steht geschrieben, dass ich als interpretin, mich als übersetzerin, also im englischen wortsinn, verstehe. +interpreten sind übersetzer der geschriebenen noten in klingende musik. +dass man als übersetzer nicht bloß wort für wort den text in eine andere sprache überträgt, sondern auch den tieferen sinn der wörter und wortzusammenhang verstehen muss, damit es eine sinnvolle übersetzung ergibt, weiß jeder, der es mit fremdsprachen zu tun hat. +schon aus dem deutschen ins englische zu übersetzen, kann mehr wissen erfordern, zumal es wenn man wenn es dann um dichtung oder gar um poesie geht. +ganz fremd ist es aber für laien, was wir musiker mit unserer musiksprache tun. +als interpretin eines musikstückes habe ich zunächst nur die geschriebenen noten. +sie denken sicher, dass der komponist in die noten genau alles hineingeschrieben hat, was er sich da erdacht hat. +in wirklichkeit sind die noten sehr vage und ungenau. +diese noten sind ungefähr genauso genau oder ungenau, wie eine verbale, wenn auch sehr scheinbar penibelst genaue, beschreibung einer landschaft. +denn in dieser verbalen landschaftsbeschreibung ist der duft der blumen nicht zu riechen, der grad des grüns nur zu erahnen, das säuseln des windes nicht zu hören, nicht zu spüren. +das heißt, der interpret muss diese ungenauen angaben der notensprache in eine andere, nämlich hörbare, konkrete, nonverbale musiksprache übersetzen. +heute möchte ich ihnen das, was ich sonst musikalisch übersetze, also interpretiere, noch einmal in eine verbale sprache übersetzen. +praktisch also eine übersetzung der übersetzung. +deshalb ziehe ich es vor, das ganze lieber auf deutsch zu tun, denn wenn ich es auch noch einmal ins englische übersetzen müsste, wäre es für mich gleichbedeutend mit übersetzung der übersetzung der übersetzung. +die also, die musik funktioniert also für mich so ähnlich wie die gesprochene sprache. +die notierten noten haben dabei die funktion der buchstaben einer schrift. +es genügt also nicht, nur noten lesen zu lernen und die dazu entsprechenden tasten auf dem klavier oder die richtige stelle auf einer violinsaite zu drücken. +das wären nämlich nur die buchstaben, die man gelernt hat, zu malen. +den sinn der buchstaben erkennt man erst, wenn man die sprache dazu kann. +folglich braucht man für den lernprozess der musik musiksprache mindestens genauso lang wie für die gesprochene sprache. +da gibt es zwar dann auch abstufungen, ob man es für den hausgebrauch lernt, nur passiv versteht oder man auch aktiv sprechen kann, bis zu dem musikalischen muttersprachler. +die arbeit des interpreten fängt ähnlich an wie die eines theaterregisseurs. +nachdem man zunächst sich ein stück ausgesucht hat zu spielen, weil man davon begeistert ist, forscht man erstmal nach hintergründen der entstehung der komposition. +man sammelt informationen über das stück in der sekundärliteratur. +man liest in den briefen, tagebüchern, notizen, oder ob es worte, gedanken vom komponisten selbst gibt. +man studiert die werke, die er vorher und nachher komponiert hat. +man stellt vergleiche an. +die beweggründe, es zu schreiben. +wie und was hat er empfunden? +wie waren seine lebensumstände, wie die der gesellschaft und der politik? +das alles interessiert mich. +man denkt sich in diese zeit hinein, indem man zum beispiel auch zeitgenössische bilder anschaut oder literatur liest. +mit der zeit hat man aber auch als interpret schon ein reiches wissen um den komponisten, den man öfters spielt, und es fällt einem immer leichter, sich in ihn hineinzudenken und zu fühlen. +der komponist wird immer mehr zum freund, mit dem man zusammen lebt. +sein anliegen, das stück zu schreiben, wird immer mehr und mehr zu meinem persönlichen anliegen, es zu spielen. +da nun die noten alles andere als eine genaue aufzeichnung des anliegens des komponisten darstellt, sondern nur ein gerüst, wende ich nun dieses gerüst an, um es wieder mit sinn und bedeutung zu befüllen. +ich sage dann mit meinen eigenen worten, was zwischen diesem gerüst geschrieben sein könnte. +ich spiele erklärend, was diese töne zu bedeuten haben könnten. +jetzt für mich und für den komponisten damals und was sie jetzt für ihn heute bedeuten könnten. +jeder ton, jede phrase bekommt damit einen sinn, weil ich es selbst empfinde, weil es aus meinem jetzt persönlich gelebten entspringt. +es muss für mich im hier und jetzt stimmig sein, sonst kann ich mein publikum nicht davon überzeugen, dass das mein anliegen ist. +es ist immer wieder ein sehr glückliches konzert, wenn ich das erlebnis haben darf, das stück, dass ich so lange im voraus erarbeitet hab, wie neu zu erleben. +wie man einen glücklichen neuen tag immer wieder neu erlebt, obwohl immer mit den gleichen ritualen des lebens, aufstehen, frühstücken, zur arbeit gehen, so erlebe auch ich das gleiche stück immer wieder aufs neue. +ich bin wieder einen tag älter geworden, die jahreszeiten wechseln, mein puls geht abends langsamer als am morgen, in einem konzertsaal dauert es länger, dass der schall wieder zurückkommt als zu hause. +ich nehme das atmen des publikums wahr, bewusst oder unbewusst. +all das beeinflusst mich und all das beeinflusst auch mein erlebnis mit der komposition. +ganz wunderbar ist auch, wenn ich mit einem duo-partner auf der bühne stehe und wir haben die gleiche wellenlänge. +dann passiert das gleiche wie in einem guten, angeregten gespräch. +man bringt eine neue idee hinein und sogleich wird diese beantwortet mit einer reaktion. +es ist spannend, denn dann passieren dinge, die wir so nicht geprobt haben und was man auch so nicht proben kann. +es macht großen spaß, auf diese weise musik zu machen, und sie als das publikum haben dann erlebt, wie die musik lebendig kommuniziert. +so ist jedes konzert ein anderes konzert. +ich werde niemals mehr so spielen, wie in diesem moment. +ich kann heute nicht so spielen wie in zwanzig jahren. +da werde ich mehr lebenserfahrung haben als heute und werde deshalb auf meine palette der musikklänge noch viel mehr farbnuancen, an emotionen und empfindungen haben als heute. +sicher, ich werde dann einige farbtöpfe auch rausgeschmissen haben, aber dafür neue dazubekommen. +habe ein nettes konkretes beispiel dazu. +es war auf einem klavierkursus für musikstudenten bei meinem geliebten alten lehrer, professor jürgen ude, ein bekannter beethoven-spezialist, konzertpianist und langjähriger professor der musikhochschule hier in stuttgart. +leider war ich noch viel zu jung, sodass er schon emeritiert war, als ich endlich anfing zu studieren. +aber ich hatte das große glück, ihn sehr früh, mit dreizehn jahren, kennenzulernen und so war ich schon zu meiner schulzeit auf seinen kursen. +ich war damals siebzehn, als ich auf einem seiner kurse wieder einmal teilnahm und spielte die letzte von den vier balladen von chopin, einem spätwerk. +er fragte mich, was die einleitung dieser ballade für mich sei. +das ist so ein getragenes teil. +und in meiner jugendlichkeit sagte ich, erwartung. +da schmunzelte er und meinte, so? +das muss der altersunterschied sein. +denn für mich bedeutet sie erinnerung. +er war schon über sechzig. +tja, mit siebzehn hat man eben noch träume, aber keine bedeutenden erinnerungen. +ich spiele heute das stück alle paar jahre wieder und immer hat es sich für mich gewandelt, obwohl sich keine einzige note geändert hat. +jedes mal ist es spannend, denn immer wieder lese ich etwas neues heraus. +ein beispiel dazu aus einem ganz anderen bereich. monet hat die seerosen x-mal gemalt. +es ist immer der gleiche garten, aber zu verschiedener tageszeit, bei verschiedenem licht. +er hat die seerosen verschiedentlich übersetzt, so wie er sie gesehen hat, so wie sie in diesem moment auf ihn wirkten. +seine persönlichen impressionen der seerosen. +die x-malige interpretation eines stückes ist diesem vergleichbar. +inzwischen bin ich zudem schon älter als chopin mit zweiunddreißig jahren, als er das stück schrieb. +er hat ja nur neununddreißig jahre gelebt. +und es ist mir wichtig, immer wieder in die noten zu schauen, auch wenn ich meine, sie auswendig zu können. +um zwiesprache zu halten, direkt mit dem komponisten. +denn die noten sind die einzige verbindung direkt zu ihm. +vor allem, wenn er schon gestorben ist. +nun, wie fängt man an, die sprache der musik zu sprechen? +ich sagte ja schon, man braucht dafür ungefähr genauso lang wie für die gesprochene sprache. +oft ist der musikunterricht ja so, dass man erst die noten lesen lernt. +man lernt praktisch zuerst das lesen, bevor man nur ein nur ein wort spricht. +man lernt, die töne zu den noten auf dem instrument zu finden. +wenn dann alle finger rechtzeitig und richtig so wie wie es in den noten steht sich bewegen, kommen dann töne heraus, die zusammen so klingen wie musik. +wenn das fehlerfrei geschieht, bekommt der schüler das nächstschwierige stück auf. +über interpretation wird kaum im anfängerunterricht gesprochen. +na gut, da steht dann vorne presto, das ist ein schnelles stück. +lento, langsam. +laut und leisezeichen, f und b, et cetera. +das kennen die meisten hier. +aber auch wenn man diese angaben umsetzt, bleibt es immer noch bloß etwas technisches. +und noch ist es immer keine interpretation. +ich wundere mich. +ich wundere mich, dass man oft etwas ganz elementares vergisst. +nämlich, dass, um musik auf dem instrument zu machen, das eigene musikalische tun und fühlen schon vorher vorhanden sein sollte. +nämlich das singen. +ein kind, das das singen nicht gelernt hat, weil es die eltern nicht vorgemacht haben, wird es von selbst auch nicht tun. +das ist wie beim sprechenlernen. +es ist notwendig, seine eigenen erlebnisse und idee der musik zu haben, um es dann über eine weitere möglichkeit, also über ein instrument, zum klingen zu bringen. +menschen, die nie gesungen haben, haben folglich nie unmittelbar mit dem eigenen körper gespürt, wie es ist, einen ton zu bilden. +eine phrase mit seinem eigenen atem zu gestalten. +das musikinstrument ist nämlich die erweiterung unseres körpers. +unserer stimmbänder zu zum singen, unserer hände und füße zum tanzen. +so sind die hammerköpfe im klavier die fortsetzung meiner finger. +die melodie entsteht aus dem gesungenen und der rhythmus aus dem tanz. +die dauernde berieselung heutzutage mit musik ist da nicht förderlich. +man braucht ja nicht mehr selbst musik zu machen, wenn es einem langweilig wird. +nicht mehr nötig, ein liedchen zu pfeifen oder zu singen. +jede eigene musik wird plattgemacht, wenn man dauernd von außen mit musik beschallt wird. +sicher, es gibt dann manche unter ihnen, die sagen, ja, aber was macht man, wenn wenn ich eben nicht singen kann? +das frage ich, können sie nicht singen, a, weil sie glauben, dass sie nicht singen können? +oder b, weil sie nicht gelernt haben, zu singen? +bei beiden ist es nicht zu spät damit anzufangen, um herauszufinden, ob sie es nicht doch können, oder zu lernen, wie man diese kleinen muskeln, die die stimmbänder einstellen, richtig benutzt. +das kann man nämlich trainieren. +oder c, weil man es ihnen bescheinigt hat, dass sie untauglich sind. +da frage ich, wie fachlich kompetent war diese diagnose? +haben sie schon eine zweit- oder drittmeinung geholt, wie man es heutzutage schön sagt? +oder d, sie mögen halt keine musik und wollen deshalb damit auch nix zu zu tun haben. +was ich dann aber schon bedauern würde, weil musik ist ja eine schöne, kommunikative sache. +aber vielleicht kann man sie ja auch noch umstimmen. +na ja, also sie sehen, auf alle fälle muss niemand ein aussichtsloser kandidat sein. +aber sagen sie auch bitte nicht, ich verstehe nichts von der klassischen musik. +ich kann nicht sagen, ob es gut oder schlecht ist. +da antworte ich, aber sicher können sie doch sagen, ob es ihnen gefällt oder nicht. +denn ich glaube nicht, es sagt jemand, ich weiß nicht, ob 's mir schmeckt, weil ich nicht kochen kann. +also, sie verzichten ja nicht aufs essen, nur weil sie nicht kochen können. +also müssen sie auch nicht auf klassische musik verzichten, weil sie kein instrument spielen. +hören sie bewusst zu und sagen sie, ob es ihnen schmeckt oder nicht. +ob die musik ihnen zu gepfeffert oder zu süß ist. +sagen sie das, was sie empfinden. +mit der zeit bekommen sie auch ansprüche und wollen etwas mehr gewürze da drinhaben oder schmecken sogar feine unterschiede heraus. +warum fordere ich jetzt von meinem publikum, dass es auch aktiv zuhört? +weil die musik eine sprache ist und eine sprache ist zum kommunizieren da. +ein kunstwerk, das man nie anschaut, hat keine kraft zu wirken. +das essen, das von einer köchin oder einem koch liebevoll gekocht wurde, muss gegessen werden und nicht nur angeschaut oder rezepte ausgetauscht. +also hören sie bitte zu, wenn eine musik gespielt wird. +sie ist nicht nur eine nette geräuschtapete. +wenn in einer umgebung, wo die erwachsenen aktiv musik machen oder zumindest aktiv musik hören, ein kind aufwächst, dann ist es ganz leicht für einen musiklehrer, zu fragen, welche farbe hat deine blume? +kannst du sie mir jetzt auch in blau spielen? +und das kind spielt, nach einer gedenkpause, statt vorher eine rote jetzt eine blaue blume. +und dies klingt ganz anders als vorher. +das war dann der allererste anfang eines eigenen musikalischen ausdrucks. +also der erste schritt zu einer interpretation. +und was passiert, wenn man ein stück heute spielt, das ursprünglich vor hundert, vor zweihundert oder gar vor dreihundert jahren geschrieben worden ist? +inzwischen haben sich die instrumente fortentwickelt. +es gab zur zeit bachs als instrument noch gar kein klavier. +es war einfach noch nicht erfunden. +ich denke, dass der bach begeistert gewesen wäre, wenn er die klanglichen möglichkeiten der heutigen modernen klaviere gehabt hätte. +ich kann heute die klangvorstellungen, die der bach gehabt hat, auf dem modernen flügel zum klingen bringen, was ein barockes cembalo nicht kann. +auch von beethoven weiß man, dass er mehr hörte, als er schon taub geworden war. +heute ist ein modernes orchester in der lage, alles zu spielen, was ein orchester von damals als unspielbar abgelehnt hat. +deshalb sind die komponisten auf uns interpreten angewiesen, die die stücke wieder neu erfinden. +damit sie hörbar werden, was sie sich nur im geiste erdacht haben. +und auch, was sie sich heute im geiste denken würden. +oder das, was ich mir heute vorstell, weil was sie sich gedacht haben könnten. +danke schön. +wissen sie, was neid ist? +waren sie schon einmal neidisch? +und wie fühlte sich das an? +beschissen. +ich hab einen freund, der fährt einen passerati. +wenn ich dann komme, mit meinem kleinen v w piesel und mich daneben stelle, kommt dieses gefühl auf. +mir schießt etwas durch den kopf. +ich sage, ulf, wozu brauchst du so 'n großes auto? +das verliert ja schon im ersten jahr die hälfte seines wertes. +und überhaupt, du arbeitest ja viel weniger als ich. +wieso muss ich mir so 'n kleines auto leisten? +und dann fällt mir sofort ein, das ist ungerecht. +es ist gegen die gerechtigkeit. +und wie ich das wort gerechtigkeit sage, ist dieses unangenehme gefühl weg. +unser organismus hat eine großartige methode erfunden, um solche unangenehmen gefühle wie neid einfach zum verschwinden zu bringen. +sie können das auch probieren mit worten wie rache oder gewinnsucht oder ähnlichem. +ich möchte ihnen mit diesem mechanismus heute etwas erklären oder etwas näherbringen, was ihnen unbewusst wahrscheinlich vertraut ist. +der mechanismus stammt aus der lüge. +aber denken sie dabei nicht an die lüge, wie sie sie vielleicht gehört haben, wenn menschen sagen, niemand hat die absicht eine mauer zu errichten. +und dann steine auftürmt, damit er ihnen die sicht versperrt. +an einer solchen lüge sehen sie, dass der lügner selbst nicht glaubt, was er sagt. +es lässt sich überdies leicht überprüfen, dass er ganz anderes im sinn hat. +er täuscht ja nur sie und nicht sich selbst. +nein, die lüge, über die ich spreche, die hat damit zu tun, dass sie sich selber täuschen. +sie brauchen diese lüge, um eine lebenslüge, um eine selbsttäuschung aufrecht zu erhalten. +die können sie weniger leicht, ja, nachprüfen oder auch zum einsturz bringen. +sie brauchen zeit. +von dieser zeit spricht eine anekdote, die sie vielleicht kennen. +der spanische maler pablo picasso hat einmal eine frau portraitiert. +diese frau hat sich anschließend beschwert, das portrait würde ihr gar nicht ähnlich sehen. +picasso antwortet, warten sie nur. +es wird ihnen immer ähnlicher. +an dieser stelle und wenn sie lachen, erkennen sie, wie wichtig diese lüge ist und wie viel zeit sie brauchen, um etwas zu erfahren, was künstler sehr gut uns mitteilen können. +denn künstler haben ein gestörtes verhältnis zur lüge. +der künstler teilt ihnen etwas mit, und vor allem dieser dame, was sie nicht sieht, wenn sie einfach nur in den spiegel schaut. +der künstler teilt ihnen in einem solchen portrait etwas mit, womit sie erst vertraut werden, wenn sie sich dieses kunstwerk immer wieder anschauen. +dann verschwindet dieses unangenehme gefühl, es könnte ihnen ja gar nicht ähnlich sehen und es wird ihnen immer ähnlicher. +hier haben sie diesen mechanismus, mit dem wir die lüge als eine großartige erfindung zur stabilisierung unserer lebensverhältnisse nutzen können. +und nicht nur in der kunst, auch im volksmärchen, in der in der mythologie, in geschichten taucht es wieder auf. +sie kennen vielleicht diese idee von der dame, die jeden morgen in den spiegel schaute und ihn fragte, wer ist denn die schönste im ganzen land? +eines tages sagt dieser spiegel, ja, da gibt es eine schönere. +hinter den sieben bergen und so weiter. +und sie wissen auch, wie viel feindseligkeit aus dieser wahren auskunft, auch der spiegel kann nicht lügen, aus dieser wahren auskunft entspringt. +aber wir sollten einfach uns vertraut machen damit, dass man einer frau nicht sagen kann, dass es eine schönere irgendwo anders gibt. +hier ist es nötig, das, was wir unter politically correctness verstehen, immer wieder anzubringen. +wir brauchen an dieser stelle diese lüge, die uns die täuschung aufrechterhält, ohne die wir gar nicht weiterleben können. +wir haben nicht nur in der kunst, in der volksmärchendichtung, sondern auch in der wissenschaft solche großartigen lügen. +und da gibt es diese geschichte von der frau des bischofs von worchester. +sie hörte von diesem buch von charles darwin, die entstehung der arten und die abstammung des menschen. +dass der mensch vom affen abstammen sollte und, ja, es zumindest einen gemeinsamen vorfahren gäbe zwischen menschen und affen. +und dann rennte sie rannte sie zu ihrem mann und sagte, das ist doch wohl nicht wahr, was charles da schreibt. +der mensch soll vom affen abstammen oder einen gemeinsamen vorfahren haben. +nein, nein, das geht nicht. +und wenn es wahr ist, dann müssen wir verhindern, dass die menschen kenntnis davon erlangen. +warum müssen wir verhindern, dass menschen kenntnis von etwas erlangen, wenn es wahr ist? +weil wir ohne diese lebenslüge nicht leben können. +weil wir diese selbsttäuschung, dieses gefühl, großartig zu sein, abstammung von den höchsten wesen, nicht von einer solchen naturebene, von so etwas unberechenbarem wie einem organismus, der noch dazu existiert, einem stein vergleichbar und sonst welchen dingen, das ist für uns unaushaltbar. +also, wir können diese dinge gar nicht ertragen. +wir müssen verhindern, dass die menschen kenntnis erlangen von dingen, vor allem dann, wenn sie wahr sind. +damit sie sehen, wie langsam dieser mechanismus sich auflöst und wie die spuren aussehen, die er hinterlässt, die auf etwas anderes führen als auf dieses großartige bild von uns selbst, will ich ihnen eine weitere geschichte näherbringen. +eine besonders schöne geschichte, wie ich meine. +meine frau hat sie mir erzählt. +sie kam eines tages von der schule, sie ist lehrerin, und sie erzählte von einem schüler. +ein autistischer schüler. +sie mag ihn besonders gern, weil er eine neigung zur aufrichtigkeit hat. +und sie fragte ihn, was sind denn deine hobbys? +und da sagt er, na ja, ich bin bei der feuerwehr. +und weil ich bei der feuerwehr bin, interessiere ich mich für pyrotechnische dinge. +ja, sie spüren es schon, wenn sie heiter sind an dieser stelle. da stimmt etwas nicht. +ich habe meiner frau gesagt, immer wenn ein mensch in einer moralischen rechtfertigung das wörtchen weil verwendet, sollten wir versuchen, es durch das wörtchen obwohl zu ersetzen. +machen sie das einmal und dann erfahren sie den satz. +obwohl ich bei der feuerwehr bin, interessiere ich mich für pyrotechnische dinge. +sie spüren, das ist die eigentliche wahrheit hinter der auskunft. +so ein kleiner bub, der interessiert sich doch nicht fürs feuerlöschen. +der interessiert sich fürs feuermachen. +aber es gibt keine vereine, nach denen wir uns umschauen können, wo man lernt, wie man feuer macht. +es gibt nur das zweitbeste, eben die feuerwehr. +da hat er sich angemeldet. +und überdies, man sagt auch seiner lehrerin nicht, dass man gerne brände irgendwo legt und sich freut, wenn das feuer nachher hochlodert. +nein, es sieht einfach viel besser aus, wenn wir zeigen, dass wir dafür zuständig sind, die gefahren zu beseitigen, die andere erst schaffen, wenn sie eben feuer legen. +hier haben sie diesen kleinen mechanismus. +diese diesen verweis darauf, dass im innersten der bub schon wusste, dass er eigentlich mit dem feuer verwandt ist, aber dass er das nicht laut sagen kann. +hier haben sie diesen zensor zwischen dem unbewussten und dem bewussten, der sofort anspringt, ohne dass sie etwas dagegen tun können, und die dinge, von denen sie wissen, dass sie ganz anders aussehen, so gestaltet, dass sie viel besser für sie und andere klingen können. +so entstehen dann einfach solche wörter, die wir auch in der sprache des politisch korrekten sprechens immer wieder verwenden. +eigentlich wissen wir, dass etwas anderes der fall ist. +aber wir wissen, wenn wir das aussprechen, sind die sozialen verhältnisse sehr empfindlich gestört. +wir können das nicht einfach machen. +es ist unmöglich, solche dinge in einer gesellschaft, die funktionieren soll, zu präsentieren. +ich möchte ihnen nun darlegen, was wir in meinem institut herausgefunden haben. +nach welcher logik diese täuschung, diese selbsttäuschung, die bereitschaft, eine andere wirklichkeit als die, von der wir eigentlich schon im unbewussten wissen, dass sie gültig ist, nach außen zu verbreiten. +hierzu will ich ihnen zwei, vielleicht auch drei beispiele präsentieren. +das erste beispiel setzt voraus, was viele von ihnen kennen und manche von ihnen schätzen, ganz wenige nur überhaupt nicht benötigen. +ich meine die seele. +was ist die seele? +die seele ist so etwas geistiges, sagt etwa leibniz. +sie ist etwas, was nicht von stopp stofflicher, materieller natur ist. +und wenn sie menschen vor sich haben, die der festen überzeugung sind, dass sie eine seele besitzen, oder man kann auch sagen, die glauben, dass sie von der seele zum leben erweckt worden sind, dann stellen die sich das so ungefähr vor, als wäre die seele so ein geistiger rahmen über sie, nicht aus materie, sie selber nur aus fleisch und blut, etwas steinernes sozusagen, an die erde gebundenes, vergängliches, verwesbares, unwichtiges, ja totes. +und von dieser seele denken sie nun, dass sie irgendwie in dieser wolkigen natur, in dieser luftigen natur, anima heißt es im lateinischen, der lufthauch, präsent sei. +und wenn sich dieser lufthauch dann über den menschen ergießt, dann ist er angefüllt mit würde, mit geist, mit natur, die nur leben kann, ja eben mit seele. +und dann kann er eben davonlaufen. +das ist so die vorstellung, wie die seele wirkt. +sie soll also von außen zum menschen hinzukommen. +wir sollen sie also als etwas wahrnehmen, was unbedingt für unser leben präsent sein soll. +und wenn sie diese voraussetzung vor augen haben, dann verstehen sie die logik, mit der wir dieses glück erleben, durch eine lüge unsere welt verbessern zu können. +denn jetzt können sie einen dreisatz anwenden. +dreisatz kennen sie noch aus der schule. +das ist jetzt hier ein dreisatz, der uns eine logik beschreibt. +das ist übrigens der schwierigste teil in meinem vortrag. +hier brauchen sie etwas logik, aber auch die bereitschaft zu lügen. +nämlich so zu lügen, dass sie diese logik einfach falsch anwenden können. +in diesem dreisatz kommen drei sätze vor. +der erste satz lautet, klaus behauptet, es gibt keine seele. +der zweite satz lautet also, wenn klaus recht hat, dann hat er keine seele. +nun gibt es einen dritten satz. +ich hab ihn hier besonders hervorgehoben. +ein dritter satz, der sofort auftaucht bei menschen, die ein starkes gefühl für eine seele haben. +die sagen, wer keine seele hat, der ist tot und kann gar nichts behaupten. +und hier spüren sie 's schon. +hier kommt diese logik in diesem, ja, in dieser täuschenden rede zum ausdruck. +sie sehen es sofort. +die ersten beiden sätze, die sind logisch korrekt. +ich kann nämlich alles behaupten. +die logik macht keine aussagen über die realität. +ich kann sagen, die kanzlerin ist ein mann. +und wenn ich recht habe, dann ist die kanzlerin ein mann. +wenn ich nicht recht habe, dann ist die kanzlerin kein mann. +die logik macht keine aussage darüber, was gilt. +ich kann alles behaupten. +aber entscheidend ist, wenn ich recht habe, dann gilt es eben. +also wenn klaus sagt, es gibt keine seele. +zweitens, wenn er recht hat, dann hat er keine seele. +diese dinge sind logisch korrekt. +und jetzt spürt unser täuschendes bewusstsein sofort, daraus kann man etwas machen. +es hängt einen dritten satz an, der gar nichts mit den ersten beiden sätzen zu tun hat und der so tut, als wäre das gegenteil des ersten satzes schon bewiesen und vorausgesetzt. +denn eigentlich müssten wir ja beweisen, ob es die seele gibt oder nicht. +aber mit dieser logik, die es einfach nutzt, dass zwei sätze logisch korrekt sind, und einen dritten dazuhängt, der so aussieht, als hätte er etwas damit zu tun, damit können wir unsere lebenslüge retten. +also, wir tun so, als wäre es eigentlich unmöglich, ohne eine seele leben zu können. +und wir sind sehr glücklich darüber. +wir können diese dinge an verschiedenen beispielen fortführen. +in der gegenwart auf etwa haben wir ein ganz modernes beispiel, das immer wieder die tageszeitungen füllt. +hierzu müssen sie sich ein weiteres philosophisches thema, ein dauerbrenner aus der philosophie, präsent halten. +das hat damit zu tun, dass wir zurückgehen in das vierzehnte jahrhundert. +da gab es einen gelehrten, der hieß johannes buridanus und nach dem ist der buridansche esel benannt. +der buridansche esel ist ein esel, der aus reiner natur besteht. +der hat nicht diese seele. +das ist so ein naturding. +und wenn sie den exakt in der mitte zwischen zwei gleichgroßen heuhafen platzieren, dann verhungert er. +denn er weiß nicht, zu welchem heuhaufen er zuerst gehen soll. +er steht also genau in der mitte. +so sind die naturdinge vorgestellt. +gleichgroße kräfte mit gegensätzlichem vorzeigenzeichen lösen einander auf. +da passiert überhaupt nichts. +nur wenn sie dann ein anderes beispiel bringen, also wenn sie sofort den einen heuhaufen größer macht, dann braucht er auch keine vernunft und gar nichts dazu. +automatisch läuft er zum richtigen gedanken. +wenn sie diese vorstellung haben, dass man also in der natur irgendwie getrieben wird, determiniert wird, von den größeren haufen, die einen sofort anziehen, dann haben sie auch schnell das gefühl, dass es so etwas wie einen freien willen geben muss. +und wenn wir auch schon hier in frankfurt am main sind, dann erinnere ich an das max-planck-institut für hirnforschung. +da gibt es einen gelehrten, der heißt wolf singer, und von ihm sagt man manchmal, wolf singer behauptet, es gibt keine willensfreiheit. +jetzt können wir wieder den zweiten satz bilden und können sagen, wenn wolf singer recht hat, dann hat er keine willensfreiheit. +diese sätze sind absolut logisch und korrekt. +und was wir nun fast täglich in der tageszeitung lesen können, das finden sie in diesem dritten satz. +der sieht etwa so aus, wer keine willensfreiheit hat, kann auch nicht für seine handlungen und behauptungen zur verantwortung gezogen werden gezogen werden und er ist daher unzurechnungsfähig. +auch hier haben sie es wieder. +eigentlich müsste man ja erstmal beweisen, ob es so etwas wie willensfreiheit gibt. +aber die logik der täuschung erlaubt es uns, so zu tun, als wäre der erste satz von vornherein falsch, als müsste man selbstverständlich das gegenteil ohne beweis annehmen. +und jetzt können sie einfach, wenn sie selber irgendetwas machen wollen, wenn sie selber irgendetwas testen wollen und vor allem, wenn sie menschen glücklich machen wollen, diesen mut zur lüge üben. +üben sie das zum beispiel, wenn sie mal einem menschen begegnen, dem sie dann sagen können, es gibt keine vorhersager. +und bitte verwenden sie nicht das deutsche wort für vorhersager, das heißt prophet. +das dürfen sie nicht nennen, das wäre dann schon wieder ein bisschen politisch inkorrekt. +sagen sie, es gibt keine vorhersager. +sofort werden sie einer, für den es selbstverständlich solche vorhersager gibt, erfahren, das kannst du nicht beweisen. +und schon haben sie ein problem. +denn während sie damit beschäftigt sind, sich klarzumachen, dass sie nicht beweisen können, dass es keine vorhersager gibt, ist der mann ganz glücklich. +er ist ganz glücklich darüber, weil er sie getäuscht hat. +weil er sie auf eine fährte geführt hat, auf der er sich selber gar nicht aufhält. +denn eigentlich ist dieser mensch gar nicht an beweisen interessiert. +er ist nur daran interessiert, sich selber freizuhalten vor der notwendigkeit, beweisen zu müssen, dass es vorhersager gibt. +also, in der art der verschiebung der beweislast erleben sie die großartigkeit der lüge. +und wenn sie wieder einmal so eine möglichkeit haben, diesen dreisatz zu spüren bei anderen menschen, tun sie es, denn sie werden andere glücklich machen, wenn sie sie auf diese weise nicht an ihre selbstlüge erinnern. +ich danke ihnen für ihre aufmerksamkeit. +ja, guten tag. +ich hab mir erlaubt ich habe lilly gefragt, ob ich sie erwähnen darf. +sie ist eine der veranstalterinnen hier von dieser großartigen veranstaltung und hat mich gefragt, ob ich hier einen vortrag halten wolle und meine idee preisgeben. +ich muss ehrlich sagen, du hast es ja mitgekriegt, es fiel mir anfangs schwer von meiner idee zu reden. +und ich möge doch vielleicht mein inselprojekt vorstellen, dass ich versuche euch vorzustellen. +aber es ist natürlich die summe ganz, ganz vieler ideen. +ich gehöre wahrscheinlich, sind die beiden netten mädchen noch da, ich gehöre wahrscheinlich zu der generation, die für dieses schlechte öko image gesorgt hat, weil ich neunzehnhundertneunundsiebzig schon angefangen habe maschinenbau zu studieren in karlsruhe, technische hochschule, heute heißt sie, glaube ich, kit. +und mich hat 's dann mitte der achtziger jahre nach berlin verschlagen, weil ich erneuerbare energien machen wollte und das gab' s in karlsruhe nicht. +da gab 's die kernforschungsanlage leopoldshafen. +die hießen damals alle kfa, auch die jülich hieß kfa. +die heißen heute projektträger. +weil ein guter ingenieur hat entweder tolle autos gebaut oder atomkraftanlagen. +aber sowas doofes wie 'n solarpendel, aus dem irgendwie hundert watt aus dem quadratmeter herauskommt, das war ein spielzeug. +und in berlin gab es ein verrücktes ingenieurkollektiv. +ich bin dem premium-kola-mensch dankbar, dass dass er das wort nochmal wieder rehabilitiert hat, weil nach dem mauerfall durfte man das wort gar nicht mehr benutzen, weil alles linke war ja schlecht. +allerdings war das in den achtiziger jahren nicht so. +da war es eben so, dass es selbstverwaltete alternativbetriebe gab und einer davon saß eben in kreuzberg im mehringhof, wo man das böse vermutete. +ort des terrorismusses, aber das war hieß wuseltronik und hat wind- und sonnenenergie gemacht und da habe ich mitte der achtziger angefangen. +und ja, vieles von dem, was heute gesagt wurde, berührt mich sehr, weil viele, viele schöne äußerungen dabei waren, die ich auch durchlebt habe. +ich habe elf jahre in dem kollektiv gearbeitet, das war basisdemokratisch. +wir waren zwanzig leute. +wenn einer nein gesagt hat, war das vetoprinzip, das hat einen völlig zermürbt. ich habe zehn jahre lang ich habe schwer daran gezweifelt, ob ich mein tolles ingenieurstudium vielleicht wirklich an eine schwachsinnige sache verschwende, weil auch alle kollegen meines vaters immer ihm zugeredet haben, du hast das geld zum fenster rausgeschmissen bei deinem kind. +es beschäftigt sich mit schwachsinn. +und das war wirklich sehr, sehr bitter und man kommt dann auch in so 'ne phase hinein, eben tauchte das eine bild auf durchhalten, wo ich mich gefragt habe nach zehn jahren, tausend d-mark waren das ja damals noch, grundlohn, einheitslohn im kollektiv natürlich, ob das wirklich so das tolle sein soll. +und ich hab 's dann bis sechsundneunzig ausgehalten und dann haben wir zusammen mit freunden bin ich mitbegründer der firma solon geworden, die dann zusammen mit dem spin-off q-cells einer der größten zellenhersteller der welt wurde. +eine riesenerfolgsgeschichte, aber auch da haben wir natürlich wieder das problem eines wachsenden unternehmens und wir haben dann zweitausendsechs, eine kleine gruppe, beschlossen, dass wir wieder klein anfangen und zurückgehen und uns dem nächsten thema der zukunft widmen und das heißt meines erachtens und unseres erachtens, es ist wieder gleich verrückt, das fängt wieder damit an, dass die leute sagen, was soll der quatsch, das geht alles nicht, wir reden von speichern. +und da habe ich euch ein projekt mitgebracht, das ich euch jetzt mal vorstellen will. +und der titel des vortrages war, ja wie man zu hundert prozent erneuerbare kommt. +und wir haben eben einfach mit einer relativ einfach-verrückten geschichte angefangen zu fragen, wo könnte man denn einen speicher sinnvoll heute schon einsetzen. +auf dieser insel, das ist die insel graciosa auf den azoren. +ja, das sind so die daten. +da leben viereinhalb tausend menschen. +die haben heute einen erneuerbaren energieanteil von fünfzehn prozent. +und die frage ist, warum haben sie nicht mehr? +das geht einfach technologisch nicht. +wenn sie mehr windkraft einander zubauen, fängt das system an zu scheitern. +das erzähle ich auch immer den politikern, wenn sie in berlin-adlershof unsere anlage besichtigen. +die sagen dann immer, wieso? +wir haben doch schon zwanzig prozent in deutschland. +kann doch gar kein problem sein. +stimmt aber nicht, wir haben in europa sieben prozent und unser netz ist physikalisch gesehen das europäische. +wenn wir in europa zwanzig prozent hätten, dann hätten wir schon die gleichen probleme, die die leute auf dieser insel da haben. +die frage war einfach, rechnet das war zweitausend2006, haben die ersten kontakte mit der insel angefangen, rechne doch einfach mal durch. +wie groß müsste denn eigentlich so eine batterie sein, damit man so eine insel auf zwanzig, dreißig, vierzig, fünfzig, vielleicht sogar siebzig prozent erneuerbare bringt. +und ja, ich gehe nochmal eine slide weiter. +das konventionelle system sieht überall auf der welt so aus. +übrigens werden pro jahr etwa hundert gigawatt elektrische leistung auf dieselbasis zugebaut auf der welt. +das entspricht der leistung von hundert atomkraftwerken, weil das geht besonders schnell überall. +der energiehunger der welt, der stattfindet, wird mit diesel gelöscht, weil man da keine genehmigung braucht. +das geht schnell. +man stellt so 'ne kiste hin. +und dann sieht es in der regel so aus. +in dem verlaufen immer drei von den dieseln, zwei werden immer gewartet. +ja, so sieht ein das da unten ist eben die last. +wir haben auch sehr genaue daten bekommen. +und die windkraftanlage oder die solaranlage oder was immer es auch ist, ist in der regel ein back-up system beziehungsweise ein system, was nur in kleinen mengen hier einspeisen kann. +unser ziel war es einfach zu sagen, okay, +der diesel wird back-up und die wind, sonne bedienen die last so, dass sie den größeren anteil abbilden können. +und wenn sie über zwanzig, dreißig prozent erneuerbaren energien gehen wollen, also energie pro jahr, nicht die leistung im moment, dann müssen sie den diesel ausschalten. +das heißt, in dem moment müssen sie dafür sorgen, dass die erneuerbaren energien sozusagen das gesamte netz übernehmen können. +das können sie natürlich nur, wenn sie in irgendeiner art und weise hier gemanagt werden. +das hat so noch niemand auf der welt gemacht. +das gibt 's im kleinen stil, also sie können auch im auto ihren rasierer über einen kleinen wechselrichter bedienen. +die leute fragen mich immer, was forscht ihr denn eigentlich da in adlershof? +das geht doch schon. +wenn sie aber mehrere von diesen wechselrichtern zusammenschalten wollen und die sollen ein netz aufbauen, dann wird das äußerst kompliziert. +und unser ziel war eben, wir wollten auf siebzig bis neunzig prozent erneuerbare kommen und dann bleibt hier noch dieser rest, der letzte rest, die letzten zehn, zwanzig prozent erneuerbare mit, das wird wird sehr, sehr teuer und das wird auch nicht funktionieren, dass man das aus batterien macht. +das wird auf jeden fall ein energieträger sein, der dann, wasserstoff, methan, power to gas kennen sie oder sch, das wird es dann sein. +sie müssen dann eher auf einen saisonalspeicher gehen und winter-sommer und nicht nur tag-nacht ausgleichen. +wir wollten einfach mal wissen, was ist denn mit einer normalen, stinknormalen elektrochemischen batterie. +wie weit kommt man denn da überhaupt? +und haben dann eine ganze menge von simulationen angestellt. +und haben wind und sonne und die last durchsimuliert und kamen zu dem ergebnis, ein ganz spannendes ergebnis, dass man gegenüber dem konventionellen system, das nach zwanzig jahren einen mittleren strompreis von ungefähr fünfzig cent pro kilowattstunde benötigt, etwa bei vierundvierzig cent rauskommt. +das waren die allerersten berechnungen vor sechs jahren. +und dann haben wir gesagt, okay, +ist ja toll, dann haben wir ein geschäftsmodell. +wir sind billiger wie das diesel-system, wenn der dieselpreis fünf prozent pro jahr steigt. +und dann haben wir angefangen mit den insulanern zu verhandeln. +was müsste alles getan werden? +haben mit investoren verhandelt, ich habe neue gesellschafter gesucht. +wir waren ja damals erst fünf leute, um eine um die gesellschaft wieder neu aufzubauen. +und hier nochmal die darstellung. +das braune ist sozusagen das konventionelle system, das grüne ist unser system. +dass unser system auch einen preisanstieg hat, liegt daran, dass wir ja noch zwanzig prozent mit diesel machen und auch eine preissteigerung auf die anderen sachen nicht durchschlagen. +und die power-utility, die die das elektrizitätsversorgungsunternehmen auf der insel, hat gemeint, das finden wir ganz toll. +wollen wir auch unterstützen, aber wir glauben euch nicht, dass ihr das technische problem lösen könnt. +und deswegen haben wir uns entschlossen in berlin eine halle zu bauen, in der wir sozusagen die elektrischen verhältnisse der insel im maßstab eins zu drei ganz genau abbilden können. +das heißt, wir haben dann erstmal gesucht, die größte batterie der welt zu finden. +hier ist sie. +die kommt naturgemäß aus asien, in dem falle aus japan. +und witzigerweise ist sie in den siebziger jahren bei bbc mannheim, heute abb, entwickelt worden und wurde dann auslizensiert an die japaner. +sie ist man kann sehen, es ist eine sehr, sehr große batterie. +sie hat einen megawatt leistung und kann sechs stunden lang diese leistung bringen und das ist die batterie, die wir sozusagen simulationstechnisch rausbekommen haben. +und haben sie dann aufgestellt. +wir haben auch einen dieser diesel-aggregate in der gleichen größe, wie er dort steht, in die halle gebracht, um tatsächlich das komplette dynamische verhalten von diesem netz, also in der halle sieht es jetzt so aus, da hinten steht der diesel, hier steht die große batterie, hier sind die ganzen umrichter, mit denen wir das netz simulieren. +hier drüben simulieren wir das ganze übertragungsleitungsystem, die kilometer-physik der kabel, um sozusagen das schwingungsverhalten im netz abzubilden. +und hier kann man nochmal das ganze sehen. +wir können auch zweihundert kilowatt photovoltaik auf das netz aufschalten. +hier sehen wir das nochmal hier sehen wir nochmal den diesel, hier nochmal die ganzen, einzelnen aggregate. +und was wir gemacht haben, seit zweitausendneun war die halle dann fertig, bis heute zweitausendzwölf quasi alles, was hier zwischen den einzelnen system an elektronik, an software zu entwickeln war, haben wir gemacht. +wir sind also keine batteriehersteller, sondern wir definieren uns als firma, die nur zwischen dem thema batterie und dem thema netz steht und alles dazwischen. +man muss natürlich zur batterie hin kommunizieren, man muss auch hin ins netz kommunizieren können, und das ist sehr kompliziert. +das schöne ist an dem thema, dass man auf dieser insel im grunde genommen heute alles das vorwegnehmen kann an problemen, das wir bekommen werden, wenn wir unseren anteil von erneuerbaren erhöhen wollen. +also diese ganze diskussion, wie wird im moment hin- und herbewegt, energiewende, wie das gehen soll, auf der insel haben wir zum beispiel für fünfundzwanzig bis dreißig prozent exzessenergie, also wir müdsen den wind und die sonne abregeln. +natürlicht bietet sich dann smart-grid an. +also smart-grid, ein riesenthema überall. +wir können auf der insel schon mal damit anfangen, elektromobilität zu integrieren, rumzufragen, kann man denn die last managen. +das heißt, wenn man bei siebzig prozent erneuerbare ist, dann wird man das nicht ohne speicher machen können. +man kann durch 'n smart-grid, man kann durch ausbau der netze, ja, das sollte man auf jeden fall auch tun, den anteil erhören, aber man wird niemals auf speicher komplett verzichten können. +und das ist so 'n bißchen die botschaft. +deswegen kommen auch viele leute und schauen sich das dort an, eben weil man sehen kann, welche probleme man bekommt. +wenn wir den diesel abschalten, dann hat man eben nicht mehr diese rotierende masse, die eine gewisse trägheit im netz verursacht. +und unser europäisches verbundnetz besteht im grunde genommen nur aus lauter rotierenden massen von großen kraftwerken, wo sich immer die welle überall um ganz europa gleicht dreht. +wir schauen in dieses netz hinein, sehen die fünfzig hertz, und wenn es neunundvierzig komma neun hertz wird, fangen wir ein paar ventilchen aufzumachen, dann geht wieder ein bißchen merh dampf rein, dann kommen wir wieder hoch. +das ist das system. +und natürlich ist das unglaublich träge. +wenn sie das irgendwo runterreißen, dann dauert 's' ne weile. +das spinning reserve hat mindestens zehn sekunden, um das netz stabil zu halten. +und in der zeit können sie wieder anderes reagieren. +wenn sie das nicht mehr haben, diese rotierende masse, dann müssen sie das mit leistungselektronik und elektrochemie ersetzen. +und wir können mit dieser großen batterie zwei millisekunden einmal rein-rausschalten. +da sieht man dann schon, welche enormen geschwindigkeitsmöglichkeiten da gibt. +und die botschaft ist nun, wir müssen auf diese rotierenden massen verzichten, wenn wir sozusagen unsere ziele zwanzig, zwanzig, zwanzig prozent, zwanzig, dreißig, dreißig prozent und so weiter, wenn wir die überhaupt erreichen wollen, +dann müssen wir unsere must-run kapazitäten im netz abbauen. +must-run heißt einfach, das kraftwerk läuft mit, um die frequenz zu halten. +ja, das ist ja eine riesendebatte im moment, zubau vom kohlekraftwerken, weil wir sonst keine, oder gasturbinen, weil das nicht geht. +und wir versuchen einfach klarzumachen, dass man die kapazitäten, die must-run kapazitäten, abbauen kann, indem man auch elektrochemische speicher ins netz bringt. +dazu gibt es glücklicherweise jetzt auch eine ganze menge studien. +und zu diesem zweck kommen die leute dann immer und schauen sich unseren versuchsstand auf der, quasi unseren inselteststand an. +und ja, die diskussion geht immer um die frage, wie weit kann man dort ein stück weit zukunft vorwegnehmen. +und viele diskussionen, die ich in den letzten sechs jahren hatte, waren ähnlich wie die diskussion, die ich in den letzten dreißig jahren hatte zum thema photovoltaik. +geht nicht, ist schwachsinn, kinderspielkram, haben wir alles gerechnet, rechnet sich nie. +wir haben heute dreißig gigawatt photovoltaik in deutschland. +das ist vorbildlich. +und ich gehe einfach davon aus, dass wir in den nächsten dreißig jahren die gleiche kapazität an elektrochemischen speichern auf der ganzen welt haben werden. +ganz einfach, so wird es kommen. +da wird es so eine ganze menge von widerständen geben und streitereien. +das schöne ist, dass ich quasi jetzt in den letzten beiden jahren erlebt habe, dass die wissenschaftler sich auf meine seite stellen. +wir haben mittlerweile über zehn millionen förderprojekte bekommen, auch um 'ne zehn-megawatt-batterie jetzt ans deutsche netz zu klemmen. +das wird im nächsten april stattfinden. +also von daher merkt man auch da, dass da ein wandel da ist und erst von dieser abwehrhaltung hin zu ja, zu der vorstellung, hundert prozent erneuerbare stimmt ja. +und wenn man hundert prozent erneuerbare hat, dann ist das ja wie ein autarkes system. +bisher wird in diskussionen immer versucht, diese insulaner, die machen sich autark, die haben ein eigenes kleines netz, das hat ja mit unserem verbund nichts zu tun. +die die frage ist doch ganz einfach, wenn sie sich vollkommen unabhängig machen von irgendwelchen fossilen oder uranen energierträgern, die irgendwo auf der welt rausgebohrt werden und zu ihnen hingebracht werden, dann sind sie ja eine insel. +dann verbrauchen sie nur noch das, was an sonne und wind da vorhanden ist, wo sie leben. +und das ist so ein bisschen unsere vision von einer vernüftigen energieversorgung und ich bin cradle-to-cradle auch dankbar, dass sie gesagt haben, sonnenenergie nutzen. +und das ist ja das, was wir tun, und insofern kommen so, auch der vortrag von premium kola, dass man wieder ein kollektiv sein darf und sonnenenergie nutzen, hier ein bißchen zusammen. +und ja gut, ich möchte euch einfach dann ermutigen, in dem sinne, dass man ruhig ein bisschen verrückt sein kann und auch eine vision haben darf. +und man muss wirklich ziemlich zäh bleiben dabei, aber ich denke, dass dass es geht. +vielen dank. +als steve lopez, kolumnist der los angeles times, eines tages durch die straßen im zentrum von los angeles ging, hörte er eine wundervolle musik. +sie kam von einem mann, einem afro-amerikaner, sympathisch, rau, obdachlos, der auf einer geige spielte, die nur noch zwei saiten hatte. +viele von ihnen werden die geschichte kennen, denn aus steves artikel darüber wurde später ein buch, das wiederum verfilmt wurde, mit robert downey junior als steve lopez und jamie foxx als nathaniel anthony ayers, dem kontrabassisten, der am juilliard-konservatorium studierte und dessen vielversprechende karriere tragischerweise früh durch seine paranoide schizophrenie beendet wurde. +nathaniel verließ juilliard, erlitt einen nervenzusammenbruch und 30 jahre später lebte er als obdachloser auf den straßen von skid row im zentrum von los angeles. +ich empfehle ihnen allen, steves buch zu lesen oder sich den film anzusehen, damit sie nicht nur die wunderbare verbundenheit verstehen, die zwischen diesen beiden männern entstanden ist, sondern auch, wie die musik diese verbindung herstellen half und wie sie schließlich das instrument war, wenn dieses wortspiel erlaubt ist, das mithalf, nathaniel weg von der straße zu kriegen. +ich traf mr ayers im jahre 2008, vor zwei jahren, in der walt disney concert hall. +er hatte gerade eine vorführung von beethovens erster und vierter sinfonie gehört und kam hinter die bühne, um sich mir vorzustellen. +er sprach in einem sehr heiteren und geselligen ton über yo-yo ma und hillary clinton und darüber, wie die dodgers es nie in die baseball world series schaffen würden. und das alles wegen der tückischen passage der ersten geige im letzten satz von beethovens vierter sinfonie. +wir kamen aufs thema musik zu sprechen. und ein paar tage später bekam ich eine e-mail, in der stand, dass nathaniel sich für geigenunterricht bei mir interessierte. +ich muss noch erwähnen, dass nathaniel eine medizinische behandlung ablehnte, denn er war bereits mit elektroschocks und mit thorazin und handschellen behandelt worden, ein trauma, das ihn sein ganzes leben verfolgt hat. +als folge davon ist er jetzt besonders anfällig für diese schizophrenen phasen. die sind manchmal so schlimm, und er tagelang verschwindet, in den straßen von skid row herumwandert, immer diesem horror und den folterqualen seines eigenen geistes ausgesetzt. +und in genau so einem reizstadium befand sich nathaniel, als wir mit unserer ersten unterrichtsstunde in der walt disney concert hall begannen. er hatte dieses irre flackern in seinen augen und wirkte völlig verloren. +er sprach über unsichtbare dämonen und rauch und darüber, wie ihn jemand im schlaf vergiften wollte. +ich hatte angst, nicht meinetwegen, sondern ich hatte angst, dass ich ihn verlieren könnte, dass er in einen seiner zustände versinken könnte und dass ich ihm seine beziehung zur geige zerstören könnte, wenn ich anfing, über tonleitern und arpeggios und andere aufregende formen der didaktischen geigenpädagogik zu reden. +ich fing also einfach an zu spielen. +ich spielte den ersten satz von beethovens violinkonzert. +und während ich spielte, fiel mir auf, dass in nathaniels augen eine vollkommene veränderung vor sich ging. +es war, als ob er unter dem einfluss einer unsichtbaren arznei stand, eine chemische reaktion, dessen katalysator mein spiel war. +nathaniels manischer zorn verwandelte sich in verständnis, in eine ruhige neugier und anmut. +und wie durch ein wunder nahm er seine geige und begann, nach gehör einige ausschnitte von violinkonzerten zu spielen und bat mich dann, sie zu ende zu spielen: mendelssohn, tschaikowski, sibelius. +wir fingen dann an, über musik zu sprechen, angefangen von bach über beethoven, brahms, bruckner und all die anderen bs, von bartók bis hin zu esa-pekka salonen. +und mir wurde klar, dass er nicht nur ein enzyklopädisches wissen über musik besaß, sondern ihn mit ihr auch eine enge persönliche beziehung verband. +er sprach von ihr mit einer leidenschaft und einem verständnis, das ich sonst nur von meinen kollegen in der philharmonie von los angeles kenne. +indem er musik spielte und über musik sprach, war aus diesem paranoiden, verwirrten mann, der eben noch durch die straßen von los angeles gezogen war, ein liebenswerter, gebildeter, ausgezeichneter, in juilliard ausgebildeter musiker geworden. +musik ist medizin. musik verändert uns. +für nathaniel bedeutet musik seelische gesundheit. +denn die musik erlaubt es ihm, seine gedanken und wahnvorstellungen mit hilfe seiner vorstellungskraft und kreativität in etwas reales umzuformen. +und so entflieht er seinen quälenden zuständen. +ich verstand, dass genau dies das wesen der kunst ist. +genau dies ist der grund, warum wir musik machen: damit wir etwas, das in uns allen, tief im inneren steckt, unsere gefühle, durch unsere künstlerische linse, durch unsere kreativität zur wirklichkeit formen können. +und die wirklichkeit jenes ausdrucks erreicht uns alle, und bewegt, inspiriert und vereint uns. +was nathaniel anging, so brachte ihn die musik zurück in eine gemeinschaft von freunden. +die erlösende kraft der musik brachte ihn zurück in eine familie von musikern, die ihn verstand, die sein talent erkannte und ihn achtete. +und ich werde immer wieder mit nathaniel musizieren, egal ob in der walt disney concert hall oder in skid row, denn er erinnert mich daran, warum ich musiker geworden bin. +vielen dank. +bruno giussani: vielen dank. danke. +robert gupta. +robert gupta: ich möchte etwas spielen, das ich unverschämterweise den cellisten gestohlen habe. +ich hoffe, sie verzeihen mir. +also ich habe in meinem leben viele fische gekannt. +ich habe nur zwei geliebt. +dieser erste, das war mehr wie eine leidenschaftliche affäre. +es war ein schöner fisch, wohlschmeckend, gute konsistenz, gehaltvoll, ein bestseller auf der speisekarte. +was für ein fisch. +noch besser, er wurde in aquakultur nach den angeblich höchsten standards der nachhaltigkeit gezüchtet. +man konnte sich also wohl dabei fühlen, ihn zu verkaufen. +ich hatte mit dieser schönheit eine beziehung über mehrere monate. +eines tages rief der chef der firma an und fragte, ob ich bei einer veranstaltung vortragen könnte über die nachhaltigkeit der farm. +"natürlich", sagte ich. +hier war eine firma, die zu lösen versuchte, was dieses unvorstellbare problem für unsere köche geworden ist. wie behalten wir fisch auf unseren speisekarten? +in den letzten 50 jahren haben wir die meere gefischt wie wir wälder kahl geschlagen haben. +es ist schwer, die zerstörung zu überbewerten. +90 prozent der großen fische, der, die wir lieben, die thunfische, die heilbutte, die lachse, schwertfisch, sie sind zusammengebrochen. +es ist fast nichts mehr übrig. +also wird wohl oder übel aquakultur, fischanbau, ein teil unserer zukunft sein. +viele argumente dagegen. fischzuchtanlagen verschmutzen die umwelt, die meisten von ihnen jedenfalls, und sie sind ineffizient, nehmen wir thunfisch. ein großer nachteil. +er hat eine futterverwertung von 15 zu eins. +das heißt, 15 pfund wildfisch sind nötig, damit man ein pfund zucht-thunfisch bekommt. +nicht sehr nachhaltig. +schmeckt auch nicht sehr gut. +also hier war endlich eine firma, die versuchte, es richtig zu machen. +ich wollte sie unterstützten. +am tag vor der veranstaltung rief ich den chef der öffentlichkeitsarbeit für die firma an. +nennen wir ihn don. +"don", sagte ich, "nur um die fakten richtig zu haben, ihr seid berühmt dafür, so weit draußen im meer anzubauen, dass ihr die umwelt nicht verschmutzt." +"das stimmt", sagte er. "wir sind so weit draußen, dass der abfall von unserem fisch verteilt wird, nicht konzentriert." +und dann fügte er hinzu, "wir sind im grunde eine eigene welt. +diese futterverwertung von 2.5 zu 1 ", sagte er. +"die beste in der branche." +2.5 zu eins, großartig. +"2.5 zu eins was? was füttert ihr?" +"nachhaltige proteine", sagte er. +"großartig", sagte ich. legte auf. +und an diesem abend lag ich im bett und dachte: was zur hölle ist ein nachhaltiges protein? +also rief ich am nächsten tag, kurz vor der veranstaltung, don an. +ich sagte: "don, was zum beispiel sind nachhaltige proteine?" +er sagte, er wisse das nicht. er werde nachfragen. +nun, ich telefonierte mit ein paar leuten in der firma. niemand konnte mir eine ordentliche antwort geben. bis ich endlich mit dem leitenden biologen telefonierte. +nennen wir ihn ebenfalls don. +"don", sagte ich, "was zum beispiel sind nachhaltige proteine?" +nun, er erwähnte einige algen und einige fischmehle, und dann sagte er, hühnchen-pellets. +ich sagte: "hühnchen-pellets?" +er sagte: "ja, federn, haut, knochenmehl, reste, getrocknet und zu futter verarbeitet." +ich sagte: "wie viel prozent eures futters ist hühnchen?", +in der annahme von vielleicht zwei prozent. +"nun, das sind ungefähr 30 prozent", sagte er. +ich sagte: "don, was ist nachhaltig daran, hühnchen an fische zu verfüttern?" +es gab eine lange pause in der leitung und er sagte: "es gibt einfach zu viel hühnchen auf der welt." +ich entliebte mich von diesem fisch. +nein, nicht, weil ich ein selbstgerechter genießer und gutmensch bin. +das bin ich sogar. +nein, ich habe micht tatsächlich von diesem fisch entliebt, weil, ich schwöre bei gott, der fisch nach dieser unterhaltung nach hühnchen geschmeckt hat. +dieser zweite fisch, das ist eine andere art von liebesgeschichte. +es ist die romantische art, die art, bei der man, je besser man seinen fisch kennen lernt, man den fisch umso mehr liebt. +ich habe ihn zuerst in einem restaurant in südspanien gegessen. +eine befreundete journalistin hatte seit langem von diesem fisch gesprochen. +sie hat uns gewissermaßen verkuppelt. +er kam auf den tisch mit einer hellen, fast schimmernden weißen farbe. +der koch hatte ihn verkocht. +halt zweimal. +erstaunlicherweise war er immer noch köstlich. +wer kann einen fisch so gut schmecken lassen, nachdem er verkocht wurde? +ich kann es nicht, aber dieser typ kann es. +nennen wir ihn miguel. tatsächlich heißt er miguel. +und nein, er hat den fisch nicht gekocht und er ist kein koch. zumindest auf die art, die sie und ich darunter verstehen. +er ist ein biologe bei veta la palma. +das ist eine fischaufzucht in der südwestlichen ecke spaniens. +sie ist nahe der mündung des flusses guadalquivir. +bis in die 1980er war die farm in den händen von argentiniern. +sie züchteten fleischrinder auf dem, was im grunde feuchtgebiete waren. +sie machten das, indem sie das land entwässerten. +sie bauten diese komplizierte folge von kanälen, und sie drängten wasser aus dem land heraus und hinaus in den fluss. +nun, sie konnten nicht bewirken, dass das klappte, nicht wirtschaftlich. +und ökologisch war es eine katastrophe. +es brachte ungefähr 90 prozent der vögel um, was für diesen ort viele vögel sind. +und so hat 1982 eine spanische firma mit umweltbewusstsein das land gekauft. +was haben sie gemacht? +sie haben den fluss des wassers umgekehrt. +sie haben buchstäblich den hebel umgelegt. +anstatt das wasser herauszudrängen benutzten sie die kanäle, um das wasser wieder hereinzuziehen. +sie fluteten die kanäle. +sie schufen eine 11.000 hektar fischaufzucht -- barsch, meeräsche, garnele, aal -- und dabei haben miguel und seine firma die ökologische zerstörung komplett umgekehrt. +die farm ist unglaublich. +ich meine, sie haben so etwas noch nie gesehen. +sie starren heraus auf den horizont, der eine million meilen entfernt ist, und alles was sie sehen sind geflutete kanäle und diese dichte, üppige marsch. +ich war dort vor gar nicht langer zeit mit miguel. +er ist ein unglaublicher kerl, drei teile charles darwin und ein teil "ein krokodil zum küssen". +okay? da waren wir und kämpften uns durch die feuchtgebiete und ich keuche und schwitze, habe matsch bis zu meinen knien, und miguel hält in ruhe eine biologievorlesung. +hier hebt er einen seltenen gleitaar hervor. +nun erwähnt er die mineralbedürfnisse von phytoplankton. +und hier, hier sieht er ein muster von bündeln, das ihn an die tansanische giraffe erinnert. +es stellt sich heraus, dass miguel den größten teil seiner karriere im mikumi nationalpark in afrika verbracht hat. +ich fragte ihn, wie er zu so einem fisch-experten geworden ist. +er sagte: "fisch? ich weiß nichts über fisch. +ich bin ein experte für beziehungen. " +und dann geht er und stürzt sich in mehr gerede von seltenen vögeln und algen und seltsamen wasserpflanzen. +und verstehen sie mich nicht falsch, das war wirklich faszinierend, wissen sie, die biotische gemeinschaft unplugged, so in der art. +es ist großartig, aber ich war verliebt. +und mein kopf wurde schwach über dieses verkochte stück köstlichen fischs, das ich am vorabend hatte. +also habe ich ihn unterbrochen. ich sagte: "miguel, wie kommt es, dass dein fisch so gut schmeckt?" +er zeigte auf die algen. +"ich weiß, junge, die algen, der phytoplankton, die beziehungen, das ist unglaublich. +aber was essen deine fische? +wie ist die futterverwertung? " +nun, er fährt fort mir zu erzählen, dass es so ein reichhaltiges system ist, dass die fische essen, was sie in der wildnis essen würden. +die pflanzliche biomasse, den phytoplankton, den zooplankton, das ist es, was die fische füttert. +das system ist so gesund, es ist völlig selbsterneuernd. +es gibt kein futter. +je von einer farm gehört, die ihre tiere nicht füttert? +später am tag fuhr ich auf diesem grundstück mit miguel herum und ich fragte ihn, ich sagte: "für einen ort, der so natürlich zu sein scheint", anders als jede farm, auf der ich je gewesen war, "wie misst du erfolg?" +in dem moment war es, als ob ein filmregisseur einen bühnenwechsel verlangt hätte. +und wir bogen um die ecke und uns bot sich der unglaublichste anblick, tausende und abertausende pinker flamingos, ein buchstäblich pinker teppich so weit das auge reicht. +"das ist erfolg", sagte er. +"schau dir ihre bäuche an, pink. +sie schlemmen. " +schlemmen? ich war völlig verwirrt. +ich sagte: "miguel, schlemmen sie nicht deinen fisch?" +"ja", sagte er. +"wir verlieren 20 prozent von unserem fisch und fischeiern an die vögel. +nun, letztes jahr waren auf diesem grundstück 600.000 vögel, mehr als 250 unterschiedliche arten. +es ist heute das größte und eines der wichtigsten privaten vogelreservate in ganz europa geworden. +ich sagte: "miguel, ist ein gut gedeihender vogelbestand nicht das letzte, das man auf einer fischaufzucht haben möchte?" +er schüttelte seinen kopf, nein. +er sagte: "wir bauen extensiv an, nicht intensiv. +das hier ist ein ökologisches netzwerk. +die flamingos fressen die garnelen. +die garnelen fressen den phytoplankton. +je pinker also der bauch desto besser das system. " +okay, lassen sie uns das überdenken. eine farm, die ihre tiere nicht füttert und eine farm, die ihren erfolg an der gesundheit ihrer räuber misst. +eine fischaufzucht, aber auch ein vogelreservat. +oh, und nebenbei sollten diese flamingos von vornherein nicht einmal da sein. +sie brüten in einer stadt 240 kilometer entfernt, wo die bodenbeschaffenheit besser ist für den nestbau. +jeden morgen fliegen sie 240 kilometer zur farm. +und jeden abend fliegen sie 240 kilometer zurück. +sie machen das, weil sie der gestrichelten weißen linie der landstraße a92 folgen können. +im ernst. +ich hatte mir eine art reise der pinguine vorgestellt, also schaute ich miguel an. +ich sagte: "miguel, fliegen sie 240 kilometer zu der farm und fliegen sie dann 240 kilometer zurück am abend? +machen sie das für die kinder? " +er schaute mich an, als hätte ich gerade ein lied von whitney houston zitiert. +er sagte: "nein. sie machen das, weil das essen besser ist." +ich habe nicht die haut meines geliebten fisches erwähnt, die köstlich war, und ich mag keine fischhaut. ich mag sie nicht sautiert. ich mag sie nicht knusprig. +es ist dieser beißende, verkohlte geschmack. +ich koche fast nie damit. +und doch, als ich sie in diesem restaurant in südspanien probiert habe hat sie überhaupt nicht nach fischhaut geschmeckt. +sie schmeckte süß und rein, als ob man einen bissen vom ozean nehmen würde. +ich erwähnte das gegenüber miguel und er nickte. +er sagte: "die haut wirkt wie ein schwamm. +sie ist die letzte abwehr, bevor etwas in den körper eintritt. +sie hat sich im laufe der evolution entwickelt, um unreinheiten aufzusaugen. " +und dann fügte er hinzu: "aber unser wasser hat keine unreinheiten." +okay. eine farm, die ihre fische nicht füttert. eine farm, die ihren erfolg misst am erfolg ihrer räuber. +und dann wurde mir klar, wenn er sagt, eine farm, die keine unreinheiten hat, untertreibt er gewaltig, denn das wasser, das durch diese farm fließt kommt aus dem fluss guadalquivir herein. +es ist ein fluss, der all die dinge mit sich führt, von denen flüsse heutzutage dazu neigen, sie mit sich zu führen, chemische schadstoffe, abfluss von schädlingsbekämpfungsmitteln. +und wenn es sich durch das system gekämpft hat und dieses verlässt ist das wasser sauberer, als wie es hereingekommen ist. +das system ist so gesund, es reinigt das wasser. +also nicht nur eine farm, die ihre tiere nicht füttert, nicht nur eine farm, die ihren erfolg an der gesundheit ihrer räuber misst, sondern eine farm, die buchstäblich eine wasser-aufbereitungsanlage ist, und nicht nur für diese fische, sondern auch für dich und mich. +denn wenn das wasser herausfließt, versinkt es im atlantik. +ein tropfen im ozean, ich weiß, aber ich nehme ihn, und das sollten sie auch tun, denn diese liebesgeschichte, wie romantisch auch immer, ist auch aufschlussreich. +man könnte sagen, dass sie ein rezept ist für die zukunft guter lebensmittel, ob wir von barsch oder fleischrindern sprechen. +was wir jetzt brauchen, ist ein radikal neues konzept von landwirtschaft, von einer, in der lebensmittel tatsächlich gut schmecken. +aber für viele leute ist das ein bisschen zu radikal. +wir sind keine realisten, wir genießer. wir sind liebhaber. +wir lieben wochenmärkte. wir lieben kleine familienbetriebe. wir reden über regionale lebensmittel. wir essen bio. +und wenn sie behaupten, dass das die dinge sind, die die zukunft guter lebensmittel versichern steht jemand irgendwo auf und sagt: "hey leute, ich liebe pinke flamingos, aber wie werden sie die welt ernähren? +wie werden sie die welt ernähren? " +darf ich ehrlich sein? +ich mag diese frage nicht. +nein, nicht, weil wir schon genug kalorien produzieren, um die welt mehr als nur zu ernähren. +eine milliarde menschen werden heute hungern. +eine milliarde -- das ist mehr als je zuvor -- aufgrund krasser ungleichheiten in der verteilung, nicht der gesamtproduktion. +nun, ich mag diese frage nicht, weil sie die logik unseres nahrungssystems die letzten 50 jahre über bestimmt hat. +füttere getreide an pflanzenfresser, schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel an monokulturen, chemikalien an die erde, hühnchen an fische, und die ganze zeit hat die agrarindustrie einfach gefragt: "wenn wir mehr leute billiger ernähren, wie schrecklich kann das schon sein?" +das war der beweggrund. es war die rechtfertigung. es war der geschäftsplan der amerikanischen landwirtschaft. +wir sollten sie nennen, was sie ist, ein gewerbe in abwicklung, ein gewerbe, das schnell ökologisches kapital auffrisst, das genau diese produktion ermöglicht. +das ist kein gewerbe, und es ist nicht landwirtschaft. +unsere kornkammer ist heute bedroht, nicht aufgrund abnehmender zufuhr, sondern aufgrund abnehmender ressourcen, +nicht durch die neuesten mähdrescher- und traktor-erfindungen, sondern durch fruchtbares land, nicht durch pumpen, sondern durch frisches wasser, nicht durch kettensägen, sondern durch wälder, und nicht durch fischerboote und netze, sondern durch fische im meer. +sie wollen die welt ernähren? +lassen sie uns anfangen mit der frage: wie werden wir uns selbst ernähren? +oder besser, wie können wir bedingungen schaffen, die jede gemeinschaft befähigen, sich selbst zu ernähren? +um das zu tun, schauen sie nicht auf das agrarindustrie-modell für die zukunft. +es ist wirklich alt, und es ist erledigt. +kapital, chemie und maschinen stehen darin obenan und es hat nie etwas wirklich gutes zum essen produziert. +schauen wir uns stattdessen das ökologische modell an. +das ist das, das auf zwei milliarden jahre arbeitserfahrung zurückgreift. +schauen sie sich miguel an, bauern wie miguel, +betriebe, die nicht welten für sich sind, betriebe, die wiederherstellen anstatt aufzubrauchen, betriebe, die extensiv anbauen anstatt nur intensiv, bauern, die nicht nur erzeuger sind, sondern experten für beziehungen, +denn sie sind diejenigen, die auch experten für geschmack sind. +und wenn ich wirklich ehrlich bin sind sie ein besserer koch als ich es je sein werde. +wissen sie, das ist mir recht, denn wenn das die zukunft guter lebensmittel ist, wird sie köstlich sein. +danke. +falls ich ihnen heute eine sache näherbringen möchte ist es, dass die gesamtheit der daten, die wir konsumieren, größer ist als die summe ihrer einzelteile und anstatt dabei an informationsüberladung zu denken möchte ich, dass sie darüber nachdenken wie wir information so nutzen können, dass sich muster ergeben und wir so trends erkennen, die ansonsten nicht sichtbar geworden wären. +so, was wir hier sehen ist ein typisches sterbediagramm nach alter angeordnet. +das programm, das ich hier benutze, ist ein kleines experiment. +es heißt pivot und was ich mit pivot machen kann ist, dass ich nach einer bestimmten todesursache filtern kann, sagen wir unfälle. +und sofort sehe ich ein anderes muster, das sich ergibt. +und zwar, weil im mittelbereich hier die menschen am aktivsten sind und sie hier drüben am gebrechlichsten sind. +wir können einen schritt weiter rausgehen und ordnen die daten dann neu und sehen, dass kreislauferkrankungen und krebs die üblichen verdächtigen sind, jedoch nicht für jeden. +wenn wir nun weitergehen und nach alter sortieren, sagen wir 40 jahre oder jünger sehen wir, dass unfälle sogar die hauptursache ist über die sich die menschen sorgen machen sollten. +und wer weiterforscht sieht, dass ist dies besonders bei männern zutrifft. +sie erkennen also, dass das ansehen von informationen und daten in dieser weise sehr an schwimmen in einer lebendigen informationsgrafik erinnert. +und wenn wir dies für rohdaten machen können warum nicht auch für inhalte selbst? +was wir nun hier haben sind die titelbilder jeder einzelnen "sports illustrated", die jemals gedruckt wurden. +es ist alles hier. es ist alles online. +sie können es gerne nach meinem vortrag in ihren zimmern testen. +mit pivot können sie eintauchen in ein jahrzehnt. +sie können eintauchen in ein bestimmtes jahr. +sie können direkt zu einer bestimmten ausgabe springen. +wenn ich nun hier schaue, sehe ich die athleten, die in dieser ausgabe erscheinen und die sportarten. +ich bin ein lance armstrong fan, also klicke ich hierhin wodurch sich mir alle ausgaben zeigen in denen lance armstrong erwähnt wird. +jetzt, wenn ich nur einen gröberen überblick bekommen möchte, könnte ich denken "ok, was wenn ich mir alles mit dem thema fahrradfahren ansehe?" +also gehe ich einen schritt zurück und erweitere die sichtweise. +nun sehe ich greg lemond. +und so bekommt man eine idee davon, dass wenn man auf diese art informationen durchsucht, gezielter, breiter, reinzoomen, rauszoomen, dann sucht man nicht oder surft nicht einfach nur. +man macht etwas, das eigentlich ein wenig anders ist. +es ist etwas dazwischen und wir denken es ändert die art und weise wie informationen genutzt werden können. +ich möchte diese idee nun ein bisschen weiter ausführen mit etwa was ein bisschen verrückt ist. +was wir hier gemacht haben ist, wir haben jede einzelne wikipediaseite genommen und sie auf eine kleine zusammenfassung reduziert. +die zusammenfassung enthält eine kurze übersicht und ein symbol für den bereich aus dem sie kommt. +ich zeige nur mal die top 500 der populärsten wikipediaseiten. +aber sogar in dieser eingeschränkten ansicht können wir eine menge dinge tun. +sofort bekommen wir einen eindruck über die themen, die auf wikipedia am populärsten sind. +ich werde nun das thema 'regierung' wählen. +nun, nachdem ich 'regierung' gewählt habe erkenne ich, dass die wikipediakategorien, die sich am meisten damit decken time magazines "menschen des jahres" sind. +dies ist wirklich wichtig, da dies eine erkenntnis ist, die nicht in einer einzelnen wikipediaseite steckt. +das ist nur zu erkennen wenn man einen schritt zurückgeht und das ganze betrachtet. +schauend auf eine bestimmte dieser zusammenfassungen kann ich dann in das thema time magazines "menschen des jahres" hinein gehen, und alle zusammen sehen. +wenn ich nun all diese personen betrachte erkenne ich, dass die mehrheit davon regierungsbeamte sind. manche kommen aus der wissenschaft. manche, noch weniger, kommen aus der wirtschaft. hier ist mein chef. und einer kommt aus dem musikbereich. +und interessanterweise ist bono auch ein ted prize gewinner. +so können wir nun springen und einen blick auf alle ted prize gewinner werfen. +man sieht, wir surfen im netz das erste mal als ob es auch wirklich ein netz ist, nicht nur von seite zu seite, sondern viel abstrakter. +und so möchte ich ihnen was anderes zeigen was eine kleine überraschung sein könnte. +ich zeige ihnen hier einfach nur die new york times website. +pivot, diese anwendung -- ich möchte es nicht einen browser nennen; es ist wirklich kein browser, aber man kann webseiten damit ansehen -- und wir bringen diese zoom-technologie zu jeder einzelnen webseite wie dieser. +ich kann also einen schritt zurückgehen, und direkt zu einer spezifischen sektion springen. +das ist deshalb wichtig, weil man nur durch das anschauen von webseiten in dieser art und weise, den ganzen internet-verlauf auf die gleiche art und weise betrachten kann. +ich kann also in meinen verlauf hineinzoomen in einem bestimmten zeitrahmen. +hier ist der stand der gesamten demonstration, die ich bis hierhin gehalten habe. +und ich kann sozusagen alles, was ich heute bisher angesehen habe, wieder zurückholen. +und, wenn ich wieder einen schritt rausgehe und auf alles schaue, kann ich meinen verlauf neu anordnen vielleicht nach meiner such-vergangenheit. hier, habe ich nach 'nepotistisch' gesucht, hier nach bing, oder hier nach live labs pivot. +und von hier kann ich in die seite hineingehen und sie wieder aufrufen. +es ist eine metapher, die immer wieder verwendet wird, und jedes mal macht es das gesamtbild größer als die summe der datenteile. +im moment, in dieser welt, denken wir, dass daten ein fluch sind. +wir reden von dem fluch des informationsüberflusses. +wir reden vom "ertrinken in informationen". +was, wenn wir diese situation umdrehen könnten und das internet auf den kopf stellen, so dass wir anstatt immer von einem zum anderen zu gehen, beginnen von vielen dingen zu vielen dingen gehen zu können, und dadurch muster erkennen, welche ansonsten verborgen geblieben wären? +falls wir dies tun können, dann wird diese bisherige datenfalle, vielleicht eine neue quelle sinnvoller informationen. +und, anstatt sich einfach nur in informationen zu bewegen, können wir wissen daraus bekommen. +und wenn wir wissen erfahren, dann können wir vielleicht sogar weisheiten daraus ziehen. +damit höre ich auf, vielen dank. +ich wuchs mit einer gehörigen portion science fiction auf. +in meiner schulzeit fuhr ich mit dem bus zur schule, jeden tag eine stunde pro strecke. +und meine nase steckte immer in einem buch, einem science-fiction-buch, das meine gedanken in andere welten entführte und auf erzählerische weise meine tief in mir sitzende, unersättliche neugier befriedigte. +diese neugier zeigte sich auch darin, dass ich immer, wenn ich nicht in der schule war, durch die wälder streunte, wanderte und "proben" sammelte, frösche und schlangen und käfer und teichwasser, alles nach hause brachte und unter dem mikroskop betrachtete. +ich war total wissenschaftsbegeistert, wissen sie. +es ging dabei immer um den versuch, die welt zu verstehen und die grenzen des möglichen auszuloten. +und meine liebe zu science fiction schien sich in meiner umgebung widerzuspiegeln, denn damals, in den späten 60ern, flogen wir zum mond und erforschten die tiefsee. +jacques cousteau kam in unsere wohnzimmer mit seinen faszinierenden sendungen, die uns tiere und orte und eine welt voller wunder zeigten, die wir uns vorher nie hätten vorstellen können. +das hat dann wohl ganz gut zu jener science-fiction-rolle gepasst. +und ich war künstler. +ich konnte zeichnen. ich konnte malen. +und da es weder videospiele noch diese übersättigung mit computergenerierten filmen noch die ganze bildsprache in der medienlandschaft gab, musste ich die bilder in meinem kopf erschaffen. +das mussten wir damals alle. wenn wir als kinder ein buch lasen, nahmen wir die beschreibung des autors und projizierten sie auf die leinwand in unseren köpfen. +meine reaktion darauf war das zeichnen und malen von außerirdischen, außerirdischen welten, robotern, raumschiffen und all so was. +im matheunterricht wurde ich ständig vom lehrer erwischt, wie ich, hinterm lehrbuch versteckt, herummalte. +die kreativität musste halt irgendwie raus. +und dabei geschah etwas interessantes. was mich nämlich an jacques cousteaus sendungen faszinierte, war der gedanke an eine uns völlig unbekannte welt hier auf unserer erde selbst. +sicherlich würde ich ja niemals eine außerirdische welt mit einem raumschiff erreichen. das schien mir ziemlich unwahrscheinlich. +aber hier war eine welt, die ich tatsächlich betreten konnte, hier auf der erde, und sie war genauso faszinierend und exotisch wie all das, was ich mir immer vorgestellt hatte, als ich diese bücher gelesen hatte. +also beschloss ich, als ich 15 war, taucher zu werden. +das einzige problem dabei war, dass ich in einem kleinen dorf in kanada lebte, 1 000 km vom nächsten ozean entfernt. +davon ließ ich mich aber nicht entmutigen. +ich nervte meinen vater, bis er endlich eine tauchschule in buffalo, new york, ausfindig gemacht hatte, genau auf der anderen seite der grenze, wo wir lebten. +ich machte meinen tauchschein in einem pool der ymca mitten im winter in buffalo, new york. +den ozean aber, einen echten ozean, bekam ich erst zwei jahre später zu gesicht, als wir nach kalifornien zogen. +seitdem, in den 40 jahren, die inzwischen verstrichen sind, habe ich ungefähr 3 000 stunden unter wasser verbracht. 500 stunden davon in tauchbooten. +und ich habe gelernt, dass die welt der tiefsee, selbst in den flacheren ozeanen, so reich an faszinierendem leben ist, wie wir es uns wirklich kaum vorstellen können. +die phantasie der natur kennt keine grenzen, ganz im gegensatz zu unserer eigenen, kläglichen menschlichen vorstellungskraft. +bis zum heutigen tage empfinde ich tiefste ehrfurcht für das, was ich auf meinen tauchgängen sehe. +und meine liebe zum ozean hält an, mit derselben intensität wie eh und je. +als ich mir dann als erwachsener einen beruf aussuchte, war es das filmemachen. +das schien die beste möglichkeit, meinen inneren drang, geschichten zu erzählen, mit meinem bedürfnis, bilder zu erschaffen, zu vereinen. +als kind zeichnete ich ständig comicbücher und so. +also waren filme der weg, bilder und geschichten zusammenzuführen. das passte zusammen. +natürlich waren die geschichten, die ich mir aussuchte, aus dem science-fiction-bereich: "terminator", "aliens", und "abyss". +bei "abyss" konnte ich meine vorliebe für die unterwasserwelt und das tauchen mit dem filmemachen verbinden. +also verflochten sich quasi meine beiden leidenschaften. +etwas interessantes passierte bei "abyss": um ein erzählerisches problem in diesem film zu lösen - und zwar mussten wir so eine art flüssiges wasserwesen erschaffen -, griffen wir auf computergenerierte animation, cg, zurück. +was dabei herauskam, war die erste computergenerierte soft-surface-figur, die je in einem film zu sehen war. +der film brachte zwar kein geld ein, genau gesagt spielte er gerade mal seine produktionskosten ein, doch bemerkte ich etwas faszinierendes: das publikum auf der ganzen welt war wie hypnotisiert vom zauber, der davon ausging. +laut arthur clarke 's gesetz sind bekanntlich fortgeschrittliche technologie und zauberei nicht mehr voneinander zu unterscheiden. +sie sahen also etwas magisches. +und das fand ich ungeheuer spannend. +und ich dachte mir: "wow, das muss unbedingt in die filmkunst einbezogen werden." +also gingen wir in "terminator 2", meinem nächsten film, noch viel weiter. +zusammen mit ilm erschufen wir dort den typen aus flüssigem metall. der erfolg hing ganz davon ab, wie dieser effekt ankommen würde. +und es funktionierte. wieder hatten wir etwas magisches geschaffen. und die wirkung im publikum war dieselbe. allerdings haben wir mit dem film schon ein bisschen mehr geld eingespielt. +von diesen beiden erfahrungen ausgehend, war eine ganz neue welt erreicht, eine ganz neue welt der kreativität für filmschaffende. +also gründete ich eine firma, zusammen mit meinem guten freund stan winston, der zu jener zeit der beste make-up- und creature-designer war. sie hieß "digital domain". +die grundidee dieser firma war es, die phase analoger prozesse mit optischen druckern etc. zu überspringen und gleich mit digitalen produktionen zu beginnen. +das taten wir dann auch und verschafften uns so eine zeitlang einen wettbewerbsvorteil. +aber mitte der 90er jahre merkten wir doch, dass wir im creature- und character-design - wofür wir die firma ja eigentlich gegründet hatten - zu langsam vorankamen. +ich hatte dieses stück "avatar" geschrieben, das die messlatte in sachen visueller effekte und computergenerierter effekte in ganz neue höhen schieben sollte, mit realistischen menschlichen, ausdrucksvollen charakteren, die mittels cg hergestellt worden waren. und die hauptfiguren sollten alle cg sein. und die welt sollte cg sein. +aber die messlatte drückte ganz schön zurück. und die leute in meiner firma sagten mir, dass wir vorläufig noch nicht in der lage seien, das zu schaffen. +also verschob ich das und machte diesen anderen film über das große schiff, das untergeht. +dem filmstudio habe ich das als "romeo und julia auf einem schiff" verkauft. es wurde ein liebesfilm epischen ausmaßes, ein leidenschaftlicher film. +insgeheim aber wollte ich eigentlich zum echten wrack der titanic hinabtauchen. +darum habe ich den film gemacht. +das ist die wahrheit. das studio wusste das aber nicht. +ich habe sie aber überzeugt, indem ich sagte: "wir tauchen zu dem wrack. wir filmen das echte wrack. +wir werden es in der eröffnungssequenz des films zeigen. +das ist ungeheuer wichtig. es ist ein guter aufhänger fürs marketing. " +und ich überredete sie, eine expedition zu finanzieren. +klingt verrückt. aber das geht wieder darauf zurück, dass die eigene vorstellungskraft eine realität schaffen kann. +wir schufen dann tatsächlich sechs monate später eine realität, in der ich mich in einem russischen tauchboot wiederfand, vier kilometer unter der oberfläche des nordatlantik, und mir die echte titanic durch ein bullauge anschaute. +das war kein film, kein hd, das war echt. +also, das hat mich wirklich umgehauen. +und die vorbereitungen dazu waren enorm. wir mussten kameras und scheinwerfer und alles mögliche bauen. +und mir fiel auf, wie sehr diese tiefseetauchgänge, einer weltraummission ähnelten. +na ja, sie waren auch hochtechnisch und bedurften umfangreicher planung. +man steigt in diese kapsel, dann schwebt man in diese dunkle, feindselige umgebung hinunter, wo keine hoffnung auf rettung besteht, wenn man es nicht selbst zurück schafft. +und ich dachte mir, "wow, das ist genauso, als wäre ich in einem science-fiction-film. +das ist echt cool. " +ich war regelrecht besessen vom erforschen der tiefsee. +jedenfalls von dem teil, der mit neugier und wissenschaft zu tun hat. es war alles. es war abenteuer, es war neugier. es war vorstellungskraft. +und es war eine erfahrung, die mir hollywood nicht geben konnte. +denn, wissen sie, ich konnte mir ein wesen vorstellen, für das wir dann einen visuellen effekt gestalten konnten. aber ich konnte mir nicht das vorstellen, was ich außerhalb des fensters sehen würde. +bei einigen der folgenden expeditionen habe ich wesen in thermalquellen gesehen, und manchmal dinge, die ich noch nie vorher gesehen hatte, manchmal auch dinge, die überhaupt noch niemand zuvor gesehen hatte und für die die wissenschaft zum zeitpunkt, als wir sie sahen, noch gar keine worte gefunden hatte. +das hat mich also richtig umgeworfen, und ich wollte mehr. +und so traf ich dann eine etwas ungewöhnliche entscheidung. +nach dem erfolg von "titanic" sagte ich mir, "okay, ich will meinen hauptberuf als filmemacher in hollywood auf eis legen und werde für eine weile vollzeit-forscher." +und dann begannen wir, wir tauchten zur "bismarck", und erforschten sie mit roboterfahrzeugen. +wir kehrten zum wrack der titanic zurück. +wir nahmen kleine roboter, die wir gebaut hatten, die ein fiberglaskabel abwickelten. +unsere absicht war, hineinzutauchen und sich das innere des schiffs anzusehen, was nie zuvor getan worden war. +niemand hatte je das innere des wracks erkundet. man hatte noch keine mittel dafür. also entwickelten wir die nötige technologie. +na und da sitze ich nun, auf dem deck der titanic, in einem tauchboot, und sehe planken, die diesen brettern hier ziemlich ähneln und von denen ich weiß, dass einst die band dort gespielt hat. +und ich fliege mit einem kleinen roboterfahrzeug durch die gänge des schiffs. +ich bediene es zwar eigentlich nur, aber mein bewusstsein ist innerhalb des fahrzeugs. +es fühlte sich an, als wäre ich körperlich innerhalb des schiffswracks der titanic anwesend. +das war die surrealste form eines déjà-vu, die ich je erlebt habe. denn bevor ich jeweils um eine ecke bog, wusste ich immer schon, was gleich im lichtkegel des fahrzeugs auftauchen würde, da ich monatelang übers filmset gelaufen war, als wir den film drehten. +das set war nämlich eine genaue kopie der baupläne des schiffs. +das war also eine höchst merkwürdige erfahrung. +sie machte mir dieses telepräsenz-erlebnis bewusst, dass man solch roboterhafte avatare verwenden und so das eigene bewusstsein in das fahrzeug, in diese andere form der existenz verlegen kann. +es war wirklich ungeheuer tiefgreifend +und vielleicht auch ein kleiner ausblick auf das, was vielleicht in einigen jahrzehnten passieren könnte, wenn man cyborg-körper hat, um etwas zu erforschen oder andere dinge zu tun, in allen möglichen post-humanen zukunftszenarios, die ich mir als science-fiction-fan vorstellen kann. +nach diesen expeditionen begannen wir das, was wir da unten gesehen hatten, wirklich schätzen zu lernen, zum beispiel diese tiefseequellen, wo wir diese unglaublich verblüffenden tiere sahen. das sind quasi außerirdische, aber hier auf erden. +sie leben mit hilfe von chemosynthese. +sie existieren nicht in einem auf sonnenlicht basierten system, wie wir das tun. +und so sieht man tiere, die direkt neben einer 500 grad celsius heißen dass sie dort überleben können. +zur selben zeit interessierte ich mich außerdem sehr für weltraumwissenschaft, das war wieder der science-fiction-einfluss aus meiner kindheit. +und so landete ich bei den leuten, die sich für den weltraum interessieren und die mit der nasa zu tun haben und im nasa-sachverständigenrat sitzen und richtige weltraummissionen planen. sie fahren nach russland, durchlaufen vor der mission das biomedizinische protokoll samt allem drum und dran, fliegen dann zur internationalen weltraumstation und nehmen unsere 3d-kamerasysteme mit. +das war faszinierend. +aber am ende lief es darauf hinaus, dass ich weltraumwissenschaftler mit uns in die tiefsee nahm. +ich nahm sie mit und verschaftte ihnen zugang zu der welt da unten: astrobiologen, planetenwissenschaftler, leute, die sich für solche extremen situationen interessierten. ich nahm sie zu den quellen mit, damit sie sich umschauen, proben nehmen und instrumente testen konnten und so weiter. +wir drehten zwar dokumentarfilme, betrieben aber eigentlich wissenschaft, genauer gesagt: weltraumwissenschaft. +so schloss sich der kreis zwischen meiner existenz als science-fiction-fan, damals als kind, und der umsetzung in die realität. +im laufe dieser entdeckungsreise habe ich eine menge gelernt. +ich habe eine menge über wissenschaft gelernt. aber ich jetzt denken sie sicherlich, ein regisseur muss auch führen können, ein führer sein wie ein schiffskapitän oder so. +ich verstand aber nicht viel von führung, bevor ich diese expeditionen antrat. +denn an einem bestimmten punkt musste ich mir sagen: "was mache ich eigentlich hier? +wieso mache ich das? was kommt dabei heraus? " +diese blöden filme bringen uns kein geld ein. +wir spielen mal gerade die produktionskosten ein. von ruhm keine spur. +alle denken, ich sei zwischen "titanic" und "avatar" davongelaufen und hätte mir irgendwo die nägel auf einem handtuch am strand gefeilt. +ich habe alle diese filme, diese dokumentarfilme, für ein sehr kleines publikum gemacht. +kein ruhm, keine ehre, kein geld. was machst du nur? +du machst es um der aufgabe willen, um der herausforderung willen - und der ozean ist die herausforderndste umgebung, die es gibt. du machst es des entdeckerrausches wegen, und wegen der seltsamen verbindung, die entsteht, wenn eine kleine gruppe von leuten ein team bildet. +denn wir haben all dies mit nur 10 bis 12 leuten gemacht, die jahrelang ununterbrochen zusammengearbeitet haben. manchmal waren wir 2 bis 3 monate hintereinander auf see. +und in dieser gemeinschaft erkennt man, dass die wichtigste sache die achtung ist, die man vor einander hat, weil man eine aufgabe bewältigt hat, die man keinem anderem erklären kann. +wenn man an land zurückkehrt und sich sagt, "wir mussten es tun, das fiberglas, die schallschwächung, und das ganz drumherum, die ganze technik, und die schwierigkeiten, das menschliche leistungsvermögen, wenn man auf see arbeitet", dann kann man das anderen einfach nicht erklären. das ist wie bei polizisten oder bei soldaten, die etwas gemeinsam durchgemacht haben und wissen, dass sie es nie jemanden erklären können. +da entsteht eine verbindung, ein gegenseitiger respekt. +als ich also zurückkam, um meinen nächsten film "avatar" zu drehen, versuchte ich denselben führungsstil anzuwenden, nämlich dass man sein team respektiert und sich im gegenzug dessen respekt verdient. +dadurch wurde die dynamik wirklich verändert. +da stand ich also wieder mit einem kleinen team auf unbekanntem terrain. wir drehten "avatar" mit einer neuen technik, die es vorher noch nicht gab. +ungeheuer aufregend. +eine ungeheure herausforderung. +und wir wurden für einen zeitraum von viereinhalb jahren zu einer richtigen familie. +dadurch veränderte sich meine art, filme zu machen, komplett. +es gab leute, die meinten, wir hätten diese ozeanwesen ja wirklich gut nachgemacht und auf den planeten pandora transportiert. +für mich war es mehr eine prinzipielle art, meinen job zu tun, der eigentliche prozess, der sich im ergebnis geändert hat. +was können wir also aus all dem schließen? +welche lektionen haben wir gelernt? +ich glaube, an erster stelle steht die neugier. +es ist die mächtigste menschliche eigenschaft. +unsere vorstellungskraft ist eine kraft, die sogar eine realität schaffen kann. +und die achtung deines teams ist wichtiger als aller lorbeer dieser welt. +zu mir kommen junge filmemacher, die sagen: "geben sie mir einen rat, wie ich so etwas machen kann." +und ich sage: "schränke dich nicht selbst ein. +das besorgen schon andere für dich. tu es nicht dir selbst an, wette nicht gegen sich selbst. sondern nimm risiken auf dich. " +die nasa hat so einen lieblingssatz: "scheitern ist keine alternative." +aber in der kunst und beim erforschen muss scheitern eine alternative sein, denn dort garantiert es einen vertrauensvorschuss. +kein wichtiges unterfangen, das innovation verlangte, wurde je ohne risiko angegangen. +man muss bereit sein, solche risiken auf sich zu nehmen. +das ist der gedanke, den ich ihnen gern mit auf den weg geben möchte. scheitern ist durchaus eine alternative, angst aber ist keine. danke. +heute spreche ich zu ihnen über energie und klima. +und das überrascht vielleicht etwas, weil sich meine vollzeitbeschäftigung bei der stiftung hauptsächlich um impfstoffe und saatgut dreht, um die dinge, die wir erfinden und liefern müssen um den ärmsten 2 milliarden ein besseres leben zu ermöglichen. +aber energie und klima sind extrem wichtig für diese menschen, genau genommen sogar wichtiger als für jeden anderen auf dem planeten. +klimaverschlechterung bedeutet, dass deren saaten über viele jahre nicht wachsen werden. es wir zu viel oder zu wenig regnen. die dinge werden sich so ändern, wie es ihre fragile umwelt nicht aushalten kann. +das führt zu hungersterben. es führt zu unsicherheit. es führt zu unruhen. +also, wird eine klimaveränderung furchtbar für sie werden. +außerdem ist der energiepreis für sie sehr wichtig. +tatsache ist, dass, wenn sie nur von einer sache den preis verringern könnten, zur armutsverringerung wäre energie bei weitem am effektivsten. +nun, der energiepreis ist über die zeit gefallen. +tatsächlich basiert die fortschrittsgesellschaft auf energiefortschritten. +die kohlerevolution trieb die industrielle revolution an und selbst im 20. jahrhundert gab es einen rapiden fall im elektrizitätspreis und deshalb haben wir kühlschränke, klimaanlagen, wir können moderne materialien herstellen und so viele dinge tun. +wir befinden uns also in einer wunderbaren situation mit strom in der reichen welt. +aber, wenn wir den preis verringern -- lassen wir uns den preis halbieren -- treffen wir auf eine neue barriere und diese barriere hängt mit co2 zusammen. +co2 erwärmt den planeten und die gleichung für co2 ist eigentlich ziemlich klar. +sie summieren das ausgestoßene co2, welches zur temperaturerhöhung führt und diese temperaturerhöhung hat einige sehr negative folgen. effekte auf das wetter und vielleicht schlimmer, die indirekte folge, dass die natürlichen ökosysteme sich solch rapiden veränderungen nicht anpassen können und somit ganze systeme zusammenfallen. +nun, der exakte zusammenhang zwischen einem co2-anstieg und der dadurch resultierende temperaturveränderung und wo deren weitere folgen liegen, da gibt es einige unklarheiten, aber nicht sehr viele. +und es gibt sicher unklarheit darüber, wie schlimm diese folgen werden. aber sie werden extrem schlimm sein! +ich habe die top-wissenschaftler mehrmals gefragt: "müssen wir wirklich runter auf nahe null kommen? +reicht nicht die hälfte oder ein viertel? " +die antwort ist: bis wir nahe null kommen, wird die temperatur weiter steigen. +deshalb ist es eine große herausforderung. +es ist ganz anders als zu sagen, wir haben ein 3,5 m hohen lkw, der unter einer 3 m brücke her muss. den kann man dann quasi darunter her quetschen. +das hier muss ganz nach unten, auf null. +nun, wir stoßen jedes jahr eine menge kohlenstoffdioxid aus, über 26 milliarden tonnen. +jeder amerikaner etwa 20 tonnen. menschen aus armen ländern, weniger als eine. +im durchschnitt sind es etwa 5 tonnen für jeden auf dem planeten. +und irgendwie müssen wir veränderungen hervorbringen, die das auf null senken. +es ist bisher konstant gestiegen. +nur verschiedene ökonomische veränderungen haben es überhaupt beeinflusst und wir müssen von rapidem anstieg zu verringerung gehen und zu einer verringerung bis auf null. +diese gleichung hat vier faktoren. ein bisschen multiplikation. sie haben dieses ding links - co2 -, das sie richtung null bringen wollen und das wird von der anzahl der menschen abhängen, von den diensten, die jeder mensch im durchschnitt nutzt, der durchschnittlichen energie für jeden dienst und dem co2, das pro energieeinheit emittiert wird. +lassen sie uns also jeden faktor einzeln anschauen und überlegen wir, wie wir das auf null bekommen. +wahrscheinlich muss eine dieser zahlen sehr nah an null kommen. +nun das ist grundlegende algebra, aber gehen wir es mal durch. +zuerst haben wir die bevölkerung. +heute leben 6,8 milliarden menschen, +und es schreitet auf 9 milliarden zu. die sich auf 9 milliarden zu bewegen. +wenn wir sehr erfolgreich mit neuen impfstoffen, der gesundheitsvorsorgung und reproduktionsmedizin sind könnten wir das wohl um 10% bis 15% senken, aber zur zeit sehen wir eine steigung um 1,3. +der zweite faktor sind die dienste, die wir nutzen. +das umfasst alles, die nahrung, die wir essen, kleidung, fernsehen, heizung. +das sind sehr gute dinge und armutsverringerung bedeutet, diese dienste fast jedem auf dem planeten zugänglich zu machen. +es ist toll, dass diese nummer steigt. +in der reichen welt, in der oberen milliarde, könnten wir wohl abstriche machen und weniger nutzen, aber im durchschnitt wird diese zahl jedes jahr steigen und sich somit insgesamt mehr als verdoppeln, die zahl der dienste die pro person bereitgestellt werden. +hier sehen wir einen sehr grundlegenden dienst. gibt es zu hause licht, damit man die hausaufgaben lesen kann? +und diese schüler haben es nicht, also gehen sie heraus und lesen ihre schulaufgaben unter dem straßenlicht. +nun, bei effektivität, dem e, die energie pro dienst, gibt es endlich gute nachrichten. +wir haben etwas, das nicht steigt, +aufgrund verschiedener erfolge im lichtsektor, durch andere autotypen, durch neue methoden im häuserbau, es gibt viele dienste, deren energieaufwand manche einzelne dienste lassen sich um 90% reduzieren. +in anderen diensten, wie der herstellung von düngemitteln, 105 00: 05: 56,000 -- & gt; 00: 05: 58,000 oder dem luftverkehr oder luftverkehr, ist der spielraum für verbesserungen sehr viel kleiner. +insgesamt, wenn wir optimistisch sind, bekommen wir vielleicht eine reduzierung um einen faktor 3 oder vielleicht sogar um einen faktor 6. +aber bei den ersten drei faktoren, sind wir jetzt von 26 milliarden auf vielleicht allerbestes 13 milliarden tonnen gegangen. und das reicht einfach nicht aus! +sehen wir uns also den vierten faktor an -- und dieser wird ein schlüsselfaktor sein -- das ist die menge an co2, die pro energieeinheit emittiert wird. +es stellt sich die frage, ob man das auf null bekommen kann. +wenn sie kohle verbrennen: nein. +wenn sie erdgas verbrennen: nein. +fast jede herstellungsmethode für strom emittiert heutzutage co2, außer die erneuerbaren energien und nuklearenergie. +also, was wir auf einem globalen level machen müssen, ist, ein neues system zu schaffen. +wir brauchen energiewunder. +wenn ich nun den begriff "wunder" benutze, meine ich nicht das unmögliche. +der mikroprozessor ist ein wunder. der pc ist ein wunder. +das internet und dessen dienste ist ein wunder. +die menschen hier haben zu der entwicklung vieler dieser wunder beigetragen. +normalerweise gibt es keine deadline, dass man ein wunder bis zu einem bestimmten datum braucht. +normalerweise steht man quasi nur daneben und manche kommen, andere nicht. +in diesem fall müssen wir aber vollgas geben und ein wunder in sehr kurzer zeit bekommen. +nun, ich fragte mich, wie kann ich das wirklich rüberbringen? +gibt es eine natürliche illustration, eine demonstration, die die vorstellung der menschen hier entfacht? +ich erinnerte mich an letztes jahr, als ich moskitos brachte und irgendwie mochten die leute das. +die idee wurde für sie wirklich greifbar, wissen sie, dass es menschen gibt, die mit moskitos leben. +für energie fiel mir das hier ein. +ich entschied, dass das freilassen von glühwürmchen mein diesjähriger beitrag zur umwelt hier sein würde. +hier sind also ein paar natürliche glühwürmchen. +man hat mir versichert, dass sie nicht beißen. tatsächlich werden sie wohl nicht mal das glas verlassen. +nun, es gibt alle möglichen spielereilösungen wie diese, aber sie bringen alle nicht viel. +wir brauchen lösungen, entweder eine oder mehrere die eine unvorstellbare skalierung und unvorstellbare verlässlichkeit haben. und obwohl es viele richtungen gibt, in denen menschen danach suchen, sehe ich wirklich nur fünf, die diese großen anforderungen leisten können. +ich habe gezeiten, geothermal, fusion und biokraftstoffe ausgelassen. +diese leisten vielleicht einen moderaten beitrag und wenn sie besseres leisten als ich erwarte, wäre das toll, aber meine kernaussage hier ist, dass wir an all jenen fünf arbeiten müssen, und wir können keine von ihnen aufgeben, weil sie uns einschüchtern, denn alle haben signifikante probleme. +schauen wir uns zuerst das verbrennen fossiler brennstoffe an, verbrennung von entweder kohle oder erdgas. +was man dort machen muss, scheint vielleicht einfach, aber das ist es nicht. man müsste all das co2, das nach dem verbrennen aus dem schornstein kommt, einfangen, unter druck verflüssigen und dann irgendwo lagern und hoffen, dass es dort bleibt. +es gibt einige pilotprojekte, die das auf einem 60% - 80% niveau schaffen, aber es auf 100% zu bekommen wird sehr schwierig werden. und eine einigung für die lagerung des co2 zu erzielen, ist eine große herausforderung. aber das größte problem hier ist die lagerzeitfrage. +wer wird es sicherstellen? +wer kann etwas garantieren, was buchstäblich viele milliarden mal größer als jede art von müll, den man sich von nuklear- und anderen dingen vorstellen kann? +das ist eine menge volumen. +das ist also eine harte nuss. +als nächstes: nuklearenergie. +die hat auch drei große probleme. die kosten, vor allem in hochregulierten ländern sind hoch. die frage nach sicherheit, dass man wirklich fühlt, dass nichts schief gehen kann, trotz der menschlichen mitarbeit, dass der treibstoff nicht für waffen verwendet wird. +und was macht man dann mit dem müll? +denn obwohl er nicht sehr groß ist, gibt es eine menge bedenken. +also drei sehr schwierige probleme, die vielleicht lösbar sind, und an denen man deshalb arbeiten sollte. +die letzten drei der fünf habe ich zusammengefasst. +es sind die erneuerbaren energien, wie sie oft genannt werden. +und auch die haben -- obwohl es toll ist, dass sie keinen brennstoff brauchen -- sie haben einige nachteile. +zum einen ist die energiedichte, die diese technologien erzeugen dramatisch geringer als die von kraftwerken. +das sind energiefarmen, man spricht von vielen quadratkilometern, tausendmal mehr fläche als ein normales kraftwerk. +außerdem unterliegen diese quellen unterbrechungen: +die sonne scheint nicht den ganzen tag, sie scheint auch nicht jeden tag und genauso weht auch der wind nicht ständig. +deshalb muss man, wenn man von diesen quellen abhängig ist, einen weg haben, die energie auch in zeiten wenn sie nicht verfügbar ist, zu bekommen. +es gibt hier also große preisherausforderungen. es gibt herausforderungen bei der übertragung. wenn wir beispielsweise sagen, dass die energiequelle außerhalb des landes liegt, brauchen sie nicht nur die technologie, sie müssen auch mit dem risiko umgehen, dass die energie von wo anders herkommt. +und es gibt das lagerungsproblem. +und um die dimension zu zeigen, habe ich mir alle arten von batterien, die hergestellt werden, angeschaut: die für autos, computer, handys, taschenlampen, für alles. und das habe ich mit der menge der elektronischen energie, welche die welt nutzt, verglichen. ich fand heraus, dass alle batterien, die wir jetzt produzieren, weniger als 10 minuten der gesamtenergie lagern könnten. +wir brauchen hier also einen großen durchbruch, etwas, dass um einen faktor 100 besser sein wird, als die herangehensweisen zur zeit. +das ist nicht unmöglich, aber es ist nicht so leicht. +das passiert, wenn man versucht, diese unterbrochenen quellen über sagen wir 20% - 30% des verbrauchs zu bringen. +wenn sie sich um 100% darauf stützen wollen, brauchen sie eine unglaubliche wunderbatterie. +nun, wohin sollen wir gehen: was ist der richtige ansatz? +ein "manhattan projekt"? wie kommen wir ans ziel? +was wir brauchen sind viele firmen, die daran arbeiten. hunderte. +in jeden dieser fünf bereiche brauchen wir mindestens 100 menschen. +bei vielen werden sie sagen: die sind verrückt! das ist gut. +ich glaube, hier in der ted gruppe gibt es viele, die sich dort bereits engagieren. +bill gross hat mehrere firmen, unter anderem eine namens esolar die großartige solarthermaltechnologien hat. +vinod khosla investiert in dutzende firmen die tolle sachen machen und interessante möglichkeiten haben und ich versuche das zu unterstützen. +nathan myhrvold und ich finanzieren eine firma, die, vielleicht überraschenderweise, den nuklearen ansatz verfolgt. +es gibt einige innovationen im nuklearbereich; modular, flüssig. +die entwicklung hat in dieser industrie vor einiger zeit aufgehört, also ist es keine große überraschung, dass einige gute konzepte herumliegen. +das terrapower-konzept bedeutet, dass man anstelle eines teils des urans, dem einen prozent, das u235, wir entschieden, die 99% zu verbrennen, das u238. +das ist eine ziemlich verrückte idee. +aber tatsächlich hatte man darüber schon lange nachgedacht, aber man konnte nie vernünftig simulieren, ob es funktionieren würde, doch seitdem es moderne supercomputer gibt, kann man es simulieren und sehen, dass: ja! mit der richtigen materialienherangehensweise, sieht es so aus, dass es funktioniere. +und weil man diese 99% verbrennt, ist das kostenprofil sehr viel besser. +tatsächlich verbrennt man den müll, und man kann sogar den abfall von heutigen reaktoren als antriebsstoff benutzen. +anstatt sich darüber den kopf zu zerbrechen, verbrennen sie es einfach. eine tolle sache. +das uran wird graduell verbraucht, ein bisschen wie eine kerze. +sie sehen, dass es eine art säule ist, oft als "wandernde welle reaktor" bezeichnet. +das löst wirklich das treibstoffproblem. +hier ist ein bild eines ortes in kentucky. +das ist der abfall, die 99%. man hat den teil, der heute verbrannt wird, herausgenommen also heißt es aufgebrauchtes uran. +das triebe die u.s. für hunderte von jahren an. +und wenn man ozeanwasser günstig und einfach filtriert, bekommt man genügend treibstoff für die restliche lebenszeit des planeten. +wissen sie, es gibt da noch viele herausforderungen, aber es ist ein beispiel von vielen hunderten von konzepten, die wir brauchen, um vorwärts zu kommen. +überlegen wir uns, wie wir unseren erfolg messen sollten. +wie sollte unser zeugnis aussehen? +nun, gehen wir bis ans ziel, das wir erreichen müssen und dann reden wir über den zwischenschritt. +viele sprechen von einer 80% reduktion bis 2050. +es ist wirklich sehr wichtig, dass wir dorthin gelangen. +die restlichen 20% werden in armen ländern erzeugt werden, sowie immer noch etwas landwirtschaft. hoffentlich wird waldrohdung und zement bis dahin sauber sein. +also, um diese 80% zu erreichen, müssen die industriestaaten, inklusive ländern wie china, ihre elektrizitätsgeneration komplett umstellen. +die andere note sagt, ob wir die null-emissionen technologie einsetzen, ob sie in allen entwickelten ländern eingesetzt ist und wir auf dem weg sind, sie zu dem rest zu bekommen. +das ist super wichtig. +das wird ein schlüsselelement dieses zeugnisses. +wenn wir von dort zurückgehen, wie sollte das 2020 zeugnis aussehen? +es sollte wieder die beiden elemente enthalten. +wir sollten die effektivitätsmaßnahmen nutzen, um reduktion auf den weg zu bringen. je weniger wir emittieren, desto geringer wird die co2-summe sein und damit auch die temperatur. +aber eigentlich ist diese note für die dinge die wir unternehmen, die nicht komplett zu den großen reduktionen führen, nur gleich, oder sogar etwas weniger wichtig wie die andere, welche die schnelligkeit der innovation für diese durchbrüche darstellt. +diese durchbrüche müssen wir mit vollgas verfolgen und das können wir messen: in firmenzahlen, in pilotprojekten und regulierungsänderungen. +es gibt viele großartige bücher zu diesem thema. +das al gore buch "wir haben die wahl" und david mckays "sustainable energy without the hot air." +sie gehen es wirklich durch und schaffen einen rahmen, in dem dies breit diskutiert werden kann, denn wir brauchen dafür unterstützung von allen seiten. +es gibt einiges, das zusammenkommen muss. +das ist ein wunsch. +ein sehr konkreter wunsch, dass wir diese technologie erfinden. +wenn sie mir nur einen wunsch für die nächsten 50 jahre gestatten, ich könnte den präsidenten auswählen, einen impfstoff, und das liebe ich, oder ich könnte diesen wunsch wählen, der lautet, halbierter energiepreis ohne co2 wird erfunden. diesen wunsch nähme ich. +dieser hat die größte auswirkung. +wenn wir diesen wunsch nicht kriegen, wird der graben zwischen langfristig und kurzfristig denkenden menschen schrecklich werden, zwischen den usa und china, zwischen armen und reichen ländern. und fast alle leben dieser 2 milliarden werden sehr viel schlechter sein. +was müssen wir also tun? +für welche maßnahmen appelliere ich? +wir müssen uns für mehr forschungsgelder einsetzen. +wenn länder sich in orten wie koppenhagen treffen, sollten sie nicht nur über co2 sprechen. +sie sollten diese innovationsstrategie besprechen und sie wären geschockt von den lächerlich geringen geldern, die für diese innovativen herangehensweisen ausgegeben werden. +wir brauchen marktanreize, co2 steuern, cap & amp; trade etwas, dass ein preissignal schafft. +wir müssen die nachricht verbreiten. +wir müssen dialog rationaler und vollständiger führen und auch die dinge, die von der regierung unternommen werden. +es ist ein wichtiger wunsch, aber ich denke, wir können ihn erfüllen. +vielen dank. +vielen dank. +danke. danke! +vielen dank. nur um terrapower etwas besser zu verstehen -- erstmal, können sie uns eine vorstellung der größenordnung dieser investition geben? +bill gates: um die simulation auf einem supercomputer durchzuführen, alle großen wissenschaftler zu bekommen, was wir gemacht haben, brauchen wir nur einige 10 millionen. und selbst wenn wir unsere materialien in einem russischen reaktor getestet haben, um sicherzustellen, dass es vernünftig funktioniert, ist man nur in den 100en millionen. +der schwierige schritt ist das bauen des ersten reaktors, weitere milliarden zu finden, die regularien und den ort der tatsächlich den ersten davon baut. +sobald der erste fertig ist, wenn er so läuft wie versprochen, dann ist alles ganz klar, denn die wirtschaftlichkeit, die energiedichte ist so anders als bei nuklearenergie, wie wir sie kennen. +um das richtig zu verstehen: das bedeutet tief in den boden zu bauen fast wie eine vertikale säule nuklearen brennstoffs, dieses verbrauchten urans und dann beginnt der prozess oben und arbeitet sich weiter nach unten? +bg: genau. heute müssen sie den reaktor immer neu befüllen, also gibt es viele leute und viele kontrollen, die schief gehen können. dieses ding wo man ihn öffnet und sachen hinein- oder herausbringt. das ist nicht gut! +wenn man aber sehr billigen brennstoff hat, kann man ihn für 60 jahre befüllen -- denken sie an eine säule -- die sie vergraben, ohne die ganzen komplexitäten. +und es sitzt dort und brennt 60 jahre lang und dann ist es fertig. +ein nuklearreaktor, der selbst eine lösung für den müll bietet. +bg: ja. nun, was mit dem müll passiert: man kann ihn sitzen lassen -- es gibt viel weniger müll mit dieser methode -- dann nehmen sie ihn und packen ihn in den nächsten reaktor und verbrennen es weiter. +und wir beginnen, indem wir den müll nehmen, der bereits existiert, der in diesen kühlbecken oder trockenbehältern bei den reaktoren liegt. das ist unser startbrennstoff. +also ist das, was für diese reaktoren ein problem war, das, was wir in unseren füllen und damit wird das müllvolumen dramatisch reduziert während dieses prozesses. +aber während sie mit verschiedenen menschen dieser welt über diese möglichkeiten gesprochen haben, +wo ist das größte interesse, so was wirklich umzusetzen? +bg: nun wir haben uns noch nicht auf einen ort festgelegt und es gibt eine menge interessanter offenlegungsregeln für alles das "nuklear" im namen trägt. es gibt großes interesse und die menschen des unternehmens waren in russland, indien, china... ich war hier und habe den energieminister getroffen und darüber gesprochen, wie dies zur energieagenda passt. +ich bin optimistisch. wissen sie, die franzosen und japaner haben etwas in die richtung gemacht. +dies ist eine variante einer sache, die gemacht wurde. +das ist ein wichtiger schritt vorwärts, aber es ist wie ein schneller reaktor und einige länder haben diese gebaut, deshalb ist jeder, der einen schnellen reaktor umgesetzt hat, ein kandidatat für unseren ersten. +in ihrer vorstellung: zeitrahmen und wahrscheinlichkeit so etwas wirklich ins leben zu rufen? +bg: nun wir brauchen eines dieser skalierbaren, stromgenerierenden dinge, die sehr günstig sind, wir haben 20 jahre zum erfinden und dann 20 jahre zum einsetzen. +das ist quasi die deadline, die uns die umweltmodelle aufgezeigt hat, die wir einhalten müssen. +und, wissen sie, terrapower, wenn alles gut läuft, und das ist ein großer wunsch, könnte das leicht halten. +und glücklicherweise gibt es heute dutzende von firmen, und wir brauchen hunderte, die, genauso, wenn deren ansätze funktionieren, die förderung für ihre piloten funktioniert, dafür mitbieten können. +und es wäre am besten, wenn es mehrere schaffen, denn dann könnte man eine mischung benutzen. +auf jeden fall brauchen wir eine lösung. +betreffend der großen möglichen durchbrüche, ist dies das größte, das sie kennen? +bg: ein energiedurchbruch ist das allerwichtigste. +das wäre es auch ohne die umweltherausforderung gewesen, aber die macht es noch so viel wichtiger. +im nuklearen sektor gibt es andere innovative firmen. +wissen sie, wir kennen deren arbeit nicht so gut wie diese, aber es gibt die modulare methode, das ist ein anderer ansatz. +es gibt einen flüssigen reaktortyp, welches etwas schwierig scheint, aber vielleicht sagen die das über uns. +und somit gibt es verschiedene, aber das schöne daran ist, dass ein uranmolekül eine millionen mal so viel energie hat wie ein, sagen wir, ein kohlemolekül und deshalb, wenn sie mit den problemen umgehen können und die sind hauptsächlich die strahlung, der fußabdruck und die kosten, spielt das potential, also die auswirkungen auf das land und andere dinge, fast in einer eigenen liga. +wenn das nicht klappt, was dann? +müssen wir notfallmaßnahmen einleiten, um zu versuchen, die erdtemperatur stabil zu halten? +bg: wenn man in diese situation kommt, ist es als ob man zu viel gegessen hat, und kurz vor einem herzinfarkt steht. was macht man dann? man braucht vielleicht eine herzoperation oder ähnliches. +es gibt eine forschungsrichtung die sich geoengineering nennt, die sich mit verschiedenen techniken befasst, um die erwärmung zu verzögern, damit wir 20 oder 30 jahre länger bekämen um uns zusammenzuraufen. +das ist nur eine versicherungsmethode. +man hofft, dass wir das nicht brauchen. +manche leute sagen, man sollte gar nicht erst an der versicherung arbeiten weil einen das vielleicht faul macht, sodass man weiter isst, weil man weiß, dass einen die herzoperation retten wird. +ich weiß nicht, ob das klug ist, wenn man sich die wichtigkeit dieses problems vor augen führt, aber es gibt nun einen diskurs in geoengineering darüber, ob man das zur verfügung haben sollte, falls die dinge schneller kommen, oder diese innovation länger braucht, als wir erwarten. +klimaskeptiker: haben sie ein oder zwei sätze für die, um sie vielleicht zu überzeugen? +bg: nun, leider leben die skeptiker in sehr verschiedenen camps. +diejenigen, die wissenschaftliche argumente machen, sind sehr wenig. +sagen sie, dass es negative auswirkungen gibt, die mit den wolken zu tun haben, die dinge verschieben? +es gibt sehr, sehr wenige dinge, die sie überhaupt sagen können, von denen es eine chance in einer millionen gibt. +das hauptproblem hier ist so ähnlich wie bei aids. +man macht den fehler jetzt, und man zahlt dafür sehr viel später. +und deshalb ist die vorstellung, jetzt, wenn man alle möglichen dringenden probleme hat, in etwas zu investieren, von dem man erst später was hat -- und dazu kommt, dass die investition nicht so klar ist. tatsächlich ist der ipcc report nicht unbedingt das schlimmste szenario und es gibt menschen in der reichen welt, die sich ipcc anschauen und sagen, okay, das ist kein großes drama. +die tatsache ist, dass diese unsicherheit uns sorgen machen sollte. +aber mein traum hier ist, dass, wenn man es ökonomisch machen kann, und gleichzeitig das co2 beseitigt, dann sagen auch die skeptiker: "okay, es interessiert mich nicht, dass es kein co2 emittiert, ich wünschte fast, dass es das täte, aber ich werde es wohl akzeptieren, weil es billiger ist als die vorherige methode." +und das wäre ihre antwort auf das björn lomborg argument, dass, wenn man all diese zeit und energie verwendet um das co2 problem zu lösen, all die anderen ziele darunter leiden, die armutsverringerung, die bekämpfung von malaria und so weiter, dass es eine dumme verschwendung von ressourcen ist, geld dafür zu investieren, während es bessere dinge gibt, die wir tun können. +bg: nun, die tatsächlichen ausgaben für die forschung -- sagen wir die u.s. sollten 10 milliarden pro jahr mehr ausgeben als sie heute tun -- das ist nicht so dramatisch. +darunter sollten anderen dinge nicht leiden. +man kommt dann zu großen geldsummen, und hier können vernünftige leute widersprechen, wenn man etwas hat, das nicht ökonomisch ist, und versucht, das zu finanzieren. für mich geschieht hier die meiste verschwendung. +es sei denn, man ist sehr kurz vor einem kostendurchbruch und finanziert nur noch die lernkurve. ich glaube wir sollten mehr dinge versuchen, die das potential haben, sehr viel günstiger zu sein. +falls der abstrich, den man bekommt, ein sehr hoher energiepreis ist, dann können nur die reichen mithalten. +ich meine, jeder von uns hier könnte fünf mal so viel für unsere energie ausgeben ohne seinen lebensstil zu ändern. +für die unteren zwei milliarden aber ist es ein desaster. +und selbst lomborg denkt um. +seine neue masche ist jetzt: "warum wird die forschung nicht mehr besprochen?" +er wird immer noch, wegen seiner früheren geschichten, mit dem skeptiker-camp assoziiert, aber er hat verstanden, dass das eine sehr einsame gruppe ist und deshalb bringt er jetzt das forschungsargument. +und das ist ein gedankengang, den ich für angemessen halte. +die forschung, es ist einfach verrückt, wie wenig die unterstützt wird. +bill, ich glaube ich spreche für fast alle menschen hier, wenn ich sage, ich hoffe wirklich, dass ihr wunsch wahr wird. vielen, vielen dank. +bg: danke. +vor einigen jahren, hier bei ted, stellte peter skillman einen design-wettbewerb namens "die marshmallow-herausforderung" vor. +die idee ist ziemlich einfach. vierer-teams müssen die größtmögliche freistehende struktur mit 20 spaghetti, ca. 1m klebeband, ca. 1m faden und einem marshmallow bauen. +der marshmallow muss oben drauf sein. +und, obwohl es wirklich einfach scheint, ist es tatsächlich richtig schwer, weil es leute drängt sehr schnell zusammenzuarbeiten. +und so dachte ich, dass dies eine interessante idee ist und ich habe es in einen design-workshop verwandelt. +es war ein riesiger erfolg. +seitdem habe ich ungefähr 70 workshops weltweit durchgeführt, mit studenten, entwicklern und architekten, sogar mit ctos der fortune-50-unternehmen und da ist etwas an dieser aufgabe, was tiefe eindrücke in die natur der zusammenarbeit ermöglicht und ich möchte einige davon mit ihnen teilen. +normalerweise starten die meisten leute sich selbst bezüglich der aufgabe zu orientieren. +sie reden darüber, sie überlegen, wie es aussehen wird, sie rangeln um macht, +dann investieren sie ein wenig zeit in planung und organisation. sie skizzieren und legen spaghetti aus. +sie investieren einen großteil ihrer zeit in den zusammenbau ständig wachsender strukturen +und schließlich, kurz bevor sie keine zeit mehr haben, nimmt jemand den marshmallow und sie setzen ihn behutsam auf die spitze, treten einen schritt zurück und "ta-da"! bewundern sie ihre arbeit. +was aber dann, fast immer, passiert ist, dass das "ta-da" zu einem "uh-oh" wird, weil das gewicht des marshmallows bewirkt, dass die ganze sache sich verbiegt und einstürzt. +es gibt eine reihe von leuten, die viel mehr "uh-oh" -momente haben als andere, und unter den schlechtesten sind frische bwl-absolventen. +sie lügen, sie schummeln, sie sind verwirrt und produzieren wirklich dürftige gebilde. +und natürlich gibt es auch teams die viel mehr "ta-da" -gebilde haben und unter den besten sind frische absolventen des kindergartens. +und das ist ziemlich erstaunlich. +wie uns peter erzählte produzieren sie nicht nur die höchsten türme, sondern auch die interessantesten strukturen von allen. +was sie vielleicht fragen werden ist: wie kommt das? warum? was ist mit denen? +und peter erzählt: "keines der kinder investiert zeit darin chef der spaghetti gmbh zu sein". +sie investieren keine zeit in machtkämpfe. +es gibt aber noch einen weiteren grund. +und zwar, dass bwl-studenten trainiert wurden, den einen richtigen plan zu finden, ok! +und ihn dann zu realisieren. +was dann passiert, wenn sie den marshmallow auf die spitze packen, sie haben keine zeit mehr und was passiert? +es ist eine krise. +klingt vertraut, was? +was kindergartenkinder anders machen ist, dass sie mit dem marshmallow beginnen und prototypen bauen, erfolgreiche prototypen, immer mit dem marshmallow an der spitze, so dass sie mehrfach die möglichkeit haben baufällige prototypen zu reparieren. +konstrukteure erkennen diese art der zusammenarbeit als kern eines iterativen vorgangs. +und mit jedem versuch bekommen die kinder unmittelbar feedback was funktioniert und was nicht. +so ist die leistung, mit prototypen zu arbeiten, wesentlich - aber sehen wir einmal, wie verschieden teams agieren. +der durchschnitt für die meisten liegt bei ca. 50cm, bwl-studenten schaffen die hälfte davon, anwälte etwas mehr, aber nicht viel, kindergartenkinder sind besser als die erwachsenen. +wer ist am erfolgreichsten? +architekten und ingenieure, zum glück. +1m ist das höchste, was ich gesehen habe. +und warum? weil sie dreiecke verstehen und sich-selbst-verstärkende geometrische muster sind der schlüssel um stabile strukturen zu bauen. +ceos liegen etwas über durchschnitt. aber hier wird es interessant. +setzt man ein exekutive administrator auf dem team, werden sie signifikant besser. +es ist unglaublich. sie sehen sich um und erkennen "dieses team wird gewinnen." +sie können das vorhersagen. warum geht das? +weil sie spezielle fähigkeiten der prozessbegleitung haben. +sie leiten den prozess, sie verstehen ihn. +und jenes team, das regelt und auf die arbeit achtet wird die leistung des teams signifikant verbessern. +spezialisierte fähigkeiten und prozessfähigkeiten und deren kombination führen zu erfolg. +wenn sie 10 teams haben, die typisch vorgehen, bekommen sie ca. 6, die stabile strukturen haben. +ich versuchte nun etwas spannendes. +ich dachte, bringen wir den pokereinsatz gleich. +also bot ich einen 10000 $preis an software für die gewinner. +was glauben sie passierte mit diesen design-studenten? +was war das ergebnis? +das hier passierte. nicht ein team hatte eine stabile struktur. +falls irgendwer eine 2,5cm hohe konstruktion gebaut hätte, hätte er den preis nach hause getragen. +ist es also nicht interessant, dass hohe wetteinsätze einen starken effekt haben? +wir wiederholten diese übung mit denselben studenten. +was glauben sie passierte nun? +nun verstanden sie den vorteil des "prototyping". +so wurde aus demselben, schlechten team eines unter den besten. +sie produzierten die höchste konstruktion in der geringsten zeit. +es gibt somit tief-greifende lektionen für uns, über die natur von antrieb und erfolg. +sie mögen fragen: warum würde jemand tatsächlich zeit investieren eine marshmallow-challenge zu kreieren? +der grund ist, ich helfe digitale werkzeuge und prozesse erstellen, um teams zu helfen, autos, videospiele und "visual effects" zu erstellen. +und was die marshmallow-challenge tut ist, sie hilft ihnen versteckte annahmen zu identifizieren. +denn offen gesagt, jedes projekt hat seinen eigenen marshmallow. +die herausforderung bietet eine gemeinsame erfahrung, eine gemeinsame sprache bzw. grundhaltung, den richtigen prototyp zu bauen. +und dies ist der wert dieser erfahrung, dieser so einfache übung. +und jene von ihnen, die es interessiert, können marshmallowchallenge.com besuchen. +es ist ein blog, wo man sieht, wie man die marshmallows baut. +es gibt eine schritt-für-schritt-anleitung dort. +sie finden verrückte beispiele aus aller welt, wie leute das system optimieren und raffinieren. +es gibt ebenfalls weltrekorde. +und die basale lektion, glaube ich ist, das konstruktion tatsächlich ein verbindender sport ist. +es verlangt, dass wir alle unsere sinne auf die aufgabe richten und, dass wir unser denken optimal verwenden, wie unsere gefühle und unser tun, in der herausforderung, die vor uns liegt. +und manchmal ist ein kleiner prototyp dieser erfahrung alles, was es braucht, uns von einem "uh-oh" - zu einem "ta-da" -moment zu bringen. +und das kann einen großen unterschied machen. +vielen dank. +tun wir so als hätten wir hier eine maschine, +eine große maschine, eine coole, ted-artige maschine, und das ist eine zeitmaschine. +und jeder in diesem raum muss hinein. +und sie können in die vergangenheit gehen, sie können in die zukunft gehen; sie können nicht im hier und jetzt bleiben, +und ich frage mich, was sie wählen würden, weil ich meinen freunden in letzter zeit häufig diese frage gestellt habe, und sie wollten alle in die vergangenheit gehen. +ich weiß nicht. sie wollten in die zeit zurück, bevor es autos gab oder twitter oder "amerika sucht den superstar". +ich weiß nicht. +ich bin überzeugt, dass man irgendwie zur nostalgie, zu wunschdenken hingezogen ist. +und das verstehe ich. +ich bin nicht teil dieser gruppe, muss ich sagen. +ich will nicht in die vergangenheit, und das nicht, weil ich ein abenteurer bin - +es liegt daran, dass möglichkeiten auf diesem planeten nicht zurück gehen, sie gehen vorwärts. +ich will also in diese maschine, und ich will in die zukunft gehen. +dies ist die großartigste zeit, die es je auf diesem planeten gab, egal, welchen maßstab sie anlegen: gesundheit, reichtum, mobilität, gelegenheiten, sinkende krankheitsraten. +es gab nie zuvor eine zeit wie diese. +meine ur-großeltern starben alle als sie 60 waren. +meine großeltern drängten diese zahl auf 70. +meine eltern sind der 80 auf den fersen. +da sollte also besser eine neun am anfang meiner todeszahl stehen. +aber es geht nicht mal um leute wie uns, denn dies ist eine größere sache als das. +ein kind, das heute in neu-delhi geboren wird kann erwarten, so lange zu leben wie der reichste mann auf der welt vor 100 jahren. +denken sie darüber nach. das ist eine unglaubliche tatsache. +und warum ist das so? +die pocken. die pocken haben milliarden leute auf diesem planeten getötet. +sie haben die demografie der erde auf eine weise neu geformt, wie es kein krieg je geschafft hat. +sie sind weg. sie sind verschwunden. +wir haben sie bezwungen. puff. +in der reichen welt existieren krankheiten, die millionen von uns vor nur einer generation noch bedroht haben, kaum noch. +diphterie, röteln, kinderlähmung... +weiß überhaupt noch jemand, was das ist? +impfstoffe, moderne medizin, unsere fähigkeit, milliarden menschen zu ernähren, das sind erfolge der wissenschaftlichen methode. +und aus meiner sicht ist die wissenschaftliche methode, sachen auszuprobieren, schauen, ob es funktioniert, es ändern, wenn es das nicht tut, eine der großartigsten errungenschaften der menschheit. +das ist also die gute nachricht. +leider ist das schon die ganze gute nachricht, denn es gibt ein paar andere probleme, und sie wurden häufig erwähnt, +und eins davon ist, dass trotz all unserer errungenschaften eine milliarde menschen auf dieser welt jeden tag hungrig zu bett gehen. +diese zahl steigt, und sie steigt sehr schnell, und das ist beschämend. +und nicht nur das, wir haben unsere vorstellungskraft dazu genutzt, diese welt gründlich zu verwüsten. +trinkwasser, urbares land, regenwälder, öl, gas: sie verschwinden, und zwar bald, und falls wir uns nicht aus diesem chaos heraus-innovieren verschwinden wir auch. +die frage ist also: können wir das tun? ich denke schon. +ich glaube es ist klar, dass wir nahrung produzieren können, die milliarden menschen ernähren wird, ohne das land, auf dem sie leben, zu vergewaltigen. +ich denke, wir können diese welt mit energie versorgen, die sie nicht gleichzeitig zerstört. +ich glaube das wirklich, und nein, das ist kein wunschdenken. +aber das hier hält mich nachts wach -- eines der dinge, die mich nachts wach halten. wir haben wissenschaftlichen fortschritt noch nie so dringend gebraucht wie jetzt, noch nie, +und wir waren auch noch nie in der lage, ihn vernünftig einzusetzten, so wie wir es heute können. +wir sind an der schwelle zu erstaunlichen, erstaunlichen ereignissen auf vielen gebieten. und doch denke ich wirklich, dass wir hunderte, 300 jahre vor die aufklärung zurück gehen müssten, um eine zeit zu finden, in der wir fortschritt bekämpft haben, in der wir über diese dinge heftiger getritten haben, an mehr fronten als jetzt. +die leute hüllen sich in ihren glauben, und zwar so eng, dass man sie nicht befreien kann. +nicht mal die wahrheit wird sie befreien. +und hören sie, jeder hat ein recht auf seine meinung; sogar ein recht auf seine meinung zum fortschritt, +aber wissen sie, worauf sie kein recht haben? +sie haben kein recht auf ihre eigenen fakten. 'tschuldigung, haben sie nicht. +und ich habe eine weile gebraucht, um das herauszufinden. +vor ungefähr einem jahrzehnt habe ich einen artikel über impfungen für "the new yorker" geschrieben, einen kleinen artikel. +und ich war erstaunt, auf widerstand zu stoßen, auf widerstand gegenüber dem, was am ende die effektivste maßnahme im gesundheitswesen in der geschichte der menschheit ist. +ich wusste nicht, was ich tun sollte, also tat ich einfach was ich immer tue, ich schrieb einen artikel und fuhr fort. +und bald darauf schrieb ich einen artikel über gentechnisch veränderte nahrungsmittel. +die gleiche sache, nur größer. +die leute spielten verrückt. +also habe ich auch darüber einen artikel geschrieben, und ich konnte nicht verstehen, warum die leute dachten, das wäre "frankenfood", warum sie glaubten, dass moleküle auf eine bestimmte statt eine zufällige art herumzuschieben einen übergriff auf das gebiet der natur war. +aber wissen sie, ich tue was ich tue. ich schrieb den artikel, ich machte weiter. +ich meine, ich bin journalist, +wir tippen, wir reichen ein, wir gehen essen, das ist okay. +aber diese artikel machten mir sorgen, und ich konnte nicht herausfinden, warum, und schließlich fand ich es heraus. +und das liegt daran, dass diese fanatiker, die mich verrückt machten überhaupt gar keine fanatiker waren. +das waren umsichtige leute, gebildete leute, anständige leute. +sie waren genau wie die leute in diesem raum. +und das brachte mich so durcheinander... +aber dann dachte ich, wissen sie was, seien wir ehrlich: +wir sind an einem punkt angelangt, an dem wir nicht das selbe verhältnis zum fortschritt haben wie früher. +wir reden zwiespältig davon. +wir reden ironisch davon, mit kleinen anführungszeichen darum: "fortschritt". +okay, dafür gibt es gründe, und ich denke wir wissen, welche gründe das sind. +wir haben das vertrauen in institutionen, in autorität, und manchmal in die wissenschaft an sich verloren, und es gibt keinen grund, warum das nicht so sein sollte. +man kann einfach ein paar namen nennen und die leute werden verstehen. +tschernobyl, bhopal, die challenger, vioxx, massenvernichtungswaffen, die us-präsidentschaftswahl 2000. +ich meine, wissen sie, sie können ihre eigene liste wählen. +es gibt fragen und probleme mit den leuten, von denen wir glaubten, dass sie immer recht hätten. seien sie also skeptisch. +stellen sie fragen, verlangen sie beweise, verlangen sie belege. +nehmen sie nichts als gegeben hin. +aber jetzt kommt 's: wenn sie beweise bekommen müssen sie diese beweise annehmen, und darin sind wir nicht gut. +und ich kann das aus dem grund sagen, dass wir jetzt in einer epidemie der furcht leben, wie ich sie noch nie gesehen habe und hoffentlich nie wieder sehen werde. +vor ungefähr 12 jahren wurde eine geschichte veröffentlicht, eine schreckliche geschichte, die die autismus-epidemie mit dem masern, mumps, und röteln impfstoff in verbindung brachte. +sehr furchteinflößend. +haufenweise studien wurden durchgeführt um zu sehen, ob das stimmte. +haufenweise studien sollten durchgeführt werden; das ist eine ernste angelegenheit. +die daten kamen herein. +die daten kamen herein aus den usa, aus england, aus schweden, aus kanada, und sie waren alle gleich, keine korrelation, keine verbindung, gar keine. +es macht keinen unterschied. es macht keinen unterschied, weil wir an anekdoten glauben, wir glauben, was wir sehen, was wir zu sehen glauben, was bewirkt, dass wir uns echt fühlen. +wir glauben nicht an ein bündel dokumente von einem regierungsangstellten, der uns daten gibt, und ich verstehe das, ich denke, das tun wir alle. +aber wissen sie was? +das ergebnis davon war katastrophal, +katastrophal wegen dieser tatsache: die usa ist eines der einzigen länder auf der welt, in dem die impfrate für masern sinkt. +das ist skandalös und wir sollten uns schämen. +es ist schrecklich. +was ist passiert, dass wir das tun konnten. +nun, ich verstehe das. das tue ich. +denn hat hier jemand masern? +hat ein einziger im publikum je jemanden an masern sterben sehen? +passiert nicht sehr oft. +passiert in diesem land überhaupt nicht, aber 160.000 mal auf der welt im letzten jahr. +das sind viele tode durch masern, 20 pro stunde. +aber weil das nicht hier passiert ist, können wir es verdrängen, und leute wie jenny mccarthy können herumlaufen und botschaften von angst und analphabetismus von plattformen wie oprah und larry king live predigen. +und das können sie machen, weil sie ursache und korrelation nicht verbinden. +sie verstehen nicht, dass diese dinge gleich zu sein scheinen, aber fast nie das selbe sind. +und das ist etwas, das wir lernen müssen, und zwar sehr schnell. +dieser typ war ein held, jonas salk. +er befreite uns von einer der schlimmsten geißeln der menschheit. +keine angst, keine qualen, kinderlähmung, puff, verschwunden. +der typ in der mitte nicht so sehr. +er heißt paul offit. +er hat gerade mit ein paar anderen leuten einen rotavirus-impfstoff entwickelt. +er kann die leben von 400-, 500.000 kindern pro jahr in den entwicklungsländern retten. +ziemlich gut, nicht? +nun, das ist gut, abgesehen davon, dass paul herumläuft und über impfstoffe spricht und sagt, wie wertvoll sie sind, und dass die leute einfach aufhören sollten zu jammern. +und das sagt er tatsächlich so. +paul ist also ein terrorist. +wenn paul in einer öffentlichen anhörung spricht, kann er nicht ohne bewaffnete wächter aussagen. +er bekommt anrufe zu hause, weil die leute ihm gerne erzählen, dass sie wissen wo seine kinder zur schule gehen. +und warum? weil paul einen impfstoff gemacht hat. +ich brauche das nicht sagen, aber impfstoffe sind unentbehrlich. +nimmt man sie fort, kehren die krankheiten zurück, schreckliche krankheiten, und das passiert gerade. +wir haben in diesem land jetzt masern. +und das wird schlimmer, und ziemlich bald werden kinder wieder daran sterben, denn das ist nur eine frage der zahlen. +und sie werden nicht nur an masern sterben. +was ist mit kinderlähmung? nehmen wir das. warum nicht? +eine kommilitonin von mir hat mir vor ein paar wochen geschrieben und gesagt sie glaubt ich bin ein bisschen zu schrill. +niemand hat das je zuvor gesagt. +sie würde ihr kind nicht gegen kinderlähmung impfen. auf keinen fall. +fein. +warum? weil wir keine kinderlähmung haben. und wissen sie was? +wir hatten in diesem land gestern keine kinderlähmung. +heute, ich weiß nicht, vielleicht stieg heute morgen jemand in lagos in ein flugzeug und fliegt gerade nach los angeles, im moment ist er über ohio. +und in ein paar stunden landet er und mietet ein auto, und er kommt nach long beach, und er wird eines dieser fantastichen ted-dinner heute abend besuchen. +und er weiß nicht, dass er mit einer lähmenden krankheit infiziert ist, und wir wissen das auch nicht, denn so funktioniert die welt nun mal. +das ist der planet, auf dem wir leben. tun sie nicht so, als ob er das nicht ist. +wir lieben es, uns in lügen zu hüllen. wir lieben das. +haben sie heute morgen alle ihre vitamine genommen? +echinacea, ein kleines antioxidantium, das ihnen auf die sprünge hilft. +ich weiß, dass sie das gemacht haben, weil die hälfte der amerikaner das jeden tag macht. +sie nehmen das zeug, und sie nehmen alternative heilmittel, und es macht keinen unterschied, wie häufig wir herausfinden, dass sie nutzlos sind. +die daten belegen das ständig. +sie verdunkeln ihren urin. mehr tun sie fast nie. +das ist okay, sie wollen gerne 28 milliarden dollar für dunklen urin zahlen. +ich stimme ihnen völlig zu. +dunkler urin. dunkel. +warum machen wir das? warum machen wir das? +nun, ich glaube, ich verstehe - wir hassen die pharmaindustrie. +wir hassen eine zu starke regierung. wir haben kein vertrauen ins system. +und das sollten wir auch nicht. unser gesundheitssystem ist mies. +es ist grausam zu millionen von leuten. +es ist absolut erstaunlich kalt und seelentötend selbst zu uns, die es sich leisten können. +wir laufen also davor weg, und wohin laufen wir? +wir laufen in die arme der placebo-industrie. +das ist super. ich liebe die placebo-industrie. +aber wissen sie, das ist wirklich eine ernste angelegenheit, denn das zeug ist mist, und wir geben milliarden dollar dafür aus. +und ich habe alle möglichen kleinen requisiten hier. +keins davon -- gingko, betrug, echinacea, betrug, acai, da weiß ich nicht mal, was das ist, aber wir geben milliarden dollar dafür aus, es ist betrug. +und wissen sie was? wenn ich das sage, schreien mich die leute an und sagen: "was kümmert es dich? lass die leute doch machen, was sie wollen. +so fühlen sie sich gut. " +und wissen sie was? sie haben unrecht. +weil es mir egal ist, ob es der gesundheitsminister ist, der sagt: "hmm, ich werde die belege meiner experten zu mammographie nicht annehmen" oder irgendein krebs-quacksalber, der seinen patienten mit kaffe-einläufen behandeln will. +wenn sie sich auf diesen weg begeben, wo glaube und magie belege und wissenschaft ersetzen, gelangen sie an einen ort, an dem sie nicht sein wollen. +sie gelangen zu thabo mbeki in südafrika. +er brachte 400.000 seiner leute um, weil er darauf bestand, dass rote beete, knoblauch und zitronenöl viel effektiver als antiretrovirale medikamente sind, von denen wir wissen, dass sie den verlauf von aids bremsen können. +hunderttausende unnötiger tode in einem land, das schlimmer als jedes andere von dieser krankheit geplagt wird. +sagen sie mir bitte nicht, dass diese dinge keine konsequenzen haben. +die haben sie. die haben sie immer. +nun, die hirnloseste epidemie, in der wir uns gerade befinden, ist dieser absurde kampf zwischen den befürwortern gentechnisch veränderter nahrungsmittel und der bio-elite. +das ist eine idiotische debatte. sie muss aufhören. +es ist eine debatte über wörter, über metaphern. +das ist ideologie, nicht wissenschaft. +alles, was wir essen, jedes reiskorn, jeder zweig petersilie, jeder rosenkohl, wurde von den menschen verändert. +wissen sie, es gab keine mandarinen im paradies. +es gab keine cantaloupe-melonen. +es gab keine weihnachtsbäume. wir haben das alles gemacht. +wir haben es in den letzten 11.000 jahren gemacht. +und manches davon hat funktioniert und manches nicht. +wir sind losgeworden, was nicht funktioniert hat. +jetzt können wir es genauer machen. und natürlich gibt es risiken. aber wir können etwas wie vitamin a in reis tun, und das zeug kann millionen menschen helfen, millionen menschen, ihr leben zu verlängern. +das wollen sie nicht machen? +ich muss sagen, das verstehe ich nicht. +wir lehnen gentechnisch veränderte nahrung ab. +warum tun wir das? +nun, was ich ständig höre ist: zu viele chemikalien, pestizide, hormone, monokultur, wir wollen keine riesigen felder mit einer sache, das ist falsch. +wir wollen nicht, dass firmen leben patentieren. +wir wollen nicht, dass firmen samen besitzen. +und wissen sie, was meine antwort auf all das ist? +ja, sie haben recht. beheben wir das. +es stimmt, wir haben ein riesiges nahrungsproblem, aber das ist nicht wissenschaft. +das hat mit wissenschaft nichts zu tun. +es ist recht, moral, patentkram. +sie wissen, dass die wissenschaft keine firma ist. +sie ist kein land. +sie ist nicht mal eine idee; sie ist ein prozess. +sie ist ein prozess, und manchmal funktioniert er und manchmal nicht, aber die idee, dass wir der wissenschaft nicht erlauben sollten, ihre arbeit zu tun, weil wir angst haben ist eine wirkliche sackgasse, und sie hält millionen von menschen vom aufblühen ab. +wissen sie, in den nächsten 50 jahren werden wir 70 prozent mehr nahrung anbauen müssen als im moment. 70 prozent. +diese investition in afrika in den letzten 30 jahren. +beschämend. beschämend. +sie brauchen das, und wir geben es ihnen nicht. +und warum? gentechnisch veränderte nahrung. +wir wollen leute nicht ermutigen, dieses verrottete zeug zu essen, wie zum beispiel maniok. +maniok ist etwas, das eine halbe milliarde menschen essen. +es ist etwa wie eine kartoffel. +es ist nur ein bündel kalorien. es ist mies. +es hat keine nährstoffe, es hat kein protein, und wissenschaftler bauen all das gerade darin ein. +und dann könnten die leute das essen und würden nicht blind werden. +sie würden nicht verhungern, und wissen sie was? +das wäre schön. es wäre nicht chez panisse, aber es wäre schön. +und alles, was ich dazu sagen kann ist: warum bekämpfen wir das? +ich meine, fragen wir uns: warum bekämpfen wir das? +weil wir keine gene herumschieben wollen? +es geht nicht darum, gene herumzuschieben. es geht nicht um chemikalien. +es geht nicht um unsere lächerliche leidenschaft für hormone, unser beharren auf größerer nahrung, besserer nahrung, einzigartiger nahrung. +es geht hier nicht um rice krispies, es geht darum, leute am leben zu erhalten, und es wird höchste zeit, zu verstehen, was das bedeutet. +denn wissen sie was? +wenn wir das nicht tun, wenn wir so weiter machen wie bisher machen wir uns an etwas schuldig, an dem wir, glaube ich, nicht schuldig sein wollen, high-tech kolonialismus. +es gibt keine andere beschreibung für das, was hier passiert. +es ist selbstsüchtig, es ist hässlich, es ist unser nicht würdig, und wir müssen das wirklich aufhalten. +nach dieser unglaublich lustigen unterhaltung wollen sie also vielleicht sagen: "willst du immer noch in diese lächerliche zeitmaschine und in die zukunft gehen?" +auf jeden fall. das will ich auf jeden fall. +im moment steckt sie in der gegenwart, aber wir haben eine unglaubliche möglichkeit. +wir können diese zeitmaschine auf alles stellen, was wir wollen. +wir können sie hinbewegen, wo wir sie hinbewegen wollen, und wir werden sie dorthin bewegen, wohin wir wollen. +wir müssen diese unterhaltungen führen, und wir müssen nachdenken, aber wenn wir in die zeitmaschine steigen und in die zukunft gehen werden wir froh sein, das gemacht zu haben. +ich weiß, dass wir es können, und soweit es mich betrifft ist das etwas, was die welt jetzt braucht. +danke. +danke. +seit einiger zeit interessiere ich mich für den placebo-effekt. es mag merkwürdig erscheinen, dass sich ein magier dafür interessiert, es sei denn, sie betrachten es so wie ich, als "eine täuschung, die zu etwas echtem wird, wenn jemand nur fest genug daran glaubt." +mit anderen worten, zuckerpillen haben in einigen studien eine messbare wirkung gezeigt, den placebo-effekt, und zwar nur deswegen, weil die person denkt, was mit ihr geschieht, sei eine pharmazeutische oder eine art von... im schmerzmanagement, zum beispiel, gibt es, wenn der patient nur fest genug daran glaubt, eine messbare wirkung im körper, die man den placebo-effekt nennt. +eine täuschung wird zu etwas echtem, weil jemand es so wahrnimmt. +damit wir uns gegenseitig auch verstehen, möchte ich ihnen jetzt einen elementaren, ganz einfachen zaubertrick zeigen. +und ich werde ihnen zeigen, wie er funktioniert. das ist ein trick, der mindestens seit den 1950ern in jedem zauberbuch für kinder steht. +ich selbst habe ihn vom cub scout magic der pfadfinder in den 1970ern gelernt. +ich werde ihn für sie ausführen und ihn dann erklären. +und dann werde ich erklären, warum ich ihn erkläre. +also, sehen sie, was passiert. +das messer, das sie untersuchen können; meine hand, die sie untersuchen können. +ich werde das messer einfach so in meiner faust halten. +ich schiebe meinen ärmel zurück. +und um sicherzustellen, dass nichts in meinem ärmel verschwindet oder aus ihm herauskommt, werde ich einfach mein handgelenk genau hier zusammendrücken. +auf diese weise können sie sehen, dass sich zu keiner zeit irgendetwas bewegt. solange ich hier zudrücke, kann nichts in meinen ärmel wandern oder herauskommen. +und das ziel dabei ist ganz einfach. +ich werde meine hand öffnen, und hoffentlich, wenn alles gut geht, wird das messer durch meinen bloßen körperlichen magnetismus festgehalten. +es sitzt tatsächlich so fest an seinem platz, dass ich es schütteln kann, ohne dass das messer herunterfällt. +nichts wandert in meinen ärmel oder kommt heraus, keine trickserei. und sie können alles untersuchen. +ta-da! +nun, das ist ein trick, den ich oft kleinen kindern beibringe, die sich für zauberei interessieren, denn man kann dabei sehr viel über täuschung lernen, wenn man genauer hinsieht, obwohl es ein sehr einfach auszuführender trick ist. +vermutlich kennen viele von ihnen hier im saal diesen trick. +er funktioniert folgendermaßen: +ich halte das messer in meiner hand. +ich sage, dass ich mein handgelenk umschließe, um sicherzustellen, dass nichts in meinem ärmel verschwindet oder herauskommt, und das ist eine lüge. +der grund, warum ich mein handgelenk festhalte, ist der, dass darin das eigentliche geheimnis der illusion besteht. +in dem moment nämlich, wo ich meine hand von ihnen wegdrehe, damit sie sie von hinten sehen, bewegt sich dieser finger hier, mein zeigefinger, einfach von dort, wo er war, in eine position, in der er so ausgestreckt ist. +toller trick? +da hinten sitzt jemand, der keine kindheit hatte. +also, er befindet sich hier. genau. +und wenn ich mich umdrehe, ändert der finger seine position. +und jetzt könnte man darüber reden, warum das eine täuschung ist, warum man nicht wahrnimmt, dass hier unten nur drei finger zu sehen sind: weil der verstand und die art, wie er informationen verarbeitet, sie nicht einzeln zählt, eins, zwei, drei, sondern sie als gruppe sieht. +aber darum geht es jetzt hier eigentlich gar nicht. und dann öffne ich meine hand. +natürlich wird es dort festgehalten, aber nicht durch den magnetismus meines körpers, sondern durch einen trick, durch meinen zeigefinger, der jetzt dort ist. +und wenn ich meine hand schließe, passiert dasselbe, indem ich mich zurückdrehe, wird durch diese bewegung verborgen, dass der finger sich wieder zurückbewegt. +ich nehme diese hand weg. und hier ist das messer. +diesen trick können sie ihren freunden und nachbarn vorführen. danke. +nun, was hat das mit dem placebo-effekt zu tun? +vor einem jahr oder so, las ich eine studie, die mich wirklich richtig umgehauen hat. +ich bin kein arzt oder forscher, und deshalb war das für mich eine erstaunliche sache. +es hat sich nämlich folgendes herausgestellt: wenn sie ein placebo in form einer weißen pille anbieten, in der form einer aspirintablette, ist das einfach eine runde, weiße pille, die einen bestimmten messbaren effekt hat. +aber wenn sie die form, in der sie das placebo verabreichen, zum beispiel in eine kleinere pille verändern, und diese blau färben und einen buchstaben darauf prägen, ist sie tatsächlich messbar effektiver. +und das, obwohl keine davon irgendeine pharmazeutische... es sind bloß zuckerpillen. +aber eine weiße pille ist nicht so gut wie eine blaue pille. +was? das ließ mich wirklich ausflippen. +es stellte sich aber heraus, dass das noch nicht alles ist. +wenn man kapseln nimmt, sind die noch wirksamer als tabletten jeder form. +eine farbige kapsel, die an einem ende gelb und am anderen rot ist, ist besser als eine weiße kapsel. +auch die dosierung spielt eine rolle. +eine pille zweimal täglich ist nicht so gut wie drei pillen - ich kann mich jetzt nicht an die genaue statistik erinnern. tut mir leid. +das entscheidende aber ist,... +... dass auch die dosierungen eine rolle spielen. +und die form spielt eine rolle. +und wenn man den ultimativen placebo-effekt haben möchte, muss man zur nadel greifen. +richtig? eine spritze mit einer wirkungslosen - ein paar milliliter einer wirkungslosen substanz, die man einem patienten injiziert. +das erzeugt ein sehr starkes bild im kopf. das ist sehr viel stärker als eine weiße pille. +diese grafik ist wirklich... ich werde sie ihnen ein anderes mal zeigen, wenn wir einen projektor haben. +tatsache also ist, dass die weiße pille nicht so gut wirkt wie die blaue pille, die nicht so gut wirkt wie eine kapsel, die nicht so gut wirkt wie die nadel. +und nichts davon hat irgendeine wirklich pharmazeutische eigenschaft. es ist nur unser glaube daran, der in uns eine stärkere wirkung erzielt. +ich wollte wissen, ob ich diese idee für einen zaubertrick nutzen könnte. +ich nehme etwas, das offensichtlich eine täuschung ist, und lasse es echt aussehen. +wir wissen ja aus jener studie, dass man zur nadel greifen muss, wenn es zur sache gehen soll. +dies ist eine 18 cm lange hutnadel. sie ist sehr, sehr spitz. und ich werde sie zunächst ein kleines bisschen sterilisieren. +das hier ist wirklich mein fleisch. es ist nicht damians spezielles gezüchtetes fleisch. +das hier ist meine haut. das ist kein spezialeffekt aus hollywood. +ich werde nun diese nadel in meine haut stechen und durch sie hindurch treiben, bis sie auf der anderen seite wieder austritt. +falls ihnen übel wird - wenn sie leicht in ohnmacht fallen - ich habe das ein paar freunden letzte nacht im hotelzimmer vorgeführt, und einigen leuten, die ich nicht kannte, und dabei ist eine frau fast ohnmächtig geworden. +ich schlage also vor, wenn ihnen schnell übel wird, dann schauen sie für die nächsten 30 sekunden weg. oder, wissen sie was, ich werde den ersten heiklen teil hier hinten machen. +sie können es gleich sehen, sie können aber auch wegsehen, wenn sie möchten. +also, es geht so, genau hier, wo mein fleisch anfängt, am unteren teil meines arms werde ich einfach einen kleinen einstich machen. +tut mir echt leid. macht sie das verrückt? +und jetzt einfach ein kleines bisschen durch meine haut und auf der anderen seite so wieder heraus. +jetzt sind wir eigentlich in der gleichen situation, die wir beim messertrick hatten. +ungefähr. +aber jetzt können sie meine finger nicht zählen, oder? +also, werde ich sie ihnen zeigen. das ist einer, zwei, drei, vier, fünf. +nun ja, +ich weiß, was die leute denken, wenn sie das sehen. +sie sagen: "okay, der ist bestimmt nicht so blöd und durchsticht sich selbst die haut, nur um uns ein paar minuten lang zu unterhalten." +nun, dann werde ich es ihnen zeigen. +wie sieht das hier aus? ziemlich gut. +ja, ich weiß. +und die leute hinten sagen: "okay. ich habe das nicht richtig gesehen." +die leute in den nebenräumen kommen jetzt rein. +lassen sie es mich ihnen aus der nähe zeigen. +das ist wirklich meine haut. das ist kein spezialeffekt aus hollywood. +das ist mein fleisch, und ich kann das herumdrehen. +tut mir leid. wenn ihnen übel wird, schauen sie weg, schauen sie nicht hin. +die leute hinten oder die, die das später irgendwann einmal auf video sehen, werden sagen, "nun ja, das sieht ja recht eindrucksvoll aus, aber wenn es echt wäre, würde er - sehen sie, hier ist ein loch und dort, wenn es wirklich echt wäre, würde es bluten." +okay, lassen sie mich ein wenig blut für sie herausquetschen. +ja, hier ist es. +normalerweise würde ich jetzt die nadel herausnehmen. +ich würde meinen arm säubern und ihnen zeigen, dass da keine wunden sind. +aber ich denke, in diesem rahmen hier und mit der absicht, aus einer täuschung etwas echtes zu machen, werde ich die nadel einfach da drin lassen und so von der bühne gehen. +wir werden uns in den nächsten tagen noch ein paar mal begegnen. +ich hoffe, sie freuen sich schon darauf. vielen dank. +jeder spricht heutzutage über das glück. +ich habe einige leute die anzahl der bücher zählen lassen, die mit "happiness" im titel in den letzten fünf jahren veröffentlicht wurden und sie gaben nach ungefähr 40 auf, und es gab noch viel mehr. +es gibt eine gewaltige welle des interesses an glück unter forschern. +es gibt sehr viel glücks-coaching. +jeder würde gerne die leute glücklicher machen. +aber trotz all dieser flut von arbeiten, gibt es mehrere kognitive fallen, die es sozusagen fast unmöglich machen, klar über glück nachzudenken. +und mein vortrag heute wird hauptsächlich von diesen kognitiven fallen handeln. +das gilt für laien, die über ihr eigenes glück nachdenken, und es gilt für wissenschaftler, die über glück nachdenken, weil sich herausstellt, dass wir genau so durcheinander sind wie jeder andere. +die erste dieser fallen ist ein widerstreben, komplexität zuzugeben. +es stellt sich heraus, dass das wort glück einfach kein nützliches wort mehr ist, weil wir es auf zu viele unterschiedliche dinge anwenden. +ich denke, es gibt eine bestimmte bedeutung, auf die wir es beschränken könnten, aber im großen und ganzen ist das etwas, das wir aufgeben werden müssen, und wir werden die komplizierte sichtweise annehmen müssen darauf, was wohlbefinden ist. +die zweite falle ist eine verwechslung von erleben und gedächtnis: im grunde besteht sie zwischen glücklich sein in seinem leben und glücklich sein über sein leben oder glücklich mit seinem leben. +und dies sind zwei sehr unterschiedliche konzepte, und sie sind beide zusammengeworfen in der vorstellung vom glück. +und die dritte ist die konzentrations-illusion, und das ist die unglückliche tatsache, dass wir nicht über einen umstand nachdenken können, der wohlbefinden beeinflusst, ohne seine bedeutung zu verzerren. +ich meine, das ist eine echte kognitive falle. +es gibt einfach keinen weg, es richtig hin zu bekommen. +nun würde ich gerne mit einem beispiel anfangen von jemandem, der eine frage-und-antwort-sitzung hatte nach einer meiner vorlesungen, der eine geschichte berichtete. [undeutlich...] er sagte, er hätte eine sinfonie gehört, und es war absolut herrliche musik, und ganz am ende der aufnahme gab es ein fürchterliches kreischendes geräusch. +und dann fügte er hinzu, wirklich ziemlich emotional, das hat die ganze erfahrung ruiniert. +aber das hatte es nicht. +was es ruiniert hatte waren die erinnerungen an die erfahrung. +er hatte die erfahrung gehabt. +er hatte 20 minuten herrlicher musik gehabt. +sie zählten nicht, weil er mit einer erinnerung verblieben war; die erinnerung war ruiniert, und die erinnerung war alles, was er zum behalten bekommen hatte. +was uns das wirklich sagt ist, dass wir über uns und über andere leute nachdenken könnten im sinne von zwei arten des selbst. +es gibt ein erlebendes selbst, das in der gegenwart lebt und die gegenwart kennt, fähig ist, die vergangenheit wieder zu erleben, aber im grunde nur die gegenwart hat. +es ist das erlebende selbst, das der arzt anpricht -- sie wissen, wenn der arzt fragt: "tut es jetzt weh, wenn ich sie hier anfasse?" +und dann gibt es ein erinnerndes selbst, und das erinnernde selbst ist das, das mitzählt und die geschichte unseres lebens aufrecht erhält, und es ist dasjenige, das der arzt anspricht indem er die frage stellt: "wie haben sie sich in letzter zeit gefühlt?" +oder "wie war ihre reise nach albanien?" oder so ähnlich. +dies sind zwei sehr unterschiedliche einheiten, das erlebende selbst und das erinnernde selbst, und die beiden zu verwechseln ist teil des durcheinanders des begriffs vom glück. +nun, das erinnernde selbst ist ein geschichtenerzähler. +und das fängt wirklich mit einer grundlegenden reaktion auf unsere erinnerungen an -- es fängt sofort an. +wir erzählen nicht nur geschichten, wenn wir uns daran machen, geschichten zu erzählen. +unser gedächtnis erzählt uns geschichten, das heißt, was wir von unseren erlebnissen behalten dürfen ist eine geschichte. +und lassen sie micht mit einem beispiel anfangen. +es gibt eine alte studie. +das sind echte patienten, die sich einer schmerzhaften prozedur unterziehen. +ich werde nicht ins detail gehen. sie ist heutzutage nicht mehr schmerzhaft, aber sie war schmerzhaft, als diese studie in den 1990ern durchgeführt wurde. +sie wurden gebeten, alle 60 sekunden über ihre schmerzen zu berichten. +und hier sind zwei patienten. das sind ihre aufzeichnungen. +und sie werden gefragt: "wer von beiden hat mehr gelitten?" +und das ist eine sehr einfache frage. +patient b hat eindeutig mehr gelitten. seine darmspiegelung war länger, und jede minute von schmerz, die patient a hatte hatte patient b, und mehr. +aber nun gibt es eine andere frage: "wie sehr dachten diese patienten, dass sie litten?" +und hier ist eine überraschung: +und die überraschung ist, dass patient a eine viel schlechtere erinnrung an die darmspiegelung hatte als patient b. +die geschichten der darmspiegelungen waren unterschiedlich, und weil ein sehr entscheidender teil der geschichte ist, wie sie endet -- +und keine dieser geschichten ist sehr erbaulich oder großartig -- aber eine von ihnen ist diese deutlich... +aber eine von ihnen ist deutlich schlimmer als die andere. +und die, die schlimmer ist war die, wo der schmerz ganz am ende auf seinem höhepunkt war. es ist eine schlimme geschichte. +woher wissen wir das? +weil wir diese leute nach ihrer darmspiegelung gefragt haben, und auch viel später: "wie schlimm war die ganze sache insgesamt?", +und sie war viel schlimmer für a als für b in der erinnrung. +nun, das ist ein direkter konflikt zwischen dem erlebenden selbst und dem erinnernden selbst. +aus sicht des erlebenden selbst hatte b eindeutig eine schlechtere zeit. +nun, was man mit patient a machen könnte, und wir haben tatsächlich klinische experimente durchgeführt, und es ist gemacht worden, und es funktioniert, man könnte eigentlich die darmspiegelung von patient a verlängern indem man einfach den schlauch drin lässt ohne zu sehr an ihm zu rütteln. +das wird dazu führen, dass der patient leidet, aber nur ein bisschen und viel weniger als vorher. +und wenn man das ein paar minuten lang macht hat man bewirkt, dass das erlebende selbst von patient a schlechter dran ist und man hat bewirkt, dass das erinnernde selbst von patient a viel besser dran ist, denn nun hat man patient a eine bessere geschichte über seine erfahrung gegeben. +wodurch zeichnet sich eine geschichte aus? +und das gilt für die geschichten, die das gedächtnis uns liefert und es gilt auch für die geschichten, die wir erfinden. +wodurch sich eine geschichte auszeichnet sind umbrüche, bedeutende augenblicke und enden. +enden sind sehr, sehr wichtig und in diesem fall dominierte das ende. +nun, das erlebende selbst lebt sein leben kontinuierlich. +es hat augenblicke des erlebens, einen nach dem anderen. +und sie fragen: was passiert mit diesen momenten? +und die antwort ist wirklich einfach. sie sind für immer verloren. +ich meine, die meisten augenblicke unseres lebens -- und ich habe das ausgerechnet -- sie wissen, die psychologische gegenwart gilt als ungefähr drei sekunden lang. was bedeutet, wissen sie, dass es in einem leben ungefähr 600 millionen davon gibt. in einem monat gibt es ungefähr 600.000. die meisten von ihnen hinterlassen keine spur. +die meisten von ihnen werden komplett ignoriert vom erinnernden selbst. +und doch bekommen sie irgendwie den eindruck, dass sie zählen sollten, dass was während dieser augenblicke des erlebens passiert unser leben ist. +es ist die begrenzte ressource, die wir verbrauchen während wir auf dieser welt sind. +und wie wir sie verbrauchen würde scheinbar wichtig sein, aber das ist nicht die geschichte, die das erinnernde selbst für uns behält. +also haben wir das erinnernde selbst und das erlebende selbst, und sie sind wirklich ziemlich verschieden. +der größte unterschied zwischen ihnen ist der umgang mit zeit. +aus sicht des erlebenden selbst, wenn sie einen urlaub haben und die zweite woche genau so gut ist wie die erste, dann ist der zweiwöchige urlaub doppelt so gut wie der einwöchige urlaub. +so funktioniert das überhaupt nicht für das erinnernde selbst. +für das erinnernde selbst ist ein zweiwöchiger urlaub kaum besser als der einwöchige urlaub, weil da keine neuen erinnerungen hinzugefügt werden. +sie haben die geschichte nicht geändert. +und auf diese weise ist zeit eigentlich die kritische variable, die ein erinnerndes selbst unterscheidet von einem erlebenden selbst. zeit hat sehr wenig einfluss auf diese geschichte. +nun, das erinnernde selbst macht mehr, als zu erinnern und geschichten zu erzählen. +es ist eigentlich dasjenige, das entscheidungen trifft, denn wenn sie einen patienten haben, der, sagen wir zwei darmspiegelungen bei zwei unterschiedlichen chirurgen hatte und sich entscheidet, welchen er wählen soll, dann ist der, der wählt der, der die erinnerung hat, die weniger schlimm ist und das ist der chirurg, der ausgewählt werden wird. +das erlebende selbst hat keine stimme in dieser wahl. +eigentlich wählen wir nicht zwischen erlebnissen. wir wählen zwischen erinnerungen an erlebnisse. +und selbst wenn wir an die zukunft denken, denken wir an unsere zukunft normalerweise nicht als erlebnisse. +wir denken über unsere zukunft nach als vorausgesehene erinnerungen. +und im grunde können sie das betrachten, wissen sie, als eine tyrannei des erinnernden selbst, und sie können sich das erinnernde selbst denken als eins, das sozusagen das erlebende selbst schleppt durch erfahrungen, die das erlebende selbst nicht braucht. +ich habe den eindruck, dass wenn wir urlaub machen das sehr häufig der fall ist, das heißt, wir machen urlaub weitestgehend im dienste des erinnernden selbst. +und das ist ein bisschen schwer zu rechtfertigen, denke ich. +ich meine, wie sehr zehren wir von unseren erinnerungen? +das ist eine der erklärungen, die für die dominanz des erinnernden selbst gegeben wird. +und wenn ich darüber nachdenke, denke ich an einen urlaub, den wir vor ein paar jahren in der antarktis gemacht haben, der eindeutig der beste urlaub war, den ich je gehabt hatte, und ich denke relativ oft daran im verhältnis dazu, wie oft ich an andere urlaube denke. +und ich habe wahrscheinlich von meinen erinnerungen an diese dreiwöchige reise, ich würde sagen ungefähr 25 minuten lang in den letzten vier jahren gezehrt. +nun, wenn ich je den ordner geöffnet hätte mit den 600 bildern darin hätte ich eine weitere stunde verbracht. +nun, das sind drei wochen, und das sind höchstens eineinhalb stunden. +da scheint es eine unstimmigkeit zu geben. +nun, ich mag ein bisschen extrem sein, wissen sie, darin, wie wenig appetit ich auf das zehren von erinnerungen habe, aber selbst, wenn sie mehr davon machen gibt es eine echte frage. warum geben wir erinnerungen so viel gewicht im verlgeich zu dem gewicht, das wir erlebnissen geben? +daher möchte ich, dass sie über ein gedankenexperiment nachdenken. +stellen sie sich ihren nächsten urlaub vor, sie wissen, dass am ende des urlaubs alle ihre bilder vernichtet werden und sie bekommen ein amnestisches medikament, so dass sie sich an nichts erinnern werden. +nun, würden sie den gleichen urlaub wählen? +und wenn sie einen anderen urlaub wählen würden, gibt es einen konflikt zwischen ihren beiden arten des selbst und sie müssen darüber nachdenken, wie sie diesen konflikt entscheiden und das ist wirklich überhaupt nicht offensichtlich, denn wenn sie im sinne von zeit denken bekommen sie eine antwort. und wenn sie im sinne von erinnerungen denken könnten sie eine andere antwort bekommen. +warum wir die urlaube aussuchen, die wir aussuchen ist ein problem, das sich uns stellt mit einer wahl zwischen den beiden arten des selbst. +nun, die beiden arten des selbst werfen zwei begriffe vom glück auf. +es gibt tatsächlich zwei konzepte vom glück, die wir anwenden können, eines pro selbst. +sie können also fragen: wie glücklich ist das erlebende selbst? +und dann würden sie fragen: wie glücklich sind die augenblicke im leben des erlebenden selbst? +und sie sind alle -- glück für augenblicke ist ein ziemlich komplizierter prozess. +welches sind die emotionen, die gemessen werden können? +und, nebenbei, wir sind nun imstande eine ziemlich gute vorstellung zu bekommen vom glück des erlebenden selbst über die zeit. +wenn sie nach dem glück des erinnernden selbst fragen ist es eine ganz andere sache. +das handelt nicht davon, wie glücklich eine person lebt. +es handelt davon, wie zufrieden oder erfreut die person ist, wenn diese person über ihr leben nachdenkt. +sehr unterschiedlicher begriff. +jeder, der diese begriffe nicht unterscheidet wird die erforschung des glücks vermasseln, und ich gehöre zu einer menge von forschern über wohlbefinden, die die erforschung des glücks lange vermasselt haben auf genau diese art. +die unterscheidung zwischen dem glück des erlebenden selbst und der zufriedenheit des erinnernden selbst ist in den letzten jahren erkannt worden, und jetzt bemüht man sich, die beiden separat zu messen. +die gallup organization hat eine weltweite umfrage, bei der mehr als einer halben million leute fragen gestellt worden sind darüber, was sie über ihr leben denken und über ihre erlebnisse. und es gab andere bemühungen in der richtung. +in den letzten jahren haben wir also angefangen, über das glück der beiden arten des selbst zu lernen. +und die hauptsächliche lektion, die wir, glaube ich, gelernt haben ist, dass sie wirklich unterschiedlich sind. +sie können wissen, wie zufrieden jemand mit seinem leben ist, und das lehrt sie wirklich nicht viel darüber, wie glücklich er sein leben lebt und umgekehrt. +nur um ihnen einen eindruck von der korrelation zu vermitteln, die korrelation ist ungefähr .5. +was das bedeutet ist, dass wenn sie jemanden treffen würden und man würde ihnen sagen, oh, sein vater ist ein zwei-meter-mann, wie viel würden sie über seine größe wissen? +nun, sie würden etwas über seine größe wissen, aber es gibt viel unsicherheit. +sie haben so viel unsicherheit. +wenn ich ihnen sage, dass jemand sein leben als acht auf einer skala von zehn eingeordnet hat haben sie viel unsicherheit darüber, wie glücklich er ist mit seinem erlebenden selbst. +die korrelation ist also gering. +wir wissen etwas darüber, was die zufriedenheit des glücks-selbst bestimmt. +wir wissen, dass geld sehr wichtig ist, ziele sind sehr wichtig. +wir wissen, dass glück hauptsächlich bedeutet, zufrieden zu sein mit menschen, die wir mögen, zeit zu verbringen mit menschen, die wir mögen. +es gibt andere vergnügen, aber das ist dominant. +wenn sie also das glück der beiden arten des selbst maximieren wollen werden sie am ende sehr unterschiedliche dinge tun. +die schlussfolgerung aus dem, was ich hier gesagt habe ist, dass wir uns glück wirklich nicht vorstellen sollten als einen ersatz für wohlbefinden. +es ist ein komplett anderer begriff. +nun, ganz kurz, ein anderer grund, aus dem wir nicht klar über glück nachdenken können ist, dass wir nicht auf die selben dinge achten wenn wir über das leben nachdenken und wenn wir tatsächlich leben. +wenn sie also die einfache frage stellen, wie glücklich die leute in kalifornien sind werden sie nicht die korrekte antwort bekommen. +wenn sie diese frage stellen denken sie, dass die leute in kalifornien glücklicher sein müssen wenn sie, sagen wir, in ohio leben. +und was passiert ist, dass wenn sie über das leben in kalifornien nachdenken, denken sie an den unterschied zwischen kalifornien und anderen orten, und dieser unterschied besteht, sagen wir, im klima. +nun, es stellt sich heraus, dass klima nicht sehr wichtig für das erlebende selbst ist, und es ist nicht einmal sehr wichtig für das nachdenkliche selbst, das entscheidet, wie glücklich leute sind. +nun aber, weil das nachdenkliche selbst verantwortlich ist, können sie am ende -- einige leute könnten am ende nach kalifornien ziehen. +und es ist sozusagen interessant zu verfolgen, was passiert mit leuten, die nach kalifornien ziehen in der hoffnung, glücklicher zu werden. +nun, ihr erlebendes selbst wird nicht glücklicher werden. +wir wissen das. +aber eine sache wird passieren. sie werden denken, dass sie glücklicher sind, denn wenn sie darüber nachdenken werden sie daran erinnert werden, wie schrecklich das wetter in ohio war. und sie werden spüren, dass sie die richtige entscheidung getroffen haben. +es ist sehr schwierig, klar über wohlbefinden nachzudenken, und ich hoffe, ich habe ihnen einen eindruck davon vermittelt, wie schwierig es ist. +danke. +danke. ich habe eine frage an sie. +vielen dank. +nun, als wir vor ein paar wochen telefoniert haben erwähnten sie mir gegenüber, dass es ein ziemlich interessantes ergebnis gab, das aus dieser gallup umfrage kam. +ist das etwas, woran sie uns teilhaben lassen können, weil sie jetzt ein paar minuten übrig haben? +daniel kahneman: sicher. +i denke, das interessanteste ergebnis, das wir in der gallup umfrage gefunden haben ist eine zahl, die wir absolut nicht zu finden erwartet hatten. +wir fanden das im hinblick auf das glück des erlebenden selbst. +wenn wir uns anschauten, wie gefühle mit dem einkommen variieren. +und es stellt sich heraus, dass unter einem einkommen von 60.000 dollar im jahr, für amerikaner, und das ist eine sehr große stichprobe von amerikanern, ungefähr 600.000, aber es ist eine große repräsentative stichprobe, unter einem einkommen von 600.000 dollar im jahr +60.000. +dk: 60.000. +60.000 dollar im jahr sind die leute unglücklich, und sie werden zunehmend unglücklicher, je ärmer sie werden. +darüber bekommen wir eine absolut flache linie. +ich meine, ich habe selten so flache linien gesehen. +was passiert, ist offensichtlich, dass geld einem kein erlebnis-glück beschafft, aber dass mangel an geld einem sicherlich elend beschafft, und wir können dieses elend sehr, sehr klar messen. +im sinne des anderen selbst, des erinnernden selbst, bekommen sie eine andere geschichte. +je mehr geld man verdient desto zufriedener ist man. +das gilt nicht für emotionen. +aber danny, im gesamten amerikanischen bestreben geht es um leben, freiheit, das streben nach glückseligkeit. +wenn leute diesen befund ernst nehmen würden, ich meine, es scheint alles auf den kopf zu stellen, alles, was wir glauben, zum beispiel in bezug auf steuerpolitik und so weiter. +gibt es eine chance, dass politiker, dass das land generell einen befund wie den ernst nehmen würde und darauf basierend politik machen würde? +dk: wissen sie, ich glaube, dass es anerkennung gibt für die rolle der glücksforschung in der politik. +die anerkennung wird langsam sein in den vereinigten staaten, keine frage, aber im vereinigten königreich passiert sie gerade und in anderen ländern passiert sie gerade. +die leute sind dabei, anzuerkennen, dass sie an glück denken sollten, wenn sie an politik denken. +es wird eine weile dauern, und die leute werden diskutieren, ob sie erlebnis-glück erforschen wollen oder ob sie lebens-bewertung erforschen wollen, also müssen wir diese diskussion ziemlich bald führen. +wie man glück steigern kann geht sehr unterschiedlich abhängig davon, wie sie denken und ob sie an das erinnernde selbst denken oder ob sie an das erlebende selbst denken. +das wird politik beeinflussen, denke ich, in den kommenden jahren. +in den vereinigten staaten strengt man sich an, das erlebnis-glück der bevölkerung zu messen. +das wird, denke ich, in den nächsten ein oder zwei jahrzehnten teil der nationalen statistik sein. +nun, es scheint mir, dieses thema wird, oder sollte wenigstens die interessanteste politische debatte zum verfolgen sein über die nächsten paar jahre. +vielen dank für die erfindung der verhaltensökonomie. +danke, danny kahneman. +ich bin jane mcgonigal. ich entwerfe computerspiele. +ich entwickle jetzt seit 10 jahren online-spiele. und mein ziel für das nächste jahrzehnt ist, es genauso leicht zu machen, die welt in der realität zu retten, wie sie in online-spielen zu retten ist. +ich habe einen plan dafür. ich möchte mehr menschen überzeugen, einschließlich ihnen allen, mehr zeit mit dem spielen größerer und tollerer spiele zu verbringen. +derzeit verbringen wir 3 milliarden stunden pro woche mit online-spielen. +einige von ihnen denken vielleicht: "das ist eine ganze menge zeit für spiele." +vielleicht etwas zu viel zeit, wenn man bedenkt wie viele probleme wir dringend in der realen welt zu lösen haben. +tatsächlich aber, meiner forschung am institut für die zukunft zufolge, ist genau das gegenteil zutreffend. +drei milliarden stunden pro woche sind nicht annähernd genug, um die dringendsten probleme der welt zu lösen. +tatsächlich bin ich überzeugt, dass, wenn wir das nächste jahrhundert auf diesem planeten überleben wollen, wir diese zeit drastisch erhöhen müssen. +ich habe berechnet, dass die benötigte zeit bei 21 milliarden stunden spielzeit pro woche liegt. +das erscheint zuerst vielleicht etwas abwegig, also wiederhole ich es, damit es wirken kann: wenn wir probleme wie hunger, armut, klimawandel, globale konflikte und fettleibigkeit lösen wollen, glaube ich, müssen wir versuchen, spiele online für mindestens 21 milliarden stunden pro woche bis zum ende des nächsten jahrzehnts zu spielen. +nein, ich meine es wirklich ernst. +warum? dieses bild beschreibt ziemlich genau, warum ich glaube, dass spiele so unerlässlich für das überleben der menschlichen spezies in der zukunft sind. ernsthaft. +dies ist ein porträt des fotografen phil toledano. +er wollte die gefühle beim spielen einfangen. also hat er vor den spielern eine kamera aufgebaut. +dies ist einer der klassischen ausdrücke beim spielen. +wenn sie kein spieler sind, entgehen ihnen vielleicht einige der nuancen in diesem bild. +sie sehen wahrscheinlich dieses gespür für dringlichkeit, etwas angst, aber auch äußerste konzentration, ganz vertieft in das lösen eines echt schwierigen problems. +wenn sie auch spielen, sehen sie einige nuancen hier, die nach oben gezogenen augen und der mund sind ein zeichen von optimismus. die augenbrauen zeigen überraschung. +dies ist ein spieler, der am rande eines sogenannten epischen sieges steht. +oh, sie kennen das. ok. prima. also haben wir einige spieler hier. +ein epischer sieg ist ein ergebnis, das so überaus positiv ist, dass sie vorher gar nicht wussten, dass es überhaupt möglich war. +es war beinah jenseits der vorstellungskraft. +und wenn sie es erreichen, sind sie schockiert, dass sie tatsächlich zu so etwas fähig sind. das ist ein epischer sieg. +dieser spieler steht kurz vor einem epischen sieg. +und dies ist es, was wir auf millionen gesichtern von problemlösern auf der ganzen welt sehen müssen, wenn wir die hürden des nächsten jahrhunderts in angriff nehmen. das gesicht derer, die entgegen aller widrigkeiten am rande eines epischen sieges stehen. +tja, leider sehen wir eher dieses gesicht im echten leben, wenn wir schwierigen problemen begegnen. +ich bezeichne es als das "in leben bin ich schlecht" -gesicht. und es ist tatsächlich mein gesicht, sehen sie? ja? ok. +das bin ich, wie ich das "in leben bin ich schlecht" -gesicht mache. +dies ist ein graffiti in meiner ehemaligen heimat in berkeley, kalifornien, wo ich in meiner doktorarbeit untersuchte warum wir in spielen besser sind als im echten leben. +das ist ein problem, das viele spieler haben. +wir denken, dass wir in der realität nicht so gut sind wie in spielen. +und ich meine nicht nur weniger erfolgreich, obwohl das dazu gehört. +wir erreichen in spielwelten mehr. ich meine gut im zusammenhang mit der motivation, etwas bedeutsames zu tun, inspiriert zur zusammenarbeit miteinander. +wenn wir in einer spielwelt sind, glaube ich, dass viele von uns sich in unsere beste version verwandeln, jederzeit und sofort hilfsbereit sind, hartnäckig das problem zu lösen versuchen, so lange wie nötig, es nach dem fehlschlag erneut probieren. +und in der realität, wenn wir versagen, wenn wir auf hindernisse stoßen, fühlen wir uns oft anders. +wir fühlen uns überwältigt. wir fühlen uns besiegt. wir fühlen uns bedroht, vielleicht deprimiert, frustriert oder zynisch. +diese gefühle haben wir nie, wenn wir spiele spielen, in spielen gibt es sie einfach nicht. +und das ist es, was ich als doktorandin untersuchen wollte. +wieso ist es in spielen unmöglich, zu denken, man könnte nicht einfach alles erreichen? +wie können wir diese gefühle aus den spielen in die realität übertragen? +also schaute ich mir spiele wie world of warcraft an, das die ideale umgebung zum gemeinschaftlichen problemlösen bietet. +und ich habe einige dinge festgestellt, die epische siege in online-welten so möglich machen. +also, zuerst, wenn sie in eines dieser online-spiele einsteigen, vor allem bei world of warcraft, gibt es eine menge verschiedener charaktere, die bereit sind, ihnen eine weltrettende mission anzuvertrauen, und zwar sofort. +aber nicht nur irgendeine mission, sondern eine mission, die perfekt zu ihrem aktuellen level im spiel passt, richtig? +also schaffen sie das. +sie bekommen niemals eine aufgabe, die sie nicht lösen können. +aber immer am rand ihrer fähigkeiten, also müssen sie sich anstrengen. aber es gibt keine arbeitslosigkeit in world of warcraft. +man sitzt nicht herum und dreht däumchen. es gibt immer ganz gezielt etwas wichtiges zu tun. +und es gibt haufenweise mitarbeiter. +wohin sie auch gehen, hunderttausende von leuten, die mit ihnen zusammenarbeiten, um ihre epische mission abzuschließen. +das haben wir im wahren leben nicht so einfach, dieses gefühl, dass bei einem fingerschnipsen haufenweise mitarbeiter bereit stehen. +außerdem gibt es diese epische geschichte, diese inspirierende geschichte, warum wir da sind und was wir zu tun haben. +dann kriegen wir dieses ganze positive feedback. +sie haben bestimmt von "level hoch" und "+ 1 stärke" gehört oder "+ 1 intelligenz". +dieses konstante feedback gibt es nicht im wahren leben. +wenn ich diese bühne verlasse, habe ich nicht: + 1 sprechen und + 1 verrückte idee, + 20 verrückte idee. +ich bekomme im wahren leben dieses feedback nicht. +also, das problem der kooperations-online-welten wie world of warcraft ist, dass es so befriedigend ist, jederzeit am rande eines epischen sieges zu stehen, dass wir lieber unsere ganze zeit in diesen spielwelten verbringen. +sie sind einfach besser als die realität. +bis heute haben alle world of warcraft-spieler zusammen 5,93 millionen jahre damit verbracht, die virtuellen probleme von azeroth zu lösen. +das ist nicht unbedingt etwas schlechtes. +es klingt vielleicht übel. +aber um es mal im kontext zu sehen: vor 5,93 millionen jahren begannen unsere ersten primatenvorfahren aufrecht zu gehen. +der erste aufrechte primat also. +ok, also wenn wir darüber reden, wie viel zeit wir derzeit mit spielen verbringen, macht das nur sinn, wann man sich die zeit im hinblick auf die größenordnung der menschlichen entwicklung vor augen hält, was außerordentlich ist. +aber auch angebracht. denn es stellt sich heraus, dass wir, indem wir diese ganze zeit aufs spielen verwenden, tatsächlich das verändern, wozu wir als menschen in der lage sind. +wir entwickeln uns zu gemeinschaftlich denkenden, herzlichen wesen. +das ist die wahrheit. daran glaube ich. +betrachten sie einmal diese interessante statistik, die kürzlich von einem forscher der carnegie mellon university veröffentlicht wurde: der durchschnittliche junge mensch von heute in einem land mit starker spielkultur verbringt 10.000 stunden mit online-spielen bis zum 21. lebensjahr. +also, 10.000 stunden ist eine äußerst interessante zahl, aus 2 gründen: +zuerst einmal, für kinder in den usa sind 10.080 stunden die genaue gesamtzeit, die sie in der schule verbringen, von der 5. klasse bis zum abschluss der high school - wenn man niemals fehlt. +also haben wir hier einen kompletten parallelbildungsweg, auf dem junge menschen genauso lernen, was es bedeutet, ein guter spieler zu sein, wie alles andere, was sie in der schule lernen. +und vielleicht haben einige von ihnen das neue buch von malcolm gladwell, "überflieger", gelesen. +also kennen sie seine theorie des erfolgs, die theorie des erfolgs der 10.000 stunden. +sie basiert auf der großartigen forschung der kognitivwissenschaft, dass, wenn wir 10.000 stunden mit dem mühsamen studium eines beliebigen themas bis zum 21. lebensjahr verbringen, werden wir zu meistern darin. +wir werden so gut darin, was auch immer zu tun, wie die bedeutendsten menschen der welt. +also, was wir hier haben, ist eine komplette generation junger menschen, die meister-spieler sind. +die große frage ist also: "worin genau sind spieler meisterhaft gut?" +denn wenn wir das herausfinden könnten, hätten wir quasi vorher nie da gewesenes menschliches potenzial zur verfügung. +so viele menschen haben wir derzeit in der welt, die mindestens eine stunde pro tag mit online-spielen verbringen. +dies sind unsere meister-spieler. 500 millionen menschen, die außergewöhnlich gut in "etwas" sind. +und im nächsten jahrzehnt haben wir eine weitere milliarde spieler, die außergewöhnlich gut in was auch immer sind. +falls sie es noch nicht gehört haben, +die spieleindustrie entwickelt konsolen, die energie sparen und auf mobilfunknetzen arbeiten, statt dem breitband-internet, damit spieler auf der ganzen welt, besonders in indien, china, brasilien online spielen können. +man erwartet eine zusätzliche milliarde spieler im nächsten jahrzehnt. +damit haben wir insgesamt 1,5 milliarden spieler. +also habe ich angefangen, zu überlegen, was es ist, worin uns diese spiele zu meistern machen. +hier sind die 4 dinge die ich fand. als erstes: dringlichkeits-optimismus. +ok, stellen sie sich das wie extreme selbstmotivierung vor. +dringlichkeits-optimismus ist das verlangen, sofort etwas zu tun, eine hürde zu meistern, zusammen mit dem glauben, dass wir eine begründete hoffnung auf erfolg haben. +spieler glauben immer daran, dass ein epischer sieg möglich ist, und dass es sich immer lohnt, es zu versuchen, und zwar gleich. +spieler sitzen nicht herum. +spieler sind meister im spinnen dichter sozialer netze. +es gibt eine menge interessanter untersuchungen, die zeigen, das wir leute mehr mögen, nachdem wir mit ihnen gespielt haben, selbst wenn sie uns übel besiegt haben. +der grund dafür ist, dass es eine menge vertrauen erfordert, mit jemandem ein spiel zu spielen. +wir vertrauen darauf, dass jemand zeit mit uns verbringt, dass die regeln eingehalten werden, dass wir das gleiche ziel haben und bis zum spielende dabei bleiben. +also ermöglicht das zusammenspielen das wachsen von bindungen, vertrauen und miteinander. +als folge davon bauen wir stärkere soziale beziehungen auf. +glückselige produktivität. fantastisch! +wissen sie, es gibt einen grund, warum der durchschnitts-word of warcraft-spieler 22 stunden pro woche spielt, sozusagen als teilzeitjob. +der grund ist, dass, wenn wir spielen, sind wir tatsächlich glücklicher dabei, hart zu arbeiten, als wenn wir uns entspannen oder nichts tun. +wir wissen, dass wir als menschliche wesen optimal funktionieren, wenn wir harte, bedeutende arbeit erledigen. +und spieler sind immer bereit, hart zu arbeiten, wenn sie die richtige aufgabe erhalten. +und letztendlich, epische bedeutung. +spieler lieben es, teil ehrfurcht gebietender missionen planetarer ausmaße zu werden. +hier eine hintergrundinformation, um das ins rechte licht zu rücken. sie kennen bestimmt alle wikipedia, das größte wiki der welt. +das zweitgrößte wiki der welt, mit fast 80.000 einträgen ist das world of warcraft wiki. +fünf millionen menschen benutzen es jeden monat. +sie haben mehr informationen über world of warcraft im internet zusammengetragen als über irgendein anderes thema in jedem anderen wiki der welt. +sie erschaffen eine epische geschichte. +sie erschaffen eine epische quelle des wissens über die world of warcraft. +ok, das sind also vier superkräfte, die zu einem einzigen ergebnis führen. spieler sind super-mächtige, hoffnungsvolle individuen. +es sind menschen, die glauben, dass sie als einzelne die welt verändern können. +und das einzige problem ist, dass sie glauben, sie können die virtuellen welten ändern, aber nicht die reale. +das ist das problem, das ich zu lösen versuche. +edward castronova ist ein volkswissenschaftler. +seine arbeit ist genial. er untersucht, warum menschen so viel zeit, energie und geld in online-welten verbringen. +und er sagt: "wir werden zeugen von nicht weniger als einer massenemigration in virtuelle welten und online-spielumgebungen." +und das von einem ökonom. also ist er logisch. +und er sagt... +nicht so wie ich... ich entwickle spiele, ich bin etwas überschwänglich. +also er sagt, das ergibt tatsächlich sinn, denn spieler können in online-welten mehr erreichen als im echten leben. +sie können in spielen stärkere soziale bindungen knüpfen als im echten leben. sie bekommen mehr rückmeldung und belohnungen in spielen als im echten leben. +also, er sagt, es ist derzeit vollkommen logisch, dass spieler mehr zeit in der virtuellen welt als in der echten verbringen. +ich stimme erst mal zu, das ist logisch. +aber es ist definitiv keine optimalsituation. +wir müssen anfangen, die echte welt in ein spiel zu verwandeln. +meine inspiration kommt von einem ereignis, das 2.500 jahre zurückliegt. +es gibt diese antiken würfel, aus schafsknöcheln. wissen sie? +vor diesen fantastischen spielecontrollern gab es schafsknöchel. +und das waren sozusagen die ersten von menschen entwickelten spielgeräte. +und wenn sie mit den werken des alten griechischen historikers herodotus vertraut sind, kennen sie vielleicht diese geschichte. die geschichte darüber, wie und warum spiele erfunden wurden. +laut herodotus wurden spiele, genauer würfelspiele, im königreich lydien während einer hungersnot erfunden. +angeblich gab es eine solch große hungersnot, dass der könig von lydien sich zu einer verrückten idee entschloss. +die menschen litten. die menschen kämpften. +es war eine extreme situation. man brauchte eine extreme lösung. +also erfanden sie, laut herodotus, das würfelspiel und vereinbarten eine nationale strategie. an einem tag würde man essen. am nächsten tag würde man spielen. +und sie würden so sehr in das würfelspiel vertieft sein, da spiele so faszinierend sind und uns mit befriedigender, glückseliger produktivität umgeben, dass sie vergessen würden, dass es nichts zu essen gab. +und dann, am nächsten tag würde man spielen. und am nächsten tag würde man essen. +und laut herodotus überlebten sie so 18 jahre lang diese hungersnot, indem sie an einem tag aßen und am nächsten spielten. +genauso, denke ich, setzen wir heute spiele ein. +wir setzen spiele ein, um dem leiden der echten welt zu entkommen. +wir setzen spiele ein, um allem zu entgehen, das in der echten welt nicht funktioniert, allem das im echten leben nicht befriedigend ist, und wir holen uns was wir brauchen aus den spielen. +aber das muss nicht das ende sein. +das ist das spannende. +laut herodotus wurde nach 18 jahren die hungersnot nicht besser. also beschloss der könig, ein letztes würfelspiel anzusetzen. +sie teilten das königreich in zwei hälften. +sie spielten ein würfelspiel und die sieger durften zu einem epischen abenteuer aufbrechen. +sie verließen lydien und machten sich auf die suche nach einer neuen heimat. sie ließen gerade so viele menschen zurück, wie es lebensmittel zum überleben gab und suchten mit dem rest nach einer gegend, in der sie gedeihen konnten. +das klingt verrückt, oder? +aber neueste dna-beweise zeigen, dass die etrusker, die später das römische reich bildeten, die gleiche dna wie die alten lydier aufweisen. +daher kamen wissenschaftler kürzlich zur auffassung, dass herodotus 'verrückte geschichte tatsächlich stimmt. +und geologen fanden beweise einer globalen abkühlung, die fast 20 jahre dauerte, was die hungersnot erklären könnte. +also könnte diese verrückte geschichte stimmen. +vielleicht haben sie tatsächlich ihr volk durch spielen gerettet, indem sie sich 18 jahre lang in spiele geflüchtet haben und dann diese eingebung hatten und so viel über das miteinander spielen lernten, dass sie dadurch die gesamte zivilisation gerettet haben. +also, das können wir auch. +wir spielen seit 1994 warcraft. +das war das erste strategiespiel in echtzeit der world of warcraft-serie. das war vor 16 jahren. +sie spielten 18 jahre lang würfelspiele, wir spielen seit 16 jahren warcraft. +ich behaupte, wir sind bereit für unser eigenes episches spiel. +also, sie schickten die hälfte ihrer zivilisation auf die suche nach einer neuen welt. daher nehme ich meine 21 milliarden spielstunden pro woche. +wir sollten darin übereinkommen, dass die hälfte von uns eine stunde pro tag mit spielen verbringt, bis wir die probleme der echten welt gelöst haben. +ich weiß, sie werden fragen: "wie lösen wir probleme der echten welt in spielen?" und genau dieser frage habe ich meine arbeit in den letzten jahren am institut für die zukunft gewidmet. +wir haben dieses banner in unserem büro in palo alto, es drückt aus wie wir die zukunft verstehen sollten. +wir wollen nicht versuchen, die zukunft vorher zu sagen. +was wir wollen, ist die zukunft zu schaffen. +wir wollen uns das bestmögliche ergebnis vorstellen. und dann menschen dazu ermächtigen, diese vorstellung in die realität umzusetzen. +wir stellen uns epische siege vor und geben menschen die möglichkeiten, sie zu erreichen. +ich zeige ihnen ganz kurz drei spiele, die ich entworfen habe, um zu versuchen, menschen epische siege in ihrer eigenen zukunft zu verschaffen. +das hier ist "welt ohne öl." +das spiel ist von 2007. +es ist ein online-spiel, in dem sie eine ölknappheit überwinden müssen. +die ölknappheit ist erfunden, aber wir haben genügend online-inhalte, damit es für sie realistisch wird und sie ihr echtes leben tatsächlich ohne öl leben. also, wenn sie sich zum spiel anmelden, sagen sie uns, wo sie wohnen. und dann erhalten sie nachrichten-filme in echtzeit, die ihnen zeigen, wie viel öl kostet, was es nicht gibt, wie nahrungsversorgung beeinträchtigt ist, wie transport beeinträchtigt wird, ob schulen geschlossen sind, ob es aufstände gibt. und sie müssen herausfinden, wie sie ihr echtes leben gestalten, wenn es wahr wäre. und wir bitten sie, darüber zu bloggen, videos oder photos einzustellen. +wir haben dieses spiel mit 1.700 spielern in 2007 getestet. und wir haben sie seitdem über die letzten drei jahre begleitet. +und ich kann ihnen sagen, es war eine verändernde erfahrung. +niemand möchte sein leben ändern, weil es gut für die umwelt ist oder weil wir es sollten. +aber wenn sie in einem epischen abenteuer sind und gesagt bekommen: "uns geht das öl aus." +das ist ein faszinierendes abenteuer, auf das man geht. +finden sie heraus, wie sie überleben würden. die meisten unserer spieler haben die im spiel gelernten gewohnheiten beibehalten. +also haben wir uns für das nächste weltrettende spiel ein größeres, höheres ziel gesteckt als nur ölknappheit. +wir haben das spiel "superstruct" am institut für die zukunft entwickelt. +ausgangspunkt ist die berechnung eines supercomputers, dass die menschen nur noch 23 jahre auf dem planeten übrig haben. +dieser supercomputer heißt "globales aussterbungs- sensibilisierungs-system", natürlich. +den aufruf an spieler, sich anzumelden, haben wir fast wie einen "jerry-bruckheimer" -film gestaltet. +sie kennen jerry bruckheimer-filme, wo es das "dream-team" gibt. sie haben den astronauten, den wissenschaftler, den ex-sträfling und nur zusammen können sie die welt retten. +aber in unserem spiel, anstatt von nur 5 leuten, sagen wir, jeder ist im dream-team, und es ist unsere aufgabe, die zukunft für energie, nahrung, gesundheit, sicherheit und die zukunft der sozialen gerechtigkeit zu erschaffen. +8.000 spieler spielten das spiel 8 wochen lang. +sie fanden 500 unglaublich kreative lösungen, die sie nachlesen können, wenn sie "superstruct" googlen. +und das letzte spiel bringen wir am 3. märz heraus. es ist ein spiel in zusammenarbeit mit der weltbank. +wenn sie das spiel abschließen, erhalten sie von der weltbank die auszeichnung "sozialer umgestalter", abschluss 2010. +wir arbeiten mit universitäten in ganz schwarzafrika und laden sie ein, soziales umgestalten zu lernen. +wir haben ein comic dazu. wir haben "level hoch" für regionales verstehen, wissensvernetzung, nachhaltigkeit, vision und einfallsreichtum. +ich möchte sie alle einladen, dieses spiel mit jungen leuten zu teilen, überall auf der welt, vor allem in entwicklungsgebieten, die davon profitieren, sich zusammen ihre eigenen sozialen unternehmungen vorzustellen, um die welt zu retten. +ich komme nun zum ende. +ich möchte sie etwas fragen. +was, glauben sie, passiert als nächstes? +wir haben all diese fantastischen spieler, wir haben spiele, die uns zeigen, was wir tun können, aber wir haben die echte welt noch nicht gerettet. +tja, ich hoffe, dass sie mir darin zustimmen, dass spieler menschliche ressourcen sind, die wir zur arbeit im echten leben einsetzen können, und dass spiele eine große bedeutung für veränderung haben. +wir haben diese ganzen superkräfte, glückselige produktivität, die fähigkeit, enge soziale netze zu knüpfen, dringlichkeits-optimismus und das verlangen nach epischer bedeutung. +ich hoffe wirklich, dass wir zusammen bedeutende spiele spielen, um auf diesem planeten ein weiteres jahrhundert zu überleben. +und ich hoffe, sie werden mit mir solche spielen entwerfen und spielen. +wenn ich ins nächste jahrzehnt vorausschaue, bin ich mir bei zwei dingen sicher: dass wir jede vorstellbare zukunft erschaffen können, und dass wir alle möglichen spiele spielen können. +also sage ich, lasst die weltverändernden spiele beginnen! +dankeschön. +ich würde ihnen gerne etwas erzählen, was mir vor ein paar monaten beim schreiben eines artikels für italian wired aufgefallen ist. +ich habe beim schreiben immer mein synonym-wörterbuch griffbereit, aber ich war mit dem bearbeiten des textes schon fertig, und mir fiel auf, dass ich noch nie in meinem leben nachgeschlagen habe, was das wort "behindert" wirklich bedeutet. +ich lese ihnen den eintrag vor. +"behindert", adjektiv: "verkrüppelt, hilflos, nutzlos, zerstört, abgestorben, verstümmelt, verwundet, zugerichtet, lahm, abgetrennt verwahrlost, ausgedient, geschwächt, impotent, kastriert, gelähmt, gehandicapt senil, altersschwach, aus dem verkehr gezogen, nachgebessert, erledigt, kaputt geborsten, ausgezählt, siehe auch verletzt, nutzlos und schwach. +antonyme: gesund, stark, leistungsfähig. " +ich habe diese liste einem freund laut vorgelesen und musste erstmal lachen, es wirkte so lächerlich, aber ich kam nur bis "zugerichtet" und konnte nicht mehr weitersprechen, und musste aufhören zu lesen und mich erstmal sammeln nach dieser überfallartigen wortflut und dem damit verbundenden emotionalen schock. +natürlich war das ein ausgefranstes, altes synonym-wörterbuch. ich hab mir einfach gedacht, dass die ausgabe schon ziemlich alt sein muss. +aber tatsächlich war es eine ausgabe auf den frühen 80ern, als ich gerade mit der grundschule anfing und damit begann, mein selbstbild außerhalb meines familiären umfelds aufzubauen und zu formen, auch in bezug auf andere kinder und zur übrigen welt um mich herum. +und gott sei dank habe ich damals kein synonym-wörterbuch benutzt. +würde ich diesen eintrag ernst nehmen wäre ich in eine welt geboren, die jemand wie mich als eine person wahrnehmen würde, deren leben in keinster weise positiv verlaufen kann. heute aber werde ich für die chancen und abenteuer, die ich erlebt habe, gefeiert. +also hab ich mir sofort die online-ausgabe von 2009 aufgerufen und erwartet, dass ich hier einen ansprechenderen beitrag finde. +hier ist die aktualisierte version dieses eintrags. +dummerweise ist sie nicht viel besser. +insbesondere erschüttern mich die letzten beiden wörter unter "near antonyms" "ganz" und "gesund". +aber es geht nicht nur um die wörter. +es geht darum, was wir über die menschen denken, die wir mit diesen wörtern beschreiben. +es geht um die werte, die in diesen worten stecken, und wie wir diese werte konstruieren. +unsere sprache beeinflusst unser denken und wie wir die welt und die menschen um uns herum sehen. +viele altertümliche gesellschaften, einschließlich die der griechen und der römer, haben wirklich geglaubt, dass die aussprache eines fluchs eine große kraft hat, weil das, was man laut ausspricht, sich auch manifestieren kann. +also, was wollen wir eigentlich manifestieren – einen behinderten menschen oder einen kraftvollen menschen? +allein schon einen menschen achtlos als kind zu bezeichnen, könnte ausreichen, sie einzuschränken und ihnen vorstellungen überzustülpen. +wäre es nicht schöner, ihnen türen zu öffnen? +ein mensch, der für mich türen geöffnet hat, war mein kinderarzt am a.i. dupont institut in wilmington in delaware. +er heißt dr. pizzutillo. ein italo-amerikaner, dessen name, wie sie sich denken können, die meisten amerikaner nicht korrekt aussprechen konnten. also wurde er immer dr. p. genannt. +und dr. p. trug immer sehr bunte fliegen und war für die arbeit mit kindern einfach wie geschaffen. +ich fand die zeit, die ich in diesem krankenhaus verbracht habe, einfach toll – bis auf meine physiotherapie. +ich musste einzelne übungen scheinbar unendlich oft wiederholen mit diesen dicken, elastischen bändern -- in verschiedenen farben -- das kennen sie, um meine bein-muskeln aufzubauen. und ich habe diese bänder mehr gehasst als alles andere. ich hab sie gehasst. ich habe sie verflucht. ich hab sie gehasst. +und stellen sie sich vor, ich hab sogar schon als fünfjähriges kind mit dr. p. verhandelt und so versucht, diese übungen zu stoppen, natürllich ohne erfolg. +und eines tages hat er mich bei einer meiner übungen beobachtet -- diese übungen waren einfach ermüdend und gnadenlos -- und er sagte zu mir, "wow, aimee, du bist so ein starkes, kraftvolles und junges mädchen, du wirst eines tages eines dieser bänder zerreißen. +und wenn du es schaffst, gebe ich dir hundert dollar. " +das war natürlich nur ein einfacher trick von dr. p., damit ich die übungen mache, die ich nicht machen wollte, mit der aussicht, dass reichste fünfjährige mädchen in der krankenstation im zweiten stock zu werden. aber er hat mich tatsächlich dazu gebracht, meinen täglichen übungs-horror mit neuen augen zu sehen. so wurde daraus ein neues und vielversprechendes erlebnis. +und ich frage mich heute, wie sehr seine vision von mir als starkes und kraftvolles junges mädchen mein selbstbild geformt hat und ich mir so vorstellen konnte, mich als einen von natur aus starken, kraftvollen und atlethischen mensch zu sehen. +das ist nur ein beispiel von vielen, wie erwachsene in machtpositionen die vorstellungskraft eines kindes anregen können. +aber wie die bereits zitierten beispiele aus den synonym-wörterbüchern beweisen, lässt uns unsere sprache keinen raum, sich etwas vorzustellen, was wir uns alle wünschen würden: es jedem einzelnen zu ermöglichen, sich selbst als kraftvollen menschen zu sehen. +unsere sprache hinkt den gesellschaftlichen veränderungen hinterher, die in vielen fällen durch einen technologischen wandel ausgelöst wurden. +vom medizinischen standpunkt aus betrachtet kann man natürlich sagen, dass meine beine, die laser-chirurgie für sehbehinderungen, kniegelenke aus titan und künstliche hüftgelenke für alternde körper, die es menschen erlauben, wirklich alle ihre möglichkeiten zu nutzen und sich über die grenzen, die ihnen ihr natürliches schicksal gesetzt hat, hinaus zu entwickeln, gar nicht zu sprechen von social networking plattformen, menschen ermöglichen sich eine eigene identität geben, sich auf eigene art und weise definieren, und sich damit weltweit an zu gruppen orientieren, die sie sich selbst aussuchen. +vielleicht verdeutlicht also dieser technologische wandel klarer denn je, dass es schon immer eine andere wahrheit gab, nämlich, dass jeder mensch der gesellschaft etwas ganz besonderess und sehr kraftvolles geben kann und dass die menschliche fähigkeit, sich anzupassen, unser größtes plus ist. +die menschliche fähigkeit sich anzupassen - das ist eine interessante geschichte, weil menschen mich immer wieder darum bitten zu erzählen, wie ich mit widrigkeiten umgehe und ich werde ihnen etwas gestehen: dieser satz hat für mich nie gepasst und ich hab mich immer sehr unwohl damit gefühlt, die fragen von menschen dazu zu beantworten, und ich glaube, allmählich verstehe ich, warum. +dieser satz vom umgang mit widrigkeiten lebt von der idee, dass erfolg oder glück davon abhängt, eine herausforderung zu meistern, ohne von dem damit verbundenen erlebnis geprägt zu werden. als ob mein leben so erfolgreich verlaufen wäre, weil ich den möglichen fallen eines lebens mit einer prothese ausweichen konnte, oder wie auch immer menschen mich mit meiner behinderung wahrnehmen. +aber die wahrheit ist, dass wir uns verändern. natürlich sind wir von der herausforderung geprägt, egal ob sie physisch, emotional oder sogar beides ist +und ich behaupte, dass das gut ist. +widrigkeiten sind kein hindernis, das wir umkurven müssen, um mit unserem leben besser klar zu kommen. +widrigkeiten gehören einfach zu unserem leben. +und ich neige dazu, widrigkeiten als meinen schatten zu sehen. +manchmal merke ich, dass er sehr präsent ist, manchmal ist er kaum zu sehen, aber er ist ständig bei mir. +und ich will damit keinesfalls die auswirkung bzw. die schwere des kampfs eines menschen herabsetzen. +es gibt im leben widrigkeiten und herausforderungen, und die sind nur alllzu real und jede person geht damit anders um. aber die frage lautet nicht, ob wir mit widrigkeiten klar kommen oder nicht, sondern wie wir damit klar kommen. +wir sind also nicht nur dafür verantwortlich, die menschen die wir lieben, vor schicksalsschlägen zu bewahren, sondern sie auch darauf vorzubereiten, gut damit klar zu kommen. +und wir erweisen unseren kindern keinen gefallen, wenn wir ihnen das gefühl geben, dass sie sich nicht anpassen können. +man muss zwei dinge klar trennen: zum einen die medizinische tatsache, amputiert zu sein und zum anderen die gesellschaftliche meinung darüber, ob ich behindert bin oder nicht. +und um ehrlich zu sein, die einzige wirkliche und bleibende behinderung, mit der ich mich auseinander setzen musste, ist, dass die welt ständig meint, sie könne mich mit diesen definitionen beschreiben. +in unserem wunsch, die menschen zu schützen, die uns am herzen liegen und ihnen die kalte, harte wahrheit über ihre medizinische prognose mitzuteilen oder sogar eine prognose zur lebensqualität zu stellen, die sie erwartet, müssen wir aufpassen, dass wir nicht den grundstein dafür legen, dass jemand tatsächlich behindert ist. +vielleicht ist das momentane konzept, das nur darauf achtet, was in einem kaputt ist, und wie wir das reparieren, für jeden einzelnen eine größere behinderung als die pathologie an sich. +wenn wir einen menschen nicht ganzheitlich behandeln, und nicht all seine kräfte und möglichkeiten wahrnehmen und anerkennen, schaffen wir zusätzlich zu dem natürlichen kampf, den sie vielleicht führen müssen, eine weitere krankheit. +wir degradieren einen menschen, der für unsere gesellschaft einen wert hat. +also müssen wir über die patologie hinaus schauen und uns auf alle bereich der menschlichen möglichkeiten konzentrieren. +am allerwichtigsten aber ist, dass es zwischen der wahrnehmung unserer unzulänglichkeiten und unserem großartigen erfindergeist, eine verbindung gibt. +wir sollten diese herausfordernden zeiten nicht abwerten oder verleugnen, wir sollten weder versuchen, sie zu vermeiden, noch sollten wir sie unter den teppich kehren, sondern es geht darum, in den widrigkeiten chancen zu erkennen. +es geht mir vielleicht eher darum, klar zu stellen, dass wir widrigkeiten nicht unbedingt überwinden müssen, sondern dass wir dafür offen sind, sie zum umarmen, sie am schopf zu packen um auch mal einen kampf-ausdruck zu verwenden und vielleicht sogar damit zu tanzen. +und vielleicht schaffen wir es, widrigkeiten als etwas natürliches, stimmiges und nützliches zu sehen und fühlen uns so durch ihre präsenz nicht mehr so belastet. +in diesem jahr feiern wir den 200. geburtstag von charles darwin und als er vor 150 jahren über evolution geschrieben hat, hat darwin, in meinen augen, auf etwas sehr wahres im menschlichen charakter hingewiesen. +ich würde es so umschreiben: nicht der stärkste seiner art überlebt, und auch nicht der intelligenteste seiner art, sondern der, der sich veränderungen am besten anpassen kann. +aus konflikten entsteht kreativität. +nicht nur aus darwins werk wissen wir, dass die fähigkeit des menschen, zu überleben und aufzublühen, vom kampf des menschlichen geistes bestimmt ist, sich durch konflikte zu wandeln. +also, nochmals, wandel und anpassung sind die großartigsten fähigkeiten des menschen. +und vielleicht wissen wir erst, aus welchem holz wir geschnitzt sind, wenn wir wirklich geprüft werden. +möglicherweise ist genau das der sinn von widrigkeiten, eine wahrnehmung des ichs, ein gefühl für unsere eigene kraft. +wir können uns so selbst etwas schenken. +wir können widrigkeiten eine neue bedeutung geben, die über schwere zeiten hinaus geht. +vielleicht können wir widrigkeiten als veränderung sehen. +widrigkeiten stehen für eine veränderung, an die wir uns noch nicht angepasst haben. +ich glaube, den größten schaden, den wir uns selbst zugefügt haben, ist zu glauben, dass wir normal sein sollen. +mal ehrlich - wer ist normal? +es gibt kein normal. +es gibt das übliche. das typische. aber nicht das normale. und würden sie diese arme, graue person wirklich kennen lernen wollen, wenn es sie wirklich gäbe? +ich denke, eher nicht. +es wäre toll, wenn wir dieses denkmuster der normalität gegen ein anderes der möglichkeiten oder der stärke, um es sogar noch ein bisschen gefährlicher zu formulieren, austauschen könnten. so können wir die kräfte von sehr vielen kindern freisetzen, und sie dazu einladen, ihre ganz besonderen und wertvollen fähigkeiten in die gesellschaft einzubringen. +anthropolgen haben heraus gefunden, dass wir menschen von den mitgliedern unserer gesellschaft immer eines gefordert haben: nützlich zu sein und einen beitrag zu leisten. +es gibt hinweise darauf, dass schon die neandertaler vor 60.000 jahren ältere menschen und menschen mit schweren körperlichen verletzungen mit getragen haben und das geschah vielleicht, weil die lebenserfahrung im überlebenskampf dieser menschen für die gesellschaft wertvoll war: +sie haben diese menschen nicht als kaputt und nutzlos betrachtet; sie wurden als etwas besonderes und wertvolles behandelt. +vor ein paar jahren ging ich in der stadt, in der ich aufgewachsen war, in einen lebensmittelmarkt in jener "red zone" im nordosten von pennsylvania, und ich stand da vor einem scheffel tomaten. +es war sommer und ich hatte shorts an. +und ich höre, wie ein typ hinter mir sagt, "na wenn das nicht aimee mullins ist." +und ich dreh mich um und sehe diesen älteren mann. ich hatte keine ahnung wer er ist. +und ich meinte "entschuldigung, sir, kennen wir uns? ich kann mich nicht an sie erinnern." +und er sagte: "nun ja, sie dürften sich kaum an mich erinnern. +als ich sie zum ersten mal sah, hab ich sie aus dem bauch ihrer mutter geholt. " +oh, also der. +und natürlich hat es dann aber klick gemacht. +das war dr. kean, ein mann, den ich nur aus erzählungen meiner mutter über diesen tag kannte, weil ich natürlich, ganz typisch, zu meinem geburtstag zwei wochen zu spät kam. +der arzt für pränatale diagnostik meiner mutter war im urlaub, und so kannten meine eltern den mann, der mich zur welt brachte, überhaupt nicht. +und weil ich ohne wadenbeine geboren wurde, und meine füße sich nach ihnen gerichtet hatten und ich nur ein paar zehen an diesem und ein paar zehen am anderen fuß hatte war er der überbringer, dieser fremde musste die schlechten nachrichten überbringen. +er sagte zu mir: "ich musste deinen eltern sagen, dass du nie laufen würdest, und nie so beweglich sein würdest wie andere kinder oder dass du nie ein unabhängiges leben führen könntest, und seitdem haben sie mich einfach lügen gestraft." +wirklich außergewöhnlich fand ich, dass er zeitungsausschnitte meiner gesamten kindheit gesammelt hat, egal, ob ich bei einem buchstabier-wettbewerb in der zweiten klasse gewonnen hatte, ob ich mit den pfadfindern bei der parade zu halloween unterwegs war, egal, ob ich mein stipendium oder einer meiner sportlichen siege errungen hatte, und er verwendete diese ausschnitte, um seine studenten zu unterrichten, medizin-studenten aus der hahnemann medical school und der hershey medical school. +und er nannte diesen teil seines kurses den x faktor, das potenzial des menschlichen willens. +man kann einfach nicht genug betonen, wie entscheidend dieser faktor für die lebensqualität eines menschen sein kann. +und dr. kean erzählte weiter, er sagte: "ich habe gelernt, dass kinder, wenn sie nicht ständig etwas anderes gesagt bekommen, und auch wenn sie nur ein bisschen unterstützung bekommen, wenn man kinder sich selbst überlässt, dann können kinder sehr viel erreichen." +sehen sie, dr. kean hat sein denken verändert. +er hatte verstanden, dass die medizinische diagnose, und wie jemand damit umgeht, zwei unterschiedliche dinge sind. +und auch ich hab mein denken im lauf der zeit geändert, wenn sie mich im alter von 15 jahren gefragt hätten, ob ich meine prothesen gegen beine aus fleisch und knochen getauscht hätte, dann hätte ich keine sekunde gezögert. +ich wollte damals unbedingt normal wirken. +wenn sie mich das heute fragen, bin ich mir nicht so sicher. +und das ist passiert, weil ich etwas mit meinen beinen erlebt habe und nicht trotz dieser erlebnisse. +und vielleicht konnte dieser wandel auch passieren, weil ich so vielen menschen begegnet bin, die mir türen geöffnet haben, anstatt menschen zu begegnen, die mich einschränken oder mir eine vorstellung überstülpen wollten. +sehen sie, es braucht wirklich nur einen menschen, der ihnen demonstriert, wie sie ihre kräfte manifestieren können, und sie sind durch. +wenn sie es jemandem ermöglichen, seine eigenen, inneren kräfte zu aktivieren, – der menschliche geist ist so empfangsbereit – wenn sie das schaffen, und für jemanden in einem entscheidenden moment eine tür öffnen, dann sind sie für diese menschen ein sehr guter lehrer. +sie bringen ihnen bei, sich selbst türen zu öffnen. +die eigentliche bedeutung des worts "educate" wurzelt in dem wort "educe". +es bedeutet, etwas hervorzubringen, dass in einem ist, das potenzial herauszukitzeln. +nochmals: welches potenzial möchten wir denn nun abrufen? +in den 60er jahren wurde in großbritannien eine fallstudie durchgeführt. damals wurden gymnasien in gesamtschulen umgewandelt. +sie nennen das dort "streaming trials" in den usa bezeichnen wir das als "tracking". +die schüler werden nach noten aufgeteilt. +und die a schüler werden mündlich schwerer geprüft, bekommen die besseren lehrer usw. +sie haben dann über einen dreimonatigen zeitraum schülern mit einem "ausreichend" die note "sehr gut" gegeben. es wurde ihnen gesagt, sie seien asse, dass sie sehr schlau wären. und nach diesen drei monaten haben sie wirklich einser geschrieben. +und natürlich zerbricht es einem das herz zu hören, dass umgekehrt den einser-schülern gesagt wurde, sie seien nur ausreichend. +und genauso war es dann nach den drei monaten auch. +aber nur jene, die immer noch in der schule waren – abgesehen von den schülern, die die schule geschmissen hatten. +ganz entscheidend bei dieser studie war, dass die lehrer nicht eingeweiht waren. +die lehrer wussten nicht, dass etwas geändert wurde. +ihnen wurde einfach gesagt, dass seien die einser-schüler und dass sind die schüler mit der note ausreichend. und genauso haben sie ihnen etwas beigebracht und sie behandelt. +die einzige wirkliche behinderung ist ein gebrochener geist ein geist, der gebrochen wurde, hat keine hoffnung mehr. er findet nichts mehr schön. ihm fehlt unsere natürliche, kindliche neugier. und unsere angeborene fähigkeit der imagination. +wenn wir es aber schaffen, den menschlichen geist dabei zu unterstützen, weiterhin zu hoffen, sich selbst und andere menschen um sich herum schön zu finden, neugierig und phantasievoll zu sein dann setzen wir unsere kräfte wirklich positiv ein. +wenn ein geist über diese qualitäten verfügt, können wir eine neue wirklichkeit und neue daseinsformen schaffen. +ich möchte mit einem gedicht enden, das von einem persischen poeten namens hafiz im 14. jahrhundert verfasst wurde und von dem mir mein freund jacques dembois erzählt hat. und das gedicht heißt "der gott, der nur vier worte kennt." "jedes kind kennt gott, nicht den gott der namen, nicht den gott der verbote, sondern den gott, der nur vier worte kennt und diese ständig wiederholt, er sagt immer nur: komm, tanz mit mir." +komm, tanz mit mir. vielen dank. +wie würden sie besser sein wollen, als sie momentan sind? +angenommen, ich sagte dass, durch wenige veränderungen ihrer gene, ein besseres gedächtnis haben könnten -- präziser, genauer und schneller. +oder möchten sie fitter, stärker sein, mehr kraft haben. +möchten sie attraktiver und selbstbewusster werden? +wie wäre es, länger bei guter gesundheit zu leben? +oder vielleicht sind sie einer von denen die sich schon immer nach mehr kreativität sehnten. +welches würden sie am meisten gefallen? +welches würden sie gerne haben wollen, wenn sie nur eines haben könnte? +kreativität. +wie viele leute würden kreativität wählen? +heben sie ihre hände. lassen sie mich sehen. +ein paar. wahrscheinlich etwa so viele wie es kreative leute hier gibt. +das ist sehr gut. +wie viele würden sich für ein gutes gedächtnis entscheiden? +schon ein paar mehr. +wie wäre es mit fitness? +ein paar weniger. +was ist mit langlebigkeit? +ah, die mehrheit. das lsehe ich gerne, als arzt. +wenn sie nur eins davon haben könnten, wäre es eine ganz andere welt. +ist das alles nur einbildung? +oder ist es vielleicht möglich? +die evolution ist ein andauerndes thema hier auf der ted-konferenz gewesen, aber heute möchte ich ihnen die ansicht eines arztes zu dem thema geben. +das große genetiker im 20. jahrhundert, t.g. dobzhansky, der auch ein kommunikant in der russischen orthodoxen kirche war, schrieb einmal einen aufsatz, mit dem titel "nichts in der biologie macht keine sinn außer im lichte der evolution." +nun, wenn sie einer von denen sind, die nicht den beweis für die biologische evolution akzeptieren, dies wäre ein sehr guter zeitpunkt, ihr hörgerät auszuschalten, nehmen sie ihre persönlichen kommunikationsgerät - ich gebe ihnen die erlaubnis - und vielleicht können sie noch einen blick auf kathryn schultz 'buch werfen, das darum handelt sich zu irren, denn nichts im weiteren verlauf dieser rede wird irgendeinen sinn für sie machen. +aber wenn sie biologischen evolution akzeptieren, bedenken sie folgendes: ist es nur über die vergangenheit, oder geht es auch um die zukunft? +ist es für andere geltend oder betrifft es auch uns? +dies ist ein weiterer blick auf den baum des lebens. +in diesem bild, ich habe einen busch als ein zentrum der verzweigungen in alle richtungen gelegt, denn wenn man sich die rändern des baum des lebens anschaut, alle existierenden spezien an den spitzen dieser zweige haben in evolutionären begriffen erfolg gehabt: sie haben überlebt; es hat seiner umgebung fitness und stärke demonstriert. +der menschliche teil dieses busches, weit am ende, ist natürlich das, woran wir am meisten interessiert sind. +wir zweigen von einem gemeinsamen vorfahren zu modernen schimpansen vor ungefähr sechs oder acht millionen jahren. +in diesem zeitraum, gab es vielleicht 20 oder 25 verschiedene spezien von hominiden. +einige sind gekommen und gegangen. +wir sind für rund 130.000 jahren hier gewesen. +es scheint, als wären wir recht abgelegen von den anderen teilen des baumes des lebens, aber eigentlich zum größten teil, sind die grundlegenden mechanismen unsere zellen ziemlich gleich. +ist ihnen klar, dass wir daraus nutzen ziehen können und die mechanismen eines gemeinsamen bakterium requirieren können um das protein des menschlichen insulins zu produzieren, welches verwendet wird um diabetiker zu behandeln? +dies ist nicht wie humaninsulin; dies ist das gleiche protein das ist chemisch ununterscheidbar von dem, was aus der bauchspeicheldrüse kommt. +und wobei wir schon über bakterien sprechen, ist ihnen bewusst, dass jeder von uns in unserem darm mehr bakterien als es zellen im rest unseres körpers führt? +vielleicht 10 mal soviele. +ich meine, denken sie mal, wenn antonio damasio nach ihrem selbstbild fragt, denken sie über die bakterien? +unser darm ist eine wunderbar gastfreundlichen umgebung für diese bakterien. +es ist warm, es dunkel ist, ist es feucht, es ist sehr gemütlich. +und du wirst ihnen alle nährstoffe, die sie sich nur wünschen könnten ohne anstrengung ihrerseits anbieten. +es ist wirklich ein leichter weg für bakterien, mit gelegentlichen unterbrechungen der unbeabsichtigten, jeodch gezwungen stoß zum ausgang. +aber sonst, sind sie eine wunderbare umgebung für diese bakterien, genauso wie sie für ihr leben wichtig sind. +sie helfen bei der verdauung von essentiellen nährstoffen. und sie schützen sie gegen bestimmte krankheiten. +aber was wird in der zukunft kommen? +sind wir in einer art evolutionäres gleichgewicht in form einer spezie? +oder sind wir bestimmt etwas anderes zu werden - etwas, das vielleicht sogar besser an die umwelt angepasst ist? +gehen wir nun einen schritt zurück in die zeit des urknalls vor 14 billion jahren -- die erde, das sonnensystem, vor etwa viereinhalb milliarden jahren - die ersten anzeichen von lebewesen, vielleicht vor drei bis vier millarden jahren auf der erde - die ersten mehr-zelligen organismen, vielleicht so viel als 800 oder einer milliarde jahren - und dann die menschlichen spezies, welche sich in den letzten 130.000 jahre schließlich formt. +in dieser riesigen unvollendeten symphonie des universums, ist das leben auf der erde nur kurz bemessen; das tierreich, wie ein einzelner takt; und des menschlichen lebens, eine kleine notenverzierung. +das waren wir. +dies stellt auch den unterhaltungswert dieser rede dar, deshalb hoffe ich, d ass es ihnen gefallen hat. +nun, als ich ein neuling auf dem college war, hatte ich meine ersten biologiekurse. +ich war fasziniert von der eleganz und schönheit der biologie. +ich verliebte mich in die kraft der evolution, und ich stellte, etwas sehr grundlegendes fest: in den meisten die existenz von leben in einzelligen organismen, teilt sich jede zelle, und all die genetischen information der zelle wird in beiden tochterzellen weiter geführt. +aber zu der zeit, als mehrzelligen organismen auftauchten, begannen sich die dinge zu ändern. +sexuelle fortpflanzung tritt ins bild. +und ganz wichtig: mit der einführung der sexuellen fortpflanzung, das das genom weitergibt, wird der rest des körpers entbehrlich. +in der tat könnte man sagen, dass die unausweichlichkeit des todes unseres körpers in der evolution im gleichen moment eintritt wie die sexuelle fortpflanzung. +jetzt muss ich gestehen, wenn ich ein college-student war, dachte ich, okay, sex / tod, sex / tod, tod für sex - es schien ziemlich vernünftig zu dem zeitpunkt, aber mit jedem jahr, ist es zu meinen zunehmenden zweifeln gekommen. +ich bin dazu gekommen, die gefühle von george burns zu verstehen, der in las vegas seine show in den 90er jahren vorführte. +und eines nachts, ist da ein klopfen an seiner hotelzimmertür. +er öffnet die tür. +vor ihm steht ein wunderschön spärlich bekleidetes showgirl. +sie schaut ihn an und sagt: "ich bin hier für super-sex." +"das ist wunderbar", sagt george, "ich werde die suppe nehmen." +ich kam zu der erkenntnis als arzt dass ich einem ziel hinarbeitete das anders war als das ziel der evolution - nicht zwangsläufig widersprüchlich, nur anders. +ich habe versucht, den körper zu bewahren. +ich wollte uns gesund halten. +ich wollte die gesundheit nach einer krankheit wiederherstellen. +ich wollte, dass wir ein langes und gesundes leben zu führen. +evolution ist alles über die weitergabe des genoms an die nächste generation, anpassung und überleben generation nach generation. +von einem evolutionären standpunkt aus, sind sie und ich wie booster raketen entwickelt, um die genetische fracht in die nächste stufe der umlaufbahn zu schicken, um sich dann ins meer fallen zu lassen. +ich denke, wir würden alle die stimmung, die woody allen zum ausdruck brachte verstehen, als er sagte: "ich möchte nicht unsterblichkeit durch meine arbeit zu erreichen. +ich will es erreichen indem ich nicht sterbe. " +evolution bedeutet nicht zwangsläufig das längste leben zu bevorzugen. +es priviligiert nicht zwangsläufig den größten, den stärksten oder den schnellsten, und nicht einmal den klügsten. +evolution priviligiert die kreaturen, die sich am besten an ihre umwelt anpassen. +es ist einzig der test von überleben und erfolg +auf dem grund des ozeans sind bakterien vorhanden, die thermophil sind und dadurch den heißen dampf überleben andernfalls, wenn fische dort wären, würden es vakuum gekochte fische zur folge haben dennoch haben sie es geschafft dort eine bewohnbare umgebung für sich zu machen. +also, was bedeutet das, wenn wir auf das zurückblicken, was in der evolution geschieht, und wie wir über den platz nachdenken der menschen in der evolution, und vor allem wie wir vorausschauen in die nächste phase, ich würde sagen, dass es eine reihe von möglichkeiten gibt. +die erste ist, dass wir uns nicht weiterentwickeln werden. +wir haben eine art gleichgewicht erreicht. +und die gründe dafür wären, dass es uns erstens durch medizin, gelungen ist, eine menge von genen zu erhalten die ansonsten rausgewählt worden wären und aus der population entfernt worden wären. +und zweitens, wir als eine spezie haben uns unsere umwelt so konfiguriert, dass wir es geschafft haben, dass sie sich an uns anpassen genau sowie wir uns an sie anpassen +und übrigens, wir wandern und zirkulieren und vermischen uns so viel, dass sie nicht länger sagen können, dass isolation notwendig ist, für die evolution, um stattzufinden. +eine zweite möglichkeit ist, dass es eine evolution der traditionellen art sein wird, natürlich, auferlegt von den kräften der natur. +und das argument, hier wäre dass die räder der evolution langsam mahlen aber sie sind unerbittlich. +und so weit die isolation geht, wenn wir als spezies ferne planeten besiedeln, wird es isolierung und die veränderungen der umwelt geben, die evolution auf natürliche weise produzieren könnte. +aber gibt es eine dritte möglichkeit, eine verlockende, faszinierende und erschreckende möglichkeit +ich nenne es neo-evolution - die neue entwicklung die nicht einfach natürlich ist, aber geführt und entschieden von uns als individuen. in den entscheidungen, die wir machen. +nun, wie konnte das geschehen? +wie konnte es möglich sein, dass wir dies tun? +betrachten wir zunächst die realität dass die menschen heute, in manchen kulturen entscheidungen über ihre nachkommen machen. +sie sind, in manchen kulturen, die wahl, um mehr männer als frauen zu haben. +es ist nicht unbedingt gut für die gesellschaft, aber es ist das, was der einzelne und die familie entscheiden. +denken sie also, wenn es nicht nur möglich wäre das geschlecht ihres kindes zu wählen aber auch an dem körper genetische anpassungen vorzunehmen, die krankheiten heilen und vorzubeugen würden. +was wäre, wenn sie die genetischen veränderungen machen könnten, um diabetes oder alzheimer zu beseitigen oder das reduzieren des krebsrisikos oder schlaganfälle zu eliminieren? +würden sie es nicht wollen, diese veränderungen in ihren genen zu machen? +wenn wir vorausblicken, werden diese art von veränderungen zunehmend möglich sein. +das human genome project begann im jahr 1990 und es dauerte 13 jahre. +es kostete 2,7 milliarden dollar. +im folgenden jahr, als es 2004 fertig war, konnten sie das selbe tun für 20 millionen dollar in drein bis vier monaten. +heute können sie eine sequenz der drei milliarden basenpaare des menschlichen genoms zu einem preis von etwa $20.000 und in den raum von etwa einer woche komplettieren. +es wird nicht mehr lange dauern, bis die realität sein wird, dass es die 1.000 $menschlichen genome geben wird, und es wird zunehmend für jedermann verfügbar sein. +vor einer woche, verlieh der national academy of engineering den draper prize für francis arnold und willem stemmer, zwei wissenschaftlern, die unabhängig voneinander techniken entwickelten die den natürlichen prozess der evolution dazu ermutigen, schneller zu arbeiten und zu wünschenswerte proteine zu führen in einer effizienteren weise - welches frances arnold "direkte evolution" nennt. +vor ein paar jahre wurde der lasker-preis dem wissenschaftler shinya yamanaka verliehen für seine forschung in der er eine erwachsene hautzelle nahm, eine fibroblasten, und durch die manipulation von nur vier genen, die zelle induzierte, um sie zu einer pluripotenten stammzelle zurückzuführen - eine zelle potentiell in der lage ist beliebige zelle in deinem körper zu werden. +diese änderungen sind im kommen. +die gleiche technologie, das das menschliche insulin in bakterien produziert kann viren machen, die nicht nur schutz vor sich selbst, aber auch zur immunität gegen andere viren dienen können. +ob sie es glauben oder nicht, es ist eine experimentelle studie in gang mit impfstoff gegen influenza das in den zellen einer tabakpflanze angebaut worden ist. +können sie sich etwas gutes vorstellen, das aus tabak kommt? +dies ist heute alles realität und in der zukunft wird viel mehr möglich sein. +stellen sie sich dann nur zwei andere kleine änderungen vor. +sie können die zellen in ihrem körper ändern, aber was wäre, wenn sie die zellen ihrer nachfahren ändern könnten? +was wäre, wenn sie die spermien und eizellen oder das frisch befruchtete ei verändern könnten, um ihren kindern eine bessere chance für ein gesünderes leben zu geben - beseitigung der diabetes, beseitigen die hämophilie, das risiko von krebs reduzieren? +wer möchte nicht gesündere kinder? +und dann die analytischen technik, der gleiche motor der wissenschaft das die veränderungen ermöglichen kann, um krankheit zu verhindern, könnte uns auch ermöglichen verabschieden super-attribute zu adoptieren, hyper-kapazitäten - das bessere gedächtnis. +warum haben nicht die schlagfertigkeit eines ken jennings hben, vor allem, wenn man es erweitern kann mit der nächsten generation der watson-maschine? +warum nicht die schnellen muskelfasern haben, die es ihnen ermöglichen werden, schneller und länger zu laufen? +warum nicht länger leben? +diese werden unwiderstehlich sein. +und wenn wir an einer stelle sind, an der wir es an die nächste generation weitergeben können, und wir die attribute adoptieren können, die wir wollen, werden wir umgewandelt sein von alt-stil evolution zur neo-evolution. +wir werden einen prozess haben, der in der regel möglicherweise 100.000 jahre erfordert, und wir können es auf tausend jahre komprimieren - und vielleicht sogar auf die nächsten 100 jahren. +dies sind entscheidungen mit denen ihre enkel, oder deren enkel, umgehen werden müssen. +verwenden wir diese entscheidungen eine gesellschaft zu formen, die besser ist, die erfolgreicher ist, die freundlicher ist? +oder werden wir selektiv unterschiedliche attribute wählen, die wir für einige von uns haben wollen und nicht für andere von uns? +werden wir eine gesellschaft formen dielangweiliger und uniformierter ist, oder robuster und vielseitiger? +dies sind die arten von fragen denen wir begegnen werden müssen. +und am tiefsten von allen, werden wir jemals in der lage sein, die weisheit zu entwickeln, und die weisheit meistern, die wir benötigen werden, um diese entscheidungen weise zu treffen? +im guten wie im bösen, und früher als sie vielleicht denken, werden diese entscheidungen an uns liegen. +danke. +ich möchte, dass sie sich jetzt etwas vorstellen, einen tragbaren roboter, der ihnen übermenschliche fähigkeiten verleiht, oder einen anderen, der rollstuhlfahrern dabei hilft, wieder aufzustehen und zu gehen. +wir bei berkeley bionics nennen diese roboter exoskelette. +sie sind nichts anderes als etwas, das sie morgens anlegen und das ihnen zusätzliche stärke verleiht und das ihre geschwindigkeit weiter erhöhen wird und das ihnen dabei helfen wird, beispielsweise ihre balance zu halten. +das ist in der tat die wahre verschmelzung von mensch und maschine. +aber nicht nur das -- damit verschmelzen und vernetzen sie sich mit dem universum und anderen geräten da draußen. +das ist nicht einfach nur eine verrückte idee. +um ihnen jetzt zu zeigen, woran wir arbeiten, beginnen wir damit, über den amerikanischen soldaten zu sprechen, der im durchschnitt ungefähr 100 pfund auf seinem rücken trägt und es besteht die anfrage, dass sie mehr ausrüstung tragen sollen. +natürlich führt dies zu einigen bedeutenden komplikationen -- rückenverletzungen, 30 prozent davon -- chronische rückenverletzungen. +wir dachten uns also, dass wir uns dieser herausforderung annehmen würden und ein exoskelett erschaffen, das dabei helfen würde, mit diesem problem umzugehen. +lassen sie mich ihnen also jetzt hulc vorstellen -- oder den human universal load carrier. +soldat: mit dem hulc-exoskelett kann ich 200 pfund über verschiedenartiges terrain tragen, viele stunden lang. +sein flexibles design ermöglicht es, sich tief zu hocken, zu kriechen und höchst wendige bewegungen auszuführen. +es fühlt, was ich machen möchte, wohin ich gehen will und erhöht dann meine stärke und ausdauer. +wir sind soweit, mit unserem industriepartner dieses gerät vorzustellen, dieses neue exoskelett in diesem jahr. +es ist also wahr. +lassen sie uns nun unseren blick auf die rollstuhlfahrer richten, etwas, für das ich mich besonders leidenschaftlich einsetze. +es gibt 68 millionen menschen, die weltweit geschätzt im rollstuhl sitzen. +das ist ungefähr ein prozent der gesamtbevölkerung. +und das ist in der tat eine konservative schätzung. +wir sprechen hier oft über sehr junge personen mit rückenmarksverletzungen, die in der blütezeit ihres lebens -- 20er, 30er, 40er -- vom schicksal getroffen wurden und der rollstuhl ist die einzige option. +aber es geht auch um die alternde bevölkerung, deren anzahl sich vervielfacht. +und so ziemlich die einzige option -- wenn es um einen hirnschlag geht, oder um andere komplikationen -- ist der rollstuhl. +und so ist es übrigens seit 500 jahren, seit seiner, wie ich sagen muss, sehr erfolgreichen einführung. +wir dachten also, dass wir damit beginnen könnten, ein völlig neues kapitel zu schreiben im bereich mobilität. +lassen sie mich ihnen nun elegs vorstellen, das von amanda boxtel getragen wird, die vor 19 jahren eine rückenmarksverletzung erlitt, die zum ergebnis hat, dass sie nicht mehr laufen konnte seit 19 jahren und bis jetzt. +vielen dank. +wie ich sagte, amanda trägt unser elegs. +es hat sensoren -- +seine vollständig non-invasiven sensoren in den krücken, die signale zurücksenden an unseren onboard-computer, der hier auf ihrem rücken befestigt ist. +hier sind auch batteriepackungen, der motorantrieb befindet sich an ihren hüften, ebenso wie an ihren kniegelenken, die sie vorwärts bewegen in dieser ziemlich geschmeidigen und sehr natürlichen gangart. +ich war 24 jahre alt und in bestform, als ein monströser purzelbaum während ein skiabfahrt mich paralysierte. +im bruchteil einer sekunde verlor ich jedes gefühl und jede bewegung unterhalb meines beckens. +nicht lange danach schritt ein arzt in mein krankenzimmer und er sagte: "amanda, sie werden nie wieder gehen können." +und das war vor 19 jahren. +er stahl jedes fünkchen hoffnung aus meinem bewusstsein. +anpassungsfähige technologien haben es mir seitdem ermöglich, zu lernen, wieder ski zu fahren, zu klettern und sogar mit den händen rad zu fahren. +aber nichts wurde erfunden, das mich wieder gehen lassen würde, bis jetzt. +vielen dank. +wie sie sehen können, haben wir die technologie, wir haben die plattformen, um uns zu treffen und mit ihnen zu diskutieren. +es liegt in unseren händen und wir haben das ganze potenzial hier, um das leben zu ändern von zukünftigen generationen -- nicht nur für die soldaten, oder für amanda hier und alle rollstuhlfahrer, sondern für alle. +vielen dank. +zu hause in new york, bin ich chef der entwicklungsabteilung einer gemeinnützigen organisation namens robin hood. +wenn ich nicht die armut bekämpfe, bekämpfe ich als gehilfe eines feuerwehr-hauptmanns bei einem freiwilligen löschzug das feuer. +nun, in unserer stadt, in der freiwillige eine hochqualifizierte berufsfeuerwehr unterstützten, muss man ziemlich früh an der brandstelle sein, um mitmischen zu können. +ich erinnere mich an mein erstes feuer. +ich war der zweite freiwillige an der brandstelle, ich hatte also recht gute chancen hinein zu können. +aber es war immer noch ein wettrennen gegen die anderen freiwilligen um den verantwortlichen hauptmann zu erreichen und herauszufinden was unsere aufgaben sein würden. +als ich den hauptmann fand, hatte er gerade in eine sehr ernste unterhaltung mit der hausbesitzerin, die sicherlich einen der schlimmsten tage ihres lebens hatte. +es war mitten in der nacht und sie stand im schlafanzug und barfuß unter einem schirm draußen im strömenden regen, während ihr haus in flammen stand. +der andere freiwillige, der knapp vor mir angekommen war -- nennen wir ihn lex luther -- erreichte den hauptmann als erstes und wurde gebeten in das haus zu gehen und den hund der hausbesitzerin zu retten. +den hund! ich war sprachlos vor neid. +da war irgendein anwalt oder vermögensverwalter, der nun für den rest seines lebens, den menschen erzählen konnte, dass er in ein brennendes haus ging um ein lebewesen zu retten, nur weil er fünf sekunden schneller war als ich. +nun, ich war der nächste. +der hauptmann winkte mich zu sich. +er sagte, "bezos, sie müssen in das haus gehen. +sie müssen nach oben gehen, an dem feuer vorbei, und müssen dieser frau ein paar schuhe holen. " +ich schwöre es. +nun, nicht genau das, was ich mir erhofft hatte, doch ich ging los -- die treppen hoch, den flur entlang, an den "echten" feuerwehrmännern vorbei, die zu diesem zeitpunkt mit dem löschen schon so ziemlich fertig waren, in das schlafzimmer um ein paar schuhe zu holen. +ich weiß was sie jetzt denken, aber ich bin kein held. +ich trug meine beute zurück nach unten, wo ich an der haustür meinen erzfeind und den geliebten hund traf. +wir trugen unsere schätze nach draußen zur hausbesitzerin, wo, nicht überraschend, seiner wesentlich mehr aufmerksamkeit bekam als meiner. +einige wochen später, erhielt die feuerwache einen brief der hausbesitzerin, in dem sie sich für den tapferen einsatz bei der rettung ihres hauses bedankte. +eine über allem maßen geschätzte freundlichkeit: jemand hatte ihr sogar ein paar schuhe gebracht. +sowohl in meinem beruf bei robin hood als auch in meinem nebenberuf als freiwilliger feuerwehrmann bin ich zeuge von großzügigkeit und freundlichkeit im großen maßstab, aber ich sehe auch taten der nächstenliebe und des muts von einzelnen. +und wissen sie was ich gelernt habe? +sie sind alle wichtig. +wenn ich mich also in diesem raum umsehe und menschen sehe, die entweder schon einen beachtenswerten erfolg erreicht haben oder auf ihrem weg dorthin sind, möchte ich folgende erinnerung anbieten: warten sie nicht. +warten sie nicht damit, einen unterschied im leben eines anderen zu machen, bis sie ihre erste million erreicht haben. +wenn sie etwas zu geben haben, geben sie es jetzt. +bedienen sie in einer suppenküche, räumen sie einen park in der nachbarschaft auf, +seien sie ein mentor. +nicht jeder tag wird uns eine chance bieten, das leben eines menschen zu retten, aber jeder tag bietet uns die möglichkeit, eins zu verändern. +also legen sie los; retten sie die schuhe. +vielen dank. +bruno guissani: mark, mark, komm zurück. +vielen dank. +ich komme gerade von einer gemeinschaft zurück, die das geheimnis des fortbestands der menschheit kennt. +ein ort, an dem die frauen das zepter führen, mit sex 'hallo' sagen, und das spiel den tag bestimmt -- wo spaß eine ernste angelegenheit ist. +und nein, es ist nicht burning man oder san francisco. +meine damen und herren, ihre verwandtschaft. +dies ist die welt der wilden bonobos im urwald von kongo. +bonobos sind zusammen mit schimpansen unsere nächsten lebenden verwandten. +das bedeutet, wir haben einen gemeinsamen vorfahren, eine evolutionäre großmutter, die vor etwa sechs millionen jahren lebte. +nun, schimpansen sind bekannt für ihre aggressivität. +aber unglücklicherweise haben wir diesen aspekt überbetont in der erzählung der menschlichen evolution. +aber bonobos zeigen uns die andere seite der medaille +während schimpansen von großen, furcht einflößenden kerlen geführt werden, wird die bonobo-gesellschaft von ermächtigten weibchen geführt. +die haben sich da wirklich was ausgedacht, denn das führt zu einer ausgesprochen toleranten gesellschaft, in der tödliche gewalt bislang nicht beobachtet wurde. +aber leider sind bonobos am wenigsten bekannt unter den primaten. +sie leben in den tiefen des kongolesischen urwalds, und sind der beobachtung nur schwer zugänglich. +der kongo ist ein paradox -- ein land außergewöhnlicher artenvielfalt und schönheit, aber auch das herz der dunkelheit selbst -- der schauplatz einer gewalttätigen auseinandersetzung, die seit jahrzehnten wütet und beinah so viele leben gefordert hat wie der erste weltkrieg. +es überrascht nicht, dass diese zerstörung auch das überleben der bonobos gefährdet. +fleischhandel und der rückgang des baumbestandes führen dazu, dass man nicht mal ein stadion mit den verbliebenen bonobos füllen könnte -- und selbst da sind wir nicht sicher, um ehrlich zu sein. +und doch, in diesem land von gewalt und chaos kann man ein verborgenes lachen hören, dass die bäume erschüttert. +wer sind diese verwandten? +wir kennen sie als "liebe statt krieg" -affen, denn sie haben häufigen, auch bisexuellen sex, mit wechselnden partnern, und regeln so konflikte und soziale angelenheiten. +ich sage ja nicht, das wäre die antwort auf alle humanitären probleme -- denn das leben der bonobos besteht aus mehr als dem kama sutra. +bonobos -- wie menschen -- lieben es, ihr leben lang zu spielen. +spiel bedeutet nicht nur kinderspiele. +für uns und sie ist spiel grundlegend für die bindung von beziehungen und die pflege der toleranz. +dabei lernen wir vertrauen und die regeln des spiels. +spiel steigert kreativität und belastbarkeit, und es geht vor allem um die erzeugung von vielfalt -- vielfalt an interaktionen, vielfalt an verhaltensweisen, vielfalt an verbindungen. +und wenn man bonobos beim spiel beobachtet, sieht man die evolutionären ursprünge menschlichen lachens, tanzes und von ritualen. +spiel ist der kitt, der uns beieinanderhält. +nun, ich weiß nicht, wie sie spielen, aber ich möchte ihnen einige einzigartige aufnahmen geradewegs aus der wildnis zeigen. +zuerst ein ballspiel auf bonobo-art -- und ich denke dabei nicht an fussball. +also hier sehen wir ein junges weibchen und männchen in einem verfolgungsspiel. +sehen sie sich an, was sie macht. +das könnte der evolutionäre ursprung sein von: "sie packt ihn bei den eiern." +nur dass ich denke, es gefällt ihm eher, nicht wahr. +ja! +sexspiele sind also verbreitet, sowohl bei bonobos als auch bei menschen. +und dieses video ist wirklich interessant, denn es zeigt -- und dieses video ist wirklich interessant, denn es zeigt den ideenreichtum, mit dem man neue elemente ins spiel bringt -- wie die hoden -- und auch, wie das spiel sowohl vertrauen fordert als auch fördert -- während es gleichzeitig ungeheuren spaß macht. +aber das spiel ist ein formwandler. +spiel ist ein formwandler und es kann viele formen annehmen, von denen manche etwas ruhiger sind, phantasievoll, neugierig -- vielleicht um das erstaunen erneut zu entdecken. +und ich möchte ihnen zeigen, das ist fuku, ein junges weibchen, und sie spielt friedlich mit wasser. +ich denke, genau wie sie spielen wir manchmal allein, und wir loten grenzen unserer inneren und äußeren welten aus. +und es ist diese spielerische neugier die uns forschen lässt, und interagieren. und die unerwarteten verknüpfungen, die wir bilden, sind der wirkliche nährboden der kreativität. +dies ist nur ein kleiner vorgeschmack auf die einblicke, die bonobos uns in unsere vergangenheit und gegenwart gewähren. +aber sie wahren auch ein geheimnis für unsere zukunft, eine zukunft, in der wir uns anpassen müssen an zunehmende herausforderungen, durch größere kreativität und druch verstärkte kooperation. +das geheimnis ist, dass das spiel der schlüssel zu diesen fertigkeiten ist. +mit anderen worten, spiel ist unser anpassungsjoker. +um uns erfolgreich an eine unbeständige welt anzupassen, müssen wir spielen. +aber werden wir das beste aus unserem spieltrieb machen? +spiel ist nicht albern, +sondern essentiell. +für bonobos und menschen gleichermaßen besteht das leben nicht aus zähnen und klauen allein. +gerade wenn es kaum angebracht scheint ist spiel vielleicht am nötigsten. +und daher, meine primatenkameraden, lassen sie uns dieses geschenk der evolution umarmen und gemeinsam spielen, während wir die kreativität die kameradschaft und das staunen wiederentdecken. +danke. +ich möchte, dass sie sich zwei paare vorstellen, mitte 1979, am genau gleichen tag, im genau gleichen moment, jedes zeugt ein baby -- okay. +also zwei paare, jedes zeugt ein baby. +nun möchte ich nicht, dass sie zuviel zeit verwenden sich die zeugung vorzustellen, weil, wenn sie sich die ganze zeit die zeugung vorstellen, werden sie mir nicht zuhören. +stellen sie sich das nur für einen moment vor. +und in diesem szenario stellen sie sich vor, dass in einem fall das sperma ein y chomosom trägt, das auf das x chromosom der eizelle trifft. +und in dem anderen fall, trägt das sperma ein x chromosom, das auf das x chromosom der eizelle trifft. +beide sind überlebensfähig, beide zünden. +wir kommen später noch auf diese leute zurück. +bei den meisten meiner tätigkeiten habe ich zwei hüte auf. +unter einem hut beschäftige ich mich mit der geschichte der anatomie. +ich bin studierte historikerin, und in diesem fall untersuche ich, wie menschen mit anatomie umgingen -- d.h. menschliche körper, tierische körper -- wie sie mit körperflüssigkeiten umgingen, mit körperkonzepten; wie sie über körper gedacht haben. +der andere hut, den ich bei meiner arbeit getragen habe, ist der der aktivistin, als patientinnenanwältin -- oder, wie ich manchmal sage, als ungeduldige anwältin -- von menschen, die patienten von ärzten sind. +in diesem fall habe ich mit menschen gearbeitet, die körpertypen haben, die sozialen normen in frage stellen. +so habe ich zum beispiel mit menschen gearbeitet, die siamesische zwillinge sind, zwei menschen in einem körper. +ich habe mit menschen mit zwergenwuchs gearbeitet -- also menschen, die kleiner als üblich waren. +und sehr oft habe ich mit intersexuellen menschen gearbeitet, deren geschlecht atypisch ist -- also menschen, die nicht die durchschnittlichen männlichen oder weiblichen körpertypen aufweisen. +und als allgemeinen begriff können wir dafür das wort intersexualität verwenden. +intersexualität kommt in vielen verschiedenen formen vor. +ich gebe ihnen nur ein paar beispiele für die möglichen typen von geschlechtsvarianten, die nicht dem männlichen oder weiblichen standard entsprechen. +in einem fall hat man vielleicht jemand mit einer xy chromosomenbasis, und das sry gen des y chomosoms läßt die protogonaden, die wir fötalen stadium alle haben, zu hoden heranwachsen. +und deshalb geben die hoden im fötalen stadium testosteron ab. +aber weil diesem individuum die rezeptoren fehlen, um das testosteron zu erkennen, reagiert der körper nicht auf das testosteron. +und das nennt man androgenrezeptor-defekt. +also viel testosteron, aber keine reaktion darauf. +als konsequenz entwickelt sich der körper mehr dem typisch weiblichen verlauf folgend. +wenn das kind geboren wird, sieht sie aus wie ein mädchen. +sie ist ein mädchen. sie wird als mädchen erzogen. +aber es dauert meistens bis sie die pubertät erreicht und ihre brüste wachsen und sich entwickeln, sie aber nicht ihre periode bekommt, bis jemand darauf kommt, dass hier etwas anders ist. +und sie machen ein paar tests und finden heraus, dass sie anstatt eierstöcken und gebärmutter, in wirklichkeit hoden in sich trägt und, dass sie ein y chromosom hat. +dabei ist es wichtig zu verstehen, dass man diese person für eigentlich männlich halten könnte, aber das sind sie nicht wirklich. +frauen, wie männer, haben in unseren körper etwas, dass man adrenalindrüsen nennt. +sie befinden sich im hinteren teil unseres körpers. +und die nebennieren stellen androgene her, welche virilisierende hormone sind. +die meisten frauen, so wie ich -- ich glaube eine typische frau zu sein -- ich kenne meinen tatsächlichen chromosomenaufbau nicht, aber ich denke, dass ich wahrscheinlich den typischen habe -- die meisten frauen wie ich sprechen tatsächlich auf androgene an. +wir produzieren androgen und wir sprechen auf androgene an. +die folge ist, dass jemand wie ich tatsächlich ein gehirn hat, dass mehr androgenen ausgesetzt war, als eine frau, die mit hoden geboren wurde, und einen androgenrezeptor-defekt hat. +geschlecht ist also wirklich kompliziert; intersexuelle stehen nicht nur in der mitte des spektrums von geschlecht -- in gewisser hinsicht, können sie über die ganze bandbreite verteilt sein, +noch ein beispiel: vor ein paar jahren erhielt ich den anruf eines 19 jährigen mannes, der als junge geboren war, als junge aufgezogen, er hatte eine freundin, hatte sex mit seiner freundin, lebte als mann, und er hatte gerade herausgefunden, dass er eierstöcke und eine gebärmutter hatte. +er hatte eine extreme form einer angeborenen nebennierenrindenhyperblasie. +er hat xx chromosome, und im mutterleib, waren seine nebennieren so stark aktiv, dass sie im wesentlichen eine männliche hormonumgebung erzeugt haben. +und als konsequenz wurden seine genitalien männlich ausgeprägt, sein gehirn war den typischeren männlichen teil des hormonenspektrums ausgesetzt. +und als er geboren wurde, sah er wie ein junge aus - niemand ahnte etwas. +und erst als er 19 jahre alt wurde, bekam er genügend medizinische probleme, tatsächlich davon, weil er innerlich menstruierte, dass die ärzte herausfanden, dass er im inneren weiblich war. +okay, nur noch ein schnelles beispiel für eine variante von intersexualität. +manche menschen mit xx chromosomen, entwickeln etwas, das ovotestis heißt, wobei eierstockgewebe von hodengewebe umhüllt ist. +wir wissen nicht genau, warum das geschieht. +geschlecht kann also in vielen verschiedenen varianten auftreten. +der grund, warum kinder mit dieser art von körper -- sei es zwergenwuchs oder siamesische zwillinge, sei es intersexuell -- von chirurgen oft an die norm angepasst werden, ist nicht, weil dies für ihre körperliche gesundheit von vorteil wäre. +in vielen fällen sind diese menschen vollkommen gesund. +der grund, warum an ihnen oft verschiedene arten chirurgischer eingriffe vorgenommen werden, ist, weil sie unsere sozialen kategorien bedrohen. +typischerweise basiert unser system auf der idee, dass eine bestimmte anatomische ausprägung mit einer bestimmten identität einhergeht. +wir haben also das konzept, dass eine frau zu sein, heißt eine weibliche identität zu haben; eine schwarze person zu sein, heißt, angeblich, eine afrikanische anatomie zu haben im hinblick auf die eigene geschichte. +wir haben also diese schrecklich vereinfachende idee. +und wenn wir mit einem körper konfrontiert sind, der für uns tatsächlich etwas sehr anderes darstellt, verwirrt uns das in hinblick auf diese kategorisierungen. +wir haben also in unserer kultur eine menge romantischer ideen über individualismus. +und unsere nation basiert wirklich auf einem sehr romantischen konzept von individualismus. +nun können sie sich vorstellen, wie verblüffend es dann ist, wenn kinder geboren werden, die zwei personen in einem körper sind, +wo ich in letzter zeit die meiste aufregung erlebt hatte, war die südafrikanische läuferin caster semenya letztes jahr, deren geschlecht bei der leichatlethik weltmeisterschaft in berlin in frage gestellt wurde. +viele journalisten riefen mich mit der frage an: "welchen test werden sie machen, der uns verrät, ob caster semenya weiblich oder männlich ist?" +und ich musste den journalisten erklären, dass es diesen test nicht gibt. +wir wissen jetzt, dass geschlecht kompliziert genug ist, dass wir zugeben müssen, dass die natur für uns keine linie zwischen männlich und weiblich zieht, oder zwischen männlich und intersexuell und weiblich und intersexuell; tastächlich sind wir es, die diese trennlinie als natürlich vorgeben. +wir haben also so eine situation, wo, je weiter unsere wissenschaft fortschreitet, wir uns um so mehr eingestehen müssen, dass diese kategorien, die wir für stabile anatomische kategorien gehalten hatten, welche sehr einfache zuordnungen herstellten um dauerhafte identitätskategorien zu schaffen, viel unschärfer sind, als wir angenommen haben. +und das gilt nicht nur in bezug auf geschlecht. +es gilt auch hinsichtlich rasse, was sich als viel komplizierter herausstellt, als unser terminologie zugelassen hat. +bei unseren betrachtungen geraten wir in alle möglichen unbequemen bereiche. +wir stossen zum beispiel auf die tatsache, dass wir mindestens 95 prozent unserer dna mit schimpansen gemeinsam haben. +was sollen wir mit der tatsache anfangen, dass wir uns von ihnen lediglich durch wenige nukleotide unterscheiden? +während wir unsere wissenschaft immer weiter vorantreiben, kommen wir zunehmend in eine zone des unbehagens, wo wir anerkennen müssen, dass die simplistischen kategorien, die wir hatten vermutlich allzu simpel sind. +wir sehen das in allen möglichen bereichen des menschlichen lebens. +einer der bereiche, in dem wir das zum beipiel sehen, in unserer heutigen kultur, in den heutigen vereinigten staaten, sind die kämpfe über den beginn und das ende des lebens. +wir haben schwierige gespräche darüber, an welchem punkt ein körper zum menschen wird, so daß er eine anderes recht hat als das fötale leben. +wir haben heutzutage sehr schwierige auseinandersetzungen -- vielleicht nicht so öffentlich wie in der medizin -- über die frage, wann jemand tot ist. +unsere vorfahren hatten früher nie so schwer mit der frage zu kämpfen, wann jemand tot war. +sie haben jemand höchstens eine feder unter die nase gehalten, und wenn sie sich bewegte, haben sie sie noch nicht begraben. +wenn sie sich nicht mehr bewegte, hat man sie begraben. +aber heute befinden wir uns in einer situation, wo wir menschen lebenswichtige organe entnehmen und sie anderen menschen verpflanzen wollen. +und als folge verfangen wir uns bei dem kampf mit der wirklich schwierigen frage, wann jemand tot ist. und das bringt uns in eine wirklich schwierige lage, in der wir nicht mehr so einfache kategorien haben wie früher. +nun könnten sie annehmen, dass das ganze zusammenbrechen von kategorien jemand wie mich wirklich glücklich machen würde. +ich bin politisch progressiv, ich verteidige menschen mit ungewöhnlichen körpern, aber ich muss zugeben, es macht mich nervös. +zu begreifen, dass diese kategorien wirklich viel unsicherer sind als wir dachten, macht mich angespannt. +und es macht mich angespannt in bezug auf überlegungen die demokratie betreffend. +um ihnen also von dieser anspannung zu erzählen, muss ich zuerst bekennen, dass ich ein großer fan der gründungsväter bin. +ich weiß, dass sie rassisiten waren, ich weiß, dass sie sexisten waren, aber sie waren großartig. +ich finde, dass sie so tapfer und stark waren, und so radikal, in dem was sie taten dass ich mich alle paar jahre dabei ertappe das schmalzige musical 1776 anzusehen, und es ist nicht wegen der musik, die absolut zu vergessen ist. +es ist wegen dem, was 1776 mit den gründungsvätern geschehen ist. +die gründungsväter waren aus meiner sicht die ursprünglichen anatomischen aktivisten, und zwar deshalb. +was sie zurückwiesen war ein anatomisches konzept, und sie ersetzten es durch ein anderes, das radikal und schön war, und 200 jahre für uns maßgeblich war. +wie sie sich alle erinnern, lehnten unsere gründungsväter das konzept der monarchie ab. und die monarchie basierte im grund genommen auf einem sehr vereinfachten konzept von anatomie. +die herrscher der alten welt hatten kein konzept basierend auf der dna, aber sie hatten ein konzept des geburtsrechts. +sie hatten ein konzept von blauem blut. +sie waren der auffassung, dass leute, die politische macht hatten, diese politische macht haben sollten, aufgrund der vererbten blutlinie vom großvater zum vater zum sohn und so weiter. +die gründungsväter wiesen diese idee zurück und ersetzten sie durch ein neues anatomisches konzept, und dieses konzept sagte, dass alle menschen gleichwertig erschaffen wurden. +sie nivellierten das spielfeld und entschieden, dass anatomisch gesehen, die gemeinsamkeiten zählten, nicht die unterschiede. und das war sehr radikal. +nun machten sie das zum teil, weil sie teil eines aufklärerischen systems waren, in dem zwei dinge gemeinsam heranwuchsen. +die demokratie wuchs heran, aber zur selben zeit wuchs auch die wissenschaft heran. +wenn man sich die geschichte der gründungsväter ansieht, wird deutlich, dass viele von ihnen sehr an wissenschaft interessiert waren, und sie waren an einem konzept einer naturalistischen welt interessiert. +sie gingen weg von erklärungen übernatürlicher art, und wiesen dinge, wie ein übernatürliches konzept von macht, zurück, wo die übertragung auf einem sehr vagen konzepts von geburtsrecht basiert. +sie bewegten sich zu einem naturalistischen konzept hin. +und wenn man sich beispielsweise die unabhängigkeitserklärung ansieht, sprechen sie über natur und den gott der natur. +sie reden nicht von gott und der natur gottes. +sie reden von der macht der natur um uns zu sagen wer wir sind. +und als teil davon verschafften sie uns ein konzept das von anatomischen gemeinsamkeiten handelte. +und damit haben sie auf wirklich wunderbare weise die zukünftige bürgerrechtsbewegung vorbereitet. +sie haben nicht so darüber gedacht, aber was sie für uns getan haben, war großartig. +was geschah also jahre danach? +zum beispiel verwendeten frauen, die das wahlrecht anstrebten, das konzept der gründungsväter, das sagt, dass anatomische gemeinsamkeit wichtiger ist als der anatomische unterschied, und sagten, "dass wir eine gebärmutter und eierstöcke haben ist als unterschied nicht bedeutsam genug, dass wir nicht das wahlrecht haben sollten, das recht auf volle staatsbürgerschaft, das recht eigentum zu besitzen, etc, etc." +und frauen argumentierten das erfolgreich. +als nächstes kam die erfolgreiche bürgerrechtsbewegung, wo wir menschen sahen wie sojourner truth, die darüber spach, "bin ich keine frau?" +wir finden männer in den marschierenden reihen der bürgerechtsbewegung, die sagen, "ich bin ein mann." +wieder, menschen unterschiedlicher hautfarbe, die sich auf anatomische gemeinsamkeiten vor anatomischen unterschieden berufen, wieder, erfolgreich. +wir sehen das gleiche bei der behindertenrechtsbewegung. +natürlich ist das problem, dass, sowie wir beginnen all die gemeinsamkeiten zu betrachten, wir beginnen müssen in frage zu stellen, warum wir bestimmte trennungen aufrechterhalten. +nun, wohlgemerkt, möchte ich bestimmte trennungen aufrechterhalten, anatomisch gesehen, in unserer kultur. +ich möchte zum beispiel einem fisch nicht die gleichen rechte wie einem menschen geben. +ich möchte nicht sagen, dass wir von der anatomie ganz abstand nehmen sollten. +ich möchte nicht sagen, dass 5-jährige das recht haben sollen, ihr einverständnis zu sex oder zum heiraten zu geben. +es gibt also einige anatomische trennungen, die für mich sinn machen, und die wir, denke ich, behalten sollten. +aber die herausforderung ist zu versuchen herauszufinden, welche es sind und warum wir sie behalten, und ob sie sinnvoll sind. +kommen wir also zurück zu diesen zwei wesen die zu beginn des vortrags gezeugt worden sind. +wir haben zwei wesen, beide mitte 1979 am genau gleichen tag gezeugt. +stellen wir uns vor, dass eines von ihnen, maria, drei monate verfrüht geboren wurde, sie ist also am 1 juni 1980 geboren. +heinrich, auf der anderen seite, wird zum geburtstermin geboren, er ist also am 1 märz 1980 geboren, +nur wegen der tatsache, dass maria 3 monate verfrüht geboren wurde, erlangt sie alle möglichen rechte drei monate vor heinrich -- das recht einvernehmlichen sex zu haben, das recht zu wählen, das recht zu trinken. +heinrich muss auf all dies warten, nicht weil er tatsächlich ein anderes biologische alter hat, nur aufgrund des zeitpunktes seiner geburt. +wir finden noch anderen merkwürdigkeiten bezüglich dessen was ihre rechte sind. +heinrich, da man annimmt, dass er männlich ist -- obwohl ich ihnen nicht gesagt habe, dass er der mit xy ist -- da man annimmt, dass er männlich ist, kann er nun eingezogen werden, worüber maria sich keine sorgen machen muss. +maria hingegen, kann nicht in allen bundesstaaten das gleiche recht wahrnehmen, das heinrich in allen staaten hat, und zwar das recht zu heiraten. +heinrich kann in jedem staat eine frau heiraten, aber maria kann heute nur in wenigen staaten eine frau heiraten. +wir haben also diese dauerhaften anatomischen kategorien die in vielerlei hinsicht problematisch und fragwürdig sind. +und für mich stellt sich die frage: was werden wir tun, da unsere wissenschaft solche fortschritte im bereich der anatomie macht, dass wir einen punkt erreichen, an dem wir zugeben müssen, dass eine demokratie, die auf anatomie beruht, auseinanderfallen könnte? +ich möchte die wissenschaft nicht aufgeben, aber gleichzeitig fühlt es sich manchmal so an, als ob die wissenschaft sich selbstständig macht. +wohin gehen wir also? +es scheint als würde unsere kultur eine art pragmatische haltung einnehmen: "gut, wir müssen irgendwo eine linie ziehen, also ziehen wir sie irgendwo." +aber eine menge leute verfangen sich in einer sehr eigenartigen position. +also zum beispiel, hat texas an einem punkt entschieden, dass, einen mann zu heiraten bedeutet, dass man kein y chromosom hat, und eine frau zu heiraten bedeutet, dass man ein y chromosom hat. +nun in der praxis werden menschen nicht auf ihre chromosome getestet. +aber es ist auch sehr bizarr, wegen der geschichte, die ich ihnen anfangs über den androgenrezeptor-defekt erzählt habe. +wenn wir uns einen der gründungsväter der modernen demokratie ansehen, dr. martin luther king, bietet er uns in seiner "ich habe einen traum rede" eine art lösung an. +er sagt, wir sollten menschen nicht nach "ihrer hautfarbe, sondern nach der eigenschaft ihres charakters" beurteilen, und geht so über anatomie hinaus. +und ich möchte sagen, "ja, das klingt wie eine richtig gute idee." +aber wie macht man das in der praxis? +wie beurteilt man menschen aufgrund ihrer charaktereigenschaften? +ich möchte auch darauf hinweisen, dass ich nicht sicher bin, dass wir rechte in bezug auf menschen derart verteilen sollen, weil ich zugeben muss, dass ich eine reihe golden retriever kenne, die wahrscheinlich sozialleistungen eher verdienen als manche menschen, die ich kenne. +ich möchte dazusagen, dass ich wahrscheinlich auch einige helle labradorhunde kenne, die fähiger sind fundiertere, intelligentere und reifere entscheidungen bezüglich ihre sexuellen beziehungen zu treffen als manche 40-jährige, die ich kenne. +wie sollen wir also die frage nach den eigenschaften des charakter operationalisieren? +es stellt sich als wirklich schwierig heraus. +und ein teil von mir fragt sich, was wäre, wenn der inhalt einer persönlichkeit etwas wäre, das in zukunft maschinenlesbar wäre -- mittels fmri sichtbar gemacht werden könnte? +wollen wir wirklich in diese richtung gehen? +ich bin mir nicht sicher, wohin wir gehen. +was ich weiß, ist, dass es wirklich wichtig scheint, über die idee nachzudenken, dass die usa darin führend ist, sich gedanken über fragen der demokratie zu machen. +in unserem bemühen um demokratie haben wir unsere sache richtig gut gemacht, und ich denke, wir würden unsere sache in der zukunft gut machen. +wir haben nicht die situation, wie es zum beispiel im iran der fall ist, wo ein mann, der sich sexuell zu anderen männern hingezogen fühlt, mit dem tod bestraft wird, es sei denn er ist bereit sich einer geschlechtsumwandlung zu unterziehen, in welchem fall er am leben bleiben darf. +zustände dieser art existieren bei uns nicht. +ich bin froh sagen zu können, dass wir diese zustände nicht haben -- ein chirurg mit dem ich vor ein paar jahren sprach, der ein paar siamesische zwillinge mit sich hergebracht hatte, um sie zu trennen, teilweise um sich einen namen zu machen. +aber als ich mit ihn telefonierte, und ihn fragte, warum er diese eingriffe machte -- es waren hoch riskante operationen -- war seine antwort, dass in seinem land, diese kinder sehr schlecht behandelt werden würden, und deshalb musste er es tun. +ich antwortete ihm, "nun haben sie politisches asyl in erwägung gezogen anstatt einer operation um sie zu trennen?" +die vereinigten staaten bieten unglaubliche möglichkeiten, menschen zu erlauben die zu sein, die sie sind, ohne dass sie sich um des staates willen ändern müßten. +deshalb denke ich, müssen wir führend sein. +gut, nur um abzuschließen, möchte ich bemerken, dass ich sehr viel über die väter gesprochen habe. +und ich möchte über die möglichkeiten nachdenken wie demokratie aussehen könnte, oder ausgesehen haben könnte, wenn wir die mütter mehr involviert hätten. +und ich möchte etwas sagen, das für eine feministin etwas radikal ist, und zwar denke ich, dass es verschiedene arten einsichten geben könnte, die von verschiedenen arten der anatomie herrühren, insbesonders wenn menschen ein gruppendenken anwenden. +seit jahren schon, weil ich an intersexualität interessiert war, habe ich mich auch für forschung im bereich der geschlechterdifferenz interessiert. +und eines der dinge, die ich wirklich interessant fand, ist der unterschied zwischen männern und frauen in hinsicht darauf, wie sie denken und in der welt agieren. +was wir aus kulturübergreifenden studien erfahren haben, ist, dass frauen, im durchschnitt -- nicht jede, aber im durchschnitt -- eher dazu neigen komplexen sozialen beziehungen und der fürsorge für menschen, die innerhalb der gruppe verwundbar sind, sehr viel aufmerksamkeit zu geben. +und deshalb, wenn wir darüber nachdenken haben wir eine interessante situation vor uns. +vor jahren, als ich ein aufbaustudium machte, fragte mich einer meiner studienbetreuer, der mein interesse an feminismus kannte -- ich betrachtete mich als feministin, so tue es noch -- eine wirklich eigenartige frage. +er sagte, "sagen sie mir, was am feminismus weiblich ist." +und ich dachte, "nun, das ist die dümmste frage, die ich je gehört habe. +im feminismus geht es darum klischees über geschlecht aufzulösen, deshalb ist am feminismus nichts weiblich. +aber je mehr ich über seine frage nachdachte, um so mehr dachte ich, dass es etwas weibliches im feminismus geben könnte. +das soll heißen, es könnte etwas geben, im durchschnitt, wodurch sich weibliche gehirne von männlichen unterscheiden was uns aufmerksamer für hochkomplexe soziale beziehungen macht, und aufmerksamer dafür für die schutzbedürftige zu sorgen. +wo die gründungsväter also extrem bedacht waren herauszufinden wie individuen vor dem staat geschützt werden konnten, ist es möglich, dass, wenn wir mehr mütter in dieses konzept einbrächten, wir mehr ein konzept bekämmen von, nicht nur wie man schützt, sondern wie wir für einander sorgen können. +und vielleicht ist es das, wohin wir in zukunft gehen müsse, wenn wir demokratie über anatomie hinausführen -- weniger über den individuellen körper nachzudenken was identität betrifft, und mehr über beziehungen nachzudenken. +so dass, wenn wir als volk versuchen eine perfektere verbindung herzustellen, wir darüber nachdenken, was wir für einander tun können. +vielen dank. +ich bin jessi und das hier ist mein koffer. +aber bevor ich ihnen zeige, was ich darin habe, werde ich ein sehr öffentliches geständnis machen, und das ist: ich bin besessen von outfits. +ich liebe es, zu jeder gelegenheit ein anderes farbenfrohes, verrücktes outfit zu finden, zu tragen, und in letzter zeit auch zu fotografieren und zu bloggen. +aber ich kaufe nichts neues. +ich bekomme all meine kleider aus zweiter hand auf flohmärkten und in second-hand-shops. +ooh, danke schön. +second-hand-shopping erlaubt mir, den einfluss meiner garderobe auf die umwelt zu reduzieren und auch den auf meine geldbörse. +ich treffe alle möglichen tollen leute; meine dollars dienen für gewöhnlich einem guten zweck; ich sehe ziemlich einzigartig aus; und es macht einkaufen zu meiner ganz persönlichen schatzsuche. +ich meine, was werde ich heute finden? +wird es meine größe haben? +werde ich die farbe mögen? +wird es weniger als 20 dollar kosten? +wenn alle antworten ja lauten, fühle ich mich, als ob ich gewonnen habe. +ich komme zurück auf meinen koffer, und erzähle ihnen, was ich für diese aufregende woche hier bei ted eingepackt habe. +ich meine, was bringt jemand mit so vielen outfits mit? +ich werde euch also ganz genau zeigen, was ich mitgebracht habe. +ich habe sieben paar unterhosen mitgebracht, und das ist alles. +unterhosen für genau eine woche sind alles, was ich in meinen koffer getan habe. +ich habe gewettet, dass ich alles andere, was ich vielleicht tragen wollte, finden würde, wenn ich erst einmal nach palm springs käme. +und da sie nicht von mir gehört haben als die frau, die hier bei ted in ihrer unterwäsche herumläuft – heißt das, ich habe ein paar sachen gefunden. +und ich möchte ihnen unbedingt meine outfits für diese woche zeigen. +klingt das gut? +während ich das tue, werde ich ihnen auch einige der lektionen mitgeben, die ich, ob sie es glauben oder nicht, aus diesen abenteuern gelernt habe, nichts neues zu tragen. +lassen sie uns mit sonntag beginnen. +ich nenne das den strahlenden tiger. +man muss nicht viel geld ausgeben, um toll auszusehen. +man kann fast immer großartig aussehen für weniger als 50 dollar. +dieses ganze outfit, inklusive der jacke hat mich 55 gekostet, und es war das teuerste stück, dass ich in dieser ganzen woche getragen habe. +montag: farbe ist etwas kraftvolles. +es ist fast physiologisch unmöglich, schlecht gelaunt zu sein, wenn man hellrote hosen trägt. +wenn man glücklich ist, zieht man andere glückliche menschen an. +dienstag: anpassung wird total überbewertet. +ich habe sehr viel zeit meines lebens damit verbracht, zu versuchen, ich selbst zu sein, und mich gleichzeitig anzupassen. +seien sie einfach, wer sie sind. +wenn sie sich mit den richtigen menschen umgeben, werden sie es nicht nur verstehen, sie werden es auch schätzen. +mittwoch: umarmen sie ihr inneres kind. +manchmal sagen mir leute, ich sähe aus, als ob ich 'verkleiden' spiele oder dass ich sie an ihre siebenjährige erinnere. +ich lächle dann gern und sage, "danke schön." +donnerstag: selbstvertrauen ist der schlüssel. +wenn sie denken, sie sehen in etwas gut aus, dann ist es fast sicher so. +und wenn sie denken, dass sie in etwas nicht gut aussehen, haben sie wahrscheinlich auch recht. +ich wuchs mit einer mutter auf, die mich das tag für tag lehrte. +aber erst als ich 30 wurde, habe ich wirklich verstanden, was das bedeutet. +und ich werde das kurz für sie zusammenfassen. +wenn sie glauben, dass sie innen und aussen eine wunderbare person sind, dann gibt es nichts, was sie nicht tragen können. +es gibt also keine entschuldigung für jemanden hier in diesem publikum. +wir sollten in der lage sein, alles zu rocken, was wir wollen. +vielen dank. +freitag: eine universelle wahrheit – fünf wörter: goldene pailleten passen zu allem. +und letztendlich, samstag: einen eigenen, einzigartigen, persönlichen stil zu entwickeln, ist eine tolle art, der welt etwas über einen zu erzählen, ohne dabei ein wort sagen zu müssen. +es wurde mir immer und immer wieder bewiesen, wenn in dieser woche menschen auf mich zu kamen, einfach nur wegen dem, was ich trug. und ich hatte großartige gespräche. +offensichtlich wird das nicht alles in meinen winzigen koffer passen. +bevor ich also heim nach brooklyn gehe, werde ich das alles wieder spenden. +denn die lektion, die ich selber diese woche versuche zu lernen ist, dass es okay ist, los zu lassen. +ich muss diesen dinge nicht emotional anhaften, denn gleich um die ecke wird es immer ein anderes verrücktes, farbenfrohes, strahlendes outfit geben, das nur auf mich wartet, wenn ich ein bisschen lieben im herzen habe und es suche. +ich danke ihnen vielmals. +danke schön. +guten tag, alle zusammen. +ich habe hier etwas, das ich ihnen zeigen möchte. +denken sie sich dies als bildpunkt, als fliegenden bildpunkt. +das ist, was wir in unserem labor, wahrnehmbares design nennen. +lassen sie mich ihnen ein wenig darüber erzählen. +wenn sie nun dieses bild nehmen – ich bin ursprünglich italiener, und jeder junge in italien wächst mit diesem bild in seinem zimmer auf. aber der grund, warum ich ihnen dies zeige ist, das in der formel 1 in den vergangenen jahrzehnten etwas sehr interessantes geschah. +vor einiger zeit war es so, dass wenn sie ein formel 1 rennen gewinnen wollten, dann nahmen sie ihr budget und setzten ihr geld auf einen guten fahrer und ein gutes auto. +und wenn das auto und der fahrer gut genug waren, dann gewannen sie das rennen. +nun heutzutage, benötigen sie, wenn sie ein rennen gewinnen wollen, tatsächlich so etwas wie dieses hier – etwas was das auto in echtzeit überwacht, einige tausend sensoren hat, die informationen aus dem auto, diese informationen an das system weitergeben und sie dann verarbeiten und diese dann nutzen um diesem auto entscheidungen zurück zu senden und dinge in echtzeit verändern während information gesammelt werden. +dies würden sie, in ingenieurteams, eine echtzeit-kontrollsystem nennen. +und im grunde, ist es ein system, das aus zwei teilen besteht – einem spürenden teil und einem reagierendenteil. +was heutzutage interessant ist, ist das echtzeit-kontrollsysteme beginnen in unserem leben aufzutauchen. +unsere städte wurden, in den letzten paar jahren, gerade mit netzwerken und elektronik ausgerüstet. +sie werden zu computer im freien. +und als computer im freien, fangen sie an, auf andere art und weise zu reagieren, sie werden wahrgenommen und angetrieben. +wenn wir städte herrichten, ist das tatsächlich eine große sache. +nur nebenbei möchte ich erwähnen, dass städte nur zwei prozent der erdoberfläche sind, aber 50 prozent der weltweiten bevölkerung dort leben. +sie sind 75 prozent des energiekonsums – verursachen bis zu 80 prozent der co2 emissionen. +wenn wir also etwas mit den städten machen, ist das eine große sache. +über die städte hinaus, zieht all dieses wahrnehmen und antreiben in objekte des täglichen lebens ein. +das ist von einer ausstellung, die paola antonelli für moma später im jahr, während des sommers, organisiert. +es heißt "sprich mit mir." +nun, all unsere objekte, unsere umwelt, fangen an, zu uns zurück zu sprechen. +in einem gewissen sinn, ist es fast so als ob jedes atom da draußen zu beiden wird, einem sensor und einem antreiber. +und das verändert radikal die interaktion, die wir menschen mit unserer umwelt draußen haben. +in gewisser weise, ist es fast als ob der alte traum von michelangelo... +wissen sie, als michelangelo den moses formte, heißt es, dass er am ende den hammer nahm und ihn auf moses warf – tatsächlich können sie immer noch eine kleine stelle untendrunter sehen – und sagte, rief, "perché non parli? warum sprichst du nicht?" +nun, heute, fängt unsere umwelt zum allerersten mal an, uns zu antworten. +ich werde ihnen nur einige beispiele zeigen – nochmal, mit der idee unsere umwelt wahrzunehmen und anzutreiben. +lassen sie uns mit dem wahrnehmen beginnen. +nun das erste projekt, das ich ihnen vorstellen möchte ist in wahrheit eines der ersten unseres labors. +es entstand vor viereinhalb jahren in italien. +und was wir da getan haben, war eigentlich eine damals neue art von netzwerk zu nutzen, das auf der ganzen welt eingesetzt wurde – das ist ein mobiltelefonnetz – und anonyme und aggregierte information aus diesem netzwerk zu nutzen, die ohnehin vom betreiber gesammelt werden, um zu verstehen wie die stadt funktioniert. +der sommer war ein glücklicher sommer – 2006. +es war als italien die fußball-weltmeisterschaft gewann. +einige von ihnen werden sich erinnern, es war als italien gegen frankreich spielte, und dann am ende zidane, der kopfstoß. +und egal, italien hat am ende gewonnen +jetzt sehen sie sich an was an diesem tag passierte, nur beim beobachten der aktivität, die im netzwerk passiert. +hier sehen sie die stadt. +sie sehen in der mitte das kolosseum, den fluß tiber. +am morgen, vor dem spiel. +sie sehen oben die zeitachse. +früher nachmittag, menschen hier und da, die anrufe tätigen und sich bewegen. +das spiel fängt an – schweigen. +frankreich macht ein tor. italien macht ein tor. +halbzeit, die menschen machen einen kurzen anruf, gehen auf toilette. +zweite halbzeit. ende der normalen spielzeit. +erste verlängerung, zweite. +zidane, in einem augenblick der kopfstoß. +italien gewinnt. yeah. +nun, in dieser nacht, gingen alle ins zentrum um zu feiern. +sie sahen den großen ausschlag. +am nächsten tag, gingen alle ins zentrum um das siegerteam und den premierminister zu selben zeit zu treffen. +und dann gingen alle hinunter. +sie sehen das bild des platzes circo massimo, wo, seit der römischen zeit, die menschen zum feiern hingehen – um eine große party zu haben, und sie sehen den ausschlag am ende des tages. +nun, das ist nur ein beispiel, wie wir heute die stadt spüren können, auf eine art und weise wie wir es vor einigen jahren nicht konnten. +noch schnell ein anderes beispiel für spüren: hier geht es nicht um menschen, sondern um dinge, die wir benutzen und konsumieren. +nun, heutzutage wissen wir alles darüber woher unsere sachen kommen. +dies ist eine karte, die ihnen all die chips zeigt, aus denen ein mac computer besteht, wie sie zusammen kamen. +aber wir wissen nur wenig darüber, wo die sachen hingehen. +also haben wir in diesem projekt tatsächlich einige kleine marker entworfen um den müll zu verfolgen während er durch das system geht. +wir haben also mit einigen freiwilligen angefangen, die uns, vor etwas mehr als einem jahr, in seattle geholfen haben, die dinge zu markieren, die sie wegwarfen – verschiedene arten von dingen, wie sie sehen können – dinge, die sie ohnehin wegwerfen würden. +dann haben wir die kleinen chips, die kleinen marken, auf den müll geklebt und angefangen ihn zu verfolgen. +hier sind die ergebnisse, die wir gerade bekommen haben. +von seattle... +nach einer woche. +mit dieser information erkannten wir, dass es eine menge ineffizienzen im system gibt. +wir können die gleichen dinge in der tat mit weniger energie machen. +die daten waren vorher nicht verfügbar. +aber das passieren eine menge unnützer transporte und komplizierter dinge. +die andere sache aber ist, dass wir glauben, dass wenn wir jeden tag sehen, dass die tasse, die wir wegwerfen, nicht einfach verschwindet, dass sie immer noch irgendwo auf dem planeten ist. +und die plastikflasche, die wir jeden tag wegwerfen immer noch da bleibt. +und wenn wir das den menschen zeigen würden, dann können wir eine verhaltensänderung vorantreiben. +das ist also der grund für dieses projekt. +mein kollege an der mit, assaf biderman, könnte ihnen noch viel mehr über das wahrnehmen und die vielen anderen wunderbaren dinge, die man mit wahrnehmen machen kann, erzählen, aber ich möchte gerne auf den zweiten teil zu sprechen kommen, den wir am anfang diskutierten und das ist die betätigung unserer umwelt. +und das erste projekt ist etwas, dass wir vor ein paar jahren in zaragoza, spanien gemacht haben. +es fing mit einer frage des bürgermeisters an, der zu uns kam und sagte, dass spanien und südeuropa eine schöne tradition haben, an öffentlichen orten wasser als teil der architektur zu nutzen. +und die frage war: wie könnte man technologie, neue technologie damit verbinden? +und eine der ideen, die am mit in einem arbeitskreis ermittelt wurden, war, stellen sie sich diese schläuche vor, und ventile, magnetventile, klappen, die sich öffnen und schließen. +sie verursachen so was wie einen wasservorhang mit bildpunkten aus wasser. +wenn diese bildpunkte herunterfallen, können sie darauf schreiben, können sie muster, bilder, text anzeigen. +und sie können sich ihm nähern, und er wird sich öffnen, um sie durchspringen zu lassen, wie sie auf diesem bild sehen können. +nun, wir haben das bürgermeister belloch vorgestellt. +es hat ihm sehr gefallen. +und wir bekamen den auftrag ein gebäude beim eingang der expo zu entwerfen. +wir nannten es den digitalen wasser pavillion. +das ganze gebäude bestand aus wasser. +es gibt keine türen oder fenster, aber wenn sie sich ihm nähern, wird es sich öffnen und sie hinein lassen. +das dach war ebenfalls mit wasser bedeckt. +und wenn es windig ist, wenn sie das spritzen verringern wollen, können sie sogar das dach herunter lassen. +oder sie könnten das gebäude schließen und die ganze architektur wird, wie in diesem fall, wissen sie, dieser tage, wenn sie das dach herunterfahren, bekommen sie bilder von menschen, die da waren und sagen, "sie haben das gebäude zerstört." +nein, sie haben das gebäude nicht zerstört, es ist nur so, dass die architektur beinahe verschwindet. +hier sehen sie, wie das gebäude funktioniert. +sie sehen die person, die sich fragt, was im inneren passiert. +und hier sehen sie mich, als ich versuchte beim testen der sensoren, die das wasser öffneten, nicht nass zu werden. +nun, sollte ich ihnen erzählen, was eines nachts passierte als alle sensoren aufhörten zu funktionieren. +aber eigentlich war es in dieser nacht ein noch größerer spaß. +alle kinder aus zaragoza kamen zu dem gebäude, denn die art wie sie mit dem gebäude spielten war ganz anders. +nicht länger ein gebäude, das sich öffnen würde um sie ein zu lassen, aber ein gebäude, das immer noch pausen und löcher im wasser hatte, man musste jetzt springen ohne nass zu werden. +und das war, für uns, sehr spannend, denn als architekten, ingenieure, als designer, denken wir immer darüber nach, wie die menschen, die dinge nutzen, die wir entwerfen. +aber die realität ist immer unvorhersehbar. +und das ist das schöne daran, dinge zu kreieren, die benutzt werden und mit den menschen interagieren. +hier ist nun ein bild des gebäudes mit den physischen bildpunkten, den bildpunkten aus wasser und die projektionen darauf. +und dies ist es, was uns darauf brachte über das folgende projekt nachzudenken, das ich ihnen jetzt zeige. +stellen sie sich vor diese bildpunkte könnten wirklich anfangen zu fliegen. +stellen sie sich vor, sie könnten kleine hubschrauber haben, die durch die luft fliegen, und jeder von ihnen mit einem kleinen bildpunkt mit wechselndem licht – fast so wie eine wolke die sich durch den raum bewegen kann. +hier ist das video. +stellen sie sich einen hubschrauber vor, wie den, den sie vorhin gesehen haben, der sich mit anderen bewegt, vollkommen synchron. +sie können diese wolke haben. +sie können eine art flexiblen bildschirm oder anzeige haben, wie diese – eine gleichmäßige formation in zwei dimensionen. +oder unregelmäßig aber in drei dimensionen, bei der das, was sich ändert, das licht ist, nicht die position der bildpunkte. +sie können mit verschiedenen arten spielen. +stellen sie sich vor der bildschirm könnte einfach in unterschiedlichen formaten oder größen erscheinen, in unterschiedlichen auflösungen. +aber dann könnte das ganze nur eine 3d wolke aus bildpunkten sein, auf die sie zugehen können und durch die sie sich hindurch bewegen, die sie aus vielen, vielen richtungen betrachten können. +hier sehen sie eine echte flyfire-steuerung, die herabsinkt um wie zuvor ein gleichmäßiges v zu formen. +wenn sie das licht einschalten, sieht es so aus. also genauso, wie wir es vorher gesehen haben. +stellen sie sich vor, dass jedes einzelne von menschen gesteuert wird. +es könnte jeder einzelne bildpunkt einen impuls haben, der von menschen kommt, von den bewegungen der menschen oder dergleichen. +ich möchte ihnen hier etwas zu allererst zeigen. +wir haben mit roberto bolle gearbeitet, einem der besten balletttänzer unserer zeit – dem étoile am metropolitan theater in new york und der scala in mailand – wir haben seine bewegungen in 3d aufgenommen um sie als impuls für das flyfire zu nutzen. +hier sehen sie roberto tanzen. +auf der linken seite sehen sie die bildpunkte, die verschiedenen eingefangenen eindrücke. +es ist gleichzeitig ein echtzeit-3d-scan und eine bewegungsaufnahme. +so dass sie die ganze bewegung nachvollziehen können. +sie können das die ganze zeit machen. +aber dann, wenn wir einmal alle bildpunkte haben, können sie damit spielen und mit farbe bewegung schwerkraft und drehbewegung spielen. +das möchten wir als einen möglichen impuls für das flyfire nutzen. +ich möchte ihnen das neueste projekt zeigen an dem wir arbeiten. +es ist etwas, an dem wir für die olympischen spiele in london arbeiten. +es nennt sich the cloud – die wolke. +die idee ist wiederum, stellen sie sich das vor, das wir wieder die menschen mit einbeziehen um etwas zu tun und die umwelt zu verändern – fast so etwas, wie wir es nennen, wolkenbewegung einzubauen wie man ein scheunentor bewegt, aber mit einer wolke. +stellen sie sich vor, dass jeder eine kleine spende für einen bildpunkt geben kann. +ich denke, dass das bemerkenswerte der der geschehnisse letzten jahre, der letzten jahrzehnte ist, dass wir von einer physikalischen zu einer digitalen welt gewechselt sind. +das hat alles digitalisiert, wissen, und macht es durch das internet zugänglich. +heutzutage, können wir zum ersten mal – und die kampagne obamas hat das gezeigt – können wir von der digitalen welt, von den sich selbstorganisierenden kräften der netzwerke zu der physikalischen welt wechseln. +das kann, in unserem fall sein, dass wir es benutzen um zu designen und ein symbol zu schaffen. +das heißt etwas was in der stadt gebaut ist. +aber morgen kann es, um uns den kommenden herausforderungen zu stellen – denken sie da an den klimawandel oder die co2 emissionen – wie können wir dann von der digitalen welt zur physikalischen wechseln. +die idee ist also, dass wir tatsächlich die menschen mit einbeziehen, in dem sie dinge zusammen, kollektiv tun. +die wolke ist wieder eine wolke aus bildpunkten, in der gleichen weise wie eine wirkliche wolke eine wolke aus partikeln ist. +und diese partikel sind wasser, während unsere wolke eine wolke aus bildpunkten ist. +es ist ein physikalisches gebilde in london, aber mit bildpunkten bedeckt. +sie können sich innen bewegen und verschiedene arten von erfahrungen machen. +sie können es sie tatsächlich von unten ansehen, die wichtigsten momente für olympia 2012 und darüberhinaus teilen, und es als art der verbindung zur gemeinschaft nutzen. +also beides, die physikalische wolke im himmel und etwas an dessen spitze sie hingehen können, wie londons neuer berggipfel. +sie können hineingehen. +und eine art digitaler leuchtturm in der nacht – aber als allerwichtigstes, eine neue art der erfahrung für alle, die an die spitze gehen wollen. +danke. +als künstler ist mir der zusammenhang sehr wichtig. +durch meine arbeit versuche ich auszudrücken, dass menschen nicht von der natur getrennt sind und dass alles miteinander verbunden ist. +das erste mal war ich vor beinah 10 jahren in der antarktis, wo ich meine ersten eisberge sah. +mich ergriff ehrfurcht. +mein herz raste, mir war schwindelig, während ich versuchte, zu fassen was vor mir stand. +die eisberge um mich herum ragten beinah 60 meter aus dem wasser. und ich konnte nur staunen, dass das eine schneeflocke auf einer anderen schneeflocke war, jahr um jahr. +eisberge werden geboren als kalb eines gletschers oder indem sie aus eisschollen heraus brechen. +jeder eisberg hat seine eigene individuelle persönlichkeit. +sie interagieren auf eindeutige weise mit ihrer umgebung und ihren erfahrungen. +manche weigern sich aufzugeben und klammern bis zum bitteren ende, während andere es nicht mehr aushalten und in einem anfall dramatischer leidenschaft zusammenstürzen. +wenn man einen eisberg betrachtet, denkt man leicht dass sie isoliert sind, getrennt und allein, ganz so wie wir menschen uns oft sehen. +aber die wahrheit ist weit davon entfernt. +während ein eisberg schmilzt, atme ich seine vorzeitliche atmosphäre ein. +während der eisberg schmilzt setzt er mineralstoffreiches trinkwasser frei, das viele lebensformen nährt. +ich gehe bei meinen aufnahmen dieser eisberge so vor, als würde ich portraits meiner vorfahren machen, in dem bewusstsein, dass sie in diesen individuellen augenblicken aus diese weise existieren, und niemals wieder so existieren werden. +es ist kein tod, wenn sie schmelzen; es ist kein ende, sondern eine fortführung ihres pfades entlang des lebenszyklus. +ein teil des eises in den eisbergen die ich photographiere ist sehr jung – einige tausend jahre alt. +und ein teil des eises ist mehr als 100.000 jahre alt. +die letzten bilder die ich ihnen gern zeigen möchte, zeigen einen eisberg, den ich in kekertsuatsiak in grönland photographiert habe. +sehr selten wird man tatsächlich zeuge eines rollenden eisbergs. +hier sehen sie es nun. +auf der linken seite sehen sie ein kleines boot. +das ist etwa fünf meter lang. +bitte achten sie auf die form des eisbergs und wo er sich an der wasserlinie befindet. +sie können hier sehen, er beginnt zu rollen, und das boot hat sich zur anderen seite bewegt, der mann steht dort. +das ist die durchschnittliche größe eines grönland-eisbergs. +er ragt etwa 120 fuß aus dem wasser, oder 40 meter. +und dieses video ist in echtzeit. +und einfach so, zeigt ihnen der eisberg eine andere seite seiner persönlichkeit. +ich danke ihnen. +mein leben ist wirklich außerordentlich gesegnet durch die arbeit an einigen erstaunlichen projekten. +aber bei dem coolsten, woran ich je gearbeitet habe, ging es um diesen kerl. +sein name ist tempt. +tempt war einer der führenden graffitikünstler der 80er jahre. +dann, eines tages, kam er vom laufen zurück und sagte "paps, meine beine kribbeln." +und das war der ausbruch des als. +tempt ist heute vollständig gelähmt. +er kann nur noch seine augen verwenden. +ich stand ihm gegenüber. +ich habe eine firma, die design und animationen macht, graffiti ist also zwangsläufig ein komplexer teil dessen, was wir in der kunstwelt bewundern und achten. +wir haben daher beschlossen, tony – tempt – und seine sache zu unterstützen. +ich traf mich mit seinem vater und seinen bruder und sagte: "wir werden euch dieses geld geben, +was werdet ihr damit tun? " +und sein bruder sagte: "ich will nur wieder mit tony reden können. +ich will mich nur wieder mit ihm und ich fragte: "moment mal, ist das nicht – ich hab stephen hawking gesehen – können nicht alle gelähmten menschen mittels dieser geräte kommunizieren?" +und er antwortete: "nein, nur wenn man zur höheren gesellschaftsschicht gehört und eine bemerkenswerte versicherung hat, kann man das wirklich tun. +normalen menschen sind diese geräte nicht zugänglich. " +und ich erwiderte: "wie kommuniziert ihr denn nun?" +hat jemand den film 'schmetterling und taucherglocke "gesehen? +so kommunizieren sie – so laufen ihre finger entlang. +ich staunte: "sehr archaisch, wie kann das sein?" +ich kam also mit dem bedürfnis, einfach nur einen scheck auszustellen und stattdessen stellte ich einen scheck aus, von dem ich nicht die leiseste ahnung hatte, wie ich ihn einlösen sollte. +ich verpflichtete mich an ort und stelle gegenüber seinem bruder und seinem vater – mit den worten: "gut, mein vorschlag ist folgendermaßen: tony wird sprechen, wir werden ihm einen apparat besorgen und wir werden einen weg finden, dass er wieder seine kunst machen kann. +denn es ist eine farce, dass jemand, der all das noch in sich trägt, es nicht kommunizieren kann. " +ich sprach also einige monate später bei einer konferenz. +ich traf diese leute von grl, graffiti research lab und sie haben eine technologie, die es ihnen erlaubt, ein licht auf jede beliebige oberfläche zu projizieren und dann mit einem laserpointer darauf zu zeichnen, der nur die negative fläche registriert. +sie ziehen also umher und machen kunstinstallationen wie diese. +sie sagen, dass alle dinge, die dort oben angezeigt werden, einem lebenszyklus folgen. +es beginnt mit den geschlechtsteilen, dann kommen die schimpfwörter, danach die bush-verleumdungen und zuletzt machen die leute tatsächlich kunst. +aber es gab immer einen lebenszyklus in ihren präsentationen. +ich ging also nach hause und aß mit meiner frau zu abend und erzählte ihr von allem und wir dachten: "nun, sekunde mal, wenn es doch diese technologie gibt, mit der man seine augen nutzen kann, um dinge zu steuern, dann sollten wir einen weg finden, dass tempt einen laser steuern kann, so dass er wieder graffiti machen kann, das wäre doch genial." +das war der beginn der reise. +und etwa zwei jahre später, etwa ein jahr später, nach eine menge organisation und viel hin und her von dingen, haben wir einige sachen erreicht. +erstens, wir haben den versicherungen die türen eingerannt, und haben tatsächlich für tempt einen apparat bekommen, mit dem er kommunizieren kann – eine stephen hawking-maschine. +das war unglaublich. +und er ist wirklich extrem witzig – ich nenne ihn yoda, denn man redet mit ihm, oder bekommt eine e-mail, und denkt sich: "ich bin so unwürdig, dieser kerl ist unglaublich." +außerdem haben wir sieben programmierer aus der ganzen welt eingeflogen – buchstäblich aus allen ecken der welt – zu uns nach hause. +meine frau, meine kinder und ich sind in die garage gezogen, und diese hacker und programmierer und verschwörungstheoretiker und anarchisten haben unser haus übernommen. +viele unserer freunde dachten, dass wir schön dumm seien, das zu tun und dass wir zurückkämen und alle bilder an den wänden wären graffitis gewichen. +aber für über zwei wochen haben wir programmiert, wir gingen zum strandpromenade in venice, meine kinder wurden einbezogen, mein hund auch und wir schufen das hier. +es nennt sich eyewriter und man kann die beschreibung sehen. +das ist eine billige sonnenbrille, die wir an der strandpromenade von venice gekauft haben, etwas kupferdraht und ein paar sachen aus dem baumarkt und dem elektronikhandel. +wir nahmen eine ps3-kamera, haben sie auseinandergebaut, haben sie auf ein led-licht gesetzt und jetzt haben wir ein gerät das frei zugänglich ist – man kann es selbst bauen, wir stellen den code umsonst zur verfügung, die software kann man kostenlos herunterladen. +wir haben also ein gerät erschaffen, das komplett frei von beschränkungen ist. +keine versicherung kann sich querstellen, +auch kein krankenhaus. +jeder gelähmte kann nun tatsächlich allein mit seinen augen kommunizieren oder zeichnen. +danke. +danke euch vielmals, das war unglaublich. +am ende der zwei wochen also gingen wir zurück in tempts zimmer. +ich liebe dieses bild, denn es ist das zimmer von jemand anderem und das ist sein zimmer. +da ist nun all dieser rummel vor der großen enthüllung +und nach über einem jahr der planung, zwei wochen programmierarbeit, nudelparties und durchgemachten nächten, zeichnete tony zum ersten mal wieder nach sieben jahren. +und das ist ein beeindruckendes bild, denn dies ist sein lebenserhaltungssystem, und er sieht über sein lebenserhaltungssystem hinaus. +wir haben sein bett geneigt, damit er nach draußen sehen kann. +wir haben einen projektor aufgestellt gegen eine wand des parkplatztes vor dem krankenhaus. +und er zeichnete wieder zum ersten mal, im beisein seiner familie und freunde – und man kann sich nur vorstellen, was für ein gefühl das auf dem parkplatz war. +lustigerweise mussten wir auch noch in den parkplatz einbrechen, wir fühlten uns also zurecht als ein teil der sprüher-szene. +am ende sandte er uns eine e-mail mit folgendem inhalt: "zum ersten mal seit sieben jahren habe ich etwas gezeichnet. +ich habe das gefühl, ich wurde unter wasser gedrückt und endlich hat jemand nach unten gegriffen und meinen kopf hochgezogen, damit ich atmen kann. " +ist das nicht überwältigend? +das ist so etwas wie unser kampfschrei. +das hält uns bei der stange und lässt uns immer weiter entwickeln. +und wir müssen noch viel an diesem gerät verbessern. +es ist ein erstaunliches gerät, aber es kommt einer zaubertafel gleich. +und jemand, der ein solches künstlerisches potential hat, verdient so viel mehr. +wir sind also dabei, herauszufinden, wie man es besser, schneller und stärker macht. +seit dieser zeit haben wir alle arten von anerkennung erhalten. +wir haben ein paar preise gewonnen. +bedenken sie, es ist kostenlos, niemand von uns verdient daran. +es kommt alles aus unseren eigenen taschen. +die auszeichnungen waren also, "oh, das ist fantastisch." +armstrong twitterte über uns und dann, im dezember, hat uns das time-magazine geehrt, als eine der 50 besten erfindungen 2010, was wirklich klasse war. +das coolste daran ist – und das schließt den ganzen kreis – dass es diesen april, beim geffen moca in der innenstadt von los angeles eine ausstellung geben wird namens "art of the streets" +und dort werden wohl so ziemlich die härtesten vertreter der straßenkunstszene anwesend sein – banksy, shepard fairey, caws – all diese jungs werden dort sein. +tempt wird teil der show sein, was ziemlich abgefahren ist. +im grunde geht mir also darum: wenn du etwas siehst, das unmöglich ist, dann mach es möglich. +alles in diesem raum war unmöglich – diese bühne, dieser computer, dieses mikrofon, der eyewriter – alles war irgendwann unmöglich. +machen sie es möglich – sie alle hier. +ich bin kein programmierer und hatte noch nie etwas mit augenerfassungstechnologie zu tun, aber ich habe einfach etwas erfasst und mich mit erstaunlichen leuten umgeben, damit wir gemeinsam etwas auf die beine stellen konnten. +und diese frage sollte sich jeder von ihnen stellen und zwar an jedem einzelnen tag, an dem ihnen etwas auffällt, das erledigt werden muss. wenn nicht jetzt, wann dann? und wenn nicht ich, wer dann? +ich danke euch. +also, ich schreibe für kinder, und bin wahrscheinlich amerikas meist gelesener kinderbuchautor. +und ich sage den leuten immer dass ich nicht wie ein wissenschaftler daher kommen will. +man kann mich als farmer haben, oder in leder, aber niemand hat jemals farmer gewählt. +heute möchte ich ihnen von kreisen und offenbarungen erzählen. +nun ja, eine erleuchtung ist für gewöhnlich etwas, dass man findet weil man es irgendwo fallen gelassen hat. +man geht um den block und nimmt es als offenbarung war. +das ist ein gemälde eines kreises. +einer meiner freunde hat es gemacht – richard bollingbroke. +es ist die art komplizierter kreis von dem ich ihnen heute erzählen möchte. +mein kreis begann damals in den 60ern an der high school in stow, ohio, wo ich die klassenschwuchtel war. +ich war derjenige, der jede woche in der jungentoilette grün und blau geschlagen wurde, bis eine lehrerin mein leben rettete. +sie rettete mein leben, indem sie mich die toilette im lehrerzimmer benutzen ließ. +das tat sie heimlich, +sie tat es drei jahre lang, +und ich musste weg aus der stadt. +ich hatte einen daumen, ich hatte 85 dollar, und es schlug mich nach san francisco in kalifornien – ich fand einen liebhaber – und damals in den 80ern fand ich es wichtig eine arbeit bei aids-organisationen aufzunehmen. +vor etwa drei oder vier jahren erhielt ich mitten in der nacht einen anruf von dieser lehrerin, frau posten, die sagte, "ich muss sie sehen. +ich bin traurig, dass wir einander niemals als erwachsene kennen gelernt haben. +können sie bitte nach ohio kommen, und bitte kommen sie zusammen mit dem mann, von dem ich weiß, dass sie ihn inzwischen gefunden haben. +und ich sollte erwähnen, dass ich bauspeicheldrüsenkrebs habe, und dass ich möchte, dass sie sich bitte beeilen. " +nun, am nächsten tag waren wir in cleveland. +wir sahen sie an, wir lachten, wir weinten, und wir wussten, dass sie in einem hospiz sein müsste. +wir fanden eins für sie, wir brachten sie hin, und wir kümmerten uns um sie, und wir gaben auf ihre familie acht, weil es nötig war, +es war etwas, dass wir zu tun wussten. +und gerade als die frau, die mich als erwachsenen kennen lernen wollte, mich kennenlernte, verwandelte sie sich in eine kiste voll asche und wurde in meine hände gelegt. +was passiert war, war dass sich der kreis geschlossen hatte, es war ein kreis geworden – und die offenbarung von der ich gesprochen habe zeigte sich. +die offenbarung ist, das tod ein teil des lebens ist. +sie hat mein leben gerettet, und mein partner und ich retteten ihres. +und wissen sie, dieser teil des lebens braucht alles was der rest des lebens braucht. +er braucht wahrheit und schönheit, und ich bin so froh, dass das heute hier so oft erwähnt wurde. +er braucht genauso – er braucht würde, liebe und vergnügen. und es ist an uns, diese dinge zu geben. +vielen dank. +stellen sie sich eine große explosion vor, während sie auf auf 1.000 meter aufsteigen. +stellen sie sich ein flugzeug voll rauch vor. +stellen sie sich ein triebwerk vor, das klack, klack, klack, klack, klack, klack, klack macht. +das klingt angst einflößend. +nun, ich hatte einen einzigartigen platz an diesem tag; ich saß auf 1d. +ich war der einzige, der mit den flugbegleitern sprechen konnte. +ich sah sie also gleich an, und sie sagten: "kein problem, wir haben wohl ein paar vögel erwischt." +der pilot hatte die maschine schon gewendet und wir waren nicht so weit weg. +man konnte manhattan sehen. +zwei minuten später passierten drei dinge gleichzeitig. +der pilot richtete die maschine nach dem hudson river aus. +das ist gewöhnlich nicht die route. +er schaltet die triebwerke ab. +stellen sie sich mal ein geräuschloses flugzeug vor. +und dann sagte er drei worte – die emotionslosesten worte, die ich je gehört habe. +er sagt, "bereitmachen zum aufprall" +ich musste nicht mehr mit dem bordpersonal reden. +ich konnte es in ihren augen sehen, da war schrecken, das leben war zu ende. +ich möchte ihnen jetzt drei dinge mitteilen, die ich an diesem tag über mich gelernt habe. +ich lernte, dass in einem augenblick alles anders ist. +wir haben diesen lebensplan, wir haben diese dinge, die wir im leben machen möchten und ich dachte an all die menschen, denen ich eine hand reichen wollte und es nicht tat, all die zäune, die ich flicken wollte, all die erfahrungen, die ich machen wollte und nie machte. +während ich später darüber nachdachte, fiel mir ein spruch ein, der lautet: "ich sammle schlechte weine". +denn wenn der wein soweit ist und die person ist da, dann öffne ich ihn. +ich will nie mehr etwas verschieben im leben. +und diese dringlichkeit, dieses ziel, hat mein leben wirklich verändert. +die zweite sache, die ich an diesem tag lernte – und das war, als wir die george washington brücke verfehlten, so ziemlich um haaresbreite – da dachte ich, mensch, da ist eine sache, die ich wirklich bereue. +ich hatte ein gutes leben. +in meiner eigenen menschlichkeit und mit meinen fehlern, strebte ich danach, besser zu werden in allem, was ich anpackte. +aber in meiner menschlichkeit habe ich auch meinem ego raum gegeben. +und ich bedauerte die zeit, die ich für bedeutungslose dinge verschwendet hattee, mit menschen, die etwas bedeuten. +und ich dachte an die beziehung mit meiner frau, zu freunden, zu menschen. +und danach, als ich darüber nachdachte, beschloss ich, negative energie aus meinem leben zu verbannen. +es ist nicht perfekt, aber es ist viel besser. +ich habe mich zwei jahre nicht mehr mit meiner frau gestritten. +es fühlt sich großartig an. +ich versuche nicht mehr, recht zu haben; ich entscheide mich dafür, glücklich zu sein. +die dritte sache, die ich lernte – und zwar während die innere uhr beginnnt, "15, 14, 13,..." herunterzuzählen, +man sieht das wasser kommen. +ich sagte, "bitte flieg in die luft." +ich will nicht, dass dieses ding in 20 teile zerbricht, wie man es aus dokumentationen kennt. +während wir abstürzen, hatte ich dieses gefühl, mensch, zu sterben ist nicht furchterregend. +fast so, als würden wir uns unser leben lang darauf vorbereiten. +aber es war sehr traurig. +ich wollte nicht gehen; ich liebe mein leben. +und diese traurigkeit formierte sich wirklich in einem gedanken, nämlich dass ich mir nur eine sache wünsche. +ich wünschte mir nur, ich könnte meine kinder aufwachsen sehen. +etwa einen monat danach besuchte ich einen auftritt meiner tochter – erstklässler, nicht viel künstlerisches talent... +... noch nicht. +und ich feiere, ich weine wie ein kleines kind. +und in der welt ergab alles einen sinn für mich. +mir wurde damals klar, indem ich die punkte miteinander verband, dass es im leben nur darum geht ein großartiger vater zu sein. +mehr als alles, alles andere, ist mein einziges ziel im leben, ein guter vater zu sein. +mir wurde das wunder zuteil, an diesem tag nicht zu sterben. +ich erhielt ein weiteres geschenk, nämlich in die zukunft zu sehen, und zurückzukommen und anders zu leben. +mein aufruf an alle, die heute fliegen, ist: stellen sie sich vor, dasselbe passiert auf ihrem flug – bitte nicht – aber stellen sie es sich vor; und wie würden sie sich ändern? +was würden sie erledigen, das sie aufschieben, weil sie denken, sie wären für immer da? +wie würden sie ihre beziehungen ändern und die negative energie darin? +und mehr als alles andere, sind sie die besten eltern, die sie nur sein können? +danke. +die idee hinter dem stuxnet computer-wurm ist an sich ziemlich simpel. +wir wollen nicht, dass der iran die bombe baut. +der wichtigste posten dort für die entwicklung von atomwaffen ist die uran-anreicherungs-einrichtung in natanz. +die grauen boxen, die sie hier sehen, das sind echtzeit-kontrollsysteme. +wenn es uns nun gelingt, die systeme zu kompromittieren, welche drehzahlen und ventile kontrollieren, dann können wir damit tatsächlich eine menge probleme verursachen mit der zentrifuge. +diese grauen boxen laufen nicht mit windows-software; sie basieren auf einer komplett anderen technologie. +aber wenn wir es schaffen, dass sich ein effektives windows-virus auf einem laptop einnistet, der von einem wartungsingenieur verwendet wird, um diese graue box zu konfigurieren, dann sind wir im geschäft. +und das ist die planung hinter stuxnet. +wir beginnen also mit einem windows-dropper. +die nutzdaten werden in die graue box transferiert, beschädigen die zentrifuge und das iranische kernenergie-programm verzögert sich – auftrag ausgeführt. +das ist ein kinderspiel, oder? +ich möchte ihnen erzählen, wie wir das herausgefunden haben. +als wir unsere forschung zu stuxnet vor sechs monaten begannen, war völlig unbekannt, was der sinn und zweck dieses konstrukts war. +das einzige, was wir wussten ist sehr, sehr kompliziert, was den windows- teil angeht, den dropper- teil, er machte von unzähligen zero- day- schwachstellen gebrauch. +und es schien etwas vorzuhaben, mit diesen grauen boxen, diesen echtzeit- kontrollsystemen. +das erregte unsere aufmerksamkeit und wir begannen ein labor- projekt, in dem wir unsere umgebung mit stuxnet infizierten, und untersuchten dieses konstrukt. +und dann passierte etwas komisches. +stuxnet verhielt sich wie eine laborratte, die unseren käse nicht mochte – schnüffelte dran, aber wollte ihn nicht essen. +das machte in meinen augen keinen sinn. +und nachdem wir mit verschiedenen arten von käse experimentiert hatten, ging mir auf, dass dies ein gezielter angriff ist. +vollständig auf ein bestimmtes ziel gerichtet. +der dropper streift aktiv auf der grauen box umher, wenn eine spezielle konfiguration entdeckt wurde. sogar, wenn das spezielle programm, welches es zu infizieren versucht auf diesem ziel läuft. +und wenn nicht, dann tut stuxnet gar nichts. +also, das weckte wirklich mein interesse und wir begannen damit zu arbeiten, beinahe rund um die uhr, denn ich dachte, nun, wir wissen nicht, was das ziel ist. +es könnte, sagen wir zum beispiel, ein us- amerikanisches kraftwerk, oder eine chemieanlage in deutschland sein. +also sollten wir besser bald herausfinden, was das ziel darstellt. +also extrahierten und dekompilierten wir den angriffs- code und fanden heraus, dass er in zwei digitale sprengköpfe aufstrukturiert ist -- einen kleineren und einen größeren. +und uns fiel auch auf, dass sie sehr professionell konstruiert waren, von leuten, die offensichtlich alle insider- informationen zur verfügung hatten. +sie kannten jegliche bits und bytes, die sie angreifen mussten. +wahrscheinlich kannten sie sogar die schuhgröße des maschinenbedieners. +sie wussten also alles. +und wenn sie schon mitbekommen haben, dass der dropper von stuxnet komplex und high-tech ist, lassen sie mich ihnen sagen: die nutzdaten sind eine wissenschaft für sich. +es ist viel anspruchsvoller als alles, was wir jemals gesehen haben. +hier sehen sie einen ausschnitt aus diesem angriffs- code. +wir sprechen hier von – ungefähr 15.000 zeilen code. +sieht ziemlich so aus, wie altmodische assemblersprache. +und ich will ihnen erzählen, wie wir in der lage waren aus diesem code schlau zu werden. +nach was wir also als erstes suchten, waren systemfunktions- aufrufe, weil wir wissen, was diese bewirken. +und dann suchten wir nach timern und datenstrukturen und versuchten, diese mit der echten welt in verbindung zu bringen -- mit potentiellen zielen in der echten welt. +also brauchten wir theorien über diese ziele, die wir belegen oder widerlegen konnten. +um diese theorien aufzustellen, rufen wir uns in erinnerung, dass es sich definitiv um hochgradige sabotage handelt, es muss sich um ein hochwertiges ziel handeln und sehr wahrscheinlich befindet es sich im iran, weil dort die meisten infektionen gemeldet wurden. +nun, in diesem gebiet gibt es nicht mehrere tausend ziele. +im grunde läuft es hinaus auf das buschehr atomkraftwerk und auf die urananreicherungsanlage in natanz. +also sagte ich zu meinem assistenten, "bring mir eine liste aller experten für zentrifugen und kraftwerke aus unserem kundenstamm." +und ich rief sie an und zapfte ihr wissen an, um ihr fachwissen mit dem zu vergleichen, was wir im code und in den daten herausgefunden hatten. +und das funktionierte sehr gut. +also, es war uns möglich, den kleinen digitalen sprengkopf mit der rotorsteuerung in verbindung zu bringen. +der rotor ist dieser sich bewegende teil innerhalb der zentrifuge, diese schwarze objekt, das sie sehen. +und wenn man die geschwindigkeit dieses rotors manipuliert, dann ist man tatsächlich in der lage den rotor zu knacken und schließlich sogar, die zentrifuge explodieren zu lassen. +was wir auch herausgefunden haben ist, dass das ziel des angriffs tatsächlich war, es langsam und unheimlich geschehen zu lassen -- offensichtlich in dem versuch wartungsingenieure verzweifeln zu lassen, sodass sie nicht in der lage dazu sein würden schnell dahinter zu kommen. +der große digitale sprengkopf -- wir erhielten einen einblick, indem wir uns sehr genau daten und datenstrukturen anschauten. +also zum beispiel die nummer 164 sticht sehr heraus aus diesem code; man kann es nicht übersehen. +ich begann damit, wissenschaftliche literatur durchzuarbeiten, darüber wie diese zentrifugen in natanz gebaut werden und fand heraus, dass sie strukturiert sind in sogenannten kaskaden, und jede kaskade enthält 164 zentrifugen. +also das machte sinn, es passte zusammen. +und es wurde noch besser. +diese zentrifugen in iran sind aufgeteilt in 15 sogenannte ebenen. +und raten sie was wir in dem angriffscode gefunden haben? +eine fast identische struktur. +also nochmal, das passte wirklich gut zusammen. +und dies gab uns große zuversicht für das, das wir hier untersuchten. +nun, verstehen sie mich nicht falsch, das ging nicht einfach so. +diese ergebnisse wurden durch mehrere wochen harter arbeit erreicht. +und oft rannten wir einfach in eine sackgasse und mussten uns neu sammeln. +jedenfalls fanden wir heraus, dass beide digitalen sprengköpfe in wirklichkeit auf ein und das selbe ziel zusteuerten, aber aus verschiedenen richtungen. +der kleine sprengkopf übernimmt eine kaskade, und überdreht die rotoren und verlangsamt sie und der große sprengkopf tritt mit sechs kaskaden in interaktion und manipuliert ventile. +also, im großen und ganzen sind wir sehr zuversichtlich, dass wir tatsächlich bestimmt haben, was das ziel ist. +es ist natanz und es ist nur natanz. +also müssen wir uns keine sorgen machen, dass andere ziele von stuxnet getroffen werden könnten. +hier ist etwas wirklich cooles zeug, das wir entdeckt haben -- hat mich echt aus den socken gehauen. +dort unten ist die graue box, und oben drauf sehen sie die zentrifugen. +nun, was dieses ding bewirkt ist, dass es die eingehenden werte von sensoren abfängt -- also zum beispiel von drucksensoren und vibrationssensoren -- und es stellt legitimen code zur verfügung, der noch während dem angriff, mit falschen eingehenden daten, läuft. +und tatsächlich sind dieses falschen eingehenden daten von stuxnet vorher schon aufgenommen. +also ist es genau so wie in hollywoodfilmen, wo während der verfolgungsjagd die überwachungskamera mit vorher aufgenommenem videoaufnahmen gefüttert wird. +das ist cool, nicht wahr? +die idee hierbei ist offensichtlich nicht nur, die maschinenbediener im kontrollraum überlisten. +tatsächlich ist es noch viel gefährlicher und aggressiver. +die idee ist, ein digitales sicherheitssystem zu überlisten. +wir brauchen digitale sicherheitssysteme dort, wo ein menschlicher maschinenbediener nicht schnell genug reagieren kann. +also in einem kraftwerk zum beispiel, wenn die große dampfturbine zu schnell wird, muss man entlastungsventile innerhalb von millisekunden öffnen. +natürlich kann dies nicht von einem menschlichen maschinenführer erledigt werden. +also an dieser stelle brauchen wir digitale sicherheitssysteme. +und wenn die gefährdet sind, dann können wirklich schlimme dinge geschehen. +das kraftwerk kann explodieren. +und weder die maschinenführer, noch das sicherheitssystem wird es bemerken. +das ist beängstigend. +aber es wird noch schlimmer. +und das was ich jetzt sage ist sehr wichtig. +denken sie darüber nach. dieser angriff ist generisch. +er hat nichts speziell zu tun mit zentrifugen, mit urananreicherung. +also würde er beispielsweise genau so gut funktionieren -- in einem kraftwerk oder in einer automobilfabrik. +es ist generisch. +und man muss nicht -- als der angreifer -- muss man die nutzdaten nicht über einen usb- stick anbringen, wie wir es bei stuxnet gesehen haben. +man könnte auch gewöhnliche wurm- technologie zum verbreiten verwenden. +man muss es nur so weit wie möglich verbreiten. +und wenn man das tut, erhält man schließlich eine cyber- massenvernichtungswaffe. +das ist die konsequenz, der wir uns stellen müssen. +also unglücklicherweise liegt die größte nummer von zielen für solche angriffe nicht im mittleren osten. +sie liegen in den vereinigten staaten, in europa und japan. +also all diese grünen gebiete, dies sind die zielreichsten umgebungen. +wir müssen uns den konsequenzen stellen und wir fangen besser an uns vorzubereiten. +danke. +ich habe eine frage. +ralph, es wurde sehr viel davon berichtet, dass leute vermuten, dass der mossad die hauptorganisation dahinter ist. +ist das auch deine meinung? +okay, du willst das wirklich wissen? +ja. okay. +meiner meinung nach ist der mossad involviert, aber die treibende kraft ist nicht israel. +also die treibende kraft dahinter ist die cyber- supermacht. +es gibt nur eine und das sind die vereinigten staaten -- zum glück, zum glück. +denn andernfalls wäre unser problem sogar noch größer. +danke, dass du uns eine heidenangst eingejagt hast. danke ralph. +ich habe die letzten paar jahre damit verbracht, mich in situationen zu platzieren, die normalerweise sehr schwierig und gleichzeitig irgendwie gefährlich sind. +ich bin ins gefängnis gegangen -- schwierig. +ich habe in einem kohlebergwerk gearbeitet -- gefährlich. +ich habe in kriegsgebieten gefilmt -- schwierig und gefährlich. +und ich habe 30 tage damit verbracht, nichts als dies hier zu essen -- spaßig am anfang, ein bisschen schwierig in der mitte, sehr gefährlich am ende. +eigentlich habe ich mich den größten teil meiner karriere dem anschein nach fürchterlichen situationen ausgesetzt, und das alles nur für den versuch, gesellschaftliche belang so zu untersuchen das sie fesselnd und interessant sind, und hoffentlich auf eine art verständlich, was sie für das publikum unterhaltsam und zugänglich macht. +als ich also wusste, dass ich hierher kommen würde, um in einem tedtalk die welt von branding und sponsoring zu betrachten, wusste ich, dass ich etwas ein wenig anderes machen würde. +einige von ihnen haben vielleicht davon gehört, dass ich vor ein paar wochen eine anzeige bei ebay geschaltet habe. +ich verschickte ein paar facebook-nachrichten, einige twitter-nachrichten, und ich gab leuten die möglichkeit, die namensrechte an meinem tedtalk 2011 zu erstehen. +wirklich, einige glückliche personen und firmen, for-profit und non-profit, erhielten die einmalige gelegenheit -- denn ich bin mir sicher, dass chris anderson das nie wieder zulassen wird -- die namensrechte an dem talk zu kaufen, den sie gerade sehen, der zu dem zeitpunkt weder einen titel hatte noch viel inhalt und nicht viele hinweise darauf gab, was das thema eigentlich sein würde. +was man also bekam, war folgendes: ihr name hier präsentiert: mein tedtalk, von dem sie keine ahnung haben, was das thema sein wird, und der ihnen je nach inhalt schlussendlich um die ohren fliegen könnte, besonders, wenn ich ihre firma für ihre beteiligung dumm dastehen ließe. +aber davon mal abgesehen, ist es eine sehr gute mediale gelegenheit. +wissen sie, wie viele menschen diese tedtalks ansehen? +eine ganze menge. +das ist übrigens nur der arbeitstitel. +trotz dieser warnung also wusste ich, dass irgendjemand die namensrechte kaufen würde. +wenn sie mich dies nun vor einem jahr gefragt hätten, wäre ich nicht in der lage gewesen, ihnen dies mit gewissheit zu sagen. +aber in dem neuen projekt, an dem ich arbeite, mein neuer film, untersuchen wir die welt des marketing, der werbung. +wie ich schon sagte, habe ich mich im laufe der jahre in einige ziemlich schreckliche situationen begeben, aber nichts konnte mich vorbereiten, nichts konnte mir rüsten, auf irgendetwas so schwieriges und so gefährliches wie mit diesen typen in einen raum zu gehen. +wissen sie, ich hatte die idee für einen film. +was ich machen möchte, ist ein film rund um product placement, marketing und werbung, wobei der ganze film finanziert wird durch product placement, marketing und werbung. +und der film wird "the greatest movie ever sold" heißen. +was also in "the greatest movie ever sold" passiert, ist, dass alles, von oben bis unten, vom anfang bis zum ende, vollkommen mit marken versehen ist -- vom titelsponsor, den sie im film sehen werden, das ist die marke x. +nun diese marke, das qualcomm stadion, das staples center... +diese leute werden mit dem film in ewigkeit verbunden sein – für immer. +und so wird der film diese ganze idee untersuchen -- das ist was? in ewigkeit, für immer? +ich bin eine redundante person. +das war mehr zur betonung. +es war "in ewigkeit, für immer." +aber wir werden nicht nur die marke x als titelsponsor haben, sondern wir werden sicher stellen, dass wir jede mögliche kategorie im film verkaufen werden. +so verkaufen wir vielleicht einen schuh und er wird der großartigste schuh, den sie je getragen haben... +das großartigste auto, das sie je gefahren sind, aus "the greatest movie ever sold" das großartigste getränk, das sie je gehabt haben, eine aufmerksamkeit von "the greatest movie ever sold". +die idee ist also, abgesehen davon zu zeigen, dass marken ein teil des lebens sind, eigentlich, sie dazu zu bringen, den film zu finanzieren? +und wir zeigen tatsächlich den ganzen prozess davon, wie es funktioniert. +das ziel des ganzen films ist transparenz. +sie werden die ganze sache im film von statten gehen sehen. +das ist also das ganze konzept, der ganze film, von anfang bis ende. +und ich würde mich freuen, wenn ceg dabei helfen würde, dies zu verwirklichen. +wissen sie, es ist lustig, denn als ich es zuerst gehört habe, es ist der ultimative respekt für das publikum. +ich weiß aber nicht, wie empfänglich leute sein werden. +haben sie eine perspektive -- ich möchte nicht "blickwinkel" benutzen, denn das hat eine negative konnotation -- aber wissen sie, wie sich das entwickeln wird? +wie viel geld wird benötigt, um das zu realisieren? +1,5 millionen. +ich denke, dass es schwer wird, sie zu treffen, aber ich denke, es ist es auf jeden fall wert, einige wirklich bekannte marken anzusprechen. +wer weiß, wenn der film dann raus kommt, sehen wir vielleicht wie eine horde vollidioten aus. +was glauben sie, wie die antwort sein wird? +die antwort wird höchst wahrscheinlich "nein" sein. +aber ist es eine schwierige sache wegen des films oder eine schwierige sache wegen mir? +jk: beides. +... bedeutet also, nicht so optimistisch. +also, mein herr, können sie mir helfen? ich brauche hilfe. +ich kann helfen. +okay. +fantastisch. +wir müssen überlegen, welche marken. +ja. +wenn sie sich die leute anschauen, mit denen sie es zu tun haben... +es gibt einige stellen, an die wir uns wenden können. +stellen sie die kamera aus. +ich dachte, "stellen sie die kamera aus" würde bedeuten, dass wir ein hintergrundgespräch führen wollten. +es stellte sich heraus, dass es in wirklichkeit bedeutete, "wir wollen mit ihrem film nichts zu tun haben." +und einfach so verschwanden all diese firmen, eine nach der anderen. +keine wollte etwas mit dem film zu tun haben. +ich war erstaunt. +sie wollten absolut nichts mit dem projekt zu tun haben. +und ich war verwirrt, denn ich dachte, das ganze konzept, die idee von werbung sei, dein produkt so vielen menschen wie möglich zu präsentieren, es so viele menschen wie möglich sehen lassen. +besonders in der heutigen welt, an dieser schnittstelle von neuen und alten medien und der zerstückelten medienlandschaft -- ist es nicht die idee, in diesem neuen aufregenden vermittlungsinstrument zu sein, dass den massen diese nachricht bringt. +nein, das war, was ich dachte. +aber sehen sie, das problem war, dass meine idee einen fatalen fehler hatte, und das war folgender. +eigentlich nein, das war überhaupt nicht der fehler. +das wäre überhaupt kein problem gewesen. +das wäre okay gewesen. +aber das, wofür dieses bild steht, ist ein problem. +sehen sie, wenn sie transparenz bei der google-suche eingeben ist das -- dies ist eins der ersten bilder, das erscheint. +ich mag wirklich deine art, sergey brin. nun. +das war das problem: transparenz -- frei von täuschung und tücke, einfach zu entdecken und durchschauen; sofort verständlich; charakterisiert von sichtbarkeit und dem zugang zu informationen, besonders, was geschäftspraktiken angeht -- die letzte zeile ist sicherlich das größte problem. +wissen sie, wir hören derzeit eine ganze menge über transparenz. +unsere politiker sagen es, unser präsident sagt es, sogar unsere ceos sagen es. +doch wenn es soweit kommt, dass es umgesetzt werden soll, verändert sich irgendetwas. +aber warum? nun, transparenz ist angst einflößend -- wie dieser merkwürdige bär, der immernoch brüllt. +sie ist unvorhersagbar -- wie diese seltsame landstraße. +und sie ist auch sehr riskant. +was ist sonst noch riskant? +eine ganze schale cool whip essen. +das ist sehr riskant. +als ich also anfing, mit den firmen zu sprechen und ihnen zu erzählen, dass wir diese geschichte erzählen wollten, sagten sie: "nein, wir wollen, dass du eine geschichte erzählst. +wir wollen, dass du eine geschichte erzählst, aber wir wollen nur, dass du unsere geschichte erzählst. " +sehen sie, als ich ein kind war und mein vater mich beim lügen erwischte -- und da sitzt er und schaut mich mit diesem blick an -- würde er sagen, "mein sohn, es gibt bei jeder geschichte drei versionen. +es gibt deine version, es gibt meine version, und es gibt die wahre version. " +sie sehen also, mit diesem film wollten wir die wahre version erzählen. +aber da nur eine firma, eine agentur bereit war, uns zu helfen -- und das auch nur, weil ich john bond und richard kirshenbaum seit jahren kenne -- stellte ich fest, dass ich es allein tun musste, ich musste den mittelsmann umgehen und direkt mit meinem team zu den firmen gehen. +was sie also plötzlich begannen zu verstehen -- oder was ich begann zu verstehen -- war, dass, wenn man beginnt, mit diesen firmen zu sprechen, die idee, wie deine marke verstanden wird, ein umfassendes problem ist. +ich habe freunde, die große, gigantische hollywood-filme machen, und ich habe freunde, die kleine independent-filme wie ich machen. +und meine freunde, die große, gigantische hollywood-filme machen, sagen, dass der grund, warum ihre filme so erfolgreich sind, an den markenpartnern liegt, die sie haben. +und dann sagen meine freunde, die kleine independent-filme machen, "nun, wie sollen wir mit diesen großen, gigantischen hollywood-filmen konkurrieren?" +und der film heißt "the greatest movie ever sold." +wie genau werden wir also ban in dem film sehen? +immer, wenn ich mich auf den weg mache, und immer, wenn ich den medizinschrank öffne, werden sie ban deodorant sehen. +und jedes mal, wenn ich jemanden interviewe, kann ich sagen: "sind sie frisch genug für dieses interview? +sind sie soweit? sie sehen ein wenig nervös aus. +ich möchte ihnen helfen, sich zu beruhigen. +vielleicht sollten sie also vor dem interview ein wenig hiervon auflegen. " +und dann bieten wir einen dieser großartigen düfte an. +entweder "floral fusion" oder einen "paradise winds", sie werden die wahl haben. +wir werden sowohl für männer als auch für frauen ausgerüstet sein -- fest, roll-on, oder einen stick, was auch immer. +das ist die kurzfassung. +nun kann ich alle ihre fragen beantworten und ihnen eine ausfühliche fassung geben. +wir sind eine kleinere marke. +so wie sie über die kleineren filme gesprochen haben, sind wir als marke ein herausforderer. +wir haben also nicht so ein budget wie andere marken. +solche sachen also zu machen -- wissen sie, erinnert leute an ban -- das ist irgendwie, warum wir interessiert sind. +mit welchen worten würden sie ban beschreiben? +ban ist blank. +das ist eine großartige frage. +frau: überlegene technologie. +technologie ist nicht die art, wie man etwas beschreiben sollte, das sich jemand unter die achseln tut. +wir sprechen von kühn, frisch. +ich denke, "frisch" ist ein super wort, dass diese kategorie wirklich zu etwas positivem macht, im gegensatz zu "bekämpft geruch und feuchtigkeit." +es hält dich frisch. +wie können wir sie länger frisch halten -- bessere frische, mehr frische, dreimal frischer. +solche sachen haben eine positivere wirkung. +und das ist ein millionen-konzern. +was ist mit mir? was ist mit dem druchschittstypen? +ich muss mit dem mann auf der straße sprechen, die so sind wie ich, otto-normal-verbraucher. +sie sollen mir etwas über meine marke erzählen. +wie würdet ihr eure marke beschreiben? +hmmm, meine marke? +ich weiß nicht. +ich mag wirklich gern schöne kleidung. +frau: 80er revival trifft auf skaterpunk, außer am waschtag. +nun gut, was ist die marke gerry? +einzigartig. +ich denke, das genre, der stil, den ich habe, ist wohl "dark glamour". +ich mag viele schwarze farben, viele grautöne und so ein zeug. +aber normalerweise habe ich ein accessoire, wie sonnenbrillen, oder ein schmuck und so ein zeugs. +frau: wenn dan eine marke wäre, wäre er wahrscheinlich ein klassisches mercedes cabrio. +mann 2: die marke, die ich bin, ist, würde ich sagen, lässige fliege. +frau 2: teils hippie, teils yogi, teils brooklyn-mädchen -- ich weiß nicht. +mann 3: ich bin der schmusetyp. +ich verkaufe schmusetiere im ganzen land, weltweit. +ich denke also, dass das meine marke ist. +das ist meine marke in meiner kleinen, verzerrten industrie. +mann 4: meine marke ist fedex, weil ich waren ausliefere. +mann 5: marke gescheiteter alkoholsüchtiger schreiberling. +geht das? +anwalt: ich bin eine anwaltsmarke. +ich bin tom. +nun, wir können nicht alle die tom-marke sein, aber ich sehe mich oft an der schnittstelle von dark glamour und lässiger fliege. +und was ist bemerkte, war, dass ich einen experten brauchte. +ich brauchte jemanden, der in meinen kopf eindringen könnte, jemand, der mir wirklich helfen könnte zu verstehen, was man die "markenpersönlichkeit" nennt. +und so fand ich eine firma namens olson zaltman in pittsburg. +sie haben firmen wie nestle, febreze, hallmark geholfen, diese markenpersönlichkeit zu entdecken. +wenn sie es für die tun konnten, konnten sie mir bestimmt auch helfen. +sie haben ihre bilder mitgebracht, ja? +das habe ich. das erste bild ist ein bild meiner familie. +erzählen sie mir einfach ein wenig, wie das mit ihren gedanken und gefühlen über sie selbst verbunden ist. +dies sind die menschen, die meine weltsicht formen. +erzählen sie mir von dieser welt. +md: diese welt? ich denke, die eigene welt ist die welt, in der man lebt -- wie menschen um einen herum, die freunde, die familie, die art, wie man sein leben lebt, die arbeit und so. +all diese dinge stammen und beginnen von einem ort, und für mich stammen und beginnen sie mit meiner familie in west virginia. +was ist das nächste, über das sie sprechen wollen. +das nächste. dies war der schönste tag meines lebens. +in welchem zusammenhang steht das zu den gedanken und gefühlen über sie selbst? +es ist so, wie ich gerne sein möchte. +ich mag dinge, die anders sind. +ich mag dinge, die sonderbar sind. ich mag sonderbare dinge. +erzählen sie mir über die "warum" -phase -- was bringt sie uns? +was ist die machete? in welchem puppenstadium befinden sie sich derzeit? +warum ist es wichtig, neuzustarten? was repräsentiert das rot? +erzählen sie mir ein wenig über diesen teil. +ein bisschen mehr über sie, das nicht sie sind. +welche weiteren metamorphosen haben sie durchlaufen? +... das muss keine angst sein. in welcher art von achterbahn befinden sie sich? +eeeeee! nein, danke ihnen! +vielen dank für ihre geduld. +ja.. nun gut. +ja, ich weiß nicht, was sich daraus ergeben wird. +da gingen ganz schön viele verrückte dinge vor sich. +das erste, was ich sah, war diese idee, dass ihre markenpersönlichekti zwei getrennte, aber sich ergänzende seiten hat -- die morgan spurlock-marke ist eine achtsame / verspielte marke. +die ergänzen sich sehr gut. +und ich denke, es gibt fast einen widerspruch damit. +und ich denke, einige firmen werden sich nur auf eine stärke konzentrieren, anstatt auf beide. +viele firmen neigen dazu -- und das ist die menschliche natur -- sachen zu vermeiden, bei denen sie sich nicht sicher sind, sie werden angst vermeiden, diese elemente, und dass sie diese willkommen heißen, und sie verwandeln sie für sich selbst tatsächlich in etwas positives, und das ist ein geschickter schachzug. +welche anderen marken handeln so? +die erste ist ein klassiker, apple. +und sie können es hier auch sehen, target, wii, mini von mini coopers und jetblue. +nun, es gibt verspielte marken und achtsame marken, diese sachen, die kommen und gehen, aber eine verspielte, achtsame marke ist eine ziemlich starke sache. +eine achtsame, verspielte marke. wie ist ihre marke? +wenn jemand sie bitten würde, ihre markenidentität zu beschreiben, ihre markenpersönlichkeit, wie wäre sie? +sie sie ein up-attribut? sind sie etwas, dass das blut in wallungen bringt? +oder sind sie eher ein down-attribut? +sind sie etwas, das ein wenig ruhiger, reservierter, konservativer ist? +up-attribute sind dinge, die verspielt sind, frisch wie der fresh prince, zeitgemäß, abenteuerlich, ausgefallen und lieblich wie erol flynn, wendig und agil, profan, herrisch, magisch und mystisch wie gandalf. +oder sind sie eher wie ein down-attribut? +sind sie achtsam und mondän wie 007? +sind sie etabliert, traditionell, pflegend, beschützend, mitfühlend wie oprah? +sind sie verlässlich, stabil, familiär, sicher, geborgen, heilig, bedacht und weise wie der dalai lama oder yoda? +im laufe des films hatten wir mehr als 500 firmen, die up und down-firmen waren und die "nein" sagten, weil sie nicht teil des projekts sein wollten. +sie wollten vor allem nichts mit diesem film zu tun haben, weil sie keine kontrolle hatten, keine kontrolle über das fertige produkt. +aber wird fanden 17 markenpartner, die bereit waren, auf diese kontrolle zu verzichten, die mit jemandem geschäfte machen wollten so achtsam und verspielt wie ich, und die uns schließlich dazu befähigten, geschichten zu erzählen, die wir normalerweise nicht hätten erzählen können -- geschichten, die ein werber normalerweise nie unterstützen würde. +sie befähigten uns, die geschichte vom neuromarketing zu erzählen, so wie wir die geschichte in diesem film erzählen, dass man heutzutage mris benutzt, um die lustzentren des hirns anzupeilen, sowohl um werbung als auch filme zu machen. +wir fuhren nach sao paulo, wo außenwerbung verboten worden ist. +in der gesamten stadt findet sich seit fünf jahren keine anzeigentafel, kein poster, keine flyer, nichts. +und wir fuhren in schulbezirke, in denen firmen sich ihren weg bahnen in verarmte schulen, in ganz amerika. +das unglaubliche für mich ist, dass die projekte von denen ich das meiste feedback bekam oder wo ich den größten erfolg hatte, jene sind, wo ich mit dingen direkt interagierte. +und das ist, was diese marken getan haben, +denn sie umgingen den mittelsmann, sie umgingen die agenturen, und sagten, dass die agenturen vielleicht nicht wirklich ihr interesse im sinn haben. +ich werde mit dem künstler direkt verhandeln. +ich werde mit ihm arbeiten und etwas vollkommen anderes schaffen, etwas, dass die leute zum nachdenken bringt, dass unser weltbild herausfordert. +und wie war das für sie? was es erfolgreich? +nun, da der film beim sundance film festival premiere hatte, können wir uns das mal anschauen. +laut burrelles war die premiere im januar, und seitdem -- und das ist nicht einmal die ganze sache -- gab es 900 millionen aufrufe von diesem film. +das umfasst tatsächlich nur einen zeitraum von 2 1 / 2 wochen. +das ist nur online -- keine presse, kein fernsehen. +der film wurde noch nicht ausgeliefert. +es gibt ihn noch nicht einmal online. kein streaming. +er ist noch nicht in anderen ländern raus gekommen. +nun, schließlich hat der film ein sehr großes momentum erlangt. +und das ist nicht schlecht für ein projekt, bei dem fast jede werbeagentur, mit der wir sprachen, ihren kunden empfohlen hat, die finger davon zu lassen. +etwas, woran ich fest glaube, ist, dass wenn man seine chance ergreift, risiken eingeht, dass in diesen risiken möglichkeiten stecken. +ich glaube, wenn man leute davon abhält, dann bringt man sie näher ans versagen. +ich glaube, dass, wenn man seine angestellten trainiert, risiken zu vermeiden, man die ganze firma darauf vorbereitet, einen profit zu erlangen. +ich habe das gefühl, dass wir beim voranschreiten leute ermutigen müssen, risiken einzugehen. +wir müssen leute ermutigen, keine angst zu haben vor möglichkeiten, die sie vielleicht verängstigen. +schließlich, beim voranschreiten sollten wir die angst willkommen heißen. +wir sollten den bär in den käfig stecken. +heißen sie die angst willkommen. heißen sie das risiko willkommen. +jeweils einen großen löffel voll, so heißen wir das risiko willkommen. +und schließlich, sollten wir transparenz willkommen heißen. +heutzutage, mehr als je zuvor, bringt uns ein bisschen ehrlichkeit sehr weit. +und das gesagt, mit ehrlichkeit und transparenz, mein gesamter talk "heißen sie transparenz willkommen" wurde ihnen präsentiert von meinen guten freunden von emc, die $7100 für die namensrechte bei ebay bezahlten. +große daten werden für organisationen auf der ganzen welt in große gelegenheiten verwandelt. +emc präsentiert "heißen sie transparenz willkommen" +vielen dank euch. +nun, morgan, im namen der transparenz dies: was ist nun genau mit den $7100 passiert? +das ist eine großartige frage. +ich habe in meiner tasche einen scheck, ausgestellt auf die oberorganisation der ted-organisation, die sapling-stiftung -- einen scheck in höhe von $7100, um meinen ted-auftritt im nächsten jahr zu finanzieren. +mein name ist amit. +vor 18 monaten machte ich etwas anderes bei google, und ich regte an, etwas mit museen und kunst zu machen. meine chefin, die heute auch ist, gab mir grünes licht. +und es dauerte 18 monate. +eine menge spaßiger verhandlungen und geschichten, das kann ich ihnen sagen, mit 17 sehr interessanten museen aus neun ländern. +aber ich werde mich auf die vorführung konzentrieren. +es gibt eine menge geschichten darüber, warum wir dies getan haben. +ich denke, meine persönliche sicht ist sehr einfach mit dieser folie und ihrem zugriff erklärt. +ich wuchs in indien auf. +mir wurde eine großartige ausbildung zuteil – ich beschwere mich nicht – aber ich hatte zu vielen museen und diesen kunstwerken keinen zugang. +als ich dann reiste, und diese museen zu besuchen, begann ich eine menge zu lernen. +und während ich für google arbeitete, versuchte ich diese sehnsucht – kunst zugänglicher zu machen – mit technologie zusammen zu führen. +wir bildeten dann ein team, eine großartige mannschaft, und wir begannen hiermit. +ich werde wohl mit der demonstration beginnen, und ihnen einige interessante dinge erzählen, die seit dem start passierten. +man geht also einfach zu googleartproject.com. +man kann sich in all diesen museen hier umsehen. +da ist das uffizi, das moma, die hermitage, das rijks, das van gogh. +ich komme sogar in eins meiner liebsten, das metropolitan museum of art in new york. +man kommt auf zwei wegen rein – sehr einfach. +click, und wumms, ist man im diesem museum. +es spielt keine rolle, wo sie sind – bombay, mexico, es macht keinen unterschied. +man geht umher und amüsiert sich. +sie wollen sich im museum orientieren? +öffnen sie die karte, und springen sie mit einem klick. +drin sind sie, sie wollen bis ans ende des gangs. +nur weiter. viel spaß. +stöbern sie. +danke, aber das beste kommt noch. +nun bin ich also vor einem meiner lieblingsbilder, erntearbeiter von pieter breugel in der met. +ich sehe dieses pluszeichen. +wenn das museum uns das bild gegeben hat, klicken sie darauf. +dies ist nun eins der bilder. +das hier sind alle metadaten. +jene von ihnen, die wirklich an kunst interessiert sind, können hier klicken – aber ich klicke das jetzt weg. +dies ist eins der bilder, die wir festgehalten haben mit der sogenannten gigapixel-technologie. +dieses bild zum beispiel hat etwa 10 milliarden bildpunkte, glaube ich. +und eine menge leute fragen mich: "was bekommt man für 10 milliarden bildpunkte?" +das werde ich ihnen jetzt zeigen: +man kann sehr leicht rein und rauszoomen. +sie sehen etwas lustiges hier. +ich liebe diesen kerl; sein ausdruck ist unbezahlbar. +aber dann wollen sie wirklich tief hinein. +und so fing ich an herum zu spielen, und stellte fest, dass dort etwas vor sich geht. +und ich dachte: "moment mal, das klingt interessant." +ich ging nah ran, und bemerkte langsam, das diese kinder tatsächlich etwas schlugen. +ich forschte ein wenig, sprach mit einigen bekannten beim met, und fand tatsächlich heraus, das es sich um ein spiel namens squail handelt, bei dem eine gans am fastnachtsdienstag mit einem stock geschlagen wird. +scheinbar war es recht beliebt. +ich weiß nicht, warum sie es taten, aber ich lernte etwas darüber. +um wirklich nah heran zu gehen, kann man bis zu den rissen gehen. +nur um ihnen den überblick zu geben, zoome ich heraus, damit sie sehen, was man bekommt. +hier waren wir, und dies ist das gemälde. +das beste kommt aber noch – in einer sekunde. +lassen sie uns schnell zum moma springen, wieder in new york. +ein weiteres lieblingsbild von mir, sternennacht. +bei dem vorigen beispiel ging es darum, einzelheiten zu finden, +aber was, wenn man die pinselstriche sehen will? +und was erst, wenn man sehen will wie van gogh dieses meisterwerk denn erschaffen hat? +man zoomed hinein. man kann wirklich hinein gehen. +ich werde in einen meiner lieblingsteile dieses bildes zoomen, bis ich wirklich bei den rissen bin. +das ist sternennacht, wohl niemals zuvor so gesehen. +nun werde ich ihnen meine liebste funktion zeigen. +es gibt noch viele weitere, aber mir fehlt die zeit. +das ist der wirklich coole teil, er heißt sammlungen. +jeder von ihnen, jeder – gleich ob reich oder arm, ob sie ein tolles haus haben – spielt keine rolle. +sie können loslegen und online ihr eigenes museum erschaffen – aus all diesen bildern können sie ihre eigene sammlung anlegen. +ganz einfach, sie gehen hinein – und ich habe dies geschaffen, es heißt die macht des zoom – sie können umherzoomen. +das ist 'die gesandten', in der nationalgallerie. +sie können alles mit anmerkungen versehen, ihren freunden schicken, und so eine unterhaltung beginnen darüber, was sie fühlen, wenn sie diese meisterwerke betrachten. +ich denke, abschließend, ist für mich die hauptsache, dass all die wunderbaren sachen hier nicht von google kommen. +sie kommen meines erachtens nach nicht mal aus den museen. +das sollte ich vielleicht nicht sagen. +sie kommen von den künstlern. +und das war eine erfahrung in demut für mich. +ich meine, ich hoffe dass wir mit diesem digitalen medium der kunst gerecht werden, und sie ordentlich online repräsentieren. +dabei ist die größte frage, die mir neulich gestellt wird: "haben sie das gemacht, um die erfahrung eines museumsbesuchs zu replizieren?" +die antwort darauf ist nein. +es soll die erfahrung ergänzen. +darum geht es. dankeschön. +danke. +dies ist eine darstellung ihres gehirns. ihr gehirn kann in zwei hälften unterteilt werden. +das ist die linke hälfte, die die logische seite ist und dann die rechte hälfte, die die intuitive seite ist. +wenn wir einen maßstab hätten um die aptitute jeder hemisphäre zu messen, könnten wir ihr gehirn darstellen. +zum beispiel, wäre diese jemand, der vollständig logisch ist. +dies wäre jemand, der komplett intuitiv ist. +nun, wo würden sie ihr gehirn auf diesem maßstab positionieren? +einige von uns haben sich vielleicht für eins dieser extreme entschieden, aber ich denke, dass, für die meisten menschen im publikum, ihr gehirn etwa so aussieht -- mit einer hohen aptitute, die gleichzeitig in beiden hemisphären ist. +es ist nicht so, als ob sie beide exklusiv sind oder dergleichen. +sie können logisch und intuitiv sein. +und so sehe ich mich als eine der personen, gemeinsam mit dem meisten anderen experimentellen quantenphysikern, die einen guten anteil logik benötigen um die komplexen ideen zusammen zu fügen. +aber gleichzeitig benötigen wir einen guten anteil intuition um die experimente tatsächlich auszuführen. +wie entwickeln wir diese intuition? nun, wir lieben es mit dingen zu spielen. +wir gehen also raus und spielen damit und schauen dann wie es reagiert. und dann fangen wir dort an unsere intuition zu entwickeln. +im grunde machen sie das gleiche. +also eine der intuitionen die sie über die jahre entwickelt haben, ist vermutlich, dass ein ding zur gleichen zeit nur an einem ort sein kann. +ich meine, es kann seltsam klingen darüber nachzudenken, dass ein ding zur gleichen zeit an zwei verschiedenen orten ist, aber sie wurden mit dieser idee nicht geboren, sie haben sie entwickelt. +ich erinnere mich daran ein kind beim spielen auf einer bodenschwelle zu sehen. +er war noch ein kleinkind und nicht sehr gut darin und er fiel ständig hin. +aber ich wette, dass ihn das spielen mit der bodenschwelle eine sehr wertvolle lektion lehrte, nämlich das große dinge dich nicht einfach vorbei lassen, und dass sie an einer stelle bleiben. +und das ist ein großartiges konzeptionelles modell der welt, so lange sie kein teilchenphysiker sind. +es wäre ein furchtbares modell für einen teilchenphysiker, weil sie nicht mit bodenschwellen spielen, sondern mit diesen kleinen seltsamen teilchen. +und wenn sie mit ihren teilchen spielen, stellen sie alle möglichen seltsamen dinge fest -- wie dass sie direkt durch mauern fliegen, oder dass sie zur gleichen zeit an zwei verschiedenen orten sein können. +und so schrieben sie alle diese beobachtungen auf, und nannten sie die theorie der quantenmechanik. +das war der stand der physik vor einigen jahren; man brauchte quantenmechanik um die kleinen, winzigen teilchen zu beschreiben. +aber man brauchte sie nicht um die großen alltäglichen objekte um uns herum zu beschreiben. +das hat meine intuition nicht gemocht und das vielleicht nur weil ich nicht so oft mit teilchen spiele. +naja, ich spiele manchmal mit ihnen, aber nicht sehr oft. +und ich habe sie noch nie gesehen. +ich meine, niemand hat jemals ein teilchen gesehen. +aber meine logische seite hat es auch nicht gemocht. +denn wenn alle sachen aus teilchen bestehen und all diese teilchen den regeln der quantenmechanik folgen, sollte dann nicht einfach alles den regeln der quantenmechanik folgen? +ich sehe keinen grund, warum das nicht so sein sollte. +ich würde mich also deutliche besser mit der ganzen sache fühlen, wenn wir irgendwie zeigen könnten, dass alltagsgegenstände auch den regeln der quantenmechanik folgen. +also machte ich mich vor ein paar jahren daran, genau das zu tun. +ich erschuf eins. +dies ist das erste objekt, das sie sehen können, das in der quantenmechanischen superposition war. +was wir uns hier also ansehen ist ein winziger computer chip. +und sie können diesen grünen punkt dort in der mitte sehen. +das ist das stück metall über das ich gleich reden werde. +das ist ein bild des objekts. +hier vergrößere ich es etwas. wir schauen genau hier ins zentrum. +und hier ist eine wirklich sehr große nahaufnahme dieses kleinen stücks metall. +was wir uns also ansehen ist ein kleines stück metall es ist wie ein sprungbrett geformt und es steht über der kante über. +ich machte also dieses ding auf ähnliche weise auf die man einen computer chip macht. +ich ging ein einen sauberen raum mit neuen siliziumscheiben, und rackerte für 100 stunden an all den großen geräten. +für das letzte bisschen musste ich meine eigene maschine bauen -- um dieses wie ein swimming pool geformte loch und das ding zu bekommen. +dieses ding hat die hat die fähigkeit in der quantenmechanischen superposition zu sein aber es braucht ein ein wenig hilfe um es zu tun. +schauen sie, lassen sie mich ihnen eine analogie geben. +sie wissen, wie unbehaglich es ist in einem vollen aufzug zu sein? +ich meine, wenn ich alleine im aufzug bin, dann mache ich alle möglichen seltsamen sachen aber dann steigen andere menschen hinzu und ich höre auf all diese dinge zu machen, weil ich sie nicht damit belästigen will, oder, offen gesagt, sie verschrecke. +quantenmechanik sagt also, dass unbewegliche objekte sich genauso fühlen. +die mitfahrer für unbewegliche objekte sind nicht nur menschen, sondern auch das licht, das auf sie scheint und der wind, der an ihnen vorbei fegt und die hitze des raums. +und so wussten wir, dass wenn wir sehen wollten, dass dieses stück metall sich quantenmechanisch verhält, wir die ganzen mitreisenden raus schmeissen mussten. +und das haben wir dann getan. +wir haben das licht ausgeschaltet, legten es in ein vakuum und saugten die ganze luft aus und kühlten es bis fast zum jetzt, ganz alleine im aufzug, war das stück metall frei, sich zu verhalten wie immer es wollte. +also haben wir seine bewegung gemessen. +wir stellten fest, dass es sich wirklich seltsam bewegt. +anstatt, dass es einfach ruhig da liegt, vibrierte es. die art wie es vibrierte war ungefähr so wie dies hier -- wie ein sich ausdehnender und zusammen ziehender blasebalg. +in dem wir ihm einen kleinen schubs gaben, konnten wir es veranlassen zur gleichen zeit zu vibrieren und nicht zu vibrieren -- etwas was nur in der quantenmechanik erlaubt ist. +was ich ihnen gerade erzähle ist also was wahrhaft fantastisches. +was heißt es für ein objekt zur gleichen zeit zu vibrieren und nicht zu vibrieren? +lassen sie uns über die atome nachdenken. +also der erste fall: all die trillionen von atome aus denen das stück metall besteht liegen still da und zur gleichen zeit bewegen sich dieselben atome auf und ab. +nur zu präzisen zeitpunkten stimmen sie überein. +den rest der zeit sind sie delokalisiert. +das heisst, dass jedes atom zur gleichen zeit an zwei unterschiedlichen orten ist, was gleichzeitig heisst, dass das gesamte stück metall an zwei verschiedenen orten ist. +ich denke, dass das richtig cool ist. +wirklich. +das war es wert mich für all diese jahr in dem sauberen raum einzuschliessen. denn, überprüfen sie das, der massstabsunterschied zwischen einem einzelnen atom und diesem stück metall ist ungefähr genauso wie der unterschied zwischen dem stück metall und ihnen. +wenn also ein einzelnes atom zur gleichen zeit an zwei verschiedenen orten sein kann, dieses stück metall an zwei verschiedenen orten sein kann, warum dann nicht auch sie? +ich meine, das ist nur das was meine logische seite sagt. +so, stellen sie sich vor, sie wären zu gleichen zeit an mehreren orten, wie würde sich das anfühlen? +wie würde ihr bewusstsein damit umgehen, dass ihr körper im raum delokalisiert ist? +es gibt einen weiteren aspekt bei der geschichte. +als wir es aufwärmten, das licht anschalteten und die kiste reinschauten, sahen wir, dass das stück metall immer in einem stück da war. +und so musste ich diese neue intuition entwickeln, dass es so aussieht als ob all die objekte im aufzug in wirklichkeit nur quanten objekte sind, die in einem kleinen raum zusammen gefercht sind. +sie hören eine menge gerede darüber, wie quantenmechanik sagt, dass alles mit allem verbunden ist. +nun, das ist nicht ganz richtig; +da ist noch mehr dahinter, es geht noch tiefer. +es ist so, dass diese verbindungen, ihre verbindungen mit all den dingen um sie herum, buchstäblich definieren wer sie sind. und das ist das tiefsinnige und seltsame der quantenmechanik. +vielen dank. +im jahr 2007 habe ich beschlossen, dass wir rekonzeptualisieren sollten wie wir über wirtschaftliche entwicklung denken. +es sollte unser ziel sein, dass, wenn familien darüber nachdenken, wo sie leben und arbeiten wollen, ihnen die möglichkeit gegeben ist, zwischen mindestens einer hand voll verschiedener städte auszuwählen, die alle in konkurrenz um neue bewohner stehen. +im moment befinden wir uns weit entfernt von diesem ziel. +es gibt milliarden von menschen in entwicklungsländern, denen nicht einmal eine einzige stadt zur verfügung steht, die sie willkommen heißen würde. +aber das erstaunliche an städten ist, dass sie so viel mehr wert sind, als es kostet sie zu bauen. +wir könnten die welt also sehr einfach mit duzenden, vielleicht sogar hunderten von neuen städten ausrüsten. +das klingt jetzt vielleicht absurd für sie, sofern sie noch nie über neue städte nachgedacht haben. +tauschen sie doch einfach den bau von wohnungen gegen den von städten aus. +stellen sie sich vor, die hälfte der leute, die in wohnungen leben wollen, täten dies bereits; die andere hälfte aber noch nicht. +sie könnten versuchen die kapazität der bereits existierende wohnungen zu erweitern. +aber wissen sie worauf sie sich da einlassen würden, in diesen wohnungen und deren umgebung herrschen gesetze um beschwerden zu vermeiden und vom ausbau abzulenken. +es stellt sich also als sehr schwer heraus all diesen erweiterungen nachzukommen. +aber man könnte an einen völlig neuen ort gehen, ein komplett neuen wohnblock bauen, vorausgesetzt die gesetze dort würden einen solchen bau unterstützen und ihn nicht behindern. +ich habe also vorgeschlagen, dass regierungen neue flächen schaffen, die genug platz für eine stadt bieten und habe ihnen einen namen gegeben: charter cities. +später habe ich herausgefunden, dass, etwa um die gleiche zeit, javier und octavio über die herausforderung einer reform in honduras nachgedacht haben. +sie wussten, dass jedes jahr ungefähr 75.000 honduraner ihr land verlassen, um in die vereinigten staaten auszuwandern, und sie wollten wissen, was sie tun könnten, um sicher zu stellen, dass diese menschen in ihrem land bleiben können und genau das selbe in honduras tun können. +an dieser stelle hat javier zu octavio gesagt, "was passiert, wenn wir eine unbesiedelte fläche unseres landes nehmen- was, wenn wir sie einfach einer botschaft geben- einen teil der amerikanischen botschaft; einen teil der kanadischen botschaft- und wenn die leute dann arbeiten gehen wollen unter den kanadischen regeln oder denen der vereinigten staaten, können sie dort arbeiten, und können auf der fläche dieser botschaften alles machen, wozu sie normalerweise nach kanada oder amerika gehen müssten?" +im sommer 2009 litt honduras unter einer heftigen verfassungskrise. +bei den nächsten planmäßigen wahlen, gewann pepe lobo in einem umschwung, dessen programm sowohl neuerungen, als auch schlichtung versprach. +er forderte octavio auf, sein stabschef zu werden. +in der zwischenzeit bereitete ich mich auf einen vortrag bei tedglobal vor. +durch verbesserung, ausprobieren und durch die untersuchung von verbrauchern, habe ich versucht dieses komplizierte konzept der charter city auf die wesentlichen elemente zu reduzieren. +der erste punkt, ist die wichtigkeit von gesetzen, gesetze, die bestimmen, dass man bereits existierende wohnungsbesitzer nicht stören darf. +wir schenken neuen technologien große beachtung, aber für den fortschritt bedarf es technologien und gesetzen. und es sind für gewöhnlich gesetze, die uns zurückhalten. +im herbst 2010 schickte ein freund aus guatemala octavio den link zu dem tedtalk. +der wiederum zeigte ihn javier. +die beiden riefen mich an. +und sagten, "lass uns das den vorsitzenden unseres landes präsentieren!" +also trafen wir uns im dezember in dem sitzungssaal eines hotels in miami. +ich habe versucht deutlich zu machen, wie wertvoll städte sind, um wie viel wertvoller sie sind als sie kosten. +und ich habe diese grafik verwendet, um zu zeigen wie wertvoll rohland ist an einem ort wie new york. denken sie daran, dass eine fläche in manchen fällen pro quadratmeter tausende von dollars wert ist. +aber es war eine ziemlich abstrakte diskussion, an an einer stelle als es eine pause gab, hat octavio gesagt, "paul, könnten wir uns vielleicht den tedtalk ansehen." +der tedtalk stellte also in sehr einfacher form dar, dass eine charter city ein ort ist, dessen anfang unbewohntes land ist, ein gründungsvertrag, der die gesetze festlegt, die dort herrschen und den menschen die möglichkeit bietet sich zu entscheiden, entweder unter diesen regeln zu leben oder nicht. +darum wurde ich von dem präsidenten von honduras gebeten, der meinte, dass wir dieses projekt verwirklichen müssen, dass es wichtig ist, und dass dies der weg ist unser land voran zu bringen. +ich wurde gebeten nach tegucigalpa zu kommen und noch einmal am vierten und fünften januar einen vortrag zu halten. +also habe ich einen weiteren mit fakten gefüllten vortrag gehalten, der eine grafik wie dieses beinhaltet hat, die versucht zu verdeutlichen, dass, wenn man viel wert schaffen will in einer stadt, es eine sehr große stadt sein muss. +das ist ein bild der stadt denver, und die skizze stellt den neuen flughafen dar, der in denver gebaut wurde. +alleine dieser flughafen hat eine fläche von 100 quadratkilometern. +ich habe also versucht die honduraner davon zu überzeugen, wenn man eine neue stadt bauen will, man mit einem gebiet von mindestens 1000 quadratkilometern beginnen muss. +das sind mehr als 250 tausend morgen. +höflich haben alle applaudiert. +die gesichter der zuschauer waren sehr ernst und aufmerksam. +der leiter des kongresses kam auf die bühne und hat gesagt, "professor romer, ich danke ihnen herzlich für ihren vortrag, aber könnten wir vielleicht den tedtalk anschauen. +ich habe ihn hier auf meinem laptop. " +ich habe mich also hingesetzt, und sie haben den tedtalk abgespielt. +und ich bin zu der kernaussage gekommen, dass eine neue stadt den menschen neue möglichkeiten bietet. +es gäbe die möglichkeit in einer stadt zu leben, die in honduras wäre, anstatt hunderte von kilometern entfernt im norden. +und eine neue stadt schließt auch neue möglichkeiten für führungskräfte mit ein. +die führungskräfte der regierung in honduras wären auf die hilfe aus partnerländern angewiesen, sie könnten von ihren partnerländern profitieren, die sie bei dem aufstellen der gesetze für diesen charta und bei der durchführung unterstützen würden, dass jeder darauf vertrauen kann, dass der charta wirklich durchgesetzt wird. +und die erkenntnis von präsident lobo, war, dass die gewissheit der durchsetzung über die ich nachgedacht habe als einen weg die ausländischen investoren dazu zu bringen herzukommen und diese stadt zu bauen gleichbedeutend sein könnte für alle parteien in honduras, die seit vielen jahren unter angst und misstrauen leiden. +wir sind in ein gebiet gefahren. +dieses bild ist von diesem ort. +es fasst mühelos tausend quadratkilometer. +und kurz danach, am 19. januar, haben sie bei dem kongress für eine änderung der verfassung gestimmt, um eine verfassungsgemäße regelung zu haben, die für spezielle entwicklungsgebiete zulässig ist. +in einem land, das gerade eine heftige krise hinter sich hat, wurde in dem kongress für diese verfassungsänderung mit 124 zu einer stimme gewählt. +alle parteien, alle fraktionen der gesellschaft, unterstützten dies. +um teil der verfassung zu werden, muss es aber zweimal durch den kongress genehmigt werden. +am 17. februar wurde es zum zweiten mal mit 114 zu einer stimme genehmigt. +unmittelbar nach dieser wahl, zwischen dem 21. und dem 24. februar, reiste eine delegation von ungefähr 30 hunduranern an die zwei orte der welt, die am meisten daran interessiert waren, in das geschäft des städtebaus einzusteigen. +der eine ort ist südkorea. +dies ist ein bild von einem großen, neuen stadtzentrum, das in südkorea gebaut wurde- großer als das stadtzentrum bostons. +alles, was sie auf diesem bild sehen können, wurde innerhalb von vier jahren erbaut, nachdem es vier jahre gedauert hat, die genehmigungen zu erhalten. +der andere ort, der sehr am städtebau interessiert war, ist singapur. +es wurden bereits zwei städte in china erbaut und die dritte ist in vorbereitung. +wenn sie also praktisch gesehen darüber nachdenken, ist es das, wo wir heute stehen. +sie haben bereits ein baugrundstück; und sie erwägen bereits diese fläche für die zweite stadt. +es wird bereits an einem rechtssystem gearbeitet, dass managern erlaubt teilzunehmen, und es wird auch an einem externen rechtssystem gearbeitet. +ein land hat bereits angeboten seinen obersten gerichtshof zur verfügung zu stellen, als gericht für die entgültige berufung des dortigen gerichtlichen systems. +auch städtedesigner und -bauer sind sehr interessiert. +sie bringen sogar finanzierung mit ein. +eine sache, wie sie bereits wissen, wurde schon geklärt, es gibt viele mieter. +es gibt viele betriebe, die sich gerne in amerika ansiedeln würden, besonders an einem ort mit einer freihandelszone, und es gibt viele menschen, die gerne dort wohnen würden. +auf der ganzen welt gibt es 700 millionen menschen, die angeben, dass sie gerne dauerhaft an einem anderen ort leben möchten. +eine millionen menschen verlassen jährlich lateinamerika und wandern in die vereinigten staaten aus. +viele von ihnen sind väter, die gezwungen sind, ihre familien zurückzulassen, um sich arbeit zu suchen- manchmal sind es alleinerziehende mütter, die genug geld verdienen müssen, um sich essen und kleidung leisten zu können. +leider sind es manchmal sogar kinder, die versuchen ihre eltern wieder zu finden, die sie, in manchen fällen, seit einem jahrzehnt nicht mehr gesehen haben. +was ist es also für eine idee, darüber nachzudenken in honduras eine völlig neue stadt zu bauen? +oder sogar duzende von diesen städten zu bauen, oder hunderte auf der ganzen welt verteilt? +was ist es also für eine idee, darauf zu bestehen, dass jede familie eine wahl zwischen mehreren städten hat, die in konkurrenz um neue bewohner stehen? +das ist eine idee, die sich lohnt zu verbreiten. +meine freunde aus honduras haben mich gebeten zu sagen, danke ted. +wissen sie, wie viele entscheidungen sie an einem typischen tag machen? +wissen sie, wie viele entscheidungen sie in einer typischen woche treffen? +ich habe vor kurzem eine umfrage mit über 2.000 amerikanern gemacht und die durchschnittliche anzahl von entscheidungen, die angabegemäß ein typischer amerikaner an einem tag macht ist 70. +zudem wurde kürzlich eine studie mit ceos gemacht, in der sie eine woche lang die ceos beobachteten. +und diese wissenschaftler haben einfach die verschiedenen themen dokumentiert mit denen sich diese ceo beschäftigt haben. und wieviel zeit sie damit verbrachten entscheidungen zu treffen, die mit den themen zusammenhängen. +und sie haben herausgefunden, dass ein durchschnittlicher ceo sich in der woche mit 139 aufgaben beschäftigt. +jedes dieser themen bestand natürlich aus vielen, vielen kleineren entscheidungen. +50 prozent ihrer entscheidungen wurden innerhalb von neun minuten oder weniger getroffen. +nur für ungefähr 12 prozent ihrer entscheidungen benötigten sie eine stunde oder mehr ihrer zeit. +denken sie an ihre eigenen entscheidungen. +wissen sie wie viele entscheidungen sie in der neun minuten kategorie treffen gegenüber derjenigen in der eine stunde kategorie? +wie gut, denken sie, sind sie darin die entscheidungen zu bewältigen? +heute möchte ich über eines der größten entscheidungsprobleme unserer modernen zeit sprechen, das entscheidungsüberlastungsproblem. +ich möchte über das problem reden und über einige mögliche lösungen. +nun, wenn ich über dieses problem rede, werde ich ihnen einige fragen stellen und ich möchte ihre antworten wissen. +wenn ich ihnen eine frage stelle, heben sie, da ich blind bin, nur die hand, wenn sie einige kalorien verbrennen möchten. +ansonsten, bitte ich sie, wenn ich ihnen eine frage stelle, und ihre antwort ja ist, also, meine erste frage für heute lautet: sind sie bereit etwas über das entscheidungsüberlastungsproblem zu hören? +vielen dank. +als ich ein abschlussstudent an der stanford universität war, ging ich zu diesem sehr sehr exklusiven lebensmittelladen; zumindest damals war er wirklich exklusiv. +es war ein laden, der draeger 's hieß. +dieses geschäft, es war fast so wie ein vergnügungspark. +sie hatten 250 verschiedene arten von senf und essig und über 500 verschiedene arten von obst und gemüse und mehr als zwei dutzend verschiedene arten an wasser -- und das war zu einer zeit als wir noch tatsächlich leitungswasser getrunken haben. +ich habe es geliebt zu diesem geschäft zu gehen; aber zu einem zeitpunkt habe ich mich gefragt, naja, wie kommt es, dass du nie etwas kaufst? +hier ist der olivenöl gang. +sie hatten über 75 verschieden sorten olivenöl, inklusive denen, die in kästen eingeschlossen waren, die von tausend jahre alten olivenbäumen kamen. +also entschied ich mich eines tages den filialleiter zu besuchen, und ich fragte den leiter, "funktioniert dieses modell, dass sie den menschen all diese möglichkeiten bieten wirklich?" +und er zeigte auf die busladungen von touristen, die jeden tag kamen und gewöhnlich ihre kameras dabei hatten. +wir entschieden uns ein experiment zu unternehmen und wir wählten marmelade für unser experiment. +hier ist ihr marmeladen gang. +sie hatten 348 verschiedene arten von marmelade. +wir haben eine kleine verkostungsecke direkt am eingang des geschäfts aufgestellt. +wir haben dort sechs verschiedene geschmacksrichtungen marmelade oder 24 verschiedene geschmacksrichtungen marmelade hingestellt, und wir haben uns zwei sachen angeschaut: erstens, ich welchem fall würden mehr menschen stehen bleiben und marmelade probieren? +es sind mehr menschen stehen geblieben, wenn es 24 waren, ungefähr 60 prozent, als wenn es sechs waren, ungefähr 40 prozent. +und danach sahen wir uns an in welchem fall die menschen eher ein glas marmelade kauften. +jetzt sahen wir den umgekehrten effekt. +von den menschen die stehen blieben als es 24 waren, kauften nur drei prozent tatsächlich ein glas marmelade. +von den menschen, die stehen blieben als es sechs waren, nun, jetzt sahen wir, dass 30 prozent von ihnen tatsächlich ein glas marmelade kauften. +nun, wenn sie es ausrechnen, kauften die menschen sechs mal eher ein glas marmelade, wen sie sechs zur auswahl hatten, als wenn sie 24 zur auswahl hatten. +nun, sich zu entscheiden kein glas marmelade zu kaufen ist wahrscheinlich gut für uns -- zumindest ist es gut für unsere taille -- aber es stellt sich heraus, dass das entscheidungsüberlastungsproblem uns auch bei sehr konsequenzreichen entscheidungen beeinflusst. +wir entscheiden uns nicht zu entscheiden, auch wenn es gegen unsere eigenen besten interessen geht. +also zum thema des tages: finanzielles sparen. +ich werde ihnen jetzt eine studie beschreiben, die ich mit gur huberman, emir kamenica, wei jang durchführte, in der wir uns die entscheidungen zu sparplänen für die rente von fast einer million amerikanern von ungefähr 650 plänen in den gesamten vereinigten staaten ansahen. +und was wir uns ansahen, war ob die anzahl der fondsangebote, die ein einem rentensparplan möglich waren, der 401 plan, die wahrscheinlichkeit beeinflusst, ob mehr für morgen gespart wird. +und wir fanden heraus, dass es in der tat einen zusammenhang gab. +so in diesen plänen, wir hatten ungefähr 657 plänen die den menschen irgendetwas zwischen zwei bis 59 verschiedenen fonds anboten. +und was wir herausfanden, war, dass je mehr fonds angeboten wurden, dass, in der tat, die teilnahme rate geringer war. +wenn sie sich jetzt die extreme ansehen, die pläne, die zwei fonds anboten, hatten eine teilnahmerate in den siebzigern -- immer noch nicht so hoch, wie wir es wollen. +in den plänen, die fast 60 fonds anboten, fiel die teilnahmerate jetzt auf ungefähr den sechzigsten prozentanteil. +jetzt stellt sich heraus, dass selbst wenn sie sich entschliessen teilzunehmen, wenn mehr möglichkeiten zur auswahl standen, selbst dann, hat es negative konsequenzen. +so tendierten die menschen, die sich entschieden teilzunehmen, eher dazu, dass je mehr möglichkeiten ihnen zur verfügung standen, desto mehr vermieden sie es aktien und fonds zu wählen. +je mehr möglichkeiten ihnen zur verfügung standen, desto eher steckten sie ihr ganzes geld in reine geldmarktkonten. +keine dieser extremen entscheidungen, gehört zu den entscheidungen, die jemand von menschen empfehlen würde, wenn uns ihr zukünftiges finanzielles wohlergehen wichtig ist. +nun, in den letzten zehn jahren haben wir bei menschen drei wesentliche negative konsequenzen beobachtet, die das anbieten von mehr und mehr auswahlmöglichkeiten mit sich bringt. +sie schieben die entscheidung auf -- schieben sie auf, selbst wenn es gegen ihr eigenes bestes interesse geht. +sie treffen eher schlechtere entscheidungen -- schlechtere finanzielle und schlechtere medizinische entscheidungen. +sie entscheiden sich eher für dinge, die sie selbst weniger zufrieden stellen, selbst, wenn sie es objektive besser machen. +der hauptgrund hierfür ist, dass wir es vielleicht geniessen uns diese riesigen regale voller mayonaise, senf, essig und marmelade anzusehen, aber wir faktisch nicht die vergleiche und abgrenzungen ziehen können und dann tatsächlich etwas aus dem fantastischen angebot wählen können. +was ich ihnen also heute vorschlagen möchte sind vier einfache techniken -- techniken, die wir auf verschiedene arten und an verschiedenen forschungsorten getestet haben -- die sie einfach in ihrem geschäft anwenden können. +als erstes: beschränken. +sie haben es vorher schon mal gehört, aber es war nie wahrer als heute, dass weniger mehr ist. +die menschen sind immer beunruhigt wenn ich sage, "beschränken." +sie machen sich immer sorgen, dass sie regalfläche verlieren. +aber in wahrheit, sehen wir es immer mehr und mehr, dass wenn sie bereit sind sich zu beschränken, und die unwichtigen gleichartigen möglichkeiten los werden, nun, dann gibt es einen anstieg der verkaufszahlen, es werden die kosten gesenkt, & amp; und es gibt eine verbesserung der entscheidungswahrnehmung. +als proctor und gamble die verschiedenen head and shoulders arten von 26 auf 15 reduzierte, erlebten sie einen anstieg der verkaufszahlen um 10 prozent. +als die golden cat corporation ihr 10 am schlechtesten verkauften katzenstreus loswurde, erlebten sie, dass die gewinne um 87 prozent anstiegen -- ein ergebnis von beidem, dem anstieg der verkaufszahlen und der reduzierung von kosten. +wissen sie, der durchschnittliche supermakrt heute, bietet ihnen 45.000 produkte an. +ein typischer walmart bietet ihnen heute 100.000 produkte an. +aber der neuntgrößte supermarkt, der heute neuntgrößte supermarkt der welt ist aldi, und sie bieten ihnen nur 1.400 produkte -- eine art von tomatensauce in dosen. +nun in der welt des sparens, ich glaube eines der besten beispiele, die kürzlich auf den markt gekommen sind, darüber wie man am besten die auswahlmöglichkeiten managt, war etwas, bei dem david laibson sehr stark mitgestaltet hat, es ist ein programm, das bei harvard angeboten wird. +jeder einzelne harvard angestellte nimmt jetzt automatisch an einem lebenszeitfond teil. +denjenigen, die wirklich eine auswahl treffen wollen, werden 20 fonds angeboten, nicht 300 oder mehr fonds. +wissen sie, wie die menschen oft sagen, "ich weiß nicht wie ich es beschränken soll. +es sind alles wichtige möglichkeiten. " +und das erste was ich die angestellten frage ist, "sagen sie mir, wie die möglichkeiten sich von einander unterscheiden. +und wenn ihre angestellten sie nicht auseinanderhalten können, können es ihre kunden auch nicht. " +nun, bevor wir heute mittag angefangen haben, hatte ich ein gespräch mit gary. +und gary sagte, dass er bereit wäre allen menschen in diesem publikum einen all-inklusive bezahlten urlaub zu der schönsten straße der welt anzubieten. +hier ist eine beschreibung der straße. +und ich möchte ihnen die gerne vorlesen. +und jetzt gebe ich ihnen ein paar sekunden um sie zu lesen und danach bitte ich sie zu klatschen, wenn sie bereit sind gary 's angebot anzunehmen. +okay. jeder der bereit ist, gary 's angebot anzunehmen. +sind das alle? +gut, lassen sie mich ihnen etwas mehr davon zeigen. +sie wussten, es war ein trick dabei, oder? +nun, wer ist bereit für diese reise. +ich glaube, ich habe vielleicht mehr hände gehört. +gut. +tatsache ist, das sie objektiv betrachtet, beim ersten mal mehr informationen hatten, als beim zweiten mal, aber ich würde es wagen zu raten, dass sie es beim zweiten mal realer empfanden. +denn die bilder liessen es für sie realer empfinden. +was mich zur zweiten technik bringt, die ihnen hilft mit dem problem der entscheidungsüberlastung umzugehen, es ist die konkretisierung. +es geht dabei darum, dass menschen, um den unterschied zwischen möglichkeiten zu verstehen, verstehen müssen, welche konsequenzen mit den einzelnen möglichkeiten assoziiert sind, und das diese konsequenzen lebhaft und konkret gefühlt werden müssen. +warum geben menschen durchschnittlich 15 bis 30 prozent mehr aus, wenn sie eine ec-karte oder eine kreditkarte benutzen, als bei bargeld? +weil es sich nicht wir wirkliches geld anfühlt. +und es stellt sich heraus, dass wenn man es schafft, dass etwas sich konkret anfühlt, es ein sehr gutes werkzeug ist, damit man die menschen dazu bringt mehr zu sparen. +also haben wir in einer studie, die ich mit shlomo benartzi und alessandro previtero gemacht habe, wir haben eine studie mit den menschen bei ing gemacht -- angestellten, die alle für ing gearbeitet haben -- und diese menschen waren alle in einer versammlung in der sie ihre teilnahme für ihre rentensparplan angemeldet haben. +und während dieser versammlung, wir haben diese versammlung genau so belassen wie sie immer war, nur haben wir eine kleinigkeit hinzugefügt. +die kleinigkeit, die wir hinzu gefügt haben, war, dass wir die menschen gebeten haben, einfach an alle positiven dinge zu denken, die in ihren leben passieren würden, wenn sie geld sparen würden. +in dem wir diese einfache sache taten, gab es einen anstieg der teilnahme um 20 prozent und es gab einen anstieg der anzahl der menschen, die bereit waren zu sparen oder einen anstieg um vier prozent beim betrag, den sie bereit waren für das sparkonto zu zahlen. +die dritte technik: kategorisierung. +wir können besser mit mehr kategorien als mit mehr auswahlmöglichkeiten umgehen. +hier ist zum beispiel, eine studie, die wir in einem zeitschriftengang gemacht haben. +es stellt sich heraus, dass es in den wegmans supermärkten oben und unten im nordost bereich, variiert die anzahl zwischen 331 verschiedenen arten von zeitschriften bis hoch zu 664 zeitschriften hat. +aber wissen sie was? +wenn ich ihnen 600 zeitschriften zeige und sie in 10 kategorien aufteile oder ich ihnen 400 zeitschriften zeige, und diese in 20 kategorien aufteile, dann glauben sie, dass ich ihnen mehr auswahl und eine bessere auswahlerfahrung gegeben habe, als ich ihnen die 400 gegeben hätte gegenüber dem, wenn ich ihnen die 600 gegeben hätte. +denn die kategorien sagen mir, wie ich sie auseinander halten kann. +hier sind zwei verschiedene schmuckauslagen. +eine heißt "jazz" und die andere heißt "swing". +wenn sie denken, dass die linke anzeige swing ist und die anzeige rechts jazz ist, dann klatschen sie in die hände. +okay, es gibt ein paar. +wenn sie denken, dass die auf der linken seite jazz ist und die, auf der rechten seite swing ist, dann klatschen sie bitte. +okay, ein paar mehr. +nun, es stellt sich heraus, dass sie recht haben. +die auf der linken seite ist jazz und die auf der rechten ist swing, aber wissen sie was? +dies ist ein hochgradig unnützes kategorisierungsschema. +die kategorien müssen dem auswähler etwas sagen, nicht dem der die auswahl bereitstellt. +und dieses problem sehen sie oft, wenn sie sich die langen listen all dieser fonds ansehen. +wen wollen sie eigentlich damit informieren? +meine vierte technik: voraussetzung für komplexität. +es stellt sich heraus, dass wir in der tat mit mehr informationen umgehen können als wir denken, wir müssen sie nur vereinfachen. +wir müssen die komplexität langsam steigern. +ich zeige ihnen ein beispiel dessen, was ich meine. +lassen sie uns eine sehr, sehr komplizierte entscheidung nehmen: den kauf eines autos. +hier ist ein deutscher autohersteller, der ihnen die möglichkeit bietet, ihr auto komplett selbst zu konfigurieren. +sie müssen 62 verschiedene entscheidungen treffen um ihr auto komplett zu entwerfen. +jetzt unterscheiden sich diese entscheidungen in der anzahl der auswahlmöglichkeiten, die sie pro entscheidung anbieten. +autofarben, außenfarbe des autos -- ich habe 56 möglichkeiten. +motoren, getriebe -- vier möglichkeiten. +was ich jetzt mache, ist, ich verändere die reihenfolge in der die entscheidungen erscheinen. +die hälfte der kunden geht wird von den vielen möglichkeiten, 56 autofarben zu den geringen möglichkeiten, vier getriebe. +die andere hälfte der kunden geht von den geringen möglichkeiten, vier getriebe, zu den 56 autofarben, viele möglichkeiten. +was schaue ich mir an? +wie interessiert sie sind. +wenn sie dauernd die standardauswahl bei der entscheidung nutzen, heisst das, dass sie überfordert werden, das heisste, ich verliere sie. +was sie herausfinden ist, dass die menschen, die von den vielen zu den geringen auswahlmöglichkteiten gehen immer und immer wieder die standardauswahl wählen. +wir verlieren sie. +gehen sie von den wenig auswahlmöglichkeiten zu den vielen, dann bleiben sie dabei. +es sind dieselben informationen. es ist die gleiche anzahl von möglichkeiten. +das einzige, was ich getan habe, ist die reihenfolge zu verändert in der diese information präsentiert wird. +wenn ich mit dem einfachen anfange, lerne ich wie ich auswähle. +selbst obwohl das getriebe auswählen, mir nichts über meine vorlieben bei der innenausstattung sagt, bereitet es mich immer noch darauf vor auszuwählen. +es versetzt mich auch in aufregung über das große produkt, das ich zusammenstelle, und so bin ich bereit mich dazu motivieren zu lassen mit interesse dabei zu sein. +lassen sie mich zusammenfassen. +ich habe ihnen von vier techniken erzählt, die das problem der entscheidungsüberlastung mildern -- beschränken -- werden sie die überflüssigen alternativen los; konkretisieren -- machen sie es real; kategorisieren -- wir können besser mit mehr kategorien, weniger möglichkeiten umgehen; auf komplexität vorbereiten. +jede dieser techniken, die ich ihnen heute beschreibe ist dazu gedacht, ihnen zu helfen die möglichkeiten zu managen -- gut für sie, sie können sie für sich selbst benutzen, gut für die menschen, denen sie service bieten. +denn ich glaube, dass der schlüssel zur bestmöglichen auswahl ist, dass man bei der auswahl wählerisch ist. +und je mehr wir beim auswählen wählerisch sind, desto besser werden wir in der lage sein, die kunst der entscheidung zu üben. +vielen dank. +hi. ich bin kevin allocca, trends-manager bei youtube. beruflich schaue ich mir youtube-videos an. +das stimmt. +heute wollen wir darüber sprechen, wie videos viral werden, und anschließend, weshalb das überhaupt wichtig ist. +wir alle wollen stars sein - berühmtheiten, sänger, comedians - als ich jung war, schien das so unendlich schwierig. +aber webvideos haben ermöglicht, dass wir alle oder alle unsere kreativen tätigkeiten wahnsinnig berühmt werden können in einem teil der kultur unserer welt. +jeder einzelne von euch könnte über das internet bis nächsten samstag berühmt sein. +aber bei youtube werden mehr als 48 stunden video pro minute hochgeladen. +davon wieder wird nur ein winziger prozentsatz jemals viral und wird tausende male angeschaut und so zum kulturellen moment. +wie funktioniert das also? +drei dinge: tastemaker, teilnahmecommunities und das unerwartete. +na, dann wollen wir mal. +oh mein gott. oh mein gott. +oh mein gott! +woah! +ohhhhh, wowwww! +letztes jahr sendete bear vasquez dieses video, das er vor seinem haus im yosemite nationalpark gefilmt hatte. +2010 war es 23 millionen mal angeschaut worden. +diese grafik zeigt, wie es aussah, als das video letzten sommer zum ersten mal beliebt wurde. +eigentlich wollte bear kein virales video machen. +er wollte einfach nur einen regenbogen teilen, +weil man das eben so macht, wenn man yosemite mountain bear heißt. +er hatte jede menge naturvideos hochgeladen. +und dieses video war tatsächlich bereits im januar gesendet worden. +was ist hier passiert? +da kam jimmy kimmel. +jimmy kimmel sendete den tweet, der das video letzten endes so populär machte. +denn tastemaker wie jimmy kimmel stellen uns neue und interessante dinge vor und zeigen sie einem großen publikum. +it 's friday, friday. gotta get down on friday. everybody' s looking forward to the weekend, weekend. friday, friday. gettin 'down on friday. ihr hättet nicht gedacht, dass wir diese unterhaltung führen würden, ohne über dieses video zu sprechen, hoffe ich. +rebecca blacks "friday" ist eines der populärsten videos des jahres. +es wurde dieses jahr fast 200 millionen mal angeschaut. +so sah die grafik aus. +genau wie bei "double rainbow" scheint es aus den nichts gekommen zu sein. +was ist an diesem tag geschehen? +nun, es war freitag, das stimmt. +wenn ihr 's wissen wollt: diese anderen spitzen sind auch freitage. +aber was ist mit diesem tag, diesem bestimmten freitag? +nun, tosh.0 gabelte es auf, viele blogs fingen an, darüber zu schreiben. +michael j. nelson vom mystery science theater war einer ersten, die bei twitter darüber einen witz machte. +wichtig ist, dass eine einzelperson oder gruppe von tastemakers einen standpunkt einnahm, mit einem großen publikum teilte und damit den prozess beschleunigte. +dann bildete sich diese gemeinschaft von leuten, die diesen großen insiderwitz teilten, und anfingen darüber zu reden und damit zu herumzuspielen. +jetzt gibt es 10.000 parodien von "friday" bei youtube. +bereits in den ersten sieben tagen gab es eine parodie für jeden einzelnen wochentag. +anders als bei der einseitigen unterhaltung des 20. jahrhunderts ist die teilnahme der gemeinschaft unser weg teil dieses phänomens zu werden - entweder indem wir es verbreiten oder etwas neues daraus machen. +"nyan cat" ist animation und musik in endlosschleife. +das ist es, ganz einfach. +dieses jahr wurde es fast 50 millionen mal angeschaut. +und wenn ihr das für verrückt hält, solltet ihr wissen, dass es davon eine dreistundenversion gibt, die vier millionen mal angeschaut wurde. +sogar katzen schauen sich dieses video an. +katzen schauen sich katzen an, die sich dieses video anschauen. +wichtig ist, die kreativität, die in der internetkultur der techies und geeks herrscht. +es gab remixe. +jemand machte eine altmodische version davon. +und dann wurde es international. +eine gesamte remix-gemeinde schoss aus dem boden, die es von einem dummen witz zu etwas machte, an dem wir alle teilnehmen können. +heute finden wir nicht einfach genuss an etwas, wir machen mit. +wer hätte das alles voraussehen können? +wer hätte "double rainbow" oder rebecca black oder "nyan cat" voraussagen können? +welche drehbücher hättet ihr schreiben können, in denen sowas drinsteht? +in einer welt, in der jede minute 2 tage videomaterial hochgeladen wird, kann nur wirklich einzigartiges und unerwartetes hervorstechen wie die erwähnten videos. +ich gebe zu, ich war nicht sonderlich interessiert, als mir ein freund sagte, ich solle mir dieses großartige video ansehen, über einen kerl, der in new york gegen strafzettel für fahrräder protestiert. +ich bekam ich einen strafzettel, weil ich nicht auf dem radweg gefahren bin, aber oft gibt es behinderungen die einen nicht anständig auf dem radweg fahren lassen. +da das völlig überraschend und humorvoll war, wurde casey niestats witzige idee und sein argument 5 millionen mal angeschaut. +dieser ansatz gilt für alles neue, was wir kreativ tun. +und das alles führt uns zu der einen großen frage... +was bedeutet das? +ohhhh. +was bedeutet das? +tastemaker, kreative teilnehmergemeinden, völlig unerwartetes, sind die merkmale einer neuen art von medien und kultur, zu der jeder zugang hat und in der das publikum popularität bestimmt. +wie gesagt, einer der derzeit größten stars – justin bieber – machte seinen anfang bei youtube. +niemand muss euren ideen grünes licht geben. +und heute fühlen wir uns alle auch als eigentümer unserer popkultur. +und das sind nicht die merkmale der alten medien und sie treffen auch kaum auf die medien von heute zu, aber sie werden die unterhaltung der zukunft bestimmen. +vielen dank. +wie kann ich in zehn minuten über die verbundenheit zwischen frauen über drei generationen sprechen, und wie die erstaunliche stärke dieser verbundenheit sich im leben eines vierjährigen mädchens manifestierte, als sie vor über 30 jahren mit ihrer kleinen schwester, ihrer mutter und ihrer großmutter fünf tage und nächte lang zusammengekauert in einem kleinen boot im chinesischen meer saß. eine verbundenheit, die sich im leben dieses kleinen mädchens fest verankerte und nie mehr verschwand – dieses kleinen mädchens, das nun in san francisco lebt und heute vor ihnen spricht? +die geschichte ist noch nicht vorbei. +sie ist ein puzzle, das noch zusammengesetzt wird. +ich möchte ihnen von einigen der puzzlestückchen erzählen. +stellen sie sich das erste stück vor: ein mann, der sein lebenswerk verbrennt. +er ist ein poet, ein schriftsteller, ein mann, dessen ganzes leben von der einfachen hoffnung von einheit und freiheit seiner heimat zusammengehalten wurde. +halten sie ihn sich beim einmarsch der kommunisten in saigon vor augen, wie er sich eingestehen muss, dass sein leben eine einzige verschwendung gewesen war. +die worte, so lange seine freunde, spotteten nun seiner. +er zog sich in die stille zurück. +er starb, gebrochen durch die geschichte. +er ist mein großvater. +ich habe ihn nie persönlich kennengelernt. +aber unsere leben sind so viel mehr als unsere erinnerungen. +meine großmutter hat mich nie sein leben vergessen lassen. +ich musste dafür sorgen, dass es nicht umsonst gewesen war, und es war meine aufgabe, zu lernen, dass die geschichte durchaus versuchte, uns zu zerdrücken, wir es aber überstanden. +das nächste puzzleteil zeigt, wie ein boot im frühen morgenrot leise auf see ausläuft. +meine mutter mai war 18, als ihr vater starb – schon in einer arrangierten ehe, schon mit zwei kleinen mädchen. +für sie hatte das leben ihr eine aufgabe gestellt: die flucht ihrer familie und ein neues leben in australien. +es war völlig ausgeschlossen, dass sie dabei scheitern könnte. +nach einer vierjährigen und filmreifen saga glitt ein boot still auf die see, als fischerboot getarnt. +alle erwachsenen waren sich der risiken bewusst. +die größte angst hatten sie vor piraten, vergewaltigung und tod. +wie die meisten erwachsenen auf dem boot trug meine mutter eine kleine giftflasche bei sich. +bei einer gefangennahme hätten erst meine schwester und ich, dann sie selbst und meine großmutter davon getrunken. +meine ersten erinnerungen sind von diesem boot – das stetige tuckern des motors, das klatschen einer jeden welle auf den bug, der weite und leere horizont. +ich erinnere ich mich nicht an die piraten, die viele male kamen, aber sich von dem todesmut der männer auf unserem boot täuschen ließen, oder an den ausfall des motors, der sechs stunden nicht starten wollte. +aber ich erinnere mich an die lichter der ölplattform vor der malaysischen küste, und an den jungen mann, der zusammenbrach und starb, das ende der reise war zu viel für ihn, und an den geschmack des ersten apfels, den mir einer der männer auf der plattform gab. +kein apfel hat jemals wieder so geschmeckt. +nach drei monaten in einem flüchtlingslager landeten wir in melbourne. +und das nächste puzzlestück handelt von vier frauen in drei generationen, die sich zusammen ein neues leben aufbauen. +wir ließen uns in footscray nieder, einem von der arbeiterklasse bewohnten vorort, dessen bevölkerung aus immigrantenschichten besteht. +anders als in den alteingesessenen mittelklassevororten, deren existenz mir vollkommen unbekannt war, gab es in footscray kein anspruchsdenken. +die gerüche aus den ladentüren kamen aus dem rest der welt. +und die fetzen gebrochenen englischs wurden zwischen menschen ausgetauscht, die eine sache gemeinsam hatten: sie fingen neu an. +meine mutter arbeitete auf farmen, dann an einem fließband in einer autofabrik, sechs tage, doppelte schichten. +es gelang ihr irgendwie die zeit zu finden, sich englisch und it-qualifikationen anzueignen. +wir waren arm. +jeder dollar wurde zugeteilt und wurde in weitere ausbildung für englisch und mathematik gesteckt, egal, worauf wir dafür verzichten mussten. meistens waren das neue sachen, die kamen immer aus zweiter hand. +zwei paar strümpfe für die schule, jedes, um die löcher im anderen zu verdecken. +eine schuluniform bis zu den knöcheln, denn sie musste sechs jahre reichen. +und da waren die seltenen aber schmerzhaften chöre von "schlitzauge" und hier und da wandmalereien: "asiaten, geht nach hause." +nach hause wohin? +etwas versteifte sich in mir. +es gab ein treffen zur versöhnung und eine ruhige stimme sagte: "ich werde dir aus dem weg gehen." +meine mutter, meine schwester und ich schliefen im selben bett. +meine mutter war jede nacht erschöpft, doch wir erzählten einander von unserem tag, und hörten den bewegungen unserer großmutter im haus zu. +meine mutter litt an alpträumen vom boot. +und es war meine aufgabe, jede nacht wach zu bleiben, bis ihre alpträume kamen, damit ich sie aufwecken konnte. +sie eröffnete ein computergeschäft, machte dann eine kosmetikerausbildung und eröffnete noch ein geschäft. +und die frauen kam mit ihren geschichten über männer, die die veränderung nicht ertrugen, wütend und unflexibel, und sorgenerfüllte kinder, gefangen zwischen zwei welten. +darlehen und sponsoren wurden gesucht. +zentren wurden aufgebaut. +ich lebte in parallelwelten. +in einer war ich der klassische asiatische student, der unerbittliche anforderungen an sich selbst stellte. +in der anderen war ich in unsichere leben verwickelt, die tragische narben der gewalt trugen, des drogenmissbrauchs und der isolierung. +aber so viele erhielten über die jahre hilfe. +und wegen dieser hilfe wurde ich in meinem letzten jahr des jurastudiums als junge australierin des jahres auserwählt. +und ich wurde von einem puzzlestück zum nächsten katapultiert, und die ränder passten nicht zusammen. +tan le, anonyme bewohnerin von footscray, war nun tan le, flüchtling und soziale aktivistin, die zu vorträgen an orte eingeladen wurde, von denen sie nie gehört hatte, und in behausungen, deren existenz sie sich nie hätte vorstellen können. +ich war mit der etikette nicht vertraut. +ich wusste nicht, wie man das besteck verwendet. +ich wusste nicht, wie man über wein spricht. +ich wusste nicht, wie man über irgendetwas spricht. +ich wollte in die routine und die bequemlichkeit des lebens eines unbekannten vororts zurück – eine großmutter, eine mutter und zwei töchter, die jeden ihrer tage so abschlossen wie seit zwanzig jahren, indem sie einander die geschichten ihres tages erzählten und einschliefen, wir drei immer noch im selben bett. +ich sagte meiner mutter, ich würde das nicht schaffen. +sie erinnerte mich daran, dass ich nun so alt war wie sie damals, als wir das boot bestiegen hatten. +nein war nie eine möglichkeit gewesen. +"tu es einfach", sagte sie. "und sei nicht, was du nicht bist." +also sprach ich über jugendarbeitslosigkeit und ausbildung, und die vernachlässigung der marginalisierten und entrechteten. +und je offener ich sprach, desto mehr sollte ich erzählen. +ich traf leute in allen lebenslagen, so viele von ihnen taten das, was sie liebten, lebten an den grenzen des möglichen. +und obwohl ich meinen abschluss hatte, erkannte ich, dass ich mich nicht mit einer karriere in jura abfinden könnte. +es musste noch ein anderes puzzlestück geben. +und ich erkannte zur selben zeit, dass es okay ist, ein außenseiter zu sein, ein neuankömmling, neu im bild – und nicht nur okay, sondern etwas, wofür man dankbar sein muss, vielleicht ein geschenk des boots. +denn dazuzugehören kann so leicht zum kollaps der horizonte führen, kann so leicht bedeuten, dass man die annahmen der umgebung akzeptiert. +ich bin nun genügend aus meinem bequemlichkeitsbereich gegangen um zu wissen, dass, ja, die welt auseinanderbricht, aber nicht so, wie man es befürchtet. +möglichkeiten, die nicht erlaubt gewesen wären, wurden ausdrücklich ermutigt. +da gab es eine energie, einen unerbittlichen optimismus, eine seltsame mixtur der demut und des wagnisses. +also folgte ich meinem bauchgefühl. +ich sammelte ein kleines team von leuten um mich, für die die schublade "geht nicht" eine unwiderstehliche herausforderung darstellte. +ein jahr lang hatten wir keinen cent. +am ende eines jeden tags kochte ich einen riesigen topf suppe, den wir uns teilten. +wir arbeiteten bis spät in die nacht. +die meisten unserer ideen waren verrückt, aber es waren ein paar brillante dabei, und wir schafften den durchbruch. +ich traf die entscheidung, in die usa zu ziehen, +nach nur einer reise dorthin. +mein bauchgefühl wieder. +drei monate später war ich umgezogen und das abenteuer ging weiter. +bevor ich den vortrag abschließe, möchte ich ihnen von meiner großmutter erzählen. +sie wuchs zu einer zeit auf, in der konfuzianismus die soziale norm und der lokale mandarin die wichtigste person war. +das leben hatte sich seit jahrhunderten nicht verändert. +ihr vater starb kurz nach ihrer geburt. +ihre mutter zog sie allein auf. +mit 17 wurde sie die zweite frau eines mandarin, dessen mutter sie schlug. +ohne unterstützung ihres mannes sorgte sie für eine sensation, indem sie ihn vor gericht brachte und anklägerin in ihrem eigenen fall war, und eine noch größere sensation, als sie gewann. +"geht nicht" erwies sich als unwahr. +ich duschte gerade in einem hotelzimmer in sydney, als sie starb. 1000 km entfernt in melbourne. +ich schaute durch die duschtrennwand und sah sie auf der anderen seite stehen. +ich wusste, dass sie gekommen war, um sich zu verabschieden. +meine mutter rief mich ein paar minuten danach an. +ein paar tage später gingen wir in einen buddhistischen tempel in footscray und saßen um ihren sarg. +wir erzählten ihr geschichten und versicherten ihr, dass wir noch bei ihr waren. +um mitternacht kam der mönch und sagte, er müsse den sarg schließen. +meine mutter bat uns, ihre hand anzufassen. +sie fragte den mönch: "wieso ist ihre hand so warm und der rest von ihr ist so kalt?" +"weil sie sie seit heute morgen halten", sagte er. +"sie haben sie nicht losgelassen." +wenn es in unserer familie ein band gibt, dann verläuft es durch die frauen. +sieht man, wer wir waren und wie das leben uns geformt hat, können wir nun sehen, dass die männer, die vielleicht in unser leben gekommen wären, uns in die quere gekommen wären. +die niederlage wäre zu einfach gewesen. +jetzt hätte ich gern meine eigenen kinder, und ich denke noch an das boot. +wer würde sich jemals eines wünschen? +ja, ich habe angst vor privilegien, vor leichtigkeit, vor berechtigungsanspruch. +kann ich ihnen einen bug in ihrem leben geben, der mutig jeder welle trotzt, das unbeirrte, stetige tuckern des motors, den weiten horizont, der nichts garantiert? +ich weiß es nicht. +aber wenn ich dies geben könnte und sie sicher durchbringen könnte, würde ich es tun. +außerdem ist tans mutter heute hier in der vierten oder fünften reihe. +ich bin hier, um meine fotografie mit ihnen zu teilen. +ist es überhaupt fotografie? +denn das ist natürlich ein bild, das man mit seiner kamera nicht aufnehmen kann. +trotzdem begann mein interesse an fotografie, als ich meine erste digitalkamera erhielt, im alter von 15 jahren. +ich kombinierte es mit meiner früheren vorliebe fürs zeichnen, aber es war ein bisschen anders, denn beim benutzen der kamera war der prozess vielmehr in der planung. +und wenn man ein bild aufnimmt mit einer kamera, endet der prozess, wenn man auf den auslöser drückt. +für mich schien es bei der fotografie also eher darum zu gehen, am richtigen ort zur richtigen zeit zu sein. +ich glaubte, jeder könne das. +also wollte ich etwas anderes kreieren, etwas, bei dem der prozess beginnt, wenn der auslöser gedrückt wird. +fotos wie dieses: eine baustelle entlang einer viel befahrenen straße. +aber es hat eine unerwartete wendung. +und behaltet trotzdem eine realistische ebene. +oder fotos wie diese – dunkel und farbenfroh zugleich, aber alle mit dem gemeinsamen ziel, eine realistische ebene zu behalten. +wenn ich realität sage, meine ich foto-realität. +denn, natürlich, ist sie nicht etwas, das man wirklich einfangen kann, aber ich möchte es immer so aussehen lassen, als ob sie das hätte können, auf einem foto. +fotos, bei denen man einen kurzen moment nachdenken muss, um den trick herauszufinden. +es geht also eher darum, eine idee einzufangen, als wirklich einen moment. +was aber ist der trick, der es realistisch aussehen lässt? +geht es dabei um die details oder die farben? +geht es um das licht? +was kreiert die illusion? +manchmal ist die perspektive die illusion. +letzten endes aber geht es darum, wie wir die welt interpretieren, und wie sie auf einer zweidimensionalen fläche greifbar gemacht werden kann. +es geht nicht darum, was realistisch ist, sondern was wir für realistisch halten. +ich glaube also, die grundlagen sind sehr einfach. +ich sehe sie als ein puzzle der realität, bei dem man verschiedene stücke nehmen und zusammensetzen kann, um eine alternative realität zu kreieren. +und lassen sie mich ihnen ein einfaches beispiel zeigen. +wir haben hier drei perfekt vorstellbare physische objekte, mit denen wir uns alle identifizieren können in einer dreidimensionalen welt. +aber in einer bestimmten art miteinander kombiniert, können sie etwas kreieren, das immer noch dreidimensional aussieht, als ob es existieren könnte. +aber gleichzeitig wissen wir, dass das nicht möglich ist. +wir überlisten also unsere gehirne, denn unser gehirn akzeptiert ganz einfach nicht, dass es nicht wirklich sinn macht. +und ich sehe denselben prozess im kombinieren von fotos. +es geht wirklich nur darum, verschiedene realitäten zu kombinieren. +die dinge also, die ein bild realistisch aussehen lassen, ich glaube es sind die dinge, über die wir nicht nachdenken, die dinge um uns herum in unserem alltag. +wenn wir aber fotos kombinieren, ist es wirklich wichtig, daran zu denken, denn sonst sehen sie einfach irgendwie falsch aus. +ich würde also sagen, dass es drei einfache regeln zu befolgen gibt, um ein realistisches resultat zu erreichen. +wie sie sehen können, sind das keine drei besonderen bilder. +kombiniert aber können sie etwas besonderes wie das hier kreieren. +die erste regel also lautet, dass kombinierte fotos dieselbe perspektive haben sollten. +zweitens sollten kombinierte fotos dieselbe beleuchtungsart haben. +und diese zwei bilder erfüllen diese beiden anforderungen – aus der selben höhe geschossen und die gleiche beleuchtungsart. +drittens geht es darum, es unmöglich zu machen zu unterscheiden, wo die einzelnen bilder beginnen und enden, indem man sie nahtlos verbindet. +macht es unmöglich zu sagen, wie das foto eigentlich zusammengesetzt wurde. +indem man also farbe, kontrast und helligkeit an den rändern den einzelnen bildern angleicht, fotografische mängel addiert, wie feldtiefe, entsättigte farben und störungen, verwischen wir die grenzen zwischen den verschiedenen bildern und lassen sie wie ein einzelnes foto aussehen, obwohl ein bild grundsätzlich hunderte von ebenen enthalten kann. +hier ist ein anderes beispiel. +man mag denken, dass das nur ein landschaftsbild ist, und der untere teil manipuliert wurde. +dieses bild ist aber in wirklichkeit komplett zusammengesetzt, aus fotos von verschiedenen orten. +ich persönlich finde. dass es einfacher ist, einen ort zu kreieren, als einen ort zu finden, denn man muss keine kompromisse eingehen mit den ideen in seinem kopf. +aber es erfordert viel planung. +und als ich diese idee im winter hatte, wusste ich, dass ich mehrere monate bräuchte, um sie zu planen, die verschiedenen orte zu finden für die stücke des puzzles. +zum beispiel war der fisch auf einem anglerausflug aufgenommen worden. +das ufer stammt von einem anderen ort. +der unterwasser-teil stammt aus einem steinbruch. +und ja, ich habe sogar das haus oben auf der insel rot umgefärbt, um es schwedischer aussehen zu lassen. +um ein realistisches resultat zu erreichen, läuft es von mir aus gesehen also auf planung hinaus. +ich beginne immer mit einem sketch, einer idee. +danach geht es um die kombination der verschiedenen bilder. +und hier ist jedes stück sehr gut geplant. +und wenn man dann gute aufnahmen macht, kann das resultat ziemlich schön sein, und auch ziemlich realistisch. +es sind also alle werkzeuge vorhanden, und die einzige sache, die uns limitiert, ist unsere vorstellungskraft. +vielen dank. +ich würde mich mit ihnen gerne darüber unterhalten, warum so viele elektronische gesundheits-projekte fehlschlagen. +und ich denke, dass der wichtigste punkt dabei ist, dass wir aufgehört haben, mit unseren patienten zu reden. +und eines der dinge, die wir an der radboud-universität eingeführt haben, war, einen haupt-zuhörer anzustellen. +dabei geht sie nicht besonders wissenschaftlich vor – sie stellt eine tasse kaffee oder tee hin und fragt die patienten, familien, verwandten, "wie geht 's? +wie können wir euch helfen? " +und wir denken, wir wollen denken, dass dies eines der hauptprobleme ist, warum alle – vielleicht nur die meisten der elektronischen gesundheits-projekte fehlschlagen: weil wir aufgehört haben zuzuhören. +das hier ist meine wlan-waage. ein sehr einfaches ding. +sie hat einen knopf, an / aus. +und jeden morgen springe ich darauf. +und ja, ich habe eine aufgabe, wie sie vielleicht erkennen. +ich habe meine aufgabe bei 95 kg angesetzt. +es funktioniert ganz einfach: jedes mal, wenn ich auf die waage springe, schickt sie meine daten auch an google health. +und dort werden sie auch von meinem allgemeinarzt abgerufen, damit er erkennen kann, wo mein gewichtsproblem liegt, und zwar nicht nur in dem moment, in dem ich kardiologische unterstützung oder so brauche, sondern auch mit einem blick in die vergangenheit. +es gibt aber noch etwas. +vielleicht ist ihnen das bekannt, ich habe über 4.000 follower auf twitter. +also jeden morgen springe ich auf meine wlan-waage und die leute reden schon mit mir, bevor ich im auto sitze: "zum mittagessen lieber nur ein kleiner salat heute, lucien." +aber das ist das netteste, was passieren kann, weil dies der gruppenzwang ist, gruppenzwang, um patienten zu helfen, denn das könnte gegen fettleibigkeit eingesetzt werden, oder es könnte patienten das rauchen abgewöhnen. +es könnte aber auch dazu verwendet werden, die menschen aus ihren stühlen zu kriegen, und sie dazu zu bringen, gemeinsam irgendeine art spiel zu spielen, um ihre gesundheit besser zu kontrollieren. +ab nächster woche kommt das auf den markt. +es wird dieses kleine blutdruck-messgerät geben, das man an ein iphone oder so anschließt. +und es wird den menschen ermöglichen, von zuhause ihren blutdruck zu messen, ihn an ihren arzt zu schicken und ihn beispielsweise mit anderen zu teilen, für etwas mehr als 100 dollar. +an diesem punkt kommen die patienten ins spiel. sie können nicht nur wieder die kontrolle übernehmen, kapitän auf ihrem eigenen schiff sein, sondern können uns auch beim gesundheitswesen helfen angesichts der herausforderungen, die vor uns liegen, sowie die kostenexplosion des gesundheitswesens, doppelte nachfrage, und so weiter. +machen sie methoden, die leicht zu verwenden sind und fangen sie mit dieser an, patienten im team zu umarmen. +und das können sie durch solche methoden erreichen, aber auch durch crowdsourcing. +und eines der dinge, die wir gemacht haben, möchte ich mit ihnen durch ein kurzes video teilen. +wir haben alle navigationssysteme in unseren autos. +vielleicht sogar in unseren handys. +wir wissen ganz genau, wo sich alle geldautomaten um maastricht herum befinden. +wir wissen noch eins, wo alle tankstellen liegen. +und klar, wir können fastfood-ketten finden. +aber wo wäre der nächste aed, um diesem patienten zu helfen? +wir haben herumgefragt, und niemand wusste es. +niemand wusste, wo der nächste lebensrettende aed in diesem moment zu finden war. +also, was taten wir? wir haben crowdsourcing in den niederlanden durchgeführt. +wir haben eine internetseite errichtet und eine menschenmasse gefragt, "wenn sie einen aed sehen, bitte teilen sie uns mit, wo er ist, wann er auf hat," denn manchmal ist er während geschäftszeiten geschlossen, natürlich. +und über 10.000 aeds wurden schon in den niederlanden gemeldet. +der nächste schritt war, die apps dafür zu finden. +und wir haben eine ipad-app gestaltet. +wir haben eine app für layar entwickelt, erweiterte realität, um diese aeds zu finden. +und falls sie in einer stadt wie maastricht sind und jemand zusammenbricht, können sie ihr iphone benutzen, und innerhalb der nächsten wochen auch ihr microsoft-handy, um den nächsten aed zu finden, der leben retten kann. +und ab heute möchten wir dies nicht nur als aed4u, wie das produkt sich nennt, sondern auch als aed4us einführen. +und wir möchten dies auf eine weltweite ebene bringen. +und wir bitten unsere kollegen auf der ganzen welt, von anderen universitäten, darum, uns dabei zu helfen, sich wie knotenpunkte zu verhalten, um diese aeds auf der ganzen welt zu crowdsourcen. +und wenn sie in urlaub sind und jemand zusammenbricht, sei es ihre eigene verwandtschaft oder irgendjemand anders, können sie so einen aed finden. +das andere ding, worum wir bitten möchten, ist dass firmen auf der ganzen welt uns bei der bestätigung dieser aeds helfen. +diese könnten kurierdienste sein, oder techniker zum beispiel, nur um sicherzustellen, dass der gemeldete aed sich immer noch an seiner stelle befindet. +bitte helfen sie uns dabei und versuchen sie, die gesundheit nicht nur etwas zu verbessern, sondern in die hand zu nehmen. +vielen dank. +heute werde ich von unerwarteten entdeckungen berichten. +ich arbeite in der solartechnologie-branche. +und mein kleines startup möchte, dass wir uns zum umweltschutz zwingen, indem es... +... es dem crowdsourcing beachtung schenkt. +hier ist ein kurzes video über das, was wir tun. +oh. einen moment. +es dauert vielleicht, bis es geladen ist. +nun – wir können das einfach überspringen – ich werde stattdessen einfach das video überspringen... +nein. +das ist nicht... +okay. +solartechnologie ist... +oh, meine zeit ist schon vorbei? +okay. vielen dank. +also vor ein paar jahren habe ich ein programm gestartet um die stars in technik und design dazu zu bekommen, ein jahr auszeit zu nehmen und in einer umgebung zu arbeiten, die so ziemlich alles darstellt, was sie eigentlich hassen, wir haben sie in der regierung arbeiten lassen. +das programm heißt "code for america" und es ist ein bisschen wie das friedenscorps für computerfreaks. +wir wählen jedes jahr einige fellows aus und wir lassen sie mit stadtverwaltungen arbeiten. +anstatt sie in die dritte welt zu schicken, schicken wir sie in rathäuser. +und dort entwickelten sie tolle apps, arbeiteten mit städtischen mitarbeitern. +aber was sie wirklich tun, ist zu zeigen, was heute mit technologie möglich ist. +also treffen sie al. +al ist ein hydrant in der stadt boston. +hier sieht es aus, als ob er nach einem date sucht, aber was er wirklich sucht, ist jemand, der ihn freischaufelt, wenn er eingeschneit ist, weil er weiß, er ist nicht sehr gut in der brandbekämpfung wenn er von einem meter schnee zugedeckt ist. +wie kam er dazu, auf diese besondere art nach hilfe zu suchen? +wir hatten letztes jahr ein team von fellows in boston im zuge das "code for america" programms. +sie waren dort im februar, und es hat letzten februar viel geschneit. +und sie merkten, dass die stadt nie diese hydranten frei schaufelt. +aber ein bestimmter fellow, ein mann namens erik michaels-ober, bemerkte noch etwas anderes und das war, dass die bewohner die bürgersteige frei schaufelten, direkt vor diesen teilen. +also tat er, was jeder gute entwickler tun würde, er schrieb eine app. +es ist eine nette kleine app, wo man einen hydranten adoptieren kann. +du stimmst zu ihn frei zu schaufeln, wenn es schneit. +wenn du das machst, kannst du ihm einen namen geben, und er nannte den ersten al. +wenn du das nicht machst, kann ihn dir jemand wegnehmen. +also gibt es eine nette kleine spieldynamik. +dies ist eine bescheidene kleine app. +es ist wahrscheinlich die kleinste der 21 apps, die die fellows im letzten jahr geschrieben haben. +aber sie tut etwas, was keine andere regierungstechnologie tut. +sie breitet sich rasant aus. +da ist dieser kerl in der i.t. abteilung der stadt honolulu, der gesehen hat, dass er diese app verwenden könnte, nicht für schnee, sondern, damit die bürger tsunami-sirenen adoptieren. +es ist sehr wichtig, dass diese tsunami-sirenen funktionieren, aber die leute stehlen die batterien. +so bekam er die bürger dazu, sie zu überprüfen. +und dann beschloss seattle, die app zu benutzen, um die bürger dazu zu bekommen die verstopften gullys zu reinigen. +und chicago hat sie gerade eingeführt, damit die leute die buergersteige freischaufeln, wenn es schneit. +wir kennen nun neun städte, die planen, diese app zu nutzen. +und sie hat sich reibungslos verbreitet, organisch, natürlich. +wenn du etwas über regierungstechnologie weißt, weißt du, dass es normalerweise nicht so läuft. +die beschaffung von software dauert in der regel ein paar jahre. +wir hatten ein team, das letztes jahr an einem projekt in boston arbeitete, für das drei leute zweieinhalb monate brauchten. +es ging um eine methode, mit der eltern herausfinden können, welche die richtigen öffentlichen schulen für ihre kinder sind. +uns wurde später erzählt, dass wenn es über die normalen kanäle gehen würde, es über zwei jahren gedauert hätte und es hätte über zwei millionen dollar gekostet. +und das ist noch gar nichts. +es gibt momentan ein projekt in der kalifornischen justiz, das die steuerzahler bisher zwei milliarden dollar gekostet hat, und es funktioniert nicht. +und es gibt projekte wie dieses auf jeder ebene der regierung. +also eine app, die in ein paar tagen geschrieben ist, und sich dann von selbt ausbreitet, ist eine art schuss vor den bug auf die institution der regierung. +sie zeigt, wie die regierung besser arbeiten könnte -- nicht mehr wie ein privates unternehmen, wie viele leute denken, dass sie sollte. +und nicht einmal wie ein technik-unternehmen, sondern eher wie das internet selbst. +und das bedeutet freien zugriff, das bedeutet offen und produktiv. +und das ist wichtig. +aber wichtiger an dieser app ist, dass sie eine neue generation repräsentiert, die das problem der regierung anpackt -- nicht als das problem einer verknöcherten institution, sondern als ein problem des kollektiven handelns. +und das ist eine sehr gute neuigkeit, denn es zeigt sich, dass wir sehr gut sind im kollektiven handeln mit digitaler technik. +jetzt gibt es eine große gemeinde von leuten, die die hilfsmittel herstellen, die wir brauchen, um dinge effektiv gemeinsam anzupacken. +es ist nicht nur "code for america" fellows, es gibt hunderte von menschen im ganzen land, die aufstehen und regierungs-apps schreiben, jeden tag in ihren eigenen gemeinden. +sie haben die regierung nicht aufgegeben. +sie sie sind fürchterlich frustriert mit ihr, aber sie beschweren sich nicht darüber, sie reparieren sie. +und diese leute wissen etwas, was wir aus den augen verloren haben. +und das ist dann, wenn du alle deine gefühle über politik und die schlange beim arbeitsamt und all die anderen dinge vergisst, über die wir uns wirklich aufregen, ist regierung, im kern, in den worten von tim o 'reilly, "was wir gemeinsam tun, das wir nicht allein tun können." +heute hat eine menge leute die regierung aufgegeben. +und wenn du einer jener menschen bist, bitte ich dich, dass du darüber nachdenkst, weil sich die dinge ändern. +die politik ändert sich nicht; die regierung ist im wandel. +und weil die regierung letztlich ihre kraft aus uns schöpft -- erinner dich an: "wir das volk?" -- wie wir darüber denken, wird beeinflussen, wie dieser wandel geschieht. +ich wusste nicht sehr viel über regierung, als ich dieses programm startete. +und wie viele leute, dachte ich dass es bei der regierung hauptsächlich darum geht leute in ein amt zu wählen. +nun nach zwei jahren, bin ich zu dem schluss gekommen, dass es vor allem bei kommunen, um beutelratten geht. +das ist das call-center für service und information. +dort kommst du üblicherweise raus, wenn du in deiner stadt 311 anrufst. +wenn du jemals die chance haben solltest, in deinem städtisches call-center zu arbeiten, wie unser fellow scott silverman als teil des programms -- in der tat, tun sie das alle -- wirst du sehen, dass die leute, die regierung wegen vieler verschiedenen probleme anrufen, inklusive, dass eine beutelratte in ihrem haus steckt. +scott bekommt also diesen anfruf. +er tippt "beutelratte" in die offizielle datenbank. +und er hat nicht wirklich eine idee. er fängt mit dem tierfänger an. +und schließlich sagt er: "schauen sie, können sie einfach alle türen in ihrem haus öffnen und sehr laute musik spielen und sehen, ob das vieh abhaut?" +und das funktionierte. applaus für scott. +aber das war nicht das ende der beutelratten. +boston hat nicht nur ein call-center. +es hat eine app, eine web- und handy-app, namens "citizens connect". +wir haben diese app nicht geschrieben. +das ist die arbeit sehr kluger leute im büro der "new urban mechanics" in boston. +eines tages -- das ist ein tatsächlicher bericht - kam dies rein: "beutelratte in meiner mülltonne. kann nicht sagen, ob sie tot ist. +wie bekomme ich sie entfernt? " +aber was mit "citizens connect" passiert ist anders. +scott unterhielt sich von mensch zu mensch. +aber auf "citizens connect" ist alles öffentlich, so dass jeder es sehen kann. +und in diesem fall, sah es ein nachbar. +und der nächste eintrag, den wir bekommen haben lautete, "ich ging dort hinüber, fand die mülltonne hinter dem haus. +beutelratte? ja. lebendig? yap. +drehte die mülltonne auf die seite. ging nach hause. +gute nacht, süße beutelratte. " +ziemlich einfach. +das ist großartig. hier trifft das digitale das physische. +und es ist auch ein gutes beispiel, wie die regierung in das crowdsourcing zu bekommen ist. +aber es ist auch ein großartiges beispiel der regierung als plattform. +und ich meine hier nicht unbedingt eine technische definition der plattform. +ich spreche eher über eine plattform für menschen, sich selbst zu helfen und um anderen zu helfen. +ein bürger half einem anderen bürger, aber die regierung spielte hier eine zentrale rolle. +sie verband diese beiden menschen. +und man hätte sie sie mit staatlichen leistungen verbinden können, wenn diese benötigt worden wären, aber ein nachbar ist eine weit bessere und billigere alternative zu staatlichen dienstleistungen. +wenn ein nachbar dem anderen hilft, stärken wir unsere gemeinden. +rufen wir den tierfänger, kostet es eine menge geld. +eines der wichtigsten dinge ist, dass wir daran denken müssen, ist dass regierung nicht dasselbe ist wie politik. +und die meisten menschen verstehen das aber sie glauben, das eine sei der input des anderen. +dass unser beitrag zum system das wählen ist. +wie oft haben wir einen politischen führer gewählt -- und manchmal haben wir eine menge energie verbraucht, um einen neuen politischen führer zu wählen - und dann lehnen wir uns zurück und wir erwarten, dass die regierung, unsere werte widerspiegelt und unsere bedürfnisse erfüllt, und dann hat sich nicht viel verändert? +das ist, weil die regierung wie ein weiter ozean ist und politik das sind die obersten 15cm. +und was darunter ist, ist das, was wir bürokratie nennen. +und wir benutzen dieses wort mit solcher verachtung. +aber es ist diese verachtung, die diese sache, die wir besitzen, und für die wir bezahlen, etwas sein lässt, das gegen uns arbeitet, etwas anderes, und dann entmachten wir uns selbst. +die leute scheinen zu denken, politik ist sexy. +wenn wir wollen, dass diese institution für uns arbeitet, müssen wir bürokratie sexy machen. +weil das ist, wo die eigentliche regierungsarbeit stattfindet. +wir müssen uns auf die maschinerie der regierung einlassen. +also die occupythesec-bewegung hat es getan. +habt ihr diese jungs gesehen? +es ist eine gruppe besorgter bürger, die einen sehr detaillierten 325-seitigen bericht geschrieben hat, der eine antwort auf das sec-memo über die gesetzesvorlage zur finanz-reform ist. +das ist nicht politisch aktiv sein, das ist bürokratisch aktiv sein. +nun, für diejenigen von uns, die die regierung aufgegeben haben, ist es zeit, dass wir darüber nachdenken, über die welt, die wir unseren kinder hinterlassen wollen. +du musst dir die enormen herausforderungen vorstellen denen sie sich stellen müssen. +glauben wir wirklich, dass wir erreichen, was wir erreichen müssen, ohne die eine institution zu verbessern, die im namen von uns allen handeln kann? +eine regierung ist absolut notwendig, aber die muss effizienter werden. +die gute nachricht ist, dass technologie es möglich macht, die funktion der regierung grundlegend umzudeuten in einer weise, die tatsächlich etwas erreichen kann indem sie die gesellschaft stärkt. +und es gibt eine generation gibt, die mitdem internet aufgewachsen ist, und die weiß, dass es nicht so schwer ist, dinge gemeinsam zu tun, man muss die nur richtig systeme bauen. +nun das durchschnittsalter unserer fellows ist 28, also bin ich, leider, fast eine generation älter als die meisten von ihnen. +dies ist eine generation, die damit aufgewachsen ist, ihre stimme als selbstverständlich zu sehen. +sie kämpfen nicht diesen kampf, den wir alle kämpfen, darum, wer sprechen darf; sie alle dürfen sprechen. +sie können ihre meinung äußern, auf jedem kanal zu jeder zeit, und sie tun es. +also, wenn sie mit dem problem der regierung konfrontiert werden, kümmern sie sich nicht so sehr darum, ihre stimmen zu benutzen. +sie benutzen ihre hände. +sie benutzen ihre hände, um anwendungen zu schreiben, die die arbeit der regierung verbessert. +und diese apps lassen uns unsere hände benutzen, um unsere gemeinden zu verbessern. +das könnte sein, einen hydranten freizuschaufeln, unkraut zu jäten, einen mülleimer mit einer beutelratte umzudrehen. +und sicher, hätten wir diese diese hydranten die ganze zeit freischaufeln können, und viele menschen tun das. +aber diese apps sind wie kleine digitale erinnerungen, dass wir nicht nur konsumenten sind, und wir nicht nur konsumenten der regierung sind, die steuern bezahlen und leistungen empfangen. +wir sind mehr als das, wir sind bürger. +und wir werden die regierung nicht verbessern, bis wir die staatsbürgerschaft verbessern. +also die frage die ich für euch alle hier habe: wenn es um die großen, wichtigen dinge geht, die wir zusammen tun müssen, alle zusammen, werden wir nur eine menge von stimmen sein, oder werden wir auch eine menge von händen sein? +danke. +normalerweise besteht meine rolle darin, den leuten zu erklären wie wundervoll die neuen technologien, welche am aufkommen sind, sein werden. und ich dachte mir, da ich hier unter freunden bin, würde ich euch erzählen was ich wirklich denke. und auch versuchen zurück zu schauen und zu verstehen was hier wirklich vor sich geht, mit diesen unglaublichen sprüngen nach vorne, welche so rasch geschehen, dass wir kaum mithalten können. +ich werde damit beginnen, euch kurz eine einzige, langweilige folie zu zeigen. +... könntest du bitte kurz die folie zeigen. +das ist eine folie, welche ich zufällig aus meinem ordner ausgewählt habe. +es geht mir hier nicht um die details der folie, sondern vielmehr um die generelle form. +diese folie zeigt daten einer analyse von uns über die leistung von risc prozessoren verglichen mit der leistung eines local area networks. +das interessante hier ist, dass diese folie, wie so manch andere, welche wir oft antreffen in unserem feld, eine art gerade auf einer semi-logarithmischen kurve sind. +mit anderen worten: jeder schritt hier entspricht einer potenz in der leistungsskala. +und das ist eine neuheit, dass wir diesen typ skala auf semi-logarithmischen kurven im gebiet der technologie verwenden müssen. +etwas sehr merkwürdiges passiert hier. +dies ist im wesentlichen das, worüber ich hier sprechen werde. +also, wenn du bitte das licht wieder anmachen könntest. +noch etwas heller, weil ich werde gleich etwas auf das papier hier zeichnen. +nun, warum zeichnen wir graphen in der technik auf semi-logarithmischen kurven? +der grund dafür ist, wenn ich es auf eine normale kurve zeichnen würde, wo, sagen wir, das hier die jahre sind, also die zeitachse einer art, und das hier ist ein beliebiges mass der technologie, welches ich mit einem graphen darstellen will, dann wird der graph albern. +die sehen dann so aus. +und das sagt uns nicht viel. +wenn ich nun eine andere technologie aufzeichnen will, sagen wir mal eine transporttechnologie, dann würde das auf der semi-logarithmischen skala sehr unvernünftig daherkommen, in form einer flachen linie. +aber wenn so etwas wie hier passiert, dann ändert dies die qualitativen umstände. +wenn also die transporttechnologie so schnell wie die mikroprozessor-technologie fortschreiten würde, dann könnten wir übermorgen in ein taxi einsteigen und in 30 sekunden wären wir in tokyo. +aber das geht nicht so schnell. +das gab es noch nie zuvor in der geschichte der technologie-entwicklung, diese art von rekursivem wachstum, durch welches sich die grössenordnung alle paar jahre exponentiell erhöht. +die frage die ich euch nun stellen möchte ist, wenn man sich diese exponentiellen kurven anschaut, sieht man, sie gehen nicht für immer weiter. +es ist nicht möglich, dass sich alles für immer und ewig so schnell wie jetzt weiterentwickelt. +es gibt zwei möglichkeiten: +entweder wird daraus eine klassische s-kurve wie hier, bis etwas völlig neues daherkommt, oder es wird das hier geschehen. +das ist es in etwa. +nun, ich bin ja optimist, also denke ich so etwas in der art wie hier wird passieren. +ist das wirklich so, dann bedeutet das, wir sind hier im moment mitten in einem übergang. +wir sind hier auf dieser linie, in einem übergang von der bisherigen welt zu einer neuen art von welt. +die frage die ich also stellen möchte und ich mir auch oft selber stelle, ist wie diese neue welt wohl sein wird? +was ist dieser neue zustand, den die welt langsam annimmt? +denn der übergang scheint sehr, sehr verwirrend zu sein, wenn man sich mitten drin befindet. +als ich noch ein kind war, da war die zukunft irgendwo beim jahr 2000 und die leute sprachen oft darüber, was wohl passieren würde im jahr 2000. +jetzt haben wir hier eine konferenz wo die leute über die zukunft sprechen und man stellt fest, dass die zukunft immer noch beim jahr 2000 liegt. +weiter als das gehen wir nicht. +in anderen worten also ist die zukunft jedes jahr um ein jahr geschrumpft seit ich auf dieser welt bin. +ich denke der grund dafür ist, dass wir merken, dass irgend etwas im gange ist. +der übergang geschieht. wir können es alle fühlen. +und wir wissen, dass es momentan einfach keinen sinn macht zu versuchen 30 oder 50 jahre in die zukunft zu schauen, weil alles so anders sein wird, dass eine einfache hochrechnung von dem was wir jetzt machen schlichtweg keinen sinn macht. +ich möchte nun darüber reden was das sein könnte, dieser übergang in dem wir uns momentan befinden. +um dies zu machen werde ich zuerst über einige andere dinge sprechen, welche wirklich nichts mit technologie oder computer zu tun haben. +denn ich glaube um dies wirklich verstehen zu können, müssen wir einen schritt zurück gehen und uns die sache auf einer längeren zeitskala anschauen. +und zwar möchte ich dies auf der zeitskala des lebens der erde anschauen. +ich glaube das gesamtbild ergibt sinn, wenn man es in einige milliarden-schritte unterteilt. +gehen wir also zurück, und zwar 2,5 milliarden jahre. die erde war ein grosser, steriler steinklumpen mit vielen darauf schwebenden chemikalien. +wenn man sich nun die art und weise betrachtet wie diese chemikalien organisiert waren, dann gibt uns das ein ziemlich gutes bild darüber, wie sie das anstellten. +ich glaube auch es gibt theorien, die zu verstehen beginnen wie alles mit rna angefangen hat, aber ich werde euch eine vereinfachte geschichte davon erzählen welche lautet, dass zu dieser zeit kleine öltröpfchen herumschwebten, welche verschiedene arten von rezepten für chemikalien enthielten. +einige dieser öltröpfchen enthielten eine besondere kombination von chemikalien, welche es ihnen erlaubten andere chemikalien von aussen zu integrieren und somit zu wachsen. +alle die so waren, begannen sich aufzuteilen. +diese kleinen öltröpfchen waren im sinne die primitivste zellenform. +jedoch waren diese öltröpfchen nicht etwa lebendig im heutigen sinne, weil jedes einzelne davon war nur ein kleines, zufälliges rezept von chemikalien. +und jedes mal, wenn es sich teilte, haben sich die darin befindlichen chemikalien zu ungleichen mengen verteilt. +somit war jedes tröpfchen ein wenig anders. +tatsächlich wuchsen die tröpfchen, welche eine für das wachstum optimalere zusammensetzung hatten schneller als andere und integrierten mehr und mehr chemikalien von aussen und teilten sich schneller. +diese neigten also dazu, länger zu überleben und sie vermehrten sich in grösserem ausmass. +das ist also nur eine sehr einfache chemische form von leben, aber interessanter wird es, wenn diese tröpfchen einen trick über abstraktion lernten. +auf irgend eine art, welche wir noch nicht ganz verstehen, haben diese tröpfchen die fähigkeit erlernt, informationen niederzuschreiben. +sie haben gelernt, das rezept der zelle als informationen zu speichern. und zwar in einer bestimmten chemischen form, welche wir dna nennen. +mit anderen worten haben sie in dieser geistlosen, evolutionären art einen weg gefunden, der ihnen erlaubte, niederzuschreiben woraus sie bestanden, so dass diese information gespeichert und kopiert werden konnte. +das erstaunliche daran ist, dass diese art informationen zu speichern über die zeit von 2,5 milliarden jahren, in der sie entstanden ist, gleich blieb. +tatsächlich besteht das rezept für uns, nämlich unsere gene, aus dem exakt selben code und der gleichen schreibweise. +und zwar jedes lebewesen verwendet die exakt gleichen buchstaben und denselben code. +wir sind soweit, dass wir, nur zum vergnügungszweck, selber sache in diesem code schreiben können. +und ich habe hier 100 mikrogramm eines weissen pulvers, welches ich in flughäfen fern von sicherheitspersonal zu halten versuche. +darin befindet sich – was ich gemacht habe ist, ich habe diesen code genommen – der code besteht aus normalen buchstaben, welche wir zum symbolisieren verwenden – und ich habe meine visitenkarte auf ein stück dna geschrieben und habe es 10 ^ 22 mal verstärkt. +wenn also jemand einhundert millionen kopien meiner visitenkarte möchte, ich habe genügend für jedermann in diesem raum und sogar für jedermann auf dieser welt, und es ist genau hier. +wäre ich in wirklichkeit ein egoist gewesen, dann hätte ich sie auf ein virus geschrieben und in den raum freigegeben. +was ist also der nächste schritt? +das niederschreiben der dna war ein interessanter schritt. +und das veranlagten diese zellen – das machte sie glücklich für eine weitere milliarde jahre. +aber dann passierte ein anderer, sehr interessanter schritt, bei dem die dinge komplett anders wurden. nämlich begannen diese zellen zu kommunizieren und informationen auszutauschen, so dass gemeinschaften von zellen entstanden. +ich weiss nicht, ob sie das schon wussten, aber bakterien können tatsächlich ihre dna austauschen. +das ist auch der grund warum zum beispiel die beständigkeit zu antibiotika wächst. +einige bakterien haben herausgefunden, wie sie sich von penicillin fernhalten können und haben diese information zusammen mit anderen bakterien in die dna geschrieben und nun haben wir jede menge bakterien, welche resistent auf penicillin sind, weil die bakterien untereinander kommunizieren. +diese kommunikation erlaubte nun das gründen von gemeinschaften, welche in gewissem sinne im selben boot waren; sie waren synergetisch. +somit haben sie entweder zusammen überlebt, oder sie gingen zusammen unter. das bedeutete, dass wenn eine gemeinschaft erfolgreich war, wurden alle individuen der gemeinschaft öfter wiederholt und von der evolution bevorzugt. +die übergangsstelle ist nun dort, wo diese gemeinschaften so nahe zusammenrückten, dass sie sich entschlossen, das rezept für die ganze gemeinschaft in eine zeichenkette auf die dna zu schreiben. +und die nächste interessante phase dauerte ungefähr eine weitere milliarde jahre. +zu diesem zeitpunkt haben wir mehrzellige gemeinschaften, gemeinschaften von vielen verschiedlichen zellentypen, welche zusammen als einzelner organismus fungieren. +in der tat sind wir auch eine solche mehrzellige gemeinschaft. +wir haben viele zellen, welche nicht mehr auf sich allein gestellt sind. +deine hautzellen sind nutzlos ohne herzzellen, muskelzellen, hirnzellen und so weiter. +diese gemeinschaften begannen also sich weiterzuentwickeln, so dass die ebene, auf welcher die evolution stattfand, nicht länger die einzelne zelle war, sondern die ganze zellengemeinschaft, welche wir organismus nennen. +der nächste schritt geschah nun innerhalb dieser gemeinschaften. +die zellengemeinschaften begannen wieder informationen zu abstrahieren. +und sie entwickelten spezielle strukturen, welche nichts anderes machten, als informationen innerhalb des organismus zu verarbeiten. +und dies sind die neuralen strukturen. +die nervenzellen sind also der informationsverarbeitungsapparat, den diese zellengemeinschaften aufgebaut haben. +sie fingen an spezialisten auszubilden innerhalb der gemeinschaft, spezielle strukturen, welche verantwortlich waren für das lernen, verstehen und das festhalten von information. +und dies war das gehirn und das nervensystem dieser gemeinschaften. +dies gab ihnen einen evolutionären vorteil. +weil zu diesem zeitpunkt ein individuum – lernen passierte nun innerhalb der zeitspanne der lebensdauer eines einzelnen organismus, anstatt über diese evolutionäre zeitspanne. +ein organismus konnte also zum beispiel lernen, eine bestimmte frucht nicht zu essen, weil sie schlecht schmeckte und ihn krank machte, das letzte mal als er sie gegessen hat. +dies konnte nun innerhalb der lebensdauer eines einzelnen organismus geschehen, wohingegen davor hunderttausende von jahren gebraucht wurden, weil diese information evolutionär gelernt werden musste von den individuen, welche wegen dieser frucht starben, da diese informationsverarbeitungsstrukturen noch nicht vorhanden waren. +das nervensystem hat also den evolutionsprozess mithilfe dieser speziellen informationsstrukturen denn die evolution konnte nun innerhalb eines individuums stattfinden. +sie konnte innerhalb eines zeitlichen lernrahmens stattfinden. +was danach passierte, ist, dass die individuellen organismen einen weg fanden, untereinander zu kommunizieren. +mal als beispiel, die raffinierteste uns bekannte version dieser kommunikationsart ist die menschliche sprache. +es ist doch eine recht verblüffende erfindung wenn man darüber nachdenkt. +ich habe hier eine sehr komplizierte, unordentliche und verwirrte idee in meinem kopf. +ich sitze hier und gebe im grunde genommen grunzende töne von mir, in der hoffnung damit eine ähnlich verwirrte idee in eurem kopf zu kreieren, die eine gewisse ähnlichkeit mit meiner ursprünglichen idee hat. +wir nehmen also etwas sehr kompliziertes, wandeln es in töne um, eine sequenz von tönen, und produzieren damit etwas sehr kompliziertes in den köpfen von anderen. +dies erlaubt es uns nun also wieder als einen einheitlichen organismus zu funktionieren. +und was wir tatsächlich gemacht haben, wir, die menschheit, ist, wir haben zu abstrahieren begonnen. +wir durchgehen dieselben stufen, welche mehrzellerorganismen durchgemacht haben – die abstraktion unserer methoden, wie wir daten festhalten, präsentieren, verarbeiten. +die erfindung der sprache beispielsweise war ein kleiner schritt in diese richtung. +telefonie, computer, videobänder, cd-roms und so weiter sind alles unsere spezialisierten mechanismen, die wir in unserer gemeinschaft gebaut haben, um diese informationen handhaben zu können. +und es verbindet uns alle zusammen zu etwas, das viel grösser ist, und auch fähig ist sich schneller weiter zu entwickeln, als wir es bisher waren. +heutzutage kann also evolution in der zeitspanne von mikrosekunden geschehen. +ihr habt auch tys kleines evolutionsbeispiel gesehen wo er ein bisschen evolution im "convolution" programm gezeigt hat, direkt vor euren augen. +nun haben wir also die zeitskalen erneut verschnellert. +die ersten schritte der geschichte, welche ich euch erzählt habe, dauerten eine milliarde jahre pro stück. +die nächsten schritte, wie das nervensystem und das gehirn, dauerten einige hundert millionen jahre. +dann die nächstens schritte, wie sprache und so weiter, dauerten weniger als eine million jahre. +und diese nächsten schritte, wie elektronik, scheinen nur wenige jahrzehnte zu dauern. +der prozess ernährt sich von sich selbst und wird somit, ich glaube, auto-katalytisch ist das wort dafür – wenn etwas seine änderungsgeschwindigkeit verstärkt. +je mehr es sich ändert, desto schneller ändert es sich. +und ich glaube, das ist das, was wir hier sehen in dieser explosionsartigen kurve. +wir sehen den prozess, der sich von sich selbst ernährt. +ich lebe beruflich vom bauen von computern und ich weiss, dass ich den mechanismus, den ich verwende um computer zu bauen, nicht verwenden könnte, ohne die kürzlich gemachten fortschritte in der computertechnologie. +meine aktuelle tätigkeit besteht darin, objekte mit solch einer hohen komplexität zu designen, dass es unmöglich für mich ist, diese im traditionellen sinn zu designen. +ich weiss nicht, was jeder einzelne transistor in der verbindungsmaschine macht. +es hat milliarden von denen. +was ich stattdessen mache, und was auch die designer von thinking machines machen, ist, wir denken auf einer gewissen abstraktionsebene, übergeben diese der maschine und die maschine macht daraus etwas, das unsere fähigkeiten weit übersteigt, besser und schneller als wir es selber jemals machen könnten. +und sie macht es teilweise mit methoden, welche wir bis jetzt nicht einmal richtig verstehen. +eine methode, welche besonders interessant ist, und welche ich in letzter zeit oft verwendet habe, ist die evolution selber. +dabei installieren wir einen evolutionsprozess in der maschine, welcher im mikrosekunden-bereich abläuft. +um ein beispiel zu nennen, in den extremsten fällen, können wir ein programm erstellen, welches sich aus zufälligen instruktionen entwickelt. +wir sagen, "computer, generiere bitte einhundert millionen zufällig ausgewählte sequenzen von instruktionen. +jetzt führe bitte alle diese zufällig gewählten instruktionen aus, führe alle programme aus, und wähle schlussendlich diejenigen, welche meiner vorgaben am nächsten sind. " +also in anderen worten definiere ich zuerst was ich will. +sagen wir mal, ich will nummern sortieren, das wäre ein einfaches beispiel, welches ich schon dafür verwendet habe. +finde also programme, welche am ehesten nummern sortieren können. +natürlich ist die chance bei zufällig gewählten instruktionen sehr klein, dass sie per zufall eben nummern sortieren, also werden wohl keine der instruktionen tatsächlich dies machen. +aber eine von denen mag mit etwas glück zwei nummern in die richtige reihenfolge rücken. +jetzt sage ich, "computer, nimm jetzt diejenigen 10% der sequenzen, welche meinen vorgaben am nächsten gekommen sind. +speichere diese ab, lösche den rest. +jetzt reproduziere alle übriggebliebenen, die die nummern am besten sortiert haben. +und zwar mit einer methode des rekombinierens, analog zur fortpflanzung. " +nimm zwei programme und sie produzieren kinder durch den austausch ihrer subroutinen, und die kinder vererben die merkmale der subroutinen von den zwei programmen. +nun habe ich also eine neue generation von programmen, die durch kombinationen von programmen entstanden, welche etwas näher an die vorgaben gekommen sind als andere. +sag, "bitte wiederhole diesen prozess." +bewerte sie wieder. +führe vielleicht einige mutationen ein. +und versuch das ganze nochmal mit einer anderen generation. +all diese generationen benötigen nur wenige millisekunden +und so kann ich eine evolution über millionen von jahren im computer innerhalb weniger minuten durchlaufen lassen. oder in komplizierteren fällen einige stunden. +schlussendlich erhalte ich programme, die nummern perfekt sortieren können. +tatsache ist, diese programme sind so viel effizienter als jedes programm, das ich je von hand schreiben hätte können. +wenn ich mir dann diese programme anschaue, dann kann ich nicht sagen wie sie funktionieren. +ich habe versucht, sie zu verstehen. +es sind verworrene und merkwürdige programme. +aber sie erledigen den job. +ich weiss und bin mir ganz sicher, dass sie den job erledigen, weil sie aus einer reihe von hunderttausenden programmen kommen, welche den job erledigt haben. +denn ihr leben hing davon ab, ob sie den job richtig machten. +ich sass einmal in einer 747 zusammen mit marvin minsky, ale er eine karte hervorholt und sagt, "oh schau. schau dir das an. +da steht, 'dieses flugzeug besteht aus hunderttausenden kleinteilen, welche zusammen arbeiten um ihren flug sicherer zu machen.' macht dich das nicht zuversichtlicher? " +wir wissen, dass ein entwicklungsprozess nicht optimal ist, wenn er zu kompliziert wird. +also beginnen wir uns auf computer zu verlassen, für einen prozess, welcher sich vom klassischen ingenieurswesen stark unterscheidet. +er erlaubt uns sachen mit einer viel höheren komplexität als es die normalen methoden erlauben würden, zu produzieren. +und dennoch verstehen wir die möglichkeiten davon noch nicht ganz. +gewissermassen überflügelt uns die technik also. +wir benutzen diese programme nun, um die computer viel schneller zu machen, so dass wir fähig sind, diese prozesse noch schneller ausführen zu können. +es entsteht also eine rückkopplung. +es wird schneller und schneller und ich glaube das ist der grund warum es so verwirrend scheint. +weil all diese neuen technologien von heute sich von sich selber ernähren. +wir heben ab. +wir sind an einem punkt angelangt, der analog ist zu damals, als einzeller-organismen sich zu mehrzeller-organismen entwickelt haben. +wir sind also die amöben und wir können noch nicht ganz ausmachen, was zur hölle wir hier eigentlich am kreieren sind. +wir sind mitten in diesem übergangpunkt. +aber ich glaube wirklich, dass nach uns noch etwas kommt. +ich finde es sehr hochmütig von uns zu sagen, dass wir das endprodukt der evolution sind. +und ich glaube wir alle hier sind teil der schöpfung von dem was auch immer als nächstes kommt. +nun, das mittagessen steht bevor und ich denke ich höre hier jetzt auf, bevor ich noch rausgewählt werde. +meine geschichte beginnt genau hier in rajasthan, vor etwa zwei jahren. +ich war unter dem sternenhimmel in der wüste zusammen mit sufi-sänger mukhtiar ali. +wir sprachen darüber, dass sich nichts verändert hat seit der zeit des uralten indischen epos "mahabharata." +wenn wir inder damals reisen wollten, sprangen wir in einen wagen und schwirrten über den himmel. +jetzt machen wir das mit flugzeugen. +damals, als der große indische kriegerprinz arjuna durst hatte, nahm er einen bogen, schoss in den boden und wasser trat hervor. +jetzt machen wir das mit bohrern und maschinen. +wir kamen zu der schlussfolgerung, dass zauber und magie durch maschinen ersetzt wurden. +das machte mich wirklich traurig. +ich bekam etwas angst vor technologie. +es machte mir angst, dass ich die fähigkeit verlieren könnte, den sonnenuntergang genießen können ohne kamera und ohne tweet an meine freunde. +ich fand, dass technologie magie möglich machen sollte und nicht töten. +als ich ein kleines mädchen war, gab mein großvater mir seine kleine silberne taschenuhr. +dieses stück 50 jahre alte technologie wurde das magischste ding für mich. +sie wurde ein goldener zugang zu einer welt voller piraten und verunglückter schiffe und zu bildern in meiner vorstellung. +mir kam es so vor, als hielten uns unsere schicken uhren und kameras davon ab zu träumen. +sie hielten uns davon ab inspiriert zu werden. +und so begab ich mich in die welt der technologie, um zu sehen, wie ich sie dazu benutzen könnte magie zu ermöglichen anstatt zu töten. +mit 16 begann ich bücher zu illustrieren. +als ich das ipad sah, sah ich es als gerät zum geschichtenerzählen, das leser auf der ganzen welt verbinden kann. +es kann wissen, wie wir es halten. +es kann wissen, wo wir sind. +es bring bilder und text zusammen, und animation, geräusche und berührung. +das geschichtenerzählen gebraucht immer mehr sinne. +aber was machen wir damit? +ich gehe jetzt einfach zu khoya, eine interaktive ipad app. +hier steht: "leg deine finger auf jedes licht." +und so -- hier steht: "diese box gehört..." da schreibe ich meinen namen. +und aus mir wird eine figur in dem buch. +hin und wieder fällt ein brief für mich runter -- und das ipad weiß durch gps wo ich wohne -- der ist richtig an mich addressiert. +das kind in mir ist von solchen möglichkeiten wirklich begeistert. +ich habe viel über magie gesprochen. +ich meine damit nicht zauberer und drachen, sondern den zauber der kindheit, jene ideen, die wir alle als kinder hatten. +glühwürmchen in einem glas fand ich immer ganz aufregend. +so muss man hier das ipad kippen und die glühwürmchen rauslassen. +und die beleuchten den weg durch das restliche buch. +eine andere idee, die mich als kind faszinierte ist, dass eine ganze galaxie in einer einzigen murmel stecken kann. +und daher wird hier jedes buch und jede welt eine kleine murmel, die ich hierher ziehe zu dem magischen gerät im gerät. +und dies öffnet eine karte. +fantasybücher hatten schon immer karten, aber diese karten waren statisch. +diese karte wächst und leuchtet und dient zur orientierung im rest des buches. +sie zeigt sich auch an anderen stellen des buches. +ich gehe hier rein. +auch ist es für mich wichtig, etwas zu schaffen, dass indisch ist aber auch sehr zeitgemäß. +dies hier sind die apsaras. +wir haben alle von feen und nymphen gehört, aber wieviele leute außerhalb indiens kennen ihre indischen kollegen, die apsaras? +die armen apsaras waren tausende jahre in indras kammern gefangen, in einem alten muffigen buch. +und wir bringen sie zurück, in einer zeitgenössischen geschichte für kinder. +eine geschichte, die sich mit neuen angelegenheiten auseinandersetzt, wie der umweltkrise. +zum thema umweltkrise, ein großes problem der letzten 10 jahre ist, dass kinder in ihren zimmern sitzen, an ihren computern, ohne rauszugehen. +aber jetzt, mit mobiler technologie, können wir unsere kinder in die natürliche welt mit ihrer technologie mitnehmen. +in einer interaktion des buches wird man auf eine suche geschickt. man muss rausgehen und mit der kamera des ipads bilder natürlicher objekte sammeln. +als kind hatte ich sammlungen von stöckern, steinen, kieseln und muscheln. +irgendwie machen das kinder nicht mehr. +dies kindheitsritual wird zurückgebracht. man muss rausgehen, um in einem kapitel ein foto von einer blume zu machen und zu markieren. +in einem anderen kapitel muss man ein stück baumrinde fotographieren und markieren. +so erschafft man tatsächlich eine digitale sammlung von fotos, die man dann online stellen kann. +ein kind in london zeigt das bild eines fuchses und sagt: "oh, heute habe ich einen fuchs gesehen." +ein kind in indien sagt: "heute habe ich einen affen gesehen." +das schafft eine art soziales netzwerk rund um eine digitale sammlung von fotos, die man tatsächlich aufgenommen hat. +es gibt eine vielzahl von möglichkeiten dabei magie, die welt und technologie miteinander zu verbinden. +im nächsten buch planen wir eine interaktion bei der man das video des ipads benutzt und durch augmented reality eine animation von elfen sieht, die auf einer pflanze vor dem haus erscheinen. +an einer stelle füllt sich der bildschirm mit blättern. +man muss das geräusch des winds machen, sie wegblasen und den rest des buchs lesen. +wir alle bewegen uns auf eine welt zu, in der die naturgewalten der technologie näher kommen und in der magie und technologie sich annähern können. +wir nutzen die energie der sonne. +wir bringen unsere kinder und uns näher an die natürliche welt heran und an den zauber, spaß und die liebe unserer kindheit durch das einfache medium einer geschichte. +vielen dank. +dies ist wirklich eine außerordentliche ehre für mich. +ich verbringe den großteil meiner zeit mit menschen in untersuchungshaft, gefängnissen oder todeszellen. +ich verbringe den großteil meiner zeit mit den sozial schwächsten in den sozialbausiedlungen und an orten, an denen es sehr viel hoffnungslosigkeit gibt. +hier bei ted zu sein, zu sehen und zu hören, wie stimulierend das ist, hat mir sehr viel kraft gegeben. +in der kurzen zeit hier wurde mir eines klar: ted hat eine identität. +man kann hier dinge sagen, die weltweit einfluss haben. +und manchmal, wenn etwas über ted kommt, bekommt es eine bedeutung und kraft, die es sonst nicht hätte. +ich sage das, weil ich glaube, dass identität sehr wichtig ist. +wir haben einige fantastische präsentationen gesehen. +ich glaube, dass wir gelernt haben, dass die worte eines lehrers bedeutung haben, aber das die worte eines engagierten lehrers besonders bedeutungsvoll sind. +als arzt kann man gutes tun. als fürsorglicher arzt aber kann man noch mehr tun. +und deshalb möchte ich über die macht der identität sprechen. +ich habe das übrigens nicht in meiner arbeit als anwalt gelernt. +ich habe das von meiner großmutter gelernt. +ich wurde groß in einer familie, einem traditionellen afroamerikanischen haushalt, der von einer matriarchin dominiert wurde, und diese matriarchin war meine großmutter. +sie war eine taffe, starke frau, sie hatte wirkung. +sie hatte das letzte wort in jedem familienstreit. +sie war auch der ausgangspunkt vieler streitigkeiten in unserer familie. +sie war die tochter einer sklavenfamilie. +ihre eltern wurden in den 1840ern in virginia als sklaven geboren. +sie wurde um 1880 geboren und die erfahrung der sklaverei formte ihr weltbild sehr stark. +meine großmutter war stark, aber sie war auch liebevoll. +wenn ich sie als kleiner junge traf, kam sie auf mich zu und umarmte mich. +sie drückte mich so fest, dass ich kaum atmen konnte. dann ließ sie mich los. +eine oder zwei stunden später, wenn ich ihr begegnete, kam sie auf mich zu und sagte: » bryan, fühlst du noch meine umarmung? « +und wenn ich » nein « sagte, umarmte sie mich wieder. wenn ich » ja « sagte, ließ sie mich in ruhe. +an ihr war etwas, das machte, dass man immer in ihrer nähe sein wollte. +das einzige problem dabei war, dass sie zehn kinder hatte. +meine mutter war das jüngste ihrer zehn kinder. +manchmal, wenn ich zeit mit ihr verbringen wollte, war es schwer, ihre aufmerksamkeit zu erlangen. +meine cousins liefen überall herum. +ich erinnere mich, ich muss acht oder neun gewesen sein, dass ich eines morgens aufwachte und ins wohnzimmer ging. alle meine cousins liefen herum. +meine großmutter saß am ende des zimmers und starrte mich an. +zuerst dachte ich, dass das ein spiel wäre. +ich sah sie an und lächelte, aber sie sah sehr ernst aus. +das ging so 15 oder 20 minuten. dann stand sie auf und kam zu mir herüber. sie nahm mich bei der hand und sagte: » komm, bryan. du und ich, wir müssen reden. « +ich erinnere mich noch daran als ob es gestern war. +ich werde es nie vergessen. +sie nahm mich mit nach draußen und sagte: » bryan, ich werde dir etwas erzählen, aber du musst versprechen, dass du es nicht weitersagst. « +ich sagte: » versprochen, oma. « +sie sagte: » ehrenwort? « ich sagte: » ja. « +sie setzte mich hin und sah mich an. sie sagte: » ich möchte, dass du weißt, dass ich dich beobachtet habe. « +sie sagte: » ich glaube, du bist etwas besonderes. « +sie sagte: » ich glaube, du kannst alles tun, was du tun willst. « +ich werde das nie vergessen. +dann sagte sie: » du musst mir nur drei dinge versprechen, bryan. « +ich sagte: » ok, oma. « +sie sagte: » als erstes versprich mir, dass du deine mama immer lieben wirst. « +sie sagte: » deine mama ist mein baby und du musst mit versprechen, dass du dich immer um sie kümmern wirst. « +ich verehrte meine mutter, also sagte ich: » ja, oma, das werde ich tun. « +dann sagte sie: » als nächstes versprich mir, dass du immer das richtige tun wirst. « auch wenn es schwer fällt, das richtige zu tun. « +ich dachte nach und sagte: » ja, oma. ich verspreche es. « +schließlich sagte sie: » das letzte, was du mir versprechen musst, ist « dass du niemals alkohol trinken wirst. « +nun, ich war neun jahre alt und so sagte ich: » ja, oma. ich verspreche es. « +ich wuchs auf dem land auf, im alten, ländlichen süden und ich habe einen bruder, der ein jahr älter ist und eine ein jahr jüngere schwester. +als ich etwa 14 oder 15 war, kam eines tages mein bruder nach hause und brachte dieses sixpack bier mit schnappte sich meine schwester und mich und ging mit uns in den wald. +wir alberten dort nur so herum wie sonst auch. +dann nahm er einen schluck bier und bot meiner schwester eines an, und sie nahm an, und dann boten sie mir eins an. +ich sagte: » nein, nein, nein. schon ok. macht ihr nur. ich will kein bier. « +mein bruder sagte: » nun mach schon. heute machen wir das, du machst doch auch sonst alles, was wir tun. +ich hatte was, deine schwester hatte was. los, trink ein bier. « +ich sagte: » ich will nicht. macht ihr nur. macht ihr nur. « +mein bruder starrte mich an. +er sagte: » was ist denn los mit dir? nun trink doch was. « +dann sah er mir ins gesicht und sagte: » oh nein, du machst dich doch nicht immer noch verrückt wegen der unterhaltung mit oma? « +ich sagte: » worüber redest du? « +er sagte: » oma erzählt allen enkeln, dass sie was besonderes sind. « +ich war am boden zerstört. +ich werde ihnen etwas gestehen. +ich sollte das vermutlich nicht tun. +das hier wird vielleicht öffentlich übertragen. +ich bin 52 jahre alt und ich gestehe, dass ich noch nie einen tropfen alkohol getrunken habe. +ich sage das nicht, weil ich ich glaube, dass es tugendhaft ist. ich sage das, weil identität macht bedeutet. +wenn wir die richtige art von identität schaffen, können wir den menschen um uns herum dinge sagen, die sie zunächst nicht glauben. +wir können sie dazu bekommen, dinge zu tun, von denen sie dachten, sie könnten es nicht. +natürlich würde meine großmutter all ihren enkeln sagen, sie seien etwas besonderes. +mein großvater war während der prohibition im gefängnis. +meine onkel starben an alkoholinduzierten krankheiten. +und sie glaubte, dass dies die themen seien, um die wir uns kümmern müssten. +ich habe versucht, etwas über unser justizsystem zu sagen. +dieses land ist anders als vor 40 jahren. +1972 waren 300.000 menschen in haftanstalten und im gefängnis. +heute sind es 2,3 millionen. +die vereinigten staaten haben heute die höchste inhaftierungsrate der welt. +sieben millionen menschen sind auf bewährung entlassen oder mit bedingter strafaussetzung. +meiner meinung nach haben masseninhaftierungen unsere welt grundlegend verändert. +in sozial schwachen und schwarzen teilen der bevölkerung herrschen verzweiflung und hoffnungslosigkeit, aufgrund dieser veränderungen. +einer von drei männlichen schwarzen zwischen 18 und 30 ist in haft, im gefängnis, auf bewährung entlassen oder mit bedingter strafaussetzung. +in städtischen gemeinden überall im land – von los angeles über philadelphia, baltimore bis washington – sind 50 bis 60 prozent aller schwarzen jungen männer entweder in haft, im gefängnis, auf bewährung entlassen oder mit bedingter strafaussetzung. +unser system wird aber nicht nur geformt durch fragen, die mit rassenzugehörigkeit zu tun haben, es wird auch durch armut entstellt. +wir haben in diesem land ein justizsystem, das sie viel besser behandelt, wenn sie reich und schuldig sind als arm und unschuldig. +vermögen, nicht verschulden, beeinflusst das ergebnis. +trotzdem scheinen wir damit ganz zufrieden zu sein. +eine politik aus angst und zorn hat uns davon überzeugt, dass diese probleme nicht unsere probleme sind. +wir haben den kontakt verloren. +ich finde das interessant. +es gibt da ein paar hochinteressante entwicklungen. +mein heimatstaat alabama entzieht ihnen dauerhaft das wahlrecht, wenn sie strafrechtlich verurteilt werden. +hier und heute in alabama haben 34 prozent der männlichen schwarzen bevölkerung dauerhaft ihr wahlrecht verloren. +wir prognostizieren, dass in zehn jahren die quote der aberkennung der bürgerlichen ehrenrechte so hoch sein wird wie vor der verabschiedung des wahlrechtsgesetzes. +das schweigen ist ohrenbetäubend. +ich vertrete kinder. +viele meiner mandanten sind sehr jung. +die vereinigten staaten von amerika sind das einzige land in der welt, das dreizehnjährige kinder zum tod im gefängnis verurteilt. +in diesem unserem land gibt es für kinder lebenslängliche haftstrafen ohne bedingte strafaussetzung. +wir haben schon eine menge verfahren laufen. +das einzige land der welt. +ich vertrete menschen in todeszellen. +die frage der todesstrafe ist eine interessante frage. +wir glauben, weil man es uns so beigebracht hat, dass die wahre frage die ist: hat ein mensch verdient, für ein von ihm begangenes verbrechen zu sterben? +das ist eine sehr sensible frage. +man kann aber auch anders darüber denken, abhängig davon, wie wir unsere identität sehen. +die andere sichtweise ist nicht: hat jemand für ein verbrechen den tod verdient, sondern: haben wir es verdient, zu töten? +ich finde das faszinierend. +die todesstrafe in amerika definiert sich durch irrtum. +auf neun menschen, die wir hingerichtet haben, kommt einer, den wir für unschuldig befunden haben, der entlastet und aus der todeszelle entlassen wurde. +eine erstaunliche fehlerquote. einer von neun unschuldig. +ich finde das faszinierend. +wir würden niemals jemanden mit einem flugzeug fliegen lassen, wenn für neun flugzeuge, die abheben, eines abstürzt. +aber irgendwie schaffen wir es, uns von diesem problem abzunabeln. +es ist nicht unser problem. +es ist nicht unsere bürde. +es ist nicht unser kampf. +ich rede viel über diese fragen. +ich rede über rasse und die frage, ob wir das recht haben, zu töten. +und es ist spannend, weil ich meinen schülern afroamerikanische geschichte beibringe. ich rede über sklaverei. +ich rede über terrorismus, die zeit gegen ende der rekonstruktion, bis hin zum beginn des 2. weltkrieges. +wir wissen nicht wirklich sehr viel darüber. +aber für die afroamerikaner in diesem land war es eine zeit des terrors. +in vielen gegenden mussten menschen angst vor lynchmobs haben, +oder vor bomben. +es war die angst vor terror, der ihr leben formte. +diese älteren menschen kommen jetzt zu mir und sagen: » mr, stevenson, sie reden, sie halten vorträge. sie sagen den menschen, dass sie aufhören sollen zu sagen, dass wir es zum ersten mal in der geschichte unserer nation mit terrorismus zu tun haben: nach dem 11. september. « +sie sagen: » nein – sagen sie den menschen, dass wir damit aufgewachsen sind. « +und nach dem terrorismus kamen natürlich die rassentrennung und jahrzehnte der rassistisch motivierten unterwerfung und apartheid. +und dennoch gibt es in unserem land eine dynamik … wir sprechen nicht gerne über unsere probleme. +wir sprechen nicht gerne über unsere geschichte. +und deshalb verstehen wir nicht wirklich, welche bedeutung unsere taten im historischen kontext haben. +wir stoßen ständig aufeinander. +wir schaffen immer neue spannungen und konflikte. +es fällt uns schwer, über rasse zu sprechen, und ich glaube, das liegt daran, dass wir nicht willens sind, uns dem prozess der wahrheit und versöhnung zu nähern. +in südafrika haben die menschen verstanden, dass die rassentrennung nicht zu überwinden ist ohne die bereitschaft zu wahrheit und versöhnung. +selbst nach dem völkermord in ruanda gab es diese bereitschaft, aber nicht in diesem unseren land. +ich habe einige vorträge in deutschland über die todesstrafe gehalten. +es war faszinierend, denn einer der wissenschaftler stand nach meinem vortrag auf und sagte: » wissen sie, es ist zutiefst verstörend, sie so reden zu hören. « +er sagte: » in deutschland gibt es keine todesstrafe. +und natürlich kann es sie in deutschland nie mehr geben. « +es wurde ganz still. dann sagte eine frau: » mit unserer geschichte ist es unmöglich, dass wir uns jemals wieder für das systematische töten von menschen aussprechen. +es wäre gewissenlos von uns, bewusst und gezielt menschen hinzurichten. « +ich dachte darüber nach. +wie es sich anfühlen würde, in einer welt zu leben, in der der deutsche staat menschen hinrichten ließ, besonders, wenn darunter unverhältnismäßig viele juden wären. +es wäre unerträglich. +es wäre gewissenlos. +und dennoch, hier in diesem land, in den staaten des alten südens, richten wir menschen hin – hier ist das risiko, zum tode verurteilt zu werden, elf mal höher, wenn das opfer weiß ist, als wenn es schwarz ist. 22 mal höher, wenn der angeklagte schwarz ist und das opfer weiß – in denselben bundesstaaten, in deren erde die körper gelynchter menschen ruhen. +und dennoch gibt es da diese mentale abkopplung. +ich glaube, unsere identität ist bedroht. +wenn wir uns nicht damit befassen, mit diesen schwierigen themen, dann sind die positiven und wunderbaren dingen ebenfalls betroffen. +wir lieben innovation. +wir lieben technologie und kreativität. +wir lieben unterhaltung. +aber schlussendlich werden diese realitäten überschattet von leid, missbrauch, herabsetzung, ausgrenzung. +mir erscheint es wichtig, beides zu vereinen. +denn wir reden letztlich darüber dass wir mehr hoffnung brauchen, mehr engagement, mehr hingabe, um in einer komplexen welt bestehen zu können. +für mich bedeutet das zeit aufzubringen, nachzudenken und zu reden über die armen, die benachteiligten, die, die niemals bei ted sein werden. +aber nachdenken auf eine art und weise, die in unser eigenes leben integriert ist. +wir alle müssen letzten endes dinge glauben, die wir nicht sehen können. +wir tun das. so rational wir auch sind, so sehr wir intellekt schätzen. +innovation, kreativität, und entwicklung kommen nicht nur aus unseren köpfen. +sie kommen aus ideen, die angetrieben werden durch die überzeugung in unseren herzen. +es ist diese kopf-herz-verbindung, von der ich glaube, dass sie uns antreibt, nicht nur offen zu sein für all die hellen und begeisternden dinge, sondern auch für die dunklen und problematischen. +vaclav havel, der große tschechische politiker, hat einmal gesagt: +» als wir in osteuropa gegen die unterdrückung kämpften, wollten wir alles mögliche. aber was wir am meisten brauchten, war hoffnung, eine geistige orientierung, die bereitschaft, manchmal an hoffnungslosen orten zu sein, und zeuge zu sein. « +diese geistige orientierung ist der kern dessen, wovon ich glaube, dass auch die ted-gemeinschaften sich dafür engagieren müssen. +es gibt keine abgrenzung um technologie und design, die es uns erlaubt, ganz und gar menschlich zu sein, solange wir nicht auch augen und ohren haben für armut, ausgrenzung und ungerechtigkeit. +ich möchte sie warnen. diese art von identität fordert sehr viel mehr von uns, als wenn wir uns nicht darum kümmerten. +sie wird sie zutiefst berühren. +als junger anwalt hatt ich das große privileg, rosa parks zu treffen, +frau parks kam immer wieder mal zurück nach montgomery, wo sie zwei ihrer ältesten freunde traf. diese älteren frauen, johnnie carr, die den montgomery-busboykott organisiert hatte – eine unglaubliche afroamerikanerin – und virginia durr, eine weiße, deren ehemann, clifford durr, dr. king vertrat. +diese frauen trafen sich also und unterhielten sich einfach. +ab und zu rief frau carr mich dann an und sagte: » bryan, frau parks kommt in die stadt. wir wollen uns unterhalten. +wollen sie dazukommen und zuhören? « +und ich sagte: » ja, sehr gerne. « +sie sagte: » und was werden sie tun, wenn sie hier sind? « +ich sagte: » ich werde zuhören. « +und ich ging rüber und hörte einfach nur zu. +es war immer so inspirierend, so beflügelnd. +eines tages saß ich dort und hörte diesen frauen zu, und nach ein paar stunden drehte sich frau parks zu mir um uns sagte: » nun bryan, sagen sie mir, was die › initiative für gleiches recht ‹ ist. +was versuchen sie zu erreichen? « +ich begann mit meinem üblichen vortrag. +ich sagte: » wir versuchen, gegen ungerechtigkeit vorzugehen. +wr wollen menschen helfen, die unschuldig verurteilt wurden. +wir wollen voreingenommenheit und diskriminierung im strafvollzugssystem bekämpfen. +wir wollen lebenslängliche haftstrafen ohne bedingte strafaussetzung für kinder abschaffen. +wir wollen etwas gegen die todesstrafe unternehmen. +wir wollen die anzahl der häftlinge senken. +wir wollen masseninhaftierungen abschaffen. « +ich hielt meinen üblichen vortrag, und danach sah sie mich an und sagte: » mhmm. mhmm. mhmm. « +sie sagte: » das wird sie sehr, sehr müde machen. « +dann lehnte frau carr sich vor zu mir, legte einen finger auf mein gesicht und sagte: » und deshalb müssen sie sehr, sehr tapfer sein. « +und deshalb glaube ich, dass die ted-gemeinschaft tapferer sein sollte. +wir müssen wege finden. uns diesen herausforderungen zu stellen: diesen problemen, diesem leid. +denn letztlich hängt unsere menschlichkeit, von unser aller menschlichkeit ab. +in meiner arbeit habe ich ganz einfache dinge gelernt. +ich habe ein paar ganz einfache dinge gelernt. +dass wir alle mehr sind, als das schlimmste, was wir jemals getan haben. +ich glaube, das gilt für jeden menschen auf dem planeten. +wenn jemand lügt, ist er nicht nur einfach ein lügner. +wenn jemand etwas nimmt, das ihm nicht gehört, ist er nicht nur ein dieb. +selbst wer jemanden tötet, ist nicht nur ein mörder. +und weil das so ist, gibt es eine grundlegende menschliche würde, die das gesetz respektieren muss. +ich glaube auch, dass in vielen teilen dieses landes, und mit sicherheit in vielen teilen der erde, das gegenteil von armut nicht reichtum ist. +ich glaube das nicht. +ich glaube, dass an zu vielen orten das gegenteil von armut gerechtigkeit ist. +und schließlich glaube ich, dass, obwohl sie so dramatisch ist, so schön und inspirierend, und so anregend, wir am ende nicht an unserer technologie gemessen werden, nicht an den dingen, die wir entwickeln, nicht an unserem intellekt und verstand. +schlussendlich wird eine gesellschaft nicht daran gemessen, wie sie ihre reichen und mächtigen und privilegierten behandelt, sondern daran, wie sie mit den armen umgeht, den verurteilten, den inhaftierten. +denn in diesem kontext erst beginnen wir, die wahrhaft erstaunlichen dinge zu begreifen, die uns ausmachen. +manchmal verliere ich das gleichgewicht. eine geschichte zum schluss. +manchmal dränge ich zu sehr. +ich werde müde, wie wir alle. +manchmal eilen diese ideen unserem denken voraus, auf ganz wichtige art und weise. +ich vertrete diese kinder, die zu sehr harten strafen verurteilt wurden. +ich gehe ins untersuchungsgefängnis und besuche einen mandanten, der 13 oder 14 jahre alt sein mag, und der als erwachsener vor gericht stehen soll. +dann frage ich mich: wie konnte das passieren? +wie kann ein richter jemanden in etwas verwandeln, das er nicht ist? +der richter betrachtet ihn als erwachsenen, aber ich sehe ein kind. +eines nachts blieb ich zu lange auf und dachte, meine güte, wenn ein richter uns in etwas anderes verwandeln kann, dann muss er zauberkräfte haben. +genau, bryan, der richter hat zauberkräfte. +du solltest dir auch welche wünschen. +und weil es spät war, und ich nicht mehr richtig denken konnte, fing ich an, an einem antrag zu arbeiten. +ich hatte einen 14jährigen, armen schwarzen jungen als mandanten. +und ich fing an mit diesem antrag. die überschrift lautete: » antrag, meinen armen, 14jährigen schwarzen mandanten wie einen privilegierten, weißen, 75jährigen topmanager zu behandeln. ‌ « +in meinem antrag erklärte ich, dass fehlverhalten der staatsanwaltschaft und der polizei sowie verfahrensfehler zu berücksichtigen seien. +es gab eine verrückte zeile darüber, dass in diesem land nichts mehr rechtens ist, dass es nur noch fehlverhalten gibt. +am nächsten morgen wachte ich auf und wusste nicht mehr, ob ich diesen verrückten antrag nur geträumt oder ihn tatsächlich geschrieben hatte. +und zu meinem entsetzen hatte ich ihn nicht nur geschrieben, sondern auch ans gericht geschickt. +ein paar monate gingen vorüber und ich hatte gerade alles vergessen. +schließlich aber entschied ich mich, mein gott, ich muss ja ins gericht und diesen verrückten fall vortragen. +ich stieg ins auto und war wirklich überwältigt – überwältigt. +ich fuhr also zum gericht. +und ich dachte, das wird so schwer, so schmerzhaft. +schließlich stieg ich aus meinem auto und ging die treppe zum gericht hoch. +als ich die treppe zum gericht hochging. war da ein älterer, schwarzer mann, der hausmeister im gericht. +als er mich sah, kam er zu mir herüber und sagte: » wer sind sie? « +ich sagte: » ich bin anwalt. « er sagte: » sie sind anwalt? « ich sagte: » ja. « +er kam zu mir und umarmte mich. +dann flüsterte er mir ins ohr. +er sagte: » ich bin so stolz auf sie. « +und ich muss sagen, es gab mir kraft. +es berührte etwas ganz tief in mir, identität, die fähigkeit jedes einzelnen, etwas beizutragen zu einer gemeinschaft, zu einer perspektive der hoffnung. +nun, ich betrat den gerichtssaal. +sobald der richter mich sah, +sagte er: » herr stevenson, haben sie diesen verrückten antrag gestellt? « +ich sagte: » ja. « und dann fingen wir an, zu diskutieren. +immer mehr menschen kamen herein, einfach weil sie wütend waren, +dass ich diese verrückten sachen geschrieben hatte. +polizeibeamte kamen herein und stellvertretende staatsanwälte und büroangestellte. +im handumdrehen war der gerichtssaal voller menschen, die wütend waren, dass wir über hautfarbe sprachen, über armut, über ungleichheit. +aus meinem augenwinkel sah ich den hausmeister auf und ab gehen. +er sah immer wieder durch das fenster und konnte das ganze tohuwabohu hören. +er ging auf und ab. +schließlich kam dieser ältere schwarze mann mit einem sehr besorgten gesichtsausruck in den gerichtssaal und setzte sich direkt hinter mich, beinahe auf die verteidigungsbank. +zehn minuten später kündigte der richter eine pause an. +während der pause kam ein polizeibeamter herein, den es störte, dass der hausmeister im gerichtssaal war. +dieser deputy rannte hinüber zu dem älteren schwarzen. +er sagte: » jimmy, was machen sie im gerichtssaal? « +der ältere schwarze mann stand auf. er sah den deputy an, dann sah er mich an, und er sagte: » ich bin hergekommen, um diesem jungen mann zu sagen, verlieren sie das ziel nicht aus den augen. geben sie nicht auf. ‌ « +ich bin zur ted gekommen, weil ich glaube, dass viele von ihnen verstanden haben, dass das moralische pendel des universums weit ausschwingt, aber dass es der gerechtigkeit zuneigt. +dass wir als menschen nicht vollständig entwickelt sind, solange wir uns nicht um menschenrechte und grundwerte kümmern. +dass unser aller überleben mit dem überleben jedes einzelnen verknüpft ist. +dass wir unsere visionen von technologie und gestaltung, von unterhaltung und kreativität verbinden müssen mit menschlichkeit, mitleid und gerechtigkeit. +und vor allem möchte ich jenen von ihnen, die das ebenso sehen, einfach nur sagen: verlieren sie das ziel nicht aus den augen. geben sie nicht auf. +sie haben bei diesem publikum, dieser gemeinschaft einen offensichtlichen wunsch gesehen und gehört, ihnen zu helfen und etwas zu tun. +was können wir noch tun? +bryan stevenson: nun, es gibt überall möglichkeiten. +wenn sie in kalifornien leben, gibt es da in diesem frühling einen volksentscheid, bei dem es darum geht, tatsächlich eine anstrengung zu unternehmen, etwas von dem geldstrom umzuleiten, der sonst in die politik der bestrafung fließt. +hier, in kalifornien zum beispiel wird man in den nächsten fünf jahren eine milliarde dollar für die todesstrafe ausgeben. eine milliarde dollar. +und trotzdem enden 46% aller tötungsdelikte nicht mit einer verhaftung. +56% aller vergewaltigungsfälle kommen nicht vor gericht. +hier gibt es die chance, etwas zu tun. +dieses referendum wird vorschlagen, das geld in mehr sicherheitskräfte und sicherheit zu investieren. +ich glaube, überall gibt es möglichkeiten. +während der letzten drei jahrzehnte ist die verbrechensrate in amerika immens gesunken. +diese tatsache wird oft in einen zusammenhang mit den erhöhten inhaftierungszahlen gestellt. +was würden sie jemandem sagen, der das glaubt? +nun, tatsächlich hat sich die zahl der gewaltverbrechen nicht sehr verändert. +der großteil der masseninhaftierungen in diesem land fand nicht wirklich in der klasse der gewaltverbrechen statt. +es war der fehlgeleitete kreuzzug gegen drogen. +daher kommen die dramatischen hohen zahlen bei den gefängnisinsassen. +wir haben uns hinreißen lassen von der rhetorik der bestrafung. +nun haben wir » drei-verstöße « -gesetze, die menschen für immer hinter gitter bringen, für einen fahrraddiebstahl, für den diebstahl geringfügigen gutes, statt dass man sie zwingt, die sachen den opfern zurückzugeben. +ich glaube, wir müssen mehr tun, um menschen zu helfen, die opfer einer straftat geworden sind, nicht weniger. +und ich glaube, dass unsere jetzige bestrafungsphilosophie niemandem hilft. +ich glaube, das ist es, was wir ändern müssen. +bryan, sie haben hier wirklich eine saite zum schwingen gebracht. +sie sind eine inspirierende persönlichkeit. +danke, dass sie bei ted waren. vielen dank. +sprecher: bin ladens tod bringt ein erhöhtes gefahrenrisiko mit sich. +sprecher 2: hungersnot in somalia. sprecher 3: pfefferspray der polizei. +sprecher 4: bösartige kartelle. sprecher 5: gefährliche kreuzfahrtschiffe. +sprecher 6: gesellschaftlicher verfall. sprecher 7: 65 tote. +sprecher 8: tsunamiwarnung. sprecher 9: cyber-attacken +verschiedene sprecher: drogenkrieg. massenvernichtungswaffen. tornado. +rezession. stillstand. doomsday. ägypten. syrien. +krise. tod. katastrophe. +oh mein gott. +also das sind nur ein paar der clips, die ich über die letzten sechs monate gesammelt habe – es hätten aber auch die letzten sechs tage sein können. oder die letzten sechs jahre. +tatsache ist, dass die medien es bevorzugen, uns negative themen zu zeigen, weil unser verstand genau diesen themen aufmerksamkeit schenkt. +und es gibt auch einen sehr guten grund dafür. +jede sekunde jeden tages fangen unsere sinne viel mehr informationen auf als unser hirn jemals verarbeiten kann. +und weil uns nichts wichtiger ist als unser überleben, ist die erste haltestelle für all die informationen ein teil unseres temporallappens, die amygdala. +die amygdala ist also unser frühwarnsystem, unser gefahrendetektor. +es sortiert und durchkämmt die gesamten informationen auf der suche nach jeglicher andeutung von gefahr in unserer umgebung. +wenn wir also die nachrichten sehen, bevorzugen wir es, nach negativen neuigkeiten ausschau zu halten. +und das alte sprichwort "wenn es blutet, steigt die nachfrage" ist sehr wahr. +nun, mit all unseren digitalen geräten, die uns sieben tage die woche, 24 stunden am tag all diese negativen nachrichten zustellen, ist es kein wunder, dass wir pessimistisch sind. +es ist kein wunder, dass jeder denkt, dass es der welt immer schlechter geht. +aber möglicherweise ist dies nicht der fall. +möglicherweise ist das der wirklichkeit. +vielleicht beschleunigt sich der enorme fortschritt, den wir im letzten jahrhundert durch eine reihe von kräften gemacht haben, sich so stark, dass es uns in den nächsten drei jahrzehnten möglich wird, eine welt des überflusses zu erschaffen. +nun, ich sage nicht, dass wir keine großen probleme haben – klimakrise, artensterben, wasser- und energieprobleme – die haben wir schon. +und als menschen sind wir viel besser darin, probleme auf sehr lange sicht vorauszusehen, aber sie schlussendlich doch zu überwinden. +sehen wir uns doch einmal an, was wir im letzten jahrhundert erreicht haben, damit wir die entwicklung vorhersehen können. +in den letzten 100 jahren hat sich die durchschnittliche lebenserwartung mehr als verdoppelt, das an die inflation angepasste durchschnittseinkommen der weltbevölkerung hat sich verdreifacht. +kindersterblichkeit hat sich um ein zehntel verringert. +dazu kommt, dass die ernährungs-, elektrizitäts- transport- und kommunikationskosten sich um ein vielfaches verringert haben. +steve pinker hat uns gezeigt, dass wir derzeit in einer sehr friedlichen zeit der menschengeschichte leben. +und laut charles kenny ist die alphabetisierungsquote in den vergangenen 130 jahren von 25% auf 80% gestiegen. +wir leben in einer wirklich außergewöhnlichen zeit. +und viele menschen vergessen dies. +und wir erhöhen unsere erwartungen ständig weiter. +tatsächlich haben wir armut neu definiert. +bedenken sie, dass ein großer anteil der amerikaner, die unter der armutsgrenze leben, zugang zu strom, wasser, toiletten, kühlschränken, fernseher, mobiltelefonen, klimaanlagen und autos haben. +die reichsten kapitalisten des letzten jahrhunderts, die imperatoren der erde, hätten sich niemals solche luxusgüter erträumen können. +die grundlage für vieles davon bilden technologien, und diese wachsen expotentiell. +mein guter freund ray kurzweil hat uns gezeigt, dass jedes tool, das zur informationstechnologie wird, auf der kurve von moores gesetz große sprünge macht, und sich der preis-performance-quotient alle 12 bis 24 monate verdoppelt. +darum kostet das mobiltelefon in ihrer tasche circa eine million mal weniger und ist tausendfach schneller als ein supercomputer aus den 70ern. +nun schauen sie sich diese kurve an. +das ist moores gesetz der letzten hundert jahre. +beachten sie zwei dinge an dieser kurve. +erstens, wie geschmeidig sie verläuft – in guten wie in schlechten zeiten, krieg oder frieden, rezession, depression und hochkonjunktur. +das ist das ergebnis von schnelleren computern, die schnellere computer bauen. +sie verlangsamt sich für keines unserer großen probleme. +außerdem, trotz ihres logarithmischen verlaufs auf der linken seite verläuft sie aufwärts. +die wachstumsrate selbst beschleunigt sich also. +und auf dieser kurve, auf dem rücken von moores gesetz, finden wir eine reihe außergewöhnlicher technologien, die allen zur verfügung stehen. +"cloud-computing", etwas, das meine freunde bei autodesk "infinite-computing" nennen, sensoren und netzwerke, roboter, 3d-drucker, die es ermöglichen, die persönliche produktion auf unserem planeten zu demokratisieren, synthetische biologie, treibstoffe, impfungen und nahrung, digitale medizin, nano-materialien und künstliche intelligenz. +wie viele von ihnen haben den sieg von ibms supercomputer watson bei "risiko" gesehen? +das war doch grandios. +ich habe mal die zeitungen durchforstet und nach den besten schlagzeilen gesucht, die ich finden konnte. +ich liebe diese: "watson bezwingt menschlichen gegner." +"risiko" ist kein einfaches spiel. +es geht darum, die nuancen der sprache zu verstehen. +stellen sie sich mal vor, dass diese künstliche intelligenz jedem besitzer eines mobiltelefones zur verfügung stünde. +vor vier jahren starteten ray kurzweil und ich hier bei ted eine neue universität, die "singularity university" heißt. +wir bringen unseren studenten all diese technologien bei, mit besonderem fokus darauf, wie diese genutzt werden können, um die großen herausforderungen der menschheit zu lösen. +und jedes jahr bitten wir die studenten, unternehmen, produkte und dienstleistungen zu schaffen, die innerhalb eines jahrzehnts positiv das leben von millarden von menschen beinflussen können. +denken sie darüber nach, dass eine gruppe von studenten heute das leben von milliarden von menschen beeinflussen kann. +vor 30 jahren hätte sich dies lächerlich angehört. +heute können wir auf dutzende von unternehmen verweisen die genau dies geschafft haben. +wenn ich daran denke, überfluss zu schaffen, dann meine ich nicht ein leben voller luxus für jeden auf diesem planeten; es geht mir darum, ein leben voller möglichkeiten zu schaffen. +es geht darum, aus knappen gütern überfluss zu schaffen. +knappheit ist nämlich kontextbezogen, und technologie ist eine ressourcen befreiende kraft. +hier ist ein beispiel. +dies ist die geschichte von napoleon iii. in der mitte des 18. jahrhunderts. +er ist der typ links. +er hat den könig von siam zum abendessen eingeladen. +napoleons soldaten bekamen silber-besteck, napoleon selbst bekam gold-besteck. +der könig von siam jedoch bekam aluminium-besteck. +aluminium war zu dieser zeit das wertvollste metall auf dem planeten, wertvoller als gold und platin. +dies ist der grund, warum die kuppel des washington-monuments aus aluminium gefertigt wurde. +obwohl aluminium 8,3 prozent der erdmasse einnimmt, kommt es nicht als reines metall vor. +es wird durch sauerstoff und silikate verbunden. +aber dann wurde die technologie der elektrolyse entwickelt und machte aluminiumherstellung so günstig, dass wir es mit unserer wegwerf-mentalität nutzen. +dann lasst uns diese analogie mal in die zukunft projizieren. +wir denken heute an energieknappheit. +meine damen und herren, wir leben auf einem planeten der mit 5.000-mal mehr energie gefüllt ist als wir jährlich verbrauchen. +16 terawatt energie prasseln alle 88 minuten auf die erdoberfläche. +es handelt sich nicht um knappheit, das problem ist zugänglichkeit. +und es gibt gute neuigkeiten. +in diesem jahr hat man es zum ersten mal geschafft, die kosten für solarstrom in indien zu 50 prozent des diesel-stroms zu reduzieren – 8.8 rupien im vergleich zu 17 rupien. +die kosten für solarenergie fielen im letzten jahr um 50 prozent. +letzten monat hat das mit eine studie veröffentlicht, die zeigt, dass bis zum ende dieses jahrzehnts in den sonnigen gegenden der usa solarenergie 6 cent pro kwh, im vergleich zu 15 cent im nationalen durchschnitt kosten wird. +und wenn wir einen energieüberschuss haben, dann werden wir auch wasser im überfluss haben. +sprechen wir über wasser-kriege. +erinnern sie sich daran, als carl sagan das voyager-raumfahrzeug 1990, als es am saturn vorbeigezogen war, zurück in richtung erde drehte? +er nahm ein berühmtes foto auf. wie hieß es? +"a pale blue dot." +weil wir auf einem wasserplaneten leben. +wir leben auf einem planeten, der zu 70 prozent mit wasser bedeckt ist. +ja, es sind 97,5 prozent salzwasser, 2 prozent sind vereist, und wir kämpfen um 0,5 prozent des wassers auf dem planeten, aber hier gibt es auch hoffnung. +und es gibt neue technologien, nicht in 10 oder 20 jahren, sondern jetzt. +es sind neue nanotechnologien auf dem weg, nano-materialien. +und aus einem gespräch heute morgen mit dean kaman, einem der innovatoren des do it yourself, möchte ich etwas mit ihnen teilen – er gab mir die erlaubnis – seine technolgie, die "slingshot" heißt, und von der viele von ihnen vielleicht schon gehört haben. es hat die größe eines kühlschranks im studentenheim. +es kann tausend liter sauberes trinkwasser pro tag aus verschiedenen quellen erzeugen – ob salzwasser, verschmutztes wasser, latrine – und all das für weniger als 2 cent pro liter. +der vorsitzende von coca-cola hat gerade eingewilligt, ein großes test-projekt mit hundert einheiten in entwicklungsländern zu starten. +und wenn alles gut läuft, und ich bin sehr zuversichtlich, dann wird coca-cola diese technologie global in 206 ländern auf dem ganzen planeten anwenden. +dies ist technologieunterstützte innovation, die es heute gibt. +und wir haben dies auch bei mobiltelefonen gesehen. +du meine güte, wir erreichen bald die 70 prozent abdeckungsrate von mobiltelefonen in entwicklungsländern bis zum ende von 2013. +bedenken sie nur, dass ein massai-krieger mit einem handy in der mitte von kenia eine bessere mobil-kommunikation hat als präsident reagan vor 25 jahren. +und wenn sie mit ihrem smartphone auf google suchen, haben sie mehr zugang zu wissen und informationen als präsident clinton vor 15 jahren. +sie leben in einer welt, die informationen und kommunikation im überfluss hat, wie es niemand jemals hätte voraussagen können. +und es kommt noch besser, die dinge, für die sie und ich mehrere tausend dollar ausgegeben haben – gps, hd-video und foto, bibliotheken voller bücher und musik, technologie zur medizinischen diagnostik – werden nun buchstäblich entmaterialisiert und billiger in ihrem handy. +und das beste daran ist möglicherweise, was uns im bereich gesundheit erwartet. +im letzten monat hatte ich das vergnügen, mit der qualcomm-stiftung den so genannten "$10 millionen qualcomm tricorder x prize" anzukündigen. +wir fordern teams auf der ganzen welt heraus, all diese technologien miteinander in einem mobiltelefon so zu verbinden, dass man mit den gerät sprechen kann, da es mit ki ausgerüstet ist, man kann reinhusten oder seine blutwerte testen. +und um zu gewinnen, muss das gerät eine bessere diagnose stellen als ein team hochqualifizierter ärzte. +stellen sie sich dieses gerät vor. mitten in einem entwicklungsland, wo es keine ärzte gibt, jedoch 25 prozent der krankheitslast und 1,3 prozent der mitarbeiter des gesundheitswesens. +wenn dieses gerät einen rna- oder dna-virus sequenziert, der nicht bekannt ist, ruft es die gesundheitsbehörde an und verhindert eine pandemie vor ihrem ausbruch. +aber nun zur größten kraft, die uns zu einer welt des überflusses führen wird. +ich nenne sie "die kommende milliarde". +die weißen linien stehen für bevölkerung. +wir haben gerade die 7-milliarden-marke überschritten. +und nur nebenbei, die größte absicherung gegen eine bevölkerungsexplosion ist eine bessere erziehung und ernährung in der ganzen welt. +2010 hatten wir so gerade unter zwei milliarden menschen online miteinander verbunden. +bis 2020 steigen wir voraussichtlich von zwei auf fünf milliarden internetnutzer. +drei milliarden neue köpfe, von denen wir niemals zuvor gehört haben, werden sich der globalen kommunikation anschließen. +was brauchen diese menschen? +was werden sie konsumieren? was werden sie begehren? +und anstelle von wirtschaftlichem stillstand sehe ich einen der größten wirtschaftlichen anschübe der geschichte. +diese menschen repräsentieren mehrere trillionen dollar, die in die globale wirtschaft fließen werden. +und sie werden durch die nutzung des tricoders gesünder werden, und sie werden besser ausgebildet durch die khan-akademie, und dadurch, dass sie die möglichkeit haben werden, 3d-drucker und "infinite computing" einzusetzen, und so viel produktiver sein als jemals zuvor. +also was können 3 milliarden wachsende, gesunde, gebildete, produktive mitglieder der menschengemeinde uns bringen? +wie wäre es mit einem satz neuer, nie zuvor gehörter stimmen. +wie wäre es damit, den unterdrückten, wo auch immer sie sind, eine stimme zu geben, um auf sich aufmerksam zu machen und veränderung zu erzeugen, zum allerersten mal? +was werden diese drei milliarden menschen mitbringen? +wie wäre es mit beiträgen, die wir nicht einmal vorhersagen können? +eines der dinge, die ich durch den x prize gelernt habe, ist, dass kleine teams, die durch passion und fokus motiviert sind, außergewöhnliche dinge schaffen können, dinge, die große unternehmen und regierungen nur in der vergangenheit schaffen konnten. +ich möchte mit einer geschichte abschließen, die mich wirklich begeistert hat. +es gibt ein programm, das einige vielleicht schon kennen. +es ist ein spiel, das foldit heißt. +es wurde an der universität von washington in seattle entwickelt. +und es ist ein spiel, in dem personen eine sequenz von aminosäuren nehmen können um zu erforschen, wie das protein sich entwickeln wird. +je nach seinem verhalten können wir die struktur und funktion voraussagen. +und dies ist sehr wichtig in der medizinforschung. +bisher war dies ein problem für supercomputer. +und dieses spiel wurde von universitätsprofessoren usw. gespielt. +und es sind mittlerweile hunderte von tausenden von menschen, die das spiel online gespielt haben. +und es zeigte, dass heutzutage die menschliche mustererkennung besser die proteine faltet als die besten supercomputer. +und als diese personen kamen und schauten, wer der beste protein-ordner der welt ist, war dies kein mit-professor, auch kein caltech-student, es war jemand aus england, manchester, eine frau, die tagsüber als assistentin der geschäftsleitung in einer reha-klinik arbeitete und nachts die beste protein-ordnerin der welt war. +meine damen und herren, was mir enormes vertrauen in unsere zukunft gibt, ist die tatsache, dass wir heute mehr macht als individuen haben, um uns den großen herausforderungen unseres planeten zu stellen. +wir haben zugriff auf werkzeuge mit exponentieller technologie. +wir haben die leidenschaft eines diy-innovatoren. +wir haben das kapital der techno-philanthropen. +und wir haben drei milliarden neue köpfe, mit denen wir online arbeiten können um die neuen herausforderungen zu meistern, und um das zu tun, was nötig ist. +wir erwarten ein paar außergewöhnliche jahrzehnte. +danke schön. +ich glaube, dass wir etwas gegen ein verändernswertes stück medizinischer kultur unternehmen müssen. +und ich glaube, dass es mit einem mediziner beginnt und der bin ich. +und vielleicht bin ich schon lange genug im geschäft, als dass ich es mir erlauben kann ein stück meines eigenen falschen prestiges aufzugeben um dies zu ermöglichen. +bevor ich jedoch zum eigentlichen thema meines vortrages komme, lassen sie uns mit ein wenig baseball beginnen. +hey, warum nicht? +wir sind dem saisonende nahe und bewegen uns auf die weltmeisterschaft zu. +wir alle lieben baseball, oder? +baseball ist voll mit tollen statistiken. +und es gibt hunderte von ihnen. +"moneyball" erscheint bald und dreht sich um statistiken und um diese zu nutzen ein großartiges baseball team aufzustellen. +ich werde mich auf eine statistik beziehen von der ich hoffe, dass die meisten von ihnen schon mal gehört haben. +es ist die durchschnittsleistung des schlägers. +wir sprechen von einer 300, wenn ein schläger 300 schlägt. +das bedeutet, dass der spieler sicher 3 von 10 schlägen schlägt. +das heißt den ball ins außenfeld schlagen, er kommt auf, er wird nicht gefangen, und wer den ball versucht hat zur first base zu werfen, hat es nicht rechtzeitig geschafft und der läufer war in sicherheit. +drei aus 10. +wissen sie wie man einen 300ter in major league baseball nennt? +gut, wirklich gut, vielleicht ein all-star. +wissen sie wie man einen 400ter nennt? +das ist jemand der im übrigen sicher 4 aus 10 trifft. +legendär - wie ted williams legendär - der letzte major league baseball spieler der während einer regulären saison über 400 mal traf. +lassen sie uns zurück in meine welt der medizin transferieren, in der ich mich um einiges wohler fühle oder vielleicht auch ein bisschen weniger wohl nach dem ich mit ihnen darüber gesprochen habe. +angenommen sie haben eine blinddarmentzündung und sie werden zu einem operateur überwiesen, dessen durchschnittsleistung 400 in bezug auf blinddarmentzündungen ist. +irgendwie funktioniert das nicht, oder? +angenommen sie leben in einer bestimmten abgelegenen gegend und sie haben einen geliebten menschen mit verstopften herzkranzgefäßen und ihr hausarzt überweist diesen zu einem kardiologen, dessen durchschnittsleistung bei gefäßdarstellung bei 200 liegt. +aber, aber wissen sie was? +sie ist dieses jahr viel besser. sie ist auf dem aufsteigenden ast. +und sie schlägt eine 257. +irgendwie funktioniert das nicht. +aber ich werde ihnen eine frage stellen. +was glauben sie wie die durchschnittsleistung für einen kardiologen oder eine krankenschwester oder einen orthopäden, einen geburtshelfer, einen rettungsassistenten sein sollte? +1.000, sehr gut. +die wahrheit ist, dass niemand in der ganzen medizin weiß, was ein guter chirurg oder arzt oder rettungsassistent sein sollte. +was wir allerdings tun, ist dass wir jeden von ihnen, mich eingeschlossen, in die welt aussenden mit dem anspruch perfekt zu sein. +niemals einen fehler machen, niemand macht sich jedoch über die details gedanken, wie dies bewerkstelligt werden soll. +und das ist die nachricht, die ich im medizinstudium aufnahm. +ich war ein zwanghaft obsessiver student. +in der high school hat mal ein mitschüler gesagt, dass brian goldmann für einen bluttest lernen würde. +und so war es auch. +und ich lernte in meiner kleinen dachstube in der schwestern residenz am toronto general hospital, unweit von hier. +ich lernte alles auswendig. +in meiner anatomievorlesung lernte ich die ursprünge und ausläufer jedes muskels, jeden zweig einer jeden arterie, welchen von der aorta wegführt, obskure und gewöhnliche differentialdiagnosen. +i kannte sogar die differentialdiagnose um renale tubuläre azidose zu klassifizieren. +und die ganz zeit sammelte ich mehr und mehr wissen. +und ich war gut, ich schloss mit cum laude ab. +und ich verließ das medizinstudium mit der eindruck das ich, falls ich alles auswendig kannte und alles wusste, oder zumindest soviel wie möglich, so nahe an vollständigkeit wie möglich, dass ich immun gegen das machen von fehlern sei. +und es klappte für eine zeit lang, bis ich frau drucker traf. +ich residierte an einem lehrkrankenhaus hier in toronto als frau drucker zu mir in die notfallabteilung des krankenhauses gebracht wurde. +zu diesem zeitpunkt war ich der kardiologischen schicht im kardiologischen dienst zugewiesen. +und es war mein auftrag, als das notfallpersonal kardiologischen rat suchte, den notfallpatienten zu untersuchen. +und rückmeldung an meinen oberarzt zu geben. +ich untersuchte frau drucker und sie war in atemnot. +und als ich ihr zuhörte, machte sie keuchende geräusche. +und als ich ihre brust mit dem stethoskope abhörte, konnte ich ein knackendes geräusch auf beiden seiten hören, das sagte mir, dass sie unter kongestiver herzinsuffizienz litt. +das ist ein zustand in dem das herz versagt, anstatt das gesamte blut weiter zu pumpen, setzt sich ein teil des blutes in der lunge fest und füllt diese allmählich, daher kam die kurzatmigkeit. +und das war keine schwer zu stellenden diagnose. +ich stellte sie und machte mich an die behandlung. +ich gab ihr aspirin. ich gab ihr medizin um den druck vom herzen zu nehmen. +ich gab ihr medizin, die wir diuretics nennen, wasser tabletten, so dass sie die flüssigkeit ausschied. +und über einen zeitraum von eineinhalb bis zwei stunden, fing sie an sich besser zu fühlen. +ich fühlte mich richtig gut. +und da machte ich meinen ersten fehler; ich schickte sie nach hause. +eigentlich machte ich zwei fehler. +ich schickte sie nach hause ohne mit meinem oberarzt zu sprechen. +ich nahm nicht den hörer auf und tat, was ich hätten sollen, was ein anruf bei meinem oberarzt gewesen wäre um es mit ihm abzuklären, so dass er eine chance gehabt hätte sich ein eigenes bild zu machen. +und er kannte sie, er wäre in der lage gewesen zusätzliche informationen zu ihr beizusteuern. +vielleicht tat ich es mit gutem grund. +vielleicht wollte ich nicht der hilfsbedürftige arzt sein. +vielleicht wollte ich so erfolgreich und so fähig sein verantwortung zu übernehmen, dass ich so handelte und so wäre ich in der lage für meine patienten zu sorgen ohne ihn kontaktieren zu müssen. +mein zweiter fehler war schlimmer. +dadurch das ich sie nach hause schickte, missachtete ich ein leise stimme in mir, die versuchte mir zu sagen, "goldman, keine gute idee. tue das nicht." +in wirklich fehlte es mir so sehr an selbstsicherheit dass ich die krankenschwester fragte, welche sich um frau drucker kümmerte, "glauben sie das es in ordnung ist, wenn sie nach hause geht?" +und die krankenschwester dachte darüber nach und sagte in faktischer art, "klar, ich denke es wird ihr gut gehen." +ich erinnere mich daran als sei es gestern gewesen. +also unterzeichnete ich die entlassungspapiere und ein krankenwagen und rettungsassistenten kamen und brachten sie nach hause. +und ich begab mich zurück an die arbeit. +den restlichen tag, den abend hatte ich dieses nagende gefühl in meinem magen. +aber ich arbeitete weiter. +und am ende des tages packte ich meine sachen, verlies das krankenhaus und ging zum parkplatz um mit dem auto nach hause zu fahren, als ich etwas tat, das ich sonst nicht machte. +ich ging durch die notfallabteilung auf meinem weg nach hause. +und dort sagte eine anderen krankenschwester, nicht der schwester die nach frau drucker gesehen hatte, sondern einer anderen drei worte zu mir und diese drei worte fürchten die meisten notfallärzte, die ich kenne. +andere mediziner fürchten diese ebenso, aber die notfallmedizin ist ganz besonders, weil wir die patienten nur so flüchtig sehen. +die drei worte lauten: erinnern sie sich? +"erinnern sie sich an den patienten, den sie nach hause sendeten?" +fragte die krankenschwester sachlich. +"also sie ist zurück," sagte sie in dieser bestimmten tonlage. +sie war also zurück. +sie war zurück und im sterben. +ungefähr eine stunde nach dem sie zu hause angekommen war, nachdem ich sie nach hause gesendet hatte, kollabierte sie und die familie rief 911 an. die rettungsassistenten brachten sie zurück auf die notfallstation mit einem blutdruck von 50, das ist ein gefährlicher schockzustand. +sie atmete kaum und war blau angelaufen. +das notfallpersonal zog alle stränge. +sie gaben ihr blutdruckerhöher. +sie schlossen sie an die beatmungsmaschine an. +ich war schockiert und bis ins innere zerrüttet. +und ich durchlebte diese achterbahn, weil sie nach der stabilisation auf die intensivstation kam und ich hoffte, dass sie sich erholen würde. +und nach zwei, drei tagen wurde klar, dass sie nie wieder erwachen würde. +sie hatte einen nicht behandelbaren gehirnschaden erlitten. +ihre familie versammelte sich. +und im verlauf der nächsten acht oder neun tage, ergaben sie sich dem geschehenen. +am neuten tag liesen sie sie gehen -- frau drucker, eine frau, eine mutter und großmutter. +man sagt, dass man die namen derer die versterben nie vergisst. +und das war das erste mal das ich dies selber erfuhr. +die nächsten wochen machte ich mir vorwürfe und ich erfuhr zum ersten mal selber die ungesunde scham, die in unserer medizinischen kultur existiert -- ich fühlte mich alleine, isoliert, nicht die art von gesunder scham, die man verspürt, weil man nicht mit den kollegen darüber sprechen kann. +sie kennen alle die gesunde scham, wenn man ein geheimnis des besten freundes preis gibt, obwohl dieser einen auf verschwiegenheit einschwor und man dann erwischt wird und der beste freund einen damit konfrontiert und mein eine schrecklich diskussion führt, wenn einem am ende jedoch das schlechte gewissen führt und man schwört, dass man einen solchen fehler nie wieder macht. +wenn man wiedergutmachung leistet und den fehler niemals wieder macht. +das ist die art von lehrreicher scham. +die ungesunde art über die ich spreche, ist die, die einen im innersten krank macht. +es ist diejenige, die einem sagt, das nicht das was man gemacht hat schlecht ist, sondern das man selbst schlecht ist. +und das war es, was ich fühlte. +und es war nicht auf grund meines oberarztes, er war sehr lieb. +er sprach mit der familie und ich bin mir sicher, dass er die wogen glättete und sicher stellte, dass ich nicht verklagt würde. +aber ich stellte mir fortan diese fragen. +warum habe ich den oberarzt nicht gefragt? warum sendete ich sie nach hause? +und dann in meinen schlimmsten momenten: wie konnte ich so einen dummen fehler machen? +warum bin ich in die medizin gegangen? +langsam aber sicher legte es sich. +ich begann mich besser zu fühlen. +und dann an einem bewölkten tag, war da ein loch in den wolken und die sonne brach hervor und ich sagte mir vielleicht kann ich mich wieder besser fühlen. +und ich handelte mit mir aus, dass falls ich meine bemühungen zur perfektion verdoppelte und niemals wieder einen fehler beging, dass die stimme verstummen könnte. +und sie tat es. +und ich arbeitete weiter. +und dann passierte es wieder. +zwei jahre später hatte ich dienst in der notfallstation in einem kommunalen krankenhaus nördlich von toronto und ich begutachtete einen 25 jahre alten mann mit gereiztem rachen. +es war viel los und ich in eile. +er zeigte immer hier hin. +ich schaute in den rachen und es war ein klein wenig pink. +und ich gab ihm eine verschreibung für penicillin und schickte ihn fort. +und noch als er aus der tür ging, zeigte er auf seinen rachen. +zwei tage später kam ich zu meinem nächsten notfalldienst und meine chefärztin bat mich auf ein gespräch in ihr büro. +und sie sagte die drei worte: erinnerst du dich? +"erinnerst du dich an den patienten mit dem gereizten rachen?" +es stellte sich heraus dass er eine streptokokken-infektion. +er hatte eine potentiell lebensgefährliche krankheit namens epiglottitis. +sie können das googlen, aber es ist keine infektion des rachens sondern der oberen atemwege und verursacht den verschluss der atemwege. +und glücklicherweise starb er nicht. +er bekam intravenöse antibotica und erholte sich ein paar tage später. +und ich ging wieder durch die selbe tortur von schande und selbstzweifel, fühlte mich befreit und ging züruck an die arbeit bis es wieder und wieder und wieder passierte. +in einer notfallschicht habe ich zwei mal eine blinddarmentzündung übersehen. +da gehört schon einiges dazu, besonders wenn man bedenkt, dass man in einem krankenhaus arbeitet, das zu dieser zeit nur 14 patienten pro nacht hatte. +in beiden fällen schickte ich sie nicht nach hause und es gab wohl auch keine mängel in ihrer behandlung. +bei einem dachte ich er hätte nierensteine. +ich ordnete das röntgen der nieren an. als das ohne befund war, stellte mein kollege bei der wiedervorstellung des patienten eine verhärtung im unteren rechten sektor fest und rief die operateure. +der andere hatte starken durchfall. +ich ordnete fluide an um ihn zu rehydrieren und bat meinen kollegen ihn ebenfalls zu begutachten. +und das tat er und als er eine verhärtung im rechten unteren sektor feststellte, rief er die operateure. +in beiden fällen wurde operierte und es ging ihnen gut. +beide fälle nagten an mir, fraßen mich auf. +und ich wäre glücklich ihnen sagen zu können, dass meine schlimmsten fehler nur in den ersten fünf jahren passierten, was vielen meiner kollegen behaupten, aber totaler unsinn ist. +mancher meiner klöpse passierten in den letzten fünf jahren. +alleine, beschämt und ohne unterstützung. +hier liegt das problem: wenn ich nicht mit meinen fehlern abschließen und über sie reden kann, falls ich die leise stimme, die mir sagt, was wirklich geschah nicht finden kann, wie kann ich es dann mit meinen kollegen teilen? +wie kann ich ihnen meine fehler lehren, so dass sie nicht dieselben begehen? +falls ich in einen raum ginge -- wie jetzt gerade, dann habe ich keine ahnung was ihr über mich denkt. +wann haben sie das letzte mal von jemandem gehört der von fehlschlag über fehlschlag über fehlschlag sprach? +oh ja, sie gehen zu einer cocktail party und da mag man über irgendeinen anderen doktor hören, aber man wird nicht jemanden über die eigenen fehler reden hören. +wenn ich in einen raum voll mit kollegen ginge und um ihre sofortige unterstützung bitten würde und anfinge ihnen zu erzählen, was ich ihnen gerade erzählt habe, würde ich sehr wahrscheinlich nicht das ende der zweiten geschichte erreichen, bevor es ihnen wirklich unangenehm würde, irgend jemand würde einen witz einflechten, sie würden das thema wechseln und den rest vergessen. +und tatsächlich wenn ich oder meinen kollegen wüssten, dass ein orthopäde in meinem krankenhaus jemandem das falsche bein abgenommen hätte, dann glauben sie mir, ich hätte probleme ihm in die augen zu schauen. +das ist das system in dem wir leben. +es ist eine total verleugnung von fehlern. +es ist ein system in dem es zwei grundlegende positionen gibt -- diejenigen, welche fehler machen und diejenigen, welche keine machen. diejenigen, die schlafmangel einschränkt und die ohne einschränkung, die mit schlechten ergebnissen und die mit guten ergebnissen. +es ist fast eine ideologische reaktion so wie antikörper, die einen menschen attackieren. +und es gibt die idee, dass wenn wir diejenigen, die fehler machen aus der medizin verbannen, dass uns ein sicheres system bleibt. +aber es gibt zwei probleme dabei. +in meinen ungefähr 20 jahren des medizinischen sendungsbewusstseins und journalismus, habe ich eine persönliche medizinische studie über medizinische fehler und falsche behandlungen erstellt um so alles mir mögliche für einen meiner ersten artikel, den ich für den toronto star zu meiner show "white coat, black art", schrieb, zu lernen. +und was ich lernte, ist dass fehler absolut unumgänglich sind. +wir arbeiten in einem system in dem jeden tag fehler passieren, in dem ein von 10 medikationen entweder eine falsche oder falsch dosiert ist, in dem krankenhausinfektionen immer und immer zahlreicher werden und verwüstung oder tot verursachen. +in diesem staat sterben etwa 24.000 kanadier an umgänglichen fehlern. +in den vereinigten staaten beziffert das institut für medizin die zahl bei 100.000. +beides sind starke untertreibungen, weil wir das problem nicht so genau betrachten, wie wir es sollten. +und ist ist die crux. +in einem krankenhaussystem in dem das medizinische wissen sich alle zwei bis drei jahre verdoppelt, können wir nicht mithalten. +schlafmangel ist allgegenwärtig. +wir können ihn nicht loswerden. +wir besitzen einen kognitiven fehler, so dass wir einen perfekten krankheitsverlauf für einen patienten mit brustschmerzen nehmen kann. +dann nehme ich den selben patienten mit brustschmerz, mache ihn verschwitzt und geschwätzig und gebe noch einen leicht alkoholisierten atem dazu und plötzlich ist die geschichte durchsetzt mit verachtung. +ich nehme nicht den gleichen verlauf. +ich bin kein roboter; ich mache dinge nicht immer gleich. +und meine patienten sind keine autos; sie berichten mir ihre symptome nicht immer in der gleichen art. +all das zusammengefasst sind fehler unvermeidbar. +wenn man also das system so nimmt, wie ich es gelehrt wurde, und alle fehlerbehafteten gesundheitsexperten aussortiert, dann ist am ende keiner mehr übrig. +und kennen sie die leier über menschen, die nicht über ihre schlimmsten fälle sprechen wollen? +in meiner sendung "white coat, black art." habe ich die angewohnheit zu sagen, "dies ist mein schlimmster fehler" ich würde zu jedem vom rettungsassistenten bis zum chefarzt der kardiologen sagen, "dies ist mein schlimmster fehler" blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, "was ist mit ihrem?" and dann zeige ich mit dem mikrofon zu ihm. +und dann erweitern sich ihre pupillen, sie sind vor den kopf gestoßen, dann schauen sie runter und schlucken schwer, und fangen an ihre geschichten zu erzählen. +sie wollen ihre geschichten erzählen. sie wollen ihre geschichten teilen. +sie wollen in der lage sein sagen zu können, "schau, mache nicht dieselben fehler, die ich fabrizierte." +was sie benötigen ist eine umgebung, welche sie in der lage dazu versetzt. +was sie brauchen ist eine neue medizinische kultur. +und es beginnt mit einem arzt. +der neu definierte arzt ist ein mensch, weiß um seine menschlichkeit, akzeptiert sie, ist nicht stolz darauf fehler zu machen, aber setzt alles daran etwas aus ihnen zu lernen, sodass es weitergegeben werden kann. +sie teilt ihre erfahrungen mit anderen. +sie unterstützt wenn andere von ihren fehlern reden. +und sie zeigt anderen deren fehler auf, nicht um bloßzustellen, sondern in einer liebevollen, unterstützenden art so dass alle davon profitieren. +und sie arbeitet in einer medizinischen kultur, die anerkennt, dass menschen das system mit leben füllen und wenn das so ist, dann machen menschen auch fehler von zeit zu zeit. +so dass das system sich dahin entwickelt backups zu erstellen, welche es einfacher machen fehler aufzuspüren, die menschen unausweichlich machen und es ebenso ermöglicht liebevolle, unterstützenden räume zu schaffen, in denen jeder, der das gesundheitswesen beobachtet, auch tatsächlich dinge ansprechen kann, welche potentielle fehler darstellen und dafür sogar belohnt wird. und das speziell für menschen wie mich, die fehler machen und für die begradigung dieser belohnt werden sollten. +mein name ist brian goldman. +ich bin der neu definierte arzt. +ich bin ein mensch. ich mache fehler. +ich bedaure das. bin aber aber ich versuche best möglich daraus zu lernen, um es andere weiterzugeben. +ich weis nicht was sie von mir halten, aber damit kann ich leben. +lassen sie mich mit drei meiner eigenen worte schließen: i erinnere mich. +ich werde über eine winzige, kleine idee sprechen. +es geht um veränderbare normwerte. +und weil man diese idee in einer minute erklären kann, werde ich ihnen vorher drei geschichten erzählen, um die zeit zu nutzen. +die erste geschichte handelt von charles darwin, einem meiner helden. +sie wissen wohl, dass er 1835 hier war. +sie mögen denken, dass er finken jagte, aber das stimmt nicht. +eigentlich sammelte er fische. +er beschrieb einen davon als sehr "gewöhnlich". +es war ein zackenbarsch. +bis in die 80er jahre hinein, wurde er in großem stil gefischt. +jetzt steht er auf der roten liste gefährdeter arten. +diese geschichte haben wir viele male von den galápagos-inseln oder von anderen orten gehört, sie ist nicht sehr besonders. +dennoch kommen wir immer noch auf die galápagos-inseln. +wir denken immer noch, sie seien ursprünglich. +die broschüren beschreiben sie immer noch als unberührt. +was ist hier passiert? +die zweite geschichte soll ein anderes konzept, die veränderbare taillenweite, verdeutlichen. +denn ich habe es erlebt, als ich 1971 eine lagune in west-afrika studierte. +ich ging dorthin, denn ich wuchs in europa auf und wollte später in afrika arbeiten. +ich dachte, ich könne mich integrieren. +und ich bekam einen schlimmen sonnenbrand und war überzeugt, dass ich wirklich nicht von dort stammte. +es war mein erster sonnenbrand. +wie sie sehen, war die lagune von palmen und von ein paar mangroven umsäumt. +es gab buntbarsche von ca. 20 zentimetern, schwarzkinnmaulbrüter, eine unterart der buntbarsche. +die fischgründe dieser buntbarsche waren sehr ertragreich und die fischer lebten gut davon und verdienten in ghana überdurchschnittlich gut. +als ich 27 jahre später dorthin zurückkehrte, war der fisch auf die hälfte seiner größe geschrumpft. +ausgewachsen maßen sie fünf zentimeter. +sie waren genetisch erdrückt worden. +es waren immer noch fische. +die leute waren immer noch glücklich. +und der fisch hatte auch das glück, noch da zu sein. +es hat sich also nichts verändert, und doch hat sich alles verändert. +meine dritte kleine geschichte erzählt von meiner mittäterschaft bei der einführung der schleppnetzfischerei in südostasien. +in den 70ern – eher zu beginn der 60er – förderte europa viele entwicklungsprojekte. +fischförderung bedeutete ländern, die schon 100 000 fische fingen, den industriellen fischfang dieses ziemlich hässliche schiff heißt mutiara 4. +ich fuhr darauf mit und wir machten erhebungen im ganzen südlichen südchinesischen meer und besonders in der javasee. +wir hatten keine worte für das, was wir dort fingen. +ich weiß jetzt, dass es der grund des meeres war. +90 prozent unseres fangs waren schwämme, andere tiere, die mit dem grund verbunden sind. +der größte teil der fische, die kleinen punkte dort auf den trümmern, den trümmerhaufen, waren korallenriff-fische. +im wesentlichen kam der grund des meeres auf deck und wurde dann zurückgeworfen. +diese bilder sind außergewöhnlich, denn der übergang geht sehr schnell. +innerhalb eines jahres führt man eine erhebung durch und beginnt dann mit dem gewerblichen fischfang. +der grund wird verändert. aus – in diesem fall – einem harten grund oder weichen korallen wird matschiger mist. +das ist eine tote schildkröte. +sie wurden nicht gegessen, man warf sie weg, weil sie tot waren. +einmal fingen wir eine lebend. +sie war noch nicht ertrunken. +dann wollten sie sie töten, denn man konnte sie gut essen. +tatsächlich wird dieser berg von trümmern jedes mal von fischern angesammelt, wenn sie in bereiche fahren, in denen noch nie gefischt wurde. +es wird aber nicht dokumentiert. +wir verändern die welt, aber wir erinnern uns nicht daran. +wir passen unsere normwerte dem neuen level an und rufen uns nicht in erinnerung, was dort war. +wenn man es verallgemeinert, passiert folgendes. +auf der y-achse sind ein paar gute dinge: biodiversität, anzahl der orca, das grün ihres landes, den wasservorrat. +mit der zeit verändert es sich. es verändert sich, denn für die menschen sind ihre taten ganz natürlich. +jede generation betrachtet die bilder, die sie zu beginn ihres bewussten lebens aufnehmen, als standard und wird alles davon ableiten. +der unterschied wird dann als verlust wahrgenommen. +aber sie nehmen die vorangegangenen verluste nicht wahr. +es kann ein reihenfolge von veränderungen geben. +und am ende wollen sie nur die erbärmlichen überreste erhalten. +genau das ist jetzt weitestgehend unser ziel. +wir möchten dinge erhalten, die verschwunden sind oder dinge, die nicht mehr so sind, wie sie waren. +man könnte jetzt denken, dass das problem menschen betraf, die sicherlich, als sie in räuberischen gesellschaften lebten, tiere töteten und denen erst nach ein paar generationen bewusst wurde, was sie getan hatten. +denn offensichtlich wird ein tier, das es sehr häufig gab, erst einmal selten, bevor es ausstirbt. +man verliert also keine häufig vorkommenden tiere. +man verliert immer seltene tiere. +und deshalb wird es nicht als großer verlust wahrgenommen. +mit der zeit konzentrieren wir uns auf die großen tiere und im meer sind das die großen fische. +sie werden seltener, weil wir sie fangen. +mit der zeit bleibt wenig fisch übrig und wir denken, das ist der normwert. +die frage ist, warum die menschen das akzeptieren. +nun, weil sie nicht wissen, dass es einmal anders war. +natürlich werden viele leute, wissenschaftler, bestätigen, dass es wirklich anders war. +sie werden es bestätigen, denn die beweise, wie sie in einer früheren form vorlagen, sind nicht so, wie sie die beweise gerne darlegen würden. +es gibt zum beispiel die anekdote, dass der bericht eines kapitäns soundso, der in dieser gegend große fischvorkommen beobachtete, nicht genutzt werden kann, oder von fischereiwissenschaftlern normalerweise nicht gewertet wird, weil er nicht "wissenschaftlich" ist. +wir haben also die situation, dass die menschen die vergangenheit nicht kennen, obwohl wir in gebildeten gesellschaften leben, weil sie den quellen der vergangenheit nicht trauen. +das zeigt die enorm große rolle, die ein meeresschutzgebiet spielen kann. +denn durch meeresschutzgebiete stellen wir im grunde die vergangenheit wieder her. +wir stellen die vergangenheit wieder her, die die menschen nicht begreifen können, weil sich die normwerte verändert haben und sehr niedrig sind. +damit können die menschen, die ein meeresschutzgebiet sehen und die von dem einblick profitieren, den es ermöglicht, ihre normwerte zurücksetzen. +was ist mit den menschen, denen das nicht möglich ist, weil sie keinen zugang haben – den menschen im mittleren westen zum beispiel? +hier können, denke ich, die kunst und der film vielleicht die lücke füllen, sowie simulationen. +dies ist die simulation der chesapeake bay. +vor langer zeit gab es dort grauwale – vor 500 jahren. +und die farbtöne und -schattierungen erinnern sie vielleicht an "avatar". +wenn sie an "avatar" denken, wenn sie daran denken, warum die menschen davon so berührt wurden – abgesehen von der pocahontas-geschichte, warum waren sie so berührt von der bilderwelt? +weil es etwas wachruft, das in gewisser weise verloren gegangen ist. +meine empfehlung also, die einzige, die ich geben werde, richtet sich an cameron, damit er "avatar ii" unter wasser dreht. +vielen dank. +in den 80er jahren, im kommunistischen ostdeutschland, musste man, wenn man eine schreibmaschine besaß, diese bei der regierung registrieren. +sie mussten auch ein blatt mit beispieltext aus dieser schreibmaschine registrieren. +der grund dafür: die regierung konnte zurückverfolgen, wo ein text herkam. +fanden sie einen artikel mit falschem gedankengut, konnten sie den urheber dieser gedanken aufspüren. +und wir im westen konnten nicht verstehen, wie irgendjemand so etwas tun könnte, und wie sehr das die redefreiheit einschränken würde. +in unseren eigenen ländern würden wir so etwas nie tun. +aber wenn sie heute im jahr 2011 einen neuen farblaserdrucker von den führenden laserdruckerfabrikanten kaufen und eine seite ausdrucken, dann hat diese seite helle gelbe flecke auf jeder seite aufgedruckt, in einem muster, das die seite eindeutig auf sie und ihren drucker rückverfolgen lässt. +das passiert uns heute. +und darüber scheint sich niemand aufzuregen. +und das war ein beispiel, auf welche weise unsere eigenen regierungen die technologie gegen uns, die bürger, einsetzen. +und das ist eine der drei hauptquellen von den heute existierenden online-problemen. +schauen wir uns einmal an, was wirklich auf der welt passiert: wir können die angriffe in kategorien aufteilen. +wir haben drei hauptgruppen. +es gibt online-kriminelle. +zum beispiel hier, das ist herr dimitry golubow aus kiew in der ukraine. +und die motive von online-kriminellen sind sehr leicht zu verstehen. +diese leute verdienen geld. +sie verwenden online-angriffe, um viel geld zu verdienen, einen riesigen haufen geld. +es gibt mehrere bekannte fälle von online-millionären, multimillionären, die ihr geld durch angriffe verdient haben. +das hier ist wladimir tsastsin aus tartu in estland. +das ist alfred gonzalez. +stephen watt. +björn sundin. +das sind matthew anderson, tariq al-daour und so weiter und so fort. +diese leute sind online zu reichtum gekommen, aber sie haben es illegal erworben, indem sie z.b. trojaner eingesetzt haben, um geld aus unseren bankkonten zu klauen, während wir unser online-banking erledigen, oder auch keylogger, die unsere kredikarteninformationen bei der eingabe über die tastatur gesammelt haben, während wir über einen infizierten computer online einkaufen. +der us-amerikanische geheimdienst fror vor zwei monaten das schweizer konto von herrn sam jain hier ein, und auf diesem konto waren 14,9 millionen us-dollar, als es eingefroren wurde. +herr jain selbst ist auf freiem fuß, der aufenthaltsort ist unbekannt. +und ich behaupte, dass es heute wahrscheinlicher ist, dass wir opfer eines online-verbrechens werden, als eines verbrechens in der realen welt. +und es ist sehr offensichtlich, dass dies nur noch schlimmer werden wird. +in der zukunft werden sich die meisten verbrechen online abspielen. +die zweitgrößte angreifergruppe, die wir heute beobachten können, sind nicht durch geld motiviert. +sie sind durch etwas anderes motiviert - proteste etwa, eine meinung, oder durch ihr publikum. +gruppen wie anonymous sind über die letzten 12 monate aufgestiegen und sind zu einem der hauptspieler auf dem feld der online-angriffe geworden. +das sind also die drei hauptangriffsgruppen: kriminelle, die es des geldes wegen tun, hacktivisten wie anonymous, die damit widerstand leisten, aber die letzte gruppe sind nationen, regierungen, die die angriffe leiten. +da liegen uns fälle vor, wie der von diginotar. +es zeigt beispielhaft, was passiert, wenn regierungen ihre eigenen bürger angreifen. +diginotar ist ein vollmachtszertifikat aus den niederlanden – bzw. war es das. +im letzten herbst musste es insolvenz anmelden, denn diginotar war gehackt worden. +jemand war eingebrochen und hatte das system gründlich gehackt. +und letzte woche in einem treffen mit niederländischen regierungsvertretern stellte ich einem der leitenden dieser gruppe die frage, ob er es für möglich hielte, dass aufgrund des diginotar-hacks leute gestorben waren. +und seine antwort war "ja". +nun, wie sterben leute in folge eines solchen hacks? +diginotar ist eine zertifizierungsstelle. +sie verkaufen zertifikate. +was macht man mit zertifikaten? +nun, ein zertifikat benötigt man, wenn man eine webseite mit https, mit ssl-verschlüsselten diensten hat, zum beispiel gmail. +nun verwenden wir alle, oder viele von uns, gmail oder einen ihrer konkurrenten. doch diese dienste sind besonders verbreitet in totalitären staaten wie dem iran, wo dissidenten ausländische anbieter wie gmail verwenden, da sie wissen, dass sie denen mehr vertrauen können als lokalen anbietern und dass sie über ssl-verbindungen verschlüsselt sind, so dass die lokale regierung nicht in ihren gesprächen herumschnüffeln kann. +können sie aber doch, wenn sie sich in eine ausländische +zertifizierungsbehörde hacken und gefälschte zertifikate ausstellen. +und genau das ist im falle von diginotar passiert. +wie verhält es sich mit dem arabischen frühling und den dingen, die zum beispiel in ägypten passiert sind? +nun, in ägypten plünderten die aufständischen im april 2011 das hauptquartier der ägyptischen geheimpolizei. und dabei fanden sie eine menge akten. +in diesen akten befand sich ein ordner namens "finfisher". +und in diesem ordner befanden sich notizen einer in deutschland ansässigen firma, die der ägyptischen regierung ein paar programme verkauft hatten, mit denen sie – in sehr großem rahmen – jegliche kommunikation der ägyptischen bürger abfangen konnten. +sie hatten dieses programm für 280.000 euro an die ägyptische regierung verkauft. +das firmenhauptquartier ist genau hier. +also versorgen westliche regierungen totalitäre regierungen mit hilfsmitteln, damit die gegen ihre eigenen bürger vorgehen können. +aber westliche regierungen helfen sich auch selbst. +zum beispiel in deutschland nur vor ein paar wochen der sogenannte staatstrojaner gefunden. das war ein trojaner, der von deutschen regierungsvertretern verwendet wurde, um ihre eigenen bürger zu bespitzeln. +wenn sie in einem kriminalfall verdächtigt werden, dann wird mit ziemlicher sicherheit ihr telefon angezapft. +aber heute sind wir weit jenseits dessen. +sie zapfen ihre internetverbindung an. +sie verwenden mittel wie den staatstrojaner, um ihren computer mit einem trojaner zu bespielen, der es ihnen erlaubt, ihre gesamte kommunikation zu überwachen, ihre online-diskussionen abzuhören, ihre passwörter zu sammeln. +wenn wir also weiter über solche dinge nachdenken, dann wäre die offensichtliche antwort der leute: "ok, das klingt schlecht, aber es betrifft mich ja nicht, weil ich ein braver bürger bin. +ich muss mir keine sorgen machen! +ich habe nichts zu verstecken. " +und diese argumentation ergibt keinen sinn. +privatsphäre muss gegeben sein. +privatsphäre steht nicht zur debatte. +es ist keine entscheidung zwischen privatsphäre und sicherheit. +es ist eine entscheidung zwischen freiheit und kontrolle. +und während wir heute, im jahr 2011, unseren regierungen vertrauen mögen, ist doch jedes recht, das wir abgeben, für immer abgegeben. +und vertrauen wir, vertrauen wir blind einer jeden zukünftigen regierung, einer regierung, die wir vielleicht in fünfzig jahren haben werden? +das sind die fragen, mit denen wir uns die nächsten 50 jahre beschäftigen müssen. +es mag ihnen seltsam erscheinen, aber ich bin ein großer fan von betonblocksteinen. +die ersten betonblocksteine wurden 1868 hergestellt und entstammten einer einfachen idee: module aus zement mit festgelegten maßen, die zusammenpassen. +betonbausteine wurden sehr schnell die meistgenutzte baueinheit in der welt. +sie versetzten uns in die lage, dinge zu bauen, die größer waren als wir, gebäude, brücken, ein stein nach dem anderen. +im wesentlichen war der betonbaustein zum baustein unserer zeit geworden. +fast hundert jahre später, in 1947, kam lego hiermit heraus. +es wurde der "automatisch verbindende stein" genannt. +und innerhalb weniger jahre, zog lego in jeden haushalt ein. +es wird geschätzt, dass über 400 milliarden steine produziert wurden - oder 75 steine für jede person auf diesem planeten. +sie müssen kein ingenieur sein, um schöne häuser, schöne brücken oder schöne gebäude zu erschaffen. +lego machte es für alle möglich. +lego hat im wesentlichen den betonbaustein, den baustein der welt, genommen und daraus einen baustein für unsere vorstellungskraft gemacht. +in der zwischenzeit wurde im gleichen jahr bei den bell labs die nächste revolution angekündigt, der nächste baustein. +der transistor war eine kleine plastikeinheit, die uns von einer welt der statischen, aufeinandergestapelten bausteine zu einer welt in der alles interaktiv war bringen würde. +wie der betonblock, erlaubt uns der transistor viel größere, komplexere kreisläufe zu bauen, ein stein nach dem anderen. +aber es gibt einen hauptunterschied: der transistor war nur für experten. +ich persönlich akzeptiere das nicht, dass der baustein unserer zeit für experten reserviert ist und daher entschied ich mich, das zu ändern. +vor acht jahren war ich am media lab und ich begann diese idee zu erforschen, wie man die macht der ingenieure in die hand von künstlern und designern legen könnte. +vor einigen jahren fing ich an littlebits zu entwickeln. +lassen sie mich ihnen zeigen, wie sie funktionieren. +littlebits sind elektronische module, die eine spezifische funktion haben. +sie sind vorgefertigt, licht, ton, motor und sensor zu sein. +und das beste daran ist, dass sie sich mit magneten zusammen verbinden. +so können sie sie nicht falsch herum zusammensetzen. +die steine sind farbcodiert. +grün ist ausgabe, blau ist strom, pink ist eingabe und orange ist kabel. +alles, was sie also tun müssen, ist einen blauen und einen grünen miteinander verbinden und sie können ganz schnell größere kreislaufe bauen. +sie fügen einen blauen an einen grünen, und sie können licht machen. +sie können einen schalter dazwischen einfügen und so haben sie einen kleinen dimmer erstellt. +nehmen sie den schalter raus um ein pulsmodul, das hier ist, einzufügen, und sie haben einen kleinen blinker gemacht. +fügen sie diesen buzzer für einen zusätzlichen effekt hinzu und sie haben eine lärmmaschine hergestellt. +ich werde das stoppen. +über das einfache spielen hinaus, ist littlebits tatsächlich ziemlich leistungsstark. +anstatt, dass man programmieren, verdrahten oder löten muss, erlaubt littlebits ihnen mit einfachen, intuitiven gesten zu programmieren. +um also das blinken zu beschleunigen oder zu verlangsamen, drehen sie einfach an diesem knopf und er macht den impuls schneller oder langsamer. +die idee hinter littlebits ist, dass es eine wachsende bibliothek ist. +wir wollen jede einzelne interaktion auf dieser welt in einen gebrauchsfertigen stein bringen. +lichter, töne, solarelemente, motoren -- alles sollte verfügbar sein. +wir haben littlebits an kinder verteilt und sie damit spielen sehen. +und es war eine unglaubliche erfahrung. +das schönste ist, wie sie anfangen die elektronik, die sie im alltag umgibt zu verstehen und die sie nicht in der schule lernen. +wie zum beispiel ein nachtlicht funktioniert, oder warum die türen des aufzugs offenbleiben, oder wie ein ipod auf berührung reagiert. +wir haben littlebits auch zu designschulen gebracht. +wir hatten also zum beispiel designer mit keinerlei erfahrung in elektronischen dingen, die anfingen, mit littlebits als material zu spielen. +hier sehen wir, mit filz, papier und wasserflaschen, wie geordie... +vor einigen wochen haben wir littlebits zu risd gebracht und gaben sie einigen designern, die keinerlei technische erfahrung hatten - nur karton, holz und papier - und sagten ihnen: "macht was." +hier ist ein beispiel eines projektes, das sie machten, eine bewegungsgesteuerte konfetti-kanone. +aber warten sie, dies hier ist wirklich meine lieblings-projekt. +es ist ein hummer aus knete, der angst in der dunkelheit hat. +für diese nicht-ingenieure, wurde littlebits ein weiteres material, elektronik wurde einfach ein weiteres material. +und wir wollen dieses material für alle verfügbar machen. +also ist littlebits open source. +sie können auf die webseite gehen, alle designvorlagen runterladen und sie selbst herstellen. +wir wollen die welt der erschaffer, der erfinder, der mitwirkenden ermutigen, denn diese welt, in der wir leben, diese interaktive welt, gehört uns. +also, ziehen sie los und fangen sie an zu erfinden. +vielen dank. diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/test.bert.en b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/test.bert.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d85f607db21c2b43ebd7bcf29dccc93059f3c6c --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/test.bert.en @@ -0,0 +1,6750 @@ +you know, one of the intense pleasures of travel and one of the delights of ethnographic research is the opportunity to live amongst those who have not forgotten the old ways, who still feel their past in the wind, touch it in stones polished by rain, taste it in the bitter leaves of plants. +just to know that jaguar shamans still journey beyond the milky way, or the myths of the inuit elders still resonate with meaning, or that in the himalaya, the buddhists still pursue the breath of the dharma, is to really remember the central revelation of anthropology, and that is the idea that the world in which we live does not exist in some absolute sense, but is just one model of reality, the consequence of one particular set of adaptive choices that our lineage made, albeit successfully, many generations ago. +and of course, we all share the same adaptive imperatives. +we're all born. we all bring our children into the world. +we go through initiation rites. +we have to deal with the inexorable separation of death, so it shouldn't surprise us that we all sing, we all dance, we all have art. +but what's interesting is the unique cadence of the song, the rhythm of the dance in every culture. +and whether it is the penan in the forests of borneo, or the voodoo acolytes in haiti, or the warriors in the kaisut desert of northern kenya, the curandero in the mountains of the andes, or a caravanserai in the middle of the sahara -- this is incidentally the fellow that i traveled into the desert with a month ago -- or indeed a yak herder in the slopes of qomolangma, everest, the goddess mother of the world. +all of these peoples teach us that there are other ways of being, other ways of thinking, other ways of orienting yourself in the earth. +and this is an idea, if you think about it, can only fill you with hope. +now, together the myriad cultures of the world make up a web of spiritual life and cultural life that envelops the planet, and is as important to the well-being of the planet as indeed is the biological web of life that you know as a biosphere. +and you might think of this cultural web of life as being an ethnosphere, and you might define the ethnosphere as being the sum total of all thoughts and dreams, myths, ideas, inspirations, intuitions brought into being by the human imagination since the dawn of consciousness. +the ethnosphere is humanity's great legacy. +it's the symbol of all that we are and all that we can be as an astonishingly inquisitive species. +and just as the biosphere has been severely eroded, so too is the ethnosphere -- and, if anything, at a far greater rate. +no biologists, for example, would dare suggest that 50 percent of all species or more have been or are on the brink of extinction because it simply is not true, and yet that -- the most apocalyptic scenario in the realm of biological diversity -- scarcely approaches what we know to be the most optimistic scenario in the realm of cultural diversity. +and the great indicator of that, of course, is language loss. +when each of you in this room were born, there were 6,000 languages spoken on the planet. +now, a language is not just a body of vocabulary or a set of grammatical rules. +a language is a flash of the human spirit. +it's a vehicle through which the soul of each particular culture comes into the material world. +every language is an old-growth forest of the mind, a watershed, a thought, an ecosystem of spiritual possibilities. +and of those 6,000 languages, as we sit here today in monterey, fully half are no longer being whispered into the ears of children. +they're no longer being taught to babies, which means, effectively, unless something changes, they're already dead. +what could be more lonely than to be enveloped in silence, to be the last of your people to speak your language, to have no way to pass on the wisdom of the ancestors or anticipate the promise of the children? +and yet, that dreadful fate is indeed the plight of somebody somewhere on earth roughly every two weeks, because every two weeks, some elder dies and carries with him into the grave the last syllables of an ancient tongue. +and i know there's some of you who say, "well, wouldn't it be better, wouldn't the world be a better place if we all just spoke one language?" and i say, "great, let's make that language yoruba. let's make it cantonese. +let's make it kogi. " +and you'll suddenly discover what it would be like to be unable to speak your own language. +and so, what i'd like to do with you today is sort of take you on a journey through the ethnosphere, a brief journey through the ethnosphere, to try to begin to give you a sense of what in fact is being lost. +now, there are many of us who sort of forget that when i say "different ways of being," i really do mean different ways of being. +take, for example, this child of a barasana in the northwest amazon, the people of the anaconda who believe that mythologically they came up the milk river from the east in the belly of sacred snakes. +now, this is a people who cognitively do not distinguish the color blue from the color green because the canopy of the heavens is equated to the canopy of the forest upon which the people depend. +they have a curious language and marriage rule which is called "linguistic exogamy:" you must marry someone who speaks a different language. +and this is all rooted in the mythological past, yet the curious thing is in these long houses, where there are six or seven languages spoken because of intermarriage, you never hear anyone practicing a language. +they simply listen and then begin to speak. +or, one of the most fascinating tribes i ever lived with, the waorani of northeastern ecuador, an astonishing people first contacted peacefully in 1958. +in 1957, five missionaries attempted contact and made a critical mistake. +they dropped from the air 8 x 10 glossy photographs of themselves in what we would say to be friendly gestures, forgetting that these people of the rainforest had never seen anything two-dimensional in their lives. +they picked up these photographs from the forest floor, tried to look behind the face to find the form or the figure, found nothing, and concluded that these were calling cards from the devil, so they speared the five missionaries to death. +but the waorani didn't just spear outsiders. +they speared each other. +54 percent of their mortality was due to them spearing each other. +we traced genealogies back eight generations, and we found two instances of natural death and when we pressured the people a little bit about it, they admitted that one of the fellows had gotten so old that he died getting old, so we speared him anyway. +but at the same time they had a perspicacious knowledge of the forest that was astonishing. +their hunters could smell animal urine at 40 paces and tell you what species left it behind. +in the early '80s, i had a really astonishing assignment when i was asked by my professor at harvard if i was interested in going down to haiti, infiltrating the secret societies which were the foundation of duvalier's strength and tonton macoutes, and securing the poison used to make zombies. +in order to make sense out of sensation, of course, i had to understand something about this remarkable faith of vodoun. and voodoo is not a black magic cult. +on the contrary, it's a complex metaphysical worldview. +it's interesting. +if i asked you to name the great religions of the world, what would you say? +christianity, islam, buddhism, judaism, whatever. +there's always one continent left out, the assumption being that sub-saharan africa had no religious beliefs. well, of course, they did and voodoo is simply the distillation of these very profound religious ideas that came over during the tragic diaspora of the slavery era. +but, what makes voodoo so interesting is that it's this living relationship between the living and the dead. +so, the living give birth to the spirits. +the spirits can be invoked from beneath the great water, responding to the rhythm of the dance to momentarily displace the soul of the living, so that for that brief shining moment, the acolyte becomes the god. +that's why the voodooists like to say that "you white people go to church and speak about god. +we dance in the temple and become god. " +and because you are possessed, you are taken by the spirit -- how can you be harmed? +so you see these astonishing demonstrations: voodoo acolytes in a state of trance handling burning embers with impunity, a rather astonishing demonstration of the ability of the mind to affect the body that bears it when catalyzed in the state of extreme excitation. +now, of all the peoples that i've ever been with, the most extraordinary are the kogi of the sierra nevada de santa marta in northern colombia. +descendants of the ancient tairona civilization which once carpeted the caribbean coastal plain of colombia, in the wake of the conquest, these people retreated into an isolated volcanic massif that soars above the caribbean coastal plain. +in a bloodstained continent, these people alone were never conquered by the spanish. +to this day, they remain ruled by a ritual priesthood but the training for the priesthood is rather extraordinary. +the young acolytes are taken away from their families at the age of three and four, sequestered in a shadowy world of darkness in stone huts at the base of glaciers for 18 years: two nine-year periods deliberately chosen to mimic the nine months of gestation they spend in their natural mother's womb; now they are metaphorically in the womb of the great mother. +and for this entire time, they are inculturated into the values of their society, values that maintain the proposition that their prayers and their prayers alone maintain the cosmic -- or we might say the ecological -- balance. +and at the end of this amazing initiation, one day they're suddenly taken out and for the first time in their lives, at the age of 18, they see a sunrise. and in that crystal moment of awareness of first light as the sun begins to bathe the slopes of the stunningly beautiful landscape, suddenly everything they have learned in the abstract is affirmed in stunning glory. and the priest steps back and says, "you see? it's really as i've told you. +it is that beautiful. it is yours to protect. " +they call themselves the "elder brothers" and they say we, who are the younger brothers, are the ones responsible for destroying the world. +now, this level of intuition becomes very important. +whenever we think of indigenous people and landscape, we either invoke rousseau and the old canard of the "noble savage," which is an idea racist in its simplicity, or alternatively, we invoke thoreau and say these people are closer to the earth than we are. +well, indigenous people are neither sentimental nor weakened by nostalgia. +there's not a lot of room for either in the malarial swamps of the asmat or in the chilling winds of tibet, but they have, nevertheless, through time and ritual, forged a traditional mystique of the earth that is based not on the idea of being self-consciously close to it, but on a far subtler intuition: the idea that the earth itself can only exist because it is breathed into being by human consciousness. +now, what does that mean? +it means that a young kid from the andes who's raised to believe that that mountain is an apu spirit that will direct his or her destiny will be a profoundly different human being and have a different relationship to that resource or that place than a young kid from montana raised to believe that a mountain is a pile of rock ready to be mined. +whether it's the abode of a spirit or a pile of ore is irrelevant. +what's interesting is the metaphor that defines the relationship between the individual and the natural world. +i was raised in the forests of british columbia to believe those forests existed to be cut. +that made me a different human being than my friends amongst the kwagiulth who believe that those forests were the abode of huxwhukw and the crooked beak of heaven and the cannibal spirits that dwelled at the north end of the world, spirits they would have to engage during their hamatsa initiation. +now, if you begin to look at the idea that these cultures could create different realities, you could begin to understand some of their extraordinary discoveries. take this plant here. +it's a photograph i took in the northwest amazon just last april. +this is ayahuasca, which many of you have heard about, the most powerful psychoactive preparation of the shaman's repertoire. +what makes ayahuasca fascinating is not the sheer pharmacological potential of this preparation, but the elaboration of it. it's made really of two different sources: on the one hand, this woody liana which has in it a series of beta-carbolines, harmine, harmaline, mildly hallucinogenic -- to take the vine alone is rather to have sort of blue hazy smoke drift across your consciousness -- but it's mixed with the leaves of a shrub in the coffee family called psychotria viridis. +this plant had in it some very powerful tryptamines, very close to brain serotonin, dimethyltryptamine, 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine. +if you've ever seen the yanomami blowing that snuff up their noses, that substance they make from a different set of species also contains methoxydimethyltryptamine. +to have that powder blown up your nose is rather like being shot out of a rifle barrel lined with baroque paintings and landing on a sea of electricity. +it doesn't create the distortion of reality; it creates the dissolution of reality. +in fact, i used to argue with my professor, richard evan shultes -- who is a man who sparked the psychedelic era with his discovery of the magic mushrooms in mexico in the 1930s -- i used to argue that you couldn't classify these tryptamines as hallucinogenic because by the time you're under the effects there's no one home anymore to experience a hallucination. +but the thing about tryptamines is they cannot be taken orally because they're denatured by an enzyme found naturally in the human gut called monoamine oxidase. +they can only be taken orally if taken in conjunction with some other chemical that denatures the mao. +now, the fascinating things are that the beta-carbolines found within that liana are mao inhibitors of the precise sort necessary to potentiate the tryptamine. so you ask yourself a question. +how, in a flora of 80,000 species of vascular plants, do these people find these two morphologically unrelated plants that when combined in this way, created a kind of biochemical version of the whole being greater than the sum of the parts? +well, we use that great euphemism, "trial and error," which is exposed to be meaningless. +but you ask the indians, and they say, "the plants talk to us." +well, what does that mean? +this tribe, the cofan, has 17 varieties of ayahuasca, all of which they distinguish a great distance in the forest, all of which are referable to our eye as one species. +and then you ask them how they establish their taxonomy and they say, "i thought you knew something about plants. +i mean, don't you know anything? "and i said," no. " +well, it turns out you take each of the 17 varieties in the night of a full moon, and it sings to you in a different key. +now, that's not going to get you a ph.d. at harvard, but it's a lot more interesting than counting stamens. +now -- -- the problem -- the problem is that even those of us sympathetic with the plight of indigenous people view them as quaint and colorful but somehow reduced to the margins of history as the real world, meaning our world, moves on. +well, the truth is the 20th century, 300 years from now, is not going to be remembered for its wars or its technological innovations, but rather as the era in which we stood by and either actively endorsed or passively accepted the massive destruction of both biological and cultural diversity on the planet. now, the problem isn't change. +all cultures through all time have constantly been engaged in a dance with new possibilities of life. +and the problem is not technology itself. +the sioux indians did not stop being sioux when they gave up the bow and arrow any more than an american stopped being an american when he gave up the horse and buggy. +it's not change or technology that threatens the integrity of the ethnosphere. it is power, the crude face of domination. +wherever you look around the world, you discover that these are not cultures destined to fade away; these are dynamic living peoples being driven out of existence by identifiable forces that are beyond their capacity to adapt to: whether it's the egregious deforestation in the homeland of the penan -- a nomadic people from southeast asia, from sarawak -- a people who lived free in the forest until a generation ago, and now have all been reduced to servitude and prostitution on the banks of the rivers, where you can see the river itself is soiled with the silt that seems to be carrying half of borneo away to the south china sea, where the japanese freighters hang light in the horizon ready to fill their holds with raw logs ripped from the forest -- or, in the case of the yanomami, it's the disease entities that have come in, in the wake of the discovery of gold. +or if we go into the mountains of tibet, where i'm doing a lot of research recently, you'll see it's a crude face of political domination. +you know, genocide, the physical extinction of a people is universally condemned, but ethnocide, the destruction of people's way of life, is not only not condemned, it's universally, in many quarters, celebrated as part of a development strategy. +and you cannot understand the pain of tibet until you move through it at the ground level. +i once travelled 6,000 miles from chengdu in western china overland through southeastern tibet to lhasa with a young colleague, and it was only when i got to lhasa that i understood the face behind the statistics you hear about: 6,000 sacred monuments torn apart to dust and ashes, 1.2 million people killed by the cadres during the cultural revolution. +this young man's father had been ascribed to the panchen lama. +that meant he was instantly killed at the time of the chinese invasion. +his uncle fled with his holiness in the diaspora that took the people to nepal. +his mother was incarcerated for the crime of being wealthy. +he was smuggled into the jail at the age of two to hide beneath her skirt tails because she couldn't bear to be without him. +the sister who had done that brave deed was put into an education camp. +one day she inadvertently stepped on an armband of mao, and for that transgression, she was given seven years of hard labor. +the pain of tibet can be impossible to bear, but the redemptive spirit of the people is something to behold. +and in the end, then, it really comes down to a choice: do we want to live in a monochromatic world of monotony or do we want to embrace a polychromatic world of diversity? +margaret mead, the great anthropologist, said, before she died, that her greatest fear was that as we drifted towards this blandly amorphous generic world view not only would we see the entire range of the human imagination reduced to a more narrow modality of thought, but that we would wake from a dream one day having forgotten there were even other possibilities. +and it's humbling to remember that our species has, perhaps, been around for [150,000] years. +the neolithic revolution -- which gave us agriculture, at which time we succumbed to the cult of the seed; the poetry of the shaman was displaced by the prose of the priesthood; we created hierarchy specialization surplus -- is only 10,000 years ago. +the modern industrial world as we know it is barely 300 years old. +now, that shallow history doesn't suggest to me that we have all the answers for all of the challenges that will confront us in the ensuing millennia. +when these myriad cultures of the world are asked the meaning of being human, they respond with 10,000 different voices. +and it's within that song that we will all rediscover the possibility of being what we are: a fully conscious species, fully aware of ensuring that all peoples and all gardens find a way to flourish. and there are great moments of optimism. +this is a photograph i took at the northern tip of baffin island when i went narwhal hunting with some inuit people, and this man, olayuk, told me a marvelous story of his grandfather. +the canadian government has not always been kind to the inuit people, and during the 1950s, to establish our sovereignty, we forced them into settlements. +this old man's grandfather refused to go. +the family, fearful for his life, took away all of his weapons, all of his tools. +now, you must understand that the inuit did not fear the cold; they took advantage of it. +the runners of their sleds were originally made of fish wrapped in caribou hide. +so, this man's grandfather was not intimidated by the arctic night or the blizzard that was blowing. +he simply slipped outside, pulled down his sealskin trousers and defecated into his hand. and as the feces began to freeze, he shaped it into the form of a blade. +he put a spray of saliva on the edge of the shit knife and as it finally froze solid, he butchered a dog with it. +he skinned the dog and improvised a harness, took the ribcage of the dog and improvised a sled, harnessed up an adjacent dog, and disappeared over the ice floes, shit knife in belt. +talk about getting by with nothing. +and this, in many ways -- -- is a symbol of the resilience of the inuit people and of all indigenous people around the world. +the canadian government in april of 1999 gave back to total control of the inuit an area of land larger than california and texas put together. +it's our new homeland. it's called nunavut. +it's an independent territory. they control all mineral resources. +an amazing example of how a nation-state can seek restitution with its people. +and finally, in the end, i think it's pretty obvious at least to all of all us who've traveled in these remote reaches of the planet, to realize that they're not remote at all. +they're homelands of somebody. +they represent branches of the human imagination that go back to the dawn of time. and for all of us, the dreams of these children, like the dreams of our own children, become part of the naked geography of hope. +so, what we're trying to do at the national geographic, finally, is, we believe that politicians will never accomplish anything. +we think that polemics -- -- we think that polemics are not persuasive, but we think that storytelling can change the world, and so we are probably the best storytelling institution in the world. we get 35 million hits on our website every month. +156 nations carry our television channel. +our magazines are read by millions. +and what we're doing is a series of journeys to the ethnosphere where we're going to take our audience to places of such cultural wonder that they cannot help but come away dazzled by what they have seen, and hopefully, therefore, embrace gradually, one by one, the central revelation of anthropology: that this world deserves to exist in a diverse way, that we can find a way to live in a truly multicultural, pluralistic world where all of the wisdom of all peoples can contribute to our collective well-being. +thank you very much. +what i'm going to show you first, as quickly as i can, is some foundational work, some new technology that we brought to microsoft as part of an acquisition almost exactly a year ago. this is seadragon, and it's an environment in which you can either locally or remotely interact with vast amounts of visual data. +we're looking at many, many gigabytes of digital photos here and kind of seamlessly and continuously zooming in, panning through the thing, rearranging it in any way we want. +and it doesn't matter how much information we're looking at, how big these collections are or how big the images are. +most of them are ordinary digital camera photos, but this one, for example, is a scan from the library of congress, and it's in the 300 megapixel range. +it doesn't make any difference because the only thing that ought to limit the performance of a system like this one is the number of pixels on your screen at any given moment. it's also very flexible architecture. +this is an entire book, so this is an example of non-image data. +this is "bleak house" by dickens. every column is a chapter. +to prove to you that it's really text, and not an image, we can do something like so, to really show that this is a real representation of the text; it's not a picture. +maybe this is a kind of an artificial way to read an e-book. +i wouldn't recommend it. +this is a more realistic case. this is an issue of the guardian. +every large image is the beginning of a section. +and this really gives you the joy and the good experience of reading the real paper version of a magazine or a newspaper, which is an inherently multi-scale kind of medium. +we've also done a little something with the corner of this particular issue of the guardian. +we've made up a fake ad that's very high resolution -- much higher than you'd be able to get in an ordinary ad -- and we've embedded extra content. +if you want to see the features of this car, you can see it here. +or other models, or even technical specifications. +and this really gets at some of these ideas about really doing away with those limits on screen real estate. +we hope that this means no more pop-ups and other kind of rubbish like that -- shouldn't be necessary. +of course, mapping is one of those really obvious applications for a technology like this. +and this one i really won't spend any time on, except to say that we have things to contribute to this field as well. +but those are all the roads in the u.s. +superimposed on top of a nasa geospatial image. +so let's pull up, now, something else. +this is actually live on the web now; you can go check it out. +this is a project called photosynth, which really marries two different technologies. +one of them is seadragon and the other is some very beautiful computer vision research done by noah snavely, a graduate student at the university of washington, co-advised by steve seitz at u.w. +and rick szeliski at microsoft research. a very nice collaboration. +and so this is live on the web. it's powered by seadragon. +you can see that when we kind of do these sorts of views, where we can dive through images and have this kind of multi-resolution experience. +but the spatial arrangement of the images here is actually meaningful. +the computer vision algorithms have registered these images together so that they correspond to the real space in which these shots -- all taken near grassi lakes in the canadian rockies -- all these shots were taken. so you see elements here of stabilized slide-show or panoramic imaging, and these things have all been related spatially. +i'm not sure if i have time to show you any other environments. +there are some that are much more spatial. +i would like to jump straight to one of noah's original data-sets -- and this is from an early prototype of photosynth that we first got working in the summer -- to show you what i think is really the punch line behind this technology, the photosynth technology. and it's not necessarily so apparent from looking at the environments that we've put up on the website. +we had to worry about the lawyers and so on. +this is a reconstruction of notre dame cathedral that was done entirely computationally from images scraped from flickr. you just type notre dame into flickr, and you get some pictures of guys in t-shirts, and of the campus and so on. and each of these orange cones represents an image that was discovered to belong to this model. +and so these are all flickr images, and they've all been related spatially in this way. +and we can just navigate in this very simple way. +you know, i never thought that i'd end up working at microsoft. +it's very gratifying to have this kind of reception here. +i guess you can see this is lots of different types of cameras: it's everything from cell phone cameras to professional slrs, quite a large number of them, stitched together in this environment. +and if i can, i'll find some of the sort of weird ones. +so many of them are occluded by faces, and so on. +somewhere in here there are actually a series of photographs -- here we go. +this is actually a poster of notre dame that registered correctly. +we can dive in from the poster to a physical view of this environment. +what the point here really is is that we can do things with the social environment. this is now taking data from everybody -- from the entire collective memory of, visually, of what the earth looks like -- and link all of that together. +all of those photos become linked together, and they make something emergent that's greater than the sum of the parts. +you have a model that emerges of the entire earth. +think of this as the long tail to stephen lawler's virtual earth work. +and this is something that grows in complexity as people use it, and whose benefits become greater to the users as they use it. +their own photos are getting tagged with meta-data that somebody else entered. +if somebody bothered to tag all of these saints and say who they all are, then my photo of notre dame cathedral suddenly gets enriched with all of that data, and i can use it as an entry point to dive into that space, into that meta-verse, using everybody else's photos, and do a kind of a cross-modal and cross-user social experience that way. +and of course, a by-product of all of that is immensely rich virtual models of every interesting part of the earth, collected not just from overhead flights and from satellite images and so on, but from the collective memory. +thank you so much. +do i understand this right? that what your software is going to allow, is that at some point, really within the next few years, all the pictures that are shared by anyone across the world are going to basically link together? +yes. what this is really doing is discovering. +it's creating hyperlinks, if you will, between images. +and it's doing that based on the content inside the images. +and that gets really exciting when you think about the richness of the semantic information that a lot of those images have. +like when you do a web search for images, you type in phrases, and the text on the web page is carrying a lot of information about what that picture is of. +now, what if that picture links to all of your pictures? +then the amount of semantic interconnection and the amount of richness that comes out of that is really huge. it's a classic network effect. +blaise, that is truly incredible. congratulations. +thanks so much. +i'm going to talk to you about some stuff that's in this book of mine that i hope will resonate with other things you've already heard, and i'll try to make some connections myself, in case you miss them. +i want to start with what i call the "official dogma." +the official dogma of what? +the official dogma of all western industrial societies. +and the official dogma runs like this: if we are interested in maximizing the welfare of our citizens, the way to do that is to maximize individual freedom. +the reason for this is both that freedom is in and of itself good, valuable, worthwhile, essential to being human. +and because if people have freedom, then each of us can act on our own to do the things that will maximize our welfare, and no one has to decide on our behalf. +the way to maximize freedom is to maximize choice. +the more choice people have, the more freedom they have, and the more freedom they have, the more welfare they have. +this, i think, is so deeply embedded in the water supply that it wouldn't occur to anyone to question it. +and it's also deeply embedded in our lives. +i'll give you some examples of what modern progress has made possible for us. +this is my supermarket. not such a big one. +i want to say just a word about salad dressing. +175 salad dressings in my supermarket, if you don't count the 10 extra-virgin olive oils and 12 balsamic vinegars you could buy to make a very large number of your own salad dressings, in the off-chance that none of the 175 the store has on offer suit you. +so this is what the supermarket is like. +and then you go to the consumer electronics store to set up a stereo system -- speakers, cd player, tape player, tuner, amplifier -- and in this one single consumer electronics store, there are that many stereo systems. +we can construct six-and-a-half-million different stereo systems out of the components that are on offer in one store. +you've got to admit that's a lot of choice. +in other domains -- the world of communications. +there was a time, when i was a boy, when you could get any kind of telephone service you wanted, as long as it came from ma bell. +you rented your phone. you didn't buy it. +one consequence of that, by the way, is that the phone never broke. +and those days are gone. +we now have an almost unlimited variety of phones, especially in the world of cell phones. +these are cell phones of the future. +my favorite is the middle one -- the mp3 player, nose hair trimmer, and creme brulee torch. +and if by some chance you haven't seen that in your store yet, you can rest assured that one day soon you will. +and what this does is it leads people to walk into their stores asking this question. +and do you know what the answer to this question now is? +the answer is "no." +it is not possible to buy a cell phone that doesn't do too much. +so, in other aspects of life that are much more significant than buying things, the same explosion of choice is true. +health care -- it is no longer the case in the united states that you go to the doctor, and the doctor tells you what to do. +instead, you go to the doctor, and the doctor tells you, "well, we could do a, or we could do b. +a has these benefits, and these risks. +b has these benefits, and these risks. what do you want to do? " +and you say, "doc, what should i do?" +and the doc says, "a has these benefits and risks, and b has these benefits and risks. +what do you want to do? " +and you say, "if you were me, doc, what would you do?" +and the doc says, "but i'm not you." +and the result is -- we call it "patient autonomy," which makes it sound like a good thing, but what it really is is a shifting of the burden and the responsibility for decision-making from somebody who knows something -- namely, the doctor -- to somebody who knows nothing and is almost certainly sick and thus not in the best shape to be making decisions -- namely, the patient. +there's enormous marketing of prescription drugs to people like you and me, which, if you think about it, makes no sense at all, since we can't buy them. +why do they market to us if we can't buy them? +the answer is that they expect us to call our doctors the next morning and ask for our prescriptions to be changed. +something as dramatic as our identity has now become a matter of choice, as this slide is meant to indicate. +we don't inherit an identity; we get to invent it. +and we get to re-invent ourselves as often as we like. +and that means that everyday, when you wake up in the morning, you have to decide what kind of person you want to be. +with respect to marriage and family, there was a time when the default assumption that almost everyone had is that you got married as soon as you could, and then you started having kids as soon as you could. +the only real choice was who, not when, and not what you did after. +nowadays, everything is very much up for grabs. +i teach wonderfully intelligent students, and i assign 20 percent less work than i used to. +and it's not because they're less smart, and it's not because they're less diligent. +it's because they are preoccupied, asking themselves, "should i get married or not? should i get married now? +should i get married later? should i have kids first, or a career first? " +all of these are consuming questions. +and they're going to answer these questions, whether or not it means not doing all the work i assign and not getting a good grade in my courses. +and indeed they should. these are important questions to answer. +work -- we are blessed, as carl was pointing out, with the technology that enables us to work every minute of every day from any place on the planet -- except the randolph hotel. +there is one corner, by the way, that i'm not going to tell anybody about, where the wifi works. +i'm not telling you about it because i want to use it. +so what this means, this incredible freedom of choice we have with respect to work, is that we have to make a decision, again and again and again, about whether we should or shouldn't be working. +we can go to watch our kid play soccer, and we have our cell phone on one hip, and our blackberry on our other hip, and our laptop, presumably, on our laps. +and even if they're all shut off, every minute that we're watching our kid mutilate a soccer game, we are also asking ourselves, "should i answer this cell phone call? +should i respond to this email? should i draft this letter? " +and even if the answer to the question is "no," it's certainly going to make the experience of your kid's soccer game very different than it would've been. +so everywhere we look, big things and small things, material things and lifestyle things, life is a matter of choice. +and the world we used to live in looked like this. +that is to say, there were some choices, but not everything was a matter of choice. +and the world we now live in looks like this. +and the question is, is this good news, or bad news? +and the answer is yes. +we all know what's good about it, so i'm going to talk about what's bad about it. +all of this choice has two effects, two negative effects on people. +one effect, paradoxically, is that it produces paralysis, rather than liberation. +with so many options to choose from, people find it very difficult to choose at all. +i'll give you one very dramatic example of this: a study that was done of investments in voluntary retirement plans. +a colleague of mine got access to investment records from vanguard, the gigantic mutual fund company of about a million employees and about 2,000 different workplaces. +and what she found is that for every 10 mutual funds the employer offered, rate of participation went down two percent. +you offer 50 funds -- 10 percent fewer employees participate than if you only offer five. why? +because with 50 funds to choose from, it's so damn hard to decide which fund to choose that you'll just put it off until tomorrow. +and then tomorrow, and then tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, and of course tomorrow never comes. +understand that not only does this mean that people are going to have to eat dog food when they retire because they don't have enough money put away, it also means that making the decision is so hard that they pass up significant matching money from the employer. +by not participating, they are passing up as much as 5,000 dollars a year from the employer, who would happily match their contribution. +so paralysis is a consequence of having too many choices. +and i think it makes the world look like this. +you really want to get the decision right if it's for all eternity, right? +you don't want to pick the wrong mutual fund, or even the wrong salad dressing. +so that's one effect. the second effect is that even if we manage to overcome the paralysis and make a choice, we end up less satisfied with the result of the choice than we would be if we had fewer options to choose from. +and there are several reasons for this. +one of them is that with a lot of different salad dressings to choose from, if you buy one, and it's not perfect -- and, you know, what salad dressing is? -- it's easy to imagine that you could have made a different choice that would have been better. and what happens is this imagined alternative induces you to regret the decision you made, and this regret subtracts from the satisfaction you get out of the decision you made, even if it was a good decision. +the more options there are, the easier it is to regret anything at all that is disappointing about the option that you chose. +second, what economists call "opportunity costs." +dan gilbert made a big point this morning of talking about how much the way in which we value things depends on what we compare them to. +well, when there are lots of alternatives to consider, it is easy to imagine the attractive features of alternatives that you reject, that make you less satisfied with the alternative that you've chosen. +here's an example. for those of you who aren't new yorkers, i apologize. +but here's what you're supposed to be thinking. +here's this couple on the hamptons. +very expensive real estate. +gorgeous beach. beautiful day. they have it all to themselves. +what could be better? "well, damn it," this guy is thinking, "it's august. +everybody in my manhattan neighborhood is away. +i could be parking right in front of my building. " +and he spends two weeks nagged by the idea that he is missing the opportunity, day after day, to have a great parking space. +opportunity costs subtract from the satisfaction we get out of what we choose, even when what we choose is terrific. +and the more options there are to consider, the more attractive features of these options are going to be reflected by us as opportunity costs. +here's another example. +now this cartoon makes a lot of points. +it makes points about living in the moment as well, and probably about doing things slowly. +but one point it makes is that whenever you're choosing one thing, you're choosing not to do other things. +and those other things may have lots of attractive features, and it's going to make what you're doing less attractive. +third: escalation of expectations. +this hit me when i went to replace my jeans. +i wear jeans almost all the time. +and there was a time when jeans came in one flavor, and you bought them, and they fit like crap, and they were incredibly uncomfortable, and if you wore them long enough and washed them enough times, they started to feel ok. +so i went to replace my jeans after years and years of wearing these old ones, and i said, you know, "i want a pair of jeans. here's my size." +and the shopkeeper said, "do you want slim fit, easy fit, relaxed fit? +you want button fly or zipper fly? you want stonewashed or acid-washed? +do you want them distressed? +you want boot cut, you want tapered, blah blah blah... "on and on he went. +my jaw dropped, and after i recovered, i said, "i want the kind that used to be the only kind." +he had no idea what that was, so i spent an hour trying on all these damn jeans, and i walked out of the store -- truth! -- with the best-fitting jeans i had ever had. +i did better. all this choice made it possible for me to do better. +but i felt worse. +why? i wrote a whole book to try to explain this to myself. +the reason i felt worse is that, with all of these options available, my expectations about how good a pair of jeans should be went up. +i had very low -- i had no particular expectations when they only came in one flavor. +when they came in 100 flavors, damn it, one of them should've been perfect. +and what i got was good, but it wasn't perfect. +and so i compared what i got to what i expected, and what i got was disappointing in comparison to what i expected. +adding options to people's lives can't help but increase the expectations people have about how good those options will be. +and what that's going to produce is less satisfaction with results, even when they're good results. +nobody in the world of marketing knows this, because if they did, you wouldn't all know what this was about. +the truth is more like this. +the reason that everything was better back when everything was worse is that when everything was worse, it was actually possible for people to have experiences that were a pleasant surprise. +nowadays, the world we live in -- we affluent, industrialized citizens, with perfection the expectation -- the best you can ever hope for is that stuff is as good as you expect it to be. +you will never be pleasantly surprised because your expectations, my expectations, have gone through the roof. +the secret to happiness -- this is what you all came for -- the secret to happiness is low expectations. +i want to say -- just a little autobiographical moment -- that i actually am married to a wife, and she's really quite wonderful. +i couldn't have done better. i didn't settle. +but settling isn't always such a bad thing. +finally, one consequence of buying a bad-fitting pair of jeans when there is only one kind to buy is that when you are dissatisfied, and you ask why, who's responsible, the answer is clear: the world is responsible. what could you do? +when there are hundreds of different styles of jeans available, and you buy one that is disappointing, and you ask why, who's responsible? +it is equally clear that the answer to the question is you. +you could have done better. +with a hundred different kinds of jeans on display, there is no excuse for failure. +and so when people make decisions, and even though the results of the decisions are good, they feel disappointed about them; they blame themselves. +clinical depression has exploded in the industrial world in the last generation. +i believe a significant -- not the only, but a significant -- contributor to this explosion of depression, and also suicide, is that people have experiences that are disappointing because their standards are so high, and then when they have to explain these experiences to themselves, they think they're at fault. +and so the net result is that we do better in general, objectively, and we feel worse. +so let me remind you. +this is the official dogma, the one that we all take to be true, and it's all false. it is not true. +there's no question that some choice is better than none, but it doesn't follow from that that more choice is better than some choice. +there's some magical amount. i don't know what it is. +i'm pretty confident that we have long since passed the point where options improve our welfare. +now, as a policy matter -- i'm almost done -- as a policy matter, the thing to think about is this: what enables all of this choice in industrial societies is material affluence. +there are lots of places in the world, and we have heard about several of them, where their problem is not that they have too much choice. +their problem is that they have too little. +so the stuff i'm talking about is the peculiar problem of modern, affluent, western societies. +and what is so frustrating and infuriating is this: steve levitt talked to you yesterday about how these expensive and difficult-to-install child seats don't help. it's a waste of money. +what i'm telling you is that these expensive, complicated choices -- it's not simply that they don't help. +they actually hurt. +they actually make us worse off. +if some of what enables people in our societies to make all of the choices we make were shifted to societies in which people have too few options, not only would those people's lives be improved, but ours would be improved also. +this is what economists call a "pareto-improving move." +income redistribution will make everyone better off -- not just poor people -- because of how all this excess choice plagues us. +so to conclude. you're supposed to read this cartoon, and, being a sophisticated person, say, "ah! what does this fish know? +you know, nothing is possible in this fishbowl. " +impoverished imagination, a myopic view of the world -- and that's the way i read it at first. +the more i thought about it, however, the more i came to the view that this fish knows something. +because the truth of the matter is that if you shatter the fishbowl so that everything is possible, you don't have freedom. you have paralysis. +if you shatter this fishbowl so that everything is possible, you decrease satisfaction. +you increase paralysis, and you decrease satisfaction. +everybody needs a fishbowl. +this one is almost certainly too limited -- perhaps even for the fish, certainly for us. +but the absence of some metaphorical fishbowl is a recipe for misery, and, i suspect, disaster. +thank you very much. +you know, i've talked about some of these projects before -- about the human genome and what that might mean, and discovering new sets of genes. +we're actually starting at a new point: we've been digitizing biology, and now we're trying to go from that digital code into a new phase of biology with designing and synthesizing life. +so, we've always been trying to ask big questions. +"what is life?" is something that i think many biologists have been trying to understand at various levels. +we've tried various approaches, paring it down to minimal components. +we've been digitizing it now for almost 20 years; when we sequenced the human genome, it was going from the analog world of biology into the digital world of the computer. +now we're trying to ask, "can we regenerate life or can we create new life out of this digital universe?" +this is the map of a small organism, mycoplasma genitalium, that has the smallest genome for a species that can self-replicate in the laboratory, and we've been trying to just see if we can come up with an even smaller genome. +we're able to knock out on the order of 100 genes out of the 500 or so that are here. +when we look at its metabolic map, it's relatively simple compared to ours -- trust me, this is simple -- but when we look at all the genes that we can knock out one at a time, it's very unlikely that this would yield a living cell. +so we decided the only way forward was to actually synthesize this chromosome so we could vary the components to ask some of these most fundamental questions. +and so we started down the road of: can we synthesize a chromosome? +can chemistry permit making these really large molecules where we've never been before? +and if we do, can we boot up a chromosome? +a chromosome, by the way, is just a piece of inert chemical material. +so, our pace of digitizing life has been increasing at an exponential pace. +our ability to write the genetic code has been moving pretty slowly but has been increasing, and our latest point would put it on, now, an exponential curve. +we started this over 15 years ago. +it took several stages, in fact, starting with a bioethical review before we did the first experiments. +but it turns out synthesizing dna is very difficult. +there are tens of thousands of machines around the world that make small pieces of dna -- 30 to 50 letters in length -- and it's a degenerate process, so the longer you make the piece, the more errors there are. +so we had to create a new method for putting these little pieces together and correct all the errors. +and this was our first attempt, starting with the digital information of the genome of phi x174. +it's a small virus that kills bacteria. +we designed the pieces, went through our error correction and had a dna molecule of about 5,000 letters. +the exciting phase came when we took this piece of inert chemical and put it in the bacteria, and the bacteria started to read this genetic code, made the viral particles. +the viral particles then were released from the cells and came back and killed the e. coli. +i was talking to the oil industry recently and i said they clearly understood that model. +they laughed more than you guys are. +and so, we think this is a situation where the software can actually build its own hardware in a biological system. +but we wanted to go much larger: we wanted to build the entire bacterial chromosome -- it's over 580,000 letters of genetic code -- so we thought we'd build them in cassettes the size of the viruses so we could actually vary the cassettes to understand what the actual components of a living cell are. +design is critical, and if you're starting with digital information in the computer, that digital information has to be really accurate. +when we first sequenced this genome in 1995, the standard of accuracy was one error per 10,000 base pairs. +we actually found, on resequencing it, 30 errors; had we used that original sequence, it never would have been able to be booted up. +part of the design is designing pieces that are 50 letters long that have to overlap with all the other 50-letter pieces to build smaller subunits we have to design so they can go together. +we design unique elements into this. +you may have read that we put watermarks in. +think of this: we have a four-letter genetic code -- a, c, g and t. +triplets of those letters code for roughly 20 amino acids, such that there's a single letter designation for each of the amino acids. +so we can use the genetic code to write out words, sentences, thoughts. +initially, all we did was autograph it. +some people were disappointed there was not poetry. +we designed these pieces so we can just chew back with enzymes; there are enzymes that repair them and put them together. +and we started making pieces, starting with pieces that were 5,000 to 7,000 letters, put those together to make 24,000-letter pieces, then put sets of those going up to 72,000. +at each stage, we grew up these pieces in abundance so we could sequence them because we're trying to create a process that's extremely robust that you can see in a minute. +we're trying to get to the point of automation. +so, this looks like a basketball playoff. +when we get into these really large pieces over 100,000 base pairs, they won't any longer grow readily in e. coli -- it exhausts all the modern tools of molecular biology -- and so we turned to other mechanisms. +we knew there's a mechanism called homologous recombination that biology uses to repair dna that can put pieces together. +here's an example of it: there's an organism called deinococcus radiodurans that can take three millions rads of radiation. +you can see in the top panel, its chromosome just gets blown apart. +twelve to 24 hours later, it put it back together exactly as it was before. +we have thousands of organisms that can do this. +these organisms can be totally desiccated; they can live in a vacuum. +i am absolutely certain that life can exist in outer space, move around, find a new aqueous environment. +in fact, nasa has shown a lot of this is out there. +here's an actual micrograph of the molecule we built using these processes, actually just using yeast mechanisms with the right design of the pieces we put them in; yeast puts them together automatically. +this is not an electron micrograph; this is just a regular photomicrograph. +it's such a large molecule we can see it with a light microscope. +these are pictures over about a six-second period. +so, this is the publication we had just a short while ago. +this is over 580,000 letters of genetic code; it's the largest molecule ever made by humans of a defined structure. +it's over 300 million molecular weight. +if we printed it out at a 10 font with no spacing, it takes 142 pages just to print this genetic code. +well, how do we boot up a chromosome? how do we activate this? +obviously, with a virus it's pretty simple; it's much more complicated dealing with bacteria. +it's also simpler when you go into eukaryotes like ourselves: you can just pop out the nucleus and pop in another one, and that's what you've all heard about with cloning. +with bacteria and archaea, the chromosome is integrated into the cell, but we recently showed that we can do a complete transplant of a chromosome from one cell to another and activate it. +we purified a chromosome from one microbial species -- roughly, these two are as distant as human and mice -- we added a few extra genes so we could select for this chromosome, we digested it with enzymes to kill all the proteins, and it was pretty stunning when we put this in the cell -- and you'll appreciate our very sophisticated graphics here. +the new chromosome went into the cell. +in fact, we thought this might be as far as it went, but we tried to design the process a little bit further. +this is a major mechanism of evolution right here. +we find all kinds of species that have taken up a second chromosome or a third one from somewhere, adding thousands of new traits in a second to that species. +so, people who think of evolution as just one gene changing at a time have missed much of biology. +there are enzymes called restriction enzymes that actually digest dna. +the chromosome that was in the cell doesn't have one; the chromosome we put in does. +it got expressed and it recognized the other chromosome as foreign material, chewed it up, and so we ended up just with a cell with the new chromosome. +it turned blue because of the genes we put in it. +and with a very short period of time, all the characteristics of one species were lost and it converted totally into the new species based on the new software that we put in the cell. +all the proteins changed, the membranes changed; when we read the genetic code, it's exactly what we had transferred in. +so, this may sound like genomic alchemy, but we can, by moving the software of dna around, change things quite dramatically. +now i've argued, this is not genesis; this is building on three and a half billion years of evolution. +and i've argued that we're about to perhaps create a new version of the cambrian explosion, where there's massive new speciation based on this digital design. +why do this? +i think this is pretty obvious in terms of some of the needs. +we're about to go from six and a half to nine billion people over the next 40 years. +to put it in context for myself: i was born in 1946. +there are now three people on the planet for every one of us that existed in 1946; within 40 years, there'll be four. +we have trouble feeding, providing fresh, clean water, medicines, fuel for the six and a half billion. +it's going to be a stretch to do it for nine. +we use over five billion tons of coal, 30 billion-plus barrels of oil -- that's a hundred million barrels a day. +when we try to think of biological processes or any process to replace that, it's going to be a huge challenge. +then of course, there's all that co2 from this material that ends up in the atmosphere. +we now, from our discovery around the world, have a database with about 20 million genes, and i like to think of these as the design components of the future. +the electronics industry only had a dozen or so components, and look at the diversity that came out of that. +we're limited here primarily by a biological reality and our imagination. +we now have techniques, because of these rapid methods of synthesis, to do what we're calling combinatorial genomics. +we have the ability now to build a large robot that can make a million chromosomes a day. +when you think of processing these 20 million different genes or trying to optimize processes to produce octane or to produce pharmaceuticals, new vaccines, we can just with a small team, do more molecular biology than the last 20 years of all science. +and it's just standard selection: we can select for viability, chemical or fuel production, vaccine production, etc. +this is a screen snapshot of some true design software that we're working on to actually be able to sit down and design species in the computer. +you know, we don't know necessarily what it'll look like: we know exactly what their genetic code looks like. +we're focusing on now fourth-generation fuels. +you've seen recently, corn to ethanol is just a bad experiment. +we have second- and third-generation fuels that will be coming out relatively soon that are sugar, to much higher-value fuels like octane or different types of butanol. +but the only way we think that biology can have a major impact without further increasing the cost of food and limiting its availability is if we start with co2 as its feedstock, and so we're working with designing cells to go down this road. +and we think we'll have the first fourth-generation fuels in about 18 months. +sunlight and co2 is one method... +but in our discovery around the world, we have all kinds of other methods. +this is an organism we described in 1996. +it lives in the deep ocean, about a mile and a half deep, almost at boiling-water temperatures. +it takes co2 to methane using molecular hydrogen as its energy source. +we're looking to see if we can take captured co2, which can easily be piped to sites, convert that co2 back into fuel to drive this process. +so, in a short period of time, we think that we might be able to increase what the basic question is of "what is life?" +we truly, you know, have modest goals of replacing the whole petrol-chemical industry -- yeah. if you can't do that at ted, where can you? -- become a major source of energy... +but also, we're now working on using these same tools to come up with instant sets of vaccines. +you've seen this year with flu; we're always a year behind and a dollar short when it comes to the right vaccine. +i think that can be changed by building combinatorial vaccines in advance. +here's what the future may begin to look like with changing, now, the evolutionary tree, speeding up evolution with synthetic bacteria, archaea and, eventually, eukaryotes. +we're a ways away from improving people: our goal is just to make sure that we have a chance to survive long enough to maybe do that. thank you very much. +last year at ted i gave an introduction to the lhc. +and i promised to come back and give you an update on how that machine worked. +so this is it. and for those of you that weren't there, the lhc is the largest scientific experiment ever attempted -- 27 kilometers in circumference. +its job is to recreate the conditions that were present less than a billionth of a second after the universe began, up to 600 million times a second. +it's nothing if not ambitious. +this is the machine below geneva. +we take the pictures of those mini-big bangs inside detectors. +this is the one i work on. it's called the atlas detector -- 44 meters wide, 22 meters in diameter. +spectacular picture here of atlas under construction so you can see the scale. +on the 10th of september last year we turned the machine on for the first time. +and this picture was taken by atlas. +it caused immense celebration in the control room. +it's a picture of the first beam particle going all the way around the lhc, colliding with a piece of the lhc deliberately, and showering particles into the detector. +in other words, when we saw that picture on september 10th we knew the machine worked, which is a great triumph. +i don't know whether this got the biggest cheer, or this, when someone went onto google and saw the front page was like that. +it means we made cultural impact as well as scientific impact. +about a week later we had a problem with the machine, related actually to these bits of wire here -- these gold wires. +those wires carry 13 thousand amps when the machine is working in full power. +now the engineers amongst you will look at them and say, "no they don't. they're small wires." +they can do that because when they are very cold they are what's called superconducting wire. +so at minus 271 degrees, colder than the space between the stars, those wires can take that current. +in one of the joints between over 9,000 magnets in lhc, there was a manufacturing defect. +so the wire heated up slightly, and its 13,000 amps suddenly encountered electrical resistance. +this was the result. +now that's more impressive when you consider those magnets weigh over 20 tons, and they moved about a foot. +so we damaged about 50 of the magnets. +we had to take them out, which we did. +we reconditioned them all, fixed them. +they're all on their way back underground now. +by the end of march the lhc will be intact again. +we will switch it on, and we expect to take data in june or july, and continue with our quest to find out what the building blocks of the universe are. +now of course, in a way those accidents reignite the debate about the value of science and engineering at the edge. it's easy to refute. +i think that the fact that it's so difficult, the fact that we're overreaching, is the value of things like the lhc. +i will leave the final word to an english scientist, humphrey davy, who, i suspect, when defending his protege's useless experiments -- his protege was michael faraday -- said this, "nothing is so dangerous to the progress of the human mind than to assume that our views of science are ultimate, that there are no mysteries in nature, that our triumphs are complete, and that there are no new worlds to conquer." +thank you. +i am a writer. +writing books is my profession but it's more than that, of course. +it is also my great lifelong love and fascination. +and i don't expect that that's ever going to change. +but, that said, something kind of peculiar has happened recently in my life and in my career, which has caused me to have to recalibrate my whole relationship with this work. +and the peculiar thing is that i recently wrote this book, this memoir called "eat, pray, love" which, decidedly unlike any of my previous books, went out in the world for some reason, and became this big, mega-sensation, international bestseller thing. +the result of which is that everywhere i go now, people treat me like i'm doomed. +seriously -- doomed, doomed! +like, they come up to me now, all worried, and they say, "aren't you afraid -- aren't you afraid you're never going to be able to top that? +aren't you afraid you're going to keep writing for your whole life and you're never again going to create a book that anybody in the world cares about at all, ever again? " +so that's reassuring, you know. +but it would be worse, except for that i happen to remember that over 20 years ago, when i first started telling people -- when i was a teenager -- that i wanted to be a writer, i was met with this same kind of, sort of fear-based reaction. +and people would say, "aren't you afraid you're never going to have any success? +aren't you afraid the humiliation of rejection will kill you? +aren't you afraid that you're going to work your whole life at this craft and nothing's ever going to come of it and you're going to die on a scrap heap of broken dreams with your mouth filled with bitter ash of failure? " +like that, you know. +the answer -- the short answer to all those questions is, "yes." +yes, i'm afraid of all those things. +and i always have been. +and i'm afraid of many, many more things besides that people can't even guess at. +like seaweed, and other things that are scary. +but, when it comes to writing, the thing that i've been sort of thinking about lately, and wondering about lately, is why? +you know, is it rational? +is it logical that anybody should be expected to be afraid of the work that they feel they were put on this earth to do. +you know, and what is it specifically about creative ventures that seems to make us really nervous about each other's mental health in a way that other careers kind of don't do, you know? +like my dad, for example, was a chemical engineer and i don't recall once in his 40 years of chemical engineering anybody asking him if he was afraid to be a chemical engineer, you know? +it didn't -- that chemical engineering block john, how's it going? +it just didn't come up like that, you know? +but to be fair, chemical engineers as a group haven't really earned a reputation over the centuries for being alcoholic manic-depressives. +we writers, we kind of do have that reputation, and not just writers, but creative people across all genres, it seems, have this reputation for being enormously mentally unstable. +and all you have to do is look at the very grim death count in the 20th century alone, of really magnificent creative minds who died young and often at their own hands, you know? +and even the ones who didn't literally commit suicide seem to be really undone by their gifts, you know. +norman mailer, just before he died, last interview, he said "every one of my books has killed me a little more." +an extraordinary statement to make about your life's work, you know. +but we don't even blink when we hear somebody say this because we've heard that kind of stuff for so long and somehow we've completely internalized and accepted collectively this notion that creativity and suffering are somehow inherently linked and that artistry, in the end, will always ultimately lead to anguish. +and the question that i want to ask everybody here today is are you guys all cool with that idea? +are you comfortable with that -- because you look at it even from an inch away and, you know -- i'm not at all comfortable with that assumption. +i think it's odious. +and i also think it's dangerous, and i don't want to see it perpetuated into the next century. +i think it's better if we encourage our great creative minds to live. +and i definitely know that, in my case -- in my situation -- it would be very dangerous for me to start sort of leaking down that dark path of assumption, particularly given the circumstance that i'm in right now in my career. +which is -- you know, like check it out, i'm pretty young, i'm only about 40 years old. +i still have maybe another four decades of work left in me. +and it's exceedingly likely that anything i write from this point forward is going to be judged by the world as the work that came after the freakish success of my last book, right? +i should just put it bluntly, because we're all sort of friends here now -- it's exceedingly likely that my greatest success is behind me. +oh, so jesus, what a thought! +you know that's the kind of thought that could lead a person to start drinking gin at nine o'clock in the morning, and i don't want to go there. +i would prefer to keep doing this work that i love. +and so, the question becomes, how? +and so, it seems to me, upon a lot of reflection, that the way that i have to work now, in order to continue writing, is that i have to create some sort of protective psychological construct, right? +i have to sort of find some way to have a safe distance between me, as i am writing, and my very natural anxiety about what the reaction to that writing is going to be, from now on. +and, as i've been looking over the last year for models for how to do that i've been sort of looking across time, and i've been trying to find other societies to see if they might have had better and saner ideas than we have about how to help creative people, sort of manage the inherent emotional risks of creativity. +and that search has led me to ancient greece and ancient rome. +so stay with me, because it does circle around and back. +but, ancient greece and ancient rome -- people did not happen to believe that creativity came from human beings back then, o.k.? +people believed that creativity was this divine attendant spirit that came to human beings from some distant and unknowable source, for distant and unknowable reasons. +the greeks famously called these divine attendant spirits of creativity "daemons." +socrates, famously, believed that he had a daemon who spoke wisdom to him from afar. +the romans had the same idea, but they called that sort of disembodied creative spirit a genius. +which is great, because the romans did not actually think that a genius was a particularly clever individual. +they believed that a genius was this, sort of magical divine entity, who was believed to literally live in the walls of an artist's studio, kind of like dobby the house elf, and who would come out and sort of invisibly assist the artist with their work and would shape the outcome of that work. +so brilliant -- there it is, right there, that distance that i'm talking about -- that psychological construct to protect you from the results of your work. +and everyone knew that this is how it functioned, right? +so the ancient artist was protected from certain things, like, for example, too much narcissism, right? +if your work was brilliant you couldn't take all the credit for it, everybody knew that you had this disembodied genius who had helped you. +if your work bombed, not entirely your fault, you know? +everyone knew your genius was kind of lame. +and this is how people thought about creativity in the west for a really long time. +and then the renaissance came and everything changed, and we had this big idea, and the big idea was let's put the individual human being at the center of the universe above all gods and mysteries, and there's no more room for mystical creatures who take dictation from the divine. +and it's the beginning of rational humanism, and people started to believe that creativity came completely from the self of the individual. +and for the first time in history, you start to hear people referring to this or that artist as being a genius rather than having a genius. +and i got to tell you, i think that was a huge error. +you know, i think that allowing somebody, one mere person to believe that he or she is like, the vessel, you know, like the font and the essence and the source of all divine, creative, unknowable, eternal mystery is just a smidge too much responsibility to put on one fragile, human psyche. +it's like asking somebody to swallow the sun. +it just completely warps and distorts egos, and it creates all these unmanageable expectations about performance. +and i think the pressure of that has been killing off our artists for the last 500 years. +and, if this is true, and i think it is true, the question becomes, what now? +can we do this differently? +maybe go back to some more ancient understanding about the relationship between humans and the creative mystery. +maybe not. +maybe we can't just erase 500 years of rational humanistic thought in one 18 minute speech. +and there's probably people in this audience who would raise really legitimate scientific suspicions about the notion of, basically fairies who follow people around rubbing fairy juice on their projects and stuff. +i'm not, probably, going to bring you all along with me on this. +but the question that i kind of want to pose is -- you know, why not? +why not think about it this way? +because it makes as much sense as anything else i have ever heard in terms of explaining the utter maddening capriciousness of the creative process. +a process which, as anybody who has ever tried to make something -- which is to say basically everyone here --- knows does not always behave rationally. +and, in fact, can sometimes feel downright paranormal. +i had this encounter recently where i met the extraordinary american poet ruth stone, who's now in her 90s, but she's been a poet her entire life and she told me that when she was growing up in rural virginia, she would be out working in the fields, and she said she would feel and hear a poem coming at her from over the landscape. +and she said it was like a thunderous train of air. +and it would come barreling down at her over the landscape. +and she felt it coming, because it would shake the earth under her feet. +she knew that she had only one thing to do at that point, and that was to, in her words, "run like hell." +and she would run like hell to the house and she would be getting chased by this poem, and the whole deal was that she had to get to a piece of paper and a pencil fast enough so that when it thundered through her, she could collect it and grab it on the page. +and other times she wouldn't be fast enough, so she'd be running and running and running, and she wouldn't get to the house and the poem would barrel through her and she would miss it and she said it would continue on across the landscape, looking, as she put it "for another poet." +and then there were these times -- this is the piece i never forgot -- she said that there were moments where she would almost miss it, right? +so, she's running to the house and she's looking for the paper and the poem passes through her, and she grabs a pencil just as it's going through her, and then she said, it was like she would reach out with her other hand and she would catch it. +she would catch the poem by its tail, and she would pull it backwards into her body as she was transcribing on the page. +and in these instances, the poem would come up on the page perfect and intact but backwards, from the last word to the first. +so when i heard that i was like -- that's uncanny, that's exactly what my creative process is like. +that's not at all what my creative process is -- i'm not the pipeline! +i'm a mule, and the way that i have to work is that i have to get up at the same time every day, and sweat and labor and barrel through it really awkwardly. +but even i, in my mulishness, even i have brushed up against that thing, at times. +and i would imagine that a lot of you have too. +you know, even i have had work or ideas come through me from a source that i honestly cannot identify. +and what is that thing? +and how are we to relate to it in a way that will not make us lose our minds, but, in fact, might actually keep us sane? +and for me, the best contemporary example that i have of how to do that is the musician tom waits, who i got to interview several years ago on a magazine assignment. +and we were talking about this, and you know, tom, for most of his life he was pretty much the embodiment of the tormented contemporary modern artist, trying to control and manage and dominate these sort of uncontrollable creative impulses that were totally internalized. +but then he got older, he got calmer, and one day he was driving down the freeway in los angeles he told me, and this is when it all changed for him. +and he's speeding along, and all of a sudden he hears this little fragment of melody, that comes into his head as inspiration often comes, elusive and tantalizing, and he wants it, you know, it's gorgeous, and he longs for it, but he has no way to get it. +he doesn't have a piece of paper, he doesn't have a pencil, he doesn't have a tape recorder. +so he starts to feel all of that old anxiety start to rise in him like, "i'm going to lose this thing, and then i'm going to be haunted by this song forever. +i'm not good enough, and i can't do it. " +and instead of panicking, he just stopped. +he just stopped that whole mental process and he did something completely novel. +he just looked up at the sky, and he said, "excuse me, can you not see that i'm driving?" +"do i look like i can write down a song right now? +if you really want to exist, come back at a more opportune moment when i can take care of you. +otherwise, go bother somebody else today. +go bother leonard cohen. " +and his whole work process changed after that. +not the work, the work was still oftentimes as dark as ever. +but the process, and the heavy anxiety around it was released when he took the genie, the genius out of him where it was causing nothing but trouble, and released it kind of back where it came from, and realized that this didn't have to be this internalized, tormented thing. +it could be this peculiar, wondrous, bizarre collaboration kind of conversation between tom and the strange, external thing that was not quite tom. +so when i heard that story it started to shift a little bit the way that i worked too, and it already saved me once. +this idea, it saved me when i was in the middle of writing "eat, pray, love," and i fell into one of those, sort of pits of despair that we all fall into when we're working on something and it's not coming and you start to think this is going to be a disaster, this is going to be the worst book ever written. +not just bad, but the worst book ever written. +and i started to think i should just dump this project. +but then i remembered tom talking to the open air and i tried it. +so i just lifted my face up from the manuscript and i directed my comments to an empty corner of the room. +and i said aloud, "listen you, thing, you and i both know that if this book isn't brilliant that is not entirely my fault, right? +because you can see that i am putting everything i have into this, i don't have any more than this. +so if you want it to be better, then you've got to show up and do your part of the deal. +o.k. but if you don't do that, you know what, the hell with it. +i'm going to keep writing anyway because that's my job. +and i would please like the record to reflect today that i showed up for my part of the job. " +because -- in the end it's like this, o.k. -- centuries ago in the deserts of north africa, people used to gather for these moonlight dances of sacred dance and music that would go on for hours and hours, until dawn. +and they were always magnificent, because the dancers were professionals and they were terrific, right? +but every once in a while, very rarely, something would happen, and one of these performers would actually become transcendent. +and i know you know what i'm talking about, because i know you've all seen, at some point in your life, a performance like this. +it was like time would stop, and the dancer would sort of step through some kind of portal and he wasn't doing anything different than he had ever done, 1,000 nights before, but everything would align. +and all of a sudden, he would no longer appear to be merely human. +he would be lit from within, and lit from below and all lit up on fire with divinity. +and when this happened, back then, people knew it for what it was, you know, they called it by its name. +they would put their hands together and they would start to chant, "allah, allah, allah, god, god, god." +that's god, you know. +curious historical footnote -- when the moors invaded southern spain, they took this custom with them and the pronunciation changed over the centuries from "allah, allah, allah," to "ole, ole, ole," which you still hear in bullfights and in flamenco dances. +in spain, when a performer has done something impossible and magic, "allah, ole, ole, allah, magnificent, bravo," incomprehensible, there it is -- a glimpse of god. +which is great, because we need that. +but, the tricky bit comes the next morning, for the dancer himself, when he wakes up and discovers that it's tuesday at 11 a.m., and he's no longer a glimpse of god. +he's just an aging mortal with really bad knees, and maybe he's never going to ascend to that height again. +and maybe nobody will ever chant god's name again as he spins, and what is he then to do with the rest of his life? +this is hard. +this is one of the most painful reconciliations to make in a creative life. +but maybe it doesn't have to be quite so full of anguish if you never happened to believe, in the first place, that the most extraordinary aspects of your being came from you. +but maybe if you just believed that they were on loan to you from some unimaginable source for some exquisite portion of your life to be passed along when you're finished, with somebody else. +and, you know, if we think about it this way it starts to change everything. +this is how i've started to think, and this is certainly how i've been thinking in the last few months as i've been working on the book that will soon be published, as the dangerously, frighteningly over-anticipated follow up to my freakish success. +and what i have to, sort of keep telling myself when i get really psyched out about that, is, don't be afraid. +don't be daunted. +just do your job. +continue to show up for your piece of it, whatever that might be. +if your job is to dance, do your dance. +if the divine, cockeyed genius assigned to your case decides to let some sort of wonderment be glimpsed, for just one moment through your efforts, then "ole!" +and if not, do your dance anyhow. +and "ole!" to you, nonetheless. +i believe this and i feel that we must teach it. +"ole!" to you, nonetheless, just for having the sheer human love and stubbornness to keep showing up. +thank you. +thank you. +ole! +last year i showed these two slides so that demonstrate that the arctic ice cap, which for most of the last three million years has been the size of the lower 48 states, has shrunk by 40 percent. +but this understates the seriousness of this particular problem because it doesn't show the thickness of the ice. +the arctic ice cap is, in a sense, the beating heart of the global climate system. +it expands in winter and contracts in summer. +the next slide i show you will be a rapid fast-forward of what's happened over the last 25 years. +the permanent ice is marked in red. +as you see, it expands to the dark blue -- that's the annual ice in winter, and it contracts in summer. +the so-called permanent ice, five years old or older, you can see is almost like blood, spilling out of the body here. +in 25 years it's gone from this, to this. +this is a problem because the warming heats up the frozen ground around the arctic ocean, where there is a massive amount of frozen carbon which, when it thaws, is turned into methane by microbes. +compared to the total amount of global warming pollution in the atmosphere, that amount could double if we cross this tipping point. +already in some shallow lakes in alaska, methane is actively bubbling up out of the water. +professor katey walter from the university of alaska went out with another team to another shallow lake last winter. +whoa! +she's okay. the question is whether we will be. +and one reason is, this enormous heat sink heats up greenland from the north. +this is an annual melting river. +but the volumes are much larger than ever. +this is the kangerlussuaq river in southwest greenland. +if you want to know how sea level rises from land-base ice melting this is where it reaches the sea. +these flows are increasing very rapidly. +at the other end of the planet, antarctica the largest mass of ice on the planet. +last month scientists reported the entire continent is now in negative ice balance. +and west antarctica cropped up on top some under-sea islands, is particularly rapid in its melting. +that's equal to 20 feet of sea level, as is greenland. +in the himalayas, the third largest mass of ice: at the top you see new lakes, which a few years ago were glaciers. +40 percent of all the people in the world get half of their drinking water from that melting flow. +in the andes, this glacier is the source of drinking water for this city. +the flows have increased. +but when they go away, so does much of the drinking water. +in california there has been a 40 percent decline in the sierra snowpack. +this is hitting the reservoirs. +and the predictions, as you've read, are serious. +this drying around the world has lead to a dramatic increase in fires. +and the disasters around the world have been increasing at an absolutely extraordinary and unprecedented rate. +four times as many in the last 30 years as in the previous 75. +this is a completely unsustainable pattern. +if you look at in the context of history you can see what this is doing. +in the last five years we've added 70 million tons of co2 every 24 hours -- 25 million tons every day to the oceans. +look carefully at the area of the eastern pacific, from the americas, extending westward, and on either side of the indian subcontinent, where there is a radical depletion of oxygen in the oceans. +the biggest single cause of global warming, along with deforestation, which is 20 percent of it, is the burning of fossil fuels. +oil is a problem, and coal is the most serious problem. +the united states is one of the two largest emitters, along with china. +and the proposal has been to build a lot more coal plants. +but we're beginning to see a sea change. +here are the ones that have been cancelled in the last few years with some green alternatives proposed. +however there is a political battle in our country. +and the coal industries and the oil industries spent a quarter of a billion dollars in the last calendar year promoting clean coal, which is an oxymoron. +that image reminded me of something. +around christmas, in my home in tennessee, a billion gallons of coal sludge was spilled. +you probably saw it on the news. +this, all over the country, is the second largest waste stream in america. +this happened around christmas. +one of the coal industry's ads around christmas was this one. +frosty the coal man is a jolly, happy soul. +he's abundant here in america, and he helps our economy grow. +frosty the coal man is getting cleaner everyday. +he's affordable and adorable, and workers keep their pay. +this is the source of much of the coal in west virginia. +the largest mountaintop miner is the head of massey coal. +let me be clear about it. al gore, nancy pelosi, harry reid, they don't know what they're talking about. +so the alliance for climate protection has launched two campaigns. +this is one of them, part of one of them. +at coalergy we view climate change as a very serious threat to our business. +that's why we've made it our primary goal to spend a large sum of money on an advertising effort to help bring out and complicate the truth about coal. +the fact is, coal isn't dirty. +we think it's clean -- smells good, too. +so don't worry about climate change. +leave that up to us. +clean coal -- you've heard a lot about it. +so let's take a tour of this state-of-the-art clean coal facility. +amazing! the machinery is kind of loud. +but that's the sound of clean coal technology. +and while burning coal is one of the leading causes of global warming, the remarkable clean coal technology you see here changes everything. +take a good long look: this is today's clean coal technology. +finally, the positive alternative meshes with our economic challenge and our national security challenge. +america is in crisis -- the economy, national security, the climate crisis. +the thread that links them all: our addiction to carbon based fuels, like dirty coal and foreign oil. +but now there is a bold new solution to get us out of this mess. +repower america with 100 percent clean electricity within 10 years. +a plan to put america back to work, make us more secure, and help stop global warming. +finally, a solution that's big enough to solve our problems. +repower america. find out more. +this is the last one. +it's about repowering america. +one of the fastest ways to cut our dependence on old dirty fuels that are killing our planet. +future's over here. wind, sun, a new energy grid. +new investments to create high-paying jobs. +repower america. it's time to get real. +there is an old african proverb that says, "if you want to go quickly, go alone. +if you want to go far, go together. " +we need to go far, quickly. +thank you very much. +i want to start out by asking you to think back to when you were a kid, playing with blocks. +as you figured out how to reach out and grasp, pick them up and move them around, you were actually learning how to think and solve problems by understanding and manipulating spatial relationships. +spatial reasoning is deeply connected to how we understand a lot of the world around us. +so, as a computer scientist inspired by this utility of our interactions with physical objects -- along with my adviser pattie, and my collaborator jeevan kalanithi -- i started to wonder -- what if when we used a computer, instead of having this one mouse cursor that was a like a digital fingertip moving around a flat desktop, what if we could reach in with both hands and grasp information physically, arranging it the way we wanted? +this question was so compelling that we decided to explore the answer, by building siftables. +in a nutshell, a siftable is an interactive computer the size of a cookie. +they're able to be moved around by hand, they can sense each other, they can sense their motion, and they have a screen and a wireless radio. +most importantly, they're physical, so like the blocks, you can move them just by reaching out and grasping. +and siftables are an example of a new ecosystem of tools for manipulating digital information. +and as these tools become more physical, more aware of their motion, aware of each other, and aware of the nuance of how we move them, we can start to explore some new and fun interaction styles. +so, i'm going to start with some simple examples. +this siftable is configured to show video, and if i tilt it in one direction, it'll roll the video this way; if i tilt it the other way it rolls it backwards. +and these interactive portraits are aware of each other. +so if i put them next to each other, they get interested. +if they get surrounded, they notice that too, they might get a little flustered. +and they can also sense their motion and tilt. +one of the interesting implications on interaction, we started to realize, was that we could use everyday gestures on data, like pouring a color the way we might pour a liquid. +so in this case, we've got three siftables configured to be paint buckets and i can use them to pour color into that central one, where they get mixed. +if we overshoot, we can pour a little bit back. +there are also some neat possibilities for education, like language, math and logic games where we want to give people the ability to try things quickly, and view the results immediately. +so here i'm -- this is a fibonacci sequence that i'm making with a simple equation program. +here we have a word game that's kind of like a mash-up between scrabble and boggle. +basically, in every round you get a randomly assigned letter on each siftable, and as you try to make words it checks against a dictionary. +then, after about 30 seconds, it reshuffles, and you have a new set of letters and new possibilities to try. +thank you. +so these are some kids that came on a field trip to the media lab, and i managed to get them to try it out, and shoot a video. +they really loved it. +and, one of the interesting things about this kind of application is that you don't have to give people many instructions. +all you have to say is, "make words," and they know exactly what to do. +so here's another few people trying it out. +that's our youngest beta tester, down there on the right. +turns out, all he wanted to do was to stack the siftables up. +so to him, they were just blocks. +now, this is an interactive cartoon application. +and we wanted to build a learning tool for language learners. +and this is felix, actually. +and he can bring new characters into the scene, just by lifting the siftables off the table that have that character shown on them. +here, he's bringing the sun out. +the sun is rising. +now he's brought a tractor into the scene. +the orange tractor. +good job! yeah! +so by shaking the siftables and putting them next to each other he can make the characters interact -- woof! +inventing his own narrative. +hello! +it's an open-ended story, and he gets to decide how it unfolds. +fly away, cat. +so, the last example i have time to show you today is a music sequencing and live performance tool that we've built recently, in which siftables act as sounds like lead, bass and drums. +each of these has four different variations, you get to choose which one you want to use. +and you can inject these sounds into a sequence that you can assemble into the pattern that you want. +and you inject it by just bumping up the sound siftable against a sequence siftable. +there are effects that you can control live, like reverb and filter. +you attach it to a particular sound and then tilt to adjust it. +and then, overall effects like tempo and volume that apply to the entire sequence. +so let's have a look. +we'll start by putting a lead into two sequence siftables, arrange them into a series, extend it, add a little more lead. +now i put a bass line in. +now i'll put some percussion in. +and now i'll attach the filter to the drums, so i can control the effect live. +i can speed up the whole sequence by tilting the tempo one way or the other. +and now i'll attach the filter to the bass for some more expression. +i can rearrange the sequence while it plays. +so i don't have to plan it out in advance, but i can improvise, making it longer or shorter as i go. +and now, finally, i can fade the whole sequence out using the volume siftable, tilted to the left. +thank you. +so, as you can see, my passion is for making new human-computer interfaces that are a better match to the ways our brains and bodies work. +and today, i had time to show you one point in this new design space, and a few of the possibilities that we're working to bring out of the laboratory. +so the thought i want to leave you with is that we're on the cusp of this new generation of tools for interacting with digital media that are going to bring information into our world on our terms. +thank you very much. +i look forward to talking with all of you. +yes, hello. +i'm happy to be here. +yes, so, what is biohacking? +i'll have to provide some background information here, biohacking deals with modern molecular biology. +i study molecular biology and have been doing research into biohacking for a few years now, i started doing this because i simply wanted to have more detailed knowledge and especially wanted to put what i'd learned theoretically into practice. +so these were my prime motives. +so it was curiosity and i somehow wanted to get closer to the material, that was it. +i think that molecular biology in general, so generally speaking biotechnology, everything that can be included in that, like synthetic biology, etc. +is of extreme importance today is already extremely important today and will become much more important in the future. +there are controversial topics such as all those genetically modified plants in the fields. +now there's craig venter in the usa who's trying to produce biofuel, biodiesel fuel made from algae. +and then there are things that have already become part of everyday life, although most people are not aware of it, such as washing powder enzymes, which allow us to wash clothes at forty degrees, which are also genetically optimised enzymes. +and the list can go on forever. +and so because of my interest in the in this technology, i went delved into it more. +so what why hacking? +most of us know most people have heard of this in the context of software. +computer hacking, and then in the media it's yes, hackers break into a place and steal data and so on. +that's rather sad for the hacker community, because it doesn't at all fully describe what they actually how it actually all started and what's behind it. +software hackers started building computers in the seventies and eighties and this gave rise to the internet. +and it deals with problem-solving in a playful, creative, original way. +and a problem, so not only a technical problem, it can also be a social problem, it can also just be an access problem that simplifying things, so any way of looking at a problem, of posing a question, asking how you could do something differently or better. +and it was it developed in the area of software, but it's also found in the electronics sector where you also find a whole tinkerer scene, which makes all sorts of crazy things with electrical circuits. +and so now you find it in biology, and i'd like to take a metaphor from synthetic biology, biology is actually an information science because the dna code is an abstract code that yes, it's not exactly like a computer, because it's more dynamic, because it's material, i mean real material, and not just cybernetic. +but it's also a code, and you can program that and so you can also hack into it, that's it, and i thought think it's incredibly fascinating, and i just wanted to really delve into that. +these these networks didn't really take form until two thousand eight. +there's hackteria dot org, which originally comes from switzerland, and it's a network based in europe with a cooperation in india, but it has members and active people all over the world by now. +those are it has a more arty character, so it's many artists and philosophers are working, together with scientists, on examining these technologies and asking questions and processing the knowledge creatively, there are museum exhibitions and, well, all sorts of things. +but the point is to always find a a really loose approach to it, to deal with it playfully. +and then there's do-it-yourself-bio- dot-org, diy bio. +that's a network from the usa, that's more of a kind of a forum, where you where people can meet and discuss things online. +they are geared more towards the technical as well as the business aspects of it, and so you see more, well, practical questions being asked. +based on these networks, which made the whole thing popular, a scene came into being, which i'd like to briefly describe. +this picture on the left is of biocurious, that's a hackerspace, so a kind of school, a private school, a non-profit organisation institution, where anybody can go to. +children, elderly people, all sorts of people go there to simply examine this in a different kind of way, they've set up a laboratory and look at what can be done there, if at laboratory protocols. +here in the bottom left there's a group in indonesia, house of natural fibers it's called, but they've been around for quite some time. +for a longer time than these other two networks. +they look at biological materials in an artistic way and, yes, also electronic tinkering, and combine this in a very outlandish way. +a group from ankara, that i came into contact with a while ago, they have they are a student group that wanted to inform the public more about what what they learn about at university, and they organised these these little actions at street festivals and tried to explain dna to people. +and in this other image at the top i have a lecture in in copenhagen at the medical museion in combination with an exhibition on the topic. +and that's, well that's these are usually really young people, but the only thing that that one that really unites everybody, is this fascination with technology. +and what you can do with it and approaching society very targetedly and asking, right, okay, what do you know, what what do you want to get involved in, are you interested in getting involved in this way? +so, okay, to hack into biology, you need material. +you need biological materials, but you also need tools, and that's a laboratory. +or what you would normally understand to be a laboratory, so some cool machines, extremely expensive ones, extremely distant ones, for professional staff, trained academics with a doctor's degree etc. only. +and our approach was to say, okay, that you don't actually have to do that. +that's not necessary in fact, because every every every coffee machine actually uses more advanced technology than most laboratory devices, that's really true. +and so with this premises with this premises, brian degger in england, for example, tried to set up a mini-laboratory, took a pressure cooker, a hot plate and, yes, soup stock, and bred bacteria with it, working like this. +so anybody who's ever had a soup gone go bad, because they left it standing for too long, has already done this. +i then tried to expand this at my laboratory back home, and so i bought some secondhand equipment on ebay and did a little dna analysis, and tried to do a paternity test, so dna fingerprinting in other words, at home again. +that's not supposed to be a joke, but here in the image below you can see there's the laboratory, in quotation marks, so a closed up garage with all this laboratory equipment that the university got rid of, a group in paris that set something set up something and is very successful with it and does some really interesting things there. i'd like to briefly mention a project. +that here is biocurious, the hackerspace i mentioned just now, this yes, basically a kind of adult education centre for for molecular biology. +and yes, so you can see that it's a relatively relatively heterogeneous thing, so from some people who do it on their own from home, to big i mean, larger organisations, who are doing this more formally in an institutionalised form already. +but always always with this this approach, that it should be simple and accessible. +the first project that we did as an international group, when we became aware of ourselves, you might say, okay we exist as a real “scene ”, and we're online, and we we know the people who are always chatting there and everything. +and then the founder of do-it-yourself-bio dot org came and said: okay +we really need to meet up now, meet up personally, and he organised two events, one in london, in two thousand ten, and shortly after that in the usa, in san francisco. +and, the focus there was on, so okay, who are we, what do we want, what do we also want what do we want to talk about? +and what what are our values and what are what are our objectives, our fundamental principles? +and then we worked on writing up a kind of code of conduct. +that was really intuitive, i mean, everyone expressed their wishes, their and things that move them. +then, in my opinion, a really good code was created. +and that was then it's not binding, but it's yes, i think it has managed to become accepted quite well, people are quite convinced about it, yes. +and then we even tried to bring it back into the academic world, but somehow it wasn't really well received there. +so i think we from the biohacker scene have, in that sense, gone a step further than the the academic world. +yes, what sort of projects do we actually work on? +a project i set up myself with the hackteria network in switzerland, was one in which we wanted to create a so-called optical trap or optical tweezers. +this is when you focus a laser beam on a in a space, and then you can catch little particles in the air with it or in in liquid and then move them in this focus, so, they're then trapped in there, so it's basically like a tractor beam. +that really works, it's done in an academic setting, and then we thought, okay, we might manage that, and took a webcam, dismantled it, took off the lens, turned it around and then we have a microscope, which has a four hundred fold magnification approximately. +you can see this at the bottom. +and then we took apart a dvd burner and took out the burner the laser and then tried to focus on this camera. +and unfortunately that didn't work, but we learned a lot in doing so anyhow. +another project, that came from from the french group in paris, did work, and that's pretty cool. +he took one of these well, one of these one of these devices that measure brain waves, an eeg or something like that, so he was working with neurobiology, his his nickname is sam neurohack. +he then made this this this helmet, and it took place in in cooperation with the museum. +visitors could go into the room, sit down on this chair, and put on this helmet. +their brain waves were then measured, and depending on what they thought about or how they thought, different lights in the roomwent switched on. +was a very a very fancy project. +another thing from the usa that also had to do with paternity test thing, is the the pcr, the polymerase chain reaction, a complicated term. +this is about the copying of genes, replicating genes, dna, fragments, so that you can make them visible. +so when i now that's what the what profilers do at a crime scene, they go there, collect some hair samples, and then they make these implement this method, and then they can say, okay, this hair belongs to this person, like that. +and the machines that do that are rather expensive, the ones you buy commercially, they start at about four thousand euros at the least. +and that's not within the range of amateurs, but it's a really cool technology, which is capable of a lot. +so that's just one application among many that you can use. +and they have there were two two tinkerers who went to work on it and said, okay, we can make this easier and cheaper, and put together this this piece of equipment from open source stuff, so freely available hardware and electronics and they're now the they've now managed to make it ripe for the market and are currently the the cheapest providers of these devices worldwide. +i think the price lies at about six hundred dollars or so. +it's certainly now it's that's still not cheap, but it's certainly within a range that makes it much more accessible. +so that was a very successful hack in my opinion. +a project i recently started was the building of a gene gun. +a gene gun is, well, a kind of air pressure gun, which shoots about this far, two centimetres or so. +you charge gold particles with dna and then put these gold particles into this air pressure gun, and then i shot at onions and made them light up and stuff like that. +so the device you see here didn't work. +but that's my my prototype, which looked pretty wild though, on a branch and that, that thing on it, put the electronics into it and connected pressure to it and that was but the pressure was too high, and the thing broke. +then i took a whipped cream dispenser and connected it to that. +a whipped cream dispenser, when you fill it up with water, it has enough pressure, i think about forty to sixty bar. +and with that you can accelerate the particles strongly enough and then they enter the onions. +and the commercial device for this starts at about fifteen thousand euros or so, whereas whipped cream dispensers cost about fifty euros. +so the it's not as efficient, but it's basically doable. +so that's currently the the core objective of the scene, making the technology more available and increasing the information and comprehensibility, so that that more people can get involved. +because as i said in the beginning, it's an extremely important technology and most people know relatively little about it and also have no chance of educating themselves really well on it. +because if you just read about it in secondary literature, that's not the same as when you've done it yourself or have seen it being done. +and i think technology is becoming increasingly important in our modern societies. +and if, as an informed citizen, you wish to make useful choices in society and want to take part in the discussion, you need access to the knowledge and the technology. +and and you need to do it and understand it if you want to do it and understand it. +and this trades under the names open knowledge and citizen science. +so as a citizen you are put in a position where you can look into these scientific technologies. +and that's that's the core concern of of biohackers. +those are the people who are at least officially registered on the website, the diy-bio-dot-org-website. +there's already a rather impressive number of people worldwide. +and it's also interesting that they're also represented in south-east-asia. +that is i think they are less people have registered than actually exist. +i know of some people who haven't registered. +and they are just the biohackers, individuals. +some of them are also registered together with the hackerspaces, those places. +and that's just the beginning. +like i said, it all just started in two thousand eight. +and hackerspaces, so computer hackerspaces, c-base in berlin was the first, in nineteen ninety-five. +and that's become a gigantic network of very good, well, infrastructure centres, which are being represented all over the world. +and of course we hope that we'll expand in a similar way and also be similarly networked, so that more people can get involved. +and i would like to invite everyone to work on it and event try something yourselves. +it's not that simple, but it's also not impossible, and if you're curious enough and put enough energy into it, you can go far. +thanks for listening. +that was all. +yes, hello. +how do we humans actually function? +this is a question that really moves me as a designer, but is also of relevance in the area of in the research area usability and especially in the area user experience. +there, the focus is on how to approach people in interactive media, so that they can use interactive media and can come to the most satisfying result possible. +i think that interactive media address archaic, cognitive models in us, in other words thought patterns that were programmed into our biological memory a very, very long time ago and can be elicited through interactive media. +and this is really incredible, because people actually believe that this advanced technology which you come into contact with there, that it transports you into the future, but in fact the future is in us, in our archaic roots. +so what are archaic models? +i wrote down four keywords and would like to explain them briefly. +archaic models are models that we adopted in pre-industrial times. +intrinsic to these archaic models is the fact that we have a principally natural relationship with virtuality. +that might sound unusual at first. +i will clarify this in a moment, however, and will attempt to prove by an experiment, that you, too, do have a natural relation to virtuality. +and the second aspect is that since we because of these archaic models, we are certainly able to talk in a very, very visual manner, although we use a codified language today. +and the third area speaks for itself really. +we all know that interactive media is, by definition, non-linear, which involves the negation of linearity, and which of course tells us that we consider linearity normal today. +the fourth point is that we see history as a place where information is passed on. +but how is it with with virtuality, which is actually the most natural thing in the world? +i would like to prove that to you. +how many doors does the house you live in have? +we you wouldn't be able to answer that spontaneously, but the following would happen and is happening at this very moment. +in your mind, you are walking through the house where you live, and are seeing how many doors there are. +that is exactly what you are doing. +you are virtualising the reality without a computer. +fantastic, isn't it? +at the media campus, for example, we are attempting to render virtual reality in our virtual reality laboratory, but we have actually always been capable of this. +and this this ability to virtualise the virtual reality was something that people in pre-industrial times bitterly needed, because they didn't have anything. +they didn't have books, after all. +and they didn't have photolithography. +they didn't have mass media. +the only thing they had was their mind. +and in this mind they had memory. +in this mind knowledge was retrieved, and with the help of these virtual images, the imagination, knowledge was was passed on too. +and that's why it is so strongly rooted in us, this ability to deal with virtuality. +the interesting thing about this is that i can make a short trip. +yes, that's possible. +the interesting thing about this is that at this moment the human was simultaneously the media producer and medium. +now let's take that a step further. +what is the media today? +you will notice that a change has taken place. +but i'll come back to that in a moment. +a crucial tool in information brokerage has always been stories. +shamans, priests, so-called keepers of knowledge, were specially assigned to preserve knowledge in stories. +and today we are still very, very dependent on stories. +according to the author of the book the storytelling animal, jonathan gottschall, we still spend one thousand nine hundred hours a year on the reception of stories. +that means that once a child has reached the the the age of legal majority, it has spent most of its life receiving stories. +now we think that our love of stories is based on the fact that we sat in the lap of our parents. +no, no, that's way off. +that goes back a lot further, to the pre-industrial cultures. +what is particularly impressive in the area of interactive media is the fact that we've anchored the ability to think in a non-linear way in our biological memory. +i brought along an example of the north american tribe of the nootka indians. +they live lived in the coastal region of british columbia. +and as you can see, this is an area that is full of islands and so the people had to somehow navigate through there, from island to island, to find food. +and they did this using so-called lead maps. +perhaps you've heard of that already, if you have any interest in that, in connection with the australian aboriginals. +they have similar principles. +they don't have lead maps, but used so-called songlines, or dreampaths +and the interesting thing about that is that the navigation and the topography of regions could be depicted through songs. +and for them language had inferior importance. +that means they navigated through the use of sound and rhythm. +and these sounds and this rhythm depicted the geology and topography of a region and that of course also made it possible to defragment these songs and rearrange them so that you could move to the left and the right and could also return to the starting point. +why do we no longer sing to get from a to b from above? +at least not to navigate. +what what happened there? +what happened is the the so-called machine age. +before this, we were in the so-called age of feudalism. +then the machine age happened and the book and then we had photolithography. +and what happened is that we transferred the responsibility for our memories and the the production of our individual memories to external media. +to the book and to the image. +the consequence of this is that we've unfortunately lost a good deal of our ability to virtualise. +virtuality has suddenly become something alien to us +and has nothing more to do with reality. +bruce brown, a famous design researcher at brighton university, went so far as to say that mass media and he means books and images, not tv, the internet etc. which is what we would define as mass media today that these mass media have turned our memories to stone and have eroded our ability to virtualise. +let's make a short provisional appraisal. +from the age of feudalism to the to the machine age. +what has an influence on our on our thinking and our ability to remember? +those are the declining influences of the pre-industrial cultures. +and they will they have been increasingly overwritten during the course of the centuries by the influences of the machine age. +that means that instead of having individual memories, we have standardised, widespread patterns of memories, onto which we can attach our personal memories. +we no longer produce. +we have an abstract an abstracted language. +we no longer imagine the thing in images things in images, but codify them through language. +we've got used to things happening in a linear fashion. +and we've accepted linearity as the law and there are only exceptions, such as non-linearity. +what's left is storytelling. +we're still extremely attached to storytelling as a method of information brokerage. +the question is, what will come next? +we had the age of feudalism, we have had the machine age and we are now stepping into the so-called cyber age. +that sounds very spacey and like science fiction, i know. +but the concepts of the cyber age, they are returning these these possibilities to rediscover our abilities. +this is about virtuality, about non-linearity, about storytelling. +i'd like to explain that a little more. +there are technical concepts such as “augmented reality ”. +so if you think of the google glasses for example, then that's one of those concepts that allows us to combine the virtual world with the real world again, and so that means our affinity for virtualisation, of experiencing the virtual as something normal and natural, is being addressed again. +another example is so-called virtual reality as crazy as that may of course sound in the context of my presentation, we are physically moving in non-existent, virtual worlds there, according to the example of the holodeck. +and other another example are the ambient, intelligent systems. +those are spaces that are able to react to a human intelligently. +all that calls for the ability, our fundamental ability to accept virtuality as a real living space. +to finish, i brought along, and i hope the video works, a very, very beautiful project, which are the final bachelor's projects by michael burk, ann-kathrin krenz, joris klause and jan-moritz müller. +the last two mentioned are also present today. +perhaps you could just briefly stand up, so people can talk to you about the project during the break if they want to. +i brought this project along as an example to illustrate how these archaic, cognitive models are being addressed again. +the whole thing is a game, i must add. +which of course very much accommodates for storytelling, and it's a computer game. +and when i say "computer game", you probably are imagining a number of persons people jumping around in front of some game consoles or perhaps you see yourself playing about with a some game console. +in any case, you imagine it happening inside. +this is a game for outside. +and it was expressly designed to enable me to discover the outside world, to rediscover the real world. +and this game connects the virtual world, so the data the data space that we produce, with the real world. +i'm sorry i have to keep this so short. +you can explain this much more elaborately later on, as there's more much more to this. +the point of the game is that i discover a city by looking at which places have been mentioned positively or negatively on twitter. +and so i can have a very different view of the city, a very different impression, because i see negative and positive zones of a city and, in this way, have a very different, virtual map of a very real city. +we can take a look at that now. +ah, what you can see here, sorry, is a short explanation of what we're about to see. +of course this virtual world exists within the walls of our cities, that's obvious. +using a kind of torch, we can make these virtual worlds visible. +right, i'd like to summarise my my presentation by stating that the characteristics and abilities that we acquired during the age of feudalism, and which went a little lost during the machine age, that they can be reactivated with the help of the so-called cyber age and so that we can, in this way, actually go back to our roots rather than the future through complex, technological, new products. +thank you. +yes, i'm very happy to be here. +i was just asked whether this sack is a talking sack and will talk for me. +it won't. +i'll be revealing what's inside of it in a moment. +but for now i'll just keep up the suspense. +yes, children are or should be naturally curious, and so are designers. +i'm a designer from birth, so of course i deal with the subject of curiosity and how curiosity in turn transforms our thinking, and why we perhaps lose our curiosity and need to give it a jolt et cetera. +that's a whole series of things you're concerned with besides your existence as a designer. +when professors become curious, they are often shoved into a research semester. +and that's happened to me these last six months. +a research semester on the topic natural user interface design. +now you'll be asking yourself why all these designers are starting to concern themselves with such natural, archaic prototypes of communication, interaction, etc. +and now i'll hold up one of these little devices, because things are supposed to become increasingly intuitive, increasingly natural, more user friendly, and then you have to look at what we humans consider natural, what we consider user friendly or intuitive. +and against that background, within the area of natural user interface design, so the next generation of the interaction between humans and computers in the i mean in the relationship between humans and computers, i looked into how our tools, or how the computer has successively transformed itself from a calculator to a digital assistant. +so i looked into when things are natural and intuitive. +perhaps we should take another look at this. +why does this happen in the first place? +so if we look at the development of our society, summarised briefly here, we are moving from the third to the fourth social generation, or social form. +from the modern to the computer society. +each society is characterised by one primary medium. +in the beginning there was the tribal society, characterised by language. +that means people related to each other because they spoke the same language, they were able to communicate with each other, move into the same cave or another place together, build cities and villages and basically created this tribal society. +but the primary medium was language, something very natural, and very lively. +it was something you had to learn, as no small child can naturally talk, but we learn it successively and relatively naturally. +that was then replaced by the classical age and the first type of abstraction. +that was a massive outcry at the time, because of course it was when the lively language started to manifest itself in writing, meaning that i took something fluid and alive and started to carve it in stone and so manipulate it. +depending on how and when i carve, a very different kind of coverage comes into being compared to when someone expresses it in a lively form, so to speak. +but gradually the written form became the primary medium, and gained a foothold. +then the next generation came, which is where we're still primarily at. +that's the medium of print with gutenberg and others. +that was also an affront at the time, where the gentry, clergymen and others said: have you gone mad, if the people start to read, they'll want to have something to say and that would be totally fatal of course. +and now we're going into the next generation and the exciting thing about it is that a transition into a new generation only happens every few hundred years and so we're really in this in this phenomenal phase at the moment, the fact that we're experiencing it. +of course it totally confuses us, because on the one hand we're seeing this new media, socil social media, facebook etc. +with its complete transparency, which is the new kind of thinking that clashes with the old kind of thinking: don't say that there's now horse meat in the lasagne and not beef or other phenomena, because i want to cover that up and not confess to it. +and these two worlds, the old and the new ways of thinking, are clashing with each other at the moment. +the exciting thing about this is that when you look at it, this new society, this computer society, you can see that many mechanisms, principles and archaic patterns of thought have been taken from from the tribal society. +but now it's not on the local level, but on the global level. +we've understood that weather is global. +that the theme of ecology is a global theme. +not, if i am environmentally aware here on the local level and the neighbour is less environmentally aware, the whole thing will no longer work. +that means the local village has turned into a global village with the same principles: as natural as possible, as intuitive as possible, but also with complete transparency. +just like when people in the village used to know who is having an affair with whom and when, now it's happening with the extension of ourselves through mobile end devices on a global level. +we're accumulating our knowledge on a global level and we're accumulating it increasingly quicker and better, for example. +just like it used to happen in the village. +against that background i looked into what this means, what is still natural to us, what have we perhaps forgotten, and what is instinctive for us, so what difference does it make? +because people often come and ask, can't you make it more user friendly, so that anybody can use it? +so you have to examine what that means, and not only change it so that it's different, because it needs to be improved too. +and to see when something is intuitive of course and how i, as a designer, can have influence on this and design things in such a way that they are a user friendly, so as intuitive as possible, because then the things are fun and easy to use. +so even while studying, you deal with the topic of perception and perceptual psychology. +and of course that's something where you start and look and say, okay, let me look into the inner self. +and how does it look in there? +and how do we function, when we look in there? +and what does intuitive mean and how do our channels of perception work and how does cognitive processing work? +like steve jobs once said: you need to dig deeper to understand how it works. +so you really have to go into detail, if you want to make something user friendly or intuitively manageable, and what does that mean fundamentally. +and there you see that, that people a our seven senses, most people think we only have five, but today there are seven officially recognised senses, and in the near future the next, the eighth sense will probably be added to it and as an extension of ourselves again. +and to see how we process information, how do we absorb information? +and just to say, what is information? +information is every difference that makes a difference. +many people use the word but don't know what it means in detail. +but i have to have a fundamental understanding, to essentially understand when information becomes information, when data becomes information and when, in turn, information becomes knowledge, so that i know how to later make things as intuitive or naturally manageable as possible. +and of course how design affects perception. +we can see that here, when i design things, then i can design them in a confusing way, as you can see here on the right, where i can't tell which one is salt and which one is pepper, or i can basically design them intuitively, by showing things. +so a lot more naturally, and though they're in a container, i can directly see which one contains salt and which one contains pepper. +and if i say to someone, pass me the salt or the pepper, they'd have to first think about what's in what with the right one. +with the left they'd just intuitively grab it and then pass me the salt, as it hopefully won't be sugar. +but our perception, how it deceives us too. +for example perception in this context. +the right circle looks bigger than the small one, even though it isn't at all, they're actually equally big, and yet our perception changes, depending on the context we place things in. +does anybody know what this is? +come on. +pattern recognition should also work. +here here it's more likely to turn into my glasses. +so it's a circle. +a second circle is starting to correlate or associate a certain similarity. +and if i then place a half oval next to it, we suddenly no longer just see a unit, which is the circle, the circle and, yes, we see a unit, and no longer three parts, one circle, one circle, another. +this is called a law of design or gestalt psychology, which in turn affects our perception. +for the designers it is important, they usually have it in the first term, those great laws of design. +the law of proximity, the law of of continuity, etc. +they are usually forgotten by the third term. +but it's an essential component, if you want to design things as intuitively as possible. +the next phenomenon that is also very interesting is sight. +that might sound mundane at first, but it's exciting, once you take a closer look at it. +so we have our eyes at the front and now you think we see from front to back. +that's wrong. +first you see from back to front. +because you project an assumption that you're seeing something you recognise to the front, such as a circle. +that means we first project what we see before we actually see it, then we bring that to the back into our seeing machine, and then we say, okay, +i have this cognitive feedback, you projected something you want to see. +and that's what's there, and comes back again. +then it goes back to the front, because the back doesn't trust the front and says, now take another look and make sure that what you see is also what you want to see. +and then it goes back to the back and it's not until then that whatever it is is actually seen. +so it's a very, very exciting process, how the sequence of certain things is and the span of milliseconds in which these things happen. +i don't know if any of you know this image. +the same thing that i just described is now happening. +everybody is now trying to recognise something in this pattern. +i don't know who recognises what. +does anyone see anything specific? +a dalmatian, exactly. +once you've seen that that that you can see a dalmatian in this, you know it. +you'll never forget it again, because i'm showing where the dalmatian is. +now you see the dalmatian. +and, what's more, you'll now always see it. +that means i've corrupted you to the effect that you no longer see patterns in it, and i've conditioned you, within a very short time, to keep seeing this dog in this obscure image. +and that's the projection of seeing, feedback, seeing. +now i know it and project the fact that i'm seeing a dalmatian to the front. +then i see the dalmatian. +so these are really exciting processes, which take place accordingly in this, well, it's not really a grey area, but in this rose-tinted area. +does anyone know what three seconds are? +a long time, yes. +that's our present. +so it's always interesting to know as a designer. +if i know something takes three seconds, until i slide from the present into the past so to speak, then i am well capable of bridging waiting times, in that he in that i keep someone occupied for three seconds. +he will have to process that as the present. +then it will turn into the past and, in that way, i can bridge waiting times at the computer for example in a very elegant way, if i know this phenomenon. +what takes twenty-five milliseconds? +yes, milliseconds. +another very exciting phenomenon. +it's the time it takes to fall in love with someone. +that means, attention, now you know that, pay attention to how long you look at someone, because i will not be held responsible for what might happen. +and sixteen milliseconds, also a very exciting phenomenon. +that's the period of time it takes to form most perceptions we have. +that means the first impression comes to us at an extremely high speed, the way we perceive things. +and the way we see things, what we pay attention to and how we guard ourselves against our environment so to speak, so that we can consider it accordingly. +of course designers don't only look at the topic of perceptions and neural processes or cognitive ergonomics, but primarily at the topic of the relationship between man and object of course. +so how do humans deal with certain objects. +on the one hand there are the practical functions in terms of product language, so formal aspects or formal aesthetic aspects. +there are indicator functions, where i know exactly where i have to look. +but there are also symbolic functions; why does someone spend such horrendous sums of money on such a little bag that you can hardly fit anything into, even when it's not very practical? +we're more on the symbolic, on the semantic level there, something we designers are also preoccupied with. +going back to my actual topic natural user interface and the topic that's behind that is usability of course. +usability always means how can i reach a goal as soon as possible or how can a user reach a goal in a certain user context in an as effective, efficient and satisfying way possible. +that's what the norm says. +how can i make something as user friendly as possible? +can i handle it directly or do i need a manual or a correspondent training. +and then it's less usable or user friendly. +making it differently or prettier doesn't mean it's easier to use. +that's something we have to understand. +and if you look at some of the software in those terms, then you'll understand why ninety-nine percent of today's software is less intuitive or not instantaneously usable, including the ipad in many areas or the iphone, although it's already a lot more intuitive than classical software. +intuitive usability didn't start to become an elementary economic factor, an elementary success factor, when apple appeared on the scene, if i wanted to make technological devices usable for people. +why? +because, as a rule, we can reach our goal five times faster on average, for example, through this new type of usability, so natural user interfaces. +you need to imagine that in the following way, if you do something with classical software and take five hours to do it, then you'd only need one hour to do the same thing with this new type of natural software. +that probably doesn't mean that you can go home four hours earlier, but that your employer or whoever will think of something else you can do with those four hours. +but what i want to say is that for us it is of course accordingly an increase in efficiency, to manage to do certain things. +if we go back to the area of software, here you see the first command line interfaces, which were very abstract, and it took months to understand how to handle these systems. +then came the next ones, which already worked with a neural model or mental model, as software ergonomists say, because you'd have a conception of something, a metaphor, a metaphor of a desktop, to make the computer usable. +so no more zeros and ones with cryptic codes, but a metaphor. +that made the whole thing considerably more user friendly, but of course it could still be a lot better. +the next generation of graphic user interfaces already works with behaviour a lot more. +so, as a designer, i design behaviour much more much more often than appearance. +that's also a paradigm shift. +that i can suddenly that the appearance is becoming increasingly irrelevant for success, and usability is becoming an application. +and if i go a step further in these natural user interfaces, where i can control things via voice, speech, touch and gesture rather than a mouse and cursor, then i am even faster and more immediate. +but that also takes me to the question as to at what point things become more intuitive? +if they become more intuitive and then i have to rough-handle my little friend here again and see what that means from the point of view of cognitive ergonomics, when is something really intuitive? +and that's for us humans, something is intuitive when there's an as little as possible a need to think about it. +so apparently humans don't like to think very much, they want to make things relatively simple for themselves. +the less i think about something so to speak, the more intuitive it is. +and what does that mean to a designer? +it means that when we can see that we can transfer existing performance models onto something else, for example the metaphor, then i can make use of that as a designer. +that means i can transfer an intuitive, human performance model onto a software and can so make the software considerably more user friendly. +that poses the question as to what is actually the most intuitive performance scheme that we humans have and now i've already given it away. +it's the so-called osit model. +we all use it, and osit is an acronym that stands for orient, select, inform, transact. +every one of you is doing this the whole time, but you're doing it unconsciously and, well, pretty intuitively and also instinctively in part. +the model already takes shape while you're still in your mother's womb and it's intercultural, so it functions worldwide among young and old, and is used by us the whole time, without most people knowing that this model is present. +osit in itself is used by us fifty to seventy thousand times depending on the activity, it was ascertained that when you sleep it is strained less than in the day. +i can transfer this performance model orient, select, inform, transact to an interaction system. +and this kind of transferal, much like the metaphor of the desktop, but no longer a metaphor of a physical object, but a metaphor of a pattern of action, a principle of action. +and that's on a higher grail of user friendliness than the transferal of a classic metaphor, which is the one of the desktop. +and if i now transfer this, if i let orient take shape as an overview, select as a selection, inform in the case that it comes up close to me, and i can look at in detail, and yes, transact means i can put it somewhere or send someone or do the shopping, etc., +and then i can transfer the whole thing. +i'll try to do that using an example. +everybody was having some cake earlier. +overview: i'm interacting with the object so to speak, can zoom back out, zoom in. +i get the entire overview, can filter this and can say, now show me all the things with chocolate, for example. +and suddenly i have an interface that is considerably more intuitive and natural. +because the fact that i can grab hold of things like these little pieces, that i can touch them and they come to me, is considerably more natural than when i am able to make these things accessible via hierarchically organised websites or other mechanisms so to speak. +imagination is more important than knowledge, and i'd like to close on that sentence a and again give the advice that designers must also think differently to arrive at new solutions, and so i thank you warmly for your attention and please. +i'd like to reintroduce you to a particular aspect of curiosity. +firstly, when you are growing up as a child, as a baby, the thing you are interested in is which what sort of excretions you have, right? and depending on whether your parents have allowed you to more or less play with your potty and stir its contents, your curiosity is of course awakened. +and curiosity can't be learned. +that's why all the people who are here are actually people who have a characteristic that can't be learned. +my objective is to transform this entire discussion about the environment, the end of the world, forty years of the-club-of-rome, into quality. +and there's one central point here. +and that has to do with phosphorus. +give pee a chance. +every day you release + you release in the region of two grams of phosphorus and every day you have to absorb two grams of phosphorus. +otherwise you couldn't have teeth. +and you wouldn't be able to save energy. +you wouldn't be able to have bones. +we'd only be able to float in the earth's seas as amorphous molluscs. +if, in fact, we couldn't absorb and release phosphorus. +incredibly enough, we we are dealing with something here that would be a matter of course, but isn't at all. +because everybody's talking about energy, but nobody's talking about the phosphorus problem. +the phosphorus problem is much more critical. +we are dependent on two countries. +we only have phosphorus for two years and phosphorus mining worldwide is already emitting a lot more uranium into the environment than the amount that is used in all nuclear plants. +in the last twenty years alone, fifteen thousand tonnes of uranium was put onto our fields in germany. +and we absorb all of it. +it causes leukemia in children. +and we think we're protecting the environment when we do a little less damage. +so, for example, protect the environment, drive the car less. +protect the environment, produce less rubbish. +protect the environment, consume less energy. +but that's not protection. +that's like saying, protect your child, hit it three times instead of five. +it's just a little less destruction. +if that's our thinking from from the cradle to the grave, then our our entire planet will become a cemetery sooner or later. +that's why we need to think from cradle to cradle. +and the most important thing is to look at is the soil first of all. +the ground stores over sixty percent of the planet's carbon. +at the moment we're growing corn and losing between eleven and thirty kilograms thirty tonnes per hectare, if you were to calculate it per square metre. +that means we're losing five-thousand times more than what is formed in the soil. +of course we can look at the issue of waste first of all. +and everything is either the packaging or the contents. +in offenbach, for example, twenty percent of the amount of waste produced by households consists of nappies. +and as we get older, the nappies get bigger. ++ that is they're all in the pre-nappy stage, so to speak. +right? +one a baby needs about six-thousand nappies. +we can reduce that by ten percent of course, but what difference would that make? +china can make up for that in one second. +it's entirely insignificant. +so the question is, how should we deal with nappies? +here we have a the proof, by the way, that humans are not pigs. +i'd like to tell you why. +because with pigs, phosphorus is released in their solid components faeces. +with people, it is released in the urine. +yes. +so humans can't be pigs. +that proves it, doesn't it? +traditionally, in the discussion about the environment, there is the belief that there are too many of us on this planet. +and if you deny people the if you deny people their existence, if you say, it would be better if you weren't here at all, people become grabby and hostile. +and so you have someone like al gore, one of our great heroes, saying: there is nothing more important than stabilising the human population. +in israel people say, if you save a human life, you're saving the world. +on our end we say, the more people you get out of the way, the better. +yes. +the first question is, are there really too many of us? +if you look at ants, the weight of ants on the planet, then ants weigh four times as much a people. +i could also mention termites, but in the usa nobody likes termites, although they're vegetarians. +so ants weigh more than we do. +and because they work so much harder physically than we do and only live for three to six months, their weight, their energy consumption amounts to that of thirty billion people. +that means there are not too many of us, we're just too stupid, you see? +and when you see how far removed we are from what we wanted to and could achieve, and how sad we are to be on this planet in the first place, you can understand why offenbach, for example, has a program to be climate neutral by twenty forty, right? +you can only be climate neutral if you don't exist, you see? +that's your only chance. +have you ever seen a climate neutral tree? +have you? +just one single one? +that means our entire intelligence amounts to us wanting to be more stupid than trees, you see? +you see? +there is not one single tree that is carbon neutral. +thankfully, right? +there's no problem with overpopulation among trees. +there are still six hundred billion trees in the amazon forest alone. +of those have you ever heard of overpopulation of trees? +so all of our intelligence amounts to us wanting to be dumber than trees. +and then you see that even something like demeter, the strictest organization for organic yes agriculture, doesn't allow for our own metabolic waste to be returned. +every year we lose about three tonnes of phosphorus, which should really be circulated. +and so there are too many of us. +just because of that. +that means we feel so guilty on this planet, that we say, there is no organic agriculture, no bioland, no nature-et-progrès or whatever they're all called, that permits our own excrement to be put back into the cycle. +isn't that sad? +and that means there are too many of us. +it certainly makes sense to cause less damage when it comes to the use of oil. +but where are we of use? +we try to minimize our ecological footprint, but the point is to have a big footprint that's of use. +we want to be good for society, we want to be good for the economy, but when it comes to the environment, the most honourable thing for us would be to not be here at all, right? +zero emissions, you see? +you can only have zero emissions if you don't exist. +even if you were to shoot yourself now, you'd still have emissions. +so you can't solve that. +we can do it differently. +we can win back our nutrients. +with the agriculture we practice in brazil in which we win back nutrients. +this is a very direct way to get back nutrients in agriculture. +we do it in china for example, where we directly take the waste produced from it. +in in china a a chamber pot is still called a honey pot, you could say, right? +and in our western world we were always too stupid to bring back our nutrients. +this means that the entire history of western civilization is characterized by the city always just taking, and never giving anything back to the farmers. +so the cities had to keep on growing, as the farmers were moving into the cities and the cities had to get their nutrients from increasingly distance places. +that's why all western empires just kept on expanding until they couldn't manage the infrastructure anymore and then they imploded. +you see? +it was different in china. +they managed to have a civilization for five thousand years on end, as they were always able to return the nutrients. +even today, if you get invited to dinner in china, people expect you to stay on after the meal until you need to use the toilet. +because it's unfriendly to go and take the nutrients with you. +you were you were invited to dinner, not to steal nutrients. +that means you can see how to win back nutrients on the internet. +the nice thing about that is that when you do that, so when you practice agriculture, generate biogas, on one hectare of land with five thousand inhabitants in the favelas, a farmer can earn about one thousand five hundred dollars and maintain the plot with it, raise chickens and pigs and ducks and grow vegetables and farm fish. +and the great thing about it is that the crime rate in the favelas goes down by over ninety percent. +so we don't have to keep an eye on the people to make sure they do as little evil as possible. +we can support them in doing good. +that's high-tech agriculture of course, but the plots take care of themselves. +the side product is clean water. +and they're designed in such a way that a farmer can farm them easily. +that means the rate of crime goes down. +and none of these plots, and we've built over one hundred fifty of them in the last twenty years, none of these plots was every sabotaged. +it would be easy to just throw a litre of waste oil onto it and the plot would be ruined for years. +that doesn't happen. +that means we do not need to keep an eye on people so that they do as little evil as possible. +we can support them in doing good. +so we must get the phosphorus back. +and by the way, if you want to get active, write this down, in germany the most suitable purification plant is the one in frankfurt. +unfortunately not the one on offenbach, but perhaps you can give the frankfurters a hand. +because the plant in frankfurt would be the best at winning back phosphorus. +and it must go back. +we can see that phosphorus is really critical. +and we can see that it can be done. +in holland we've been working on this for over three years now. +the dutch government has stated that it will be the first country worldwide to win back phosphorus. +but we need this everywhere. +you see, there are two countries that control almost seventy percent of the phosphorus reservoirs worldwide. +there's the opec, a a bunch of amateurs. +it consists of twenty-six member countries that control forty percent of all the oil deposits. +and oil will be able to be replaced by other energy sources. +but phosphorus will not be able to be replaced. +that's why the point is not to to make what already exists a little less bad, but to do something right. +and it's the first question to ask is what is right. +so it's about effectivity, not efficiency. +in holland it's easier to understand this, because holland built the country on flowers. +you see? +imagine your your wife is sad, because you upset her, and you turn up with fifty roses. +totally inefficient. +but totally effective, right? +or take lipstick. +a woman in germany swallows about six point three kilos of lipstick in her lifetime. +whereas. +and that scientifically speaking, that's not not exactly correct, because because we don't know how much is kissed away. +but i can tell you, even in this light, that lipstick is totally inefficient, but very effective, you see? +a all the beautiful things in life are inefficient. +so that's why we're not talking about resource efficiency, but effectivity. +to ask yourself, what is the right thing to do? +not burning the biosolids a little more, storing them and losing all the materials for the cycles in the incineration plant, but asking oneself, how do you close cycles? +imagine mozart being efficient. +right? +if i invite you over for dinner and i say: yes, we're having a pill with offenbach taste and a glass of water to go with it. +wonderful, right? +that's efficient. +everything that's nice in life is not efficient. +when you fall in love with someone, efficient? +yes? +that means that everything that counts in life is not about saving, avoiding, reducing. +the whole environmental discussion. +we tell people, oh well, you people in the south are not environmentally aware. +no, throwing away is exactly the right thing to do, right? +everywhere where you throw something away, from, well, you create new living potential. +but the wrong things. +if you throw the wrong things away, you have a waste problem. +to what we're thinking from a northern perspective. +every footprint is disadvantageous there. +when you go running, right, every footprint destroys the ground. +because the soil will the moss dies and the the wind and water wash away the soil. +but if you're in italy, every footprint means the water will remain in the field for longer. +so it's about leaving leaving a large footprint, which will turn into wetland. +not guilt management. +we say sustainability in germany. +right? +but if i would ask you, how is your wife? +what would you say? +sustainable. +then i would say, my warm condolences, you see? +that's just about the minimum. +so not saving, abstaining from, avoiding. +every bit of waste is a nutrient. +and a pleasure too, if you look at how people in italy throw out a can of coca-cola from their car window. +that's a funny occurrence, you know. +it's a type of territorial behavior, right? +you can show that you were there. +but with the right design, please. +we've designed an ice cream wrapping, for example, which turns into liquid at room temperature. +you can throw it anywhere you want. +in two hours it's biodegraded, wherever it is. +and it contains seeds of rare plants, so that when you throw it away you're contributing to biodiversity. +that means that in doing so, we are being useful, not harmful. +so two cycles are created. +of course not everything should be compostable. +a tv or a washing machine, those are things you just use, you don't expend them. +only things that are subject to wear and tear, such as shoe soles, brake coverings, car tyres, they have to be made in such a way that they go back into biological systems. +things that are only used go into technical systems. +but today we're just talking about biological systems. +right? +let's take sneakers for example, right? +direct advertising, and not necessarily for the company puma, but to help this company make these products successful. +because we don't we no longer make things free of stuff. +right? +so if i invite you to dinner and say, this is free of chicken, that doesn't help you at all. +no, we define what's inside. +positively. +so not like a detox. +there's nothing poisonous in it. +everything that's inside can be utilized. +these are the first shoes with which you make a jackrabbit start at the pedestrian lights and the rubber sole can go into biological cycles, okay? +it's all compostable all of it. +and if we manage to do it, we'll of course manage to do it for adidas, for nike, for hennes and mauritz and the whole textile industry. +and half of the wastewater problem worldwide is caused by the textile industry. +so you're helping out there, just ask the people. +hey, puma, do you are you really serious? +because they changed their chairman of the board of directors twice now. +and i'm not so sure they're going to stick with it. +so give me a hand here. +it is possible though. +yes. +that which i just presented to you. +it's possible. +today we can make things in such a way that when they show wear and tear, when they break, they can go into biological life cycles. +there are also technical cycles. +there's the a direct returning system for this. +it's the first biological rucksack, truly, that was made to be returned into the life cycle. +that too, so you can get back those things in any shop. +if you think about it, right? +remember those nappies again? +if at the moment they're waste. +these nappies are everywhere practically. +in those countries where people have money. +they're on the rubbish tips, but also elsewhere in the landscape, right? +if we change the plastic, so it can go into biological systems, if we change the water tank, inside, so they can go back to a cellulose base, you'll be able to plant one hundred and fifty trees in israel or tunisia with one baby. +right? +if you just take these these nappies, shred them, sterilize them and take the powder to plant trees with it. +that makes the baby carbon-positive for its whole life, right from the beginning. +so we don't need to be climate neutral, we can be climate-positive. +it's about making a beneficial poop print. +yes, so to speak. +right? +we can do that. +we can re-invent things all over again. +i founded an institute with this in mind. +today, it has many employees and they can all get involved. +there's also an extra association, the cradle-to-cradle-institute, where everybody can get involved. +so no more saving, abstaining from, avoiding, reducing, no more guilt management, but intelligent waste. +does that make you curious? +thank you. +the work of the interpreter. +music as language. +in the description of my presentation, it is written that i, as an interpreter, see myself as a translator, in the english sense of the word. +interpreters are translators of the written notes in resounding music. +everybody who has anything to do with foreign languages knows that a translator can't just simply render a text in another language word for word, but must also understand the deeper meaning of the words and the context in which they appear, so that a meaningful translation can occur. +translating from german into english can already demand more knowledge, especially if it if one has to if it's the translation of literature or even poetry. +what we musicians do with our musical language is very alien to non-professionals. +as an interpreter of a piece of music i only have the musical notes at first. +now you probably think that the composer, when writing down the notes, already includes everything they've thought of. +in reality the notes are very vague and imprecise. +these notes are about as precise or imprecise as the verbal description of a landscape, even if that might seem extremely precise. +because you can't smell the flowers in the verbal description of a landscape, you can't guess the shade of green, you can't hear or feel the whispering of the wind. +this means that the interpreter must translate these imprecise indications in the language of notes into a different, which is to say an audible, concrete, non-verbal musical language. +today i'd like to verbally translate what i usually translate into music, or interpret. +so you could call it the translation of a translation. +that's why i prefer to do it all in german, because if i'd have to translate it into english, that would be like the translation of the translation of the translation. +the so, music functions a lot like spoken language in my opinion. +the annotated notes have the function of the letters of a language. +so it's not enough to just be able to read notes and find the according keys on the piano or the right position on a violin string. +those would just be the letters you learned to write. +you don't recognize the sense behind the letters until you know the language. +so you need at least as much time to learn a music musical language as you do for a spoken language. +there are different grades here, for example if you are just learning it for use at home, whether you only understand it passively or whether you can also actively speak it, all the way to the musical native speaker. +the work of the interpreter starts off much like the work of a theatre director. +once you've selected a piece to play, because you love it, you first look into the background of the composition's creation. +you collect information about the piece in secondary literature. +you read letters, diaries, notes, whether any words or thoughts were expressed by the composer themselves. +you study works that have been composed before or after. +you make comparisons. +the reasons for writing it. +how and what did they feel? +what were their life circumstances, how were the society and the politics of the time? +all that interests me. +you imagine the time by looking at images or reading literature from that period. +after a while, you already have a vast reservoir of knowledge surrounding the composer as an interpreter, and you listen to them regularly, and so it becomes easier and easier to understand and feel with the composer. +the composer increasingly becomes like a friend you're living with. +their desire to write the piece increasingly becomes my own desire to play the piece. +as the note is anything but a precise indication of the desire of a composer, and is, rather, a framework, i will now utilise this framework to fill it with sense and meaning. +then i will say, in my own words, what could be written within this framework. +i play to explain what these tones might have meant. +what they mean to me now, what they meant to the composer at the time and what they might have meant to them now. +every note, every phrase is thus given a sense, because i feel it myself, because it comes from what i've personally experienced. +it has to make sense in the here and now, otherwise i won't convince my audience that this is my desire. +it always makes for a happy concert when i have the fortune to experience the piece anew, even though i've been working on it for so long in advance. +it's like experiencing a happy new day afresh, even though you go through the same rituals, getting up, having breakfast, going to work, i experience the same piece anew again and again. +i'm a day older, the seasons change, my pulse is slower in the evening than it is in the morning, in a concert hall it takes longer for the reverberation to return than it does at home. +i'm aware of the breathing of the audience, consciously or unconsciously. +all this influences me and influences my experience of the composition. +it's also really wonderful when i'm on stage with my musical other half and we're on the same wavelength. +then the same thing happens as when you have a good, stimulating conversation. +you introduce a new idea and this is answered instantaneously with a reaction. +it's exciting, because things happen that we didn't practice and we aren't able to practice. +it's great fun to make music in this way, and you as the audience experienced how music communicates in a lively way. +in this way, every concert is a different concert. +i will never again play as i did in this moment. +i won't be able to play like i do today in twenty years. +i will have more life experience than today and so my musical palette will have many more nuances of color, of emotions and feelings than it does now. +sure, i will have thrown some colors away too, but i will have added new ones to take their place. +i have a nice, concrete example to illustrate this. +it happened at a piano course for music students given by my beloved old teacher professor jürgen ude, a well-known beethoven specialist, concert pianist and longstanding professor at the conservatory here in stuttgart. +i was much too young at the time unfortunately, so he had already retired before i finally started studying. +but i had the good fortune to meet him at a very young age, when i was thirteen, and so i always attended his courses while i was at school. +i was seventeen when i took part in a course of his and played the last of chopin's four ballads, one of his later works. +he asked me what the preamble to this ballad was in my opinion. +it's a solemn part. +and, being young, i said, expectation. +he smiled and said, oh? +that must be our difference in age. +because to me it means memory. +he was over sixty at the time. +well, at seventeen you still have dreams, but no significant memories. +today, i play this piece every few years and it's always transformed for me, even though not a single note has changed. +it's exciting every time, because i read something new in it every time. +another example from a very different field. monet painted his waterlilies an infinite number of times. +it's always the same garden, but at a different time of day, in a different light. +he translated the waterlilies differently, the way he saw them, the effect they had on them at that particular moment. +his personal impressions of the waterlilies. +a piece of music that is interpreted for the umpteenth time is comparable in this way. +now i am also older than chopin when he wrote the piece at thirty-two. +he only lived until the age of thirty-nine. +and it's important to me to always take a look at the notes, even if i think i know them by heart. +to maintain the dialogue, directly with the composer. +because the notes are the only direct connection to him. +especially if he's already dead. +so how do you start speaking the language of music? +like i said, you need about as much time as you do for a spoken language. +usually you first learn to read notes in music lessons. +you practically first learn to read before you speak an a word. +you learn to find the tones on the instrument that go with the notes. +when you then move all your fingers at the right time and in the way the way it is written in the notes, then tones come out, which, together, sound like music. +once it's played free of mistakes, the student gets their next piece to learn, which is slightly harder. +beginners' classes hardly talk about interpretation. +well, so it says presto at the top, so that's a fast piece. +lento, slow. +the loud and soft symbols, f and b, etcetera. +most people here have heard of them. +but even if you implement these indications, it still just remains something technical. +and it still isn't an interpretation. +i'm surprised. +i'm surprised that people often forget something very elementary. +which is that to make music on an instrument one's own musical action and feeling needs to be there in advance. +which is singing. +a child who has not learned to sing, because the parents never showed them how to, will not start singing on its own. +it's like learning to speak. +it's necessary to have one's own experiences and idea of music to then make it resonate through a further possibility, which is an instrument. +people who have never sung consequently never directly felt with their own body what it's like to create a tone. +to form a phrase with one's own breath. +the music instrument is an extension of our own body. +we use our vocal chords to to sing, and our hands and feet to dance. +so the hammerheads in the piano are the extensions of my fingers. +the melody is created through what's being sung and rhythm is created through dance. +the constant flooding of music today is not very beneficial there. +you no longer need to make music yourself when you're bored. +you no longer need to whistle or sing a song. +all one's own music is destroyed because you're constantly being bombarded by music from outside of yourself. +sure there are some of you who will say, yes, but what do you do if if you can't sing? +then i ask you this, can you not sing, a, because you think you can't sing? +or b, because you didn't learn how to sing? +in both cases, it's not too late to start, to find out whether you might not after all be able to sing, or to learn how to properly use these little muscles that attune the vocal chords. +because you can train that. +or c, because you were told that you aren't suitable. +then my question is, how professionally competent was this diagnosis? +did you get a second or third opinion, as people call it so nicely nowadays? +or d, you simply don't like music and therefore want nothing to to do with it. +which i would very much regret, because music is a lovely, communicative thing. +but perhaps someone just needs to change your mind. +well, but this shows you, in any case, nobody has to be hopeless candidate. +but please don't say, i don't understand a thing about classical music. +i can't say whether it's good or bad. +then my answer is, but i'm sure you can say whether you like it or not. +because i don't think anyone will say, i don't know whether i like the taste, because i can't cook. +so, you don't abstain from food just because you can't cook. +so you don't need to abstain from listening to classical music because you don't play an instrument. +listen consciously and say whether you like its taste or not. +whether the music is too peppery or sweet for your taste. +say what you feel. +with time, you will have demands and will want to have more spices in it or will even be able to notice certain fine details. +why do i demand from my audience that they listen actively? +because music is a language and music is there to communicate something. +a work of art that is never looked at will never gather the strength to have an effect. +one should eat the food that is lovingly cooked by a cook, not just look at it or pass on the recipe for it. +so please listen when music is played. +it is not only a nice wallpaper made of noise. +when a child grows up in an environment where the adults actively make music or at least actively listens to music, it's very easy for a music teacher to ask, what color is your flower? +can you play it in blue now? +and the child will play, after thinking for a moment. +and it will sound completely different from before. +that would be the very beginning of their own musical expression. +so the first step towards an interpretation. +and what happens when you play a piece today that was originally written a hundred, two hundred or even three hundred years ago? +instruments have developed. +there was no keyboard instrument such as the piano in bach's time. +it just hadn't been invented. +i think bach would have been very enthusiastic if he'd had the tonal possibilities that today's modern pianos have. +i can make bach's tonal ideas sound on a modern grand piano in such a way that a baroque harpsichord was not able to. +of beethoven we know that he listened more once he'd already gone deaf. +today a modern orchestra can play anything that was rejected as unplayable at the time. +that's why composers depend on us interpreters to reinvent the pieces again and again. +so that what they had only conjured up in their minds becomes listenable. +and also anything they would conjure up in their minds today. +or anything that i imagine because they might have thought. +thank you. +do you know what envy is? +were you ever envious? +and how did you feel? +terrible. +i have a friend who drives a passerati. +when i turn up in my little vw clunker and park next to it, i get this feeling. +something shoots through my head. +i say, ulf, why do you need such a big car? +it will lose half of its value in one year. +and anyway, you work a lot less than i do. +why do i have to get such a small car? +and then it comes to me straight away, it's unfair. +it goes against justice. +and when i say the word justice, this feeling disappears. +our organism has come up with an excellent method to make unpleasant feelings like envy simply disappear. +you can also try it with words like revenge or acquisitiveness and the like. +i would like to explain this mechanism to you today and make it a little more accessible to you, though you're probably quite familiar with it on an unconscious level. +the mechanism comes from the lie. +but don't think of a lie you might have heard when people say, nobody has any intention of building a wall. +and then they start piling up stones so your view is blocked. +a lie like that shows you that the liar himself doesn't believe what he says. +and it's easily proven that he has something entirely different in mind. +he's only deceiving you and not himself. +no, the lie i'm talking about is one where you're deceiving yourself. +you need this lie to keep this sham, this self-deception, upright. +this is harder to check or bring down. +you need time. +an anecdote you might know talks about this time. +the spanish painter pablo picasso once painted a portrait of a woman. +the woman then complained that the portrait didn't look anything like her. +picasso's answer, just wait and see. +it will start to look more and more like you. +at this point and if you're laughing, you'll recognize how important this lie is and how much time you need to experience what artists are very good at telling us. +because artists have a distorted relationship to the lie. +the artist tells you something, and especially this woman, that she can't see if she just looks in the mirror. +the artist is conveying something you can only get to know once you've looked at the work of art again and again. +then that unpleasant feeling that it couldn't look anything like you and will start to look more and more like you. +here you have this mechanism, with which we can use the lie as a grandiose invention to stabilize our living conditions. +and this turns up not only in art, but also in folktales, folktales, in in mythology, in stories. +perhaps you know this idea of the lady who looked at herself in the mirror every day and said, who is the fairest of them all? +one day this mirror says, yes, there is someone fairer than you. +over the hills and all that. +and you also know how much hostility arises from this piece of truth, for the mirror can't lie, from this piece of truth. +but we should just realize that you can't tell a woman that there's a more beautiful one somewhere else. +it's necessary to always use what you would call political correctness here. +we need this lie here, to keep the deception upright, without which we wouldn't be able to go on living. +we don't only have such amazing lies in art and folktales, but also in science. +and here there's this story about the wife of the bishop of worcester. +she heard about this book by charles darwin, the origin of species and the descent of man. +that humans are supposed to have descended from apes and that, yes, there is at least one ancestor shared by both humans and apes. +then she ran ran to her husband and said, surely what charles has written is not true. +that the human descended from apes and we have a shared ancestor. +no, no, that's not possible. +and if it is, we should prevent people from finding out about it. +why do we need to prevent people from finding out something that is true? +because we can't live our lives without this lie. +because we want this self-deception, this feeling of being brilliant, descended from the highest beings, not from that natural level, from something as unpredictable as an organism that exists much like a stone and other such things, that's unbearable for us. +so we can't bear these things. +we have to prevent people from finding about things, especially when they're true. +to show you how slowly this mechanism disappears and to illustrate the traces it leaves, which lead to something other than this grandiose image of ourselves, i would like to share another story with you. +a particularly nice story, in my opinion. +my wife told me it. +one day she came back from her school, she's a teacher, and she told me about one of her pupils. +an autistic pupil. +she likes him a lot, because he has the tendency to be forthright. +and she asked him, so what are your hobbies? +and then he said, well, i'm with the fire brigade. +and because i'm with the fire brigade, i'm interested in pyrotechnical things. +yes, you'll sense it if you're feeling a little nervous at this point, something is not quite right. +i told my wife, whenever a person uses the word because to morally justify something, we should try to replace it with the word although. +you do this and then you'll see the sentence, although i'm with the fire brigade, i'm interested in pyrotechnical things. +you sense that that ‘ s the actual truth behind the sentence. +a young lad like that, he's not interested in putting out fires. +he's interested in setting fires. +but there are no associations to look for where you can learn how to make a fire. +there's only the second best option, which is the fire brigade. +that's where he signed up. +and moreover, you don't tell your teacher that you like to set fires and are happy when the fire flares up. +no, it simply looks a lot better when we show that we're responsible for removing the danger that others create when they set a fire. +here you have this little mechanism. +this this hint at the fact that the boy knew, deep within, that his connection is really with the fire, but that he can't say that out loud. +here you have the censor between the unconscious and the conscious, which switches on immediately before you can do anything about it, and which shapes things you know look very different in such a way that they might sound a lot better for you and others. +in this way certain words come into being that we also use again and again in the language of political correctness. +we know that something else is really true. +but we know that if we were to say that out loud, social relationships will be sensitively disturbed. +we can't just do that. +it is impossible to present such things in a society that is supposed to function. +i'd now like to present to you what we found out at our institute. +according to which logic do we disseminate this deception, this self-deception, this willingness to present a reality that's different from the reality we know is valid in our unconscious minds? +i would like to present to you two, perhaps three examples to illustrate this. +the first example works with the presumption of something many of you know and some of you value, and only very few of you don't need at all. +i'm talking about the soul. +what is the soul? +the soul is something mental, leibniz said. +it does not have a tangible, material nature. +and when you are with people who are firmly convinced that you have a soul, or, you might say, who believe that the soul brought us to life, then imagine something along these lines: the soul is an incorporeal framework around you, and it's not material, and you are just made of flesh and blood, are solid, so to speak, bound to the earth, ephemeral, subject to decay, insignificant, dead really. +and now you see the soul as having something of a cloud like nature, an airy nature, it's called anima in latin, being like a breath of air. +and when this breath of air pours out onto a human, the human is filled with dignity, with mind, with nature that can only live with a soul. +and then it can leave you. +that's how people imagine the soul works. +that it comes to the human from outside. +we are supposed to view it as something that must be present in our lives. +and if you think of this condition, then you'll understand the logic behind the joy we feel when we can improve the world through a lie. +because now you can implement a rule of three. +you'll remember the rule of three from school. +this is a rule of three, which describes a logic to us. +this, by the way, is the most complicated part of my presentation. +you'll need some logic here, but also the willingness to lie. +namely to lie in such a way that you can simply implement this logic in the wrong way. +this rule of three contains three theorems. +the first theorem is, klaus claims there is no soul. +the second theorem is thus, if klaus is right, then he doesn't have a soul. +now we have the third theorem. +i highlighted it here. +a third theorem which will turn up in people who have a strong attachment to the idea of a soul. +they will say, a person who has no soul is dead and can't claim anything. +so you sense it already. +here this logic is expressed in this deceptive discourse. +you see it straight away. +the first two theorems are logically correct. +i can claim anything. +logic does not make any statements about reality. +i can say, the german chancellor is a man. +and if i'm right, then the chancellor is a man. +if i'm not right, then the chancellor is not a man. +logic does not make any statement about what is valid. +i can claim anything. +what is decisive, if i'm right, then it's valid. +so when klaus says, there is no soul. +secondly, if he's right, then he doesn't have a soul. +these things are logically correct. +and now our deceptive consciousness immediately senses, i can do something with this. +so it attaches a third theorem to it, that has nothing to do with the first two theorems and only acts as if the opposite of the first theorem had already been proven and given priority. +because we'd really have to prove whether the soul exists or not. +but with this logic, which just uses the fact that two theorems are logically correct and attaches a third one, which looks like it has something to do with the others, we can save our lie. +so we act as if it were impossible to live without a soul. +and we're very happy about it. +we can apply these things to other examples. +at present at we have a very modern example, which is repeatedly an item in the daily newspapers. +here you have to keep another philosophical theme, a philosophical slow-burner, close to hand. +that has to do with us going back to the fourteenth +century. +there was a scholar called jean buridan, and buridan's ass was named after him. +buridan's ass is an ass that is made purely of nature. +it doesn't have this soul. +it's a natural thing. +and if you put it exactly between two equally big haystacks, it will starve. +because it doesn't know which haystack it should go to first. +so it's right in the middle. +that's how things of nature are imagined. +two equally large forces with opposite signsnatures will cancel each other out. +nothing will happen. +only if you come with a different example, so as soon as you make one haystack bigger than the other, then he doesn't need any sense or anything else. +he'll automatically go to the right thought. +if you imagine this, that in nature you are somehow driven, determined by the larger haystack that immediately attracts you, you will also quickly have the feeling that there must be something like a free will. +and as we're here in frankfurt am main, i'll remind you of the max -planck-institute for brain research. +there's a scholar there, his name is wolf singer, and sometimes people say, wolf singer claims, there is no free will. +now we can come up with the second theorem and say: if wolf singer is right, then he has no free will. +these theorems are absolutely logical and correct. +and now the thing you can almost read daily in the papers is what you find in this third theorem. +it looks something like this, somebody who does not have free will cannot be held responsible responsible for his actions and claims and is thus of unsound mind. +here you have it again. +really, you'd have to prove, first of all, whether there is something like a free will. +but the logic of deception allows us to act as if the first theorem were false from the start, so of course you'd have accept the opposite without any proof. +and now you can simply, if you want to test something for yourself and especially if you want to make people happy, practice this courage to lie. +practice it when you meet a person and then say, there are no predictors. +and don't use the german word for predictors, which would be prophet. +you mustn't say that, because that would be a little politically incorrect. +say, there are no predictors. +you'll immediately hear the following from someone who thinks it's a matter of course that there are predictors, you can't prove that. +and you'll have a problem right away. +because while you are busy telling yourself that you can't prove that there are no predictors, your counterpart will be very happy. +he'll be very happy because he's deceived you. +because he led you down a path he's not on himself. +because this person is not interested in evidence at all. +he's only interested in keeping himself free of the necessity to prove that there are predictors. +so through this mode of passing on the burden of proving something you are experiencing the brilliance of the lie. +and if you have another opportunity to enact this rule of three with another person, do it, because you will make other people happy when, in doing so, you don't remind them of their self-deception. +thank you for your attention. +yes, hello. +i took the liberty i asked lilly, if it would be okay to mention her. +she's one of the organizers of this wonderful event and asked me to hold a presentation and present my idea. +i must honestly say, and you witnessed this, i found it hard to talk about my idea at first. +and she said i should perhaps present my island project, which i will try to present to you. +but of course it's the sum of a whole load of ideas. +i probably belong, are those two friendly girls still here, i probably belong to the generation that created this bad ecological image, because i already started to study engineering at the technical university in karlsruhe in nineteen seventy nine, i think it's called kit today. +and then i went to berlin in the mid-eighties because i wanted to study renewable energies and they didn't have that in karlsruhe. +there was the leopoldshafen nuclear research plant. +they were all called kfas at the time, the place in jülich was also called a kfa. +today they're called project executing organizations. +because a good engineer either built great cars or nuclear plants. +but something stupid like a solar pendulum, which has an output of something like one hundred watt per square metre, that was a toy. +and in berlin there was this crazy engineering collective. +i'm grateful to the person behind premium cola that he rehabilitated that word again, because after the wall came down nobody was allowed to use that word, because everything left-wing was bad. +but it wasn't like that in the eighties. +at that time, there were self-governing companies and one of them was in kreuzberg in mehringhof, where people thought evil took place. +a terrorist place, but it was was called wuseltronik and it made wind and solar power and that's where i started out in the mid-eighties. +and yes, a lot of what is said today really moves me, because many, many nice statements were made, which i also was part of. +i worked in the collective for eleven years, it was based on a grassroots democracy. +we were a group of twenty people. +if one person said no, there was the veto principle, which was totally demoralising, for ten years, i i had grave doubts as to whether i was perhaps really wasting my great engineering degree on something ridiculous, also because all my father's colleagues had told him, you wasted your money on your child. +he's wasting his time on nonsense. +and that was really very, very bitter and then you end up in one of these phases just now you saw that image with don't give up written on it, where i asked myself after ten years, whether the one thousand deutschmark it was at the time, the basic pay, a uniform pay in the collective of course, whether that was really such a great thing. +and then i stuck to it until nineteen ninety six and then i became the co-founder of the company solon together with friends, which then became one of the biggest cell manufacturers in the world together with the spin-off q-cells. +a huge success story, but there too we have the problem of a growing company and then in two thousand and six, we, a small group, decided that we would start small again and go back and would dedicate ourselves to the next topic of the future, which, in my opinion, and in our opinion, and it's crazy again, it starts with people saying, what's this nonsense about, that won't work. i'm talking about storage. +i've brought along a project i'd like to introduce to you. +the title of the presentation was, how to reach one hundred percent renewable energies. +and we started asking with a relatively simple and crazy story where you could implement a reservoir wisely today. +on this island, that's the island graciosa on azores. +yes, here is the data. +four and a half thousand people live there. +they have a renewable energy share of fifteen percent at the moment. +the question is, why don't they have more? +because technologically it's just not possible. +if they use more wind power and start building everywhere, the system will start to fail. +that's what i always tell the politicians, when they look at our plant in berlin-adlershof. +they then also say, why? +we have twenty percent in germany. +that can't be a problem. +but that's not true, we have seven percent in europe and our network is, if you look at it physically, the european one. +if we had twenty percent in europe, we'd immediately have the same problems the people on that island have. +the question is just, calculate that was in two thousand and six, the first contact started with the island, so just work that out. +how big would a battery like that actually have to be to get to twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, maybe even seventy percent renewable energies. +and yes, i'll move on a slide. +the conventional system looks like this all over the world. +by the way, about one hundred gigawatts electrical output on diesel fuel basis is added in the world per year. +that's equivalent to the output of one hundred nuclear power plants, because it is converted particularly quickly. +the world's hunger for energy that we are seeing is relieved with diesel fuel, because you don't need a license for it. +it goes fast. +you put a box like this over there. +and that generally looks like this. +in it, there are always three diesels running, two are always maintained. +yes, that's what a what you see at the bottom is the load. +we were given very accurate data. +and the wind power plant or the solar power plant or whatever it is is generally a back-up system, or a system that can only feed into the network in small quantities. +our objective was to simply say, okay, +the diesel will be the back-up and the wind, the sun will serve the load in such a way that they can form the bigger part. +and if you want to exceed twenty, thirty percent renewable energies, you have to switch off diesel. +that means that at that moment you have to see to it that the renewable energies can take over the entire network. +of course you can only do that if you're being managed here somehow. +nobody on this planet has done that in this way. +it exists on a small scale, so you can use your shaving machine in the car via a small power inverter. +people always ask me, what are you researching in adlershof all the time? +that is doable. +but if you want to hook up several of these power inverters and they are supposed to construct a network, it becomes highly complicated. +and our aim was, we wanted to reach seventy to ninety percent renewable energies and then this remainder is still here, the last remainder, the last ten, twenty percent renewable energies with, that will will be very, very expensive and generating this from batteries won't work either. +that will definitely be an energy carrier which will be hydrogen methane, power to gas you know alr, that's what it will be. +you will then rather have to go to a seasonal reservoir and balance out winter to summer and not only day to night. +we just wanted to know what would happen with a normal, run-of-the-mill electrochemical battery. +how far would you get with that? +and then we tried out a whole load of simulations. +and we simulated wind and sun and the load, and the result, a very exciting result, was that compared to the conventional system, which needs a medium electricity price of about fifty cents per kwh after twenty years, you'd arrive at about forty-four cents. +those were the first calculations six years ago. +and then we said, okay, +that's great, then we have a business model. +we're cheaper than the diesel system, if the price of diesel rises by five percent a year. +and then we started negotiating with the islanders. +what needed to be done? +we negotiated with investors, i looked for new shareholders. +we were only a group of five people at the time, that could that could rebuild the organisation. +and here you have the graphic again. +the brown bit is the conventional system so to speak, the green bit is our system. +the fact that our system has an increase in price is due to the fact that we still use twenty percent diesel fuel and a control of the price increase doesn't break through to the other things. +and the power utility, which which the electric utility on the island, said they think it's great. +they said, we want to support it, but we don't think you can solve the technical problem. +and that's why we decided to build a hall in berlin, where we could precisely reconstruct, so to speak, the electrical ratio of the island on a one to three scale. +that means we first looked for the biggest battery in the world. +here it is. +naturally it's from asia, in this case from japan. +and funnily enough it was developed at the bbc mannheim, called abb today, in the seventies, and was then licensed to the japanese. +it is you can see that it's a very, very big battery. +it has a megawatt output and can keep up that output for six hours and it's the battery that we came up with in the technical simulation. +and then presented. +we also brought one of these diesel aggregates to the hall, in the same size as it is there, for the complete dynamic behavior of this network to actually be, so in the hall it looks like this now, the diesel is behind it, here's the big battery, here are all the converters, with which we simulate the network. +over here we simulate the entire transmission guidance system, the cable's kilometer physics, to illustrate the vibration behavior, so to speak, in the network. +and here can you see the whole thing again. +we can also add a photo voltaic output of two hundred kilowatt + to the network. +we can see it again here we can see the diesel again here, and all the individual aggregates here. +and what we did, the hall was completed in two thousand and nine, and until today, two thousand and twelve, we developed practically everything that could be developed electronically and in terms of software between the individual systems. +so we're not battery manufacturers, but define ourselves as a company that stands between the theme of the battery and the theme of the network and everything else that lies between the two. +you have to be able to cater for the battery of course, and for the network, and that is very complicated. +the nice thing about this topic is that on this island, you can basically anticipate all the problems we will have if we want to increase our share of renewable energies. +so this whole discussion as to how things will be moved, the energy revolution, how to bring that about, on the island, for example, we have twenty-five-thirty percent excess energy, so we have to limit the wind and sun. +of course this lends itself to a smart grid. +smart grids are a hot topic at the moment everywhere. +we can start integrating electro-mobility on the island already, and to ask around whether the load can be managed. +that means that if you're at seventy percent renewable energies, then you won't be able to do that without a reservoir. +you can heed the share by using one of these smart grids, by developing the networks, yes, that should definitely be done, but you'll never be able to do without the reservoir completely. +and that's kind of the message. +that's why many people come and look at it, because you can see what problems will arise. +if we turn off the diesel, then you will no longer have this rotating mass, which causes a certain amount of idleness in the network. +and our european energy grid basically consists of rotating masses of large power plants, where the axle always revolves around the whole of europe. +we look into this network, see the fifty hertz, and if it turns into forty nine point nine hertz, we start to open a few small valves, then a little more steam can enter, and then it goes up again. +that's the system. +and of course that's incredibly slow. +if you put that down somewhere, it takes a while. +the spinning reserve has at least ten seconds to keep the network stable. +and in that time you can react differently. +if you don't have this rotating mass anymore, then you have to replace it with power electronics and electro-chemistry. +and with this battery we can switch it on and off once for two milliseconds. +so you see what enormous potential for speed there is here. +and so the message is this, we have to make do without these rotating masses, if we actually want to reach our goal of twenty, twenty, twenty percent, twenty, thirty, thirty percent etc. +and then we have to decrease our must-run capacities in the network. +must-run simply means the power plant is running too to keep up the frequency. +yes, this is a huge debate at the moment, additional construction of coal-burning power plants, because otherwise we wouldn't have, or gas turbines, because that's not possible. +and we're just trying to demonstrate that we can decrease the capacities, the must-run capacities, by putting electrochemical reservoirs in the network too. +thankfully many studies are being carried out on this topic. +and to this purpose people always come and look at our experimental equipment on the, basically our testing equipment on the island. +and yes, the discussion always revolves around how much of the future you can anticipate. +and many discussions i had in the last six years were similar to the discussion i had in the last thirty years regarding photovoltaics. +you can't do it, it's nonsense, a plaything for kids, we calculated everything, it will never add up. +we have thirty gigawatt of photo-voltaic power in germany. +that's exemplary. +and i simply assume that we'll have the same capacity of electrochemical reservoirs in the whole world for the next thirty years. +it's simple, that's what will happen. +there will be a whole load of resistance and arguments. +the nice thing is that i've experienced that scientists have been joining my side in the last couple of years. +we've been given over ten million funded projects, also to attach a ten-megawatt battery to the german network. +that will take place next april. +so you're noticing a change is taking place, from a defensive attitude to to well, to the idea, one hundred percent renewable energies is right. +and when you have one hundred percent renewable energies, then it's like a self-sufficient system. +up till now the following is always argued in discussions, these islanders are becoming self-sufficient, they have their own little network, which has nothing to do with our joint network. +the the question is simply, if they become completely independent from whatever fossil or nuclear fuels which are drilled out somewhere on the planet and are brought to them, then they're an island. +then they'll only be using what is available in terms of sun and wind where they live. +and that is kind of our vision of sensible energy use and i am grateful to the cradle to cradle institute that they said, use solar power. +and that's what we're doing, and so in this sense we're coming together, also if you look at the presentation by premium cola, that it's okay to be a collective and use solar power. +and yes, well, i'd just like to motivate you, in the sense that it's fine to be a bit crazy and have a vision. +and you really have to stay pretty firm while doing so, but i think it's it's possible. +thank you. +one day, los angeles times columnist steve lopez was walking along the streets of downtown los angeles when he heard beautiful music. +and the source was a man, an african-american man, charming, rugged, homeless, playing a violin that only had two strings. +and i'm telling a story that many of you know, because steve's columns became the basis for a book, which was turned into a movie, with robert downey jr. acting as steve lopez, and jamie foxx as nathaniel anthony ayers, the juilliard-trained double bassist whose promising career was cut short by a tragic affliction with paranoid schizophrenia. +nathaniel dropped out of juilliard, he suffered a complete breakdown, and 30 years later he was living homeless on the streets of skid row in downtown los angeles. +i encourage all of you to read steve's book or to watch the movie to understand not only the beautiful bond that formed between these two men, but how music helped shape that bond, and ultimately was instrumental -- if you'll pardon the pun -- in helping nathaniel get off the streets. +i met mr. ayers in 2008, two years ago, at walt disney concert hall. +he had just heard a performance of beethoven's first and fourth symphonies, and came backstage and introduced himself. +he was speaking in a very jovial and gregarious way about yo-yo ma and hillary clinton and how the dodgers were never going to make the world series, all because of the treacherous first violin passage work in the last movement of beethoven's fourth symphony. +and we got talking about music, and i got an email from steve a few days later saying that nathaniel was interested in a violin lesson with me. +now, i should mention that nathaniel refuses treatment because when he was treated it was with shock therapy and thorazine and handcuffs, and that scar has stayed with him for his entire life. +but as a result now, he is prone to these schizophrenic episodes, the worst of which can manifest themselves as and then disappearing for days, wandering the streets of skid row, exposed to its horrors, with the torment of his own mind unleashed upon him. +and nathaniel was in such a state of agitation when we started our first lesson at walt disney concert hall -- he had a kind of manic glint in his eyes, he was lost. +and he was talking about invisible demons and smoke, and how someone was poisoning him in his sleep. +and i was afraid, not for myself, but i was afraid that i was going to lose him, that he was going to sink into one of his states, and that i would ruin his relationship with the violin if i started talking about scales and arpeggios and other exciting forms of didactic violin pedagogy. +so, i just started playing. +and i played the first movement of the beethoven violin concerto. +and as i played, i understood that there was a profound change occurring in nathaniel's eyes. +it was as if he was in the grip of some invisible pharmaceutical, a chemical reaction, for which my playing the music was its catalyst. +and nathaniel's manic rage was transformed into understanding, a quiet curiosity and grace. +and in a miracle, he lifted his own violin and he started playing, by ear, certain snippets of violin concertos which he then asked me to complete -- mendelssohn, tchaikovsky, sibelius. +and we started talking about music, from bach to beethoven and brahms, bruckner, all the b's, from bartók, all the way up to esa-pekka salonen. +and i understood that he not only had an encyclopedic knowledge of music, but he related to this music at a personal level. +he spoke about it with the kind of passion and understanding that i share with my colleagues in the los angeles philharmonic. +and through playing music and talking about music, this man had transformed from the paranoid, disturbed man that had just come from walking the streets of downtown los angeles to the charming, erudite, brilliant, juilliard-trained musician. +music is medicine. music changes us. +and for nathaniel, music is sanity. +because music allows him to take his thoughts and delusions and shape them through his imagination and his creativity, into reality. +and that is an escape from his tormented state. +and i understood that this was the very essence of art. +this was the very reason why we made music, that we take something that exists within all of us at our very fundamental core, our emotions, and through our artistic lens, through our creativity, we're able to shape those emotions into reality. +and the reality of that expression reaches all of us and moves us, inspires and unites us. +and for nathaniel, music brought him back into a fold of friends. +the redemptive power of music brought him back into a family of musicians that understood him, that recognized his talents and respected him. +and i will always make music with nathaniel, whether we're at walt disney concert hall or on skid row, because he reminds me why i became a musician. +thank you. +bruno giussani: thank you. thanks. +robert gupta. +robert gupta: i'm going to play something that i shamelessly stole from cellists. +so, please forgive me. +so, i've known a lot of fish in my life. +i've loved only two. +that first one, it was more like a passionate affair. +it was a beautiful fish: flavorful, textured, meaty, a bestseller on the menu. +what a fish. +even better, it was farm-raised to the supposed highest standards of sustainability. +so you could feel good about selling it. +i was in a relationship with this beauty for several months. +one day, the head of the company called and asked if i'd speak at an event about the farm's sustainability. +"absolutely," i said. +here was a company trying to solve what's become this unimaginable problem for us chefs: how do we keep fish on our menus? +for the past 50 years, we've been fishing the seas like we clear-cut forests. +it's hard to overstate the destruction. +ninety percent of large fish, the ones we love -- the tunas, the halibuts, the salmons, swordfish -- they've collapsed. +there's almost nothing left. +so, for better or for worse, aquaculture, fish farming, is going to be a part of our future. +a lot of arguments against it: fish farms pollute -- most of them do anyway -- and they're inefficient. take tuna, a major drawback. +it's got a feed conversion ratio of 15 to one. +that means it takes fifteen pounds of wild fish to get you one pound of farm tuna. +not very sustainable. +it doesn't taste very good either. +so here, finally, was a company trying to do it right. +i wanted to support them. +the day before the event, i called the head of p.r. for the company. +let's call him don. +"don," i said, "just to get the facts straight, you guys are famous for farming so far out to sea, you don't pollute." +"that's right," he said. "we're so far out, the waste from our fish gets distributed, not concentrated." +and then he added, "we're basically a world unto ourselves. +that feed conversion ratio? 2.5 to one, "he said. +"best in the business." +2.5 to one, great. +"2.5 what? what are you feeding?" +"sustainable proteins," he said. +"great," i said. got off the phone. +and that night, i was lying in bed, and i thought: what the hell is a sustainable protein? +so the next day, just before the event, i called don. +i said, "don, what are some examples of sustainable proteins?" +he said he didn't know. he would ask around. +well, i got on the phone with a few people in the company; no one could give me a straight answer until finally, i got on the phone with the head biologist. +let's call him don too. +"don," i said, "what are some examples of sustainable proteins?" +well, he mentioned some algaes and some fish meals, and then he said chicken pellets. +i said, "chicken pellets?" +he said, "yeah, feathers, skin, bone meal, scraps, dried and processed into feed." +i said, "what percentage of your feed is chicken?" +thinking, you know, two percent. +"well, it's about 30 percent," he said. +i said, "don, what's sustainable about feeding chicken to fish?" +there was a long pause on the line, and he said, "there's just too much chicken in the world." +i fell out of love with this fish. +no, not because i'm some self-righteous, goody-two shoes foodie. +i actually am. +no, i actually fell out of love with this fish because, i swear to god, after that conversation, the fish tasted like chicken. +this second fish, it's a different kind of love story. +it's the romantic kind, the kind where the more you get to know your fish, you love the fish. +i first ate it at a restaurant in southern spain. +a journalist friend had been talking about this fish for a long time. +she kind of set us up. +it came to the table a bright, almost shimmering, white color. +the chef had overcooked it. +like twice over. +amazingly, it was still delicious. +who can make a fish taste good after it's been overcooked? +i can't, but this guy can. +let's call him miguel -- actually his name is miguel. +and no, he didn't cook the fish, and he's not a chef, at least in the way that you and i understand it. +he's a biologist at veta la palma. +it's a fish farm in the southwestern corner of spain. +it's at the tip of the guadalquivir river. +until the 1980s, the farm was in the hands of the argentinians. +they raised beef cattle on what was essentially wetlands. +they did it by draining the land. +they built this intricate series of canals, and they pushed water off the land and out into the river. +well, they couldn't make it work, not economically. +and ecologically, it was a disaster. +it killed like 90 percent of the birds, which, for this place, is a lot of birds. +and so in 1982, a spanish company with an environmental conscience purchased the land. +what did they do? +they reversed the flow of water. +they literally flipped the switch. +instead of pushing water out, they used the channels to pull water back in. +they flooded the canals. +they created a 27,000-acre fish farm -- bass, mullet, shrimp, eel -- and in the process, miguel and this company completely reversed the ecological destruction. +the farm's incredible. +i mean, you've never seen anything like this. +you stare out at a horizon that is a million miles away, and all you see are flooded canals and this thick, rich marshland. +i was there not long ago with miguel. +he's an amazing guy, like three parts charles darwin and one part crocodile dundee. +okay? there we are slogging through the wetlands, and i'm panting and sweating, got mud up to my knees, and miguel's calmly conducting a biology lecture. +here, he's pointing out a rare black-shouldered kite. +now, he's mentioning the mineral needs of phytoplankton. +and here, here he sees a grouping pattern that reminds him of the tanzanian giraffe. +it turns out, miguel spent the better part of his career in the mikumi national park in africa. +i asked him how he became such an expert on fish. +he said, "fish? i didn't know anything about fish. +i'm an expert in relationships. " +and then he's off, launching into more talk about rare birds and algaes and strange aquatic plants. +and don't get me wrong, that was really fascinating, you know, the biotic community unplugged, kind of thing. +it's great, but i was in love. +and my head was swooning over that overcooked piece of delicious fish i had the night before. +so i interrupted him. i said, "miguel, what makes your fish taste so good?" +he pointed at the algae. +"i know, dude, the algae, the phytoplankton, the relationships: it's amazing. +but what are your fish eating? +what's the feed conversion ratio? " +well, he goes on to tell me it's such a rich system that the fish are eating what they'd be eating in the wild. +the plant biomass, the phytoplankton, the zooplankton, it's what feeds the fish. +the system is so healthy, it's totally self-renewing. +there is no feed. +ever heard of a farm that doesn't feed its animals? +later that day, i was driving around this property with miguel, and i asked him, i said, "for a place that seems so natural, unlike like any farm i'd ever been at, how do you measure success?" +at that moment, it was as if a film director called for a set change. +and we rounded the corner and saw the most amazing sight: thousands and thousands of pink flamingos, a literal pink carpet for as far as you could see. +"that's success," he said. +"look at their bellies, pink. +they're feasting. " +feasting? i was totally confused. +i said, "miguel, aren't they feasting on your fish?" +"yes," he said. +"we lose 20 percent of our fish and fish eggs to birds. +well, last year, this property had 600,000 birds on it, more than 250 different species. +it's become, today, the largest and one of the most important private bird sanctuaries in all of europe. " +i said, "miguel, isn't a thriving bird population like the last thing you want on a fish farm?" +he shook his head, no. +he said, "we farm extensively, not intensively. +this is an ecological network. +the flamingos eat the shrimp. +the shrimp eat the phytoplankton. +so the pinker the belly, the better the system. " +okay, so let's review: a farm that doesn't feed its animals, and a farm that measures its success on the health of its predators. +a fish farm, but also a bird sanctuary. +oh, and by the way, those flamingos, they shouldn't even be there in the first place. +they brood in a town 150 miles away, where the soil conditions are better for building nests. +every morning, they fly 150 miles into the farm. +and every evening, they fly 150 miles back. +they do that because they're able to follow the broken white line of highway a92. +no kidding. +i was imagining a "march of the penguins" thing, so i looked at miguel. +i said, "miguel, do they fly 150 miles to the farm, and then do they fly 150 miles back at night? +do they do that for the children? " +he looked at me like i had just quoted a whitney houston song. +he said, "no; they do it because the food's better." +i didn't mention the skin of my beloved fish, which was delicious -- and i don't like fish skin; i don't like it seared, i don't like it crispy. +it's that acrid, tar-like flavor. +i almost never cook with it. +yet, when i tasted it at that restaurant in southern spain, it tasted not at all like fish skin. +it tasted sweet and clean, like you were taking a bite of the ocean. +i mentioned that to miguel, and he nodded. +he said, "the skin acts like a sponge. +it's the last defense before anything enters the body. +it evolved to soak up impurities. " +and then he added, "but our water has no impurities." +ok. a farm that doesn't feed its fish, a farm that measures its success by the success of its predators. +and then i realized when he says, "a farm that has no impurities," he made a big understatement, because the water that flows through that farm comes in from the guadalquivir river. +it's a river that carries with it all the things that rivers tend to carry these days: chemical contaminants, pesticide runoff. +and when it works its way through the system and leaves, the water is cleaner than when it entered. +the system is so healthy, it purifies the water. +so, not just a farm that doesn't feed its animals, not just a farm that measures its success by the health of its predators, but a farm that's literally a water purification plant -- and not just for those fish, but for you and me as well. +because when that water leaves, it dumps out into the atlantic. +a drop in the ocean, i know, but i'll take it, and so should you, because this love story, however romantic, is also instructive. +you might say it's a recipe for the future of good food, whether we're talking about bass or beef cattle. +what we need now is a radically new conception of agriculture, one in which the food actually tastes good. +but for a lot people, that's a bit too radical. +we're not realists, us foodies; we're lovers. +we love farmers' markets, we love small family farms, we talk about local food, we eat organic. +and when you suggest these are the things that will ensure the future of good food, someone, somewhere stands up and says, "hey guy, i love pink flamingos, but how are you going to feed the world?" +how are you going to feed the world? +can i be honest? +i don't love that question. +no, not because we already produce enough calories to more than feed the world. +one billion people will go hungry today. +one billion -- that's more than ever before -- because of gross inequalities in distribution, not tonnage. +now, i don't love this question because it's determined the logic of our food system for the last 50 years. +feed grain to herbivores, pesticides to monocultures, chemicals to soil, chicken to fish, and all along agribusiness has simply asked, "if we're feeding more people more cheaply, how terrible could that be?" +that's been the motivation, it's been the justification: it's been the business plan of american agriculture. +we should call it what it is: a business in liquidation, a business that's quickly eroding ecological capital that makes that very production possible. +that's not a business, and it isn't agriculture. +our breadbasket is threatened today, not because of diminishing supply, but because of diminishing resources. +not by the latest combine and tractor invention, but by fertile land; not by pumps, but by fresh water; not by chainsaws, but by forests; and not by fishing boats and nets, but by fish in the sea. +want to feed the world? +let's start by asking: how are we going to feed ourselves? +or better: how can we create conditions that enable every community to feed itself? +to do that, don't look at the agribusiness model for the future. +it's really old, and it's tired. +it's high on capital, chemistry and machines, and it's never produced anything really good to eat. +instead, let's look to the ecological model. +that's the one that relies on two billion years of on-the-job experience. +look to miguel, farmers like miguel. +farms that aren't worlds unto themselves; farms that restore instead of deplete; farms that farm extensively instead of just intensively; farmers that are not just producers, but experts in relationships. +because they're the ones that are experts in flavor, too. +and if i'm going to be really honest, they're a better chef than i'll ever be. +you know, i'm okay with that, because if that's the future of good food, it's going to be delicious. +thank you. +if i can leave you with one big idea today, it's that the whole of the data in which we consume is greater that the sum of the parts, and instead of thinking about information overload, what i'd like you to think about is how we can use information so that patterns pop and we can see trends that would otherwise be invisible. +so what we're looking at right here is a typical mortality chart organized by age. +this tool that i'm using here is a little experiment. +it's called pivot, and with pivot what i can do is i can choose to filter in one particular cause of deaths -- say, accidents. +and, right away, i see there's a different pattern that emerges. +this is because, in the mid-area here, people are at their most active, and over here they're at their most frail. +we can step back out again and then reorganize the data by cause of death, seeing that circulatory diseases and cancer are the usual suspects, but not for everyone. +if we go ahead and we filter by age -- say 40 years or less -- we see that accidents are actually the greatest cause that people have to be worried about. +and if you drill into that, it's especially the case for men. +so you get the idea that viewing information, viewing data in this way, is a lot like swimming in a living information info-graphic. +and if we can do this for raw data, why not do it for content as well? +so what we have right here is the cover of every single sports illustrated ever produced. +it's all here; it's all on the web. +you can go back to your rooms and try this after my talk. +with pivot, you can drill into a decade. +you can drill into a particular year. +you can jump right into a specific issue. +so i'm looking at this; i see the athletes that have appeared in this issue, the sports. +i'm a lance armstrong fan, so i'll go ahead and i'll click on that, which reveals, for me, all the issues in which lance armstrong's been a part of. +now, if i want to just kind of take a peek at these, i might think, "well, what about taking a look at all of cycling?" +so i can step back, and expand on that. +and i see greg lemond now. +and so you get the idea that when you navigate over information this way -- going narrower, broader, backing in, backing out -- you're not searching, you're not browsing. +you're doing something that's actually a little bit different. +it's in between, and we think it changes the way information can be used. +so i want to extrapolate on this idea a bit with something that's a little bit crazy. +what we're done here is we've taken every single wikipedia page and we reduced it down to a little summary. +so the summary consists of just a little synopsis and an icon to indicate the topical area that it comes from. +i'm only showing the top 500 most popular wikipedia pages right here. +but even in this limited view, we can do a lot of things. +right away, we get a sense of what are the topical domains that are most popular on wikipedia. +i'm going to go ahead and select government. +now, having selected government, i can now see that the wikipedia categories that most frequently correspond to that are time magazine people of the year. +so this is really important because this is an insight that was not contained within any one wikipedia page. +it's only possible to see that insight when you step back and look at all of them. +looking at one of these particular summaries, i can then drill into the concept of time magazine person of the year, bringing up all of them. +so looking at these people, i can see that the majority come from government; some have come from natural sciences; some, fewer still, have come from business -- there's my boss -- and one has come from music. +and interestingly enough, bono is also a ted prize winner. +so we can go, jump, and take a look at all the ted prize winners. +so you see, we're navigating the web for the first time as if it's actually a web, not from page-to-page, but at a higher level of abstraction. +and so i want to show you one other thing that may catch you a little bit by surprise. +i'm just showing the new york times website here. +so pivot, this application -- i don't want to call it a browser; it's really not a browser, but you can view web pages with it -- and we bring that zoomable technology to every single web page like this. +so i can step back, pop right back into a specific section. +now the reason why this is important is because, by virtue of just viewing web pages in this way, i can look at my entire browsing history in the exact same way. +so i can drill into what i've done over specific time frames. +here, in fact, is the state of all the demo that i just gave. +and i can sort of replay some stuff that i was looking at earlier today. +and, if i want to step back and look at everything, i can slice and dice my history, perhaps by my search history -- here, i was doing some nepotistic searching, looking for bing, over here for live labs pivot. +and from these, i can drill into the web page and just launch them again. +it's one metaphor repurposed multiple times, and in each case it makes the whole greater than the sum of the parts with the data. +so right now, in this world, we think about data as being this curse. +we talk about the curse of information overload. +we talk about drowning in data. +what if we can actually turn that upside down and turn the web upside down, so that instead of navigating from one thing to the next, we get used to the habit of being able to go from many things to many things, and then being able to see the patterns that were otherwise hidden? +if we can do that, then instead of being trapped in data, we might actually extract information. +and, instead of dealing just with information, we can tease out knowledge. +and if we get the knowledge, then maybe even there's wisdom to be found. +so with that, i thank you. +i grew up on a steady diet of science fiction. +in high school, i took a bus to school an hour each way every day. +and i was always absorbed in a book, science fiction book, which took my mind to other worlds, and satisfied, in a narrative form, this insatiable sense of curiosity that i had. +and you know, that curiosity also manifested itself in the fact that whenever i wasn't in school i was out in the woods, hiking and taking "samples" -- frogs and snakes and bugs and pond water -- and bringing it back, looking at it under the microscope. +you know, i was a real science geek. +but it was all about trying to understand the world, understand the limits of possibility. +and my love of science fiction actually seemed mirrored in the world around me, because what was happening, this was in the late '60s, we were going to the moon, we were exploring the deep oceans. +jacques cousteau was coming into our living rooms with his amazing specials that showed us animals and places and a wondrous world that we could never really have previously imagined. +so, that seemed to resonate with the whole science fiction part of it. +and i was an artist. +i could draw. i could paint. +and i found that because there weren't video games and this saturation of cg movies and all of this imagery in the media landscape, i had to create these images in my head. +you know, we all did, as kids having to read a book, and through the author's description, put something on the movie screen in our heads. +and so, my response to this was to paint, to draw alien creatures, alien worlds, robots, spaceships, all that stuff. +i was endlessly getting busted in math class doodling behind the textbook. +that was -- the creativity had to find its outlet somehow. +and an interesting thing happened: the jacques cousteau shows actually got me very excited about the fact that there was an alien world right here on earth. +i might not really go to an alien world on a spaceship someday -- that seemed pretty darn unlikely. +but that was a world i could really go to, right here on earth, that was as rich and exotic as anything that i had imagined from reading these books. +so, i decided i was going to become a scuba diver at the age of 15. +and the only problem with that was that i lived in a little village in canada, 600 miles from the nearest ocean. +but i didn't let that daunt me. +i pestered my father until he finally found a scuba class in buffalo, new york, right across the border from where we live. +and i actually got certified in a pool at a ymca in the dead of winter in buffalo, new york. +and i didn't see the ocean, a real ocean, for another two years, until we moved to california. +since then, in the intervening 40 years, i've spent about 3,000 hours underwater, and 500 hours of that was in submersibles. +and i've learned that that deep-ocean environment, and even the shallow oceans, are so rich with amazing life that really is beyond our imagination. +nature's imagination is so boundless compared to our own meager human imagination. +i still, to this day, stand in absolute awe of what i see when i make these dives. +and my love affair with the ocean is ongoing, and just as strong as it ever was. +but when i chose a career as an adult, it was filmmaking. +and that seemed to be the best way to reconcile this urge i had to tell stories with my urges to create images. +and i was, as a kid, constantly drawing comic books, and so on. +so, filmmaking was the way to put pictures and stories together, and that made sense. +and of course the stories that i chose to tell were science fiction stories: "terminator," "aliens" and "the abyss." +and with "the abyss," i was putting together my love of underwater and diving with filmmaking. +so, you know, merging the two passions. +something interesting came out of "the abyss," which was that to solve a specific narrative problem on that film, which was to create this kind of liquid water creature, we actually embraced computer generated animation, cg. +and this resulted in the first soft-surface character, cg animation that was ever in a movie. +and even though the film didn't make any money -- barely broke even, i should say -- i witnessed something amazing, which is that the audience, the global audience, was mesmerized by this apparent magic. +you know, it's arthur clarke's law that any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic. +they were seeing something magical. +and so that got me very excited. +and i thought, "wow, this is something that needs to be embraced into the cinematic art." +so, with "terminator 2," which was my next film, we took that much farther. +working with ilm, we created the liquid metal dude in that film. the success hung in the balance on whether that effect would work. +and it did, and we created magic again, and we had the same result with an audience -- although we did make a little more money on that one. +so, drawing a line through those two dots of experience came to, "this is going to be a whole new world," this was a whole new world of creativity for film artists. +so, i started a company with stan winston, my good friend stan winston, who is the premier make-up and creature designer at that time, and it was called digital domain. +and the concept of the company was that we would leapfrog past the analog processes of optical printers and so on, and we would go right to digital production. +and we actually did that and it gave us a competitive advantage for a while. +but we found ourselves lagging in the mid '90s in the creature and character design stuff that we had actually founded the company to do. +so, i wrote this piece called "avatar," which was meant to absolutely push the envelope of visual effects, of cg effects, beyond, with realistic human emotive characters generated in cg, and the main characters would all be in cg, and the world would be in cg. +and the envelope pushed back, and i was told by the folks at my company that we weren't going to be able to do this for a while. +so, i shelved it, and i made this other movie about a big ship that sinks. +you know, i went and pitched it to the studio as "'romeo and juliet' on a ship:" it's going to be this epic romance, passionate film. " +secretly, what i wanted to do was i wanted to dive to the real wreck of "titanic." +and that's why i made the movie. +and that's the truth. now, the studio didn't know that. +but i convinced them. i said, "we're going to dive to the wreck. we're going to film it for real. +we'll be using it in the opening of the film. +it will be really important. it will be a great marketing hook. " +and i talked them into funding an expedition. +sounds crazy. but this goes back to that theme about your imagination creating a reality. +because we actually created a reality where six months later, i find myself in a russian submersible two and a half miles down in the north atlantic, looking at the real titanic through a view port. +not a movie, not hd -- for real. +now, that blew my mind. +and it took a lot of preparation, we had to build cameras and lights and all kinds of things. +but, it struck me how much this dive, these deep dives, was like a space mission. +you know, where it was highly technical, and it required enormous planning. +you get in this capsule, you go down to this dark hostile environment where there is no hope of rescue if you can't get back by yourself. +and i thought like, "wow. i'm like, living in a science fiction movie. +this is really cool. " +and so, i really got bitten by the bug of deep-ocean exploration. +of course, the curiosity, the science component of it -- it was everything. it was adventure, it was curiosity, it was imagination. +and it was an experience that hollywood couldn't give me. +because, you know, i could imagine a creature and we could create a visual effect for it. but i couldn't imagine what i was seeing out that window. +as we did some of our subsequent expeditions, i was seeing creatures at hydrothermal vents and sometimes things that i had never seen before, sometimes things that no one had seen before, that actually were not described by science at the time that we saw them and imaged them. +so, i was completely smitten by this, and had to do more. +and so, i actually made a kind of curious decision. +after the success of "titanic," i said, "ok, i'm going to park my day job as a hollywood movie maker, and i'm going to go be a full-time explorer for a while." +and so, we started planning these and we wound up going to the bismark, and exploring it with robotic vehicles. +we went back to the titanic wreck. +we took little bots that we had created that spooled a fiber optic. +and the idea was to go in and do an interior survey of that ship, which had never been done. +nobody had ever looked inside the wreck. they didn't have the means to do it, so we created technology to do it. +so, you know, here i am now, on the deck of titanic, sitting in a submersible, and looking out at planks that look much like this, where i knew that the band had played. +and i'm flying a little robotic vehicle through the corridor of the ship. +when i say, "i'm operating it," but my mind is in the vehicle. +i felt like i was physically present inside the shipwreck of titanic. +and it was the most surreal kind of deja vu experience i've ever had, because i would know before i turned a corner what was going to be there before the lights of the vehicle actually revealed it, because i had walked the set for months when we were making the movie. +and the set was based as an exact replica on the blueprints of the ship. +so, it was this absolutely remarkable experience. +and it really made me realize that the telepresence experience -- that you actually can have these robotic avatars, then your consciousness is injected into the vehicle, into this other form of existence. +it was really, really quite profound. +and it may be a little bit of a glimpse as to what might be happening some decades out as we start to have cyborg bodies for exploration or for other means in many sort of post-human futures that i can imagine, as a science fiction fan. +so, having done these expeditions, and really beginning to appreciate what was down there, such as at the deep ocean vents where we had these amazing, amazing animals -- they're basically aliens right here on earth. +they live in an environment of chemosynthesis. +they don't survive on sunlight-based system the way we do. +and so, you're seeing animals that are living next to a 500-degree-centigrade you think they can't possibly exist. +at the same time i was getting very interested in space science as well -- again, it's the science fiction influence, as a kid. +and i wound up getting involved with the space community, really involved with nasa, sitting on the nasa advisory board, planning actual space missions, going to russia, going through the pre-cosmonaut biomedical protocols, and all these sorts of things, to actually go and fly to the international space station with our 3d camera systems. +and this was fascinating. +but what i wound up doing was bringing space scientists with us into the deep. +and taking them down so that they had access -- astrobiologists, planetary scientists, people who were interested in these extreme environments -- taking them down to the vents, and letting them see, and take samples and test instruments, and so on. +so, here we were making documentary films, but actually doing science, and actually doing space science. +i'd completely closed the loop between being the science fiction fan, you know, as a kid, and doing this stuff for real. +and you know, along the way in this journey of discovery, i learned a lot. +i learned a lot about science. but i also learned a lot now you think director has got to be a leader, leader of, captain of the ship, and all that sort of thing. +i didn't really learn about leadership until i did these expeditions. +because i had to, at a certain point, say, "what am i doing out here? +why am i doing this? what do i get out of it? " +we don't make money at these damn shows. +we barely break even. there is no fame in it. +people sort of think i went away between "titanic" and "avatar" and was buffing my nails someplace, sitting at the beach. +made all these films, made all these documentary films for a very limited audience. +no fame, no glory, no money. what are you doing? +you're doing it for the task itself, for the challenge -- and the ocean is the most challenging environment there is -- for the thrill of discovery, and for that strange bond that happens when a small group of people form a tightly knit team. +because we would do these things with 10, 12 people, working for years at a time, sometimes at sea for two, three months at a time. +and in that bond, you realize that the most important thing is the respect that you have for them and that they have for you, that you've done a task that you can't explain to someone else. +when you come back to the shore and you say, "we had to do this, and the fiber optic, and the attentuation, and the this and the that, all the technology of it, and the difficulty, the human-performance aspects of working at sea," you can't explain it to people. it's that thing that maybe cops have, or people in combat that have gone through something together and they know they can never explain it. +creates a bond, creates a bond of respect. +so, when i came back to make my next movie, which was "avatar," i tried to apply that same principle of leadership, which is that you respect your team, and you earn their respect in return. +and it really changed the dynamic. +so, here i was again with a small team, in uncharted territory, doing "avatar," coming up with new technology that didn't exist before. +tremendously exciting. +tremendously challenging. +and we became a family, over a four-and-half year period. +and it completely changed how i do movies. +so, people have commented on how, "well, you know, you brought back the ocean organisms and put them on the planet of pandora." +to me, it was more of a fundamental way of doing business, the process itself, that changed as a result of that. +so, what can we synthesize out of all this? +you know, what are the lessons learned? +well, i think number one is curiosity. +it's the most powerful thing you own. +imagination is a force that can actually manifest a reality. +and the respect of your team is more important than all the laurels in the world. +i have young filmmakers come up to me and say, "give me some advice for doing this." +and i say, "don't put limitations on yourself. +other people will do that for you -- don't do it to yourself, don't bet against yourself, and take risks. " +nasa has this phrase that they like: "failure is not an option." +but failure has to be an option in art and in exploration, because it's a leap of faith. +and no important endeavor that required innovation was done without risk. +you have to be willing to take those risks. +so, that's the thought i would leave you with, is that in whatever you're doing, failure is an option, but fear is not. thank you. +i'm going to talk today about energy and climate. +and that might seem a bit surprising because my full-time work at the foundation is mostly about vaccines and seeds, about the things that we need to invent and deliver to help the poorest two billion live better lives. +but energy and climate are extremely important to these people -- in fact, more important than to anyone else on the planet. +the climate getting worse means that many years, their crops won't grow: there will be too much rain, not enough rain, things will change in ways that their fragile environment simply can't support. +and that leads to starvation, it leads to uncertainty, it leads to unrest. +so, the climate changes will be terrible for them. +also, the price of energy is very important to them. +in fact, if you could pick just one thing to lower the price of, to reduce poverty, by far you would pick energy. +now, the price of energy has come down over time. +really advanced civilization is based on advances in energy. +the coal revolution fueled the industrial revolution, and, even in the 1900s we've seen a very rapid decline in the price of electricity, and that's why we have refrigerators, air-conditioning, we can make modern materials and do so many things. +and so, we're in a wonderful situation with electricity in the rich world. +but, as we make it cheaper -- and let's go for making it twice as cheap -- we need to meet a new constraint, and that constraint has to do with co2. +co2 is warming the planet, and the equation on co2 is actually a very straightforward one. +if you sum up the co2 that gets emitted, that leads to a temperature increase, and that temperature increase leads to some very negative effects: the effects on the weather; perhaps worse, the indirect effects, in that the natural ecosystems can't adjust to these rapid changes, and so you get ecosystem collapses. +now, the exact amount of how you map from a certain increase of co2 to what temperature will be and where the positive feedbacks are, there's some uncertainty there, but not very much. +and there's certainly uncertainty about how bad those effects will be, but they will be extremely bad. +i asked the top scientists on this several times: do we really have to get down to near zero? +can't we just cut it in half or a quarter? +and the answer is that until we get near to zero, the temperature will continue to rise. +and so that's a big challenge. +it's very different than saying "we're a twelve-foot-high truck trying to get under a ten-foot bridge, and we can just sort of squeeze under." +this is something that has to get to zero. +now, we put out a lot of carbon dioxide every year, over 26 billion tons. +for each american, it's about 20 tons; for people in poor countries, it's less than one ton. +it's an average of about five tons for everyone on the planet. +and, somehow, we have to make changes that will bring that down to zero. +it's been constantly going up. +it's only various economic changes that have even flattened it at all, so we have to go from rapidly rising to falling, and falling all the way to zero. +this equation has four factors, a little bit of multiplication: so, you've got a thing on the left, co2, that you want to get to zero, and that's going to be based on the number of people, the services each person's using on average, the energy on average for each service, and the co2 being put out per unit of energy. +so, let's look at each one of these and see how we can get this down to zero. +probably, one of these numbers is going to have to get pretty near to zero. +now that's back from high school algebra, but let's take a look. +first, we've got population. +the world today has 6.8 billion people. +that's headed up to about nine billion. +now, if we do a really great job on new vaccines, health care, reproductive health services, we could lower that by, perhaps, 10 or 15 percent, but there we see an increase of about 1.3. +the second factor is the services we use. +this encompasses everything: the food we eat, clothing, tv, heating. +these are very good things: getting rid of poverty means providing these services to almost everyone on the planet. +and it's a great thing for this number to go up. +in the rich world, perhaps the top one billion, we probably could cut back and use less, but every year, this number, on average, is going to go up, and so, over all, that will more than double the services delivered per person. +here we have a very basic service: do you have lighting in your house to be able to read your homework? +and, in fact, these kids don't, so they're going out and reading their school work under the street lamps. +now, efficiency, e, the energy for each service, here finally we have some good news. +we have something that's not going up. +through various inventions and new ways of doing lighting, through different types of cars, different ways of building buildings -- there are a lot of services where you can bring some individual services even bring it down by 90 percent. +there are other services like how we make fertilizer, or how we do air transport, where the rooms for improvement are far, far less. +and so, overall here, if we're optimistic, we may get a reduction of a factor of three to even, perhaps, a factor of six. +but for these first three factors now, we've gone from 26 billion to, at best, maybe 13 billion tons, and that just won't cut it. +so let's look at this fourth factor -- this is going to be a key one -- and this is the amount of co2 put out per each unit of energy. +and so the question is: can you actually get that to zero? +if you burn coal, no. +if you burn natural gas, no. +almost every way we make electricity today, except for the emerging renewables and nuclear, puts out co2. +and so, what we're going to have to do at a global scale, is create a new system. +and so, we need energy miracles. +now, when i use the term "miracle," i don't mean something that's impossible. +the microprocessor is a miracle. the personal computer is a miracle. +the internet and its services are a miracle. +so, the people here have participated in the creation of many miracles. +usually, we don't have a deadline, where you have to get the miracle by a certain date. +usually, you just kind of stand by, and some come along, some don't. +this is a case where we actually have to drive at full speed and get a miracle in a pretty tight timeline. +now, i thought, "how could i really capture this? +is there some kind of natural illustration, some demonstration that would grab people's imagination here? " +i thought back to a year ago when i brought mosquitos, and somehow people enjoyed that. +it really got them involved in the idea of, you know, there are people who live with mosquitos. +so, with energy, all i could come up with is this. +i decided that releasing fireflies would be my contribution to the environment here this year. +so here we have some natural fireflies. +i'm told they don't bite; in fact, they might not even leave that jar. +now, there's all sorts of gimmicky solutions like that one, but they don't really add up to much. +we need solutions -- either one or several -- that have unbelievable scale and unbelievable reliability, and, although there's many directions people are seeking, i really only see five that can achieve the big numbers. +i've left out tide, geothermal, fusion, biofuels. +those may make some contribution, and if they can do better than i expect, so much the better, but my key point here is that we're going to have to work on each of these five, and we can't give up any of them because they look daunting, because they all have significant challenges. +let's look first at the burning fossil fuels, either burning coal or burning natural gas. +what you need to do there, seems like it might be simple, but it's not, and that's to take all the co2, after you've burned it, going out the flue, pressurize it, create a liquid, put it somewhere, and hope it stays there. +now we have some pilot things that do this at the 60 to 80 percent level, but getting up to that full percentage, that will be very tricky, and agreeing on where these co2 quantities should be put will be hard, but the toughest one here is this long-term issue. +who's going to be sure? +who's going to guarantee something that is literally billions of times larger than any type of waste you think of in terms of nuclear or other things? +this is a lot of volume. +so that's a tough one. +next would be nuclear. +it also has three big problems: cost, particularly in highly regulated countries, is high; the issue of the safety, really feeling good about nothing could go wrong, that, even though you have these human operators, that the fuel doesn't get used for weapons. +and then what do you do with the waste? +and, although it's not very large, there are a lot of concerns about that. +so three very tough problems that might be solvable, and so, should be worked on. +the last three of the five, i've grouped together. +these are what people often refer to as the renewable sources. +and they actually -- although it's great they don't require fuel -- they have some disadvantages. +one is that the density of energy gathered in these technologies is dramatically less than a power plant. +this is energy farming, so you're talking about many square miles, thousands of time more area than you think of as a normal energy plant. +also, these are intermittent sources. +the sun doesn't shine all day, it doesn't shine every day, and, likewise, the wind doesn't blow all the time. +and so, if you depend on these sources, you have to have some way of getting the energy during those time periods that it's not available. +so, we've got big cost challenges here, we have transmission challenges: for example, say this energy source is outside your country; you not only need the technology, but you have to deal with the risk of the energy coming from elsewhere. +and, finally, this storage problem. +and, to dimensionalize this, i went through and looked at all the types of batteries that get made -- for cars, for computers, for phones, for flashlights, for everything -- and compared that to the amount of electrical energy the world uses, and what i found is that all the batteries we make now could store less than 10 minutes of all the energy. +and so, in fact, we need a big breakthrough here, something that's going to be a factor of 100 better than the approaches we have now. +it's not impossible, but it's not a very easy thing. +now, this shows up when you try to get the intermittent source to be above, say, 20 to 30 percent of what you're using. +if you're counting on it for 100 percent, you need an incredible miracle battery. +now, how we're going to go forward on this -- what's the right approach? +is it a manhattan project? what's the thing that can get us there? +well, we need lots of companies working on this, hundreds. +in each of these five paths, we need at least a hundred people. +and a lot of them, you'll look at and say, "they're crazy." that's good. +and, i think, here in the ted group, we have many people who are already pursuing this. +bill gross has several companies, including one called esolar that has some great solar thermal technologies. +vinod khosla's investing in dozens of companies that are doing great things and have interesting possibilities, and i'm trying to help back that. +nathan myhrvold and i actually are backing a company that, perhaps surprisingly, is actually taking the nuclear approach. +there are some innovations in nuclear: modular, liquid. +and innovation really stopped in this industry quite some ago, so the idea that there's some good ideas laying around is not all that surprising. +the idea of terrapower is that, instead of burning a part of uranium -- the one percent, which is the u235 -- we decided, "let's burn the 99 percent, the u238." +it is kind of a crazy idea. +in fact, people had talked about it for a long time, but they could never simulate properly whether it would work or not, and so it's through the advent of modern supercomputers that now you can simulate and see that, yes, with the right material's approach, this looks like it would work. +and, because you're burning that 99 percent, you have greatly improved cost profile. +you actually burn up the waste, and you can actually use as fuel all the leftover waste from today's reactors. +so, instead of worrying about them, you just take that. it's a great thing. +it breathes this uranium as it goes along, so it's kind of like a candle. +you can see it's a log there, often referred to as a traveling wave reactor. +in terms of fuel, this really solves the problem. +i've got a picture here of a place in kentucky. +this is the leftover, the 99 percent, where they've taken out the part they burn now, so it's called depleted uranium. +that would power the u.s. for hundreds of years. +and, simply by filtering seawater in an inexpensive process, you'd have enough fuel for the entire lifetime of the rest of the planet. +so, you know, it's got lots of challenges ahead, but it is an example of the many hundreds and hundreds of ideas that we need to move forward. +so let's think: how should we measure ourselves? +what should our report card look like? +well, let's go out to where we really need to get, and then look at the intermediate. +for 2050, you've heard many people talk about this 80 percent reduction. +that really is very important, that we get there. +and that 20 percent will be used up by things going on in poor countries, still some agriculture, hopefully we will have cleaned up forestry, cement. +so, to get to that 80 percent, the developed countries, including countries like china, will have had to switch their electricity generation altogether. +so, the other grade is: are we deploying this zero-emission technology, have we deployed it in all the developed countries and we're in the process of getting it elsewhere? +that's super important. +that's a key element of making that report card. +so, backing up from there, what should the 2020 report card look like? +well, again, it should have the two elements. +we should go through these efficiency measures to start getting reductions: the less we emit, the less that sum will be of co2, and, therefore, the less the temperature. +but in some ways, the grade we get there, doing things that don't get us all the way to the big reductions, is only equally, or maybe even slightly less, important than the other, which is the piece of innovation on these breakthroughs. +these breakthroughs, we need to move those at full speed, and we can measure that in terms of companies, pilot projects, regulatory things that have been changed. +there's a lot of great books that have been written about this. +the al gore book, "our choice" and the david mckay book, "sustainable energy without the hot air." +they really go through it and create a framework that this can be discussed broadly, because we need broad backing for this. +there's a lot that has to come together. +so this is a wish. +it's a very concrete wish that we invent this technology. +if you gave me only one wish for the next 50 years -- i could pick who's president, i could pick a vaccine, which is something i love, or i could pick that this thing that's half the cost with no co2 gets invented -- this is the wish i would pick. +this is the one with the greatest impact. +if we don't get this wish, the division between the people who think short term and long term will be terrible, between the u.s. and china, between poor countries and rich, and most of all the lives of those two billion will be far worse. +so, what do we have to do? +what am i appealing to you to step forward and drive? +we need to go for more research funding. +when countries get together in places like copenhagen, they shouldn't just discuss the co2. +they should discuss this innovation agenda, and you'd be stunned at the ridiculously low levels of spending on these innovative approaches. +we do need the market incentives -- co2 tax, cap and trade -- something that gets that price signal out there. +we need to get the message out. +we need to have this dialogue be a more rational, more understandable dialogue, including the steps that the government takes. +this is an important wish, but it is one i think we can achieve. +thank you. +thank you. +thank you. thank you. +thank you. so to understand more about terrapower, right -- i mean, first of all, can you give a sense of what scale of investment this is? +bil gates: to actually do the software, buy the supercomputer, hire all the great scientists, which we've done, that's only tens of millions, and even once we test our materials out in a russian reactor to make sure that our materials work properly, then you'll only be up in the hundreds of millions. +the tough thing is building the pilot reactor; finding the several billion, finding the regulator, the location that will actually build the first one of these. +once you get the first one built, if it works as advertised, then it's just clear as day, because the economics, the energy density, are so different than nuclear as we know it. +and so, to understand it right, this involves building deep into the ground almost like a vertical kind of column of nuclear fuel, of this sort of spent uranium, and then the process starts at the top and kind of works down? +bg: that's right. today, you're always refueling the reactor, so you have lots of people and lots of controls that can go wrong: that thing where you're opening it up and moving things in and out, that's not good. +so, if you have very cheap fuel that you can put 60 years in -- just think of it as a log -- put it down and not have those same complexities. +and it just sits there and burns for the 60 years, and then it's done. +it's a nuclear power plant that is its own waste disposal solution. +bg: yeah. well, what happens with the waste, you can let it sit there -- there's a lot less waste under this approach -- then you can actually take that, and put it into another one and burn that. +and we start off actually by taking the waste that exists today, that's sitting in these cooling pools or dry casking by reactors -- that's our fuel to begin with. +so, the thing that's been a problem from those reactors is actually what gets fed into ours, and you're reducing the volume of the waste quite dramatically as you're going through this process. +i mean, you're talking to different people around the world about the possibilities here. +where is there most interest in actually doing something with this? +bg: well, we haven't picked a particular place, and there's all these interesting disclosure rules about anything that's called "nuclear," so we've got a lot of interest, that people from the company have been in russia, india, china -- i've been back seeing the secretary of energy here, talking about how this fits into the energy agenda. +so i'm optimistic. you know, the french and japanese have done some work. +this is a variant on something that has been done. +it's an important advance, but it's like a fast reactor, and a lot of countries have built them, so anybody who's done a fast reactor is a candidate to be where the first one gets built. +so, in your mind, timescale and likelihood of actually taking something like this live? +bg: well, we need -- for one of these high-scale, electro-generation things that's very cheap, we have 20 years to invent and then 20 years to deploy. +that's sort of the deadline that the environmental models have shown us that we have to meet. +and, you know, terrapower, if things go well -- which is wishing for a lot -- could easily meet that. +and there are, fortunately now, dozens of companies -- we need it to be hundreds -- who, likewise, if their science goes well, if the funding for their pilot plants goes well, that they can compete for this. +and it's best if multiple succeed, because then you could use a mix of these things. +we certainly need one to succeed. +in terms of big-scale possible game changes, is this the biggest that you're aware of out there? +bg: an energy breakthrough is the most important thing. +it would have been, even without the environmental constraint, but the environmental constraint just makes it so much greater. +in the nuclear space, there are other innovators. +you know, we don't know their work as well as we know this one, but the modular people, that's a different approach. +there's a liquid-type reactor, which seems a little hard, but maybe they say that about us. +and so, there are different ones, but the beauty of this is a molecule of uranium has a million times as much energy as a molecule of, say, coal, and so -- if you can deal with the negatives, which are essentially the radiation -- the footprint and cost, the potential, in terms of effect on land and various things, is almost in a class of its own. +if this doesn't work, then what? +do we have to start taking emergency measures to try and keep the temperature of the earth stable? +bg: if you get into that situation, it's like if you've been over-eating, and you're about to have a heart attack: then where do you go? you may need heart surgery or something. +there is a line of research on what's called geoengineering, which are various techniques that would delay the heating to buy us 20 or 30 years to get our act together. +now, that's just an insurance policy. +you hope you don't need to do that. +some people say you shouldn't even work on the insurance policy because it might make you lazy, that you'll keep eating because you know heart surgery will be there to save you. +i'm not sure that's wise, given the importance of the problem, but there's now the geoengineering discussion about -- should that be in the back pocket in case things happen faster, or this innovation goes a lot slower than we expect? +climate skeptics: if you had a sentence or two to say to them, how might you persuade them that they're wrong? +bg: well, unfortunately, the skeptics come in different camps. +the ones who make scientific arguments are very few. +are they saying that there's negative feedback effects that have to do with clouds that offset things? +there are very, very few things that they can even say there's a chance in a million of those things. +the main problem we have here, it's kind of like aids. +you make the mistake now, and you pay for it a lot later. +and so, when you have all sorts of urgent problems, the idea of taking pain now that has to do with a gain later, and a somewhat uncertain pain thing -- in fact, the ipcc report, that's not necessarily the worst case, and there are people in the rich world who look at ipcc and say, "ok, that isn't that big of a deal." +the fact is it's that uncertain part that should move us towards this. +but my dream here is that, if you can make it economic, and meet the co2 constraints, then the skeptics say, "ok, i don't care that it doesn't put out co2, i kind of wish it did put out co2, but i guess i'll accept it because it's cheaper than what's come before." +and so, that would be your response to the bjorn lomborg argument, that basically if you spend all this energy trying to solve the co2 problem, it's going to take away all your other goals of trying to rid the world of poverty and malaria and so forth, it's a stupid waste of the earth's resources to put money towards that when there are better things we can do. +bg: well, the actual spending on the r & amp; d piece -- say the u.s. should spend 10 billion a year more than it is right now -- it's not that dramatic. +it shouldn't take away from other things. +the thing you get into big money on, and this, reasonable people can disagree, is when you have something that's non-economic and you're trying to fund that -- that, to me, mostly is a waste. +unless you're very close and you're just funding the learning curve and it's going to get very cheap, i believe we should try more things that have a potential to be far less expensive. +if the trade-off you get into is, "let's make energy super expensive," then the rich can afford that. +i mean, all of us here could pay five times as much for our energy and not change our lifestyle. +the disaster is for that two billion. +and even lomborg has changed. +his shtick now is, "why isn't the r & amp; d getting more discussed?" +he's still, because of his earlier stuff, still associated with the skeptic camp, but he's realized that's a pretty lonely camp, and so, he's making the r & amp; d point. +and so there is a thread of something that i think is appropriate. +the r & amp; d piece, it's crazy how little it's funded. +well bill, i suspect i speak on the behalf of most people here to say i really hope your wish comes true. thank you so much. +bg: thank you. +several years ago here at ted, peter skillman introduced a design challenge called the marshmallow challenge. +and the idea's pretty simple: teams of four have to build the tallest free-standing structure out of 20 sticks of spaghetti, one yard of tape, one yard of string and a marshmallow. +the marshmallow has to be on top. +and, though it seems really simple, it's actually pretty hard because it forces people to collaborate very quickly. +and so, i thought this was an interesting idea, and i incorporated it into a design workshop. +and it was a huge success. +and since then, i've conducted about 70 design workshops across the world with students and designers and architects, even the ctos of the fortune 50, and there's something about this exercise that reveals very deep lessons about the nature of collaboration, and i'd like to share some of them with you. +so, normally, most people begin by orienting themselves to the task. +they talk about it, they figure out what it's going to look like, they jockey for power. +then they spend some time planning, organizing, they sketch and they lay out spaghetti. +they spend the majority of their time assembling the sticks into ever-growing structures. +and then finally, just as they're running out of time, someone takes out the marshmallow, and then they gingerly put it on top, and then they stand back, and -- ta-da! -- they admire their work. +but what really happens, most of the time, is that the "ta-da" turns into an "uh-oh," because the weight of the marshmallow causes the entire structure to buckle and to collapse. +so there are a number of people who have a lot more "uh-oh" moments than others, and among the worst are recent graduates of business school. +they lie, they cheat, they get distracted and they produce really lame structures. +and of course there are teams that have a lot more "ta-da" structures, and among the best are recent graduates of kindergarten. +and it's pretty amazing. +as peter tells us, not only do they produce the tallest structures, but they're the most interesting structures of them all. +so the question you want to ask is: how come? why? what is it about them? +and peter likes to say that none of the kids spend any time trying to be ceo of spaghetti, inc. right? +they don't spend time jockeying for power. +but there's another reason as well. +and the reason is that business students are trained to find the single right plan, right? +and then they execute on it. +and then what happens is, when they put the marshmallow on the top, they run out of time and what happens? +it's a crisis. +sound familiar? right. +what kindergarteners do differently is that they start with the marshmallow, and they build prototypes, successive prototypes, always keeping the marshmallow on top, so they have multiple times to fix when they build prototypes along the way. +designers recognize this type of collaboration as the essence of the iterative process. +and with each version, kids get instant feedback about what works and what doesn't work. +so the capacity to play in prototype is really essential, but let's look at how different teams perform. +so the average for most people is around 20 inches; business schools students, about half of that; lawyers, a little better, but not much better than that, kindergarteners, better than most adults. +who does the very best? +architects and engineers, thankfully. +thirty-nine inches is the tallest structure i've seen. +and why is it? because they understand triangles and self-reinforcing geometrical patterns are the key to building stable structures. +so ceos, a little bit better than average, but here's where it gets interesting. +if you put you put an executive admin. on the team, they get significantly better. +it's incredible. you know, you look around, you go, "oh, that team's going to win." +you can just tell beforehand. and why is that? +because they have special skills of facilitation. +they manage the process, they understand the process. +and any team who manages and pays close attention to work will significantly improve the team's performance. +specialized skills and facilitation skills are the combination that leads to strong success. +if you have 10 teams that typically perform, you'll get maybe six or so that have standing structures. +and i tried something interesting. +i thought, let's up the ante, once. +so i offered a 10,000 dollar prize of software to the winning team. +so what do you think happened to these design students? +what was the result? +here's what happened: not one team had a standing structure. +if anyone had built, say, a one inch structure, they would have taken home the prize. +so, isn't that interesting? that high stakes have a strong impact. +we did the exercise again with the same students. +what do you think happened then? +so now they understand the value of prototyping. +so the same team went from being the very worst to being among the very best. +they produced the tallest structures in the least amount of time. +so there's deep lessons for us about the nature of incentives and success. +so, you might ask: why would anyone actually spend time writing a marshmallow challenge? +and the reason is, i help create digital tools and processes to help teams build cars and video games and visual effects. +and what the marshmallow challenge does is it helps them identify the hidden assumptions. +because, frankly, every project has its own marshmallow, doesn't it? +the challenge provides a shared experience, a common language, a common stance to build the right prototype. +and so, this is the value of the experience, of this so simple exercise. +and those of you who are interested may want to go to marshmallowchallenge.com. +it's a blog that you can look at how to build the marshmallows. +there's step-by-step instructions on this. +there are crazy examples from around the world of how people tweak and adjust the system. +there's world records that are on this as well. +and the fundamental lesson, i believe, is that design truly is a contact sport. +it demands that we bring all of our senses to the task, and that we apply the very best of our thinking, our feeling and our doing to the challenge that we have at hand. +and sometimes, a little prototype of this experience is all that it takes to turn us from an "uh-oh" moment to a "ta-da" moment. +and that can make a big difference. +thank you very much. +let's pretend right here we have a machine. +a big machine, a cool, ted-ish machine, and it's a time machine. +and everyone in this room has to get into it. +and you can go backwards, you can go forwards; you cannot stay where you are. +and i wonder what you'd choose, because i've been asking my friends this question a lot lately and they all want to go back. +i don't know. they want to go back before there were automobiles or twitter or "american idol." +i don't know. +i'm convinced that there's some sort of pull to nostalgia, to wishful thinking. +and i understand that. +i'm not part of that crowd, i have to say. +i don't want to go back, and it's not because i'm adventurous. +it's because possibilities on this planet, they don't go back, they go forward. +so i want to get in the machine, and i want to go forward. +this is the greatest time there's ever been on this planet by any measure that you wish to choose: health, wealth, mobility, opportunity, declining rates of disease... +there's never been a time like this. +my great-grandparents died, all of them, by the time they were 60. +my grandparents pushed that number to 70. +my parents are closing in on 80. +so there better be a nine at the beginning of my death number. +but it's not even about people like us, because this is a bigger deal than that. +a kid born in new delhi today can expect to live as long as the richest man in the world did 100 years ago. +think about that, it's an incredible fact. +and why is it true? +smallpox. smallpox killed billions of people on this planet. +it reshaped the demography of the globe in a way that no war ever has. +it's gone. it's vanished. +we vanquished it. puff. +in the rich world, diseases that threatened millions of us just a generation ago no longer exist, hardly. +diphtheria, rubella, polio... +does anyone even know what those things are? +vaccines, modern medicine, our ability to feed billions of people, those are triumphs of the scientific method. +and to my mind, the scientific method -- trying stuff out, seeing if it works, changing it when it doesn't -- is one of the great accomplishments of humanity. +so that's the good news. +unfortunately, that's all the good news because there are some other problems, and they've been mentioned many times. +and one of them is that despite all our accomplishments, a billion people go to bed hungry in this world every day. +that number's rising, and it's rising really rapidly, and it's disgraceful. +and not only that, we've used our imagination to thoroughly trash this globe. +potable water, arable land, rainforests, oil, gas: they're going away, and they're going away soon, and unless we innovate our way out of this mess, we're going away too. +so the question is: can we do that? and i think we can. +i think it's clear that we can make food that will feed billions of people without raping the land that they live on. +i think we can power this world with energy that doesn't also destroy it. +i really do believe that, and, no, it ain't wishful thinking. +but here's the thing that keeps me up at night -- one of the things that keeps me up at night: we've never needed progress in science more than we need it right now. never. +and we've also never been in a position to deploy it properly in the way that we can today. +we're on the verge of amazing, amazing events in many fields, and yet i actually think we'd have to go back hundreds, 300 years, before the enlightenment, to find a time when we battled progress, when we fought about these things more vigorously, on more fronts, than we do now. +people wrap themselves in their beliefs, and they do it so tightly that you can't set them free. +not even the truth will set them free. +and, listen, everyone's entitled to their opinion; they're even entitled to their opinion about progress. +but you know what you're not entitled to? +you're not entitled to your own facts. sorry, you're not. +and this took me awhile to figure out. +about a decade ago, i wrote a story about vaccines for the new yorker. a little story. +and i was amazed to find opposition: opposition to what is, after all, the most effective public health measure in human history. +i didn't know what to do, so i just did what i do: i wrote a story and i moved on. +and soon after that, i wrote a story about genetically engineered food. +same thing, only bigger. +people were going crazy. +so i wrote a story about that too, and i couldn't understand why people thought this was "frankenfoods," why they thought moving molecules around in a specific, rather than a haphazard way, was trespassing on nature's ground. +but, you know, i do what i do. i wrote the story, i moved on. +i mean, i'm a journalist. +we type, we file, we go to dinner. it's fine. +but these stories bothered me, and i couldn't figure out why, and eventually i did. +and that's because those fanatics that were driving me crazy weren't actually fanatics at all. +they were thoughtful people, educated people, decent people. +they were exactly like the people in this room. +and it just disturbed me so much. +but then i thought, you know, let's be honest. +we're at a point in this world where we don't have the same relationship to progress that we used to. +we talk about it ambivalently. +we talk about it in ironic terms with little quotes around it: "progress." +okay, there are reasons for that, and i think we know what those reasons are. +we've lost faith in institutions, in authority, and sometimes in science itself, and there's no reason we shouldn't have. +you can just say a few names and people will understand. +chernobyl, bhopal, the challenger, vioxx, weapons of mass destruction, hanging chads. +you know, you can choose your list. +there are questions and problems with the people we used to believe were always right, so be skeptical. +ask questions, demand proof, demand evidence. +don't take anything for granted. +but here's the thing: when you get proof, you need to accept the proof, and we're not that good at doing that. +and the reason that i can say that is because we're now in an epidemic of fear like one i've never seen and hope never to see again. +about 12 years ago, there was a story published, a horrible story, that linked the epidemic of autism to the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine shot. +very scary. +tons of studies were done to see if this was true. +tons of studies should have been done; it's a serious issue. +the data came back. +the data came back from the united states, from england, from sweden, from canada, and it was all the same: no correlation, no connection, none at all. +it doesn't matter. it doesn't matter because we believe anecdotes, we believe what we see, what we think we see, what makes us feel real. +we don't believe a bunch of documents from a government official giving us data, and i do understand that, i think we all do. +but you know what? +the result of that has been disastrous. +disastrous because here's a fact: the united states is one of the only countries in the world where the vaccine rate for measles is going down. +that is disgraceful, and we should be ashamed of ourselves. +it's horrible. +what kind of a thing happened that we could do that? +now, i understand it. i do understand it. +because, did anyone have measles here? +has one person in this audience ever seen someone die of measles? +doesn't happen very much. +doesn't happen in this country at all, but it happened 160,000 times in the world last year. +that's a lot of death of measles -- 20 an hour. +but since it didn't happen here, we can put it out of our minds, and people like jenny mccarthy can go around preaching messages of fear and illiteracy from platforms like "oprah" and "larry king live." +and they can do it because they don't link causation and correlation. +they don't understand that these things seem the same, but they're almost never the same. +and it's something we need to learn, and we need to learn it really soon. +this guy was a hero, jonas salk. +he took one of the worst scourges of mankind away from us. +no fear, no agony. polio -- puff, gone. +that guy in the middle, not so much. +his name is paul offit. +he just developed a rotavirus vaccine with a bunch of other people. +it'll save the lives of 400 to 500,000 kids in the developing world every year. +pretty good, right? +well, it's good, except that paul goes around talking about vaccines and says how valuable they are and that people ought to just stop the whining. +and he actually says it that way. +so, paul's a terrorist. +when paul speaks in a public hearing, he can't testify without armed guards. +he gets called at home because people like to tell him that they remember where his kids go to school. +and why? because paul made a vaccine. +i don't need to say this, but vaccines are essential. +you take them away, disease comes back, horrible diseases. and that's happening. +we have measles in this country now. +and it's getting worse, and pretty soon kids are going to die of it again because it's just a numbers game. +and they're not just going to die of measles. +what about polio? let's have that. why not? +a college classmate of mine wrote me a couple weeks ago and said she thought i was a little strident. +no one's ever said that before. +she wasn't going to vaccinate her kid against polio, no way. +fine. +why? because we don't have polio. and you know what? +we didn't have polio in this country yesterday. +today, i don't know, maybe a guy got on a plane in lagos this morning, and he's flying to lax, right now he's over ohio. +and he's going to land in a couple of hours, he's going to rent a car, and he's going to come to long beach, and he's going to attend one of these fabulous ted dinners tonight. +and he doesn't know that he's infected with a paralytic disease, and we don't either because that's the way the world works. +that's the planet we live on. don't pretend it isn't. +now, we love to wrap ourselves in lies. we love to do it. +everyone take their vitamins this morning? +echinacea, a little antioxidant to get you going. +i know you did because half of americans do every day. +they take the stuff, and they take alternative medicines, and it doesn't matter how often we find out that they're useless. +the data says it all the time. +they darken your urine. they almost never do more than that. +it's okay, you want to pay 28 billion dollars for dark urine? +i'm totally with you. +dark urine. dark. +why do we do that? why do we do that? +well, i think i understand, we hate big pharma. +we hate big government. we don't trust the man. +and we shouldn't: our health care system sucks. +it's cruel to millions of people. +it's absolutely astonishingly cold and soul-bending to those of us who can even afford it. +so we run away from it, and where do we run? +we leap into the arms of big placebo. +that's fantastic. i love big placebo. +but, you know, it's really a serious thing because this stuff is crap, and we spend billions of dollars on it. +and i have all sorts of little props here. +none of it... ginkgo, fraud; echinacea, fraud; acai -- i don't even know what that is but we're spending billions of dollars on it -- it's fraud. +and you know what? when i say this stuff, people scream at me, and they say, "what do you care? let people do what they want to do. +it makes them feel good. " +and you know what? you're wrong. +because i don't care if it's the secretary of hhs who's saying, "hmm, i'm not going to take the evidence of my experts on mammograms," or some cancer quack who wants to treat his patient with coffee enemas. +when you start down the road where belief and magic replace evidence and science, you end up in a place you don't want to be. +you end up in thabo mbeki south africa. +he killed 400,000 of his people by insisting that beetroot, garlic and lemon oil were much more effective than the antiretroviral drugs we know can slow the course of aids. +hundreds of thousands of needless deaths in a country that has been plagued worse than any other by this disease. +please, don't tell me there are no consequences to these things. +there are. there always are. +now, the most mindless epidemic we're in the middle of right now is this absurd battle between proponents of genetically engineered food and the organic elite. +it's an idiotic debate. it has to stop. +it's a debate about words, about metaphors. +it's ideology, it's not science. +every single thing we eat, every grain of rice, every sprig of parsley, every brussels sprout has been modified by man. +you know, there weren't tangerines in the garden of eden. +there wasn't any cantaloupe. +there weren't christmas trees. we made it all. +we made it over the last 11,000 years. +and some of it worked, and some of it didn't. +we got rid of the stuff that didn't. +now we can do it in a more precise way -- and there are risks, absolutely -- but we can put something like vitamin a into rice, and that stuff can help millions of people, millions of people, prolong their lives. +you don't want to do that? +i have to say, i don't understand it. +we object to genetically engineered food. +why do we do that? +well, the things i constantly hear are: too many chemicals, pesticides, hormones, monoculture, we don't want giant fields of the same thing, that's wrong. +we don't companies patenting life. +we don't want companies owning seeds. +and you know what my response to all of that is? +yes, you're right. let's fix it. +it's true, we've got a huge food problem, but this isn't science. +this has nothing to do with science. +it's law, it's morality, it's patent stuff. +you know science isn't a company. +it's not a country. +it's not even an idea; it's a process. +it's a process, and sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't, but the idea that we should not allow science to do its job because we're afraid, is really very deadening, and it's preventing millions of people from prospering. +you know, in the next 50 years we're going to have to grow 70 percent more food than we do right now, 70 percent. +this investment in africa over the last 30 years. +disgraceful. disgraceful. +they need it, and we're not giving it to them. +and why? genetically engineered food. +we don't want to encourage people to eat that rotten stuff, like cassava for instance. +cassava's something that half a billion people eat. +it's kind of like a potato. +it's just a bunch of calories. it sucks. +it doesn't have nutrients, it doesn't have protein, and scientists are engineering all of that into it right now. +and then people would be able to eat it and they'd be able to not go blind. +they wouldn't starve, and you know what? +that would be nice. it wouldn't be chez panisse, but it would be nice. +and all i can say about this is: why are we fighting it? +i mean, let's ask ourselves: why are we fighting it? +because we don't want to move genes around? +this is about moving genes around. it's not about chemicals. +it's not about our ridiculous passion for hormones, our insistence on having bigger food, better food, singular food. +this isn't about rice krispies, this is about keeping people alive, and it's about time we started to understand what that meant. +because, you know something? +if we don't, if we continue to act the way we're acting, we're guilty of something that i don't think we want to be guilty of: high-tech colonialism. +there's no other way to describe what's going on here. +it's selfish, it's ugly, it's beneath us, and we really have to stop it. +so after this amazingly fun conversation, you might want to say, "so, you still want to get in this ridiculous time machine and go forward?" +absolutely. absolutely, i do. +it's stuck in the present right now, but we have an amazing opportunity. +we can set that time machine on anything we want. +we can move it where we want to move it, and we're going to move it where we want to move it. +we have to have these conversations and we have to think, but when we get in the time machine and we go ahead, we're going to be happy we do. +i know that we can, and as far as i'm concerned, that's something the world needs right now. +thank you. +thank you. +for some time i have been interested in the placebo effect, which might seem like an odd thing for a magician to be interested in, unless you think of it in the terms that i do, which is, "something fake is believed in enough by somebody that it becomes something real." +in other words, sugar pills have a measurable effect in certain kinds of studies, the placebo effect, just because the person thinks that what's happening to them is a pharmaceutical or some sort of a -- for pain management, for example, if they believe it enough there is a measurable effect in the body called the placebo effect. +something fake becomes something real because of someone's perception of it. +in order for us to understand each other, i want to start by showing you a rudimentary, very simple magic trick. +and i'm going to show you how it works. this is a trick that's been in every children's magic book since at least the 1950s. +i learned it myself from cub scout magic in the 1970s. +i'll do it for you, and then i'll explain it. +and then i'll explain why i explained it. +so, here's what happens. +the knife, which you can examine; my hand, which you could examine. +i'm just going to hold the knife in my fist like this. +i'll get my sleeve back. +and to make sure nothing goes up or down my sleeve i'm just going to squeeze my wrist right here. +that way you can see that at no time can anything travel, as long as i'm squeezing there nothing can go up or down my sleeve. +and the object of this is quite simple. +i'm going to open my hand, and hopefully, if all is well, my pure animal magnetism will hold the knife. +in fact it's held so tightly in place that i can shake it, and the knife does not come off. +nothing goes up or down my sleeve, no trickery. and you can examine everything. +ta-da! +so, this is a trick that i often teach to young children that are interested in magic, because you can learn a great deal about deception by studying this very -- even though it's a very simple trick methodologically. +probably many of you in the room know this trick. +what happens is this. +i hold the knife in my hand. +i say i'm going to grab hold of my wrist to make sure nothing goes up or down my sleeve, that is a lie. +the reason i'm holding onto my wrist is because that's actually the secret of the illusion. +in a moment when my hand moves from facing you to being away from you, this finger right here, my index finger is just going to shift from where it is, to a position pointing out like this. +nice one. +someone who didn't have a childhood is out there. +so, it goes like this, from here, right. +and as i move around my finger shifts. +and we could talk about why this is deceptive, why you don't notice there are only three fingers down here, because the mind, and the way it processes information, it doesn't count, one, two, three. it groups them. +but that's not really what this is about. right? and then i open my hand up. +obviously it's clinging there, not by animal magnetism, but by chicanery, my index finger being there. +and then when i close my finger, same thing, as i move back, this motion kind of covers the moving back of my finger. +i take this hand away. you give the knife out. +there is a trick you can do for your friends and neighbors. thanks. +now, what does that have to do with the placebo effect? +i read a study a year or so ago that really blew my mind wide open. +i'm not a doctor or a researcher, so this, to me, was an astonishing thing. +it turns out that if you administer a placebo in the form of a white pill, that's like aspirin shaped -- it's just a round white pill -- it has some certain measurable effect. +but if you change the form that you give the placebo in, like you make a smaller pill, and color it blue, and stamp a letter into it, it is actually measurably more effective. +even though neither one of these things has any pharmaceutical -- they're sugar pills. +but a white pill is not as good as a blue pill. +what? that really flipped me out. +turns out though, that that's not even where it stops. +if you have capsules, they're more effective than tablets in any form. +a colored capsule, that's yellow on one end and red on the other is better than a white capsule. +dosage has something to do with this. +one pill twice a day is not as good at three pills -- i don't remember the statistic now. sorry. +but the point is... +... these dosages have something to do with it. +and the form has something to do with it. +and if you want the ultimate in placebo, you've go to the needle. +right? a syringe with some inert -- a couple ccs of some inert something, and you inject this into a patient... +well this is such a powerful image in their mind, it's so much stronger than the white pill. +it's a really, this graph, well i'll show it to you some other time when we have slides. +the point is the white pill is not as good as the blue pill is not as good as the capsule is not as good as the needle. +and none of it has any real pharmaceutical quality, it's only your belief that makes it real in your body and makes a stronger effect. +i wanted to see if i could take that idea and apply it to a magic trick. +and take something that is obviously a fake trick and make it seem real. +and we know from that study that when you want reality, you go to the needle. +this is a seven-inch hatpin. it's very, very sharp, and i'm going to just sterilize it a tiny bit. +this is really my flesh. this is not damian's special-grown flesh. +that's my skin right there. this is not a hollywood special effect. +i'm going to pierce my skin and run this needle through to the other side. +if you're queasy -- if you faint easily -- i was doing this for some friends in the hotel room last night, and some people that i didn't know, and one woman almost passed out. +so, i suggest if you get queasy easy that you look away for about the next 30 -- in fact, you know what, i'll do the first bad part behind it. +you'll get to see, you can look away too if you'd like to. +so, here is what happens, right here, the beginning of my flesh at the lower part of my arm i just make a little pierce. +i'm sorry, man. am i freaking you out? +ok, and then just through my skin a tiny bit, and then out the other side like this. +now, essentially we're in the same position we were in with the knife trick. +sort of. +but you can't count my fingers right now can you? +so, let me show them to you. that's one, two three, four, five. +yes, well... +i know what people think when they see this. +they go, "well, he's certainly not dumb enough to stab himself through the skin to entertain us for a few minutes. +so, let me give you a little peek. +how's that look out there? pretty good. +yeah, i know. +and the people in the back go, "ok, i didn't really see that." +people in the satellite room are starting to move in now. +let me give you good close look at this. +that really is my skin. that is not a hollywood special effect. +that's my flesh, and i can twist that around. +i'm sorry. if you're getting queasy, look away, don't look at the thing. +people in the back or people on video years from now watching this will go, "well yeah, that looks kind of neat in some sort of effect there, but if it were real he would be -- see there's a hole there and a hole there, if it were real he would be bleeding. +well let me work up some blood for you. +yes, there it is. +normally now, i would take the needle out. +i would clean off my arm, and i would show you that there are no wounds. +but i think in this context and with the idea of taking something fake and making it into something real, i'm just going to leave it there, and walk off the stage. +i will be seeing you several times over the next few days. +i hope you're looking forward to that. thank you very much. +everybody talks about happiness these days. +i had somebody count the number of books with "happiness" in the title published in the last five years and they gave up after about 40, and there were many more. +there is a huge wave of interest in happiness, among researchers. +there is a lot of happiness coaching. +everybody would like to make people happier. +but in spite of all this flood of work, there are several cognitive traps that sort of make it almost impossible to think straight about happiness. +and my talk today will be mostly about these cognitive traps. +this applies to laypeople thinking about their own happiness, and it applies to scholars thinking about happiness, because it turns out we're just as messed up as anybody else is. +the first of these traps is a reluctance to admit complexity. +it turns out that the word "happiness" is just not a useful word anymore, because we apply it to too many different things. +i think there is one particular meaning to which we might restrict it, but by and large, this is something that we'll have to give up and we'll have to adopt the more complicated view of what well-being is. +the second trap is a confusion between experience and memory; basically, it's between being happy in your life, and being happy about your life or happy with your life. +and those are two very different concepts, and they're both lumped in the notion of happiness. +and the third is the focusing illusion, and it's the unfortunate fact that we can't think about any circumstance that affects well-being without distorting its importance. +i mean, this is a real cognitive trap. +there's just no way of getting it right. +now, i'd like to start with an example of somebody who had a question-and-answer session after one of my lectures reported a story, and that was a story -- he said he'd been listening to a symphony, and it was absolutely glorious music and at the very end of the recording, there was a dreadful screeching sound. +and then he added, really quite emotionally, it ruined the whole experience. +but it hadn't. +what it had ruined were the memories of the experience. +he had had the experience. +he had had 20 minutes of glorious music. +they counted for nothing because he was left with a memory; the memory was ruined, and the memory was all that he had gotten to keep. +what this is telling us, really, is that we might be thinking of ourselves and of other people in terms of two selves. +there is an experiencing self, who lives in the present and knows the present, is capable of re-living the past, but basically it has only the present. +it's the experiencing self that the doctor approaches -- you know, when the doctor asks, "does it hurt now when i touch you here?" +and then there is a remembering self, and the remembering self is the one that keeps score, and maintains the story of our life, and it's the one that the doctor approaches in asking the question, "how have you been feeling lately?" +or "how was your trip to albania?" or something like that. +those are two very different entities, the experiencing self and the remembering self, and getting confused between them is part of the mess about the notion of happiness. +now, the remembering self is a storyteller. +and that really starts with a basic response of our memories -- it starts immediately. +we don't only tell stories when we set out to tell stories. +our memory tells us stories, that is, what we get to keep from our experiences is a story. +and let me begin with one example. +this is an old study. +those are actual patients undergoing a painful procedure. +i won't go into detail. it's no longer painful these days, but it was painful when this study was run in the 1990s. +they were asked to report on their pain every 60 seconds. +here are two patients, those are their recordings. +and you are asked, "who of them suffered more?" +and it's a very easy question. +clearly, patient b suffered more -- his colonoscopy was longer, and every minute of pain that patient a had, patient b had, and more. +but now there is another question: "how much did these patients think they suffered?" +and here is a surprise. +the surprise is that patient a had a much worse memory of the colonoscopy than patient b. +the stories of the colonoscopies were different, and because a very critical part of the story is how it ends. +and neither of these stories is very inspiring or great -- but one of them is this distinct... +but one of them is distinctly worse than the other. +and the one that is worse is the one where pain was at its peak at the very end; it's a bad story. +how do we know that? +because we asked these people after their colonoscopy, and much later, too, "how bad was the whole thing, in total?" +and it was much worse for a than for b, in memory. +now this is a direct conflict between the experiencing self and the remembering self. +from the point of view of the experiencing self, clearly, b had a worse time. +now, what you could do with patient a, and we actually ran clinical experiments, and it has been done, and it does work -- you could actually extend the colonoscopy of patient a by just keeping the tube in without jiggling it too much. +that will cause the patient to suffer, but just a little and much less than before. +and if you do that for a couple of minutes, you have made the experiencing self of patient a worse off, and you have the remembering self of patient a a lot better off, because now you have endowed patient a with a better story about his experience. +what defines a story? +and that is true of the stories that memory delivers for us, and it's also true of the stories that we make up. +what defines a story are changes, significant moments and endings. +endings are very, very important and, in this case, the ending dominated. +now, the experiencing self lives its life continuously. +it has moments of experience, one after the other. +and you can ask: what happens to these moments? +and the answer is really straightforward: they are lost forever. +i mean, most of the moments of our life -- and i calculated, you know, the psychological present is said to be about three seconds long; that means that, you know, in a life there are about 600 million of them; in a month, there are about 600,000 -- most of them don't leave a trace. +most of them are completely ignored by the remembering self. +and yet, somehow you get the sense that they should count, that what happens during these moments of experience is our life. +it's the finite resource that we're spending while we're on this earth. +and how to spend it would seem to be relevant, but that is not the story that the remembering self keeps for us. +so we have the remembering self and the experiencing self, and they're really quite distinct. +the biggest difference between them is in the handling of time. +from the point of view of the experiencing self, if you have a vacation, and the second week is just as good as the first, then the two-week vacation is twice as good as the one-week vacation. +that's not the way it works at all for the remembering self. +for the remembering self, a two-week vacation is barely better than the one-week vacation because there are no new memories added. +you have not changed the story. +and in this way, time is actually the critical variable that distinguishes a remembering self from an experiencing self; time has very little impact on the story. +now, the remembering self does more than remember and tell stories. +it is actually the one that makes decisions because, if you have a patient who has had, say, two colonoscopies with two different surgeons and is deciding which of them to choose, then the one that chooses is the one that has the memory that is less bad, and that's the surgeon that will be chosen. +the experiencing self has no voice in this choice. +we actually don't choose between experiences, we choose between memories of experiences. +and even when we think about the future, we don't think of our future normally as experiences. +we think of our future as anticipated memories. +and basically you can look at this, you know, as a tyranny of the remembering self, and you can think of the remembering self sort of dragging the experiencing self through experiences that the experiencing self doesn't need. +i have that sense that when we go on vacations this is very frequently the case; that is, we go on vacations, to a very large extent, in the service of our remembering self. +and this is a bit hard to justify i think. +i mean, how much do we consume our memories? +that is one of the explanations that is given for the dominance of the remembering self. +and when i think about that, i think about a vacation we had in antarctica a few years ago, which was clearly the best vacation i've ever had, and i think of it relatively often, relative to how much i think of other vacations. +and i probably have consumed my memories of that three-week trip, i would say, for about 25 minutes in the last four years. +now, if i had ever opened the folder with the 600 pictures in it, i would have spent another hour. +now, that is three weeks, and that is at most an hour and a half. +there seems to be a discrepancy. +now, i may be a bit extreme, you know, in how little appetite i have for consuming memories, but even if you do more of this, there is a genuine question: why do we put so much weight on memory relative to the weight that we put on experiences? +so i want you to think about a thought experiment. +imagine that for your next vacation, you know that at the end of the vacation all your pictures will be destroyed, and you'll get an amnesic drug so that you won't remember anything. +now, would you choose the same vacation? +and if you would choose a different vacation, there is a conflict between your two selves, and you need to think about how to adjudicate that conflict, and it's actually not at all obvious, because if you think in terms of time, then you get one answer, and if you think in terms of memories, you might get another answer. +why do we pick the vacations we do is a problem that confronts us with a choice between the two selves. +now, the two selves bring up two notions of happiness. +there are really two concepts of happiness that we can apply, one per self. +so you can ask: how happy is the experiencing self? +and then you would ask: how happy are the moments in the experiencing self's life? +and they're all -- happiness for moments is a fairly complicated process. +what are the emotions that can be measured? +and, by the way, now we are capable of getting a pretty good idea of the happiness of the experiencing self over time. +if you ask for the happiness of the remembering self, it's a completely different thing. +this is not about how happily a person lives. +it is about how satisfied or pleased the person is when that person thinks about her life. +very different notion. +anyone who doesn't distinguish those notions is going to mess up the study of happiness, and i belong to a crowd of students of well-being, who've been messing up the study of happiness for a long time in precisely this way. +the distinction between the happiness of the experiencing self and the satisfaction of the remembering self has been recognized in recent years, and there are now efforts to measure the two separately. +the gallup organization has a world poll where more than half a million people have been asked questions about what they think of their life and about their experiences, and there have been other efforts along those lines. +so in recent years, we have begun to learn about the happiness of the two selves. +and the main lesson i think that we have learned is they are really different. +you can know how satisfied somebody is with their life, and that really doesn't teach you much about how happily they're living their life, and vice versa. +just to give you a sense of the correlation, the correlation is about .5. +what that means is if you met somebody, and you were told, "oh his father is six feet tall," how much would you know about his height? +well, you would know something about his height, but there's a lot of uncertainty. +you have that much uncertainty. +if i tell you that somebody ranked their life eight on a scale of ten, you have a lot of uncertainty about how happy they are with their experiencing self. +so the correlation is low. +we know something about what controls satisfaction of the happiness self. +we know that money is very important, goals are very important. +we know that happiness is mainly being satisfied with people that we like, spending time with people that we like. +there are other pleasures, but this is dominant. +so if you want to maximize the happiness of the two selves, you are going to end up doing very different things. +the bottom line of what i've said here is that we really should not think of happiness as a substitute for well-being. +it is a completely different notion. +now, very quickly, another reason we cannot think straight about happiness is that we do not attend to the same things when we think about life, and we actually live. +so, if you ask the simple question of how happy people are in california, you are not going to get to the correct answer. +when you ask that question, you think people must be happier in california if, say, you live in ohio. +and what happens is when you think about living in california, you are thinking of the contrast between california and other places, and that contrast, say, is in climate. +well, it turns out that climate is not very important to the experiencing self and it's not even very important to the reflective self that decides how happy people are. +but now, because the reflective self is in charge, you may end up -- some people may end up moving to california. +and it's sort of interesting to trace what is going to happen to people who move to california in the hope of getting happier. +well, their experiencing self is not going to get happier. +we know that. +but one thing will happen: they will think they are happier, because, when they think about it, they'll be reminded of how horrible the weather was in ohio, and they will feel they made the right decision. +it is very difficult to think straight about well-being, and i hope i have given you a sense of how difficult it is. +thank you. +thank you. i've got a question for you. +thank you so much. +now, when we were on the phone a few weeks ago, you mentioned to me that there was quite an interesting result came out of that gallup survey. +is that something you can share since you do have a few moments left now? +daniel kahneman: sure. +i think the most interesting result that we found in the gallup survey is a number, which we absolutely did not expect to find. +we found that with respect to the happiness of the experiencing self. +when we looked at how feelings, vary with income. +and it turns out that, below an income of 60,000 dollars a year, for americans -- and that's a very large sample of americans, like 600,000, so it's a large representative sample -- below an income of 600,000 dollars a year... +60,000. +dk: 60,000. +60,000 dollars a year, people are unhappy, and they get progressively unhappier the poorer they get. +above that, we get an absolutely flat line. +i mean i've rarely seen lines so flat. +clearly, what is happening is money does not buy you experiential happiness, but lack of money certainly buys you misery, and we can measure that misery very, very clearly. +in terms of the other self, the remembering self, you get a different story. +the more money you earn, the more satisfied you are. +that does not hold for emotions. +but danny, the whole american endeavor is about life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness. +if people took seriously that finding, i mean, it seems to turn upside down everything we believe about, like for example, taxation policy and so forth. +is there any chance that politicians, that the country generally, would take a finding like that seriously and run public policy based on it? +dk: you know i think that there is recognition of the role of happiness research in public policy. +the recognition is going to be slow in the united states, no question about that, but in the u.k., it is happening, and in other countries it is happening. +people are recognizing that they ought to be thinking of happiness when they think of public policy. +it's going to take a while, and people are going to debate whether they want to study experience happiness, or whether they want to study life evaluation, so we need to have that debate fairly soon. +how to enhance happiness goes very different ways depending on how you think, and whether you think of the remembering self or you think of the experiencing self. +this is going to influence policy, i think, in years to come. +in the united states, efforts are being made to measure the experience happiness of the population. +this is going to be, i think, within the next decade or two, part of national statistics. +well, it seems to me that this issue will -- or at least should be -- the most interesting policy discussion to track over the next few years. +thank you so much for inventing behavioral economics. +thank you, danny kahneman. +i'm jane mcgonigal. i'm a game designer. +i've been making games online now for 10 years, and my goal for the next decade is to try to make it as easy to save the world in real life as it is to save the world in online games. +now, i have a plan for this, and it entails convincing more people, including all of you, to spend more time playing bigger and better games. +right now we spend three billion hours a week playing online games. +some of you might be thinking, "that's a lot of time to spend playing games. +maybe too much time, considering how many urgent problems we have to solve in the real world. " +but actually, according to my research at the institute for the future, it's actually the opposite is true. +three billion hours a week is not nearly enough game play to solve the world's most urgent problems. +in fact, i believe that if we want to survive the next century on this planet, we need to increase that total dramatically. +i've calculated the total we need at 21 billion hours of game play every week. +so, that's probably a bit of a counterintuitive idea, so i'll say it again, let it sink in: if we want to solve problems like hunger, poverty, climate change, global conflict, obesity, i believe that we need to aspire to play games online for at least 21 billion hours a week, by the end of the next decade. +no. i'm serious. i am. +here's why. this picture pretty much sums up why i think games are so essential to the future survival of the human species. truly. +this is a portrait by a photographer named phil toledano. +he wanted to capture the emotion of gaming, so he set up a camera in front of gamers while they were playing. +and this is a classic gaming emotion. +now, if you're not a gamer, you might miss some of the nuance in this photo. +you probably see the sense of urgency, a little bit of fear, but intense concentration, deep, deep focus on tackling a really difficult problem. +if you are a gamer, you will notice a few nuances here: the crinkle of the eyes up, and around the mouth is a sign of optimism, and the eyebrows up is surprise. +this is a gamer who is on the verge of something called an epic win. +oh, you've heard of that. ok, good, so we have some gamers among us. +an epic win is an outcome that is so extraordinarily positive you had no idea it was even possible until you achieved it. +it was almost beyond the threshold of imagination. +and when you get there you are shocked to discover what you are truly capable of. that is an epic win. +this is a gamer on the verge of an epic win. +and this is the face that we need to see on millions of problem-solvers all over the world as we try to tackle the obstacles of the next century -- the face of someone who, against all odds is on the verge of an epic win. +now, unfortunately this is more of the face that we see in everyday life now as we try to tackle urgent problems. +this is what i call the "i'm not good at life" face, and this is actually me making it. can you see? yes. good. +this is actually me making the "i'm not good at life" face. +this is a piece of graffiti in my old neighborhood in berkeley, california, where i did my phd on why we're better in games than we are in real life. +and this is a problem that a lot of gamers have. +we feel that we are not as good in reality as we are in games. +and i don't mean just good as in successful, although that's part of it. +we do achieve more in game worlds. but i also mean good as in motivated to do something that matters, inspired to collaborate and to cooperate. +and when we're in game worlds i believe that many of us become the best version of ourselves, the most likely to help at a moment's notice, the most likely to stick with a problem as long at it takes, to get up after failure and try again. +and in real life, when we face failure, when we confront obstacles, we often don't feel that way. +we feel overcome, we feel overwhelmed, we feel anxious, maybe depressed, frustrated or cynical. +we never have those feelings when we're playing games, they just don't exist in games. +so, that's what i wanted to study when i was a graduate student. +what about games makes it impossible to feel that we can't achieve everything? +how can we take those feelings from games and apply them to real-world work? +so, i looked at games like world of warcraft, which is really the ideal collaborative problem-solving environment. +and i started to notice a few things that make epic wins so possible in online worlds. +so, the first thing is whenever you show up in one of these online games, especially in world of warcraft, there are lots and lots of different characters who are willing to trust you with a world-saving mission, right away. +but not just any mission, it's a mission that is perfectly matched with your current level in the game. right? +so, you can do it. +they never give you a challenge that you can't achieve. +but it is on the verge of what you're capable of. so, you have to try hard, but there's no unemployment in world of warcraft. +there is no sitting around wringing your hands, there's always something specific and important to be done. +and there are also tons of collaborators. +everywhere you go, hundreds of thousands of people ready to work with you to achieve your epic mission. +that's not something that we have in real life that easily, this sense that at our fingertips are tons of collaborators. +and also there is this epic story, this inspiring story of why we're there, and what we're doing. +and then we get all this positive feedback. +you guys have heard of leveling up and plus-one strength, and plus-one intelligence. +we don't get that kind of constant feedback in real life. +when i get off this stage i'm not going to have plus-one speaking, and plus-one crazy idea, plus-20 crazy idea. +i don't get that feedback in real life. +now, the problem with collaborative online environments like world of warcraft is that it's so satisfying to be on the verge of an epic win all the time that we decide to spend all our time in these game worlds. +it's just better than reality. +so, so far, collectively all the world of warcraft gamers have spent 5.93 million years solving the virtual problems of azeroth. +now, that's not necessarily a bad thing. +it might sound like it's a bad thing. +but to put that in context: 5.93 million years ago was when our earliest primate human ancestors stood up. +that was the first upright primate. +okay, so when we talk about how much time we're currently investing in playing games, the only way it makes sense to even think about it is to talk about time at the magnitude of human evolution, which is an extraordinary thing. +but it's also apt. because it turns out that by spending all this time playing games, we're actually changing what we are capable of as human beings. +we are evolving to be a more collaborative and hearty species. +this is true. i believe this. +so, consider this really interesting statistic; it was recently published by a researcher at carnegie mellon university: the average young person today in a country with a strong gamer culture will have spent 10,000 hours playing online games by the age of 21. +now 10,000 hours is a really interesting number for two reasons. +first of all, for children in the united states 10,080 hours is the exact amount of time you will spend in school from fifth grade to high school graduation if you have perfect attendance. +so, we have an entire parallel track of education going on where young people are learning as much about what it takes to be a good gamer as they are learning about everything else in school. +and some of you have probably read malcolm gladwell's new book "outliers." +so, you would have heard of his theory of success, the 10,000 hour theory of success. +it's based on this great cognitive science research that if we can master 10,000 hours of effortful study at anything by the age of 21, we will be virtuosos at it. +we will be as good at whatever we do as the greatest people in the world. +and so, now what we're looking at is an entire generation of young people who are virtuoso gamers. +so, the big question is, "what exactly are gamers getting so good at?" +because if we could figure that out, we would have a virtually unprecedented human resource on our hands. +this is how many people we now have in the world who spend at least an hour a day playing online games. +these are our virtuoso gamers, 500 million people who are extraordinarily good at something. +and in the next decade we're going to have another billion gamers who are extraordinarily good at whatever that is. +if you don't know it already, this is coming. +the game industry is developing consoles that are low energy and that work with the wireless phone networks instead of broadband internet so that gamers all over the world, particularly in india, china, brazil, can get online. +they expect one billion more gamers in the next decade. +it will bring us up to 1.5 billion gamers. +so, i've started to think about what these games are making us virtuosos at. +here are the four things i came up with. the first is urgent optimism. +ok, think of this as extreme self-motivation. +urgent optimism is the desire to act immediately to tackle an obstacle, combined with the belief that we have a reasonable hope of success. +gamers always believe that an epic win is possible, and that it is always worth trying, and trying now. +gamers don't sit around. +gamers are virtuosos at weaving a tight social fabric. +there's a lot of interesting research that shows that we like people better after we play a game with them, even if they've beaten us badly. +and the reason is, it takes a lot of trust to play a game with someone. +we trust that they will spend their time with us, that they will play by the same rules, value the same goal, they'll stay with the game until it's over. +and so, playing a game together actually builds up bonds and trust and cooperation. +and we actually build stronger social relationships as a result. +blissful productivity. i love it. +you know there's a reason why the average world of warcraft gamer plays for 22 hours a week, kind of a half-time job. +it's because we know, when we're playing a game, that we're actually happier working hard than we are relaxing, or hanging out. +we know that we are optimized, as human beings, to do hard meaningful work. +and gamers are willing to work hard all the time, if they're given the right work. +finally: epic meaning. +gamers love to be attached to awe-inspiring missions to human planetary-scale stories. +so, just one bit of trivia that helps put that into perspective: so, you all know wikipedia, biggest wiki in the world. +second biggest wiki in the world, with nearly 80,000 articles, is the world of warcraft wiki. +five million people use it every month. +they have compiled more information about world of warcraft on the internet than any other topic covered on any other wiki in the world. +they are building an epic story. +they are building an epic knowledge resource about the world of warcraft. +okay, so these are four superpowers that add up to one thing: gamers are super-empowered, hopeful individuals. +these are people who believe that they are individually capable of changing the world. +and the only problem is that they believe that they are capable of changing virtual worlds and not the real world. +that's the problem that i'm trying to solve. +there's an economist named edward castronova. +his work is brilliant. he looks at why people are investing so much time and energy and money in online worlds. +and he says, "we're witnessing what amounts to no less than a mass exodus to virtual worlds and online game environments." +and he's an economist. so, he's rational. +and he says... +not like me -- i'm a game designer; i'm exuberant. +but he says that this makes perfect sense, because gamers can achieve more in online worlds than they can in real life. +they can have stronger social relationships in games than they can have in real life; they get better feedback and feel more rewarded in games than they do in real life. +so, he says for now it makes perfect sense for gamers to spend more time in virtual worlds than the real world. +now, i also agree that that is rational, for now. +but it is not, by any means, an optimal situation. +we have to start making the real world more like a game. +so, i take my inspiration from something that happened 2,500 years ago. +these are ancient dice, made out of sheep's knuckles. right? +before we had awesome game controllers, we had sheep's knuckles. +and these represent the first game equipment designed by human beings. +and if you're familiar with the work of the ancient greek historian herodotus, you might know this history, which is the history of who invented games and why. +herodotus says that games, particularly dice games, were invented in the kingdom of lydia during a time of famine. +apparently, there was such a severe famine that the king of lydia decided that they had to do something crazy. +people were suffering. people were fighting. +it was an extreme situation, they needed an extreme solution. +so, according to herodotus, they invented dice games and they set up a kingdom-wide policy: on one day, everybody would eat, and on the next day, everybody would play games. +and they would be so immersed in playing the dice games because games are so engaging, and immerse us in such satisfying blissful productivity, they would ignore the fact that they had no food to eat. +and then on the next day, they would play games; and on the next day, they would eat. +and according to herodotus, they passed 18 years this way, surviving through a famine by eating on one day and playing games on the next. +now, this is exactly, i think, how we're using games today. +we're using games to escape real-world suffering. +we're using games to get away from everything that's broken in the real environment, everything that's not satisfying about real life, and we're getting what we need from games. +but it doesn't have to end there. +this is really exciting. +according to herodotus, after 18 years the famine wasn't getting better, so the king decided they would play one final dice game. +they divided the entire kingdom in half. +they played one dice game, and the winners of that game got to go on an epic adventure. +they would leave lydia, and they would go out in search of a new place to live, leaving behind just enough people to survive on the resources that were available, and hopefully to take their civilization somewhere else where they could thrive. +now, this sounds crazy, right? +but recently, dna evidence has shown that the etruscans, who then led to the roman empire, actually share the same dna as the ancient lydians. +and so, recently, scientists have suggested that herodotus' crazy story is actually true. +and geologists have found evidence of a global cooling that lasted for nearly 20 years that could have explained the famine. +so, this crazy story might be true. +they might have actually saved their culture by playing games, escaping to games for 18 years, and then been so inspired, and knew so much about how to come together with games, that they actually saved the entire civilization that way. +okay, we can do that. +we've been playing warcraft since 1994. +that was the first real-time strategy game from the world of warcraft series. that was 16 years ago. +they played dice games for 18 years, we've been playing warcraft for 16 years. +i say we are ready for our own epic game. +now, they had half the civilization go off in search of a new world, so that's where i get my 21 billion hours a week of game-play from. +let's get half of us to agree to spend an hour a day playing games, until we solve real-world problems. +now, i know you're asking, "how are we going to solve real world problems in games?" well, that's what i have devoted my work to over the past few years, at the institute for the future. +we have this banner in our offices in palo alto, and it expresses our view of how we should try to relate to the future. +we do not want to try to predict the future. +what we want to do is make the future. +we want to imagine the best-case scenario outcome, and then we want to empower people to make that outcome a reality. +we want to imagine epic wins, and then give people the means to achieve the epic win. +i'm just going to very briefly show you three games that i've made that are an attempt to give people the means to create epic wins in their own futures. +so, this is world without oil. +we made this game in 2007. +this is an online game in which you try to survive an oil shortage. +the oil shortage is fictional, but we put enough online content out there for you to believe that it's real, and to live your real life as if we've run out of oil. so when you come to the game, you sign up, you tell us where you live, and then we give you real-time news, videos, data feeds that show you exactly how much oil costs, what's not available, how food supply is being affected, how transportation is being affected, if schools are closed, if there is rioting, and you have to figure out how you would live your real life as if this were true. and then we ask you to blog about it, to post videos, to post photos. +we piloted this game with 1,700 players in 2007, and we've tracked them for the three years since. +and i can tell you that this is a transformative experience. +nobody wants to change how they live just because it's good for the world, or because we're supposed to. +but if you immerse them in an epic adventure and tell them, "we've run out of oil. +this is an amazing story and adventure for you to go on. +challenge yourself to see how you would survive, "most of our players have kept up the habits that they learned in this game. +so, for the next world-saving game, we decided to aim higher: bigger problem than just peak oil. +we did a game called superstruct at the institute for the future. +and the premise was a supercomputer has calculated that humans have only 23 years left on the planet. +this supercomputer was called the global extinction awareness system, of course. +we asked people to come online almost like a jerry bruckheimer movie. +you know jerry bruckheimer movies, you form a dream team -- you've got the astronaut, the scientist, the ex-convict, and they all have something to do to save the world. +but in our game, instead of just having five people on the dream team, we said, "everybody's on the dream team, and it's your job to invent the future of energy, the future of food, the future of health, the future of security and the future of the social safety net." +we had 8,000 people play that game for eight weeks. +they came up with 500 insanely creative solutions that you can go online, if you google "superstruct," and see. +so, finally, the last game, we're launching it march 3rd. this is a game done with the world bank institute. +if you complete the game you will be certified by the world bank institute, as a social innovator, class of 2010. +working with universities all over sub-saharan africa, and we are inviting them to learn social innovation skills. +we've got a graphic novel, we've got leveling up in skills like local insight, knowledge networking, sustainability, vision and resourcefulness. +i would like to invite all of you to please share this game with young people, anywhere in the world, particularly in developing areas, who might benefit from coming together to try to start to imagine their own social enterprises to save the world. +so, i'm going to wrap up now. +i want to ask a question. +what do you think happens next? +we've got all these amazing gamers, we've got these games that are kind of pilots of what we might do, but none of them have saved the real world yet. +well i hope that you will agree with me that gamers are a human resource that we can use to do real-world work, that games are a powerful platform for change. +we have all these amazing superpowers: blissful productivity, the ability to weave a tight social fabric, this feeling of urgent optimism and the desire for epic meaning. +i really hope that we can come together to play games that matter, to survive on this planet for another century. +and that's my hope, that you will join me in making and playing games like this. +when i look forward to the next decade, i know two things for sure: that we can make any future we can imagine, and we can play any games we want. +so, i say: let the world-changing games begin. +thank you. +i'd like to share with you a discovery that i made a few months ago while writing an article for italian wired. +i always keep my thesaurus handy whenever i'm writing anything, but i'd already finished editing the piece, and i realized that i had never once in my life looked up the word "disabled" to see what i'd find. +let me read you the entry. +"disabled, adjective: crippled, helpless, useless, wrecked, stalled, maimed, wounded, mangled, lame, mutilated, run-down, worn-out, weakened, impotent, castrated, paralyzed, handicapped, senile, decrepit, laid-up, done-up, done-for, done-in cracked-up, counted-out; see also hurt, useless and weak. +antonyms, healthy, strong, capable. " +i was reading this list out loud to a friend and at first was laughing, it was so ludicrous, but i'd just gotten past "mangled," and my voice broke, and i had to stop and collect myself from the emotional shock and impact that the assault from these words unleashed. +you know, of course, this is my raggedy old thesaurus so i'm thinking this must be an ancient print date, right? +but, in fact, the print date was the early 1980s, when i would have been starting primary school and forming an understanding of myself outside the family unit and as related to the other kids and the world around me. +and, needless to say, thank god i wasn't using a thesaurus back then. +i mean, from this entry, it would seem that i was born into a world that perceived someone like me to have nothing positive whatsoever going for them, when in fact, today i'm celebrated for the opportunities and adventures my life has procured. +so, i immediately went to look up the 2009 online edition, expecting to find a revision worth noting. +here's the updated version of this entry. +unfortunately, it's not much better. +i find the last two words under "near antonyms," particularly unsettling: "whole" and "wholesome." +so, it's not just about the words. +it's what we believe about people when we name them with these words. +it's about the values behind the words, and how we construct those values. +our language affects our thinking and how we view the world and how we view other people. +in fact, many ancient societies, including the greeks and the romans, believed that to utter a curse verbally was so powerful, because to say the thing out loud brought it into existence. +so, what reality do we want to call into existence: a person who is limited, or a person who's empowered? +by casually doing something as simple as naming a person, a child, we might be putting lids and casting shadows on their power. +wouldn't we want to open doors for them instead? +one such person who opened doors for me was my childhood doctor at the a.i. dupont institute in wilmington, delaware. +his name was dr. pizzutillo, an italian american, whose name, apparently, was too difficult for most americans to pronounce, so he went by dr. p. +and dr. p always wore really colorful bow ties and had the very perfect disposition to work with children. +i loved almost everything about my time spent at this hospital, with the exception of my physical therapy sessions. +i had to do what seemed like innumerable repetitions of exercises with these thick, elastic bands -- different colors, you know -- to help build up my leg muscles, and i hated these bands more than anything -- i hated them, had names for them. i hated them. +and, you know, i was already bargaining, as a five year-old child, with dr. p to try to get out of doing these exercises, unsuccessfully, of course. +and, one day, he came in to my session -- exhaustive and unforgiving, these sessions -- and he said to me, "wow. aimee, you are such a strong and powerful little girl, i think you're going to break one of those bands. +when you do break it, i'm going to give you a hundred bucks. " +now, of course, this was a simple ploy on dr. p's part to get me to do the exercises i didn't want to do before the prospect of being the richest five-year-old in the second floor ward, but what he effectively did for me was reshape an awful daily occurrence into a new and promising experience for me. +and i have to wonder today to what extent his vision and his declaration of me as a strong and powerful little girl shaped my own view of myself as an inherently strong, powerful and athletic person well into the future. +this is an example of how adults in positions of power can ignite the power of a child. +but, in the previous instances of those thesaurus entries, our language isn't allowing us to evolve into the reality that we would all want, the possibility of an individual to see themselves as capable. +our language hasn't caught up with the changes in our society, many of which have been brought about by technology. +certainly, from a medical standpoint, my legs, laser surgery for vision impairment, titanium knees and hip replacements for aging bodies that are allowing people to more fully engage with their abilities, and move beyond the limits that nature has imposed on them -- not to mention social networking platforms allow people to self-identify, to claim their own descriptions of themselves, so they can go align with global groups of their own choosing. +so, perhaps technology is revealing more clearly to us now what has always been a truth: that everyone has something rare and powerful to offer our society, and that the human ability to adapt is our greatest asset. +the human ability to adapt, it's an interesting thing, because people have continually wanted to talk to me about overcoming adversity, and i'm going to make an admission: this phrase never sat right with me, and i always felt uneasy trying to answer people's questions about it, and i think i'm starting to figure out why. +implicit in this phrase of "overcoming adversity" is the idea that success, or happiness, is about emerging on the other side of a challenging experience unscathed or unmarked by the experience, as if my successes in life have come about from an ability to sidestep or circumnavigate the presumed pitfalls of a life with prosthetics, or what other people perceive as my disability. +but, in fact, we are changed. we are marked, of course, by a challenge, whether physically, emotionally or both. +and i'm going to suggest that this is a good thing. +adversity isn't an obstacle that we need to get around in order to resume living our life. +it's part of our life. +and i tend to think of it like my shadow. +sometimes i see a lot of it, sometimes there's very little, but it's always with me. +and, certainly, i'm not trying to diminish the impact, the weight, of a person's struggle. +there is adversity and challenge in life, and it's all very real and relative to every single person, but the question isn't whether or not you're going to meet adversity, but how you're going to meet it. +so, our responsibility is not simply shielding those we care for from adversity, but preparing them to meet it well. +and we do a disservice to our kids when we make them feel that they're not equipped to adapt. +there's an important difference and distinction between the objective medical fact of my being an amputee and the subjective societal opinion of whether or not i'm disabled. +and, truthfully, the only real and consistent disability i've had to confront is the world ever thinking that i could be described by those definitions. +in our desire to protect those we care about by giving them the cold, hard truth about their medical prognosis, or, indeed, a prognosis on the expected quality of their life, we have to make sure that we don't put the first brick in a wall that will actually disable someone. +perhaps the existing model of only looking at what is broken in you and how do we fix it, serves to be more disabling to the individual than the pathology itself. +by not treating the wholeness of a person, by not acknowledging their potency, we are creating another ill on top of whatever natural struggle they might have. +we are effectively grading someone's worth to our community. +so we need to see through the pathology and into the range of human capability. +and, most importantly, there's a partnership between those perceived deficiencies and our greatest creative ability. +so it's not about devaluing, or negating, these more trying times as something we want to avoid or sweep under the rug, but instead to find those opportunities wrapped in the adversity. +so maybe the idea i want to put out there is not so much overcoming adversity as it is opening ourselves up to it, embracing it, grappling with it, to use a wrestling term, maybe even dancing with it. +and, perhaps, if we see adversity as natural, consistent and useful, we're less burdened by the presence of it. +this year we celebrate the 200th birthday of charles darwin, and it was 150 years ago, when writing about evolution, that darwin illustrated, i think, a truth about the human character. +to paraphrase: it's not the strongest of the species that survives, nor is it the most intelligent that survives; it is the one that is most adaptable to change. +conflict is the genesis of creation. +from darwin's work, amongst others, we can recognize that the human ability to survive and flourish is driven by the struggle of the human spirit through conflict into transformation. +so, again, transformation, adaptation, is our greatest human skill. +and, perhaps, until we're tested, we don't know what we're made of. +maybe that's what adversity gives us: a sense of self, a sense of our own power. +so, we can give ourselves a gift. +we can re-imagine adversity as something more than just tough times. +maybe we can see it as change. +adversity is just change that we haven't adapted ourselves to yet. +i think the greatest adversity that we've created for ourselves is this idea of normalcy. +now, who's normal? +there's no normal. +there's common, there's typical. there's no normal, and would you want to meet that poor, beige person if they existed? +i don't think so. +if we can change this paradigm from one of achieving normalcy to one of possibility -- or potency, to be even a little bit more dangerous -- we can release the power of so many more children, and invite them to engage their rare and valuable abilities with the community. +anthropologists tell us that the one thing we as humans have always required of our community members is to be of use, to be able to contribute. +there's evidence that neanderthals, 60,000 years ago, carried their elderly and those with serious physical injury, and perhaps it's because the life experience of survival of these people proved of value to the community. +they didn't view these people as broken and useless; they were seen as rare and valuable. +a few years ago, i was in a food market in the town where i grew up in that red zone in northeastern pennsylvania, and i was standing over a bushel of tomatoes. +it was summertime: i had shorts on. +i hear this guy, his voice behind me say, "well, if it isn't aimee mullins." +and i turn around, and it's this older man. i have no idea who he is. +and i said, "i'm sorry, sir, have we met? i don't remember meeting you." +he said, "well, you wouldn't remember meeting me. +i mean, when we met i was delivering you from your mother's womb. " +oh, that guy. +and, but of course, actually, it did click. +this man was dr. kean, a man that i had only known about through my mother's stories of that day, because, of course, typical fashion, i arrived late for my birthday by two weeks. +and so my mother's prenatal physician had gone on vacation, so the man who delivered me was a complete stranger to my parents. +and, because i was born without the fibula bones, and had feet turned in, and a few toes in this foot and a few toes in that, he had to be the bearer -- this stranger had to be the bearer of bad news. +he said to me, "i had to give this prognosis to your parents that you would never walk, and you would never have the kind of mobility that other kids have or any kind of life of independence, and you've been making liar out of me ever since." +the extraordinary thing is that he said he had saved newspaper clippings throughout my whole childhood, whether winning a second grade spelling bee, marching with the girl scouts, you know, the halloween parade, winning my college scholarship, or any of my sports victories, and he was using it, and integrating it into teaching resident students, med students from hahnemann medical school and hershey medical school. +and he called this part of the course the x factor, the potential of the human will. +no prognosis can account for how powerful this could be as a determinant in the quality of someone's life. +and dr. kean went on to tell me, he said, "in my experience, unless repeatedly told otherwise, and even if given a modicum of support, if left to their own devices, a child will achieve." +see, dr. kean made that shift in thinking. +he understood that there's a difference between the medical condition and what someone might do with it. +and there's been a shift in my thinking over time, in that, if you had asked me at 15 years old, if i would have traded prosthetics for flesh-and-bone legs, i wouldn't have hesitated for a second. +i aspired to that kind of normalcy back then. +but if you ask me today, i'm not so sure. +and it's because of the experiences i've had with them, not in spite of the experiences i've had with them. +and perhaps this shift in me has happened because i've been exposed to more people who have opened doors for me than those who have put lids and cast shadows on me. +see, all you really need is one person to show you the epiphany of your own power, and you're off. +if you can hand somebody the key to their own power -- the human spirit is so receptive -- if you can do that and open a door for someone at a crucial moment, you are educating them in the best sense. +you're teaching them to open doors for themselves. +in fact, the exact meaning of the word "educate" comes from the root word "educe." +it means "to bring forth what is within, to bring out potential." +so again, which potential do we want to bring out? +there was a case study done in 1960s britain, when they were moving from grammar schools to comprehensive schools. +it's called the streaming trials. we call it "tracking" here in the states. +it's separating students from a, b, c, d and so on. +and the "a students" get the tougher curriculum, the best teachers, etc. +well, they took, over a three-month period, d-level students, gave them a's, told them they were "a's," told them they were bright, and at the end of this three-month period, they were performing at a-level. +and, of course, the heartbreaking, flip side of this study, is that they took the "a students" and told them they were "d's." +and that's what happened at the end of that three-month period. +those who were still around in school, besides the people who had dropped out. +a crucial part of this case study was that the teachers were duped too. +the teachers didn't know a switch had been made. +they were simply told, "these are the 'a-students,' these are the 'd-students.'" and that's how they went about teaching them and treating them. +so, i think that the only true disability is a crushed spirit, a spirit that's been crushed doesn't have hope, it doesn't see beauty, it no longer has our natural, childlike curiosity and our innate ability to imagine. +if instead, we can bolster a human spirit to keep hope, to see beauty in themselves and others, to be curious and imaginative, then we are truly using our power well. +when a spirit has those qualities, we are able to create new realities and new ways of being. +i'd like to leave you with a poem by a fourteenth-century persian poet named hafiz that my friend, jacques dembois told me about, and the poem is called "the god who only knows four words": "every child has known god, not the god of names, not the god of don'ts, but the god who only knows four words and keeps repeating them, saying, 'come dance with me. +come, dance with me. come, dance with me. '"thank you. +how would you like to be better than you are? +suppose i said that, with just a few changes in your genes, you could get a better memory -- more precise, more accurate and quicker. +or maybe you'd like to be more fit, stronger, with more stamina. +would you like to be more attractive and self-confident? +how about living longer with good health? +or perhaps you're one of those who's always yearned for more creativity. +which one would you like the most? +which would you like, if you could have just one? +creativity. +how many people would choose creativity? +raise your hands. let me see. +a few. probably about as many as there are creative people here. +that's very good. +how many would opt for memory? +quite a few more. +how about fitness? +a few less. +what about longevity? +ah, the majority. that makes me feel very good as a doctor. +if you could have any one of these, it would be a very different world. +is it just imaginary? +or, is it, perhaps, possible? +evolution has been a perennial topic here at the ted conference, but i want to give you today one doctor's take on the subject. +the great 20th-century geneticist, t.g. dobzhansky, who was also a communicant in the russian orthodox church, once wrote an essay that he titled "nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." +now if you are one of those who does not accept the evidence for biological evolution, this would be a very good time to turn off your hearing aid, take out your personal communications device -- i give you permission -- and perhaps take another look at kathryn schultz's book on being wrong, because nothing in the rest of this talk is going to make any sense whatsoever to you. +but if you do accept biological evolution, consider this: is it just about the past, or is it about the future? +does it apply to others, or does it apply to us? +this is another look at the tree of life. +in this picture, i've put a bush with a center branching out in all directions, because if you look at the edges of the tree of life, every existing species at the tips of those branches has succeeded in evolutionary terms: it has survived; it has demonstrated a fitness to its environment. +the human part of this branch, way out on one end, is, of course, the one that we are most interested in. +we branch off of a common ancestor to modern chimpanzees about six or eight million years ago. +in the interval, there have been perhaps 20 or 25 different species of hominids. +some have come and gone. +we have been here for about 130,000 years. +it may seem like we're quite remote from other parts of this tree of life, but actually, for the most part, the basic machinery of our cells is pretty much the same. +do you realize that we can take advantage and commandeer the machinery of a common bacterium to produce the protein of human insulin used to treat diabetics? +this is not like human insulin; this is the same protein that is chemically indistinguishable from what comes out of your pancreas. +and speaking of bacteria, do you realize that each of us carries in our gut more bacteria than there are cells in the rest of our body? +maybe 10 times more. +i mean think of it, when antonio damasio asks about your self-image, do you think about the bacteria? +our gut is a wonderfully hospitable environment for those bacteria. +it's warm, it's dark, it's moist, it's very cozy. +and you're going to provide all the nutrition that they could possibly want with no effort on their part. +it's really like an easy street for bacteria, with the occasional interruption of the unintended forced rush to the exit. +but otherwise, you are a wonderful environment for those bacteria, just as they are essential to your life. +they help in the digestion of essential nutrients, and they protect you against certain diseases. +but what will come in the future? +are we at some kind of evolutionary equipoise as a species? +or, are we destined to become something different -- something, perhaps, even better adapted to the environment? +now let's take a step back in time to the big bang, 14 billion years ago -- the earth, the solar system, about four and a half billion years -- the first signs of proto-life, maybe three to four billion years ago on earth -- the first multi-celled organisms, perhaps as much as 800 or a billion years ago -- and then the human species, finally emerging in the last 130,000 years. +in this vast unfinished symphony of the universe, life on earth is like a brief measure; the animal kingdom, like a single measure; and human life, a small grace note. +that was us. +that also constitutes the entertainment portion of this talk, so i hope you enjoyed it. +now when i was a freshman in college, i took my first biology class. +i was fascinated by the elegance and beauty of biology. +i became enamored of the power of evolution, and i realized something very fundamental: in most of the existence of life in single-celled organisms, each cell simply divides, and all of the genetic energy of that cell is carried on in both daughter cells. +but at the time multi-celled organisms come online, things start to change. +sexual reproduction enters the picture. +and very importantly, with the introduction of sexual reproduction that passes on the genome, the rest of the body becomes expendable. +in fact, you could say that the inevitability of the death of our bodies enters in evolutionary time at the same moment as sexual reproduction. +now i have to confess, when i was a college undergraduate, i thought, okay, sex / death, sex / death, death for sex -- it seemed pretty reasonable at the time, but with each passing year, i've come to have increasing doubts. +i've come to understand the sentiments of george burns, who was performing still in las vegas well into his 90s. +and one night, there's a knock at his hotel room door. +he answers the door. +standing before him is a gorgeous, scantily clad showgirl. +she looks at him and says, "i'm here for super sex." +"that's fine," says george, "i'll take the soup." +i came to realize, as a physician, that i was working toward a goal which was different from the goal of evolution -- not necessarily contradictory, just different. +i was trying to preserve the body. +i wanted to keep us healthy. +i wanted to restore health from disease. +i wanted us to live long and healthy lives. +evolution is all about passing on the genome to the next generation, adapting and surviving through generation after generation. +from an evolutionary point of view, you and i are like the booster rockets designed to send the genetic payload into the next level of orbit and then drop off into the sea. +i think we would all understand the sentiment that woody allen expressed when he said, "i don't want to achieve immortality through my work. +i want to achieve it through not dying. " +evolution does not necessarily favor the longest-lived. +it doesn't necessarily favor the biggest or the strongest or the fastest, and not even the smartest. +evolution favors those creatures best adapted to their environment. +that is the sole test of survival and success. +at the bottom of the ocean, bacteria that are thermophilic and can survive at the steam vent heat that would otherwise produce, if fish were there, sous-vide cooked fish, nevertheless, have managed to make that a hospitable environment for them. +so what does this mean, as we look back at what has happened in evolution, and as we think about the place again of humans in evolution, and particularly as we look ahead to the next phase, i would say that there are a number of possibilities. +the first is that we will not evolve. +we have reached a kind of equipoise. +and the reasoning behind that would be, first, we have, through medicine, managed to preserve a lot of genes that would otherwise be selected out and be removed from the population. +and secondly, we as a species have so configured our environment that we have managed to make it adapt to us as well as we adapt to it. +and by the way, we immigrate and circulate and intermix so much that you can't any longer have the isolation that is necessary for evolution to take place. +a second possibility is that there will be evolution of the traditional kind, natural, imposed by the forces of nature. +and the argument here would be that the wheels of evolution grind slowly, but they are inexorable. +and as far as isolation goes, when we as a species do colonize distant planets, there will be the isolation and the environmental changes that could produce evolution in the natural way. +but there's a third possibility, an enticing, intriguing and frightening possibility. +i call it neo-evolution -- the new evolution that is not simply natural, but guided and chosen by us as individuals in the choices that we will make. +now how could this come about? +how could it be possible that we would do this? +consider, first, the reality that people today, in some cultures, are making choices about their offspring. +they're, in some cultures, choosing to have more males than females. +it's not necessarily good for the society, but it's what the individual and the family are choosing. +think also, if it were possible ever for you to choose, not simply to choose the sex of your child, but for you in your body to make the genetic adjustments that would cure or prevent diseases. +what if you could make the genetic changes to eliminate diabetes or alzheimer's or reduce the risk of cancer or eliminate stroke? +wouldn't you want to make those changes in your genes? +if we look ahead, these kind of changes are going to be increasingly possible. +the human genome project started in 1990, and it took 13 years. +it cost 2.7 billion dollars. +the year after it was finished in 2004, you could do the same job for 20 million dollars in three to four months. +today, you can have a complete sequence of the three billion base pairs in the human genome at a cost of about 20,000 dollars and in the space of about a week. +it won't be very long before the reality will be the 1,000-dollar human genome, and it will be increasingly available for everyone. +just a week ago, the national academy of engineering awarded its draper prize to francis arnold and willem stemmer, two scientists who independently developed techniques to encourage the natural process of evolution to work faster and to lead to desirable proteins in a more efficient way -- what frances arnold calls "directed evolution." +a couple of years ago, the lasker prize was awarded to the scientist shinya yamanaka for his research in which he took an adult skin cell, a fibroblast, and by manipulating just four genes, he induced that cell to revert to a pluripotential stem cell -- a cell potentially capable of becoming any cell in your body. +these changes are coming. +the same technology that has produced the human insulin in bacteria can make viruses that will not only protect you against themselves, but induce immunity against other viruses. +believe it or not, there's an experimental trial going on with vaccine against influenza that has been grown in the cells of a tobacco plant. +can you imagine something good coming out of tobacco? +these are all reality today, and [in] the future, will be evermore possible. +imagine then just two other little changes. +you can change the cells in your body, but what if you could change the cells in your offspring? +what if you could change the sperm and the ova, or change the newly fertilized egg, and give your offspring a better chance at a healthier life -- eliminate the diabetes, eliminate the hemophilia, reduce the risk of cancer? +who doesn't want healthier children? +and then, that same analytic technology, that same engine of science that can produce the changes to prevent disease, will also enable us to adopt super-attributes, hyper-capacities -- that better memory. +why not have the quick wit of a ken jennings, especially if you can augment it with the next generation of the watson machine? +why not have the quick twitch muscle that will enable you to run faster and longer? +why not live longer? +these will be irresistible. +and when we are at a position where we can pass it on to the next generation, and we can adopt the attributes we want, we will have converted old-style evolution into neo-evolution. +we'll take a process that normally might require 100,000 years, and we can compress it down to a thousand years -- and maybe even in the next 100 years. +these are choices that your grandchildren, or their grandchildren, are going to have before them. +will we use these choices to make a society that is better, that is more successful, that is kinder? +or, will we selectively choose different attributes that we want for some of us and not for others of us? +will we make a society that is more boring and more uniform, or more robust and more versatile? +these are the kinds of questions that we will have to face. +and most profoundly of all, will we ever be able to develop the wisdom, and to inherit the wisdom, that we'll need to make these choices wisely? +for better or worse, and sooner than you may think, these choices will be up to us. +thank you. +i want you now to imagine a wearable robot that gives you superhuman abilities, or another one that takes wheelchair users up standing and walking again. +we at berkeley bionics call these robots exoskeletons. +these are nothing else than something that you put on in the morning, and it will give you extra strength, and it will further enhance your speed, and it will help you, for instance, to manage your balance. +it is actually the true integration of the man and the machine. +but not only that -- it will integrate and network you to the universe and other devices out there. +this is just not some blue sky thinking. +to show you now what we are working on by starting out talking about the american soldier, that on average does carry about 100 lbs. on their backs, and they are being asked to carry more equipment. +obviously, this is resulting in some major complications -- back injuries, 30 percent of them -- chronic back injuries. +so we thought we would look at this challenge and create an exoskeleton that would help deal with this issue. +so let me now introduce to you hulc -- or the human universal load carrier. +with the hulc exoskeleton, i can carry 200 lbs. over varied terrain for many hours. +its flexible design allows for deep squats, crawls and high-agility movements. +it senses what i want to do, where i want to go, and then augments my strength and endurance. +we are ready with our industry partner to introduce this device, this new exoskeleton this year. +so this is for real. +now let's turn our heads towards the wheelchair users, something that i'm particularly passionate about. +there are 68 million people estimated to be in wheelchairs worldwide. +this is about one percent of the total population. +and that's actually a conservative estimate. +we are talking here about, oftentimes, very young individuals with spinal cord injuries, that in the prime of their life -- 20s, 30s, 40s -- hit a wall and the wheelchair's the only option. +but it is also the aging population that is multiplying in numbers. +and the only option, pretty much -- when it's stroke or other complications -- is the wheelchair. +and that is actually for the last 500 years, since its very successful introduction, i must say. +so we thought we would start writing a brand new chapter of mobility. +let me now introduce you to elegs that is worn by amanda boxtel that 19 years ago was spinal cord injured, and as a result of that she has not been able to walk for 19 years until now. +thank you. +amanda is wearing our elegs set. +it has sensors. +it's completely non-invasive, sensors in the crutches that send signals back to our onboard computer that is sitting here at her back. +there are battery packs here as well that power motors that are sitting at her hips, as well as her knee joints, that move her forward in this kind of smooth and very natural gait. +i was 24 years old and at the top of my game when a freak summersault while downhill skiing paralyzed me. +in a split second, i lost all sensation and movement below my pelvis. +not long afterwards, a doctor strode into my hospital room, and he said, "amanda, you'll never walk again." +and that was 19 yeas ago. +he robbed every ounce of hope from my being. +adaptive technology has since enabled me to learn how to downhill ski again, to rock climb and even handcycle. +but nothing has been invented that enables me to walk, until now. +thank you. +as you can see, we have the technology, we have the platforms to sit down and have discussions with you. +it's in our hands, and we have all the potential here to change the lives of future generations -- not only for the soldiers, or for amanda here and all the wheelchair users, but for everyone. +thanks. +back in new york, i am the head of development for a non-profit called robin hood. +when i'm not fighting poverty, i'm fighting fires as the assistant captain of a volunteer fire company. +now in our town, where the volunteers supplement a highly skilled career staff, you have to get to the fire scene pretty early to get in on any action. +i remember my first fire. +i was the second volunteer on the scene, so there was a pretty good chance i was going to get in. +but still it was a real footrace against the other volunteers to get to the captain in charge to find out what our assignments would be. +when i found the captain, he was having a very engaging conversation with the homeowner, who was surely having one of the worst days of her life. +here it was, the middle of the night, she was standing outside in the pouring rain, under an umbrella, in her pajamas, barefoot, while her house was in flames. +the other volunteer who had arrived just before me -- let's call him lex luther -- got to the captain first and was asked to go inside and save the homeowner's dog. +the dog! i was stunned with jealousy. +here was some lawyer or money manager who, for the rest of his life, gets to tell people that he went into a burning building to save a living creature, just because he beat me by five seconds. +well, i was next. +the captain waved me over. +he said, "bezos, i need you to go into the house. +i need you to go upstairs, past the fire, and i need you to get this woman a pair of shoes. " +i swear. +so, not exactly what i was hoping for, but off i went -- up the stairs, down the hall, past the 'real' firefighters, who were pretty much done putting out the fire at this point, into the master bedroom to get a pair of shoes. +now i know what you're thinking, but i'm no hero. +i carried my payload back downstairs where i met my nemesis and the precious dog by the front door. +we took our treasures outside to the homeowner, where, not surprisingly, his received much more attention than did mine. +a few weeks later, the department received a letter from the homeowner thanking us for the valiant effort displayed in saving her home. +the act of kindness she noted above all others: someone had even gotten her a pair of shoes. +in both my vocation at robin hood and my avocation as a volunteer firefighter, i am witness to acts of generosity and kindness on a monumental scale, but i'm also witness to acts of grace and courage on an individual basis. +and you know what i've learned? +they all matter. +so as i look around this room at people who either have achieved, or are on their way to achieving, remarkable levels of success, i would offer this reminder: don't wait. +don't wait until you make your first million to make a difference in somebody's life. +if you have something to give, give it now. +serve food at a soup kitchen. clean up a neighborhood park. +be a mentor. +not every day is going to offer us a chance to save somebody's life, but every day offers us an opportunity to affect one. +so get in the game. save the shoes. +thank you. +mark, mark, come back. +thank you. +i just came back from a community that holds the secret to human survival. +it's a place where women run the show, have sex to say hello, and play rules the day -- where fun is serious business. +and no, this isn't burning man or san francisco. +ladies and gentlemen, meet your cousins. +this is the world of wild bonobos in the jungles of congo. +bonobos are, together with chimpanzees, your living closest relative. +that means we all share a common ancestor, an evolutionary grandmother, who lived around six million years ago. +now, chimpanzees are well-known for their aggression. +but unfortunately, we have made too much of an emphasis of this aspect in our narratives of human evolution. +but bonobos show us the other side of the coin. +while chimpanzees are dominated by big, scary guys, bonobo society is run by empowered females. +these guys have really worked something out, since this leads to a highly tolerant society where fatal violence has not been observed yet. +but unfortunately, bonobos are the least understood of the great apes. +they live in the depths of the congolese jungle, and it has been very difficult to study them. +the congo is a paradox -- a land of extraordinary biodiversity and beauty, but also the heart of darkness itself -- the scene of a violent conflict that has raged for decades and claimed nearly as many lives as the first world war. +not surprisingly, this destruction also endangers bonobo survival. +bushmeat trades and forest loss means we couldn't fill a small stadium with all the bonobos that are left in the world -- and we're not even sure of that to be honest. +yet, in this land of violence and chaos, you can hear hidden laughter swaying the trees. +who are these cousins? +we know them as the "make love, not war" apes since they have frequent, promiscuous and bisexual sex to manage conflict and solve social issues. +now, i'm not saying this is the solution to all of humanity's problems -- since there's more to bonobo life than the kama sutra. +bonobos, like humans, love to play throughout their entire lives. +play is not just child's games. +for us and them, play is foundational for bonding relationships and fostering tolerance. +it's where we learn to trust and where we learn about the rules of the game. +play increases creativity and resilience, and it's all about the generation of diversity -- diversity of interactions, diversity of behaviors, diversity of connections. +and when you watch bonobo play, you're seeing the very evolutionary roots of human laughter, dance and ritual. +play is the glue that binds us together. +now, i don't know how you play, but i want to show you a couple of unique clips fresh from the wild. +first, it's a ball game bonobo-style -- and i do not mean football. +so here, we have a young female and a male engaged in a chase game. +have a look what she's doing. +it might be the evolutionary origin of the phrase, "she's got him by the balls." +only i think that he's rather loving it here, right? +yeah. +so sex play is common in both bonobos and humans. +and this video is really interesting because it shows -- this video's really interesting because it shows the inventiveness of bringing unusual elements into play -- such as testicles -- and also how play both requires trust and fosters trust -- while at the same time being tremendous fun. +but play's a shapeshifter. +play's a shapeshifter, and it can take many forms, some of which are more quiet, imaginative, curious -- maybe where wonder is discovered anew. +and i want you to see, this is fuku, a young female, and she is quietly playing with water. +i think, like her, we sometimes play alone, and we explore the boundaries of our inner and our outer worlds. +and it's that playful curiosity that drives us to explore, drives us to interact, and then the unexpected connections we form are the real hotbed for creativity. +so these are just small tasters into the insights that bonobo give us to our past and present. +but they also hold a secret for our future, a future where we need to adapt to an increasingly challenging world through greater creativity and greater cooperation. +the secret is that play is the key to these capacities. +in other words, play is our adaptive wildcard. +in order to adapt successfully to a changing world, we need to play. +but will we make the most of our playfulness? +play is not frivolous. +play's essential. +for bonobos and humans alike, life is not just red in tooth and claw. +in times when it seems least appropriate to play, it might be the times when it is most urgent. +and so, my fellow primates, let us embrace this gift from evolution and play together, as we rediscover creativity, fellowship and wonder. +thank you. +i want you to imagine two couples in the middle of 1979 on the exact same day, at the exact same moment, each conceiving a baby -- okay? +so two couples each conceiving one baby. +now i don't want you to spend too much time imagining the conception, because if you spend all that time imagining that conception, you're not going to listen to me. +so just imagine that for a moment. +and in this scenario, i want to imagine that, in one case, the sperm is carrying a y chromosome, meeting that x chromosome of the egg. +and in the other case, the sperm is carrying an x chromosome, meeting the x chromosome of the egg. +both are viable; both take off. +we'll come back to these people later. +so i wear two hats in most of what i do. +as the one hat, i do history of anatomy. +i'm a historian by training, and what i study in that case is the way that people have dealt with anatomy -- meaning human bodies, animal bodies -- how they dealt with bodily fluids, concepts of bodies; how have they thought about bodies. +the other hat that i've worn in my work is as an activist, as a patient advocate -- or, as i sometimes say, as an impatient advocate -- for people who are patients of doctors. +in that case, what i've worked with is people who have body types that challenge social norms. +so some of what i've worked on, for example, is people who are conjoined twins -- two people within one body. +some of what i've worked on is people who have dwarfism -- so people who are much shorter than typical. +and a lot of what i've worked on is people who have atypical sex -- so people who don't have the standard male or the standard female body types. +and as a general term, we can use the term intersex for this. +intersex comes in a lot of different forms. +i'll just give you a few examples of the types of ways you can have sex that isn't standard for male or female. +so in one instance, you can have somebody who has an xy chromosomal basis, and that sry gene on the y chromosome tells the proto-gonads, which we all have in the fetal life, to become testes. +and so in the fetal life the testes are pumping out testosterone. +but because this individual lacks receptors to hear that testosterone, the body doesn't react to the testosterone. +and this is a syndrome called androgen insensitivity syndrome. +so lots of levels of testosterone, but no reaction to it. +as a consequence, the body develops more along the female typical path. +when the child is born, she looks like a girl. +she is a girl. she is raised as a girl. +and it's often not until she hits puberty and she's growing and developing breasts, but she's not getting her period, that somebody figures out something's up here. +and they do some tests and figure out that, instead of having ovaries inside and a uterus, she actually has testes inside, and she has a y chromosome. +now what's important to understand is you may think of this person as really being male, but they're really not. +females, like males, have in our bodies something called the adrenal glands. +they're in the back of our body. +and the adrenal glands make androgens, which are a masculinizing hormone. +most females like me -- i believe myself to be a typical female -- i don't actually know my chromosomal make-up but i think i'm probably typical -- most females like me are actually androgen-sensitive. +we're making androgen, and we're responding to androgens. +the consequence is that somebody like me has actually had a brain exposed to more androgens than the woman born with testes who has androgen insensitivity syndrome. +so sex is really complicated; it's not just that intersex people are in the middle of all the sex spectrum -- in some ways, they can be all over the place. +another example: a few years ago i got a call from a man who was 19 years old, who was born a boy, raised a boy, had a girlfriend, had sex with his girlfriend, had a life as a guy and had just found out that he had ovaries and a uterus inside. +what he had was an extreme form of a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia. +he had xx chromosomes, and in the womb, his adrenal glands were in such high gear that it created, essentially, a masculine hormonal environment. +and as a consequence, his genitals were masculinzed, his brain was subject to the more typical masculine component of hormones. +and he was born looking like a boy -- nobody suspected anything. +and it was only when he had reached the age of 19 that he began to have enough medical problems actually from menstruating internally, that doctors figured out that, in fact, he was female internally. +okay, so just one more quick example of a way you can have intersex. +some people who have xx chromosomes develop what are called ovotestis, which is when you have ovarian tissue with testicular tissue wrapped around it. +and we're not exactly sure why that happens. +so sex can come in lots of different varieties. +the reason that children with these kinds of bodies -- whether it's dwarfism, or it's conjoined twinning, or it's an intersex type -- are often normalized by surgeons is not because it actually leaves them better off in terms of physical health. +in many cases, people are actually perfectly healthy. +the reason they're often subject to various kinds of surgeries is because they threaten our social categories. +or system has been based typically on the idea that a particular kind of anatomy comes with a particular identity. +so we have the concept that what it means to be a woman is to have a female identity; what it means to be a black person is, allegedly, is to have an african anatomy in terms of your history. +and so we have this terribly simplistic idea. +and when we're faced with a body that actually presents us something quite different, it startles us in terms of those categorizations. +so we have a lot of very romantic ideas in our culture about individualism. +and our nation's really founded on a very romantic concept of individualism. +well you can imagine how startling then it is when you have children that are born who are two people inside of one body. +where i ran into the most heat from this most recently was last year the south african runner, caster semenya, had her sex called into question at the international games in berlin. +i had a lot of journalists calling me, asking me, "which is the test they're going to run that will tell us whether or not caster semenya is male or female?" +and i had to explain to the journalists there isn't such a test. +in fact, we now know that sex is complicated enough that we have to admit nature doesn't draw the line for us between male and female, or between male and intersex and female and intersex; we actually draw that line on nature. +so what we have is a sort of situation where the farther our science goes, the more we have to admit to ourselves that these categories that we thought of as stable anatomical categories that mapped very simply to stable identity categories are a lot more fuzzy than we thought. +and it's not just in terms of sex. +it's also in terms of race, which turns out to be vastly more complicated than our terminology has allowed. +as we look, we get into all sorts of uncomfortable areas. +we look, for example, about the fact that we share at least 95 percent of our dna with chimpanzees. +what are we to make of the fact that we differ from them only really by a few nucleotides? +and as we get farther and farther with our science, we get more and more into a discomforted zone where we have to acknowledge that the simplistic categories we've had are probably overly simplistic. +so we're seeing this in all sorts of places in human life. +one of the places we're seeing it, for example, in our culture today, in the united states today, is battles over the beginning of life and the end of life. +we have difficult conversations about at what point we decide a body becomes a human, such that it has a different right than a fetal life. +we have very difficult conversations nowadays -- probably not out in the open as much as within medicine -- about the question of when somebody's dead. +in the past, our ancestors never had to struggle so much with this question of when somebody was dead. +at most, they'd stick a feather on somebody's nose, and if it twitched, they didn't bury them yet. +if it stopped twitching, you bury them. +but today, we have a situation where we want to take vital organs out of beings and give them to other beings. +and as a consequence, we're stuck with having to struggle with this really difficult question about who's dead, and this leads us to a really difficult situation where we don't have such simple categories as we've had before. +now you might think that all this breaking-down of categories would make somebody like me really happy. +i'm a political progressive, i defend people with unusual bodies, but i have to admit to you that it makes me nervous. +understanding that these categories are really much more unstable than we thought makes me tense. +and it makes me tense from the point of view of thinking about democracy. +so in order to tell you about that tension, i have to first admit to you that i'm a huge fan of the founding fathers. +i know they were racists, i know they were sexist, but they were great. +i mean, they were so brave and so bold and so radical in what they did that i find myself watching that cheesy musical "1776" every few years, and it's not because of the music, which is totally forgettable. +it's because of what happened in 1776 with the founding fathers. +the founding fathers were, for my point of view, the original anatomical activists, and this is why. +what they rejected was an anatomical concept and replaced it with another one that was radical and beautiful and held us for 200 years. +so as you all recall, what our founding fathers were rejecting was a concept of monarchy, and the monarchy was basically based on a very simplistic concept of anatomy. +the monarchs of the old world didn't have a concept of dna, but they did have a concept of birthright. +they had a concept of blue blood. +they had the idea that the people who would be in political power should be in political power because of the blood being passed down from grandfather to father to son and so forth. +the founding fathers rejected that idea, and they replaced it with a new anatomical concept, and that concept was all men are created equal. +they leveled that playing field and decided the anatomy that mattered was the commonality of anatomy, not the difference in anatomy, and that was a really radical thing to do. +now they were doing it in part because they were part of an enlightenment system where two things were growing up together. +and that was democracy growing up, but it was also science growing up at the same time. +and it's really clear, if you look at the history of the founding fathers, a lot of them were very interested in science, and they were interested in a concept of a naturalistic world. +they were moving away from supernatural explanations, and they were rejecting things like a supernatural concept of power, where it transmitted because of a very vague concept of birthright. +they were moving towards a naturalistic concept. +and if you look, for example, in the declaration of independence, they talk about nature and nature's god. +they don't talk about god and god's nature. +they're talking about the power of nature to tell us who we are. +so as part of that, they were coming to us with a concept that was about anatomical commonality. +and in doing so, they were really setting up in a beautiful way the civil rights movement of the future. +they didn't think of it that way, but they did it for us, and it was great. +so what happened years afterward? +what happened was women, for example, who wanted the right to vote, took the founding fathers' concept of anatomical commonality being more important than anatomical difference and said, "the fact that we have a uterus and ovaries is not significant enough in terms of a difference to mean that we shouldn't have the right to vote, the right to full citizenship, the right to own property, etc., etc." +and women successfully argued that. +next came the successful civil rights movement, where we found people like sojourner truth talking about, "ain't i a woman?" +we find men on the marching lines of the civil rights movement saying, "i am a man." +again, people of color appealing to a commonality of anatomy over a difference of anatomy, again, successfully. +we see the same thing with the disability rights movement. +the problem is, of course, that, as we begin to look at all that commonality, we have to begin to question why we maintain certain divisions. +now mind you, i want to maintain some divisions, anatomically, in our culture. +for example, i don't want to give a fish the same rights as a human. +i don't want to say we give up entirely on anatomy. +i don't want to say five-year-olds should be allowed to consent to sex or consent to marry. +so there are some anatomical divisions that make sense to me and that i think we should retain. +but the challenge is trying to figure out which ones they are and why do we retain them and do they have meaning. +so let's go back to those two beings conceived at the beginning of this talk. +we have two beings, both conceived in the middle of 1979 on the exact same day. +let's imagine one of them, mary, is born three months prematurely, so she's born on june 1, 1980. +henry, by contrast, is born at term, so he's born on march 1, 1980. +simply by virtue of the fact that mary was born prematurely three months, she comes into all sorts of rights three months earlier than henry does -- the right to consent to sex, the right to vote, the right to drink. +henry has to wait for all of that, not because he's actually any different in age, biologically, except in terms of when he was born. +we find other kinds of weirdness in terms of what their rights are. +henry, by virtue of being assumed to be male -- although i haven't told you that he's the xy one -- by virtue of being assumed to be male is now liable to be drafted, which mary does not need to worry about. +mary, meanwhile, cannot in all the states have the same right that henry has in all the states, namely, the right to marry. +henry can marry in every state a woman, but mary can only marry today in a few states a woman. +so we have these anatomical categories that persist that are in many ways problematic and questionable. +and the question to me becomes: what do we do, as our science gets to be so good in looking at anatomy, that we reach the point where we have to admit that a democracy that's been based on anatomy might start falling apart? +i don't want to give up the science, but at the same time it kind of feels sometimes like the science is coming out from under us. +so where do we go? +it seems like what happens in our culture is a sort of pragmatic attitude: "well, we have to draw the line somewhere, so we will draw the line somewhere." +but a lot of people get stuck in a very strange position. +so for example, texas has at one point decided that what it means to marry a man is to mean that you don't have a y chromosome, and what it means to marry a woman means you do have a y chromosome. +now in practice they don't actually test people for their chromosomes. +but this is also very bizarre, because of the story i told you at the beginning about androgen insensitivity syndrome. +if we look at one of the founding fathers of modern democracy, dr. martin luther king, he offers us something of a solution in his "i have a dream" speech. +he says we should judge people "based not on the color of their skin, but on the content of their character," moving beyond anatomy. +and i want to say, "yeah, that sounds like a really good idea." +but in practice, how do you do it? +how do you judge people based on the content of character? +i also want to point out that i'm not sure that is how we should distribute rights in terms of humans, because, i have to admit, that there are some golden retrievers i know that are probably more deserving of social services than some humans i know. +i also want to say there are probably also some yellow labradors that i know that are more capable of informed, intelligent, mature decisions about sexual relations than some 40-year-olds that i know. +so how do we operationalize the question of content of character? +it turns out to be really difficult. +and part of me also wonders, what if content of character turns out to be something that's scannable in the future -- able to be seen with an fmri? +do we really want to go there? +i'm not sure where we go. +what i do know is that it seems to be really important to think about the idea of the united states being in the lead of thinking about this issue of democracy. +we've done a really good job struggling with democracy, and i think we would do a good job in the future. +we don't have a situation that iran has, for example, where a man who's sexually attracted to other men is liable to be murdered, unless he's willing to submit to a sex change, in which case he's allowed to live. +we don't have that kind of situation. +i'm glad to say we don't have the kind of situation with -- a surgeon i talked to a few years ago who had brought over a set of conjoined twins in order to separate them, partly to make a name for himself. +but when i was on the phone with him, asking why he was going to do this surgery -- this was a very high-risk surgery -- his answer was that, in this other nation, these children were going to be treated very badly, and so he had to do this. +my response to him was, "well, have you considered political asylum instead of a separation surgery?" +the united states has offered tremendous possibility for allowing people to be the way they are, without having them have to be changed for the sake of the state. +so i think we have to be in the lead. +well, just to close, i want to suggest to you that i've been talking a lot about the fathers. +and i want to think about the possibilities of what democracy might look like, or might have looked like, if we had more involved the mothers. +and i want to say something a little bit radical for a feminist, and that is that i think that there may be different kinds of insights that can come from different kinds of anatomies, particularly when we have people thinking in groups. +now for years, because i've been interested in intersex, i've also been interested in sex difference research. +and one of the things that i've been really interested in is looking at the differences between males and females in terms of the way they think and operate in the world. +and what we know from cross-cultural studies is that females, on average -- not everyone, but on average -- are more inclined to be very attentive to complex social relations and to taking care of people who are basically vulnerable within the group. +and so if we think about that, we have an interesting situation on our hands. +years ago, when i was in graduate school, one of my graduate advisers who knew i was interested in feminism -- i considered myself a feminist, as i still do -- asked a really strange question. +he said, "tell me what's feminine about feminism." +and i thought, "well that's the dumbest question i've ever heard. +feminism is all about undoing stereotypes about gender, so there's nothing feminine about feminism. " +but the more i thought about his question, the more i thought there might be something feminine about feminism. +that is to say, there might be something, on average, different about female brains from male brains that makes us more attentive to deeply complex social relationships and more attentive to taking care of the vulnerable. +so whereas the fathers were extremely attentive to figuring out how to protect individuals from the state, it's possible that if we injected more mothers into this concept, what we would have is more of a concept of, not just how to protect, but how to care for each other. +and maybe that's where we need to go in the future, when we take democracy beyond anatomy, is to think less about the individual body, in terms of the identity, and think more about those relationships. +so that as we the people try to create a more perfect union, we're thinking about what we do for each other. +thank you. +i'm jessi, and this is my suitcase. +but before i show you what i've got inside, i'm going to make a very public confession, and that is, i'm outfit-obsessed. +i love finding, wearing, and more recently, photographing and blogging a different, colorful, crazy outfit for every single occasion. +but i don't buy anything new. +i get all my clothes secondhand from flea markets and thrift stores. +aww, thank you. +secondhand shopping allows me to reduce the impact my wardrobe has on the environment and on my wallet. +i get to meet all kinds of great people; my dollars usually go to a good cause; i look pretty unique; and it makes shopping like my own personal treasure hunt. +i mean, what am i going to find today? +is it going to be my size? +will i like the color? +will it be under $20? +if all the answers are yes, i feel as though i've won. +i want to get back to my suitcase and tell you what i packed for this exciting week here at ted. +i mean, what does somebody with all these outfits bring with her? +so i'm going to show you exactly what i brought. +i brought seven pairs of underpants and that's it. +exactly one week's worth of undies is all i put in my suitcase. +i was betting that i'd be able to find everything else i could possible want to wear once i got here to palm springs. +and since you don't know me as the woman walking around ted in her underwear -- that means i found a few things. +and i'd really love to show you my week's worth of outfits right now. +does that sound good? +so as i do this, i'm also going to tell you a few of the life lessons that, believe it or not, i have picked up in these adventures wearing nothing new. +so let's start with sunday. +i call this "shiny tiger." +you do not have to spend a lot of money to look great. +you can almost always look phenomenal for under $50. +this whole outfit, including the jacket, cost me $55, and it was the most expensive thing that i wore the entire week. +monday: color is powerful. +it is almost physiologically impossible to be in a bad mood when you're wearing bright red pants. +if you are happy, you are going to attract other happy people to you. +tuesday: fitting in is way overrated. +i've spent a whole lot of my life trying to be myself and at the same time fit in. +just be who you are. +if you are surrounding yourself with the right people, they will not only get it, they will appreciate it. +wednesday: embrace your inner child. +sometimes people tell me that i look like i'm playing dress-up, or that i remind them of their seven-year-old. +i like to smile and say, "thank you." +thursday: confidence is key. +if you think you look good in something, you almost certainly do. +and if you don't think you look good in something, you're also probably right. +i grew up with a mom who taught me this day-in and day-out. +but it wasn't until i turned 30 that i really got what this meant. +and i'm going to break it down for you for just a second. +if you believe you're a beautiful person inside and out, there is no look that you can't pull off. +so there is no excuse for any of us here in this audience. +we should be able to rock anything we want to rock. +thank you. +friday: a universal truth -- five words for you: gold sequins go with everything. +and finally, saturday: developing your own unique personal style is a really great way to tell the world something about you without having to say a word. +it's been proven to me time and time again as people have walked up to me this week simply because of what i'm wearing, and we've had great conversations. +so obviously this is not all going to fit back in my tiny suitcase. +so before i go home to brooklyn, i'm going to donate everything back. +because the lesson i'm trying to learn myself this week is that it's okay to let go. +i don't need to get emotionally attached to these things because around the corner, there is always going to be another crazy, colorful, shiny outfit just waiting for me, if i put a little love in my heart and look. +thank you very much. +thank you. +good afternoon, everybody. +i've got something to show you. +think about this as a pixel, a flying pixel. +this is what we call, in our lab, sensible design. +let me tell you a bit about it. +now if you take this picture -- i'm italian originally, and every boy in italy grows up with this picture on the wall of his bedroom -- but the reason i'm showing you this is that something very interesting happened in formula 1 racing over the past couple of decades. +now some time ago, if you wanted to win a formula 1 race, you take a budget, and you bet your budget on a good driver and a good car. +and if the car and the driver were good enough, then you'd win the race. +now today, if you want to win the race, actually you need also something like this -- something that monitors the car in real time, has a few thousand sensors collecting information from the car, transmitting this information into the system, and then processing it and using it in order to go back to the car with decisions and changing things in real time as information is collected. +this is what, in engineering terms, you would call a real time control system. +and basically, it's a system made of two components -- a sensing and an actuating component. +what is interesting today is that real time control systems are starting to enter into our lives. +our cities, over the past few years, just have been blanketed with networks, electronics. +they're becoming like computers in open air. +and, as computers in open air, they're starting to respond in a different way to be able to be sensed and to be actuated. +if we fix cities, actually it's a big deal. +just as an aside, i wanted to mention, cities are only two percent of the earth's crust, but they are 50 percent of the world's population. +they are 75 percent of the energy consumption -- up to 80 percent of co2 emissions. +so if we're able to do something with cities, that's a big deal. +beyond cities, all of this sensing and actuating is entering our everyday objects. +that's from an exhibition that paola antonelli is organizing at moma later this year, during the summer. +it's called "talk to me." +well our objects, our environment is starting to talk back to us. +in a certain sense, it's almost as if every atom out there were becoming both a sensor and an actuator. +and that is radically changing the interaction we have as humans with the environment out there. +in a certain sense, it's almost as if the old dream of michelangelo... +you know, when michelangelo sculpted the moses, at the end it said that he took the hammer, threw it at the moses -- actually you can still see a small chip underneath -- and said, shouted, "perché non parli? why don't you talk?" +well today, for the first time, our environment is starting to talk back to us. +and i'll show just a few examples -- again, with this idea of sensing our environment and actuating it. +let's starting with sensing. +well, the first project i wanted to share with you is actually one of the first projects by our lab. +it was four and a half years ago in italy. +and what we did there was actually use a new type of network at the time that had been deployed all across the world -- that's a cellphone network -- and use anonymous and aggregated information from that network, that's collected anyway by the operator, in order to understand how the city works. +the summer was a lucky summer -- 2006. +it's when italy won the soccer world cup. +some of you might remember, it was italy and france playing, and then zidane at the end, the headbutt. +and anyway, italy won at the end. +now look at what happened that day just by monitoring activity happening on the network. +here you see the city. +you see the colosseum in the middle, the river tiber. +it's morning, before the match. +you see the timeline on the top. +early afternoon, people here and there, making calls and moving. +the match begins -- silence. +france scores. italy scores. +halftime, people make a quick call and go to the bathroom. +second half. end of normal time. +first overtime, second. +zidane, the headbutt in a moment. +italy wins. yeah. +well, that night, everybody went to celebrate in the center. +you saw the big peak. +the following day, again everybody went to the center to meet the winning team and the prime minister at the time. +and then everybody moved down. +you see the image of the place called circo massimo, where, since roman times, people go to celebrate, to have a big party, and you see the peak at the end of the day. +well, that's just one example of how we can sense the city today in a way that we couldn't have done just a few years ago. +another quick example about sensing: it's not about people, but about things we use and consume. +well today, we know everything about where our objects come from. +this is a map that shows you all the chips that form a mac computer, how they came together. +but we know very little about where things go. +so in this project, we actually developed some small tags to track trash as it moves through the system. +so we actually started with a number of volunteers who helped us in seattle, just over a year ago, to tag what they were throwing away -- different types of things, as you can see here -- things they would throw away anyway. +then we put a little chip, little tag, onto the trash and then started following it. +here are the results we just obtained. +from seattle... +after one week. +with this information we realized there's a lot of inefficiencies in the system. +we can actually do the same thing with much less energy. +this data was not available before. +but there's a lot of wasted transportation and convoluted things happening. +but the other thing is that we believe that if we see every day that the cup we're throwing away, it doesn't disappear, it's still somewhere on the planet. +and the plastic bottle we're throwing away every day still stays there. +and if we show that to people, then we can also promote some behavioral change. +so that was the reason for the project. +my colleague at mit, assaf biderman, he could tell you much more about sensing and many other wonderful things we can do with sensing, but i wanted to go to the second part we discussed at the beginning, and that's actuating our environment. +and the first project is something we did a couple of years ago in zaragoza, spain. +it started with a question by the mayor of the city, who came to us saying that spain and southern europe have a beautiful tradition of using water in public space, in architecture. +and the question was: how could technology, new technology, be added to that? +and one of the ideas that was developed at mit in a workshop was, imagine this pipe, and you've got valves, solenoid valves, taps, opening and closing. +you create like a water curtain with pixels made of water. +if those pixels fall, you can write on it, you can show patterns, images, text. +and even you can approach it, and it will open up to let you jump through, as you see in this image. +well, we presented this to mayor belloch. +he liked it very much. +and we got a commission to design a building at the entrance of the expo. +we called it digital water pavilion. +the whole building is made of water. +there's no doors or windows, but when you approach it, it will open up to let you in. +the roof also is covered with water. +and if there's a bit of wind, if you want to minimize splashing, you can actually lower the roof. +or you could close the building, and the whole architecture will disappear, you know, these days, you always get images during the winter, when they take the roof down, of people who have been there and said, "they demolished the building." +no, they didn't demolish it, just when it goes down, the architecture almost disappears. +here's the building working. +you see the person puzzled about what was going on inside. +and here was myself trying not to get wet, testing the sensors that open the water. +well, i should tell you now what happened one night when all of the sensors stopped working. +but actually that night, it was even more fun. +all the kids from zaragoza came to the building, because the way of engaging with the building became something different. +not anymore a building that would open up to let you in, but a building that would still make cuts and holes through the water, and you had to jump without getting wet. +and that was, for us, was very interesting, because, as architects, as engineers, as designers, we always think about how people will use the things we design. +but then reality's always unpredictable. +and that's the beauty of doing things that are used and interact with people. +here is an image then of the building with the physical pixels, the pixels made of water, and then projections on them. +and this is what led us to think about the following project i'll show you now. +that's, imagine those pixels could actually start flying. +imagine you could have small helicopters that move in the air, and then each of them with a small pixel in changing lights -- almost as a cloud that can move in space. +here is the video. +so imagine one helicopter, like the one we saw before, moving with others, in synchrony. +so you can have this cloud. +you can have a kind of flexible screen or display, like this -- a regular configuration in two dimensions. +or in regular, but in three dimensions, where the thing that changes is the light, not the pixels' position. +you can play with a different type. +imagine your screen could just appear in different scales or sizes, different types of resolution. +but then the whole thing can be just a 3d cloud of pixels that you can approach and move through it and see from many, many directions. +here is the real flyfire control and going down to form the regular grid as before. +when you turn on the light, actually you see this. so the same as we saw before. +and imagine each of them then controlled by people. +you can have each pixel having an input that comes from people, from people's movement, or so and so. +i want to show you something here for the first time. +we've been working with roberto bolle, one of today's top ballet dancers -- the étoile at metropolitan in new york and la scala in milan -- and actually captured his movement in 3d in order to use it as an input for flyfire. +and here you can see roberto dancing. +you see on the left the pixels, the different resolutions being captured. +it's both 3d scanning in real time and motion capture. +so you can reconstruct a whole movement. +you can go all the way through. +but then, once we have the pixels, then you can play with them and play with color and movement and gravity and rotation. +so we want to use this as one of the possible inputs for flyfire. +i wanted to show you the last project we are working on. +it's something we're working on for the london olympics. +it's called the cloud. +and the idea here is, imagine, again, we can involve people in doing something and changing our environment -- almost to impart what we call cloud raising -- like barn raising, but with a cloud. +imagine you can have everybody make a small donation for one pixel. +and i think what is remarkable that has happened over the past couple of years is that, over the past couple of decades, we went from the physical world to the digital one. +this has been digitizing everything, knowledge, and making that accessible through the internet. +now today, for the first time -- and the obama campaign showed us this -- we can go from the digital world, from the self-organizing power of networks, to the physical one. +this can be, in our case, we want to use it for designing and doing a symbol. +that means something built in a city. +but tomorrow it can be, in order to tackle today's pressing challenges -- think about climate change or co2 emissions -- how we can go from the digital world to the physical one. +so the idea that we can actually involve people in doing this thing together, collectively. +the cloud is a cloud, again, made of pixels, in the same way as the real cloud is a cloud made of particles. +and those particles are water, where our cloud is a cloud of pixels. +it's a physical structure in london, but covered with pixels. +you can move inside, have different types of experiences. +you can actually see from underneath, sharing the main moments for the olympics in 2012 and beyond, and really using it as a way to connect with the community. +so both the physical cloud in the sky and something you can go to the top [of], like london's new mountaintop. +you can enter inside it. +and a kind of new digital beacon for the night -- but most importantly, a new type of experience for anybody who will go to the top. +thank you. +as an artist, connection is very important to me. +through my work i'm trying to articulate that humans are not separate from nature and that everything is interconnected. +i first went to antarctica almost 10 years ago, where i saw my first icebergs. +i was in awe. +my heart beat fast, my head was dizzy, trying to comprehend what it was that stood in front of me. +the icebergs around me were almost 200 feet out of the water, and i could only help but wonder that this was one snowflake on top of another snowflake, year after year. +icebergs are born when they calve off of glaciers or break off of ice shelves. +each iceberg has its own individual personality. +they have a distinct way of interacting with their environment and their experiences. +some refuse to give up and hold on to the bitter end, while others can't take it anymore and crumble in a fit of dramatic passion. +it's easy to think, when you look at an iceberg, that they're isolated, that they're separate and alone, much like we as humans sometimes view ourselves. +but the reality is far from it. +as an iceberg melts, i am breathing in its ancient atmosphere. +as the iceberg melts, it is releasing mineral-rich fresh water that nourishes many forms of life. +i approach photographing these icebergs as if i'm making portraits of my ancestors, knowing that in these individual moments they exist in that way and will never exist that way again. +it is not a death when they melt; it is not an end, but a continuation of their path through the cycle of life. +some of the ice in the icebergs that i photograph is very young -- a couple thousand years old. +and some of the ice is over 100,000 years old. +the last pictures i'd like to show you are of an iceberg that i photographed in qeqetarsuaq, greenland. +it's a very rare occasion that you get to actually witness an iceberg rolling. +so here it is. +you can see on the left side a small boat. +that's about a 15-foot boat. +and i'd like you to pay attention to the shape of the iceberg and where it is at the waterline. +you can see here, it begins to roll, and the boat has moved to the other side, and the man is standing there. +this is an average-size greenlandic iceberg. +it's about 120 feet above the water, or 40 meters. +and this video is real time. +and just like that, the iceberg shows you a different side of its personality. +thank you. +i have had the distinct blessing in my life to have worked on a bunch of amazing projects. +but the coolest i ever worked on was around this guy. +this guy's name is tempt. +tempt was one of the foremost graffiti artists in the 80s. +and he came up home from a run one day and said, "dad, my legs are tingling." +and that was the onset of als. +so tempt is now completely paralyzed. +he only has use of his eyes. +i was exposed to him. +i have a company that does design and animation, so obviously graffiti is definitely an intricate part of what we admire and respect in the art world. +and so we decided that we were going to sponsor tony, tempt, and his cause. +so i went and met with his brother and father and said, "we're going to give you this money. +what are you going to do with it? " +and his brother said, "i just want to be able to talk to tony again. +i just want to be able to communicate with him and i said, "wait a second, isn't that -- i've seen stephen hawking -- don't all paralyzed people have the ability to communicate via these devices?" +and he said, "no, unless you're in the upper echelon and you've got really amazing insurance, you can't actually do that. +these devices aren't accessible to people. " +and i said, "well, how do you actually communicate?" +has everyone seen the movie "the diving bell and the butterfly?" +that's how they communicate -- so run their finger along. +i said, "that's archaic. how can that be?" +so i showed up with the desire to just write a check, and instead, i wrote a check that i had no freaking idea how i was going to cash. +i committed to his brother and his father right then and there -- i'm like, "all right, here's the deal: tony's going to speak, we're going to get him a machine, and we're going to figure out a way for him to do his art again. +because it's a travesty that someone who still has all of that in him isn't able to communicate it. " +so i spoke at a conference a couple months after that. +i met these guys called grl, graffiti research lab, and they have a technology that allows them to project a light onto any surface and then, with a laser pointer, draw on it, and it just registers the negative space. +so they go around and do art installations like this. +all the things that go up there, they said there's a life cycle. +first it starts with the sexual organs, then it starts with cuss words, then it was bush slanders and then people actually got to art. +but there was always a life cycle to their presentations. +so i went home and was having dinner with my wife and was telling her about this, and we were like, "well wait a second. if we know that this technology exists where you can use your eyes to control things, why don't we figure out a way for tempt to control a laser and he could do graf again? well that would be awesome." +so that started the journey. +and about two years later, about a year later, after a bunch of organization and a bunch of moving things around, we'd accomplished a couple things. +one, we battered down the doors of the insurance companies, and we actually got tempt a machine that let him communicate -- a stephen hawking machine. +which was awesome. +and he's seriously one of the funniest -- i call him yoda, because you talk to the guy, you get an email from him, and you're like, "i'm not worthy. this guy's so amazing." +the other thing we did is we flew seven programmers from all over the world -- literally every corner of the world -- into our house. +my wife and kids and i moved to our back garage, and these hackers and programmers and conspiracy theorists and anarchists took over our house. +a lot of our friends thought we were absolutely stupid to do that and that we were going to come back and all the pictures on the wall would be removed and graf on the walls. +but for over two weeks, we programmed, we went to the venice boardwalk, my kids got involved, my dog got involved, and we created this. +this is called the eyewriter, and you can see the description. +this is a cheap pair of sunglasses that we bought at the venice beach boardwalk, some copper wire and some stuff from home depot and radio shack. +we took a ps3 camera, hacked it open, mounted it to an led light, and now there's a device that is free -- you build this yourself, we publish the code for free, you download the software for free. +and now we've created a device that has absolutely no limitations. +there's no insurance company that can say "no." +there's no hospital that can say "no." +anybody who's paralyzed now has access to actually draw or communicate using only their eyes. +thank you. +thank you guys very much. that was awesome. +so at the end of the two weeks, we went back to tempt's room. +i love this picture, because this is someone else's room and that's his room. +so there's all this hustle and bustle going on for the big unveiling. +and after over a year of planning, two weeks of programming, carb-fest and all-night sessions, tony drew again for the first time in seven years. +and this is an amazing picture, because this is his life support system, and he's looking over his life support system. +we kicked his bed so that he could see out. +and we set up a projector on a wall out in the parking lot outside of his hospital. +and he drew again for the first time, in front of his family and friends -- and you can only imagine what the feeling in the parking lot was. +the funny thing was, we had to break into the parking lot too, so we totally felt like we were legit in the whole graf scene too. +so at the end of this, he sent us an email, and this is what the email said: "that was the first time i've drawn anything for seven years. +i feel like i had been held underwater, and someone finally reached down and pulled my head up so i could breathe. " +isn't that awesome? +so that's kind of our battle cry. +that's what keeps us going and keeps us developing. +and we've got such a long way to go with this. +this is an amazing device, but it's the equivalent of an etch a sketch. +and someone who has that kind of artistic potential deserves so much more. +so we're in the process of trying to figure out how to make it better, faster, stronger. +since that time, we've had all kinds of acknowledgment. +we've won a bunch of awards. +remember, it's free; none of us are making any money on this thing. +it's all coming out of our own pockets. +so the awards were like, "oh, this is fantastic." +armstrong twittered about us, and then in december, time magazine honored us as one of the top 50 inventions of 2010, which was really cool. +the coolest thing about this -- and this is what's completing the whole circle -- is that in april of this year, at the geffen moca in downtown los angeles, there's going to be an exhibition called "art of the streets." +and "art of the streets" is going to have pretty much the bad-asses of the street art scene -- banksy, shepard fairey, kaws -- all of these guys will be there. +tempt's going to be in the show, which is pretty awesome. +so basically this is my point: if you see something that's not possible, make it possible. +everything in this room wasn't possible -- this stage, this computer, this mic, the eyewriter -- wasn't possible at one point. +make it possible, everyone in this room. +i'm not a programmer, never done anything with ocular recognition technology, but i just recognized something and associated myself with amazing people so that we could make something happen. +and this is the question i want everyone to ask yourself every single day when you come up with something you feel that needs to be done: if not now, then when? and if not me, then who? +thank you guys. +you know, what i do is write for children, and i'm probably america's most widely read children's author, in fact. +and i always tell people that i don't want to show up looking like a scientist. +you can have me as a farmer, or in leathers, and no one has ever chose farmer. +i'm here today to talk to you about circles and epiphanies. +and you know, an epiphany is usually something you find that you dropped someplace. +you've just got to go around the block to see it as an epiphany. +that's a painting of a circle. +a friend of mine did that -- richard bollingbroke. +it's the kind of complicated circle that i'm going to tell you about. +my circle began back in the '60s in high school in stow, ohio where i was the class queer. +i was the guy beaten up bloody every week in the boys' room, until one teacher saved my life. +she saved my life by letting me go to the bathroom in the teachers' lounge. +she did it in secret. +she did it for three years. +and i had to get out of town. +i had a thumb, i had 85 dollars, and i ended up in san francisco, california -- met a lover -- and back in the '80s, found it necessary to begin work on aids organizations. +about three or four years ago, i got a phone call in the middle of the night from that teacher, mrs. posten, who said, "i need to see you. +i'm disappointed that we never got to know each other as adults. +could you please come to ohio, and please bring that man that i know you have found by now. +and i should mention that i have pancreatic cancer, and i'd like you to please be quick about this. " +well, the next day we were in cleveland. +we took a look at her, we laughed, we cried, and we knew that she needed to be in a hospice. +we found her one, we got her there, and we took care of her and watched over her family, because it was necessary. +it's something we knew how to do. +and just as the woman who wanted to know me as an adult got to know me, she turned into a box of ashes and was placed in my hands. +and what had happened was the circle had closed, it had become a circle -- and that epiphany i talked about presented itself. +the epiphany is that death is a part of life. +she saved my life; i and my partner saved hers. +and you know, that part of life needs everything that the rest of life does. +it needs truth and beauty, and i'm so happy it's been mentioned so much here today. +it also needs -- it needs dignity, love and pleasure, and it's our job to hand those things out. +thank you. +imagine a big explosion as you climb through 3,000 ft. +imagine a plane full of smoke. +imagine an engine going clack, clack, clack, clack, clack, clack, clack. +it sounds scary. +well i had a unique seat that day. i was sitting in 1d. +i was the only one who could talk to the flight attendants. +so i looked at them right away, and they said, "no problem. we probably hit some birds." +the pilot had already turned the plane around, and we weren't that far. +you could see manhattan. +two minutes later, three things happened at the same time. +the pilot lines up the plane with the hudson river. +that's usually not the route. +he turns off the engines. +now imagine being in a plane with no sound. +and then he says three words -- the most unemotional three words i've ever heard. +he says, "brace for impact." +i didn't have to talk to the flight attendant anymore. +i could see in her eyes, it was terror. life was over. +now i want to share with you three things i learned about myself that day. +i learned that it all changes in an instant. +we have this bucket list, we have these things we want to do in life, and i thought about all the people i wanted to reach out to that i didn't, all the fences i wanted to mend, all the experiences i wanted to have and i never did. +as i thought about that later on, i came up with a saying, which is, "i collect bad wines." +because if the wine is ready and the person is there, i'm opening it. +i no longer want to postpone anything in life. +and that urgency, that purpose, has really changed my life. +the second thing i learned that day -- and this is as we clear the george washington bridge, which was by not a lot -- i thought about, wow, i really feel one real regret. +i've lived a good life. +in my own humanity and mistakes, i've tried to get better at everything i tried. +but in my humanity, i also allow my ego to get in. +and i regretted the time i wasted on things that did not matter with people that matter. +and i thought about my relationship with my wife, with my friends, with people. +and after, as i reflected on that, i decided to eliminate negative energy from my life. +it's not perfect, but it's a lot better. +i've not had a fight with my wife in two years. +it feels great. +i no longer try to be right; i choose to be happy. +the third thing i learned -- and this is as your mental clock starts going, "15, 14, 13." +you can see the water coming. +i'm saying, "please blow up." +i don't want this thing to break in 20 pieces like you've seen in those documentaries. +and as we're coming down, i had a sense of, wow, dying is not scary. +it's almost like we've been preparing for it our whole lives. +but it was very sad. +i didn't want to go; i love my life. +and that sadness really framed in one thought, which is, i only wish for one thing. +i only wish i could see my kids grow up. +about a month later, i was at a performance by my daughter -- first-grader, not much artistic talent... +... yet. +and i'm bawling, i'm crying, like a little kid. +and it made all the sense in the world to me. +i realized at that point, by connecting those two dots, that the only thing that matters in my life is being a great dad. +above all, above all, the only goal i have in life is to be a good dad. +i was given the gift of a miracle, of not dying that day. +i was given another gift, which was to be able to see into the future and come back and live differently. +i challenge you guys that are flying today, imagine the same thing happens on your plane -- and please don't -- but imagine, and how would you change? +what would you get done that you're waiting to get done because you think you'll be here forever? +how would you change your relationships and the negative energy in them? +and more than anything, are you being the best parent you can? +thank you. +the idea behind the stuxnet computer worm is actually quite simple. +we don't want iran to get the bomb. +their major asset for developing nuclear weapons is the natanz uranium enrichment facility. +the gray boxes that you see, these are real-time control systems. +now if we manage to compromise these systems that control drive speeds and valves, we can actually cause a lot of problems with the centrifuge. +the gray boxes don't run windows software; they are a completely different technology. +but if we manage to place a good windows virus on a notebook that is used by a maintenance engineer to configure this gray box, then we are in business. +and this is the plot behind stuxnet. +so we start with a windows dropper. +the payload goes onto the gray box, damages the centrifuge, and the iranian nuclear program is delayed -- mission accomplished. +that's easy, huh? +i want to tell you how we found that out. +when we started our research on stuxnet six months ago, it was completely unknown what the purpose of this thing was. +the only thing that was known is it's very, very complex on the windows part, the dropper part, used multiple zero-day vulnerabilities. +and it seemed to want to do something with these gray boxes, these real-time control systems. +so that got our attention, and we started a lab project where we infected our environment with stuxnet and checked this thing out. +and then some very funny things happened. +stuxnet behaved like a lab rat that didn't like our cheese -- sniffed, but didn't want to eat. +didn't make sense to me. +and after we experimented with different flavors of cheese, i realized, well, this is a directed attack. +it's completely directed. +the dropper is prowling actively on the gray box if a specific configuration is found, and even if the actual program code that it's trying to infect is actually running on that target. +and if not, stuxnet does nothing. +so that really got my attention, and we started to work on this nearly around the clock, because i thought, "well, we don't know what the target is. +it could be, let's say for example, a u.s. power plant, or a chemical plant in germany. +so we better find out what the target is soon. " +so we extracted and decompiled the attack code, and we discovered that it's structured in two digital bombs -- a smaller one and a bigger one. +and we also saw that they are very professionally engineered by people who obviously had all insider information. +they knew all the bits and bites that they had to attack. +they probably even know the shoe size of the operator. +so they know everything. +and if you have heard that the dropper of stuxnet is complex and high-tech, let me tell you this: the payload is rocket science. +it's way above everything that we have ever seen before. +here you see a sample of this actual attack code. +we are talking about -- around about 15,000 lines of code. +looks pretty much like old-style assembly language. +and i want to tell you how we were able to make sense out of this code. +so what we were looking for is, first of all, system function calls, because we know what they do. +and then we were looking for timers and data structures and trying to relate them to the real world -- to potential real world targets. +so we do need target theories that we can prove or disprove. +in order to get target theories, we remember that it's definitely hardcore sabotage, it must be a high-value target and it is most likely located in iran, because that's where most of the infections had been reported. +now you don't find several thousand targets in that area. +it basically boils down to the bushehr nuclear power plant and to the natanz fuel enrichment plant. +so i told my assistant, "get me a list of all centrifuge and power plant experts from our client base." +and i phoned them up and picked their brain in an effort to match their expertise with what we found in code and data. +and that worked pretty well. +so we were able to associate the small digital warhead with the rotor control. +the rotor is that moving part within the centrifuge, that black object that you see. +and if you manipulate the speed of this rotor, you are actually able to crack the rotor and eventually even have the centrifuge explode. +what we also saw is that the goal of the attack was really to do it slowly and creepy -- obviously in an effort to drive maintenance engineers crazy, that they would not be able to figure this out quickly. +the big digital warhead -- we had a shot at this by looking very closely at data and data structures. +so for example, the number 164 really stands out in that code; you can't overlook it. +i started to research scientific literature on how these centrifuges are actually built in natanz and found they are structured in what is called a cascade, and each cascade holds 164 centrifuges. +so that made sense, that was a match. +and it even got better. +these centrifuges in iran are subdivided into 15, what is called, stages. +and guess what we found in the attack code? +an almost identical structure. +so again, that was a real good match. +and this gave us very high confidence for what we were looking at. +now don't get me wrong here, it didn't go like this. +these results have been obtained over several weeks of really hard labor. +and we often went into just a dead end and had to recover. +anyway, so we figured out that both digital warheads were actually aiming at one and the same target, but from different angles. +the small warhead is taking one cascade, and spinning up the rotors and slowing them down, and the big warhead is talking to six cascades and manipulating valves. +so in all, we are very confident that we have actually determined what the target is. +it is natanz, and it is only natanz. +so we don't have to worry that other targets might be hit by stuxnet. +here's some very cool stuff that we saw -- really knocked my socks off. +down there is the gray box, and on the top you see the centrifuges. +now what this thing does is it intercepts the input values from sensors -- so for example, from pressure sensors and vibration sensors -- and it provides legitimate program code, which is still running during the attack, with fake input data. +and as a matter of fact, this fake input data is actually prerecorded by stuxnet. +so it's just like from the hollywood movies where during the heist, the observation camera is fed with prerecorded video. +that's cool, huh? +the idea here is obviously not only to fool the operators in the control room. +it actually is much more dangerous and aggressive. +the idea is to circumvent a digital safety system. +we need digital safety systems where a human operator could not act quick enough. +so for example, in a power plant, when your big steam turbine gets too over speed, you must open relief valves within a millisecond. +obviously, this cannot be done by a human operator. +so this is where we need digital safety systems. +and when they are compromised, then real bad things can happen. +your plant can blow up. +and neither your operators nor your safety system will notice it. +that's scary. +but it gets worse. +and this is very important, what i'm going to say. +think about this: this attack is generic. +it doesn't have anything to do, in specifics, with centrifuges, with uranium enrichment. +so it would work as well, for example, in a power plant or in an automobile factory. +it is generic. +and you don't have -- as an attacker -- you don't have to deliver this payload by a usb stick, as we saw it in the case of stuxnet. +you could also use conventional worm technology for spreading. +just spread it as wide as possible. +and if you do that, what you end up with is a cyber weapon of mass destruction. +that's the consequence that we have to face. +so unfortunately, the biggest number of targets for such attacks are not in the middle east. +they're in the united states and europe and in japan. +so all of the green areas, these are your target-rich environments. +we have to face the consequences, and we better start to prepare right now. +thanks. +i've got a question. +ralph, it's been quite widely reported that people assume that mossad is the main entity behind this. +is that your opinion? +okay, you really want to hear that? +yeah. okay. +my opinion is that the mossad is involved, but that the leading force is not israel. +so the leading force behind that is the cyber superpower. +there is only one, and that's the united states -- fortunately, fortunately. +because otherwise, our problems would even be bigger. +thank you for scaring the living daylights out of us. thank you, ralph. +i have spent the past few years putting myself into situations that are usually very difficult and at the same time somewhat dangerous. +i went to prison -- difficult. +i worked in a coal mine -- dangerous. +i filmed in war zones -- difficult and dangerous. +and i spent 30 days eating nothing but this -- fun in the beginning, little difficult in the middle, very dangerous in the end. +in fact, most of my career, i've been immersing myself into seemingly horrible situations for the whole goal of trying to examine societal issues in a way that make them engaging, that make them interesting, that hopefully break them down in a way that make them entertaining and accessible to an audience. +so when i knew i was coming here to do a ted talk that was going to look at the world of branding and sponsorship, i knew i would want to do something a little different. +so as some of you may or may not have heard, a couple weeks ago, i took out an ad on ebay. +i sent out some facebook messages, some twitter messages, and i gave people the opportunity to buy the naming rights to my 2011 ted talk. +that's right, some lucky individual, corporation, for-profit or non-profit, was going to get the once-in-a-lifetime opportunity -- because i'm sure chris anderson will never let it happen again -- to buy the naming rights to the talk you're watching right now, that at the time didn't have a title, didn't really have a lot of content and didn't really give much hint as to what the subject matter would actually be. +so what you were getting was this: your name here presents: my ted talk that you have no idea what the subject is and, depending on the content, could ultimately blow up in your face, especially if i make you or your company look stupid for doing it. +but that being said, it's a very good media opportunity. +you know how many people watch these ted talks? +it's a lot. +that's just a working title, by the way. +so even with that caveat, i knew that someone would buy the naming rights. +now if you'd have asked me that a year ago, i wouldn't have been able to tell you that with any certainty. +but in the new project that i'm working on, my new film, we examine the world of marketing, advertising. +and as i said earlier, i put myself in some pretty horrible situations over the years, but nothing could prepare me, nothing could ready me, for anything as difficult or as dangerous as going into the rooms with these guys. +you see, i had this idea for a movie. +what i want to do is make a film all about product placement, marketing and advertising, where the entire film is funded by product placement, marketing and advertising. +so the movie will be called "the greatest movie ever sold." +so what happens in "the greatest movie ever sold," is that everything from top to bottom, from start to finish, is branded from beginning to end -- from the above-the-title sponsor that you'll see in the movie, which is brand x. +now this brand, the qualcomm stadium, the staples center... +these people will be married to the film in perpetuity -- forever. +and so the film explores this whole idea -- it's what? in perpetuity, forever? +i'm a redundant person. +that was more for emphasis. +it was, "in perpetuity. forever." +but not only are we going to have the brand x title sponsor, but we're going to make sure we sell out every category we can in the film. +so maybe we sell a shoe and it becomes the greatest shoe you ever wore... +the greatest car you ever drove from "the greatest movie ever sold," the greatest drink you've ever had, courtesy of "the greatest movie ever sold." +so the idea is, beyond just showing that brands are a part of your life, but actually get them to finance the film? +and actually we show the whole process of how does it work. +the goal of this whole film is transparency. +you're going to see the whole thing take place in this movie. +so that's the whole concept, the whole film, start to finish. +and i would love for ceg to help make it happen. +you know it's funny, because when i first hear it, it is the ultimate respect for an audience. +i don't know how receptive people are going to be to it, though. +do you have a perspective -- i don't want to use "angle" because that has a negative connotation -- but do you know how this is going to play out? +how much money does it take to do this? +1.5 million. +i think that you're going to have a hard time meeting with them, but i think it's certainly worth pursuing a couple big, really obvious brands. +who knows, maybe by the time your film comes out, we look like a bunch of blithering idiots. +what do you think the response is going to be? +the responses mostly will be "no." +but is it a tough sell because of the film or a tough sell because of me? +jk: both. +... meaning not so optimistic. +so, sir, can you help me? i need help. +i can help you. +okay. +awesome. +we've gotta figure out which brands. +yeah. +when you look at the people you deal with.. +we've got some places we can go. +turn the camera off. +i thought "turn the camera off" meant, "let's have an off-the-record conversation." +turns out it really means, "we want nothing to do with your movie." +and just like that, one by one, all of these companies suddenly disappeared. +none of them wanted anything to do with this movie. +i was amazed. +they wanted absolutely nothing to do with this project. +and i was blown away, because i thought the whole concept, the idea of advertising, was to get your product out in front of as many people as possible, to get as many people to see it as possible. +especially in today's world, this intersection of new media and old media and the fractured media landscape, isn't the idea to get that new buzz-worthy delivery vehicle that's going to get that message to the masses? +no, that's what i thought. +but the problem was, you see, my idea had one fatal flaw, and that flaw was this. +actually no, that was not the flaw whatsoever. +that wouldn't have been a problem at all. +this would have been fine. +but what this image represents was the problem. +see, when you do a google image search for transparency, this is --- this is one of the first images that comes up. +so i like the way you roll, sergey brin. no. +this is was the problem: transparency -- free from pretense or deceit; easily detected or seen through; readily understood; characterized by visibility or accessibility of information, especially concerning business practices -- that last line being probably the biggest problem. +you see, we hear a lot about transparency these days. +our politicians say it, our president says it, even our ceo's say it. +but suddenly when it comes down to becoming a reality, something suddenly changes. +but why? well, transparency is scary -- like that odd, still-screaming bear. +it's unpredictable -- like this odd country road. +and it's also very risky. +what else is risky? +eating an entire bowl of cool whip. +that's very risky. +now when i started talking to companies and telling them that we wanted to tell this story, and they said, "no, we want you to tell a story. +we want you to tell a story, but we just want to tell our story. " +see, when i was a kid and my father would catch me in some sort of a lie -- and there he is giving me the look he often gave me -- he would say, "son, there's three sides to every story. +there's your story, there's my story and there's the real story. " +now you see, with this film, we wanted to tell the real story. +but with only one company, one agency willing to help me -- and that's only because i knew john bond and richard kirshenbaum for years -- i realized that i would have to go on my own, i'd have to cut out the middleman and go to the companies myself with all of my team. +so what you suddenly started to realize -- or what i started to realize -- is that when you started having conversations with these companies, the idea of understanding your brand is a universal problem. +i have friends who make great big, giant hollywood films, and i have friends who make little independent films like i make. +and the friends of mine who make big, giant hollywood movies say the reason their films are so successful is because of the brand partners that they have. +and then my friends who make small independent films say, "well, how are we supposed to compete with these big, giant hollywood movies?" +and the movie is called "the greatest movie ever sold." +so how specifically will we see ban in the film? +any time i'm ready to go, any time i open up my medicine cabinet, you will see ban deodorant. +while anytime i do an interview with someone, i can say, "are you fresh enough for this interview? +are you ready? you look a little nervous. +i want to help you calm down. +so maybe you should put some one before the interview. " +so we'll offer one of these fabulous scents. +whether it's a "floral fusion" or a "paradise winds," they'll have their chance. +we will have them geared for both male or female -- solid, roll-on or stick, whatever it may be. +that's the two-cent tour. +so now i can answer any of your questions and give you the five-cent tour. +we are a smaller brand. +much like you talked about being a smaller movie, we're very much a challenger brand. +so we don't have the budgets that other brands have. +so doing things like this -- you know, remind people about ban -- is kind of why were interested in it. +what are the words that you would use to describe ban? +ban is blank. +that's a great question. +superior technology. +technology's not the way you want to describe something somebody's putting in their armpit. +we talk about bold, fresh. +i think "fresh" is a great word that really spins this category into the positive, versus "fights odor and wetness." +it keeps you fresh. +how do we keep you fresher longer -- better freshness, more freshness, three times fresher. +things like that that are more of that positive benefit. +and that's a multi-million dollar corporation. +what about me? what about a regular guy? +i need to go talk to the man on the street, the people who are like me, the regular joes. +they need to tell me about my brand. +how would you guys describe your brand? +um, my brand? +i don't know. +i like really nice clothes. +80's revival meets skater-punk, unless it's laundry day. +all right, what is brand gerry? +unique. +i guess what kind of genre, style i am would be like dark glamor. +i like a lot of black colors, a lot of grays and stuff like that. +but usually i have an accessory, like sunglasses, or i like crystal and things like that too. +if dan were a brand, he might be a classic convertible mercedes benz. +the brand that i am is, i would call it casual fly. +part hippie, part yogi, part brooklyn girl -- i don't know. +i'm the pet guy. +i sell pet toys all over the country, all over the world. +so i guess that's my brand. +in my warped little industry, that's my brand. +my brand is fedex because i deliver the goods. +failed writer-alcoholic brand. +is that something? +i'm a lawyer brand. +i'm tom. +well we can't all be brand tom, but i do often find myself at the intersection of dark glamor and casual fly. +and what i realized is i needed an expert. +i needed somebody who could get inside my head, somebody who could really help me understand what they call your "brand personality." +and so i found a company called olson zaltman in pittsburg. +they've helped companies like nestle, febreze, hallmark discover that brand personality. +if they could do it for them, surely they could do it for me. +you brought your pictures, right? +i did. the very first picture is a picture of my family. +so tell me a little bit how it relates to your thoughts and feelings about who you are. +these are the people who shape the way i look at the world. +tell me about this world. +this world? i think your world is the world that you live in -- like people who are around you, your friends, your family, the way you live your life, the job you do. +all those things stemmed and started from one place, and for me they stemmed and started with my family in west virginia. +what's the next one you want to talk about? +the next one: this was the best day ever. +how does this relate to your thoughts and feelings about who you are? +it's like, who do i want to be? +i like things that are different. +i like things that are weird. i like weird things. +tell me about the "why" phase -- what does that do for us? +what is the machete? what pupa stage are you in now? +why is it important to reboot? what does the red represent? +tell me a little bit about that part. +... a little more about you that is not who you are. +what are some other metamorphoses that you've had? +... doesn't have to be fear. what kind of roller coaster are you on? +eeeeee! no, thank you. +thanks for you patience. +yeah. all right. +yeah, i don't know what's going to come of this. +there was a whole lot of crazy going on in there. +the first thing we saw was this idea that you had two distinct, but complementary sides to your brand personality -- the morgan spurlock brand is a mindful / play brand. +those are juxtaposed very nicely together. +and i think there's almost a paradox with those. +and i think some companies will just focus on one of their strengths or the other instead of focusing on both. +most companies tend to -- and it's human nature -- to avoid things that they're not sure of, avoid fear, those elements, and you really embrace those, and you actually turn them into positives for you, and it's a neat thing to see. +what other brands are like that? +the first on here is the classic, apple. +and you can see here too, target, wii, mini from the mini coopers, and jetblue. +now there's playful brands and mindful brands, those things that have come and gone, but a playful, mindful brand is a pretty powerful thing. +a playful, mindful brand. what is your brand? +if somebody asked you to describe your brand identity, your brand personality, what would you be? +are you an up attribute? are you something that gets the blood flowing? +or are you more of a down attribute? +are you something that's a little more calm, reserved, conservative? +up attributes are things like being playful, being fresh like the fresh prince, contemporary, adventurous, edgy or daring like errol flynn, nimble or agile, profane, domineering, magical or mystical like gandalf. +or are you more of a down attribute? +are you mindful, sophisticated like 007? +are you established, traditional, nurturing, protective, empathetic like the oprah? +are you reliable, stable, familiar, safe, secure, sacred, contemplative or wise like the dalai lama or yoda? +over the course of this film, we had 500-plus companies who were up and down companies saying, "no," they didn't want any part of this project. +they wanted nothing to do with this film, mainly because they would have no control, they would have no control over the final product. +but we did get 17 brand partners who were willing to relinquish that control, who wanted to be in business with someone as mindful and as playful as myself and who ultimately empowered us to tell stories that normally we wouldn't be able to tell -- stories that an advertiser would normally never get behind. +they enabled us to tell the story about neuromarketing, as we got into telling the story in this film about how now they're using mri's to target the desire centers of your brain for both commercials as well as movie marketing. +we went to san paulo where they have banned outdoor advertising. +in the entire city for the past five years, there's no billboards, there's no posters, there's no fliers, nothing. +and we went to school districts where now companies are making their way into cash-strapped schools all across america. +what's incredible for me is the projects that i've gotten the most feedback out of, or i've had the most success in, are ones where i've interacted with things directly. +and that's what these brands did. +they cut out the middleman, they cut out their agencies and said, "maybe these agencies don't have my best interest in mind. +i'm going to deal directly with the artist. +i'm going to work with him to create something different, something that's going to get people thinking, that's going to challenge the way we look at the world. " +and how has that been for them? has it been successful? +well, since the film premiered at the sundance film festival, let's take a look. +according to burrelles, the movie premiered in january, and since then -- and this isn't even the whole thing -- we've had 900 million media impressions for this film. +that's literally covering just like a two and a half-week period. +that's only online -- no print, no tv. +the film hasn't even been distributed yet. +it's not even online. it's not even streaming. +it's not even been out into other foreign countries yet. +so ultimately, this film has already started to gain a lot of momentum. +and not bad for a project that almost every ad agency we talked to advised their clients not to take part. +what i always believe is that if you take chances, if you take risks, that in those risks will come opportunity. +i believe that when you push people away from that, you're pushing them more towards failure. +i believe that when you train your employees to be risk averse, then you're preparing your whole company to be reward challenged. +i feel like that what has to happen moving forward is we need to encourage people to take risks. +we need to encourage people to not be afraid of opportunities that may scare them. +ultimately, moving forward, i think we have to embrace fear. +we've got to put that bear in a cage. +embrace fear. embrace risk. +one big spoonful at a time, we have to embrace risk. +and ultimately, we have to embrace transparency. +today, more than ever, a little honesty is going to go a long way. +and that being said, through honesty and transparency, my entire talk, "embrace transparency," has been brought to you by my good friends at emc, who for $7,100 bought the naming rights on ebay. +turning big data into big opportunity for organizations all over the world. +emc presents: "embrace transparency." +thank you very much, guys. +so, morgan, in the name of transparency, what exactly happened to that $7,100? +that is a fantastic question. +i have in my pocket a check made out to the parent organization to the ted organization, the sapling foundation -- a check for $7,100 to be applied toward my attendance for next year's ted. +my name is amit. +and 18 months ago, i had another job at google, and i pitched this idea of doing something with museums and art to my boss who's actually here, and she allowed me to do it. +and it took 18 months. +a lot of fun, negotiations and stories, i can tell you, with 17 very interesting museums from nine countries. +but i'm going to focus on the demo. +there are a lot of stories about why we did this. +i think my personal story is explained very simply on the slide, and it's access. +and i grew up in india. +i had a great education -- i'm not complaining -- but i didn't have access to a lot of these museums and these artworks. +and so when i started traveling and going to these museums, i started learning a lot. +and while working at google, i tried to put this desire to make it more accessible with technology together. +so we formed a team, a great team of people, and we started doing this. +i'm going to probably get into the demo and then tell you a couple of the interesting things we've had since launch. +so, simple: you come to googleartproject.com. +you look around at all these museums here. +you've got the uffizi, you've got the moma, the hermitage, the rijks, the van gogh. +i'm going to actually get to one of my favorites, the metropolitan museum of art in new york. +two ways of going in -- very simple. +click and, bang, you're in this museum. +it doesn't matter where you are -- bombay, mexico, it doesn't really matter. +you move around, you have fun. +you want to navigate around the museum? +open the plan up, and, in one click, jump. +you're in there, you want to go to the end of the corridor. +keep going. have fun. +explore. +thanks. i haven't come to the best part. +so now i'm in front of one of my favorite paintings, "the harvesters" by pieter bruegel at the met. +i see this plus sign. +if the museum has given us the image, you click on it. +now this is one of the images. +so this is all of the meta-data information. +for those of you who are truly interested in art, you can click this -- but i'm going to click this off right now. +and this is one of these images that we captured in what we call gigapixel technology. +so this image, for example, has close to, i think, around 10 billion pixels. +and i get a lot of people asking me: "what do you get for 10 billion pixels?" +so i'm going to try and show you what you really get for 10 billion pixels. +you can zoom around very simply. +you see some fun stuff happening here. +i love this guy; his expression is priceless. +but then you really want to go deep. +and so i started playing around, and i found something going on over here. +and i was like, "hold on. that sounds interesting." +went in, and i started noticing that these kids were actually beating something. +i did a little research, spoke to a couple of my contacts at the met, and actually found out that this is a game called squall, which involves beating a goose with a stick on shrove tuesday. +and apparently it was quite popular. +i don't know why they did it, but i learned something about it. +now just to get really deep in, you can really get to the cracks. +now just to give you some perspective, i'm going to zoom out so you really see what you get. +here is where we were, and this is the painting. +the best is yet to come -- so in a second. +so now let's just quickly jump into the moma, again in new york. +so another one of my favorites, "the starry night." +now the example i showed you was all about finding details. +but what if you want to see brush strokes? +and what if you want to see how van gogh actually created this masterpiece? +you zoom in. you really go in. +i'm going to go to one of my favorite parts in this painting, and i'm really going to get to the cracks. +this is "the starry night," i think, never seen like this before. +i'm going to show you my other favorite feature. +there's a lot of other stuff here, but i don't have time. +this is the real cool part. it's called collections. +any one of you, anybody -- doesn't matter if you're rich, if you're poor, if you have a fancy house -- doesn't matter. +you can go and create your own museum online -- create your own collection across all these images. +very simply, you go in -- and i've created this, called the power of zoom -- you can just zoom around. +this is "the ambassadors," based in the national gallery. +you can annotate the stuff, send it to your friends and really get a conversation going about what you're feeling when you go through these masterpieces. +so i think, in conclusion, for me, the main thing is that all the amazing stuff here does not really come from google. +it doesn't, in my opinion, even come from the museums. +i probably shouldn't say that. +it really comes from these artists. +and that's been my humbling experience in this. +i mean, i hope in this digital medium that we do justice to their artwork and represent it properly online. +and the biggest question i get asked nowadays is, "did you do this to replicate the experience of going to a museum?" +and the answer is no. +it's to supplement the experience. +and that's it. thank you. +thank you. +this is a representation of your brain, and your brain can be broken into two parts. +there's the left half, which is the logical side, and then the right half, which is the intuitive. +and so if we had a scale to measure the aptitude of each hemisphere, then we can plot our brain. +and for example, this would be somebody who's completely logical. +this would be someone who's entirely intuitive. +so where would you put your brain on this scale? +some of us may have opted for one of these extremes, but i think for most people in the audience, your brain is something like this -- with a high aptitude in both hemispheres at the same time. +it's not like they're mutually exclusive or anything. +you can be logical and intuitive. +and so i consider myself one of these people, along with most of the other experimental quantum physicists, who need a good deal of logic to string together these complex ideas. +but at the same time, we need a good deal of intuition to actually make the experiments work. +how do we develop this intuition? well we like to play with stuff. +so we go out and play with it, and then we see how it acts, and then we develop our intuition from there. +and really you do the same thing. +so some intuition that you may have developed over the years is that one thing is only in one place at a time. +i mean, it can sound weird to think about one thing being in two different places at the same time, but you weren't born with this notion, you developed it. +and i remember watching a kid playing on a car stop. +he was just a toddler and he wasn't very good at it, and he kept falling over. +but i bet playing with this car stop taught him a really valuable lesson, and that's that large things don't let you get right past them, and that they stay in one place. +and so this is a great conceptual model to have of the world, unless you're a particle physicist. +it'd be a terrible model for a particle physicist, because they don't play with car stops, they play with these little weird particles. +and when they play with their particles, they find they do all sorts of really weird things -- like they can fly right through walls, or they can be in two different places at the same time. +and so they wrote down all these observations, and they called it the theory of quantum mechanics. +and so that's where physics was at a few years ago; you needed quantum mechanics to describe little, tiny particles. +but you didn't need it to describe the large, everyday objects around us. +this didn't really sit well with my intuition, and maybe it's just because i don't play with particles very often. +well, i play with them sometimes, but not very often. +and i've never seen them. +i mean, nobody's ever seen a particle. +but it didn't sit well with my logical side either. +because if everything is made up of little particles and all the little particles follow quantum mechanics, then shouldn't everything just follow quantum mechanics? +i don't see any reason why it shouldn't. +and so i'd feel a lot better about the whole thing if we could somehow show that an everyday object also follows quantum mechanics. +so a few years ago, i set off to do just that. +so i made one. +this is the first object that you can see that has been in a mechanical quantum superposition. +so what we're looking at here is a tiny computer chip. +and you can sort of see this green dot right in the middle. +and that's this piece of metal i'm going to be talking about in a minute. +this is a photograph of the object. +and here i'll zoom in a little bit. we're looking right there in the center. +and then here's a really, really big close-up of the little piece of metal. +so what we're looking at is a little chunk of metal, and it's shaped like a diving board, and it's sticking out over a ledge. +and so i made this thing in nearly the same way as you make a computer chip. +i went into a clean room with a fresh silicon wafer, and then i just cranked away at all the big machines for about 100 hours. +for the last stuff, i had to build my own machine -- to make this swimming pool-shaped hole underneath the device. +this device has the ability to be in a quantum superposition, but it needs a little help to do it. +here, let me give you an analogy. +you know how uncomfortable it is to be in a crowded elevator? +i mean, when i'm in an elevator all alone, i do all sorts of weird things, but then other people get on board and i stop doing those things because i don't want to bother them, or, frankly, scare them. +so quantum mechanics says that inanimate objects feel the same way. +the fellow passengers for inanimate objects are not just people, but it's also the light shining on it and the wind blowing past it and the heat of the room. +and so we knew, if we wanted to see this piece of metal behave quantum mechanically, we're going to have to kick out all the other passengers. +and so that's what we did. +we turned off the lights, and then we put it in a vacuum and sucked out all the air, and then we cooled it down now, all alone in the elevator, the little chunk of metal is free to act however it wanted. +and so we measured its motion. +we found it was moving in really weird ways. +instead of just sitting perfectly still, it was vibrating, and the way it was vibrating was breathing something like this -- like expanding and contracting bellows. +and by giving it a gentle nudge, we were able to make it both vibrate and not vibrate at the same time -- something that's only allowed with quantum mechanics. +so what i'm telling you here is something truly fantastic. +what does it mean for one thing to be both vibrating and not vibrating at the same time? +so let's think about the atoms. +so in one case: all the trillions of atoms that make up that chunk of metal are sitting still and at the same time those same atoms are moving up and down. +now it's only at precise times when they align. +the rest of the time they're delocalized. +that means that every atom is in two different places at the same time, which in turn means the entire chunk of metal is in two different places. +i think this is really cool. +really. +it was worth locking myself in a clean room to do this for all those years because, check this out, the difference in scale between a single atom and that chunk of metal is about the same as the difference between that chunk of metal and you. +so if a single atom can be in two different places at the same time, that chunk of metal can be in two different places, then why not you? +i mean, this is just my logical side talking. +so imagine if you're in multiple places at the same time, what would that be like? +how would your consciousness handle your body being delocalized in space? +there's one more part to the story. +it's when we warmed it up, and we turned on the lights and looked inside the box, we saw that the piece metal was still there in one piece. +and so i had to develop this new intuition, that it seems like all the objects in the elevator are really just quantum objects just crammed into a tiny space. +you hear a lot of talk about how quantum mechanics says that everything is all interconnected. +well, that's not quite right. +it's more than that; it's deeper. +it's that those connections, your connections to all the things around you, literally define who you are, and that's the profound weirdness of quantum mechanics. +thank you. +in 2007, i decided that we needed to reconceptualize how we thought about economic development. +our new goal should be that when every family thinks about where they want to live and work, they should be able to choose between at least a handful of different cities that were all competing to attract new residents. +now we're a long way away from that goal right now. +there are billions of people in developing countries who don't have even a single city that would be willing to welcome them. +but the amazing thing about cities is they're worth so much more than it costs to build them. +so we could easily supply the world with dozens, maybe hundreds, of new cities. +now this might sound preposterous to you if you've never thought about new cities. +but just substitute apartment building for cities. +imagine half the people who wanted to be in apartments already had them; the other half aren't there yet. +you could try and expand the capacity by doing additions on all the existing apartments. +but you know what you'd run into is those apartments and the surrounding areas have rules to avoid discomfort and the distractions of construction. +so it's extremely hard to do all of those additions. +but you could go out someplace brand new, build a brand new apartment building, as long as the rules there were ones that facilitated construction rather than getting in the way. +so i proposed that governments create new reform zones big enough to hold cities and gave them a name: charter cities. +later i learned that at about this same time, javier and octavio were thinking about the challenge of reform in honduras. +they knew that about 75,000 hondurans every year would leave to go to the united states, and they wanted to ask, what could they do to make sure that those people could stay and do the same things in honduras. +at one point, javier said to octavio, "what if we took some of our empty land -- what if we just gave it to an embassy -- give some to the u.s. embassy; give some to the canadian embassy -- and then if people want to go work under the rules of canada or under the rules of the united states, they can go get jobs, do everything they do on those embassy grounds that they would otherwise have to go to canada or the u.s. to do?" +in the summer of 2009, honduras went through a wrenching constitutional crisis. +at the next regularly scheduled election, pepe lobo won in a landslide on a platform that promised reform, but reconciliation as well. +he asked octavio to be his chief of staff. +meanwhile, i was getting ready to give a talk at tedglobal. +through a process of refinement, trial and error, a lot of user testing, i tried to boil this complicated concept of charter city down to the bare essentials. +the first point was the importance of rules, like those rules that say you can't come in and disturb all the existing apartment holders. +we pay a lot of attention to new technologies, but it takes technologies and rules to get progress, and it's usually the rules that hold us back. +in the fall of 2010, a friend from guatemala sent octavio a link to the tedtalk. +he showed it to javier. +they called me. +they said, "let's present this to the leaders of our country." +so in december we met in miami, in a hotel conference room. +i tried to explain this point about how valuable cities are, how much more valuable they are than they cost. +and i used this slide showing how valuable the raw land is in a place like new york city: notice, land that's worth thousands of dollars, in some cases, per square meter. +but it was a fairly abstract discussion, and at some point when there was a pause, octavio said, "paul, maybe we could watch the tedtalk." +so the tedtalk laid out in very simple terms, a charter city is a place where you start with uninhabited land, a charter that specifies the rules that will apply there and then a chance for people to opt in, to go live under those rules or not. +so i was asked by the president of honduras who said that we need to do this project, this is important, this could be the way forward for our country. +i was asked to come to tegucigalpa and talk again on january fourth and fifth. +so i presented another fact-filled lecture that included a slide like this, which tried to make the point that, if you want to create a lot of value in a city, it has to be very big. +this is a picture of denver, and the outline is the new airport that was built in denver. +this airport alone covers more than 100 square kilometers. +so i was trying to persuade the hondurans, if you build a new city, you've got to start with a site that's at least 1,000 square kilometers. +that's more than 250 hundred-thousand acres. +everybody applauded politely. +the faces in the audience were very serious and attentive. +the leader of the congress came up on stage and said, "professor romer, thank you very much for your lecture, but maybe we could watch the tedtalk. +i've got it here on my laptop. " +so i sat down, and they played the tedtalk. +and it got to the essence, which is that a new city could offer new choices for people. +there would be a choice of a city which you could go to which could be in honduras, instead of hundreds of miles away in the north. +and it also involved new choices for leaders. +because the leaders in the government there in honduras would need help from partner countries, who could benefit from partner countries who help them set up the rules in this charter and the enforcement, so everybody can trust that the charter really will be enforced. +and the insight of president lobo was that that assurance of enforcement that i was thinking about as a way to get the foreign investors to come in and build the city could be equally important for all the different parties in honduras who had suffered for so many years from fear and distrust. +we went and looked at a site. +this picture's from there. +it easily could hold a thousand square kilometers. +and shortly thereafter, on january 19th, they voted in the congress to amend their constitution to have a constitutional provision that allows for special development regions. +in a country which had just gone through this wrenching crisis, the vote in the congress in favor of this constitutional amendment was 124 to one. +all parties, all factions in society, backed this. +to be part of the constitution, you actually have to pass it twice in the congress. +on february 17th they passed it again with another vote of 114 to one. +immediately after that vote, on february 21st to the 24th, a delegation of about 30 hondurans went to the two places in the world that are most interested in getting into the city building business. +one is south korea. +this is a picture of a big, new city center that's being built in south korea -- bigger than downtown boston. +everything you see there was built in four years, after they spent four years getting the permits. +the other place that's very interested in city building is singapore. +they've actually built two cities already in china and are preparing the third. +so if you think about this practically, here's where we are. +they've got a site; they're already thinking about this site for the second city. +they're putting in place a legal system that could allow for managers to come in, and also an external legal system. +one country has already volunteered to let its supreme court be the court of final appeal for the new judicial system there. +there's designers and builders of cities who are very interested. +they even can bring with them some financing. +but the one thing you know they've already solved is that there's lots of tenants. +there's lots of businesses that would like to locate in the americas, especially in a place with a free trade zone, and there's lots of people who'd like to go there. +around the world, there's 700 million people who say they'd like to move permanently someplace else right now. +there's a million a year who leave latin america to go to the united states. +many of these are a father who has to leave his family behind to go get a job -- sometimes a single mother who has to get enough money to even pay for food or clothing. +sadly, sometimes there are even children who are trying to get reunited with their parents that they haven't seen, in some cases, for a decade. +so what kind of an idea is it to think about building a brand new city in honduras? +or to build a dozen of these, or a hundred of these, around the world? +what kind of an idea is it to think about insisting that every family have a choice of several cities that are competing to attract new residents? +this is an idea worth spreading. +and my friends from honduras asked me to say thank you, ted. +do you know how many choices you make in a typical day? +do you know how many choices you make in typical week? +i recently did a survey with over 2,000 americans, and the average number of choices that the typical american reports making is about 70 in a typical day. +there was also recently a study done with ceos in which they followed ceos around for a whole week. +and these scientists simply documented all the various tasks that these ceos engaged in and how much time they spent engaging in making decisions related to these tasks. +and they found that the average ceo engaged in about 139 tasks in a week. +each task was made up of many, many, many sub-choices of course. +50 percent of their decisions were made in nine minutes or less. +only about 12 percent of the decisions did they make an hour or more of their time. +think about your own choices. +do you know how many choices make it into your nine minute category versus your one hour category? +how well do you think you're doing at managing those choices? +today i want to talk about one of the biggest modern day choosing problems that we have, which is the choice overload problem. +i want to talk about the problem and some potential solutions. +now as i talk about this problem, i'm going to have some questions for you and i'm going to want to know your answers. +so when i ask you a question, since i'm blind, only raise your hand if you want to burn off some calories. +otherwise, when i ask you a question, and if your answer is yes, so for my first question for you today: are you guys ready to hear about the choice overload problem? +thank you. +so when i was a graduate student at stanford university, i used to go to this very, very upscale grocery store; at least at that time it was truly upscale. +it was a store called draeger's. +now this store, it was almost like going to an amusement park. +they had 250 different kinds of mustards and vinegars and over 500 different kinds of fruits and vegetables and more than two dozen different kinds of bottled water -- and this was during a time when we actually used to drink tap water. +i used to love going to this store, but on one occasion i asked myself, well how come you never buy anything? +here's their olive oil aisle. +they had over 75 different kinds of olive oil, including those that were in a locked case that came from thousand-year-old olive trees. +so i one day decided to pay a visit to the manager, and i asked the manager, "is this model of offering people all this choice really working?" +and he pointed to the busloads of tourists that would show up everyday, with cameras ready usually. +we decided to do a little experiment, and we picked jam for our experiment. +here's their jam aisle. +they had 348 different kinds of jam. +we set up a little tasting booth right near the entrance of the store. +we there put out six different flavors of jam or 24 different flavors of jam, and we looked at two things: first, in which case were people more likely to stop, sample some jam? +more people stopped when there were 24, about 60 percent, than when there were six, about 40 percent. +the next thing we looked at is in which case were people more likely to buy a jar of jam. +now we see the opposite effect. +of the people who stopped when there were 24, only three percent of them actually bought a jar of jam. +of the people who stopped when there were six, well now we saw that 30 percent of them actually bought a jar of jam. +now if you do the math, people were at least six times more likely to buy a jar of jam if they encountered six than if they encountered 24. +now choosing not to buy a jar of jam is probably good for us -- at least it's good for our waistlines -- but it turns out that this choice overload problem affects us even in very consequential decisions. +we choose not to choose, even when it goes against our best self-interests. +so now for the topic of today: financial savings. +now i'm going to describe to you a study i did with gur huberman, emir kamenica, wei jang where we looked at the retirement savings decisions of nearly a million americans from about 650 plans all in the u.s. +and what we looked at was whether the number of fund offerings available in a retirement savings plan, the 401 plan, does that affect people's likelihood to save more for tomorrow. +and what we found was that indeed there was a correlation. +so in these plans, we had about 657 plans that ranged from offering people anywhere from two to 59 different fund offerings. +and what we found was that, the more funds offered, indeed, there was less participation rate. +so if you look at the extremes, those plans that offered you two funds, participation rates were around in the mid-70s -- still not as high as we want it to be. +in those plans that offered nearly 60 funds, participation rates have now dropped to about the 60th percentile. +now it turns out that even if you do choose to participate when there are more choices present, even then, it has negative consequences. +so for those people who did choose to participate, the more choices available, the more likely people were to completely avoid stocks or equity funds. +the more choices available, the more likely they were to put all their money in pure money market accounts. +now neither of these extreme decisions are the kinds of decisions that any of us would recommend for people when you're considering their future financial well-being. +well, over the past decade, we have observed three main negative consequences to offering people more and more choices. +they're more likely to delay choosing -- procrastinate even when it goes against their best self-interest. +they're more likely to make worse choices -- worse financial choices, medical choices. +they're more likely to choose things that make them less satisfied, even when they do objectively better. +the main reason for this is because, we might enjoy gazing at those giant walls of mayonnaises, mustards, vinegars, jams, but we can't actually do the math of comparing and contrasting and actually picking from that stunning display. +so what i want to propose to you today are four simple techniques -- techniques that we have tested in one way or another in different research venues -- that you can easily apply in your businesses. +the first: cut. +you've heard it said before, but it's never been more true than today, that less is more. +people are always upset when i say, "cut." +they're always worried they're going to lose shelf space. +but in fact, what we're seeing more and more is that if you are willing to cut, get rid of those extraneous redundant options, well there's an increase in sales, there's a lowering of costs, there is an improvement of the choosing experience. +when proctor & amp; gamble went from 26 different kinds of head & amp; shoulders to 15, they saw an increase in sales by 10 percent. +when the golden cat corporation got rid of their 10 worst-selling cat litter products, they saw an increase in profits by 87 percent -- a function of both increase in sales and lowering of costs. +you know, the average grocery store today offers you 45,000 products. +the typical walmart today offers you 100,000 products. +but the ninth largest retailer, the ninth biggest retailer in the world today is aldi, and it offers you only 1,400 products -- one kind of canned tomato sauce. +now in the financial savings world, i think one of the best examples that has recently come out on how to best manage the choice offerings has actually been something that david laibson was heavily involved in designing, which was the program that they have at harvard. +every single harvard employee is now automatically enrolled in a lifecycle fund. +for those people who actually want to choose, they're given 20 funds, not 300 or more funds. +you know, often, people say, "i don't know how to cut. +they're all important choices. " +and the first thing i do is i ask the employees, "tell me how these choices are different from one another. +and if your employees can't tell them apart, neither can your consumers. " +now before we started our session this afternoon, i had a chat with gary. +and gary said that he would be willing to offer people in this audience an all-expenses-paid free vacation to the most beautiful road in the world. +here's a description of the road. +and i'd like you to read it. +and now i'll give you a few seconds to read it and then i want you to clap your hands if you're ready to take gary up on his offer. +okay. anybody who's ready to take him up on his offer. +is that all? +all right, let me show you some more about this. +you guys knew there was a trick, didn't you. +now who's ready to go on this trip. +i think i might have actually heard more hands. +all right. +now in fact, you had objectively more information the first time around than the second time around, but i would venture to guess that you felt that it was more real the second time around. +because the pictures made it feel more real to you. +which brings me to the second technique for handling the choice overload problem, which is concretization. +that in order for people to understand the differences between the choices, they have to be able to understand the consequences associated with each choice, and that the consequences need to be felt in a vivid sort of way, in a very concrete way. +why do people spend an average of 15 to 30 percent more when they use an atm card or a credit card as opposed to cash? +because it doesn't feel like real money. +and it turns out that making it feel more concrete can actually be a very positive tool to use in getting people to save more. +so a study that i did with shlomo benartzi and alessandro previtero, we did a study with people at ing -- employees that are all working at ing -- and now these people were all in a session where they're doing enrollment for their 401 plan. +and during that session, we kept the session exactly the way it used to be, but we added one little thing. +the one little thing we added was we asked people to just think about all the positive things that would happen in your life if you saved more. +by doing that simple thing, there was an increase in enrollment by 20 percent and there was an increase in the amount of people willing to save or the amount that they were willing to put down into their savings account by four percent. +the third technique: categorization. +we can handle more categories than we can handle choices. +so for example, here's a study we did in a magazine aisle. +it turns out that in wegmans grocery stores up and down the northeast corridor, the magazine aisles range anywhere from 331 different kinds of magazines all the way up to 664. +but you know what? +if i show you 600 magazines and i divide them up into 10 categories, versus i show you 400 magazines and divide them up into 20 categories, you believe that i have given you more choice and a better choosing experience if i gave you the 400 than if i gave you the 600. +because the categories tell me how to tell them apart. +here are two different jewelry displays. +one is called "jazz" and the other one is called "swing." +if you think the display on the left is swing and the display on the right is jazz, clap your hands. +okay, there's some. +if you think the one on the left is jazz and the one on the right is swing, clap your hands. +okay, a bit more. +now it turns out you're right. +the one on the left is jazz and the one on the right is swing, but you know what? +this is a highly useless categorization scheme. +the categories need to say something to the chooser, not the choice-maker. +and you often see that problem when it comes down to those long lists of all these funds. +who are they actually supposed to be informing? +my fourth technique: condition for complexity. +it turns out we can actually handle a lot more information than we think we can, we've just got to take it a little easier. +we have to gradually increase the complexity. +i'm going to show you one example of what i'm talking about. +let's take a very, very complicated decision: buying a car. +here's a german car manufacturer that gives you the opportunity to completely custom make your car. +you've got to make 60 different decisions, completely make up your car. +now these decisions vary in the number of choices that they offer per decision. +car colors, exterior car colors -- i've got 56 choices. +engines, gearshift -- four choices. +so now what i'm going to do is i'm going to vary the order in which these decisions appear. +so half of the customers are going to go from high choice, 56 car colors, to low choice, four gearshifts. +the other half of the customers are going to go from low choice, four gearshifts, to 56 car colors, high choice. +what am i going to look at? +how engaged you are. +if you keep hitting the default button per decision, that means you're getting overwhelmed, that means i'm losing you. +what you find is the people who go from high choice to low choice, they're hitting that default button over and over and over again. +we're losing them. +they go from low choice to high choice, they're hanging in there. +it's the same information. it's the same number of choices. +the only thing that i have done is i have varied the order in which that information is presented. +if i start you off easy, i learn how to choose. +even though choosing gearshift doesn't tell me anything about my preferences for interior decor, it still prepares me for how to choose. +it also gets me excited about this big product that i'm putting together, so i'm more willing to be motivated to be engaged. +so let me recap. +i have talked about four techniques for mitigating the problem of choice overload -- cut -- get rid of the extraneous alternatives; concretize -- make it real; categorize -- we can handle more categories, less choices; condition for complexity. +all of these techniques that i'm describing to you today are designed to help you manage your choices -- better for you, you can use them on yourself, better for the people that you are serving. +because i believe that the key to getting the most from choice is to be choosy about choosing. +and the more we're able to be choosy about choosing the better we will be able to practice the art of choosing. +thank you very much. +hi. i'm kevin allocca, i'm the trends manager at youtube, and i professionally watch youtube videos. +it's true. +so we're going to talk a little bit today about how videos go viral and then why that even matters. +we all want to be stars -- celebrities, singers, comedians -- and when i was younger, that seemed so very, very hard to do. +but now web video has made it so that any of us or any of the creative things that we do can become completely famous in a part of our world's culture. +any one of you could be famous on the internet by next saturday. +but there are over 48 hours of video uploaded to youtube every minute. +and of that, only a tiny percentage ever goes viral and gets tons of views and becomes a cultural moment. +so how does it happen? +three things: tastemakers, communities of participation and unexpectedness. +all right, let's go. +oh, my god. oh, my god. +oh, my god! +wooo! +ohhhhh, wowwww! +last year, bear vasquez posted this video that he had shot outside his home in yosemite national park. +in 2010, it was viewed 23 million times. +this is a chart of what it looked like when it first became popular last summer. +but he didn't actually set out to make a viral video, bear. +he just wanted to share a rainbow. +because that's what you do when your name is yosemite mountain bear. +and he had posted lots of nature videos in fact. +and this video had actually been posted all the way back in january. +so what happened here? +jimmy kimmel actually. +jimmy kimmel posted this tweet that would eventually propel the video to be as popular as it would become. +because tastemakers like jimmy kimmel introduce us to new and interesting things and bring them to a larger audience. +it's friday, friday. gotta get down on friday. everybody's looking forward to the weekend, weekend. friday, friday. gettin 'down on friday. so you didn't think that we could actually have this conversation without talking about this video i hope. +rebecca black's "friday" is one of the most popular videos of the year. +it's been seen nearly 200 million times this year. +this is a chart of what it looked like. +and similar to "double rainbow," it seems to have just sprouted up out of nowhere. +so what happened on this day? +well it was a friday, this is true. +and if you're wondering about those other spikes, those are also fridays. +but what about this day, this one particular friday? +well tosh.0 picked it up, a lot of blogs starting writing about. +michael j. nelson from mystery science theater was one of the first people to post a joke about the video on twitter. +but what's important is that an individual or a group of tastemakers took a point of view and they shared that with a larger audience, accelerating the process. +and so then this community formed of people who shared this big inside joke and they started talking about it and doing things with it. +and now there are 10,000 parodies of "friday" on youtube. +even in the first seven days, there was one parody for every other day of the week. +unlike the one-way entertainment of the 20th century, this community participation is how we become a part of the phenomenon -- either by spreading it or by doing something new with it. +so "nyan cat" is a looped animation with looped music. +it's this, just like this. +it's been viewed nearly 50 million times this year. +and if you think that that is weird, you should know that there is a three-hour version of this that's been viewed four million times. +even cats were watching this video. +cats were watching other cats watch this video. +but what's important here is the creativity that it inspired amongst this techie, geeky internet culture. +there were remixes. +someone made an old timey version. +and then it went international. +an entire remix community sprouted up that brought it from being just a stupid joke to something that we can all actually be a part of. +because we don't just enjoy now, we participate. +and who could have predicted any of this? +who could have predicted "double rainbow" or rebecca black or "nyan cat?" +what scripts could you have written that would have contained this in it? +in a world where over two days of video get uploaded every minute, only that which is truly unique and unexpected can stand out in the way that these things have. +when a friend of mine told me that i needed to see this great video about a guy protesting bicycle fines in new york city, i admit i wasn't very interested. +so i got a ticket for not riding in the bike lane, but often there are obstructions that keep you from properly riding in the bike lane. +by being totally surprising and humorous, casey niestat got his funny idea and point seen five million times. +and so this approach holds for anything new that we do creatively. +and so it all brings us to one big question... +what does this mean? +ohhhh. +what does it mean? +tastemakers, creative participating communities, complete unexpectedness, these are characteristics of a new kind of media and a new kind of culture where anyone has access and the audience defines the popularity. +i mean, as mentioned earlier, one of the biggest stars in the world right now, justin bieber, got his start on youtube. +no one has to green-light your idea. +and we all now feel some ownership in our own pop culture. +and these are not characteristics of old media, and they're barely true of the media of today, but they will define the entertainment of the future. +thank you. +how can i speak in 10 minutes about the bonds of women over three generations, about how the astonishing strength of those bonds took hold in the life of a four-year-old girl huddled with her young sister, her mother and her grandmother for five days and nights in a small boat in the china sea more than 30 years ago, bonds that took hold in the life of that small girl and never let go -- that small girl now living in san francisco and speaking to you today? +this is not a finished story. +it is a jigsaw puzzle still being put together. +let me tell you about some of the pieces. +imagine the first piece: a man burning his life's work. +he is a poet, a playwright, a man whose whole life had been balanced on the single hope of his country's unity and freedom. +imagine him as the communists enter saigon, confronting the fact that his life had been a complete waste. +words, for so long his friends, now mocked him. +he retreated into silence. +he died broken by history. +he is my grandfather. +i never knew him in real life. +but our lives are much more than our memories. +my grandmother never let me forget his life. +my duty was not to allow it to have been in vain, and my lesson was to learn that, yes, history tried to crush us, but we endured. +the next piece of the jigsaw is of a boat in the early dawn slipping silently out to sea. +my mother, mai, was 18 when her father died -- already in an arranged marriage, already with two small girls. +for her, life had distilled itself into one task: the escape of her family and a new life in australia. +it was inconceivable to her that she would not succeed. +so after a four-year saga that defies fiction, a boat slipped out to sea disguised as a fishing vessel. +all the adults knew the risks. +the greatest fear was of pirates, rape and death. +like most adults on the boat, my mother carried a small bottle of poison. +if we were captured, first my sister and i, then she and my grandmother would drink. +my first memories are from the boat -- the steady beat of the engine, the bow dipping into each wave, the vast and empty horizon. +i don't remember the pirates who came many times, but were bluffed by the bravado of the men on our boat, or the engine dying and failing to start for six hours. +but i do remember the lights on the oil rig off the malaysian coast and the young man who collapsed and died, the journey's end too much for him, and the first apple i tasted, given to me by the men on the rig. +no apple has ever tasted the same. +after three months in a refugee camp, we landed in melbourne. +and the next piece of the jigsaw is about four women across three generations shaping a new life together. +we settled in footscray, a working-class suburb whose demographic is layers of immigrants. +unlike the settled middle-class suburbs, whose existence i was oblivious of, there was no sense of entitlement in footscray. +the smells from shop doors were from the rest of the world. +and the snippets of halting english were exchanged between people who had one thing in common, they were starting again. +my mother worked on farms, then on a car assembly line, working six days, double shifts. +somehow she found time to study english and gain it qualifications. +we were poor. +all the dollars were allocated and extra tuition in english and mathematics was budgeted for regardless of what missed out, which was usually new clothes; they were always secondhand. +two pairs of stockings for school, each to hide the holes in the other. +a school uniform down to the ankles, because it had to last for six years. +and there were rare but searing chants of "slit-eye" and the occasional graffiti: "asian, go home." +go home to where? +something stiffened inside me. +there was a gathering of resolve and a quiet voice saying, "i will bypass you." +my mother, my sister and i slept in the same bed. +my mother was exhausted each night, but we told one another about our day and listened to the movements of my grandmother around the house. +my mother suffered from nightmares all about the boat. +and my job was to stay awake until her nightmares came so i could wake her. +she opened a computer store then studied to be a beautician and opened another business. +and the women came with their stories about men who could not make the transition, angry and inflexible, and troubled children caught between two worlds. +grants and sponsors were sought. +centers were established. +i lived in parallel worlds. +in one, i was the classic asian student, relentless in the demands that i made on myself. +in the other, i was enmeshed in lives that were precarious, tragically scarred by violence, drug abuse and isolation. +but so many over the years were helped. +and for that work, when i was a final year law student, i was chosen as the young australian of the year. +and i was catapulted from one piece of the jigsaw to another, and their edges didn't fit. +tan le, anonymous footscray resident, was now tan le, refugee and social activist, invited to speak in venues she had never heard of and into homes whose existence she could never have imagined. +i didn't know the protocols. +i didn't know how to use the cutlery. +i didn't know how to talk about wine. +i didn't know how to talk about anything. +i wanted to retreat to the routines and comfort of life in an unsung suburb -- a grandmother, a mother and two daughters ending each day as they had for almost 20 years, telling one another the story of their day and falling asleep, the three of us still in the same bed. +i told my mother i couldn't do it. +she reminded me that i was now the same age she had been when we boarded the boat. +no had never been an option. +"just do it," she said, "and don't be what you're not." +so i spoke out on youth unemployment and education and the neglect of the marginalized and the disenfranchised. +and the more candidly i spoke, the more i was asked to speak. +i met people from all walks of life, so many of them doing the thing they loved, living on the frontiers of possibility. +and even though i finished my degree, i realized i could not settle into a career in law. +there had to be another piece of the jigsaw. +and i realized at the same time that it is okay to be an outsider, a recent arrival, new on the scene -- and not just okay, but something to be thankful for, perhaps a gift from the boat. +because being an insider can so easily mean collapsing the horizons, can so easily mean accepting the presumptions of your province. +i have stepped outside my comfort zone enough now to know that, yes, the world does fall apart, but not in the way that you fear. +possibilities that would not have been allowed were outrageously encouraged. +there was an energy there, an implacable optimism, a strange mixture of humility and daring. +so i followed my hunches. +i gathered around me a small team of people for whom the label "it can't be done" was an irresistible challenge. +for a year we were penniless. +at the end of each day, i made a huge pot of soup which we all shared. +we worked well into each night. +most of our ideas were crazy, but a few were brilliant, and we broke through. +i made the decision to move to the u.s. +after only one trip. +my hunches again. +three months later i had relocated, and the adventure has continued. +before i close though, let me tell you about my grandmother. +she grew up at a time when confucianism was the social norm and the local mandarin was the person who mattered. +life hadn't changed for centuries. +her father died soon after she was born. +her mother raised her alone. +at 17 she became the second wife of a mandarin whose mother beat her. +with no support from her husband, she caused a sensation by taking him to court and prosecuting her own case, and a far greater sensation when she won. +"it can't be done" was shown to be wrong. +i was taking a shower in a hotel room in sydney the moment she died 600 miles away in melbourne. +i looked through the shower screen and saw her standing on the other side. +i knew she had come to say goodbye. +my mother phoned minutes later. +a few days later, we went to a buddhist temple in footscray and sat around her casket. +we told her stories and assured her that we were still with her. +at midnight the monk came and told us he had to close the casket. +my mother asked us to feel her hand. +she asked the monk, "why is it that her hand is so warm and the rest of her is so cold?" +"because you have been holding it since this morning," he said. +"you have not let it go." +if there is a sinew in our family, it runs through the women. +given who we were and how life had shaped us, we can now see that the men who might have come into our lives would have thwarted us. +defeat would have come too easily. +now i would like to have my own children, and i wonder about the boat. +who could ever wish it on their own? +yet i am afraid of privilege, of ease, of entitlement. +can i give them a bow in their lives, dipping bravely into each wave, the unperturbed and steady beat of the engine, the vast horizon that guarantees nothing? +i don't know. +but if i could give it and still see them safely through, i would. +and also, tan's mother is here today in the fourth or fifth row. +i'm here to share my photography. +or is it photography? +because, of course, this is a photograph that you can't take with your camera. +yet, my interest in photography started as i got my first digital camera at the age of 15. +it mixed with my earlier passion for drawing, but it was a bit different, because using the camera, the process was in the planning instead. +and when you take a photograph with a camera, the process ends when you press the trigger. +so to me it felt like photography was more about being at the right place and the right time. +i felt like anyone could do that. +so i wanted to create something different, something where the process starts when you press the trigger. +photos like this: construction going on along a busy road. +but it has an unexpected twist. +and despite that, it retains a level of realism. +or photos like these -- both dark and colorful, but all with a common goal of retaining the level of realism. +when i say realism, i mean photo-realism. +because, of course, it's not something you can capture really, but i always want it to look like it could have been captured somehow as a photograph. +photos where you will need a brief moment to think to figure out the trick. +so it's more about capturing an idea than about capturing a moment really. +but what's the trick that makes it look realistic? +is it something about the details or the colors? +is it something about the light? +what creates the illusion? +sometimes the perspective is the illusion. +but in the end, it comes down to how we interpret the world and how it can be realized on a two-dimensional surface. +it's not really what is realistic, it's what we think looks realistic really. +so i think the basics are quite simple. +i just see it as a puzzle of reality where you can take different pieces of reality and put it together to create alternate reality. +and let me show you a simple example. +here we have three perfectly imaginable physical objects, something we all can relate to living in a three-dimensional world. +but combined in a certain way, they can create something that still looks three-dimensional, like it could exist. +but at the same time, we know it can't. +so we trick our brains, because our brain simply doesn't accept the fact that it doesn't really make sense. +and i see the same process with combining photographs. +it's just really about combining different realities. +so the things that make a photograph look realistic, i think it's the things that we don't even think about, the things all around us in our daily lives. +but when combining photographs, this is really important to consider, because otherwise it just looks wrong somehow. +so i would like to say that there are three simple rules to follow to achieve a realistic result. +as you can see, these images aren't really special. +but combined, they can create something like this. +so the first rule is that photos combined should have the same perspective. +secondly, photos combined should have the same type of light. +and these two images both fulfill these two requirements -- shot at the same height and in the same type of light. +the third one is about making it impossible to distinguish where the different images begin and end by making it seamless. +make it impossible to say how the image actually was composed. +so by matching color, contrast and brightness in the borders between the different images, adding photographic defects like depth of field, desaturated colors and noise, we erase the borders between the different images and make it look like one single image, despite the fact that one image can contain hundreds of layers basically. +so here's another example. +one might think that this is just an image of a landscape and the lower part is what's manipulated. +but this image is actually entirely composed of photographs from different locations. +i personally think that it's easier to actually create a place than to find a place, because then you don't need to compromise with the ideas in your head. +but it does require a lot of planning. +and getting this idea during winter, i knew that i had several months to plan it, to find the different locations for the pieces of the puzzle basically. +so for example, the fish was captured on a fishing trip. +the shores are from a different location. +the underwater part was captured in a stone pit. +and yeah, i even turned the house on top of the island red to make it look more swedish. +so to achieve a realistic result, i think it comes down to planning. +it always starts with a sketch, an idea. +then it's about combining the different photographs. +and here every piece is very well planned. +and if you do a good job capturing the photos, the result can be quite beautiful and also quite realistic. +so all the tools are out there, and the only thing that limits us is our imagination. +thank you. +i would like to talk to you about why many e-health projects fail. +and i really think that the most important thing of it is that we stopped listening to patients. +and one of the things we did at radboud university is we appointed a chief listening officer. +not in a very scientific way -- she puts up a little cup of coffee or cup of tea and asks patients, family, relatives, "what's up? +how could we help you? " +and we think, we like to think, that this is one of the major problems why all -- maybe not all -- but most of the e-health projects fail, since we stopped listening. +this is my wifi scale. it's a very simple thing. +it's got one knob, on / off. +and every morning i hop on it. +and yes, i've got a challenge, as you might see. +and i put my challenge on 95 kg. +but the thing is that it's made this simple that whenever i hop on, it sends my data through google health as well. +and it's collected by my general practitioner as well, so he can see what's my problem in weight, not on the very moment that i need cardiologic support or something like it, but also looking backward. +but there's another thing. +as some of you might know, i've got more than 4,000 followers on twitter. +so every morning i hop on my wifi scale and before i'm in my car, people start talking to me, "i think you need a light lunch today, lucien." +but that's the nicest thing that could happen, since this is peer pressure, peer pressure used to help patients -- since this could be used for obesity, it could be used to stop smoking in patients. +but on the other hand, it also could be used to get people from out of their chairs and try to work together in some kind of gaming activity to get more control of their health. +as of next week, it will soon be available. +there will be this little blood pressure meter connected to an iphone or something or other. +and people will be able, from their homes, to take their blood pressure, send it into their doctor and eventually share it with others, for instance, for over a hundred dollars. +and this is the point where patients get into position and can collect, not only their own control again, be captain of their own ship, but also can help us in health care due to the challenges that we face, like health care cost explosion, doubled demand and things like that. +make techniques that are easy to use and start with this to embrace patients in the team. +and you can do this with techniques like this, but also by crowd-sourcing. +and one of the things we did i would like to share with you introduced by a little video. +we've all got navigation controls in our car. +we maybe even [have] it in our cellphone. +we know perfectly where all the atms are about the city of maastricht. +the other thing is we know where all the gas stations are. +and sure, we could find fast food chains. +but where would be the nearest aed to help this patient? +we asked around and nobody knew. +nobody knew where the nearest life-saving aed was to be obtained right now. +so what we did, we crowdsourced the netherlands. +we set up a website and asked the crowd, "if you see an aed, please submit it, tell us where it is, tell us when it's open," since sometimes in office hours sometimes it's closed, of course. +and over 10,000 aeds already in the netherlands already have been submitted. +the next step we took was to find the applications for it. +and we built an ipad application. +we made an application for layar, augmented reality, to find these aeds. +and whenever you are in a city like maastricht and somebody collapses, you can use your iphone, and within the next weeks also run your microsoft cellphone, to find the nearest aed which can save lives. +and as of today, we would like to introduce this, not only as aed4eu, which is what the product is called, but also aed4us. +and we would like to start this on a worldwide level. +and [we're] asking all of our colleagues in the rest of the world, colleague universities, to help us to find and work and act like a hub to crowd-source all these aeds all around the world. +that whenever you're on holiday and somebody collapses, might it be your own relative or someone just in front of you, you can find this. +the other thing we would like to ask is of companies also all over the world that will be able to help us validate these aeds. +these might be courier services or cable guys for instance, just to see whether the aed that's submitted still is in place. +so please help us on this one and try to make not only health a little bit better, but take control of it. +thank you. +today i'm going to talk about unexpected discoveries. +now i work in the solar technology industry. +and my small startup is looking to force ourselves into the environment by paying attention to... +... paying attention to crowd-sourcing. +it's just a quick video of what we do. +huh. hang on a moment. +it might take a moment to load. +we'll just -- we can just skip -- i'll just skip through the video instead... +no. +this is not... +okay. +solar technology is... +oh, that's all my time? +okay. thank you very much. +so a couple of years ago i started a program to try to get the rockstar tech and design people to take a year off and work in the one environment that represents pretty much everything they're supposed to hate; we have them work in government. +the program is called code for america, and it's a little bit like a peace corps for geeks. +we select a few fellows every year and we have them work with city governments. +instead of sending them off into the third world, we send them into the wilds of city hall. +and there they make great apps, they work with city staffers. +but really what they're doing is they're showing what's possible with technology today. +so meet al. +al is a fire hydrant in the city of boston. +here it kind of looks like he's looking for a date, but what he's really looking for is for someone to shovel him out when he gets snowed in, because he knows he's not very good at fighting fires when he's covered in four feet of snow. +now how did he come to be looking for help in this very unique manner? +we had a team of fellows in boston last year through the code for america program. +they were there in february, and it snowed a lot in february last year. +and they noticed that the city never gets to digging out these fire hydrants. +but one fellow in particular, a guy named erik michaels-ober, noticed something else, and that's that citizens are shoveling out sidewalks right in front of these things. +so he did what any good developer would do, he wrote an app. +it's a cute little app where you can adopt a fire hydrant. +so you agree to dig it out when it snows. +if you do, you get to name it, and he called the first one al. +and if you don't, someone can steal it from you. +so it's got cute little game dynamics on it. +this is a modest little app. +it's probably the smallest of the 21 apps that the fellows wrote last year. +but it's doing something that no other government technology does. +it's spreading virally. +there's a guy in the i.t. department of the city of honolulu who saw this app and realized that he could use it, not for snow, but to get citizens to adopt tsunami sirens. +it's very important that these tsunami sirens work, but people steal the batteries out of them. +so he's getting citizens to check on them. +and then seattle decided to use it to get citizens to clear out clogged storm drains. +and chicago just rolled it out to get people to sign up to shovel sidewalks when it snows. +so we now know of nine cities that are planning to use this. +and this has spread just frictionlessly, organically, naturally. +if you know anything about government technology, you know that this isn't how it normally goes. +procuring software usually takes a couple of years. +we had a team that worked on a project in boston last year that took three people about two and a half months. +it was a way that parents could figure out which were the right public schools for their kids. +we were told afterward that if that had gone through normal channels, it would have taken at least two years and it would have cost about two million dollars. +and that's nothing. +there is one project in the california court system right now that so far cost taxpayers two billion dollars, and it doesn't work. +and there are projects like this at every level of government. +so an app that takes a couple of days to write and then spreads virally, that's sort of a shot across the bow to the institution of government. +it suggests how government could work better -- not more like a private company, as many people think it should. +and not even like a tech company, but more like the internet itself. +and that means permissionless, it means open, it means generative. +and that's important. +but what's more important about this app is that it represents how a new generation is tackling the problem of government -- not as the problem of an ossified institution, but as a problem of collective action. +and that's great news, because, it turns out, we're very good at collective action with digital technology. +now there's a very large community of people that are building the tools that we need to do things together effectively. +it's not just code for america fellows, there are hundreds of people all over the country that are standing and writing civic apps every day in their own communities. +they haven't given up on government. +they are frustrated as hell with it, but they're not complaining about it, they're fixing it. +and these folks know something that we've lost sight of. +and that's that when you strip away all your feelings about politics and the line at the dmv and all those other things that we're really mad about, government is, at its core, in the words of tim o'reilly, "what we do together that we can't do alone." +now a lot of people have given up on government. +and if you're one of those people, i would ask that you reconsider, because things are changing. +politics is not changing; government is changing. +and because government ultimately derives its power from us -- remember "we the people?" -- how we think about it is going to effect how that change happens. +now i didn't know very much about government when i started this program. +and like a lot of people, i thought government was basically about getting people elected to office. +well after two years, i've come to the conclusion that, especially local government, is about opossums. +this is the call center for the services and information line. +it's generally where you will get if you call 311 in your city. +if you should ever have the chance to staff your city's call center, as our fellow scott silverman did as part of the program -- in fact, they all do that -- you will find that people call government with a very wide range of issues, including having an opossum stuck in your house. +so scott gets this call. +he types "opossum" into this official knowledge base. +he doesn't really come up with anything. he starts with animal control. +and finally, he says, "look, can you just open all the doors to your house and play music really loud and see if the thing leaves?" +so that worked. so booya for scott. +but that wasn't the end of the opossums. +boston doesn't just have a call center. +it has an app, a web and mobile app, called citizens connect. +now we didn't write this app. +this is the work of the very smart people at the office of new urban mechanics in boston. +so one day -- this is an actual report -- this came in: "opossum in my trashcan. can't tell if it's dead. +how do i get this removed? " +but what happens with citizens connect is different. +so scott was speaking person-to-person. +but on citizens connect everything is public, so everybody can see this. +and in this case, a neighbor saw it. +and the next report we got said, "i walked over to this location, found the trashcan behind the house. +opossum? check. living? yep. +turned trashcan on its side. walked home. +goodnight sweet opossum. " +pretty simple. +so this is great. this is the digital meeting the physical. +and it's also a great example of government getting in on the crowd-sourcing game. +but it's also a great example of government as a platform. +and i don't mean necessarily a technological definition of platform here. +i'm just talking about a platform for people to help themselves and to help others. +so one citizen helped another citizen, but government played a key role here. +it connected those two people. +and it could have connected them with government services if they'd been needed, but a neighbor is a far better and cheaper alternative to government services. +when one neighbor helps another, we strengthen our communities. +we call animal control, it just costs a lot of money. +now one of the important things we need to think about government is that it's not the same thing as politics. +and most people get that, but they think that one is the input to the other. +that our input to the system of government is voting. +now how many times have we elected a political leader -- and sometimes we spend a lot of energy getting a new political leader elected -- and then we sit back and we expect government to reflect our values and meet our needs, and then not that much changes? +that's because government is like a vast ocean and politics is the six-inch layer on top. +and what's under that is what we call bureaucracy. +and we say that word with such contempt. +but it's that contempt that keeps this thing that we own and we pay for as something that's working against us, this other thing, and then we're disempowering ourselves. +people seem to think politics is sexy. +if we want this institution to work for us, we're going to have to make bureaucracy sexy. +because that's where the real work of government happens. +we have to engage with the machinery of government. +so that's occupythesec movement has done. +have you seen these guys? +it's a group of concerned citizens that have written a very detailed 325-page report that's a response to the sec's request for comment on the financial reform bill. +that's not being politically active, that's being bureaucratically active. +now for those of us who've given up on government, it's time that we asked ourselves about the world that we want to leave for our children. +you have to see the enormous challenges that they're going to face. +do we really think we're going to get where we need to go without fixing the one institution that can act on behalf of all of us? +we can't do without government, but we do need it to be more effective. +the good news is that technology is making it possible to fundamentally reframe the function of government in a way that can actually scale by strengthening civil society. +and there's a generation out there that's grown up on the internet, and they know that it's not that hard to do things together, you just have to architect the systems the right way. +now the average age of our fellows is 28, so i am, begrudgingly, almost a generation older than most of them. +this is a generation that's grown up taking their voices pretty much for granted. +they're not fighting that battle that we're all fighting about who gets to speak; they all get to speak. +they can express their opinion on any channel at any time, and they do. +so when they're faced with the problem of government, they don't care as much about using their voices. +they're using their hands. +they're using their hands to write applications that make government work better. +and those applications let us use our hands to make our communities better. +that could be shoveling out a hydrant, pulling a weed, turning over a garbage can with an opossum in it. +and certainly, we could have been shoveling out those fire hydrants all along, and many people do. +but these apps are like little digital reminders that we're not just consumers, and we're not just consumers of government, putting in our taxes and getting back services. +we're more than that, we're citizens. +and we're not going to fix government until we fix citizenship. +so the question i have for all of you here: when it comes to the big, important things that we need to do together, all of us together, are we just going to be a crowd of voices, or are we also going to be a crowd of hands? +thank you. +because i usually take the role of trying to explain to people how wonderful the new technologies that are coming along are going to be, and i thought that, since i was among friends here, i would tell you what i really think and try to look back and try to understand what is really going on here with these amazing jumps in technology that seem so fast that we can barely keep on top of it. +so i'm going to start out by showing just one very boring technology slide. +and then, so if you can just turn on the slide that's on. +this is just a random slide that i picked out of my file. +what i want to show you is not so much the details of the slide, but the general form of it. +this happens to be a slide of some analysis that we were doing about the power of risc microprocessors versus the power of local area networks. +and the interesting thing about it is that this slide, like so many technology slides that we're used to, is a sort of a straight line on a semi-log curve. +in other words, every step here represents an order of magnitude in performance scale. +and this is a new thing that we talk about technology on semi-log curves. +something really weird is going on here. +and that's basically what i'm going to be talking about. +so, if you could bring up the lights. +if you could bring up the lights higher, because i'm just going to use a piece of paper here. +now why do we draw technology curves in semi-log curves? +well the answer is, if i drew it on a normal curve where, let's say, this is years, this is time of some sort, and this is whatever measure of the technology that i'm trying to graph, the graphs look sort of silly. +they sort of go like this. +and they don't tell us much. +now if i graph, for instance, some other technology, say transportation technology, on a semi-log curve, it would look very stupid, it would look like a flat line. +but when something like this happens, things are qualitatively changing. +so if transportation technology was moving along as fast as microprocessor technology, then the day after tomorrow, i would be able to get in a taxi cab and be in tokyo in 30 seconds. +it's not moving like that. +and there's nothing precedented in the history of technology development of this kind of self-feeding growth where you go by orders of magnitude every few years. +now the question that i'd like to ask is, if you look at these exponential curves, they don't go on forever. +things just can't possibly keep changing as fast as they are. +one of two things is going to happen. +either it's going to turn into a sort of classical s-curve like this, until something totally different comes along, or maybe it's going to do this. +that's about all it can do. +now i'm an optimist, so i sort of think it's probably going to do something like that. +if so, that means that what we're in the middle of right now is a transition. +we're sort of on this line in a transition from the way the world used to be to some new way that the world is. +and so what i'm trying to ask, what i've been asking myself, is what's this new way that the world is? +what's that new state that the world is heading toward? +because the transition seems very, very confusing when we're right in the middle of it. +now when i was a kid growing up, the future was kind of the year 2000, and people used to talk about what would happen in the year 2000. +now here's a conference in which people talk about the future, and you notice that the future is still at about the year 2000. +it's about as far as we go out. +so in other words, the future has kind of been shrinking one year per year for my whole lifetime. +now i think that the reason is because we all feel that something's happening there. +that transition is happening. we can all sense it. +and we know that it just doesn't make too much sense to think out 30, 50 years because everything's going to be so different that a simple extrapolation of what we're doing just doesn't make any sense at all. +so what i would like to talk about is what that could be, what that transition could be that we're going through. +now in order to do that i'm going to have to talk about a bunch of stuff that really has nothing to do with technology and computers. +because i think the only way to understand this is to really step back and take a long time scale look at things. +so the time scale that i would like to look at this on is the time scale of life on earth. +so i think this picture makes sense if you look at it a few billion years at a time. +so if you go back about two and a half billion years, the earth was this big, sterile hunk of rock with a lot of chemicals floating around on it. +and if you look at the way that the chemicals got organized, we begin to get a pretty good idea of how they do it. +and i think that there's theories that are beginning to understand about how it started with rna, but i'm going to tell a sort of simple story of it, which is that, at that time, there were little drops of oil floating around with all kinds of different recipes of chemicals in them. +and some of those drops of oil had a particular combination of chemicals in them which caused them to incorporate chemicals from the outside and grow the drops of oil. +and those that were like that started to split and divide. +and those were the most primitive forms of cells in a sense, those little drops of oil. +but now those drops of oil weren't really alive, as we say it now, because every one of them was a little random recipe of chemicals. +and every time it divided, they got sort of unequal division of the chemicals within them. +and so every drop was a little bit different. +in fact, the drops that were different in a way that caused them to be better at incorporating chemicals around them, grew more and incorporated more chemicals and divided more. +so those tended to live longer, get expressed more. +now that's sort of just a very simple chemical form of life, but when things got interesting was when these drops learned a trick about abstraction. +somehow by ways that we don't quite understand, these little drops learned to write down information. +they learned to record the information that was the recipe of the cell onto a particular kind of chemical called dna. +so in other words, they worked out, in this mindless sort of evolutionary way, a form of writing that let them write down what they were, so that that way of writing it down could get copied. +the amazing thing is that that way of writing seems to have stayed steady since it evolved two and a half billion years ago. +in fact the recipe for us, our genes, is exactly that same code and that same way of writing. +in fact, every living creature is written in exactly the same set of letters and the same code. +in fact, one of the things that i did just for amusement purposes is we can now write things in this code. +and i've got here a little 100 micrograms of white powder, which i try not to let the security people see at airports. +but this has in it -- what i did is i took this code -- the code has standard letters that we use for symbolizing it -- and i wrote my business card onto a piece of dna and amplified it 10 to the 22 times. +so if anyone would like a hundred million copies of my business card, i have plenty for everyone in the room, and, in fact, everyone in the world, and it's right here. +if i had really been a egotist, i would have put it into a virus and released it in the room. +so what was the next step? +writing down the dna was an interesting step. +and that caused these cells -- that kept them happy for another billion years. +but then there was another really interesting step where things became completely different, which is these cells started exchanging and communicating information, so that they began to get communities of cells. +i don't know if you know this, but bacteria can actually exchange dna. +now that's why, for instance, antibiotic resistance has evolved. +some bacteria figured out how to stay away from penicillin, and it went around sort of creating its little dna information with other bacteria, and now we have a lot of bacteria that are resistant to penicillin, because bacteria communicate. +now what this communication allowed was communities to form that, in some sense, were in the same boat together; they were synergistic. +so they survived or they failed together, which means that if a community was very successful, all the individuals in that community were repeated more and they were favored by evolution. +now the transition point happened when these communities got so close that, in fact, they got together and decided to write down the whole recipe for the community together on one string of dna. +and so the next stage that's interesting in life took about another billion years. +and at that stage, we have multi-cellular communities, communities of lots of different types of cells, working together as a single organism. +and in fact, we're such a multi-cellular community. +we have lots of cells that are not out for themselves anymore. +your skin cell is really useless without a heart cell, muscle cell, a brain cell and so on. +so these communities began to evolve so that the interesting level on which evolution was taking place was no longer a cell, but a community which we call an organism. +now the next step that happened is within these communities. +these communities of cells, again, began to abstract information. +and they began building very special structures that did nothing but process information within the community. +and those are the neural structures. +so neurons are the information processing apparatus that those communities of cells built up. +and in fact, they began to get specialists in the community and special structures that were responsible for recording, understanding, learning information. +and that was the brains and the nervous system of those communities. +and that gave them an evolutionary advantage. +because at that point, an individual -- learning could happen within the time span of a single organism, instead of over this evolutionary time span. +so an organism could, for instance, learn not to eat a certain kind of fruit because it tasted bad and it got sick last time it ate it. +that could happen within the lifetime of a single organism, whereas before they'd built these special information processing structures, that would have had to be learned evolutionarily over hundreds of thousands of years by the individuals dying off that ate that kind of fruit. +so that nervous system, the fact that they built these special information structures, because evolution could now happen within an individual. +it could happen in learning time scales. +but then what happened was the individuals worked out, of course, tricks of communicating. +and for example, the most sophisticated version that we're aware of is human language. +it's really a pretty amazing invention if you think about it. +here i have a very complicated, messy, confused idea in my head. +i'm sitting here making grunting sounds basically, and hopefully constructing a similar messy, confused idea in your head that bears some analogy to it. +but we're taking something very complicated, turning it into sound, sequences of sounds, and producing something very complicated in your brain. +so this allows us now to begin to start functioning as a single organism. +and so, in fact, what we've done is we, humanity, have started abstracting out. +we're going through the same levels that multi-cellular organisms have gone through -- abstracting out our methods of recording, presenting, processing information. +so for example, the invention of language was a tiny step in that direction. +telephony, computers, videotapes, cd-roms and so on are all our specialized mechanisms that we've now built within our society for handling that information. +and it all connects us together into something that is much bigger and much faster and able to evolve than what we were before. +so now, evolution can take place on a scale of microseconds. +and you saw ty's little evolutionary example where he sort of did a little bit of evolution on the convolution program right before your eyes. +so now we've speeded up the time scales once again. +so the first steps of the story that i told you about took a billion years a piece. +and the next steps, like nervous systems and brains, took a few hundred million years. +then the next steps, like language and so on, took less than a million years. +and these next steps, like electronics, seem to be taking only a few decades. +the process is feeding on itself and becoming, i guess, autocatalytic is the word for it -- when something reinforces its rate of change. +the more it changes, the faster it changes. +and i think that that's what we're seeing here in this explosion of curve. +we're seeing this process feeding back on itself. +now i design computers for a living, and i know that the mechanisms that i use to design computers would be impossible without recent advances in computers. +so right now, what i do is i design objects at such complexity that it's really impossible for me to design them in the traditional sense. +i don't know what every transistor in the connection machine does. +there are billions of them. +instead, what i do and what the designers at thinking machines do is we think at some level of abstraction and then we hand it to the machine and the machine takes it beyond what we could ever do, much farther and faster than we could ever do. +and in fact, sometimes it takes it by methods that we don't quite even understand. +one method that's particularly interesting that i've been using a lot lately is evolution itself. +so what we do is we put inside the machine a process of evolution that takes place on the microsecond time scale. +so for example, in the most extreme cases, we can actually evolve a program by starting out with random sequences of instructions. +say, "computer, would you please make a hundred million random sequences of instructions. +now would you please run all of those random sequences of instructions, run all of those programs, and pick out the ones that came closest to doing what i wanted. " +so in other words, i define what i wanted. +let's say i want to sort numbers, as a simple example i've done it with. +so find the programs that come closest to sorting numbers. +so of course, random sequences of instructions are very unlikely to sort numbers, so none of them will really do it. +but one of them, by luck, may put two numbers in the right order. +and i say, "computer, would you please now take the 10 percent of those random sequences that did the best job. +save those. kill off the rest. +and now let's reproduce the ones that sorted numbers the best. +and let's reproduce them by a process of recombination analogous to sex. " +take two programs and they produce children by exchanging their subroutines, and the children inherit the traits of the subroutines of the two programs. +so i've got now a new generation of programs that are produced by combinations of the programs that did a little bit better job. +say, "please repeat that process." +score them again. +introduce some mutations perhaps. +and try that again and do that for another generation. +well every one of those generations just takes a few milliseconds. +so i can do the equivalent of millions of years of evolution on that within the computer in a few minutes, or in the complicated cases, in a few hours. +at the end of that, i end up with programs that are absolutely perfect at sorting numbers. +in fact, they are programs that are much more efficient than programs i could have ever written by hand. +now if i look at those programs, i can't tell you how they work. +i've tried looking at them and telling you how they work. +they're obscure, weird programs. +but they do the job. +and in fact, i know, i'm very confident that they do the job because they come from a line of hundreds of thousands of programs that did the job. +in fact, their life depended on doing the job. +i was riding in a 747 with marvin minsky once, and he pulls out this card and says, "oh look. look at this. +it says, 'this plane has hundreds of thousands of tiny parts working together to make you a safe flight.' doesn't that make you feel confident? " +in fact, we know that the engineering process doesn't work very well when it gets complicated. +so we're beginning to depend on computers to do a process that's very different than engineering. +and it lets us produce things of much more complexity than normal engineering lets us produce. +and yet, we don't quite understand the options of it. +so in a sense, it's getting ahead of us. +we're now using those programs to make much faster computers so that we'll be able to run this process much faster. +so it's feeding back on itself. +the thing is becoming faster and that's why i think it seems so confusing. +because all of these technologies are feeding back on themselves. +we're taking off. +and what we are is we're at a point in time which is analogous to when single-celled organisms were turning into multi-celled organisms. +so we're the amoebas and we can't quite figure out what the hell this thing is we're creating. +we're right at that point of transition. +but i think that there really is something coming along after us. +i think it's very haughty of us to think that we're the end product of evolution. +and i think all of us here are a part of producing whatever that next thing is. +so lunch is coming along, and i think i will stop at that point, before i get selected out. +my story begins right here actually in rajasthan about two years ago. +i was in the desert, under the starry skies with the sufi singer mukhtiar ali. +and we were in conversation about how nothing had changed since the time of the ancient indian epic "the mahabharata." +so back in the day, when us indians wanted to travel we'd jump into a chariot and we'd zoom across the sky. +now we do the same with airplanes. +back then, when arjuna, the great indian warrior prince, when he was thirsty, he'd take out a bow, he'd shoot it into the ground and water would come out. +now we do the same with drills and machines. +the conclusion that we came to was that magic had been replaced by machinery. +and this made me really sad. +i found myself becoming a little bit of a technophobe. +i was terrified by this idea that i would lose the ability to enjoy and appreciate the sunset without having my camera on me, without tweeting it to my friends. +and it felt like technology should enable magic, not kill it. +when i was a little girl, my grandfather gave me his little silver pocket watch. +and this piece of 50-year-old technology became the most magical thing to me. +it became a gilded gateway into a world full of pirates and shipwrecks and images in my imagination. +so i felt like our cellphones and our fancy watches and our cameras had stopped us from dreaming. +they stopped us from being inspired. +and so i jumped in, i jumped into this world of technology, to see how i could use it to enable magic as opposed to kill it. +i've been illustrating books since i was 16. +and so when i saw the ipad, i saw it as a storytelling device that could connect readers all over the world. +it can know how we're holding it. +it can know where we are. +it brings together image and text and animation and sound and touch. +storytelling is becoming more and more multi-sensorial. +but what are we doing with it? +so i'm actually just going to go in and launch khoya, an interactive app for the ipad. +so it says, "place your fingers upon each light." +and so -- it says, "this box belongs to..." and so i type in my name. +and actually i become a character in the book. +at various points, a little letter drops down to me -- and the ipad knows where you live because of gps -- which is actually addressed to me. +the child in me is really excited by these kinds of possibilities. +now i've been talking a lot about magic. +and i don't mean wizards and dragons, i mean the kind of childhood magic, those ideas that we all harbored as children. +this idea of fireflies in a jar, for some reason, was always really exciting to me. +and so over here you need to tilt your ipad, take the fireflies out. +and they actually illuminate your way through the rest of the book. +another idea that really fascinated me as a child was that an entire galaxy could be contained within a single marble. +and so over here, each book and each world becomes a little marble that i drag in to this magical device within the device. +and it opens up a map. +all along, all fantasy books have always had maps, but these maps have been static. +this is a map that grows and glows and becomes your navigation for the rest of the book. +it reveals itself to you at certain points in the book as well. +so i'm just going to enter in. +another thing that's actually really important to me is creating content that is indian and yet very contemporary. +over here, these are the apsaras. +so we've all heard about fairies and we've all heard about nymphs, but how many people outside of india know about their indian counterparts, the apsaras? +these poor apsaras have been trapped inside indra's chambers for thousands of years in an old and musty book. +and so we're bringing them back in a contemporary story for children. +and a story that actually deals with new issues like the environmental crisis. +speaking of the environmental crisis, i think a big problem has been in the last 10 years is that children have been locked inside their rooms, glued to their pcs, they haven't been able to get out. +but now with mobile technology, we can actually take our children outside into the natural world with their technology. +one of the interactions in the book is that you're sent off on this quest where you need to go outside, take out your camera on the ipad and collect pictures of different natural objects. +when i was a child, i had multiple collections of sticks and stones and pebbles and shells. +and somehow kids don't do that anymore. +so in bringing back this childhood ritual, you need to go out and, in one chapter, take a picture of a flower and then tag it. +in another chapter, you need to take a picture of a piece of bark and then tag that. +and what happens is that you actually create a digital collection of photographs that you can then put up online. +a child in london puts up a picture of a fox and says, "oh, i saw a fox today." +a child in india says, "i saw a monkey today." +and it creates this kind of social network around a collection of digital photographs that you've actually taken. +in the possibilities of linking together magic, the earth and technology, there are multiple possibilities. +in the next book, we plan on having an interaction where you take your ipad out with the video on and through augmented reality, you see this layer of animated pixies appear on a houseplant that's outside your house. +at one point, your screen is filled up with leaves. +and so you need to make the sound of wind and blow them away and read the rest of the book. +we're moving, we're all moving here, to a world where the forces of nature come closer together to technology, and magic and technology can come closer together. +we're harnessing energy from the sun. +we're bringing our children and ourselves closer to the natural world and that magic and joy and childhood love that we had through the simple medium of a story. +thank you. +well this is a really extraordinary honor for me. +i spend most of my time in jails, in prisons, on death row. +i spend most of my time in very low-income communities in the projects and places where there's a great deal of hopelessness. +and being here at ted and seeing the stimulation, hearing it, has been very, very energizing to me. +and one of the things that's emerged in my short time here is that ted has an identity. +and you can actually say things here that have impacts around the world. +and sometimes when it comes through ted, it has meaning and power that it doesn't have when it doesn't. +and i mention that because i think identity is really important. +and we've had some fantastic presentations. +and i think what we've learned is that, if you're a teacher your words can be meaningful, but if you're a compassionate teacher, they can be especially meaningful. +if you're a doctor you can do some good things, but if you're a caring doctor you can do some other things. +and so i want to talk about the power of identity. +and i didn't learn about this actually practicing law and doing the work that i do. +i actually learned about this from my grandmother. +i grew up in a house that was the traditional african american home that was dominated by a matriarch, and that matriarch was my grandmother. +she was tough, she was strong, she was powerful. +she was the end of every argument in our family. +she was the beginning of a lot of arguments in our family. +she was the daughter of people who were actually enslaved. +her parents were born in slavery in virginia in the 1840's. +she was born in the 1880's and the experience of slavery very much shaped the way she saw the world. +and my grandmother was tough, but she was also loving. +when i would see her as a little boy, she'd come up to me and she'd give me these hugs. +and she'd squeeze me so tight i could barely breathe and then she'd let me go. +and an hour or two later, if i saw her, she'd come over to me and she'd say, "bryan, do you still feel me hugging you?" +and if i said, "no," she'd assault me again, and if i said, "yes," she'd leave me alone. +and she just had this quality that you always wanted to be near her. +and the only challenge was that she had 10 children. +my mom was the youngest of her 10 kids. +and sometimes when i would go and spend time with her, it would be difficult to get her time and attention. +my cousins would be running around everywhere. +and i remember, when i was about eight or nine years old, waking up one morning, going into the living room, and all of my cousins were running around. +and my grandmother was sitting across the room staring at me. +and at first i thought we were playing a game. +and i would look at her and i'd smile, but she was very serious. +and after about 15 or 20 minutes of this, she got up and she came across the room and she took me by the hand and she said, "come on, bryan. you and i are going to have a talk." +and i remember this just like it happened yesterday. +i never will forget it. +she took me out back and she said, "bryan, i'm going to tell you something, but you don't tell anybody what i tell you." +i said, "okay, mama." +she said, "now you make sure you don't do that." i said, "sure." +then she sat me down and she looked at me and she said, "i want you to know i've been watching you." +and she said, "i think you're special." +she said, "i think you can do anything you want to do." +i will never forget it. +and then she said, "i just need you to promise me three things, bryan." +i said, "okay, mama." +she said, "the first thing i want you to promise me is that you'll always love your mom." +she said, "that's my baby girl, and you have to promise me now you'll always take care of her." +well i adored my mom, so i said, "yes, mama. i'll do that." +then she said, "the second thing i want you to promise me is that you'll always do the right thing even when the right thing is the hard thing." +and i thought about it and i said, "yes, mama. i'll do that." +then finally she said, "the third thing i want you to promise me is that you'll never drink alcohol." +well i was nine years old, so i said, "yes, mama. i'll do that." +i grew up in the country in the rural south, and i have a brother a year older than me and a sister a year younger. +when i was about 14 or 15, one day my brother came home and he had this six-pack of beer -- i don't know where he got it -- and he grabbed me and my sister and we went out in the woods. +and we were kind of just out there doing the stuff we crazily did. +and he had a sip of this beer and he gave some to my sister and she had some, and they offered it to me. +i said, "no, no, no. that's okay. you all go ahead. i'm not going to have any beer." +my brother said, "come on. we're doing this today; you always do what we do. +i had some, your sister had some. have some beer. " +i said, "no, i don't feel right about that. y'all go ahead. y'all go ahead." +and then my brother started staring at me. +he said, "what's wrong with you? have some beer." +then he looked at me real hard and he said, "oh, i hope you're not still hung up on that conversation mama had with you." +i said, "well, what are you talking about?" +he said, "oh, mama tells all the grandkids that they're special." +i was devastated. +and i'm going to admit something to you. +i'm going to tell you something i probably shouldn't. +i know this might be broadcast broadly. +but i'm 52 years old, and i'm going to admit to you that i've never had a drop of alcohol. +i don't say that because i think that's virtuous; i say that because there is power in identity. +when we create the right kind of identity, we can say things to the world around us that they don't actually believe makes sense. +we can get them to do things that they don't think they can do. +when i thought about my grandmother, of course she would think all her grandkids were special. +my grandfather was in prison during prohibition. +my male uncles died of alcohol-related diseases. +and these were the things she thought we needed to commit to. +well i've been trying to say something about our criminal justice system. +this country is very different today than it was 40 years ago. +in 1972, there were 300,000 people in jails and prisons. +today, there are 2.3 million. +the united states now has the highest rate of incarceration in the world. +we have seven million people on probation and parole. +and mass incarceration, in my judgment, has fundamentally changed our world. +in poor communities, in communities of color there is this despair, there is this hopelessness, that is being shaped by these outcomes. +one out of three black men between the ages of 18 and 30 is in jail, in prison, on probation or parole. +in urban communities across this country -- los angeles, philadelphia, baltimore, washington -- 50 to 60 percent of all young men of color are in jail or prison or on probation or parole. +our system isn't just being shaped in these ways that seem to be distorting around race, they're also distorted by poverty. +we have a system of justice in this country that treats you much better if you're rich and guilty than if you're poor and innocent. +wealth, not culpability, shapes outcomes. +and yet, we seem to be very comfortable. +the politics of fear and anger have made us believe that these are problems that are not our problems. +we've been disconnected. +it's interesting to me. +we're looking at some very interesting developments in our work. +my state of alabama, like a number of states, actually permanently disenfranchises you if you have a criminal conviction. +right now in alabama 34 percent of the black male population has permanently lost the right to vote. +we're actually projecting in another 10 years the level of disenfranchisement will be as high as it's been since prior to the passage of the voting rights act. +and there is this stunning silence. +i represent children. +a lot of my clients are very young. +the united states is the only country in the world where we sentence 13-year-old children to die in prison. +we have life imprisonment without parole for kids in this country. +and we're actually doing some litigation. +the only country in the world. +i represent people on death row. +it's interesting, this question of the death penalty. +in many ways, we've been taught to think that the real question is, do people deserve to die for the crimes they've committed? +and that's a very sensible question. +but there's another way of thinking about where we are in our identity. +the other way of thinking about it is not, do people deserve to die for the crimes they commit, but do we deserve to kill? +i mean, it's fascinating. +death penalty in america is defined by error. +for every nine people who have been executed, we've actually identified one innocent person who's been exonerated and released from death row. +a kind of astonishing error rate -- one out of nine people innocent. +i mean, it's fascinating. +in aviation, we would never let people fly on airplanes if for every nine planes that took off one would crash. +but somehow we can insulate ourselves from this problem. +it's not our problem. +it's not our burden. +it's not our struggle. +i talk a lot about these issues. +i talk about race and this question of whether we deserve to kill. +and it's interesting, when i teach my students about african american history, i tell them about slavery. +i tell them about terrorism, the era that began at the end of reconstruction that went on to world war ii. +we don't really know very much about it. +but for african americans in this country, that was an era defined by terror. +in many communities, people had to worry about being lynched. +they had to worry about being bombed. +it was the threat of terror that shaped their lives. +and these older people come up to me now and they say, "mr. stevenson, you give talks, you make speeches, you tell people to stop saying we're dealing with terrorism for the first time in our nation's history after 9 / 11." +they tell me to say, "no, tell them that we grew up with that." +and that era of terrorism, of course, was followed by segregation and decades of racial subordination and apartheid. +and yet, we have in this country this dynamic where we really don't like to talk about our problems. +we don't like to talk about our history. +and because of that, we really haven't understood what it's meant to do the things we've done historically. +we're constantly running into each other. +we're constantly creating tensions and conflicts. +we have a hard time talking about race, and i believe it's because we are unwilling to commit ourselves to a process of truth and reconciliation. +in south africa, people understood that we couldn't overcome apartheid without a commitment to truth and reconciliation. +in rwanda, even after the genocide, there was this commitment, but in this country we haven't done that. +i was giving some lectures in germany about the death penalty. +it was fascinating because one of the scholars stood up after the presentation and said, "well you know it's deeply troubling to hear what you're talking about." +he said, "we don't have the death penalty in germany. +and of course, we can never have the death penalty in germany. " +and the room got very quiet, and this woman said, "there's no way, with our history, we could ever engage in the systematic killing of human beings. +it would be unconscionable for us to, in an intentional and deliberate way, set about executing people. " +and i thought about that. +what would it feel like to be living in a world where the nation state of germany was executing people, especially if they were disproportionately jewish? +i couldn't bear it. +it would be unconscionable. +and yet, in this country, in the states of the old south, we execute people -- where you're 11 times more likely to get the death penalty if the victim is white than if the victim is black, 22 times more likely to get it if the defendant is black and the victim is white -- in the very states where there are buried in the ground the bodies of people who were lynched. +and yet, there is this disconnect. +well i believe that our identity is at risk. +that when we actually don't care about these difficult things, the positive and wonderful things are nonetheless implicated. +we love innovation. +we love technology. we love creativity. +we love entertainment. +but ultimately, those realities are shadowed by suffering, abuse, degradation, marginalization. +and for me, it becomes necessary to integrate the two. +because ultimately we are talking about a need to be more hopeful, more committed, more dedicated to the basic challenges of living in a complex world. +and for me that means spending time thinking and talking about the poor, the disadvantaged, those who will never get to ted. +but thinking about them in a way that is integrated in our own lives. +you know ultimately, we all have to believe things we haven't seen. +we do. as rational as we are, as committed to intellect as we are. +innovation, creativity, development comes not from the ideas in our mind alone. +they come from the ideas in our mind that are also fueled by some conviction in our heart. +and it's that mind-heart connection that i believe compels us to not just be attentive to all the bright and dazzly things, but also the dark and difficult things. +vaclav havel, the great czech leader, talked about this. +he said, "when we were in eastern europe and dealing with oppression, we wanted all kinds of things, but mostly what we needed was hope, an orientation of the spirit, a willingness to sometimes be in hopeless places and be a witness." +well that orientation of the spirit is very much at the core of what i believe even ted communities have to be engaged in. +there is no disconnect around technology and design that will allow us to be fully human until we pay attention to suffering, to poverty, to exclusion, to unfairness, to injustice. +now i will warn you that this kind of identity is a much more challenging identity than ones that don't pay attention to this. +it will get to you. +i had the great privilege, when i was a young lawyer, of meeting rosa parks. +and ms. parks used to come back to montgomery every now and then, and she would get together with two of her dearest friends, these older women, johnnie carr who was the organizer of the montgomery bus boycott -- amazing african american woman -- and virginia durr, a white woman, whose husband, clifford durr, represented dr. king. +and these women would get together and just talk. +and every now and then ms. carr would call me, and she'd say, "bryan, ms. parks is coming to town. we're going to get together and talk. +do you want to come over and listen? " +and i'd say, "yes, ma'am, i do." +and she'd say, "well what are you going to do when you get here?" +i said, "i'm going to listen." +and i'd go over there and i would, i would just listen. +it would be so energizing and so empowering. +and one time i was over there listening to these women talk, and after a couple of hours ms. parks turned to me and she said, "now bryan, tell me what the equal justice initiative is. +tell me what you're trying to do. " +and i began giving her my rap. +i said, "well we're trying to challenge injustice. +we're trying to help people who have been wrongly convicted. +we're trying to confront bias and discrimination in the administration of criminal justice. +we're trying to end life without parole sentences for children. +we're trying to do something about the death penalty. +we're trying to reduce the prison population. +we're trying to end mass incarceration. " +i gave her my whole rap, and when i finished she looked at me and she said, "mmm mmm mmm." +she said, "that's going to make you tired, tired, tired." +and that's when ms. carr leaned forward, she put her finger in my face, she said, "that's why you've got to be brave, brave, brave." +and i actually believe that the ted community needs to be more courageous. +we need to find ways to embrace these challenges, these problems, the suffering. +because ultimately, our humanity depends on everyone's humanity. +i've learned very simple things doing the work that i do. +it's just taught me very simple things. +that each of us is more than the worst thing we've ever done. +i believe that for every person on the planet. +i think if somebody tells a lie, they're not just a liar. +i think if somebody takes something that doesn't belong to them, they're not just a thief. +i think even if you kill someone, you're not just a killer. +and because of that there's this basic human dignity that must be respected by law. +i also believe that in many parts of this country, and certainly in many parts of this globe, that the opposite of poverty is not wealth. +i don't believe that. +i actually think, in too many places, the opposite of poverty is justice. +and finally, i believe that, despite the fact that it is so dramatic and so beautiful and so inspiring and so stimulating, we will ultimately not be judged by our technology, we won't be judged by our design, we won't be judged by our intellect and reason. +ultimately, you judge the character of a society, not by how they treat their rich and the powerful and the privileged, but by how they treat the poor, the condemned, the incarcerated. +because it's in that nexus that we actually begin to understand truly profound things about who we are. +i sometimes get out of balance. i'll end with this story. +i sometimes push too hard. +i do get tired, as we all do. +sometimes those ideas get ahead of our thinking in ways that are important. +and i've been representing these kids who have been sentenced to do these very harsh sentences. +and i go to the jail and i see my client who's 13 and 14, and he's been certified to stand trial as an adult. +i start thinking, well, how did that happen? +how can a judge turn you into something that you're not? +and the judge has certified him as an adult, but i see this kid. +and i was up too late one night and i starting thinking, well gosh, if the judge can turn you into something that you're not, the judge must have magic power. +yeah, bryan, the judge has some magic power. +you should ask for some of that. +and because i was up too late, wasn't thinking real straight, i started working on a motion. +and i had a client who was 14 years old, a young, poor black kid. +and i started working on this motion, and the head of the motion was: "motion to try my poor, 14-year-old black male client like a privileged, white 75-year-old corporate executive." +and i put in my motion that there was prosecutorial misconduct and police misconduct and judicial misconduct. +there was a crazy line in there about how there's no conduct in this county, it's all misconduct. +and the next morning, i woke up and i thought, now did i dream that crazy motion, or did i actually write it? +and to my horror, not only had i written it, but i had sent it to court. +a couple months went by, and i had just forgotten all about it. +and i finally decided, oh gosh, i've got to go to the court and do this crazy case. +and i got into my car and i was feeling really overwhelmed -- overwhelmed. +and i got in my car and i went to this courthouse. +and i was thinking, this is going to be so difficult, so painful. +and i finally got out of the car and i started walking up to the courthouse. +and as i was walking up the steps of this courthouse, there was an older black man who was the janitor in this courthouse. +when this man saw me, he came over to me and he said, "who are you?" +i said, "i'm a lawyer." he said, "you're a lawyer?" i said, "yes, sir." +and this man came over to me and he hugged me. +and he whispered in my ear. +he said, "i'm so proud of you." +and i have to tell you, it was energizing. +it connected deeply with something in me about identity, about the capacity of every person to contribute to a community, to a perspective that is hopeful. +well i went into the courtroom. +and as soon as i walked inside, the judge saw me coming in. +he said, "mr. stevenson, did you write this crazy motion?" +i said, "yes, sir. i did." and we started arguing. +and people started coming in because they were just outraged. +i had written these crazy things. +and police officers were coming in and assistant prosecutors and clerk workers. +and before i knew it, the courtroom was filled with people angry that we were talking about race, that we were talking about poverty, that we were talking about inequality. +and out of the corner of my eye, i could see this janitor pacing back and forth. +and he kept looking through the window, and he could hear all of this holler. +he kept pacing back and forth. +and finally, this older black man with this very worried look on his face came into the courtroom and sat down behind me, almost at counsel table. +about 10 minutes later the judge said we would take a break. +and during the break there was a deputy sheriff who was offended that the janitor had come into court. +and this deputy jumped up and he ran over to this older black man. +he said, "jimmy, what are you doing in this courtroom?" +and this older black man stood up and he looked at that deputy and he looked at me and he said, "i came into this courtroom to tell this young man, keep your eyes on the prize, hold on." +i've come to ted because i believe that many of you understand that the moral arc of the universe is long, but it bends toward justice. +that we cannot be full evolved human beings until we care about human rights and basic dignity. +that all of our survival is tied to the survival of everyone. +that our visions of technology and design and entertainment and creativity have to be married with visions of humanity, compassion and justice. +and more than anything, for those of you who share that, i've simply come to tell you to keep your eyes on the prize, hold on. +so you heard and saw an obvious desire by this audience, this community, to help you on your way and to do something on this issue. +other than writing a check, what could we do? +well there are opportunities all around us. +if you live in the state of california, for example, there's a referendum coming up this spring where actually there's going to be an effort to redirect some of the money we spend on the politics of punishment. +for example, here in california we're going to spend one billion dollars on the death penalty in the next five years -- one billion dollars. +and yet, 46 percent of all homicide cases don't result in arrest. +56 percent of all rape cases don't result. +so there's an opportunity to change that. +and this referendum would propose having those dollars go to law enforcement and safety. +and i think that opportunity exists all around us. +there's been this huge decline in crime in america over the last three decades. +and part of the narrative of that is sometimes that it's about increased incarceration rates. +what would you say to someone who believed that? +well actually the violent crime rate has remained relatively stable. +the great increase in mass incarceration in this country wasn't really in violent crime categories. +it was this misguided war on drugs. +that's where the dramatic increases have come in our prison population. +and we got carried away with the rhetoric of punishment. +and so we have three strikes laws that put people in prison forever for stealing a bicycle, for low-level property crimes, rather than making them give those resources back to the people who they victimized. +i believe we need to do more to help people who are victimized by crime, not do less. +and i think our current punishment philosophy does nothing for no one. +and i think that's the orientation that we have to change. +bryan, you've struck a massive chord here. +you're an inspiring person. +thank you so much for coming to ted. thank you. +threats, in the wake of bin laden's death, have spiked. +famine in somalia. police pepper spray. +vicious cartels. announcer five: caustic cruise lines. +societal decay. 65 dead. +tsunami warning. cyber-attacks. +drug war. mass destruction. tornado. +recession. default. doomsday. egypt. syria. +crisis. death. disaster. +oh, my god. +so those are just a few of the clips i collected over the last six months -- could have easily been the last six days or the last six years. +the point is that the news media preferentially feeds us negative stories because that's what our minds pay attention to. +and there's a very good reason for that. +every second of every day, our senses bring in way too much data than we can possibly process in our brains. +and because nothing is more important to us than survival, the first stop of all of that data is an ancient sliver of the temporal lobe called the amygdala. +now the amygdala is our early warning detector, our danger detector. +it sorts and scours through all of the information looking for anything in the environment that might harm us. +so given a dozen news stories, we will preferentially look at the negative news. +and that old newspaper saying, "if it bleeds it leads," is very true. +so given all of our digital devices that are bringing all the negative news to us seven days a week, 24 hours a day, it's no wonder that we're pessimistic. +it's no wonder that people think that the world is getting worse. +but perhaps that's not the case. +perhaps instead, of what's really going on. +perhaps the tremendous progress we've made over the last century by a series of forces are, in fact, accelerating to a point that we have the potential in the next three decades to create a world of abundance. +now i'm not saying we don't have our set of problems -- climate crisis, species extinction, water and energy shortage -- we surely do. +and as humans, we are far better at seeing the problems way in advance, but ultimately we knock them down. +so let's look at what this last century has been to see where we're going. +over the last hundred years, the average human lifespan has more than doubled, average per capita income adjusted for inflation around the world has tripled. +childhood mortality has come down a factor of 10. +add to that the cost of food, electricity, transportation, communication have dropped 10 to 1,000-fold. +steve pinker has showed us that, in fact, we're living during the most peaceful time ever in human history. +and charles kenny that global literacy has gone from 25 percent to over 80 percent in the last 130 years. +we truly are living in an extraordinary time. +and many people forget this. +and we keep setting our expectations higher and higher. +in fact, we redefine what poverty means. +think of this, in america today, the majority of people under the poverty line still have electricity, water, toilets, refrigerators, television, mobile phones, air conditioning and cars. +the wealthiest robber barons of the last century, the emperors on this planet, could have never dreamed of such luxuries. +underpinning much of this is technology, and of late, exponentially growing technologies. +my good friend ray kurzweil showed that any tool that becomes an information technology jumps on this curve, on moore's law, and experiences price performance doubling every 12 to 24 months. +that's why the cellphone in your pocket is literally a million times cheaper and a thousand times faster than a supercomputer of the '70s. +now look at this curve. +this is moore's law over the last hundred years. +i want you to notice two things from this curve. +number one, how smooth it is -- through good time and bad time, war time and peace time, recession, depression and boom time. +this is the result of faster computers being used to build faster computers. +it doesn't slow for any of our grand challenges. +and also, even though it's plotted on a log curve on the left, it's curving upwards. +the rate at which the technology is getting faster is itself getting faster. +and on this curve, riding on moore's law, are a set of extraordinarily powerful technologies available to all of us. +cloud computing, what my friends at autodesk call infinite computing; sensors and networks; robotics; 3d printing, which is the ability to democratize and distribute personalized production around the planet; synthetic biology; fuels, vaccines and foods; digital medicine; nanomaterials; and a.i. +i mean, how many of you saw the winning of jeopardy by ibm's watson? +i mean, that was epic. +in fact, i scoured the headlines looking for the best headline in a newspaper i could. +and i love this: "watson vanquishes human opponents." +jeopardy's not an easy game. +it's about the nuance of human language. +and imagine if you would a.i. 's like this on the cloud available to every person with a cellphone. +four years ago here at ted, ray kurzweil and i started a new university called singularity university. +and we teach our students all of these technologies, and particularly how they can be used to solve humanity's grand challenges. +and every year we ask them to start a company or a product or a service that can affect positively the lives of a billion people within a decade. +think about that, the fact that, literally, a group of students can touch the lives of a billion people today. +30 years ago that would have sounded ludicrous. +today we can point at dozens of companies that have done just that. +when i think about creating abundance, it's not about creating a life of luxury for everybody on this planet; it's about creating a life of possibility. +it is about taking that which was scarce and making it abundant. +you see, scarcity is contextual, and technology is a resource-liberating force. +let me give you an example. +so this is a story of napoleon iii in the mid-1800s. +he's the dude on the left. +he invited over to dinner the king of siam. +all of napoleon's troops were fed with silver utensils, napoleon himself with gold utensils. +but the king of siam, he was fed with aluminum utensils. +you see, aluminum was the most valuable metal on the planet, worth more than gold and platinum. +it's the reason that the tip of the washington monument is made of aluminum. +you see, even though aluminum is 8.3 percent of the earth by mass, it doesn't come as a pure metal. +it's all bound by oxygen and silicates. +but then the technology of electrolysis came along and literally made aluminum so cheap that we use it with throw-away mentality. +so let's project this analogy going forward. +we think about energy scarcity. +ladies and gentlemen, we are on a planet that is bathed with 5,000 times more energy than we use in a year. +16 terawatts of energy hits the earth's surface every 88 minutes. +it's not about being scarce, it's about accessibility. +and there's good news here. +for the first time, this year the cost of solar-generated electricity is 50 percent that of diesel-generated electricity in india -- 8.8 rupees versus 17 rupees. +the cost of solar dropped 50 percent last year. +last month, mit put out a study showing that by the end of this decade, in the sunny parts of the united states, solar electricity will be six cents a kilowatt hour compared to 15 cents as a national average. +and if we have abundant energy, we also have abundant water. +now we talk about water wars. +do you remember when carl sagan turned the voyager spacecraft back towards the earth, in 1990 after it just passed saturn? +he took a famous photo. what was it called? +"a pale blue dot." +because we live on a water planet. +we live on a planet 70 percent covered by water. +yes, 97.5 percent is saltwater, two percent is ice, and we fight over a half a percent of the water on this planet, but here too there is hope. +and there is technology coming online, not 10, 20 years from now, right now. +there's nanotechnology coming on, nanomaterials. +and the conversation i had with dean kamen this morning, one of the great diy innovators, i'd like to share with you -- he gave me permission to do so -- his technology called slingshot that many of you may have heard of, it is the size of a small dorm room refrigerator. +it's able to generate a thousand liters of clean drinking water a day out of any source -- saltwater, polluted water, latrine -- at less than two cents a liter. +the chairman of coca-cola has just agreed to do a major test of hundreds of units of this in the developing world. +and if that pans out, which i have every confidence it will, coca-cola will deploy this globally to 206 countries around the planet. +this is the kind of innovation, empowered by this technology, that exists today. +and we've seen this in cellphones. +my goodness, we're going to hit 70 percent penetration of cellphones in the developing world by the end of 2013. +think about it, that a masai warrior on a cellphone in the middle of kenya has better mobile comm than president reagan did 25 years ago. +and if they're on a smartphone on google, they've got access to more knowledge and information than president clinton did 15 years ago. +they're living in a world of information and communication abundance that no one could have ever predicted. +better than that, the things that you and i spent tens and hundreds of thousands of dollars for -- gps, hd video and still images, libraries of books and music, medical diagnostic technology -- are now literally dematerializing and demonetizing into your cellphone. +probably the best part of it is what's coming down the pike in health. +last month, i had the pleasure of announcing with qualcomm foundation something called the $10 million qualcomm tricorder x prize. +we're challenging teams around the world to basically combine these technologies into a mobile device that you can speak to, because it's got a.i., you can cough on it, you can do a finger blood prick. +and to win, it needs to be able to diagnose you better than a team of board-certified doctors. +so literally, imagine this device in the middle of the developing world where there are no doctors, 25 percent of the disease burden and 1.3 percent of the health care workers. +when this device sequences an rna or dna virus that it doesn't recognize, it calls the cdc and prevents the pandemic from happening in the first place. +but here, here is the biggest force for bringing about a world of abundance. +i call it the rising billion. +so the white lines here are population. +we just passed the seven billion mark on earth. +and by the way, the biggest protection against a population explosion is making the world educated and healthy. +in 2010, we had just short of two billion people online, connected. +by 2020, that's going from two billion to five billion internet users. +three billion new minds who have never been heard from before are connecting to the global conversation. +what will these people want? +what will they consume? what will they desire? +and rather than having economic shutdown, we're about to have the biggest economic injection ever. +these people represent tens of trillions of dollars injected into the global economy. +and they will get healthier by using the tricorder, and they'll become better educated by using the khan academy, and by literally being able to use 3d printing and infinite computing [become] more productive than ever before. +so what could three billion rising, healthy, educated, productive members of humanity bring to us? +how about a set of voices that have never been heard from before. +what about giving the oppressed, wherever they might be, the voice to be heard and the voice to act for the first time ever? +what will these three billion people bring? +what about contributions we can't even predict? +the one thing i've learned at the x prize is that small teams driven by their passion with a clear focus can do extraordinary things, things that large corporations and governments could only do in the past. +let me share and close with a story that really got me excited. +there is a program that some of you might have heard of. +it's a game called foldit. +it came out of the university of washington in seattle. +and this is a game where individuals can actually take a sequence of amino acids and figure out how the protein is going to fold. +and how it folds dictates its structure and its functionality. +and it's very important for research in medicine. +and up until now, it's been a supercomputer problem. +and this game has been played by university professors and so forth. +and it's literally, hundreds of thousands of people came online and started playing it. +and it showed that, in fact, today, the human pattern recognition machinery is better at folding proteins than the best computers. +and when these individuals went and looked at who was the best protein folder in the world, it wasn't an mit professor, it wasn't a caltech student, it was a person from england, from manchester, a woman who, during the day, was an executive assistant at a rehab clinic and, at night, was the world's best protein folder. +ladies and gentlemen, what gives me tremendous confidence in the future is the fact that we are now more empowered as individuals to take on the grand challenges of this planet. +we have the tools with this exponential technology. +we have the passion of the diy innovator. +we have the capital of the techno-philanthropist. +and we have three billion new minds coming online to work with us to solve the grand challenges, to do that which we must do. +we are living into extraordinary decades ahead. +thank you. +i think we have to do something about a piece of the culture of medicine that has to change. +and i think it starts with one physician, and that's me. +and maybe i've been around long enough that i can afford to give away some of my false prestige to be able to do that. +before i actually begin the meat of my talk, let's begin with a bit of baseball. +hey, why not? +we're near the end, we're getting close to the world series. +we all love baseball, don't we? +baseball is filled with some amazing statistics. +and there's hundreds of them. +"moneyball" is about to come out, and it's all about statistics and using statistics to build a great baseball team. +i'm going to focus on one stat that i hope a lot of you have heard of. +it's called batting average. +so we talk about a 300, a batter who bats 300. +that means that ballplayer batted safely, hit safely three times out of 10 at bats. +that means hit the ball into the outfield, it dropped, it didn't get caught, and whoever tried to throw it to first base didn't get there in time and the runner was safe. +three times out of 10. +do you know what they call a 300 hitter in major league baseball? +good, really good, maybe an all-star. +do you know what they call a 400 baseball hitter? +that's somebody who hit, by the way, four times safely out of every 10. +legendary -- as in ted williams legendary -- the last major league baseball player to hit over 400 during a regular season. +now let's take this back into my world of medicine where i'm a lot more comfortable, or perhaps a bit less comfortable after what i'm going to talk to you about. +suppose you have appendicitis and you're referred to a surgeon who's batting 400 on appendectomies. +somehow this isn't working out, is it? +now suppose you live in a certain part of a certain remote place and you have a loved one who has blockages in two coronary arteries and your family doctor refers that loved one to a cardiologist who's batting 200 on angioplasties. +but, but, you know what? +she's doing a lot better this year. she's on the comeback trail. +and she's hitting a 257. +somehow this isn't working. +but i'm going to ask you a question. +what do you think a batting average for a cardiac surgeon or a nurse practitioner or an orthopedic surgeon, an obgyn, a paramedic is supposed to be? +1,000, very good. +now truth of the matter is, nobody knows in all of medicine what a good surgeon or physician or paramedic is supposed to bat. +what we do though is we send each one of them, including myself, out into the world with the admonition, be perfect. +never ever, ever make a mistake, but you worry about the details, about how that's going to happen. +and that was the message that i absorbed when i was in med school. +i was an obsessive compulsive student. +in high school, a classmate once said that brian goldman would study for a blood test. +and so i did. +and i studied in my little garret at the nurses' residence at toronto general hospital, not far from here. +and i memorized everything. +i memorized in my anatomy class the origins and exertions of every muscle, every branch of every artery that came off the aorta, differential diagnoses obscure and common. +i even knew the differential diagnosis in how to classify renal tubular acidosis. +and all the while, i was amassing more and more knowledge. +and i did well, i graduated with honors, cum laude. +and i came out of medical school with the impression that if i memorized everything and knew everything, or as much as possible, as close to everything as possible, that it would immunize me against making mistakes. +and it worked for a while, until i met mrs. drucker. +i was a resident at a teaching hospital here in toronto when mrs. drucker was brought to the emergency department of the hospital where i was working. +at the time i was assigned to the cardiology service on a cardiology rotation. +and it was my job, when the emergency staff called for a cardiology consult, to see that patient in emerg. +and to report back to my attending. +and i saw mrs. drucker, and she was breathless. +and when i listened to her, she was making a wheezy sound. +and when i listened to her chest with a stethoscope, i could hear crackly sounds on both sides that told me that she was in congestive heart failure. +this is a condition in which the heart fails, and instead of being able to pump all the blood forward, some of the blood backs up into the lung, the lungs fill up with blood, and that's why you have shortness of breath. +and that wasn't a difficult diagnosis to make. +i made it and i set to work treating her. +i gave her aspirin. i gave her medications to relieve the strain on her heart. +i gave her medications that we call diuretics, water pills, to get her to pee out the access fluid. +and over the course of the next hour and a half or two, she started to feel better. +and i felt really good. +and that's when i made my first mistake; i sent her home. +actually, i made two more mistakes. +i sent her home without speaking to my attending. +i didn't pick up the phone and do what i was supposed to do, which was call my attending and run the story by him so he would have a chance to see her for himself. +and he knew her, he would have been able to furnish additional information about her. +maybe i did it for a good reason. +maybe i didn't want to be a high-maintenance resident. +maybe i wanted to be so successful and so able to take responsibility that i would do so and i would be able to take care of my attending's patients without even having to contact him. +the second mistake that i made was worse. +in sending her home, i disregarded a little voice deep down inside that was trying to tell me, "goldman, not a good idea. don't do this." +in fact, so lacking in confidence was i that i actually asked the nurse who was looking after mrs. drucker, "do you think it's okay if she goes home?" +and the nurse thought about it and said very matter-of-factly, "yeah, i think she'll do okay." +i can remember that like it was yesterday. +so i signed the discharge papers, and an ambulance came, paramedics came to take her home. +and i went back to my work on the wards. +all the rest of that day, that afternoon, i had this kind of gnawing feeling inside my stomach. +but i carried on with my work. +and at the end of the day, i packed up to leave the hospital and walked to the parking lot to take my car and drive home when i did something that i don't usually do. +i walked through the emergency department on my way home. +and it was there that another nurse, not the nurse who was looking after mrs. drucker before, but another nurse, said three words to me that are the three words that most emergency physicians i know dread. +others in medicine dread them as well, but there's something particular about emergency medicine because we see patients so fleetingly. +the three words are: do you remember? +"do you remember that patient you sent home?" +the other nurse asked matter-of-factly. +"well she's back," in just that tone of voice. +well she was back all right. +she was back and near death. +about an hour after she had arrived home, after i'd sent her home, she collapsed and her family called 911 and the paramedics brought her back to the emergency department where she had a blood pressure of 50, which is in severe shock. +and she was barely breathing and she was blue. +and the emerg. staff pulled out all the stops. +they gave her medications to raise her blood pressure. +they put her on a ventilator. +and i was shocked and shaken to the core. +and i went through this roller coaster, because after they stabilized her, she went to the intensive care unit, and i hoped against hope that she would recover. +and over the next two or three days, it was clear that she was never going to wake up. +she had irreversible brain damage. +and the family gathered. +and over the course of the next eight or nine days, they resigned themselves to what was happening. +and at about the nine day mark, they let her go -- mrs. drucker, a wife, a mother and a grandmother. +they say you never forget the names of those who die. +and that was my first time to be acquainted with that. +over the next few weeks, i beat myself up and i experienced for the first time the unhealthy shame that exists in our culture of medicine -- where i felt alone, isolated, not feeling the healthy kind of shame that you feel, because you can't talk about it with your colleagues. +you know that healthy kind, when you betray a secret that a best friend made you promise never to reveal and then you get busted and then your best friend confronts you and you have terrible discussions, but at the end of it all that sick feeling guides you and you say, i'll never make that mistake again. +and you make amends and you never make that mistake again. +that's the kind of shame that is a teacher. +the unhealthy shame i'm talking about is the one that makes you so sick inside. +it's the one that says, not that what you did was bad, but that you are bad. +and it was what i was feeling. +and it wasn't because of my attending; he was a doll. +he talked to the family, and i'm quite sure that he smoothed things over and made sure that i didn't get sued. +and i kept asking myself these questions. +why didn't i ask my attending? why did i send her home? +and then at my worst moments: why did i make such a stupid mistake? +why did i go into medicine? +slowly but surely, it lifted. +i began to feel a bit better. +and on a cloudy day, there was a crack in the clouds and the sun started to come out and i wondered, maybe i could feel better again. +and i made myself a bargain that if only i redouble my efforts to be perfect and never make another mistake again, please make the voices stop. +and they did. +and i went back to work. +and then it happened again. +two years later i was an attending in the emergency department at a community hospital just north of toronto, and i saw a 25 year-old man with a sore throat. +it was busy, i was in a bit of a hurry. +he kept pointing here. +i looked at his throat, it was a little bit pink. +and i gave him a prescription for penicillin and sent him on his way. +and even as he was walking out the door, he was still sort of pointing to his throat. +and two days later i came to do my next emergency shift, and that's when my chief asked to speak to me quietly in her office. +and she said the three words: do you remember? +"do you remember that patient you saw with the sore throat?" +well it turns out, he didn't have a strep throat. +he had a potentially life-threatening condition called epiglottitis. +you can google it, but it's an infection, not of the throat, but of the upper airway, and it can actually cause the airway to close. +and fortunately he didn't die. +he was placed on intravenous antibiotics and he recovered after a few days. +and i went through the same period of shame and recriminations and felt cleansed and went back to work, until it happened again and again and again. +twice in one emergency shift, i missed appendicitis. +now that takes some doing, especially when you work in a hospital that at the time saw but 14 people a night. +now in both cases, i didn't send them home and i don't think there was any gap in their care. +one i thought had a kidney stone. +i ordered a kidney x-ray. when it turned out to be normal, my colleague who was doing a reassessment of the patient noticed some tenderness in the right lower quadrant and called the surgeons. +the other one had a lot of diarrhea. +i ordered some fluids to rehydrate him and asked my colleague to reassess him. +and he did and when he noticed some tenderness in the right lower quadrant, called the surgeons. +in both cases, they had their operations and they did okay. +but each time, they were gnawing at me, eating at me. +and i'd like to be able to say to you that my worst mistakes only happened in the first five years of practice as many of my colleagues say, which is total b.s. +some of my doozies have been in the last five years. +alone, ashamed and unsupported. +here's the problem: if i can't come clean and talk about my mistakes, if i can't find the still-small voice that tells me what really happened, how can i share it with my colleagues? +how can i teach them about what i did so that they don't do the same thing? +if i were to walk into a room -- like right now, i have no idea what you think of me. +when was the last time you heard somebody talk about failure after failure after failure? +oh yeah, you go to a cocktail party and you might hear about some other doctor, but you're not going to hear somebody talking about their own mistakes. +if i were to walk into a room filled with my colleages and ask for their support right now and start to tell what i've just told you right now, i probably wouldn't get through two of those stories before they would start to get really uncomfortable, somebody would crack a joke, they'd change the subject and we would move on. +and in fact, if i knew and my colleagues knew that one of my orthopedic colleagues took off the wrong leg in my hospital, believe me, i'd have trouble making eye contact with that person. +that's the system that we have. +it's a complete denial of mistakes. +it's a system in which there are two kinds of physicians -- those who make mistakes and those who don't, those who can't handle sleep deprivation and those who can, those who have lousy outcomes and those who have great outcomes. +and it's almost like an ideological reaction, like the antibodies begin to attack that person. +and we have this idea that if we drive the people who make mistakes out of medicine, what will we be left with, but a safe system. +but there are two problems with that. +in my 20 years or so of medical broadcasting and journalism, i've made a personal study of medical malpractice and medical errors to learn everything i can, from one of the first articles i wrote for the toronto star to my show "white coat, black art." +and what i've learned is that errors are absolutely ubiquitous. +we work in a system where errors happen every day, where one in 10 medications are either the wrong medication given in hospital or at the wrong dosage, where hospital-acquired infections are getting more and more numerous, causing havoc and death. +in this country, as many as 24,000 canadians die of preventable medical errors. +in the united states, the institute of medicine pegged it at 100,000. +in both cases, these are gross underestimates, because we really aren't ferreting out the problem as we should. +and here's the thing. +in a hospital system where medical knowledge is doubling every two or three years, we can't keep up with it. +sleep deprivation is absolutely pervasive. +we can't get rid of it. +we have our cognitive biases, so that i can take a perfect history on a patient with chest pain. +now take the same patient with chest pain, make them moist and garrulous and put a little bit of alcohol on their breath, and suddenly my history is laced with contempt. +i don't take the same history. +i'm not a robot; i don't do things the same way each time. +and my patients aren't cars; they don't tell me their symptoms in the same way each time. +given all of that, mistakes are inevitable. +so if you take the system, as i was taught, and weed out all the error-prone health professionals, well there won't be anybody left. +and you know that business about people not wanting to talk about their worst cases? +on my show, on "white coat, black art," i made it a habit of saying, "here's my worst mistake," i would say to everybody from paramedics to the chief of cardiac surgery, "here's my worst mistake," blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, "what about yours?" and i would point the microphone towards them. +and their pupils would dilate, they would recoil, then they would look down and swallow hard and start to tell me their stories. +they want to tell their stories. they want to share their stories. +they want to be able to say, "look, don't make the same mistake i did." +what they need is an environment to be able to do that. +what they need is a redefined medical culture. +and it starts with one physician at a time. +the redefined physician is human, knows she's human, accepts it, isn't proud of making mistakes, but strives to learn one thing from what happened that she can teach to somebody else. +she shares her experience with others. +she's supportive when other people talk about their mistakes. +and she points out other people's mistakes, not in a gotcha way, but in a loving, supportive way so that everybody can benefit. +and she works in a culture of medicine that acknowledges that human beings run the system, and when human beings run the system, they will make mistakes from time to time. +so the system is evolving to create backups that make it easier to detect those mistakes that humans inevitably make and also fosters in a loving, supportive way places where everybody who is observing in the health care system can actually point out things that could be potential mistakes and is rewarded for doing so, and especially people like me, when we do make mistakes, we're rewarded for coming clean. +my name is brian goldman. +i am a redefined physician. +i'm human. i make mistakes. +i'm sorry about that, but i strive to learn one thing that i can pass on to other people. +i still don't know what you think of me, but i can live with that. +and let me close with three words of my own: i do remember. +i'm going to speak about a tiny, little idea. +and this is about shifting baseline. +and because the idea can be explained in one minute, i will tell you three stories before to fill in the time. +and the first story is about charles darwin, one of my heroes. +and he was here, as you well know, in '35. +and you'd think he was chasing finches, but he wasn't. +he was actually collecting fish. +and he described one of them as very "common." +this was the sailfin grouper. +a big fishery was run on it until the '80s. +now the fish is on the iucn red list. +now this story, we have heard it lots of times on galapagos and other places, so there is nothing particular about it. +but the point is, we still come to galapagos. +we still think it is pristine. +the brochures still say it is untouched. +so what happens here? +the second story, also to illustrate another concept, is called shifting waistline. +because i was there in '71, studying a lagoon in west africa. +i was there because i grew up in europe and i wanted later to work in africa. +and i thought i could blend in. +and i got a big sunburn, and i was convinced that i was really not from there. +this was my first sunburn. +and the lagoon was surrounded by palm trees, as you can see, and a few mangrove. +and it had tilapia about 20 centimeters, a species of tilapia called blackchin tilapia. +and the fisheries for this tilapia sustained lots of fish and they had a good time and they earned more than average in ghana. +when i went there 27 years later, the fish had shrunk to half of their size. +they were maturing at five centimeters. +they had been pushed genetically. +there were still fishes. +they were still kind of happy. +and the fish also were happy to be there. +so nothing has changed, but everything has changed. +my third little story is that i was an accomplice in the introduction of trawling in southeast asia. +in the '70s -- well, beginning in the' 60s -- europe did lots of development projects. +fish development meant imposing on countries that had already 100,000 fishers and this boat, quite ugly, is called the mutiara 4. +and i went sailing on it, and we did surveys throughout the southern south china sea and especially the java sea. +and what we caught, we didn't have words for it. +what we caught, i know now, is the bottom of the sea. +and 90 percent of our catch were sponges, other animals that are fixed on the bottom. +and actually most of the fish, they are a little spot on the debris, the piles of debris, were coral reef fish. +essentially the bottom of the sea came onto the deck and then was thrown down. +and these pictures are extraordinary because this transition is very rapid. +within a year, you do a survey and then commercial fishing begins. +the bottom is transformed from, in this case, a hard bottom or soft coral into a muddy mess. +this is a dead turtle. +they were not eaten, they were thrown away because they were dead. +and one time we caught a live one. +it was not drowned yet. +and then they wanted to kill it because it was good to eat. +this mountain of debris is actually collected by fishers every time they go into an area that's never been fished. +but it's not documented. +we transform the world, but we don't remember it. +we adjust our baseline to the new level, and we don't recall what was there. +if you generalize this, something like this happens. +you have on the y axis some good thing: biodiversity, numbers of orca, the greenness of your country, the water supply. +and over time it changes -- it changes because people do things, or naturally. +every generation will use the images that they got at the beginning of their conscious lives as a standard and will extrapolate forward. +and the difference then, they perceive as a loss. +but they don't perceive what happened before as a loss. +you can have a succession of changes. +at the end you want to sustain miserable leftovers. +and that, to a large extent, is what we want to do now. +we want to sustain things that are gone or things that are not the way they were. +now one should think this problem affected people certainly when in predatory societies, they killed animals and they didn't know they had done so after a few generations. +because, obviously, an animal that is very abundant, before it gets extinct, it becomes rare. +so you don't lose abundant animals. +you always lose rare animals. +and therefore they're not perceived as a big loss. +over time, we concentrate on large animals, and in a sea that means the big fish. +they become rarer because we fish them. +over time we have a few fish left and we think this is the baseline. +and the question is, why do people accept this? +well because they don't know that it was different. +and in fact, lots of people, scientists, will contest that it was really different. +and they will contest this because the evidence presented in an earlier mode is not in the way they would like the evidence presented. +for example, the anecdote that some present, as captain so-and-so observed lots of fish in this area cannot be used or is usually not utilized by fishery scientists, because it's not "scientific." +so you have a situation where people don't know the past, even though we live in literate societies, because they don't trust the sources of the past. +and hence, the enormous role that a marine protected area can play. +because with marine protected areas, we actually recreate the past. +we recreate the past that people cannot conceive because the baseline has shifted and is extremely low. +that is for people who can see a marine protected area and who can benefit from the insight that it provides, which enables them to reset their baseline. +how about the people who can't do that because they have no access -- the people in the midwest for example? +there i think that the arts and film can perhaps fill the gap, and simulation. +this is a simulation of chesapeake bay. +there were gray whales in chesapeake bay a long time ago -- 500 years ago. +and you will have noticed that the hues and tones are like "avatar." +and if you think about "avatar," if you think of why people were so touched by it -- never mind the pocahontas story -- why so touched by the imagery? +because it evokes something that in a sense has been lost. +and so my recommendation, it's the only one i will provide, is for cameron to do "avatar ii" underwater. +thank you very much. +in the 1980s in the communist eastern germany, if you owned a typewriter, you had to register it with the government. +you had to register a sample sheet of text out of the typewriter. +and this was done so the government could track where text was coming from. +if they found a paper which had the wrong kind of thought, they could track down who created that thought. +and we in the west couldn't understand how anybody could do this, how much this would restrict freedom of speech. +we would never do that in our own countries. +but today in 2011, if you go and buy a color laser printer from any major laser printer manufacturer and print a page, that page will end up having slight yellow dots printed on every single page in a pattern which makes the page unique to you and to your printer. +this is happening to us today. +and nobody seems to be making a fuss about it. +and this is an example of the ways that our own governments are using technology against us, the citizens. +and this is one of the main three sources of online problems today. +if we take a look at what's really happening in the online world, we can group the attacks based on the attackers. +we have three main groups. +we have online criminals. +like here, we have mr. dimitry golubov from the city of kiev in ukraine. +and the motives of online criminals are very easy to understand. +these guys make money. +they use online attacks to make lots of money, and lots and lots of it. +we actually have several cases of millionaires online, multimillionaires, who made money with their attacks. +here's vladimir tsastsin form tartu in estonia. +this is alfred gonzalez. +this is stephen watt. +this is bjorn sundin. +this is matthew anderson, tariq al-daour and so on and so on. +these guys make their fortunes online, but they make it through the illegal means of using things like banking trojans to steal money from our bank accounts while we do online banking, or with keyloggers to collect our credit card information while we are doing online shopping from an infected computer. +the u.s. secret service, two months ago, froze the swiss bank account of mr. sam jain right here, and that bank account had 14.9 million u.s. dollars on it when it was frozen. +mr. jain himself is on the loose; nobody knows where he is. +and i claim it's already today that it's more likely for any of us to become the victim of a crime online than here in the real world. +and it's very obvious that this is only going to get worse. +in the future, the majority of crime will be happening online. +the second major group of attackers that we are watching today are not motivated by money. +they're motivated by something else -- motivated by protests, motivated by an opinion, motivated by the laughs. +groups like anonymous have risen up over the last 12 months and have become a major player in the field of online attacks. +so those are the three main attackers: criminals who do it for the money, hacktivists like anonymous doing it for the protest, but then the last group are nation states, governments doing the attacks. +and then we look at cases like what happened in diginotar. +this is a prime example of what happens when governments attack against their own citizens. +diginotar is a certificate authority from the netherlands -- or actually, it was. +it was running into bankruptcy last fall because they were hacked into. +somebody broke in and they hacked it thoroughly. +and i asked last week in a meeting with dutch government representatives, i asked one of the leaders of the team whether he found plausible that people died because of the diginotar hack. +and his answer was yes. +so how do people die as the result of a hack like this? +well diginotar is a c.a. +they sell certificates. +what do you do with certificates? +well you need a certificate if you have a website that has https, ssl encrypted services, services like gmail. +now we all, or a big part of us, use gmail or one of their competitors, but these services are especially popular in totalitarian states like iran, where dissidents use foreign services like gmail because they know they are more trustworthy than the local services and they are encrypted over ssl connections, so the local government can't snoop on their discussions. +except they can if they hack into a foreign c.a. +and issue rogue certificates. +and this is exactly what happened with the case of diginotar. +what about arab spring and things that have been happening, for example, in egypt? +well in egypt, the rioters looted the headquarters of the egyptian secret police in april 2011, and when they were looting the building they found lots of papers. +among those papers, was this binder entitled "finfisher." +and within that binder were notes from a company based in germany which had sold the egyptian government a set of tools for intercepting -- and in very large scale -- all the communication of the citizens of the country. +they had sold this tool for 280,000 euros to the egyptian government. +the company headquarters are right here. +so western governments are providing totalitarian governments with tools to do this against their own citizens. +but western governments are doing it to themselves as well. +for example, in germany, just a couple of weeks ago the so-called state trojan was found, which was a trojan used by german government officials to investigate their own citizens. +if you are a suspect in a criminal case, well it's pretty obvious, your phone will be tapped. +but today, it goes beyond that. +they will tap your internet connection. +they will even use tools like state trojan to infect your computer with a trojan, which enables them to watch all your communication, to listen to your online discussions, to collect your passwords. +now when we think deeper about things like these, the obvious response from people should be that, "okay, that sounds bad, but that doesn't really affect me because i'm a legal citizen. +why should i worry? +because i have nothing to hide. " +and this is an argument, which doesn't make sense. +privacy is implied. +privacy is not up for discussion. +this is not a question between privacy against security. +it's a question of freedom against control. +and while we might trust our governments right now, right here in 2011, any right we give away will be given away for good. +and do we trust, do we blindly trust, any future government, a government we might have 50 years from now? +and these are the questions that we have to worry about for the next 50 years. +this may sound strange, but i'm a big fan of the concrete block. +the first concrete blocks were manufactured in 1868 with a very simple idea: modules made of cement of a fixed measurement that fit together. +very quickly concrete blocks became the most-used construction unit in the world. +they enabled us to to build things that were larger than us, buildings, bridges, one brick at a time. +essentially concrete blocks had become the building block of our time. +almost a hundred years later in 1947, lego came up with this. +it was called the automatic binding brick. +and in a few short years, lego bricks took place in every household. +it's estimated that over 400 billion bricks have been produced -- or 75 bricks for every person on the planet. +you don't have to be an engineer to make beautiful houses, beautiful bridges, beautiful buildings. +lego made it accessible. +lego has essentially taken the concrete block, the building block of the world, and made it into the building block of our imagination. +meanwhile the exact same year, at bell labs the next revolution was about to be announced, the next building block. +the transistor was a small plastic unit that would take us from a world of static bricks piled on top of each other to a world where everything was interactive. +like the concrete block, the transistor allows you to build much larger, more complex circuits, one brick at a time. +but there's a main difference: the transistor was only for experts. +i personally don't accept this, that the building block of our time is reserved for experts, so i decided to change that. +eight years ago when i was at the media lab, i started exploring this idea of how to put the power of engineers in the hands of artists and designers. +a few years ago i started developing littlebits. +let me show you how they work. +littlebits are electronic modules with each one specific function. +they're pre-engineered to be light, sound, motors and sensors. +and the best part about it is they snap together with magnets. +so you can't put them the wrong way. +the bricks are color-coded. +green is output, blue is power, pink is input and orange is wire. +so all you need to do is snap a blue to a green and very quickly you can start making larger circuits. +you put a blue to a green, you can make light. +you can put a knob in between and now you've made a little dimmer. +switch out the knob for a pulse module, which is here, and now you've made a little blinker. +add this buzzer for some extra punch and you've created a noise machine. +i'm going to stop that. +so beyond simple play, littlebits are actually pretty powerful. +instead of having to program, to wire, to solder, littlebits allow you to program using very simple intuitive gestures. +so to make this blink faster or slower, you would just turn this knob and basically make it pulse faster or slower. +the idea behind littlebits is that it's a growing library. +we want to make every single interaction in the world into a ready-to-use brick. +lights, sounds, solar panels, motors -- everything should be accessible. +we've been giving littlebits to kids and seeing them play with them. +and it's been an incredible experience. +the nicest thing is how they start to understand the electronics around them from everyday that they don't learn at schools. +for example, how a nightlight works, or why an elevator door stays open, or how an ipod responds to touch. +we've also been taking littlebits to design schools. +so for example, we've had designers with no experience with electronics whatsoever start to play with littlebits as a material. +here you see, with felt and paper water bottles, we have geordie making... +a few weeks ago we took littlebits to risd and gave them to some designers with no experience in engineering whatsoever -- just cardboard, wood and paper -- and told them "make something." +here's an example of a project they made, a motion-activated confetti canon ball. +but wait, this is actually my favorite project. +it's a lobster made of playdough that's afraid of the dark. +to these non-engineers, littlebits became another material, electronics became just another material. +and we want to make this material accessible to everyone. +so littlebits is open-source. +you can go on the website, download all the design files, make them yourself. +we want to encourage a world of creators, of inventors, of contributors, because this world that we live in, this interactive world, is ours. +so go ahead and start inventing. +thank you. diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/test.de b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/test.de new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b6e0a264eefb7fb1deeb89d3831944fefac2e24 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/test.de @@ -0,0 +1,6750 @@ +wissen sie , eines der großen vern@@ ü@@ gen beim reisen und eine der freu@@ den bei der eth@@ no@@ graph@@ ischen forschung ist , gemeinsam mit den menschen zu leben , die sich noch an die alten tage erinnern können . die ihre vergangenheit noch immer im wind spüren , sie auf vom regen ge@@ gl@@ ä@@ t@@ teten st@@ einen berü@@ hren , sie in den bit@@ teren blä@@ ttern der pflanzen schme@@ cken . +einfach das wissen , dass ja@@ gu@@ ar-@@ sch@@ am@@ an@@ en noch immer jen@@ seits der mil@@ ch@@ straße reisen oder die bedeutung der my@@ then der äl@@ testen der in@@ u@@ it noch voller bedeutung sind , oder dass im hi@@ mal@@ a@@ ya die budd@@ hi@@ sten noch immer den at@@ em des d@@ har@@ ma verfolgen , bedeutet , sich die zentr@@ ale offen@@ bar@@ ung der anthropo@@ log@@ ie ins ge@@ däch@@ tnis zu rufen , das ist der gedanke , dass die welt , in der wir leben , nicht in einem absol@@ uten sinn existiert , sondern nur als ein modell der realität , als eine folge einer gruppe von bestimmten möglichkeiten der anpas@@ sung die unsere a@@ hnen , wen@@ n@@ gleich erfolgreich , vor vielen generationen wähl@@ ten . +und natürlich teilen wir alle diesel@@ ben anpas@@ s@@ ungs@@ notwen@@ dig@@ keiten . +wir werden alle geboren . wir bringen kinder zur welt . +wir durch@@ laufen initi@@ a@@ tions@@ ritu@@ ale . +wir müssen uns mit der un@@ auf@@ hal@@ ts@@ am@@ en tren@@ nung durch den tod aus@@ einander@@ setzen und somit sollte es uns nicht überra@@ schen , dass wir alle singen , tan@@ zen und und kunst hervor@@ bringen . +aber interessant ist der einzigarti@@ ge ton@@ fall des lie@@ des , der rhyth@@ mus des tan@@ zes in jeder kultur . +dabei spielt es keine rolle , ob es sich um die pen@@ an in den wäl@@ dern von bor@@ ne@@ o handelt , oder die vo@@ o@@ do@@ o-@@ ak@@ oly@@ then in haiti , oder die krie@@ ger in der ka@@ is@@ u@@ t-@@ wüste von nord@@ ken@@ ia , die cur@@ ander@@ os in den an@@ den , oder eine kar@@ a@@ wan@@ ser@@ ei mitten in der sahar@@ a . dies ist zufällig der kol@@ lege , mit dem ich vor einem monat in die wüste gerei@@ st bin . oder selbst ein y@@ ak@@ -@@ hir@@ te an den hängen des q@@ om@@ ol@@ ang@@ ma , ever@@ est , der got@@ t@@ mutter der welt . +all diese menschen lehren uns , dass es noch andere exi@@ sten@@ z@@ möglichkeiten , andere denk@@ weisen , andere wege zur orienti@@ erung auf der erde gibt . +und das ist eine vorstellung , die , wenn man darüber nach@@ denkt , einen nur mit hoffnung erfü@@ llen kann . +zusammen bilden die un@@ zä@@ h@@ li@@ gen kulturen der welt ein netz aus spiritu@@ el@@ lem und kultur@@ el@@ lem leben , das die erde um@@ hü@@ llt und für das wohl der erde genauso wichtig ist , wie das biolog@@ ische lebens@@ netz , das man als bio@@ sphäre kennt . +man kann sich dieses kultur@@ elle lebens@@ netz als eine eth@@ no@@ sphäre vorstellen . eth@@ no@@ sphäre kann dabei als die gesam@@ t@@ sum@@ me aller gedanken und träume , my@@ then ideen , inspi@@ ra@@ tionen und intui@@ tionen , die von der menschlichen vorstell@@ ungskraft seit den an@@ fän@@ gen des bewusst@@ s@@ eins hervor@@ gebracht wurden , defin@@ iert werden . +die eth@@ no@@ sphäre ist das großartige ver@@ mäch@@ tnis der menschheit . +sie ist das symbol all dessen , was wir sind und wo@@ zu wir als erstaunlich wis@@ s@@ be@@ gi@@ er@@ ige spezies fähig sind . +und genauso wie die bio@@ sphäre stark abge@@ tragen wurde , geschah dies mit der eth@@ no@@ sphäre -- nur mit noch größ@@ erer geschwindigkeit . +kein bi@@ ologe würde zum beispiel wagen zu behaup@@ ten , dass 50 % oder mehr aller arten kurz vor dem aus@@ sterben sind , da es einfach nicht stimmt . und doch , dieses -- das apo@@ kal@@ yp@@ ti@@ sch@@ ste s@@ zen@@ ari@@ um auf dem gebiet der biolog@@ ischen vielfalt -- entspricht kaum dem , was uns als optimi@@ st@@ isch@@ stes s@@ zen@@ ari@@ um auf dem gebiet der kultur@@ ellen vielfalt bekannt ist . +und der entscheiden@@ de indi@@ kat@@ or dafür ist das aus@@ sterben der sprachen . +als jeder von ihnen in diesem raum geboren wurde , wurden auf der erde 6@@ 000 sprachen gesprochen . +nun ist eine sprache nicht nur die gesam@@ theit des vo@@ kab@@ ul@@ ars oder eine reihe von gra@@ m@@ mati@@ kre@@ geln . +eine sprache ist ausdruck des menschlichen gei@@ stes . +sie ist ein mittel , mit der die se@@ ele einer bestimmten kultur zugang zu der materi@@ ellen welt findet . +jede sprache ist wie ein alt@@ be@@ ste@@ hen@@ der wald des gei@@ stes , ein wen@@ de@@ punkt , ein gedanke , ein öko@@ system spiritu@@ eller möglichkeiten . +und von diesen 6@@ 000 sprachen werden heute , während wir hier in mon@@ ter@@ ey sitzen , genau die hälfte nicht mehr in die o@@ hren von kindern ge@@ flü@@ stert . +sie werden klein@@ kindern nicht mehr bei@@ gebracht . das heißt , wenn nichts unter@@ nom@@ men wird , sind sie tatsächlich bereits tot . +was könnte ein@@ samer sein , als vom schwei@@ gen um@@ hü@@ llt zu sein , einer der letzten d@@ eines vol@@ kes zu sein , die deine sprache sprechen , keine möglichkeit zu haben , die wei@@ sheit der vorfahren weiter@@ zu@@ geben , oder die hoffnung kinder zu erwarten ? +und doch wider@@ fährt dieses schreck@@ liche schick@@ sal tatsächlich jemandem irgendwo auf der erde , ca. aller zwei wochen , denn aller zwei wochen , stir@@ bt ein äl@@ ter@@ er mensch und nimmt die letzten sil@@ ben einer alten sprache mit sich ins gra@@ b . +und ich weiß , dass einige von ihnen sagen : " ist es nicht besser so ? " wäre die welt nicht ein besser@@ er ort , wenn wir alle nur eine sprache sprechen würden ? " und ich sage : " gut , lass diese sprache yor@@ u@@ ba sein . lass sie kan@@ ton@@ es@@ isch sein . +lass sie kog@@ i sein . " +und dann würden sie plötzlich erkennen , wie es wäre , wenn sie ihre eigene sprache nicht sprechen könnten . +deshalb möchte ich sie heute gewis@@ ser@@ maßen auf eine reise durch die eth@@ no@@ sphäre mit@@ nehmen , eine kurze reise durch die eth@@ no@@ sphäre , um zu versuchen , ihnen verständlich zu machen , was tatsächlich verloren gegangen ist . +nun gibt es einige unter uns , die gewis@@ ser@@ maßen vergessen , dass ich , wenn ich sage " verschiedene möglichkeiten des s@@ eins , " wirklich verschiedene möglichkeiten des s@@ eins meine . +nehmen sie zum beispiel dieses kind der bar@@ as@@ ana im nord@@ westen des ama@@ zon@@ as , das volk der an@@ a@@ kon@@ da , glauben , dass sie my@@ th@@ olog@@ isch den mil@@ ch@@ fluss vom osten her im b@@ auch von heili@@ gen sch@@ langen her@@ auf@@ kamen . +das ist ein volk , welches nicht kogni@@ tiv zwischen den farben blau und grün unterschei@@ det , da das hi@@ mm@@ el@@ sz@@ elt dem wald , von dem die menschen abhän@@ gen , gleich@@ gestellt ist . +sie haben eine eigen@@ artige sprache und eine heirat@@ s@@ vor@@ schrift die l@@ ingu@@ i@@ stische ex@@ og@@ am@@ ie genannt wird : man muss jemanden hei@@ raten , der eine andere sprache spricht . +all dies wurz@@ elt in der my@@ th@@ ologischen vergangenheit . das eigen@@ artige an diesen großen häusern , in denen aufgrund der mis@@ che@@ hen sechs oder sieben sprachen gesprochen werden , ist jedoch , dass man niemals jemanden hört , der eine sprache lernt . +sie hören nur zu und beginnen dann zu sprechen . +oder , einer der faszinier@@ end@@ sten stä@@ mme , mit denen ich jemals gelebt habe , die wa@@ or@@ an@@ i im nor@@ do@@ sten von ecu@@ ad@@ or , ein erstaun@@ liches volk , das erst@@ mals im jahr 195@@ 8 frie@@ dlich konta@@ kti@@ ert wurde . +im jahr 195@@ 7 versuchten fünf mis@@ sion@@ are kontakt auf@@ zunehmen und machten einen schwer@@ wie@@ genden fehler . +sie war@@ fen gl@@ än@@ z@@ ende fotos von sich aus der luft her@@ ab , was wir als freund@@ liche ge@@ ste bewer@@ ten würden . dabei ver@@ ga@@ ßen sie , dass diese menschen aus dem regen@@ wald in ihrem leben noch niemals etwas zwei@@ dimension@@ ales gesehen hatten . +sie ho@@ ben diese fotografi@@ en vom wal@@ d@@ boden auf , versuchten hinter das gesicht oder die figu@@ r zu sehen , fanden nichts und schluss@@ fol@@ ger@@ ten , dass dies vis@@ it@@ en@@ karten des teu@@ f@@ els seien und tö@@ teten die fünf mis@@ sion@@ are mit dem spe@@ er . +aber die wa@@ or@@ an@@ i tö@@ teten nicht nur außen@@ steh@@ ende mit dem spe@@ er . +sie durch@@ bo@@ hr@@ ten sich gegensei@@ tig . +5@@ 4 % der todes@@ fälle gesch@@ a@@ hen durch durch@@ bo@@ hr@@ ungen . +wir ver@@ fol@@ gten die gene@@ a@@ ologie acht generationen zurück und fanden zwei fälle eines natürlichen to@@ des und als wir die menschen mit nach@@ druck etwas darüber aus@@ fragten , gaben sie zu , dass einer der leute so alt geworden war , dass er aufgrund seines al@@ ters starb und wir tö@@ teten ihn trotzdem mit dem spe@@ er . +aber gleichzeitig hatten sie eine kl@@ are kenn@@ tnis des wal@@ des , die erstaunlich war . +ihre jä@@ ger konnten den ur@@ in eines tier@@ es aus 40 schri@@ tten entfern@@ ung rie@@ chen und bestimmen , zu welcher tier@@ art dieser ge@@ hörte . +in den frühen 8@@ 0@@ iger jahren bekam ich eine wirklich erstaunliche aufgabe , als mich mein professor in harvard fragte , ob ich daran interessiert wäre , nach haiti zu gehen und die gehei@@ men gesellschaften zu in@@ fil@@ tri@@ eren , die das fundam@@ ent der stärke von du@@ v@@ ali@@ er und ton@@ ton ma@@ cou@@ tes waren und das gift , das dafür benutzt wurde , um z@@ om@@ bi@@ es zu machen , sicher@@ zustellen . +um dieser sen@@ sation einen sinn zu geben musste ich natürlich etwas über diesen bemerkens@@ werten glauben des vo@@ dou@@ n wissen und vo@@ o@@ do@@ o is kein kul@@ t der schwarzen mag@@ ie . +im gegenteil , es handelt sich um eine komplexe meta@@ phy@@ sische welt@@ sicht . +es ist interessant . +wenn ich sie fragen würde , die großen wel@@ tre@@ li@@ gi@@ onen aufzu@@ zählen , was würden sie sagen ? +christ@@ ent@@ um , islam , budd@@ h@@ ismus , ju@@ da@@ ismus oder was auch immer . +ein kontin@@ ent wird immer aus@@ gelassen , denn die vermu@@ tung war , dass es in schwarz@@ afrika keinen religiö@@ sen glauben gebe . natürlich gab es einen und vo@@ o@@ do@@ o ist einfach das über@@ blei@@ b@@ sel dieser sehr tief@@ geh@@ enden religiö@@ sen gedanken , die während der trag@@ ischen di@@ as@@ por@@ a der skla@@ ver@@ ei@@ zeit her@@ über@@ kamen . +aber was vo@@ o@@ do@@ o so interessant macht , ist diese leben@@ dige beziehung zwischen den lebenden und den toten . +die lebenden geb@@ ären die gei@@ ster . +die gei@@ ster können von unter dem großen wasser her@@ auf@@ besch@@ wör@@ t werden , antworten auf den rhyth@@ mus des tan@@ zes , um die se@@ ele des lebenden vor@@ über@@ geh@@ end zu ver@@ drän@@ gen , so dass der ak@@ oly@@ th für einen kurzen gl@@ än@@ z@@ enden moment zum gott wird . +des@@ hab sagen die vo@@ o@@ do@@ o@@ i@@ sten gerne , " ihr weißen geht in die kirche und spre@@ cht über gott . +wir tan@@ zen im tem@@ pel und werden zu gott . " +und weil du bes@@ essen bist , wirst du von dem geist ein@@ genommen . wie kann dir schaden zu@@ gefü@@ gt werden ? +sehen sie diese erstaun@@ lichen demon@@ stra@@ tionen : vo@@ o@@ do@@ o-@@ ak@@ oly@@ then in einem tran@@ ce@@ zustand , die glü@@ h@@ ende ko@@ hle ohne ver@@ bren@@ nung an@@ fas@@ send , eine erstaunliche veran@@ schau@@ lich@@ ung der fähigkeit des gei@@ stes den körper so zu beeinflussen , dass dieser es aus@@ hält , wenn er in einen zustand der extre@@ men er@@ re@@ gung ver@@ setzt wird . +nun , von allen menschen , die ich getroffen habe , waren die kog@@ i aus der si@@ er@@ ra ne@@ v@@ ada de s@@ ant@@ a mar@@ ta in nord@@ kol@@ um@@ bi@@ en , die außergewöhn@@ lichsten . +nach@@ kommen der alten ty@@ ran@@ n@@ ischen zivilisation , die die kari@@ b@@ ische kü@@ sten@@ ebene von kol@@ um@@ bi@@ en bevölk@@ erten und in folge der er@@ ober@@ ung zog sich dieses volk in ein is@@ oli@@ ertes vul@@ kan@@ isches massi@@ v zurück , das über der kari@@ b@@ ischen kü@@ sten@@ ebene auf@@ steigt . +in einem blut@@ be@@ fle@@ ckten kontin@@ ent , waren diese menschen die einzigen , die nie von den sp@@ ani@@ ern er@@ ob@@ ert wurden . +bis zum heutigen tag , werden sie von einer ritu@@ ellen p@@ rie@@ ster@@ schaft regi@@ ert . die ausbildung zur p@@ rie@@ ster@@ schaft ist jedoch sehr außergewöhn@@ lich . +die jungen ak@@ oly@@ then werden im alter von drei und vier jahren von ihren familien ge@@ trennt und in einer sch@@ atten@@ ha@@ ften welt der fin@@ stern@@ is , in stein@@ hü@@ tten am fu@@ ße der g@@ let@@ scher für 18 jahre ab@@ gesch@@ ot@@ tet . zwei zei@@ träume von jewei@@ ls neun jahren , ab@@ sichtlich gewä@@ hlt , um die neun monate der schwan@@ ger@@ schaft nachzu@@ a@@ hmen , die sie im scho@@ ß ihrer lei@@ b@@ lichen mutter verbra@@ chten , verbringen sie nun me@@ tam@@ or@@ ph@@ or@@ isch im scho@@ ß der großen mutter . +und während dieser ganzen zeit , werden sie kultur@@ ell in die werte ihrer gesellschaft einge@@ führt . werte , die die behaup@@ tung auf@@ rech@@ ter@@ halten , dass ihre ge@@ be@@ te und nur ihre ge@@ be@@ te , die ko@@ sm@@ ische -- oder wir könnten sagen das ök@@ ologische -- gleich@@ gewicht auf@@ rech@@ ter@@ halten . +am ende dieser erstaun@@ lichen initi@@ ation werden sie eines tages plötzlich nach draußen genommen und zum ersten mal in ihrem leben , im alter von 18 jahren , sehen sie einen sonnen@@ auf@@ gang . und in diesem kri@@ st@@ all@@ kl@@ aren moment des bewusst@@ s@@ eins des ersten lich@@ ts , wenn die sonne beginnt auf die hän@@ ge der erstaunlich schönen landschaft zu stra@@ hlen , wird plötzlich alles , was sie im abstra@@ kten gelernt haben in erstaun@@ licher pra@@ cht bestä@@ tigt . und der p@@ rie@@ ster tritt zurück und sagt , " se@@ ht ihr ? es ist wirklich , wie ich euch erzählt habe . +es ist so wunderbar . ihr mü@@ sst es besch@@ ü@@ tzen . " +sie nennen sich die äl@@ teren brü@@ der und sagen , dass wir , die wir die jün@@ g@@ eren brü@@ der sind , für die zerstör@@ ung der welt verantwortlich sind . +nun diese ebene der intuition wird sehr wichtig . +immer wenn wir an ein@@ geb@@ or@@ ene und landschaft denken , besch@@ wör@@ en wir entweder r@@ ous@@ se@@ au und das alte gerü@@ cht des no@@ bl@@ en wil@@ den her@@ auf , welches in seiner ver@@ einfa@@ chung ein ras@@ si@@ st@@ ischer gedanke ist oder ander@@ erseits th@@ ore@@ au und sagen , diese menschen sind mehr mit der natur verbunden , als wir . +also , ein@@ geb@@ or@@ ene sind weder sen@@ ti@@ mental , noch werden sie von der no@@ st@@ alg@@ ie gesch@@ wä@@ cht . +es bleibt nicht viel platz dafür in den malari@@ a@@ ver@@ se@@ u@@ chten sü@@ mp@@ fen von as@@ m@@ at oder den k@@ alten winden von ti@@ bet , sie haben jedoch trotzdem , durch zeit und ritual einen geheim@@ nis@@ vollen ni@@ m@@ bus der erde ge@@ for@@ mt , der nicht auf der idee beru@@ ht , ihr bewusst nahe zu sein , sondern auf einer weit sub@@ ti@@ l@@ eren intuition , der idee , dass die erde an sich nur existieren kann , weil sie in das menschliche bewusstsein hin@@ einge@@ at@@ met wird . +nun , was bedeutet das ? +es bedeutet , dass ein kleines kind aus den an@@ den , das in dem glauben auf@@ wächst , dass der berg ein a@@ pu@@ -@@ geist ist , der sein oder ihr schick@@ sal bestimmen , wird ein ganz anderer mensch werden , und eine andere beziehung zu dieser res@@ source oder diesem ort haben , als ein kleines kind aus mon@@ tan@@ a , das in dem glauben auf@@ wächst , dass ein berg ein haufen steine ist , der abge@@ tragen werden kann . +ob er ein auf@@ enth@@ al@@ ts@@ ort eines gei@@ stes oder ein haufen er@@ z ist , ist ir@@ relevant . +das interessante ist die metapher , welche die beziehung zwischen dem individu@@ um und der natur defin@@ iert . +ich wuchs in den wäl@@ dern von bri@@ tisch kol@@ um@@ bi@@ en auf und glaub@@ te , dass diese wäl@@ der dazu da sind , ger@@ o@@ det zu werden . +das machte mich zu einem anderen menschen als meine freunde unter den k@@ wa@@ ki@@ u@@ t@@ l , die glauben , dass diese wäl@@ der der auf@@ enth@@ al@@ ts@@ ort von hu@@ ku@@ k und dem ge@@ bo@@ genen hi@@ mm@@ el@@ s@@ schn@@ ab@@ el und den kan@@ ni@@ bal@@ ischen gei@@ ster sind , die am nor@@ den@@ de der welt wo@@ hnen , gei@@ ster , die sie an ihrer ha@@ mat@@ sa@@ -@@ initi@@ ation beteili@@ gen würden . +nun , wenn man beginnt , die idee zu betrachten , dass diese kulturen verschiedene real@@ itäten kreieren können , kann man einige ihrer außergewöhn@@ lichen entdeck@@ ungen verstehen . z.b. diese pflan@@ ze hier . +es ist ein foto , das ich erst letzten apri@@ l im nord@@ westen des ama@@ zon@@ as auf@@ nahm . +dies ist ay@@ a@@ hu@@ as@@ ca , von der viele von ihnen gehört haben , das stär@@ k@@ ste psycho@@ ak@@ tive prä@@ par@@ at aus dem re@@ per@@ toi@@ re des sch@@ am@@ an@@ en . +was ay@@ a@@ hu@@ as@@ ca so faszinier@@ end macht , ist nicht nur das pharma@@ k@@ ologische potential dieses prä@@ par@@ ats , sondern dessen ver@@ arbei@@ tung . es wird wirklich aus zwei verschiedenen quellen hergestellt . auf der einen seite , gibt es diese hö@@ l@@ z@@ ern@@ e li@@ an@@ e , die eine reihe von be@@ ta@@ k@@ arb@@ ol@@ inen , har@@ m@@ in , har@@ mo@@ lin , leicht hallu@@ zin@@ o@@ gen , bir@@ gt . diese kle@@ tter@@ pflan@@ ze allein ein@@ zunehmen ist ungefähr so als ob sich ein blau@@ er tr@@ über r@@ auch auf ihr bewusstsein legt , es wird jedoch mit den blä@@ ttern eines str@@ au@@ chs aus der familie der ka@@ ffe@@ e@@ pflanzen mit dem namen psych@@ ot@@ ri@@ a vi@@ ri@@ d@@ is ver@@ mis@@ cht . +diese pflan@@ ze enth@@ ält einige sehr starke tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ine die dem ser@@ ot@@ on@@ in , di@@ meth@@ yl@@ tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ in-@@ 5 und metho@@ x@@ y@@ di@@ meth@@ yl@@ tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ in sehr ähnlich sind . +falls sie schon einmal die y@@ an@@ o@@ mam@@ i gesehen haben , wie sie dieses zeug sch@@ nu@@ pfen , diese substan@@ z , die sie aus verschiedenen arten herstellen enth@@ ält ebenfalls metho@@ x@@ y@@ di@@ meth@@ yl@@ tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ in . +dieses pu@@ der zu sch@@ nu@@ pfen ist ungefähr so wie aus einem gewe@@ hr@@ lauf besch@@ o@@ ssen zu werden , ges@@ ä@@ um@@ t von b@@ aro@@ cken gemäl@@ den und der land@@ ung auf einem meer von elektrizität . +es wird keine ver@@ zer@@ r@@ ung der realität erzeugt , sondern die auf@@ lösung der realität . +ich habe sogar mit meinem professor , richard ev@@ an sh@@ ul@@ tes , der mann , der die psy@@ che@@ deli@@ sche ä@@ re@@ a mit der entdeckung der mag@@ ischen pil@@ ze in mexiko in den 3@@ 0@@ iger jahren ein@@ gelei@@ tet hat , darüber disku@@ tiert . ich behaup@@ tete , dass man diese tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ine nicht als hallu@@ zin@@ o@@ gen ein@@ ord@@ nen konnte , da in dem moment in dem man die auswirkungen spür@@ t , man nicht mehr da ist , um eine hallu@@ zin@@ ation zu erfahren . +aber die sache mit tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ inen ist die , dass sie nicht oral ein@@ genommen werden können , da sie durch ein im menschlichen dar@@ m natürlich vor@@ kommen@@ des enzy@@ m mit namen mon@@ o@@ am@@ in-@@ o@@ xi@@ d@@ ase , den@@ at@@ u@@ ri@@ ert werden . +sie können nur in verbindung mit einigen anderen chemikalien oral ein@@ genommen werden , die die ma@@ o den@@ at@@ u@@ ri@@ eren . +nun das faszinier@@ ende ist , dass die be@@ ta@@ k@@ arb@@ ol@@ ine , die in der li@@ an@@ e enth@@ alten sind , ma@@ o-@@ in@@ hi@@ bit@@ oren von genau der art sind , die notwendig ist , um die tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ine zu poten@@ zieren . fragen sie sich also selbst . +wie können diese menschen aus einer fl@@ or@@ a von 8@@ 0.000 arten ad@@ str@@ in@@ gi@@ er@@ ender pflanzen diese zwei mor@@ ph@@ olog@@ isch nicht verwand@@ ten pflanzen finden , die , wenn auf diese weise kombin@@ iert , eine art von bio@@ chem@@ ischer version schaffen , so dass das ganze größer als die sum@@ me seiner teile ist ? +wir verwenden diesen großartigen eu@@ p@@ he@@ mis@@ mus , versuch und fehler , was sich als bedeu@@ tungs@@ los heraus@@ stellt . +aber fragt man die indi@@ aner sagen sie : " die pflan@@ ze spricht zu uns . " +also , was bedeutet das ? +dieser stam@@ m , die co@@ fan , haben 17 vari@@ anten an ay@@ a@@ hu@@ as@@ ca , die sie alle bei großer entfern@@ ung im wald erkennen , die für unsere augen als eine art erscheinen . +und dann fragt man sie , wie sie ihre tax@@ on@@ om@@ ie be@@ gründen und sie sagen : " ich dachte du verste@@ h@@ st etwas von pflanzen . +ich meine , weißt du überhaupt nichts ? " und ich sagte : " nein . " +also , es stellt sich heraus , dass man jede der 17 vari@@ anten bei voll@@ mond mit@@ nimmt und sie singen zu einem in einer verschiedenen ton@@ lage . +nun , das bringt ihnen keinen dok@@ tor@@ titel in harvard , aber es ist viel interessan@@ ter als stam@@ ina zu zählen . +nun , das proble@@ m@@ - das problem ist , dass selbst diejenigen unter uns , die sym@@ path@@ ie für die schwier@@ ige lage der ein@@ geb@@ or@@ enen haben , sie als or@@ g@@ ini@@ ell und far@@ ben@@ fro@@ h ansehen , sie jedoch irgendwie auf die vergangenheit beschrän@@ ken , während die re@@ ale welt , d.@@ h@@ . unsere welt , fort@@ schrei@@ tet . +also , tatsache ist , dass man sich an das 20. jahrhundert , in 300 jahren nicht für seine kriege oder techn@@ ischen innova@@ tionen erinnern wird , sondern viel@@ mehr als an eine är@@ a , in der wir zu@@ gegen waren und die massive zerstör@@ ung der biolog@@ ischen und kultur@@ ellen vielfalt auf der erde entweder aktiv unterstü@@ tz@@ ten oder passi@@ v akzep@@ ti@@ erten . also das problem ist nicht die veränderung . +alle kulturen haben sich immer wieder an dem tanz mit neuen leben@@ möglichkeiten beteili@@ gt . +und das problem ist nicht die technologie an sich . +die si@@ ou@@ x-@@ indi@@ aner hörten nicht weniger auf si@@ ou@@ x zu sein , als sie bogen und pf@@ eil aufgaben , als die amerikaner auf@@ hörten amerikaner zu sein , als sie pfer@@ d und pfer@@ de@@ wagen aufgaben . +nicht veränderung und technologie bedro@@ hen die integri@@ tät der eth@@ no@@ sphäre . es ist macht . das hä@@ ss@@ liche gesicht der herr@@ schaft . +und wo auch immer man sich in der welt um@@ sieht , man wird entdecken , dass diese kulturen nicht dem unter@@ gang ge@@ wei@@ ht sind . dies sind dynam@@ isch leben@@ de völ@@ ker , deren exi@@ stenz durch erkenn@@ bare kräfte ver@@ drän@@ gt wird die über ihre ka@@ pa@@ zität der anpas@@ sung hin@@ aus@@ gehen . ob es sich dabei um die unge@@ heu@@ er@@ liche ab@@ hol@@ zung im hei@@ mat@@ land der pen@@ an handelt , einem no@@ ma@@ den@@ volk aus sü@@ do@@ st@@ asien , von sar@@ a@@ wa@@ k , einem volk , das vor einer generation frei in dem wald lebte , und jetzt zu k@@ ne@@ cht@@ schaft und pro@@ stit@@ ution am fl@@ us@@ su@@ fer er@@ niedri@@ gt wurde , von wo sie sehen können , dass selbst der fluss mit dem schl@@ am@@ m verschmu@@ tzt wird , der fast halb bor@@ ne@@ o in das süd@@ chines@@ ische meer weg@@ zu@@ schwe@@ mmen scheint . von wo die japan@@ ischen fra@@ chter am horizon@@ t zu sehen sind , die bereit sind , ihre schi@@ ff@@ s@@ räume mit ro@@ hen baum@@ stä@@ mmen zu füllen , die sie dem wald ent@@ ris@@ sen haben . oder wie im fall der y@@ an@@ o@@ mam@@ i , wo es krank@@ heit@@ str@@ ä@@ ger sind , die während des gol@@ dr@@ au@@ sch@@ s ein@@ geschle@@ ppt wurden . +oder wenn wir in die ber@@ ge von ti@@ bet gehen , wo ich neu@@ er@@ lich viel for@@ sche , wird man das hä@@ ss@@ liche gesicht der politischen domin@@ anz sehen . +wissen sie , der geno@@ zi@@ d , das phy@@ ische aus@@ sterben von menschen wird allge@@ mein verur@@ teilt , aber der eth@@ no@@ zi@@ d , die zerstör@@ ung der lebens@@ weise der menschen , wird nicht nur nicht verur@@ teilt , sondern allge@@ mein und viel@@ er@@ or@@ ts als teil einer entwicklungs@@ strategie ge@@ fei@@ ert . +und sie können das leiden ti@@ be@@ ts nicht verstehen , wenn sie es nicht auf unter@@ ster ebene erlebt haben . +ich rei@@ ste einmal mit einem jungen kollegen 6@@ 000 meilen von ch@@ eng@@ du in west@@ china über@@ land durch sü@@ do@@ st-@@ ti@@ bet nach l@@ has@@ a und erst als ich nach l@@ has@@ a kam sah ich das gesicht hinter den statistiken von denen man hört . 6@@ 000 heili@@ ge mon@@ u@@ mente , die in schu@@ tt und a@@ sche verwandelt wurden . 1,@@ 2 millionen menschen , die während der kultur@@ revolution von den ka@@ dern er@@ mor@@ det wurden . +der vater dieses jungen man@@ ns wurde als an@@ hän@@ ger des pan@@ chen lam@@ a identi@@ fiziert . +das bedeu@@ tete , dass er während der chines@@ ischen invasi@@ on sofort um@@ gebracht wurde . +sein on@@ kel flo@@ h mit ihrer heili@@ gkeit in die di@@ as@@ por@@ a , die leute nach ne@@ p@@ al brachte . +seine mutter wurde ein@@ ges@@ per@@ rt , als be@@ stra@@ fung für -- für das verbrechen wohl@@ hab@@ end zu sein . +er wurde im alter von zwei jahren in das gefängnis gesch@@ mu@@ g@@ gel@@ t , um sich unter ihrem rock@@ zi@@ p@@ fel zu verste@@ cken , da sie ohne ihn nicht leben konnte . +die schwester , die diese ta@@ pf@@ ere tat beg@@ ing , wurde in ein er@@ zieh@@ ungs@@ lager gebracht . +eines tages tr@@ at sie aus ver@@ sehen auf ein arm@@ band ma@@ os und für diese über@@ tre@@ tung musste sie für sieben jahre in ein schwer@@ es arbeits@@ lager . +das leiden ti@@ be@@ ts kann uner@@ trä@@ glich sein , aber der er@@ lö@@ sende geist der menschen ist etwas un@@ ver@@ ges@@ s@@ liches . +und am ende stehen wir wirklich vor einer wahl . möchten wir in einer mon@@ o@@ chro@@ mati@@ schen welt der mon@@ ot@@ onie oder in einer poly@@ chro@@ mati@@ schen welt der vielfalt leben ? +mar@@ gar@@ et me@@ ad , die große anthropo@@ log@@ in sagte bevor sie starb , dass es ihre größte angst ist , dass während wir uns in richtung einer fa@@ den , gest@@ alt@@ losen , gener@@ ischen welt@@ sicht bewegen , wir nicht nur die gesamte band@@ breite der menschlichen vorstell@@ ungskraft auf eine einge@@ en@@ gte denk@@ weise redu@@ ziert sehen würden , sondern dass wir eines tages aus einem traum auf@@ wachen , und vergessen haben , dass es jemals anderen möglichkeiten gab . +und es ist de@@ mü@@ ti@@ gend daran zu denken , dass unsere gat@@ tung vielleicht seit 6@@ 0@@ 0.000 jahren existiert . +die ne@@ oli@@ th@@ ische revolution , die uns die landwirtschaft brachte , und uns in diesem moment dem kul@@ t des sa@@ at@@ kor@@ ns unter@@ war@@ f , die po@@ es@@ ie des sch@@ am@@ an@@ en durch die pro@@ sa der p@@ rie@@ ster@@ schaft er@@ setzte und hier@@ arch@@ ie , spezi@@ alisierung und über@@ sch@@ uss schu@@ f -- fand vor lediglich 10.000 jahren statt . +die moderne industri@@ elle welt wie wir sie kennen ist kaum 300 jahre alt . +nun , diese ober@@ fl@@ äch@@ liche geschichte sagt mir nicht , dass wir alle antworten auf die herausforderungen haben , denen wir in den kommen@@ den jahr@@ tausenden gegenüber stehen . +wenn wir diese un@@ zä@@ h@@ li@@ gen welt@@ kulturen nach der bedeutung des mensch@@ s@@ eins fragen , antworten sie mit 10.000 verschiedenen stimmen . +und in diesem lied werden wir die möglichkeit wieder@@ entdecken , das zu sein , was wir sind : menschen mit vol@@ lem bewusstsein , die sich der wichti@@ gkeit bewusst sind , dass allen menschen und g@@ är@@ ten ein raum ge@@ d@@ ei@@ hen zu können zu@@ gesi@@ ch@@ ert werden muss . und es gibt großartige momente des optimis@@ mus . +hier ist ein foto , das ich am n@@ ör@@ dlichen ende der ba@@ ff@@ in-@@ inseln auf@@ nahm , als ich mit in@@ u@@ its auf die nar@@ wh@@ al-@@ ja@@ g@@ d ging . und dieser mann , ol@@ a@@ ya , erzählte mir eine wunderbare geschichte seines groß@@ vat@@ ers . +die kan@@ ad@@ ische regierung ist nicht immer sehr gut mit den in@@ u@@ it um@@ gegangen und während der 50@@ iger jahre im zu@@ ge der et@@ abli@@ erung unserer herr@@ schaft , wurden sie ge@@ zw@@ ungen , in sie@@ d@@ lungen zu ziehen . +der groß@@ vater dieses alten man@@ nes wei@@ ger@@ te sich . +die familie , die angst um sein leben hatte , nahm ihm alle waffen und alle werkzeuge ab . +nun müssen sie wissen , dass die in@@ u@@ it keine angst vor der k@@ äl@@ te haben . sie nutz@@ ten sie zu ihrem vorteil . +die glei@@ t@@ schi@@ enen ihrer schli@@ tten wurden ursprün@@ glich aus fisch , der in kari@@ bu@@ -@@ haut einge@@ wick@@ elt wurde , hergestellt . +der groß@@ vater des man@@ nes für@@ chtete sich nicht vor der arkti@@ schen nacht oder dem we@@ h@@ enden stur@@ m . +er schl@@ ü@@ pf@@ te nach draußen , ließ seine ho@@ sen aus see@@ hund@@ s@@ fell her@@ unter und de@@ fä@@ ki@@ erte in seine hand . und als die fä@@ kalien zu fri@@ eren begannen , form@@ te er sie in die form eines mess@@ ers . +er sprü@@ hte spei@@ ch@@ el auf die seiten des fä@@ k@@ ali@@ en-@@ mess@@ ers und als es vollständig ge@@ fr@@ oren war , ersta@@ ch er einen hund damit . +er enth@@ äu@@ tete den hund und impro@@ visi@@ erte ein gesch@@ ir@@ r , nahm das skelet@@ t des hun@@ des und impro@@ visi@@ erte einen schli@@ tten , span@@ nte einen anderen hund an und ent@@ schw@@ and über die eis@@ sch@@ oll@@ en mit dem fä@@ k@@ ali@@ en-@@ messer am g@@ ür@@ tel . +so kann man aus nichts etwas machen . +und dies ist auf viel@@ erle@@ i weisen ein symbol für den wider@@ stand der in@@ u@@ it und aller ein@@ geb@@ or@@ enen auf der welt . +die kan@@ ad@@ ische regierung gab den in@@ u@@ it im apri@@ l 199@@ 9 die voll@@ stän@@ dige kontrolle über ein gebiet zurück , das größer ist als kalifornien und texas zusammen . +es ist unser neues hei@@ mat@@ land und heißt n@@ un@@ a@@ v@@ ut . +es ist ein unabhängi@@ ges gebiet . sie kontrollieren alle miner@@ al@@ vor@@ kommen . +ein erstaun@@ liches beispiel , wie eine nation , ein staat , die wieder@@ gu@@ t@@ mach@@ ung mit seinen ein@@ wohn@@ ern suchen und erreichen kann . +und letztendlich , glaube ich , ist es ziemlich offensichtlich , zumindest für diejenigen von uns , die zu diesen entfern@@ ten zielen der erde gerei@@ st sind , zu erkennen , dass sie überhaupt nicht entfernt sind . +sie sind die hei@@ mat@@ länder von jemandem . +sie re@@ präsentieren teile der menschlichen vorstell@@ ungskraft , die in vergan@@ gene zeiten zurück@@ reichen . und für alle von uns , werden die träume dieser kinder , wie die träume unserer eigenen kinder teil der geogra@@ ph@@ ie der hoffnung . +was wir bei national geographic letztendlich versuchen , ist dass wir glauben , dass politiker niemals etwas erreichen . +wir glauben , dass po@@ le@@ mi@@ k -- wir glauben , dass po@@ le@@ mi@@ k nicht überzeu@@ gend ist , aber wir glauben , dass geschi@@ chten@@ erzählen die welt verändern kann und somit sind wir wahrscheinlich die beste institution für geschi@@ chten@@ erzählen in der welt . unsere website erhält 35 millionen hits jeden monat . +15@@ 6 nationen senden unseren fernseh@@ kan@@ al . +unsere zeit@@ schriften werden von millionen gelesen . +und wir unternehmen eine reihe von reisen in die eth@@ no@@ sphäre , auf denen wir unser publikum zu orten von solch kultur@@ ellen w@@ un@@ dern mit@@ nehmen , dass sie von dem gese@@ h@@ enen geb@@ len@@ det wer@@ den@@ . und hoffentlich , werden sie einer nach dem anderen die zentr@@ ale offen@@ bar@@ ung der anthropo@@ log@@ ie annehmen : dass diese welt es verdi@@ ent hat , auf verschiedene weisen zu existieren , dass wir eine lebens@@ möglichkeit in einer wirklich multi@@ kultur@@ ellen pl@@ ur@@ ali@@ stischen welt finden können , bei der die wei@@ sheit von allen menschen zu unserem gemein@@ samen wohl@@ befinden bei@@ tragen kann . +vielen dank . +was ich ihnen zuerst , so schnell wie möglich , zeigen werde , ist die grundlegende arbeit , eine neue technologie , die wir microsoft als teil einer über@@ nahme vor genau einem jahr , über@@ geben haben . das ist se@@ ad@@ ra@@ g@@ on . und es ist eine umgebung , in der sie entweder lok@@ al oder entfernt mit riesigen mengen von visu@@ ellen daten umgehen können . +wir sehen viele , viele gi@@ gab@@ y@@ tes an digitalen fotos hier , die man nah@@ t@@ los und fort@@ während heran@@ holen , sch@@ wen@@ ken , auf je@@ gliche weise neu ar@@ ran@@ gieren kann . +und es ist egal , wie viele informationen wir betrachten , wie groß diese samm@@ lungen sind oder wie groß die bilder sind . +die meisten von ihnen sind digitale photos einer kamera , aber dieses hier ist zum beispiel ein scan von der kon@@ gr@@ ess@@ bibliothe@@ k und es ist in einem bereich von 300 me@@ g@@ ap@@ i@@ x@@ eln . +es macht keinen unterschied , denn das einzige , was die leistung eines systems wie diesem ein@@ schrän@@ ken kann , ist die anzahl an pi@@ x@@ eln auf ihrem bildschirm in jedem moment . es hat auch eine sehr flexi@@ ble architektur . +dies ist ein ganzes buch , ein beispiel für nicht@@ bil@@ d-@@ daten . +das ist b@@ lea@@ k house von di@@ ck@@ ens . jede sp@@ alte ist ein kapit@@ el . +um zu beweisen , dass es sich wirklich um einen text und nicht um ein bild handelt , können wir etwas wie das tun , um wirklich zu zeigen , dass diese eine echte re@@ präsentation des tex@@ ts und kein bild ist . +vielleicht ist dies eine künst@@ liche art , ein e-@@ buch zu lesen . +ich würde es nicht emp@@ fehlen . +dies ist ein reali@@ st@@ is@@ cher@@ er fall . dies ist eine aus@@ gabe von the guar@@ di@@ an . +jedes große bild ist der beginn eines ab@@ schni@@ t@@ ts . +und das gibt ihnen wirklich das verg@@ nü@@ gen und die gute erfahrung eine echte papi@@ er@@ aus@@ gabe einer zeit@@ schrift oder einer zeitung zu lesen , was an sich eine art medium mit mehr@@ eren größ@@ enor@@ dn@@ ungen ist . +wir haben auch etwas an der ecke dieser speziellen aus@@ gabe des the guar@@ di@@ an gemacht . +wir haben eine falsche an@@ zeige mit sehr ho@@ her resol@@ ution entworfen , die viel höher als bei einer normalen an@@ zeige ist und wir haben zusätz@@ lichen inhalt hinzu@@ gefü@@ gt . +wenn sie die funk@@ tionen dieses autos sehen möchten , können sie sie hier sehen . +oder andere modelle , oder sogar techn@@ ische spezi@@ fi@@ ka@@ tionen . +und dies grei@@ ft wirklich diese ideen auf , diese beschrän@@ kungen für den verfüg@@ baren platz auf dem bildschirm abzu@@ schaffen . +wir hoffen , dass das keine po@@ p-@@ u@@ ps und anderen uns@@ inn mehr bedeutet - das sollte nicht notwendig sein . +natürlich ist das ma@@ pping eine der wirklich offen@@ sicht@@ lichen anwen@@ dungen für eine technologie wie diese . +und ich möchte hier wirklich nicht viel zeit verbringen , außer zu sagen , dass wir auch zu diesem bereich bei@@ tragen werden . +aber dies sind alle straßen in den u.@@ s@@ .@@ a . +über@@ einander@@ gel@@ ag@@ ert oben auf dem er@@ dr@@ ä@@ um@@ lichen bild der nasa . +lassen sie uns jetzt etwas anderes heraus@@ holen . +das ist jetzt sogar live im internet . sie können es nach@@ prü@@ fen . +dies ist ein projekt mit dem namen photo@@ syn@@ th , das wirklich zwei verschiedene technologien miteinander verbindet . +die eine ist se@@ ad@@ ra@@ g@@ on und die andere ist eine sehr gute forschung über computer@@ vision , die von no@@ ah sna@@ vely , einem universi@@ tä@@ ts@@ studenten der universität washington , unter der ber@@ at@@ ung von steve sei@@ tz an der u@@ w +und ri@@ ck s@@ ze@@ li@@ sk@@ i von microsoft forschung durchgeführt wurde . eine sehr gute zusammenarbeit . +also dies ist live im internet . es wird von se@@ ad@@ ra@@ g@@ on ange@@ trieben . +sie können das sehen , wenn wir diese art von an@@ sichten kreieren , bei denen wir durch bilder durch@@ dr@@ ingen können und diese erfahrung der mehr@@ fa@@ chen resol@@ ution machen . +aber die rä@@ um@@ liche an@@ ordnung der bilder ist hier in der tat von bedeutung . +die computer@@ visi@@ on-@@ algorith@@ men haben diese bilder zusammen fest@@ gehalten damit sie dem echten raum , in dem diese aufnahmen , die alle in der nähe der gras@@ s@@ i la@@ kes in den kan@@ ad@@ ischen rock@@ ies gemacht wurden , ent@@ sprechen . sie sehen hier elemente von stabili@@ si@@ erten di@@ as oder pan@@ or@@ am@@ ischer bild@@ ver@@ arbei@@ tung und diese dinge wurden alle rä@@ um@@ lich in beziehung zu@@ einander gesetzt . +ich weiß nicht genau , ob ich noch zeit habe ihnen andere umgeb@@ ungen zu zeigen . +es gibt welche , die viel rä@@ um@@ licher sind . +ich würde gerne ger@@ ade@@ wegs einen der origin@@ alen daten@@ sätze von no@@ ah zeigen und das ist von einem frühen protot@@ y@@ p von photo@@ syn@@ th an dem wir erst@@ mals im sommer gearbeitet haben , um ihnen das zu zeigen , wovon ich glaube , dass es wirklich die poin@@ te hinter dieser technologie , der photo@@ syn@@ th-@@ technologie ist . und dies ist nicht unbedingt so offensichtlich , wenn man die umgeb@@ ungen betrachtet , die wir auf der website haben . +wir mussten uns wegen der an@@ wäl@@ te us@@ w. sorgen machen . +dies ist eine re@@ kon@@ struk@@ tion der ka@@ the@@ dr@@ ale not@@ re d@@ ame , die aus@@ schließlich im computer mit bildern von fli@@ ck@@ r erfol@@ gte . geben sie einfach not@@ re d@@ ame in fli@@ ck@@ r ein und sie werden bilder von männern in t-@@ shir@@ ts und auf dem universi@@ tä@@ ts@@ gel@@ ände us@@ w. erhalten . jede dieser or@@ ange@@ far@@ benen ke@@ gel re@@ präsentiert ein bild , das als zu diesem modell ge@@ hör@@ end entdeckt wurde . +somit sind dies alles fli@@ ck@@ r@@ -@@ bilder , und sie alle stehen rä@@ um@@ lich auf diese weise in beziehung zu@@ einander . +und wir können auf diese sehr einfache weise navi@@ gieren . +. wissen sie , ich habe nie ge@@ glaubt , dass ich letztendlich bei microsoft arbeiten werde . +ich bin sehr dank@@ bar für den emp@@ fang hier . +. ich vermu@@ te , sie können sehen , dass dies viele verschiedene arten von k@@ ameras sind : alles ist dabei , von der hand@@ y-@@ kamera zu profession@@ ellen sl@@ rs , eine ziemlich große anzahl von ihnen , die alle in dieser umgebung zusammenge@@ fli@@ ckt wurden . +und wenn möglich , werde ich einige der selts@@ am@@ en finden . +viele von ihnen sind von gesi@@ chtern ver@@ deckt us@@ w . +irgendwo hier sind eine reihe von fotografi@@ en - hier sind sie . +dies ist tatsächlich ein poster von not@@ re d@@ ame , das richtig aufge@@ zeichnet wurde . +wir können von dem poster zu einer phy@@ sischen ansicht dieser umgebung wechseln . +der punkt ist hier , dass wir dinge mit der sozialen umgebung an@@ stellen können . es werden jetzt daten von allen gesam@@ melt -- von dem gesamten kolle@@ ktiven spei@@ cher davon , wie , visu@@ ell die erde aussieht -- und alles wird miteinander verbunden . +all diese fotos werden miteinander verbunden und es entsteht etwas , das größer ist als die sum@@ me der teile . +sie erhalten ein modell , das aus der ganzen erde entsteht . +betrachten sie dies als die fort@@ setzung der arbeit von ste@@ phen law@@ l@@ ers an virtual earth . +und das ist etwas , das durch die komplexität , mit der die menschen es verwenden , wächst und dessen nutzen für den benutz@@ er mit der anwendung immer größer wird . +ihre eigenen fotos werden mit meta@@ daten bes@@ chil@@ der@@ t , die eine andere person einge@@ geben hat . +wenn sich jemand die mü@@ he gemacht hat und all diese heili@@ gen besch@@ ri@@ f@@ tet hat und mit@@ teilt , wer sie alle sind , dann wird mein foto von der not@@ re dam@@ e-@@ ka@@ the@@ dr@@ ale plötzlich mit all diesen daten an@@ gerei@@ ch@@ ert und ich kann sie als aus@@ gan@@ g@@ spun@@ kt benutzen , um in diesen raum zu tauchen , in diese meta@@ verse , die fotos von anderen personen benutzen und somit eine art von über@@ grei@@ fen@@ der mod@@ aler sozi@@ aler erfahrung mit der nutzung von anderen an@@ bie@@ tern machen . +und natürlich , neben@@ produkt all dessen sind die im@@ men@@ s reichen virtu@@ ellen modelle von jedem interessan@@ ten teil der erde , die nicht nur durch über@@ flü@@ ge oder satelli@@ ten@@ bilder und so weiter erhalten wurden , sondern durch kolle@@ ktive spei@@ cher . +vielen dank . +. verste@@ he ich sie richtig ? ihre software ermöglicht , dass zu einem bestimmten zeitpunkt , innerhalb der nächsten jahre , alle bilder , die von jemandem in der welt gemeinsam benutzt werden im prinzip miteinander verknü@@ pft werden ? +ja . sie macht nichts anderes als entdecken . +wenn sie wollen erstellt sie hyper@@ links zwischen den bildern . +und sie tut dies aufgrund des in@@ hal@@ ts in den bildern . +und das ist wirklich aufregend , wenn sie an die fü@@ lle der se@@ man@@ tischen informationen denken , die viele dieser bilder besitzen . +wie wenn sie eine web@@ suche für bilder vor@@ nehmen , wo sie sätze ein@@ geben und der text der website enth@@ ält viele informationen darüber , welches bild das ist . +aber wie wäre es , wenn das bild sie mit all ihren bildern verknü@@ pft ? +dann ist der um@@ fang der se@@ man@@ tischen qu@@ er@@ verbindung und die fü@@ lle , die sich daraus er@@ gibt , wirklich enor@@ m . es ist ein klas@@ s@@ ischer netz@@ wer@@ ke@@ ffe@@ kt . +bla@@ ise , das ist wirklich unglaublich . herz@@ lichen glück@@ wunsch . +haben sie vielen dank . +ich werde ihnen einige dinge aus meinem buch erzählen die , wie ich hoffe , im ein@@ klang mit anderen dingen sind die sie bereits gehört haben . und ich werde versuchen selbst ein paar verbindungen zu erstellen , falls ihnen diese nicht aufge@@ fallen sind . +ich möchte mit dem beginnen , was ich " offi@@ zi@@ elles do@@ g@@ ma " nenne . +das offi@@ zi@@ elle do@@ g@@ ma von was ? +der offi@@ zi@@ elle glau@@ ben@@ s@@ satz von allen westlichen industri@@ alisi@@ erten gesellschaften . +das offi@@ zi@@ elle do@@ g@@ ma funktioniert so : wenn unser ziel das ma@@ xi@@ mieren des gemein@@ wohl@@ s unserer bürger ist , geht dies vor allem durch die ma@@ xi@@ mi@@ erung der freiheit des einzelnen . +der grund hier@@ für ist , dass freiheit in sich selbst gut ist , wert@@ voll , sinn@@ voll , eine un@@ ver@@ zi@@ cht@@ bare voraus@@ setzung für das menschliche . +wenn menschen freiheit haben , dann handelt jeder von uns für sich selbst um die dinge zu tun , die unser gemein@@ wohl ma@@ xi@@ mieren und niemand hat für uns zu entscheiden . +der weg freiheit zu ma@@ xi@@ mieren ist wahl zu ma@@ xi@@ mieren . +je mehr wahl@@ möglichkeiten menschen haben , desto mehr freiheit haben sie . und je mehr freiheit sie haben , desto mehr gemein@@ wohl haben sie . +dies ist , denke ich , so tief in unserer wasser@@ versorgung ver@@ ank@@ ert , dass es k@@ einem in dem sinn kommen würde es zu hinter@@ fragen . +und es ist auch tief in unseren leben ver@@ wurz@@ elt . +ich werde ihnen einige beispiele dafür geben , was uns modernen fortschritt ermöglicht . +dies ist mein super@@ markt . kein großer . +ich möchte nur kurz etwas über sal@@ at@@ d@@ res@@ sing sagen . +es gibt 17@@ 5 d@@ res@@ s@@ ings in meinem super@@ markt , wenn sie die 10 verschiedenen extra oli@@ ven@@ ö@@ le nicht mit@@ zählen und 12 bal@@ sam@@ i@@ co-@@ essi@@ g die sie kaufen könnten um eine große anzahl an eigenen sal@@ at des@@ s@@ ings herzustellen , in dem un@@ wahrschein@@ lichen fall , dass keine der 17@@ 5 in dem laden für sie richtig ist . +das ist also , wie der super@@ markt ist . +und dann gehen sie zu dem ver@@ brau@@ cher@@ -@@ elektr@@ oni@@ k geschäft um eine stere@@ o@@ anlage zusammen@@ zustellen -- lau@@ t@@ sprecher , c@@ d-@@ player , ein k@@ asse@@ tt@@ en-@@ player , radio , ver@@ stärker . und in diesem einen elektr@@ oni@@ k geschäft gibt es so viele stere@@ o an@@ lagen . +wir können 6@@ .@@ 5 millionen unterschiedliche stere@@ o an@@ lagen zusammen@@ stellen aus den kompon@@ enten , die in diesem einen geschäft angeb@@ oten werden . +sie müssen zu@@ geben , dass das eine große aus@@ wahl ist . +in anderen bereichen - die welt der kommunikation . +es gab eine zeit , als ich ein junge war , da konnte man jeden telefon an@@ bie@@ ter haben den man wollte , solange er von ma bell kam . +sie haben ihr telefon ge@@ mie@@ tet . sie haben es nicht ge@@ kauft . ™ +eine folge dessen war , dass das telefon niemals kapu@@ tt war . +diese tage sind vorbei . +wir haben jetzt fast eine un@@ end@@ liche aus@@ wahl an telef@@ onen , besonders in der welt der mobil@@ telef@@ one . +dies sind die mobil@@ telef@@ one der zukunft . +mein favor@@ it ist der in der mitte -- mp@@ 3@@ -@@ play@@ er@@ - , nas@@ en-@@ ha@@ ar-@@ tri@@ mmer und cr@@ è@@ me br@@ û@@ l@@ é@@ e fac@@ kel . +und sollten sie das bis jetzt noch nicht in ihrem geschäft gesehen haben , können sie sicher sein , dass sie es bald werden . +und was es tut ist es bringt menschen dazu in die geschäf@@ te zu laufen und diese frage zu stellen . +wissen sie jetzt was die antwort auf diese frage ist ? +die antwort ist " nein . " +es ist nicht möglich ein mobil@@ telefon zu kaufen , das nicht zu viel tut . +in anderen aspe@@ kten des lebens , die sehr viel bedeu@@ ts@@ am@@ er als das kaufen von gegen@@ ständen sind , trifft die selbe explosion der aus@@ wahl@@ möglichkeiten zu . +gesundheitswesen -- es ist nicht länger der fall in den vereinigten staaten das sie zum do@@ ktor gehen und der do@@ ktor sagt ihnen was zu tun ist . +stattdessen gehen sie zum do@@ ktor und der do@@ ktor sagt ihnen : wir könnten a machen oder wir könnten b machen . +a hat diese vor@@ teile und risiken . +b hat diese vor@@ teile und risiken . was wollen sie tun ? +und sie sagen , " do@@ ktor , was soll ich tun ? " +der do@@ ktor sagt , a hat diese vor@@ teile und risiken und b hat jene vor@@ teile und risiken . +was wollen sie tun ? +und wenn sie sagen , " wenn sie ich wären , do@@ ktor , was würden sie tun ? " +der do@@ ktor sagt , " aber ich bin nicht sie . " +das ergebnis ist -- wir nennen es " patienten autonom@@ ie " . das klingt wie eine gute sache , aber in der realität ist eine verschie@@ bung der last der verantwortung für das treffen von entscheidungen von jemandem der etwas weiß -- nam@@ entlich der do@@ ktor -- zu jemandem der nichts weiß und höch@@ st@@ wahrscheinlich krank ist und deshalb nicht in der besten ver@@ fassung ist eine entscheidung zu treffen -- nam@@ entlich der patient . +es gibt ein enor@@ mes marketing für ver@@ schreib@@ ung@@ sp@@ f@@ lich@@ tige medikamente für leute wie sie und mich , das , wenn sie darüber nachdenken , überhaupt keinen sinn macht , weil wir sie nicht kaufen . +warum wer@@ ben sie um uns , wenn wir nicht kaufen können ? +die antwort ist : sie erwarten von uns den do@@ ktor am nächsten morgen an@@ zur@@ u@@ fen und um eine änder@@ ung der ver@@ schrei@@ bung zu bitten . +etwas so tief@@ grei@@ fen@@ des wie unsere identität ist nun eine frage der wahl , wie diese folie zeigen soll . +wir er@@ ben keine identität , wir erfinden sie . +und wir erfinden uns so oft neu wie wir möchten . +das heißt , dass jeden tag , wenn sie am morgen auf@@ wachen , sie entscheiden müssen , was für eine art von person sie sein möchten . +in bezug auf e@@ he und familie , gab es eine zeit , in der die standar@@ d-@@ annahme war , dass fast jeder eine hatte und das sie so schnell heirat@@ e@@ ten wie sie konnten , und dann so schnell kinder bekamen wie sie konnten . +die einzige wahre wahl war " wer " , nicht wann , und nicht was sie danach taten . +heutzutage ist alles einfach zu haben . +ich unter@@ ri@@ chte wunderbare intelligen@@ te studenten , und ich gebe ihnen 20 prozent weniger arbeit als ich früher tat . +und das nicht weil sie weniger schla@@ u sind , und nicht weil sie weniger sor@@ g@@ fäl@@ tig sind . +es ist weil sie mit anderen dingen beschäftigt sind , sie fragen sich selbst , " soll ich hei@@ raten oder nicht ? soll ich jetzt hei@@ raten ? +soll ich später hei@@ raten ? soll ich erst kinder haben , oder erst karriere machen ? " +die sind alles ein@@ neh@@ men@@ de fragen . +und sie werden diese fragen beantworten unabhängig davon , ob das bedeutet all die aufgaben zu machen die ich ihnen zu@@ weise und keine gute note in meinem kurs zu kriegen . +und in der tat sollten sie das tun . dies sind wichtige zu be@@ antwor@@ ten@@ de fragen . +arbeit -- wir sind gese@@ g@@ net , wie car@@ l ver@@ deut@@ licht hat , mit der technology die uns ermöglicht jede minute von jedem tag von jedem platz auf dem planeten zu arbeiten -- bis auf das rand@@ ol@@ ph hotel . +es gibt übrigens eine ecke , von der ich k@@ einem erzählen werde , an der das wir@@ el@@ ess@@ lan funktioniert . +ich werde es ihnen nicht erzählen , weil ich es benutzen will . +also was es bedeutet , diese unglaubliche freiheit der wahl wir haben in bezug auf arbeit entscheidungen zu treffen , wieder und wieder und wieder , ob wir arbeiten sollten oder nicht arbeiten sollten . +wir können unseren kindern beim fuß@@ ball spielen zu@@ schauen , und wir haben unser handy an der einen hü@@ fte , und unseren black@@ ber@@ ry an anderen hü@@ fte , und unseren laptop vermutlich auf unserem scho@@ ß . +und auch wenn sie alle ab@@ gesch@@ altet sind , jede minute in der wir unserem kind beim ver@@ stü@@ mm@@ eln eines fuß@@ ball@@ spiel@@ s zu@@ gu@@ cken fragen wir uns auch , " sollte ich diesen an@@ ruf annehmen ? +sollte ich auf diese e-@@ mail antworten ? sollte ich diesen brief schreiben ? " +und auch wenn die antwort zu der frage " nein , " ist wird es sicherlich ihre erfahrung des f@@ uss@@ ball@@ spiel@@ s ihres kin@@ des prä@@ gen sehr anders als es gewesen wäre . +überall wo wir hin@@ sehen , große dinge und kleine dinge , materi@@ elle dinge und lebens@@ stil , leben ist eine frage der wahl . +und die welt in der wir lebten sah so aus . +damit will ich sagen , es gab einige wahl@@ möglichkeiten , aber nicht alles war eine frage der wahl . +und die welt in der wir jetzt leben sieht so aus . +und die frage ist , sind das gute oder schlechte nachrichten ? +die antwort ist " ja " . +wir wissen alle was gut daran ist , also werde ich darüber was schlecht daran ist . +all diese aus@@ wahl@@ möglichkeiten haben zwei effe@@ kte , zwei negative effe@@ kte auf menschen . +ein effekt , parado@@ x@@ er weise , ist , dass er lä@@ hmt statt zu be@@ freien . +mit so vielen op@@ tionen aus den man wählen kann , fällt es menschen sehr schwer sich überhaupt zu entscheiden . +ich werde ihnen ein weiteres dra@@ st@@ isches beispiel dafür geben , eine studie über investi@@ tionen in freiwilli@@ ge alter@@ s@@ vor@@ sorge . +eine kol@@ leg@@ in von mir hatte zu@@ griff auf investi@@ tion@@ s-@@ ak@@ ten von van@@ gu@@ ard , der gigan@@ tischen f@@ on@@ d@@ gesellschaft von ungefähr einer millionen mit@@ arbei@@ tern und ca. 2000 unterschiedlichen arbeitsp@@ lä@@ tzen . +und was sie fand war pro 10 invest@@ ment@@ f@@ on@@ ds die der arbeit@@ geber an@@ bot , nahm die teil@@ nahme um 2 prozent ab . +sie bieten 50 invest@@ ment@@ f@@ on@@ ds an -- 10 prozent weniger mitarbeiter nehmen teil als wenn sie nur 5 an@@ bieten würde . warum ? +weil es 50 invest@@ ment@@ f@@ on@@ ds sind , die zur aus@@ wahl stehen , ist es so schwer zu entscheiden welchen man wählen soll , dass sie es auf morgen auf@@ schie@@ ben . +und dann morgen , und dann morgen , und morgen , und morgen , und morgen kommt natürlich nie . +verstehen sie , dass das nicht nur heißt , das menschen hun@@ de@@ fu@@ tter essen müssen wenn sie in den ru@@ he@@ stand gehen , weil sie nicht genug geld zum zurück@@ legen haben , es bedeutet auch , das entscheidungen treffen so schwer ist , dass sie große investi@@ tions@@ ange@@ bo@@ te ihrer arbeit@@ geber ver@@ passen . +durch die nicht teil@@ nahme geben sie bis zu 5@@ 000 us $ pro jahr auf von dem arbeits@@ geber , der glücklich gewesen wäre ihren bei@@ trag zu ver@@ me@@ hren . +lä@@ h@@ mung ist eine folge von zu vielen wahl@@ möglichkeiten . +und ich denke es sor@@ gt dafür , dass die welt so aussieht . +sie wollen die entscheidung wirklich richtig treffen , wenn es für alle ewi@@ gkeit ist , richtig ? +sie wollen nicht den fal@@ schen investment f@@ ond wählen , oder gar das falsche sal@@ at@@ d@@ res@@ sing . +also das ist der eine effekt . der andere effekt ist , dass selbst wenn wir die lä@@ h@@ mung über@@ winden und eine entscheidung treffen , enden wir weniger zu@@ frieden mit dem ergebnis der aus@@ wahl , als , wenn wir die möglichkeit gehabt hätten uns zwischen weniger möglichkeiten zu entscheiden . +und es gibt mehrere gründe für dies . +einer von ihnen ist bedingt durch die große aus@@ wahl unterschied@@ licher sal@@ at@@ d@@ res@@ s@@ ings , wenn sie eines kaufen , und es ist nicht perfekt -- und , welches sal@@ at@@ d@@ res@@ sing ist schon perfekt ? es ist einfach sich vorzustellen , dass sie eine andere entscheidung hätten treffen können die besser gewesen wäre . und was passiert ist diese bil@@ dlich vorge@@ stellte alternative führt dazu , dass sie die entscheidung ber@@ eu@@ en , und dieses ber@@ eu@@ en wirkt nega@@ tiv auf die zu@@ frieden@@ heit , die sie von ihrer ge@@ machten entscheidung hatten , auch , wenn es eine gute entscheidung war . +je mehr möglichkeiten es gibt , desto einfacher ist es überhaupt nichts zu ber@@ eu@@ en das ist ent@@ täusch@@ end für die wahl die sie treffen . +zweitens , was ökon@@ omen op@@ per@@ tun@@ itä@@ t@@ sk@@ osten nennen . +dan gil@@ bert hat einen großen punkt heute morgen gemacht indem er erzählte wie sehr die art in der wir dinge bewer@@ ten , davon abhän@@ gt zu was wir es vergleichen . +gut , wenn es sehr viele alterna@@ tiven zu bedenken gibt , ist es einfach sich attra@@ ktive eigenschaften vorzustellen von alterna@@ tiven , die sie aus@@ schließen , das macht sie weniger zu@@ frieden mit den alterna@@ tiven , die sie gewä@@ hlt haben . +hier ist ein beispiel . für die von ihnen , die keine new yor@@ ker sind , entschul@@ dige ich mich . +aber hier ist , was sie hätten denken sollen . +hier ist ein paar auf den ham@@ p@@ tons . +sehr teure im@@ mobili@@ en . +wunder@@ schö@@ ner strand . toll@@ er tag . sie haben es alles für sich selbst . +was könnte besser sein ? " verdam@@ mt " der mann denkt , " es ist aug@@ ust . +jeder in meiner manhat@@ ten@@ er nachbar@@ schaft ist weg . +ich könnte direkt vor meinem haus par@@ ken . " +und er ver@@ bringt 2 wochen von dem gedanken ver@@ folgt das er die möglichkeit ver@@ passt hat , tag über tag , einen toll@@ en par@@ k@@ platz zu haben . +op@@ per@@ tun@@ itä@@ t@@ sk@@ osten sen@@ ken die zu@@ frieden@@ heit , die wir durch unsere aus@@ wahl erhalten , auch , wenn das was wir aus@@ ges@@ u@@ cht haben fantastisch ist . +und je mehr möglichkeiten es zur aus@@ wahl gibt , desto mehr attra@@ ktive eigenschaften dieser aus@@ wahl werden in den op@@ per@@ tun@@ itä@@ t@@ sk@@ osten ber@@ ück@@ sichti@@ gt . +hier ist ein weiteres beispiel . +nun , dieser carto@@ on macht einige aus@@ sagen . +er macht eine aus@@ sage darüber im jetzt zu leben und vielleicht auch darüber dinge langsam zu tun . +aber ein wichtiger punkt , den er macht ist : immer wen sie sich für eine sache entscheiden , entscheiden sie sich andere dinge nicht zu tun . +und diese anderen dinge mögen viele attra@@ ktive eigenschaften haben , und es wird , was sie tun werden weniger an@@ zieh@@ end machen . +dritt@@ ens : es@@ kal@@ ation der erwar@@ tungen . +dies hat mich getroffen , als ich meine je@@ ans au@@ stau@@ schen wollte . +ich tra@@ ge je@@ ans , fast die ganze zeit . +und es gab eine zeit in der es nur je@@ ans einer art gab , und sie haben sie ge@@ kauft , und sie haben schlecht ge@@ passt , sie waren unglaublich un@@ kom@@ fort@@ ab@@ el und wenn sie sie lange genug ge@@ tragen und oft genug ge@@ wa@@ schen hatten , haben sie angefangen sich " ok " anzu@@ fühlen . +also ging um neue je@@ ans zu kaufen nach vielen jahren des tra@@ gens der alten , und ich sagte , " ich hätte gerne ein paar je@@ ans , hier ist meine größe . " +und der verk@@ äu@@ fer sagte , " wollen sie sch@@ lan@@ ke , leicht an@@ lie@@ gende oder weite ? +wollen sie kn@@ ö@@ pfe oder rei@@ ß@@ ver@@ schluss ? stein oder sä@@ ure ge@@ wa@@ schen ? +wollen sie je@@ ans mit lö@@ chern ? +möchten sie unten weit gesch@@ ni@@ tten , ke@@ ge@@ lig , bla@@ h bla@@ h bla@@ h ... " und so weiter erzählte er . +mein k@@ ie@@ fer war unten und nachdem ich mich er@@ hol@@ te sagte ich , " i hätte gerne die art , die früher die einzige art war . " +er hatte keine ahnung was das war , also verbrachte ich eine stunde damit alle diese verdam@@ m@@ ten je@@ ans anzu@@ probieren , und ver@@ lies das geschäft -- und ich sage die wahrheit -- mit den best pas@@ senden je@@ ans , die ich je hatte . +ich hatte es besser . all diese aus@@ wahl ermög@@ li@@ chte es mir es besser zu haben . +aber ich fühlte mich schle@@ chter . +warum ? ich schrieb ein ganzes buch um zu versuchen es mir selbst zu erklären . +der grund dafür , dass ich mich schle@@ chter fühlte war , mit all diesen verfüg@@ baren möglichkeiten , meine erwar@@ tungen dafür , was für ein gutes paar je@@ ans aus@@ macht , gingen hoch . +ich hatte sehr niedri@@ ge erwar@@ tungen . ich hatte keine kon@@ kre@@ ten erwar@@ tungen , als es sie nur in einer art gab . +als sie in 100 arten kamen , verdam@@ mt , eine von ihnen hätte perfekt sein sollen , +und was ich bekam war gut , aber es war nicht perfekt . +und so ver@@ glich ich was ich bekommen hatte zu dem was ich erwar@@ tete , und was ich hatte war ent@@ täusch@@ end in vergleich zu dem was ich erwar@@ tete . +das hinzu@@ fügen von möglichkeiten in das leben der menschen erhö@@ ht zwan@@ gs@@ läu@@ fi@@ g die erwar@@ tungen die menschen haben darüber wie gut diese möglichkeiten sein werden . +und dies führt zu weniger zu@@ frieden@@ heit mit den ergeb@@ nissen , auch wenn die ergebnisse gut sind . +niemand in der welt des market@@ ings weiß dies . weil , wenn sie es würden , w@@ üs@@ sten sie alle nicht wor@@ um es hier geht . +die wahrheit ist mehr wie das hier . +der grund ist , das früher alles besser war als alles schle@@ chter war , als alles schle@@ chter war , war es für die menschen möglich erfahrungen zu machen die eine angeneh@@ me überrasch@@ ung waren . +heutzutage , in der welt in der wir leben -- wir wohl@@ hab@@ enden , industri@@ alisi@@ erten bürger , mit perfe@@ ktion als erwar@@ tung -- das beste für das man je hoffen kann ist das dinge so gut sind wie man es von ihnen erwartet . +sie werden nie angeneh@@ m überrasch@@ t@@ . weil ihre erwar@@ tungen , meine erwar@@ tungen , haus@@ hoch sind . +das geheimnis zur glück@@ lichkeit -- das ist wofür sie alle gekommen sind -- das geheimnis zur glück@@ lichkeit sind niedri@@ ge erwar@@ tungen . +ich möchte sagen -- ein kur@@ zer auto@@ bi@@ ograph@@ ischer moment -- das ich mit einer frau ver@@ heirat@@ et bin , und sie ist wirklich sehr wunderbar . +i hätte es nicht besser machen können . ich habe mich nicht nieder@@ gelassen . +aber nieder@@ lassen ist nicht immer so eine schlechte sache . +letztendlich , eine folge des kauf@@ ens einer schlecht sitz@@ enden je@@ ans wenn es nur eine art zu kaufen gibt ist , dass wenn sie un@@ zu@@ frieden sind , und sie sich fragen warum , wer verantwortlich ist , die antwort klar ist . die welt ist verantwortlich . was hätten sie tun können ? +wenn hunderte von verschiedenen arten von je@@ ans verfügbar sind , und sie kaufen eine die ent@@ täusch@@ end ist , und sie fragen warum , wer ist verantwortlich ? +ist es ebenso klar , dass die antwort auf die frage ist : sie . +sie hätten es besser tun können . +mit 100 unterschiedlichen arten von je@@ ans im sch@@ auf@@ en@@ ster , gibt es keine entschul@@ digung für fehler . +und so , wenn menschen entscheidungen treffen , und auch wenn die ergebnisse der entscheidungen gut sind , fühlen sie sich ent@@ täu@@ scht darüber , sie besch@@ ul@@ digen sich selbst . +klin@@ ische depres@@ sionen explo@@ di@@ erten in der industri@@ ellen welt in der letzten generation . +ich glaube ein signi@@ fi@@ kan@@ ter -- nicht der einzige , aber ein signi@@ fi@@ kan@@ ter bei@@ trä@@ ger zu dieser explosion der depression , und auch selbst@@ mor@@ d , ist , dass menschen erfahren haben die ent@@ täusch@@ end sind weil ihre standards so hoch sind . und dann , wenn sie sich diese erfahrungen selbst erklären müssen , denken sie es wäre ihre schu@@ ld . +und so ist das bil@@ an@@ zer@@ geb@@ nis , dass es uns gener@@ ell besser geht , obje@@ ktiv , und wir uns schle@@ chter fühlen . +also lassen sie mich sie erinnern . +dies ist das offi@@ zi@@ elle do@@ g@@ ma , das eine das wir alle für richtig halten , komplett falsch ist . es ist nicht wahr . +es gibt keine frage , das etwas aus@@ wahl besser ist als keine , aber es folgt nicht , das mehr aus@@ wahl besser ist als etwas aus@@ wahl . +es gibt eine mag@@ ische menge . ich weiß nicht was es ist . +ich bin mir ziemlich sicher , dass wir diesen punkt lange ver@@ passt haben an dem aus@@ wahl unser gemein@@ wohl verbessert . +jetzt , als eine grund@@ satz frage -- ich bin fast fertig -- als eine grund@@ satz frage , die sache über die nachzudenken ist . das was all diese aus@@ wahl ermöglicht in den industri@@ alisi@@ erten gesellschaften , ist der material rei@@ cht@@ um . +es gibt viele plä@@ tze in der welt , und wir haben von vielen von ihnen gehört , deren problem nicht die zu große aus@@ wahl ist . +ihr problem ist , dass sie zu wenig haben . +also die dinge über die ich rede sind ein sonder@@ bares problem der modernen , reichen , westlichen gesellschaften . +und was ist so fru@@ stri@@ er@@ end und är@@ ger@@ lich ist : steve le@@ vi@@ tt hat ihnen gestern darüber erzählt wie diese te@@ ur@@ er und schwer zu instal@@ li@@ erenden kinder@@ si@@ tze nicht helfen . es ist eine versch@@ wen@@ dung von geld . +was ich ihnen erzähle ist , dass diese te@@ uren , kompli@@ zierten entscheidungen -- es ist nicht einfach , das sie nicht helfen . +sie tun sogar we@@ h . +sie sorgen dafür das wir schle@@ chter da stehen . +wenn etwas von dem was den menschen unserer gesellschaft ermöglicht so entscheidungen zu treffen zu den gesellschaften in denen menschen zu wenig aus@@ wahl haben ver@@ scho@@ ben würde , würde nicht nur das leben der menschen verbessert , sondern unseres würde auch verbessert werden . +ökon@@ omen nennen dies eine par@@ e@@ to-@@ verbesser@@ ung@@ s bewer@@ bung . +ein@@ kommen@@ sum@@ verteilung wird dafür sorgen , dass es allen besser geht -- nicht nur den armen -- weil all diese große aus@@ wahl uns pla@@ gt . +ab@@ schließ@@ end , lesen sie bitte diesen carto@@ on , und , eine hoch@@ entwickelte person , sagt , " ah ! was weiß dieser fisch ? +sie wissen es nichts möglich in diesem gold@@ fisch@@ glas . " +ver@@ arm@@ ten ph@@ ant@@ as@@ ie , eine kurz@@ sichti@@ ge sicht der welt -- und dass ist die art wie ich es zuerst gelesen habe . +je mehr ich aber darüber nach@@ dachte , desto mehr kam ich zu der ansicht , das der fisch etwas weiß . +denn die wahrheit ist , dass wenn sie das gold@@ fisch@@ glas zer@@ brechen , so dass alles möglich ist , haben sie keine freiheit . sie haben lä@@ h@@ mung . +wenn sie das gold@@ fisch@@ glas zer@@ brechen , so dass alles möglich ist , sen@@ ken sie die zu@@ frieden@@ heit . +sie stei@@ gern die lä@@ h@@ mung und sen@@ ken die zu@@ frieden@@ heit . +jeder braucht ein gold@@ fisch@@ glas . +dies ist fast mit voll@@ kommen@@ er sicherheit zu begren@@ zt -- möglicherweise auch für den fisch , defini@@ tiv für uns . +aber das ab@@ han@@ den sein von einem metaph@@ or@@ ischen gold@@ fisch@@ glas ist ein re@@ zept für el@@ end , und , ich vermu@@ te , katastrophe . +danke ihnen viel@@ mals . +sie wissen , ich habe über einige dieser projekte bereits zuvor gesprochen , über das menschliche genom und was das bedeuten könnte , und über die entdeckung neuer gruppen von genen . +tatsächlich starten wir von einem neuen punkt : wir haben die biologie digit@@ alisiert und jetzt versuchen wir vom digitalen code in eine neue phase der biologie zu gelangen indem wir neues leben gestalten und aufbauen . +wir haben immer versucht bedeuten@@ de fragen zu stellen . +was ist leben ? es ist etwas , wovon ich glaube , dass viele bi@@ ologen versucht haben zu verstehen und das auf unterschiedlichen ebenen . +wir haben verschiedene ans@@ ä@@ tze versucht um es bis auf die minim@@ alen kompon@@ enten zu ver@@ einfachen . +wir haben nahe@@ zu 20 jahre digit@@ alisiert . als wir das human@@ genom sequen@@ ziert haben voll@@ zog sich der wechsel von der anal@@ o@@ gen welt der biologie zur digitalen welt der computer . +nun versuchen wir zu fragen , ob wir leben re@@ gener@@ ieren können oder ob wir neues leben erstellen können , aus diesem digitalen universum ? +das ist die karte eines kleinen organis@@ mus , my@@ cop@@ las@@ ma gei@@ tal@@ ium , der das klein@@ ste genom einer spezies besit@@ zt die sich selbst im labor repli@@ zieren kann . und wir haben versucht ob wir das mit einem noch klein@@ eren genom erreichen können . +wir haben es geschafft auf ungefähr ein@@ hundert gene zu ver@@ zi@@ chten von den 500 oder so , die hier sind . +aber wenn wir uns diese me@@ tab@@ oli@@ sche karte ansehen , die sehr sim@@ pel ist , im vergleich zu unserer . vertrauen sie mir , das ist sim@@ pel . aber wenn wir uns alle diese gene ansehen die wir eines nach dem anderen elimin@@ ieren können ist es sehr un@@ wahrscheinlich dass dies zu einer lebenden zelle führen würde . +daher haben wir uns entsch@@ lossen , dass es der einzige weg nach vorne ist dieses chromo@@ so@@ m tatsächlich zu syn@@ the@@ ti@@ sieren was uns erlaubt die einzelnen kompon@@ enten zu vari@@ ieren und somit einige dieser fundament@@ alen fragen zu stellen . +und so fingen wir an mit der frage , können wir ein chromo@@ so@@ m syn@@ the@@ ti@@ sieren ? +ermöglicht es die chemie diese wirklich großen moleküle zu erstellen was noch nie zuvor gemacht wurde ? +und , wenn wir das können , können wir das chromo@@ so@@ m starten ? +ein chromo@@ so@@ m ist so neben@@ bei nur ein stück in@@ ertes chem@@ isches material . +unsere schritte bei der digit@@ alisierung des lebens waren exponenti@@ ell . +unsere fähigkeit gene@@ tischen code zu schreiben hat sich sehr langsam entwickelt aber trotzdem gest@@ eig@@ ert . und unser letz@@ ter punkt würde jetzt auf eine exponenti@@ elle kur@@ ve setzen . +wir haben vor 15 jahren damit begonnen . +es dau@@ erte tatsächlich einige jahre beginn@@ end mit einem bio@@ eth@@ ischen re@@ view bevor wir die ersten experimente machten . +wie sich heraus@@ stellte ist dna-@@ syn@@ the@@ ti@@ si@@ erung sehr schwierig . +es gibt zehn@@ tausende maschinen rund um die welt die kleine stücke von dna herstellen können , 30 bis 50 buchstab@@ en lang aber es ist ein de@@ gener@@ a@@ tiver prozess , also je länger man ein stück macht , um@@ so mehr fehler passieren . +also mussten wir eine neue methode entwickeln mit der wir diese kleinen stücke zusammen@@ setzen und die fehler kor@@ ri@@ gieren konnten . +das war unser erster versuch , beginn@@ end mit der digitalen information , des genom@@ s ph@@ i x 17@@ 4 . +es ist ein kleiner virus der bakterien tötet . +wir er@@ stellten kleine stücke , machten eine fehl@@ er@@ korre@@ k@@ tur und hatten ein dna molekül von ungefähr 5.000 buchstab@@ en . +die span@@ n@@ ende phase kam als wir dieses stück in@@ erte chemi@@ kal@@ ie nahmen und in ein bakteri@@ um gaben , und das bakteri@@ um begann den gene@@ tischen code zu lesen und machte vir@@ ale parti@@ kel . +die vir@@ alen parti@@ kel wurden dann von den zellen frei@@ gegeben und kamen zurück und tö@@ teten e@@ . col@@ i . +kürzlich habe ich mit der ö@@ lin@@ du@@ str@@ ie gesprochen und sie sagten dass sie dieses modell genau ver@@ st@@ ün@@ den . +sie la@@ chten mehr als ihr es hier tut . +so denken wir , dass das eine situation ist in der software tatsächlich die eigene hard@@ ware bauen kann in einem biolog@@ ischen system . +aber wir wollten noch viel weiter gehen . wir wollten ein gesam@@ tes bakteri@@ elles chromo@@ so@@ m bauen . es hat mehr als 5@@ 8@@ 0.000 buchstab@@ en gene@@ tischen code . so dachten wir uns , wir bauen es in k@@ asse@@ tten von der größe des virus wom@@ it wir die größe der k@@ asse@@ tten vari@@ ieren konnten um zu verstehen was die einzelnen kompon@@ enten einer lebenden zelle sind . +design ist der schlüssel , und wenn man mit digit@@ aler information im computer starten will muss diese digitale information wirklich fehl@@ er@@ frei sein . +als wir das genom erst@@ mals 199@@ 5 sequen@@ ziert haben war die fehl@@ er@@ rate bei einem fehler pro 10.000 bas@@ en@@ pa@@ are . +wir fanden beim res@@ equ@@ en@@ zieren 30 fehler . wenn wir die origin@@ ale sequenz verwendet hätten wäre es nie möglich gewesen hoch@@ zu@@ fahren . +ein teil des designs ist es , stücke zu erstellen die 50 buchstab@@ en lang sind und die mit anderen 5@@ 0-@@ buchstab@@ en st@@ ücken über@@ la@@ ppen müssen , um klein@@ ere sub-@@ ein@@ heiten zu bauen damit diese zusammen@@ passen . +wir haben einzigarti@@ ge elemente hier ein@@ gebaut . +sie haben vielleicht gehört dass wir water@@ zeichen ein@@ gebaut haben . +denken sie darüber nach : wir haben einen 4@@ -@@ buchstab@@ en code : a , c , g und t . +tri@@ ple@@ ts dieser buchstab@@ en -- diese buchstab@@ en ko@@ dieren ungefähr 20 amin@@ o@@ sä@@ uren ; und hier gibt es eine einzelne bestimm@@ ung für jede dieser amin@@ o@@ sä@@ uren . +also können wir den gene@@ tischen code verwenden um unsere wörter zu schreiben , sätze , gedanken . +an@@ fan@@ gs haben wir nur unter@@ sch@@ rieben . +manche menschen waren ent@@ täu@@ scht dass es keine po@@ es@@ ie war . +wir haben die stücke so konstru@@ iert dass wir sie einfach mit enzy@@ men zer@@ legen konnten . es gibt enzy@@ me die diese repar@@ ieren und wieder zusammen@@ fügen . +und wir haben angefangen stücke zu erstellen , beginn@@ end mit st@@ ücken die fünf@@ - bis sie@@ b@@ ent@@ aus@@ end buchstab@@ en enth@@ i@@ elten , fü@@ gten diese an@@ einander um 24@@ .@@ 00@@ 0-@@ buchstab@@ en-@@ stücke zu machen um diese wieder zusammenzu@@ fügen , bis zu 7@@ 2@@ .000 . +in jedem schritt haben wir diese stücke im über@@ sch@@ uss produziert damit wir sie sequen@@ zieren konnten , weil wir versuchten einen sehr ro@@ bu@@ sten prozess zu kreieren was sie in einer minute sehen werden . +wir haben versucht zum punkt der auto@@ ma@@ tion zu gelangen . +also , das sieht aus wie ein bas@@ ket@@ ball@@ -@@ pla@@ yo@@ ff . +wenn wir zu diesen richtig großen st@@ ücken gelangen -- mit über 10@@ 0.000 bas@@ en@@ pa@@ aren -- dann werden diese nicht einfach in e@@ . col@@ i wachsen . es über@@ steigt alle möglichkeiten der modernen molekul@@ ar@@ biologie . und so wand@@ ten wir uns anderen mechanis@@ men zu . +wir wussten von einem mechan@@ ismus der hom@@ ologe re@@ kombination genannt wird , den die biologie verwendet um dna zu repar@@ ieren , die solche stücke zusammen@@ fügen kann . +hier ist ein beispiel davon . es gibt einen organis@@ mus namens d@@ ein@@ o@@ co@@ c@@ c@@ us radi@@ o@@ dur@@ ans der drei millionen rad an strahlung über@@ steht . +sie sehen im ob@@ eren feld , dass sein chromo@@ so@@ m einfach aus@@ einander fällt . +12 bis 24 stunden später , hat sich alles wieder so zusammen@@ gefü@@ gt wie es war . +wir haben tausende organismen die das tun können . +diese organismen können total ausge@@ tro@@ ck@@ net werden , sie können sogar im v@@ aku@@ um leben . +ich bin absolut sicher dass leben im wel@@ traum existieren und sich bewegen kann , auf der suche nach a@@ qua@@ tischen bedingungen . +tatsächlich , die nasa hat gezeigt dass es viel@@ es davon dort draußen gibt . +hier ist eine gefü@@ ge@@ aufnahme von dem molekül das wir hergestellt haben indem wir diese proz@@ esse benutzt haben - tatsächlich haben wir nur he@@ fe@@ -@@ mechanis@@ men verwendet mit dem richtigen design der stücke haben wir sie einge@@ passt . he@@ fe fü@@ gt diese dann auto@@ matisch zusammen . +das ist keine elektron@@ en@@ mikrosk@@ op@@ aufnahme es ist eine regul@@ äre mikrosk@@ op@@ aufnahme . +es ist so ein großes molekül , dass wir es sogar mit dem licht@@ mikrosk@@ op sehen können . +das sind aufnahmen über eine dau@@ er von 6 sekunden . +das ist die publik@@ ation die wir erst kürzlich fertig gestellt haben . +das sind über 5@@ 8@@ 0.000 buchstab@@ en an gene@@ ti@@ sch@@ em code . es ist das größte molekül mit defini@@ erter struktur das jemals von menschen erschaffen wurde . +es hat ein molekul@@ ar@@ gewicht von über 300 millionen . +wenn wir es mit einer schrift@@ größe von 10 und ohne ab@@ stände aus@@ dru@@ cken würden würde es 14@@ 2 seiten um@@ fassen , nur um diesen gene@@ tischen code auszu@@ dru@@ cken . +nun , wie starten wir ein chromo@@ so@@ m ? wie aktivi@@ eren wir es ? +offensichtlich ist , dass es mit einem virus sehr sim@@ pel ist . es ist viel kompli@@ zier@@ ter mit bakterien umzu@@ gehen . +es ist ebenso einfacher wenn man es in eu@@ kar@@ y@@ on@@ ten wie wir es sind tut : man nimmt einfach den nu@@ kle@@ us raus und gibt einen anderen hinein , und das ist genau das was sie alle über das kl@@ onen gehört haben . +bei arch@@ a@@ e@@ bakterien ist das chromo@@ so@@ m in die zelle integri@@ ert aber erst kürzlich haben wir gezeigt , dass man eine komple@@ tte transplan@@ tation eines chromo@@ som@@ s von einer zelle zur anderen vor@@ nehmen kann und diese aktivi@@ eren kann . +wir rein@@ ig@@ ten das chromo@@ so@@ m einer mikro@@ ben@@ spezies . gro@@ b gesagt , sind diese beiden so@@ weit von@@ einander entfernt wie menschen und mä@@ use . wir gaben einige extra@@ -@@ gene dazu damit wir dieses chromo@@ so@@ m aus@@ wählen konnten . wir zer@@ setzten es mit enzy@@ men um alle prot@@ eine zu zerstören . und es war sehr erstaunlich als wir es in eine zelle gaben -- und sie werden unsere sehr aus@@ gerei@@ ften graphi@@ ken hier schätzen -- +das neue chromo@@ so@@ m ging in die zelle . +tatsächlich dachten wir , dass hier das ende ist , aber wir haben versucht den prozess etwas weiter zu bringen . +das ist der haupt@@ mechan@@ ismus der evolution hier . +wir finden alle arten von spezies hier die ein zwei@@ tes chromo@@ so@@ m aufgenommen haben oder ein dritt@@ es von irgend@@ woher , jedes mal tausende charak@@ teri@@ sti@@ ken in nur einer sekunde zu einer spezies hinzu@@ fü@@ gend . +menschen also , die sich evolution vorstellen als ein gen das zu einem zeitpunkt geändert wird haben viel von der biologie ver@@ passt . +es gibt enzy@@ me die restri@@ k@@ tion@@ sen@@ zy@@ me genannt werden die tatsächlich dna ver@@ d@@ auen . +das chromo@@ so@@ m das in der zelle war hat k@@ eines ; die chromo@@ som@@ en die wir ein@@ gefü@@ gt haben schon . +es wurde in der zelle ex@@ pri@@ miert und erkannte das andere chromo@@ so@@ m als frem@@ des material ver@@ dau@@ te es und so hatten wir am ende nur eine zelle mit einem neuen chromo@@ so@@ m . +es ver@@ fä@@ r@@ b@@ te sich blau wegen der gene die wir ein@@ gefü@@ gt hatten . +und nach einer sehr kurzen zeit hatte es alle charak@@ teri@@ sti@@ ka der spezies verloren und kon@@ verti@@ erte komplett in eine neue spezies basier@@ end auf der neuen software die wir in die zelle gegeben haben . +alle prot@@ eine änder@@ ten sich die mem@@ bran@@ en änder@@ ten sich -- als wir den gene@@ tischen code las@@ en , war es genau das was wir trans@@ fer@@ iert haben . +es mag wie genom@@ ische al@@ ch@@ im@@ ie kl@@ ingen , aber wir können , indem wir die soft@@ war@@ e-@@ dna verschie@@ ben , dinge ziemlich dra@@ matisch verändern . +nun habe ich argu@@ men@@ tiert , dass dies nicht die gen@@ es@@ is ist -- das basiert auf 3@@ ,@@ 5 milliarden jahren evolution +und ich habe argu@@ men@@ tiert dass wir möglicherweise dabei sind eine neue form der kam@@ br@@ ischen explosion zu erschaffen in der es massive neue ar@@ ten@@ bildung basier@@ end auf diesem digitalen design geben könnte . +warum sollten wir das tun ? +ich denke es ist ziemlich offensichtlich im hin@@ blick auf was wir brauchen . +wir sind dabei von se@@ chs@@ einhalb zu neun milliarden menschen in den nächsten 40 jahre anzu@@ wachsen . +um es in meinen zusammenhang zu stellen : ich wurde im jahr 194@@ 6 geboren . +heute sind drei menschen auf diesem planeten für jeden der im jahr 194@@ 6 existiert hat ; innerhalb von 40 jahren werden es vier sein . +wir haben probleme mit nahrungs@@ mitteln , mit fr@@ is@@ chem und sau@@ ber@@ em wasser , medizin , treib@@ stoff für 6@@ ,@@ 5 milliarden menschen . +es wird eine herausforderung das für 9 anzu@@ bieten . +wir brauchen über fünf milliarden ton@@ nen ko@@ hle , 3@@ 0-@@ plus milliarden fä@@ sser öl . das sind hundert millionen fä@@ sser am tag . +wenn wir über biolog@@ ische proz@@ esse nachdenken oder irgend@@ einen prozess um das zu ersetzen , wird es eine riesige herausforderung . +dann , natürlich , gibt es das ganze co2 von diesem material das in der atmosphäre lan@@ det . +wir haben nun , aus unseren entdeck@@ ungen aus der ganzen welt , eine daten@@ bank mit ungefähr 20 millionen genen , und ich möchte daran glauben dass diese die desig@@ n@@ kompon@@ enten der zukunft sind . +die elektr@@ oni@@ kin@@ du@@ str@@ ie hatte ein dutz@@ end kompon@@ enten und sehen sie sich die vielfalt an die daraus entstand . +wir stoßen hier in erster linie an die grenzen der biolog@@ ischen realität und an jene unserer vorstellung . +wir haben heute technologien aufgrund dieser schn@@ ellen syn@@ thes@@ e@@ methoden , um das zu tun was wir kombin@@ at@@ or@@ ische gene@@ tik nennen . +wir haben nun die möglichkeit einen großen roboter zu bauen der millionen von chromo@@ som@@ en am tag herstellen kann . +wenn sie sich vorstellen diese 20 millionen unterschiedlichen gene herzustellen oder diese proz@@ esse zu opti@@ mieren um ok@@ tan herzustellen oder medikamente neue impf@@ stoffe , wir können mit einem nur kleinen team mehr molekul@@ ar@@ biologie verändern als die letzten 20 jahre wissenschaft . +und es ist nur nur@@ male sele@@ ktion . wir können nach lebens@@ fähigkeit sele@@ kti@@ eren , produktion von chemikalien oder treib@@ stoff@@ produktion impf@@ stoff@@ produktion und so weiter . +das ist eine aufnahme von wirk@@ licher desig@@ n-@@ software an der wir arbeiten , mit der man sich tatsächlich hin@@ setzen und neue spezies am computer desig@@ nen ken@@ n +wissen sie , wir wissen nicht unbedingt wie es aussehen wird . wir wissen ex@@ akt wie deren gene@@ tischer code aussehen wird . +wir konzentrieren uns nun auf treib@@ stoffe der vi@@ erten generation . +sie haben kürzlich ma@@ is zu eth@@ an@@ ol gesehen was einfach ein schle@@ chtes experiment ist . +wir haben treib@@ stoffe der zwei@@ ten@@ - und dritten generation die relativ bald heraus@@ kommen werden die viel hö@@ here zu@@ cker@@ wer@@ ti@@ gkeiten haben werden , wie ok@@ tan oder unterschiedliche arten von bu@@ tan@@ ol . +aber , wie wir denken , die einzige art damit biologie einen großen einfluss ohne weitere stei@@ gerung der kosten auf nahrungs@@ mittel oder der ein@@ schrän@@ kung von deren verfüg@@ barkeit haben wird ist , wenn wir co2 als aus@@ gan@@ gs@@ material sehen , und daher arbeiten wir an zellen die diesen weg gehen , +und wir denken dass wir die ersten mit treib@@ stoffen der vi@@ erten generation sein werden , und das in etwa 18 monaten . +sonnen@@ licht und co2 sind eine methode -- +-- aber in unserer entdeckung der welt , haben wir alle arten unterschied@@ licher methoden . +das ist ein organis@@ mus den wir 199@@ 6 besch@@ rieben haben . +er lebt in der tief@@ see , ungefähr ein@@ -@@ einhalb meilen tief , bei nahe@@ zu ko@@ ch@@ enden wasser@@ temper@@ aturen . +es wand@@ elt co2 in me@@ than um unter der verwen@@ dung von wasser@@ stoff als energi@@ equ@@ elle . +wir untersuchen ob wir gesp@@ ei@@ cher@@ tes co2 verwenden können , welches einfach zu produk@@ tion@@ sp@@ lä@@ tzen gebracht werden könnte , kon@@ ver@@ tieren das co2 in treib@@ stoff , um diesen prozess anzu@@ treiben . +innerhalb einer kurzen zeit@@ span@@ ne glauben wir , wir könnten in der lage sein eine der grundle@@ genden fragen des lebens zu lösen . +wissen sie , wir haben wirklich -- moder@@ ate ziele wie dem er@@ satz der gesamten pe@@ tro@@ chem@@ ischen industrie . genau . wenn man das nicht bei ted tun könnte , wo sonst ? eine haupt@@ quelle der energie zu werden . +aber genauso arbeiten wir momentan daran , die gleichen ans@@ ä@@ tze für die entwicklung von impf@@ stoffen einzu@@ setzen . +sie haben es dieses jahr mit der gri@@ ppe gesehen , wir sind immer ein jahr hinten dran und haben einen dollar zu wenig , wenn es um den richtigen impf@@ stoff geht . +ich denke , dass das geändert werden kann indem man re@@ kombin@@ an@@ te impf@@ stoffe im vor@@ hinein erstellt . +das ist es , wie die zukunft möglicherweise aussehen könnte mit änder@@ ungen , kann heute der evol@@ u@@ tions@@ baum beschle@@ uni@@ gt werden mit syn@@ the@@ tischen bakterien , arch@@ a@@ en , und event@@ u@@ ell eu@@ kar@@ y@@ on@@ ten . +wir sind licht@@ jahre davon entfernt menschen zu verbessern . unser ziel ist es lediglich , dass wir eine chance haben lange genug zu überleben um das möglicherweise zu tun . vielen dank ! +auf der letzten ted konferenz gab ich eine ein@@ führung zum l@@ h@@ c . +und ich ver@@ sprach zurück zu kommen , um ihnen zu erklären wie die maschine funktioniert . +nun ist es also so@@ weit . und für alle jene die damals nicht da waren , der l@@ h@@ c ist das größte wissenschaftliche experiment welches je ange@@ gangen wurde -- 27 kilometer im durch@@ messer . +seine aufgabe ist es , die bedingungen zu erschaffen , welche weniger als eine milliar@@ d@@ ste@@ l sekunde nach beginn des universums existi@@ erten -- und das bis zu 600 millionen mal innerhalb einer sekunde . +es ist einfach nur atem@@ ber@@ au@@ b@@ end ehr@@ gei@@ zig . +dies ist die maschine unter@@ halb von gen@@ f . +wir nehmen bilder dieser mini@@ -@@ ur@@ kn@@ alle in dete@@ ktoren auf . +an diesem arbeite ich . er nennt sich at@@ las dete@@ ktor -- 4@@ 4 meter in der breite , 22 meter im durch@@ messer . +hier ein spek@@ ta@@ kul@@ är@@ es bild des at@@ las in der kon@@ struk@@ tion damit sie die größ@@ en@@ verhäl@@ tnisse sehen . +am 10@@ . september le@@ tzen jahres lief die maschine zum ersten mal an . +und dieses bild wurde von at@@ las aufgenommen . +es verursa@@ chte im@@ men@@ sen ju@@ bel im kontro@@ ll@@ raum . +es ist ein bild des ersten stra@@ hlen@@ parti@@ k@@ els welches die gesamte st@@ rec@@ ke um den l@@ h@@ c zurück@@ legte , dann ab@@ sichtlich mit einem teil des l@@ h@@ c kol@@ li@@ di@@ erte , um einen regen von parti@@ keln auf den dete@@ ktor pr@@ as@@ seln zu lassen . +in anderen worten , als wir dieses bild am 10@@ . september sahen , wussten wir , dass die maschine funktioniert , was ein großer tri@@ um@@ ph ist . +ich weiss nicht , ob dies den größten ju@@ bel er@@ zeu@@ gte , oder dies , als jemand die google seite besu@@ chte und die star@@ ts@@ ei@@ te so vor@@ fand . +es bedeutet , dass wir einen kultur@@ ellen einfluss neben dem wissenschaftlichen errei@@ chten . +ungefähr eine woche später gab es ein problem mit der maschine welches mit diesen dr@@ ä@@ h@@ ten hier zu tun hatte -- diese gol@@ denen dr@@ ä@@ hte hier +diese dr@@ ä@@ hte leiten 13@@ -@@ tausend am@@ p@@ ere wenn die maschine auf hoch@@ leistung läuft . +nun , die ingenie@@ ure unter ihnen werden sie betrachten und sagen , " nein das tun sie nicht . das sind kleine dr@@ ä@@ hte . " +sie können das leisten , weil wenn man sie sehr weit ab@@ kü@@ hlt , werden sie zu sogenan@@ nten su@@ pr@@ al@@ ei@@ tern . +bei min@@ us 2@@ 7@@ 1 grad also , k@@ älter als der raum zwischen den ster@@ nen , können diese dr@@ ä@@ hte die span@@ nung aus@@ halten . +in einer der verbindungen , zwischen über ne@@ un@@ tausend magne@@ ten im l@@ h@@ c , gab es einen manu@@ fa@@ k@@ tur@@ de@@ fe@@ kt . +dadurch er@@ hit@@ zen sich die dr@@ ä@@ hte gering@@ fü@@ gi@@ g und 13@@ -@@ tausend am@@ p@@ ere begeg@@ neten plötzlich elektr@@ is@@ chem wider@@ stand . +dies war das ergebnis . +nun , das alles ist noch beeindruck@@ ender wenn sie sich vorstellen , dass die magne@@ ten über 20 ton@@ nen wie@@ gen und sich um ca. 30 c@@ m ver@@ scho@@ ben . +wir besch@@ ä@@ di@@ gten also ungefähr 50 der magne@@ ten +und mussten sie entfernen , was wir auch taten . +wir kon@@ di@@ tion@@ ierten sie neu , repar@@ ierten sie . +sie sind nun alle wieder auf ihrem weg zurück . +gegen ende mär@@ z wird der l@@ h@@ c wieder funktion@@ s@@ fähig sein . +wir werden ihn an@@ schalten , und erwarten erste daten im jun@@ i oder j@@ ul@@ i sammeln zu können , und setzen unsere reise fort , um herauszufinden was die bau@@ steine des universums sind . +nun , natürlich , auf eine art ent@@ fa@@ chen solche un@@ fälle erneu@@ t die debat@@ te um den wert von wissenschaft und ingenie@@ ur@@ sk@@ un@@ st an solchen grenzen . es ist leicht , so etwas abzu@@ le@@ hnen . +ich denke die tatsache , dass es so schwer ist , die tatsache , dass wir über unsere grenzen hinaus greifen , bildet den wert von dingen wie dem l@@ h@@ c . +ich werde meine ab@@ schließ@@ enden worte einem engli@@ schen wissenschaftler über@@ lassen . hum@@ ph@@ re@@ y da@@ vy , der , wie ich vermu@@ te , als er die nutz@@ losen experimente seines lehr@@ l@@ ings vertei@@ di@@ gte , sein lehr@@ ling war michael far@@ a@@ day , folgendes sagte : " nichts ist so gefährlich für die entwicklung des menschlichen gei@@ stes , als an@@ zunehmen , dass unsere wissenschaftlichen vorstellungen end@@ gü@@ l@@ tig sind , dass es keine myster@@ ien in der natur gibt , dass unsere tri@@ um@@ p@@ he voll@@ zä@@ h@@ lig sind , und dass es keine neuen wel@@ ten zu er@@ ober@@ n gibt . " +vielen dank . +ich bin schrift@@ stell@@ erin . +bücher zu schreiben ist mein beru@@ f , aber es ist natürlich mehr als das . +es ist auch meine große , lebens@@ lange liebe und faszin@@ ation . +und ich erwar@@ te nicht , dass sich das je ändern wird . +allerdings ist kürz@@ liche etwas eigen@@ arti@@ ges in meinem leben und meiner karriere geschehen , das mich dazu gebracht hat , meinen bezug zu dieser arbeit komplett zu über@@ denken . +dieses eigen@@ artige ereig@@ nis war , dass ich kürzlich ein buch geschrieben habe – eine bi@@ ogra@@ fie namens „ eat , pra@@ y , love “ – , das , entschieden anders als alle meine vorher@@ igen bücher aus irgend@@ welchen gründen in die welt hin@@ aus@@ ging und ein großes me@@ ga@@ -@@ ereig@@ nis , internation@@ ales best@@ s@@ ell@@ er-@@ ding wurde . +das ergebnis ist , dass ich , egal wohin ich komme , behandelt werde als wäre ich dem unter@@ gang ge@@ wei@@ ht . +ernsthaf@@ t – dem unter@@ gang ge@@ wei@@ ht ! +zum beispiel kommen sie ganz besor@@ gt auf mich zu und sagen : " für@@ chten sie nicht , dass sie diesen erfolg niemals über@@ treffen werden ? +haben sie keine angst davor , dass sie ihr ganzes leben weiter@@ schreiben und nie wieder ein buch erschaffen , das irgend@@ jemanden in der welt interessiert ? nie wieder ? “ +okay , das macht wirklich mut . +es wäre allerdings schlimmer , wenn ich mich nicht daran erinnern würde , dass ich vor über 20 jahren , als ich als teenager zum ersten mal davon erzählte , dass ich schrift@@ stell@@ erin sein wollte , mit der gleichen art von ang@@ st@@ bes@@ e@@ tz@@ ter reaktion konfron@@ tiert worden bin . +die leute sagten : „ hast du keine angst , niemals erfolg zu haben ? +hast du keine angst , dass dich die de@@ mü@@ tigung einer ab@@ sage um@@ bringt ? +hast du keine angst , dass du diesem hand@@ werk dein leben lang nach@@ geh@@ st und daraus nie etwas entsteht und dass du auf einem sch@@ ro@@ t@@ th@@ aufen ge@@ plat@@ z@@ ter träume sterben wirst – dein mund gefü@@ llt mit der bit@@ teren a@@ sche des ver@@ sa@@ gens ? “ +so ungefähr , sie wissen schon . +die antwort – die kurze antwort auf all diese fragen ist : „ ja . “ +ja , ich habe angst vor all diesen dingen . +und die hatte ich immer . +und ich habe vor noch viel mehr dingen angst , die niemand er@@ a@@ hnen würde . +wie al@@ gen – und andere furcht@@ einfl@@ ö@@ ß@@ ende dinge . +aber , wenn es ums schreiben geht denke ich seit kurzem darüber nach und frage mich : warum ? +ist das vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tig ? +ist es log@@ isch , dass von jemandem erwartet werden sollte , dass er angst davor hat , die arbeit zu tun zu der er sich beru@@ fen fühlt ? +und was genau ist mit den krea@@ tiven unterneh@@ m@@ ungen los , dass sie uns un@@ sicher über den gegensei@@ tigen gei@@ st@@ es@@ zustand machen – in einer art , wie es andere beru@@ fe nicht tun ? +mein vater , zum beispiel , war chemi@@ ker und ich kann mich an keine situation in seinen 40 jahren als chemi@@ ker erinnern , in der er gefragt wurde , ob er angst hätte , chemi@@ ker zu sein . +mit d@@ einer chemi@@ ker@@ -@@ block@@ ade , john – wie geht ' s dir damit ? +es kam einfach nicht vor , wissen sie ? +aber um fair zu sein – die gruppe der chemi@@ ker haben über die jahrhunder@@ te nicht den ruf von al@@ ko@@ hol@@ sü@@ chti@@ gen man@@ isch@@ -@@ depres@@ sive menschen erhalten . +wir schrift@@ steller scheinen aber diese art von ruf zu haben . aber nicht nur die schrift@@ steller , sondern die krea@@ tiven aller gen@@ r@@ es , scheinen diesen ruf zu haben , mental unge@@ heu@@ er inst@@ ab@@ il zu sein . +alles , was sie tun müssen , ist , sich die bit@@ teren todes@@ zahlen von wirklich großartigen kö@@ pfen allein aus dem 20. jahrhundert anzu@@ sehen , die j@@ ung und oft von eigen@@ er hand star@@ ben . +und selbst diejenigen , die nicht tatsächlich su@@ i@@ zi@@ d beg@@ ingen , schi@@ enen von ihren tal@@ enten wirklich ver@@ nach@@ lässi@@ gt worden zu sein . +nor@@ man ma@@ il@@ er sagte kurz vor seinem tod in seinem letzten interview : „ jedes meiner bücher hat mich ein bisschen weiter getötet . “ +eine außer@@ ord@@ ent@@ liche aus@@ sage , die sie über ihr lebens@@ werk machen können . +aber wir zu@@ cken nicht einmal , wenn wir jemanden so etwas sagen hören , weil wir diese art von aus@@ sagen seit so langer zeit kennen . irgendwie haben wir die auff@@ as@@ sung so ver@@ inner@@ licht und kolle@@ ktiv akzep@@ tiert , dass kreativität und leid irgendwie natürlich zusammen@@ gehören und dass kunst – am ende – immer zur se@@ el@@ en@@ qu@@ al führt . +die frage , die ich heute jedem hier stellen möchte ist : ist diese idee für sie völlig in ordnung ? +fühlen sie sich damit wohl ? denn mit nur einem z@@ enti@@ meter ab@@ stand betrachtet ... ich fühle mich mit dieser auff@@ as@@ sung überhaupt nicht wohl . +ich finde sie ab@@ sch@@ eu@@ lich . +und ich finde sie gefährlich . und ich will nicht zu@@ sehen , wie sie ins nächste jahrhundert über@@ nom@@ men wird . +ich finde es besser , wenn wir unsere großen krea@@ tiven er@@ m@@ unter@@ n zu leben . +und ich weiß defini@@ tiv , dass es für mich – in meiner situation – sehr gefährlich wäre , anzu@@ fangen , diesen dunkl@@ en p@@ fa@@ d der vermu@@ tung sozusagen herunter@@ zu@@ si@@ ck@@ ern – besonders in dem um@@ stand , in dem ich mich in meiner karriere gerade be@@ finde . +das heißt – sehen sie : ich bin ziemlich j@@ ung . ich bin nur ca. 40 jahre alt . +ich habe vielleicht noch weitere 40 arbeits@@ jahre in mir . +und es ist äußerst wahrscheinlich , dass alles , was ich von jetzt an schreiben werde von der welt als die arbeit bewer@@ tet wird , die nach dem abge@@ fahr@@ enen erfolg meines letzten bu@@ ches kam , richtig ? +ich sage es ger@@ ade@@ heraus , denn wir sind hier ja jetzt alle irgendwie freunde – es ist hö@@ chst wahrscheinlich , dass mein größ@@ ter erfolg hinter mir liegt . +oh , jes@@ us , was für ein gedanke ! +das sind die art von gedanken , die jemanden dazu bringen können , um 9 uhr morgens anzu@@ fangen , g@@ in zu trinken . und das will ich nicht . +ich würde lieber weiterhin diese arbeit tun , die ich liebe . +also ist die frage : wie ? +nach einiger zeit des refle@@ kti@@ er@@ ens scheint mir , dass ich , um weiterhin schreiben zu können , eine art von schü@@ tz@@ en@@ dem psych@@ ologischen konstru@@ kt entwerfen muss . +irgendwie muss ich von nun an einen weg finden , beim schreiben eine sich@@ ere di@@ stan@@ z zu wahren zwischen mir und meiner sehr natürlichen be@@ kle@@ mm@@ ung darüber , wie die reaktion auf das gesch@@ rie@@ bene sein wird . +während ich im vergan@@ genen jahr nach mod@@ ellen dafür ges@@ u@@ cht habe , um das zu tun , habe ich auch in der vergangenheit ges@@ u@@ cht und ich habe versucht , andere gesellschaften zu finden , um zu sehen , ob sie event@@ u@@ ell bessere oder vern@@ ün@@ f@@ ti@@ gere ideen darüber hatten als wir , wie man krea@@ tiven helfen kann , mit den emotion@@ alen risiken umzu@@ gehen , die mit kreativität verbunden sind . +diese suche führte mich ins alte g@@ rie@@ chen@@ land und das alte ro@@ m . +bitte folgen sie mir , denn der kreis wird sich wieder schließen . +aber im alten g@@ rie@@ chen@@ land und ro@@ m haben die menschen nicht ge@@ glaubt , dass kreativität von menschen kommt , okay ? +sie glaub@@ ten , dass kreativität eine art gö@@ tt@@ licher di@@ ener@@ -@@ geist war , der aus einer entfern@@ ten , un@@ bekannten quelle zu den menschen kommt – aus un@@ erklär@@ lichen , un@@ bekannten gründen . +die g@@ rie@@ chen nan@@ nten diese gö@@ tt@@ lichen di@@ ener@@ -@@ gei@@ ster der kreativität „ dä@@ mon@@ en “ . +von so@@ kr@@ ates ist bekannt , dass er daran glaub@@ te , er hätte einen dä@@ mon , der ihm wei@@ sh@@ ei@@ ten aus weiter fern@@ e mit@@ teil@@ te . +die rö@@ mer hatten die gleiche idee , nan@@ nten diese art von körper@@ lo@@ se@@ m krea@@ tiv@@ em geist ein „ gen@@ ie “ . +das ist großartig . die rö@@ mer dachten nicht wirklich , dass ein gen@@ ie ein besonders klu@@ ges individu@@ um war . +sie glaub@@ ten , dass ein gen@@ ie diese art mag@@ isches gö@@ tt@@ liches wesen war , von dem ge@@ glaubt wurde , dass es sp@@ rich@@ wör@@ tlich in den w@@ än@@ den eines künstler@@ at@@ eli@@ ers lebt – ungefähr so wie do@@ bby , der haus@@ el@@ f – der raus@@ kä@@ me und dem künstler bei der arbeit gewis@@ ser@@ maßen unsicht@@ bar assi@@ sti@@ erte und das ergebnis der arbeit gestalten würde . +das ist brilliant – da ist es , da ist die di@@ stan@@ z , von der ich sprach – das psych@@ ologische konstru@@ kt , die dich von den folgen d@@ einer arbeit schützen . +und jeder wusste , dass es so funktion@@ ierte , richtig ? +der künstler des alter@@ tu@@ ms war vor gewissen dingen geschü@@ tzt , wie , zum beispiel , zu viel nar@@ z@@ is@@ s@@ mus , richtig ? +wenn deine arbeit brilliant war kon@@ n@@ test du nicht alles ansehen für dich ver@@ bu@@ chen . jeder wusste , dass du dieses körper@@ lose gen@@ ie hat@@ test , das dir ge@@ holfen hat . +wenn deine arbeit flo@@ pp@@ te – nicht gän@@ z@@ lich dein fehler , oder ? +jeder wusste , dein gen@@ ie war etwas la@@ h@@ m . +so haben die menschen im westen wirklich lange zeit über kreativität gedacht . +und dann kam die ren@@ a@@ is@@ s@@ ance und alles änder@@ te sich . wir hatten diese große idee . und diese große idee war : lasst uns das menschliche individu@@ um ins zentrum des universums stellen – über alle gö@@ tter und myster@@ ien . und es gibt keinen raum mehr für my@@ stische kre@@ aturen , die be@@ fe@@ hle vom gö@@ tt@@ lichen annehmen . +es ist der beginn des ration@@ alen human@@ ismus und die menschen begannen zu glaube , dass kreativität komplett vom eigenen individu@@ um kam . +zum ersten mal in der geschichte hört man menschen diesen oder j@@ enen künstler ein gen@@ ie nennen – anstelle davon , dass er ein gen@@ ie hat . +ich muss ihnen sagen : ich denke , das war ein großer fehler . +wissen sie ? ich denke , einer blo@@ ßen person zu erlauben , dass er denkt , er oder sie sei wie das gefä@@ ß , wie das be@@ cken und die essen@@ z und die quelle allen gö@@ tt@@ lichen , krea@@ tiven , un@@ bekann@@ tem , un@@ end@@ lichen myster@@ i@@ ums ist ein klein bisschen zu viel verantwortung , um sie einer fra@@ gil@@ en , menschlichen psy@@ che aufzu@@ bür@@ den . +es ist wie jemanden zu bitten , die sonne zu schlu@@ cken . +das ent@@ stellt und ver@@ zer@@ rt ganze e@@ gos und es erzeugt all diese un@@ errei@@ ch@@ baren erwar@@ tungen an den erfolg . +ich denke , dass dieser erfol@@ g@@ s-@@ druck unsere künstler der letzten 500 jahre ver@@ ni@@ chtet hat . +und , wenn das stimmt , – und ich denke , es stimmt – ist die frage : +können wir es ändern ? +vielleicht zu einem alter@@ tü@@ m@@ lichen verständnis über die beziehung zwischen menschen und dem myster@@ ium des krea@@ tiven zurückzu@@ kehren . +vielleicht nicht . +vielleicht können wir das ge@@ dan@@ ken@@ gut aus 500 jahren ration@@ alen human@@ ismus nicht einfach in einem 18@@ -@@ min@@ ü@@ tigen vortrag aus@@ lö@@ schen . +und es gibt sicherlich menschen in diesem publikum , die wirklich ber@@ e@@ chti@@ gte wissenschaftliche zwei@@ fel an@@ mel@@ den würden über die vorstellung von – grundsätzlich – fe@@ en , die menschen nach@@ folgen und fe@@ en@@ zau@@ ber auf ihre projekte us@@ w. anwenden . +ich werde wahrscheinlich nicht alle von ihnen auf diese reise mit@@ nehmen können . +aber die frage , die ich auf@@ werfen will ist : warum nicht ? +warum nicht so darüber denken ? +denn es macht genauso viel sinn wie alles andere , von dem ich gehört habe , wenn es darum ging , die absolut verrückt mach@@ ende laun@@ en@@ haf@@ tigkeit des krea@@ tiven proz@@ esses zu erklären . +ein prozess , der sich – wie jeder weiß , der es je versucht hat , etwas zu machen – also in anderen worten : eigentlich jeder hier – nicht immer vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tig ver@@ hält . +in der tat kann er sich manchmal ger@@ ade@@ zu par@@ an@@ or@@ mal an@@ fühlen . +ich hatte kürzlich eine solche begeg@@ nung als ich die außer@@ ord@@ ent@@ liche amerikanische di@@ chter@@ in ru@@ th stone traf , die nun über 90 ist , die aber ihr ganzes leben lang di@@ chter@@ in war . sie erzählte mir , dass sie als sie im d@@ ör@@ f@@ lichen virg@@ ini@@ a auf@@ wuchs draußen auf den fel@@ dern arbeitete . sie sagte , sie würde fühlen und hören können wie ein ge@@ dicht über die landschaft auf sie zu@@ kä@@ me . +sie sagte es wäre wie ein don@@ n@@ ern@@ der zug aus luft , +der über das land auf sie zu@@ rollen würde . +sie fühlte , wenn es kam , denn es würde die erde unter ihren fü@@ ßen zum be@@ ben bringen . +sie wusste , dass sie in einem solchen moment nur eines tun konnte . und das war – in ihren worten – „ rennen wie der teu@@ fel “ . +sie ran@@ nte wie der teu@@ fel zum haus während sie von diesem ge@@ dicht ver@@ folgt wurde . es ging einzi@@ g darum , dass sie schnell genug zu einem blatt papier und einem sti@@ ft gelangen musste , damit sie es , wenn es durch sie hin@@ durch don@@ n@@ erte , ein@@ fangen und auf dem blatt fes@@ th@@ alten konnte . +bei anderen malen war sie nicht schnell genug . sie ran@@ nte und ran@@ nte und ran@@ nte , aber sie errei@@ chte das haus nicht und das ge@@ dicht roll@@ te durch sie hin@@ durch und sie ver@@ pas@@ ste es . sie sagte es würde weiter über land ziehen und – wie sie sagte – „ nach einem anderen di@@ chter suchen “ . +und dann gab es diese momente – den teil werde ich nie vergessen – sie sagte , dass es augen@@ bli@@ cke gab in denen sie es fast ver@@ pas@@ ste . +also : sie ren@@ nt zum haus und sucht nach dem papier und das ge@@ dicht fährt durch sie hin@@ durch und sie grei@@ ft einen sti@@ ft gerade als es durch sie hin@@ durch@@ geht und dann – sagte sie – war es so als würde mit ihrer anderen hand danach greifen und es zu pac@@ ken kriegen . +sie er@@ wi@@ schte das ge@@ dicht an seinem schwan@@ z und zog es zurück in ihren körper und über@@ nahm es auf das blatt papier . +bei diesen gele@@ gen@@ heiten kam das ge@@ dicht ein@@ wand@@ frei und in@@ ta@@ kt auf dem papier an – aber rück@@ wärts – vom letzten wort zum ersten . +als ich das hörte dachte ich „ das ist un@@ hei@@ mlich – das ist genau , wie mein krea@@ tiver prozess ab@@ läuft . “ +das ist überhaupt nicht wie mein krea@@ tiver prozess – ich bin nicht der kan@@ al ! +ich bin ein mau@@ l@@ tier . um arbeiten zu können muss ich jeden tag zur gleichen zeit auf@@ stehen und schwi@@ tzen , mich ab@@ mü@@ hen und wirklich un@@ angeneh@@ m durch@@ qu@@ äl@@ en . +aber selbst ich in meiner mau@@ l@@ tier@@ art habe manchmal dieses ding gest@@ rei@@ ft . +und ich schä@@ tze , dass viele von ihnen das auch getan haben . +selbst ich hatte arbeiten oder ideen , die aus einer quelle durch mich hin@@ durch@@ kamen , die ich wirklich nicht identi@@ fizieren kann . +was ist das für ein ding ? +und wie treten wir damit in beziehung ohne darüber unseren verstand zu verlieren , sondern uns im gegenteil sogar bei gei@@ sti@@ ger gesundheit zu halten ? +für mich ist das beste leben@@ de beispiel , wie man dies schaffen kann der musi@@ ker tom wa@@ its . ich dur@@ fte ihn vor einigen jahren für ein maga@@ zin intervie@@ wen . +wir sprachen dabei über dieses thema . und wissen sie was ? die meiste zeit seines lebens war tom die ver@@ körper@@ ung des ge@@ p@@ ein@@ ig@@ ten modernen künst@@ l@@ ers , der versuchte , diese un@@ kontrolli@@ er@@ baren krea@@ tiven impul@@ se , die in ihm wohn@@ ten , zu be@@ herr@@ schen und mit ihnen zu@@ rech@@ tzu@@ kommen . +aber dann wurde er älter und ruhi@@ ger . er erzählte mir , dass er eines tages auf einer schnell@@ straße in los angeles fuhr . und da änder@@ te sich alles für ihn . +er fuhr mit ho@@ her geschwindigkeit als er plötzlich ein kleines frag@@ ment einer mel@@ o@@ die hört , die , wie es bei inspi@@ ra@@ tionen oft ist , für ihn qu@@ äl@@ end schwer greif@@ bar ist . und er will sie haben . sie ist pra@@ cht@@ voll . er le@@ ch@@ zt danach , aber er kann sie nicht fassen . +er hat kein stück papier , er hat keinen sti@@ ft , er hat keinen k@@ asse@@ tt@@ en@@ re@@ kor@@ der . +er beginnt also , diese alte be@@ kle@@ mm@@ ung in ihm auf@@ steigen , wie z.b. „ ich werde dieses ding verlieren und werde von diesem song auf ewi@@ g ver@@ folgt werden . +ich bin nicht gut genug , ich scha@@ ffe es nicht . “ +aber anstatt in p@@ ani@@ k zu ger@@ aten , hörte er einfach auf . +er be@@ en@@ dete den ganzen ge@@ dan@@ ken@@ gang und tat etwas komplett neues . +er bli@@ ckte einfach in den himmel und sagte : „ entschul@@ digung , kannst du nicht sehen , dass ich auto fahr@@ e ? “ +„ sehe ich so aus als könnte ich gerade einen song auf@@ schreiben ? +wenn du wirklich existieren willst , kom@@ m zu einem gün@@ sti@@ g@@ eren moment wieder , wenn ich mich um dich kümmern kann . +wenn nicht , qu@@ ä@@ le heute jemand anderen . +ge@@ h und qu@@ ä@@ le leon@@ ard co@@ hen . “ +sein gan@@ zer arbeit@@ spro@@ z@@ ess hat sich danach geändert . +nicht die arbeit selbst . die war weiterhin oft so dun@@ kel wie e@@ h und je . +aber der prozess und die sch@@ were be@@ kle@@ mm@@ ung , die ihn um@@ gibt , war aufge@@ ho@@ ben als er das gen@@ ie aus sich heraus nahm , wo er nichts als är@@ ger verursa@@ chte und ihn dahin zurück@@ ließ wo er sozusagen her@@ kam . er erkannte , dass es kein ver@@ inner@@ lich@@ tes , qu@@ äl@@ endes ding sein musste . +es konnte eine eigent@@ ü@@ m@@ liche , wunder@@ same , bizar@@ re zusammenarbeit geben , eine art kon@@ ver@@ sation zwischen tom und dem frem@@ dar@@ tigen , äuß@@ er@@ lichen ding , das nicht ganz tom war . +als ich diese geschichte gehört habe veränderte es auch ein bisschen die art , wie ich arbeitete und es hat mich schon einmal ger@@ et@@ tet . +diese idee re@@ t@@ tete mich als ich mitten im schreib@@ prozess von „ eat , pra@@ y , love “ war . ich fiel in eine dieser gr@@ u@@ ben des zwei@@ f@@ els in die wir alle fallen , wenn wir an etwas arbeiten und es nicht kla@@ ppt . du fäng@@ st an zu denken , dass es ein des@@ aster wird . das wird das schle@@ ch@@ teste buch , das je geschrieben wurde . +nicht nur schlecht , sondern des schle@@ ch@@ teste aller zeiten . +ich begann zu denken , ich sollte das projekt einfach ein@@ stam@@ pfen . +aber dann erinn@@ erte ich mich daran , wie tom in den freien himmel gesprochen hatte und ich versuchte es . +ich ho@@ b also meinen blick vom man@@ us@@ kri@@ pt und sprach meinen komment@@ ar in richtung einer le@@ eren ecke des rau@@ ms . +ich sprach laut : „ hö@@ r zu , du ding , du und ich wissen beide , wenn dieses buch nicht bri@@ ll@@ ant ist , dass es nicht komplett meine schu@@ ld ist , richtig ? +denn du sie@@ h@@ st ja , dass ich alles , was ich habe , investi@@ ere . ich habe nicht mehr als das . +wenn du es also besser haben willst , musst du hier auf@@ kreu@@ zen und deinen anteil der ab@@ mach@@ ung ein@@ halten . +okay . aber , wenn du das nicht t@@ ust ... weißt du was , dann zum teu@@ fel damit . +ich werde trotzdem weiter schreiben , denn das ist mein job . +und ich möchte bitte zu proto@@ kol@@ l geben , dass ich heute für meinen teil des jobs hier war . “ +denn ... ... am ende ist es wie folgt . vor jahrhunder@@ ten haben sich in den wü@@ sten nor@@ dafri@@ kas menschen zu mon@@ d@@ schein@@ fe@@ sten mit heili@@ gen t@@ än@@ zen und musik ver@@ samm@@ elt , die stun@@ den@@ lang abge@@ halten wurden – bis zur mor@@ gend@@ ä@@ m@@ mer@@ ung . +diese fe@@ ste waren immer großartig , denn die t@@ än@@ zer waren profession@@ ell und sie waren fantastisch . +aber hin und wieder , sehr selten , passierte etwas besonder@@ es . einer der dar@@ steller wurde tatsächlich über@@ welt@@ lich . +und ich weiß , dass sie wissen , was ich meine , denn ich weiß , dass sie alle in ihrem leben schon einmal eine solche dar@@ bie@@ tung gesehen haben . +es war als würde die zeit still@@ stehen und der t@@ än@@ zer durch eine art p@@ for@@ te treten . er tat nichts anders als er es je zuvor getan hat – 1.000 nä@@ chte zuvor . aber alles fü@@ gte sich zusammen . +und ganz plötzlich er@@ schien er nicht mehr länger rein mensch@@ lich . +er wurde von innen er@@ hell@@ t und von unten er@@ hell@@ t und alles er@@ hell@@ te sich durch ein gö@@ tt@@ liches feuer . +als so etwas damals geschah , wussten die leute was das war . sie nan@@ nten es bei seinem namen . +sie le@@ gten die hände zusammen und begannen zu singen : „ al@@ la@@ h , al@@ la@@ h , al@@ la@@ h , gott , gott , gott . “ +das ist gott , wissen sie ? +interessante histor@@ ische fuß@@ note : als die mo@@ hren süd@@ sp@@ ani@@ en er@@ ober@@ ten brachten sie diesen brauch mit . die aus@@ sprache änder@@ te sich im laufe der jahrhunder@@ te von „ al@@ la@@ h , al@@ la@@ h , al@@ la@@ h “ zu „ ol@@ é , ol@@ é , ol@@ é “ , das man immer noch bei sti@@ er@@ kämpfen und fl@@ am@@ en@@ co-@@ t@@ än@@ zen hört . +wenn ein dar@@ steller in sp@@ ani@@ en etwas un@@ mög@@ liches , etwas mag@@ isches getan hat : „ al@@ la@@ h , ol@@ é , ol@@ é , al@@ la@@ h , großartig , bra@@ vo “ un@@ fas@@ s@@ bar , da ist es : ein flü@@ chti@@ ger blick auf gott . +und das ist großartig , denn wir brauchen das . +aber , der kni@@ ff@@ lige teil folgt am nächsten morgen , wenn der t@@ än@@ zer selbst auf@@ wa@@ cht und erkennt , dass es 11 uhr an einem dien@@ stag ist – und er nicht länger ein fün@@ k@@ chen von gott in sich trägt . +er ist lediglich ein alter@@ n@@ der sterb@@ licher mit schmer@@ z@@ enden k@@ nien . und vielleicht wird er nie wieder zu diesen hö@@ hen auf@@ steigen . +und vielleicht wird nie wieder jemand got@@ tes namen rufen , wenn er sich dreht . aber was soll er dann mit dem rest seines lebens anfangen ? +das ist schwer . +das ist eine der schmer@@ z@@ haf@@ testen korre@@ k@@ turen eines krea@@ tiven lebens . +aber vielleicht muss es nicht ganz so voller p@@ ein sein , wenn sie von anfang an nicht ge@@ glaubt haben , dass die außergewöhn@@ lichsten aspe@@ kte ihres das@@ eins von ihnen kä@@ men . +wenn sie vielleicht nur glauben , dass sie eine lei@@ h@@ gabe sind – von einer un@@ vorstell@@ baren quelle für eine er@@ les@@ ene zeit ihres lebens , die an jemand anderen weiter@@ gegeben wird , wenn sie fertig damit sind . +wenn wir anfangen , so darüber nachdenken , ändert das alles . +so habe ich angefangen zu denken und so denke ich mit sicherheit in den vergan@@ genen monaten , während ich an dem buch arbeitete , das bald erscheinen wird – als der gefähr@@ liche , be@@ än@@ g@@ sti@@ gende , stark erwar@@ tete nach@@ fol@@ ger meines abge@@ fahr@@ enen erfol@@ gs . +was ich mir ständig selbst sagen muss , wenn ich darüber verrückt werde , ist : hab keine angst . +sei nicht ent@@ mu@@ tigt . +mache einfach deinen job . +sei weiterhin für deinen bei@@ trag da , was auch immer er sein mö@@ ge . +wenn dein job das tan@@ zen ist , tan@@ ze . +wenn sich das du@@ mme gö@@ tt@@ liche gen@@ ie , das dir zur seite gestellt ist , entschei@@ det , für einen kurzen moment einen h@@ auch von wunder durch deine an@@ streng@@ ung zu zeigen , dann „ ol@@ é ! “ +und wenn nicht , tan@@ ze dennoch deinen tanz . +und „ ol@@ é ! “ für dich trotz alle@@ dem . +ich glaube daran und ich habe das gefühl , wir sollten das lehren . +„ ol@@ é ! “ für dich trotz alle@@ dem , einfach dafür , dass du die blo@@ ße menschliche liebe und den eigen@@ sinn hast , dafür da zu sein . +danke . +danke . +ol@@ é ! +letztes jahr habe ich diese beiden fo@@ li@@ en gezeigt , um zu veran@@ schau@@ lichen , dass die arkti@@ sche ei@@ sk@@ app@@ e , die für an@@ näher@@ n@@ d drei millionen jahre die grö@@ sse der unter@@ en 4@@ 8 staaten hatte , um 40 prozent gesch@@ ru@@ mp@@ ft ist . +aber dies drückt nicht stark genug die ernsthaf@@ tigkeit dieses speziellen problems aus , da es nicht die di@@ cke des ei@@ ses zeigt . +in gewis@@ se@@ m sinne ist die arkti@@ sche ei@@ sk@@ app@@ e das schla@@ gende herz unseres globalen klima@@ systems . +sie wächst im winter und sch@@ ru@@ mp@@ ft im sommer . +die nächste folie , die ich ihnen zeige , ist eine zei@@ traff@@ er@@ aufnahme was in den letzten 25 jahren passiert ist . +das dau@@ er@@ eis ist mit rot marki@@ ert . +wie sie sehen , wächst es auf das dunkel@@ blau marki@@ erte . dies ist das jähr@@ liche eis im winter ; und es sch@@ ru@@ mp@@ ft im sommer . +das sogenan@@ nte dau@@ er@@ eis , fünf jahre alt oder älter , ist beinahe wie blut , welches aus dem körper hier heraus@@ fli@@ es@@ st . +in 25 jahren wird es von hier nach hier versch@@ wunden sein . +dies ist ein problem , da die er@@ wärmung den ge@@ fr@@ or@@ enen grund um den arkti@@ schen ozean auf@@ t@@ aut , in dem es grosse mengen an ge@@ fr@@ or@@ en@@ em kohlen@@ stoff gibt , welcher , wenn er auf@@ t@@ aut , von mikro@@ ben zu me@@ than um@@ gesetzt wird . +ver@@ glichen mit dem gesamten betra@@ g an klima@@ veränder@@ nden stoffen in der atmosphäre , könnte sich dieser betra@@ g ver@@ dopp@@ eln , wenn wir diesen kri@@ tischen punkt über@@ schrei@@ ten . +schon heute spru@@ d@@ elt in einigen fla@@ chen seen in al@@ as@@ ka me@@ than von selbst aus dem wasser . +professor kat@@ ey wal@@ ter der universität in al@@ as@@ ka ist mit einer weiteren arbeits@@ gruppe zu einem anderen fla@@ chen see letzten winter gerei@@ st . +wow ! +ihr geht es gut . die frage ist , wie wird es uns er@@ gehen . +und ein grund ist , dieser enorme wär@@ mes@@ p@@ ei@@ cher er@@ wär@@ mt grö@@ n@@ land aus dem norden . +dies ist ein jähr@@ licher tau@@ wasser@@ fluss . +aber die volu@@ men sind wesentlich grö@@ sser als je zuvor . +dies ist der kan@@ ger@@ l@@ us@@ su@@ a@@ q fluss in süd@@ west grö@@ n@@ land . +wenn sie wissen möchten , wie der meeres@@ spiegel durch land@@ eis@@ sch@@ mel@@ ze steigt hier fli@@ es@@ st sie ins meer . +diese flüs@@ se nehmen rapi@@ de zu . +am anderen ende des planeten , die ant@@ arkti@@ s , die grö@@ s@@ ste eis@@ masse auf dem planeten . +letzten monat mel@@ deten forscher , dass der gesamte kontin@@ ent nun eine negative eis@@ bil@@ anz hat . +und die west@@ ant@@ arkti@@ s , die über ein paar unter@@ wasser@@ inseln aufge@@ taucht ist , ist besonders stark im sch@@ mel@@ zen . +dies entspricht 20 fuß meeres@@ höhe , so wie grö@@ n@@ land . +im hi@@ mal@@ a@@ ya , der dritt@@ grö@@ s@@ sten eis@@ masse , sehen sie oben neue seen , die vor ein paar jahren g@@ let@@ scher waren . +40 prozent aller menschen auf der welt bekommen die hälfte ihres trin@@ k@@ was@@ s@@ ers aus diesem sch@@ mel@@ z@@ wasser . +in den an@@ den ist dieser g@@ let@@ scher die trin@@ k@@ wasser@@ quelle für diese stadt . +die wasser@@ mengen haben sich ver@@ grö@@ ss@@ ert . +aber wenn sie ver@@ sie@@ gen , wird auch das meiste trin@@ k@@ wasser weg@@ fallen . +in kalifornien wurde eine 40 proz@@ enti@@ ge verring@@ erung der sch@@ nee@@ de@@ cke der si@@ er@@ ra gesehen . +dies betrifft die spei@@ cher@@ be@@ cken . +und die vorhersagen , wie sie sie gelesen haben , sind ernst . +diese au@@ stro@@ ck@@ nung in der ganzen welt führt zu einer dra@@ mati@@ schen stei@@ gerung an feu@@ ern . +und die katastrop@@ hen überall auf der welt haben in einem wirklich aus@@ ser@@ ord@@ ent@@ lichen und vorher nie da@@ gew@@ es@@ enen aus@@ mass zu@@ genommen . +vier@@ mal so viele in den letzten 30 jahren wie in den vorher@@ ge@@ gan@@ genen 75 . +dies ist ein vollkommen un@@ hal@@ t@@ bares entwicklungs@@ muster . +wenn sie dies im histor@@ ischen zusammenhang betrachten , können sie sehen , was es an@@ richtet . +in den letzten 5 jahren haben wir 70 millionen ton@@ nen an co2 produziert alle 24 stunden -- 25 millionen ton@@ nen jeden tag in die ozean@@ e . +schauen sie sich den bereich des ö@@ st@@ lichen pazi@@ fi@@ k genau an , vom amerikanischen kontin@@ ent west@@ lich und bei@@ der@@ seits des in@@ dischen sub@@ kontin@@ ents , wo es einen dra@@ stischen rück@@ gang des sauer@@ stoff@@ s in den me@@ eren gibt . +der grö@@ s@@ ste einzelne faktor für die globale er@@ wärmung , neben ab@@ hol@@ zung , welches 20 prozent aus@@ macht , ist das ver@@ bren@@ nen von fossi@@ len brenn@@ stoffen . +öl ist ein problem , und ko@@ hle ist das gleich@@ wohl grö@@ s@@ ste problem . +die vereinigten staaten sind eine der beiden grö@@ s@@ sten verschmu@@ tz@@ er , zusammen mit china . +und der vor@@ schlag war , viele weitere ko@@ h@@ le@@ fabri@@ ken zu bauen . +aber wir beginnen , eine veränderung zu sehen . +hier sind die , die in den letzten jahren ge@@ stri@@ chen wurden , mit einigen grünen alterna@@ tiven , die vor@@ geschlagen wurden . +trotz@@ dessen gibt es eine politische aus@@ einander@@ setzung in unserem land . +und die ko@@ hl@@ ein@@ du@@ stri@@ en und ö@@ lin@@ du@@ stri@@ en haben eine vier@@ tel@@ milliarde dollar letztes kal@@ en@@ dar@@ jahr ausge@@ geben , um sau@@ b@@ ere ko@@ hle zu bewer@@ ben , was an sich schon ein wider@@ spruch in sich ist . +dieses bild erinn@@ erte mich an etwas . +um weih@@ na@@ chten herum lie@@ fen , bei mir zu hause in ten@@ nes@@ see , eine milliarde ton@@ nen ko@@ hl@@ es@@ ch@@ lam@@ m aus . +sie haben es war@@ schein@@ lich in den nachrichten gesehen . +dies ist in unserem ganzen land der zwei@@ t@@ grö@@ s@@ ste ab@@ fall@@ fluss ameri@@ kas . +dies passierte um weih@@ na@@ chten . +einer der wer@@ bes@@ po@@ ts der ko@@ hl@@ ein@@ du@@ str@@ ie um weih@@ na@@ chten war dieser . +fro@@ sty der kohlen@@ mann ist ein verg@@ nü@@ g@@ ter , fr@@ ö@@ h@@ licher bur@@ sche . +ihn gibt es in hü@@ lle und fü@@ lle in amerika , und er hilft unserer wirtschaft zu wachsen . +fro@@ sty , der kohlen@@ mann wird jeden tag sau@@ ber@@ er . +er ist be@@ zahl@@ bar und lie@@ ben@@ s@@ wert , und arbeiter bleiben in lo@@ hn und brot . +dies ist die quelle der meisten ko@@ hle in west virg@@ ini@@ a . +der mäch@@ ti@@ gste berg@@ arbeiter ist der leiter von mas@@ sey coal . +lassen sie mich eines ganz klar sagen . al gore , nan@@ cy p@@ el@@ o@@ s@@ i , har@@ ry rei@@ d , sie wissen nicht , wovon sie reden . +also hat die alli@@ anz für klima@@ schutz zwei kam@@ pag@@ nen ins leben geru@@ fen . +dies ist eine , ein teil von ihr . +bei der co@@ al@@ er@@ g@@ y sehen wir klima@@ veränderung als eine ern@@ ste gefahr für unser geschäft . +deshalb haben wir es uns zum ober@@ sten zei@@ l gesetzt , eine betr@@ äch@@ t@@ liche geld@@ sum@@ me auszu@@ geben um eine wer@@ be@@ ak@@ tion auf den weg zu bringen , um die wahrheit über ko@@ hle . +tatsache ist , ko@@ hle ist nicht dre@@ ck@@ ig . +wir glauben , sie ist sau@@ ber -- und rie@@ cht auch noch gut +also , machen sie sich keine sorgen um die klima@@ veränderung . +über@@ lassen sie das ruhi@@ g uns . +sau@@ e@@ ber ko@@ hle , sie haben viel davon gehört . +also lassen sie uns eine tour dieser modernen , sau@@ b@@ eren ko@@ h@@ le@@ fabrik machen . +fantastisch ! diese maschine ist ziemlich laut . +aber es ist der klang der sau@@ b@@ eren ko@@ h@@ le@@ technologie . +und trotzdem das ver@@ bren@@ nen von ko@@ hle einer der haupt@@ gründe für die globale er@@ wärmung ist , die bemerkens@@ wert sau@@ b@@ ere ko@@ h@@ le@@ technologie , die sie hier sehen , ändert alles . +schauen sie es sich genau an , dies ist die heu@@ tige , sau@@ b@@ ere ko@@ h@@ le@@ technologie . +endlich ver@@ mis@@ cht sich die positive alternative mit unserer wirtschaftlichen herausforderung und unserer herausforderung der nation@@ alen sicherheit . +amerika ist in einer krise , die wirtschaft , die nation@@ ale sicherheit , die klima@@ krise . +der rote fa@@ den , der diese alle verbindet , ist unsere abhängi@@ gkeit von kohlen@@ stoff@@ -@@ basier@@ enden kraft@@ stoffen wie dre@@ ck@@ ige ko@@ hle und aus@@ län@@ dis@@ ches öl . +aber nun gibt es eine mu@@ tige , neue lösung , um uns aus dieser miss@@ lichen lage zu be@@ freien . +versor@@ ge amerika mit 100 prozent sau@@ ber@@ er elektrizität neu , innerhalb der nächsten 10 jahre +ein plan , amerika zurück zur arbeit zu bringen , uns sicher@@ er zu machen und zu helfen , die globale er@@ wärmung zu stopp@@ en . +endlich , eine lösung , die groß genug ist , unsere probleme zu lösen . +versor@@ ge amerika neu . finden sie mehr heraus . +dies ist die letzte . +es geht um eine neu@@ versorgung von amerika . +einer der schnell@@ sten wege , unsere abhängi@@ gkeit von alten , dre@@ ck@@ igen kraft@@ stoffen , die unsere welt er@@ sti@@ cken , zu reduzieren . +die zukunft ist hier . wind , sonne und ein neues energi@@ es@@ y@@ stem . +neue investi@@ tionen , um gut be@@ za@@ hlte arbeitsp@@ lä@@ tze zu schaffen . +versor@@ ge amerika neu . es ist zeit , realität zu akzeptieren . +es gibt ein al@@ tes afrikan@@ isches sp@@ rich@@ wort : " wenn du schnell sein mö@@ cht@@ est , ge@@ h alleine . +wenn du weit kommen mö@@ cht@@ est , ge@@ h zusammen . " +wir müssen weit kommen , und zwar schnell . +vielen dank . +ich möchte damit beginnen sie zu bitten , an die zeit ihrer kindheit zurückzu@@ denken , als sie mit bau@@ kl@@ ö@@ tzen spiel@@ ten . +während sie erkan@@ nten , wie man die hände aus@@ stre@@ ckt und zu@@ grei@@ ft , die kl@@ ö@@ tze auf@@ nimmt und bewegt , lern@@ ten sie tatsächlich , zu überlegen und probleme durch das verstehen und verändern rä@@ um@@ licher zusammen@@ hän@@ ge zu lösen . +das rä@@ um@@ liche denken ist en@@ g damit verbunden , wie wir einen großteil unserer umgebung verstehen . +als informa@@ tiker - inspiriert von der art unserer interak@@ tion mit re@@ alen obje@@ kten - zusammen mit meinem fach@@ ber@@ ater pat@@ ti und meinem kollegen je@@ ev@@ an kal@@ ani@@ th@@ i , begann ich mich zu w@@ un@@ dern : was wäre , wenn wir computer nutzen würden , die anstelle eines m@@ aus@@ -@@ zei@@ gers , der sich wie eine digitale finger@@ spitze auf einer fla@@ chen arbeits@@ fläche bewegt ... ... was wäre , wenn wir mit beiden händen ein@@ greifen könnten und daten phy@@ s@@ isch er@@ greifen und sie so an@@ ord@@ nen könnten , wie wir es wollen ? +diese frage war so er@@ greif@@ end , dass wir uns zur er@@ forschung der antwort entschieden und si@@ ft@@ ables entwickelten . +kurz gesagt , ein si@@ ft@@ able ist ein interak@@ tiver computer in der größe eines ke@@ k@@ ses . +sie können mit der hand bewegt werden , sie können sich gegensei@@ tig wahr@@ nehmen , sie können ihre bewegungen er@@ fassen und sie haben einen bildschirm und einen funk@@ em@@ pf@@ än@@ ger . +viel wichtiger : sind sind körper@@ lich , wes@@ halb man sie wie bau@@ kl@@ ö@@ tze lediglich durch das aus@@ stre@@ cken der hände und zu@@ greifen bewegen kann . +und die si@@ ft@@ ables sind ein beispiel einer neuen generation von hilfs@@ mitteln zur manipu@@ lation digit@@ aler daten . +und wenn diese hilfs@@ mittel körper@@ licher werden und ein bewusstsein für ihre bewegungen entwickeln , sich gegensei@@ tig erkennen und die fein@@ heiten unseres um@@ gan@@ gs mit ihnen wahr@@ nehmen , dann können wir mit der er@@ forschung neuer und unter@@ hal@@ ts@@ am@@ er interak@@ tions@@ arten beginnen . +ich fan@@ ge mit einigen einfachen bei@@ spielen an . +dieser si@@ ft@@ able ist für die video@@ wieder@@ gabe kon@@ figu@@ ri@@ ert und wenn ich ihn in eine richtung ki@@ ppe , wird das video vor@@ wärts ab@@ gespielt ; wenn ich ihn in die andere richtung ki@@ ppe , läuft es rück@@ wärts . +und diese interak@@ tiven portra@@ its nehmen sich gegensei@@ tig wahr . +wenn ich sie also neben@@ einander lege , we@@ ckt das ihr interesse . +wenn sie von@@ ein@@ a@@ der um@@ geben sind , bemerken sie das auch und können etwas ner@@ vö@@ s werden . +und sie fühlen ebenso ihre bewegungen und n@@ eig@@ ung . +eine interessante folge der interak@@ tionen , die wir zu erkennen begannen , war , dass wir all@@ tä@@ gliche ge@@ sten auf daten anwenden könnten , wie etwa farben so zu schü@@ tten , wie man dies mit flüs@@ sig@@ keiten tut . +in diesem fall haben wir drei si@@ ft@@ ables als f@@ arb@@ tö@@ pfe kon@@ figu@@ ri@@ ert und ich kann sie nutzen , um farbe in den in der mitte zu gi@@ e@@ ßen , wo sie dann ver@@ mis@@ cht werden . +wenn wir es über@@ treiben , können wir ein wenig zurück@@ schü@@ tten . +es gibt außerdem auch einige ne@@ tte möglichkeiten in der bildung wie sprachen , mathematik oder logi@@ k@@ spiele , wo wir den leuten die möglichkeit des schn@@ ellen au@@ spro@@ bi@@ er@@ ens geben und die ergebnisse sofort sehen wollen . +hier bin ich ... das ist eine fi@@ bon@@ acci@@ -@@ folge , die ich mit einem einfachen gleich@@ ungspro@@ gramm er@@ stelle . +das ist ein spiel mit wör@@ tern , das eine art mis@@ chung aus sc@@ rab@@ ble und bo@@ g@@ gle ist . +grundsätzlich bekommt man jede r@@ unde auf jeden si@@ ft@@ able zufällig zu@@ gewi@@ es@@ ene buchstab@@ en und während man versucht , wörter zu bilden , werden diese über ein wör@@ ter@@ buch ge@@ prü@@ ft . +dann , nach ungefähr 30 sekunden , wird wieder ge@@ mis@@ cht und man hat eine neue buchstab@@ en@@ kombination und neue möglichkeiten auszu@@ probieren . +vielen dank . +das sind einige kinder die auf einem aus@@ flug zum media lab kamen . ich konnte sie dazu bewegen , es auszu@@ probieren und habe ein video davon aufgenommen . +sie haben es wirklich ge@@ liebt . +ein interessan@@ ter um@@ stand bei dieser art von anwen@@ dungen ist , dass man den leuten nicht viele an@@ wei@@ sungen geben muss . +alles was man sagen muss ist " bildet wörter " und sie wissen genau , was zu tun ist . +hier sind noch ein paar leute , die es testen . +das ist unser jün@@ g@@ ster be@@ ta@@ -@@ te@@ ster dort unten rechts . +es stellte sich heraus , dass er die si@@ ft@@ ables nur sta@@ p@@ eln wollte . +also für ihn waren sie nur bau@@ kl@@ ö@@ tze . +dies ist eine interak@@ tive tri@@ ck@@ fil@@ man@@ wen@@ dung . +wir wollten ein lern@@ mittel für sprach@@ lern@@ er entwickeln . +das ist fe@@ li@@ x . +er kann neue charak@@ tere in die sz@@ ene bringen , indem er den si@@ ft@@ able vom tisch auf@@ he@@ bt , der diese figu@@ r zeigt . +hier lässt er die sonne auf@@ gehen . +die sonne geht auf +jetzt holt er einen tra@@ ktor in die sz@@ ene . +der or@@ an@@ gene tra@@ ktor . +gute arbeit ! ja ! +indem er die si@@ ft@@ ables schü@@ tt@@ elt und sie neben@@ einander legt kann er die charak@@ tere interagieren lassen ... +... seine eigene geschichte erfinden . +hallo ! +es ist eine geschichte mit offen@@ em ende und er kann entscheiden , wie sie sich entwickelt . +flie@@ gende kat@@ ze . +das letzte beispiel , für das ich heute zeit habe , es zu zeigen , ist ein musi@@ k-@@ sequen@@ cer für li@@ ve-@@ auf@@ tri@@ tte , das wir kürzlich entwickelt haben und in dem si@@ ft@@ ables als tö@@ ne , wie führ@@ ungs@@ stimme , b@@ ass und schlag@@ zeug agieren . +jedes hat vier verschiedene vari@@ ationen ; man kann aus@@ wählen , welche man nutzen möchte . +und man kann diese tö@@ ne in die sequenz ein@@ spei@@ sen , die man wiederum in belie@@ bi@@ gen mu@@ stern an@@ ord@@ nen kann . +und man spei@@ st sie ein , indem man einfach einen ton@@ -@@ si@@ ft@@ able an einen sequen@@ z@@ -@@ si@@ ft@@ able hält . +dort sind effe@@ kte , die man live verändern kann , wie z.b. hall und filter . +man verbindet ihn mit einem bestimmten ton und nei@@ gt ihn dann zum ein@@ stellen . +und dann noch über@@ ge@@ ord@@ nete effe@@ kte wie temp@@ o und lau@@ t@@ stärke , die man auf die gesamte sequenz anwen@@ det . +also schauen wir mal . +wir beginnen , in dem wir die führ@@ ungs@@ stimme in zwei sequen@@ z@@ -@@ si@@ ft@@ able ein@@ spei@@ sen und diese in einer reihe an@@ ord@@ nen , sie erweitern und ein bisschen mehr der stimme hinzu@@ fügen . +jetzt fü@@ ge ich einen b@@ ass hin@@ zu . +jetzt werde ich noch etwas schlag@@ zeug dazu tun . +und jetzt verbin@@ de ich den filter mit dem schlag@@ zeug , damit ich den effekt live steuern kann . +ich kann die ganze sequenz beschle@@ uni@@ gen , indem ich das temp@@ o in die eine oder andere richtung ki@@ ppe . +und jetzt verbin@@ de ich den filter noch mit dem b@@ ass ; für etwas mehr ausdruck . +ich kann die sequenz während sie ab@@ läuft um@@ stellen . +dadurch muss ich sie nicht im vor@@ feld plan@@ en , sondern kann impro@@ visi@@ eren ; sie währ@@ end@@ dessen ver@@ län@@ gern oder verk@@ ür@@ zen . +und ab@@ schließ@@ end kann ich die ganze sequenz aus@@ bl@@ enden , indem ich den lau@@ t@@ stär@@ ke@@ -@@ si@@ ft@@ able nach links nei@@ ge . +vielen dank . +wie sie also sehen können , liegt meine begei@@ ster@@ ung darin , neue mensch@@ -@@ computer@@ -@@ schnitt@@ stellen zu entwickeln , die besser zu dem passen , wie unsere gehirne und körper arbeiten . +und heute hatte ich zeit , ihnen einen teil dieser neuen desig@@ n-@@ welt und einige der möglichkeiten dessen zu zeigen , wor@@ an wir in unserem labor arbeiten . +der gedanke , den ich ihnen mit auf den weg geben möchte , ist dass wir an der sch@@ welle zu dieser neuen generation von wer@@ zeugen zur interak@@ tion mit digitalen medien stehen , die informationen in unsere welt bringen , die unseren an@@ forder@@ ungen entspricht . +vielen dank , +ich fre@@ ue mich auf die gesprä@@ che mit ihnen allen ! +ja , guten tag . +ich fre@@ ue mich , dass ich da bin . +ja , also , was soll bio@@ ha@@ cking sein ? +ich muss dazu erst mal ein bisschen aus@@ holen , und zwar beschäftigt sich bio@@ ha@@ cking eben mit der modernen molekul@@ ar@@ biologie . +ich studi@@ ere molekul@@ ar@@ biologie und beschäf@@ tige mich eben jetzt seit ein paar jahren mit dem bio@@ ha@@ cking , und das habe ich angefangen , weil ich einfach genauer wissen wollte und es vor allem auch selbst machen wollte , was ich so im studi@@ um theore@@ tisch gelernt habe . +so , das war meine pri@@ mä@@ re motivation . +also es war eine neugi@@ er und ich wollte irgendwie näher ran an die materie , so . +ich denke , dass die molekul@@ ar@@ biologie im allgemeinen jetzt , also ganz allge@@ mein gesprochen , biot@@ echn@@ ologie , alles , was man dazu zä@@ hlt , syn@@ the@@ tische biologie und so weiter , +extrem wichtig ist , jetzt schon extrem wichtig ist und noch viel , viel wichtiger werden wird in zukunft . +da gibt es so um@@ stri@@ tt@@ ene sachen wie diese ganzen gent@@ echn@@ isch veränder@@ ten pflanzen auf den ä@@ ck@@ ern . +es gibt jetzt cra@@ ig vent@@ er in den u.@@ s@@ .@@ a , der versucht bio@@ fuel herzustellen , also ben@@ zin aus al@@ gen . +unter dann gibt es auch schon sachen , die total im all@@ tag ange@@ kommen sind , was den meisten leuten aber gar nicht bewusst ist , zum beispiel wa@@ sch@@ mittel@@ enzy@@ me , die uns erlauben , mit vier@@ zig grad wä@@ sche zu wa@@ schen , sind auch gent@@ echn@@ isch optimi@@ erte enzy@@ me . +und die liste kann man end@@ los fort@@ setzen . +und also aus dem interesse daran , an dieser an dieser technologie , bin ich eben da weiter weiter r@@ einge@@ gangen . +so was warum jetzt ha@@ cken ? +die meisten kennen die meisten leute kennen das aus dem soft@@ war@@ e@@ bereich . +computer ha@@ cken , und dann wird es in den medien immer so , ja , die ha@@ cker brechen irgendwo ein und kl@@ auen daten und so weiter . +das ist ja irgendwie für die ha@@ cker@@ sz@@ ene sehr trauri@@ g , weil das gar nicht das trifft , was sie eigentlich wie das eigentlich angefangen hat und was eigentlich da@@ hinter steht . +und zwar haben die soft@@ war@@ e-@@ ha@@ cker , in den sie@@ b@@ zi@@ ger , ach@@ tz@@ i@@ ger@@ jahren mit computer@@ ba@@ st@@ eln angefangen und daraus ist auch das internet entstanden . +und es geht darum , mit auf eine spiel@@ er@@ ische , kre@@ ative , origin@@ elle art , ein problem zu lösen . +und problem , das ist nicht nur ein techn@@ isches problem , es kann auch ein gesellschaft@@ liches problem sein , es kann auch einfach ein zu@@ gan@@ g@@ spro@@ ble@@ m sein , was wie dinge ver@@ einfachen , also eine belie@@ bi@@ ge proble@@ m@@ stellung , eine frage aufzu@@ werfen , und wie kann man das anders oder wie kann man das besser machen . +und es wurde eben es ist halt mit software groß@@ geworden , aber es gibt es auch im elektr@@ oni@@ k@@ bereich , da gibt es auch eine ganze ba@@ st@@ ler@@ sz@@ ene , die mit elektr@@ oni@@ k@@ schalt@@ krei@@ sen alle möglichen abge@@ fahr@@ enen sachen machen . +und jetzt eben halt auch in richtung biologie , und da möchte ich diese metapher , die halt aus der syn@@ the@@ tischen biologie kommt , nehmen , dass biologie eigentlich eine informa@@ tions@@ wissenschaft ist , weil , der d.@@ n@@ .@@ a code ist ein abstra@@ k@@ ter code , der ja , es ist nicht ganz gleich wie computer , weil es dynam@@ ischer ist , weil es materie , also echte materie ist , und nicht nur cy@@ ber . +aber es ist auch ein code , und den kann man auch program@@ mieren und ent@@ sprech@@ end kann man ihn auch ha@@ cken , so , und das fand ich finde ich unglaublich faszinier@@ end , und da wollte ich einfach viel tief@@ er mit ein@@ steigen . +das hat eigentlich erst zwei@@ tausend acht wirklich form angenommen , diese diese netzwerke . +da gibt es ha@@ ck@@ teri@@ a do@@ t or@@ g , das ist ursprün@@ glich aus der schwei@@ z , das ist mit europa und mit einer ko@@ operation in indien basier@@ tes netzwerk , das aber mittler@@ weile mitglieder oder ak@@ tive leute überall auf der welt hat . +das sind das hat eine mehr künstler@@ ische aus@@ richtung , also da geht ' s sind viele künstler und philosop@@ hen und in zusammenarbeit mit wissenschaft@@ lern damit beschäftigt , eben sich mit diesen technologien aus@@ einander@@ zu@@ setzen und fragen zu stellen und das krea@@ tiv zu ver@@ arbeiten , da gibt es muse@@ um@@ s@@ aus@@ stellungen und ja , alles mögliche . +aber es geht eigentlich immer darum , so einen so einen lo@@ ck@@ eren zugang zu finden , so einen spiel@@ er@@ ischen um@@ gang zu haben damit . +und dann gibt es do@@ -@@ it@@ -@@ your@@ self-@@ bi@@ o do@@ t or@@ g , d.@@ i@@ .@@ y@@ .@@ bi@@ o . +das ist aus den u.@@ s@@ .@@ a ein netzwerk , das ist eigentlich mehr so eine art for@@ um , wo sich wo man sich halt trifft und online disku@@ tiert . +die sind ein bisschen techn@@ ischer aus@@ geri@@ chtet und auch ein bisschen busin@@ ess@@ mäß@@ iger unter@@ wegs , da werden dann auch so , ja an@@ gewand@@ te fragen gestellt . +und ausge@@ h@@ end von diesen netz@@ werken , die das ganze popul@@ ä@@ r gemacht haben , hat sich halt so eine sz@@ ene entwickelt , die ich kurz mal por@@ trä@@ tieren möchte . +hier im bild links oben sieht man bio@@ curious , das ist ein ha@@ cker@@ space , also im prinzip eine art schule , so eine private schule , gemein@@ nütz@@ ige ver@@ ein ein@@ richtung , wo jeder hin@@ kommen kann . +kinder , alte , alle möglichen leute gehen dahin , um sich einfach damit aus@@ einander@@ zu@@ setzen , sie haben ein labor ein@@ geri@@ chtet und schauen sich an was kann man machen , wenn diese labor@@ proto@@ kol@@ le an . +hier links unten ist eine gruppe in in@@ don@@ es@@ ien , hou@@ se-@@ of-@@ natur@@ al-@@ fi@@ bers heißt die , die gibt es aber schon ziemlich lange . +schon länger als diese anderen beiden netzwerke . +die beschäftigen sich auch in so einem künstler@@ ischen aspekt mit biolog@@ ischen materialien und , ja , auch elektr@@ oni@@ k@@ ba@@ st@@ el@@ ei@@ en , und kombin@@ ieren das auf ziemlich abge@@ fahr@@ e art . +eine gruppe aus ank@@ ar@@ a , die ich vor einer weile mal ken@@ nen@@ gelernt habe , die haben das ist eine stud@@ ent@@ en@@ gruppe , die halt gerne der öffentlichkeit mehr vermitteln wollte , was was sie in der un@@ i lernen , und die haben so so auf straßen@@ fe@@ sten kleine ak@@ tionen gemacht und leuten versucht zu erklären , was d.@@ n@@ .@@ a ist . +und ich habe oben in auf dem anderen bild eine vor@@ les@@ ung in in kop@@ en@@ ha@@ gen im medizin@@ ischen museum in kombination mit einer ausstellung zum thema . +und das ist , ja das ist das sind meistens recht junge leute , aber das einzige , was was einen was eigentlich alle verein@@ t , ist diese faszin@@ ation an der technologie . +und was man damit machen kann und eben auch ganz ge@@ zi@@ elt auf die gesellschaft damit zu@@ zu@@ gehen und zu fragen , so , okay , was wisst ihr , was was woll@@ t ihr mit@@ machen , habt ihr interesse daran , euch damit so einzu@@ bringen ? +so , o@@ .@@ k , um jetzt biologie zu ha@@ cken , braucht man ja irgendwie material . +man braucht natürlich biolog@@ ische materialien , und man braucht aber auch werkzeuge , und das ist dann ein labor . +bezieh@@ ungs@@ weise , was man normalerweise unter einem labor versteht , das sind so irgendwie abge@@ fahr@@ ene maschinen , extrem teuer , extrem di@@ stan@@ ziert , nur für fach@@ personal , ausge@@ bil@@ dete ak@@ ade@@ mi@@ ker mit dok@@ tor@@ titel und so weiter . +und unser ansatz war eben halt zu sagen , o@@ .@@ k , dass eigentlich muss man das nicht machen . +das ist eigentlich nicht notwendig , weil jede jede jeder ka@@ ffe@@ e@@ autom@@ at hat eigentlich höher entwickelte technologie als die meisten labor@@ geräte , das ist wirklich so . +und s o mit dieser prä@@ mis@@ se mit dieser prä@@ mis@@ se hat dann zum beispiel brian de@@ g@@ ger in england versucht , ein minim@@ all@@ ab@@ or zusammen@@ zustellen , hat dann so einen dam@@ pf@@ druck@@ ko@@ cht@@ op@@ f genommen , eine hei@@ z@@ plat@@ te und , ja , so supp@@ en@@ brü@@ he , und hat sich damit dann bakterien ge@@ zü@@ chtet , funktioniert . +also jedem , dem schon einmal eine su@@ ppe ver@@ gam@@ melt ist , die er zu lange stehen gelassen hat , auch schon mal gemacht . +ich habe das dann in meinem labor da@@ heim versucht , ein bisschen auszu@@ weiten , und habe mir dann halt so secon@@ d-@@ hand@@ -@@ equipment auf e@@ bay ge@@ kauft und ein bisschen d.@@ n@@ .@@ a analyse gemacht , versucht , einen vat@@ er@@ schaft@@ st@@ est , also so so / d.@@ n@@ .@@ a finger@@ prin@@ ting , noch mal zu machen da@@ heim . +das sollte jetzt eigentlich gar kein witz sein , aber . +hier unten in dem bild sieht man ist das labor , in an@@ führ@@ ungs@@ stri@@ chen , also ist so eine zuge@@ stellte garage mit auch so allem möglichen labor@@ gerü@@ m@@ pel , den die un@@ i ausge@@ mi@@ stet hat , eine gruppe in paris , die sich da was was ein@@ geri@@ chtet hat und ziemlich erfolgreich damit ist und auch ziemlich interessante sachen macht , da will ich auch noch ein projekt kurz an@@ schneiden . +und das hier ist bio@@ curious , der eben auch erwä@@ hnte ha@@ cker@@ space , dieses ja , so eine art vol@@ k@@ sho@@ ch@@ schule im prinzip für für molekul@@ are biologie . +und ja , also , man sieht , es ist relativ relativ he@@ ter@@ o@@ gen , also das gibt es halt von leuten , die das alleine da@@ heim machen , bis hin zu großen also größeren organisationen , die halt das mehr for@@ mal auch schon in institu@@ tion@@ alisi@@ erter form schon be@@ treiben . +aber eben immer immer der der ansatz , dass es halt einfach und zugänglich sein soll . +das erste projekt , das wir als internationale gruppe gemacht haben , als wir uns quasi unserer selbst bewusst wurden , o@@ .@@ k , es gibt uns jetzt hier als wirkliche sz@@ ene auch , und wir sind online , und wir wir kennen so die leute , die da immer ch@@ atten und so . +und dann kam eben von der do@@ -@@ it@@ -@@ your@@ self-@@ bi@@ o or@@ g webseite der grün@@ der , und hat gesagt o@@ .@@ k , wir müssen uns jetzt auch mal wirklich treffen , auch real treffen , und hat dann zwei veran@@ stal@@ tungen organisi@@ ert , eine in london , zwei@@ tausend zehn , und kurz darauf in den u.@@ s@@ .@@ a , in san francisco . +und , da ging es dann auch darum , ja o@@ .@@ k , wer sind wir , was wollen wir , was wollen wir auch was wollen wir mit@@ teilen ? +und was was sind unsere werte und was sind was ist unsere ziel@@ setzung , unsere grundlage ? +und da haben wir dann so einen co@@ de-@@ of-@@ condu@@ ct ausge@@ arbeitet . +das war recht intui@@ tiv , also jeder hat einfach so seine wün@@ sche , seine und das , was ihn halt bewegt , ausge@@ drückt , dann . +da kam , meiner meinung nach , ein ganz guter code zu@@ stan@@ de . +und den haben wir dann der ist nicht verbin@@ dlich , aber das ist halt ja , ich denke schon , hat sich relativ gut durch@@ gesetzt , die leute sind da recht überzeugt von so . +und wir haben dann sogar versucht , das auch in die ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ische welt wieder zurückzu@@ bringen , aber dort ist es irgendwie nicht so ange@@ kommen . +also ich glaube , wir aus der bio@@ ha@@ cker@@ sz@@ ene sind in der hinsicht sogar schon einen schritt weiter als die die ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ische welt . +ja , was für projekte machen wir jetzt eigentlich so ? +ein projekt , das ich mit dem ha@@ ck@@ teri@@ a-@@ netzwerk in der schwei@@ z selbst gemacht habe , war , dass wir eine sogenan@@ nte op@@ tische f@@ alle oder op@@ tische pin@@ z@@ ette ba@@ st@@ eln wollten . +das ist , wenn man einen las@@ er@@ stra@@ hl fo@@ kus@@ siert , auf einen im raum , dann kann man damit kleine parti@@ kel ein@@ fangen in der luft oder in in der flüs@@ sigkeit und dann in diesem fo@@ kus bewegen , also , der ist dann da einge@@ fangen , also wie so ein wie so ein tra@@ k@@ tor@@ be@@ am@@ stra@@ hl im prinzip . +das funktioniert wirklich , das wird im ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ischen setting gemacht , und wir haben dann gedacht , o@@ .@@ k , das kriegen wir vielleicht auch hin , haben dann eine web@@ c@@ am genommen , die auf@@ gesch@@ rau@@ bt , die lin@@ se ab@@ gemacht , umge@@ dreht , dann hat man ein mikrosk@@ op , das vergröß@@ ert etwa vier@@ hunder@@ t@@ fa@@ ch . +das sieht man da unten . +und dann haben wir einen d.@@ v@@ .@@ d bren@@ ner aus@@ einander@@ gesch@@ rau@@ bt und den bren@@ ner den las@@ er r@@ ausge@@ holt und dann versucht , auf diese kamera da zu fo@@ kus@@ sieren . +und das hat leider nicht ge@@ kla@@ ppt , aber wir haben trotzdem viel dabei gelernt . +so ein anderes projekt , das aus von der franzö@@ sischen gruppe da aus paris , das hat ge@@ kla@@ ppt , das ist ziemlich cool . +und zwar hat er so ein na ja , so ein so ein hirn@@ well@@ en@@ mess@@ gerät , so e@@ .@@ e@@ .@@ g oder so etwas , also er hat sich mit neuro@@ biologie beschäftigt , sein sein ni@@ ck@@ name ist sam neuro@@ ha@@ ck . +er hat sich dann dieses diesen diesen hel@@ m da geb@@ ast@@ elt , und in in der ko@@ operation mit dem museum ist das gel@@ aufen . +da konnten dann die besu@@ cher in den raum rein@@ gehen , sich auf diesen stuhl setzen , sich diesen hel@@ m auf@@ setzen . +dann wurden ihre gehirn@@ wellen ge@@ messen , und je nachdem , was sie gedacht haben oder wie sie gedacht haben , ist sind dann verschiedene lich@@ ter im raum ange@@ gangen . +war ein ziemlich ziemlich schick@@ es projekt . +ein anderes ding aus den usa , das eben auch mit dieser vat@@ er@@ schaft@@ ste@@ st@@ geschichte da zu tun hat , ist die die p@@ .@@ c@@ .@@ r , das ist die poly@@ mer@@ as@@ e-@@ ket@@ ten@@ reaktion , kompli@@ zier@@ tes wort . +also es geht darum , eben gene zu kop@@ ieren , zu ver@@ me@@ hren , d.@@ n@@ .@@ a , frag@@ mente zu ver@@ me@@ hren , damit man sie sicht@@ bar machen kann . +also wenn ich jetzt das machen die die pro@@ fil@@ er am tat@@ ort , gehen dann hin , sammeln da irgend@@ welche ha@@ ar@@ proben , und dann machen die diese wenden dann diese methode an , und dann können sie sagen , o@@ .@@ k , dieses ha@@ ar gehört zu diesem menschen , so . +und die maschinen , die so etwas machen , die sind ziemlich teuer so , die man kom@@ mer@@ zi@@ ell kauft , die billi@@ gsten gehen so bei vier@@ tausend eur@@ o los . +und das ist halt nicht im ho@@ b@@ by@@ bereich , aber es ist eine wirklich coo@@ le technologie , die auch sehr viel kann . +also das ist nur eine anwendung von vielen , die man damit machen kann . +und die haben da haben sich so zwei zwei ba@@ st@@ ler ran@@ gesetzt und gesagt , o@@ .@@ k , das machen wir einfacher und billi@@ ger , und haben dann eben aus open source , also frei verfüg@@ barer hard@@ ware , elektr@@ oni@@ k@@ sachen , sich diese dieses gerät zusammen@@ geb@@ ast@@ elt und sind jetzt die haben das sogar zur mark@@ trei@@ fe gebracht und sind jetzt die der billi@@ gste an@@ bie@@ ter von diesen gerä@@ ten weltweit . +ich glaube , irgendwie so se@@ ch@@ sh@@ under@@ t dollar oder so etwas . +aber auf jeden fall ist es jetzt es ist immer noch nicht billi@@ g , aber es ist auf jeden fall in einem rahmen , wo es doch deutlich verfüg@@ barer wird . +also es ist meiner meinung nach ein sehr gel@@ un@@ gen@@ er ha@@ ck . +ein projekt , das ich letz@@ tens angefangen hatte , war eine gen@@ e-@@ gun zu bauen . +gen@@ e-@@ gun ist , ja , wie so eine art luft@@ druck@@ pi@@ sto@@ le , die schie@@ ßt etwa so weit , zwei z@@ enti@@ meter oder so . +man l@@ äd@@ t d.@@ n@@ .@@ a auf gold@@ parti@@ kel und die gold@@ parti@@ kel dann in diese luft@@ druck@@ pi@@ sto@@ le , und dann ich habe die dann auf z@@ wie@@ b@@ eln gesch@@ o@@ ssen und habe die dann zum leu@@ chten gebracht damit so . +also das gerät , das man da sieht , das hat nicht funktioniert . +aber das ist so mein so mein protot@@ y@@ p , der aber ziemlich abge@@ fahren aus@@ gesehen hat , so auf so einem ast , das ding dr@@ auf , elektr@@ oni@@ k dr@@ auf und druck an@@ geschlossen , und das war aber der druck war zu hoch , das ding ist kapu@@ tt gegangen . +und dann habe ich einen sa@@ hn@@ es@@ pen@@ der genommen und das daran an@@ geschlossen . +ein sa@@ hn@@ es@@ pen@@ der , wenn man den voll macht mit wasser , hat der genug druck , also ich glaube , so vier@@ zig bis se@@ ch@@ tz@@ ig bar etwa dr@@ auf . +und damit kann man dann die parti@@ kel stark genug beschle@@ uni@@ gen und dann gehen die auch in die z@@ wie@@ bel rein . +und das kom@@ mer@@ zi@@ elle gerät kostet etwa fünf@@ zehn@@ tausend eur@@ o auf@@ wärts oder so etwas , sa@@ hn@@ es@@ pen@@ der so um die fünf@@ zig . +also die es hat nicht die gleiche effizi@@ enz , aber es ist im prinzip halt mach@@ bar . +so und das ist halt im moment auch das das kern@@ an@@ liegen der sz@@ ene eben , diese verfüg@@ barkeit von technologie zu erhö@@ hen und auch die information und die verstän@@ d@@ lichkeit zu vergröß@@ ern , dass dass mehr leute sich da enga@@ gieren können . +weil , wie am anfang gesagt , es ist eine extrem wichtige technologie , und die meisten leute haben relativ wenig ahnung davon und auch auch keine chance , sich da wirklich gut zu bilden . +weil , wenn man nur darüber li@@ est , aus se@@ k@@ und@@ är@@ liter@@ atur , das ist nicht das gleiche , wie wenn man es selber einmal gemacht oder gesehen hat . +und ich denke , technologie wird immer wichtiger in unseren modernen gesellschaften . +und wenn man als infor@@ mier@@ ter bürger auch sinn@@ volle entscheidungen in der gesellschaft treffen können will und mit@@ reden können will , dann braucht man den zugang zum wissen und zur technologie . +und und man muss es auch machen und verstehen , um es machen und verstehen zu können . +und das fir@@ miert dann unter den schlag@@ worten open knowledge und citi@@ zen science . +also dass eben man als bürger in die lage ver@@ setzt wird , eben sich mit diesen wissenschaftlichen technologien aus@@ einander@@ zu@@ setzen . +und das ist das das kern@@ an@@ liegen von von den bio@@ ha@@ ck@@ ern . +das sind die leute , die sich zumindest offi@@ zi@@ ell einge@@ tragen haben auf der webseite , d.@@ i@@ .@@ y@@ .@@ bio@@ -@@ d@@ ot@@ -@@ or@@ g webseite . +das ist schon eine relativ be@@ acht@@ liche anzahl von leuten weltweit . +und interessant ist auch , dass sie auch in sü@@ do@@ st@@ asien ver@@ treten sind . +das ist ich glaube , die sind da da sind weniger leute einge@@ tragen , als tatsächlich existieren . +also ich weiß von einigen , die sich nicht einge@@ tragen haben . +und das sind jetzt nur die bio@@ ha@@ cker , die individu@@ ellen leute . +teil@@ weise auch mit diesen ha@@ cker@@ spaces , also diesen orten zusammen dort einge@@ tragen . +und das ist aber ganz im anfang . +wie gesagt , zwei@@ taus@@ en@@ dacht hat es erst angefangen . +und ha@@ cker@@ spaces , also die computer@@ ha@@ cker@@ spaces , da der c@@ -@@ base in ber@@ lin war der erste , ne@@ un@@ zehn@@ hunder@@ t@@ fün@@ fund@@ ne@@ un@@ zig . +und das ist mittler@@ weile ein gigan@@ ti@@ sches netzwerk an sehr guten , ja , infra@@ struk@@ tur@@ zentr@@ en geworden , die überall auf der welt ver@@ treten sind . +und wir hoffen natürlich , dass wir halt uns dann ähnlich auch aus@@ brei@@ ten und dann auch ähnlich gut verne@@ tzt sind , so dass halt auch mehr dran leute invol@@ viert werden können . +und ich würde jeden einmal ein@@ laden , sich damit zu be@@ fassen und auch mal selber was auszu@@ probieren . +es ist zwar jetzt nicht so sim@@ pel , aber es ist auch nicht unmöglich , wenn man da genug neugi@@ er hat und genug energie rein@@ steckt , dann kommt man da auch weit . +vielen dank für@@ s zuhören . +das war ' s . +ja , hallo . +wie funktionieren wir menschen eigentlich ? +das ist eine frage , die mich sehr bewegt als desig@@ ner@@ in , aber auch im bereich im forschungs@@ bereich us@@ ability und vor allen dingen im bereich user experience . +da geht es darum , wie man menschen in interak@@ tiven medien begeg@@ net , damit sie diese interak@@ tiven medien benutzen können und damit sie ein möglich@@ st be@@ frie@@ di@@ gendes erleb@@ nis erzeugen . +ich glaube nämlich , dass die interak@@ tiven medien in uns arch@@ a@@ ische , kogni@@ tive modelle ad@@ res@@ sieren , also denk@@ muster , die in unserem biolog@@ ischen ge@@ däch@@ tnis vor sehr , sehr langer zeit ein@@ program@@ miert worden sind und dass wir die eben gerade durch interak@@ tive medien wieder hervor@@ rufen können . +und das ist sehr erstaunlich , weil man ja eigentlich glaubt , dass diese hoch@@ technologie , der man da begeg@@ net , dass die einen ja eigentlich in die zukunft bringt , aber tatsächlich ist es so , dass die zukunft genau bei uns ist , bei unseren arch@@ a@@ ischen wurz@@ eln . +was sind denn jetzt eigentlich arch@@ a@@ ische modelle ? +ich habe mal vier sti@@ ch@@ worte auf@@ geschrieben und möchte die gerne kurz erklären . +zu arch@@ a@@ ischen kogni@@ tiven mod@@ ellen und zwar sind das die modelle , die wir in den vor@@ industri@@ ellen zeiten uns ange@@ eig@@ net haben . +zu diesen arch@@ a@@ ischen mod@@ ellen gehört , dass wir ein prinzipi@@ ell natür@@ liches verhältnis zur virtu@@ alität haben . +das klingt prinzipi@@ ell erst@@ mal ungewöhn@@ lich . +ich werde darauf aber gleich nochmal ein@@ gehen und werde ihnen per versuch beweisen , dass auch sie ein natür@@ liches verhältnis zur virtu@@ alität haben . +der zweite aspekt ist , dass wir seit aufgrund dieser arch@@ a@@ ischen mod@@ ellen durch@@ aus in der lage sind sehr , sehr bil@@ dlich zu sprechen , obwohl wir heutzutage eine ko@@ di@@ fi@@ zierte sprache benutzen . +und der dritte bereich , der erklärt sich eigentlich von selbst . +wir wissen alle , dass die interak@@ tiven medien per definition non@@ lin@@ ear sind , was die vern@@ ein@@ ung der lin@@ ear@@ ität beinhaltet , und was uns natürlich sagt , dass wir die lin@@ ear@@ ität heute als normal emp@@ finden . +der vi@@ erte punkt ist , dass die geschichte für uns ein ort der informa@@ tions@@ weiter@@ gabe ist . +wie ist das jetzt mit der mit der virtu@@ alität , die eigentlich die natür@@ lich@@ ste sache der welt ist . +ich will ihnen das gerne mal beweisen . +wie@@ viele tür@@ en hat das haus , in dem sie wo@@ hnen ? +das werden wir sie mir nicht sofort spon@@ tan beantworten können , aber es wird folgendes passieren und passiert gerade im moment . +sie gehen im gei@@ ste durch dieses haus , in dem@@ n sie wo@@ hnen , und schauen sich an , wie viele tür@@ en da sind . +und genau das ist , was sie machen . +sie virtu@@ alisieren die realität und zwar ganz ohne computer . +fantastisch , oder ? +und da geben wir uns mü@@ he am medi@@ en-@@ cam@@ pus beispielsweise die virtu@@ elle realität in unserem v@@ .@@ r@@ .@@ -@@ labor dar@@ zustellen , dabei können wir das eigentlich die ganze zeit schon . +und diese dieses vermögen die virtu@@ elle die realität zu virtu@@ alisieren , die haben die menschen in den vor@@ industri@@ ellen zeiten auch bit@@ ter nötig gehabt , denn die hatten ja gar nichts . +die hatten ja keine bücher . +oder die hatten keine keine fot@@ oli@@ to@@ gra@@ fie . +sie hatten keine massen@@ medien . +das einzige , was die hatten , war ihr kopf . +und in diesem kopf spielte sich die erinn@@ erung ab . +in diesem kopf wurde wissen ab@@ geru@@ fen und mi@@ th@@ ilfe dieser virtu@@ ellen bilder , der imagination , wurden eben wurde wissen auch weiter@@ gegeben . +und deswegen ist es auch so stark in uns ver@@ wurz@@ elt , dass wir mit der virtu@@ alität so gut umgehen können . +das interessante daran ist , wenn ich mal einen kleinen aus@@ flug machen darf . +ja , das geht . +das interessante daran ist , dass zu dieser zeit der mensch gleichzeitig medien@@ produ@@ z@@ ent und medium selber war . +wenn sie jetzt mal ein stück@@ chen weiter denken . +was sind heute medien ? +dann werden sie bemerken , dass es eine veränderung gegeben hat . +aber darauf komme ich gleich nochmal zu sprechen . +wesent@@ liches werkzeug der informa@@ tions@@ ver@@ mitt@@ lung sind seit je@@ her geschichten gewesen . +sch@@ am@@ an@@ en , p@@ rie@@ ster , sogenan@@ nte wissen@@ s@@ wä@@ chter , waren dafür extra ab@@ gestellt , um wissen in geschichten zu be@@ wahren . +und auch heute hängen wir noch sehr , sehr stark an geschichten . +dem autor des bu@@ ches the story@@ telling animal , jon@@ a@@ than got@@ tsch@@ all , zu@@ folge verb@@ ingen wir immer noch jähr@@ lich ein@@ taus@@ end@@ ne@@ un@@ hundert stunden mit der re@@ zep@@ tion von geschichten . +das bedeutet für ein kind , das es bis zum erreichen des der der groß@@ jähri@@ gkeit die meiste zeit seines lebens mit der re@@ zep@@ tion von geschichten verbracht hat . +jetzt denken wir , unsere liebe zu geschichten hängt daran , dass wir als kind auf dem scho@@ ß unserer eltern ges@@ essen haben . +nein , nein , weit ge@@ fe@@ hlt . +das geht viel weiter zurück , in die kulturen der vor@@ industri@@ ellen zeiten . +für mich aber im bereich der interak@@ tiven medien als besonders beeindruck@@ end ist an sich , dass wir per se in unserem biolog@@ ischen ge@@ däch@@ tnis ver@@ ank@@ ert haben , die fähigkeit non@@ lin@@ ear zu denken . +ich habe ihnen ein beispiel mit@@ gebracht von dem nor@@ dameri@@ kan@@ ischen stam@@ m der no@@ ot@@ ka@@ -@@ indi@@ aner . +und die leben lebten in der kü@@ sten@@ region von british colum@@ bia . +und wie sie sehen können , ist das ein sehr in@@ sel@@ rei@@ ches gebiet und man musste da irgendwie navi@@ gieren , von insel zu insel kommen , um sich nahrung zu besch@@ affen . +und die haben das mit so genan@@ nten le@@ ad@@ -@@ land@@ karten gemacht . +das kennen sie vielleicht auch schon , wenn sie sich dafür ein bisschen interessieren , von den austr@@ al@@ ischen ur@@ ein@@ wohn@@ ern . +die haben ähnliche prinzipien . +die haben keine le@@ ad@@ -@@ land@@ karten , sondern die haben die so gen@@ nan@@ ten son@@ gl@@ ines benutzt oder auch trau@@ mp@@ fa@@ de . +und was das interessante daran ist , dass die navi@@ gation und die to@@ po@@ graph@@ ie von regionen über lieder abge@@ bildet werden konnte . +wobei denen die sprache unter@@ ge@@ ord@@ net von unter@@ ge@@ ord@@ ne@@ tem ran@@ g war . +das heißt , man navi@@ gi@@ erte über kl@@ änge und über rhyth@@ mus . +und diese kl@@ änge und dieser rhyth@@ mus haben die ge@@ ologie , die to@@ po@@ graph@@ ie einer region dar@@ gestellt und das hat natürlich auch ermöglicht , dass man diese lieder de@@ frag@@ men@@ tieren konnte und anders zusammen@@ setzen und sich so nach links , nach rechts und auch wieder zum aus@@ gan@@ g@@ sort zurück bewegen konnte . +warum singen wir aber nicht mehr , um von oben von a nach b zu kommen ? +jedenfalls nicht , um zu navi@@ gieren . +was was ist da eigentlich passiert ? +passiert ist das das so gen@@ nan@@ te masch@@ in@@ en@@ zeitalter . +wir haben uns vorher im so genan@@ nten vog@@ t-@@ zeitalter bewegt . +passiert ist das masch@@ in@@ en@@ zeitalter und passiert ist das buch und passiert ist die ist die fot@@ oli@@ to@@ gra@@ fie . +und zwar genau das ist passiert , dass wir die verantwortung für unsere erinn@@ erungen und die die eigene produktion unserer individu@@ ellen erinn@@ erungen ver@@ la@@ g@@ ert haben auf ex@@ ter@@ ne medien . +auf das buch und auf das bild . +somit haben wir leider got@@ tes ein stück weit verl@@ ernt zu virtu@@ alisieren . +virtu@@ alität ist plötzlich frem@@ d für uns frem@@ d geworden , und hat mit der realität nichts mehr zu tun . +bru@@ ce brown , ein bekann@@ ter desig@@ n@@ forscher an der bri@@ gh@@ ton@@ -@@ university , ist so weit gegangen zu sagen , dass diese massen@@ medien , er mein@@ t das buch und das bild , also nicht das fernsehen , das internet us@@ w. und so weiter , was wir als massen@@ medien heute be@@ zeichnen , dass diese massen@@ medien unserer erinn@@ erungen ver@@ stein@@ ert haben und unsere fähigkeit zu virtu@@ alisieren er@@ u@@ diert haben . +machen wir eine kleine zwischen@@ bil@@ anz . +vom vog@@ t-@@ zeitalter zum zum masch@@ in@@ en@@ zeitalter . +was hat einfl@@ üs@@ se auf unsere auf unser denken und auf unser erinn@@ erungs@@ vermögen ? +dann sind das verb@@ las@@ senden einfl@@ üs@@ se der vor@@ industri@@ ellen kulturen . +und die werden sind im laufe der jahrhunder@@ te mehr und mehr über@@ sch@@ rieben worden durch die einfl@@ üs@@ se des masch@@ in@@ en@@ zeital@@ ters . +das heißt , statt uns individu@@ ell zu erinnern haben wir standar@@ dis@@ ierte , weit verbrei@@ tete , in ma@@ ssen verbrei@@ tete muster von erinn@@ erungen , an die wir unsere persönlichen erinn@@ erungen hängen können . +wir produzieren nicht mehr selbst . +wir haben eine abstra@@ kte eine abstra@@ k@@ ta@@ hi@@ erte sprache . +wir stellen uns die sache nicht mehr in bildern die dinge nicht mehr in bildern vor , sondern wir ko@@ di@@ fizieren sie dich unsere sprache . +wir haben uns daran gewöhn@@ t , dass dinge lin@@ ear passieren . +und wir haben die lin@@ ear@@ ität als gesetz akzep@@ tiert und es gibt nur noch aus@@ nahmen , wie beispielsweise die non-@@ lin@@ ear@@ ität . +was uns geb@@ lieben ist , ist das story@@ telling . +noch immer sind wir dem story@@ telling als informa@@ tions@@ ver@@ mitt@@ lung sehr , sehr stark ver@@ haf@@ tet . +die frage ist , was kommt jetzt ? +wir hatten das vo@@ gt -@@ zeitalter , wir hab hatten das masch@@ in@@ en@@ zeitalter und wir beschrei@@ ten nun das so genan@@ nte cyber@@ -@@ zeitalter . +das hört sich sehr spac@@ ig an und hört sich sehr nach sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fi@@ ction an , ich weiß . +aber diese konzep@@ te des cyber@@ -@@ zeital@@ ters , die bringen uns diese diese möglichkeiten wieder zurück unsere fähigkeiten wieder zu entdecken . +da geht es um virtu@@ alität , es geht um non-@@ lin@@ ear@@ ität , es geht um story@@ telling . +ich will das kurz mal ein bisschen erklären . +es gibt techn@@ ische konzep@@ te wie beispielsweise die aug@@ mented reality , das heißt die erweiter@@ te realität . +also wenn sie sich mal google glas@@ ses beispielsweise an@@ gu@@ cken , dann dann ist so ein konzept , was uns die virtu@@ elle welt mit der re@@ alen welt wieder kombin@@ ieren lässt , das heißt unsere aff@@ in@@ ität zur virtu@@ alisierung , das virtu@@ elle als etwas normal@@ es , natür@@ liches zu emp@@ finden , wird wieder an@@ gesprochen . +ein anderes beispiel ist die so genan@@ nte virtu@@ elle realität . +so verrückt das natürlich im zusammenhang meines vor@@ tra@@ ges kl@@ ingen mag , da bewegen wir uns körper@@ lich in nicht exist@@ enten , virtu@@ ellen wel@@ ten , ganz nach dem vor@@ bild des h@@ olo@@ de@@ cks . +und andere ein anderes beispiel sind die ambi@@ enten , intelligen@@ ten systeme . +das sind räume , die intelligent auf einen menschen reagieren können . +all das braucht die fähigkeit , unsere grundsä@@ tz@@ liche fähigkeit , virtu@@ alität als einen re@@ alen lebens@@ raum zu akzeptieren . +ich habe im abschluss und ich hoffe , das video funktioniert , ein sehr , sehr schönes projekt mit@@ gebracht , das ist die b@@ ach@@ el@@ or@@ arbeit von michael bur@@ k , an@@ n-@@ ka@@ thr@@ in kr@@ enz , j@@ or@@ is kl@@ ause und jan@@ -@@ mor@@ it@@ z mü@@ ll@@ er . +und die beiden letz@@ teren sind auch heute hier . +vielleicht könnt ihr kurz mal auf@@ stehen , damit sie sich in der pause mit den beiden über das projekt unter@@ halten können . +und dieses projekt habe ich als beispiel mit@@ gebracht , wie wieder an dieser arch@@ a@@ ischen , kogni@@ tiven modelle ad@@ res@@ siert wird . +das ganze ist ein spiel , muss ich dazu sagen . +was dem story@@ telling natürlich extrem ent@@ gegen@@ kommt und es ist ein computer@@ spiel . +und wenn ich sage computer@@ spiel , dann haben sie sehr wahrscheinlich vor augen , dass irgend@@ welche leuten leute vor irgend@@ welchen kon@@ sol@@ en herum@@ happ@@ eln oder dass sie mit den mit irgend@@ einer kon@@ so@@ le in der hand spielen . +auf jeden fall , dass sie das drin tun . +das ist ein spiel für draußen . +und das ist ge@@ zi@@ elt dazu gedacht , dass ich die außen@@ welt entde@@ cke , also dass ich die re@@ ale welt wieder entde@@ cke . +und dieses spiel verbindet die virtu@@ elle welt , also die daten den daten@@ raum , den wir produzieren , mit der re@@ alen welt . +ich entschul@@ dige mich , dass ich so stark ab@@ kür@@ zen muss . +ihr könnt das dann gleich viel besser erklären , da steckt noch mehr viel mehr da@@ hinter . +und zwar geht es darum , dass ich eine stadt entde@@ cke , indem ich schaue , an welchen orten posi@@ tiv oder nega@@ tiv ge@@ twi@@ tter@@ t wurde . +und so er@@ halte ich von der stadt einen ganz anderen an@@ blick , einen ganz anderen eindruck , nämlich ich sehe negative und positive z@@ onen einer stadt und er@@ halte so auf diese art und weise eine ganz andere , virtu@@ elle land@@ karte von einer sehr re@@ alen stadt . +und das können wir uns jetzt gerne mal an@@ gu@@ cken . +ah , was man hier sehen kann , entschul@@ digung , ist noch eine kleine erklärung von dem , was sie gleich sehen . +natürlich wohn@@ t diese virtu@@ elle welt in den mau@@ ern unserer städte , ist ja klar . +und mit einer art ta@@ schen@@ lam@@ pe können wir diese virtu@@ ellen wel@@ ten sicht@@ bar machen . +so , ich wür@@ d das gerne mal zusammen@@ fassen mein meinen talk und zwar in dem sinne , dass die eigenschaften und die fähigkeiten , die wir aus dem vo@@ gt -@@ zeitalter er@@ wor@@ ben haben , und die uns so ein bisschen ver@@ schü@@ tt gegangen sind im masch@@ in@@ en@@ zeitalter , dass die mit hilfe des so genan@@ nten cy@@ ber -@@ zeital@@ ters wieder aktivi@@ ert werden können und dass wir auf diese art und weise über komplexe , technolog@@ ische , neue produkte tatsächlich nicht in die zukunft , sondern eigentlich zu uns zurück zu unseren wurz@@ eln kommen . +vielen dank . +ja , ich fre@@ ue mich sehr , bei ihnen sein zu dürfen . +ich bin eben schon gefragt worden , ob dieser s@@ ack da ein spre@@ chen@@ der s@@ ack ist und meiner statt sprechen wird . +das wird er nicht machen . +ich werde auch gleich auf@@ lösen , was da drin ist . +aber bisher mache ich es erst noch ' n bisschen neugi@@ er@@ ig . +ja , kinder sind von natur aus neugi@@ er@@ ig oder sollten neugi@@ er@@ ig sein , designer auch . +ich bin gest@@ alter von haus aus , also beschäf@@ tige ich mich natürlich auch mit dem thema der neugi@@ er und wie verändert die neugi@@ er auch wieder unser denken , und warum verlieren wir vielleicht auch neugi@@ er und müssen ' s wieder neu an@@ stoßen us@@ w und so weiter . +das ist eine ganze reihe an dingen , mit denen man sich neben dem eigent@@ lichen das@@ ein als gest@@ alter beschäftigt . +wenn profess@@ oren neugi@@ er@@ ig werden , dann werden sie häufig in so ' n forschungs@@ se@@ me@@ ster rein@@ gesch@@ oben . +und das ist auch das , was ich im letzten hal@@ ben jahr hatte . +ein forschungs@@ se@@ me@@ ster zum thema natural user interface design . +jetzt werden sie sich fragen , warum fangen die ganzen gest@@ alter an sich mit so natürlichen , arch@@ a@@ ischen ur@@ formen der kommunikation , interak@@ tion us@@ w und so weiter zu beschäftigen . +und da halte ich nur eines von diesen kleinen gerä@@ ten hoch , weil die dinge sollen immer intui@@ tiver , immer natür@@ licher , benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ licher werden und da muss man halt schauen , was ist eigentlich für uns menschen natürlich , was ist benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ lich oder intui@@ tiv . +und vor dem hintergrund habe ich mich in dem bereich natural user interface design , also die nächste generation im um@@ gang mensch computer in der also in der beziehung des mensch computers damit beschäftigt , wie sich unsere werkzeuge oder wie sich der computer vom rech@@ ner su@@ k@@ z@@ essi@@ ve zum digitalen assi@@ st@@ enten verändert . +also hab ich mich damit beschäftigt , wann ist was natürlich oder intui@@ tiv . +müssen vielleicht auch nochmal ein blick da@@ hinter . +warum passiert das überhaupt ? +also wenn wir uns mal die entwicklung unserer gesellschaft anschauen , hier kurz dar@@ gestellt , dann bewegen wir uns jetzt von der dritten in die vi@@ erte gesell@@ schafts@@ generation oder gesell@@ schafts@@ form . +also von der modernen in die computer@@ gesellschaft . +jede gesellschaft ist ge@@ prä@@ gt durch ein pri@@ mär@@ medium . +am anfang die stam@@ mes@@ gesellschaft durch die sprache . +das heißt , man hat sich gefunden , dadurch dass man eine gemeinsame sprache gesprochen hat , konnte man miteinander kommunizieren , ist in die gleiche hö@@ hle gezogen oder in andere bereiche , hat städte ge@@ bildet oder d@@ ör@@ fer und hat so ' nen stam@@ mes@@ gesellschaft sozusagen krei@@ ert . +das pri@@ mär@@ medium war aber die sprache , etwas sehr natür@@ liches , etwas sehr leben@@ di@@ ges . +musste man zwar auch lernen , also kein klein@@ kind kann von natur auf sprechen , aber wir lernen es su@@ k@@ z@@ essi@@ ve und verhäl@@ t@@ nis@@ mäßig natürlich . +das wurde dann ab@@ gelöst durch die anti@@ ke gesellschaft und die erste form der abstra@@ ktion . +das war damals ein ries@@ en-@@ auf@@ schre@@ i , weil man natürlich die leben@@ dige sprache an@@ fing zu mani@@ festi@@ eren in form von schrift , das heißt was , was flu@@ id und leben@@ dig ist , fang ich an und mei@@ ß@@ ele es in stein und damit manipu@@ li@@ ere ich es auch . +je nachdem wie ich mei@@ ß@@ el und wann ich mei@@ ß@@ el , ist es natürlich eine ganz andere beri@@ chter@@ stat@@ tung , als wenn es einer leben@@ dig sozusagen von sich gibt . +aber su@@ k@@ z@@ essi@@ ve zog dann eben diese schrift als pri@@ mär@@ medium , er@@ hielt einzu@@ g . +dann kam die nächste generation , in der wir heute eigentlich noch pri@@ mä@@ r leben . +das ist eben die durch druck und print ge@@ prä@@ gte schrift mit gu@@ ten@@ berg und anderen . +damals war ' s genauso ein aff@@ r@@ on@@ t , wo a@@ del , kl@@ er@@ us und andere gesagt haben : sei@@ d ihr eigentlich wahn@@ sinni@@ g , wenn das volk an@@ fängt zu lesen , dann wollen die nach@@ her noch mit@@ reden und das ist natürlich total f@@ at@@ al . +und jetzt kommen wir in die nächste generation und das span@@ n@@ ende ist , so ein gener@@ a@@ tions@@ wechsel ist nur alle paar hundert jahre und wir sind im moment wirklich in dieser in dieser phän@@ omen@@ alen phase , dass wir sowas mit@@ machen . +das verwir@@ rt uns natürlich total , weil wir sehen auf der einen seite die neuen medien , soci@@ l social media , facebook us@@ w und so weiter . +mit der tot@@ alen transpar@@ enz , was das neue denken ist , was auf das alte denken kn@@ all@@ t , sa@@ g ja nicht , dass in der las@@ ag@@ ne pfer@@ de@@ fleisch und kein rin@@ d@@ fleisch mehr ist oder andere phän@@ om@@ ene , nämlich ich will das gerade eben ver@@ tu@@ schen und will das gar k@@ und@@ tun . +und diese beiden wel@@ ten kn@@ allen gerade auf@@ einander , neues und al@@ tes denken . +das span@@ n@@ ende daran ist , wenn man das an@@ gu@@ ckt , diese neue gesellschaft , diese computer@@ gesellschaft , ent@@ le@@ hnt sich sehr viel@@ er mechanis@@ men , prinzipien und arch@@ a@@ ischer denk@@ muster aus dem aus der stam@@ mes@@ gesellschaft . +jetzt aber nicht mehr auf lo@@ kal@@ er ebene , sondern auf glob@@ aler ebene . +wir haben verstanden , dass das we@@ tter global ist . +dass das thema ök@@ ologie ein glob@@ ales ist . +nicht , wenn ich hier lok@@ al ök@@ olog@@ isch denke und der nach@@ bar denkt weniger ök@@ olog@@ isch , dann funktioniert das ganze nicht mehr . +das heißt , aus dem lokalen dorf ist eigentlich ein glob@@ ales dorf geworden mit den gleichen prinzipien , möglich@@ st natürlich , möglich@@ st intui@@ tiv , aber auch die tot@@ ale transpar@@ enz . +so wie man damals im dorf wusste , wer hat was mit w@@ em und wann , so passiert das heutzutage über diese erweiter@@ ung unserer selbst durch diese mobil@@ en end@@ geräte auf glob@@ aler ebene . +sei es , dass wir wissen global an@@ häu@@ fen und immer schneller und immer besser an@@ häu@@ fen . +so wie es früher eben ent@@ sprech@@ end auf dem dorf passierte . +vor dem hintergrund habe ich mich eben damit beschäftigt zu gu@@ cken , was heißt es denn eigentlich , was ist für uns noch natürlich , was haben wir vielleicht auch verl@@ ernt , was ist für uns aber auch instin@@ ktiv , also was macht den unterschied aus ? +weil häufig kommen nämlich leute , können sie ' s nicht benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ lich machen , damit jeder damit umgehen kann . +also muss man sich damit beschäftigen , was heißt denn das , und nicht nur einfach es verändern , dass es anders ist , sondern es soll ja auch besser werden . +und wann ist natürlich auch etwas intui@@ tiv und wie kann ich als gest@@ alter darauf einfluss nehmen und eben ent@@ sprech@@ end die dinge so gestalten , dass sie a benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ lich , also möglich@@ st intui@@ tiv sind , weil dann machen sie spaß und sind einfach zu benutzen . +man beschäftigt sich dann , auch schon während des studi@@ ums , mit dem thema der wahrnehmung und der wahrneh@@ m@@ ung@@ sp@@ sy@@ ch@@ ologie . +und das ist natürlich auch was , wo man dann an@@ fängt und gu@@ ckt und sagt , okay , jetzt schaue ich einfach mal in das innere selbst hinein . +und wie sieht ' s denn eigentlich da drin aus ? +also wie funktionieren wir , wenn wir da rein@@ gu@@ cken ? +und was bedeutet denn eigentlich natürlich , intui@@ tiv und wie funktionieren unsere kan@@ ä@@ le der wahrnehmung und wie funktioniert die kogni@@ tive ver@@ arbei@@ tung ? +weil steve jobs hat mal gesagt , you need to dig deeper to understand how it works . +also man muss wirklich im detail gu@@ cken , wenn ich etwas benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ lich oder intui@@ tiv hand@@ hab@@ bar machen möchte , was heißt das im kern . +und da sieht man schon , dass man a unsere sieben sinne , die meisten denken wir haben nur fünf , mittler@@ weile sind ' s sogar schon sieben an@@ erkannte , da kommt sicherlich in na@@ her zukunft noch der nächste , a@@ chte sinn hin@@ zu , und als erweiter@@ ung auch wieder unserer selbst . +und zu schauen , wie ver@@ arbeiten wir informationen , wie nehmen wir informationen auf ? +alleine zu sagen , was ist denn information ? +information ist jeder unterschied , der einen unterschied aus@@ macht . +viele benutzen das wort , wissen aber gar nicht , was es dann en detail bedeutet . +aber ich muss im kern verstehen , im wesen verstehen , wann wird information zu information , wann werden aus daten information und aus information wiederum wissen , damit ich weiß , wie ich nach@@ her dinge auch möglich@@ st intui@@ tiv oder natürlich hand@@ hab@@ bar machen kann . +und natürlich auch , wie nimmt gestal@@ tung einfluss auf die wahrnehmung . +wir sehen das hier , wenn ich dinge gest@@ alte , dann kann ich sie verwir@@ r@@ end gestalten wie auf der rechten seite , wo ich nicht weiß , was ist sal@@ z und p@@ fe@@ ffer , oder ich kann sie quasi intui@@ tiv gestalten , indem ich dinge zeige . +also sehr viel natür@@ licher , zwar in einem gefä@@ ß , aber ich sehe sozusagen direkt , wo ist sal@@ z und p@@ fe@@ ffer drin . +und wenn ich jemandem sage , gi@@ b mir mal sal@@ z oder p@@ fe@@ ffer , dann wird er beim rechten erst@@ mal überlegen , wo ist was drin . +und beim linken einfach intui@@ tiv zu@@ greifen und mir dann hoffentlich , dass kein zu@@ cker drin ist , das sal@@ z eben ent@@ sprech@@ end geben . +aber auch unsere wahrnehmung selbst , wie täu@@ scht sie uns denn auch . +zum beispiel diese wahrnehmung im kontext . +der rechte kreis sieht größer aus als der kleine , obwohl das gar nicht der fall ist , sondern sie sind eben ent@@ sprech@@ end gleich groß , und trotzdem verändert sich unsere wahrnehmung , je nachdem in welchem kontext wir dinge rein@@ stellen . +weiß jemand , was das ist ? +come on . +pattern recogni@@ tion sollte noch funktionieren . +da da wird ' s schon eher zu meiner bri@@ lle . +also es ist ' n kreis . +ein zwei@@ ter kreis fängt schon an , gewisse ähn@@ lichkeit zu kor@@ reli@@ eren oder zu as@@ sozi@@ ieren . +und wenn ich dann halt noch einen hal@@ bo@@ val da@@ zu@@ se@@ tze , dann sehen wir auf einmal nicht mehr nur noch eine einheit , nämlich kreis , kreis und , doch wir sehen eine einheit , wir sehen nicht mehr drei teile , ein kreis , ein kreis , ein anderes . +sowas nennt man gest@@ alt@@ gesetz oder eben gest@@ alt@@ psych@@ ologie , die uns auch eben wiederum in der wahrnehmung beeinflusst . +wichtig für die gest@@ alter , die haben das meistens im ersten se@@ me@@ ster , die toll@@ en gest@@ alt@@ gesetze . +gest@@ alt@@ gesetz der nähe , gest@@ alt@@ gesetz der der kontin@@ u@@ ität und so weiter . +häufig im dritten dann schon wieder vergessen . +aber das ist ein essen@@ zi@@ ell wichti@@ ges bestand@@ teil , wenn man dinge eben ent@@ sprech@@ end auch möglich@@ st intui@@ tiv gestalten möchte . +das nächste phänomen , was auch sehr interessant ist das des seh@@ ens . +klingt erst@@ mal ganz ban@@ al , ist aber ent@@ sprech@@ end span@@ n@@ end , wenn man sich damit näher beschäftigt . +also wir haben vorne die augen und jetzt denken sie , wir sehen von vorne nach hinten . +das ist falsch . +sie sehen erst@@ mal von hinten nach vorne . +nämlich sie pro@@ j@@ ie@@ zieren eine annahme nach vorne , dass sie etwas sehen , was sie wieder@@ erkennen , beispiel@@ weise kreis . +das heißt , wir pro@@ j@@ ie@@ zieren erst unser sehen , bevor wir es dann sehen , das wieder nach hinten in unseren se@@ he@@ appar@@ at rein@@ bringen , um zu sagen , okay , +ich hab da so ' ne kogni@@ tive rück@@ kop@@ p@@ el@@ ung , du hast was pro@@ j@@ ie@@ ziert , was du sehen mö@@ cht@@ est . +das ist dann auch da , das kommt dann wieder zurück . +dann geht ' s wieder nach vorne , weil das hinten tr@@ aut dem vorne nicht und sagt , jetzt gu@@ cke doch wirklich nochmal bitte nach und sicher dich ab , ob das , was du sie@@ h@@ st , auch das ist , was du sehen mö@@ cht@@ est . +und dann geht ' s wieder nach hinten und dann wird ' s eigentlich erst gesehen . +also ein ganz , ganz span@@ nen@@ der prozess , wie gewisse dinge ab@@ laufen und in was für milli@@ se@@ kun@@ den-@@ bereichen diese dinge passieren . +ich weiß nicht , wer von ihnen dieses bild kennt . +da passiert genau das gleiche , was ich eben besch@@ rieben habe . +jetzt versucht jeder aus diesem muster etwas zu erkennen . +ich weiß nicht , wer was erkennt . +sieht jemand etwas bestimm@@ tes ? +ein d@@ al@@ ma@@ tin@@ er , genau . +wenn ich das einmal gesehen habe , dass das dass da ein d@@ al@@ ma@@ tin@@ er drin ist , dann wissen sie das . +sie werden ' s nie mehr vergessen , weil ich zeige ihnen , wo der d@@ al@@ ma@@ tin@@ er ist . +jetzt sehen sie den d@@ al@@ ma@@ tin@@ er . +und weiter , jetzt sehen sie ihn immer . +das heißt , ich habe sie jetzt eigentlich da@@ hin@@ geh@@ end ver@@ dor@@ ben , dass sie nicht mehr kein muster da@@ drin erkennen , sondern ich habe sie kon@@ di@@ tion@@ iert innerhalb kür@@ ze@@ ster zeit , immer wieder diesen hund in diesem ver@@ wor@@ r@@ enen bild zu sehen . +und das ist diese proje@@ ktion des seh@@ ens , rück@@ kop@@ pl@@ ung , sehen . +jetzt weiß ich ' s und jetzt pro@@ j@@ ie@@ zi@@ ere ich nach vorne , dass ich den d@@ al@@ ma@@ tin@@ er sehe . +ich sehe den d@@ al@@ ma@@ tin@@ er . +also ganz , ganz span@@ n@@ ende proz@@ esse , die dann in dieser , ja , gra@@ u ist sie ja eigentlich nicht , aber hier eben in dieser ro@@ san@@ en masse eben ent@@ sprech@@ end ab@@ laufen . +weiß jemand , was drei sekunden sind ? +lang , ja . +das ist unsere gegenwart . +also , es ist auch immer interessant zu wissen als designer . +wenn ich weiß , etwas dauert drei sekunden , bis ich sozusagen aus der gegenwart in die vergan@@ gen@@ heits@@ schlei@@ fe , dann kann ich eben auch sehr gut war@@ te@@ zeiten über@@ br@@ ücken , in dem ich ihn indem ich jemand immer mit drei sekunden beschäf@@ tige . +das muss er erst ver@@ arbeiten als gegenwart . +dann wander@@ t es in die vergangenheit und somit kann ich sehr elegan@@ t war@@ te@@ zeiten zum beispiel am computer über@@ br@@ ücken , wenn ich dieses phänomen kenne . +was dauert fün@@ fund@@ zwan@@ zig milli@@ sekunden ? +ja , milli@@ sekunden . +auch ein ganz span@@ nen@@ des phänomen . +das ist der zei@@ traum , in dem man sich ver@@ liebt . +das bedeutet , a@@ chtung , wenn sie das jetzt wissen , achten sie dr@@ auf , wen sie wie lange anschauen , weil ich über@@ nehme da keine gewä@@ hr für , was dann eben ent@@ sprech@@ end passieren kann . +und se@@ ch@@ zehn milli@@ sekunden , auch ein ganz span@@ nen@@ des phänomen . +das ist der zei@@ traum der meisten wahrneh@@ m@@ ungen , die wir haben . +das heißt , dieser erste eindruck passiert in einer ras@@ ant schn@@ ellen geschwindigkeit , wie wir dinge wahr@@ nehmen . +und wie wir dinge auch sehen , auf was wir achten und wie wir uns sozusagen auch gegen unserer umwelt ab@@ si@@ chern , damit wir das ent@@ sprech@@ end überlegen können . +natürlich beschäftigen sich die gest@@ alter nicht nur mit dem thema wahrneh@@ m@@ ungen und neur@@ on@@ ale ver@@ arbei@@ tungen oder kogni@@ tion@@ ser@@ gon@@ om@@ ie , sondern pri@@ mä@@ r natürlich mit dem thema der mensch@@ -@@ obje@@ k@@ t-@@ beziehung . +also wie geht ein mensch mit gewissen dingen ent@@ sprech@@ end um . +da gibt es einmal produ@@ kt@@ sprach@@ lich die prakti@@ schen funk@@ tionen , also so form@@ ale aspe@@ kte oder for@@ mal@@ äs@@ the@@ tische aspe@@ kte . +es gibt an@@ zeich@@ en-@@ funk@@ tionen , wo ich genau weiß , wo muss ich eigentlich greifen . +es gibt aber auch symbo@@ li@@ sche funk@@ tionen , warum gibt jemand für so ein kleines tä@@ sch@@ chen , wo so@@ wieso kaum was rein@@ passt , so hor@@ r@@ ende sum@@ men an geld aus , obwohl es gar nicht so praktisch ist ? +da sind wir eher auf der symbo@@ li@@ schen , auf der bedeu@@ t@@ ung@@ se@@ bene , mit denen wir uns als gest@@ alter natürlich auch beschäftigen . +zurück zu meinem eigent@@ lichen thema natural user interface und dem thema , was natürlich auch da@@ hinter@@ liegt , ist us@@ ability . +us@@ ability bedeutet immer , wie kann ich möglich@@ st schnell ein gewis@@ ses ziel erreichen oder wie kann ein nutz@@ er in einem bestimmten nutz@@ ungs@@ kontext möglich@@ st effektiv , effizi@@ ent und zu@@ frieden@@ stell@@ end ein ziel erreichen . +so sagt ' s eher die nor@@ m dazu . +wie kann ich etwas möglich@@ st benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ lich machen ? +kann ich das direkt be@@ dienen oder brauche ich ' n hand@@ buch oder brauche ich ' ne ent@@ sprech@@ ende schul@@ ung dafür . +und weniger us@@ able oder benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ lich ist es . +dass ich das nur anders gest@@ alte und schö@@ ner mache , heißt nicht , dass es besser hand@@ hab@@ bar ist . +das muss man auch verstehen . +und wenn man sich dann teil@@ weise die software , die wir eben gesehen haben , darauf an@@ schaut , dann wird man auch verstehen , warum ne@@ un@@ und@@ ne@@ un@@ zig prozent unserer heutigen software wenig intui@@ tiv oder nicht auf an@@ hie@@ b nutz@@ bar ist , das i@@ -@@ pad in vielen bereichen oder i@@ -@@ phone ent@@ sprech@@ end ein@@ geschlossen , obwohl ' s schon wesentlich intui@@ tiver ist als klas@@ sische software . +dabei ist intui@@ tive benutz@@ barkeit nicht erst seit apple ein element@@ ar@@ er wirtschafts@@ faktor , nen element@@ ar@@ er erfol@@ gs@@ faktor , wenn ich eben technolog@@ ische geräte dem menschen nutz@@ bar machen möchte . +warum ? +weil in der regel wir durch diese neue art der nutz@@ barkeit , also der natürlichen user í@@ n@@ ter@@ faces , beispielsweise fünf@@ mal schneller im durch@@ schnitt an unserem ziel sind . +sie müssen sich das so vorstellen , dass sie , wenn sie etwas der klas@@ sischen so@@ f@@ tr@@ ware machen , fünf stunden brauchen und mit dieser neuen art der natürlichen software nur noch eine stunde . +das heißt nicht , dass sie dann wahrscheinlich vier stunden eher nach hause gehen dürfen , sondern ihr arbeit@@ geber oder irgend@@ jemandem fällt dann schon ein , wie er sie mit den vier stunden ent@@ sprech@@ end beschäftigt . +ich will aber sagen , dass es für uns natürlich eine ent@@ sprech@@ ende leistungs@@ stei@@ gerung ist , auch gewissen dinge zu er@@ zielen . +wenn wir uns dann nochmal in den bereich der software be@@ geben , hier so die ersten comm@@ and line inter@@ faces , die sehr abstra@@ kt waren , wo man monate ge@@ braucht hat , um mit diesen systemen umzu@@ gehen . +dann kamen die nächsten , die jetzt schon mit ' ne@@ m neur@@ on@@ alen modell oder ment@@ alen modell wie die software e@@ er@@ gon@@ omen sagen , gearbeitet haben , nämlich man hätte eine vorstellung von etwas , die metapher , die metapher eines des@@ k@@ top , um den computer nutz@@ bar zu machen . +also nicht mehr nu@@ llen und ein@@ sen oder kr@@ yp@@ tische co@@ des , sondern eben eine metapher . +das machte das ganze schon wesentlich benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ licher , aber es geht natürlich auch noch viel besser . +die nächste generation der graph@@ ischen benutz@@ ung@@ so@@ ber@@ flächen arbeitet schon sehr viel mehr mit verhalten . +also da gest@@ alte ich als gest@@ alter sehr viel häufi@@ ger das verhalten als das aussehen . +das ist auch so ein paradig@@ men@@ wechsel . +dass ich auf einmal dass das aussehen immer un@@ wichtiger für den erfolg , gerade die us@@ ability eine app@@ lik@@ ation wird . +und wenn ich dann noch einen schritt weiter@@ gehe in diese natural user inter@@ faces , wo ich per stimme , per sprache , per touch , per ge@@ ste und nicht mehr per maus und cur@@ sor die dinge steuern muss , dann bin ich noch schneller und noch un@@ mittel@@ barer . +das führt mich aber auch wieder zu dem punkt , ab wann werden die dinge denn eigentlich intui@@ tiver ? +wenn sie intui@@ tiver werden und dann muss ich wieder meinen kleinen freund hier stra@@ pa@@ zieren und gu@@ cken , was bedeutet das denn eben aus sicht der kogni@@ tion@@ ser@@ gon@@ om@@ ie , wann ist jetzt wirklich etwas auch intui@@ tiv ? +und das ist für uns menschen ist immer etwas intui@@ tiv , wenn ich möglich@@ st wenig darüber nachdenken muss . +also schein@@ bar möchte er nicht gerne denken , sondern es sich verhäl@@ t@@ nis@@ mäßig einfach machen . +je weniger ich sozusagen darüber nach@@ denke , desto intui@@ tiver ist es . +und was bedeutet das für den designer ? +das heißt , wenn wir anschauen , dass wir existi@@ erende hand@@ l@@ ungs@@ modelle von einem auf etwas anderes übertragen können , zum beispiel die metapher , dann kann ich mir das zun@@ u@@ tze machen als gest@@ alter . +das heißt , ich kann eben so ein intui@@ tives , menschliches hand@@ l@@ ungs@@ modell auf eine software übertragen und damit die software wesentlich benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ licher machen . +stellt sich natürlich die frage , was ist eigentlich so das intui@@ tiv@@ ste hand@@ l@@ ungs@@ sch@@ em@@ a von uns menschen und jetzt habe ich ' s schon ver@@ raten . +das ist das sogenan@@ nte o@@ si@@ t-@@ modell . +das benutzt jeder von uns und o@@ sit ist ein ak@@ r@@ ony@@ m und steht für orienti@@ eren , sele@@ kti@@ eren , infor@@ mieren , tran@@ sa@@ gieren . +das macht jeder von ihnen die ganze zeit , aber er macht ' s un@@ bewusst und ja quasi intui@@ tiv oder teil@@ weise auch instin@@ ktiv . +das modell wird schon au@@ spr@@ ä@@ gt im mutter@@ lei@@ b und ist inter@@ kultur@@ ell , also es funktioniert weltweit bei j@@ ung und alt , und wird von uns die ganze zeit benutzt , ohne dass die meisten bisher wussten , dass dieses modell vorhanden ist . +o@@ sit o@@ sit an sich wird ungefähr fünf@@ zig bis sie@@ b@@ zi@@ g@@ tausend mal von uns je nach aktivität , also im schla@@ f hat man fest@@ gestellt , dass es dann weniger häufig stra@@ pa@@ ziert wird als am tag . +ich kann jetzt eben dieses ment@@ ale hand@@ l@@ ungs@@ modell orienti@@ eren , sele@@ kti@@ eren , infor@@ mieren , tran@@ sa@@ gieren übertragen auf ein interak@@ tions@@ system . +und durch diese art der über@@ tra@@ gung , ähnlich wie mit der metapher des des@@ k@@ tops , jetzt aber nicht mehr eine metapher eines phy@@ sischen obje@@ ktes , sondern eine metapher eines hand@@ l@@ ungs@@ mu@@ sters , eines hand@@ l@@ ung@@ spr@@ in@@ zi@@ ps . +und das ist auf einem hö@@ h@@ eren gra@@ l der benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ lichkeit als das der über@@ tra@@ gung einer klas@@ sischen metapher , nämlich der des des@@ k@@ tops . +und wenn ich das jetzt über@@ tra@@ ge , zum beispiel in dem ich orienti@@ eren als über@@ sicht au@@ spr@@ ä@@ ge , sele@@ kti@@ eren als aus@@ wahl , infor@@ mieren in dem f@@ alle , es kommt groß auf mich zu , ich kann ' s mir im detail an@@ gu@@ cken , und ja , tran@@ sa@@ gieren heißt , ich kann das auch irgendwo hin@@ werfen oder jemandem schicken oder ein@@ kaufen und so weiter , +dann kann ich das ganze übertragen . +ich versuche das mal anhand eines beispiel@@ s . +eben hat ja jeder schon ku@@ chen ge@@ gessen . +über@@ sicht : jetzt inter@@ agi@@ ere ich sozusagen mit dem objekt , kann wieder raus@@ zo@@ omen , rein@@ zo@@ omen . +ich kriege den gesamten über@@ blick , kann jetzt hier@@ auf fil@@ tern und kann sagen , zei@@ g mir nur alle sache mit scho@@ kol@@ ade beispielsweise . +und habe auf einmal ein interface , was wesentlich intui@@ tiver und sehr viel natür@@ licher ist . +weil , dass ich die dinge wie die stück@@ chen greifen kann , tou@@ chen kann und sie kommen auf mich zu , ist wesentlich natür@@ licher als wenn über hier@@ arch@@ isch organisi@@ erte web@@ seiten oder andere mechanis@@ men sozusagen diese dinge zugänglich machen kann . +imagination is more important than knowledge , und mit diesem satz möchte ich auch gerne schließen , a und nochmal den hin@@ weis zu geben , auch designer müssen anders denken , um auf neue lösungen zu kommen , und in diesem sinne danke ich ihnen recht herz@@ lich für ihre aufmerksamkeit und bitte . +ich möchte ihnen zu einem ganz bestimmten aspekt von neugi@@ erde ver@@ helfen . +das erste , wenn sie als kind groß werden , als baby , ist , dass sie sich dr@@ um kümmern was welche aus@@ schei@@ dungen sie so haben , ja ? und je nachdem , ob ihre eltern ihnen erlaubt haben , mehr oder weniger im tö@@ pf@@ chen zu spielen und zu rü@@ hren , desto mehr , sozusagen , wird ihre neugi@@ erde natürlich gewe@@ ckt dabei . +und die neugi@@ erde lässt sich nicht lernen . +darum sind alle , die hier sind und neugi@@ er@@ ig sind , in der tat leute , die eine eigen@@ schaft haben , die man nicht lernen kann . +mir geht es jetzt darum , praktisch diese ganze umwelt@@ diskussion , welt@@ unter@@ gang , vier@@ zig jahre clu@@ b@@ -@@ of-@@ ro@@ me , in qualität umzu@@ setzen . +und da gibt es einen zentr@@ alen punkt dabei . +und der hängt an phosp@@ h@@ or . +give pe@@ e a chance . +jeden tag geben sie + geben sie größ@@ enor@@ dnung etwa zwei gramm phosp@@ h@@ or ab und jeden tag müssen sie zwei gramm phosp@@ h@@ or auf@@ nehmen . +sonst können sie keine zä@@ hne haben . +sie können keine energie spei@@ chern . +sie können keine knochen haben . +wir könnten nur als am@@ or@@ p@@ he m@@ oll@@ us@@ ken durch die welt@@ me@@ ere glei@@ ten . +wenn wir in der tat kein phosp@@ h@@ or auf@@ nehmen und ab@@ geben . +erstaun@@ licherweise ist es so , dass wir wir uns hier ja mit etwas beschäftigen , was eigentlich ' ne selbst@@ verstän@@ d@@ lichkeit wäre , aber gar nicht so ist . +denn alle reden über energie , aber niemand re@@ det über das phosp@@ hor@@ -@@ problem . +das phosp@@ hor@@ -@@ problem ist viel kri@@ tischer . +wir hängen von zwei ländern ab . +wir haben nur für zwei jahre phosp@@ h@@ or und schon jetzt wird durch den phosp@@ hor@@ -@@ berg@@ bau weltweit viel mehr ur@@ an in die umwelt gebracht , als in allen atom@@ an@@ lagen verwendet wird . +allein in den letzten zwan@@ zig jahren sind fünf@@ zehn@@ tausend ton@@ nen ur@@ an auf unseren fel@@ dern in deutsch@@ land verteilt worden . +und das nehmen wir alles auf . +es macht leu@@ kä@@ mie bei kindern . +und wir denken , wir würden die umwelt schützen , wenn wir ein bisschen weniger sch@@ äd@@ lich sind . +also , zum beispiel , schü@@ tz die umwelt , fahr weniger auto . +schü@@ tz die umwelt , mach weniger müll . +schü@@ tz die umwelt , ver@@ brauche weniger energie . +das ist aber kein schutz . +das ist so , wie wenn ich sagen würde , schü@@ tz dein kind , schlag es nur drei@@ mal anstatt fünf@@ mal . +das ist nur ein bisschen weniger zerstör@@ ung . +wenn wir so von von der wie@@ ge bis zur ba@@ hre denken , dann wird unsere unsere ganze erde früher oder später ein frie@@ d@@ h@@ of . +darum eben von der wie@@ ge zur wie@@ ge zu denken . +und das wichtigste dabei ist , uns den boden anzu@@ schauen , als aller@@ erstes . +im boden ist über se@@ ch@@ zig prozent des kohlen@@ stoff@@ s gesp@@ ei@@ ch@@ ert . +im moment bauen wir ma@@ is an und verlieren zwischen el@@ f und drei@@ ß@@ ig kil@@ ogra@@ mm drei@@ ß@@ ig ton@@ nen pro he@@ kt@@ ar , oder auf den quad@@ rat@@ meter auch umzu@@ rech@@ nen . +das heißt , wir verlieren im boden etwa fün@@ ft@@ aus@@ end mal mehr , als neu ge@@ bildet wird . +wir können uns natürlich erst@@ mal das mü@@ ll@@ problem an@@ gu@@ cken . +und alles ist ja ver@@ pac@@ kung oder inhalt . +in offen@@ b@@ ach zum beispiel sind am haus@@ müll zwan@@ zig prozent des der mü@@ ll@@ menge in@@ zwischen wind@@ eln . +und weil wir älter werden , davon werden die wind@@ eln größer . +das ist sie sind sozusagen alle in der vor@@ win@@ del@@ phase . +ja ? +ein ein baby braucht etwa se@@ ch@@ st@@ aus@@ end wind@@ eln . +wir könnten das natürlich um zehn prozent reduzieren , aber was macht das ? +das wird in china in einer sekunde ausge@@ glichen . +das ist völlig bel@@ an@@ glo@@ s . +die frage ist also , wie gehen wir mit diesen wind@@ eln um ? +hier ein der beweis übrigens dazu , dass männer keine schw@@ eine sind . +will ich ihnen sagen . +weil der phosp@@ h@@ or wird bei den schw@@ einen über die fe@@ sten bestand@@ teile ex@@ kre@@ mente ab@@ gegeben . +bei den menschen über den ur@@ in . +ja . +damit können also männer keine schw@@ eine sein . +weil das ist damit ja bele@@ gt , oder ? +tradition@@ ell denken wir in der umwelt@@ diskussion , wir sind zu viele auf der welt . +und wenn man den menschen die wenn man den menschen es ab@@ spricht zu existieren , wenn man sagt , das wäre besser , du wär@@ st gar nicht da , dann werden sie ra@@ ff@@ gi@@ er@@ ig und fein@@ d@@ se@@ lig . +und so sagt jemand wie al gore , einer unserer großen helden , es gibt nichts wichti@@ ger@@ es , als die menschliche bevölkerung zu stabili@@ sieren . +in israel sagt man , wenn du ein menschen@@ leben rett@@ est , rett@@ est du die erde . +hier sagt es , je mehr du um@@ br@@ ing@@ st , desto besser . +ja . +die erste frage ist , sind wir wirklich zu viele ? +wenn man sich die ameisen an@@ schaut , das gewicht der ameisen auf der erde , dann wie@@ gen die ameisen etwa vier@@ mal mehr als wir menschen . +ich könnte mir auch ter@@ mi@@ ten her@@ nehmen , aber in den usa mag niemand ter@@ mi@@ ten , in so weit gesehen , obwohl sie vege@@ t@@ ari@@ er sind . +das heißt , die ameisen wie@@ gen viel mehr als wir . +und weil sie körper@@ lich viel här@@ ter arbeiten als wir und weil sie nur drei bis sechs monate leben , ent@@ sprechen sie in ihrem gewicht , im energi@@ ever@@ brauch etwas drei@@ ß@@ ig milliarden menschen . +das heißt , wir sind nicht zu viele , wir sind zu bl@@ ö@@ de , ja ? +und wo sie sehen wie weit wir davon weg sind , was wir wirklich erreichen wollten und könnten , und wie trauri@@ ge wir sind , dass wir überhaupt auf der erde sind , können sie daran sehen , dass zum beispiel offen@@ b@@ ach ein programm hat , bis zwan@@ zig vier@@ zig möchte man hier kli@@ man@@ eu@@ tra@@ l sein , ja ? +sie können nur kli@@ man@@ eu@@ tra@@ l sein , wenn sie nicht existieren , ja ? +die einzige chance . +haben sie schon einmal einen kli@@ man@@ eu@@ tr@@ alen baum gesehen ? +ja ? +einen einzigen ? +das heißt , unsere ganze intelligenz bedeutet , dass wir d@@ ü@@ mmer als bäume sein wollen , ja ? +ja ? +kein baum ist kohlen@@ stoff@@ neu@@ tra@@ l . +zum glück nicht , ja ? +es gibt kein über@@ bevölker@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ m an b@@ äumen . +es gibt allein im ama@@ zon@@ as@@ gebiet immer noch se@@ ch@@ sh@@ under@@ t milliarden bäume . +davon haben sie schon mal etwas von über@@ bevölker@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ men von b@@ äumen gehört ? +das heißt , alle unsere intelligenz bedeutet , dass wir d@@ ü@@ mmer als bäume sein wollen . +und wo sie sehen , selbst bei etwas wie de@@ meter , die stri@@ k@@ teste bio@@ - ja landwirtschaft , erlaubt nicht , dass unsere eigenen stoff@@ wechsel@@ produkte zurück@@ gehen . +jedes jahr verlieren wir so drei millionen ton@@ nen phosp@@ h@@ or , die wirklich in krei@@ s@@ läu@@ fe zurück@@ gehen müssten . +und damit sind wir zu viele . +allein darüber . +das heißt wir fühlen uns so schul@@ dig auf der erde , dass wir sagen . es gibt keinen bio@@ -@@ land@@ bau , kein bi@@ ol@@ and , kein natu@@ re-@@ et@@ -@@ pro@@ gr@@ è@@ s und wie sie alle heißen , die erlauben , dass unsere eigenen ex@@ kre@@ mente zurück@@ gehen . +ist das nicht trauri@@ g ? +damit sind wir zu viele . +es ist sicher sinn@@ voll , weniger sch@@ äd@@ lich zu sein , was öl@@ ver@@ brauch an@@ geht . +aber wo sind wir nützlich ? +wir versuchen , unseren ök@@ ologischen fuß@@ ab@@ druck zu mini@@ mieren , aber es geht doch darum , einen großen fuß@@ ab@@ druck zu haben , der nützlich ist . +wir wollen gut für die gesellschaft sein , wir wollen gut für die wirtschaft sein , aber wenn es um die umwelt geht , ist das höch@@ ste , nicht da zu sein , ja ? +nu@@ l@@ le@@ mis@@ sionen , ja ? +sie können nur nu@@ l@@ le@@ mis@@ sionen haben , wenn sie nicht da sind . +selbst wenn sie sich jetzt er@@ schie@@ ßen würden , hätten sie emis@@ sionen . +also sie können das gar nicht lösen . +wir können es anders . +wir können unsere nähr@@ stoffe zurück@@ gewinnen . +wir machen in brasili@@ en landwirtschaft in der von wo wir die nähr@@ stoffe zurück@@ gewinnen . +ganz direkt können wir auf diese art und weise nähr@@ stoffe in landwirtschaft zurück@@ kriegen . +wir machen das in china zum beispiel , wo wir direkt die ab@@ fälle davon nehmen . +in in china heißt ein ein nach@@ tt@@ op@@ f heute noch hon@@ ig@@ tö@@ pf@@ chen , sozusagen , ja ? +und in unserer westlichen welt waren wir immer zu du@@ mm , unsere nähr@@ stoffe zurückzu@@ bringen . +das heißt , die ganze west@@ liche zivili@@ sa@@ tions@@ geschichte zeichnet sich dadurch aus , dass die stadt immer nur genommen hat , aber den bauern nie etwas zurück@@ gegeben hat . +dadurch mussten die städte immer mehr wachsen , weil die bauern in die städte gingen und die städte mussten immer weiter weg ihre nähr@@ stoffe holen . +darum alle westlichen reiche sind immer expan@@ diert , bis sie die infrastruktur nicht mehr geschafft haben und dann sind sie im@@ plo@@ diert . +ja ? +in china war es anders . +man hat bru@@ ch@@ los zivilisation über fün@@ ft@@ aus@@ end jahre geschafft , weil man immer in der lage war , die nähr@@ stoffe zurückzu@@ bringen . +selbst heute noch , wenn sie zum essen ein@@ geladen sind in china erwartet man nach dem essen , dass sie solange bleiben , bis sie die toile@@ tte auf@@ suchen . +weil es ist un@@ freund@@ lich , zu gehen und die nähr@@ stoffe mit@@ zunehmen . +man hat sie zu man hat sie zum essen ein@@ geladen , nicht zum nähr@@ stoff@@ die@@ b@@ sta@@ hl . +das heißt , sie können im internet sehen , wie man die nähr@@ stoffe zurück@@ gewinnen kann . +das eigentlich schöne dabei ist , wenn man das tut , also landwirtschaft macht , bi@@ og@@ as erzeugt , auf einem he@@ kt@@ ar land mit fün@@ ft@@ aus@@ end ein@@ wohn@@ ern in fa@@ vel@@ as , kann damit ein bau@@ er etwa ein@@ taus@@ end@@ fünf@@ hundert dollar er@@ wirt@@ schaften und die anlage damit warten , hü@@ hn@@ er und schw@@ ein zü@@ chten und enten und gemü@@ se und fische . +und das tolle dabei ist , dass die ver@@ bre@@ chen@@ s@@ rate in den fa@@ vel@@ as um über ne@@ un@@ zig prozent zurück@@ geht . +wir müssen also nicht die leute kontrollieren , möglich@@ st wenig schlecht zu sein . +wir können sie unterstützen , gut zu sein . +das ist natürlich high-@@ tech@@ -@@ landwirtschaft , aber die an@@ lagen tragen sich selber . +das neben@@ produkt ist sau@@ ber@@ es wasser . +und sie sind so gestal@@ tet , durch das design , das ein bau@@ er sie einfach be@@ wirt@@ schaften kann . +das heißt , damit gehen die ver@@ bre@@ chen@@ s@@ raten zurück . +und keine von diesen an@@ lagen , wir haben jetzt über hunder@@ t@@ fün@@ zig gebaut in den letzten zwan@@ zig jahren , keine von diesen an@@ lagen wurde jemals s@@ abo@@ tiert . +sie könnten so leicht einfach einen li@@ ter al@@ tö@@ l rein@@ werfen und dann würde die anlage über jahre ru@@ in@@ iert sein . +findet nicht statt . +das heißt , wir müssen nicht die menschen kontrollieren , möglich@@ st wenig schlecht zu sein . +wir können sie unterstützen , gut zu sein . +das heißt , wir müssen phosp@@ h@@ or zurück@@ kriegen . +und übrigens , wenn sie was tun wollen daraus , schreiben sie sich auf , in deutsch@@ land am besten ge@@ eig@@ net von allen klär@@ an@@ lagen ist die in frank@@ fur@@ t . +leider die nicht in offen@@ b@@ ach , aber vielleicht können sie den frank@@ fur@@ tern ja mal ein bisschen helfen dabei . +denn die frank@@ fur@@ ter anlage könnte am besten den phosp@@ h@@ or zurück@@ gewinnen . +und der muss zurück . +wir sehen das dazu , dass phosp@@ h@@ or wirklich kri@@ tisch ist . +und wir sehen , dass es durch@@ aus gel@@ ingt . +wir haben in h@@ oll@@ and uns jetzt über drei jahre eingesetzt . +die h@@ oll@@ än@@ dische regierung hat erklärt , sie werden das erste land weltweit sein , was phosp@@ h@@ or zurück@@ gewinn@@ t . +aber wir brauchen das ins@@ gesam@@ t . +verstehen sie , es gibt zwei länder , die kontrollieren fast sie@@ b@@ zig prozent der phosp@@ hor@@ vor@@ kommen weltweit . +da ist die op@@ e@@ c ein ein haufen von wa@@ is@@ en@@ kn@@ ab@@ en . +das sind se@@ chs@@ und@@ zwan@@ zig länder , die vier@@ zig prozent der öl@@ vor@@ rä@@ te kontrollieren . +und das öl werden wir ersetzen können durch andere energie@@ trä@@ ger . +aber den phosp@@ h@@ or wird man nicht ersetzen können . +darum geht es nicht darum , das be@@ steh@@ ende ein bisschen weniger schlecht zu zu machen , sondern es geht darum , etwas richtig zu machen . +und ist vor allem erst@@ mal zu fragen , was das richtige ist . +das heißt , es geht um effe@@ k@@ tivität , nicht um effizi@@ enz . +in h@@ oll@@ and versteht man das natürlich lei@@ chter , weil in h@@ oll@@ and ist das land auf blu@@ men aufgebaut . +ja ? +stellen sie sich vor , wenn zum beispiel ihre ihre frau trauri@@ g ist , wenn sie wenn sie sie ge@@ är@@ g@@ ert haben , und sie kommen mit fünf@@ zig ro@@ sen . +völlig in@@ effizi@@ ent . +aber ganz und gar effektiv , ja ? +oder nehmen sie einen li@@ pp@@ en@@ sti@@ ft . +eine frau in deutsch@@ land is@@ st etwa sechs kom@@ ma drei kil@@ ogra@@ mm während ihres lebens . +dabei . +das ist wissenschaft@@ lich nicht nicht genau korre@@ kt , weil weil wir nicht wissen , wie viel weg@@ ge@@ kü@@ sst wird dabei . +aber ein li@@ pp@@ en@@ sti@@ ft , selbst bei dieser bele@@ u@@ chtung , kann ich ihnen sagen , ist völlig in@@ effizi@@ ent , aber ganz und gar effektiv , ja ? +ein alles , was im leben schön ist , ist nicht effizi@@ ent . +darum eben nicht ressour@@ cen@@ effizi@@ enz , sondern effe@@ k@@ tivität . +zu fragen , was ist das richtige ? +nicht , den klär@@ schl@@ am@@ m noch ein bisschen besser zu ver@@ bren@@ nen und ihn damit abzu@@ la@@ gern und in der ver@@ brenn@@ ungs@@ anlage die ganzen materialien für krei@@ s@@ läu@@ fe zu verlieren , sondern zuerst mal zu fragen , wie schlie@@ ßt man krei@@ s@@ läu@@ fe ? +stellen sie sich mo@@ z@@ art effizi@@ ent vor . +ja ? +wenn ich sie zum ab@@ en@@ dessen ein@@ la@@ de und sage , ja , es gibt eine tab@@ le@@ tte mit offen@@ b@@ ach@@ -@@ geschma@@ ck und ein glas wasser dazu . +wunderbar , ' ne ? +das ist effizi@@ ent . +alles , was im leben schön ist , ist nicht effizi@@ ent . +wenn sie sich in jemand ver@@ lieben , effizi@@ ent ? +ja ? +das heißt , alles , was im leben zä@@ hlt , ist geht ' s nicht darum zu sparen , zu vermeiden , zu reduzieren . +die ganze umwelt@@ diskussion . +wir sagen den leuten , ach ja , ihr habt ja kein umwelt@@ bewusstsein im sü@@ den . +nein , das weg@@ werfen ist genau das richtige , ja ? +an jeder stelle , wo man weg@@ wir@@ ft , von , ja , schafft man wieder lebens@@ möglichkeiten . +aber die fal@@ schen dinge . +wenn man die fal@@ schen dinge weg@@ wir@@ ft , hat man ein mü@@ ll@@ problem . +in wie wir denken von norden her . +dort ist jeder fuß@@ ab@@ druck nach@@ teili@@ g . +wenn sie laufen , ja , zerstört jeder fuß@@ ab@@ druck den boden . +weil eben der boden wird die mo@@ o@@ se sterben ab und der der wind und das wasser wä@@ scht den boden weg . +wenn sie aber in it@@ alien sind , bedeutet jeder fuß@@ ab@@ druck , dass das wasser länger in der wi@@ ese stehen bleibt . +also , es geht darum , einen großen fuß@@ ab@@ druck zu zu schaffen , der ein feu@@ cht@@ gebiet wird . +nicht schul@@ d@@ management . +wir sagen in deutsch@@ land nachhal@@ tigkeit . +ja ? +aber wenn ich sie frage , wie geht ' s ihnen so mit ihrer frau ? +was sagen sie dann ? +nachhal@@ tig . +dann sage ich , herz@@ liches bei@@ leid , ja ? +das ist ja gerade das minim@@ um . +also nicht sparen , ver@@ zi@@ chten , vermeiden . +jeder ab@@ fall ist nähr@@ stoff . +und es ist eine l@@ ust , wenn sie in it@@ alien sehen , wie die leute im hohen bogen so ' ne col@@ a@@ do@@ se aus dem auto raus@@ sch@@ mei@@ ßen , dazu . +denn wissen sie , das ist ein lu@@ st@@ voller vor@@ gang . +es ist ' ne form von re@@ vier@@ verhalten , ja ? +sie können zeigen , ich war da . +aber mit dem richtigen design , bitte schön . +wir haben zum beispiel eine ei@@ scre@@ me@@ ver@@ pac@@ kung entwickelt , die ist bei raum@@ temperatur ' ne flüs@@ sigkeit . +die können sie weg@@ sch@@ mei@@ ßen , wo sie gehen und stehen . +in zwei stunden baut sie sich überall ab . +und sie enth@@ ält samen von sel@@ ten@@ en pflanzen , sodass sie durch das weg@@ werfen zur ar@@ ten@@ vielfalt bei@@ tragen . +das heißt , wir sind nützlich , nicht weniger sch@@ äd@@ lich dabei . +es entstehen also zwei krei@@ s@@ läu@@ fe . +nicht alles soll natürlich kom@@ po@@ sti@@ er@@ bar sein . +ein fern@@ se@@ her oder eine wa@@ sch@@ maschine , die nutzen sie ja nur , die ver@@ brauchen sie nicht . +nur die dinge , die versch@@ lei@@ ßen , wie schu@@ h@@ sol@@ en , wie bre@@ m@@ s@@ bel@@ ä@@ ge , wie autor@@ ei@@ fen , die müssen so sein , dass sie in biolog@@ ische systeme gehen . +die dinge , die nur genutzt werden , gehen in techn@@ ische systeme . +aber heute reden wir nur über die biolog@@ ischen systeme . +ja ? +zum beispiel der s@@ ne@@ ak@@ er , ja ? +ganz dire@@ kte werbung , und zwar nicht für die firma pu@@ ma per se , sondern dafür , dass sie jetzt diesem diesem unternehmen helfen , diese produkte erfolgreich zu machen . +denn wir nicht wir machen nicht die dinge mehr frei von . +ja ? +also , wenn ich sie ein@@ la@@ de zum essen und sage , das ist frei von hä@@ hn@@ chen , dann hilft ihnen das gar nichts . +nein , wir legen fest , was drin ist . +posi@@ tiv . +also nicht wie de@@ to@@ x . +nicht gif@@ tiges drin . +sondern alles , was drin ist , ist nützlich . +das sind die ersten schuhe , mit denen sie den ka@@ v@@ ali@@ er@@ start an der fuß@@ gän@@ ger@@ am@@ pel hin@@ legen können und der gu@@ mm@@ i in biolog@@ ische krei@@ s@@ läu@@ fe gehen kann , ja ? +alles davon ist kom@@ po@@ sti@@ er@@ bar davon . +und wenn es uns gel@@ ingt , gel@@ ingt es uns natürlich für adi@@ das , für ni@@ ke , für hen@@ nes und mau@@ ri@@ tz und die ganze tex@@ ti@@ lin@@ du@@ str@@ ie mit . +und das ist die hälfte aller ab@@ wasser@@ probleme weltweit , die durch die tex@@ ti@@ lin@@ du@@ str@@ ie verursacht werden . +darum helfen sie da mit , fragen sie bei den leuten mal nach . +hey , pu@@ ma , macht sei@@ d ihr wirklich ernsthaf@@ t ? +weil die haben jetzt schon zwei@@ mal den vor@@ stand@@ s@@ vor@@ sitz@@ enden ge@@ wechsel@@ t . +und ich bin mir nicht so sicher , ob sie wirklich dab@@ ei@@ bleiben . +also , helfen sie mir mal ein bisschen dabei . +aber es geht . +ja . +das , was gerade dar@@ gestellt worden ist . +das geht . +wir können die dinge jetzt so machen , dass sie , wenn sie versch@@ lei@@ ßen , wenn sie kapu@@ tt@@ gehen , können sie in biolog@@ ische krei@@ s@@ läu@@ fe . +techn@@ ische krei@@ s@@ läu@@ fe gibt ' s genauso . +es gibt hier@@ für den ein dire@@ ktes rück@@ nam@@ es@@ y@@ stem . +das ist der erste ök@@ ologische ru@@ ck@@ s@@ ack , tatsächlich , der dafür gemacht ist , in den krei@@ sl@@ auf zurückzu@@ gehen . +auch das , also in jedem laden kann man die dinge zurück@@ kriegen . +wenn sie auf das kommen , ja ? +erinnern sie sich an die win@@ del noch mal ? +wenn im moment ist das müll . +überall liegen diese wind@@ eln r@@ um , nahe@@ zu . +in den ländern , wo die leute zu geld kommen . +da vor@@ n auf den de@@ po@@ nien , aber auch sonst in der landschaft , ja ? +wenn wir den kunst@@ stoff ändern , so dass er in biolog@@ ische systeme gehen kann , wenn wir die wasser@@ spei@@ cher ändern , dr@@ innen , dass sie eben auf zell@@ u@@ lo@@ se@@ basis zurück können , dann können sie mit einem baby in israel oder in tun@@ es@@ ien hunder@@ t@@ fünf@@ zig bäume pflanzen . +ja ? +allein wenn sie diese diese win@@ del nehmen , sie zer@@ klein@@ ern , ster@@ ili@@ sieren und das pul@@ ver nehmen , um damit bäume zu pflanzen . +damit ist das baby kohlen@@ stoff@@ posi@@ tiv für das ganze leben , schon von anfang an . +also , wir brauchen nicht kli@@ man@@ eu@@ tra@@ l sein , wir können klima@@ posi@@ tiv sein . +es geht sozusagen um ein bene@@ ficial po@@ op print . +ja , sozusagen . +ja ? +das können wir machen . +wir können alles noch mal neu erfinden . +ich hab dazu ein institu@@ t gegründet . +in@@ zwischen arbeiten dort ganz viele leute mit und sie können alle sich enga@@ gieren . +es gibt extra einen ver@@ ein dazu , cra@@ d@@ le-@@ to-@@ cra@@ d@@ le-@@ ver@@ ein , wo jeder mit@@ machen kann . +also nicht mehr sparen , ver@@ zi@@ chten , vermeiden , reduzieren , kein schul@@ d@@ management , sondern intelligen@@ te versch@@ wen@@ dung . +macht sie das neugi@@ er@@ ig ? +danke schön . +die arbeit des interpre@@ ten . +musik als sprache . +in der beschrei@@ bung zu meiner rede steht geschrieben , dass ich als interpre@@ tin , mich als über@@ setz@@ erin , also im engli@@ schen wor@@ ts@@ inn , verste@@ he . +interpre@@ ten sind über@@ setz@@ er der gesch@@ rie@@ benen noten in klin@@ gende musik . +dass man als über@@ setz@@ er nicht bloß wort für wort den text in eine andere sprache über@@ trägt , sondern auch den tief@@ eren sinn der wörter und wor@@ tz@@ us@@ am@@ men@@ hang verstehen muss , damit es eine sinn@@ volle über@@ setzung er@@ gibt , weiß jeder , der es mit frem@@ d@@ sprachen zu tun hat . +schon aus dem deut@@ schen ins engli@@ sche zu über@@ setzen , kann mehr wissen er@@ for@@ dern , zu@@ mal es wenn man wenn es dann um di@@ chtung oder gar um po@@ es@@ ie geht . +ganz frem@@ d ist es aber für la@@ ien , was wir musi@@ ker mit unserer musik@@ sprache tun . +als interpre@@ tin eines musik@@ stück@@ es habe ich zunächst nur die gesch@@ rie@@ benen noten . +sie denken sicher , dass der kompon@@ ist in die noten genau alles hinein@@ geschrieben hat , was er sich da er@@ dacht hat . +in wirklichkeit sind die noten sehr v@@ age und un@@ genau . +diese noten sind ungefähr genauso genau oder un@@ genau , wie eine verb@@ ale , wenn auch sehr schein@@ bar pen@@ i@@ bel@@ st genau@@ e , beschrei@@ bung einer landschaft . +denn in dieser verb@@ alen land@@ schafts@@ beschrei@@ bung ist der du@@ ft der blu@@ men nicht zu rie@@ chen , der grad des grün@@ s nur zu er@@ a@@ hnen , das sä@@ us@@ eln des win@@ des nicht zu hören , nicht zu spüren . +das heißt , der interpre@@ t muss diese un@@ gen@@ auen ang@@ ab@@ en der not@@ en@@ sprache in eine andere , nämlich hör@@ bare , kon@@ kre@@ te , non@@ verb@@ ale musik@@ sprache über@@ setzen . +heute möchte ich ihnen das , was ich sonst musi@@ kal@@ isch über@@ se@@ tze , also interpre@@ tiere , noch einmal in eine verb@@ ale sprache über@@ setzen . +praktisch also eine über@@ setzung der über@@ setzung . +deshalb zie@@ he ich es vor , das ganze lieber auf deu@@ ts@@ ch zu tun , denn wenn ich es auch noch einmal ins engli@@ sche über@@ setzen müsste , wäre es für mich gleich@@ bedeu@@ tend mit über@@ setzung der über@@ setzung der über@@ setzung . +die also , die musik funktioniert also für mich so ähnlich wie die gespro@@ ch@@ ene sprache . +die no@@ ti@@ erten noten haben dabei die funktion der buchstab@@ en einer schrift . +es genü@@ gt also nicht , nur noten lesen zu lernen und die dazu ent@@ sprech@@ enden ta@@ sten auf dem kla@@ vier oder die richtige stelle auf einer viol@@ in@@ sa@@ ite zu drücken . +das wären nämlich nur die buchstab@@ en , die man gelernt hat , zu malen . +den sinn der buchstab@@ en erkennt man erst , wenn man die sprache dazu kann . +fol@@ glich braucht man für den lern@@ prozess der musik musik@@ sprache mindestens genauso lang wie für die gespro@@ ch@@ ene sprache . +da gibt es zwar dann auch ab@@ stu@@ f@@ ungen , ob man es für den h@@ ausge@@ brauch lernt , nur passi@@ v versteht oder man auch aktiv sprechen kann , bis zu dem musi@@ kal@@ ischen mutter@@ sprach@@ ler . +die arbeit des interpre@@ ten fängt ähnlich an wie die eines the@@ at@@ er@@ reg@@ is@@ se@@ urs . +nachdem man zunächst sich ein stück aus@@ ges@@ u@@ cht hat zu spielen , weil man davon begeistert ist , forsch@@ t man erst@@ mal nach hinter@@ gründen der ent@@ ste@@ hung der kom@@ position . +man samm@@ elt informationen über das stück in der se@@ k@@ und@@ är@@ liter@@ atur . +man li@@ est in den brie@@ fen , ta@@ geb@@ ü@@ chern , no@@ ti@@ zen , oder ob es worte , gedanken vom kom@@ po@@ ni@@ sten selbst gibt . +man studi@@ ert die werke , die er vorher und nach@@ her kom@@ po@@ ni@@ ert hat . +man stellt ver@@ gleiche an . +die beweg@@ gründe , es zu schreiben . +wie und was hat er emp@@ funden ? +wie waren seine leben@@ sum@@ stände , wie die der gesellschaft und der politik ? +das alles interessiert mich . +man denkt sich in diese zeit hinein , indem man zum beispiel auch zeit@@ gen@@ ö@@ ss@@ ische bilder an@@ schaut oder liter@@ atur li@@ est . +mit der zeit hat man aber auch als interpre@@ t schon ein rei@@ ches wissen um den kom@@ po@@ ni@@ sten , den man ö@@ f@@ ters spielt , und es fällt einem immer lei@@ chter , sich in ihn hin@@ einzu@@ denken und zu fühlen . +der kompon@@ ist wird immer mehr zum freund , mit dem man zusammen lebt . +sein an@@ liegen , das stück zu schreiben , wird immer mehr und mehr zu meinem persönlichen an@@ liegen , es zu spielen . +da nun die noten alles andere als eine genau@@ e auf@@ zeich@@ nung des an@@ lie@@ gens des kom@@ po@@ ni@@ sten dar@@ stellt , sondern nur ein gerü@@ st , wen@@ de ich nun dieses gerü@@ st an , um es wieder mit sinn und bedeutung zu be@@ füllen . +ich sage dann mit meinen eigenen worten , was zwischen diesem gerü@@ st geschrieben sein könnte . +ich spiele erklär@@ end , was diese tö@@ ne zu bedeuten haben könnten . +jetzt für mich und für den kom@@ po@@ ni@@ sten damals und was sie jetzt für ihn heute bedeuten könnten . +jeder ton , jede phr@@ ase bekommt damit einen sinn , weil ich es selbst emp@@ finde , weil es aus meinem jetzt persönlich gele@@ b@@ ten ent@@ spr@@ ingt . +es muss für mich im hier und jetzt stim@@ mi@@ g sein , sonst kann ich mein publikum nicht davon überzeugen , dass das mein an@@ liegen ist . +es ist immer wieder ein sehr glück@@ liches konz@@ ert , wenn ich das erleb@@ nis haben darf , das stück , dass ich so lange im voraus er@@ arbeitet hab , wie neu zu erleben . +wie man einen glück@@ lichen neuen tag immer wieder neu erlebt , obwohl immer mit den gleichen ritu@@ alen des lebens , auf@@ stehen , früh@@ st@@ ücken , zur arbeit gehen , so erle@@ be auch ich das gleiche stück immer wieder auf@@ s neue . +ich bin wieder einen tag älter geworden , die jahr@@ es@@ zeiten wechseln , mein pul@@ s geht ab@@ ends lang@@ samer als am morgen , in einem kon@@ zer@@ t@@ saal dauert es länger , dass der sch@@ all wieder zurück@@ kommt als zu hause . +ich nehme das atmen des publik@@ ums wahr , bewusst oder un@@ bewusst . +all das beeinflusst mich und all das beeinflusst auch mein erleb@@ nis mit der kom@@ position . +ganz wunderbar ist auch , wenn ich mit einem du@@ o-@@ partner auf der bühne stehe und wir haben die gleiche well@@ en@@ län@@ ge . +dann passiert das gleiche wie in einem guten , an@@ gere@@ gten gespräch . +man bringt eine neue idee hinein und so@@ gleich wird diese be@@ antwor@@ tet mit einer reaktion . +es ist span@@ n@@ end , denn dann passieren dinge , die wir so nicht ge@@ pro@@ bt haben und was man auch so nicht proben kann . +es macht großen spaß , auf diese weise musik zu machen , und sie als das publikum haben dann erlebt , wie die musik leben@@ dig kommuni@@ ziert . +so ist jedes konz@@ ert ein anderes konz@@ ert . +ich werde niemals mehr so spielen , wie in diesem moment . +ich kann heute nicht so spielen wie in zwan@@ zig jahren . +da werde ich mehr lebenser@@ fahr@@ ung haben als heute und werde deshalb auf meine pal@@ ette der musik@@ kl@@ änge noch viel mehr f@@ arb@@ nu@@ an@@ cen , an emotionen und empfin@@ dungen haben als heute . +sicher , ich werde dann einige f@@ arb@@ tö@@ pfe auch raus@@ gesch@@ mis@@ sen haben , aber dafür neue da@@ zu@@ bekommen . +habe ein ne@@ tt@@ es kon@@ kre@@ tes beispiel dazu . +es war auf einem kla@@ vier@@ kur@@ su@@ s für musik@@ studenten bei meinem ge@@ lieb@@ ten alten lehrer , professor j@@ ür@@ gen u@@ de , ein bekann@@ ter bee@@ tho@@ ven@@ -@@ spezi@@ alist , kon@@ zer@@ t@@ pian@@ ist und lang@@ jähri@@ ger professor der musik@@ hoch@@ schule hier in stu@@ tt@@ g@@ art . +leider war ich noch viel zu j@@ ung , sodass er schon emer@@ i@@ tiert war , als ich endlich an@@ fing zu studieren . +aber ich hatte das große glück , ihn sehr früh , mit drei@@ zehn jahren , ken@@ nen@@ zu@@ lernen und so war ich schon zu meiner schul@@ zeit auf seinen kur@@ sen . +ich war damals sie@@ b@@ zehn , als ich auf einem seiner kur@@ se wieder einmal teil@@ nahm und spielte die letzte von den vier bal@@ laden von ch@@ op@@ in , einem spä@@ t@@ werk . +er fragte mich , was die ein@@ lei@@ tung dieser bal@@ la@@ de für mich sei . +das ist so ein ge@@ tra@@ genes teil . +und in meiner jugend@@ lichkeit sagte ich , erwar@@ tung . +da sch@@ m@@ un@@ zel@@ te er und mein@@ te , so ? +das muss der alter@@ s@@ unterschied sein . +denn für mich bedeutet sie erinn@@ erung . +er war schon über se@@ ch@@ zig . +t@@ ja , mit sie@@ b@@ zehn hat man eben noch träume , aber keine bedeuten@@ den erinn@@ erungen . +ich spiele heute das stück alle paar jahre wieder und immer hat es sich für mich gewand@@ elt , obwohl sich keine einzige note geändert hat . +jedes mal ist es span@@ n@@ end , denn immer wieder l@@ ese ich etwas neues heraus . +ein beispiel dazu aus einem ganz anderen bereich . mon@@ et hat die se@@ ero@@ sen x-@@ mal ge@@ mal@@ t . +es ist immer der gleiche garten , aber zu verschieden@@ er ta@@ ges@@ zeit , bei verschieden@@ em licht . +er hat die se@@ ero@@ sen verschie@@ d@@ entlich über@@ setzt , so wie er sie gesehen hat , so wie sie in diesem moment auf ihn wirk@@ ten . +seine persönlichen impres@@ sionen der se@@ ero@@ sen . +die x-@@ mali@@ ge interpretation eines stück@@ es ist diesem ver@@ gleich@@ bar . +in@@ zwischen bin ich zu@@ dem schon älter als ch@@ op@@ in mit zwei@@ und@@ drei@@ ß@@ ig jahren , als er das stück schrieb . +er hat ja nur ne@@ un@@ und@@ drei@@ ß@@ ig jahre gelebt . +und es ist mir wichtig , immer wieder in die noten zu schauen , auch wenn ich meine , sie aus@@ wen@@ dig zu können . +um zwi@@ es@@ pra@@ che zu halten , direkt mit dem kom@@ po@@ ni@@ sten . +denn die noten sind die einzige verbindung direkt zu ihm . +vor allem , wenn er schon gestorben ist . +nun , wie fängt man an , die sprache der musik zu sprechen ? +ich sagte ja schon , man braucht dafür ungefähr genauso lang wie für die gespro@@ ch@@ ene sprache . +oft ist der musik@@ unterricht ja so , dass man erst die noten lesen lernt . +man lernt praktisch zuerst das lesen , bevor man nur ein nur ein wort spricht . +man lernt , die tö@@ ne zu den noten auf dem instrument zu finden . +wenn dann alle finger rech@@ tz@@ ei@@ tig und richtig so wie wie es in den noten steht sich bewegen , kommen dann tö@@ ne heraus , die zusammen so kl@@ ingen wie musik . +wenn das fehl@@ er@@ frei geschieht , bekommt der schüler das näch@@ st@@ schwier@@ ige stück auf . +über interpretation wird kaum im an@@ fän@@ ger@@ unterricht gesprochen . +na gut , da steht dann vorne pre@@ st@@ o , das ist ein schn@@ elles stück . +len@@ to , langsam . +laut und lei@@ se@@ zeichen , f und b , et ce@@ ter@@ a . +das kennen die meisten hier . +aber auch wenn man diese ang@@ ab@@ en um@@ setzt , bleibt es immer noch bloß etwas techn@@ isches . +und noch ist es immer keine interpretation . +ich w@@ und@@ ere mich . +ich w@@ und@@ ere mich , dass man oft etwas ganz element@@ ar@@ es verg@@ is@@ st . +nämlich , dass , um musik auf dem instrument zu machen , das eigene musi@@ kal@@ ische tun und fühlen schon vorher vorhanden sein sollte . +nämlich das singen . +ein kind , das das singen nicht gelernt hat , weil es die eltern nicht vor@@ gemacht haben , wird es von selbst auch nicht tun . +das ist wie beim spre@@ chen@@ lernen . +es ist notwendig , seine eigenen erleb@@ nisse und idee der musik zu haben , um es dann über eine weitere möglichkeit , also über ein instrument , zum kl@@ ingen zu bringen . +menschen , die nie ges@@ ungen haben , haben fol@@ glich nie un@@ mittel@@ bar mit dem eigenen körper gesp@@ ür@@ t , wie es ist , einen ton zu bilden . +eine phr@@ ase mit seinem eigenen at@@ em zu gestalten . +das musi@@ kin@@ stru@@ ment ist nämlich die erweiter@@ ung unseres körpers . +unserer stimm@@ b@@ än@@ der zu zum singen , unserer hände und fü@@ ße zum tan@@ zen . +so sind die ham@@ mer@@ kö@@ pfe im kla@@ vier die fort@@ setzung meiner finger . +die mel@@ o@@ die entsteht aus dem ges@@ un@@ genen und der rhyth@@ mus aus dem tanz . +die dau@@ ern@@ de beri@@ es@@ el@@ ung heutzutage mit musik ist da nicht förder@@ lich . +man braucht ja nicht mehr selbst musik zu machen , wenn es einem langwei@@ lig wird . +nicht mehr nötig , ein lie@@ d@@ chen zu pfei@@ fen oder zu singen . +jede eigene musik wird platt@@ gemacht , wenn man dau@@ ern@@ d von außen mit musik besch@@ all@@ t wird . +sicher , es gibt dann manche unter ihnen , die sagen , ja , aber was macht man , wenn wenn ich eben nicht singen kann ? +das frage ich , können sie nicht singen , a , weil sie glauben , dass sie nicht singen können ? +oder b , weil sie nicht gelernt haben , zu singen ? +bei beiden ist es nicht zu sp@@ ät damit anzu@@ fangen , um herauszufinden , ob sie es nicht doch können , oder zu lernen , wie man diese kleinen mus@@ keln , die die stimm@@ b@@ än@@ der ein@@ stellen , richtig benutzt . +das kann man nämlich tra@@ inieren . +oder c , weil man es ihnen besch@@ ein@@ i@@ gt hat , dass sie un@@ tau@@ glich sind . +da frage ich , wie fach@@ lich kom@@ pe@@ tent war diese diagno@@ se ? +haben sie schon eine zwei@@ t@@ - oder dritt@@ meinung ge@@ holt , wie man es heutzutage schön sagt ? +oder d , sie mögen halt keine musik und wollen deshalb damit auch ni@@ x zu zu tun haben . +was ich dann aber schon be@@ dauern würde , weil musik ist ja eine schöne , kommuni@@ ka@@ tive sache . +aber vielleicht kann man sie ja auch noch um@@ stimmen . +na ja , also sie sehen , auf alle fälle muss niemand ein aus@@ sicht@@ slo@@ ser kan@@ di@@ d@@ at sein . +aber sagen sie auch bitte nicht , ich verste@@ he nichts von der klas@@ sischen musik . +ich kann nicht sagen , ob es gut oder schlecht ist . +da antwor@@ te ich , aber sicher können sie doch sagen , ob es ihnen gefällt oder nicht . +denn ich glaube nicht , es sagt jemand , ich weiß nicht , ob ' s mir schme@@ ckt , weil ich nicht kochen kann . +also , sie ver@@ zi@@ chten ja nicht auf@@ s essen , nur weil sie nicht kochen können . +also müssen sie auch nicht auf klas@@ sische musik ver@@ zi@@ chten , weil sie kein instrument spielen . +hören sie bewusst zu und sagen sie , ob es ihnen schme@@ ckt oder nicht . +ob die musik ihnen zu ge@@ p@@ fe@@ ff@@ ert oder zu sü@@ ß ist . +sagen sie das , was sie emp@@ finden . +mit der zeit bekommen sie auch an@@ sprü@@ che und wollen etwas mehr ge@@ wür@@ ze da drin@@ haben oder schme@@ cken sogar f@@ eine unterschiede heraus . +warum for@@ dere ich jetzt von meinem publikum , dass es auch aktiv zu@@ hört ? +weil die musik eine sprache ist und eine sprache ist zum kommunizieren da . +ein kunst@@ werk , das man nie an@@ schaut , hat keine kraft zu wirken . +das essen , das von einer kö@@ ch@@ in oder einem ko@@ ch lie@@ be@@ voll ge@@ ko@@ cht wurde , muss ge@@ gessen werden und nicht nur an@@ gesch@@ aut oder re@@ zep@@ te ausge@@ tau@@ scht . +also hören sie bitte zu , wenn eine musik gespielt wird . +sie ist nicht nur eine ne@@ tte geräu@@ sch@@ ta@@ pe@@ te . +wenn in einer umgebung , wo die erwachsenen aktiv musik machen oder zumindest aktiv musik hören , ein kind auf@@ wächst , dann ist es ganz leicht für einen musik@@ lehrer , zu fragen , welche farbe hat deine blu@@ me ? +kannst du sie mir jetzt auch in blau spielen ? +und das kind spielt , nach einer ge@@ denk@@ pause , statt vorher eine rote jetzt eine blau@@ e blu@@ me . +und dies klingt ganz anders als vorher . +das war dann der aller@@ erste anfang eines eigenen musi@@ kal@@ ischen aus@@ dru@@ cks . +also der erste schritt zu einer interpretation . +und was passiert , wenn man ein stück heute spielt , das ursprün@@ glich vor hundert , vor zwei@@ hundert oder gar vor drei@@ hundert jahren geschrieben worden ist ? +in@@ zwischen haben sich die instru@@ mente fort@@ entwickelt . +es gab zur zeit b@@ ach@@ s als instrument noch gar kein kla@@ vier . +es war einfach noch nicht erfunden . +ich denke , dass der b@@ ach begeistert gewesen wäre , wenn er die kl@@ ang@@ lichen möglichkeiten der heutigen modernen kla@@ vi@@ ere gehabt hätte . +ich kann heute die kl@@ ang@@ vorstellungen , die der b@@ ach gehabt hat , auf dem modernen flü@@ gel zum kl@@ ingen bringen , was ein b@@ aro@@ ck@@ es c@@ em@@ bal@@ o nicht kann . +auch von bee@@ tho@@ ven weiß man , dass er mehr hörte , als er schon tau@@ b geworden war . +heute ist ein moder@@ nes orche@@ ster in der lage , alles zu spielen , was ein orche@@ ster von damals als un@@ spiel@@ bar ab@@ gele@@ hnt hat . +deshalb sind die kom@@ po@@ ni@@ sten auf uns interpre@@ ten ange@@ wiesen , die die stücke wieder neu erfinden . +damit sie hör@@ bar werden , was sie sich nur im gei@@ ste er@@ dacht haben . +und auch , was sie sich heute im gei@@ ste denken würden . +oder das , was ich mir heute vor@@ st@@ ell , weil was sie sich gedacht haben könnten . +danke schön . +wissen sie , was nei@@ d ist ? +waren sie schon einmal nei@@ dis@@ ch ? +und wie fühlte sich das an ? +besch@@ issen . +ich hab einen freund , der fährt einen pas@@ ser@@ at@@ i . +wenn ich dann komme , mit meinem kleinen v w pi@@ es@@ el und mich dan@@ eben stelle , kommt dieses gefühl auf . +mir schie@@ ßt etwas durch den kopf . +ich sage , ul@@ f , wo@@ zu brau@@ chst du so ' n großes auto ? +das ver@@ liert ja schon im ersten jahr die hälfte seines wer@@ tes . +und überhaupt , du arbei@@ test ja viel weniger als ich . +wieso muss ich mir so ' n kleines auto leisten ? +und dann fällt mir sofort ein , das ist un@@ gere@@ cht . +es ist gegen die gerechtigkeit . +und wie ich das wort gerechtigkeit sage , ist dieses un@@ angeneh@@ me gefühl weg . +unser organis@@ mus hat eine großartige methode erfunden , um solche un@@ an@@ gene@@ hmen gefühle wie nei@@ d einfach zum verschwinden zu bringen . +sie können das auch probieren mit worten wie ra@@ che oder gewinn@@ sucht oder ähn@@ lichem . +ich möchte ihnen mit diesem mechan@@ ismus heute etwas erklären oder etwas näher@@ bringen , was ihnen un@@ bewusst wahrscheinlich vertraut ist . +der mechan@@ ismus stammt aus der lü@@ ge . +aber denken sie dabei nicht an die lü@@ ge , wie sie sie vielleicht gehört haben , wenn menschen sagen , niemand hat die absicht eine mau@@ er zu er@@ richten . +und dann steine auf@@ tür@@ mt , damit er ihnen die sicht ver@@ sper@@ rt . +an einer solchen lü@@ ge sehen sie , dass der lü@@ g@@ ner selbst nicht glaubt , was er sagt . +es lässt sich über@@ dies leicht überprü@@ fen , dass er ganz anderes im sinn hat . +er täu@@ scht ja nur sie und nicht sich selbst . +nein , die lü@@ ge , über die ich spreche , die hat damit zu tun , dass sie sich selber täu@@ schen . +sie brauchen diese lü@@ ge , um eine lebens@@ lü@@ ge , um eine selbst@@ täusch@@ ung auf@@ recht zu erhalten . +die können sie weniger leicht , ja , nach@@ prü@@ fen oder auch zum ein@@ stur@@ z bringen . +sie brauchen zeit . +von dieser zeit spricht eine an@@ ek@@ do@@ te , die sie vielleicht kennen . +der span@@ ische mal@@ er p@@ ab@@ l@@ o pic@@ as@@ so hat einmal eine frau portra@@ i@@ tiert . +diese frau hat sich an@@ schließ@@ end besch@@ wert , das portra@@ it würde ihr gar nicht ähnlich sehen . +pic@@ as@@ so antwor@@ tet , warten sie nur . +es wird ihnen immer ähn@@ licher . +an dieser stelle und wenn sie lachen , erkennen sie , wie wichtig diese lü@@ ge ist und wie viel zeit sie brauchen , um etwas zu erfahren , was künstler sehr gut uns mit@@ teilen können . +denn künstler haben ein gest@@ ör@@ tes verhältnis zur lü@@ ge . +der künstler teilt ihnen etwas mit , und vor allem dieser d@@ ame , was sie nicht sieht , wenn sie einfach nur in den spiegel schaut . +der künstler teilt ihnen in einem solchen portra@@ it etwas mit , wom@@ it sie erst vertraut werden , wenn sie sich dieses kunst@@ werk immer wieder anschauen . +dann versch@@ win@@ det dieses un@@ angeneh@@ me gefühl , es könnte ihnen ja gar nicht ähnlich sehen und es wird ihnen immer ähn@@ licher . +hier haben sie diesen mechan@@ ismus , mit dem wir die lü@@ ge als eine großartige erfindung zur stabili@@ si@@ erung unserer lebens@@ verhäl@@ tnisse nutzen können . +und nicht nur in der kunst , auch im vol@@ k@@ sm@@ är@@ chen , in der in der my@@ th@@ ologie , in geschichten taucht es wieder auf . +sie kennen vielleicht diese idee von der d@@ ame , die jeden morgen in den spiegel schaute und ihn fragte , wer ist denn die schön@@ ste im ganzen land ? +eines tages sagt dieser spiegel , ja , da gibt es eine schön@@ ere . +hinter den sieben ber@@ gen und so weiter . +und sie wissen auch , wie viel fein@@ d@@ se@@ li@@ gkeit aus dieser wahren aus@@ kunft , auch der spiegel kann nicht lü@@ gen , aus dieser wahren aus@@ kunft ent@@ spr@@ ingt . +aber wir sollten einfach uns vertraut machen damit , dass man einer frau nicht sagen kann , dass es eine schön@@ ere irgendwo anders gibt . +hier ist es nötig , das , was wir unter poli@@ tically cor@@ rec@@ t@@ ness verstehen , immer wieder anzu@@ bringen . +wir brauchen an dieser stelle diese lü@@ ge , die uns die täusch@@ ung auf@@ rech@@ ter@@ hält , ohne die wir gar nicht weiter@@ leben können . +wir haben nicht nur in der kunst , in der vol@@ k@@ sm@@ är@@ chen@@ di@@ chtung , sondern auch in der wissenschaft solche großartigen lü@@ gen . +und da gibt es diese geschichte von der frau des bis@@ cho@@ fs von wor@@ che@@ ster . +sie hörte von diesem buch von charles darwin , die ent@@ ste@@ hung der arten und die ab@@ stam@@ mung des menschen . +dass der mensch vom affen ab@@ stam@@ men sollte und , ja , es zumindest einen gemein@@ samen vorfahren gäbe zwischen menschen und affen . +und dann ren@@ nte sie ran@@ nte sie zu ihrem mann und sagte , das ist doch wohl nicht wahr , was charles da schreibt . +der mensch soll vom affen ab@@ stam@@ men oder einen gemein@@ samen vorfahren haben . +nein , nein , das geht nicht . +und wenn es wahr ist , dann müssen wir verhindern , dass die menschen kenn@@ tnis davon er@@ langen . +warum müssen wir verhindern , dass menschen kenn@@ tnis von etwas er@@ langen , wenn es wahr ist ? +weil wir ohne diese lebens@@ lü@@ ge nicht leben können . +weil wir diese selbst@@ täusch@@ ung , dieses gefühl , großartig zu sein , ab@@ stam@@ mung von den höch@@ sten wesen , nicht von einer solchen natu@@ re@@ bene , von so etwas un@@ berech@@ en@@ bar@@ em wie einem organis@@ mus , der noch dazu existiert , einem stein ver@@ gleich@@ bar und sonst welchen dingen , das ist für uns un@@ aus@@ hal@@ t@@ bar . +also , wir können diese dinge gar nicht er@@ tragen . +wir müssen verhindern , dass die menschen kenn@@ tnis er@@ langen von dingen , vor allem dann , wenn sie wahr sind . +damit sie sehen , wie langsam dieser mechan@@ ismus sich auf@@ lö@@ st und wie die sp@@ uren aussehen , die er hinter@@ lässt , die auf etwas anderes führen als auf dieses großartige bild von uns selbst , will ich ihnen eine weitere geschichte näher@@ bringen . +eine besonders schöne geschichte , wie ich meine . +meine frau hat sie mir erzählt . +sie kam eines tages von der schule , sie ist lehr@@ erin , und sie erzählte von einem schüler . +ein au@@ ti@@ st@@ ischer schüler . +sie mag ihn besonders gern , weil er eine n@@ eig@@ ung zur auf@@ richti@@ gkeit hat . +und sie fragte ihn , was sind denn deine ho@@ b@@ b@@ ys ? +und da sagt er , na ja , ich bin bei der feuer@@ we@@ hr . +und weil ich bei der feuer@@ we@@ hr bin , interessi@@ ere ich mich für py@@ ro@@ techn@@ ische dinge . +ja , sie spüren es schon , wenn sie hei@@ ter sind an dieser stelle . da stimmt etwas nicht . +ich habe meiner frau gesagt , immer wenn ein mensch in einer moral@@ ischen recht@@ ferti@@ gung das wör@@ t@@ chen weil verwendet , sollten wir versuchen , es durch das wör@@ t@@ chen obwohl zu ersetzen . +machen sie das einmal und dann erfahren sie den satz . +obwohl ich bei der feuer@@ we@@ hr bin , interessi@@ ere ich mich für py@@ ro@@ techn@@ ische dinge . +sie spüren , das ist die eigent@@ liche wahrheit hinter der aus@@ kunft . +so ein kleiner bu@@ b , der interessiert sich doch nicht für@@ s feuer@@ lö@@ schen . +der interessiert sich für@@ s feuer@@ machen . +aber es gibt keine ver@@ eine , nach denen wir uns um@@ schauen können , wo man lernt , wie man feuer macht . +es gibt nur das zwei@@ t@@ beste , eben die feuer@@ we@@ hr . +da hat er sich ange@@ mel@@ det . +und über@@ dies , man sagt auch seiner lehr@@ erin nicht , dass man gerne br@@ ände irgendwo legt und sich freu@@ t , wenn das feuer nach@@ her hoch@@ lo@@ der@@ t . +nein , es sieht einfach viel besser aus , wenn wir zeigen , dass wir dafür zu@@ ständig sind , die gefahren zu bes@@ ei@@ tigen , die andere erst schaffen , wenn sie eben feuer legen . +hier haben sie diesen kleinen mechan@@ ismus . +diese diesen ver@@ weis darauf , dass im inn@@ ersten der bu@@ b schon wusste , dass er eigentlich mit dem feuer verwand@@ t ist , aber dass er das nicht laut sagen kann . +hier haben sie diesen zen@@ sor zwischen dem un@@ bewus@@ sten und dem bewus@@ sten , der sofort an@@ spr@@ ingt , ohne dass sie etwas dagegen tun können , und die dinge , von denen sie wissen , dass sie ganz anders aussehen , so gestal@@ tet , dass sie viel besser für sie und andere kl@@ ingen können . +so entstehen dann einfach solche wörter , die wir auch in der sprache des politi@@ sch korre@@ kten sprech@@ ens immer wieder verwenden . +eigentlich wissen wir , dass etwas anderes der fall ist . +aber wir wissen , wenn wir das aus@@ sprechen , sind die sozialen verhäl@@ tnisse sehr empfin@@ dlich gest@@ ör@@ t . +wir können das nicht einfach machen . +es ist unmöglich , solche dinge in einer gesellschaft , die funktionieren soll , zu präsentieren . +ich möchte ihnen nun dar@@ legen , was wir in meinem institu@@ t herausgefunden haben . +nach welcher logi@@ k diese täusch@@ ung , diese selbst@@ täusch@@ ung , die berei@@ t@@ schaft , eine andere wirklichkeit als die , von der wir eigentlich schon im un@@ bewus@@ sten wissen , dass sie gü@@ l@@ tig ist , nach außen zu verbreiten . +hier@@ zu will ich ihnen zwei , vielleicht auch drei beispiele präsentieren . +das erste beispiel setzt voraus , was viele von ihnen kennen und manche von ihnen schätzen , ganz wenige nur überhaupt nicht benötigen . +ich meine die se@@ ele . +was ist die se@@ ele ? +die se@@ ele ist so etwas gei@@ sti@@ ges , sagt etwa lei@@ b@@ ni@@ z . +sie ist etwas , was nicht von stop@@ p stoff@@ licher , materi@@ eller natur ist . +und wenn sie menschen vor sich haben , die der fe@@ sten überzeu@@ gung sind , dass sie eine se@@ ele besitzen , oder man kann auch sagen , die glauben , dass sie von der se@@ ele zum leben er@@ we@@ ckt worden sind , dann stellen die sich das so ungefähr vor , als wäre die se@@ ele so ein gei@@ sti@@ ger rahmen über sie , nicht aus materie , sie selber nur aus fleisch und blut , etwas stein@@ ern@@ es sozusagen , an die erde geb@@ un@@ den@@ es , ver@@ gän@@ g@@ liches , ver@@ wes@@ bares , un@@ wichti@@ ges , ja tot@@ es . +und von dieser se@@ ele denken sie nun , dass sie irgendwie in dieser wol@@ ki@@ gen natur , in dieser lu@@ f@@ tigen natur , anim@@ a heißt es im lat@@ ein@@ ischen , der lu@@ f@@ th@@ auch , prä@@ sent sei . +und wenn sich dieser lu@@ f@@ th@@ auch dann über den menschen er@@ gi@@ e@@ ßt , dann ist er an@@ gefü@@ llt mit würde , mit geist , mit natur , die nur leben kann , ja eben mit se@@ ele . +und dann kann er eben da@@ von@@ laufen . +das ist so die vorstellung , wie die se@@ ele wirkt . +sie soll also von außen zum menschen hinzu@@ kommen . +wir sollen sie also als etwas wahr@@ nehmen , was unbedingt für unser leben prä@@ sent sein soll . +und wenn sie diese voraus@@ setzung vor augen haben , dann verstehen sie die logi@@ k , mit der wir dieses glück erleben , durch eine lü@@ ge unsere welt verbessern zu können . +denn jetzt können sie einen drei@@ satz anwenden . +drei@@ satz kennen sie noch aus der schule . +das ist jetzt hier ein drei@@ satz , der uns eine logi@@ k beschrei@@ bt . +das ist übrigens der schwier@@ ig@@ ste teil in meinem vortrag . +hier brauchen sie etwas logi@@ k , aber auch die berei@@ t@@ schaft zu lü@@ gen . +nämlich so zu lü@@ gen , dass sie diese logi@@ k einfach falsch anwenden können . +in diesem drei@@ satz kommen drei sätze vor . +der erste satz lautet , kl@@ aus behaup@@ tet , es gibt keine se@@ ele . +der zweite satz lautet also , wenn kl@@ aus recht hat , dann hat er keine se@@ ele . +nun gibt es einen dritten satz . +ich hab ihn hier besonders hervor@@ ge@@ ho@@ ben . +ein dri@@ tter satz , der sofort auf@@ taucht bei menschen , die ein star@@ kes gefühl für eine se@@ ele haben . +die sagen , wer keine se@@ ele hat , der ist tot und kann gar nichts behaup@@ ten . +und hier spüren sie ' s schon . +hier kommt diese logi@@ k in diesem , ja , in dieser täusch@@ enden rede zum ausdruck . +sie sehen es sofort . +die ersten beiden sätze , die sind log@@ isch korre@@ kt . +ich kann nämlich alles behaup@@ ten . +die logi@@ k macht keine aus@@ sagen über die realität . +ich kann sagen , die kan@@ z@@ ler@@ in ist ein mann . +und wenn ich recht habe , dann ist die kan@@ z@@ ler@@ in ein mann . +wenn ich nicht recht habe , dann ist die kan@@ z@@ ler@@ in kein mann . +die logi@@ k macht keine aus@@ sage darüber , was gilt . +ich kann alles behaup@@ ten . +aber entscheiden@@ d ist , wenn ich recht habe , dann gilt es eben . +also wenn kl@@ aus sagt , es gibt keine se@@ ele . +zweitens , wenn er recht hat , dann hat er keine se@@ ele . +diese dinge sind log@@ isch korre@@ kt . +und jetzt spür@@ t unser täu@@ schen@@ des bewusstsein sofort , daraus kann man etwas machen . +es hängt einen dritten satz an , der gar nichts mit den ersten beiden sä@@ tzen zu tun hat und der so tut , als wäre das gegenteil des ersten sat@@ zes schon be@@ wiesen und voraus@@ gesetzt . +denn eigentlich müssten wir ja beweisen , ob es die se@@ ele gibt oder nicht . +aber mit dieser logi@@ k , die es einfach nutzt , dass zwei sätze log@@ isch korre@@ kt sind , und einen dritten da@@ zu@@ hängt , der so aussieht , als hätte er etwas damit zu tun , damit können wir unsere lebens@@ lü@@ ge retten . +also , wir tun so , als wäre es eigentlich unmöglich , ohne eine se@@ ele leben zu können . +und wir sind sehr glücklich darüber . +wir können diese dinge an verschiedenen bei@@ spielen fort@@ führen . +in der gegenwart auf etwa haben wir ein ganz moder@@ nes beispiel , das immer wieder die ta@@ ges@@ zeit@@ ungen fü@@ llt . +hier@@ zu müssen sie sich ein weiteres philosoph@@ isches thema , ein dau@@ er@@ bren@@ ner aus der philosoph@@ ie , prä@@ sent halten . +das hat damit zu tun , dass wir zurück@@ gehen in das vier@@ zehn@@ te jahrhundert . +da gab es einen gele@@ hr@@ ten , der hie@@ ß jo@@ han@@ nes bu@@ ri@@ dan@@ us und nach dem ist der bu@@ ri@@ dan@@ sche es@@ el ben@@ an@@ nt . +der bu@@ ri@@ dan@@ sche es@@ el ist ein es@@ el , der aus r@@ einer natur besteht . +der hat nicht diese se@@ ele . +das ist so ein natur@@ ding . +und wenn sie den ex@@ akt in der mitte zwischen zwei gleich@@ großen heu@@ ha@@ fen plat@@ zieren , dann ver@@ h@@ ung@@ ert er . +denn er weiß nicht , zu welchem heu@@ haufen er zuerst gehen soll . +er steht also genau in der mitte . +so sind die natur@@ dinge vor@@ gestellt . +gleich@@ große kräfte mit gegen@@ sä@@ tz@@ lichem vor@@ zei@@ gen@@ zeichen lösen einander auf . +da passiert überhaupt nichts . +nur wenn sie dann ein anderes beispiel bringen , also wenn sie sofort den einen heu@@ haufen größer macht , dann braucht er auch keine vern@@ un@@ ft und gar nichts dazu . +auto@@ matisch läuft er zum richtigen gedanken . +wenn sie diese vorstellung haben , dass man also in der natur irgendwie ge@@ trieben wird , determin@@ iert wird , von den größeren haufen , die einen sofort an@@ ziehen , dann haben sie auch schnell das gefühl , dass es so etwas wie einen freien willen geben muss . +und wenn wir auch schon hier in frank@@ fur@@ t am main sind , dann erinnere ich an das ma@@ x-@@ plan@@ ck@@ -@@ institu@@ t für hirn@@ forschung . +da gibt es einen gele@@ hr@@ ten , der heißt wol@@ f sing@@ er , und von ihm sagt man manchmal , wol@@ f sing@@ er behaup@@ tet , es gibt keine will@@ ens@@ freiheit . +jetzt können wir wieder den zweiten satz bilden und können sagen , wenn wol@@ f sing@@ er recht hat , dann hat er keine will@@ ens@@ freiheit . +diese sätze sind absolut log@@ isch und korre@@ kt . +und was wir nun fast täglich in der ta@@ ges@@ zeitung lesen können , das finden sie in diesem dritten satz . +der sieht etwa so aus , wer keine will@@ ens@@ freiheit hat , kann auch nicht für seine handlungen und be@@ haupt@@ ungen zur verantwortung gezogen werden gezogen werden und er ist daher un@@ zu@@ rech@@ nungs@@ fähig . +auch hier haben sie es wieder . +eigentlich müsste man ja erst@@ mal beweisen , ob es so etwas wie will@@ ens@@ freiheit gibt . +aber die logi@@ k der täusch@@ ung erlaubt es uns , so zu tun , als wäre der erste satz von vor@@ n@@ her@@ ein falsch , als müsste man selbstverständlich das gegenteil ohne beweis annehmen . +und jetzt können sie einfach , wenn sie selber irgendetwas machen wollen , wenn sie selber irgendetwas testen wollen und vor allem , wenn sie menschen glücklich machen wollen , diesen mut zur lü@@ ge üben . +üben sie das zum beispiel , wenn sie mal einem menschen begeg@@ nen , dem sie dann sagen können , es gibt keine vorher@@ sa@@ ger . +und bitte verwenden sie nicht das deut@@ sche wort für vorher@@ sa@@ ger , das heißt prop@@ he@@ t . +das dürfen sie nicht nennen , das wäre dann schon wieder ein bisschen politi@@ sch in@@ korre@@ kt . +sagen sie , es gibt keine vorher@@ sa@@ ger . +sofort werden sie einer , für den es selbstverständlich solche vorher@@ sa@@ ger gibt , erfahren , das kannst du nicht beweisen . +und schon haben sie ein problem . +denn während sie damit beschäftigt sind , sich klar@@ zu@@ machen , dass sie nicht beweisen können , dass es keine vorher@@ sa@@ ger gibt , ist der mann ganz glücklich . +er ist ganz glücklich darüber , weil er sie ge@@ täu@@ scht hat . +weil er sie auf eine fä@@ hr@@ te geführt hat , auf der er sich selber gar nicht auf@@ hält . +denn eigentlich ist dieser mensch gar nicht an beweisen interessiert . +er ist nur daran interessiert , sich selber frei@@ zu@@ halten vor der notwen@@ digkeit , beweisen zu müssen , dass es vorher@@ sa@@ ger gibt . +also , in der art der verschie@@ bung der be@@ wei@@ s@@ last erleben sie die großarti@@ gkeit der lü@@ ge . +und wenn sie wieder einmal so eine möglichkeit haben , diesen drei@@ satz zu spüren bei anderen menschen , tun sie es , denn sie werden andere glücklich machen , wenn sie sie auf diese weise nicht an ihre selbst@@ lü@@ ge erinnern . +ich danke ihnen für ihre aufmerksamkeit . +ja , guten tag . +ich hab mir erlaubt ich habe li@@ l@@ ly gefragt , ob ich sie erwä@@ hnen darf . +sie ist eine der veran@@ st@@ alter@@ innen hier von dieser großartigen veran@@ stal@@ tung und hat mich gefragt , ob ich hier einen vortrag halten wol@@ le und meine idee prei@@ s@@ geben . +ich muss ehrlich sagen , du hast es ja mit@@ ge@@ krie@@ gt , es fiel mir an@@ fan@@ gs schwer von meiner idee zu reden . +und ich mö@@ ge doch vielleicht mein in@@ sel@@ projekt vorstellen , dass ich versuche euch vorzustellen . +aber es ist natürlich die sum@@ me ganz , ganz viel@@ er ideen . +ich ge@@ höre wahrscheinlich , sind die beiden ne@@ tten mädchen noch da , ich ge@@ höre wahrscheinlich zu der generation , die für dieses schlechte ö@@ ko image ges@@ or@@ gt hat , weil ich ne@@ un@@ zehn@@ hunder@@ t@@ ne@@ un@@ und@@ sie@@ b@@ zig schon angefangen habe masch@@ in@@ en@@ bau zu studieren in kar@@ l@@ s@@ ru@@ he , techn@@ ische hoch@@ schule , heute heißt sie , glaube ich , k@@ it . +und mich hat ' s dann mitte der ach@@ tz@@ iger jahre nach ber@@ lin ver@@ schlagen , weil ich erneu@@ er@@ bare energi@@ en machen wollte und das gab ' s in kar@@ l@@ s@@ ru@@ he nicht . +da gab ' s die kern@@ forschungs@@ anlage le@@ o@@ pol@@ d@@ sha@@ fen . +die hie@@ ßen damals alle k@@ f@@ a , auch die j@@ ü@@ lich hie@@ ß k@@ f@@ a . +die heißen heute proje@@ kt@@ trä@@ ger . +weil ein guter ingenie@@ ur hat entweder tolle autos gebaut oder atom@@ kraft@@ an@@ lagen . +aber sowas do@@ o@@ f@@ es wie ' n solar@@ pen@@ del , aus dem irgendwie hundert watt aus dem quad@@ rat@@ meter heraus@@ kommt , das war ein spiel@@ zeug . +und in ber@@ lin gab es ein verrück@@ tes ingenie@@ ur@@ kolle@@ ktiv . +ich bin dem pre@@ mi@@ um@@ -@@ kol@@ a-@@ mensch dank@@ bar , dass dass er das wort nochmal wieder re@@ hab@@ ili@@ tiert hat , weil nach dem mau@@ er@@ fall dur@@ fte man das wort gar nicht mehr benutzen , weil alles lin@@ ke war ja schlecht . +allerdings war das in den a@@ chti@@ zi@@ ger jahren nicht so . +da war es eben so , dass es selbst@@ verwal@@ tete alterna@@ tiv@@ be@@ trie@@ be gab und einer davon saß eben in kreu@@ z@@ berg im mehr@@ ing@@ h@@ of , wo man das bö@@ se vermu@@ tete . +ort des terror@@ is@@ mus@@ ses , aber das war hie@@ ß wus@@ el@@ tr@@ oni@@ k und hat wind@@ - und sonnen@@ energie gemacht und da habe ich mitte der ach@@ tz@@ iger angefangen . +und ja , viel@@ es von dem , was heute gesagt wurde , berührt mich sehr , weil viele , viele schöne äuß@@ erungen dabei waren , die ich auch durch@@ lebt habe . +ich habe el@@ f jahre in dem kolle@@ ktiv gearbeitet , das war bas@@ is@@ demokra@@ tisch . +wir waren zwan@@ zig leute . +wenn einer nein gesagt hat , war das v@@ et@@ op@@ rin@@ zi@@ p , das hat einen völlig zer@@ m@@ ür@@ bt . ich habe zehn jahre lang ich habe schwer daran ge@@ zwei@@ felt , ob ich mein toll@@ es ingenie@@ ur@@ studi@@ um vielleicht wirklich an eine sch@@ wach@@ sinni@@ ge sache versch@@ wen@@ de , weil auch alle kollegen meines vat@@ ers immer ihm zu@@ gere@@ det haben , du hast das geld zum fenster raus@@ gesch@@ mis@@ sen bei d@@ einem kind . +es beschäftigt sich mit sch@@ wach@@ sinn . +und das war wirklich sehr , sehr bit@@ ter und man kommt dann auch in so ' ne phase hinein , eben tau@@ chte das eine bild auf durch@@ halten , wo ich mich gefragt habe nach zehn jahren , tausend d-@@ mark waren das ja damals noch , grund@@ lo@@ hn , ein@@ heits@@ lo@@ hn im kolle@@ ktiv natürlich , ob das wirklich so das tolle sein soll . +und ich hab ' s dann bis se@@ chs@@ und@@ ne@@ un@@ zig ausge@@ halten und dann haben wir zusammen mit freunden bin ich mit@@ be@@ grün@@ der der firma sol@@ on geworden , die dann zusammen mit dem sp@@ in-@@ off q@@ -@@ cells einer der größten zell@@ en@@ her@@ steller der welt wurde . +eine ries@@ ener@@ fol@@ gs@@ geschichte , aber auch da haben wir natürlich wieder das problem eines wachsen@@ den unterneh@@ men@@ s und wir haben dann zwei@@ taus@@ end@@ sechs , eine kleine gruppe , beschlossen , dass wir wieder klein anfangen und zurück@@ gehen und uns dem nächsten thema der zukunft wid@@ men und das heißt meines er@@ ach@@ tens und unseres er@@ ach@@ tens , es ist wieder gleich verrückt , das fängt wieder damit an , dass die leute sagen , was soll der qu@@ at@@ sch , das geht alles nicht , wir reden von spei@@ chern . +und da habe ich euch ein projekt mit@@ gebracht , das ich euch jetzt mal vorstellen will . +und der titel des vor@@ tra@@ ges war , ja wie man zu hundert prozent erneu@@ er@@ bare kommt . +und wir haben eben einfach mit einer relativ einfach@@ -@@ verrück@@ ten geschichte angefangen zu fragen , wo könnte man denn einen spei@@ cher sinn@@ voll heute schon einsetzen . +auf dieser insel , das ist die insel gra@@ ci@@ o@@ sa auf den a@@ z@@ oren . +ja , das sind so die daten . +da leben vier@@ einhalb tausend menschen . +die haben heute einen erneu@@ er@@ baren energie@@ anteil von fünf@@ zehn prozent . +und die frage ist , warum haben sie nicht mehr ? +das geht einfach technolog@@ isch nicht . +wenn sie mehr wind@@ kraft einander zu@@ bauen , fängt das system an zu schei@@ tern . +das erzähle ich auch immer den politi@@ kern , wenn sie in ber@@ lin@@ -@@ ad@@ ler@@ sh@@ of unsere anlage bes@@ i@@ chti@@ gen . +die sagen dann immer , wieso ? +wir haben doch schon zwan@@ zig prozent in deutsch@@ land . +kann doch gar kein problem sein . +stimmt aber nicht , wir haben in europa sieben prozent und unser netz ist physi@@ kal@@ isch gesehen das europä@@ ische . +wenn wir in europa zwan@@ zig prozent hätten , dann hätten wir schon die gleichen probleme , die die leute auf dieser insel da haben . +die frage war einfach , rech@@ net das war zwei@@ taus@@ end@@ 2006 , haben die ersten konta@@ kte mit der insel angefangen , rech@@ ne doch einfach mal durch . +wie groß müsste denn eigentlich so eine bat@@ terie sein , damit man so eine insel auf zwan@@ zig , drei@@ ß@@ ig , vier@@ zig , fünf@@ zig , vielleicht sogar sie@@ b@@ zig prozent erneu@@ er@@ bare bringt . +und ja , ich gehe nochmal eine slide weiter . +das kon@@ ven@@ tion@@ elle system sieht überall auf der welt so aus . +übrigens werden pro jahr etwa hundert gi@@ ga@@ watt elektr@@ ische leistung auf diesel@@ basis zu@@ gebaut auf der welt . +das entspricht der leistung von hundert atom@@ kraft@@ werken , weil das geht besonders schnell überall . +der energie@@ hunger der welt , der statt@@ findet , wird mit dies@@ el gelö@@ scht , weil man da keine geneh@@ mi@@ gung braucht . +das geht schnell . +man stellt so ' ne ki@@ ste hin . +und dann sieht es in der regel so aus . +in dem verl@@ aufen immer drei von den dies@@ eln , zwei werden immer ge@@ war@@ tet . +ja , so sieht ein das da unten ist eben die last . +wir haben auch sehr genau@@ e daten bekommen . +und die wind@@ kraft@@ anlage oder die solar@@ anlage oder was immer es auch ist , ist in der regel ein back@@ -up system bezieh@@ ungs@@ weise ein system , was nur in kleinen mengen hier ein@@ spei@@ sen kann . +unser ziel war es einfach zu sagen , okay , +der dies@@ el wird back@@ -up und die wind , sonne be@@ dienen die last so , dass sie den größeren anteil ab@@ bilden können . +und wenn sie über zwan@@ zig , drei@@ ß@@ ig prozent erneu@@ er@@ baren energi@@ en gehen wollen , also energie pro jahr , nicht die leistung im moment , dann müssen sie den dies@@ el aus@@ schalten . +das heißt , in dem moment müssen sie dafür sorgen , dass die erneu@@ er@@ baren energi@@ en sozusagen das gesamte netz übernehmen können . +das können sie natürlich nur , wenn sie in irgend@@ einer art und weise hier ge@@ man@@ agt werden . +das hat so noch niemand auf der welt gemacht . +das gibt ' s im kleinen stil , also sie können auch im auto ihren r@@ asi@@ erer über einen kleinen wechsel@@ ri@@ chter be@@ dienen . +die leute fragen mich immer , was forsch@@ t ihr denn eigentlich da in ad@@ ler@@ sh@@ of ? +das geht doch schon . +wenn sie aber mehrere von diesen wechsel@@ rich@@ tern zusam@@ mensch@@ alten wollen und die sollen ein netz aufbauen , dann wird das äußerst kompliziert . +und unser ziel war eben , wir wollten auf sie@@ b@@ zig bis ne@@ un@@ zig prozent erneu@@ er@@ bare kommen und dann bleibt hier noch dieser rest , der letzte rest , die letzten zehn , zwan@@ zig prozent erneu@@ er@@ bare mit , das wird wird sehr , sehr teuer und das wird auch nicht funktionieren , dass man das aus bat@@ teri@@ en macht . +das wird auf jeden fall ein energie@@ trä@@ ger sein , der dann , wasser@@ stoff , me@@ than , power to gas kennen sie oder sch , das wird es dann sein . +sie müssen dann eher auf einen sa@@ is@@ on@@ al@@ spei@@ cher gehen und w@@ inter@@ -@@ sommer und nicht nur ta@@ g-@@ nacht aus@@ gleichen . +wir wollten einfach mal wissen , was ist denn mit einer normalen , stin@@ k@@ normalen elektro@@ chem@@ ischen bat@@ terie . +wie weit kommt man denn da überhaupt ? +und haben dann eine ganze menge von simu@@ la@@ tionen ange@@ stellt . +und haben wind und sonne und die last durch@@ simu@@ liert und kamen zu dem ergebnis , ein ganz span@@ nen@@ des ergebnis , dass man gegenüber dem kon@@ ven@@ tion@@ ellen system , das nach zwan@@ zig jahren einen mittleren stro@@ mp@@ rei@@ s von ungefähr fünf@@ zig cent pro kil@@ o@@ wat@@ t@@ stunde benötigt , etwa bei vier@@ und@@ vier@@ zig cent raus@@ kommt . +das waren die aller@@ ersten berech@@ nungen vor sechs jahren . +und dann haben wir gesagt , okay , +ist ja toll , dann haben wir ein geschäfts@@ modell . +wir sind billi@@ ger wie das diesel@@ -@@ system , wenn der diesel@@ preis fünf prozent pro jahr steigt . +und dann haben wir angefangen mit den insu@@ lan@@ ern zu ver@@ handeln . +was müsste alles getan werden ? +haben mit inv@@ e@@ stor@@ en ver@@ handelt , ich habe neue gesell@@ schaf@@ ter ges@@ u@@ cht . +wir waren ja damals erst fünf leute , um eine um die gesellschaft wieder neu aufzubauen . +und hier nochmal die dar@@ stellung . +das bra@@ une ist sozusagen das kon@@ ven@@ tion@@ elle system , das grüne ist unser system . +dass unser system auch einen prei@@ san@@ stieg hat , liegt daran , dass wir ja noch zwan@@ zig prozent mit dies@@ el machen und auch eine prei@@ s@@ stei@@ gerung auf die anderen sachen nicht durch@@ schlagen . +und die power@@ -@@ u@@ tili@@ ty , die die das elektri@@ z@@ itä@@ ts@@ versor@@ g@@ ungs@@ unternehmen auf der insel , hat gemein@@ t , das finden wir ganz toll . +wollen wir auch unterstützen , aber wir glauben euch nicht , dass ihr das techn@@ ische problem lösen könnt . +und deswegen haben wir uns entsch@@ lossen in ber@@ lin eine hal@@ le zu bauen , in der wir sozusagen die elektr@@ ischen verhäl@@ tnisse der insel im maßstab eins zu drei ganz genau ab@@ bilden können . +das heißt , wir haben dann erst@@ mal ges@@ u@@ cht , die größte bat@@ terie der welt zu finden . +hier ist sie . +die kommt natur@@ ge@@ mä@@ ß aus asien , in dem f@@ alle aus japan . +und wi@@ tz@@ i@@ ger@@ weise ist sie in den sie@@ b@@ zi@@ ger jahren bei b@@ b@@ c man@@ n@@ heim , heute ab@@ b , entwickelt worden und wurde dann aus@@ li@@ zen@@ siert an die japan@@ er . +sie ist man kann sehen , es ist eine sehr , sehr große bat@@ terie . +sie hat einen me@@ ga@@ watt leistung und kann sechs stunden lang diese leistung bringen und das ist die bat@@ terie , die wir sozusagen simu@@ la@@ tion@@ stech@@ n@@ isch raus@@ bekommen haben . +und haben sie dann auf@@ gestellt . +wir haben auch einen dieser diesel@@ -@@ ag@@ gre@@ gate in der gleichen größe , wie er dort steht , in die hal@@ le gebracht , um tatsächlich das komple@@ tte dynam@@ ische verhalten von diesem netz , also in der hal@@ le sieht es jetzt so aus , da hinten steht der dies@@ el , hier steht die große bat@@ terie , hier sind die ganzen um@@ ri@@ chter , mit denen wir das netz simu@@ lieren . +hier drüben simu@@ lieren wir das ganze über@@ trag@@ ungs@@ lei@@ t@@ ung@@ system , die kilome@@ ter-@@ physik der kab@@ el , um sozusagen das schw@@ ing@@ ungs@@ verhalten im netz abzu@@ bilden . +und hier kann man nochmal das ganze sehen . +wir können auch zwei@@ hundert kil@@ o@@ watt photo@@ vol@@ ta@@ ik auf das netz auf@@ schalten . +hier sehen wir das nochmal hier sehen wir nochmal den dies@@ el , hier nochmal die ganzen , einzelnen ag@@ gre@@ gate . +und was wir gemacht haben , seit zwei@@ taus@@ end@@ neun war die hal@@ le dann fertig , bis heute zwei@@ taus@@ end@@ zw@@ öl@@ f quasi alles , was hier zwischen den einzelnen system an elektr@@ oni@@ k , an software zu entwickeln war , haben wir gemacht . +wir sind also keine bat@@ ter@@ ie@@ her@@ steller , sondern wir definieren uns als firma , die nur zwischen dem thema bat@@ terie und dem thema netz steht und alles da@@ zwischen . +man muss natürlich zur bat@@ terie hin kommunizieren , man muss auch hin ins netz kommunizieren können , und das ist sehr kompliziert . +das schöne ist an dem thema , dass man auf dieser insel im grunde genommen heute alles das vor@@ weg@@ nehmen kann an problemen , das wir bekommen werden , wenn wir unseren anteil von erneu@@ er@@ baren erhö@@ hen wollen . +also diese ganze diskussion , wie wird im moment hin@@ - und her@@ bewegt , energie@@ wen@@ de , wie das gehen soll , auf der insel haben wir zum beispiel für fün@@ fund@@ zwan@@ zig bis drei@@ ß@@ ig prozent ex@@ z@@ essen@@ er@@ gie , also wir mü@@ d@@ sen den wind und die sonne ab@@ regeln . +natür@@ licht bietet sich dann smar@@ t-@@ grid an . +also smar@@ t-@@ grid , ein riesen@@ thema überall . +wir können auf der insel schon mal damit anfangen , elektro@@ mobili@@ tät zu integri@@ eren , ru@@ m@@ zu@@ fragen , kann man denn die last mana@@ gen . +das heißt , wenn man bei sie@@ b@@ zig prozent erneu@@ er@@ bare ist , dann wird man das nicht ohne spei@@ cher machen können . +man kann durch ' n smar@@ t-@@ grid , man kann durch aus@@ bau der ne@@ tze , ja , das sollte man auf jeden fall auch tun , den anteil er@@ hören , aber man wird niemals auf spei@@ cher komplett ver@@ zi@@ chten können . +und das ist so ' n bi@@ ß@@ chen die botschaft . +deswegen kommen auch viele leute und schauen sich das dort an , eben weil man sehen kann , welche probleme man bekommt . +wenn wir den dies@@ el ab@@ schalten , dann hat man eben nicht mehr diese ro@@ tier@@ ende masse , die eine gewisse trä@@ gh@@ eit im netz verursacht . +und unser europä@@ isches verb@@ und@@ netz besteht im grunde genommen nur aus lau@@ ter ro@@ tier@@ enden ma@@ ssen von großen kraft@@ werken , wo sich immer die welle überall um ganz europa glei@@ cht dreht . +wir schauen in dieses netz hinein , sehen die fünf@@ zig her@@ tz , und wenn es ne@@ un@@ und@@ vier@@ zig kom@@ ma neun her@@ tz wird , fangen wir ein paar venti@@ l@@ chen aufzu@@ machen , dann geht wieder ein bi@@ ß@@ chen mer@@ h dam@@ pf rein , dann kommen wir wieder hoch . +das ist das system . +und natürlich ist das unglaublich träge . +wenn sie das irgendwo r@@ unter@@ rei@@ ßen , dann dauert ' s ' ne weile . +das sp@@ inning reser@@ ve hat mindestens zehn sekunden , um das netz stab@@ il zu halten . +und in der zeit können sie wieder anderes reagieren . +wenn sie das nicht mehr haben , diese ro@@ tier@@ ende masse , dann müssen sie das mit leist@@ ung@@ sele@@ k@@ tr@@ oni@@ k und elektro@@ chemie ersetzen . +und wir können mit dieser großen bat@@ terie zwei milli@@ sekunden einmal rein@@ -@@ raus@@ schalten . +da sieht man dann schon , welche enor@@ men geschwindi@@ g@@ keits@@ möglichkeiten da gibt . +und die botschaft ist nun , wir müssen auf diese ro@@ tier@@ enden ma@@ ssen ver@@ zi@@ chten , wenn wir sozusagen unsere ziele zwan@@ zig , zwan@@ zig , zwan@@ zig prozent , zwan@@ zig , drei@@ ß@@ ig , drei@@ ß@@ ig prozent und so weiter , wenn wir die überhaupt erreichen wollen , +dann müssen wir unsere mu@@ st-@@ run ka@@ pa@@ z@@ itäten im netz ab@@ bauen . +mu@@ st-@@ run heißt einfach , das kraft@@ werk läuft mit , um die frequ@@ enz zu halten . +ja , das ist ja eine riesen@@ debat@@ te im moment , zu@@ bau vom ko@@ h@@ le@@ kraft@@ werken , weil wir sonst keine , oder ga@@ stur@@ bin@@ en , weil das nicht geht . +und wir versuchen einfach klar@@ zu@@ machen , dass man die ka@@ pa@@ z@@ itäten , die mu@@ st-@@ run ka@@ pa@@ z@@ itäten , ab@@ bauen kann , indem man auch elektro@@ chem@@ ische spei@@ cher ins netz bringt . +dazu gibt es glücklicherweise jetzt auch eine ganze menge studien . +und zu diesem zweck kommen die leute dann immer und schauen sich unseren versu@@ chs@@ stand auf der , quasi unseren in@@ sel@@ te@@ st@@ stand an . +und ja , die diskussion geht immer um die frage , wie weit kann man dort ein stück weit zukunft vor@@ weg@@ nehmen . +und viele diskus@@ sionen , die ich in den letzten sechs jahren hatte , waren ähnlich wie die diskussion , die ich in den letzten drei@@ ß@@ ig jahren hatte zum thema photo@@ vol@@ ta@@ ik . +geht nicht , ist sch@@ wach@@ sinn , kinder@@ spiel@@ kra@@ m , haben wir alles ger@@ ech@@ net , rech@@ net sich nie . +wir haben heute drei@@ ß@@ ig gi@@ ga@@ watt photo@@ vol@@ ta@@ ik in deutsch@@ land . +das ist vor@@ bil@@ dlich . +und ich gehe einfach davon aus , dass wir in den nächsten drei@@ ß@@ ig jahren die gleiche ka@@ pa@@ zität an elektro@@ chem@@ ischen spei@@ chern auf der ganzen welt haben werden . +ganz einfach , so wird es kommen . +da wird es so eine ganze menge von wider@@ ständen geben und strei@@ ter@@ ei@@ en . +das schöne ist , dass ich quasi jetzt in den letzten beiden jahren erlebt habe , dass die wissenschaftler sich auf meine seite stellen . +wir haben mittler@@ weile über zehn millionen förder@@ projekte bekommen , auch um ' ne zehn@@ -@@ me@@ ga@@ wat@@ t-@@ bat@@ terie jetzt ans deut@@ sche netz zu kle@@ mmen . +das wird im nächsten apri@@ l statt@@ finden . +also von daher mer@@ kt man auch da , dass da ein wandel da ist und erst von dieser ab@@ we@@ hr@@ haltung hin zu ja , zu der vorstellung , hundert prozent erneu@@ er@@ bare stimmt ja . +und wenn man hundert prozent erneu@@ er@@ bare hat , dann ist das ja wie ein au@@ tar@@ kes system . +bisher wird in diskus@@ sionen immer versucht , diese insu@@ lan@@ er , die machen sich au@@ tar@@ k , die haben ein eigenes kleines netz , das hat ja mit unserem verb@@ und nichts zu tun . +die die frage ist doch ganz einfach , wenn sie sich vollkommen unabhängig machen von irgend@@ welchen fossi@@ len oder ur@@ an@@ en energi@@ er@@ trä@@ gern , die irgendwo auf der welt r@@ ausge@@ bo@@ hrt werden und zu ihnen hin@@ gebracht werden , dann sind sie ja eine insel . +dann ver@@ brauchen sie nur noch das , was an sonne und wind da vorhanden ist , wo sie leben . +und das ist so ein bisschen unsere vision von einer vern@@ ü@@ f@@ tigen energi@@ ever@@ sor@@ gung und ich bin cra@@ d@@ le-@@ to-@@ cra@@ d@@ le auch dank@@ bar , dass sie gesagt haben , sonnen@@ energie nutzen . +und das ist ja das , was wir tun , und in@@ so@@ fern kommen so , auch der vortrag von pre@@ mi@@ um kol@@ a , dass man wieder ein kolle@@ ktiv sein darf und sonnen@@ energie nutzen , hier ein bi@@ ß@@ chen zusammen . +und ja gut , ich möchte euch einfach dann ermu@@ tigen , in dem sinne , dass man ruhi@@ g ein bisschen verrückt sein kann und auch eine vision haben darf . +und man muss wirklich ziemlich zä@@ h bleiben dabei , aber ich denke , dass dass es geht . +vielen dank . +als steve lo@@ pe@@ z , kol@@ um@@ n@@ ist der los angeles times , eines tages durch die straßen im zentrum von los angeles ging , hörte er eine wunder@@ volle musik . +sie kam von einem mann , einem af@@ ro@@ -@@ amerikaner , sym@@ path@@ isch , ra@@ u , ob@@ da@@ ch@@ los , der auf einer gei@@ ge spielte , die nur noch zwei sa@@ i@@ ten hatte . +viele von ihnen werden die geschichte kennen , denn aus ste@@ ves artikel darüber wurde später ein buch , das wiederum ver@@ fil@@ mt wurde , mit robert dow@@ ney j@@ uni@@ or als steve lo@@ pe@@ z und jam@@ ie fo@@ x@@ x als na@@ than@@ iel anth@@ ony a@@ yers , dem kon@@ tr@@ ab@@ assi@@ sten , der am ju@@ il@@ li@@ ar@@ d-@@ konser@@ vat@@ ori@@ um studi@@ erte und dessen viel@@ ver@@ sprech@@ ende karriere trag@@ is@@ cher@@ weise früh durch seine par@@ an@@ o@@ i@@ de schizophren@@ ie be@@ endet wurde . +na@@ than@@ iel ver@@ ließ ju@@ il@@ li@@ ard , er@@ li@@ tt einen nerven@@ zusammen@@ bruch und 30 jahre später lebte er als ob@@ da@@ ch@@ lo@@ ser auf den straßen von sk@@ id row im zentrum von los angeles . +ich emp@@ fe@@ hle ihnen allen , ste@@ ves buch zu lesen oder sich den film anzu@@ sehen , damit sie nicht nur die wunderbare verb@@ un@@ den@@ heit verstehen , die zwischen diesen beiden männern entstanden ist , sondern auch , wie die musik diese verbindung herstellen half und wie sie schließlich das instrument war , wenn dieses wor@@ t@@ spiel erlaubt ist , das mi@@ th@@ al@@ f , na@@ than@@ iel weg von der straße zu kriegen . +ich traf m@@ r a@@ yers im jahre 2008 , vor zwei jahren , in der wal@@ t dis@@ ney conc@@ ert hall . +er hatte gerade eine vor@@ führung von bee@@ tho@@ v@@ ens erster und vier@@ ter sin@@ f@@ onie gehört und kam hinter die bühne , um sich mir vorzustellen . +er sprach in einem sehr hei@@ teren und ges@@ elli@@ gen ton über yo@@ -@@ yo ma und h@@ ill@@ ary clin@@ ton und darüber , wie die do@@ d@@ gers es nie in die baseball world series schaffen würden . und das alles wegen der t@@ ück@@ ischen pas@@ sage der ersten gei@@ ge im letzten satz von bee@@ tho@@ v@@ ens vier@@ ter sin@@ f@@ onie . +wir kamen auf@@ s thema musik zu sprechen . und ein paar tage später bekam ich eine e-@@ mail , in der stand , dass na@@ than@@ iel sich für g@@ eigen@@ unterricht bei mir interessi@@ erte . +ich muss noch erwä@@ hnen , dass na@@ than@@ iel eine medizinische behandlung ab@@ le@@ hnte , denn er war bereits mit elektro@@ scho@@ cks und mit th@@ or@@ a@@ zin und hand@@ sch@@ ellen behandelt worden , ein trau@@ ma , das ihn sein ganzes leben ver@@ folgt hat . +als folge davon ist er jetzt besonders an@@ fä@@ llig für diese schizop@@ hr@@ enen ph@@ as@@ en . die sind manchmal so schli@@ mm , und er ta@@ gel@@ ang versch@@ win@@ det , in den straßen von sk@@ id row herum@@ wander@@ t , immer diesem hor@@ ror und den fol@@ ter@@ qu@@ alen seines eigenen gei@@ stes aus@@ gesetzt . +und in genau so einem rei@@ z@@ sta@@ dium be@@ fand sich na@@ than@@ iel , als wir mit unserer ersten unter@@ richt@@ s@@ stunde in der wal@@ t dis@@ ney conc@@ ert hall begannen . er hatte dieses ir@@ re fl@@ ack@@ ern in seinen augen und wirk@@ te völlig verloren . +er sprach über unsicht@@ bare dä@@ mon@@ en und r@@ auch und darüber , wie ihn jemand im schla@@ f ver@@ gi@@ ften wollte . +ich hatte angst , nicht mein@@ et@@ wegen , sondern ich hatte angst , dass ich ihn verlieren könnte , dass er in einen seiner zu@@ stände ver@@ sin@@ ken könnte und dass ich ihm seine beziehung zur gei@@ ge zerstören könnte , wenn ich an@@ fing , über ton@@ lei@@ tern und ar@@ pe@@ g@@ gi@@ os und andere aufre@@ gende formen der di@@ da@@ kti@@ schen g@@ eigen@@ pä@@ da@@ go@@ gi@@ k zu reden . +ich fing also einfach an zu spielen . +ich spielte den ersten satz von bee@@ tho@@ v@@ ens viol@@ in@@ konz@@ ert . +und während ich spielte , fiel mir auf , dass in na@@ th@@ ani@@ els augen eine voll@@ kommen@@ e veränderung vor sich ging . +es war , als ob er unter dem einfluss einer unsicht@@ baren ar@@ z@@ ne@@ i stand , eine chem@@ ische reaktion , dessen kat@@ aly@@ s@@ ator mein spiel war . +na@@ th@@ ani@@ els man@@ ischer z@@ or@@ n verwand@@ elte sich in verständnis , in eine ruhi@@ ge neugi@@ er und an@@ mut . +und wie durch ein wunder nahm er seine gei@@ ge und begann , nach ge@@ hö@@ r einige aus@@ schni@@ tte von viol@@ in@@ kon@@ zer@@ ten zu spielen und bat mich dann , sie zu ende zu spielen : men@@ del@@ s@@ sohn , t@@ scha@@ i@@ ko@@ w@@ sk@@ i , si@@ be@@ li@@ us . +wir fingen dann an , über musik zu sprechen , angefangen von b@@ ach über bee@@ tho@@ ven , bra@@ h@@ ms , bru@@ ck@@ ner und all die anderen bs , von bar@@ t@@ ó@@ k bis hin zu es@@ a-@@ pe@@ k@@ ka sal@@ onen . +und mir wurde klar , dass er nicht nur ein enzy@@ klo@@ pä@@ dis@@ ches wissen über musik bes@@ a@@ ß , sondern ihn mit ihr auch eine en@@ ge persönliche beziehung verb@@ and . +er sprach von ihr mit einer leidenschaft und einem verständnis , das ich sonst nur von meinen kollegen in der phil@@ harmon@@ ie von los angeles kenne . +indem er musik spielte und über musik sprach , war aus diesem par@@ an@@ o@@ i@@ den , verwir@@ r@@ ten mann , der eben noch durch die straßen von los angeles gezogen war , ein lie@@ ben@@ s@@ wer@@ ter , ge@@ bil@@ de@@ ter , ausge@@ zeich@@ ne@@ ter , in ju@@ il@@ li@@ ard ausge@@ bil@@ de@@ ter musi@@ ker geworden . +musik ist medizin . musik verändert uns . +für na@@ than@@ iel bedeutet musik se@@ eli@@ sche gesundheit . +denn die musik erlaubt es ihm , seine gedanken und wahn@@ vorstellungen mit hilfe seiner vorstell@@ ungskraft und kreativität in etwas re@@ ales umzu@@ formen . +und so ent@@ flie@@ ht er seinen qu@@ äl@@ enden zu@@ ständen . +ich verstand , dass genau dies das wesen der kunst ist . +genau dies ist der grund , warum wir musik machen : damit wir etwas , das in uns allen , tief im inneren steckt , unsere gefühle , durch unsere künstler@@ ische lin@@ se , durch unsere kreativität zur wirklichkeit formen können . +und die wirklichkeit jen@@ es aus@@ dru@@ cks erreicht uns alle , und bewegt , inspiriert und verein@@ t uns . +was na@@ than@@ iel an@@ ging , so brachte ihn die musik zurück in eine gemeinschaft von freunden . +die er@@ lö@@ sende kraft der musik brachte ihn zurück in eine familie von musi@@ kern , die ihn verstand , die sein talent erkannte und ihn ach@@ tete . +und ich werde immer wieder mit na@@ than@@ iel musi@@ zieren , egal ob in der wal@@ t dis@@ ney conc@@ ert hall oder in sk@@ id row , denn er erinnert mich daran , warum ich musi@@ ker geworden bin . +vielen dank . +br@@ un@@ o gi@@ us@@ san@@ i : vielen dank . danke . +robert gu@@ p@@ ta . +robert gu@@ p@@ ta : ich möchte etwas spielen , das ich un@@ versch@@ ä@@ m@@ ter@@ weise den c@@ elli@@ sten ge@@ sto@@ hlen habe . +ich hoffe , sie ver@@ zei@@ hen mir . +also ich habe in meinem leben viele fische ge@@ kan@@ nt . +ich habe nur zwei ge@@ liebt . +dieser erste , das war mehr wie eine leiden@@ schaft@@ liche aff@@ äre . +es war ein schö@@ ner fisch , wohl@@ schme@@ ck@@ end , gute kon@@ si@@ stenz , ge@@ hal@@ t@@ voll , ein best@@ s@@ eller auf der spei@@ se@@ karte . +was für ein fisch . +noch besser , er wurde in a@@ qu@@ ak@@ ul@@ tur nach den angeb@@ lich höch@@ sten standards der nachhal@@ tigkeit ge@@ zü@@ chtet . +man konnte sich also wohl dabei fühlen , ihn zu verkaufen . +ich hatte mit dieser schönheit eine beziehung über mehrere monate . +eines tages rief der che@@ f der firma an und fragte , ob ich bei einer veran@@ stal@@ tung vor@@ tragen könnte über die nachhal@@ tigkeit der farm . +" natürlich " , sagte ich . +hier war eine firma , die zu lösen versuchte , was dieses un@@ vorstell@@ bare problem für unsere kö@@ che geworden ist . wie behalten wir fisch auf unseren spei@@ se@@ karten ? +in den letzten 50 jahren haben wir die me@@ ere ge@@ fis@@ cht wie wir wäl@@ der ka@@ hl geschlagen haben . +es ist schwer , die zerstör@@ ung zu über@@ bewer@@ ten . +90 prozent der großen fische , der , die wir lieben , die th@@ un@@ fische , die hei@@ l@@ bu@@ tte , die la@@ ch@@ se , schwer@@ t@@ fisch , sie sind zusammen@@ gebro@@ chen . +es ist fast nichts mehr übrig . +also wird wohl oder ü@@ bel a@@ qu@@ ak@@ ul@@ tur , fis@@ chan@@ bau , ein teil unserer zukunft sein . +viele argu@@ mente dagegen . fisch@@ zu@@ cht@@ an@@ lagen verschmu@@ tzen die umwelt , die meisten von ihnen jedenfalls , und sie sind in@@ effizi@@ ent , nehmen wir th@@ un@@ fisch . ein großer nach@@ teil . +er hat eine fu@@ tter@@ ver@@ wer@@ tung von 15 zu eins . +das heißt , 15 pfund wild@@ fisch sind nötig , damit man ein pfund zu@@ cht@@ -@@ th@@ un@@ fisch bekommt . +nicht sehr nachhal@@ tig . +schme@@ ckt auch nicht sehr gut . +also hier war endlich eine firma , die versuchte , es richtig zu machen . +ich wollte sie unterstü@@ tz@@ ten . +am tag vor der veran@@ stal@@ tung rief ich den che@@ f der öffent@@ lich@@ keits@@ arbeit für die firma an . +nennen wir ihn don . +" don " , sagte ich , " nur um die fa@@ kten richtig zu haben , ihr sei@@ d berü@@ hmt dafür , so weit draußen im meer anzu@@ bauen , dass ihr die umwelt nicht verschmu@@ tzt . " +" das stimmt " , sagte er . " wir sind so weit draußen , dass der ab@@ fall von unserem fisch verteilt wird , nicht konzentri@@ ert . " +und dann fü@@ gte er hin@@ zu , " wir sind im grunde eine eigene welt . +diese fu@@ tter@@ ver@@ wer@@ tung von 2.@@ 5 zu 1 " , sagte er . +" die beste in der bran@@ che . " +2.@@ 5 zu eins , großartig . +" 2.@@ 5 zu eins was ? was fü@@ tter@@ t ihr ? " +" nachhal@@ tige prot@@ eine " , sagte er . +" großartig " , sagte ich . legte auf . +und an diesem abend lag ich im bett und dachte : was zur hö@@ lle ist ein nachhal@@ tiges protein ? +also rief ich am nächsten tag , kurz vor der veran@@ stal@@ tung , don an . +ich sagte : " don , was zum beispiel sind nachhal@@ tige prot@@ eine ? " +er sagte , er wis@@ se das nicht . er werde nach@@ fragen . +nun , ich telef@@ oni@@ erte mit ein paar leuten in der firma . niemand konnte mir eine ord@@ ent@@ liche antwort geben . bis ich endlich mit dem lei@@ ten@@ den bi@@ ologen telef@@ oni@@ erte . +nennen wir ihn ebenfalls don . +" don " , sagte ich , " was zum beispiel sind nachhal@@ tige prot@@ eine ? " +nun , er erwä@@ hnte einige al@@ gen und einige fisch@@ me@@ hle , und dann sagte er , hü@@ hn@@ ch@@ en-@@ p@@ el@@ lets . +ich sagte : " hü@@ hn@@ ch@@ en-@@ p@@ el@@ lets ? " +er sagte : " ja , fe@@ dern , haut , kno@@ chen@@ me@@ hl , re@@ ste , ge@@ tro@@ ck@@ net und zu fu@@ tter ver@@ arbeitet . " +ich sagte : " wie viel prozent e@@ ures fu@@ t@@ ters ist hü@@ hn@@ chen ? " , +in der annahme von vielleicht zwei prozent . +" nun , das sind ungefähr 30 prozent " , sagte er . +ich sagte : " don , was ist nachhal@@ tig daran , hü@@ hn@@ chen an fische zu verfü@@ ttern ? " +es gab eine lange pause in der lei@@ tung und er sagte : " es gibt einfach zu viel hü@@ hn@@ chen auf der welt . " +ich ent@@ liebte mich von diesem fisch . +nein , nicht , weil ich ein selbst@@ gere@@ chter genie@@ ß@@ er und gu@@ t@@ mensch bin . +das bin ich sogar . +nein , ich habe mi@@ cht tatsächlich von diesem fisch ent@@ liebt , weil , ich schw@@ ö@@ re bei gott , der fisch nach dieser unterhaltung nach hü@@ hn@@ chen gesch@@ me@@ ckt hat . +dieser zweite fisch , das ist eine andere art von lie@@ bes@@ geschichte . +es ist die roman@@ tische art , die art , bei der man , je besser man seinen fisch kennen lernt , man den fisch um@@ so mehr liebt . +ich habe ihn zuerst in einem restaurant in süd@@ sp@@ ani@@ en ge@@ gessen . +eine be@@ fre@@ un@@ dete journ@@ ali@@ stin hatte seit lan@@ gem von diesem fisch gesprochen . +sie hat uns gewis@@ ser@@ maßen verk@@ upp@@ elt . +er kam auf den tisch mit einer h@@ ellen , fast sch@@ imm@@ ern@@ den weißen farbe . +der ko@@ ch hatte ihn ver@@ ko@@ cht . +halt zwei@@ mal . +erstaun@@ licherweise war er immer noch kö@@ st@@ lich . +wer kann einen fisch so gut schme@@ cken lassen , nachdem er ver@@ ko@@ cht wurde ? +ich kann es nicht , aber dieser typ kann es . +nennen wir ihn mi@@ gu@@ el . tatsächlich heißt er mi@@ gu@@ el . +und nein , er hat den fisch nicht ge@@ ko@@ cht und er ist kein ko@@ ch . zumindest auf die art , die sie und ich darunter verstehen . +er ist ein bi@@ ologe bei v@@ et@@ a la pal@@ ma . +das ist eine fisch@@ aufzu@@ cht in der süd@@ westlichen ecke sp@@ ani@@ ens . +sie ist nahe der mü@@ n@@ dung des fl@@ us@@ ses gu@@ ad@@ al@@ qui@@ vi@@ r . +bis in die 198@@ 0er war die farm in den händen von ar@@ gent@@ ini@@ ern . +sie zü@@ chteten flei@@ sch@@ rin@@ der auf dem , was im grunde feu@@ cht@@ gebiete waren . +sie machten das , indem sie das land ent@@ wä@@ s@@ ser@@ ten . +sie bauten diese kompli@@ zierte folge von kan@@ äl@@ en , und sie drän@@ gten wasser aus dem land heraus und hinaus in den fluss . +nun , sie konnten nicht be@@ wirken , dass das kla@@ pp@@ te , nicht wirtschaft@@ lich . +und ök@@ olog@@ isch war es eine katastrophe . +es brachte ungefähr 90 prozent der vögel um , was für diesen ort viele vögel sind . +und so hat 198@@ 2 eine span@@ ische firma mit umwelt@@ bewusstsein das land ge@@ kauft . +was haben sie gemacht ? +sie haben den fluss des was@@ s@@ ers umge@@ kehrt . +sie haben buchstäblich den he@@ bel um@@ gelegt . +anstatt das wasser herauszu@@ drän@@ gen benutz@@ ten sie die kan@@ ä@@ le , um das wasser wieder her@@ einzu@@ ziehen . +sie flu@@ teten die kan@@ ä@@ le . +sie schu@@ fen eine 1@@ 1.000 he@@ kt@@ ar fisch@@ aufzu@@ cht -- bar@@ sch , meer@@ ä@@ sche , gar@@ n@@ ele , a@@ al -- und dabei haben mi@@ gu@@ el und seine firma die ök@@ ologische zerstör@@ ung komplett umge@@ kehrt . +die farm ist unglaublich . +ich meine , sie haben so etwas noch nie gesehen . +sie star@@ ren heraus auf den horizon@@ t , der eine million meilen entfernt ist , und alles was sie sehen sind ge@@ flu@@ tete kan@@ ä@@ le und diese dichte , ü@@ pp@@ ige mar@@ sch . +ich war dort vor gar nicht langer zeit mit mi@@ gu@@ el . +er ist ein unglaub@@ licher kerl , drei teile charles darwin und ein teil " ein kro@@ ko@@ di@@ l zum kü@@ ssen " . +okay ? da waren wir und kämp@@ ften uns durch die feu@@ cht@@ gebiete und ich ke@@ u@@ che und schwi@@ tze , habe ma@@ ts@@ ch bis zu meinen k@@ nien , und mi@@ gu@@ el hält in ru@@ he eine bi@@ ologi@@ e@@ vor@@ les@@ ung . +hier he@@ bt er einen sel@@ ten@@ en glei@@ ta@@ ar her@@ vor . +nun erwähnt er die miner@@ al@@ bedürfnisse von phy@@ top@@ lan@@ k@@ ton . +und hier , hier sieht er ein muster von b@@ ün@@ deln , das ihn an die t@@ ans@@ an@@ ische gi@@ ra@@ ffe erinnert . +es stellt sich heraus , dass mi@@ gu@@ el den größten teil seiner karriere im mi@@ k@@ um@@ i national@@ park in afrika verbracht hat . +ich fragte ihn , wie er zu so einem fisch@@ -@@ experten geworden ist . +er sagte : " fisch ? ich weiß nichts über fisch . +ich bin ein exper@@ te für beziehungen . " +und dann geht er und stür@@ zt sich in mehr gere@@ de von sel@@ ten@@ en vö@@ geln und al@@ gen und selts@@ am@@ en wasser@@ pflanzen . +und verstehen sie mich nicht falsch , das war wirklich faszinier@@ end , wissen sie , die bio@@ tische gemeinschaft un@@ pl@@ ug@@ ged , so in der art . +es ist großartig , aber ich war ver@@ liebt . +und mein kopf wurde schwa@@ ch über dieses ver@@ ko@@ chte stück kö@@ st@@ lichen fis@@ chs , das ich am vor@@ abend hatte . +also habe ich ihn unter@@ bro@@ chen . ich sagte : " mi@@ gu@@ el , wie kommt es , dass dein fisch so gut schme@@ ckt ? " +er zeigte auf die al@@ gen . +" ich weiß , junge , die al@@ gen , der phy@@ top@@ lan@@ k@@ ton , die beziehungen , das ist unglaublich . +aber was essen deine fische ? +wie ist die fu@@ tter@@ ver@@ wer@@ tung ? " +nun , er fährt fort mir zu erzählen , dass es so ein reich@@ hal@@ tiges system ist , dass die fische essen , was sie in der wil@@ dnis essen würden . +die pflan@@ z@@ liche bio@@ masse , den phy@@ top@@ lan@@ k@@ ton , den zo@@ op@@ lan@@ k@@ ton , das ist es , was die fische fü@@ tter@@ t . +das system ist so gesund , es ist völlig selb@@ ster@@ neu@@ ern@@ d . +es gibt kein fu@@ tter . +je von einer farm gehört , die ihre tiere nicht fü@@ tter@@ t ? +später am tag fuhr ich auf diesem grund@@ stück mit mi@@ gu@@ el herum und ich fragte ihn , ich sagte : " für einen ort , der so natürlich zu sein scheint " , anders als jede farm , auf der ich je gewesen war , " wie mis@@ st du erfolg ? " +in dem moment war es , als ob ein film@@ reg@@ is@@ se@@ ur einen bü@@ hn@@ en@@ wechsel ver@@ lan@@ gt hätte . +und wir bogen um die ecke und uns bot sich der unglaub@@ lich@@ ste an@@ blick , tausende und ab@@ er@@ tausende pin@@ ker fl@@ amin@@ gos , ein buchstäblich pin@@ ker te@@ pp@@ ich so weit das auge reicht . +" das ist erfolg " , sagte er . +" schau dir ihre b@@ äu@@ che an , p@@ ink . +sie schle@@ mmen . " +schle@@ mmen ? ich war völlig verwir@@ rt . +ich sagte : " mi@@ gu@@ el , schle@@ mmen sie nicht deinen fisch ? " +" ja " , sagte er . +" wir verlieren 20 prozent von unserem fisch und fisch@@ ei@@ ern an die vögel . +nun , letztes jahr waren auf diesem grund@@ stück 6@@ 0@@ 0.000 vögel , mehr als 250 unterschiedliche arten . +es ist heute das größte und eines der wichtigsten priv@@ aten vog@@ el@@ reser@@ v@@ ate in ganz europa geworden . +ich sagte : " mi@@ gu@@ el , ist ein gut ge@@ d@@ ei@@ hen@@ der vog@@ el@@ bestand nicht das letzte , das man auf einer fisch@@ aufzu@@ cht haben möchte ? " +er schü@@ tt@@ elte seinen kopf , nein . +er sagte : " wir bauen exten@@ si@@ v an , nicht intensi@@ v . +das hier ist ein ök@@ olog@@ isches netzwerk . +die fl@@ amin@@ gos fres@@ sen die gar@@ nel@@ en . +die gar@@ nel@@ en fres@@ sen den phy@@ top@@ lan@@ k@@ ton . +je pin@@ ker also der b@@ auch desto besser das system . " +okay , lassen sie uns das über@@ denken . eine farm , die ihre tiere nicht fü@@ tter@@ t und eine farm , die ihren erfolg an der gesundheit ihrer r@@ äu@@ ber mis@@ st . +eine fisch@@ aufzu@@ cht , aber auch ein vog@@ el@@ reser@@ v@@ at . +oh , und neben@@ bei sollten diese fl@@ amin@@ gos von vor@@ n@@ her@@ ein nicht einmal da sein . +sie brü@@ ten in einer stadt 2@@ 40 kilometer entfernt , wo die bo@@ den@@ besch@@ aff@@ enheit besser ist für den ne@@ st@@ bau . +jeden morgen fliegen sie 2@@ 40 kilometer zur farm . +und jeden abend fliegen sie 2@@ 40 kilometer zurück . +sie machen das , weil sie der ge@@ stri@@ ch@@ elten weißen linie der land@@ straße a@@ 9@@ 2 folgen können . +im ernst . +ich hatte mir eine art reise der pingu@@ ine vor@@ gestellt , also schaute ich mi@@ gu@@ el an . +ich sagte : " mi@@ gu@@ el , fliegen sie 2@@ 40 kilometer zu der farm und fliegen sie dann 2@@ 40 kilometer zurück am abend ? +machen sie das für die kinder ? " +er schaute mich an , als hätte ich gerade ein lied von whit@@ ney hou@@ ston zi@@ tiert . +er sagte : " nein . sie machen das , weil das essen besser ist . " +ich habe nicht die haut meines ge@@ lieb@@ ten fis@@ ches erwähnt , die kö@@ st@@ lich war , und ich mag keine fisch@@ haut . ich mag sie nicht sau@@ tiert . ich mag sie nicht kn@@ us@@ pri@@ g . +es ist dieser bei@@ ß@@ ende , ver@@ ko@@ hlte geschma@@ ck . +ich ko@@ che fast nie damit . +und doch , als ich sie in diesem restaurant in süd@@ sp@@ ani@@ en pro@@ biert habe hat sie überhaupt nicht nach fisch@@ haut gesch@@ me@@ ckt . +sie schme@@ ckte sü@@ ß und rein , als ob man einen bis@@ sen vom ozean nehmen würde . +ich erwä@@ hnte das gegenüber mi@@ gu@@ el und er ni@@ ckte . +er sagte : " die haut wirkt wie ein schw@@ am@@ m . +sie ist die letzte ab@@ we@@ hr , bevor etwas in den körper ein@@ tritt . +sie hat sich im laufe der evolution entwickelt , um un@@ rein@@ heiten auf@@ zus@@ augen . " +und dann fü@@ gte er hin@@ zu : " aber unser wasser hat keine un@@ rein@@ heiten . " +okay . eine farm , die ihre fische nicht fü@@ tter@@ t . eine farm , die ihren erfolg mis@@ st am erfolg ihrer r@@ äu@@ ber . +und dann wurde mir klar , wenn er sagt , eine farm , die keine un@@ rein@@ heiten hat , unter@@ treibt er gewal@@ tig , denn das wasser , das durch diese farm flie@@ ßt kommt aus dem fluss gu@@ ad@@ al@@ qui@@ vi@@ r her@@ ein . +es ist ein fluss , der all die dinge mit sich führt , von denen flüs@@ se heutzutage dazu nei@@ gen , sie mit sich zu führen , chem@@ ische sch@@ ad@@ stoffe , ab@@ fluss von sch@@ äd@@ l@@ ings@@ be@@ kämp@@ f@@ ungs@@ mitteln . +und wenn es sich durch das system ge@@ kämp@@ ft hat und dieses ver@@ lässt ist das wasser sau@@ ber@@ er , als wie es her@@ einge@@ kommen ist . +das system ist so gesund , es rein@@ i@@ gt das wasser . +also nicht nur eine farm , die ihre tiere nicht fü@@ tter@@ t , nicht nur eine farm , die ihren erfolg an der gesundheit ihrer r@@ äu@@ ber mis@@ st , sondern eine farm , die buchstäblich eine wasser@@ -@@ auf@@ berei@@ tungs@@ anlage ist , und nicht nur für diese fische , sondern auch für dich und mich . +denn wenn das wasser heraus@@ flie@@ ßt , ver@@ sin@@ kt es im atlan@@ tik . +ein tro@@ pfen im ozean , ich weiß , aber ich nehme ihn , und das sollten sie auch tun , denn diese lie@@ bes@@ geschichte , wie roman@@ tisch auch immer , ist auch auf@@ schluss@@ reich . +man könnte sagen , dass sie ein re@@ zept ist für die zukunft guter lebens@@ mittel , ob wir von bar@@ sch oder flei@@ sch@@ rin@@ dern sprechen . +was wir jetzt brauchen , ist ein radik@@ al neues konzept von landwirtschaft , von einer , in der lebens@@ mittel tatsächlich gut schme@@ cken . +aber für viele leute ist das ein bisschen zu radik@@ al . +wir sind keine reali@@ sten , wir genie@@ ß@@ er . wir sind lieb@@ hab@@ er . +wir lieben wo@@ chen@@ märkte . wir lieben kleine familien@@ be@@ trie@@ be . wir reden über regi@@ on@@ ale lebens@@ mittel . wir essen bi@@ o . +und wenn sie behaup@@ ten , dass das die dinge sind , die die zukunft guter lebens@@ mittel versi@@ chern steht jemand irgendwo auf und sagt : " hey leute , ich liebe pin@@ ke fl@@ amin@@ gos , aber wie werden sie die welt ernä@@ hren ? +wie werden sie die welt ernä@@ hren ? " +darf ich ehrlich sein ? +ich mag diese frage nicht . +nein , nicht , weil wir schon genug kal@@ orien produzieren , um die welt mehr als nur zu ernä@@ hren . +eine milliarde menschen werden heute hun@@ gern . +eine milliarde -- das ist mehr als je zuvor -- aufgrund kr@@ as@@ ser un@@ gleich@@ heiten in der verteilung , nicht der gesam@@ t@@ produktion . +nun , ich mag diese frage nicht , weil sie die logi@@ k unseres nahrungs@@ systems die letzten 50 jahre über bestimmt hat . +fü@@ tt@@ ere ge@@ trei@@ de an pflan@@ zen@@ fres@@ ser , sch@@ äd@@ l@@ ings@@ be@@ kämp@@ f@@ ungs@@ mittel an mon@@ o@@ kulturen , chemikalien an die erde , hü@@ hn@@ chen an fische , und die ganze zeit hat die a@@ gr@@ ar@@ industrie einfach gefragt : " wenn wir mehr leute billi@@ ger ernä@@ hren , wie schrecklich kann das schon sein ? " +das war der beweg@@ grund . es war die recht@@ ferti@@ gung . es war der geschä@@ ft@@ sp@@ lan der amerikanischen landwirtschaft . +wir sollten sie nennen , was sie ist , ein ge@@ wer@@ be in ab@@ wick@@ lung , ein ge@@ wer@@ be , das schnell ök@@ olog@@ isches kapital auff@@ ris@@ st , das genau diese produktion ermöglicht . +das ist kein ge@@ wer@@ be , und es ist nicht landwirtschaft . +unsere kor@@ n@@ kam@@ mer ist heute bedro@@ ht , nicht aufgrund ab@@ neh@@ men@@ der zu@@ fuhr , sondern aufgrund ab@@ neh@@ men@@ der ressourcen , +nicht durch die neu@@ e@@ sten mä@@ h@@ d@@ res@@ cher@@ - und tra@@ k@@ tor@@ -@@ erfin@@ dungen , sondern durch fru@@ cht@@ bares land , nicht durch pump@@ en , sondern durch fr@@ isches wasser , nicht durch ket@@ ten@@ sä@@ gen , sondern durch wäl@@ der , und nicht durch fis@@ cher@@ boo@@ te und ne@@ tze , sondern durch fische im meer . +sie wollen die welt ernä@@ hren ? +lassen sie uns anfangen mit der frage : wie werden wir uns selbst ernä@@ hren ? +oder besser , wie können wir bedingungen schaffen , die jede gemeinschaft be@@ fähi@@ gen , sich selbst zu ernä@@ hren ? +um das zu tun , schauen sie nicht auf das a@@ gr@@ ar@@ indu@@ st@@ rie@@ -@@ modell für die zukunft . +es ist wirklich alt , und es ist erle@@ digt . +kapital , chemie und maschinen stehen darin o@@ ben@@ an und es hat nie etwas wirklich gutes zum essen produziert . +schauen wir uns stattdessen das ök@@ ologische modell an . +das ist das , das auf zwei milliarden jahre arbeit@@ ser@@ fahr@@ ung zurück@@ grei@@ ft . +schauen sie sich mi@@ gu@@ el an , bauern wie mi@@ gu@@ el , +be@@ trie@@ be , die nicht wel@@ ten für sich sind , be@@ trie@@ be , die wieder@@ herstellen anstatt aufzu@@ brauchen , be@@ trie@@ be , die exten@@ si@@ v an@@ bauen anstatt nur intensi@@ v , bauern , die nicht nur er@@ zeu@@ ger sind , sondern experten für beziehungen , +denn sie sind diejenigen , die auch experten für geschma@@ ck sind . +und wenn ich wirklich ehrlich bin sind sie ein besser@@ er ko@@ ch als ich es je sein werde . +wissen sie , das ist mir recht , denn wenn das die zukunft guter lebens@@ mittel ist , wird sie kö@@ st@@ lich sein . +danke . +falls ich ihnen heute eine sache näher@@ bringen möchte ist es , dass die gesam@@ theit der daten , die wir konsu@@ mieren , größer ist als die sum@@ me ihrer einzel@@ teile und anstatt dabei an informa@@ tions@@ über@@ la@@ dung zu denken möchte ich , dass sie darüber nachdenken wie wir information so nutzen können , dass sich muster er@@ geben und wir so trends erkennen , die an@@ son@@ sten nicht sicht@@ bar geworden wären . +so , was wir hier sehen ist ein typ@@ isches ster@@ be@@ diagramm nach alter ange@@ ord@@ net . +das programm , das ich hier benu@@ tze , ist ein kleines experiment . +es heißt pi@@ vo@@ t und was ich mit pi@@ vo@@ t machen kann ist , dass ich nach einer bestimmten todes@@ ur@@ sache fil@@ tern kann , sagen wir un@@ fälle . +und sofort sehe ich ein anderes muster , das sich er@@ gibt . +und zwar , weil im mittel@@ bereich hier die menschen am ak@@ tiv@@ sten sind und sie hier drüben am geb@@ rech@@ lichsten sind . +wir können einen schritt weiter raus@@ gehen und ord@@ nen die daten dann neu und sehen , dass krei@@ s@@ lauf@@ erkrank@@ ungen und krebs die üb@@ lichen ver@@ däch@@ tigen sind , jedoch nicht für jeden . +wenn wir nun weiter@@ gehen und nach alter sor@@ tieren , sagen wir 40 jahre oder jün@@ ger sehen wir , dass un@@ fälle sogar die haup@@ tur@@ sache ist über die sich die menschen sorgen machen sollten . +und wer weiter@@ forsch@@ t sieht , dass ist dies besonders bei männern zu@@ trifft . +sie erkennen also , dass das ansehen von informationen und daten in dieser weise sehr an schwimmen in einer leben@@ digen informa@@ tions@@ grafik erinnert . +und wenn wir dies für roh@@ daten machen können warum nicht auch für in@@ halte selbst ? +was wir nun hier haben sind die ti@@ tel@@ bilder jeder einzelnen " spor@@ ts illu@@ strated " , die jemals ge@@ dru@@ ckt wurden . +es ist alles hier . es ist alles online . +sie können es gerne nach meinem vortrag in ihren z@@ imm@@ ern testen . +mit pi@@ vo@@ t können sie ein@@ tauchen in ein jahrzehnt . +sie können ein@@ tauchen in ein bestimm@@ tes jahr . +sie können direkt zu einer bestimmten aus@@ gabe springen . +wenn ich nun hier schaue , sehe ich die ath@@ le@@ ten , die in dieser aus@@ gabe erscheinen und die s@@ port@@ arten . +ich bin ein lan@@ ce arm@@ strong fan , also kli@@ cke ich hier@@ hin wo@@ durch sich mir alle aus@@ gaben zeigen in denen lan@@ ce arm@@ strong erwähnt wird . +jetzt , wenn ich nur einen grö@@ b@@ eren über@@ blick bekommen möchte , könnte ich denken " ok , was wenn ich mir alles mit dem thema fahr@@ rad@@ fahren an@@ sehe ? " +also gehe ich einen schritt zurück und er@@ weitere die sicht@@ weise . +nun sehe ich gre@@ g le@@ mond . +und so bekommt man eine idee davon , dass wenn man auf diese art informationen durch@@ sucht , ge@@ ziel@@ ter , brei@@ ter , rein@@ zo@@ omen , raus@@ zo@@ omen , dann sucht man nicht oder sur@@ ft nicht einfach nur . +man macht etwas , das eigentlich ein wenig anders ist . +es ist etwas da@@ zwischen und wir denken es ändert die art und weise wie informationen genutzt werden können . +ich möchte diese idee nun ein bisschen weiter aus@@ führen mit etwa was ein bisschen verrückt ist . +was wir hier gemacht haben ist , wir haben jede einzelne wiki@@ pe@@ di@@ as@@ ei@@ te genommen und sie auf eine kleine zusammen@@ fassung redu@@ ziert . +die zusammen@@ fassung enth@@ ält eine kurze über@@ sicht und ein symbol für den bereich aus dem sie kommt . +ich zeige nur mal die top 500 der popul@@ är@@ sten wiki@@ pe@@ di@@ as@@ ei@@ ten . +aber sogar in dieser ein@@ gesch@@ rän@@ kten ansicht können wir eine menge dinge tun . +sofort bekommen wir einen eindruck über die themen , die auf wikipedia am popul@@ är@@ sten sind . +ich werde nun das thema ' regierung ' wählen . +nun , nachdem ich ' regierung ' gewä@@ hlt habe erken@@ ne ich , dass die wiki@@ pe@@ di@@ ak@@ at@@ eg@@ orien , die sich am meisten damit decken time maga@@ zin@@ es " menschen des jahres " sind . +dies ist wirklich wichtig , da dies eine erkenntnis ist , die nicht in einer einzelnen wiki@@ pe@@ di@@ as@@ ei@@ te steckt . +das ist nur zu erkennen wenn man einen schritt zurück@@ geht und das ganze betrachtet . +schau@@ end auf eine bestimmte dieser zusammen@@ fas@@ sungen kann ich dann in das thema time maga@@ zin@@ es " menschen des jahres " hinein gehen , und alle zusammen sehen . +wenn ich nun all diese personen betra@@ chte erken@@ ne ich , dass die mehr@@ heit davon regi@@ erungs@@ be@@ am@@ te sind . manche kommen aus der wissenschaft . manche , noch weniger , kommen aus der wirtschaft . hier ist mein che@@ f . und einer kommt aus dem musik@@ bereich . +und interessan@@ ter@@ weise ist bon@@ o auch ein ted prize gewinn@@ er . +so können wir nun springen und einen blick auf alle ted prize gewinn@@ er werfen . +man sieht , wir sur@@ fen im netz das erste mal als ob es auch wirklich ein netz ist , nicht nur von seite zu seite , sondern viel abstra@@ k@@ ter . +und so möchte ich ihnen was anderes zeigen was eine kleine überrasch@@ ung sein könnte . +ich zeige ihnen hier einfach nur die new york times website . +pi@@ vo@@ t , diese anwendung -- ich möchte es nicht einen brow@@ ser nennen ; es ist wirklich kein brow@@ ser , aber man kann web@@ seiten damit ansehen -- und wir bringen diese zo@@ om@@ -@@ technologie zu jeder einzelnen webseite wie dieser . +ich kann also einen schritt zurück@@ gehen , und direkt zu einer spezi@@ fischen se@@ ktion springen . +das ist deshalb wichtig , weil man nur durch das anschauen von web@@ seiten in dieser art und weise , den ganzen internet@@ -@@ verl@@ auf auf die gleiche art und weise betrachten kann . +ich kann also in meinen verl@@ auf hinein@@ zo@@ omen in einem bestimmten zei@@ tra@@ hmen . +hier ist der stand der gesamten demon@@ stration , die ich bis hier@@ hin gehalten habe . +und ich kann sozusagen alles , was ich heute bisher angesehen habe , wieder zurück@@ holen . +und , wenn ich wieder einen schritt r@@ ausge@@ he und auf alles schaue , kann ich meinen verl@@ auf neu an@@ ord@@ nen vielleicht nach meiner su@@ ch@@ -@@ vergangenheit . hier , habe ich nach ' ne@@ po@@ ti@@ stisch ' ges@@ u@@ cht , hier nach bing , oder hier nach live lab@@ s pi@@ vo@@ t . +und von hier kann ich in die seite hinein@@ gehen und sie wieder auf@@ rufen . +es ist eine metapher , die immer wieder verwendet wird , und jedes mal macht es das gesam@@ t@@ bild größer als die sum@@ me der dat@@ ent@@ ei@@ le . +im moment , in dieser welt , denken wir , dass daten ein flu@@ ch sind . +wir reden von dem flu@@ ch des informa@@ tions@@ über@@ fl@@ us@@ ses . +wir reden vom " er@@ trinken in informationen " . +was , wenn wir diese situation um@@ drehen könnten und das internet auf den kopf stellen , so dass wir anstatt immer von einem zum anderen zu gehen , beginnen von vielen dingen zu vielen dingen gehen zu können , und dadurch muster erkennen , welche an@@ son@@ sten ver@@ bor@@ gen geb@@ lieben wären ? +falls wir dies tun können , dann wird diese bis@@ her@@ ige daten@@ f@@ alle , vielleicht eine neue quelle sinn@@ voller informationen . +und , anstatt sich einfach nur in informationen zu bewegen , können wir wissen daraus bekommen . +und wenn wir wissen erfahren , dann können wir vielleicht sogar wei@@ sh@@ ei@@ ten daraus ziehen . +damit höre ich auf , vielen dank . +ich wuchs mit einer ge@@ hö@@ ri@@ gen por@@ tion science fi@@ ction auf . +in meiner schul@@ zeit fuhr ich mit dem bus zur schule , jeden tag eine stunde pro st@@ rec@@ ke . +und meine n@@ ase ste@@ ckte immer in einem buch , einem sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fic@@ tion@@ -@@ buch , das meine gedanken in andere wel@@ ten ent@@ führte und auf erzähl@@ er@@ ische weise meine tief in mir sitz@@ ende , uner@@ sä@@ tt@@ liche neugi@@ er be@@ frie@@ di@@ gte . +diese neugi@@ er zeigte sich auch darin , dass ich immer , wenn ich nicht in der schule war , durch die wäl@@ der stre@@ un@@ te , wander@@ te und " proben " sam@@ mel@@ te , fr@@ ö@@ sche und sch@@ langen und k@@ äf@@ er und tei@@ ch@@ wasser , alles nach hause brachte und unter dem mikrosk@@ op betra@@ chtete . +ich war total wissen@@ schafts@@ begeistert , wissen sie . +es ging dabei immer um den versuch , die welt zu verstehen und die grenzen des möglichen auszu@@ l@@ oten . +und meine liebe zu science fi@@ ction schien sich in meiner umgebung wider@@ zus@@ pie@@ geln , denn damals , in den spä@@ ten 6@@ 0ern , flo@@ gen wir zum mond und erforsch@@ ten die tief@@ see . +jac@@ ques cou@@ ste@@ au kam in unsere wohn@@ zimmer mit seinen faszinier@@ enden sen@@ dungen , die uns tiere und orte und eine welt voller wunder zeigten , die wir uns vorher nie hätten vorstellen können . +das hat dann wohl ganz gut zu jen@@ er sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fic@@ tion@@ -@@ rolle ge@@ passt . +und ich war künstler . +ich konnte zeichnen . ich konnte malen . +und da es weder video@@ spiele noch diese über@@ sä@@ t@@ tigung mit computer@@ gener@@ ierten fil@@ men noch die ganze bild@@ sprache in der medien@@ landschaft gab , musste ich die bilder in meinem kopf erschaffen . +das mussten wir damals alle . wenn wir als kinder ein buch las@@ en , nahmen wir die beschrei@@ bung des au@@ tors und pro@@ ji@@ zierten sie auf die l@@ ein@@ wand in unseren kö@@ pfen . +meine reaktion darauf war das zeichnen und malen von außer@@ ir@@ dischen , außer@@ ir@@ dischen wel@@ ten , robot@@ ern , raum@@ schi@@ ffen und all so was . +im mathe@@ unterricht wurde ich ständig vom lehrer er@@ wi@@ scht , wie ich , hinter@@ m lehr@@ buch verste@@ ckt , herum@@ mal@@ te . +die kreativität musste halt irgendwie raus . +und dabei geschah etwas interessan@@ tes . was mich nämlich an jac@@ ques cou@@ ste@@ aus sen@@ dungen fasz@@ ini@@ erte , war der gedanke an eine uns völlig un@@ bekannte welt hier auf unserer erde selbst . +sicherlich würde ich ja niemals eine außer@@ ir@@ dische welt mit einem raum@@ schiff erreichen . das schien mir ziemlich un@@ wahrscheinlich . +aber hier war eine welt , die ich tatsächlich be@@ treten konnte , hier auf der erde , und sie war genauso faszinier@@ end und ex@@ o@@ tisch wie all das , was ich mir immer vor@@ gestellt hatte , als ich diese bücher gelesen hatte . +also beschloss ich , als ich 15 war , tau@@ cher zu werden . +das einzige problem dabei war , dass ich in einem kleinen dorf in kanada lebte , 1 000 km vom nächsten ozean entfernt . +davon ließ ich mich aber nicht ent@@ mu@@ tigen . +ich nerv@@ te meinen vater , bis er endlich eine tau@@ ch@@ schule in bu@@ ff@@ al@@ o , new york , aus@@ fin@@ dig gemacht hatte , genau auf der anderen seite der grenze , wo wir lebten . +ich machte meinen tau@@ ch@@ sch@@ ein in einem pool der y@@ m@@ ca mitten im winter in bu@@ ff@@ al@@ o , new york . +den ozean aber , einen echten ozean , bekam ich erst zwei jahre später zu gesicht , als wir nach kalifornien zogen . +seitdem , in den 40 jahren , die in@@ zwischen ver@@ stri@@ chen sind , habe ich ungefähr 3 000 stunden unter wasser verbracht . 500 stunden davon in tau@@ ch@@ bo@@ oten . +und ich habe gelernt , dass die welt der tief@@ see , selbst in den fla@@ ch@@ eren ozean@@ en , so reich an faszinier@@ en@@ dem leben ist , wie wir es uns wirklich kaum vorstellen können . +die ph@@ ant@@ as@@ ie der natur kennt keine grenzen , ganz im gegensatz zu unserer eigenen , kl@@ ä@@ glichen menschlichen vorstell@@ ungskraft . +bis zum heutigen tage emp@@ finde ich tief@@ ste ehr@@ fur@@ cht für das , was ich auf meinen tau@@ ch@@ gän@@ gen sehe . +und meine liebe zum ozean hält an , mit der@@ selben intensi@@ tät wie e@@ h und je . +als ich mir dann als erwachsen@@ er einen beru@@ f aus@@ su@@ chte , war es das fil@@ me@@ machen . +das schien die beste möglichkeit , meinen inneren dr@@ ang , geschichten zu erzählen , mit meinem bedürf@@ nis , bilder zu erschaffen , zu ver@@ einen . +als kind zeich@@ nete ich ständig com@@ ic@@ bücher und so . +also waren filme der weg , bilder und geschichten zusammenzu@@ führen . das pas@@ ste zusammen . +natürlich waren die geschichten , die ich mir aus@@ su@@ chte , aus dem sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fic@@ tion@@ -@@ bereich : " ter@@ min@@ ator " , " ali@@ ens " , und " ab@@ y@@ ss " . +bei " ab@@ y@@ ss " konnte ich meine vor@@ liebe für die unter@@ wasser@@ welt und das tauchen mit dem fil@@ me@@ machen verbinden . +also ver@@ flo@@ chten sich quasi meine beiden leiden@@ schaften . +etwas interessan@@ tes passierte bei " ab@@ y@@ ss " : um ein erzähl@@ er@@ isches problem in diesem film zu lösen - und zwar mussten wir so eine art flüs@@ si@@ ges wasser@@ wesen erschaffen - , gri@@ ffen wir auf computer@@ gener@@ ierte anima@@ tion , c@@ g , zurück . +was dabei heraus@@ kam , war die erste computer@@ gener@@ ierte soft@@ -@@ sur@@ fac@@ e-@@ figu@@ r , die je in einem film zu sehen war . +der film brachte zwar kein geld ein , genau gesagt spielte er gerade mal seine produk@@ tion@@ sk@@ osten ein , doch bemer@@ kte ich etwas faszinier@@ endes : das publikum auf der ganzen welt war wie h@@ yp@@ no@@ ti@@ siert vom zau@@ ber , der davon aus@@ ging . +laut ar@@ th@@ ur c@@ lar@@ ke ' s gesetz sind bekann@@ tlich fort@@ gesch@@ ri@@ tt@@ liche technologie und zauber@@ ei nicht mehr von@@ einander zu unterscheiden . +sie sahen also etwas mag@@ isches . +und das fand ich unge@@ heu@@ er span@@ n@@ end . +und ich dachte mir : " wow , das muss unbedingt in die film@@ kunst ein@@ be@@ zogen werden . " +also gingen wir in " ter@@ min@@ ator 2 " , meinem nächsten film , noch viel weiter . +zusammen mit il@@ m er@@ schu@@ fen wir dort den typen aus flüs@@ si@@ gem met@@ all . der erfolg hing ganz davon ab , wie dieser effekt an@@ kommen würde . +und es funktion@@ ierte . wieder hatten wir etwas mag@@ isches geschaffen . und die wirkung im publikum war dieselbe . allerdings haben wir mit dem film schon ein bisschen mehr geld ein@@ gespielt . +von diesen beiden erfahrungen ausge@@ h@@ end , war eine ganz neue welt erreicht , eine ganz neue welt der kreativität für film@@ schaff@@ ende . +also grün@@ dete ich eine firma , zusammen mit meinem guten freund stan win@@ ston , der zu jen@@ er zeit der beste ma@@ ke@@ -@@ up@@ - und cre@@ at@@ u@@ re-@@ designer war . sie hie@@ ß " digital do@@ main " . +die gr@@ un@@ di@@ de@@ e dieser firma war es , die phase analog@@ er proz@@ esse mit op@@ tischen druck@@ ern et@@ c. zu über@@ springen und gleich mit digitalen produk@@ tionen zu beginnen . +das taten wir dann auch und ver@@ schaff@@ ten uns so eine zeit@@ lang einen wettbewer@@ bs@@ vorteil . +aber mitte der 9@@ 0er jahre mer@@ kten wir doch , dass wir im cre@@ at@@ u@@ re@@ - und charac@@ ter-@@ design - wofür wir die firma ja eigentlich gegründet hatten - zu langsam vor@@ an@@ kamen . +ich hatte dieses stück " a@@ vat@@ ar " geschrieben , das die mess@@ lat@@ te in sachen visu@@ eller effe@@ kte und computer@@ gener@@ ier@@ ter effe@@ kte in ganz neue hö@@ hen schie@@ ben sollte , mit reali@@ stischen menschlichen , aus@@ druck@@ s@@ vollen charak@@ teren , die mittel@@ s c@@ g hergestellt worden waren . und die haupt@@ fig@@ uren sollten alle c@@ g sein . und die welt sollte c@@ g sein . +aber die mess@@ lat@@ te drück@@ te ganz schön zurück . und die leute in meiner firma sagten mir , dass wir vor@@ läu@@ fi@@ g noch nicht in der lage seien , das zu schaffen . +also ver@@ scho@@ b ich das und machte diesen anderen film über das große schiff , das unter@@ geht . +dem film@@ studio habe ich das als " ro@@ me@@ o und juli@@ a auf einem schiff " verkauft . es wurde ein lie@@ bes@@ film ep@@ ischen aus@@ maß@@ es , ein leiden@@ schaft@@ licher film . +ins@@ gehei@@ m aber wollte ich eigentlich zum echten wra@@ ck der ti@@ tan@@ ic hin@@ ab@@ tauchen . +darum habe ich den film gemacht . +das ist die wahrheit . das studio wusste das aber nicht . +ich habe sie aber überzeugt , indem ich sagte : " wir tauchen zu dem wra@@ ck . wir fil@@ men das echte wra@@ ck . +wir werden es in der er@@ öff@@ nungs@@ sequenz des films zeigen . +das ist unge@@ heu@@ er wichtig . es ist ein guter auf@@ hän@@ ger für@@ s marketing . " +und ich über@@ re@@ dete sie , eine expedi@@ tion zu finan@@ zieren . +klingt verrückt . aber das geht wieder darauf zurück , dass die eigene vorstell@@ ungskraft eine realität schaffen kann . +wir schu@@ fen dann tatsächlich sechs monate später eine realität , in der ich mich in einem rus@@ sischen tau@@ ch@@ boot wieder@@ fand , vier kilometer unter der oberfläche des nor@@ dat@@ lan@@ tik , und mir die echte ti@@ tan@@ ic durch ein bu@@ ll@@ auge an@@ schaute . +das war kein film , kein h@@ d , das war echt . +also , das hat mich wirklich um@@ geh@@ auen . +und die vorberei@@ tungen dazu waren enor@@ m . wir mussten k@@ ameras und schein@@ wer@@ fer und alles mögliche bauen . +und mir fiel auf , wie sehr diese tief@@ se@@ et@@ au@@ ch@@ gän@@ ge , einer wel@@ trau@@ m@@ mission ähn@@ elten . +na ja , sie waren auch hoch@@ techn@@ isch und be@@ dur@@ ften um@@ fan@@ grei@@ cher plan@@ ung . +man steigt in diese kap@@ sel , dann schwe@@ bt man in diese dunkle , fein@@ d@@ se@@ lige umgebung hin@@ unter , wo keine hoffnung auf rett@@ ung besteht , wenn man es nicht selbst zurück schafft . +und ich dachte mir , " wow , das ist genauso , als wäre ich in einem sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fic@@ tion@@ -@@ film . +das ist echt cool . " +ich war regel@@ recht bes@@ essen vom erforschen der tief@@ see . +jedenfalls von dem teil , der mit neugi@@ er und wissenschaft zu tun hat . es war alles . es war ab@@ ent@@ euer , es war neugi@@ er . es war vorstell@@ ungskraft . +und es war eine erfahrung , die mir hollywood nicht geben konnte . +denn , wissen sie , ich konnte mir ein wesen vorstellen , für das wir dann einen visu@@ ellen effekt gestalten konnten . aber ich konnte mir nicht das vorstellen , was ich außerhalb des fen@@ sters sehen würde . +bei einigen der fol@@ genden expedi@@ tionen habe ich wesen in ther@@ mal@@ quellen gesehen , und manchmal dinge , die ich noch nie vorher gesehen hatte , manchmal auch dinge , die überhaupt noch niemand zuvor gesehen hatte und für die die wissenschaft zum zeitpunkt , als wir sie sahen , noch gar keine worte gefunden hatte . +das hat mich also richtig umge@@ worfen , und ich wollte mehr . +und so traf ich dann eine etwas ungewöhn@@ liche entscheidung . +nach dem erfolg von " ti@@ tan@@ ic " sagte ich mir , " okay , ich will meinen haupt@@ beru@@ f als fil@@ me@@ macher in hollywood auf eis legen und werde für eine weile voll@@ zeit@@ -@@ forscher . " +und dann begannen wir , wir tau@@ chten zur " bis@@ mar@@ ck " , und erforsch@@ ten sie mit robot@@ erfahr@@ zeugen . +wir kehr@@ ten zum wra@@ ck der ti@@ tan@@ ic zurück . +wir nahmen kleine roboter , die wir gebaut hatten , die ein fi@@ ber@@ glas@@ kab@@ el ab@@ wick@@ elten . +unsere absicht war , hin@@ einzu@@ tauchen und sich das innere des schi@@ ff@@ s anzu@@ sehen , was nie zuvor getan worden war . +niemand hatte je das innere des wra@@ cks er@@ kun@@ det . man hatte noch keine mittel dafür . also entwickelten wir die nö@@ tige technologie . +na und da si@@ tze ich nun , auf dem de@@ ck der ti@@ tan@@ ic , in einem tau@@ ch@@ boot , und sehe plan@@ ken , die diesen bre@@ ttern hier ziemlich ähn@@ eln und von denen ich weiß , dass ein@@ st die band dort gespielt hat . +und ich flie@@ ge mit einem kleinen robot@@ erfahr@@ zeug durch die gän@@ ge des schi@@ ff@@ s . +ich be@@ di@@ ene es zwar eigentlich nur , aber mein bewusstsein ist innerhalb des fahr@@ zeu@@ gs . +es fühlte sich an , als wäre ich körper@@ lich innerhalb des schi@@ ff@@ s@@ wra@@ cks der ti@@ tan@@ ic an@@ wes@@ end . +das war die sur@@ real@@ ste form eines d@@ é@@ j@@ à@@ -@@ v@@ u , die ich je erlebt habe . denn bevor ich jewei@@ ls um eine ecke bo@@ g , wusste ich immer schon , was gleich im licht@@ ke@@ gel des fahr@@ zeu@@ gs auf@@ tauchen würde , da ich mon@@ at@@ el@@ ang über@@ s film@@ set gel@@ aufen war , als wir den film dre@@ h@@ ten . +das set war nämlich eine genau@@ e kop@@ ie der bau@@ pl@@ äne des schi@@ ff@@ s . +das war also eine hö@@ chst merk@@ wür@@ dige erfahrung . +sie machte mir dieses tele@@ präsen@@ z@@ -@@ erleb@@ nis bewusst , dass man solch robot@@ er@@ hafte a@@ vat@@ are verwenden und so das eigene bewusstsein in das fahr@@ zeug , in diese andere form der exi@@ stenz ver@@ legen kann . +es war wirklich unge@@ heu@@ er tief@@ greif@@ end +und vielleicht auch ein kleiner aus@@ blick auf das , was vielleicht in einigen jahrzehn@@ ten passieren könnte , wenn man cy@@ bor@@ g-@@ körper hat , um etwas zu erforschen oder andere dinge zu tun , in allen möglichen post-@@ human@@ en zu@@ kun@@ f@@ ts@@ zen@@ ari@@ os , die ich mir als sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fic@@ tion@@ -@@ fan vorstellen kann . +nach diesen expedi@@ tionen begannen wir das , was wir da unten gesehen hatten , wirklich schätzen zu lernen , zum beispiel diese tief@@ se@@ equ@@ ellen , wo wir diese unglaublich verblüff@@ enden tiere sahen . das sind quasi außer@@ ir@@ dische , aber hier auf er@@ den . +sie leben mit hilfe von che@@ mo@@ syn@@ these . +sie existieren nicht in einem auf sonnen@@ licht bas@@ ierten system , wie wir das tun . +und so sieht man tiere , die direkt neben einer 500 grad cel@@ si@@ us heißen dass sie dort überleben können . +zur selben zeit interessi@@ erte ich mich außerdem sehr für wel@@ trau@@ m@@ wissenschaft , das war wieder der sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fic@@ tion@@ -@@ einfluss aus meiner kindheit . +und so lan@@ dete ich bei den leuten , die sich für den wel@@ traum interessieren und die mit der nasa zu tun haben und im nas@@ a-@@ sach@@ verstän@@ di@@ gen@@ rat sitzen und richtige wel@@ trau@@ m@@ mis@@ sionen plan@@ en . sie fahren nach rus@@ s@@ land , durch@@ laufen vor der mission das bi@@ ome@@ di@@ zin@@ ische proto@@ kol@@ l sam@@ t allem dr@@ um und dran , fliegen dann zur internationalen wel@@ trau@@ m@@ station und nehmen unsere 3@@ d-@@ k@@ amer@@ as@@ y@@ ste@@ me mit . +das war faszinier@@ end . +aber am ende lief es darauf hinaus , dass ich wel@@ trau@@ m@@ wissenschaftler mit uns in die tief@@ see nahm . +ich nahm sie mit und ver@@ schaf@@ tte ihnen zugang zu der welt da unten : astro@@ bi@@ ologen , planet@@ en@@ wissenschaftler , leute , die sich für solche extre@@ men situationen interessi@@ erten . ich nahm sie zu den quellen mit , damit sie sich um@@ schauen , proben nehmen und instru@@ mente testen konnten und so weiter . +wir dre@@ h@@ ten zwar dok@@ um@@ ent@@ ar@@ filme , be@@ trieben aber eigentlich wissenschaft , genauer gesagt : wel@@ trau@@ m@@ wissenschaft . +so sch@@ loss sich der kreis zwischen meiner exi@@ stenz als sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fic@@ tion@@ -@@ fan , damals als kind , und der um@@ setzung in die realität . +im laufe dieser entdeck@@ ungs@@ reise habe ich eine menge gelernt . +ich habe eine menge über wissenschaft gelernt . aber ich jetzt denken sie sicherlich , ein reg@@ is@@ se@@ ur muss auch führen können , ein führer sein wie ein schi@@ ff@@ sk@@ ap@@ itä@@ n oder so . +ich verstand aber nicht viel von führung , bevor ich diese expedi@@ tionen an@@ tr@@ at . +denn an einem bestimmten punkt musste ich mir sagen : " was mache ich eigentlich hier ? +wieso mache ich das ? was kommt dabei heraus ? " +diese bl@@ ö@@ den filme bringen uns kein geld ein . +wir spielen mal gerade die produk@@ tion@@ sk@@ osten ein . von ru@@ h@@ m keine sp@@ ur . +alle denken , ich sei zwischen " ti@@ tan@@ ic " und " a@@ vat@@ ar " da@@ von@@ gel@@ aufen und hätte mir irgendwo die nä@@ gel auf einem hand@@ tu@@ ch am strand ge@@ fei@@ lt . +ich habe alle diese filme , diese dok@@ um@@ ent@@ ar@@ filme , für ein sehr kleines publikum gemacht . +kein ru@@ h@@ m , keine ehr@@ e , kein geld . was mach@@ st du nur ? +du mach@@ st es um der aufgabe willen , um der herausforderung willen - und der ozean ist die herausforder@@ n@@ d@@ ste umgebung , die es gibt . du mach@@ st es des entdeck@@ er@@ rau@@ sches wegen , und wegen der selts@@ am@@ en verbindung , die entsteht , wenn eine kleine gruppe von leuten ein team bildet . +denn wir haben all dies mit nur 10 bis 12 leuten gemacht , die jahr@@ el@@ ang un@@ unter@@ bro@@ chen zusammen@@ gearbeitet haben . manchmal waren wir 2 bis 3 monate hinter@@ einander auf see . +und in dieser gemeinschaft erkennt man , dass die wichtigste sache die a@@ chtung ist , die man vor einander hat , weil man eine aufgabe be@@ wäl@@ tigt hat , die man k@@ einem anderem erklären kann . +wenn man an land zurück@@ kehrt und sich sagt , " wir mussten es tun , das fi@@ ber@@ glas , die sch@@ all@@ schwä@@ chung , und das ganz dru@@ m@@ herum , die ganze technik , und die schwierigkeiten , das menschliche leistungs@@ vermögen , wenn man auf see arbeitet " , dann kann man das anderen einfach nicht erklären . das ist wie bei poli@@ zi@@ sten oder bei soldaten , die etwas gemeinsam durch@@ gemacht haben und wissen , dass sie es nie jemanden erklären können . +da entsteht eine verbindung , ein gegensei@@ tiger respe@@ kt . +als ich also zurück@@ kam , um meinen nächsten film " a@@ vat@@ ar " zu drehen , versuchte ich den@@ selben führ@@ ungs@@ stil anzu@@ wenden , nämlich dass man sein team respe@@ kti@@ ert und sich im gegen@@ zug dessen respe@@ kt verdi@@ ent . +dadurch wurde die dynam@@ ik wirklich verändert . +da stand ich also wieder mit einem kleinen team auf un@@ bekann@@ tem ter@@ rain . wir dre@@ h@@ ten " a@@ vat@@ ar " mit einer neuen technik , die es vorher noch nicht gab . +unge@@ heu@@ er aufregend . +eine unge@@ he@@ ure herausforderung . +und wir wurden für einen zei@@ traum von vier@@ einhalb jahren zu einer richtigen familie . +dadurch veränderte sich meine art , filme zu machen , komplett . +es gab leute , die mein@@ ten , wir hätten diese ozean@@ wesen ja wirklich gut nach@@ gemacht und auf den planeten p@@ and@@ or@@ a transpor@@ tiert . +für mich war es mehr eine prinzipi@@ elle art , meinen job zu tun , der eigent@@ liche prozess , der sich im ergebnis geändert hat . +was können wir also aus all dem schließen ? +welche le@@ ktionen haben wir gelernt ? +ich glaube , an erster stelle steht die neugi@@ er . +es ist die mäch@@ ti@@ gste menschliche eigen@@ schaft . +unsere vorstell@@ ungskraft ist eine kraft , die sogar eine realität schaffen kann . +und die a@@ chtung d@@ eines teams ist wichtiger als aller l@@ or@@ be@@ er dieser welt . +zu mir kommen junge fil@@ me@@ macher , die sagen : " geben sie mir einen rat , wie ich so etwas machen kann . " +und ich sage : " schrän@@ ke dich nicht selbst ein . +das besor@@ gen schon andere für dich . tu es nicht dir selbst an , we@@ tte nicht gegen sich selbst . sondern ni@@ mm risiken auf dich . " +die nasa hat so einen lieblings@@ satz : " schei@@ tern ist keine alternative . " +aber in der kunst und beim erforschen muss schei@@ tern eine alternative sein , denn dort gar@@ anti@@ ert es einen vertrau@@ ens@@ vor@@ sch@@ uss . +kein wichti@@ ges unter@@ fangen , das innovation ver@@ lan@@ gte , wurde je ohne risiko ange@@ gangen . +man muss bereit sein , solche risiken auf sich zu nehmen . +das ist der gedanke , den ich ihnen gern mit auf den weg geben möchte . schei@@ tern ist durch@@ aus eine alternative , angst aber ist keine . danke . +heute spreche ich zu ihnen über energie und kli@@ ma . +und das überrascht vielleicht etwas , weil sich meine voll@@ zeit@@ beschäf@@ tigung bei der stif@@ tung hauptsächlich um impf@@ stoffe und sa@@ at@@ gut dreht , um die dinge , die wir erfinden und liefern müssen um den ärm@@ sten 2 milliarden ein besser@@ es leben zu ermöglichen . +aber energie und kli@@ ma sind extrem wichtig für diese menschen , genau genommen sogar wichtiger als für jeden anderen auf dem planeten . +klima@@ ver@@ schle@@ chter@@ ung bedeutet , dass deren sa@@ aten über viele jahre nicht wachsen werden . es wir zu viel oder zu wenig reg@@ nen . die dinge werden sich so ändern , wie es ihre fra@@ gi@@ le umwelt nicht aus@@ halten kann . +das führt zu hun@@ ger@@ sterben . es führt zu un@@ sicherheit . es führt zu un@@ ru@@ hen . +also , wird eine klima@@ veränderung furcht@@ bar für sie werden . +außerdem ist der energi@@ ep@@ rei@@ s für sie sehr wichtig . +tatsache ist , dass , wenn sie nur von einer sache den preis verring@@ ern könnten , zur ar@@ mu@@ ts@@ verring@@ erung wäre energie bei wei@@ tem am effe@@ kti@@ v@@ sten . +nun , der energi@@ ep@@ rei@@ s ist über die zeit gefallen . +tatsächlich basiert die fort@@ schritt@@ s@@ gesellschaft auf energie@@ fort@@ schri@@ tten . +die ko@@ hl@@ er@@ evolution trieb die industri@@ elle revolution an und selbst im 20. jahrhundert gab es einen rapi@@ den fall im elektri@@ z@@ itä@@ t@@ sp@@ rei@@ s und deshalb haben wir kühl@@ schrän@@ ke , klima@@ an@@ lagen , wir können moderne materialien herstellen und so viele dinge tun . +wir befinden uns also in einer wunder@@ baren situation mit strom in der reichen welt . +aber , wenn wir den preis verring@@ ern -- lassen wir uns den preis hal@@ bieren -- treffen wir auf eine neue barri@@ ere und diese barri@@ ere hängt mit co2 zusammen . +co2 er@@ wär@@ mt den planeten und die gleich@@ ung für co2 ist eigentlich ziemlich klar . +sie sum@@ mieren das ausge@@ sto@@ ß@@ ene co2 , welches zur temper@@ atur@@ erhö@@ hung führt und diese temper@@ atur@@ erhö@@ hung hat einige sehr negative folgen . effe@@ kte auf das we@@ tter und vielleicht schlimmer , die indi@@ re@@ kte folge , dass die natürlichen öko@@ systeme sich solch rapi@@ den veränderungen nicht an@@ passen können und somit ganze systeme zusammen@@ fallen . +nun , der ex@@ ak@@ te zusammenhang zwischen einem co@@ 2-@@ an@@ stieg und der dadurch resul@@ tier@@ ende temper@@ atur@@ veränderung und wo deren weitere folgen liegen , da gibt es einige un@@ klar@@ heiten , aber nicht sehr viele . +und es gibt sicher un@@ klar@@ heit darüber , wie schli@@ mm diese folgen werden . aber sie werden extrem schli@@ mm sein ! +ich habe die top@@ -@@ wissenschaftler mehr@@ mals gefragt : " müssen wir wirklich runter auf nahe null kommen ? +reicht nicht die hälfte oder ein viertel ? " +die antwort ist : bis wir nahe null kommen , wird die temperatur weiter steigen . +deshalb ist es eine große herausforderung . +es ist ganz anders als zu sagen , wir haben ein 3@@ ,@@ 5 m hohen l@@ k@@ w , der unter einer 3 m brücke her muss . den kann man dann quasi darunter her qu@@ et@@ schen . +das hier muss ganz nach unten , auf null . +nun , wir stoßen jedes jahr eine menge kohlen@@ stoff@@ di@@ ox@@ id aus , über 26 milliarden ton@@ nen . +jeder amerikaner etwa 20 ton@@ nen . menschen aus armen ländern , weniger als eine . +im durch@@ schnitt sind es etwa 5 ton@@ nen für jeden auf dem planeten . +und irgendwie müssen wir veränderungen hervor@@ bringen , die das auf null sen@@ ken . +es ist bisher kon@@ stant gest@@ ie@@ gen . +nur verschiedene ökonom@@ ische veränderungen haben es überhaupt beeinflusst und wir müssen von rapi@@ dem an@@ stieg zu verring@@ erung gehen und zu einer verring@@ erung bis auf null . +diese gleich@@ ung hat vier faktoren . ein bisschen multi@@ pli@@ kation . sie haben dieses ding links - co2 - , das sie richtung null bringen wollen und das wird von der anzahl der menschen abhän@@ gen , von den dien@@ sten , die jeder mensch im durch@@ schnitt nutzt , der durchschnitt@@ lichen energie für jeden dienst und dem co2 , das pro energie@@ einheit em@@ it@@ tiert wird . +lassen sie uns also jeden faktor ein@@ z@@ eln anschauen und überlegen wir , wie wir das auf null bekommen . +wahrscheinlich muss eine dieser zahlen sehr nah an null kommen . +nun das ist grundlegende al@@ ge@@ br@@ a , aber gehen wir es mal durch . +zuerst haben wir die bevölkerung . +heute leben 6@@ ,@@ 8 milliarden menschen , +und es schrei@@ tet auf 9 milliarden zu@@ . die sich auf 9 milliarden zu bewegen . +wenn wir sehr erfolgreich mit neuen impf@@ stoffen , der gesundheits@@ vor@@ sor@@ gung und re@@ produk@@ tions@@ medizin sind könnten wir das wohl um 10 % bis 15 % sen@@ ken , aber zur zeit sehen wir eine st@@ eig@@ ung um 1,@@ 3 . +der zweite faktor sind die dien@@ ste , die wir nutzen . +das um@@ fasst alles , die nahrung , die wir essen , klei@@ dung , fernsehen , hei@@ zung . +das sind sehr gute dinge und ar@@ mu@@ ts@@ verring@@ erung bedeutet , diese dien@@ ste fast jedem auf dem planeten zugänglich zu machen . +es ist toll , dass diese nummer steigt . +in der reichen welt , in der ob@@ eren milliarde , könnten wir wohl ab@@ stri@@ che machen und weniger nutzen , aber im durch@@ schnitt wird diese zahl jedes jahr steigen und sich somit ins@@ gesam@@ t mehr als ver@@ dopp@@ eln , die zahl der dien@@ ste die pro person berei@@ t@@ gestellt werden . +hier sehen wir einen sehr grundle@@ genden dienst . gibt es zu hause licht , damit man die haus@@ aufgaben lesen kann ? +und diese schüler haben es nicht , also gehen sie heraus und lesen ihre schul@@ aufgaben unter dem straßen@@ licht . +nun , bei effe@@ k@@ tivität , dem e , die energie pro dienst , gibt es endlich gute nachrichten . +wir haben etwas , das nicht steigt , +aufgrund verschieden@@ er erfol@@ ge im licht@@ sektor , durch andere au@@ tot@@ yp@@ en , durch neue methoden im häus@@ er@@ bau , es gibt viele dien@@ ste , deren energie@@ auf@@ wand manche einzelne dien@@ ste lassen sich um 90 % reduzieren . +in anderen dien@@ sten , wie der herstellung von dün@@ ge@@ mitteln , 10@@ 5 00 : 0@@ 5 : 5@@ 6@@ ,000 -- & gt ; 00 : 0@@ 5 : 5@@ 8@@ ,000 oder dem luft@@ verkehr oder luft@@ verkehr , ist der spiel@@ raum für verbesser@@ ungen sehr viel kleiner . +ins@@ gesam@@ t , wenn wir optimi@@ stisch sind , bekommen wir vielleicht eine redu@@ zi@@ erung um einen faktor 3 oder vielleicht sogar um einen faktor 6 . +aber bei den ersten drei faktoren , sind wir jetzt von 26 milliarden auf vielleicht aller@@ be@@ stes 13 milliarden ton@@ nen gegangen . und das reicht einfach nicht aus ! +sehen wir uns also den vi@@ erten faktor an -- und dieser wird ein schlüssel@@ faktor sein -- das ist die menge an co2 , die pro energie@@ einheit em@@ it@@ tiert wird . +es stellt sich die frage , ob man das auf null bekommen kann . +wenn sie ko@@ hle ver@@ bren@@ nen : nein . +wenn sie erd@@ gas ver@@ bren@@ nen : nein . +fast jede her@@ stell@@ ungs@@ methode für strom em@@ it@@ tiert heutzutage co2 , außer die erneu@@ er@@ baren energi@@ en und nu@@ k@@ lear@@ energie . +also , was wir auf einem globalen level machen müssen , ist , ein neues system zu schaffen . +wir brauchen energie@@ wunder . +wenn ich nun den begriff " wunder " benu@@ tze , meine ich nicht das un@@ mögliche . +der mikro@@ proz@@ ess@@ or ist ein wunder . der p@@ c ist ein wunder . +das internet und dessen dien@@ ste ist ein wunder . +die menschen hier haben zu der entwicklung viel@@ er dieser wunder bei@@ ge@@ tragen . +normalerweise gibt es keine de@@ ad@@ line , dass man ein wunder bis zu einem bestimmten dat@@ um braucht . +normalerweise steht man quasi nur dan@@ eben und manche kommen , andere nicht . +in diesem fall müssen wir aber voll@@ gas geben und ein wunder in sehr kur@@ zer zeit bekommen . +nun , ich fragte mich , wie kann ich das wirklich r@@ über@@ bringen ? +gibt es eine natürliche illu@@ stration , eine demon@@ stration , die die vorstellung der menschen hier ent@@ fa@@ cht ? +ich erinn@@ erte mich an letztes jahr , als ich mo@@ sk@@ it@@ os brachte und irgendwie mo@@ chten die leute das . +die idee wurde für sie wirklich greif@@ bar , wissen sie , dass es menschen gibt , die mit mo@@ sk@@ it@@ os leben . +für energie fiel mir das hier ein . +ich entschied , dass das frei@@ lassen von glü@@ h@@ wür@@ m@@ chen mein dies@@ jähri@@ ger bei@@ trag zur umwelt hier sein würde . +hier sind also ein paar natürliche glü@@ h@@ wür@@ m@@ chen . +man hat mir ver@@ sich@@ ert , dass sie nicht bei@@ ßen . tatsächlich werden sie wohl nicht mal das glas verlassen . +nun , es gibt alle möglichen spiel@@ er@@ ei@@ lösungen wie diese , aber sie bringen alle nicht viel . +wir brauchen lösungen , entweder eine oder mehrere die eine un@@ vorstell@@ bare sk@@ ali@@ erung und un@@ vorstell@@ bare ver@@ lä@@ ss@@ lichkeit haben . und obwohl es viele richtungen gibt , in denen menschen danach suchen , sehe ich wirklich nur fünf , die diese großen an@@ forder@@ ungen leisten können . +ich habe ge@@ zeiten , ge@@ other@@ mal , fusion und bio@@ kraft@@ stoffe aus@@ gelassen . +diese leisten vielleicht einen moder@@ aten bei@@ trag und wenn sie besser@@ es leisten als ich erwar@@ te , wäre das toll , aber meine kern@@ aus@@ sage hier ist , dass wir an all j@@ enen fünf arbeiten müssen , und wir können keine von ihnen auf@@ geben , weil sie uns ein@@ schü@@ chtern , denn alle haben signi@@ fi@@ kan@@ te probleme . +schauen wir uns zuerst das ver@@ bren@@ nen fossi@@ ler brenn@@ stoffe an , ver@@ bren@@ nung von entweder ko@@ hle oder erd@@ gas . +was man dort machen muss , scheint vielleicht einfach , aber das ist es nicht . man müsste all das co2 , das nach dem ver@@ bren@@ nen aus dem sch@@ or@@ n@@ stein kommt , ein@@ fangen , unter druck ver@@ flüs@@ si@@ gen und dann irgendwo la@@ gern und hoffen , dass es dort bleibt . +es gibt einige pil@@ ot@@ projekte , die das auf einem 60 % - 80 % nive@@ au schaffen , aber es auf 100 % zu bekommen wird sehr schwierig werden . und eine ein@@ ig@@ ung für die la@@ gerung des co2 zu er@@ zielen , ist eine große herausforderung . aber das größte problem hier ist die la@@ ger@@ zeit@@ frage . +wer wird es sicher@@ stellen ? +wer kann etwas gar@@ an@@ tieren , was buchstäblich viele milliarden mal größer als jede art von müll , den man sich von nu@@ k@@ lear@@ - und anderen dingen vorstellen kann ? +das ist eine menge volu@@ men . +das ist also eine har@@ te n@@ uss . +als nächstes : nu@@ k@@ lear@@ energie . +die hat auch drei große probleme . die kosten , vor allem in hoch@@ regu@@ li@@ erten ländern sind hoch . die frage nach sicherheit , dass man wirklich fühlt , dass nichts schie@@ f gehen kann , trotz der menschlichen mit@@ arbeit , dass der treib@@ stoff nicht für waffen verwendet wird . +und was macht man dann mit dem müll ? +denn obwohl er nicht sehr groß ist , gibt es eine menge bedenken . +also drei sehr schwier@@ ige probleme , die vielleicht lö@@ s@@ bar sind , und an denen man deshalb arbeiten sollte . +die letzten drei der fünf habe ich zusammenge@@ fasst . +es sind die erneu@@ er@@ baren energi@@ en , wie sie oft genannt werden . +und auch die haben -- obwohl es toll ist , dass sie keinen brenn@@ stoff brauchen -- sie haben einige nach@@ teile . +zum einen ist die energi@@ edi@@ chte , die diese technologien erzeugen dra@@ matisch ger@@ inger als die von kraft@@ werken . +das sind energi@@ ef@@ armen , man spricht von vielen quad@@ rat@@ kilome@@ tern , taus@@ end@@ mal mehr fläche als ein normal@@ es kraft@@ werk . +außerdem unter@@ liegen diese quellen unter@@ brech@@ ungen : +die sonne scheint nicht den ganzen tag , sie scheint auch nicht jeden tag und genauso we@@ ht auch der wind nicht ständig . +deshalb muss man , wenn man von diesen quellen abhängig ist , einen weg haben , die energie auch in zeiten wenn sie nicht verfügbar ist , zu bekommen . +es gibt hier also große prei@@ s@@ herausforderungen . es gibt herausforderungen bei der über@@ tra@@ gung . wenn wir beispielsweise sagen , dass die energi@@ equ@@ elle außerhalb des landes liegt , brauchen sie nicht nur die technologie , sie müssen auch mit dem risiko umgehen , dass die energie von wo anders her@@ kommt . +und es gibt das la@@ ger@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ m . +und um die dimension zu zeigen , habe ich mir alle arten von bat@@ teri@@ en , die hergestellt werden , an@@ gesch@@ aut : die für autos , computer , hand@@ ys , ta@@ schen@@ lam@@ pen , für alles . und das habe ich mit der menge der elektron@@ ischen energie , welche die welt nutzt , ver@@ glichen . ich fand heraus , dass alle bat@@ teri@@ en , die wir jetzt produzieren , weniger als 10 minuten der gesam@@ ten@@ er@@ gie la@@ gern könnten . +wir brauchen hier also einen großen durch@@ bruch , etwas , dass um einen faktor 100 besser sein wird , als die her@@ ange@@ hen@@ s@@ weisen zur zeit . +das ist nicht unmöglich , aber es ist nicht so leicht . +das passiert , wenn man versucht , diese unter@@ bro@@ ch@@ enen quellen über sagen wir 20 % - 30 % des ver@@ brau@@ chs zu bringen . +wenn sie sich um 100 % darauf stü@@ tzen wollen , brauchen sie eine unglaubliche wunder@@ bat@@ terie . +nun , wohin sollen wir gehen : was ist der richtige ansatz ? +ein " manhattan projekt " ? wie kommen wir ans ziel ? +was wir brauchen sind viele firmen , die daran arbeiten . hunderte . +in jeden dieser fünf bereiche brauchen wir mindestens 100 menschen . +bei vielen werden sie sagen : die sind verrückt ! das ist gut . +ich glaube , hier in der ted gruppe gibt es viele , die sich dort bereits enga@@ gieren . +bill gro@@ ss hat mehrere firmen , unter anderem eine namens es@@ ol@@ ar die großartige solar@@ ther@@ mal@@ technologien hat . +vin@@ od k@@ ho@@ s@@ la investi@@ ert in dutz@@ ende firmen die tolle sachen machen und interessante möglichkeiten haben und ich versuche das zu unterstützen . +na@@ than my@@ hr@@ v@@ old und ich finan@@ zieren eine firma , die , vielleicht überra@@ schen@@ der@@ weise , den nu@@ k@@ lear@@ en ansatz ver@@ folgt . +es gibt einige innova@@ tionen im nu@@ k@@ lear@@ bereich ; mod@@ ular , flüs@@ si@@ g . +die entwicklung hat in dieser industrie vor einiger zeit auf@@ gehört , also ist es keine große überrasch@@ ung , dass einige gute konzep@@ te herum@@ liegen . +das ter@@ ra@@ power@@ -@@ konzept bedeutet , dass man anstelle eines teil@@ s des ur@@ ans , dem einen prozent , das u@@ 2@@ 35 , wir entschieden , die 99 % zu ver@@ bren@@ nen , das u@@ 2@@ 3@@ 8 . +das ist eine ziemlich verrück@@ te idee . +aber tatsächlich hatte man darüber schon lange nach@@ gedacht , aber man konnte nie vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tig simu@@ lieren , ob es funktionieren würde , doch seitdem es moderne super@@ computer gibt , kann man es simu@@ lieren und sehen , dass : ja ! mit der richtigen materi@@ ali@@ en@@ her@@ ange@@ hen@@ sweise , sieht es so aus , dass es funktion@@ i@@ ere . +und weil man diese 99 % ver@@ bren@@ nt , ist das kosten@@ profi@@ l sehr viel besser . +tatsächlich ver@@ bren@@ nt man den müll , und man kann sogar den ab@@ fall von heutigen reak@@ toren als an@@ trie@@ bs@@ stoff benutzen . +anstatt sich darüber den kopf zu zer@@ brechen , ver@@ bren@@ nen sie es einfach . eine tolle sache . +das ur@@ an wird gradu@@ ell ver@@ braucht , ein bisschen wie eine ker@@ ze . +sie sehen , dass es eine art säu@@ le ist , oft als " wander@@ nde welle reak@@ tor " be@@ zeichnet . +das lö@@ st wirklich das treib@@ stoff@@ problem . +hier ist ein bild eines or@@ tes in k@@ ent@@ u@@ cky . +das ist der ab@@ fall , die 99 % . man hat den teil , der heute ver@@ bran@@ nt wird , heraus@@ genommen also heißt es aufge@@ brau@@ chtes ur@@ an . +das trie@@ be die u.s. für hunderte von jahren an . +und wenn man ozean@@ wasser gün@@ stig und einfach fil@@ tri@@ ert , bekommt man genü@@ gend treib@@ stoff für die rest@@ liche lebens@@ zeit des planeten . +wissen sie , es gibt da noch viele herausforderungen , aber es ist ein beispiel von vielen hunder@@ ten von konzep@@ ten , die wir brauchen , um vor@@ wärts zu kommen . +überlegen wir uns , wie wir unseren erfolg messen sollten . +wie sollte unser zeug@@ nis aussehen ? +nun , gehen wir bis ans ziel , das wir erreichen müssen und dann reden wir über den zwischen@@ schritt . +viele sprechen von einer 80 % redu@@ ktion bis 20@@ 50 . +es ist wirklich sehr wichtig , dass wir dorthin gelangen . +die rest@@ lichen 20 % werden in armen ländern erzeugt werden , sowie immer noch etwas landwirtschaft . hoffentlich wird wal@@ dro@@ h@@ dung und z@@ ement bis dahin sau@@ ber sein . +also , um diese 80 % zu erreichen , müssen die indu@@ st@@ rie@@ staaten , in@@ klu@@ sive ländern wie china , ihre elektri@@ z@@ itä@@ ts@@ generation komplett um@@ stellen . +die andere note sagt , ob wir die nu@@ ll@@ -@@ emis@@ sionen technologie einsetzen , ob sie in allen entwickelten ländern eingesetzt ist und wir auf dem weg sind , sie zu dem rest zu bekommen . +das ist super wichtig . +das wird ein schlüssel@@ element dieses zeug@@ nis@@ ses . +wenn wir von dort zurück@@ gehen , wie sollte das 20@@ 20 zeug@@ nis aussehen ? +es sollte wieder die beiden elemente enth@@ alten . +wir sollten die effe@@ k@@ tivi@@ tä@@ ts@@ maß@@ nahmen nutzen , um redu@@ ktion auf den weg zu bringen . je weniger wir em@@ it@@ tieren , desto ger@@ inger wird die co@@ 2-@@ sum@@ me sein und damit auch die temperatur . +aber eigentlich ist diese note für die dinge die wir unternehmen , die nicht komplett zu den großen redu@@ ktionen führen , nur gleich , oder sogar etwas weniger wichtig wie die andere , welche die schn@@ elli@@ gkeit der innovation für diese durch@@ brü@@ che dar@@ stellt . +diese durch@@ brü@@ che müssen wir mit voll@@ gas verfolgen und das können wir messen : in fir@@ men@@ zahlen , in pil@@ ot@@ proje@@ kten und regu@@ li@@ erungs@@ änder@@ ungen . +es gibt viele großartige bücher zu diesem thema . +das al gore buch " wir haben die wahl " und david m@@ ck@@ a@@ ys " sustainable energy without the hot air . " +sie gehen es wirklich durch und schaffen einen rahmen , in dem dies br@@ eit disku@@ tiert werden kann , denn wir brauchen dafür unterstützung von allen seiten . +es gibt einiges , das zusammen@@ kommen muss . +das ist ein wunsch . +ein sehr kon@@ kre@@ ter wunsch , dass wir diese technologie erfinden . +wenn sie mir nur einen wunsch für die nächsten 50 jahre ge@@ stat@@ ten , ich könnte den präsi@@ denten aus@@ wählen , einen impf@@ stoff , und das liebe ich , oder ich könnte diesen wunsch wählen , der lautet , hal@@ bi@@ erter energi@@ ep@@ rei@@ s ohne co2 wird er@@ fun@@ den@@ . diesen wunsch nä@@ h@@ me ich . +dieser hat die größte aus@@ wirkung . +wenn wir diesen wunsch nicht kriegen , wird der graben zwischen langfri@@ stig und kurz@@ fri@@ stig den@@ ken@@ den menschen schrecklich werden , zwischen den usa und china , zwischen armen und reichen län@@ der@@ n. und fast alle leben dieser 2 milliarden werden sehr viel schle@@ chter sein . +was müssen wir also tun ? +für welche maß@@ nahmen app@@ elli@@ ere ich ? +wir müssen uns für mehr forschungs@@ gel@@ der einsetzen . +wenn länder sich in orten wie kop@@ pen@@ ha@@ gen treffen , sollten sie nicht nur über co2 sprechen . +sie sollten diese innova@@ tions@@ strategie bes@@ pre@@ chen und sie wären gesch@@ o@@ ckt von den läch@@ er@@ lich ger@@ ingen gel@@ dern , die für diese innova@@ tiven her@@ ange@@ hen@@ s@@ weisen ausge@@ geben werden . +wir brauchen mark@@ tan@@ rei@@ ze , co2 steuern , ca@@ p & amp ; trade etwas , dass ein prei@@ s@@ signal schafft . +wir müssen die nachricht verbreiten . +wir müssen dialo@@ g ration@@ aler und voll@@ stän@@ di@@ ger führen und auch die dinge , die von der regierung unter@@ nom@@ men werden . +es ist ein wichtiger wunsch , aber ich denke , wir können ihn erfü@@ llen . +vielen dank . +vielen dank . +danke . danke ! +vielen dank . nur um ter@@ ra@@ power etwas besser zu verstehen -- erst@@ mal , können sie uns eine vorstellung der größ@@ enor@@ dnung dieser investi@@ tion geben ? +bill gates : um die simulation auf einem super@@ computer durch@@ zu@@ führen , alle großen wissenschaftler zu bekommen , was wir gemacht haben , brauchen wir nur einige 10 millionen . und selbst wenn wir unsere materialien in einem rus@@ sischen reak@@ tor ge@@ te@@ stet haben , um sicher@@ zustellen , dass es vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tig funktioniert , ist man nur in den 10@@ 0@@ en millionen . +der schwier@@ ige schritt ist das bauen des ersten reak@@ tors , weitere milliarden zu finden , die regul@@ ari@@ en und den ort der tatsächlich den ersten davon baut . +sobald der erste fertig ist , wenn er so läuft wie ver@@ spro@@ chen , dann ist alles ganz klar , denn die wirtschaft@@ lichkeit , die energi@@ edi@@ chte ist so anders als bei nu@@ k@@ lear@@ energie , wie wir sie kennen . +um das richtig zu verstehen : das bedeutet tief in den boden zu bauen fast wie eine verti@@ k@@ ale säu@@ le nu@@ k@@ lear@@ en brenn@@ stoff@@ s , dieses ver@@ brauchten ur@@ ans und dann beginnt der prozess oben und arbeitet sich weiter nach unten ? +b@@ g : genau . heute müssen sie den reak@@ tor immer neu be@@ füllen , also gibt es viele leute und viele kontro@@ llen , die schie@@ f gehen können . dieses ding wo man ihn öffnet und sachen hinein@@ - oder heraus@@ bringt . das ist nicht gut ! +wenn man aber sehr billi@@ gen brenn@@ stoff hat , kann man ihn für 60 jahre be@@ füllen -- denken sie an eine säu@@ le -- die sie ver@@ graben , ohne die ganzen komplex@@ itäten . +und es sitzt dort und bren@@ nt 60 jahre lang und dann ist es fertig . +ein nu@@ k@@ lear@@ reak@@ tor , der selbst eine lösung für den müll bietet . +b@@ g : ja . nun , was mit dem müll passiert : man kann ihn sitzen lassen -- es gibt viel weniger müll mit dieser methode -- dann nehmen sie ihn und pac@@ ken ihn in den nächsten reak@@ tor und ver@@ bren@@ nen es weiter . +und wir beginnen , indem wir den müll nehmen , der bereits existiert , der in diesen kühl@@ be@@ cken oder tro@@ cken@@ be@@ häl@@ tern bei den reak@@ toren liegt . das ist unser star@@ t@@ brenn@@ stoff . +also ist das , was für diese reak@@ toren ein problem war , das , was wir in unseren füllen und damit wird das mü@@ ll@@ volu@@ men dra@@ matisch redu@@ ziert während dieses proz@@ esses . +aber während sie mit verschiedenen menschen dieser welt über diese möglichkeiten gesprochen haben , +wo ist das größte interesse , so was wirklich umzu@@ setzen ? +b@@ g : nun wir haben uns noch nicht auf einen ort fest@@ gelegt und es gibt eine menge interessan@@ ter offen@@ leg@@ ungs@@ regeln für alles das " nu@@ kle@@ ar " im namen trägt . es gibt großes interesse und die menschen des unterneh@@ men@@ s waren in rus@@ s@@ land , indien , china ... ich war hier und habe den energi@@ em@@ ini@@ ster getroffen und darüber gesprochen , wie dies zur energie@@ agenda passt . +ich bin optimi@@ stisch . wissen sie , die fran@@ zo@@ sen und japan@@ er haben etwas in die richtung gemacht . +dies ist eine vari@@ an@@ te einer sache , die gemacht wurde . +das ist ein wichtiger schritt vor@@ wärts , aber es ist wie ein schneller reak@@ tor und einige länder haben diese gebaut , deshalb ist jeder , der einen schn@@ ellen reak@@ tor um@@ gesetzt hat , ein kan@@ di@@ dat@@ at für unseren ersten . +in ihrer vorstellung : zei@@ tra@@ hmen und wahrscheinlichkeit so etwas wirklich ins leben zu rufen ? +b@@ g : nun wir brauchen eines dieser sk@@ ali@@ er@@ baren , strom@@ gener@@ ier@@ enden dinge , die sehr gün@@ stig sind , wir haben 20 jahre zum erfinden und dann 20 jahre zum einsetzen . +das ist quasi die de@@ ad@@ line , die uns die umwelt@@ modelle aufge@@ zeigt hat , die wir ein@@ halten müssen . +und , wissen sie , ter@@ ra@@ power , wenn alles gut läuft , und das ist ein großer wunsch , könnte das leicht halten . +und glücklicherweise gibt es heute dutz@@ ende von firmen , und wir brauchen hunderte , die , genauso , wenn deren ans@@ ä@@ tze funktionieren , die förder@@ ung für ihre pil@@ oten funktioniert , dafür mit@@ bieten können . +und es wäre am besten , wenn es mehrere schaffen , denn dann könnte man eine mis@@ chung benutzen . +auf jeden fall brauchen wir eine lösung . +be@@ tre@@ ff@@ end der großen möglichen durch@@ brü@@ che , ist dies das größte , das sie kennen ? +b@@ g : ein energie@@ durch@@ bruch ist das aller@@ wichtigste . +das wäre es auch ohne die um@@ wel@@ ther@@ aus@@ forder@@ ung gewesen , aber die macht es noch so viel wichtiger . +im nu@@ k@@ lear@@ en sektor gibt es andere innovative firmen . +wissen sie , wir kennen deren arbeit nicht so gut wie diese , aber es gibt die mod@@ ul@@ are methode , das ist ein anderer ansatz . +es gibt einen flüs@@ si@@ gen reak@@ tor@@ typ , welches etwas schwierig scheint , aber vielleicht sagen die das über uns . +und somit gibt es verschiedene , aber das schöne daran ist , dass ein ur@@ an@@ molekül eine millionen mal so viel energie hat wie ein , sagen wir , ein ko@@ h@@ le@@ molekül und deshalb , wenn sie mit den problemen umgehen können und die sind hauptsächlich die strahlung , der fuß@@ ab@@ druck und die kosten , spielt das potential , also die auswirkungen auf das land und andere dinge , fast in einer eigenen li@@ ga . +wenn das nicht kla@@ ppt , was dann ? +müssen wir not@@ fall@@ maß@@ nahmen ein@@ leiten , um zu versuchen , die erd@@ temperatur stab@@ il zu halten ? +b@@ g : wenn man in diese situation kommt , ist es als ob man zu viel ge@@ gessen hat , und kurz vor einem her@@ zin@@ far@@ kt steht . was macht man dann ? man braucht vielleicht eine herz@@ operation oder ähn@@ liches . +es gibt eine forschungs@@ richtung die sich ge@@ o@@ engineering nennt , die sich mit verschiedenen techni@@ ken be@@ fasst , um die er@@ wärmung zu ver@@ zö@@ gern , damit wir 20 oder 30 jahre länger be@@ kä@@ men um uns zusammen@@ zur@@ aufen . +das ist nur eine ver@@ sicher@@ ungs@@ methode . +man hoff@@ t , dass wir das nicht brauchen . +manche leute sagen , man sollte gar nicht erst an der ver@@ sich@@ erung arbeiten weil einen das vielleicht fau@@ l macht , sodass man weiter is@@ st , weil man weiß , dass einen die herz@@ operation retten wird . +ich weiß nicht , ob das klu@@ g ist , wenn man sich die wichti@@ gkeit dieses problems vor augen führt , aber es gibt nun einen dis@@ kurs in ge@@ o@@ engineering darüber , ob man das zur verfügung haben sollte , falls die dinge schneller kommen , oder diese innovation länger braucht , als wir erwarten . +kli@@ mas@@ ke@@ p@@ tiker : haben sie ein oder zwei sätze für die , um sie vielleicht zu überzeugen ? +b@@ g : nun , leider leben die skep@@ tiker in sehr verschiedenen cam@@ ps . +diejenigen , die wissenschaftliche argu@@ mente machen , sind sehr wenig . +sagen sie , dass es negative auswirkungen gibt , die mit den wol@@ ken zu tun haben , die dinge verschie@@ ben ? +es gibt sehr , sehr wenige dinge , die sie überhaupt sagen können , von denen es eine chance in einer millionen gibt . +das haupt@@ problem hier ist so ähnlich wie bei aids . +man macht den fehler jetzt , und man zahlt dafür sehr viel später . +und deshalb ist die vorstellung , jetzt , wenn man alle möglichen drin@@ genden probleme hat , in etwas zu investieren , von dem man erst später was hat -- und dazu kommt , dass die investi@@ tion nicht so klar ist . tatsächlich ist der i@@ p@@ c@@ c report nicht unbedingt das schlimm@@ ste s@@ zen@@ ari@@ o und es gibt menschen in der reichen welt , die sich i@@ p@@ c@@ c anschauen und sagen , okay , das ist kein großes dra@@ ma . +die tatsache ist , dass diese un@@ sicherheit uns sorgen machen sollte . +aber mein traum hier ist , dass , wenn man es ökonom@@ isch machen kann , und gleichzeitig das co2 bes@@ ei@@ tigt , dann sagen auch die skep@@ tiker : " okay , es interessiert mich nicht , dass es kein co2 em@@ it@@ tiert , ich wün@@ schte fast , dass es das tä@@ te , aber ich werde es wohl akzeptieren , weil es billi@@ ger ist als die vorher@@ ige methode . " +und das wäre ihre antwort auf das b@@ j@@ ör@@ n l@@ om@@ bor@@ g argument , dass , wenn man all diese zeit und energie verwendet um das co2 problem zu lösen , all die anderen ziele darunter leiden , die ar@@ mu@@ ts@@ verring@@ erung , die be@@ kämp@@ fung von malaria und so weiter , dass es eine du@@ mme versch@@ wen@@ dung von ressourcen ist , geld dafür zu investieren , während es bessere dinge gibt , die wir tun können . +b@@ g : nun , die tats@@ äch@@ lichen aus@@ gaben für die forschung -- sagen wir die u.s. sollten 10 milliarden pro jahr mehr ausgeben als sie heute tun -- das ist nicht so dra@@ matisch . +darunter sollten anderen dinge nicht leiden . +man kommt dann zu großen geld@@ sum@@ men , und hier können vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tige leute wider@@ sprechen , wenn man etwas hat , das nicht ökonom@@ isch ist , und versucht , das zu finan@@ zieren . für mich geschieht hier die meiste versch@@ wen@@ dung . +es sei denn , man ist sehr kurz vor einem kosten@@ durch@@ bruch und finan@@ ziert nur noch die lern@@ kur@@ ve . ich glaube wir sollten mehr dinge versuchen , die das potential haben , sehr viel gün@@ sti@@ ger zu sein . +falls der ab@@ str@@ ich , den man bekommt , ein sehr ho@@ her energi@@ ep@@ rei@@ s ist , dann können nur die reichen mi@@ th@@ alten . +ich meine , jeder von uns hier könnte fünf mal so viel für unsere energie ausgeben ohne seinen lebens@@ stil zu ändern . +für die unter@@ en zwei milliarden aber ist es ein des@@ aster . +und selbst l@@ om@@ bor@@ g denkt um . +seine neue ma@@ sche ist jetzt : " warum wird die forschung nicht mehr bes@@ pro@@ chen ? " +er wird immer noch , wegen seiner früh@@ eren geschichten , mit dem skep@@ ti@@ ker@@ -@@ camp as@@ sozi@@ iert , aber er hat verstanden , dass das eine sehr ein@@ same gruppe ist und deshalb bringt er jetzt das forschungs@@ argument . +und das ist ein ge@@ dan@@ ken@@ gang , den ich für ange@@ messen halte . +die forschung , es ist einfach verrückt , wie wenig die unterstützt wird . +bill , ich glaube ich spreche für fast alle menschen hier , wenn ich sage , ich hoffe wirklich , dass ihr wunsch wahr wird . vielen , vielen dank . +b@@ g : danke . +vor einigen jahren , hier bei ted , stellte peter sk@@ ill@@ man einen desig@@ n-@@ wettbewerb namens " die mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low-@@ herausforderung " vor . +die idee ist ziemlich einfach . vier@@ er-@@ teams müssen die größ@@ t@@ mögliche frei@@ steh@@ ende struktur mit 20 sp@@ ag@@ he@@ tt@@ i , ca. 1@@ m kle@@ be@@ band , ca. 1@@ m fa@@ den und einem mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low bauen . +der mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low muss oben dr@@ auf sein . +und , obwohl es wirklich einfach scheint , ist es tatsächlich richtig schwer , weil es leute drän@@ gt sehr schnell zusammenzu@@ arbeiten . +und so dachte ich , dass dies eine interessante idee ist und ich habe es in einen desig@@ n-@@ work@@ shop verwandelt . +es war ein ries@@ iger erfolg . +seitdem habe ich ungefähr 70 work@@ sh@@ ops weltweit durchgeführt , mit studenten , entwickl@@ ern und architekten , sogar mit c@@ to@@ s der fortun@@ e-@@ 5@@ 0-@@ unternehmen und da ist etwas an dieser aufgabe , was tiefe ein@@ drü@@ cke in die natur der zusammenarbeit ermöglicht und ich möchte einige davon mit ihnen teilen . +normalerweise starten die meisten leute sich selbst bezüglich der aufgabe zu orienti@@ eren . +sie reden darüber , sie überlegen , wie es aussehen wird , sie ran@@ geln um macht , +dann investieren sie ein wenig zeit in plan@@ ung und organisation . sie ski@@ z@@ zieren und legen sp@@ ag@@ he@@ tt@@ i aus . +sie investieren einen großteil ihrer zeit in den zusammen@@ bau ständig wachsen@@ der strukturen +und schließlich , kurz bevor sie keine zeit mehr haben , nimmt jemand den mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low und sie setzen ihn be@@ hu@@ tsam auf die spitze , treten einen schritt zurück und " ta@@ -@@ da " ! be@@ w@@ un@@ dern sie ihre arbeit . +was aber dann , fast immer , passiert ist , dass das " ta@@ -@@ da " zu einem " u@@ h-@@ oh " wird , weil das gewicht des mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ lo@@ ws be@@ wirkt , dass die ganze sache sich verb@@ ie@@ gt und ein@@ stür@@ zt . +es gibt eine reihe von leuten , die viel mehr " u@@ h-@@ oh " -@@ momente haben als andere , und unter den schle@@ ch@@ testen sind fr@@ ische b@@ w@@ l-@@ absol@@ ven@@ ten . +sie lü@@ gen , sie sch@@ um@@ m@@ eln , sie sind verwir@@ rt und produzieren wirklich dür@@ f@@ tige ge@@ bil@@ de . +und natürlich gibt es auch teams die viel mehr " ta@@ -@@ da " -@@ ge@@ bil@@ de haben und unter den besten sind fr@@ ische absol@@ ven@@ ten des kinder@@ gar@@ tens . +und das ist ziemlich erstaunlich . +wie uns peter erzählte produzieren sie nicht nur die höch@@ sten tür@@ me , sondern auch die interessan@@ testen strukturen von allen . +was sie vielleicht fragen werden ist : wie kommt das ? warum ? was ist mit denen ? +und peter erzählt : " k@@ eines der kinder investi@@ ert zeit darin che@@ f der sp@@ ag@@ he@@ tt@@ i g@@ m@@ b@@ h zu sein " . +sie investieren keine zeit in ma@@ cht@@ kämp@@ fe . +es gibt aber noch einen weiteren grund . +und zwar , dass b@@ w@@ l-@@ studenten train@@ iert wurden , den einen richtigen plan zu finden , ok ! +und ihn dann zu re@@ alisieren . +was dann passiert , wenn sie den mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low auf die spitze pac@@ ken , sie haben keine zeit mehr und was passiert ? +es ist eine krise . +klingt vertraut , was ? +was kinder@@ gar@@ ten@@ kinder anders machen ist , dass sie mit dem mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low beginnen und prototyp@@ en bauen , erfolgrei@@ che prototyp@@ en , immer mit dem mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low an der spitze , so dass sie mehr@@ fa@@ ch die möglichkeit haben b@@ auf@@ ä@@ lli@@ ge prototyp@@ en zu repar@@ ieren . +kon@@ struk@@ teure erkennen diese art der zusammenarbeit als kern eines i@@ ter@@ a@@ tiven vor@@ gan@@ gs . +und mit jedem versuch bekommen die kinder un@@ mittel@@ bar feedback was funktioniert und was nicht . +so ist die leistung , mit prototyp@@ en zu arbeiten , wesentlich - aber sehen wir einmal , wie verschie@@ den teams agieren . +der durch@@ schnitt für die meisten liegt bei ca. 50@@ c@@ m , b@@ w@@ l-@@ studenten schaffen die hälfte davon , an@@ wäl@@ te etwas mehr , aber nicht viel , kinder@@ gar@@ ten@@ kinder sind besser als die erwachsenen . +wer ist am erfolgrei@@ ch@@ sten ? +architekten und ingenie@@ ure , zum glück . +1@@ m ist das höch@@ ste , was ich gesehen habe . +und warum ? weil sie drei@@ ecke verstehen und sich@@ -@@ selbst@@ -@@ ver@@ stär@@ ken@@ de geome@@ tr@@ ische muster sind der schlüssel um stab@@ i@@ le strukturen zu bauen . +ce@@ os liegen etwas über durch@@ schnitt . aber hier wird es interessant . +setzt man ein ex@@ e@@ ku@@ tive admini@@ str@@ ator auf dem team , werden sie signi@@ fi@@ k@@ ant besser . +es ist unglaublich . sie sehen sich um und erkennen " dieses team wird gewinnen . " +sie können das vorhersagen . warum geht das ? +weil sie spezi@@ elle fähigkeiten der proz@@ ess@@ beglei@@ tung haben . +sie leiten den prozess , sie verstehen ihn . +und jen@@ es team , das regel@@ t und auf die arbeit ach@@ tet wird die leistung des teams signi@@ fi@@ k@@ ant verbessern . +spezi@@ alisi@@ erte fähigkeiten und proz@@ ess@@ fähigkeiten und deren kombination führen zu erfolg . +wenn sie 10 teams haben , die typ@@ isch vor@@ gehen , bekommen sie ca. 6 , die stab@@ i@@ le strukturen haben . +ich versuchte nun etwas span@@ nen@@ des . +ich dachte , bringen wir den po@@ ker@@ einsatz gleich . +also bot ich einen 10@@ 000 $ preis an software für die gewinn@@ er . +was glauben sie passierte mit diesen desig@@ n-@@ studenten ? +was war das ergebnis ? +das hier passierte . nicht ein team hatte eine stab@@ i@@ le struktur . +falls irgend@@ wer eine 2,@@ 5@@ c@@ m hohe kon@@ struk@@ tion gebaut hätte , hätte er den preis nach hause ge@@ tragen . +ist es also nicht interessant , dass hohe wett@@ ein@@ sätze einen star@@ ken effekt haben ? +wir wieder@@ hol@@ ten diese üb@@ ung mit den@@ selben studenten . +was glauben sie passierte nun ? +nun verstanden sie den vorteil des " prototyp@@ ing " . +so wurde aus dem@@ selben , schlechten team eines unter den besten . +sie produ@@ zierten die höch@@ ste kon@@ struk@@ tion in der gering@@ sten zeit . +es gibt somit tief@@ -@@ greif@@ ende le@@ ktionen für uns , über die natur von an@@ trieb und erfolg . +sie mögen fragen : warum würde jemand tatsächlich zeit investieren eine mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low-@@ challenge zu kreieren ? +der grund ist , ich hel@@ fe digitale werkzeuge und proz@@ esse erstellen , um teams zu helfen , autos , video@@ spiele und " visual effects " zu erstellen . +und was die mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low-@@ challenge tut ist , sie hilft ihnen verste@@ ckte an@@ nahmen zu identi@@ fizieren . +denn offen gesagt , jedes projekt hat seinen eigenen mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low . +die herausforderung bietet eine gemeinsame erfahrung , eine gemeinsame sprache b@@ zw@@ . grund@@ haltung , den richtigen protot@@ y@@ p zu bauen . +und dies ist der wert dieser erfahrung , dieser so einfache üb@@ ung . +und jene von ihnen , die es interessiert , können mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ lo@@ w@@ challen@@ ge@@ .com besuchen . +es ist ein blog , wo man sieht , wie man die mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ lo@@ ws baut . +es gibt eine schritt@@ -@@ für@@ -@@ schritt@@ -@@ an@@ lei@@ tung dort . +sie finden verrück@@ te beispiele aus aller welt , wie leute das system opti@@ mieren und ra@@ ff@@ inieren . +es gibt ebenfalls wel@@ tre@@ kor@@ de . +und die bas@@ ale lektion , glaube ich ist , das kon@@ struk@@ tion tatsächlich ein verbin@@ den@@ der sport ist . +es ver@@ lan@@ gt , dass wir alle unsere sinne auf die aufgabe richten und , dass wir unser denken opti@@ mal verwenden , wie unsere gefühle und unser tun , in der herausforderung , die vor uns liegt . +und manchmal ist ein kleiner protot@@ y@@ p dieser erfahrung alles , was es braucht , uns von einem " u@@ h-@@ oh " - zu einem " ta@@ -@@ da " -@@ moment zu bringen . +und das kann einen großen unterschied machen . +vielen dank . +tun wir so als hätten wir hier eine maschine , +eine große maschine , eine coo@@ le , ted-@@ artige maschine , und das ist eine zeit@@ maschine . +und jeder in diesem raum muss hinein . +und sie können in die vergangenheit gehen , sie können in die zukunft gehen ; sie können nicht im hier und jetzt bleiben , +und ich frage mich , was sie wählen würden , weil ich meinen freunden in letz@@ ter zeit häufig diese frage gestellt habe , und sie wollten alle in die vergangenheit gehen . +ich weiß nicht . sie wollten in die zeit zurück , bevor es autos gab oder twitter oder " amerika sucht den super@@ star " . +ich weiß nicht . +ich bin überzeugt , dass man irgendwie zur no@@ st@@ alg@@ ie , zu w@@ un@@ sch@@ denken hin@@ gezogen ist . +und das verste@@ he ich . +ich bin nicht teil dieser gruppe , muss ich sagen . +ich will nicht in die vergangenheit , und das nicht , weil ich ein ab@@ ent@@ eur@@ er bin - +es liegt daran , dass möglichkeiten auf diesem planeten nicht zurück gehen , sie gehen vor@@ wärts . +ich will also in diese maschine , und ich will in die zukunft gehen . +dies ist die großarti@@ gste zeit , die es je auf diesem planeten gab , egal , welchen maßstab sie an@@ legen : gesundheit , rei@@ cht@@ um , mobili@@ tät , gele@@ gen@@ heiten , sin@@ ken@@ de krank@@ heits@@ raten . +es gab nie zuvor eine zeit wie diese . +meine ur@@ -@@ groß@@ eltern star@@ ben alle als sie 60 waren . +meine groß@@ eltern drän@@ gten diese zahl auf 70 . +meine eltern sind der 80 auf den fer@@ sen . +da sollte also besser eine neun am anfang meiner todes@@ zahl stehen . +aber es geht nicht mal um leute wie uns , denn dies ist eine größere sache als das . +ein kind , das heute in neu@@ -@@ del@@ hi geboren wird kann erwarten , so lange zu leben wie der reich@@ ste mann auf der welt vor 100 jahren . +denken sie darüber nach . das ist eine unglaubliche tatsache . +und warum ist das so ? +die po@@ cken . die po@@ cken haben milliarden leute auf diesem planeten getötet . +sie haben die demo@@ gra@@ fie der erde auf eine weise neu ge@@ for@@ mt , wie es kein krieg je geschafft hat . +sie sind weg . sie sind versch@@ wunden . +wir haben sie be@@ zw@@ ungen . pu@@ ff . +in der reichen welt existieren krankheiten , die millionen von uns vor nur einer generation noch bedro@@ ht haben , kaum noch . +di@@ ph@@ terie , rö@@ tel@@ n , kinder@@ lä@@ h@@ mung ... +weiß überhaupt noch jemand , was das ist ? +impf@@ stoffe , moderne medizin , unsere fähigkeit , milliarden menschen zu ernä@@ hren , das sind erfol@@ ge der wissenschaftlichen methode . +und aus meiner sicht ist die wissenschaftliche methode , sachen auszu@@ probieren , schauen , ob es funktioniert , es ändern , wenn es das nicht tut , eine der großarti@@ gsten er@@ run@@ gen@@ schaften der menschheit . +das ist also die gute nachricht . +leider ist das schon die ganze gute nachricht , denn es gibt ein paar andere probleme , und sie wurden häufig erwähnt , +und eins davon ist , dass trotz all unserer er@@ run@@ gen@@ schaften eine milliarde menschen auf dieser welt jeden tag h@@ ung@@ ri@@ g zu bett gehen . +diese zahl steigt , und sie steigt sehr schnell , und das ist besch@@ ä@@ men@@ d . +und nicht nur das , wir haben unsere vorstell@@ ungskraft dazu genutzt , diese welt grün@@ dlich zu ver@@ wü@@ sten . +trin@@ k@@ wasser , ur@@ bares land , regen@@ wäl@@ der , öl , gas : sie verschwinden , und zwar bald , und falls wir uns nicht aus diesem chaos heraus@@ -@@ inno@@ vi@@ eren verschwinden wir auch . +die frage ist also : können wir das tun ? ich denke schon . +ich glaube es ist klar , dass wir nahrung produzieren können , die milliarden menschen ernä@@ hren wird , ohne das land , auf dem sie leben , zu ver@@ gewal@@ tigen . +ich denke , wir können diese welt mit energie ver@@ sorgen , die sie nicht gleichzeitig zerstört . +ich glaube das wirklich , und nein , das ist kein w@@ un@@ sch@@ denken . +aber das hier hält mich nachts wa@@ ch -- eines der dinge , die mich nachts wa@@ ch halten . wir haben wissenschaftlichen fortschritt noch nie so drin@@ gend ge@@ braucht wie jetzt , noch nie , +und wir waren auch noch nie in der lage , ihn vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tig einzu@@ setzten , so wie wir es heute können . +wir sind an der sch@@ welle zu erstaun@@ lichen , erstaun@@ lichen ereig@@ nissen auf vielen gebieten . und doch denke ich wirklich , dass wir hunderte , 300 jahre vor die auf@@ klär@@ ung zurück gehen müssten , um eine zeit zu finden , in der wir fortschritt be@@ kämp@@ ft haben , in der wir über diese dinge he@@ f@@ tiger ge@@ tri@@ tten haben , an mehr fron@@ ten als jetzt . +die leute hü@@ llen sich in ihren glauben , und zwar so en@@ g , dass man sie nicht be@@ freien kann . +nicht mal die wahrheit wird sie be@@ freien . +und hören sie , jeder hat ein recht auf seine meinung ; sogar ein recht auf seine meinung zum fortschritt , +aber wissen sie , wor@@ auf sie kein recht haben ? +sie haben kein recht auf ihre eigenen fa@@ kten . ' t@@ schul@@ digung , haben sie nicht . +und ich habe eine weile ge@@ braucht , um das herauszufinden . +vor ungefähr einem jahrzehnt habe ich einen artikel über impf@@ ungen für " the new yor@@ ker " geschrieben , einen kleinen artikel . +und ich war ersta@@ unt , auf wider@@ stand zu stoßen , auf wider@@ stand gegenüber dem , was am ende die effe@@ kti@@ v@@ ste maß@@ nahme im gesundheitswesen in der geschichte der menschheit ist . +ich wusste nicht , was ich tun sollte , also tat ich einfach was ich immer tue , ich schrieb einen artikel und fuhr fort . +und bald darauf schrieb ich einen artikel über gent@@ echn@@ isch veränderte nahrungs@@ mittel . +die gleiche sache , nur größer . +die leute spiel@@ ten verrückt . +also habe ich auch darüber einen artikel geschrieben , und ich konnte nicht verstehen , warum die leute dachten , das wäre " fran@@ ken@@ food " , warum sie glaub@@ ten , dass moleküle auf eine bestimmte statt eine zufä@@ lli@@ ge art herum@@ zu@@ schie@@ ben einen über@@ griff auf das gebiet der natur war . +aber wissen sie , ich tue was ich tue . ich schrieb den artikel , ich machte weiter . +ich meine , ich bin journalist , +wir ti@@ ppen , wir reichen ein , wir gehen essen , das ist okay . +aber diese artikel machten mir sorgen , und ich konnte nicht herausfinden , warum , und schließlich fand ich es heraus . +und das liegt daran , dass diese fan@@ a@@ tiker , die mich verrückt machten überhaupt gar keine fan@@ a@@ tiker waren . +das waren um@@ sichti@@ ge leute , ge@@ bil@@ dete leute , an@@ stän@@ dige leute . +sie waren genau wie die leute in diesem raum . +und das brachte mich so durch@@ einander ... +aber dann dachte ich , wissen sie was , seien wir ehrlich : +wir sind an einem punkt an@@ gelan@@ gt , an dem wir nicht das selbe verhältnis zum fortschritt haben wie früher . +wir reden zwi@@ es@@ p@@ äl@@ tig davon . +wir reden ir@@ on@@ isch davon , mit kleinen an@@ führ@@ ungs@@ zeichen darum : " fortschritt " . +okay , dafür gibt es gründe , und ich denke wir wissen , welche gründe das sind . +wir haben das vertrauen in institutionen , in autor@@ ität , und manchmal in die wissenschaft an sich verloren , und es gibt keinen grund , warum das nicht so sein sollte . +man kann einfach ein paar namen nennen und die leute werden verstehen . +tsch@@ er@@ no@@ by@@ l , b@@ hop@@ al , die challen@@ ger , vi@@ ox@@ x , massen@@ ver@@ nicht@@ ungs@@ waffen , die us-@@ präsi@@ dent@@ schafts@@ wahl 2000 . +ich meine , wissen sie , sie können ihre eigene liste wählen . +es gibt fragen und probleme mit den leuten , von denen wir glaub@@ ten , dass sie immer recht hätten . seien sie also skep@@ tisch . +stellen sie fragen , verlangen sie beweise , verlangen sie bele@@ ge . +nehmen sie nichts als gegeben hin . +aber jetzt kommt ' s : wenn sie beweise bekommen müssen sie diese beweise annehmen , und darin sind wir nicht gut . +und ich kann das aus dem grund sagen , dass wir jetzt in einer epide@@ mie der fur@@ cht leben , wie ich sie noch nie gesehen habe und hoffentlich nie wieder sehen werde . +vor ungefähr 12 jahren wurde eine geschichte veröffentlicht , eine schreck@@ liche geschichte , die die autis@@ mus@@ -@@ epide@@ mie mit dem mas@@ ern , mu@@ mp@@ s , und rö@@ tel@@ n impf@@ stoff in verbindung brachte . +sehr furcht@@ einfl@@ ö@@ ß@@ end . +h@@ auf@@ en@@ weise studien wurden durchgeführt um zu sehen , ob das stimm@@ te . +h@@ auf@@ en@@ weise studien sollten durchgeführt werden ; das ist eine ern@@ ste an@@ gelegenheit . +die daten kamen her@@ ein . +die daten kamen her@@ ein aus den usa , aus england , aus schwe@@ den , aus kanada , und sie waren alle gleich , keine kor@@ relation , keine verbindung , gar keine . +es macht keinen unterschied . es macht keinen unterschied , weil wir an an@@ ek@@ d@@ oten glauben , wir glauben , was wir sehen , was wir zu sehen glauben , was be@@ wirkt , dass wir uns echt fühlen . +wir glauben nicht an ein b@@ ün@@ del doku@@ mente von einem regi@@ erungs@@ ang@@ stellten , der uns daten gibt , und ich verste@@ he das , ich denke , das tun wir alle . +aber wissen sie was ? +das ergebnis davon war katastrop@@ ha@@ l , +katastrop@@ ha@@ l wegen dieser tatsache : die usa ist eines der einzigen länder auf der welt , in dem die imp@@ fra@@ te für mas@@ ern sin@@ kt . +das ist sk@@ and@@ al@@ ö@@ s und wir sollten uns schä@@ men . +es ist schrecklich . +was ist passiert , dass wir das tun konnten . +nun , ich verste@@ he das . das tue ich . +denn hat hier jemand mas@@ ern ? +hat ein einzi@@ ger im publikum je jemanden an mas@@ ern sterben sehen ? +passiert nicht sehr oft . +passiert in diesem land überhaupt nicht , aber 16@@ 0.000 mal auf der welt im letzten jahr . +das sind viele to@@ de durch mas@@ ern , 20 pro stunde . +aber weil das nicht hier passiert ist , können wir es ver@@ drän@@ gen , und leute wie jen@@ ny mc@@ car@@ thy können herum@@ laufen und bot@@ schaften von angst und anal@@ p@@ hab@@ e@@ tis@@ mus von platt@@ formen wie op@@ ra@@ h und lar@@ ry king live pre@@ digen . +und das können sie machen , weil sie ur@@ sache und kor@@ relation nicht verbinden . +sie verstehen nicht , dass diese dinge gleich zu sein scheinen , aber fast nie das selbe sind . +und das ist etwas , das wir lernen müssen , und zwar sehr schnell . +dieser typ war ein held , jon@@ as sal@@ k . +er be@@ frei@@ te uns von einer der schlimm@@ sten gei@@ ß@@ eln der menschheit . +keine angst , keine qu@@ alen , kinder@@ lä@@ h@@ mung , pu@@ ff , versch@@ wunden . +der typ in der mitte nicht so sehr . +er heißt paul off@@ it . +er hat gerade mit ein paar anderen leuten einen ro@@ ta@@ vir@@ us-@@ impf@@ stoff entwickelt . +er kann die leben von 4@@ 00@@ - , 50@@ 0.000 kindern pro jahr in den entwicklungsländern retten . +ziemlich gut , nicht ? +nun , das ist gut , ab@@ gesehen davon , dass paul herum@@ läuft und über impf@@ stoffe spricht und sagt , wie wert@@ voll sie sind , und dass die leute einfach aufhören sollten zu jam@@ mern . +und das sagt er tatsächlich so . +paul ist also ein terror@@ ist . +wenn paul in einer öffentlichen an@@ hör@@ ung spricht , kann er nicht ohne be@@ waff@@ nete wä@@ chter aus@@ sagen . +er bekommt an@@ ru@@ fe zu hause , weil die leute ihm gerne erzählen , dass sie wissen wo seine kinder zur schule gehen . +und warum ? weil paul einen impf@@ stoff gemacht hat . +ich brauche das nicht sagen , aber impf@@ stoffe sind un@@ ent@@ be@@ hr@@ lich . +nimmt man sie fort , kehren die krankheiten zurück , schreck@@ liche krankheiten , und das passiert gerade . +wir haben in diesem land jetzt mas@@ ern . +und das wird schlimmer , und ziemlich bald werden kinder wieder daran sterben , denn das ist nur eine frage der zahlen . +und sie werden nicht nur an mas@@ ern sterben . +was ist mit kinder@@ lä@@ h@@ mung ? nehmen wir das . warum nicht ? +eine kom@@ mili@@ ton@@ in von mir hat mir vor ein paar wochen geschrieben und gesagt sie glaubt ich bin ein bisschen zu schri@@ ll . +niemand hat das je zuvor gesagt . +sie würde ihr kind nicht gegen kinder@@ lä@@ h@@ mung imp@@ fen . auf keinen fall . +f@@ ein . +warum ? weil wir keine kinder@@ lä@@ h@@ mung haben . und wissen sie was ? +wir hatten in diesem land gestern keine kinder@@ lä@@ h@@ mung . +heute , ich weiß nicht , vielleicht stieg heute morgen jemand in la@@ gos in ein flugzeug und flie@@ gt gerade nach los angeles , im moment ist er über o@@ hi@@ o . +und in ein paar stunden lan@@ det er und mie@@ tet ein auto , und er kommt nach long beach , und er wird eines dieser fanta@@ sti@@ chen ted-@@ dinner heute abend besuchen . +und er weiß nicht , dass er mit einer lä@@ hmen@@ den krankheit in@@ fiziert ist , und wir wissen das auch nicht , denn so funktioniert die welt nun mal . +das ist der planet , auf dem wir leben . tun sie nicht so , als ob er das nicht ist . +wir lieben es , uns in lü@@ gen zu hü@@ llen . wir lieben das . +haben sie heute morgen alle ihre vi@@ tam@@ ine genommen ? +e@@ chin@@ ac@@ e@@ a , ein kleines anti@@ o@@ xi@@ dan@@ ti@@ um , das ihnen auf die spr@@ ün@@ ge hilft . +ich weiß , dass sie das gemacht haben , weil die hälfte der amerikaner das jeden tag macht . +sie nehmen das zeug , und sie nehmen alternative hei@@ l@@ mittel , und es macht keinen unterschied , wie häufig wir herausfinden , dass sie nutz@@ los sind . +die daten bele@@ gen das ständig . +sie ver@@ dun@@ keln ihren ur@@ in . mehr tun sie fast nie . +das ist okay , sie wollen gerne 28 milliarden dollar für dunkl@@ en ur@@ in zahlen . +ich stimme ihnen völlig zu . +dunkl@@ er ur@@ in . dun@@ kel . +warum machen wir das ? warum machen wir das ? +nun , ich glaube , ich verste@@ he - wir has@@ sen die pharma@@ industrie . +wir has@@ sen eine zu starke regierung . wir haben kein vertrauen ins system . +und das sollten wir auch nicht . unser gesundheits@@ system ist mi@@ es . +es ist grau@@ sam zu millionen von leuten . +es ist absolut erstaunlich k@@ alt und se@@ el@@ ent@@ ö@@ tend selbst zu uns , die es sich leisten können . +wir laufen also davor weg , und wohin laufen wir ? +wir laufen in die arme der plac@@ e@@ bo@@ -@@ industrie . +das ist super . ich liebe die plac@@ e@@ bo@@ -@@ industrie . +aber wissen sie , das ist wirklich eine ern@@ ste an@@ gelegenheit , denn das zeug ist m@@ ist , und wir geben milliarden dollar dafür aus . +und ich habe alle möglichen kleinen requ@@ isi@@ ten hier . +k@@ eins davon -- g@@ ing@@ ko , be@@ trug , e@@ chin@@ ac@@ e@@ a , be@@ trug , ac@@ ai , da weiß ich nicht mal , was das ist , aber wir geben milliarden dollar dafür aus , es ist be@@ trug . +und wissen sie was ? wenn ich das sage , schrei@@ en mich die leute an und sagen : " was kümm@@ ert es dich ? lass die leute doch machen , was sie wollen . +so fühlen sie sich gut . " +und wissen sie was ? sie haben un@@ recht . +weil es mir egal ist , ob es der gesundheits@@ minister ist , der sagt : " h@@ mm , ich werde die bele@@ ge meiner experten zu mammo@@ graph@@ ie nicht annehmen " oder irgend@@ ein kre@@ b@@ s-@@ qu@@ ack@@ sal@@ ber , der seinen patienten mit ka@@ ff@@ e-@@ ein@@ läu@@ fen behandeln will . +wenn sie sich auf diesen weg be@@ geben , wo glaube und mag@@ ie bele@@ ge und wissenschaft ersetzen , gelangen sie an einen ort , an dem sie nicht sein wollen . +sie gelangen zu th@@ ab@@ o m@@ be@@ ki in südafri@@ ka . +er brachte 40@@ 0.000 seiner leute um , weil er darauf bestand , dass rote bee@@ te , kno@@ bl@@ auch und zit@@ r@@ on@@ en@@ öl viel effe@@ kti@@ ver als anti@@ retro@@ vir@@ ale medikamente sind , von denen wir wissen , dass sie den verl@@ auf von aids bre@@ m@@ sen können . +hunder@@ tt@@ aus@@ ende un@@ nö@@ tiger to@@ de in einem land , das schlimmer als jedes andere von dieser krankheit ge@@ pla@@ gt wird . +sagen sie mir bitte nicht , dass diese dinge keine kon@@ sequenzen haben . +die haben sie . die haben sie immer . +nun , die hirn@@ lo@@ se@@ ste epide@@ mie , in der wir uns gerade befinden , ist dieser ab@@ sur@@ de kampf zwischen den be@@ für@@ wor@@ tern gent@@ echn@@ isch veränder@@ ter nahrungs@@ mittel und der bio@@ -@@ eli@@ te . +das ist eine i@@ dio@@ tische debat@@ te . sie muss aufhören . +es ist eine debat@@ te über wörter , über meta@@ pher@@ n . +das ist ide@@ ologie , nicht wissenschaft . +alles , was wir essen , jedes rei@@ sk@@ or@@ n , jeder zwei@@ g pe@@ ter@@ sil@@ ie , jeder ro@@ sen@@ ko@@ hl , wurde von den menschen verändert . +wissen sie , es gab keine mand@@ ar@@ inen im para@@ dies . +es gab keine can@@ tal@@ ou@@ pe@@ -@@ mel@@ onen . +es gab keine weih@@ na@@ chts@@ bäume . wir haben das alles gemacht . +wir haben es in den letzten 1@@ 1.000 jahren gemacht . +und man@@ ches davon hat funktioniert und man@@ ches nicht . +wir sind los@@ geworden , was nicht funktioniert hat . +jetzt können wir es genauer machen . und natürlich gibt es risiken . aber wir können etwas wie vi@@ tam@@ in a in rei@@ s tun , und das zeug kann millionen menschen helfen , millionen menschen , ihr leben zu ver@@ län@@ gern . +das wollen sie nicht machen ? +ich muss sagen , das verste@@ he ich nicht . +wir le@@ hnen gent@@ echn@@ isch veränderte nahrung ab . +warum tun wir das ? +nun , was ich ständig höre ist : zu viele chemikalien , pe@@ sti@@ zi@@ de , hor@@ m@@ one , mon@@ o@@ kultur , wir wollen keine riesigen felder mit einer sache , das ist falsch . +wir wollen nicht , dass firmen leben pat@@ enti@@ eren . +wir wollen nicht , dass firmen samen besitzen . +und wissen sie , was meine antwort auf all das ist ? +ja , sie haben recht . be@@ heben wir das . +es stimmt , wir haben ein ries@@ iges nahr@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ m , aber das ist nicht wissenschaft . +das hat mit wissenschaft nichts zu tun . +es ist recht , moral , pat@@ ent@@ kra@@ m . +sie wissen , dass die wissenschaft keine firma ist . +sie ist kein land . +sie ist nicht mal eine idee ; sie ist ein prozess . +sie ist ein prozess , und manchmal funktioniert er und manchmal nicht , aber die idee , dass wir der wissenschaft nicht erlauben sollten , ihre arbeit zu tun , weil wir angst haben ist eine wirkliche s@@ ack@@ gas@@ se , und sie hält millionen von menschen vom auf@@ blü@@ hen ab . +wissen sie , in den nächsten 50 jahren werden wir 70 prozent mehr nahrung an@@ bauen müssen als im moment . 70 prozent . +diese investi@@ tion in afrika in den letzten 30 jahren . +besch@@ ä@@ men@@ d . besch@@ ä@@ men@@ d . +sie brauchen das , und wir geben es ihnen nicht . +und warum ? gent@@ echn@@ isch veränderte nahrung . +wir wollen leute nicht ermu@@ tigen , dieses ver@@ ro@@ t@@ tete zeug zu essen , wie zum beispiel mani@@ ok . +mani@@ ok ist etwas , das eine halbe milliarde menschen essen . +es ist etwa wie eine kar@@ to@@ ff@@ el . +es ist nur ein b@@ ün@@ del kal@@ orien . es ist mi@@ es . +es hat keine nähr@@ stoffe , es hat kein protein , und wissenschaftler bauen all das gerade darin ein . +und dann könnten die leute das essen und würden nicht blind werden . +sie würden nicht ver@@ hun@@ gern , und wissen sie was ? +das wäre schön . es wäre nicht che@@ z pan@@ is@@ se , aber es wäre schön . +und alles , was ich dazu sagen kann ist : warum be@@ kämpfen wir das ? +ich meine , fragen wir uns : warum be@@ kämpfen wir das ? +weil wir keine gene herum@@ schie@@ ben wollen ? +es geht nicht darum , gene herum@@ zu@@ schie@@ ben . es geht nicht um chemikalien . +es geht nicht um unsere läch@@ er@@ liche leidenschaft für hor@@ m@@ one , unser be@@ har@@ ren auf größ@@ erer nahrung , besser@@ er nahrung , einzigarti@@ ger nahrung . +es geht hier nicht um ri@@ ce kr@@ is@@ pi@@ es , es geht darum , leute am leben zu erhalten , und es wird höch@@ ste zeit , zu verstehen , was das bedeutet . +denn wissen sie was ? +wenn wir das nicht tun , wenn wir so weiter machen wie bisher machen wir uns an etwas schul@@ dig , an dem wir , glaube ich , nicht schul@@ dig sein wollen , high-@@ tech kol@@ oni@@ alismus . +es gibt keine andere beschrei@@ bung für das , was hier passiert . +es ist selbst@@ sü@@ chti@@ g , es ist hä@@ ss@@ lich , es ist unser nicht wür@@ dig , und wir müssen das wirklich auf@@ halten . +nach dieser unglaublich lu@@ stigen unterhaltung wollen sie also vielleicht sagen : " willst du immer noch in diese läch@@ er@@ liche zeit@@ maschine und in die zukunft gehen ? " +auf jeden fall . das will ich auf jeden fall . +im moment steckt sie in der gegenwart , aber wir haben eine unglaubliche möglichkeit . +wir können diese zeit@@ maschine auf alles stellen , was wir wollen . +wir können sie hin@@ bewegen , wo wir sie hin@@ bewegen wollen , und wir werden sie dorthin bewegen , wohin wir wollen . +wir müssen diese unter@@ hal@@ tungen führen , und wir müssen nachdenken , aber wenn wir in die zeit@@ maschine steigen und in die zukunft gehen werden wir fro@@ h sein , das gemacht zu haben . +ich weiß , dass wir es können , und so@@ weit es mich betrifft ist das etwas , was die welt jetzt braucht . +danke . +danke . +seit einiger zeit interessi@@ ere ich mich für den plac@@ e@@ bo@@ -@@ effekt . es mag merk@@ wür@@ dig erscheinen , dass sich ein ma@@ gi@@ er dafür interessiert , es sei denn , sie betrachten es so wie ich , als " eine täusch@@ ung , die zu etwas ech@@ tem wird , wenn jemand nur fest genug daran glaubt . " +mit anderen worten , zu@@ cker@@ p@@ ill@@ en haben in einigen studien eine mess@@ bare wirkung gezeigt , den plac@@ e@@ bo@@ -@@ effekt , und zwar nur deswegen , weil die person denkt , was mit ihr geschieht , sei eine pharma@@ zeu@@ tische oder eine art von ... im schmer@@ z@@ management , zum beispiel , gibt es , wenn der patient nur fest genug daran glaubt , eine mess@@ bare wirkung im körper , die man den plac@@ e@@ bo@@ -@@ effekt nennt . +eine täusch@@ ung wird zu etwas ech@@ tem , weil jemand es so wahr@@ nimmt . +damit wir uns gegensei@@ tig auch verstehen , möchte ich ihnen jetzt einen element@@ aren , ganz einfachen zauber@@ trick zeigen . +und ich werde ihnen zeigen , wie er funktioniert . das ist ein trick , der mindestens seit den 195@@ 0ern in jedem zauber@@ buch für kinder steht . +ich selbst habe ihn vom cu@@ b sc@@ out magic der p@@ fa@@ d@@ fin@@ der in den 197@@ 0ern gelernt . +ich werde ihn für sie aus@@ führen und ihn dann erklären . +und dann werde ich erklären , warum ich ihn er@@ kl@@ äre . +also , sehen sie , was passiert . +das messer , das sie untersuchen können ; meine hand , die sie untersuchen können . +ich werde das messer einfach so in meiner fau@@ st halten . +ich schie@@ be meinen är@@ mel zurück . +und um sicher@@ zustellen , dass nichts in meinem är@@ mel versch@@ win@@ det oder aus ihm heraus@@ kommt , werde ich einfach mein hand@@ gelen@@ k genau hier zusammen@@ drücken . +auf diese weise können sie sehen , dass sich zu keiner zeit irgendetwas bewegt . solange ich hier zu@@ drü@@ cke , kann nichts in meinen är@@ mel wander@@ n oder heraus@@ kommen . +und das ziel dabei ist ganz einfach . +ich werde meine hand öffnen , und hoffentlich , wenn alles gut geht , wird das messer durch meinen blo@@ ßen körper@@ lichen magne@@ tis@@ mus fest@@ gehalten . +es sitzt tatsächlich so fest an seinem platz , dass ich es schü@@ tt@@ eln kann , ohne dass das messer herunter@@ fällt . +nichts wander@@ t in meinen är@@ mel oder kommt heraus , keine tri@@ ck@@ ser@@ ei . und sie können alles untersuchen . +ta@@ -@@ da ! +nun , das ist ein trick , den ich oft kleinen kindern bei@@ br@@ inge , die sich für zauber@@ ei interessieren , denn man kann dabei sehr viel über täusch@@ ung lernen , wenn man genauer hin@@ sieht , obwohl es ein sehr einfach auszu@@ führ@@ ender trick ist . +vermutlich kennen viele von ihnen hier im saal diesen trick . +er funktioniert fol@@ gen@@ der@@ maßen : +ich halte das messer in meiner hand . +ich sage , dass ich mein hand@@ gelen@@ k um@@ schlie@@ ße , um sicher@@ zustellen , dass nichts in meinem är@@ mel versch@@ win@@ det oder heraus@@ kommt , und das ist eine lü@@ ge . +der grund , warum ich mein hand@@ gelen@@ k fes@@ th@@ alte , ist der , dass darin das eigent@@ liche geheimnis der illusion besteht . +in dem moment nämlich , wo ich meine hand von ihnen weg@@ dre@@ he , damit sie sie von hinten sehen , bewegt sich dieser finger hier , mein zei@@ ge@@ finger , einfach von dort , wo er war , in eine position , in der er so ausge@@ stre@@ ckt ist . +toll@@ er trick ? +da hinten sitzt jemand , der keine kindheit hatte . +also , er befindet sich hier . genau . +und wenn ich mich um@@ dre@@ he , ändert der finger seine position . +und jetzt könnte man darüber reden , warum das eine täusch@@ ung ist , warum man nicht wahr@@ nimmt , dass hier unten nur drei finger zu sehen sind : weil der verstand und die art , wie er informationen ver@@ arbeitet , sie nicht ein@@ z@@ eln zä@@ hlt , eins , zwei , drei , sondern sie als gruppe sieht . +aber darum geht es jetzt hier eigentlich gar nicht . und dann öff@@ ne ich meine hand . +natürlich wird es dort fest@@ gehalten , aber nicht durch den magne@@ tis@@ mus meines körpers , sondern durch einen trick , durch meinen zei@@ ge@@ finger , der jetzt dort ist . +und wenn ich meine hand schlie@@ ße , passiert dasselbe , indem ich mich zurück@@ dre@@ he , wird durch diese bewegung ver@@ bor@@ gen , dass der finger sich wieder zurück@@ bewegt . +ich nehme diese hand weg . und hier ist das messer . +diesen trick können sie ihren freunden und nachbarn vor@@ führen . danke . +nun , was hat das mit dem plac@@ e@@ bo@@ -@@ effekt zu tun ? +vor einem jahr oder so , las ich eine studie , die mich wirklich richtig um@@ geh@@ auen hat . +ich bin kein arzt oder forscher , und deshalb war das für mich eine erstaunliche sache . +es hat sich nämlich folgendes heraus@@ gestellt : wenn sie ein plac@@ e@@ bo in form einer weißen pil@@ le an@@ bieten , in der form einer as@@ pir@@ in@@ tab@@ le@@ tte , ist das einfach eine r@@ unde , weiße pil@@ le , die einen bestimmten mess@@ baren effekt hat . +aber wenn sie die form , in der sie das plac@@ e@@ bo verab@@ reichen , zum beispiel in eine klein@@ ere pil@@ le verändern , und diese blau fä@@ r@@ ben und einen buchstab@@ en darauf prä@@ gen , ist sie tatsächlich mess@@ bar effe@@ kti@@ ver . +und das , obwohl keine davon irgend@@ eine pharma@@ zeu@@ tische ... es sind bloß zu@@ cker@@ p@@ ill@@ en . +aber eine weiße pil@@ le ist nicht so gut wie eine blau@@ e pil@@ le . +was ? das ließ mich wirklich aus@@ fli@@ ppen . +es stellte sich aber heraus , dass das noch nicht alles ist . +wenn man kap@@ seln nimmt , sind die noch wirk@@ samer als tab@@ le@@ tten jeder form . +eine far@@ bi@@ ge kap@@ sel , die an einem ende gel@@ b und am anderen rot ist , ist besser als eine weiße kap@@ sel . +auch die do@@ si@@ erung spielt eine rolle . +eine pil@@ le zwei@@ mal täglich ist nicht so gut wie drei p@@ ill@@ en - ich kann mich jetzt nicht an die genau@@ e statisti@@ k erinnern . tut mir leid . +das entscheiden@@ de aber ist , ... +... dass auch die do@@ si@@ erungen eine rolle spielen . +und die form spielt eine rolle . +und wenn man den ulti@@ mati@@ ven plac@@ e@@ bo@@ -@@ effekt haben möchte , muss man zur na@@ del greifen . +richtig ? eine sp@@ ri@@ tze mit einer wirk@@ ungs@@ losen - ein paar milli@@ li@@ ter einer wirk@@ ungs@@ losen substan@@ z , die man einem patienten in@@ ji@@ ziert . +das erzeugt ein sehr star@@ kes bild im kopf . das ist sehr viel stärker als eine weiße pil@@ le . +diese grafik ist wirklich ... ich werde sie ihnen ein anderes mal zeigen , wenn wir einen proje@@ ktor haben . +tatsache also ist , dass die weiße pil@@ le nicht so gut wirkt wie die blau@@ e pil@@ le , die nicht so gut wirkt wie eine kap@@ sel , die nicht so gut wirkt wie die na@@ del . +und nichts davon hat irgend@@ eine wirklich pharma@@ zeu@@ tische eigen@@ schaft . es ist nur unser glaube daran , der in uns eine stär@@ k@@ ere wirkung er@@ zi@@ elt . +ich wollte wissen , ob ich diese idee für einen zauber@@ trick nutzen könnte . +ich nehme etwas , das offensichtlich eine täusch@@ ung ist , und lasse es echt aussehen . +wir wissen ja aus jen@@ er studie , dass man zur na@@ del greifen muss , wenn es zur sache gehen soll . +dies ist eine 18 c@@ m lange hu@@ t@@ na@@ del . sie ist sehr , sehr spit@@ z . und ich werde sie zunächst ein kleines bisschen ster@@ ili@@ sieren . +das hier ist wirklich mein fleisch . es ist nicht dam@@ i@@ ans spezi@@ elles ge@@ zü@@ ch@@ te@@ tes fleisch . +das hier ist meine haut . das ist kein spezi@@ al@@ effekt aus hollywood . +ich werde nun diese na@@ del in meine haut ste@@ chen und durch sie hin@@ durch treiben , bis sie auf der anderen seite wieder au@@ stri@@ tt . +falls ihnen ü@@ bel wird - wenn sie leicht in o@@ hn@@ macht fallen - ich habe das ein paar freunden letzte nacht im hot@@ el@@ zimmer vor@@ geführt , und einigen leuten , die ich nicht kan@@ nte , und dabei ist eine frau fast o@@ hn@@ mäch@@ tig geworden . +ich schla@@ ge also vor , wenn ihnen schnell ü@@ bel wird , dann schauen sie für die nächsten 30 sekunden weg . oder , wissen sie was , ich werde den ersten hei@@ kl@@ en teil hier hinten machen . +sie können es gleich sehen , sie können aber auch weg@@ sehen , wenn sie möchten . +also , es geht so , genau hier , wo mein fleisch an@@ fängt , am unter@@ en teil meines arms werde ich einfach einen kleinen ein@@ st@@ ich machen . +tut mir echt leid . macht sie das verrückt ? +und jetzt einfach ein kleines bisschen durch meine haut und auf der anderen seite so wieder heraus . +jetzt sind wir eigentlich in der gleichen situation , die wir beim mes@@ ser@@ trick hatten . +ungefähr . +aber jetzt können sie meine finger nicht zählen , oder ? +also , werde ich sie ihnen zeigen . das ist einer , zwei , drei , vier , fünf . +nun ja , +ich weiß , was die leute denken , wenn sie das sehen . +sie sagen : " okay , der ist bestimmt nicht so bl@@ ö@@ d und durch@@ sti@@ cht sich selbst die haut , nur um uns ein paar minuten lang zu unter@@ halten . " +nun , dann werde ich es ihnen zeigen . +wie sieht das hier aus ? ziemlich gut . +ja , ich weiß . +und die leute hinten sagen : " okay . ich habe das nicht richtig gesehen . " +die leute in den neben@@ r@@ äumen kommen jetzt rein . +lassen sie es mich ihnen aus der nähe zeigen . +das ist wirklich meine haut . das ist kein spezi@@ al@@ effekt aus hollywood . +das ist mein fleisch , und ich kann das herum@@ drehen . +tut mir leid . wenn ihnen ü@@ bel wird , schauen sie weg , schauen sie nicht hin . +die leute hinten oder die , die das später irgendwann einmal auf video sehen , werden sagen , " nun ja , das sieht ja recht ein@@ druck@@ s@@ voll aus , aber wenn es echt wäre , würde er - sehen sie , hier ist ein loch und dort , wenn es wirklich echt wäre , würde es blu@@ ten . " +okay , lassen sie mich ein wenig blut für sie heraus@@ qu@@ et@@ schen . +ja , hier ist es . +normalerweise würde ich jetzt die na@@ del heraus@@ nehmen . +ich würde meinen arm säu@@ ber@@ n und ihnen zeigen , dass da keine wunden sind . +aber ich denke , in diesem rahmen hier und mit der absicht , aus einer täusch@@ ung etwas e@@ chtes zu machen , werde ich die na@@ del einfach da drin lassen und so von der bühne gehen . +wir werden uns in den nächsten tagen noch ein paar mal begeg@@ nen . +ich hoffe , sie freu@@ en sich schon darauf . vielen dank . +jeder spricht heutzutage über das glück . +ich habe einige leute die anzahl der bücher zählen lassen , die mit " happiness " im titel in den letzten fünf jahren veröffentlicht wurden und sie gaben nach ungefähr 40 auf , und es gab noch viel mehr . +es gibt eine gewal@@ tige welle des interess@@ es an glück unter forsch@@ ern . +es gibt sehr viel glück@@ s-@@ co@@ ach@@ ing . +jeder würde gerne die leute glück@@ licher machen . +aber trotz all dieser flu@@ t von arbeiten , gibt es mehrere kogni@@ tive fallen , die es sozusagen fast unmöglich machen , klar über glück nachzudenken . +und mein vortrag heute wird hauptsächlich von diesen kogni@@ tiven fallen handeln . +das gilt für la@@ ien , die über ihr eigenes glück nachdenken , und es gilt für wissenschaftler , die über glück nachdenken , weil sich heraus@@ stellt , dass wir genau so durch@@ einander sind wie jeder andere . +die erste dieser fallen ist ein wider@@ streben , komplexität zu@@ zu@@ geben . +es stellt sich heraus , dass das wort glück einfach kein nütz@@ liches wort mehr ist , weil wir es auf zu viele unterschiedliche dinge anwenden . +ich denke , es gibt eine bestimmte bedeutung , auf die wir es beschrän@@ ken könnten , aber im großen und ganzen ist das etwas , das wir auf@@ geben werden müssen , und wir werden die kompli@@ zierte sicht@@ weise annehmen müssen darauf , was wohl@@ befinden ist . +die zweite f@@ alle ist eine ver@@ wech@@ s@@ lung von erleben und ge@@ däch@@ tnis : im grunde besteht sie zwischen glücklich sein in seinem leben und glücklich sein über sein leben oder glücklich mit seinem leben . +und dies sind zwei sehr unterschiedliche konzep@@ te , und sie sind beide zusammenge@@ worfen in der vorstellung vom glück . +und die dritte ist die konzent@@ ration@@ s-@@ illusion , und das ist die un@@ glück@@ liche tatsache , dass wir nicht über einen um@@ stand nachdenken können , der wohl@@ befinden beeinflusst , ohne seine bedeutung zu ver@@ zer@@ ren . +ich meine , das ist eine echte kogni@@ tive f@@ alle . +es gibt einfach keinen weg , es richtig hin zu bekommen . +nun würde ich gerne mit einem beispiel anfangen von jemandem , der eine fra@@ ge-@@ und@@ -@@ antwor@@ t-@@ si@@ tzung hatte nach einer meiner vor@@ les@@ ungen , der eine geschichte beri@@ chtete . [ un@@ deutlich ... ] er sagte , er hätte eine sin@@ f@@ onie gehört , und es war absolut herr@@ liche musik , und ganz am ende der aufnahme gab es ein für@@ chter@@ liches krei@@ schen@@ des gerä@@ usch . +und dann fü@@ gte er hin@@ zu , wirklich ziemlich emotional , das hat die ganze erfahrung ru@@ in@@ iert . +aber das hatte es nicht . +was es ru@@ in@@ iert hatte waren die erinn@@ erungen an die erfahrung . +er hatte die erfahrung gehabt . +er hatte 20 minuten herr@@ licher musik gehabt . +sie zä@@ hl@@ ten nicht , weil er mit einer erinn@@ erung verb@@ lieben war ; die erinn@@ erung war ru@@ in@@ iert , und die erinn@@ erung war alles , was er zum behalten bekommen hatte . +was uns das wirklich sagt ist , dass wir über uns und über andere leute nachdenken könnten im sinne von zwei arten des selbst . +es gibt ein er@@ leben@@ des selbst , das in der gegenwart lebt und die gegenwart kennt , fähig ist , die vergangenheit wieder zu erleben , aber im grunde nur die gegenwart hat . +es ist das er@@ leben@@ de selbst , das der arzt an@@ pri@@ cht -- sie wissen , wenn der arzt fragt : " tut es jetzt we@@ h , wenn ich sie hier an@@ fas@@ se ? " +und dann gibt es ein erinn@@ ern@@ des selbst , und das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst ist das , das mit@@ zä@@ hlt und die geschichte unseres lebens auf@@ recht erhält , und es ist das@@ jen@@ ige , das der arzt an@@ spricht indem er die frage stellt : " wie haben sie sich in letz@@ ter zeit gefü@@ hlt ? " +oder " wie war ihre reise nach al@@ b@@ ani@@ en ? " oder so ähnlich . +dies sind zwei sehr unterschiedliche ein@@ heiten , das er@@ leben@@ de selbst und das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst , und die beiden zu ver@@ wechseln ist teil des durch@@ ein@@ anders des begri@@ ff@@ s vom glück . +nun , das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst ist ein geschi@@ chten@@ erzähl@@ er . +und das fängt wirklich mit einer grundle@@ genden reaktion auf unsere erinn@@ erungen an -- es fängt sofort an . +wir erzählen nicht nur geschichten , wenn wir uns daran machen , geschichten zu erzählen . +unser ge@@ däch@@ tnis erzählt uns geschichten , das heißt , was wir von unseren erleb@@ nissen behalten dürfen ist eine geschichte . +und lassen sie mi@@ cht mit einem beispiel anfangen . +es gibt eine alte studie . +das sind echte patienten , die sich einer schmer@@ z@@ ha@@ ften pro@@ ze@@ du@@ r unter@@ ziehen . +ich werde nicht ins detail gehen . sie ist heutzutage nicht mehr schmer@@ z@@ haft , aber sie war schmer@@ z@@ haft , als diese studie in den 199@@ 0ern durchgeführt wurde . +sie wurden gebeten , alle 60 sekunden über ihre schmerzen zu berichten . +und hier sind zwei patienten . das sind ihre auf@@ zeichnungen . +und sie werden gefragt : " wer von beiden hat mehr ge@@ li@@ tten ? " +und das ist eine sehr einfache frage . +patient b hat eindeu@@ tig mehr ge@@ li@@ tten . seine dar@@ m@@ spiegel@@ ung war länger , und jede minute von schmerz , die patient a hatte hatte patient b , und mehr . +aber nun gibt es eine andere frage : " wie sehr dachten diese patienten , dass sie li@@ tten ? " +und hier ist eine überrasch@@ ung : +und die überrasch@@ ung ist , dass patient a eine viel schle@@ cht@@ ere erinn@@ r@@ ung an die dar@@ m@@ spiegel@@ ung hatte als patient b . +die geschichten der dar@@ m@@ spiegel@@ ungen waren unterschie@@ dlich , und weil ein sehr entscheiden@@ der teil der geschichte ist , wie sie endet -- +und keine dieser geschichten ist sehr er@@ bau@@ lich oder großartig -- aber eine von ihnen ist diese deutlich ... +aber eine von ihnen ist deutlich schlimmer als die andere . +und die , die schlimmer ist war die , wo der schmerz ganz am ende auf seinem hö@@ he@@ punkt war . es ist eine schli@@ mme geschichte . +woher wissen wir das ? +weil wir diese leute nach ihrer dar@@ m@@ spiegel@@ ung gefragt haben , und auch viel später : " wie schli@@ mm war die ganze sache ins@@ gesam@@ t ? " , +und sie war viel schlimmer für a als für b in der erinn@@ r@@ ung . +nun , das ist ein dire@@ k@@ ter konflikt zwischen dem er@@ lebenden selbst und dem erinn@@ ern@@ den selbst . +aus sicht des er@@ lebenden selbst hatte b eindeu@@ tig eine schle@@ cht@@ ere zeit . +nun , was man mit patient a machen könnte , und wir haben tatsächlich klin@@ ische experimente durchgeführt , und es ist gemacht worden , und es funktioniert , man könnte eigentlich die dar@@ m@@ spiegel@@ ung von patient a ver@@ län@@ gern indem man einfach den schl@@ auch drin lässt ohne zu sehr an ihm zu rü@@ tt@@ eln . +das wird dazu führen , dass der patient lei@@ det , aber nur ein bisschen und viel weniger als vorher . +und wenn man das ein paar minuten lang macht hat man be@@ wirkt , dass das er@@ leben@@ de selbst von patient a schle@@ chter dran ist und man hat be@@ wirkt , dass das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst von patient a viel besser dran ist , denn nun hat man patient a eine bessere geschichte über seine erfahrung gegeben . +wo@@ durch zeichnet sich eine geschichte aus ? +und das gilt für die geschichten , die das ge@@ däch@@ tnis uns liefert und es gilt auch für die geschichten , die wir erfinden . +wo@@ durch sich eine geschichte aus@@ zeichnet sind um@@ brü@@ che , bedeuten@@ de augen@@ bli@@ cke und enden . +enden sind sehr , sehr wichtig und in diesem fall dom@@ ini@@ erte das ende . +nun , das er@@ leben@@ de selbst lebt sein leben kontin@@ u@@ ier@@ lich . +es hat augen@@ bli@@ cke des er@@ lebens , einen nach dem anderen . +und sie fragen : was passiert mit diesen mom@@ enten ? +und die antwort ist wirklich einfach . sie sind für immer verloren . +ich meine , die meisten augen@@ bli@@ cke unseres lebens -- und ich habe das aus@@ ger@@ ech@@ net -- sie wissen , die psych@@ ologische gegenwart gilt als ungefähr drei sekunden lang . was bedeutet , wissen sie , dass es in einem leben ungefähr 600 millionen davon gibt . in einem monat gibt es ungefähr 6@@ 0@@ 0.000 . die meisten von ihnen hinter@@ lassen keine sp@@ ur . +die meisten von ihnen werden komplett ignor@@ iert vom erinn@@ ern@@ den selbst . +und doch bekommen sie irgendwie den eindruck , dass sie zählen sollten , dass was während dieser augen@@ bli@@ cke des er@@ lebens passiert unser leben ist . +es ist die begren@@ zte res@@ source , die wir ver@@ brauchen während wir auf dieser welt sind . +und wie wir sie ver@@ brauchen würde schein@@ bar wichtig sein , aber das ist nicht die geschichte , die das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst für uns be@@ hält . +also haben wir das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst und das er@@ leben@@ de selbst , und sie sind wirklich ziemlich verschie@@ den . +der größte unterschied zwischen ihnen ist der um@@ gang mit zeit . +aus sicht des er@@ lebenden selbst , wenn sie einen ur@@ lau@@ b haben und die zweite woche genau so gut ist wie die erste , dann ist der zwei@@ w@@ ö@@ ch@@ ige ur@@ lau@@ b doppelt so gut wie der ein@@ w@@ ö@@ ch@@ ige ur@@ lau@@ b . +so funktioniert das überhaupt nicht für das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst . +für das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst ist ein zwei@@ w@@ ö@@ ch@@ iger ur@@ lau@@ b kaum besser als der ein@@ w@@ ö@@ ch@@ ige ur@@ lau@@ b , weil da keine neuen erinn@@ erungen hinzu@@ gefü@@ gt werden . +sie haben die geschichte nicht geändert . +und auf diese weise ist zeit eigentlich die kri@@ tische vari@@ able , die ein erinn@@ ern@@ des selbst unterschei@@ det von einem er@@ lebenden selbst . zeit hat sehr wenig einfluss auf diese geschichte . +nun , das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst macht mehr , als zu erinnern und geschichten zu erzählen . +es ist eigentlich das@@ jen@@ ige , das entscheidungen trifft , denn wenn sie einen patienten haben , der , sagen wir zwei dar@@ m@@ spiegel@@ ungen bei zwei unterschiedlichen chirur@@ gen hatte und sich entschei@@ det , welchen er wählen soll , dann ist der , der wä@@ hlt der , der die erinn@@ erung hat , die weniger schli@@ mm ist und das ist der chirur@@ g , der ausge@@ wä@@ hlt werden wird . +das er@@ leben@@ de selbst hat keine stimme in dieser wahl . +eigentlich wählen wir nicht zwischen erleb@@ nissen . wir wählen zwischen erinn@@ erungen an erleb@@ nisse . +und selbst wenn wir an die zukunft denken , denken wir an unsere zukunft normalerweise nicht als erleb@@ nisse . +wir denken über unsere zukunft nach als voraus@@ gese@@ h@@ ene erinn@@ erungen . +und im grunde können sie das betrachten , wissen sie , als eine ty@@ ran@@ ne@@ i des erinn@@ ern@@ den selbst , und sie können sich das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst denken als eins , das sozusagen das er@@ leben@@ de selbst schle@@ ppt durch erfahrungen , die das er@@ leben@@ de selbst nicht braucht . +ich habe den eindruck , dass wenn wir ur@@ lau@@ b machen das sehr häufig der fall ist , das heißt , wir machen ur@@ lau@@ b wei@@ te@@ st@@ geh@@ end im dien@@ ste des erinn@@ ern@@ den selbst . +und das ist ein bisschen schwer zu recht@@ fer@@ tigen , denke ich . +ich meine , wie sehr ze@@ hren wir von unseren erinn@@ erungen ? +das ist eine der erklär@@ ungen , die für die domin@@ anz des erinn@@ ern@@ den selbst gegeben wird . +und wenn ich darüber nach@@ denke , denke ich an einen ur@@ lau@@ b , den wir vor ein paar jahren in der ant@@ arkti@@ s gemacht haben , der eindeu@@ tig der beste ur@@ lau@@ b war , den ich je gehabt hatte , und ich denke relativ oft daran im verhältnis dazu , wie oft ich an andere ur@@ lau@@ be denke . +und ich habe wahrscheinlich von meinen erinn@@ erungen an diese drei@@ w@@ ö@@ ch@@ ige reise , ich würde sagen ungefähr 25 minuten lang in den letzten vier jahren ge@@ ze@@ hrt . +nun , wenn ich je den ord@@ ner ge@@ öffnet hätte mit den 600 bildern darin hätte ich eine weitere stunde verbracht . +nun , das sind drei wochen , und das sind höch@@ stens ein@@ einhalb stunden . +da scheint es eine un@@ stim@@ mi@@ gkeit zu geben . +nun , ich mag ein bisschen extrem sein , wissen sie , darin , wie wenig appe@@ ti@@ t ich auf das ze@@ hren von erinn@@ erungen habe , aber selbst , wenn sie mehr davon machen gibt es eine echte frage . warum geben wir erinn@@ erungen so viel gewicht im verl@@ gei@@ ch zu dem gewicht , das wir erleb@@ nissen geben ? +daher möchte ich , dass sie über ein ge@@ dan@@ ken@@ experiment nachdenken . +stellen sie sich ihren nächsten ur@@ lau@@ b vor , sie wissen , dass am ende des ur@@ lau@@ bs alle ihre bilder ver@@ ni@@ chtet werden und sie bekommen ein am@@ ne@@ st@@ isches medikament , so dass sie sich an nichts erinnern werden . +nun , würden sie den gleichen ur@@ lau@@ b wählen ? +und wenn sie einen anderen ur@@ lau@@ b wählen würden , gibt es einen konflikt zwischen ihren beiden arten des selbst und sie müssen darüber nachdenken , wie sie diesen konflikt entscheiden und das ist wirklich überhaupt nicht offensichtlich , denn wenn sie im sinne von zeit denken bekommen sie eine antwort . und wenn sie im sinne von erinn@@ erungen denken könnten sie eine andere antwort bekommen . +warum wir die ur@@ lau@@ be aus@@ suchen , die wir aus@@ suchen ist ein problem , das sich uns stellt mit einer wahl zwischen den beiden arten des selbst . +nun , die beiden arten des selbst werfen zwei begri@@ ffe vom glück auf . +es gibt tatsächlich zwei konzep@@ te vom glück , die wir anwenden können , eines pro selbst . +sie können also fragen : wie glücklich ist das er@@ leben@@ de selbst ? +und dann würden sie fragen : wie glücklich sind die augen@@ bli@@ cke im leben des er@@ lebenden selbst ? +und sie sind alle -- glück für augen@@ bli@@ cke ist ein ziemlich kompli@@ zier@@ ter prozess . +welches sind die emotionen , die ge@@ messen werden können ? +und , neben@@ bei , wir sind nun im@@ stan@@ de eine ziemlich gute vorstellung zu bekommen vom glück des er@@ lebenden selbst über die zeit . +wenn sie nach dem glück des erinn@@ ern@@ den selbst fragen ist es eine ganz andere sache . +das handelt nicht davon , wie glücklich eine person lebt . +es handelt davon , wie zu@@ frieden oder er@@ freu@@ t die person ist , wenn diese person über ihr leben nach@@ denkt . +sehr unterschied@@ licher begriff . +jeder , der diese begri@@ ffe nicht unterschei@@ det wird die er@@ forschung des glück@@ s ver@@ mas@@ seln , und ich ge@@ höre zu einer menge von forsch@@ ern über wohl@@ befinden , die die er@@ forschung des glück@@ s lange ver@@ mas@@ sel@@ t haben auf genau diese art . +die unterschei@@ dung zwischen dem glück des er@@ lebenden selbst und der zu@@ frieden@@ heit des erinn@@ ern@@ den selbst ist in den letzten jahren erkannt worden , und jetzt bemü@@ ht man sich , die beiden separ@@ at zu messen . +die gall@@ up organization hat eine welt@@ weite um@@ frage , bei der mehr als einer hal@@ ben million leute fragen gestellt worden sind darüber , was sie über ihr leben denken und über ihre erleb@@ nisse . und es gab andere bemü@@ h@@ ungen in der richtung . +in den letzten jahren haben wir also angefangen , über das glück der beiden arten des selbst zu lernen . +und die haupts@@ äch@@ liche lektion , die wir , glaube ich , gelernt haben ist , dass sie wirklich unterschie@@ dlich sind . +sie können wissen , wie zu@@ frieden jemand mit seinem leben ist , und das lehr@@ t sie wirklich nicht viel darüber , wie glücklich er sein leben lebt und umge@@ kehrt . +nur um ihnen einen eindruck von der kor@@ relation zu vermitteln , die kor@@ relation ist ungefähr .@@ 5 . +was das bedeutet ist , dass wenn sie jemanden treffen würden und man würde ihnen sagen , oh , sein vater ist ein zwei@@ -@@ me@@ ter-@@ mann , wie viel würden sie über seine größe wissen ? +nun , sie würden etwas über seine größe wissen , aber es gibt viel un@@ sicherheit . +sie haben so viel un@@ sicherheit . +wenn ich ihnen sage , dass jemand sein leben als acht auf einer sk@@ ala von zehn einge@@ ord@@ net hat haben sie viel un@@ sicherheit darüber , wie glücklich er ist mit seinem er@@ lebenden selbst . +die kor@@ relation ist also ger@@ ing . +wir wissen etwas darüber , was die zu@@ frieden@@ heit des glück@@ s-@@ selbst bestimmt . +wir wissen , dass geld sehr wichtig ist , ziele sind sehr wichtig . +wir wissen , dass glück hauptsächlich bedeutet , zu@@ frieden zu sein mit menschen , die wir mögen , zeit zu verbringen mit menschen , die wir mögen . +es gibt andere verg@@ nü@@ gen , aber das ist domin@@ ant . +wenn sie also das glück der beiden arten des selbst ma@@ xi@@ mieren wollen werden sie am ende sehr unterschiedliche dinge tun . +die schluss@@ fol@@ gerung aus dem , was ich hier gesagt habe ist , dass wir uns glück wirklich nicht vorstellen sollten als einen er@@ satz für wohl@@ befinden . +es ist ein komplett anderer begriff . +nun , ganz kurz , ein anderer grund , aus dem wir nicht klar über glück nachdenken können ist , dass wir nicht auf die selben dinge achten wenn wir über das leben nachdenken und wenn wir tatsächlich leben . +wenn sie also die einfache frage stellen , wie glücklich die leute in kalifornien sind werden sie nicht die korre@@ kte antwort bekommen . +wenn sie diese frage stellen denken sie , dass die leute in kalifornien glück@@ licher sein müssen wenn sie , sagen wir , in o@@ hi@@ o leben . +und was passiert ist , dass wenn sie über das leben in kalifornien nachdenken , denken sie an den unterschied zwischen kalifornien und anderen orten , und dieser unterschied besteht , sagen wir , im kli@@ ma . +nun , es stellt sich heraus , dass kli@@ ma nicht sehr wichtig für das er@@ leben@@ de selbst ist , und es ist nicht einmal sehr wichtig für das nach@@ denk@@ liche selbst , das entschei@@ det , wie glücklich leute sind . +nun aber , weil das nach@@ denk@@ liche selbst verantwortlich ist , können sie am ende -- einige leute könnten am ende nach kalifornien ziehen . +und es ist sozusagen interessant zu verfolgen , was passiert mit leuten , die nach kalifornien ziehen in der hoffnung , glück@@ licher zu werden . +nun , ihr er@@ leben@@ des selbst wird nicht glück@@ licher werden . +wir wissen das . +aber eine sache wird passieren . sie werden denken , dass sie glück@@ licher sind , denn wenn sie darüber nachdenken werden sie daran erinnert werden , wie schrecklich das we@@ tter in o@@ hi@@ o war . und sie werden spüren , dass sie die richtige entscheidung getroffen haben . +es ist sehr schwierig , klar über wohl@@ befinden nachzudenken , und ich hoffe , ich habe ihnen einen eindruck davon ver@@ mittel@@ t , wie schwierig es ist . +danke . +danke . ich habe eine frage an sie . +vielen dank . +nun , als wir vor ein paar wochen telefon@@ iert haben erwä@@ hn@@ ten sie mir gegenüber , dass es ein ziemlich interessan@@ tes ergebnis gab , das aus dieser gall@@ up um@@ frage kam . +ist das etwas , wor@@ an sie uns teil@@ haben lassen können , weil sie jetzt ein paar minuten übrig haben ? +dan@@ iel ka@@ h@@ ne@@ man : sicher . +i denke , das interessan@@ teste ergebnis , das wir in der gall@@ up um@@ frage gefunden haben ist eine zahl , die wir absolut nicht zu finden erwartet hatten . +wir fanden das im hin@@ blick auf das glück des er@@ lebenden selbst . +wenn wir uns an@@ schauten , wie gefühle mit dem einkommen vari@@ ieren . +und es stellt sich heraus , dass unter einem einkommen von 6@@ 0.000 dollar im jahr , für amerikaner , und das ist eine sehr große sti@@ ch@@ probe von amerikan@@ ern , ungefähr 6@@ 0@@ 0.000 , aber es ist eine große re@@ präsent@@ ative sti@@ ch@@ probe , unter einem einkommen von 6@@ 0@@ 0.000 dollar im jahr +6@@ 0.000 . +d@@ k : 6@@ 0.000 . +6@@ 0.000 dollar im jahr sind die leute un@@ glücklich , und sie werden zunehmen@@ d un@@ glück@@ licher , je är@@ mer sie werden . +darüber bekommen wir eine absolut fla@@ che linie . +ich meine , ich habe selten so fla@@ che linien gesehen . +was passiert , ist offensichtlich , dass geld einem kein erleb@@ nis@@ -@@ glück besch@@ aff@@ t , aber dass man@@ gel an geld einem sicherlich el@@ end besch@@ aff@@ t , und wir können dieses el@@ end sehr , sehr klar messen . +im sinne des anderen selbst , des erinn@@ ern@@ den selbst , bekommen sie eine andere geschichte . +je mehr geld man verdi@@ ent desto zu@@ frieden@@ er ist man . +das gilt nicht für emotionen . +aber dan@@ ny , im gesamten amerikanischen be@@ streben geht es um leben , freiheit , das streben nach glück@@ se@@ li@@ gkeit . +wenn leute diesen be@@ fund ernst nehmen würden , ich meine , es scheint alles auf den kopf zu stellen , alles , was wir glauben , zum beispiel in bezug auf steu@@ er@@ politik und so weiter . +gibt es eine chance , dass politiker , dass das land gener@@ ell einen be@@ fund wie den ernst nehmen würde und darauf basier@@ end politik machen würde ? +d@@ k : wissen sie , ich glaube , dass es an@@ erken@@ nung gibt für die rolle der glück@@ s@@ forschung in der politik . +die an@@ erken@@ nung wird langsam sein in den vereinigten staaten , keine frage , aber im vereinigten köni@@ grei@@ ch passiert sie gerade und in anderen ländern passiert sie gerade . +die leute sind dabei , anzu@@ erkennen , dass sie an glück denken sollten , wenn sie an politik denken . +es wird eine weile dauern , und die leute werden disku@@ tieren , ob sie erleb@@ nis@@ -@@ glück erforschen wollen oder ob sie lebens@@ -@@ bewer@@ tung erforschen wollen , also müssen wir diese diskussion ziemlich bald führen . +wie man glück stei@@ gern kann geht sehr unterschie@@ dlich abhängig davon , wie sie denken und ob sie an das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst denken oder ob sie an das er@@ leben@@ de selbst denken . +das wird politik beeinflussen , denke ich , in den kommen@@ den jahren . +in den vereinigten staaten str@@ en@@ gt man sich an , das erleb@@ nis@@ -@@ glück der bevölkerung zu messen . +das wird , denke ich , in den nächsten ein oder zwei jahrzehn@@ ten teil der nation@@ alen statisti@@ k sein . +nun , es scheint mir , dieses thema wird , oder sollte wenig@@ stens die interessan@@ teste politische debat@@ te zum verfolgen sein über die nächsten paar jahre . +vielen dank für die erfindung der verhaltens@@ ökonom@@ ie . +danke , dan@@ ny ka@@ h@@ ne@@ man . +ich bin jan@@ e mc@@ gon@@ ig@@ al . ich ent@@ wer@@ fe computer@@ spiele . +ich entwick@@ le jetzt seit 10 jahren online-@@ spiele . und mein ziel für das nächste jahrzehnt ist , es genauso leicht zu machen , die welt in der realität zu retten , wie sie in online-@@ spielen zu retten ist . +ich habe einen plan dafür . ich möchte mehr menschen überzeugen , ein@@ schließlich ihnen allen , mehr zeit mit dem spielen größ@@ erer und toll@@ erer spiele zu verbringen . +derzeit verbringen wir 3 milliarden stunden pro woche mit online-@@ spielen . +einige von ihnen denken vielleicht : " das ist eine ganze menge zeit für spiele . " +vielleicht etwas zu viel zeit , wenn man be@@ denkt wie viele probleme wir drin@@ gend in der re@@ alen welt zu lösen haben . +tatsächlich aber , meiner forschung am institu@@ t für die zukunft zu@@ folge , ist genau das gegenteil zu@@ tre@@ ff@@ end . +drei milliarden stunden pro woche sind nicht an@@ näher@@ n@@ d genug , um die drin@@ gend@@ sten probleme der welt zu lösen . +tatsächlich bin ich überzeugt , dass , wenn wir das nächste jahrhundert auf diesem planeten überleben wollen , wir diese zeit dra@@ stisch erhö@@ hen müssen . +ich habe berech@@ net , dass die benö@@ tigte zeit bei 21 milliarden stunden spiel@@ zeit pro woche liegt . +das erscheint zuerst vielleicht etwas ab@@ we@@ gi@@ g , also wieder@@ hole ich es , damit es wirken kann : wenn wir probleme wie hunger , armut , klimawandel , globale konfli@@ kte und fett@@ lei@@ bi@@ gkeit lösen wollen , glaube ich , müssen wir versuchen , spiele online für mindestens 21 milliarden stunden pro woche bis zum ende des nächsten jahrzehn@@ ts zu spielen . +nein , ich meine es wirklich ernst . +warum ? dieses bild beschrei@@ bt ziemlich genau , warum ich glaube , dass spiele so uner@@ lä@@ ss@@ lich für das überleben der menschlichen spezies in der zukunft sind . ernsthaf@@ t . +dies ist ein por@@ tr@@ ät des fotogra@@ fen phi@@ l to@@ le@@ dan@@ o . +er wollte die gefühle beim spielen ein@@ fangen . also hat er vor den spiel@@ ern eine kamera aufgebaut . +dies ist einer der klas@@ sischen aus@@ drü@@ cke beim spielen . +wenn sie kein spieler sind , ent@@ gehen ihnen vielleicht einige der nu@@ an@@ cen in diesem bild . +sie sehen wahrscheinlich dieses gesp@@ ü@@ r für dr@@ ing@@ lichkeit , etwas angst , aber auch äuß@@ erste konzent@@ ration , ganz ver@@ tie@@ ft in das lösen eines echt schwier@@ igen problems . +wenn sie auch spielen , sehen sie einige nu@@ an@@ cen hier , die nach oben ge@@ zo@@ genen augen und der mund sind ein zeichen von optimis@@ mus . die augen@@ br@@ auen zeigen überrasch@@ ung . +dies ist ein spieler , der am ran@@ de eines sogenan@@ nten ep@@ ischen sie@@ ges steht . +oh , sie kennen das . ok . pri@@ ma . also haben wir einige spieler hier . +ein ep@@ ischer sie@@ g ist ein ergebnis , das so über@@ aus posi@@ tiv ist , dass sie vorher gar nicht wussten , dass es überhaupt möglich war . +es war bein@@ ah jen@@ seits der vorstell@@ ungskraft . +und wenn sie es erreichen , sind sie scho@@ ck@@ iert , dass sie tatsächlich zu so etwas fähig sind . das ist ein ep@@ ischer sie@@ g . +dieser spieler steht kurz vor einem ep@@ ischen sie@@ g . +und dies ist es , was wir auf millionen gesi@@ chtern von proble@@ m@@ lö@@ s@@ ern auf der ganzen welt sehen müssen , wenn wir die h@@ ür@@ den des nächsten jahrhunderts in ang@@ riff nehmen . das gesicht derer , die ent@@ gegen aller wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten am ran@@ de eines ep@@ ischen sie@@ ges stehen . +t@@ ja , leider sehen wir eher dieses gesicht im echten leben , wenn wir schwier@@ igen problemen begeg@@ nen . +ich be@@ zeich@@ ne es als das " in leben bin ich schlecht " -@@ gesicht . und es ist tatsächlich mein gesicht , sehen sie ? ja ? ok . +das bin ich , wie ich das " in leben bin ich schlecht " -@@ gesicht mache . +dies ist ein gra@@ ff@@ iti in meiner ehe@@ mali@@ gen heim@@ at in ber@@ k@@ ele@@ y , kalifornien , wo ich in meiner dok@@ tor@@ arbeit untersu@@ chte warum wir in spielen besser sind als im echten leben . +das ist ein problem , das viele spieler haben . +wir denken , dass wir in der realität nicht so gut sind wie in spielen . +und ich meine nicht nur weniger erfolgreich , obwohl das dazu gehört . +wir erreichen in spiel@@ wel@@ ten mehr . ich meine gut im zusammenhang mit der motivation , etwas bedeu@@ ts@@ ames zu tun , inspiriert zur zusammenarbeit miteinander . +wenn wir in einer spiel@@ welt sind , glaube ich , dass viele von uns sich in unsere beste version verwandeln , je@@ derzeit und sofort hilfs@@ bereit sind , har@@ t@@ nä@@ ck@@ ig das problem zu lösen versuchen , so lange wie nötig , es nach dem fehl@@ schlag erneu@@ t probieren . +und in der realität , wenn wir versagen , wenn wir auf hinder@@ nisse stoßen , fühlen wir uns oft anders . +wir fühlen uns über@@ wäl@@ tigt . wir fühlen uns bes@@ ie@@ gt . wir fühlen uns bedro@@ ht , vielleicht de@@ pri@@ miert , fru@@ stri@@ ert oder zy@@ n@@ isch . +diese gefühle haben wir nie , wenn wir spiele spielen , in spielen gibt es sie einfach nicht . +und das ist es , was ich als dok@@ tor@@ and@@ in untersuchen wollte . +wieso ist es in spielen unmöglich , zu denken , man könnte nicht einfach alles erreichen ? +wie können wir diese gefühle aus den spielen in die realität übertragen ? +also schaute ich mir spiele wie world of war@@ craft an , das die ide@@ ale umgebung zum gemein@@ schaft@@ lichen proble@@ m@@ lösen bietet . +und ich habe einige dinge fest@@ gestellt , die ep@@ ische sie@@ ge in online-@@ wel@@ ten so möglich machen . +also , zuerst , wenn sie in eines dieser online-@@ spiele ein@@ steigen , vor allem bei world of war@@ craft , gibt es eine menge verschieden@@ er charak@@ tere , die bereit sind , ihnen eine wel@@ tre@@ tt@@ ende mission anzu@@ vertrauen , und zwar sofort . +aber nicht nur irgend@@ eine mission , sondern eine mission , die perfekt zu ihrem aktu@@ ellen level im spiel passt , richtig ? +also schaffen sie das . +sie bekommen niemals eine aufgabe , die sie nicht lösen können . +aber immer am rand ihrer fähigkeiten , also müssen sie sich an@@ str@@ en@@ gen . aber es gibt keine arbeits@@ lo@@ sigkeit in world of war@@ craft . +man sitzt nicht herum und dreht dä@@ um@@ chen . es gibt immer ganz ge@@ zi@@ elt etwas wichti@@ ges zu tun . +und es gibt h@@ auf@@ en@@ weise mitarbeiter . +wohin sie auch gehen , hunder@@ tt@@ aus@@ ende von leuten , die mit ihnen zusammen@@ arbeiten , um ihre ep@@ ische mission abzu@@ schließen . +das haben wir im wahren leben nicht so einfach , dieses gefühl , dass bei einem finger@@ schni@@ p@@ sen h@@ auf@@ en@@ weise mitarbeiter bereit stehen . +außerdem gibt es diese ep@@ ische geschichte , diese inspiri@@ erende geschichte , warum wir da sind und was wir zu tun haben . +dann kriegen wir dieses ganze positive feedback . +sie haben bestimmt von " level hoch " und " + 1 stärke " gehört oder " + 1 intelligenz " . +dieses kon@@ stan@@ te feedback gibt es nicht im wahren leben . +wenn ich diese bühne ver@@ lasse , habe ich nicht : + 1 sprechen und + 1 verrück@@ te idee , + 20 verrück@@ te idee . +ich be@@ komme im wahren leben dieses feedback nicht . +also , das problem der ko@@ oper@@ a@@ tion@@ s-@@ online-@@ wel@@ ten wie world of war@@ craft ist , dass es so be@@ frie@@ di@@ gend ist , je@@ derzeit am ran@@ de eines ep@@ ischen sie@@ ges zu stehen , dass wir lieber unsere ganze zeit in diesen spiel@@ wel@@ ten verbringen . +sie sind einfach besser als die realität . +bis heute haben alle world of war@@ cra@@ ft@@ -@@ spieler zusammen 5@@ ,@@ 9@@ 3 millionen jahre damit verbracht , die virtu@@ ellen probleme von a@@ zer@@ oth zu lösen . +das ist nicht unbedingt etwas schle@@ chtes . +es klingt vielleicht ü@@ bel . +aber um es mal im kontext zu sehen : vor 5@@ ,@@ 9@@ 3 millionen jahren begannen unsere ersten pri@@ ma@@ ten@@ vorfahren auf@@ recht zu gehen . +der erste aufre@@ chte pri@@ m@@ at also . +ok , also wenn wir darüber reden , wie viel zeit wir derzeit mit spielen verbringen , macht das nur sinn , wann man sich die zeit im hin@@ blick auf die größ@@ enor@@ dnung der menschlichen entwicklung vor augen hält , was außer@@ ord@@ entlich ist . +aber auch an@@ gebracht . denn es stellt sich heraus , dass wir , indem wir diese ganze zeit auf@@ s spielen verwenden , tatsächlich das verändern , wo@@ zu wir als menschen in der lage sind . +wir entwickeln uns zu gemein@@ schaft@@ lich den@@ ken@@ den , herz@@ lichen wesen . +das ist die wahrheit . daran glaube ich . +betrachten sie einmal diese interessante statisti@@ k , die kürzlich von einem forscher der car@@ ne@@ gie m@@ ell@@ on university veröffentlicht wurde : der durchschnittliche junge mensch von heute in einem land mit star@@ ker spiel@@ kultur ver@@ bringt 10.000 stunden mit online-@@ spielen bis zum 21. lebens@@ jahr . +also , 10.000 stunden ist eine äußerst interessante zahl , aus 2 gründen : +zuerst einmal , für kinder in den usa sind 10@@ .@@ 0@@ 80 stunden die genau@@ e gesam@@ tz@@ eit , die sie in der schule verbringen , von der 5@@ . klasse bis zum abschluss der high school - wenn man niemals fe@@ hlt . +also haben wir hier einen komple@@ tten par@@ all@@ el@@ bildungs@@ weg , auf dem junge menschen genauso lernen , was es bedeutet , ein guter spieler zu sein , wie alles andere , was sie in der schule lernen . +und vielleicht haben einige von ihnen das neue buch von mal@@ col@@ m gla@@ d@@ well , " über@@ flie@@ ger " , gelesen . +also kennen sie seine theorie des erfol@@ gs , die theorie des erfol@@ gs der 10.000 stunden . +sie basiert auf der großartigen forschung der kogni@@ tiv@@ wissenschaft , dass , wenn wir 10.000 stunden mit dem mü@@ h@@ samen studi@@ um eines belie@@ bi@@ gen them@@ as bis zum 21. lebens@@ jahr verbringen , werden wir zu mei@@ stern darin . +wir werden so gut darin , was auch immer zu tun , wie die bedeuten@@ d@@ sten menschen der welt . +also , was wir hier haben , ist eine komple@@ tte generation junger menschen , die mei@@ ster@@ -@@ spieler sind . +die große frage ist also : " wor@@ in genau sind spieler mei@@ ster@@ haft gut ? " +denn wenn wir das herausfinden könnten , hätten wir quasi vorher nie da gew@@ es@@ en@@ es menschliches potenzi@@ al zur verfügung . +so viele menschen haben wir derzeit in der welt , die mindestens eine stunde pro tag mit online-@@ spielen verbringen . +dies sind unsere mei@@ ster@@ -@@ spieler . 500 millionen menschen , die außergewöhn@@ lich gut in " etwas " sind . +und im nächsten jahrzehnt haben wir eine weitere milliarde spieler , die außergewöhn@@ lich gut in was auch immer sind . +falls sie es noch nicht gehört haben , +die spiel@@ ein@@ du@@ str@@ ie entwickelt kon@@ sol@@ en , die energie sparen und auf mobil@@ funk@@ ne@@ tzen arbeiten , statt dem brei@@ t@@ band@@ -@@ internet , damit spieler auf der ganzen welt , besonders in indien , china , brasili@@ en online spielen können . +man erwartet eine zusätz@@ liche milliarde spieler im nächsten jahrzehnt . +damit haben wir ins@@ gesam@@ t 1,@@ 5 milliarden spieler . +also habe ich angefangen , zu überlegen , was es ist , wor@@ in uns diese spiele zu mei@@ stern machen . +hier sind die 4 dinge die ich fand . als erstes : dr@@ ing@@ lich@@ keits@@ -@@ optimis@@ mus . +ok , stellen sie sich das wie extreme selbst@@ motivi@@ erung vor . +dr@@ ing@@ lich@@ keits@@ -@@ optimis@@ mus ist das verlangen , sofort etwas zu tun , eine h@@ ür@@ de zu mei@@ stern , zusammen mit dem glauben , dass wir eine be@@ grün@@ dete hoffnung auf erfolg haben . +spieler glauben immer daran , dass ein ep@@ ischer sie@@ g möglich ist , und dass es sich immer lo@@ hnt , es zu versuchen , und zwar gleich . +spieler sitzen nicht herum . +spieler sind meister im sp@@ innen di@@ chter sozi@@ aler ne@@ tze . +es gibt eine menge interessan@@ ter untersu@@ chungen , die zeigen , das wir leute mehr mögen , nachdem wir mit ihnen gespielt haben , selbst wenn sie uns ü@@ bel bes@@ ie@@ gt haben . +der grund dafür ist , dass es eine menge vertrauen er@@ fordert , mit jemandem ein spiel zu spielen . +wir vertrauen darauf , dass jemand zeit mit uns ver@@ bringt , dass die regeln einge@@ halten werden , dass wir das gleiche ziel haben und bis zum spiel@@ ende dabei bleiben . +also ermöglicht das zusammen@@ spielen das wachsen von bin@@ dungen , vertrauen und miteinander . +als folge davon bauen wir stär@@ k@@ ere soziale beziehungen auf . +glück@@ se@@ lige produk@@ tivität . fantastisch ! +wissen sie , es gibt einen grund , warum der durchschnitt@@ s-@@ word of war@@ cra@@ ft@@ -@@ spieler 22 stunden pro woche spielt , sozusagen als teil@@ zeit@@ job . +der grund ist , dass , wenn wir spielen , sind wir tatsächlich glück@@ licher dabei , hart zu arbeiten , als wenn wir uns ent@@ span@@ nen oder nichts tun . +wir wissen , dass wir als menschliche wesen opti@@ mal funktionieren , wenn wir har@@ te , bedeuten@@ de arbeit erle@@ digen . +und spieler sind immer bereit , hart zu arbeiten , wenn sie die richtige aufgabe erhalten . +und letztendlich , ep@@ ische bedeutung . +spieler lieben es , teil ehr@@ fur@@ cht gebie@@ ten@@ der mis@@ sionen planet@@ ar@@ er aus@@ ma@@ ße zu werden . +hier eine hinter@@ gr@@ un@@ din@@ forma@@ tion , um das ins rechte licht zu rücken . sie kennen bestimmt alle wikipedia , das größte wi@@ ki der welt . +das zwei@@ t@@ größte wi@@ ki der welt , mit fast 8@@ 0.000 ein@@ trä@@ gen ist das world of war@@ craft wi@@ ki . +fünf millionen menschen benutzen es jeden monat . +sie haben mehr informationen über world of war@@ craft im internet zusammenge@@ tragen als über irgend@@ ein anderes thema in jedem anderen wi@@ ki der welt . +sie erschaffen eine ep@@ ische geschichte . +sie erschaffen eine ep@@ ische quelle des wissen@@ s über die world of war@@ craft . +ok , das sind also vier super@@ kräfte , die zu einem einzigen ergebnis führen . spieler sind super@@ -@@ mäch@@ tige , hoff@@ nungs@@ volle individuen . +es sind menschen , die glauben , dass sie als einzelne die welt verändern können . +und das einzige problem ist , dass sie glauben , sie können die virtu@@ ellen wel@@ ten ändern , aber nicht die re@@ ale . +das ist das problem , das ich zu lösen versuche . +ed@@ ward ca@@ stron@@ o@@ va ist ein vol@@ ks@@ wissenschaftler . +seine arbeit ist geni@@ al . er untersucht , warum menschen so viel zeit , energie und geld in online-@@ wel@@ ten verbringen . +und er sagt : " wir werden zeugen von nicht weniger als einer massen@@ e@@ migra@@ tion in virtu@@ elle wel@@ ten und online-@@ spiel@@ umgeb@@ ungen . " +und das von einem ökon@@ om . also ist er log@@ isch . +und er sagt ... +nicht so wie ich ... ich entwick@@ le spiele , ich bin etwas über@@ schw@@ än@@ glich . +also er sagt , das er@@ gibt tatsächlich sinn , denn spieler können in online-@@ wel@@ ten mehr erreichen als im echten leben . +sie können in spielen stär@@ k@@ ere soziale bin@@ dungen k@@ nü@@ pfen als im echten leben . sie bekommen mehr rück@@ mel@@ dung und belo@@ hn@@ ungen in spielen als im echten leben . +also , er sagt , es ist derzeit vollkommen log@@ isch , dass spieler mehr zeit in der virtu@@ ellen welt als in der echten verbringen . +ich stimme erst mal zu , das ist log@@ isch . +aber es ist defini@@ tiv keine opti@@ mal@@ situation . +wir müssen anfangen , die echte welt in ein spiel zu verwandeln . +meine inspiration kommt von einem ereig@@ nis , das 2.@@ 500 jahre zurück@@ liegt . +es gibt diese anti@@ ken wür@@ fel , aus schaf@@ sk@@ nö@@ ch@@ eln . wissen sie ? +vor diesen fanta@@ stischen spi@@ ele@@ controll@@ ern gab es schaf@@ sk@@ nö@@ ch@@ el . +und das waren sozusagen die ersten von menschen entwickelten spiel@@ geräte . +und wenn sie mit den werken des alten g@@ rie@@ ch@@ ischen histor@@ i@@ kers her@@ od@@ ot@@ us vertraut sind , kennen sie vielleicht diese geschichte . die geschichte darüber , wie und warum spiele erfunden wurden . +laut her@@ od@@ ot@@ us wurden spiele , genauer wür@@ fel@@ spiele , im köni@@ grei@@ ch ly@@ di@@ en während einer hun@@ ger@@ s@@ not erfunden . +angeb@@ lich gab es eine solch große hun@@ ger@@ s@@ not , dass der köni@@ g von ly@@ di@@ en sich zu einer verrück@@ ten idee entsch@@ loss . +die menschen li@@ tten . die menschen kämp@@ ften . +es war eine extreme situation . man brauchte eine extreme lösung . +also er@@ fanden sie , laut her@@ od@@ ot@@ us , das wür@@ fel@@ spiel und verein@@ bar@@ ten eine nation@@ ale strategie . an einem tag würde man essen . am nächsten tag würde man spielen . +und sie würden so sehr in das wür@@ fel@@ spiel ver@@ tie@@ ft sein , da spiele so faszinier@@ end sind und uns mit be@@ frie@@ di@@ gender , glück@@ se@@ li@@ ger produk@@ tivität um@@ geben , dass sie vergessen würden , dass es nichts zu essen gab . +und dann , am nächsten tag würde man spielen . und am nächsten tag würde man essen . +und laut her@@ od@@ ot@@ us über@@ lebten sie so 18 jahre lang diese hun@@ ger@@ s@@ not , indem sie an einem tag a@@ ßen und am nächsten spiel@@ ten . +genauso , denke ich , setzen wir heute spiele ein . +wir setzen spiele ein , um dem leiden der echten welt zu ent@@ kommen . +wir setzen spiele ein , um allem zu ent@@ gehen , das in der echten welt nicht funktioniert , allem das im echten leben nicht be@@ frie@@ di@@ gend ist , und wir holen uns was wir brauchen aus den spielen . +aber das muss nicht das ende sein . +das ist das span@@ n@@ ende . +laut her@@ od@@ ot@@ us wurde nach 18 jahren die hun@@ ger@@ s@@ not nicht besser . also beschloss der köni@@ g , ein letztes wür@@ fel@@ spiel anzu@@ setzen . +sie teil@@ ten das köni@@ grei@@ ch in zwei häl@@ ften . +sie spiel@@ ten ein wür@@ fel@@ spiel und die sie@@ ger dur@@ ften zu einem ep@@ ischen ab@@ ent@@ euer auf@@ brechen . +sie ver@@ ließen ly@@ di@@ en und machten sich auf die suche nach einer neuen heim@@ at . sie ließen gerade so viele menschen zurück , wie es lebens@@ mittel zum überleben gab und su@@ chten mit dem rest nach einer gegend , in der sie ge@@ d@@ ei@@ hen konnten . +das klingt verrückt , oder ? +aber neu@@ e@@ ste dna-@@ beweise zeigen , dass die e@@ tr@@ us@@ ker , die später das rö@@ m@@ ische reich bil@@ deten , die gleiche dna wie die alten ly@@ di@@ er auf@@ weisen . +daher kamen wissenschaftler kürzlich zur auff@@ as@@ sung , dass her@@ od@@ ot@@ us ' verrück@@ te geschichte tatsächlich stimmt . +und ge@@ ologen fanden beweise einer globalen ab@@ kühl@@ ung , die fast 20 jahre dau@@ erte , was die hun@@ ger@@ s@@ not erklären könnte . +also könnte diese verrück@@ te geschichte stimmen . +vielleicht haben sie tatsächlich ihr volk durch spielen ger@@ et@@ tet , indem sie sich 18 jahre lang in spiele ge@@ flü@@ chtet haben und dann diese ein@@ geb@@ ung hatten und so viel über das miteinander spielen lern@@ ten , dass sie dadurch die gesamte zivilisation ger@@ et@@ tet haben . +also , das können wir auch . +wir spielen seit 199@@ 4 war@@ craft . +das war das erste strategi@@ es@@ p@@ iel in echtz@@ eit der world of war@@ cra@@ ft@@ -@@ serie . das war vor 16 jahren . +sie spiel@@ ten 18 jahre lang wür@@ fel@@ spiele , wir spielen seit 16 jahren war@@ craft . +ich behaup@@ te , wir sind bereit für unser eigenes ep@@ isches spiel . +also , sie schi@@ ckten die hälfte ihrer zivilisation auf die suche nach einer neuen welt . daher nehme ich meine 21 milliarden spiel@@ stunden pro woche . +wir sollten darin über@@ einkommen , dass die hälfte von uns eine stunde pro tag mit spielen ver@@ bringt , bis wir die probleme der echten welt gelöst haben . +ich weiß , sie werden fragen : " wie lösen wir probleme der echten welt in spielen ? " und genau dieser frage habe ich meine arbeit in den letzten jahren am institu@@ t für die zukunft gewi@@ d@@ met . +wir haben dieses ban@@ ner in unserem büro in pal@@ o al@@ to , es drückt aus wie wir die zukunft verstehen sollten . +wir wollen nicht versuchen , die zukunft vorher zu sagen . +was wir wollen , ist die zukunft zu schaffen . +wir wollen uns das best@@ mögliche ergebnis vorstellen . und dann menschen dazu er@@ mäch@@ tigen , diese vorstellung in die realität umzu@@ setzen . +wir stellen uns ep@@ ische sie@@ ge vor und geben menschen die möglichkeiten , sie zu erreichen . +ich zeige ihnen ganz kurz drei spiele , die ich entworfen habe , um zu versuchen , menschen ep@@ ische sie@@ ge in ihrer eigenen zukunft zu ver@@ schaffen . +das hier ist " welt ohne öl . " +das spiel ist von 2007 . +es ist ein online-@@ spiel , in dem sie eine öl@@ k@@ na@@ pp@@ heit über@@ winden müssen . +die öl@@ k@@ na@@ pp@@ heit ist erfunden , aber wir haben genü@@ gend online-@@ in@@ halte , damit es für sie reali@@ stisch wird und sie ihr e@@ chtes leben tatsächlich ohne öl leben . also , wenn sie sich zum spiel an@@ mel@@ den , sagen sie uns , wo sie wo@@ hnen . und dann erhalten sie nach@@ rich@@ ten@@ -@@ filme in echtz@@ eit , die ihnen zeigen , wie viel öl kostet , was es nicht gibt , wie nahrungs@@ versorgung beein@@ tr@@ äch@@ tigt ist , wie transport beein@@ tr@@ äch@@ tigt wird , ob schulen geschlossen sind , ob es auf@@ stände gibt . und sie müssen herausfinden , wie sie ihr e@@ chtes leben gestalten , wenn es wahr wäre . und wir bitten sie , darüber zu blog@@ gen , videos oder photos ein@@ zustellen . +wir haben dieses spiel mit 1.@@ 700 spiel@@ ern in 2007 ge@@ te@@ stet . und wir haben sie seitdem über die letzten drei jahre beglei@@ tet . +und ich kann ihnen sagen , es war eine veränder@@ nde erfahrung . +niemand möchte sein leben ändern , weil es gut für die umwelt ist oder weil wir es sollten . +aber wenn sie in einem ep@@ ischen ab@@ ent@@ euer sind und gesagt bekommen : " uns geht das öl aus . " +das ist ein faszinier@@ endes ab@@ ent@@ euer , auf das man geht . +finden sie heraus , wie sie überleben würden . die meisten unserer spieler haben die im spiel gel@@ ern@@ ten gewohn@@ heiten bei@@ behalten . +also haben wir uns für das nächste wel@@ tre@@ tt@@ ende spiel ein größ@@ eres , hö@@ her@@ es ziel ge@@ steckt als nur öl@@ k@@ na@@ pp@@ heit . +wir haben das spiel " super@@ stru@@ ct " am institu@@ t für die zukunft entwickelt . +aus@@ gan@@ g@@ spun@@ kt ist die berech@@ nung eines super@@ computers , dass die menschen nur noch 23 jahre auf dem planeten übrig haben . +dieser super@@ computer heißt " glob@@ ales aus@@ sterb@@ ungs@@ - sensi@@ bili@@ si@@ erungs@@ -@@ system " , natürlich . +den auf@@ ruf an spieler , sich anzu@@ mel@@ den , haben wir fast wie einen " jer@@ r@@ y-@@ bru@@ ck@@ hei@@ mer " -@@ film gestal@@ tet . +sie kennen jer@@ ry bru@@ ck@@ hei@@ mer@@ -@@ filme , wo es das " dre@@ am@@ -@@ team " gibt . sie haben den astron@@ au@@ ten , den wissenschaftler , den ex@@ -@@ str@@ ä@@ fl@@ ing und nur zusammen können sie die welt retten . +aber in unserem spiel , anstatt von nur 5 leuten , sagen wir , jeder ist im dre@@ am@@ -@@ team , und es ist unsere aufgabe , die zukunft für energie , nahrung , gesundheit , sicherheit und die zukunft der sozialen gerechtigkeit zu erschaffen . +8@@ .000 spieler spiel@@ ten das spiel 8 wochen lang . +sie fanden 500 unglaublich kre@@ ative lösungen , die sie nach@@ lesen können , wenn sie " super@@ stru@@ ct " goo@@ gl@@ en . +und das letzte spiel bringen wir am 3@@ . mär@@ z heraus . es ist ein spiel in zusammenarbeit mit der welt@@ bank . +wenn sie das spiel ab@@ schließen , erhalten sie von der welt@@ bank die aus@@ zeich@@ nung " sozi@@ aler um@@ gest@@ alter " , abschluss 2010 . +wir arbeiten mit universi@@ täten in ganz schwarz@@ afrika und laden sie ein , sozi@@ ales um@@ gestalten zu lernen . +wir haben ein com@@ ic dazu . wir haben " level hoch " für regi@@ on@@ ales verstehen , wissen@@ s@@ verne@@ tzung , nachhal@@ tigkeit , vision und ein@@ fall@@ s@@ rei@@ cht@@ um . +ich möchte sie alle ein@@ laden , dieses spiel mit jungen leuten zu teilen , überall auf der welt , vor allem in entwicklungs@@ gebieten , die davon profi@@ tieren , sich zusammen ihre eigenen sozialen unterneh@@ m@@ ungen vorzustellen , um die welt zu retten . +ich komme nun zum ende . +ich möchte sie etwas fragen . +was , glauben sie , passiert als nächstes ? +wir haben all diese fanta@@ stischen spieler , wir haben spiele , die uns zeigen , was wir tun können , aber wir haben die echte welt noch nicht ger@@ et@@ tet . +t@@ ja , ich hoffe , dass sie mir darin zu@@ stimmen , dass spieler menschliche ressourcen sind , die wir zur arbeit im echten leben einsetzen können , und dass spiele eine große bedeutung für veränderung haben . +wir haben diese ganzen super@@ kräfte , glück@@ se@@ lige produk@@ tivität , die fähigkeit , en@@ ge soziale ne@@ tze zu k@@ nü@@ pfen , dr@@ ing@@ lich@@ keits@@ -@@ optimis@@ mus und das verlangen nach ep@@ ischer bedeutung . +ich hoffe wirklich , dass wir zusammen bedeuten@@ de spiele spielen , um auf diesem planeten ein weiteres jahrhundert zu überleben . +und ich hoffe , sie werden mit mir solche spielen entwerfen und spielen . +wenn ich ins nächste jahrzehnt voraus@@ schaue , bin ich mir bei zwei dingen sicher : dass wir jede vorstell@@ bare zukunft erschaffen können , und dass wir alle möglichen spiele spielen können . +also sage ich , lasst die welt@@ veränder@@ nden spiele beginnen ! +dank@@ es@@ ch@@ ö@@ n . +ich würde ihnen gerne etwas erzählen , was mir vor ein paar monaten beim schreiben eines arti@@ k@@ els für itali@@ an wired aufge@@ fallen ist . +ich habe beim schreiben immer mein syn@@ ony@@ m-@@ wör@@ ter@@ buch gri@@ ff@@ bereit , aber ich war mit dem be@@ arbeiten des tex@@ tes schon fertig , und mir fiel auf , dass ich noch nie in meinem leben nach@@ geschlagen habe , was das wort " behinder@@ t " wirklich bedeutet . +ich l@@ ese ihnen den ein@@ trag vor . +" behinder@@ t " , ad@@ je@@ ktiv : " ver@@ kr@@ ü@@ pp@@ elt , hil@@ flo@@ s , nutz@@ los , zerstört , abge@@ storben , ver@@ stü@@ mm@@ elt , ver@@ w@@ un@@ det , zu@@ geri@@ chtet , la@@ h@@ m , abge@@ trennt ver@@ wahr@@ lost , ausge@@ dient , gesch@@ wä@@ cht , im@@ po@@ tent , ka@@ stri@@ ert , gel@@ ä@@ hmt , ge@@ han@@ di@@ cap@@ t sen@@ il , alter@@ s@@ schwa@@ ch , aus dem verkehr gezogen , nach@@ ge@@ bess@@ ert , erle@@ digt , kapu@@ tt geb@@ or@@ sten , ausge@@ zä@@ hlt , sie@@ he auch ver@@ letzt , nutz@@ los und schwa@@ ch . +ant@@ ony@@ me : gesund , stark , leistungs@@ fähig . " +ich habe diese liste einem freund laut vor@@ gelesen und musste erst@@ mal lachen , es wirk@@ te so läch@@ er@@ lich , aber ich kam nur bis " zu@@ geri@@ chtet " und konnte nicht mehr weiter@@ sprechen , und musste aufhören zu lesen und mich erst@@ mal sammeln nach dieser über@@ fall@@ arti@@ gen wor@@ t@@ flu@@ t und dem damit verb@@ un@@ den@@ den emotion@@ alen scho@@ ck . +natürlich war das ein ausge@@ fran@@ stes , al@@ tes syn@@ ony@@ m-@@ wör@@ ter@@ buch . ich hab mir einfach gedacht , dass die aus@@ gabe schon ziemlich alt sein muss . +aber tatsächlich war es eine aus@@ gabe auf den frühen 8@@ 0ern , als ich gerade mit der grund@@ schule an@@ fing und damit begann , mein selbst@@ bild außerhalb meines famili@@ ären um@@ fel@@ ds aufzubauen und zu formen , auch in bezug auf andere kinder und zur übri@@ gen welt um mich herum . +und gott sei dank habe ich damals kein syn@@ ony@@ m-@@ wör@@ ter@@ buch benutzt . +würde ich diesen ein@@ trag ernst nehmen wäre ich in eine welt geboren , die jemand wie mich als eine person wahr@@ nehmen würde , deren leben in k@@ ein@@ ster weise posi@@ tiv verl@@ aufen kann . heute aber werde ich für die chan@@ cen und ab@@ ent@@ euer , die ich erlebt habe , ge@@ fei@@ ert . +also hab ich mir sofort die online-@@ aus@@ gabe von 2009 auf@@ geru@@ fen und erwartet , dass ich hier einen an@@ spre@@ chen@@ deren bei@@ trag finde . +hier ist die aktu@@ alisi@@ erte version dieses ein@@ tra@@ gs . +du@@ m@@ mer@@ weise ist sie nicht viel besser . +insbesondere er@@ schü@@ ttern mich die letzten beiden wörter unter " near ant@@ ony@@ ms " " ganz " und " gesund " . +aber es geht nicht nur um die wörter . +es geht darum , was wir über die menschen denken , die wir mit diesen wör@@ tern beschreiben . +es geht um die werte , die in diesen worten stecken , und wie wir diese werte konstru@@ ieren . +unsere sprache beeinflusst unser denken und wie wir die welt und die menschen um uns herum sehen . +viele alter@@ tü@@ m@@ liche gesellschaften , ein@@ schließlich die der g@@ rie@@ chen und der rö@@ mer , haben wirklich ge@@ glaubt , dass die aus@@ sprache eines flu@@ chs eine große kraft hat , weil das , was man laut aus@@ spricht , sich auch mani@@ festi@@ eren kann . +also , was wollen wir eigentlich mani@@ festi@@ eren – einen behinder@@ ten menschen oder einen kraft@@ vollen menschen ? +allein schon einen menschen acht@@ los als kind zu be@@ zeichnen , könnte aus@@ reichen , sie einzu@@ schrän@@ ken und ihnen vorstellungen über@@ zu@@ stü@@ l@@ pen . +wäre es nicht schö@@ ner , ihnen tür@@ en zu öffnen ? +ein mensch , der für mich tür@@ en ge@@ öffnet hat , war mein kinder@@ arzt am a@@ .@@ i@@ . du@@ po@@ nt institu@@ t in wil@@ m@@ ing@@ ton in del@@ aware . +er heißt dr. pi@@ z@@ zu@@ ti@@ ll@@ o . ein it@@ al@@ o-@@ amerikaner , dessen name , wie sie sich denken können , die meisten amerikaner nicht korre@@ kt aus@@ sprechen konnten . also wurde er immer dr. p@@ . genannt . +und dr. p@@ . trug immer sehr bun@@ te fliegen und war für die arbeit mit kindern einfach wie geschaffen . +ich fand die zeit , die ich in diesem krankenhaus verbracht habe , einfach toll – bis auf meine physi@@ o@@ therapie . +ich musste einzelne üb@@ ungen schein@@ bar un@@ endlich oft wieder@@ holen mit diesen di@@ cken , el@@ ast@@ ischen b@@ ändern -- in verschiedenen farben -- das kennen sie , um meine bein@@ -@@ mus@@ keln aufzubauen . und ich habe diese b@@ än@@ der mehr ge@@ has@@ st als alles andere . ich hab sie ge@@ has@@ st . ich habe sie ver@@ flu@@ cht . ich hab sie ge@@ has@@ st . +und stellen sie sich vor , ich hab sogar schon als fünf@@ jähri@@ ges kind mit dr. p@@ . ver@@ handelt und so versucht , diese üb@@ ungen zu stopp@@ en , natür@@ l@@ lich ohne erfolg . +und eines tages hat er mich bei einer meiner üb@@ ungen beobachtet -- diese üb@@ ungen waren einfach er@@ mü@@ den@@ d und g@@ na@@ den@@ los -- und er sagte zu mir , " wow , ai@@ mee , du bist so ein star@@ kes , kraft@@ voll@@ es und jung@@ es mädchen , du wirst eines tages eines dieser b@@ än@@ der zer@@ rei@@ ßen . +und wenn du es schaff@@ st , gebe ich dir hundert dollar . " +das war natürlich nur ein einfacher trick von dr. p@@ . , damit ich die üb@@ ungen mache , die ich nicht machen wollte , mit der aus@@ sicht , dass reich@@ ste fünf@@ jährige mädchen in der kranken@@ station im zweiten stock zu werden . aber er hat mich tatsächlich dazu gebracht , meinen tä@@ glichen üb@@ ungs@@ -@@ hor@@ ror mit neuen augen zu sehen . so wurde daraus ein neues und viel@@ ver@@ spre@@ chen@@ des erleb@@ nis . +und ich frage mich heute , wie sehr seine vision von mir als star@@ kes und kraft@@ voll@@ es jung@@ es mädchen mein selbst@@ bild ge@@ for@@ mt hat und ich mir so vorstellen konnte , mich als einen von natur aus star@@ ken , kraft@@ vollen und at@@ le@@ th@@ ischen mensch zu sehen . +das ist nur ein beispiel von vielen , wie erwachsene in ma@@ cht@@ posi@@ tionen die vorstell@@ ungskraft eines kin@@ des an@@ regen können . +aber wie die bereits zi@@ ti@@ erten beispiele aus den syn@@ ony@@ m-@@ wör@@ ter@@ büchern beweisen , lässt uns unsere sprache keinen raum , sich etwas vorzustellen , was wir uns alle wün@@ schen würden : es jedem einzelnen zu ermöglichen , sich selbst als kraft@@ vollen menschen zu sehen . +unsere sprache hin@@ kt den gesellschaft@@ lichen veränderungen hinter@@ her , die in vielen fällen durch einen technolog@@ ischen wandel aus@@ gelöst wurden . +vom medizin@@ ischen stand@@ punkt aus betrachtet kann man natürlich sagen , dass meine beine , die las@@ er-@@ chirur@@ gie für seh@@ behinder@@ ungen , k@@ nie@@ gelen@@ ke aus ti@@ tan und künst@@ liche hü@@ ft@@ gelen@@ ke für alter@@ nde körper , die es menschen erlauben , wirklich alle ihre möglichkeiten zu nutzen und sich über die grenzen , die ihnen ihr natür@@ liches schick@@ sal gesetzt hat , hinaus zu entwickeln , gar nicht zu sprechen von social net@@ working platt@@ formen , menschen ermöglichen sich eine eigene identität geben , sich auf eigene art und weise definieren , und sich damit weltweit an zu gruppen orienti@@ eren , die sie sich selbst aus@@ suchen . +vielleicht ver@@ deut@@ licht also dieser technolog@@ ische wandel klar@@ er denn je , dass es schon immer eine andere wahrheit gab , nämlich , dass jeder mensch der gesellschaft etwas ganz besonder@@ ess und sehr kraft@@ voll@@ es geben kann und dass die menschliche fähigkeit , sich anzu@@ passen , unser größ@@ tes plus ist . +die menschliche fähigkeit sich anzu@@ passen - das ist eine interessante geschichte , weil menschen mich immer wieder darum bitten zu erzählen , wie ich mit wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten um@@ gehe und ich werde ihnen etwas ge@@ stehen : dieser satz hat für mich nie ge@@ passt und ich hab mich immer sehr un@@ wohl damit gefü@@ hlt , die fragen von menschen dazu zu beantworten , und ich glaube , all@@ mä@@ h@@ lich verste@@ he ich , warum . +dieser satz vom um@@ gang mit wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten lebt von der idee , dass erfolg oder glück davon abhän@@ gt , eine herausforderung zu mei@@ stern , ohne von dem damit verb@@ un@@ denen erleb@@ nis ge@@ prä@@ gt zu werden . als ob mein leben so erfolgreich verl@@ aufen wäre , weil ich den möglichen fallen eines lebens mit einer pro@@ these aus@@ wei@@ chen konnte , oder wie auch immer menschen mich mit meiner behinder@@ ung wahr@@ nehmen . +aber die wahrheit ist , dass wir uns verändern . natürlich sind wir von der herausforderung ge@@ prä@@ gt , egal ob sie phy@@ s@@ isch , emotional oder sogar bei@@ des ist +und ich behaup@@ te , dass das gut ist . +wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten sind kein hinder@@ nis , das wir um@@ kur@@ ven müssen , um mit unserem leben besser klar zu kommen . +wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten gehören einfach zu unserem leben . +und ich nei@@ ge dazu , wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten als meinen sch@@ atten zu sehen . +manchmal mer@@ ke ich , dass er sehr prä@@ sent ist , manchmal ist er kaum zu sehen , aber er ist ständig bei mir . +und ich will damit k@@ ein@@ es@@ falls die aus@@ wirkung b@@ zw@@ . die sch@@ were des kam@@ pf@@ s eines menschen her@@ ab@@ setzen . +es gibt im leben wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten und herausforderungen , und die sind nur all@@ l@@ zu real und jede person geht damit anders um . aber die frage lautet nicht , ob wir mit wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten klar kommen oder nicht , sondern wie wir damit klar kommen . +wir sind also nicht nur dafür verantwortlich , die menschen die wir lieben , vor schick@@ sal@@ s@@ schlä@@ gen zu be@@ wahren , sondern sie auch darauf vorzu@@ berei@@ ten , gut damit klar zu kommen . +und wir er@@ weisen unseren kindern keinen gefallen , wenn wir ihnen das gefühl geben , dass sie sich nicht an@@ passen können . +man muss zwei dinge klar tren@@ nen : zum einen die medizinische tatsache , am@@ pu@@ tiert zu sein und zum anderen die gesellschaft@@ liche meinung darüber , ob ich behinder@@ t bin oder nicht . +und um ehrlich zu sein , die einzige wirkliche und blei@@ bende behinder@@ ung , mit der ich mich aus@@ einander setzen musste , ist , dass die welt ständig mein@@ t , sie kön@@ ne mich mit diesen defini@@ tionen beschreiben . +in unserem wunsch , die menschen zu schützen , die uns am herzen liegen und ihnen die kal@@ te , har@@ te wahrheit über ihre medizinische pro@@ g@@ nose mit@@ zu@@ teilen oder sogar eine pro@@ g@@ nose zur lebens@@ qualität zu stellen , die sie erwartet , müssen wir auf@@ passen , dass wir nicht den grund@@ stein dafür legen , dass jemand tatsächlich behinder@@ t ist . +vielleicht ist das moment@@ an@@ e konzept , das nur darauf ach@@ tet , was in einem kapu@@ tt ist , und wie wir das repar@@ ieren , für jeden einzelnen eine größere behinder@@ ung als die path@@ ologie an sich . +wenn wir einen menschen nicht gan@@ zhei@@ tlich behandeln , und nicht all seine kräfte und möglichkeiten wahr@@ nehmen und an@@ erkennen , schaffen wir zusä@@ tzlich zu dem natürlichen kampf , den sie vielleicht führen müssen , eine weitere krankheit . +wir de@@ gra@@ dieren einen menschen , der für unsere gesellschaft einen wert hat . +also müssen wir über die pat@@ ologie hinaus schauen und uns auf alle bereich der menschlichen möglichkeiten konzentrieren . +am aller@@ wichtigsten aber ist , dass es zwischen der wahrnehmung unserer un@@ zu@@ län@@ g@@ lichkeiten und unserem großartigen erfin@@ der@@ geist , eine verbindung gibt . +wir sollten diese herausforder@@ nden zeiten nicht ab@@ werten oder ver@@ leu@@ g@@ nen , wir sollten weder versuchen , sie zu vermeiden , noch sollten wir sie unter den te@@ pp@@ ich kehren , sondern es geht darum , in den wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten chan@@ cen zu erkennen . +es geht mir vielleicht eher darum , klar zu stellen , dass wir wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten nicht unbedingt über@@ winden müssen , sondern dass wir dafür offen sind , sie zum um@@ armen , sie am sch@@ op@@ f zu pac@@ ken um auch mal einen kam@@ pf@@ -@@ ausdruck zu verwenden und vielleicht sogar damit zu tan@@ zen . +und vielleicht schaffen wir es , wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten als etwas natür@@ liches , stim@@ mi@@ ges und nütz@@ liches zu sehen und fühlen uns so durch ihre präsen@@ z nicht mehr so bel@@ a@@ stet . +in diesem jahr fei@@ ern wir den 200 . geburt@@ stag von charles darwin und als er vor 150 jahren über evolution geschrieben hat , hat darwin , in meinen augen , auf etwas sehr wahr@@ es im menschlichen charakter hin@@ gewi@@ esen . +ich würde es so um@@ schreiben : nicht der stär@@ k@@ ste seiner art über@@ lebt , und auch nicht der intelli@@ gent@@ e@@ ste seiner art , sondern der , der sich veränderungen am besten an@@ passen kann . +aus konfli@@ kten entsteht kreativität . +nicht nur aus dar@@ w@@ ins werk wissen wir , dass die fähigkeit des menschen , zu überleben und aufzu@@ blü@@ hen , vom kampf des menschlichen gei@@ stes bestimmt ist , sich durch konfli@@ kte zu wand@@ eln . +also , no@@ ch@@ mals , wandel und anpas@@ sung sind die großarti@@ gsten fähigkeiten des menschen . +und vielleicht wissen wir erst , aus welchem holz wir gesch@@ ni@@ tzt sind , wenn wir wirklich ge@@ prü@@ ft werden . +möglicherweise ist genau das der sinn von wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten , eine wahrnehmung des i@@ chs , ein gefühl für unsere eigene kraft . +wir können uns so selbst etwas schen@@ ken . +wir können wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten eine neue bedeutung geben , die über sch@@ were zeiten hinaus geht . +vielleicht können wir wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten als veränderung sehen . +wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten stehen für eine veränderung , an die wir uns noch nicht ange@@ passt haben . +ich glaube , den größten schaden , den wir uns selbst zu@@ gefü@@ gt haben , ist zu glauben , dass wir normal sein sollen . +mal ehrlich - wer ist normal ? +es gibt kein normal . +es gibt das üb@@ liche . das typ@@ ische . aber nicht das normale . und würden sie diese arme , grau@@ e person wirklich kennen lernen wollen , wenn es sie wirklich gäbe ? +ich denke , eher nicht . +es wäre toll , wenn wir dieses denk@@ muster der normal@@ ität gegen ein anderes der möglichkeiten oder der stärke , um es sogar noch ein bisschen gefähr@@ licher zu for@@ mu@@ lieren , au@@ stau@@ schen könnten . so können wir die kräfte von sehr vielen kindern frei@@ setzen , und sie dazu ein@@ laden , ihre ganz besonder@@ en und wert@@ vollen fähigkeiten in die gesellschaft einzu@@ bringen . +anthro@@ pol@@ gen haben heraus gefunden , dass wir menschen von den mitg@@ lie@@ dern unserer gesellschaft immer eines ge@@ fordert haben : nützlich zu sein und einen bei@@ trag zu leisten . +es gibt hin@@ weise darauf , dass schon die ne@@ ander@@ tal@@ er vor 6@@ 0.000 jahren äl@@ tere menschen und menschen mit schwer@@ en körper@@ lichen verletz@@ ungen mit ge@@ tragen haben und das geschah vielleicht , weil die lebenser@@ fahr@@ ung im über@@ leben@@ sk@@ am@@ pf dieser menschen für die gesellschaft wert@@ voll war : +sie haben diese menschen nicht als kapu@@ tt und nutz@@ los betrachtet ; sie wurden als etwas besonder@@ es und wert@@ voll@@ es behandelt . +vor ein paar jahren ging ich in der stadt , in der ich aufge@@ wachsen war , in einen lebens@@ mittel@@ markt in jen@@ er " red zone " im nor@@ do@@ sten von pen@@ n@@ syl@@ v@@ ania , und ich stand da vor einem sch@@ eff@@ el to@@ ma@@ ten . +es war sommer und ich hatte shor@@ ts an . +und ich höre , wie ein typ hinter mir sagt , " na wenn das nicht ai@@ mee mul@@ lin@@ s ist . " +und ich dre@@ h mich um und sehe diesen äl@@ teren mann . ich hatte keine ahnung wer er ist . +und ich mein@@ te " entschul@@ digung , sir , kennen wir uns ? ich kann mich nicht an sie erinnern . " +und er sagte : " nun ja , sie dür@@ ften sich kaum an mich erinnern . +als ich sie zum ersten mal sah , hab ich sie aus dem b@@ auch ihrer mutter ge@@ holt . " +oh , also der . +und natürlich hat es dann aber kli@@ ck gemacht . +das war dr. ke@@ an , ein mann , den ich nur aus erzähl@@ ungen meiner mutter über diesen tag kan@@ nte , weil ich natürlich , ganz typ@@ isch , zu meinem geburt@@ stag zwei wochen zu sp@@ ät kam . +der arzt für pr@@ än@@ at@@ ale diagno@@ sti@@ k meiner mutter war im ur@@ lau@@ b , und so kan@@ nten meine eltern den mann , der mich zur welt brachte , überhaupt nicht . +und weil ich ohne wa@@ den@@ beine geboren wurde , und meine fü@@ ße sich nach ihnen geri@@ chtet hatten und ich nur ein paar ze@@ hen an diesem und ein paar ze@@ hen am anderen fuß hatte war er der über@@ br@@ inger , dieser frem@@ de musste die schlechten nachrichten über@@ bringen . +er sagte zu mir : " ich musste deinen eltern sagen , dass du nie laufen wür@@ dest , und nie so bewe@@ glich sein wür@@ dest wie andere kinder oder dass du nie ein unabhängi@@ ges leben führen kön@@ n@@ test , und seitdem haben sie mich einfach lü@@ gen ge@@ stra@@ ft . " +wirklich außergewöhn@@ lich fand ich , dass er zeit@@ ungs@@ aus@@ schni@@ tte meiner gesamten kindheit gesam@@ melt hat , egal , ob ich bei einem buchstab@@ ier@@ -@@ wettbewerb in der zweiten klasse gewonnen hatte , ob ich mit den p@@ fa@@ d@@ fin@@ dern bei der par@@ ade zu hal@@ lo@@ ween unter@@ wegs war , egal , ob ich mein sti@@ pen@@ dium oder einer meiner s@@ port@@ lichen sie@@ ge er@@ r@@ ungen hatte , und er verwen@@ dete diese aus@@ schni@@ tte , um seine studenten zu unterrichten , medizin@@ -@@ studenten aus der ha@@ h@@ ne@@ mann medical school und der her@@ s@@ hey medical school . +und er nannte diesen teil seines kur@@ ses den x faktor , das potenzi@@ al des menschlichen will@@ ens . +man kann einfach nicht genug bet@@ onen , wie entscheiden@@ d dieser faktor für die lebens@@ qualität eines menschen sein kann . +und dr. ke@@ an erzählte weiter , er sagte : " ich habe gelernt , dass kinder , wenn sie nicht ständig etwas anderes gesagt bekommen , und auch wenn sie nur ein bisschen unterstützung bekommen , wenn man kinder sich selbst über@@ lässt , dann können kinder sehr viel erreichen . " +sehen sie , dr. ke@@ an hat sein denken verändert . +er hatte verstanden , dass die medizinische diagno@@ se , und wie jemand damit um@@ geht , zwei unterschiedliche dinge sind . +und auch ich hab mein denken im lauf der zeit geändert , wenn sie mich im alter von 15 jahren gefragt hätten , ob ich meine pro@@ th@@ esen gegen beine aus fleisch und knochen ge@@ tau@@ scht hätte , dann hätte ich keine sekunde ge@@ zö@@ g@@ ert . +ich wollte damals unbedingt normal wirken . +wenn sie mich das heute fragen , bin ich mir nicht so sicher . +und das ist passiert , weil ich etwas mit meinen b@@ einen erlebt habe und nicht trotz dieser erleb@@ nisse . +und vielleicht konnte dieser wandel auch passieren , weil ich so vielen menschen begeg@@ net bin , die mir tür@@ en ge@@ öffnet haben , anstatt menschen zu begeg@@ nen , die mich ein@@ schrän@@ ken oder mir eine vorstellung über@@ stü@@ l@@ pen wollten . +sehen sie , es braucht wirklich nur einen menschen , der ihnen demon@@ stri@@ ert , wie sie ihre kräfte mani@@ festi@@ eren können , und sie sind durch . +wenn sie es jemandem ermöglichen , seine eigenen , inneren kräfte zu aktivi@@ eren , – der menschliche geist ist so emp@@ fan@@ gs@@ bereit – wenn sie das schaffen , und für jemanden in einem entscheiden@@ den moment eine tür öffnen , dann sind sie für diese menschen ein sehr guter lehrer . +sie bringen ihnen bei , sich selbst tür@@ en zu öffnen . +die eigent@@ liche bedeutung des wor@@ ts " educ@@ ate " wurz@@ elt in dem wort " edu@@ ce " . +es bedeutet , etwas hervor@@ zubringen , dass in einem ist , das potenzi@@ al herauszu@@ kit@@ z@@ eln . +no@@ ch@@ mals : welches potenzi@@ al möchten wir denn nun ab@@ rufen ? +in den 6@@ 0er jahren wurde in großbritannien eine fall@@ studie durchgeführt . damals wurden gy@@ m@@ n@@ asien in gesam@@ t@@ schulen um@@ gewand@@ elt . +sie nennen das dort " stre@@ aming trials " in den usa be@@ zeichnen wir das als " tracking " . +die schüler werden nach noten aufge@@ teilt . +und die a schüler werden mü@@ n@@ dlich schwer@@ er ge@@ prü@@ ft , bekommen die besseren lehrer us@@ w . +sie haben dann über einen drei@@ mon@@ a@@ tigen zei@@ traum schü@@ lern mit einem " aus@@ reich@@ end " die note " sehr gut " gegeben . es wurde ihnen gesagt , sie seien asse , dass sie sehr schla@@ u wären . und nach diesen drei monaten haben sie wirklich ein@@ ser geschrieben . +und natürlich zer@@ bri@@ cht es einem das herz zu hören , dass umge@@ kehrt den ein@@ ser@@ -@@ schü@@ lern gesagt wurde , sie seien nur aus@@ reich@@ end . +und genauso war es dann nach den drei monaten auch . +aber nur jene , die immer noch in der schule waren – ab@@ gesehen von den schü@@ lern , die die schule gesch@@ mis@@ sen hatten . +ganz entscheiden@@ d bei dieser studie war , dass die lehrer nicht einge@@ wei@@ ht waren . +die lehrer wussten nicht , dass etwas geändert wurde . +ihnen wurde einfach gesagt , dass seien die ein@@ ser@@ -@@ schüler und dass sind die schüler mit der note aus@@ reich@@ end . und genauso haben sie ihnen etwas bei@@ gebracht und sie behandelt . +die einzige wirkliche behinder@@ ung ist ein gebro@@ chen@@ er geist ein geist , der gebro@@ chen wurde , hat keine hoffnung mehr . er findet nichts mehr schön@@ . ihm fe@@ hlt unsere natürliche , kind@@ liche neugi@@ er@@ . und unsere angeb@@ or@@ ene fähigkeit der imagination . +wenn wir es aber schaffen , den menschlichen geist dabei zu unterstützen , weiterhin zu hoffen , sich selbst und andere menschen um sich herum schön zu finden , neugi@@ er@@ ig und ph@@ ant@@ as@@ ie@@ voll zu sein dann setzen wir unsere kräfte wirklich posi@@ tiv ein . +wenn ein geist über diese qu@@ al@@ itäten verfü@@ gt , können wir eine neue wirklichkeit und neue das@@ ein@@ s@@ formen schaffen . +ich möchte mit einem ge@@ dicht enden , das von einem pers@@ ischen poe@@ ten namens ha@@ fi@@ z im 14@@ . jahrhundert ver@@ fasst wurde und von dem mir mein freund jac@@ ques dem@@ bo@@ is erzählt hat . und das ge@@ dicht heißt " der gott , der nur vier worte kennt . " " jedes kind kennt gott , nicht den gott der namen , nicht den gott der ver@@ bo@@ te , sondern den gott , der nur vier worte kennt und diese ständig wieder@@ holt , er sagt immer nur : kom@@ m , tanz mit mir . " +kom@@ m , tanz mit mir . vielen dank . +wie würden sie besser sein wollen , als sie momentan sind ? +angenommen , ich sagte dass , durch wenige veränderungen ihrer gene , ein besser@@ es ge@@ däch@@ tnis haben könnten -- prä@@ z@@ is@@ er , genauer und schneller . +oder möchten sie fit@@ ter , stärker sein , mehr kraft haben . +möchten sie attra@@ kti@@ ver und selbst@@ bewus@@ ster werden ? +wie wäre es , länger bei guter gesundheit zu leben ? +oder vielleicht sind sie einer von denen die sich schon immer nach mehr kreativität se@@ hn@@ ten . +welches würden sie am meisten gefallen ? +welches würden sie gerne haben wollen , wenn sie nur eines haben könnte ? +kreativität . +wie viele leute würden kreativität wählen ? +heben sie ihre hände . lassen sie mich sehen . +ein paar . wahrscheinlich etwa so viele wie es kre@@ ative leute hier gibt . +das ist sehr gut . +wie viele würden sich für ein gutes ge@@ däch@@ tnis entscheiden ? +schon ein paar mehr . +wie wäre es mit fit@@ ness ? +ein paar weniger . +was ist mit lang@@ le@@ bi@@ gkeit ? +ah , die mehr@@ heit . das l@@ sehe ich gerne , als arzt . +wenn sie nur eins davon haben könnten , wäre es eine ganz andere welt . +ist das alles nur ein@@ bildung ? +oder ist es vielleicht möglich ? +die evolution ist ein and@@ au@@ ern@@ des thema hier auf der ted-@@ konferenz gewesen , aber heute möchte ich ihnen die ansicht eines ar@@ z@@ tes zu dem thema geben . +das große gene@@ tiker im 20. jahrhundert , t@@ .@@ g@@ . do@@ b@@ z@@ han@@ sky , der auch ein kommuni@@ k@@ ant in der rus@@ sischen or@@ tho@@ do@@ x@@ en kirche war , schrieb einmal einen auf@@ satz , mit dem titel " nichts in der biologie macht keine sinn außer im li@@ chte der evolution . " +nun , wenn sie einer von denen sind , die nicht den beweis für die biolog@@ ische evolution akzeptieren , dies wäre ein sehr guter zeitpunkt , ihr hör@@ gerät auszu@@ schalten , nehmen sie ihre persönlichen kommuni@@ ka@@ tions@@ gerät - ich gebe ihnen die erlaub@@ nis - und vielleicht können sie noch einen blick auf ka@@ thr@@ yn schul@@ tz ' buch werfen , das darum handelt sich zu ir@@ ren , denn nichts im weiteren verl@@ auf dieser rede wird irgend@@ einen sinn für sie machen . +aber wenn sie biolog@@ ischen evolution akzeptieren , bedenken sie folgendes : ist es nur über die vergangenheit , oder geht es auch um die zukunft ? +ist es für andere gel@@ tend oder betrifft es auch uns ? +dies ist ein weiter@@ er blick auf den baum des lebens . +in diesem bild , ich habe einen bus@@ ch als ein zentrum der verzwei@@ g@@ ungen in alle richtungen gelegt , denn wenn man sich die r@@ ändern des baum des lebens an@@ schaut , alle existi@@ erenden spezi@@ en an den spit@@ zen dieser zwei@@ ge haben in evolution@@ ären begri@@ ffen erfolg gehabt : sie haben über@@ lebt ; es hat seiner umgebung fit@@ ness und stärke demon@@ stri@@ ert . +der menschliche teil dieses bu@@ sches , weit am ende , ist natürlich das , wor@@ an wir am meisten interessiert sind . +wir zwei@@ gen von einem gemein@@ samen vorfahren zu modernen schimpansen vor ungefähr sechs oder acht millionen jahren . +in diesem zei@@ traum , gab es vielleicht 20 oder 25 verschiedene spezi@@ en von hom@@ ini@@ den . +einige sind gekommen und gegangen . +wir sind für rund 13@@ 0.000 jahren hier gewesen . +es scheint , als wären wir recht ab@@ gele@@ gen von den anderen teilen des bau@@ mes des lebens , aber eigentlich zum größten teil , sind die grundle@@ genden mechanis@@ men unsere zellen ziemlich gleich . +ist ihnen klar , dass wir daraus nutzen ziehen können und die mechanis@@ men eines gemein@@ samen bakteri@@ um requi@@ ri@@ eren können um das protein des menschlichen insu@@ lin@@ s zu produzieren , welches verwendet wird um diab@@ e@@ tiker zu behandeln ? +dies ist nicht wie human@@ insu@@ lin ; dies ist das gleiche protein das ist chem@@ isch un@@ unterschei@@ d@@ bar von dem , was aus der bau@@ ch@@ spei@@ ch@@ el@@ drü@@ se kommt . +und wobei wir schon über bakterien sprechen , ist ihnen bewusst , dass jeder von uns in unserem dar@@ m mehr bakterien als es zellen im rest unseres körpers führt ? +vielleicht 10 mal so@@ viele . +ich meine , denken sie mal , wenn ant@@ oni@@ o dama@@ si@@ o nach ihrem selbst@@ bild fragt , denken sie über die bakterien ? +unser dar@@ m ist eine wunderbar ga@@ st@@ freund@@ lichen umgebung für diese bakterien . +es ist warm , es dun@@ kel ist , ist es feu@@ cht , es ist sehr gemü@@ tlich . +und du wirst ihnen alle nähr@@ stoffe , die sie sich nur wün@@ schen könnten ohne an@@ streng@@ ung ihr@@ erseits an@@ bieten . +es ist wirklich ein lei@@ chter weg für bakterien , mit gel@@ eg@@ ent@@ lichen unter@@ brech@@ ungen der unbe@@ ab@@ sichti@@ gten , je@@ od@@ ch ge@@ zw@@ ungen sto@@ ß zum aus@@ gang . +aber sonst , sind sie eine wunderbare umgebung für diese bakterien , genauso wie sie für ihr leben wichtig sind . +sie helfen bei der ver@@ dau@@ ung von essen@@ ti@@ ellen nähr@@ stoffen . und sie schützen sie gegen bestimmte krankheiten . +aber was wird in der zukunft kommen ? +sind wir in einer art evolution@@ är@@ es gleich@@ gewicht in form einer spe@@ z@@ ie ? +oder sind wir bestimmt etwas anderes zu werden - etwas , das vielleicht sogar besser an die umwelt ange@@ passt ist ? +gehen wir nun einen schritt zurück in die zeit des ur@@ kn@@ alls vor 14 billion jahren -- die erde , das sonnen@@ system , vor etwa vier@@ einhalb milliarden jahren - die ersten an@@ zeichen von lebewesen , vielleicht vor drei bis vier mil@@ lar@@ den jahren auf der erde - die ersten mehr@@ -@@ zel@@ li@@ gen organismen , vielleicht so viel als 800 oder einer milliarde jahren - und dann die menschlichen spezies , welche sich in den letzten 13@@ 0.000 jahre schließlich for@@ mt . +in dieser riesigen un@@ voll@@ en@@ deten sym@@ ph@@ onie des universums , ist das leben auf der erde nur kurz be@@ messen ; das ti@@ errei@@ ch , wie ein einzel@@ ner ta@@ kt ; und des menschlichen lebens , eine kleine not@@ en@@ ver@@ zi@@ erung . +das waren wir . +dies stellt auch den unter@@ hal@@ tungs@@ wert dieser rede dar , deshalb hoffe ich , d ass es ihnen gefallen hat . +nun , als ich ein ne@@ ul@@ ing auf dem college war , hatte ich meine ersten bi@@ ologi@@ e@@ kur@@ se . +ich war faszin@@ iert von der ele@@ ganz und schönheit der biologie . +ich ver@@ liebte mich in die kraft der evolution , und ich stellte , etwas sehr grundle@@ gendes fest : in den meisten die exi@@ stenz von leben in einzel@@ li@@ gen organismen , teilt sich jede zelle , und all die gene@@ tischen information der zelle wird in beiden to@@ chter@@ zellen weiter geführt . +aber zu der zeit , als mehr@@ zel@@ li@@ gen organismen auf@@ tau@@ chten , begannen sich die dinge zu ändern . +sexu@@ elle fort@@ pflan@@ zung tritt ins bild . +und ganz wichtig : mit der ein@@ führung der sexu@@ ellen fort@@ pflan@@ zung , das das genom weiter@@ gibt , wird der rest des körpers ent@@ be@@ hr@@ lich . +in der tat könnte man sagen , dass die un@@ aus@@ wei@@ ch@@ lichkeit des to@@ des unseres körpers in der evolution im gleichen moment ein@@ tritt wie die sexu@@ elle fort@@ pflan@@ zung . +jetzt muss ich ge@@ stehen , wenn ich ein colle@@ ge-@@ student war , dachte ich , okay , sex / tod , sex / tod , tod für sex - es schien ziemlich vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tig zu dem zeitpunkt , aber mit jedem jahr , ist es zu meinen zunehmen@@ den zwei@@ f@@ eln gekommen . +ich bin dazu gekommen , die gefühle von george bur@@ ns zu verstehen , der in las v@@ eg@@ as seine show in den 9@@ 0er jahren vor@@ führte . +und eines nachts , ist da ein klo@@ pfen an seiner hot@@ el@@ z@@ immer@@ tür . +er öffnet die tür . +vor ihm steht ein wunder@@ schön sp@@ är@@ lich be@@ klei@@ de@@ tes sho@@ w@@ girl . +sie schaut ihn an und sagt : " ich bin hier für super@@ -@@ sex . " +" das ist wunderbar " , sagt george , " ich werde die su@@ ppe nehmen . " +ich kam zu der erkenntnis als arzt dass ich einem ziel hin@@ arbeitete das anders war als das ziel der evolution - nicht zwan@@ gs@@ läu@@ fi@@ g wider@@ sprü@@ ch@@ lich , nur anders . +ich habe versucht , den körper zu be@@ wahren . +ich wollte uns gesund halten . +ich wollte die gesundheit nach einer krankheit wieder@@ herstellen . +ich wollte , dass wir ein lan@@ ges und ges@@ un@@ des leben zu führen . +evolution ist alles über die weiter@@ gabe des genom@@ s an die nächste generation , anpas@@ sung und überleben generation nach generation . +von einem evolution@@ ären stand@@ punkt aus , sind sie und ich wie boo@@ ster ra@@ ke@@ ten entwickelt , um die gene@@ tische fra@@ cht in die nächste stufe der um@@ lauf@@ bahn zu schicken , um sich dann ins meer fallen zu lassen . +ich denke , wir würden alle die stimmung , die woo@@ dy allen zum ausdruck brachte verstehen , als er sagte : " ich möchte nicht un@@ sterb@@ lichkeit durch meine arbeit zu erreichen . +ich will es erreichen indem ich nicht ster@@ be . " +evolution bedeutet nicht zwan@@ gs@@ läu@@ fi@@ g das län@@ gste leben zu be@@ vorzu@@ gen . +es pri@@ vili@@ gi@@ ert nicht zwan@@ gs@@ läu@@ fi@@ g den größten , den stär@@ k@@ sten oder den schnell@@ sten , und nicht einmal den kl@@ ü@@ gsten . +evolution pri@@ vili@@ gi@@ ert die kre@@ aturen , die sich am besten an ihre umwelt an@@ passen . +es ist einzi@@ g der test von überleben und erfolg +auf dem grund des oze@@ ans sind bakterien vorhanden , die ther@@ m@@ op@@ hi@@ l sind und dadurch den heißen dam@@ pf überleben ander@@ n@@ falls , wenn fische dort wären , würden es v@@ aku@@ um ge@@ ko@@ chte fische zur folge haben dennoch haben sie es geschafft dort eine be@@ wohn@@ bare umgebung für sich zu machen . +also , was bedeutet das , wenn wir auf das zurück@@ bli@@ cken , was in der evolution geschieht , und wie wir über den platz nachdenken der menschen in der evolution , und vor allem wie wir voraus@@ schauen in die nächste phase , ich würde sagen , dass es eine reihe von möglichkeiten gibt . +die erste ist , dass wir uns nicht weiter@@ entwickeln werden . +wir haben eine art gleich@@ gewicht erreicht . +und die gründe dafür wären , dass es uns erstens durch medizin , gel@@ ungen ist , eine menge von genen zu erhalten die an@@ son@@ sten r@@ ausge@@ wä@@ hlt worden wären und aus der population entfernt worden wären . +und zweitens , wir als eine spe@@ z@@ ie haben uns unsere umwelt so kon@@ figu@@ ri@@ ert , dass wir es geschafft haben , dass sie sich an uns an@@ passen genau sowie wir uns an sie an@@ passen +und übrigens , wir wander@@ n und zir@@ ku@@ lieren und ver@@ mischen uns so viel , dass sie nicht länger sagen können , dass isol@@ ation notwendig ist , für die evolution , um stat@@ tzu@@ finden . +eine zweite möglichkeit ist , dass es eine evolution der traditionellen art sein wird , natürlich , auf@@ erle@@ gt von den krä@@ ften der natur . +und das argument , hier wäre dass die rä@@ der der evolution langsam ma@@ hlen aber sie sind uner@@ bit@@ tlich . +und so weit die isol@@ ation geht , wenn wir als spezies fern@@ e planeten bes@@ ie@@ deln , wird es is@@ oli@@ erung und die veränderungen der umwelt geben , die evolution auf natürliche weise produzieren könnte . +aber gibt es eine dritte möglichkeit , eine ver@@ lo@@ ck@@ ende , faszinier@@ ende und er@@ schreck@@ ende möglichkeit +ich nenne es ne@@ o-@@ evolution - die neue entwicklung die nicht einfach natürlich ist , aber geführt und entschieden von uns als individu@@ en@@ . in den entscheidungen , die wir machen . +nun , wie konnte das geschehen ? +wie konnte es möglich sein , dass wir dies tun ? +betrachten wir zunächst die realität dass die menschen heute , in man@@ chen kulturen entscheidungen über ihre nach@@ kommen machen . +sie sind , in man@@ chen kulturen , die wahl , um mehr männer als frauen zu haben . +es ist nicht unbedingt gut für die gesellschaft , aber es ist das , was der einzelne und die familie entscheiden . +denken sie also , wenn es nicht nur möglich wäre das geschle@@ cht ihres kin@@ des zu wählen aber auch an dem körper gene@@ tische anpas@@ sungen vor@@ zunehmen , die krankheiten hei@@ len und vorzu@@ beu@@ gen würden . +was wäre , wenn sie die gene@@ tischen veränderungen machen könnten , um diabetes oder alzheimer zu bes@@ ei@@ tigen oder das reduzieren des krebs@@ risi@@ ko@@ s oder schla@@ gan@@ fälle zu elimin@@ ieren ? +würden sie es nicht wollen , diese veränderungen in ihren genen zu machen ? +wenn wir voraus@@ bli@@ cken , werden diese art von veränderungen zunehmen@@ d möglich sein . +das human genome project begann im jahr 199@@ 0 und es dau@@ erte 13 jahre . +es ko@@ ste@@ te 2,@@ 7 milliarden dollar . +im fol@@ genden jahr , als es 2004 fertig war , konnten sie das selbe tun für 20 millionen dollar in dr@@ ein bis vier monaten . +heute können sie eine sequenz der drei milliarden bas@@ en@@ pa@@ are des menschlichen genom@@ s zu einem preis von etwa $ 20@@ .000 und in den raum von etwa einer woche komple@@ t@@ tieren . +es wird nicht mehr lange dauern , bis die realität sein wird , dass es die 1.000 $ menschlichen genome geben wird , und es wird zunehmen@@ d für je@@ der@@ mann verfügbar sein . +vor einer woche , ver@@ lie@@ h der national acade@@ my of engineering den dra@@ per prize für fran@@ c@@ is ar@@ n@@ old und wil@@ lem ste@@ mmer , zwei wissenschaft@@ lern , die unabhängig von@@ einander techni@@ ken entwickelten die den natürlichen prozess der evolution dazu ermu@@ tigen , schneller zu arbeiten und zu wün@@ schen@@ s@@ werte prot@@ eine zu führen in einer effizi@@ enter@@ en weise - welches fran@@ ces ar@@ n@@ old " dire@@ kte evolution " nennt . +vor ein paar jahre wurde der las@@ ker@@ -@@ preis dem wissenschaftler sh@@ in@@ ya y@@ am@@ an@@ ak@@ a ver@@ lie@@ hen für seine forschung in der er eine erwachsene hau@@ tz@@ elle nahm , eine fi@@ bro@@ bla@@ sten , und durch die manipu@@ lation von nur vier genen , die zelle indu@@ zierte , um sie zu einer plu@@ ri@@ poten@@ ten stamm@@ zelle zurückzu@@ führen - eine zelle poten@@ ti@@ ell in der lage ist belie@@ bi@@ ge zelle in d@@ einem körper zu werden . +diese änder@@ ungen sind im kommen . +die gleiche technologie , das das menschliche insu@@ lin in bakterien produziert kann viren machen , die nicht nur schutz vor sich selbst , aber auch zur imm@@ un@@ ität gegen andere viren dienen können . +ob sie es glauben oder nicht , es ist eine experiment@@ elle studie in gang mit impf@@ stoff gegen influ@@ enz@@ a das in den zellen einer tab@@ ak@@ pflan@@ ze an@@ gebaut worden ist . +können sie sich etwas gutes vorstellen , das aus tab@@ ak kommt ? +dies ist heute alles realität und in der zukunft wird viel mehr möglich sein . +stellen sie sich dann nur zwei andere kleine änder@@ ungen vor . +sie können die zellen in ihrem körper ändern , aber was wäre , wenn sie die zellen ihrer nach@@ fahren ändern könnten ? +was wäre , wenn sie die sper@@ mi@@ en und ei@@ zellen oder das fr@@ isch be@@ fru@@ chtete ei verändern könnten , um ihren kindern eine bessere chance für ein ges@@ ün@@ der@@ es leben zu geben - bes@@ ei@@ tigung der diabetes , bes@@ ei@@ tigen die hä@@ m@@ op@@ hil@@ ie , das risiko von krebs reduzieren ? +wer möchte nicht ges@@ ün@@ dere kinder ? +und dann die analy@@ tischen technik , der gleiche motor der wissenschaft das die veränderungen ermöglichen kann , um krankheit zu verhindern , könnte uns auch ermöglichen verab@@ schieden super@@ -@@ at@@ tribu@@ te zu adop@@ tieren , hyper@@ -@@ ka@@ pa@@ z@@ itäten - das bessere ge@@ däch@@ tnis . +warum haben nicht die schlag@@ ferti@@ gkeit eines ken jen@@ n@@ ings h@@ ben , vor allem , wenn man es erweitern kann mit der nächsten generation der wat@@ son@@ -@@ maschine ? +warum nicht die schn@@ ellen mus@@ kel@@ fas@@ ern haben , die es ihnen ermöglichen werden , schneller und länger zu laufen ? +warum nicht länger leben ? +diese werden un@@ wider@@ steh@@ lich sein . +und wenn wir an einer stelle sind , an der wir es an die nächste generation weiter@@ geben können , und wir die at@@ tribu@@ te adop@@ tieren können , die wir wollen , werden wir um@@ gewand@@ elt sein von al@@ t-@@ stil evolution zur ne@@ o-@@ evolution . +wir werden einen prozess haben , der in der regel möglicherweise 10@@ 0.000 jahre er@@ fordert , und wir können es auf tausend jahre kom@@ pri@@ mieren - und vielleicht sogar auf die nächsten 100 jahren . +dies sind entscheidungen mit denen ihre en@@ kel , oder deren en@@ kel , umgehen werden müssen . +verwenden wir diese entscheidungen eine gesellschaft zu formen , die besser ist , die erfolgrei@@ cher ist , die freund@@ licher ist ? +oder werden wir sele@@ ktiv unterschiedliche at@@ tribu@@ te wählen , die wir für einige von uns haben wollen und nicht für andere von uns ? +werden wir eine gesellschaft formen di@@ el@@ ang@@ wei@@ li@@ ger und uni@@ for@@ mier@@ ter ist , oder ro@@ bu@@ ster und viel@@ sei@@ tiger ? +dies sind die arten von fragen denen wir begeg@@ nen werden müssen . +und am tief@@ sten von allen , werden wir jemals in der lage sein , die wei@@ sheit zu entwickeln , und die wei@@ sheit mei@@ stern , die wir benötigen werden , um diese entscheidungen weise zu treffen ? +im guten wie im bö@@ sen , und früher als sie vielleicht denken , werden diese entscheidungen an uns liegen . +danke . +ich möchte , dass sie sich jetzt etwas vorstellen , einen trag@@ baren roboter , der ihnen über@@ menschliche fähigkeiten ver@@ lei@@ ht , oder einen anderen , der roll@@ stu@@ hl@@ fahr@@ ern dabei hilft , wieder aufzu@@ stehen und zu gehen . +wir bei ber@@ k@@ ele@@ y bi@@ on@@ ics nennen diese roboter ex@@ o@@ skelet@@ te . +sie sind nichts anderes als etwas , das sie morgens an@@ legen und das ihnen zusätz@@ liche stärke ver@@ lei@@ ht und das ihre geschwindigkeit weiter erhö@@ hen wird und das ihnen dabei helfen wird , beispielsweise ihre balance zu halten . +das ist in der tat die wahre versch@@ mel@@ zung von mensch und maschine . +aber nicht nur das -- damit versch@@ mel@@ zen und verne@@ tzen sie sich mit dem universum und anderen gerä@@ ten da draußen . +das ist nicht einfach nur eine verrück@@ te idee . +um ihnen jetzt zu zeigen , wor@@ an wir arbeiten , beginnen wir damit , über den amerikanischen soldaten zu sprechen , der im durch@@ schnitt ungefähr 100 pfund auf seinem rücken trägt und es besteht die an@@ frage , dass sie mehr aus@@ rü@@ stung tragen sollen . +natürlich führt dies zu einigen bedeuten@@ den kompli@@ ka@@ tionen -- rück@@ en@@ verletz@@ ungen , 30 prozent davon -- chron@@ ische rück@@ en@@ verletz@@ ungen . +wir dachten uns also , dass wir uns dieser herausforderung annehmen würden und ein ex@@ o@@ skelet@@ t erschaffen , das dabei helfen würde , mit diesem problem umzu@@ gehen . +lassen sie mich ihnen also jetzt h@@ ul@@ c vorstellen -- oder den human universal load car@@ rier . +sol@@ d@@ at : mit dem h@@ ul@@ c@@ -@@ ex@@ o@@ skelet@@ t kann ich 200 pfund über verschieden@@ arti@@ ges ter@@ rain tragen , viele stunden lang . +sein flexi@@ bles design ermöglicht es , sich tief zu ho@@ cken , zu krie@@ chen und hö@@ chst wen@@ dige bewegungen auszu@@ führen . +es fühlt , was ich machen möchte , wohin ich gehen will und erhö@@ ht dann meine stärke und aus@@ dau@@ er . +wir sind so@@ weit , mit unserem indu@@ st@@ rie@@ partner dieses gerät vorzustellen , dieses neue ex@@ o@@ skelet@@ t in diesem jahr . +es ist also wahr . +lassen sie uns nun unseren blick auf die roll@@ stu@@ hl@@ fahrer richten , etwas , für das ich mich besonders leiden@@ schaft@@ lich ein@@ se@@ tze . +es gibt 6@@ 8 millionen menschen , die weltweit geschä@@ tzt im roll@@ stuhl sitzen . +das ist ungefähr ein prozent der gesam@@ t@@ bevölkerung . +und das ist in der tat eine konser@@ va@@ tive schä@@ tzung . +wir sprechen hier oft über sehr junge personen mit rück@@ en@@ mark@@ s@@ verletz@@ ungen , die in der blü@@ te@@ zeit ihres lebens -- 20@@ er , 3@@ 0er , 4@@ 0er -- vom schick@@ sal getroffen wurden und der roll@@ stuhl ist die einzige option . +aber es geht auch um die alter@@ nde bevölkerung , deren anzahl sich ver@@ viel@@ fa@@ cht . +und so ziemlich die einzige option -- wenn es um einen hirn@@ schlag geht , oder um andere kompli@@ ka@@ tionen -- ist der roll@@ stuhl . +und so ist es übrigens seit 500 jahren , seit seiner , wie ich sagen muss , sehr erfolgrei@@ chen ein@@ führung . +wir dachten also , dass wir damit beginnen könnten , ein völlig neues kapit@@ el zu schreiben im bereich mobili@@ tät . +lassen sie mich ihnen nun ele@@ gs vorstellen , das von am@@ anda bo@@ x@@ tel ge@@ tragen wird , die vor 19 jahren eine rück@@ en@@ mark@@ s@@ verletz@@ ung er@@ li@@ tt , die zum ergebnis hat , dass sie nicht mehr laufen konnte seit 19 jahren und bis jetzt . +vielen dank . +wie ich sagte , am@@ anda trägt unser ele@@ gs . +es hat sensor@@ en -- +seine vollständig non-@@ invasi@@ ven sensor@@ en in den kr@@ ücken , die signale zurück@@ senden an unseren on@@ bo@@ ar@@ d-@@ computer , der hier auf ihrem rücken be@@ festi@@ gt ist . +hier sind auch bat@@ ter@@ ie@@ pac@@ kungen , der motor@@ an@@ trieb befindet sich an ihren hü@@ ften , ebenso wie an ihren k@@ nie@@ gelen@@ ken , die sie vor@@ wärts bewegen in dieser ziemlich gesch@@ mei@@ digen und sehr natürlichen gan@@ g@@ art . +ich war 24 jahre alt und in best@@ form , als ein mon@@ strö@@ ser pur@@ zel@@ baum während ein ski@@ ab@@ fahrt mich paraly@@ si@@ erte . +im bru@@ ch@@ teil einer sekunde verl@@ or ich jedes gefühl und jede bewegung unter@@ halb meines be@@ ck@@ ens . +nicht lange danach schritt ein arzt in mein kranken@@ zimmer und er sagte : " am@@ anda , sie werden nie wieder gehen können . " +und das war vor 19 jahren . +er sta@@ hl jedes fün@@ k@@ chen hoffnung aus meinem bewusstsein . +anpas@@ s@@ ungs@@ fähi@@ ge technologien haben es mir seitdem er@@ möglich , zu lernen , wieder sk@@ i zu fahren , zu kle@@ ttern und sogar mit den händen rad zu fahren . +aber nichts wurde erfunden , das mich wieder gehen lassen würde , bis jetzt . +vielen dank . +wie sie sehen können , haben wir die technologie , wir haben die platt@@ formen , um uns zu treffen und mit ihnen zu disku@@ tieren . +es liegt in unseren händen und wir haben das ganze potenzi@@ al hier , um das leben zu ändern von zukünf@@ tigen generationen -- nicht nur für die soldaten , oder für am@@ anda hier und alle roll@@ stu@@ hl@@ fahrer , sondern für alle . +vielen dank . +zu hause in new york , bin ich che@@ f der entwicklungs@@ ab@@ teilung einer gemein@@ nütz@@ igen organisation namens ro@@ bin hood . +wenn ich nicht die armut be@@ kämp@@ fe , be@@ kämp@@ fe ich als ge@@ hilfe eines feuer@@ we@@ hr@@ -@@ haupt@@ man@@ ns bei einem freiwilli@@ gen lö@@ sch@@ zug das feuer . +nun , in unserer stadt , in der freiwilli@@ ge eine hoch@@ quali@@ fi@@ zierte beru@@ fs@@ feuer@@ we@@ hr unterstü@@ tz@@ ten , muss man ziemlich früh an der brand@@ stelle sein , um mit@@ mischen zu können . +ich erinnere mich an mein erstes feuer . +ich war der zweite freiwilli@@ ge an der brand@@ stelle , ich hatte also recht gute chan@@ cen hinein zu können . +aber es war immer noch ein we@@ t@@ tren@@ nen gegen die anderen freiwilli@@ gen um den verantwor@@ tlichen haupt@@ mann zu erreichen und herauszufinden was unsere aufgaben sein würden . +als ich den haupt@@ mann fand , hatte er gerade in eine sehr ern@@ ste unterhaltung mit der haus@@ besit@@ zer@@ in , die sicherlich einen der schlimm@@ sten tage ihres lebens hatte . +es war mitten in der nacht und sie stand im schla@@ fan@@ zug und bar@@ fuß unter einem schirm draußen im strö@@ men@@ den regen , während ihr haus in fl@@ am@@ men stand . +der andere freiwilli@@ ge , der k@@ nap@@ p vor mir ange@@ kommen war -- nennen wir ihn le@@ x lu@@ ther -- errei@@ chte den haupt@@ mann als erstes und wurde gebeten in das haus zu gehen und den hund der haus@@ besit@@ zer@@ in zu retten . +den hund ! ich war sprach@@ los vor nei@@ d . +da war irgend@@ ein an@@ wal@@ t oder ver@@ mö@@ gen@@ s@@ verwal@@ ter , der nun für den rest seines lebens , den menschen erzählen konnte , dass er in ein bren@@ nen@@ des haus ging um ein lebewesen zu retten , nur weil er fünf sekunden schneller war als ich . +nun , ich war der nächste . +der haupt@@ mann win@@ kte mich zu sich . +er sagte , " be@@ z@@ os , sie müssen in das haus gehen . +sie müssen nach oben gehen , an dem feuer vorbei , und müssen dieser frau ein paar schuhe holen . " +ich schw@@ ö@@ re es . +nun , nicht genau das , was ich mir er@@ hoff@@ t hatte , doch ich ging los -- die tre@@ ppen hoch , den flu@@ r entlang , an den " echten " feuer@@ we@@ hr@@ männern vorbei , die zu diesem zeitpunkt mit dem lö@@ schen schon so ziemlich fertig waren , in das schla@@ f@@ zimmer um ein paar schuhe zu holen . +ich weiß was sie jetzt denken , aber ich bin kein held . +ich trug meine be@@ ute zurück nach unten , wo ich an der hau@@ stü@@ r meinen er@@ z@@ fein@@ d und den ge@@ lieb@@ ten hund traf . +wir tru@@ gen unsere schä@@ tze nach draußen zur haus@@ besit@@ zer@@ in , wo , nicht überrasch@@ end , seiner wesentlich mehr aufmerksamkeit bekam als meiner . +einige wochen später , er@@ hielt die feuer@@ wa@@ che einen brief der haus@@ besit@@ zer@@ in , in dem sie sich für den ta@@ pf@@ eren einsatz bei der rett@@ ung ihres haus@@ es be@@ dan@@ kte . +eine über allem maßen geschä@@ tz@@ te freund@@ lichkeit : jemand hatte ihr sogar ein paar schuhe gebracht . +sowohl in meinem beru@@ f bei ro@@ bin hood als auch in meinem neben@@ beru@@ f als freiwilli@@ ger feuer@@ we@@ hr@@ mann bin ich zeuge von groß@@ zü@@ gi@@ gkeit und freund@@ lichkeit im großen maßstab , aber ich sehe auch taten der näch@@ sten@@ liebe und des mu@@ ts von einzelnen . +und wissen sie was ich gelernt habe ? +sie sind alle wichtig . +wenn ich mich also in diesem raum um@@ sehe und menschen sehe , die entweder schon einen be@@ ach@@ ten@@ s@@ werten erfolg erreicht haben oder auf ihrem weg dorthin sind , möchte ich folgende erinn@@ erung an@@ bieten : warten sie nicht . +warten sie nicht damit , einen unterschied im leben eines anderen zu machen , bis sie ihre erste million erreicht haben . +wenn sie etwas zu geben haben , geben sie es jetzt . +be@@ dienen sie in einer supp@@ en@@ kü@@ che , r@@ äumen sie einen park in der nachbar@@ schaft auf , +seien sie ein ment@@ or . +nicht jeder tag wird uns eine chance bieten , das leben eines menschen zu retten , aber jeder tag bietet uns die möglichkeit , eins zu verändern . +also legen sie los ; retten sie die schuhe . +vielen dank . +br@@ un@@ o gu@@ is@@ san@@ i : mark , mark , kom@@ m zurück . +vielen dank . +ich komme gerade von einer gemeinschaft zurück , die das geheimnis des fort@@ be@@ stands der menschheit kennt . +ein ort , an dem die frauen das zep@@ ter führen , mit sex ' hallo ' sagen , und das spiel den tag bestimmt -- wo spaß eine ern@@ ste an@@ gelegenheit ist . +und nein , es ist nicht burning man oder san francisco . +meine damen und herren , ihre verwand@@ t@@ schaft . +dies ist die welt der wil@@ den bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s im ur@@ wald von kon@@ go . +bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s sind zusammen mit schimpansen unsere nächsten lebenden verwand@@ ten . +das bedeutet , wir haben einen gemein@@ samen vorfahren , eine evolution@@ äre großmutter , die vor etwa sechs millionen jahren lebte . +nun , schimpansen sind bekannt für ihre ag@@ gressi@@ vi@@ tät . +aber un@@ glücklicherweise haben wir diesen aspekt über@@ bet@@ on@@ t in der erzähl@@ ung der menschlichen evolution . +aber bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s zeigen uns die andere seite der me@@ da@@ ille +während schimpansen von großen , fur@@ cht einfl@@ ö@@ ß@@ enden ker@@ len geführt werden , wird die bon@@ o@@ bo@@ -@@ gesellschaft von er@@ mäch@@ ti@@ gten weib@@ chen geführt . +die haben sich da wirklich was ausge@@ dacht , denn das führt zu einer aus@@ gesprochen toler@@ anten gesellschaft , in der tö@@ dliche gewalt bis@@ lang nicht beobachtet wurde . +aber leider sind bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s am wenig@@ sten bekannt unter den pri@@ ma@@ ten . +sie leben in den tie@@ fen des kon@@ gol@@ es@@ ischen ur@@ wal@@ ds , und sind der beob@@ a@@ chtung nur schwer zugänglich . +der kon@@ go ist ein parado@@ x -- ein land außergewöhn@@ licher ar@@ ten@@ vielfalt und schönheit , aber auch das herz der dunkel@@ heit selbst -- der schau@@ platz einer gewal@@ tt@@ ä@@ tigen aus@@ einander@@ setzung , die seit jahrzehn@@ ten wü@@ tet und bein@@ ah so viele leben ge@@ fordert hat wie der erste welt@@ krieg . +es überrascht nicht , dass diese zerstör@@ ung auch das überleben der bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s gefähr@@ det . +flei@@ sch@@ handel und der rück@@ gang des baum@@ bestand@@ es führen dazu , dass man nicht mal ein sta@@ di@@ on mit den verb@@ lie@@ benen bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s füllen könnte -- und selbst da sind wir nicht sicher , um ehrlich zu sein . +und doch , in diesem land von gewalt und chaos kann man ein ver@@ bor@@ genes lachen hören , dass die bäume er@@ schü@@ tter@@ t . +wer sind diese verwand@@ ten ? +wir kennen sie als " liebe statt krieg " -@@ affen , denn sie haben häufi@@ gen , auch bis@@ ex@@ u@@ ellen sex , mit wechsel@@ nden part@@ nern , und regeln so konfli@@ kte und soziale angel@@ en@@ heiten . +ich sage ja nicht , das wäre die antwort auf alle human@@ it@@ ären probleme -- denn das leben der bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s besteht aus mehr als dem kam@@ a su@@ tra . +bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s -- wie menschen -- lieben es , ihr leben lang zu spielen . +spiel bedeutet nicht nur kinder@@ spiele . +für uns und sie ist spiel grundle@@ gend für die bin@@ dung von beziehungen und die pf@@ lege der toler@@ anz . +dabei lernen wir vertrauen und die regeln des spiel@@ s . +spiel st@@ eig@@ ert kreativität und belast@@ barkeit , und es geht vor allem um die er@@ zeu@@ gung von vielfalt -- vielfalt an interak@@ tionen , vielfalt an verhaltens@@ weisen , vielfalt an verbindungen . +und wenn man bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s beim spiel beobachtet , sieht man die evolution@@ ären ursprün@@ ge menschlichen la@@ ch@@ ens , tan@@ zes und von ritu@@ alen . +spiel ist der kit@@ t , der uns bei@@ einander@@ hält . +nun , ich weiß nicht , wie sie spielen , aber ich möchte ihnen einige einzigarti@@ ge aufnahmen ger@@ ade@@ wegs aus der wil@@ dnis zeigen . +zuerst ein ball@@ spiel auf bon@@ o@@ bo@@ -@@ art -- und ich denke dabei nicht an f@@ uss@@ ball . +also hier sehen wir ein jung@@ es weib@@ chen und männ@@ chen in einem ver@@ fol@@ g@@ ungs@@ spiel . +sehen sie sich an , was sie macht . +das könnte der evolution@@ äre urspr@@ ung sein von : " sie pac@@ kt ihn bei den ei@@ ern . " +nur dass ich denke , es gefällt ihm eher , nicht wahr . +ja ! +sex@@ spiele sind also verbreitet , sowohl bei bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s als auch bei menschen . +und dieses video ist wirklich interessant , denn es zeigt -- und dieses video ist wirklich interessant , denn es zeigt den ide@@ en@@ rei@@ cht@@ um , mit dem man neue elemente ins spiel bringt -- wie die ho@@ den -- und auch , wie das spiel sowohl vertrauen fordert als auch förder@@ t -- während es gleichzeitig unge@@ he@@ uren spaß macht . +aber das spiel ist ein form@@ wand@@ ler . +spiel ist ein form@@ wand@@ ler und es kann viele formen annehmen , von denen manche etwas ruhi@@ ger sind , ph@@ ant@@ as@@ ie@@ voll , neugi@@ er@@ ig -- vielleicht um das erstaun@@ en erneu@@ t zu entdecken . +und ich möchte ihnen zeigen , das ist fu@@ k@@ u , ein jung@@ es weib@@ chen , und sie spielt frie@@ dlich mit wasser . +ich denke , genau wie sie spielen wir manchmal allein , und wir l@@ oten grenzen unserer inneren und äuß@@ eren wel@@ ten aus . +und es ist diese spiel@@ er@@ ische neugi@@ er die uns forschen lässt , und interagieren . und die un@@ erwar@@ teten verknü@@ pf@@ ungen , die wir bilden , sind der wirkliche nähr@@ boden der kreativität . +dies ist nur ein kleiner vor@@ geschma@@ ck auf die ein@@ bli@@ cke , die bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s uns in unsere vergangenheit und gegenwart ge@@ währ@@ en . +aber sie wahren auch ein geheimnis für unsere zukunft , eine zukunft , in der wir uns an@@ passen müssen an zunehmen@@ de herausforderungen , durch größere kreativität und dru@@ ch ver@@ stär@@ kte ko@@ operation . +das geheimnis ist , dass das spiel der schlüssel zu diesen ferti@@ gkeiten ist . +mit anderen worten , spiel ist unser anpas@@ s@@ ungs@@ jo@@ ker . +um uns erfolgreich an eine unbe@@ stän@@ dige welt anzu@@ passen , müssen wir spielen . +aber werden wir das beste aus unserem spiel@@ trieb machen ? +spiel ist nicht al@@ ber@@ n , +sondern essen@@ ti@@ ell . +für bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s und menschen glei@@ cher@@ maßen besteht das leben nicht aus zä@@ hnen und kl@@ auen allein . +gerade wenn es kaum an@@ gebracht scheint ist spiel vielleicht am nö@@ ti@@ gsten . +und daher , meine pri@@ ma@@ ten@@ k@@ amer@@ aden , lassen sie uns dieses geschen@@ k der evolution um@@ armen und gemeinsam spielen , während wir die kreativität die k@@ amer@@ ad@@ schaft und das sta@@ un@@ en wieder@@ entdecken . +danke . +ich möchte , dass sie sich zwei pa@@ are vorstellen , mitte 197@@ 9 , am genau gleichen tag , im genau gleichen moment , jedes zeugt ein baby -- okay . +also zwei pa@@ are , jedes zeugt ein baby . +nun möchte ich nicht , dass sie zu@@ viel zeit verwenden sich die zeu@@ gung vorzustellen , weil , wenn sie sich die ganze zeit die zeu@@ gung vorstellen , werden sie mir nicht zuhören . +stellen sie sich das nur für einen moment vor . +und in diesem s@@ zen@@ ari@@ o stellen sie sich vor , dass in einem fall das sper@@ ma ein y ch@@ om@@ o@@ so@@ m trägt , das auf das x chromo@@ so@@ m der ei@@ zelle trifft . +und in dem anderen fall , trägt das sper@@ ma ein x chromo@@ so@@ m , das auf das x chromo@@ so@@ m der ei@@ zelle trifft . +beide sind über@@ lebens@@ fähig , beide z@@ ün@@ den . +wir kommen später noch auf diese leute zurück . +bei den meisten meiner tä@@ ti@@ gkeiten habe ich zwei hü@@ te auf . +unter einem hu@@ t beschäf@@ tige ich mich mit der geschichte der an@@ atom@@ ie . +ich bin studi@@ erte histor@@ i@@ ker@@ in , und in diesem fall untersu@@ che ich , wie menschen mit an@@ atom@@ ie um@@ gingen -- d.@@ h@@ . menschliche körper , tier@@ ische körper -- wie sie mit körper@@ flüs@@ sig@@ keiten um@@ gingen , mit körper@@ konzep@@ ten ; wie sie über körper gedacht haben . +der andere hu@@ t , den ich bei meiner arbeit ge@@ tragen habe , ist der der aktivi@@ stin , als pati@@ ent@@ innen@@ an@@ wäl@@ tin -- oder , wie ich manchmal sage , als unge@@ dul@@ dige an@@ wäl@@ tin -- von menschen , die patienten von är@@ zten sind . +in diesem fall habe ich mit menschen gearbeitet , die körper@@ typen haben , die sozialen nor@@ men in frage stellen . +so habe ich zum beispiel mit menschen gearbeitet , die si@@ am@@ es@@ ische zwi@@ l@@ linge sind , zwei menschen in einem körper . +ich habe mit menschen mit z@@ wer@@ gen@@ wuchs gearbeitet -- also menschen , die kleiner als üb@@ lich waren . +und sehr oft habe ich mit inter@@ sexu@@ ellen menschen gearbeitet , deren geschle@@ cht at@@ yp@@ isch ist -- also menschen , die nicht die durchschnitt@@ lichen männ@@ lichen oder weib@@ lichen körper@@ typen auf@@ weisen . +und als allgemeinen begriff können wir dafür das wort inter@@ sexu@@ alität verwenden . +inter@@ sexu@@ alität kommt in vielen verschiedenen formen vor . +ich gebe ihnen nur ein paar beispiele für die möglichen typen von geschle@@ chts@@ vari@@ anten , die nicht dem männ@@ lichen oder weib@@ lichen standard ent@@ sprechen . +in einem fall hat man vielleicht jemand mit einer x@@ y chromo@@ som@@ en@@ basis , und das s@@ ry gen des y ch@@ om@@ o@@ som@@ s lä@@ ßt die proto@@ gon@@ aden , die wir f@@ ö@@ tal@@ en sta@@ dium alle haben , zu ho@@ den heran@@ wachsen . +und deshalb geben die ho@@ den im f@@ ö@@ tal@@ en sta@@ dium te@@ sto@@ ster@@ on ab . +aber weil diesem individu@@ um die re@@ zep@@ toren fehlen , um das te@@ sto@@ ster@@ on zu erkennen , re@@ agi@@ ert der körper nicht auf das te@@ sto@@ ster@@ on . +und das nennt man and@@ ro@@ gen@@ re@@ zep@@ tor@@ -@@ de@@ fe@@ kt . +also viel te@@ sto@@ ster@@ on , aber keine reaktion darauf . +als kon@@ sequenz entwickelt sich der körper mehr dem typ@@ isch weib@@ lichen verl@@ auf fol@@ gend . +wenn das kind geboren wird , sieht sie aus wie ein mädchen . +sie ist ein mädchen . sie wird als mädchen er@@ zogen . +aber es dauert meistens bis sie die pu@@ ber@@ tät erreicht und ihre brü@@ ste wachsen und sich entwickeln , sie aber nicht ihre peri@@ o@@ de bekommt , bis jemand darauf kommt , dass hier etwas anders ist . +und sie machen ein paar tests und finden heraus , dass sie anstatt ei@@ er@@ stö@@ cken und geb@@ är@@ mutter , in wirklichkeit ho@@ den in sich trägt und , dass sie ein y chromo@@ so@@ m hat . +dabei ist es wichtig zu verstehen , dass man diese person für eigentlich männ@@ lich halten könnte , aber das sind sie nicht wirklich . +frauen , wie männer , haben in unseren körper etwas , dass man ad@@ ren@@ al@@ in@@ drü@@ sen nennt . +sie befinden sich im hinter@@ en teil unseres körpers . +und die neben@@ ni@@ eren stellen and@@ ro@@ gene her , welche vi@@ ri@@ li@@ si@@ erende hor@@ m@@ one sind . +die meisten frauen , so wie ich -- ich glaube eine typ@@ ische frau zu sein -- ich kenne meinen tats@@ äch@@ lichen chromo@@ som@@ en@@ aufbau nicht , aber ich denke , dass ich wahrscheinlich den typ@@ ischen habe -- die meisten frauen wie ich sprechen tatsächlich auf and@@ ro@@ gene an . +wir produzieren and@@ ro@@ gen und wir sprechen auf and@@ ro@@ gene an . +die folge ist , dass jemand wie ich tatsächlich ein gehirn hat , dass mehr and@@ ro@@ genen aus@@ gesetzt war , als eine frau , die mit ho@@ den geboren wurde , und einen and@@ ro@@ gen@@ re@@ zep@@ tor@@ -@@ de@@ fe@@ kt hat . +geschle@@ cht ist also wirklich kompliziert ; inter@@ sexu@@ elle stehen nicht nur in der mitte des spek@@ tr@@ ums von geschle@@ cht -- in gewis@@ ser hinsicht , können sie über die ganze band@@ breite verteilt sein , +noch ein beispiel : vor ein paar jahren er@@ hielt ich den an@@ ruf eines 19 jährigen man@@ nes , der als junge geboren war , als junge aufge@@ zogen , er hatte eine freundin , hatte sex mit seiner freundin , lebte als mann , und er hatte gerade herausgefunden , dass er ei@@ er@@ stö@@ cke und eine geb@@ är@@ mutter hatte . +er hatte eine extreme form einer angeb@@ or@@ enen neben@@ ni@@ er@@ en@@ rin@@ den@@ hyper@@ blas@@ ie . +er hat x@@ x chromo@@ some , und im mutter@@ lei@@ b , waren seine neben@@ ni@@ eren so stark aktiv , dass sie im wesentlichen eine männ@@ liche hor@@ mon@@ umgebung erzeugt haben . +und als kon@@ sequenz wurden seine gen@@ it@@ alien männ@@ lich ausge@@ prä@@ gt , sein gehirn war den typ@@ isch@@ eren männ@@ lichen teil des hor@@ mon@@ en@@ spek@@ tr@@ ums aus@@ gesetzt . +und als er geboren wurde , sah er wie ein junge aus - niemand a@@ hnte etwas . +und erst als er 19 jahre alt wurde , bekam er genü@@ gend medizinische probleme , tatsächlich davon , weil er inner@@ lich men@@ stru@@ ierte , dass die ärzte heraus@@ fanden , dass er im inneren wei@@ blich war . +okay , nur noch ein schn@@ elles beispiel für eine vari@@ an@@ te von inter@@ sexu@@ alität . +manche menschen mit x@@ x chromo@@ som@@ en , entwickeln etwas , das o@@ vot@@ est@@ is heißt , wobei ei@@ er@@ stock@@ gewebe von ho@@ den@@ gewebe um@@ hü@@ llt ist . +wir wissen nicht genau , warum das geschieht . +geschle@@ cht kann also in vielen verschiedenen vari@@ anten auf@@ treten . +der grund , warum kinder mit dieser art von körper -- sei es z@@ wer@@ gen@@ wuchs oder si@@ am@@ es@@ ische zwi@@ l@@ linge , sei es inter@@ sexu@@ ell -- von chirur@@ gen oft an die nor@@ m ange@@ passt werden , ist nicht , weil dies für ihre körper@@ liche gesundheit von vorteil wäre . +in vielen fällen sind diese menschen vollkommen gesund . +der grund , warum an ihnen oft verschiedene arten chirur@@ g@@ ischer ein@@ gri@@ ffe vor@@ genommen werden , ist , weil sie unsere sozialen kat@@ eg@@ orien bedro@@ hen . +typ@@ is@@ cher@@ weise basiert unser system auf der idee , dass eine bestimmte an@@ atom@@ ische au@@ spr@@ ä@@ gung mit einer bestimmten identität ein@@ her@@ geht . +wir haben also das konzept , dass eine frau zu sein , heißt eine weib@@ liche identität zu haben ; eine schwarze person zu sein , heißt , angeb@@ lich , eine afrikan@@ ische an@@ atom@@ ie zu haben im hin@@ blick auf die eigene geschichte . +wir haben also diese schrecklich ver@@ einfach@@ ende idee . +und wenn wir mit einem körper konfron@@ tiert sind , der für uns tatsächlich etwas sehr anderes dar@@ stellt , verwir@@ rt uns das in hin@@ blick auf diese kat@@ eg@@ or@@ isi@@ erungen . +wir haben also in unserer kultur eine menge roman@@ tischer ideen über individu@@ alismus . +und unsere nation basiert wirklich auf einem sehr roman@@ tischen konzept von individu@@ alismus . +nun können sie sich vorstellen , wie verblüff@@ end es dann ist , wenn kinder geboren werden , die zwei personen in einem körper sind , +wo ich in letz@@ ter zeit die meiste aufre@@ gung erlebt hatte , war die südafri@@ kan@@ ische läu@@ fer@@ in ca@@ ster se@@ men@@ ya letztes jahr , deren geschle@@ cht bei der lei@@ ch@@ at@@ le@@ thi@@ k welt@@ mei@@ ster@@ schaft in ber@@ lin in frage gestellt wurde . +viele journ@@ alisten rie@@ fen mich mit der frage an : " welchen test werden sie machen , der uns ver@@ r@@ ät , ob ca@@ ster se@@ men@@ ya wei@@ blich oder männ@@ lich ist ? " +und ich musste den journ@@ alisten erklären , dass es diesen test nicht gibt . +wir wissen jetzt , dass geschle@@ cht kompliziert genug ist , dass wir zu@@ geben müssen , dass die natur für uns keine linie zwischen männ@@ lich und wei@@ blich zieht , oder zwischen männ@@ lich und inter@@ sexu@@ ell und wei@@ blich und inter@@ sexu@@ ell ; ta@@ st@@ ächlich sind wir es , die diese tren@@ n@@ linie als natürlich vor@@ geben . +wir haben also so eine situation , wo , je weiter unsere wissenschaft fort@@ schrei@@ tet , wir uns um so mehr einge@@ stehen müssen , dass diese kat@@ eg@@ orien , die wir für stab@@ i@@ le an@@ atom@@ ische kat@@ eg@@ orien gehalten hatten , welche sehr einfache zu@@ or@@ dn@@ ungen her@@ stellten um dau@@ er@@ hafte identi@@ tä@@ t@@ sk@@ at@@ eg@@ orien zu schaffen , viel un@@ sch@@ är@@ fer sind , als wir angenommen haben . +und das gilt nicht nur in bezug auf geschle@@ cht . +es gilt auch hin@@ sichtlich ras@@ se , was sich als viel kompli@@ zier@@ ter heraus@@ stellt , als unser ter@@ min@@ ologie zu@@ gelassen hat . +bei unseren betra@@ cht@@ ungen ger@@ aten wir in alle möglichen unbe@@ que@@ men bereiche . +wir sto@@ ssen zum beispiel auf die tatsache , dass wir mindestens 95 prozent unserer dna mit schimpansen gemeinsam haben . +was sollen wir mit der tatsache anfangen , dass wir uns von ihnen lediglich durch wenige nu@@ kle@@ o@@ ti@@ de unterscheiden ? +während wir unsere wissenschaft immer weiter vor@@ an@@ treiben , kommen wir zunehmen@@ d in eine zone des un@@ beha@@ gens , wo wir an@@ erkennen müssen , dass die simpli@@ stischen kat@@ eg@@ orien , die wir hatten vermutlich all@@ zu sim@@ pel sind . +wir sehen das in allen möglichen bereichen des menschlichen lebens . +einer der bereiche , in dem wir das zum bei@@ p@@ iel sehen , in unserer heutigen kultur , in den heutigen vereinigten staaten , sind die kämp@@ fe über den beginn und das ende des lebens . +wir haben schwier@@ ige gesprä@@ che darüber , an welchem punkt ein körper zum menschen wird , so daß er eine anderes recht hat als das f@@ ö@@ tale leben . +wir haben heutzutage sehr schwier@@ ige aus@@ einander@@ setz@@ ungen -- vielleicht nicht so öff@@ entlich wie in der medizin -- über die frage , wann jemand tot ist . +unsere vorfahren hatten früher nie so schwer mit der frage zu kämpfen , wann jemand tot war . +sie haben jemand höch@@ stens eine fe@@ der unter die n@@ ase gehalten , und wenn sie sich bewe@@ gte , haben sie sie noch nicht be@@ graben . +wenn sie sich nicht mehr bewe@@ gte , hat man sie be@@ graben . +aber heute befinden wir uns in einer situation , wo wir menschen lebens@@ wichtige organ@@ e ent@@ nehmen und sie anderen menschen ver@@ pflanzen wollen . +und als folge ver@@ fangen wir uns bei dem kampf mit der wirklich schwier@@ igen frage , wann jemand tot ist . und das bringt uns in eine wirklich schwier@@ ige lage , in der wir nicht mehr so einfache kat@@ eg@@ orien haben wie früher . +nun könnten sie annehmen , dass das ganze zusammen@@ brechen von kat@@ eg@@ orien jemand wie mich wirklich glücklich machen würde . +ich bin politi@@ sch pro@@ gressi@@ v , ich vertei@@ dige menschen mit ungewöhn@@ lichen körper@@ n , aber ich muss zu@@ geben , es macht mich ner@@ vö@@ s . +zu be@@ greifen , dass diese kat@@ eg@@ orien wirklich viel un@@ sicher@@ er sind als wir dachten , macht mich an@@ ges@@ pan@@ nt . +und es macht mich an@@ ges@@ pan@@ nt in bezug auf über@@ leg@@ ungen die demokratie be@@ tre@@ ff@@ end . +um ihnen also von dieser an@@ span@@ nung zu erzählen , muss ich zuerst be@@ kennen , dass ich ein großer fan der grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ ter bin . +ich weiß , dass sie ras@@ s@@ isi@@ ten waren , ich weiß , dass sie se@@ xi@@ sten waren , aber sie waren großartig . +ich finde , dass sie so ta@@ pf@@ er und stark waren , und so radik@@ al , in dem was sie taten dass ich mich alle paar jahre dabei er@@ ta@@ ppe das sch@@ mal@@ zi@@ ge musical 17@@ 7@@ 6 anzu@@ sehen , und es ist nicht wegen der musik , die absolut zu vergessen ist . +es ist wegen dem , was 17@@ 7@@ 6 mit den grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ tern geschehen ist . +die grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ ter waren aus meiner sicht die ursprün@@ glichen an@@ atom@@ ischen aktivi@@ sten , und zwar deshalb . +was sie zurück@@ wiesen war ein an@@ atom@@ isches konzept , und sie er@@ setzten es durch ein anderes , das radik@@ al und schön war , und 200 jahre für uns maß@@ geb@@ lich war . +wie sie sich alle erinnern , le@@ hn@@ ten unsere grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ ter das konzept der mon@@ arch@@ ie ab . und die mon@@ arch@@ ie bas@@ ierte im grund genommen auf einem sehr ver@@ einfa@@ chten konzept von an@@ atom@@ ie . +die herr@@ scher der alten welt hatten kein konzept basier@@ end auf der dna , aber sie hatten ein konzept des gebur@@ ts@@ rechts . +sie hatten ein konzept von blau@@ em blut . +sie waren der auff@@ as@@ sung , dass leute , die politische macht hatten , diese politische macht haben sollten , aufgrund der ver@@ er@@ b@@ ten blut@@ linie vom groß@@ vater zum vater zum sohn und so weiter . +die grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ ter wiesen diese idee zurück und er@@ setzten sie durch ein neues an@@ atom@@ isches konzept , und dieses konzept sagte , dass alle menschen gleich@@ wer@@ tig erschaffen wurden . +sie ni@@ vel@@ li@@ erten das spiel@@ feld und entschieden , dass an@@ atom@@ isch gesehen , die gemein@@ sam@@ keiten zä@@ hl@@ ten , nicht die unterschiede . und das war sehr radik@@ al . +nun machten sie das zum teil , weil sie teil eines auf@@ klär@@ er@@ ischen systems waren , in dem zwei dinge gemeinsam heran@@ wu@@ ch@@ sen . +die demokratie wuchs her@@ an , aber zur selben zeit wuchs auch die wissenschaft her@@ an . +wenn man sich die geschichte der grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ ter an@@ sieht , wird deutlich , dass viele von ihnen sehr an wissenschaft interessiert waren , und sie waren an einem konzept einer natur@@ ali@@ stischen welt interessiert . +sie gingen weg von erklär@@ ungen über@@ natür@@ licher art , und wiesen dinge , wie ein über@@ natür@@ liches konzept von macht , zurück , wo die über@@ tra@@ gung auf einem sehr va@@ gen konzep@@ ts von gebur@@ ts@@ recht basiert . +sie bewe@@ gten sich zu einem natur@@ ali@@ stischen konzept hin . +und wenn man sich beispielsweise die unabhängi@@ g@@ kei@@ t@@ ser@@ klär@@ ung an@@ sieht , sprechen sie über natur und den gott der natur . +sie reden nicht von gott und der natur got@@ tes . +sie reden von der macht der natur um uns zu sagen wer wir sind . +und als teil davon ver@@ schaff@@ ten sie uns ein konzept das von an@@ atom@@ ischen gemein@@ sam@@ keiten hand@@ elte . +und damit haben sie auf wirklich wunderbare weise die zukünf@@ tige bürger@@ rechts@@ bewegung vorberei@@ tet . +sie haben nicht so darüber gedacht , aber was sie für uns getan haben , war großartig . +was geschah also jahre danach ? +zum beispiel verwen@@ deten frauen , die das wahl@@ recht an@@ stre@@ b@@ ten , das konzept der grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ ter , das sagt , dass an@@ atom@@ ische gemein@@ samkeit wichtiger ist als der an@@ atom@@ ische unterschied , und sagten , " dass wir eine geb@@ är@@ mutter und ei@@ er@@ stö@@ cke haben ist als unterschied nicht bedeu@@ tsam genug , dass wir nicht das wahl@@ recht haben sollten , das recht auf volle staat@@ s@@ bürger@@ schaft , das recht eigent@@ um zu besitzen , etc , et@@ c. " +und frauen argu@@ men@@ ti@@ erten das erfolgreich . +als nächstes kam die erfolgrei@@ che bürger@@ rechts@@ bewegung , wo wir menschen sahen wie so@@ jour@@ ner truth , die darüber sp@@ ach , " bin ich keine frau ? " +wir finden männer in den mar@@ schi@@ erenden rei@@ hen der bür@@ gere@@ chts@@ bewegung , die sagen , " ich bin ein mann . " +wieder , menschen unterschied@@ licher hau@@ t@@ farbe , die sich auf an@@ atom@@ ische gemein@@ sam@@ keiten vor an@@ atom@@ ischen unterschie@@ den beru@@ fen , wieder , erfolgreich . +wir sehen das gleiche bei der behinder@@ ten@@ rechts@@ bewegung . +natürlich ist das problem , dass , sowie wir beginnen all die gemein@@ sam@@ keiten zu betrachten , wir beginnen müssen in frage zu stellen , warum wir bestimmte tren@@ nungen auf@@ rech@@ ter@@ halten . +nun , wohl@@ ge@@ mer@@ kt , möchte ich bestimmte tren@@ nungen auf@@ rech@@ ter@@ halten , an@@ atom@@ isch gesehen , in unserer kultur . +ich möchte zum beispiel einem fisch nicht die gleichen rechte wie einem menschen geben . +ich möchte nicht sagen , dass wir von der an@@ atom@@ ie ganz ab@@ stand nehmen sollten . +ich möchte nicht sagen , dass 5@@ -@@ jährige das recht haben sollen , ihr ein@@ verständnis zu sex oder zum hei@@ raten zu geben . +es gibt also einige an@@ atom@@ ische tren@@ nungen , die für mich sinn machen , und die wir , denke ich , behalten sollten . +aber die herausforderung ist zu versuchen herauszufinden , welche es sind und warum wir sie behalten , und ob sie sinn@@ voll sind . +kommen wir also zurück zu diesen zwei wesen die zu beginn des vor@@ tra@@ gs ge@@ zeugt worden sind . +wir haben zwei wesen , beide mitte 197@@ 9 am genau gleichen tag ge@@ zeugt . +stellen wir uns vor , dass eines von ihnen , mar@@ ia , drei monate ver@@ frü@@ ht geboren wurde , sie ist also am 1 jun@@ i 19@@ 80 geboren . +h@@ ein@@ rich , auf der anderen seite , wird zum geburt@@ ster@@ m@@ in geboren , er ist also am 1 mär@@ z 19@@ 80 geboren , +nur wegen der tatsache , dass mar@@ ia 3 monate ver@@ frü@@ ht geboren wurde , er@@ lan@@ gt sie alle möglichen rechte drei monate vor h@@ ein@@ rich -- das recht ein@@ ver@@ neh@@ m@@ lichen sex zu haben , das recht zu wählen , das recht zu trinken . +h@@ ein@@ rich muss auf all dies warten , nicht weil er tatsächlich ein anderes biolog@@ ische alter hat , nur aufgrund des zeit@@ pun@@ ktes seiner geburt . +wir finden noch anderen merk@@ wür@@ dig@@ keiten bezüglich dessen was ihre rechte sind . +h@@ ein@@ rich , da man an@@ nimmt , dass er männ@@ lich ist -- obwohl ich ihnen nicht gesagt habe , dass er der mit x@@ y ist -- da man an@@ nimmt , dass er männ@@ lich ist , kann er nun einge@@ zogen werden , worüber mar@@ ia sich keine sorgen machen muss . +mar@@ ia hin@@ gegen , kann nicht in allen bun@@ des@@ staaten das gleiche recht wahr@@ nehmen , das h@@ ein@@ rich in allen staaten hat , und zwar das recht zu hei@@ raten . +h@@ ein@@ rich kann in jedem staat eine frau hei@@ raten , aber mar@@ ia kann heute nur in wenigen staaten eine frau hei@@ raten . +wir haben also diese dau@@ er@@ ha@@ ften an@@ atom@@ ischen kat@@ eg@@ orien die in viel@@ erle@@ i hinsicht proble@@ matisch und frag@@ wür@@ dig sind . +und für mich stellt sich die frage : was werden wir tun , da unsere wissenschaft solche fort@@ schritte im bereich der an@@ atom@@ ie macht , dass wir einen punkt erreichen , an dem wir zu@@ geben müssen , dass eine demokratie , die auf an@@ atom@@ ie beru@@ ht , aus@@ einander@@ fallen könnte ? +ich möchte die wissenschaft nicht auf@@ geben , aber gleichzeitig fühlt es sich manchmal so an , als ob die wissenschaft sich selbst@@ ständig macht . +wohin gehen wir also ? +es scheint als würde unsere kultur eine art pra@@ g@@ mati@@ sche haltung ein@@ nehmen : " gut , wir müssen irgendwo eine linie ziehen , also ziehen wir sie irgendwo . " +aber eine menge leute ver@@ fangen sich in einer sehr eigen@@ arti@@ gen position . +also zum beispiel , hat texas an einem punkt entschieden , dass , einen mann zu hei@@ raten bedeutet , dass man kein y chromo@@ so@@ m hat , und eine frau zu hei@@ raten bedeutet , dass man ein y chromo@@ so@@ m hat . +nun in der pra@@ x@@ is werden menschen nicht auf ihre chromo@@ some ge@@ te@@ stet . +aber es ist auch sehr bizar@@ r , wegen der geschichte , die ich ihnen an@@ fan@@ gs über den and@@ ro@@ gen@@ re@@ zep@@ tor@@ -@@ de@@ fe@@ kt erzählt habe . +wenn wir uns einen der grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ ter der modernen demokratie ansehen , dr. martin lu@@ ther king , bietet er uns in seiner " ich habe einen traum rede " eine art lösung an . +er sagt , wir sollten menschen nicht nach " ihrer hau@@ t@@ farbe , sondern nach der eigen@@ schaft ihres charak@@ ters " be@@ ur@@ teilen , und geht so über an@@ atom@@ ie hinaus . +und ich möchte sagen , " ja , das klingt wie eine richtig gute idee . " +aber wie macht man das in der pra@@ x@@ is ? +wie be@@ ur@@ teilt man menschen aufgrund ihrer charak@@ ter@@ eigenschaften ? +ich möchte auch darauf hin@@ weisen , dass ich nicht sicher bin , dass wir rechte in bezug auf menschen der@@ art ver@@ teilen sollen , weil ich zu@@ geben muss , dass ich eine reihe golden re@@ tri@@ ever kenne , die wahrscheinlich sozi@@ all@@ ei@@ st@@ ungen eher verdienen als manche menschen , die ich kenne . +ich möchte da@@ zusagen , dass ich wahrscheinlich auch einige hel@@ le lab@@ ra@@ dor@@ h@@ unde kenne , die fähi@@ ger sind fun@@ di@@ er@@ tere , intelli@@ gent@@ ere und rei@@ f@@ ere entscheidungen bezüglich ihre sexu@@ ellen beziehungen zu treffen als manche 4@@ 0-@@ jährige , die ich kenne . +wie sollen wir also die frage nach den eigenschaften des charakter oper@@ a@@ tion@@ alisieren ? +es stellt sich als wirklich schwierig heraus . +und ein teil von mir fragt sich , was wäre , wenn der inhalt einer persön@@ lichkeit etwas wäre , das in zukunft masch@@ in@@ en@@ les@@ bar wäre -- mittel@@ s f@@ mr@@ i sicht@@ bar gemacht werden könnte ? +wollen wir wirklich in diese richtung gehen ? +ich bin mir nicht sicher , wohin wir gehen . +was ich weiß , ist , dass es wirklich wichtig scheint , über die idee nachzudenken , dass die usa darin führ@@ end ist , sich gedanken über fragen der demokratie zu machen . +in unserem bemü@@ hen um demokratie haben wir unsere sache richtig gut gemacht , und ich denke , wir würden unsere sache in der zukunft gut machen . +wir haben nicht die situation , wie es zum beispiel im iran der fall ist , wo ein mann , der sich sexu@@ ell zu anderen männern hin@@ gezogen fühlt , mit dem tod be@@ stra@@ ft wird , es sei denn er ist bereit sich einer geschle@@ cht@@ sum@@ wand@@ lung zu unter@@ ziehen , in welchem fall er am leben bleiben darf . +zu@@ stände dieser art existieren bei uns nicht . +ich bin fro@@ h sagen zu können , dass wir diese zu@@ stände nicht haben -- ein chirur@@ g mit dem ich vor ein paar jahren sprach , der ein paar si@@ am@@ es@@ ische zwi@@ l@@ linge mit sich her@@ gebracht hatte , um sie zu tren@@ nen , teil@@ weise um sich einen namen zu machen . +aber als ich mit ihn telef@@ oni@@ erte , und ihn fragte , warum er diese ein@@ gri@@ ffe machte -- es waren hoch ris@@ kan@@ te oper@@ ationen -- war seine antwort , dass in seinem land , diese kinder sehr schlecht behandelt werden würden , und deshalb musste er es tun . +ich antwor@@ tete ihm , " nun haben sie politi@@ sches as@@ y@@ l in erwä@@ gung gezogen anstatt einer operation um sie zu tren@@ nen ? " +die vereinigten staaten bieten unglaubliche möglichkeiten , menschen zu erlauben die zu sein , die sie sind , ohne dass sie sich um des sta@@ ates willen ändern mü@@ ß@@ ten . +deshalb denke ich , müssen wir führ@@ end sein . +gut , nur um abzu@@ schließen , möchte ich bemerken , dass ich sehr viel über die v@@ ä@@ ter gesprochen habe . +und ich möchte über die möglichkeiten nachdenken wie demokratie aussehen könnte , oder aus@@ gesehen haben könnte , wenn wir die mütter mehr invol@@ viert hätten . +und ich möchte etwas sagen , das für eine fe@@ mini@@ stin etwas radik@@ al ist , und zwar denke ich , dass es verschiedene arten ein@@ sichten geben könnte , die von verschiedenen arten der an@@ atom@@ ie herr@@ ü@@ hren , ins@@ besonders wenn menschen ein grupp@@ en@@ denken anwenden . +seit jahren schon , weil ich an inter@@ sexu@@ alität interessiert war , habe ich mich auch für forschung im bereich der geschle@@ chter@@ differ@@ enz interessiert . +und eines der dinge , die ich wirklich interessant fand , ist der unterschied zwischen männern und frauen in hinsicht darauf , wie sie denken und in der welt agieren . +was wir aus kultur@@ über@@ greif@@ enden studien erfahren haben , ist , dass frauen , im durch@@ schnitt -- nicht jede , aber im durch@@ schnitt -- eher dazu nei@@ gen komplex@@ en sozialen beziehungen und der für@@ sorge für menschen , die innerhalb der gruppe ver@@ w@@ und@@ bar sind , sehr viel aufmerksamkeit zu geben . +und deshalb , wenn wir darüber nachdenken haben wir eine interessante situation vor uns . +vor jahren , als ich ein auf@@ bau@@ studi@@ um machte , fragte mich einer meiner studi@@ en@@ be@@ tre@@ u@@ er , der mein interesse an fe@@ min@@ ismus kan@@ nte -- ich betra@@ chtete mich als fe@@ mini@@ stin , so tue es noch -- eine wirklich eigen@@ artige frage . +er sagte , " sagen sie mir , was am fe@@ min@@ ismus wei@@ blich ist . " +und ich dachte , " nun , das ist die d@@ ü@@ mm@@ ste frage , die ich je gehört habe . +im fe@@ min@@ ismus geht es darum kli@@ sche@@ es über geschle@@ cht aufzu@@ lösen , deshalb ist am fe@@ min@@ ismus nichts wei@@ blich . +aber je mehr ich über seine frage nach@@ dachte , um so mehr dachte ich , dass es etwas weib@@ liches im fe@@ min@@ ismus geben könnte . +das soll heißen , es könnte etwas geben , im durch@@ schnitt , wo@@ durch sich weib@@ liche gehirne von männ@@ lichen unterscheiden was uns aufmerk@@ samer für hoch@@ komplexe soziale beziehungen macht , und aufmerk@@ samer dafür für die schutz@@ bedürf@@ tige zu sorgen . +wo die grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ ter also extrem be@@ dacht waren herauszufinden wie individuen vor dem staat geschü@@ tzt werden konnten , ist es möglich , dass , wenn wir mehr mütter in dieses konzept ein@@ br@@ ä@@ chten , wir mehr ein konzept be@@ kä@@ mmen von , nicht nur wie man schü@@ tzt , sondern wie wir für einander sorgen können . +und vielleicht ist es das , wohin wir in zukunft gehen mü@@ sse , wenn wir demokratie über an@@ atom@@ ie hin@@ aus@@ führen -- weniger über den individu@@ ellen körper nachzudenken was identität betrifft , und mehr über beziehungen nachzudenken . +so dass , wenn wir als volk versuchen eine perfe@@ k@@ tere verbindung herzustellen , wir darüber nachdenken , was wir für einander tun können . +vielen dank . +ich bin j@@ ess@@ i und das hier ist mein ko@@ ffer . +aber bevor ich ihnen zeige , was ich darin habe , werde ich ein sehr öffent@@ liches ge@@ stän@@ dnis machen , und das ist : ich bin bes@@ essen von out@@ f@@ its . +ich liebe es , zu jeder gelegenheit ein anderes far@@ ben@@ fro@@ hes , verrück@@ tes out@@ fit zu finden , zu tragen , und in letz@@ ter zeit auch zu fotografi@@ eren und zu blog@@ gen . +aber ich kauf@@ e nichts neues . +ich be@@ komme all meine klei@@ der aus zwei@@ ter hand auf flo@@ h@@ mär@@ kten und in secon@@ d-@@ hand@@ -@@ sh@@ ops . +o@@ oh , danke schön . +secon@@ d-@@ hand@@ -@@ sh@@ opp@@ ing erlaubt mir , den einfluss meiner gar@@ der@@ o@@ be auf die umwelt zu reduzieren und auch den auf meine geld@@ b@@ ör@@ se . +ich tre@@ ffe alle möglichen toll@@ en leute ; meine dollars dienen für gewöhn@@ lich einem guten zweck ; ich sehe ziemlich einzigarti@@ g aus ; und es macht ein@@ kaufen zu meiner ganz persönlichen sch@@ at@@ z@@ suche . +ich meine , was werde ich heute finden ? +wird es meine größe haben ? +werde ich die farbe mögen ? +wird es weniger als 20 dollar kosten ? +wenn alle antworten ja lau@@ ten , fühle ich mich , als ob ich gewonnen habe . +ich komme zurück auf meinen ko@@ ffer , und erzähle ihnen , was ich für diese aufre@@ gende woche hier bei ted einge@@ pac@@ kt habe . +ich meine , was bringt jemand mit so vielen out@@ f@@ its mit ? +ich werde euch also ganz genau zeigen , was ich mit@@ gebracht habe . +ich habe sieben paar unter@@ ho@@ sen mit@@ gebracht , und das ist alles . +unter@@ ho@@ sen für genau eine woche sind alles , was ich in meinen ko@@ ffer getan habe . +ich habe gewe@@ t@@ tet , dass ich alles andere , was ich vielleicht tragen wollte , finden würde , wenn ich erst einmal nach pal@@ m spr@@ ings kä@@ me . +und da sie nicht von mir gehört haben als die frau , die hier bei ted in ihrer unter@@ wä@@ sche herum@@ läuft – heißt das , ich habe ein paar sachen gefunden . +und ich möchte ihnen unbedingt meine out@@ f@@ its für diese woche zeigen . +klingt das gut ? +während ich das tue , werde ich ihnen auch einige der le@@ ktionen mit@@ geben , die ich , ob sie es glauben oder nicht , aus diesen ab@@ ent@@ eu@@ ern gelernt habe , nichts neues zu tragen . +lassen sie uns mit son@@ n@@ tag beginnen . +ich nenne das den strahl@@ enden tiger . +man muss nicht viel geld ausgeben , um toll auszu@@ sehen . +man kann fast immer großartig aussehen für weniger als 50 dollar . +dieses ganze out@@ fit , in@@ klu@@ sive der jac@@ ke hat mich 5@@ 5 ge@@ kostet , und es war das teu@@ erste stück , dass ich in dieser ganzen woche ge@@ tragen habe . +mon@@ tag : farbe ist etwas kraft@@ voll@@ es . +es ist fast physi@@ olog@@ isch unmöglich , schlecht gel@@ a@@ unt zu sein , wenn man hell@@ rote ho@@ sen trägt . +wenn man glücklich ist , zieht man andere glück@@ liche menschen an . +dien@@ stag : anpas@@ sung wird total über@@ bewer@@ tet . +ich habe sehr viel zeit meines lebens damit verbracht , zu versuchen , ich selbst zu sein , und mich gleichzeitig anzu@@ passen . +seien sie einfach , wer sie sind . +wenn sie sich mit den richtigen menschen um@@ geben , werden sie es nicht nur verstehen , sie werden es auch schätzen . +mitt@@ wo@@ ch : um@@ armen sie ihr inner@@ es kind . +manchmal sagen mir leute , ich sä@@ he aus , als ob ich ' ver@@ klei@@ den ' spiele oder dass ich sie an ihre sie@@ ben@@ jährige erinnere . +ich läch@@ le dann gern und sage , " danke schön . " +don@@ ner@@ stag : selbst@@ vertrauen ist der schlüssel . +wenn sie denken , sie sehen in etwas gut aus , dann ist es fast sicher so . +und wenn sie denken , dass sie in etwas nicht gut aussehen , haben sie wahrscheinlich auch recht . +ich wuchs mit einer mutter auf , die mich das tag für tag lehr@@ te . +aber erst als ich 30 wurde , habe ich wirklich verstanden , was das bedeutet . +und ich werde das kurz für sie zusammen@@ fassen . +wenn sie glauben , dass sie innen und aus@@ sen eine wunderbare person sind , dann gibt es nichts , was sie nicht tragen können . +es gibt also keine entschul@@ digung für jemanden hier in diesem publikum . +wir sollten in der lage sein , alles zu ro@@ cken , was wir wollen . +vielen dank . +frei@@ tag : eine univer@@ sel@@ le wahrheit – fünf wörter : gol@@ dene pa@@ il@@ le@@ ten passen zu allem . +und letztendlich , sam@@ stag : einen eigenen , einzigarti@@ gen , persönlichen stil zu entwickeln , ist eine tolle art , der welt etwas über einen zu erzählen , ohne dabei ein wort sagen zu müssen . +es wurde mir immer und immer wieder be@@ wiesen , wenn in dieser woche menschen auf mich zu kamen , einfach nur wegen dem , was ich trug . und ich hatte großartige gesprä@@ che . +offensichtlich wird das nicht alles in meinen winzi@@ gen ko@@ ffer passen . +bevor ich also heim nach broo@@ kl@@ yn gehe , werde ich das alles wieder sp@@ enden . +denn die lektion , die ich selber diese woche versuche zu lernen ist , dass es okay ist , los zu lassen . +ich muss diesen dinge nicht emotional an@@ ha@@ ften , denn gleich um die ecke wird es immer ein anderes verrück@@ tes , far@@ ben@@ fro@@ hes , stra@@ hlen@@ des out@@ fit geben , das nur auf mich war@@ tet , wenn ich ein bisschen lieben im herzen habe und es suche . +ich danke ihnen viel@@ mals . +danke schön . +guten tag , alle zusammen . +ich habe hier etwas , das ich ihnen zeigen möchte . +denken sie sich dies als bild@@ punkt , als flie@@ genden bild@@ punkt . +das ist , was wir in unserem labor , wahrneh@@ m@@ bares design nennen . +lassen sie mich ihnen ein wenig darüber erzählen . +wenn sie nun dieses bild nehmen – ich bin ursprün@@ glich itali@@ en@@ er , und jeder junge in it@@ alien wächst mit diesem bild in seinem zimmer auf . aber der grund , warum ich ihnen dies zeige ist , das in der for@@ mel 1 in den vergan@@ genen jahrzehn@@ ten etwas sehr interessan@@ tes geschah . +vor einiger zeit war es so , dass wenn sie ein for@@ mel 1 rennen gewinnen wollten , dann nahmen sie ihr budget und setzten ihr geld auf einen guten fahrer und ein gutes auto . +und wenn das auto und der fahrer gut genug waren , dann gew@@ an@@ nen sie das rennen . +nun heutzutage , benötigen sie , wenn sie ein rennen gewinnen wollen , tatsächlich so etwas wie dieses hier – etwas was das auto in echtz@@ eit über@@ wa@@ cht , einige tausend sensor@@ en hat , die informationen aus dem auto , diese informationen an das system weiter@@ geben und sie dann ver@@ arbeiten und diese dann nutzen um diesem auto entscheidungen zurück zu senden und dinge in echtz@@ eit verändern während information gesam@@ melt werden . +dies würden sie , in ingenie@@ ur@@ teams , eine echtz@@ ei@@ t-@@ kontro@@ ll@@ system nennen . +und im grunde , ist es ein system , das aus zwei teilen besteht – einem spür@@ enden teil und einem re@@ agi@@ er@@ end@@ ent@@ eil . +was heutzutage interessant ist , ist das echtz@@ ei@@ t-@@ kontro@@ ll@@ systeme beginnen in unserem leben aufzu@@ tauchen . +unsere städte wurden , in den letzten paar jahren , gerade mit netz@@ werken und elektr@@ oni@@ k aus@@ gerü@@ stet . +sie werden zu computer im freien . +und als computer im freien , fangen sie an , auf andere art und weise zu reagieren , sie werden wahr@@ genommen und ange@@ trieben . +wenn wir städte her@@ richten , ist das tatsächlich eine große sache . +nur neben@@ bei möchte ich erwä@@ hnen , dass städte nur zwei prozent der er@@ do@@ ber@@ fläche sind , aber 50 prozent der welt@@ weiten bevölkerung dort leben . +sie sind 75 prozent des energie@@ konsu@@ ms – verur@@ sachen bis zu 80 prozent der co2 emis@@ sionen . +wenn wir also etwas mit den städten machen , ist das eine große sache . +über die städte hinaus , zieht all dieses wahr@@ nehmen und an@@ treiben in objekte des tä@@ glichen lebens ein . +das ist von einer ausstellung , die pa@@ ol@@ a ant@@ on@@ ell@@ i für mom@@ a später im jahr , während des som@@ mers , organisi@@ ert . +es heißt " spr@@ ich mit mir . " +nun , all unsere objekte , unsere umwelt , fangen an , zu uns zurück zu sprechen . +in einem gewissen sinn , ist es fast so als ob jedes at@@ om da draußen zu beiden wird , einem sen@@ sor und einem an@@ trei@@ ber . +und das verändert radik@@ al die interak@@ tion , die wir menschen mit unserer umwelt draußen haben . +in gewis@@ ser weise , ist es fast als ob der alte traum von mich@@ el@@ angel@@ o ... +wissen sie , als mich@@ el@@ angel@@ o den mo@@ ses form@@ te , heißt es , dass er am ende den ham@@ mer nahm und ihn auf mo@@ ses war@@ f – tatsächlich können sie immer noch eine kleine stelle un@@ ten@@ dr@@ unter sehen – und sagte , rief , " per@@ ch@@ é n@@ on par@@ l@@ i ? warum sp@@ rich@@ st du nicht ? " +nun , heute , fängt unsere umwelt zum aller@@ ersten mal an , uns zu antworten . +ich werde ihnen nur einige beispiele zeigen – nochmal , mit der idee unsere umwelt wahr@@ zunehmen und anzu@@ treiben . +lassen sie uns mit dem wahr@@ nehmen beginnen . +nun das erste projekt , das ich ihnen vorstellen möchte ist in wahrheit eines der ersten unseres lab@@ ors . +es entstand vor vier@@ einhalb jahren in it@@ alien . +und was wir da getan haben , war eigentlich eine damals neue art von netzwerk zu nutzen , das auf der ganzen welt eingesetzt wurde – das ist ein mobil@@ telefon@@ netz – und anony@@ me und ag@@ gre@@ gi@@ erte information aus diesem netzwerk zu nutzen , die o@@ h@@ ne@@ hin vom be@@ trei@@ ber gesam@@ melt werden , um zu verstehen wie die stadt funktioniert . +der sommer war ein glück@@ licher sommer – 2006 . +es war als it@@ alien die fuß@@ ball@@ -@@ welt@@ mei@@ ster@@ schaft gew@@ ann . +einige von ihnen werden sich erinnern , es war als it@@ alien gegen frank@@ reich spielte , und dann am ende zi@@ dan@@ e , der kopf@@ sto@@ ß . +und egal , it@@ alien hat am ende gewonnen +jetzt sehen sie sich an was an diesem tag passierte , nur beim beobachten der aktivität , die im netzwerk passiert . +hier sehen sie die stadt . +sie sehen in der mitte das k@@ olo@@ s@@ se@@ um , den flu@@ ß ti@@ ber . +am morgen , vor dem spiel . +sie sehen oben die zei@@ ta@@ ch@@ se . +früher nach@@ mit@@ tag , menschen hier und da , die an@@ ru@@ fe tä@@ tigen und sich bewegen . +das spiel fängt an – schwei@@ gen . +frank@@ reich macht ein tor . it@@ alien macht ein tor . +halb@@ zeit , die menschen machen einen kurzen an@@ ruf , gehen auf toile@@ tte . +zweite halb@@ zeit . ende der normalen spiel@@ zeit . +erste ver@@ län@@ gerung , zweite . +zi@@ dan@@ e , in einem augenblick der kopf@@ sto@@ ß . +it@@ alien gewinn@@ t . yeah . +nun , in dieser nacht , gingen alle ins zentrum um zu fei@@ ern . +sie sahen den großen aus@@ schlag . +am nächsten tag , gingen alle ins zentrum um das sie@@ ger@@ team und den pre@@ mier@@ minister zu selben zeit zu treffen . +und dann gingen alle hin@@ unter . +sie sehen das bild des plat@@ zes cir@@ co mas@@ sim@@ o , wo , seit der rö@@ mischen zeit , die menschen zum fei@@ ern hin@@ gehen – um eine große party zu haben , und sie sehen den aus@@ schlag am ende des tages . +nun , das ist nur ein beispiel , wie wir heute die stadt spüren können , auf eine art und weise wie wir es vor einigen jahren nicht konnten . +noch schnell ein anderes beispiel für spüren : hier geht es nicht um menschen , sondern um dinge , die wir benutzen und konsu@@ mieren . +nun , heutzutage wissen wir alles darüber woher unsere sachen kommen . +dies ist eine karte , die ihnen all die chi@@ ps zeigt , aus denen ein ma@@ c computer besteht , wie sie zusammen kamen . +aber wir wissen nur wenig darüber , wo die sachen hin@@ gehen . +also haben wir in diesem projekt tatsächlich einige kleine mar@@ ker entworfen um den müll zu verfolgen während er durch das system geht . +wir haben also mit einigen freiwilli@@ gen angefangen , die uns , vor etwas mehr als einem jahr , in se@@ attle ge@@ holfen haben , die dinge zu marki@@ eren , die sie weg@@ war@@ fen – verschiedene arten von dingen , wie sie sehen können – dinge , die sie o@@ h@@ ne@@ hin weg@@ werfen würden . +dann haben wir die kleinen chi@@ ps , die kleinen mar@@ ken , auf den müll ge@@ k@@ lebt und angefangen ihn zu verfolgen . +hier sind die ergebnisse , die wir gerade bekommen haben . +von se@@ attle ... +nach einer woche . +mit dieser information erkan@@ nten wir , dass es eine menge in@@ effizi@@ en@@ zen im system gibt . +wir können die gleichen dinge in der tat mit weniger energie machen . +die daten waren vorher nicht verfügbar . +aber das passieren eine menge un@@ nütz@@ er transpor@@ te und kompli@@ zier@@ ter dinge . +die andere sache aber ist , dass wir glauben , dass wenn wir jeden tag sehen , dass die tas@@ se , die wir weg@@ werfen , nicht einfach versch@@ win@@ det , dass sie immer noch irgendwo auf dem planeten ist . +und die plasti@@ k@@ fla@@ sche , die wir jeden tag weg@@ werfen immer noch da bleibt . +und wenn wir das den menschen zeigen würden , dann können wir eine verhaltens@@ änder@@ ung vor@@ an@@ treiben . +das ist also der grund für dieses projekt . +mein kol@@ lege an der mit , as@@ sa@@ f bi@@ der@@ man , könnte ihnen noch viel mehr über das wahr@@ nehmen und die vielen anderen wunder@@ baren dinge , die man mit wahr@@ nehmen machen kann , erzählen , aber ich möchte gerne auf den zweiten teil zu sprechen kommen , den wir am anfang disku@@ ti@@ erten und das ist die bet@@ ä@@ tigung unserer umwelt . +und das erste projekt ist etwas , dass wir vor ein paar jahren in zar@@ a@@ go@@ za , sp@@ ani@@ en gemacht haben . +es fing mit einer frage des bürger@@ mei@@ sters an , der zu uns kam und sagte , dass sp@@ ani@@ en und sü@@ deu@@ rop@@ a eine schöne tradition haben , an öffentlichen orten wasser als teil der architektur zu nutzen . +und die frage war : wie könnte man technologie , neue technologie damit verbinden ? +und eine der ideen , die am mit in einem arbeit@@ sk@@ rei@@ s er@@ mittel@@ t wurden , war , stellen sie sich diese schl@@ äu@@ che vor , und venti@@ le , mag@@ net@@ venti@@ le , kla@@ ppen , die sich öffnen und schließen . +sie verur@@ sachen so was wie einen wasser@@ vor@@ hang mit bild@@ pun@@ kten aus wasser . +wenn diese bild@@ punkte herunter@@ fallen , können sie darauf schreiben , können sie muster , bilder , text an@@ zeigen . +und sie können sich ihm näher@@ n , und er wird sich öffnen , um sie durch@@ springen zu lassen , wie sie auf diesem bild sehen können . +nun , wir haben das bürger@@ meister bel@@ loch vor@@ gestellt . +es hat ihm sehr gefallen . +und wir bekamen den auf@@ trag ein gebäude beim ein@@ gang der exp@@ o zu entwerfen . +wir nan@@ nten es den digitalen wasser pa@@ vil@@ li@@ on . +das ganze gebäude bestand aus wasser . +es gibt keine tür@@ en oder fenster , aber wenn sie sich ihm näher@@ n , wird es sich öffnen und sie hinein lassen . +das dach war ebenfalls mit wasser be@@ deckt . +und wenn es w@@ indi@@ g ist , wenn sie das sp@@ ri@@ tzen verring@@ ern wollen , können sie sogar das dach her@@ unter lassen . +oder sie könnten das gebäude schließen und die ganze architektur wird , wie in diesem fall , wissen sie , dieser tage , wenn sie das dach herunter@@ fahren , bekommen sie bilder von menschen , die da waren und sagen , " sie haben das gebäude zerstört . " +nein , sie haben das gebäude nicht zerstört , es ist nur so , dass die architektur beinahe versch@@ win@@ det . +hier sehen sie , wie das gebäude funktioniert . +sie sehen die person , die sich fragt , was im inneren passiert . +und hier sehen sie mich , als ich versuchte beim testen der sensor@@ en , die das wasser öff@@ neten , nicht n@@ ass zu werden . +nun , sollte ich ihnen erzählen , was eines nachts passierte als alle sensor@@ en auf@@ hörten zu funktionieren . +aber eigentlich war es in dieser nacht ein noch größ@@ erer spaß . +alle kinder aus zar@@ a@@ go@@ za kamen zu dem gebäude , denn die art wie sie mit dem gebäude spiel@@ ten war ganz anders . +nicht länger ein gebäude , das sich öffnen würde um sie ein zu lassen , aber ein gebäude , das immer noch pau@@ sen und löcher im wasser hatte , man musste jetzt springen ohne n@@ ass zu werden . +und das war , für uns , sehr span@@ n@@ end , denn als architekten , ingenie@@ ure , als designer , denken wir immer darüber nach , wie die menschen , die dinge nutzen , die wir entwerfen . +aber die realität ist immer un@@ vorher@@ seh@@ bar . +und das ist das schöne daran , dinge zu kreieren , die benutzt werden und mit den menschen interagieren . +hier ist nun ein bild des gebäu@@ des mit den phy@@ sischen bild@@ pun@@ kten , den bild@@ pun@@ kten aus wasser und die proje@@ ktionen darauf . +und dies ist es , was uns darauf brachte über das folgende projekt nachzudenken , das ich ihnen jetzt zeige . +stellen sie sich vor diese bild@@ punkte könnten wirklich anfangen zu fliegen . +stellen sie sich vor , sie könnten kleine hu@@ b@@ sch@@ rau@@ ber haben , die durch die luft fliegen , und jeder von ihnen mit einem kleinen bild@@ punkt mit wechsel@@ n@@ dem licht – fast so wie eine wol@@ ke die sich durch den raum bewegen kann . +hier ist das video . +stellen sie sich einen hu@@ b@@ sch@@ rau@@ ber vor , wie den , den sie vor@@ hin gesehen haben , der sich mit anderen bewegt , vollkommen syn@@ chr@@ on . +sie können diese wol@@ ke haben . +sie können eine art flexi@@ bl@@ en bildschirm oder an@@ zeige haben , wie diese – eine gleich@@ mäß@@ ige forma@@ tion in zwei dimensionen . +oder un@@ regel@@ mäßig aber in drei dimensionen , bei der das , was sich ändert , das licht ist , nicht die position der bild@@ punkte . +sie können mit verschiedenen arten spielen . +stellen sie sich vor der bildschirm könnte einfach in unterschiedlichen forma@@ ten oder grö@@ ßen erscheinen , in unterschiedlichen auf@@ lösungen . +aber dann könnte das ganze nur eine 3d wol@@ ke aus bild@@ pun@@ kten sein , auf die sie zu@@ gehen können und durch die sie sich hin@@ durch bewegen , die sie aus vielen , vielen richtungen betrachten können . +hier sehen sie eine echte fl@@ y@@ fi@@ re-@@ steu@@ erung , die her@@ ab@@ sin@@ kt um wie zuvor ein gleich@@ mäß@@ iges v zu formen . +wenn sie das licht ein@@ schalten , sieht es so aus . also genauso , wie wir es vorher gesehen haben . +stellen sie sich vor , dass jedes einzelne von menschen ge@@ steu@@ ert wird . +es könnte jeder einzelne bild@@ punkt einen impul@@ s haben , der von menschen kommt , von den bewegungen der menschen oder der@@ gleichen . +ich möchte ihnen hier etwas zu aller@@ erst zeigen . +wir haben mit ro@@ ber@@ to bol@@ le gearbeitet , einem der besten bal@@ le@@ tt@@ t@@ än@@ zer unserer zeit – dem é@@ toi@@ le am me@@ tro@@ poli@@ tan theater in new york und der sc@@ ala in ma@@ il@@ and – wir haben seine bewegungen in 3d aufgenommen um sie als impul@@ s für das fl@@ y@@ fire zu nutzen . +hier sehen sie ro@@ ber@@ to tan@@ zen . +auf der linken seite sehen sie die bild@@ punkte , die verschiedenen einge@@ fan@@ genen ein@@ drü@@ cke . +es ist gleichzeitig ein echtz@@ ei@@ t-@@ 3@@ d-@@ scan und eine beweg@@ ungs@@ aufnahme . +so dass sie die ganze bewegung nach@@ voll@@ ziehen können . +sie können das die ganze zeit machen . +aber dann , wenn wir einmal alle bild@@ punkte haben , können sie damit spielen und mit farbe bewegung schwer@@ kraft und dre@@ h@@ bewegung spielen . +das möchten wir als einen möglichen impul@@ s für das fl@@ y@@ fire nutzen . +ich möchte ihnen das neu@@ e@@ ste projekt zeigen an dem wir arbeiten . +es ist etwas , an dem wir für die olymp@@ ischen spiele in london arbeiten . +es nennt sich the cloud – die wol@@ ke . +die idee ist wiederum , stellen sie sich das vor , das wir wieder die menschen mit ein@@ beziehen um etwas zu tun und die umwelt zu verändern – fast so etwas , wie wir es nennen , wol@@ ken@@ bewegung einzu@@ bauen wie man ein sche@@ un@@ ent@@ or bewegt , aber mit einer wol@@ ke . +stellen sie sich vor , dass jeder eine kleine sp@@ ende für einen bild@@ punkt geben kann . +ich denke , dass das bemerkens@@ werte der der gesch@@ e@@ hn@@ is@@ se letzten jahre , der letzten jahrzehn@@ te ist , dass wir von einer physi@@ kal@@ ischen zu einer digitalen welt ge@@ wechsel@@ t sind . +das hat alles digit@@ alisiert , wissen , und macht es durch das internet zugänglich . +heutzutage , können wir zum ersten mal – und die kampagne ob@@ am@@ as hat das gezeigt – können wir von der digitalen welt , von den sich selb@@ stor@@ gan@@ isi@@ erenden krä@@ ften der netzwerke zu der physi@@ kal@@ ischen welt wechseln . +das kann , in unserem fall sein , dass wir es benutzen um zu desig@@ nen und ein symbol zu schaffen . +das heißt etwas was in der stadt gebaut ist . +aber morgen kann es , um uns den kommen@@ den herausforderungen zu stellen – denken sie da an den klimawandel oder die co2 emis@@ sionen – wie können wir dann von der digitalen welt zur physi@@ kal@@ ischen wechseln . +die idee ist also , dass wir tatsächlich die menschen mit ein@@ beziehen , in dem sie dinge zusammen , kolle@@ ktiv tun . +die wol@@ ke ist wieder eine wol@@ ke aus bild@@ pun@@ kten , in der gleichen weise wie eine wirkliche wol@@ ke eine wol@@ ke aus parti@@ keln ist . +und diese parti@@ kel sind wasser , während unsere wol@@ ke eine wol@@ ke aus bild@@ pun@@ kten ist . +es ist ein physi@@ kal@@ isches ge@@ bil@@ de in london , aber mit bild@@ pun@@ kten be@@ deckt . +sie können sich innen bewegen und verschiedene arten von erfahrungen machen . +sie können es sie tatsächlich von unten ansehen , die wichtigsten momente für olymp@@ ia 20@@ 12 und dar@@ über@@ hinaus teilen , und es als art der verbindung zur gemeinschaft nutzen . +also bei@@ des , die physi@@ kal@@ ische wol@@ ke im himmel und etwas an dessen spitze sie hin@@ gehen können , wie lon@@ d@@ ons neuer berg@@ gi@@ p@@ fel . +sie können hinein@@ gehen . +und eine art digit@@ aler leu@@ ch@@ tt@@ ur@@ m in der nacht – aber als aller@@ wichtig@@ stes , eine neue art der erfahrung für alle , die an die spitze gehen wollen . +danke . +als künstler ist mir der zusammenhang sehr wichtig . +durch meine arbeit versuche ich auszu@@ drücken , dass menschen nicht von der natur ge@@ trennt sind und dass alles miteinander verbunden ist . +das erste mal war ich vor bein@@ ah 10 jahren in der ant@@ arkti@@ s , wo ich meine ersten eis@@ ber@@ ge sah . +mich er@@ griff ehr@@ fur@@ cht . +mein herz ra@@ ste , mir war sch@@ win@@ deli@@ g , während ich versuchte , zu fassen was vor mir stand . +die eis@@ ber@@ ge um mich herum ra@@ gten bein@@ ah 60 meter aus dem wasser . und ich konnte nur sta@@ un@@ en , dass das eine sch@@ ne@@ ef@@ lo@@ cke auf einer anderen sch@@ ne@@ ef@@ lo@@ cke war , jahr um jahr . +eis@@ ber@@ ge werden geboren als kal@@ b eines g@@ le@@ tsch@@ ers oder indem sie aus eis@@ sch@@ oll@@ en heraus brechen . +jeder eis@@ berg hat seine eigene individu@@ elle persön@@ lichkeit . +sie interagieren auf eindeu@@ tige weise mit ihrer umgebung und ihren erfahrungen . +manche wei@@ gern sich aufzu@@ geben und kl@@ am@@ mern bis zum bit@@ teren ende , während andere es nicht mehr aus@@ halten und in einem an@@ fall dra@@ mati@@ scher leidenschaft zusammen@@ stür@@ zen . +wenn man einen eis@@ berg betrachtet , denkt man leicht dass sie iso@@ liert sind , ge@@ trennt und allein , ganz so wie wir menschen uns oft sehen . +aber die wahrheit ist weit davon entfernt . +während ein eis@@ berg sch@@ mil@@ zt , at@@ me ich seine vor@@ zeit@@ liche atmosphäre ein . +während der eis@@ berg sch@@ mil@@ zt setzt er miner@@ al@@ stoff@@ rei@@ ches trin@@ k@@ wasser frei , das viele lebens@@ formen nä@@ hrt . +ich gehe bei meinen aufnahmen dieser eis@@ ber@@ ge so vor , als würde ich portra@@ its meiner vorfahren machen , in dem bewusstsein , dass sie in diesen individu@@ ellen augen@@ bli@@ cken aus diese weise existieren , und niemals wieder so existieren werden . +es ist kein tod , wenn sie sch@@ mel@@ zen ; es ist kein ende , sondern eine fort@@ führung ihres p@@ fa@@ des entlang des lebens@@ zy@@ kl@@ us . +ein teil des ei@@ ses in den eis@@ ber@@ gen die ich photogra@@ phi@@ ere ist sehr j@@ ung – einige tausend jahre alt . +und ein teil des ei@@ ses ist mehr als 10@@ 0.000 jahre alt . +die letzten bilder die ich ihnen gern zeigen möchte , zeigen einen eis@@ berg , den ich in ke@@ ker@@ t@@ su@@ at@@ si@@ ak in grö@@ n@@ land photogra@@ phi@@ ert habe . +sehr selten wird man tatsächlich zeuge eines roll@@ enden eis@@ ber@@ gs . +hier sehen sie es nun . +auf der linken seite sehen sie ein kleines boot . +das ist etwa fünf meter lang . +bitte achten sie auf die form des eis@@ ber@@ gs und wo er sich an der wasser@@ linie befindet . +sie können hier sehen , er beginnt zu rollen , und das boot hat sich zur anderen seite bewegt , der mann steht dort . +das ist die durchschnittliche größe eines grö@@ n@@ land@@ -@@ eis@@ ber@@ gs . +er ra@@ gt etwa 120 fuß aus dem wasser , oder 40 meter . +und dieses video ist in echtz@@ eit . +und einfach so , zeigt ihnen der eis@@ berg eine andere seite seiner persön@@ lichkeit . +ich danke ihnen . +mein leben ist wirklich außer@@ ord@@ entlich gese@@ g@@ net durch die arbeit an einigen erstaun@@ lichen proje@@ kten . +aber bei dem cool@@ sten , wor@@ an ich je gearbeitet habe , ging es um diesen kerl . +sein name ist temp@@ t . +temp@@ t war einer der führ@@ enden gra@@ ff@@ i@@ ti@@ künstler der 8@@ 0er jahre . +dann , eines tages , kam er vom laufen zurück und sagte " pa@@ ps , meine beine kri@@ b@@ b@@ eln . " +und das war der aus@@ bruch des als . +temp@@ t ist heute vollständig gel@@ ä@@ hmt . +er kann nur noch seine augen verwenden . +ich stand ihm gegenüber . +ich habe eine firma , die design und anima@@ tionen macht , gra@@ ff@@ iti ist also zwan@@ gs@@ läu@@ fi@@ g ein komplex@@ er teil dessen , was wir in der kunst@@ welt be@@ w@@ un@@ dern und achten . +wir haben daher beschlossen , tony – temp@@ t – und seine sache zu unterstützen . +ich traf mich mit seinem vater und seinen bruder und sagte : " wir werden euch dieses geld geben , +was wer@@ det ihr damit tun ? " +und sein bruder sagte : " ich will nur wieder mit tony reden können . +ich will mich nur wieder mit ihm und ich fragte : " moment mal , ist das nicht – ich hab ste@@ phen haw@@ king gesehen – können nicht alle gel@@ ä@@ hm@@ ten menschen mittel@@ s dieser geräte kommunizieren ? " +und er antwor@@ tete : " nein , nur wenn man zur hö@@ h@@ eren gesell@@ schafts@@ schicht gehört und eine bemerkens@@ werte ver@@ sich@@ erung hat , kann man das wirklich tun . +normalen menschen sind diese geräte nicht zugänglich . " +und ich er@@ wider@@ te : " wie kommuni@@ ziert ihr denn nun ? " +hat jemand den film ' schme@@ tter@@ ling und tau@@ cher@@ glo@@ cke " gesehen ? +so kommunizieren sie – so laufen ihre finger entlang . +ich sta@@ un@@ te : " sehr arch@@ a@@ isch , wie kann das sein ? " +ich kam also mit dem bedürf@@ nis , einfach nur einen sche@@ ck auszu@@ stellen und stattdessen stellte ich einen sche@@ ck aus , von dem ich nicht die lei@@ se@@ ste ahnung hatte , wie ich ihn ein@@ lösen sollte . +ich verpflich@@ tete mich an ort und stelle gegenüber seinem bruder und seinem vater – mit den worten : " gut , mein vor@@ schlag ist fol@@ gen@@ der@@ maßen : tony wird sprechen , wir werden ihm einen appar@@ at besor@@ gen und wir werden einen weg finden , dass er wieder seine kunst machen kann . +denn es ist eine far@@ ce , dass jemand , der all das noch in sich trägt , es nicht kommunizieren kann . " +ich sprach also einige monate später bei einer konferenz . +ich traf diese leute von gr@@ l , gra@@ ff@@ iti research lab und sie haben eine technologie , die es ihnen erlaubt , ein licht auf jede belie@@ bi@@ ge oberfläche zu pro@@ ji@@ zieren und dann mit einem las@@ er@@ poin@@ ter darauf zu zeichnen , der nur die negative fläche regi@@ stri@@ ert . +sie ziehen also um@@ her und machen kunst@@ instal@@ la@@ tionen wie diese . +sie sagen , dass alle dinge , die dort oben ange@@ zeigt werden , einem lebens@@ zy@@ kl@@ us folgen . +es beginnt mit den geschle@@ cht@@ stei@@ len , dann kommen die sch@@ impf@@ wörter , danach die bus@@ h-@@ ver@@ le@@ um@@ dungen und zu@@ letzt machen die leute tatsächlich kunst . +aber es gab immer einen lebens@@ zy@@ kl@@ us in ihren präsent@@ ationen . +ich ging also nach hause und a@@ ß mit meiner frau zu abend und erzählte ihr von allem und wir dachten : " nun , sekunde mal , wenn es doch diese technologie gibt , mit der man seine augen nutzen kann , um dinge zu steuern , dann sollten wir einen weg finden , dass temp@@ t einen las@@ er steuern kann , so dass er wieder gra@@ ff@@ iti machen kann , das wäre doch geni@@ al . " +das war der beginn der reise . +und etwa zwei jahre später , etwa ein jahr später , nach eine menge organisation und viel hin und her von dingen , haben wir einige sachen erreicht . +erstens , wir haben den ver@@ sicher@@ ungen die tür@@ en ein@@ ger@@ an@@ nt , und haben tatsächlich für temp@@ t einen appar@@ at bekommen , mit dem er kommunizieren kann – eine ste@@ phen haw@@ k@@ ing-@@ maschine . +das war unglaublich . +und er ist wirklich extrem wi@@ tz@@ ig – ich nenne ihn yo@@ da , denn man re@@ det mit ihm , oder bekommt eine e-@@ mail , und denkt sich : " ich bin so un@@ wür@@ dig , dieser kerl ist unglaublich . " +außerdem haben wir sieben program@@ mier@@ er aus der ganzen welt einge@@ flo@@ gen – buchstäblich aus allen e@@ cken der welt – zu uns nach hause . +meine frau , meine kinder und ich sind in die garage gezogen , und diese ha@@ cker und program@@ mier@@ er und versch@@ wör@@ ungs@@ theore@@ tiker und an@@ archi@@ sten haben unser haus über@@ nom@@ men . +viele unserer freunde dachten , dass wir schön du@@ mm seien , das zu tun und dass wir zurück@@ kä@@ men und alle bilder an den w@@ än@@ den wären gra@@ ff@@ i@@ tis gewi@@ chen . +aber für über zwei wochen haben wir program@@ miert , wir gingen zum str@@ and@@ pro@@ men@@ ade in ven@@ ice , meine kinder wurden ein@@ be@@ zogen , mein hund auch und wir schu@@ fen das hier . +es nennt sich e@@ ye@@ writer und man kann die beschrei@@ bung sehen . +das ist eine billi@@ ge sonnen@@ bri@@ lle , die wir an der str@@ and@@ pro@@ men@@ ade von ven@@ ice ge@@ kauft haben , etwas ku@@ pfer@@ dra@@ ht und ein paar sachen aus dem bau@@ markt und dem elektr@@ oni@@ k@@ handel . +wir nahmen eine p@@ s@@ 3@@ -@@ kamera , haben sie aus@@ einander@@ gebaut , haben sie auf ein le@@ d-@@ licht gesetzt und jetzt haben wir ein gerät das frei zugänglich ist – man kann es selbst bauen , wir stellen den code um@@ sonst zur verfügung , die software kann man kosten@@ los herunter@@ laden . +wir haben also ein gerät erschaffen , das komplett frei von beschrän@@ kungen ist . +keine ver@@ sich@@ erung kann sich qu@@ erstellen , +auch kein krankenhaus . +jeder gel@@ ä@@ hm@@ te kann nun tatsächlich allein mit seinen augen kommunizieren oder zeichnen . +danke . +danke euch viel@@ mals , das war unglaublich . +am ende der zwei wochen also gingen wir zurück in temp@@ ts zimmer . +ich liebe dieses bild , denn es ist das zimmer von jemand anderem und das ist sein zimmer . +da ist nun all dieser ru@@ m@@ mel vor der großen enth@@ ü@@ ll@@ ung +und nach über einem jahr der plan@@ ung , zwei wochen program@@ mier@@ arbeit , nu@@ del@@ par@@ ties und durch@@ ge@@ machten nä@@ chten , zeich@@ nete tony zum ersten mal wieder nach sieben jahren . +und das ist ein beeindruck@@ endes bild , denn dies ist sein lebenser@@ hal@@ tungs@@ system , und er sieht über sein lebenser@@ hal@@ tungs@@ system hinaus . +wir haben sein bett gen@@ ei@@ gt , damit er nach draußen sehen kann . +wir haben einen proje@@ ktor auf@@ gestellt gegen eine wand des par@@ k@@ plat@@ z@@ tes vor dem krankenhaus . +und er zeich@@ nete wieder zum ersten mal , im bei@@ sein seiner familie und freunde – und man kann sich nur vorstellen , was für ein gefühl das auf dem par@@ k@@ platz war . +lu@@ sti@@ ger@@ weise mussten wir auch noch in den par@@ k@@ platz ein@@ brechen , wir fühl@@ ten uns also zu@@ recht als ein teil der sprü@@ her@@ -@@ sz@@ ene . +am ende sand@@ te er uns eine e-@@ mail mit fol@@ gen@@ dem inhalt : " zum ersten mal seit sieben jahren habe ich etwas ge@@ zeichnet . +ich habe das gefühl , ich wurde unter wasser ge@@ drückt und endlich hat jemand nach unten ge@@ gri@@ ffen und meinen kopf hoch@@ gezogen , damit ich atmen kann . " +ist das nicht über@@ wäl@@ ti@@ gend ? +das ist so etwas wie unser kam@@ pf@@ schre@@ i . +das hält uns bei der stan@@ ge und lässt uns immer weiter entwickeln . +und wir müssen noch viel an diesem gerät verbessern . +es ist ein erstaun@@ liches gerät , aber es kommt einer zauber@@ ta@@ fel gleich . +und jemand , der ein sol@@ ches künstler@@ isches potential hat , verdi@@ ent so viel mehr . +wir sind also dabei , herauszufinden , wie man es besser , schneller und stärker macht . +seit dieser zeit haben wir alle arten von an@@ erken@@ nung erhalten . +wir haben ein paar prei@@ se gewonnen . +bedenken sie , es ist kosten@@ los , niemand von uns verdi@@ ent daran . +es kommt alles aus unseren eigenen ta@@ schen . +die aus@@ zeichnungen waren also , " oh , das ist fantastisch . " +arm@@ strong twi@@ tter@@ te über uns und dann , im de@@ z@@ ember , hat uns das ti@@ me@@ -@@ magazine ge@@ e@@ hrt , als eine der 50 besten erfin@@ dungen 2010 , was wirklich klasse war . +das cool@@ ste daran ist – und das schlie@@ ßt den ganzen kreis – dass es diesen apri@@ l , beim ge@@ ffen mo@@ ca in der innen@@ stadt von los angeles eine ausstellung geben wird namens " art of the streets " +und dort werden wohl so ziemlich die här@@ testen ver@@ tre@@ ter der straßen@@ kunst@@ sz@@ ene an@@ wes@@ end sein – bank@@ sy , she@@ par@@ d fa@@ i@@ re@@ y , ca@@ ws – all diese jungs werden dort sein . +temp@@ t wird teil der show sein , was ziemlich abge@@ fahren ist . +im grunde geht mir also darum : wenn du etwas sie@@ h@@ st , das unmöglich ist , dann mach es möglich . +alles in diesem raum war unmöglich – diese bühne , dieser computer , dieses mikro@@ f@@ on , der e@@ ye@@ writer – alles war irgendwann unmöglich . +machen sie es möglich – sie alle hier . +ich bin kein program@@ mier@@ er und hatte noch nie etwas mit au@@ gener@@ fas@@ s@@ ung@@ stech@@ n@@ ologie zu tun , aber ich habe einfach etwas er@@ fasst und mich mit erstaun@@ lichen leuten um@@ geben , damit wir gemeinsam etwas auf die beine stellen konnten . +und diese frage sollte sich jeder von ihnen stellen und zwar an jedem einzelnen tag , an dem ihnen etwas auff@@ ä@@ llt , das erle@@ digt werden muss . wenn nicht jetzt , wann dann ? und wenn nicht ich , wer dann ? +ich danke euch . +also , ich schrei@@ be für kinder , und bin wahrscheinlich ameri@@ kas meist gel@@ es@@ en@@ er kinder@@ buch@@ autor . +und ich sage den leuten immer dass ich nicht wie ein wissenschaftler daher kommen will . +man kann mich als farmer haben , oder in le@@ der , aber niemand hat jemals farmer gewä@@ hlt . +heute möchte ich ihnen von krei@@ sen und offen@@ bar@@ ungen erzählen . +nun ja , eine er@@ leu@@ chtung ist für gewöhn@@ lich etwas , dass man findet weil man es irgendwo fallen gelassen hat . +man geht um den block und nimmt es als offen@@ bar@@ ung war . +das ist ein gemäl@@ de eines krei@@ ses . +einer meiner freunde hat es gemacht – richard b@@ oll@@ ing@@ broke . +es ist die art kompli@@ zier@@ ter kreis von dem ich ihnen heute erzählen möchte . +mein kreis begann damals in den 6@@ 0ern an der high school in sto@@ w , o@@ hi@@ o , wo ich die klassen@@ schw@@ u@@ ch@@ tel war . +ich war der@@ jen@@ ige , der jede woche in der jung@@ ent@@ o@@ i@@ le@@ tte grün und blau geschlagen wurde , bis eine lehr@@ erin mein leben re@@ t@@ tete . +sie re@@ t@@ tete mein leben , indem sie mich die toile@@ tte im lehr@@ er@@ zimmer benutzen ließ . +das tat sie hei@@ mlich , +sie tat es drei jahre lang , +und ich musste weg aus der stadt . +ich hatte einen dau@@ men , ich hatte 85 dollar , und es schlu@@ g mich nach san francisco in kalifornien – ich fand einen lieb@@ hab@@ er – und damals in den 8@@ 0ern fand ich es wichtig eine arbeit bei ai@@ d@@ s-@@ organisationen auf@@ zunehmen . +vor etwa drei oder vier jahren er@@ hielt ich mitten in der nacht einen an@@ ruf von dieser lehr@@ erin , frau po@@ sten , die sagte , " ich muss sie sehen . +ich bin trauri@@ g , dass wir einander niemals als erwachsene kennen gelernt haben . +können sie bitte nach o@@ hi@@ o kommen , und bitte kommen sie zusammen mit dem mann , von dem ich weiß , dass sie ihn in@@ zwischen gefunden haben . +und ich sollte erwä@@ hnen , dass ich bau@@ spei@@ ch@@ el@@ drü@@ sen@@ krebs habe , und dass ich möchte , dass sie sich bitte be@@ ei@@ len . " +nun , am nächsten tag waren wir in cle@@ vel@@ and . +wir sahen sie an , wir la@@ chten , wir wein@@ ten , und wir wussten , dass sie in einem ho@@ spi@@ z sein müsste . +wir fanden eins für sie , wir brachten sie hin , und wir kü@@ m@@ mer@@ ten uns um sie , und wir gaben auf ihre familie acht , weil es nötig war , +es war etwas , dass wir zu tun wussten . +und gerade als die frau , die mich als erwachsenen kennen lernen wollte , mich ken@@ nen@@ lernte , verwand@@ elte sie sich in eine ki@@ ste voll a@@ sche und wurde in meine hände gelegt . +was passiert war , war dass sich der kreis geschlossen hatte , es war ein kreis geworden – und die offen@@ bar@@ ung von der ich gesprochen habe zeigte sich . +die offen@@ bar@@ ung ist , das tod ein teil des lebens ist . +sie hat mein leben ger@@ et@@ tet , und mein partner und ich re@@ t@@ teten ihres . +und wissen sie , dieser teil des lebens braucht alles was der rest des lebens braucht . +er braucht wahrheit und schönheit , und ich bin so fro@@ h , dass das heute hier so oft erwähnt wurde . +er braucht genauso – er braucht würde , liebe und verg@@ nü@@ gen . und es ist an uns , diese dinge zu geben . +vielen dank . +stellen sie sich eine große explosion vor , während sie auf auf 1.000 meter auf@@ steigen . +stellen sie sich ein flugzeug voll r@@ auch vor . +stellen sie sich ein trie@@ b@@ werk vor , das kl@@ ack , kl@@ ack , kl@@ ack , kl@@ ack , kl@@ ack , kl@@ ack , kl@@ ack macht . +das klingt angst einfl@@ ö@@ ß@@ end . +nun , ich hatte einen einzigarti@@ gen platz an diesem tag ; ich saß auf 1@@ d . +ich war der einzige , der mit den flug@@ beglei@@ tern sprechen konnte . +ich sah sie also gleich an , und sie sagten : " kein problem , wir haben wohl ein paar vögel er@@ wi@@ scht . " +der pilot hatte die maschine schon ge@@ wen@@ det und wir waren nicht so weit weg . +man konnte manhattan sehen . +zwei minuten später passi@@ erten drei dinge gleichzeitig . +der pilot rich@@ tete die maschine nach dem hu@@ d@@ son river aus . +das ist gewöhn@@ lich nicht die rou@@ te . +er sch@@ altet die trie@@ b@@ werke ab . +stellen sie sich mal ein geräu@@ sch@@ lo@@ ses flugzeug vor . +und dann sagte er drei worte – die emo@@ tions@@ lo@@ se@@ sten worte , die ich je gehört habe . +er sagt , " berei@@ t@@ machen zum auf@@ pr@@ all " +ich musste nicht mehr mit dem bor@@ d@@ personal reden . +ich konnte es in ihren augen sehen , da war schre@@ cken , das leben war zu ende . +ich möchte ihnen jetzt drei dinge mit@@ teilen , die ich an diesem tag über mich gelernt habe . +ich lernte , dass in einem augenblick alles anders ist . +wir haben diesen leben@@ sp@@ lan , wir haben diese dinge , die wir im leben machen möchten und ich dachte an all die menschen , denen ich eine hand reichen wollte und es nicht tat , all die zä@@ une , die ich fli@@ cken wollte , all die erfahrungen , die ich machen wollte und nie machte . +während ich später darüber nach@@ dachte , fiel mir ein spruch ein , der lautet : " ich samm@@ le schlechte w@@ eine " . +denn wenn der w@@ ein so@@ weit ist und die person ist da , dann öff@@ ne ich ihn . +ich will nie mehr etwas verschie@@ ben im leben . +und diese dr@@ ing@@ lichkeit , dieses ziel , hat mein leben wirklich verändert . +die zweite sache , die ich an diesem tag lernte – und das war , als wir die george washington brücke ver@@ fehl@@ ten , so ziemlich um ha@@ ar@@ es@@ breite – da dachte ich , mensch , da ist eine sache , die ich wirklich ber@@ eu@@ e . +ich hatte ein gutes leben . +in meiner eigenen mensch@@ lichkeit und mit meinen fehl@@ ern , stre@@ b@@ te ich danach , besser zu werden in allem , was ich an@@ pac@@ kte . +aber in meiner mensch@@ lichkeit habe ich auch meinem e@@ go raum gegeben . +und ich be@@ dau@@ erte die zeit , die ich für bedeu@@ tungs@@ lose dinge versch@@ wen@@ det hat@@ tee , mit menschen , die etwas bedeuten . +und ich dachte an die beziehung mit meiner frau , zu freunden , zu menschen . +und danach , als ich darüber nach@@ dachte , beschloss ich , negative energie aus meinem leben zu ver@@ ban@@ nen . +es ist nicht perfekt , aber es ist viel besser . +ich habe mich zwei jahre nicht mehr mit meiner frau ge@@ stri@@ tten . +es fühlt sich großartig an . +ich versuche nicht mehr , recht zu haben ; ich entschei@@ de mich dafür , glücklich zu sein . +die dritte sache , die ich lernte – und zwar während die innere uhr beginn@@ nt , " 15 , 14 , 13 , ... " herunter@@ zu@@ zählen , +man sieht das wasser kommen . +ich sagte , " bitte flie@@ g in die luft . " +ich will nicht , dass dieses ding in 20 teile zer@@ bri@@ cht , wie man es aus dok@@ um@@ ent@@ ationen kennt . +während wir ab@@ stür@@ zen , hatte ich dieses gefühl , mensch , zu sterben ist nicht fur@@ chter@@ re@@ gend . +fast so , als würden wir uns unser leben lang darauf vorberei@@ ten . +aber es war sehr trauri@@ g . +ich wollte nicht gehen ; ich liebe mein leben . +und diese trauri@@ gkeit for@@ mi@@ erte sich wirklich in einem gedanken , nämlich dass ich mir nur eine sache wün@@ sche . +ich wün@@ schte mir nur , ich könnte meine kinder auf@@ wachsen sehen . +etwa einen monat danach besu@@ chte ich einen auf@@ tritt meiner tochter – erst@@ kl@@ ä@@ ss@@ ler , nicht viel künstler@@ isches talent ... +... noch nicht . +und ich fei@@ ere , ich w@@ eine wie ein kleines kind . +und in der welt er@@ gab alles einen sinn für mich . +mir wurde damals klar , indem ich die punkte miteinander verb@@ and , dass es im leben nur darum geht ein großarti@@ ger vater zu sein . +mehr als alles , alles andere , ist mein einzi@@ ges ziel im leben , ein guter vater zu sein . +mir wurde das wunder zu@@ teil , an diesem tag nicht zu sterben . +ich er@@ hielt ein weiteres geschen@@ k , nämlich in die zukunft zu sehen , und zurückzu@@ kommen und anders zu leben . +mein auf@@ ruf an alle , die heute fliegen , ist : stellen sie sich vor , dasselbe passiert auf ihrem flug – bitte nicht – aber stellen sie es sich vor ; und wie würden sie sich ändern ? +was würden sie erle@@ digen , das sie auf@@ schie@@ ben , weil sie denken , sie wären für immer da ? +wie würden sie ihre beziehungen ändern und die negative energie darin ? +und mehr als alles andere , sind sie die besten eltern , die sie nur sein können ? +danke . +die idee hinter dem stu@@ x@@ net computer@@ -@@ wur@@ m ist an sich ziemlich sim@@ pel . +wir wollen nicht , dass der iran die bom@@ be baut . +der wichtigste po@@ sten dort für die entwicklung von atom@@ waffen ist die ur@@ an-@@ anrei@@ cher@@ ungs@@ -@@ ein@@ richtung in nat@@ anz . +die gr@@ auen bo@@ x@@ en , die sie hier sehen , das sind echtz@@ ei@@ t-@@ kontro@@ ll@@ systeme . +wenn es uns nun gel@@ ingt , die systeme zu kom@@ pro@@ mit@@ tieren , welche dre@@ h@@ zahlen und venti@@ le kontrollieren , dann können wir damit tatsächlich eine menge probleme verur@@ sachen mit der zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge . +diese gr@@ auen bo@@ x@@ en laufen nicht mit win@@ dow@@ s-@@ software ; sie bas@@ ieren auf einer komplett anderen technologie . +aber wenn wir es schaffen , dass sich ein effe@@ kti@@ ves win@@ dow@@ s-@@ virus auf einem laptop ein@@ ni@@ stet , der von einem war@@ tungs@@ ingenie@@ ur verwendet wird , um diese grau@@ e box zu kon@@ figu@@ ri@@ eren , dann sind wir im geschäft . +und das ist die plan@@ ung hinter stu@@ x@@ net . +wir beginnen also mit einem win@@ dow@@ s-@@ dro@@ pp@@ er . +die nutz@@ daten werden in die grau@@ e box trans@@ fer@@ iert , besch@@ ä@@ digen die zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge und das ir@@ an@@ ische kern@@ energi@@ e-@@ programm ver@@ zö@@ g@@ ert sich – auf@@ trag ausge@@ führt . +das ist ein kinder@@ spiel , oder ? +ich möchte ihnen erzählen , wie wir das herausgefunden haben . +als wir unsere forschung zu stu@@ x@@ net vor sechs monaten begannen , war völlig un@@ bekannt , was der sinn und zweck dieses kon@@ struk@@ ts war . +das einzige , was wir wussten ist sehr , sehr kompliziert , was den win@@ dow@@ s@@ - teil an@@ geht , den dro@@ p@@ per@@ - teil , er machte von un@@ zä@@ h@@ li@@ gen zer@@ o@@ - da@@ y@@ - sch@@ wach@@ stellen ge@@ brauch . +und es schien etwas vorzu@@ haben , mit diesen gr@@ auen bo@@ x@@ en , diesen echtz@@ ei@@ t@@ - kontro@@ ll@@ systemen . +das er@@ re@@ gte unsere aufmerksamkeit und wir begannen ein labor@@ - projekt , in dem wir unsere umgebung mit stu@@ x@@ net in@@ fi@@ zierten , und untersu@@ chten dieses konstru@@ kt . +und dann passierte etwas kom@@ isches . +stu@@ x@@ net ver@@ hielt sich wie eine labor@@ rat@@ te , die unseren kä@@ se nicht mo@@ chte – schn@@ ü@@ ff@@ elte dran , aber wollte ihn nicht essen . +das machte in meinen augen keinen sinn . +und nachdem wir mit verschiedenen arten von kä@@ se experim@@ enti@@ ert hatten , ging mir auf , dass dies ein ge@@ ziel@@ ter ang@@ riff ist . +vollständig auf ein bestimm@@ tes ziel geri@@ chtet . +der dro@@ pp@@ er strei@@ ft aktiv auf der gr@@ auen box um@@ her , wenn eine spezi@@ elle kon@@ figu@@ ration entdeckt wurde . sogar , wenn das spezi@@ elle programm , welches es zu in@@ fizieren versucht auf diesem ziel läuft . +und wenn nicht , dann tut stu@@ x@@ net gar nichts . +also , das we@@ ckte wirklich mein interesse und wir begannen damit zu arbeiten , beinahe rund um die uhr , denn ich dachte , nun , wir wissen nicht , was das ziel ist . +es könnte , sagen wir zum beispiel , ein us@@ - amerikan@@ isches kraft@@ werk , oder eine chemi@@ e@@ anlage in deutsch@@ land sein . +also sollten wir besser bald herausfinden , was das ziel dar@@ stellt . +also extra@@ hi@@ erten und de@@ kom@@ pi@@ li@@ erten wir den ang@@ ri@@ ff@@ s@@ - code und fanden heraus , dass er in zwei digitale spr@@ eng@@ kö@@ pfe auf@@ struk@@ tu@@ ri@@ ert ist -- einen klein@@ eren und einen größeren . +und uns fiel auch auf , dass sie sehr profession@@ ell konstru@@ iert waren , von leuten , die offensichtlich alle insi@@ der@@ - informationen zur verfügung hatten . +sie kan@@ nten je@@ gliche bits und by@@ tes , die sie an@@ greifen mussten . +wahrscheinlich kan@@ nten sie sogar die schu@@ h@@ größe des masch@@ in@@ en@@ be@@ dien@@ ers . +sie wussten also alles . +und wenn sie schon mit@@ bekommen haben , dass der dro@@ pp@@ er von stu@@ x@@ net komplex und high-@@ tech ist , lassen sie mich ihnen sagen : die nutz@@ daten sind eine wissenschaft für sich . +es ist viel an@@ spru@@ chs@@ voller als alles , was wir jemals gesehen haben . +hier sehen sie einen aus@@ schnitt aus diesem ang@@ ri@@ ff@@ s@@ - code . +wir sprechen hier von – ungefähr 15@@ .000 zei@@ len code . +sieht ziemlich so aus , wie alt@@ mo@@ dische assem@@ bl@@ er@@ sprache . +und ich will ihnen erzählen , wie wir in der lage waren aus diesem code schla@@ u zu werden . +nach was wir also als erstes su@@ chten , waren syste@@ m@@ funktion@@ s@@ - auf@@ ru@@ fe , weil wir wissen , was diese be@@ wirken . +und dann su@@ chten wir nach ti@@ mern und daten@@ strukturen und versuchten , diese mit der echten welt in verbindung zu bringen -- mit poten@@ ti@@ ellen zielen in der echten welt . +also brauchten wir the@@ orien über diese ziele , die wir bele@@ gen oder wider@@ legen konnten . +um diese the@@ orien auf@@ zustellen , rufen wir uns in erinn@@ erung , dass es sich defini@@ tiv um hoch@@ gra@@ dige s@@ ab@@ ot@@ age handelt , es muss sich um ein hoch@@ wer@@ tiges ziel handeln und sehr wahrscheinlich befindet es sich im iran , weil dort die meisten infe@@ ktionen ge@@ mel@@ det wurden . +nun , in diesem gebiet gibt es nicht mehrere tausend ziele . +im grunde läuft es hinaus auf das bu@@ sche@@ hr atom@@ kraft@@ werk und auf die ur@@ an@@ anrei@@ cher@@ ungs@@ anlage in nat@@ anz . +also sagte ich zu meinem assi@@ st@@ enten , " bring mir eine liste aller experten für zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ gen und kraft@@ werke aus unserem kun@@ den@@ stam@@ m . " +und ich rief sie an und z@@ ap@@ fte ihr wissen an , um ihr fach@@ wissen mit dem zu vergleichen , was wir im code und in den daten herausgefunden hatten . +und das funktion@@ ierte sehr gut . +also , es war uns möglich , den kleinen digitalen spr@@ eng@@ kopf mit der ro@@ tor@@ steu@@ erung in verbindung zu bringen . +der ro@@ tor ist dieser sich bewe@@ gende teil innerhalb der zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge , diese schwarze objekt , das sie sehen . +und wenn man die geschwindigkeit dieses ro@@ tors manipu@@ liert , dann ist man tatsächlich in der lage den ro@@ tor zu kn@@ ac@@ ken und schließlich sogar , die zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge explo@@ dieren zu lassen . +was wir auch herausgefunden haben ist , dass das ziel des ang@@ ri@@ ff@@ s tatsächlich war , es langsam und un@@ hei@@ mlich geschehen zu lassen -- offensichtlich in dem versuch war@@ tungs@@ ingenie@@ ure verzwei@@ f@@ eln zu lassen , sodass sie nicht in der lage dazu sein würden schnell da@@ hinter zu kommen . +der große digitale spr@@ eng@@ kopf -- wir er@@ hielten einen ein@@ blick , indem wir uns sehr genau daten und daten@@ strukturen an@@ schauten . +also zum beispiel die nummer 16@@ 4 sti@@ cht sehr heraus aus diesem code ; man kann es nicht über@@ sehen . +ich begann damit , wissenschaftliche liter@@ atur durch@@ zu@@ arbeiten , darüber wie diese zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ gen in nat@@ anz gebaut werden und fand heraus , dass sie struk@@ tu@@ ri@@ ert sind in sogenan@@ nten k@@ as@@ ka@@ den , und jede k@@ as@@ ka@@ de enth@@ ält 16@@ 4 zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ gen . +also das machte sinn , es pas@@ ste zusammen . +und es wurde noch besser . +diese zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ gen in iran sind aufge@@ teilt in 15 sogenan@@ nte ebenen . +und raten sie was wir in dem ang@@ ri@@ ff@@ s@@ code gefunden haben ? +eine fast identi@@ sche struktur . +also nochmal , das pas@@ ste wirklich gut zusammen . +und dies gab uns große zu@@ ver@@ sicht für das , das wir hier untersu@@ chten . +nun , verstehen sie mich nicht falsch , das ging nicht einfach so . +diese ergebnisse wurden durch mehrere wochen har@@ ter arbeit erreicht . +und oft ran@@ nten wir einfach in eine s@@ ack@@ gas@@ se und mussten uns neu sammeln . +jedenfalls fanden wir heraus , dass beide digitalen spr@@ eng@@ kö@@ pfe in wirklichkeit auf ein und das selbe ziel zu@@ steu@@ erten , aber aus verschiedenen richtungen . +der kleine spr@@ eng@@ kopf über@@ nimmt eine k@@ as@@ ka@@ de , und über@@ dreht die ro@@ toren und ver@@ lang@@ sam@@ t sie und der große spr@@ eng@@ kopf tritt mit sechs k@@ as@@ ka@@ den in interak@@ tion und manipu@@ liert venti@@ le . +also , im großen und ganzen sind wir sehr zu@@ ver@@ sichtlich , dass wir tatsächlich bestimmt haben , was das ziel ist . +es ist nat@@ anz und es ist nur nat@@ anz . +also müssen wir uns keine sorgen machen , dass andere ziele von stu@@ x@@ net getroffen werden könnten . +hier ist etwas wirklich cool@@ es zeug , das wir entdeckt haben -- hat mich echt aus den so@@ cken geh@@ auen . +dort unten ist die grau@@ e box , und oben dr@@ auf sehen sie die zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ gen . +nun , was dieses ding be@@ wirkt ist , dass es die einge@@ h@@ enden werte von sensor@@ en ab@@ fängt -- also zum beispiel von druck@@ sensor@@ en und vi@@ bra@@ tions@@ sensor@@ en -- und es stellt legi@@ ti@@ men code zur verfügung , der noch während dem ang@@ riff , mit fal@@ schen einge@@ h@@ enden daten , läuft . +und tatsächlich sind dieses fal@@ schen einge@@ h@@ enden daten von stu@@ x@@ net vorher schon aufgenommen . +also ist es genau so wie in h@@ olly@@ wo@@ od@@ fil@@ men , wo während der ver@@ fol@@ g@@ ungs@@ ja@@ g@@ d die über@@ wach@@ ungsk@@ amera mit vorher auf@@ genom@@ men@@ em video@@ aufnahmen gefü@@ tter@@ t wird . +das ist cool , nicht wahr ? +die idee hier@@ bei ist offensichtlich nicht nur , die masch@@ in@@ en@@ be@@ dien@@ er im kontro@@ ll@@ raum über@@ listen . +tatsächlich ist es noch viel gefähr@@ licher und ag@@ gressi@@ ver . +die idee ist , ein digit@@ ales sicherheits@@ system zu über@@ listen . +wir brauchen digitale sicherheits@@ systeme dort , wo ein menschlicher masch@@ in@@ en@@ be@@ dien@@ er nicht schnell genug reagieren kann . +also in einem kraft@@ werk zum beispiel , wenn die große dam@@ pf@@ tur@@ bine zu schnell wird , muss man ent@@ la@@ st@@ ungs@@ venti@@ le innerhalb von milli@@ sekunden öffnen . +natürlich kann dies nicht von einem menschlichen masch@@ in@@ en@@ führer erle@@ digt werden . +also an dieser stelle brauchen wir digitale sicherheits@@ systeme . +und wenn die gefähr@@ det sind , dann können wirklich schli@@ mme dinge geschehen . +das kraft@@ werk kann explo@@ dieren . +und weder die masch@@ in@@ en@@ führer , noch das sicherheits@@ system wird es bemerken . +das ist be@@ än@@ g@@ sti@@ gend . +aber es wird noch schlimmer . +und das was ich jetzt sage ist sehr wichtig . +denken sie darüber nach . dieser ang@@ riff ist gener@@ isch . +er hat nichts spezi@@ ell zu tun mit zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ gen , mit ur@@ an@@ an@@ reich@@ erung . +also würde er beispielsweise genau so gut funktionieren -- in einem kraft@@ werk oder in einer automo@@ bil@@ fabrik . +es ist gener@@ isch . +und man muss nicht -- als der an@@ grei@@ fer -- muss man die nutz@@ daten nicht über einen us@@ b@@ - stick an@@ bringen , wie wir es bei stu@@ x@@ net gesehen haben . +man könnte auch gewöhn@@ liche wur@@ m@@ - technologie zum verbreiten verwenden . +man muss es nur so weit wie möglich verbreiten . +und wenn man das tut , erhält man schließlich eine cyber@@ - massen@@ ver@@ nicht@@ ungs@@ wa@@ ffe . +das ist die kon@@ sequenz , der wir uns stellen müssen . +also un@@ glücklicherweise liegt die größte nummer von zielen für solche ang@@ ri@@ ffe nicht im mittleren osten . +sie liegen in den vereinigten staaten , in europa und japan . +also all diese grünen gebiete , dies sind die ziel@@ reich@@ sten umgeb@@ ungen . +wir müssen uns den kon@@ sequenzen stellen und wir fangen besser an uns vorzu@@ berei@@ ten . +danke . +ich habe eine frage . +r@@ al@@ ph , es wurde sehr viel davon beri@@ chtet , dass leute vermu@@ ten , dass der mo@@ s@@ sad die haupt@@ organisation da@@ hinter ist . +ist das auch deine meinung ? +okay , du willst das wirklich wissen ? +ja . okay . +meiner meinung nach ist der mo@@ s@@ sad invol@@ viert , aber die trei@@ bende kraft ist nicht israel . +also die trei@@ bende kraft da@@ hinter ist die cyber@@ - super@@ macht . +es gibt nur eine und das sind die vereinigten staaten -- zum glück , zum glück . +denn ander@@ n@@ falls wäre unser problem sogar noch größer . +danke , dass du uns eine hei@@ den@@ angst einge@@ ja@@ gt hast . danke r@@ al@@ ph . +ich habe die letzten paar jahre damit verbracht , mich in situationen zu plat@@ zieren , die normalerweise sehr schwierig und gleichzeitig irgendwie gefährlich sind . +ich bin ins gefängnis gegangen -- schwierig . +ich habe in einem ko@@ h@@ le@@ berg@@ werk gearbeitet -- gefährlich . +ich habe in kriegs@@ gebieten ge@@ fil@@ mt -- schwierig und gefährlich . +und ich habe 30 tage damit verbracht , nichts als dies hier zu essen -- spa@@ ß@@ ig am anfang , ein bisschen schwierig in der mitte , sehr gefährlich am ende . +eigentlich habe ich mich den größten teil meiner karriere dem an@@ sch@@ ein nach für@@ chter@@ lichen situationen aus@@ gesetzt , und das alles nur für den versuch , gesellschaft@@ liche bel@@ ang so zu untersuchen das sie fes@@ sel@@ n@@ d und interessant sind , und hoffentlich auf eine art verständlich , was sie für das publikum unter@@ hal@@ tsam und zugänglich macht . +als ich also wusste , dass ich hierher kommen würde , um in einem ted@@ talk die welt von brand@@ ing und spon@@ sor@@ ing zu betrachten , wusste ich , dass ich etwas ein wenig anderes machen würde . +einige von ihnen haben vielleicht davon gehört , dass ich vor ein paar wochen eine an@@ zeige bei e@@ bay gesch@@ altet habe . +ich ver@@ schi@@ ckte ein paar face@@ boo@@ k-@@ nachrichten , einige twi@@ tter@@ -@@ nachrichten , und ich gab leuten die möglichkeit , die nam@@ ens@@ rechte an meinem ted@@ talk 2011 zu er@@ stehen . +wirklich , einige glück@@ liche personen und firmen , for@@ -@@ profit und non-@@ profit , er@@ hielten die ein@@ mali@@ ge gelegenheit -- denn ich bin mir sicher , dass chris ander@@ son das nie wieder zu@@ lassen wird -- die nam@@ ens@@ rechte an dem talk zu kaufen , den sie gerade sehen , der zu dem zeitpunkt weder einen titel hatte noch viel inhalt und nicht viele hin@@ weise darauf gab , was das thema eigentlich sein würde . +was man also bekam , war folgendes : ihr name hier präsentiert : mein ted@@ talk , von dem sie keine ahnung haben , was das thema sein wird , und der ihnen je nach inhalt schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich um die o@@ hren fliegen könnte , besonders , wenn ich ihre firma für ihre beteili@@ gung du@@ mm da@@ stehen lie@@ ße . +aber davon mal ab@@ gesehen , ist es eine sehr gute medi@@ ale gelegenheit . +wissen sie , wie viele menschen diese ted@@ talks ansehen ? +eine ganze menge . +das ist übrigens nur der arbeit@@ stit@@ el . +trotz dieser war@@ nung also wusste ich , dass irgend@@ jemand die nam@@ ens@@ rechte kaufen würde . +wenn sie mich dies nun vor einem jahr gefragt hätten , wäre ich nicht in der lage gewesen , ihnen dies mit gewis@@ sheit zu sagen . +aber in dem neuen projekt , an dem ich arbeite , mein neuer film , untersuchen wir die welt des marketing , der werbung . +wie ich schon sagte , habe ich mich im laufe der jahre in einige ziemlich schreck@@ liche situationen be@@ geben , aber nichts konnte mich vorberei@@ ten , nichts konnte mir rü@@ sten , auf irgendetwas so schwier@@ iges und so gefähr@@ liches wie mit diesen typen in einen raum zu gehen . +wissen sie , ich hatte die idee für einen film . +was ich machen möchte , ist ein film rund um product plac@@ ement , marketing und werbung , wobei der ganze film finan@@ ziert wird durch product plac@@ ement , marketing und werbung . +und der film wird " the greatest movie ever sold " heißen . +was also in " the greatest movie ever sold " passiert , ist , dass alles , von oben bis unten , vom anfang bis zum ende , vollkommen mit mar@@ ken ver@@ sehen ist -- vom ti@@ tel@@ spon@@ sor , den sie im film sehen werden , das ist die mar@@ ke x . +nun diese mar@@ ke , das qu@@ al@@ com@@ m sta@@ di@@ on , das sta@@ ples center ... +diese leute werden mit dem film in ewi@@ gkeit verbunden sein – für immer . +und so wird der film diese ganze idee untersuchen -- das ist was ? in ewi@@ gkeit , für immer ? +ich bin eine red@@ und@@ an@@ te person . +das war mehr zur bet@@ on@@ ung . +es war " in ewi@@ gkeit , für immer . " +aber wir werden nicht nur die mar@@ ke x als ti@@ tel@@ spon@@ sor haben , sondern wir werden sicher stellen , dass wir jede mögliche kat@@ eg@@ or@@ ie im film verkaufen werden . +so verkaufen wir vielleicht einen schu@@ h und er wird der großarti@@ gste schu@@ h , den sie je ge@@ tragen haben ... +das großarti@@ gste auto , das sie je gefahren sind , aus " the greatest movie ever sold " das großarti@@ gste ge@@ tr@@ än@@ k , das sie je gehabt haben , eine aufmerksamkeit von " the greatest movie ever sold " . +die idee ist also , ab@@ gesehen davon zu zeigen , dass mar@@ ken ein teil des lebens sind , eigentlich , sie dazu zu bringen , den film zu finan@@ zieren ? +und wir zeigen tatsächlich den ganzen prozess davon , wie es funktioniert . +das ziel des ganzen films ist transpar@@ enz . +sie werden die ganze sache im film von stat@@ ten gehen sehen . +das ist also das ganze konzept , der ganze film , von anfang bis ende . +und ich würde mich freu@@ en , wenn ce@@ g dabei helfen würde , dies zu ver@@ wirklichen . +wissen sie , es ist lustig , denn als ich es zuerst gehört habe , es ist der ultima@@ tive respe@@ kt für das publikum . +ich weiß aber nicht , wie em@@ pf@@ än@@ glich leute sein werden . +haben sie eine perspektive -- ich möchte nicht " blick@@ winkel " benutzen , denn das hat eine negative kon@@ not@@ ation -- aber wissen sie , wie sich das entwickeln wird ? +wie viel geld wird benötigt , um das zu re@@ alisieren ? +1,@@ 5 millionen . +ich denke , dass es schwer wird , sie zu treffen , aber ich denke , es ist es auf jeden fall wert , einige wirklich bekannte mar@@ ken an@@ zus@@ pre@@ chen . +wer weiß , wenn der film dann raus kommt , sehen wir vielleicht wie eine hor@@ de vol@@ li@@ di@@ oten aus . +was glauben sie , wie die antwort sein wird ? +die antwort wird hö@@ chst wahrscheinlich " nein " sein . +aber ist es eine schwier@@ ige sache wegen des films oder eine schwier@@ ige sache wegen mir ? +j@@ k : bei@@ des . +... bedeutet also , nicht so optimi@@ stisch . +also , mein herr , können sie mir helfen ? ich brauche hilfe . +ich kann helfen . +okay . +fantastisch . +wir müssen überlegen , welche mar@@ ken . +ja . +wenn sie sich die leute anschauen , mit denen sie es zu tun haben ... +es gibt einige stellen , an die wir uns wenden können . +stellen sie die kamera aus . +ich dachte , " stellen sie die kamera aus " würde bedeuten , dass wir ein hinter@@ grund@@ gespräch führen wollten . +es stellte sich heraus , dass es in wirklichkeit bedeu@@ tete , " wir wollen mit ihrem film nichts zu tun haben . " +und einfach so versch@@ wan@@ den all diese firmen , eine nach der anderen . +keine wollte etwas mit dem film zu tun haben . +ich war ersta@@ unt . +sie wollten absolut nichts mit dem projekt zu tun haben . +und ich war verwir@@ rt , denn ich dachte , das ganze konzept , die idee von werbung sei , dein produkt so vielen menschen wie möglich zu präsentieren , es so viele menschen wie möglich sehen lassen . +besonders in der heutigen welt , an dieser schnitt@@ stelle von neuen und alten medien und der zer@@ stück@@ elten medien@@ landschaft -- ist es nicht die idee , in diesem neuen aufre@@ genden ver@@ mittl@@ ungs@@ instrument zu sein , dass den ma@@ ssen diese nachricht bringt . +nein , das war , was ich dachte . +aber sehen sie , das problem war , dass meine idee einen f@@ at@@ alen fehler hatte , und das war fol@@ gender . +eigentlich nein , das war überhaupt nicht der fehler . +das wäre überhaupt kein problem gewesen . +das wäre okay gewesen . +aber das , wofür dieses bild steht , ist ein problem . +sehen sie , wenn sie transpar@@ enz bei der goog@@ le-@@ suche ein@@ geben ist das -- dies ist eins der ersten bilder , das erscheint . +ich mag wirklich deine art , ser@@ ge@@ y br@@ in . nun . +das war das problem : transpar@@ enz -- frei von täusch@@ ung und tü@@ cke , einfach zu entdecken und durch@@ schauen ; sofort verständlich ; charak@@ ter@@ isi@@ ert von sicht@@ barkeit und dem zugang zu informationen , besonders , was geschä@@ ft@@ spra@@ kti@@ ken an@@ geht -- die letzte zei@@ le ist sicherlich das größte problem . +wissen sie , wir hören derzeit eine ganze menge über transpar@@ enz . +unsere politiker sagen es , unser präsident sagt es , sogar unsere ce@@ os sagen es . +doch wenn es so@@ weit kommt , dass es um@@ gesetzt werden soll , verändert sich irgendetwas . +aber warum ? nun , transpar@@ enz ist angst einfl@@ ö@@ ß@@ end -- wie dieser merk@@ wür@@ dige bä@@ r , der immer@@ noch brü@@ llt . +sie ist un@@ vorher@@ sa@@ g@@ bar -- wie diese selts@@ ame land@@ straße . +und sie ist auch sehr ris@@ k@@ ant . +was ist sonst noch ris@@ k@@ ant ? +eine ganze sch@@ ale cool whi@@ p essen . +das ist sehr ris@@ k@@ ant . +als ich also an@@ fing , mit den firmen zu sprechen und ihnen zu erzählen , dass wir diese geschichte erzählen wollten , sagten sie : " nein , wir wollen , dass du eine geschichte erzähl@@ st . +wir wollen , dass du eine geschichte erzähl@@ st , aber wir wollen nur , dass du unsere geschichte erzähl@@ st . " +sehen sie , als ich ein kind war und mein vater mich beim lü@@ gen er@@ wi@@ schte -- und da sitzt er und schaut mich mit diesem blick an -- würde er sagen , " mein sohn , es gibt bei jeder geschichte drei ver@@ sionen . +es gibt deine version , es gibt meine version , und es gibt die wahre version . " +sie sehen also , mit diesem film wollten wir die wahre version erzählen . +aber da nur eine firma , eine ag@@ ent@@ ur bereit war , uns zu helfen -- und das auch nur , weil ich john bon@@ d und richard kir@@ sh@@ en@@ baum seit jahren kenne -- stellte ich fest , dass ich es allein tun musste , ich musste den mittel@@ sm@@ ann umgehen und direkt mit meinem team zu den firmen gehen . +was sie also plötzlich begannen zu verstehen -- oder was ich begann zu verstehen -- war , dass , wenn man beginnt , mit diesen firmen zu sprechen , die idee , wie deine mar@@ ke verstanden wird , ein um@@ fas@@ sen@@ des problem ist . +ich habe freunde , die große , gigan@@ tische h@@ olly@@ woo@@ d-@@ filme machen , und ich habe freunde , die kleine indepen@@ dent@@ -@@ filme wie ich machen . +und meine freunde , die große , gigan@@ tische h@@ olly@@ woo@@ d-@@ filme machen , sagen , dass der grund , warum ihre filme so erfolgreich sind , an den mar@@ ken@@ part@@ nern liegt , die sie haben . +und dann sagen meine freunde , die kleine indepen@@ dent@@ -@@ filme machen , " nun , wie sollen wir mit diesen großen , gigan@@ tischen h@@ olly@@ woo@@ d-@@ fil@@ men konkur@@ ri@@ eren ? " +und der film heißt " the greatest movie ever sold . " +wie genau werden wir also ban in dem film sehen ? +immer , wenn ich mich auf den weg mache , und immer , wenn ich den medizin@@ sch@@ r@@ ank öff@@ ne , werden sie ban de@@ o@@ dor@@ ant sehen . +und jedes mal , wenn ich jemanden intervie@@ we , kann ich sagen : " sind sie fr@@ isch genug für dieses interview ? +sind sie so@@ weit ? sie sehen ein wenig ner@@ vö@@ s aus . +ich möchte ihnen helfen , sich zu beru@@ hi@@ gen . +vielleicht sollten sie also vor dem interview ein wenig hier@@ von auf@@ legen . " +und dann bieten wir einen dieser großartigen d@@ ü@@ fte an . +entweder " fl@@ oral fusion " oder einen " par@@ ad@@ ise win@@ ds " , sie werden die wahl haben . +wir werden sowohl für männer als auch für frauen aus@@ gerü@@ stet sein -- fest , roll@@ -@@ on , oder einen stick , was auch immer . +das ist die kurz@@ fassung . +nun kann ich alle ihre fragen beantworten und ihnen eine aus@@ fü@@ h@@ liche fassung geben . +wir sind eine klein@@ ere mar@@ ke . +so wie sie über die klein@@ eren filme gesprochen haben , sind wir als mar@@ ke ein herausforder@@ er . +wir haben also nicht so ein budget wie andere mar@@ ken . +solche sachen also zu machen -- wissen sie , erinnert leute an ban -- das ist irgendwie , warum wir interessiert sind . +mit welchen worten würden sie ban beschreiben ? +ban ist blan@@ k . +das ist eine großartige frage . +frau : über@@ le@@ gene technologie . +technologie ist nicht die art , wie man etwas beschreiben sollte , das sich jemand unter die ach@@ seln tut . +wir sprechen von kü@@ hn , fr@@ isch . +ich denke , " fr@@ isch " ist ein super wort , dass diese kat@@ eg@@ or@@ ie wirklich zu etwas posi@@ tiv@@ em macht , im gegensatz zu " be@@ kämp@@ ft geru@@ ch und feu@@ chtigkeit . " +es hält dich fr@@ isch . +wie können wir sie länger fr@@ isch halten -- bessere fr@@ ische , mehr fr@@ ische , drei@@ mal fr@@ ischer . +solche sachen haben eine posi@@ ti@@ ver@@ e wirkung . +und das ist ein milli@@ on@@ en-@@ konz@@ ern . +was ist mit mir ? was ist mit dem dru@@ ch@@ sch@@ it@@ t@@ st@@ yp@@ en ? +ich muss mit dem mann auf der straße sprechen , die so sind wie ich , ot@@ to-@@ normal@@ -@@ ver@@ brau@@ cher . +sie sollen mir etwas über meine mar@@ ke erzählen . +wie wür@@ det ihr eure mar@@ ke beschreiben ? +h@@ mm@@ m , meine mar@@ ke ? +ich weiß nicht . +ich mag wirklich gern schöne klei@@ dung . +frau : 8@@ 0er re@@ vi@@ val trifft auf sk@@ at@@ er@@ pun@@ k , außer am wa@@ sch@@ tag . +nun gut , was ist die mar@@ ke ger@@ ry ? +einzigarti@@ g . +ich denke , das gen@@ re , der stil , den ich habe , ist wohl " dark glamour " . +ich mag viele schwarze farben , viele grau@@ tö@@ ne und so ein zeug . +aber normalerweise habe ich ein acc@@ es@@ so@@ ire , wie sonnen@@ bri@@ llen , oder ein schmu@@ ck und so ein zeu@@ gs . +frau : wenn dan eine mar@@ ke wäre , wäre er wahrscheinlich ein klas@@ s@@ isches mer@@ ce@@ des cab@@ rio . +mann 2 : die mar@@ ke , die ich bin , ist , würde ich sagen , lässi@@ ge flie@@ ge . +frau 2 : teil@@ s hi@@ pp@@ ie , teil@@ s yo@@ g@@ i , teil@@ s broo@@ kl@@ y@@ n-@@ mädchen -- ich weiß nicht . +mann 3 : ich bin der sch@@ muse@@ typ . +ich verkauf@@ e sch@@ muse@@ tiere im ganzen land , weltweit . +ich denke also , dass das meine mar@@ ke ist . +das ist meine mar@@ ke in meiner kleinen , ver@@ zer@@ r@@ ten industrie . +mann 4 : meine mar@@ ke ist fe@@ de@@ x , weil ich waren aus@@ lie@@ f@@ ere . +mann 5 : mar@@ ke gesch@@ ei@@ te@@ ter al@@ ko@@ hol@@ sü@@ chti@@ ger schrei@@ ber@@ ling . +geht das ? +an@@ wal@@ t : ich bin eine an@@ wal@@ ts@@ mar@@ ke . +ich bin tom . +nun , wir können nicht alle die tom@@ -@@ mar@@ ke sein , aber ich sehe mich oft an der schnitt@@ stelle von dark glamour und lässi@@ ger flie@@ ge . +und was ist bemer@@ kte , war , dass ich einen experten brauchte . +ich brauchte jemanden , der in meinen kopf ein@@ dr@@ ingen könnte , jemand , der mir wirklich helfen könnte zu verstehen , was man die " mar@@ ken@@ persön@@ lichkeit " nennt . +und so fand ich eine firma namens ol@@ son z@@ alt@@ man in pit@@ ts@@ bur@@ g . +sie haben firmen wie ne@@ st@@ le , fe@@ bre@@ ze , hall@@ mark ge@@ holfen , diese mar@@ ken@@ persön@@ lichkeit zu entdecken . +wenn sie es für die tun konnten , konnten sie mir bestimmt auch helfen . +sie haben ihre bilder mit@@ gebracht , ja ? +das habe ich . das erste bild ist ein bild meiner familie . +erzählen sie mir einfach ein wenig , wie das mit ihren gedanken und gefü@@ hlen über sie selbst verbunden ist . +dies sind die menschen , die meine welt@@ sicht formen . +erzählen sie mir von dieser welt . +m@@ d : diese welt ? ich denke , die eigene welt ist die welt , in der man lebt -- wie menschen um einen herum , die freunde , die familie , die art , wie man sein leben lebt , die arbeit und so . +all diese dinge stam@@ men und beginnen von einem ort , und für mich stam@@ men und beginnen sie mit meiner familie in west virg@@ ini@@ a . +was ist das nächste , über das sie sprechen wollen . +das nächste . dies war der schön@@ ste tag meines lebens . +in welchem zusammenhang steht das zu den gedanken und gefü@@ hlen über sie selbst ? +es ist so , wie ich gerne sein möchte . +ich mag dinge , die anders sind . +ich mag dinge , die sonder@@ bar sind . ich mag sonder@@ bare dinge . +erzählen sie mir über die " warum " -@@ phase -- was bringt sie uns ? +was ist die ma@@ che@@ te ? in welchem pu@@ pp@@ en@@ sta@@ dium befinden sie sich derzeit ? +warum ist es wichtig , neu@@ zu@@ starten ? was re@@ präsentiert das rot ? +erzählen sie mir ein wenig über diesen teil . +ein bisschen mehr über sie , das nicht sie sind . +welche weiteren me@@ tam@@ or@@ pho@@ sen haben sie durch@@ laufen ? +... das muss keine angst sein . in welcher art von ach@@ ter@@ bahn befinden sie sich ? +ee@@ ee@@ e@@ e ! nein , danke ihnen ! +vielen dank für ihre ge@@ du@@ ld . +ja . . nun gut . +ja , ich weiß nicht , was sich daraus er@@ geben wird . +da gingen ganz schön viele verrück@@ te dinge vor sich . +das erste , was ich sah , war diese idee , dass ihre mar@@ ken@@ persön@@ lich@@ e@@ kt@@ i zwei ge@@ tren@@ nte , aber sich er@@ gän@@ z@@ ende seiten hat -- die mor@@ gan sp@@ ur@@ lo@@ ck@@ -@@ mar@@ ke ist eine acht@@ same / ver@@ spielte mar@@ ke . +die er@@ gän@@ zen sich sehr gut . +und ich denke , es gibt fast einen wider@@ spruch damit . +und ich denke , einige firmen werden sich nur auf eine stärke konzentrieren , anstatt auf beide . +viele firmen nei@@ gen dazu -- und das ist die menschliche natur -- sachen zu vermeiden , bei denen sie sich nicht sicher sind , sie werden angst vermeiden , diese elemente , und dass sie diese will@@ kommen heißen , und sie verwandeln sie für sich selbst tatsächlich in etwas posi@@ tives , und das ist ein geschi@@ ck@@ ter sch@@ ach@@ zug . +welche anderen mar@@ ken handeln so ? +die erste ist ein klas@@ si@@ ker , apple . +und sie können es hier auch sehen , target , wi@@ i , min@@ i von min@@ i co@@ op@@ ers und je@@ t@@ blue . +nun , es gibt ver@@ spielte mar@@ ken und acht@@ same mar@@ ken , diese sachen , die kommen und gehen , aber eine ver@@ spielte , acht@@ same mar@@ ke ist eine ziemlich starke sache . +eine acht@@ same , ver@@ spielte mar@@ ke . wie ist ihre mar@@ ke ? +wenn jemand sie bitten würde , ihre mar@@ ken@@ identität zu beschreiben , ihre mar@@ ken@@ persön@@ lichkeit , wie wäre sie ? +sie sie ein up@@ -@@ at@@ tri@@ but ? sind sie etwas , dass das blut in w@@ all@@ ungen bringt ? +oder sind sie eher ein down@@ -@@ at@@ tri@@ but ? +sind sie etwas , das ein wenig ruhi@@ ger , reser@@ vier@@ ter , konser@@ va@@ tiver ist ? +up@@ -@@ at@@ tribu@@ te sind dinge , die ver@@ spielt sind , fr@@ isch wie der fresh prin@@ ce , zeit@@ ge@@ mä@@ ß , ab@@ ent@@ eu@@ er@@ lich , ausge@@ fallen und lieb@@ lich wie er@@ ol fl@@ yn@@ n , wen@@ dig und agi@@ l , prof@@ an , herr@@ isch , mag@@ isch und my@@ stisch wie gand@@ al@@ f . +oder sind sie eher wie ein down@@ -@@ at@@ tri@@ but ? +sind sie acht@@ sam und mon@@ dä@@ n wie 00@@ 7 ? +sind sie et@@ ab@@ liert , tradition@@ ell , pfle@@ gend , besch@@ ü@@ tz@@ end , mit@@ fühl@@ end wie op@@ ra@@ h ? +sind sie ver@@ lä@@ ss@@ lich , stab@@ il , famili@@ ä@@ r , sicher , geb@@ or@@ gen , heili@@ g , be@@ dacht und weise wie der d@@ al@@ ai lam@@ a oder yo@@ da ? +im laufe des films hatten wir mehr als 500 firmen , die up und down@@ -@@ firmen waren und die " nein " sagten , weil sie nicht teil des proje@@ kts sein wollten . +sie wollten vor allem nichts mit diesem film zu tun haben , weil sie keine kontrolle hatten , keine kontrolle über das fer@@ tige produkt . +aber wird fanden 17 mar@@ ken@@ partner , die bereit waren , auf diese kontrolle zu ver@@ zi@@ chten , die mit jemandem geschäf@@ te machen wollten so acht@@ sam und ver@@ spielt wie ich , und die uns schließlich dazu be@@ fähi@@ gten , geschichten zu erzählen , die wir normalerweise nicht hätten erzählen können -- geschichten , die ein wer@@ ber normalerweise nie unterstützen würde . +sie be@@ fähi@@ gten uns , die geschichte vom neuro@@ marketing zu erzählen , so wie wir die geschichte in diesem film erzählen , dass man heutzutage mr@@ is benutzt , um die lu@@ st@@ zentr@@ en des hir@@ ns anzu@@ p@@ ei@@ len , sowohl um werbung als auch filme zu machen . +wir fu@@ hren nach sa@@ o pau@@ l@@ o , wo außen@@ werbung ver@@ bot@@ en worden ist . +in der gesamten stadt findet sich seit fünf jahren keine an@@ zei@@ gent@@ af@@ el , kein poster , keine fl@@ yer , nichts . +und wir fu@@ hren in schul@@ be@@ zir@@ ke , in denen firmen sich ihren weg ba@@ hnen in ver@@ arm@@ te schulen , in ganz amerika . +das unglaubliche für mich ist , dass die projekte von denen ich das meiste feedback bekam oder wo ich den größten erfolg hatte , jene sind , wo ich mit dingen direkt inter@@ agi@@ erte . +und das ist , was diese mar@@ ken getan haben , +denn sie um@@ gingen den mittel@@ sm@@ ann , sie um@@ gingen die ag@@ ent@@ uren , und sagten , dass die ag@@ ent@@ uren vielleicht nicht wirklich ihr interesse im sinn haben . +ich werde mit dem künstler direkt ver@@ handeln . +ich werde mit ihm arbeiten und etwas vollkommen anderes schaffen , etwas , dass die leute zum nachdenken bringt , dass unser welt@@ bild herausforder@@ t . +und wie war das für sie ? was es erfolgreich ? +nun , da der film beim s@@ und@@ ance film festi@@ val pre@@ mi@@ ere hatte , können wir uns das mal anschauen . +laut bur@@ r@@ elles war die pre@@ mi@@ ere im janu@@ ar , und seitdem -- und das ist nicht einmal die ganze sache -- gab es 9@@ 00 millionen auf@@ ru@@ fe von diesem film . +das um@@ fasst tatsächlich nur einen zei@@ traum von 2 1 / 2 wochen . +das ist nur online -- keine presse , kein fernsehen . +der film wurde noch nicht ausge@@ liefert . +es gibt ihn noch nicht einmal online . kein stre@@ aming . +er ist noch nicht in anderen ländern raus gekommen . +nun , schließlich hat der film ein sehr großes moment@@ um er@@ lan@@ gt . +und das ist nicht schlecht für ein projekt , bei dem fast jede wer@@ be@@ ag@@ ent@@ ur , mit der wir sprachen , ihren kunden emp@@ fo@@ hlen hat , die finger davon zu lassen . +etwas , wor@@ an ich fest glaube , ist , dass wenn man seine chance er@@ grei@@ ft , risiken ein@@ geht , dass in diesen risiken möglichkeiten stecken . +ich glaube , wenn man leute davon ab@@ hält , dann bringt man sie näher ans versagen . +ich glaube , dass , wenn man seine ange@@ stellten train@@ iert , risiken zu vermeiden , man die ganze firma darauf vorberei@@ tet , einen profit zu er@@ langen . +ich habe das gefühl , dass wir beim vor@@ an@@ schrei@@ ten leute ermu@@ tigen müssen , risiken einzu@@ gehen . +wir müssen leute ermu@@ tigen , keine angst zu haben vor möglichkeiten , die sie vielleicht verän@@ g@@ stigen . +schließlich , beim vor@@ an@@ schrei@@ ten sollten wir die angst will@@ kommen heißen . +wir sollten den bä@@ r in den kä@@ fi@@ g stecken . +heißen sie die angst will@@ kommen . heißen sie das risiko will@@ kommen . +jewei@@ ls einen großen lö@@ ff@@ el voll , so heißen wir das risiko will@@ kommen . +und schließlich , sollten wir transpar@@ enz will@@ kommen heißen . +heutzutage , mehr als je zuvor , bringt uns ein bisschen ehr@@ lichkeit sehr weit . +und das gesagt , mit ehr@@ lichkeit und transpar@@ enz , mein gesam@@ ter talk " heißen sie transpar@@ enz will@@ kommen " wurde ihnen präsentiert von meinen guten freunden von em@@ c , die $ 7@@ 100 für die nam@@ ens@@ rechte bei e@@ bay be@@ zahl@@ ten . +große daten werden für organisationen auf der ganzen welt in große gele@@ gen@@ heiten verwandelt . +em@@ c präsentiert " heißen sie transpar@@ enz will@@ kommen " +vielen dank euch . +nun , mor@@ gan , im namen der transpar@@ enz dies : was ist nun genau mit den $ 7@@ 100 passiert ? +das ist eine großartige frage . +ich habe in meiner tasche einen sche@@ ck , ausge@@ stellt auf die ober@@ organisation der ted-@@ organisation , die sa@@ pl@@ ing-@@ stif@@ tung -- einen sche@@ ck in höhe von $ 7@@ 100 , um meinen ted-@@ auf@@ tritt im nächsten jahr zu finan@@ zieren . +mein name ist am@@ it . +vor 18 monaten machte ich etwas anderes bei google , und ich re@@ gte an , etwas mit mu@@ seen und kunst zu machen . meine che@@ f@@ in , die heute auch ist , gab mir grün@@ es licht . +und es dau@@ erte 18 monate . +eine menge spa@@ ß@@ iger ver@@ handlungen und geschichten , das kann ich ihnen sagen , mit 17 sehr interessan@@ ten mu@@ seen aus neun ländern . +aber ich werde mich auf die vor@@ führung konzentrieren . +es gibt eine menge geschichten darüber , warum wir dies getan haben . +ich denke , meine persönliche sicht ist sehr einfach mit dieser folie und ihrem zu@@ griff erklärt . +ich wuchs in indien auf . +mir wurde eine großartige ausbildung zu@@ teil – ich besch@@ were mich nicht – aber ich hatte zu vielen mu@@ seen und diesen kunst@@ werken keinen zugang . +als ich dann rei@@ ste , und diese mu@@ seen zu besuchen , begann ich eine menge zu lernen . +und während ich für google arbeitete , versuchte ich diese se@@ hn@@ sucht – kunst zugän@@ g@@ licher zu machen – mit technologie zusammen zu führen . +wir bil@@ deten dann ein team , eine großartige man@@ n@@ schaft , und wir begannen hier@@ mit . +ich werde wohl mit der demon@@ stration beginnen , und ihnen einige interessante dinge erzählen , die seit dem start passi@@ erten . +man geht also einfach zu goog@@ lear@@ t@@ proje@@ ct@@ .com . +man kann sich in all diesen mu@@ seen hier um@@ sehen . +da ist das u@@ ff@@ i@@ z@@ i , das mom@@ a , die her@@ mit@@ age , das ri@@ j@@ ks , das van go@@ gh . +ich komme sogar in eins meiner lieb@@ sten , das me@@ tro@@ poli@@ tan museum of art in new york . +man kommt auf zwei wegen rein – sehr einfach . +click , und w@@ um@@ ms , ist man im diesem museum . +es spielt keine rolle , wo sie sind – bom@@ bay , mexico , es macht keinen unterschied . +man geht um@@ her und am@@ ü@@ siert sich . +sie wollen sich im museum orienti@@ eren ? +öffnen sie die karte , und springen sie mit einem kli@@ ck . +drin sind sie , sie wollen bis ans ende des gan@@ gs . +nur weiter . viel spaß . +stö@@ ber@@ n sie . +danke , aber das beste kommt noch . +nun bin ich also vor einem meiner lieblings@@ bilder , ern@@ te@@ arbeiter von pie@@ ter bre@@ u@@ gel in der met . +ich sehe dieses pl@@ us@@ zeichen . +wenn das museum uns das bild gegeben hat , kli@@ cken sie darauf . +dies ist nun eins der bilder . +das hier sind alle meta@@ daten . +jene von ihnen , die wirklich an kunst interessiert sind , können hier kli@@ cken – aber ich kli@@ cke das jetzt weg . +dies ist eins der bilder , die wir fest@@ gehalten haben mit der sogenan@@ nten gi@@ g@@ ap@@ i@@ x@@ el@@ -@@ technologie . +dieses bild zum beispiel hat etwa 10 milliarden bild@@ punkte , glaube ich . +und eine menge leute fragen mich : " was bekommt man für 10 milliarden bild@@ punkte ? " +das werde ich ihnen jetzt zeigen : +man kann sehr leicht rein und raus@@ zo@@ omen . +sie sehen etwas lu@@ sti@@ ges hier . +ich liebe diesen kerl ; sein ausdruck ist unbe@@ zahl@@ bar . +aber dann wollen sie wirklich tief hinein . +und so fing ich an herum zu spielen , und stellte fest , dass dort etwas vor sich geht . +und ich dachte : " moment mal , das klingt interessant . " +ich ging nah ran , und bemer@@ kte langsam , das diese kinder tatsächlich etwas schlu@@ gen . +ich forsch@@ te ein wenig , sprach mit einigen bekannten beim met , und fand tatsächlich heraus , das es sich um ein spiel namens squ@@ a@@ il handelt , bei dem eine gan@@ s am fa@@ st@@ na@@ chts@@ dien@@ stag mit einem stock geschlagen wird . +schein@@ bar war es recht belie@@ bt . +ich weiß nicht , warum sie es taten , aber ich lernte etwas darüber . +um wirklich nah her@@ an zu gehen , kann man bis zu den ris@@ sen gehen . +nur um ihnen den über@@ blick zu geben , zo@@ ome ich heraus , damit sie sehen , was man bekommt . +hier waren wir , und dies ist das gemäl@@ de . +das beste kommt aber noch – in einer sekunde . +lassen sie uns schnell zum mom@@ a springen , wieder in new york . +ein weiteres lieblings@@ bild von mir , stern@@ en@@ nacht . +bei dem vor@@ igen beispiel ging es darum , einzel@@ heiten zu finden , +aber was , wenn man die pin@@ sel@@ stri@@ che sehen will ? +und was erst , wenn man sehen will wie van go@@ gh dieses mei@@ ster@@ werk denn erschaffen hat ? +man zo@@ om@@ ed hinein . man kann wirklich hinein gehen . +ich werde in einen meiner liebl@@ ing@@ stei@@ le dieses bil@@ des zo@@ omen , bis ich wirklich bei den ris@@ sen bin . +das ist stern@@ en@@ nacht , wohl niemals zuvor so gesehen . +nun werde ich ihnen meine lieb@@ ste funktion zeigen . +es gibt noch viele weitere , aber mir fe@@ hlt die zeit . +das ist der wirklich coo@@ le teil , er heißt samm@@ lungen . +jeder von ihnen , jeder – gleich ob reich oder arm , ob sie ein toll@@ es haus haben – spielt keine rolle . +sie können los@@ legen und online ihr eigenes museum erschaffen – aus all diesen bildern können sie ihre eigene samm@@ lung an@@ legen . +ganz einfach , sie gehen hinein – und ich habe dies geschaffen , es heißt die macht des zo@@ om – sie können um@@ her@@ zo@@ omen . +das ist ' die ges@@ and@@ ten ' , in der nation@@ alg@@ aller@@ ie . +sie können alles mit an@@ merk@@ ungen ver@@ sehen , ihren freunden schicken , und so eine unterhaltung beginnen darüber , was sie fühlen , wenn sie diese mei@@ ster@@ werke betrachten . +ich denke , ab@@ schließ@@ end , ist für mich die haupt@@ sache , dass all die wunder@@ baren sachen hier nicht von google kommen . +sie kommen meines er@@ ach@@ tens nach nicht mal aus den mu@@ seen . +das sollte ich vielleicht nicht sagen . +sie kommen von den künst@@ lern . +und das war eine erfahrung in de@@ mut für mich . +ich meine , ich hoffe dass wir mit diesem digitalen medium der kunst gere@@ cht werden , und sie ord@@ entlich online re@@ präsentieren . +dabei ist die größte frage , die mir neu@@ lich gestellt wird : " haben sie das gemacht , um die erfahrung eines muse@@ um@@ s@@ besu@@ chs zu repli@@ zieren ? " +die antwort darauf ist nein . +es soll die erfahrung er@@ gän@@ zen . +darum geht es . dank@@ es@@ ch@@ ö@@ n . +danke . +dies ist eine dar@@ stellung ihres gehirns . ihr gehirn kann in zwei häl@@ ften unter@@ teilt werden . +das ist die lin@@ ke hälfte , die die log@@ ische seite ist und dann die rechte hälfte , die die intui@@ tive seite ist . +wenn wir einen maßstab hätten um die ap@@ ti@@ tu@@ te jeder he@@ mis@@ ph@@ äre zu messen , könnten wir ihr gehirn darstellen . +zum beispiel , wäre diese jemand , der vollständig log@@ isch ist . +dies wäre jemand , der komplett intui@@ tiv ist . +nun , wo würden sie ihr gehirn auf diesem maßstab posi@@ tion@@ ieren ? +einige von uns haben sich vielleicht für eins dieser extreme entschieden , aber ich denke , dass , für die meisten menschen im publikum , ihr gehirn etwa so aussieht -- mit einer hohen ap@@ ti@@ tu@@ te , die gleichzeitig in beiden he@@ mis@@ ph@@ ären ist . +es ist nicht so , als ob sie beide ex@@ klu@@ si@@ v sind oder der@@ gleichen . +sie können log@@ isch und intui@@ tiv sein . +und so sehe ich mich als eine der personen , gemeinsam mit dem meisten anderen experiment@@ ellen qu@@ anten@@ physi@@ kern , die einen guten anteil logi@@ k benötigen um die komplex@@ en ideen zusammen zu fügen . +aber gleichzeitig benötigen wir einen guten anteil intuition um die experimente tatsächlich auszu@@ führen . +wie entwickeln wir diese intuition ? nun , wir lieben es mit dingen zu spielen . +wir gehen also raus und spielen damit und schauen dann wie es re@@ agi@@ ert . und dann fangen wir dort an unsere intuition zu entwickeln . +im grunde machen sie das gleiche . +also eine der intui@@ tionen die sie über die jahre entwickelt haben , ist vermutlich , dass ein ding zur gleichen zeit nur an einem ort sein kann . +ich meine , es kann seltsam kl@@ ingen darüber nachzudenken , dass ein ding zur gleichen zeit an zwei verschiedenen orten ist , aber sie wurden mit dieser idee nicht geboren , sie haben sie entwickelt . +ich erinnere mich daran ein kind beim spielen auf einer bo@@ den@@ sch@@ welle zu sehen . +er war noch ein klein@@ kind und nicht sehr gut darin und er fiel ständig hin . +aber ich we@@ tte , dass ihn das spielen mit der bo@@ den@@ sch@@ welle eine sehr wert@@ volle lektion lehr@@ te , nämlich das große dinge dich nicht einfach vorbei lassen , und dass sie an einer stelle bleiben . +und das ist ein großarti@@ ges konzep@@ tion@@ elles modell der welt , so lange sie kein teil@@ chen@@ physiker sind . +es wäre ein furcht@@ bares modell für einen teil@@ chen@@ physiker , weil sie nicht mit bo@@ den@@ schw@@ ellen spielen , sondern mit diesen kleinen selts@@ am@@ en teilchen . +und wenn sie mit ihren teilchen spielen , stellen sie alle möglichen selts@@ am@@ en dinge fest -- wie dass sie direkt durch mau@@ ern fliegen , oder dass sie zur gleichen zeit an zwei verschiedenen orten sein können . +und so sch@@ rieben sie alle diese beob@@ acht@@ ungen auf , und nan@@ nten sie die theorie der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik . +das war der stand der physik vor einigen jahren ; man brauchte qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik um die kleinen , winzi@@ gen teilchen zu beschreiben . +aber man brauchte sie nicht um die großen all@@ tä@@ glichen objekte um uns herum zu beschreiben . +das hat meine intuition nicht ge@@ mo@@ cht und das vielleicht nur weil ich nicht so oft mit teilchen spiele . +naja , ich spiele manchmal mit ihnen , aber nicht sehr oft . +und ich habe sie noch nie gesehen . +ich meine , niemand hat jemals ein teilchen gesehen . +aber meine log@@ ische seite hat es auch nicht ge@@ mo@@ cht . +denn wenn alle sachen aus teilchen bestehen und all diese teilchen den regeln der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik folgen , sollte dann nicht einfach alles den regeln der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik folgen ? +ich sehe keinen grund , warum das nicht so sein sollte . +ich würde mich also deut@@ liche besser mit der ganzen sache fühlen , wenn wir irgendwie zeigen könnten , dass all@@ ta@@ gs@@ gegen@@ stände auch den regeln der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik folgen . +also machte ich mich vor ein paar jahren daran , genau das zu tun . +ich er@@ schu@@ f eins . +dies ist das erste objekt , das sie sehen können , das in der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ischen super@@ position war . +was wir uns hier also ansehen ist ein winzi@@ ger computer chip . +und sie können diesen grünen punkt dort in der mitte sehen . +das ist das stück met@@ all über das ich gleich reden werde . +das ist ein bild des obje@@ kts . +hier ver@@ größere ich es etwas . wir schauen genau hier ins zentrum . +und hier ist eine wirklich sehr große nah@@ aufnahme dieses kleinen stück@@ s met@@ all . +was wir uns also ansehen ist ein kleines stück met@@ all es ist wie ein spr@@ ung@@ bre@@ tt ge@@ for@@ mt und es steht über der kan@@ te über . +ich machte also dieses ding auf ähnliche weise auf die man einen computer chip macht . +ich ging ein einen sau@@ b@@ eren raum mit neuen si@@ li@@ zi@@ um@@ schei@@ ben , und ra@@ ck@@ erte für 100 stunden an all den großen gerä@@ ten . +für das letzte bisschen musste ich meine eigene maschine bauen -- um dieses wie ein swi@@ mming pool ge@@ form@@ te loch und das ding zu bekommen . +dieses ding hat die hat die fähigkeit in der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ischen super@@ position zu sein aber es braucht ein ein wenig hilfe um es zu tun . +schauen sie , lassen sie mich ihnen eine analog@@ ie geben . +sie wissen , wie un@@ beha@@ glich es ist in einem vollen aufzu@@ g zu sein ? +ich meine , wenn ich alleine im aufzu@@ g bin , dann mache ich alle möglichen selts@@ am@@ en sachen aber dann steigen andere menschen hin@@ zu und ich höre auf all diese dinge zu machen , weil ich sie nicht damit bel@@ ä@@ stigen will , oder , offen gesagt , sie versch@@ rec@@ ke . +qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik sagt also , dass un@@ beweg@@ liche objekte sich genauso fühlen . +die mit@@ fahrer für un@@ beweg@@ liche objekte sind nicht nur menschen , sondern auch das licht , das auf sie scheint und der wind , der an ihnen vorbei fe@@ gt und die hit@@ ze des rau@@ ms . +und so wussten wir , dass wenn wir sehen wollten , dass dieses stück met@@ all sich qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ isch ver@@ hält , wir die ganzen mit@@ rei@@ senden raus sch@@ mei@@ ssen mussten . +und das haben wir dann getan . +wir haben das licht aus@@ gesch@@ altet , le@@ gten es in ein v@@ aku@@ um und sau@@ gten die ganze luft aus und kühl@@ ten es bis fast zum jetzt , ganz alleine im aufzu@@ g , war das stück met@@ all frei , sich zu verhalten wie immer es wollte . +also haben wir seine bewegung ge@@ messen . +wir stellten fest , dass es sich wirklich seltsam bewegt . +anstatt , dass es einfach ruhi@@ g da liegt , vi@@ bri@@ erte es . die art wie es vi@@ bri@@ erte war ungefähr so wie dies hier -- wie ein sich aus@@ de@@ hn@@ ender und zusammen zieh@@ ender blas@@ e@@ bal@@ g . +in dem wir ihm einen kleinen schu@@ bs gaben , konnten wir es veran@@ lassen zur gleichen zeit zu vi@@ bri@@ eren und nicht zu vi@@ bri@@ eren -- etwas was nur in der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik erlaubt ist . +was ich ihnen gerade erzähle ist also was wahr@@ haft fanta@@ st@@ isches . +was heißt es für ein objekt zur gleichen zeit zu vi@@ bri@@ eren und nicht zu vi@@ bri@@ eren ? +lassen sie uns über die atom@@ e nachdenken . +also der erste fall : all die trilli@@ onen von atom@@ e aus denen das stück met@@ all besteht liegen still da und zur gleichen zeit bewegen sich diesel@@ ben atom@@ e auf und ab . +nur zu prä@@ z@@ is@@ en zeit@@ pun@@ kten stimmen sie über@@ ein . +den rest der zeit sind sie del@@ ok@@ alisiert . +das heisst , dass jedes at@@ om zur gleichen zeit an zwei unterschiedlichen orten ist , was gleichzeitig heisst , dass das gesamte stück met@@ all an zwei verschiedenen orten ist . +ich denke , dass das richtig cool ist . +wirklich . +das war es wert mich für all diese jahr in dem sau@@ b@@ eren raum einzu@@ schli@@ essen . denn , überprü@@ fen sie das , der mas@@ s@@ stab@@ s@@ unterschied zwischen einem einzelnen at@@ om und diesem stück met@@ all ist ungefähr genauso wie der unterschied zwischen dem stück met@@ all und ihnen . +wenn also ein einzel@@ nes at@@ om zur gleichen zeit an zwei verschiedenen orten sein kann , dieses stück met@@ all an zwei verschiedenen orten sein kann , warum dann nicht auch sie ? +ich meine , das ist nur das was meine log@@ ische seite sagt . +so , stellen sie sich vor , sie wären zu gleichen zeit an mehr@@ eren orten , wie würde sich das an@@ fühlen ? +wie würde ihr bewusstsein damit umgehen , dass ihr körper im raum del@@ ok@@ alisiert ist ? +es gibt einen weiteren aspekt bei der geschichte . +als wir es auf@@ wär@@ m@@ ten , das licht an@@ sch@@ al@@ teten und die ki@@ ste rein@@ schauten , sahen wir , dass das stück met@@ all immer in einem stück da war . +und so musste ich diese neue intuition entwickeln , dass es so aussieht als ob all die objekte im aufzu@@ g in wirklichkeit nur qu@@ anten objekte sind , die in einem kleinen raum zusammen ge@@ fer@@ cht sind . +sie hören eine menge gere@@ de darüber , wie qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik sagt , dass alles mit allem verbunden ist . +nun , das ist nicht ganz richtig ; +da ist noch mehr da@@ hinter , es geht noch tief@@ er . +es ist so , dass diese verbindungen , ihre verbindungen mit all den dingen um sie herum , buchstäblich definieren wer sie sind . und das ist das tief@@ sinni@@ ge und selts@@ ame der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik . +vielen dank . +im jahr 2007 habe ich beschlossen , dass wir re@@ konzep@@ tu@@ alisieren sollten wie wir über wirtschaftliche entwicklung denken . +es sollte unser ziel sein , dass , wenn familien darüber nachdenken , wo sie leben und arbeiten wollen , ihnen die möglichkeit gegeben ist , zwischen mindestens einer hand voll verschieden@@ er städte auszu@@ wählen , die alle in konkur@@ ren@@ z um neue be@@ wohner stehen . +im moment befinden wir uns weit entfernt von diesem ziel . +es gibt milliarden von menschen in entwicklungsländern , denen nicht einmal eine einzige stadt zur verfügung steht , die sie will@@ kommen heißen würde . +aber das erstaunliche an städten ist , dass sie so viel mehr wert sind , als es kostet sie zu bauen . +wir könnten die welt also sehr einfach mit du@@ z@@ enden , vielleicht sogar hunder@@ ten von neuen städten aus@@ rü@@ sten . +das klingt jetzt vielleicht ab@@ sur@@ d für sie , so@@ fern sie noch nie über neue städte nach@@ gedacht haben . +tau@@ schen sie doch einfach den bau von wohn@@ ungen gegen den von städten aus . +stellen sie sich vor , die hälfte der leute , die in wohn@@ ungen leben wollen , täten dies bereits ; die andere hälfte aber noch nicht . +sie könnten versuchen die ka@@ pa@@ zität der bereits existi@@ erende wohn@@ ungen zu erweitern . +aber wissen sie wor@@ auf sie sich da ein@@ lassen würden , in diesen wohn@@ ungen und deren umgebung herr@@ schen gesetze um besch@@ werden zu vermeiden und vom aus@@ bau abzu@@ len@@ ken . +es stellt sich also als sehr schwer heraus all diesen erweiter@@ ungen nachzu@@ kommen . +aber man könnte an einen völlig neuen ort gehen , ein komplett neuen wohn@@ block bauen , voraus@@ gesetzt die gesetze dort würden einen solchen bau unterstützen und ihn nicht be@@ hindern . +ich habe also vor@@ geschlagen , dass regierungen neue flächen schaffen , die genug platz für eine stadt bieten und habe ihnen einen namen gegeben : char@@ ter cities . +später habe ich herausgefunden , dass , etwa um die gleiche zeit , ja@@ vier und oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o über die herausforderung einer re@@ form in hon@@ dur@@ as nach@@ gedacht haben . +sie wussten , dass jedes jahr ungefähr 7@@ 5.000 hon@@ dur@@ aner ihr land verlassen , um in die vereinigten staaten auszu@@ wander@@ n , und sie wollten wissen , was sie tun könnten , um sicher zu stellen , dass diese menschen in ihrem land bleiben können und genau das selbe in hon@@ dur@@ as tun können . +an dieser stelle hat ja@@ vier zu oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o gesagt , " was passiert , wenn wir eine un@@ bes@@ ie@@ del@@ te fläche unseres landes neh@@ men@@ - was , wenn wir sie einfach einer botschaft ge@@ ben@@ - einen teil der amerikanischen botschaft ; einen teil der kan@@ ad@@ ischen bot@@ schaft@@ - und wenn die leute dann arbeiten gehen wollen unter den kan@@ ad@@ ischen regeln oder denen der vereinigten staaten , können sie dort arbeiten , und können auf der fläche dieser bot@@ schaften alles machen , wo@@ zu sie normalerweise nach kanada oder amerika gehen müssten ? " +im sommer 2009 li@@ tt hon@@ dur@@ as unter einer he@@ f@@ tigen ver@@ fas@@ s@@ ungsk@@ rise . +bei den nächsten plan@@ mäß@@ igen wa@@ hlen , gew@@ ann pe@@ pe lo@@ bo in einem um@@ schw@@ ung , dessen programm sowohl neu@@ erungen , als auch sch@@ lich@@ tung ver@@ sprach . +er forder@@ te oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o auf , sein stab@@ sche@@ f zu werden . +in der zwischen@@ zeit berei@@ tete ich mich auf einen vortrag bei ted@@ global vor . +durch verbesser@@ ung , au@@ spro@@ bieren und durch die untersuchung von ver@@ brau@@ chern , habe ich versucht dieses kompli@@ zierte konzept der char@@ ter city auf die wesentlichen elemente zu reduzieren . +der erste punkt , ist die wichti@@ gkeit von gese@@ tzen , gesetze , die bestimmen , dass man bereits existi@@ erende wohn@@ ungs@@ besit@@ zer nicht stör@@ en darf . +wir schen@@ ken neuen technologien große be@@ a@@ chtung , aber für den fortschritt bedarf es technologien und gese@@ tzen . und es sind für gewöhn@@ lich gesetze , die uns zurück@@ halten . +im her@@ b@@ st 2010 schi@@ ckte ein freund aus gu@@ atem@@ ala oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o den link zu dem ted@@ talk . +der wiederum zeigte ihn ja@@ vier . +die beiden rie@@ fen mich an . +und sagten , " lass uns das den vor@@ sitz@@ enden unseres landes präsentieren ! " +also tra@@ fen wir uns im de@@ z@@ ember in dem sitz@@ ungs@@ saal eines hot@@ els in mi@@ ami . +ich habe versucht deutlich zu machen , wie wert@@ voll städte sind , um wie viel wert@@ voller sie sind als sie kosten . +und ich habe diese grafik verwendet , um zu zeigen wie wert@@ voll ro@@ hl@@ and ist an einem ort wie new york . denken sie daran , dass eine fläche in man@@ chen fällen pro quad@@ rat@@ meter tausende von dollars wert ist . +aber es war eine ziemlich abstra@@ kte diskussion , an an einer stelle als es eine pause gab , hat oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o gesagt , " paul , könnten wir uns vielleicht den ted@@ talk ansehen . " +der ted@@ talk stellte also in sehr einfacher form dar , dass eine char@@ ter city ein ort ist , dessen anfang unbe@@ wohn@@ tes land ist , ein grün@@ dungs@@ ver@@ trag , der die gesetze fest@@ legt , die dort herr@@ schen und den menschen die möglichkeit bietet sich zu entscheiden , entweder unter diesen regeln zu leben oder nicht . +darum wurde ich von dem präsi@@ denten von hon@@ dur@@ as gebeten , der mein@@ te , dass wir dieses projekt ver@@ wirklichen müssen , dass es wichtig ist , und dass dies der weg ist unser land vor@@ an zu bringen . +ich wurde gebeten nach te@@ gu@@ ci@@ gal@@ pa zu kommen und noch einmal am vi@@ erten und fün@@ ften janu@@ ar einen vortrag zu halten . +also habe ich einen weiteren mit fa@@ kten gefü@@ ll@@ ten vortrag gehalten , der eine grafik wie dieses beinhaltet hat , die versucht zu ver@@ deut@@ lichen , dass , wenn man viel wert schaffen will in einer stadt , es eine sehr große stadt sein muss . +das ist ein bild der stadt den@@ ver , und die ski@@ z@@ ze stellt den neuen flug@@ ha@@ fen dar , der in den@@ ver gebaut wurde . +alleine dieser flug@@ ha@@ fen hat eine fläche von 100 quad@@ rat@@ kilome@@ tern . +ich habe also versucht die hon@@ dur@@ aner davon zu überzeugen , wenn man eine neue stadt bauen will , man mit einem gebiet von mindestens 1@@ 000 quad@@ rat@@ kilome@@ tern beginnen muss . +das sind mehr als 250 tausend morgen . +hö@@ f@@ lich haben alle appl@@ audi@@ ert . +die gesichter der zuschau@@ er waren sehr ernst und aufmerk@@ sam . +der leiter des kon@@ gr@@ esses kam auf die bühne und hat gesagt , " professor ro@@ mer , ich danke ihnen herz@@ lich für ihren vortrag , aber könnten wir vielleicht den ted@@ talk anschauen . +ich habe ihn hier auf meinem laptop . " +ich habe mich also hin@@ gesetzt , und sie haben den ted@@ talk ab@@ gespielt . +und ich bin zu der kern@@ aus@@ sage gekommen , dass eine neue stadt den menschen neue möglichkeiten bietet . +es gäbe die möglichkeit in einer stadt zu leben , die in hon@@ dur@@ as wäre , anstatt hunderte von kilome@@ tern entfernt im norden . +und eine neue stadt schlie@@ ßt auch neue möglichkeiten für führ@@ ungsk@@ r@@ äf@@ te mit ein . +die führ@@ ungsk@@ r@@ äf@@ te der regierung in hon@@ dur@@ as wären auf die hilfe aus partner@@ ländern ange@@ wiesen , sie könnten von ihren partner@@ ländern profi@@ tieren , die sie bei dem auf@@ stellen der gesetze für diesen char@@ ta und bei der durch@@ führung unterstützen würden , dass jeder darauf vertrauen kann , dass der char@@ ta wirklich durch@@ gesetzt wird . +und die erkenntnis von präsident lo@@ bo , war , dass die gewis@@ sheit der durch@@ setzung über die ich nach@@ gedacht habe als einen weg die aus@@ län@@ dischen inv@@ e@@ stor@@ en dazu zu bringen her@@ zu@@ kommen und diese stadt zu bauen gleich@@ bedeu@@ tend sein könnte für alle par@@ tei@@ en in hon@@ dur@@ as , die seit vielen jahren unter angst und mis@@ str@@ auen leiden . +wir sind in ein gebiet gefahren . +dieses bild ist von diesem ort . +es fasst mü@@ hel@@ os tausend quad@@ rat@@ kilometer . +und kurz danach , am 19@@ . janu@@ ar , haben sie bei dem kon@@ gress für eine änder@@ ung der ver@@ fassung ge@@ stimmt , um eine ver@@ fas@@ s@@ ungs@@ ge@@ mä@@ ße regel@@ ung zu haben , die für spezi@@ elle entwicklungs@@ gebiete zu@@ lässi@@ g ist . +in einem land , das gerade eine he@@ f@@ tige krise hinter sich hat , wurde in dem kon@@ gress für diese ver@@ fas@@ s@@ ungs@@ änder@@ ung mit 1@@ 24 zu einer stimme gewä@@ hlt . +alle par@@ tei@@ en , alle fra@@ ktionen der gesellschaft , unterstü@@ tz@@ ten dies . +um teil der ver@@ fassung zu werden , muss es aber zwei@@ mal durch den kon@@ gress geneh@@ mi@@ gt werden . +am 17@@ . febru@@ ar wurde es zum zweiten mal mit 1@@ 14 zu einer stimme geneh@@ mi@@ gt . +un@@ mittel@@ bar nach dieser wahl , zwischen dem 21. und dem 24@@ . febru@@ ar , rei@@ ste eine d@@ ele@@ gation von ungefähr 30 hun@@ dur@@ an@@ ern an die zwei orte der welt , die am meisten daran interessiert waren , in das geschäft des städ@@ te@@ b@@ aus einzu@@ steigen . +der eine ort ist süd@@ korea . +dies ist ein bild von einem großen , neuen stad@@ tz@@ ent@@ r@@ um , das in süd@@ korea gebaut wur@@ de@@ - großer als das stad@@ tz@@ ent@@ r@@ um bo@@ st@@ ons . +alles , was sie auf diesem bild sehen können , wurde innerhalb von vier jahren er@@ baut , nachdem es vier jahre ge@@ dauert hat , die geneh@@ mi@@ g@@ ungen zu erhalten . +der andere ort , der sehr am städ@@ te@@ bau interessiert war , ist sing@@ a@@ pu@@ r . +es wurden bereits zwei städte in china er@@ baut und die dritte ist in vorberei@@ tung . +wenn sie also praktisch gesehen darüber nachdenken , ist es das , wo wir heute stehen . +sie haben bereits ein bau@@ grund@@ stück ; und sie erwä@@ gen bereits diese fläche für die zweite stadt . +es wird bereits an einem rechts@@ system gearbeitet , dass mana@@ gern erlaubt teil@@ zunehmen , und es wird auch an einem ex@@ ter@@ nen rechts@@ system gearbeitet . +ein land hat bereits angeb@@ oten seinen ober@@ sten geri@@ cht@@ sh@@ of zur verfügung zu stellen , als geri@@ cht für die ent@@ gü@@ l@@ tige beru@@ fung des dor@@ tigen geri@@ cht@@ lichen systems . +auch städ@@ te@@ designer und -@@ bau@@ er sind sehr interessiert . +sie bringen sogar finanzi@@ erung mit ein . +eine sache , wie sie bereits wissen , wurde schon ge@@ klär@@ t , es gibt viele mie@@ ter . +es gibt viele be@@ trie@@ be , die sich gerne in amerika an@@ sie@@ deln würden , besonders an einem ort mit einer frei@@ hand@@ el@@ s@@ zone , und es gibt viele menschen , die gerne dort wo@@ hnen würden . +auf der ganzen welt gibt es 700 millionen menschen , die an@@ geben , dass sie gerne dau@@ er@@ haft an einem anderen ort leben möchten . +eine millionen menschen verlassen jähr@@ lich lat@@ ein@@ amerika und wander@@ n in die vereinigten staaten aus . +viele von ihnen sind v@@ ä@@ ter , die ge@@ zw@@ ungen sind , ihre familien zurückzu@@ lassen , um sich arbeit zu su@@ chen@@ - manchmal sind es all@@ ein@@ er@@ zieh@@ ende mütter , die genug geld verdienen müssen , um sich essen und klei@@ dung leisten zu können . +leider sind es manchmal sogar kinder , die versuchen ihre eltern wieder zu finden , die sie , in man@@ chen fällen , seit einem jahrzehnt nicht mehr gesehen haben . +was ist es also für eine idee , darüber nachzudenken in hon@@ dur@@ as eine völlig neue stadt zu bauen ? +oder sogar du@@ z@@ ende von diesen städten zu bauen , oder hunderte auf der ganzen welt verteilt ? +was ist es also für eine idee , darauf zu bestehen , dass jede familie eine wahl zwischen mehr@@ eren städten hat , die in konkur@@ ren@@ z um neue be@@ wohner stehen ? +das ist eine idee , die sich lo@@ hnt zu verbreiten . +meine freunde aus hon@@ dur@@ as haben mich gebeten zu sagen , danke ted . +wissen sie , wie viele entscheidungen sie an einem typ@@ ischen tag machen ? +wissen sie , wie viele entscheidungen sie in einer typ@@ ischen woche treffen ? +ich habe vor kurzem eine um@@ frage mit über 2@@ .000 amerikan@@ ern gemacht und die durchschnittliche anzahl von entscheidungen , die ang@@ ab@@ e@@ ge@@ mä@@ ß ein typ@@ ischer amerikaner an einem tag macht ist 70 . +zu@@ dem wurde kürzlich eine studie mit ce@@ os gemacht , in der sie eine woche lang die ce@@ os beobach@@ teten . +und diese wissenschaftler haben einfach die verschiedenen themen doku@@ men@@ tiert mit denen sich diese ce@@ o beschäftigt hab@@ en@@ . und wieviel zeit sie damit verbra@@ chten entscheidungen zu treffen , die mit den themen zusammen@@ hängen . +und sie haben herausgefunden , dass ein durchschnitt@@ licher ce@@ o sich in der woche mit 13@@ 9 aufgaben beschäftigt . +jedes dieser themen bestand natürlich aus vielen , vielen klein@@ eren entscheidungen . +50 prozent ihrer entscheidungen wurden innerhalb von neun minuten oder weniger getroffen . +nur für ungefähr 12 prozent ihrer entscheidungen benö@@ ti@@ gten sie eine stunde oder mehr ihrer zeit . +denken sie an ihre eigenen entscheidungen . +wissen sie wie viele entscheidungen sie in der neun minuten kat@@ eg@@ or@@ ie treffen gegenüber der@@ jenigen in der eine stunde kat@@ eg@@ or@@ ie ? +wie gut , denken sie , sind sie darin die entscheidungen zu be@@ wäl@@ tigen ? +heute möchte ich über eines der größten entschei@@ d@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ me unserer modernen zeit sprechen , das entschei@@ dungs@@ über@@ la@@ st@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ m . +ich möchte über das problem reden und über einige mögliche lösungen . +nun , wenn ich über dieses problem rede , werde ich ihnen einige fragen stellen und ich möchte ihre antworten wissen . +wenn ich ihnen eine frage stelle , heben sie , da ich blind bin , nur die hand , wenn sie einige kal@@ orien ver@@ bren@@ nen möchten . +an@@ son@@ sten , bitte ich sie , wenn ich ihnen eine frage stelle , und ihre antwort ja ist , also , meine erste frage für heute lautet : sind sie bereit etwas über das entschei@@ dungs@@ über@@ la@@ st@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ m zu hören ? +vielen dank . +als ich ein ab@@ schluss@@ student an der stanford universität war , ging ich zu diesem sehr sehr ex@@ klu@@ si@@ ven lebens@@ mitt@@ ell@@ aden ; zumindest damals war er wirklich ex@@ klu@@ si@@ v . +es war ein laden , der dra@@ e@@ ger ' s hie@@ ß . +dieses geschäft , es war fast so wie ein verg@@ nü@@ g@@ ung@@ spar@@ k . +sie hatten 250 verschiedene arten von sen@@ f und essi@@ g und über 500 verschiedene arten von ob@@ st und gemü@@ se und mehr als zwei dutz@@ end verschiedene arten an wasser -- und das war zu einer zeit als wir noch tatsächlich lei@@ tungs@@ wasser ge@@ tr@@ un@@ ken haben . +ich habe es ge@@ liebt zu diesem geschäft zu gehen ; aber zu einem zeitpunkt habe ich mich gefragt , naja , wie kommt es , dass du nie etwas kauf@@ st ? +hier ist der oli@@ ven@@ öl gang . +sie hatten über 75 verschie@@ den sor@@ ten oli@@ ven@@ öl , in@@ klu@@ sive denen , die in kä@@ sten ein@@ geschlossen waren , die von tausend jahre alten oli@@ ven@@ b@@ äumen kamen . +also entschied ich mich eines tages den fi@@ li@@ all@@ ei@@ ter zu besuchen , und ich fragte den leiter , " funktioniert dieses modell , dass sie den menschen all diese möglichkeiten bieten wirklich ? " +und er zeigte auf die bus@@ la@@ dungen von tou@@ ri@@ sten , die jeden tag kamen und gewöhn@@ lich ihre k@@ ameras dabei hatten . +wir entschieden uns ein experiment zu unternehmen und wir wähl@@ ten mar@@ mel@@ ade für unser experiment . +hier ist ihr mar@@ mel@@ aden gang . +sie hatten 3@@ 4@@ 8 verschiedene arten von mar@@ mel@@ ade . +wir haben eine kleine ver@@ ko@@ st@@ ung@@ se@@ cke direkt am ein@@ gang des geschäf@@ ts auf@@ gestellt . +wir haben dort sechs verschiedene geschma@@ ck@@ s@@ richtungen mar@@ mel@@ ade oder 24 verschiedene geschma@@ ck@@ s@@ richtungen mar@@ mel@@ ade hin@@ gestellt , und wir haben uns zwei sachen an@@ gesch@@ aut : erstens , ich welchem fall würden mehr menschen stehen bleiben und mar@@ mel@@ ade probieren ? +es sind mehr menschen stehen geb@@ lieben , wenn es 24 waren , ungefähr 60 prozent , als wenn es sechs waren , ungefähr 40 prozent . +und danach sahen wir uns an in welchem fall die menschen eher ein glas mar@@ mel@@ ade kauf@@ ten . +jetzt sahen wir den umge@@ kehr@@ ten effekt . +von den menschen die stehen b@@ lieben als es 24 waren , kauf@@ ten nur drei prozent tatsächlich ein glas mar@@ mel@@ ade . +von den menschen , die stehen b@@ lieben als es sechs waren , nun , jetzt sahen wir , dass 30 prozent von ihnen tatsächlich ein glas mar@@ mel@@ ade kauf@@ ten . +nun , wenn sie es aus@@ rech@@ nen , kauf@@ ten die menschen sechs mal eher ein glas mar@@ mel@@ ade , wen sie sechs zur aus@@ wahl hatten , als wenn sie 24 zur aus@@ wahl hatten . +nun , sich zu entscheiden kein glas mar@@ mel@@ ade zu kaufen ist wahrscheinlich gut für uns -- zumindest ist es gut für unsere ta@@ ille -- aber es stellt sich heraus , dass das entschei@@ dungs@@ über@@ la@@ st@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ m uns auch bei sehr kon@@ sequen@@ z@@ reichen entscheidungen beeinflusst . +wir entscheiden uns nicht zu entscheiden , auch wenn es gegen unsere eigenen besten inter@@ essen geht . +also zum thema des tages : finanzi@@ elles sparen . +ich werde ihnen jetzt eine studie beschreiben , die ich mit gu@@ r hu@@ ber@@ man , e@@ mir kam@@ en@@ ic@@ a , we@@ i j@@ ang durch@@ führte , in der wir uns die entscheidungen zu spar@@ plä@@ nen für die r@@ ente von fast einer million amerikan@@ ern von ungefähr 6@@ 50 plä@@ nen in den gesamten vereinigten staaten an@@ sahen . +und was wir uns an@@ sahen , war ob die anzahl der f@@ on@@ d@@ s@@ ange@@ bo@@ te , die ein einem r@@ ent@@ en@@ spar@@ plan möglich waren , der 40@@ 1 plan , die wahrscheinlichkeit beeinflusst , ob mehr für morgen ges@@ part wird . +und wir fanden heraus , dass es in der tat einen zusammenhang gab . +so in diesen plä@@ nen , wir hatten ungefähr 6@@ 5@@ 7 plä@@ nen die den menschen irgendetwas zwischen zwei bis 5@@ 9 verschiedenen f@@ on@@ ds an@@ bot@@ en . +und was wir heraus@@ fanden , war , dass je mehr f@@ on@@ ds angeb@@ oten wurden , dass , in der tat , die teil@@ nahme rate ger@@ inger war . +wenn sie sich jetzt die extreme ansehen , die pl@@ äne , die zwei f@@ on@@ ds an@@ bot@@ en , hatten eine teil@@ nah@@ mer@@ ate in den sie@@ b@@ zi@@ gern -- immer noch nicht so hoch , wie wir es wollen . +in den plä@@ nen , die fast 60 f@@ on@@ ds an@@ bot@@ en , fiel die teil@@ nah@@ mer@@ ate jetzt auf ungefähr den se@@ ch@@ zi@@ gsten proz@@ ent@@ anteil . +jetzt stellt sich heraus , dass selbst wenn sie sich ent@@ schli@@ essen teil@@ zunehmen , wenn mehr möglichkeiten zur aus@@ wahl standen , selbst dann , hat es negative kon@@ sequenzen . +so ten@@ di@@ erten die menschen , die sich entschieden teil@@ zunehmen , eher dazu , dass je mehr möglichkeiten ihnen zur verfügung standen , desto mehr ver@@ mie@@ den sie es ak@@ ti@@ en und f@@ on@@ ds zu wählen . +je mehr möglichkeiten ihnen zur verfügung standen , desto eher ste@@ ckten sie ihr ganzes geld in r@@ eine geld@@ markt@@ kon@@ ten . +keine dieser extre@@ men entscheidungen , gehört zu den entscheidungen , die jemand von menschen emp@@ fehlen würde , wenn uns ihr zukünf@@ tiges finanzi@@ elles wohl@@ er@@ gehen wichtig ist . +nun , in den letzten zehn jahren haben wir bei menschen drei wesent@@ liche negative kon@@ sequenzen beobachtet , die das an@@ bieten von mehr und mehr aus@@ wahl@@ möglichkeiten mit sich bringt . +sie schie@@ ben die entscheidung auf -- schie@@ ben sie auf , selbst wenn es gegen ihr eigenes be@@ stes interesse geht . +sie treffen eher schle@@ cht@@ ere entscheidungen -- schle@@ cht@@ ere finanzi@@ elle und schle@@ cht@@ ere medizinische entscheidungen . +sie entscheiden sich eher für dinge , die sie selbst weniger zu@@ frieden stellen , selbst , wenn sie es obje@@ ktive besser machen . +der haupt@@ grund hier@@ für ist , dass wir es vielleicht geni@@ essen uns diese riesigen reg@@ ale voller may@@ on@@ a@@ ise , sen@@ f , essi@@ g und mar@@ mel@@ ade anzu@@ sehen , aber wir fa@@ kti@@ sch nicht die ver@@ gleiche und ab@@ gren@@ z@@ ungen ziehen können und dann tatsächlich etwas aus dem fanta@@ stischen ange@@ bot wählen können . +was ich ihnen also heute vor@@ schlagen möchte sind vier einfache techni@@ ken -- techni@@ ken , die wir auf verschiedene arten und an verschiedenen forschungs@@ orten ge@@ te@@ stet haben -- die sie einfach in ihrem geschäft anwenden können . +als erstes : beschrän@@ ken . +sie haben es vorher schon mal gehört , aber es war nie wahr@@ er als heute , dass weniger mehr ist . +die menschen sind immer be@@ un@@ ruhi@@ gt wenn ich sage , " beschrän@@ ken . " +sie machen sich immer sorgen , dass sie re@@ gal@@ fläche verlieren . +aber in wahrheit , sehen wir es immer mehr und mehr , dass wenn sie bereit sind sich zu beschrän@@ ken , und die un@@ wichtigen gleich@@ arti@@ gen möglichkeiten los werden , nun , dann gibt es einen an@@ stieg der verkauf@@ s@@ zahlen , es werden die kosten ges@@ en@@ kt , & amp ; und es gibt eine verbesser@@ ung der entschei@@ dungs@@ wahrnehmung . +als pro@@ ctor und gam@@ ble die verschiedenen head and shoul@@ ders arten von 26 auf 15 redu@@ zierte , erleb@@ ten sie einen an@@ stieg der verkauf@@ s@@ zahlen um 10 prozent . +als die golden c@@ at corpo@@ ration ihr 10 am schle@@ ch@@ testen verkauf@@ ten kat@@ zen@@ stre@@ us los@@ wurde , erleb@@ ten sie , dass die gewinn@@ e um 8@@ 7 prozent an@@ stie@@ gen -- ein ergebnis von bei@@ dem , dem an@@ stieg der verkauf@@ s@@ zahlen und der redu@@ zi@@ erung von kosten . +wissen sie , der durchschnittliche super@@ ma@@ kr@@ t heute , bietet ihnen 4@@ 5.000 produkte an . +ein typ@@ ischer wal@@ m@@ art bietet ihnen heute 10@@ 0.000 produkte an . +aber der ne@@ un@@ t@@ größte super@@ markt , der heute ne@@ un@@ t@@ größte super@@ markt der welt ist al@@ di , und sie bieten ihnen nur 1.@@ 400 produkte -- eine art von to@@ ma@@ ten@@ sau@@ ce in do@@ sen . +nun in der welt des spar@@ ens , ich glaube eines der besten beispiele , die kürzlich auf den markt gekommen sind , darüber wie man am besten die aus@@ wahl@@ möglichkeiten man@@ agt , war etwas , bei dem david la@@ ib@@ son sehr stark mit@@ gestal@@ tet hat , es ist ein programm , das bei harvard angeb@@ oten wird . +jeder einzelne harvard ange@@ stellte nimmt jetzt auto@@ matisch an einem lebens@@ zeit@@ f@@ ond teil . +den@@ jenigen , die wirklich eine aus@@ wahl treffen wollen , werden 20 f@@ on@@ ds angeb@@ oten , nicht 300 oder mehr f@@ on@@ ds . +wissen sie , wie die menschen oft sagen , " ich weiß nicht wie ich es beschrän@@ ken soll . +es sind alles wichtige möglichkeiten . " +und das erste was ich die ange@@ stellten frage ist , " sagen sie mir , wie die möglichkeiten sich von einander unterscheiden . +und wenn ihre ange@@ stellten sie nicht aus@@ einander@@ halten können , können es ihre kunden auch nicht . " +nun , bevor wir heute mit@@ tag angefangen haben , hatte ich ein gespräch mit g@@ ary . +und g@@ ary sagte , dass er bereit wäre allen menschen in diesem publikum einen all@@ -@@ in@@ klu@@ sive be@@ zahl@@ ten ur@@ lau@@ b zu der schön@@ sten straße der welt anzu@@ bieten . +hier ist eine beschrei@@ bung der straße . +und ich möchte ihnen die gerne vor@@ lesen . +und jetzt gebe ich ihnen ein paar sekunden um sie zu lesen und danach bitte ich sie zu kl@@ at@@ schen , wenn sie bereit sind g@@ ary ' s ange@@ bot an@@ zunehmen . +okay . jeder der bereit ist , g@@ ary ' s ange@@ bot an@@ zunehmen . +sind das alle ? +gut , lassen sie mich ihnen etwas mehr davon zeigen . +sie wussten , es war ein trick dabei , oder ? +nun , wer ist bereit für diese reise . +ich glaube , ich habe vielleicht mehr hände gehört . +gut . +tatsache ist , das sie obje@@ ktiv betrachtet , beim ersten mal mehr informationen hatten , als beim zweiten mal , aber ich würde es wagen zu raten , dass sie es beim zweiten mal re@@ aler emp@@ fanden . +denn die bilder li@@ essen es für sie re@@ aler emp@@ finden . +was mich zur zweiten technik bringt , die ihnen hilft mit dem problem der entschei@@ dungs@@ über@@ la@@ stung umzu@@ gehen , es ist die kon@@ kre@@ ti@@ si@@ erung . +es geht dabei darum , dass menschen , um den unterschied zwischen möglichkeiten zu verstehen , verstehen müssen , welche kon@@ sequenzen mit den einzelnen möglichkeiten as@@ sozi@@ iert sind , und das diese kon@@ sequenzen leb@@ haft und kon@@ kre@@ t gefü@@ hlt werden müssen . +warum geben menschen durchschnitt@@ lich 15 bis 30 prozent mehr aus , wenn sie eine ec@@ -@@ karte oder eine kre@@ di@@ t@@ karte benutzen , als bei bar@@ geld ? +weil es sich nicht wir wirk@@ liches geld an@@ fühlt . +und es stellt sich heraus , dass wenn man es schafft , dass etwas sich kon@@ kre@@ t an@@ fühlt , es ein sehr gutes werkzeug ist , damit man die menschen dazu bringt mehr zu sparen . +also haben wir in einer studie , die ich mit s@@ hl@@ om@@ o ben@@ ar@@ tz@@ i und al@@ ess@@ and@@ r@@ o previ@@ ter@@ o gemacht habe , wir haben eine studie mit den menschen bei ing gemacht -- ange@@ stellten , die alle für ing gearbeitet haben -- und diese menschen waren alle in einer ver@@ samm@@ lung in der sie ihre teil@@ nahme für ihre r@@ ent@@ en@@ spar@@ plan ange@@ mel@@ det haben . +und während dieser ver@@ samm@@ lung , wir haben diese ver@@ samm@@ lung genau so bel@@ assen wie sie immer war , nur haben wir eine klein@@ igkeit hinzu@@ gefü@@ gt . +die klein@@ igkeit , die wir hin@@ zu gefü@@ gt haben , war , dass wir die menschen gebeten haben , einfach an alle posi@@ tiven dinge zu denken , die in ihren leben passieren würden , wenn sie geld sparen würden . +in dem wir diese einfache sache taten , gab es einen an@@ stieg der teil@@ nahme um 20 prozent und es gab einen an@@ stieg der anzahl der menschen , die bereit waren zu sparen oder einen an@@ stieg um vier prozent beim betra@@ g , den sie bereit waren für das spar@@ kon@@ to zu zahlen . +die dritte technik : kat@@ eg@@ or@@ isi@@ erung . +wir können besser mit mehr kat@@ eg@@ orien als mit mehr aus@@ wahl@@ möglichkeiten umgehen . +hier ist zum beispiel , eine studie , die wir in einem zeit@@ schri@@ f@@ ten@@ gang gemacht haben . +es stellt sich heraus , dass es in den weg@@ man@@ s super@@ mär@@ kten oben und unten im nor@@ do@@ st bereich , vari@@ iert die anzahl zwischen 3@@ 3@@ 1 verschiedenen arten von zeit@@ schriften bis hoch zu 6@@ 6@@ 4 zeit@@ schriften hat . +aber wissen sie was ? +wenn ich ihnen 600 zeit@@ schriften zeige und sie in 10 kat@@ eg@@ orien auf@@ teile oder ich ihnen 400 zeit@@ schriften zeige , und diese in 20 kat@@ eg@@ orien auf@@ teile , dann glauben sie , dass ich ihnen mehr aus@@ wahl und eine bessere aus@@ wahl@@ erfahrung gegeben habe , als ich ihnen die 400 gegeben hätte gegenüber dem , wenn ich ihnen die 600 gegeben hätte . +denn die kat@@ eg@@ orien sagen mir , wie ich sie aus@@ einander halten kann . +hier sind zwei verschiedene schmu@@ ck@@ aus@@ lagen . +eine heißt " ja@@ zz " und die andere heißt " s@@ wing " . +wenn sie denken , dass die lin@@ ke an@@ zeige s@@ wing ist und die an@@ zeige rechts ja@@ zz ist , dann kl@@ at@@ schen sie in die hände . +okay , es gibt ein paar . +wenn sie denken , dass die auf der linken seite ja@@ zz ist und die , auf der rechten seite s@@ wing ist , dann kl@@ at@@ schen sie bitte . +okay , ein paar mehr . +nun , es stellt sich heraus , dass sie recht haben . +die auf der linken seite ist ja@@ zz und die auf der rechten ist s@@ wing , aber wissen sie was ? +dies ist ein hoch@@ gra@@ dig un@@ nütz@@ es kat@@ eg@@ or@@ isi@@ erungs@@ sch@@ em@@ a . +die kat@@ eg@@ orien müssen dem aus@@ wähl@@ er etwas sagen , nicht dem der die aus@@ wahl berei@@ t@@ stellt . +und dieses problem sehen sie oft , wenn sie sich die langen listen all dieser f@@ on@@ ds ansehen . +wen wollen sie eigentlich damit infor@@ mieren ? +meine vi@@ erte technik : voraus@@ setzung für komplexität . +es stellt sich heraus , dass wir in der tat mit mehr informationen umgehen können als wir denken , wir müssen sie nur ver@@ einfachen . +wir müssen die komplexität langsam stei@@ gern . +ich zeige ihnen ein beispiel dessen , was ich meine . +lassen sie uns eine sehr , sehr kompli@@ zierte entscheidung nehmen : den k@@ auf eines autos . +hier ist ein deut@@ scher auto@@ her@@ steller , der ihnen die möglichkeit bietet , ihr auto komplett selbst zu kon@@ figu@@ ri@@ eren . +sie müssen 6@@ 2 verschiedene entscheidungen treffen um ihr auto komplett zu entwerfen . +jetzt unterscheiden sich diese entscheidungen in der anzahl der aus@@ wahl@@ möglichkeiten , die sie pro entscheidung an@@ bieten . +auto@@ farben , außen@@ farbe des autos -- ich habe 5@@ 6 möglichkeiten . +mot@@ oren , ge@@ trie@@ be -- vier möglichkeiten . +was ich jetzt mache , ist , ich verän@@ dere die rei@@ hen@@ folge in der die entscheidungen erscheinen . +die hälfte der kunden geht wird von den vielen möglichkeiten , 5@@ 6 auto@@ farben zu den ger@@ ingen möglichkeiten , vier ge@@ trie@@ be . +die andere hälfte der kunden geht von den ger@@ ingen möglichkeiten , vier ge@@ trie@@ be , zu den 5@@ 6 auto@@ farben , viele möglichkeiten . +was schaue ich mir an ? +wie interessiert sie sind . +wenn sie dau@@ ern@@ d die standar@@ d@@ aus@@ wahl bei der entscheidung nutzen , heisst das , dass sie über@@ fordert werden , das hei@@ s@@ ste , ich ver@@ li@@ ere sie . +was sie herausfinden ist , dass die menschen , die von den vielen zu den ger@@ ingen aus@@ wahl@@ möglich@@ k@@ tei@@ ten gehen immer und immer wieder die standar@@ d@@ aus@@ wahl wählen . +wir verlieren sie . +gehen sie von den wenig aus@@ wahl@@ möglichkeiten zu den vielen , dann bleiben sie dabei . +es sind diesel@@ ben informationen . es ist die gleiche anzahl von möglichkeiten . +das einzige , was ich getan habe , ist die rei@@ hen@@ folge zu verändert in der diese information präsentiert wird . +wenn ich mit dem einfachen an@@ fan@@ ge , lern@@ e ich wie ich aus@@ wä@@ hle . +selbst obwohl das ge@@ trie@@ be aus@@ wählen , mir nichts über meine vor@@ lieben bei der innen@@ aus@@ stat@@ tung sagt , berei@@ tet es mich immer noch darauf vor auszu@@ wählen . +es ver@@ setzt mich auch in aufre@@ gung über das große produkt , das ich zusammen@@ stelle , und so bin ich bereit mich dazu motivi@@ eren zu lassen mit interesse dabei zu sein . +lassen sie mich zusammen@@ fassen . +ich habe ihnen von vier techni@@ ken erzählt , die das problem der entschei@@ dungs@@ über@@ la@@ stung mil@@ dern -- beschrän@@ ken -- werden sie die über@@ flüs@@ si@@ gen alterna@@ tiven los ; kon@@ kre@@ ti@@ sieren -- machen sie es real ; kat@@ eg@@ or@@ isi@@ eren -- wir können besser mit mehr kat@@ eg@@ orien , weniger möglichkeiten umgehen ; auf komplexität vorberei@@ ten . +jede dieser techni@@ ken , die ich ihnen heute beschrei@@ be ist dazu gedacht , ihnen zu helfen die möglichkeiten zu mana@@ gen -- gut für sie , sie können sie für sich selbst benutzen , gut für die menschen , denen sie service bieten . +denn ich glaube , dass der schlüssel zur best@@ möglichen aus@@ wahl ist , dass man bei der aus@@ wahl wähl@@ er@@ isch ist . +und je mehr wir beim aus@@ wählen wähl@@ er@@ isch sind , desto besser werden wir in der lage sein , die kunst der entscheidung zu üben . +vielen dank . +hi . ich bin kev@@ in allo@@ c@@ ca , tr@@ end@@ s-@@ man@@ ager bei youtube . beru@@ f@@ lich schaue ich mir you@@ tu@@ be@@ -@@ videos an . +das stimmt . +heute wollen wir darüber sprechen , wie videos vi@@ ral werden , und an@@ schließ@@ end , wes@@ halb das überhaupt wichtig ist . +wir alle wollen stars sein - berühm@@ thei@@ ten , s@@ än@@ ger , com@@ edi@@ ans - als ich j@@ ung war , schien das so un@@ endlich schwierig . +aber web@@ videos haben ermöglicht , dass wir alle oder alle unsere krea@@ tiven tä@@ ti@@ gkeiten wahn@@ sinni@@ g berü@@ hmt werden können in einem teil der kultur unserer welt . +jeder einzelne von euch könnte über das internet bis nächsten sam@@ stag berü@@ hmt sein . +aber bei youtube werden mehr als 4@@ 8 stunden video pro minute hoch@@ geladen . +davon wieder wird nur ein winzi@@ ger proz@@ ent@@ satz jemals vi@@ ral und wird tausende male an@@ gesch@@ aut und so zum kultur@@ ellen moment . +wie funktioniert das also ? +drei dinge : ta@@ ste@@ maker , teil@@ nah@@ me@@ communities und das un@@ erwar@@ tete . +na , dann wollen wir mal . +oh mein gott . oh mein gott . +oh mein gott ! +wo@@ ah ! +o@@ h@@ h@@ h@@ h@@ h , wo@@ w@@ w@@ w@@ w ! +letztes jahr sen@@ dete bear vas@@ que@@ z dieses video , das er vor seinem haus im yo@@ se@@ mi@@ te national@@ park ge@@ fil@@ mt hatte . +2010 war es 23 millionen mal an@@ gesch@@ aut worden . +diese grafik zeigt , wie es aus@@ sah , als das video letzten sommer zum ersten mal belie@@ bt wurde . +eigentlich wollte bear kein vir@@ ales video machen . +er wollte einfach nur einen regen@@ bogen teilen , +weil man das eben so macht , wenn man yo@@ se@@ mi@@ te mountain bear heißt . +er hatte jede menge natur@@ videos hoch@@ geladen . +und dieses video war tatsächlich bereits im janu@@ ar ges@@ endet worden . +was ist hier passiert ? +da kam j@@ im@@ my k@@ im@@ mel . +j@@ im@@ my k@@ im@@ mel sen@@ dete den t@@ we@@ et , der das video letzten endes so popul@@ ä@@ r machte . +denn ta@@ ste@@ maker wie j@@ im@@ my k@@ im@@ mel stellen uns neue und interessante dinge vor und zeigen sie einem großen publikum . +it ' s fri@@ day , fri@@ day . got@@ ta get down on fri@@ day . everybody ' s looking forward to the wee@@ k@@ end , wee@@ k@@ end . fri@@ day , fri@@ day . ge@@ t@@ tin ' down on fri@@ day . ihr hä@@ t@@ tet nicht gedacht , dass wir diese unterhaltung führen würden , ohne über dieses video zu sprechen , hoffe ich . +re@@ bec@@ ca bl@@ ac@@ ks " fri@@ day " ist eines der popul@@ är@@ sten videos des jahres . +es wurde dieses jahr fast 200 millionen mal an@@ gesch@@ aut . +so sah die grafik aus . +genau wie bei " double rain@@ bo@@ w " scheint es aus den nichts gekommen zu sein . +was ist an diesem tag geschehen ? +nun , es war frei@@ tag , das stimmt . +wenn ihr ' s wissen woll@@ t : diese anderen spit@@ zen sind auch frei@@ tage . +aber was ist mit diesem tag , diesem bestimmten frei@@ tag ? +nun , to@@ sh@@ .@@ 0 gab@@ elte es auf , viele blogs fingen an , darüber zu schreiben . +michael j@@ . nel@@ son vom myster@@ y science theater war einer ersten , die bei twitter darüber einen witz machte . +wichtig ist , dass eine einzel@@ person oder gruppe von ta@@ ste@@ makers einen stand@@ punkt ein@@ nahm , mit einem großen publikum teil@@ te und damit den prozess beschle@@ un@@ ig@@ te . +dann bil@@ dete sich diese gemeinschaft von leuten , die diesen großen insi@@ der@@ witz teil@@ ten , und an@@ fingen darüber zu reden und damit zu herum@@ zus@@ pi@@ el@@ en . +jetzt gibt es 10.000 par@@ o@@ di@@ en von " fri@@ day " bei youtube . +bereits in den ersten sieben tagen gab es eine par@@ o@@ die für jeden einzelnen wo@@ ch@@ ent@@ a@@ g . +anders als bei der ein@@ sei@@ tigen unterhaltung des 20. jahrhunderts ist die teil@@ nahme der gemeinschaft unser weg teil dieses phän@@ om@@ ens zu werden - entweder indem wir es verbreiten oder etwas neues daraus machen . +" n@@ y@@ an c@@ at " ist anima@@ tion und musik in end@@ los@@ schlei@@ fe . +das ist es , ganz einfach . +dieses jahr wurde es fast 50 millionen mal an@@ gesch@@ aut . +und wenn ihr das für verrückt hält , soll@@ tet ihr wissen , dass es davon eine drei@@ stun@@ den@@ version gibt , die vier millionen mal an@@ gesch@@ aut wurde . +sogar kat@@ zen schauen sich dieses video an . +kat@@ zen schauen sich kat@@ zen an , die sich dieses video anschauen . +wichtig ist , die kreativität , die in der internet@@ kultur der tech@@ ies und ge@@ e@@ ks herr@@ scht . +es gab re@@ mix@@ e . +jemand machte eine alt@@ mo@@ dische version davon . +und dann wurde es international . +eine gesamte re@@ mi@@ x-@@ gemeinde scho@@ ss aus dem boden , die es von einem du@@ mmen witz zu etwas machte , an dem wir alle teil@@ nehmen können . +heute finden wir nicht einfach gen@@ uss an etwas , wir machen mit . +wer hätte das alles vor@@ aussehen können ? +wer hätte " double rain@@ bo@@ w " oder re@@ bec@@ ca black oder " n@@ y@@ an c@@ at " voraus@@ sagen können ? +welche dre@@ h@@ bücher hä@@ t@@ tet ihr schreiben können , in denen sowas drin@@ steht ? +in einer welt , in der jede minute 2 tage video@@ material hoch@@ geladen wird , kann nur wirklich einzigarti@@ ges und un@@ erwar@@ te@@ tes hervor@@ ste@@ chen wie die erwä@@ hn@@ ten videos . +ich gebe zu , ich war nicht sonder@@ lich interessiert , als mir ein freund sagte , ich sol@@ le mir dieses großartige video ansehen , über einen kerl , der in new york gegen stra@@ f@@ z@@ et@@ tel für fahr@@ rä@@ der prote@@ sti@@ ert . +ich bekam ich einen stra@@ f@@ z@@ et@@ tel , weil ich nicht auf dem rad@@ weg gefahren bin , aber oft gibt es behinder@@ ungen die einen nicht an@@ ständig auf dem rad@@ weg fahren lassen . +da das völlig überrasch@@ end und hu@@ mor@@ voll war , wurde cas@@ ey nie@@ stat@@ s wi@@ tz@@ ige idee und sein argument 5 millionen mal an@@ gesch@@ aut . +dieser ansatz gilt für alles neue , was wir krea@@ tiv tun . +und das alles führt uns zu der einen großen frage ... +was bedeutet das ? +o@@ h@@ h@@ h@@ h . +was bedeutet das ? +ta@@ ste@@ maker , kre@@ ative teilneh@@ mer@@ gemeinden , völlig un@@ erwar@@ te@@ tes , sind die merk@@ male einer neuen art von medien und kultur , zu der jeder zugang hat und in der das publikum popul@@ ar@@ ität bestimmt . +wie gesagt , einer der derzeit größten stars – ju@@ stin bie@@ ber – machte seinen anfang bei youtube . +niemand muss e@@ uren ideen grün@@ es licht geben . +und heute fühlen wir uns alle auch als eigent@@ ü@@ mer unserer po@@ p@@ kultur . +und das sind nicht die merk@@ male der alten medien und sie treffen auch kaum auf die medien von heute zu , aber sie werden die unterhaltung der zukunft bestimmen . +vielen dank . +wie kann ich in zehn minuten über die verb@@ un@@ den@@ heit zwischen frauen über drei generationen sprechen , und wie die erstaunliche stärke dieser verb@@ un@@ den@@ heit sich im leben eines vier@@ jährigen mäd@@ ch@@ ens mani@@ festi@@ erte , als sie vor über 30 jahren mit ihrer kleinen schwester , ihrer mutter und ihrer großmutter fünf tage und nä@@ chte lang zusammenge@@ k@@ au@@ ert in einem kleinen boot im chines@@ ischen meer saß . eine verb@@ un@@ den@@ heit , die sich im leben dieses kleinen mäd@@ ch@@ ens fest ver@@ ank@@ erte und nie mehr versch@@ wand – dieses kleinen mäd@@ ch@@ ens , das nun in san francisco lebt und heute vor ihnen spricht ? +die geschichte ist noch nicht vorbei . +sie ist ein puzz@@ le , das noch zusammen@@ gesetzt wird . +ich möchte ihnen von einigen der puzz@@ le@@ stück@@ chen erzählen . +stellen sie sich das erste stück vor : ein mann , der sein lebens@@ werk ver@@ bren@@ nt . +er ist ein po@@ et , ein schrift@@ steller , ein mann , dessen ganzes leben von der einfachen hoffnung von einheit und freiheit seiner heim@@ at zusammen@@ gehalten wurde . +halten sie ihn sich beim ein@@ mar@@ sch der kommuni@@ sten in sa@@ ig@@ on vor augen , wie er sich einge@@ stehen muss , dass sein leben eine einzige versch@@ wen@@ dung gewesen war . +die worte , so lange seine freunde , spo@@ t@@ teten nun seiner . +er zog sich in die st@@ ille zurück . +er starb , gebro@@ chen durch die geschichte . +er ist mein groß@@ vater . +ich habe ihn nie persönlich ken@@ nen@@ gelernt . +aber unsere leben sind so viel mehr als unsere erinn@@ erungen . +meine großmutter hat mich nie sein leben vergessen lassen . +ich musste dafür sorgen , dass es nicht um@@ sonst gewesen war , und es war meine aufgabe , zu lernen , dass die geschichte durch@@ aus versuchte , uns zu zer@@ drücken , wir es aber über@@ standen . +das nächste puzz@@ le@@ teil zeigt , wie ein boot im frühen mor@@ gen@@ rot lei@@ se auf see aus@@ läuft . +meine mutter ma@@ i war 18 , als ihr vater starb – schon in einer ar@@ ran@@ gi@@ erten e@@ he , schon mit zwei kleinen mädchen . +für sie hatte das leben ihr eine aufgabe gestellt : die flu@@ cht ihrer familie und ein neues leben in australien . +es war völlig aus@@ geschlossen , dass sie dabei schei@@ tern könnte . +nach einer vier@@ jährigen und film@@ rei@@ fen sa@@ ga gli@@ tt ein boot still auf die see , als fis@@ cher@@ boot ge@@ tar@@ nt . +alle erwachsenen waren sich der risiken bewusst . +die größte angst hatten sie vor pir@@ aten , ver@@ gewal@@ tigung und tod . +wie die meisten erwachsenen auf dem boot trug meine mutter eine kleine gi@@ ft@@ fla@@ sche bei sich . +bei einer ge@@ fan@@ gen@@ nahme hätten erst meine schwester und ich , dann sie selbst und meine großmutter davon ge@@ tr@@ un@@ ken . +meine ersten erinn@@ erungen sind von diesem boot – das ste@@ tige tu@@ ck@@ ern des mot@@ ors , das kl@@ at@@ schen einer jeden welle auf den bu@@ g , der weite und le@@ ere horizon@@ t . +ich erinnere ich mich nicht an die pir@@ aten , die viele male kamen , aber sich von dem todes@@ mut der männer auf unserem boot täu@@ schen ließen , oder an den aus@@ fall des mot@@ ors , der sechs stunden nicht starten wollte . +aber ich erinnere mich an die lich@@ ter der öl@@ platt@@ form vor der mal@@ ay@@ sischen küste , und an den jungen mann , der zusammen@@ brach und starb , das ende der reise war zu viel für ihn , und an den geschma@@ ck des ersten ap@@ f@@ els , den mir einer der männer auf der platt@@ form gab . +kein ap@@ fel hat jemals wieder so gesch@@ me@@ ckt . +nach drei monaten in einem flü@@ cht@@ l@@ ing@@ sla@@ ger lan@@ deten wir in mel@@ b@@ our@@ ne . +und das nächste puzz@@ le@@ stück handelt von vier frauen in drei generationen , die sich zusammen ein neues leben aufbauen . +wir ließen uns in foot@@ sc@@ ray nie@@ der , einem von der arbei@@ ter@@ klasse be@@ wohn@@ ten vor@@ ort , dessen bevölkerung aus im@@ mi@@ gran@@ ten@@ schi@@ chten besteht . +anders als in den alt@@ ein@@ ges@@ essen@@ en mittel@@ klas@@ se@@ vor@@ orten , deren exi@@ stenz mir vollkommen un@@ bekannt war , gab es in foot@@ sc@@ ray kein an@@ spru@@ chs@@ denken . +die gerü@@ che aus den la@@ dent@@ ür@@ en kamen aus dem rest der welt . +und die fe@@ tzen gebro@@ ch@@ enen engli@@ sch@@ s wurden zwischen menschen ausge@@ tau@@ scht , die eine sache gemeinsam hatten : sie fingen neu an . +meine mutter arbeitete auf far@@ men , dann an einem flie@@ ß@@ band in einer auto@@ fabrik , sechs tage , dopp@@ elte schi@@ chten . +es gel@@ ang ihr irgendwie die zeit zu finden , sich englisch und it@@ -@@ quali@@ fi@@ ka@@ tionen anzu@@ eig@@ nen . +wir waren arm . +jeder dollar wurde zuge@@ teilt und wurde in weitere ausbildung für englisch und mathematik ge@@ steckt , egal , wor@@ auf wir dafür ver@@ zi@@ chten mussten . meistens waren das neue sachen , die kamen immer aus zwei@@ ter hand . +zwei paar str@@ ü@@ mp@@ fe für die schule , jedes , um die löcher im anderen zu ver@@ decken . +eine schul@@ uni@@ form bis zu den kn@@ ö@@ ch@@ eln , denn sie musste sechs jahre reichen . +und da waren die sel@@ ten@@ en aber schmer@@ z@@ ha@@ ften ch@@ ö@@ re von " schli@@ tz@@ auge " und hier und da wand@@ mal@@ er@@ ei@@ en : " asi@@ aten , geht nach hause . " +nach hause wohin ? +etwas ver@@ stei@@ fte sich in mir . +es gab ein treffen zur ver@@ s@@ öhn@@ ung und eine ruhi@@ ge stimme sagte : " ich werde dir aus dem weg gehen . " +meine mutter , meine schwester und ich schlie@@ fen im selben bett . +meine mutter war jede nacht er@@ schö@@ pft , doch wir erzähl@@ ten einander von unserem tag , und hörten den bewegungen unserer großmutter im haus zu . +meine mutter li@@ tt an alp@@ tr@@ äumen vom boot . +und es war meine aufgabe , jede nacht wa@@ ch zu bleiben , bis ihre alp@@ träume kamen , damit ich sie auf@@ we@@ cken konnte . +sie er@@ öff@@ nete ein computer@@ geschäft , machte dann eine ko@@ s@@ me@@ ti@@ ker@@ ausbildung und er@@ öff@@ nete noch ein geschäft . +und die frauen kam mit ihren geschichten über männer , die die veränderung nicht er@@ tru@@ gen , wü@@ tend und un@@ flexi@@ bel , und sor@@ gener@@ fü@@ ll@@ te kinder , ge@@ fangen zwischen zwei wel@@ ten . +dar@@ le@@ hen und spon@@ sor@@ en wurden ges@@ u@@ cht . +zentr@@ en wurden aufgebaut . +ich lebte in par@@ all@@ el@@ wel@@ ten . +in einer war ich der klas@@ sische asi@@ a@@ tische student , der uner@@ bit@@ t@@ liche an@@ forder@@ ungen an sich selbst stellte . +in der anderen war ich in un@@ sich@@ ere leben ver@@ wick@@ elt , die trag@@ ische nar@@ ben der gewalt tru@@ gen , des dro@@ gen@@ miss@@ brau@@ chs und der is@@ oli@@ erung . +aber so viele er@@ hielten über die jahre hilfe . +und wegen dieser hilfe wurde ich in meinem letzten jahr des ju@@ ra@@ studi@@ ums als junge austr@@ ali@@ erin des jahres aus@@ erwä@@ hlt . +und ich wurde von einem puzz@@ le@@ stück zum nächsten kat@@ ap@@ ul@@ tiert , und die rän@@ der pas@@ sten nicht zusammen . +tan le , anony@@ me be@@ wohn@@ erin von foot@@ sc@@ ray , war nun tan le , flü@@ cht@@ ling und soziale aktivi@@ stin , die zu vor@@ trä@@ gen an orte ein@@ geladen wurde , von denen sie nie gehört hatte , und in beh@@ aus@@ ungen , deren exi@@ stenz sie sich nie hätte vorstellen können . +ich war mit der e@@ ti@@ ket@@ te nicht vertraut . +ich wusste nicht , wie man das be@@ ste@@ ck verwendet . +ich wusste nicht , wie man über w@@ ein spricht . +ich wusste nicht , wie man über irgendetwas spricht . +ich wollte in die r@@ out@@ ine und die be@@ qu@@ em@@ lichkeit des lebens eines un@@ bekannten vor@@ or@@ ts zurück – eine großmutter , eine mutter und zwei tö@@ chter , die jeden ihrer tage so ab@@ sch@@ lossen wie seit zwan@@ zig jahren , indem sie einander die geschichten ihres tages erzähl@@ ten und ein@@ schlie@@ fen , wir drei immer noch im selben bett . +ich sagte meiner mutter , ich würde das nicht schaffen . +sie erinn@@ erte mich daran , dass ich nun so alt war wie sie damals , als wir das boot be@@ stie@@ gen hatten . +nein war nie eine möglichkeit gewesen . +" tu es einfach " , sagte sie . " und sei nicht , was du nicht bist . " +also sprach ich über ju@@ gen@@ dar@@ bei@@ ts@@ lo@@ sigkeit und ausbildung , und die ver@@ nach@@ lässi@@ gung der mar@@ g@@ in@@ alisi@@ erten und ent@@ rech@@ teten . +und je offen@@ er ich sprach , desto mehr sollte ich erzählen . +ich traf leute in allen lebens@@ lagen , so viele von ihnen taten das , was sie lieb@@ ten , lebten an den grenzen des möglichen . +und obwohl ich meinen abschluss hatte , erkannte ich , dass ich mich nicht mit einer karriere in j@@ ur@@ a ab@@ finden könnte . +es musste noch ein anderes puzz@@ le@@ stück geben . +und ich erkannte zur selben zeit , dass es okay ist , ein außen@@ sei@@ ter zu sein , ein neu@@ an@@ kö@@ mm@@ ling , neu im bild – und nicht nur okay , sondern etwas , wofür man dank@@ bar sein muss , vielleicht ein geschen@@ k des bo@@ ots . +denn da@@ zu@@ zu@@ gehören kann so leicht zum kol@@ la@@ ps der horizon@@ te führen , kann so leicht bedeuten , dass man die an@@ nahmen der umgebung akzep@@ tiert . +ich bin nun genü@@ gend aus meinem be@@ qu@@ em@@ lich@@ keits@@ bereich gegangen um zu wissen , dass , ja , die welt aus@@ einander@@ bri@@ cht , aber nicht so , wie man es be@@ für@@ chtet . +möglichkeiten , die nicht erlaubt gewesen wären , wurden aus@@ drück@@ lich ermu@@ tigt . +da gab es eine energie , einen uner@@ bit@@ tlichen optimis@@ mus , eine selts@@ ame mix@@ tur der de@@ mut und des wa@@ g@@ nis@@ ses . +also fol@@ gte ich meinem bau@@ ch@@ gefühl . +ich sam@@ mel@@ te ein kleines team von leuten um mich , für die die schu@@ bla@@ de " geht nicht " eine un@@ wider@@ steh@@ liche herausforderung dar@@ stellte . +ein jahr lang hatten wir keinen cent . +am ende eines jeden ta@@ gs ko@@ chte ich einen riesigen top@@ f su@@ ppe , den wir uns teil@@ ten . +wir arbeiteten bis sp@@ ät in die nacht . +die meisten unserer ideen waren verrückt , aber es waren ein paar bri@@ llan@@ te dabei , und wir schaff@@ ten den durch@@ bruch . +ich traf die entscheidung , in die usa zu ziehen , +nach nur einer reise dorthin . +mein bau@@ ch@@ gefühl wieder . +drei monate später war ich um@@ gezogen und das ab@@ ent@@ euer ging weiter . +bevor ich den vortrag ab@@ schlie@@ ße , möchte ich ihnen von meiner großmutter erzählen . +sie wuchs zu einer zeit auf , in der kon@@ fu@@ zi@@ an@@ ismus die soziale nor@@ m und der lok@@ ale mand@@ ar@@ in die wichtigste person war . +das leben hatte sich seit jahrhunder@@ ten nicht verändert . +ihr vater starb kurz nach ihrer geburt . +ihre mutter zog sie allein auf . +mit 17 wurde sie die zweite frau eines mand@@ ar@@ in , dessen mutter sie schlu@@ g . +ohne unterstützung ihres man@@ nes sor@@ gte sie für eine sen@@ sation , indem sie ihn vor geri@@ cht brachte und an@@ kl@@ ä@@ ger@@ in in ihrem eigenen fall war , und eine noch größere sen@@ sation , als sie gew@@ ann . +" geht nicht " er@@ wi@@ es sich als un@@ wahr . +ich du@@ schte gerade in einem hot@@ el@@ zimmer in sy@@ d@@ ney , als sie starb . 1@@ 000 km entfernt in mel@@ b@@ our@@ ne . +ich schaute durch die du@@ sch@@ tren@@ n@@ wand und sah sie auf der anderen seite stehen . +ich wusste , dass sie gekommen war , um sich zu verab@@ schieden . +meine mutter rief mich ein paar minuten danach an . +ein paar tage später gingen wir in einen budd@@ hi@@ stischen tem@@ pel in foot@@ sc@@ ray und sa@@ ßen um ihren sar@@ g . +wir erzähl@@ ten ihr geschichten und ver@@ sicher@@ ten ihr , dass wir noch bei ihr waren . +um mit@@ ter@@ nacht kam der mö@@ n@@ ch und sagte , er mü@@ sse den sar@@ g schließen . +meine mutter bat uns , ihre hand anzu@@ fassen . +sie fragte den mö@@ n@@ ch : " wieso ist ihre hand so warm und der rest von ihr ist so k@@ alt ? " +" weil sie sie seit heute morgen halten " , sagte er . +" sie haben sie nicht los@@ gelassen . " +wenn es in unserer familie ein band gibt , dann verl@@ äu@@ ft es durch die frauen . +sieht man , wer wir waren und wie das leben uns ge@@ for@@ mt hat , können wir nun sehen , dass die männer , die vielleicht in unser leben gekommen wären , uns in die qu@@ ere gekommen wären . +die nieder@@ lage wäre zu einfach gewesen . +jetzt hätte ich gern meine eigenen kinder , und ich denke noch an das boot . +wer würde sich jemals eines wün@@ schen ? +ja , ich habe angst vor privi@@ legi@@ en , vor lei@@ chtigkeit , vor ber@@ e@@ chti@@ g@@ ungs@@ an@@ spruch . +kann ich ihnen einen bu@@ g in ihrem leben geben , der mu@@ tig jeder welle tro@@ tzt , das un@@ bei@@ r@@ r@@ te , ste@@ tige tu@@ ck@@ ern des mot@@ ors , den weiten horizon@@ t , der nichts gar@@ anti@@ ert ? +ich weiß es nicht . +aber wenn ich dies geben könnte und sie sicher durch@@ bringen könnte , würde ich es tun . +außerdem ist t@@ ans mutter heute hier in der vi@@ erten oder fün@@ ften reihe . +ich bin hier , um meine fotogra@@ fie mit ihnen zu teilen . +ist es überhaupt fotogra@@ fie ? +denn das ist natürlich ein bild , das man mit seiner kamera nicht auf@@ nehmen kann . +trotzdem begann mein interesse an fotogra@@ fie , als ich meine erste digit@@ al@@ kamera er@@ hielt , im alter von 15 jahren . +ich kombin@@ ierte es mit meiner früh@@ eren vor@@ liebe für@@ s zeichnen , aber es war ein bisschen anders , denn beim benutzen der kamera war der prozess viel@@ mehr in der plan@@ ung . +und wenn man ein bild auf@@ nimmt mit einer kamera , endet der prozess , wenn man auf den aus@@ lö@@ ser drückt . +für mich schien es bei der fotogra@@ fie also eher darum zu gehen , am richtigen ort zur richtigen zeit zu sein . +ich glaub@@ te , jeder kön@@ ne das . +also wollte ich etwas anderes kreieren , etwas , bei dem der prozess beginnt , wenn der aus@@ lö@@ ser ge@@ drückt wird . +fotos wie dieses : eine bau@@ stelle entlang einer viel be@@ fahr@@ enen straße . +aber es hat eine un@@ erwar@@ tete wen@@ dung . +und be@@ hal@@ tet trotzdem eine reali@@ stische ebene . +oder fotos wie diese – dun@@ kel und far@@ ben@@ fro@@ h zu@@ gleich , aber alle mit dem gemein@@ samen ziel , eine reali@@ stische ebene zu behalten . +wenn ich realität sage , meine ich fot@@ o-@@ realität . +denn , natürlich , ist sie nicht etwas , das man wirklich ein@@ fangen kann , aber ich möchte es immer so aussehen lassen , als ob sie das hätte können , auf einem foto . +fotos , bei denen man einen kurzen moment nachdenken muss , um den trick herauszufinden . +es geht also eher darum , eine idee einzu@@ fangen , als wirklich einen moment . +was aber ist der trick , der es reali@@ stisch aussehen lässt ? +geht es dabei um die details oder die farben ? +geht es um das licht ? +was krei@@ ert die illusion ? +manchmal ist die perspektive die illusion . +letzten endes aber geht es darum , wie wir die welt interpre@@ tieren , und wie sie auf einer zwei@@ dimension@@ alen fläche greif@@ bar gemacht werden kann . +es geht nicht darum , was reali@@ stisch ist , sondern was wir für reali@@ stisch halten . +ich glaube also , die grund@@ lagen sind sehr einfach . +ich sehe sie als ein puzz@@ le der realität , bei dem man verschiedene stücke nehmen und zusammen@@ setzen kann , um eine alternative realität zu kreieren . +und lassen sie mich ihnen ein einfaches beispiel zeigen . +wir haben hier drei perfekt vorstell@@ bare phy@@ sische objekte , mit denen wir uns alle identi@@ fizieren können in einer drei@@ dimension@@ alen welt . +aber in einer bestimmten art miteinander kombin@@ iert , können sie etwas kreieren , das immer noch drei@@ dimensional aussieht , als ob es existieren könnte . +aber gleichzeitig wissen wir , dass das nicht möglich ist . +wir über@@ listen also unsere gehirne , denn unser gehirn akzep@@ tiert ganz einfach nicht , dass es nicht wirklich sinn macht . +und ich sehe den@@ selben prozess im kombin@@ ieren von fotos . +es geht wirklich nur darum , verschiedene real@@ itäten zu kombin@@ ieren . +die dinge also , die ein bild reali@@ stisch aussehen lassen , ich glaube es sind die dinge , über die wir nicht nachdenken , die dinge um uns herum in unserem all@@ tag . +wenn wir aber fotos kombin@@ ieren , ist es wirklich wichtig , daran zu denken , denn sonst sehen sie einfach irgendwie falsch aus . +ich würde also sagen , dass es drei einfache regeln zu be@@ folgen gibt , um ein reali@@ st@@ isches resultat zu erreichen . +wie sie sehen können , sind das keine drei besonder@@ en bilder . +kombin@@ iert aber können sie etwas besonder@@ es wie das hier kreieren . +die erste regel also lautet , dass kombin@@ ierte fotos dieselbe perspektive haben sollten . +zweitens sollten kombin@@ ierte fotos dieselbe bele@@ u@@ cht@@ ungs@@ art haben . +und diese zwei bilder erfü@@ llen diese beiden an@@ forder@@ ungen – aus der selben höhe gesch@@ o@@ ssen und die gleiche bele@@ u@@ cht@@ ungs@@ art . +dritt@@ ens geht es darum , es unmöglich zu machen zu unterscheiden , wo die einzelnen bilder beginnen und enden , indem man sie nah@@ t@@ los verbindet . +macht es unmöglich zu sagen , wie das foto eigentlich zusammen@@ gesetzt wurde . +indem man also farbe , kon@@ tr@@ ast und hel@@ li@@ gkeit an den r@@ ändern den einzelnen bildern an@@ glei@@ cht , fotogra@@ fische män@@ gel addi@@ ert , wie fel@@ d@@ tiefe , ent@@ sä@@ t@@ tigte farben und stör@@ ungen , ver@@ wi@@ schen wir die grenzen zwischen den verschiedenen bildern und lassen sie wie ein einzel@@ nes foto aussehen , obwohl ein bild grundsätzlich hunderte von ebenen enth@@ alten kann . +hier ist ein anderes beispiel . +man mag denken , dass das nur ein land@@ schafts@@ bild ist , und der un@@ tere teil manipu@@ liert wurde . +dieses bild ist aber in wirklichkeit komplett zusammen@@ gesetzt , aus fotos von verschiedenen orten . +ich persönlich fin@@ de@@ . dass es einfacher ist , einen ort zu kreieren , als einen ort zu finden , denn man muss keine kom@@ promis@@ se ein@@ gehen mit den ideen in seinem kopf . +aber es er@@ fordert viel plan@@ ung . +und als ich diese idee im winter hatte , wusste ich , dass ich mehrere monate br@@ äu@@ chte , um sie zu plan@@ en , die verschiedenen orte zu finden für die stücke des puzz@@ les . +zum beispiel war der fisch auf einem an@@ gl@@ er@@ aus@@ flug aufgenommen worden . +das u@@ fer stammt von einem anderen ort . +der unter@@ wasser@@ -@@ teil stammt aus einem stein@@ bruch . +und ja , ich habe sogar das haus oben auf der insel rot um@@ gefä@@ r@@ bt , um es schwe@@ dis@@ cher aussehen zu lassen . +um ein reali@@ st@@ isches resultat zu erreichen , läuft es von mir aus gesehen also auf plan@@ ung hinaus . +ich beginn@@ e immer mit einem sk@@ et@@ ch , einer idee . +danach geht es um die kombination der verschiedenen bilder . +und hier ist jedes stück sehr gut ge@@ plant . +und wenn man dann gute aufnahmen macht , kann das resultat ziemlich schön sein , und auch ziemlich reali@@ stisch . +es sind also alle werkzeuge vorhanden , und die einzige sache , die uns li@@ mi@@ tiert , ist unsere vorstell@@ ungskraft . +vielen dank . +ich würde mich mit ihnen gerne darüber unter@@ halten , warum so viele elektron@@ ische gesundheits@@ -@@ projekte fehl@@ schlagen . +und ich denke , dass der wichtigste punkt dabei ist , dass wir auf@@ gehört haben , mit unseren patienten zu reden . +und eines der dinge , die wir an der rad@@ b@@ ou@@ d-@@ universität einge@@ führt haben , war , einen haup@@ t-@@ zu@@ hör@@ er anzu@@ stellen . +dabei geht sie nicht besonders wissenschaft@@ lich vor – sie stellt eine tas@@ se kaffee oder tee hin und fragt die patienten , familien , verwand@@ ten , " wie geht ' s ? +wie können wir euch helfen ? " +und wir denken , wir wollen denken , dass dies eines der haupt@@ probleme ist , warum alle – vielleicht nur die meisten der elektron@@ ischen gesundheits@@ -@@ projekte fehl@@ schlagen : weil wir auf@@ gehört haben zu@@ zuhören . +das hier ist meine w@@ lan@@ -@@ wa@@ age . ein sehr einfaches ding . +sie hat einen kno@@ pf , an / aus . +und jeden morgen spr@@ inge ich darauf . +und ja , ich habe eine aufgabe , wie sie vielleicht erkennen . +ich habe meine aufgabe bei 95 k@@ g an@@ gesetzt . +es funktioniert ganz einfach : jedes mal , wenn ich auf die wa@@ age spr@@ inge , schi@@ ckt sie meine daten auch an google health . +und dort werden sie auch von meinem all@@ gemein@@ arzt ab@@ geru@@ fen , damit er erkennen kann , wo mein gewi@@ cht@@ spro@@ ble@@ m liegt , und zwar nicht nur in dem moment , in dem ich kar@@ di@@ ologische unterstützung oder so brauche , sondern auch mit einem blick in die vergangenheit . +es gibt aber noch etwas . +vielleicht ist ihnen das bekannt , ich habe über 4@@ .000 follo@@ wer auf twitter . +also jeden morgen spr@@ inge ich auf meine w@@ lan@@ -@@ wa@@ age und die leute reden schon mit mir , bevor ich im auto si@@ tze : " zum mitta@@ gessen lieber nur ein kleiner sal@@ at heute , lu@@ ci@@ en . " +aber das ist das net@@ teste , was passieren kann , weil dies der grupp@@ en@@ zwan@@ g ist , grupp@@ en@@ zwan@@ g , um patienten zu helfen , denn das könnte gegen fett@@ lei@@ bi@@ gkeit eingesetzt werden , oder es könnte patienten das rau@@ chen ab@@ gew@@ ö@@ hnen . +es könnte aber auch dazu verwendet werden , die menschen aus ihren stü@@ hlen zu kriegen , und sie dazu zu bringen , gemeinsam irgend@@ eine art spiel zu spielen , um ihre gesundheit besser zu kontrollieren . +ab näch@@ ster woche kommt das auf den markt . +es wird dieses kleine blut@@ druck@@ -@@ mess@@ gerät geben , das man an ein iphone oder so an@@ schlie@@ ßt . +und es wird den menschen ermöglichen , von zuhause ihren blut@@ druck zu messen , ihn an ihren arzt zu schicken und ihn beispielsweise mit anderen zu teilen , für etwas mehr als 100 dollar . +an diesem punkt kommen die patienten ins spiel . sie können nicht nur wieder die kontrolle übernehmen , kapit@@ ä@@ n auf ihrem eigenen schiff sein , sondern können uns auch beim gesundheitswesen helfen an@@ gesi@@ chts der herausforderungen , die vor uns liegen , sowie die kosten@@ explosion des gesundheits@@ wes@@ ens , dopp@@ elte nach@@ frage , und so weiter . +machen sie methoden , die leicht zu verwenden sind und fangen sie mit dieser an , patienten im team zu um@@ armen . +und das können sie durch solche methoden erreichen , aber auch durch crow@@ d@@ sour@@ cing . +und eines der dinge , die wir gemacht haben , möchte ich mit ihnen durch ein kur@@ zes video teilen . +wir haben alle navi@@ ga@@ tions@@ systeme in unseren autos . +vielleicht sogar in unseren hand@@ ys . +wir wissen ganz genau , wo sich alle geld@@ auto@@ ma@@ ten um ma@@ a@@ stri@@ cht herum befinden . +wir wissen noch eins , wo alle t@@ ank@@ stellen liegen . +und klar , wir können fa@@ st@@ fo@@ o@@ d-@@ ket@@ ten finden . +aber wo wäre der nächste a@@ ed , um diesem patienten zu helfen ? +wir haben herum@@ gefragt , und niemand wusste es . +niemand wusste , wo der nächste lebens@@ rett@@ ende a@@ ed in diesem moment zu finden war . +also , was taten wir ? wir haben crow@@ d@@ sour@@ cing in den nieder@@ landen durchgeführt . +wir haben eine inter@@ ne@@ ts@@ ei@@ te er@@ richtet und eine menschen@@ masse gefragt , " wenn sie einen a@@ ed sehen , bitte teilen sie uns mit , wo er ist , wann er auf hat , " denn manchmal ist er während geschäfts@@ zeiten geschlossen , natürlich . +und über 10.000 a@@ e@@ ds wurden schon in den nieder@@ landen ge@@ mel@@ det . +der nächste schritt war , die app@@ s dafür zu finden . +und wir haben eine i@@ pa@@ d-@@ ap@@ p gestal@@ tet . +wir haben eine ap@@ p für la@@ y@@ ar entwickelt , erweiter@@ te realität , um diese a@@ e@@ ds zu finden . +und falls sie in einer stadt wie ma@@ a@@ stri@@ cht sind und jemand zusammen@@ bri@@ cht , können sie ihr iphone benutzen , und innerhalb der nächsten wochen auch ihr micro@@ soft@@ -@@ handy , um den nächsten a@@ ed zu finden , der leben retten kann . +und ab heute möchten wir dies nicht nur als a@@ ed@@ 4@@ u , wie das produkt sich nennt , sondern auch als a@@ ed@@ 4@@ us ein@@ führen . +und wir möchten dies auf eine welt@@ weite ebene bringen . +und wir bitten unsere kollegen auf der ganzen welt , von anderen universi@@ täten , darum , uns dabei zu helfen , sich wie k@@ not@@ en@@ punkte zu verhalten , um diese a@@ e@@ ds auf der ganzen welt zu crow@@ d@@ sour@@ cen . +und wenn sie in ur@@ lau@@ b sind und jemand zusammen@@ bri@@ cht , sei es ihre eigene verwand@@ t@@ schaft oder irgend@@ jemand anders , können sie so einen a@@ ed finden . +das andere ding , wor@@ um wir bitten möchten , ist dass firmen auf der ganzen welt uns bei der bestä@@ tigung dieser a@@ e@@ ds helfen . +diese könnten ku@@ ri@@ er@@ dien@@ ste sein , oder techni@@ ker zum beispiel , nur um sicher@@ zustellen , dass der ge@@ mel@@ dete a@@ ed sich immer noch an seiner stelle befindet . +bitte helfen sie uns dabei und versuchen sie , die gesundheit nicht nur etwas zu verbessern , sondern in die hand zu nehmen . +vielen dank . +heute werde ich von un@@ erwar@@ teten entdeck@@ ungen berichten . +ich arbeite in der solar@@ technologi@@ e-@@ bran@@ che . +und mein kleines star@@ tu@@ p möchte , dass wir uns zum umwelt@@ schutz zw@@ ingen , indem es ... +... es dem crow@@ d@@ sour@@ cing be@@ a@@ chtung schen@@ kt . +hier ist ein kur@@ zes video über das , was wir tun . +oh . einen moment . +es dauert vielleicht , bis es geladen ist . +nun – wir können das einfach über@@ springen – ich werde stattdessen einfach das video über@@ springen ... +nein . +das ist nicht ... +okay . +solar@@ technologie ist ... +oh , meine zeit ist schon vorbei ? +okay . vielen dank . +also vor ein paar jahren habe ich ein programm ge@@ star@@ tet um die stars in technik und design dazu zu bekommen , ein jahr aus@@ zeit zu nehmen und in einer umgebung zu arbeiten , die so ziemlich alles dar@@ stellt , was sie eigentlich has@@ sen , wir haben sie in der regierung arbeiten lassen . +das programm heißt " code for america " und es ist ein bisschen wie das frieden@@ sc@@ or@@ ps für computer@@ fre@@ a@@ ks . +wir wählen jedes jahr einige fel@@ lo@@ ws aus und wir lassen sie mit stad@@ t@@ verwal@@ tungen arbeiten . +anstatt sie in die dritte welt zu schicken , schicken wir sie in ra@@ th@@ ä@@ user . +und dort entwickelten sie tolle app@@ s , arbeiteten mit städ@@ tischen mit@@ arbei@@ tern . +aber was sie wirklich tun , ist zu zeigen , was heute mit technologie möglich ist . +also treffen sie al . +al ist ein hy@@ dr@@ ant in der stadt boston . +hier sieht es aus , als ob er nach einem date sucht , aber was er wirklich sucht , ist jemand , der ihn frei@@ sch@@ auf@@ elt , wenn er ein@@ gesch@@ n@@ eit ist , weil er weiß , er ist nicht sehr gut in der brand@@ be@@ kämp@@ fung wenn er von einem meter sch@@ nee zuge@@ deckt ist . +wie kam er dazu , auf diese besondere art nach hilfe zu suchen ? +wir hatten letztes jahr ein team von fel@@ lo@@ ws in boston im zu@@ ge das " code for america " program@@ ms . +sie waren dort im febru@@ ar , und es hat letzten febru@@ ar viel gesch@@ n@@ eit . +und sie mer@@ kten , dass die stadt nie diese hy@@ dr@@ anten frei sch@@ auf@@ elt . +aber ein bestimm@@ ter fellow , ein mann namens er@@ ik micha@@ el@@ s-@@ ob@@ er , bemer@@ kte noch etwas anderes und das war , dass die be@@ wohner die bürger@@ stei@@ ge frei sch@@ auf@@ elten , direkt vor diesen teilen . +also tat er , was jeder gute entwick@@ ler tun würde , er schrieb eine ap@@ p . +es ist eine ne@@ tte kleine ap@@ p , wo man einen hy@@ dr@@ anten adop@@ tieren kann . +du stimm@@ st zu ihn frei zu sch@@ auf@@ eln , wenn es schn@@ eit . +wenn du das mach@@ st , kannst du ihm einen namen geben , und er nannte den ersten al . +wenn du das nicht mach@@ st , kann ihn dir jemand weg@@ nehmen . +also gibt es eine ne@@ tte kleine spiel@@ dynam@@ ik . +dies ist eine beschei@@ dene kleine ap@@ p . +es ist wahrscheinlich die klein@@ ste der 21 app@@ s , die die fel@@ lo@@ ws im letzten jahr geschrieben haben . +aber sie tut etwas , was keine andere regi@@ er@@ ung@@ stech@@ n@@ ologie tut . +sie brei@@ tet sich ras@@ ant aus . +da ist dieser kerl in der i@@ .@@ t@@ . ab@@ teilung der stadt hon@@ ol@@ ul@@ u , der gesehen hat , dass er diese ap@@ p verwenden könnte , nicht für sch@@ nee , sondern , damit die bürger tsun@@ am@@ i@@ -@@ si@@ r@@ enen adop@@ tieren . +es ist sehr wichtig , dass diese tsun@@ am@@ i@@ -@@ si@@ r@@ enen funktionieren , aber die leute ste@@ hlen die bat@@ teri@@ en . +so bekam er die bürger dazu , sie zu überprü@@ fen . +und dann beschloss se@@ attle , die ap@@ p zu benutzen , um die bürger dazu zu bekommen die ver@@ stop@@ ften gul@@ l@@ ys zu r@@ einigen . +und chicago hat sie gerade einge@@ führt , damit die leute die bu@@ er@@ ger@@ stei@@ ge frei@@ sch@@ auf@@ eln , wenn es schn@@ eit . +wir kennen nun neun städte , die plan@@ en , diese ap@@ p zu nutzen . +und sie hat sich rei@@ b@@ ungs@@ los verbreitet , organ@@ isch , natürlich . +wenn du etwas über regi@@ er@@ ung@@ stech@@ n@@ ologie weißt , weißt du , dass es normalerweise nicht so läuft . +die besch@@ aff@@ ung von software dauert in der regel ein paar jahre . +wir hatten ein team , das letztes jahr an einem projekt in boston arbeitete , für das drei leute zwei@@ einhalb monate brauchten . +es ging um eine methode , mit der eltern herausfinden können , welche die richtigen öffentlichen schulen für ihre kinder sind . +uns wurde später erzählt , dass wenn es über die normalen kan@@ ä@@ le gehen würde , es über zwei jahren ge@@ dauert hätte und es hätte über zwei millionen dollar ge@@ kostet . +und das ist noch gar nichts . +es gibt momentan ein projekt in der kalifor@@ n@@ ischen justi@@ z , das die steu@@ er@@ zahl@@ er bisher zwei milliarden dollar ge@@ kostet hat , und es funktioniert nicht . +und es gibt projekte wie dieses auf jeder ebene der regierung . +also eine ap@@ p , die in ein paar tagen geschrieben ist , und sich dann von sel@@ bt aus@@ brei@@ tet , ist eine art sch@@ uss vor den bu@@ g auf die institution der regierung . +sie zeigt , wie die regierung besser arbeiten könnte -- nicht mehr wie ein priv@@ ates unternehmen , wie viele leute denken , dass sie sollte . +und nicht einmal wie ein techni@@ k-@@ unternehmen , sondern eher wie das internet selbst . +und das bedeutet freien zu@@ griff , das bedeutet offen und produ@@ ktiv . +und das ist wichtig . +aber wichtiger an dieser ap@@ p ist , dass sie eine neue generation re@@ präsentiert , die das problem der regierung an@@ pac@@ kt -- nicht als das problem einer verk@@ nö@@ cher@@ ten institution , sondern als ein problem des kolle@@ ktiven hand@@ el@@ ns . +und das ist eine sehr gute neu@@ igkeit , denn es zeigt sich , dass wir sehr gut sind im kolle@@ ktiven handeln mit digit@@ aler technik . +jetzt gibt es eine große gemeinde von leuten , die die hilfs@@ mittel herstellen , die wir brauchen , um dinge effektiv gemeinsam anzu@@ pac@@ ken . +es ist nicht nur " code for america " fel@@ lo@@ ws , es gibt hunderte von menschen im ganzen land , die auf@@ stehen und regi@@ erungs@@ -@@ app@@ s schreiben , jeden tag in ihren eigenen gemeinden . +sie haben die regierung nicht aufge@@ geben . +sie sie sind für@@ chter@@ lich fru@@ stri@@ ert mit ihr , aber sie besch@@ weren sich nicht darüber , sie repar@@ ieren sie . +und diese leute wissen etwas , was wir aus den augen verloren haben . +und das ist dann , wenn du alle deine gefühle über politik und die sch@@ lange beim arbeits@@ am@@ t und all die anderen dinge verg@@ is@@ st , über die wir uns wirklich aufre@@ gen , ist regierung , im kern , in den worten von tim o ' rei@@ l@@ ly , " was wir gemeinsam tun , das wir nicht allein tun können . " +heute hat eine menge leute die regierung aufge@@ geben . +und wenn du einer jen@@ er menschen bist , bitte ich dich , dass du darüber nach@@ denk@@ st , weil sich die dinge ändern . +die politik ändert sich nicht ; die regierung ist im wandel . +und weil die regierung letz@@ tlich ihre kraft aus uns schö@@ pft -- erinn@@ er dich an : " wir das volk ? " -- wie wir darüber denken , wird beeinflussen , wie dieser wandel geschieht . +ich wusste nicht sehr viel über regierung , als ich dieses programm star@@ tete . +und wie viele leute , dachte ich dass es bei der regierung hauptsächlich darum geht leute in ein am@@ t zu wählen . +nun nach zwei jahren , bin ich zu dem schluss gekommen , dass es vor allem bei komm@@ un@@ en , um beu@@ tel@@ rat@@ ten geht . +das ist das call@@ -@@ center für service und information . +dort komm@@ st du üb@@ licherweise raus , wenn du in d@@ einer stadt 3@@ 11 an@@ ru@@ f@@ st . +wenn du jemals die chance haben soll@@ test , in d@@ einem städ@@ ti@@ sches call@@ -@@ center zu arbeiten , wie unser fellow scot@@ t sil@@ ver@@ man als teil des program@@ ms -- in der tat , tun sie das alle -- wirst du sehen , dass die leute , die regierung wegen viel@@ er verschiedenen probleme an@@ rufen , in@@ klu@@ sive , dass eine beu@@ tel@@ rat@@ te in ihrem haus steckt . +scot@@ t bekommt also diesen an@@ fru@@ f . +er ti@@ ppt " beu@@ tel@@ rat@@ te " in die offi@@ zi@@ elle daten@@ bank . +und er hat nicht wirklich eine idee . er fängt mit dem tier@@ fän@@ ger an . +und schließlich sagt er : " schauen sie , können sie einfach alle tür@@ en in ihrem haus öffnen und sehr lau@@ te musik spielen und sehen , ob das vie@@ h ab@@ haut ? " +und das funktion@@ ierte . appl@@ aus für scot@@ t . +aber das war nicht das ende der beu@@ tel@@ rat@@ ten . +boston hat nicht nur ein call@@ -@@ center . +es hat eine ap@@ p , eine web@@ - und hand@@ y-@@ ap@@ p , namens " citizens connect " . +wir haben diese ap@@ p nicht geschrieben . +das ist die arbeit sehr klu@@ ger leute im büro der " new urban mechan@@ ics " in boston . +eines tages -- das ist ein tats@@ äch@@ licher beri@@ cht - kam dies rein : " beu@@ tel@@ rat@@ te in meiner mü@@ ll@@ ton@@ ne . kann nicht sagen , ob sie tot ist . +wie be@@ komme ich sie entfernt ? " +aber was mit " citizens connect " passiert ist anders . +scot@@ t unter@@ hielt sich von mensch zu mensch . +aber auf " citizens connect " ist alles öff@@ entlich , so dass jeder es sehen kann . +und in diesem fall , sah es ein nach@@ bar . +und der nächste ein@@ trag , den wir bekommen haben lau@@ tete , " ich ging dort hin@@ über , fand die mü@@ ll@@ ton@@ ne hinter dem haus . +beu@@ tel@@ rat@@ te ? ja . leben@@ dig ? y@@ ap . +dre@@ hte die mü@@ ll@@ ton@@ ne auf die seite . ging nach hause . +gute nacht , sü@@ ße beu@@ tel@@ rat@@ te . " +ziemlich einfach . +das ist großartig . hier trifft das digitale das phy@@ sische . +und es ist auch ein gutes beispiel , wie die regierung in das crow@@ d@@ sour@@ cing zu bekommen ist . +aber es ist auch ein großarti@@ ges beispiel der regierung als platt@@ form . +und ich meine hier nicht unbedingt eine techn@@ ische definition der platt@@ form . +ich spreche eher über eine platt@@ form für menschen , sich selbst zu helfen und um anderen zu helfen . +ein bürger half einem anderen bürger , aber die regierung spielte hier eine zentr@@ ale rolle . +sie verb@@ and diese beiden menschen . +und man hätte sie sie mit staat@@ lichen leistungen verbinden können , wenn diese benötigt worden wären , aber ein nach@@ bar ist eine weit bessere und billi@@ gere alternative zu staat@@ lichen dienst@@ leistungen . +wenn ein nach@@ bar dem anderen hilft , stärken wir unsere gemeinden . +rufen wir den tier@@ fän@@ ger , kostet es eine menge geld . +eines der wichtigsten dinge ist , dass wir daran denken müssen , ist dass regierung nicht dasselbe ist wie politik . +und die meisten menschen verstehen das aber sie glauben , das eine sei der input des anderen . +dass unser bei@@ trag zum system das wählen ist . +wie oft haben wir einen politischen führer gewä@@ hlt -- und manchmal haben wir eine menge energie ver@@ braucht , um einen neuen politischen führer zu wählen - und dann le@@ hnen wir uns zurück und wir erwarten , dass die regierung , unsere werte wider@@ spiegel@@ t und unsere bedürfnisse erfü@@ llt , und dann hat sich nicht viel verändert ? +das ist , weil die regierung wie ein weiter ozean ist und politik das sind die ober@@ sten 15@@ c@@ m . +und was darunter ist , ist das , was wir büro@@ kratie nennen . +und wir benutzen dieses wort mit solcher ver@@ a@@ chtung . +aber es ist diese ver@@ a@@ chtung , die diese sache , die wir besitzen , und für die wir bezahlen , etwas sein lässt , das gegen uns arbeitet , etwas anderes , und dann ent@@ machten wir uns selbst . +die leute scheinen zu denken , politik ist sex@@ y . +wenn wir wollen , dass diese institution für uns arbeitet , müssen wir büro@@ kratie sex@@ y machen . +weil das ist , wo die eigent@@ liche regi@@ erungs@@ arbeit statt@@ findet . +wir müssen uns auf die masch@@ in@@ er@@ ie der regierung ein@@ lassen . +also die occu@@ py@@ thes@@ ec@@ -@@ bewegung hat es getan . +habt ihr diese jungs gesehen ? +es ist eine gruppe besor@@ g@@ ter bürger , die einen sehr deta@@ il@@ li@@ erten 3@@ 25@@ -@@ sei@@ tigen beri@@ cht geschrieben hat , der eine antwort auf das sec@@ -@@ mem@@ o über die gesetz@@ es@@ vor@@ lage zur finanz@@ -@@ re@@ form ist . +das ist nicht politi@@ sch aktiv sein , das ist büro@@ kra@@ tisch aktiv sein . +nun , für diejenigen von uns , die die regierung aufge@@ geben haben , ist es zeit , dass wir darüber nachdenken , über die welt , die wir unseren kinder hinter@@ lassen wollen . +du musst dir die enor@@ men herausforderungen vorstellen denen sie sich stellen müssen . +glauben wir wirklich , dass wir erreichen , was wir erreichen müssen , ohne die eine institution zu verbessern , die im namen von uns allen handeln kann ? +eine regierung ist absolut notwendig , aber die muss effizi@@ enter werden . +die gute nachricht ist , dass technologie es möglich macht , die funktion der regierung grundle@@ gend umzu@@ deu@@ ten in einer weise , die tatsächlich etwas erreichen kann indem sie die gesellschaft stär@@ kt . +und es gibt eine generation gibt , die mit@@ dem internet aufge@@ wachsen ist , und die weiß , dass es nicht so schwer ist , dinge gemeinsam zu tun , man muss die nur richtig systeme bauen . +nun das durchschnitt@@ sal@@ ter unserer fel@@ lo@@ ws ist 28 , also bin ich , leider , fast eine generation älter als die meisten von ihnen . +dies ist eine generation , die damit aufge@@ wachsen ist , ihre stimme als selbstverständlich zu sehen . +sie kämpfen nicht diesen kampf , den wir alle kämpfen , darum , wer sprechen darf ; sie alle dürfen sprechen . +sie können ihre meinung äuß@@ ern , auf jedem kan@@ al zu jeder zeit , und sie tun es . +also , wenn sie mit dem problem der regierung konfron@@ tiert werden , kümmern sie sich nicht so sehr darum , ihre stimmen zu benutzen . +sie benutzen ihre hände . +sie benutzen ihre hände , um anwen@@ dungen zu schreiben , die die arbeit der regierung verbessert . +und diese app@@ s lassen uns unsere hände benutzen , um unsere gemeinden zu verbessern . +das könnte sein , einen hy@@ dr@@ anten frei@@ zu@@ sch@@ auf@@ eln , un@@ kr@@ aut zu jä@@ ten , einen mü@@ l@@ lei@@ mer mit einer beu@@ tel@@ rat@@ te umzu@@ drehen . +und sicher , hätten wir diese diese hy@@ dr@@ anten die ganze zeit frei@@ sch@@ auf@@ eln können , und viele menschen tun das . +aber diese app@@ s sind wie kleine digitale erinn@@ erungen , dass wir nicht nur konsu@@ menten sind , und wir nicht nur konsu@@ menten der regierung sind , die steuern bezahlen und leistungen emp@@ fangen . +wir sind mehr als das , wir sind bürger . +und wir werden die regierung nicht verbessern , bis wir die staat@@ s@@ bürger@@ schaft verbessern . +also die frage die ich für euch alle hier habe : wenn es um die großen , wichtigen dinge geht , die wir zusammen tun müssen , alle zusammen , werden wir nur eine menge von stimmen sein , oder werden wir auch eine menge von händen sein ? +danke . +normalerweise besteht meine rolle darin , den leuten zu erklären wie wunder@@ voll die neuen technologien , welche am auf@@ kommen sind , sein werden . und ich dachte mir , da ich hier unter freunden bin , würde ich euch erzählen was ich wirklich denke . und auch versuchen zurück zu schauen und zu verstehen was hier wirklich vor sich geht , mit diesen unglaublichen spr@@ ün@@ gen nach vorne , welche so ras@@ ch geschehen , dass wir kaum mi@@ th@@ alten können . +ich werde damit beginnen , euch kurz eine einzige , langwei@@ lige folie zu zeigen . +... kön@@ n@@ test du bitte kurz die folie zeigen . +das ist eine folie , welche ich zufällig aus meinem ord@@ ner ausge@@ wä@@ hlt habe . +es geht mir hier nicht um die details der folie , sondern viel@@ mehr um die gener@@ elle form . +diese folie zeigt daten einer analyse von uns über die leistung von ris@@ c proz@@ ess@@ oren ver@@ glichen mit der leistung eines local area networks . +das interessante hier ist , dass diese folie , wie so man@@ ch andere , welche wir oft an@@ treffen in unserem feld , eine art gerade auf einer se@@ mi@@ -@@ log@@ ari@@ th@@ mischen kur@@ ve sind . +mit anderen worten : jeder schritt hier entspricht einer poten@@ z in der leistungs@@ sk@@ ala . +und das ist eine neu@@ heit , dass wir diesen typ sk@@ ala auf se@@ mi@@ -@@ log@@ ari@@ th@@ mischen kur@@ ven im gebiet der technologie verwenden müssen . +etwas sehr merk@@ wür@@ di@@ ges passiert hier . +dies ist im wesentlichen das , worüber ich hier sprechen werde . +also , wenn du bitte das licht wieder an@@ machen kön@@ n@@ test . +noch etwas h@@ eller , weil ich werde gleich etwas auf das papier hier zeichnen . +nun , warum zeichnen wir gra@@ phen in der technik auf se@@ mi@@ -@@ log@@ ari@@ th@@ mischen kur@@ ven ? +der grund dafür ist , wenn ich es auf eine normale kur@@ ve zeichnen würde , wo , sagen wir , das hier die jahre sind , also die zei@@ ta@@ ch@@ se einer art , und das hier ist ein belie@@ bi@@ ges mass der technologie , welches ich mit einem gra@@ phen darstellen will , dann wird der graph al@@ ber@@ n . +die sehen dann so aus . +und das sagt uns nicht viel . +wenn ich nun eine andere technologie auf@@ zeichnen will , sagen wir mal eine trans@@ port@@ technologie , dann würde das auf der se@@ mi@@ -@@ log@@ ari@@ th@@ mischen sk@@ ala sehr un@@ vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tig da@@ her@@ kommen , in form einer fla@@ chen linie . +aber wenn so etwas wie hier passiert , dann ändert dies die qu@@ al@@ it@@ a@@ tiven um@@ stände . +wenn also die trans@@ port@@ technologie so schnell wie die mikro@@ proz@@ ess@@ or@@ -@@ technologie fort@@ schrei@@ ten würde , dann könnten wir über@@ morgen in ein tax@@ i ein@@ steigen und in 30 sekunden wären wir in to@@ k@@ yo . +aber das geht nicht so schnell . +das gab es noch nie zuvor in der geschichte der technologi@@ e-@@ entwicklung , diese art von re@@ kur@@ si@@ v@@ em wachstum , durch welches sich die grö@@ s@@ sen@@ ordnung alle paar jahre exponenti@@ ell erhö@@ ht . +die frage die ich euch nun stellen möchte ist , wenn man sich diese exponenti@@ ellen kur@@ ven an@@ schaut , sieht man , sie gehen nicht für immer weiter . +es ist nicht möglich , dass sich alles für immer und ewi@@ g so schnell wie jetzt weiter@@ entwickelt . +es gibt zwei möglichkeiten : +entweder wird daraus eine klas@@ sische s-@@ kur@@ ve wie hier , bis etwas völlig neues da@@ her@@ kommt , oder es wird das hier geschehen . +das ist es in etwa . +nun , ich bin ja opti@@ m@@ ist , also denke ich so etwas in der art wie hier wird passieren . +ist das wirklich so , dann bedeutet das , wir sind hier im moment mitten in einem über@@ gang . +wir sind hier auf dieser linie , in einem über@@ gang von der bis@@ her@@ igen welt zu einer neuen art von welt . +die frage die ich also stellen möchte und ich mir auch oft selber stelle , ist wie diese neue welt wohl sein wird ? +was ist dieser neue zustand , den die welt langsam an@@ nimmt ? +denn der über@@ gang scheint sehr , sehr verwir@@ r@@ end zu sein , wenn man sich mitten drin befindet . +als ich noch ein kind war , da war die zukunft irgendwo beim jahr 2000 und die leute sprachen oft darüber , was wohl passieren würde im jahr 2000 . +jetzt haben wir hier eine konferenz wo die leute über die zukunft sprechen und man stellt fest , dass die zukunft immer noch beim jahr 2000 liegt . +weiter als das gehen wir nicht . +in anderen worten also ist die zukunft jedes jahr um ein jahr gesch@@ ru@@ mp@@ ft seit ich auf dieser welt bin . +ich denke der grund dafür ist , dass wir mer@@ ken , dass ir@@ gend etwas im gan@@ ge ist . +der über@@ gang geschieht . wir können es alle fühlen . +und wir wissen , dass es momentan einfach keinen sinn macht zu versuchen 30 oder 50 jahre in die zukunft zu schauen , weil alles so anders sein wird , dass eine einfache hoch@@ rech@@ nung von dem was wir jetzt machen sch@@ licht@@ weg keinen sinn macht . +ich möchte nun darüber reden was das sein könnte , dieser über@@ gang in dem wir uns momentan befinden . +um dies zu machen werde ich zuerst über einige andere dinge sprechen , welche wirklich nichts mit technologie oder computer zu tun haben . +denn ich glaube um dies wirklich verstehen zu können , müssen wir einen schritt zurück gehen und uns die sache auf einer län@@ g@@ eren zeit@@ sk@@ ala anschauen . +und zwar möchte ich dies auf der zeit@@ sk@@ ala des lebens der erde anschauen . +ich glaube das gesam@@ t@@ bild er@@ gibt sinn , wenn man es in einige milliar@@ den-@@ schritte unter@@ teilt . +gehen wir also zurück , und zwar 2,@@ 5 milliarden jahre . die erde war ein gro@@ sser , ster@@ il@@ er stein@@ kl@@ um@@ pen mit vielen darauf schwe@@ ben@@ den chemikalien . +wenn man sich nun die art und weise betrachtet wie diese chemikalien organisi@@ ert waren , dann gibt uns das ein ziemlich gutes bild darüber , wie sie das an@@ stellten . +ich glaube auch es gibt the@@ orien , die zu verstehen beginnen wie alles mit r@@ na angefangen hat , aber ich werde euch eine ver@@ einfa@@ chte geschichte davon erzählen welche lautet , dass zu dieser zeit kleine öl@@ tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen herum@@ sch@@ web@@ ten , welche verschiedene arten von re@@ zep@@ ten für chemikalien enth@@ i@@ elten . +einige dieser öl@@ tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen enth@@ i@@ elten eine besondere kombination von chemikalien , welche es ihnen erlaub@@ ten andere chemikalien von aus@@ sen zu integri@@ eren und somit zu wachsen . +alle die so waren , begannen sich aufzu@@ teilen . +diese kleinen öl@@ tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen waren im sinne die primi@@ tiv@@ ste zell@@ en@@ form . +jedoch waren diese öl@@ tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen nicht etwa leben@@ dig im heutigen sinne , weil jedes einzelne davon war nur ein kleines , zufä@@ lli@@ ges re@@ zept von chemikalien . +und jedes mal , wenn es sich teil@@ te , haben sich die darin be@@ fin@@ dlichen chemikalien zu un@@ gleichen mengen verteilt . +somit war jedes tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen ein wenig anders . +tatsächlich wu@@ ch@@ sen die tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen , welche eine für das wachstum opti@@ mal@@ ere zusammen@@ setzung hatten schneller als andere und integri@@ erten mehr und mehr chemikalien von aus@@ sen und teil@@ ten sich schneller . +diese n@@ eig@@ ten also dazu , länger zu überleben und sie ver@@ mehr@@ ten sich in grö@@ s@@ ser@@ em aus@@ mass . +das ist also nur eine sehr einfache chem@@ ische form von leben , aber interessan@@ ter wird es , wenn diese tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen einen trick über abstra@@ ktion lern@@ ten . +auf ir@@ gend eine art , welche wir noch nicht ganz verstehen , haben diese tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen die fähigkeit er@@ lernt , informationen nieder@@ zu@@ schreiben . +sie haben gelernt , das re@@ zept der zelle als informationen zu spei@@ chern . und zwar in einer bestimmten chem@@ ischen form , welche wir dna nennen . +mit anderen worten haben sie in dieser gei@@ st@@ losen , evolution@@ ären art einen weg gefunden , der ihnen erlaub@@ te , nieder@@ zu@@ schreiben wor@@ aus sie be@@ standen , so dass diese information gesp@@ ei@@ ch@@ ert und kop@@ iert werden konnte . +das erstaunliche daran ist , dass diese art informationen zu spei@@ chern über die zeit von 2,@@ 5 milliarden jahren , in der sie entstanden ist , gleich blieb . +tatsächlich besteht das re@@ zept für uns , nämlich unsere gene , aus dem ex@@ akt selben code und der gleichen schreib@@ weise . +und zwar jedes lebewesen verwendet die ex@@ akt gleichen buchstab@@ en und den@@ selben code . +wir sind so@@ weit , dass wir , nur zum verg@@ nü@@ g@@ ungs@@ zweck , selber sache in diesem code schreiben können . +und ich habe hier 100 mikro@@ gramm eines wei@@ ssen pul@@ vers , welches ich in flu@@ gh@@ ä@@ fen fern von sicher@@ heit@@ sper@@ son@@ al zu halten versuche . +darin befindet sich – was ich gemacht habe ist , ich habe diesen code genommen – der code besteht aus normalen buchstab@@ en , welche wir zum symbo@@ li@@ sieren verwenden – und ich habe meine vis@@ it@@ en@@ karte auf ein stück dna geschrieben und habe es 10 ^ 22 mal ver@@ stär@@ kt . +wenn also jemand ein@@ hundert millionen kop@@ ien meiner vis@@ it@@ en@@ karte möchte , ich habe genü@@ gend für je@@ der@@ mann in diesem raum und sogar für je@@ der@@ mann auf dieser welt , und es ist genau hier . +wäre ich in wirklichkeit ein e@@ go@@ ist gewesen , dann hätte ich sie auf ein virus geschrieben und in den raum frei@@ gegeben . +was ist also der nächste schritt ? +das nieder@@ schreiben der dna war ein interessan@@ ter schritt . +und das veran@@ la@@ gten diese zellen – das machte sie glücklich für eine weitere milliarde jahre . +aber dann passierte ein anderer , sehr interessan@@ ter schritt , bei dem die dinge komplett anders wurden . nämlich begannen diese zellen zu kommunizieren und informationen auszu@@ tau@@ schen , so dass gemeinschaften von zellen entstanden . +ich weiss nicht , ob sie das schon wussten , aber bakterien können tatsächlich ihre dna au@@ stau@@ schen . +das ist auch der grund warum zum beispiel die be@@ stän@@ digkeit zu antibio@@ ti@@ ka wächst . +einige bakterien haben herausgefunden , wie sie sich von pen@@ ic@@ il@@ lin fern@@ halten können und haben diese information zusammen mit anderen bakterien in die dna geschrieben und nun haben wir jede menge bakterien , welche resi@@ stent auf pen@@ ic@@ il@@ lin sind , weil die bakterien unter@@ einander kommunizieren . +diese kommunikation erlaub@@ te nun das gründen von gemeinschaften , welche in gewis@@ se@@ m sinne im selben boot waren ; sie waren sy@@ ner@@ ge@@ tisch . +somit haben sie entweder zusammen über@@ lebt , oder sie gingen zusammen unter . das bedeu@@ tete , dass wenn eine gemeinschaft erfolgreich war , wurden alle individuen der gemeinschaft ö@@ f@@ ter wieder@@ holt und von der evolution be@@ vorzu@@ gt . +die über@@ gan@@ gs@@ stelle ist nun dort , wo diese gemeinschaften so nahe zusammen@@ rück@@ ten , dass sie sich entsch@@ lossen , das re@@ zept für die ganze gemeinschaft in eine zeich@@ en@@ ket@@ te auf die dna zu schreiben . +und die nächste interessante phase dau@@ erte ungefähr eine weitere milliarde jahre . +zu diesem zeitpunkt haben wir mehr@@ zel@@ lige gemeinschaften , gemeinschaften von vielen verschie@@ dlichen zell@@ ent@@ yp@@ en , welche zusammen als einzel@@ ner organis@@ mus fun@@ gieren . +in der tat sind wir auch eine solche mehr@@ zel@@ lige gemeinschaft . +wir haben viele zellen , welche nicht mehr auf sich allein gestellt sind . +deine hau@@ tz@@ ellen sind nutz@@ los ohne herz@@ zellen , mus@@ kel@@ zellen , hirn@@ zellen und so weiter . +diese gemeinschaften begannen also sich weiter@@ zu@@ entwickeln , so dass die ebene , auf welcher die evolution statt@@ fand , nicht länger die einzelne zelle war , sondern die ganze zell@@ en@@ gemeinschaft , welche wir organis@@ mus nennen . +der nächste schritt geschah nun innerhalb dieser gemeinschaften . +die zell@@ en@@ gemeinschaften begannen wieder informationen zu abstra@@ hi@@ eren . +und sie entwickelten spezi@@ elle strukturen , welche nichts anderes machten , als informationen innerhalb des organis@@ mus zu ver@@ arbeiten . +und dies sind die neur@@ alen strukturen . +die nerven@@ zellen sind also der informa@@ tions@@ ver@@ arbeit@@ ung@@ sa@@ pp@@ ar@@ at , den diese zell@@ en@@ gemeinschaften aufgebaut haben . +sie fingen an spezi@@ alisten auszu@@ bilden innerhalb der gemeinschaft , spezi@@ elle strukturen , welche verantwortlich waren für das lernen , verstehen und das fes@@ th@@ alten von information . +und dies war das gehirn und das nerven@@ system dieser gemeinschaften . +dies gab ihnen einen evolution@@ ären vorteil . +weil zu diesem zeitpunkt ein individu@@ um – lernen passierte nun innerhalb der zeit@@ span@@ ne der lebens@@ dau@@ er eines einzelnen organis@@ mus , anstatt über diese evolution@@ äre zeit@@ span@@ ne . +ein organis@@ mus konnte also zum beispiel lernen , eine bestimmte fru@@ cht nicht zu essen , weil sie schlecht schme@@ ckte und ihn krank machte , das letzte mal als er sie ge@@ gessen hat . +dies konnte nun innerhalb der lebens@@ dau@@ er eines einzelnen organis@@ mus geschehen , wo@@ hin@@ gegen davor hunder@@ tt@@ aus@@ ende von jahren ge@@ braucht wurden , weil diese information evolution@@ ä@@ r gelernt werden musste von den individuen , welche wegen dieser fru@@ cht star@@ ben , da diese informa@@ tions@@ ver@@ arbei@@ tungs@@ strukturen noch nicht vorhanden waren . +das nerven@@ system hat also den evolution@@ spro@@ z@@ ess mi@@ th@@ ilfe dieser speziellen informa@@ tions@@ strukturen denn die evolution konnte nun innerhalb eines individu@@ ums statt@@ finden . +sie konnte innerhalb eines zeit@@ lichen lern@@ ra@@ hmen@@ s statt@@ finden . +was danach passierte , ist , dass die individu@@ ellen organismen einen weg fanden , unter@@ einander zu kommunizieren . +mal als beispiel , die ra@@ ff@@ inier@@ teste uns bekannte version dieser kommuni@@ ka@@ tions@@ art ist die menschliche sprache . +es ist doch eine recht verblüff@@ ende erfindung wenn man darüber nach@@ denkt . +ich habe hier eine sehr kompli@@ zierte , un@@ ord@@ ent@@ liche und verwir@@ r@@ te idee in meinem kopf . +ich si@@ tze hier und gebe im grunde genommen gr@@ un@@ z@@ ende tö@@ ne von mir , in der hoffnung damit eine ähnlich verwir@@ r@@ te idee in eu@@ rem kopf zu kreieren , die eine gewisse ähn@@ lichkeit mit meiner ursprün@@ glichen idee hat . +wir nehmen also etwas sehr kompli@@ zier@@ tes , wand@@ eln es in tö@@ ne um , eine sequenz von tö@@ nen , und produzieren damit etwas sehr kompli@@ zier@@ tes in den kö@@ pfen von anderen . +dies erlaubt es uns nun also wieder als einen ein@@ heit@@ lichen organis@@ mus zu funktionieren . +und was wir tatsächlich gemacht haben , wir , die menschheit , ist , wir haben zu abstra@@ hi@@ eren begonnen . +wir durch@@ gehen diesel@@ ben stu@@ fen , welche mehr@@ zell@@ er@@ organismen durch@@ gemacht haben – die abstra@@ ktion unserer methoden , wie wir daten fes@@ th@@ alten , präsentieren , ver@@ arbeiten . +die erfindung der sprache beispielsweise war ein kleiner schritt in diese richtung . +telef@@ onie , computer , vide@@ ob@@ än@@ der , c@@ d-@@ ro@@ ms und so weiter sind alles unsere spezi@@ alisi@@ erten mechanis@@ men , die wir in unserer gemeinschaft gebaut haben , um diese informationen hand@@ haben zu können . +und es verbindet uns alle zusammen zu etwas , das viel grö@@ sser ist , und auch fähig ist sich schneller weiter zu entwickeln , als wir es bisher waren . +heutzutage kann also evolution in der zeit@@ span@@ ne von mikro@@ sekunden geschehen . +ihr habt auch t@@ ys kleines evol@@ u@@ tions@@ beispiel gesehen wo er ein bisschen evolution im " con@@ vol@@ ution " programm gezeigt hat , direkt vor e@@ uren augen . +nun haben wir also die zeit@@ sk@@ alen erneu@@ t ver@@ schnell@@ ert . +die ersten schritte der geschichte , welche ich euch erzählt habe , dau@@ erten eine milliarde jahre pro stück . +die nächsten schritte , wie das nerven@@ system und das gehirn , dau@@ erten einige hundert millionen jahre . +dann die näch@@ stens schritte , wie sprache und so weiter , dau@@ erten weniger als eine million jahre . +und diese nächsten schritte , wie elektr@@ oni@@ k , scheinen nur wenige jahrzehn@@ te zu dauern . +der prozess ernä@@ hrt sich von sich selbst und wird somit , ich glaube , auto@@ -@@ kat@@ aly@@ tisch ist das wort dafür – wenn etwas seine änder@@ ungs@@ geschwindigkeit ver@@ stär@@ kt . +je mehr es sich ändert , desto schneller ändert es sich . +und ich glaube , das ist das , was wir hier sehen in dieser explo@@ sion@@ s@@ arti@@ gen kur@@ ve . +wir sehen den prozess , der sich von sich selbst ernä@@ hrt . +ich le@@ be beru@@ f@@ lich vom bauen von compu@@ tern und ich weiss , dass ich den mechan@@ ismus , den ich verwen@@ de um computer zu bauen , nicht verwenden könnte , ohne die kürzlich ge@@ machten fort@@ schritte in der computer@@ technologie . +meine aktu@@ elle tä@@ tigkeit besteht darin , objekte mit solch einer hohen komplexität zu desig@@ nen , dass es unmöglich für mich ist , diese im traditionellen sinn zu desig@@ nen . +ich weiss nicht , was jeder einzelne transi@@ st@@ or in der verbin@@ dungs@@ maschine macht . +es hat milliarden von denen . +was ich stattdessen mache , und was auch die designer von thinking machines machen , ist , wir denken auf einer gewissen abstra@@ k@@ tion@@ se@@ bene , über@@ geben diese der maschine und die maschine macht daraus etwas , das unsere fähigkeiten weit über@@ steigt , besser und schneller als wir es selber jemals machen könnten . +und sie macht es teil@@ weise mit methoden , welche wir bis jetzt nicht einmal richtig verstehen . +eine methode , welche besonders interessant ist , und welche ich in letz@@ ter zeit oft verwendet habe , ist die evolution selber . +dabei instal@@ lieren wir einen evolution@@ spro@@ z@@ ess in der maschine , welcher im mikro@@ se@@ kun@@ den-@@ bereich ab@@ läuft . +um ein beispiel zu nennen , in den extrem@@ sten fällen , können wir ein programm erstellen , welches sich aus zufä@@ lli@@ gen in@@ struk@@ tionen entwickelt . +wir sagen , " computer , gener@@ i@@ ere bitte ein@@ hundert millionen zufällig ausge@@ wä@@ hlte sequenzen von in@@ struk@@ tionen . +jetzt führ@@ e bitte alle diese zufällig gewä@@ hl@@ ten in@@ struk@@ tionen aus , führ@@ e alle programme aus , und wä@@ hle schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich diejenigen , welche meiner vor@@ gaben am nächsten sind . " +also in anderen worten defini@@ ere ich zuerst was ich will . +sagen wir mal , ich will nu@@ mm@@ ern sor@@ tieren , das wäre ein einfaches beispiel , welches ich schon dafür verwendet habe . +finde also programme , welche am ehe@@ sten nu@@ mm@@ ern sor@@ tieren können . +natürlich ist die chance bei zufällig gewä@@ hl@@ ten in@@ struk@@ tionen sehr klein , dass sie per zu@@ fall eben nu@@ mm@@ ern sor@@ tieren , also werden wohl keine der in@@ struk@@ tionen tatsächlich dies machen . +aber eine von denen mag mit etwas glück zwei nu@@ mm@@ ern in die richtige rei@@ hen@@ folge rücken . +jetzt sage ich , " computer , ni@@ mm jetzt diejenigen 10 % der sequenzen , welche meinen vor@@ gaben am nächsten gekommen sind . +spei@@ ch@@ ere diese ab , lö@@ sche den rest . +jetzt re@@ produ@@ zi@@ ere alle übri@@ g@@ geb@@ lie@@ benen , die die nu@@ mm@@ ern am besten sor@@ tiert haben . +und zwar mit einer methode des re@@ kombin@@ ier@@ ens , anal@@ o@@ g zur fort@@ pflan@@ zung . " +ni@@ mm zwei programme und sie produzieren kinder durch den au@@ st@@ aus@@ ch ihrer su@@ br@@ ou@@ tin@@ en , und die kinder ver@@ er@@ ben die merk@@ male der su@@ br@@ ou@@ tin@@ en von den zwei program@@ men . +nun habe ich also eine neue generation von program@@ men , die durch kombin@@ ationen von program@@ men entstanden , welche etwas näher an die vor@@ gaben gekommen sind als andere . +sa@@ g , " bitte wieder@@ hole diesen prozess . " +bewer@@ te sie wieder . +führ@@ e vielleicht einige mu@@ ta@@ tionen ein . +und versuch das ganze nochmal mit einer anderen generation . +all diese generationen benötigen nur wenige milli@@ sekunden +und so kann ich eine evolution über millionen von jahren im computer innerhalb weniger minuten durch@@ laufen lassen . oder in kompli@@ zier@@ teren fällen einige stunden . +schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich er@@ halte ich programme , die nu@@ mm@@ ern perfekt sor@@ tieren können . +tatsache ist , diese programme sind so viel effizi@@ enter als jedes programm , das ich je von hand schreiben hätte können . +wenn ich mir dann diese programme an@@ schaue , dann kann ich nicht sagen wie sie funktionieren . +ich habe versucht , sie zu verstehen . +es sind ver@@ wor@@ r@@ ene und merk@@ wür@@ dige programme . +aber sie erle@@ digen den job . +ich weiss und bin mir ganz sicher , dass sie den job erle@@ digen , weil sie aus einer reihe von hunder@@ tt@@ aus@@ enden program@@ men kommen , welche den job erle@@ digt haben . +denn ihr leben hing davon ab , ob sie den job richtig machten . +ich s@@ ass einmal in einer 7@@ 4@@ 7 zusammen mit mar@@ v@@ in min@@ sky , ale er eine karte hervor@@ holt und sagt , " oh schau . schau dir das an . +da steht , ' dieses flugzeug besteht aus hunder@@ tt@@ aus@@ enden klein@@ teilen , welche zusammen arbeiten um ihren flug sicher@@ er zu machen . ' macht dich das nicht zu@@ ver@@ sicht@@ licher ? " +wir wissen , dass ein entwickl@@ ungspro@@ z@@ ess nicht opti@@ mal ist , wenn er zu kompliziert wird . +also beginnen wir uns auf computer zu verlassen , für einen prozess , welcher sich vom klas@@ sischen ingenie@@ ur@@ s@@ wesen stark unterschei@@ det . +er erlaubt uns sachen mit einer viel hö@@ h@@ eren komplexität als es die normalen methoden erlauben würden , zu produzieren . +und dennoch verstehen wir die möglichkeiten davon noch nicht ganz . +gewis@@ ser@@ ma@@ ssen über@@ flü@@ gel@@ t uns die technik also . +wir benutzen diese programme nun , um die computer viel schneller zu machen , so dass wir fähig sind , diese proz@@ esse noch schneller aus@@ führen zu können . +es entsteht also eine rück@@ kop@@ pl@@ ung . +es wird schneller und schneller und ich glaube das ist der grund warum es so verwir@@ r@@ end scheint . +weil all diese neuen technologien von heute sich von sich selber ernä@@ hren . +wir heben ab . +wir sind an einem punkt an@@ gelan@@ gt , der anal@@ o@@ g ist zu damals , als ein@@ zell@@ er-@@ organismen sich zu mehr@@ zell@@ er-@@ organismen entwickelt haben . +wir sind also die am@@ ö@@ ben und wir können noch nicht ganz aus@@ machen , was zur hö@@ lle wir hier eigentlich am kreieren sind . +wir sind mitten in diesem über@@ gan@@ g@@ punkt . +aber ich glaube wirklich , dass nach uns noch etwas kommt . +ich finde es sehr hoch@@ mü@@ tig von uns zu sagen , dass wir das end@@ produkt der evolution sind . +und ich glaube wir alle hier sind teil der schöpf@@ ung von dem was auch immer als nächstes kommt . +nun , das mitta@@ gessen steht bevor und ich denke ich höre hier jetzt auf , bevor ich noch r@@ ausge@@ wä@@ hlt werde . +meine geschichte beginnt genau hier in ra@@ j@@ as@@ than , vor etwa zwei jahren . +ich war unter dem stern@@ en@@ himmel in der wüste zusammen mit su@@ fi@@ -@@ s@@ än@@ ger mu@@ k@@ h@@ ti@@ ar al@@ i . +wir sprachen darüber , dass sich nichts verändert hat seit der zeit des ur@@ alten in@@ dischen e@@ po@@ s " ma@@ hab@@ har@@ at@@ a . " +wenn wir in@@ der damals reisen wollten , spr@@ an@@ gen wir in einen wagen und sch@@ wir@@ r@@ ten über den himmel . +jetzt machen wir das mit flug@@ zeugen . +damals , als der große in@@ dische krie@@ ger@@ prin@@ z ar@@ jun@@ a dur@@ st hatte , nahm er einen bogen , scho@@ ss in den boden und wasser tr@@ at her@@ vor . +jetzt machen wir das mit bo@@ hr@@ ern und maschinen . +wir kamen zu der schluss@@ fol@@ gerung , dass zau@@ ber und mag@@ ie durch maschinen er@@ setzt wurden . +das machte mich wirklich trauri@@ g . +ich bekam etwas angst vor technologie . +es machte mir angst , dass ich die fähigkeit verlieren könnte , den sonnen@@ unter@@ gang genie@@ ßen können ohne kamera und ohne t@@ we@@ et an meine freunde . +ich fand , dass technologie mag@@ ie möglich machen sollte und nicht töten . +als ich ein kleines mädchen war , gab mein groß@@ vater mir seine kleine sil@@ ber@@ ne ta@@ schen@@ uhr . +dieses stück 50 jahre alte technologie wurde das mag@@ isch@@ ste ding für mich . +sie wurde ein gol@@ den@@ er zugang zu einer welt voller pir@@ aten und ver@@ un@@ glück@@ ter schi@@ ffe und zu bildern in meiner vorstellung . +mir kam es so vor , als hielten uns unsere schicken u@@ hren und k@@ ameras davon ab zu tr@@ äumen . +sie hielten uns davon ab inspiriert zu werden . +und so be@@ gab ich mich in die welt der technologie , um zu sehen , wie ich sie dazu benutzen könnte mag@@ ie zu ermöglichen anstatt zu töten . +mit 16 begann ich bücher zu illu@@ stri@@ eren . +als ich das i@@ pad sah , sah ich es als gerät zum geschi@@ chten@@ erzählen , das les@@ er auf der ganzen welt verbinden kann . +es kann wissen , wie wir es halten . +es kann wissen , wo wir sind . +es bring bilder und text zusammen , und anima@@ tion , geräusche und berühr@@ ung . +das geschi@@ chten@@ erzählen ge@@ braucht immer mehr sinne . +aber was machen wir damit ? +ich gehe jetzt einfach zu k@@ ho@@ ya , eine interak@@ tive i@@ pad ap@@ p . +hier steht : " leg deine finger auf jedes licht . " +und so -- hier steht : " diese box gehört ... " da schrei@@ be ich meinen namen . +und aus mir wird eine figu@@ r in dem buch . +hin und wieder fällt ein brief für mich runter -- und das i@@ pad weiß durch gps wo ich wo@@ hne -- der ist richtig an mich add@@ res@@ siert . +das kind in mir ist von solchen möglichkeiten wirklich begeistert . +ich habe viel über mag@@ ie gesprochen . +ich meine damit nicht zauber@@ er und dra@@ chen , sondern den zau@@ ber der kindheit , jene ideen , die wir alle als kinder hatten . +glü@@ h@@ wür@@ m@@ chen in einem glas fand ich immer ganz aufregend . +so muss man hier das i@@ pad ki@@ ppen und die glü@@ h@@ wür@@ m@@ chen raus@@ lassen . +und die bele@@ u@@ chten den weg durch das rest@@ liche buch . +eine andere idee , die mich als kind fasz@@ ini@@ erte ist , dass eine ganze galaxie in einer einzigen mur@@ mel stecken kann . +und daher wird hier jedes buch und jede welt eine kleine mur@@ mel , die ich hierher zie@@ he zu dem mag@@ ischen gerät im gerät . +und dies öffnet eine karte . +fan@@ tas@@ y@@ bücher hatten schon immer karten , aber diese karten waren sta@@ tisch . +diese karte wächst und leu@@ chtet und dient zur orienti@@ erung im rest des bu@@ ches . +sie zeigt sich auch an anderen stellen des bu@@ ches . +ich gehe hier rein . +auch ist es für mich wichtig , etwas zu schaffen , dass in@@ dis@@ ch ist aber auch sehr zeit@@ ge@@ mä@@ ß . +dies hier sind die ap@@ sar@@ as . +wir haben alle von fe@@ en und n@@ y@@ mp@@ hen gehört , aber wie@@ viele leute außerhalb indi@@ ens kennen ihre in@@ dischen kollegen , die ap@@ sar@@ as ? +die armen ap@@ sar@@ as waren tausende jahre in in@@ dr@@ as kam@@ mern ge@@ fangen , in einem alten mu@@ ff@@ igen buch . +und wir bringen sie zurück , in einer zeit@@ gen@@ ö@@ ss@@ ischen geschichte für kinder . +eine geschichte , die sich mit neuen an@@ gele@@ gen@@ heiten aus@@ einander@@ setzt , wie der umwelt@@ krise . +zum thema umwelt@@ krise , ein großes problem der letzten 10 jahre ist , dass kinder in ihren z@@ imm@@ ern sitzen , an ihren compu@@ tern , ohne r@@ auszu@@ gehen . +aber jetzt , mit mobil@@ er technologie , können wir unsere kinder in die natürliche welt mit ihrer technologie mit@@ nehmen . +in einer interak@@ tion des bu@@ ches wird man auf eine suche geschickt . man muss raus@@ gehen und mit der kamera des i@@ pa@@ ds bilder natür@@ licher objekte sammeln . +als kind hatte ich samm@@ lungen von stö@@ ck@@ ern , st@@ einen , ki@@ es@@ eln und mu@@ sch@@ eln . +irgendwie machen das kinder nicht mehr . +dies kind@@ heits@@ ritual wird zurück@@ gebracht . man muss raus@@ gehen , um in einem kapit@@ el ein foto von einer blu@@ me zu machen und zu marki@@ eren . +in einem anderen kapit@@ el muss man ein stück bau@@ mr@@ in@@ de fotogra@@ phi@@ eren und marki@@ eren . +so er@@ schafft man tatsächlich eine digitale samm@@ lung von fotos , die man dann online stellen kann . +ein kind in london zeigt das bild eines fu@@ ch@@ ses und sagt : " oh , heute habe ich einen fu@@ chs gesehen . " +ein kind in indien sagt : " heute habe ich einen affen gesehen . " +das schafft eine art sozi@@ ales netzwerk rund um eine digitale samm@@ lung von fotos , die man tatsächlich aufgenommen hat . +es gibt eine viel@@ zahl von möglichkeiten dabei mag@@ ie , die welt und technologie miteinander zu verbinden . +im nächsten buch plan@@ en wir eine interak@@ tion bei der man das video des i@@ pa@@ ds benutzt und durch aug@@ mented reality eine anima@@ tion von el@@ fen sieht , die auf einer pflan@@ ze vor dem haus erscheinen . +an einer stelle fü@@ llt sich der bildschirm mit blä@@ ttern . +man muss das gerä@@ usch des win@@ ds machen , sie weg@@ blas@@ en und den rest des bu@@ chs lesen . +wir alle bewegen uns auf eine welt zu , in der die natur@@ gew@@ alten der technologie näher kommen und in der mag@@ ie und technologie sich an@@ näher@@ n können . +wir nutzen die energie der sonne . +wir bringen unsere kinder und uns näher an die natürliche welt her@@ an und an den zau@@ ber , spaß und die liebe unserer kindheit durch das einfache medium einer geschichte . +vielen dank . +dies ist wirklich eine außer@@ ord@@ ent@@ liche ehr@@ e für mich . +ich ver@@ br@@ inge den großteil meiner zeit mit menschen in untersu@@ ch@@ ungs@@ haft , gefäng@@ nissen oder todes@@ zellen . +ich ver@@ br@@ inge den großteil meiner zeit mit den sozi@@ al schwä@@ ch@@ sten in den sozial@@ bau@@ sie@@ d@@ lungen und an orten , an denen es sehr viel hoff@@ nungs@@ lo@@ sigkeit gibt . +hier bei ted zu sein , zu sehen und zu hören , wie stimu@@ li@@ er@@ end das ist , hat mir sehr viel kraft gegeben . +in der kurzen zeit hier wurde mir eines klar : ted hat eine identität . +man kann hier dinge sagen , die weltweit einfluss haben . +und manchmal , wenn etwas über ted kommt , bekommt es eine bedeutung und kraft , die es sonst nicht hätte . +ich sage das , weil ich glaube , dass identität sehr wichtig ist . +wir haben einige fanta@@ stische präsent@@ ationen gesehen . +ich glaube , dass wir gelernt haben , dass die worte eines lehr@@ ers bedeutung haben , aber das die worte eines enga@@ gi@@ erten lehr@@ ers besonders bedeu@@ tungs@@ voll sind . +als arzt kann man gutes tun . als für@@ sor@@ g@@ licher arzt aber kann man noch mehr tun . +und deshalb möchte ich über die macht der identität sprechen . +ich habe das übrigens nicht in meiner arbeit als an@@ wal@@ t gelernt . +ich habe das von meiner großmutter gelernt . +ich wurde groß in einer familie , einem traditionellen af@@ ro@@ amerikanischen haus@@ halt , der von einer matri@@ arch@@ in domin@@ iert wurde , und diese matri@@ arch@@ in war meine großmutter . +sie war eine ta@@ ffe , starke frau , sie hatte wirkung . +sie hatte das letzte wort in jedem familien@@ str@@ eit . +sie war auch der aus@@ gan@@ g@@ spun@@ kt viel@@ er strei@@ ti@@ gkeiten in unserer familie . +sie war die tochter einer skla@@ ven@@ familie . +ihre eltern wurden in den 18@@ 4@@ 0ern in virg@@ ini@@ a als skla@@ ven geboren . +sie wurde um 18@@ 80 geboren und die erfahrung der skla@@ ver@@ ei form@@ te ihr welt@@ bild sehr stark . +meine großmutter war stark , aber sie war auch lie@@ be@@ voll . +wenn ich sie als kleiner junge traf , kam sie auf mich zu und um@@ arm@@ te mich . +sie drück@@ te mich so fest , dass ich kaum atmen konnte . dann ließ sie mich los . +eine oder zwei stunden später , wenn ich ihr begeg@@ nete , kam sie auf mich zu und sagte : » br@@ y@@ an , fühl@@ st du noch meine um@@ ar@@ mung ? « +und wenn ich » nein « sagte , um@@ arm@@ te sie mich wieder . wenn ich » ja « sagte , ließ sie mich in ru@@ he . +an ihr war etwas , das machte , dass man immer in ihrer nähe sein wollte . +das einzige problem dabei war , dass sie zehn kinder hatte . +meine mutter war das jün@@ gste ihrer zehn kinder . +manchmal , wenn ich zeit mit ihr verbringen wollte , war es schwer , ihre aufmerksamkeit zu er@@ langen . +meine cou@@ s@@ ins lie@@ fen überall herum . +ich erinnere mich , ich muss acht oder neun gewesen sein , dass ich eines morgens auf@@ wa@@ chte und ins wohn@@ zimmer ging . alle meine cou@@ s@@ ins lie@@ fen herum . +meine großmutter saß am ende des z@@ imm@@ ers und star@@ r@@ te mich an . +zuerst dachte ich , dass das ein spiel wäre . +ich sah sie an und läch@@ elte , aber sie sah sehr ernst aus . +das ging so 15 oder 20 minuten . dann stand sie auf und kam zu mir her@@ über . sie nahm mich bei der hand und sagte : » kom@@ m , br@@ y@@ an . du und ich , wir müssen reden . « +ich erinnere mich noch daran als ob es gestern war . +ich werde es nie vergessen . +sie nahm mich mit nach draußen und sagte : » br@@ y@@ an , ich werde dir etwas erzählen , aber du musst ver@@ sprechen , dass du es nicht weiter@@ sa@@ gst . « +ich sagte : » ver@@ spro@@ chen , om@@ a . « +sie sagte : » ehr@@ en@@ wort ? « ich sagte : » ja . « +sie setzte mich hin und sah mich an . sie sagte : » ich möchte , dass du weißt , dass ich dich beobachtet habe . « +sie sagte : » ich glaube , du bist etwas besonder@@ es . « +sie sagte : » ich glaube , du kannst alles tun , was du tun willst . « +ich werde das nie vergessen . +dann sagte sie : » du musst mir nur drei dinge ver@@ sprechen , br@@ y@@ an . « +ich sagte : » ok , om@@ a . « +sie sagte : » als erstes ver@@ spr@@ ich mir , dass du deine mama immer lieben wirst . « +sie sagte : » deine mama ist mein baby und du musst mit ver@@ sprechen , dass du dich immer um sie kümmern wirst . « +ich ver@@ ehr@@ te meine mutter , also sagte ich : » ja , om@@ a , das werde ich tun . « +dann sagte sie : » als nächstes ver@@ spr@@ ich mir , dass du immer das richtige tun wirst . « auch wenn es schwer fällt , das richtige zu tun . « +ich dachte nach und sagte : » ja , om@@ a . ich ver@@ spreche es . « +schließlich sagte sie : » das letzte , was du mir ver@@ sprechen musst , ist « dass du niemals al@@ ko@@ hol trinken wirst . « +nun , ich war neun jahre alt und so sagte ich : » ja , om@@ a . ich ver@@ spreche es . « +ich wuchs auf dem land auf , im alten , län@@ dlichen sü@@ den und ich habe einen bruder , der ein jahr älter ist und eine ein jahr jün@@ gere schwester . +als ich etwa 14 oder 15 war , kam eines tages mein bruder nach hause und brachte dieses six@@ pack bi@@ er mit sch@@ na@@ pp@@ te sich meine schwester und mich und ging mit uns in den wald . +wir al@@ ber@@ ten dort nur so herum wie sonst auch . +dann nahm er einen schlu@@ ck bi@@ er und bot meiner schwester eines an , und sie nahm an , und dann bot@@ en sie mir eins an . +ich sagte : » nein , nein , nein . schon ok . macht ihr nur . ich will kein bi@@ er . « +mein bruder sagte : » nun mach schon . heute machen wir das , du mach@@ st doch auch sonst alles , was wir tun . +ich hatte was , deine schwester hatte was . los , trin@@ k ein bi@@ er . « +ich sagte : » ich will nicht . macht ihr nur . macht ihr nur . « +mein bruder star@@ r@@ te mich an . +er sagte : » was ist denn los mit dir ? nun trin@@ k doch was . « +dann sah er mir ins gesicht und sagte : » oh nein , du mach@@ st dich doch nicht immer noch verrückt wegen der unterhaltung mit om@@ a ? « +ich sagte : » worüber re@@ dest du ? « +er sagte : » om@@ a erzählt allen en@@ keln , dass sie was besonder@@ es sind . « +ich war am boden zerstört . +ich werde ihnen etwas ge@@ stehen . +ich sollte das vermutlich nicht tun . +das hier wird vielleicht öff@@ entlich übertragen . +ich bin 5@@ 2 jahre alt und ich ge@@ stehe , dass ich noch nie einen tro@@ pfen al@@ ko@@ hol ge@@ tr@@ un@@ ken habe . +ich sage das nicht , weil ich ich glaube , dass es tu@@ gend@@ haft ist . ich sage das , weil identität macht bedeutet . +wenn wir die richtige art von identität schaffen , können wir den menschen um uns herum dinge sagen , die sie zunächst nicht glauben . +wir können sie dazu bekommen , dinge zu tun , von denen sie dachten , sie könnten es nicht . +natürlich würde meine großmutter all ihren en@@ keln sagen , sie seien etwas besonder@@ es . +mein groß@@ vater war während der pro@@ hi@@ bi@@ tion im gefängnis . +meine on@@ kel star@@ ben an al@@ ko@@ hol@@ indu@@ zierten krankheiten . +und sie glaub@@ te , dass dies die themen seien , um die wir uns kümmern müssten . +ich habe versucht , etwas über unser justi@@ z@@ system zu sagen . +dieses land ist anders als vor 40 jahren . +197@@ 2 waren 3@@ 0@@ 0.000 menschen in ha@@ ft@@ an@@ st@@ alten und im gefängnis . +heute sind es 2,@@ 3 millionen . +die vereinigten staaten haben heute die höch@@ ste in@@ haf@@ tier@@ ungs@@ rate der welt . +sieben millionen menschen sind auf be@@ währ@@ ung ent@@ lassen oder mit beding@@ ter stra@@ f@@ aus@@ setzung . +meiner meinung nach haben massen@@ in@@ haf@@ ti@@ erungen unsere welt grundle@@ gend verändert . +in sozi@@ al sch@@ wachen und schwarzen teilen der bevölkerung herr@@ schen verzwei@@ fl@@ ung und hoff@@ nungs@@ lo@@ sigkeit , aufgrund dieser veränderungen . +einer von drei männ@@ lichen schwarzen zwischen 18 und 30 ist in haft , im gefängnis , auf be@@ währ@@ ung ent@@ lassen oder mit beding@@ ter stra@@ f@@ aus@@ setzung . +in städ@@ tischen gemeinden überall im land – von los angeles über phil@@ ad@@ el@@ phi@@ a , bal@@ ti@@ more bis washington – sind 50 bis 60 prozent aller schwarzen jungen männer entweder in haft , im gefängnis , auf be@@ währ@@ ung ent@@ lassen oder mit beding@@ ter stra@@ f@@ aus@@ setzung . +unser system wird aber nicht nur ge@@ for@@ mt durch fragen , die mit ras@@ sen@@ zuge@@ hö@@ ri@@ gkeit zu tun haben , es wird auch durch armut ent@@ stellt . +wir haben in diesem land ein justi@@ z@@ system , das sie viel besser behandelt , wenn sie reich und schul@@ dig sind als arm und un@@ schul@@ dig . +vermögen , nicht ver@@ schul@@ den , beeinflusst das ergebnis . +trotzdem scheinen wir damit ganz zu@@ frieden zu sein . +eine politik aus angst und z@@ or@@ n hat uns davon überzeugt , dass diese probleme nicht unsere probleme sind . +wir haben den kontakt verloren . +ich finde das interessant . +es gibt da ein paar hoch@@ interessante entwickl@@ ungen . +mein hei@@ mat@@ staat al@@ ab@@ ama ent@@ zieht ihnen dau@@ er@@ haft das wahl@@ recht , wenn sie stra@@ fre@@ cht@@ lich verur@@ teilt werden . +hier und heute in al@@ ab@@ ama haben 3@@ 4 prozent der männ@@ lichen schwarzen bevölkerung dau@@ er@@ haft ihr wahl@@ recht verloren . +wir pro@@ g@@ no@@ sti@@ zieren , dass in zehn jahren die quote der ab@@ erken@@ nung der bürger@@ lichen ehr@@ en@@ rechte so hoch sein wird wie vor der verab@@ schie@@ dung des wahl@@ rechts@@ gesetz@@ es . +das schwei@@ gen ist o@@ hren@@ bet@@ äu@@ b@@ end . +ich ver@@ tre@@ te kinder . +viele meiner mand@@ anten sind sehr j@@ ung . +die vereinigten staaten von amerika sind das einzige land in der welt , das drei@@ zehn@@ jährige kinder zum tod im gefängnis verur@@ teilt . +in diesem unserem land gibt es für kinder lebens@@ län@@ gliche ha@@ ft@@ stra@@ fen ohne beding@@ te stra@@ f@@ aus@@ setzung . +wir haben schon eine menge verfahren laufen . +das einzige land der welt . +ich ver@@ tre@@ te menschen in todes@@ zellen . +die frage der todes@@ stra@@ fe ist eine interessante frage . +wir glauben , weil man es uns so bei@@ gebracht hat , dass die wahre frage die ist : hat ein mensch verdi@@ ent , für ein von ihm began@@ genes verbrechen zu sterben ? +das ist eine sehr sensi@@ ble frage . +man kann aber auch anders darüber denken , abhängig davon , wie wir unsere identität sehen . +die andere sicht@@ weise ist nicht : hat jemand für ein verbrechen den tod verdi@@ ent , sondern : haben wir es verdi@@ ent , zu töten ? +ich finde das faszinier@@ end . +die todes@@ stra@@ fe in amerika defin@@ iert sich durch ir@@ r@@ t@@ um . +auf neun menschen , die wir hing@@ eri@@ chtet haben , kommt einer , den wir für un@@ schul@@ dig be@@ funden haben , der ent@@ la@@ stet und aus der todes@@ zelle ent@@ lassen wurde . +eine erstaunliche fehl@@ er@@ quote . einer von neun un@@ schul@@ dig . +ich finde das faszinier@@ end . +wir würden niemals jemanden mit einem flugzeug fliegen lassen , wenn für neun flug@@ zeuge , die ab@@ heben , eines ab@@ stür@@ zt . +aber irgendwie schaffen wir es , uns von diesem problem ab@@ zun@@ ab@@ eln . +es ist nicht unser problem . +es ist nicht unsere bür@@ de . +es ist nicht unser kampf . +ich rede viel über diese fragen . +ich rede über ras@@ se und die frage , ob wir das recht haben , zu töten . +und es ist span@@ n@@ end , weil ich meinen schü@@ lern af@@ ro@@ amerikanische geschichte bei@@ br@@ inge . ich rede über skla@@ ver@@ ei . +ich rede über terror@@ ismus , die zeit gegen ende der re@@ kon@@ struk@@ tion , bis hin zum beginn des 2@@ . welt@@ krie@@ ges . +wir wissen nicht wirklich sehr viel darüber . +aber für die af@@ ro@@ amerikaner in diesem land war es eine zeit des terr@@ ors . +in vielen gegen@@ den mussten menschen angst vor ly@@ n@@ ch@@ mo@@ bs haben , +oder vor bom@@ ben . +es war die angst vor ter@@ ror , der ihr leben form@@ te . +diese äl@@ teren menschen kommen jetzt zu mir und sagen : » m@@ r , ste@@ ven@@ son , sie reden , sie halten vor@@ träge . sie sagen den menschen , dass sie aufhören sollen zu sagen , dass wir es zum ersten mal in der geschichte unserer nation mit terror@@ ismus zu tun haben : nach dem 1@@ 1. september . « +sie sagen : » nein – sagen sie den menschen , dass wir damit aufge@@ wachsen sind . « +und nach dem terror@@ ismus kamen natürlich die ras@@ sent@@ ren@@ nung und jahrzehn@@ te der ras@@ si@@ stisch motivi@@ erten unter@@ wer@@ fung und a@@ par@@ thei@@ d . +und dennoch gibt es in unserem land eine dynam@@ ik … wir sprechen nicht gerne über unsere probleme . +wir sprechen nicht gerne über unsere geschichte . +und deshalb verstehen wir nicht wirklich , welche bedeutung unsere taten im histor@@ ischen kontext haben . +wir stoßen ständig auf@@ einander . +wir schaffen immer neue span@@ nungen und konfli@@ kte . +es fällt uns schwer , über ras@@ se zu sprechen , und ich glaube , das liegt daran , dass wir nicht will@@ ens sind , uns dem prozess der wahrheit und ver@@ s@@ öhn@@ ung zu näher@@ n . +in südafri@@ ka haben die menschen verstanden , dass die ras@@ sent@@ ren@@ nung nicht zu über@@ winden ist ohne die berei@@ t@@ schaft zu wahrheit und ver@@ s@@ öhn@@ ung . +selbst nach dem völ@@ ker@@ mor@@ d in ru@@ anda gab es diese berei@@ t@@ schaft , aber nicht in diesem unseren land . +ich habe einige vor@@ träge in deutsch@@ land über die todes@@ stra@@ fe gehalten . +es war faszinier@@ end , denn einer der wissenschaftler stand nach meinem vortrag auf und sagte : » wissen sie , es ist zu@@ tief@@ st ver@@ stör@@ end , sie so reden zu hören . « +er sagte : » in deutsch@@ land gibt es keine todes@@ stra@@ fe . +und natürlich kann es sie in deutsch@@ land nie mehr geben . « +es wurde ganz still . dann sagte eine frau : » mit unserer geschichte ist es unmöglich , dass wir uns jemals wieder für das syste@@ mati@@ sche töten von menschen aus@@ sprechen . +es wäre ge@@ wissen@@ los von uns , bewusst und ge@@ zi@@ elt menschen hinzu@@ richten . « +ich dachte darüber nach . +wie es sich an@@ fühlen würde , in einer welt zu leben , in der der deut@@ sche staat menschen hin@@ richten ließ , besonders , wenn darunter un@@ verhäl@@ t@@ nis@@ mäßig viele ju@@ den wären . +es wäre uner@@ trä@@ glich . +es wäre ge@@ wissen@@ los . +und dennoch , hier in diesem land , in den staaten des alten sü@@ dens , richten wir menschen hin – hier ist das risiko , zum to@@ de verur@@ teilt zu werden , el@@ f mal höher , wenn das opfer weiß ist , als wenn es schwar@@ z ist . 22 mal höher , wenn der ange@@ kla@@ gte schwar@@ z ist und das opfer weiß – in den@@ selben bun@@ des@@ staaten , in deren erde die körper gel@@ yn@@ chter menschen ru@@ hen . +und dennoch gibt es da diese ment@@ ale ab@@ kop@@ pl@@ ung . +ich glaube , unsere identität ist bedro@@ ht . +wenn wir uns nicht damit be@@ fassen , mit diesen schwier@@ igen themen , dann sind die posi@@ tiven und wunder@@ baren dingen ebenfalls be@@ troffen . +wir lieben innovation . +wir lieben technologie und kreativität . +wir lieben unterhaltung . +aber schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich werden diese real@@ itäten über@@ sch@@ at@@ tet von leid , miss@@ brauch , her@@ ab@@ setzung , aus@@ gren@@ zung . +mir erscheint es wichtig , bei@@ des zu ver@@ einen . +denn wir reden letz@@ tlich darüber dass wir mehr hoffnung brauchen , mehr engagement , mehr hing@@ ab@@ e , um in einer komplex@@ en welt bestehen zu können . +für mich bedeutet das zeit aufzu@@ bringen , nachzudenken und zu reden über die armen , die ben@@ ach@@ teili@@ gten , die , die niemals bei ted sein werden . +aber nachdenken auf eine art und weise , die in unser eigenes leben integri@@ ert ist . +wir alle müssen letzten endes dinge glauben , die wir nicht sehen können . +wir tun das . so rational wir auch sind , so sehr wir intelle@@ kt schätzen . +innovation , kreativität , und entwicklung kommen nicht nur aus unseren kö@@ pfen . +sie kommen aus ideen , die ange@@ trieben werden durch die überzeu@@ gung in unseren herzen . +es ist diese kop@@ f-@@ herz@@ -@@ verbindung , von der ich glaube , dass sie uns an@@ treibt , nicht nur offen zu sein für all die h@@ ellen und begei@@ stern@@ den dinge , sondern auch für die dunkl@@ en und proble@@ mati@@ schen . +vac@@ la@@ v ha@@ vel , der große tsch@@ ech@@ ische politiker , hat einmal gesagt : +» als wir in o@@ steu@@ rop@@ a gegen die unter@@ drück@@ ung kämp@@ ften , wollten wir alles mögliche . aber was wir am meisten brauchten , war hoffnung , eine gei@@ stige orienti@@ erung , die berei@@ t@@ schaft , manchmal an hoff@@ nungs@@ losen orten zu sein , und zeuge zu sein . « +diese gei@@ stige orienti@@ erung ist der kern dessen , wovon ich glaube , dass auch die ted-@@ gemeinschaften sich dafür enga@@ gieren müssen . +es gibt keine ab@@ gren@@ zung um technologie und design , die es uns erlaubt , ganz und gar mensch@@ lich zu sein , solange wir nicht auch augen und o@@ hren haben für armut , aus@@ gren@@ zung und un@@ gerechtigkeit . +ich möchte sie war@@ nen . diese art von identität fordert sehr viel mehr von uns , als wenn wir uns nicht darum kü@@ m@@ mer@@ ten . +sie wird sie zu@@ tief@@ st berü@@ hren . +als junger an@@ wal@@ t hat@@ t ich das große privi@@ leg , ro@@ sa par@@ ks zu treffen , +frau par@@ ks kam immer wieder mal zurück nach mon@@ t@@ g@@ om@@ ery , wo sie zwei ihrer äl@@ testen freunde tra@@ f@@ . diese äl@@ teren frauen , john@@ nie car@@ r , die den mon@@ t@@ g@@ om@@ er@@ y-@@ bus@@ bo@@ y@@ k@@ ot@@ t organisi@@ ert hatte – eine unglaubliche af@@ ro@@ amerikan@@ erin – und virg@@ ini@@ a dur@@ r , eine weiße , deren ehe@@ mann , cli@@ ff@@ ord dur@@ r , dr. king vertr@@ at . +diese frauen tra@@ fen sich also und unter@@ hielten sich einfach . +ab und zu rief frau car@@ r mich dann an und sagte : » br@@ y@@ an , frau par@@ ks kommt in die stadt . wir wollen uns unter@@ halten . +wollen sie da@@ zu@@ kommen und zuhören ? « +und ich sagte : » ja , sehr gerne . « +sie sagte : » und was werden sie tun , wenn sie hier sind ? « +ich sagte : » ich werde zuhören . « +und ich ging r@@ über und hörte einfach nur zu . +es war immer so inspiri@@ er@@ end , so be@@ flü@@ gel@@ n@@ d . +eines tages saß ich dort und hörte diesen frauen zu , und nach ein paar stunden dre@@ hte sich frau par@@ ks zu mir um uns sagte : » nun br@@ y@@ an , sagen sie mir , was die › initiative für glei@@ ches recht ‹ ist . +was versuchen sie zu erreichen ? « +ich begann mit meinem üb@@ lichen vortrag . +ich sagte : » wir versuchen , gegen un@@ gerechtigkeit vorzu@@ gehen . +w@@ r wollen menschen helfen , die un@@ schul@@ dig verur@@ teilt wurden . +wir wollen vor@@ ein@@ genom@@ men@@ heit und dis@@ kri@@ mini@@ erung im stra@@ f@@ voll@@ zu@@ gs@@ system be@@ kämpfen . +wir wollen lebens@@ län@@ gliche ha@@ ft@@ stra@@ fen ohne beding@@ te stra@@ f@@ aus@@ setzung für kinder ab@@ schaffen . +wir wollen etwas gegen die todes@@ stra@@ fe unternehmen . +wir wollen die anzahl der hä@@ ft@@ linge sen@@ ken . +wir wollen massen@@ in@@ haf@@ ti@@ erungen ab@@ schaffen . « +ich hielt meinen üb@@ lichen vortrag , und danach sah sie mich an und sagte : » m@@ h@@ mm . m@@ h@@ mm . m@@ h@@ mm . « +sie sagte : » das wird sie sehr , sehr mü@@ de machen . « +dann le@@ hnte frau car@@ r sich vor zu mir , legte einen finger auf mein gesicht und sagte : » und deshalb müssen sie sehr , sehr ta@@ pf@@ er sein . « +und deshalb glaube ich , dass die ted-@@ gemeinschaft ta@@ pfer@@ er sein sollte . +wir müssen wege fin@@ den@@ . uns diesen herausforderungen zu stellen : diesen problemen , diesem leid . +denn letz@@ tlich hängt unsere mensch@@ lichkeit , von unser aller mensch@@ lichkeit ab . +in meiner arbeit habe ich ganz einfache dinge gelernt . +ich habe ein paar ganz einfache dinge gelernt . +dass wir alle mehr sind , als das schlimm@@ ste , was wir jemals getan haben . +ich glaube , das gilt für jeden menschen auf dem planeten . +wenn jemand lü@@ gt , ist er nicht nur einfach ein lü@@ g@@ ner . +wenn jemand etwas nimmt , das ihm nicht gehört , ist er nicht nur ein die@@ b . +selbst wer jemanden tötet , ist nicht nur ein mö@@ r@@ der . +und weil das so ist , gibt es eine grundlegende menschliche würde , die das gesetz respe@@ kti@@ eren muss . +ich glaube auch , dass in vielen teilen dieses landes , und mit sicherheit in vielen teilen der erde , das gegenteil von armut nicht rei@@ cht@@ um ist . +ich glaube das nicht . +ich glaube , dass an zu vielen orten das gegenteil von armut gerechtigkeit ist . +und schließlich glaube ich , dass , obwohl sie so dra@@ matisch ist , so schön und inspiri@@ er@@ end , und so an@@ re@@ gend , wir am ende nicht an unserer technologie ge@@ messen werden , nicht an den dingen , die wir entwickeln , nicht an unserem intelle@@ kt und verstand . +schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich wird eine gesellschaft nicht daran ge@@ messen , wie sie ihre reichen und mäch@@ tigen und privi@@ legi@@ erten behandelt , sondern daran , wie sie mit den armen um@@ geht , den verur@@ teil@@ ten , den in@@ haf@@ ti@@ erten . +denn in diesem kontext erst beginnen wir , die wahr@@ haft erstaun@@ lichen dinge zu be@@ greifen , die uns aus@@ machen . +manchmal ver@@ li@@ ere ich das gleich@@ gewicht . eine geschichte zum schluss . +manchmal drän@@ ge ich zu sehr . +ich werde mü@@ de , wie wir alle . +manchmal ei@@ len diese ideen unserem denken voraus , auf ganz wichtige art und weise . +ich ver@@ tre@@ te diese kinder , die zu sehr har@@ ten stra@@ fen verur@@ teilt wurden . +ich gehe ins untersu@@ ch@@ ungs@@ gefängnis und besu@@ che einen mand@@ anten , der 13 oder 14 jahre alt sein mag , und der als erwachsen@@ er vor geri@@ cht stehen soll . +dann frage ich mich : wie konnte das passieren ? +wie kann ein ri@@ chter jemanden in etwas verwandeln , das er nicht ist ? +der ri@@ chter betrachtet ihn als erwachsenen , aber ich sehe ein kind . +eines nachts blieb ich zu lange auf und dachte , meine gü@@ te , wenn ein ri@@ chter uns in etwas anderes verwandeln kann , dann muss er zauber@@ kräfte haben . +genau , br@@ y@@ an , der ri@@ chter hat zauber@@ kräfte . +du soll@@ test dir auch welche wün@@ schen . +und weil es sp@@ ät war , und ich nicht mehr richtig denken konnte , fing ich an , an einem an@@ trag zu arbeiten . +ich hatte einen 14@@ jährigen , armen schwarzen jungen als mand@@ anten . +und ich fing an mit diesem an@@ trag . die über@@ schrift lau@@ tete : » an@@ trag , meinen armen , 14@@ jährigen schwarzen mand@@ anten wie einen privi@@ legi@@ erten , weißen , 7@@ 5@@ jährigen top@@ man@@ ager zu behandeln . ‌ « +in meinem an@@ trag erklär@@ te ich , dass fehl@@ verhalten der staat@@ san@@ wal@@ t@@ schaft und der polizei sowie ver@@ fahr@@ ens@@ fehler zu ber@@ ück@@ sichti@@ gen seien . +es gab eine verrück@@ te zei@@ le darüber , dass in diesem land nichts mehr rech@@ tens ist , dass es nur noch fehl@@ verhalten gibt . +am nächsten morgen wa@@ chte ich auf und wusste nicht mehr , ob ich diesen verrück@@ ten an@@ trag nur ge@@ trä@@ um@@ t oder ihn tatsächlich geschrieben hatte . +und zu meinem ent@@ setzen hatte ich ihn nicht nur geschrieben , sondern auch ans geri@@ cht geschickt . +ein paar monate gingen vor@@ über und ich hatte gerade alles vergessen . +schließlich aber entschied ich mich , mein gott , ich muss ja ins geri@@ cht und diesen verrück@@ ten fall vor@@ tragen . +ich stieg ins auto und war wirklich über@@ wäl@@ tigt – über@@ wäl@@ tigt . +ich fuhr also zum geri@@ cht . +und ich dachte , das wird so schwer , so schmer@@ z@@ haft . +schließlich stieg ich aus meinem auto und ging die tre@@ ppe zum geri@@ cht hoch . +als ich die tre@@ ppe zum geri@@ cht hoch@@ g@@ ing@@ . war da ein äl@@ ter@@ er , schwar@@ zer mann , der haus@@ meister im geri@@ cht . +als er mich sah , kam er zu mir her@@ über und sagte : » wer sind sie ? « +ich sagte : » ich bin an@@ wal@@ t . « er sagte : » sie sind an@@ wal@@ t ? « ich sagte : » ja . « +er kam zu mir und um@@ arm@@ te mich . +dann flü@@ ster@@ te er mir ins o@@ hr . +er sagte : » ich bin so stolz auf sie . « +und ich muss sagen , es gab mir kraft . +es berühr@@ te etwas ganz tief in mir , identität , die fähigkeit jedes einzelnen , etwas bei@@ zu@@ tragen zu einer gemeinschaft , zu einer perspektive der hoffnung . +nun , ich betr@@ at den geri@@ chts@@ saal . +sobald der ri@@ chter mich sah , +sagte er : » herr ste@@ ven@@ son , haben sie diesen verrück@@ ten an@@ trag gestellt ? « +ich sagte : » ja . « und dann fingen wir an , zu disku@@ tieren . +immer mehr menschen kamen her@@ ein , einfach weil sie wü@@ tend waren , +dass ich diese verrück@@ ten sachen geschrieben hatte . +poli@@ zei@@ be@@ am@@ te kamen her@@ ein und stell@@ ver@@ tre@@ ten@@ de staat@@ san@@ wäl@@ te und büro@@ ange@@ stellte . +im hand@@ um@@ drehen war der geri@@ chts@@ saal voller menschen , die wü@@ tend waren , dass wir über hau@@ t@@ farbe sprachen , über armut , über un@@ gleichheit . +aus meinem augen@@ winkel sah ich den haus@@ meister auf und ab gehen . +er sah immer wieder durch das fenster und konnte das ganze to@@ hu@@ w@@ abo@@ h@@ u hören . +er ging auf und ab . +schließlich kam dieser äl@@ tere schwarze mann mit einem sehr besor@@ gten gesi@@ chts@@ aus@@ ru@@ ck in den geri@@ chts@@ saal und setzte sich direkt hinter mich , beinahe auf die vertei@@ dig@@ ungs@@ bank . +zehn minuten später kün@@ di@@ gte der ri@@ chter eine pause an . +während der pause kam ein poli@@ zei@@ be@@ am@@ ter her@@ ein , den es stör@@ te , dass der haus@@ meister im geri@@ chts@@ saal war . +dieser de@@ pu@@ ty ran@@ nte hin@@ über zu dem äl@@ teren schwarzen . +er sagte : » j@@ im@@ my , was machen sie im geri@@ chts@@ saal ? « +der äl@@ tere schwarze mann stand auf . er sah den de@@ pu@@ ty an , dann sah er mich an , und er sagte : » ich bin her@@ gekommen , um diesem jungen mann zu sagen , verlieren sie das ziel nicht aus den augen . geben sie nicht auf . ‌ « +ich bin zur ted gekommen , weil ich glaube , dass viele von ihnen verstanden haben , dass das moralische pen@@ del des universums weit aus@@ schw@@ ingt , aber dass es der gerechtigkeit zun@@ ei@@ gt . +dass wir als menschen nicht vollständig entwickelt sind , solange wir uns nicht um menschen@@ rechte und grund@@ werte kümmern . +dass unser aller überleben mit dem überleben jedes einzelnen verknü@@ pft ist . +dass wir unsere visi@@ onen von technologie und gestal@@ tung , von unterhaltung und kreativität verbinden müssen mit mensch@@ lichkeit , mit@@ leid und gerechtigkeit . +und vor allem möchte ich j@@ enen von ihnen , die das ebenso sehen , einfach nur sagen : verlieren sie das ziel nicht aus den augen . geben sie nicht auf . +sie haben bei diesem publikum , dieser gemeinschaft einen offen@@ sicht@@ lichen wunsch gesehen und gehört , ihnen zu helfen und etwas zu tun . +was können wir noch tun ? +br@@ y@@ an ste@@ ven@@ son : nun , es gibt überall möglichkeiten . +wenn sie in kalifornien leben , gibt es da in diesem frü@@ hl@@ ing einen vol@@ ks@@ entschei@@ d , bei dem es darum geht , tatsächlich eine an@@ streng@@ ung zu unternehmen , etwas von dem geld@@ strom umzu@@ leiten , der sonst in die politik der be@@ stra@@ fung flie@@ ßt . +hier , in kalifornien zum beispiel wird man in den nächsten fünf jahren eine milliarde dollar für die todes@@ stra@@ fe ausge@@ ben@@ . eine milliarde dollar . +und trotzdem enden 4@@ 6 % aller tö@@ tungs@@ deli@@ kte nicht mit einer ver@@ haf@@ tung . +5@@ 6 % aller ver@@ gewal@@ tig@@ ungs@@ fälle kommen nicht vor geri@@ cht . +hier gibt es die chance , etwas zu tun . +dieses refer@@ end@@ um wird vor@@ schlagen , das geld in mehr sicher@@ heit@@ sk@@ r@@ äf@@ te und sicherheit zu investieren . +ich glaube , überall gibt es möglichkeiten . +während der letzten drei jahrzehn@@ te ist die ver@@ bre@@ chen@@ s@@ rate in amerika im@@ men@@ s ges@@ un@@ ken . +diese tatsache wird oft in einen zusammenhang mit den erhö@@ h@@ ten in@@ haf@@ tier@@ ungs@@ zahlen gestellt . +was würden sie jemandem sagen , der das glaubt ? +nun , tatsächlich hat sich die zahl der gewal@@ t@@ verbrechen nicht sehr verändert . +der großteil der massen@@ in@@ haf@@ ti@@ erungen in diesem land fand nicht wirklich in der klasse der gewal@@ t@@ verbrechen statt . +es war der fehl@@ gelei@@ tete kreu@@ z@@ zug gegen dro@@ gen . +daher kommen die dra@@ mati@@ schen hohen zahlen bei den gefäng@@ nis@@ ins@@ assen . +wir haben uns hin@@ rei@@ ßen lassen von der r@@ he@@ tor@@ ik der be@@ stra@@ fung . +nun haben wir » drei@@ -@@ ver@@ stö@@ ße « -@@ gesetze , die menschen für immer hinter git@@ ter bringen , für einen fahr@@ rad@@ die@@ b@@ sta@@ hl , für den die@@ b@@ sta@@ hl gering@@ fü@@ gi@@ gen gutes , statt dass man sie zw@@ ingt , die sachen den op@@ fern zurückzu@@ geben . +ich glaube , wir müssen mehr tun , um menschen zu helfen , die opfer einer stra@@ ft@@ at geworden sind , nicht weniger . +und ich glaube , dass unsere je@@ tz@@ ige be@@ stra@@ f@@ ung@@ sp@@ hil@@ osop@@ h@@ ie nieman@@ dem hilft . +ich glaube , das ist es , was wir ändern müssen . +br@@ y@@ an , sie haben hier wirklich eine sa@@ ite zum schw@@ ingen gebracht . +sie sind eine inspiri@@ erende persön@@ lichkeit . +danke , dass sie bei ted waren . vielen dank . +sprecher : bin la@@ dens tod bringt ein erhö@@ h@@ tes ge@@ fahr@@ en@@ risiko mit sich . +sprecher 2 : hun@@ ger@@ s@@ not in som@@ alia . sprecher 3 : p@@ fe@@ ff@@ er@@ spra@@ y der polizei . +sprecher 4 : bö@@ s@@ artige kar@@ tel@@ le . sprecher 5 : gefähr@@ liche kreu@@ z@@ fahr@@ t@@ schi@@ ffe . +sprecher 6 : gesellschaft@@ licher ver@@ fall . sprecher 7 : 65 to@@ te . +sprecher 8 : tsun@@ am@@ i@@ war@@ nung . sprecher 9 : cyber@@ -@@ attac@@ ken +verschiedene sprecher : dro@@ gen@@ krieg . massen@@ ver@@ nicht@@ ungs@@ waffen . tor@@ na@@ do . +re@@ z@@ ession . still@@ stand . do@@ om@@ s@@ day . ägyp@@ ten . sy@@ ri@@ en . +krise . tod . katastrophe . +oh mein gott . +also das sind nur ein paar der cli@@ ps , die ich über die letzten sechs monate gesam@@ melt habe – es hätten aber auch die letzten sechs tage sein können . oder die letzten sechs jahre . +tatsache ist , dass die medien es be@@ vorzu@@ gen , uns negative themen zu zeigen , weil unser verstand genau diesen themen aufmerksamkeit schen@@ kt . +und es gibt auch einen sehr guten grund dafür . +jede sekunde jeden tages fangen unsere sinne viel mehr informationen auf als unser hir@@ n jemals ver@@ arbeiten kann . +und weil uns nichts wichtiger ist als unser überleben , ist die erste hal@@ te@@ stelle für all die informationen ein teil unseres tempor@@ al@@ la@@ pp@@ ens , die am@@ y@@ g@@ d@@ ala . +die am@@ y@@ g@@ d@@ ala ist also unser früh@@ war@@ n@@ system , unser ge@@ fahr@@ en@@ dete@@ ktor . +es sor@@ tiert und durch@@ kä@@ mmt die gesamten informationen auf der suche nach je@@ g@@ licher an@@ deu@@ tung von gefahr in unserer umgebung . +wenn wir also die nachrichten sehen , be@@ vorzu@@ gen wir es , nach nega@@ tiven neu@@ igkeiten aus@@ schau zu halten . +und das alte sp@@ rich@@ wort " wenn es blu@@ tet , steigt die nach@@ frage " ist sehr wahr . +nun , mit all unseren digitalen gerä@@ ten , die uns sieben tage die woche , 24 stunden am tag all diese nega@@ tiven nachrichten zustellen , ist es kein wunder , dass wir p@@ essi@@ mi@@ stisch sind . +es ist kein wunder , dass jeder denkt , dass es der welt immer schle@@ chter geht . +aber möglicherweise ist dies nicht der fall . +möglicherweise ist das der wirklichkeit . +vielleicht beschle@@ uni@@ gt sich der enorme fortschritt , den wir im letzten jahrhundert durch eine reihe von krä@@ ften gemacht haben , sich so stark , dass es uns in den nächsten drei jahrzehn@@ ten möglich wird , eine welt des über@@ fl@@ us@@ ses zu erschaffen . +nun , ich sage nicht , dass wir keine großen probleme haben – klima@@ krise , ar@@ ten@@ sterben , wasser@@ - und energie@@ probleme – die haben wir schon . +und als menschen sind wir viel besser darin , probleme auf sehr lange sicht vor@@ auszu@@ sehen , aber sie schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich doch zu über@@ winden . +sehen wir uns doch einmal an , was wir im letzten jahrhundert erreicht haben , damit wir die entwicklung vorher@@ sehen können . +in den letzten 100 jahren hat sich die durchschnittliche lebenser@@ war@@ tung mehr als ver@@ doppelt , das an die inf@@ lation ange@@ pas@@ ste durchschnitt@@ s@@ einkommen der welt@@ bevölkerung hat sich ver@@ drei@@ fa@@ cht . +kinder@@ sterb@@ lichkeit hat sich um ein zehn@@ tel verring@@ ert . +dazu kommt , dass die ernähr@@ ungs@@ - , elektri@@ z@@ itä@@ ts@@ - trans@@ port@@ - und kommuni@@ ka@@ tion@@ sk@@ osten sich um ein viel@@ fa@@ ches verring@@ ert haben . +steve pin@@ ker hat uns gezeigt , dass wir derzeit in einer sehr frie@@ dlichen zeit der menschen@@ geschichte leben . +und laut charles ken@@ ny ist die alp@@ hab@@ e@@ ti@@ si@@ erungs@@ quote in den vergan@@ genen 1@@ 30 jahren von 25 % auf 80 % gest@@ ie@@ gen . +wir leben in einer wirklich außergewöhn@@ lichen zeit . +und viele menschen vergessen dies . +und wir erhö@@ hen unsere erwar@@ tungen ständig weiter . +tatsächlich haben wir armut neu defin@@ iert . +bedenken sie , dass ein großer anteil der amerikaner , die unter der ar@@ mu@@ ts@@ grenze leben , zugang zu strom , wasser , toile@@ tten , kühl@@ schrän@@ ken , fern@@ se@@ her , mobil@@ telef@@ onen , klima@@ an@@ lagen und autos haben . +die reich@@ sten kapit@@ alisten des letzten jahrhunderts , die im@@ per@@ at@@ oren der erde , hätten sich niemals solche lux@@ us@@ gü@@ ter er@@ tr@@ äumen können . +die grundlage für viel@@ es davon bilden technologien , und diese wachsen ex@@ poten@@ ti@@ ell . +mein guter freund ray kurz@@ weil hat uns gezeigt , dass jedes tool , das zur informa@@ tion@@ stech@@ n@@ ologie wird , auf der kur@@ ve von mo@@ or@@ es gesetz große spr@@ ün@@ ge macht , und sich der prei@@ s-@@ performan@@ ce-@@ qu@@ o@@ ti@@ ent alle 12 bis 24 monate ver@@ doppelt . +darum kostet das mobil@@ telefon in ihrer tasche cir@@ ca eine million mal weniger und ist taus@@ end@@ fa@@ ch schneller als ein super@@ computer aus den 7@@ 0ern . +nun schauen sie sich diese kur@@ ve an . +das ist mo@@ or@@ es gesetz der letzten hundert jahre . +be@@ achten sie zwei dinge an dieser kur@@ ve . +erstens , wie gesch@@ mei@@ dig sie verl@@ äu@@ ft – in guten wie in schlechten zeiten , krieg oder frieden , re@@ z@@ ession , depression und hoch@@ kon@@ jun@@ k@@ tur . +das ist das ergebnis von schnell@@ eren compu@@ tern , die schnell@@ ere computer bauen . +sie ver@@ lang@@ sam@@ t sich für k@@ eines unserer großen probleme . +außerdem , trotz ihres log@@ ari@@ th@@ mischen verl@@ auf@@ s auf der linken seite verl@@ äu@@ ft sie auf@@ wärts . +die wachst@@ um@@ s@@ rate selbst beschle@@ uni@@ gt sich also . +und auf dieser kur@@ ve , auf dem rücken von mo@@ or@@ es gesetz , finden wir eine reihe außergewöhn@@ licher technologien , die allen zur verfügung stehen . +" clou@@ d-@@ computing " , etwas , das meine freunde bei auto@@ des@@ k " infin@@ it@@ e-@@ computing " nennen , sensor@@ en und netzwerke , roboter , 3@@ d-@@ dru@@ cker , die es ermöglichen , die persönliche produktion auf unserem planeten zu demokra@@ ti@@ sieren , syn@@ the@@ tische biologie , treib@@ stoffe , impf@@ ungen und nahrung , digitale medizin , nan@@ o-@@ materialien und künst@@ liche intelligenz . +wie viele von ihnen haben den sie@@ g von ib@@ ms super@@ computer wat@@ son bei " risiko " gesehen ? +das war doch gran@@ di@@ os . +ich habe mal die zeit@@ ungen durch@@ for@@ stet und nach den besten schlag@@ zei@@ len ges@@ u@@ cht , die ich finden konnte . +ich liebe diese : " wat@@ son be@@ zw@@ ingt menschlichen geg@@ ner . " +" risiko " ist kein einfaches spiel . +es geht darum , die nu@@ an@@ cen der sprache zu verstehen . +stellen sie sich mal vor , dass diese künst@@ liche intelligenz jedem besit@@ zer eines mobil@@ telef@@ ones zur verfügung st@@ ün@@ de . +vor vier jahren star@@ teten ray kurz@@ weil und ich hier bei ted eine neue universität , die " sing@@ ul@@ ar@@ ity university " heißt . +wir bringen unseren studenten all diese technologien bei , mit besonder@@ em fo@@ kus darauf , wie diese genutzt werden können , um die großen herausforderungen der menschheit zu lösen . +und jedes jahr bitten wir die studenten , unternehmen , produkte und dienst@@ leistungen zu schaffen , die innerhalb eines jahrzehn@@ ts posi@@ tiv das leben von mil@@ lar@@ den von menschen bein@@ fl@@ us@@ sen können . +denken sie darüber nach , dass eine gruppe von studenten heute das leben von milliarden von menschen beeinflussen kann . +vor 30 jahren hätte sich dies läch@@ er@@ lich ange@@ hört . +heute können wir auf dutz@@ ende von unternehmen ver@@ weisen die genau dies geschafft haben . +wenn ich daran denke , über@@ fluss zu schaffen , dann meine ich nicht ein leben voller lux@@ us für jeden auf diesem planeten ; es geht mir darum , ein leben voller möglichkeiten zu schaffen . +es geht darum , aus k@@ na@@ ppen gü@@ tern über@@ fluss zu schaffen . +k@@ na@@ pp@@ heit ist nämlich kon@@ text@@ be@@ zogen , und technologie ist eine ressourcen be@@ frei@@ ende kraft . +hier ist ein beispiel . +dies ist die geschichte von na@@ po@@ le@@ on i@@ i@@ i@@ . in der mitte des 18@@ . jahrhunderts . +er ist der typ links . +er hat den köni@@ g von si@@ am zum ab@@ en@@ dessen ein@@ geladen . +na@@ po@@ le@@ ons soldaten bekamen sil@@ ber@@ -@@ be@@ ste@@ ck , na@@ po@@ le@@ on selbst bekam gol@@ d-@@ be@@ ste@@ ck . +der köni@@ g von si@@ am jedoch bekam al@@ um@@ ini@@ um@@ -@@ be@@ ste@@ ck . +al@@ um@@ ini@@ um war zu dieser zeit das wert@@ voll@@ ste met@@ all auf dem planeten , wert@@ voller als gold und pla@@ tin . +dies ist der grund , warum die ku@@ p@@ pel des washing@@ ton@@ -@@ mon@@ um@@ ents aus al@@ um@@ ini@@ um ge@@ fer@@ tigt wurde . +obwohl al@@ um@@ ini@@ um 8@@ ,@@ 3 prozent der erd@@ masse ein@@ nimmt , kommt es nicht als r@@ eines met@@ all vor . +es wird durch sauerstoff und si@@ lik@@ ate verbunden . +aber dann wurde die technologie der elektro@@ ly@@ se entwickelt und machte al@@ um@@ ini@@ um@@ herstellung so gün@@ stig , dass wir es mit unserer weg@@ wer@@ f-@@ ment@@ alität nutzen . +dann lasst uns diese analog@@ ie mal in die zukunft pro@@ ji@@ zieren . +wir denken heute an energie@@ k@@ na@@ pp@@ heit . +meine damen und herren , wir leben auf einem planeten der mit 5@@ .@@ 00@@ 0-@@ mal mehr energie gefü@@ llt ist als wir jähr@@ lich ver@@ brauchen . +16 ter@@ a@@ watt energie pr@@ as@@ seln alle 8@@ 8 minuten auf die er@@ do@@ ber@@ fläche . +es handelt sich nicht um k@@ na@@ pp@@ heit , das problem ist zugän@@ g@@ lichkeit . +und es gibt gute neu@@ igkeiten . +in diesem jahr hat man es zum ersten mal geschafft , die kosten für solar@@ strom in indien zu 50 prozent des diesel@@ -@@ stro@@ ms zu reduzieren – 8@@ .@@ 8 ru@@ pi@@ en im vergleich zu 17 ru@@ pi@@ en . +die kosten für solar@@ energie fiel@@ en im letzten jahr um 50 prozent . +letzten monat hat das mit eine studie veröffentlicht , die zeigt , dass bis zum ende dieses jahrzehn@@ ts in den son@@ ni@@ gen gegen@@ den der usa solar@@ energie 6 cent pro k@@ w@@ h , im vergleich zu 15 cent im nation@@ alen durch@@ schnitt kosten wird . +und wenn wir einen energie@@ über@@ sch@@ uss haben , dann werden wir auch wasser im über@@ fluss haben . +sprechen wir über wasser@@ -@@ kriege . +erinnern sie sich daran , als car@@ l sa@@ gan das vo@@ y@@ a@@ ger@@ -@@ raum@@ fahr@@ zeug 199@@ 0 , als es am saturn vorbei@@ gezogen war , zurück in richtung erde dre@@ hte ? +er nahm ein berühm@@ tes foto auf . wie hie@@ ß es ? +" a p@@ ale blue do@@ t . " +weil wir auf einem wasser@@ planeten leben . +wir leben auf einem planeten , der zu 70 prozent mit wasser be@@ deckt ist . +ja , es sind 9@@ 7@@ ,@@ 5 prozent sal@@ z@@ wasser , 2 prozent sind ver@@ ei@@ st , und wir kämpfen um 0@@ ,@@ 5 prozent des was@@ s@@ ers auf dem planeten , aber hier gibt es auch hoffnung . +und es gibt neue technologien , nicht in 10 oder 20 jahren , sondern jetzt . +es sind neue nan@@ ot@@ echn@@ ologi@@ en auf dem weg , nan@@ o-@@ materialien . +und aus einem gespräch heute morgen mit de@@ an ka@@ man , einem der inno@@ vat@@ oren des do it yourself , möchte ich etwas mit ihnen teilen – er gab mir die erlaub@@ nis – seine techn@@ ol@@ gie , die " sl@@ ing@@ shot " heißt , und von der viele von ihnen vielleicht schon gehört haben . es hat die größe eines kühl@@ sch@@ ran@@ ks im stud@@ ent@@ en@@ heim . +es kann tausend li@@ ter sau@@ ber@@ es trin@@ k@@ wasser pro tag aus verschiedenen quellen erzeugen – ob sal@@ z@@ wasser , verschmu@@ tz@@ tes wasser , lat@@ r@@ ine – und all das für weniger als 2 cent pro li@@ ter . +der vor@@ sitz@@ ende von co@@ ca@@ -@@ col@@ a hat gerade einge@@ willi@@ gt , ein großes te@@ st-@@ projekt mit hundert ein@@ heiten in entwicklungsländern zu starten . +und wenn alles gut läuft , und ich bin sehr zu@@ ver@@ sichtlich , dann wird co@@ ca@@ -@@ col@@ a diese technologie global in 20@@ 6 ländern auf dem ganzen planeten anwenden . +dies ist technologi@@ e@@ unterstü@@ tz@@ te innovation , die es heute gibt . +und wir haben dies auch bei mobil@@ telef@@ onen gesehen . +du meine gü@@ te , wir erreichen bald die 70 prozent ab@@ de@@ ck@@ ungs@@ rate von mobil@@ telef@@ onen in entwicklungsländern bis zum ende von 20@@ 13 . +bedenken sie nur , dass ein mas@@ sa@@ i@@ -@@ krie@@ ger mit einem handy in der mitte von ken@@ ia eine bessere mobil@@ -@@ kommunikation hat als präsident re@@ ag@@ an vor 25 jahren . +und wenn sie mit ihrem smar@@ t@@ phone auf google suchen , haben sie mehr zugang zu wissen und informationen als präsident clin@@ ton vor 15 jahren . +sie leben in einer welt , die informationen und kommunikation im über@@ fluss hat , wie es niemand jemals hätte voraus@@ sagen können . +und es kommt noch besser , die dinge , für die sie und ich mehrere tausend dollar ausge@@ geben haben – gps , h@@ d-@@ video und foto , bibliothe@@ ken voller bücher und musik , technologie zur medizin@@ ischen diagno@@ sti@@ k – werden nun buchstäblich ent@@ materi@@ alisiert und billi@@ ger in ihrem handy . +und das beste daran ist möglicherweise , was uns im bereich gesundheit erwartet . +im letzten monat hatte ich das verg@@ nü@@ gen , mit der qu@@ al@@ comm@@ -@@ stif@@ tung den so genan@@ nten " $ 10 millionen qu@@ al@@ com@@ m tri@@ cor@@ der x prize " anzu@@ kün@@ digen . +wir for@@ dern teams auf der ganzen welt heraus , all diese technologien miteinander in einem mobil@@ telefon so zu verbinden , dass man mit den gerät sprechen kann , da es mit ki aus@@ gerü@@ stet ist , man kann rein@@ hu@@ sten oder seine blut@@ werte testen . +und um zu gewinnen , muss das gerät eine bessere diagno@@ se stellen als ein team hoch@@ quali@@ fi@@ zier@@ ter ärzte . +stellen sie sich dieses gerät vor . mitten in einem entwicklungs@@ land , wo es keine ärzte gibt , jedoch 25 prozent der krank@@ heits@@ last und 1,@@ 3 prozent der mitarbeiter des gesundheits@@ wes@@ ens . +wenn dieses gerät einen r@@ na@@ - oder dna-@@ virus sequen@@ ziert , der nicht bekannt ist , ru@@ ft es die gesundheits@@ behör@@ de an und ver@@ hinder@@ t eine pan@@ dem@@ ie vor ihrem aus@@ bruch . +aber nun zur größten kraft , die uns zu einer welt des über@@ fl@@ us@@ ses führen wird . +ich nenne sie " die kommen@@ de milliarde " . +die weißen linien stehen für bevölkerung . +wir haben gerade die 7@@ -@@ milliar@@ den-@@ mar@@ ke über@@ schri@@ tten . +und nur neben@@ bei , die größte ab@@ sich@@ erung gegen eine bevölker@@ ung@@ sex@@ plo@@ sion ist eine bessere er@@ zieh@@ ung und ernährung in der ganzen welt . +2010 hatten wir so gerade unter zwei milliarden menschen online miteinander verbunden . +bis 20@@ 20 steigen wir voraus@@ sichtlich von zwei auf fünf milliarden internet@@ nutz@@ er . +drei milliarden neue kö@@ pfe , von denen wir niemals zuvor gehört haben , werden sich der globalen kommunikation an@@ schließen . +was brauchen diese menschen ? +was werden sie konsu@@ mieren ? was werden sie be@@ ge@@ hren ? +und anstelle von wirtschaft@@ lichem still@@ stand sehe ich einen der größten wirtschaftlichen an@@ schü@@ be der geschichte . +diese menschen re@@ präsentieren mehrere trilli@@ onen dollar , die in die globale wirtschaft flie@@ ßen werden . +und sie werden durch die nutzung des tri@@ co@@ ders ges@@ ün@@ der werden , und sie werden besser ausge@@ bildet durch die k@@ han@@ -@@ ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ie , und dadurch , dass sie die möglichkeit haben werden , 3@@ d-@@ dru@@ cker und " infin@@ ite computing " einzu@@ setzen , und so viel produ@@ kti@@ ver sein als jemals zuvor . +also was können 3 milliarden wachsen@@ de , ges@@ unde , ge@@ bil@@ dete , produ@@ ktive mitglieder der menschen@@ gemeinde uns bringen ? +wie wäre es mit einem satz neuer , nie zuvor ge@@ hör@@ ter stimmen . +wie wäre es damit , den unter@@ drück@@ ten , wo auch immer sie sind , eine stimme zu geben , um auf sich aufmerk@@ sam zu machen und veränderung zu erzeugen , zum aller@@ ersten mal ? +was werden diese drei milliarden menschen mit@@ bringen ? +wie wäre es mit bei@@ trä@@ gen , die wir nicht einmal vorhersagen können ? +eines der dinge , die ich durch den x prize gelernt habe , ist , dass kleine teams , die durch passion und fo@@ kus motivi@@ ert sind , außergewöhn@@ liche dinge schaffen können , dinge , die große unternehmen und regierungen nur in der vergangenheit schaffen konnten . +ich möchte mit einer geschichte ab@@ schließen , die mich wirklich begeistert hat . +es gibt ein programm , das einige vielleicht schon kennen . +es ist ein spiel , das fol@@ dit heißt . +es wurde an der universität von washington in se@@ attle entwickelt . +und es ist ein spiel , in dem personen eine sequenz von amin@@ o@@ sä@@ uren nehmen können um zu erforschen , wie das protein sich entwickeln wird . +je nach seinem verhalten können wir die struktur und funktion voraus@@ sagen . +und dies ist sehr wichtig in der medizin@@ forschung . +bisher war dies ein problem für super@@ computer . +und dieses spiel wurde von universi@@ tä@@ t@@ spro@@ f@@ ess@@ oren us@@ w. gespielt . +und es sind mittler@@ weile hunderte von tausenden von menschen , die das spiel online gespielt haben . +und es zeigte , dass heutzutage die menschliche mu@@ ster@@ erken@@ nung besser die prot@@ eine fal@@ tet als die besten super@@ computer . +und als diese personen kamen und schauten , wer der beste prot@@ ein@@ -@@ ord@@ ner der welt ist , war dies kein mit@@ -@@ professor , auch kein cal@@ tech@@ -@@ student , es war jemand aus england , man@@ che@@ ster , eine frau , die ta@@ gs@@ über als assi@@ st@@ enti@@ n der geschäfts@@ lei@@ tung in einer re@@ ha@@ -@@ klini@@ k arbeitete und nachts die beste prot@@ ein@@ -@@ or@@ dn@@ erin der welt war . +meine damen und herren , was mir enor@@ mes vertrauen in unsere zukunft gibt , ist die tatsache , dass wir heute mehr macht als individuen haben , um uns den großen herausforderungen unseres planeten zu stellen . +wir haben zu@@ griff auf werkzeuge mit exponenti@@ eller technologie . +wir haben die leidenschaft eines di@@ y-@@ inno@@ vat@@ oren . +wir haben das kapital der tech@@ no@@ -@@ phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ en . +und wir haben drei milliarden neue kö@@ pfe , mit denen wir online arbeiten können um die neuen herausforderungen zu mei@@ stern , und um das zu tun , was nötig ist . +wir erwarten ein paar außergewöhn@@ liche jahrzehn@@ te . +danke schön . +ich glaube , dass wir etwas gegen ein veränder@@ n@@ s@@ wer@@ tes stück medizin@@ ischer kultur unternehmen müssen . +und ich glaube , dass es mit einem medizin@@ er beginnt und der bin ich . +und vielleicht bin ich schon lange genug im geschäft , als dass ich es mir erlauben kann ein stück meines eigenen fal@@ schen pre@@ sti@@ ges aufzu@@ geben um dies zu ermöglichen . +bevor ich jedoch zum eigent@@ lichen thema meines vor@@ tra@@ ges komme , lassen sie uns mit ein wenig baseball beginnen . +hey , warum nicht ? +wir sind dem sa@@ is@@ on@@ ende nahe und bewegen uns auf die welt@@ mei@@ ster@@ schaft zu . +wir alle lieben baseball , oder ? +baseball ist voll mit toll@@ en statistiken . +und es gibt hunderte von ihnen . +" mon@@ e@@ y@@ ball " erscheint bald und dreht sich um statistiken und um diese zu nutzen ein großarti@@ ges baseball team auf@@ zustellen . +ich werde mich auf eine statisti@@ k beziehen von der ich hoffe , dass die meisten von ihnen schon mal gehört haben . +es ist die durchschnitt@@ s@@ leistung des schlä@@ gers . +wir sprechen von einer 300 , wenn ein schlä@@ ger 300 schlägt . +das bedeutet , dass der spieler sicher 3 von 10 schlä@@ gen schlägt . +das heißt den ball ins außen@@ feld schlagen , er kommt auf , er wird nicht ge@@ fangen , und wer den ball versucht hat zur first base zu werfen , hat es nicht rech@@ tz@@ ei@@ tig geschafft und der läu@@ fer war in sicherheit . +drei aus 10 . +wissen sie wie man einen 3@@ 00@@ ter in major lea@@ gue baseball nennt ? +gut , wirklich gut , vielleicht ein all@@ -@@ star . +wissen sie wie man einen 4@@ 00@@ ter nennt ? +das ist jemand der im übri@@ gen sicher 4 aus 10 trifft . +le@@ gend@@ ä@@ r - wie ted willi@@ ams le@@ gend@@ ä@@ r - der letzte major lea@@ gue baseball spieler der während einer regul@@ ären sa@@ ison über 400 mal traf . +lassen sie uns zurück in meine welt der medizin trans@@ fer@@ ieren , in der ich mich um einiges wohl@@ er fühle oder vielleicht auch ein bisschen weniger wohl nach dem ich mit ihnen darüber gesprochen habe . +angenommen sie haben eine blin@@ d@@ dar@@ ment@@ z@@ ün@@ dung und sie werden zu einem oper@@ at@@ eu@@ r über@@ wiesen , dessen durchschnitt@@ s@@ leistung 400 in bezug auf blin@@ d@@ dar@@ ment@@ z@@ ün@@ dungen ist . +irgendwie funktioniert das nicht , oder ? +angenommen sie leben in einer bestimmten ab@@ gele@@ genen gegend und sie haben einen ge@@ lieb@@ ten menschen mit ver@@ stop@@ ften herz@@ kran@@ z@@ gefä@@ ßen und ihr haus@@ arzt über@@ wei@@ st diesen zu einem kar@@ di@@ ologen , dessen durchschnitt@@ s@@ leistung bei gefä@@ ß@@ dar@@ stellung bei 200 liegt . +aber , aber wissen sie was ? +sie ist dieses jahr viel besser . sie ist auf dem auf@@ st@@ eigen@@ den ast . +und sie schlägt eine 25@@ 7 . +irgendwie funktioniert das nicht . +aber ich werde ihnen eine frage stellen . +was glauben sie wie die durchschnitt@@ s@@ leistung für einen kar@@ di@@ ologen oder eine kranken@@ schwester oder einen or@@ th@@ op@@ ä@@ den , einen geburt@@ shel@@ fer , einen rett@@ ungs@@ assi@@ st@@ enten sein sollte ? +1.000 , sehr gut . +die wahrheit ist , dass niemand in der ganzen medizin weiß , was ein guter chirur@@ g oder arzt oder rett@@ ungs@@ assi@@ stent sein sollte . +was wir allerdings tun , ist dass wir jeden von ihnen , mich ein@@ geschlossen , in die welt aus@@ senden mit dem an@@ spruch perfekt zu sein . +niemals einen fehler machen , niemand macht sich jedoch über die details gedanken , wie dies be@@ werk@@ st@@ elli@@ gt werden soll . +und das ist die nachricht , die ich im medizin@@ studi@@ um auf@@ nahm . +ich war ein zwan@@ g@@ haft obs@@ essi@@ ver student . +in der high school hat mal ein mit@@ schüler gesagt , dass brian gold@@ mann für einen blu@@ tt@@ est lernen würde . +und so war es auch . +und ich lernte in meiner kleinen da@@ ch@@ stu@@ be in der sch@@ western res@@ iden@@ z am tor@@ onto general hospital , un@@ weit von hier . +ich lernte alles aus@@ wen@@ dig . +in meiner an@@ atom@@ ie@@ vor@@ les@@ ung lernte ich die ursprün@@ ge und aus@@ läu@@ fer jedes mus@@ k@@ els , jeden zwei@@ g einer jeden ar@@ terie , welchen von der a@@ or@@ ta weg@@ führt , ob@@ sk@@ ure und gewöhn@@ liche differ@@ enti@@ al@@ diagno@@ sen . +i kan@@ nte sogar die differ@@ enti@@ al@@ diagno@@ se um ren@@ ale tu@@ bu@@ lä@@ re a@@ zi@@ do@@ se zu klas@@ si@@ fizieren . +und die ganz zeit sam@@ mel@@ te ich mehr und mehr wissen . +und ich war gut , ich sch@@ loss mit c@@ um lau@@ de ab . +und ich ver@@ ließ das medizin@@ studi@@ um mit der eindruck das ich , falls ich alles aus@@ wen@@ dig kan@@ nte und alles wusste , oder zumindest soviel wie möglich , so nahe an voll@@ stän@@ digkeit wie möglich , dass ich im@@ mu@@ n gegen das machen von fehl@@ ern sei . +und es kla@@ pp@@ te für eine zeit lang , bis ich frau dru@@ cker traf . +ich resi@@ di@@ erte an einem lehr@@ krankenhaus hier in tor@@ onto als frau dru@@ cker zu mir in die not@@ fall@@ ab@@ teilung des kranken@@ haus@@ es gebracht wurde . +zu diesem zeitpunkt war ich der kar@@ di@@ ologischen schicht im kar@@ di@@ ologischen dienst zu@@ gewi@@ esen . +und es war mein auf@@ trag , als das not@@ fall@@ personal kar@@ di@@ ologischen rat su@@ chte , den not@@ fall@@ patienten zu untersuchen . +und rück@@ mel@@ dung an meinen ober@@ arzt zu geben . +ich untersu@@ chte frau dru@@ cker und sie war in atem@@ not . +und als ich ihr zu@@ hörte , machte sie ke@@ u@@ ch@@ ende geräusche . +und als ich ihre br@@ ust mit dem ste@@ tho@@ sk@@ op@@ e ab@@ hörte , konnte ich ein kn@@ ac@@ ken@@ des gerä@@ usch auf beiden seiten hören , das sagte mir , dass sie unter kon@@ ge@@ sti@@ ver her@@ zin@@ suff@@ i@@ zi@@ enz li@@ tt . +das ist ein zustand in dem das herz ver@@ sagt , anstatt das gesamte blut weiter zu pump@@ en , setzt sich ein teil des blu@@ tes in der lun@@ ge fest und fü@@ llt diese all@@ mä@@ h@@ lich , daher kam die kurz@@ at@@ mi@@ gkeit . +und das war keine schwer zu stell@@ enden diagno@@ se . +ich stellte sie und machte mich an die behandlung . +ich gab ihr as@@ pir@@ in . ich gab ihr medizin um den druck vom herzen zu nehmen . +ich gab ihr medizin , die wir di@@ u@@ re@@ tics nennen , wasser tab@@ le@@ tten , so dass sie die flüs@@ sigkeit aus@@ schied . +und über einen zei@@ traum von ein@@ einhalb bis zwei stunden , fing sie an sich besser zu fühlen . +ich fühlte mich richtig gut . +und da machte ich meinen ersten fehler ; ich schi@@ ckte sie nach hause . +eigentlich machte ich zwei fehler . +ich schi@@ ckte sie nach hause ohne mit meinem ober@@ arzt zu sprechen . +ich nahm nicht den hör@@ er auf und tat , was ich hätten sollen , was ein an@@ ruf bei meinem ober@@ arzt gewesen wäre um es mit ihm abzu@@ klär@@ en , so dass er eine chance gehabt hätte sich ein eigenes bild zu machen . +und er kan@@ nte sie , er wäre in der lage gewesen zusätz@@ liche informationen zu ihr bei@@ zu@@ steuern . +vielleicht tat ich es mit gu@@ tem grund . +vielleicht wollte ich nicht der hilfs@@ bedürf@@ tige arzt sein . +vielleicht wollte ich so erfolgreich und so fähig sein verantwortung zu übernehmen , dass ich so hand@@ elte und so wäre ich in der lage für meine patienten zu sorgen ohne ihn konta@@ kti@@ eren zu müssen . +mein zwei@@ ter fehler war schlimmer . +dadurch das ich sie nach hause schi@@ ckte , mis@@ sach@@ tete ich ein lei@@ se stimme in mir , die versuchte mir zu sagen , " gold@@ man , keine gute idee . tue das nicht . " +in wirklich fehl@@ te es mir so sehr an selbst@@ sicherheit dass ich die kranken@@ schwester fragte , welche sich um frau dru@@ cker kü@@ m@@ mer@@ te , " glauben sie das es in ordnung ist , wenn sie nach hause geht ? " +und die kranken@@ schwester dachte darüber nach und sagte in fa@@ kti@@ scher art , " klar , ich denke es wird ihr gut gehen . " +ich erinnere mich daran als sei es gestern gewesen . +also unter@@ zeich@@ nete ich die ent@@ las@@ s@@ ung@@ sp@@ ap@@ i@@ ere und ein kranken@@ wagen und rett@@ ungs@@ assi@@ st@@ enten kamen und brachten sie nach hause . +und ich be@@ gab mich zurück an die arbeit . +den rest@@ lichen tag , den abend hatte ich dieses na@@ gende gefühl in meinem ma@@ gen . +aber ich arbeitete weiter . +und am ende des tages pac@@ kte ich meine sachen , ver@@ lies das krankenhaus und ging zum par@@ k@@ platz um mit dem auto nach hause zu fahren , als ich etwas tat , das ich sonst nicht machte . +ich ging durch die not@@ fall@@ ab@@ teilung auf meinem weg nach hause . +und dort sagte eine anderen kranken@@ schwester , nicht der schwester die nach frau dru@@ cker gesehen hatte , sondern einer anderen drei worte zu mir und diese drei worte für@@ chten die meisten not@@ fall@@ ärzte , die ich kenne . +andere medizin@@ er für@@ chten diese ebenso , aber die not@@ fall@@ medizin ist ganz besonders , weil wir die patienten nur so flü@@ chti@@ g sehen . +die drei worte lau@@ ten : erinnern sie sich ? +" erinnern sie sich an den patienten , den sie nach hause sen@@ deten ? " +fragte die kranken@@ schwester sach@@ lich . +" also sie ist zurück , " sagte sie in dieser bestimmten ton@@ lage . +sie war also zurück . +sie war zurück und im sterben . +ungefähr eine stunde nach dem sie zu hause ange@@ kommen war , nachdem ich sie nach hause ges@@ endet hatte , koll@@ ab@@ ierte sie und die familie rief 9@@ 11 an . die rett@@ ungs@@ assi@@ st@@ enten brachten sie zurück auf die not@@ fall@@ station mit einem blut@@ druck von 50 , das ist ein gefähr@@ licher scho@@ ck@@ zustand . +sie at@@ me@@ te kaum und war blau angel@@ aufen . +das not@@ fall@@ personal zog alle str@@ änge . +sie gaben ihr blut@@ druck@@ erhö@@ her . +sie sch@@ lossen sie an die be@@ at@@ m@@ ungs@@ maschine an . +ich war scho@@ ck@@ iert und bis ins innere zer@@ rü@@ t@@ tet . +und ich durch@@ lebte diese ach@@ ter@@ bahn , weil sie nach der stabili@@ sation auf die intensi@@ v@@ station kam und ich hoff@@ te , dass sie sich er@@ holen würde . +und nach zwei , drei tagen wurde klar , dass sie nie wieder er@@ wachen würde . +sie hatte einen nicht behand@@ el@@ baren gehirn@@ schaden er@@ li@@ tten . +ihre familie ver@@ sam@@ mel@@ te sich . +und im verl@@ auf der nächsten acht oder neun tage , er@@ gaben sie sich dem gesch@@ e@@ h@@ enen . +am neu@@ ten tag li@@ esen sie sie gehen -- frau dru@@ cker , eine frau , eine mutter und großmutter . +man sagt , dass man die namen derer die ver@@ sterben nie verg@@ is@@ st . +und das war das erste mal das ich dies selber er@@ fuhr . +die nächsten wochen machte ich mir vor@@ wür@@ fe und ich er@@ fuhr zum ersten mal selber die un@@ ges@@ unde sch@@ am , die in unserer medizin@@ ischen kultur existiert -- ich fühlte mich alleine , iso@@ liert , nicht die art von ges@@ under sch@@ am , die man ver@@ spür@@ t , weil man nicht mit den kollegen darüber sprechen kann . +sie kennen alle die ges@@ unde sch@@ am , wenn man ein geheimnis des besten fre@@ un@@ des preis gibt , obwohl dieser einen auf versch@@ wie@@ genheit ein@@ schw@@ or und man dann er@@ wi@@ scht wird und der beste freund einen damit konfron@@ tiert und mein eine schrecklich diskussion führt , wenn einem am ende jedoch das schlechte gewissen führt und man schw@@ ör@@ t , dass man einen solchen fehler nie wieder macht . +wenn man wieder@@ gu@@ t@@ mach@@ ung lei@@ stet und den fehler niemals wieder macht . +das ist die art von lehr@@ rei@@ cher sch@@ am . +die un@@ ges@@ unde art über die ich spreche , ist die , die einen im inn@@ ersten krank macht . +es ist die@@ jen@@ ige , die einem sagt , das nicht das was man gemacht hat schlecht ist , sondern das man selbst schlecht ist . +und das war es , was ich fühlte . +und es war nicht auf grund meines ober@@ ar@@ z@@ tes , er war sehr lieb . +er sprach mit der familie und ich bin mir sicher , dass er die wo@@ gen gl@@ ä@@ t@@ tete und sicher stellte , dass ich nicht verk@@ la@@ gt würde . +aber ich stellte mir fort@@ an diese fragen . +warum habe ich den ober@@ arzt nicht gefragt ? warum sen@@ dete ich sie nach hause ? +und dann in meinen schlimm@@ sten mom@@ enten : wie konnte ich so einen du@@ mmen fehler machen ? +warum bin ich in die medizin gegangen ? +langsam aber sicher legte es sich . +ich begann mich besser zu fühlen . +und dann an einem be@@ w@@ öl@@ kten tag , war da ein loch in den wol@@ ken und die sonne brach her@@ vor und ich sagte mir vielleicht kann ich mich wieder besser fühlen . +und ich hand@@ elte mit mir aus , dass falls ich meine bemü@@ h@@ ungen zur perfe@@ ktion ver@@ dopp@@ elte und niemals wieder einen fehler beg@@ ing , dass die stimme ver@@ st@@ um@@ men könnte . +und sie tat es . +und ich arbeitete weiter . +und dann passierte es wieder . +zwei jahre später hatte ich dienst in der not@@ fall@@ station in einem komm@@ un@@ alen krankenhaus n@@ ör@@ dlich von tor@@ onto und ich be@@ gu@@ ta@@ chtete einen 25 jahre alten mann mit gerei@@ z@@ tem ra@@ chen . +es war viel los und ich in ei@@ le . +er zeigte immer hier hin . +ich schaute in den ra@@ chen und es war ein klein wenig p@@ ink . +und ich gab ihm eine ver@@ schrei@@ bung für pen@@ ic@@ il@@ lin und schi@@ ckte ihn fort . +und noch als er aus der tür ging , zeigte er auf seinen ra@@ chen . +zwei tage später kam ich zu meinem nächsten not@@ fall@@ dienst und meine che@@ fä@@ r@@ z@@ tin bat mich auf ein gespräch in ihr büro . +und sie sagte die drei worte : erinn@@ erst du dich ? +" erinn@@ erst du dich an den patienten mit dem gerei@@ zten ra@@ chen ? " +es stellte sich heraus dass er eine stre@@ p@@ to@@ ko@@ k@@ ken@@ -@@ infe@@ ktion . +er hatte eine poten@@ ti@@ ell lebens@@ gefähr@@ liche krankheit namens epi@@ gl@@ ot@@ ti@@ tis . +sie können das goo@@ gl@@ en , aber es ist keine infe@@ ktion des ra@@ ch@@ ens sondern der ob@@ eren atem@@ wege und verursacht den ver@@ schluss der atem@@ wege . +und glücklicherweise starb er nicht . +er bekam in@@ tra@@ ven@@ ö@@ se anti@@ bo@@ tic@@ a und er@@ hol@@ te sich ein paar tage später . +und ich ging wieder durch die selbe tor@@ tur von sch@@ an@@ de und selbst@@ zwei@@ fel , fühlte mich be@@ fr@@ eit und ging zü@@ ru@@ ck an die arbeit bis es wieder und wieder und wieder passierte . +in einer not@@ fall@@ schicht habe ich zwei mal eine blin@@ d@@ dar@@ ment@@ z@@ ün@@ dung über@@ sehen . +da gehört schon einiges dazu , besonders wenn man be@@ denkt , dass man in einem krankenhaus arbeitet , das zu dieser zeit nur 14 patienten pro nacht hatte . +in beiden fällen schi@@ ckte ich sie nicht nach hause und es gab wohl auch keine män@@ gel in ihrer behandlung . +bei einem dachte ich er hätte ni@@ er@@ en@@ steine . +ich ord@@ nete das r@@ ön@@ t@@ gen der ni@@ eren an . als das ohne be@@ fund war , stellte mein kol@@ lege bei der wieder@@ vorstellung des patienten eine ver@@ här@@ tung im unter@@ en rechten sektor fest und rief die oper@@ ate@@ ure . +der andere hatte star@@ ken durch@@ fall . +ich ord@@ nete flu@@ i@@ de an um ihn zu re@@ hy@@ dri@@ eren und bat meinen kollegen ihn ebenfalls zu be@@ gu@@ ta@@ chten . +und das tat er und als er eine ver@@ här@@ tung im rechten unter@@ en sektor fest@@ stellte , rief er die oper@@ ate@@ ure . +in beiden fällen wurde oper@@ ierte und es ging ihnen gut . +beide fälle na@@ gten an mir , fra@@ ßen mich auf . +und ich wäre glücklich ihnen sagen zu können , dass meine schlimm@@ sten fehler nur in den ersten fünf jahren passi@@ erten , was vielen meiner kollegen behaup@@ ten , aber tot@@ aler uns@@ inn ist . +man@@ cher meiner kl@@ ö@@ p@@ se passi@@ erten in den letzten fünf jahren . +alleine , besch@@ ä@@ mt und ohne unterstützung . +hier liegt das problem : wenn ich nicht mit meinen fehl@@ ern ab@@ schließen und über sie reden kann , falls ich die lei@@ se stimme , die mir sagt , was wirklich geschah nicht finden kann , wie kann ich es dann mit meinen kollegen teilen ? +wie kann ich ihnen meine fehler lehren , so dass sie nicht diesel@@ ben be@@ gehen ? +falls ich in einen raum g@@ inge -- wie jetzt gerade , dann habe ich keine ahnung was ihr über mich denkt . +wann haben sie das letzte mal von jemandem gehört der von fehl@@ schlag über fehl@@ schlag über fehl@@ schlag sprach ? +oh ja , sie gehen zu einer cock@@ tail party und da mag man über irgend@@ einen anderen do@@ ktor hören , aber man wird nicht jemanden über die eigenen fehler reden hören . +wenn ich in einen raum voll mit kollegen g@@ inge und um ihre so@@ for@@ tige unterstützung bitten würde und an@@ fin@@ ge ihnen zu erzählen , was ich ihnen gerade erzählt habe , würde ich sehr wahrscheinlich nicht das ende der zweiten geschichte erreichen , bevor es ihnen wirklich un@@ angeneh@@ m würde , ir@@ gend jemand würde einen witz ein@@ fle@@ chten , sie würden das thema wechseln und den rest vergessen . +und tatsächlich wenn ich oder meinen kollegen w@@ üs@@ sten , dass ein or@@ th@@ op@@ ä@@ de in meinem krankenhaus jemandem das falsche bein ab@@ genommen hätte , dann glauben sie mir , ich hätte probleme ihm in die augen zu schauen . +das ist das system in dem wir leben . +es ist eine total ver@@ leu@@ g@@ nung von fehl@@ ern . +es ist ein system in dem es zwei grundlegende posi@@ tionen gibt -- diejenigen , welche fehler machen und diejenigen , welche keine machen . diejenigen , die schla@@ f@@ man@@ gel ein@@ schrän@@ kt und die ohne ein@@ schrän@@ kung , die mit schlechten ergeb@@ nissen und die mit guten ergeb@@ nissen . +es ist fast eine ide@@ ologische reaktion so wie anti@@ körper , die einen menschen attac@@ ki@@ eren . +und es gibt die idee , dass wenn wir diejenigen , die fehler machen aus der medizin ver@@ ban@@ nen , dass uns ein sicher@@ es system bleibt . +aber es gibt zwei probleme dabei . +in meinen ungefähr 20 jahren des medizin@@ ischen sen@@ dungs@@ bewusst@@ s@@ eins und journ@@ alismus , habe ich eine persönliche medizinische studie über medizinische fehler und falsche behand@@ lungen erstellt um so alles mir mögliche für einen meiner ersten artikel , den ich für den tor@@ onto star zu meiner show " white co@@ at , black art " , schrieb , zu lernen . +und was ich lernte , ist dass fehler absolut un@@ um@@ gän@@ glich sind . +wir arbeiten in einem system in dem jeden tag fehler passieren , in dem ein von 10 medi@@ ka@@ tionen entweder eine falsche oder falsch do@@ siert ist , in dem kranken@@ haus@@ infe@@ ktionen immer und immer zahl@@ rei@@ cher werden und ver@@ wü@@ stung oder tot verur@@ sachen . +in diesem staat sterben etwa 24@@ .000 kan@@ adi@@ er an um@@ gän@@ glichen fehl@@ ern . +in den vereinigten staaten be@@ zi@@ ff@@ ert das institu@@ t für medizin die zahl bei 10@@ 0.000 . +bei@@ des sind starke unter@@ treib@@ ungen , weil wir das problem nicht so genau betrachten , wie wir es sollten . +und ist ist die cru@@ x . +in einem kranken@@ haus@@ system in dem das medizinische wissen sich alle zwei bis drei jahre ver@@ doppelt , können wir nicht mi@@ th@@ alten . +schla@@ f@@ man@@ gel ist all@@ gegenwär@@ tig . +wir können ihn nicht los@@ werden . +wir besitzen einen kogni@@ tiven fehler , so dass wir einen perfe@@ kten krank@@ heits@@ verl@@ auf für einen patienten mit brust@@ schmerzen nehmen kann . +dann nehme ich den selben patienten mit brust@@ schmerz , mache ihn ver@@ schwi@@ tzt und gesch@@ wä@@ tz@@ ig und gebe noch einen leicht al@@ ko@@ ho@@ li@@ si@@ erten at@@ em dazu und plötzlich ist die geschichte durch@@ setzt mit ver@@ a@@ chtung . +ich nehme nicht den gleichen verl@@ auf . +ich bin kein roboter ; ich mache dinge nicht immer gleich . +und meine patienten sind keine autos ; sie berichten mir ihre symptom@@ e nicht immer in der gleichen art . +all das zusammenge@@ fasst sind fehler un@@ vermei@@ d@@ bar . +wenn man also das system so nimmt , wie ich es gele@@ hrt wurde , und alle fehl@@ er@@ beha@@ f@@ teten gesund@@ heit@@ sex@@ per@@ ten aus@@ sor@@ tiert , dann ist am ende keiner mehr übrig . +und kennen sie die lei@@ er über menschen , die nicht über ihre schlimm@@ sten fälle sprechen wollen ? +in meiner sen@@ dung " white co@@ at , black art@@ . " habe ich die ange@@ wohn@@ heit zu sagen , " dies ist mein schlimm@@ ster fehler " ich würde zu jedem vom rett@@ ungs@@ assi@@ st@@ enten bis zum che@@ far@@ zt der kar@@ di@@ ologen sagen , " dies ist mein schlimm@@ ster fehler " bla@@ h , bla@@ h , bla@@ h , bla@@ h , bla@@ h , " was ist mit ihrem ? " and dann zeige ich mit dem mikro@@ f@@ on zu ihm . +und dann erweitern sich ihre pu@@ p@@ ill@@ en , sie sind vor den kopf ge@@ stoßen , dann schauen sie runter und schlu@@ cken schwer , und fangen an ihre geschichten zu erzählen . +sie wollen ihre geschichten erzählen . sie wollen ihre geschichten teilen . +sie wollen in der lage sein sagen zu können , " schau , mache nicht diesel@@ ben fehler , die ich fabri@@ zierte . " +was sie benötigen ist eine umgebung , welche sie in der lage dazu ver@@ setzt . +was sie brauchen ist eine neue medizinische kultur . +und es beginnt mit einem arzt . +der neu defini@@ erte arzt ist ein mensch , weiß um seine mensch@@ lichkeit , akzep@@ tiert sie , ist nicht stolz darauf fehler zu machen , aber setzt alles daran etwas aus ihnen zu lernen , sodass es weiter@@ gegeben werden kann . +sie teilt ihre erfahrungen mit anderen . +sie unterstützt wenn andere von ihren fehl@@ ern reden . +und sie zeigt anderen deren fehler auf , nicht um blo@@ ß@@ zustellen , sondern in einer lie@@ be@@ vollen , unterstü@@ tz@@ enden art so dass alle davon profi@@ tieren . +und sie arbeitet in einer medizin@@ ischen kultur , die an@@ erkennt , dass menschen das system mit leben füllen und wenn das so ist , dann machen menschen auch fehler von zeit zu zeit . +so dass das system sich dahin entwickelt bac@@ ku@@ ps zu erstellen , welche es einfacher machen fehler auf@@ zus@@ p@@ ür@@ en , die menschen un@@ aus@@ wei@@ ch@@ lich machen und es ebenso ermöglicht lie@@ be@@ volle , unterstü@@ tz@@ enden räume zu schaffen , in denen jeder , der das gesundheitswesen beobachtet , auch tatsächlich dinge an@@ sprechen kann , welche poten@@ ti@@ elle fehler darstellen und dafür sogar belo@@ hnt wird . und das spezi@@ ell für menschen wie mich , die fehler machen und für die be@@ gra@@ digung dieser belo@@ hnt werden sollten . +mein name ist brian gold@@ man . +ich bin der neu defini@@ erte arzt . +ich bin ein mensch . ich mache fehler . +ich be@@ dau@@ re das@@ . bin aber aber ich versuche best möglich daraus zu lernen , um es andere weiter@@ zu@@ geben . +ich weis nicht was sie von mir halten , aber damit kann ich leben . +lassen sie mich mit drei meiner eigenen worte schließen : i erinnere mich . +ich werde über eine winzi@@ ge , kleine idee sprechen . +es geht um veränder@@ bare norm@@ werte . +und weil man diese idee in einer minute erklären kann , werde ich ihnen vorher drei geschichten erzählen , um die zeit zu nutzen . +die erste geschichte handelt von charles darwin , einem meiner helden . +sie wissen wohl , dass er 18@@ 35 hier war . +sie mögen denken , dass er fin@@ ken ja@@ gte , aber das stimmt nicht . +eigentlich sam@@ mel@@ te er fische . +er besch@@ rieb einen davon als sehr " gewöhn@@ lich " . +es war ein z@@ ac@@ ken@@ bar@@ sch . +bis in die 8@@ 0er jahre hinein , wurde er in groß@@ em stil ge@@ fis@@ cht . +jetzt steht er auf der roten liste gefähr@@ de@@ ter arten . +diese geschichte haben wir viele male von den gal@@ á@@ pa@@ go@@ s-@@ inseln oder von anderen orten gehört , sie ist nicht sehr besonders . +dennoch kommen wir immer noch auf die gal@@ á@@ pa@@ go@@ s-@@ inseln . +wir denken immer noch , sie seien ursprün@@ glich . +die bro@@ sch@@ ür@@ en beschreiben sie immer noch als un@@ berührt . +was ist hier passiert ? +die zweite geschichte soll ein anderes konzept , die veränder@@ bare ta@@ ill@@ en@@ weite , ver@@ deut@@ lichen . +denn ich habe es erlebt , als ich 197@@ 1 eine la@@ g@@ une in west@@ -@@ afrika studi@@ erte . +ich ging dorthin , denn ich wuchs in europa auf und wollte später in afrika arbeiten . +ich dachte , ich kön@@ ne mich integri@@ eren . +und ich bekam einen schli@@ mmen sonnen@@ brand und war überzeugt , dass ich wirklich nicht von dort stamm@@ te . +es war mein erster sonnen@@ brand . +wie sie sehen , war die la@@ g@@ une von pal@@ men und von ein paar man@@ gro@@ ven um@@ sä@@ um@@ t . +es gab bun@@ t@@ bar@@ sche von ca. 20 z@@ enti@@ me@@ tern , schwarz@@ k@@ inn@@ mau@@ l@@ brü@@ ter , eine unter@@ art der bun@@ t@@ bar@@ sche . +die fisch@@ gründe dieser bun@@ t@@ bar@@ sche waren sehr er@@ tra@@ grei@@ ch und die fis@@ cher lebten gut davon und verdi@@ enten in ghana über@@ durchschnitt@@ lich gut . +als ich 27 jahre später dorthin zurück@@ kehr@@ te , war der fisch auf die hälfte seiner größe gesch@@ ru@@ mp@@ ft . +ausge@@ wachsen maßen sie fünf z@@ enti@@ meter . +sie waren gene@@ tisch er@@ drückt worden . +es waren immer noch fische . +die leute waren immer noch glücklich . +und der fisch hatte auch das glück , noch da zu sein . +es hat sich also nichts verändert , und doch hat sich alles verändert . +meine dritte kleine geschichte erzählt von meiner mit@@ tä@@ ter@@ schaft bei der ein@@ führung der schle@@ pp@@ netz@@ fis@@ cher@@ ei in sü@@ do@@ st@@ asien . +in den 7@@ 0ern – eher zu beginn der 6@@ 0er – förder@@ te europa viele entwickl@@ ungspro@@ je@@ kte . +fisch@@ förder@@ ung bedeu@@ tete ländern , die schon 100 000 fische fingen , den industri@@ ellen fisch@@ fang dieses ziemlich hä@@ ss@@ liche schiff heißt mu@@ ti@@ ar@@ a 4 . +ich fuhr darauf mit und wir machten er@@ he@@ b@@ ungen im ganzen sü@@ dlichen süd@@ chines@@ ischen meer und besonders in der ja@@ vas@@ e@@ e . +wir hatten keine worte für das , was wir dort fingen . +ich weiß jetzt , dass es der grund des meer@@ es war . +90 prozent unseres fan@@ gs waren schwä@@ mme , andere tiere , die mit dem grund verbunden sind . +der größte teil der fische , die kleinen punkte dort auf den tr@@ ü@@ mm@@ ern , den tr@@ ü@@ m@@ mer@@ haufen , waren kor@@ allen@@ ri@@ ff@@ -@@ fische . +im wesentlichen kam der grund des meer@@ es auf de@@ ck und wurde dann zurück@@ ge@@ worfen . +diese bilder sind außergewöhn@@ lich , denn der über@@ gang geht sehr schnell . +innerhalb eines jahres führt man eine er@@ he@@ bung durch und beginnt dann mit dem ge@@ wer@@ b@@ lichen fisch@@ fang . +der grund wird verändert . aus – in diesem fall – einem har@@ ten grund oder wei@@ chen kor@@ allen wird mat@@ sch@@ iger m@@ ist . +das ist eine to@@ te schil@@ d@@ kr@@ ö@@ te . +sie wurden nicht ge@@ gessen , man war@@ f sie weg , weil sie tot waren . +einmal fingen wir eine leb@@ end . +sie war noch nicht er@@ tr@@ un@@ ken . +dann wollten sie sie töten , denn man konnte sie gut essen . +tatsächlich wird dieser berg von tr@@ ü@@ mm@@ ern jedes mal von fis@@ chern an@@ gesam@@ melt , wenn sie in bereiche fahren , in denen noch nie ge@@ fis@@ cht wurde . +es wird aber nicht doku@@ men@@ tiert . +wir verändern die welt , aber wir erinnern uns nicht daran . +wir passen unsere norm@@ werte dem neuen level an und rufen uns nicht in erinn@@ erung , was dort war . +wenn man es ver@@ all@@ gemein@@ ert , passiert folgendes . +auf der y-@@ achse sind ein paar gute dinge : bio@@ diver@@ si@@ tät , anzahl der or@@ ca , das grün ihres landes , den wasser@@ vor@@ rat . +mit der zeit verändert es sich . es verändert sich , denn für die menschen sind ihre taten ganz natürlich . +jede generation betrachtet die bilder , die sie zu beginn ihres bewus@@ sten lebens auf@@ nehmen , als standard und wird alles davon ab@@ leiten . +der unterschied wird dann als verlust wahr@@ genommen . +aber sie nehmen die vor@@ ange@@ gan@@ genen ver@@ lu@@ ste nicht wahr . +es kann ein rei@@ hen@@ folge von veränderungen geben . +und am ende wollen sie nur die er@@ b@@ ärm@@ lichen über@@ re@@ ste erhalten . +genau das ist jetzt wei@@ te@@ st@@ geh@@ end unser ziel . +wir möchten dinge erhalten , die versch@@ wunden sind oder dinge , die nicht mehr so sind , wie sie waren . +man könnte jetzt denken , dass das problem menschen betra@@ f , die sicherlich , als sie in r@@ äu@@ ber@@ ischen gesellschaften lebten , tiere tö@@ teten und denen erst nach ein paar generationen bewusst wurde , was sie getan hatten . +denn offensichtlich wird ein tier , das es sehr häufig gab , erst einmal selten , bevor es aus@@ stir@@ bt . +man ver@@ liert also keine häufig vor@@ kommen@@ den tiere . +man ver@@ liert immer sel@@ ten@@ e tiere . +und deshalb wird es nicht als großer verlust wahr@@ genommen . +mit der zeit konzentrieren wir uns auf die großen tiere und im meer sind das die großen fische . +sie werden sel@@ ten@@ er , weil wir sie fangen . +mit der zeit bleibt wenig fisch übrig und wir denken , das ist der norm@@ wert . +die frage ist , warum die menschen das akzeptieren . +nun , weil sie nicht wissen , dass es einmal anders war . +natürlich werden viele leute , wissenschaftler , bestä@@ tigen , dass es wirklich anders war . +sie werden es bestä@@ tigen , denn die beweise , wie sie in einer früh@@ eren form vor@@ lagen , sind nicht so , wie sie die beweise gerne dar@@ legen würden . +es gibt zum beispiel die an@@ ek@@ do@@ te , dass der beri@@ cht eines kapit@@ än@@ s so@@ und@@ so , der in dieser gegend große fisch@@ vor@@ kommen beobach@@ tete , nicht genutzt werden kann , oder von fis@@ cher@@ ei@@ wissenschaft@@ lern normalerweise nicht ge@@ wer@@ tet wird , weil er nicht " wissenschaft@@ lich " ist . +wir haben also die situation , dass die menschen die vergangenheit nicht kennen , obwohl wir in ge@@ bil@@ deten gesellschaften leben , weil sie den quellen der vergangenheit nicht tr@@ auen . +das zeigt die enor@@ m große rolle , die ein meeres@@ schutz@@ gebiet spielen kann . +denn durch meeres@@ schutz@@ gebiete stellen wir im grunde die vergangenheit wieder her . +wir stellen die vergangenheit wieder her , die die menschen nicht be@@ greifen können , weil sich die norm@@ werte verändert haben und sehr niedri@@ g sind . +damit können die menschen , die ein meeres@@ schutz@@ gebiet sehen und die von dem ein@@ blick profi@@ tieren , den es ermöglicht , ihre norm@@ werte zurück@@ setzen . +was ist mit den menschen , denen das nicht möglich ist , weil sie keinen zugang haben – den menschen im mittleren westen zum beispiel ? +hier können , denke ich , die kunst und der film vielleicht die lü@@ cke füllen , sowie simu@@ la@@ tionen . +dies ist die simulation der ch@@ es@@ a@@ pe@@ a@@ ke bay . +vor langer zeit gab es dort grau@@ w@@ ale – vor 500 jahren . +und die f@@ arb@@ tö@@ ne und -@@ sch@@ at@@ ti@@ erungen erinnern sie vielleicht an " a@@ vat@@ ar " . +wenn sie an " a@@ vat@@ ar " denken , wenn sie daran denken , warum die menschen davon so berührt wurden – ab@@ gesehen von der po@@ ca@@ hon@@ tas@@ -@@ geschichte , warum waren sie so berührt von der bil@@ der@@ welt ? +weil es etwas wach@@ ru@@ ft , das in gewis@@ ser weise verloren gegangen ist . +meine emp@@ fehl@@ ung also , die einzige , die ich geben werde , richtet sich an c@@ amer@@ on , damit er " a@@ vat@@ ar ii " unter wasser dreht . +vielen dank . +in den 8@@ 0er jahren , im kommuni@@ stischen ost@@ deutsch@@ land , musste man , wenn man eine schreib@@ maschine bes@@ a@@ ß , diese bei der regierung regi@@ stri@@ eren . +sie mussten auch ein blatt mit beispiel@@ text aus dieser schreib@@ maschine regi@@ stri@@ eren . +der grund dafür : die regierung konnte zurück@@ verfolgen , wo ein text her@@ kam . +fanden sie einen artikel mit fal@@ sch@@ em ge@@ dan@@ ken@@ gut , konnten sie den ur@@ he@@ ber dieser gedanken auf@@ spüren . +und wir im westen konnten nicht verstehen , wie irgend@@ jemand so etwas tun könnte , und wie sehr das die re@@ de@@ freiheit ein@@ schrän@@ ken würde . +in unseren eigenen ländern würden wir so etwas nie tun . +aber wenn sie heute im jahr 2011 einen neuen f@@ arb@@ las@@ er@@ dru@@ cker von den führ@@ enden las@@ er@@ druck@@ er@@ fabri@@ kan@@ ten kaufen und eine seite aus@@ dru@@ cken , dann hat diese seite hel@@ le gel@@ be fle@@ cke auf jeder seite aufge@@ dru@@ ckt , in einem muster , das die seite eindeu@@ tig auf sie und ihren dru@@ cker rück@@ verfolgen lässt . +das passiert uns heute . +und darüber scheint sich niemand aufzu@@ regen . +und das war ein beispiel , auf welche weise unsere eigenen regierungen die technologie gegen uns , die bürger , einsetzen . +und das ist eine der drei haupt@@ quellen von den heute existi@@ erenden online-@@ problemen . +schauen wir uns einmal an , was wirklich auf der welt passiert : wir können die ang@@ ri@@ ffe in kat@@ eg@@ orien auf@@ teilen . +wir haben drei haupt@@ gruppen . +es gibt online-@@ krimin@@ elle . +zum beispiel hier , das ist herr di@@ mit@@ ry gol@@ u@@ bo@@ w aus k@@ ie@@ w in der u@@ kra@@ ine . +und die mo@@ tive von online-@@ krimin@@ ellen sind sehr leicht zu verstehen . +diese leute verdienen geld . +sie verwenden online-@@ ang@@ ri@@ ffe , um viel geld zu verdienen , einen riesigen haufen geld . +es gibt mehrere bekannte fälle von online-@@ milli@@ on@@ ären , multi@@ milli@@ on@@ ären , die ihr geld durch ang@@ ri@@ ffe verdi@@ ent haben . +das hier ist w@@ la@@ di@@ mir t@@ sa@@ st@@ sin aus tar@@ tu in est@@ land . +das ist al@@ fre@@ d gon@@ z@@ ale@@ z . +ste@@ phen watt . +b@@ j@@ ör@@ n s@@ und@@ in . +das sind mat@@ the@@ w ander@@ son , t@@ ari@@ q al-@@ da@@ our und so weiter und so fort . +diese leute sind online zu rei@@ cht@@ um gekommen , aber sie haben es illegal er@@ wor@@ ben , indem sie z.b. tro@@ jan@@ er eingesetzt haben , um geld aus unseren bank@@ kon@@ ten zu kl@@ auen , während wir unser online-@@ ban@@ king erle@@ digen , oder auch key@@ log@@ ger , die unsere kre@@ di@@ kar@@ ten@@ informationen bei der ein@@ gabe über die ta@@ stat@@ ur gesam@@ melt haben , während wir über einen in@@ fi@@ zierten computer online ein@@ kaufen . +der us-@@ amerikanische geheim@@ dienst fro@@ r vor zwei monaten das schwei@@ zer kon@@ to von herr@@ n sam ja@@ in hier ein , und auf diesem kon@@ to waren 14@@ ,@@ 9 millionen us-@@ dollar , als es einge@@ fr@@ oren wurde . +herr ja@@ in selbst ist auf frei@@ em fuß , der auf@@ enth@@ al@@ ts@@ ort ist un@@ bekannt . +und ich behaup@@ te , dass es heute wahrschein@@ licher ist , dass wir opfer eines online-@@ ver@@ brech@@ ens werden , als eines ver@@ brech@@ ens in der re@@ alen welt . +und es ist sehr offensichtlich , dass dies nur noch schlimmer werden wird . +in der zukunft werden sich die meisten verbrechen online ab@@ spielen . +die zwei@@ t@@ größte an@@ grei@@ fer@@ gruppe , die wir heute beobachten können , sind nicht durch geld motivi@@ ert . +sie sind durch etwas anderes motivi@@ ert - prote@@ ste etwa , eine meinung , oder durch ihr publikum . +gruppen wie anony@@ mous sind über die letzten 12 monate auf@@ gest@@ ie@@ gen und sind zu einem der haupt@@ spieler auf dem feld der online-@@ ang@@ ri@@ ffe geworden . +das sind also die drei haup@@ tan@@ gri@@ ff@@ s@@ gruppen : krimin@@ elle , die es des gel@@ des wegen tun , ha@@ ck@@ tivi@@ sten wie anony@@ mous , die damit wider@@ stand leisten , aber die letzte gruppe sind nationen , regierungen , die die ang@@ ri@@ ffe leiten . +da liegen uns fälle vor , wie der von dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar . +es zeigt beispiel@@ haft , was passiert , wenn regierungen ihre eigenen bürger an@@ greifen . +dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar ist ein voll@@ ma@@ chts@@ zer@@ ti@@ fi@@ k@@ at aus den nieder@@ landen – b@@ zw@@ . war es das . +im letzten her@@ b@@ st musste es in@@ sol@@ ven@@ z an@@ mel@@ den , denn dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar war ge@@ ha@@ ckt worden . +jemand war ein@@ gebro@@ chen und hatte das system grün@@ dlich ge@@ ha@@ ckt . +und letzte woche in einem treffen mit nieder@@ län@@ dischen regi@@ erungs@@ ver@@ tre@@ tern stellte ich einem der lei@@ ten@@ den dieser gruppe die frage , ob er es für möglich hi@@ elte , dass aufgrund des dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar-@@ ha@@ cks leute gestorben waren . +und seine antwort war " ja " . +nun , wie sterben leute in folge eines solchen ha@@ cks ? +dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar ist eine zer@@ ti@@ fi@@ zier@@ ungs@@ stelle . +sie verkaufen zer@@ ti@@ fi@@ k@@ ate . +was macht man mit zer@@ ti@@ fi@@ k@@ aten ? +nun , ein zer@@ ti@@ fi@@ k@@ at benötigt man , wenn man eine webseite mit h@@ tt@@ ps , mit ss@@ l-@@ ver@@ schlüssel@@ ten dien@@ sten hat , zum beispiel g@@ mail . +nun verwenden wir alle , oder viele von uns , g@@ mail oder einen ihrer konkur@@ r@@ enten . doch diese dien@@ ste sind besonders verbreitet in tot@@ al@@ it@@ ären staaten wie dem iran , wo dis@@ si@@ denten aus@@ län@@ dische an@@ bie@@ ter wie g@@ mail verwenden , da sie wissen , dass sie denen mehr vertrauen können als lokalen an@@ bie@@ tern und dass sie über ss@@ l-@@ verbindungen ver@@ schlüssel@@ t sind , so dass die lok@@ ale regierung nicht in ihren gesprä@@ chen herum@@ schn@@ ü@@ ff@@ eln kann . +können sie aber doch , wenn sie sich in eine aus@@ län@@ dische +zer@@ ti@@ fi@@ zier@@ ungs@@ behör@@ de ha@@ cken und gefä@@ l@@ schte zer@@ ti@@ fi@@ k@@ ate aus@@ stellen . +und genau das ist im f@@ alle von dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar passiert . +wie ver@@ hält es sich mit dem arab@@ ischen frü@@ hl@@ ing und den dingen , die zum beispiel in ägyp@@ ten passiert sind ? +nun , in ägyp@@ ten pl@@ ün@@ der@@ ten die auf@@ stän@@ dischen im apri@@ l 2011 das haupt@@ qu@@ arti@@ er der ägyp@@ tischen geheim@@ polizei . und dabei fanden sie eine menge ak@@ ten . +in diesen ak@@ ten be@@ fand sich ein ord@@ ner namens " fin@@ fis@@ her " . +und in diesem ord@@ ner be@@ fanden sich no@@ ti@@ zen einer in deutsch@@ land ans@@ ä@@ ssi@@ gen firma , die der ägyp@@ tischen regierung ein paar programme verkauft hatten , mit denen sie – in sehr groß@@ em rahmen – je@@ gliche kommunikation der ägyp@@ tischen bürger ab@@ fangen konnten . +sie hatten dieses programm für 2@@ 8@@ 0.000 eur@@ o an die ägyp@@ tische regierung verkauft . +das fir@@ men@@ haupt@@ qu@@ arti@@ er ist genau hier . +also ver@@ sorgen west@@ liche regierungen tot@@ al@@ itä@@ re regierungen mit hilfs@@ mitteln , damit die gegen ihre eigenen bürger vor@@ gehen können . +aber west@@ liche regierungen helfen sich auch selbst . +zum beispiel in deutsch@@ land nur vor ein paar wochen der sogenan@@ nte staat@@ stro@@ jan@@ er gefunden . das war ein tro@@ jan@@ er , der von deut@@ schen regi@@ erungs@@ ver@@ tre@@ tern verwendet wurde , um ihre eigenen bürger zu bes@@ pit@@ z@@ eln . +wenn sie in einem krimin@@ al@@ fall ver@@ däch@@ tigt werden , dann wird mit zie@@ m@@ licher sicherheit ihr telefon ange@@ z@@ ap@@ ft . +aber heute sind wir weit jen@@ seits dessen . +sie z@@ ap@@ fen ihre internet@@ verbindung an . +sie verwenden mittel wie den staat@@ stro@@ jan@@ er , um ihren computer mit einem tro@@ jan@@ er zu bes@@ pi@@ el@@ en , der es ihnen erlaubt , ihre gesamte kommunikation zu über@@ wachen , ihre online-@@ diskus@@ sionen abzu@@ hören , ihre pas@@ s@@ wörter zu sammeln . +wenn wir also weiter über solche dinge nachdenken , dann wäre die offen@@ sicht@@ liche antwort der leute : " ok , das klingt schlecht , aber es betrifft mich ja nicht , weil ich ein bra@@ ver bürger bin . +ich muss mir keine sorgen machen ! +ich habe nichts zu verste@@ cken . " +und diese argu@@ ment@@ ation er@@ gibt keinen sinn . +privat@@ sphäre muss gegeben sein . +privat@@ sphäre steht nicht zur debat@@ te . +es ist keine entscheidung zwischen privat@@ sphäre und sicherheit . +es ist eine entscheidung zwischen freiheit und kontrolle . +und während wir heute , im jahr 2011 , unseren regierungen vertrauen mögen , ist doch jedes recht , das wir ab@@ geben , für immer ab@@ gegeben . +und vertrauen wir , vertrauen wir blind einer jeden zukünf@@ tigen regierung , einer regierung , die wir vielleicht in fünf@@ zig jahren haben werden ? +das sind die fragen , mit denen wir uns die nächsten 50 jahre beschäftigen müssen . +es mag ihnen seltsam erscheinen , aber ich bin ein großer fan von bet@@ on@@ block@@ st@@ einen . +die ersten bet@@ on@@ block@@ steine wurden 18@@ 6@@ 8 hergestellt und ent@@ stamm@@ ten einer einfachen idee : mo@@ du@@ le aus z@@ ement mit fest@@ gele@@ gten maßen , die zusammen@@ passen . +bet@@ on@@ bau@@ steine wurden sehr schnell die mei@@ st@@ genu@@ tz@@ te bau@@ einheit in der welt . +sie ver@@ setzten uns in die lage , dinge zu bauen , die größer waren als wir , gebäude , br@@ ücken , ein stein nach dem anderen . +im wesentlichen war der bet@@ on@@ bau@@ stein zum bau@@ stein unserer zeit geworden . +fast hundert jahre später , in 194@@ 7 , kam le@@ go hier@@ mit heraus . +es wurde der " auto@@ matisch verbin@@ den@@ de stein " genannt . +und innerhalb weniger jahre , zog le@@ go in jeden haus@@ halt ein . +es wird geschä@@ tzt , dass über 400 milliarden steine produziert wurden - oder 75 steine für jede person auf diesem planeten . +sie müssen kein ingenie@@ ur sein , um schöne häuser , schöne br@@ ücken oder schöne gebäude zu erschaffen . +le@@ go machte es für alle möglich . +le@@ go hat im wesentlichen den bet@@ on@@ bau@@ stein , den bau@@ stein der welt , genommen und daraus einen bau@@ stein für unsere vorstell@@ ungskraft gemacht . +in der zwischen@@ zeit wurde im gleichen jahr bei den bell lab@@ s die nächste revolution ange@@ kün@@ digt , der nächste bau@@ stein . +der transi@@ st@@ or war eine kleine plasti@@ k@@ einheit , die uns von einer welt der sta@@ tischen , auf@@ einander@@ ge@@ sta@@ p@@ elten bau@@ steine zu einer welt in der alles interak@@ tiv war bringen würde . +wie der bet@@ on@@ block , erlaubt uns der transi@@ st@@ or viel größere , komplex@@ ere krei@@ s@@ läu@@ fe zu bauen , ein stein nach dem anderen . +aber es gibt einen haupt@@ unterschied : der transi@@ st@@ or war nur für experten . +ich persönlich akzep@@ tiere das nicht , dass der bau@@ stein unserer zeit für experten reser@@ viert ist und daher entschied ich mich , das zu ändern . +vor acht jahren war ich am media lab und ich begann diese idee zu erforschen , wie man die macht der ingenie@@ ure in die hand von künst@@ lern und desig@@ nern legen könnte . +vor einigen jahren fing ich an li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its zu entwickeln . +lassen sie mich ihnen zeigen , wie sie funktionieren . +li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its sind elektron@@ ische mo@@ du@@ le , die eine spezi@@ fische funktion haben . +sie sind vorge@@ fer@@ tigt , licht , ton , motor und sen@@ sor zu sein . +und das beste daran ist , dass sie sich mit magne@@ ten zusammen verbinden . +so können sie sie nicht falsch herum zusammen@@ setzen . +die steine sind f@@ arb@@ co@@ diert . +grün ist aus@@ gabe , blau ist strom , p@@ ink ist ein@@ gabe und orange ist kab@@ el . +alles , was sie also tun müssen , ist einen blauen und einen grünen miteinander verbinden und sie können ganz schnell größere krei@@ s@@ laufe bauen . +sie fügen einen blauen an einen grünen , und sie können licht machen . +sie können einen sch@@ alter da@@ zwischen ein@@ fügen und so haben sie einen kleinen di@@ mmer erstellt . +nehmen sie den sch@@ alter raus um ein pul@@ smo@@ du@@ l , das hier ist , einzu@@ fügen , und sie haben einen kleinen blin@@ ker gemacht . +fügen sie diesen bu@@ zz@@ er für einen zusätz@@ lichen effekt hin@@ zu und sie haben eine l@@ ärm@@ maschine hergestellt . +ich werde das stopp@@ en . +über das einfache spielen hinaus , ist li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its tatsächlich ziemlich leistungs@@ stark . +anstatt , dass man program@@ mieren , ver@@ dra@@ h@@ ten oder lö@@ ten muss , erlaubt li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its ihnen mit einfachen , intui@@ tiven ge@@ sten zu program@@ mieren . +um also das blin@@ ken zu beschle@@ uni@@ gen oder zu ver@@ lang@@ samen , drehen sie einfach an diesem kno@@ pf und er macht den impul@@ s schneller oder lang@@ samer . +die idee hinter li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its ist , dass es eine wachsen@@ de bibliothe@@ k ist . +wir wollen jede einzelne interak@@ tion auf dieser welt in einen ge@@ brau@@ chs@@ fer@@ tigen stein bringen . +lich@@ ter , tö@@ ne , solar@@ elemente , mot@@ oren -- alles sollte verfügbar sein . +wir haben li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its an kinder verteilt und sie damit spielen sehen . +und es war eine unglaubliche erfahrung . +das schön@@ ste ist , wie sie anfangen die elektr@@ oni@@ k , die sie im all@@ tag um@@ gibt zu verstehen und die sie nicht in der schule lernen . +wie zum beispiel ein na@@ cht@@ licht funktioniert , oder warum die tür@@ en des aufzu@@ gs offen@@ bleiben , oder wie ein ipo@@ d auf berühr@@ ung re@@ agi@@ ert . +wir haben li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its auch zu desig@@ n@@ schulen gebracht . +wir hatten also zum beispiel designer mit k@@ ein@@ erle@@ i erfahrung in elektron@@ ischen dingen , die an@@ fingen , mit li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its als material zu spielen . +hier sehen wir , mit fil@@ z , papier und wasser@@ fla@@ schen , wie geor@@ die ... +vor einigen wochen haben wir li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its zu ris@@ d gebracht und gaben sie einigen desig@@ nern , die k@@ ein@@ erle@@ i techn@@ ische erfahrung hatten - nur kar@@ ton , holz und papier - und sagten ihnen : " macht was . " +hier ist ein beispiel eines proje@@ ktes , das sie machten , eine beweg@@ ungs@@ ge@@ steu@@ erte kon@@ fe@@ t@@ ti@@ -@@ kan@@ one . +aber warten sie , dies hier ist wirklich meine liebl@@ ing@@ s-@@ projekt . +es ist ein hum@@ mer aus k@@ nete , der angst in der dunkel@@ heit hat . +für diese nicht-@@ ingenie@@ ure , wurde li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its ein weiteres material , elektr@@ oni@@ k wurde einfach ein weiteres material . +und wir wollen dieses material für alle verfügbar machen . +also ist li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its open source . +sie können auf die webseite gehen , alle desig@@ n@@ vor@@ lagen r@@ unter@@ laden und sie selbst herstellen . +wir wollen die welt der er@@ schaff@@ er , der erfin@@ der , der mit@@ wirk@@ enden ermu@@ tigen , denn diese welt , in der wir leben , diese interak@@ tive welt , gehört uns . +also , ziehen sie los und fangen sie an zu erfinden . +vielen dank . diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/test.en b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/test.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5577f36086d6fa75da29975d6e96df3221bab3c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/test.en @@ -0,0 +1,6750 @@ +you know , one of the inten@@ se pleas@@ ures of travel and one of the deli@@ ghts of eth@@ no@@ graphic research is the opportunity to live am@@ on@@ gst those who have not for@@ gotten the old ways , who still feel their past in the wind , touch it in st@@ ones poli@@ shed by rain , taste it in the bit@@ ter leaves of plants . +just to know that ja@@ gu@@ ar sh@@ am@@ ans still journey beyond the mil@@ ky way , or the my@@ ths of the in@@ u@@ it el@@ ders still res@@ on@@ ate with meaning , or that in the hi@@ mal@@ a@@ ya , the budd@@ hi@@ sts still pur@@ sue the breath of the d@@ har@@ ma , is to really remember the central re@@ vel@@ ation of anthropo@@ log@@ y , and that is the idea that the world in which we live does not exist in some absolute sense , but is just one model of reality , the con@@ sequence of one particular set of adap@@ tive choices that our lin@@ e@@ age made , al@@ b@@ eit success@@ fully , many generations ago . +and of course , we all share the same adap@@ tive im@@ per@@ a@@ tives . +we 're all born . we all bring our children into the world . +we go through initi@@ ation ri@@ tes . +we have to deal with the in@@ ex@@ or@@ able separ@@ ation of death , so it shouldn 't surprise us that we all sing , we all dance , we all have art . +but what 's interesting is the unique ca@@ dence of the song , the rhyth@@ m of the dance in every culture . +and whether it is the pen@@ an in the fore@@ sts of bor@@ ne@@ o , or the vo@@ o@@ do@@ o ac@@ oly@@ tes in haiti , or the war@@ ri@@ ors in the ka@@ is@@ ut desert of northern kenya , the cur@@ ander@@ o in the mountains of the and@@ es , or a car@@ a@@ van@@ ser@@ ai in the middle of the sahar@@ a -- this is inci@@ dent@@ ally the fellow that i travel@@ ed into the desert with a month ago -- or indeed a y@@ ak her@@ der in the slo@@ pes of q@@ om@@ ol@@ ang@@ ma , ever@@ est , the go@@ dd@@ ess mother of the world . +all of these peop@@ les teach us that there are other ways of being , other ways of thinking , other ways of ori@@ enting yourself in the earth . +and this is an idea , if you think about it , can only fill you with hope . +now , together the my@@ ri@@ ad cultures of the world make up a web of spi@@ ritual life and cultural life that en@@ vel@@ ops the planet , and is as important to the well-@@ being of the planet as indeed is the biological web of life that you know as a bio@@ sphere . +and you might think of this cultural web of life as being an eth@@ no@@ sphere , and you might define the eth@@ no@@ sphere as being the sum total of all thoughts and dreams , my@@ ths , ideas , inspi@@ ra@@ tions , intui@@ tions brought into being by the human imagination since the da@@ wn of consciousness . +the eth@@ no@@ sphere is humanity 's great leg@@ acy . +it 's the symbol of all that we are and all that we can be as an ast@@ on@@ ish@@ ingly in@@ qu@@ isi@@ tive species . +and just as the bio@@ sphere has been sever@@ ely ero@@ ded , so too is the eth@@ no@@ sphere -- and , if anything , at a far greater rate . +no bi@@ ologists , for example , would d@@ are suggest that 50 percent of all species or more have been or are on the br@@ ink of extin@@ ction because it simply is not true , and yet that -- the most apo@@ cal@@ yp@@ tic scen@@ ari@@ o in the real@@ m of biological diversity -- sc@@ arc@@ ely approach@@ es what we know to be the most optimi@@ stic scen@@ ari@@ o in the real@@ m of cultural diversity . +and the great indi@@ c@@ ator of that , of course , is language loss . +when each of you in this room were born , there were 6@@ ,000 languages spo@@ ken on the planet . +now , a language is not just a body of vo@@ cab@@ ul@@ ary or a set of gra@@ m@@ ma@@ tical rules . +a language is a flas@@ h of the human spirit . +it 's a vehicle through which the sou@@ l of each particular culture comes into the material world . +every language is an ol@@ d-@@ growth forest of the mind , a water@@ shed , a thought , an ecosystem of spi@@ ritual possibilities . +and of those 6@@ ,000 languages , as we sit here today in mon@@ ter@@ ey , fully half are no longer being wh@@ is@@ per@@ ed into the e@@ ars of children . +they 're no longer being taught to babies , which means , effectively , unless something changes , they 're already dead . +what could be more lon@@ ely than to be en@@ vel@@ op@@ ed in sil@@ ence , to be the last of your people to speak your language , to have no way to pass on the wisdom of the ancestors or anti@@ ci@@ pa@@ te the promise of the children ? +and yet , that dre@@ ad@@ ful fa@@ te is indeed the p@@ light of somebody somewhere on earth roughly every two weeks , because every two weeks , some el@@ der dies and car@@ ries with him into the gra@@ ve the last sy@@ ll@@ ables of an ancient ton@@ gue . +and i know there 's some of you who say , " well , wouldn 't it be better , wouldn 't the world be a better place if we all just spoke one language ? " and i say , " great , let 's make that language yor@@ u@@ ba . let 's make it c@@ ant@@ on@@ ese . +let 's make it kog@@ i . " +and you 'll suddenly discover what it would be like to be un@@ able to speak your own language . +and so , what i 'd like to do with you today is sort of take you on a journey through the eth@@ no@@ sphere , a brief journey through the eth@@ no@@ sphere , to try to begin to give you a sense of what in fact is being lost . +now , there are many of us who sort of forget that when i say " different ways of being , " i really do mean different ways of being . +take , for example , this child of a bar@@ as@@ ana in the nor@@ th@@ west ama@@ zon , the people of the an@@ ac@@ on@@ da who believe that my@@ th@@ ologi@@ cally they came up the milk river from the east in the bel@@ ly of sac@@ red sna@@ kes . +now , this is a people who cogni@@ tively do not dist@@ ingu@@ ish the color blue from the color green because the can@@ op@@ y of the hea@@ v@@ ens is equ@@ ated to the can@@ op@@ y of the forest upon which the people dep@@ end . +they have a curious language and marriage rule which is called " l@@ ingu@@ i@@ stic ex@@ og@@ am@@ y : " you must mar@@ ry someone who spea@@ ks a different language . +and this is all ro@@ ot@@ ed in the my@@ th@@ ological past , yet the curious thing is in these long houses , where there are six or seven languages spo@@ ken because of inter@@ marriage , you never hear anyone practic@@ ing a language . +they simply listen and then begin to speak . +or , one of the most fascinating tri@@ bes i ever lived with , the wa@@ or@@ an@@ i of nor@@ the@@ astern ecu@@ ad@@ or , an ast@@ on@@ ishing people first cont@@ ac@@ ted pe@@ ac@@ efully in 195@@ 8 . +in 195@@ 7 , five mis@@ sion@@ aries attemp@@ ted contact and made a critical mistake . +they dro@@ pped from the air 8 x 10 glo@@ ss@@ y photographs of themselves in what we would say to be friend@@ ly gest@@ ures , for@@ getting that these people of the rain@@ forest had never seen anything two-@@ dimensional in their lives . +they picked up these photographs from the forest floor , tried to look behind the face to find the form or the figure , found nothing , and conclu@@ ded that these were calling cards from the de@@ vil , so they spe@@ ared the five mis@@ sion@@ aries to death . +but the wa@@ or@@ an@@ i didn 't just spe@@ ar out@@ si@@ ders . +they spe@@ ared each other . +5@@ 4 percent of their mortality was due to them spe@@ aring each other . +we tra@@ ced gene@@ alo@@ gi@@ es back eight generations , and we found two in@@ stances of natural death and when we pres@@ su@@ red the people a little bit about it , they ad@@ mit@@ ted that one of the fel@@ lo@@ ws had gotten so old that he died getting old , so we spe@@ ared him anyway . +but at the same time they had a per@@ sp@@ ic@@ aci@@ ous knowledge of the forest that was ast@@ on@@ ishing . +their h@@ unter@@ s could smell animal ur@@ ine at 40 pac@@ es and tell you what species left it behind . +in the early ' 8@@ 0s , i had a really ast@@ on@@ ishing as@@ sign@@ ment when i was asked by my professor at harvard if i was interested in going down to haiti , in@@ fil@@ tr@@ ating the secret societies which were the foundation of du@@ v@@ ali@@ er 's strength and ton@@ ton ma@@ cou@@ tes , and se@@ cur@@ ing the po@@ ison used to make z@@ om@@ bi@@ es . +in order to make sense out of sen@@ sation , of course , i had to understand something about this remarkable faith of vo@@ dou@@ n . and vo@@ o@@ do@@ o is not a black magic cul@@ t . +on the contr@@ ary , it 's a complex meta@@ physical world@@ view . +it 's interesting . +if i asked you to name the great religi@@ ons of the world , what would you say ? +chri@@ sti@@ an@@ ity , islam , budd@@ h@@ ism , ju@@ da@@ ism , whatever . +there 's always one continent left out , the assu@@ mption being that sub-@@ sahar@@ an africa had no religious belie@@ fs . well , of course , they did and vo@@ o@@ do@@ o is simply the dist@@ il@@ lation of these very profound religious ideas that came over during the tra@@ gic di@@ as@@ por@@ a of the sla@@ very era . +but , what makes vo@@ o@@ do@@ o so interesting is that it 's this living relationship between the living and the dead . +so , the living give birth to the spi@@ ri@@ ts . +the spi@@ ri@@ ts can be inv@@ o@@ ked from bene@@ ath the great water , respon@@ ding to the rhyth@@ m of the dance to moment@@ arily dis@@ place the sou@@ l of the living , so that for that brief sh@@ ining moment , the ac@@ oly@@ te becomes the god . +that 's why the vo@@ o@@ do@@ o@@ ists like to say that " you white people go to church and speak about god . +we dance in the temp@@ le and become god . " +and because you are pos@@ s@@ essed , you are taken by the spirit -- how can you be har@@ med ? +so you see these ast@@ on@@ ishing demon@@ stra@@ tions : vo@@ o@@ do@@ o ac@@ oly@@ tes in a state of tr@@ ance hand@@ ling burning em@@ bers with im@@ pun@@ ity , a rather ast@@ on@@ ishing demon@@ stration of the ability of the mind to affect the body that be@@ ars it when cat@@ aly@@ zed in the state of extreme exc@@ it@@ ation . +now , of all the peop@@ les that i 've ever been with , the most extraordinary are the kog@@ i of the si@@ er@@ ra ne@@ v@@ ada de s@@ ant@@ a mar@@ ta in northern col@@ om@@ bia . +des@@ cen@@ dan@@ ts of the ancient ta@@ ir@@ on@@ a civilization which once car@@ pe@@ ted the car@@ ib@@ be@@ an co@@ ast@@ al pla@@ in of col@@ om@@ bia , in the wake of the con@@ qu@@ est , these people re@@ treated into an isol@@ ated vol@@ can@@ ic massi@@ f that so@@ ars above the car@@ ib@@ be@@ an co@@ ast@@ al pla@@ in . +in a b@@ loo@@ d@@ sta@@ ined continent , these people alone were never con@@ qu@@ ered by the span@@ ish . +to this day , they re@@ main rul@@ ed by a ritual pri@@ es@@ tho@@ od but the training for the pri@@ es@@ tho@@ od is rather extraordinary . +the young ac@@ oly@@ tes are taken away from their families at the age of three and four , sequ@@ e@@ ster@@ ed in a sha@@ dow@@ y world of dar@@ k@@ ness in stone hu@@ ts at the base of gl@@ aci@@ ers for 18 years : two nin@@ e-@@ year peri@@ ods deli@@ ber@@ ately cho@@ sen to mi@@ mic the nine months of gest@@ ation they spend in their natural mother 's wom@@ b ; now they are metaph@@ or@@ ically in the wom@@ b of the great mother . +and for this entire time , they are in@@ cul@@ tur@@ ated into the values of their society , values that main@@ tain the pro@@ position that their pra@@ yers and their pra@@ yers alone main@@ tain the co@@ s@@ mic -- or we might say the e@@ col@@ o@@ gical -- balance . +and at the end of this amazing initi@@ ation , one day they 're suddenly taken out and for the first time in their lives , at the age of 18 , they see a sun@@ rise . and in that cr@@ y@@ st@@ al moment of awareness of first light as the sun begins to ba@@ the the slo@@ pes of the stun@@ n@@ ingly beautiful landscape , suddenly everything they have learned in the abstra@@ ct is aff@@ ir@@ med in stun@@ ning gl@@ ory . and the pri@@ est steps back and says , " you see ? it 's really as i 've told you . +it is that beautiful . it is y@@ ours to protect . " +they call themselves the " el@@ der brothers " and they say we , who are the yo@@ unger brothers , are the ones responsible for destro@@ ying the world . +now , this level of intuition becomes very important . +whenever we think of indi@@ gen@@ ous people and landscape , we either inv@@ o@@ ke r@@ ous@@ se@@ au and the old can@@ ard of the " no@@ ble sav@@ age , " which is an idea ra@@ c@@ ist in its simpli@@ city , or alterna@@ tively , we inv@@ o@@ ke th@@ ore@@ au and say these people are closer to the earth than we are . +well , indi@@ gen@@ ous people are nei@@ ther sen@@ ti@@ mental nor we@@ ak@@ en@@ ed by no@@ stal@@ gi@@ a . +there 's not a lot of room for either in the malari@@ al s@@ w@@ am@@ ps of the as@@ m@@ at or in the chil@@ ling win@@ ds of ti@@ bet , but they have , ne@@ ver@@ th@@ eless , through time and ritual , for@@ ged a traditional my@@ sti@@ que of the earth that is based not on the idea of being self-@@ consci@@ ously close to it , but on a far sub@@ t@@ ler intuition : the idea that the earth itself can only exist because it is brea@@ th@@ ed into being by human consciousness . +now , what does that mean ? +it means that a young kid from the and@@ es who 's raised to believe that that mountain is an ap@@ u spirit that will direct his or her dest@@ in@@ y will be a pro@@ fo@@ und@@ ly different human being and have a different relationship to that resource or that place than a young kid from mon@@ tan@@ a raised to believe that a mountain is a pi@@ le of rock ready to be min@@ ed . +whether it 's the abo@@ de of a spirit or a pi@@ le of ore is ir@@ relevant . +what 's interesting is the metaphor that defin@@ es the relationship between the individual and the natural world . +i was raised in the fore@@ sts of british colum@@ bia to believe those fore@@ sts exi@@ sted to be cut . +that made me a different human being than my friends am@@ on@@ gst the k@@ wa@@ gi@@ ul@@ th who believe that those fore@@ sts were the abo@@ de of hu@@ x@@ wh@@ u@@ k@@ w and the cro@@ o@@ ked be@@ ak of hea@@ ven and the can@@ ni@@ b@@ al spi@@ ri@@ ts that d@@ well@@ ed at the north end of the world , spi@@ ri@@ ts they would have to engage during their ha@@ ma@@ ts@@ a initi@@ ation . +now , if you begin to look at the idea that these cultures could create different reali@@ ties , you could begin to understand some of their extraordinary disco@@ ver@@ ies . take this plant here . +it 's a photograph i took in the nor@@ th@@ west ama@@ zon just last apri@@ l . +this is ay@@ a@@ hu@@ as@@ ca , which many of you have heard about , the most powerful psycho@@ active prepar@@ ation of the sha@@ man 's re@@ per@@ toi@@ re . +what makes ay@@ a@@ hu@@ as@@ ca fascinating is not the she@@ er pharma@@ col@@ o@@ gical potential of this prepar@@ ation , but the el@@ abor@@ ation of it . it 's made really of two different sources : on the one hand , this woo@@ dy li@@ ana which has in it a series of be@@ ta@@ -@@ carb@@ ol@@ ines , har@@ mine , har@@ mal@@ ine , mil@@ dly hallu@@ cin@@ ogen@@ ic -- to take the v@@ ine alone is rather to have sort of blue ha@@ zy smo@@ ke dri@@ ft across your consciousness -- but it 's mix@@ ed with the leaves of a s@@ hr@@ u@@ b in the coffee family called psych@@ ot@@ ri@@ a vi@@ ri@@ d@@ is . +this plant had in it some very powerful tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ines , very close to brain ser@@ ot@@ on@@ in , di@@ meth@@ yl@@ tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ine , 5@@ -@@ metho@@ x@@ y@@ di@@ meth@@ yl@@ tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ine . +if you 've ever seen the y@@ an@@ o@@ mam@@ i blo@@ wing that s@@ nu@@ ff up their no@@ ses , that sub@@ stance they make from a different set of species also con@@ tains metho@@ x@@ y@@ di@@ meth@@ yl@@ tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ine . +to have that po@@ w@@ der blo@@ wn up your nose is rather like being shot out of a ri@@ f@@ le bar@@ re@@ l lin@@ ed with b@@ aro@@ que pain@@ t@@ ings and land@@ ing on a sea of electricity . +it doesn 't create the di@@ stor@@ tion of reality ; it creates the dis@@ solution of reality . +in fact , i used to argue with my professor , richard ev@@ an sh@@ ul@@ tes -- who is a man who spar@@ ked the psy@@ che@@ deli@@ c era with his discovery of the magic mush@@ rooms in mexico in the 193@@ 0s -- i used to argue that you couldn 't classi@@ fy these tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ines as hallu@@ cin@@ ogen@@ ic because by the time you 're under the effects there 's no one home anymore to experience a hallu@@ cin@@ ation . +but the thing about tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ines is they cannot be taken or@@ ally because they 're den@@ at@@ u@@ red by an enzy@@ me found naturally in the human gut called mon@@ o@@ am@@ ine o@@ xi@@ d@@ ase . +they can only be taken or@@ ally if taken in con@@ jun@@ ction with some other chemical that den@@ atures the ma@@ o . +now , the fascinating things are that the be@@ ta@@ -@@ carb@@ ol@@ ines found within that li@@ ana are ma@@ o in@@ hi@@ bit@@ ors of the pre@@ cise sort necessary to poten@@ ti@@ ate the tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ine . so you ask yourself a question . +how , in a fl@@ or@@ a of 8@@ 0,000 species of vas@@ cular plants , do these people find these two mor@@ ph@@ ologi@@ cally un@@ related plants that when combin@@ ed in this way , created a kind of bio@@ chemical version of the whole being greater than the sum of the parts ? +well , we use that great eu@@ p@@ he@@ mis@@ m , " trial and er@@ ror , " which is ex@@ posed to be meaning@@ less . +but you ask the indi@@ ans , and they say , " the plants talk to us . " +well , what does that mean ? +this tri@@ be , the co@@ fan , has 17 var@@ ie@@ ties of ay@@ a@@ hu@@ as@@ ca , all of which they dist@@ ingu@@ ish a great distance in the forest , all of which are refer@@ able to our eye as one species . +and then you ask them how they establi@@ sh their tax@@ on@@ om@@ y and they say , " i thought you knew something about plants . +i mean , don 't you know anything ? " and i said , " no . " +well , it turns out you take each of the 17 var@@ ie@@ ties in the night of a full moon , and it s@@ ings to you in a different key . +now , that 's not going to get you a ph@@ .@@ d. at harvard , but it 's a lot more interesting than coun@@ ting stam@@ ens . +now -- -- the problem -- the problem is that even those of us sym@@ pa@@ thetic with the p@@ light of indi@@ gen@@ ous people view them as qua@@ int and color@@ ful but somehow re@@ duced to the mar@@ g@@ ins of history as the real world , meaning our world , moves on . +well , the truth is the 20th century , 300 years from now , is not going to be remem@@ ber@@ ed for its wars or its technologi@@ cal innova@@ tions , but rather as the era in which we stood by and either ac@@ tively end@@ or@@ sed or passi@@ vely accep@@ ted the massive destruction of both biological and cultural diversity on the planet . now , the problem isn 't change . +all cultures through all time have constantly been enga@@ ged in a dance with new possibilities of life . +and the problem is not technology itself . +the si@@ ou@@ x indi@@ ans did not stop being si@@ ou@@ x when they gave up the bo@@ w and ar@@ row any more than an american stopped being an american when he gave up the horse and bu@@ g@@ g@@ y . +it 's not change or technology that thre@@ at@@ ens the integri@@ ty of the eth@@ no@@ sphere . it is power , the cru@@ de face of dom@@ ination . +wher@@ ever you look around the world , you discover that these are not cultures dest@@ ined to fa@@ de away ; these are dynamic living peop@@ les being driven out of existence by identi@@ fi@@ able forces that are beyond their capacity to ada@@ pt to : whether it 's the e@@ gre@@ gi@@ ous de@@ for@@ est@@ ation in the hom@@ eland of the pen@@ an -- a no@@ ma@@ di@@ c people from sou@@ the@@ ast asia , from sar@@ a@@ wa@@ k -- a people who lived free in the forest until a generation ago , and now have all been re@@ duced to ser@@ vi@@ tude and pro@@ stit@@ ution on the ban@@ ks of the ri@@ vers , where you can see the river itself is so@@ iled with the si@@ lt that seems to be carrying half of bor@@ ne@@ o away to the south china sea , where the japanese frei@@ gh@@ ters hang light in the hori@@ zon ready to fill their hol@@ ds with ra@@ w lo@@ gs ri@@ pped from the forest -- or , in the case of the y@@ an@@ o@@ mam@@ i , it 's the disease enti@@ ties that have come in , in the wake of the discovery of gold . +or if we go into the mountains of ti@@ bet , where i 'm doing a lot of research recently , you 'll see it 's a cru@@ de face of political dom@@ ination . +you know , geno@@ cide , the physical extin@@ ction of a people is univer@@ s@@ ally con@@ dem@@ ned , but eth@@ no@@ cide , the destruction of people 's way of life , is not only not con@@ dem@@ ned , it 's univer@@ s@@ ally , in many quar@@ ters , cele@@ br@@ ated as part of a development strategy . +and you cannot understand the pain of ti@@ bet until you move through it at the ground level . +i once tra@@ v@@ ell@@ ed 6@@ ,000 miles from ch@@ eng@@ du in western china over@@ land through sou@@ the@@ astern ti@@ bet to l@@ has@@ a with a young collea@@ gue , and it was only when i got to l@@ has@@ a that i understood the face behind the statistics you hear about : 6@@ ,000 sac@@ red mon@@ um@@ ents tor@@ n apart to d@@ ust and as@@ hes , 1.@@ 2 million people killed by the c@@ ad@@ r@@ es during the cultural revolution . +this young man 's father had been as@@ cri@@ bed to the pan@@ chen lam@@ a . +that meant he was inst@@ antly killed at the time of the chinese invasi@@ on . +his un@@ cle fl@@ ed with his hol@@ iness in the di@@ as@@ por@@ a that took the people to ne@@ p@@ al . +his mother was in@@ car@@ cer@@ ated for the crime of being weal@@ thy . +he was s@@ mu@@ g@@ gl@@ ed into the ja@@ il at the age of two to hi@@ de bene@@ ath her sk@@ ir@@ t ta@@ ils because she couldn 't bear to be without him . +the sister who had done that bra@@ ve de@@ ed was put into an education camp . +one day she in@@ ad@@ ver@@ t@@ ently ste@@ pped on an arm@@ band of ma@@ o , and for that trans@@ gr@@ ession , she was given seven years of hard labor . +the pain of ti@@ bet can be impossible to bear , but the re@@ de@@ mp@@ tive spirit of the people is something to beh@@ old . +and in the end , then , it really comes down to a choice : do we want to live in a mon@@ o@@ chro@@ matic world of mon@@ ot@@ ony or do we want to embra@@ ce a poly@@ chro@@ matic world of diversity ? +mar@@ gar@@ et me@@ ad , the great anthropo@@ log@@ ist , said , before she died , that her greatest fear was that as we dri@@ f@@ ted towards this bl@@ and@@ ly am@@ or@@ ph@@ ous gener@@ ic world view not only would we see the entire range of the human imagination re@@ duced to a more nar@@ row mod@@ ality of thought , but that we would wake from a dream one day having for@@ gotten there were even other possibilities . +and it 's hum@@ bling to remember that our species has , perhaps , been around for [ 15@@ 0,000 ] years . +the ne@@ oli@@ th@@ ic revolution -- which gave us agriculture , at which time we suc@@ cum@@ bed to the cul@@ t of the se@@ ed ; the poetry of the sha@@ man was dis@@ placed by the pro@@ se of the pri@@ es@@ tho@@ od ; we created hier@@ arch@@ y speci@@ alization sur@@ plus -- is only 10,000 years ago . +the modern industrial world as we know it is bar@@ ely 300 years old . +now , that s@@ hal@@ low history doesn 't suggest to me that we have all the answers for all of the challenges that will con@@ front us in the en@@ su@@ ing mil@@ len@@ nia . +when these my@@ ri@@ ad cultures of the world are asked the meaning of being human , they respond with 10,000 different voices . +and it 's within that song that we will all re@@ discover the possibility of being what we are : a fully conscious species , fully aware of en@@ sur@@ ing that all peop@@ les and all gar@@ dens find a way to fl@@ our@@ ish . and there are great moments of optimis@@ m . +this is a photograph i took at the northern ti@@ p of ba@@ ff@@ in island when i went nar@@ wh@@ al hun@@ ting with some in@@ u@@ it people , and this man , ol@@ ay@@ u@@ k , told me a mar@@ vel@@ ous story of his grand@@ father . +the can@@ adi@@ an government has not always been kind to the in@@ u@@ it people , and during the 195@@ 0s , to establi@@ sh our so@@ ver@@ eig@@ n@@ ty , we forced them into sett@@ le@@ ments . +this old man 's grand@@ father re@@ f@@ used to go . +the family , fe@@ ar@@ ful for his life , took away all of his weapons , all of his tools . +now , you must understand that the in@@ u@@ it did not fear the cold ; they took advantage of it . +the run@@ ners of their sle@@ ds were origin@@ ally made of fish wra@@ pped in car@@ i@@ bo@@ u hi@@ de . +so , this man 's grand@@ father was not inti@@ mid@@ ated by the arc@@ tic night or the bli@@ zz@@ ard that was blo@@ wing . +he simply sli@@ pped outside , pulled down his se@@ al@@ skin tr@@ ous@@ ers and de@@ fe@@ cated into his hand . and as the fe@@ ces began to free@@ ze , he sha@@ ped it into the form of a bla@@ de . +he put a spra@@ y of s@@ ali@@ va on the edge of the sh@@ it kni@@ fe and as it finally fro@@ ze soli@@ d , he bu@@ t@@ cher@@ ed a dog with it . +he sk@@ inn@@ ed the dog and impro@@ vis@@ ed a har@@ ness , took the ri@@ b@@ c@@ age of the dog and impro@@ vis@@ ed a s@@ led , har@@ n@@ essed up an ad@@ jac@@ ent dog , and disappe@@ ared over the ice flo@@ es , sh@@ it kni@@ fe in b@@ elt . +talk about getting by with nothing . +and this , in many ways -- -- is a symbol of the resili@@ ence of the in@@ u@@ it people and of all indi@@ gen@@ ous people around the world . +the can@@ adi@@ an government in apri@@ l of 199@@ 9 gave back to total control of the in@@ u@@ it an area of land larger than california and texas put together . +it 's our new hom@@ eland . it 's called n@@ un@@ a@@ v@@ ut . +it 's an independent terri@@ tory . they control all miner@@ al resources . +an amazing example of how a nation@@ -@@ state can se@@ ek re@@ stit@@ ution with its people . +and finally , in the end , i think it 's pretty obvious at least to all of all us who 've travel@@ ed in these remote reach@@ es of the planet , to realize that they 're not remote at all . +they 're hom@@ el@@ ands of somebody . +they represent bran@@ ches of the human imagination that go back to the da@@ wn of time . and for all of us , the dreams of these children , like the dreams of our own children , become part of the na@@ ked geogra@@ ph@@ y of hope . +so , what we 're trying to do at the national geographic , finally , is , we believe that politicians will never ac@@ compli@@ sh anything . +we think that po@@ le@@ mi@@ cs -- -- we think that po@@ le@@ mi@@ cs are not per@@ su@@ asi@@ ve , but we think that story@@ telling can change the world , and so we are probably the best story@@ telling institution in the world . we get 35 million hits on our website every month . +15@@ 6 nations carry our television chan@@ nel . +our maga@@ zin@@ es are read by millions . +and what we 're doing is a series of jour@@ ne@@ ys to the eth@@ no@@ sphere where we 're going to take our audience to places of such cultural wonder that they cannot help but come away da@@ zz@@ led by what they have seen , and hopefully , therefore , embra@@ ce gradu@@ ally , one by one , the central re@@ vel@@ ation of anthropo@@ log@@ y : that this world deser@@ ves to exist in a diver@@ se way , that we can find a way to live in a truly mul@@ tic@@ ul@@ tural , pl@@ ur@@ ali@@ stic world where all of the wisdom of all peop@@ les can contribu@@ te to our collective well-@@ being . +thank you very much . +what i 'm going to show you first , as quickly as i can , is some foun@@ da@@ tional work , some new technology that we brought to microsoft as part of an ac@@ qu@@ isi@@ tion almost exactly a year ago . this is se@@ ad@@ ra@@ g@@ on , and it 's an environment in which you can either lo@@ cally or re@@ mot@@ ely interact with vast amo@@ unts of visual data . +we 're looking at many , many gi@@ gab@@ y@@ tes of digital photos here and kind of se@@ am@@ less@@ ly and continu@@ ously zo@@ om@@ ing in , pan@@ ning through the thing , re@@ ar@@ ran@@ ging it in any way we want . +and it doesn 't matter how much information we 're looking at , how big these colle@@ ctions are or how big the images are . +most of them are ordinary digital camera photos , but this one , for example , is a scan from the library of con@@ gress , and it 's in the 300 me@@ g@@ ap@@ i@@ x@@ el range . +it doesn 't make any difference because the only thing that ought to li@@ mit the performance of a system like this one is the number of pi@@ x@@ els on your screen at any given moment . it 's also very flexi@@ ble architecture . +this is an entire book , so this is an example of non-@@ image data . +this is " b@@ lea@@ k house " by di@@ ck@@ ens . every colum@@ n is a chap@@ ter . +to prove to you that it 's really text , and not an image , we can do something like so , to really show that this is a real repres@@ entation of the text ; it 's not a picture . +maybe this is a kind of an artificial way to read an e-@@ book . +i wouldn 't re@@ com@@ men@@ d it . +this is a more reali@@ stic case . this is an issue of the guar@@ di@@ an . +every large image is the beginning of a section . +and this really gives you the joy and the good experience of reading the real paper version of a magazine or a newspaper , which is an in@@ her@@ ently multi-@@ scale kind of medium . +we 've also done a little something with the corner of this particular issue of the guar@@ di@@ an . +we 've made up a fa@@ ke ad that 's very high resol@@ ution -- much higher than you 'd be able to get in an ordinary ad -- and we 've em@@ bed@@ ded extra content . +if you want to see the fe@@ atures of this car , you can see it here . +or other models , or even technical speci@@ fi@@ cations . +and this really gets at some of these ideas about really doing away with those limit@@ s on screen real e@@ state . +we hope that this means no more po@@ p-@@ u@@ ps and other kind of ru@@ b@@ bis@@ h like that -- shouldn 't be necessary . +of course , ma@@ pping is one of those really obvious appli@@ cations for a technology like this . +and this one i really won 't spend any time on , except to say that we have things to contribu@@ te to this field as well . +but those are all the roads in the u.@@ s . +super@@ im@@ posed on top of a nasa ge@@ o@@ spa@@ tial image . +so let 's pull up , now , something else . +this is actually live on the web now ; you can go check it out . +this is a project called photo@@ syn@@ th , which really mar@@ ries two different technologies . +one of them is se@@ ad@@ ra@@ g@@ on and the other is some very beautiful computer vision research done by no@@ ah sna@@ vely , a graduate student at the university of washington , co-@@ ad@@ vis@@ ed by steve sei@@ tz at u.@@ w . +and ri@@ ck s@@ ze@@ li@@ sk@@ i at microsoft research . a very nice collaboration . +and so this is live on the web . it 's powered by se@@ ad@@ ra@@ g@@ on . +you can see that when we kind of do these sorts of vie@@ ws , where we can di@@ ve through images and have this kind of multi-@@ resol@@ ution experience . +but the spa@@ tial arr@@ ange@@ ment of the images here is actually meaning@@ ful . +the computer vision algorith@@ ms have regi@@ ster@@ ed these images together so that they cor@@ respond to the real space in which these sh@@ ots -- all taken near gras@@ s@@ i la@@ kes in the can@@ adi@@ an rock@@ ies -- all these sh@@ ots were taken . so you see elements here of stabili@@ zed sli@@ de-@@ show or pan@@ or@@ am@@ ic ima@@ ging , and these things have all been related spa@@ tially . +i 'm not sure if i have time to show you any other environments . +there are some that are much more spa@@ tial . +i would like to jump straight to one of no@@ ah 's original dat@@ a-@@ sets -- and this is from an early prototyp@@ e of photo@@ syn@@ th that we first got working in the summer -- to show you what i think is really the pun@@ ch line behind this technology , the photo@@ syn@@ th technology . and it 's not necessarily so appar@@ ent from looking at the environments that we 've put up on the website . +we had to worry about the law@@ yers and so on . +this is a re@@ construction of not@@ re d@@ ame ca@@ the@@ d@@ ral that was done entirely compu@@ ta@@ tion@@ ally from images sc@@ ra@@ ped from fli@@ ck@@ r . you just type not@@ re d@@ ame into fli@@ ck@@ r , and you get some pictures of guys in t-@@ shir@@ ts , and of the cam@@ pus and so on . and each of these orange con@@ es represents an image that was discovered to bel@@ ong to this model . +and so these are all fli@@ ck@@ r images , and they 've all been related spa@@ tially in this way . +and we can just navi@@ gate in this very simple way . +you know , i never thought that i 'd end up working at microsoft . +it 's very gra@@ ti@@ fying to have this kind of re@@ ception here . +i guess you can see this is lots of different types of c@@ ameras : it 's everything from cell phone c@@ ameras to professional sl@@ rs , quite a large number of them , stit@@ ched together in this environment . +and if i can , i 'll find some of the sort of weird ones . +so many of them are oc@@ clu@@ ded by faces , and so on . +somewhere in here there are actually a series of photographs -- here we go . +this is actually a poster of not@@ re d@@ ame that regi@@ ster@@ ed cor@@ rec@@ tly . +we can di@@ ve in from the poster to a physical view of this environment . +what the point here really is is that we can do things with the social environment . this is now taking data from everybody -- from the entire collective memory of , visu@@ ally , of what the earth looks like -- and link all of that together . +all of those photos become lin@@ ked together , and they make something emer@@ gent that 's greater than the sum of the parts . +you have a model that emer@@ ges of the entire earth . +think of this as the long tail to ste@@ phen law@@ ler 's virtual earth work . +and this is something that gro@@ ws in complexity as people use it , and whose benefits become greater to the users as they use it . +their own photos are getting tag@@ ged with meta@@ -@@ data that somebody else enter@@ ed . +if somebody bo@@ ther@@ ed to tag all of these sa@@ in@@ ts and say who they all are , then my photo of not@@ re d@@ ame ca@@ the@@ d@@ ral suddenly gets en@@ rich@@ ed with all of that data , and i can use it as an ent@@ ry point to di@@ ve into that space , into that meta@@ -@@ verse , using everybody else 's photos , and do a kind of a cros@@ s-@@ mod@@ al and cros@@ s-@@ user social experience that way . +and of course , a b@@ y-@@ product of all of that is im@@ men@@ sely rich virtual models of every interesting part of the earth , colle@@ cted not just from over@@ head fli@@ ghts and from satelli@@ te images and so on , but from the collective memory . +thank you so much . +do i understand this right ? that what your software is going to allow , is that at some point , really within the next few years , all the pictures that are shared by anyone across the world are going to basically link together ? +yes . what this is really doing is disco@@ vering . +it 's creating hyper@@ links , if you will , between images . +and it 's doing that based on the content inside the images . +and that gets really exciting when you think about the rich@@ ness of the se@@ man@@ tic information that a lot of those images have . +like when you do a web search for images , you type in phr@@ ases , and the text on the web page is carrying a lot of information about what that picture is of . +now , what if that picture links to all of your pictures ? +then the amount of se@@ man@@ tic inter@@ connection and the amount of rich@@ ness that comes out of that is really huge . it 's a classi@@ c network effect . +bla@@ ise , that is truly incredible . con@@ gr@@ at@@ u@@ lations . +thanks so much . +i 'm going to talk to you about some stuff that 's in this book of mine that i hope will res@@ on@@ ate with other things you 've already heard , and i 'll try to make some connections myself , in case you miss them . +i want to start with what i call the " offi@@ cial do@@ g@@ ma . " +the offi@@ cial do@@ g@@ ma of what ? +the offi@@ cial do@@ g@@ ma of all western industrial societies . +and the offi@@ cial do@@ g@@ ma runs like this : if we are interested in ma@@ xi@@ mi@@ zing the wel@@ f@@ are of our citizens , the way to do that is to ma@@ xi@@ mi@@ ze individual freedom . +the reason for this is both that freedom is in and of itself good , valuable , wor@@ th@@ while , essential to being human . +and because if people have freedom , then each of us can act on our own to do the things that will ma@@ xi@@ mi@@ ze our wel@@ f@@ are , and no one has to decide on our be@@ half . +the way to ma@@ xi@@ mi@@ ze freedom is to ma@@ xi@@ mi@@ ze choice . +the more choice people have , the more freedom they have , and the more freedom they have , the more wel@@ f@@ are they have . +this , i think , is so deeply em@@ bed@@ ded in the water supply that it wouldn 't occu@@ r to anyone to question it . +and it 's also deeply em@@ bed@@ ded in our lives . +i 'll give you some examples of what modern progress has made possible for us . +this is my super@@ market . not such a big one . +i want to say just a word about sal@@ ad d@@ res@@ sing . +17@@ 5 sal@@ ad d@@ res@@ s@@ ings in my super@@ market , if you don 't count the 10 extra@@ -@@ virg@@ in o@@ live o@@ ils and 12 bal@@ sam@@ ic vin@@ eg@@ ars you could buy to make a very large number of your own sal@@ ad d@@ res@@ s@@ ings , in the off@@ -@@ chance that none of the 17@@ 5 the store has on offer suit you . +so this is what the super@@ market is like . +and then you go to the consumer electr@@ on@@ ics store to set up a stere@@ o system -- speak@@ ers , c@@ d player , ta@@ pe player , tun@@ er , am@@ pli@@ fi@@ er -- and in this one single consumer electr@@ on@@ ics store , there are that many stere@@ o systems . +we can constru@@ ct si@@ x-@@ and-@@ a-@@ hal@@ f-@@ million different stere@@ o systems out of the components that are on offer in one store . +you 've got to ad@@ mit that 's a lot of choice . +in other do@@ ma@@ ins -- the world of communic@@ ations . +there was a time , when i was a boy , when you could get any kind of tele@@ phone service you wanted , as long as it came from ma bell . +you r@@ ented your phone . you didn 't buy it . +one con@@ sequence of that , by the way , is that the phone never broke . +and those days are gone . +we now have an almost un@@ limited variety of phones , especially in the world of cell phones . +these are cell phones of the future . +my favorite is the middle one -- the mp@@ 3 player , nose hair tri@@ mmer , and cre@@ me bru@@ lee tor@@ ch . +and if by some chance you haven 't seen that in your store yet , you can rest assu@@ red that one day soon you will . +and what this does is it leads people to walk into their stor@@ es asking this question . +and do you know what the answer to this question now is ? +the answer is " no . " +it is not possible to buy a cell phone that doesn 't do too much . +so , in other aspe@@ cts of life that are much more significant than buying things , the same explosion of choice is true . +health care -- it is no longer the case in the united states that you go to the doctor , and the doctor tells you what to do . +instead , you go to the doctor , and the doctor tells you , " well , we could do a , or we could do b . +a has these benefits , and these risks . +b has these benefits , and these risks . what do you want to do ? " +and you say , " do@@ c , what should i do ? " +and the do@@ c says , " a has these benefits and risks , and b has these benefits and risks . +what do you want to do ? " +and you say , " if you were me , do@@ c , what would you do ? " +and the do@@ c says , " but i 'm not you . " +and the result is -- we call it " patient autonom@@ y , " which makes it sound like a good thing , but what it really is is a shif@@ ting of the bur@@ den and the responsibility for decisi@@ on-@@ making from somebody who knows something -- nam@@ ely , the doctor -- to somebody who knows nothing and is almost certainly sick and th@@ us not in the best shape to be making decisions -- nam@@ ely , the patient . +there 's enormous marketing of pres@@ cri@@ ption drugs to people like you and me , which , if you think about it , makes no sense at all , since we can 't buy them . +why do they market to us if we can 't buy them ? +the answer is that they expect us to call our doctors the next morning and ask for our pres@@ cri@@ p@@ tions to be changed . +something as dra@@ matic as our identity has now become a matter of choice , as this slide is meant to indi@@ cate . +we don 't in@@ her@@ it an identity ; we get to inv@@ ent it . +and we get to re-@@ inv@@ ent ourselves as often as we like . +and that means that everyday , when you wake up in the morning , you have to decide what kind of person you want to be . +with respect to marriage and family , there was a time when the de@@ fau@@ lt assu@@ mption that almost everyone had is that you got married as soon as you could , and then you started having kids as soon as you could . +the only real choice was who , not when , and not what you did after . +no@@ wa@@ days , everything is very much up for grab@@ s . +i teach wonder@@ fully intelligent students , and i as@@ sign 20 percent less work than i used to . +and it 's not because they 're less smart , and it 's not because they 're less di@@ li@@ gent . +it 's because they are pre@@ occu@@ pi@@ ed , asking themselves , " should i get married or not ? should i get married now ? +should i get married later ? should i have kids first , or a career first ? " +all of these are consum@@ ing questions . +and they 're going to answer these questions , whether or not it means not doing all the work i as@@ sign and not getting a good grade in my cour@@ ses . +and indeed they should . these are important questions to answer . +work -- we are bl@@ essed , as car@@ l was poin@@ ting out , with the technology that en@@ ables us to work every minute of every day from any place on the planet -- except the rand@@ ol@@ ph hotel . +there is one corner , by the way , that i 'm not going to tell anybody about , where the wi@@ f@@ i works . +i 'm not telling you about it because i want to use it . +so what this means , this incredible freedom of choice we have with respect to work , is that we have to make a decision , again and again and again , about whether we should or shouldn 't be working . +we can go to watch our kid play soc@@ cer , and we have our cell phone on one hi@@ p , and our black@@ ber@@ ry on our other hi@@ p , and our laptop , pres@@ u@@ ma@@ bly , on our la@@ ps . +and even if they 're all shu@@ t off , every minute that we 're watching our kid mu@@ ti@@ late a soc@@ cer game , we are also asking ourselves , " should i answer this cell phone call ? +should i respond to this email ? should i dra@@ ft this letter ? " +and even if the answer to the question is " no , " it 's certainly going to make the experience of your kid 's soc@@ cer game very different than it would 've been . +so everywhere we look , big things and small things , material things and lifest@@ yle things , life is a matter of choice . +and the world we used to live in looked like this . +that is to say , there were some choices , but not everything was a matter of choice . +and the world we now live in looks like this . +and the question is , is this good news , or bad news ? +and the answer is yes . +we all know what 's good about it , so i 'm going to talk about what 's bad about it . +all of this choice has two effects , two negative effects on people . +one effect , parado@@ x@@ ically , is that it produ@@ ces paraly@@ sis , rather than liber@@ ation . +with so many op@@ tions to choose from , people find it very difficult to choose at all . +i 'll give you one very dra@@ matic example of this : a study that was done of invest@@ ments in volun@@ t@@ ary reti@@ re@@ ment plans . +a collea@@ gue of mine got access to investment recor@@ ds from van@@ gu@@ ard , the gigan@@ tic mu@@ tual fund company of about a million employees and about 2,000 different work@@ places . +and what she found is that for every 10 mu@@ tual fun@@ ds the emplo@@ yer off@@ ered , rate of participa@@ tion went down two percent . +you offer 50 fun@@ ds -- 10 percent fewer employees participa@@ te than if you only offer five . why ? +because with 50 fun@@ ds to choose from , it 's so dam@@ n hard to decide which fund to choose that you 'll just put it off until tomorrow . +and then tomorrow , and then tomorrow , and tomorrow , and tomorrow , and of course tomorrow never comes . +understand that not only does this mean that people are going to have to eat dog food when they reti@@ re because they don 't have enough money put away , it also means that making the decision is so hard that they pass up significant mat@@ ching money from the emplo@@ yer . +by not partici@@ p@@ ating , they are pas@@ sing up as much as 5,000 dollars a year from the emplo@@ yer , who would happ@@ ily match their contribu@@ tion . +so paraly@@ sis is a con@@ sequence of having too many choices . +and i think it makes the world look like this . +you really want to get the decision right if it 's for all e@@ ter@@ ni@@ ty , right ? +you don 't want to pick the wrong mu@@ tual fund , or even the wrong sal@@ ad d@@ res@@ sing . +so that 's one effect . the second effect is that even if we manage to over@@ come the paraly@@ sis and make a choice , we end up less satis@@ fied with the result of the choice than we would be if we had fewer op@@ tions to choose from . +and there are several reasons for this . +one of them is that with a lot of different sal@@ ad d@@ res@@ s@@ ings to choose from , if you buy one , and it 's not perfect -- and , you know , what sal@@ ad d@@ res@@ sing is ? -- it 's easy to imagine that you could have made a different choice that would have been better . and what happens is this imag@@ ined alternative indu@@ ces you to re@@ gre@@ t the decision you made , and this re@@ gre@@ t sub@@ tra@@ cts from the satis@@ fac@@ tion you get out of the decision you made , even if it was a good decision . +the more op@@ tions there are , the easier it is to re@@ gre@@ t anything at all that is dis@@ ap@@ poin@@ ting about the option that you cho@@ se . +second , what econom@@ ists call " opportunity costs . " +dan gil@@ bert made a big point this morning of talking about how much the way in which we value things depen@@ ds on what we compare them to . +well , when there are lots of alterna@@ tives to consider , it is easy to imagine the attra@@ ctive fe@@ atures of alterna@@ tives that you re@@ je@@ ct , that make you less satis@@ fied with the alternative that you 've cho@@ sen . +here 's an example . for those of you who aren 't new yor@@ kers , i apo@@ logi@@ ze . +but here 's what you 're supposed to be thinking . +here 's this couple on the ham@@ p@@ tons . +very expensive real e@@ state . +gor@@ ge@@ ous beach . beautiful day . they have it all to themselves . +what could be better ? " well , dam@@ n it , " this guy is thinking , " it 's aug@@ ust . +everybody in my manhattan neighborhood is away . +i could be par@@ king right in front of my building . " +and he sp@@ ends two weeks na@@ g@@ ged by the idea that he is missing the opportunity , day after day , to have a great par@@ king space . +opportunity costs sub@@ tra@@ ct from the satis@@ fac@@ tion we get out of what we choose , even when what we choose is terri@@ fic . +and the more op@@ tions there are to consider , the more attra@@ ctive fe@@ atures of these op@@ tions are going to be refle@@ cted by us as opportunity costs . +here 's another example . +now this carto@@ on makes a lot of points . +it makes points about living in the moment as well , and probably about doing things slowly . +but one point it makes is that whenever you 're choo@@ sing one thing , you 're choo@@ sing not to do other things . +and those other things may have lots of attra@@ ctive fe@@ atures , and it 's going to make what you 're doing less attra@@ ctive . +third : es@@ cal@@ ation of expec@@ tations . +this hit me when i went to replace my je@@ ans . +i wear je@@ ans almost all the time . +and there was a time when je@@ ans came in one fla@@ vor , and you bought them , and they fit like cra@@ p , and they were incredibly un@@ comfortable , and if you wor@@ e them long enough and was@@ hed them enough times , they started to feel ok . +so i went to replace my je@@ ans after years and years of wearing these old ones , and i said , you know , " i want a pair of je@@ ans . here 's my size . " +and the sh@@ op@@ kee@@ per said , " do you want sli@@ m fit , easy fit , rela@@ x@@ ed fit ? +you want butt@@ on fly or zi@@ pp@@ er fly ? you want st@@ one@@ was@@ hed or aci@@ d-@@ was@@ hed ? +do you want them dist@@ ressed ? +you want boot cut , you want ta@@ per@@ ed , bla@@ h bla@@ h bla@@ h ... " on and on he went . +my ja@@ w dro@@ pped , and after i re@@ covered , i said , " i want the kind that used to be the only kind . " +he had no idea what that was , so i spent an hour trying on all these dam@@ n je@@ ans , and i walked out of the store -- truth ! -- with the be@@ st-@@ fit@@ ting je@@ ans i had ever had . +i did better . all this choice made it possible for me to do better . +but i felt worse . +why ? i wrote a whole book to try to explain this to myself . +the reason i felt worse is that , with all of these op@@ tions available , my expec@@ tations about how good a pair of je@@ ans should be went up . +i had very low -- i had no particular expec@@ tations when they only came in one fla@@ vor . +when they came in 100 fla@@ vor@@ s , dam@@ n it , one of them should 've been perfect . +and what i got was good , but it wasn 't perfect . +and so i compared what i got to what i expected , and what i got was dis@@ ap@@ poin@@ ting in compar@@ ison to what i expected . +ad@@ ding op@@ tions to people 's lives can 't help but increase the expec@@ tations people have about how good those op@@ tions will be . +and what that 's going to produce is less satis@@ fac@@ tion with results , even when they 're good results . +nobody in the world of marketing knows this , because if they did , you wouldn 't all know what this was about . +the truth is more like this . +the reason that everything was better back when everything was worse is that when everything was worse , it was actually possible for people to have experiences that were a pleas@@ ant surprise . +no@@ wa@@ days , the world we live in -- we aff@@ lu@@ ent , industri@@ alized citizens , with perfe@@ ction the expec@@ tation -- the best you can ever hope for is that stuff is as good as you expect it to be . +you will never be pleas@@ antly surprised because your expec@@ tations , my expec@@ tations , have gone through the roof . +the secret to happiness -- this is what you all came for -- the secret to happiness is low expec@@ tations . +i want to say -- just a little auto@@ bi@@ ogra@@ phi@@ cal moment -- that i actually am married to a wife , and she 's really quite wonderful . +i couldn 't have done better . i didn 't se@@ ttle . +but sett@@ ling isn 't always such a bad thing . +finally , one con@@ sequence of buying a b@@ ad@@ -@@ fit@@ ting pair of je@@ ans when there is only one kind to buy is that when you are dis@@ satis@@ fied , and you ask why , who 's responsible , the answer is clear : the world is responsible . what could you do ? +when there are hundreds of different sty@@ les of je@@ ans available , and you buy one that is dis@@ ap@@ poin@@ ting , and you ask why , who 's responsible ? +it is equ@@ ally clear that the answer to the question is you . +you could have done better . +with a hundred different kinds of je@@ ans on display , there is no exc@@ use for failure . +and so when people make decisions , and even though the results of the decisions are good , they feel dis@@ ap@@ poin@@ ted about them ; they bl@@ ame themselves . +clinical depression has explo@@ ded in the industrial world in the last generation . +i believe a significant -- not the only , but a significant -- contribu@@ tor to this explosion of depression , and also su@@ i@@ cide , is that people have experiences that are dis@@ ap@@ poin@@ ting because their standards are so high , and then when they have to explain these experiences to themselves , they think they 're at fau@@ lt . +and so the net result is that we do better in general , obje@@ c@@ tively , and we feel worse . +so let me re@@ mind you . +this is the offi@@ cial do@@ g@@ ma , the one that we all take to be true , and it 's all fal@@ se . it is not true . +there 's no question that some choice is better than none , but it doesn 't follow from that that more choice is better than some choice . +there 's some ma@@ gical amount . i don 't know what it is . +i 'm pretty confi@@ dent that we have long since passed the point where op@@ tions improve our wel@@ f@@ are . +now , as a policy matter -- i 'm almost done -- as a policy matter , the thing to think about is this : what en@@ ables all of this choice in industrial societies is material aff@@ lu@@ ence . +there are lots of places in the world , and we have heard about several of them , where their problem is not that they have too much choice . +their problem is that they have too little . +so the stuff i 'm talking about is the pe@@ cu@@ li@@ ar problem of modern , aff@@ lu@@ ent , western societies . +and what is so fru@@ str@@ ating and in@@ fu@@ ri@@ ating is this : steve le@@ vi@@ tt talked to you yesterday about how these expensive and diffic@@ ul@@ t-@@ to-@@ inst@@ all child se@@ ats don 't help . it 's a waste of money . +what i 'm telling you is that these expensive , complicated choices -- it 's not simply that they don 't help . +they actually hurt . +they actually make us worse off . +if some of what en@@ ables people in our societies to make all of the choices we make were shif@@ ted to societies in which people have too few op@@ tions , not only would those people 's lives be impro@@ ved , but ours would be impro@@ ved also . +this is what econom@@ ists call a " par@@ e@@ to-@@ impro@@ ving move . " +income re@@ distribution will make everyone better off -- not just poor people -- because of how all this ex@@ cess choice pla@@ gues us . +so to conclu@@ de . you 're supposed to read this carto@@ on , and , being a sophisti@@ cated person , say , " ah ! what does this fish know ? +you know , nothing is possible in this fis@@ h@@ bow@@ l . " +im@@ pover@@ ished imagination , a m@@ yo@@ pi@@ c view of the world -- and that 's the way i read it at first . +the more i thought about it , however , the more i came to the view that this fish knows something . +because the truth of the matter is that if you sh@@ at@@ ter the fis@@ h@@ bow@@ l so that everything is possible , you don 't have freedom . you have paraly@@ sis . +if you sh@@ at@@ ter this fis@@ h@@ bow@@ l so that everything is possible , you de@@ cre@@ ase satis@@ fac@@ tion . +you increase paraly@@ sis , and you de@@ cre@@ ase satis@@ fac@@ tion . +everybody needs a fis@@ h@@ bow@@ l . +this one is almost certainly too limited -- perhaps even for the fish , certainly for us . +but the ab@@ sen@@ ce of some metaph@@ or@@ ical fis@@ h@@ bow@@ l is a reci@@ pe for mis@@ ery , and , i sus@@ pe@@ ct , disaster . +thank you very much . +you know , i 've talked about some of these projects before -- about the human genome and what that might mean , and disco@@ vering new sets of genes . +we 're actually starting at a new point : we 've been di@@ gi@@ ti@@ zing biology , and now we 're trying to go from that digital code into a new phase of biology with designing and syn@@ thes@@ i@@ zing life . +so , we 've always been trying to ask big questions . +" what is life ? " is something that i think many bi@@ ologists have been trying to understand at various levels . +we 've tried various approach@@ es , par@@ ing it down to mini@@ mal components . +we 've been di@@ gi@@ ti@@ zing it now for almost 20 years ; when we sequen@@ ced the human genome , it was going from the anal@@ o@@ g world of biology into the digital world of the computer . +now we 're trying to ask , " can we re@@ generate life or can we create new life out of this digital universe ? " +this is the map of a small organis@@ m , my@@ cop@@ las@@ ma gen@@ itali@@ um , that has the small@@ est genome for a species that can self-@@ repli@@ cate in the laboratory , and we 've been trying to just see if we can come up with an even smaller genome . +we 're able to kno@@ ck out on the order of 100 genes out of the 500 or so that are here . +when we look at its me@@ tab@@ oli@@ c map , it 's relatively simple compared to ours -- trust me , this is simple -- but when we look at all the genes that we can kno@@ ck out one at a time , it 's very un@@ likely that this would y@@ i@@ el@@ d a living cell . +so we decided the only way forward was to actually syn@@ thes@@ ize this chromo@@ some so we could v@@ ary the components to ask some of these most fundamental questions . +and so we started down the road of : can we syn@@ thes@@ ize a chromo@@ some ? +can chemistry per@@ mit making these really large molecules where we 've never been before ? +and if we do , can we boot up a chromo@@ some ? +a chromo@@ some , by the way , is just a piece of in@@ ert chemical material . +so , our p@@ ace of di@@ gi@@ ti@@ zing life has been increasing at an exponenti@@ al p@@ ace . +our ability to write the genetic code has been moving pretty slowly but has been increasing , and our lat@@ est point would put it on , now , an exponenti@@ al cur@@ ve . +we started this over 15 years ago . +it took several st@@ ages , in fact , starting with a bio@@ eth@@ ical re@@ view before we did the first experiments . +but it turns out syn@@ thes@@ i@@ zing dna is very difficult . +there are tens of thousands of machines around the world that make small pieces of dna -- 30 to 50 letters in l@@ ength -- and it 's a de@@ generate process , so the longer you make the piece , the more er@@ r@@ ors there are . +so we had to create a new method for putting these little pieces together and cor@@ rect all the er@@ r@@ ors . +and this was our first attemp@@ t , starting with the digital information of the genome of ph@@ i x@@ 17@@ 4 . +it 's a small virus that kill@@ s bacteria . +we designed the pieces , went through our er@@ ror cor@@ rec@@ tion and had a dna molecule of about 5,000 letters . +the exciting phase came when we took this piece of in@@ ert chemical and put it in the bacteria , and the bacteria started to read this genetic code , made the vi@@ ral particles . +the vi@@ ral particles then were rele@@ ased from the cells and came back and killed the e@@ . col@@ i . +i was talking to the oil industry recently and i said they clearly understood that model . +they laugh@@ ed more than you guys are . +and so , we think this is a situation where the software can actually build its own hard@@ ware in a biological system . +but we wanted to go much larger : we wanted to build the entire bacteri@@ al chromo@@ some -- it 's over 5@@ 8@@ 0,000 letters of genetic code -- so we thought we 'd build them in c@@ asse@@ tt@@ es the size of the viruses so we could actually v@@ ary the c@@ asse@@ tt@@ es to understand what the actual components of a living cell are . +design is critical , and if you 're starting with digital information in the computer , that digital information has to be really accu@@ rate . +when we first sequen@@ ced this genome in 199@@ 5 , the standard of accu@@ ra@@ cy was one er@@ ror per 10,000 base pa@@ irs . +we actually found , on res@@ equ@@ en@@ cing it , 30 er@@ r@@ ors ; had we used that original sequence , it never would have been able to be bo@@ ot@@ ed up . +part of the design is designing pieces that are 50 letters long that have to over@@ la@@ p with all the other 5@@ 0-@@ letter pieces to build smaller sub@@ un@@ its we have to design so they can go together . +we design unique elements into this . +you may have read that we put water@@ mar@@ ks in . +think of this : we have a four@@ -@@ letter genetic code -- a , c , g and t . +tri@@ ple@@ ts of those letters code for roughly 20 amin@@ o aci@@ ds , such that there 's a single letter desig@@ nation for each of the amin@@ o aci@@ ds . +so we can use the genetic code to write out words , sent@@ ences , thoughts . +ini@@ tially , all we did was auto@@ graph it . +some people were dis@@ ap@@ poin@@ ted there was not poetry . +we designed these pieces so we can just che@@ w back with enzy@@ mes ; there are enzy@@ mes that re@@ pair them and put them together . +and we started making pieces , starting with pieces that were 5,000 to 7@@ ,000 letters , put those together to make 24@@ ,@@ 00@@ 0-@@ letter pieces , then put sets of those going up to 7@@ 2,000 . +at each stage , we grew up these pieces in ab@@ und@@ ance so we could sequence them because we 're trying to create a process that 's extremely rob@@ ust that you can see in a minute . +we 're trying to get to the point of auto@@ ma@@ tion . +so , this looks like a bas@@ ket@@ ball pla@@ yo@@ ff . +when we get into these really large pieces over 100,000 base pa@@ irs , they won 't any longer grow re@@ adi@@ ly in e@@ . col@@ i -- it ex@@ hau@@ sts all the modern tools of molecular biology -- and so we turned to other mechanis@@ ms . +we knew there 's a mechan@@ ism called hom@@ olog@@ ous re@@ combin@@ ation that biology uses to re@@ pair dna that can put pieces together . +here 's an example of it : there 's an organis@@ m called d@@ ein@@ o@@ co@@ c@@ c@@ us radi@@ o@@ dur@@ ans that can take three millions ra@@ ds of radiation . +you can see in the top pan@@ el , its chromo@@ some just gets blo@@ wn apart . +t@@ wel@@ ve to 24 hours later , it put it back together exactly as it was before . +we have thousands of organisms that can do this . +these organisms can be totally des@@ ic@@ cated ; they can live in a vac@@ u@@ um . +i am absolutely certain that life can exist in ou@@ ter space , move around , find a new a@@ que@@ ous environment . +in fact , nasa has shown a lot of this is out there . +here 's an actual micro@@ graph of the molecule we built using these processes , actually just using ye@@ ast mechanis@@ ms with the right design of the pieces we put them in ; ye@@ ast puts them together auto@@ matically . +this is not an electr@@ on micro@@ graph ; this is just a regular phot@@ om@@ ic@@ ro@@ graph . +it 's such a large molecule we can see it with a light microscop@@ e . +these are pictures over about a si@@ x-@@ second period . +so , this is the publi@@ cation we had just a short while ago . +this is over 5@@ 8@@ 0,000 letters of genetic code ; it 's the largest molecule ever made by humans of a defined structure . +it 's over 300 million molecular weight . +if we prin@@ ted it out at a 10 f@@ on@@ t with no spac@@ ing , it takes 14@@ 2 pages just to print this genetic code . +well , how do we boot up a chromo@@ some ? how do we activ@@ ate this ? +obviously , with a virus it 's pretty simple ; it 's much more complicated dealing with bacteria . +it 's also simpl@@ er when you go into eu@@ kar@@ y@@ ot@@ es like ourselves : you can just pop out the nu@@ cle@@ us and pop in another one , and that 's what you 've all heard about with c@@ lon@@ ing . +with bacteria and arch@@ a@@ e@@ a , the chromo@@ some is integr@@ ated into the cell , but we recently showed that we can do a complete transp@@ l@@ ant of a chromo@@ some from one cell to another and activ@@ ate it . +we pu@@ ri@@ fied a chromo@@ some from one micro@@ bi@@ al species -- roughly , these two are as dist@@ ant as human and mi@@ ce -- we ad@@ ded a few extra genes so we could sele@@ ct for this chromo@@ some , we di@@ gest@@ ed it with enzy@@ mes to kill all the proteins , and it was pretty stun@@ ning when we put this in the cell -- and you 'll appreci@@ ate our very sophisti@@ cated graphi@@ cs here . +the new chromo@@ some went into the cell . +in fact , we thought this might be as far as it went , but we tried to design the process a little bit further . +this is a major mechan@@ ism of evolution right here . +we find all kinds of species that have taken up a second chromo@@ some or a third one from somewhere , ad@@ ding thousands of new tra@@ its in a second to that species . +so , people who think of evolution as just one gene changing at a time have mis@@ sed much of biology . +there are enzy@@ mes called restri@@ ction enzy@@ mes that actually di@@ gest dna . +the chromo@@ some that was in the cell doesn 't have one ; the chromo@@ some we put in does . +it got expres@@ sed and it recogni@@ zed the other chromo@@ some as foreign material , che@@ wed it up , and so we ended up just with a cell with the new chromo@@ some . +it turned blue because of the genes we put in it . +and with a very short period of time , all the characteri@@ stics of one species were lost and it conver@@ ted totally into the new species based on the new software that we put in the cell . +all the proteins changed , the mem@@ bran@@ es changed ; when we read the genetic code , it 's exactly what we had trans@@ fer@@ red in . +so , this may sound like genom@@ ic al@@ che@@ my , but we can , by moving the software of dna around , change things quite dra@@ matically . +now i 've argu@@ ed , this is not gen@@ es@@ is ; this is building on three and a half billion years of evolution . +and i 've argu@@ ed that we 're about to perhaps create a new version of the cam@@ brian explosion , where there 's massive new speci@@ ation based on this digital design . +why do this ? +i think this is pretty obvious in terms of some of the needs . +we 're about to go from six and a half to nine billion people over the next 40 years . +to put it in context for myself : i was born in 194@@ 6 . +there are now three people on the planet for every one of us that exi@@ sted in 194@@ 6 ; within 40 years , there 'll be four . +we have trouble fe@@ eding , provi@@ ding fresh , clean water , medi@@ cin@@ es , fuel for the six and a half billion . +it 's going to be a stre@@ tch to do it for nine . +we use over five billion tons of coal , 30 billi@@ on-@@ plus bar@@ rel@@ s of oil -- that 's a hundred million bar@@ rel@@ s a day . +when we try to think of biological processes or any process to replace that , it 's going to be a huge challenge . +then of course , there 's all that co2 from this material that ends up in the atmosphere . +we now , from our discovery around the world , have a dat@@ ab@@ ase with about 20 million genes , and i like to think of these as the design components of the future . +the electr@@ on@@ ics industry only had a do@@ zen or so components , and look at the diversity that came out of that . +we 're limited here pri@@ mar@@ ily by a biological reality and our imagination . +we now have techniques , because of these ra@@ pid metho@@ ds of syn@@ thesis , to do what we 're calling combin@@ at@@ ori@@ al genom@@ ics . +we have the ability now to build a large robot that can make a million chromo@@ som@@ es a day . +when you think of process@@ ing these 20 million different genes or trying to optimi@@ ze processes to produce oc@@ tan@@ e or to produce pharma@@ ce@@ u@@ tic@@ als , new vac@@ cin@@ es , we can just with a small team , do more molecular biology than the last 20 years of all science . +and it 's just standard sele@@ ction : we can sele@@ ct for vi@@ ability , chemical or fuel production , v@@ acc@@ ine production , etc . +this is a screen s@@ nap@@ shot of some true design software that we 're working on to actually be able to sit down and design species in the computer . +you know , we don 't know necessarily what it 'll look like : we know exactly what their genetic code looks like . +we 're foc@@ using on now four@@ th-@@ generation fu@@ els . +you 've seen recently , cor@@ n to eth@@ an@@ ol is just a bad experiment . +we have secon@@ d@@ - and thir@@ d-@@ generation fu@@ els that will be coming out relatively soon that are sugar , to much hig@@ her@@ -@@ value fu@@ els like oc@@ tan@@ e or different types of bu@@ tan@@ ol . +but the only way we think that biology can have a major impact without further increasing the cost of food and limit@@ ing its avail@@ ability is if we start with co2 as its feed@@ stock , and so we 're working with designing cells to go down this road . +and we think we 'll have the first four@@ th-@@ generation fu@@ els in about 18 months . +sun@@ light and co2 is one method ... +but in our discovery around the world , we have all kinds of other metho@@ ds . +this is an organis@@ m we described in 199@@ 6 . +it lives in the deep ocean , about a mile and a half deep , almost at bo@@ il@@ ing-@@ water temper@@ atures . +it takes co2 to me@@ than@@ e using molecular hydro@@ gen as its energy source . +we 're looking to see if we can take cap@@ tured co2 , which can easily be pi@@ ped to sites , conver@@ t that co2 back into fuel to drive this process . +so , in a short period of time , we think that we might be able to increase what the basic question is of " what is life ? " +we truly , you know , have mo@@ dest goals of re@@ plac@@ ing the whole pe@@ tro@@ l-@@ chemical industry -- yeah . if you can 't do that at ted , where can you ? -- become a major source of energy ... +but also , we 're now working on using these same tools to come up with inst@@ ant sets of vac@@ cin@@ es . +you 've seen this year with flu ; we 're always a year behind and a dollar short when it comes to the right v@@ acc@@ ine . +i think that can be changed by building combin@@ at@@ ori@@ al vac@@ cin@@ es in ad@@ v@@ ance . +here 's what the future may begin to look like with changing , now , the evolutionary tree , spee@@ ding up evolution with syn@@ thetic bacteria , arch@@ a@@ e@@ a and , eventually , eu@@ kar@@ y@@ ot@@ es . +we 're a ways away from impro@@ ving people : our goal is just to make sure that we have a chance to survive long enough to maybe do that . thank you very much . +last year at ted i gave an introdu@@ ction to the l@@ h@@ c . +and i promis@@ ed to come back and give you an up@@ date on how that machine worked . +so this is it . and for those of you that weren 't there , the l@@ h@@ c is the largest scientific experiment ever attemp@@ ted -- 27 kilometers in circum@@ ference . +its job is to re@@ create the conditions that were present less than a billi@@ on@@ th of a second after the universe began , up to 600 million times a second . +it 's nothing if not ambi@@ tious . +this is the machine below gen@@ ev@@ a . +we take the pictures of those mini@@ -@@ big ban@@ gs inside dete@@ c@@ tors . +this is the one i work on . it 's called the at@@ las dete@@ ctor -- 4@@ 4 meters wide , 22 meters in diam@@ e@@ ter . +spec@@ tac@@ ular picture here of at@@ las under construction so you can see the scale . +on the 10@@ th of september last year we turned the machine on for the first time . +and this picture was taken by at@@ las . +it caused im@@ men@@ se celebra@@ tion in the control room . +it 's a picture of the first be@@ am partic@@ le going all the way around the l@@ h@@ c , colli@@ ding with a piece of the l@@ h@@ c deli@@ ber@@ ately , and sho@@ wer@@ ing particles into the dete@@ ctor . +in other words , when we saw that picture on september 10@@ th we knew the machine worked , which is a great tri@@ um@@ ph . +i don 't know whether this got the biggest che@@ er , or this , when someone went onto google and saw the front page was like that . +it means we made cultural impact as well as scientific impact . +about a week later we had a problem with the machine , related actually to these bits of wire here -- these gold wir@@ es . +those wir@@ es carry 13 thousand am@@ ps when the machine is working in full power . +now the engineers am@@ on@@ gst you will look at them and say , " no they don 't . they 're small wir@@ es . " +they can do that because when they are very cold they are what 's called super@@ conduc@@ ting wire . +so at min@@ us 2@@ 7@@ 1 degrees , col@@ der than the space between the stars , those wir@@ es can take that current . +in one of the jo@@ in@@ ts between over 9@@ ,000 magne@@ ts in l@@ h@@ c , there was a manufacturing de@@ fe@@ ct . +so the wire he@@ ated up slightly , and its 1@@ 3,000 am@@ ps suddenly en@@ counter@@ ed electrical resi@@ stance . +this was the result . +now that 's more impres@@ sive when you consider those magne@@ ts wei@@ gh over 20 tons , and they moved about a foot . +so we dama@@ ged about 50 of the magne@@ ts . +we had to take them out , which we did . +we re@@ condi@@ tioned them all , fix@@ ed them . +they 're all on their way back under@@ ground now . +by the end of mar@@ ch the l@@ h@@ c will be in@@ t@@ act again . +we will switch it on , and we expect to take data in jun@@ e or ju@@ ly , and continue with our qu@@ est to find out what the building blocks of the universe are . +now of course , in a way those acci@@ dents rei@@ gni@@ te the debate about the value of science and engineering at the edge . it 's easy to re@@ f@@ ute . +i think that the fact that it 's so difficult , the fact that we 're over@@ reach@@ ing , is the value of things like the l@@ h@@ c . +i will leave the final word to an english scientist , hum@@ ph@@ re@@ y da@@ vy , who , i sus@@ pe@@ ct , when defen@@ ding his prote@@ ge 's us@@ eless experiments -- his prote@@ ge was michael far@@ a@@ day -- said this , " nothing is so dangerous to the progress of the human mind than to assu@@ me that our vie@@ ws of science are ulti@@ mate , that there are no myster@@ ies in nature , that our tri@@ um@@ ph@@ s are complete , and that there are no new worl@@ ds to con@@ qu@@ er . " +thank you . +i am a writer . +writing books is my prof@@ ession but it 's more than that , of course . +it is also my great li@@ fel@@ ong love and fascin@@ ation . +and i don 't expect that that 's ever going to change . +but , that said , something kind of pe@@ cu@@ li@@ ar has happened recently in my life and in my career , which has caused me to have to rec@@ ali@@ bra@@ te my whole relationship with this work . +and the pe@@ cu@@ li@@ ar thing is that i recently wrote this book , this me@@ mo@@ ir called " eat , pra@@ y , love " which , deci@@ de@@ dly unlike any of my previous books , went out in the world for some reason , and became this big , me@@ ga@@ -@@ sen@@ sation , international best@@ s@@ eller thing . +the result of which is that everywhere i go now , people treat me like i 'm do@@ om@@ ed . +seriously -- do@@ om@@ ed , do@@ om@@ ed ! +like , they come up to me now , all worried , and they say , " aren 't you afraid -- aren 't you afraid you 're never going to be able to top that ? +aren 't you afraid you 're going to keep writing for your whole life and you 're never again going to create a book that anybody in the world car@@ es about at all , ever again ? " +so that 's reas@@ sur@@ ing , you know . +but it would be worse , except for that i happen to remember that over 20 years ago , when i first started telling people -- when i was a teenager -- that i wanted to be a writer , i was met with this same kind of , sort of fe@@ ar-@@ based reaction . +and people would say , " aren 't you afraid you 're never going to have any success ? +aren 't you afraid the hu@@ mili@@ ation of re@@ je@@ ction will kill you ? +aren 't you afraid that you 're going to work your whole life at this craft and nothing 's ever going to come of it and you 're going to die on a sc@@ ra@@ p hea@@ p of broken dreams with your mouth filled with bit@@ ter ash of failure ? " +like that , you know . +the answer -- the short answer to all those questions is , " yes . " +yes , i 'm afraid of all those things . +and i always have been . +and i 'm afraid of many , many more things bes@@ i@@ des that people can 't even guess at . +like se@@ a@@ we@@ ed , and other things that are sc@@ ary . +but , when it comes to writing , the thing that i 've been sort of thinking about l@@ ately , and wondering about l@@ ately , is why ? +you know , is it rational ? +is it logi@@ cal that anybody should be expected to be afraid of the work that they feel they were put on this earth to do . +you know , and what is it specifically about creative vent@@ ures that seems to make us really nervous about each other 's mental health in a way that other care@@ ers kind of don 't do , you know ? +like my dad , for example , was a chemical engineer and i don 't rec@@ all once in his 40 years of chemical engineering anybody asking him if he was afraid to be a chemical engineer , you know ? +it didn 't -- that chemical engineering block john , how 's it going ? +it just didn 't come up like that , you know ? +but to be fair , chemical engineers as a group haven 't really ear@@ ned a repu@@ tation over the cent@@ u@@ ries for being al@@ co@@ ho@@ lic man@@ ic@@ -@@ depres@@ si@@ ves . +we wri@@ ters , we kind of do have that repu@@ tation , and not just wri@@ ters , but creative people across all gen@@ r@@ es , it seems , have this repu@@ tation for being enor@@ m@@ ously ment@@ ally un@@ stable . +and all you have to do is look at the very gri@@ m death count in the 20th century alone , of really magni@@ fi@@ cent creative minds who died young and often at their own hands , you know ? +and even the ones who didn 't literally com@@ mit su@@ i@@ cide seem to be really und@@ one by their gif@@ ts , you know . +nor@@ man ma@@ il@@ er , just before he died , last interview , he said " every one of my books has killed me a little more . " +an extraordinary stat@@ ement to make about your life 's work , you know . +but we don 't even blin@@ k when we hear somebody say this because we 've heard that kind of stuff for so long and somehow we 've completely intern@@ alized and accep@@ ted colle@@ c@@ tively this notion that creativity and suffering are somehow in@@ her@@ ently lin@@ ked and that arti@@ stry , in the end , will always ultimately lead to an@@ gu@@ ish . +and the question that i want to ask everybody here today is are you guys all cool with that idea ? +are you comfortable with that -- because you look at it even from an in@@ ch away and , you know -- i 'm not at all comfortable with that assu@@ mption . +i think it 's o@@ di@@ ous . +and i also think it 's dangerous , and i don 't want to see it per@@ pe@@ tu@@ ated into the next century . +i think it 's better if we encoura@@ ge our great creative minds to live . +and i definitely know that , in my case -- in my situation -- it would be very dangerous for me to start sort of lea@@ king down that dark path of assu@@ mption , particularly given the circum@@ stance that i 'm in right now in my career . +which is -- you know , like check it out , i 'm pretty young , i 'm only about 40 years old . +i still have maybe another four decades of work left in me . +and it 's ex@@ ce@@ ed@@ ingly likely that anything i write from this point forward is going to be jud@@ ged by the world as the work that came after the fre@@ ak@@ ish success of my last book , right ? +i should just put it bl@@ un@@ tly , because we 're all sort of friends here now -- it 's ex@@ ce@@ ed@@ ingly likely that my greatest success is behind me . +oh , so jes@@ us , what a thought ! +you know that 's the kind of thought that could lead a person to start drin@@ king g@@ in at nine o '@@ clock in the morning , and i don 't want to go there . +i would pre@@ fer to keep doing this work that i love . +and so , the question becomes , how ? +and so , it seems to me , upon a lot of refle@@ ction , that the way that i have to work now , in order to continue writing , is that i have to create some sort of prote@@ ctive psych@@ ological constru@@ ct , right ? +i have to sort of find some way to have a safe distance between me , as i am writing , and my very natural an@@ x@@ iety about what the reaction to that writing is going to be , from now on . +and , as i 've been looking over the last year for models for how to do that i 've been sort of looking across time , and i 've been trying to find other societies to see if they might have had better and san@@ er ideas than we have about how to help creative people , sort of manage the in@@ her@@ ent emotional risks of creativity . +and that search has led me to ancient gre@@ e@@ ce and ancient ro@@ me . +so stay with me , because it does circle around and back . +but , ancient gre@@ e@@ ce and ancient ro@@ me -- people did not happen to believe that creativity came from human beings back then , o@@ .@@ k. ? +people believed that creativity was this di@@ v@@ ine atten@@ d@@ ant spirit that came to human beings from some dist@@ ant and un@@ know@@ able source , for dist@@ ant and un@@ know@@ able reasons . +the gre@@ e@@ ks fam@@ ously called these di@@ v@@ ine atten@@ d@@ ant spi@@ ri@@ ts of creativity " da@@ em@@ ons . " +soc@@ rates , fam@@ ously , believed that he had a da@@ em@@ on who spoke wisdom to him from af@@ ar . +the roman@@ s had the same idea , but they called that sort of dis@@ em@@ bo@@ died creative spirit a geni@@ us . +which is great , because the roman@@ s did not actually think that a geni@@ us was a particularly clever individual . +they believed that a geni@@ us was this , sort of ma@@ gical di@@ v@@ ine enti@@ ty , who was believed to literally live in the walls of an artist 's studio , kind of like do@@ bby the house el@@ f , and who would come out and sort of invisi@@ bly as@@ s@@ ist the artist with their work and would shape the out@@ come of that work . +so brilliant -- there it is , right there , that distance that i 'm talking about -- that psych@@ ological constru@@ ct to protect you from the results of your work . +and everyone knew that this is how it func@@ tioned , right ? +so the ancient artist was prote@@ cted from certain things , like , for example , too much nar@@ cis@@ s@@ ism , right ? +if your work was brilliant you couldn 't take all the credit for it , everybody knew that you had this dis@@ em@@ bo@@ died geni@@ us who had helped you . +if your work bom@@ bed , not entirely your fau@@ lt , you know ? +everyone knew your geni@@ us was kind of l@@ ame . +and this is how people thought about creativity in the west for a really long time . +and then the ren@@ a@@ is@@ s@@ ance came and everything changed , and we had this big idea , and the big idea was let 's put the individual human being at the center of the universe above all go@@ ds and myster@@ ies , and there 's no more room for my@@ sti@@ cal creatures who take dic@@ tation from the di@@ v@@ ine . +and it 's the beginning of rational human@@ ism , and people started to believe that creativity came completely from the self of the individual . +and for the first time in history , you start to hear people refer@@ ring to this or that artist as being a geni@@ us rather than having a geni@@ us . +and i got to tell you , i think that was a huge er@@ ror . +you know , i think that allo@@ wing somebody , one m@@ ere person to believe that he or she is like , the ves@@ sel , you know , like the f@@ on@@ t and the essen@@ ce and the source of all di@@ v@@ ine , creative , un@@ know@@ able , e@@ ternal myster@@ y is just a s@@ mi@@ dge too much responsibility to put on one fra@@ gi@@ le , human psy@@ che . +it 's like asking somebody to s@@ wal@@ low the sun . +it just completely war@@ ps and di@@ stor@@ ts e@@ gos , and it creates all these un@@ mana@@ ge@@ able expec@@ tations about performance . +and i think the pressure of that has been killing off our artists for the last 500 years . +and , if this is true , and i think it is true , the question becomes , what now ? +can we do this differently ? +maybe go back to some more ancient understanding about the relationship between humans and the creative myster@@ y . +maybe not . +maybe we can 't just er@@ ase 500 years of rational human@@ i@@ stic thought in one 18 minute speech . +and there 's probably people in this audience who would raise really legi@@ ti@@ mate scientific sus@@ pi@@ ci@@ ons about the notion of , basically fa@@ i@@ ries who follow people around ru@@ b@@ bing fair@@ y ju@@ ice on their projects and stuff . +i 'm not , probably , going to bring you all along with me on this . +but the question that i kind of want to pose is -- you know , why not ? +why not think about it this way ? +because it makes as much sense as anything else i have ever heard in terms of expla@@ ining the u@@ tter ma@@ d@@ den@@ ing cap@@ ri@@ ci@@ ousness of the creative process . +a process which , as anybody who has ever tried to make something -- which is to say basically everyone here -@@ -- knows does not always be@@ have ration@@ ally . +and , in fact , can sometimes feel down@@ right par@@ an@@ or@@ mal . +i had this en@@ counter recently where i met the extraordinary american po@@ et ru@@ th stone , who 's now in her 9@@ 0s , but she 's been a po@@ et her entire life and she told me that when she was growing up in rural virg@@ ini@@ a , she would be out working in the fields , and she said she would feel and hear a po@@ em coming at her from over the landscape . +and she said it was like a th@@ under@@ ous train of air . +and it would come bar@@ rel@@ ing down at her over the landscape . +and she felt it coming , because it would sha@@ ke the earth under her feet . +she knew that she had only one thing to do at that point , and that was to , in her words , " run like hell . " +and she would run like hell to the house and she would be getting ch@@ ased by this po@@ em , and the whole deal was that she had to get to a piece of paper and a pen@@ cil fast enough so that when it th@@ under@@ ed through her , she could collect it and gra@@ b it on the page . +and other times she wouldn 't be fast enough , so she 'd be running and running and running , and she wouldn 't get to the house and the po@@ em would bar@@ re@@ l through her and she would miss it and she said it would continue on across the landscape , looking , as she put it " for another po@@ et . " +and then there were these times -- this is the piece i never for@@ got -- she said that there were moments where she would almost miss it , right ? +so , she 's running to the house and she 's looking for the paper and the po@@ em pas@@ ses through her , and she grab@@ s a pen@@ cil just as it 's going through her , and then she said , it was like she would reach out with her other hand and she would catch it . +she would catch the po@@ em by its tail , and she would pull it back@@ wards into her body as she was tran@@ scri@@ bing on the page . +and in these in@@ stances , the po@@ em would come up on the page perfect and in@@ t@@ act but back@@ wards , from the last word to the first . +so when i heard that i was like -- that 's un@@ can@@ ny , that 's exactly what my creative process is like . +that 's not at all what my creative process is -- i 'm not the pi@@ p@@ eline ! +i 'm a mu@@ le , and the way that i have to work is that i have to get up at the same time every day , and swe@@ at and labor and bar@@ re@@ l through it really aw@@ k@@ war@@ dly . +but even i , in my mu@@ li@@ sh@@ ness , even i have br@@ us@@ hed up against that thing , at times . +and i would imagine that a lot of you have too . +you know , even i have had work or ideas come through me from a source that i hon@@ est@@ ly cannot identify . +and what is that thing ? +and how are we to rel@@ ate to it in a way that will not make us lose our minds , but , in fact , might actually keep us san@@ e ? +and for me , the best con@@ temporary example that i have of how to do that is the musi@@ cian tom wa@@ its , who i got to interview several years ago on a magazine as@@ sign@@ ment . +and we were talking about this , and you know , tom , for most of his life he was pretty much the em@@ bo@@ di@@ ment of the tor@@ mented con@@ temporary modern artist , trying to control and manage and domin@@ ate these sort of un@@ controll@@ able creative impul@@ ses that were totally intern@@ alized . +but then he got older , he got cal@@ mer , and one day he was driving down the free@@ way in los angeles he told me , and this is when it all changed for him . +and he 's spee@@ ding along , and all of a sudden he he@@ ars this little frag@@ ment of mel@@ o@@ dy , that comes into his head as inspiration often comes , el@@ u@@ sive and tan@@ tali@@ zing , and he wants it , you know , it 's gor@@ ge@@ ous , and he lon@@ gs for it , but he has no way to get it . +he doesn 't have a piece of paper , he doesn 't have a pen@@ cil , he doesn 't have a ta@@ pe rec@@ order . +so he starts to feel all of that old an@@ x@@ iety start to rise in him like , " i 'm going to lose this thing , and then i 'm going to be ha@@ un@@ ted by this song forever . +i 'm not good enough , and i can 't do it . " +and instead of p@@ ani@@ cking , he just stopped . +he just stopped that whole mental process and he did something completely novel . +he just looked up at the sky , and he said , " exc@@ use me , can you not see that i 'm driving ? " +" do i look like i can write down a song right now ? +if you really want to exist , come back at a more opport@@ une moment when i can take care of you . +otherwise , go bo@@ ther somebody else today . +go bo@@ ther leon@@ ard co@@ hen . " +and his whole work process changed after that . +not the work , the work was still o@@ f@@ ten@@ times as dark as ever . +but the process , and the heavy an@@ x@@ iety around it was rele@@ ased when he took the gen@@ ie , the geni@@ us out of him where it was caus@@ ing nothing but trouble , and rele@@ ased it kind of back where it came from , and realized that this didn 't have to be this intern@@ alized , tor@@ mented thing . +it could be this pe@@ cu@@ li@@ ar , won@@ dr@@ ous , bizar@@ re collaboration kind of conversation between tom and the strange , ex@@ ternal thing that was not quite tom . +so when i heard that story it started to shift a little bit the way that i worked too , and it already saved me once . +this idea , it saved me when i was in the middle of writing " eat , pra@@ y , love , " and i fell into one of those , sort of p@@ its of des@@ pair that we all fall into when we 're working on something and it 's not coming and you start to think this is going to be a disaster , this is going to be the worst book ever written . +not just bad , but the worst book ever written . +and i started to think i should just du@@ mp this project . +but then i remem@@ ber@@ ed tom talking to the open air and i tried it . +so i just li@@ f@@ ted my face up from the man@@ us@@ cri@@ pt and i direc@@ ted my comm@@ ents to an empty corner of the room . +and i said al@@ oud , " listen you , thing , you and i both know that if this book isn 't brilliant that is not entirely my fau@@ lt , right ? +because you can see that i am putting everything i have into this , i don 't have any more than this . +so if you want it to be better , then you 've got to show up and do your part of the deal . +o@@ .@@ k. but if you don 't do that , you know what , the hell with it . +i 'm going to keep writing anyway because that 's my job . +and i would please like the record to refle@@ ct today that i showed up for my part of the job . " +because -- in the end it 's like this , o@@ .@@ k. -- cent@@ u@@ ries ago in the deser@@ ts of north africa , people used to ga@@ ther for these mo@@ on@@ light dan@@ ces of sac@@ red dance and music that would go on for hours and hours , until da@@ wn . +and they were always magni@@ fi@@ cent , because the dan@@ cers were profession@@ als and they were terri@@ fic , right ? +but every once in a while , very r@@ ar@@ ely , something would happen , and one of these per@@ form@@ ers would actually become tran@@ scen@@ dent . +and i know you know what i 'm talking about , because i know you 've all seen , at some point in your life , a performance like this . +it was like time would stop , and the dan@@ cer would sort of step through some kind of port@@ al and he wasn 't doing anything different than he had ever done , 1,000 ni@@ ghts before , but everything would al@@ ig@@ n . +and all of a sudden , he would no longer appear to be mer@@ ely human . +he would be li@@ t from within , and li@@ t from below and all li@@ t up on fire with di@@ vin@@ ity . +and when this happened , back then , people knew it for what it was , you know , they called it by its name . +they would put their hands together and they would start to ch@@ ant , " al@@ la@@ h , al@@ la@@ h , al@@ la@@ h , god , god , god . " +that 's god , you know . +curious histor@@ ical foot@@ note -- when the mo@@ ors inv@@ aded southern spa@@ in , they took this cu@@ sto@@ m with them and the pr@@ on@@ un@@ ci@@ ation changed over the cent@@ u@@ ries from " al@@ la@@ h , al@@ la@@ h , al@@ la@@ h , " to " o@@ le , o@@ le , o@@ le , " which you still hear in bu@@ ll@@ fi@@ ghts and in fl@@ am@@ en@@ co dan@@ ces . +in spa@@ in , when a perfor@@ mer has done something impossible and magic , " al@@ la@@ h , o@@ le , o@@ le , al@@ la@@ h , magni@@ fi@@ cent , bra@@ vo , " in@@ com@@ pre@@ hen@@ si@@ ble , there it is -- a gli@@ mp@@ se of god . +which is great , because we need that . +but , the tri@@ cky bit comes the next morning , for the dan@@ cer himself , when he wa@@ kes up and disco@@ vers that it 's tu@@ es@@ day at 11 a@@ .@@ m@@ . , and he 's no longer a gli@@ mp@@ se of god . +he 's just an aging mor@@ tal with really bad k@@ ne@@ es , and maybe he 's never going to as@@ c@@ end to that hei@@ ght again . +and maybe nobody will ever ch@@ ant god 's name again as he sp@@ ins , and what is he then to do with the rest of his life ? +this is hard . +this is one of the most pain@@ ful re@@ con@@ ci@@ li@@ ations to make in a creative life . +but maybe it doesn 't have to be quite so full of an@@ gu@@ ish if you never happened to believe , in the first place , that the most extraordinary aspe@@ cts of your being came from you . +but maybe if you just believed that they were on lo@@ an to you from some uni@@ mag@@ in@@ able source for some ex@@ qu@@ isi@@ te por@@ tion of your life to be passed along when you 're finished , with somebody else . +and , you know , if we think about it this way it starts to change everything . +this is how i 've started to think , and this is certainly how i 've been thinking in the last few months as i 've been working on the book that will soon be published , as the danger@@ ously , fri@@ gh@@ ten@@ ingly over@@ -@@ anti@@ ci@@ p@@ ated follow up to my fre@@ ak@@ ish success . +and what i have to , sort of keep telling myself when i get really psych@@ ed out about that , is , don 't be afraid . +don 't be da@@ un@@ ted . +just do your job . +continue to show up for your piece of it , whatever that might be . +if your job is to dance , do your dance . +if the di@@ v@@ ine , cock@@ e@@ yed geni@@ us as@@ sig@@ ned to your case deci@@ des to let some sort of wonder@@ ment be gli@@ mp@@ sed , for just one moment through your eff@@ or@@ ts , then " o@@ le ! " +and if not , do your dance any@@ how . +and " o@@ le ! " to you , non@@ eth@@ eless . +i believe this and i feel that we must teach it . +" o@@ le ! " to you , non@@ eth@@ eless , just for having the she@@ er human love and stu@@ b@@ bor@@ n@@ ness to keep showing up . +thank you . +thank you . +o@@ le ! +last year i showed these two sli@@ des so that demon@@ strate that the arc@@ tic ice ca@@ p , which for most of the last three million years has been the size of the lower 4@@ 8 states , has s@@ hr@@ un@@ k by 40 percent . +but this under@@ states the seri@@ ousness of this particular problem because it doesn 't show the thi@@ ck@@ ness of the ice . +the arc@@ tic ice ca@@ p is , in a sense , the be@@ ating heart of the global climate system . +it exp@@ ands in winter and contra@@ cts in summer . +the next slide i show you will be a ra@@ pid fa@@ st-@@ forward of what 's happened over the last 25 years . +the perman@@ ent ice is mar@@ ked in red . +as you see , it exp@@ ands to the dark blue -- that 's the an@@ nu@@ al ice in winter , and it contra@@ cts in summer . +the so-@@ called perman@@ ent ice , five years old or older , you can see is almost like blood , sp@@ ill@@ ing out of the body here . +in 25 years it 's gone from this , to this . +this is a problem because the warming he@@ ats up the fro@@ zen ground around the arc@@ tic ocean , where there is a massive amount of fro@@ zen carbon which , when it th@@ a@@ ws , is turned into me@@ than@@ e by micro@@ bes . +compared to the total amount of global warming pollution in the atmosphere , that amount could double if we cross this ti@@ pping point . +already in some s@@ hal@@ low la@@ kes in al@@ as@@ ka , me@@ than@@ e is ac@@ tively bub@@ bling up out of the water . +professor kat@@ ey wal@@ ter from the university of al@@ as@@ ka went out with another team to another s@@ hal@@ low la@@ ke last winter . +who@@ a ! +she 's okay . the question is whether we will be . +and one reason is , this enormous heat sin@@ k he@@ ats up green@@ land from the north . +this is an an@@ nu@@ al mel@@ ting river . +but the vol@@ um@@ es are much larger than ever . +this is the kan@@ ger@@ l@@ us@@ su@@ a@@ q river in sou@@ th@@ west green@@ land . +if you want to know how sea level ris@@ es from land@@ -@@ base ice mel@@ ting this is where it reach@@ es the sea . +these flo@@ ws are increasing very rapi@@ dly . +at the other end of the planet , ant@@ arc@@ tic@@ a the largest mass of ice on the planet . +last month scientists repor@@ ted the entire continent is now in negative ice balance . +and west ant@@ arc@@ tic@@ a cro@@ pped up on top some under@@ -@@ sea is@@ lands , is particularly ra@@ pid in its mel@@ ting . +that 's equal to 20 feet of sea level , as is green@@ land . +in the hi@@ mal@@ ay@@ as , the third largest mass of ice : at the top you see new la@@ kes , which a few years ago were gl@@ aci@@ ers . +40 percent of all the people in the world get half of their drin@@ king water from that mel@@ ting flow . +in the and@@ es , this gl@@ aci@@ er is the source of drin@@ king water for this city . +the flo@@ ws have increas@@ ed . +but when they go away , so does much of the drin@@ king water . +in california there has been a 40 percent dec@@ line in the si@@ er@@ ra s@@ no@@ w@@ pack . +this is hit@@ ting the reser@@ vo@@ irs . +and the predic@@ tions , as you 've read , are serious . +this dr@@ ying around the world has lead to a dra@@ matic increase in fir@@ es . +and the dis@@ ast@@ ers around the world have been increasing at an absolutely extraordinary and un@@ pre@@ ce@@ d@@ ented rate . +four times as many in the last 30 years as in the previous 75 . +this is a completely un@@ sustainable pattern . +if you look at in the context of history you can see what this is doing . +in the last five years we 've ad@@ ded 70 million tons of co2 every 24 hours -- 25 million tons every day to the oceans . +look carefully at the area of the eastern pacific , from the americ@@ as , exten@@ ding west@@ ward , and on either side of the indian sub@@ continent , where there is a radical de@@ ple@@ tion of oxygen in the oceans . +the biggest single cause of global warming , along with de@@ for@@ est@@ ation , which is 20 percent of it , is the burning of fossil fu@@ els . +oil is a problem , and coal is the most serious problem . +the united states is one of the two largest em@@ it@@ ters , along with china . +and the pro@@ pos@@ al has been to build a lot more coal plants . +but we 're beginning to see a sea change . +here are the ones that have been can@@ cell@@ ed in the last few years with some green alterna@@ tives pro@@ posed . +however there is a political battle in our country . +and the coal industri@@ es and the oil industri@@ es spent a quar@@ ter of a billion dollars in the last cal@@ end@@ ar year pro@@ mot@@ ing clean coal , which is an oxy@@ mor@@ on . +that image remin@@ ded me of something . +around christ@@ mas , in my home in ten@@ nes@@ see , a billion gall@@ ons of coal s@@ lu@@ dge was sp@@ ill@@ ed . +you probably saw it on the news . +this , all over the country , is the second largest waste stream in america . +this happened around christ@@ mas . +one of the coal industry 's ads around christ@@ mas was this one . +fro@@ sty the coal man is a j@@ ol@@ ly , happy sou@@ l . +he 's ab@@ und@@ ant here in america , and he helps our economy grow . +fro@@ sty the coal man is getting cle@@ aner everyday . +he 's aff@@ ord@@ able and ad@@ or@@ able , and workers keep their pay . +this is the source of much of the coal in west virg@@ ini@@ a . +the largest moun@@ tain@@ top min@@ er is the head of mas@@ sey coal . +let me be clear about it . al gore , nan@@ cy p@@ el@@ o@@ s@@ i , har@@ ry rei@@ d , they don 't know what they 're talking about . +so the alli@@ ance for climate protection has launched two campaig@@ ns . +this is one of them , part of one of them . +at co@@ al@@ er@@ g@@ y we view climate change as a very serious threat to our business . +that 's why we 've made it our primary goal to spend a large sum of money on an adverti@@ sing effort to help bring out and complic@@ ate the truth about coal . +the fact is , coal isn 't dir@@ ty . +we think it 's clean -- sm@@ ells good , too . +so don 't worry about climate change . +leave that up to us . +clean coal -- you 've heard a lot about it . +so let 's take a tour of this stat@@ e-@@ of-@@ the-@@ art clean coal facili@@ ty . +amazing ! the machin@@ ery is kind of l@@ oud . +but that 's the sound of clean coal technology . +and while burning coal is one of the leading causes of global warming , the remarkable clean coal technology you see here changes everything . +take a good long look : this is today 's clean coal technology . +finally , the positive alternative mes@@ hes with our economic challenge and our national security challenge . +america is in crisis -- the economy , national security , the climate crisis . +the thre@@ ad that links them all : our addi@@ ction to carbon based fu@@ els , like dir@@ ty coal and foreign oil . +but now there is a b@@ old new solution to get us out of this m@@ ess . +re@@ power america with 100 percent clean electricity within 10 years . +a plan to put america back to work , make us more sec@@ ure , and help stop global warming . +finally , a solution that 's big enough to solve our problems . +re@@ power america . find out more . +this is the last one . +it 's about re@@ power@@ ing america . +one of the fa@@ st@@ est ways to cut our depen@@ dence on old dir@@ ty fu@@ els that are killing our planet . +future 's over here . wind , sun , a new energy grid . +new invest@@ ments to create high-@@ paying jobs . +re@@ power america . it 's time to get real . +there is an old african pro@@ ver@@ b that says , " if you want to go quickly , go alone . +if you want to go far , go together . " +we need to go far , quickly . +thank you very much . +i want to start out by asking you to think back to when you were a kid , playing with blocks . +as you figured out how to reach out and gras@@ p , pick them up and move them around , you were actually learning how to think and solve problems by understanding and mani@@ pul@@ ating spa@@ tial relationships . +spa@@ tial reas@@ oning is deeply connected to how we understand a lot of the world around us . +so , as a computer scientist inspired by this u@@ tili@@ ty of our inter@@ actions with physical objects -- along with my ad@@ vis@@ er pat@@ tie , and my collabor@@ ator je@@ ev@@ an kal@@ ani@@ th@@ i -- i started to wonder -- what if when we used a computer , instead of having this one mouse cur@@ sor that was a like a digital finger@@ ti@@ p moving around a flat des@@ k@@ top , what if we could reach in with both hands and gras@@ p information physi@@ cally , ar@@ ran@@ ging it the way we wanted ? +this question was so comp@@ elling that we decided to explore the answer , by building si@@ ft@@ ables . +in a nu@@ t@@ sh@@ ell , a si@@ ft@@ able is an inter@@ active computer the size of a coo@@ k@@ ie . +they 're able to be moved around by hand , they can sense each other , they can sense their motion , and they have a screen and a wir@@ eless radio . +most importantly , they 're physical , so like the blocks , you can move them just by reach@@ ing out and gras@@ ping . +and si@@ ft@@ ables are an example of a new ecosystem of tools for mani@@ pul@@ ating digital information . +and as these tools become more physical , more aware of their motion , aware of each other , and aware of the nu@@ ance of how we move them , we can start to explore some new and fun interaction sty@@ les . +so , i 'm going to start with some simple examples . +this si@@ ft@@ able is con@@ figured to show video , and if i ti@@ lt it in one direction , it 'll roll the video this way ; if i ti@@ lt it the other way it roll@@ s it back@@ wards . +and these inter@@ active portra@@ its are aware of each other . +so if i put them next to each other , they get interested . +if they get surro@@ unded , they notice that too , they might get a little flu@@ ster@@ ed . +and they can also sense their motion and ti@@ lt . +one of the interesting impli@@ cations on interaction , we started to realize , was that we could use everyday gest@@ ures on data , like po@@ uring a color the way we might po@@ ur a liquid . +so in this case , we 've got three si@@ ft@@ ables con@@ figured to be paint bu@@ ckets and i can use them to po@@ ur color into that central one , where they get mix@@ ed . +if we over@@ sho@@ ot , we can po@@ ur a little bit back . +there are also some ne@@ at possibilities for education , like language , math and lo@@ gic games where we want to give people the ability to try things quickly , and view the results immediately . +so here i 'm -- this is a fi@@ bon@@ acc@@ i sequence that i 'm making with a simple equ@@ ation program . +here we have a word game that 's kind of like a ma@@ sh@@ -up between sc@@ rab@@ ble and bo@@ g@@ gle . +basically , in every round you get a rand@@ om@@ ly as@@ sig@@ ned letter on each si@@ ft@@ able , and as you try to make words it che@@ cks against a dic@@ tion@@ ary . +then , after about 30 seconds , it res@@ hu@@ ff@@ les , and you have a new set of letters and new possibilities to try . +thank you . +so these are some kids that came on a field trip to the media lab , and i managed to get them to try it out , and sho@@ ot a video . +they really loved it . +and , one of the interesting things about this kind of app@@ lic@@ ation is that you don 't have to give people many in@@ struc@@ tions . +all you have to say is , " make words , " and they know exactly what to do . +so here 's another few people trying it out . +that 's our yo@@ un@@ gest bet@@ a te@@ ster , down there on the right . +turns out , all he wanted to do was to st@@ ack the si@@ ft@@ ables up . +so to him , they were just blocks . +now , this is an inter@@ active carto@@ on app@@ lic@@ ation . +and we wanted to build a learning tool for language lear@@ ners . +and this is fe@@ li@@ x , actually . +and he can bring new characters into the scene , just by li@@ f@@ ting the si@@ ft@@ ables off the table that have that character shown on them . +here , he 's bringing the sun out . +the sun is ris@@ ing . +now he 's brought a tra@@ ctor into the scene . +the orange tra@@ ctor . +good job ! yeah ! +so by sha@@ king the si@@ ft@@ ables and putting them next to each other he can make the characters interact -- wo@@ of ! +inv@@ enting his own narra@@ tive . +hell@@ o ! +it 's an open-@@ ended story , and he gets to decide how it un@@ fol@@ ds . +fly away , c@@ at . +so , the last example i have time to show you today is a music sequen@@ cing and live performance tool that we 've built recently , in which si@@ ft@@ ables act as sounds like lead , b@@ ass and dru@@ ms . +each of these has four different vari@@ ations , you get to choose which one you want to use . +and you can inje@@ ct these sounds into a sequence that you can assem@@ ble into the pattern that you want . +and you inje@@ ct it by just bu@@ mp@@ ing up the sound si@@ ft@@ able against a sequence si@@ ft@@ able . +there are effects that you can control live , like rever@@ b and filter . +you atta@@ ch it to a particular sound and then ti@@ lt to ad@@ just it . +and then , over@@ all effects like temp@@ o and volu@@ me that apply to the entire sequence . +so let 's have a look . +we 'll start by putting a lead into two sequence si@@ ft@@ ables , ar@@ range them into a series , ex@@ tend it , add a little more lead . +now i put a b@@ ass line in . +now i 'll put some per@@ c@@ us@@ sion in . +and now i 'll atta@@ ch the filter to the dru@@ ms , so i can control the effect live . +i can speed up the whole sequence by ti@@ l@@ ting the temp@@ o one way or the other . +and now i 'll atta@@ ch the filter to the b@@ ass for some more expression . +i can re@@ ar@@ range the sequence while it plays . +so i don 't have to plan it out in ad@@ v@@ ance , but i can impro@@ v@@ ise , making it longer or shor@@ ter as i go . +and now , finally , i can fa@@ de the whole sequence out using the volu@@ me si@@ ft@@ able , ti@@ l@@ ted to the left . +thank you . +so , as you can see , my passion is for making new human@@ -@@ computer inter@@ faces that are a better match to the ways our brains and bodies work . +and today , i had time to show you one point in this new design space , and a few of the possibilities that we 're working to bring out of the laboratory . +so the thought i want to leave you with is that we 're on the c@@ us@@ p of this new generation of tools for inter@@ acting with digital media that are going to bring information into our world on our terms . +thank you very much . +i look forward to talking with all of you . +yes , hell@@ o . +i 'm happy to be here . +yes , so , what is bio@@ ha@@ cking ? +i 'll have to provide some background information here , bio@@ ha@@ cking de@@ als with modern molecular biology . +i study molecular biology and have been doing research into bio@@ ha@@ cking for a few years now , i started doing this because i simply wanted to have more deta@@ iled knowledge and especially wanted to put what i 'd learned theore@@ tically into practice . +so these were my prime mo@@ tives . +so it was curi@@ osity and i somehow wanted to get closer to the material , that was it . +i think that molecular biology in general , so generally speaking biot@@ echn@@ ology , everything that can be inclu@@ ded in that , like syn@@ thetic biology , etc . +is of extreme importance today is already extremely important today and will become much more important in the future . +there are contro@@ versi@@ al top@@ ics such as all those gene@@ tically modi@@ fied plants in the fields . +now there 's cra@@ ig vent@@ er in the usa who 's trying to produce bio@@ fuel , bio@@ dies@@ el fuel made from al@@ ga@@ e . +and then there are things that have already become part of everyday life , although most people are not aware of it , such as was@@ hing po@@ w@@ der enzy@@ mes , which allow us to was@@ h clo@@ th@@ es at for@@ ty degrees , which are also gene@@ tically optimis@@ ed enzy@@ mes . +and the list can go on forever . +and so because of my interest in the in this technology , i went del@@ ved into it more . +so what why ha@@ cking ? +most of us know most people have heard of this in the context of software . +computer ha@@ cking , and then in the media it 's yes , ha@@ ck@@ ers break into a place and ste@@ al data and so on . +that 's rather sad for the ha@@ cker community , because it doesn 't at all fully describe what they actually how it actually all started and what 's behind it . +software ha@@ ck@@ ers started building computers in the se@@ venti@@ es and ei@@ gh@@ ties and this gave rise to the internet . +and it de@@ als with proble@@ m-@@ solving in a play@@ ful , creative , original way . +and a problem , so not only a technical problem , it can also be a social problem , it can also just be an access problem that simpli@@ fying things , so any way of looking at a problem , of pos@@ ing a question , asking how you could do something differently or better . +and it was it developed in the area of software , but it 's also found in the electr@@ on@@ ics sector where you also find a whole tin@@ ker@@ er scene , which makes all sorts of crazy things with electrical circu@@ its . +and so now you find it in biology , and i 'd like to take a metaphor from syn@@ thetic biology , biology is actually an information science because the dna code is an abstra@@ ct code that yes , it 's not exactly like a computer , because it 's more dynamic , because it 's material , i mean real material , and not just cyber@@ ne@@ tic . +but it 's also a code , and you can program that and so you can also ha@@ ck into it , that 's it , and i thought think it 's incredibly fascinating , and i just wanted to really del@@ ve into that . +these these networks didn 't really take form until two thousand eight . +there 's ha@@ ck@@ teri@@ a do@@ t or@@ g , which origin@@ ally comes from swi@@ tz@@ er@@ land , and it 's a network based in europe with a co@@ operation in india , but it has members and active people all over the world by now . +those are it has a more ar@@ ty character , so it 's many artists and philosop@@ her@@ s are working , together with scientists , on exam@@ ining these technologies and asking questions and process@@ ing the knowledge crea@@ tively , there are museum exhi@@ bi@@ tions and , well , all sorts of things . +but the point is to always find a a really loo@@ se approach to it , to deal with it play@@ fully . +and then there 's do@@ -@@ it@@ -@@ your@@ self-@@ bio@@ - d@@ ot@@ -@@ or@@ g , di@@ y bi@@ o . +that 's a network from the usa , that 's more of a kind of a for@@ um , where you where people can meet and disc@@ uss things online . +they are ge@@ ared more towards the technical as well as the business aspe@@ cts of it , and so you see more , well , practical questions being asked . +based on these networks , which made the whole thing popular , a scene came into being , which i 'd like to brie@@ fly describe . +this picture on the left is of bio@@ curious , that 's a ha@@ cker@@ space , so a kind of school , a private school , a non-@@ profit organisation institution , where anybody can go to . +children , el@@ der@@ ly people , all sorts of people go there to simply exam@@ ine this in a different kind of way , they 've set up a laboratory and look at what can be done there , if at laboratory proto@@ col@@ s . +here in the bottom left there 's a group in in@@ don@@ es@@ ia , house of natural fi@@ bers it 's called , but they 've been around for quite some time . +for a longer time than these other two networks . +they look at biological materials in an arti@@ stic way and , yes , also electr@@ onic tin@@ ker@@ ing , and com@@ bine this in a very out@@ land@@ ish way . +a group from ank@@ ar@@ a , that i came into contact with a while ago , they have they are a student group that wanted to in@@ form the public more about what what they learn about at university , and they organis@@ ed these these little actions at street festi@@ v@@ als and tried to explain dna to people . +and in this other image at the top i have a lec@@ ture in in cop@@ en@@ ha@@ gen at the medical mus@@ ei@@ on in combin@@ ation with an exhi@@ bi@@ tion on the top@@ ic . +and that 's , well that 's these are usually really young people , but the only thing that that one that really un@@ ites everybody , is this fascin@@ ation with technology . +and what you can do with it and approach@@ ing society very tar@@ ge@@ ted@@ ly and asking , right , okay , what do you know , what what do you want to get involved in , are you interested in getting involved in this way ? +so , okay , to ha@@ ck into biology , you need material . +you need biological materials , but you also need tools , and that 's a laboratory . +or what you would normally understand to be a laboratory , so some cool machines , extremely expensive ones , extremely dist@@ ant ones , for professional staf@@ f , trained acade@@ mi@@ cs with a doctor 's degree et@@ c. only . +and our approach was to say , okay , that you don 't actually have to do that . +that 's not necessary in fact , because every every every coffee machine actually uses more advanced technology than most laboratory devices , that 's really true . +and so with this pre@@ mis@@ es with this pre@@ mis@@ es , brian de@@ g@@ ger in england , for example , tried to set up a mini@@ -@@ laboratory , took a pressure coo@@ ker , a hot pla@@ te and , yes , sou@@ p stock , and b@@ red bacteria with it , working like this . +so anybody who 's ever had a sou@@ p gone go bad , because they left it standing for too long , has already done this . +i then tried to exp@@ and this at my laboratory back home , and so i bought some secon@@ d@@ hand equipment on e@@ bay and did a little dna analysis , and tried to do a pat@@ er@@ ni@@ ty test , so dna finger@@ prin@@ ting in other words , at home again . +that 's not supposed to be a jo@@ ke , but here in the image below you can see there 's the laboratory , in quot@@ ation mar@@ ks , so a closed up garage with all this laboratory equipment that the university got rid of , a group in paris that set something set up something and is very successful with it and does some really interesting things there . i 'd like to brie@@ fly mention a project . +that here is bio@@ curious , the ha@@ cker@@ space i mentioned just now , this yes , basically a kind of adult education cent@@ re for for molecular biology . +and yes , so you can see that it 's a relatively relatively he@@ ter@@ o@@ gene@@ ous thing , so from some people who do it on their own from home , to big i mean , larger organis@@ ations , who are doing this more form@@ ally in an institu@@ tion@@ al@@ is@@ ed form already . +but always always with this this approach , that it should be simple and acc@@ essi@@ ble . +the first project that we did as an international group , when we became aware of ourselves , you might say , okay we exist as a real “ scene ” , and we 're online , and we we know the people who are always ch@@ at@@ ting there and everything . +and then the fo@@ under of do@@ -@@ it@@ -@@ your@@ self-@@ bi@@ o do@@ t or@@ g came and said : okay +we really need to meet up now , meet up personally , and he organis@@ ed two events , one in london , in two thousand ten , and shor@@ tly after that in the usa , in san francisco . +and , the focus there was on , so okay , who are we , what do we want , what do we also want what do we want to talk about ? +and what what are our values and what are what are our obje@@ c@@ tives , our fundamental principles ? +and then we worked on writing up a kind of code of condu@@ ct . +that was really intui@@ tive , i mean , everyone expres@@ sed their wi@@ sh@@ es , their and things that move them . +then , in my opini@@ on , a really good code was created . +and that was then it 's not bin@@ ding , but it 's yes , i think it has managed to become accep@@ ted quite well , people are quite convinced about it , yes . +and then we even tried to bring it back into the acade@@ mic world , but somehow it wasn 't really well received there . +so i think we from the bio@@ ha@@ cker scene have , in that sense , gone a step further than the the acade@@ mic world . +yes , what sort of projects do we actually work on ? +a project i set up myself with the ha@@ ck@@ teri@@ a network in swi@@ tz@@ er@@ land , was one in which we wanted to create a so-@@ called op@@ tical tra@@ p or op@@ tical t@@ wee@@ z@@ ers . +this is when you focus a las@@ er be@@ am on a in a space , and then you can catch little particles in the air with it or in in liquid and then move them in this focus , so , they 're then tra@@ pped in there , so it 's basically like a tra@@ ctor be@@ am . +that really works , it 's done in an acade@@ mic setting , and then we thought , okay , we might manage that , and took a web@@ c@@ am , dis@@ man@@ t@@ led it , took off the l@@ ens , turned it around and then we have a microscop@@ e , which has a four hundred fold magni@@ fication appro@@ x@@ ima@@ tely . +you can see this at the bottom . +and then we took apart a d@@ v@@ d bur@@ ner and took out the bur@@ ner the las@@ er and then tried to focus on this camera . +and unfortunately that didn 't work , but we learned a lot in doing so any@@ how . +another project , that came from from the french group in paris , did work , and that 's pretty cool . +he took one of these well , one of these one of these devices that measure brain waves , an ee@@ g or something like that , so he was working with neuro@@ biology , his his ni@@ ck@@ name is sam neuro@@ ha@@ ck . +he then made this this this hel@@ met , and it took place in in co@@ operation with the museum . +vis@@ it@@ ors could go into the room , sit down on this chair , and put on this hel@@ met . +their brain waves were then measu@@ red , and depen@@ ding on what they thought about or how they thought , different lights in the ro@@ om@@ went swi@@ t@@ ched on . +was a very a very fan@@ cy project . +another thing from the usa that also had to do with pat@@ er@@ ni@@ ty test thing , is the the p@@ c@@ r , the poly@@ mer@@ ase chain reaction , a complicated term . +this is about the cop@@ ying of genes , repli@@ c@@ ating genes , dna , frag@@ ments , so that you can make them visible . +so when i now that 's what the what pro@@ fil@@ ers do at a crime scene , they go there , collect some hair sam@@ ples , and then they make these imple@@ ment this method , and then they can say , okay , this hair bel@@ on@@ gs to this person , like that . +and the machines that do that are rather expensive , the ones you buy commer@@ cially , they start at about four thousand euro@@ s at the least . +and that 's not within the range of ama@@ te@@ urs , but it 's a really cool technology , which is capable of a lot . +so that 's just one app@@ lic@@ ation among many that you can use . +and they have there were two two tin@@ ker@@ ers who went to work on it and said , okay , we can make this easier and che@@ aper , and put together this this piece of equipment from open source stuff , so fre@@ ely available hard@@ ware and electr@@ on@@ ics and they 're now the they 've now managed to make it ri@@ pe for the market and are currently the the che@@ ap@@ est provi@@ ders of these devices worldwide . +i think the price lies at about six hundred dollars or so . +it 's certainly now it 's that 's still not cheap , but it 's certainly within a range that makes it much more acc@@ essi@@ ble . +so that was a very successful ha@@ ck in my opini@@ on . +a project i recently started was the building of a gene gun . +a gene gun is , well , a kind of air pressure gun , which sho@@ ots about this far , two centi@@ me@@ tr@@ es or so . +you charge gold particles with dna and then put these gold particles into this air pressure gun , and then i shot at oni@@ ons and made them light up and stuff like that . +so the device you see here didn 't work . +but that 's my my prototyp@@ e , which looked pretty wild though , on a bran@@ ch and that , that thing on it , put the electr@@ on@@ ics into it and connected pressure to it and that was but the pressure was too high , and the thing broke . +then i took a whi@@ pped cre@@ am dis@@ pen@@ ser and connected it to that . +a whi@@ pped cre@@ am dis@@ pen@@ ser , when you fill it up with water , it has enough pressure , i think about for@@ ty to six@@ ty bar . +and with that you can acceler@@ ate the particles stron@@ g@@ ly enough and then they enter the oni@@ ons . +and the commercial device for this starts at about fif@@ te@@ en thousand euro@@ s or so , whereas whi@@ pped cre@@ am dis@@ pen@@ s@@ ers cost about fif@@ ty euro@@ s . +so the it 's not as efficient , but it 's basically do@@ able . +so that 's currently the the core obje@@ ctive of the scene , making the technology more available and increasing the information and com@@ pre@@ hen@@ si@@ bility , so that that more people can get involved . +because as i said in the beginning , it 's an extremely important technology and most people know relatively little about it and also have no chance of educ@@ ating themselves really well on it . +because if you just read about it in secon@@ dar@@ y liter@@ ature , that 's not the same as when you 've done it yourself or have seen it being done . +and i think technology is becoming increasingly important in our modern societies . +and if , as an in@@ formed citi@@ zen , you wish to make useful choices in society and want to take part in the discussion , you need access to the knowledge and the technology . +and and you need to do it and understand it if you want to do it and understand it . +and this tra@@ des under the names open knowledge and citi@@ zen science . +so as a citi@@ zen you are put in a position where you can look into these scientific technologies . +and that 's that 's the core conc@@ ern of of bio@@ ha@@ ck@@ ers . +those are the people who are at least offi@@ cially regi@@ ster@@ ed on the website , the di@@ y-@@ bio@@ -@@ d@@ ot@@ -@@ or@@ g-@@ website . +there 's already a rather impres@@ sive number of people worldwide . +and it 's also interesting that they 're also repres@@ ented in sou@@ th-@@ e@@ ast@@ -@@ asia . +that is i think they are less people have regi@@ ster@@ ed than actually exist . +i know of some people who haven 't regi@@ ster@@ ed . +and they are just the bio@@ ha@@ ck@@ ers , individuals . +some of them are also regi@@ ster@@ ed together with the ha@@ cker@@ spaces , those places . +and that 's just the beginning . +like i said , it all just started in two thousand eight . +and ha@@ cker@@ spaces , so computer ha@@ cker@@ spaces , c@@ -@@ base in ber@@ lin was the first , in n@@ ine@@ te@@ en nin@@ et@@ y-@@ five . +and that 's become a gigan@@ tic network of very good , well , infrastructure cent@@ r@@ es , which are being repres@@ ented all over the world . +and of course we hope that we 'll exp@@ and in a similar way and also be simil@@ arly net@@ worked , so that more people can get involved . +and i would like to invi@@ te everyone to work on it and event try something y@@ ourselves . +it 's not that simple , but it 's also not impossible , and if you 're curious enough and put enough energy into it , you can go far . +thanks for listening . +that was all . +yes , hell@@ o . +how do we humans actually function ? +this is a question that really moves me as a designer , but is also of relev@@ ance in the area of in the research area us@@ ability and especially in the area user experience . +there , the focus is on how to approach people in inter@@ active media , so that they can use inter@@ active media and can come to the most satis@@ fying result possible . +i think that inter@@ active media address arch@@ a@@ ic , cognitive models in us , in other words thought patterns that were progra@@ mm@@ ed into our biological memory a very , very long time ago and can be e@@ lic@@ ited through inter@@ active media . +and this is really incredible , because people actually believe that this advanced technology which you come into contact with there , that it transpor@@ ts you into the future , but in fact the future is in us , in our arch@@ a@@ ic roots . +so what are arch@@ a@@ ic models ? +i wrote down four key@@ words and would like to explain them brie@@ fly . +arch@@ a@@ ic models are models that we adop@@ ted in pre-@@ industrial times . +in@@ trin@@ si@@ c to these arch@@ a@@ ic models is the fact that we have a princi@@ p@@ ally natural relationship with virtu@@ ality . +that might sound unusual at first . +i will cl@@ ari@@ fy this in a moment , however , and will attemp@@ t to prove by an experiment , that you , too , do have a natural relation to virtu@@ ality . +and the second aspe@@ ct is that since we because of these arch@@ a@@ ic models , we are certainly able to talk in a very , very visual man@@ ner , although we use a co@@ di@@ fied language today . +and the third area spea@@ ks for itself really . +we all know that inter@@ active media is , by definition , non-@@ lin@@ ear , which invol@@ ves the ne@@ gation of lin@@ ear@@ ity , and which of course tells us that we consider lin@@ ear@@ ity normal today . +the fourth point is that we see history as a place where information is passed on . +but how is it with with virtu@@ ality , which is actually the most natural thing in the world ? +i would like to prove that to you . +how many do@@ ors does the house you live in have ? +we you wouldn 't be able to answer that spon@@ tane@@ ously , but the following would happen and is happening at this very moment . +in your mind , you are walking through the house where you live , and are seeing how many do@@ ors there are . +that is exactly what you are doing . +you are virtu@@ al@@ is@@ ing the reality without a computer . +fantastic , isn 't it ? +at the media cam@@ pus , for example , we are attemp@@ ting to ren@@ der virtual reality in our virtual reality laboratory , but we have actually always been capable of this . +and this this ability to virtu@@ al@@ ise the virtual reality was something that people in pre-@@ industrial times bit@@ ter@@ ly needed , because they didn 't have anything . +they didn 't have books , after all . +and they didn 't have phot@@ oli@@ th@@ ograph@@ y . +they didn 't have mass media . +the only thing they had was their mind . +and in this mind they had memory . +in this mind knowledge was re@@ tri@@ ev@@ ed , and with the help of these virtual images , the imagination , knowledge was was passed on too . +and that 's why it is so stron@@ g@@ ly ro@@ ot@@ ed in us , this ability to deal with virtu@@ ality . +the interesting thing about this is that i can make a short trip . +yes , that 's possible . +the interesting thing about this is that at this moment the human was simul@@ tane@@ ously the media produ@@ cer and medium . +now let 's take that a step further . +what is the media today ? +you will notice that a change has taken place . +but i 'll come back to that in a moment . +a cru@@ cial tool in information bro@@ ker@@ age has always been stories . +sh@@ am@@ ans , p@@ rie@@ sts , so-@@ called kee@@ pers of knowledge , were speci@@ ally as@@ sig@@ ned to preser@@ ve knowledge in stories . +and today we are still very , very depen@@ dent on stories . +according to the auth@@ or of the book the story@@ telling animal , jon@@ a@@ than got@@ tsch@@ all , we still spend one thousand nine hundred hours a year on the re@@ ception of stories . +that means that once a child has reach@@ ed the the the age of legal majority , it has spent most of its life recei@@ ving stories . +now we think that our love of stories is based on the fact that we sat in the la@@ p of our parents . +no , no , that 's way off . +that goes back a lot further , to the pre-@@ industrial cultures . +what is particularly impres@@ sive in the area of inter@@ active media is the fact that we 've an@@ ch@@ or@@ ed the ability to think in a non-@@ lin@@ ear way in our biological memory . +i brought along an example of the north american tri@@ be of the no@@ ot@@ ka indi@@ ans . +they live lived in the co@@ ast@@ al region of british colum@@ bia . +and as you can see , this is an area that is full of is@@ lands and so the people had to somehow navi@@ gate through there , from island to island , to find food . +and they did this using so-@@ called lead maps . +perhaps you 've heard of that already , if you have any interest in that , in connection with the austr@@ ali@@ an ab@@ origin@@ als . +they have similar principles . +they don 't have lead maps , but used so-@@ called son@@ gl@@ ines , or dre@@ am@@ pa@@ ths +and the interesting thing about that is that the navi@@ gation and the to@@ po@@ graph@@ y of regi@@ ons could be de@@ pic@@ ted through songs . +and for them language had in@@ fer@@ ior importance . +that means they navi@@ g@@ ated through the use of sound and rhyth@@ m . +and these sounds and this rhyth@@ m de@@ pic@@ ted the ge@@ ology and to@@ po@@ graph@@ y of a region and that of course also made it possible to de@@ frag@@ ment these songs and re@@ ar@@ range them so that you could move to the left and the right and could also return to the starting point . +why do we no longer sing to get from a to b from above ? +at least not to navi@@ gate . +what what happened there ? +what happened is the the so-@@ called machine age . +before this , we were in the so-@@ called age of feu@@ d@@ alism . +then the machine age happened and the book and then we had phot@@ oli@@ th@@ ograph@@ y . +and what happened is that we trans@@ fer@@ red the responsibility for our memor@@ ies and the the production of our individual memor@@ ies to ex@@ ternal media . +to the book and to the image . +the con@@ sequence of this is that we 've unfortunately lost a good deal of our ability to virtu@@ al@@ ise . +virtu@@ ality has suddenly become something alien to us +and has nothing more to do with reality . +bru@@ ce brown , a famous design resear@@ cher at bri@@ gh@@ ton university , went so far as to say that mass media and he means books and images , not tv , the internet et@@ c. which is what we would define as mass media today that these mass media have turned our memor@@ ies to stone and have ero@@ ded our ability to virtu@@ al@@ ise . +let 's make a short pro@@ visi@@ onal app@@ rais@@ al . +from the age of feu@@ d@@ alism to the to the machine age . +what has an influence on our on our thinking and our ability to remember ? +those are the dec@@ lin@@ ing influ@@ ences of the pre-@@ industrial cultures . +and they will they have been increasingly over@@ written during the course of the cent@@ u@@ ries by the influ@@ ences of the machine age . +that means that instead of having individual memor@@ ies , we have standar@@ dis@@ ed , wi@@ des@@ pre@@ ad patterns of memor@@ ies , onto which we can atta@@ ch our personal memor@@ ies . +we no longer produce . +we have an abstra@@ ct an abstra@@ cted language . +we no longer imagine the thing in images things in images , but co@@ di@@ fy them through language . +we 've got used to things happening in a lin@@ ear fashion . +and we 've accep@@ ted lin@@ ear@@ ity as the law and there are only ex@@ cep@@ tions , such as non-@@ lin@@ ear@@ ity . +what 's left is story@@ telling . +we 're still extremely atta@@ ched to story@@ telling as a method of information bro@@ ker@@ age . +the question is , what will come next ? +we had the age of feu@@ d@@ alism , we have had the machine age and we are now ste@@ pping into the so-@@ called cy@@ ber age . +that sounds very spac@@ ey and like science fi@@ ction , i know . +but the concep@@ ts of the cy@@ ber age , they are re@@ turning these these possibilities to re@@ discover our abilities . +this is about virtu@@ ality , about non-@@ lin@@ ear@@ ity , about story@@ telling . +i 'd like to explain that a little more . +there are technical concep@@ ts such as “ aug@@ mented reality ” . +so if you think of the google glas@@ ses for example , then that 's one of those concep@@ ts that allows us to com@@ bine the virtual world with the real world again , and so that means our aff@@ in@@ ity for virtu@@ al@@ is@@ ation , of experi@@ en@@ cing the virtual as something normal and natural , is being add@@ ressed again . +another example is so-@@ called virtual reality as crazy as that may of course sound in the context of my pres@@ entation , we are physi@@ cally moving in non-@@ exist@@ ent , virtual worl@@ ds there , according to the example of the h@@ olo@@ de@@ ck . +and other another example are the ambi@@ ent , intelligent systems . +those are spaces that are able to re@@ act to a human intelli@@ g@@ ently . +all that calls for the ability , our fundamental ability to accept virtu@@ ality as a real living space . +to finish , i brought along , and i hope the video works , a very , very beautiful project , which are the final b@@ ach@@ el@@ or 's projects by michael bur@@ k , an@@ n-@@ ka@@ thr@@ in kr@@ enz , j@@ or@@ is kl@@ ause and jan@@ -@@ mor@@ it@@ z mü@@ ll@@ er . +the last two mentioned are also present today . +perhaps you could just brie@@ fly stand up , so people can talk to you about the project during the break if they want to . +i brought this project along as an example to illu@@ strate how these arch@@ a@@ ic , cognitive models are being add@@ ressed again . +the whole thing is a game , i must add . +which of course very much ac@@ com@@ mo@@ dat@@ es for story@@ telling , and it 's a computer game . +and when i say " computer game " , you probably are imag@@ ining a number of person@@ s people jum@@ ping around in front of some game con@@ sol@@ es or perhaps you see yourself playing about with a some game con@@ so@@ le . +in any case , you imagine it happening inside . +this is a game for outside . +and it was expres@@ s@@ ly designed to en@@ able me to discover the outside world , to re@@ discover the real world . +and this game conne@@ cts the virtual world , so the data the data space that we produce , with the real world . +i 'm sorry i have to keep this so short . +you can explain this much more el@@ abor@@ ately later on , as there 's more much more to this . +the point of the game is that i discover a city by looking at which places have been mentioned posi@@ tively or nega@@ tively on twitter . +and so i can have a very different view of the city , a very different impres@@ sion , because i see negative and positive z@@ ones of a city and , in this way , have a very different , virtual map of a very real city . +we can take a look at that now . +ah , what you can see here , sorry , is a short explan@@ ation of what we 're about to see . +of course this virtual world exists within the walls of our cities , that 's obvious . +using a kind of tor@@ ch , we can make these virtual worl@@ ds visible . +right , i 'd like to sum@@ mar@@ ise my my pres@@ entation by stat@@ ing that the characteri@@ stics and abilities that we ac@@ qui@@ red during the age of feu@@ d@@ alism , and which went a little lost during the machine age , that they can be re@@ activ@@ ated with the help of the so-@@ called cy@@ ber age and so that we can , in this way , actually go back to our roots rather than the future through complex , technologi@@ cal , new products . +thank you . +yes , i 'm very happy to be here . +i was just asked whether this s@@ ack is a talking s@@ ack and will talk for me . +it won 't . +i 'll be reve@@ aling what 's inside of it in a moment . +but for now i 'll just keep up the sus@@ pen@@ se . +yes , children are or should be naturally curious , and so are designers . +i 'm a designer from birth , so of course i deal with the subject of curi@@ osity and how curi@@ osity in turn trans@@ forms our thinking , and why we perhaps lose our curi@@ osity and need to give it a j@@ ol@@ t et ce@@ ter@@ a . +that 's a whole series of things you 're concerned with bes@@ i@@ des your existence as a designer . +when profess@@ ors become curious , they are often sho@@ ved into a research se@@ me@@ ster . +and that 's happened to me these last six months . +a research se@@ me@@ ster on the top@@ ic natural user interface design . +now you 'll be asking yourself why all these designers are starting to conc@@ ern themselves with such natural , arch@@ a@@ ic prototyp@@ es of communication , interaction , etc . +and now i 'll hold up one of these little devices , because things are supposed to become increasingly intui@@ tive , increasingly natural , more user friend@@ ly , and then you have to look at what we humans consider natural , what we consider user friend@@ ly or intui@@ tive . +and against that background , within the area of natural user interface design , so the next generation of the interaction between humans and computers in the i mean in the relationship between humans and computers , i looked into how our tools , or how the computer has suc@@ c@@ essi@@ vely trans@@ formed itself from a calcul@@ ator to a digital assi@@ stant . +so i looked into when things are natural and intui@@ tive . +perhaps we should take another look at this . +why does this happen in the first place ? +so if we look at the development of our society , sum@@ mar@@ is@@ ed brie@@ fly here , we are moving from the third to the fourth social generation , or social form . +from the modern to the computer society . +each society is charac@@ ter@@ is@@ ed by one primary medium . +in the beginning there was the tri@@ b@@ al society , charac@@ ter@@ is@@ ed by language . +that means people related to each other because they spoke the same language , they were able to communicate with each other , move into the same ca@@ ve or another place together , build cities and villa@@ ges and basically created this tri@@ b@@ al society . +but the primary medium was language , something very natural , and very li@@ vely . +it was something you had to learn , as no small child can naturally talk , but we learn it suc@@ c@@ essi@@ vely and relatively naturally . +that was then re@@ placed by the classi@@ cal age and the first type of abstra@@ ction . +that was a massive out@@ c@@ ry at the time , because of course it was when the li@@ vely language started to mani@@ fest itself in writing , meaning that i took something flu@@ id and alive and started to car@@ ve it in stone and so manipu@@ late it . +depen@@ ding on how and when i car@@ ve , a very different kind of co@@ verage comes into being compared to when someone expres@@ ses it in a li@@ vely form , so to speak . +but gradu@@ ally the written form became the primary medium , and ga@@ ined a fo@@ o@@ th@@ old . +then the next generation came , which is where we 're still pri@@ mar@@ ily at . +that 's the medium of print with gu@@ ten@@ berg and others . +that was also an aff@@ r@@ on@@ t at the time , where the gent@@ ry , c@@ ler@@ gy@@ men and others said : have you gone mad , if the people start to read , they 'll want to have something to say and that would be totally f@@ at@@ al of course . +and now we 're going into the next generation and the exciting thing about it is that a transition into a new generation only happens every few hundred years and so we 're really in this in this phenomen@@ al phase at the moment , the fact that we 're experi@@ en@@ cing it . +of course it totally conf@@ uses us , because on the one hand we 're seeing this new media , soci@@ l social media , facebook etc . +with its complete transpar@@ ency , which is the new kind of thinking that clas@@ hes with the old kind of thinking : don 't say that there 's now horse meat in the las@@ ag@@ ne and not bee@@ f or other phenomen@@ a , because i want to cover that up and not conf@@ ess to it . +and these two worl@@ ds , the old and the new ways of thinking , are clas@@ hing with each other at the moment . +the exciting thing about this is that when you look at it , this new society , this computer society , you can see that many mechanis@@ ms , principles and arch@@ a@@ ic patterns of thought have been taken from from the tri@@ b@@ al society . +but now it 's not on the local level , but on the global level . +we 've understood that weather is global . +that the theme of ec@@ ology is a global theme . +not , if i am environ@@ ment@@ ally aware here on the local level and the neighb@@ our is less environ@@ ment@@ ally aware , the whole thing will no longer work . +that means the local village has turned into a global village with the same principles : as natural as possible , as intui@@ tive as possible , but also with complete transpar@@ ency . +just like when people in the village used to know who is having an aff@@ air with whom and when , now it 's happening with the exten@@ sion of ourselves through mobile end devices on a global level . +we 're acc@@ um@@ ul@@ ating our knowledge on a global level and we 're acc@@ um@@ ul@@ ating it increasingly quick@@ er and better , for example . +just like it used to happen in the village . +against that background i looked into what this means , what is still natural to us , what have we perhaps for@@ gotten , and what is instin@@ ctive for us , so what difference does it make ? +because people often come and ask , can 't you make it more user friend@@ ly , so that anybody can use it ? +so you have to exam@@ ine what that means , and not only change it so that it 's different , because it needs to be impro@@ ved too . +and to see when something is intui@@ tive of course and how i , as a designer , can have influence on this and design things in such a way that they are a user friend@@ ly , so as intui@@ tive as possible , because then the things are fun and easy to use . +so even while studying , you deal with the top@@ ic of perception and per@@ cep@@ tual psychology . +and of course that 's something where you start and look and say , okay , let me look into the inner self . +and how does it look in there ? +and how do we function , when we look in there ? +and what does intui@@ tive mean and how do our chan@@ n@@ els of perception work and how does cognitive process@@ ing work ? +like steve jobs once said : you need to dig deeper to understand how it works . +so you really have to go into detail , if you want to make something user friend@@ ly or intui@@ tively mana@@ ge@@ able , and what does that mean fundament@@ ally . +and there you see that , that people a our seven senses , most people think we only have five , but today there are seven offi@@ cially re@@ co@@ g@@ nis@@ ed senses , and in the near future the next , the ei@@ gh@@ th sense will probably be ad@@ ded to it and as an exten@@ sion of ourselves again . +and to see how we process information , how do we absor@@ b information ? +and just to say , what is information ? +information is every difference that makes a difference . +many people use the word but don 't know what it means in detail . +but i have to have a fundamental understanding , to essentially understand when information becomes information , when data becomes information and when , in turn , information becomes knowledge , so that i know how to later make things as intui@@ tive or naturally mana@@ ge@@ able as possible . +and of course how design affec@@ ts perception . +we can see that here , when i design things , then i can design them in a conf@@ using way , as you can see here on the right , where i can 't tell which one is s@@ alt and which one is pe@@ pp@@ er , or i can basically design them intui@@ tively , by showing things . +so a lot more naturally , and though they 're in a contain@@ er , i can directly see which one con@@ tains s@@ alt and which one con@@ tains pe@@ pp@@ er . +and if i say to someone , pass me the s@@ alt or the pe@@ pp@@ er , they 'd have to first think about what 's in what with the right one . +with the left they 'd just intui@@ tively gra@@ b it and then pass me the s@@ alt , as it hopefully won 't be sugar . +but our perception , how it dec@@ ei@@ ves us too . +for example perception in this context . +the right circle looks bigger than the small one , even though it isn 't at all , they 're actually equ@@ ally big , and yet our perception changes , depen@@ ding on the context we place things in . +does anybody know what this is ? +come on . +pattern recogni@@ tion should also work . +here here it 's more likely to turn into my glas@@ ses . +so it 's a circle . +a second circle is starting to cor@@ rel@@ ate or associ@@ ate a certain simil@@ ar@@ ity . +and if i then place a half o@@ val next to it , we suddenly no longer just see a unit , which is the circle , the circle and , yes , we see a unit , and no longer three parts , one circle , one circle , another . +this is called a law of design or gest@@ alt psychology , which in turn affec@@ ts our perception . +for the designers it is important , they usually have it in the first term , those great laws of design . +the law of pro@@ x@@ im@@ ity , the law of of continu@@ ity , etc . +they are usually for@@ gotten by the third term . +but it 's an essential compon@@ ent , if you want to design things as intui@@ tively as possible . +the next phenomenon that is also very interesting is sight . +that might sound m@@ und@@ an@@ e at first , but it 's exciting , once you take a closer look at it . +so we have our eyes at the front and now you think we see from front to back . +that 's wrong . +first you see from back to front . +because you project an assu@@ mption that you 're seeing something you re@@ co@@ g@@ n@@ ise to the front , such as a circle . +that means we first project what we see before we actually see it , then we bring that to the back into our seeing machine , and then we say , okay , +i have this cognitive feedback , you proje@@ cted something you want to see . +and that 's what 's there , and comes back again . +then it goes back to the front , because the back doesn 't trust the front and says , now take another look and make sure that what you see is also what you want to see . +and then it goes back to the back and it 's not until then that whatever it is is actually seen . +so it 's a very , very exciting process , how the sequence of certain things is and the sp@@ an of milli@@ seconds in which these things happen . +i don 't know if any of you know this image . +the same thing that i just described is now happening . +everybody is now trying to re@@ co@@ g@@ n@@ ise something in this pattern . +i don 't know who re@@ co@@ g@@ nis@@ es what . +does anyone see anything specific ? +a d@@ al@@ mati@@ an , exactly . +once you 've seen that that that you can see a d@@ al@@ mati@@ an in this , you know it . +you 'll never forget it again , because i 'm showing where the d@@ al@@ mati@@ an is . +now you see the d@@ al@@ mati@@ an . +and , what 's more , you 'll now always see it . +that means i 've cor@@ rup@@ ted you to the effect that you no longer see patterns in it , and i 've condi@@ tioned you , within a very short time , to keep seeing this dog in this ob@@ sc@@ ure image . +and that 's the proje@@ ction of seeing , feedback , seeing . +now i know it and project the fact that i 'm seeing a d@@ al@@ mati@@ an to the front . +then i see the d@@ al@@ mati@@ an . +so these are really exciting processes , which take place accor@@ d@@ ingly in this , well , it 's not really a gre@@ y area , but in this ro@@ se-@@ tin@@ ted area . +does anyone know what three seconds are ? +a long time , yes . +that 's our present . +so it 's always interesting to know as a designer . +if i know something takes three seconds , until i slide from the present into the past so to speak , then i am well capable of bri@@ d@@ ging waiting times , in that he in that i keep someone occu@@ pi@@ ed for three seconds . +he will have to process that as the present . +then it will turn into the past and , in that way , i can bridge waiting times at the computer for example in a very elegan@@ t way , if i know this phenomenon . +what takes tw@@ ent@@ y-@@ five milli@@ seconds ? +yes , milli@@ seconds . +another very exciting phenomenon . +it 's the time it takes to fall in love with someone . +that means , attention , now you know that , pay attention to how long you look at someone , because i will not be held responsible for what might happen . +and six@@ te@@ en milli@@ seconds , also a very exciting phenomenon . +that 's the period of time it takes to form most per@@ cep@@ tions we have . +that means the first impres@@ sion comes to us at an extremely high speed , the way we percei@@ ve things . +and the way we see things , what we pay attention to and how we gu@@ ard ourselves against our environment so to speak , so that we can consider it accor@@ d@@ ingly . +of course designers don 't only look at the top@@ ic of per@@ cep@@ tions and neu@@ ral processes or cognitive er@@ gon@@ om@@ ics , but pri@@ mar@@ ily at the top@@ ic of the relationship between man and object of course . +so how do humans deal with certain objects . +on the one hand there are the practical fun@@ ctions in terms of product language , so for@@ mal aspe@@ cts or for@@ mal a@@ es@@ thetic aspe@@ cts . +there are indi@@ c@@ ator fun@@ ctions , where i know exactly where i have to look . +but there are also symbo@@ lic fun@@ ctions ; why does someone spend such hor@@ r@@ end@@ ous su@@ ms of money on such a little bag that you can har@@ dly fit anything into , even when it 's not very practical ? +we 're more on the symbo@@ lic , on the se@@ man@@ tic level there , something we designers are also pre@@ occu@@ pi@@ ed with . +going back to my actual top@@ ic natural user interface and the top@@ ic that 's behind that is us@@ ability of course . +us@@ ability always means how can i reach a goal as soon as possible or how can a user reach a goal in a certain user context in an as effective , efficient and satis@@ fying way possible . +that 's what the nor@@ m says . +how can i make something as user friend@@ ly as possible ? +can i hand@@ le it directly or do i need a man@@ ual or a cor@@ respon@@ dent training . +and then it 's less us@@ able or user friend@@ ly . +making it differently or pre@@ t@@ tier doesn 't mean it 's easier to use . +that 's something we have to understand . +and if you look at some of the software in those terms , then you 'll understand why nin@@ et@@ y-@@ nine percent of today 's software is less intui@@ tive or not inst@@ ant@@ an@@ e@@ ously us@@ able , including the i@@ pad in many areas or the iphone , although it 's already a lot more intui@@ tive than classi@@ cal software . +intui@@ tive us@@ ability didn 't start to become an element@@ ary economic factor , an element@@ ary success factor , when apple appe@@ ared on the scene , if i wanted to make technologi@@ cal devices us@@ able for people . +why ? +because , as a rule , we can reach our goal five times faster on average , for example , through this new type of us@@ ability , so natural user inter@@ faces . +you need to imagine that in the following way , if you do something with classi@@ cal software and take five hours to do it , then you 'd only need one hour to do the same thing with this new type of natural software . +that probably doesn 't mean that you can go home four hours earlier , but that your emplo@@ yer or who@@ ever will think of something else you can do with those four hours . +but what i want to say is that for us it is of course accor@@ d@@ ingly an increase in efficiency , to manage to do certain things . +if we go back to the area of software , here you see the first comm@@ and line inter@@ faces , which were very abstra@@ ct , and it took months to understand how to hand@@ le these systems . +then came the next ones , which already worked with a neu@@ ral model or mental model , as software er@@ gon@@ om@@ ists say , because you 'd have a con@@ ception of something , a metaphor , a metaphor of a des@@ k@@ top , to make the computer us@@ able . +so no more zer@@ os and ones with cr@@ yp@@ tic co@@ des , but a metaphor . +that made the whole thing consi@@ der@@ ably more user friend@@ ly , but of course it could still be a lot better . +the next generation of graphic user inter@@ faces already works with behavi@@ our a lot more . +so , as a designer , i design behavi@@ our much more much more often than appe@@ ar@@ ance . +that 's also a paradig@@ m shift . +that i can suddenly that the appe@@ ar@@ ance is becoming increasingly ir@@ relevant for success , and us@@ ability is becoming an app@@ lic@@ ation . +and if i go a step further in these natural user inter@@ faces , where i can control things via voice , speech , touch and gest@@ ure rather than a mouse and cur@@ sor , then i am even faster and more immedi@@ ate . +but that also takes me to the question as to at what point things become more intui@@ tive ? +if they become more intui@@ tive and then i have to rough@@ -@@ hand@@ le my little friend here again and see what that means from the point of view of cognitive er@@ gon@@ om@@ ics , when is something really intui@@ tive ? +and that 's for us humans , something is intui@@ tive when there 's an as little as possible a need to think about it . +so appar@@ ently humans don 't like to think very much , they want to make things relatively simple for themselves . +the less i think about something so to speak , the more intui@@ tive it is . +and what does that mean to a designer ? +it means that when we can see that we can trans@@ fer exi@@ sting performance models onto something else , for example the metaphor , then i can make use of that as a designer . +that means i can trans@@ fer an intui@@ tive , human performance model onto a software and can so make the software consi@@ der@@ ably more user friend@@ ly . +that pos@@ es the question as to what is actually the most intui@@ tive performance sche@@ me that we humans have and now i 've already given it away . +it 's the so-@@ called o@@ sit model . +we all use it , and o@@ sit is an ac@@ r@@ ony@@ m that stands for ori@@ ent , sele@@ ct , in@@ form , trans@@ act . +every one of you is doing this the whole time , but you 're doing it un@@ consci@@ ously and , well , pretty intui@@ tively and also instin@@ c@@ tively in part . +the model already takes shape while you 're still in your mother 's wom@@ b and it 's inter@@ cultural , so it fun@@ ctions worldwide among young and old , and is used by us the whole time , without most people knowing that this model is present . +o@@ sit in itself is used by us fif@@ ty to se@@ vent@@ y thousand times depen@@ ding on the activity , it was as@@ certain@@ ed that when you sleep it is stra@@ ined less than in the day . +i can trans@@ fer this performance model ori@@ ent , sele@@ ct , in@@ form , trans@@ act to an interaction system . +and this kind of trans@@ fer@@ al , much like the metaphor of the des@@ k@@ top , but no longer a metaphor of a physical object , but a metaphor of a pattern of action , a principle of action . +and that 's on a higher gra@@ il of user friend@@ lin@@ ess than the trans@@ fer@@ al of a classi@@ c metaphor , which is the one of the des@@ k@@ top . +and if i now trans@@ fer this , if i let ori@@ ent take shape as an over@@ view , sele@@ ct as a sele@@ ction , in@@ form in the case that it comes up close to me , and i can look at in detail , and yes , trans@@ act means i can put it somewhere or send someone or do the sh@@ opp@@ ing , etc . , +and then i can trans@@ fer the whole thing . +i 'll try to do that using an example . +everybody was having some ca@@ ke earlier . +over@@ view : i 'm inter@@ acting with the object so to speak , can zo@@ om back out , zo@@ om in . +i get the entire over@@ view , can filter this and can say , now show me all the things with cho@@ col@@ ate , for example . +and suddenly i have an interface that is consi@@ der@@ ably more intui@@ tive and natural . +because the fact that i can gra@@ b hold of things like these little pieces , that i can touch them and they come to me , is consi@@ der@@ ably more natural than when i am able to make these things acc@@ essi@@ ble via hier@@ arch@@ ically organis@@ ed web@@ sites or other mechanis@@ ms so to speak . +imagination is more important than knowledge , and i 'd like to close on that sentence a and again give the ad@@ vice that designers must also think differently to arri@@ ve at new solutions , and so i thank you war@@ m@@ ly for your attention and please . +i 'd like to rein@@ tro@@ du@@ ce you to a particular aspe@@ ct of curi@@ osity . +fir@@ stly , when you are growing up as a child , as a baby , the thing you are interested in is which what sort of ex@@ cre@@ tions you have , right ? and depen@@ ding on whether your parents have allowed you to more or less play with your po@@ tty and sti@@ r its cont@@ ents , your curi@@ osity is of course a@@ wa@@ ken@@ ed . +and curi@@ osity can 't be learned . +that 's why all the people who are here are actually people who have a characteri@@ stic that can 't be learned . +my obje@@ ctive is to transform this entire discussion about the environment , the end of the world , for@@ ty years of the-@@ clu@@ b@@ -@@ of-@@ ro@@ me , into quality . +and there 's one central point here . +and that has to do with phosp@@ hor@@ us . +give pe@@ e a chance . +every day you rele@@ ase + you rele@@ ase in the region of two gra@@ ms of phosp@@ hor@@ us and every day you have to absor@@ b two gra@@ ms of phosp@@ hor@@ us . +otherwise you couldn 't have teeth . +and you wouldn 't be able to save energy . +you wouldn 't be able to have b@@ ones . +we 'd only be able to flo@@ at in the earth 's se@@ as as am@@ or@@ ph@@ ous m@@ oll@@ us@@ cs . +if , in fact , we couldn 't absor@@ b and rele@@ ase phosp@@ hor@@ us . +incredibly enough , we we are dealing with something here that would be a matter of course , but isn 't at all . +because everybody 's talking about energy , but nobody 's talking about the phosp@@ hor@@ us problem . +the phosp@@ hor@@ us problem is much more critical . +we are depen@@ dent on two countries . +we only have phosp@@ hor@@ us for two years and phosp@@ hor@@ us min@@ ing worldwide is already em@@ it@@ ting a lot more ur@@ ani@@ um into the environment than the amount that is used in all nuclear plants . +in the last tw@@ ent@@ y years alone , fif@@ te@@ en thousand ton@@ nes of ur@@ ani@@ um was put onto our fields in germany . +and we absor@@ b all of it . +it causes leu@@ ke@@ mi@@ a in children . +and we think we 're prote@@ cting the environment when we do a little less damage . +so , for example , protect the environment , drive the car less . +protect the environment , produce less ru@@ b@@ bis@@ h . +protect the environment , consu@@ me less energy . +but that 's not protection . +that 's like saying , protect your child , hit it three times instead of five . +it 's just a little less destruction . +if that 's our thinking from from the cra@@ d@@ le to the gra@@ ve , then our our entire planet will become a ce@@ me@@ tery so@@ on@@ er or later . +that 's why we need to think from cra@@ d@@ le to cra@@ d@@ le . +and the most important thing is to look at is the soil first of all . +the ground stor@@ es over six@@ ty percent of the planet 's carbon . +at the moment we 're growing cor@@ n and losing between el@@ even and thir@@ ty kil@@ ogra@@ ms thir@@ ty ton@@ nes per he@@ ct@@ are , if you were to calcu@@ late it per square me@@ tr@@ e . +that means we 're losing five-@@ thousand times more than what is formed in the soil . +of course we can look at the issue of waste first of all . +and everything is either the pac@@ k@@ aging or the cont@@ ents . +in offen@@ b@@ ach , for example , tw@@ ent@@ y percent of the amount of waste produced by hou@@ se@@ hol@@ ds consi@@ sts of na@@ pp@@ ies . +and as we get older , the na@@ pp@@ ies get bigger . ++ that is they 're all in the pre-@@ na@@ pp@@ y stage , so to speak . +right ? +one a baby needs about si@@ x-@@ thousand na@@ pp@@ ies . +we can reduce that by ten percent of course , but what difference would that make ? +china can make up for that in one second . +it 's entirely in@@ significant . +so the question is , how should we deal with na@@ pp@@ ies ? +here we have a the pro@@ of , by the way , that humans are not pig@@ s . +i 'd like to tell you why . +because with pig@@ s , phosp@@ hor@@ us is rele@@ ased in their soli@@ d components fa@@ e@@ ces . +with people , it is rele@@ ased in the ur@@ ine . +yes . +so humans can 't be pig@@ s . +that pro@@ ves it , doesn 't it ? +tradition@@ ally , in the discussion about the environment , there is the belief that there are too many of us on this planet . +and if you den@@ y people the if you den@@ y people their existence , if you say , it would be better if you weren 't here at all , people become grab@@ by and ho@@ sti@@ le . +and so you have someone like al gore , one of our great hero@@ es , saying : there is nothing more important than stabili@@ sing the human population . +in israel people say , if you save a human life , you 're saving the world . +on our end we say , the more people you get out of the way , the better . +yes . +the first question is , are there really too many of us ? +if you look at ants , the weight of ants on the planet , then ants wei@@ gh four times as much a people . +i could also mention ter@@ mit@@ es , but in the usa nobody li@@ kes ter@@ mit@@ es , although they 're vege@@ t@@ ari@@ ans . +so ants wei@@ gh more than we do . +and because they work so much harder physi@@ cally than we do and only live for three to six months , their weight , their energy consumption amo@@ unts to that of thir@@ ty billion people . +that means there are not too many of us , we 're just too stupid , you see ? +and when you see how far re@@ moved we are from what we wanted to and could achieve , and how sad we are to be on this planet in the first place , you can understand why offen@@ b@@ ach , for example , has a program to be climate neu@@ tra@@ l by tw@@ ent@@ y for@@ ty , right ? +you can only be climate neu@@ tra@@ l if you don 't exist , you see ? +that 's your only chance . +have you ever seen a climate neu@@ tra@@ l tree ? +have you ? +just one single one ? +that means our entire intelligence amo@@ unts to us wan@@ ting to be more stupid than trees , you see ? +you see ? +there is not one single tree that is carbon neu@@ tra@@ l . +th@@ ank@@ fully , right ? +there 's no problem with over@@ population among trees . +there are still six hundred billion trees in the ama@@ zon forest alone . +of those have you ever heard of over@@ population of trees ? +so all of our intelligence amo@@ unts to us wan@@ ting to be du@@ mber than trees . +and then you see that even something like de@@ meter , the stri@@ c@@ test organization for organic yes agriculture , doesn 't allow for our own me@@ tab@@ oli@@ c waste to be re@@ turned . +every year we lose about three ton@@ nes of phosp@@ hor@@ us , which should really be cir@@ cul@@ ated . +and so there are too many of us . +just because of that . +that means we feel so gu@@ il@@ ty on this planet , that we say , there is no organic agriculture , no bi@@ ol@@ and , no natu@@ re-@@ et@@ -@@ pro@@ gr@@ è@@ s or whatever they 're all called , that per@@ mit@@ s our own ex@@ cre@@ ment to be put back into the cycle . +isn 't that sad ? +and that means there are too many of us . +it certainly makes sense to cause less damage when it comes to the use of oil . +but where are we of use ? +we try to mini@@ mi@@ ze our e@@ col@@ o@@ gical foot@@ print , but the point is to have a big foot@@ print that 's of use . +we want to be good for society , we want to be good for the economy , but when it comes to the environment , the most hon@@ our@@ able thing for us would be to not be here at all , right ? +zero emissions , you see ? +you can only have zero emissions if you don 't exist . +even if you were to sho@@ ot yourself now , you 'd still have emissions . +so you can 't solve that . +we can do it differently . +we can win back our nutri@@ ents . +with the agriculture we practice in brazil in which we win back nutri@@ ents . +this is a very direct way to get back nutri@@ ents in agriculture . +we do it in china for example , where we directly take the waste produced from it . +in in china a a cham@@ ber po@@ t is still called a hon@@ ey po@@ t , you could say , right ? +and in our western world we were always too stupid to bring back our nutri@@ ents . +this means that the entire history of western civilization is characteri@@ zed by the city always just taking , and never giving anything back to the farmers . +so the cities had to keep on growing , as the farmers were moving into the cities and the cities had to get their nutri@@ ents from increasingly distance places . +that 's why all western emp@@ ires just kept on exp@@ and@@ ing until they couldn 't manage the infrastructure anymore and then they im@@ plo@@ ded . +you see ? +it was different in china . +they managed to have a civilization for five thousand years on end , as they were always able to return the nutri@@ ents . +even today , if you get invited to dinner in china , people expect you to stay on after the me@@ al until you need to use the toi@@ let . +because it 's un@@ friend@@ ly to go and take the nutri@@ ents with you . +you were you were invited to dinner , not to ste@@ al nutri@@ ents . +that means you can see how to win back nutri@@ ents on the internet . +the nice thing about that is that when you do that , so when you practice agriculture , generate bi@@ og@@ as , on one he@@ ct@@ are of land with five thousand in@@ habit@@ ants in the fa@@ vel@@ as , a farmer can ear@@ n about one thousand five hundred dollars and main@@ tain the p@@ lot with it , raise chi@@ ck@@ ens and pig@@ s and du@@ cks and grow vege@@ tables and farm fish . +and the great thing about it is that the crime rate in the fa@@ vel@@ as goes down by over nin@@ et@@ y percent . +so we don 't have to keep an eye on the people to make sure they do as little evil as possible . +we can support them in doing good . +that 's high-@@ tech agriculture of course , but the pl@@ ots take care of themselves . +the side product is clean water . +and they 're designed in such a way that a farmer can farm them easily . +that means the rate of crime goes down . +and none of these pl@@ ots , and we 've built over one hundred fif@@ ty of them in the last tw@@ ent@@ y years , none of these pl@@ ots was every s@@ ab@@ ot@@ a@@ ged . +it would be easy to just throw a li@@ tr@@ e of waste oil onto it and the p@@ lot would be ru@@ ined for years . +that doesn 't happen . +that means we do not need to keep an eye on people so that they do as little evil as possible . +we can support them in doing good . +so we must get the phosp@@ hor@@ us back . +and by the way , if you want to get active , write this down , in germany the most su@@ it@@ able pu@@ ri@@ fication plant is the one in frank@@ fur@@ t . +unfortunately not the one on offen@@ b@@ ach , but perhaps you can give the frank@@ fur@@ ters a hand . +because the plant in frank@@ fur@@ t would be the best at w@@ inning back phosp@@ hor@@ us . +and it must go back . +we can see that phosp@@ hor@@ us is really critical . +and we can see that it can be done . +in h@@ oll@@ and we 've been working on this for over three years now . +the du@@ tch government has st@@ ated that it will be the first country worldwide to win back phosp@@ hor@@ us . +but we need this everywhere . +you see , there are two countries that control almost se@@ vent@@ y percent of the phosp@@ hor@@ us reser@@ vo@@ irs worldwide . +there 's the op@@ e@@ c , a a bunch of ama@@ te@@ urs . +it consi@@ sts of tw@@ ent@@ y-@@ six member countries that control for@@ ty percent of all the oil de@@ pos@@ its . +and oil will be able to be re@@ placed by other energy sources . +but phosp@@ hor@@ us will not be able to be re@@ placed . +that 's why the point is not to to make what already exists a little less bad , but to do something right . +and it 's the first question to ask is what is right . +so it 's about effec@@ tivity , not efficiency . +in h@@ oll@@ and it 's easier to understand this , because h@@ oll@@ and built the country on flo@@ wers . +you see ? +imagine your your wife is sad , because you up@@ set her , and you turn up with fif@@ ty ro@@ ses . +totally in@@ efficient . +but totally effective , right ? +or take li@@ p@@ stick . +a woman in germany s@@ wal@@ lo@@ ws about six point three kil@@ os of li@@ p@@ stick in her lifetime . +whereas . +and that scienti@@ fically speaking , that 's not not exactly cor@@ rect , because because we don 't know how much is k@@ is@@ sed away . +but i can tell you , even in this light , that li@@ p@@ stick is totally in@@ efficient , but very effective , you see ? +a all the beautiful things in life are in@@ efficient . +so that 's why we 're not talking about resource efficiency , but effec@@ tivity . +to ask yourself , what is the right thing to do ? +not burning the bio@@ soli@@ ds a little more , stor@@ ing them and losing all the materials for the cy@@ cles in the in@@ cin@@ er@@ ation plant , but asking on@@ es@@ el@@ f , how do you close cy@@ cles ? +imagine mo@@ z@@ art being efficient . +right ? +if i invi@@ te you over for dinner and i say : yes , we 're having a p@@ ill with offen@@ b@@ ach taste and a glass of water to go with it . +wonderful , right ? +that 's efficient . +everything that 's nice in life is not efficient . +when you fall in love with someone , efficient ? +yes ? +that means that everything that coun@@ ts in life is not about saving , avo@@ i@@ ding , re@@ duc@@ ing . +the whole environmental discussion . +we tell people , oh well , you people in the south are not environ@@ ment@@ ally aware . +no , thro@@ wing away is exactly the right thing to do , right ? +everywhere where you throw something away , from , well , you create new living potential . +but the wrong things . +if you throw the wrong things away , you have a waste problem . +to what we 're thinking from a northern perspective . +every foot@@ print is dis@@ advan@@ ta@@ ge@@ ous there . +when you go running , right , every foot@@ print destro@@ ys the ground . +because the soil will the mo@@ ss dies and the the wind and water was@@ h away the soil . +but if you 're in it@@ al@@ y , every foot@@ print means the water will re@@ main in the field for longer . +so it 's about leaving leaving a large foot@@ print , which will turn into we@@ t@@ land . +not gu@@ il@@ t management . +we say sustain@@ ability in germany . +right ? +but if i would ask you , how is your wife ? +what would you say ? +sustainable . +then i would say , my warm con@@ dol@@ ences , you see ? +that 's just about the minim@@ um . +so not saving , ab@@ sta@@ ining from , avo@@ i@@ ding . +every bit of waste is a nutri@@ ent . +and a pleasure too , if you look at how people in it@@ al@@ y throw out a can of co@@ ca@@ -@@ col@@ a from their car window . +that 's a funny oc@@ curr@@ ence , you know . +it 's a type of terri@@ tor@@ ial behavior , right ? +you can show that you were there . +but with the right design , please . +we 've designed an ice cre@@ am wra@@ pping , for example , which turns into liquid at room temperature . +you can throw it anywhere you want . +in two hours it 's bio@@ de@@ gra@@ ded , wher@@ ever it is . +and it con@@ tains see@@ ds of rare plants , so that when you throw it away you 're contribu@@ ting to bio@@ diversity . +that means that in doing so , we are being useful , not har@@ m@@ ful . +so two cy@@ cles are created . +of course not everything should be com@@ post@@ able . +a tv or a was@@ hing machine , those are things you just use , you don 't exp@@ end them . +only things that are subject to wear and te@@ ar , such as sho@@ e sol@@ es , bra@@ ke co@@ ver@@ ings , car ty@@ r@@ es , they have to be made in such a way that they go back into biological systems . +things that are only used go into technical systems . +but today we 're just talking about biological systems . +right ? +let 's take s@@ ne@@ ak@@ ers for example , right ? +direct adverti@@ sing , and not necessarily for the company pu@@ ma , but to help this company make these products successful . +because we don 't we no longer make things free of stuff . +right ? +so if i invi@@ te you to dinner and say , this is free of chicken , that doesn 't help you at all . +no , we define what 's inside . +posi@@ tively . +so not like a de@@ to@@ x . +there 's nothing po@@ is@@ on@@ ous in it . +everything that 's inside can be u@@ tili@@ zed . +these are the first shoes with which you make a jac@@ kr@@ ab@@ bit start at the pe@@ de@@ stri@@ an lights and the ru@@ b@@ ber so@@ le can go into biological cy@@ cles , okay ? +it 's all com@@ post@@ able all of it . +and if we manage to do it , we 'll of course manage to do it for adi@@ das , for ni@@ ke , for hen@@ nes and mau@@ ri@@ tz and the whole tex@@ ti@@ le industry . +and half of the wa@@ ste@@ water problem worldwide is caused by the tex@@ ti@@ le industry . +so you 're helping out there , just ask the people . +hey , pu@@ ma , do you are you really serious ? +because they changed their cha@@ ir@@ man of the board of direc@@ tors twice now . +and i 'm not so sure they 're going to stick with it . +so give me a hand here . +it is possible though . +yes . +that which i just pres@@ ented to you . +it 's possible . +today we can make things in such a way that when they show wear and te@@ ar , when they break , they can go into biological life cy@@ cles . +there are also technical cy@@ cles . +there 's the a direct re@@ turning system for this . +it 's the first biological ru@@ ck@@ s@@ ack , truly , that was made to be re@@ turned into the life cycle . +that too , so you can get back those things in any shop . +if you think about it , right ? +remember those na@@ pp@@ ies again ? +if at the moment they 're waste . +these na@@ pp@@ ies are everywhere prac@@ tically . +in those countries where people have money . +they 're on the ru@@ b@@ bis@@ h ti@@ ps , but also el@@ se@@ where in the landscape , right ? +if we change the plastic , so it can go into biological systems , if we change the water t@@ ank , inside , so they can go back to a cell@@ u@@ lose base , you 'll be able to plant one hundred and fif@@ ty trees in israel or tun@@ isi@@ a with one baby . +right ? +if you just take these these na@@ pp@@ ies , sh@@ red them , ster@@ ili@@ ze them and take the po@@ w@@ der to plant trees with it . +that makes the baby carb@@ on-@@ positive for its whole life , right from the beginning . +so we don 't need to be climate neu@@ tra@@ l , we can be cli@@ ma@@ te@@ -@@ positive . +it 's about making a bene@@ ficial po@@ op print . +yes , so to speak . +right ? +we can do that . +we can re-@@ inv@@ ent things all over again . +i fo@@ unded an institute with this in mind . +today , it has many employees and they can all get involved . +there 's also an extra associ@@ ation , the cra@@ d@@ le-@@ to-@@ cra@@ d@@ le-@@ institute , where everybody can get involved . +so no more saving , ab@@ sta@@ ining from , avo@@ i@@ ding , re@@ duc@@ ing , no more gu@@ il@@ t management , but intelligent waste . +does that make you curious ? +thank you . +the work of the interpre@@ ter . +music as language . +in the descri@@ ption of my pres@@ entation , it is written that i , as an interpre@@ ter , see myself as a transl@@ ator , in the english sense of the word . +interpre@@ ters are trans@@ lat@@ ors of the written notes in res@@ o@@ unding music . +everybody who has anything to do with foreign languages knows that a transl@@ ator can 't just simply ren@@ der a text in another language word for word , but must also understand the deeper meaning of the words and the context in which they appear , so that a meaning@@ ful trans@@ lation can occu@@ r . +transl@@ ating from ger@@ man into english can already demand more knowledge , especially if it if one has to if it 's the trans@@ lation of liter@@ ature or even poetry . +what we musi@@ cians do with our musical language is very alien to non-@@ profession@@ als . +as an interpre@@ ter of a piece of music i only have the musical notes at first . +now you probably think that the com@@ pos@@ er , when writing down the notes , already inclu@@ des everything they 've thought of . +in reality the notes are very va@@ gue and im@@ pre@@ cise . +these notes are about as pre@@ cise or im@@ pre@@ cise as the verb@@ al descri@@ ption of a landscape , even if that might seem extremely pre@@ cise . +because you can 't smell the flo@@ wers in the verb@@ al descri@@ ption of a landscape , you can 't guess the sha@@ de of green , you can 't hear or feel the wh@@ is@@ per@@ ing of the wind . +this means that the interpre@@ ter must trans@@ late these im@@ pre@@ cise indi@@ cations in the language of notes into a different , which is to say an audi@@ ble , con@@ cre@@ te , non-@@ verb@@ al musical language . +today i 'd like to verb@@ ally trans@@ late what i usually trans@@ late into music , or interpre@@ t . +so you could call it the trans@@ lation of a trans@@ lation . +that 's why i pre@@ fer to do it all in ger@@ man , because if i 'd have to trans@@ late it into english , that would be like the trans@@ lation of the trans@@ lation of the trans@@ lation . +the so , music fun@@ ctions a lot like spo@@ ken language in my opini@@ on . +the an@@ not@@ ated notes have the function of the letters of a language . +so it 's not enough to just be able to read notes and find the according keys on the piano or the right position on a vi@@ o@@ lin string . +those would just be the letters you learned to write . +you don 't recognize the sense behind the letters until you know the language . +so you need at least as much time to learn a music musical language as you do for a spo@@ ken language . +there are different gra@@ des here , for example if you are just learning it for use at home , whether you only understand it passi@@ vely or whether you can also ac@@ tively speak it , all the way to the musical na@@ tive speak@@ er . +the work of the interpre@@ ter starts off much like the work of a the@@ at@@ re director . +once you 've sel@@ ec@@ ted a piece to play , because you love it , you first look into the background of the com@@ position 's creation . +you collect information about the piece in secon@@ dar@@ y liter@@ ature . +you read letters , di@@ aries , notes , whether any words or thoughts were expres@@ sed by the com@@ pos@@ er themselves . +you study works that have been com@@ posed before or after . +you make compar@@ is@@ ons . +the reasons for writing it . +how and what did they feel ? +what were their life circum@@ stances , how were the society and the politics of the time ? +all that interests me . +you imagine the time by looking at images or reading liter@@ ature from that period . +after a while , you already have a vast reser@@ vo@@ ir of knowledge surro@@ unding the com@@ pos@@ er as an interpre@@ ter , and you listen to them regul@@ arly , and so it becomes easier and easier to understand and feel with the com@@ pos@@ er . +the com@@ pos@@ er increasingly becomes like a friend you 're living with . +their desire to write the piece increasingly becomes my own desire to play the piece . +as the note is anything but a pre@@ cise indi@@ cation of the desire of a com@@ pos@@ er , and is , rather , a frame@@ work , i will now u@@ tili@@ se this frame@@ work to fill it with sense and meaning . +then i will say , in my own words , what could be written within this frame@@ work . +i play to explain what these t@@ ones might have meant . +what they mean to me now , what they meant to the com@@ pos@@ er at the time and what they might have meant to them now . +every note , every phr@@ ase is th@@ us given a sense , because i feel it myself , because it comes from what i 've personally experienced . +it has to make sense in the here and now , otherwise i won 't convince my audience that this is my desire . +it always makes for a happy conc@@ ert when i have the fortun@@ e to experience the piece an@@ e@@ w , even though i 've been working on it for so long in ad@@ v@@ ance . +it 's like experi@@ en@@ cing a happy new day af@@ res@@ h , even though you go through the same ritu@@ als , getting up , having break@@ fast , going to work , i experience the same piece an@@ e@@ w again and again . +i 'm a day older , the seas@@ ons change , my pul@@ se is slo@@ wer in the ev@@ ening than it is in the morning , in a conc@@ ert hall it takes longer for the rever@@ ber@@ ation to return than it does at home . +i 'm aware of the brea@@ thing of the audience , consci@@ ously or un@@ consci@@ ously . +all this influ@@ ences me and influ@@ ences my experience of the com@@ position . +it 's also really wonderful when i 'm on stage with my musical other half and we 're on the same wa@@ vel@@ ength . +then the same thing happens as when you have a good , stimul@@ ating conversation . +you introdu@@ ce a new idea and this is ans@@ wer@@ ed inst@@ ant@@ an@@ e@@ ously with a reaction . +it 's exciting , because things happen that we didn 't practice and we aren 't able to practice . +it 's great fun to make music in this way , and you as the audience experienced how music communic@@ ates in a li@@ vely way . +in this way , every conc@@ ert is a different conc@@ ert . +i will never again play as i did in this moment . +i won 't be able to play like i do today in tw@@ ent@@ y years . +i will have more life experience than today and so my musical pal@@ ette will have many more nu@@ an@@ ces of color , of emotions and feelings than it does now . +sure , i will have thro@@ wn some colors away too , but i will have ad@@ ded new ones to take their place . +i have a nice , con@@ cre@@ te example to illu@@ strate this . +it happened at a piano course for music students given by my belo@@ ved old teacher professor j@@ ür@@ gen u@@ de , a well-@@ known bee@@ tho@@ ven speci@@ alist , conc@@ ert pian@@ ist and lon@@ g@@ standing professor at the conser@@ v@@ atory here in stu@@ tt@@ g@@ art . +i was much too young at the time unfortunately , so he had already reti@@ red before i finally started studying . +but i had the good fortun@@ e to meet him at a very young age , when i was thir@@ te@@ en , and so i always atten@@ ded his cour@@ ses while i was at school . +i was se@@ vent@@ e@@ en when i took part in a course of his and played the last of ch@@ op@@ in 's four bal@@ la@@ ds , one of his later works . +he asked me what the pre@@ am@@ ble to this bal@@ la@@ d was in my opini@@ on . +it 's a so@@ le@@ m@@ n part . +and , being young , i said , expec@@ tation . +he s@@ mil@@ ed and said , oh ? +that must be our difference in age . +because to me it means memory . +he was over six@@ ty at the time . +well , at se@@ vent@@ e@@ en you still have dreams , but no significant memor@@ ies . +today , i play this piece every few years and it 's always trans@@ formed for me , even though not a single note has changed . +it 's exciting every time , because i read something new in it every time . +another example from a very different field . mon@@ et pain@@ ted his water@@ li@@ lies an infin@@ ite number of times . +it 's always the same garden , but at a different time of day , in a different light . +he transl@@ ated the water@@ li@@ lies differently , the way he saw them , the effect they had on them at that particular moment . +his personal impres@@ sions of the water@@ li@@ lies . +a piece of music that is interpre@@ ted for the um@@ p@@ te@@ ent@@ h time is compar@@ able in this way . +now i am also older than ch@@ op@@ in when he wrote the piece at thir@@ t@@ y-@@ two . +he only lived until the age of thir@@ t@@ y-@@ nine . +and it 's important to me to always take a look at the notes , even if i think i know them by heart . +to main@@ tain the dialo@@ gue , directly with the com@@ pos@@ er . +because the notes are the only direct connection to him . +especially if he 's already dead . +so how do you start speaking the language of music ? +like i said , you need about as much time as you do for a spo@@ ken language . +usually you first learn to read notes in music lessons . +you prac@@ tically first learn to read before you speak an a word . +you learn to find the t@@ ones on the instrument that go with the notes . +when you then move all your fing@@ ers at the right time and in the way the way it is written in the notes , then t@@ ones come out , which , together , sound like music . +once it 's played free of mistakes , the student gets their next piece to learn , which is slightly harder . +beginn@@ ers ' clas@@ ses har@@ dly talk about interpretation . +well , so it says pre@@ st@@ o at the top , so that 's a fast piece . +len@@ to , slow . +the l@@ oud and soft sym@@ b@@ ols , f and b , et@@ ce@@ ter@@ a . +most people here have heard of them . +but even if you imple@@ ment these indi@@ cations , it still just rema@@ ins something technical . +and it still isn 't an interpretation . +i 'm surprised . +i 'm surprised that people often forget something very element@@ ary . +which is that to make music on an instrument one 's own musical action and feeling needs to be there in ad@@ v@@ ance . +which is sing@@ ing . +a child who has not learned to sing , because the parents never showed them how to , will not start sing@@ ing on its own . +it 's like learning to speak . +it 's necessary to have one 's own experiences and idea of music to then make it res@@ on@@ ate through a further possibility , which is an instrument . +people who have never sung con@@ sequ@@ ently never directly felt with their own body what it 's like to create a t@@ one . +to form a phr@@ ase with one 's own breath . +the music instrument is an exten@@ sion of our own body . +we use our vo@@ cal ch@@ or@@ ds to to sing , and our hands and feet to dance . +so the ham@@ mer@@ heads in the piano are the exten@@ sions of my fing@@ ers . +the mel@@ o@@ dy is created through what 's being sung and rhyth@@ m is created through dance . +the const@@ ant f@@ loo@@ ding of music today is not very bene@@ ficial there . +you no longer need to make music yourself when you 're bor@@ ed . +you no longer need to whi@@ st@@ le or sing a song . +all one 's own music is destro@@ yed because you 're constantly being bom@@ bar@@ ded by music from outside of yourself . +sure there are some of you who will say , yes , but what do you do if if you can 't sing ? +then i ask you this , can you not sing , a , because you think you can 't sing ? +or b , because you didn 't learn how to sing ? +in both cases , it 's not too late to start , to find out whether you might not after all be able to sing , or to learn how to proper@@ ly use these little mus@@ cles that att@@ une the vo@@ cal ch@@ or@@ ds . +because you can train that . +or c , because you were told that you aren 't su@@ it@@ able . +then my question is , how profession@@ ally compe@@ tent was this diagno@@ sis ? +did you get a second or third opini@@ on , as people call it so ni@@ c@@ ely no@@ wa@@ days ? +or d , you simply don 't like music and therefore want nothing to to do with it . +which i would very much re@@ gre@@ t , because music is a lo@@ vely , communic@@ ative thing . +but perhaps someone just needs to change your mind . +well , but this shows you , in any case , nobody has to be hop@@ eless can@@ di@@ date . +but please don 't say , i don 't understand a thing about classi@@ cal music . +i can 't say whether it 's good or bad . +then my answer is , but i 'm sure you can say whether you like it or not . +because i don 't think anyone will say , i don 't know whether i like the taste , because i can 't co@@ ok . +so , you don 't ab@@ sta@@ in from food just because you can 't co@@ ok . +so you don 't need to ab@@ sta@@ in from listening to classi@@ cal music because you don 't play an instrument . +listen consci@@ ously and say whether you like its taste or not . +whether the music is too pe@@ p@@ per@@ y or swe@@ et for your taste . +say what you feel . +with time , you will have dem@@ ands and will want to have more sp@@ ices in it or will even be able to notice certain fine details . +why do i demand from my audience that they listen ac@@ tively ? +because music is a language and music is there to communicate something . +a work of art that is never looked at will never ga@@ ther the strength to have an effect . +one should eat the food that is lo@@ v@@ ingly coo@@ ked by a co@@ ok , not just look at it or pass on the reci@@ pe for it . +so please listen when music is played . +it is not only a nice w@@ all@@ paper made of noise . +when a child gro@@ ws up in an environment where the adults ac@@ tively make music or at least ac@@ tively li@@ stens to music , it 's very easy for a music teacher to ask , what color is your flo@@ wer ? +can you play it in blue now ? +and the child will play , after thinking for a moment . +and it will sound completely different from before . +that would be the very beginning of their own musical expression . +so the first step towards an interpretation . +and what happens when you play a piece today that was origin@@ ally written a hundred , two hundred or even three hundred years ago ? +instru@@ ments have developed . +there was no key@@ board instrument such as the piano in b@@ ach 's time . +it just hadn 't been invented . +i think b@@ ach would have been very enth@@ usi@@ a@@ stic if he 'd had the ton@@ al possibilities that today 's modern pian@@ os have . +i can make b@@ ach 's ton@@ al ideas sound on a modern grand piano in such a way that a b@@ aro@@ que har@@ p@@ sich@@ ord was not able to . +of bee@@ tho@@ ven we know that he listen@@ ed more once he 'd already gone dea@@ f . +today a modern orche@@ str@@ a can play anything that was re@@ je@@ cted as un@@ play@@ able at the time . +that 's why com@@ pos@@ ers dep@@ end on us interpre@@ ters to rein@@ vent the pieces again and again . +so that what they had only con@@ ju@@ red up in their minds becomes listen@@ able . +and also anything they would con@@ j@@ ure up in their minds today . +or anything that i imagine because they might have thought . +thank you . +do you know what en@@ vy is ? +were you ever en@@ vi@@ ous ? +and how did you feel ? +terrible . +i have a friend who dri@@ ves a pas@@ ser@@ at@@ i . +when i turn up in my little v@@ w cl@@ un@@ ker and park next to it , i get this feeling . +something sho@@ ots through my head . +i say , ul@@ f , why do you need such a big car ? +it will lose half of its value in one year . +and anyway , you work a lot less than i do . +why do i have to get such a small car ? +and then it comes to me straight away , it 's un@@ fair . +it goes against justice . +and when i say the word justice , this feeling disappe@@ ars . +our organis@@ m has come up with an exc@@ ell@@ ent method to make un@@ pleas@@ ant feelings like en@@ vy simply disappe@@ ar . +you can also try it with words like re@@ ven@@ ge or ac@@ qu@@ isi@@ ti@@ ven@@ ess and the like . +i would like to explain this mechan@@ ism to you today and make it a little more acc@@ essi@@ ble to you , though you 're probably quite familiar with it on an un@@ conscious level . +the mechan@@ ism comes from the lie . +but don 't think of a lie you might have heard when people say , nobody has any inten@@ tion of building a wall . +and then they start pil@@ ing up st@@ ones so your view is blo@@ cked . +a lie like that shows you that the li@@ ar himself doesn 't believe what he says . +and it 's easily pro@@ ven that he has something entirely different in mind . +he 's only dec@@ ei@@ ving you and not himself . +no , the lie i 'm talking about is one where you 're dec@@ ei@@ ving yourself . +you need this lie to keep this sha@@ m , this self-@@ de@@ ception , up@@ right . +this is harder to check or bring down . +you need time . +an an@@ ec@@ do@@ te you might know talks about this time . +the span@@ ish pain@@ ter p@@ ab@@ l@@ o pic@@ as@@ so once pain@@ ted a portra@@ it of a woman . +the woman then com@@ pla@@ ined that the portra@@ it didn 't look anything like her . +pic@@ as@@ so 's answer , just wait and see . +it will start to look more and more like you . +at this point and if you 're laugh@@ ing , you 'll recognize how important this lie is and how much time you need to experience what artists are very good at telling us . +because artists have a di@@ stor@@ ted relationship to the lie . +the artist tells you something , and especially this woman , that she can 't see if she just looks in the mirror . +the artist is con@@ ve@@ ying something you can only get to know once you 've looked at the work of art again and again . +then that un@@ pleas@@ ant feeling that it couldn 't look anything like you and will start to look more and more like you . +here you have this mechan@@ ism , with which we can use the lie as a gran@@ dio@@ se invention to stabili@@ ze our living conditions . +and this turns up not only in art , but also in fol@@ k@@ tal@@ es , fol@@ k@@ tal@@ es , in in my@@ th@@ ology , in stories . +perhaps you know this idea of the lady who looked at her@@ self in the mirror every day and said , who is the fa@@ i@@ rest of them all ? +one day this mirror says , yes , there is someone fair@@ er than you . +over the h@@ ills and all that . +and you also know how much ho@@ sti@@ li@@ ty ar@@ is@@ es from this piece of truth , for the mirror can 't lie , from this piece of truth . +but we should just realize that you can 't tell a woman that there 's a more beautiful one somewhere else . +it 's necessary to always use what you would call political cor@@ rec@@ t@@ ness here . +we need this lie here , to keep the de@@ ception up@@ right , without which we wouldn 't be able to go on living . +we don 't only have such amazing lies in art and fol@@ k@@ tal@@ es , but also in science . +and here there 's this story about the wife of the bis@@ ho@@ p of wor@@ ce@@ ster . +she heard about this book by charles darwin , the orig@@ in of species and the des@@ cent of man . +that humans are supposed to have des@@ cen@@ ded from ap@@ es and that , yes , there is at least one ance@@ st@@ or shared by both humans and ap@@ es . +then she ran ran to her husband and said , sur@@ ely what charles has written is not true . +that the human des@@ cen@@ ded from ap@@ es and we have a shared ance@@ st@@ or . +no , no , that 's not possible . +and if it is , we should prevent people from finding out about it . +why do we need to prevent people from finding out something that is true ? +because we can 't live our lives without this lie . +because we want this self-@@ de@@ ception , this feeling of being brilliant , des@@ cen@@ ded from the highest beings , not from that natural level , from something as un@@ predic@@ table as an organis@@ m that exists much like a stone and other such things , that 's unbe@@ ar@@ able for us . +so we can 't bear these things . +we have to prevent people from finding about things , especially when they 're true . +to show you how slowly this mechan@@ ism disappe@@ ars and to illu@@ strate the tra@@ ces it leaves , which lead to something other than this gran@@ dio@@ se image of ourselves , i would like to share another story with you . +a particularly nice story , in my opini@@ on . +my wife told me it . +one day she came back from her school , she 's a teacher , and she told me about one of her pu@@ p@@ ils . +an au@@ ti@@ stic pu@@ pi@@ l . +she li@@ kes him a lot , because he has the tenden@@ cy to be for@@ th@@ right . +and she asked him , so what are your ho@@ b@@ bi@@ es ? +and then he said , well , i 'm with the fire bri@@ ga@@ de . +and because i 'm with the fire bri@@ ga@@ de , i 'm interested in py@@ ro@@ technical things . +yes , you 'll sense it if you 're feeling a little nervous at this point , something is not quite right . +i told my wife , whenever a person uses the word because to mor@@ ally justi@@ fy something , we should try to replace it with the word although . +you do this and then you 'll see the sentence , although i 'm with the fire bri@@ ga@@ de , i 'm interested in py@@ ro@@ technical things . +you sense that that ‘ s the actual truth behind the sentence . +a young la@@ d like that , he 's not interested in putting out fir@@ es . +he 's interested in setting fir@@ es . +but there are no associ@@ ations to look for where you can learn how to make a fire . +there 's only the second best option , which is the fire bri@@ ga@@ de . +that 's where he sig@@ ned up . +and mor@@ e@@ over , you don 't tell your teacher that you like to set fir@@ es and are happy when the fire fl@@ ar@@ es up . +no , it simply looks a lot better when we show that we 're responsible for re@@ moving the dan@@ ger that others create when they set a fire . +here you have this little mechan@@ ism . +this this hin@@ t at the fact that the boy knew , deep within , that his connection is really with the fire , but that he can 't say that out l@@ oud . +here you have the cen@@ sor between the un@@ conscious and the conscious , which swi@@ t@@ ches on immediately before you can do anything about it , and which shapes things you know look very different in such a way that they might sound a lot better for you and others . +in this way certain words come into being that we also use again and again in the language of political cor@@ rec@@ t@@ ness . +we know that something else is really true . +but we know that if we were to say that out l@@ oud , social relationships will be sensi@@ tively dist@@ ur@@ bed . +we can 't just do that . +it is impossible to present such things in a society that is supposed to function . +i 'd now like to present to you what we found out at our institute . +according to which lo@@ gic do we dis@@ se@@ min@@ ate this de@@ ception , this self-@@ de@@ ception , this will@@ ing@@ ness to present a reality that 's different from the reality we know is val@@ id in our un@@ conscious minds ? +i would like to present to you two , perhaps three examples to illu@@ strate this . +the first example works with the pres@@ um@@ ption of something many of you know and some of you value , and only very few of you don 't need at all . +i 'm talking about the sou@@ l . +what is the sou@@ l ? +the sou@@ l is something mental , lei@@ b@@ ni@@ z said . +it does not have a tan@@ gi@@ ble , material nature . +and when you are with people who are fir@@ m@@ ly convinced that you have a sou@@ l , or , you might say , who believe that the sou@@ l brought us to life , then imagine something along these lines : the sou@@ l is an in@@ corpo@@ real frame@@ work around you , and it 's not material , and you are just made of fl@@ es@@ h and blood , are soli@@ d , so to speak , bo@@ und to the earth , ep@@ he@@ mer@@ al , subject to deca@@ y , in@@ significant , dead really . +and now you see the sou@@ l as having something of a cloud like nature , an air@@ y nature , it 's called anim@@ a in la@@ tin , being like a breath of air . +and when this breath of air po@@ urs out onto a human , the human is filled with dig@@ ni@@ ty , with mind , with nature that can only live with a sou@@ l . +and then it can leave you . +that 's how people imagine the sou@@ l works . +that it comes to the human from outside . +we are supposed to view it as something that must be present in our lives . +and if you think of this condition , then you 'll understand the lo@@ gic behind the joy we feel when we can improve the world through a lie . +because now you can imple@@ ment a rule of three . +you 'll remember the rule of three from school . +this is a rule of three , which descri@@ bes a lo@@ gic to us . +this , by the way , is the most complicated part of my pres@@ entation . +you 'll need some lo@@ gic here , but also the will@@ ing@@ ness to lie . +nam@@ ely to lie in such a way that you can simply imple@@ ment this lo@@ gic in the wrong way . +this rule of three con@@ tains three theor@@ em@@ s . +the first theor@@ em is , kl@@ aus cla@@ ims there is no sou@@ l . +the second theor@@ em is th@@ us , if kl@@ aus is right , then he doesn 't have a sou@@ l . +now we have the third theor@@ em . +i high@@ ligh@@ ted it here . +a third theor@@ em which will turn up in people who have a strong atta@@ ch@@ ment to the idea of a sou@@ l . +they will say , a person who has no sou@@ l is dead and can 't cla@@ im anything . +so you sense it already . +here this lo@@ gic is expres@@ sed in this de@@ cep@@ tive dis@@ course . +you see it straight away . +the first two theor@@ em@@ s are logi@@ cally cor@@ rect . +i can cla@@ im anything . +lo@@ gic does not make any stat@@ ements about reality . +i can say , the ger@@ man chan@@ cell@@ or is a man . +and if i 'm right , then the chan@@ cell@@ or is a man . +if i 'm not right , then the chan@@ cell@@ or is not a man . +lo@@ gic does not make any stat@@ ement about what is val@@ id . +i can cla@@ im anything . +what is decisi@@ ve , if i 'm right , then it 's val@@ id . +so when kl@@ aus says , there is no sou@@ l . +secon@@ dly , if he 's right , then he doesn 't have a sou@@ l . +these things are logi@@ cally cor@@ rect . +and now our de@@ cep@@ tive consciousness immediately senses , i can do something with this . +so it atta@@ ches a third theor@@ em to it , that has nothing to do with the first two theor@@ em@@ s and only acts as if the opposite of the first theor@@ em had already been pro@@ ven and given pri@@ ority . +because we 'd really have to prove whether the sou@@ l exists or not . +but with this lo@@ gic , which just uses the fact that two theor@@ em@@ s are logi@@ cally cor@@ rect and atta@@ ches a third one , which looks like it has something to do with the others , we can save our lie . +so we act as if it were impossible to live without a sou@@ l . +and we 're very happy about it . +we can apply these things to other examples . +at present at we have a very modern example , which is repe@@ at@@ ed@@ ly an it@@ em in the daily new@@ spa@@ pers . +here you have to keep another philosop@@ hi@@ cal theme , a philosop@@ hi@@ cal slo@@ w-@@ bur@@ ner , close to hand . +that has to do with us going back to the four@@ te@@ ent@@ h +century . +there was a sch@@ ol@@ ar called je@@ an bu@@ ri@@ dan , and bu@@ ri@@ dan 's ass was named after him . +bu@@ ri@@ dan 's ass is an ass that is made pur@@ ely of nature . +it doesn 't have this sou@@ l . +it 's a natural thing . +and if you put it exactly between two equ@@ ally big ha@@ y@@ stac@@ ks , it will star@@ ve . +because it doesn 't know which ha@@ y@@ st@@ ack it should go to first . +so it 's right in the middle . +that 's how things of nature are imag@@ ined . +two equ@@ ally large forces with opposite sign@@ s@@ natur@@ es will can@@ c@@ el each other out . +nothing will happen . +only if you come with a different example , so as soon as you make one ha@@ y@@ st@@ ack bigger than the other , then he doesn 't need any sense or anything else . +he 'll auto@@ matically go to the right thought . +if you imagine this , that in nature you are somehow driven , determin@@ ed by the larger ha@@ y@@ st@@ ack that immediately attra@@ cts you , you will also quickly have the feeling that there must be something like a free will . +and as we 're here in frank@@ fur@@ t am main , i 'll re@@ mind you of the ma@@ x -@@ plan@@ ck@@ -@@ institute for brain research . +there 's a sch@@ ol@@ ar there , his name is wol@@ f sing@@ er , and sometimes people say , wol@@ f sing@@ er cla@@ ims , there is no free will . +now we can come up with the second theor@@ em and say : if wol@@ f sing@@ er is right , then he has no free will . +these theor@@ em@@ s are absolutely logi@@ cal and cor@@ rect . +and now the thing you can almost read daily in the pa@@ pers is what you find in this third theor@@ em . +it looks something like this , somebody who does not have free will cannot be held responsible responsible for his actions and cla@@ ims and is th@@ us of un@@ sound mind . +here you have it again . +really , you 'd have to prove , first of all , whether there is something like a free will . +but the lo@@ gic of de@@ ception allows us to act as if the first theor@@ em were fal@@ se from the start , so of course you 'd have accept the opposite without any pro@@ of . +and now you can simply , if you want to test something for yourself and especially if you want to make people happy , practice this coura@@ ge to lie . +practice it when you meet a person and then say , there are no predic@@ tors . +and don 't use the ger@@ man word for predic@@ tors , which would be prop@@ he@@ t . +you mu@@ st@@ n 't say that , because that would be a little poli@@ tically in@@ cor@@ rect . +say , there are no predic@@ tors . +you 'll immediately hear the following from someone who thinks it 's a matter of course that there are predic@@ tors , you can 't prove that . +and you 'll have a problem right away . +because while you are bus@@ y telling yourself that you can 't prove that there are no predic@@ tors , your counter@@ part will be very happy . +he 'll be very happy because he 's dec@@ ei@@ ved you . +because he led you down a path he 's not on himself . +because this person is not interested in evidence at all . +he 's only interested in keeping himself free of the ne@@ c@@ essi@@ ty to prove that there are predic@@ tors . +so through this mode of pas@@ sing on the bur@@ den of pro@@ ving something you are experi@@ en@@ cing the brilli@@ ance of the lie . +and if you have another opportunity to en@@ act this rule of three with another person , do it , because you will make other people happy when , in doing so , you don 't re@@ mind them of their self-@@ de@@ ception . +thank you for your attention . +yes , hell@@ o . +i took the liber@@ ty i asked li@@ l@@ ly , if it would be okay to mention her . +she 's one of the organi@@ z@@ ers of this wonderful event and asked me to hold a pres@@ entation and present my idea . +i must hon@@ est@@ ly say , and you wit@@ n@@ essed this , i found it hard to talk about my idea at first . +and she said i should perhaps present my island project , which i will try to present to you . +but of course it 's the sum of a whole load of ideas . +i probably bel@@ ong , are those two friend@@ ly girls still here , i probably bel@@ ong to the generation that created this bad e@@ col@@ o@@ gical image , because i already started to study engineering at the technical university in kar@@ l@@ s@@ ru@@ he in n@@ ine@@ te@@ en se@@ vent@@ y nine , i think it 's called k@@ it today . +and then i went to ber@@ lin in the mi@@ d-@@ ei@@ gh@@ ties because i wanted to study rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es and they didn 't have that in kar@@ l@@ s@@ ru@@ he . +there was the le@@ o@@ pol@@ d@@ sha@@ fen nuclear research plant . +they were all called k@@ f@@ as at the time , the place in j@@ ü@@ lich was also called a k@@ f@@ a . +today they 're called project ex@@ ecu@@ ting organizations . +because a good engineer either built great cars or nuclear plants . +but something stupid like a solar pen@@ dul@@ um , which has an out@@ put of something like one hundred watt per square me@@ tr@@ e , that was a to@@ y . +and in ber@@ lin there was this crazy engineering collective . +i 'm gr@@ ate@@ ful to the person behind pre@@ mi@@ um col@@ a that he re@@ hab@@ ili@@ t@@ ated that word again , because after the wall came down nobody was allowed to use that word , because everything le@@ ft@@ -@@ wing was bad . +but it wasn 't like that in the ei@@ gh@@ ties . +at that time , there were self-@@ gover@@ ning companies and one of them was in kreu@@ z@@ berg in mehr@@ ing@@ h@@ of , where people thought evil took place . +a terror@@ ist place , but it was was called wus@@ el@@ tr@@ oni@@ k and it made wind and solar power and that 's where i started out in the mi@@ d-@@ ei@@ gh@@ ties . +and yes , a lot of what is said today really moves me , because many , many nice stat@@ ements were made , which i also was part of . +i worked in the collective for el@@ even years , it was based on a gras@@ s@@ roots democracy . +we were a group of tw@@ ent@@ y people . +if one person said no , there was the ve@@ to principle , which was totally de@@ moral@@ is@@ ing , for ten years , i i had gra@@ ve dou@@ b@@ ts as to whether i was perhaps really wa@@ sting my great engineering degree on something ridi@@ cul@@ ous , also because all my father 's colleagues had told him , you wa@@ sted your money on your child . +he 's wa@@ sting his time on non@@ sense . +and that was really very , very bit@@ ter and then you end up in one of these ph@@ ases just now you saw that image with don 't give up written on it , where i asked myself after ten years , whether the one thousand deutsch@@ mark it was at the time , the basic pay , a uni@@ form pay in the collective of course , whether that was really such a great thing . +and then i stuck to it until n@@ ine@@ te@@ en nin@@ et@@ y six and then i became the co-@@ fo@@ under of the company sol@@ on together with friends , which then became one of the biggest cell manufac@@ tur@@ ers in the world together with the sp@@ in-@@ off q@@ -@@ cells . +a huge success story , but there too we have the problem of a growing company and then in two thousand and six , we , a small group , decided that we would start small again and go back and would de@@ dic@@ ate ourselves to the next top@@ ic of the future , which , in my opini@@ on , and in our opini@@ on , and it 's crazy again , it starts with people saying , what 's this non@@ sense about , that won 't work . i 'm talking about stor@@ age . +i 've brought along a project i 'd like to introdu@@ ce to you . +the ti@@ tle of the pres@@ entation was , how to reach one hundred percent rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es . +and we started asking with a relatively simple and crazy story where you could imple@@ ment a reser@@ vo@@ ir wi@@ sely today . +on this island , that 's the island gra@@ ci@@ o@@ sa on a@@ z@@ or@@ es . +yes , here is the data . +four and a half thousand people live there . +they have a rene@@ w@@ able energy share of fif@@ te@@ en percent at the moment . +the question is , why don 't they have more ? +because technologi@@ cally it 's just not possible . +if they use more wind power and start building everywhere , the system will start to fail . +that 's what i always tell the politicians , when they look at our plant in ber@@ lin@@ -@@ ad@@ ler@@ sh@@ of . +they then also say , why ? +we have tw@@ ent@@ y percent in germany . +that can 't be a problem . +but that 's not true , we have seven percent in europe and our network is , if you look at it physi@@ cally , the european one . +if we had tw@@ ent@@ y percent in europe , we 'd immediately have the same problems the people on that island have . +the question is just , calcu@@ late that was in two thousand and six , the first contact started with the island , so just work that out . +how big would a battery like that actually have to be to get to tw@@ ent@@ y , thir@@ ty , for@@ ty , fif@@ ty , maybe even se@@ vent@@ y percent rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es . +and yes , i 'll move on a slide . +the conven@@ tional system looks like this all over the world . +by the way , about one hundred gi@@ ga@@ wat@@ ts electrical out@@ put on dies@@ el fuel basis is ad@@ ded in the world per year . +that 's equivalent to the out@@ put of one hundred nuclear power plants , because it is conver@@ ted particularly quickly . +the world 's hunger for energy that we are seeing is re@@ lie@@ ved with dies@@ el fuel , because you don 't need a licen@@ se for it . +it goes fast . +you put a box like this over there . +and that generally looks like this . +in it , there are always three dies@@ els running , two are always main@@ tain@@ ed . +yes , that 's what a what you see at the bottom is the load . +we were given very accu@@ rate data . +and the wind power plant or the solar power plant or whatever it is is generally a back@@ -up system , or a system that can only feed into the network in small quanti@@ ties . +our obje@@ ctive was to simply say , okay , +the dies@@ el will be the back@@ -up and the wind , the sun will serve the load in such a way that they can form the bigger part . +and if you want to ex@@ ce@@ ed tw@@ ent@@ y , thir@@ ty percent rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es , you have to switch off dies@@ el . +that means that at that moment you have to see to it that the rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es can take over the entire network . +of course you can only do that if you 're being managed here somehow . +nobody on this planet has done that in this way . +it exists on a small scale , so you can use your sha@@ ving machine in the car via a small power in@@ ver@@ ter . +people always ask me , what are you resear@@ ching in ad@@ ler@@ sh@@ of all the time ? +that is do@@ able . +but if you want to ho@@ ok up several of these power in@@ ver@@ ters and they are supposed to constru@@ ct a network , it becomes highly complicated . +and our a@@ im was , we wanted to reach se@@ vent@@ y to nin@@ et@@ y percent rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es and then this re@@ main@@ der is still here , the last re@@ main@@ der , the last ten , tw@@ ent@@ y percent rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es with , that will will be very , very expensive and gener@@ ating this from bat@@ ter@@ ies won 't work either . +that will definitely be an energy car@@ rier which will be hydro@@ gen me@@ than@@ e , power to gas you know al@@ r , that 's what it will be . +you will then rather have to go to a seas@@ onal reser@@ vo@@ ir and balance out winter to summer and not only day to night . +we just wanted to know what would happen with a normal , run@@ -@@ of-@@ the-@@ mil@@ l electro@@ chemical battery . +how far would you get with that ? +and then we tried out a whole load of simu@@ lations . +and we simul@@ ated wind and sun and the load , and the result , a very exciting result , was that compared to the conven@@ tional system , which needs a medium electricity price of about fif@@ ty cents per k@@ w@@ h after tw@@ ent@@ y years , you 'd arri@@ ve at about fort@@ y-@@ four cents . +those were the first calcu@@ lations six years ago . +and then we said , okay , +that 's great , then we have a business model . +we 're che@@ aper than the dies@@ el system , if the price of dies@@ el ris@@ es by five percent a year . +and then we started negoti@@ ating with the is@@ lan@@ ders . +what needed to be done ? +we negoti@@ ated with inv@@ e@@ stors , i looked for new sh@@ are@@ hol@@ ders . +we were only a group of five people at the time , that could that could re@@ build the organisation . +and here you have the graphic again . +the brown bit is the conven@@ tional system so to speak , the green bit is our system . +the fact that our system has an increase in price is due to the fact that we still use tw@@ ent@@ y percent dies@@ el fuel and a control of the price increase doesn 't break through to the other things . +and the power u@@ tili@@ ty , which which the electric u@@ tili@@ ty on the island , said they think it 's great . +they said , we want to support it , but we don 't think you can solve the technical problem . +and that 's why we decided to build a hall in ber@@ lin , where we could pre@@ cis@@ ely re@@ constru@@ ct , so to speak , the electrical ra@@ ti@@ o of the island on a one to three scale . +that means we first looked for the biggest battery in the world . +here it is . +naturally it 's from asia , in this case from japan . +and fun@@ ni@@ ly enough it was developed at the b@@ b@@ c man@@ n@@ heim , called ab@@ b today , in the se@@ venti@@ es , and was then licen@@ sed to the japanese . +it is you can see that it 's a very , very big battery . +it has a me@@ ga@@ watt out@@ put and can keep up that out@@ put for six hours and it 's the battery that we came up with in the technical simulation . +and then pres@@ ented . +we also brought one of these dies@@ el ag@@ gre@@ gates to the hall , in the same size as it is there , for the complete dynamic behavior of this network to actually be , so in the hall it looks like this now , the dies@@ el is behind it , here 's the big battery , here are all the conver@@ ters , with which we simu@@ late the network . +over here we simu@@ late the entire trans@@ mission gui@@ dance system , the c@@ able 's kilometer physics , to illu@@ strate the vi@@ bra@@ tion behavior , so to speak , in the network . +and here can you see the whole thing again . +we can also add a photo vol@@ ta@@ ic out@@ put of two hundred kil@@ o@@ watt + to the network . +we can see it again here we can see the dies@@ el again here , and all the individual ag@@ gre@@ gates here . +and what we did , the hall was comple@@ ted in two thousand and nine , and until today , two thousand and t@@ wel@@ ve , we developed prac@@ tically everything that could be developed electr@@ on@@ ically and in terms of software between the individual systems . +so we 're not battery manufac@@ tur@@ ers , but define ourselves as a company that stands between the theme of the battery and the theme of the network and everything else that lies between the two . +you have to be able to c@@ ater for the battery of course , and for the network , and that is very complicated . +the nice thing about this top@@ ic is that on this island , you can basically anti@@ ci@@ pa@@ te all the problems we will have if we want to increase our share of rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es . +so this whole discussion as to how things will be moved , the energy revolution , how to bring that about , on the island , for example , we have tw@@ ent@@ y-@@ five-@@ thir@@ ty percent ex@@ cess energy , so we have to li@@ mit the wind and sun . +of course this l@@ ends itself to a smart grid . +smart gri@@ ds are a hot top@@ ic at the moment everywhere . +we can start integr@@ ating electro@@ -@@ mo@@ bility on the island already , and to ask around whether the load can be managed . +that means that if you 're at se@@ vent@@ y percent rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es , then you won 't be able to do that without a reser@@ vo@@ ir . +you can he@@ ed the share by using one of these smart gri@@ ds , by developing the networks , yes , that should definitely be done , but you 'll never be able to do without the reser@@ vo@@ ir completely . +and that 's kind of the message . +that 's why many people come and look at it , because you can see what problems will ar@@ ise . +if we turn off the dies@@ el , then you will no longer have this ro@@ tat@@ ing mass , which causes a certain amount of i@@ d@@ len@@ ess in the network . +and our european energy grid basically consi@@ sts of ro@@ tat@@ ing mas@@ ses of large power plants , where the ax@@ le always revol@@ ves around the whole of europe . +we look into this network , see the fif@@ ty her@@ tz , and if it turns into for@@ ty nine point nine her@@ tz , we start to open a few small val@@ ves , then a little more ste@@ am can enter , and then it goes up again . +that 's the system . +and of course that 's incredibly slow . +if you put that down somewhere , it takes a while . +the sp@@ inning reser@@ ve has at least ten seconds to keep the network stable . +and in that time you can re@@ act differently . +if you don 't have this ro@@ tat@@ ing mass anymore , then you have to replace it with power electr@@ on@@ ics and electro@@ -@@ chemistry . +and with this battery we can switch it on and off once for two milli@@ seconds . +so you see what enormous potential for speed there is here . +and so the message is this , we have to make do without these ro@@ tat@@ ing mas@@ ses , if we actually want to reach our goal of tw@@ ent@@ y , tw@@ ent@@ y , tw@@ ent@@ y percent , tw@@ ent@@ y , thir@@ ty , thir@@ ty percent etc . +and then we have to de@@ cre@@ ase our mu@@ st-@@ run capac@@ i@@ ties in the network . +mu@@ st-@@ run simply means the power plant is running too to keep up the frequ@@ ency . +yes , this is a huge debate at the moment , addi@@ tional construction of co@@ al-@@ burning power plants , because otherwise we wouldn 't have , or gas tur@@ bin@@ es , because that 's not possible . +and we 're just trying to demon@@ strate that we can de@@ cre@@ ase the capac@@ i@@ ties , the mu@@ st-@@ run capac@@ i@@ ties , by putting electro@@ chemical reser@@ vo@@ irs in the network too . +th@@ ank@@ fully many studies are being car@@ ried out on this top@@ ic . +and to this purpose people always come and look at our experiment@@ al equipment on the , basically our testing equipment on the island . +and yes , the discussion always revol@@ ves around how much of the future you can anti@@ ci@@ pa@@ te . +and many discus@@ sions i had in the last six years were similar to the discussion i had in the last thir@@ ty years re@@ gar@@ ding photo@@ vol@@ ta@@ ics . +you can 't do it , it 's non@@ sense , a play@@ thing for kids , we calcul@@ ated everything , it will never add up . +we have thir@@ ty gi@@ ga@@ watt of phot@@ o-@@ vol@@ ta@@ ic power in germany . +that 's ex@@ em@@ pl@@ ary . +and i simply assu@@ me that we 'll have the same capacity of electro@@ chemical reser@@ vo@@ irs in the whole world for the next thir@@ ty years . +it 's simple , that 's what will happen . +there will be a whole load of resi@@ stance and argu@@ ments . +the nice thing is that i 've experienced that scientists have been jo@@ ining my side in the last couple of years . +we 've been given over ten million fund@@ ed projects , also to atta@@ ch a ten@@ -@@ me@@ ga@@ watt battery to the ger@@ man network . +that will take place next apri@@ l . +so you 're notic@@ ing a change is taking place , from a defen@@ sive at@@ titude to to well , to the idea , one hundred percent rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es is right . +and when you have one hundred percent rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es , then it 's like a self-@@ suff@@ i@@ cient system . +up ti@@ ll now the following is always argu@@ ed in discus@@ sions , these is@@ lan@@ ders are becoming self-@@ suff@@ i@@ cient , they have their own little network , which has nothing to do with our jo@@ int network . +the the question is simply , if they become completely independent from whatever fossil or nuclear fu@@ els which are dri@@ ll@@ ed out somewhere on the planet and are brought to them , then they 're an island . +then they 'll only be using what is available in terms of sun and wind where they live . +and that is kind of our vision of sensi@@ ble energy use and i am gr@@ ate@@ ful to the cra@@ d@@ le to cra@@ d@@ le institute that they said , use solar power . +and that 's what we 're doing , and so in this sense we 're coming together , also if you look at the pres@@ entation by pre@@ mi@@ um col@@ a , that it 's okay to be a collective and use solar power . +and yes , well , i 'd just like to motiv@@ ate you , in the sense that it 's fine to be a bit crazy and have a vision . +and you really have to stay pretty fir@@ m while doing so , but i think it 's it 's possible . +thank you . +one day , los angeles times colum@@ n@@ ist steve lo@@ pe@@ z was walking along the streets of down@@ town los angeles when he heard beautiful music . +and the source was a man , an afri@@ can@@ -@@ american man , char@@ ming , ru@@ g@@ ged , hom@@ eless , playing a vi@@ o@@ lin that only had two str@@ ings . +and i 'm telling a story that many of you know , because steve 's colum@@ ns became the basis for a book , which was turned into a movie , with robert dow@@ ney j@@ r@@ . acting as steve lo@@ pe@@ z , and jam@@ ie fo@@ x@@ x as na@@ than@@ iel anth@@ ony a@@ yers , the ju@@ il@@ li@@ ar@@ d-@@ trained double bas@@ s@@ ist whose promis@@ ing career was cut short by a tra@@ gic aff@@ li@@ ction with par@@ an@@ o@@ id schizophren@@ ia . +na@@ than@@ iel dro@@ pped out of ju@@ il@@ li@@ ard , he suff@@ ered a complete break@@ down , and 30 years later he was living hom@@ eless on the streets of sk@@ id row in down@@ town los angeles . +i encoura@@ ge all of you to read steve 's book or to watch the movie to understand not only the beautiful bon@@ d that formed between these two men , but how music helped shape that bon@@ d , and ultimately was instru@@ mental -- if you 'll par@@ don the pu@@ n -- in helping na@@ than@@ iel get off the streets . +i met mr. a@@ yers in 2008 , two years ago , at wal@@ t dis@@ ney conc@@ ert hall . +he had just heard a performance of bee@@ tho@@ ven 's first and fourth sym@@ ph@@ on@@ ies , and came back@@ stage and introduced himself . +he was speaking in a very jo@@ vi@@ al and gre@@ g@@ ari@@ ous way about yo@@ -@@ yo ma and h@@ ill@@ ary clin@@ ton and how the do@@ d@@ gers were never going to make the world series , all because of the tre@@ ach@@ er@@ ous first vi@@ o@@ lin pas@@ sage work in the last movement of bee@@ tho@@ ven 's fourth sym@@ ph@@ ony . +and we got talking about music , and i got an email from steve a few days later saying that na@@ than@@ iel was interested in a vi@@ o@@ lin lesson with me . +now , i should mention that na@@ than@@ iel re@@ f@@ uses treatment because when he was treated it was with sho@@ ck therapy and th@@ or@@ a@@ zine and hand@@ cu@@ ff@@ s , and that sc@@ ar has sta@@ yed with him for his entire life . +but as a result now , he is pr@@ one to these schizophren@@ ic ep@@ iso@@ des , the worst of which can mani@@ fest themselves as and then disappe@@ aring for days , wander@@ ing the streets of sk@@ id row , ex@@ posed to its hor@@ r@@ ors , with the tor@@ ment of his own mind un@@ le@@ as@@ hed upon him . +and na@@ than@@ iel was in such a state of ag@@ it@@ ation when we started our first lesson at wal@@ t dis@@ ney conc@@ ert hall -- he had a kind of man@@ ic gl@@ int in his eyes , he was lost . +and he was talking about invisible demon@@ s and smo@@ ke , and how someone was po@@ is@@ oning him in his sleep . +and i was afraid , not for myself , but i was afraid that i was going to lose him , that he was going to sin@@ k into one of his states , and that i would ru@@ in his relationship with the vi@@ o@@ lin if i started talking about sc@@ ales and ar@@ pe@@ g@@ gi@@ os and other exciting forms of di@@ d@@ ac@@ tic vi@@ o@@ lin pe@@ da@@ go@@ g@@ y . +so , i just started playing . +and i played the first movement of the bee@@ tho@@ ven vi@@ o@@ lin con@@ cer@@ to . +and as i played , i understood that there was a profound change oc@@ curr@@ ing in na@@ than@@ iel 's eyes . +it was as if he was in the gri@@ p of some invisible pharma@@ ce@@ u@@ tical , a chemical reaction , for which my playing the music was its cat@@ aly@@ st . +and na@@ than@@ iel 's man@@ ic ra@@ ge was trans@@ formed into understanding , a quie@@ t curi@@ osity and gra@@ ce . +and in a mira@@ cle , he li@@ f@@ ted his own vi@@ o@@ lin and he started playing , by ear , certain s@@ ni@@ p@@ pe@@ ts of vi@@ o@@ lin con@@ cer@@ to@@ s which he then asked me to complete -- men@@ del@@ s@@ sohn , t@@ cha@@ i@@ ko@@ v@@ sky , si@@ be@@ li@@ us . +and we started talking about music , from b@@ ach to bee@@ tho@@ ven and bra@@ h@@ ms , bru@@ ck@@ ner , all the b 's , from bar@@ t@@ ó@@ k , all the way up to es@@ a-@@ pe@@ k@@ ka sal@@ onen . +and i understood that he not only had an en@@ cy@@ clo@@ pe@@ di@@ c knowledge of music , but he related to this music at a personal level . +he spoke about it with the kind of passion and understanding that i share with my colleagues in the los angeles phil@@ harmon@@ ic . +and through playing music and talking about music , this man had trans@@ formed from the par@@ an@@ o@@ id , dist@@ ur@@ bed man that had just come from walking the streets of down@@ town los angeles to the char@@ ming , er@@ u@@ di@@ te , brilliant , ju@@ il@@ li@@ ar@@ d-@@ trained musi@@ cian . +music is medicine . music changes us . +and for na@@ than@@ iel , music is san@@ ity . +because music allows him to take his thoughts and del@@ u@@ sions and shape them through his imagination and his creativity , into reality . +and that is an es@@ cape from his tor@@ mented state . +and i understood that this was the very essen@@ ce of art . +this was the very reason why we made music , that we take something that exists within all of us at our very fundamental core , our emotions , and through our arti@@ stic l@@ ens , through our creativity , we 're able to shape those emotions into reality . +and the reality of that expression reach@@ es all of us and moves us , in@@ spir@@ es and un@@ ites us . +and for na@@ than@@ iel , music brought him back into a fold of friends . +the re@@ de@@ mp@@ tive power of music brought him back into a family of musi@@ cians that understood him , that recogni@@ zed his tal@@ ents and respe@@ cted him . +and i will always make music with na@@ than@@ iel , whether we 're at wal@@ t dis@@ ney conc@@ ert hall or on sk@@ id row , because he re@@ minds me why i became a musi@@ cian . +thank you . +br@@ un@@ o gi@@ us@@ san@@ i : thank you . thanks . +robert gu@@ p@@ ta . +robert gu@@ p@@ ta : i 'm going to play something that i sh@@ am@@ el@@ ess@@ ly sto@@ le from c@@ elli@@ sts . +so , please for@@ give me . +so , i 've known a lot of fish in my life . +i 've loved only two . +that first one , it was more like a passionate aff@@ air . +it was a beautiful fish : fla@@ vor@@ ful , tex@@ tured , me@@ at@@ y , a best@@ s@@ eller on the men@@ u . +what a fish . +even better , it was far@@ m-@@ raised to the supposed highest standards of sustain@@ ability . +so you could feel good about selling it . +i was in a relationship with this beauty for several months . +one day , the head of the company called and asked if i 'd speak at an event about the farm 's sustain@@ ability . +" absolutely , " i said . +here was a company trying to solve what 's become this uni@@ mag@@ in@@ able problem for us che@@ fs : how do we keep fish on our men@@ us ? +for the past 50 years , we 've been fishing the se@@ as like we clear@@ -@@ cut fore@@ sts . +it 's hard to over@@ state the destruction . +nin@@ et@@ y percent of large fish , the ones we love -- the tun@@ as , the hal@@ i@@ bu@@ ts , the sal@@ mon@@ s , s@@ wor@@ d@@ fish -- they 've collap@@ sed . +there 's almost nothing left . +so , for better or for worse , a@@ qu@@ ac@@ ul@@ ture , fish far@@ ming , is going to be a part of our future . +a lot of argu@@ ments against it : fish far@@ ms po@@ ll@@ ute -- most of them do anyway -- and they 're in@@ efficient . take tun@@ a , a major dra@@ w@@ back . +it 's got a feed con@@ version ra@@ ti@@ o of 15 to one . +that means it takes fif@@ te@@ en pounds of wild fish to get you one po@@ und of farm tun@@ a . +not very sustainable . +it doesn 't taste very good either . +so here , finally , was a company trying to do it right . +i wanted to support them . +the day before the event , i called the head of p@@ .@@ r@@ . for the company . +let 's call him don . +" don , " i said , " just to get the facts straight , you guys are famous for far@@ ming so far out to sea , you don 't po@@ ll@@ ute . " +" that 's right , " he said . " we 're so far out , the waste from our fish gets distribu@@ ted , not concent@@ r@@ ated . " +and then he ad@@ ded , " we 're basically a world un@@ to ourselves . +that feed con@@ version ra@@ ti@@ o ? 2.@@ 5 to one , " he said . +" best in the business . " +2.@@ 5 to one , great . +" 2.@@ 5 what ? what are you fe@@ eding ? " +" sustainable proteins , " he said . +" great , " i said . got off the phone . +and that night , i was lying in bed , and i thought : what the hell is a sustainable protein ? +so the next day , just before the event , i called don . +i said , " don , what are some examples of sustainable proteins ? " +he said he didn 't know . he would ask around . +well , i got on the phone with a few people in the company ; no one could give me a straight answer until finally , i got on the phone with the head biolog@@ ist . +let 's call him don too . +" don , " i said , " what are some examples of sustainable proteins ? " +well , he mentioned some al@@ ga@@ es and some fish me@@ als , and then he said chicken p@@ el@@ lets . +i said , " chicken p@@ el@@ lets ? " +he said , " yeah , fe@@ a@@ thers , skin , bone me@@ al , sc@@ ra@@ ps , dri@@ ed and process@@ ed into feed . " +i said , " what percentage of your feed is chicken ? " +thinking , you know , two percent . +" well , it 's about 30 percent , " he said . +i said , " don , what 's sustainable about fe@@ eding chicken to fish ? " +there was a long pause on the line , and he said , " there 's just too much chicken in the world . " +i fell out of love with this fish . +no , not because i 'm some self-@@ ri@@ gh@@ te@@ ous , go@@ od@@ y-@@ two shoes fo@@ o@@ die . +i actually am . +no , i actually fell out of love with this fish because , i swe@@ ar to god , after that conversation , the fish ta@@ sted like chicken . +this second fish , it 's a different kind of love story . +it 's the roman@@ tic kind , the kind where the more you get to know your fish , you love the fish . +i first ate it at a restaurant in southern spa@@ in . +a journalist friend had been talking about this fish for a long time . +she kind of set us up . +it came to the table a bright , almost shi@@ m@@ mer@@ ing , white color . +the che@@ f had over@@ coo@@ ked it . +like twice over . +ama@@ z@@ ingly , it was still deli@@ cious . +who can make a fish taste good after it 's been over@@ coo@@ ked ? +i can 't , but this guy can . +let 's call him mi@@ gu@@ el -- actually his name is mi@@ gu@@ el . +and no , he didn 't co@@ ok the fish , and he 's not a che@@ f , at least in the way that you and i understand it . +he 's a biolog@@ ist at v@@ et@@ a la pal@@ ma . +it 's a fish farm in the sou@@ th@@ western corner of spa@@ in . +it 's at the ti@@ p of the gu@@ ad@@ al@@ qui@@ vi@@ r river . +until the 198@@ 0s , the farm was in the hands of the ar@@ gent@@ ini@@ ans . +they raised bee@@ f c@@ attle on what was essentially we@@ t@@ lands . +they did it by dra@@ ining the land . +they built this intri@@ cate series of can@@ als , and they pus@@ hed water off the land and out into the river . +well , they couldn 't make it work , not econom@@ ically . +and e@@ col@@ o@@ gi@@ cally , it was a disaster . +it killed like 90 percent of the birds , which , for this place , is a lot of birds . +and so in 198@@ 2 , a span@@ ish company with an environmental con@@ science pur@@ ch@@ ased the land . +what did they do ? +they rever@@ sed the flow of water . +they literally fli@@ pped the switch . +instead of pus@@ hing water out , they used the chan@@ n@@ els to pull water back in . +they f@@ loo@@ ded the can@@ als . +they created a 2@@ 7@@ ,@@ 00@@ 0-@@ ac@@ re fish farm -- b@@ ass , mul@@ let , sh@@ ri@@ mp , e@@ el -- and in the process , mi@@ gu@@ el and this company completely rever@@ sed the e@@ col@@ o@@ gical destruction . +the farm 's incredible . +i mean , you 've never seen anything like this . +you st@@ are out at a hori@@ zon that is a million miles away , and all you see are f@@ loo@@ ded can@@ als and this thi@@ ck , rich mar@@ s@@ hl@@ and . +i was there not long ago with mi@@ gu@@ el . +he 's an amazing guy , like three parts charles darwin and one part cro@@ co@@ di@@ le dun@@ de@@ e . +okay ? there we are slo@@ g@@ ging through the we@@ t@@ lands , and i 'm pan@@ ting and swe@@ ating , got mu@@ d up to my k@@ ne@@ es , and mi@@ gu@@ el 's cal@@ m@@ ly conduc@@ ting a biology lec@@ ture . +here , he 's poin@@ ting out a rare black@@ -@@ shoul@@ dered ki@@ te . +now , he 's men@@ tion@@ ing the miner@@ al needs of phy@@ top@@ lan@@ k@@ ton . +and here , here he sees a grou@@ ping pattern that re@@ minds him of the tanz@@ ani@@ an gi@@ ra@@ ffe . +it turns out , mi@@ gu@@ el spent the better part of his career in the mi@@ k@@ um@@ i national park in africa . +i asked him how he became such an exper@@ t on fish . +he said , " fish ? i didn 't know anything about fish . +i 'm an exper@@ t in relationships . " +and then he 's off , laun@@ ching into more talk about rare birds and al@@ ga@@ es and strange a@@ qua@@ tic plants . +and don 't get me wrong , that was really fascinating , you know , the bio@@ tic community un@@ pl@@ ug@@ ged , kind of thing . +it 's great , but i was in love . +and my head was s@@ wo@@ oning over that over@@ coo@@ ked piece of deli@@ cious fish i had the night before . +so i inter@@ rup@@ ted him . i said , " mi@@ gu@@ el , what makes your fish taste so good ? " +he poin@@ ted at the al@@ ga@@ e . +" i know , du@@ de , the al@@ ga@@ e , the phy@@ top@@ lan@@ k@@ ton , the relationships : it 's amazing . +but what are your fish eating ? +what 's the feed con@@ version ra@@ ti@@ o ? " +well , he goes on to tell me it 's such a rich system that the fish are eating what they 'd be eating in the wild . +the plant bio@@ mass , the phy@@ top@@ lan@@ k@@ ton , the zo@@ op@@ lan@@ k@@ ton , it 's what fe@@ e@@ ds the fish . +the system is so healthy , it 's totally self-@@ rene@@ wing . +there is no feed . +ever heard of a farm that doesn 't feed its animals ? +later that day , i was driving around this property with mi@@ gu@@ el , and i asked him , i said , " for a place that seems so natural , unlike like any farm i 'd ever been at , how do you measure success ? " +at that moment , it was as if a film director called for a set change . +and we ro@@ unded the corner and saw the most amazing sight : thousands and thousands of p@@ ink fl@@ amin@@ gos , a liter@@ al p@@ ink car@@ pet for as far as you could see . +" that 's success , " he said . +" look at their bel@@ lies , p@@ ink . +they 're fe@@ ast@@ ing . " +fe@@ ast@@ ing ? i was totally conf@@ used . +i said , " mi@@ gu@@ el , aren 't they fe@@ ast@@ ing on your fish ? " +" yes , " he said . +" we lose 20 percent of our fish and fish eg@@ gs to birds . +well , last year , this property had 6@@ 0@@ 0,000 birds on it , more than 250 different species . +it 's become , today , the largest and one of the most important private bird san@@ c@@ tu@@ aries in all of europe . " +i said , " mi@@ gu@@ el , isn 't a thri@@ ving bird population like the last thing you want on a fish farm ? " +he sho@@ ok his head , no . +he said , " we farm exten@@ si@@ vely , not intensi@@ vely . +this is an e@@ col@@ o@@ gical network . +the fl@@ amin@@ gos eat the sh@@ ri@@ mp . +the sh@@ ri@@ mp eat the phy@@ top@@ lan@@ k@@ ton . +so the pin@@ ker the bel@@ ly , the better the system . " +okay , so let 's re@@ view : a farm that doesn 't feed its animals , and a farm that meas@@ ures its success on the health of its predat@@ ors . +a fish farm , but also a bird san@@ c@@ tu@@ ary . +oh , and by the way , those fl@@ amin@@ gos , they shouldn 't even be there in the first place . +they bro@@ od in a town 150 miles away , where the soil conditions are better for building ne@@ sts . +every morning , they fly 150 miles into the farm . +and every ev@@ ening , they fly 150 miles back . +they do that because they 're able to follow the broken white line of high@@ way a@@ 9@@ 2 . +no kid@@ ding . +i was imag@@ ining a " mar@@ ch of the penguins " thing , so i looked at mi@@ gu@@ el . +i said , " mi@@ gu@@ el , do they fly 150 miles to the farm , and then do they fly 150 miles back at night ? +do they do that for the children ? " +he looked at me like i had just quot@@ ed a whit@@ ney hou@@ ston song . +he said , " no ; they do it because the food 's better . " +i didn 't mention the skin of my belo@@ ved fish , which was deli@@ cious -- and i don 't like fish skin ; i don 't like it se@@ ared , i don 't like it cris@@ p@@ y . +it 's that ac@@ rid , t@@ ar-@@ like fla@@ vor . +i almost never co@@ ok with it . +yet , when i ta@@ sted it at that restaurant in southern spa@@ in , it ta@@ sted not at all like fish skin . +it ta@@ sted swe@@ et and clean , like you were taking a bi@@ te of the ocean . +i mentioned that to mi@@ gu@@ el , and he no@@ d@@ ded . +he said , " the skin acts like a spon@@ ge . +it 's the last defen@@ se before anything en@@ ters the body . +it evolved to so@@ ak up im@@ pu@@ ri@@ ties . " +and then he ad@@ ded , " but our water has no im@@ pu@@ ri@@ ties . " +ok . a farm that doesn 't feed its fish , a farm that meas@@ ures its success by the success of its predat@@ ors . +and then i realized when he says , " a farm that has no im@@ pu@@ ri@@ ties , " he made a big under@@ stat@@ ement , because the water that flo@@ ws through that farm comes in from the gu@@ ad@@ al@@ qui@@ vi@@ r river . +it 's a river that car@@ ries with it all the things that ri@@ vers tend to carry these days : chemical cont@@ amin@@ ants , pe@@ sti@@ cide run@@ off . +and when it works its way through the system and leaves , the water is cle@@ aner than when it enter@@ ed . +the system is so healthy , it pu@@ ri@@ fi@@ es the water . +so , not just a farm that doesn 't feed its animals , not just a farm that meas@@ ures its success by the health of its predat@@ ors , but a farm that 's literally a water pu@@ ri@@ fication plant -- and not just for those fish , but for you and me as well . +because when that water leaves , it du@@ mp@@ s out into the atlan@@ tic . +a drop in the ocean , i know , but i 'll take it , and so should you , because this love story , however roman@@ tic , is also in@@ struc@@ tive . +you might say it 's a reci@@ pe for the future of good food , whether we 're talking about b@@ ass or bee@@ f c@@ attle . +what we need now is a radi@@ cally new con@@ ception of agriculture , one in which the food actually ta@@ stes good . +but for a lot people , that 's a bit too radical . +we 're not reali@@ sts , us fo@@ o@@ dies ; we 're lo@@ vers . +we love farmers ' markets , we love small family far@@ ms , we talk about local food , we eat organic . +and when you suggest these are the things that will en@@ sure the future of good food , someone , somewhere stands up and says , " hey guy , i love p@@ ink fl@@ amin@@ gos , but how are you going to feed the world ? " +how are you going to feed the world ? +can i be honest ? +i don 't love that question . +no , not because we already produce enough cal@@ ories to more than feed the world . +one billion people will go hun@@ gry today . +one billion -- that 's more than ever before -- because of gro@@ ss ine@@ quali@@ ties in distribution , not ton@@ na@@ ge . +now , i don 't love this question because it 's determin@@ ed the lo@@ gic of our food system for the last 50 years . +feed grain to her@@ bi@@ vor@@ es , pe@@ sti@@ ci@@ des to mon@@ o@@ cultures , chemicals to soil , chicken to fish , and all along agri@@ business has simply asked , " if we 're fe@@ eding more people more che@@ ap@@ ly , how terrible could that be ? " +that 's been the motivation , it 's been the justi@@ fication : it 's been the business plan of american agriculture . +we should call it what it is : a business in li@@ qui@@ dation , a business that 's quickly ero@@ ding e@@ col@@ o@@ gical capital that makes that very production possible . +that 's not a business , and it isn 't agriculture . +our bre@@ ad@@ bas@@ ket is thre@@ at@@ en@@ ed today , not because of di@@ min@@ ishing supply , but because of di@@ min@@ ishing resources . +not by the lat@@ est com@@ bine and tra@@ ctor invention , but by ferti@@ le land ; not by pump@@ s , but by fresh water ; not by cha@@ in@@ sa@@ ws , but by fore@@ sts ; and not by fishing bo@@ ats and nets , but by fish in the sea . +want to feed the world ? +let 's start by asking : how are we going to feed ourselves ? +or better : how can we create conditions that en@@ able every community to feed itself ? +to do that , don 't look at the agri@@ business model for the future . +it 's really old , and it 's ti@@ red . +it 's high on capital , chemistry and machines , and it 's never produced anything really good to eat . +instead , let 's look to the e@@ col@@ o@@ gical model . +that 's the one that reli@@ es on two billion years of on-@@ the-@@ job experience . +look to mi@@ gu@@ el , farmers like mi@@ gu@@ el . +far@@ ms that aren 't worl@@ ds un@@ to themselves ; far@@ ms that re@@ store instead of de@@ ple@@ te ; far@@ ms that farm exten@@ si@@ vely instead of just intensi@@ vely ; farmers that are not just produ@@ cers , but experts in relationships . +because they 're the ones that are experts in fla@@ vor , too . +and if i 'm going to be really honest , they 're a better che@@ f than i 'll ever be . +you know , i 'm okay with that , because if that 's the future of good food , it 's going to be deli@@ cious . +thank you . +if i can leave you with one big idea today , it 's that the whole of the data in which we consu@@ me is greater that the sum of the parts , and instead of thinking about information over@@ load , what i 'd like you to think about is how we can use information so that patterns pop and we can see trends that would otherwise be invisible . +so what we 're looking at right here is a typical mortality ch@@ art organized by age . +this tool that i 'm using here is a little experiment . +it 's called pi@@ vo@@ t , and with pi@@ vo@@ t what i can do is i can choose to filter in one particular cause of dea@@ ths -- say , acci@@ dents . +and , right away , i see there 's a different pattern that emer@@ ges . +this is because , in the mi@@ d-@@ area here , people are at their most active , and over here they 're at their most fra@@ il . +we can step back out again and then re@@ organi@@ ze the data by cause of death , seeing that cir@@ cul@@ atory diseases and cancer are the usual sus@@ pe@@ cts , but not for everyone . +if we go ahead and we filter by age -- say 40 years or less -- we see that acci@@ dents are actually the greatest cause that people have to be worried about . +and if you dri@@ ll into that , it 's especially the case for men . +so you get the idea that vie@@ wing information , vie@@ wing data in this way , is a lot like swi@@ mming in a living information in@@ fo@@ -@@ graphic . +and if we can do this for ra@@ w data , why not do it for content as well ? +so what we have right here is the cover of every single spor@@ ts illu@@ strated ever produced . +it 's all here ; it 's all on the web . +you can go back to your rooms and try this after my talk . +with pi@@ vo@@ t , you can dri@@ ll into a decade . +you can dri@@ ll into a particular year . +you can jump right into a specific issue . +so i 'm looking at this ; i see the ath@@ le@@ tes that have appe@@ ared in this issue , the spor@@ ts . +i 'm a lan@@ ce arm@@ strong fan , so i 'll go ahead and i 'll click on that , which reve@@ als , for me , all the issues in which lan@@ ce arm@@ strong 's been a part of . +now , if i want to just kind of take a pe@@ ek at these , i might think , " well , what about taking a look at all of cy@@ cl@@ ing ? " +so i can step back , and exp@@ and on that . +and i see gre@@ g le@@ mond now . +and so you get the idea that when you navi@@ gate over information this way -- going nar@@ ro@@ wer , bro@@ a@@ der , bac@@ king in , bac@@ king out -- you 're not se@@ arch@@ ing , you 're not brow@@ sing . +you 're doing something that 's actually a little bit different . +it 's in between , and we think it changes the way information can be used . +so i want to extra@@ po@@ late on this idea a bit with something that 's a little bit crazy . +what we 're done here is we 've taken every single wikipedia page and we re@@ duced it down to a little sum@@ mary . +so the sum@@ mary consi@@ sts of just a little sy@@ no@@ p@@ sis and an ic@@ on to indi@@ cate the top@@ ical area that it comes from . +i 'm only showing the top 500 most popular wikipedia pages right here . +but even in this limited view , we can do a lot of things . +right away , we get a sense of what are the top@@ ical do@@ ma@@ ins that are most popular on wikipedia . +i 'm going to go ahead and sele@@ ct government . +now , having sel@@ ec@@ ted government , i can now see that the wikipedia categ@@ ories that most frequ@@ ently cor@@ respond to that are time magazine people of the year . +so this is really important because this is an insi@@ ght that was not contain@@ ed within any one wikipedia page . +it 's only possible to see that insi@@ ght when you step back and look at all of them . +looking at one of these particular sum@@ mar@@ ies , i can then dri@@ ll into the concept of time magazine person of the year , bringing up all of them . +so looking at these people , i can see that the majority come from government ; some have come from natural sci@@ ences ; some , fewer still , have come from business -- there 's my bo@@ ss -- and one has come from music . +and interest@@ ingly enough , bon@@ o is also a ted prize w@@ inner . +so we can go , jump , and take a look at all the ted prize w@@ inn@@ ers . +so you see , we 're navi@@ g@@ ating the web for the first time as if it 's actually a web , not from pa@@ ge-@@ to-@@ page , but at a higher level of abstra@@ ction . +and so i want to show you one other thing that may catch you a little bit by surprise . +i 'm just showing the new york times website here . +so pi@@ vo@@ t , this app@@ lic@@ ation -- i don 't want to call it a brow@@ ser ; it 's really not a brow@@ ser , but you can view web pages with it -- and we bring that zo@@ o@@ ma@@ ble technology to every single web page like this . +so i can step back , pop right back into a specific section . +now the reason why this is important is because , by virtu@@ e of just vie@@ wing web pages in this way , i can look at my entire brow@@ sing history in the ex@@ act same way . +so i can dri@@ ll into what i 've done over specific time fra@@ mes . +here , in fact , is the state of all the dem@@ o that i just gave . +and i can sort of re@@ play some stuff that i was looking at earlier today . +and , if i want to step back and look at everything , i can sli@@ ce and di@@ ce my history , perhaps by my search history -- here , i was doing some ne@@ po@@ ti@@ stic se@@ arch@@ ing , looking for bing , over here for live lab@@ s pi@@ vo@@ t . +and from these , i can dri@@ ll into the web page and just laun@@ ch them again . +it 's one metaphor re@@ pur@@ posed multiple times , and in each case it makes the whole greater than the sum of the parts with the data . +so right now , in this world , we think about data as being this cur@@ se . +we talk about the cur@@ se of information over@@ load . +we talk about dro@@ w@@ ning in data . +what if we can actually turn that up@@ side down and turn the web up@@ side down , so that instead of navi@@ g@@ ating from one thing to the next , we get used to the hab@@ it of being able to go from many things to many things , and then being able to see the patterns that were otherwise hidden ? +if we can do that , then instead of being tra@@ pped in data , we might actually extra@@ ct information . +and , instead of dealing just with information , we can te@@ ase out knowledge . +and if we get the knowledge , then maybe even there 's wisdom to be found . +so with that , i thank you . +i grew up on a ste@@ ad@@ y diet of science fi@@ ction . +in high school , i took a bus to school an hour each way every day . +and i was always absor@@ bed in a book , science fi@@ ction book , which took my mind to other worl@@ ds , and satis@@ fied , in a narra@@ tive form , this in@@ sa@@ ti@@ able sense of curi@@ osity that i had . +and you know , that curi@@ osity also mani@@ fest@@ ed itself in the fact that whenever i wasn 't in school i was out in the wo@@ ods , hi@@ king and taking " sam@@ ples " -- fro@@ gs and sna@@ kes and bu@@ gs and pon@@ d water -- and bringing it back , looking at it under the microscop@@ e . +you know , i was a real science ge@@ ek . +but it was all about trying to understand the world , understand the limit@@ s of possibility . +and my love of science fi@@ ction actually seemed mir@@ r@@ or@@ ed in the world around me , because what was happening , this was in the late ' 6@@ 0s , we were going to the moon , we were explor@@ ing the deep oceans . +jac@@ ques cou@@ ste@@ au was coming into our living rooms with his amazing speci@@ als that showed us animals and places and a won@@ dr@@ ous world that we could never really have previ@@ ously imag@@ ined . +so , that seemed to res@@ on@@ ate with the whole science fi@@ ction part of it . +and i was an artist . +i could draw . i could paint . +and i found that because there weren 't video games and this sat@@ u@@ ration of c@@ g movies and all of this ima@@ gery in the media landscape , i had to create these images in my head . +you know , we all did , as kids having to read a book , and through the auth@@ or 's descri@@ ption , put something on the movie screen in our heads . +and so , my response to this was to paint , to draw alien creatures , alien worl@@ ds , robots , spac@@ es@@ hi@@ ps , all that stuff . +i was end@@ less@@ ly getting bu@@ sted in math class do@@ od@@ ling behind the text@@ book . +that was -- the creativity had to find its out@@ let somehow . +and an interesting thing happened : the jac@@ ques cou@@ ste@@ au shows actually got me very excited about the fact that there was an alien world right here on earth . +i might not really go to an alien world on a spac@@ es@@ hi@@ p some@@ day -- that seemed pretty dar@@ n un@@ likely . +but that was a world i could really go to , right here on earth , that was as rich and ex@@ o@@ tic as anything that i had imag@@ ined from reading these books . +so , i decided i was going to become a sc@@ u@@ ba di@@ ver at the age of 15 . +and the only problem with that was that i lived in a little village in canada , 600 miles from the ne@@ ar@@ est ocean . +but i didn 't let that da@@ unt me . +i pe@@ ster@@ ed my father until he finally found a sc@@ u@@ ba class in bu@@ ff@@ al@@ o , new york , right across the bor@@ der from where we live . +and i actually got cer@@ ti@@ fied in a pool at a y@@ m@@ ca in the dead of winter in bu@@ ff@@ al@@ o , new york . +and i didn 't see the ocean , a real ocean , for another two years , until we moved to california . +since then , in the interven@@ ing 40 years , i 've spent about 3,000 hours under@@ water , and 500 hours of that was in sub@@ mer@@ si@@ bles . +and i 've learned that that deep@@ -@@ ocean environment , and even the s@@ hal@@ low oceans , are so rich with amazing life that really is beyond our imagination . +nature 's imagination is so bo@@ und@@ less compared to our own me@@ ager human imagination . +i still , to this day , stand in absolute a@@ we of what i see when i make these di@@ ves . +and my love aff@@ air with the ocean is on@@ going , and just as strong as it ever was . +but when i cho@@ se a career as an adult , it was film@@ making . +and that seemed to be the best way to re@@ con@@ ci@@ le this ur@@ ge i had to tell stories with my ur@@ ges to create images . +and i was , as a kid , constantly drawing com@@ ic books , and so on . +so , film@@ making was the way to put pictures and stories together , and that made sense . +and of course the stories that i cho@@ se to tell were science fi@@ ction stories : " ter@@ min@@ ator , " " ali@@ ens " and " the ab@@ y@@ ss . " +and with " the ab@@ y@@ ss , " i was putting together my love of under@@ water and di@@ ving with film@@ making . +so , you know , mer@@ ging the two passi@@ ons . +something interesting came out of " the ab@@ y@@ ss , " which was that to solve a specific narra@@ tive problem on that film , which was to create this kind of liquid water cre@@ ature , we actually embra@@ ced computer gener@@ ated anima@@ tion , c@@ g . +and this resul@@ ted in the first soft@@ -@@ surface character , c@@ g anima@@ tion that was ever in a movie . +and even though the film didn 't make any money -- bar@@ ely broke even , i should say -- i wit@@ n@@ essed something amazing , which is that the audience , the global audience , was mes@@ mer@@ i@@ zed by this appar@@ ent magic . +you know , it 's ar@@ th@@ ur c@@ lar@@ ke 's law that any suff@@ i@@ ci@@ ently advanced technology is indi@@ st@@ ingu@@ is@@ hab@@ le from magic . +they were seeing something ma@@ gical . +and so that got me very excited . +and i thought , " wow , this is something that needs to be embra@@ ced into the c@@ ine@@ matic art . " +so , with " ter@@ min@@ ator 2 , " which was my next film , we took that much far@@ ther . +working with il@@ m , we created the liquid metal du@@ de in that film . the success hung in the balance on whether that effect would work . +and it did , and we created magic again , and we had the same result with an audience -- although we did make a little more money on that one . +so , drawing a line through those two dots of experience came to , " this is going to be a whole new world , " this was a whole new world of creativity for film artists . +so , i started a company with stan win@@ ston , my good friend stan win@@ ston , who is the pre@@ mi@@ er ma@@ ke@@ -up and cre@@ ature designer at that time , and it was called digital do@@ main . +and the concept of the company was that we would le@@ ap@@ fro@@ g past the anal@@ o@@ g processes of op@@ tical pr@@ inter@@ s and so on , and we would go right to digital production . +and we actually did that and it gave us a competi@@ tive advantage for a while . +but we found ourselves la@@ g@@ ging in the mi@@ d ' 9@@ 0s in the cre@@ ature and character design stuff that we had actually fo@@ unded the company to do . +so , i wrote this piece called " a@@ vat@@ ar , " which was meant to absolutely push the en@@ vel@@ op@@ e of visual effects , of c@@ g effects , beyond , with reali@@ stic human emo@@ tive characters gener@@ ated in c@@ g , and the main characters would all be in c@@ g , and the world would be in c@@ g . +and the en@@ vel@@ op@@ e pus@@ hed back , and i was told by the folks at my company that we weren 't going to be able to do this for a while . +so , i shel@@ ved it , and i made this other movie about a big ship that sin@@ ks . +you know , i went and pit@@ ched it to the studio as " ' ro@@ me@@ o and ju@@ lie@@ t ' on a ship : " it 's going to be this epi@@ c roman@@ ce , passionate film . " +secre@@ tly , what i wanted to do was i wanted to di@@ ve to the real w@@ re@@ ck of " ti@@ tan@@ ic . " +and that 's why i made the movie . +and that 's the truth . now , the studio didn 't know that . +but i convinced them . i said , " we 're going to di@@ ve to the w@@ re@@ ck . we 're going to film it for real . +we 'll be using it in the opening of the film . +it will be really important . it will be a great marketing ho@@ ok . " +and i talked them into fund@@ ing an expedi@@ tion . +sounds crazy . but this goes back to that theme about your imagination creating a reality . +because we actually created a reality where six months later , i find myself in a russi@@ an sub@@ mer@@ si@@ ble two and a half miles down in the north atlan@@ tic , looking at the real ti@@ tan@@ ic through a view port . +not a movie , not h@@ d -- for real . +now , that ble@@ w my mind . +and it took a lot of prepar@@ ation , we had to build c@@ ameras and lights and all kinds of things . +but , it stru@@ ck me how much this di@@ ve , these deep di@@ ves , was like a space mission . +you know , where it was highly technical , and it requi@@ red enormous planning . +you get in this cap@@ su@@ le , you go down to this dark ho@@ sti@@ le environment where there is no hope of res@@ cu@@ e if you can 't get back by yourself . +and i thought like , " wow . i 'm like , living in a science fi@@ ction movie . +this is really cool . " +and so , i really got bitten by the bu@@ g of deep@@ -@@ ocean exploration . +of course , the curi@@ osity , the science compon@@ ent of it -- it was everything . it was ad@@ vent@@ ure , it was curi@@ osity , it was imagination . +and it was an experience that hollywood couldn 't give me . +because , you know , i could imagine a cre@@ ature and we could create a visual effect for it . but i couldn 't imagine what i was seeing out that window . +as we did some of our sub@@ sequ@@ ent expedi@@ tions , i was seeing creatures at hydro@@ ther@@ mal v@@ ents and sometimes things that i had never seen before , sometimes things that no one had seen before , that actually were not described by science at the time that we saw them and ima@@ ged them . +so , i was completely s@@ mitten by this , and had to do more . +and so , i actually made a kind of curious decision . +after the success of " ti@@ tan@@ ic , " i said , " ok , i 'm going to park my day job as a hollywood movie maker , and i 'm going to go be a ful@@ l-@@ time explor@@ er for a while . " +and so , we started planning these and we wo@@ und up going to the bis@@ mark , and explor@@ ing it with robo@@ tic vehi@@ cles . +we went back to the ti@@ tan@@ ic w@@ re@@ ck . +we took little bot@@ s that we had created that spo@@ ol@@ ed a fi@@ ber op@@ tic . +and the idea was to go in and do an inter@@ ior survey of that ship , which had never been done . +nobody had ever looked inside the w@@ re@@ ck . they didn 't have the means to do it , so we created technology to do it . +so , you know , here i am now , on the de@@ ck of ti@@ tan@@ ic , sitting in a sub@@ mer@@ si@@ ble , and looking out at plan@@ ks that look much like this , where i knew that the band had played . +and i 'm flying a little robo@@ tic vehicle through the cor@@ ri@@ d@@ or of the ship . +when i say , " i 'm operating it , " but my mind is in the vehicle . +i felt like i was physi@@ cally present inside the shi@@ p@@ w@@ re@@ ck of ti@@ tan@@ ic . +and it was the most sur@@ real kind of de@@ ja v@@ u experience i 've ever had , because i would know before i turned a corner what was going to be there before the lights of the vehicle actually reve@@ aled it , because i had walked the set for months when we were making the movie . +and the set was based as an ex@@ act repli@@ ca on the blu@@ e@@ prin@@ ts of the ship . +so , it was this absolutely remarkable experience . +and it really made me realize that the tele@@ pres@@ ence experience -- that you actually can have these robo@@ tic a@@ vat@@ ars , then your consciousness is inje@@ cted into the vehicle , into this other form of existence . +it was really , really quite profound . +and it may be a little bit of a gli@@ mp@@ se as to what might be happening some decades out as we start to have cy@@ bor@@ g bodies for exploration or for other means in many sort of post-@@ human fu@@ tures that i can imagine , as a science fi@@ ction fan . +so , having done these expedi@@ tions , and really beginning to appreci@@ ate what was down there , such as at the deep ocean v@@ ents where we had these amazing , amazing animals -- they 're basically ali@@ ens right here on earth . +they live in an environment of che@@ mo@@ syn@@ thesis . +they don 't survive on sun@@ ligh@@ t-@@ based system the way we do . +and so , you 're seeing animals that are living next to a 50@@ 0-@@ degre@@ e-@@ centi@@ grade you think they can 't possibly exist . +at the same time i was getting very interested in space science as well -- again , it 's the science fi@@ ction influence , as a kid . +and i wo@@ und up getting involved with the space community , really involved with nasa , sitting on the nasa ad@@ vis@@ ory board , planning actual space mis@@ sions , going to russi@@ a , going through the pre-@@ co@@ s@@ mon@@ aut bi@@ ome@@ di@@ cal proto@@ col@@ s , and all these sorts of things , to actually go and fly to the international space station with our 3d camera systems . +and this was fascinating . +but what i wo@@ und up doing was bringing space scientists with us into the deep . +and taking them down so that they had access -- astro@@ bi@@ ologists , planet@@ ary scientists , people who were interested in these extreme environments -- taking them down to the v@@ ents , and le@@ tting them see , and take sam@@ ples and test instru@@ ments , and so on . +so , here we were making docum@@ ent@@ ary films , but actually doing science , and actually doing space science . +i 'd completely closed the loo@@ p between being the science fi@@ ction fan , you know , as a kid , and doing this stuff for real . +and you know , along the way in this journey of discovery , i learned a lot . +i learned a lot about science . but i also learned a lot now you think director has got to be a leader , leader of , cap@@ tain of the ship , and all that sort of thing . +i didn 't really learn about leadership until i did these expedi@@ tions . +because i had to , at a certain point , say , " what am i doing out here ? +why am i doing this ? what do i get out of it ? " +we don 't make money at these dam@@ n shows . +we bar@@ ely break even . there is no f@@ ame in it . +people sort of think i went away between " ti@@ tan@@ ic " and " a@@ vat@@ ar " and was bu@@ ff@@ ing my na@@ ils some@@ place , sitting at the beach . +made all these films , made all these docum@@ ent@@ ary films for a very limited audience . +no f@@ ame , no gl@@ ory , no money . what are you doing ? +you 're doing it for the task itself , for the challenge -- and the ocean is the most challen@@ ging environment there is -- for the thri@@ ll of discovery , and for that strange bon@@ d that happens when a small group of people form a ti@@ ghtly kn@@ it team . +because we would do these things with 10 , 12 people , working for years at a time , sometimes at sea for two , three months at a time . +and in that bon@@ d , you realize that the most important thing is the respect that you have for them and that they have for you , that you 've done a task that you can 't explain to someone else . +when you come back to the sh@@ ore and you say , " we had to do this , and the fi@@ ber op@@ tic , and the att@@ ent@@ u@@ ation , and the this and the that , all the technology of it , and the diffic@@ ul@@ ty , the human@@ -@@ performance aspe@@ cts of working at sea , " you can 't explain it to people . it 's that thing that maybe cop@@ s have , or people in com@@ bat that have gone through something together and they know they can never explain it . +creates a bon@@ d , creates a bon@@ d of respect . +so , when i came back to make my next movie , which was " a@@ vat@@ ar , " i tried to apply that same principle of leadership , which is that you respect your team , and you ear@@ n their respect in return . +and it really changed the dynamic . +so , here i was again with a small team , in un@@ char@@ ted terri@@ tory , doing " a@@ vat@@ ar , " coming up with new technology that didn 't exist before . +tremend@@ ously exciting . +tremend@@ ously challen@@ ging . +and we became a family , over a four@@ -@@ and-@@ half year period . +and it completely changed how i do movies . +so , people have comm@@ ented on how , " well , you know , you brought back the ocean organisms and put them on the planet of p@@ and@@ or@@ a . " +to me , it was more of a fundamental way of doing business , the process itself , that changed as a result of that . +so , what can we syn@@ thes@@ ize out of all this ? +you know , what are the lessons learned ? +well , i think number one is curi@@ osity . +it 's the most powerful thing you own . +imagination is a force that can actually mani@@ fest a reality . +and the respect of your team is more important than all the lau@@ rel@@ s in the world . +i have young film@@ makers come up to me and say , " give me some ad@@ vice for doing this . " +and i say , " don 't put limit@@ ations on yourself . +other people will do that for you -- don 't do it to yourself , don 't bet against yourself , and take risks . " +nasa has this phr@@ ase that they like : " failure is not an option . " +but failure has to be an option in art and in exploration , because it 's a lea@@ p of faith . +and no important en@@ dea@@ vor that requi@@ red innovation was done without risk . +you have to be willing to take those risks . +so , that 's the thought i would leave you with , is that in whatever you 're doing , failure is an option , but fear is not . thank you . +i 'm going to talk today about energy and climate . +and that might seem a bit surprising because my ful@@ l-@@ time work at the foundation is mostly about vac@@ cin@@ es and see@@ ds , about the things that we need to inv@@ ent and deliver to help the poor@@ est two billion live better lives . +but energy and climate are extremely important to these people -- in fact , more important than to anyone else on the planet . +the climate getting worse means that many years , their cro@@ ps won 't grow : there will be too much rain , not enough rain , things will change in ways that their fra@@ gi@@ le environment simply can 't support . +and that leads to star@@ vation , it leads to un@@ certain@@ ty , it leads to un@@ rest . +so , the climate changes will be terrible for them . +also , the price of energy is very important to them . +in fact , if you could pick just one thing to lower the price of , to reduce poverty , by far you would pick energy . +now , the price of energy has come down over time . +really advanced civilization is based on advan@@ ces in energy . +the coal revolution fu@@ el@@ ed the industrial revolution , and , even in the 19@@ 0@@ 0s we 've seen a very ra@@ pid dec@@ line in the price of electricity , and that 's why we have re@@ fri@@ ger@@ ators , air@@ -@@ condi@@ tion@@ ing , we can make modern materials and do so many things . +and so , we 're in a wonderful situation with electricity in the rich world . +but , as we make it che@@ aper -- and let 's go for making it twice as cheap -- we need to meet a new con@@ stra@@ int , and that con@@ stra@@ int has to do with co2 . +co2 is warming the planet , and the equ@@ ation on co2 is actually a very stra@@ ig@@ ht@@ forward one . +if you sum up the co2 that gets em@@ it@@ ted , that leads to a temperature increase , and that temperature increase leads to some very negative effects : the effects on the weather ; perhaps worse , the indi@@ rect effects , in that the natural eco@@ systems can 't ad@@ just to these ra@@ pid changes , and so you get ecosystem collap@@ ses . +now , the ex@@ act amount of how you map from a certain increase of co2 to what temperature will be and where the positive feed@@ bac@@ ks are , there 's some un@@ certain@@ ty there , but not very much . +and there 's certainly un@@ certain@@ ty about how bad those effects will be , but they will be extremely bad . +i asked the top scientists on this several times : do we really have to get down to near zero ? +can 't we just cut it in half or a quar@@ ter ? +and the answer is that until we get near to zero , the temperature will continue to rise . +and so that 's a big challenge . +it 's very different than saying " we 're a t@@ wel@@ ve-@@ foot@@ -@@ high tru@@ ck trying to get under a ten@@ -@@ foot bridge , and we can just sort of squ@@ ee@@ ze under . " +this is something that has to get to zero . +now , we put out a lot of carbon dio@@ xide every year , over 26 billion tons . +for each american , it 's about 20 tons ; for people in poor countries , it 's less than one ton . +it 's an average of about five tons for everyone on the planet . +and , somehow , we have to make changes that will bring that down to zero . +it 's been constantly going up . +it 's only various economic changes that have even fl@@ atten@@ ed it at all , so we have to go from rapi@@ dly ris@@ ing to fall@@ ing , and fall@@ ing all the way to zero . +this equ@@ ation has four fac@@ tors , a little bit of multi@@ pli@@ cation : so , you 've got a thing on the left , co2 , that you want to get to zero , and that 's going to be based on the number of people , the services each person 's using on average , the energy on average for each service , and the co2 being put out per unit of energy . +so , let 's look at each one of these and see how we can get this down to zero . +probably , one of these numbers is going to have to get pretty near to zero . +now that 's back from high school al@@ ge@@ br@@ a , but let 's take a look . +first , we 've got population . +the world today has 6@@ .@@ 8 billion people . +that 's head@@ ed up to about nine billion . +now , if we do a really great job on new vac@@ cin@@ es , health care , re@@ productive health services , we could lower that by , perhaps , 10 or 15 percent , but there we see an increase of about 1.@@ 3 . +the second factor is the services we use . +this en@@ com@@ pas@@ ses everything : the food we eat , clo@@ thing , tv , he@@ ating . +these are very good things : getting rid of poverty means provi@@ ding these services to almost everyone on the planet . +and it 's a great thing for this number to go up . +in the rich world , perhaps the top one billion , we probably could cut back and use less , but every year , this number , on average , is going to go up , and so , over all , that will more than double the services deli@@ vered per person . +here we have a very basic service : do you have ligh@@ ting in your house to be able to read your home@@ work ? +and , in fact , these kids don 't , so they 're going out and reading their school work under the street lam@@ ps . +now , efficiency , e , the energy for each service , here finally we have some good news . +we have something that 's not going up . +through various inven@@ tions and new ways of doing ligh@@ ting , through different types of cars , different ways of building buildings -- there are a lot of services where you can bring some individual services even bring it down by 90 percent . +there are other services like how we make ferti@@ li@@ zer , or how we do air transport , where the rooms for impro@@ vement are far , far less . +and so , over@@ all here , if we 're optimi@@ stic , we may get a redu@@ ction of a factor of three to even , perhaps , a factor of six . +but for these first three fac@@ tors now , we 've gone from 26 billion to , at best , maybe 13 billion tons , and that just won 't cut it . +so let 's look at this fourth factor -- this is going to be a key one -- and this is the amount of co2 put out per each unit of energy . +and so the question is : can you actually get that to zero ? +if you burn coal , no . +if you burn natural gas , no . +almost every way we make electricity today , except for the emerging rene@@ w@@ ables and nuclear , puts out co2 . +and so , what we 're going to have to do at a global scale , is create a new system . +and so , we need energy mira@@ cles . +now , when i use the term " mira@@ cle , " i don 't mean something that 's impossible . +the micro@@ process@@ or is a mira@@ cle . the personal computer is a mira@@ cle . +the internet and its services are a mira@@ cle . +so , the people here have partici@@ p@@ ated in the creation of many mira@@ cles . +usually , we don 't have a de@@ ad@@ line , where you have to get the mira@@ cle by a certain date . +usually , you just kind of stand by , and some come along , some don 't . +this is a case where we actually have to drive at full speed and get a mira@@ cle in a pretty ti@@ ght ti@@ mel@@ ine . +now , i thought , " how could i really capture this ? +is there some kind of natural illu@@ stration , some demon@@ stration that would gra@@ b people 's imagination here ? " +i thought back to a year ago when i brought mo@@ squ@@ it@@ os , and somehow people enjo@@ yed that . +it really got them involved in the idea of , you know , there are people who live with mo@@ squ@@ it@@ os . +so , with energy , all i could come up with is this . +i decided that rele@@ asing fire@@ flies would be my contribu@@ tion to the environment here this year . +so here we have some natural fire@@ flies . +i 'm told they don 't bi@@ te ; in fact , they might not even leave that j@@ ar . +now , there 's all sorts of gi@@ m@@ mi@@ cky solutions like that one , but they don 't really add up to much . +we need solutions -- either one or several -- that have un@@ belie@@ vable scale and un@@ belie@@ vable reli@@ ability , and , although there 's many direc@@ tions people are see@@ king , i really only see five that can achieve the big numbers . +i 've left out ti@@ de , ge@@ other@@ mal , fusion , bio@@ fu@@ els . +those may make some contribu@@ tion , and if they can do better than i expect , so much the better , but my key point here is that we 're going to have to work on each of these five , and we can 't give up any of them because they look da@@ un@@ ting , because they all have significant challenges . +let 's look first at the burning fossil fu@@ els , either burning coal or burning natural gas . +what you need to do there , seems like it might be simple , but it 's not , and that 's to take all the co2 , after you 've bur@@ ned it , going out the flu@@ e , pres@@ su@@ ri@@ ze it , create a liquid , put it somewhere , and hope it sta@@ ys there . +now we have some pilot things that do this at the 60 to 80 percent level , but getting up to that full percentage , that will be very tri@@ cky , and agre@@ eing on where these co2 quanti@@ ties should be put will be hard , but the tou@@ gh@@ est one here is this long-term issue . +who 's going to be sure ? +who 's going to guar@@ an@@ tee something that is literally billions of times larger than any type of waste you think of in terms of nuclear or other things ? +this is a lot of volu@@ me . +so that 's a tough one . +next would be nuclear . +it also has three big problems : cost , particularly in highly regul@@ ated countries , is high ; the issue of the safety , really feeling good about nothing could go wrong , that , even though you have these human oper@@ ators , that the fuel doesn 't get used for weapons . +and then what do you do with the waste ? +and , although it 's not very large , there are a lot of concern@@ s about that . +so three very tough problems that might be sol@@ vable , and so , should be worked on . +the last three of the five , i 've grou@@ ped together . +these are what people often re@@ fer to as the rene@@ w@@ able sources . +and they actually -- although it 's great they don 't require fuel -- they have some dis@@ advan@@ tages . +one is that the den@@ sity of energy gather@@ ed in these technologies is dra@@ matically less than a power plant . +this is energy far@@ ming , so you 're talking about many square miles , thousands of time more area than you think of as a normal energy plant . +also , these are inter@@ mitt@@ ent sources . +the sun doesn 't sh@@ ine all day , it doesn 't sh@@ ine every day , and , li@@ ke@@ wise , the wind doesn 't b@@ low all the time . +and so , if you dep@@ end on these sources , you have to have some way of getting the energy during those time peri@@ ods that it 's not available . +so , we 've got big cost challenges here , we have trans@@ mission challenges : for example , say this energy source is outside your country ; you not only need the technology , but you have to deal with the risk of the energy coming from el@@ se@@ where . +and , finally , this stor@@ age problem . +and , to dimension@@ alize this , i went through and looked at all the types of bat@@ ter@@ ies that get made -- for cars , for computers , for phones , for flas@@ h@@ lights , for everything -- and compared that to the amount of electrical energy the world uses , and what i found is that all the bat@@ ter@@ ies we make now could store less than 10 minutes of all the energy . +and so , in fact , we need a big break@@ through here , something that 's going to be a factor of 100 better than the approach@@ es we have now . +it 's not impossible , but it 's not a very easy thing . +now , this shows up when you try to get the inter@@ mitt@@ ent source to be above , say , 20 to 30 percent of what you 're using . +if you 're coun@@ ting on it for 100 percent , you need an incredible mira@@ cle battery . +now , how we 're going to go forward on this -- what 's the right approach ? +is it a manhattan project ? what 's the thing that can get us there ? +well , we need lots of companies working on this , hundreds . +in each of these five pa@@ ths , we need at least a hundred people . +and a lot of them , you 'll look at and say , " they 're crazy . " that 's good . +and , i think , here in the ted group , we have many people who are already pur@@ su@@ ing this . +bill gro@@ ss has several companies , including one called es@@ ol@@ ar that has some great solar ther@@ mal technologies . +vin@@ od k@@ ho@@ s@@ la 's invest@@ ing in do@@ zens of companies that are doing great things and have interesting possibilities , and i 'm trying to help back that . +na@@ than my@@ hr@@ v@@ old and i actually are bac@@ king a company that , perhaps surpris@@ ingly , is actually taking the nuclear approach . +there are some innova@@ tions in nuclear : mod@@ ular , liquid . +and innovation really stopped in this industry quite some ago , so the idea that there 's some good ideas la@@ ying around is not all that surprising . +the idea of ter@@ ra@@ power is that , instead of burning a part of ur@@ ani@@ um -- the one percent , which is the u@@ 2@@ 35 -- we decided , " let 's burn the 99 percent , the u@@ 2@@ 3@@ 8 . " +it is kind of a crazy idea . +in fact , people had talked about it for a long time , but they could never simu@@ late proper@@ ly whether it would work or not , and so it 's through the ad@@ vent of modern super@@ computers that now you can simu@@ late and see that , yes , with the right material 's approach , this looks like it would work . +and , because you 're burning that 99 percent , you have great@@ ly impro@@ ved cost profi@@ le . +you actually burn up the waste , and you can actually use as fuel all the le@@ f@@ to@@ ver waste from today 's re@@ ac@@ tors . +so , instead of wor@@ rying about them , you just take that . it 's a great thing . +it brea@@ th@@ es this ur@@ ani@@ um as it goes along , so it 's kind of like a c@@ and@@ le . +you can see it 's a lo@@ g there , often refer@@ red to as a travel@@ ing wave re@@ actor . +in terms of fuel , this really sol@@ ves the problem . +i 've got a picture here of a place in k@@ ent@@ u@@ cky . +this is the le@@ f@@ to@@ ver , the 99 percent , where they 've taken out the part they burn now , so it 's called de@@ ple@@ ted ur@@ ani@@ um . +that would power the u.s. for hundreds of years . +and , simply by fil@@ ter@@ ing se@@ a@@ water in an in@@ expensive process , you 'd have enough fuel for the entire lifetime of the rest of the planet . +so , you know , it 's got lots of challenges ahead , but it is an example of the many hundreds and hundreds of ideas that we need to move forward . +so let 's think : how should we measure ourselves ? +what should our report card look like ? +well , let 's go out to where we really need to get , and then look at the inter@@ medi@@ ate . +for 20@@ 50 , you 've heard many people talk about this 80 percent redu@@ ction . +that really is very important , that we get there . +and that 20 percent will be used up by things going on in poor countries , still some agriculture , hopefully we will have cle@@ an@@ ed up fore@@ stry , c@@ ement . +so , to get to that 80 percent , the developed countries , including countries like china , will have had to switch their electricity generation al@@ together . +so , the other grade is : are we de@@ plo@@ ying this zer@@ o-@@ emis@@ sion technology , have we de@@ plo@@ yed it in all the developed countries and we 're in the process of getting it el@@ se@@ where ? +that 's super important . +that 's a key element of making that report card . +so , bac@@ king up from there , what should the 20@@ 20 report card look like ? +well , again , it should have the two elements . +we should go through these efficiency meas@@ ures to start getting re@@ duc@@ tions : the less we e@@ mit , the less that sum will be of co2 , and , therefore , the less the temperature . +but in some ways , the grade we get there , doing things that don 't get us all the way to the big re@@ duc@@ tions , is only equ@@ ally , or maybe even slightly less , important than the other , which is the piece of innovation on these break@@ through@@ s . +these break@@ through@@ s , we need to move those at full speed , and we can measure that in terms of companies , pilot projects , regul@@ atory things that have been changed . +there 's a lot of great books that have been written about this . +the al gore book , " our choice " and the david m@@ ck@@ ay book , " sustainable energy without the hot air . " +they really go through it and create a frame@@ work that this can be discus@@ sed broad@@ ly , because we need bro@@ ad bac@@ king for this . +there 's a lot that has to come together . +so this is a wish . +it 's a very con@@ cre@@ te wish that we inv@@ ent this technology . +if you gave me only one wish for the next 50 years -- i could pick who 's president , i could pick a v@@ acc@@ ine , which is something i love , or i could pick that this thing that 's half the cost with no co2 gets invented -- this is the wish i would pick . +this is the one with the greatest impact . +if we don 't get this wish , the di@@ vision between the people who think short term and long term will be terrible , between the u.s. and china , between poor countries and rich , and most of all the lives of those two billion will be far worse . +so , what do we have to do ? +what am i appe@@ aling to you to step forward and drive ? +we need to go for more research fund@@ ing . +when countries get together in places like cop@@ en@@ ha@@ gen , they shouldn 't just disc@@ uss the co2 . +they should disc@@ uss this innovation agenda , and you 'd be stun@@ ned at the ridi@@ cul@@ ously low levels of spending on these innovative approach@@ es . +we do need the market in@@ centi@@ ves -- co2 ta@@ x , ca@@ p and trade -- something that gets that price signal out there . +we need to get the message out . +we need to have this dialo@@ gue be a more rational , more under@@ stand@@ able dialo@@ gue , including the steps that the government takes . +this is an important wish , but it is one i think we can achieve . +thank you . +thank you . +thank you . thank you . +thank you . so to understand more about ter@@ ra@@ power , right -- i mean , first of all , can you give a sense of what scale of investment this is ? +bi@@ l gates : to actually do the software , buy the super@@ computer , hi@@ re all the great scientists , which we 've done , that 's only tens of millions , and even once we test our materials out in a russi@@ an re@@ actor to make sure that our materials work proper@@ ly , then you 'll only be up in the hundreds of millions . +the tough thing is building the pilot re@@ actor ; finding the several billion , finding the regul@@ ator , the location that will actually build the first one of these . +once you get the first one built , if it works as adverti@@ sed , then it 's just clear as day , because the economics , the energy den@@ sity , are so different than nuclear as we know it . +and so , to understand it right , this invol@@ ves building deep into the ground almost like a ver@@ tical kind of colum@@ n of nuclear fuel , of this sort of spent ur@@ ani@@ um , and then the process starts at the top and kind of works down ? +b@@ g : that 's right . today , you 're always re@@ fu@@ el@@ ing the re@@ actor , so you have lots of people and lots of contro@@ ls that can go wrong : that thing where you 're opening it up and moving things in and out , that 's not good . +so , if you have very cheap fuel that you can put 60 years in -- just think of it as a lo@@ g -- put it down and not have those same comple@@ xi@@ ties . +and it just si@@ ts there and bur@@ ns for the 60 years , and then it 's done . +it 's a nuclear power plant that is its own waste dis@@ pos@@ al solution . +b@@ g : yeah . well , what happens with the waste , you can let it sit there -- there 's a lot less waste under this approach -- then you can actually take that , and put it into another one and burn that . +and we start off actually by taking the waste that exists today , that 's sitting in these cool@@ ing po@@ ols or dry c@@ asking by re@@ ac@@ tors -- that 's our fuel to begin with . +so , the thing that 's been a problem from those re@@ ac@@ tors is actually what gets f@@ ed into ours , and you 're re@@ duc@@ ing the volu@@ me of the waste quite dra@@ matically as you 're going through this process . +i mean , you 're talking to different people around the world about the possibilities here . +where is there most interest in actually doing something with this ? +b@@ g : well , we haven 't picked a particular place , and there 's all these interesting dis@@ clo@@ sure rules about anything that 's called " nuclear , " so we 've got a lot of interest , that people from the company have been in russi@@ a , india , china -- i 've been back seeing the secre@@ t@@ ary of energy here , talking about how this f@@ its into the energy agenda . +so i 'm optimi@@ stic . you know , the french and japanese have done some work . +this is a vari@@ ant on something that has been done . +it 's an important ad@@ v@@ ance , but it 's like a fast re@@ actor , and a lot of countries have built them , so anybody who 's done a fast re@@ actor is a can@@ di@@ date to be where the first one gets built . +so , in your mind , ti@@ mes@@ c@@ ale and li@@ ke@@ li@@ hood of actually taking something like this live ? +b@@ g : well , we need -- for one of these high-@@ scale , electro@@ -@@ generation things that 's very cheap , we have 20 years to inv@@ ent and then 20 years to de@@ plo@@ y . +that 's sort of the de@@ ad@@ line that the environmental models have shown us that we have to meet . +and , you know , ter@@ ra@@ power , if things go well -- which is wi@@ sh@@ ing for a lot -- could easily meet that . +and there are , fortunately now , do@@ zens of companies -- we need it to be hundreds -- who , li@@ ke@@ wise , if their science goes well , if the fund@@ ing for their pilot plants goes well , that they can compe@@ te for this . +and it 's best if multiple succe@@ ed , because then you could use a mix of these things . +we certainly need one to succe@@ ed . +in terms of big@@ -@@ scale possible game changes , is this the biggest that you 're aware of out there ? +b@@ g : an energy break@@ through is the most important thing . +it would have been , even without the environmental con@@ stra@@ int , but the environmental con@@ stra@@ int just makes it so much greater . +in the nuclear space , there are other inno@@ v@@ ators . +you know , we don 't know their work as well as we know this one , but the mod@@ ular people , that 's a different approach . +there 's a li@@ qui@@ d-@@ type re@@ actor , which seems a little hard , but maybe they say that about us . +and so , there are different ones , but the beauty of this is a molecule of ur@@ ani@@ um has a million times as much energy as a molecule of , say , coal , and so -- if you can deal with the nega@@ tives , which are essentially the radiation -- the foot@@ print and cost , the potential , in terms of effect on land and various things , is almost in a class of its own . +if this doesn 't work , then what ? +do we have to start taking emergen@@ cy meas@@ ures to try and keep the temperature of the earth stable ? +b@@ g : if you get into that situation , it 's like if you 've been over@@ -@@ eating , and you 're about to have a heart attack : then where do you go ? you may need heart surgery or something . +there is a line of research on what 's called ge@@ o@@ engineering , which are various techniques that would del@@ ay the he@@ ating to buy us 20 or 30 years to get our act together . +now , that 's just an in@@ sur@@ ance policy . +you hope you don 't need to do that . +some people say you shouldn 't even work on the in@@ sur@@ ance policy because it might make you la@@ zy , that you 'll keep eating because you know heart surgery will be there to save you . +i 'm not sure that 's wise , given the importance of the problem , but there 's now the ge@@ o@@ engineering discussion about -- should that be in the back po@@ cket in case things happen faster , or this innovation goes a lot slo@@ wer than we expect ? +climate skep@@ tics : if you had a sentence or two to say to them , how might you per@@ su@@ ade them that they 're wrong ? +b@@ g : well , unfortunately , the skep@@ tics come in different cam@@ ps . +the ones who make scientific argu@@ ments are very few . +are they saying that there 's negative feedback effects that have to do with clou@@ ds that off@@ set things ? +there are very , very few things that they can even say there 's a chance in a million of those things . +the main problem we have here , it 's kind of like aids . +you make the mistake now , and you pay for it a lot later . +and so , when you have all sorts of ur@@ gent problems , the idea of taking pain now that has to do with a gain later , and a some@@ what un@@ certain pain thing -- in fact , the i@@ p@@ c@@ c report , that 's not necessarily the worst case , and there are people in the rich world who look at i@@ p@@ c@@ c and say , " ok , that isn 't that big of a deal . " +the fact is it 's that un@@ certain part that should move us towards this . +but my dream here is that , if you can make it economic , and meet the co2 con@@ stra@@ in@@ ts , then the skep@@ tics say , " ok , i don 't care that it doesn 't put out co2 , i kind of wish it did put out co2 , but i guess i 'll accept it because it 's che@@ aper than what 's come before . " +and so , that would be your response to the b@@ j@@ or@@ n l@@ om@@ bor@@ g argument , that basically if you spend all this energy trying to solve the co2 problem , it 's going to take away all your other goals of trying to rid the world of poverty and malaria and so forth , it 's a stupid waste of the earth 's resources to put money towards that when there are better things we can do . +b@@ g : well , the actual spending on the r & amp ; d piece -- say the u.s. should spend 10 billion a year more than it is right now -- it 's not that dra@@ matic . +it shouldn 't take away from other things . +the thing you get into big money on , and this , reas@@ on@@ able people can dis@@ agree , is when you have something that 's non-@@ economic and you 're trying to fund that -- that , to me , mostly is a waste . +unless you 're very close and you 're just fund@@ ing the learning cur@@ ve and it 's going to get very cheap , i believe we should try more things that have a potential to be far less expensive . +if the tra@@ de-@@ off you get into is , " let 's make energy super expensive , " then the rich can afford that . +i mean , all of us here could pay five times as much for our energy and not change our lifest@@ yle . +the disaster is for that two billion . +and even l@@ om@@ bor@@ g has changed . +his sh@@ ti@@ ck now is , " why isn 't the r & amp ; d getting more discus@@ sed ? " +he 's still , because of his earlier stuff , still associated with the skep@@ tic camp , but he 's realized that 's a pretty lon@@ ely camp , and so , he 's making the r & amp ; d point . +and so there is a thre@@ ad of something that i think is appropriate . +the r & amp ; d piece , it 's crazy how little it 's fund@@ ed . +well bill , i sus@@ pe@@ ct i speak on the be@@ half of most people here to say i really hope your wish comes true . thank you so much . +b@@ g : thank you . +several years ago here at ted , peter sk@@ ill@@ man introduced a design challenge called the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low challenge . +and the idea 's pretty simple : teams of four have to build the t@@ all@@ est fre@@ e-@@ standing structure out of 20 sti@@ cks of sp@@ ag@@ he@@ tt@@ i , one y@@ ard of ta@@ pe , one y@@ ard of string and a mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low . +the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low has to be on top . +and , though it seems really simple , it 's actually pretty hard because it forces people to collabor@@ ate very quickly . +and so , i thought this was an interesting idea , and i in@@ cor@@ por@@ ated it into a design work@@ shop . +and it was a huge success . +and since then , i 've condu@@ cted about 70 design work@@ sh@@ ops across the world with students and designers and architec@@ ts , even the c@@ to@@ s of the fortun@@ e 50 , and there 's something about this exercise that reve@@ als very deep lessons about the nature of collaboration , and i 'd like to share some of them with you . +so , normally , most people begin by ori@@ enting themselves to the task . +they talk about it , they figure out what it 's going to look like , they jo@@ ck@@ ey for power . +then they spend some time planning , organi@@ zing , they sk@@ et@@ ch and they lay out sp@@ ag@@ he@@ tt@@ i . +they spend the majority of their time assem@@ bling the sti@@ cks into ever@@ -@@ growing structures . +and then finally , just as they 're running out of time , someone takes out the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low , and then they g@@ ing@@ er@@ ly put it on top , and then they stand back , and -- ta@@ -@@ da ! -- they ad@@ mi@@ re their work . +but what really happens , most of the time , is that the " ta@@ -@@ da " turns into an " u@@ h-@@ oh , " because the weight of the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low causes the entire structure to bu@@ ck@@ le and to collapse . +so there are a number of people who have a lot more " u@@ h-@@ oh " moments than others , and among the worst are recent gradu@@ ates of business school . +they lie , they che@@ at , they get di@@ stra@@ cted and they produce really l@@ ame structures . +and of course there are teams that have a lot more " ta@@ -@@ da " structures , and among the best are recent gradu@@ ates of kinder@@ garten . +and it 's pretty amazing . +as peter tells us , not only do they produce the t@@ all@@ est structures , but they 're the most interesting structures of them all . +so the question you want to ask is : how come ? why ? what is it about them ? +and peter li@@ kes to say that none of the kids spend any time trying to be ce@@ o of sp@@ ag@@ he@@ tt@@ i , in@@ c . right ? +they don 't spend time jo@@ ck@@ e@@ ying for power . +but there 's another reason as well . +and the reason is that business students are trained to find the single right plan , right ? +and then they ex@@ ec@@ ute on it . +and then what happens is , when they put the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low on the top , they run out of time and what happens ? +it 's a crisis . +sound familiar ? right . +what kinder@@ gar@@ ten@@ ers do differently is that they start with the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low , and they build prototyp@@ es , suc@@ c@@ essi@@ ve prototyp@@ es , always keeping the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low on top , so they have multiple times to fix when they build prototyp@@ es along the way . +designers recognize this type of collaboration as the essen@@ ce of the i@@ ter@@ ative process . +and with each version , kids get inst@@ ant feedback about what works and what doesn 't work . +so the capacity to play in prototyp@@ e is really essential , but let 's look at how different teams per@@ form . +so the average for most people is around 20 in@@ ches ; business schools students , about half of that ; law@@ yers , a little better , but not much better than that , kinder@@ gar@@ ten@@ ers , better than most adults . +who does the very best ? +architec@@ ts and engineers , th@@ ank@@ fully . +thir@@ t@@ y-@@ nine in@@ ches is the t@@ all@@ est structure i 've seen . +and why is it ? because they understand tri@@ an@@ gles and self-@@ rein@@ for@@ cing ge@@ om@@ et@@ ri@@ cal patterns are the key to building stable structures . +so ce@@ os , a little bit better than average , but here 's where it gets interesting . +if you put you put an ex@@ ecu@@ tive ad@@ min@@ . on the team , they get signific@@ antly better . +it 's incredible . you know , you look around , you go , " oh , that team 's going to win . " +you can just tell be@@ fore@@ hand . and why is that ? +because they have special skills of facili@@ tation . +they manage the process , they understand the process . +and any team who man@@ ages and pa@@ ys close attention to work will signific@@ antly improve the team 's performance . +speci@@ alized skills and facili@@ tation skills are the combin@@ ation that leads to strong success . +if you have 10 teams that typically per@@ form , you 'll get maybe six or so that have standing structures . +and i tried something interesting . +i thought , let 's up the an@@ te , once . +so i off@@ ered a 10,000 dollar prize of software to the w@@ inning team . +so what do you think happened to these design students ? +what was the result ? +here 's what happened : not one team had a standing structure . +if anyone had built , say , a one in@@ ch structure , they would have taken home the prize . +so , isn 't that interesting ? that high sta@@ kes have a strong impact . +we did the exercise again with the same students . +what do you think happened then ? +so now they understand the value of prototyp@@ ing . +so the same team went from being the very worst to being among the very best . +they produced the t@@ all@@ est structures in the least amount of time . +so there 's deep lessons for us about the nature of in@@ centi@@ ves and success . +so , you might ask : why would anyone actually spend time writing a mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low challenge ? +and the reason is , i help create digital tools and processes to help teams build cars and video games and visual effects . +and what the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low challenge does is it helps them identify the hidden assu@@ mp@@ tions . +because , frank@@ ly , every project has its own mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low , doesn 't it ? +the challenge provi@@ des a shared experience , a common language , a common stance to build the right prototyp@@ e . +and so , this is the value of the experience , of this so simple exercise . +and those of you who are interested may want to go to mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ lo@@ w@@ challen@@ ge@@ .com . +it 's a blog that you can look at how to build the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ lo@@ ws . +there 's ste@@ p-@@ b@@ y-@@ step in@@ struc@@ tions on this . +there are crazy examples from around the world of how people t@@ we@@ ak and ad@@ just the system . +there 's world recor@@ ds that are on this as well . +and the fundamental lesson , i believe , is that design truly is a contact sport . +it dem@@ ands that we bring all of our senses to the task , and that we apply the very best of our thinking , our feeling and our doing to the challenge that we have at hand . +and sometimes , a little prototyp@@ e of this experience is all that it takes to turn us from an " u@@ h-@@ oh " moment to a " ta@@ -@@ da " moment . +and that can make a big difference . +thank you very much . +let 's pre@@ tend right here we have a machine . +a big machine , a cool , ted-@@ ish machine , and it 's a time machine . +and everyone in this room has to get into it . +and you can go back@@ wards , you can go for@@ wards ; you cannot stay where you are . +and i wonder what you 'd choose , because i 've been asking my friends this question a lot l@@ ately and they all want to go back . +i don 't know . they want to go back before there were automo@@ bil@@ es or twitter or " american i@@ do@@ l . " +i don 't know . +i 'm convinced that there 's some sort of pull to no@@ stal@@ gi@@ a , to wi@@ sh@@ ful thinking . +and i understand that . +i 'm not part of that crowd , i have to say . +i don 't want to go back , and it 's not because i 'm ad@@ vent@@ ur@@ ous . +it 's because possibilities on this planet , they don 't go back , they go forward . +so i want to get in the machine , and i want to go forward . +this is the greatest time there 's ever been on this planet by any measure that you wish to choose : health , wealth , mo@@ bility , opportunity , dec@@ lin@@ ing rates of disease ... +there 's never been a time like this . +my great@@ -@@ grand@@ parents died , all of them , by the time they were 60 . +my grand@@ parents pus@@ hed that number to 70 . +my parents are clo@@ sing in on 80 . +so there better be a nine at the beginning of my death number . +but it 's not even about people like us , because this is a bigger deal than that . +a kid born in new del@@ hi today can expect to live as long as the rich@@ est man in the world did 100 years ago . +think about that , it 's an incredible fact . +and why is it true ? +small@@ po@@ x . small@@ po@@ x killed billions of people on this planet . +it res@@ ha@@ ped the demo@@ graph@@ y of the glo@@ be in a way that no war ever has . +it 's gone . it 's van@@ ished . +we van@@ qu@@ ished it . pu@@ ff . +in the rich world , diseases that thre@@ at@@ en@@ ed millions of us just a generation ago no longer exist , har@@ dly . +di@@ ph@@ ther@@ ia , ru@@ b@@ ell@@ a , polio ... +does anyone even know what those things are ? +vac@@ cin@@ es , modern medicine , our ability to feed billions of people , those are tri@@ um@@ ph@@ s of the scientific method . +and to my mind , the scientific method -- trying stuff out , seeing if it works , changing it when it doesn 't -- is one of the great ac@@ compli@@ sh@@ ments of humanity . +so that 's the good news . +unfortunately , that 's all the good news because there are some other problems , and they 've been mentioned many times . +and one of them is that despite all our ac@@ compli@@ sh@@ ments , a billion people go to bed hun@@ gry in this world every day . +that number 's ris@@ ing , and it 's ris@@ ing really rapi@@ dly , and it 's dis@@ gra@@ ce@@ ful . +and not only that , we 've used our imagination to th@@ or@@ ough@@ ly tr@@ ash this glo@@ be . +po@@ table water , ar@@ able land , rain@@ fore@@ sts , oil , gas : they 're going away , and they 're going away soon , and unless we inno@@ v@@ ate our way out of this m@@ ess , we 're going away too . +so the question is : can we do that ? and i think we can . +i think it 's clear that we can make food that will feed billions of people without ra@@ ping the land that they live on . +i think we can power this world with energy that doesn 't also destro@@ y it . +i really do believe that , and , no , it a@@ in 't wi@@ sh@@ ful thinking . +but here 's the thing that kee@@ ps me up at night -- one of the things that kee@@ ps me up at night : we 've never needed progress in science more than we need it right now . never . +and we 've also never been in a position to de@@ plo@@ y it proper@@ ly in the way that we can today . +we 're on the ver@@ ge of amazing , amazing events in many fields , and yet i actually think we 'd have to go back hundreds , 300 years , before the en@@ ligh@@ ten@@ ment , to find a time when we bat@@ t@@ led progress , when we f@@ ought about these things more vi@@ gor@@ ously , on more fron@@ ts , than we do now . +people wra@@ p themselves in their belie@@ fs , and they do it so ti@@ ghtly that you can 't set them free . +not even the truth will set them free . +and , listen , everyone 's enti@@ t@@ led to their opini@@ on ; they 're even enti@@ t@@ led to their opini@@ on about progress . +but you know what you 're not enti@@ t@@ led to ? +you 're not enti@@ t@@ led to your own facts . sorry , you 're not . +and this took me a@@ while to figure out . +about a decade ago , i wrote a story about vac@@ cin@@ es for the new yor@@ ker . a little story . +and i was ama@@ zed to find op@@ position : op@@ position to what is , after all , the most effective public health measure in human history . +i didn 't know what to do , so i just did what i do : i wrote a story and i moved on . +and soon after that , i wrote a story about gene@@ tically engine@@ ered food . +same thing , only bigger . +people were going crazy . +so i wrote a story about that too , and i couldn 't understand why people thought this was " fran@@ ken@@ fo@@ ods , " why they thought moving molecules around in a specific , rather than a ha@@ p@@ ha@@ z@@ ard way , was tr@@ es@@ pas@@ sing on nature 's ground . +but , you know , i do what i do . i wrote the story , i moved on . +i mean , i 'm a journalist . +we type , we fi@@ le , we go to dinner . it 's fine . +but these stories bo@@ ther@@ ed me , and i couldn 't figure out why , and eventually i did . +and that 's because those fan@@ a@@ tics that were driving me crazy weren 't actually fan@@ a@@ tics at all . +they were thou@@ ght@@ ful people , educ@@ ated people , de@@ cent people . +they were exactly like the people in this room . +and it just dist@@ ur@@ bed me so much . +but then i thought , you know , let 's be honest . +we 're at a point in this world where we don 't have the same relationship to progress that we used to . +we talk about it ambi@@ val@@ ently . +we talk about it in ir@@ onic terms with little quot@@ es around it : " progress . " +okay , there are reasons for that , and i think we know what those reasons are . +we 've lost faith in institutions , in auth@@ ority , and sometimes in science itself , and there 's no reason we shouldn 't have . +you can just say a few names and people will understand . +cher@@ no@@ by@@ l , b@@ hop@@ al , the challen@@ ger , vi@@ ox@@ x , weapons of mass destruction , han@@ ging cha@@ ds . +you know , you can choose your list . +there are questions and problems with the people we used to believe were always right , so be skep@@ tical . +ask questions , demand pro@@ of , demand evidence . +don 't take anything for gran@@ ted . +but here 's the thing : when you get pro@@ of , you need to accept the pro@@ of , and we 're not that good at doing that . +and the reason that i can say that is because we 're now in an epidemic of fear like one i 've never seen and hope never to see again . +about 12 years ago , there was a story published , a horri@@ ble story , that lin@@ ked the epidemic of autis@@ m to the meas@@ les , mu@@ mp@@ s and ru@@ b@@ ell@@ a v@@ acc@@ ine shot . +very sc@@ ary . +tons of studies were done to see if this was true . +tons of studies should have been done ; it 's a serious issue . +the data came back . +the data came back from the united states , from england , from swe@@ den , from canada , and it was all the same : no cor@@ relation , no connection , none at all . +it doesn 't matter . it doesn 't matter because we believe an@@ ec@@ d@@ ot@@ es , we believe what we see , what we think we see , what makes us feel real . +we don 't believe a bunch of docum@@ ents from a government offi@@ cial giving us data , and i do understand that , i think we all do . +but you know what ? +the result of that has been dis@@ a@@ str@@ ous . +dis@@ a@@ str@@ ous because here 's a fact : the united states is one of the only countries in the world where the v@@ acc@@ ine rate for meas@@ les is going down . +that is dis@@ gra@@ ce@@ ful , and we should be as@@ ham@@ ed of ourselves . +it 's horri@@ ble . +what kind of a thing happened that we could do that ? +now , i understand it . i do understand it . +because , did anyone have meas@@ les here ? +has one person in this audience ever seen someone die of meas@@ les ? +doesn 't happen very much . +doesn 't happen in this country at all , but it happened 16@@ 0,000 times in the world last year . +that 's a lot of death of meas@@ les -- 20 an hour . +but since it didn 't happen here , we can put it out of our minds , and people like jen@@ ny mc@@ car@@ thy can go around pre@@ ach@@ ing mes@@ sages of fear and il@@ liter@@ acy from plat@@ forms like " op@@ ra@@ h " and " lar@@ ry king live . " +and they can do it because they don 't link cau@@ sation and cor@@ relation . +they don 't understand that these things seem the same , but they 're almost never the same . +and it 's something we need to learn , and we need to learn it really soon . +this guy was a hero , jon@@ as sal@@ k . +he took one of the worst sc@@ our@@ ges of man@@ kind away from us . +no fear , no ag@@ ony . polio -- pu@@ ff , gone . +that guy in the middle , not so much . +his name is paul off@@ it . +he just developed a ro@@ ta@@ virus v@@ acc@@ ine with a bunch of other people . +it 'll save the lives of 400 to 50@@ 0,000 kids in the developing world every year . +pretty good , right ? +well , it 's good , except that paul goes around talking about vac@@ cin@@ es and says how valuable they are and that people ought to just stop the wh@@ ining . +and he actually says it that way . +so , paul 's a terror@@ ist . +when paul spea@@ ks in a public hearing , he can 't te@@ sti@@ fy without ar@@ med gu@@ ards . +he gets called at home because people like to tell him that they remember where his kids go to school . +and why ? because paul made a v@@ acc@@ ine . +i don 't need to say this , but vac@@ cin@@ es are essential . +you take them away , disease comes back , horri@@ ble diseases . and that 's happening . +we have meas@@ les in this country now . +and it 's getting worse , and pretty soon kids are going to die of it again because it 's just a numbers game . +and they 're not just going to die of meas@@ les . +what about polio ? let 's have that . why not ? +a college class@@ mate of mine wrote me a couple weeks ago and said she thought i was a little stri@@ dent . +no one 's ever said that before . +she wasn 't going to vac@@ cin@@ ate her kid against polio , no way . +fine . +why ? because we don 't have polio . and you know what ? +we didn 't have polio in this country yesterday . +today , i don 't know , maybe a guy got on a plane in la@@ gos this morning , and he 's flying to la@@ x , right now he 's over o@@ hi@@ o . +and he 's going to land in a couple of hours , he 's going to r@@ ent a car , and he 's going to come to long beach , and he 's going to att@@ end one of these fab@@ ul@@ ous ted din@@ ners ton@@ ight . +and he doesn 't know that he 's infe@@ cted with a paraly@@ tic disease , and we don 't either because that 's the way the world works . +that 's the planet we live on . don 't pre@@ tend it isn 't . +now , we love to wra@@ p ourselves in lies . we love to do it . +everyone take their vi@@ tam@@ ins this morning ? +e@@ chin@@ ac@@ e@@ a , a little anti@@ o@@ xi@@ d@@ ant to get you going . +i know you did because half of americans do every day . +they take the stuff , and they take alternative medi@@ cin@@ es , and it doesn 't matter how often we find out that they 're us@@ eless . +the data says it all the time . +they dar@@ ken your ur@@ ine . they almost never do more than that . +it 's okay , you want to pay 28 billion dollars for dark ur@@ ine ? +i 'm totally with you . +dark ur@@ ine . dark . +why do we do that ? why do we do that ? +well , i think i understand , we hate big phar@@ ma . +we hate big government . we don 't trust the man . +and we shouldn 't : our health care system su@@ cks . +it 's cru@@ el to millions of people . +it 's absolutely ast@@ on@@ ish@@ ingly cold and sou@@ l-@@ ben@@ ding to those of us who can even afford it . +so we run away from it , and where do we run ? +we lea@@ p into the arms of big plac@@ e@@ bo . +that 's fantastic . i love big plac@@ e@@ bo . +but , you know , it 's really a serious thing because this stuff is cra@@ p , and we spend billions of dollars on it . +and i have all sorts of little pro@@ ps here . +none of it ... g@@ in@@ k@@ go , fr@@ au@@ d ; e@@ chin@@ ac@@ e@@ a , fr@@ au@@ d ; ac@@ ai -- i don 't even know what that is but we 're spending billions of dollars on it -- it 's fr@@ au@@ d . +and you know what ? when i say this stuff , people scre@@ am at me , and they say , " what do you care ? let people do what they want to do . +it makes them feel good . " +and you know what ? you 're wrong . +because i don 't care if it 's the secre@@ t@@ ary of h@@ h@@ s who 's saying , " h@@ mm , i 'm not going to take the evidence of my experts on mammo@@ gra@@ ms , " or some cancer qu@@ ack who wants to treat his patient with coffee en@@ em@@ as . +when you start down the road where belief and magic replace evidence and science , you end up in a place you don 't want to be . +you end up in th@@ ab@@ o m@@ be@@ ki south africa . +he killed 40@@ 0,000 of his people by insi@@ sting that be@@ et@@ ro@@ ot , gar@@ lic and le@@ mon oil were much more effective than the anti@@ retro@@ vi@@ ral drugs we know can slow the course of aids . +hundreds of thousands of need@@ less dea@@ ths in a country that has been pla@@ gu@@ ed worse than any other by this disease . +please , don 't tell me there are no consequences to these things . +there are . there always are . +now , the most min@@ d@@ less epidemic we 're in the middle of right now is this ab@@ sur@@ d battle between pro@@ pon@@ ents of gene@@ tically engine@@ ered food and the organic eli@@ te . +it 's an i@@ dio@@ tic debate . it has to stop . +it 's a debate about words , about metaph@@ ors . +it 's ide@@ ology , it 's not science . +every single thing we eat , every grain of ri@@ ce , every sp@@ ri@@ g of par@@ s@@ ley , every br@@ us@@ sel@@ s spr@@ out has been modi@@ fied by man . +you know , there weren 't tan@@ ger@@ ines in the garden of e@@ den . +there wasn 't any can@@ tal@@ ou@@ pe . +there weren 't christ@@ mas trees . we made it all . +we made it over the last 1@@ 1,000 years . +and some of it worked , and some of it didn 't . +we got rid of the stuff that didn 't . +now we can do it in a more pre@@ cise way -- and there are risks , absolutely -- but we can put something like vi@@ tam@@ in a into ri@@ ce , and that stuff can help millions of people , millions of people , pro@@ long their lives . +you don 't want to do that ? +i have to say , i don 't understand it . +we object to gene@@ tically engine@@ ered food . +why do we do that ? +well , the things i constantly hear are : too many chemicals , pe@@ sti@@ ci@@ des , hor@@ mon@@ es , mon@@ o@@ culture , we don 't want giant fields of the same thing , that 's wrong . +we don 't companies pat@@ enting life . +we don 't want companies ow@@ ning see@@ ds . +and you know what my response to all of that is ? +yes , you 're right . let 's fix it . +it 's true , we 've got a huge food problem , but this isn 't science . +this has nothing to do with science . +it 's law , it 's mor@@ ality , it 's patent stuff . +you know science isn 't a company . +it 's not a country . +it 's not even an idea ; it 's a process . +it 's a process , and sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn 't , but the idea that we should not allow science to do its job because we 're afraid , is really very dea@@ den@@ ing , and it 's pre@@ vent@@ ing millions of people from pro@@ sp@@ ering . +you know , in the next 50 years we 're going to have to grow 70 percent more food than we do right now , 70 percent . +this investment in africa over the last 30 years . +dis@@ gra@@ ce@@ ful . dis@@ gra@@ ce@@ ful . +they need it , and we 're not giving it to them . +and why ? gene@@ tically engine@@ ered food . +we don 't want to encoura@@ ge people to eat that ro@@ tten stuff , like cas@@ sa@@ va for instance . +cas@@ sa@@ va 's something that half a billion people eat . +it 's kind of like a po@@ ta@@ to . +it 's just a bunch of cal@@ ories . it su@@ cks . +it doesn 't have nutri@@ ents , it doesn 't have protein , and scientists are engineering all of that into it right now . +and then people would be able to eat it and they 'd be able to not go blind . +they wouldn 't star@@ ve , and you know what ? +that would be nice . it wouldn 't be che@@ z pan@@ is@@ se , but it would be nice . +and all i can say about this is : why are we fighting it ? +i mean , let 's ask ourselves : why are we fighting it ? +because we don 't want to move genes around ? +this is about moving genes around . it 's not about chemicals . +it 's not about our ridi@@ cul@@ ous passion for hor@@ mon@@ es , our insi@@ st@@ ence on having bigger food , better food , sing@@ ular food . +this isn 't about ri@@ ce kr@@ is@@ pi@@ es , this is about keeping people alive , and it 's about time we started to understand what that meant . +because , you know something ? +if we don 't , if we continue to act the way we 're acting , we 're gu@@ il@@ ty of something that i don 't think we want to be gu@@ il@@ ty of : high-@@ tech col@@ oni@@ alism . +there 's no other way to describe what 's going on here . +it 's sel@@ fish , it 's ug@@ ly , it 's bene@@ ath us , and we really have to stop it . +so after this ama@@ z@@ ingly fun conversation , you might want to say , " so , you still want to get in this ridi@@ cul@@ ous time machine and go forward ? " +absolutely . absolutely , i do . +it 's stuck in the present right now , but we have an amazing opportunity . +we can set that time machine on anything we want . +we can move it where we want to move it , and we 're going to move it where we want to move it . +we have to have these conver@@ sa@@ tions and we have to think , but when we get in the time machine and we go ahead , we 're going to be happy we do . +i know that we can , and as far as i 'm concerned , that 's something the world needs right now . +thank you . +thank you . +for some time i have been interested in the plac@@ e@@ bo effect , which might seem like an od@@ d thing for a ma@@ gi@@ cian to be interested in , unless you think of it in the terms that i do , which is , " something fa@@ ke is believed in enough by somebody that it becomes something real . " +in other words , sugar p@@ ills have a meas@@ ur@@ able effect in certain kinds of studies , the plac@@ e@@ bo effect , just because the person thinks that what 's happening to them is a pharma@@ ce@@ u@@ tical or some sort of a -- for pain management , for example , if they believe it enough there is a meas@@ ur@@ able effect in the body called the plac@@ e@@ bo effect . +something fa@@ ke becomes something real because of someone 's perception of it . +in order for us to understand each other , i want to start by showing you a ru@@ di@@ ment@@ ary , very simple magic trick . +and i 'm going to show you how it works . this is a trick that 's been in every children 's magic book since at least the 195@@ 0s . +i learned it myself from cu@@ b sc@@ out magic in the 197@@ 0s . +i 'll do it for you , and then i 'll explain it . +and then i 'll explain why i expla@@ ined it . +so , here 's what happens . +the kni@@ fe , which you can exam@@ ine ; my hand , which you could exam@@ ine . +i 'm just going to hold the kni@@ fe in my f@@ ist like this . +i 'll get my sle@@ e@@ ve back . +and to make sure nothing goes up or down my sle@@ e@@ ve i 'm just going to squ@@ ee@@ ze my wr@@ ist right here . +that way you can see that at no time can anything travel , as long as i 'm squ@@ ee@@ zing there nothing can go up or down my sle@@ e@@ ve . +and the object of this is quite simple . +i 'm going to open my hand , and hopefully , if all is well , my p@@ ure animal magne@@ tis@@ m will hold the kni@@ fe . +in fact it 's held so ti@@ ghtly in place that i can sha@@ ke it , and the kni@@ fe does not come off . +nothing goes up or down my sle@@ e@@ ve , no tri@@ cker@@ y . and you can exam@@ ine everything . +ta@@ -@@ da ! +so , this is a trick that i often teach to young children that are interested in magic , because you can learn a great deal about de@@ ception by studying this very -- even though it 's a very simple trick metho@@ d@@ ologi@@ cally . +probably many of you in the room know this trick . +what happens is this . +i hold the kni@@ fe in my hand . +i say i 'm going to gra@@ b hold of my wr@@ ist to make sure nothing goes up or down my sle@@ e@@ ve , that is a lie . +the reason i 'm holding onto my wr@@ ist is because that 's actually the secret of the illusion . +in a moment when my hand moves from facing you to being away from you , this finger right here , my inde@@ x finger is just going to shift from where it is , to a position poin@@ ting out like this . +nice one . +someone who didn 't have a childhood is out there . +so , it goes like this , from here , right . +and as i move around my finger shif@@ ts . +and we could talk about why this is de@@ cep@@ tive , why you don 't notice there are only three fing@@ ers down here , because the mind , and the way it processes information , it doesn 't count , one , two , three . it groups them . +but that 's not really what this is about . right ? and then i open my hand up . +obviously it 's cl@@ inging there , not by animal magne@@ tis@@ m , but by chic@@ an@@ ery , my inde@@ x finger being there . +and then when i close my finger , same thing , as i move back , this motion kind of co@@ vers the moving back of my finger . +i take this hand away . you give the kni@@ fe out . +there is a trick you can do for your friends and neighb@@ ors . thanks . +now , what does that have to do with the plac@@ e@@ bo effect ? +i read a study a year or so ago that really ble@@ w my mind wide open . +i 'm not a doctor or a resear@@ cher , so this , to me , was an ast@@ on@@ ishing thing . +it turns out that if you ad@@ minister a plac@@ e@@ bo in the form of a white p@@ ill , that 's like as@@ pir@@ in sha@@ ped -- it 's just a round white p@@ ill -- it has some certain meas@@ ur@@ able effect . +but if you change the form that you give the plac@@ e@@ bo in , like you make a smaller p@@ ill , and color it blue , and stam@@ p a letter into it , it is actually meas@@ ur@@ ably more effective . +even though nei@@ ther one of these things has any pharma@@ ce@@ u@@ tical -- they 're sugar p@@ ills . +but a white p@@ ill is not as good as a blue p@@ ill . +what ? that really fli@@ pped me out . +turns out though , that that 's not even where it st@@ ops . +if you have cap@@ su@@ les , they 're more effective than tab@@ lets in any form . +a color@@ ed cap@@ su@@ le , that 's yellow on one end and red on the other is better than a white cap@@ su@@ le . +do@@ sage has something to do with this . +one p@@ ill twice a day is not as good at three p@@ ills -- i don 't remember the stati@@ stic now . sorry . +but the point is ... +... these do@@ sages have something to do with it . +and the form has something to do with it . +and if you want the ulti@@ mate in plac@@ e@@ bo , you 've go to the need@@ le . +right ? a sy@@ r@@ inge with some in@@ ert -- a couple c@@ cs of some in@@ ert something , and you inje@@ ct this into a patient ... +well this is such a powerful image in their mind , it 's so much stron@@ ger than the white p@@ ill . +it 's a really , this graph , well i 'll show it to you some other time when we have sli@@ des . +the point is the white p@@ ill is not as good as the blue p@@ ill is not as good as the cap@@ su@@ le is not as good as the need@@ le . +and none of it has any real pharma@@ ce@@ u@@ tical quality , it 's only your belief that makes it real in your body and makes a stron@@ ger effect . +i wanted to see if i could take that idea and apply it to a magic trick . +and take something that is obviously a fa@@ ke trick and make it seem real . +and we know from that study that when you want reality , you go to the need@@ le . +this is a se@@ ven@@ -@@ in@@ ch hat@@ p@@ in . it 's very , very shar@@ p , and i 'm going to just ster@@ ili@@ ze it a tiny bit . +this is really my fl@@ es@@ h . this is not dam@@ ian 's speci@@ al-@@ grown fl@@ es@@ h . +that 's my skin right there . this is not a hollywood special effect . +i 'm going to pi@@ er@@ ce my skin and run this need@@ le through to the other side . +if you 're qu@@ easy -- if you fa@@ int easily -- i was doing this for some friends in the hotel room last night , and some people that i didn 't know , and one woman almost passed out . +so , i suggest if you get qu@@ easy easy that you look away for about the next 30 -- in fact , you know what , i 'll do the first bad part behind it . +you 'll get to see , you can look away too if you 'd like to . +so , here is what happens , right here , the beginning of my fl@@ es@@ h at the lower part of my arm i just make a little pi@@ er@@ ce . +i 'm sorry , man . am i fre@@ a@@ king you out ? +ok , and then just through my skin a tiny bit , and then out the other side like this . +now , essentially we 're in the same position we were in with the kni@@ fe trick . +sort of . +but you can 't count my fing@@ ers right now can you ? +so , let me show them to you . that 's one , two three , four , five . +yes , well ... +i know what people think when they see this . +they go , " well , he 's certainly not du@@ m@@ b enough to stab himself through the skin to enter@@ tain us for a few minutes . +so , let me give you a little pe@@ ek . +how 's that look out there ? pretty good . +yeah , i know . +and the people in the back go , " ok , i didn 't really see that . " +people in the satelli@@ te room are starting to move in now . +let me give you good close look at this . +that really is my skin . that is not a hollywood special effect . +that 's my fl@@ es@@ h , and i can twi@@ st that around . +i 'm sorry . if you 're getting qu@@ easy , look away , don 't look at the thing . +people in the back or people on video years from now watching this will go , " well yeah , that looks kind of ne@@ at in some sort of effect there , but if it were real he would be -- see there 's a hole there and a hole there , if it were real he would be ble@@ eding . +well let me work up some blood for you . +yes , there it is . +normally now , i would take the need@@ le out . +i would clean off my arm , and i would show you that there are no wo@@ unds . +but i think in this context and with the idea of taking something fa@@ ke and making it into something real , i 'm just going to leave it there , and walk off the stage . +i will be seeing you several times over the next few days . +i hope you 're looking forward to that . thank you very much . +everybody talks about happiness these days . +i had somebody count the number of books with " happiness " in the ti@@ tle published in the last five years and they gave up after about 40 , and there were many more . +there is a huge wave of interest in happiness , among researchers . +there is a lot of happiness co@@ ach@@ ing . +everybody would like to make people happ@@ ier . +but in spi@@ te of all this flo@@ od of work , there are several cognitive tra@@ ps that sort of make it almost impossible to think straight about happiness . +and my talk today will be mostly about these cognitive tra@@ ps . +this app@@ lies to la@@ y@@ people thinking about their own happiness , and it app@@ lies to sch@@ ol@@ ars thinking about happiness , because it turns out we 're just as mess@@ ed up as anybody else is . +the first of these tra@@ ps is a rel@@ u@@ c@@ tan@@ ce to ad@@ mit complexity . +it turns out that the word " happiness " is just not a useful word anymore , because we apply it to too many different things . +i think there is one particular meaning to which we might restri@@ ct it , but by and large , this is something that we 'll have to give up and we 'll have to adop@@ t the more complicated view of what well-@@ being is . +the second tra@@ p is a con@@ fusion between experience and memory ; basically , it 's between being happy in your life , and being happy about your life or happy with your life . +and those are two very different concep@@ ts , and they 're both l@@ um@@ ped in the notion of happiness . +and the third is the foc@@ using illusion , and it 's the un@@ fortun@@ ate fact that we can 't think about any circum@@ stance that affec@@ ts well-@@ being without di@@ stor@@ ting its importance . +i mean , this is a real cognitive tra@@ p . +there 's just no way of getting it right . +now , i 'd like to start with an example of somebody who had a questi@@ on-@@ and-@@ answer s@@ ession after one of my lec@@ tures repor@@ ted a story , and that was a story -- he said he 'd been listening to a sym@@ ph@@ ony , and it was absolutely gl@@ ori@@ ous music and at the very end of the recor@@ ding , there was a dre@@ ad@@ ful scre@@ ech@@ ing sound . +and then he ad@@ ded , really quite emotion@@ ally , it ru@@ ined the whole experience . +but it hadn 't . +what it had ru@@ ined were the memor@@ ies of the experience . +he had had the experience . +he had had 20 minutes of gl@@ ori@@ ous music . +they coun@@ ted for nothing because he was left with a memory ; the memory was ru@@ ined , and the memory was all that he had gotten to keep . +what this is telling us , really , is that we might be thinking of ourselves and of other people in terms of two selves . +there is an experi@@ en@@ cing self , who lives in the present and knows the present , is capable of re-@@ living the past , but basically it has only the present . +it 's the experi@@ en@@ cing self that the doctor approach@@ es -- you know , when the doctor as@@ ks , " does it hurt now when i touch you here ? " +and then there is a remem@@ ber@@ ing self , and the remem@@ ber@@ ing self is the one that kee@@ ps sc@@ ore , and main@@ tains the story of our life , and it 's the one that the doctor approach@@ es in asking the question , " how have you been feeling l@@ ately ? " +or " how was your trip to al@@ b@@ ania ? " or something like that . +those are two very different enti@@ ties , the experi@@ en@@ cing self and the remem@@ ber@@ ing self , and getting conf@@ used between them is part of the m@@ ess about the notion of happiness . +now , the remem@@ ber@@ ing self is a story@@ t@@ eller . +and that really starts with a basic response of our memor@@ ies -- it starts immediately . +we don 't only tell stories when we set out to tell stories . +our memory tells us stories , that is , what we get to keep from our experiences is a story . +and let me begin with one example . +this is an old study . +those are actual patients under@@ going a pain@@ ful proce@@ d@@ ure . +i won 't go into detail . it 's no longer pain@@ ful these days , but it was pain@@ ful when this study was run in the 199@@ 0s . +they were asked to report on their pain every 60 seconds . +here are two patients , those are their recor@@ dings . +and you are asked , " who of them suff@@ ered more ? " +and it 's a very easy question . +clearly , patient b suff@@ ered more -- his col@@ on@@ o@@ scop@@ y was longer , and every minute of pain that patient a had , patient b had , and more . +but now there is another question : " how much did these patients think they suff@@ ered ? " +and here is a surprise . +the surprise is that patient a had a much worse memory of the col@@ on@@ o@@ scop@@ y than patient b . +the stories of the col@@ on@@ o@@ scop@@ ies were different , and because a very critical part of the story is how it ends . +and nei@@ ther of these stories is very in@@ spir@@ ing or great -- but one of them is this distin@@ ct ... +but one of them is distin@@ ctly worse than the other . +and the one that is worse is the one where pain was at its peak at the very end ; it 's a bad story . +how do we know that ? +because we asked these people after their col@@ on@@ o@@ scop@@ y , and much later , too , " how bad was the whole thing , in total ? " +and it was much worse for a than for b , in memory . +now this is a direct conflict between the experi@@ en@@ cing self and the remem@@ ber@@ ing self . +from the point of view of the experi@@ en@@ cing self , clearly , b had a worse time . +now , what you could do with patient a , and we actually ran clinical experiments , and it has been done , and it does work -- you could actually ex@@ tend the col@@ on@@ o@@ scop@@ y of patient a by just keeping the tube in without j@@ ig@@ gling it too much . +that will cause the patient to suff@@ er , but just a little and much less than before . +and if you do that for a couple of minutes , you have made the experi@@ en@@ cing self of patient a worse off , and you have the remem@@ ber@@ ing self of patient a a lot better off , because now you have en@@ do@@ wed patient a with a better story about his experience . +what defin@@ es a story ? +and that is true of the stories that memory deli@@ vers for us , and it 's also true of the stories that we make up . +what defin@@ es a story are changes , significant moments and end@@ ings . +end@@ ings are very , very important and , in this case , the en@@ ding domin@@ ated . +now , the experi@@ en@@ cing self lives its life continu@@ ously . +it has moments of experience , one after the other . +and you can ask : what happens to these moments ? +and the answer is really stra@@ ig@@ ht@@ forward : they are lost forever . +i mean , most of the moments of our life -- and i calcul@@ ated , you know , the psych@@ ological present is said to be about three seconds long ; that means that , you know , in a life there are about 600 million of them ; in a month , there are about 6@@ 0@@ 0,000 -- most of them don 't leave a tra@@ ce . +most of them are completely ignor@@ ed by the remem@@ ber@@ ing self . +and yet , somehow you get the sense that they should count , that what happens during these moments of experience is our life . +it 's the fin@@ ite resource that we 're spending while we 're on this earth . +and how to spend it would seem to be relevant , but that is not the story that the remem@@ ber@@ ing self kee@@ ps for us . +so we have the remem@@ ber@@ ing self and the experi@@ en@@ cing self , and they 're really quite distin@@ ct . +the biggest difference between them is in the hand@@ ling of time . +from the point of view of the experi@@ en@@ cing self , if you have a vac@@ ation , and the second week is just as good as the first , then the two-@@ week vac@@ ation is twice as good as the one-@@ week vac@@ ation . +that 's not the way it works at all for the remem@@ ber@@ ing self . +for the remem@@ ber@@ ing self , a two-@@ week vac@@ ation is bar@@ ely better than the one-@@ week vac@@ ation because there are no new memor@@ ies ad@@ ded . +you have not changed the story . +and in this way , time is actually the critical vari@@ able that dist@@ ingu@@ ish@@ es a remem@@ ber@@ ing self from an experi@@ en@@ cing self ; time has very little impact on the story . +now , the remem@@ ber@@ ing self does more than remember and tell stories . +it is actually the one that makes decisions because , if you have a patient who has had , say , two col@@ on@@ o@@ scop@@ ies with two different surge@@ ons and is deci@@ ding which of them to choose , then the one that choo@@ ses is the one that has the memory that is less bad , and that 's the surge@@ on that will be cho@@ sen . +the experi@@ en@@ cing self has no voice in this choice . +we actually don 't choose between experiences , we choose between memor@@ ies of experiences . +and even when we think about the future , we don 't think of our future normally as experiences . +we think of our future as anti@@ ci@@ p@@ ated memor@@ ies . +and basically you can look at this , you know , as a ty@@ ran@@ ny of the remem@@ ber@@ ing self , and you can think of the remem@@ ber@@ ing self sort of dra@@ g@@ ging the experi@@ en@@ cing self through experiences that the experi@@ en@@ cing self doesn 't need . +i have that sense that when we go on vac@@ ations this is very frequ@@ ently the case ; that is , we go on vac@@ ations , to a very large ex@@ tent , in the service of our remem@@ ber@@ ing self . +and this is a bit hard to justi@@ fy i think . +i mean , how much do we consu@@ me our memor@@ ies ? +that is one of the explan@@ ations that is given for the domin@@ ance of the remem@@ ber@@ ing self . +and when i think about that , i think about a vac@@ ation we had in ant@@ arc@@ tic@@ a a few years ago , which was clearly the best vac@@ ation i 've ever had , and i think of it relatively often , relative to how much i think of other vac@@ ations . +and i probably have consum@@ ed my memor@@ ies of that three-@@ week trip , i would say , for about 25 minutes in the last four years . +now , if i had ever opened the fol@@ der with the 600 pictures in it , i would have spent another hour . +now , that is three weeks , and that is at most an hour and a half . +there seems to be a dis@@ cre@@ pan@@ cy . +now , i may be a bit extreme , you know , in how little appe@@ ti@@ te i have for consum@@ ing memor@@ ies , but even if you do more of this , there is a genu@@ ine question : why do we put so much weight on memory relative to the weight that we put on experiences ? +so i want you to think about a thought experiment . +imagine that for your next vac@@ ation , you know that at the end of the vac@@ ation all your pictures will be destro@@ yed , and you 'll get an am@@ nes@@ ic drug so that you won 't remember anything . +now , would you choose the same vac@@ ation ? +and if you would choose a different vac@@ ation , there is a conflict between your two selves , and you need to think about how to ad@@ ju@@ dic@@ ate that conflict , and it 's actually not at all obvious , because if you think in terms of time , then you get one answer , and if you think in terms of memor@@ ies , you might get another answer . +why do we pick the vac@@ ations we do is a problem that con@@ fron@@ ts us with a choice between the two selves . +now , the two selves bring up two no@@ tions of happiness . +there are really two concep@@ ts of happiness that we can apply , one per self . +so you can ask : how happy is the experi@@ en@@ cing self ? +and then you would ask : how happy are the moments in the experi@@ en@@ cing self 's life ? +and they 're all -- happiness for moments is a fairly complicated process . +what are the emotions that can be measu@@ red ? +and , by the way , now we are capable of getting a pretty good idea of the happiness of the experi@@ en@@ cing self over time . +if you ask for the happiness of the remem@@ ber@@ ing self , it 's a completely different thing . +this is not about how happ@@ ily a person lives . +it is about how satis@@ fied or pleas@@ ed the person is when that person thinks about her life . +very different notion . +anyone who doesn 't dist@@ ingu@@ ish those no@@ tions is going to m@@ ess up the study of happiness , and i bel@@ ong to a crowd of students of well-@@ being , who 've been mess@@ ing up the study of happiness for a long time in pre@@ cis@@ ely this way . +the distin@@ ction between the happiness of the experi@@ en@@ cing self and the satis@@ fac@@ tion of the remem@@ ber@@ ing self has been recogni@@ zed in recent years , and there are now eff@@ or@@ ts to measure the two separ@@ ately . +the gall@@ up organization has a world po@@ ll where more than half a million people have been asked questions about what they think of their life and about their experiences , and there have been other eff@@ or@@ ts along those lines . +so in recent years , we have be@@ gun to learn about the happiness of the two selves . +and the main lesson i think that we have learned is they are really different . +you can know how satis@@ fied somebody is with their life , and that really doesn 't teach you much about how happ@@ ily they 're living their life , and vice ver@@ sa . +just to give you a sense of the cor@@ relation , the cor@@ relation is about .@@ 5 . +what that means is if you met somebody , and you were told , " oh his father is six feet t@@ all , " how much would you know about his hei@@ ght ? +well , you would know something about his hei@@ ght , but there 's a lot of un@@ certain@@ ty . +you have that much un@@ certain@@ ty . +if i tell you that somebody ran@@ ked their life eight on a scale of ten , you have a lot of un@@ certain@@ ty about how happy they are with their experi@@ en@@ cing self . +so the cor@@ relation is low . +we know something about what contro@@ ls satis@@ fac@@ tion of the happiness self . +we know that money is very important , goals are very important . +we know that happiness is main@@ ly being satis@@ fied with people that we like , spending time with people that we like . +there are other pleas@@ ures , but this is domin@@ ant . +so if you want to ma@@ xi@@ mi@@ ze the happiness of the two selves , you are going to end up doing very different things . +the bottom line of what i 've said here is that we really should not think of happiness as a sub@@ stit@@ ute for well-@@ being . +it is a completely different notion . +now , very quickly , another reason we cannot think straight about happiness is that we do not att@@ end to the same things when we think about life , and we actually live . +so , if you ask the simple question of how happy people are in california , you are not going to get to the cor@@ rect answer . +when you ask that question , you think people must be happ@@ ier in california if , say , you live in o@@ hi@@ o . +and what happens is when you think about living in california , you are thinking of the contr@@ ast between california and other places , and that contr@@ ast , say , is in climate . +well , it turns out that climate is not very important to the experi@@ en@@ cing self and it 's not even very important to the refle@@ ctive self that deci@@ des how happy people are . +but now , because the refle@@ ctive self is in charge , you may end up -- some people may end up moving to california . +and it 's sort of interesting to tra@@ ce what is going to happen to people who move to california in the hope of getting happ@@ ier . +well , their experi@@ en@@ cing self is not going to get happ@@ ier . +we know that . +but one thing will happen : they will think they are happ@@ ier , because , when they think about it , they 'll be remin@@ ded of how horri@@ ble the weather was in o@@ hi@@ o , and they will feel they made the right decision . +it is very difficult to think straight about well-@@ being , and i hope i have given you a sense of how difficult it is . +thank you . +thank you . i 've got a question for you . +thank you so much . +now , when we were on the phone a few weeks ago , you mentioned to me that there was quite an interesting result came out of that gall@@ up survey . +is that something you can share since you do have a few moments left now ? +dan@@ iel ka@@ h@@ ne@@ man : sure . +i think the most interesting result that we found in the gall@@ up survey is a number , which we absolutely did not expect to find . +we found that with respect to the happiness of the experi@@ en@@ cing self . +when we looked at how feelings , v@@ ary with income . +and it turns out that , below an income of 6@@ 0,000 dollars a year , for americans -- and that 's a very large sam@@ ple of americans , like 6@@ 0@@ 0,000 , so it 's a large repres@@ ent@@ ative sam@@ ple -- below an income of 6@@ 0@@ 0,000 dollars a year ... +6@@ 0,000 . +d@@ k : 6@@ 0,000 . +6@@ 0,000 dollars a year , people are un@@ happy , and they get pro@@ gressi@@ vely un@@ happ@@ ier the poor@@ er they get . +above that , we get an absolutely flat line . +i mean i 've r@@ ar@@ ely seen lines so flat . +clearly , what is happening is money does not buy you experi@@ enti@@ al happiness , but lack of money certainly bu@@ ys you mis@@ ery , and we can measure that mis@@ ery very , very clearly . +in terms of the other self , the remem@@ ber@@ ing self , you get a different story . +the more money you ear@@ n , the more satis@@ fied you are . +that does not hold for emotions . +but dan@@ ny , the whole american en@@ dea@@ vor is about life , liber@@ ty , the pur@@ suit of happiness . +if people took seriously that finding , i mean , it seems to turn up@@ side down everything we believe about , like for example , tax@@ ation policy and so forth . +is there any chance that politicians , that the country generally , would take a finding like that seriously and run public policy based on it ? +d@@ k : you know i think that there is recogni@@ tion of the role of happiness research in public policy . +the recogni@@ tion is going to be slow in the united states , no question about that , but in the u.k. , it is happening , and in other countries it is happening . +people are recogni@@ zing that they ought to be thinking of happiness when they think of public policy . +it 's going to take a while , and people are going to debate whether they want to study experience happiness , or whether they want to study life ev@@ al@@ u@@ ation , so we need to have that debate fairly soon . +how to en@@ h@@ ance happiness goes very different ways depen@@ ding on how you think , and whether you think of the remem@@ ber@@ ing self or you think of the experi@@ en@@ cing self . +this is going to influence policy , i think , in years to come . +in the united states , eff@@ or@@ ts are being made to measure the experience happiness of the population . +this is going to be , i think , within the next decade or two , part of national statistics . +well , it seems to me that this issue will -- or at least should be -- the most interesting policy discussion to track over the next few years . +thank you so much for inv@@ enting behavi@@ oral economics . +thank you , dan@@ ny ka@@ h@@ ne@@ man . +i 'm jan@@ e mc@@ gon@@ ig@@ al . i 'm a game designer . +i 've been making games online now for 10 years , and my goal for the next decade is to try to make it as easy to save the world in real life as it is to save the world in online games . +now , i have a plan for this , and it ent@@ a@@ ils convin@@ cing more people , including all of you , to spend more time playing bigger and better games . +right now we spend three billion hours a week playing online games . +some of you might be thinking , " that 's a lot of time to spend playing games . +maybe too much time , consi@@ der@@ ing how many ur@@ gent problems we have to solve in the real world . " +but actually , according to my research at the institute for the future , it 's actually the opposite is true . +three billion hours a week is not nearly enough game play to solve the world 's most ur@@ gent problems . +in fact , i believe that if we want to survive the next century on this planet , we need to increase that total dra@@ matically . +i 've calcul@@ ated the total we need at 21 billion hours of game play every week . +so , that 's probably a bit of a counter@@ intui@@ tive idea , so i 'll say it again , let it sin@@ k in : if we want to solve problems like hunger , poverty , climate change , global conflict , o@@ bes@@ ity , i believe that we need to as@@ pi@@ re to play games online for at least 21 billion hours a week , by the end of the next decade . +no . i 'm serious . i am . +here 's why . this picture pretty much su@@ ms up why i think games are so essential to the future survival of the human species . truly . +this is a portra@@ it by a photograph@@ er named phi@@ l to@@ le@@ dan@@ o . +he wanted to capture the emotion of gam@@ ing , so he set up a camera in front of gam@@ ers while they were playing . +and this is a classi@@ c gam@@ ing emotion . +now , if you 're not a gam@@ er , you might miss some of the nu@@ ance in this photo . +you probably see the sense of ur@@ gen@@ cy , a little bit of fear , but inten@@ se concent@@ ration , deep , deep focus on tac@@ kl@@ ing a really difficult problem . +if you are a gam@@ er , you will notice a few nu@@ an@@ ces here : the cr@@ in@@ kle of the eyes up , and around the mouth is a sign of optimis@@ m , and the e@@ ye@@ bro@@ ws up is surprise . +this is a gam@@ er who is on the ver@@ ge of something called an epi@@ c win . +oh , you 've heard of that . ok , good , so we have some gam@@ ers among us . +an epi@@ c win is an out@@ come that is so extra@@ ordin@@ arily positive you had no idea it was even possible until you achie@@ ved it . +it was almost beyond the th@@ res@@ hold of imagination . +and when you get there you are sho@@ cked to discover what you are truly capable of . that is an epi@@ c win . +this is a gam@@ er on the ver@@ ge of an epi@@ c win . +and this is the face that we need to see on millions of proble@@ m-@@ sol@@ vers all over the world as we try to t@@ ack@@ le the ob@@ stac@@ les of the next century -- the face of someone who , against all od@@ ds is on the ver@@ ge of an epi@@ c win . +now , unfortunately this is more of the face that we see in everyday life now as we try to t@@ ack@@ le ur@@ gent problems . +this is what i call the " i 'm not good at life " face , and this is actually me making it . can you see ? yes . good . +this is actually me making the " i 'm not good at life " face . +this is a piece of gra@@ ff@@ iti in my old neighborhood in ber@@ k@@ ele@@ y , california , where i did my ph@@ d on why we 're better in games than we are in real life . +and this is a problem that a lot of gam@@ ers have . +we feel that we are not as good in reality as we are in games . +and i don 't mean just good as in successful , although that 's part of it . +we do achieve more in game worl@@ ds . but i also mean good as in motiv@@ ated to do something that matters , inspired to collabor@@ ate and to co@@ operate . +and when we 're in game worl@@ ds i believe that many of us become the best version of ourselves , the most likely to help at a moment 's notice , the most likely to stick with a problem as long at it takes , to get up after failure and try again . +and in real life , when we face failure , when we con@@ front ob@@ stac@@ les , we often don 't feel that way . +we feel over@@ come , we feel over@@ wh@@ el@@ med , we feel an@@ xi@@ ous , maybe depres@@ sed , fru@@ strated or cy@@ ni@@ cal . +we never have those feelings when we 're playing games , they just don 't exist in games . +so , that 's what i wanted to study when i was a graduate student . +what about games makes it impossible to feel that we can 't achieve everything ? +how can we take those feelings from games and apply them to re@@ al-@@ world work ? +so , i looked at games like world of war@@ craft , which is really the ide@@ al collabor@@ ative proble@@ m-@@ solving environment . +and i started to notice a few things that make epi@@ c w@@ ins so possible in online worl@@ ds . +so , the first thing is whenever you show up in one of these online games , especially in world of war@@ craft , there are lots and lots of different characters who are willing to trust you with a worl@@ d-@@ saving mission , right away . +but not just any mission , it 's a mission that is perfectly mat@@ ched with your current level in the game . right ? +so , you can do it . +they never give you a challenge that you can 't achieve . +but it is on the ver@@ ge of what you 're capable of . so , you have to try hard , but there 's no un@@ emplo@@ y@@ ment in world of war@@ craft . +there is no sitting around wr@@ inging your hands , there 's always something specific and important to be done . +and there are also tons of collabor@@ ators . +everywhere you go , hundreds of thousands of people ready to work with you to achieve your epi@@ c mission . +that 's not something that we have in real life that easily , this sense that at our finger@@ ti@@ ps are tons of collabor@@ ators . +and also there is this epi@@ c story , this in@@ spir@@ ing story of why we 're there , and what we 're doing . +and then we get all this positive feedback . +you guys have heard of le@@ vel@@ ing up and pl@@ us-@@ one strength , and pl@@ us-@@ one intelligence . +we don 't get that kind of const@@ ant feedback in real life . +when i get off this stage i 'm not going to have pl@@ us-@@ one speaking , and pl@@ us-@@ one crazy idea , pl@@ us-@@ 20 crazy idea . +i don 't get that feedback in real life . +now , the problem with collabor@@ ative online environments like world of war@@ craft is that it 's so satis@@ fying to be on the ver@@ ge of an epi@@ c win all the time that we decide to spend all our time in these game worl@@ ds . +it 's just better than reality . +so , so far , colle@@ c@@ tively all the world of war@@ craft gam@@ ers have spent 5@@ .@@ 9@@ 3 million years solving the virtual problems of a@@ zer@@ oth . +now , that 's not necessarily a bad thing . +it might sound like it 's a bad thing . +but to put that in context : 5@@ .@@ 9@@ 3 million years ago was when our earli@@ est pri@@ mate human ancestors stood up . +that was the first up@@ right pri@@ mate . +okay , so when we talk about how much time we 're currently invest@@ ing in playing games , the only way it makes sense to even think about it is to talk about time at the magni@@ tude of human evolution , which is an extraordinary thing . +but it 's also ap@@ t . because it turns out that by spending all this time playing games , we 're actually changing what we are capable of as human beings . +we are evol@@ ving to be a more collabor@@ ative and he@@ ar@@ ty species . +this is true . i believe this . +so , consider this really interesting stati@@ stic ; it was recently published by a resear@@ cher at car@@ ne@@ gie m@@ ell@@ on university : the average young person today in a country with a strong gam@@ er culture will have spent 10,000 hours playing online games by the age of 21 . +now 10,000 hours is a really interesting number for two reasons . +first of all , for children in the united states 10@@ ,@@ 0@@ 80 hours is the ex@@ act amount of time you will spend in school from fif@@ th grade to high school gradu@@ ation if you have perfect atten@@ dance . +so , we have an entire par@@ alle@@ l track of education going on where young people are learning as much about what it takes to be a good gam@@ er as they are learning about everything else in school . +and some of you have probably read mal@@ col@@ m gla@@ d@@ well 's new book " out@@ li@@ ers . " +so , you would have heard of his theory of success , the 10,000 hour theory of success . +it 's based on this great cognitive science research that if we can master 10,000 hours of eff@@ or@@ t@@ ful study at anything by the age of 21 , we will be virtu@@ o@@ so@@ s at it . +we will be as good at whatever we do as the greatest people in the world . +and so , now what we 're looking at is an entire generation of young people who are virtu@@ o@@ so gam@@ ers . +so , the big question is , " what exactly are gam@@ ers getting so good at ? " +because if we could figure that out , we would have a virtu@@ ally un@@ pre@@ ce@@ d@@ ented human resource on our hands . +this is how many people we now have in the world who spend at least an hour a day playing online games . +these are our virtu@@ o@@ so gam@@ ers , 500 million people who are extra@@ ordin@@ arily good at something . +and in the next decade we 're going to have another billion gam@@ ers who are extra@@ ordin@@ arily good at whatever that is . +if you don 't know it already , this is coming . +the game industry is developing con@@ sol@@ es that are low energy and that work with the wir@@ eless phone networks instead of broad@@ band internet so that gam@@ ers all over the world , particularly in india , china , brazil , can get online . +they expect one billion more gam@@ ers in the next decade . +it will bring us up to 1.@@ 5 billion gam@@ ers . +so , i 've started to think about what these games are making us virtu@@ o@@ so@@ s at . +here are the four things i came up with . the first is ur@@ gent optimis@@ m . +ok , think of this as extreme self-@@ motivation . +ur@@ gent optimis@@ m is the desire to act immediately to t@@ ack@@ le an ob@@ stac@@ le , combin@@ ed with the belief that we have a reas@@ on@@ able hope of success . +gam@@ ers always believe that an epi@@ c win is possible , and that it is always worth trying , and trying now . +gam@@ ers don 't sit around . +gam@@ ers are virtu@@ o@@ so@@ s at wea@@ ving a ti@@ ght social fabri@@ c . +there 's a lot of interesting research that shows that we like people better after we play a game with them , even if they 've be@@ aten us b@@ ad@@ ly . +and the reason is , it takes a lot of trust to play a game with someone . +we trust that they will spend their time with us , that they will play by the same rules , value the same goal , they 'll stay with the game until it 's over . +and so , playing a game together actually buil@@ ds up bon@@ ds and trust and co@@ operation . +and we actually build stron@@ ger social relationships as a result . +bli@@ ss@@ ful produ@@ c@@ tivity . i love it . +you know there 's a reason why the average world of war@@ craft gam@@ er plays for 22 hours a week , kind of a hal@@ f-@@ time job . +it 's because we know , when we 're playing a game , that we 're actually happ@@ ier working hard than we are rela@@ x@@ ing , or han@@ ging out . +we know that we are optimi@@ zed , as human beings , to do hard meaning@@ ful work . +and gam@@ ers are willing to work hard all the time , if they 're given the right work . +finally : epi@@ c meaning . +gam@@ ers love to be atta@@ ched to a@@ we@@ -@@ in@@ spir@@ ing mis@@ sions to human planet@@ ar@@ y-@@ scale stories . +so , just one bit of tri@@ via that helps put that into perspective : so , you all know wikipedia , biggest wi@@ ki in the world . +second biggest wi@@ ki in the world , with nearly 8@@ 0,000 artic@@ les , is the world of war@@ craft wi@@ ki . +five million people use it every month . +they have comp@@ iled more information about world of war@@ craft on the internet than any other top@@ ic covered on any other wi@@ ki in the world . +they are building an epi@@ c story . +they are building an epi@@ c knowledge resource about the world of war@@ craft . +okay , so these are four super@@ power@@ s that add up to one thing : gam@@ ers are super@@ -@@ em@@ powered , hop@@ e@@ ful individuals . +these are people who believe that they are individu@@ ally capable of changing the world . +and the only problem is that they believe that they are capable of changing virtual worl@@ ds and not the real world . +that 's the problem that i 'm trying to solve . +there 's an econom@@ ist named ed@@ ward ca@@ stron@@ o@@ va . +his work is brilliant . he looks at why people are invest@@ ing so much time and energy and money in online worl@@ ds . +and he says , " we 're wit@@ n@@ ess@@ ing what amo@@ unts to no less than a mass ex@@ o@@ du@@ s to virtual worl@@ ds and online game environments . " +and he 's an econom@@ ist . so , he 's rational . +and he says ... +not like me -- i 'm a game designer ; i 'm ex@@ u@@ ber@@ ant . +but he says that this makes perfect sense , because gam@@ ers can achieve more in online worl@@ ds than they can in real life . +they can have stron@@ ger social relationships in games than they can have in real life ; they get better feedback and feel more re@@ war@@ ded in games than they do in real life . +so , he says for now it makes perfect sense for gam@@ ers to spend more time in virtual worl@@ ds than the real world . +now , i also agree that that is rational , for now . +but it is not , by any means , an opti@@ mal situation . +we have to start making the real world more like a game . +so , i take my inspiration from something that happened 2,@@ 500 years ago . +these are ancient di@@ ce , made out of she@@ ep 's k@@ nu@@ ck@@ les . right ? +before we had a@@ wes@@ ome game controll@@ ers , we had she@@ ep 's k@@ nu@@ ck@@ les . +and these represent the first game equipment designed by human beings . +and if you 're familiar with the work of the ancient gre@@ ek histor@@ ian her@@ od@@ ot@@ us , you might know this history , which is the history of who invented games and why . +her@@ od@@ ot@@ us says that games , particularly di@@ ce games , were invented in the king@@ dom of ly@@ dia during a time of fam@@ ine . +appar@@ ently , there was such a sever@@ e fam@@ ine that the king of ly@@ dia decided that they had to do something crazy . +people were suffering . people were fighting . +it was an extreme situation , they needed an extreme solution . +so , according to her@@ od@@ ot@@ us , they invented di@@ ce games and they set up a king@@ dom@@ -@@ wide policy : on one day , everybody would eat , and on the next day , everybody would play games . +and they would be so immer@@ sed in playing the di@@ ce games because games are so eng@@ aging , and immer@@ se us in such satis@@ fying bli@@ ss@@ ful produ@@ c@@ tivity , they would ignor@@ e the fact that they had no food to eat . +and then on the next day , they would play games ; and on the next day , they would eat . +and according to her@@ od@@ ot@@ us , they passed 18 years this way , survi@@ ving through a fam@@ ine by eating on one day and playing games on the next . +now , this is exactly , i think , how we 're using games today . +we 're using games to es@@ cape re@@ al-@@ world suffering . +we 're using games to get away from everything that 's broken in the real environment , everything that 's not satis@@ fying about real life , and we 're getting what we need from games . +but it doesn 't have to end there . +this is really exciting . +according to her@@ od@@ ot@@ us , after 18 years the fam@@ ine wasn 't getting better , so the king decided they would play one final di@@ ce game . +they divi@@ ded the entire king@@ dom in half . +they played one di@@ ce game , and the w@@ inn@@ ers of that game got to go on an epi@@ c ad@@ vent@@ ure . +they would leave ly@@ dia , and they would go out in search of a new place to live , leaving behind just enough people to survive on the resources that were available , and hopefully to take their civilization somewhere else where they could thri@@ ve . +now , this sounds crazy , right ? +but recently , dna evidence has shown that the e@@ tr@@ us@@ cans , who then led to the ro@@ man em@@ pi@@ re , actually share the same dna as the ancient ly@@ di@@ ans . +and so , recently , scientists have suggest@@ ed that her@@ od@@ ot@@ us ' crazy story is actually true . +and ge@@ ologists have found evidence of a global cool@@ ing that la@@ sted for nearly 20 years that could have expla@@ ined the fam@@ ine . +so , this crazy story might be true . +they might have actually saved their culture by playing games , es@@ cap@@ ing to games for 18 years , and then been so inspired , and knew so much about how to come together with games , that they actually saved the entire civilization that way . +okay , we can do that . +we 've been playing war@@ craft since 199@@ 4 . +that was the first re@@ al-@@ time strategy game from the world of war@@ craft series . that was 16 years ago . +they played di@@ ce games for 18 years , we 've been playing war@@ craft for 16 years . +i say we are ready for our own epi@@ c game . +now , they had half the civilization go off in search of a new world , so that 's where i get my 21 billion hours a week of gam@@ e-@@ play from . +let 's get half of us to agree to spend an hour a day playing games , until we solve re@@ al-@@ world problems . +now , i know you 're asking , " how are we going to solve real world problems in games ? " well , that 's what i have de@@ vot@@ ed my work to over the past few years , at the institute for the future . +we have this ban@@ ner in our off@@ ices in pal@@ o al@@ to , and it expres@@ ses our view of how we should try to rel@@ ate to the future . +we do not want to try to predict the future . +what we want to do is make the future . +we want to imagine the be@@ st-@@ case scen@@ ari@@ o out@@ come , and then we want to em@@ power people to make that out@@ come a reality . +we want to imagine epi@@ c w@@ ins , and then give people the means to achieve the epi@@ c win . +i 'm just going to very brie@@ fly show you three games that i 've made that are an attemp@@ t to give people the means to create epi@@ c w@@ ins in their own fu@@ tures . +so , this is world without oil . +we made this game in 2007 . +this is an online game in which you try to survive an oil shor@@ tage . +the oil shor@@ tage is fic@@ tional , but we put enough online content out there for you to believe that it 's real , and to live your real life as if we 've run out of oil . so when you come to the game , you sign up , you tell us where you live , and then we give you re@@ al-@@ time news , videos , data fe@@ e@@ ds that show you exactly how much oil costs , what 's not available , how food supply is being affected , how transpor@@ tation is being affected , if schools are closed , if there is ri@@ ot@@ ing , and you have to figure out how you would live your real life as if this were true . and then we ask you to blog about it , to post videos , to post photos . +we pil@@ ot@@ ed this game with 1,@@ 700 players in 2007 , and we 've tra@@ cked them for the three years since . +and i can tell you that this is a transforma@@ tive experience . +nobody wants to change how they live just because it 's good for the world , or because we 're supposed to . +but if you immer@@ se them in an epi@@ c ad@@ vent@@ ure and tell them , " we 've run out of oil . +this is an amazing story and ad@@ vent@@ ure for you to go on . +challenge yourself to see how you would survive , " most of our players have kept up the hab@@ its that they learned in this game . +so , for the next worl@@ d-@@ saving game , we decided to a@@ im higher : bigger problem than just peak oil . +we did a game called super@@ stru@@ ct at the institute for the future . +and the pre@@ mis@@ e was a super@@ computer has calcul@@ ated that humans have only 23 years left on the planet . +this super@@ computer was called the global extin@@ ction awareness system , of course . +we asked people to come online almost like a jer@@ ry bru@@ ck@@ hei@@ mer movie . +you know jer@@ ry bru@@ ck@@ hei@@ mer movies , you form a dream team -- you 've got the astron@@ aut , the scientist , the ex@@ -@@ con@@ vi@@ ct , and they all have something to do to save the world . +but in our game , instead of just having five people on the dream team , we said , " everybody 's on the dream team , and it 's your job to inv@@ ent the future of energy , the future of food , the future of health , the future of security and the future of the social safety net . " +we had 8@@ ,000 people play that game for eight weeks . +they came up with 500 in@@ san@@ ely creative solutions that you can go online , if you google " super@@ stru@@ ct , " and see . +so , finally , the last game , we 're laun@@ ching it mar@@ ch 3@@ rd . this is a game done with the world bank institute . +if you complete the game you will be cer@@ ti@@ fied by the world bank institute , as a social inno@@ v@@ ator , class of 2010 . +working with universi@@ ties all over sub-@@ sahar@@ an africa , and we are invi@@ ting them to learn social innovation skills . +we 've got a graphic novel , we 've got le@@ vel@@ ing up in skills like local insi@@ ght , knowledge net@@ working , sustain@@ ability , vision and resour@@ ce@@ ful@@ ness . +i would like to invi@@ te all of you to please share this game with young people , anywhere in the world , particularly in developing areas , who might benefit from coming together to try to start to imagine their own social enter@@ pris@@ es to save the world . +so , i 'm going to wra@@ p up now . +i want to ask a question . +what do you think happens next ? +we 've got all these amazing gam@@ ers , we 've got these games that are kind of pil@@ ots of what we might do , but none of them have saved the real world yet . +well i hope that you will agree with me that gam@@ ers are a human resource that we can use to do re@@ al-@@ world work , that games are a powerful platform for change . +we have all these amazing super@@ power@@ s : bli@@ ss@@ ful produ@@ c@@ tivity , the ability to wea@@ ve a ti@@ ght social fabri@@ c , this feeling of ur@@ gent optimis@@ m and the desire for epi@@ c meaning . +i really hope that we can come together to play games that matter , to survive on this planet for another century . +and that 's my hope , that you will join me in making and playing games like this . +when i look forward to the next decade , i know two things for sure : that we can make any future we can imagine , and we can play any games we want . +so , i say : let the worl@@ d-@@ changing games begin . +thank you . +i 'd like to share with you a discovery that i made a few months ago while writing an article for itali@@ an wired . +i always keep my thes@@ au@@ rus handy whenever i 'm writing anything , but i 'd already finished edi@@ ting the piece , and i realized that i had never once in my life looked up the word " dis@@ ab@@ led " to see what i 'd find . +let me read you the ent@@ ry . +" dis@@ ab@@ led , ad@@ je@@ ctive : cri@@ p@@ pl@@ ed , hel@@ pl@@ ess , us@@ eless , w@@ re@@ cked , st@@ all@@ ed , ma@@ im@@ ed , wo@@ unded , man@@ gl@@ ed , l@@ ame , mu@@ ti@@ l@@ ated , run@@ -@@ down , wor@@ n-@@ out , we@@ ak@@ en@@ ed , im@@ po@@ tent , ca@@ strated , paraly@@ zed , han@@ di@@ ca@@ pped , sen@@ i@@ le , de@@ cre@@ p@@ it , la@@ i@@ d-@@ up , don@@ e-@@ up , don@@ e-@@ for , don@@ e-@@ in cra@@ ck@@ e@@ d-@@ up , coun@@ ted-@@ out ; see also hurt , us@@ eless and we@@ ak . +ant@@ ony@@ ms , healthy , strong , capable . " +i was reading this list out l@@ oud to a friend and at first was laugh@@ ing , it was so lu@@ di@@ cr@@ ous , but i 'd just gotten past " man@@ gl@@ ed , " and my voice broke , and i had to stop and collect myself from the emotional sho@@ ck and impact that the as@@ sau@@ lt from these words un@@ le@@ as@@ hed . +you know , of course , this is my ra@@ g@@ ge@@ dy old thes@@ au@@ rus so i 'm thinking this must be an ancient print date , right ? +but , in fact , the print date was the early 198@@ 0s , when i would have been starting primary school and forming an understanding of myself outside the family unit and as related to the other kids and the world around me . +and , need@@ less to say , thank god i wasn 't using a thes@@ au@@ rus back then . +i mean , from this ent@@ ry , it would seem that i was born into a world that percei@@ ved someone like me to have nothing positive what@@ so@@ ever going for them , when in fact , today i 'm cele@@ br@@ ated for the opportunities and ad@@ vent@@ ures my life has pro@@ cu@@ red . +so , i immediately went to look up the 2009 online edi@@ tion , expe@@ cting to find a re@@ vision worth not@@ ing . +here 's the up@@ d@@ ated version of this ent@@ ry . +unfortunately , it 's not much better . +i find the last two words under " near ant@@ ony@@ ms , " particularly un@@ sett@@ ling : " whole " and " wh@@ oles@@ ome . " +so , it 's not just about the words . +it 's what we believe about people when we name them with these words . +it 's about the values behind the words , and how we constru@@ ct those values . +our language affec@@ ts our thinking and how we view the world and how we view other people . +in fact , many ancient societies , including the gre@@ e@@ ks and the roman@@ s , believed that to u@@ tter a cur@@ se verb@@ ally was so powerful , because to say the thing out l@@ oud brought it into existence . +so , what reality do we want to call into existence : a person who is limited , or a person who 's em@@ powered ? +by cas@@ ually doing something as simple as nam@@ ing a person , a child , we might be putting li@@ ds and ca@@ sting sha@@ do@@ ws on their power . +wouldn 't we want to open do@@ ors for them instead ? +one such person who opened do@@ ors for me was my childhood doctor at the a@@ .@@ i@@ . du@@ po@@ nt institute in wil@@ m@@ ing@@ ton , del@@ aware . +his name was dr. pi@@ z@@ zu@@ ti@@ ll@@ o , an itali@@ an american , whose name , appar@@ ently , was too difficult for most americans to pr@@ on@@ o@@ un@@ ce , so he went by dr. p . +and dr. p always wor@@ e really color@@ ful bo@@ w ties and had the very perfect dis@@ position to work with children . +i loved almost everything about my time spent at this hospital , with the ex@@ ception of my physical therapy s@@ essi@@ ons . +i had to do what seemed like in@@ nu@@ mer@@ able repe@@ ti@@ tions of exer@@ cis@@ es with these thi@@ ck , el@@ a@@ stic b@@ ands -- different colors , you know -- to help build up my leg mus@@ cles , and i hat@@ ed these b@@ ands more than anything -- i hat@@ ed them , had names for them . i hat@@ ed them . +and , you know , i was already bar@@ ga@@ ining , as a five year-old child , with dr. p to try to get out of doing these exer@@ cis@@ es , un@@ success@@ fully , of course . +and , one day , he came in to my s@@ ession -- ex@@ hau@@ sti@@ ve and un@@ for@@ giving , these s@@ essi@@ ons -- and he said to me , " wow . ai@@ mee , you are such a strong and powerful little girl , i think you 're going to break one of those b@@ ands . +when you do break it , i 'm going to give you a hundred bucks . " +now , of course , this was a simple plo@@ y on dr. p 's part to get me to do the exer@@ cis@@ es i didn 't want to do before the pro@@ spe@@ ct of being the rich@@ est five-@@ year-old in the second floor ward , but what he effectively did for me was res@@ ha@@ pe an awful daily oc@@ curr@@ ence into a new and promis@@ ing experience for me . +and i have to wonder today to what ex@@ tent his vision and his dec@@ lar@@ ation of me as a strong and powerful little girl sha@@ ped my own view of myself as an in@@ her@@ ently strong , powerful and ath@@ le@@ tic person well into the future . +this is an example of how adults in posi@@ tions of power can ig@@ ni@@ te the power of a child . +but , in the previous in@@ stances of those thes@@ au@@ rus ent@@ ries , our language isn 't allo@@ wing us to evol@@ ve into the reality that we would all want , the possibility of an individual to see themselves as capable . +our language hasn 't caught up with the changes in our society , many of which have been brought about by technology . +certainly , from a medical stand@@ point , my legs , las@@ er surgery for vision im@@ pa@@ ir@@ ment , ti@@ tan@@ ium k@@ ne@@ es and hi@@ p re@@ plac@@ ements for aging bodies that are allo@@ wing people to more fully engage with their abilities , and move beyond the limit@@ s that nature has im@@ posed on them -- not to mention social net@@ working plat@@ forms allow people to self-@@ identify , to cla@@ im their own descri@@ p@@ tions of themselves , so they can go al@@ ig@@ n with global groups of their own choo@@ sing . +so , perhaps technology is reve@@ aling more clearly to us now what has always been a truth : that everyone has something rare and powerful to offer our society , and that the human ability to ada@@ pt is our greatest as@@ set . +the human ability to ada@@ pt , it 's an interesting thing , because people have contin@@ ually wanted to talk to me about over@@ coming ad@@ ver@@ sity , and i 'm going to make an ad@@ mission : this phr@@ ase never sat right with me , and i always felt un@@ easy trying to answer people 's questions about it , and i think i 'm starting to figure out why . +impli@@ c@@ it in this phr@@ ase of " over@@ coming ad@@ ver@@ sity " is the idea that success , or happiness , is about emerging on the other side of a challen@@ ging experience uns@@ ca@@ th@@ ed or un@@ mar@@ ked by the experience , as if my success@@ es in life have come about from an ability to si@@ de@@ step or circum@@ navi@@ gate the pres@@ um@@ ed pit@@ falls of a life with pro@@ s@@ the@@ tics , or what other people percei@@ ve as my dis@@ ability . +but , in fact , we are changed . we are mar@@ ked , of course , by a challenge , whether physi@@ cally , emotion@@ ally or both . +and i 'm going to suggest that this is a good thing . +ad@@ ver@@ sity isn 't an ob@@ stac@@ le that we need to get around in order to res@@ u@@ me living our life . +it 's part of our life . +and i tend to think of it like my sha@@ dow . +sometimes i see a lot of it , sometimes there 's very little , but it 's always with me . +and , certainly , i 'm not trying to di@@ min@@ ish the impact , the weight , of a person 's struggle . +there is ad@@ ver@@ sity and challenge in life , and it 's all very real and relative to every single person , but the question isn 't whether or not you 're going to meet ad@@ ver@@ sity , but how you 're going to meet it . +so , our responsibility is not simply shi@@ el@@ ding those we care for from ad@@ ver@@ sity , but prepar@@ ing them to meet it well . +and we do a dis@@ service to our kids when we make them feel that they 're not equi@@ pped to ada@@ pt . +there 's an important difference and distin@@ ction between the obje@@ ctive medical fact of my being an am@@ pu@@ tee and the subje@@ ctive socie@@ tal opini@@ on of whether or not i 'm dis@@ ab@@ led . +and , tru@@ th@@ fully , the only real and consi@@ stent dis@@ ability i 've had to con@@ front is the world ever thinking that i could be described by those defini@@ tions . +in our desire to protect those we care about by giving them the cold , hard truth about their medical pro@@ g@@ no@@ sis , or , indeed , a pro@@ g@@ no@@ sis on the expected quality of their life , we have to make sure that we don 't put the first bri@@ ck in a wall that will actually dis@@ able someone . +perhaps the exi@@ sting model of only looking at what is broken in you and how do we fix it , ser@@ ves to be more dis@@ ab@@ ling to the individual than the path@@ ology itself . +by not tre@@ ating the wh@@ ol@@ eness of a person , by not ac@@ knowle@@ d@@ ging their poten@@ cy , we are creating another ill on top of whatever natural struggle they might have . +we are effectively gra@@ ding someone 's worth to our community . +so we need to see through the path@@ ology and into the range of human cap@@ ability . +and , most importantly , there 's a partner@@ ship between those percei@@ ved de@@ fi@@ ci@@ en@@ cies and our greatest creative ability . +so it 's not about de@@ valu@@ ing , or ne@@ g@@ ating , these more trying times as something we want to avoid or swe@@ ep under the ru@@ g , but instead to find those opportunities wra@@ pped in the ad@@ ver@@ sity . +so maybe the idea i want to put out there is not so much over@@ coming ad@@ ver@@ sity as it is opening ourselves up to it , embra@@ cing it , gra@@ p@@ pl@@ ing with it , to use a w@@ rest@@ ling term , maybe even dan@@ cing with it . +and , perhaps , if we see ad@@ ver@@ sity as natural , consi@@ stent and useful , we 're less bur@@ den@@ ed by the pres@@ ence of it . +this year we celebra@@ te the 200@@ th birthday of charles darwin , and it was 150 years ago , when writing about evolution , that darwin illu@@ strated , i think , a truth about the human character . +to par@@ ap@@ hr@@ ase : it 's not the stron@@ gest of the species that survi@@ ves , nor is it the most intelligent that survi@@ ves ; it is the one that is most adap@@ table to change . +conflict is the gen@@ es@@ is of creation . +from darwin 's work , am@@ on@@ gst others , we can recognize that the human ability to survive and fl@@ our@@ ish is driven by the struggle of the human spirit through conflict into transformation . +so , again , transformation , adap@@ tation , is our greatest human sk@@ ill . +and , perhaps , until we 're te@@ sted , we don 't know what we 're made of . +maybe that 's what ad@@ ver@@ sity gives us : a sense of self , a sense of our own power . +so , we can give ourselves a gift . +we can re-@@ imagine ad@@ ver@@ sity as something more than just tough times . +maybe we can see it as change . +ad@@ ver@@ sity is just change that we haven 't adap@@ ted ourselves to yet . +i think the greatest ad@@ ver@@ sity that we 've created for ourselves is this idea of normal@@ cy . +now , who 's normal ? +there 's no normal . +there 's common , there 's typical . there 's no normal , and would you want to meet that poor , bei@@ ge person if they exi@@ sted ? +i don 't think so . +if we can change this paradig@@ m from one of achie@@ ving normal@@ cy to one of possibility -- or poten@@ cy , to be even a little bit more dangerous -- we can rele@@ ase the power of so many more children , and invi@@ te them to engage their rare and valuable abilities with the community . +anthropo@@ logi@@ sts tell us that the one thing we as humans have always requi@@ red of our community members is to be of use , to be able to contribu@@ te . +there 's evidence that ne@@ anderth@@ als , 6@@ 0,000 years ago , car@@ ried their el@@ der@@ ly and those with serious physical in@@ j@@ ury , and perhaps it 's because the life experience of survival of these people pro@@ ved of value to the community . +they didn 't view these people as broken and us@@ eless ; they were seen as rare and valuable . +a few years ago , i was in a food market in the town where i grew up in that red zone in nor@@ the@@ astern pen@@ n@@ syl@@ v@@ ania , and i was standing over a bus@@ he@@ l of to@@ ma@@ to@@ es . +it was sum@@ mer@@ time : i had shor@@ ts on . +i hear this guy , his voice behind me say , " well , if it isn 't ai@@ mee mul@@ lin@@ s . " +and i turn around , and it 's this older man . i have no idea who he is . +and i said , " i 'm sorry , sir , have we met ? i don 't remember meeting you . " +he said , " well , you wouldn 't remember meeting me . +i mean , when we met i was deli@@ vering you from your mother 's wom@@ b . " +oh , that guy . +and , but of course , actually , it did click . +this man was dr. ke@@ an , a man that i had only known about through my mother 's stories of that day , because , of course , typical fashion , i arrived late for my birthday by two weeks . +and so my mother 's pr@@ en@@ at@@ al physi@@ cian had gone on vac@@ ation , so the man who deli@@ vered me was a complete stran@@ ger to my parents . +and , because i was born without the fi@@ bu@@ la b@@ ones , and had feet turned in , and a few to@@ es in this foot and a few to@@ es in that , he had to be the be@@ ar@@ er -- this stran@@ ger had to be the be@@ ar@@ er of bad news . +he said to me , " i had to give this pro@@ g@@ no@@ sis to your parents that you would never walk , and you would never have the kind of mo@@ bility that other kids have or any kind of life of indepen@@ dence , and you 've been making li@@ ar out of me ever since . " +the extraordinary thing is that he said he had saved newspaper cli@@ pp@@ ings throughout my whole childhood , whether w@@ inning a second grade sp@@ elling be@@ e , mar@@ ching with the girl sc@@ ou@@ ts , you know , the hal@@ lo@@ ween par@@ ade , w@@ inning my college sch@@ ol@@ ar@@ ship , or any of my spor@@ ts vic@@ tor@@ ies , and he was using it , and integr@@ ating it into teaching resi@@ dent students , med students from ha@@ h@@ ne@@ mann medical school and her@@ s@@ hey medical school . +and he called this part of the course the x factor , the potential of the human will . +no pro@@ g@@ no@@ sis can account for how powerful this could be as a determin@@ ant in the quality of someone 's life . +and dr. ke@@ an went on to tell me , he said , " in my experience , unless repe@@ at@@ ed@@ ly told otherwise , and even if given a mo@@ dic@@ um of support , if left to their own devices , a child will achieve . " +see , dr. ke@@ an made that shift in thinking . +he understood that there 's a difference between the medical condition and what someone might do with it . +and there 's been a shift in my thinking over time , in that , if you had asked me at 15 years old , if i would have tra@@ ded pro@@ s@@ the@@ tics for fl@@ es@@ h-@@ and-@@ bone legs , i wouldn 't have h@@ es@@ it@@ ated for a second . +i as@@ pi@@ red to that kind of normal@@ cy back then . +but if you ask me today , i 'm not so sure . +and it 's because of the experiences i 've had with them , not in spi@@ te of the experiences i 've had with them . +and perhaps this shift in me has happened because i 've been ex@@ posed to more people who have opened do@@ ors for me than those who have put li@@ ds and cast sha@@ do@@ ws on me . +see , all you really need is one person to show you the epi@@ ph@@ any of your own power , and you 're off . +if you can hand somebody the key to their own power -- the human spirit is so re@@ cep@@ tive -- if you can do that and open a door for someone at a cru@@ cial moment , you are educ@@ ating them in the best sense . +you 're teaching them to open do@@ ors for themselves . +in fact , the ex@@ act meaning of the word " educ@@ ate " comes from the ro@@ ot word " edu@@ ce . " +it means " to bring forth what is within , to bring out potential . " +so again , which potential do we want to bring out ? +there was a case study done in 196@@ 0s britain , when they were moving from gra@@ m@@ ma@@ r schools to com@@ pre@@ hen@@ sive schools . +it 's called the stre@@ aming trials . we call it " tracking " here in the states . +it 's separ@@ ating students from a , b , c , d and so on . +and the " a students " get the tou@@ g@@ her cur@@ ri@@ cul@@ um , the best teachers , etc . +well , they took , over a three-@@ month period , d-@@ level students , gave them a 's , told them they were " a 's , " told them they were bright , and at the end of this three-@@ month period , they were per@@ forming at a-@@ level . +and , of course , the he@@ art@@ breaking , fli@@ p side of this study , is that they took the " a students " and told them they were " d 's . " +and that 's what happened at the end of that three-@@ month period . +those who were still around in school , bes@@ i@@ des the people who had dro@@ pped out . +a cru@@ cial part of this case study was that the teachers were du@@ ped too . +the teachers didn 't know a switch had been made . +they were simply told , " these are the ' a-@@ students , ' these are the ' d-@@ students . ' " and that 's how they went about teaching them and tre@@ ating them . +so , i think that the only true dis@@ ability is a cr@@ us@@ hed spirit , a spirit that 's been cr@@ us@@ hed doesn 't have hope , it doesn 't see beauty , it no longer has our natural , child@@ like curi@@ osity and our in@@ na@@ te ability to imagine . +if instead , we can bol@@ ster a human spirit to keep hope , to see beauty in themselves and others , to be curious and imag@@ in@@ ative , then we are truly using our power well . +when a spirit has those quali@@ ties , we are able to create new reali@@ ties and new ways of being . +i 'd like to leave you with a po@@ em by a four@@ te@@ enth@@ -@@ century per@@ si@@ an po@@ et named ha@@ fi@@ z that my friend , jac@@ ques dem@@ bo@@ is told me about , and the po@@ em is called " the god who only knows four words " : " every child has known god , not the god of names , not the god of don '@@ ts , but the god who only knows four words and kee@@ ps repe@@ ating them , saying , ' come dance with me . +come , dance with me . come , dance with me . ' " thank you . +how would you like to be better than you are ? +suppose i said that , with just a few changes in your genes , you could get a better memory -- more pre@@ cise , more accu@@ rate and quick@@ er . +or maybe you 'd like to be more fit , stron@@ ger , with more stam@@ ina . +would you like to be more attra@@ ctive and self-@@ confi@@ dent ? +how about living longer with good health ? +or perhaps you 're one of those who 's always ye@@ ar@@ ned for more creativity . +which one would you like the most ? +which would you like , if you could have just one ? +creativity . +how many people would choose creativity ? +raise your hands . let me see . +a few . probably about as many as there are creative people here . +that 's very good . +how many would op@@ t for memory ? +quite a few more . +how about fit@@ ness ? +a few less . +what about lon@@ ge@@ vi@@ ty ? +ah , the majority . that makes me feel very good as a doctor . +if you could have any one of these , it would be a very different world . +is it just imag@@ in@@ ary ? +or , is it , perhaps , possible ? +evolution has been a per@@ en@@ ni@@ al top@@ ic here at the ted conference , but i want to give you today one doctor 's take on the subject . +the great 20@@ th-@@ century gene@@ tic@@ ist , t@@ .@@ g@@ . do@@ b@@ z@@ han@@ sky , who was also a communic@@ ant in the russi@@ an or@@ tho@@ do@@ x church , once wrote an es@@ say that he ti@@ t@@ led " nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution . " +now if you are one of those who does not accept the evidence for biological evolution , this would be a very good time to turn off your hearing aid , take out your personal communic@@ ations device -- i give you per@@ mission -- and perhaps take another look at ka@@ thr@@ yn schul@@ tz 's book on being wrong , because nothing in the rest of this talk is going to make any sense what@@ so@@ ever to you . +but if you do accept biological evolution , consider this : is it just about the past , or is it about the future ? +does it apply to others , or does it apply to us ? +this is another look at the tree of life . +in this picture , i 've put a bush with a center bran@@ ching out in all direc@@ tions , because if you look at the ed@@ ges of the tree of life , every exi@@ sting species at the ti@@ ps of those bran@@ ches has succe@@ e@@ ded in evolutionary terms : it has survi@@ ved ; it has demon@@ strated a fit@@ ness to its environment . +the human part of this bran@@ ch , way out on one end , is , of course , the one that we are most interested in . +we bran@@ ch off of a common ance@@ st@@ or to modern chimpanze@@ es about six or eight million years ago . +in the inter@@ val , there have been perhaps 20 or 25 different species of hom@@ ini@@ ds . +some have come and gone . +we have been here for about 13@@ 0,000 years . +it may seem like we 're quite remote from other parts of this tree of life , but actually , for the most part , the basic machin@@ ery of our cells is pretty much the same . +do you realize that we can take advantage and com@@ man@@ de@@ er the machin@@ ery of a common bacteri@@ um to produce the protein of human insu@@ lin used to treat diab@@ e@@ tics ? +this is not like human insu@@ lin ; this is the same protein that is chemi@@ cally indi@@ st@@ ingu@@ is@@ hab@@ le from what comes out of your pan@@ cre@@ as . +and speaking of bacteria , do you realize that each of us car@@ ries in our gut more bacteria than there are cells in the rest of our body ? +maybe 10 times more . +i mean think of it , when ant@@ oni@@ o dama@@ si@@ o as@@ ks about your self-@@ image , do you think about the bacteria ? +our gut is a wonder@@ fully hospit@@ able environment for those bacteria . +it 's warm , it 's dark , it 's mo@@ ist , it 's very co@@ zy . +and you 're going to provide all the nutri@@ tion that they could possibly want with no effort on their part . +it 's really like an easy street for bacteria , with the occasi@@ onal inter@@ ruption of the un@@ inten@@ ded forced rus@@ h to the ex@@ it . +but otherwise , you are a wonderful environment for those bacteria , just as they are essential to your life . +they help in the di@@ ge@@ sti@@ on of essential nutri@@ ents , and they protect you against certain diseases . +but what will come in the future ? +are we at some kind of evolutionary equi@@ po@@ ise as a species ? +or , are we dest@@ ined to become something different -- something , perhaps , even better adap@@ ted to the environment ? +now let 's take a step back in time to the big bang , 14 billion years ago -- the earth , the solar system , about four and a half billion years -- the first sig@@ ns of pro@@ to-@@ life , maybe three to four billion years ago on earth -- the first multi-@@ cell@@ ed organisms , perhaps as much as 800 or a billion years ago -- and then the human species , finally emerging in the last 13@@ 0,000 years . +in this vast un@@ finished sym@@ ph@@ ony of the universe , life on earth is like a brief measure ; the animal king@@ dom , like a single measure ; and human life , a small gra@@ ce note . +that was us . +that also const@@ it@@ utes the entertain@@ ment por@@ tion of this talk , so i hope you enjo@@ yed it . +now when i was a fres@@ h@@ man in college , i took my first biology class . +i was fascin@@ ated by the elegan@@ ce and beauty of biology . +i became en@@ am@@ or@@ ed of the power of evolution , and i realized something very fundamental : in most of the existence of life in sing@@ le-@@ cell@@ ed organisms , each cell simply divi@@ des , and all of the genetic energy of that cell is car@@ ried on in both daughter cells . +but at the time multi-@@ cell@@ ed organisms come online , things start to change . +sexual re@@ production en@@ ters the picture . +and very importantly , with the introdu@@ ction of sexual re@@ production that pas@@ ses on the genome , the rest of the body becomes expen@@ d@@ able . +in fact , you could say that the inevi@@ t@@ ability of the death of our bodies en@@ ters in evolutionary time at the same moment as sexual re@@ production . +now i have to conf@@ ess , when i was a college under@@ graduate , i thought , okay , sex / death , sex / death , death for sex -- it seemed pretty reas@@ on@@ able at the time , but with each pas@@ sing year , i 've come to have increasing dou@@ b@@ ts . +i 've come to understand the sen@@ ti@@ ments of george bur@@ ns , who was per@@ forming still in las v@@ eg@@ as well into his 9@@ 0s . +and one night , there 's a kno@@ ck at his hotel room door . +he answers the door . +standing before him is a gor@@ ge@@ ous , sc@@ anti@@ ly cla@@ d sho@@ w@@ girl . +she looks at him and says , " i 'm here for super sex . " +" that 's fine , " says george , " i 'll take the sou@@ p . " +i came to realize , as a physi@@ cian , that i was working toward a goal which was different from the goal of evolution -- not necessarily con@@ tradi@@ c@@ tory , just different . +i was trying to preser@@ ve the body . +i wanted to keep us healthy . +i wanted to re@@ store health from disease . +i wanted us to live long and healthy lives . +evolution is all about pas@@ sing on the genome to the next generation , adap@@ ting and survi@@ ving through generation after generation . +from an evolutionary point of view , you and i are like the boo@@ ster rock@@ ets designed to send the genetic pay@@ load into the next level of orbit and then drop off into the sea . +i think we would all understand the sen@@ ti@@ ment that woo@@ dy allen expres@@ sed when he said , " i don 't want to achieve im@@ mortality through my work . +i want to achieve it through not dying . " +evolution does not necessarily fa@@ vor the lon@@ gest@@ -@@ lived . +it doesn 't necessarily fa@@ vor the biggest or the stron@@ gest or the fa@@ st@@ est , and not even the smar@@ test . +evolution favor@@ s those creatures best adap@@ ted to their environment . +that is the so@@ le test of survival and success . +at the bottom of the ocean , bacteria that are ther@@ m@@ op@@ hi@@ lic and can survive at the ste@@ am vent heat that would otherwise produce , if fish were there , s@@ ous@@ -@@ vi@@ de coo@@ ked fish , ne@@ ver@@ th@@ eless , have managed to make that a hospit@@ able environment for them . +so what does this mean , as we look back at what has happened in evolution , and as we think about the place again of humans in evolution , and particularly as we look ahead to the next phase , i would say that there are a number of possibilities . +the first is that we will not evol@@ ve . +we have reach@@ ed a kind of equi@@ po@@ ise . +and the reas@@ oning behind that would be , first , we have , through medicine , managed to preser@@ ve a lot of genes that would otherwise be sel@@ ec@@ ted out and be re@@ moved from the population . +and secon@@ dly , we as a species have so con@@ figured our environment that we have managed to make it ada@@ pt to us as well as we ada@@ pt to it . +and by the way , we im@@ migra@@ te and circu@@ late and inter@@ mix so much that you can 't any longer have the isol@@ ation that is necessary for evolution to take place . +a second possibility is that there will be evolution of the traditional kind , natural , im@@ posed by the forces of nature . +and the argument here would be that the whe@@ els of evolution gr@@ ind slowly , but they are in@@ ex@@ or@@ able . +and as far as isol@@ ation goes , when we as a species do col@@ oni@@ ze dist@@ ant planets , there will be the isol@@ ation and the environmental changes that could produce evolution in the natural way . +but there 's a third possibility , an en@@ tic@@ ing , intri@@ gu@@ ing and fri@@ gh@@ ten@@ ing possibility . +i call it ne@@ o-@@ evolution -- the new evolution that is not simply natural , but gui@@ ded and cho@@ sen by us as individuals in the choices that we will make . +now how could this come about ? +how could it be possible that we would do this ? +consider , first , the reality that people today , in some cultures , are making choices about their off@@ spring . +they 're , in some cultures , choo@@ sing to have more males than fe@@ males . +it 's not necessarily good for the society , but it 's what the individual and the family are choo@@ sing . +think also , if it were possible ever for you to choose , not simply to choose the sex of your child , but for you in your body to make the genetic ad@@ ju@@ st@@ ments that would cure or prevent diseases . +what if you could make the genetic changes to elimin@@ ate diabetes or alzheimer 's or reduce the risk of cancer or elimin@@ ate stro@@ ke ? +wouldn 't you want to make those changes in your genes ? +if we look ahead , these kind of changes are going to be increasingly possible . +the human genome project started in 199@@ 0 , and it took 13 years . +it cost 2.@@ 7 billion dollars . +the year after it was finished in 2004 , you could do the same job for 20 million dollars in three to four months . +today , you can have a complete sequence of the three billion base pa@@ irs in the human genome at a cost of about 20@@ ,000 dollars and in the space of about a week . +it won 't be very long before the reality will be the 1,@@ 00@@ 0-@@ dollar human genome , and it will be increasingly available for everyone . +just a week ago , the national acade@@ my of engineering awar@@ ded its dra@@ per prize to fran@@ c@@ is ar@@ n@@ old and wil@@ lem ste@@ mmer , two scientists who indepen@@ d@@ ently developed techniques to encoura@@ ge the natural process of evolution to work faster and to lead to des@@ ir@@ able proteins in a more efficient way -- what fran@@ ces ar@@ n@@ old calls " direc@@ ted evolution . " +a couple of years ago , the las@@ ker prize was awar@@ ded to the scientist sh@@ in@@ ya y@@ am@@ an@@ ak@@ a for his research in which he took an adult skin cell , a fi@@ bro@@ bl@@ ast , and by mani@@ pul@@ ating just four genes , he in@@ duced that cell to rever@@ t to a plu@@ ri@@ potential stem cell -- a cell poten@@ tially capable of becoming any cell in your body . +these changes are coming . +the same technology that has produced the human insu@@ lin in bacteria can make viruses that will not only protect you against themselves , but indu@@ ce imm@@ unity against other viruses . +believe it or not , there 's an experiment@@ al trial going on with v@@ acc@@ ine against influ@@ enz@@ a that has been grown in the cells of a to@@ bac@@ co plant . +can you imagine something good coming out of to@@ bac@@ co ? +these are all reality today , and [ in ] the future , will be ever@@ more possible . +imagine then just two other little changes . +you can change the cells in your body , but what if you could change the cells in your off@@ spring ? +what if you could change the sper@@ m and the o@@ va , or change the new@@ ly ferti@@ li@@ zed eg@@ g , and give your off@@ spring a better chance at a heal@@ thi@@ er life -- elimin@@ ate the diabetes , elimin@@ ate the he@@ m@@ op@@ hi@@ li@@ a , reduce the risk of cancer ? +who doesn 't want heal@@ thi@@ er children ? +and then , that same analy@@ tic technology , that same engine of science that can produce the changes to prevent disease , will also en@@ able us to adop@@ t super@@ -@@ at@@ tribu@@ tes , hyper@@ -@@ capac@@ i@@ ties -- that better memory . +why not have the quick wi@@ t of a ken jen@@ n@@ ings , especially if you can aug@@ ment it with the next generation of the wat@@ son machine ? +why not have the quick twi@@ tch muscle that will en@@ able you to run faster and longer ? +why not live longer ? +these will be ir@@ resi@@ sti@@ ble . +and when we are at a position where we can pass it on to the next generation , and we can adop@@ t the at@@ tribu@@ tes we want , we will have conver@@ ted ol@@ d-@@ style evolution into ne@@ o-@@ evolution . +we 'll take a process that normally might require 100,000 years , and we can com@@ press it down to a thousand years -- and maybe even in the next 100 years . +these are choices that your grand@@ children , or their grand@@ children , are going to have before them . +will we use these choices to make a society that is better , that is more successful , that is kinder ? +or , will we sel@@ ec@@ tively choose different at@@ tribu@@ tes that we want for some of us and not for others of us ? +will we make a society that is more bor@@ ing and more uni@@ form , or more rob@@ ust and more ver@@ sa@@ ti@@ le ? +these are the kinds of questions that we will have to face . +and most pro@@ fo@@ und@@ ly of all , will we ever be able to develop the wisdom , and to in@@ her@@ it the wisdom , that we 'll need to make these choices wi@@ sely ? +for better or worse , and so@@ on@@ er than you may think , these choices will be up to us . +thank you . +i want you now to imagine a we@@ ar@@ able robot that gives you super@@ human abilities , or another one that takes wheel@@ chair users up standing and walking again . +we at ber@@ k@@ ele@@ y bi@@ on@@ ics call these robots ex@@ o@@ skelet@@ ons . +these are nothing else than something that you put on in the morning , and it will give you extra strength , and it will further en@@ h@@ ance your speed , and it will help you , for instance , to manage your balance . +it is actually the true integra@@ tion of the man and the machine . +but not only that -- it will integra@@ te and network you to the universe and other devices out there . +this is just not some blue sky thinking . +to show you now what we are working on by starting out talking about the american soldi@@ er , that on average does carry about 100 l@@ b@@ s. on their bac@@ ks , and they are being asked to carry more equipment . +obviously , this is resul@@ ting in some major compli@@ cations -- back in@@ ju@@ ries , 30 percent of them -- chr@@ onic back in@@ ju@@ ries . +so we thought we would look at this challenge and create an ex@@ o@@ skelet@@ on that would help deal with this issue . +so let me now introdu@@ ce to you h@@ ul@@ c -- or the human universal load car@@ rier . +with the h@@ ul@@ c ex@@ o@@ skelet@@ on , i can carry 200 l@@ b@@ s. over vari@@ ed ter@@ rain for many hours . +its flexi@@ ble design allows for deep squ@@ ats , cra@@ w@@ ls and high-@@ agi@@ li@@ ty mov@@ ements . +it senses what i want to do , where i want to go , and then aug@@ ments my strength and en@@ dur@@ ance . +we are ready with our industry partner to introdu@@ ce this device , this new ex@@ o@@ skelet@@ on this year . +so this is for real . +now let 's turn our heads towards the wheel@@ chair users , something that i 'm particularly passionate about . +there are 6@@ 8 million people esti@@ ma@@ ted to be in wheel@@ cha@@ irs worldwide . +this is about one percent of the total population . +and that 's actually a conser@@ va@@ tive esti@@ mate . +we are talking here about , o@@ f@@ ten@@ times , very young individuals with spin@@ al cor@@ d in@@ ju@@ ries , that in the prime of their life -- 20@@ s , 3@@ 0s , 4@@ 0s -- hit a wall and the wheel@@ chair 's the only option . +but it is also the aging population that is multi@@ pl@@ ying in numbers . +and the only option , pretty much -- when it 's stro@@ ke or other compli@@ cations -- is the wheel@@ chair . +and that is actually for the last 500 years , since its very successful introdu@@ ction , i must say . +so we thought we would start writing a brand new chap@@ ter of mo@@ bility . +let me now introdu@@ ce you to ele@@ gs that is wor@@ n by am@@ anda bo@@ x@@ tel that 19 years ago was spin@@ al cor@@ d in@@ ju@@ red , and as a result of that she has not been able to walk for 19 years until now . +thank you . +am@@ anda is wearing our ele@@ gs set . +it has sensor@@ s . +it 's completely non-@@ invasi@@ ve , sensor@@ s in the cru@@ t@@ ches that send signals back to our on@@ board computer that is sitting here at her back . +there are battery pac@@ ks here as well that power mot@@ ors that are sitting at her hi@@ ps , as well as her k@@ nee jo@@ in@@ ts , that move her forward in this kind of smo@@ oth and very natural ga@@ it . +i was 24 years old and at the top of my game when a fre@@ ak sum@@ mer@@ sau@@ lt while down@@ h@@ ill ski@@ ing paraly@@ zed me . +in a spli@@ t second , i lost all sen@@ sation and movement below my p@@ el@@ v@@ is . +not long after@@ wards , a doctor stro@@ de into my hospital room , and he said , " am@@ anda , you 'll never walk again . " +and that was 19 ye@@ as ago . +he rob@@ bed every o@@ un@@ ce of hope from my being . +adap@@ tive technology has since en@@ ab@@ led me to learn how to down@@ h@@ ill sk@@ i again , to rock clim@@ b and even hand@@ cycle . +but nothing has been invented that en@@ ables me to walk , until now . +thank you . +as you can see , we have the technology , we have the plat@@ forms to sit down and have discus@@ sions with you . +it 's in our hands , and we have all the potential here to change the lives of future generations -- not only for the soldiers , or for am@@ anda here and all the wheel@@ chair users , but for everyone . +thanks . +back in new york , i am the head of development for a non-@@ profit called ro@@ bin hood . +when i 'm not fighting poverty , i 'm fighting fir@@ es as the assi@@ stant cap@@ tain of a volunte@@ er fire company . +now in our town , where the volunte@@ ers supp@@ le@@ ment a highly sk@@ ill@@ ed career staf@@ f , you have to get to the fire scene pretty early to get in on any action . +i remember my first fire . +i was the second volunte@@ er on the scene , so there was a pretty good chance i was going to get in . +but still it was a real foot@@ race against the other volunte@@ ers to get to the cap@@ tain in charge to find out what our as@@ sign@@ ments would be . +when i found the cap@@ tain , he was having a very eng@@ aging conversation with the home@@ ow@@ ner , who was sur@@ ely having one of the worst days of her life . +here it was , the middle of the night , she was standing outside in the po@@ uring rain , under an um@@ br@@ ell@@ a , in her pa@@ jam@@ as , bar@@ e@@ foot , while her house was in fl@@ ames . +the other volunte@@ er who had arrived just before me -- let 's call him le@@ x lu@@ ther -- got to the cap@@ tain first and was asked to go inside and save the home@@ ow@@ ner 's dog . +the dog ! i was stun@@ ned with je@@ al@@ ous@@ y . +here was some law@@ yer or money man@@ ager who , for the rest of his life , gets to tell people that he went into a burning building to save a living cre@@ ature , just because he beat me by five seconds . +well , i was next . +the cap@@ tain wa@@ ved me over . +he said , " be@@ z@@ os , i need you to go into the house . +i need you to go up@@ sta@@ irs , past the fire , and i need you to get this woman a pair of shoes . " +i swe@@ ar . +so , not exactly what i was hop@@ ing for , but off i went -- up the sta@@ irs , down the hall , past the ' real ' fire@@ figh@@ ters , who were pretty much done putting out the fire at this point , into the master bedro@@ om to get a pair of shoes . +now i know what you 're thinking , but i 'm no hero . +i car@@ ried my pay@@ load back down@@ sta@@ irs where i met my ne@@ mes@@ is and the pre@@ cious dog by the front door . +we took our tre@@ as@@ ures outside to the home@@ ow@@ ner , where , not surpris@@ ingly , his received much more attention than did mine . +a few weeks later , the department received a letter from the home@@ ow@@ ner than@@ king us for the v@@ ali@@ ant effort dis@@ played in saving her home . +the act of kin@@ dness she not@@ ed above all others : someone had even gotten her a pair of shoes . +in both my vo@@ cation at ro@@ bin hood and my avo@@ cation as a volunte@@ er fire@@ fi@@ ghter , i am wit@@ ness to acts of gener@@ osity and kin@@ dness on a mon@@ um@@ ent@@ al scale , but i 'm also wit@@ ness to acts of gra@@ ce and coura@@ ge on an individual basis . +and you know what i 've learned ? +they all matter . +so as i look around this room at people who either have achie@@ ved , or are on their way to achie@@ ving , remarkable levels of success , i would offer this remin@@ der : don 't wait . +don 't wait until you make your first million to make a difference in somebody 's life . +if you have something to give , give it now . +serve food at a sou@@ p kitchen . clean up a neighborhood park . +be a ment@@ or . +not every day is going to offer us a chance to save somebody 's life , but every day off@@ ers us an opportunity to affect one . +so get in the game . save the shoes . +thank you . +mark , mark , come back . +thank you . +i just came back from a community that hol@@ ds the secret to human survival . +it 's a place where women run the show , have sex to say hell@@ o , and play rules the day -- where fun is serious business . +and no , this isn 't burning man or san francisco . +ladies and gentle@@ men , meet your cou@@ s@@ ins . +this is the world of wild bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s in the jun@@ gles of con@@ go . +bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s are , together with chimpanze@@ es , your living clo@@ s@@ est relative . +that means we all share a common ance@@ st@@ or , an evolutionary grandmother , who lived around six million years ago . +now , chimpanze@@ es are well-@@ known for their ag@@ gr@@ ession . +but unfortunately , we have made too much of an em@@ ph@@ as@@ is of this aspe@@ ct in our narra@@ tives of human evolution . +but bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s show us the other side of the co@@ in . +while chimpanze@@ es are domin@@ ated by big , sc@@ ary guys , bon@@ ob@@ o society is run by em@@ powered fe@@ males . +these guys have really worked something out , since this leads to a highly toler@@ ant society where f@@ at@@ al violence has not been obser@@ ved yet . +but unfortunately , bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s are the least understood of the great ap@@ es . +they live in the dep@@ ths of the con@@ gol@@ ese jung@@ le , and it has been very difficult to study them . +the con@@ go is a parado@@ x -- a land of extraordinary bio@@ diversity and beauty , but also the heart of dar@@ k@@ ness itself -- the scene of a violent conflict that has ra@@ ged for decades and cla@@ im@@ ed nearly as many lives as the first world war . +not surpris@@ ingly , this destruction also en@@ dan@@ gers bon@@ ob@@ o survival . +bus@@ h@@ meat tra@@ des and forest loss means we couldn 't fill a small sta@@ dium with all the bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s that are left in the world -- and we 're not even sure of that to be honest . +yet , in this land of violence and chaos , you can hear hidden lau@@ ghter swa@@ ying the trees . +who are these cou@@ s@@ ins ? +we know them as the " make love , not war " ap@@ es since they have frequ@@ ent , promis@@ cu@@ ous and bis@@ ex@@ ual sex to manage conflict and solve social issues . +now , i 'm not saying this is the solution to all of humanity 's problems -- since there 's more to bon@@ ob@@ o life than the kam@@ a su@@ tra . +bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s , like humans , love to play throughout their entire lives . +play is not just child 's games . +for us and them , play is foun@@ da@@ tional for bon@@ ding relationships and fo@@ ster@@ ing toler@@ ance . +it 's where we learn to trust and where we learn about the rules of the game . +play incre@@ ases creativity and resili@@ ence , and it 's all about the generation of diversity -- diversity of inter@@ actions , diversity of behaviors , diversity of connections . +and when you watch bon@@ ob@@ o play , you 're seeing the very evolutionary roots of human lau@@ ghter , dance and ritual . +play is the gl@@ ue that bin@@ ds us together . +now , i don 't know how you play , but i want to show you a couple of unique cli@@ ps fresh from the wild . +first , it 's a ball game bon@@ o@@ bo@@ -@@ style -- and i do not mean foot@@ ball . +so here , we have a young female and a male enga@@ ged in a ch@@ ase game . +have a look what she 's doing . +it might be the evolutionary orig@@ in of the phr@@ ase , " she 's got him by the ball@@ s . " +only i think that he 's rather lo@@ ving it here , right ? +yeah . +so sex play is common in both bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s and humans . +and this video is really interesting because it shows -- this video 's really interesting because it shows the inv@@ enti@@ ven@@ ess of bringing unusual elements into play -- such as te@@ sti@@ cles -- and also how play both requires trust and fo@@ sters trust -- while at the same time being tremendous fun . +but play 's a sha@@ p@@ es@@ hi@@ f@@ ter . +play 's a sha@@ p@@ es@@ hi@@ f@@ ter , and it can take many forms , some of which are more quie@@ t , imag@@ in@@ ative , curious -- maybe where wonder is discovered an@@ e@@ w . +and i want you to see , this is fu@@ k@@ u , a young female , and she is quie@@ tly playing with water . +i think , like her , we sometimes play alone , and we explore the boundar@@ ies of our inner and our ou@@ ter worl@@ ds . +and it 's that play@@ ful curi@@ osity that dri@@ ves us to explore , dri@@ ves us to interact , and then the un@@ expected connections we form are the real hot@@ bed for creativity . +so these are just small ta@@ sters into the insi@@ ghts that bon@@ ob@@ o give us to our past and present . +but they also hold a secret for our future , a future where we need to ada@@ pt to an increasingly challen@@ ging world through greater creativity and greater co@@ operation . +the secret is that play is the key to these capac@@ i@@ ties . +in other words , play is our adap@@ tive wild@@ card . +in order to ada@@ pt success@@ fully to a changing world , we need to play . +but will we make the most of our play@@ ful@@ ness ? +play is not fri@@ vol@@ ous . +play 's essential . +for bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s and humans ali@@ ke , life is not just red in to@@ oth and cla@@ w . +in times when it seems least appropriate to play , it might be the times when it is most ur@@ gent . +and so , my fellow pri@@ mates , let us embra@@ ce this gift from evolution and play together , as we re@@ discover creativity , fel@@ lo@@ w@@ ship and wonder . +thank you . +i want you to imagine two cou@@ ples in the middle of 197@@ 9 on the ex@@ act same day , at the ex@@ act same moment , each conc@@ ei@@ ving a baby -- okay ? +so two cou@@ ples each conc@@ ei@@ ving one baby . +now i don 't want you to spend too much time imag@@ ining the con@@ ception , because if you spend all that time imag@@ ining that con@@ ception , you 're not going to listen to me . +so just imagine that for a moment . +and in this scen@@ ari@@ o , i want to imagine that , in one case , the sper@@ m is carrying a y chromo@@ some , meeting that x chromo@@ some of the eg@@ g . +and in the other case , the sper@@ m is carrying an x chromo@@ some , meeting the x chromo@@ some of the eg@@ g . +both are vi@@ able ; both take off . +we 'll come back to these people later . +so i wear two hat@@ s in most of what i do . +as the one hat , i do history of an@@ atom@@ y . +i 'm a histor@@ ian by training , and what i study in that case is the way that people have de@@ alt with an@@ atom@@ y -- meaning human bodies , animal bodies -- how they de@@ alt with bo@@ di@@ ly flu@@ ids , concep@@ ts of bodies ; how have they thought about bodies . +the other hat that i 've wor@@ n in my work is as an activ@@ ist , as a patient ad@@ vo@@ cate -- or , as i sometimes say , as an im@@ patient ad@@ vo@@ cate -- for people who are patients of doctors . +in that case , what i 've worked with is people who have body types that challenge social nor@@ ms . +so some of what i 've worked on , for example , is people who are con@@ jo@@ ined tw@@ ins -- two people within one body . +some of what i 've worked on is people who have d@@ war@@ fis@@ m -- so people who are much shor@@ ter than typical . +and a lot of what i 've worked on is people who have at@@ yp@@ ical sex -- so people who don 't have the standard male or the standard female body types . +and as a general term , we can use the term inter@@ sex for this . +inter@@ sex comes in a lot of different forms . +i 'll just give you a few examples of the types of ways you can have sex that isn 't standard for male or female . +so in one instance , you can have somebody who has an x@@ y chromo@@ so@@ mal basis , and that s@@ ry gene on the y chromo@@ some tells the pro@@ to-@@ gon@@ ads , which we all have in the fe@@ tal life , to become te@@ stes . +and so in the fe@@ tal life the te@@ stes are pump@@ ing out te@@ sto@@ ster@@ one . +but because this individual l@@ ac@@ ks re@@ cep@@ tors to hear that te@@ sto@@ ster@@ one , the body doesn 't re@@ act to the te@@ sto@@ ster@@ one . +and this is a syndro@@ me called and@@ ro@@ gen in@@ sensi@@ tivity syndro@@ me . +so lots of levels of te@@ sto@@ ster@@ one , but no reaction to it . +as a con@@ sequence , the body develop@@ s more along the female typical path . +when the child is born , she looks like a girl . +she is a girl . she is raised as a girl . +and it 's often not until she hits pu@@ ber@@ ty and she 's growing and developing brea@@ sts , but she 's not getting her period , that somebody fig@@ ures out something 's up here . +and they do some tests and figure out that , instead of having o@@ var@@ ies inside and a u@@ ter@@ us , she actually has te@@ stes inside , and she has a y chromo@@ some . +now what 's important to understand is you may think of this person as really being male , but they 're really not . +fe@@ males , like males , have in our bodies something called the ad@@ ren@@ al gl@@ ands . +they 're in the back of our body . +and the ad@@ ren@@ al gl@@ ands make and@@ ro@@ gens , which are a ma@@ sc@@ ul@@ ini@@ zing hor@@ m@@ one . +most fe@@ males like me -- i believe myself to be a typical female -- i don 't actually know my chromo@@ so@@ mal ma@@ ke@@ -up but i think i 'm probably typical -- most fe@@ males like me are actually and@@ ro@@ gen@@ -@@ sensitive . +we 're making and@@ ro@@ gen , and we 're respon@@ ding to and@@ ro@@ gens . +the con@@ sequence is that somebody like me has actually had a brain ex@@ posed to more and@@ ro@@ gens than the woman born with te@@ stes who has and@@ ro@@ gen in@@ sensi@@ tivity syndro@@ me . +so sex is really complicated ; it 's not just that inter@@ sex people are in the middle of all the sex spectrum -- in some ways , they can be all over the place . +another example : a few years ago i got a call from a man who was 19 years old , who was born a boy , raised a boy , had a gir@@ l@@ friend , had sex with his gir@@ l@@ friend , had a life as a guy and had just found out that he had o@@ var@@ ies and a u@@ ter@@ us inside . +what he had was an extreme form of a condition called con@@ gen@@ ital ad@@ ren@@ al hyper@@ pl@@ asia . +he had x@@ x chromo@@ som@@ es , and in the wom@@ b , his ad@@ ren@@ al gl@@ ands were in such high ge@@ ar that it created , essentially , a ma@@ sc@@ ul@@ ine hor@@ mon@@ al environment . +and as a con@@ sequence , his gen@@ it@@ als were ma@@ sc@@ ul@@ in@@ zed , his brain was subject to the more typical ma@@ sc@@ ul@@ ine compon@@ ent of hor@@ mon@@ es . +and he was born looking like a boy -- nobody sus@@ pe@@ cted anything . +and it was only when he had reach@@ ed the age of 19 that he began to have enough medical problems actually from men@@ stru@@ ating intern@@ ally , that doctors figured out that , in fact , he was female intern@@ ally . +okay , so just one more quick example of a way you can have inter@@ sex . +some people who have x@@ x chromo@@ som@@ es develop what are called o@@ vot@@ est@@ is , which is when you have o@@ vari@@ an tissue with te@@ sti@@ cular tissue wra@@ pped around it . +and we 're not exactly sure why that happens . +so sex can come in lots of different var@@ ie@@ ties . +the reason that children with these kinds of bodies -- whether it 's d@@ war@@ fis@@ m , or it 's con@@ jo@@ ined tw@@ inning , or it 's an inter@@ sex type -- are often norm@@ alized by surge@@ ons is not because it actually leaves them better off in terms of physical health . +in many cases , people are actually perfectly healthy . +the reason they 're often subject to various kinds of sur@@ ger@@ ies is because they thre@@ aten our social categ@@ ories . +or system has been based typically on the idea that a particular kind of an@@ atom@@ y comes with a particular identity . +so we have the concept that what it means to be a woman is to have a female identity ; what it means to be a black person is , alle@@ ge@@ dly , is to have an african an@@ atom@@ y in terms of your history . +and so we have this terri@@ bly simpli@@ stic idea . +and when we 're fac@@ ed with a body that actually pres@@ ents us something quite different , it star@@ tles us in terms of those categ@@ ori@@ zations . +so we have a lot of very roman@@ tic ideas in our culture about individu@@ alism . +and our nation 's really fo@@ unded on a very roman@@ tic concept of individu@@ alism . +well you can imagine how star@@ t@@ ling then it is when you have children that are born who are two people inside of one body . +where i ran into the most heat from this most recently was last year the south african run@@ ner , ca@@ ster se@@ men@@ ya , had her sex called into question at the international games in ber@@ lin . +i had a lot of journ@@ alists calling me , asking me , " which is the test they 're going to run that will tell us whether or not ca@@ ster se@@ men@@ ya is male or female ? " +and i had to explain to the journ@@ alists there isn 't such a test . +in fact , we now know that sex is complicated enough that we have to ad@@ mit nature doesn 't draw the line for us between male and female , or between male and inter@@ sex and female and inter@@ sex ; we actually draw that line on nature . +so what we have is a sort of situation where the far@@ ther our science goes , the more we have to ad@@ mit to ourselves that these categ@@ ories that we thought of as stable an@@ atom@@ ical categ@@ ories that ma@@ pped very simply to stable identity categ@@ ories are a lot more fu@@ zz@@ y than we thought . +and it 's not just in terms of sex . +it 's also in terms of race , which turns out to be va@@ stly more complicated than our ter@@ min@@ ology has allowed . +as we look , we get into all sorts of un@@ comfortable areas . +we look , for example , about the fact that we share at least 95 percent of our dna with chimpanze@@ es . +what are we to make of the fact that we diff@@ er from them only really by a few nu@@ cle@@ o@@ ti@@ des ? +and as we get far@@ ther and far@@ ther with our science , we get more and more into a dis@@ com@@ for@@ ted zone where we have to ac@@ knowledge that the simpli@@ stic categ@@ ories we 've had are probably over@@ ly simpli@@ stic . +so we 're seeing this in all sorts of places in human life . +one of the places we 're seeing it , for example , in our culture today , in the united states today , is bat@@ tles over the beginning of life and the end of life . +we have difficult conver@@ sa@@ tions about at what point we decide a body becomes a human , such that it has a different right than a fe@@ tal life . +we have very difficult conver@@ sa@@ tions no@@ wa@@ days -- probably not out in the open as much as within medicine -- about the question of when somebody 's dead . +in the past , our ancestors never had to struggle so much with this question of when somebody was dead . +at most , they 'd stick a fe@@ a@@ ther on somebody 's nose , and if it twi@@ t@@ ched , they didn 't bur@@ y them yet . +if it stopped twi@@ t@@ ching , you bur@@ y them . +but today , we have a situation where we want to take vi@@ tal organs out of beings and give them to other beings . +and as a con@@ sequence , we 're stuck with having to struggle with this really difficult question about who 's dead , and this leads us to a really difficult situation where we don 't have such simple categ@@ ories as we 've had before . +now you might think that all this break@@ ing-@@ down of categ@@ ories would make somebody like me really happy . +i 'm a political pro@@ gressi@@ ve , i de@@ f@@ end people with unusual bodies , but i have to ad@@ mit to you that it makes me nervous . +understanding that these categ@@ ories are really much more un@@ stable than we thought makes me ten@@ se . +and it makes me ten@@ se from the point of view of thinking about democracy . +so in order to tell you about that ten@@ sion , i have to first ad@@ mit to you that i 'm a huge fan of the fo@@ unding fa@@ thers . +i know they were ra@@ ci@@ sts , i know they were sex@@ ist , but they were great . +i mean , they were so bra@@ ve and so b@@ old and so radical in what they did that i find myself watching that che@@ es@@ y musical " 17@@ 7@@ 6 " every few years , and it 's not because of the music , which is totally for@@ ge@@ tt@@ able . +it 's because of what happened in 17@@ 7@@ 6 with the fo@@ unding fa@@ thers . +the fo@@ unding fa@@ thers were , for my point of view , the original an@@ atom@@ ical activi@@ sts , and this is why . +what they re@@ je@@ cted was an an@@ atom@@ ical concept and re@@ placed it with another one that was radical and beautiful and held us for 200 years . +so as you all rec@@ all , what our fo@@ unding fa@@ thers were re@@ je@@ cting was a concept of mon@@ arch@@ y , and the mon@@ arch@@ y was basically based on a very simpli@@ stic concept of an@@ atom@@ y . +the mon@@ arch@@ s of the old world didn 't have a concept of dna , but they did have a concept of birth@@ right . +they had a concept of blue blood . +they had the idea that the people who would be in political power should be in political power because of the blood being passed down from grand@@ father to father to son and so forth . +the fo@@ unding fa@@ thers re@@ je@@ cted that idea , and they re@@ placed it with a new an@@ atom@@ ical concept , and that concept was all men are created equal . +they le@@ vel@@ ed that playing field and decided the an@@ atom@@ y that ma@@ tter@@ ed was the common@@ ality of an@@ atom@@ y , not the difference in an@@ atom@@ y , and that was a really radical thing to do . +now they were doing it in part because they were part of an en@@ ligh@@ ten@@ ment system where two things were growing up together . +and that was democracy growing up , but it was also science growing up at the same time . +and it 's really clear , if you look at the history of the fo@@ unding fa@@ thers , a lot of them were very interested in science , and they were interested in a concept of a natur@@ ali@@ stic world . +they were moving away from super@@ natural explan@@ ations , and they were re@@ je@@ cting things like a super@@ natural concept of power , where it trans@@ mit@@ ted because of a very va@@ gue concept of birth@@ right . +they were moving towards a natur@@ ali@@ stic concept . +and if you look , for example , in the dec@@ lar@@ ation of indepen@@ dence , they talk about nature and nature 's god . +they don 't talk about god and god 's nature . +they 're talking about the power of nature to tell us who we are . +so as part of that , they were coming to us with a concept that was about an@@ atom@@ ical common@@ ality . +and in doing so , they were really setting up in a beautiful way the civil rights movement of the future . +they didn 't think of it that way , but they did it for us , and it was great . +so what happened years after@@ ward ? +what happened was women , for example , who wanted the right to vote , took the fo@@ unding fa@@ thers ' concept of an@@ atom@@ ical common@@ ality being more important than an@@ atom@@ ical difference and said , " the fact that we have a u@@ ter@@ us and o@@ var@@ ies is not significant enough in terms of a difference to mean that we shouldn 't have the right to vote , the right to full citi@@ zen@@ ship , the right to own property , etc . , etc . " +and women success@@ fully argu@@ ed that . +next came the successful civil rights movement , where we found people like so@@ jour@@ ner truth talking about , " a@@ in 't i a woman ? " +we find men on the mar@@ ching lines of the civil rights movement saying , " i am a man . " +again , people of color appe@@ aling to a common@@ ality of an@@ atom@@ y over a difference of an@@ atom@@ y , again , success@@ fully . +we see the same thing with the dis@@ ability rights movement . +the problem is , of course , that , as we begin to look at all that common@@ ality , we have to begin to question why we main@@ tain certain di@@ visi@@ ons . +now mind you , i want to main@@ tain some di@@ visi@@ ons , an@@ atom@@ ically , in our culture . +for example , i don 't want to give a fish the same rights as a human . +i don 't want to say we give up entirely on an@@ atom@@ y . +i don 't want to say five-@@ year-@@ ol@@ ds should be allowed to con@@ sent to sex or con@@ sent to mar@@ ry . +so there are some an@@ atom@@ ical di@@ visi@@ ons that make sense to me and that i think we should re@@ tain . +but the challenge is trying to figure out which ones they are and why do we re@@ tain them and do they have meaning . +so let 's go back to those two beings conc@@ ei@@ ved at the beginning of this talk . +we have two beings , both conc@@ ei@@ ved in the middle of 197@@ 9 on the ex@@ act same day . +let 's imagine one of them , mary , is born three months pre@@ ma@@ tur@@ ely , so she 's born on jun@@ e 1 , 19@@ 80 . +henry , by contr@@ ast , is born at term , so he 's born on mar@@ ch 1 , 19@@ 80 . +simply by virtu@@ e of the fact that mary was born pre@@ ma@@ tur@@ ely three months , she comes into all sorts of rights three months earlier than henry does -- the right to con@@ sent to sex , the right to vote , the right to drink . +henry has to wait for all of that , not because he 's actually any different in age , bi@@ ologi@@ cally , except in terms of when he was born . +we find other kinds of wei@@ r@@ dness in terms of what their rights are . +henry , by virtu@@ e of being as@@ sum@@ ed to be male -- although i haven 't told you that he 's the x@@ y one -- by virtu@@ e of being as@@ sum@@ ed to be male is now li@@ able to be dra@@ f@@ ted , which mary does not need to worry about . +mary , mean@@ while , cannot in all the states have the same right that henry has in all the states , nam@@ ely , the right to mar@@ ry . +henry can mar@@ ry in every state a woman , but mary can only mar@@ ry today in a few states a woman . +so we have these an@@ atom@@ ical categ@@ ories that pers@@ ist that are in many ways proble@@ matic and questi@@ on@@ able . +and the question to me becomes : what do we do , as our science gets to be so good in looking at an@@ atom@@ y , that we reach the point where we have to ad@@ mit that a democracy that 's been based on an@@ atom@@ y might start fall@@ ing apart ? +i don 't want to give up the science , but at the same time it kind of feels sometimes like the science is coming out from under us . +so where do we go ? +it seems like what happens in our culture is a sort of pra@@ g@@ matic at@@ titude : " well , we have to draw the line somewhere , so we will draw the line somewhere . " +but a lot of people get stuck in a very strange position . +so for example , texas has at one point decided that what it means to mar@@ ry a man is to mean that you don 't have a y chromo@@ some , and what it means to mar@@ ry a woman means you do have a y chromo@@ some . +now in practice they don 't actually test people for their chromo@@ som@@ es . +but this is also very bizar@@ re , because of the story i told you at the beginning about and@@ ro@@ gen in@@ sensi@@ tivity syndro@@ me . +if we look at one of the fo@@ unding fa@@ thers of modern democracy , dr. martin lu@@ ther king , he off@@ ers us something of a solution in his " i have a dream " speech . +he says we should ju@@ dge people " based not on the color of their skin , but on the content of their character , " moving beyond an@@ atom@@ y . +and i want to say , " yeah , that sounds like a really good idea . " +but in practice , how do you do it ? +how do you ju@@ dge people based on the content of character ? +i also want to point out that i 'm not sure that is how we should distribu@@ te rights in terms of humans , because , i have to ad@@ mit , that there are some golden re@@ tri@@ ever@@ s i know that are probably more deser@@ ving of social services than some humans i know . +i also want to say there are probably also some yellow lab@@ rad@@ ors that i know that are more capable of in@@ formed , intelligent , ma@@ ture decisions about sexual rela@@ tions than some 4@@ 0-@@ year-@@ ol@@ ds that i know . +so how do we oper@@ a@@ tion@@ alize the question of content of character ? +it turns out to be really difficult . +and part of me also wonder@@ s , what if content of character turns out to be something that 's scan@@ n@@ able in the future -- able to be seen with an f@@ mr@@ i ? +do we really want to go there ? +i 'm not sure where we go . +what i do know is that it seems to be really important to think about the idea of the united states being in the lead of thinking about this issue of democracy . +we 've done a really good job strug@@ gling with democracy , and i think we would do a good job in the future . +we don 't have a situation that iran has , for example , where a man who 's sex@@ ually attra@@ cted to other men is li@@ able to be mur@@ dered , unless he 's willing to sub@@ mit to a sex change , in which case he 's allowed to live . +we don 't have that kind of situation . +i 'm gla@@ d to say we don 't have the kind of situation with -- a surge@@ on i talked to a few years ago who had brought over a set of con@@ jo@@ ined tw@@ ins in order to separate them , par@@ tly to make a name for himself . +but when i was on the phone with him , asking why he was going to do this surgery -- this was a very high-@@ risk surgery -- his answer was that , in this other nation , these children were going to be treated very b@@ ad@@ ly , and so he had to do this . +my response to him was , " well , have you considered political as@@ yl@@ um instead of a separ@@ ation surgery ? " +the united states has off@@ ered tremendous possibility for allo@@ wing people to be the way they are , without having them have to be changed for the sa@@ ke of the state . +so i think we have to be in the lead . +well , just to close , i want to suggest to you that i 've been talking a lot about the fa@@ thers . +and i want to think about the possibilities of what democracy might look like , or might have looked like , if we had more involved the mothers . +and i want to say something a little bit radical for a fe@@ min@@ ist , and that is that i think that there may be different kinds of insi@@ ghts that can come from different kinds of an@@ atom@@ ies , particularly when we have people thinking in groups . +now for years , because i 've been interested in inter@@ sex , i 've also been interested in sex difference research . +and one of the things that i 've been really interested in is looking at the differences between males and fe@@ males in terms of the way they think and operate in the world . +and what we know from cros@@ s-@@ cultural studies is that fe@@ males , on average -- not everyone , but on average -- are more in@@ clin@@ ed to be very atten@@ tive to complex social rela@@ tions and to taking care of people who are basically vulnerable within the group . +and so if we think about that , we have an interesting situation on our hands . +years ago , when i was in graduate school , one of my graduate ad@@ vis@@ ers who knew i was interested in fe@@ min@@ ism -- i considered myself a fe@@ min@@ ist , as i still do -- asked a really strange question . +he said , " tell me what 's fe@@ min@@ ine about fe@@ min@@ ism . " +and i thought , " well that 's the du@@ m@@ best question i 've ever heard . +fe@@ min@@ ism is all about un@@ doing stere@@ ot@@ yp@@ es about gender , so there 's nothing fe@@ min@@ ine about fe@@ min@@ ism . " +but the more i thought about his question , the more i thought there might be something fe@@ min@@ ine about fe@@ min@@ ism . +that is to say , there might be something , on average , different about female brains from male brains that makes us more atten@@ tive to deeply complex social relationships and more atten@@ tive to taking care of the vulnerable . +so whereas the fa@@ thers were extremely atten@@ tive to fig@@ uring out how to protect individuals from the state , it 's possible that if we inje@@ cted more mothers into this concept , what we would have is more of a concept of , not just how to protect , but how to care for each other . +and maybe that 's where we need to go in the future , when we take democracy beyond an@@ atom@@ y , is to think less about the individual body , in terms of the identity , and think more about those relationships . +so that as we the people try to create a more perfect union , we 're thinking about what we do for each other . +thank you . +i 'm j@@ ess@@ i , and this is my su@@ it@@ case . +but before i show you what i 've got inside , i 'm going to make a very public conf@@ ession , and that is , i 'm out@@ fit@@ -@@ obs@@ essed . +i love finding , wearing , and more recently , photograph@@ ing and blog@@ ging a different , color@@ ful , crazy out@@ fit for every single occasi@@ on . +but i don 't buy anything new . +i get all my clo@@ th@@ es secon@@ d@@ hand from fle@@ a markets and thri@@ ft stor@@ es . +aw@@ w , thank you . +secon@@ d@@ hand sh@@ opp@@ ing allows me to reduce the impact my war@@ dro@@ be has on the environment and on my wal@@ let . +i get to meet all kinds of great people ; my dollars usually go to a good cause ; i look pretty unique ; and it makes sh@@ opp@@ ing like my own personal tre@@ as@@ ure h@@ unt . +i mean , what am i going to find today ? +is it going to be my size ? +will i like the color ? +will it be under $ 20 ? +if all the answers are yes , i feel as though i 've won . +i want to get back to my su@@ it@@ case and tell you what i pac@@ ked for this exciting week here at ted . +i mean , what does somebody with all these out@@ f@@ its bring with her ? +so i 'm going to show you exactly what i brought . +i brought seven pa@@ irs of under@@ pants and that 's it . +exactly one week 's worth of un@@ dies is all i put in my su@@ it@@ case . +i was be@@ tting that i 'd be able to find everything else i could possible want to wear once i got here to pal@@ m spr@@ ings . +and since you don 't know me as the woman walking around ted in her under@@ wear -- that means i found a few things . +and i 'd really love to show you my week 's worth of out@@ f@@ its right now . +does that sound good ? +so as i do this , i 'm also going to tell you a few of the life lessons that , believe it or not , i have picked up in these ad@@ vent@@ ures wearing nothing new . +so let 's start with sun@@ day . +i call this " sh@@ in@@ y tiger . " +you do not have to spend a lot of money to look great . +you can almost always look phenomen@@ al for under $ 50 . +this whole out@@ fit , including the jac@@ ket , cost me $ 5@@ 5 , and it was the most expensive thing that i wor@@ e the entire week . +mon@@ day : color is powerful . +it is almost physi@@ ologi@@ cally impossible to be in a bad mo@@ od when you 're wearing bright red pants . +if you are happy , you are going to attra@@ ct other happy people to you . +tu@@ es@@ day : fit@@ ting in is way over@@ r@@ ated . +i 've spent a whole lot of my life trying to be myself and at the same time fit in . +just be who you are . +if you are surro@@ unding yourself with the right people , they will not only get it , they will appreci@@ ate it . +we@@ dn@@ es@@ day : embra@@ ce your inner child . +sometimes people tell me that i look like i 'm playing d@@ res@@ s-@@ up , or that i re@@ mind them of their se@@ ven@@ -year-old . +i like to s@@ mile and say , " thank you . " +th@@ ur@@ s@@ day : confidence is key . +if you think you look good in something , you almost certainly do . +and if you don 't think you look good in something , you 're also probably right . +i grew up with a mom who taught me this da@@ y-@@ in and da@@ y-@@ out . +but it wasn 't until i turned 30 that i really got what this meant . +and i 'm going to break it down for you for just a second . +if you believe you 're a beautiful person inside and out , there is no look that you can 't pull off . +so there is no exc@@ use for any of us here in this audience . +we should be able to rock anything we want to rock . +thank you . +fri@@ day : a universal truth -- five words for you : gold sequ@@ ins go with everything . +and finally , satur@@ day : developing your own unique personal style is a really great way to tell the world something about you without having to say a word . +it 's been pro@@ ven to me time and time again as people have walked up to me this week simply because of what i 'm wearing , and we 've had great conver@@ sa@@ tions . +so obviously this is not all going to fit back in my tiny su@@ it@@ case . +so before i go home to broo@@ kl@@ yn , i 'm going to don@@ ate everything back . +because the lesson i 'm trying to learn myself this week is that it 's okay to let go . +i don 't need to get emotion@@ ally atta@@ ched to these things because around the corner , there is always going to be another crazy , color@@ ful , sh@@ in@@ y out@@ fit just waiting for me , if i put a little love in my heart and look . +thank you very much . +thank you . +good after@@ noon , everybody . +i 've got something to show you . +think about this as a pi@@ x@@ el , a flying pi@@ x@@ el . +this is what we call , in our lab , sensi@@ ble design . +let me tell you a bit about it . +now if you take this picture -- i 'm itali@@ an origin@@ ally , and every boy in it@@ al@@ y gro@@ ws up with this picture on the wall of his bedro@@ om -- but the reason i 'm showing you this is that something very interesting happened in for@@ mul@@ a 1 ra@@ cing over the past couple of decades . +now some time ago , if you wanted to win a for@@ mul@@ a 1 race , you take a budget , and you bet your budget on a good driver and a good car . +and if the car and the driver were good enough , then you 'd win the race . +now today , if you want to win the race , actually you need also something like this -- something that monit@@ ors the car in real time , has a few thousand sensor@@ s colle@@ cting information from the car , trans@@ mit@@ ting this information into the system , and then process@@ ing it and using it in order to go back to the car with decisions and changing things in real time as information is colle@@ cted . +this is what , in engineering terms , you would call a real time control system . +and basically , it 's a system made of two components -- a sen@@ sing and an actu@@ ating compon@@ ent . +what is interesting today is that real time control systems are starting to enter into our lives . +our cities , over the past few years , just have been blan@@ ket@@ ed with networks , electr@@ on@@ ics . +they 're becoming like computers in open air . +and , as computers in open air , they 're starting to respond in a different way to be able to be sen@@ sed and to be actu@@ ated . +if we fix cities , actually it 's a big deal . +just as an asi@@ de , i wanted to mention , cities are only two percent of the earth 's cr@@ ust , but they are 50 percent of the world 's population . +they are 75 percent of the energy consumption -- up to 80 percent of co2 emissions . +so if we 're able to do something with cities , that 's a big deal . +beyond cities , all of this sen@@ sing and actu@@ ating is enter@@ ing our everyday objects . +that 's from an exhi@@ bi@@ tion that pa@@ ol@@ a ant@@ on@@ ell@@ i is organi@@ zing at mom@@ a later this year , during the summer . +it 's called " talk to me . " +well our objects , our environment is starting to talk back to us . +in a certain sense , it 's almost as if every at@@ om out there were becoming both a sen@@ sor and an actu@@ ator . +and that is radi@@ cally changing the interaction we have as humans with the environment out there . +in a certain sense , it 's almost as if the old dream of mich@@ el@@ angel@@ o ... +you know , when mich@@ el@@ angel@@ o sculp@@ ted the mo@@ ses , at the end it said that he took the ham@@ mer , thre@@ w it at the mo@@ ses -- actually you can still see a small chip underneath -- and said , shou@@ ted , " per@@ ch@@ é n@@ on par@@ l@@ i ? why don 't you talk ? " +well today , for the first time , our environment is starting to talk back to us . +and i 'll show just a few examples -- again , with this idea of sen@@ sing our environment and actu@@ ating it . +let 's starting with sen@@ sing . +well , the first project i wanted to share with you is actually one of the first projects by our lab . +it was four and a half years ago in it@@ al@@ y . +and what we did there was actually use a new type of network at the time that had been de@@ plo@@ yed all across the world -- that 's a cell@@ phone network -- and use anony@@ mous and ag@@ gre@@ g@@ ated information from that network , that 's colle@@ cted anyway by the oper@@ ator , in order to understand how the city works . +the summer was a lucky summer -- 2006 . +it 's when it@@ al@@ y won the soc@@ cer world c@@ up . +some of you might remember , it was it@@ al@@ y and fr@@ ance playing , and then zi@@ dan@@ e at the end , the head@@ bu@@ tt . +and anyway , it@@ al@@ y won at the end . +now look at what happened that day just by monit@@ or@@ ing activity happening on the network . +here you see the city . +you see the col@@ o@@ s@@ se@@ um in the middle , the river ti@@ ber . +it 's morning , before the match . +you see the ti@@ mel@@ ine on the top . +early after@@ noon , people here and there , making calls and moving . +the match begins -- sil@@ ence . +fr@@ ance sc@@ or@@ es . it@@ al@@ y sc@@ or@@ es . +hal@@ f@@ time , people make a quick call and go to the ba@@ th@@ room . +second half . end of normal time . +first over@@ time , second . +zi@@ dan@@ e , the head@@ bu@@ tt in a moment . +it@@ al@@ y w@@ ins . yeah . +well , that night , everybody went to celebra@@ te in the center . +you saw the big peak . +the following day , again everybody went to the center to meet the w@@ inning team and the prime minister at the time . +and then everybody moved down . +you see the image of the place called cir@@ co mas@@ sim@@ o , where , since ro@@ man times , people go to celebra@@ te , to have a big party , and you see the peak at the end of the day . +well , that 's just one example of how we can sense the city today in a way that we couldn 't have done just a few years ago . +another quick example about sen@@ sing : it 's not about people , but about things we use and consu@@ me . +well today , we know everything about where our objects come from . +this is a map that shows you all the chi@@ ps that form a ma@@ c computer , how they came together . +but we know very little about where things go . +so in this project , we actually developed some small ta@@ gs to track tr@@ ash as it moves through the system . +so we actually started with a number of volunte@@ ers who helped us in se@@ attle , just over a year ago , to tag what they were thro@@ wing away -- different types of things , as you can see here -- things they would throw away anyway . +then we put a little chip , little tag , onto the tr@@ ash and then started following it . +here are the results we just ob@@ tain@@ ed . +from se@@ attle ... +after one week . +with this information we realized there 's a lot of in@@ effici@@ en@@ cies in the system . +we can actually do the same thing with much less energy . +this data was not available before . +but there 's a lot of wa@@ sted transpor@@ tation and con@@ volu@@ ted things happening . +but the other thing is that we believe that if we see every day that the c@@ up we 're thro@@ wing away , it doesn 't disappe@@ ar , it 's still somewhere on the planet . +and the plastic bottle we 're thro@@ wing away every day still sta@@ ys there . +and if we show that to people , then we can also pro@@ mote some behavi@@ oral change . +so that was the reason for the project . +my collea@@ gue at mit , as@@ sa@@ f bi@@ der@@ man , he could tell you much more about sen@@ sing and many other wonderful things we can do with sen@@ sing , but i wanted to go to the second part we discus@@ sed at the beginning , and that 's actu@@ ating our environment . +and the first project is something we did a couple of years ago in zar@@ a@@ go@@ za , spa@@ in . +it started with a question by the ma@@ yo@@ r of the city , who came to us saying that spa@@ in and southern europe have a beautiful tradition of using water in public space , in architecture . +and the question was : how could technology , new technology , be ad@@ ded to that ? +and one of the ideas that was developed at mit in a work@@ shop was , imagine this pi@@ pe , and you 've got val@@ ves , sol@@ en@@ o@@ id val@@ ves , ta@@ ps , opening and clo@@ sing . +you create like a water cur@@ tain with pi@@ x@@ els made of water . +if those pi@@ x@@ els fall , you can write on it , you can show patterns , images , text . +and even you can approach it , and it will open up to let you jump through , as you see in this image . +well , we pres@@ ented this to ma@@ yo@@ r bel@@ loch . +he liked it very much . +and we got a com@@ mission to design a building at the ent@@ r@@ ance of the exp@@ o . +we called it digital water pa@@ vili@@ on . +the whole building is made of water . +there 's no do@@ ors or windows , but when you approach it , it will open up to let you in . +the roof also is covered with water . +and if there 's a bit of wind , if you want to mini@@ mi@@ ze sp@@ las@@ hing , you can actually lower the roof . +or you could close the building , and the whole architecture will disappe@@ ar , you know , these days , you always get images during the winter , when they take the roof down , of people who have been there and said , " they demo@@ li@@ shed the building . " +no , they didn 't demo@@ li@@ sh it , just when it goes down , the architecture almost disappe@@ ars . +here 's the building working . +you see the person puzz@@ led about what was going on inside . +and here was myself trying not to get we@@ t , testing the sensor@@ s that open the water . +well , i should tell you now what happened one night when all of the sensor@@ s stopped working . +but actually that night , it was even more fun . +all the kids from zar@@ a@@ go@@ za came to the building , because the way of eng@@ aging with the building became something different . +not anymore a building that would open up to let you in , but a building that would still make cu@@ ts and holes through the water , and you had to jump without getting we@@ t . +and that was , for us , was very interesting , because , as architec@@ ts , as engineers , as designers , we always think about how people will use the things we design . +but then reality 's always un@@ predic@@ table . +and that 's the beauty of doing things that are used and interact with people . +here is an image then of the building with the physical pi@@ x@@ els , the pi@@ x@@ els made of water , and then proje@@ ctions on them . +and this is what led us to think about the following project i 'll show you now . +that 's , imagine those pi@@ x@@ els could actually start flying . +imagine you could have small heli@@ cop@@ ters that move in the air , and then each of them with a small pi@@ x@@ el in changing lights -- almost as a cloud that can move in space . +here is the video . +so imagine one heli@@ cop@@ ter , like the one we saw before , moving with others , in syn@@ chr@@ ony . +so you can have this cloud . +you can have a kind of flexi@@ ble screen or display , like this -- a regular con@@ figu@@ ration in two dimensions . +or in regular , but in three dimensions , where the thing that changes is the light , not the pi@@ x@@ els ' position . +you can play with a different type . +imagine your screen could just appear in different sc@@ ales or si@@ zes , different types of resol@@ ution . +but then the whole thing can be just a 3d cloud of pi@@ x@@ els that you can approach and move through it and see from many , many direc@@ tions . +here is the real fl@@ y@@ fire control and going down to form the regular grid as before . +when you turn on the light , actually you see this . so the same as we saw before . +and imagine each of them then controlled by people . +you can have each pi@@ x@@ el having an input that comes from people , from people 's movement , or so and so . +i want to show you something here for the first time . +we 've been working with ro@@ ber@@ to bol@@ le , one of today 's top bal@@ let dan@@ cers -- the é@@ toi@@ le at me@@ tro@@ poli@@ tan in new york and la sc@@ ala in mil@@ an -- and actually cap@@ tured his movement in 3d in order to use it as an input for fl@@ y@@ fire . +and here you can see ro@@ ber@@ to dan@@ cing . +you see on the left the pi@@ x@@ els , the different resol@@ u@@ tions being cap@@ tured . +it 's both 3d scan@@ ning in real time and motion capture . +so you can re@@ constru@@ ct a whole movement . +you can go all the way through . +but then , once we have the pi@@ x@@ els , then you can play with them and play with color and movement and gravity and ro@@ tation . +so we want to use this as one of the possible in@@ puts for fl@@ y@@ fire . +i wanted to show you the last project we are working on . +it 's something we 're working on for the london olymp@@ ics . +it 's called the cloud . +and the idea here is , imagine , again , we can invol@@ ve people in doing something and changing our environment -- almost to im@@ part what we call cloud raising -- like bar@@ n raising , but with a cloud . +imagine you can have everybody make a small don@@ ation for one pi@@ x@@ el . +and i think what is remarkable that has happened over the past couple of years is that , over the past couple of decades , we went from the physical world to the digital one . +this has been di@@ gi@@ ti@@ zing everything , knowledge , and making that acc@@ essi@@ ble through the internet . +now today , for the first time -- and the obama campaign showed us this -- we can go from the digital world , from the self-@@ organi@@ zing power of networks , to the physical one . +this can be , in our case , we want to use it for designing and doing a symbol . +that means something built in a city . +but tomorrow it can be , in order to t@@ ack@@ le today 's pres@@ sing challenges -- think about climate change or co2 emissions -- how we can go from the digital world to the physical one . +so the idea that we can actually invol@@ ve people in doing this thing together , colle@@ c@@ tively . +the cloud is a cloud , again , made of pi@@ x@@ els , in the same way as the real cloud is a cloud made of particles . +and those particles are water , where our cloud is a cloud of pi@@ x@@ els . +it 's a physical structure in london , but covered with pi@@ x@@ els . +you can move inside , have different types of experiences . +you can actually see from underneath , sharing the main moments for the olymp@@ ics in 20@@ 12 and beyond , and really using it as a way to connect with the community . +so both the physical cloud in the sky and something you can go to the top [ of ] , like london 's new moun@@ tain@@ top . +you can enter inside it . +and a kind of new digital be@@ ac@@ on for the night -- but most importantly , a new type of experience for anybody who will go to the top . +thank you . +as an artist , connection is very important to me . +through my work i 'm trying to artic@@ u@@ late that humans are not separate from nature and that everything is inter@@ connected . +i first went to ant@@ arc@@ tic@@ a almost 10 years ago , where i saw my first ic@@ e@@ ber@@ gs . +i was in a@@ we . +my heart beat fast , my head was di@@ zz@@ y , trying to com@@ pre@@ h@@ end what it was that stood in front of me . +the ic@@ e@@ ber@@ gs around me were almost 200 feet out of the water , and i could only help but wonder that this was one s@@ no@@ w@@ fla@@ ke on top of another s@@ no@@ w@@ fla@@ ke , year after year . +ic@@ e@@ ber@@ gs are born when they cal@@ ve off of gl@@ aci@@ ers or break off of ice shel@@ ves . +each ic@@ e@@ berg has its own individual person@@ ality . +they have a distin@@ ct way of inter@@ acting with their environment and their experiences . +some re@@ f@@ use to give up and hold on to the bit@@ ter end , while others can 't take it anymore and cru@@ m@@ ble in a fit of dra@@ matic passion . +it 's easy to think , when you look at an ic@@ e@@ berg , that they 're isol@@ ated , that they 're separate and alone , much like we as humans sometimes view ourselves . +but the reality is far from it . +as an ic@@ e@@ berg mel@@ ts , i am brea@@ thing in its ancient atmosphere . +as the ic@@ e@@ berg mel@@ ts , it is rele@@ asing miner@@ al-@@ rich fresh water that n@@ our@@ ish@@ es many forms of life . +i approach photograph@@ ing these ic@@ e@@ ber@@ gs as if i 'm making portra@@ its of my ancestors , knowing that in these individual moments they exist in that way and will never exist that way again . +it is not a death when they melt ; it is not an end , but a continu@@ ation of their path through the cycle of life . +some of the ice in the ic@@ e@@ ber@@ gs that i photograph is very young -- a couple thousand years old . +and some of the ice is over 100,000 years old . +the last pictures i 'd like to show you are of an ic@@ e@@ berg that i photograph@@ ed in q@@ e@@ q@@ et@@ ar@@ su@@ a@@ q , green@@ land . +it 's a very rare occasi@@ on that you get to actually wit@@ ness an ic@@ e@@ berg roll@@ ing . +so here it is . +you can see on the left side a small boat . +that 's about a 15@@ -@@ foot boat . +and i 'd like you to pay attention to the shape of the ic@@ e@@ berg and where it is at the water@@ line . +you can see here , it begins to roll , and the boat has moved to the other side , and the man is standing there . +this is an a@@ ver@@ a@@ ge-@@ size green@@ lan@@ di@@ c ic@@ e@@ berg . +it 's about 120 feet above the water , or 40 meters . +and this video is real time . +and just like that , the ic@@ e@@ berg shows you a different side of its person@@ ality . +thank you . +i have had the distin@@ ct bl@@ ess@@ ing in my life to have worked on a bunch of amazing projects . +but the cool@@ est i ever worked on was around this guy . +this guy 's name is temp@@ t . +temp@@ t was one of the fore@@ most gra@@ ff@@ iti artists in the 8@@ 0s . +and he came up home from a run one day and said , " dad , my legs are t@@ ing@@ ling . " +and that was the on@@ set of als . +so temp@@ t is now completely paraly@@ zed . +he only has use of his eyes . +i was ex@@ posed to him . +i have a company that does design and anima@@ tion , so obviously gra@@ ff@@ iti is definitely an intri@@ cate part of what we ad@@ mi@@ re and respect in the art world . +and so we decided that we were going to spon@@ sor tony , temp@@ t , and his cause . +so i went and met with his brother and father and said , " we 're going to give you this money . +what are you going to do with it ? " +and his brother said , " i just want to be able to talk to tony again . +i just want to be able to communicate with him and i said , " wait a second , isn 't that -- i 've seen ste@@ phen haw@@ king -- don 't all paraly@@ zed people have the ability to communicate via these devices ? " +and he said , " no , unless you 're in the upp@@ er ech@@ el@@ on and you 've got really amazing in@@ sur@@ ance , you can 't actually do that . +these devices aren 't acc@@ essi@@ ble to people . " +and i said , " well , how do you actually communicate ? " +has everyone seen the movie " the di@@ ving bell and the bu@@ tter@@ fly ? " +that 's how they communicate -- so run their finger along . +i said , " that 's arch@@ a@@ ic . how can that be ? " +so i showed up with the desire to just write a check , and instead , i wrote a check that i had no fre@@ a@@ king idea how i was going to c@@ ash . +i commit@@ ted to his brother and his father right then and there -- i 'm like , " all right , here 's the deal : tony 's going to speak , we 're going to get him a machine , and we 're going to figure out a way for him to do his art again . +because it 's a tra@@ v@@ est@@ y that someone who still has all of that in him isn 't able to communicate it . " +so i spoke at a conference a couple months after that . +i met these guys called gr@@ l , gra@@ ff@@ iti research lab , and they have a technology that allows them to project a light onto any surface and then , with a las@@ er poin@@ ter , draw on it , and it just regi@@ sters the negative space . +so they go around and do art instal@@ lations like this . +all the things that go up there , they said there 's a life cycle . +first it starts with the sexual organs , then it starts with c@@ uss words , then it was bush s@@ lan@@ ders and then people actually got to art . +but there was always a life cycle to their pres@@ ent@@ ations . +so i went home and was having dinner with my wife and was telling her about this , and we were like , " well wait a second . if we know that this technology exists where you can use your eyes to control things , why don 't we figure out a way for temp@@ t to control a las@@ er and he could do gra@@ f again ? well that would be a@@ wes@@ ome . " +so that started the journey . +and about two years later , about a year later , after a bunch of organization and a bunch of moving things around , we 'd ac@@ compli@@ shed a couple things . +one , we bat@@ ter@@ ed down the do@@ ors of the in@@ sur@@ ance companies , and we actually got temp@@ t a machine that let him communicate -- a ste@@ phen haw@@ king machine . +which was a@@ wes@@ ome . +and he 's seriously one of the fun@@ ni@@ est -- i call him yo@@ da , because you talk to the guy , you get an email from him , and you 're like , " i 'm not wor@@ thy . this guy 's so amazing . " +the other thing we did is we fle@@ w seven progra@@ mm@@ ers from all over the world -- literally every corner of the world -- into our house . +my wife and kids and i moved to our back garage , and these ha@@ ck@@ ers and progra@@ mm@@ ers and con@@ spi@@ ra@@ cy the@@ ori@@ sts and an@@ archi@@ sts took over our house . +a lot of our friends thought we were absolutely stupid to do that and that we were going to come back and all the pictures on the wall would be re@@ moved and gra@@ f on the walls . +but for over two weeks , we progra@@ mm@@ ed , we went to the ven@@ ice bo@@ ar@@ d@@ walk , my kids got involved , my dog got involved , and we created this . +this is called the e@@ ye@@ writer , and you can see the descri@@ ption . +this is a cheap pair of sun@@ glas@@ ses that we bought at the ven@@ ice beach bo@@ ar@@ d@@ walk , some cop@@ per wire and some stuff from home de@@ po@@ t and radio sha@@ ck . +we took a p@@ s@@ 3 camera , ha@@ cked it open , moun@@ ted it to an led light , and now there 's a device that is free -- you build this yourself , we publi@@ sh the code for free , you down@@ load the software for free . +and now we 've created a device that has absolutely no limit@@ ations . +there 's no in@@ sur@@ ance company that can say " no . " +there 's no hospital that can say " no . " +anybody who 's paraly@@ zed now has access to actually draw or communicate using only their eyes . +thank you . +thank you guys very much . that was a@@ wes@@ ome . +so at the end of the two weeks , we went back to temp@@ t 's room . +i love this picture , because this is someone else 's room and that 's his room . +so there 's all this hu@@ st@@ le and bu@@ st@@ le going on for the big un@@ v@@ ei@@ ling . +and after over a year of planning , two weeks of progra@@ mming , carb@@ -@@ fest and all@@ -@@ night s@@ essi@@ ons , tony dre@@ w again for the first time in seven years . +and this is an amazing picture , because this is his life support system , and he 's looking over his life support system . +we ki@@ cked his bed so that he could see out . +and we set up a proje@@ ctor on a wall out in the par@@ king lot outside of his hospital . +and he dre@@ w again for the first time , in front of his family and friends -- and you can only imagine what the feeling in the par@@ king lot was . +the funny thing was , we had to break into the par@@ king lot too , so we totally felt like we were leg@@ it in the whole gra@@ f scene too . +so at the end of this , he sent us an email , and this is what the email said : " that was the first time i 've dra@@ wn anything for seven years . +i feel like i had been held under@@ water , and someone finally reach@@ ed down and pulled my head up so i could brea@@ the . " +isn 't that a@@ wes@@ ome ? +so that 's kind of our battle c@@ ry . +that 's what kee@@ ps us going and kee@@ ps us developing . +and we 've got such a long way to go with this . +this is an amazing device , but it 's the equivalent of an et@@ ch a sk@@ et@@ ch . +and someone who has that kind of arti@@ stic potential deser@@ ves so much more . +so we 're in the process of trying to figure out how to make it better , faster , stron@@ ger . +since that time , we 've had all kinds of ac@@ knowle@@ d@@ gment . +we 've won a bunch of a@@ wards . +remember , it 's free ; none of us are making any money on this thing . +it 's all coming out of our own po@@ ckets . +so the a@@ wards were like , " oh , this is fantastic . " +arm@@ strong twi@@ tter@@ ed about us , and then in dec@@ ember , time magazine hon@@ or@@ ed us as one of the top 50 inven@@ tions of 2010 , which was really cool . +the cool@@ est thing about this -- and this is what 's comple@@ ting the whole circle -- is that in apri@@ l of this year , at the ge@@ ffen mo@@ ca in down@@ town los angeles , there 's going to be an exhi@@ bi@@ tion called " art of the streets . " +and " art of the streets " is going to have pretty much the b@@ ad@@ -@@ as@@ ses of the street art scene -- bank@@ sy , she@@ par@@ d fa@@ i@@ re@@ y , ka@@ ws -- all of these guys will be there . +temp@@ t 's going to be in the show , which is pretty a@@ wes@@ ome . +so basically this is my point : if you see something that 's not possible , make it possible . +everything in this room wasn 't possible -- this stage , this computer , this mic , the e@@ ye@@ writer -- wasn 't possible at one point . +make it possible , everyone in this room . +i 'm not a program@@ mer , never done anything with o@@ cular recogni@@ tion technology , but i just recogni@@ zed something and associated myself with amazing people so that we could make something happen . +and this is the question i want everyone to ask yourself every single day when you come up with something you feel that needs to be done : if not now , then when ? and if not me , then who ? +thank you guys . +you know , what i do is write for children , and i 'm probably america 's most wid@@ ely read children 's auth@@ or , in fact . +and i always tell people that i don 't want to show up looking like a scientist . +you can have me as a farmer , or in lea@@ thers , and no one has ever cho@@ se farmer . +i 'm here today to talk to you about cir@@ cles and epi@@ phan@@ ies . +and you know , an epi@@ ph@@ any is usually something you find that you dro@@ pped some@@ place . +you 've just got to go around the block to see it as an epi@@ ph@@ any . +that 's a painting of a circle . +a friend of mine did that -- richard b@@ oll@@ ing@@ broke . +it 's the kind of complicated circle that i 'm going to tell you about . +my circle began back in the ' 6@@ 0s in high school in sto@@ w , o@@ hi@@ o where i was the class que@@ er . +i was the guy be@@ aten up b@@ loo@@ dy every week in the boys ' room , until one teacher saved my life . +she saved my life by le@@ tting me go to the ba@@ th@@ room in the teachers ' lo@@ un@@ ge . +she did it in secret . +she did it for three years . +and i had to get out of town . +i had a th@@ um@@ b , i had 85 dollars , and i ended up in san francisco , california -- met a lo@@ ver -- and back in the ' 8@@ 0s , found it necessary to begin work on aids organizations . +about three or four years ago , i got a phone call in the middle of the night from that teacher , mr@@ s. po@@ sten , who said , " i need to see you . +i 'm dis@@ ap@@ poin@@ ted that we never got to know each other as adults . +could you please come to o@@ hi@@ o , and please bring that man that i know you have found by now . +and i should mention that i have pan@@ crea@@ tic cancer , and i 'd like you to please be quick about this . " +well , the next day we were in cle@@ vel@@ and . +we took a look at her , we laugh@@ ed , we cri@@ ed , and we knew that she needed to be in a ho@@ spi@@ ce . +we found her one , we got her there , and we took care of her and watched over her family , because it was necessary . +it 's something we knew how to do . +and just as the woman who wanted to know me as an adult got to know me , she turned into a box of as@@ hes and was placed in my hands . +and what had happened was the circle had closed , it had become a circle -- and that epi@@ ph@@ any i talked about pres@@ ented itself . +the epi@@ ph@@ any is that death is a part of life . +she saved my life ; i and my partner saved her@@ s . +and you know , that part of life needs everything that the rest of life does . +it needs truth and beauty , and i 'm so happy it 's been mentioned so much here today . +it also needs -- it needs dig@@ ni@@ ty , love and pleasure , and it 's our job to hand those things out . +thank you . +imagine a big explosion as you clim@@ b through 3,000 ft . +imagine a plane full of smo@@ ke . +imagine an engine going cl@@ ack , cl@@ ack , cl@@ ack , cl@@ ack , cl@@ ack , cl@@ ack , cl@@ ack . +it sounds sc@@ ary . +well i had a unique seat that day . i was sitting in 1@@ d . +i was the only one who could talk to the flight atten@@ dan@@ ts . +so i looked at them right away , and they said , " no problem . we probably hit some birds . " +the pilot had already turned the plane around , and we weren 't that far . +you could see manhattan . +two minutes later , three things happened at the same time . +the pilot lines up the plane with the hu@@ d@@ son river . +that 's usually not the rou@@ te . +he turns off the eng@@ ines . +now imagine being in a plane with no sound . +and then he says three words -- the most un@@ emotional three words i 've ever heard . +he says , " bra@@ ce for impact . " +i didn 't have to talk to the flight atten@@ d@@ ant anymore . +i could see in her eyes , it was ter@@ ror . life was over . +now i want to share with you three things i learned about myself that day . +i learned that it all changes in an inst@@ ant . +we have this bu@@ cket list , we have these things we want to do in life , and i thought about all the people i wanted to reach out to that i didn 't , all the f@@ ences i wanted to men@@ d , all the experiences i wanted to have and i never did . +as i thought about that later on , i came up with a saying , which is , " i collect bad win@@ es . " +because if the wine is ready and the person is there , i 'm opening it . +i no longer want to post@@ po@@ ne anything in life . +and that ur@@ gen@@ cy , that purpose , has really changed my life . +the second thing i learned that day -- and this is as we clear the george washington bridge , which was by not a lot -- i thought about , wow , i really feel one real re@@ gre@@ t . +i 've lived a good life . +in my own humanity and mistakes , i 've tried to get better at everything i tried . +but in my humanity , i also allow my e@@ go to get in . +and i re@@ gre@@ tt@@ ed the time i wa@@ sted on things that did not matter with people that matter . +and i thought about my relationship with my wife , with my friends , with people . +and after , as i refle@@ cted on that , i decided to elimin@@ ate negative energy from my life . +it 's not perfect , but it 's a lot better . +i 've not had a fight with my wife in two years . +it feels great . +i no longer try to be right ; i choose to be happy . +the third thing i learned -- and this is as your mental clock starts going , " 15 , 14 , 13 . " +you can see the water coming . +i 'm saying , " please b@@ low up . " +i don 't want this thing to break in 20 pieces like you 've seen in those docum@@ ent@@ aries . +and as we 're coming down , i had a sense of , wow , dying is not sc@@ ary . +it 's almost like we 've been prepar@@ ing for it our whole lives . +but it was very sad . +i didn 't want to go ; i love my life . +and that sa@@ dness really fra@@ med in one thought , which is , i only wish for one thing . +i only wish i could see my kids grow up . +about a month later , i was at a performance by my daughter -- fir@@ st-@@ gra@@ der , not much arti@@ stic talent ... +... yet . +and i 'm ba@@ w@@ ling , i 'm cr@@ ying , like a little kid . +and it made all the sense in the world to me . +i realized at that point , by conne@@ cting those two dots , that the only thing that matters in my life is being a great dad . +above all , above all , the only goal i have in life is to be a good dad . +i was given the gift of a mira@@ cle , of not dying that day . +i was given another gift , which was to be able to see into the future and come back and live differently . +i challenge you guys that are flying today , imagine the same thing happens on your plane -- and please don 't -- but imagine , and how would you change ? +what would you get done that you 're waiting to get done because you think you 'll be here forever ? +how would you change your relationships and the negative energy in them ? +and more than anything , are you being the best par@@ ent you can ? +thank you . +the idea behind the stu@@ x@@ net computer wor@@ m is actually quite simple . +we don 't want iran to get the bom@@ b . +their major as@@ set for developing nuclear weapons is the nat@@ anz ur@@ ani@@ um en@@ rich@@ ment facili@@ ty . +the gra@@ y bo@@ xes that you see , these are re@@ al-@@ time control systems . +now if we manage to com@@ promise these systems that control drive spee@@ ds and val@@ ves , we can actually cause a lot of problems with the cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge . +the gra@@ y bo@@ xes don 't run windows software ; they are a completely different technology . +but if we manage to place a good windows virus on a not@@ e@@ book that is used by a ma@@ inten@@ ance engineer to con@@ figure this gra@@ y box , then we are in business . +and this is the p@@ lot behind stu@@ x@@ net . +so we start with a windows dro@@ pp@@ er . +the pay@@ load goes onto the gra@@ y box , dama@@ ges the cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge , and the ir@@ ani@@ an nuclear program is del@@ a@@ yed -- mission ac@@ compli@@ shed . +that 's easy , hu@@ h ? +i want to tell you how we found that out . +when we started our research on stu@@ x@@ net six months ago , it was completely un@@ known what the purpose of this thing was . +the only thing that was known is it 's very , very complex on the windows part , the dro@@ pp@@ er part , used multiple zer@@ o-@@ day vulner@@ abilities . +and it seemed to want to do something with these gra@@ y bo@@ xes , these re@@ al-@@ time control systems . +so that got our attention , and we started a lab project where we infe@@ cted our environment with stu@@ x@@ net and che@@ cked this thing out . +and then some very funny things happened . +stu@@ x@@ net beha@@ ved like a lab rat that didn 't like our che@@ ese -- s@@ ni@@ ff@@ ed , but didn 't want to eat . +didn 't make sense to me . +and after we experim@@ ented with different fla@@ vor@@ s of che@@ ese , i realized , well , this is a direc@@ ted attack . +it 's completely direc@@ ted . +the dro@@ pp@@ er is pro@@ w@@ ling ac@@ tively on the gra@@ y box if a specific con@@ figu@@ ration is found , and even if the actual program code that it 's trying to infe@@ ct is actually running on that target . +and if not , stu@@ x@@ net does nothing . +so that really got my attention , and we started to work on this nearly around the clock , because i thought , " well , we don 't know what the target is . +it could be , let 's say for example , a u.s. power plant , or a chemical plant in germany . +so we better find out what the target is soon . " +so we extra@@ cted and de@@ comp@@ iled the attack code , and we discovered that it 's struc@@ tured in two digital bom@@ bs -- a smaller one and a bigger one . +and we also saw that they are very profession@@ ally engine@@ ered by people who obviously had all insi@@ der information . +they knew all the bits and bit@@ es that they had to attack . +they probably even know the sho@@ e size of the oper@@ ator . +so they know everything . +and if you have heard that the dro@@ pp@@ er of stu@@ x@@ net is complex and high-@@ tech , let me tell you this : the pay@@ load is ro@@ cket science . +it 's way above everything that we have ever seen before . +here you see a sam@@ ple of this actual attack code . +we are talking about -- around about 15@@ ,000 lines of code . +looks pretty much like ol@@ d-@@ style assem@@ bly language . +and i want to tell you how we were able to make sense out of this code . +so what we were looking for is , first of all , system function calls , because we know what they do . +and then we were looking for ti@@ mers and data structures and trying to rel@@ ate them to the real world -- to potential real world tar@@ gets . +so we do need target theor@@ ies that we can prove or dis@@ prove . +in order to get target theor@@ ies , we remember that it 's definitely hard@@ core s@@ ab@@ ot@@ age , it must be a high-@@ value target and it is most likely lo@@ cated in iran , because that 's where most of the infe@@ ctions had been repor@@ ted . +now you don 't find several thousand tar@@ gets in that area . +it basically bo@@ ils down to the bus@@ he@@ hr nuclear power plant and to the nat@@ anz fuel en@@ rich@@ ment plant . +so i told my assi@@ stant , " get me a list of all cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge and power plant experts from our cli@@ ent base . " +and i ph@@ oned them up and picked their brain in an effort to match their exper@@ ti@@ se with what we found in code and data . +and that worked pretty well . +so we were able to associ@@ ate the small digital war@@ head with the ro@@ tor control . +the ro@@ tor is that moving part within the cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge , that black object that you see . +and if you manipu@@ late the speed of this ro@@ tor , you are actually able to cra@@ ck the ro@@ tor and eventually even have the cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge explo@@ de . +what we also saw is that the goal of the attack was really to do it slowly and cre@@ ep@@ y -- obviously in an effort to drive ma@@ inten@@ ance engineers crazy , that they would not be able to figure this out quickly . +the big digital war@@ head -- we had a shot at this by looking very clo@@ sely at data and data structures . +so for example , the number 16@@ 4 really stands out in that code ; you can 't over@@ look it . +i started to research scientific liter@@ ature on how these cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ges are actually built in nat@@ anz and found they are struc@@ tured in what is called a cas@@ ca@@ de , and each cas@@ ca@@ de hol@@ ds 16@@ 4 cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ges . +so that made sense , that was a match . +and it even got better . +these cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ges in iran are sub@@ divi@@ ded into 15 , what is called , st@@ ages . +and guess what we found in the attack code ? +an almost iden@@ tical structure . +so again , that was a real good match . +and this gave us very high confidence for what we were looking at . +now don 't get me wrong here , it didn 't go like this . +these results have been ob@@ tain@@ ed over several weeks of really hard labor . +and we often went into just a dead end and had to re@@ cover . +anyway , so we figured out that both digital war@@ heads were actually a@@ im@@ ing at one and the same target , but from different an@@ gles . +the small war@@ head is taking one cas@@ ca@@ de , and sp@@ inning up the ro@@ tors and slo@@ wing them down , and the big war@@ head is talking to six cas@@ ca@@ des and mani@@ pul@@ ating val@@ ves . +so in all , we are very confi@@ dent that we have actually determin@@ ed what the target is . +it is nat@@ anz , and it is only nat@@ anz . +so we don 't have to worry that other tar@@ gets might be hit by stu@@ x@@ net . +here 's some very cool stuff that we saw -- really kno@@ cked my so@@ cks off . +down there is the gra@@ y box , and on the top you see the cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ges . +now what this thing does is it inter@@ cep@@ ts the input values from sensor@@ s -- so for example , from pressure sensor@@ s and vi@@ bra@@ tion sensor@@ s -- and it provi@@ des legi@@ ti@@ mate program code , which is still running during the attack , with fa@@ ke input data . +and as a matter of fact , this fa@@ ke input data is actually pr@@ er@@ e@@ cor@@ ded by stu@@ x@@ net . +so it 's just like from the hollywood movies where during the hei@@ st , the obser@@ vation camera is f@@ ed with pr@@ er@@ e@@ cor@@ ded video . +that 's cool , hu@@ h ? +the idea here is obviously not only to fo@@ ol the oper@@ ators in the control room . +it actually is much more dangerous and ag@@ gressi@@ ve . +the idea is to circum@@ vent a digital safety system . +we need digital safety systems where a human oper@@ ator could not act quick enough . +so for example , in a power plant , when your big ste@@ am tur@@ bine gets too over speed , you must open re@@ lief val@@ ves within a milli@@ second . +obviously , this cannot be done by a human oper@@ ator . +so this is where we need digital safety systems . +and when they are com@@ promis@@ ed , then real bad things can happen . +your plant can b@@ low up . +and nei@@ ther your oper@@ ators nor your safety system will notice it . +that 's sc@@ ary . +but it gets worse . +and this is very important , what i 'm going to say . +think about this : this attack is gener@@ ic . +it doesn 't have anything to do , in speci@@ fi@@ cs , with cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ges , with ur@@ ani@@ um en@@ rich@@ ment . +so it would work as well , for example , in a power plant or in an automo@@ bile factory . +it is gener@@ ic . +and you don 't have -- as an attac@@ ker -- you don 't have to deliver this pay@@ load by a us@@ b stick , as we saw it in the case of stu@@ x@@ net . +you could also use conven@@ tional wor@@ m technology for spre@@ ading . +just spread it as wide as possible . +and if you do that , what you end up with is a cy@@ ber wea@@ pon of mass destruction . +that 's the con@@ sequence that we have to face . +so unfortunately , the biggest number of tar@@ gets for such attac@@ ks are not in the middle east . +they 're in the united states and europe and in japan . +so all of the green areas , these are your tar@@ ge@@ t-@@ rich environments . +we have to face the consequences , and we better start to pre@@ p@@ are right now . +thanks . +i 've got a question . +r@@ al@@ ph , it 's been quite wid@@ ely repor@@ ted that people assu@@ me that mo@@ s@@ sad is the main enti@@ ty behind this . +is that your opini@@ on ? +okay , you really want to hear that ? +yeah . okay . +my opini@@ on is that the mo@@ s@@ sad is involved , but that the leading force is not israel . +so the leading force behind that is the cy@@ ber super@@ power . +there is only one , and that 's the united states -- fortunately , fortunately . +because otherwise , our problems would even be bigger . +thank you for sc@@ aring the living da@@ y@@ lights out of us . thank you , r@@ al@@ ph . +i have spent the past few years putting myself into situations that are usually very difficult and at the same time some@@ what dangerous . +i went to prison -- difficult . +i worked in a coal mine -- dangerous . +i fil@@ med in war z@@ ones -- difficult and dangerous . +and i spent 30 days eating nothing but this -- fun in the beginning , little difficult in the middle , very dangerous in the end . +in fact , most of my career , i 've been immer@@ sing myself into seem@@ ingly horri@@ ble situations for the whole goal of trying to exam@@ ine socie@@ tal issues in a way that make them eng@@ aging , that make them interesting , that hopefully break them down in a way that make them entertain@@ ing and acc@@ essi@@ ble to an audience . +so when i knew i was coming here to do a ted talk that was going to look at the world of brand@@ ing and spon@@ sor@@ ship , i knew i would want to do something a little different . +so as some of you may or may not have heard , a couple weeks ago , i took out an ad on e@@ bay . +i sent out some facebook mes@@ sages , some twitter mes@@ sages , and i gave people the opportunity to buy the nam@@ ing rights to my 2011 ted talk . +that 's right , some lucky individual , corpo@@ ration , for@@ -@@ profit or non-@@ profit , was going to get the on@@ ce-@@ in-@@ a-@@ lifetime opportunity -- because i 'm sure chris ander@@ son will never let it happen again -- to buy the nam@@ ing rights to the talk you 're watching right now , that at the time didn 't have a ti@@ tle , didn 't really have a lot of content and didn 't really give much hin@@ t as to what the subject matter would actually be . +so what you were getting was this : your name here pres@@ ents : my ted talk that you have no idea what the subject is and , depen@@ ding on the content , could ultimately b@@ low up in your face , especially if i make you or your company look stupid for doing it . +but that being said , it 's a very good media opportunity . +you know how many people watch these ted talks ? +it 's a lot . +that 's just a working ti@@ tle , by the way . +so even with that ca@@ ve@@ at , i knew that someone would buy the nam@@ ing rights . +now if you 'd have asked me that a year ago , i wouldn 't have been able to tell you that with any certain@@ ty . +but in the new project that i 'm working on , my new film , we exam@@ ine the world of marketing , adverti@@ sing . +and as i said earlier , i put myself in some pretty horri@@ ble situations over the years , but nothing could pre@@ p@@ are me , nothing could ready me , for anything as difficult or as dangerous as going into the rooms with these guys . +you see , i had this idea for a movie . +what i want to do is make a film all about product plac@@ ement , marketing and adverti@@ sing , where the entire film is fund@@ ed by product plac@@ ement , marketing and adverti@@ sing . +so the movie will be called " the greatest movie ever sold . " +so what happens in " the greatest movie ever sold , " is that everything from top to bottom , from start to finish , is brand@@ ed from beginning to end -- from the abo@@ ve-@@ the-@@ ti@@ tle spon@@ sor that you 'll see in the movie , which is brand x . +now this brand , the qu@@ al@@ com@@ m sta@@ dium , the sta@@ ples center ... +these people will be married to the film in per@@ pe@@ tu@@ ity -- forever . +and so the film explor@@ es this whole idea -- it 's what ? in per@@ pe@@ tu@@ ity , forever ? +i 'm a red@@ und@@ ant person . +that was more for em@@ ph@@ as@@ is . +it was , " in per@@ pe@@ tu@@ ity . forever . " +but not only are we going to have the brand x ti@@ tle spon@@ sor , but we 're going to make sure we sell out every categ@@ ory we can in the film . +so maybe we sell a sho@@ e and it becomes the greatest sho@@ e you ever wor@@ e ... +the greatest car you ever dro@@ ve from " the greatest movie ever sold , " the greatest drink you 've ever had , cour@@ tes@@ y of " the greatest movie ever sold . " +so the idea is , beyond just showing that br@@ ands are a part of your life , but actually get them to fin@@ ance the film ? +and actually we show the whole process of how does it work . +the goal of this whole film is transpar@@ ency . +you 're going to see the whole thing take place in this movie . +so that 's the whole concept , the whole film , start to finish . +and i would love for ce@@ g to help make it happen . +you know it 's funny , because when i first hear it , it is the ulti@@ mate respect for an audience . +i don 't know how re@@ cep@@ tive people are going to be to it , though . +do you have a perspective -- i don 't want to use " angle " because that has a negative con@@ not@@ ation -- but do you know how this is going to play out ? +how much money does it take to do this ? +1.@@ 5 million . +i think that you 're going to have a hard time meeting with them , but i think it 's certainly worth pur@@ su@@ ing a couple big , really obvious br@@ ands . +who knows , maybe by the time your film comes out , we look like a bunch of bli@@ ther@@ ing i@@ di@@ ots . +what do you think the response is going to be ? +the respon@@ ses mostly will be " no . " +but is it a tough sell because of the film or a tough sell because of me ? +j@@ k : both . +... meaning not so optimi@@ stic . +so , sir , can you help me ? i need help . +i can help you . +okay . +a@@ wes@@ ome . +we 've got@@ ta figure out which br@@ ands . +yeah . +when you look at the people you deal with .. +we 've got some places we can go . +turn the camera off . +i thought " turn the camera off " meant , " let 's have an off@@ -@@ the-@@ record conversation . " +turns out it really means , " we want nothing to do with your movie . " +and just like that , one by one , all of these companies suddenly disappe@@ ared . +none of them wanted anything to do with this movie . +i was ama@@ zed . +they wanted absolutely nothing to do with this project . +and i was blo@@ wn away , because i thought the whole concept , the idea of adverti@@ sing , was to get your product out in front of as many people as possible , to get as many people to see it as possible . +especially in today 's world , this inter@@ section of new media and old media and the fra@@ c@@ tured media landscape , isn 't the idea to get that new bu@@ zz@@ -@@ wor@@ thy deli@@ very vehicle that 's going to get that message to the mas@@ ses ? +no , that 's what i thought . +but the problem was , you see , my idea had one f@@ at@@ al fla@@ w , and that fla@@ w was this . +actually no , that was not the fla@@ w what@@ so@@ ever . +that wouldn 't have been a problem at all . +this would have been fine . +but what this image represents was the problem . +see , when you do a google image search for transpar@@ ency , this is -@@ -- this is one of the first images that comes up . +so i like the way you roll , ser@@ ge@@ y br@@ in . no . +this is was the problem : transpar@@ ency -- free from pre@@ ten@@ se or dec@@ eit ; easily dete@@ cted or seen through ; re@@ adi@@ ly understood ; characteri@@ zed by visi@@ bility or acc@@ essi@@ bility of information , especially concern@@ ing business practic@@ es -- that last line being probably the biggest problem . +you see , we hear a lot about transpar@@ ency these days . +our politicians say it , our president says it , even our ce@@ o 's say it . +but suddenly when it comes down to becoming a reality , something suddenly changes . +but why ? well , transpar@@ ency is sc@@ ary -- like that od@@ d , still@@ -@@ scre@@ aming bear . +it 's un@@ predic@@ table -- like this od@@ d country road . +and it 's also very ris@@ ky . +what else is ris@@ ky ? +eating an entire bow@@ l of cool whi@@ p . +that 's very ris@@ ky . +now when i started talking to companies and telling them that we wanted to tell this story , and they said , " no , we want you to tell a story . +we want you to tell a story , but we just want to tell our story . " +see , when i was a kid and my father would catch me in some sort of a lie -- and there he is giving me the look he often gave me -- he would say , " son , there 's three sides to every story . +there 's your story , there 's my story and there 's the real story . " +now you see , with this film , we wanted to tell the real story . +but with only one company , one agen@@ cy willing to help me -- and that 's only because i knew john bon@@ d and richard kir@@ sh@@ en@@ baum for years -- i realized that i would have to go on my own , i 'd have to cut out the midd@@ le@@ man and go to the companies myself with all of my team . +so what you suddenly started to realize -- or what i started to realize -- is that when you started having conver@@ sa@@ tions with these companies , the idea of understanding your brand is a universal problem . +i have friends who make great big , giant hollywood films , and i have friends who make little independent films like i make . +and the friends of mine who make big , giant hollywood movies say the reason their films are so successful is because of the brand part@@ ners that they have . +and then my friends who make small independent films say , " well , how are we supposed to compe@@ te with these big , giant hollywood movies ? " +and the movie is called " the greatest movie ever sold . " +so how specifically will we see ban in the film ? +any time i 'm ready to go , any time i open up my medicine cab@@ in@@ et , you will see ban de@@ o@@ dor@@ ant . +while any@@ time i do an interview with someone , i can say , " are you fresh enough for this interview ? +are you ready ? you look a little nervous . +i want to help you cal@@ m down . +so maybe you should put some one before the interview . " +so we 'll offer one of these fab@@ ul@@ ous sc@@ ents . +whether it 's a " fl@@ oral fusion " or a " par@@ ad@@ ise win@@ ds , " they 'll have their chance . +we will have them ge@@ ared for both male or female -- soli@@ d , roll@@ -@@ on or stick , whatever it may be . +that 's the two-@@ cent tour . +so now i can answer any of your questions and give you the five-@@ cent tour . +we are a smaller brand . +much like you talked about being a smaller movie , we 're very much a challen@@ ger brand . +so we don 't have the bud@@ gets that other br@@ ands have . +so doing things like this -- you know , re@@ mind people about ban -- is kind of why were interested in it . +what are the words that you would use to describe ban ? +ban is blan@@ k . +that 's a great question . +super@@ ior technology . +technology 's not the way you want to describe something somebody 's putting in their ar@@ mp@@ it . +we talk about b@@ old , fresh . +i think " fresh " is a great word that really sp@@ ins this categ@@ ory into the positive , versus " fi@@ ghts od@@ or and we@@ t@@ ness . " +it kee@@ ps you fresh . +how do we keep you fres@@ her longer -- better fres@@ hn@@ ess , more fres@@ hn@@ ess , three times fres@@ her . +things like that that are more of that positive benefit . +and that 's a multi-@@ million dollar corpo@@ ration . +what about me ? what about a regular guy ? +i need to go talk to the man on the street , the people who are like me , the regular jo@@ es . +they need to tell me about my brand . +how would you guys describe your brand ? +um , my brand ? +i don 't know . +i like really nice clo@@ th@@ es . +80 's re@@ vi@@ val me@@ ets sk@@ at@@ er-@@ pun@@ k , unless it 's laun@@ dry day . +all right , what is brand ger@@ ry ? +unique . +i guess what kind of gen@@ re , style i am would be like dark glam@@ or . +i like a lot of black colors , a lot of gra@@ ys and stuff like that . +but usually i have an ac@@ cess@@ ory , like sun@@ glas@@ ses , or i like cr@@ y@@ st@@ al and things like that too . +if dan were a brand , he might be a classi@@ c conver@@ ti@@ ble mer@@ ce@@ des ben@@ z . +the brand that i am is , i would call it cas@@ ual fly . +part hi@@ pp@@ ie , part yo@@ g@@ i , part broo@@ kl@@ yn girl -- i don 't know . +i 'm the pet guy . +i sell pet to@@ ys all over the country , all over the world . +so i guess that 's my brand . +in my war@@ ped little industry , that 's my brand . +my brand is fe@@ de@@ x because i deliver the goods . +failed wri@@ ter-@@ al@@ co@@ ho@@ lic brand . +is that something ? +i 'm a law@@ yer brand . +i 'm tom . +well we can 't all be brand tom , but i do often find myself at the inter@@ section of dark glam@@ or and cas@@ ual fly . +and what i realized is i needed an exper@@ t . +i needed somebody who could get inside my head , somebody who could really help me understand what they call your " brand person@@ ality . " +and so i found a company called ol@@ son z@@ alt@@ man in pit@@ ts@@ bur@@ g . +they 've helped companies like ne@@ st@@ le , fe@@ bre@@ ze , hall@@ mark discover that brand person@@ ality . +if they could do it for them , sur@@ ely they could do it for me . +you brought your pictures , right ? +i did . the very first picture is a picture of my family . +so tell me a little bit how it rel@@ ates to your thoughts and feelings about who you are . +these are the people who shape the way i look at the world . +tell me about this world . +this world ? i think your world is the world that you live in -- like people who are around you , your friends , your family , the way you live your life , the job you do . +all those things ste@@ mm@@ ed and started from one place , and for me they ste@@ mm@@ ed and started with my family in west virg@@ ini@@ a . +what 's the next one you want to talk about ? +the next one : this was the best day ever . +how does this rel@@ ate to your thoughts and feelings about who you are ? +it 's like , who do i want to be ? +i like things that are different . +i like things that are weird . i like weird things . +tell me about the " why " phase -- what does that do for us ? +what is the ma@@ che@@ te ? what pu@@ pa stage are you in now ? +why is it important to re@@ boot ? what does the red represent ? +tell me a little bit about that part . +... a little more about you that is not who you are . +what are some other me@@ tam@@ or@@ pho@@ ses that you 've had ? +... doesn 't have to be fear . what kind of roll@@ er co@@ aster are you on ? +ee@@ ee@@ e@@ e ! no , thank you . +thanks for you pati@@ ence . +yeah . all right . +yeah , i don 't know what 's going to come of this . +there was a whole lot of crazy going on in there . +the first thing we saw was this idea that you had two distin@@ ct , but comple@@ ment@@ ary sides to your brand person@@ ality -- the mor@@ gan sp@@ ur@@ lock brand is a min@@ d@@ ful / play brand . +those are ju@@ x@@ ta@@ posed very ni@@ c@@ ely together . +and i think there 's almost a parado@@ x with those . +and i think some companies will just focus on one of their streng@@ ths or the other instead of foc@@ using on both . +most companies tend to -- and it 's human nature -- to avoid things that they 're not sure of , avoid fear , those elements , and you really embra@@ ce those , and you actually turn them into posi@@ tives for you , and it 's a ne@@ at thing to see . +what other br@@ ands are like that ? +the first on here is the classi@@ c , apple . +and you can see here too , target , wi@@ i , min@@ i from the min@@ i co@@ op@@ ers , and je@@ t@@ blue . +now there 's play@@ ful br@@ ands and min@@ d@@ ful br@@ ands , those things that have come and gone , but a play@@ ful , min@@ d@@ ful brand is a pretty powerful thing . +a play@@ ful , min@@ d@@ ful brand . what is your brand ? +if somebody asked you to describe your brand identity , your brand person@@ ality , what would you be ? +are you an up at@@ tribu@@ te ? are you something that gets the blood flo@@ wing ? +or are you more of a down at@@ tribu@@ te ? +are you something that 's a little more cal@@ m , reser@@ ved , conser@@ va@@ tive ? +up at@@ tribu@@ tes are things like being play@@ ful , being fresh like the fresh prin@@ ce , con@@ temporary , ad@@ vent@@ ur@@ ous , ed@@ g@@ y or dar@@ ing like er@@ ro@@ l fl@@ yn@@ n , ni@@ m@@ ble or agi@@ le , pro@@ fan@@ e , dom@@ ine@@ ering , ma@@ gical or my@@ sti@@ cal like gand@@ al@@ f . +or are you more of a down at@@ tribu@@ te ? +are you min@@ d@@ ful , sophisti@@ cated like 00@@ 7 ? +are you establi@@ shed , traditional , nur@@ turing , prote@@ ctive , em@@ pa@@ thetic like the op@@ ra@@ h ? +are you reli@@ able , stable , familiar , safe , sec@@ ure , sac@@ red , con@@ temp@@ la@@ tive or wise like the d@@ al@@ ai lam@@ a or yo@@ da ? +over the course of this film , we had 50@@ 0-@@ plus companies who were up and down companies saying , " no , " they didn 't want any part of this project . +they wanted nothing to do with this film , main@@ ly because they would have no control , they would have no control over the final product . +but we did get 17 brand part@@ ners who were willing to rel@@ in@@ qu@@ ish that control , who wanted to be in business with someone as min@@ d@@ ful and as play@@ ful as myself and who ultimately em@@ powered us to tell stories that normally we wouldn 't be able to tell -- stories that an adverti@@ ser would normally never get behind . +they en@@ ab@@ led us to tell the story about neuro@@ marketing , as we got into telling the story in this film about how now they 're using mr@@ i 's to target the desire centers of your brain for both commer@@ ci@@ als as well as movie marketing . +we went to san pau@@ l@@ o where they have ban@@ ned out@@ door adverti@@ sing . +in the entire city for the past five years , there 's no bil@@ l@@ bo@@ ards , there 's no po@@ sters , there 's no fli@@ ers , nothing . +and we went to school distri@@ cts where now companies are making their way into cas@@ h-@@ stra@@ pped schools all across america . +what 's incredible for me is the projects that i 've gotten the most feedback out of , or i 've had the most success in , are ones where i 've inter@@ ac@@ ted with things directly . +and that 's what these br@@ ands did . +they cut out the midd@@ le@@ man , they cut out their agen@@ cies and said , " maybe these agen@@ cies don 't have my best interest in mind . +i 'm going to deal directly with the artist . +i 'm going to work with him to create something different , something that 's going to get people thinking , that 's going to challenge the way we look at the world . " +and how has that been for them ? has it been successful ? +well , since the film pre@@ mi@@ ered at the s@@ und@@ ance film festi@@ val , let 's take a look . +according to bur@@ r@@ elles , the movie pre@@ mi@@ ered in janu@@ ary , and since then -- and this isn 't even the whole thing -- we 've had 9@@ 00 million media impres@@ sions for this film . +that 's literally co@@ vering just like a two and a hal@@ f-@@ week period . +that 's only online -- no print , no tv . +the film hasn 't even been distribu@@ ted yet . +it 's not even online . it 's not even stre@@ aming . +it 's not even been out into other foreign countries yet . +so ultimately , this film has already started to gain a lot of moment@@ um . +and not bad for a project that almost every ad agen@@ cy we talked to ad@@ vis@@ ed their cli@@ ents not to take part . +what i always believe is that if you take chan@@ ces , if you take risks , that in those risks will come opportunity . +i believe that when you push people away from that , you 're pus@@ hing them more towards failure . +i believe that when you train your employees to be risk a@@ verse , then you 're prepar@@ ing your whole company to be reward challen@@ ged . +i feel like that what has to happen moving forward is we need to encoura@@ ge people to take risks . +we need to encoura@@ ge people to not be afraid of opportunities that may sc@@ are them . +ultimately , moving forward , i think we have to embra@@ ce fear . +we 've got to put that bear in a c@@ age . +embra@@ ce fear . embra@@ ce risk . +one big spo@@ on@@ ful at a time , we have to embra@@ ce risk . +and ultimately , we have to embra@@ ce transpar@@ ency . +today , more than ever , a little hon@@ est@@ y is going to go a long way . +and that being said , through hon@@ est@@ y and transpar@@ ency , my entire talk , " embra@@ ce transpar@@ ency , " has been brought to you by my good friends at em@@ c , who for $ 7@@ ,@@ 100 bought the nam@@ ing rights on e@@ bay . +turning big data into big opportunity for organizations all over the world . +em@@ c pres@@ ents : " embra@@ ce transpar@@ ency . " +thank you very much , guys . +so , mor@@ gan , in the name of transpar@@ ency , what exactly happened to that $ 7@@ ,@@ 100 ? +that is a fantastic question . +i have in my po@@ cket a check made out to the par@@ ent organization to the ted organization , the sa@@ pl@@ ing foundation -- a check for $ 7@@ ,@@ 100 to be applied toward my atten@@ dance for next year 's ted . +my name is am@@ it . +and 18 months ago , i had another job at google , and i pit@@ ched this idea of doing something with muse@@ ums and art to my bo@@ ss who 's actually here , and she allowed me to do it . +and it took 18 months . +a lot of fun , negoti@@ ations and stories , i can tell you , with 17 very interesting muse@@ ums from nine countries . +but i 'm going to focus on the dem@@ o . +there are a lot of stories about why we did this . +i think my personal story is expla@@ ined very simply on the slide , and it 's access . +and i grew up in india . +i had a great education -- i 'm not com@@ pla@@ ining -- but i didn 't have access to a lot of these muse@@ ums and these art@@ works . +and so when i started travel@@ ing and going to these muse@@ ums , i started learning a lot . +and while working at google , i tried to put this desire to make it more acc@@ essi@@ ble with technology together . +so we formed a team , a great team of people , and we started doing this . +i 'm going to probably get into the dem@@ o and then tell you a couple of the interesting things we 've had since laun@@ ch . +so , simple : you come to goog@@ lear@@ t@@ proje@@ ct@@ .com . +you look around at all these muse@@ ums here . +you 've got the u@@ ff@@ i@@ z@@ i , you 've got the mom@@ a , the her@@ mit@@ age , the ri@@ j@@ ks , the van go@@ gh . +i 'm going to actually get to one of my favor@@ ites , the me@@ tro@@ poli@@ tan museum of art in new york . +two ways of going in -- very simple . +click and , bang , you 're in this museum . +it doesn 't matter where you are -- bom@@ bay , mexico , it doesn 't really matter . +you move around , you have fun . +you want to navi@@ gate around the museum ? +open the plan up , and , in one click , jump . +you 're in there , you want to go to the end of the cor@@ ri@@ d@@ or . +keep going . have fun . +explore . +thanks . i haven 't come to the best part . +so now i 'm in front of one of my favorite pain@@ t@@ ings , " the harv@@ est@@ ers " by pie@@ ter bru@@ e@@ gel at the met . +i see this plus sign . +if the museum has given us the image , you click on it . +now this is one of the images . +so this is all of the meta@@ -@@ data information . +for those of you who are truly interested in art , you can click this -- but i 'm going to click this off right now . +and this is one of these images that we cap@@ tured in what we call gi@@ g@@ ap@@ i@@ x@@ el technology . +so this image , for example , has close to , i think , around 10 billion pi@@ x@@ els . +and i get a lot of people asking me : " what do you get for 10 billion pi@@ x@@ els ? " +so i 'm going to try and show you what you really get for 10 billion pi@@ x@@ els . +you can zo@@ om around very simply . +you see some fun stuff happening here . +i love this guy ; his expression is pri@@ c@@ eless . +but then you really want to go deep . +and so i started playing around , and i found something going on over here . +and i was like , " hold on . that sounds interesting . " +went in , and i started notic@@ ing that these kids were actually be@@ ating something . +i did a little research , spoke to a couple of my cont@@ acts at the met , and actually found out that this is a game called squ@@ all , which invol@@ ves be@@ ating a goo@@ se with a stick on sh@@ ro@@ ve tu@@ es@@ day . +and appar@@ ently it was quite popular . +i don 't know why they did it , but i learned something about it . +now just to get really deep in , you can really get to the cra@@ cks . +now just to give you some perspective , i 'm going to zo@@ om out so you really see what you get . +here is where we were , and this is the painting . +the best is yet to come -- so in a second . +so now let 's just quickly jump into the mom@@ a , again in new york . +so another one of my favor@@ ites , " the star@@ ry night . " +now the example i showed you was all about finding details . +but what if you want to see br@@ ush stro@@ kes ? +and what if you want to see how van go@@ gh actually created this ma@@ ster@@ piece ? +you zo@@ om in . you really go in . +i 'm going to go to one of my favorite parts in this painting , and i 'm really going to get to the cra@@ cks . +this is " the star@@ ry night , " i think , never seen like this before . +i 'm going to show you my other favorite fe@@ ature . +there 's a lot of other stuff here , but i don 't have time . +this is the real cool part . it 's called colle@@ ctions . +any one of you , anybody -- doesn 't matter if you 're rich , if you 're poor , if you have a fan@@ cy house -- doesn 't matter . +you can go and create your own museum online -- create your own colle@@ ction across all these images . +very simply , you go in -- and i 've created this , called the power of zo@@ om -- you can just zo@@ om around . +this is " the am@@ bas@@ sa@@ d@@ ors , " based in the national g@@ aller@@ y . +you can an@@ not@@ ate the stuff , send it to your friends and really get a conversation going about what you 're feeling when you go through these ma@@ ster@@ pieces . +so i think , in conclu@@ sion , for me , the main thing is that all the amazing stuff here does not really come from google . +it doesn 't , in my opini@@ on , even come from the muse@@ ums . +i probably shouldn 't say that . +it really comes from these artists . +and that 's been my hum@@ bling experience in this . +i mean , i hope in this digital medium that we do justice to their art@@ work and represent it proper@@ ly online . +and the biggest question i get asked no@@ wa@@ days is , " did you do this to repli@@ cate the experience of going to a museum ? " +and the answer is no . +it 's to supp@@ le@@ ment the experience . +and that 's it . thank you . +thank you . +this is a repres@@ entation of your brain , and your brain can be broken into two parts . +there 's the left half , which is the logi@@ cal side , and then the right half , which is the intui@@ tive . +and so if we had a scale to measure the ap@@ titude of each he@@ mis@@ ph@@ ere , then we can p@@ lot our brain . +and for example , this would be somebody who 's completely logi@@ cal . +this would be someone who 's entirely intui@@ tive . +so where would you put your brain on this scale ? +some of us may have op@@ ted for one of these extre@@ mes , but i think for most people in the audience , your brain is something like this -- with a high ap@@ titude in both he@@ mis@@ pher@@ es at the same time . +it 's not like they 're mu@@ tu@@ ally ex@@ clu@@ sive or anything . +you can be logi@@ cal and intui@@ tive . +and so i consider myself one of these people , along with most of the other experiment@@ al quant@@ um physi@@ ci@@ sts , who need a good deal of lo@@ gic to string together these complex ideas . +but at the same time , we need a good deal of intuition to actually make the experiments work . +how do we develop this intuition ? well we like to play with stuff . +so we go out and play with it , and then we see how it acts , and then we develop our intuition from there . +and really you do the same thing . +so some intuition that you may have developed over the years is that one thing is only in one place at a time . +i mean , it can sound weird to think about one thing being in two different places at the same time , but you weren 't born with this notion , you developed it . +and i remember watching a kid playing on a car stop . +he was just a to@@ dd@@ ler and he wasn 't very good at it , and he kept fall@@ ing over . +but i bet playing with this car stop taught him a really valuable lesson , and that 's that large things don 't let you get right past them , and that they stay in one place . +and so this is a great concep@@ tual model to have of the world , unless you 're a partic@@ le physi@@ c@@ ist . +it 'd be a terrible model for a partic@@ le physi@@ c@@ ist , because they don 't play with car st@@ ops , they play with these little weird particles . +and when they play with their particles , they find they do all sorts of really weird things -- like they can fly right through walls , or they can be in two different places at the same time . +and so they wrote down all these obser@@ va@@ tions , and they called it the theory of quant@@ um mechan@@ ics . +and so that 's where physics was at a few years ago ; you needed quant@@ um mechan@@ ics to describe little , tiny particles . +but you didn 't need it to describe the large , everyday objects around us . +this didn 't really sit well with my intuition , and maybe it 's just because i don 't play with particles very often . +well , i play with them sometimes , but not very often . +and i 've never seen them . +i mean , nobody 's ever seen a partic@@ le . +but it didn 't sit well with my logi@@ cal side either . +because if everything is made up of little particles and all the little particles follow quant@@ um mechan@@ ics , then shouldn 't everything just follow quant@@ um mechan@@ ics ? +i don 't see any reason why it shouldn 't . +and so i 'd feel a lot better about the whole thing if we could somehow show that an everyday object also follo@@ ws quant@@ um mechan@@ ics . +so a few years ago , i set off to do just that . +so i made one . +this is the first object that you can see that has been in a mechan@@ ical quant@@ um super@@ position . +so what we 're looking at here is a tiny computer chip . +and you can sort of see this green do@@ t right in the middle . +and that 's this piece of metal i 'm going to be talking about in a minute . +this is a photograph of the object . +and here i 'll zo@@ om in a little bit . we 're looking right there in the center . +and then here 's a really , really big clo@@ se@@ -up of the little piece of metal . +so what we 're looking at is a little ch@@ un@@ k of metal , and it 's sha@@ ped like a di@@ ving board , and it 's sti@@ cking out over a le@@ dge . +and so i made this thing in nearly the same way as you make a computer chip . +i went into a clean room with a fresh silicon wa@@ fer , and then i just c@@ ran@@ ked away at all the big machines for about 100 hours . +for the last stuff , i had to build my own machine -- to make this swi@@ mming po@@ ol@@ -@@ sha@@ ped hole underneath the device . +this device has the ability to be in a quant@@ um super@@ position , but it needs a little help to do it . +here , let me give you an analog@@ y . +you know how un@@ comfortable it is to be in a crow@@ ded el@@ ev@@ ator ? +i mean , when i 'm in an el@@ ev@@ ator all alone , i do all sorts of weird things , but then other people get on board and i stop doing those things because i don 't want to bo@@ ther them , or , frank@@ ly , sc@@ are them . +so quant@@ um mechan@@ ics says that in@@ anima@@ te objects feel the same way . +the fellow pas@@ sen@@ gers for in@@ anima@@ te objects are not just people , but it 's also the light sh@@ ining on it and the wind blo@@ wing past it and the heat of the room . +and so we knew , if we wanted to see this piece of metal be@@ have quant@@ um mechan@@ ically , we 're going to have to ki@@ ck out all the other pas@@ sen@@ gers . +and so that 's what we did . +we turned off the lights , and then we put it in a vac@@ u@@ um and su@@ cked out all the air , and then we cool@@ ed it down now , all alone in the el@@ ev@@ ator , the little ch@@ un@@ k of metal is free to act however it wanted . +and so we measu@@ red its motion . +we found it was moving in really weird ways . +instead of just sitting perfectly still , it was vi@@ br@@ ating , and the way it was vi@@ br@@ ating was brea@@ thing something like this -- like exp@@ and@@ ing and contra@@ cting bel@@ lo@@ ws . +and by giving it a gent@@ le nu@@ dge , we were able to make it both vi@@ bra@@ te and not vi@@ bra@@ te at the same time -- something that 's only allowed with quant@@ um mechan@@ ics . +so what i 'm telling you here is something truly fantastic . +what does it mean for one thing to be both vi@@ br@@ ating and not vi@@ br@@ ating at the same time ? +so let 's think about the atoms . +so in one case : all the trilli@@ ons of atoms that make up that ch@@ un@@ k of metal are sitting still and at the same time those same atoms are moving up and down . +now it 's only at pre@@ cise times when they al@@ ig@@ n . +the rest of the time they 're del@@ oc@@ alized . +that means that every at@@ om is in two different places at the same time , which in turn means the entire ch@@ un@@ k of metal is in two different places . +i think this is really cool . +really . +it was worth lo@@ cking myself in a clean room to do this for all those years because , check this out , the difference in scale between a single at@@ om and that ch@@ un@@ k of metal is about the same as the difference between that ch@@ un@@ k of metal and you . +so if a single at@@ om can be in two different places at the same time , that ch@@ un@@ k of metal can be in two different places , then why not you ? +i mean , this is just my logi@@ cal side talking . +so imagine if you 're in multiple places at the same time , what would that be like ? +how would your consciousness hand@@ le your body being del@@ oc@@ alized in space ? +there 's one more part to the story . +it 's when we war@@ med it up , and we turned on the lights and looked inside the box , we saw that the piece metal was still there in one piece . +and so i had to develop this new intuition , that it seems like all the objects in the el@@ ev@@ ator are really just quant@@ um objects just cra@@ mm@@ ed into a tiny space . +you hear a lot of talk about how quant@@ um mechan@@ ics says that everything is all inter@@ connected . +well , that 's not quite right . +it 's more than that ; it 's deeper . +it 's that those connections , your connections to all the things around you , literally define who you are , and that 's the profound wei@@ r@@ dness of quant@@ um mechan@@ ics . +thank you . +in 2007 , i decided that we needed to re@@ concep@@ tu@@ alize how we thought about economic development . +our new goal should be that when every family thinks about where they want to live and work , they should be able to choose between at least a hand@@ ful of different cities that were all compe@@ ting to attra@@ ct new resi@@ dents . +now we 're a long way away from that goal right now . +there are billions of people in developing countries who don 't have even a single city that would be willing to wel@@ come them . +but the amazing thing about cities is they 're worth so much more than it costs to build them . +so we could easily supply the world with do@@ zens , maybe hundreds , of new cities . +now this might sound pre@@ po@@ ster@@ ous to you if you 've never thought about new cities . +but just sub@@ stit@@ ute a@@ partment building for cities . +imagine half the people who wanted to be in a@@ part@@ ments already had them ; the other half aren 't there yet . +you could try and exp@@ and the capacity by doing addi@@ tions on all the exi@@ sting a@@ part@@ ments . +but you know what you 'd run into is those a@@ part@@ ments and the surro@@ unding areas have rules to avoid dis@@ comfort and the di@@ stra@@ ctions of construction . +so it 's extremely hard to do all of those addi@@ tions . +but you could go out some@@ place brand new , build a brand new a@@ partment building , as long as the rules there were ones that facili@@ t@@ ated construction rather than getting in the way . +so i pro@@ posed that governments create new re@@ form z@@ ones big enough to hold cities and gave them a name : char@@ ter cities . +later i learned that at about this same time , ja@@ vier and oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o were thinking about the challenge of re@@ form in hon@@ dur@@ as . +they knew that about 7@@ 5,000 hon@@ dur@@ ans every year would leave to go to the united states , and they wanted to ask , what could they do to make sure that those people could stay and do the same things in hon@@ dur@@ as . +at one point , ja@@ vier said to oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o , " what if we took some of our empty land -- what if we just gave it to an em@@ bas@@ sy -- give some to the u.s. em@@ bas@@ sy ; give some to the can@@ adi@@ an em@@ bas@@ sy -- and then if people want to go work under the rules of canada or under the rules of the united states , they can go get jobs , do everything they do on those em@@ bas@@ sy gro@@ unds that they would otherwise have to go to canada or the u.s. to do ? " +in the summer of 2009 , hon@@ dur@@ as went through a wr@@ en@@ ching const@@ it@@ u@@ tional crisis . +at the next regul@@ arly sch@@ ed@@ ul@@ ed ele@@ ction , pe@@ pe lo@@ bo won in a land@@ slide on a platform that promis@@ ed re@@ form , but re@@ con@@ ci@@ li@@ ation as well . +he asked oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o to be his ch@@ ie@@ f of staf@@ f . +mean@@ while , i was getting ready to give a talk at ted@@ global . +through a process of re@@ fin@@ ement , trial and er@@ ror , a lot of user testing , i tried to bo@@ il this complicated concept of char@@ ter city down to the bare essen@@ ti@@ als . +the first point was the importance of rules , like those rules that say you can 't come in and dist@@ ur@@ b all the exi@@ sting a@@ partment hol@@ ders . +we pay a lot of attention to new technologies , but it takes technologies and rules to get progress , and it 's usually the rules that hold us back . +in the fall of 2010 , a friend from gu@@ atem@@ ala sent oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o a link to the ted@@ talk . +he showed it to ja@@ vier . +they called me . +they said , " let 's present this to the leaders of our country . " +so in dec@@ ember we met in mi@@ ami , in a hotel conference room . +i tried to explain this point about how valuable cities are , how much more valuable they are than they cost . +and i used this slide showing how valuable the ra@@ w land is in a place like new york city : notice , land that 's worth thousands of dollars , in some cases , per square meter . +but it was a fairly abstra@@ ct discussion , and at some point when there was a pause , oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o said , " paul , maybe we could watch the ted@@ talk . " +so the ted@@ talk la@@ id out in very simple terms , a char@@ ter city is a place where you start with un@@ in@@ hab@@ ited land , a char@@ ter that speci@@ fi@@ es the rules that will apply there and then a chance for people to op@@ t in , to go live under those rules or not . +so i was asked by the president of hon@@ dur@@ as who said that we need to do this project , this is important , this could be the way forward for our country . +i was asked to come to te@@ gu@@ ci@@ gal@@ pa and talk again on janu@@ ary fourth and fif@@ th . +so i pres@@ ented another fac@@ t-@@ filled lec@@ ture that inclu@@ ded a slide like this , which tried to make the point that , if you want to create a lot of value in a city , it has to be very big . +this is a picture of den@@ ver , and the out@@ line is the new air@@ port that was built in den@@ ver . +this air@@ port alone co@@ vers more than 100 square kilometers . +so i was trying to per@@ su@@ ade the hon@@ dur@@ ans , if you build a new city , you 've got to start with a site that 's at least 1,000 square kilometers . +that 's more than 250 hundre@@ d-@@ thousand ac@@ r@@ es . +everybody appl@@ au@@ ded poli@@ tely . +the faces in the audience were very serious and atten@@ tive . +the leader of the con@@ gress came up on stage and said , " professor ro@@ mer , thank you very much for your lec@@ ture , but maybe we could watch the ted@@ talk . +i 've got it here on my laptop . " +so i sat down , and they played the ted@@ talk . +and it got to the essen@@ ce , which is that a new city could offer new choices for people . +there would be a choice of a city which you could go to which could be in hon@@ dur@@ as , instead of hundreds of miles away in the north . +and it also involved new choices for leaders . +because the leaders in the government there in hon@@ dur@@ as would need help from partner countries , who could benefit from partner countries who help them set up the rules in this char@@ ter and the en@@ for@@ c@@ ement , so everybody can trust that the char@@ ter really will be en@@ forced . +and the insi@@ ght of president lo@@ bo was that that as@@ sur@@ ance of en@@ for@@ c@@ ement that i was thinking about as a way to get the foreign inv@@ e@@ stors to come in and build the city could be equ@@ ally important for all the different par@@ ties in hon@@ dur@@ as who had suff@@ ered for so many years from fear and di@@ str@@ ust . +we went and looked at a site . +this picture 's from there . +it easily could hold a thousand square kilometers . +and shor@@ tly there@@ after , on janu@@ ary 19@@ th , they vot@@ ed in the con@@ gress to am@@ end their const@@ it@@ ution to have a const@@ it@@ u@@ tional pro@@ vision that allows for special development regi@@ ons . +in a country which had just gone through this wr@@ en@@ ching crisis , the vote in the con@@ gress in fa@@ vor of this const@@ it@@ u@@ tional am@@ end@@ ment was 1@@ 24 to one . +all par@@ ties , all fac@@ tions in society , bac@@ ked this . +to be part of the const@@ it@@ ution , you actually have to pass it twice in the con@@ gress . +on febru@@ ary 17@@ th they passed it again with another vote of 1@@ 14 to one . +immediately after that vote , on febru@@ ary 21@@ st to the 24@@ th , a d@@ ele@@ gation of about 30 hon@@ dur@@ ans went to the two places in the world that are most interested in getting into the city building business . +one is south korea . +this is a picture of a big , new city center that 's being built in south korea -- bigger than down@@ town boston . +everything you see there was built in four years , after they spent four years getting the per@@ mit@@ s . +the other place that 's very interested in city building is sing@@ apo@@ re . +they 've actually built two cities already in china and are prepar@@ ing the third . +so if you think about this prac@@ tically , here 's where we are . +they 've got a site ; they 're already thinking about this site for the second city . +they 're putting in place a legal system that could allow for mana@@ gers to come in , and also an ex@@ ternal legal system . +one country has already volunte@@ ered to let its su@@ pre@@ me court be the court of final appe@@ al for the new ju@@ di@@ cial system there . +there 's designers and buil@@ ders of cities who are very interested . +they even can bring with them some finan@@ cing . +but the one thing you know they 've already solved is that there 's lots of ten@@ ants . +there 's lots of businesses that would like to lo@@ cate in the americ@@ as , especially in a place with a free trade zone , and there 's lots of people who 'd like to go there . +around the world , there 's 700 million people who say they 'd like to move perman@@ ently some@@ place else right now . +there 's a million a year who leave la@@ tin america to go to the united states . +many of these are a father who has to leave his family behind to go get a job -- sometimes a single mother who has to get enough money to even pay for food or clo@@ thing . +sa@@ dly , sometimes there are even children who are trying to get re@@ united with their parents that they haven 't seen , in some cases , for a decade . +so what kind of an idea is it to think about building a brand new city in hon@@ dur@@ as ? +or to build a do@@ zen of these , or a hundred of these , around the world ? +what kind of an idea is it to think about insi@@ sting that every family have a choice of several cities that are compe@@ ting to attra@@ ct new resi@@ dents ? +this is an idea worth spre@@ ading . +and my friends from hon@@ dur@@ as asked me to say thank you , ted . +do you know how many choices you make in a typical day ? +do you know how many choices you make in typical week ? +i recently did a survey with over 2,000 americans , and the average number of choices that the typical american repor@@ ts making is about 70 in a typical day . +there was also recently a study done with ce@@ os in which they followed ce@@ os around for a whole week . +and these scientists simply docum@@ ented all the various tas@@ ks that these ce@@ os enga@@ ged in and how much time they spent eng@@ aging in making decisions related to these tas@@ ks . +and they found that the average ce@@ o enga@@ ged in about 13@@ 9 tas@@ ks in a week . +each task was made up of many , many , many sub-@@ choices of course . +50 percent of their decisions were made in nine minutes or less . +only about 12 percent of the decisions did they make an hour or more of their time . +think about your own choices . +do you know how many choices make it into your nine minute categ@@ ory versus your one hour categ@@ ory ? +how well do you think you 're doing at man@@ aging those choices ? +today i want to talk about one of the biggest modern day choo@@ sing problems that we have , which is the choice over@@ load problem . +i want to talk about the problem and some potential solutions . +now as i talk about this problem , i 'm going to have some questions for you and i 'm going to want to know your answers . +so when i ask you a question , since i 'm blind , only raise your hand if you want to burn off some cal@@ ories . +otherwise , when i ask you a question , and if your answer is yes , so for my first question for you today : are you guys ready to hear about the choice over@@ load problem ? +thank you . +so when i was a graduate student at stanford university , i used to go to this very , very up@@ scale gro@@ cer@@ y store ; at least at that time it was truly up@@ scale . +it was a store called dra@@ e@@ ger 's . +now this store , it was almost like going to an am@@ use@@ ment park . +they had 250 different kinds of mu@@ star@@ ds and vin@@ eg@@ ars and over 500 different kinds of fru@@ its and vege@@ tables and more than two do@@ zen different kinds of bot@@ t@@ led water -- and this was during a time when we actually used to drink ta@@ p water . +i used to love going to this store , but on one occasi@@ on i asked myself , well how come you never buy anything ? +here 's their o@@ live oil a@@ is@@ le . +they had over 75 different kinds of o@@ live oil , including those that were in a lo@@ cked case that came from thou@@ sand@@ -year-old o@@ live trees . +so i one day decided to pay a visit to the man@@ ager , and i asked the man@@ ager , " is this model of off@@ ering people all this choice really working ? " +and he poin@@ ted to the bus@@ lo@@ ads of tou@@ ri@@ sts that would show up everyday , with c@@ ameras ready usually . +we decided to do a little experiment , and we picked ja@@ m for our experiment . +here 's their ja@@ m a@@ is@@ le . +they had 3@@ 4@@ 8 different kinds of ja@@ m . +we set up a little ta@@ sting bo@@ oth right near the ent@@ r@@ ance of the store . +we there put out six different fla@@ vor@@ s of ja@@ m or 24 different fla@@ vor@@ s of ja@@ m , and we looked at two things : first , in which case were people more likely to stop , sam@@ ple some ja@@ m ? +more people stopped when there were 24 , about 60 percent , than when there were six , about 40 percent . +the next thing we looked at is in which case were people more likely to buy a j@@ ar of ja@@ m . +now we see the opposite effect . +of the people who stopped when there were 24 , only three percent of them actually bought a j@@ ar of ja@@ m . +of the people who stopped when there were six , well now we saw that 30 percent of them actually bought a j@@ ar of ja@@ m . +now if you do the math , people were at least six times more likely to buy a j@@ ar of ja@@ m if they en@@ counter@@ ed six than if they en@@ counter@@ ed 24 . +now choo@@ sing not to buy a j@@ ar of ja@@ m is probably good for us -- at least it 's good for our wa@@ i@@ st@@ lines -- but it turns out that this choice over@@ load problem affec@@ ts us even in very con@@ sequ@@ enti@@ al decisions . +we choose not to choose , even when it goes against our best self-@@ interests . +so now for the top@@ ic of today : financial sav@@ ings . +now i 'm going to describe to you a study i did with gu@@ r hu@@ ber@@ man , e@@ mir kam@@ en@@ ic@@ a , we@@ i j@@ ang where we looked at the reti@@ re@@ ment sav@@ ings decisions of nearly a million americans from about 6@@ 50 plans all in the u.@@ s . +and what we looked at was whether the number of fund off@@ er@@ ings available in a reti@@ re@@ ment sav@@ ings plan , the 40@@ 1 plan , does that affect people 's li@@ ke@@ li@@ hood to save more for tomorrow . +and what we found was that indeed there was a cor@@ relation . +so in these plans , we had about 6@@ 5@@ 7 plans that ran@@ ged from off@@ ering people anywhere from two to 5@@ 9 different fund off@@ er@@ ings . +and what we found was that , the more fun@@ ds off@@ ered , indeed , there was less participa@@ tion rate . +so if you look at the extre@@ mes , those plans that off@@ ered you two fun@@ ds , participa@@ tion rates were around in the mi@@ d-@@ 7@@ 0s -- still not as high as we want it to be . +in those plans that off@@ ered nearly 60 fun@@ ds , participa@@ tion rates have now dro@@ pped to about the 6@@ 0@@ th per@@ centi@@ le . +now it turns out that even if you do choose to participa@@ te when there are more choices present , even then , it has negative consequences . +so for those people who did choose to participa@@ te , the more choices available , the more likely people were to completely avoid sto@@ cks or equ@@ ity fun@@ ds . +the more choices available , the more likely they were to put all their money in p@@ ure money market accoun@@ ts . +now nei@@ ther of these extreme decisions are the kinds of decisions that any of us would re@@ com@@ men@@ d for people when you 're consi@@ der@@ ing their future financial well-@@ being . +well , over the past decade , we have obser@@ ved three main negative consequences to off@@ ering people more and more choices . +they 're more likely to del@@ ay choo@@ sing -- pro@@ cra@@ stin@@ ate even when it goes against their best self-@@ interest . +they 're more likely to make worse choices -- worse financial choices , medical choices . +they 're more likely to choose things that make them less satis@@ fied , even when they do obje@@ c@@ tively better . +the main reason for this is because , we might enjoy ga@@ zing at those giant walls of may@@ on@@ na@@ is@@ es , mu@@ star@@ ds , vin@@ eg@@ ars , j@@ ams , but we can 't actually do the math of compar@@ ing and contra@@ sting and actually pi@@ cking from that stun@@ ning display . +so what i want to pro@@ pose to you today are four simple techniques -- techniques that we have te@@ sted in one way or another in different research ven@@ u@@ es -- that you can easily apply in your businesses . +the first : cut . +you 've heard it said before , but it 's never been more true than today , that less is more . +people are always up@@ set when i say , " cut . " +they 're always worried they 're going to lose shel@@ f space . +but in fact , what we 're seeing more and more is that if you are willing to cut , get rid of those ex@@ tran@@ e@@ ous red@@ und@@ ant op@@ tions , well there 's an increase in sal@@ es , there 's a lo@@ wer@@ ing of costs , there is an impro@@ vement of the choo@@ sing experience . +when pro@@ ctor & amp ; gam@@ ble went from 26 different kinds of head & amp ; shoul@@ ders to 15 , they saw an increase in sal@@ es by 10 percent . +when the golden c@@ at corpo@@ ration got rid of their 10 wor@@ st-@@ selling c@@ at li@@ tter products , they saw an increase in prof@@ its by 8@@ 7 percent -- a function of both increase in sal@@ es and lo@@ wer@@ ing of costs . +you know , the average gro@@ cer@@ y store today off@@ ers you 4@@ 5,000 products . +the typical wal@@ m@@ art today off@@ ers you 100,000 products . +but the nin@@ th largest re@@ ta@@ il@@ er , the nin@@ th biggest re@@ ta@@ il@@ er in the world today is al@@ di , and it off@@ ers you only 1,@@ 400 products -- one kind of can@@ ned to@@ ma@@ to sau@@ ce . +now in the financial sav@@ ings world , i think one of the best examples that has recently come out on how to best manage the choice off@@ er@@ ings has actually been something that david la@@ ib@@ son was hea@@ vi@@ ly involved in designing , which was the program that they have at harvard . +every single harvard employe@@ e is now auto@@ matically en@@ roll@@ ed in a life@@ cycle fund . +for those people who actually want to choose , they 're given 20 fun@@ ds , not 300 or more fun@@ ds . +you know , often , people say , " i don 't know how to cut . +they 're all important choices . " +and the first thing i do is i ask the employees , " tell me how these choices are different from one another . +and if your employees can 't tell them apart , nei@@ ther can your consum@@ ers . " +now before we started our s@@ ession this after@@ noon , i had a ch@@ at with g@@ ary . +and g@@ ary said that he would be willing to offer people in this audience an all@@ -@@ expen@@ s@@ es@@ -@@ paid free vac@@ ation to the most beautiful road in the world . +here 's a descri@@ ption of the road . +and i 'd like you to read it . +and now i 'll give you a few seconds to read it and then i want you to cla@@ p your hands if you 're ready to take g@@ ary up on his offer . +okay . anybody who 's ready to take him up on his offer . +is that all ? +all right , let me show you some more about this . +you guys knew there was a trick , didn 't you . +now who 's ready to go on this trip . +i think i might have actually heard more hands . +all right . +now in fact , you had obje@@ c@@ tively more information the first time around than the second time around , but i would vent@@ ure to guess that you felt that it was more real the second time around . +because the pictures made it feel more real to you . +which brings me to the second techni@@ que for hand@@ ling the choice over@@ load problem , which is con@@ cre@@ ti@@ zation . +that in order for people to understand the differences between the choices , they have to be able to understand the consequences associated with each choice , and that the consequences need to be felt in a vi@@ vid sort of way , in a very con@@ cre@@ te way . +why do people spend an average of 15 to 30 percent more when they use an at@@ m card or a credit card as op@@ posed to c@@ ash ? +because it doesn 't feel like real money . +and it turns out that making it feel more con@@ cre@@ te can actually be a very positive tool to use in getting people to save more . +so a study that i did with s@@ hl@@ om@@ o ben@@ ar@@ tz@@ i and al@@ ess@@ and@@ r@@ o previ@@ ter@@ o , we did a study with people at ing -- employees that are all working at ing -- and now these people were all in a s@@ ession where they 're doing en@@ roll@@ ment for their 40@@ 1 plan . +and during that s@@ ession , we kept the s@@ ession exactly the way it used to be , but we ad@@ ded one little thing . +the one little thing we ad@@ ded was we asked people to just think about all the positive things that would happen in your life if you saved more . +by doing that simple thing , there was an increase in en@@ roll@@ ment by 20 percent and there was an increase in the amount of people willing to save or the amount that they were willing to put down into their sav@@ ings account by four percent . +the third techni@@ que : categ@@ ori@@ zation . +we can hand@@ le more categ@@ ories than we can hand@@ le choices . +so for example , here 's a study we did in a magazine a@@ is@@ le . +it turns out that in weg@@ man@@ s gro@@ cer@@ y stor@@ es up and down the nor@@ the@@ ast cor@@ ri@@ d@@ or , the magazine a@@ is@@ les range anywhere from 3@@ 3@@ 1 different kinds of maga@@ zin@@ es all the way up to 6@@ 6@@ 4 . +but you know what ? +if i show you 600 maga@@ zin@@ es and i divi@@ de them up into 10 categ@@ ories , versus i show you 400 maga@@ zin@@ es and divi@@ de them up into 20 categ@@ ories , you believe that i have given you more choice and a better choo@@ sing experience if i gave you the 400 than if i gave you the 600 . +because the categ@@ ories tell me how to tell them apart . +here are two different je@@ wel@@ ry dis@@ plays . +one is called " ja@@ zz " and the other one is called " s@@ wing . " +if you think the display on the left is s@@ wing and the display on the right is ja@@ zz , cla@@ p your hands . +okay , there 's some . +if you think the one on the left is ja@@ zz and the one on the right is s@@ wing , cla@@ p your hands . +okay , a bit more . +now it turns out you 're right . +the one on the left is ja@@ zz and the one on the right is s@@ wing , but you know what ? +this is a highly us@@ eless categ@@ ori@@ zation sche@@ me . +the categ@@ ories need to say something to the choo@@ ser , not the cho@@ ic@@ e-@@ maker . +and you often see that problem when it comes down to those long li@@ sts of all these fun@@ ds . +who are they actually supposed to be in@@ forming ? +my fourth techni@@ que : condition for complexity . +it turns out we can actually hand@@ le a lot more information than we think we can , we 've just got to take it a little easier . +we have to gradu@@ ally increase the complexity . +i 'm going to show you one example of what i 'm talking about . +let 's take a very , very complicated decision : buying a car . +here 's a ger@@ man car manufac@@ tur@@ er that gives you the opportunity to completely cu@@ sto@@ m make your car . +you 've got to make 60 different decisions , completely make up your car . +now these decisions v@@ ary in the number of choices that they offer per decision . +car colors , ex@@ teri@@ or car colors -- i 've got 5@@ 6 choices . +eng@@ ines , ge@@ ar@@ shift -- four choices . +so now what i 'm going to do is i 'm going to v@@ ary the order in which these decisions appear . +so half of the custom@@ ers are going to go from high choice , 5@@ 6 car colors , to low choice , four ge@@ ar@@ shif@@ ts . +the other half of the custom@@ ers are going to go from low choice , four ge@@ ar@@ shif@@ ts , to 5@@ 6 car colors , high choice . +what am i going to look at ? +how enga@@ ged you are . +if you keep hit@@ ting the de@@ fau@@ lt butt@@ on per decision , that means you 're getting over@@ wh@@ el@@ med , that means i 'm losing you . +what you find is the people who go from high choice to low choice , they 're hit@@ ting that de@@ fau@@ lt butt@@ on over and over and over again . +we 're losing them . +they go from low choice to high choice , they 're han@@ ging in there . +it 's the same information . it 's the same number of choices . +the only thing that i have done is i have vari@@ ed the order in which that information is pres@@ ented . +if i start you off easy , i learn how to choose . +even though choo@@ sing ge@@ ar@@ shift doesn 't tell me anything about my pre@@ fer@@ ences for inter@@ ior dec@@ or , it still prepar@@ es me for how to choose . +it also gets me excited about this big product that i 'm putting together , so i 'm more willing to be motiv@@ ated to be enga@@ ged . +so let me rec@@ ap . +i have talked about four techniques for mi@@ tig@@ ating the problem of choice over@@ load -- cut -- get rid of the ex@@ tran@@ e@@ ous alterna@@ tives ; con@@ cre@@ ti@@ ze -- make it real ; categ@@ ori@@ ze -- we can hand@@ le more categ@@ ories , less choices ; condition for complexity . +all of these techniques that i 'm descri@@ bing to you today are designed to help you manage your choices -- better for you , you can use them on yourself , better for the people that you are ser@@ ving . +because i believe that the key to getting the most from choice is to be choo@@ sy about choo@@ sing . +and the more we 're able to be choo@@ sy about choo@@ sing the better we will be able to practice the art of choo@@ sing . +thank you very much . +hi . i 'm kev@@ in allo@@ c@@ ca , i 'm the trends man@@ ager at youtube , and i profession@@ ally watch youtube videos . +it 's true . +so we 're going to talk a little bit today about how videos go vi@@ ral and then why that even matters . +we all want to be stars -- cele@@ bri@@ ties , sing@@ ers , com@@ edi@@ ans -- and when i was yo@@ unger , that seemed so very , very hard to do . +but now web video has made it so that any of us or any of the creative things that we do can become completely famous in a part of our world 's culture . +any one of you could be famous on the internet by next satur@@ day . +but there are over 4@@ 8 hours of video u@@ plo@@ aded to youtube every minute . +and of that , only a tiny percentage ever goes vi@@ ral and gets tons of vie@@ ws and becomes a cultural moment . +so how does it happen ? +three things : ta@@ ste@@ makers , communities of participa@@ tion and un@@ expec@@ te@@ dness . +all right , let 's go . +oh , my god . oh , my god . +oh , my god ! +woo@@ o ! +o@@ h@@ h@@ h@@ h@@ h , wo@@ w@@ w@@ w@@ w ! +last year , bear vas@@ que@@ z po@@ sted this video that he had shot outside his home in yo@@ se@@ mi@@ te national park . +in 2010 , it was vie@@ wed 23 million times . +this is a ch@@ art of what it looked like when it first became popular last summer . +but he didn 't actually set out to make a vi@@ ral video , bear . +he just wanted to share a rain@@ bo@@ w . +because that 's what you do when your name is yo@@ se@@ mi@@ te mountain bear . +and he had po@@ sted lots of nature videos in fact . +and this video had actually been po@@ sted all the way back in janu@@ ary . +so what happened here ? +j@@ im@@ my k@@ im@@ mel actually . +j@@ im@@ my k@@ im@@ mel po@@ sted this t@@ we@@ et that would eventually pro@@ pel the video to be as popular as it would become . +because ta@@ ste@@ makers like j@@ im@@ my k@@ im@@ mel introdu@@ ce us to new and interesting things and bring them to a larger audience . +it 's fri@@ day , fri@@ day . got@@ ta get down on fri@@ day . everybody 's looking forward to the wee@@ k@@ end , wee@@ k@@ end . fri@@ day , fri@@ day . ge@@ t@@ tin ' down on fri@@ day . so you didn 't think that we could actually have this conversation without talking about this video i hope . +re@@ bec@@ ca black 's " fri@@ day " is one of the most popular videos of the year . +it 's been seen nearly 200 million times this year . +this is a ch@@ art of what it looked like . +and similar to " double rain@@ bo@@ w , " it seems to have just spr@@ ou@@ ted up out of no@@ where . +so what happened on this day ? +well it was a fri@@ day , this is true . +and if you 're wondering about those other spi@@ kes , those are also fri@@ days . +but what about this day , this one particular fri@@ day ? +well to@@ sh@@ .@@ 0 picked it up , a lot of blogs starting writing about . +michael j@@ . nel@@ son from myster@@ y science theater was one of the first people to post a jo@@ ke about the video on twitter . +but what 's important is that an individual or a group of ta@@ ste@@ makers took a point of view and they shared that with a larger audience , acceler@@ ating the process . +and so then this community formed of people who shared this big inside jo@@ ke and they started talking about it and doing things with it . +and now there are 10,000 par@@ o@@ dies of " fri@@ day " on youtube . +even in the first seven days , there was one par@@ o@@ dy for every other day of the week . +unlike the one-@@ way entertain@@ ment of the 20th century , this community participa@@ tion is how we become a part of the phenomenon -- either by spre@@ ading it or by doing something new with it . +so " n@@ y@@ an c@@ at " is a lo@@ op@@ ed anima@@ tion with lo@@ op@@ ed music . +it 's this , just like this . +it 's been vie@@ wed nearly 50 million times this year . +and if you think that that is weird , you should know that there is a three-@@ hour version of this that 's been vie@@ wed four million times . +even cat@@ s were watching this video . +cat@@ s were watching other cat@@ s watch this video . +but what 's important here is the creativity that it inspired am@@ on@@ gst this tech@@ ie , ge@@ e@@ ky internet culture . +there were re@@ mix@@ es . +someone made an old ti@@ me@@ y version . +and then it went international . +an entire re@@ mix community spr@@ ou@@ ted up that brought it from being just a stupid jo@@ ke to something that we can all actually be a part of . +because we don 't just enjoy now , we participa@@ te . +and who could have predi@@ cted any of this ? +who could have predi@@ cted " double rain@@ bo@@ w " or re@@ bec@@ ca black or " n@@ y@@ an c@@ at ? " +what scri@@ p@@ ts could you have written that would have contain@@ ed this in it ? +in a world where over two days of video get u@@ plo@@ aded every minute , only that which is truly unique and un@@ expected can stand out in the way that these things have . +when a friend of mine told me that i needed to see this great video about a guy prote@@ sting bi@@ cycle fin@@ es in new york city , i ad@@ mit i wasn 't very interested . +so i got a ti@@ cket for not ri@@ ding in the bi@@ ke lan@@ e , but often there are ob@@ struc@@ tions that keep you from proper@@ ly ri@@ ding in the bi@@ ke lan@@ e . +by being totally surprising and hu@@ mor@@ ous , cas@@ ey ni@@ est@@ at got his funny idea and point seen five million times . +and so this approach hol@@ ds for anything new that we do crea@@ tively . +and so it all brings us to one big question ... +what does this mean ? +o@@ h@@ h@@ h@@ h . +what does it mean ? +ta@@ ste@@ makers , creative partici@@ p@@ ating communities , complete un@@ expec@@ te@@ dness , these are characteri@@ stics of a new kind of media and a new kind of culture where anyone has access and the audience defin@@ es the popul@@ ar@@ ity . +i mean , as mentioned earlier , one of the biggest stars in the world right now , ju@@ stin bie@@ ber , got his start on youtube . +no one has to gre@@ en-@@ light your idea . +and we all now feel some ow@@ ner@@ ship in our own pop culture . +and these are not characteri@@ stics of old media , and they 're bar@@ ely true of the media of today , but they will define the entertain@@ ment of the future . +thank you . +how can i speak in 10 minutes about the bon@@ ds of women over three generations , about how the ast@@ on@@ ishing strength of those bon@@ ds took hold in the life of a four@@ -year-old girl hu@@ dd@@ led with her young sister , her mother and her grandmother for five days and ni@@ ghts in a small boat in the china sea more than 30 years ago , bon@@ ds that took hold in the life of that small girl and never let go -- that small girl now living in san francisco and speaking to you today ? +this is not a finished story . +it is a j@@ ig@@ saw puzz@@ le still being put together . +let me tell you about some of the pieces . +imagine the first piece : a man burning his life 's work . +he is a po@@ et , a play@@ w@@ right , a man whose whole life had been bal@@ an@@ ced on the single hope of his country 's unity and freedom . +imagine him as the comm@@ uni@@ sts enter sa@@ ig@@ on , con@@ fron@@ ting the fact that his life had been a complete waste . +words , for so long his friends , now mo@@ cked him . +he re@@ treated into sil@@ ence . +he died broken by history . +he is my grand@@ father . +i never knew him in real life . +but our lives are much more than our memor@@ ies . +my grandmother never let me forget his life . +my du@@ ty was not to allow it to have been in va@@ in , and my lesson was to learn that , yes , history tried to cr@@ ush us , but we en@@ du@@ red . +the next piece of the j@@ ig@@ saw is of a boat in the early da@@ wn sli@@ pping sil@@ ently out to sea . +my mother , ma@@ i , was 18 when her father died -- already in an ar@@ ran@@ ged marriage , already with two small girls . +for her , life had dist@@ ill@@ ed itself into one task : the es@@ cape of her family and a new life in australia . +it was in@@ conc@@ ei@@ vable to her that she would not succe@@ ed . +so after a four@@ -@@ year sa@@ ga that de@@ fi@@ es fi@@ ction , a boat sli@@ pped out to sea dis@@ gu@@ is@@ ed as a fishing ves@@ sel . +all the adults knew the risks . +the greatest fear was of pir@@ ates , ra@@ pe and death . +like most adults on the boat , my mother car@@ ried a small bottle of po@@ ison . +if we were cap@@ tured , first my sister and i , then she and my grandmother would drink . +my first memor@@ ies are from the boat -- the ste@@ ad@@ y beat of the engine , the bo@@ w di@@ pping into each wave , the vast and empty hori@@ zon . +i don 't remember the pir@@ ates who came many times , but were blu@@ ff@@ ed by the bra@@ va@@ do of the men on our boat , or the engine dying and fail@@ ing to start for six hours . +but i do remember the lights on the oil ri@@ g off the mal@@ ay@@ si@@ an coast and the young man who collap@@ sed and died , the journey 's end too much for him , and the first apple i ta@@ sted , given to me by the men on the ri@@ g . +no apple has ever ta@@ sted the same . +after three months in a re@@ fu@@ ge@@ e camp , we land@@ ed in mel@@ b@@ our@@ ne . +and the next piece of the j@@ ig@@ saw is about four women across three generations sha@@ ping a new life together . +we sett@@ led in foot@@ sc@@ ray , a work@@ ing-@@ class sub@@ ur@@ b whose demo@@ graphic is la@@ yers of im@@ migr@@ ants . +unlike the sett@@ led midd@@ le-@@ class sub@@ ur@@ bs , whose existence i was ob@@ li@@ vi@@ ous of , there was no sense of enti@@ t@@ le@@ ment in foot@@ sc@@ ray . +the sm@@ ells from shop do@@ ors were from the rest of the world . +and the s@@ ni@@ p@@ pe@@ ts of hal@@ ting english were ex@@ changed between people who had one thing in common , they were starting again . +my mother worked on far@@ ms , then on a car assem@@ bly line , working six days , double shif@@ ts . +somehow she found time to study english and gain it quali@@ fi@@ cations . +we were poor . +all the dollars were allo@@ cated and extra tu@@ i@@ tion in english and mathematics was bud@@ ge@@ ted for re@@ gar@@ d@@ less of what mis@@ sed out , which was usually new clo@@ th@@ es ; they were always secon@@ d@@ hand . +two pa@@ irs of stock@@ ings for school , each to hi@@ de the holes in the other . +a school uni@@ form down to the an@@ kl@@ es , because it had to last for six years . +and there were rare but se@@ aring chan@@ ts of " sli@@ t-@@ eye " and the occasi@@ onal gra@@ ff@@ iti : " asi@@ an , go home . " +go home to where ? +something sti@@ ff@@ en@@ ed inside me . +there was a gather@@ ing of resol@@ ve and a quie@@ t voice saying , " i will b@@ yp@@ ass you . " +my mother , my sister and i sle@@ pt in the same bed . +my mother was ex@@ hau@@ sted each night , but we told one another about our day and listen@@ ed to the mov@@ ements of my grandmother around the house . +my mother suff@@ ered from ni@@ ght@@ mar@@ es all about the boat . +and my job was to stay a@@ wake until her ni@@ ght@@ mar@@ es came so i could wake her . +she opened a computer store then studied to be a beauti@@ cian and opened another business . +and the women came with their stories about men who could not make the transition , an@@ gry and in@@ flexi@@ ble , and trou@@ bled children caught between two worl@@ ds . +gr@@ ants and spon@@ sor@@ s were sou@@ ght . +centers were establi@@ shed . +i lived in par@@ alle@@ l worl@@ ds . +in one , i was the classi@@ c asi@@ an student , rel@@ ent@@ less in the dem@@ ands that i made on myself . +in the other , i was en@@ mes@@ hed in lives that were pre@@ car@@ i@@ ous , tra@@ gi@@ cally sc@@ ar@@ red by violence , drug ab@@ use and isol@@ ation . +but so many over the years were helped . +and for that work , when i was a final year law student , i was cho@@ sen as the young austr@@ ali@@ an of the year . +and i was cat@@ ap@@ ul@@ ted from one piece of the j@@ ig@@ saw to another , and their ed@@ ges didn 't fit . +tan le , anony@@ mous foot@@ sc@@ ray resi@@ dent , was now tan le , re@@ fu@@ ge@@ e and social activ@@ ist , invited to speak in ven@@ u@@ es she had never heard of and into homes whose existence she could never have imag@@ ined . +i didn 't know the proto@@ col@@ s . +i didn 't know how to use the cu@@ t@@ ler@@ y . +i didn 't know how to talk about wine . +i didn 't know how to talk about anything . +i wanted to re@@ treat to the rou@@ tin@@ es and comfort of life in an uns@@ ung sub@@ ur@@ b -- a grandmother , a mother and two dau@@ gh@@ ters en@@ ding each day as they had for almost 20 years , telling one another the story of their day and fall@@ ing as@@ le@@ ep , the three of us still in the same bed . +i told my mother i couldn 't do it . +she remin@@ ded me that i was now the same age she had been when we bo@@ ar@@ ded the boat . +no had never been an option . +" just do it , " she said , " and don 't be what you 're not . " +so i spoke out on you@@ th un@@ emplo@@ y@@ ment and education and the ne@@ g@@ le@@ ct of the mar@@ g@@ in@@ alized and the dis@@ en@@ fran@@ ch@@ is@@ ed . +and the more can@@ di@@ dly i spoke , the more i was asked to speak . +i met people from all wal@@ ks of life , so many of them doing the thing they loved , living on the fron@@ ti@@ ers of possibility . +and even though i finished my degree , i realized i could not se@@ ttle into a career in law . +there had to be another piece of the j@@ ig@@ saw . +and i realized at the same time that it is okay to be an out@@ si@@ der , a recent arri@@ val , new on the scene -- and not just okay , but something to be th@@ ank@@ ful for , perhaps a gift from the boat . +because being an insi@@ der can so easily mean collap@@ sing the hori@@ z@@ ons , can so easily mean accep@@ ting the pres@@ um@@ p@@ tions of your pro@@ vin@@ ce . +i have ste@@ pped outside my comfort zone enough now to know that , yes , the world does fall apart , but not in the way that you fear . +possibilities that would not have been allowed were ou@@ trage@@ ously encoura@@ ged . +there was an energy there , an im@@ plac@@ able optimis@@ m , a strange mix@@ ture of hu@@ mili@@ ty and dar@@ ing . +so i followed my hun@@ ches . +i gather@@ ed around me a small team of people for whom the lab@@ el " it can 't be done " was an ir@@ resi@@ sti@@ ble challenge . +for a year we were pen@@ ni@@ less . +at the end of each day , i made a huge po@@ t of sou@@ p which we all shared . +we worked well into each night . +most of our ideas were crazy , but a few were brilliant , and we broke through . +i made the decision to move to the u.@@ s . +after only one trip . +my hun@@ ches again . +three months later i had rel@@ oc@@ ated , and the ad@@ vent@@ ure has continu@@ ed . +before i close though , let me tell you about my grandmother . +she grew up at a time when con@@ fu@@ ci@@ an@@ ism was the social nor@@ m and the local mand@@ ar@@ in was the person who ma@@ tter@@ ed . +life hadn 't changed for cent@@ u@@ ries . +her father died soon after she was born . +her mother raised her alone . +at 17 she became the second wife of a mand@@ ar@@ in whose mother beat her . +with no support from her husband , she caused a sen@@ sation by taking him to court and pro@@ se@@ cu@@ ting her own case , and a far greater sen@@ sation when she won . +" it can 't be done " was shown to be wrong . +i was taking a sho@@ wer in a hotel room in sy@@ d@@ ney the moment she died 600 miles away in mel@@ b@@ our@@ ne . +i looked through the sho@@ wer screen and saw her standing on the other side . +i knew she had come to say go@@ od@@ b@@ ye . +my mother ph@@ oned minutes later . +a few days later , we went to a budd@@ h@@ ist temp@@ le in foot@@ sc@@ ray and sat around her cas@@ ket . +we told her stories and assu@@ red her that we were still with her . +at mid@@ night the mon@@ k came and told us he had to close the cas@@ ket . +my mother asked us to feel her hand . +she asked the mon@@ k , " why is it that her hand is so warm and the rest of her is so cold ? " +" because you have been holding it since this morning , " he said . +" you have not let it go . " +if there is a sin@@ e@@ w in our family , it runs through the women . +given who we were and how life had sha@@ ped us , we can now see that the men who might have come into our lives would have th@@ war@@ ted us . +de@@ fe@@ at would have come too easily . +now i would like to have my own children , and i wonder about the boat . +who could ever wish it on their own ? +yet i am afraid of privi@@ lege , of e@@ ase , of enti@@ t@@ le@@ ment . +can i give them a bo@@ w in their lives , di@@ pping bra@@ vely into each wave , the un@@ per@@ tur@@ bed and ste@@ ad@@ y beat of the engine , the vast hori@@ zon that guar@@ an@@ te@@ es nothing ? +i don 't know . +but if i could give it and still see them sa@@ f@@ ely through , i would . +and also , tan 's mother is here today in the fourth or fif@@ th row . +i 'm here to share my photograph@@ y . +or is it photograph@@ y ? +because , of course , this is a photograph that you can 't take with your camera . +yet , my interest in photograph@@ y started as i got my first digital camera at the age of 15 . +it mix@@ ed with my earlier passion for drawing , but it was a bit different , because using the camera , the process was in the planning instead . +and when you take a photograph with a camera , the process ends when you press the tri@@ g@@ ger . +so to me it felt like photograph@@ y was more about being at the right place and the right time . +i felt like anyone could do that . +so i wanted to create something different , something where the process starts when you press the tri@@ g@@ ger . +photos like this : construction going on along a bus@@ y road . +but it has an un@@ expected twi@@ st . +and despite that , it re@@ tains a level of re@@ alism . +or photos like these -- both dark and color@@ ful , but all with a common goal of re@@ tain@@ ing the level of re@@ alism . +when i say re@@ alism , i mean phot@@ o-@@ re@@ alism . +because , of course , it 's not something you can capture really , but i always want it to look like it could have been cap@@ tured somehow as a photograph . +photos where you will need a brief moment to think to figure out the trick . +so it 's more about cap@@ turing an idea than about cap@@ turing a moment really . +but what 's the trick that makes it look reali@@ stic ? +is it something about the details or the colors ? +is it something about the light ? +what creates the illusion ? +sometimes the perspective is the illusion . +but in the end , it comes down to how we interpre@@ t the world and how it can be realized on a two-@@ dimensional surface . +it 's not really what is reali@@ stic , it 's what we think looks reali@@ stic really . +so i think the bas@@ ics are quite simple . +i just see it as a puzz@@ le of reality where you can take different pieces of reality and put it together to create alterna@@ te reality . +and let me show you a simple example . +here we have three perfectly imag@@ in@@ able physical objects , something we all can rel@@ ate to living in a three-@@ dimensional world . +but combin@@ ed in a certain way , they can create something that still looks three-@@ dimensional , like it could exist . +but at the same time , we know it can 't . +so we trick our brains , because our brain simply doesn 't accept the fact that it doesn 't really make sense . +and i see the same process with combin@@ ing photographs . +it 's just really about combin@@ ing different reali@@ ties . +so the things that make a photograph look reali@@ stic , i think it 's the things that we don 't even think about , the things all around us in our daily lives . +but when combin@@ ing photographs , this is really important to consider , because otherwise it just looks wrong somehow . +so i would like to say that there are three simple rules to follow to achieve a reali@@ stic result . +as you can see , these images aren 't really special . +but combin@@ ed , they can create something like this . +so the first rule is that photos combin@@ ed should have the same perspective . +secon@@ dly , photos combin@@ ed should have the same type of light . +and these two images both ful@@ fill these two requi@@ re@@ ments -- shot at the same hei@@ ght and in the same type of light . +the third one is about making it impossible to dist@@ ingu@@ ish where the different images begin and end by making it se@@ am@@ less . +make it impossible to say how the image actually was com@@ posed . +so by mat@@ ching color , contr@@ ast and bri@@ ght@@ ness in the bor@@ ders between the different images , ad@@ ding photogra@@ phic de@@ fe@@ cts like dep@@ th of field , des@@ atur@@ ated colors and noise , we er@@ ase the bor@@ ders between the different images and make it look like one single image , despite the fact that one image can con@@ tain hundreds of la@@ yers basically . +so here 's another example . +one might think that this is just an image of a landscape and the lower part is what 's mani@@ pul@@ ated . +but this image is actually entirely com@@ posed of photographs from different lo@@ cations . +i personally think that it 's easier to actually create a place than to find a place , because then you don 't need to com@@ promise with the ideas in your head . +but it does require a lot of planning . +and getting this idea during winter , i knew that i had several months to plan it , to find the different lo@@ cations for the pieces of the puzz@@ le basically . +so for example , the fish was cap@@ tured on a fishing trip . +the shor@@ es are from a different location . +the under@@ water part was cap@@ tured in a stone p@@ it . +and yeah , i even turned the house on top of the island red to make it look more swe@@ dis@@ h . +so to achieve a reali@@ stic result , i think it comes down to planning . +it always starts with a sk@@ et@@ ch , an idea . +then it 's about combin@@ ing the different photographs . +and here every piece is very well plan@@ ned . +and if you do a good job cap@@ turing the photos , the result can be quite beautiful and also quite reali@@ stic . +so all the tools are out there , and the only thing that limit@@ s us is our imagination . +thank you . +i would like to talk to you about why many e-@@ health projects fail . +and i really think that the most important thing of it is that we stopped listening to patients . +and one of the things we did at rad@@ b@@ oud university is we ap@@ poin@@ ted a ch@@ ie@@ f listening off@@ ic@@ er . +not in a very scientific way -- she puts up a little c@@ up of coffee or c@@ up of te@@ a and as@@ ks patients , family , rela@@ tives , " what 's up ? +how could we help you ? " +and we think , we like to think , that this is one of the major problems why all -- maybe not all -- but most of the e-@@ health projects fail , since we stopped listening . +this is my wi@@ f@@ i scale . it 's a very simple thing . +it 's got one kno@@ b , on / off . +and every morning i ho@@ p on it . +and yes , i 've got a challenge , as you might see . +and i put my challenge on 95 k@@ g . +but the thing is that it 's made this simple that whenever i ho@@ p on , it sen@@ ds my data through google health as well . +and it 's colle@@ cted by my general prac@@ ti@@ tion@@ er as well , so he can see what 's my problem in weight , not on the very moment that i need car@@ di@@ ologi@@ c support or something like it , but also looking back@@ ward . +but there 's another thing . +as some of you might know , i 've got more than 4@@ ,000 follo@@ wers on twitter . +so every morning i ho@@ p on my wi@@ f@@ i scale and before i 'm in my car , people start talking to me , " i think you need a light lunch today , lu@@ ci@@ en . " +but that 's the ni@@ c@@ est thing that could happen , since this is pe@@ er pressure , pe@@ er pressure used to help patients -- since this could be used for o@@ bes@@ ity , it could be used to stop smo@@ king in patients . +but on the other hand , it also could be used to get people from out of their cha@@ irs and try to work together in some kind of gam@@ ing activity to get more control of their health . +as of next week , it will soon be available . +there will be this little blood pressure meter connected to an iphone or something or other . +and people will be able , from their homes , to take their blood pressure , send it into their doctor and eventually share it with others , for instance , for over a hundred dollars . +and this is the point where patients get into position and can collect , not only their own control again , be cap@@ tain of their own ship , but also can help us in health care due to the challenges that we face , like health care cost explosion , dou@@ bled demand and things like that . +make techniques that are easy to use and start with this to embra@@ ce patients in the team . +and you can do this with techniques like this , but also by crow@@ d-@@ sour@@ cing . +and one of the things we did i would like to share with you introduced by a little video . +we 've all got navi@@ gation contro@@ ls in our car . +we maybe even [ have ] it in our cell@@ phone . +we know perfectly where all the at@@ ms are about the city of ma@@ a@@ stri@@ cht . +the other thing is we know where all the gas sta@@ tions are . +and sure , we could find fast food cha@@ ins . +but where would be the ne@@ ar@@ est a@@ ed to help this patient ? +we asked around and nobody knew . +nobody knew where the ne@@ ar@@ est life@@ -@@ saving a@@ ed was to be ob@@ tain@@ ed right now . +so what we did , we crow@@ d@@ sour@@ ced the ne@@ ther@@ lands . +we set up a website and asked the crowd , " if you see an a@@ ed , please sub@@ mit it , tell us where it is , tell us when it 's open , " since sometimes in office hours sometimes it 's closed , of course . +and over 10,000 a@@ e@@ ds already in the ne@@ ther@@ lands already have been sub@@ mit@@ ted . +the next step we took was to find the appli@@ cations for it . +and we built an i@@ pad app@@ lic@@ ation . +we made an app@@ lic@@ ation for la@@ y@@ ar , aug@@ mented reality , to find these a@@ e@@ ds . +and whenever you are in a city like ma@@ a@@ stri@@ cht and somebody collap@@ ses , you can use your iphone , and within the next weeks also run your microsoft cell@@ phone , to find the ne@@ ar@@ est a@@ ed which can save lives . +and as of today , we would like to introdu@@ ce this , not only as a@@ ed@@ 4@@ e@@ u , which is what the product is called , but also a@@ ed@@ 4@@ us . +and we would like to start this on a worldwide level . +and [ we 're ] asking all of our colleagues in the rest of the world , collea@@ gue universi@@ ties , to help us to find and work and act like a hu@@ b to crow@@ d-@@ source all these a@@ e@@ ds all around the world . +that whenever you 're on ho@@ li@@ day and somebody collap@@ ses , might it be your own relative or someone just in front of you , you can find this . +the other thing we would like to ask is of companies also all over the world that will be able to help us v@@ ali@@ date these a@@ e@@ ds . +these might be cou@@ rier services or c@@ able guys for instance , just to see whether the a@@ ed that 's sub@@ mit@@ ted still is in place . +so please help us on this one and try to make not only health a little bit better , but take control of it . +thank you . +today i 'm going to talk about un@@ expected disco@@ ver@@ ies . +now i work in the solar technology industry . +and my small star@@ tu@@ p is looking to force ourselves into the environment by paying attention to ... +... paying attention to crow@@ d-@@ sour@@ cing . +it 's just a quick video of what we do . +hu@@ h . hang on a moment . +it might take a moment to load . +we 'll just -- we can just ski@@ p -- i 'll just ski@@ p through the video instead ... +no . +this is not ... +okay . +solar technology is ... +oh , that 's all my time ? +okay . thank you very much . +so a couple of years ago i started a program to try to get the rock@@ star tech and design people to take a year off and work in the one environment that represents pretty much everything they 're supposed to hate ; we have them work in government . +the program is called code for america , and it 's a little bit like a peace cor@@ ps for ge@@ e@@ ks . +we sele@@ ct a few fel@@ lo@@ ws every year and we have them work with city governments . +instead of sending them off into the third world , we send them into the wil@@ ds of city hall . +and there they make great app@@ s , they work with city sta@@ ff@@ ers . +but really what they 're doing is they 're showing what 's possible with technology today . +so meet al . +al is a fire hy@@ dr@@ ant in the city of boston . +here it kind of looks like he 's looking for a date , but what he 's really looking for is for someone to sho@@ vel him out when he gets s@@ no@@ wed in , because he knows he 's not very good at fighting fir@@ es when he 's covered in four feet of s@@ now . +now how did he come to be looking for help in this very unique man@@ ner ? +we had a team of fel@@ lo@@ ws in boston last year through the code for america program . +they were there in febru@@ ary , and it s@@ no@@ wed a lot in febru@@ ary last year . +and they noticed that the city never gets to dig@@ ging out these fire hy@@ dr@@ ants . +but one fellow in particular , a guy named er@@ ik micha@@ el@@ s-@@ ob@@ er , noticed something else , and that 's that citizens are sho@@ vel@@ ing out si@@ de@@ wal@@ ks right in front of these things . +so he did what any good develop@@ er would do , he wrote an ap@@ p . +it 's a c@@ ute little ap@@ p where you can adop@@ t a fire hy@@ dr@@ ant . +so you agree to dig it out when it s@@ no@@ ws . +if you do , you get to name it , and he called the first one al . +and if you don 't , someone can ste@@ al it from you . +so it 's got c@@ ute little game dynam@@ ics on it . +this is a mo@@ dest little ap@@ p . +it 's probably the small@@ est of the 21 app@@ s that the fel@@ lo@@ ws wrote last year . +but it 's doing something that no other government technology does . +it 's spre@@ ading vir@@ ally . +there 's a guy in the i@@ .@@ t@@ . department of the city of hon@@ ol@@ ul@@ u who saw this ap@@ p and realized that he could use it , not for s@@ now , but to get citizens to adop@@ t tsun@@ ami si@@ r@@ ens . +it 's very important that these tsun@@ ami si@@ r@@ ens work , but people ste@@ al the bat@@ ter@@ ies out of them . +so he 's getting citizens to check on them . +and then se@@ attle decided to use it to get citizens to clear out clo@@ g@@ ged stor@@ m dra@@ ins . +and chicago just roll@@ ed it out to get people to sign up to sho@@ vel si@@ de@@ wal@@ ks when it s@@ no@@ ws . +so we now know of nine cities that are planning to use this . +and this has spread just fri@@ c@@ tion@@ less@@ ly , organ@@ ically , naturally . +if you know anything about government technology , you know that this isn 't how it normally goes . +pro@@ cur@@ ing software usually takes a couple of years . +we had a team that worked on a project in boston last year that took three people about two and a half months . +it was a way that parents could figure out which were the right public schools for their kids . +we were told after@@ ward that if that had gone through normal chan@@ n@@ els , it would have taken at least two years and it would have cost about two million dollars . +and that 's nothing . +there is one project in the california court system right now that so far cost tax@@ pa@@ yers two billion dollars , and it doesn 't work . +and there are projects like this at every level of government . +so an ap@@ p that takes a couple of days to write and then spre@@ ads vir@@ ally , that 's sort of a shot across the bo@@ w to the institution of government . +it suggests how government could work better -- not more like a private company , as many people think it should . +and not even like a tech company , but more like the internet itself . +and that means per@@ mis@@ sion@@ less , it means open , it means gener@@ ative . +and that 's important . +but what 's more important about this ap@@ p is that it represents how a new generation is tac@@ kl@@ ing the problem of government -- not as the problem of an o@@ ssi@@ fied institution , but as a problem of collective action . +and that 's great news , because , it turns out , we 're very good at collective action with digital technology . +now there 's a very large community of people that are building the tools that we need to do things together effectively . +it 's not just code for america fel@@ lo@@ ws , there are hundreds of people all over the country that are standing and writing ci@@ vi@@ c app@@ s every day in their own communities . +they haven 't given up on government . +they are fru@@ strated as hell with it , but they 're not com@@ pla@@ ining about it , they 're fix@@ ing it . +and these folks know something that we 've lost sight of . +and that 's that when you stri@@ p away all your feelings about politics and the line at the d@@ m@@ v and all those other things that we 're really mad about , government is , at its core , in the words of tim o '@@ rei@@ l@@ ly , " what we do together that we can 't do alone . " +now a lot of people have given up on government . +and if you 're one of those people , i would ask that you re@@ consider , because things are changing . +politics is not changing ; government is changing . +and because government ultimately der@@ i@@ ves its power from us -- remember " we the people ? " -- how we think about it is going to effect how that change happens . +now i didn 't know very much about government when i started this program . +and like a lot of people , i thought government was basically about getting people ele@@ cted to office . +well after two years , i 've come to the conclu@@ sion that , especially local government , is about o@@ pos@@ su@@ ms . +this is the call center for the services and information line . +it 's generally where you will get if you call 3@@ 11 in your city . +if you should ever have the chance to staf@@ f your city 's call center , as our fellow scot@@ t sil@@ ver@@ man did as part of the program -- in fact , they all do that -- you will find that people call government with a very wide range of issues , including having an o@@ pos@@ sum stuck in your house . +so scot@@ t gets this call . +he types " o@@ pos@@ sum " into this offi@@ cial knowledge base . +he doesn 't really come up with anything . he starts with animal control . +and finally , he says , " look , can you just open all the do@@ ors to your house and play music really l@@ oud and see if the thing leaves ? " +so that worked . so boo@@ ya for scot@@ t . +but that wasn 't the end of the o@@ pos@@ su@@ ms . +boston doesn 't just have a call center . +it has an ap@@ p , a web and mobile ap@@ p , called citizens connect . +now we didn 't write this ap@@ p . +this is the work of the very smart people at the office of new urban mechan@@ ics in boston . +so one day -- this is an actual report -- this came in : " o@@ pos@@ sum in my tr@@ as@@ h@@ can . can 't tell if it 's dead . +how do i get this re@@ moved ? " +but what happens with citizens connect is different . +so scot@@ t was speaking person@@ -@@ to-@@ person . +but on citizens connect everything is public , so everybody can see this . +and in this case , a neighb@@ or saw it . +and the next report we got said , " i walked over to this location , found the tr@@ as@@ h@@ can behind the house . +o@@ pos@@ sum ? check . living ? ye@@ p . +turned tr@@ as@@ h@@ can on its side . walked home . +go@@ od@@ night swe@@ et o@@ pos@@ sum . " +pretty simple . +so this is great . this is the digital meeting the physical . +and it 's also a great example of government getting in on the crow@@ d-@@ sour@@ cing game . +but it 's also a great example of government as a platform . +and i don 't mean necessarily a technologi@@ cal definition of platform here . +i 'm just talking about a platform for people to help themselves and to help others . +so one citi@@ zen helped another citi@@ zen , but government played a key role here . +it connected those two people . +and it could have connected them with government services if they 'd been needed , but a neighb@@ or is a far better and che@@ aper alternative to government services . +when one neighb@@ or helps another , we streng@@ then our communities . +we call animal control , it just costs a lot of money . +now one of the important things we need to think about government is that it 's not the same thing as politics . +and most people get that , but they think that one is the input to the other . +that our input to the system of government is vot@@ ing . +now how many times have we ele@@ cted a political leader -- and sometimes we spend a lot of energy getting a new political leader ele@@ cted -- and then we sit back and we expect government to refle@@ ct our values and meet our needs , and then not that much changes ? +that 's because government is like a vast ocean and politics is the si@@ x-@@ in@@ ch layer on top . +and what 's under that is what we call bu@@ re@@ au@@ cra@@ cy . +and we say that word with such con@@ temp@@ t . +but it 's that con@@ temp@@ t that kee@@ ps this thing that we own and we pay for as something that 's working against us , this other thing , and then we 're dis@@ em@@ power@@ ing ourselves . +people seem to think politics is sex@@ y . +if we want this institution to work for us , we 're going to have to make bu@@ re@@ au@@ cra@@ cy sex@@ y . +because that 's where the real work of government happens . +we have to engage with the machin@@ ery of government . +so that 's occu@@ py@@ thes@@ e@@ c movement has done . +have you seen these guys ? +it 's a group of concerned citizens that have written a very deta@@ iled 3@@ 25@@ -@@ page report that 's a response to the se@@ c 's requ@@ est for com@@ ment on the financial re@@ form bill . +that 's not being poli@@ tically active , that 's being bu@@ re@@ au@@ cra@@ tically active . +now for those of us who 've given up on government , it 's time that we asked ourselves about the world that we want to leave for our children . +you have to see the enormous challenges that they 're going to face . +do we really think we 're going to get where we need to go without fix@@ ing the one institution that can act on be@@ half of all of us ? +we can 't do without government , but we do need it to be more effective . +the good news is that technology is making it possible to fundament@@ ally re@@ frame the function of government in a way that can actually scale by streng@@ th@@ ening civil society . +and there 's a generation out there that 's grown up on the internet , and they know that it 's not that hard to do things together , you just have to architect the systems the right way . +now the average age of our fel@@ lo@@ ws is 28 , so i am , be@@ gr@@ u@@ d@@ g@@ ingly , almost a generation older than most of them . +this is a generation that 's grown up taking their voices pretty much for gran@@ ted . +they 're not fighting that battle that we 're all fighting about who gets to speak ; they all get to speak . +they can express their opini@@ on on any chan@@ nel at any time , and they do . +so when they 're fac@@ ed with the problem of government , they don 't care as much about using their voices . +they 're using their hands . +they 're using their hands to write appli@@ cations that make government work better . +and those appli@@ cations let us use our hands to make our communities better . +that could be sho@@ vel@@ ing out a hy@@ dr@@ ant , pul@@ ling a we@@ ed , turning over a g@@ arb@@ age can with an o@@ pos@@ sum in it . +and certainly , we could have been sho@@ vel@@ ing out those fire hy@@ dr@@ ants all along , and many people do . +but these app@@ s are like little digital remin@@ ders that we 're not just consum@@ ers , and we 're not just consum@@ ers of government , putting in our ta@@ xes and getting back services . +we 're more than that , we 're citizens . +and we 're not going to fix government until we fix citi@@ zen@@ ship . +so the question i have for all of you here : when it comes to the big , important things that we need to do together , all of us together , are we just going to be a crowd of voices , or are we also going to be a crowd of hands ? +thank you . +because i usually take the role of trying to explain to people how wonderful the new technologies that are coming along are going to be , and i thought that , since i was among friends here , i would tell you what i really think and try to look back and try to understand what is really going on here with these amazing jum@@ ps in technology that seem so fast that we can bar@@ ely keep on top of it . +so i 'm going to start out by showing just one very bor@@ ing technology slide . +and then , so if you can just turn on the slide that 's on . +this is just a random slide that i picked out of my fi@@ le . +what i want to show you is not so much the details of the slide , but the general form of it . +this happens to be a slide of some analysis that we were doing about the power of ris@@ c micro@@ process@@ ors versus the power of local area networks . +and the interesting thing about it is that this slide , like so many technology sli@@ des that we 're used to , is a sort of a straight line on a se@@ mi@@ -@@ lo@@ g cur@@ ve . +in other words , every step here represents an order of magni@@ tude in performance scale . +and this is a new thing that we talk about technology on se@@ mi@@ -@@ lo@@ g cur@@ ves . +something really weird is going on here . +and that 's basically what i 'm going to be talking about . +so , if you could bring up the lights . +if you could bring up the lights higher , because i 'm just going to use a piece of paper here . +now why do we draw technology cur@@ ves in se@@ mi@@ -@@ lo@@ g cur@@ ves ? +well the answer is , if i dre@@ w it on a normal cur@@ ve where , let 's say , this is years , this is time of some sort , and this is whatever measure of the technology that i 'm trying to graph , the graph@@ s look sort of sil@@ ly . +they sort of go like this . +and they don 't tell us much . +now if i graph , for instance , some other technology , say transpor@@ tation technology , on a se@@ mi@@ -@@ lo@@ g cur@@ ve , it would look very stupid , it would look like a flat line . +but when something like this happens , things are qu@@ al@@ it@@ a@@ tively changing . +so if transpor@@ tation technology was moving along as fast as micro@@ process@@ or technology , then the day after tomorrow , i would be able to get in a tax@@ i ca@@ b and be in to@@ k@@ yo in 30 seconds . +it 's not moving like that . +and there 's nothing pre@@ ce@@ d@@ ented in the history of technology development of this kind of self-@@ fe@@ eding growth where you go by orders of magni@@ tude every few years . +now the question that i 'd like to ask is , if you look at these exponenti@@ al cur@@ ves , they don 't go on forever . +things just can 't possibly keep changing as fast as they are . +one of two things is going to happen . +either it 's going to turn into a sort of classi@@ cal s-@@ cur@@ ve like this , until something totally different comes along , or maybe it 's going to do this . +that 's about all it can do . +now i 'm an opti@@ m@@ ist , so i sort of think it 's probably going to do something like that . +if so , that means that what we 're in the middle of right now is a transition . +we 're sort of on this line in a transition from the way the world used to be to some new way that the world is . +and so what i 'm trying to ask , what i 've been asking myself , is what 's this new way that the world is ? +what 's that new state that the world is head@@ ing toward ? +because the transition seems very , very conf@@ using when we 're right in the middle of it . +now when i was a kid growing up , the future was kind of the year 2000 , and people used to talk about what would happen in the year 2000 . +now here 's a conference in which people talk about the future , and you notice that the future is still at about the year 2000 . +it 's about as far as we go out . +so in other words , the future has kind of been s@@ hr@@ in@@ king one year per year for my whole lifetime . +now i think that the reason is because we all feel that something 's happening there . +that transition is happening . we can all sense it . +and we know that it just doesn 't make too much sense to think out 30 , 50 years because everything 's going to be so different that a simple extra@@ po@@ lation of what we 're doing just doesn 't make any sense at all . +so what i would like to talk about is what that could be , what that transition could be that we 're going through . +now in order to do that i 'm going to have to talk about a bunch of stuff that really has nothing to do with technology and computers . +because i think the only way to understand this is to really step back and take a long time scale look at things . +so the time scale that i would like to look at this on is the time scale of life on earth . +so i think this picture makes sense if you look at it a few billion years at a time . +so if you go back about two and a half billion years , the earth was this big , ster@@ i@@ le hun@@ k of rock with a lot of chemicals flo@@ ating around on it . +and if you look at the way that the chemicals got organized , we begin to get a pretty good idea of how they do it . +and i think that there 's theor@@ ies that are beginning to understand about how it started with r@@ na , but i 'm going to tell a sort of simple story of it , which is that , at that time , there were little dro@@ ps of oil flo@@ ating around with all kinds of different reci@@ pes of chemicals in them . +and some of those dro@@ ps of oil had a particular combin@@ ation of chemicals in them which caused them to in@@ corpo@@ rate chemicals from the outside and grow the dro@@ ps of oil . +and those that were like that started to spli@@ t and divi@@ de . +and those were the most primi@@ tive forms of cells in a sense , those little dro@@ ps of oil . +but now those dro@@ ps of oil weren 't really alive , as we say it now , because every one of them was a little random reci@@ pe of chemicals . +and every time it divi@@ ded , they got sort of un@@ equal di@@ vision of the chemicals within them . +and so every drop was a little bit different . +in fact , the dro@@ ps that were different in a way that caused them to be better at in@@ cor@@ por@@ ating chemicals around them , grew more and in@@ cor@@ por@@ ated more chemicals and divi@@ ded more . +so those ten@@ ded to live longer , get expres@@ sed more . +now that 's sort of just a very simple chemical form of life , but when things got interesting was when these dro@@ ps learned a trick about abstra@@ ction . +somehow by ways that we don 't quite understand , these little dro@@ ps learned to write down information . +they learned to record the information that was the reci@@ pe of the cell onto a particular kind of chemical called dna . +so in other words , they worked out , in this min@@ d@@ less sort of evolutionary way , a form of writing that let them write down what they were , so that that way of writing it down could get cop@@ i@@ ed . +the amazing thing is that that way of writing seems to have sta@@ yed ste@@ ad@@ y since it evolved two and a half billion years ago . +in fact the reci@@ pe for us , our genes , is exactly that same code and that same way of writing . +in fact , every living cre@@ ature is written in exactly the same set of letters and the same code . +in fact , one of the things that i did just for am@@ use@@ ment pur@@ pos@@ es is we can now write things in this code . +and i 've got here a little 100 micro@@ gra@@ ms of white po@@ w@@ der , which i try not to let the security people see at air@@ por@@ ts . +but this has in it -- what i did is i took this code -- the code has standard letters that we use for symbo@@ li@@ zing it -- and i wrote my business card onto a piece of dna and am@@ pli@@ fied it 10 to the 22 times . +so if anyone would like a hundred million cop@@ ies of my business card , i have pl@@ ent@@ y for everyone in the room , and , in fact , everyone in the world , and it 's right here . +if i had really been a e@@ goti@@ st , i would have put it into a virus and rele@@ ased it in the room . +so what was the next step ? +writing down the dna was an interesting step . +and that caused these cells -- that kept them happy for another billion years . +but then there was another really interesting step where things became completely different , which is these cells started ex@@ changing and communic@@ ating information , so that they began to get communities of cells . +i don 't know if you know this , but bacteria can actually exchange dna . +now that 's why , for instance , antibio@@ tic resi@@ stance has evolved . +some bacteria figured out how to stay away from pen@@ ic@@ il@@ lin , and it went around sort of creating its little dna information with other bacteria , and now we have a lot of bacteria that are resi@@ stant to pen@@ ic@@ il@@ lin , because bacteria communicate . +now what this communication allowed was communities to form that , in some sense , were in the same boat together ; they were sy@@ ner@@ gi@@ stic . +so they survi@@ ved or they failed together , which means that if a community was very successful , all the individuals in that community were repe@@ ated more and they were favor@@ ed by evolution . +now the transition point happened when these communities got so close that , in fact , they got together and decided to write down the whole reci@@ pe for the community together on one string of dna . +and so the next stage that 's interesting in life took about another billion years . +and at that stage , we have multi-@@ cell@@ ular communities , communities of lots of different types of cells , working together as a single organis@@ m . +and in fact , we 're such a multi-@@ cell@@ ular community . +we have lots of cells that are not out for themselves anymore . +your skin cell is really us@@ eless without a heart cell , muscle cell , a brain cell and so on . +so these communities began to evol@@ ve so that the interesting level on which evolution was taking place was no longer a cell , but a community which we call an organis@@ m . +now the next step that happened is within these communities . +these communities of cells , again , began to abstra@@ ct information . +and they began building very special structures that did nothing but process information within the community . +and those are the neu@@ ral structures . +so neurons are the information process@@ ing appar@@ at@@ us that those communities of cells built up . +and in fact , they began to get speci@@ alists in the community and special structures that were responsible for recor@@ ding , understanding , learning information . +and that was the brains and the nervous system of those communities . +and that gave them an evolutionary advantage . +because at that point , an individual -- learning could happen within the time sp@@ an of a single organis@@ m , instead of over this evolutionary time sp@@ an . +so an organis@@ m could , for instance , learn not to eat a certain kind of fru@@ it because it ta@@ sted bad and it got sick last time it ate it . +that could happen within the lifetime of a single organis@@ m , whereas before they 'd built these special information process@@ ing structures , that would have had to be learned evolution@@ arily over hundreds of thousands of years by the individuals dying off that ate that kind of fru@@ it . +so that nervous system , the fact that they built these special information structures , because evolution could now happen within an individual . +it could happen in learning time sc@@ ales . +but then what happened was the individuals worked out , of course , tricks of communic@@ ating . +and for example , the most sophisti@@ cated version that we 're aware of is human language . +it 's really a pretty amazing invention if you think about it . +here i have a very complicated , mess@@ y , conf@@ used idea in my head . +i 'm sitting here making gr@@ un@@ ting sounds basically , and hopefully con@@ struc@@ ting a similar mess@@ y , conf@@ used idea in your head that be@@ ars some analog@@ y to it . +but we 're taking something very complicated , turning it into sound , sequences of sounds , and producing something very complicated in your brain . +so this allows us now to begin to start func@@ tion@@ ing as a single organis@@ m . +and so , in fact , what we 've done is we , humanity , have started abstra@@ cting out . +we 're going through the same levels that multi-@@ cell@@ ular organisms have gone through -- abstra@@ cting out our metho@@ ds of recor@@ ding , pres@@ enting , process@@ ing information . +so for example , the invention of language was a tiny step in that direction . +tele@@ ph@@ ony , computers , vide@@ ot@@ ap@@ es , c@@ d-@@ ro@@ ms and so on are all our speci@@ alized mechanis@@ ms that we 've now built within our society for hand@@ ling that information . +and it all conne@@ cts us together into something that is much bigger and much faster and able to evol@@ ve than what we were before . +so now , evolution can take place on a scale of micro@@ seconds . +and you saw ty 's little evolutionary example where he sort of did a little bit of evolution on the con@@ vol@@ ution program right before your eyes . +so now we 've spee@@ ded up the time sc@@ ales once again . +so the first steps of the story that i told you about took a billion years a piece . +and the next steps , like nervous systems and brains , took a few hundred million years . +then the next steps , like language and so on , took less than a million years . +and these next steps , like electr@@ on@@ ics , seem to be taking only a few decades . +the process is fe@@ eding on itself and becoming , i guess , auto@@ cat@@ aly@@ tic is the word for it -- when something rein@@ forces its rate of change . +the more it changes , the faster it changes . +and i think that that 's what we 're seeing here in this explosion of cur@@ ve . +we 're seeing this process fe@@ eding back on itself . +now i design computers for a living , and i know that the mechanis@@ ms that i use to design computers would be impossible without recent advan@@ ces in computers . +so right now , what i do is i design objects at such complexity that it 's really impossible for me to design them in the traditional sense . +i don 't know what every transi@@ st@@ or in the connection machine does . +there are billions of them . +instead , what i do and what the designers at thinking machines do is we think at some level of abstra@@ ction and then we hand it to the machine and the machine takes it beyond what we could ever do , much far@@ ther and faster than we could ever do . +and in fact , sometimes it takes it by metho@@ ds that we don 't quite even understand . +one method that 's particularly interesting that i 've been using a lot l@@ ately is evolution itself . +so what we do is we put inside the machine a process of evolution that takes place on the micro@@ second time scale . +so for example , in the most extreme cases , we can actually evol@@ ve a program by starting out with random sequences of in@@ struc@@ tions . +say , " computer , would you please make a hundred million random sequences of in@@ struc@@ tions . +now would you please run all of those random sequences of in@@ struc@@ tions , run all of those programs , and pick out the ones that came clo@@ s@@ est to doing what i wanted . " +so in other words , i define what i wanted . +let 's say i want to sort numbers , as a simple example i 've done it with . +so find the programs that come clo@@ s@@ est to sor@@ ting numbers . +so of course , random sequences of in@@ struc@@ tions are very un@@ likely to sort numbers , so none of them will really do it . +but one of them , by lu@@ ck , may put two numbers in the right order . +and i say , " computer , would you please now take the 10 percent of those random sequences that did the best job . +save those . kill off the rest . +and now let 's re@@ produce the ones that sor@@ ted numbers the best . +and let 's re@@ produce them by a process of re@@ combin@@ ation analog@@ ous to sex . " +take two programs and they produce children by ex@@ changing their su@@ br@@ ou@@ tin@@ es , and the children in@@ her@@ it the tra@@ its of the su@@ br@@ ou@@ tin@@ es of the two programs . +so i 've got now a new generation of programs that are produced by combin@@ ations of the programs that did a little bit better job . +say , " please repe@@ at that process . " +sc@@ ore them again . +introdu@@ ce some mu@@ tations perhaps . +and try that again and do that for another generation . +well every one of those generations just takes a few milli@@ seconds . +so i can do the equivalent of millions of years of evolution on that within the computer in a few minutes , or in the complicated cases , in a few hours . +at the end of that , i end up with programs that are absolutely perfect at sor@@ ting numbers . +in fact , they are programs that are much more efficient than programs i could have ever written by hand . +now if i look at those programs , i can 't tell you how they work . +i 've tried looking at them and telling you how they work . +they 're ob@@ sc@@ ure , weird programs . +but they do the job . +and in fact , i know , i 'm very confi@@ dent that they do the job because they come from a line of hundreds of thousands of programs that did the job . +in fact , their life depen@@ ded on doing the job . +i was ri@@ ding in a 7@@ 4@@ 7 with mar@@ v@@ in min@@ sky once , and he pul@@ ls out this card and says , " oh look . look at this . +it says , ' this plane has hundreds of thousands of tiny parts working together to make you a safe flight . ' doesn 't that make you feel confi@@ dent ? " +in fact , we know that the engineering process doesn 't work very well when it gets complicated . +so we 're beginning to dep@@ end on computers to do a process that 's very different than engineering . +and it lets us produce things of much more complexity than normal engineering lets us produce . +and yet , we don 't quite understand the op@@ tions of it . +so in a sense , it 's getting ahead of us . +we 're now using those programs to make much faster computers so that we 'll be able to run this process much faster . +so it 's fe@@ eding back on itself . +the thing is becoming faster and that 's why i think it seems so conf@@ using . +because all of these technologies are fe@@ eding back on themselves . +we 're taking off . +and what we are is we 're at a point in time which is analog@@ ous to when sing@@ le-@@ cell@@ ed organisms were turning into multi-@@ cell@@ ed organisms . +so we 're the amo@@ e@@ b@@ as and we can 't quite figure out what the hell this thing is we 're creating . +we 're right at that point of transition . +but i think that there really is something coming along after us . +i think it 's very hau@@ gh@@ ty of us to think that we 're the end product of evolution . +and i think all of us here are a part of producing whatever that next thing is . +so lunch is coming along , and i think i will stop at that point , before i get sel@@ ec@@ ted out . +my story begins right here actually in ra@@ j@@ as@@ than about two years ago . +i was in the desert , under the star@@ ry sk@@ ies with the su@@ f@@ i sing@@ er mu@@ k@@ h@@ ti@@ ar al@@ i . +and we were in conversation about how nothing had changed since the time of the ancient indian epi@@ c " the ma@@ hab@@ har@@ at@@ a . " +so back in the day , when us indi@@ ans wanted to travel we 'd jump into a ch@@ ari@@ ot and we 'd zo@@ om across the sky . +now we do the same with air@@ planes . +back then , when ar@@ jun@@ a , the great indian war@@ ri@@ or prin@@ ce , when he was thir@@ sty , he 'd take out a bo@@ w , he 'd sho@@ ot it into the ground and water would come out . +now we do the same with dri@@ ll@@ s and machines . +the conclu@@ sion that we came to was that magic had been re@@ placed by machin@@ ery . +and this made me really sad . +i found myself becoming a little bit of a tech@@ no@@ pho@@ be . +i was terri@@ fied by this idea that i would lose the ability to enjoy and appreci@@ ate the sun@@ set without having my camera on me , without t@@ we@@ eting it to my friends . +and it felt like technology should en@@ able magic , not kill it . +when i was a little girl , my grand@@ father gave me his little sil@@ ver po@@ cket watch . +and this piece of 5@@ 0-@@ year-old technology became the most ma@@ gical thing to me . +it became a gil@@ ded g@@ ate@@ way into a world full of pir@@ ates and shi@@ p@@ w@@ re@@ cks and images in my imagination . +so i felt like our cell@@ phones and our fan@@ cy wat@@ ches and our c@@ ameras had stopped us from dre@@ aming . +they stopped us from being inspired . +and so i jum@@ ped in , i jum@@ ped into this world of technology , to see how i could use it to en@@ able magic as op@@ posed to kill it . +i 've been illu@@ str@@ ating books since i was 16 . +and so when i saw the i@@ pad , i saw it as a story@@ telling device that could connect re@@ a@@ ders all over the world . +it can know how we 're holding it . +it can know where we are . +it brings together image and text and anima@@ tion and sound and touch . +story@@ telling is becoming more and more multi-@@ sensor@@ ial . +but what are we doing with it ? +so i 'm actually just going to go in and laun@@ ch k@@ ho@@ ya , an inter@@ active ap@@ p for the i@@ pad . +so it says , " place your fing@@ ers upon each light . " +and so -- it says , " this box bel@@ on@@ gs to ... " and so i type in my name . +and actually i become a character in the book . +at various points , a little letter dro@@ ps down to me -- and the i@@ pad knows where you live because of gps -- which is actually add@@ ressed to me . +the child in me is really excited by these kinds of possibilities . +now i 've been talking a lot about magic . +and i don 't mean wi@@ z@@ ards and dra@@ g@@ ons , i mean the kind of childhood magic , those ideas that we all h@@ arb@@ or@@ ed as children . +this idea of fire@@ flies in a j@@ ar , for some reason , was always really exciting to me . +and so over here you need to ti@@ lt your i@@ pad , take the fire@@ flies out . +and they actually ill@@ umin@@ ate your way through the rest of the book . +another idea that really fascin@@ ated me as a child was that an entire galaxy could be contain@@ ed within a single mar@@ ble . +and so over here , each book and each world becomes a little mar@@ ble that i dra@@ g in to this ma@@ gical device within the device . +and it op@@ ens up a map . +all along , all fan@@ t@@ asy books have always had maps , but these maps have been sta@@ tic . +this is a map that gro@@ ws and glo@@ ws and becomes your navi@@ gation for the rest of the book . +it reve@@ als itself to you at certain points in the book as well . +so i 'm just going to enter in . +another thing that 's actually really important to me is creating content that is indian and yet very con@@ temporary . +over here , these are the ap@@ sar@@ as . +so we 've all heard about fa@@ i@@ ries and we 've all heard about n@@ y@@ m@@ ph@@ s , but how many people outside of india know about their indian counter@@ parts , the ap@@ sar@@ as ? +these poor ap@@ sar@@ as have been tra@@ pped inside in@@ dr@@ a 's cham@@ bers for thousands of years in an old and mu@@ sty book . +and so we 're bringing them back in a con@@ temporary story for children . +and a story that actually de@@ als with new issues like the environmental crisis . +speaking of the environmental crisis , i think a big problem has been in the last 10 years is that children have been lo@@ cked inside their rooms , gl@@ u@@ ed to their p@@ cs , they haven 't been able to get out . +but now with mobile technology , we can actually take our children outside into the natural world with their technology . +one of the inter@@ actions in the book is that you 're sent off on this qu@@ est where you need to go outside , take out your camera on the i@@ pad and collect pictures of different natural objects . +when i was a child , i had multiple colle@@ ctions of sti@@ cks and st@@ ones and pe@@ b@@ bles and sh@@ ells . +and somehow kids don 't do that anymore . +so in bringing back this childhood ritual , you need to go out and , in one chap@@ ter , take a picture of a flo@@ wer and then tag it . +in another chap@@ ter , you need to take a picture of a piece of bar@@ k and then tag that . +and what happens is that you actually create a digital colle@@ ction of photographs that you can then put up online . +a child in london puts up a picture of a fo@@ x and says , " oh , i saw a fo@@ x today . " +a child in india says , " i saw a mon@@ key today . " +and it creates this kind of social network around a colle@@ ction of digital photographs that you 've actually taken . +in the possibilities of lin@@ king together magic , the earth and technology , there are multiple possibilities . +in the next book , we plan on having an interaction where you take your i@@ pad out with the video on and through aug@@ mented reality , you see this layer of anima@@ ted pi@@ x@@ ies appear on a hou@@ se@@ plant that 's outside your house . +at one point , your screen is filled up with leaves . +and so you need to make the sound of wind and b@@ low them away and read the rest of the book . +we 're moving , we 're all moving here , to a world where the forces of nature come closer together to technology , and magic and technology can come closer together . +we 're har@@ n@@ ess@@ ing energy from the sun . +we 're bringing our children and ourselves closer to the natural world and that magic and joy and childhood love that we had through the simple medium of a story . +thank you . +well this is a really extraordinary honor for me . +i spend most of my time in ja@@ ils , in pris@@ ons , on death row . +i spend most of my time in very low-@@ income communities in the projects and places where there 's a great deal of hop@@ el@@ ess@@ ness . +and being here at ted and seeing the stimu@@ lation , hearing it , has been very , very energi@@ zing to me . +and one of the things that 's emer@@ ged in my short time here is that ted has an identity . +and you can actually say things here that have im@@ pac@@ ts around the world . +and sometimes when it comes through ted , it has meaning and power that it doesn 't have when it doesn 't . +and i mention that because i think identity is really important . +and we 've had some fantastic pres@@ ent@@ ations . +and i think what we 've learned is that , if you 're a teacher your words can be meaning@@ ful , but if you 're a com@@ passionate teacher , they can be especially meaning@@ ful . +if you 're a doctor you can do some good things , but if you 're a car@@ ing doctor you can do some other things . +and so i want to talk about the power of identity . +and i didn 't learn about this actually practic@@ ing law and doing the work that i do . +i actually learned about this from my grandmother . +i grew up in a house that was the traditional african american home that was domin@@ ated by a matri@@ ar@@ ch , and that matri@@ ar@@ ch was my grandmother . +she was tough , she was strong , she was powerful . +she was the end of every argument in our family . +she was the beginning of a lot of argu@@ ments in our family . +she was the daughter of people who were actually en@@ sla@@ ved . +her parents were born in sla@@ very in virg@@ ini@@ a in the 18@@ 40 's . +she was born in the 18@@ 80 's and the experience of sla@@ very very much sha@@ ped the way she saw the world . +and my grandmother was tough , but she was also lo@@ ving . +when i would see her as a little boy , she 'd come up to me and she 'd give me these hu@@ gs . +and she 'd squ@@ ee@@ ze me so ti@@ ght i could bar@@ ely brea@@ the and then she 'd let me go . +and an hour or two later , if i saw her , she 'd come over to me and she 'd say , " br@@ y@@ an , do you still feel me hu@@ g@@ ging you ? " +and if i said , " no , " she 'd as@@ sau@@ lt me again , and if i said , " yes , " she 'd leave me alone . +and she just had this quality that you always wanted to be near her . +and the only challenge was that she had 10 children . +my mom was the yo@@ un@@ gest of her 10 kids . +and sometimes when i would go and spend time with her , it would be difficult to get her time and attention . +my cou@@ s@@ ins would be running around everywhere . +and i remember , when i was about eight or nine years old , wa@@ king up one morning , going into the living room , and all of my cou@@ s@@ ins were running around . +and my grandmother was sitting across the room star@@ ing at me . +and at first i thought we were playing a game . +and i would look at her and i 'd s@@ mile , but she was very serious . +and after about 15 or 20 minutes of this , she got up and she came across the room and she took me by the hand and she said , " come on , br@@ y@@ an . you and i are going to have a talk . " +and i remember this just like it happened yesterday . +i never will forget it . +she took me out back and she said , " br@@ y@@ an , i 'm going to tell you something , but you don 't tell anybody what i tell you . " +i said , " okay , mama . " +she said , " now you make sure you don 't do that . " i said , " sure . " +then she sat me down and she looked at me and she said , " i want you to know i 've been watching you . " +and she said , " i think you 're special . " +she said , " i think you can do anything you want to do . " +i will never forget it . +and then she said , " i just need you to promise me three things , br@@ y@@ an . " +i said , " okay , mama . " +she said , " the first thing i want you to promise me is that you 'll always love your mom . " +she said , " that 's my baby girl , and you have to promise me now you 'll always take care of her . " +well i ad@@ or@@ ed my mom , so i said , " yes , mama . i 'll do that . " +then she said , " the second thing i want you to promise me is that you 'll always do the right thing even when the right thing is the hard thing . " +and i thought about it and i said , " yes , mama . i 'll do that . " +then finally she said , " the third thing i want you to promise me is that you 'll never drink al@@ co@@ hol . " +well i was nine years old , so i said , " yes , mama . i 'll do that . " +i grew up in the country in the rural south , and i have a brother a year older than me and a sister a year yo@@ unger . +when i was about 14 or 15 , one day my brother came home and he had this si@@ x-@@ pack of be@@ er -- i don 't know where he got it -- and he grab@@ bed me and my sister and we went out in the wo@@ ods . +and we were kind of just out there doing the stuff we cra@@ zi@@ ly did . +and he had a si@@ p of this be@@ er and he gave some to my sister and she had some , and they off@@ ered it to me . +i said , " no , no , no . that 's okay . you all go ahead . i 'm not going to have any be@@ er . " +my brother said , " come on . we 're doing this today ; you always do what we do . +i had some , your sister had some . have some be@@ er . " +i said , " no , i don 't feel right about that . y '@@ all go ahead . y '@@ all go ahead . " +and then my brother started star@@ ing at me . +he said , " what 's wrong with you ? have some be@@ er . " +then he looked at me real hard and he said , " oh , i hope you 're not still hung up on that conversation mama had with you . " +i said , " well , what are you talking about ? " +he said , " oh , mama tells all the grand@@ kids that they 're special . " +i was de@@ va@@ st@@ ated . +and i 'm going to ad@@ mit something to you . +i 'm going to tell you something i probably shouldn 't . +i know this might be broad@@ cast broad@@ ly . +but i 'm 5@@ 2 years old , and i 'm going to ad@@ mit to you that i 've never had a drop of al@@ co@@ hol . +i don 't say that because i think that 's virtu@@ ous ; i say that because there is power in identity . +when we create the right kind of identity , we can say things to the world around us that they don 't actually believe makes sense . +we can get them to do things that they don 't think they can do . +when i thought about my grandmother , of course she would think all her grand@@ kids were special . +my grand@@ father was in prison during pro@@ hi@@ bi@@ tion . +my male un@@ cles died of al@@ co@@ hol@@ -@@ related diseases . +and these were the things she thought we needed to com@@ mit to . +well i 've been trying to say something about our crimin@@ al justice system . +this country is very different today than it was 40 years ago . +in 197@@ 2 , there were 3@@ 0@@ 0,000 people in ja@@ ils and pris@@ ons . +today , there are 2.@@ 3 million . +the united states now has the highest rate of in@@ car@@ cer@@ ation in the world . +we have seven million people on prob@@ ation and par@@ o@@ le . +and mass in@@ car@@ cer@@ ation , in my jud@@ gment , has fundament@@ ally changed our world . +in poor communities , in communities of color there is this des@@ pair , there is this hop@@ el@@ ess@@ ness , that is being sha@@ ped by these out@@ comes . +one out of three black men between the ages of 18 and 30 is in ja@@ il , in prison , on prob@@ ation or par@@ o@@ le . +in urban communities across this country -- los angeles , phil@@ ad@@ el@@ phi@@ a , bal@@ ti@@ more , washington -- 50 to 60 percent of all young men of color are in ja@@ il or prison or on prob@@ ation or par@@ o@@ le . +our system isn 't just being sha@@ ped in these ways that seem to be di@@ stor@@ ting around race , they 're also di@@ stor@@ ted by poverty . +we have a system of justice in this country that tre@@ ats you much better if you 're rich and gu@@ il@@ ty than if you 're poor and inno@@ cent . +wealth , not cul@@ p@@ ability , shapes out@@ comes . +and yet , we seem to be very comfortable . +the politics of fear and an@@ ger have made us believe that these are problems that are not our problems . +we 've been dis@@ connected . +it 's interesting to me . +we 're looking at some very interesting develop@@ ments in our work . +my state of al@@ ab@@ ama , like a number of states , actually perman@@ ently dis@@ en@@ fran@@ ch@@ is@@ es you if you have a crimin@@ al con@@ vi@@ ction . +right now in al@@ ab@@ ama 3@@ 4 percent of the black male population has perman@@ ently lost the right to vote . +we 're actually proje@@ cting in another 10 years the level of dis@@ en@@ fran@@ ch@@ is@@ ement will be as high as it 's been since pri@@ or to the pas@@ sage of the vot@@ ing rights act . +and there is this stun@@ ning sil@@ ence . +i represent children . +a lot of my cli@@ ents are very young . +the united states is the only country in the world where we sentence 13@@ -year-old children to die in prison . +we have life im@@ pris@@ on@@ ment without par@@ o@@ le for kids in this country . +and we 're actually doing some li@@ ti@@ gation . +the only country in the world . +i represent people on death row . +it 's interesting , this question of the death pen@@ al@@ ty . +in many ways , we 've been taught to think that the real question is , do people deser@@ ve to die for the cri@@ mes they 've commit@@ ted ? +and that 's a very sensi@@ ble question . +but there 's another way of thinking about where we are in our identity . +the other way of thinking about it is not , do people deser@@ ve to die for the cri@@ mes they com@@ mit , but do we deser@@ ve to kill ? +i mean , it 's fascinating . +death pen@@ al@@ ty in america is defined by er@@ ror . +for every nine people who have been ex@@ ecu@@ ted , we 've actually identi@@ fied one inno@@ cent person who 's been ex@@ on@@ er@@ ated and rele@@ ased from death row . +a kind of ast@@ on@@ ishing er@@ ror rate -- one out of nine people inno@@ cent . +i mean , it 's fascinating . +in a@@ vi@@ ation , we would never let people fly on air@@ planes if for every nine planes that took off one would crash . +but somehow we can insu@@ late ourselves from this problem . +it 's not our problem . +it 's not our bur@@ den . +it 's not our struggle . +i talk a lot about these issues . +i talk about race and this question of whether we deser@@ ve to kill . +and it 's interesting , when i teach my students about african american history , i tell them about sla@@ very . +i tell them about terror@@ ism , the era that began at the end of re@@ construction that went on to world war ii . +we don 't really know very much about it . +but for african americans in this country , that was an era defined by ter@@ ror . +in many communities , people had to worry about being ly@@ n@@ ched . +they had to worry about being bom@@ bed . +it was the threat of ter@@ ror that sha@@ ped their lives . +and these older people come up to me now and they say , " mr. ste@@ ven@@ son , you give talks , you make spee@@ ches , you tell people to stop saying we 're dealing with terror@@ ism for the first time in our nation 's history after 9 / 11 . " +they tell me to say , " no , tell them that we grew up with that . " +and that era of terror@@ ism , of course , was followed by se@@ gre@@ gation and decades of ra@@ cial sub@@ ordin@@ ation and a@@ par@@ thei@@ d . +and yet , we have in this country this dynamic where we really don 't like to talk about our problems . +we don 't like to talk about our history . +and because of that , we really haven 't understood what it 's meant to do the things we 've done histor@@ ically . +we 're constantly running into each other . +we 're constantly creating ten@@ sions and confli@@ cts . +we have a hard time talking about race , and i believe it 's because we are un@@ willing to com@@ mit ourselves to a process of truth and re@@ con@@ ci@@ li@@ ation . +in south africa , people understood that we couldn 't over@@ come a@@ par@@ thei@@ d without a commit@@ ment to truth and re@@ con@@ ci@@ li@@ ation . +in r@@ wand@@ a , even after the geno@@ cide , there was this commit@@ ment , but in this country we haven 't done that . +i was giving some lec@@ tures in germany about the death pen@@ al@@ ty . +it was fascinating because one of the sch@@ ol@@ ars stood up after the pres@@ entation and said , " well you know it 's deeply trou@@ bling to hear what you 're talking about . " +he said , " we don 't have the death pen@@ al@@ ty in germany . +and of course , we can never have the death pen@@ al@@ ty in germany . " +and the room got very quie@@ t , and this woman said , " there 's no way , with our history , we could ever engage in the syste@@ matic killing of human beings . +it would be un@@ consci@@ on@@ able for us to , in an inten@@ tional and deli@@ ber@@ ate way , set about ex@@ ecu@@ ting people . " +and i thought about that . +what would it feel like to be living in a world where the nation state of germany was ex@@ ecu@@ ting people , especially if they were dis@@ propor@@ tion@@ ately je@@ wish ? +i couldn 't bear it . +it would be un@@ consci@@ on@@ able . +and yet , in this country , in the states of the old south , we ex@@ ec@@ ute people -- where you 're 11 times more likely to get the death pen@@ al@@ ty if the vic@@ tim is white than if the vic@@ tim is black , 22 times more likely to get it if the de@@ f@@ end@@ ant is black and the vic@@ tim is white -- in the very states where there are bu@@ ried in the ground the bodies of people who were ly@@ n@@ ched . +and yet , there is this dis@@ connect . +well i believe that our identity is at risk . +that when we actually don 't care about these difficult things , the positive and wonderful things are non@@ eth@@ eless impli@@ cated . +we love innovation . +we love technology . we love creativity . +we love entertain@@ ment . +but ultimately , those reali@@ ties are sha@@ do@@ wed by suffering , ab@@ use , de@@ gra@@ dation , mar@@ g@@ in@@ alization . +and for me , it becomes necessary to integra@@ te the two . +because ultimately we are talking about a need to be more hop@@ e@@ ful , more commit@@ ted , more de@@ dic@@ ated to the basic challenges of living in a complex world . +and for me that means spending time thinking and talking about the poor , the dis@@ advan@@ ta@@ ged , those who will never get to ted . +but thinking about them in a way that is integr@@ ated in our own lives . +you know ultimately , we all have to believe things we haven 't seen . +we do . as rational as we are , as commit@@ ted to intelle@@ ct as we are . +innovation , creativity , development comes not from the ideas in our mind alone . +they come from the ideas in our mind that are also fu@@ el@@ ed by some con@@ vi@@ ction in our heart . +and it 's that min@@ d-@@ heart connection that i believe comp@@ els us to not just be atten@@ tive to all the bright and da@@ zz@@ ly things , but also the dark and difficult things . +vac@@ la@@ v ha@@ vel , the great c@@ ze@@ ch leader , talked about this . +he said , " when we were in eastern europe and dealing with op@@ pres@@ sion , we wanted all kinds of things , but mostly what we needed was hope , an ori@@ entation of the spirit , a will@@ ing@@ ness to sometimes be in hop@@ eless places and be a wit@@ ness . " +well that ori@@ entation of the spirit is very much at the core of what i believe even ted communities have to be enga@@ ged in . +there is no dis@@ connect around technology and design that will allow us to be fully human until we pay attention to suffering , to poverty , to ex@@ clu@@ sion , to un@@ fair@@ ness , to in@@ justice . +now i will war@@ n you that this kind of identity is a much more challen@@ ging identity than ones that don 't pay attention to this . +it will get to you . +i had the great privi@@ lege , when i was a young law@@ yer , of meeting ro@@ sa par@@ ks . +and m@@ s. par@@ ks used to come back to mon@@ t@@ g@@ om@@ ery every now and then , and she would get together with two of her de@@ ar@@ est friends , these older women , john@@ nie car@@ r who was the organi@@ zer of the mon@@ t@@ g@@ om@@ ery bus bo@@ y@@ c@@ ot@@ t -- amazing african american woman -- and virg@@ ini@@ a dur@@ r , a white woman , whose husband , cli@@ ff@@ ord dur@@ r , repres@@ ented dr. king . +and these women would get together and just talk . +and every now and then m@@ s. car@@ r would call me , and she 'd say , " br@@ y@@ an , m@@ s. par@@ ks is coming to town . we 're going to get together and talk . +do you want to come over and listen ? " +and i 'd say , " yes , ma '@@ am , i do . " +and she 'd say , " well what are you going to do when you get here ? " +i said , " i 'm going to listen . " +and i 'd go over there and i would , i would just listen . +it would be so energi@@ zing and so em@@ power@@ ing . +and one time i was over there listening to these women talk , and after a couple of hours m@@ s. par@@ ks turned to me and she said , " now br@@ y@@ an , tell me what the equal justice initiative is . +tell me what you 're trying to do . " +and i began giving her my ra@@ p . +i said , " well we 're trying to challenge in@@ justice . +we 're trying to help people who have been wr@@ on@@ g@@ ly con@@ vi@@ cted . +we 're trying to con@@ front bi@@ as and dis@@ crimin@@ ation in the admini@@ stration of crimin@@ al justice . +we 're trying to end life without par@@ o@@ le sent@@ ences for children . +we 're trying to do something about the death pen@@ al@@ ty . +we 're trying to reduce the prison population . +we 're trying to end mass in@@ car@@ cer@@ ation . " +i gave her my whole ra@@ p , and when i finished she looked at me and she said , " mm@@ m mm@@ m mm@@ m . " +she said , " that 's going to make you ti@@ red , ti@@ red , ti@@ red . " +and that 's when m@@ s. car@@ r le@@ an@@ ed forward , she put her finger in my face , she said , " that 's why you 've got to be bra@@ ve , bra@@ ve , bra@@ ve . " +and i actually believe that the ted community needs to be more coura@@ ge@@ ous . +we need to find ways to embra@@ ce these challenges , these problems , the suffering . +because ultimately , our humanity depen@@ ds on everyone 's humanity . +i 've learned very simple things doing the work that i do . +it 's just taught me very simple things . +that each of us is more than the worst thing we 've ever done . +i believe that for every person on the planet . +i think if somebody tells a lie , they 're not just a li@@ ar . +i think if somebody takes something that doesn 't bel@@ ong to them , they 're not just a th@@ ie@@ f . +i think even if you kill someone , you 're not just a kil@@ ler . +and because of that there 's this basic human dig@@ ni@@ ty that must be respe@@ cted by law . +i also believe that in many parts of this country , and certainly in many parts of this glo@@ be , that the opposite of poverty is not wealth . +i don 't believe that . +i actually think , in too many places , the opposite of poverty is justice . +and finally , i believe that , despite the fact that it is so dra@@ matic and so beautiful and so in@@ spir@@ ing and so stimul@@ ating , we will ultimately not be jud@@ ged by our technology , we won 't be jud@@ ged by our design , we won 't be jud@@ ged by our intelle@@ ct and reason . +ultimately , you ju@@ dge the character of a society , not by how they treat their rich and the powerful and the privi@@ le@@ ged , but by how they treat the poor , the con@@ dem@@ ned , the in@@ car@@ cer@@ ated . +because it 's in that ne@@ x@@ us that we actually begin to understand truly profound things about who we are . +i sometimes get out of balance . i 'll end with this story . +i sometimes push too hard . +i do get ti@@ red , as we all do . +sometimes those ideas get ahead of our thinking in ways that are important . +and i 've been repres@@ enting these kids who have been sent@@ enced to do these very har@@ sh sent@@ ences . +and i go to the ja@@ il and i see my cli@@ ent who 's 13 and 14 , and he 's been cer@@ ti@@ fied to stand trial as an adult . +i start thinking , well , how did that happen ? +how can a ju@@ dge turn you into something that you 're not ? +and the ju@@ dge has cer@@ ti@@ fied him as an adult , but i see this kid . +and i was up too late one night and i starting thinking , well go@@ sh , if the ju@@ dge can turn you into something that you 're not , the ju@@ dge must have magic power . +yeah , br@@ y@@ an , the ju@@ dge has some magic power . +you should ask for some of that . +and because i was up too late , wasn 't thinking real straight , i started working on a motion . +and i had a cli@@ ent who was 14 years old , a young , poor black kid . +and i started working on this motion , and the head of the motion was : " motion to try my poor , 14@@ -year-old black male cli@@ ent like a privi@@ le@@ ged , white 7@@ 5@@ -year-old corpo@@ rate ex@@ ecu@@ tive . " +and i put in my motion that there was pro@@ se@@ cu@@ tor@@ ial mis@@ condu@@ ct and police mis@@ condu@@ ct and ju@@ di@@ cial mis@@ condu@@ ct . +there was a crazy line in there about how there 's no condu@@ ct in this coun@@ ty , it 's all mis@@ condu@@ ct . +and the next morning , i wo@@ ke up and i thought , now did i dream that crazy motion , or did i actually write it ? +and to my hor@@ ror , not only had i written it , but i had sent it to court . +a couple months went by , and i had just for@@ gotten all about it . +and i finally decided , oh go@@ sh , i 've got to go to the court and do this crazy case . +and i got into my car and i was feeling really over@@ wh@@ el@@ med -- over@@ wh@@ el@@ med . +and i got in my car and i went to this cour@@ thou@@ se . +and i was thinking , this is going to be so difficult , so pain@@ ful . +and i finally got out of the car and i started walking up to the cour@@ thou@@ se . +and as i was walking up the steps of this cour@@ thou@@ se , there was an older black man who was the jan@@ it@@ or in this cour@@ thou@@ se . +when this man saw me , he came over to me and he said , " who are you ? " +i said , " i 'm a law@@ yer . " he said , " you 're a law@@ yer ? " i said , " yes , sir . " +and this man came over to me and he hu@@ g@@ ged me . +and he wh@@ is@@ per@@ ed in my ear . +he said , " i 'm so proud of you . " +and i have to tell you , it was energi@@ zing . +it connected deeply with something in me about identity , about the capacity of every person to contribu@@ te to a community , to a perspective that is hop@@ e@@ ful . +well i went into the cour@@ tro@@ om . +and as soon as i walked inside , the ju@@ dge saw me coming in . +he said , " mr. ste@@ ven@@ son , did you write this crazy motion ? " +i said , " yes , sir . i did . " and we started argu@@ ing . +and people started coming in because they were just ou@@ tra@@ ged . +i had written these crazy things . +and police off@@ ic@@ ers were coming in and assi@@ stant pro@@ se@@ cu@@ tors and c@@ ler@@ k workers . +and before i knew it , the cour@@ tro@@ om was filled with people an@@ gry that we were talking about race , that we were talking about poverty , that we were talking about ine@@ quality . +and out of the corner of my eye , i could see this jan@@ it@@ or pac@@ ing back and forth . +and he kept looking through the window , and he could hear all of this h@@ oll@@ er . +he kept pac@@ ing back and forth . +and finally , this older black man with this very worried look on his face came into the cour@@ tro@@ om and sat down behind me , almost at coun@@ sel table . +about 10 minutes later the ju@@ dge said we would take a break . +and during the break there was a de@@ pu@@ ty s@@ her@@ i@@ ff who was offen@@ ded that the jan@@ it@@ or had come into court . +and this de@@ pu@@ ty jum@@ ped up and he ran over to this older black man . +he said , " j@@ im@@ my , what are you doing in this cour@@ tro@@ om ? " +and this older black man stood up and he looked at that de@@ pu@@ ty and he looked at me and he said , " i came into this cour@@ tro@@ om to tell this young man , keep your eyes on the prize , hold on . " +i 've come to ted because i believe that many of you understand that the moral ar@@ c of the universe is long , but it ben@@ ds toward justice . +that we cannot be full evolved human beings until we care about human rights and basic dig@@ ni@@ ty . +that all of our survival is ti@@ ed to the survival of everyone . +that our visi@@ ons of technology and design and entertain@@ ment and creativity have to be married with visi@@ ons of humanity , compassion and justice . +and more than anything , for those of you who share that , i 've simply come to tell you to keep your eyes on the prize , hold on . +so you heard and saw an obvious desire by this audience , this community , to help you on your way and to do something on this issue . +other than writing a check , what could we do ? +well there are opportunities all around us . +if you live in the state of california , for example , there 's a refer@@ end@@ um coming up this spring where actually there 's going to be an effort to re@@ direct some of the money we spend on the politics of pun@@ ish@@ ment . +for example , here in california we 're going to spend one billion dollars on the death pen@@ al@@ ty in the next five years -- one billion dollars . +and yet , 4@@ 6 percent of all hom@@ i@@ cide cases don 't result in ar@@ rest . +5@@ 6 percent of all ra@@ pe cases don 't result . +so there 's an opportunity to change that . +and this refer@@ end@@ um would pro@@ pose having those dollars go to law en@@ for@@ c@@ ement and safety . +and i think that opportunity exists all around us . +there 's been this huge dec@@ line in crime in america over the last three decades . +and part of the narra@@ tive of that is sometimes that it 's about increas@@ ed in@@ car@@ cer@@ ation rates . +what would you say to someone who believed that ? +well actually the violent crime rate has rema@@ ined relatively stable . +the great increase in mass in@@ car@@ cer@@ ation in this country wasn 't really in violent crime categ@@ ories . +it was this mis@@ gui@@ ded war on drugs . +that 's where the dra@@ matic incre@@ ases have come in our prison population . +and we got car@@ ried away with the r@@ he@@ tor@@ ic of pun@@ ish@@ ment . +and so we have three stri@@ kes laws that put people in prison forever for ste@@ aling a bi@@ cycle , for low-@@ level property cri@@ mes , rather than making them give those resources back to the people who they vic@@ ti@@ mi@@ zed . +i believe we need to do more to help people who are vic@@ ti@@ mi@@ zed by crime , not do less . +and i think our current pun@@ ish@@ ment philosoph@@ y does nothing for no one . +and i think that 's the ori@@ entation that we have to change . +br@@ y@@ an , you 've stru@@ ck a massive ch@@ ord here . +you 're an in@@ spir@@ ing person . +thank you so much for coming to ted . thank you . +thre@@ ats , in the wake of bin laden 's death , have spi@@ ked . +fam@@ ine in som@@ alia . police pe@@ pp@@ er spra@@ y . +vi@@ cious car@@ tel@@ s . announ@@ cer five : cau@@ stic cru@@ ise lines . +socie@@ tal deca@@ y . 65 dead . +tsun@@ ami war@@ ning . cyber@@ -@@ attac@@ ks . +drug war . mass destruction . tor@@ na@@ do . +rec@@ ession . de@@ fau@@ lt . do@@ om@@ s@@ day . eg@@ y@@ pt . sy@@ ri@@ a . +crisis . death . disaster . +oh , my god . +so those are just a few of the cli@@ ps i colle@@ cted over the last six months -- could have easily been the last six days or the last six years . +the point is that the news media pre@@ fer@@ enti@@ ally fe@@ e@@ ds us negative stories because that 's what our minds pay attention to . +and there 's a very good reason for that . +every second of every day , our senses bring in way too much data than we can possibly process in our brains . +and because nothing is more important to us than survival , the first stop of all of that data is an ancient sli@@ ver of the tem@@ po@@ ral lo@@ be called the am@@ y@@ g@@ d@@ ala . +now the am@@ y@@ g@@ d@@ ala is our early war@@ ning dete@@ ctor , our dan@@ ger dete@@ ctor . +it sorts and sc@@ ours through all of the information looking for anything in the environment that might har@@ m us . +so given a do@@ zen news stories , we will pre@@ fer@@ enti@@ ally look at the negative news . +and that old newspaper saying , " if it ble@@ e@@ ds it leads , " is very true . +so given all of our digital devices that are bringing all the negative news to us seven days a week , 24 hours a day , it 's no wonder that we 're p@@ essi@@ mi@@ stic . +it 's no wonder that people think that the world is getting worse . +but perhaps that 's not the case . +perhaps instead , of what 's really going on . +perhaps the tremendous progress we 've made over the last century by a series of forces are , in fact , acceler@@ ating to a point that we have the potential in the next three decades to create a world of ab@@ und@@ ance . +now i 'm not saying we don 't have our set of problems -- climate crisis , species extin@@ ction , water and energy shor@@ tage -- we sur@@ ely do . +and as humans , we are far better at seeing the problems way in ad@@ v@@ ance , but ultimately we kno@@ ck them down . +so let 's look at what this last century has been to see where we 're going . +over the last hundred years , the average human li@@ fes@@ pan has more than dou@@ bled , average per capit@@ a income ad@@ ju@@ sted for inf@@ lation around the world has tri@@ pl@@ ed . +childhood mortality has come down a factor of 10 . +add to that the cost of food , electricity , transpor@@ tation , communication have dro@@ pped 10 to 1,@@ 00@@ 0-@@ fold . +steve pin@@ ker has showed us that , in fact , we 're living during the most pe@@ ac@@ e@@ ful time ever in human history . +and charles ken@@ ny that global liter@@ acy has gone from 25 percent to over 80 percent in the last 1@@ 30 years . +we truly are living in an extraordinary time . +and many people forget this . +and we keep setting our expec@@ tations higher and higher . +in fact , we re@@ define what poverty means . +think of this , in america today , the majority of people under the poverty line still have electricity , water , toi@@ lets , re@@ fri@@ ger@@ ators , television , mobile phones , air condi@@ tion@@ ing and cars . +the weal@@ thi@@ est rob@@ ber bar@@ ons of the last century , the em@@ per@@ ors on this planet , could have never dre@@ am@@ ed of such lux@@ u@@ ries . +under@@ p@@ inning much of this is technology , and of late , exponenti@@ ally growing technologies . +my good friend ray kurz@@ weil showed that any tool that becomes an information technology jum@@ ps on this cur@@ ve , on mo@@ ore 's law , and experiences price performance dou@@ bling every 12 to 24 months . +that 's why the cell@@ phone in your po@@ cket is literally a million times che@@ aper and a thousand times faster than a super@@ computer of the ' 7@@ 0s . +now look at this cur@@ ve . +this is mo@@ ore 's law over the last hundred years . +i want you to notice two things from this cur@@ ve . +number one , how smo@@ oth it is -- through good time and bad time , war time and peace time , rec@@ ession , depression and bo@@ om time . +this is the result of faster computers being used to build faster computers . +it doesn 't slow for any of our grand challenges . +and also , even though it 's pl@@ ot@@ ted on a lo@@ g cur@@ ve on the left , it 's cur@@ ving up@@ wards . +the rate at which the technology is getting faster is itself getting faster . +and on this cur@@ ve , ri@@ ding on mo@@ ore 's law , are a set of extra@@ ordin@@ arily powerful technologies available to all of us . +cloud computing , what my friends at auto@@ des@@ k call infin@@ ite computing ; sensor@@ s and networks ; robo@@ tics ; 3d prin@@ ting , which is the ability to democra@@ ti@@ ze and distribu@@ te person@@ alized production around the planet ; syn@@ thetic biology ; fu@@ els , vac@@ cin@@ es and fo@@ ods ; digital medicine ; nan@@ o@@ materials ; and a@@ .@@ i . +i mean , how many of you saw the w@@ inning of je@@ op@@ ar@@ dy by ib@@ m 's wat@@ son ? +i mean , that was epi@@ c . +in fact , i sc@@ ou@@ red the head@@ lines looking for the best head@@ line in a newspaper i could . +and i love this : " wat@@ son van@@ qu@@ ish@@ es human op@@ pon@@ ents . " +je@@ op@@ ar@@ dy 's not an easy game . +it 's about the nu@@ ance of human language . +and imagine if you would a@@ .@@ i@@ . ' s like this on the cloud available to every person with a cell@@ phone . +four years ago here at ted , ray kurz@@ weil and i started a new university called sing@@ ul@@ ar@@ ity university . +and we teach our students all of these technologies , and particularly how they can be used to solve humanity 's grand challenges . +and every year we ask them to start a company or a product or a service that can affect posi@@ tively the lives of a billion people within a decade . +think about that , the fact that , literally , a group of students can touch the lives of a billion people today . +30 years ago that would have so@@ unded lu@@ di@@ cr@@ ous . +today we can point at do@@ zens of companies that have done just that . +when i think about creating ab@@ und@@ ance , it 's not about creating a life of lux@@ ury for everybody on this planet ; it 's about creating a life of possibility . +it is about taking that which was sc@@ ar@@ ce and making it ab@@ und@@ ant . +you see , sc@@ ar@@ city is con@@ tex@@ tual , and technology is a resour@@ ce-@@ liber@@ ating force . +let me give you an example . +so this is a story of na@@ po@@ le@@ on i@@ ii in the mi@@ d-@@ 18@@ 0@@ 0s . +he 's the du@@ de on the left . +he invited over to dinner the king of si@@ am . +all of na@@ po@@ le@@ on 's tro@@ ops were f@@ ed with sil@@ ver u@@ ten@@ si@@ ls , na@@ po@@ le@@ on himself with gold u@@ ten@@ si@@ ls . +but the king of si@@ am , he was f@@ ed with al@@ umin@@ um u@@ ten@@ si@@ ls . +you see , al@@ umin@@ um was the most valuable metal on the planet , worth more than gold and plat@@ in@@ um . +it 's the reason that the ti@@ p of the washington mon@@ um@@ ent is made of al@@ umin@@ um . +you see , even though al@@ umin@@ um is 8@@ .@@ 3 percent of the earth by mass , it doesn 't come as a p@@ ure metal . +it 's all bo@@ und by oxygen and silic@@ ates . +but then the technology of electro@@ ly@@ sis came along and literally made al@@ umin@@ um so cheap that we use it with thro@@ w-@@ away ment@@ ality . +so let 's project this analog@@ y going forward . +we think about energy sc@@ ar@@ city . +ladies and gentle@@ men , we are on a planet that is ba@@ th@@ ed with 5,000 times more energy than we use in a year . +16 ter@@ a@@ wat@@ ts of energy hits the earth 's surface every 8@@ 8 minutes . +it 's not about being sc@@ ar@@ ce , it 's about acc@@ essi@@ bility . +and there 's good news here . +for the first time , this year the cost of sol@@ ar-@@ gener@@ ated electricity is 50 percent that of diesel@@ -@@ gener@@ ated electricity in india -- 8@@ .@@ 8 ru@@ pe@@ es versus 17 ru@@ pe@@ es . +the cost of solar dro@@ pped 50 percent last year . +last month , mit put out a study showing that by the end of this decade , in the sun@@ ny parts of the united states , solar electricity will be six cents a kil@@ o@@ watt hour compared to 15 cents as a national average . +and if we have ab@@ und@@ ant energy , we also have ab@@ und@@ ant water . +now we talk about water wars . +do you remember when car@@ l sa@@ gan turned the vo@@ y@@ ager spac@@ ec@@ raft back towards the earth , in 199@@ 0 after it just passed saturn ? +he took a famous photo . what was it called ? +" a p@@ ale blue do@@ t . " +because we live on a water planet . +we live on a planet 70 percent covered by water . +yes , 9@@ 7@@ .@@ 5 percent is sal@@ t@@ water , two percent is ice , and we fight over a half a percent of the water on this planet , but here too there is hope . +and there is technology coming online , not 10 , 20 years from now , right now . +there 's nan@@ ot@@ echn@@ ology coming on , nan@@ o@@ materials . +and the conversation i had with de@@ an kamen this morning , one of the great di@@ y inno@@ v@@ ators , i 'd like to share with you -- he gave me per@@ mission to do so -- his technology called sl@@ ing@@ shot that many of you may have heard of , it is the size of a small dor@@ m room re@@ fri@@ ger@@ ator . +it 's able to generate a thousand li@@ ters of clean drin@@ king water a day out of any source -- sal@@ t@@ water , pollu@@ ted water , lat@@ r@@ ine -- at less than two cents a li@@ ter . +the cha@@ ir@@ man of co@@ ca@@ -@@ col@@ a has just agre@@ ed to do a major test of hundreds of un@@ its of this in the developing world . +and if that p@@ ans out , which i have every confidence it will , co@@ ca@@ -@@ col@@ a will de@@ plo@@ y this glob@@ ally to 20@@ 6 countries around the planet . +this is the kind of innovation , em@@ powered by this technology , that exists today . +and we 've seen this in cell@@ phones . +my goo@@ dness , we 're going to hit 70 percent pen@@ et@@ ration of cell@@ phones in the developing world by the end of 20@@ 13 . +think about it , that a ma@@ sa@@ i war@@ ri@@ or on a cell@@ phone in the middle of kenya has better mobile com@@ m than president re@@ ag@@ an did 25 years ago . +and if they 're on a smar@@ t@@ phone on google , they 've got access to more knowledge and information than president clin@@ ton did 15 years ago . +they 're living in a world of information and communication ab@@ und@@ ance that no one could have ever predi@@ cted . +better than that , the things that you and i spent tens and hundreds of thousands of dollars for -- gps , h@@ d video and still images , libr@@ aries of books and music , medical diagno@@ stic technology -- are now literally de@@ materi@@ ali@@ zing and demon@@ e@@ ti@@ zing into your cell@@ phone . +probably the best part of it is what 's coming down the pi@@ ke in health . +last month , i had the pleasure of announ@@ cing with qu@@ al@@ com@@ m foundation something called the $ 10 million qu@@ al@@ com@@ m tri@@ cor@@ der x prize . +we 're challen@@ ging teams around the world to basically com@@ bine these technologies into a mobile device that you can speak to , because it 's got a@@ .@@ i@@ . , you can c@@ ough on it , you can do a finger blood pri@@ ck . +and to win , it needs to be able to diagno@@ se you better than a team of bo@@ ar@@ d-@@ cer@@ ti@@ fied doctors . +so literally , imagine this device in the middle of the developing world where there are no doctors , 25 percent of the disease bur@@ den and 1.@@ 3 percent of the health care workers . +when this device sequences an r@@ na or dna virus that it doesn 't recognize , it calls the c@@ d@@ c and pre@@ v@@ ents the pan@@ de@@ mic from happening in the first place . +but here , here is the biggest force for bringing about a world of ab@@ und@@ ance . +i call it the ris@@ ing billion . +so the white lines here are population . +we just passed the seven billion mark on earth . +and by the way , the biggest protection against a population explosion is making the world educ@@ ated and healthy . +in 2010 , we had just short of two billion people online , connected . +by 20@@ 20 , that 's going from two billion to five billion internet users . +three billion new minds who have never been heard from before are conne@@ cting to the global conversation . +what will these people want ? +what will they consu@@ me ? what will they desire ? +and rather than having economic shu@@ t@@ down , we 're about to have the biggest economic inje@@ ction ever . +these people represent tens of trilli@@ ons of dollars inje@@ cted into the global economy . +and they will get heal@@ thi@@ er by using the tri@@ cor@@ der , and they 'll become better educ@@ ated by using the k@@ han acade@@ my , and by literally being able to use 3d prin@@ ting and infin@@ ite computing [ become ] more productive than ever before . +so what could three billion ris@@ ing , healthy , educ@@ ated , productive members of humanity bring to us ? +how about a set of voices that have never been heard from before . +what about giving the op@@ pres@@ sed , wher@@ ever they might be , the voice to be heard and the voice to act for the first time ever ? +what will these three billion people bring ? +what about contribu@@ tions we can 't even predict ? +the one thing i 've learned at the x prize is that small teams driven by their passion with a clear focus can do extraordinary things , things that large corpo@@ ra@@ tions and governments could only do in the past . +let me share and close with a story that really got me excited . +there is a program that some of you might have heard of . +it 's a game called fol@@ dit . +it came out of the university of washington in se@@ attle . +and this is a game where individuals can actually take a sequence of amin@@ o aci@@ ds and figure out how the protein is going to fold . +and how it fol@@ ds dic@@ tat@@ es its structure and its func@@ tion@@ ality . +and it 's very important for research in medicine . +and up until now , it 's been a super@@ computer problem . +and this game has been played by university profess@@ ors and so forth . +and it 's literally , hundreds of thousands of people came online and started playing it . +and it showed that , in fact , today , the human pattern recogni@@ tion machin@@ ery is better at fol@@ ding proteins than the best computers . +and when these individuals went and looked at who was the best protein fol@@ der in the world , it wasn 't an mit professor , it wasn 't a cal@@ tech student , it was a person from england , from man@@ che@@ ster , a woman who , during the day , was an ex@@ ecu@@ tive assi@@ stant at a re@@ hab clin@@ ic and , at night , was the world 's best protein fol@@ der . +ladies and gentle@@ men , what gives me tremendous confidence in the future is the fact that we are now more em@@ powered as individuals to take on the grand challenges of this planet . +we have the tools with this exponenti@@ al technology . +we have the passion of the di@@ y inno@@ v@@ ator . +we have the capital of the tech@@ no@@ -@@ phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ ist . +and we have three billion new minds coming online to work with us to solve the grand challenges , to do that which we must do . +we are living into extraordinary decades ahead . +thank you . +i think we have to do something about a piece of the culture of medicine that has to change . +and i think it starts with one physi@@ cian , and that 's me . +and maybe i 've been around long enough that i can afford to give away some of my fal@@ se pre@@ stige to be able to do that . +before i actually begin the meat of my talk , let 's begin with a bit of baseball . +hey , why not ? +we 're near the end , we 're getting close to the world series . +we all love baseball , don 't we ? +baseball is filled with some amazing statistics . +and there 's hundreds of them . +" mon@@ e@@ y@@ ball " is about to come out , and it 's all about statistics and using statistics to build a great baseball team . +i 'm going to focus on one st@@ at that i hope a lot of you have heard of . +it 's called bat@@ ting average . +so we talk about a 300 , a bat@@ ter who bat@@ s 300 . +that means that ball@@ player bat@@ ted sa@@ f@@ ely , hit sa@@ f@@ ely three times out of 10 at bat@@ s . +that means hit the ball into the out@@ field , it dro@@ pped , it didn 't get caught , and who@@ ever tried to throw it to first base didn 't get there in time and the run@@ ner was safe . +three times out of 10 . +do you know what they call a 300 hit@@ ter in major lea@@ gue baseball ? +good , really good , maybe an all@@ -@@ star . +do you know what they call a 400 baseball hit@@ ter ? +that 's somebody who hit , by the way , four times sa@@ f@@ ely out of every 10 . +le@@ gen@@ dar@@ y -- as in ted willi@@ ams le@@ gen@@ dar@@ y -- the last major lea@@ gue baseball player to hit over 400 during a regular seas@@ on . +now let 's take this back into my world of medicine where i 'm a lot more comfortable , or perhaps a bit less comfortable after what i 'm going to talk to you about . +suppose you have app@@ en@@ di@@ citi@@ s and you 're refer@@ red to a surge@@ on who 's bat@@ ting 400 on app@@ en@@ dec@@ tom@@ ies . +somehow this isn 't working out , is it ? +now suppose you live in a certain part of a certain remote place and you have a loved one who has block@@ ages in two cor@@ on@@ ary ar@@ ter@@ ies and your family doctor re@@ f@@ ers that loved one to a car@@ di@@ ologist who 's bat@@ ting 200 on angi@@ op@@ la@@ sti@@ es . +but , but , you know what ? +she 's doing a lot better this year . she 's on the com@@ e@@ back tra@@ il . +and she 's hit@@ ting a 25@@ 7 . +somehow this isn 't working . +but i 'm going to ask you a question . +what do you think a bat@@ ting average for a car@@ di@@ a@@ c surge@@ on or a nur@@ se prac@@ ti@@ tion@@ er or an or@@ th@@ op@@ edi@@ c surge@@ on , an ob@@ gy@@ n , a par@@ am@@ edi@@ c is supposed to be ? +1,000 , very good . +now truth of the matter is , nobody knows in all of medicine what a good surge@@ on or physi@@ cian or par@@ am@@ edi@@ c is supposed to bat . +what we do though is we send each one of them , including myself , out into the world with the ad@@ mon@@ i@@ tion , be perfect . +never ever , ever make a mistake , but you worry about the details , about how that 's going to happen . +and that was the message that i absor@@ bed when i was in med school . +i was an obs@@ essi@@ ve comp@@ ul@@ sive student . +in high school , a class@@ mate once said that brian gold@@ man would study for a blood test . +and so i did . +and i studied in my little gar@@ re@@ t at the nur@@ ses ' res@@ iden@@ ce at tor@@ onto general hospital , not far from here . +and i memor@@ i@@ zed everything . +i memor@@ i@@ zed in my an@@ atom@@ y class the orig@@ ins and exer@@ tions of every muscle , every bran@@ ch of every ar@@ tery that came off the a@@ or@@ ta , differ@@ enti@@ al diagno@@ ses ob@@ sc@@ ure and common . +i even knew the differ@@ enti@@ al diagno@@ sis in how to classi@@ fy ren@@ al tu@@ bul@@ ar aci@@ do@@ sis . +and all the while , i was a@@ mas@@ sing more and more knowledge . +and i did well , i gradu@@ ated with hon@@ ors , c@@ um lau@@ de . +and i came out of medical school with the impres@@ sion that if i memor@@ i@@ zed everything and knew everything , or as much as possible , as close to everything as possible , that it would imm@@ uni@@ ze me against making mistakes . +and it worked for a while , until i met mr@@ s. dru@@ cker . +i was a resi@@ dent at a teaching hospital here in tor@@ onto when mr@@ s. dru@@ cker was brought to the emergen@@ cy department of the hospital where i was working . +at the time i was as@@ sig@@ ned to the car@@ di@@ ology service on a car@@ di@@ ology ro@@ tation . +and it was my job , when the emergen@@ cy staf@@ f called for a car@@ di@@ ology consu@@ lt , to see that patient in emer@@ g . +and to report back to my atten@@ ding . +and i saw mr@@ s. dru@@ cker , and she was brea@@ th@@ less . +and when i listen@@ ed to her , she was making a whe@@ e@@ zy sound . +and when i listen@@ ed to her ch@@ est with a ste@@ tho@@ scop@@ e , i could hear cra@@ ck@@ ly sounds on both sides that told me that she was in con@@ ge@@ sti@@ ve heart failure . +this is a condition in which the heart fa@@ ils , and instead of being able to pu@@ mp all the blood forward , some of the blood bac@@ ks up into the lung , the l@@ ung@@ s fill up with blood , and that 's why you have shor@@ t@@ ness of breath . +and that wasn 't a difficult diagno@@ sis to make . +i made it and i set to work tre@@ ating her . +i gave her as@@ pir@@ in . i gave her medi@@ cations to re@@ lie@@ ve the stra@@ in on her heart . +i gave her medi@@ cations that we call di@@ u@@ re@@ tics , water p@@ ills , to get her to pe@@ e out the access flu@@ id . +and over the course of the next hour and a half or two , she started to feel better . +and i felt really good . +and that 's when i made my first mistake ; i sent her home . +actually , i made two more mistakes . +i sent her home without speaking to my atten@@ ding . +i didn 't pick up the phone and do what i was supposed to do , which was call my atten@@ ding and run the story by him so he would have a chance to see her for himself . +and he knew her , he would have been able to fur@@ nis@@ h addi@@ tional information about her . +maybe i did it for a good reason . +maybe i didn 't want to be a high-@@ ma@@ inten@@ ance resi@@ dent . +maybe i wanted to be so successful and so able to take responsibility that i would do so and i would be able to take care of my atten@@ ding 's patients without even having to contact him . +the second mistake that i made was worse . +in sending her home , i dis@@ re@@ gar@@ ded a little voice deep down inside that was trying to tell me , " gold@@ man , not a good idea . don 't do this . " +in fact , so l@@ ac@@ king in confidence was i that i actually asked the nur@@ se who was looking after mr@@ s. dru@@ cker , " do you think it 's okay if she goes home ? " +and the nur@@ se thought about it and said very ma@@ tter@@ -@@ of-@@ fac@@ tly , " yeah , i think she 'll do okay . " +i can remember that like it was yesterday . +so i sig@@ ned the dis@@ charge pa@@ pers , and an am@@ bu@@ lan@@ ce came , par@@ am@@ edi@@ cs came to take her home . +and i went back to my work on the wards . +all the rest of that day , that after@@ noon , i had this kind of g@@ na@@ wing feeling inside my sto@@ mach . +but i car@@ ried on with my work . +and at the end of the day , i pac@@ ked up to leave the hospital and walked to the par@@ king lot to take my car and drive home when i did something that i don 't usually do . +i walked through the emergen@@ cy department on my way home . +and it was there that another nur@@ se , not the nur@@ se who was looking after mr@@ s. dru@@ cker before , but another nur@@ se , said three words to me that are the three words that most emergen@@ cy physi@@ cians i know dre@@ ad . +others in medicine dre@@ ad them as well , but there 's something particular about emergen@@ cy medicine because we see patients so fle@@ et@@ ingly . +the three words are : do you remember ? +" do you remember that patient you sent home ? " +the other nur@@ se asked ma@@ tter@@ -@@ of-@@ fac@@ tly . +" well she 's back , " in just that t@@ one of voice . +well she was back all right . +she was back and near death . +about an hour after she had arrived home , after i 'd sent her home , she collap@@ sed and her family called 9@@ 11 and the par@@ am@@ edi@@ cs brought her back to the emergen@@ cy department where she had a blood pressure of 50 , which is in sever@@ e sho@@ ck . +and she was bar@@ ely brea@@ thing and she was blue . +and the emer@@ g@@ . staf@@ f pulled out all the st@@ ops . +they gave her medi@@ cations to raise her blood pressure . +they put her on a venti@@ l@@ ator . +and i was sho@@ cked and sha@@ ken to the core . +and i went through this roll@@ er co@@ aster , because after they stabili@@ zed her , she went to the inten@@ sive care unit , and i hop@@ ed against hope that she would re@@ cover . +and over the next two or three days , it was clear that she was never going to wake up . +she had ir@@ rever@@ si@@ ble brain damage . +and the family gather@@ ed . +and over the course of the next eight or nine days , they res@@ ig@@ ned themselves to what was happening . +and at about the nine day mark , they let her go -- mr@@ s. dru@@ cker , a wife , a mother and a grandmother . +they say you never forget the names of those who die . +and that was my first time to be ac@@ qua@@ in@@ ted with that . +over the next few weeks , i beat myself up and i experienced for the first time the un@@ healthy sh@@ ame that exists in our culture of medicine -- where i felt alone , isol@@ ated , not feeling the healthy kind of sh@@ ame that you feel , because you can 't talk about it with your colleagues . +you know that healthy kind , when you betra@@ y a secret that a best friend made you promise never to reve@@ al and then you get bu@@ sted and then your best friend con@@ fron@@ ts you and you have terrible discus@@ sions , but at the end of it all that sick feeling gui@@ des you and you say , i 'll never make that mistake again . +and you make am@@ ends and you never make that mistake again . +that 's the kind of sh@@ ame that is a teacher . +the un@@ healthy sh@@ ame i 'm talking about is the one that makes you so sick inside . +it 's the one that says , not that what you did was bad , but that you are bad . +and it was what i was feeling . +and it wasn 't because of my atten@@ ding ; he was a dol@@ l . +he talked to the family , and i 'm quite sure that he smo@@ o@@ th@@ ed things over and made sure that i didn 't get su@@ ed . +and i kept asking myself these questions . +why didn 't i ask my atten@@ ding ? why did i send her home ? +and then at my worst moments : why did i make such a stupid mistake ? +why did i go into medicine ? +slowly but sur@@ ely , it li@@ f@@ ted . +i began to feel a bit better . +and on a clou@@ dy day , there was a cra@@ ck in the clou@@ ds and the sun started to come out and i wonder@@ ed , maybe i could feel better again . +and i made myself a bar@@ gain that if only i re@@ double my eff@@ or@@ ts to be perfect and never make another mistake again , please make the voices stop . +and they did . +and i went back to work . +and then it happened again . +two years later i was an atten@@ ding in the emergen@@ cy department at a community hospital just north of tor@@ onto , and i saw a 25 year-old man with a sor@@ e thro@@ at . +it was bus@@ y , i was in a bit of a hur@@ ry . +he kept poin@@ ting here . +i looked at his thro@@ at , it was a little bit p@@ ink . +and i gave him a pres@@ cri@@ ption for pen@@ ic@@ il@@ lin and sent him on his way . +and even as he was walking out the door , he was still sort of poin@@ ting to his thro@@ at . +and two days later i came to do my next emergen@@ cy shift , and that 's when my ch@@ ie@@ f asked to speak to me quie@@ tly in her office . +and she said the three words : do you remember ? +" do you remember that patient you saw with the sor@@ e thro@@ at ? " +well it turns out , he didn 't have a stre@@ p thro@@ at . +he had a poten@@ tially life@@ -@@ thre@@ at@@ ening condition called epi@@ gl@@ ot@@ ti@@ tis . +you can google it , but it 's an infe@@ ction , not of the thro@@ at , but of the upp@@ er air@@ way , and it can actually cause the air@@ way to close . +and fortunately he didn 't die . +he was placed on in@@ tra@@ ven@@ ous antibio@@ tics and he re@@ covered after a few days . +and i went through the same period of sh@@ ame and rec@@ ri@@ min@@ ations and felt cle@@ ans@@ ed and went back to work , until it happened again and again and again . +twice in one emergen@@ cy shift , i mis@@ sed app@@ en@@ di@@ citi@@ s . +now that takes some doing , especially when you work in a hospital that at the time saw but 14 people a night . +now in both cases , i didn 't send them home and i don 't think there was any gap in their care . +one i thought had a kid@@ ney stone . +i or@@ dered a kid@@ ney x-@@ ray . when it turned out to be normal , my collea@@ gue who was doing a reas@@ s@@ ess@@ ment of the patient noticed some ten@@ der@@ ness in the right lower quad@@ rant and called the surge@@ ons . +the other one had a lot of di@@ arr@@ he@@ a . +i or@@ dered some flu@@ ids to re@@ hy@@ dra@@ te him and asked my collea@@ gue to reas@@ s@@ ess him . +and he did and when he noticed some ten@@ der@@ ness in the right lower quad@@ rant , called the surge@@ ons . +in both cases , they had their oper@@ ations and they did okay . +but each time , they were g@@ na@@ wing at me , eating at me . +and i 'd like to be able to say to you that my worst mistakes only happened in the first five years of practice as many of my colleagues say , which is total b@@ .@@ s . +some of my do@@ o@@ zi@@ es have been in the last five years . +alone , as@@ ham@@ ed and un@@ suppor@@ ted . +here 's the problem : if i can 't come clean and talk about my mistakes , if i can 't find the still@@ -@@ small voice that tells me what really happened , how can i share it with my colleagues ? +how can i teach them about what i did so that they don 't do the same thing ? +if i were to walk into a room -- like right now , i have no idea what you think of me . +when was the last time you heard somebody talk about failure after failure after failure ? +oh yeah , you go to a cock@@ tail party and you might hear about some other doctor , but you 're not going to hear somebody talking about their own mistakes . +if i were to walk into a room filled with my colle@@ ages and ask for their support right now and start to tell what i 've just told you right now , i probably wouldn 't get through two of those stories before they would start to get really un@@ comfortable , somebody would cra@@ ck a jo@@ ke , they 'd change the subject and we would move on . +and in fact , if i knew and my colleagues knew that one of my or@@ th@@ op@@ edi@@ c colleagues took off the wrong leg in my hospital , believe me , i 'd have trouble making eye contact with that person . +that 's the system that we have . +it 's a complete den@@ ial of mistakes . +it 's a system in which there are two kinds of physi@@ cians -- those who make mistakes and those who don 't , those who can 't hand@@ le sleep de@@ pri@@ vation and those who can , those who have l@@ ous@@ y out@@ comes and those who have great out@@ comes . +and it 's almost like an ide@@ ological reaction , like the anti@@ bodies begin to attack that person . +and we have this idea that if we drive the people who make mistakes out of medicine , what will we be left with , but a safe system . +but there are two problems with that . +in my 20 years or so of medical broad@@ ca@@ sting and journ@@ alism , i 've made a personal study of medical mal@@ practice and medical er@@ r@@ ors to learn everything i can , from one of the first artic@@ les i wrote for the tor@@ onto star to my show " white co@@ at , black art . " +and what i 've learned is that er@@ r@@ ors are absolutely u@@ bi@@ qu@@ it@@ ous . +we work in a system where er@@ r@@ ors happen every day , where one in 10 medi@@ cations are either the wrong medic@@ ation given in hospital or at the wrong do@@ sage , where hospit@@ al-@@ ac@@ qui@@ red infe@@ ctions are getting more and more nu@@ mer@@ ous , caus@@ ing ha@@ vo@@ c and death . +in this country , as many as 24@@ ,000 can@@ adi@@ ans die of pre@@ vent@@ able medical er@@ r@@ ors . +in the united states , the institute of medicine pe@@ g@@ ged it at 100,000 . +in both cases , these are gro@@ ss under@@ esti@@ mates , because we really aren 't fer@@ re@@ ting out the problem as we should . +and here 's the thing . +in a hospital system where medical knowledge is dou@@ bling every two or three years , we can 't keep up with it . +sleep de@@ pri@@ vation is absolutely per@@ v@@ asi@@ ve . +we can 't get rid of it . +we have our cognitive bi@@ ases , so that i can take a perfect history on a patient with ch@@ est pain . +now take the same patient with ch@@ est pain , make them mo@@ ist and gar@@ rul@@ ous and put a little bit of al@@ co@@ hol on their breath , and suddenly my history is l@@ ac@@ ed with con@@ temp@@ t . +i don 't take the same history . +i 'm not a robot ; i don 't do things the same way each time . +and my patients aren 't cars ; they don 't tell me their symptom@@ s in the same way each time . +given all of that , mistakes are inevi@@ table . +so if you take the system , as i was taught , and we@@ ed out all the er@@ r@@ or@@ -@@ pr@@ one health profession@@ als , well there won 't be anybody left . +and you know that business about people not wan@@ ting to talk about their worst cases ? +on my show , on " white co@@ at , black art , " i made it a hab@@ it of saying , " here 's my worst mistake , " i would say to everybody from par@@ am@@ edi@@ cs to the ch@@ ie@@ f of car@@ di@@ a@@ c surgery , " here 's my worst mistake , " bla@@ h , bla@@ h , bla@@ h , bla@@ h , bla@@ h , " what about y@@ ours ? " and i would point the micro@@ phone towards them . +and their pu@@ p@@ ils would di@@ late , they would re@@ co@@ il , then they would look down and s@@ wal@@ low hard and start to tell me their stories . +they want to tell their stories . they want to share their stories . +they want to be able to say , " look , don 't make the same mistake i did . " +what they need is an environment to be able to do that . +what they need is a re@@ defined medical culture . +and it starts with one physi@@ cian at a time . +the re@@ defined physi@@ cian is human , knows she 's human , accep@@ ts it , isn 't proud of making mistakes , but stri@@ ves to learn one thing from what happened that she can teach to somebody else . +she shares her experience with others . +she 's suppor@@ tive when other people talk about their mistakes . +and she points out other people 's mistakes , not in a got@@ ch@@ a way , but in a lo@@ ving , suppor@@ tive way so that everybody can benefit . +and she works in a culture of medicine that ac@@ knowle@@ d@@ ges that human beings run the system , and when human beings run the system , they will make mistakes from time to time . +so the system is evol@@ ving to create bac@@ ku@@ ps that make it easier to dete@@ ct those mistakes that humans inevi@@ t@@ ably make and also fo@@ sters in a lo@@ ving , suppor@@ tive way places where everybody who is obser@@ ving in the health care system can actually point out things that could be potential mistakes and is re@@ war@@ ded for doing so , and especially people like me , when we do make mistakes , we 're re@@ war@@ ded for coming clean . +my name is brian gold@@ man . +i am a re@@ defined physi@@ cian . +i 'm human . i make mistakes . +i 'm sorry about that , but i stri@@ ve to learn one thing that i can pass on to other people . +i still don 't know what you think of me , but i can live with that . +and let me close with three words of my own : i do remember . +i 'm going to speak about a tiny , little idea . +and this is about shif@@ ting bas@@ eline . +and because the idea can be expla@@ ined in one minute , i will tell you three stories before to fill in the time . +and the first story is about charles darwin , one of my hero@@ es . +and he was here , as you well know , in ' 35 . +and you 'd think he was ch@@ asing fin@@ ches , but he wasn 't . +he was actually colle@@ cting fish . +and he described one of them as very " common . " +this was the sa@@ il@@ f@@ in grou@@ per . +a big fis@@ her@@ y was run on it until the ' 8@@ 0s . +now the fish is on the i@@ u@@ c@@ n red list . +now this story , we have heard it lots of times on gala@@ pa@@ gos and other places , so there is nothing particular about it . +but the point is , we still come to gala@@ pa@@ gos . +we still think it is pri@@ st@@ ine . +the bro@@ ch@@ ures still say it is un@@ tou@@ ched . +so what happens here ? +the second story , also to illu@@ strate another concept , is called shif@@ ting wa@@ i@@ st@@ line . +because i was there in ' 7@@ 1 , studying a la@@ go@@ on in west africa . +i was there because i grew up in europe and i wanted later to work in africa . +and i thought i could bl@@ end in . +and i got a big sun@@ burn , and i was convinced that i was really not from there . +this was my first sun@@ burn . +and the la@@ go@@ on was surro@@ unded by pal@@ m trees , as you can see , and a few man@@ gro@@ ve . +and it had ti@@ la@@ pi@@ a about 20 centi@@ meters , a species of ti@@ la@@ pi@@ a called black@@ ch@@ in ti@@ la@@ pi@@ a . +and the fis@@ her@@ ies for this ti@@ la@@ pi@@ a susta@@ ined lots of fish and they had a good time and they ear@@ ned more than average in ghana . +when i went there 27 years later , the fish had s@@ hr@@ un@@ k to half of their size . +they were ma@@ turing at five centi@@ meters . +they had been pus@@ hed gene@@ tically . +there were still fis@@ hes . +they were still kind of happy . +and the fish also were happy to be there . +so nothing has changed , but everything has changed . +my third little story is that i was an ac@@ compli@@ ce in the introdu@@ ction of tra@@ w@@ ling in sou@@ the@@ ast asia . +in the ' 7@@ 0s -- well , beginning in the ' 6@@ 0s -- europe did lots of development projects . +fish development meant im@@ pos@@ ing on countries that had already 100,000 fis@@ her@@ s and this boat , quite ug@@ ly , is called the mu@@ ti@@ ar@@ a 4 . +and i went sa@@ il@@ ing on it , and we did sur@@ ve@@ ys throughout the southern south china sea and especially the ja@@ va sea . +and what we caught , we didn 't have words for it . +what we caught , i know now , is the bottom of the sea . +and 90 percent of our catch were spon@@ ges , other animals that are fix@@ ed on the bottom . +and actually most of the fish , they are a little spot on the de@@ br@@ is , the pil@@ es of de@@ br@@ is , were coral re@@ e@@ f fish . +essentially the bottom of the sea came onto the de@@ ck and then was thro@@ wn down . +and these pictures are extraordinary because this transition is very ra@@ pid . +within a year , you do a survey and then commercial fishing begins . +the bottom is trans@@ formed from , in this case , a hard bottom or soft coral into a mu@@ d@@ dy m@@ ess . +this is a dead tur@@ tle . +they were not e@@ aten , they were thro@@ wn away because they were dead . +and one time we caught a live one . +it was not dro@@ w@@ ned yet . +and then they wanted to kill it because it was good to eat . +this mountain of de@@ br@@ is is actually colle@@ cted by fis@@ her@@ s every time they go into an area that 's never been fis@@ hed . +but it 's not docum@@ ented . +we transform the world , but we don 't remember it . +we ad@@ just our bas@@ eline to the new level , and we don 't rec@@ all what was there . +if you gener@@ alize this , something like this happens . +you have on the y axis some good thing : bio@@ diversity , numbers of or@@ ca , the green@@ ness of your country , the water supply . +and over time it changes -- it changes because people do things , or naturally . +every generation will use the images that they got at the beginning of their conscious lives as a standard and will extra@@ po@@ late forward . +and the difference then , they percei@@ ve as a loss . +but they don 't percei@@ ve what happened before as a loss . +you can have a suc@@ c@@ ession of changes . +at the end you want to susta@@ in mis@@ er@@ able le@@ f@@ to@@ vers . +and that , to a large ex@@ tent , is what we want to do now . +we want to susta@@ in things that are gone or things that are not the way they were . +now one should think this problem affected people certainly when in predat@@ ory societies , they killed animals and they didn 't know they had done so after a few generations . +because , obviously , an animal that is very ab@@ und@@ ant , before it gets extin@@ ct , it becomes rare . +so you don 't lose ab@@ und@@ ant animals . +you always lose rare animals . +and therefore they 're not percei@@ ved as a big loss . +over time , we concent@@ rate on large animals , and in a sea that means the big fish . +they become r@@ ar@@ er because we fish them . +over time we have a few fish left and we think this is the bas@@ eline . +and the question is , why do people accept this ? +well because they don 't know that it was different . +and in fact , lots of people , scientists , will con@@ test that it was really different . +and they will con@@ test this because the evidence pres@@ ented in an earlier mode is not in the way they would like the evidence pres@@ ented . +for example , the an@@ ec@@ do@@ te that some present , as cap@@ tain so-@@ and-@@ so obser@@ ved lots of fish in this area cannot be used or is usually not u@@ tili@@ zed by fis@@ her@@ y scientists , because it 's not " scientific . " +so you have a situation where people don 't know the past , even though we live in liter@@ ate societies , because they don 't trust the sources of the past . +and h@@ ence , the enormous role that a marine prote@@ cted area can play . +because with marine prote@@ cted areas , we actually re@@ create the past . +we re@@ create the past that people cannot conc@@ ei@@ ve because the bas@@ eline has shif@@ ted and is extremely low . +that is for people who can see a marine prote@@ cted area and who can benefit from the insi@@ ght that it provi@@ des , which en@@ ables them to res@@ et their bas@@ eline . +how about the people who can 't do that because they have no access -- the people in the mid@@ west for example ? +there i think that the arts and film can perhaps fill the gap , and simulation . +this is a simulation of ch@@ es@@ a@@ pe@@ a@@ ke bay . +there were gra@@ y wh@@ ales in ch@@ es@@ a@@ pe@@ a@@ ke bay a long time ago -- 500 years ago . +and you will have noticed that the hu@@ es and t@@ ones are like " a@@ vat@@ ar . " +and if you think about " a@@ vat@@ ar , " if you think of why people were so tou@@ ched by it -- never mind the po@@ ca@@ hon@@ t@@ as story -- why so tou@@ ched by the ima@@ gery ? +because it ev@@ o@@ kes something that in a sense has been lost . +and so my re@@ com@@ men@@ dation , it 's the only one i will provide , is for c@@ amer@@ on to do " a@@ vat@@ ar ii " under@@ water . +thank you very much . +in the 198@@ 0s in the commun@@ ist eastern germany , if you ow@@ ned a ty@@ pe@@ writer , you had to regi@@ ster it with the government . +you had to regi@@ ster a sam@@ ple she@@ et of text out of the ty@@ pe@@ writer . +and this was done so the government could track where text was coming from . +if they found a paper which had the wrong kind of thought , they could track down who created that thought . +and we in the west couldn 't understand how anybody could do this , how much this would restri@@ ct freedom of speech . +we would never do that in our own countries . +but today in 2011 , if you go and buy a color las@@ er prin@@ ter from any major las@@ er prin@@ ter manufac@@ tur@@ er and print a page , that page will end up having s@@ light yellow dots prin@@ ted on every single page in a pattern which makes the page unique to you and to your prin@@ ter . +this is happening to us today . +and nobody seems to be making a f@@ uss about it . +and this is an example of the ways that our own governments are using technology against us , the citizens . +and this is one of the main three sources of online problems today . +if we take a look at what 's really happening in the online world , we can group the attac@@ ks based on the attac@@ kers . +we have three main groups . +we have online crimin@@ als . +like here , we have mr. di@@ mit@@ ry gol@@ u@@ bo@@ v from the city of k@@ ie@@ v in u@@ kra@@ ine . +and the mo@@ tives of online crimin@@ als are very easy to understand . +these guys make money . +they use online attac@@ ks to make lots of money , and lots and lots of it . +we actually have several cases of milli@@ on@@ air@@ es online , multi@@ milli@@ on@@ air@@ es , who made money with their attac@@ ks . +here 's v@@ la@@ di@@ mir t@@ sa@@ st@@ sin form tar@@ tu in est@@ on@@ ia . +this is al@@ fre@@ d gon@@ z@@ ale@@ z . +this is ste@@ phen watt . +this is b@@ j@@ or@@ n s@@ und@@ in . +this is mat@@ the@@ w ander@@ son , t@@ ari@@ q al-@@ da@@ our and so on and so on . +these guys make their fortun@@ es online , but they make it through the illegal means of using things like ban@@ king tro@@ j@@ ans to ste@@ al money from our bank accoun@@ ts while we do online ban@@ king , or with key@@ log@@ gers to collect our credit card information while we are doing online sh@@ opp@@ ing from an infe@@ cted computer . +the u.s. secret service , two months ago , fro@@ ze the s@@ wis@@ s bank account of mr. sam ja@@ in right here , and that bank account had 14@@ .@@ 9 million u.s. dollars on it when it was fro@@ zen . +mr. ja@@ in himself is on the loo@@ se ; nobody knows where he is . +and i cla@@ im it 's already today that it 's more likely for any of us to become the vic@@ tim of a crime online than here in the real world . +and it 's very obvious that this is only going to get worse . +in the future , the majority of crime will be happening online . +the second major group of attac@@ kers that we are watching today are not motiv@@ ated by money . +they 're motiv@@ ated by something else -- motiv@@ ated by prote@@ sts , motiv@@ ated by an opini@@ on , motiv@@ ated by the laugh@@ s . +groups like anony@@ mous have ris@@ en up over the last 12 months and have become a major player in the field of online attac@@ ks . +so those are the three main attac@@ kers : crimin@@ als who do it for the money , ha@@ ck@@ tivi@@ sts like anony@@ mous doing it for the pro@@ test , but then the last group are nation states , governments doing the attac@@ ks . +and then we look at cases like what happened in dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar . +this is a prime example of what happens when governments attack against their own citizens . +dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar is a cer@@ ti@@ fic@@ ate auth@@ ority from the ne@@ ther@@ lands -- or actually , it was . +it was running into bank@@ rup@@ t@@ cy last fall because they were ha@@ cked into . +somebody broke in and they ha@@ cked it th@@ or@@ ough@@ ly . +and i asked last week in a meeting with du@@ tch government repres@@ ent@@ a@@ tives , i asked one of the leaders of the team whether he found pl@@ au@@ si@@ ble that people died because of the dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar ha@@ ck . +and his answer was yes . +so how do people die as the result of a ha@@ ck like this ? +well dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar is a c@@ .@@ a . +they sell cer@@ ti@@ fic@@ ates . +what do you do with cer@@ ti@@ fic@@ ates ? +well you need a cer@@ ti@@ fic@@ ate if you have a website that has h@@ tt@@ ps , ss@@ l en@@ cr@@ yp@@ ted services , services like g@@ mail . +now we all , or a big part of us , use g@@ mail or one of their competi@@ tors , but these services are especially popular in tot@@ al@@ it@@ arian states like iran , where dis@@ si@@ dents use foreign services like g@@ mail because they know they are more tru@@ st@@ wor@@ thy than the local services and they are en@@ cr@@ yp@@ ted over ss@@ l connections , so the local government can 't s@@ no@@ op on their discus@@ sions . +except they can if they ha@@ ck into a foreign c@@ .@@ a . +and issue ro@@ gue cer@@ ti@@ fic@@ ates . +and this is exactly what happened with the case of dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar . +what about arab spring and things that have been happening , for example , in eg@@ y@@ pt ? +well in eg@@ y@@ pt , the ri@@ ot@@ ers lo@@ ot@@ ed the head@@ quar@@ ters of the eg@@ yp@@ ti@@ an secret police in apri@@ l 2011 , and when they were lo@@ ot@@ ing the building they found lots of pa@@ pers . +among those pa@@ pers , was this bin@@ der enti@@ t@@ led " fin@@ fis@@ her . " +and within that bin@@ der were notes from a company based in germany which had sold the eg@@ yp@@ ti@@ an government a set of tools for inter@@ cep@@ ting -- and in very large scale -- all the communication of the citizens of the country . +they had sold this tool for 2@@ 8@@ 0,000 euro@@ s to the eg@@ yp@@ ti@@ an government . +the company head@@ quar@@ ters are right here . +so western governments are provi@@ ding tot@@ al@@ it@@ arian governments with tools to do this against their own citizens . +but western governments are doing it to themselves as well . +for example , in germany , just a couple of weeks ago the so-@@ called state tro@@ j@@ an was found , which was a tro@@ j@@ an used by ger@@ man government offi@@ ci@@ als to investi@@ gate their own citizens . +if you are a sus@@ pe@@ ct in a crimin@@ al case , well it 's pretty obvious , your phone will be ta@@ pped . +but today , it goes beyond that . +they will ta@@ p your internet connection . +they will even use tools like state tro@@ j@@ an to infe@@ ct your computer with a tro@@ j@@ an , which en@@ ables them to watch all your communication , to listen to your online discus@@ sions , to collect your pas@@ s@@ words . +now when we think deeper about things like these , the obvious response from people should be that , " okay , that sounds bad , but that doesn 't really affect me because i 'm a legal citi@@ zen . +why should i worry ? +because i have nothing to hi@@ de . " +and this is an argument , which doesn 't make sense . +priv@@ acy is impli@@ ed . +priv@@ acy is not up for discussion . +this is not a question between priv@@ acy against security . +it 's a question of freedom against control . +and while we might trust our governments right now , right here in 2011 , any right we give away will be given away for good . +and do we trust , do we blin@@ dly trust , any future government , a government we might have 50 years from now ? +and these are the questions that we have to worry about for the next 50 years . +this may sound strange , but i 'm a big fan of the con@@ cre@@ te block . +the first con@@ cre@@ te blocks were manu@@ f@@ actu@@ red in 18@@ 6@@ 8 with a very simple idea : mod@@ ul@@ es made of c@@ ement of a fix@@ ed measu@@ re@@ ment that fit together . +very quickly con@@ cre@@ te blocks became the mo@@ st-@@ used construction unit in the world . +they en@@ ab@@ led us to to build things that were larger than us , buildings , bri@@ d@@ ges , one bri@@ ck at a time . +essentially con@@ cre@@ te blocks had become the building block of our time . +almost a hundred years later in 194@@ 7 , le@@ go came up with this . +it was called the auto@@ matic bin@@ ding bri@@ ck . +and in a few short years , le@@ go bri@@ cks took place in every hou@@ se@@ hold . +it 's esti@@ ma@@ ted that over 400 billion bri@@ cks have been produced -- or 75 bri@@ cks for every person on the planet . +you don 't have to be an engineer to make beautiful houses , beautiful bri@@ d@@ ges , beautiful buildings . +le@@ go made it acc@@ essi@@ ble . +le@@ go has essentially taken the con@@ cre@@ te block , the building block of the world , and made it into the building block of our imagination . +mean@@ while the ex@@ act same year , at bell lab@@ s the next revolution was about to be announ@@ ced , the next building block . +the transi@@ st@@ or was a small plastic unit that would take us from a world of sta@@ tic bri@@ cks pil@@ ed on top of each other to a world where everything was inter@@ active . +like the con@@ cre@@ te block , the transi@@ st@@ or allows you to build much larger , more complex circu@@ its , one bri@@ ck at a time . +but there 's a main difference : the transi@@ st@@ or was only for experts . +i personally don 't accept this , that the building block of our time is reser@@ ved for experts , so i decided to change that . +eight years ago when i was at the media lab , i started explor@@ ing this idea of how to put the power of engineers in the hands of artists and designers . +a few years ago i started developing li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its . +let me show you how they work . +li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its are electr@@ onic mod@@ ul@@ es with each one specific function . +they 're pre-@@ engine@@ ered to be light , sound , mot@@ ors and sensor@@ s . +and the best part about it is they sna@@ p together with magne@@ ts . +so you can 't put them the wrong way . +the bri@@ cks are color@@ -@@ co@@ ded . +green is out@@ put , blue is power , p@@ ink is input and orange is wire . +so all you need to do is sna@@ p a blue to a green and very quickly you can start making larger circu@@ its . +you put a blue to a green , you can make light . +you can put a kno@@ b in between and now you 've made a little di@@ mmer . +switch out the kno@@ b for a pul@@ se mo@@ du@@ le , which is here , and now you 've made a little blin@@ ker . +add this bu@@ zz@@ er for some extra pun@@ ch and you 've created a noise machine . +i 'm going to stop that . +so beyond simple play , li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its are actually pretty powerful . +instead of having to program , to wire , to sol@@ der , li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its allow you to program using very simple intui@@ tive gest@@ ures . +so to make this blin@@ k faster or slo@@ wer , you would just turn this kno@@ b and basically make it pul@@ se faster or slo@@ wer . +the idea behind li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its is that it 's a growing library . +we want to make every single interaction in the world into a read@@ y-@@ to-@@ use bri@@ ck . +lights , sounds , solar pan@@ els , mot@@ ors -- everything should be acc@@ essi@@ ble . +we 've been giving li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its to kids and seeing them play with them . +and it 's been an incredible experience . +the ni@@ c@@ est thing is how they start to understand the electr@@ on@@ ics around them from everyday that they don 't learn at schools . +for example , how a ni@@ ght@@ light works , or why an el@@ ev@@ ator door sta@@ ys open , or how an ipo@@ d respon@@ ds to touch . +we 've also been taking li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its to design schools . +so for example , we 've had designers with no experience with electr@@ on@@ ics what@@ so@@ ever start to play with li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its as a material . +here you see , with felt and paper water bot@@ tles , we have geor@@ die making ... +a few weeks ago we took li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its to ris@@ d and gave them to some designers with no experience in engineering what@@ so@@ ever -- just car@@ d@@ board , wood and paper -- and told them " make something . " +here 's an example of a project they made , a mo@@ tion@@ -@@ activ@@ ated con@@ fett@@ i can@@ on ball . +but wait , this is actually my favorite project . +it 's a lo@@ b@@ ster made of play@@ d@@ ough that 's afraid of the dark . +to these non-@@ engineers , li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its became another material , electr@@ on@@ ics became just another material . +and we want to make this material acc@@ essi@@ ble to everyone . +so li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its is open-@@ source . +you can go on the website , down@@ load all the design fil@@ es , make them yourself . +we want to encoura@@ ge a world of cre@@ ators , of inv@@ ent@@ ors , of contribu@@ tors , because this world that we live in , this inter@@ active world , is ours . +so go ahead and start inv@@ enting . +thank you . diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/train.bert.de b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/train.bert.de new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62f93b2a999ddfa08bd3a78ec940d8082a534060 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/train.bert.de @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:3f7bdf80da00d62c2da66db756044863b1fe6ade164567415349be6a495f689c +size 17243183 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/train.bert.en b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/train.bert.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d93c63c858247b020aff8fada616e306edd5d4fc --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/train.bert.en @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:b26f54498498d74826ef69e3b92a6fa6c40652a6e2fa9907991e0133824fca52 +size 15438492 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/train.de b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/train.de new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..065ec262677b4dc7a7f49ea86a6c8b9ee3eb31d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/train.de @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:ee3b8a10af452e33f9a16c1b2b926205eec760ff03e7b91be9cba2324f5aebdd +size 20170842 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/train.en b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/train.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bec2979a53879b4ff9ae4dda06da2110bb219b83 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/train.en @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:f49f86eedfa758689abe5fd7052e84c5f4466f45d57257103ba4fc494a633557 +size 17980010 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/valid.bert.de b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/valid.bert.de new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..efbb5c5474c07151872861615182beba5df7fa3e --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/valid.bert.de @@ -0,0 +1,7283 @@ +es ist diese pyramide. +durch die muttermilch. +es enthielt das zwei-, drei-, bis 400-fache des grenzwerts an schadstoffen der laut epa erlaubt war. +oft ist es abwasser, was uns verstopft. +was macht man, wenn man solch eine unterbrechung im fluss hat? +stephen palumbi: der spur des quecksilbers folgen +sie wären unter meinem niveau. +aber wir hatten damals nicht gemerkt, dass wir einen dritten brauchten, denn der hals war von innen nicht lenkbar, wenn das pferd gleichzeitig laufen sollte. +jetzt würden wir euch gerne joey vorstellen. +und mikey kann mit seinen fingern den schweif bewegen, von rechts nach links und von oben nach unten mit der anderen hand. +mikey brett - craig - leo zem joaquin und ich. +im winter schläft man viel. man genießt das familienleben im hause. +während eine globale philanthropie-industrie im entstehen ist, und genau dies geschieht derzeit, sollte man beobachten, welche bestrebungen es gibt, diese alten voraussetzungen über den haufen zu werfen. damit die philanthropie offen und groß und schnell und vernetzt sein wird, auf lange sicht. +nun, nicht alle diese versuche, großes aus liebe zu tun, funktionieren gut. +ich reiße die vierte und fünfte kategorie nur kurz an; es sind innovation, wettbewerb und soziale investition. +es könnte sein, dass die vor uns liegende soziale singularität diejenige ist, vor der wir uns am meisten fürchten. ein zusammentreffen von katastrophen, von umweltzerstörung, von massenvernichtungswaffen, von pandemien, von armut. +ich glaube, dass es neue, verborgene spannungen gibt die sich tatsächlich zwischen menschen und einrichtungen abspielen -- solche einrichtungen, die menschen in ihrem täglichen leben nutzen: schulen, krankenhäuser, arbeitsplätze, betriebe, büros, usw. +der erste herr ist ein bäcker. +also denken sie an diese drei situationen, von denen ich ihnen erzählt habe: fabrik, migration, büro. +sie lebten oberhalb der geschäfte, in denen sie arbeiteten. +wie viele haben sich jemals hinter das steuer eines autos gesetzt, obwohl man am besten nicht hätte fahren sollen. +eines der dinge, die wir im labor entwickelt haben – wir haben mehrere fahrzeuge entwickelt – ist, wie wir glauben, das erste autonome driftauto der welt. +es ist klar, dass wir nicht einfach ein paar elektroden auf seinem kopf anbringen und genau verstehen, was alle seine gedanken auf der strecke sind. +sehen sie die mentale belastung und wie er lenkt. +also, heute werde ich ihnen von ein paar menschen erzählen, die nie aus ihrer heimatstadt weggezogen sind. +deswegen hat vor ein paar jahren das l.a. county beschlossen, 2,5 milliarden dollar auszugeben, um die städtischen schulen zu reparieren. +ich meine, ihre heimatstadt heißt wortwörtlich whitesville, west virginia, +diese drei leute wissen alle, wie man produktiv dollars durch unsere lokalen wirtschaftssysteme leitet, um bestehenden bedarf zu befriedigen, derzeitige soziale probleme zu reduzieren und zukünftige probleme zu verhindern. +unsere gemeinden, ländliche und städtische, bedienen den operativen teil der infrastruktur – sachen wie müllbeseitigung, energiebedarf, genauso wie die sozialen kosten von arbeitslosigkeit, drop-out-raten, inhaftiergungs-raten und die folgen von verschiedenen kosten des gesundheitswesens. +und das buch ließ mich jene theorie überdenken, denn, ich muss erklären, was ich damit meine. +und ich denke ehrlich gesagt, zu beginn waren meine programme ihrer zeit ein wenig voraus. +und meine frage ist, wie haben wir es so weit gebracht? +ich besuchte gehörlosenvereine. +und trotzdem versucht niemand alles daran zu setzen, dass die nächste generation von kindern afro-amerikanischer oder asiatischer eltern mit cremefarbener haut und blondem haar auf die welt kommt. +und am ende schaffte er es auf ein bildungsniveau, das niemand in seiner familie je zuvor in erwägung gezogen hatte. +unter den menschen mit down-syndrom finden sich heute schauspieler, schriftsteller, und einige, die im erwachsenenalter ganz selbständig leben können. +oft ist die frage, die wir uns als eltern stellen müssen, was wir an unseren kindern anerkennen, und was wir an ihnen heilen. +und letztendlich denke ich, dass genauso wie wir flammfeste schlafanzüge in einem inferno testen, um sicherzustellen, dass sie nicht feuer fangen, wenn unser kind über den herd langt, auch diese geschichten von familien, die diese extremen unterschiede zu überwinden haben, die universelle erfahrung des elternseins widerspiegeln, welche immer darauf hinausläuft, dass man manchmal dein kind ansiehst und sich fragt: "von welchem planeten kommst du?" +und er hatte einen sehr großen kopf, was, wie sie meinte, auf einen wasserkopf hinweisen könnte. +ich komme aus einer privilegierten familie. ich habe viel glück gehabt. +ich habe noch nie das bild gezeigt und ich werde wahrscheinlich verklagt. +der punkt ist, es wird sehr aufwändig zu programmieren sein. +man will ein separates ding wie den stromadapter. +wenn man in der wüste ist, können diese miteinander kommunizieren, bis zu ungefähr zwei kilometer reichweite. +nicht etwas, um was man beneidet wird oder das man machen möchte. +es geht nicht darum, 100 oder 1000 zu kaufen. ich lade sie ein, das zu machen und 10.000 wären sogar besser. +und es gibt tage – ich weiß ja nicht, wie es ihnen so geht – aber es gibt tage, an denen ich es greifbar fühlen kann, wie sehr ich für ziemlich alles in meinem leben auf andere leute angewiesen bin. +jetzt haben wir auf dieser webseite tatsächlich 18.000 menschen. +wir bauen auf innovationen von generationen vor uns auf. +aber denken sie daran, dort ist griechenland heute. +wenn sie sich die wirtschaft aus diesen beiden unterschiedlichen winkeln betrachten, verstehen sie, weshalb diese krise so schwierig ist, je schlimmer die krise wird, je höher die einsätze werden, um so mehr glaubt jede seite, allein die antwort zu kennen, und dass die andere seite alles nur ruinieren wird. +das sind 20% des haushalts und das ist ein ungleich schwieriges thema. +der satz, den man als doktorand, postdoc oder professor, als 38-jähriger wirtschaftsprofessor sagt, ist: "ich bin empiriker, +wir wissen wie es ist, wenn diese leute im fernsehen, im kongress herumbrüllen, dass das ende der welt naht, wenn wir uns ihrer meinung nicht völlig anschließen, denn das geschieht mit dem dollar, seit es den dollar gibt. +und er sagte zu dem mann, "warum haben sie da auf der rückseite dinge hingeschrieben, die niemand jemals sehen wird?" +nun, ich dachte, das ist nicht gut genug. +die verdrahtung von unserem system der sinne zu diesen teilen ist kürzer als jene teile, die durch den denkapparat durch müssen, den kortex. +wo fühlen sie das? +und auch triumph, dieses gefühl der transzendenz, dieses "das wusste ich gar nicht. ah, das ist etwas neues." +also werde ich ihnen jetzt schamlos etwas enthüllen, was für mich sehr schön ist. +und ich kann ihnen nicht sagen, wie schwierig es ist, diesen gewölbten kühler zu machen. +niemand wird diese gebrochenen linien und die änderungen bemerken. +aber was ich jetzt tun muss, wenn ich wieder fühle, was ich tun muss, ist, in der lage zu sein, genügend dieser enzyme von diesen auslösern zu senden, früh genug im prozess, dass sie bei ihnen ankommen, nicht durch ihr denken, sondern durch ihr fühlen. +keien zeit. hier steht, ich habe noch zwei minuten, also können wir das nicht machen. +also ich finde das zu simpel. +wir haben ziemlich schlecht säkularisiert, würde ich sagen. +wir brauchen daten, keine hilfe. +man muss die lektion zehnmal am tag wiederholen. +das wird daran deutlich, wie religionen rituale um wichtige gefühle erschaffen. +und wenn sie uns eine lehre erteilen wollen, tun sie das über den körper. +doch dieses gefühl der verwirrung ist elementar in der zeitgenössischen kunst. +die menschen in der modernen, säkularen welt, die sich für spirituelle belange interessieren, für belange des bewusstseins, für die höheren, seelischen problematiken, sind ziemlich oft isolierte wesen. +wenn sie die welt verändern wollen, müssen sie gruppen bilden, kollaborieren. +und dann sage ich: "na klar." und sie sagen: "also sind sie irgendwie religiös?" +weil man sich zu 90% einig war, weil man eine ähnliche sicht auf so viele dinge hat, und man an der stelle höflich anderer meinung ist. +so führte er mich von orten wie chile – der atacama wüste in chile – nach sibirien, in unterirdische minen, in den japanischen alpen, in nordamerika, bis nach antarktika und sogar zum südpol. +man braucht so etwas wie zig megatonnen an wasser – beinahe eine gigatonne an wasser – um eine chance zu haben, das neutrino zu erwischen. +die toiletten dort sind wörtlich löcher im boden, bedeckt von einer bretterbude. +hier landen wir auf dem ross festlandsockel in antarktika. +der stoff alleine wiegt zwei tonnen. +anil ananthaswamy: was extreme astrophysik erfordert +zuerst müssen wir das problem von der technischen seite angehen. wie groß ist es? +ein buchmobil -- die größe eines lieferwagens mit satellitenschüssel, drucker, buchbinder und schneidmaschine, und die kinder machen ihre eigenen bücher. +wir haben so einen. er ist echt cool. +aber wir dachten, ok, wenn wir 's schon machen müssen, dann in der bibliothek. +das getty bringt gerade seine bücher zur ucla wo wir eins dieser scan-center haben, um die von autorenrechten freien bücher zu scannen, was toll ist. +es kostet ca. 10 dollar pro stück, um eine platte online zu stellen, wenn man in großen mengen arbeitet. +wir streben langfristige dinge an, und auch wiederverwertbare dinge, für neue filme was echt spass machen kann. +man bekommt eine vorstellung davon, wo dinge herkommen. +stellen sie sich vor, wie es eingepackt aussieht. +es sah im verpackten zustand ungefähr so aus - nicht besonders schön. +und ehrlich gesagt, ich stoße auf große vorurteile, +aber das sind grundsätzlich nach außen verlagerte mägen und lungen. +also fungi und myzel sondern kohlendioxid in form von kalziumoxalaten ab. +das myzel, unter entsprechenden umständen, produziert einen pilz -- der mit solcher kraft hochschiesst, dass er asphalt aufbrechen kann. +und ich zeige ihnen eine graphik. +es gibt einen sicherheitsprüfungsbericht, den sie lesen können -- er ist geprüft durch dod, wenn sie "stamets" und "pocken" googeln. +so, ist das haus nicht mehr für die invasion geeignet. +zu viel abhebung von der kohlenstoffbank, und diese population verschwindet. +wir hatten unseren eigenen miniregenwald, einen privatstrand mit korallenriff. +also gingen acht von uns hinein, vier männer und vier frauen. +wir hörten auf, unseren boden zu bewässern, soweit es ging. +aber auf der anderen seite war dies für die wissenschaft gold wert. denn wir konnten dieses schmuckstück wirklich als wissenschaftliches instrument einsetzen und nachsehen und auch herausfinden, wo diese sieben tonnen sauerstoff hin sind. +ich hatte mir mein ganzes essen selbst angebaut. +und das kam alles hiervon, shrimp-farmen. +bei so einer riesigen aufgabe. " +und wenn sie aus den augen verlieren, wo sie sich in ihrer biosphäre befinden, oder nicht die verbindung erkennen, die zwischen ihnen und der biosphäre besteht, schlage ich vor: atmen sie tief durch. +die ursache unserer sorgen liegt in der komplexität, die die wissenschaft uns beschert hat. +wir haben nun behandlungen für fast alle der zehntausende von krankheiten gefunden, die ein mensch haben kann. +es gibt noch ein anzeichen dafür, dass wir boxencrews brauchen, und das sind die unübersichtlichen kosten unserer pflege. +fertigkeit nummer eins ist die fähigkeit, erfolg zu erkennen und die fertigkeit, versagen zu erkennen. +wir konnten den hauptsicherheitsingenieur von boeing zur hilfe überreden. +der widerstand ist groß, denn diese werkzeuge zwingen uns zu der erkenntnis, dass wir kein system sind, dass wir uns mit einem anderen wertesatz verhalten müssen. +und die meisten dieser verluste haben uns bekannte ursachen. +wenn man nicht nur eine königin möchte, kann man auch ein drei-pfund-paket bienen kaufen, es kommt per post, und die leute in der post sind immer ziemlich besorgt, wenn sie, na ja, wenn sie ihr drei-pfund-paket bienen bekommen. +aber wenn man 50-80 prozent der kolonien verliert, dann kann man nicht drei jahre hintereinander überleben. und das bereitet uns große sorgen, dass wir diesen bereich unserer wirtschaft verlieren. +und bienen sind sehr treu. +und natürlich sind bienen nicht der einzig wichtige faktor hier. +ich möchte aber auch einige der hier gehörten ideen unterstreichen, denn eine wiese zu haben oder in ihrer nähe zu leben ist ein veränderndes erlebnis. +nun, ich pfeife eigentlich seit ich vier bin - so ungefähr seitdem. +mir ist das gesicht runtergefallen. +und zunächst möchte ich mit ihnen ihr pfeifen üben. +einige davon sind sehr einfach. +und sie sind auch in der lage, ein so wunderbares und komplexes verhalten zu zeigen, das nur mit dem begriff intelligenz beschrieben werden kann. +sehen sie sich diese junge bohne an, die sich bewegt, um das licht immer einzufangen. +wie ist es möglich, das alles ohne gehirn zu tun? +und warum sind sie sich so ähnlich? +danke. +sie werden einer nach dem anderen in diesen wagen einsteigen. +und auch in 50 anderen städten weltweit haben leute mitgemacht. +und weil es im union square park war, genau neben einer u-bahn-station, waren da am ende hunderte von menschen, die anhielten und aufschauten und zusahen bei dem, was wir da taten. +sie tragen entweder gelbe oder schwarze hemden. +er hat 2000 high-fives verteilt an diesem tag und er wusch seine hände davor und danach und wurde nicht krank. +dass man nicht wusste, wo hilfe gebraucht wurde, ließ in allen fällen hilfe gerade dort knapp werden, wo sie am meisten gebraucht wurde. +unser ziel für das nächste jahr ist die marktreife der wasserkanarie und der freie zugang zur hardware, damit jeder zur entwicklung und evaluation beitragen kann, damit wir dieses problem gemeinsam anpacken können. +nun warum spreche ich über kühe? +was ich vorschlage ist, so wie wir lesen, schreiben, arithmetik und amerikanische geschichte fordern, so sollten wir einen lehrplan über die fakten aller religionen dieser welt haben — über ihre geschichte, über ihr kredo, über ihre texte, ihre musik, ihre symbole, ihre verbote, ihre bedürfnisse. +alles was ich sage ist — fakten. nur fakten. +außer, natürlich, es war nicht die cleverness der schafe. +die lektion die wir davon lernen ist: man muss keinen geist haben um nutznießer zu sein. +und wie können wir das bewerkstelligen? +ich rede auch über das christentum. +ja. +aber ich wünschte es wäre besser. +und hier denke ich, "moment mal." +diese, aus "leben mit visionen" — "die bibel muss der maßgebende standard für mein leben werden, der kompass der mir die richtung zeigt, der ratgeber auf den ich höre um weise entscheidungen zu treffen und der maßstab nach dem ich alles bewerte." +nun wollen wir uns wirklich darauf festlegen all die anderen religionen zu verschlingen wenn deren heiligen bücher ihnen sagt, "hört nicht auf die andere seite, dies ist nur der teufel der spricht!" +ohren sind nicht zum hören da, sondern zum zuhören. +es sieht dann so aus. +wenn sie jemanden, der laut zu ihnen spricht, nicht mehr verstehen können, ist es zu laut eingestellt, +als erstes, hören sie bewußt zu. +besonders meine einstellung zu menschgemachten gegenständen, über die jemand sagt, sie funktionieren auf diese weise nun, ich kann sagen, dass sie ein bisschen anders funktionieren. +kinder haben weniger probleme damit. ich sah es bei meinem eigenen sohn, als ich ihm dieses buch gab. +man kann die klavierschaltung von dem bleistift nehmen. +wir dachten daher: "wir müssen ein video darüber rausbringen." +okay, einen moment, das hier ist gut. +es sind genaugenommen 7 milliarden händepaare, die alle ihrer eigenen leidenschaft folgen, und alle als teil einen mosaiks zusammenkommen und diese welt zu erschaffen – in ihren hinterhöfen und in ihren küchen. +aber sie erreichen uns nicht direkt durch licht. +aber einstein hielt schwarze löcher zeitlebens für eine mathematische kuriosität. +es wäre schlecht, wenn wir versuchten, unsere triebwerke zu zünden und zu flüchten, denn das könnten wir nicht, genauso wenig, wie das licht entkommen kann. +dies hier ist von meiner arbeitsgruppe – ein etwas weniger glamouröses computermodell. +aber mit großer wahrscheinlichkeit sind gerade irgendwo im universum zwei schwarze löcher miteinander verschmolzen. +galaxien bilden sich und generationen von sternen werden in diesen galaxien geboren. und um einen dieser sterne, wenigstens einen einzigen, kreist ein bewohnbarer planet. +wir müssen uns also fragen: wenn es ein multiversum gibt, existieren dann in einem anderen fragment dieses multiversums lebewesen? +von 100 inhaftierten, die entlassen werden, werden 60 wieder rückfällig. +nun, die sache hat vor- und nachteile. +von der tatsache, dass sie nur ein publikum bedienen, hauptsächlich die westliche kultur. +ich gehe überallhin und tue so, als sei es der iran. +jetzt kommt die grüne bewegung, der sommer 2009, als mein film herauskam – die aufstände beginnen in den straßen von teheran. +es kann es sich nicht leisten, diese pflegende person in frage zu stellen. +eine person gewinnt. +ich werde dazu später kommen. +sie können mitgefühl nicht kontrollieren ohne unbegrenzt zu werden, und niemand kann unbegrenzt werden. entweder sie sind es oder sie sind es nicht. basta. +sie handeln mitfühlend. +wenn dich das nicht von den socken haut, dann hast du keine gefühle. +lassen sie uns hier kurz innehalten. +es ist gut um schüler zu motivieren. +im herkömmlichen klassenzimmer hat man ein paar hausaufgaben, hausaufgaben, vortrag, hausaufgaben, vortrag und dann eine momentaufnahme in der prüfung. +sie können jetzt direkt auf die seite gehen. es ist alles frei. wir versuchen nichts zu verkaufen. +rot bedeutet, dass sie festhängen. +und wir sehen das immer um immer wieder. +ich mache immer noch die ganzen videos, aber wir haben ein brilliantes team, das sich um die software kümmert. +sie sagen buchstäblich, "hey, das ist nett, aber..." wie die kurve über den fokus, viele lehrer sagten, "ich habe das gefühl das viele kinder hin und her springen und sich nicht auf ein thema konzentrieren." +aber es gibt auch halluzinationen. und halluzinationen sind völlig anders. +ich sehe viele kinder. sie gehen treppen auf und ab. +ich sagte, "es gibt eine besondere form visueller halluzinationen, die mit nachlassender sehfähigkeit oder blindheit einhergehen." +das erste, was er sah, war ein schwebendes taschentuch. +und er drehte sich um. und dann teilte er sich in sechs identische männer in gestreiften hemden, die auf sie zu kamen. +aber höchstens ein prozent gibt das zu. weil sie angst haben, dass man sie für verrückt hält oder sowas. +wenn die leute diese einfachen geometrische halluzinationen haben, ist die primäre visuelle rinde aktiv. +nur wenn man sehbehindert oder blind ist wird der prozess unterbrochen. +und ich bin tatsächlich selbst ein bisschen sehbehindert. +aber wenn ich von diesen tauchgängen zurückkomme und versuche meine erfahrungen zu teilen, finde ich nicht die richtigen worte. +es war unglaublich. +es sieht aus wie aus einem dr. seuss comicbuch - alle möglichen arten von lebewesen. +wir filmen es mit einem von mir entwickelten kamerasystem namens "eye in the sea", das infrarotlicht verwendet, das für die meisten tiere unsichtbar ist, um sie nicht zu beeinflussen. +und es sieht so aus, als ob er versucht die elektronische qualle zu fressen. +edith widder: die bizarre und wunderbare welt der biolumineszenz +das sind flüssigkeiten im blut, zum großteil ist das wasser, aber da sind auch antikörper, zucker, hormone und so weiter. +das ist eine genaue darstellung und hat das ungefähre tempo des originalvorgangs in ihrem körper. +ein teil der dna geht auf die eine seite, die andere seite bekommt das dna-gegenstück – beides sind identische kopien. +es spürt, wenn die zelle bereit ist, wenn die chromosomen ihre position eingenommen haben. +die menschheit befindet sich vollkommen im technisch-wissenschaftlichen zeitalter. +während meiner 41 jahre als lehrer der biologie in harvard war ich betrübt durch die vielzahl an vielversprechenden studenten, die sich von einer wissenschaftlichen karriere abwandten oder sogar von freiwilligen modulen der wissenschaft, weil sie angst vorm versagen hatten. +bewerten sie chancen danach, wie wenig andere studenten und forscher daran arbeiten. +oder es ist größer: was ist die bedeutung von dunkler materie bei der ausbreitung des universums? +menschen haben viel, viel länger gelebt als die ungefähr 10.000 jahre sesshafter und ackerbautreibender kultur. in kleinen familiengruppen, erlegten nomadische jäger kaninchen, um nahrung zu sammeln. +in jüngerer zeit hat sich diese macht von den arbeitsplätzen gelöst. und sehr, sehr schnell werden wir einen signifikanten anteil, wenn nicht die mehrheit, der menschheit mit supercomputern herumlaufen sehen, verbunden mit geschwindigkeiten, die größer sind als was wir heute unter breitband verstehen. +er verwendete das beispiel einer gemeinsam genutzten weidefläche, auf der jede person, indem sie einfach ihre eigene herde zu maximieren versuchte, zur übergrasung und dem raubbau der ressource beitrug. +toyota, anstatt seine zulieferer gegeneinander auszuspielen, behandelt diese wie ein netzwerk und trainiert sie, um besser zu produzieren, obwohl sie sie ebenfalls darin trainieren, besser für ihre wettbewerber zu produzieren. +welche formen des leidens könnten gelindert werden, welche formen von reichtum könnten geschaffen werden, wenn wir ein wenig mehr über kooperation wüssten? +ich zeige ihnen jetzt eine witzige anwendung, an der wir zusammen mit unseren freunden von flickr arbeiten. +ja, ja, zurück in die ecke. zurück in die ecke. +blaise aguera y arcas demonstriert augmented-reality-landkarten +es war eine vorbereitung für eine fusion und akquisition. +und wenn sie sich an die geschichte von sisyphos erinnern, er wurde von den göttern damit bestraft, den selben felsen einen hügel emporzurollen. und als er fast am ende war, rollte der felsen wieder runter und er musste erneut anfangen. +was ist passiert? +ich sagte: "wie viele von ihnen gehen nun eher nach hause als sonst"? +sie nehmen also ein blatt und legen es zur seite. +nun möchte ich ihnen gern etwas über positive motivation zeigen. +sie mussten die milch abmessen und hinzufügen, dann mischen. +oben auf dem blatt gab es kleine diagramme, wie sie origami falten müssen. +übrigens, dies sind meine kinder, welche natürlich wunderbar sind und so weiter. +eigentlich sind wir ja aus kambodscha. +so wie auf diesem bild sieht pursat aus. +für uns bedeutete er die freiheit. +eines tages erzählte mir ein » meine zukunft sieht nicht rosig aus, aber ich wünsche mir eine rosige zukunft für meinen sohn. « +der schlüssel hier ist als mitgefühl. +wir überarbeiteten den aspekt der psychischen gesundheit innerhalb der medizinischen grundversorgung, indem wir psychosoziale pflege und psychosoziale beratung zum system hinzufügten. +als die jungianerin inge missmahl afghanistan besuchte, sah sie die inneren wunden des krieges – weit verbreitete verzweiflung, traumata und depression. trotz allem gab es in diesem land mit seinen 30 millionen einwohnern nur zwei dutzend psychiater. missmahl spricht über ihre arbeit, mit der sie dazu beiträgt, das psychosoziale beratungssystem des landes aufzubauen, wodurch nicht nur die individuelle heilung, sondern vielleicht auch die nationale heilung gefördert wird. +das trifft auf europäische bio-brennstoffe zu. +oben links haben wir kanada und australien, mit enormen landflächen, sehr hohem pro-kopf-verbrauch, 200 oder 300 glühbirnen pro person, und sehr kleiner bevölkerungsdichte. +wind-energie produziert etwas mehr, 2,5 watt pro quadratmeter, doch das ist gerade mal doppelt so viel wie 1,25 watt pro quadratmeter. das heißt also, wollte man buchstäblich den gesamten energiebedarf in jeglicher form mit wind-farmen decken, so müsste man das halbe vereinigte königreich damit übersäen. +dasselbe gilt allerdings auch für erneuerbare energien. +als nächstes haben wir den heizhebel. +wenn sie auf 16 glühbirnen kommen wollen, denken sie daran, der heutige verbrauch liegt bei 125 glühbirnen. +er nannte vier große weltorchester und das fünfte war das venezuela jugend symphonie orchester. +die struktur von el sistema basiert auf einem neuen und flexiblen führungsstil, angepasst an die besonderheiten jeder gemeinde und region, und kümmert sich heute um 300 000 kinder der unter- und mittelschicht in ganz venezuela. +von der minute an, in der ein kind gelehrt wird, ein instrument zu spielen, ist es nicht mehr arm. +denken sie mal darüber nach. ich werde jetzt dreimal unterschiedlich einen anruf annehmen. +verhaltensmarker sind wichtig. +das ist dieses jahr passiert. sie ging in den frühruhestand. +wir sind besessen von diesem denken. +klassisch. hüftfrakturen führen oft zur einweisung eines senioren. +die entdeckung der verhaltensmarker und verhaltensänderungen sind bahnbrechend wie die entdeckung des mikroskops denn wir sammeln datenströme, die vorher undenkbar waren. +es ist machbar. wir sollten es aus wirtschaftlichen gründen tun, wir sollten es aus moralischen gründen tun, und wir sollten es für lebensqualität tun. +es wird 30.000 neue infizierte internetseiten geben. +das ist der marktführer in der verbreitung von schadprogrammen das black hole exploit pack, das für fast ein drittel der verbreitung von schadprogrammen in den letzten paar quartalen verantwortlich ist. +das ist das ausschreiben des schadcodes, und sie werden einige sekunden später auf der linken seite sehen, wie auf dem bildschirm des angreifers ein interessanter neuer text erscheint. +wirklich frech hierbei ist, dass es den angreifern nicht nur den zugriff auf ihre daten verschafft, sondern wenn der scan beendet ist, wird es sie anweisen, das produkt zu registrieren, um diese unechten viren zu beseitigen. +ein bisschen weiter des suchens und hier ist unser cyberkrimineller. +okay? sie können eine liste von wlan-netzweken sehen. +beachten sie, dass sich technologie mit einer erstaunlichen geschwindigkeit verändert und dass 250.000 verschiedene schadprogramme sich auch sehr schnell verändern. +ich war nicht sehr gut im lesen von dingen. +sie alle kennen die geschichte, ja? +das war schon nicht schlecht. +das war unglaublich. +"sie können das einen dinosaurier nennen, aber sehen sie sich den velociraptor an: der ist cool." +und es wird offensichtlich jede menge geld damit gemacht. +und er war einverstanden. +und ehrlich gesagt glaube ich, wenn kfc-gründer colonel sanders es vorsichtig formulieren würde, könnte er mit einem extrastück werben. +dies basiert auf ernährungsumfragen, auf übergewichtsraten und vielen weiteren faktoren, die uns einen ziemlich guten eindruck davon verschaffen, was tatsächlich von den menschen konsumiert wird. +sie sind das, was wir jedes jahr weltweit auf unseren feldern haben. +geht man einen schritt weiter, kommt man zu den bauern, die manchmal ein drittel oder mehr ihrer ernte aufgrund kosmetischer defekte wegwerfen. +der mittlere auf meinem küchentisch. kein großer unterschied. +westliche länder werfen fast die hälfte ihres essens fort und zwar nicht, weil es nicht essbar ist, sondern weil es nicht appetitlich aussieht. tristram stuart konfrontiert uns mit der schockierenden masse verschwendeter nahrung und appelliert an einen verantwortungsvolleren umgang mit den ressourcen unsere erde. +und all das ist übrigens die arbeit von der international astronomical union. +also, wir werden eines tages zum mars fliegen, und wenn wir das tun, wird das unfair sein gegenüber den leuten, die da leben, mit solch lächerlichen namen leben zu müssen. +"hör zu, ich geh zurück zur moor-nixe. kannst du mich später nochmal anrufen? +wir haben namen für orte, wo es gar keine leute gibt. +blauschimmelkäse, ranch, essig und öl, thousand island und haus. +aha, das ist isaac auf einer vietnamesischen briefmarke. +er ist total düster. da lehnen kleine kinder an seinem bein, kleine geister fliegen umher. wir müssen das zeug korrigieren, schnell, meine damen und herren. +primzahlen, gauss, einer meiner favoriten. +jede spitze ergibt 37. +sie erscheinen irgendwie nicht sexy und elegant, die sind versteckt. +danke. +es war unglaublich erfolgreich. +vielmehr dachte sie, sie sei gar nicht mit dem internet verbunden. aber für irgendjemand war es möglich, ein usb-laufwerk reinzuschmuggeln und software geriet hinein, die diese zentrifugen damals veranlasste sich selbst zu zerstören. +wenn sie einen experten über das internet sprechen hören, dass es dies und das kann oder machen wird, sollten sie dem mit derselben skepsis gegenübertreten wie sie der meinung eines wirtschaftswissenschaftlers über die wirtschaft gegenübertreten würden, oder einem meteorologen übers wetter oder so. +guten tag. +die militärischen technologien sind also in der lage, den lauf der welt zu beeinflussen, den weltrieden zu schaffen oder zu zerstören, und da liegt das problem mit den cyberwaffen. +heute treten wir in eine multipolare welt ein und die koordination wird viel komplizierter, wir haben das übrigens mit kopenhagen gesehen, +vor diesem tag sah ich das meer so: +wo wir gerade über dinosaurier sprechen, haie sind eigentlich die gleichen fische wie vor über 300 millionen jahren. +natürlich schießen seegurken ihre fäden aus ihrer rückseite was, wenn ihr mich fragt, sie noch weit interessanter als superheldin macht. +und irgendwie schafft er es, einen zu finden, aber großartige navigationsfähigkeiten ergeben schlechte flirtmöglichkeiten. +ich konnte sie darin einfach nicht unterbringen. +sherman ist im haihimmel. +sie bekommen so ganz viele sachen. +im amerikanischen kernland kann man sich maximal 30 km von einer gut instand gehaltenen strasse entfernen. +die tahltan fordern die errichtung eines stammeserbe-reservats, welches das größte schutzgebiet in british columbia ergeben soll. +multiplizieren sie 22 mit 47, achten sie darauf dass sie 1.034 erhalten, oder die rechner funktionieren nicht. haben sie alle 1.034? 1.034? +529. +722 ist 500 -- oh, das ist eine schwierigere. +währenddessen, lassen sie mich den ersten teil meiner show mit etwas schwierigerem abschließen. +ok, sechs davon. +publikum: februar. +welches jahr willst du chris? +publikum: 6. 6. +also, 57 mal 68 ist 3.400, plus 476 ist 3.876, das ist 38.760 plus 171, 38.760 plus 171 ist 38.931. +das dritte mal ist man einfach nur ein techniker. +es vollzieht sich ein wandel, und das was sich wandelt, ist nicht software. +hat fotos von mir gesammelt, wie mütter das so machen. +und ich werde kurz sagen was ich tun werde. was ich tun werde -- ich hoffe sie können erkennen das dort eine deformierte sinuskurve ist, eine fast dreieckige welle auf diesem hewlett-packard-oszilloskop. +aber ihr werdet achtklässleralgebra brauchen, und wir werden ernsthafte experimente machen. +jetzt weiß ich die frequenz. +ich gehe über die ferien nach hause. auf dem campus gab es ausschreitungen. +ich komme oben an, und dort ist ein gewölbe. +ich bin hier, um ihnen etwas besseres vorzuschlagen, nämlich dass weniger vielleicht mehr ist. +zweitens lautet unser neues mantra: klein ist sexy. +vielleicht, nur vielleicht, wäre weniger mehr. +und dieses unveränderliche verhalten - was fest verkabelt und vorprogrammiert ist und normalerweise mit einer mahlzeit endet -- das ändert sich. +wenn man diese beiden mit einem ekg verdrahtet, sieht man, dass die rechten gehirnhälften von beiden sich aufeinander einspielen, so dass wir die freudige entwicklung dieser frühesten spielmotive und der physiologie davon langsam anfangen zu verstehen. +das war zufällig ok - er ist ein anatomisch interessierter kleiner junge, und das hier ist seine mutter. in anderen situationen wäre das nicht ganz so gut. +sie hatten mir eine große beihilfe gegeben, als ich noch akademiemitglied zur untersuchung von fahrern unter alkoholeinfluss war, und ich malte mir gute chancen aus. und als ich dann eine halbe stunde mit reden über spiele verbracht hatte, war es klar, dass sie nicht das gefühl hatten, dass spielen etwas ernstes sei. +und wenn sie mal über ein leben ohne spiel nachdenken -- ohne humor, ohne flirt, ohne filme, ohne spiele, ohne phantasie -- und, und, und. +er fand heraus, dass er, wenn er den spielplatz aus dem fenster betrachtete, hinter das er gesperrt war, etwas anderes fühlte. +er ist charakterisiert durch ein gefühl von energetischer fokussierung, völlige vereinnahmung und erfolg beim tun. +es ist unfassbar wichtig für lernen und gehirnausbildung. +wir beschlossen, etwas ein bisschen anders zu machen und wandelten geschmacksrichtungen um, die sehr vertraut waren – in diesem fall wir nehmen also einen karottenkuchen, stecken ihn in einen mixer, und haben dann eine art karottenkuchen-saft, und der kam dann in einen ballon, gefroren in flüssigem stickstoff, um diese hohles netz aus karottenkuchen-eis sag ich mal, und arrangiert sieht es dann aus, sehen sie, als ob jupitermonde um ihren teller schwebten. +hc: nachdem chris und ich uns also etwa einen tag lang angestarrt hatten, entwickelten wir etwas, das der hamburger-frikadelle ziemlich nah kam, und wie sie sehen können, formt es sich grundsätzlich auch wie hackfleisch. +hc: hier treten wir also in die zukunft und machen einen grossen sprung. +weshalb also hören wir nicht mehr über die welt? +wo ist die kunst? es gibt produktivität, es gibt sport. +und die andere heißt taketa. welche ist welche? +im internet gibt es die videos in voller länge, falls sie interessiert sind. +aber wenn ich sehr nahe rangehe und direkt in die kamera starre, sieht man diese schönen klaren augen. +ich würde ihnen gerne snout zeigen, der … der gedanke hinter diesem projekt ist es, einen roboter zu bauen, der aussieht, als wäre er immer überrascht, dich zu sehen. +wenn sich das virus zu diesem zeitpunkt schon in tausenden einzelpersonen befand, wieso haben wir bis 1984 gebraucht um das virus zu entdecken? +: erzaehler: tief in einer entlegenen region von cameroon verfolgen zwei jaeger ihre beute. +sie werden ihnen auch die frage stellen, dass wenn wir wussten, dass dies der weg war, auf dem hiv in die menschliche bevoelkerung kam und andere krankheiten das potenzial hatten auf diese weise einzutreten, warum haben wir verhalten wie dieses weiterhin erlaubt? +paul arbeitete jahrelang im kameruner nationalen radio und fernsehen und er sprach ueber gesundheitsrisiken. er war ein gesundheitskorrespondent. +und seien wir mal ehrlich, jeder neue retrovirus in der menschlichen bevoelkerung -- ist etwas was wir kennen sollten. +und wegen diesem vortrag bekamen wir einen großen artikel in der new york times, der zu noch mehr presse führte, zu mehr aufmerksamkeit, und ich mich dazu entschloss ceo dieses unternehmens zu werden -- wobei ich nur ein berater war, venture capital aufbrachte und den einstellungsvorgang vorantrieb. +und in manchen fällen twittern sie aus nicht-öffentlichen sitzungen mit dem präsidenten. +user haben zehntausende von dollar über twitter gesammelt innerhalb von tagen und für unterschiedlichste gelegenheiten. +meine mutter sagt, dass ich mit zwei jahren zu lesen angefangen habe; ich denke allerdings, dass vier wohl eher der wahrheit entspricht. +meine mutter war verwaltungsangestellte. +ich muss erwähnen, dass ich mich, bevor ich in die usa kam, nie bewusst als afrikanerin identifiziert hatte. +das politische klima in den usa war damals angespannt. und es gab andauernde einwanderungsdebatten. +als ich vor ein paar jahren lernte, dass autoren mit einer unglücklichen kindheit aufwarten müssen, um erfolgreich sein zu können, begann ich darüber nachzudenken, wie ich schlimme dinge erfinden könnte, die meine eltern mir angetan hatten. +nun, in der gängigen meinung lasen nigerianer keine literatur. +sie gab ihnen ein buch über das leben im süden, das sie hinter sich gelassen hatten. "sie saßen herum, lasen das buch, hörten mir zu, wie ich aus dem buch vorlas, und ein stück vom paradies wurde zurückerobert." +sie waren buchstäblich platt. +nun, weil die zeit hier begrenzt ist, möchte ich mich einfach auf drei strategien konzentrieren. +wir müssen grundsätzlich neu definieren wer experten sind. +ich suche nach einem dritten weg: ich bereite mich darauf vor, alzheimer zu bekommen. +werde ich tabellen und grafiken bekommen, die ich ausmalen darf? +alanna shaikh: wie ich mich auf alzheimer vorbereite +das netz hat zwei komponenten. +genau genommen, ist die batterie nicht mit dem tank gleichzusetzen. +und diese preise basieren auf sauberen elektronen. +und dann kündigte ich und gründete "better place". +und als wir über größere skalierbarkeit nachdachten, fragten wir uns, wo liegt das problem um die usa abzudecken? +es geht wieder abwärts. es wird aufwärts und dann wieder abwärts gehen. +was hat das mit der automobilindustrie zu tun? +wenn man ein großes problem lösen will, muss man sich stets zwei zahlen vor augen halten. +wir müssen die richtige moralische entscheidung treffen. +sie sehen uns als unruhestifter und sie können verstehen warum. +komplexität ist das problem, das jede theorie in der biologie lösen muss, und man kann es nicht lösen, indem man eine macht postuliert, die noch viel komplexer ist, und damit das problem einfach verschärft. +nun, hier ist eine typische wissenschaftliche fachzeitschrift, die "quarterly review of biology" +und wie auch immer wir den atheismus definieren, er ist bestimmt die art wissenschaftlicher meinung, die eine person haben kann, ohne als ein unpatriotischer, nichtwählbarer nicht-bürger verunglimpft zu werden. +1998 befragten larson und witham die besten amerikanischen wissenschaftler, solche, die durch die wahl in die national academy of sciences geehrt wurden. und innerhalb dieser erlesenen gruppe sank der glaube an einen persönlichen gott auf erschütternde sieben prozent. +darwin sagte: "ich war nie ein atheist im dem sinne, dass ich die existenz eines gottes bestreite. +nichtsdestotrotz, wenn wir wollen, dass diejenigen sich der öffentlichkeit zeigen, die tief im innern atheisten sind, dann müssen wir uns etwas besseres auf die fahnen schreiben, als zahnfee- oder teekesselagnostiker. +we brauchen einen anti-templeton, der hervortritt. +dieses bild suggeriert einen radikalen wandel in der weise wie information produziert und austausch genutzt wird. es ist nicht weniger kapitalintensiv geworden, es bedarf nicht weniger geld; aber der besitz von kapital, der weg wie sich kapitalisierung vollzieht, ist radikal dezentral. jeder von uns, in diesen fortgeschrittenen wirtschaften, hat eines hiervon, oder etwas ähnliches: einen computer. +die zentrale innovation ist, dass anstatt unsere angestellte sagen was das relevanteste ist wir nach draußen gehen und zählen was ihr macht, leute da draußen im netz, aus irgendeinem grund - stolz, vergnügen - links erstellten und aneinander binden. wir zählen und addieren dies. +und wenn essen nicht offensichtlich ist, dann nehmen sie sex. +aber - und dies ist der schatten - es ist bedroht, genauso wie es selber droht - und zwar von den etablierten industriesystemen. +aufgrund einiger pannen gelang es ihm jedoch, als frau verkleidet von london nach nigeria zu fliehen, wo laut unserer verfassung diejenigen, die das amt eines gouverneurs oder präsidenten innehaben - so wie in vielen anderen ländern auch - immunität genießen und nicht strafrechtlich verfolgt werden können. aber es passierte folgendes: die leute waren so aufgebracht über diese machenschaften, dass das parlament in der lage war, ihn wegen amtsvergehen anzuklagen und ihn seines amtes zu entheben. +wir sind dankbar, aber wir wissen, dass wir unser schicksal selbst in die hand nehmen können, wenn wir zu reformen bereit sind. +und in meinen ersten drei amtsjahren als finanzministerin machten sie durchschnittlich 360 millionen dollar gewinn im jahr. +und was noch wichtiger ist, weil wir vom öl wegkommen und uns breiter aufstellen wollen - es gibt so viele möglichkeiten in diesem einen großen land, so wie in vielen ländern in afrika - was bemwerkenswert war, ist, dass ein großer teil dieses wachstums nicht allein vom ölsektor kam, sondern aus anderen bereichen, die nichts mit öl zu tun hatten. +nicht alle davon sind perfekt oder werden es sein, aber es zeigt sich eine sehr deutliche entwicklung. +also macht sie zum beispiel eine kleine latzhose aus kord, und arbeitet afrikanische materialien ein. ihre designs sind sehr originell, und in der zwischenzeit hat sie sogar eine bestellung von wal mart erhalten hat. +jedes jahr sterben 36.000 menschen in den usa pro saison an der grippe. +für die meisten krankheitserreger hat das gut funktioniert, halbwegs gut für schlaue bazillen wie die grippe, aber überhaupt nicht für hiv, für das menschen keine natürliche immunität haben. +und was die antikörper nutzen ist ein griff, um im grunde das virus zu greifen und auszuschalten. +viele dachten, dass es einfach unmöglich wäre, einen aids-impfstoff zu machen, aber heute sprechen die indizien eine andere sprache. +was sie auf längere sicht tun können, ist diese werkzeuge der retro-vaccinology zu nutzen, um einen vorbeugenden grippeimpfstoff zu machen. +zum glück leben wir in einer zeit atemberaubenden biomedizinischen fortschritts. +indien, mexico und andere machen bereits experimentelle grippe-impfstoffe, und das könnten die ersten orte sein, in denen diese impfstoffe benutzt werden. +sb: weißt du, jeder sagt es sind 10 jahre, aber es waren alle 10 jahre 10 jahre. +sie sind nicht wirklich ein durch armut unterdrücktes volk. +ich möchte auch den ted fellows meinen respekt bezeugen - june arunga, james shikwati, andrew und den anderen ted fellows. +wussten sie, dass 40 prozent des wohlstandes, der in afrika entsteht, nicht in afrika investiert wird? +ich bin mitglied in einem internet-diskussionsforum einem afrikanischen internet-diskussionsforum und ich fragte sie: "seit 1960 hatten wir genau 204 afrikanische staatschefs, seit 1960." +das ist nicht schaffung von reichtum - das ist umverteilung von reichtum. +wenn man in ihre traditionellen systeme schaut, kategorisieren die afrikaner ihre staaten in zwei verschiedenen typen. +und wenn sie die ernte einfahren, verkaufen sie den überschuss auf märkten. +ein größeres boot bedeutet, dass mehr fisch gefangen und eingebracht wird. +und ich war sicher, dass es großartig für die demokratie sein würde und für unsere gesellschaft. +scott 's ergebnisse waren voll davon. +und die herausforderung für algorithmische filter, diese personalisierten filter, ist, dass sie diese balance umkippen, weil sie vor allem danach gehen, worauf man zuerst klickt. +es soll uns an neue ideen heranführen und an neue leute und fremde perspektiven. +sie sagte: "ja, das ist ex-vizepräsident al gore und seine frau tipper." +erst in den letzten beiden tagen hatten wir neue januar-temperaturrekorde. +viele von uns hier haben diese entscheidung getroffen, und es ist wirklich nicht schwer. +helfen sie bei der groß angelegten meinungskampagne, die im frühling beginnt. +und all das verbrennen von oel, kohle und gas, alle fossilen brennstoffe, haben die atmosphaere gewaltig veraendert. +wenn sie den strand entlang gehen, sehen sie ueberall oel. +also das ist der golf von mexiko, ein funkelnder ort voller fische. +er erzaehlte ted, dass am letzten tag, als er auf see ging, ploetzlich ein grosser tuemmler an seinem boot auftauchte und oel aus seinem blasloch bliess. +wir fangen mit etwas an, das von anfang an viele belastungen und und probleme mit sich brachte. +hier sind krabbenkutter im einsatz. +es hat sich herausgestellt dass -- sie koennen dieses zeichen an fast allen kommerziell genutzen wasserfahrzeugen in den usa sehen -- und sie wissen, dass, wenn sie ein paar liter oel verschuetten wuerden, sie jede menge aerger am hals haetten. +hier gibt es sicherlich einen gemeinsamen tenor, aus all diesen geschehnissen den einen moment zu machen. +naja, ich baute einen fusionsreaktor, als ich 14 jahre alt war. +taylor wilson: jap, ich habe einen kernfusionsreaktor gebaut. +alle: ich bin mein connectome. +sie können sie sofort erkennen an ihren fantastischen formen. +wir färben jede nervenzelle in einer unterschiedlichen farbe und wenn wir alle bilder betrachten finden wir die synapsen und beachten wir die farben der beiden beteiligten nervenzellen, +aber darf ich? +und es gibt eine menge hinweise dass in neuronale aktivität unsere gedanken, gefühle und wahrnehmung sowie unsere geistige erfahrung verschlüsselt ist. +lasst uns versuchen erinnerungen aus einem connectome auszulesen. +wenn sie an "ich bin mein connectome" glauben, dann müssen sie meiner meinung nach auch die idee akzeptieren, dass der tod die zerstörung des connectomes ist. +zach kaplan: keith und ich leiten ein forschungsteam. +denn die art und weise, wie er sein konzept präsentierte – sein ansatz war ganz anders als der unsrige. er präsentierte einem die dinge, als stünden sie jetzt gleich zum verkauf. +nun, ich werde den physikalischen teil nicht genauer erklären, aber alles, was sie wissen müssen, ist dass je schneller der magnet fällt, desto größer ist die bremskraft. +zk: ich möchte nur, dass sie alle wissen, dass diese vorführung von target unterstützt wird. +während er das tat, bemerkte er eine unerwartete sache. +eine verpackung, welche die farbe ändert, wenn ihre milch schlecht geworden ist. +zach kaplan und keith schacht demonstrieren spielzeug aus der zukunft +kann man auch ohne foie gras ein menü kochen, das lecker schmeckt? +"spanischer koch beschuldigt..." -- und die franzosen beschuldigten ihn. +ihn verbindet eine liebe mit --- er ist eins mit --- er ist der gänseflüsterer. +obwohl sie in einen garten eden gesperrt waren, mit feigen und allem möglichen anderen. +sein größtes hindernis war eigentlich der markt, der heute hellgelbe foie gras verlangt. +und er greift meinen arm und den des übersetzers schiebt uns unter einen busch und sagt "guckt mal". +sie brauchen sonst nichts weiter. " +aber ich kann dinge schmecken. +ich war sehr bewegt. +er probierte es und hat sich darin verliebt. +wenn die menschen verschwänden, würde dasselbe leben aufblühen. " +aber nun brauchen wir ein neues feuer, das uns sicher, gesund und beständig macht. +ich wiederhole das nochmal: +amerika könnte diese nächste automobil-revolution anführen. +wir können smarte it-lösungen nutzen, um den transit zu verbessern und carsharing und fahrgemeinschaften zu ermöglichen. +das meiste davon geht heute verloren und die technologie zum einsparen verbessert sich schneller als wir sie bisher installieren. +nun, von der verbrannten kohle im kraftwerk durch all diese verluste zusammengenommen, kommt nur ein zehntel der treibstoffenergie am ende des rohres als durchlauf an. +und wenn eine große anlage abschaltet, verliert man 1.000 megawatt in millisekunden, oft für wochen oder monate, oft ohne vorwarnung. +1976, zum beispiel, bestanden die regierung und die industrie darauf, dass die energiemenge, die für einen dollar des bip benötigt wird, niemals sinken könnte. +danke. +drittens leitete das engagement in entwicklungsländern eine kleine elitäre gruppe von regierungsmitgliedern mit wenig kontakt zur bevölkerung, den begünstigten der entwicklungshilfe. +auf dieser karte moldawiens zeigt grün bezirke, die wenig geld für schulen ausgeben, aber gute bildungs-resultate erzielen und rot zeigt das gegenteil. +wir werden sehen, dass auch diese kinder eine reale chance haben, ihre armut zu überwinden. +wenn wir die zahnbürste nehmen – ich denke nicht an die zahnbürste. +danach werden wir zum fisch, danach zum frosch, danach werden wir zum affen, danach werden wir, was wir heute sind: ein super-affe, und das lustige ist, dass unser heutiger zustand als super-affe nur die halbe geschichte ist. +wenn sie so gehen, ist das ok, es ist ok, sie können gehen, aber vielleicht können sie nicht sehen, wenn sie so mit den augen gehen, oh, da ist ein loch. +wenn man so guckt, schaut man in die vergangenheit oder in sich selbst hinein, wenn man sehr beweglich ist. +deshalb müssen wir uns anpassen. +wir können unseren kindern sagen: ok, fertig, das war unsere geschichte. das ist vorbei. +nicht krumm stehen, keine hosen auf kniehöhe, nichts davon. +der ausbilder brüllt sie an und befiehlt ihnen, alle möglichen schrecklichen dinge zu tun. +nein, er beginnt erstmals, wenn ein kind in den armen seiner mutter zu ihr aufschaut und sagt: "oh, das muss meine mutter sein. +das letzte kapitel meines buches heißt "das geschenk eines guten starts." +geben wir ihn in die armee. wir werden ihn nie wieder sehen. " +such dir einen job und zieh aus. +"es ist alles gut." +ich bin marketer und als marketer weiß ich, dass ich nie wirklich kontrolle hatte. +hulu, netflix und andere firmen haben offene urlaubsregelungen. +die zeiten, in denen ein mensch, ein unternehmen oder eine marke genau über ihren ruf kontrollieren konnten, sind vorbei – online-tratsch und viele nennungen bedeuten, dass man, wenn man wichtig ist, ständig im gespräch ist, über das man selbst nicht die kontrolle hat. tim leberecht präsentiert drei vorschläge, diesen kontrollverlust zu akzeptieren und es sogar auf ihn anzulegen – und ihn als anstoß zu nutzen, sich wieder zu seinen eigenen werten zu bekennen. +sie wollen die menschen in angst leben lassen. +aber die menschen haben es nicht verstanden. +sie haben sie angegriffen. +ernsthaft, diese veränderungen die ich auf dem platz erlebte, ich dachte es wären 12 jahre vergangen. +ich fühle, dass ich würde habe die ich für so viele jahre verloren hatte. " +also analysierten wir die babys mit einer technik die wir überall anwenden und mit den lauten jeder sprache. +die statistiken, die von den babys aufgenommen wurden ändern ihre gehirne; sie werden von den "bürgern der welt" zu den kulturgebundenen zuhörern die wir sind. +was auch immer wir ihnen vorsetzen, sie werden statistiken anfertigen. +indem wir kinderhirne untersuchen werden wir grundlegende erkenntnisse darüber sammeln, was es heißt, ein mensch zu sein. und während wir das tun, können wir vielleicht unseren eigenen verstand öffnen, um für das leben zu lernen. +aber ich muss ihnen dazu eine witzige geschichte erzählen. +was hier passiert als die wasserfarbe in die struktur floss, ist, dass die wasserfarben sich nicht mit dem ferrofluid vermischten. +ich könnte es noch einmal tun, um es nochmal zu zeigen, aber einige werden dann sagen, dass es eine völlige verschwendung des whiskeys wäre und ich es lieber trinken sollte. +in diesem hospiz befanden sich 31 männer und frauen, die im sterben lagen. +und meine familie brachte diese frau herein, deren mutter eine sklavin gewesen war, damit sie sich um mich kümmerte. +und sie wissen, wir haben eine gesellschaft, eine welt, die starr vor angst ist. +aber man braucht auch eine weiche vorderseite - die fähigkeit, für die welt, wie sie ist, offen zu sein, ein ungeschütztes herz. +mögen wir diese fähigkeit verwirklichen für alle frauen überall auf der welt. +es ist also keine überraschung, dass wenn man aufeinanderfolgende fibonacci-zahlen addiert, die nächste fibonacci-zahl erhält. stimmt 's? +darunter setzen wir ein 2x2-quadrat, und daneben ein 3x3-quadrat, darunter ein 5x5-quadrat, und dann ein 8x8-quadrat, erschaffen ein riesiges rechteck. stimmt 's? +nun, wie ihr wisst hat man es als iran-amerikaner hat man es mit ganz eigenen schwierigkeiten zu tun. +und da begann ich auszurasten, da ich keine ahnung hatte was mein großvater alles für mist verbockt hatte. +lachen das interessante ist, dass der muslimischer pakistaner, er versaut den ruf aller muslimen, pakistaner und menschen aus dem mittleren osten. und das auf der ganzen welt. +und er antwortet: "ich fahre zu zara. es ist drei meilen entfernt. +ich dachte mir: das wird mein fahrer sein. +marco tempest: wenn man ihn nach täuschung fragte, sagte er: ansager: magie ist der einzig ehrbare beruf. +wo ist die königin? +ich werde ihnen demonstrieren, wie eng terrorismus mit unserem täglichen leben verbunden ist. +zu der zeit, als ich die roten brigaden interviewte, entdeckte ich außerdem, dass deren leben nicht von ideologie und politik bestimmt war, sondern von wirtschaftlichen zwängen. +also beschloss ich, die ökonomie des terrors zu untersuchen. +diese dinge veränderten sich naürlich gewaltig mit der globalisierung und liberalisierung. +dann schaute ich mir das geldvolumen der usa näher an, und dieses geldvolumen der usa ist genau die menge an dollar, die die us-notenbank jedes jahr druckt, um die steigende nachfrage nach geld was natürlich das wachstum der wirtschaft widerspiegelt. +der euro war damals eine sehr junge währung und bot gute geschäftsbedingungen, natürlich auch für investoren. +das hat mir eine ganz besondere beziehung zum ozean verschafft. +ich wollte ein leben leben, auf das ich stolz sein konnte. +ich glaube, ich war in meinem ganzen leben noch nie so glücklich gewesen. +in der ganzen zeit, in der ich auf see bin, sehe ich normalerweise niemanden. +schrecklich, wirklich schrecklich. +als sie die öffneten fanden sie heraus, dass ihr magen voller plastik war. +ich traf sogar eine von ihnen und sie war ungefähr genau so groß wie ich. +und es ist sehr schwer, glücklich zu sein auf einem planeten, der von hunger und dürre zerstört ist. +wie dem auch sei, heute werden wir ein wenig über architektur sprechen, zum thema kreation und optimismus. +es ist zu spät. das ist vorbei. +können die lichter bitte einen moment lang ausgeschaltet werden? +und was der erbauer bekommen wird, ist jeder einzelne individuelle teil, der außerhalb maßgeschneidert angefertigt wurde und auf einem lastwagen geliefert wurde zur baustelle, zu diesem erbauer, mit einem set dieser anleitungshandbücher. +sie wurden gebeten, diese brücke innerhalb von sechs wochen zu designen, zu ersetzen, sie zu bauen, inklusive aller angefertigten teile. +das rosa mexicano-restaurant, in dem er uns an die strände von akapulko bringt, oben an der upper west side, mit dieser wand voller felsentaucher, die – da sehen sie es, genau so. +glauben sie mir. unter dem bett ist kein gutes versteck. +sie haben mich gefragt, was ich werden wollte, und sagten mir dann, was ich nicht sein soll. +für sich selbst einzustehen muss nicht bedeuten, gewalt anzunehmen. +also wuchsen wir auf in dem glauben, dass uns nie jemand lieben würde, dass wir für immer einsam sein würden, niemand uns je das gefühl gebe, dass die sonne etwas ist, das sie uns in ihrem schuppen gebastelt hatten. +wir waren freaks -- hummerhandjungen und bärtige damen, kuriositäten, die mit depression und einsamkeit jonglierten, die bei solitaire und flaschendrehen versuchten, ihre eigenen verletzungen zu küssen und zu heilen, aber nachts, während die anderen schliefen, liefen wir weiter auf dem seil. +die zukunft diktiert, dass es keine zeit gibt, bis auf den zusammenbruch der empfindung des erinnerungsspiegels, in dem wir leben. +wie ich also vor dem letzten stück gesagt habe, fühlen sie sich nicht, als lebten wir auf einer kugel, sondern auf einer unendlichen ebene, welche die illusion erweckt, sie zum ausgangspunkt zurückzuführen. +in ontario rückt die taiga in richtung süden zur nordküste des oberen sees. +nun können sie genau dieses denken auch hier anwenden. +und die schlammbecken sind bis zu 36 km ² groß. +das ist einer der gründe, warum kanada, ursprünglich ein held des klimawandels – wir waren einer der ersten unterzeichner des kyoto-protokolls. +und die welt braucht ganz sicher kein wachsen und vermehren der größten toxischen stauanlagen, die weiterhin die gemeinden stromabwärts bedrohen. +bharti versucht dieses alltagsklischee aufzudecken, indem sie es gewissermaßen explodieren lässt und neu interpretiert. +er erschafft diese aufwendigen gemälde, die von hieronymus bosch und den kashmiri-textilien seiner jugend inspiriert sind. +ich bin ökologe und untersuche komplexität. ich mag komplexität. +und jetzt nehmen wir ein, zwei, drei stufen weiter weg von diesem punkt ins blickfeld und blenden drei viertel des diagramms außerhalb jenes einflussbereichs aus. +so schlug ich in meinem ersten tedtalk vor, dass wir als planet 21 milliarden stunden pro woche mit videospielen verbringen sollten. +über sie können wir mit den leuten in unserem sozialen netzwerk in kontakt bleiben, von denen wir uns sonst entfremden würden, wenn wir keine spiele zusammen spielten. +mein gehirn sagte mir: "jane, du möchtest sterben." +selbst todkranke leute mit als oder ähnlichem spielten es. +traumatische ereignisse können scheinbar unsere fähigkeit erschließen, ein leben mit weniger reue zu leben. +los! +okay, und noch eine letzte auswahlaufgabe: schütteln sie sechs sekunden lang die hand von jemandem oder senden sie jemandem ein kleines dankeschön in einer sms, e-mail, facebook oder twitter. los! +clever, oder? +das stück auf der rechten seite ist teil einer installation, die ungefähr dreieinhalb meter lang ist. +zu diesem zeitpunkt hatte das projekt eine eigene virale dimension angenommen, die vollkommen über unsere vorstellungskraft hinausging. +zuerst versuchte sie es mit stricken. +mathematiker haben diese frage beantwortet. +es ist ungefähr so: stellen sie sich vor, wir wären ausschließlich euklidischen flächen begegnet. +und das stimmt. aber es steckt noch mehr dahinter. +er glaubte, dass der kristall das modell aller arten der darstellung war. +so lässt sich dann also eine funktion auf eine struktur abbilden, um herauszufinden, welche schaltvorgänge ablaufen, um diese funktion hervorzurufen. +wenn sie nun einen schlag auf den kopf bekommen, der den kortex beschädigt und ihren verborgenen sexualtrieb wieder freisetzt, der an die oberfläche flammt, fühlen sie sich plötzlich und unerklärlicherweise sexuell von ihrer mutter erregt. +zum glück, denn wir können zwei elektroden in ihren handflächen anbringen und die veränderung des hautwiderstands durch die transpiration messen. +über das telefon gibt es diese wahnvorstellung nicht. +sie sagen: "herr doktor, mein phantom-körperglied ist gelähmt. +vielleicht kann man dadurch den phantomschmerz, die verkrampfung im phantom-körperglied lösen. +und er sagte: "oh mein gott, mein phantom-arm bewegt sich wieder. ich kann es nicht glauben! +und ich sagte -- ich machte mir sorgen und sagte: "mein gott!" ich meine, ich habe das körperbild dieses mannes verändert. was ist mit menschlichen versuchspersonen, der ethik und alledem? +bedenken sie bitte, dass diese personen ansonsten völlig normal sind. +nun überlegen sie -- wie kommt das zustande? +hier haben wir also das marsianische alphabet. +das ist wie ein gut gehütetes geheimnis. +und ich denke, wenn wir kultur betrachten, kommen wir auch irgendwie zu einem verständnis dafür, wie wir so wurden, wie wir sind. +und außerdem sind sie in der lage, über lange strecken aufrecht zu gehen. +du bist glücklich. +er kann jetzt durch zähes tierfell schneiden. +ss: das sind ihre symbole auf dem tastatur. +dieses umfeld bringt unerwartetes potential zu tage in kanzi und panbanisha. +wir lernen, wie wir mit ihnen kommunizieren können, in sehr hoch-frequenten tönen. +jeder ist eine sonne mit einer gruppe von planeten, die sie umkreisen. +in der jüngsten vergangenheit haben wir gelernt, dass die galaxien durch die gravitation der so genannten dunklen materie zusammengehalten werden: partikel in riesigen schwärmen, viel kleiner als atomkerne. +das geometrische mittel zwischen der masse eines protons und der masse der sonne beträgt 50 kilogramm. was im bereich des faktors 2 der masse von jeder person hier liegen sollte. +zudem hat ein wissenschaftler, wenn er oder sie eine entdeckung macht, normalerweise keine ahnung, welche anwendungen daraus hervorgehen könnten. +aber selbst aus dieser besonderen kosmischen perspektive ist unser jahrhundert wirklich eine ganz große besonderheit, das erste, in dem menschen sich und ihren heimatplaneten ändern können. +diese durch menschen verursachten änderungen, in weniger als einem millionstel teil der abgelaufenen erdgeschichte mit scheinbar unkontrollierter geschwindigkeit? +interessant an dem artikel war, dass leser des artikels anfingen, kommentare zum artikel zu schreiben. +also bekamen einige leute die notiz und fünf dollar. +sie sind außerdem ziemlich vermögend und wohlhabend und all so was. +absolut nett, das zu tun. +ich könnte gemein sein und es ihnen nicht sagen, aber tatsächlich ist es die zentralafrikanische republik. +und ich weiß, dass sie jetzt alle an völkerball-teams denken. +michael norton: wie man sich glück kauft +trotz der sehr klaren anti-israel-ideologie des neuen regimes war eine zusammenarbeit geopolitisch gesehen weiterhin logisch und bestand fort, da immer noch gemeinsame gefahren bestanden. +die bush-regierung antwortete nicht einmal. +der ruf nach "rohdaten jetzt!" +wie kann man solche sachen benutzen? +jetzt haben wir direkt eine echtzeit-karte, welche zeigt wo flüchtlingslager sind und schnell wurde es die beste karte, die man benutzen konnte, wenn man notstandsarbeit in port au-prince machte. +wir haben also zweifellos eine demokratie, aber sie hängt sowohl von den lesters als auch von der bevölkerung ab. +es gibt reiche und arme, schwarze und weiße lesters, nicht viele weibliche lesters, aber lassen wir das erstmal beiseite. +dieses system will den status quo beibehalten, auch den status quo einer invasiven regierung. +es geht also nicht darum, dass mein thema das wichtigste ist. das ist es nicht. +es ist lösbar, nicht als demokrat, nicht als republikaner, +eine regierung, die nur von der bevölkerung abhängt. +es löste den wettlauf ins weltall aus. +ich wurde eingewiesen in eine nervenklinik, und in einer nervenklinik macht jeder seine eigene ein-mann-show. +nun, kürzlich gab es fortschritte auf diesem gebiet. +das ist ein raum voller intelligenter, höchst sensibler menschen. +ich zeige ihnen ein computermodell von iain couzin, einem forscher in oxford, das zeigt, wie schwärme funktionieren. +informationen können mit diesem mechanismus in kürzester zeit über mehr als einen halben kilometer gesendet werden. +man glaubte den frühen reisenden aus dem westen – wie sir francis drake – lange nicht, wenn sie aus thailand zurück kamen und von diesem unglaublichen spektakel berichteten. +hier habe ich zwei leere wasserflaschen. +und das ist jetzt vielleicht ein bisschen verrückt, aber diese weitverbreitete tendenz zur spontanen ordnung hat manchmal unerwartete konsequenzen. +interviewer: also ungefähr so viel? oh ja. +ingenieur: absolut. interviewer: sie dachten bestimmt "oh, mist." +also lässt mich der simulator schon genau so laufen, wie unsere zeugen auf der echten brücke liefen. +davon liest man nicht täglich in den zeitungen. +also ich möchte euch die gute nachricht mitteilen, dass es den fowler apfel noch gibt. +kurz gesagt, die antwortet lautet dass in der zukunft in vielen ländern die kältesten anbauzeiten wärmer sein werden als alles, was diese pflanzen bisher erlebt haben. +wir haben eine große menge an biologischer vielfalt zusammengetragen und aufbewahrt, landwirtschaftliche vielfalt, meistens in der form von saatgut, die wir in samenbanken aufbewahren, eine art von gefrierschrank. +wenn man die eingangstür aufmacht, dann sieht man das hier. es ist ziemlich einfach. es ist ein loch im boden. +die landwirtschaft verbraucht 70 prozent der frischwasservorräte der erde. +denn es ist höchste zeit, über eine unbequeme wahrheit zu sprechen, eine wahrheit, die zwar jedermann angeht, über die aber niemand zu sprechen wagt. +noch ein vorteil von wi-fi. gestern haben wir ja etwas über die vorteile von wi-fi gehört. +zuallererst möchte ich sagen: houston, wir haben ein problem. +in der raumfahrt ist das überhaupt nicht passiert. +drei jahre, und heute können wir das nicht mehr. +und es wird suborbital sein. und der grund, warum es suborbital sein muss ist, dass es keine ausreichenden sicherheitslösungen gibt, um mit passagieren in den orbit zu fliegen. die regierungen machen das -- drei regierungen machen das seit 45 jahren, und trotzdem sind vier prozent der menschen, die die atmosphäre verlassen haben, gestorben. +diese leute nehmen ihr geld und investieren in eine interessante sache, und ich finde das viel besser, als wenn man es in ein besseres handy oder sowas steckt -- aber sie investieren in sehr [unklar] gebiete, und dadurch bekommen wir diese möglichkeiten, und das wird uns zu der nächsten wirklich großen sache führen und uns ermöglichen, zu erforschen. und ich glaube, irgendwann werden wir dadurch kolonien gründen und unser aussterben verhindern können. +100 millionen dollar -- hey, ich kann zum mond fliegen. +die technologische revolution öffnet die welt. +was ist denn nun offenheit? +er sah talent anders. +die dritte bedeutung und das dazugehörige prinzip von offenheit ist teilen. +die revolution wurde nicht von sozialen medien geschaffen sondern von einer neuen generation junger leute, die arbeit und hoffnung wollten und die nicht mehr wie untertanen behandelt werden wollten. +menschen wussten nichts von dingen. +es beschützt die vögel. +also warum sollten wir uns um blutgefässe gedanken machen? +so lassen sie uns anfangen. +im effekt, wenn wir krebs-patienten mit der anti-angiogenetischen therapie behandeln; hier ein experimentelles medikament für ein gliom - was eine art von hirntumor ist; können sie sehen, dass dramatische änderungen eintreten wenn der tumor ausgehungert wird. +und tatsächlich, die ersten behandlungsmethoden, für menschen sowie auch hunde, werden bereits verfügbar. +der aktive wirkstoff ist resveratrol. er ist auch in rotwein zu finden. +nun, ich habe ihnen ein paar labordaten gezeigt, und nun ist die eigentliche frage: wie steht die beweislage für menschen, dass bestimmte lebensmittelsorten essen, die angiogenese in krebs verringern? +das wirklich interessante daran ist, dass wir diese fettleibigen mäuse nicht mehr gewicht verlieren lassen können, als was für eine maus an gewicht normal ist. +ich habe die letzten 20 jahre lang rätsel entworfen +und das ging immer weiter, bis ich mich entschieden habe, es in vollzeit zu tun. +m.c. escher hat das in einigen seiner wundervollen drucke ausgenutzt. +zuerst sollten wir die vasenillusion etwas vereinfachen, dann kriegen wir das hier rechts. +was muss der erste zug sein? +man braucht aber ein wenig geduld. +wieso? naja, unsere generation wird langsam alt, wir baby boomer essen gesundes essen und trainieren. aber was ist mit unserem geist? +das sind seine haare. man hat jede menge figur-grund-rätsel hier. +ich denke, dass die ganze welt im wesentlichen dazu erzogen wurde kein mädchen zu sein. +und ihre geschichten waren so voll horror, und so überwältigend, und so von der anderen seite des menschlichen seins, dass ich, ehrlich gesagt, am boden zerstört war. +wie ich sagte, bin ich in viele länder gereist, und ich habe gesehen, wenn wir mit dem mädchen in uns machen was wir machen, dann ist es offensichtlich erschreckend darüber nachzudenken, was wir den mädchen auf der welt antun. +ich kenne zum beispiel ein 14-jähriges mädchen in den niederlanden, die darauf besteht mit einem boot auf sich selbst gestellt um die welt zu segeln. +sie lehrte mädchen wie eine gesunde vagina aussieht, und wie eine verstümmelte vagina aussieht. +und als sie zum haus kam, wurde sie begrüßt. +es ist ganz schlecht. meine brüder bekommen alles. " +ich juble, weil es noch immer in meinem körper ist. +ich danke ihnen vielmals. +ins gefängnis geschickt, beharrte er eisern auf seiner unschuld, und bleibt seit 21 jahren konsequent dabei. +das ist die sicht direkt über die straße von dort aus, wo sie standen. +einige der teenager sagten aus, der wagen sei tatsächlich fünf meter entfernt gewesen, als der schuss fiel. +und was zeigt dieses beispiel — was davon ist wichtig für uns im gedächtnis zu behalten? +und das machte ihn verrückt. wirklich. er ließ sich einweisen. +die natur hat also selbstähnliche strukturen. +ich bemerkte, dass die linie etwa dort ist, wo das einzige quadratische gebäude im dorf ist. +zuallererst stimme ich mudimbes wunderbarem buch "die erfindung afrikas" zu, dass afrika eine erfindung des frühen kolonialismus und dann der gegenbewegungen ist. +hier ist ein wunderbares fraktal. +einer von ihnen sagte: "komm her. ich denke, ich kann dir helfen." +lassen sie mich also mit einigen worten über die anwendungen enden, die wir dafür gefunden haben. +wenn wir diese art arbeit besser verrichten wollen, müssen wir nur nach afrika blicken, um diese robusten, selbstorganisierenden algorithmen zu finden. +um sieben uhr an einem sonntagabend in hidden springs, idaho, versammeln sich die sechs mitglieder der familie starr zum höhepunkt ihrer woche: der familienbesprechung. +er hatte dreißig jahre des "harvard business review" gelesen, bis er 1986 über einen artikel stolperte, der "das neue neue produktentwicklungsspiel" hieß. +er sagte: "man kann die kraft hiervon gar nicht hoch genug einschätzen." +wir hatten das gefühl, die verkabelung zu verlegen, die erst viele jahre später ihre welt erhellen würde. +dann machen wir eben ein familienfrühstück oder ein gemeinsames nachtessen. +also sagten wir: "wir brauchen eine belohnung und eine strafe. okay?" +jim collins, der autor von "der weg zu den besten", erzählte mir, dass erfolgreiche organisationen aller art zwei dinge gemeinsam haben: sie bewahren den kern, sie fördern den fortschritt. +forscher der emory-universität führten mit kindern einen einfachen wissenstest durch. +diese geschichte verkörpert für mich die abschließende lektion, die ich gelernt habe: glück ist nicht etwas, das wir finden, es ist etwas, das wir machen. +eine imprägnierte windschutzscheibe erhöht das auf 110 °. +und ich zeige ihnen noch eine letzte demonstration, aber zuerst möchte ich mich bedanken, und: immer schön klein denken. +und das kam daher, dass oprah zwei ganze wochen lang werbung für den film "the secret" gemacht hat. +sobald ein wort erwähnt wurde, erschien sofort ein bild davon vor seinem inneren auge. +ein welttelegraphiezentrum – man stelle sich nachrichten, botschaften, geräusche, bilder vor, die an jeden punkt der welt geliefert werden, unmittelbar und drahtlos. +es gibt sie schon seit ca. 7.000 jahren. +wieder bohren wir löcher in der größe eines 10-cent-stücks in den schädel und legen eine elektrode hinein. diese befindet sich dann vollständig unter der haut, verbunden mit einem schrittmacher in der brust. mit einer fernbedienung ähnlich der für einen fernseher können wir regulieren, wie viel strom wir in diese gehirnareale abgeben wollen. +da ist er. +wir pflanzten also depressiven patienten elektroden ein. +und in der tat, oben können sie die blauen felder vor dem eingriff sehen, die weniger glukose als normal verbrauchen, besonders hier in den scheitel-und schläfenlappen. +das mache ich die ganze zeit, und es ist einfach unglaublich. +und sie können durch ein feder-masse-system modelliert werden. wir nennen das so, weil wir biomechaniker sind. es ist eigentlich ein pogo-stab. +dies ist eine zusammenarbeit mit stanford. +wir konnten nicht glauben, dass es das tun konnte. es zeigt uns, dass, wenn man einen roboter mit sehr einfachen, federnden beinen bauen könnte, man ihn so wendig machen könnte, wie alles was bisher gebaut worden ist. +wenn wir jetzt ein stück klebeband hätten, würden wir es auf diese art ablösen. +aber das ist das, worauf wir im moment beschränkt sind. +gerade kürzlich ist uns ein durchbruch gelungen, wo wir jetzt glauben, dass wir den ersten synthetischen, selbstreinigenden trockenkleber erzeugen können. viele firmen sind darin interessiert. +wir haben auch ein anderes problem, denn frauen sind mit härteren entscheidungen konfrontiert, die zwischen beruflichem erfolg und persönlicher verwirklichung liegen. +ich habe nicht die richtige antwort; +er liest eines der 12 bücher und geht zu ein paar vorlesungen, spaziert zu unserem zimmer ein paar tage vor der prüfung für eine nachhilfestunde. +aber es ist nicht so einfach. +und sie sagte: "ich habe heute etwas gelernt. +botschaft nummer drei: gehe nicht, bevor du gehst. +sie bewegen sich einfach nicht. +wenn menschen ihre medikamente nicht nehmen, oder wenn sie die anweisungen ihres arztes nicht befolgen. dies sind verhaltensprobleme. +sie würden zahnersatz bekommen, mit dem man aber keine maiskolben essen könnte, sie würden den rest ihres lebens von brei leben müssen. +so formulieren wir noch immer unsere botschaften, wenn es um gesundheit geht. +wir sollten vermutlich langsamer werden, und wir sollten das vermutlich genau jetzt tun. +er wurde entwickelt von ein paar forschern an der dartmouth medical school, lisa schwartz und steven woloshin. +und das ist, was ich ihnen jetzt zeigen möchte. +wir dachten, ein patient würde den zusammenhang auch gerne verstehen. +aber wir nutzen sie nicht. die zahlen liegen nur so herum. +ich möchte ein gutes wort für die natur einlegen, denn wir haben in den vergangenen tagen nicht viel über sie gesprochen. +die hummel hat hier überhaupt nicht das sagen. +uff... mini-me. +die andere anwendung hat praktischen wert. +er wartet drei tage, und dann holten wir sein sogenanntes "eimobil" raus. +und die arten im boden machen sich ans werk, kauen diese wurzeln gut durch, zersetzen sie - die regenwürmer, pilze, bakterien - und das resultat ist neuer boden. +und nun sage ich, dass ich eine schicht der spiele an der weltspitze bauen will, doch das ist nicht ganz wahr, denn es ist bereits in der entwicklung; es passiert schon. +und wenn sie damit glücklich sind, fantastisch. +also die erste ist -- die bedeutendste termin dynamik auf der welt -- ist etwas, genannt "happy hour", +sie sollten punkte dafür kriegen, das termingerecht zu tun. +wieso geht man von einer a zu einer f oder von b zu einer c? +und wir haben eine fortschrittsdynamik eingeführt, durch das besuchen derselben plätze wieder und wieder, durch das absolvieren von herausforderungen, durch die kontaktaufnahme mit geschäften, bewegen sie einen grünen balken von der linken ecke des bildschirms hin zur rechten ecke des bildschirms und sie bekommen letztendlich belohnungen. +die nächste dekade ist die dekade der spiele. +man sieht also: hier sind wir in den vereinigten staaten und die punkte erscheinen rot. +wenn wir jetzt bitte zu den dias wechseln könnten -- ok, da sind sie. +sie schalten google werbung und wir geben ihnen die werbeeinnahmen, damit sie die organisationen davon in kenntnis setzen können. +man sieht, auch wenn die usa immer noch die mehrheit ausmacht hier -- auch wenn sie übrigens, wenn man nach den suchanfragen geht, nur 30 prozent des verkehrs ausmachen. aber es geht schon bis nach japan, und england und europa, und auch in all die restlichen länder. +ich denke, dass normalerweise wenn firmen grösser werden, sie es sehr schwierig finden, trotzdem noch kleine, innovative projekte anzugehen. +bei froogle können sie nach einkaufsinformationen suchen, und mit blogger können sie dinge veröffentlichen. +aber die idee dahinter ist, wie in einer zeitung zum beispiel, zeigen wir entsprechende anzeigen. +also "releated searches", hier. sie können es nicht so gut sehen, aber wir haben beschlossen, dass wir diese funktion in unsere adsense anzeigen reintun und sie heisst "related searches." +dieses recht alte foto hier zeigt das erste projekt, an dem ich beruflich je gearbeitet habe. vor etwa 25 jahren. +und das zu bewerkstelligen bedeutete, die flachsten strecken zu kreieren, die je verwirklicht worden waren, was bedeutete, dass lange hochbrücken über flusstäler gebaut werden mussten - das hier ist die hochbrücke über die themse bei maidenhead - und lange tunnel, wie den bei box in wiltshire. +was macht technologie nützlich und anwendbar? +und anstatt die großangelegten, von westlichen produzenten benutzten maschinen zu installieren, benutzten sie kostengünstige cad / cam originaltechnologie. +heute haben die industriellen systeme der zeit brunels ausgedient und sind in der tat teil des gegenwärtigen problems geworden. +für mich zeigt dieses projekt, wie weit wir gehen können, ausgehend von diesen recht kleinen dingen, an denen ich zu beginn meiner karriere gearbeitet habe. +als antwort gab er mir eine noch höflichere version der selben erklärung. +menschen müssen für sich selbst entscheiden und auf eigene faust agieren, egal was andere menschen wollen oder raten. +die annahme, daß wir immer dann am besten sind wenn das individuum selbst wählt trifft nur dann zu wenn dieses individuum klar von anderen abgegrenzt ist. +natürlich wissen sie und ich, daß coca cola die bessere wahl ist. +sie ist kein hinweis auf freiheit sondern auf erstickung an unbedeutenden details +in frankreich entschieden die ärzte ob und wann die lebenserhaltenden systeme abgeschaltet würden während in den usa die endgültige entscheidung bei den eltern verblieb. +aber die geschichtsbücher und die täglichen nachrichten sagen uns, daß es nicht immer in dieser art funktioniert. +und so war ich einmal in einem schönheitssalon und ich versuchte mich zwischen sehr leichten nuancen von pink zu entscheiden. +sheena iyengar erforscht wie wir entscheidungen treffen - und was wir uns nach getroffener entscheidungen fühlen. bei tedglobal spricht sie sowohl über triviale entscheidungen als auch über tiefgreifende und erzählt von ihren bahnbrechenden forschungen, die einige überraschende verhaltensweisen bei unseren entscheidungen entdecken. +das machte mich so froh, dass ich einfach mit dem roboter weiterspielte. hier kann man also sehen, dass der roboter das steuer vorn hat. +ich habe also als premiere auf der ted-bühne protei nummer acht mitgebracht. das ist nicht der letzte, aber man kann daran gut dinge demonstrieren. +das hier ist ein stolzes protei-mitglied aus korea, und auf der rechten seite sehen wir ein vielmastendesign, das von einem team in mexiko vorgeschlagen wurde. +als senior fellow cesar harada von den katastrophalen folgen der bp-ölpest im golf von mexiko im jahr 2010 hörte, schmiss er seinen traumjob und zog nach new orleans, um eine effizientere methode zu entwickeln, das öl zu binden. er entwarf ein höchst manövrierfähiges, flexibles boot, das riesige flächen schnell säubern kann. aber anstatt daraus profit zu machen, entschied er sich für eine offene entwicklung. +ph: die beziehung zwischen der tv-industrie und den it-industrie hat sich circa seit dem 30. geburtstag beider verschlechtert. +ich meine, wie hat sich ein gerät, das für die buchhaltung und die artillerie gebaut wurde, in ein medium entwickelt? +die atombombe betritt die bühne. +und dann würden die 92 kernkraftwerke, die die energie bereitstellen würden, den rest von los angeles auffüllen. +dann nehmt ihr es und klebt es an den bildschirm eures fernsehers, und reibt von innen nach außen darüber, genau so. +wenn sie das wort blogosphäre oder das heutige internet ersetzen, dann ist es sehr richtig, dass seine auffassung jetzt wohl sehr aufschlussreich ist. hören wir mal rein. +und in diesen gärprozess kommt der mikroprozessor. +diese methode erlaubt es, vorgefertigte videodisc-materialien so zu nutzen, wie es am besten zu ihren spezifischen interessen und bedürfnissen passt. +1939 stellte die rundfunkgesellschaft der usa das fernsehen vor. +es ist ein kunde, es ist ein publikum, es ist eine person, die sich beteiligt. +stimme 2: es ist vorbei mit der nachbarschaft. +und so ist bei jeder ankunft eines neuen mediums das alte medium der inhalt, und es ist sehr beobachtbar, sehr bemerkenswert, aber das echte aufmischen und massieren wird von dem neuen medium getan, und es wird ignoriert. +ich lief durch amsterdams straßen und mir wurde klar, dass das wichtige in amsterdam sich nicht in den designer-läden abspielte, sondern draußen auf der straße, und vielleicht erklärt es sich von selbst, aber es ist eine stadt, die nicht vom modernismus überrumpelt worden ist, sondern sich ihre architektur und ihren charakter bewahrt hat, in der fahrräder eine wichtige rolle dabei spielen, wie die leute sich fortbewegen, und in der die rechte der fußgänger geschützt werden. +es lenkt die aufmerksamkeit auf sich; es ist sehr emotionell; es erwidert den blick wie eine skulptur es manchmal tut. +die niederländer sind auch gut, aber die italiener sind gut. +ich glaube, dass muster die fähigkeit haben, einige der bösartigsten kräfte der gesellschaft auszuradieren, wie z. b. schlechte manieren im restaurant, aber im ernst, was man dadurch sieht, ist, wie die aggressivität der industrialisierten welt diese – gewissermaßen – riesigen massen von dingen produziert hat – monokulturen, und ich glaube, dass die erhaltung der kulturellen vielfalt sehr wichtig für uns ist. +rob forbes, gründer von design within reach, zeigt eine galerie von schnappschüssen, die seine art, die welt zu betrachten, illustrieren. charmante gegenüberstellungen, gefundene kunst, urbane muster – diese präsentation wird ihnen die augen für die welt um sie herum öffnen. +also bastelte ich modellflieger. +und in den folgenden 25 jahren, lebte ich in italien, lebte in amerika, teilte ich sorgsam teile dieser romantik an jeden aus, der dafür zahlte. dieser sinn, dieses ästhetische gefühl, für das erlebnis, das sich um ein designobjekt dreht. +und genauso arbeite ich jetzt. +er griff hinab. er zog einen hebel. und der stuhl fuhr hinunter. +würde jeder einmal seine hand unter dem hinterteil platzieren und sein steißbein erspüren. +idealerweise gehört die kopfstütze in den schädelbereich, genau hier. +stellen sie sich vor, sie fahren in den urlaub. +das ist zwei tage her. +offensichtlich muss das produkt, das wir wollen, harmlos für menschen sein. +ein einzelnes weibchen kann bis zu 100 eier am stück legen, bis zu 500 in ihrem leben. +frachtkosten sind also nicht unser größtes problem. +ich wachte in einem krankenhaus auf, auf der intensivstation wo ich mich von einer notfalloperation erholte. +es ist also nicht so leicht zu antworten, wenn sie jemand fragt, "wo wohnen sie, wo arbeiten sie und wo verbringen sie ihre ganze zeit? +ich kann mich nicht erinnern, dass mich jemals ein arzt gefragt hat: "wo haben sie bisher gewohnt?" +und alle diese schwarzen punkte sind orte, an denen giftgase freigesetzt werden, die von der epa überwacht werden. +und ich finde, er lag richtig damit, vor fast einem jahrzehnt. +ich bin der orangen-kaiser. ich bin der orangen-kaiser. " +ich möchte mit einer frage beginnen: wem ist das blaualgenproblem ein begriff? +grundlage der zellmembranen ist phosphor: phospholipide. +bestimmt denken sie jetzt: "was für eine verwendung." +was sollen wir tun? wir stehen vor einem dilemma. +und mit der zeit hat sich der pilz entwickelt und angepasst, selbst die winzigste phosphorspur aufzuspüren und einzusetzen, sie der pflanze zugänglich zu machen. +mykorrhiza wurde nur in einem der felder eingesetzt. +beispiele wie christopher wrens kings cross: sie sehen, dass die strukturellen kräfte des gewölbes als linien ausgedrückt werden. man kann also den ausdruck der strukturellen kraft und form tatsächlich sehen. +nun, typischerweise denken sie, dass alle gleich sind: die stühle, auf denen sie sitzen, haben alle die gleichen maße. +und hier haben wir die 500 wohnungen in kleine nachbarschaften aufgebrochen und diese nachbarschaften differenziert. +auf diesem weg konnten wir ein paar hundert dollar für diese werkzeuge bezahlen, und hatten eine unglaubliche vielfalt an komponenten. +zum schluss möchte ich ihnen noch einige effekte durch digitale herstellung zeigen. +gehen wir auf unserer weltreise weiter richtung süden, können wir zum bolivianischen rand des amazons gehen, hier auch im jahr 1975, und wenn sie sehr genau hinsehen, da geht eine kleine weiße linie mittendurch, wie ein gesteinsriss, und da draußen ist ein einsamer bauer, in der mitte des uralten dschungels. +tja, der colorado river an einem typischen tag, wissen sie, keine flut, keine dürren ein ganz durchschnittlicher tag, so sieht der fluss dann aus. +sagen wir es mal so. +und dennoch reden wir bis jetzt wenig darüber. +in den grünen bereichen, sind die erträge von mais — einfach nur als beispiel — schon sehr hoch, wahrscheinlich die höchsten, die man weltweit für dieses klima und diesen boden findet. aber die braunen bereiche zeigen regionen, die nur 20 oder 30 prozent dessen erzielen, was sie erbringen sollten. +wir müssen uns der anderen unangenehmen wahrheit stellen. eine globale krise der landwirtschaft. +und nichts, was wir tun ist wichtiger für unser überleben +ich hatte als antwort erwartet: » von hier, der lagune, oder irgendwo aus afrika. «, aber sie werden sich freuen, sie sagte er käme von hier, aus der nordsee. +enorm. aber das sollte eine fußnote haben, die besagt, dass zwei drittel der arbeiter auf der welt davon ausgeschlossen sind. +die gehen an eddy in lagos. +erstens müsste man verstehen, dass man dies als kooperative sehen könnte, eine idee des brasilianischen rechtswissenschaftlers roberto magabeira unger. +es gibt auch kinder die ohne arme geboren werden, genannt "angeborenes gliedmaßenfehlen". +es sind verschiedene auf dem markt, hier sehen sie ein paar. +stellen sie sich vor, jemand hat seinen ganzen arm verloren, wir haben noch vier große nerven die den arm entlang gehen. +ich fordere jeden im raum auf seine brust so zu bewegen. +sie sehen ihn mit dem originalgerät auf der linken seite nach 8 monaten gebrauch. auf der rechten seite zwei monate. +ich konnte sie allein durch gedanken verwenden. +ak: nun ich habe den ellenbogen der hoch und runter geht. +hier benutzt amanda einen arm der deka-forschungsgruppe. +aber schauen sie sich all die elektroden drumherum an. +todd kuiken: eine armprothese die fühlt +forschung ist in afrika auch viel leichter durchzuführen aufgrund der weit verbreiteten armut, endemien und mangelhaften gesundheitswesens. +öffentliche verantwortung muss durch transparenz und unabhängige prüfungen gegebenenfalls durch ngos und internationale organisationen gefördert werden. +heute gibt es dort um die tausend lkws, busse und pkws. +und, was noch wichtiger ist, sie sind gut gekleidet. +an den blauen und grünen stellen ist das wasser sehr kalt. +wir arbeiten also an diesem pinguin-projekt, die wildlife conservation society hat mir geld gegeben, genauso wie viele einzelpersonen in den letzten 27 jahren, sodass wir in der lage sind, diese karten zu produzieren. +weil wir das problem zwar in der provinz chubut gelöst haben, eine art bundesstaat von argentinien, in dem punta tombo liegt – das sind etwa 1.000 km küste – aber wir haben das problem nicht in nordargentinien, uruguay und brasilien gelöst. +turbo ist nie gefüttert worden. +hier ist ein weibchen, das es eilig hat. +für sie spielen nationen, länder, grenzen noch eine große rolle, oftmals eine gewalttätige. +wie sie auf dieser karte sehen können, ist russland immer noch das größte land der erde. +sie richten ihre eigenen märkte und krankenhäuser ein. +ganz besonders fokussiert es sich auf japan, korea und australien, länder, die enge verbündete der usa sind. +wie können wir also anfangen, über die grenzen in dieser gegend der welt anders zu denken? +was würde es? ich glaube, dass infrastruktur das problem lösen könnte. +und ich kann ihnen versichern, es ist ihnen ebenso wichtig wie es kolonialisten und imperialisten wichtig gewesen wäre. +im jahr 2005, traten 15 neue länder der eu bei +die post-koloniale entropie die rund um den globus vor sich geht, beschleunigt sich und ich erwarte mehr solcher veränderungen auf der karte sobald staaten auseinanderfallen. +viele menschen meinen, dass die grenzen heute keine rolle mehr spielen. parag khanna sagt, dass sie es doch tun. mit karten von heute und damals erklärt khanna die hauptursachen der weltweiten grenzkonflikte und bietet für jeden einzelnen eine einfache und doch intelligente lösung an. +und als nächstes seht ihr den langlebigen mutanten, wenn er noch jung ist. +so ist es. und du würdest es nie wissen. +nun habt ihr sich alle zumindest von insulin gehört. +es ist also wirklich interessant, und es ergibt einen gewissen sinn, da sie noch immer jung sind, also warum würden sie krankheiten bekommen, bevor sie alt würden? +so funktioniert es. das ist der grund, warum wir keine lange lebensspanne sehen, bis wir einen daf-2 mutanten haben. +und das ist der fall auf der ganzen welt, wie man an den sternen erkennen kann. +obwohl du nach einem medikament suchst, dass das altern verhindern kann, in alten männern wie mir, was du nun ziemlich gut im laboratorium machen könntest, wenn du ethisch dazu befugt wärst, ist es, menschliches leben von grund auf zu kreieren mit modifizierten genen, welche es dazu befähigen würde, viel länger zu leben? +wenn man vögel anschaut, welche eine lange zeit leben können, zellen von den vögeln tendieren resistenter gegenüber umweltbedingtem stress zu sein, wie höheren temperaturen oder hydrogen peroxid, solchen dingen. +wie sie sehen, ist es unmöglich zu lesen. +hier ist ein weiterer guter artikel über eine neue kampagne gegen die privatisierung von durchfahrtsstraßen ohne irgendeine kontaktinformation zur kampagne. +das führt und zum letzten punkt, nämlich zu unseren wahlen. +ich sehe schon, da kommt noch viel arbeit auf mich zu. +um unsere unwissenheit zu überwinden, was die rolle der gerhirnchemie betrifft, ist es hilfreich – wie wir biologen sagen – mit "vorführmodellen" zu arbeiten, tiere wie fruchtfliegen und labormäuse, an denen wir leistungsfähige genetische techniken ausprobieren können, um molekularisch in der lage zu sein, spezifische neuronenarten genau zu identifizieren, wie ihr heute morgen schon bei dem vortrag von allan jones gehört habt. +wertigkeit bedeutet, gut oder schlecht, positiv oder negativ. +man kann eine fliege trainieren, einen geruch nicht anzufliegen, wie ihr hier in blau seht, wenn ihr diesen geruch mit einem schock verbindet. +moderne psychopharmaka behandeln die chemie des gesamten gehirns, aber neurobiologe david anderson glaubt an eine differenziertere vorstellung davon, wie das gehirn funktioniert. er beleuchtet neue forschungsergebnisse, die zu einer gezielten psychiatrischen medikamentierung führen könnte –, die besser funktionieren und nebenwirkungen vermeiden. wie macht er das? für den anfang macht er eine reihe von fruchtfliegen wütend. +also machten wir ein experiment, dafür setzten wir einen nackten freiwilligen in einen großen käfig und in diesen käfig gaben wir mücken, um zu sehen, welche körperstellen sie bei der person stechen. +das problem dabei ist, dass in der gesamten landschaft diese wasserlachen mit den larven, überall verteilt sind, was es für einen kontrolleur sehr schwierig macht, all die brutstätten zu finden und mit insektiziden zu behandeln. +los geht 's. +aber nicht alle patienten auf der warteliste für spenderorgane haben so viel glück. +und in meinen gedanken realisierte ich als chirurgische pionierin, dass der zweck meiner einflussreichen position sicher war, meine stimme zu erheben für die, die keinen einfluss haben. +und stellen sie sich vor, forscher auf der ganzen welt und in den laboratorien sind rasend dabei alternde erwachsene stammzellen umzuwandeln – alternde erwachsene stammzellen von ihnen und mir – sie sind rasend dabei diese zellen umzuprogrammieren zurück in nützlichere ips zellen. +stammzellen können genutzt werden um wachstumsfaktoren zu übermitteln für die reparatur eines beschädigten herzmuskels oder um differenziert zu werden zu herzmuskelzellen um die herzfunktion wieder herzustellen. +und hier sind die ergebnisse dieses wundervollen projektes es ist "das system" in venezuela. +was geschieht also, wenn so was nicht passiert? +aber hier sehen sie, was wirklich los ist. +ja. +und zum wohle ihrer beziehung möchte ich sie ermutigen, mir das nachzumachen. +aber wir wissen nicht wo, da wir nicht wissen, wie wir das muster lesen sollen. +erstens ist es eindeutig eine unblutige, drahtlose form der kommunikation. +sie kennen diese zellen, denn es sind diejenigen, die sie frustrieren, wenn sie versuchen eine fliege totzuschlagen. +immer dann, wenn eine fliege die mitte der kammer erreicht, dort wo die beiden gerüche sich treffen, muss sie eine entscheidung treffen. +immer wenn sie zum mittelpunkt kommt, bleibt sie stehen, untersucht sorgfältig die schnittstelle der gerüche, als ob sie die umgebung ausschnüffeln würde, und dann dreht sie um. +der andere teil der guten nachrichten, zumindest für den wissenschaftler, ist, dass noch vieles verbleibt, um entdeckt zu werden. +es verlässt sich auch auf passive patienten, die dinge einfach hinnehmen und keine fragen stellen. +thomas batiuk: hallo, eric! +die ersten beiden haben sie gerade in meinem gespräch mit dr. batiuk gesehen. +später im studium bekam ich angst vor herzbeschwerden, als ich wegen der niere in behandlung war. plötzlich sagen sie: "oh, wir glauben, sie haben ein herzproblem." +diese populationsstudien haben tonnenweise wundermittel hervorgebracht, die millionen menschenleben gerettet haben. das problem ist aber, dass uns das gesundheitswesen als durchschnitt behandelt, nicht als einzigartige individuen. letzten endes ist aber der patient nicht dasselbe wie die population, die untersucht wird. das führt zum rätselraten. +"danke" klingt so abgedroschen, aber ich danke ihnen von ganzem herzen, dass sie mir das leben gerettet haben. +hier sehen sie kellar autumn, meinen ehemaligen doktoranden, der jetzt professor am lewis & amp; clark college ist, wie er sprichwörtlich seinen erstgeborenen hergibt, um diesen test machen zu können. +oh. eine weitere sache, auf die ich hinweisen wollte. sehen sie sich stickybot an. +und als ich mich daran machte, dies zu erforschen, wurde mir klar, dass wir bei einem der großartigen ted-vorträge der vergangenheit, von nathan, über einen aktiven schwanz gesprochen haben. +für diejenigen von ihnen, die sich an den physikunterricht erinnern: das ist eine drehung bei einem anfangsdrehimpuls von null. aber das ist wie bei katzen. +man kann also so manövrieren. +aber wenn es dichter an den baum herankommt, achten sie auf die nahaufnahme und versuchen sie zu erkennen, wie es landet. +also werde ich ihm am ende ein wenig zeit widmen. +das problem ist, dass es sehr komplizierte kräfte im klimasystem gibt. +das war - das ist südlich des südlichen polarkreis. +die planung des projekts beanspruchte ca. 10 jahre. +wir haben die temperatur im letzten jahrhundert um genau diesen betrag erhöht. +und wuchs 600 jahre lang. +die korallen reichen hunderte bis tausende jahre zurück. +als letztes werde ich noch kurz über die versauerung der meere sprechen. +das bedeutet, dass all die organismen, die in den meeren leben, sich bei konstanten niedrigeren co2-werten als heute das ist der grund, warum sie sich an die schnelle versauerung die im moment stattfindet nicht anpassen können. +die idee geht in etwa so: stellen sie sich vor, der raum ist der träger für alles was da ist. +er sagte: wenn ich eine weitere kraft beschreiben will, brauche ich vielleicht eine weitere dimension. +jemand von ihnen wird das mal ändern aber alles nicht flache auf dem schirm ist eine neue dimension es wird kleiner, kleiner, kleiner bis zu den mikroskopischen tiefen des raumes selbst. die idee ist: man könnte weitere aufgerollte dimensionen haben hier ist ein kleiner umriss eines kreises - so klein, dass wir sie nicht sehen. +dieses "andere" ist dieses tanzende energie-filament. +diese frage lautet: wenn wir uns die welt ansehen, wie es die forscher in den letzten 100 jahren getan haben, scheint es 20 zahlen zu geben, die unser universum fundamental beschreiben. +und wenn sie sehen, wie diese kleinen kerlchen herum vibrieren, - sie werden gleich hier sein - sehen sie, wie die art ihrer schwingung abhängt von der geometrie der extra-dimensionen. +und jetzt kommt die stringtheorie daher und sagt: ja, gravitation, quantenmechanik, elektromagnetismus passen alle zusammen in ein paket, aber nur, wenn das universum mehr dimensionen hat, als die, die wir sehen, +worüber ich sprechen will ist nicht, dass zusammenhang alles ist, sondern warum zusammenhang alles ist. +die links kommt von einer orangenen fläche, unter direktem licht, nach rechts gedreht, durch ein bläuliches medium betrachtet. +wenn sie also bitte das licht hier hin richten könnten. +aber ich werde nichts an diesen boxen verändern, außer ihrer bedeutung. +bewegen sie ihre augen, blinzeln sie, schließen sie vielleicht ein auge. +sie landen auf der blume, stecken ihre zunge hinein, auch rüssel genannt, und dann trinken sie das zuckerwasser. +und sie sehen: hier ist eine schwache linie, die durch das bild hindurchgeht. +was ich jetzt machen möchte: ich setze die mittleren neun flächen unter gelbe beleuchtung, einfach, indem ich einen filter hinter sie lege. +wenn wir sicherheit aus wirtschaftlicher sicht betrachten ist es ein kompromiss. +ich denke, dass ist eine grundlegend interessante frage. +sie können sich also vorstellen, wie das funktioniert. +es gibt kein richtiges wort für die dinge, die uns sicherheit geben, aber uns nicht sicherheit fühlen lassen. +ich habe gefühl und realität +ich bin in new york city geboren. +intuitiv ist nur ein anderes wort für vertraut. +ein beispiel, ein tolles beispiel, ist die gefahr des rauchens. +starke gefühle können ein modell schaffen. +ich meine richtig schwer, information scheint unsere beste hoffnung zu sein. +ich sagte: "das ist irgendwie klasse. +schafften es nicht. konnten nicht warten. +und lassen sie mich ihnen zeigen was passierte. +joachim de posaga sagt, esse das marshmallow nicht +das war nach dem 11. september, die stadt machte harte zeiten durch. +wir haben indes mit dem bau von abschnitt zwei begonnen. +ich zeige ihnen hier eine folie, die ich zeige ihnen hier eine folie, die das konfliktwesen von 1946 +mein land verlässt sich auf seine sicherheit durch militärische bündnisse. ganz klar. +was ich meine, ist, man muss nicht neutral sein, um zu reden. +das ist, meines erachtens, falsch. +was können wir also daraus lernen? +das müssen wir unbedingt begreifen, da wegen technologie und globalisierung die gesellschaft von der basis auf funktioniert. +ich sagte, "nein, es ist – es ist pinguinscheiße." +und vor kurzem war ich auf der osterinsel, die ein unglaublich schöner und geheimnisvoller ort ist, denn egal, wo sie auf der osterinsel hingehen, treffen sie auf diese statuen, moai genannt. +wie lange haben sie in welcher position gestanden? +so, dieses gerät ist eine optische tarnkappe. +lebensmittel werden mit einer schleuderkraft bearbeitet, die etwa 50.000-mal stärker ist als die normale erdanziehungskraft, und, meine güte, wie sie die hühnerbrühe klärt! +ich meine, können sie sich das vorstellen? e.t. telefoniert nach hause und ich bin nicht da? das wäre schrecklich! +nun, so sieht ein tyrannosaurus rex in meinem wohnzimmer aus. +also, es gibt mehr und mehr aktivität neben dem boot, und plötzlich ruft jemand, "was ist das da im wasser?" +nachdem ich das erklärt habe, wird etwas darauf basieren das, wie ich glaube, eine andere idee sein wird darüber, wie wir die krebsbehandlung in angriff nehmen können +was sie also sagen können, ist, dass sie den unterschied zwischen einer asiatischen person und einer europäischen person erkennen können, indem sie auf ihre inhaltsstoffe schauen. +aber manchmal können sie viel mehr nützliche dinge damit lernen. +ich meine, ich sehe täglich patienten sterben weil wir nicht wissen, was in ihnen vor sich geht. +das ist also die hanschrift, in der wir versuchen muster zu erkennen. +das problem ist, dass es bei krebs nichts zusätzliches gibt dass in ihnen ist. +ihr haus ist also ständig mit lecks beschäftigt. aber es repariert sie. es trocknet sie aus und so weiter. +ich danke ihnen vielmals. +am 4. februar veröffentlichten wir es auf unserer webseite. vorm "super tuesday". +stufe eins ist eine gruppe, in der menschen systematisch die verbindungen von funktionierenden stämmen kappen, und sich dann zusammenfinden mit gleichgesinnten menschen. +wenn sie so sprächen, stellen sie sich vor, was sie zustande brächten. +hier ist die größte herausforderung für innovation. +es gibt noch eine weitere stufe. +wir sind toll! wer ist nicht toll? england! " +einer der menschen, die wir interviewt haben, war frank jorden, der ehemalige bürgermeister von san fransisco. vorher war er der polizeichef in san fransisco. +so ziemlich alle anderen, die umfragen machen. +ich werde ein paar comic-strips vorlesen. +daher lassen sie das licht überall im haus an. +erst im 14. jahrhundert erkannte ein italienischer maler den schoß als griechischen tempel, gepolstert mit fleisch und stoff. +aprikosenhälften wie ohren der cherubim. +und es ist zu zerebral, um mut und herzen zu animieren und verhalten, wenns hart auf hart kommt. +und in diesem licht betrachtet, für religiöse menschen, bringt mitgefühl uns auch in den bereich des mysteriums -- es ermuntert uns zu sehen, nicht nur schönheit, sondern vielleicht auch nach gottes antlitz zu schauen im moment des leidens, im gesicht eines fremden, im gesicht eines strahlenden religiös andersdenkenden. +jean vanier sagt, dass seine arbeit, wie die arbeit anderer menschen -- seiner großartigen, geliebten, verstorbenen freundin mutter teresa -- nie vorrangig dazu da ist, um die welt zu verändern; sie ist vorrangig dazu da, um uns selbst zu verändern. +aber er beobachtete, wie physiker und chemiker lieferanten von massenvernichtungswaffen wurden, zu beginn des 20. jahrhunderts. +rachel naomi remen ist eine bessere ärztin, wegen ihres lebenslangen kampfes mit der crohn-krankheit. +aber ich sang das motto. ich sang es mit allen anderen. +sie unterscheidet sich von schüchternheit. +es stellt sich heraus, dass dem eine eigene kraft innewohnt, denn die leute spüren, dass diese anführer am steuer waren, nicht weil sie gerne andere leiten, und nicht weil sie es genießen, gesehen zu werden, sie waren da, weil sie keine andere wahl hatten, weil sie dazu getrieben waren, das zu tun, was sie für richtig hielten. +das ist nicht überraschend, wenn man sich die erkenntnisse zeitgenössischer psychologie anschaut. +und in ihnen sind die vorbilder ganz großartige verkäufer. +und selbst wenn er nicht auf dem podium stand, wenn man ihm nur kurz hallo sagen wollte, beendete er oft das gespräch vorzeitig, aus sorge, dass er der anderen person zeit wegnahm. +dies ist auch für extrovertierte kinder besonders wichtig. +und danach komme ich zurück zum anfang und erzähle ihnen ein wenig mehr - hoffentlich überzeuge ich sie - darüber, dass ich glaube, dass es in der heutigen welt wirklich sehr wichtig für führungskräfte ist, nicht nur eine idee davon zu haben, was für ihre firma wichtig ist, sondern auch eine leidenschaft für etwas zu haben, das bedeutsam ist. +eine unserer leidenschaften in unserer firma ist es also, und jetzt eine meiner persönlichen leidenschaften, im stande zu sein, richtig hart daran zu arbeiten, technologien nützlich, erreichbar und erschwinglich zu machen. +in der tat glauben wir, dass es machbar ist, 100 prozent zu erreichen, sogar vor 2015. in anderen teilen der schwellenländer, wie zum beispiel indien und china, gab es gute fortschritte - die stabil waren, gut waren. aber in nicht so entwickelten gegenden, wie afrika, lateinamerika und anderen regionen dieser welt, war die entwicklung eher langsam. ich habe erst vor kurzem südafrika besucht. +was ich damit meine, ist, dass in einigen teilen der welt die regierung eine schlüsselrolle spielt bei der entwicklung von technologien. +ein beispiel davon ist das projekt "one laptop per child". +und du musst ein besserer ehemann sein als ich, weil du so fortschritte machst. "und langsam begann das, was er sagte, sinn zu machen. +ich kenne viele leute, die sehr schlau sind und trotzdem sagen: "warum kann ich meine problem nicht lösen?" +ich gründete sie 1980 zusammen mit einer anderen familie. +und ich fragte. "glauben sie nicht, dass der mensch die verantwortung hat, die welt für die nächste generation ein bisschen besser zu machen? +ich besitze immer noch kein gästehaus. +es geht nur darum, immer mehr zu haben. +wenn man dieses gebet liest, dann hört sich das unglaublich selbstsüchtig und egozentrisch an. +denn sie leben 13 meilen weiter oben in santa ana. +aber er vollbringt keine wunder, nur um anzugeben. +letztes jahr wurde ich zu einem spiel der nba all-stars eingeladen. +wenn sie dazu bestimmt sind, geschäfte zu machen, dann machen sie geschäfte. +und ich sage nicht, dass sie die schule in der dritten oder vierten klasse verlassen -- sie gehen nie dort hin. +seine mutter hatte die grundschule nicht besucht. +und irgendwo in der mitte von south dakota wende ich mich zu meiner freundin und stelle ihr eine frage, die mich schon 2.000 meilen lang beschäftigt hat. +und schließlich möchte ich sie überzeugen, dass es möglich ist dieses gefühl hinter sich zu lassen, und dass dies, wenn sie es können, der größte moralische, intellektuelle und kreative sprung ist, den sie machen können. +aber es gibt noch einen zweiten grund, warum wir in diesem gefühl gefangen sind – und dieser ist kulturell. +nun, die falsche seite ihres körpers ist verbunden, weil der chirurg eine große operation an ihrem linken, anstatt an ihrem rechten bein durchgeführt hat. +das wunder ihres geists ist nicht, dass sie die welt sehen können, wie sie ist. +wenn es um unsere geschichten geht, lieben wir es, uns zu irren. +und für mich heißt das, wenn sie wirklich die verwunderung wiederentdecken wollen, müssen sie heraustreten aus ihrem kleinen, in angst erstarrten raum der richtigkeit und sich gegenseitig anschauen und in die weite und komplexität und in das rätsel des universums hinausblicken und in der lage sein, zu sagen, "wow, ich habe keine ahnung. +eine der ironien dieser zeit ist, dass wir über ein system diskutieren, dass wir nicht verstehen. wir wissen nicht einmal was öl ist. wir wissen nicht wo öl herkommt. ich meine, in der tat ist es immer noch eine quelle für debatten, was dieser schwarze strom aus materie ist und woher er kommt. die beste erklärung und eine der besten vermutungen zu diesem thema ist, dass diese materie aus dieser materie entsteht. dass diese pflanzen sonnenlicht absorbieren, unter druck für jahrmillionen verrotten und das ergebnis sind diese schwarzen flüsse. +was das ist? das ist die erste transplantation nackter dns, bei der man das dns betriebssystem aus einer zelle nimmt und in eine andere zelle einbettet und die zelle anschließend als neue art hochstartet. das war vor einem monat. sie werden im nächsten monat sachen sehen, die genau so wichtig sein werden wie dieses zeug. +ich habe das hotel gekauft drei monate nachdem vivian dort anfing zu arbeiten, +aber aufgrund meiner verwirrten geistesverfassung landete ich relativ schnell bei den selbsthilfe-büchern. +sie waren sich dem immateriellen am oberen ende der pyramide nicht einmal bewusst. +als ich also zeit mit führungskräften in der big-bewegung verbrachte, begann ich erst richtig zu verstehen, worum es ihnen ging. +wenn man es im wörterbuch nachschlägt, wird "jagen" tatsächlich häufig als "einen feind verfolgen" definiert. +und wir stellen 10 einfache fragen -- das ist die einfachheit. +was wir als führungskräfte wirklich lernen müssen, ist dass wir die qualtität der produktion beeinflussen können, indem wir die richtigen bedingungen schaffen, damit unsere angestellten ihre berufung leben können. +bl: in ordnung. eins, zwei, drei. +unter deck sagt euch das innenohr, ihr bewegt euch. aber die augen bewegen sich im einklang mit dem boot, und sagen: "ich stehe still." +ab hier möchte ich die bühne mit jemand ganz besonderem teilen. +bl: "kannst du mir helfen, henry?" welcher gute wissenschaftler sagt das? +also baten wir larry und natalie hempel, eine erläuterung für wissenschaftler über die aufgestellten ergebnisse zu verfassen. diese reichten wir mitsamt der empfehlungen bei "biology letters" ein. +bl: das ist der inbegriff von technik. in ordnung. +das ist furchtbar, das ganze öl im wasser. +und fühlen uns gut dabei. +biomimikry, eine aufkommende wissenschaft, hat sich als wertvolle idee von sozialer gerechtigkeit entpuppt. +kalifornien hat eine der höchsten raten an verteilten gefängnisstrafen unter allen 50 bundesstaaten. +das war eine anstrengende und furchteinflößende sache für ein junges kind. +auf dem highway ist es schon schlimm genug, wie wird das erst dort oben? " +es wird keinen piloten geben -- und ich weiß, den piloten hier im publikum wird das nicht gefallen -- das hat mir schon viel kritik von denen eingebracht, die da oben selbst rumfliegen wollen. +wunderbarer motor. +23% sagen "ja, so bald wie möglich." +kabel sind "beschissen" -- wirklich. +was dr. soljacic herausfand, war, wie man zwischen diesen spulen in einem transformator eine größere distanz als die größe der transformatoren selbst ermöglichen kann und all dies mit hilfe dieser technologie, die einem opernsänger, der ein glass am anderen ende eines zimmers zerspringen lässt, nicht unähnlich ist. +und dann schließlich auch elektrofahrzeuge. +stellen sie sich vor, sie kaufen sich eins von diesen dingern und wollen ihn an die wand hängen. +und nokia haben wir ebenfalls. +was passiert also mit all diesen giftstoffen, wenn wir sterben? +wir wollen sie essen, nicht von ihr gegessen werden. +ich danke ihnen. +wir reisten meinem beruf hinterher und es schien nichts zu geben, was wir nicht tun konnten. +sie sind exotisch. sie sind experimentell. +was nehmen wir von dieser erfahrung mit? +es ist alles so eindeutig, aber sie verdrängen es. " +das hospiz war für menschen, die im sterben lagen, aber terence war noch nicht so weit. +sie ist teil unserer menschlichen dna und vielleicht ist es zeit, dass unser gesundheitssystem – ärzte, patienten, versicherungsgesellschaften, wir – anfängt, auf die kraft dieser hoffnung zu zählen. +nun, wir sammeln daten: aufgenommen von satelliten, von flugzeugen, von fahrzeugen, von menschen. +dieser prozess ist ein sehr berechenbarer prozess +mircosofts stephen lawler bietet uns mit einer kurzen rundreise durch virtual earth, bei der er sich mit erstaunlicher geschwindigkeit auf, ab und durch dessen hyperreale stadtlandschaften bewegt, ein beachtliches meisterwerk, das zur fokussierung erstaunliche mengen von daten benötigt. +man braucht auch staatsbesitz besonders an grundstücken, um die infrastrukturen schnell aufzubauen und auszuweiten. +hier hören sie eine wenig bekannte tatsache über die beiden länder. +in diesem vergleich kommt demokratie im hinblick auf wirtschaftswachstum sehr gut weg. +hier sehen sie die daten der weltentwicklungsindikatoren in den frühen 1990ern. +diese beiden bilder zeigen kleiderfabriken in der guangdong-provinz und in indien. +dennoch hat sich das system in eine liberalere richtung bewegt, in eine demokratischere richtung. +ich glaube, dass politische reformen für china zum weiteren wachstum unabdingbar sind. +ich habe in den letzten fünf jahren viel zeit damit verbracht, über kaffeehäuser nachzudenken, weil ich auf der suche nach der antwort auf die frage war, wo gute ideen herkommen. +sie stellten fest, dass sie nicht viele dvrs haben sie haben nur wenige mikrowellen, aber sie leisten eine gute arbeit, um ihre autos auf der straße zu halten. +so sollte ihr büro aussehen, das ist ein teil meines anliegens. +und darwin behielt diese reichhaltigen notizbücher, in denen er jede kleine idee, die er hatte, jedes kleine gefühl aufschrieb. +sie erkundigen sich bei ihren kollegen, aber jeder sagte: "nein, ich habe nicht daran gedacht es zu tun. +geht das auch andersherum? +diese bewegung ist besonders auffallend in den usa und großbritannien, aber sie ist ein globales phänomen. +wir leben also im zeitalter der anschwellenden einkommens-ungleichheit, vor allem an der spitze. +wir haben superstar-banker. +und wiederum ist dies nicht rein theoretisch. +die dystopie, die mich beängstigt, ist ein universum, in dem ein paar genies dinge wie google erfinden und der rest von uns dafür bezahlt wird, sie zu massieren. +hier sehen sie einige davon. +einer von 100. +und dies ist der größte wachstumsbereich von allen, und mindestens 6 von 10 menschen in diesem raum werden auf diese weise sterben, nämlich am schwinden der leistungsfähigkeit gekoppelt mit steigender gebrechlichkeit; und gebrechlichkeit gehört zum altern. steigende gebrechlichkeit ist aktuell die häufigste todesursache. die letzten jahre oder das letzte lebensjahr geht leider mit großen beeinträchtigungen einher. +beteiligen wir uns alle viel mehr daran, so wie jason das aufgezeigt hat. +es entzieht der euthanasie ihre sauerstoffversorgung. +meine familie war auf reisen und wir waren gerade im grand canyon. +und darüber möchte ich heute eigentlich zu ihnen sprechen - über krebs. +das hat also meine sicht auf den krebs wirklich verändert. +tumorzellen können durch die adern reisen. +wäre es also möglich, dass die tumorzellen in das skelettmuskelgewebe gehen, dass aber, sobald sie in kontakt innerhalb des skelettmuskelgewebes sind, myod auf diese tumorzellen wirkt und sie in skelettmuskelzellen verwandelt? +diese großfmutter hatte nie zugelassen, dass westliche ihrer enkelin nahekommen. +merken sie sich dieses bild, denn ich werde ihnen ein anderes bild später zeigen. hier sehen sie, wie sehr sie ihrer großmutter ähnelt, obwohl sie gleichzeitig auch so westlich aussieht. +und ich sagte: "ich bin 28 jahre alt, ich lebe in hotels und ich bin nicht verheiratet". +also ging in zurück nach korea, in das dorf von hyun sook, doch sie war weg. +umso mehr ich mit ihm reden wollte, desto unfreundlicher wurde er. +ich glaube einfach nur - von dem bisschen, was ich über die situation weiß -, dass sie eine kleine chance hat, das leben zu leben, dass sie ihr wahrscheinlich wünschen. " +und er sagte: "am 2. tag, an dem sie hier war, stellte sie eine liste auf mit allen namen der älteren und der jüngeren kinder. +als wir in der 3. nacht gerade vom essen kamen, von dem sie die bilder gesehen haben, sagte der rezeptionist zu uns: "es gibt keine freien zimmer mehr auf ihrer etage, aber 5 etagen tiefer ist noch eins frei, wenn sie möchten" +und das ganze zimmer füllte sich mit rauch innerhalb von 2 sekunden. +ich erinnere mich - natasha wollte nicht, dass wir die tür aufmachten -, ich habe versucht nicht die tür zu öffnen, weil wir solange gebraucht hatten, uns zu verbarrikadieren. +das ist ein tri-star, und sie haben natasha wirklich im notsitz sitzen lassen. +gene hat sogar in der küche fliesen gelegt, die eine geschichte erzählen: es war einmal ein schönes mädchen, das von den hügeln koreas kam, um für immer glücklich in atlanta zu leben. +vielen dank an euch alle. " +viel ist passiert in den letzten jahren. lassen sie uns mit den planeten beginnen. +genau genommen sah, selbst in der antike, das sonnensystem in gewisser weise so aus wie in diesem diagramm dargestellt. +die meisten von diesen planeten sind kandidaten. +also lautet die frage: ist dieses chemische phänomen universell, oder ist es etwas, dass vom jeweiligen planeten abhängt? +dieses verständnis von chemie kann uns, in unserem alltag, helfen. +können sie sich vorstellen wie klein sie ist? +lasst uns diese neue revolution beginnen, anknüpfend an der alten, mit synthetischer biologie als den weg, sowohl unsere umwelt als auch unsere zukunft zu transformieren. +dann begann uganda abzusinken, während simbabwe nach oben schoss, und einige jahre später hatte südafrika einen schrecklichen anstieg des hiv-vorkommens. +nicht die medikamente selber, sondern die behandlung und die pflege, die damit verbunden ist. +es gibt eine menge, von dem wir dachten, dass jetzt, gute forschung von afrikanischen einrichtungen und forschern zusammen mit den internationalen forschern, zeigen, dass das nicht der fall ist. +unaids haben endlich gute daten zur verfügung gestellt zur verbreitung von hiv. +hans rosling enthüllt duch neue datenvisualisierungen die komplizierten risikofaktoren einer der tödlichsten krankheiten der welt: hiv / aids. er zeigt, dass der schlüssel zur überwindung der epidemie in der übertragungsverhinderung liegt und nicht in der behandlung durch medikamente. +es basiert auf der kaufkraftparität. +wir wissen, dies ist falsch, denn wir haben zwei bedeutende natürliche experimente im 20. jahrhundert durchgeführt, um zu sehen, ob geografie ausschlaggebender ist als institutionen. +nennen wir sie die killer applikationen. +derweil gab es keine wissenschaftliche revolution irgendwo anders. +das ist die konsumgesellschaft, und es treibt das wirtschaftswachstum stärker an als der technologische wandel an sich. +und die gesellschaft kann diese einrichtungen übernehmen, und wenn sie das tun, werden sie das erreichen, was der westen nach 1500 erreichte -- nur schneller. +das ist so wahr. +und das scheint alles zu sein, worüber wir uns derzeit sorgen. +was dieses diagramm veranschaulicht, ist dass es spinnen seit fast 380 millionen jahren gibt. +man kann diese in sieben kategorien zusammenfassen. +deshalb habe ich die glycine wieder grün und die alanine rot eingefärbt, und die serine – das ist der buchstabe s – lila. und ihr seht, dass die obere einheit fast vollständig aus grün und rot zusammengestzt werden kann, während die untere einheit einen substantiellen anteil lila aufweist. +was ihr in diesem festigkeitsdiagramm seht, ist, je weiter oben der schwarze punkt auf dem diagramm ist, desto fester. +um die werke einer spinne namens charlotte zu zitieren, seide ist großartig. +flickr ist ein internetdienst, der jedem erlaubt fotos hochzuladen, um sie anderen über das web zur verfügung zu stellen, und so weiter. +bedenken sie, wir haben nicht alle, die ein foto besitzen. +und das schlimmste sind die zahlen am unteren rand, denn ungefähr 10 fotos pro fotograf ist eine lüge. +das hier ist die mathematik der 80 zu 20 regel, ok? +also, wenn man institutionen verhinderer nennt, und ihnen sagt, dass es andere koordiantionsmöglichkeiten gibt zeigen sie ein verhalten, das ähnlichkeit hat mit den kübler-ross stufen lachen der reaktionen auf die diagnose eines baldigen todes: leugnung, zorn, verhandeln, akzeptanz. +die erfinder wissen nicht, was die erfindung ist. +da gibt es menschen in den staaten, die krampfhaft versuchen herauszufinden, ob blogger journalisten sind oder nicht. +sie wurde erstellt, indem man deren kommunikationsmuster, der gebrauch vieler dieser werkzeuge, analysierte. zweifellos leisten die geheimdienste der welt heute die gleiche arbeit für die angriffe in der letzten woche. +ein bäcker, und ein guter bäcker vor allem, weiss, wie man den eingeschlossenen zucker in der stärke hervorbringt. +das ist die herausforderung. ok, nun, lassen sie uns die reise des weizens anschauen und diese 12 zustände betrachten. +es dauert einen moment, aber es ist bezeichnend. +und dann haben wir ebene 12, in den büchern steht "verpacken" aber meine lehrlinge nennen sie "essen". +er ist nicht nur getötet worden, sondern jeden potenzials zum schaffen zukünftigen lebens beraubt. +bakterien da drin verarbeiten dieselben zucker und verwandeln sie in säuren. +es wird als symbol für transformatin genutzt. +und das meine ich im ernst, ich denke nur, wir sollten das mal klarstellen und weitermachen. +sie sind alle auf meinem instrument montiert. +es ist ein haufen verrückter piktografischer notation. +sehen wir uns noch einen clip an. +ich bin zu dem entschluss gekommen, dass das am ende die falsche frage ist, dass das nicht die bedeutende frage ist. +so tat sie zur hälfte so, als ob sie die kräcker mochte und nicht den brokkoli – so wie ein baby oder jede andere normale person. +wenn wir uns die vielen, vielen verschiedenen tierarten ansehen, nicht nur uns primaten, sondern auch andere säugetiere, vögel, sogar beuteltiere wie känguruhs und wombats einschliessen, zeigt sich, dass es eine beziehung gibt zwischen der länge der kindheit einer gattung und der grösse ihrer gehirne im vergleich zu ihren körpern, und wie schlau und flexibel sie sind. +und mindestens bis sie 23 sind, stecken wir ihnen noch immer diese würmer in diese kleinen offenen münder. +dann testen sie diese neue hypothese, und so weiter und so fort. +die erste ist, wieder, denken sie daran, das sind vierjährige. +oh. +und wir wissen sogar etwas über die weise, wie unser gehirn das tut. +alison gopnik: was denken babys? +der einzige weg, das zu umgehen, ist einen wirklich menschlichen körper zu simulieren und den teil des gehirns zu simulieren, der diesen körper kontrolliert. +der algorithmus wählt diese wenigen dann aus, reproduziert sie mit mutation und rekombination, wie bei unserer fortpflanzung. +das ganze mag ziemlich belanglos wirken, aber in wirklichkeit ist es sehr wichtig, weil es sowas zurzeit in keiner interaktiven oder virtuellen welt gibt. +und nun fällt er zu boden. +also wollten sie eine digitale version eines stuntmans und wir haben die letzten paar monate daran gearbeitet. +zurzeit würde es wahrscheinlich einige tage dauern, sowas von hand zu animieren. +wir können mittlerweile so viele sachen damit veranstalten. +eigentlich haben wir schon einen überraschenden tänzer, der das letzte ist, was ich euch heute zeigen werde. +es ist ein kinderbuch fürs ipad. +ich erinnere mich, dass wir heftig weinten, als die kleinen ziegen, mit denen wir im sommer gespielt hatten, zu biryani wurden. +und dieses argument ist, dass wir nur kreativität lehren können, wenn wir kindern so früh wie irgend möglich perspektiven beibringen. +und sie werden dafür bezahlt. sie können darüber nachdenken, wenn sie wollen. +was gemacht wird. +einfach eine textverarbeitung, die nur eine textverarbeitung ist. +überall gibt es diese assistenten. +auch palm ist – besonders in frühen tagen – toll darin. +ich schreib programme die zur heutigen welt passen. +ich habe ein vermögen drüben bei pixar gemacht. +bei meinem letzten beispiel – einen großen teil meiner arbeit mache ich mit spracherkennungs-software, und sie müssen leise sein, denn die software ist unruhig. okay. +dp: ich danke ihnen vielmals. +und die gefahr besteht darin, dass sie eine pandemie hervorrufen können. +und ich würde sagen, wir können die grundregel nicht aufgeben, asymmetrische bedrohungen zu bekämpfen, was wir aufgrund der geschehnisse anscheinend gerade tun, die leute an der macht tun dies, denn das hieße, die eine sache aufzugeben, die zivilisation ausmacht. +in kürze werden wir noch viel mehr darüber von al gore hören. +es geht ziemlich wunderlich zu in so einem nanoröhrchen. +wir brauchen neue antivirale wirkstoffe und cocktails. wir brauchen neue impfstoffe. +und schließlich müssen wir etwas tun, das nicht sehr -- es ist fast inakzeptabel, das zu erwähnen -- also... wir müssen beginnen, unsere zukunft zu gestalten. +es ist an der zeit, den wandel zu einer sonnensystem-besuchenden zivilisation und spezies zu vollziehen. +wie schwer wird es sein, leben auf dem mars zu finden? +ich denke, es existiert und wir müssen danach suchen, und es ist unter der oberfläche. +es ist ein sehr einfacher trick, aber ich mache ihn immer, wenn ich einen fensterplatz habe. +in dieser höhle sind große abschnitte von diesem roten material hier bedeckt und auch von diesen riesigen selenitkristallen, die sie hier herunterhängen sehen. +um diese unterirdischen umgebungen, an denen wir interessiert sind, zu betreten, gilt unser interesse der entwicklung von unterstützenden werkzeugen. +wir sprechen also über so was wie aufblasbare röhren, die sich der komplexen topologischen form im inneren einer höhle anpassen, und von vor ort aufgeschäumten luftschleusen, um mit der topologie fertigzuwerden, sowie verschiedene methoden, um atemgase aus dem inneren material dieser körper zu erhalten. +wenn man aber jemandem von seinem ziel erzählt und dessen zustimmung erfährt, tritt das ein, was psychologen eine "soziale realität" nennen. +and so ist es auch bei archimedes, dem großen griechischen mathematiker. +fälschungen wurden darüber gemalt und es litt unter starkem schimmelbefall. +das heißt, bevor wir anfangen konnten, den archimdes zu digitalisieren, mussten wir das buch auseinander nehmen. +und so sieht das aus. +aber indem die elektronen mit lichtgeschwindigkeit herum fliegen, geben sie röntgenstrahlung ab. +das war eine schlechte idee, denn philipp von mazedonien hatte einen sohn namens alexander der große, und sie verloren die schlacht von chaironeia. +denn im moment schränken institutionen ihre daten mit urheberrechtsbeschränkungen und dergleichen mehr ein. +wie liest man ein zweitausend jahre altes manuskript, welches ausradiert, zerschnitten, überschrieben und übermalt wurde? mit einem mächtigen teilchenbeschleuniger natürlich! handschriften-konservator william noel erzählt die faszinierende geschichte des archimedes-palimpsests, einem byzantinischen gebetbuch, welches bisher unbekannte originaltexte des griechischen mathematikers archimdes und anderen enthält. +es gibt nur wenige orte in den usa, wo man echtes kobe probieren kann, und einer davon ist wolfgang puck 's restaurant, cut, in los angeles. +sie haben mir jedoch eine rundführung gegeben. +ich habe das in einem blindversuch, zusammen mit 20 anderen leuten, gegen fünf andere olivenöle ausprobiert. +und um das auszuprobieren - ich konnte keinen sponsor finden, aber ich ging in den manhattan showroom des herstellers, toto, und die haben dort toiletten, abseits des ausstellungsraumes, welche man benutzen kann, was ich getan habe. +die meisten autos, die ich fahre, fangen an zu rattern, wenn ich mich 80 meilen pro stunde nähere. +es waren drei tage, vier mahlzeiten +und im besonderen, denke ich, dass wir etwas über das lernen lernen können. +es ist aus dem spiel world of warcraft mit mehr als 10 millionen spieler weltweit, einer davon bin ich, ein anderer ist meine frau. +wenn man nun ein spiel wie warcraft betrachtet, kann man es, wenn man will, als eine große kistenöffnungs-unternehmung sehen. +nein, wir wollen jeweils nur ein oder zwei monster auf dem bildschirm haben. +zweitens, mehrere lang- und kurzfristige ziele -- 5.000 kuchen - langweilig, 15 kuchen - interessant. +dies bedeutet, dass wir lernen vorhersagen können, wir können verstärktes engagement vorhersagen, diese fenster, diese zeitfenster, in denen lernen auf einem erhöhten niveau stattfindet. +ich beginne mit der geschäftswelt. +durch diese arbeit hoffe ich, die evolutionäre anfälligkeit unserer körper besser zu verstehen, damit wir unsere gesundheit in zukunft verbessern und besser bewahren können. +frühere studien konzentrierten sich vor allem auf die mikroskopie. +so nahm ich einen job im united nations food progamme an, um diese sicherheitsaspekte durch ernährungssicherung anzugehen. +unglücklicherweise ist fettleibigkeit nicht nur ein amerikanisches problem. +da ist diese große, konzentrierte landwirtschaft, die zu dem geführt hat, was wir in amerika essen. und es ist wirklich so seit ungefähr 1980, nach der ölkrise, als, sie wissen, massenzusammenschlüsse, massenexodus von kleinen farmern in diesem land. +ikonen wie michael pollan und jamie oliver in seinem ted-wunsch haben beide diese letzten drei jahrzehnte als unglaublich bedeutend für die veränderung unseres ernährungssystems thematisiert. +dies ist ein bauhelm, den ich vor zwei jahren bekommen habe. das war bei einem der größten projekte, an denen ich und meine firma je beteiligt waren. +aber ich werde mich auf den beginn des prozesses beschränken, auf drei sehr pedantische aussagen. +wenn wir so gut sind, in dem, was wir tun, sollten wir dann nicht in der lage sein, eine architektonische manifestation zu schaffen, die absolut reibungslos durch die kunden- und projektseitigen engpässe gleitet? +die architektonische umsetzung war, ehlich gesagt, simpel. +sie gehen hinunter in die lobby, gehen durch die lobby mit all den kleinen dingern, die da herunterhängen, egal ob sie sie mögen oder nicht, gehen die treppe hoch in den zuschauerraum. +die lösung für die balkone war etwas, das wir alle als anzeigetafel-hub kennen. +dieses gebäude kann sich in kurzer zeit in ein ebenerdiges gebäude verwandeln, so dass es vermietet werden kann. +zur erinnerung, dass dies ein beispiel ist dafür, dass architektur tatsächlich etwas erreicht hat. +und ich war begeistert von dieser idee, kleine einblicke in das leben anderer gewinnen zu können, +"ich finde es klasse, dass sie es geschafft haben, das meiste zu bewahren, was einen dazu bringt, sich mit der natur verbunden zu fühlen - schmetterlinge, von menschenhand geschaffene wälder, kalksteinhöhlen und hey, sogar eine riesige python." +dies hier sind einige neuere projekte, die offiziell noch nicht einmal gestartet worden sind. +daran sind wir gewöhnt. +dieses diagramm, das ich hier unten anklicke, soll dem medizinischen diagramm eines herzschlags ähneln und die aufregenden momente aufzeigen mit hohen leveln von adrenalin. +eine wirklich glückliche person hielt dann also zehn ballons und eine wirklich unglückliche seele einen ballon. +er hatte eine erstaunliche anzahl von haaren, die aus einem muttermal auf der linken seite seines gesichts wuchsen, was sehr großes glück bedeutet, wie mir gesagt wurde. +eines der heikelsten politischen themen in bhutan ist die verwendung von billiger indischer arbeitskraft, dass arbeiter aus indien eingeführt werden, um die straßen zu bauen, und dass diese leute dann wieder heim geschickt werden, sobald die straßen gebaut sind. +frau: aber ich würde vielleicht 40 bis 50 vorziehen. +und es kommt ihnen nie in den sinn, dass sie einmal eine straße entlang gehen, und nur, weil sie auf der einen oder der anderen straßenseite gehen, sich ihr leben für immer ändert. +und – – die schwester bekommt einen lachanfall und ich bewege meinen kopf und versuche, die leute zu erkennen und mich überkommt diese bizarre erinnerung, wie ich im college geld sammelte für die opfer der flutkatastrophe in bangladesh, und dann gucke ich nach oben, und mein narkosearzt stülpt mir die maske über und ich denke mir: » er sieht bangladeschisch aus « – – und ich habe nur diese beiden dinge und ich denke mir: » das könnte irgendwie hinhauen. « +ed gavagan: eine geschichte von knoten und chirurgen +mit der zeit ist es nur natürlich, dass sprechen und schreiben zu einem teil ineinander übergegangen sind. +das sehen wir in dieser getippten sprache. +bedenken sie, wie das wort "yo" benutzt wird, wenn jugendliche heute sprechen. +"viele kennen das alphabet oder das einmaleins nicht, schreiben nicht grammatikalisch korrekt –" so etwas haben wir schon früher gehört, nicht erst 1956. 1917, ein lehrer aus connecticut. +das dritte wäre, mir eine sammlung von texten zeigen zu lassen, die 16-jährige mädchen geschrieben haben, denn ich würde wissen wollen, wie sich diese sprache seit unserer zeit verändert hat. im idealfall würde ich das an sie und mich heute zurückschicken, damit wir dieses sprachliche wunder untersuchen könnten, das sich gerade vor uns abspielt. +golan levin über software kunst +es ist höchst unwahrscheinlich, dass die taliban je das land übernehmen könnten -- höchst unwahrscheinlich, dass sie kabul erobern könnten. +und das gleiche gilt für die truppen. +und doch hat ihnen niemand zugehört. +traurigerweise hatten unsere auslandsdienste, die vereinten nationen, die militärs in diesen ländern nur eine sehr wage vorstellung davon, was vor sich geht. +aber sie müssen sich den kontext ansehen. +es macht das versagen unsichtbar, undenkbar und unvermeidbar. +das problem, über das ich heute mit ihnen sprechen möchte, ist die frage davon, wie man medizinische versorgung gewährt in einer welt, die von kosten bestimmt wird. +so wirkt eine hydrophile oberfläche. +ungefähr die hälfte von ihnen, die frauen sind, haben vielleicht irgendwann einmal einen schwangerschaftstest gemacht. +es gibt hier eine sehr wichtige angelegenheit, da es ein drucker ist, ein farbdrucker, er druckt farben. das ist was farbdrucker tun. +so, sie nehmen den tropfen blut, ohne weitere verarbeitung. sie bringen ihn in ein kleines gerät. das gerät filtert die blutzellen heraus, und lässt das serum durch, und sie erhalten eine reihe von farben dort unten. +und die antwort ist natürlich, "sie tun es nicht". +und wir schickten es aus und es kam postwendend zurück. +traditionelle labortests für die diagnose von krankheiten können zu teuer und zu umständlich sein für die regionen, die sie am meisten benötigen. george whitesides 'raffinierte lösung in diesem talk von tedxboston ist ein todsicheres instrument, das mit fast null kosten hergestellt werden kann. +und wir glauben, dass solche leute wahrscheinlich nicht für menschen stimmen wollen, die so aussehen und barack obama heißen. +dementsprechend können wir uns einige verschiedene variablen ansehen. +aber im vergleich von demokraten und republikanern lässt sich kein großer unterschied feststellen, basierend darauf, wer die nachbarn sind. +und man kann viel mit seinen nachbarn interagieren, mit menschen, die man mag, mit menschen, die man vielleicht gar nicht kennt. +als arzt praktiziere ich auf dem neuesten technischen stand. +"sehen sie, als sie" guten morgen "sagte, habe ich ihren akzent von fife erkannt. +innerhalb von ein paar jahren im späten 19. und frühen 20. jahrhundert löste plötzlich der arzt, der versuchte, eine diagnose zu stellen, den barbier ab. +zwischen der wahrnehmung des patienten und der der ärzte im hinblick auf die bestmögliche medizinische versorgung besteht ein echter widerspruch. +für sie war das die art aufmerksamkeit, die sie brauchte. +die gute nachricht: kein krebs, keine tuberkulose. es ist nicht kokzidioidomykose oder eine andere obskure pilzinfektion. +ich würde den brustkorb abklopfen, mir das herz anhören. +die moderne medizin läuft gefahr ein mächtiges, altmodisches werkzeug zu verlieren: die menschliche berührung. arzt und autor abraham verghese beschreibt unsere seltsame neue welt, in der patienten bloße datenpunkte sind, und fordert eine rückehr zu der traditionellen köperlichen untersuchung. +und die antwort ist, wenn man genug davon öffnet – ja. +und in all den fällen müssen wir fragen – – welche ist die wahrscheinlichere erklärung? +bei galileo zum beispiel: er hatte zwei probleme, wenn er den saturn betrachtet hatte. +wir können alle möglichen gesichter sehen. +ich nehme an, dass man nur ein wunder pro gebäude haben kann. +es war 2005 in den top 5: "nine million bicycles". +herzkrankheiten bringen immer noch mehr menschen um - nicht nur in amerika, sondern auf der ganzen welt - als alles andere zusammen. dabei sind sie bei fast allen menschen vermeidbar. +und dabei ließen sich viele dieser probleme verhindern, wenn diese babys nur warm genug gehalten würden. +und so hoffen wir, innerhalb der nächsten 5 jahre fast eine million babys retten zu können. +was tun wir für unseren lebensunterhalt? +danach ging er nach north carolina und hat es nochmal gemacht. +um dieses prinzip kann man eine gesamte industrie aufbauen. +leute in weißen hüten, die boote segeln. +einige leute werden versuchen, andere für ihr team zu motivieren. +jemand steht auf und sagt: "das ist wichtig. +"was würde passieren, wenn ich für jedes gekaufte paar dieser schuhe, genau das gleiche paar jemandem gebe, der gar keine schuhe besitzt?" +führer sein, gibt einem charisma. +er müsste preiswert, schnell, einfach, sensitiv und spezifisch sein und minimalinvasiv. +man braucht etwas wasser, gibt die nanoröhren hinein, und die antikörper, und mischt das ganze, nimmt etwas papier, taucht es hinein und trocknet es, und schon kann man krebs aufspüren. +in den nächsten zwei bis fünf jahren könnte dieser detektor die überlebensraten bei bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs von mickrigen 5,5 prozent auf fast 100 prozent anheben, und ähnlich auch bei eierstock- und lungenkrebs. +meine erfahrungen mit der islamischen welt sind jedoch ganz anders. +es gibt z. b. die figur noora. +und warum führt sex zu babys, und warum bedeuten babys in beziehungen eine erotische katastrophe? +welche beziehung besteht zwischen liebe und verlangen? +und in diesem raum zwischen mir und dem anderen entsteht die erotische anziehung, die bewegung zum anderen hin. +ist es ein ort, wo sie infantile wünsche ausdrücken können? +das wird nichts bewirken. das steht keiner am empfang. +kind nummer 2 kehrt zurück, guckt aber immer über seine schulter. +es geht um fokus und präsenz. +wir sind zurechtgekommen, aber manchmal schien es, daß diese hallen für die musik die ich machte oder gemacht hatte nicht ganz passend waren. +die räume sind kleiner, mit noch weniger hall, also kann er ziemlich verspielte musik schreiben, die sehr komplex ist -- und es funktioniert. +da konnte jetzt extreme dynamik eingesetzt werden die es in mancher der anderen musikarten einfach nicht gab. +andere sänger nach sinatra gingen sogar einen schritt weiter. +und in mancher hinsicht passt die musik, die sie für diese orte schrieben einfach perfekt. +da hab ich mir gedacht: also, wenn das ein schöpfungsmodell ist, wenn wir musik machen die in erster linie die form für diesen zusammenhang erfüllt, und wenn wir kunst machen, die an wänden von kunstgaleriern und museen hängt, und wenn wir programme schreiben, die zu existierenden betriebssystemen passt, ist es das, worum es geht? +es war für mich eine so aufschlussreiche erfahrung, sie darüber reden zu hören, welch neue welt dank technologie und wissenschaft entstehen wird. +es ist nicht das erste mal, dass wir eine technische revolution erleben. +und trotzdem sagt er: "gott heilt meine seele." +es gibt leute, die nutzen die technischen fortschritte, zum beispiel die des internets, von denen wir heute abend gehört haben, und verwandeln sie in etwas schädliches. +daher kannte ich also dobrynin sehr gut, und ich sagte, "ich werde heute abend neben frau gorbatschow sitzen. +unerträgliche psychische belastungen drücken uns nieder. +es ist für sie schwer zu verstehen, dass sie sterben werden. +ich habe viele vorträge in deutschland und in frankreich und in anderen teilen der welt gehalten. in 105 ländern durfte ich bereits reden halten. +im wesentlichen sagte er folgendes: "wenn du auf gott setzt und dich seiner liebe öffnest, verlierst du nichts, selbst dann nicht, wenn du dich irrst. +ich konnte die sache nicht in ein labor bringen und damit versuche anstellen. +das leben ist ein recht, nichts nebensächliches oder zufälliges. +haben sie sie? +ich mache meine erfahrungen exponentiell. +resolutionen, rauch, +die frau des häuptlings hatte ein kleines mädchen, die hauptfarbe ähnlich hell wie meine, und ganz dreckig. +sie ist extrem sportlich. +bis jetzt haben wir mit über 300 gearbeitet. +ich werde es also tun. +ich möchte 20 jahre von nun an zurückblicken und sehen, dass da noch ein liberianisches mädchen, ein ghanaisches, nigerianisches, äthiopisches mädchen auf dieser ted-bühne steht. +lg: gern geschehen. +licklider erkannte, computer können die notwendige routinearbeit tun, um einsichten und entscheidungen vorzubereiten. +jede interaktion wird von immer mehr sensoren aufgezeichnet: ihr telefon, ihre kreditkarte, ihr computer. es sind viele daten und wir bekommen dadurch die gelegenheit, unser dasein genauer zu verstehen. +sie hatten ihre familien im golf, der levante und nordafrika zurück gelassen, um sich al-qaida im irak anzuschließen. +das menschliche ziel war hier, camps für umsiedlung zu identifizieren, basierend auf vorrangigem bedarf. +und die realität der gesellschaft, in der wir leben, ist die, dass es tausende und abertausende von menschen da draußen gibt, die ihr leben im stummen schrei der verzweiflung leben, dabei lange, harte stunden in verhassten jobs arbeiten, um dinge kaufen können, die sie nicht brauchen, um menschen zu beeindrucken, die sie nicht mögen. +zur mittagszeit sport mit einem freund. +also ich will ja nicht spotten, aber ein fitter bürohamster mit 10-stunden-tag zu sein, ist nicht ausgeglichener, sondern nur angepasster. +und das ist meiner ansicht nach eine idee, die verbreitung verdient. +als schwarze in amerika ist es für mich, im vergleich zu einem weißen, zweimal so wahrscheinlich in einer gegend zu leben, in der die luftverschmutzung für mich das größte gesundheitsrisiko darstellt. +aber warum ist unsere lage so anders? +wer erzielt einen gewinn? gibt es irgendeine rechtfertigung dafür, was die lokale kommune erdulden muss? +und sie schaffen wohnraum für unsere kleinen freunde! +und wir arbeiten mit einem übergreifenden städtischen planungsdefizit. +für seine brillanten anstrengungen wurde er fast angeklagt. +verschwenden sie nicht zusätzlich zu den 90 prozent an energie, die wir täglich verschwenden und woran uns herr gore erinnert hat, auch noch unsere energie, intelligenz und hart erworbene erfahrung. +sie schrieb mir zurück und sagte: "ich bin so stolz, einen sohn zu haben, der eine software entwickelt hat, die es diesen kindern ermöglichte, ihren müttern muttertagskarten zu machen." +es scheint als springe jeder auf diesen trend auf. +und wenn ich meine hand bewege, kann ich die ballons zerplatzen lassen oder ich kann den käfer bewegen. +also zeigte ich es ihm. +es macht wiederum sinn, über eine analogie mit sprache nachzudenken. +das hat mit automobilen überhaupt nichts zu tun. +hierüber möchte ich sprechen. +unser interesse ist es, schönheit zu finden, die mehr als nur ästhetisch ist, sondern tatsächlich eine wahrheit. +alles klar? eine sache zum thema kunst: kunst ist entdeckung und kunst ist es, sich selbst durch seine kunst zu entdecken. richtig? +hoffentlich würden wir den kunden in seinem inneren verstehen, dort wo er zu hause ist, indem wir mit ihm in amerika leben. und so -- schickten wir das team los, und dann passierte tatsächlich etwas anderes. sie machten sich auf ihre eigene reise. +die ingenieure flogen herüber, und die designer trafen sich mit ihnen und sie stellten ihre präsentation zusammen. +über so was kann man sich aber auch aufregen, oder? +chris bangle sagt, großartige autos sind kunst +während meiner ausbildung in klinischer medizin, hämatologie, onkologie, und stammzelltransplantation, hatten wir statt dessen durch die regulation der fda [us-arzneimittelzulassungsbehörde] nur substanzen wie arsen, thalidomid und ein chemisches derivat von senfgas. +tatsächlich vergaßen sie, dass sie krebszellen waren und wurden zu normalen zellen. +und das war leider erfolgreich. +der erste ist dieser: wenn etwas an dieser forschung einzigartig ist, ist es weniger die wissenschaft als eher die strategie – für uns war dies ein soziales experiment, in dem wir herausfinden wollten was passiert, wenn wir in den frühesten phasen der chemischen forschung so offen und ehrlich wie möglich wären. +eins, was sie mit einem bild wie diesem machen können, ist, es einfach zu bewundern. +denn wenn das der fall gewesen wäre, wären sie unter der gravitationskraft kollabiert zu einem riesigen schwarzen loch. +das ist unsere aufgabe als kosmologen. +und nach einstein treibt diese energie das universum an. +die konsequenz wurde von boltzmann im 19. jahrhundert untersucht. +das ist die region, in dem die entropie niedrig ist. +aber wir wissen jetzt genug über die zukunft des universums, dass wir sehr viel mehr sagen können. +oder vielleicht ist der urknall nicht der beginn des universums. +ich hatte niemals ein internet gesehen. +ich fühlte mich sehr wohl auf dem gymnasium. also war ich entschlossen alles mögliche zu tun um bildung zu erhalten. +gott segne sie. +egal welche bewegung ich in meiner echten welt machte wurde nur mithilfe meines kleinen gerätes in der digitalen welt repliziert. vor acht jahren, im jahre 2000. +ich nahm das sehr wörtlich, ich nahm meinen fahrradhelm, und setzte ihn ein wenig schieff auf, das der projektor gut daraufpasste. +die kamera versteht interessanterweise nicht nur meine bewegungen, sondern ist auch fähig zu verstehen welche dinge ich in meiner hand halte. +und warum nur comuter? wir können einfach mit papieren spielen. +pm: es gibt sehr viel energie heir. sehr viel zu lernen. +es war eine große herausforderung. +falls sie keine freiräume haben, müssen sie dorthin gehen und freiräume schaffen. +man kann gute haltestellen bauen. +der erste: man kann einen, nennen wir es teufelskreis in einen virtuellen kreis ändern. +sie können sich vorstellen, wie zufrieden die menschen mit mir sind wenn sie diese szenen sehen. +ich teile ihnen nun die vorfälle des tages mit. +das ist großartig, das bedeutet, es gibt bald 10 milliarden köpfe, die miteinander arbeiten, 10 milliarden talente zusammen. +inka-skulpturen werden als schätze betrachtet in britischen museen, während shakespeare übersetzt ist in jede wichtige sprache der erde. +übrigens hatte darin selbst keinen zweifel daran, dass das pfauenrad für die pfauenhennen schön ist. +wunderschöne muschelhalsketten, die wie etwas aussehen, was sie auf einer ausstellung des kunsthandwerks finden würden, ebenso ockergelbe körperfarbe sind gefunden worden, die ungefähr 100.000 jahre alt sind. +ja, frisur -- darauf bestehe ich. +wir haben schon ein automatisches fahrzeug. +das system ist ebenfalls schlau genug um den sichersten weg zu berechnen um das auto zu bedienen. +daher, handelt es sich in der tat um einen multidimensionalen nutzer-interface. +sie müssen irre sein. " +ich verließ gerade ein seminar, als es anfing. ich summte vor mich hin, fummelte an meiner tasche herum, so wie ich es schon hundertmal gemacht hatte, als ich plötzlich eine stimme hörte, die ruhig bemerkte: "sie geht aus dem raum." +zu diesem zeitpunkt begannen die ereignisse sich zu überschlagen. +ich sagte immer, dass diese menschen mich gerettet haben, aber jetzt weiß ich, dass sie etwas viel wichtigeres getan haben als sie mich dazu befähigten, mich selbst zu retten, und, ganz entscheidend, halfen sie mir etwas zu verstehen, das ich immer vermutet hatte, nämlich dass meine stimmen eine sinnvolle reaktion auf traumatische lebensereignisse, besonders kindheitserlebnisse, waren, und daher nicht meine feinde, sondern eine erkenntnisquelle für unlösbare emotionale probleme waren. +um chavez zu paraphrasieren: wenn der soziale wandel beginnt, kann er nicht mehr aufgehalten werden. +an was sie sich erinnern ist, natürlich, der wichtige sieg: dass die briten geschlagen waren, und wir gesiegt hatten, und das der staat geboren war. +und das macht es zu einem außerordentlich spannenden ort für untersuchungen. +aber besser - was viel wichtiger ist ist, dass sie sonnenlicht bündeln müssten. +man sieht das rote leuchten in ihren augen, was die reflektion der taschenlampe ist. +sie sehen aus wie, vielleicht wie sonnenblumen. +ich war ein teenager und mit 15 oder 16 wollen wir, wie alle teenager, nehme ich an, einfach nur das machen, was uns gefällt und woran wir glauben. +und das ermöglicht es mir, diskret auf die uhr zu schauen, hier, ohne den arm zu anzuwinkeln. +ich meine, überlegen sie mal: die sorgfalt, mit der wir sonnenbrillen aussuchen oder schmuck oder accessoires, ist wirklich wichtig, also wenn es nicht schön ist, gehört es nicht in dein gesicht. +also nannten wir es y water. das ist also ein weiteres beispiel, bei dem alles zusammen in einem raum passiert: das dreidimensionale design, die ideen, die entwicklung der marke, es ist alles eng miteinander verwoben. +tatsächlich können sie sehen, dass jedes logo ein bisschen anders ist. +und wenn jemand fragt, weshalb sie ein kondom dabei haben, können sie einfach sagen, ihnen gefällt das design. +die erste hälfte wird von den sängern hier auf der bühne aufgeführt. +und was, wenn überhaupt, haben männer damit zu tun? +mein vater, der in drei kriegen gekämpft hatte, konnte seine eigene schwester nicht vor diesem leid bewahren. +"er war geschmeichelt. +ich sehe traditionelle musik als eine art rebellion, in der menschen wirklich eine stimme haben, besonders in den traditionellen liedern aus anderen teilen der früheren republik von jugoslawien. +aber nein, für den protest, kleideten sie sich alle in weiß, ohne makeup. +frauen, wie sakena und leah und layma haben mich bescheiden gemacht, mich verändert und erkennen lassen, dass ich nicht so schnell annahmen irgendeiner art treffen sollte. +wir können gesellschaften entmilitarisieren und die mittel stattdessen in reservoire wahrer sicherheit gießen. +und ich dachte: "tja, ich bin kein stratege und auch kein spezialist. ich bin nur ein geschichtenerzähler." +was könnte das bedeuten? +sie waren während des betens zusammen. +und da gibt es zwei wichtige botschaften, oder zwei lektionen, die man dieser realität entnehmen kann. +und die religionspolizei zwingt die angebliche islamische lebensweise jedem bürger auf, mit gewalt – z.b. werden frauen gezwungen, ihre köpfe zu bedecken – den hidschab zu tragen, die islamische kopfbedeckung. +es ist unser glaube und wir werden ihm treu bleiben. ". +und ich denke das ist eine frage, die vorsichitg diskutiert werden muss. +das ist eine erfahrung, die nicht jede muslimische nation im mittleren osten bis vor kurzem hatte. +mustafa akyol: glaube gegenüber tradition im islam +es lichtet den wald und macht die einzelnen bäume sichtbar. +eine antikörper-färbung wie diese hier kann genutzt werden, um diese art von fragen zu verstehen. +darfur mag sich aus den schlagzeilen verabschiedet haben, aber die tötungen und die vertreibungen dort dauern ebenfalls an und das schiere menschliche elend, das daraus hervorgeht ist sehr schwer zu ergründen. +somit ist die tatsache, dass die zahl ziviler getöteter, auch wenn jeder getötete, verkrüppelte, vergewaltigte, gefolterte zivilist einer zu viel ist, heute sichtbar geringer ist als noch vor einem jahrzehnt. eine gute nachricht. +aber andererseits ist nord irland ein sehr einzigartiges beispiel oder trifft diese erklärung nur allgemein für demokratische und entwicklungsländer zu? +sowohl erfolge als auch misserfolge lehren uns einige sehr wichtige dinge die wir im hinterkopf behalten müssen wenn wir wollen, dass das mit den guten nachrichten so weiter geht. +als national geographic-fotograf habe ich sie schon für viele porträtiert. +morast und mineralien werden zu nährboden, auf dem bakterien gedeihen. +an land ging es neue wege: kieferknochen wuchsen zuerst, später zähne. +das aussterben einer art kann sich langsam vollziehen, aber manchmal auch sehr schnell. +und wo es das nicht tut, wie im grönländischen winter, ist der mars nicht weit. +in australien ist "mo" der jargon für schnurrbart. also haben wir den november in "movember" umgetauft und ein paar einfache regeln aufgestellt, die bis heute gelten. +und wir blieben beharrlich und brachten 450 männer dazu, sich schnurrbärte wachsen zu lassen und zusammen sammelten wir 54 000 dollar und spendeten jeden cent an die prostate cancer foundation of australia und das war damals die größte einzelspende, die sie jemals erhalten hatten. +wir haben also folgendes gemacht: wir haben etwas von dem geld genommen, das wir in australien gesammelt hatten, um die kampagne in dieses land zu bringen, in die usa und nach england, und wir haben das gemacht, weil wir wussten, dass, wenn es erfolgreich wäre, wir unendlich viel mehr geld weltweit sammeln könnten als nur in australien. und das geld treibt die forschung an und diese forschung wird uns ein heilmittel bringen. +wir stiegen also in ein taxi und dies ist unser taxifahrer und ich saß auf dem rücksitz und er drehte sich um und sagte: "wo wollt ihr hin?" +deshalb haben wir beschlossen wohltätigkeit neu zu definieren. wir müssen die art und weise der tätigkeit dieser leute neu definieren. wie machen wir das? +er konnte sehen was seinem wald passierte, seiner umwelt, weil sein großvater ihn unter seine fittiche nahm als er gerade einmal zwei jahre alt war und begann ihn über den wald und den weg des lebens seiner leute zu lehren. +er würde ihnen sagen, wie er es mir erzählt hat, er sagte: "ich fragte mich: was taten meine großeltern und urgroßeltern um den wald für mich zu schützen? +wir müssen uns ändern. +sogar dies war nicht genug. +würde er ihnen sagen: "ich bin ein sammler und ich kuratiere ein museum." +sie haben einen sinn für großen zusammenhänge ihrer zeit und ihre kleine rolle darin. +er umflog sie zum ersten mal, er umflog sie zum zweiten mal, er umflog sie zum dritten mal. +an den ufern eines flusses namens indus, im heutigen pakistan. +du solltest nicht sisyphos sein, der bei tage einen fels einen berg hinaufrollt, nur um ihn am nächsten morgen wieder heruntergerollt aufzufinden. +sehen sie, die inder kannten auch einen fluss, der das land der lebenden vom land der toten trennt. +der nenner im leben des gymnsophen war "unendlich". +es gibt keinen dirigenten. +und immer sah ich die verzweiflung bei meinen amerikanischen und europäischen kollegen, wenn sie es mit indien zu tun hatten. +also ist nichts richtig oder falsch an dem, was man in deinem leben tut. +und wenn sie also das nächste mal jemandem begegnen, einem fremden, dann habe ich eine bitte: verstehen sie, dass sie in einer subjektiven wahrheit leben, und der andere auch. +sie haben angst, dass wenn sie ihre leidenschaft suchen und diese nicht finden, sie sich wie ein idiot fühlen würden. also machen sie ausflüchte, warum sie nicht nach ihrer leidenschaft ausschau halten. +wissen sie was? hier ist ein kleines geheimnis. +sie brauchen 20 interessen und eins davon, eins davon wird sie packen, eins davon wird sie fesseln, mehr als alles andere und dann haben sie womöglich ihre größte liebe im vergleich zu allen anderen dingen gefunden, die sie interessieren, und das ist leidenschaft. +was soll ich ihnen darauf sagen? +"schau mal. ich hatte auch mal einen traum, aber –" "aber." +und das ist der grund, weshalb sie keine großartige karriere haben werden, es sei denn – 'es sei denn', die aufrüttelndsten aller wörter – 'es sei denn'. +sie erinnern sich vielleicht an den aufschrei vor einem jahr, als eine arbeitsgruppe der amerikanischen vorsorgedienste die literatur über mammografieuntersuchungen überprüfte und eine richtlinie gegen mammographieuntersuchungen erließ für frauen zwischen vierzig und fünfzig. +deshalb ist es einfach, diesen tumor im oberen teil dieser brust mit viel fettgewebe zu sehen. +früher oder später müssen wir die tatsache akzeptieren, dass innovationen im gesundheitswesen nicht immer viel mehr kosten können. +da waren wir also, ein kernphysiker, eine internistin, kurz darauf ergänzt durch carrie hruska, eine biomedizin-ingenieurin und zwei radiologen. wir versuchten, uns mit der etablierten welt der mammographie anzulegen, mit hilfe einer maschine, die von klebeband zusammengehalten wurde. +hier ist ein beispiel aus dieser studie. +wir müssen noch die studie mit der geringen strahlungsdosis beenden und dann müssen unsere ergebnisse von anderen institutionen wiederholt werden. das könnte fünf jahre oder länger dauern. +die babys, mit denen wir schwanger waren, als meine patientin mir damals diese frage stellte, sind jetzt beide in der mittelstufe, so lange haben die antworten darauf gebraucht. +ich kann mir ihre finanzbelege ansehen. +oder sollten wir seine privatsphäre respektieren, seine würde schützen und ihn in ruhe lassen? +was ist ein moralisches betriebssystem? +ich gehe hin und her, ich komme nirgends an. +wenn man so darüber nachdenkt, hat man einen moralischen massstab nach plato. +nicht, weil es vorhin geklingelt hat, ich nehme es, weil ich eine kleine berechnung gemacht habe. +was ist die formel ' +oder habe ich wie kant meine vernunft benutzt, um herauszufinden, was intrinsisch richtig ist? " +dum ta da da dum dum ta da da dum ihr musikerfreund wird sie stoppen und sagen, "weisst du, diese titelmusik für eure datenrevolution, das ist eine oper, das ist wagner. +er ist unsere unsichtbare wirklichkeit. +und dieses rauschen ist das neutralste. +definitiv nicht perfekt. als würdet ihr es wahrscheinlich an diesem punkt ausmachen. +ihr müsst wissen: heutzutage wird etwa eine von zwei tabletten jeder arznei falsch eingenommen. +ich habe es entworfen, um kindern mit der behandlung zu helfen. +große tragödie also. +denn in den wurzeln der pflanze ist sie nicht sehr effektiv. +jetzt können wir lokales essen genießen. +wenn man den medienberichten glaubt, war das leben eines drogendealers in der blütezeit der crack-epidemie sehr glamourös, zumindest nach den worten von virginia postrel. +laut malcolm gladwell war [das kokain-derivat] crack die gehaltvollere version von tomatensuppe für die innenstadt. +er war ein wirklich interessanter anblick. +er ging zurück in den zweiten stock und sagte: "hey jungs. +die gruppe, die ich näher betrachten möchte, sind jedoch die leute ganz unten, das fußvolk. +in unserer gang – und das war zugegebenerweise nicht die standardsituation – es herrschte gerade intensive gewalt – viele bandenkriege – und diese gang wurde tatsächlich ziemlich erfolgreich. aber es gab dafür einen preis. +aber die regeln änderten sich, und sie wurden nie zum partner erhoben. +die worte eines bandenmitglieds drücken das sehr schön aus. +danach begann ich mit skydiving. +2005 folgte mein base-jump von eiger, mönch und jungfrau, drei sehr berühmten bergen in der schweiz. +ich kenne zwar schon die antwort darauf, aber: wie landen sie? +und sagen sie dann jemals: "nein, das werde ich nicht tun"? +ich denke, es gibt eine sozilalisierende dimension in diesem verschieben der grenze. +geht es darum bei kunst? +so dass sich mit der bewegung ihrer beine die farbe ihres horizonts verändern wird. +und "ha-ha, da ist ein bild und hier bin ich. und was soll das ganze?" +in den spektakulären großprojekten, für die er berühmt ist, erschafft olafur eliasson kunst aus einer palette von raum, distanz, farbe und licht. dieser mit vortrag voller ideen beginnt mit einem experiment zur natur der wahrnehmung. +ich vermute, dass das eine menge tiere verscheucht. +wir brauchen eine organisation wie die nasa für ozeanforschung, denn wir müssen unsere lebenserhaltungssysteme hier auf der erde schützen und erforschen. +als die 10 jahre alt war, 1927, veröffentlichte sie ihren ersten gedichtband mit dem titel "the janitor 's boy" +mir gefror mein blut als ich das las weil ich eine einfache musik geschrieben hatte 130 jahre nachdem er diesem brief schrieb.. +natalie merchant singt von ihrem neuen album "leave your sleep". die texte aus fast vergessenen dichtungen aus dem 19. jahrhundert paaren sich mit ihrer unverwechselbaren stimme zu einem auftritt, der das publikum begeisterte. +ihr körper unterscheidet sich grundlegend von unserem. +als erwachsener, als ich über die erstaunlichen erkenntnisse von penny patterson und koko, sue savage-rumbaugh mit kanzi und panbanisha, irene pepperberg und alex, den papagei, hörte, begeisterte ich mich dafür. +so sah es aus, als es anfing und man kann es als internet der weißen männer mittleren alters bezeichnen, überwiegend weiße männer mittleren alters. +bei mir sind 8 große tümmler: die 20-jährige chesapeake, unser erster hier geborener delphin, ihre 4 jahre alte tochter bayley und ihre halbschwester, die 11 jahre alte maya. +nur der kongress kann diese zahl wertschätzen. +das bedeutet, dass das, was wir gerade über diese interaktionen mit anderen arten lernen, uns letztendlich beibringt, wie wir vielleicht mit aliens von einem anderen planeten interagieren. +nun, vielen dank euch allen, dass ihr dabei wart. +und nun sprachen menschen aus dem iran mit mir. +es gibt dort grafikdesigner. wirklich? +diese ganze liste an facebookseiten, der gleichen botschaft gewidmet; menschen, die einander ihre liebe senden. +erinnern sie sich an das bild vom anfang? +ich werde einfach ein bild davon machen und ich werde es auf facebook hochladen mit etwas wie "israelis für den frieden". +wie sie sehen, entwickelt sich ein projekt durch eine folge von generationen von designmeetings. +aber dann trafen wir einen chinesischen unternehmer, der unser design gesehen hatte und sagte: "wow, das ist das chinesische zeichen für das wort ‚ volk '". offenbar schreibt man so also "volk", wie in "volksrepublik china". +china wird durch den drachen symbolisiert, +sondern bieten an es auszuprobieren. +wenn sie trotzdem nach kopenhagen kommen, werden sie wohl eine installation des chinesischen künstlers ai weiwei sehen, +wenn man jetzt vom parkhaus durch die gänge geht, ist es fast wie eine reise durch ein paralleluniversum aus bunten autos und farben zu dieser urbane oase in südlage. +unser grundgedanke war, die sieben wichtigsten berge aserbaidschans als muster zu nehmen, und sie in urbane architektonische strukturen umzusetzen, die von menschen bewohnt werden können. +und ich muss sagen, bevor ich weiter mache, bitte ich jeden von ihnen es zu versuchen und stift und papier herauszuholen weil ich sie tatsächlich darum bitten werde, mir zu helfen, einen blick darauf zu werfen, wie wir das machen. +weil wir probleme nicht lösen können. +was ich also beabsichtige ist, wirklich zu sagen, dass wir für eine sehr lange zeit, eine situation gehabt haben, in der wir eine anzahl der auswahlmöglichkeiten gehabt haben. +und dann fragen sie, warum ökonomen? +aber es besagt, dass das was wir dagegen machen können sehr wenig ist, zu sehr hohen kosten. +die neuerkrankungen an malaria belaufen sich auf einige millionen infizierte pro jahr. +also nochmal, auf was wir uns konzentrieren, ist prävention eher als behandlung, zunächst einmal. +natürlich liegt das hauptsächlich daran, dass der klimawandel so gute bilder hat. +die einzigen zwei bedingungen waren, dass sie an der universität studieren, und dass sie englisch sprechen. +im letzten jahrhundert hat die kombination aus liberaler demokratie und privatem kapitalismus den vereinigten staaten und der westlichen welt zu rasantem wirtschaftswachstum verholfen. +denken sie einmal darüber nach, ob das von china repräsentierte system nicht das ist, welches bei den menschen in entwicklungsländern immer mehr zu dem system wird, das es anzustreben gilt, da sie immer mehr davon überzeugt sind, dass durch dieses system ihr lebensstandard innerhalb kürzester zeit am besten und schnellsten verbessert werden kann. +ich stehe auch hier, um ihnen zu sagen, dass sich gerade einiges verändert im hinblick auf chinas haltung zur demokratie. +aber ich glaube, dass die usa und die europäischen staaten, um ihren weltweiten einfluss zu behalten, vielleicht darüber nachdenken müssen, kurzfristig zu kooperieren, um konkurrieren zu können und dadurch müssen sie sich vielleicht aggressiver auf die wirtschaftlichen erfolge konzentrieren, um dazu beizutragen, eine mittelschicht zu schaffen und somit die regierung zur verantwortung ziehen zu können und die demokratie zu bilden, die wir wirklich wollen. +auf die gleiche weise können wir das wirtschaftswachstum ankurbeln. +heißt also, wenn man im besten klima lebt, in san diego in den usa oder im schlechtesten klima, in buffalo, new york, wird man gleich glücklich an beiden orten sein. +wenn wir also eben diese sehr wichtigen entscheidungen aufgrund sehr komischer gründe machen, bleibt es doch statistisch erwiesen, dass mehr georges in georgia leben und mehr dennises zahnarzt werden und dass mehr paulas mit paul verheiratet sind als statistisch nötig. +und ich weiß natürlich dinge, als designer, über typografie, auch wenn wir nicht sonderlich erfolgreich mit diesen tieren gearbeitet haben. +nach etwa drei tagen zeigen sich blasen an der oberfläche der flüssigkeit. +mit indigo ensteht ein schutz vor mikroben. +suzanne, ganz kurz, was du anhast, trägst du nicht zufällig? +bao yongxiu: "meine mutter sagt mir, ich solle heimkommen und heiraten, aber wenn ich jetzt heirate, bevor ich mich ganz entwickelt habe, kann ich nur einen gewöhnlichen arbeiter heiraten. deshalb habe ich keine eile." +in vielen artikeln wird ausgerechnet: wie lange muss ein arbeiter arbeiten, um so viel geld zu verdienen, dass er sich das kaufen kann, was er herstellt? +ein andermal, nachdem min die handtaschenfabrik bereits verlassen hatte, kam ihre jüngere schwester zu besuch und brachte zwei der bekannten coach-handtaschen mit. +danke. +im jahr 2009 gab es 500 bombenexplosionen in pakistan. +stufe zwei: sie lehren den kindern den koran, welcher das heiligste buch des islam ist, auf arabisch; eine sprache, die diese kinder nicht verstehen und nicht sprechen können. +dieser junge heißt messoud. +wir haben die cassini raumsonde nun mehrmals über diesen mond geflogen. wir sind näher und tiefer in diese ströme geflogen, in die dichteren regionen dieser ströme, so, dass wir jetzt einige sehr präzise, vielseitige messwerte erhalten konnten. +gegenüber dieser weite erscheinen wir immer irgendwie klein. +diese verbindung ist eindeutig ein materieller prozess. +sie suchten nach bis jetzt unerschlossenen orten und das bedeutete in erster linie nord und süd, hauptsächlich diese kabel nach afrika. +danke sehr. +das material, das abgelegt wird, kommt zunächst entweder in flüssiger form oder als puder heraus. +die details, die man heute machen kann, sind erstaunlich. +aber dies auf herkömmliche art herzustellen, ist schwierig. +sie können es einfach direkt vor ort herstellen. +statt ein produkt um die welt zu schicken, schicken wir daten über das internet. +firmen wollen unterschiedliche dinge. +aber es waren nicht nur wir. sogar in der muslimischen welt wurde seine definition von dschihad aufgegriffen. +was heißt das für uns im westen? +aber das ist immer noch kein grund für uns, uns abzuwenden, weil wir diesen film schon aus afghanistan kennen. +al jazeera brachte ihnen informationen, zeigte ihnen was im namen ihrer religion gesagt und getan wurde, deckte die heucheleien von osama bin laden und al-qaida auf, und gab ihnen die informationen, die den menschen erlaubte, ihre eigenen schlüsse zu ziehen. +vielen dank. +die freundlichkeit und güte in ihrem gesicht nahmen mich sofort für sie ein, und ich bat sie, mir ihre geschichte zu erzählen. +sie lebt mit all dieser unsicherheit und tatsächlich wurde sie im januar, während der stammeskrawalle, aus ihrem heim vertrieben und musste eine neue hütte finden, in der sie fortan leben konnte. +ich glaube wirklich, dass dort die würde ihre wurzeln hat. +nebenbei bemerkt, das geheimnis ist, nicht zu bett zu gehen, ehe man seine wörter für diesen tag zusammen hat. +ich hatte gerade trigonometrie in der schule belegt und lernte dort über parabeln, und ihre fähigkeit, lichtstrahlen in einem punkt zu konzentrieren. +ich bin froh, dass sie vorhin schon gehört haben, dass batterien im vergleich zu öl einen unglaublich viel weniger effektiven energiespeicher darstellen. +man nimmt ein problem, welches nicht durch eine durch und durch mathematische antwort lösbar ist, und stellt ein evolutionäres system für vielfache rateversuche auf, fügt sex hinzu - was bedeuten soll, dass man die hälfte einer ersten und die hälfte einer zweiten lösung nimmt und daraus neue mutationen erstellt - und nutzt dann die natürliche selektion, um die nicht so guten lösungen abzutöten. +was sie hier sehen sind 12 separate blätter, die mit individuellen mikroprozessoren bewegt werden könnten, die nur etwa einen dollar kosten würden. +und sobald man mobilität hat, kann man viele motoren produzieren, da man mehr einheiten benötigt, im gegensatz zu dampfschiffen oder großen fabriken, für die nicht so viele einheiten notwendig sind, also war dies der motortyp der aus der massenproduktion nutzen zog, was alle anderen motoren nicht taten. +das bewegt man dann hoch und runter durch ein kleines bisschen energie, aber nun schiebt man die luft nur herunter zum heißen und hoch zum kalten ende, herunter zum heißen ende und hoch zum kalten. +nun setzen wir die zwei dinge zusammen. +dies ist der erste test im freien und jedes der blätter sucht jetzt also individuell nach dem besten winkel. +es ist unglaublich, wie groß das potential für solarenergie dort ist und ich bin sehr begeistert, mehr über wege zu reden, wie wir darauf hin arbeiten können. +bill gross über revolutionäre ideen für das finden neuer formen von energiegewinnung +aber trotzdem sehen wir uns die teile an. +und aus diesem feldzug werden wir wahrscheinlich ein paar dutzend artikel über ein paar dutzend prozesse oder moleküle bekommen. +und das war ja auch gut so, dass man die sache unterstützt hat. +also, aus unverständnis können tolle sachen entstehen -- -- von denen ich dann ein bild male, das schließlich in meinem werk landen wird. +ich arbeite für den new yorker und ich mache titelseiten, und dann kam der 11. september und das war, ähm, ein völliges ende der welt wie wir sie kannten. +und "würde" ist der liebhaber von coco chanel und "sollte" ist edith sitwell, und könnte ist ein august sander modell. +und dann gibt es keinen ausgestopften spinoza, aber dafür einen ausgestopften pavlov 'schen hund, und ich habe ihn im hygiene-museum in st. petersburg in russland besucht. +ich habe in der post eine schachtel erhalten und die war in zeitungspapier eingewickelt und in dieser zeitung war das bild dieses mannes und er war tot. +so, und dieses lied handelt davon wie elendig alle sind denn, nun ja, wir kommen aus russland. +maira kalman, die bebilderte frau +aber trotzdem, konnte ich in meinem herzen keine wirkliche trennung spüren, die liebe, die ich für diese menschen empfinde, war einfach größer. +wir klettern also auf einen baum, und einige dinge, die wir dabei machen um auf den baum zu klettern untergraben tatsächlich die wurzeln des baumes. +kochen, putzen, einkaufen, bauen. aber sie sind nicht hier. +wir hofften, dass sie eine art bösen, spinnenartigen gang haben würde, aber stattdessen entwickelte sie diese ziemlich lahme art der vorwärtsbewegung. +der hurrikan katrina hat uns gezeigt, dass wir uns nicht vollständig darauf verlassen können, das die regierung jederzeit bereit und in der lage ist, zu handeln. +alle gesichtsmasken werden beispielsweise in china hergestellt. +wenn sie jetzt eine pandemische bedrohung hinzufügen, haben sie ein grosses problem. +lassen sie uns überlegen: sollen wir veranlassen, dass alle haustiere drin bleiben? +bei der sars-epidemie in hongkong haben wir festgestellt, dass die meisten übertragungen stattfanden, weil die leute ihre masken nicht richtig auszogen. +jede stadt, jeder bezirk ergriff eigene maßnahmen. +die studie des medizinischen instituts bemängelt, dass die masken nicht rezykliert werden können. +im endeffekt schwächt sich das virus vielleicht ab ist für die menschheit nicht mehr tödlich und findet andere wirte. +im hinblick darauf, wo wir in der wissenschaft mit dns-identifikation usw. stehen, ist das nicht mehr so weit entfernt. +wir haben nie auch nur annähernd so etwas gesehen. " +es ist wirklich gut steuerbar. es gibt eine tragbare fernbedienung, mit der sie beschleunigen können, bremsen, in den rückwärtsgang wechseln, auch mit bremsfunktion. +okay, ich habe geschummelt, das waren nur 20 sekunden. +aber in amerika sind keulen ein synonym für golfschläger. +ich fand zwei bäume – aber nicht irgendwelche bäume, bäume mit charakter – und dann ein sehr langes seil. +das murmeln der stadt löst sich in einer windbö auf, deren eisige kraft ich nicht mehr fühle. +sie wissen das, oder? +ich zaubere die taube herbei. +ich möchte, dass sie für eine sekunde nur diese fantastische menschliche symphonie erleben. +und ich würde sie gerne hoch ins blätterdach mitnehmen, nicht indem ich sie alle in seile und klettergurte stecke, sondern indem ich ihnen einen sehr kurzen clip aus einem film von national geographic namens "heroes of the high frontier" zeige. +wir haben ablösungsexperimente gemacht, bei denen wir matten von epiphyten entfernt und uns die rate der wiederbesiedlung angesehen haben. +wir beraten uns mit den medien über baumkronen-fragen; wir haben einen baumkronen-newsletter; wir haben mailinglisten. +ich habe die wirkung von dukes song auf die urbane jugend gesehen – eine zielgruppe, an die ich als professorin mittleren alters nicht hoffen kann, heranzukommen – in bezug darauf, sie von der wichtigkeit der naturlandschaften zu überzeugen. +ich habe meine wissenschaftlichen kollegen und fachleute für nachhaltigkeit mit in die gefängnisse genommen. +vor langer, langer zeit war die welt einmal eine große, schwer gestörte familie. +wir bewegen uns in richtung demokratisierung der information, und ich arbeite schon eine ganze weile auf diesem gebiet. +das ist open source und kann in jedem land benutzt werden, in dem es ein informationsfreiheitsgesetz gibt. +skeptisch, weil man alles hinterfragen sollte: +sie beobachten uns alle. sie haben im keller ein spionagezentrum gebaut, wo sie mit algorithmen die störenfriede unter uns finden wollen, und wem das nicht passt, der wird wegen terrorismus festgenommen. +wenn man an ein korallenriff denkt, stellen sich die meisten leute dies vor: all diese großen, harten, kunstvollen korallen und viele bunte fischlein und so. +lösen sich mit der zeit im blut und den geweben, und reichern sich darin an. +und diese ausrüstung haben wir für einen 90-m-tauchgang verwendet. +beim atmen produzieren wir ja kohlendioxid, und dieses kohlendioxid muss aus dem system gefiltert werden. +und ich könnte den ganzen tag darüber reden – fragen sie meine frau – aber ich möchte zu etwas anderem kommen, das irgendwie noch interessanter ist. +wir sehen auch haie, viel mehr haie als ich erwartet hätte. +ich weiß ja nicht, ob sie "us news and world report" lesen – ich habe die aktuelle ausgabe. +und der hier ist interessant. +ich zeige ihnen dieses bild nicht, weil ich ihnen einen dämpfer verpassen will, sondern um ihnen meine lebensphilosophie deutlich zu machen, und zwar, dass wir alle zwei ziele haben. +trotz der tatsache, dass alle dieser störungen im gehirn entstehen, werden die meisten dieser störungen ausschließlich auf basis von beobachtbarem verhalten diagnostiziert. +die forschung zeigt, dass 50 prozent der kinder, fast 50 prozent der kinder, die mit autismus diagnostiziert werden, tatsächlich an versteckten hirnkrämpfen leiden. +sie tauchen nicht mehrmals auf, sodass er tatsächlich wie ein reisebericht ist. +richard saul wurman: ich weiß noch, wie er am penn-college eine rede hielt. +louis kahn, ja! +ihnen konnte er wahrscheinlich nicht die richtige art von liebe geben, aber uns, unserem volk hat er die richtige art von liebe gegeben, das ist wichtig. +was wäre, wenn sie auch zum nachthimmel hinaufsehen, zu denselben sternen, aber von der anderen seite? +welche linie zeigt die zahl an? +in den jack-hügeln in westaustralien werden zirkone abgebaut, diese zirkone aus den jack-hügeln westaustraliens erzählen uns von einer zeit ein paar hundert millionen jahre nach dem planetenursprung, in der es reichlich wasser und vielleicht sogar leben gab. +drake entdeckte zwar keine außerirdische intelligenz, doch lernte er eine wertvolle lektion von einem vorbeifliegenden flugzeug: terrestrische technologie kann mit der suche nach außerirdischer technologie interferieren. +wenn das also richtig ist, wieso konnten wir nur vier der 151 menschen überzeugen? +kommen sie mit zum entlegensten teil der welt, zur antarktis. die höchste, trockenste, windigste, und kälteste region der erde - noch trockener als die sahara und teilweise kälter als der mars. +unter der oberfläche aber herrscht rund um ein 6 millionen euro teures bohraggregat der bohrer taucht regelmäßig, wie ein instrument der biopsie, hunderte meter tief in das eis ein, um gase und isotope zur analyse aus dem innersten zu extrahieren. +kennen wir denn nicht bereits die konsequenzen eines klimawandels auf unsere alteingesessene zivilisation? +das alte problem beim thema klimaschutz ist, daß er teuer ist, andernfalls haetten wir schon laengst mit dem klimaschutz angefangen. +auch kommt aus europa und korea ernstzunehmende konkurrenz gefolgt von china, das bald einer der wichtigsten nettoexporteure fuer autos sein wird. +finazieren laesst es sich ueber den privaten kapitalmarkt. +das ist nicht besonders erbauend nach mehr als einem jahrhundert hingebungsvoller ingenieurarbeit. +jedes dieser teile wird von einem einzigen, recht billigen duesenset geformt anstelle von vier teueren, die man zum stampfen von stahl benoetigt. +zum beispiel koennen foerderprogramme, die eine mischung aus gebuehren und verguetungen sind, fuer alle beliebigen fahrzeugklassen den preis fuer ineffiziente autos erhoehen und dementsprechend eine verguetung fuer effiziente fahrzeuge zahlen. +und den uebergang zu effizienteren fahrzeugen beschleunigen. +es geht dabei immerhin um sechs milliarden dollar. +im oktober brachten wir zwei titel auf den markt – "rockett 's new school", was der ersten teil einer serie von produkten über eine figur namens rockett, die ihren ersten schultag beginnt, in der achten klasse, an einem ganz neuen ort, völlig ohne vorgeschichte. das erlaubt es den mädchen erlaubt, mit fragen zu spielen wie: "wie werde ich sein, wenn ich älter bin?", +wenn man ein mädchen wäre und wirklich abenteuerlustig und wirklich wild, würde man denken, dass spiele für mädchen irgendwie lahm sind. +bl: ich spule vor zum moment der entscheidung, denn ich weiß, dass ich nicht viel zeit habe. +brenda laurel über die produktion von videospielen für mädchen +ich brauche auch alkohol und morphium, denn nur so kann ich arbeiten. " +viele soziologen wie veblen und wolfe würden behaupten, dass wir ursprünge so wichtig nehmen, weil wir snobs sind, weil wir auf status fokussiert sind. +es gibt inzwischen dutzende, vielleicht hunderte von studien, die zeigen, dass wenn man glaubt, dass man das teure zeug trinkt, es einem besser schmeckt. +menschen haben ihre geliebten umgebracht im glauben, dass sie einen betrüger ermordeten. +dann fragten wir sie, "wieviel würden sie für george clooneys pullover bezahlen?" +sie mögen es einfach nicht. +wie viele von ihnen wissen, ist das die komposition, wo der pianist auf seiner bank sitzt, das piano öffnet und da sitzt und vier minuten 33 sekunden gar nichts tut – diese zeit der stille. +paul bloom: der ursprung der freude +was ich ihnen also zeigen werde, sind alle wichtigen dinge, alle hauptmerkmale meiner disziplin – beweisbezogene medizin. +"ein glas rotwein am tag könnte brustkrebs verhindern helfen." +die behauptung war, dass fischölkapseln schulleistungen und -verhalten von durchschnittskindern verbessern. +zwei zuckerpillen pro tag besiegt eine zuckerpille pro tag. +und wieder: das ist keine irrsinnige dosis, keine illegale dosis, aber ganz nah an der höchstgrenze vom normalen. +sie können hier sehen, dass die kleinen negativen versuche, die unten links sein sollten, verschwunden sind. +wir haben die daten bereits, die zeigen, dass es die dauer ihrer grippe um ein paar stunden verkürzt. +und sehr bald hätten sie begonnen, diese kohle abzutransportieren, tonne um tonne, zugwagon um zugwagon, bootsladung um bootsladung, zurück nach china und überall in die welt. +können sie sich vorstellen, wie sie sich fühlen würden, wenn sie an meiner stelle wären? +es geht nur ums öl; sie wissen das, alle wissen das. +da ist diese sache, die militarisierung der welt, und die stammt direkt aus der mitte der vereinigten staaten. +und was sehen sie? sie sind christen. +und dieses wort, george bush hat diesen krieg einen kreuzzug genannt. +das musst du sehen -- bibel trainingslager. +natürlich, haben sie das alles falsch verstanden. +und ich möchte, dass sie sie sich als chinesische frau vorstellen, die eine chinesische flagge erhält, weil ihr geliebter in amerika gestorben ist, während des kohleaufstands. +können sie ihre wut fühlen, ihre angst, ihren zorn über das, was in ihrem land passiert? +und plötzlich, ohne dass sie es merken, sehen sie die welt anders. +mauern der kommunikation sind -- das muss ich ihnen sicher nicht sagen -- mit dem internet eingestürzt. +mehr als je zuvor sind es ideen dieser art, die an vorderster wirtschaftlicher front wachstum antreiben. +und das bedeutet einen größeren antrieb für forschung und entwicklung, was jedem in der welt zugute kommt. +ich denke da an den großen indischen mathematiker ramanujan. +20. jahrhundert: ein wenig über zwei prozent. +als ich meine notizen angefertigt hatte, stand der ölpreis bei 140 dollar pro fass. +wenn wir alle insekten auf diesem planeten ausrotteten, nur sie – was wir übrigens intensiv versuchen – würde der rest des lebens und der menschheit zum großteil vom land verschwinden. +60.000 arten sind der wissenschaft bekannt, aber ihre existenz wird auf mehr als 1,5 millionen geschätzt. +was werden wir finden, wenn wir das leben endlich ernsthaft kartieren können? +durch menschen verursachte klimaänderungen – halten wir sie nicht auf – könnten in den nächsten fünf dekaden ein viertel der noch lebenden arten ausrotten. +alle schlüsselinformationen über das leben auf erden werden jedem auf anfrage zugänglich, egal wo auf der welt. +sie wurde kommerziell gejagt. +bedauern, wut, trauer. +nur einige dinge sind rein für die schuppenhalstaube spezifisch. +alberto arbeitete am pyrenäensteinbock in spanien. +nun, vögel sind ziemlich gut programmiert, das meiste ist schon in ihrer dns enthalten. aber zur ergänzung schlug ben vor, brieftauben zu verwenden, um den jungen wandertauben das schwärmen zu zeigen, und wie sie ihre alten brutplätze und futterplätze finden. +ein weiteres interessantes projekt, das noch etwas unterstützung braucht, ist das der breitmaulnashörner. +das wird unbeabsichtigte konsequenzen haben. +er betrieb und arbeitete in einer fabrik. +ich habe das buch gerne gemacht, weil ich es liebte, meine fantasie spielen zu lassen, und das ist schreiben. +ich zeichnete lustige bilder meiner lehrer und reichte sie herum. +ich wollte nur eine videokamera. +ich richtete ein studio ein und versuchte, meine arbeit zu veröffentlichen. +mrs. alisch drängte sich in der schlange vor und sagte: "ich hab ihm lesen beigebracht!" +ich sagte: "mrs. alisch, wie geht es ihnen?" +als ich meinen todkranken vater im krankenhaus besuchte, fragte ich mich, wie kann man an einem ort, der so klingt, überhaupt gesund werden? +das wird sehr stark von der resonanzzeit beeinflusst, wie viel hall ein raum hat. +was kostet es, ein klassenzimmer auf 0,4 sekunden nachhallzeit aufzurüsten? +ich liebe diese formulierung. +in "upwake" tragen gebäude anzüge, zero steppt auf einem gigantischen keyboard, klont sich mit einem scanner, zähmt und peitscht die computermäuse, segelt von einem stück papier hinweg in die traumlandschaft, und reist ins weltall. +aber die lehrer sind danach zu mir gekommen und sagten, dass sie die kinder noch nie so konzentriert gesehen hatten. +sie ist bewegung und gefühl. +in den niederlanden, wo ich herkomme, sieht man so gut wie nie schweine, was seltsam ist, weil wir bei einer bevölkerung von 16 millionen leuten 12 millionen schweine haben. +und in käsekuchen und vielen anderen arten von desserts, wie zum beispiel schokomousse, tiramisu oder vanillepudding, in allen produkten, die im supermarkt gekühlt gelagert werden ist gelatine um sie gut aussehen zu lassen. +und sie gefragt, ob sie mir eine kugel schicken können. +christien meindertsma, autorin von "pig 05049" recherchiert das erstaunliche nachleben eines gewöhnlichen schweines, dessen teile ihren weg in mindestens 185 nicht-fleischliche produkte finden, von gewehrkugeln bis zu künstlichen herzen. +sagen sie einem kind, dass ihnen etwas leid tut, und es wird schockiert sein. +ich werde noch viele dinge erreichen, menschen beeindrucken und es weit bringen. " +werden sie alle ihre schüler lieben? natürlich nicht. +das ist ein model wie sich sprache entwickelt: nämlich durch die regeln einer akademie. +es ist nützlich zu wissen, weil sprache unendlich ist und man nicht einfach die sätze nachplappern kann, die man hört. +man kann das als die sprache der gedanken sehen, oder "mentalese". +ich bin mir sicher, dass die meisten von ihnen den film "fargo" gesehen haben. +in einer beziehung, kann der übergang von freundschaft zu sex zu verschiedenen formen des unbehagens führen, und genauso kann sex am arbeitsplatz, bei dem wir den konflikt zwischen einer dominanten und einer sexuellen beziehung als "sexuelle belästigung" bezeichnen. +sie bekommen das beste aus beiden welten. +bei solchen streitereien gewinne ich immer, weil ich die tricks kenne. +nun haben wir diese modelle – streit als krieg, streit als argumentation und streit als auftritt. +oh, und noch etwas, als lehrer stört mich das besonders: wenn streit krieg bedeutet, dann gibt es eine implizite gleichung vom lernen mit verlieren. +was wir brauchen, sind neue ausgangsstrategien für streitgespräche. +warum streiten wir? um unser gegenüber auszustechen, ihm das gegenteil zu beweisen und vor allem zu gewinnen!... oder doch nicht? philosoph daniel h. cohen zeigt uns, wie die weit verbreitste art des streitens – ein krieg, in dem einer gewinnen und einer verlieren muss – sich die wahren vorteile einer aktiven meinungsverschiedenheit entgehen lässt. +damit ist gemeint, etwas zu lernen, eine idee von einem organismus zu lernen und dann anzuwenden. +über die welt der natur zu lernen ist eine sache, von der welt der natur zu lernen – das legte den schalter um. +das leben kann sich das nicht leisten. wie stellt das leben dinge her? +stellen sie sich vor, alle unsere harten materialien so zu erzeugen. +die macht der form: hier ist ein wal und auf seinen flossen sehen wir kleine knötchen. diese kleinen erhebungen erhöhen die effizienz, zum beispiel an einer flugzeugkante um ungefähr 32 prozent. +aber wir verwenden sie alle – sogar die giftigen. +ok, das ist die folie zum thema "heilung". +im großen und kleinen formt die geschichte der opfer, wie wir frauen sehen. +warum sind sie so leidenschaftlich? " +mikrofinanzierung ist ein kraftvolles mittel zu wirtschaftlicher unabhängigkeit und selbstachtung, aber wir müssen über mikro-hoffnungen und mikro-ambitionen für frauen hinausgehen, weil sie für sich viel größere hoffnungen hegen. +wissen sie warum? +und als ich mich an der business school bewarb und sicher war, ich könnte es nicht schaffen, niemand, den ich kannte, hatte das geschafft, ging ich zu meiner tante, die jahre der misshandlung durch ihren ehemann überlebt hatte und aus ihrer ehe mit nichts als ihrer würde entkommen war. +aber es war ein kleines bisschen langweilig. +aber die art, wie menschen die geschichten erzählen, hat sich immer mit reiner, beständiger neuheit weiterentwickelt. +jetzt ist alles möglich. +trotzdem konzentriert sich die ganze presse ausgerechnet darauf. +vor etwa zehn jahren war ich mit einem meiner freunde auf einer cocktailparty, und wie wir so da saßen, beschwerte er sich über die krähen, von denen es in seinem garten wimmelte und die dort eine riesenschweinerei anrichteten. +und in diesem ganzen gebiet brüten sie selten mehr als fünf kilometer von menschen entfernt. +wir stellen also immer mehr fest, dass krähen wirklich, wirklich intelligent sind. +in wirklichkeit ist das ein alter hut für krähen. +wenn sie sich richtig daran gewöhnt haben, machen wir mit den krähen weiter, die zurückkommen. +ich denke, dass man krähen beibringen kann, andere dinge zu tun. +die firmenleitung nahm unseren stapel, unsere liste von anreizen, und verließ das zimmer für 17 minuten, und sagte beim zurückkommen: "wow, das ist das großzügigste, was eine gemeinde je gemacht hat, um die jobs hierzubehalten. +nur die hälfte der staaten nimmt teil. +jede region hat etwas anzubieten und so ein wettbewerb respektiert die staaten und den föderalismus. +wenn sie es noch nicht bemerkt haben, unser medienklima stellt im allgemeinen ein sehr verzerrtes spiegelbild unseres lebens und unserer geschlechterrollen dar. und ich denke, dass sich das ändern wird. +wenn sie ihren klickstrom aufzeichnen -- und sie wissen, dass sie das tun -- dann fällt es ihnen wirklich schwer, ihr alter, geschlecht und einkommen zu bestimmen. +die unterhaltungsmedien der zukunft, die wir sehen werden, werden sehr von daten gesteuert sein und sie werden auf den informationen basieren, die wir von den gemeinschaften mit dem selben geschmack online ermitteln werden, wo die frauen die wirkliche antriebskraft sind. +der vogel erhebt sich in die lüfte, und schon hört man die worte: "juanito, juanito, viente a comer mi hijo!" +sie sollten vielleicht ihren blick abwenden, denn das ist ein molch, der gerade seine gliedmaße regeneriert. händeschütteln überträgt mehr bakterien als küssen. +auf dem linken bild können sie die hand sehen. das ist der große pfeil. und den penis rechts. die hand noch abwartend. +ich sagte: "könnten sie es auch hier an ort und stelle machen?" +ich habe dann tatsächlich vorgeschlagen... es gibt da eine wissenschaftlerin an der universität von alabama, die den orgasmus erforscht. +damals haben die ärzte den männern routinemäßig erklärt, wie wichtig es sei, ihre frauen zu befriedigen. +der britische sexologe roy levin vermutete nun, dass das vielleicht der grund sei, weshalb männer sich zu solch enthusiastischen und refelmäßigen onanierern entwickelt haben. +und ich sagte: "warum stimuliert ihr nicht einfach die klitoris des schweins? +und die frau hatte damit sex. +und doch, obwohl für john alles richtig gut lief, hatte er probleme, kämpfte er mit abhängigkeit und schwerer depression. +nun, ich weiß, dass das lächerlich erscheint. +ziehen den knoten fest. +und es schien mir, dass es sogar ihm wirklich schlecht dabei ging, sich jeden tag diese unorganisierten roten quadrate anzusehen. +wir sind nur glücklich, wenn dinge in ordnung sind. +das können wir auch in diesem nächsten bild sehr klar sehen. +und ich denke das ganze passt viel besser zusammen, wenn sie es so machen. +aber nach einer weile entschied ich mich einfach ganz zurück zu gehen und die farbe wieder in die dosen zu packen +und ich fing an mehr ordnung in einige flaggen zu bringen. +als wir aufwuchsen, hatte er eine dixieland-jazzband, und er spielte immer gerne louis-armstrong-melodien nach. +und mütter schnappen nach ihren kindern, damit sie mir ausweichen, und sie sagen, "nicht hinstarren!" +ganz recht, ganz recht; ich bin kein opfer mehr. +absicht ist wie ein wesentlicher bestandteil der menschheit. +daran liegt vielleicht das problem. +man versuchte, eine antwort auf die folgende frage zu finden: was würden die menschen tun, nun, da sie nicht länger einfach ums überleben kämpften? +ich war in einem rollstuhl; ich sah einem plünderer nicht ähnlich. +wir müssen folgendes unseren leben abverlangen, unseren objekten, unseren dingen, unseren umständen: mit absicht leben. +ich hatte nicht einmal eine genaue adresse, aber ich wusste, dass er abed hieß. ich wusste, dass er in einer stadt mit 15.000 einwohnern namens kfar kara lebte, und ich wusste, dass er 21 jahre zuvor, außerhalb dieser heiligen stadt, mir das genick gebrochen hatte. +aber abed fuhr nicht langsamer und auf dieser kopie brach mein genick erneut und wieder blieb ich mit meiner wut zurück. +waren wir alle ein ergebnis der dinge, die uns angetan wurden, dinge, die für uns getan wurden, die untreue eines elternteiles oder eines ehegatten, vererbtes geld? +und als ich dort saß und darüber nachdachte, was ich sagen sollte, näherte sich eine frau in einem schwarzen kopftuch und einem schwarzen gewand. +nein, ich war ruhig, weil ich nicht für die wahrheit gekommen war. +"ehm, abed", sagte ich, "ich dachte, du hättest schon einige probleme bezüglich des fahrens vor dem unfall gehabt." +ja, kontrast. +ich habe den kopf gebaut. sie haben den körper gefertigt. +und er sieht mehrere menschen in einer szene, erinnert sich daran wo einzelne personen sind und schaut, sich erinnernd, von person zu person. +jemand lud mich zu einem treffen ein, konnte mich aber nicht in einem konferenzraum empfangen und sagte: "morgen muss ich meine hunde ausführen. wollen sie nicht mitkommen?" +ich habe dazu eine kleine berechnung gemacht. +zum beispiel dank pinks vortrag über motivation, der war sehr gut, falls sie ihn nicht gesehen haben: "lass karotte fallen. lass stock fallen. bring bedeutung." +die benutzten die sechs wörter, um mir unverschämte antworten zu geben, und fragten mich, ob ich kürzlich zu oft auf google gewesen sei. +und ich würde dafür nur $99.50 bezahlen – bliebe damit sogar unter einhundert dollar. +okay, teil eins beginnt im jahr 1929, als der großartige astronom edwin hubble feststellte, dass sich die fernen galaxien alle von uns wegbewegten, und damit etablierte, dass sich der raum selbst dehnt, sich ausweitet. +in der relevanten einheit ausgedrückt, ist sie spektakulär klein. +teilchenmassen, die stärke der kräfte, und am wichtigsten, die menge dunkler energie würden bestimmt von diesen zusätzlichen dimensionen. +und jene galaxien, die viel weniger dunkle energie haben, kollabieren so schnell in sich selbst, dass sich ebenfalls keine galaxien bilden. +denn ein solcher mechanismus wurde bereits gefunden, von kosmologen, die versuchen, den urknall zu verstehen. +wir haben gelernt, dass unser universum nicht statisch ist, dass der weltraum sich ausweitet, dass die expansion schneller wird und dass es vielleicht andere universen gibt, durch sorgfältige untersuchung von schwachen winzigen punkten sternenlicht, das zu uns kommt aus fernen galaxien. +wir verstehen, wie man die mikrowellenhintergrundstrahlung interpretieren muss, die vor 13,72 milliarden jahren hinterlassen wurde – und doch können wir berechnen, wie sie aussehen sollte und es passt. +sie werden milo gleich zum ersten mal treffen. +man kann sich zurücklehnen, und dann verändert die kamera ihre perspektive, je nachdem, in welche richtung man blickt. +milo: ich frage mich, wie tief es wohl ist. +um das zu realisieren, brauchten wir einen versuchsaufbau, wie bei einem zaubertrick. +du hast mein zimmer aufgeräumt. +und auf einmal sah sie einen panzer, der die hauptstraße von sarajevo hinunterwalzte und alles aus seinem weg schob. +ich glaube, dass es dort eine geschichte gibt, die erzählt werden muss. +und das ist eigentlich mein motiv. +alles was ich tun kann ist hoffen, nicht auf entscheidungsträger und politiker, denn so gerne ich den glauben hätte, dass sie meine worte lesen und etwas tun, ich täusche mich nicht selbst. +genau das taten wir vor 10 jahren. +spulen sie bloß 10 jahre vor. +so schnell wie wir unsere computer neu einstellen können, verlagert sich die gehirnaktivität um dieses neue werkzeug abzubilden, als wenn es ein körperteil des primaten wäre. +ich war fünf jahre alt und ich habe nie verstanden, warum die nasa nicht captain kirk und spock für den job angeheuerte hat; schließlich waren sie sehr erfahren – aber das als kind zu sehen, ließ mich, wie meine großmutter mir oft sagte, glauben, dass "das unmögliche nur das mögliche ist, um dessen verwirklichung sich noch niemand genügend bemüht hat." +warum sollten wir das geld auf dich verschwenden? " +damit komme ich zum ersten der zwei hauptthemen von "die hälfte des himmels." +in indien, im ersten lebensjahr, zwischen null und eins, überleben mädchen und jungen etwa im gleichen verhältnis. weil sie die brust bekommen, und die brust söhne nicht bevorzugt. +wie würden also einige der konkreten herausforderungen aussehen? +das heißt, sie war inkontinent; sie konnte ihre ausscheidung nicht kontrollieren. +als sie ihre zweite tochter bekam, sagte ihre schwiegermutter zu ihrem sohn, "ich glaube, du suchst dir besser eine zweite frau. +die zwillinge begannen milch zu geben. +wir glauben auch, dass einzelne einen unterschied machen können, und auch sollten, weil einzelne gemeinsam eine bewegung gründen helfen können. +sheryl wudunns buch "die hälfte des himmels" untersucht die unterdrückung von frauen auf der ganzen welt. ihre geschichten schockieren. nur wenn frauen in entwicklungsländern den gleichen zugang zu erziehung und wirtschaftlichen möglichkeiten haben, werden wir alle unsere menschlichen resourcen ausschöpfen. +warum nicht? ich meine, wir machen das doch so. +diese kumulative kulturelle adaption, wie die anthropologen diese akkumulation von ideen nennen, ist verantwortlich für alles um sie herum in ihrem geschäftigen und turbulenten täglichen leben. +die andere möglichkeit, die wir wählen konnten, war ein kommunikationssystem zu entwickeln, dass es uns erlauben würde, ideen auszustauschen und mit anderen zu kooperieren. +und deshalb war unsere gattung in der ganzen welt erfolgreich, während der rest der tiere im zoos hinter gittern sitzt und verkümmert. +das gilt auch für einige abgelegene ozeanische inseln. +wenn man es so betrachtet, kennt die natur keine anderen verhältnisse, in denen funktional ähnliche charaktermerkmale koexistieren. +der biologe mark pagel stellt eine faszinierende theorie vor, die erklären soll, warum die menschen unser komplexes sprachensystem entwickelten. seiner meinung nach ist sprache teil einer "sozialen technologie", die den frühen menschlichen stämmen ein neues, machtvolles instrument zur verfügung stellte: die kooperation. +und was mich am meisten interessiert, ist der unsichtbare raum zwischen einem text und dem zugehörigen bild, und wie das bild durch den text verändert wird, und der text durch das bild. +dies ist der einzige staatlich finanzierte stelle in den usa, in der legal cannabis angebaut wird, für die wissenschaftliche forschung. +das ist der todesstern. +bei den menschen auf diesen bildern war der hauptgrund ihrer falschen verurteilung eine falsche identifizierung. +schließlich hat er 18 ½ jahre einer verurteilung zu 80 jahren für vergewaltigung und raub abgesessen. +allein letztes jahr [2011] wurden 99 katastrophen bei der federal emergency agency verzeichnet, von joplin, missouri und tuscaloosa, alabama, bis zu den waldbränden im zentrum von texas vor kurzem. +meine erste idee war, einfach zur bundes- und landesregierung zu gehen und zu sagen: "da, nehmt es, kostet nix." +unsere schule zeigte "bill nye the science guy". +wir haben dawn im orbit um vesta, und hier drüben ist new horizons, gerade zu pluto unterwegs. +ich muss hier auf etwas hinweisen. +wenn das stimmt, wie gut sind wir bei der mehrung unseres glücks? +auch reagieren menschen stärker auf einen verlust als dass sie sich über einen gewinn freuen. +einmal verschwundene symptome neigen zur rückkehr – weil kein gefühl für die andere hälfte besteht, für vergnügen, glück, mitfühlen, dankbarkeit, die positiven emotionen. +sie wollte nicht essen. sie wollte nicht schlafen. sie wollte keinen sex. +selbst studien zum thema kooperation zeigen, dass kooperation zwischen individuen die belohnungszentren im gehirn aufleuchten lässt. +ich übernehme das kommando durch physische fähigkeiten und behalte es in dem ich auf meine brust klopfe und sie gesten der unterwerfung machen. +ich möchte mit einigen zitaten schließen. +warum sollte man ratten wählen? +sobald das tier folgendes weiß: klick, futter, klick, futter, klick, futter -- also, dass klick futter bedeutet -- bringen wir es in einen käfig mit einem loch. im grunde lernt das tier seine nase in das loch zu stecken, unter dem der geruch des zielobjekts platziert wurde. es macht das fünf sekunden lang -- fünf sekunden ist eine lange zeit für eine ratte. +das heißt, wenn man t.b. hat, ist die wahrscheinlichkeit, nicht diagnostiziert zu werden, größer, aber man stirbt an sekundären infektionen der t.b. usw. +und indem wir die proben dann nochmals den ratten gaben und diese resultate zurückspielten, konnten wir die aufdeckungsraten um über 30 prozent steigern. +und das ist wahrhaftig die verblüffendste sache der welt. +nun, was ist die bedeutung dieser spiegelneuronen? +mit anderen worten, wenn jemand mich berührt, meine hand, feuert ein neuron im sensorischen cortex in der sensorischen region des gehirns. +sie ergibt sich aus unserem verständnis der grundlegenden neurologie. +also, das sind 20 mikrometer im durchschnitt, dieses pollenkorn da. +das ist das bein einer biene, das mit den pollen einer malvenpflanze verklebt ist. +vier verschiedene lebensräume scheinen ähnlich zu sein, aber sie haben sehr unterschiedliche pollensignaturen. +es ist mit sicherheit das, was ich während meiner ausbildung lernte. +jetzt haben wir effektive therapien. +im angesicht einer großen kontroverse die initiative für frauengesundheit ein. +einige frauen haben solche herzanfälle, aber eine großzahl der frauen haben diese art von herzanfall, wo es zur erosion kommt, nicht komplett von einem gerinsel blockiert, symptome sind unterschwellig, ekg-befunde unterscheiden sich -- weibliches muster. +welche schlussfolgerungen können wir nun ziehen? +und diese kleinen roten kästchen sind todesfälle. +es sterben immer noch zwei bis dreimal soviel frauen wie männer. +wenn wir also so gut wie beim brustkrebs sein können und frauen diesen neuen auftrag geben, haben wir eine menge leben zu retten. +wir ahmen dies im labor nach, indem wir die zellkultur-systeme mit elektroden ausstatten. +und im fall unserer darmflora sind diese zellen vielleicht nicht mal menschlisch. +es gibt aber auch einen wissenschaftlichen grund für dieses projekt. nämlich die daten dieser natürlichen langzeitstudie zu verwenden, um den prozess zu verstehen mit dem ein kind seine sprache lernt. dieses kind, mein sohn. +diese einfache grafik ist folgendermaßen zu interpretieren: vertikal ist angegeben, wie komplex die sprache der bezugsperson ist basierend auf der länge der sätze. +jetzt stoppen wir den dreißig minuten langen film, wir verwandeln die zeit in die vertikale achse und öffnen die sicht auf die interaktionsspuren, die wir hinterlassen haben. +dies wurde meine bevorzugte art jeden erdenklichen bereich auf film zu bannen. +und hier sind wieder mehrere zehnmillionen verbindungen die dieses geflecht eines sozialen netzes ergeben und aufzeigen, wie sie mit dem inhalt der sendungen korrelieren. +ich fuhr weiter und reflektierte, "ist es nicht total faszinierend, diese ganze datensammlung, all diese aufnahmen werde ich dir und deiner schwester übergeben," die zwei jahre später zur welt kam. "und ihr zwei könnt zurückgehen und die momente wiedererleben wie ihr euch mit eurem biologischen erinnerungsvermögen wohl nie so gut daran erinnern könntet. +der mit-forscher deb roy wollte herausfinden, wie sein neugeborener sohn die sprache lernt - dafür stattete er sein haus mit videokameras aus, um jeden moment des lebens seines sohnes einzufangen. danach parste er 90.000 stunden heimvideo, um zu beobachten, wie aus "gaaa" langsam "wasser" wurde. eine erstaunliche, datenreiche forschungsarbeit mit weitreichenden konsequenzen für unser lernen. +ein zweiter gehirnteil nennt sich dorsaler fluss. +wir erzeugen bedeutung durch sehen, durch einen akt visueller abfrage. +zweitens, sie interaktiv zu gestalten. +das ist ein wäsche-schacht, und das hier ist eine schuhleiste. +aber ich bekomme viele toiletten, und wenn man eine toilette mit einem hammer auseinander nimmt, dann bekommt man schiefe fließen. +aber das hier haben sie noch nie zuvor gesehen. +darin sagt er, dass jede kultur dazu tendiert, zwischen zwei perspektiven hin und her zu pendeln. +und wenn etwas nicht dem standard entspricht, dann heißt es gleich: "oops, müll. oops irgendwas. oops, schief." +das problem ist, dass wir uns das nicht leisten können. +alles was wir tun müssten, ist, was eine firma mit kohlensäurehaltigem pflaumensaft gemacht hat. +das verschärft und führt dieses modell weiter. +das bedeutet, unser obdach ist eine ware geworden +in diesem unterhaltsamen und aufschlussreichen vortrag von tedxhouston führt uns bauherr dan phillips durch ein dutzend häuser, die er in texas aus recyclierten und rückgewonnenen materialien gebaut hat. herausragende low-tech designdetails werden ihre eigene kreativität beflügeln! +und ich glaube, der grund, warum das so interessant für sie wäre ist, dass das bewusstsein so interessant ist. +es gibt keine drastischere und plötzlicher auftretende lücke zwischen dem potentiellen und dem tatsächlichen verstand als eine schwere kopfverletzung. +aber wenn sie in das auge des bewusstseins sehen, das einzelne auge, das sie sehen, bin ich, wie ich herunter schaue, aber lassen sie mich erklären, wie ich mich zu diesem zeitpunkt fühlte. +die globale perspektive zeigt, dass bis zu 30 prozent aller schulkinder unter lernschwächen leiden, die sich nicht von selbst bessern, aber mit angemessener behandlung, ausfindig gemacht und gezielt behandelt werden können um das akademische versagen zu verhindern. +die antwort ist "ja", und zum ersten mal ist es mein großes vergnügen, zwei beispiele mit ihnen zu teilen. +stellen sie sich vor, wie das blut durch ihren körper fließt -- sagte man mir am ucla medical center -- als ein einziges geschlossenes system. +es geht also da rein und bleibt da. +und so saß ich in diesem restaurant, wartete auf den mann, der da kommen sollte der natürlich ein paar schwierigkeiten haben würde... +und wenn sie schneller laufen, wenn ich schneller laufe, dann merkt es das verkürzte zeitintervall, was das intervall ist zwischen zwei fersenhebungen. +ich führte an unserer universität für medizin, dem karolinska-institut, einen kurs namens "weltgesundheit" im grundstudium ein. wenn man aber so eine gelegenheit bekommt, wird man etwas nervös. ich sagte mir, die studenten, die zu uns kommen, haben den besten abschluss, den man im schwedischen hochschulsystem bekommen kann. vielleicht wissen sie schon alles, was ich ihnen lehren möchte. deshalb habe ich +was hat sich seit 1962 geändert? sehen wir uns die veränderungen an. +wo sind die verschiedenen länder? ich kann ihnen afrika zeigen. +nachbarstaaten. jemen, bürgerkrieg. vereinigte arabische emirate, geld, das +alles auf der welt ist in afrika vorhanden. und sie können nicht einen universalen zugang zu hiv-medikamenten für dieses quintil hier oben mit derselben strategie wie für hier unten diskutieren. die verbesserung in der welt, muss ganz im zusammenhang diskutiert werden und ist auf regionaler ebene nicht relevant. wir müssen ausführlicher vorgehen. +und er ist ein ziemlich schlauer kerl, oder? +aber es langweilt mich ein bisschen. +ich hatte ein ziemlich schönes leben in indiana. +und sicherlich waren weder crick noch ich chemiker, also versuchten wir ein modell zu bauen. und er wusste es, francis kannte wilkins. +und ich las es und es war -- es war einfach mist. +und wir wussten, dass wir recht hatten. +aber das hier ist das einzige -- nein, wir wurden nur zweimal fotografiert. +wir haben also mit brustkrebs angefangen, weil es da viel geld dafür gibt, keine regierungsgelder. +waren diese anderen auch verrückt und wir wussten es nur nicht? +durchschnittlich kostet die verteidigung in einem solchen fall zwei millionen dollar und dauert 18 monate, wenn sie gewinnen. +was habe ich von diesem fall gelernt? nun, drei dinge. +aufpassen: patentverletzung mittels mobilgerät – definiert als nicht stationärer computer. +es war ein gewaltiger erfolg. +sie lachten gemeinsam. +nun, ich wette, in diesem publikum denken sie an einige wirklich unglaubliche technologien, an dinge, von denen ich noch nicht einmal gehört habe, da bin ich mir sicher. +bruce aylward: oops. jon, polio ist beinahe ausgerottet. +was wir also suchen, ist eine permanente lösung. +er verschlechtert sich so schnell in den tropen, dass wir einen speziellen impfschutz-monitor auf jede einzelne ampulle anbringen mussten, so dass sofort angezeigt wird, wenn der impfstoff zuviel hitze ausgesetzt ist, und wir können sagen, dass der impfstoff sich nicht für kinder eignet – er ist nicht potent; er wird sie nicht schützen. +während weniger jahre hat jedes land, das mit der ausrottung von polio begonnen hatte, schnell alle drei ihrer polioviren ausgerottet, mit der ausnahme der vier länder, die sie hier sehen. +er wohnt dort in einem familienhaus mit acht brüdern und schwestern. +und damit begann eine unglaubliche zusammenarbeit mit der industrie. und innerhalb von sechs monaten, haben wir einen neuen polioimpfstoff getestet der vor genau zwei jahren die letzten beiden poliotypen auf der welt anvisierte. +sie ist bereit, diese mit bettnetzen auszustatten, mit anderen dingen. +und ist es einfach, das geld zu beschaffen? +und sie nahm uns mit auf eine reise und zeigte und etwas sehr besonderes — ihre tochter, acht tage alt. +dj: nun mal zu einem der großen themen, natürlich weiß jeder, dass katzen wasser hassen. und das war daher eine echte entdeckung für uns. +bj: wie dereck schon sagte, wir müssen mit extremen arbeiten — extreme temperaturen, mitten in der nacht raus. +es war phänomenal und wie waren dankbar, dass sie uns in diesem ausmaß vertraut. +aber ich muss es euch erzählen — jeder fragt immer "was ist mit dem babypavian passiert?" +und das ist wahrscheinlich so, weil wir es noch nicht so gesehen haben wie wir das heute machen. +mein titel: "sonderbarer als wir annehmen können: das fremdartige an der wissenschaft." +die wissenschaft lehrt uns, wider alle intuition, dass vermeintlich feste gegenstände, wie kristalle oder felsen, in wirklichkeit fast vollständig aus leerem raum bestehen. +hätten wir uns in einem vakuum entwickelt, würden wir erwarten, dass sie gleichzeitig auf dem boden aufprallen würden. wären wir bakterien, immerzu von den thermischen bewegungen der moleküle herumgeschubst, wäre das anders, aber wir mittel-weltler sind zu groß, als dass wir die brownsche bewegung spüren könnten. +was wir von der wirklichen welt sehen ist nicht die unbeschönigte wahrheit, sondern ein modell der welt, gesteuert und geregelt durch die sinneseindrücke, aber so konstruiert, dass es dabei hilft, sich in der realen welt zurechtzufinden. +wunder sind lediglich äußerst unwahrscheinliche ereignisse. +wir wären anders, unser charakter wäre anders, wenn unsere neuro-anantomie und unsere physiologische chemie anders wären. +ich ging an die notre-dame-universität und machte abschlüsse in rechnungswesen und deutsch. ein studienjahr verbrachte ich in österreich. +wir alle haben behinderungen in irgendeiner form. +können sie uns zeigen, was für ein guter pilot sie sind? +der nächste, der hier weitermachte und dieses feld erforschte, war ein herr namens hans jenny in den 1970ern. +und auf der rechten seite sieht man eine cymatisch erschaffene schneeflocke. +ihre bilder wurden teil unseres kollektiven bewusstseins, und weil sich das bewusstsein zu einem gemeinsamen gewissen entwickelte, wurde ein umdenken nicht nur möglich, sondern auch unvermeidlich. +und dadurch ist er extrem gefährdet. +und sie haben nicht unbedingt den eindruck, dass twitter tatsächlich von vielen brasilianern bevölkert wird. +es ist die wirtschaft der bewegung von diesen schweren, langsamen atomen über große distanzen, was sehr schwierig ist. +man schaut sich an, wie globale fluglinien agieren, und man erkennt plötzlich, dass die welt nicht annähernd flach ist. +schaut man sich die new york times an oder andere medieneliten, bekommt man einen überblick von sehr wohlhabenden nationen und die, in die wir einmarschiert sind. +ich denke auch nicht, dass nur wir alleine dieses problem wirklich lösen können. +es gibt derzeit eine gruppe in china namens yeeyan. +sie muss nicht nur die israelischen und palästinensischen mitwirkenden daran hindern, sich gegenseitig umzubringen, sie muss zudem herausfinden, was uns interessieren könnte im hinblick auf den mittleren osten. +er kennt eine welt, und findet einen weg, dies einer anderen welt zu kommunizieren, denn er hat zu beiden tiefe verbindungen. +wir müssen unsere einwanderungspolitik in ordnung bringen. +in afghanistan etwa hatten wir nicht nur eine oder zwei wahlen. wir haben drei wahlen durchlaufen, für das amt des präsidenten und das parlament. und was finden wir vor? +es geht nicht darum, dass sie frieden nach innen und außen garantiert. +die öffentlichkeit verliert ihren glauben an die demokratie, sagt der britische parlamentsabgeordnete rory stewart. die neuen demokratien im irak und in afghanistan sind durch und durch korrupt. gleichzeitig halten 84 prozent der briten die politik für kaputt. in diesem vortrag ruft stewart dazu auf, die demokratie wieder aufzubauen, angefangen bei der erkenntnis, warum demokratie wichtig ist – nicht als mittel zum zweck, sondern als ideal. +die kurze antwort ist, in wirklichkeit sind sie aus japan. +das ist eine plakatwand, auf der steht: "willkommen zu dem geburtsort von general tso." +lassen sie uns in die mitte der 1800er zurückspringen, als die chinesen erstmals nach amerika kamen. +zum beispiel gibt es französisches chinesisches essen, wo froschbeine mit salz und pfeffer serviert werden. +okay, vielleicht hatte es etwas mit den mustern auf den kleinen papierstücken zu tun -- wissen sie, zum beispiel war es ein diamant oder diagonal +also sind ich, genral tsos hühnchen und dieses logo allesamt über das karma verwandt. +schließlich fand, ungefähr im 16ten jahrhundert, ein physikus, dessen name theophrastus bombastus auricularis von hohenheim, genannt paracelsus, war, ein name den wahrscheinlich ein paar leute hier kennen, -- -- der gute alte paracelsus, dass er das ausmaß der krämpfe vorhersagen konnte, indem er eine abgemessene menge an kampfer nutzte, um die krämpfe auszulösen. +er hatte einen kleinen rückfall, sie gaben ihm eine reihe von behandlungen und er war praktisch geheilt. +es hatte etwas damit zu tun, in einer familie aufgezogen zu werden, in der niemand englisch sprach, niemand englisch lesen oder schreiben konnte. +und sie versuchten alles, was sie hatten. +nun, er sagte, "können wir nicht eine reihe von elektroschocktherapien versuchen?" +und es wurde besser und besser und innerhalb von drei oder vier monaten wurde ich von diesem krankenhaus entlassen und ich schloß mich einer gruppe chirurgen an, in der ich mit leuten arbeiten konnte, in der gemeinde, nicht in new haven, aber ziemlich nahe dran. +also ist einer der gründe warum ich heute hier her gekommen bin um darüber zu sprechen, -- ehrlich gesagt, egoistischerweise -- mich selbst von dieser last zu befreien und es bekannt zu machen, dass es kein unbeschwerter geist war, der alle diese bücher geschrieben hat. +ich glaube, dass sich das konzept einer globalen bürgerschaft einfach aus leuten, die über kontinente hinweg miteinander reden, entwickeln wird. +das bemerkenswerte daran ist, dass in amerika die bürgerrechte in den 1960gern erreicht wurden. +ich glaube, dass das vielleicht viele menschen frustriert, auch leute hier im publikum, wo wir diese art der sprache, über die sie hier reden, lieben. +wir hatten hier einen redner, der genau das sagte, und hinterher ein schwert schluckte. das war ganz schön dramatisch. +das schwierige an euopa ist, dass es sehr lange dauert, wenn 27 leute bei einer konferenz sprechen. +der sekretär der vereinten nationen ging zu gott "wann werden unsere internationalen institutionen funktionieren?" +die frage ist, wie man etwas neu erfindet, das es seit ungefähr 5000 jahren gibt. +das bemerkenswerteste ist aber, dass meine hand lange genug ruhig geblieben ist. +hier seht ihr ein bild eines gewebeschnitts. +einige der besten neuerungen und entwicklungen auf dieser welt entstehen oft an der schnittstelle von zwei fachgebieten. +wenn ihnen das thema oder der auftritt nicht gefällt, dann können sie rot hochhalten. +data: ein paar jäger aus new jersey sind draußen im wald. +das ist tatsächlich das erste mal, dass wir live-feedback aus dem publikum für einen auftritt verwendet haben. +was können wir zusammen tun, von dem wir beide profitieren? « +fremdheit bestimmt den abgleich von nähe und distanz, der mich die menschen finden lässt, die ich gerade jetzt brauche, das maß an vertrautheit, an entdeckung und an inspiration, die ich in genau diesem augenblick brauche. +für ihn begann tatsächlich alles während des zweiten weltkriegs, als er sich im alter von 17 jahren in einem laboratorium von falschen papieren wiederfand. +ich wurde in algerien geboren. +also musste mein vater im alter von 14 jahren arbeiten. +aber das war nur ein anfang. +und er erklärte mir, dass ich übrigens auch einen bruder hätte, und als ich sie das erste mal sah, war ich wohl etwa 3 oder 4 jahre alt und sie waren 30 jahre älter als ich. +und europa wurde auch nicht ausgespart. +das ist die schlechte nachricht, aber vielleicht überraschend für sie, es ist auch teil der guten nachricht. +noch nie haben wir, wie in den letzten 50 jahren, solch einen deutlichen rückgang gesehen in ökosystemfunktionen und -leistungen des planeten, von denen eine die fähigkeit ist, das klima langfristig zu regulieren, in unseren wäldern, landschaften und artenvielfalt. +nur am rande, sie wissen dass die einzige rote flagge, die hier aufgetaucht ist, ein u-boot eines hier ungenannten landes war, das eine rote fahne am grunde der arktik angebracht hatte, um die ölreserven zu kontrollieren. +was sie hier in schwarzen linien sehen, ist der sichere raum, die quantifizierten grenzen, vorgeschlagen von dieser analyse. +mit der erkenntnis von tourbetreibern, fischern, der australian great barrier reef authority und wissenschaftlern, dass das great barrier reef verdammt ist under dem derzeitigen kontrollregime. +der schlüssel zu all dem, der rote faden, ist eine veränderung der denkweise, weg von einer situation, in der wir uns einfach auf eine dunkle zukunft zu bewegen, wo wir stattdessen unsere zukunft [unklar] und wir sagen "was sind die bedingungen auf diesem planeten? +obwohl es tatsächlich wahr ist, wissen sie; der grund wieso ich zu ihnen spreche ist, weil ich in brasilien geboren wurde. +aber ich war weniger am whiskey-verkauf interessiert, als vielmehr am eis-verkauf. +"die schnecke". +das ist "6,500 yards," nach carot. "9,000 yards," nach gerhard richter. +wenn sie die dna daraus ermitteln, bekommen sie eine großartige verteilerliste. +ein kleiderbügel. +und wir können die folgen solcher mutationen sehen, wenn wir dna sequenzen vergleichen, unsere hier im raum zum beispiel. +und später, vor etwa 100.000 bis 50.000 jahren, verließen sie afrika, um den rest der welt zu kolonialisieren. +und da ist noch etwas an diesen eigenschaften, die wir aneinander beobachten, das man, wie ich denke, berücksichtigen sollte. und zwar, dass sie eigentlich nur an der oberfläche unseres körpers zu finden sind. +statistisch gesehen gibt es keinen unterschied, wie oft der neanderthaler mit dem einen oder dem anderen afrikaner übereinstimmt. +er traf auf neanderthaler, vermischte sich und verbreitete sich weiter auf der welt. irgendwo in südostasien traf er auf den denisova-menschen, vermischte sich und breitete sich weiter in den pazifikraum aus. +nachhaltigkeit ist ziemlich wichtig für uns, was sowohl soziale, als auch ökologische und ökonomische werte umfassen sollte. +lassen sie uns die alte mit der neuen welt vergleichen. +es gibt soziale bereiche innerhalb des flugzeugs die man in einen ort verwandeln könnte, wo man virtuel golf spielen kann. +dies sind überlebenstechniken, +das ist unsere körperweisheit. es ist nicht durch unsere sprache vermittelt. unser körper weiß es schlicht und wir wissen das schon lange. +um uns herum gibt es millionen menschen mit autismus. +das ist schwierig, deshalb mussten wir die technologien entwickeln. wir mussten uns im grunde in einen körper hineinversetzen. +es ist fast, als ob dieser stimulus, sie, sie haben keinen einfluss darauf, was passiert, als sie durch ihr tägliches leben steuern. +die frühzeitige diagnose von störungsbildern des autistischen spektrums kann das leben aller betroffenen verbessern, aber das komplexe ursachengeflecht macht es unglaublich schwierig, sie vorherzusehen. bei tedxpeachtree beschreibt ami klin eine neue methode der frühzeitigen erkennung, die eye-tracking-technologien nutzt, um die fähigkeiten der sozialen interaktion bei babys zu beurteilen und das risiko, dass sie autismus entwickeln, verlässlich zu messen. +wenn du zur sprungreihe a oder d gehörst, stehst du auf. +du wirst auf dem boden aufschlagen. +ich bin mit traditionellen geschichten über führung groß geworden. robert e. lee, john buford in der schlacht von gettysburg. +und was noch wichtiger ist: die truppe, die ich führte, war verteilt über mehr als 20 länder. +ich fragte sie: "wo waren sie am 11. september?" +ich habe gelernt, dass sie die sehnen sind, die die truppe zusammenhalten. +und wenn du eine führungspersönlichkeit bist, dann brauchen dich die leute, die sich auf dich verlassen, auf den beinen. +dann bestimmte sie für diese werke rassenidentitäten, sie sagte mir im grunde, dass das werk rechts, offensichtlich, von einem schwarten künstler gemacht wurde, das werk links, klar von einem weißen künstler, obwohl in wahrheit, das gegenteil der fall war. bob colescott, afroamerikanischer künstler, leon golub, ein weißer künstler. +was es heißen könnte, dieser moment, für kulturelle bewegungen überall, das "mich, wir" scheint unglaublich vorherwissend absolut wichtig. +so, was entdecke ich, wenn ich kunstwerke angucke? +sie haben es von disney.com heruntergeladen, oder einer dieser websites, 14 tage nachdem ein computer in ihrem dorf aufgestellt wurde. +das ist ein 15 jähriger junge. +ich versammelte 26 kinder. +aber 30 prozent ist noch keine bestandene prüfung. +ich gab ihnen sechs gcse fragen. +du kannst mich nicht fangen. +sie gaben es in google ein, übersetzten es auf italienisch, kamen zum italienischen google zurück. +["oedipus rex"] ["the lion king"] ["titus"] ["frida"] ["the magic flute"] ["across the universe"] julie taymor: danke. vielen dank. +im nächsten moment, direkt nachdem sie fertig und in den schatten verschwunden waren, kam ein junger mann mit einer gaslaterne, hängte sie an einen baum und befestigte einen vorhang. +ich liebe diese offenbare wahrheit am theater. +ariel: "ich kam an bord des königlichen schiffes, und sezte [...] jede cajüte in schreken." +wie sie so an der bühnenkante ist, laufen oben zwei bühnenarbeiter ganz in schwarz mit gießkannen entlang und fangen an, wasser auf die sandburg zu gießen. die sandburg beginnt zu tropfen und einzusinken, aber bevor sie das tut, sieht das publikum die schwarz gekleideten bühnenarbeiter. +was zur hölle machen wir da oben auf der bühne? +julie taymor: spider-man, der könig der löwen und das leben am rande des kreativen abgrunds. +ihr entscheidet. das ist eure bäckerei, eure straße, euer land, nicht meins. " +und so existiert, auf der mikro-ebene, eine rolle für diese kombination von investition und philanthropie. +und was geduldiges kapital gefühlsmäßig bedeutet, habe ich im lauf des letzten monats begriffen. denn die firma war buchstäblich zehn tage vom nachweis entfernt, dass ihr produkt den internationalen standards genügte, die man braucht, um coartem herzustellen, als sie in die schlimmste liquditätskrise ihrer geschichte geriet. +in unserem ersten jahr, das erste netz lief im oktober 2003 vom band, +sie war wie einer diesen frauen, d hinter den nähmaschinen sitzen, ziemlich ähnlich. +bei unseren ersten gesprächen mit ok go - der name des lieds ist "this too shall pass" - waren wir ganz begeistert, weil sie ihr interesse dafür ausdrückten, eine maschine zu errichten, mit der sie tanzen konnten. +die maschine selbst würde die musik starten. +ganz egal, was für eine temperatur herrscht, oder was in ihrem weg liegt, sie rollt so ziemlich dorthin, wo sie hinsoll. +und nun möchten sie ihr musikvideo vorstellen. hier sind ok go. +wir bauten also sehr anspruchsvolle radioantennen, bloß um an beiden wänden nach einem luftspalt zu suchen. +wir dachten an eine anwendung zur vergrößerung mit dem tablet. lassen sie mich zeigen, was wir simulieren könnten, was wir tun könnten, jeder von uns in einem museum. +und je später es versagt, desto schlimmer die auswirkungen. +diese krankheit liegt bei mir in der familie und wir hoffen wirklich, dass solche zellen uns dabei helfen werden, eine heilmethode zu finden. +darin versuche ich zu zeigen – leider kommen die farben nicht gut heraus – dass mir diese kleine fünfzigjährige zeitblase, in der sie sich befinden, sorgen macht. man neight dazu sich für die letzte und die zukünftige generation zu interessieren – eltern, kinder – dinge, die man in den nächsten jahrzehnten ändern kann – und sie bewegen sich innerhalb dieser fünzigjährigen zeitblase. wenn sie sich die bevölkerungskurve ansehen, stellen sie fest, dass sich in diesen 50 jahren die menschliche bevölkerung auf der erde mehr als verdoppelt, und wir sind dreieinhalb mal so viele menschen als zur zeit meiner geburt. wenn sie jetzt ein baby bekommen, bis zum zeitpunkt, zu dem das kind aus der schule kommt, werden mehr menschen dazu gekommen sein als es bei meiner geburt gab. +ihre ur-ur-großeltern sind mit muskelkraft ausgekommen, und dennoch glauben wir, dass für unseren lebensstil großartige energie notwendig ist. und mit all der wunderbaren existierenden technologie können wir größere effizienz erreichen, wie z.b. mit umweltschutz, recycling usw. +es ist teil eines langfristigen von nasa in auftrag gegebenen programms. +in ordnung. +von diesen sätzen inspiriert, entschied ich mich den malerpinsel selbst in die hand zu nehmen. +vielen dank. +"so, als würde man ein stück toast durch einen basketballkorb werfen, oder?" +er hat es uns vor über tausend jahren bewiesen. +er bewies, dass sie eine primzahl war, mit nichts als einer feder, tinte, papier und seinem intellekt. +es bedarf ihn nach seiner schätzung etwa "drei jahre an sonntagen". +wegen curtis cooper wissen wir, dass die derzeit längste bekannte primzahl 2 ^ 57 885 161 ist. +wir leben in einem zeitalter, in dem einige der größten durchbrüche nicht in laboren oder den hallen der akademischen welt erreicht werden, sondern auf laptops, desktop-computern, in den handflächen der menschen, die einfach nur bei der suche behilflich sein wollen. +und so herrlich an dieser entdeckung war, dass peter higgs und sein team vor 50 jahren eine der tiefgründigsten aller fragen betrachtet hatten: wie kommt es, dass die dinge, aus denen wir bestehen, keine masse haben? +in meiner kindheit in tasmanien war es immer sehr aufregend, wenn wir einen tasmanischen teufel in freier wildbahn zu sehen bekamen. +wissenschaftler in der ganzen welt sind von diesem krebs fasziniert, diesem ansteckenden krebs, der sich in der population der tasmanischen teufel ausbreitet. +er ist ein tasmanischer teufel, den wir mit einem großen tumor im gesicht fanden. +der hund gehört zu einer familie in mombasa in kenia. +auch wenn es unter einigen umständen passieren kann. +wenn wir verheiratet sind, haben wir eher kinder. +die meisten von uns haben uns für die meisten dieser fähigkeiten überdurchschnittlich eingeordnet. +nummer zwei: unabhängig vom endergebnis macht uns allein die vorfreude schon glücklich. +sie erwarten also, dass die zukunft schlechter sein wird, als sie tatsächlich ist. +aber wenn jemand zuerst sagte: "die wahrscheinlichkeit einer krebserkrankung bei mir liegt bei 10%", und wir sagten: "tut uns ja leid, +er schickt gerade einen kleinen magnetischen impuls durch den schädel unseres untersuchungsteilnehmers, in ihren gyrus frontalis inferior. +ich bin überzeugt, dass es so eine lösung gibt. +eigentlich müsste es heißen, die erholung oder rückkehr asiens. +aber denken sie darüber nach, wie sich das auf unsere traditionelle denkweise auswirkt. +die tektonischen platten der weltpolitik sind verschoben worden. +sie wissen es richtet sich nach der wirtschaftlichen stärke gemessen am bruttoinlandsprodukt. +und wie ich schon vorher erwähnte china hat noch nicht die usa überholt +doch ich meine jetzt nicht unverbesserlich optimistisch darüber zu sein +und machen damit die hälfte aller bürgerkriege aus. +und warum ist es so schwierig zu beginn? +die geldgeber müssen sich daher langfristig, mindestens für 10 jahre, engagieren. +leider, wenn man sich auf die bedürfnisse konzentriert, erhält man keine zielführende agenda. weil die bedürfnisse auf allen seiten so gross sind in dieser situation. die möglichkeiten von veränderung sind jedoch beschränkt. +aber es gibt einen bereich, der nicht mit dem internationalen handel verknüpft ist und eine menge jobs schaffen kann. und der auf jeden fall ein vernünftiger sektor nach einem konflikt ist. und das ist die baubranche. +die planungs- und regelungsverantwortung bleibt beim ministerium. für die versorgung der bevölkerung wird verwendet was auch immer funktioniert: kirchen, hilfsorganisationen, lokale organisationen, lokale strukturen. egal was, hauptsache es funktioniert. +was ist das ziel? +es gibt wichtige konsequenzen der verteilung, jedoch andere, als man erwarten würde. +wir brauchen bessere planung und systeme zur evakuierung. +das macht sinn, oder? es gibt freifläche, die flugzeuge können starten und landen, ohne sich um lärmemission oder ausweichen vor hohen gebäuden zu sorgen. +es gibt keine schnellen lösungen. +l: am wichtigsten... s: am wichtigsten... +jw: ist englischmanie also gut oder schlecht? +das wirft alle möglichen fragen auf. +und er fragte diese bestimmte person, was krähe und fische gemeinsam haben. +sie waren nicht bereit, sich darauf einzulassen. +um 1900 übten 3% der amerikaner berufe aus, die kognitiv anspruchsvoll waren. +nun ist im letzten jahrhundert in entwickelten ländern wie amerika die moraldebatte eskaliert, weil wir das hypothetische ernst nehmen und auch allgemeinbegriffe ernst nehmen, und nach logischen verbindungen suchen. +man muss sagen, nun, für die dunkelheit der haut, sollte man nicht einfach leiden müssen. +ein weg mit dem entwicklungsgrad der modernen welt umzugehen, könnte politik sein, und leider können sie humane moralprinzipien haben, sie können klassifizieren, logik auf abstraktionen anwenden, aber wenn sie die geschichte und andere länder nicht kennen, können sie keine politik machen. +ich bin ein grundschullehrer und möchte ihnen eine geschichte meiner schulleiterin erzählen. +es hätte zahnmedizin sein können, aber das wort "experimentell" war drin und für sowas musste ich mich entscheiden. +es ist eine geschichte, die ein beleg für die lehre und lehrpersonen ist. +und deshalb lebt diese geste meiner mutter weiter durch viele generationen. +ich biete ihnen den posten an, sie können ihn ablehnen. und dann wählen sie ihr kabinett aus. +schauen sie, herr hunter macht dies weil er sagt, seine generation habe viel mist gebaut, und er möchte uns erklären, wie man dieses probleme löst. +das ist ein weltfriedens-spiel. was ist mit dir los? +"lasst uns diese mama den brief lesen. +sie ist über meinen freund brennan. +er läutet noch einmal die glocke. er sagt: "wir legen" – und es bleiben nur noch 12 sekunden zeit – "wir legen jetzt alles geld aller nationen zusammen. +in indien hatten wir die naxalitenbewegung, die [unklar] bewegung. +wenn sie ein fahrrad aufpumpen, verwenden sie etwas davon. +man macht immer ein dreieckiges dach. +also das ist eine kleine pumpe mit der man einen ballon aufpumpen kann. +aber es ist ein großer spaß für kinder. +ich stecke einfach das hinein. +sie sind miteinander verschmolzen, also kann man sie nicht trennen. +es gibt keine patente. jeder kann es machen. +sie heißt: "die geschichte des kapitänhuts". +das schiff sinkt und der kapitän hat alles verloren, bis auf eine schwimmweste. +also werde ich über einige projekte reden die diese ideen verfolgt haben. +wir neigen dazu ressourcen zu nutzen indem wir sie extrahieren, wir verwandeln sie in kurzlebige produkte und dann entsorgen wir sie. +und wir werden auch einen coffeshop haben, und die mahlabfälle davon können als substrat für den anbau von pilzen verwendet werden. +also ein beeindruckendes beispiel an anpassung an eine umgebung stark begrenzter ressourcen - und in diesem sinne sehr relevant für die arten der herausforderung vor denen wir über die nächsten paar jahre, nächsten paar jahrzehnte stehen werden. +der plan würde also wie folgt aussehen: +sie sind nicht nur möglich, sie sind entscheidend. +und wenn ich kinder im alter von 35 bekommen will, hieße das, dass ich bereits fünf jahre zuvor mit all dem hätte anfangen müssen. +da gab es nur einen kleinen haken. +und sie sagen dann: "hör auf dich zu beschweren." +denn meine hobbys sind eigentlich auch nur so etwas wie neue arbeitsprojekte, die ich ins leben gerufen habe. +sie sagte, sie sei "albern, nett und freundlich". +erinnern sie sich? ich spreche fließend japanisch und kenne mich mit javascript aus und das ist okay so. +anscheinend habe ich ein tolles leben, aber -- -- die frage ist, was bedeutet das nun für sie? +ich weiß, dass die meisten von ihnen die erfahrung gemacht haben, nach hause zu kommen und ihre kinder spielen solche spiele. +stellen sie sich vor, sie fahren durch den nebel. es macht einen unterschied, ob sie das auto vor sich sehen und den unfall so vermeiden, oder ob sie einen unfall haben. +aber ein paar kinder sind traurig und blau, weil sie ihren mantel vergessen haben. +das ist ein multimedia-tasker. +lassen sie mich diesen schritt erläutern mit einer aufgabe, die sich mentale rotation nennt. +daphne bavelier: das gehirn über computerspiele +sie bekommen etwas leicht komplizierteres, +nun, das hat große auswirkungen auf die grenzen der wissenschaft, auf berechenbarkeit und steuerbarkeit von dingen wie biologischen prozessen oder einsparungen, auf intelligenz im universum, auf fragen, wie die willensfreiheit und auf das erschaffen von technologien. +probieren wir also eine frage zu stellen, die sich mit der gesundheit beschäftigt. +ich bin also ziemlich zufrieden mit all dem. +die idee ist es dann, dass wolfram alpha imstande ist, herauszufinden welche präzisen teile von code das machen kann, wonach gefragt wird und dann beispiele zeigt, aus welchen dann gewählt werden kann, um größere und größere, präzisere programme zu erstellen. +aber in zumindest einer große klasse von fällen, kann man davon ausgehen, dass das universum, eine art netzwerk ist, welches sich, wenn es groß genug ist, wie ein unendlicher raum verhält, ziemlich genau so als würde man eine menge moleküle haben, die sich wie eine flüssigkeit verhalten. +das war beeindruckend. +es gibt sehr wenige ärzte, und offengestanden, haben diese länder nicht die mittel, die gebraucht werden, um mit solchen epidemien fertig zu werden. +und das in nur vier stunden, 50 mal schneller als bei derzeitigem stand der technik, zu kosten, die ein fünftel bis ein fünfhundertstel der kosten derzeitiger möglichkeiten sind. +sondern weil meiner mutter eine ausbildung verwehrt worden war und sie erinnerte meine geschwister und mich ständig daran, dass sie nicht möchte, dass wir ein leben wie das ihre leben. +das hieß, mein traum, lehrerin zu werden, würde nicht in erfüllung gehen. +ich hatte einerseits auch glück, dass meine mutter etwas tat, was die meisten frauen nicht tun. +ein junge hätte gehen sollen. das können wir nicht machen. " +ich erfuhr, dass sie nicht aufgrund ihres geschlechts missbraucht werden durfte. +und ja, sie war zu alt für die vierte klasse. +und wir werden in einer friedlichen welt leben. vielen dank. +wir haben 50 jahre gebraucht um eine jährliche sparrate von fast 10 prozent zu erreichen. 50 jahre. +wir beginnen also, mit geld zu bezahlen, dass wir wirklich haben. +wir werden vier wertewandel ansprechen, die wir sehen und die neues verbraucherverhalten antreiben, die neue management-prinzipien nahelegen. +ein weiteres kurzes beispiel für diese art der veränderung ist der aufstieg von zynga. +aber sie sprechen auch davon, dass ihre vorständsmitglieder, all deren spesenabrechnungen werden ins firmennetz gestellt, sodass jeder sie sehen kann. +ein weiteres großartiges beispiel ist fidelity. +traditionell wäre ein boykott, richtig? +sie ist für die verbraucher enorm mächtig gewesen. +ich kenne eine frau die das gut kann. +geht nach hause zu eurem mann - was braucht er? +als ich aufwuchs konnte ich tatsächlich zwei unterschiedlich arten des frauseins beobachten. +wir neigen zur gruppenbildung basierend auf gemeinsamkeiten und dann erschaffen wir klischees über andere gruppen von menschen. +in diesen tagen schwänzte ich oft die schule und träumte davon, zur see zu fahren. +für mich, wie für millionen anderer menschen auf der welt heutzutage, ist englisch eine erworbene sprache. +viele autoren spüren diesen druck, aber nicht-westliche autoren spüren ihn stärker. +aber es gab zeiten, da wollte ich beide seiten daran erinnern, dass es sich um fiktion handelte. +bücher haben das introvertierte, schüchterne kind gerettet, das ich war -- das ich einmal war. +audre lorde sagte einmal: "die weißen väter lehrten uns zu sagen: 'ich denke, also bin ich.'" sie schlug vor: "ich fühle, also bin ich frei." +ich denke, dass diese eher die grundbausteine jeglicher kreativität sind. +nun belaufen sich die amerikanischen urheberrechte und patentgesetze gegensätzlich zu dieser auffassung, dass wir auf den werken anderer aufbauen. +das ist alles, was es dazu zu sagen gibt. apple hat dies patentiert. +er nimmt ein lied namens "blind willie mctell" auf, benannt nach dem blues sänger, und das lied ist eine reise durch die vergangenheit, durch eine viel dunklere zeit, aber einer einfacheren, einer zeit, in der musiker wie willie mctell nur wenige illusionen von dem hatten, was sie taten. +gucken sie einfach auf die karte von google hier. da ist block 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. +und eines der ersten opfer schwieriger wirtschaftszeiten sind wohl öffentliche ausgaben jeder art, aber in der schusslinie stehen zur zeit sicherlich die öffentlichen ausgaben für wissenschaft, und besonders für wissenschaft die von neugier und forschergeist getrieben wird. +er hat etwa 500 km durchmesser. +unter dem eis also gibt es ein meer an flüssigkeit um den ganzen mond herum. +so, das hier sich praktisch nach nichts aus. +und eine der erstaunlichen vorhersagen der quantenmechanik, nur durch die betrachtung des aufbaus von atomen -- die gleiche theorie die transistoren beschreibt -- ist dass es keine sterne im universum geben kann, die das ende ihres lebens erreicht haben, die größer als ziemlich genau 1,4 sonnenmassen sind. +sie entstanden in sternen wie diesem, eingeschlossen und dann ans universum zurückgegeben, in explosionen wie dieser, um sich erneut zu verdichten und planeten zu bilden, sterne, neue sonnensysteme, und wahrhaftig, menschen wie uns. +sie besuchte jedoch jupiter, saturn, uranus und neptun. +danke ihnen. +die roten punkte, die sie sehen, sind seiten, die verhaltens-tracking anwenden, die ich nicht aufgerufen habe, aber die mir trotzdem folgen. +aus einem einfachen grund – das ist ein riesengeschäft. +danke, dass ihr gekommen seid. +du läufst, um uns ein schlechtes gewissen zu machen. " +ich war 27. ich dachte, ich wüsste alles. +und sie sagten: "machen sie sich darüber keine sorgen." +es war ein diskussionskurs und wir hatten eine diskussion. +mein vater sagte: "das war nummer 1." und ich hörte damit immer noch nicht auf. +ich lief durch el dorado -- eine gefängnisstadt in venezuela, ein berühmtes gefängnis, oder wohl eher ein berüchtigtes -- und ich weiß nicht, was mit geritten hat, denn so etwas sah mir nicht ähnlich. +aber ich wusste, dass ich mich ändern musste. +aber sogar als kind konnte ich die last in ihren herzen spüren. +diese hoffnung hielt mich am leben. +mein vater hatte sich große mühe gegeben, mich zum lernen zu motivieren, doch es hatte nicht geholfen. +in nordkorea erschuf ich sie mir selbst. +ich möchte dir nur sagen, dass ich dich vermisse und dass ich dich liebe, und bitte komm zu mir zurück und bleib am leben. +man bat mich, ein gebäude zu entwerfen, denn thema der expo waren umweltprobleme. +das ist die verantwortung der architekten. +ich begann nach kobe zu pendeln und traf mich mit dem verein der vietnamesen. +meine japanischen studenten arbeiteten mit chinesischen studenten zusammen. +dazu benutzte ich frachtcontainer und studenten halfen dabei, möbel zu bauen, um sie wohnlich zu machen. alles entspricht dem budget der regierung. die fläche, die das haus einnimmt, ist die gleiche, aber es ist viel wohnlicher. +und für mich verschmolzen diese beiden rollen in meinem buch "origins". +nun, warum sollte dieses fötale lernen von nutzen sein? +und noch etwas anderes passiert oft. +wenn nahrung knapp ist leiten sie die nährstoffe zum wichtigsten organ, dem gehirn, und weg von anderen organen wie herz und leber. +man kann ptsd aber auch mit anderen augen sehen. +dieses vertrauen in das fiktive ist für jede art theatralik essenziell. +die zuschauer werden auf mutmaßungen hingeleitet, welche ganz logisch sind, jedoch nicht mit dem übereinstimmen, was vor ihren augen geschieht. " +und wenn es eine gute geschichte ist, bringt sie uns vielleicht sogar zum lächeln. +ich fordere also eine neue berufsbezeichnung -- ich komme später darauf zurück -- und vielleicht die aufnahme eines neuen wortes in die englische sprache. +aber ich war vor kurzem auf einem ted event und esther duflo, wahrscheinlich eine der führenden expertinnen in der effektiven beseitigung von hunger in der dritten welt, sprach dort. +eines davon war auch, auch wenn es von der logik her eine gute idee ist, einen lift zu haben ohne hoch-und runtertasten, wenn er nur 2 stockwerke bedient, ist dies verdammt angst einjagend. +denn wenn der vorstand alle davon überzeugt, dass der erfolg eines unternehmens fast gänzlich von den entscheidungen des vorstands abhängt, erscheint der gehaltsunterschied etwas mehr gerechtfertigt, als wenn man zugibt, dass ein großer teil des unternehmenserfolgs eigentlich woanders liegt, in kleinen teilen der taktischen aktivität. +das erste, was ich möchte ist ein wettbewerb - an alle, die dies als film sehen - um einen namen zu finden, für diese sache unten rechts. +ich werde das medium, durch das diese musik kanalisiert wird und während diesem vorgang – wenn alles stimmt – wird die musik transformiert und ich auch. +das sind etwa 10 dollar an zusätzlicher hardware wenn man bereits eine nintendo wii hat. +aber ich lernte auch schnell, dass jesus sagte, und ich umschreibe das, dass immer arme unter uns sein werden. +um die wahrheit zu sagen, ich gab zwar, aber nicht aus aufrichtiger hoffnung und dem reiz zu helfen oder aus großzügigkeit. +zum ersten mal seit langem wollte ich die menschen treffen, ich wollte diese unternehmer treffen, und selbst sehen wie sie lebten. +ich dachte nur, dass geld es schon richten würde. +weil, wenn dies passiert, denke ich, dass wir uns frei fühlen können um offener, gerechter und kreativer zu sein, um miteinander zu handeln und einander zu helfen. +mit diesem wissen hat dieser bestimmte vorfall zu den dingen geführt, die ich gerade bearbeite. +dies ist, woran ich gerade arbeite. +es gibt nichts größeres oder älteres als das universum. +das universum kann sich plötzlich aus dem nichts heraus selbst erschaffen. +wir begeben uns jedoch in einen zunehmend gefährlichen abschnitt unserer geschichte. +ich bin designer und pädagoge. +anders gesagt, ich suche nach aliens. wenn ich das auf einer cocktailparty erzähle, sehen sie mich meist mit leicht amüsiertem gesichtsausdruck an. +das ist eine verbesserungsrate, die auf ihrem schulzeugnis gut aussehen würde, oder? +das ist nicht so schlecht, selbst bei zwei dutzend jahren. entweder sie öffnen ihren browser und es wird von einem signal berichtet, oder sie bekommen eine tasse kaffee. +es würde seinen alltag verändern, nicht wahr? +diese art ideen haben keine wirkliche gültigkeit – dass sie den wissenschaftlern nicht vertrauen können. +das erlaubt einem in vorleistung zu treten, indem man dieses thema als verbindung zur wissenschaft nutzt, denn seti umfasst verschiedene disziplinen, natürlich biologie und astronomie, aber auch geologie, chemie und weitere wissenschaftliche disziplinen können sich alle unter dem vorwand "wir suchen nach e.t." verstecken. +ich möchte ihnen nur sagen, dass mein job ein privileg ist, weil wir in einer besonderen zeit leben. +nachdem ich von ted eingeladen wurde, habe ich einige nachforschungen angestellt, so machen wir anthropologen das halt, um etwas über meinen gastgeber herauszufinden. +man findet elefanten, nashörner, affen, schweine usw. +es war, als würde das kind nach 3,3 millionen jahren noch einmal geboren, aber der geburtsvorgang dauerte sehr lang. +was wissen wir eigentlich über unsere vorfahren? +was sagt uns das? " +es ist wichtig, eine positivere sicht auf uns selbst zu fördern. +müllverklappung zum beispiel, etwas wovon man glaubt, es würde sich von selbst erledigen, doch die gesetze, die regeln wie schiffe müll abladen dürfen werden immer schwächer, je weiter man sich von der küste entfernt. +aber in der sargasso-see sammeln sich nicht nur sargassum-algen an, sondern auch plastik aus der gesamten region. +wir nähern uns jetzt der küste, das hier ist auf den galapagos-inseln. +und wenn wir sagen "ja, wir brauchen mehr. es muss weiter gehen." +kristina gjerde: gesetze schaffen für die hohe see +und es ist fokus. norman jewison sagte mir: "ich glaube es hat damit zu tun, sich auf eine sache zu fokussieren." +was macht menschen erfolgreich? ist es schläue? ist es glück? weder noch. analytiker richard st. john verdichtet jahre von interviews in eine sehr sehenswerte dreiminütige präsentation über die echten erfolgsgeheimnisse. +tod: geh auf ifidie.net, ehe es zu spät ist. +und dieser mann, archie cochrane, ist kriegsgefangener und arzt, und er hat ein problem. +die ergebnisse notiert er sorgfältig in einem heft. +und mit den milliarden der zukunft, über die wir immer hören, ist diese welt einfach zu komplex, um sie einfach so verstehen zu können. +es gibt dort 100,000. das würde einen tag lang dauern. +mir ist klar, dass das zweideutig ist. +sogar dieses problem war zu kompliziert. +das passierte nicht, weil ein unglaublich schlauer mensch das sagen hatte. +das ist so ungemütlich. +soll ich den versuch sofort abbrechen, oder sollen wir warten, bis wir resultate haben? " +aber die fehler gingen in eine gute richtung. +es wird aufhören, weil uns die ressourcen ausgehen. +dieses argument finde ich faszinierend, als könnten wir die physikalischen gesetze ein bisschen biegen, damit sie uns ins spiel passen. +ich akzeptiere, wo wir sind. +stellen sie sich vor, unsere hochangepasste, bedarfssynchrone nahrungsindustrie und unser extrem belastetes landwirtschaftssystem versagen und die regale im supermarkt leeren sich. +denken sie an krieg. +wir müssen handeln, als hinge unsere zukunft davon ab. +zusätzlich will ich versuchen ein gefühl dafür zu vermitteln, wie der ultimative neustart aussieht. +und wir glaubten, wir können diese schulden auf unsere kinder ablegen, aber stellt euch vor +alles andere ist verplant. +das ist die finanzkrise. +studenten wollten wissen in welcher stufe der entwicklung sich die zelle befindet. +das sollte nichts erstaunliches sein oder? +alles was wir bekommen haben ist roomba. +zwei bis drei jahre nachdem sie so gut hören können wie du und ich werden sie vielleicht hören können wie fledermäuse singen oder wie wale reden oder wie hunde reden und andere arten von tonalskalen. +ich glaube wir werden vom homo sapiens zum homo evolutis gehen. +und die menschen dachten: "du hast recht. +in jedem autounfall, in dem mindestens eine person stirbt, gibt es informationen über alle beteiligten. +schauen wir uns unfälle aus der letzten zeit an "– der ganze datensatz besteht aus circa 30 jahren daten –" dann sieht man es nicht. die neuen kindersitze sind viel besser. " +ich zeige ihnen nun, was passiert. +es gibt noch mehr beweise, also kann man sagen – ein wissenschaftler kritisierte mich, er sagte: "nie werden sie eine studie mit n = 4 veröffentlichen können", und meinte die vier unfälle. +und danach kamen die meisten leute tatsächlich nicht zurück, denn es funktionierte. aber ab und an gab es einen patienten, der sich noch für krank hielt, und er kam wieder. und mein vater hatte noch einen topf. +in 5.000 tagen sind all diese dinge gekommen. +ich habe also versucht maß zu nehmen. +im jahre 2040 wird die prozessorleistung dieser maschine die gesamte prozessleistung der menschheit übertreffen in reinen bits und so. und das ist glaube ich wo ray kurzwell und andere dieses kleine diagram herbekommen, das wir alle übertreten. +jetzt ist es nicht so - wenn man eine tabelle und dinge bei der arbeit macht, ein word dokument, sind sie nicht teil des webs aber sie werden es sein. sie werden teil der maschine. +mcluhan sagte: "maschinen sind erweiterungen der menschlichen sinne." +so ist jede idee prinzipiell unterstützt, oder jeder teil, jedes wort - wird vom ganzen web gestützt. +wir haben diese datenbank von dingen. +aber ich antizipiere wir tun es im guten sinne. +meine reise um heute hierherzukommen begann 1974. +und so beschloß ich ein buch, meine memoiren, über diese dekade meines lebens zu schreiben. +alles was ich tun muss, ist, in demut folgen. +und ich ordne sie. und, nun ja, es ist auch etwas anders, da ein architekt im vergleich zu, sagen wir, einer tanzgruppe letztendlich eine vermittlung zwischen der eigenen privaten welt ist, der welten der eigenen konzepte, der ideen, der sehnsüchte, der erfindungen, mit der beziehung zur außenwelt und den ganzen einschränkungen, den neinsagern. +und es hatte mit der vorstellung zu tun, einen kilometer zu gehen, jeden kilometer ein objekt der begierde zu beobachten, und dieses dann darin zu platzieren. +und dann beginnen die breiteren ideen der stadtentwicklung direkten einfluss auf die architektur zu haben, auf die elemente, die das breitere schema bilden, die gebäude selbst, und uns zu leiten. +es ist transparent, und ich denke, es ermöglicht uns, was immer das interessanteste an einem gebäude ist, nämlich die tatsächlichen konstruktionsprozesse zu verstehen. +wir könnten über die beziehung sprechen, in einem biologischeren sinn über die beziehung von gebäude und boden. +sie haben 22 satelliten, die in einer höhe von etwa 100 meilen herumflitzen, und das grundstück ist rot. +dann kommen wir zu diesem bild. +bitte auch auf der empore. +sie wissen, unser gehirn entspricht 2-3% unseres gewichts braucht aber tatsächlich 25% der gesamten energie. +sie können weiter erfinden und entwickeln. +bauchgefühl, das ist es, was wir benutzen. " +es ist dieses hirn, das diesen reflex auslöst. +damit würden wir etwas erzeugen, dass wir alle gerne hätten: ein gleichgewicht zwischen hunger und sättigung. +man kann diese kunstwerke betrachten und natürlich die komplexe soziale organisation der menschen, die sie geschaffen haben, sehen. +10.000 quadratkilometer, zehntausende von inseln wie juwelen über die südsee verstreut. +die dritte edle wahrheit besagt: ignoranz kann bewältigt werden. +dann tanzt man die rituellen tänze, die den kreuzen macht geben. +sie konsumieren mehr cocablätter als jede andere bevölkerungsgruppe, täglich ein halbes pfund pro person. +dieser kleine junge wird die heiligen felder, die die hütte der männer eingrenzen, erst verlassen, wenn er seine initiationsreise antritt. +so ist nun ihr gesamtes jahr halbiert. +der anthropologe wade davis betrachtet das weltweite netz aus glaube und ritual, das uns zu menschen macht. er zeigt uns atemberaubende bilder und erzählt von den elder brothers, einer gruppe von indianern aus der sierra nevada, deren spirituelle praktiken die welt im gleichgewicht halten. +heute nutzen wir nur einen einzigen rohstoff, petroleum, um unsere häuser zu heizen, unsere autos anzutreiben und um die meisten materialien, die sie um sich herum sehen, herzustellen. +der erste besteht darin, einen rohstoff zu wählen, vorzugsweise einen, der regional, also in ihrer umgebung vorhanden ist – zur lokalen herstellung also. +es dauert in wirklichkeit länger. es dauert fünf tage. +guten tag. +aber in dem moment, in dem sie auf die äußere umgebung trifft, und ihre temperatur um auch nur den bruchteil eines grades steigt, wird sie sofort wieder zu normaler materie. +aber was von außen so langsam und anmutig erscheint, ist eigentlich eher chaos im inneren, weil die zellen ihre form mit einem skelett aus starren proteinfasern halten und diese fasern ständig zerfallen. +als test schlage ich vor, dass wir mit amerikanischen tänzern beginnen. +wenn man sie fragt, "was machen sie beruflich?" – sagen sie: "ich bin statistiker." +sie denken jetzt, ich werde ihnen einige fragen stellen. +was wir also machen wollen, ist die durchschnittliche anzahl der würfe, bis wir kopf-zahl-kopf sehen, vergleichen mit der durchschnittlichen anzahl würfe, bis kopf-zahl-zahl kommt. +wenn zahl kommt – nun ja, dann räumen sie einigermaßen enttäuscht die gläser und den sekt wieder weg. +aber es stellt sich heraus, der schlüssel zu informationen aus modernen experimentellen technologien liegt in ziemlich ausgeklügelten – es wird sie erleichtern, dass ich meinen lebensunterhalt mit etwas nützlichem verdiene, raffinierter als die kopf-zahl-kopf-geschichte – nämlich ziemlich abgefahrene computer- und mathematische modelle und moderne statistische verfahren. +dann ist die antwort natürlich 99 prozent. +eine erklärung ist, das die person nicht infiziert ist – das ist überwiegend wahrscheinlich, wenn man jemanden zufällig auswählt – aber der test liegt falsch, was unwahrscheinlich ist. +uns unbekannte umweltfaktoren könnten eine rolle spielen, und das gilt sehr wahrscheinlich auch für genetische faktoren, deren wir uns nicht bewusst sind. +es hängt zusammen mit der abwägung der kraft anderer beweise gegen sie und den statistischen beweisen. +das ist eine ingenieuraufgabe. " +ein paar freunde und ich haben herausgefunden, wie es zu machen ist. +es gibt 10 milliarden steckdosen allein in nordamerika. +also möchte ich ihnen heute meine persönliche sicht auf diese zensur in den letzten jahren geben. +sie wollen einerseits den wunsch der leute nach einem sozialen netzwerk befriedigen, was sehr wichtig ist. die leute lieben soziale netzwerke. +und danach, in diesem jahr, wurde der eisenbahnminister entlassen und zu 10 jahren haft verurteilt. +der kommentarbereich macht das chinesische weibo mehr zu einem facebook als zu twitter, dem original. +man kann zum beispiel nicht den namen des präsidenten schreiben, hu jintao, und auch nicht den namen der stadt chongqing. und bis vor kurzem konnte man die nachnamen der höchsten beamten nicht suchen. +also wollten sie einen vorwand... öffentliche meinung ist ein sehr guter vorwand, ihn zu bestrafen. +was auch die zukunft bringt, wir sollten die [katze] bekämpfen. +musik sind akkustische vibrationen in der luft, kleine energiewellen, die unser trommelfell zum schwingen bringen. +nun hat sich die behandlung von hörschäden in den letzten 200 jahren stark entwickelt. +mädchen: holly. +wenn wir also ein perfektes cochleaimplantat entwerfen wollten, würden wir versuchen, zu erreichen, dass es musik übertragen kann. +patienten mit cochlearen implantaten können diese beiden instrumente nicht unterscheiden. +was suggeriert, dass selbst wenn man das gehör verliert, die fähigkeit des gehirns, musik zu verarbeiten, bleibt +er studiert jetzt medizin an der yale university, und erwägt es, chirurg zu werden -- einer der ersten tauben menschen, die eine chirurgische karriere anstreben. +wenn ich mich umsehe, in diesem tedxamsterdam auditorium, sehe ich ein besonderes publikum. +waffen sind nicht teil unseres lebens. +wenn er zielte, verfehlte er nie. +trotz der bilder, die täglich in den nachrichten gezeigt werden, sind kriege zwischen industriestaaten sind nicht mehr alltäglich. +die armee verfügt über ein staatliches gewaltmonopol. +ich hoffe, sie respektieren meine soldaten, diese soldatin mit diesem gewähr. +und das interessante dabei ist, dass bei einer veränderung der sequenz auch die dreidimensionale struktur verändert wird. +wir möchten technologische artefakte bauen können, die für die welt von nutzen sein könnten. wir möchten lernen, wie man biologische artefakte baut, z.b. menschen, wale und bäume. +plant und was passiert dann? +frauen sind viel mehr in balance, weil sie nicht diese ansicht teilen, dass sie 100 klimmzüge schaffen können. +doch wir haben das potenzial, krankheit und armut zu bezwingen, und ich werde über diese aspekte sprechen, falls wir den willen dazu haben. +ich werde ihnen an ein paar beispielen zeigen, wie überzeugend dieses phänomen ist. +es gibt eine grundlegende, profunde beschleunigung des evolutionären prozesses. +man könnte denken, das ist das ergebnis eines laborversuchs, aber dies ist das ergebnis von weltweitem, chaotischem verhalten – länder beschuldigen sich gegenseitig der produkt-subventionierung, börsengänge, insolvenzen, marketingprogramme. +wir verstehen die software-programme, die unsere körper steuern. +dies sind einige designs aus eric drexlers buch – wir zeigen gerade, dass sie machbar sind, mit super-computer-simulationen, es gibt tatsächlich forscher, die molekülgroße robotor angefertigt haben. +doug hofstadter fragt sich, nun, vielleicht ist unsere intelligenz einfach nicht groß genug, um unsere intelligenz zu verstehen, und wenn wir klüger wären, dann wäre unser gehirn noch komplizierter, und wir könnten nie mithalten. +dann vereinen computer die scharfsinnige fähigkeit der muster-erkennung der menschlichen intelligenz mit den bereichen, in denen die maschinen uns bereits überlegen sind, was das analytische denken betrifft und die fähigkeit sich milliarden von fakten akkurat zu merken. +erfinder, unternehmer und visionär ray kurzweil erklärt ausgiebig und mit fundierten details, warum wir in den 2020ern das menschliche gehirn entschlüsselt haben werden und unser bewusstsein von nanorobotern gesteuert sein wird. +so wie fox mulder in der serie "akte x", der an ufos glauben möchte? nun, das wollen wir alle. und der grund für alles das ist die glaubensmaschine in unseren gehirnen. +sie wurden aus dem genpool entfernt. +weil hier nichts drin ist. naja, angeblich ist hier nichts. +eine erhöhtes dopamin bewirkte, dass probanden mehr muster sehen als diejenigen, die kein dopamin bekamen. +der andere auch, aber er sieht vielleicht zu viele muster. +nun, hier die unmögliche lattenkiste des verstorbenen, großartigen jerry andrus in 3d, mit jerry mitten in der unmöglichen kiste stehend. +insbesondere wenn die auf dem kopf stehen. sie benutzen hier ihre allgemeine gesichtskennungssoftware. +einige verschwörungen sind real. +und das wäre der test für lippenbalsame, die wir hier drüben haben. +ich liebe bäume und ich bin ein glückspilz, denn wir leben in der nähe eines wundervollen baumgartens und oft gehe ich sonntags mit meiner frau und unserem vierjährigen dorthin, um in den bäumen herumzuklettern und verstecken zu spielen. +aber später begannen die regierungssoldaten, uns zu misshandeln. +wer dieser mann auch ist und was immer er getan hat, dies ist sicherlich eine grausame und ungewöhnliche bestrafung. +man fragt sich, was sie mit diesem material machen? +wir haben also die sonne mit einem brett verdunkelt und dann mit hilfe eines spiegels an eine andere stelle verschoben. +wenn sie auf die kotpille klettern, streichen sie sich hin und wieder übers gesicht. +das hier nennt man stelzen. es ist ein temperaturverhalten, das wir menschen beim überqueren des strandes zeigen. wir springen auf ein handtuch, das jemandem gehört – "entschuldigung, ihr handtuch, ich weiß." – und dann hopst man auf das nächste, damit man sich nicht die füße verbrennt. +hier ist unser durchtriebener versuchsleiter. +es ist ein etwa 2,5 meter langes metallrohr, mit etwa 100 löchern darauf, an der seite ist der lautsprecher, und hier ist ein schlauch, durch den es mit einer propangasflasche verbunden ist. +man sieht, dass die skater häufiger hier üben. die hindernisse sind einfacher. +machmal gibt es einen kleinen extra applaus für stars und dann, glaube ich, holt sogar bill gates einmal nervös luft, und dann beginnt der vortrag. +ihm wird der satz "weil er da ist." zugeschrieben. +ich sah niemanden. das foto entstand neben dem helikopter. +es ist wohl das kühnste unterfangen des goldenen zeitalters der erforschung, und es schien mir höchste zeit, nach alldem was wir im vergangenen jahrhundert entdeckt haben, von skorbut zu solarkollektoren, dass jemand die aufgabe vollendet. +also ist der ganze zweck der präsentation der, die kapitalgeber zu überzeugen, dass sie der unternehmer sind, in den sie investieren und eine menge geld damit machen werden. +und neben der erfahrung, ein unternehmen zu gründen oder etwas zu leiten – das muss kein unternehmen sein. +es gibt keine finanziell unterstützte unternehmung, in der es keine probleme gab. +von da aus nehmen sie sie mit – auf einem soliden, ordentlichen pfad nach oben. direkt von anfang zum ende. +"wir haben keinen wettbewerb. es gibt niemanden, der jemals so ein gerät hergestellt hat." +sie achten auf ihn! das ist steve jobs. +sie geben mir ihr schnelles 15- oder 30-sekunden-intro, erreichen meine aufmerksamkeit. +es gab noch nie eine firma, die keine wettbewerber hat. +das ist die rakete. +nr. 3: die handouts, die sie geben ist nicht ihre präsentation. +man kann es bei ted verwenden. +sie sind die im längen erfolgreichste ordnung auf diesem planeten. +aber "anteilnehmende magie" führt mich zu einer seite mit anteilnehmender magie und voodoopuppen. +wenn ich auf die seite über juri gagarin klicke, komme ich zu diesem überraschend kleinen typen, der ungeheuer heldenhaft ist. +revolution meiner meinung nach ist ein radikaler und durchgreifender wandel in denken und verhalten -- wie wir denken und wie wir uns verhalten. +letzten. +es ist bekannt, dass die art und weise, wie wir wissen gebrauchen, generieren und nutzen, ist von unserem sozial- und istitutionalkontext betroffen, der was uns bei dem kommunismus gelehrt hat? +dieses system ist kaputt. +und sie können sagen, "das ist unsinn, steve. eine dumme idee. +je mehr sie spielen, desto grösser ist ihr gehirn. +das ist keine fiktion, kein märchen, keine phantasie; es ist unempfindliche, scharfe wissenschaft. +zum beispiel, es stimuliert kreativität. +erstens - spielen ist universal. +es ist mir egal, ob es mountainbike ist, oder ein buch zu lesen, oder ein spiel zu spielen, +nicht akzeptabel. nepriemliv. +all diese arbeiten entstanden in den letzten 75 jahren. +meine arbeit führte mich in viele länder und zeigte mir einen großen teil der welt. +aber jeder mitarbeiter der fabrik verbrachte einige zeit in der kunstabteilung. +ich wurde ziemlich früh bei diesen säuberungsaktionen verhaftet und verbrachte 16 monate in einem russischen gefängnis. +das war schlimm! mensch, ich war -- ich huste. ich war krank. +idee über frauen. +eindeutig ein sehr nachhaltiger moment, und er veränderte unser leben in vielerlei hinsicht. +es schien uns, dass die erwartungen, die wir hatten, rein gar nichts mit unseren wirklichen erfahrungen zu tun hatten. deshalb entschlossen wir uns, eltern die wahrheit zu sagen. +aber was ich in dem moment für dieses kind empfand war tiefe zuneigung und nichts im vergleich zu dem, was ich jetzt, fünf jahre später, empfinde. +man darf nicht darüber sprechen, wie einsam einen das elterndasein machen kann. +und wir waren dankbar dafür, dass ich noch einmal schwanger wurde. bald darauf erfuhr ich, dass es ein junge werden würde. und dann, als ich im fünften monat war, erfuhren wir, dass wir unser kind verloren hatten. +als ich ungefähr dreiviertel durch war, war da eine grafik rechts -- auf der rechten seite -- die wir hier "die erschreckendste grafik, die man sich für frischgebackene eltern vorstellen kann" genannt haben. +av: ja, und dann hat man sein erstes kind. und man unterwirft sich wieder diesen höhe- und tiefpunkten -- zu den höhepunkten gehören erste schritte, das erste lächeln, wenn dein kind dir das erste mal vorliest -- zu den tiefpunkten gehört regelmäßig unser zuhause zwischen 6 und 7 uhr abends. +der kern von all dem heute ist hoffentlich nicht nur ehrlichkeit um der ehrlichkeit willen, sondern die hoffnung, dass wir offen und ehrlich über diese erfahrungen reden, um gemeinsam die zufriedenheitskurve ein wenig nach oben zu biegen. +und das ist eine sache, die ihr klavierlehrer ihnen beibringt, aber es gab nie eine wissenschaft über solche dinge. +und dann hörten sie das original. +ihre augen sind mit etwas farbe und bewegung schon ganz glücklich. +sie wollen es in verschiedenen räumen hören. +john walker lässt große auftritte wieder aufleben +und wenn menschen die möglichkeit sich nützlich zu machen verwehrt wird, dann halten sie sich auch bald selbst für nutzlos. +ein paar davon. das hier ist attila die henne. +wir wissen, dass sich unsere gesellschaften radikal verändern müssen. +wieder andere sind ziemlich strukturell, etwa anleihen, die eine wirkung im sozialen bereich haben: man sammelt gelder, die investiert werden, um jugendliche von kriminalität fernzuhalten, oder um alten menschen zu helfen, gesund zu bleiben und krankenhausaufenthalte zu vermeiden. die rückzahlung bemisst sich am erfolg der projekte, in die man investiert hat. +dann vertrieb die monarchie ihren große herausforderin, die massendemokratie, die als gut gemeintes, aber zum scheitern verurteiltes experiment betrachtet wurde, genauso, wie der kapitalismus den sozialismus vertrieben hat. +trotz all dieser gemeinsamkeiten sehen wir große unterschiede im sparverhalten. +warum? weil ich darüber nachdenken muss, wie ich "es wird regnen" oder "es regnet bald" ausdrücken möchte. +nun, ich habe auf die linguistische literatur zurückgegriffen. +die umfrage dauert länger als einen tag. +es ist das gegenwärtige vergnügen im tausch für künftige schmerzen. +natürlich von ihren großeltern und sogar ihren urgroßeltern. +bräuchte er die selbe sprache wie zum beispiel ein anwalt? +wir brauchen sie heute mehr als je zuvor. +sie führten ein expermient durch, das mit genetik zu tun hatte und den vorderen und hinteren gliedmaßen von tieren. +patricia ryan: bestehen sie nicht auf englisch! +es stellte sich heraus, dass unsere abgabe der flugzeuge an das museum viel mehr wert war als die schulden, also musste ich für fünf, sechs jahre nur ein drittel einkommenssteuern zahlen. +und dann, welche weltbevölkerung würde ein gleichgewicht herstellen, das weiterexistieren könnte, bis 2050, 2100, 2150? +der himmel verdunkelt sich, die außentemperatur fällt unter -73 ° c, die etappe mit der risikoreichsten umgebung hat helios ohne weiteres überstanden, außer dass sie von speziell entworfenen datenaufzeichnern und ihren sensoren aufgenommen wurde. +tm: oh, 10, 11. +diese täuschung bildet eine art gefängnis für uns, das uns auf unsere persönlichen begierden und auf die liebe zu einigen wenigen, uns nahe stehenden personen beschränkt. +er hatte einen klumpen eisen bei sich, +wenigstens könnte ich diese wunde reinigen und waschen. " +und maitreya sagt: "ich war mit dir. was denkst du, wer für dich die nadeln gemacht hat und die nester und das tropfen auf die felsen, herr dummbatz?" +ich wurde wütend. brüder können streiten. eltern und kinder können streiten. +die mutter ist in spirituellen traditionen das sinnbild allen altruismus für menschliche wesen. +und so seht ihr die lebewesen in ihrem potentiellen glück. +und hier könnt ihr echte barmherzigkeit für sie empfinden. +also, praktiziert barmherzigkeit, lest die schrift, verbreitet es, und entwickelt es in euch selbst. +doch es gibt eine weitere kategorie einfacher dinge, die auch sehr wichtig sind. +wir haben viele interessante informationen darüber, was komplexität ist. +alle von uns interessieren uns auf eine weise für dieses ding, das wir einen bill gates nennen. +nun, wenn sie diese null und eins des binären darstellen möchten, benötigen sie ein gerät. +gut, lassen sie mich abschliessen mit vier generellen bemerkungen, einem beispiel und zwei aphorismen. +und ich möchte sie nicht mit details aufhalten, doch in der unteren rechten ecke sehen sie ein beispiel dafür, was wir haben dafür. +doch es macht die feststellung, die auf eine weise unterscheidet zwischen der realen welt der menschen, die dinge herstellen, und der welt der menschen, die über dinge nachdenken, was die intellektuelle herausforderung beinhaltet zu fragen: wir machen wir dinge so einfach als möglich, so günstig als möglich, so funktionell als möglich und so frei verknüpfbar als möglich? +also besorgten sie sich die rahmen dieser großen räder, montierten die gangschaltungen von rennrädern an und die bremsen von motorrädern und somit mixten eine vielzahl von zutaten zusammen. +die ideen kommen aus richtung der verbraucher, und oft sind sie jenen der produzenten voraus. +das klingt wie der große bringe; das machen wir. +nun, stellen sie sich eine welt vor welche in zwei hälften geteilt ist. +oder die gastkommentarseite, wo sie, wenn sie den editor kannten, mit ihm in der schule waren, mit seiner frau geschlafen hatten, einen artikel für die gastkommentarseite schreiben konnten. +ich aß zu abend mit diesem kerl namens timothy chen. +angenommen sie führen ein spieleunternehmen, mit einer million spielern in ihrem spiel, dann braucht nur 1 prozent von jenen als mit-entwickler agieren, welche ideen beisteuern und sie haben eine entwicklungsteam von 10.000 leuten. +dies hier war ein muttertagsgeschenk. +ich bekam hunderte remixe - ganz unterschiedliche ansätze. +und darum geht es, nicht wahr: etwas spüren und gespürt werden. +aufnahme: okay, es geht um folgendes. +er sagte: "ich bin wie batman angezogen, um meine anonymität zu wahren." +die eine person hat sehr detaillierte angaben gemacht, die andere nicht. +jetzt gerade fühlt es sich an, als ob ich vergessen hätte, das licht anzumachen und was gestern noch so gut aussah ist heute trüb und grau und es sieht so aus, als ob die welt sich weiter dreht während ich mich nicht bewege oder vielleicht drehe ich mich ja, keine ahnung und dann sagt du hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen atme einfach durch und jetzt sing diesen text hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen atme einfach durch jetzt alle zusammen hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen atme einfach durch hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen atme einfach durch hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen atme einfach durch vielen dank. +das ist also das muster, das jeder von ihnen aufwies, aber sie waren alle auch ein wenig verschieden. +aber dann sagte meine mutter zu mir: "ich habe gehört, dass du herumreist und über psychopathische mörder sprichst. +unsere enkel jedoch werden wohl davon irgendwie betroffen sein. +wir stellen innerhalb des detektors die bedingungen nach, wie sie weniger als eine milliardstel-sekunde nach der entstehung des universums herrschten – und das bis zu 600 millionen mal pro sekunde. das sind gewaltige zahlen. +stellen sie sich eine schneeflocke in ihrer hand vor. sie betrachten sie und sie ist ein unglaublich kompliziertes, schönes objekt. aber wenn sie sie erwärmen, zerfließt sie zu einem wassertropfen und sie können sehen, dass sie in wirklichkeit bloß aus h2o bestand, aus wasser. +was er damit eigentlich sagen wollte, ist, dass wir hier im grunde briefmarken gesammelt haben. +all diese ungemein detaillierten berechnungen, die wir mit dieser wunderbaren gleichung durchführen können, wären nicht möglich, ohne eine zusätzliche information. +das ist die eine sache. +etwa nach der ersten milliardstel-sekunde setzte das higgs-feld ein und die quarks und gluonen und elektronen aus denen wir bestehen, erhielten masse. +ich freue mich bereits sehr und kann es kaum erwarten, dass er eingeschaltet wird. +also von papua neu guinea bis hollywood, bis zur modernen kunst in beijing, lächeln wir häufig um glück und zufriedenheit auszudrücken. +lächeln reduziert der spiegel von stress steigernden hormone wie kortisol, adrenaline und dopamin. es erhöht der menge von stimmungserhellender hormone wie endorphine und reduziert den blutdruck. +aber ich sagte ihm nein, es täte mir leid, kompromisse sind gleich der farbe grau und wir hatten genug grau für den rest unseres lebens. +und das war kein fehlgeleitetes gefühl. +wir stellten die bürger an erste stelle, nicht die beamten. +efcharisto und kalinichta. +hungrige und verletzte menschen signalisierten ihre not, signalisierten ihre hilfebedürftigkeit. +technologie ist veränderlich. +und es verleiht den gemeinden nicht nur macht, sondern, viel wichtiger, es bleibt in den gemeinden, wo es gebraucht wird, um langfristige gesundheitsrichtlinien zu erstellen. +wegen eines stromausfalls war die halbe stadt dunkel, und ich lebte auf der dunkeln seite +aber in der geschichte geht es nicht um diese kapitel, +ihr letzter job, ihre letztjährige reservierung im restaurant, ihre früheren freunde stehen auf einer ebene mit den aktuellen freunde, weil das internet auch archiviert und die vergangenheit verzerrt. +wir als individuen, die im digitalen jetzt leben und einen grossen teil unserer wachen momente darin verbringen, stehen vor der herausforderung, in diesen beiden zeitströmen, die parallel und fast simultan fließen, zu leben. +ich wollte kochen lernen, und sie ließ mich in der küche einen ganzen monat lang schneiden und hacken. +aber wenn ihr so seid wie ich, ist meine menschlichkeit eher ein fenster. +ich war sieben. +und in der nächsten pflanzzeit ließen sie bei den klageliedern so viele namen der toten weg, wie es der zahl der menschen entsprach, die geboren worden waren. +ich habe eine sehr lange zeit geweint. +er war besessen. +es sind einige davon in diesem raum, fantastische menschen, die uns allen den spiegel für unsere eigene menschlichkeit vorhalten. +wenn sie da näher heranzoomen, schauen sie so aus. +und wenn das so ist – und besonders wegen der tatsache, dass wir fast ausgerottet wurden. +vor ca. 10.000 jahren am schwarzen meer hatten wir also eine mutation in einem gen, die blaue augen erzeugt hat. +drei verschiedene optionen. +man kann ihnen proteine hinzufügen, die aufleuchten, wenn man sie anleuchtet. +aber wir sollten die frage stellen, ob wir gerade eine rasche evolution des gehirns und der art, wie wir daten verarbeiten, beobachten. +im laufe der menschlichen evolution haben mehrere menschenarten gleichzeitig existiert. stecken wir vielleicht gerade auf halbem wege in einer höherentwicklung? juan enriqez fegt beim tedxsummit durch zeit und raum, um uns in die gegenwart zu bringen – und zeigt, wie technologie beweise offenbart, die vermuten lassen, dass gerade eine rasante evolution im gange sein könnte. +und sobald das passiert, entsteht ein moment, das den roboter kippt. +man kann sie in gebäude wie dieses schicken um als erste nach eindringlingen zu suchen, vielleicht nach biochemischen lecks zu suchen, oder gaslecks. +der roboter ist offensichtlich in der lage, jede bahnkurve auszuführen. +wenn wir also einen roboter haben, der von seinen nachbarn umgeben ist – schauen wir uns roboter i und j an – was wir von den robotern wollen, ist, dass sie den abstand zwischen sich überwachen, während sie in der formation fliegen. +das ist die arbeit von quentin lindsey, der ein doktorand ist. +und auf diese weise erstellt er die karte. +wir haben uns zusammen entwickelt, denn wir hängen von der bestäubung durch bienen ab und sie liefern uns auch einen rohstoff. +bei diesen zahlen stellten wir einen nicht sehr eingängigen trend fest. schauen wir uns die erste statistik hier an: überwinterungswahrscheinlichkeit. +im jahr 1968 bedeckt sie fast ganz asien. +und alle stöhnten auf und so taten wir das. +ich möchte sie ermuntern, ihren horizont zu erweitern. +eines ist ein handelsübliches, weißes fertig abgepacktes brot aus dem supermarkt, das man, wie ich erfuhr, wonderbread nennt. +aber irgendwie haben wir im laufe der letzten paar jahrhunderte oder auch nur jahrzehnte angefangen, das bild einer mythischen, ländlichen, landwirtschaftlichen vergangenheit zu pflegen. +und wie sie sehen trifft das auf alle länder zu, einschließlich der sogenannten entwicklungsländer. +die kosten waren enorm -- wasserverschmutzung, all die dinge, die sie kennen, zerstörung unserer lebensräume. +tatsächlich wollen wir nicht, dass diese arme frau das land so bearbeiten muss. +aber ja, es gibt ein paar lösungen. +ich möchte fischteiche auf parkplätzen und in kellern sehen. +wir müssen bewirken, dass sie stolz darauf sind, bauern zu sein, weil sie uns ermöglichen, zu überleben. +mit einer körperlichen behinderung zu leben, ist nirgends auf der welt einfach, aber wenn man in einem land wie den vereinigten saaten lebt, erleichtern einem gewisse hilfsmittel das leben. +es ist der fahrer, der seine hände an den hebeln auf- und abbewegt. der mechanismus kann also sehr einfach gehalten werden und aus fahrradteilen gebaut werden, die man überall auf der welt bekommt. +dann kann man auch den endnutzer mit in den designprozess einbeziehen, nicht nur nach seinen bedürfnissen fragen, sondern danach, wie man das seiner meinung nach erreichen kann. +das ziel meiner rede heute ist es, ihr gedächtnis unauslöschlich mit diesen charismatischen und majestätischen wesen zu prägen. +sie haben sie nicht getötet, sondern uns gerufen, um sie zu fangen. +und nun ist die kobra ein neues symbol. +es ist einfach unglaublich, mehrere gangesgaviale zu sehen, die sich am fluss sonnen. +und sobald ein gift in der nahrungskette ist, ist alles davon betroffen, auch wir. +so viel also zu politischem willen. +rm: ja, das ist das erste mal, dass wir überhaupt davon erfahren haben. +und das ist keine diät. +jetzt dachte ich, wenn man gute wissenschaft macht, ändert das die medizinische behandlung. das war aber ein bisschen naiv. +schauen sie sich doch die anzahl der verkauften viagra-rezepte an. +aber das problem ist, man wird hungrig, das ist nur schwer zu ignorieren. +so wird auch die gefahr der verbreitetsten krebsarten reduziert, wie brust-, prostata- und darmkrebs. +als wir uns ihre psa-level anschauten – das ist ein anzeiger für prostatakrebs – dann wurden diese in der kontrollgruppe schlechter, aber in der experimentellen gruppe wurden sie besser, und diese unterschiede waren höchst bemerkenswert. +es war eine randomisierte kontrollstudie, die in "the lancet" veröffentlicht wurde. +bb: ich wurde alt geboren. +die menschliche form, in besonders der menschliche kopf, werden als heiliger gral der filmindustrie betrachtet. +und so wurde wir in 2004 beauftragt probeaufnahmen von benjamin zu machen. +und wir mussten uns sicher sein, dass brads eigenheiten, seine speziellen macken und feinheiten, die ihn machen, wer er ist, in dem prozess erhalten bleiben würden, so dass sie im digitalen benjamin aufscheinen würden. +wir begannen in anderen bereichen zu recherchieren, +es war in diesem moment, in dem wir uns klar wurden, dass es tatsächlich funktionieren würde. +und weil der gipsabdruck, die büste von benjamin, von brad gemacht wurde, konnten wir die daten von brad im alter von 44 jahren auf brad im alter von 87 übertragen. +und dies ist der "dead head", der "tote kopf". +wir stellten im prinzip eine digitale marionette her, die brad pitt mithilfe seines eigenes gesichtes betätigen konnte. +die bärenjungen wurden von überall aus dem land eingesammelt und verkauft und gehandelt. +und als die sache erst einmal begonnen hatte, gab es kein zurück mehr. +und die wunderschönen bären können natürlich wieder in freier wildbahn leben. +wir waren in der wüste, im wadi rum, in einem kleinen jeep. +richard und ich unterhielten uns also und ich sagte: "weißt du, vielleicht sollte ich ein kamel mitbringen. +aber nicht sehr groß – zebras zum beispiel haben riesige ohren, die sehr beweglich sind, so dass sie beide umdrehen können. +hier kann man sehen, dass es vibrieren wird. +wenn der arme alte suki einen partner sucht, was würde suki tun, um ihn zu finden? +ich bin für die ewigkeit gebaut. +und ich glaube, wenn man sich die tierwelt anschaut, ist das eine der bemerkenswertesten sachen. +als ich zum höchsten dichter der usa ernannt worden war, ich mache es schon wieder – ich kann nichts dafür, es ist wahr – da habe ich einen lyrikkanal für delta airlines entwickelt der einige jahre auf sendung war. +manchmal setze ich die menschen an ihren platz am tisch knicke ihre beine an den kniegelenken ein, falls sie diese funktion eingebaut haben, und setze sie auf ihre kleinen hölzernen stühle. +das nächste gedicht basiert auf ihm, wie er versucht, mir ein wenig von der häuslichen etikette auf dem land zu erzählen, wobei ich zu beginn schwierigkeiten hatte, diese zu verstehen. +ich habe gerade noch genug zeit, ihnen ein neueres gedicht vorzulesen. +das wirft die frage auf, was passiert, wenn wir quasi nicht vom baum der erkenntnis genascht hätten, und wie es dann um unsere moral aussähe. +der wolf ist schließlich ein sehr kooperatives tier. +er nimmt quasi alles. +und so lassen wir im nächsten schritt einen elefanten vor dem anderen in das szenario und dieser elefant muss clever genug sein, innezuhalten und nicht am seil zu ziehen – denn wenn er am seil zieht, verschwindet es und der test ist vorbei. +menschen gähnen, wenn andere gähnen. +in diesem fall postierten wir zwei schimpansen nebeneinander, +also haben wir herausgefunden, dass schimpansen sich um das wohlergehen anderer sorgen – besonders wenn es um mitglieder ihrer gruppe geht. +und jetzt macht sie das. +also lassen sie uns eine bewegung in weniger als drei minuten, vom anfang bis zum ende, beobachten. und ein paar lehren daraus ziehen. +also zuerst, wenn sie ein charakter, wie der tanzende typ ohne shirt sind, der alleine tanzt, denken sie an die wichtigkeit, ihre ersten anhänger als gleichgesinnte zu betrachten, so dass es deutlich um die bewegung geht, nicht um sie. +aber ich wollte mehr über die bibel und mein erbe erfahren, indem ich darin eintauchte und versuchte, es zu leben und mich darin zu versenken. +mein immunologe erzählte mir, dass ich auch alle fernbedienungen und iphones in meinem haus abwaschen müsste, da die für keime regelrechte orgien sind. +ohne den sex. +aber ich glaube wir können ihre technik auch für gesundes essen anwenden. +wir entdeckten, dass personen mit niedrigem tryptophanspiegel eher rache nahmen, wenn sie unfair behandelt worden waren. +aber ich fand keine. +sicher ist sie an positiven emotionen wie liebe und mitgefühl beteiligt, aber sie ist auch an einem haufen anderer vorgänge beteiligt, wie gedächtnis, sprache, aufmerksamkeit, sogar ärger, ekel und schmerz. +da ist nur ein problem. +vielleicht wird eine der archäologinnen berühmt als sie irgendwo in den bergen von nordamerika riesige versionen eben dieser symbole entdeckt. +oder vielleicht so gross? +wie gesagt, findet man sie meist auf siegeln, die sehr, sehr klein sind. +jetzt gibt es mehrere: ein "e", ein "i" oder ein "a", aber sicher kein "b", "c" oder "d". +wir haben entdeckt, dass sie auch in die bandbreite der linguistischen skripte fällt. +die nächste grosse herausforderung! +heute können wir ein wort wie "ted" in ägyptischen hieroglyphen und in keilschrift schreiben, denn beide wurden schon im 19. jahrhundert entziffert. +und das ist die raumsonde cassini, die durch die eisringe des saturns pirouetten dreht. +als er das erste telefon benutzte, wurde watson direkt mit dem himmel verbunden. +ein mysteriöses andauerndes geräusch störte ihre forschung. +und sobald sie alle dort lagen, so ein ganzer stapel dieser sonnenschirme, die man im alten indien dabei hatte, vollbrachte er eine art special effect, der sie in ein gigantisches planetarium verwandelte, das wunder des universums. jeder schaute hinein und sie sahen darin die vollkommene verbundenheit allen lebens in allen universen. +durch diese kosmische grundannahme, dass wir ganz für uns allein sind, jeder von uns, und jeder andere andersartig ist, geraten wir in eine unmögliche situation, nicht wahr? +es ist einfach zu langweilig, ob man sich so oder so fühlt oder was, und nebenbei bemerkt, je mehr sie sich darauf konzentrieren, wie sie sich fühlen, desto schlimmer wird es. +nehmen sie doch diese wundervolle sache, die chiho uns gezeigt hat. sie jagte uns angst ein mit dem lava-mann. +das hier ist birhan, das äthiopische mädchen, mit dem in den 1980ern live aid gestartet wurde, 15 minuten vom tod entfernt, als sie gerettet wurde. und dieses bild ihrer rettung ist um die welt gegangen. +aber es hat 24 jahre gedauert, bis die aktion erfolgreich war. +und amy winehouse sagte: "nelson mandela und ich haben einiges gemeinsam. +ich habe vor kurzem mit dem präsidenten von sierra leone gesprochen. +wir müssen auf dieser erde institutionen zur friedenswahrung und zur humanitären hilfe, aber auch zum wiederaufbau und zur sicherheit errichten -- für einige der konfliktbeladenen länder der welt. +also wenden wir uns der literatur zu. +der fuß ist über das ganze bein verteilt. +nicht nur mit dem traditionellen fuß, auch mit dem bein und selbst mit dem körper. +und dort haben sie ein problem mit so einem gitter, denn ihnen fehlen die stacheln. +ein geheimnis. das tier klettert, indem es ausrutscht und es kann eigentlich überhaupt nicht gut die oberfläche greifen. +schauen sie was passiert, wenn der fuß auf ihr sandwich gerät. +wir entdeckten, dass sie allein durch intermolekulare kräfte funktionieren. +und hier kommt es auf uns zu, die ersten schritte eine wand hinauf. +die botschaft ist also deutlich: ob man sich für fundamentale, tiefe forschung interessiert oder für sehr interessante, bizarre, wunderbare tiere, oder ob man einen such- und berge-roboter bauen möchte, der in einem erdbeben hilft oder jemanden aus einem feuer rettet, oder ob man sich für medizin interessiert, wir müssen die baupläne der natur retten. +und hier ist ein junges in gefangenschaft, dass die pfeife des trainers wenn sie die melodie ihrem hund oder ihrer katze summen würden, und die tiere würden diese wiederholen, würden sie bestimmt augen machen. +wie hier oben zu sehen ist, haben diese einen aufsteigenden bogen gemeinsam, wie "wuup, wuup, wuup". +beachten sie wie wenige barrieren es zwischen den ozeanen im vergleich zum festland gibt. +und wenn buckelwale die fähigkeit erlangen, diesen gesang zu singen, horchen sie anderen walen, wobei sie ihren gesang auf der grundlage des gehörten verändern, wie die singvögel oder die von mir erwähnten delfinpfeiftöne. +aber sie können immer noch diesen schwachen ruf hören. +ich beschreibe ein paar lösungsmöglichkeiten. +jährlich sterben gefährdete wale bei einem zusammenstoß mit einem schiff. es ist also notwendig, die zahl der fälle zu verringern. +zugleich müssen wir besonders einfallsreich sein, wenn es darum geht, lösungen für derartige probleme zu finden. +zum einen ermöglicht es uns, das universum zu erkunden. das worldwide-telescope ist für mich eine art fliegender teppich, mit dem man durchs universum navigieren kann, wohin man will. +als kostenloser download. danke, craig mundie. man wird es auf der website worldwidetelescope.org finden, die etwas neues ist. +es ist eine soziale unbeholfenheit, wie wenn man als fremder im ausland ist. +das bedeutet, sie sind vollkommen aus der spur im hinblick auf traditionelle kategorien, die analog, statisch und interaktiv passiv sind. +wir haben heutzutage so viel technologie, dass sich die benutzeroberflächen an uns anpassen sollten. +diese art von technologie wird es immer mehr leute ermöglichen sich dafür zu begeistern und ich bin wirklich gespannt mit euch allen in den nächsten tagen zu reden um zu sehen wo wir dies in euren gebieten einsetzen können. +ist es die korruption, die armut oder etwas anderes? +wir möchten weiterhin unser tägliches leben führen, als befänden wir uns in einer normalen situation. +heutzutage, und das ist eine sehr heikle zahl, wurden im jahr 2010 bisher 35 öffentliche vorfälle der lynchjustiz registriert. +mit tausend julians, die zusammenarbeiten, wäre mexiko ein ganz anderes land. +dies ist ein aufruf, damit alle dinge, die wir an mexiko lieben - die feste, die märkte, die restaurants, die kneipen, der tequila, der mariachi, die serenaden, die posadas, el grito, der tag der toten, san miguel, die freude, die lust am leben, der kampf und alles, was es bedeutet, mexikaner zu sein - nicht von dieser welt verschwinden. +danke. ich danke ihnen. also, jonglieren kann viel spass machen, mit können spielen, mit raum spielen und mit rhythmus. +oder sie können zurückgehen und die höhe ändern. jetzt. geschicklichkeit. +bringen sie es wieder hoch. +finger, finger, finger, finger, finger, finger, finger, finger. +warum zur hölle sollen sie dies lernen? ok? +und wofür reservieren sie sie, wenn sie etwas bestimmtes erforschen? +ich machte meine lehre bei einem schreiner und lernte über senkrecht, rechtwinklich und waagrecht. +und die neuste nummer, an der ich arbeite - ist ewas wirklich - ich weiss noch nicht, was es ist. +und zurückdenkend dachte mir also, dass wir im sillicon valley sehr produkt- und objektorientiert waren -- insbesondere was technische objekte angeht. +ich habe einige -- sie sind nicht länger als eine oder eineinhalb minuten lang -- und ich dachte, dass es interessant sei einige unserer projekte des letzten jahres in form von videos zu zeigen. +dann, wenn man das imax kino in der vierten etage verlässt -- das sind meistens teenager -- betritt man eine grosse fläche die mit diesen tischen ausgestattet ist. die tische sind interaktive spiele die sehr lustig sind. die spiele wurden auch von durrel [bishop] und andrew [hirniak] von itch designt. +und selbstverständlich: eine hängematte für das nickerchen welche man im arbeitsbereich ausbreiten kann. +man schaut sich das video mit eingeblendeten grafiken an. die grafiken bilden die tiefe und kompassrichtung ab. +es gibt mehr davon, als man eigentlich denken möchte. +ein foto ist da nicht genug. " +die gesetze der physik: unsichtbar, ewig, allgegenwärtig, allmächtig. +und ich sagte "ja." und er sagte, "warum kann ich das nicht?" +ich finde das außergewöhnlich, nicht in der lage dazu zu sein, licht zu sehen, nicht in der lage dazu zu sein, dunkelheit zu sehen. +"warum sind wir hier?", und "was sollten wir damit anfangen, während wir es sind?" +das ist extrem praktisch, aber weniger toll. +man hat also 5 millionen bücher, das heißt 5 millionen autoren, 5 millionen kläger und einen gewaltigen prozess. +zwei reihen aus dieser tabelle mit zwei milliarden einträgen. +und wir haben herausgefunden, dass wir das sehr genau messen können. +das ist also mehr oder weniger was wir erwarten. +dies müssen wir allen zugänglich machen. " +und wenn das passiert, muss das unser verständnis für unsere vergangenheit, unsere gegenwart und die menschliche kultur verändern. +aber das ist nicht alles. +es ist nicht trivial. +oder versuchen sie mal das hier: +und wenn wir zuhören in unseren schulen lehren, können wir unser hören von diesem schlüpfrigen gefälle wegnehmen zu dieser gefährlichen, beängstigenden welt, von der ich sprach, und es zu einem ort bringen, wo jeder die ganze zeit bewusst zuhört – oder zumindest dazu in der lage ist. +währenddessen spielte ich in der gegend mit meiner band, den dresden dolls, in nachtklubs. +immer war meine band oder meine crew dabei. +und das passierte immer wieder. +das ist meine kickstarter-spender-party in berlin. +nun, ich sage euch, im weltveränderungsgeschäft gab es im letzten jahr viel konkurrenz, denn der arabische frühling breitet sich immer noch aus, die eurozone ist kollabiert... was noch? +dieses foto wurde sogar in einer polizeistation aufgeklebt und auf dem boden sehen sie die personalausweise der menschen, die von der polizei verfolgt wurden. +die kinder machen einfach fotos in einer klasse, der lehrer erhält sie, sie plakatieren sie auf die schulmauern. +ich mache zwei dinge. ich entwerfe tragbare computer und erforsche das gehirn. +ich fand das wort gerüst großartig. +einer ist -- der natürlichste -- dass menschen dinge wissen wollen. +und das ist schade. warum ist dies so? +schließlich sagen manche, naja ich fühle mich nicht wie ein haufen von zellen. ich bin bei bewusstsein. +evolution war das gleiche. wir lehrten unsere kinder, die bibel sagt, gott hat all diese spezies kreiert, katzen sind katzen, hunde sind hunde, menschen sind menschen, pflanzen sind pflanzen und sie verändern sich nicht. +und das irgendwie, voraussage zu intelligentem verhalten führt. +und in der zukunft wenn es etwas ähnliches sieht, in einer ähnlichen umgebung oder der exakt gleichen umgebung, spielt es das wieder ab. es wird anfangen es abzuspielen. +tür, tür, tür, farbe, sie wissen was ich meine. +wenn man in diesem gerüst ist, nimmt man einige theoretiker. +es gibt in meinem verständnis keinen zweifel, dass dies passieren wird. +ich bin heute hier, um menschen herauszufordern. +nur dieses kleine bisschen geld, von dem ich wünschte, ich hätte es auf meinem bankkonto -- leider nicht, aber... +ich sprach vor ein paar tagen mit aung sun suu kyi. +aber wenn man zusammen ist, um bäume für die umwelt zu pflanzen, dann ist das in ordnung - kreativität. +aber es ist die gemeinsame aktion von uns, die den wandel bringt. +heutzutage, in schweden und anderen reichen industrieländern, nutzen menschen so viele unterschiedliche maschinen. +aber wenn ich eine vorlesung für umweltbewusste studenten halte, sagen sie mir: "nein, es können nicht alle auf der welt autos und waschmaschinen haben." +zweitens, wirtschaftswachstum. +es ist eine große herausforderung für die zukunft. +ich möchte eine geschichte erzählen, die den berüchtigten datenschutz-zwischenfall von adam und eva und die bemerkenswerte verschiebung der grenzen zwischen "öffentlich" und "privat" in den letzten 10 jahren vereint. +sehen sie, worauf ich hinauswill? +durch soziale medien wurden bewerber trotz gleicher fähigkeiten diskriminiert. +wir wiederholten das experiment mit den gleichen gruppen, fügten aber eine verzögerung ein zwischen der aufklärung darüber, wie wir mit den daten umgehen, und dem eigentlichen beginn des fragebogens. +sie erreichen bewusstsein und selbständigkeit. +einmal – das ist schon jahre her – beobachtete ich ein treffen zwischen ted kennedy und dan quayle im treppenhaus des senates. +und das hat zu einer sicht der menschlichen natur geführt, dass wir rationale individuen sind, die auf geradlinige weise auf belohnungen reagieren. und das hat zu sichtweisen der welt geführt, in denen menschen versuchten, die annahmen der physik zu verwenden, um zu messen, wie menschliches verhalten funktioniert. +sie bekommen ihre eigenen kinder und sie haben ein genetisches wunder vollbracht, indem sie schöne menschen geheiratet haben, so dass ihre großmütter wie gertrude stein aussieht, ihre töchter wie halle berry – ich weiß nicht, wie sie das hinbekommen haben. +menschen mit gehirnschlägen und verletzungen in dem teil des gehirns, das gefühle weitergibt, sind nicht mega-intelligent, sie sind tatsächlich manchmal ziemlich hilflos. +aber ich denke, dass die forschung zeigt, dass die britische aufklärung, oder die schottische aufklärung mit david hume, adam smith, tatsächlich ein besseres verständnis davon hatte, wer wir sind – dass die vernunft oft schwach ist, dass unsere emotionen stark sind und unsere emotionen oft vertrauenswürdig sind. +96 prozent der college-studenten sagen, dass sie überdurchschnittliche sozialkompetenz besitzen. +aber das ist die grundlage der innovation. +vielen dank. +und davon erzähle ich ihnen. +wir leben unter diesen männern: sie sind unsere brüder, väter, onkel, cousins, überall um uns rum. +sie arbeitet bei einer sehr großen firma, in einer werkstatt in hyderabad und stellt möbel her. +es ist sehr modisch über menschenhandel zu reden, in diesem tollen, klimatisierten raum. +ich frage sie, im namen dieser kinder, deren gesichter sie sehen - die es nicht mehr gibt. +nur damit sie es wissen, ich habe keine lexikografische trillerpfeife. +computer! was ist mit computern? +also -- -- nun, wenn sie darüber nachdenken, dann haben wir hier das problem des schinkenendes. +nein. es wird weiterhin papierwörterbücher geben. +sie haben es nicht zerstört, es hat nur eine neue position eingenommen, und diese neue position kann genauso schön sein. +wenn wir uns das wörterbuch als landkarte der englischen sprache vorstellen, dann stehen die hellen stellen für das, was wir darüber wissen, und bei den dunklen stellen tappen wir im dunklen. +denn es wird mich ins internet führen, wo ich jeden erreichen kann. +und wir können das wörterbuch nicht länger nur zum symbol der sprache machen -- wir können es zur gesamten sprache machen. +das datum war februar 2000. +wir haben darüber sehr viel gesprochen, und ich habe darüber nachgedacht, hierfür ein beispiel zu geben, nur eins. madame de gaulle, die frau des französischen präsidenten, war bekannterweise mal gefragt worden "wonach begehren sie am meisten?" +jeff bezos war so nett mir anzumerken, "chris, ted ist wirklich eine tolle konferenz. +ich bin hier auf lange sicht und ich wäre sehr geehrt und gespannt wenn sie mich auf dieser reise begleiten. +erstens funktioniert gps nicht in gebäuden und zweitens gibt es keine so kleinen gps-empfänger, erst recht nicht, wenn die ihre position an ein netzwerk senden müssen. +als ich ihren fall untersuchte, habe ich zu meiner überraschung festgestellt, dass es nicht eindeutig illegal ist, gps-sender in fremden autos zu verstecken. +ich werde das ihnen mal vorführen. +daher geriet meine welt aus den fugen +wir nennen uns pors & amp; rao und wir leben und arbeiten in indien. +dies ist ein video des prototyps. +sobald sie aber daran vorbeigingen, begann es, ruckartig die wand hochzuklettern. +sobald uns ein wesen einfällt entsteht fast ein schöpfungsprozess, in dem wir mit der kreatur rausfinden, wie sie leben will, welche form sie haben und wie sie sich bewegen will. +aber wir ziehen in die städte, zu den hellen lichtern, und dort gibt etwas, das wir wollen, außer arbeitsplätzen, nämlich elektrizität. +ähnlich ist es mit den solaranlagen, besonders hier in kalifornien, erkennen wir, dass für die 80 solarfarmen, die im bau sind, im grunde 260000 hektar der südkalifornischen wüste umgepflügt werden müssen. +gegen die these spricht nun ein mann, der seit jahren mittendrin in der energie- und klimadebatte steht. +und das berücksichtigt noch nicht die co2 bilanz vorort. +auf dem ozean gibt es überhaupt kein land. +bei atomenergie wird schon die zeitliche verzögerung dazu führen verzögerungszeit allein dass das eis der arktik und anderswo weiter schmelzen wird. +die lösung der weltprobleme kann man erreichen, wenn man es sich wirklich vornimmt und saubere, erneuerbare energie nutzt. +danke. +jeder von ihnen hat nur ein paar sätze -- 30 sekunden für eine zusammenfassung. +unverschämt, unverschämt, unverschämt. +wir erforschen aus drei gründen, der schwächste ist die neugier. +ein shuttleabflug kostet eine milliarde dollar. +100 dollar! das ist eine preisverbesserungskurve, gut, wir brauchen noch ein paar entdeckungen in der physik, das gebe ich zu. +wir liefen – ich lief zu 100, 200 firmenchefs. +möchtest du ein unbeschwertes geschmackserlebnis? dann ist der einzige weg nach oben. +dann muss man sich potenziell der lächerlichkeit preisgeben: "das ist eine verrückte idee, das funktioniert nie!" +der hauptschöpfungsprozess der natur ist die morphogenese, die teilung einer zelle in zwei zellen. +ich habe den prozess entworfen, der die form generiert hat. +im unterschied zu traditioneller architektur ist es aber ein einziger ablauf, der sowohl die gesamtform als auch die mikroskopischen oberflächendetails erzeugt. +ich benötigte mehrere monate, die säule zu erstellen, aber im grunde braucht der computer nur 30 sekunden, um alle 16 millionen flächen zu berechnen. +hier ist die absenkung wegen der spanischen grippe von 1918. +dann sortiert man sie durch verschiedene schritte aus, demzufolge schaffen es viele nicht. +sie heißt hutchinson-gilford-progerie. es ist die schlimmste form von vorzeitiger alterung. +ich wollte nur noch ein paar dinge über diese ungewöhnliche geschichte sagen, um vielleicht eine allgemeinformel zu finden, wie wir auf allen ebenen erfolgsgeschichten haben könnten für diese krankheiten, wie sam sagt, diese 4000, die auf eine antwort warten. +sie wissen bereits vielleicht, wenn sie aufmerksam die wissenschaftsliteratur verfolgt haben, dass man nun eine hautzelle nehmen kann und sie dazu anregen kann, eine leberzelle, eine herz-, nieren- oder gehirnzelle zu werden, die für jeden von uns genutzt werden könnte. +wenn sie mir nicht glauben, fragen sie sam. +und für uns junge leute, sie versuchen, individuen zu werden, und die unterschiede untereinander zu finden. +wir sind hier, wir sind teil einer gemeinschaft, und teilen und diskutieren ideen. +diese institution wird von der regierung unterstützt, und das ist schon seit drei jahrzehnten so. +sinnlos. +meine arbeit ist – sie spiegelt mein ich wider. +in diesem alter konnte ich es natürlich nicht so ausdrücken, aber ich sagte ihr, ich fühle mich fehl am platz. +sie wurde ein teil von mir. +und ich sah es mir unter dem mikroskpop an. und ein teil davon war flach. +um die geschichte zu verkürzen, ich entschied, dass ich zurückgehen und es tun musste. +kann jeder die schneide am ende der nadel sehen? +und ich schaute sie mir unter dem mikroskop an. +ich erinnere mich als ich das einmal tat, und das fesnter offen stand. +ich benutzte eine mikroskopisches bruchstück eines diamanten um tatsächlich das eigentliche fundament zu schnitzen. +habe jede planke aus gold gemacht. +und diese gelehrten oder diese meister, diese spirituellen meister der sufi tradition, beziehen sich auf lehren und beispiele unseres propheten, die uns lehren, wo die quelle unseres probleme liegt. +alles was wir zu tun haben ist, unser ego auf die seite stellen, unseren egoismus zur seite schieben. +und das sollten auch die primären eigenschaften eines menschen sein. +und eines tages habe ich diese sackgasse erforscht die ein paar straßen weiter versteckt war. +am nächsten tag besuchte ich ihn und sagte: "dr., das war ein richtig guter witz." +in arkansas fragen sie erst gar nicht. " +und jeff stand plötzlich neben mir und sagte: "hast du jemals kuh-kippen betrieben?" +zwei wochen nach meiner diagnose betätigte eine biopsie, daß ich ein 18cm osteo-sarkom in meinem linken oberschenkel hatte. +ich habe aufgehängt und habe mein gesicht in den händen vergraben und habe diesen lautlosen schrei losgelassen. +und eines der erschütternsten dinge, die passierten war die tatsache der verbindung mit all diesen menschen. +gib der wand nicht nach. +und jedes siebte mal der sieben jahre bekommt das land ein exta jahr der ruhe, während dessen alle familien wiedervereinigt sind und menschen umgeben sind von denen, die sie lieben. +wenn sie also zu 23andme gehen, oder wenn sie zu councilofdads.com gehen können sie auf einen link klicken. +ao: du hast dich selbst das spielen gelehrt und folglich war klavier spielen für dich, derek, mit viel faust- und karateschlägen verbunden, und sogar ein stück nase war dabei. +hoffentlich können wir nun dem publikum zeigen, wie es sein kann, dass du tust, was du tust. +dp: "hummelflug" auf diesem ton. +dp: er spielte "chopsticks". ao: und er spielte "chopsticks". +dies ist bekannt als das "theme-gebäude". diesen namen hat es aus immer noch sehr geheimnisvollen gründen bekommen. +weiß das jemand? chi? +sie kämpfen darum, ihre eigene lebensweise in diesem wald weiterzuentwickeln, in einer welt, die noch sauber ist, einer welt, die noch nicht verseucht, in einer welt, die noch nicht verschmutzt ist. +wir benutzen auch gps -- geographisches, was auch immer gps bedeutet -- um den bewegungsradius der schimpansen zu bestimmen. +wir wissen heute, dass es alleine in gombe neun verschiedene arten gibt, auf die schimpansen verschiedene objekte zu unterschiedlichen zwecken verwenden. +das traurige ist, dass diese schimpansen -- die uns vielleicht mehr als jedes andere lebewesen ein bisschen bescheidenheit beigebracht haben, dass sie in der wildnis sehr schnell verschwinden. +das einzige, was wir haben, das uns wirklich unterscheidet von schimpansen und anderen lebewesen, ist unsere hochentwickelte sprache -- eine sprache, mit der wir kindern von dingen erzählen können, die wir nicht direkt vor augen haben. +da draußen liegen überall kleine broschüren, und wenn jemand von ihnen mit kindern zu tun hat und ihnen ihre zukunft am herzen liegt, dann bitte ich sie, nehmen sie diese broschüre mit. +wir wollen zeit mit alten menschen verbringen und uns ihre geschichten anhören und aufschreiben. +ich glaube, dass eine solche gruppe sehr viel einfluss nehmen kann, nicht nur weil sie und wir dieselbe technik benutzen, sondern weil so viele von ihnen kinder haben. +in ihren und in meinen und in denen unserer kinder. +wie tun wir das? also, wir verwenden ein modellsystem, das wir protozelle nennen. +er könnte einen stoffwechself darauf laufen haben. +es kann seine lokale umgebung spüren und in dieser umwelt ressourcen finden um sich selbst zu erhalten. +da wir also ein paar interessante protozellen machen können, die uns gefallen, mit interessanten farben und interessantem verhalten, und sie leicht zu machen sind, und sie interessante lebensähnliche eigenschaften haben, vielleicht haben diese protozellen uns etwas über den ursprung des leben auf der erde zu sagen. vielleicht stellen sie einen leicht zugänglich schritt dar, einen der ersten schritte, wie das leben auf der frühen erde begonnen hat. +er wird in bezug auf einen bericht aus 2007 vom national research council der vereinigten staaten verwendet, in dem sie versuchen zu verstehen, wie wir nach leben woanders im universum suchen können, ok, besonders wenn dieses leben sehr anders als unseres auf der erde ist. wenn wir auf einen anderen planeten kämen und meinten, dort könnte es leben geben, wie könnten wir dieses leben als solches erkennen? +80 bis 90 prozent ihrer zeit verbrachten sie mit fünf dingen. +der höhepunkt davon ist: wenn sie ihre kaulquappe erfolgreich aufgezogen haben, und dabei die abläufe im verhalten und der entwicklung beobachtet haben, dann werden sie losgehen, ihre kaulquappe ihrem namensgeber vorstellen und die anzeichen, die sie beobachtet haben, diskutieren. +da drin ist ein altes handy – eine gute verwendung für alte handys – das die klinik anruft, und dann kommen wir und holen die maus ab. +was die klimakrise uns hat erkennen lassen ist eine sekundäre, hinterlistigere und tiefergreifende krise, und das ist die tätigkeitskrise, nämlich was tun. +und dann tausche ich sie mit den studenten aus und setze diesen ruß wieder ein. +und sie testeten, welches argument kooperative verhaltensweisen von den leuten unten hervorrief – etwa 100: 1 beschlossen, dass dies das argument war das uns am besten überzeugte. +in diesem fall, anstelle kaugummi oder doritos oder was sie auch immer in ihren taschen haben, den fischen hinzuwerfen – es gibt da ein gewässer in island, mit dem ich mich beschäftigt habe, das mitten in der stadt liegt. die größte schadstoffbelastung in ihm ist nicht die straßenverschmutzung, sondern vielmehr weißbrot von leuten, die die fische und vögel füttern. +haben sie gewusst, dass wir heutzutage eine globale herde von 60 milliarden tieren halten, um uns mit fleisch, milchprodukten, eiern und lederware zu versorgen? +das tier könnte eine kuh sein, ein lamm, oder etwas exotischeres. +es muss nicht so aussehen, so sieht es tatsächlich heute aus. +er hat nicht "little red laptop" oder "little red dirt devil" geschrieben. +und sequel ist wirklich ein richtiges auto. +in der tat glauben wir, dass die zukunft ereignis-getrieben ist. +und zweitens ist es ein fundamentales geschaeftvorhaben. +also sagte meine mutter: "du fährst täglich mit dem bus eineinhalb stunden weit von unserem wohnort weg." +er erwiderte: "nein, fräulein, ich gehe nirgendwo hin. +animation, software, filmerstellungsprogramme, sie haben all das. +mit 15 jahren verließ ich diesen ort, um in einer stadt, die etwas größer – sehr viel größer – war, den zweiten teil der oberstufe zu absolvieren. +du musst aufhören. schluss damit. +wir arbeiteten mit vielen unternehmen in brasilien zusammen, die in das projekt investierten, und auch mit der regierung. +ich frage mich... vor drei oder vier wochen lasen wir in den zeitungen, dass in norwegen millionen fische sterben, +wie ich glaube, haben alle in diesem raum das gleiche anliegen und das modell, das wir in brasilien anwandten, kann man auch hier umsetzen. +ich bin zum times square gegangen, sah all die tollen frauen an der leinwand und ich fragte mich, warum niemand die historischen gebilde dahinter betrachtet. +sie können die lispenard wiesen sehen, die hier durchlaufen, was heute tribeca ist, und die strände von battery park hochlaufend bis hin zur 42. straße. +wir wissen, dass es eine lenape-siedlung gab hier unten am collect pond. +wir haben rasch festgestellt, dass biber etwas sein können, was der rotluchs benötigt. +und schwarzbär lief umher. und indiander gab es auch. +obwohl ich nur wenig zeit für meinen vortrag hatte, hoffe ich, dass sie mannahatta als einen besonderen ort wahrnehmen konnten. +und... bauten die gesellschaft, in der wir jetzt leben. +möglicherweise wollen sie nicht genauso leben wie wir. +und leute, die in den städten der industrieländer leben, neigen dazu, sehr wohlhabend zu sein, und folglich sehr viel zeugs zu benutzen. +eine andere sache, die uns die informationstechnologien ermöglichen, ist, dass wir beginnen herauszufinden, wie man weniger dinge braucht, indem wir über die menge der dinge, die wir tatsächlich nutzen, bescheid wissen und dies auch genau kontrollieren. +die meisten dieser städte wachsen unglaublich schnell. +ein daraus resultierender effekt ist sowas wie eine südliche kulturelle explosion. +also lula, er ist voll von problemen, voll von widersprüchen, aber eines der dinge, die er tut, ist, er treibt eine idee voran, wie wir uns an internationalen beziehungen beteiligen können, die das gleichgewicht weg vom klassischen nord-süd-dialog hin zu einer ganz neuen art globaler zusammenarbeit verschieben. +hier ist ein design, das wasser mit hilfe der sonne destilliert. +es geht nicht nur darum zu überleben. +sopa steht für den "stop online piracy act". +wir konsumieren gerne, aber jedesmal, wenn eines dieser neuen geräte auftauchte, stellte sich heraus, dass wir auch gerne produzieren und wir teilen gerne. +das ist eine nebenwirkung ihrer regulären operationen. +das ist also das internet, das sie im kopf haben. +sie wollen keine gesetzliche unterscheidung zwischen legalem und illegalem teilen. +das hat mein leben verändert. +"was machst du hier? +das college funktioniert gemäss der lebens- und arbeitshaltung von mahatma gandhi. +wir sind die einzigen, die den $50,000 preis tatsächlich zurückgaben, weil sie uns nicht glaubten, und wir dachten, das sie sich abfällig äusserten über die barefoot architekten von tilonia. +aber die leute, die den solarkocher gebaut haben, sind frauen, analphabetinnen, die tatsächlich, den ausgeklügelsten solarkocher gebaut haben. +sie hat ein kabinett, einen bildungsminister, einen energieminister, einen gesundheitsminister. +männer sind unruhig, männer sind ehrgeizeig, männer sind zwanghaft nicht ortsgebunden, und sie wollen alle ein diplom. +und das ist nicht zusammengebrochen. +ich wusste, welche frau ich gerne mitnehmen wollte. +hören sie nicht auf die world bank, hören sie auf die leuten vor ort. +unsere quelldaten hier sind echte fmri daten welche visuell und akustisch abgebildet werden. +sauerstoff, wasserstoff und zink haben ihre eigenen signaturen. +und trotzdem hat sich die masse des menschlichen gehirns in zwei millionen jahren verdreifacht – von einem 600-gramm-gehirn unserer vorfahren, habilis, zu fast 1,4 kg hackbraten, die jeder hier zwischen seinen ohren hat. +fakt ist, dass ein jahr nachdem man die kontrolle über die füße verloren hat und ein jahr nach gewinn der lotterie, der lottogewinner und der querschnittsgelähmte gleich glücklich mit ihrem leben sind. +wer sind diese charaktere, die so verdammt glücklich sind? +und schließlich das beste – manche von ihnen erkennen dieses photo vom jungen pete best, dem ursprünglichen schlagzeuger der beatles, bevor sie ihn zigaretten holen geschickt haben, sich davon gemacht haben und ringo auf einer tour eingesammelt haben. +in diesem fall sind es, weil sie im experiment, von dem ich ihnen berichten werden benutzt wurden, drucke von monets bildern. +wir erklärten ihnen, dass wir nummer drei an sie schicken werden. +es stellt sich heraus, dass freiheit – die fähigkeit, seine meinung zu bilden und diese zu verändern – der freund natürlicher zufriedenheit ist, weil es einem erlaubt, von all den schmackhaften zukunftsszenarien die zu finden und auszuwählen, die man am meisten genießt. +wir gaben ihnen kameras, sie gingen über den kampus und machten 12 bilder von ihren lieblings-professoren, ihren zimmern und hunden und all den anderen dingen, von denen sie in harvard erinnerungen haben wollten. +sie mochten ihr bild nicht. selbst nach ablauf der möglichkeit eines tausches mochten sie ihr bild immer noch nicht. warum? +vielen dank. +manchmal explodieren sie einfach vor deinen augen oder stürzen mit überschall herunter. +ich habe eine kleine kubanische mutter – sie ist etwa so groß. +"papa, hilfe." +ich wurde 19.. – ich weiß nicht mehr – geboren und kam mit meinen eltern in dieses land als folge der kubanischen revolution. +was natürlich bedeutete, dass jeder in der familie bereit stehen musste, um sie zum friseur zum haarefärben zu fahren. sie kennen ihn, diesen eigenartigen blauton, passend zum turnanzug aus polyester. sie wissen schon, die gleiche farbe wie der buick. +sie steigt in den wagen – sie sitzt auf zwei telefonbüchern. +es wir mir beim atmen helfen. es kann vielleicht meinen puls zu beruhigen. +sie sind alle schon mal während der ferien in einem einkaufszentrum gewesen, oder? +inzwischen sind wir etwa einen meter weiter gekommen. da sagt meine mutter plötzlich: "ich wusste es, ich wusste es. +wir warten auch auf die langsameren. ok. +"nein, meine tochter, sie kommt da mit dem buick. +all die leute um uns schauen uns an ". +ich hätte es fast verpasst. +wir von zipcar parken autos in dicht besiedelten städtischen gebieten, damit miglieder sie für eine bestimmte zeit buchen können, anstatt ein eigenes auto zu benutzen. +es war notwendig, dass es ganz trivial ist, in 30 sekunden ein auto zu mieten – es zu reservieren, es zu holen und zu fahren. +auch hier sehen wir, dass der preis eine enorme rolle spielt bei der bereitschaft, das eigene fahrverhalten zu verändern. +sie werden auch verflochtene netzwerke genannt. +das sind die nächsten beiden zeilen im film. +das bedeutete, dass es – wenn wir unsere sache wirklich gut machen – dass es sehr rasch rund um die welt genutzt werden könnte. +2006 war ein tolles jahr. +und als mich diese dunklen wolken umkreisten und ich es sehr, sehr schwierig fand, an überhaupt irgendetwas gutes zu denken, sagte ich mir, dass ich wirklich einen weg finden muss, um mich auf etwas positives zu konzentrieren. +ich würde nun gerne kurz über jedes dieser 3 aspekte reden. +es gab also eine zeit, als es dein erstes mal war, dass du eine grüne ampelwelle auf dem nachhauseweg hattest. +das sind also die drei a 's. +er meinte: "weißt du überhaupt wo marokko ist?" +und das ist der traurige teil. +tourist: die menschen sind sehr frustriert, dass sie nicht näher ran kommen, um alles zu sehen. +ich fand es merkwürdig darüber zu spekulieren, als wäre es ein wettbewerb, über eine so frische wunde. +dr: es war keine inklusive gruppe. +um das zu regeln, brauchte man sofort ein gesamtkonzept. +so ähnlich wie die szene in spinal tap, mit dem miniatur-stonehenge, oder? +alles ist aus sehr einfachem material. +solange das thema mit der gedenkstätte nicht entschieden ist, wird es sehr schwer, eine intelligente diskussion zu führen. +diese art von formen? +sie sehen ungefähr, was ich meine. +aber was ist mit dem kind links oder dem athleten, der das spielfeld verlässt? +ich erzähle ihnen, was ich mir ausgedacht habe. +wie alt ist das material? +und heute haben wir die wahrscheinlich anstößigste aller definitionen, jeden falls für mich, und sie lautet: doodlen bedeutet offiziell bummeln, trödeln, zeit verschwenden, bedeutungslose zeichen machen, etwas von geringem wert, gehalt oder bedeutung tun und – mein persönlicher favorit – nichts tun. +wir denken, dass man doodlet, wenn man die konzentration verliert, aber tatsächlich ist es eine präventivmaßnahme, um den konzentrationsverlust zu stoppen. +2002 traf sich eine gruppe von therapie-aktivisten, um die frühe entwicklung des flugzeuges zu diskutieren. +therapien wurden möglich, finanzierung war vorhanden, und die anzahl der menschen in antriretroviraler behandlung begann sehr schnell zu steigen. +sicherlich, wenn ein patentpool eingerichtet werden kann, um die produktion von militärflugzeugen voranzutreiben, sollten wir in der lage sein, etwas ähnliches zu tun, um mit der hiv / aids-epidemie fertig zu werden. +in der regel gibt es eine 10-jährige verzögerung für ein neues produkt, um in entwicklungsländern auf den markt zu kommen, wenn überhaupt. +was ist mit athen? mediterranes klima, aber in der sonne war es nicht angenehm. +anstatt einen wirbelsturm gekühlter luft durch das stadium zu blasen, können wir kühlflächen-systeme verwenden, wie ein bodenheizungssystem, wobei wasserrohre in den boden gelegt werden. +und hoffentlich sind auch sie für diese die idee, dass ingenieure und designer all diese verschiedenen klimaparameter nutzen, damit es möglich sein wird, richtig gute und komfortable freiluftbedingungen zu schaffen, um unsere thermische wahrnehmung zu verändern, damit wir uns in einem außenbereich wohlfühlen. wir erreichen das mit dem besten passiven design, aber auch indem wir die energiequelle des grundstücks in katar nutzen, die sonne. +die hauptsache, das » mach es vor ort «, ist ideal, weil so ein produkt oder eine dienstleistung ohne viel bürokratie erstellt werden kann. +sie sind so etwas wie überweisungsdienste. +wir machen gerade systematische feldtests, um sicherzustellen, dass das gerät sich für asha-aktivisten eignet. +und ich begann, die welt aus einer ganz neuen perspektive zu sehen, wie paare von menschen miteinander verbunden sind. +und am wichtigsten, was verursacht diese cluster? +und wir dachten, dass dies ein sehr interessanter kommentar bezüglich amerika sei -- und dieses irgendwie eigennützige, gewissermaßen "nicht-meine-verantwortung" phänomen. +ich meine, es würde von vorteil sein, unsere emotionen im inneren zu erleben, sie wissen schon, zorn oder zufriedenheit. +so, um eine andere metapher anzuführen, wenn sie sich soziale netzwerke vorstellen als eine art riesiges gewebe von menschlichkeit -- ich bin verbunden mit ihnen und ihnen und ihr, und darüber hinaus endlos in der entfernung -- dieses gewebe ist eigentlich wie eine altmodische amerikanische decke, und es hat flicken darauf, glückliche und unglückliche flicken. +das ist meine sozialerfahrung. " +sie bestehen beide aus kohlenstoff, und dennoch hat eines von beiden kohlenstoff-atome in sich, die auf eine spezielle weise angeordnet sind, auf der linken seite, und sie bekommen graphit, das weich und dunkel ist. +darüber lesen sie in ihren zeitungen. +in einer umfrage stellte die amerikanische gesundheitsbehörde cdc die einfache frage, ob in der vergangenen woche erheblicher psychologischer stress erfahren wurde. +in unserer studie sind ältere menschen positiver gestimmt, aber sie durchleben auch wahrscheinlicher als jüngere gemischte emotionen – traurigkeit, die zur selben zeit erfahren wird wie glück; sie wissen schon, diese träne im auge, wenn sie einen freund anlächeln. +wir gehen auf blind dates. +ich meine, dort waren lauter menschen mit wahrlich übermenschlichen kräften und fähigkeiten. +hier haben wir madd chadd, lil 'c, kid david und j smooth. +die lxd elektrisieren die bühne der ted2010 mit einer neu entstehenden globalen kultur des straßentanzes, die durch das internet angetrieben wird. in dieser vorschau vauf jon chu 's neue internetserie führt die erstaunliche tanztruppe ihre superkräfte vor. +dem vertrag zufolge ist dieses land eine eigenständige nation. +wir hatten pläne. +am 29. dezember umzingelten us-truppen ein sioux camp an einem bach namens wounded knee und massakrierten den häuptling big foot und 300 kriegsgefangene mit einer neuen schnellfeuerwaffe, namens hotchkiss geschütz, die explodierende geschosse abfeuerte. +2010: statistiken über die eingeborene bevölkerung heute, mehr als ein jahrhundert nach dem massaker von wounded knee, offenbaren ein erbe der kolonialzeit, erzwungener migration und vertragsverstößen. +diese ereignisse führten zu einem dominoeffekt der noch nicht aufgehört hat. +und das ist ziel meines vortrags: 1. diesen moment zu beschreiben 2. dafür zu sorgen, dass sie nach meinem vortrag dümmer sind als davor. +viele dieser menschen hätten nicht sterben müssen. und genau das verwirrt mich. ich möchte es das "problem der letzten meile" nennen. +mischkulturen. mischkulturen steigern das einkommen. +und nun diese frauen. sie haben gesehen, wie ihre eltern unter durchfall litten, sie selbst haben darunter gelitten. sie haben viele menschen sterben sehen. wie also beantworten sie diese frage? +o.k., jemand sagte "fünf". +fast raus aus dem kindergarten. +sie sagt: "dieser schafft 35 meilen pro gallone. ich tue lieber das richtige für die umwelt und nehme den prius mit 50 meilen pro gallone." +das ist ein gutes beispiel und zeigt uns dass absichten nicht automatisch zu handlungen werden. eine der fundamentalen herausforderungen ist daher uns dazu bringen, es wirklich zu tun. +es geht hier nicht um biologie. es geht um unser gehirn, die menschliche psyche. innovation muss auf allen ebenen stattfinden, bis hin zur letzten meile. +sorgsames testen, nochmals testen, design. wir werden neue einsichten gewinnen, komplexität und schwierige dinge besser erforschen. +sendil mullainathan, gewinner des "genius grant" der amerikanischen mac arthur stiftung, nimmt mit dem blick des verhaltensökonomen eine besondere form sozialer probleme unter die lupe - jene, die wir lösen könnten, es aber nicht tun. wir können kindersterblichkeit verursacht durch durchfallerkrankungen reduzieren, wir können blindheit bei diabetikern verhindern, wir wissen, wie man solartechnik einsetzen kann... aber wir tun es nicht. warum? +richtig, der strom will durch die knete und nicht durch das led-licht fließen. +daher ermutige ich sie alle: nehmen sie etwas knete, etwas salz und zucker und beginnen sie, damit zu spielen. +und ein freund von mir in österreich tat ich so leid, dass er den grössten casinobesitzer in linz dazu brachte, uns sein gebäude komplett einpacken zu lassen. +trotzdem will ich verschiedene wege aufzeigen, um schwierigkeiten zu umgehen und direkt zum punkt zu kommen; um so sehr viel schneller eine lösung zu finden - zumindest schneller als arthur. daher - werden wir zunächst den gesunden menschenverstand betrügen, die logik. es soll jeder mitmachen. haltet eure hand so, im 90-grad-winkel. alle. nicht so -- +jetzt - ich benötige eine assistentin. +das ist eine herausforderung, ich mag das. +hier habe ich nun tatsächlich - ich weiß genau, wo die karten sind. +und wenn du mit der rechten seite arbeitest, mit humor, hast du - das ist der schlüssel zu dem kosmischen sammelspeicher allen wissens, in dem du die lösung für jedes problem finden kannst. +und jetzt werde ich etwas von einem... russischen satelliten zeigen. gestehlt - gestohlen, wahrscheinlich von amerika abgekupfert, aber wir sehen uns das jetzt mal an. +wenn ich den stapel hochhebe, linse ich. +versuchen wir es noch einmal. +das ist so eine art optische täuschung, oder? +jetzt - - jemand lachte. um nun die dame zu finden - machen wir das folgendermaßen: man nimmt eine hoch, nimmt die dame hoch. +den pik-könig finde. +mit beiden händen, schneller. ja, gut, gut. +in ordnung? gut. +zwei - und das war die pik-zwei, oder? +ja? sui: ja. +karo-könig. lg: ah! +es ist aber nicht passiert, was sie vielleicht denken. dass er plötzlich leidenschaftlich wurde, engagiert einen neuen lehrer bekam, in die pubertät kam, oder was auch immer. +ihre kinder spielen instrumente. +die ohne gehör sind nicht mehr hier. +jetzt geht es runter zum a, zum g und zum f. +und dann, endlich... +dann fragte ich: "warum klatsche ich?" +seine stärke ist abhängig von der fähigkeit, andere menschen stark zu machen. +bedauerlicherweise war es das letzte, das sie zu ihm sagte. sie hat ihn nie wieder gesehen. er hat nicht überlebt. +einige von ihnen haben das vielleicht schon mal gesehen. +es ist ein netter motivator. +glucksberg hat also ein weiteres, ähnliches experiment durchgeführt, bei dem er das problem in einer etwas anderen weise dargestellt hat, wie hier oben zu sehen ist. okay? +die regeln sind verwirrend. +was passiert? +dies sind die bausteine eines völlig neuen betriebssystems für unsere geschäfte. +es ist schön. es ist nicht schlecht. es ist eine riesige markenrechtsverletzung. aber es ist ziemlich raffiniert. +mach es zum spaß. keiner bekommt einen cent, einen euro oder yen. +so kann es auf einer stelle balancieren. +das hier ist also die erde. etwas kleiner als ein millimeter, die aus fester bronze gedreht ist. +das ist eine andere art von arbeit die ich mache. +und der idee dass man darin dinge sieht und die zukunft vorhersagen kann -- oder ein fernseher, einer art magischer kiste in welcher alles erscheinen kann. +es ist komplett lautlos und umweltfreundlich. +die eigentliche soziale innovation, über die ich sprechen möchte, umfasst wohltätigkeit. +sie möchten also 50 millionen dollar umsetzen, indem sie kindern gewalttätige computerspiele verkaufen, machen sie 's. +spenden an gemeinnützige einrichtungen stagnieren in den u.s.a. bei 2% des bip seit beginn der erhebungen in den 70er jahren. +wie so viele fanatische glaubensansätze amerikas gehen diese vorstellungen auf alte puritanische glaubensmuster zurück. +innerhalb von neun jahren haben wir das 1.982 mal vervielfacht und haben nach abzug der ausgaben 108 millionen dollar eingenommen. +wenn wir die gemeinnützigen spenden von 2% durch investition in das wachstum, eine stufe höher, auf 3% des bip, bringen könnten, dann wären das 150 milliarden dollar mehr einnahmen, und würde dieses geld direkt in gesundheitsleistungen und soziale dienste fließen, weil wir diese bei den investitionen in den vordergrund gestellt haben, würde das eine verdreifachung der spenden auf diesem sektor bedeuten. +und plötzlich, aus dem chaos: ordnung. +wissen sie, ein publikum wie sie, ja, ist die show. +können wir ein kleines experiment machen? würden sie für eine sekunde mein orchester sein? +und unsere freude an der musik, etc. etc.... " +und dann wie karajan. sehen wir, was passiert. okay? +das heißt, du weißt, du hast keinerlei macht, irgendwas zu ändern. +das ist sehr aufregend für die musiker. +vielmehr genießt er, was der solist spielt. +wissen sie, warum? weil diese musik schmerz ausdrückt. +aber meine ganze arbeit hat sich viele jahre lang um die idee gedreht, dass nachhaltigkeit im grunde genommen bedeutet, das modell des globalisierten wirtschaftswachstums zu betrachten und zu mäßigen, was an dem einen ende hereinkommt, und zu mäßigen, was am anderen ende herauskommt. +aber müssen wir annehmen, dass die gleiche brillanz und kreativität und anpassungsfähigkeit, die uns in erster linie an die spitze dieses energiebergs gebracht hat, sich irgendwie auf mysteriöse art in luft auflösen wird, wenn wir einen kreativen weg finden müssen, zurück auf die andere seite? +und angesichts des klimawandels, ist das auch nicht wirklich durchführbar. +es lernt viel von seinen fehlern. +es begann also mit der arbeit, die ich in irland machte, wo ich lehrte, und hat sich seither verbreitet. +vor drei jahren, als es nur eine idee war; daraus ist etwas geworden, das sich wie ein virus über die welt verbreitet. +also, hier geht es um die budgets der bundesstaaten. +das hier enthält verschiedene aspekte, ich könnte sagen, dass wir mehr einnahmen erzielen könnten, oder dass medizinische erfindungen die kosten sogar noch erhöhen könnten. +achtet irgendjemand darauf, was diese typen eigentlich so alles tun? +je mehr man sich damit beschäftigt, umso verwirrter werden die leute leider, und sie denken: "na, vielleicht ist das ja okay." +was müssen wir also tun? +es erlaubt uns, kunst, biotechnologie, software und all solch wunderbaren dinge zu schaffen. +und nachdem ich zwei weitere jahre musik studiert hatte, entschied ich mich, das unmögliche zu wagen, bevor ich den aufnahmetest machen und mich an einer medizinischen hochschule bewerben würde, wie ein guter indischer sohn, um der nächste dr. gupta zu werden. +keats selbst hat ebenfalls eine karriere der medizin aufgegeben, um sich der poesie zu widmen, aber er starb, als er ein jahr älter war als ich. +jeder in diesem haus kennt die zeit nur aufgrund des geruchs. +mit diesen leute treffe ich mich immer noch. +gut, weiter. +fallen ihnen nicht auch gerade einer ein? +es ist erstaunlich. ein wunderbarer moment. +hätte er das seinem vater gezeigt, hätte der sich gedacht: "mein junge ist verrückt geworden." +vom französische schriftsteller michel tournier gibt es einen berühmten spruch. +und ich erklärte ihm: "es ist eine dunkle nacht und eine krähe sitzt auf einem zweig." +ja, das heißt, dass ich nicht gyeonghoeru zeichnen musste. +wir werden zu diktatoren mit einer fernbedienung und fangen an, die menschen im fernsehen zu kritisieren. +ich laufe herum und ermutige sie, "los, los!" sie müssen wie verrückt ein oder zwei stunden schreiben. +kunst ist das höchste ziel. +nur diese drei worte und dann verließ sie den flughafen. das war 's. +der britische physiker john tyndall stellte in den 1850er jahren labormessungen an zur infrarotstrahlung, also wärme. +ich hatte bis dahin die erste zeile des nasa-leitspruchs: "den heimatplaneten zu verstehen und zu schützen" genommen, um meine vorträge zu rechtfertigen. +klimaskeptiker argumentieren, dass die sonne die hauptursache des klimawandels ist. +methan beginnt ebenso aus dem permafrost auszutreten. +es wäre unmoralisch, diese jungen leute einem klimasystem zu überlassen, das außer kontrolle gerät. +die wissenschaft ist eindeutig. +yakima canutt ist mein favorit und ein echter held für mich. +wir realisieren heute größere auto-stunts denn je. +ich vergesse mit der zeit, wie bizarr einige dieser gespräche sind. +zwei stuntmen führen hier einen meiner ansicht nach eher harmlosen stunt aus. +das helium muss sich ausbreiten, daher die form. +ich habe lange gebraucht, jahre gebraucht, um das richtige ballon-team zu finden, das den ballon bauen könnte, um die aufgabe zu erfüllen. +ich habe ein unternehmen in den staaten kontaktiert, welches anzüge für nasa herstellt. +dieser ist mit 7 kg ein echtes leichtgewicht. +wenn sie aber eingeladen sind und mit jemandem reden, sie wissen schon, wenn jemand fragt "was machen sie so?" +erinnern sie sich an die geschichte? nein, sie ist groß. +wir zogen dann von stratford nach los angeles. +warum nicht? ich denke, dass das ziemlich wichtig ist. +die hierarchie fusst also auf zwei ideen. +tatsächlich entsteht kreativität -- darunter verstehe ich den prozess originelle ideen von bedeutung zu haben -- sehr häufig durch die interaktion verschiedener wege eine sache zu betrachten. +ich fragte: "was ist passiert?" +jetzt ist der moment zu dem wir über uns selbst lachen sollten bevor andere mit uns lachen können. +also zog ich mich in meine höhle zurück und produzierte und unterstützte weiterhin comedy und erlaubte meinen freunden mein sofa als operationale drehscheibe vor ort zu benutzen. +auf jeder station der tour liessen wir amateure vorsprechen. +erstens: wird der nahe osten in der gegenwart und im richtigen zusammenhang dargestellt? +früherkennung und schnelles gegensteuern sind die erklärungen für diese erfolge. +bei 50 prozent brechen sie bis zum 14. lebensjahr aus, bei 75 prozent bis zum 24. lebensjahr, ein bild, das sich sehr von dem unterscheidet, das sich zeigt, wenn man über krebs oder herzleiden spricht, über diabetes, bluthochdruck – über die meisten der großen krankheiten, die wir als ursachen für krankheit und sterblichkeit kennen. +wichtig ist hier, dass, wenn man beginnt, sich die menschen mit diesen störungen, diesen jeden fünften, der sich damit rumquält, anzusehen, man herausfindet, dass es viele spielarten gibt, wie das gehirn verdrahtet ist, es aber vorhersagbare muster gibt, und diese muster sind risikofaktoren dafür, dass sich eine dieser störungen entwickelt. +aber das sagt uns, wie wir es anschauen müssen, und wohin wir gehen müssen. +wie viele kinder wirst du bekommen? +aber wie falsch ist das! +es ist sehr interessant. als wir unsere schule begannen, registrierten die eltern sich in der anwesenheitsliste mit einem daumenabdruck. +dort haben sie kinder getroffen mit einem anderen standard und all das, einer anderen denkweise, eine vollkommen andere gesellschaft. +ist es der einfluss? wir haben professoren vom mit, aus berkeley, stanford, vom indischen wissenschaftsinstitut, die kommen und unseren kinder viele wissenschaftliche formeln beibringen, experimente, die weit über normalen unterricht hinausgehen. +als ich parikrma begonnen habe, startete ich mit einer großen portion arroganz die ganze welt zu verändern. +diese frage scheint schnell beantwortet zu sein, und so dachte auch howard. denn pepsi hatte ihm gesagt: "sehen sie, wir arbeiten in einem bereich zwischen acht und zwölf prozent. +sie hätten besser nach den perfekten pepsis suchen sollen. " +in jeder nur vorstellbaren art spaghetti-sauce zu variieren, variierte er spaghetti-sauce. +howard veränderte grundlegend die denkart der industrie darüber, wie man sie glücklich macht. +viel mehr ätherische braune senfkörner, etwas weißwein, ein toller duft, ein viel besseres aroma. und was tun sie? +und sie serviert es immer wieder auf diese art, und wenn sie sich beschweren, wird sie sagen: "was wissen sie schon? in diesem restaurant gibt es das gericht auf die beste art." +wenn ich sie alle bitten würde, mir ihre kaffee-marke zu nennen -- einen kaffee-typen, ein gebräu -- die sie alle glücklich macht, und sie dann bitte, den kaffee zu bewerten, würde der durchschnittswert auf einer skala von 0 bis 100 bei 60 liegen. +es gibt prä-karzinöse wunden, die sich oft gar nicht zu krebs entwickeln. +man fliegt von der insel, wenn man eine krankheit bekommt. +erst als journalist wurde mir bewusst, wie sehr ich teil dieses problems bin, wie wir alle teil dieses problems sind. +also, dad erhielt seinen abschluss in harvard 1946, heiratete meine mutter und kaufte ein kleines haus in lexington, massachusetts, wo 1775 die ersten schüsse gegen die briten gefallen waren, obwohl wir sie bis concord nicht wirklich trafen. +und, naja, wir können heute zurückblicken und sagen: natürlich, ha ha, ist ja alles mikrofilm. aber das ist nicht der punkt. er verstand die form der zukunft. +und wenn sie es diagonal sehen, bekommen sie inhalt und form -- und dann schönheit und wahrheit. +darüber habe ich 1993 ein buch geschrieben, aber als ich das buch beendete, musste ich ein wenig schrift setzen und ich war es leid, dafür zu meinem copy shop gehen zu müssen, also kaufte ich einen computer. +wir könnten kreisförmige erzählungen haben, die tatsächlich rund sind. +warum ist das wichtig? +vielleicht war euch allen das schon lange klar, aber für mich, so oft ich genau dieser schwierigkeit täglich begegnete, hatte ich diese der verständigung inhärente herausforderung nie so kristallklar gesehen. +der schlüssel ist, dass feys texte nicht von ihr oder ihren saturday night live autoren stammten, +die drei dinge, die schwule amerikaner am meisten zu wollen scheinen, sind zum militär gehen, heiraten und eine familie gründen. +wenn man all diese elemente vereint: den viralen reiz eines tollen witzes, eine zündende schlusspointe, die auf ehrlichkeit und integrität basiert, erzielt man einen effekt in der realen welt, der eine debatte verändern kann. +das ist viel einfluss für 14 worte. +wie weit führt das zurück? wie weit zurück reicht die geschichte der modernen sprachen? +er kann gut zwei tonnen wiegen – und frisst dabei hauptsächlich quallen. +als jungtiere leben sie in schwärmen und werden als erwachsene zu gigantischen einzelgängern. +das tolle am mondfisch – wenn wir sie mit den anhängern versehen – wenn sie hier mal schauen – da ist der datenstrom, dorthin kommt der anhänger. +sie kommen heraus und geben den mondfischen – hier können sie ihre körperstellung sehen, die sagt: "ich bin nicht gefährlich, aber ich brauch eine massage." +wichtig ist auch, dass sie keine faulpelz-fische sind. +es war eine 200-fuss-durchmesser geodätischen kugel um über den east river in new york city ausgesetzt werden, in voller sicht der vereinten nationen. +ich habe ein kleines video für euch, aber bedenkt euch, dass es ist ohne elektronische regelung, und es ist auch nur mit vier leds. +wie fühlt es sich an, wenn jemand wie er deine kunst nimmt und so viel damit tut? +sofort verstand er was geschehen war. +so, sind wir einäugigen affen alle zweiäugige affen geworden? +und eingeborene frauen aus afrika kamen und sagten: "das ist es!" +ich habe eine lösung die keinerlei maschienen bedarf, noch feuerholz, noch gas. +eure eltern waren friedvolle menschen. +hallo regierungen reicher länder, die waffen verkaufen an regierungen armer länder, aber nicht schaffen ihnen essen zu geben. +ihr vater der könig sagte: "pfeif nicht!" +"aha!", sagt die prinzessin. +leibniz war der erste, der tatsächlich darüber sprach, solch eine maschine zu bauen. +von neumann, ein logiker und ein mathematiker von der armee brachten alles zusammen. dann brauchten sie einen raum, um sie zu bauen. +da waren nun 40 von diesen röhren; das ist, als ob ein v40-motor den speicher antreiben würde. +"maniac hat seine erinnering wiedererlangt, als der strom ausfiel." "maschine oder mensch?" +jetzt habe ich drei verschiedene ergebnisse. +also konzipierte er dieses universum und ließ es laufen. +und da war es. sein universum auf lochkarten. +das ist das ende. +schaut euch "ermordung" ganz unten an, um himmels willen. +ich ging nach west virginia, dem ungesündesten staat in amerika. +seht ihr, das problem ist, dass fettleibigkeit und ernährungsbedingte krankheiten nicht nur die menschen, die es haben, verletzen, nein, es verletzt deren freunde, familie, brüder und schwestern. +heutzutage sind sie zum großteil verarbeitet und voll mit allen möglichen zusätzen, weiteren inhaltsstoffen, ihr kennt den rest der geschichte. +normal. lasst uns zu den schulen gehen, etwas worin ich tatsächlich ein spezialist bin. +sie haben scheren in den klassenräumen aber messer und gabel? - nein. +ich möchte über etwas so grundlegendes wie milch reden. +das, all diese schlechten nachrichten, können vermieden werden. +also werden diese leute teil der lösung sein. +huntington kitchen. in huntington, wo ich diese sendung gemacht habe, wisst ihr, wir machen diese sendung zur besten sendezeit, die hoffentlich die menschen dazu anregt, diesen wandel mitzumachen. +ich bin legastheniker, deshalb bin ich etwas langsam. +einer meiner freunde aus der sicherheitsindustrie sagte mir neulich tatsächlich, dass es zwei arten von unternehmen auf der welt gibt: die, die wissen dass sie gehackt wurden, und die es nicht wissen. +sie sind absolut anonym, sozusagen. +diese herausforderung ist: wie macht man geschäfte, wie vertraut man jemandem im netz, wenn du weißt dass derjenige mit dem du geschäfte machen willst, ein krimineller ist? +er entwickelte seinen sozialen und moralischen kompass im hafen am schwarzen meer während der 90er. +und dieser mann, mit einem planetengroßen gehirn sitzt nun eine 13-jährige strafe in kalifornien ab. +vielen dank für ihre aufmerksamkeit. +das gesundheitswesen ist ein weiterer grund eine umnutzung in betracht zu ziehen. +und die marktforschung, konsumentenforschung, hat die boomers und die gen y gefragt was sie haben möchten, wie sie leben möchten, und sagen uns dass es eine grosse nachfrage geben wird – und wir sehen das schon – nach urbanerem lebenstil innerhalb vorstädte. +sie sind so erfolgreich, dass sie auch die gegenüberliegende strassenseite übernommen haben. +das ist eines meines lieblingsbeispiele, belmar. +man will auch mehr systematische transformationen erreichen. +der erste ist die umnutzung viel systematischer zu planen, im metropolitanen massstab. +aber wir müssen die architektur besser hinbekommen. +also entschied ich mich, mit frauen über ihre vaginas zu sprechen. +und sie sagte dinge über ihre vagina, die mich schockierten, dass sie ausgetrocknet und fertig und tot sei, und ich war wirklich schockiert. +also sagte ich 1997, "lasst uns die frauen zusammen bringen. +ich liebe es, von all diesen spezies auf dem meeresgrund zu hören. +sie ging nach juarez, um sich um eine kränkliche tante zu kümmern und dabei entdeckte sie, was mit den ermordeten und verschwundenen frauen von juarez geschah. +aber als vagina-kriegerin machte sie einfach weiter. und sie verpflichtete sich weiter der umwandlung von bewusstsein. +nun, mir erscheint diese ungarische präsenz in meinem leben schwer erklärbar, aber ich schreibe es letztlich einer bewunderung für menschen mit komplexer moralischer achtsamkeit zu - mit einem erbe aus schuld und niederlage, gepaart mit trotz und draufgängertum. +und eines tages dann geschah es: er und seine familie wurden festgenommen und in eine todeszelle an der donau gebracht. +herr teszler stellte 16 männer ein, acht weiße, acht schwarze. +und in den langsamen zweiten satz, "adagio religioso", hatte er die laute eines singvogels eingebaut, den er draußen vor seinem fenster gehört hatte, wohlwissend, dass dies sein letzter frühling war. er stellte sich eine zukunft für ditta vor, in der er keine rolle mehr spielte. +und erst als wir uns zum dinner setzten, erkannte ich das ausmaß der gefahr, die ich geschaffen hatte. denn diese zwei titanen, diese zwei herren des universums zusammenzubringen war als machte man mothra über der skyline tokyos mit godzilla bekannt. +und ich – keiner meldete sich, also tat ich es – sagte: "das ist ein bacchanal von tizian ‟. +und um 1997 gab mir der damalige direktor philippe de montebello die erlaubnis, eine ausstellung für 2002 zu organisieren. wir haben gewöhnlich diese sehr langen vorlaufzeiten. +in dieser besonderen kulisse waren die kostüme wie schauspieler oder lebende skulpturen. +ich arbeite daran, dieses gefühl von elitismus aufzubrechen. +aber wir kümmern uns um die schwersten fälle und bestellen die anderen für den nächsten tag wieder her. +so kamen wir zu diesen zwei regeln. +also ging ich nach russland, und meine mutter ging mit, während der zeit der sowjetunion. +und wenn man denkt, es geht nicht mehr, drängt sie so lange, bis man weiter macht. +ich nehme sie nun mit auf eine 16 minütige reise rund um 72 prozent des planeten, also schnallen sie sich an. +wissen sie, was man auf der einen seite gewinnt, verliert man auf der anderen. +und wie ein lebendiger organismus, wo, wenn man ihn aufreißt, das geschmolzene blut austritt, was, um die wunde zu heilen, aus der asthenosphäre aufsteigt, sich verhärtet, neues gewebe formt und sich seitwärts bewegt. +also stellten wir viele verschiedene hypothesen auf, dort unten sind kleine grüne männchen, welche die wärme benutzen. alle möglichen dinge treiben sich dort herum. +wir stolperten darüber, als wir nach fehlender hitze suchten. +nahe davon gab es methan. ich habe noch nie methanvulkane gesehen. +glücklicherweise konnten wir den kongress überzeugen. +das ist ein fernes zentrum an der universität von washington. +ich danke ihnen vielmals. +kommen wir zu dem plötzlich möglichen. +seit dem launch der website im februar hatten wir 640.000 studierende aus 190 ländern. +andere studierende sind vielleicht an zusatzmaterial interessiert, mit dem sie sich genauer befassen möchten. +zusätzlich zu multiple choice und den kompakten frage-antwort-aufgaben aus dem video können wir auch mathematik, mathematische begriffe und auch mathematische abweichungen bewerten. +ich konnte so einen service meinen studierenden bei stanford nie bieten. +schließlich gab es noch eine studierendenpopulation, die persönlich durch einen tutor betreut wurde. +so kann man etwa sehen, wie der wert für leistung sich fast verdoppelt in diesem experiment. +kaki king rockt zu "pink noise" +"lerne die « lingua franca »." +emily levine: richard. was habe ich denn gesagt? +ich weiß nicht, ob sie das wissen, aber -- vielleicht ist es heute anders, oder sie wollten damit etwas bestimmtes erreichen -- aber in vielen krankenhäusern des landes konnte man, laut einem buch von jessica benjamin, noch bis vor kurzem über den kinderbetten kleiner jungen lesen: "ich bin ein junge." und der hinweis über den betten kleiner mädchen lautete: "es ist ein mädchen." genau. +nochmal, dieses ganze subjekt-objekt-ding ist für den humor schon relevant. +und ich habe irgendwie, als ich angefangen habe zu durchleuchten, was es eigentlich ist, was ich da mache -- ich hab mal ein buch von lewis hyde gelesen. es heißt "trickster makes this world", +gäbe es bei den olympischen spielen die disziplin des martyriums, hätte meine großmutter freiwillig verloren. +darauf achte ich am meisten, fast mehr als auf widersprüche. +und die mutter ist schon im hohen alter. +ich aber liebe es, alle möglichkeiten zu erforschen, in der hoffnung, dass man auf derselben wellenlänge wie sein publikum ist. +wir sind aug in aug mit ein paar ernsthaften katastrophen, die wir aber genau so verleugnen, wie wir den terrorismus verleugneten, und das geschehen vom 11. september. +1995 fanden wir drei. jetzt sind wir bei ungefähr 80 – wir finden zwei bis drei pro monat. +es war kein richtiger forschungsbericht, eher eine tirade. +nummer sieben: unfall mit dem teilchenbeschleuniger. +wir vermuten, dass mais seinen ursprung in mexiko hat. +wir müssen lernen, wie wir die ozonschicht der erde reparieren und wiederauffüllen. +wir haben alle gelernt, was für eine panik auftreten kann, wenn eine alte krankheit wieder aufkommt, wie milzbrand. +aber in galaxien geht 's rabiat zu und dinge werden aus ihrem orbit geschleudert. +was mir aber noch mehr sorgen bereitet, sind die asteroiden zwischen mars und jupiter. +als die mission vorbei war, landeten sie auf dem ding. +basho war ein genialer mensch. +und diese zwei bekriegen sich beinahe andauernd. +nun gut, sprechen wir über eine andere perspektive der wichtigkeit der ozeane. +modellierung: auf der rechten seite ist ein komplexes rechenmodell. +wir sind bereits verkabelt, als wären wir in einem glasfaserkorsett, wenn sie so wollen. +das wird alles viel gewaltiger sein, als ein einzelnes schiff zu haben, an einem ort, um dann zu einem anderen ort zu fahren. +wir punmpen die flüssigkeit durch eines dieser systeme und wir drücken den knopf, und die geneigenschaften werden analysiert. +so können wir eine ganz neue telepräsenz erzeugen für die welt, den gesamten ozean umfassend. +ich denke, dass die architektur eigentlich darauf gründet. +und doch ist es diese energie und diese kraft der architektur die einen ganzen gesellschaftlichen und politischen raum getrieben hat, den diese gebäuden besetzen. +es ist wie das alte las vegas früher mal war. +all unsere handeln hängt vom rechnen ab. +und ich glaube dass dieses zusammenspiel mit der geschichte, der geschichte mit der sich oft schwierig auseinanderzusetzen ist, um eine position zu schaffen, die jenseits unserer normalen erwartungen liegt, und um eine kreative kritik herzustellen. +ich wiederhole; das unerwartete, das auch das rohe ist. +und es ist nicht nur unser gedächtnis, sondern jene, die sich an uns erinnern. das bedeutet, dass die architektur nicht stumm ist. +es geht darum mit minimalen mitteln etwas zu schaffen, das nicht wiederhohlt werden kann; und in keiner anderen sphäre simuliert werden kann. +ein kompromiss, wenn er künstlerisch ist, wenn er mit ihren strategien zurechtkommt -- und da ist mein erster aufriss und das linke rendering -- ist nicht so weit entfernt. +nachhaltige energie ist das größte problem, das wir dieses jahrhundert lösen müssen, unabhängig von umweltproblemen. +das war bruno bowden, der heute auch hier ist. weltrekord. em: herzlichen glückwunsch. +am ende dieses jahres wird man in der lage sein, von l.a. nach new york zu fahren, nur mit hilfe des supercharger-netzwerks, das fünfmal so schnell auflädt wie alle anderen möglichkeiten. +was machen sie? +sie bauen eine neue art von stromversorgungsunternehmen. +wird die menschheit eine raumfahrtzivilisation werden? +es ist ähnlich wie bei einem jet. +diese projekte sind so – paypal, solarcity, tesla, spacex, sie sind so spektakulär anders, das sind so ehrgeizige projekte, gemessen mit anderen. +elon musk, ich wünschte, wir hätten den ganzen tag, vielen dank, dass sie zu ted gekommen sind. +als junge war ich ein hirte, wachte über unser vieh – ziegen, schafe und rinder. +weil krieg herrschte waren großkalibrige gewehre über das ganze land verteilt. +und in dem maße wie die menschen verantwortung für den wildbestand übernahmen, wuchs die zahl der wildtiere wieder an. und das ist eine grundlage für den naturschutz in namibia geworden. +die anderen partner, die wir haben, sind wirtschaftsverbände und gemeinschaften. +im jahr 2008 haben conservancies 5,7 millionen dollar generiert. +das ermöglicht uns die meerestiere zu würdigen, von denen wir uns glücklich schätzen können sie verzehren zu dürfen. +und, nach wie vielen flaschen sagen sie mir, dass ich ein problem habe? +deshalb denke ich, dass wir ein komplett falsches essverhalten haben. +sie nahmen mehr kalorien im verlauf einer vielfältigen mahlzeit zu sich. +ich erinnere mich sehr gut an die mahlzeiten meiner kindheit. +danke. +die ironie und tragik unserer zeit ist, ein großer teil der gesellschaft denkt, die wissenschaft würde darüber noch streiten. +so wie auch viele projekte innerhalb der künstlerischen gemeinschaft bleiben, und ich fühle eine verantwortung, durch zusammenkünfte wie ted und unser verhältnis zu obama und dem weißen haus, dem senat und senator john kerry, um mit diesen bildern auch größtmöglichen einfluss auf die politik auszuüben. +der gletscher kommt von rechts und stürzt ins meer, die kamera belichtet stündlich. +dann endlich fängt er sich wieder und wächst. +all diese farben sind eis, es ist bis zu drei kilometer dick, eine riesige kuppel, die vom ozean kommt und in der mitte ansteigt. +aber wir haben ein problem der wahrnehmung, viele kapieren es einfach nicht. +die etwas höflicheren sagten: » ach, wissen sie, inder geben gute softwareprogrammierer und buchhalter ab, aber das kreative zeugs können sie nicht. « +sie arbeiteten an durch und durch globalen produkten, und firmen wie microsoft, google, astrazeneca, general electric, philips haben schon bestätigt, dass sie aus ihren bangalore- und hyderabad-f & amp; e-zentren heraus in der lage sind, produkte und dienstleistungen für die ganze welt zu produzieren. +es handelt sich nicht um ein neues produkt oder einen neuen prozess, sondern um einen neuen weg, die arbeit zu organisieren, und die bedeutendste management innovation aus indien, von der indischen offshoring-industrie entwickelt, nennen wir das modell der weltweiten lieferung. +2010 beschlossen sie, diese zahlen nicht mehr zu veröffentlichen, also musste ich einige zahlen basierend auf verschiedenen quellen schätzen. +für eine uhrzeit, die ich für die seelenruhigste und unspektakulärste stunde des tages halte, sind die resonanzen auf vier uhr morgens in der presse doch ziemlich negativ – und das über verschiedene medien hinweg von einer vielzahl großer namen. +genau 100 jahre nach dem todestag von alfred nobel selbst. +und dann – drei absätze später bekommen wir diese kleine schönheit: "wir gingen zurück ins blair house, um uns die rede ein letztes mal anzusehen. +lassen sie mich zuerst auf einige gängige irrtümer eingehen. +und wenn sich diese zelluläre raumstation innerhalb des elektrischen felds befindet, wirkt es auf die hochaufgeladenen proteine ein und richtet sie in einer linie aus. +die zu erwartende 5-jahres-überlebensrate liegt bei unter 5 prozent. +und ein jahr nach der behandlung kam sein tumor mit gewalt zurück. +ich bin der glücklichste mensch der welt. +und ich bin fest davon überzeugt, dass in den nächsten 10 jahren die tumortherapiefelder den ärzten und patienten als waffe dienen für die schwer behandelbaren soliden tumore. +und wie sie sehen können, haben sie eine art künstlichen auffangraum geschaffen. +es ist 400 jahre alt. +wir hatten ganzseitige annoncen, vor etwa 30, 25 jahre, als dieser kanal kam. +und es ist eine art gewässer für alle jahreszeiten. +und diese dritte wasserart hat man [unklar] genannt. +auf drei seiten gibt es diese stufen, auf der vierten seite ist ein viergeschossiges gebäude wo sie solche ted konferenzen jederzeit organisieren könnten. +diese bauwerke und konzepte sind inspirierend. +es spielt keine rolle, ob es im dschungel von singapur ist oder in der tundra nordfinnlands. +die investitionen fließen in telekommunikation, einkaufszentren. +südafrika spielt eine rolle. +wie bewegen wir uns von armut und korruption zu wohlstand mit weniger korruption? +und 1980 passierte etwas. +investieren sie. +aber ich denke, dass ein viel größeres problem damit darin liegt, dass diese logik -- dass wir ipods und nicht bomben abwerfen sollten -- ich meine, es würde einen tollen titel abgeben für thomas friedmans neues buch. +anstatt zu versuchen, diese kommentare zu beseitigen, sind sie statt dessen an dieser blogger herangetreten. +nicht wahr? so dass sie online gehen können und ideen dazu beisteuern können, wie die region im jahr 2020 aussehen könnte. +und was sollen wir dagegen tun? +erklär mir, was los ist! +nein, der junge sagte zu mir - der junge sagte zu mir: "das würde mich vernichten." +sie nannten mich als kind anthony. +wir hatten eine ganze reihe unpassender namen für sie. +wie sollen sich männer in der welt verhalten, die ich mir für sie vorstelle? +soft power ist ein konzept, das von einem harvard-akademiker, joseph nye, der mein freund ist, entwickelt wurde. +aber mitunter stand es einfach nur so da. +bauern haben normalerweise den halben tag knochenharter arbeit damit verbracht herauszukriegen ob die ortschaften offen waren, der markt stattfand, die produkte, die sie geerntet haben verkauft werden konnten und welchen preis sie kriegen würden. +sie mussten veranstaltungen um 8: 30 einstellen. +und bis zum heutigen tage bleibt es die einzige jüdische diaspora in der geschichte des jüdischen volkes, die niemals einem vorfall von antisemitismus ausgesetzt war. +es ist die idee eines ewigen landes, das sich aus einer alten zivilisation heraus entwickelte, durch eine gemeinsame geschichte vereint ist, aber vor allem durch pluralistische demokratie aufrecht erhalten wird. +ein trachom ist eine augeninfektion, die durch dreck im auge verursacht wird. kann zu dauerhafter blindheit führen. +während dieser zeit habe ich noch etwas gelernt. letztes jahr beschrieb google mich als eines den klügsten, jungen talente der welt. letztes jahr beschrieb google mich als eines den klügsten, jungen talente der welt. +wahrscheinlich spielt das in 50 jahren, wenn es streptokokken und ähnliches zeug in hülle und fülle geben wird, sowieso keine rolle mehr, weil es uns dann nicht mehr gibt. falls aber doch - brauchen wir etwas gegen diese bakterien. +auftrag ausgeführt! +dem honig ist keine süße inne. +es ist wichtig, dass wir babies lieb haben, und uns nicht von - sagen wir mal - dreckigen windeln abschrecken lassen. +er mochte es, seine studierenden eine übung machen zu lassen. sie sollten ein stück papier nehmen und die person neben ihnen zeichnen, ihren nachbarn, sehr schnell, so schnell wie sie konnten. +wo sie vielleicht die sicherheit haben, zu spielen. +danke. also gut. +wir haben also diese fingersprenger, andere haben dinosaurier. +ja, das dachte ich mir. wir kennen das alle, nicht wahr? +großartig. cool. es ging mir wirklich um die menge. +es war ein ziemlich erfolgreicher abend. +konstruktionsspiel – es ist offensichtlich etwas spielerisches, aber auch eine sehr gute art, zu lernen. +und natürlich, wenn man dann einen durchschnittlichen arbeitsort hat, sind post-it zettel vielleicht das beste baumaterial, das wir noch haben. das ist ziemlich öde. +wir haben diese erfahrungen im leben gemacht. und sie liefern uns eine sehr gute intuition derüber, ob eine handlung funktionieren wird. +kurz gesagt, wir bewundern ihre bereitschaft zu spielen. +vielleicht müssen wir im konvergenten modus ernsthafter sein. +um erfolg zu erreichen, wurde ich ziemlich gut darin, neue ideen zu finden. +also nahmen sie ihr geld und ihre projekte mit zu anderen, deren service besser war. +um genau zu sein, wollte ich ein popstar sein. +ich hatte inzwischen gelernt, noten zu lesen, bzw. war dabei, es langsam zu lernen. +dies ist cheryl ang aus singapur. +ich hab genau wie sie reagiert. +"meine schwester und ich haben immer zusammen in chören gesungen. +sie können sich vorstellen, dass bei 2000 synchronisierten youtube-videos die wiedergabezeit einfach grässlich ist. +das hier ist nissans myleaf, bei dem ihr fahrverhalten verglichen wird mit dem fahrverhalten anderer menschen, so dass sie miteinander konkurrieren können, wer am spritsparendsten fährt. +sie wollen, dass wir noch besser hineinpassen. +und das ist eine idee, die, wie ich finde, paul richard buchanan sehr nett in einem aktuellen essay ausgedrückt hat, in dem er sagt: "produkte sind lebendige argumente dafür, wie wir unser leben leben sollten." +arbeiter werden so gut oder schlecht behandelt, wie die arbeiter behandelt wurden, die diesen stuhl gebaut haben. " +tatsächlich ist es im grunde dieselbe methode, wie im 14. jahrhundert. +und diese art von reaktion gefällt mir. +was haben wir also gelernt? +ein schneller schlag wie dieser hier. wenn wir das etwas verlangsamen, das ist der fangschreckenkrebs - die gleiche spezies - aufgenommen bei 1000 einzelbildern pro sekunde, abgespielt bei 15 einzelbildern pro sekunde. +ich hoffe, es sind keine schneckenaktivisten anwesend. +es sieht aus wie ein sattel, den man einem pferd aufzäumt. +bei biologischen systemen ist es wichtig, nicht zu allzu viel überflüssiges material zu verbauen. +die erste spitze ist offensichtlich das bein, das auf die wägezelle trifft. +und diese tiere können sehr wahrscheinlich gebrauch machen, nicht nur von der kraft und energie, die in dieser speziellen sprungfeder gespeichert ist, sondern auch von den extremen eigenschaften der strömungsmechanik. sie könnten tatsächlich die strömungsmechanik als zweite kraft gebrauchen, um die schnecke aufzubrechen. +die biologin sheila patek spricht über ihre arbeit, die vermessung der nahrungsaufnahme des fangschreckenkrebses, eine der schnellsten bewegungen des tierreichs, mithilfe von filmaufnahmen bei 20.000 einzelbildern pro sekunde. +es stellt sich heraus, dass etwas mehr als 94 prozent des lebens auf der erde aquatisch ist. +nun, gehen sie in die wirkliche atmosphäre dieses planeten. +ich drehe den schub und versuche, langsam runterzugehen. +ich komme wieder hoch, aber nicht für die luft. +wenn uns also jemand kopieren will, kommt und macht mit, los. +es gibt probleme mit abwasserüberfluss und verunreinigungen, aber das betrifft wohl jede stadt ziemlich genau so, und das geht uns alle an. +was diese schnüre sind, fragen sie? +und die antwort ist, noch nicht; sie arbeiten. +wir mussten den gestank los werden! +schließlich kreierte snow eine landkarte des ausbruchs. +innerhalb einer generation halbieren wir also unsere kulturelle vielfältigkeit. +zwei monate später ging ich nach tibet und begann, die menschen dort zu befragen und zu fotografieren. das ist es, was ich tue. +das ist ein weiterer stammesführer. +das war eine tolle erfahrung für ihn. er blieb die ganze nacht wach und tanzte und trommelte mit ihnen. +erst letztes jahr haben wir das mit einer gruppe jugendlicher gemacht und das hat am besten funktioniert. +mit dem ersten bild werde ich über den beginn des universums sprechen und darüber, was ich die kosmische tatortuntersuchung nenne, also die betrachtung der überbleibsel des schöpfungsprozesses, um daraus abzuleiten, wie er sich abgespielt hat, und den anschließenden versuch, es zu verstehen. +und dann werde ich ihnen zeigen, dass es tatsächlich viel komplizierter ist. +und es gibt einen teil des universums, den wir nicht sehen können, denn er ist so dicht und heiß, dass ihn das licht nicht verlassen kann. +sie richten ein teleskop in den himmel, machen ein bild, finden heraus, was sterne sind und löschen diese, betrachten die galaxien, schätzen ein, wie weit entfernt sie sind, und markieren sie. +jetzt geht es um ein ernsthaftes spiel. +wir zoomen also hinein. +die frage ist: wie schwierig wäre es, so etwas zusammenzusetzen? +das zieht dann noch mehr materie an und so weiter. +auf der serious-play-konferenz 2008 zeigt george smoot überwältigende neue bilder aus der tiefe des alls und bringt uns dazu, darüber nachzudenken, wie der kosmos – mit seinen gigantischen netzen aus dunkler materie und geheimnisvollen leerräumen – sich dorthin entwickelt hat. +man hat stress, man meditiert ein bisschen. +wir brauchen eine übung. rahmenbedingungen, um zu lernen, wie man achtsamer wird. +er tut wirklich weh. wir verstärken es nur noch, oder? +der neurologe schaute sich meine kritzelige linie an und sagte, "warum versuchen sie nicht, ihre einschränkung zu akzeptieren?" +was könnte ich z. b. nur mit einem dollar anfangen? +das ganze passierte nicht von heute auf morgen. +also filmte ich. +als ich mich zu dem rauchenden schornstein aufmachte, den ich von fern erspäht hatte, traf ich auf hanna saworotina. +zu meinem laptop habe ich eine innigere verbindung als zu irgendeinem stück erde. +ich verkörpere das zentrale paradoxon. +eltern schreiben sms und e-mails beim frühstück und abendbrot, während ihre kinder sich beschweren, dass sie nicht die volle aufmerksamkeit ihrer eltern bekommen. +aber was sich gerade richtig anfühlt für die führungskraft im mittleren alter, kann ein problem für einen jugendlichen sein, der beziehungen von angesicht zu angesicht entwickeln muss. +das gefühl, dass niemand mir zuhört, ist sehr wichtig in unserer beziehung mit technik. +und wir sind alle verwundbar. +was tun wir also? wir verbinden uns immer weiter. +schaffen sie dafür raum. +sprechen wir darüber, wie wir digitale technologie, die technologie unserer träume, einsetzen können, um aus diesem leben das leben zu machen, das wir lieben. +da sagte der herr, 'du hast dein bestes gegeben, das ist doch ein erfolg.' "dies und ähnliches war die grundlage für meine definition von erfolg. nämlich: seelenfrieden, ausgelöst durch die genugtuung zu wissen, dass man sich angestrengt hat, sein bestmögliches zu leisten. +ich kannte ihn einst, aber damals war er noch ein junge. +und ein junger, verheirateter mann sollte nicht schlechtgelaunt nach hause gehen. " +oft hoffen wir zwar, dass sich alles so entwickelt, wie wir es uns wünschen, aber wir tun nicht das erforderliche, um diese wünsche wahr werden zu lassen. +und gewinnen, obwohl der gegner mehr punkte gemacht hat. +ich hatte welche, die es konnten, aber nicht taten, und welche, die es taten, aber nicht konnten. +so hat sich in den letzten 10 jahren die zahl der patienten, die ein organ benötigen, verdoppelt, während die zahl faktisch vorhandener transplantate kaum gestiegen ist. +leberzellen, nervenzellen, pankreaszellen – die können wir selbst heute nicht züchten. +dann stellen wir es in ein ofenähnliches gerät und so können wir diese struktur herstellen und herausbringen. +zum guten schluss kommt dabei diese struktur heraus. +der drucker, den sie hier sehen, hat diese nierenstruktur gedruckt, die ich ihnen vorher gezeigt habe. +ich wurde teamkapitän, und das war klasse. +ich nahm sie zur seite. +vor ein paar wochen habe ich eine dieser seiten besucht, die erwartungsgemäß swaptree heißt. und dort gab es über 59.300 gegenstände, die ich sofort eintauschen konnte gegen meine ausgabe von "24". +das ist es, was mir passiert ist, als ich bemerkte, dass wir uns wegbewegen von passiven konsumenten hin zu schöpfern, hin zu höchst aktiven kollaboratoren. +diese vier elemente verbinden sich und schaffen den großen wandel -- weg vom 20. jahrhundert, das vom hyperkonsum definiert wurde, hin zum 21. jahrhundert, das vom kollaborativen konsum gekennzeichnet wird. +diese drei systeme kommen zusammen, erlauben es den menschen, ressourcen gemeinsam zu nutzen, ohne ihre lebensgewohnheiten aufzugeben, oder ihre in ehren gehaltene persönliche freiheit. +das befeuert eine massive veränderung, in der nutzung besitztum übertrumpft -- oder wie kevin kelly, der redakteur des magazins wired, es ausdrückt, "wo zugriff besser ist als besitz." +ich heiße joseph und bin parlamentsmitglied in kenia. +der anführer der häuptlinge sagte: "tut uns leid, wir können euch nicht mitnehmen, dann sind wir zu langsam. +ich bitte meine freunde aus amerika um hilfe, schwestern und ärzte zu schicken, um uns zu helfen. +ich war im naturwissenschaftlichen museum, als der tornado hereinbrach und spielte gerade mit dem tornado-muster. +co: sie haben meine nummer aus den nachrichten? +solche systeme, die wir unvorbereitet erstellten, könnten schon vorher vorhanden sein. +mo: daten. +in unserer heimatstadt haben wir ein halbes dutzend anwohner geschult, diese internetgestützten instrumente anzuwenden. +und ich habe julius in der letzten woche getroffen, in der ich in kibera gelebt habe. +‚ wenn man ihm einen monat schuldet, dann kommt der vermieter mit seinen handlangern und wirft einen raus. er wird deine sachen konfiszieren. ', sagte armstrong. +das ist die vielleicht primitivste hütte, die man in kibera finden kann, wenig mehr als eine stock-und-schlamm-hütte neben einer müllhalde. +sie befindet sich auf ziemlich abschüssigem grund. +einer ist, dass die leute die versicherung brauchen, dass sie nicht hinausgeworfen werden. +die zukunft dieser gemeinschaften liegt in ihren menschen und in unserer fähigkeit, mit diesen menschen zu arbeiten. +ich weiß nicht, woher julian morrow das hat. +sehen sie ihn da oben? +einer davon ist ein weiterer amerikanischer erfinder, ted henter. +viele webseiten können wir nicht mit jaws und den anderen technologien lesen. +ich glaube, ich muss mich jetzt verabschieden. +interessanterweise zeigen andere neurologische erkrankungen, die völlig andere bereiche des gehirns betreffen, ebenfalls bündel falsch strukturierter proteine, was darauf hindeutet, dass der ansatz ein allgemeiner sein könnte, der nicht nur für alzheimer, sondern auch für andere neurolog. erkrankungen angewandt werden könnte. +ich werde ihre warnungen ignorieren und eine sehr spezifische vorhersage machen. +eine große blütezeit also, und ich glaube immer mehr dass dieses zitat des physikers freeman dyson keineswegs übertrieben ist. es nennt lediglich fakten. ["technologie ist ein geschenk gottes. nach dem geschenk des lebens +um sie wirklich zum stereotyp zu machen, sagen wir, sie sind beide weiße männer. +und wenn sie befürchten, dass so etwas wie ein garantiertes einkommen unseren erfolgskurs im keim ersticken wird und uns irgendwie selbstgefällig werden lässt, könnte es sie interessieren, dass die soziale mobilität, eines der dinge, auf die wir in den usa wirklich stolz sind, jetzt niedriger ist als in den nordeuropäischen ländern, die diese sehr großzügigen sozialen sicherheitsnetze haben. +die realität dieses neuen maschinenzeitalters und der wirtschaftliche wandel werden immer bekannter. +im lauf der jahre begann ich mich zunehmend unwohler mit dieser auffassung von gott zu fühlen. +einige haben geschlussfolgert, dass wir nur an einen gott glauben können, der unseren schmerz teilt. +in der zweiten strophe kommt die zeile "wind und wellen gehorchen ihm". +wer also ist gott, falls nicht der große strippenzieher oder stammesbewahrer? +was wenn gott in den dingen ist? +wie könnte man einen solchen glauben ausüben? +und so möchte ich mit euch sozusagen durch meine kleine geschichte gehen darüber, was ich herausgefunden habe. +und wenn wir diese stämme von jägern und sammlern untersuchen und die neandertaler, die den ersten menschen sehr ähnlich waren, finden wir eine merkwürdige sache in dieser welt ohne technologie, und das ist eine art kurve ihres durchschnittlichen alters. +es war in einer gewissen weise, im mcluhan 'schen sinne, ein externer magen. im sinne, dass es essen kochte, das wir andernfalls nicht verspeisen konnten. +während das etwas ist, das aus unserem geist kommt, hat es auch tiefe wurzeln im kosmos. +es zweigt ab von der menschlichen form. +ich glaube, das führt nirgendwo hin. +das ist es, was wir von technologie erhalten. ständig. darum verlassen menschen ihr dorf und gehen in die städte, weil sie immer von chancen und möglichkeiten angezogen sind. +ich war indessen in der umgebung vieler lehrer aufgewachsen. +die idee war also, dass man eben seine arbeit macht, um 14: 30 kommen die schüler reingeströmt und man unterbricht was man tut, oder man tauscht oder arbeitet eben ein bisschen später. +das war nur mein ding -- ich hab gesagt wir brauchen etwas das auf die köpfe der leute fällt. +der laden war also jeden tag gefüllt mit kindern. +der schlüssel ist, auch wenn du nur ein paar stunden im monat frei hast, diese zwei stunden schulter-an-schulter mit einem schüler, konzentrierte aufmerksamkeit, die licht auf ihre arbeit strahlt, auf ihre gedanken und ihren selbst-ausdruck, der komplett transformierend ist weil so viele der schüler das noch nie hatten. +sie arbeiten unter anleitung der lehrer und alles in einem großen raum. +all die bücher werden im laden verkauft. in der nähe der planken. +sie wollten kein piratenzubehör verkaufen; +das ist der laden während den nachhilfe stunden. +nunja. ich werde etwas nach vorne springen. +die schulen brauchen euch. die lehrer brauchen euch. +sehen sie, ich bin im kriegsgeschundenen irak aufgewachsen und ich glaube, dass es zwei seiten des krieges gibt und dass wir nur eine seite davon sehen. +damit nehmen wir vergewaltigungen und todesfälle als zwangsläufig wahr. +es gibt die seite, die kämpft und es gibt eine seite, die die schulen und die fabriken und die krankenhäuser offen hält. +eine kongolesin, die mir erzählte, wie ihre kinder dabei zusehen mussten, wie ihr vater getötet wurde und wie sie selbst vor ihren augen vergewaltigt und geschändet wurde, und wie ihre kinder sahen, wir ihr neunjähriges geschwister vor ihren augen getötet wurde, wie sie es schafften, dass es ihnen heute gut geht. +zainab salbi: frauen, kriegszeiten und der traum von frieden +sie war in dieser sendung namens 'das einfache leben'. +letzten monat war ich bei google, und wow, was für eine cafeteria! +sie ist sehr wichtig in meinem leben, denn sie sagte mir, ich soll das mit verlassen und zur kunstakademie gehen. +wenn man also komplexität mit einfachheit vergleicht, holt diese auch irgendwie auf. +und wenn einem das jemand sagt, fühlt man sich komisch. +ich ging also zurück zum computer und kaufte fünf grosse portionen pommes, um sie alle einzuscannen. ich suchte nach einer art essensthema und schrieb eine software, um automatisch pommes-bilder anzulegen. +es ist ein bisschen gruselig, nicht wahr? +ich schrieb das buch, weil ich etwas übers leben herausfinden wollte. +zum vierten mal hier, ich denke, ich komme für diese weisheit hierher. +die herausforderungen des umweltschutzes fallen in dieselben drei kategorien und zumeist denken wir an lokale umweltprobleme: luftverschmutzung, wasserverschmutzung, giftmülllagerungen. aber es gibt auch regionale umweltprobleme wie saurer regen vom mittleren westen bis zum nordosten und von westeuropa bis zur arktis und vom mittleren westen aus dem mississippi bis in die todeszone des golfs von mexiko. +sie alle wissen dies. bei der letzten zusammenfassung des ipcc wollten die wissenschaftler auf die frage "wie sicher ist das?" mit "99 prozent" antworten. +wir müssen eine gemeinsame sichtweise darüber haben, wie wir dies angehen können: der kampf gegen die armut in der welt und die herausforderung der verringerung der emissionen in den industrieländern haben alle eine einzige, sehr einfache lösung. +was wir brauchen, ist eine neue generation von helden. besonders jene von uns, die heute in den vereinigten staaten von amerika leben, aber auch der rest der welt muss verstehen, dass die geschichte uns eine wahl gegeben hat - so wie jill bolte taylor herausfand, wie sie ihr leben retten konnte, während sie durch die erstaunliche erfahrung, die sie erlebte, abgelenkt wurde. +sie sagen das richtige und wer auch immer gewählt wird, wird vielleicht das richtige tun, aber ich möchte ihnen sagen: als ich 1997 von kyoto mit einem großen glücksgefühl zurückkam, dass wir dort einen durchbruch erzielt hatten und dann den senat der vereinigten staaten konfronierte, war nur einer von 100 senatoren bereit, diesen vertrag zu bestätigen und ihn zu ratifizieren. das, was der kandidat sagt, muss mit dem, was die leute sagen, übereinstimmen. +eine veränderung in unserem engagement. einen neuen sinn für die dringlichkeit. +diese ausstellung ist über die arbeit von designern, die uns dabei helfen, elastischer zu sein, und auch über designer, die an dieser elastizität arbeiten als chance. und letztlich sind es nicht nur die designer, sondern auch die wissenschaftler. +er überlegt – es ist natürlich nur ein konzept – schriften in spermatozoen zu spritzen, ich weiß nicht, wie man das auf englisch sagt – spermatazoi – somit werden sie – fast ein lied haben oder mit jeder ejakulation ein ganzes gedicht schreiben. +in diesem speziellen fall wird ein abschnitt dem informationsdesign gewidmet sein. +schnelle fertigung ist eine computerdatei, die direkt vom computer an die produktionsmaschine geschickt wird. +eine andere form wird für krebs angefertigt. +viele designer haben in letzter zeit an der idee von tod und trauer gearbeitet, und was wir mit den neuen technologien machen können. +wir taten dies in drei schritten. +und das selbe muster tauchte in jedem konflikt auf. +was passiert denn hier? +das gegenteil passierte. +und innerhalb der jüdischen lehren, also in den rabbinischen lehren, haben wir hillel, der sagt, dass man anderen nichts antun sollte, was man selbst nicht angetan haben möchte. +und dann schaute gott in die zukunft und ihm wurde bewusst, dass, wenn die welt nur mit gerechtigkeit erschaffen wäre, sie nicht existieren könnte. +und dass diese einheit alles erschaffene miteinander verbindet. +und er eilte nach hause. nach sabbat backte er zwölf laibe brot, die er zur synagoge brachte, und rein ging, er öffnete den schrein und sprach: "gott, ich weiss zwar nicht warum du dieses brot willst, aber hier hast du es." +und er bestellte die beiden in sein büro. +er bleibt für monate und oftmals für jahre. und wenn das passiert, ist es eine eigene krankheit. +aber das schlimmste daran war nicht der plötzliche schmerz, der 24 stunden am tag da war. +wir behandeln diese patienten zu diesem zeitpunkt in einer eher unausgegorenen art. +wenn sie aus dem fenster schauen, können sie long 's peak sehen. den kennen sie vermutlich. +also, er ist etwa 1,6 kilometer im durchmesser, 200 meter tief. +lassen sie mich festhalten, dass wir einen gigantischen einschlag wie den dinosaurier-killer seit 65 millionen jahren noch nicht wieder hatten. die sind sehr selten. +okay, die gute nachricht dabei ist, dass die chancen, dass er durch dieses "keyhole" fliegt und uns auf seiner nächsten runde trifft, eins zu einer millionen stehen, ungefähr - sehr sehr kleine chancen. also ich persönlich habe deswegen keine schlaflosen nächte, in denen ich mir darüber sorgen mache. +es gibt noch eine reihe anderer probleme damit. es ist sehr schwer umzusetzen. +diese sonde kann keine chemischen raketen verwenden. +also dachte ich, dass es gut wäre, damit zu beginnen. +und wir hatten all das auf band. +das ist so offensichtlich, sonnenklar, und jemand musste diese idee doch gehabt haben. +sehen sie, banken, ich weiß nicht, ob hier irgendwelche banker sind, ich entschuldige mich im voraus, aber es ist der beste job der welt. +nur ganz schnell zu den ergebnissen: +er geht hin und trifft den gouverneur. der gouverneur sagt, boris nikolajewitsch, ich sehe, sie machen einen tollen job, und ihre ist die angesehenste zeitung in unserem distrikt, +denn wenn man über die bedeutung einiger der themen, über die wir letzte nacht gesprochen haben, nachdenkt -- diese letzte session über afrika und seine hypothetischen 50 milliarden doller, die für afrika bestimmt sind. +jetzt tagträumen wir um 11: 30 mit 55 sekunden übrig. +was passiert mit materie, wenn man sie sehr fein zerstückelt? +nehmen wir einmal an sie haben, nun ja, gänzlich andere sinnesorgane und dergleichen. +und bei einer menge wohlbekannter fälle sind sie es natürlich. +das ist ein sehr einfaches beispiel. +hier also eine sehr spannende entwicklung von der viele leute noch nicht gehört haben. +es ist dieselbe theorie der schwerkraft. +vermutlich meinen sie etwas übernatürliches. +wie wahr für lincoln. +danach überraschte er die nation mit seinem sieg bei den präsidentschaftswahlen gegen drei weitaus erfahrenere, weitaus gebildetere, weitaus berühmtere gegner. +aber nicht einmal in seinen wildesten träumen hätte lincoln sich vorstellen können, wie weit sein ansehen reichen würde. +aber es war nicht ganz so einfach. +ein sieger in tausenden wettbewerben, drei große bürgerrechtsgesetze, die gesundheitsversicherung für ältere, bildungsunterstützungen. +eine seiner lieblingsgeschichten zum beispiel hatte mit dem revolutionshelden ethan allen zu tun. +und ich war so aufgeregt, der erste, den ich außerhalb von ebbets field sah. +aber glücklicherweise, meine erste beichte - zu einem priester, der baseball liebte! +beginnen möchte ich mit einer episode aus dieser reihe von ereignissen, die die meisten von ihnen wohl kennen, belsazars fest – denn wir sprechen vom golfkrieg im jahr 539 v. chr. +und was wird der große könig, der mächtige könig, der könig der vier weltgegenden tun? +es war das bis dahin größte reich der welt. +kein weiterer beweis. +und er wäre genauso überrascht gewesen, dass er auf befehl von marduk handelt. +sie wollen sich den kyros-zylinder leihen. +und ich möchte abschließen mit der frage an sie, was die nächste geschichte sein wird, in der dieses objekt auftauchen wird. +erst wenn es schief läuft, beginnen wir, die bedeutung von familien für kinder zu erkennen. +die ohne behinderungen werden mit drei jahren in eine andere einrichtung verlegt und mit sieben wieder in eine andere. getrennt nach alter und geschlecht werden sie willkürlich von ihren geschwistern getrennt, oft ohne die möglichkeit, sich zu verabschieden. +die menschen müssen wissen, welchen schaden pflegeeinrichtungen kindern zufügen können und dass es bessere alternativen gibt. +denn es ist offenbar unglaublich beängstigend. +deswegen wollten wir, dass der 21. september das jährliche friedensdatum wird. +auf diesem weg einfach im moment zu bleiben, war wundervoll und wirklich sehr ermutigend. +es spielte keine rolle, wenn ich den friedenstag nicht erschaffen würde. +ich erinnere mich, wie ich dachte, "das ist genau der grund, warum wir tatsächlich noch härter arbeiten müssen. +es war historisch. könnte es in afghanistan funktionieren, mit unama und der who und der zivilbevölkerung, etc., etc., etc.? +und das taten wir, wir reisten herum und wir sprachen mit den ältesten, mit den ärztern, mit den krankenschwestern, wir hielten pressekonferenzen, wir gingen mit soldaten aus, wir setzten uns mit der isaf hin und mit der nato, wir sassen mit der regierung des vereinigten königreichs zusammen. +wir überreichten den film. +das ist letzlich, worum es dabei geht. " +es geht um ihre wählerbezirke, um ihr geschäft. +aber spielen wir mal mit. +dies wurde also für mich die zu eruierende zentralfrage: wie viele neuronen hat das menschliche gehirn und das im vergleich zu anderen tieren? +verglichen mit einer ratte mögen wir besonders sein, aber das ist kein fairer vergleich, denn wir wissen ja, dass wir keine nagetiere sind. +wenn man wie ein primat frisst, kann man sich beides nicht leisten. +ich glaube, so wurden wir zu menschen. +mich fasziniert die idee, was passiert, wenn man biologie mit technologie mischt, und ich las einmal von der idee, biologie umprogrammieren zu können, in der zukunft, fern von krankheit und altern. +es ist ein logischer plan, aber das ist nicht immer so gewesen. +aber eines tages passierte etwas. +dieser mann, sein name war mahmoud, und das kind, sein name war rafi, gingen. +es hat keine priorität. " +die beinprothese wurde hergestellt und er begann mit der wirklichen physikalischen rehabilitation. +es ist nicht nötig, den ganzen tag bei mir zu bleiben, um den rollstuhl zu schieben. " +ich möchte nicht, dass sie in der schule von anderen schülern aufgezogen werden. " +aber mit najmuddin kann man nicht diskutieren. +jedes jahr sind es 7.000 – leute, die das erste mal kommen. +dies ist mein großer wunsch. +ich möchte ihnen einige geschichten erzählen, die meine ansicht erklären. +ihre entscheidungen, ihre handlungen zählen. +was für lehren würden sie aus einer solchen erfahrung ziehen? +und davon war ich ein teil. +also, ich war ein bisschen verängstigt, denn wenn man diese drei probleme sieht, scheinen sie echt hart zu bekämpfen zu sein. +und er beendet sie mit "danke." +es sagt eine menge, über ihre mitstudenten, die sie gewählt haben, aus. +können sie sie sehen? +wenn wr also verstehen wollen, ob ein planet bewohnbar ist, ob er lebensförderliche bedingungen bietet, wollen wir nicht nur wissen, wieviel licht er abbekommt und wie warm er ist, sondern auch welches allwetter ihn umgibt – diese energiereiche strahlung, die uv- und röntgenstrahlen, die von seinem stern ausgehen und ihn in hochenergiestrahlung baden. +falsch. ich sehe sie nicht an. ich kann sie nicht sehen. +aber es gibt dort draußen eine große menge von leuten, die sagen ihnen dass sie übersinnliche, magische kräfte haben, dass sie die zukunft vorhersagen, dass sie kontakt mit den toten herstellen. +sie bringt uns keine nützliche information. +"hatte er je einen elektrorasierer?" nein. +nun, wie könnten wir ohne die nur leben? +sie konnte mich nicht erreichen. jetzt sagt sie, sie will mich nicht erreichen. weil ich eine gottlose person bin. +leute, das ist keine einfache metapher, von der ich spreche, es stimmt. +das ist sehr wichtig, überlebenswichtig für uns. +der legendäre skeptiker james randi nimmt eine tödliche dosis homöopatischer schlaftabletten auf der bühne und tritt damit eine glühende 18-minütige anklage irrationalen glaubens los. er fordert die hellseher auf der ganzen welt heraus: beweisen sie, dass, was sie tun, echt ist, und ich gebe ihnen eine million dollar. +deshalb läuft das gesamte krankenhaus oft nur über einen generator. +es muss etwas besseres geben. " +aber so kann der benutzer kontrollieren, ob es gerade strom gibt oder nicht, denn sie können die zufuhr auf der basis steuern, wieviel prozent sauerstoff sie ihrem patient geben. +aber wir wollen sicher sein, dass dies das effektivste und sicherste gerät ist, das wir krankenhäusern zur verfügung stellen können. +ein paar von meinen schülern entworfene logos. +der kreative geist in afrika, die kreative tradition ist so potent wie eh und je, wenn designer doch nur im inneren suchen würden. +es ist ein holocaust einer anderen art, und das zu ignorieren, hilft niemandem. +ich habe keine zeit, über die vorteile von pflanzlicher kost zu sprechen, aber das ist nachgewiesen – und ich möchte das ganz deutlich machen – es sind nicht bestandteile der pflanzen, es sind die pflanzen an sich. +die ernährungspyramide wird zur hälfte von leuten erstellt, die verbindungen zur agrarindustrie haben. +es gab keine margarine. +die auswirkungen davon sind bekannt und überall zu sehen. +die meisten mütter kochten wie meine: ein stück fleisch, ein schneller salat mit einem dressing aus der flasche, suppe aus der dose, obstsalat ebenfalls aus der dose. +und am meisten essen wir – sie erraten es sicher: +ich sage das als jemand, der eine menge corned beef in seinem leben gegessen hat. +wir können weiterhin nach zutaten suchen, die wir lieben, und stundenlang über unsere lieblingsspeisen reden. +klingt vertraut? +wenn ich eine indiskrete frage stellen darf: wie viele von ihnen haben tattoos? +mythos nr. 2: orpheus, ein feiner kerl, charmant in seiner nähe zu sein, partylöwe, großartiger sänger, verliert seine liebste, bezaubert seinen weg in die unterwelt, – die einzige person, die es mit charme in die unterwelt geschafft hat – bezaubert die götter der unterwelt, sie lassen seine schönheit unter einer bedingung frei; er darf sie nicht ansehen, bis sie draußen sind. +manche wurden von anderen vortragenden bereits erwähnt, das ist ermutigend. +52 millionen menschen sterben jährlich aus natürlichen gründen, das entspäche dann 52 zerstörten ausgaben. +wenn wir die zukünftigen generationen einberechnen, die niemals existieren werden, wenn wir uns in die luft jagen, dann wird die zahl astronomisch hoch. +wir wären sehr erfolgreich. +wenn sie darüber nachdenken, was es bedeutet, rechnen oder lesen zu lernen, dann beschreibt man tatsächlich sinngemäss das eigene hirn neu. +sie würden uns ganz verblüfft anstarren, wenn wir zeit damit verbringen, eine schöne aufführung anzuhören wie die eine, die wir gerade hörten – aufgrund von menschen, die dumme bewegungen machen. und sie wären wirklich irritiert und würden nicht sehen, was mit uns los ist. +dann bewegt man sich in diesen grösseren raum des 'menschen plus' und man könnte diesen prozess fortsetzen, um viel von diesem grösseren raum voller möglicher daseinsmodi erfahren zu können. +ts: das sind dauermagneten. +ts: yeah, wir nehmen ein paar leinwände. +und dann als ich das zweite machte hat es die arbeit wirklich durcheinandergebracht -- diese starken blauen linien krachen durch die mitte -- und das schaffte spannung und überschneidung. +es scheint, dass in dieser phase ihres lebens sie persönlich sich auch im zustand der konfrontation mit einer art unstimmigkeit befinden -- ich nehme an, es ist eine elektromagnetische kraft die irgendwie parkinsons lenkt und diese kreative kraft, die zugleich der hier und jetzt anwesende künstler ist und die spanne ihres ganzen lebens. +ts: vielen dank, john. +also will er geld von meiner mutter, als sie rauskommt, aber sie hat nicht genug. +ich wuchs auch, wo fuchs und hase sich gute nacht sagen, an einer schotterstrasse im ländlichen arkansas, eine stunde vom nächsten kino entfernt. +einen davon nenne ich mimaw 's test. +ich bin under dem wasser mit diesen fischen. +eines davon sind rubbelbilder meisterwerke. +er benutzte wilde vögel, um kunst für ihn zu schaffen. +und so gingen wir zum grab und machten dies, es war urkomisch -- die aufmerksamkeit die wir erhielten. +und sie beschreibt wie das zäpfchen -- alles was sie sage is gefallen wegen der verbotenen frucht. +er ist ein australischer stammesältester der aborigines, und er ist auch ein künstler. +und sie denken, das eine hat mit dem anderen nichts zu tun, aber ich hoffe, dass sie nach diesen 18 minuten eine gewisse verbindung sehen. +und was sich verändert hat, ist etwas, das man in der kunst nicht erwartet, nämlich mathematik. +und wenn sie nicht 400 schuppen falten wollen, können sie sich zurückhalten und nur ein paar dinge tun, und platten eines schildkrötenpanzers hinzufügen, oder zehen. +wir werden lernen, eine lasche zu machen. +und ich kann diese muster heute nutzen, um origamiformen zu erschaffen. +zehen sind zu einem origami-mem geworden. denn jeder macht sie. +die mussten sicherlich nicht mit origamikünstlern reden. +das problem, das hier gelöst ist, ist, dass etwas am ziel groß und blattähnlich sein muss, aber klein für die reise. +forrest north: der beginn jeder kollaboration fängt mit einem gespräch an. +er hat unsern name und logo ausgedacht. wir sind mission motors. +die 200.000-jährige periode, in der männer die platzhirsche waren, neigt sich sage und schreibe tatsächlich dem ende zu, und deswegen rede ich vom ende der männer. +und weil sie von diesem ergebnis fasziniert waren, entschieden sie sich dazu, eine landesweite untersuchung durchzuführen. +aber so gehts heute nicht mehr. +und was noch verstörender ist, ist, was mit jüngeren knaben passiert. +und ich denke, der grund, warum es es in sich hat, ist, dass tausende jahre geschichte sich selbst nicht umdrehen ohne viel schmerzen. und deswegen rede ich darüber, dass wir alle gemeinsam dadurch gehen. +aber im laufe der 70ern und 80ern beschloss die regierung von süd-korea eine rasante industrialisierung, und was sie dann tat, war, frauen in die arbeitnehmerschaft zu drängen. +und wir verfügen über sehr viel fähigkeiten und erfahrungen, aber es ist ein trick, wie soll man sich also darauf vorbereiten, durch die gläserne decke zu kommen. +und der mann, der an jenem abend den vortrag hielt, war sehr interessant. +und es ist interessant, wenn sie mal drüber nachdenken, wie, wenn man über die zivilisationen nachdenkt, die wir als höhepunkte menschlicher errungenschaft betrachten, ob das nun china ist, griechenland, die zivilisation der hindus, oder die mayas, die ägypter - was wir über sie wissen, dreht sich um ihre ekstasen, und nicht um ihren alltag. +ob es mathematik ist oder musik - es braucht einfach lange um an einen punkt zu geraten, an dem man etwas so verändern kann, dass es danach besser ist als vorher. +man weiß, dass das, was man zu tun hat, auch getan werden kann, auch wenn es schwer sein mag, und das zeitgefühl verschwindet, man vergisst sich selbst, man empfindet sich als teil von etwas größerem. +obwohl fernsehen manchmal, circa sieben bis acht prozent der zeit, in den flow-zustand versetzt, aber das geschieht dann, wenn man eine sendung wählt, die man wirklich sehen möchte, und von ihr feedback bekommt. +und wenn "wo kommst du her?" bedeutet: +und die zahl der menschen unter uns, die außerhalb der alten nationalstaatlichen kategorien leben, steigt dermaßen schnell, dass wir allein in den letzten 12 jahren auf 64 millionen gekommen sind, und bald die einwohnerzahl der usa überschreiten. +dennoch gibt es ein großes problem mit der bewegung, und zwar die tatsache, dass es schwer ist, sich in der luft zu orientieren. +also habe ich mich hingesetzt und fing an zu schreiben, weiter und weiter zu schreiben, obwohl ich ja eigentlich dahin gefahren bin, um von meinem schreibtisch wegzukommen. +danke. +und ich werde nun darüber reden, wie sich die weltweite bevölkerung seitdem und bis in die zukunft hinaus verändert hat. aber ich werde keine digitalen technologien verwenden, wie ich es in meinen ersten fünf tedtalks getan habe. +und die erfolgreichsten der entwicklungsländer, die sind fortgeschritten, wissen sie. und sie wurden zu so genannten schwellenländern. +werden sie sich weiter bewegen? +[alle] schwellenländer [der] welt fügen sich der westlichen welt an mit guten überlebensquoten der kinder und kleinen familiengrößen. aber die ärmsten milliarden haben wir immer noch. +über die nächsten 50 jahre wird die weltweite bevölkerung auf 9 milliarden anwachsen - und nur indem wir die lebensstandards der ärmsten verbessern, können wir das bevölkerungswachstum eindämmen. das ist die paradoxe antwort, die hans rosling bei ted @ cannes enthüllt, mit der hilfe einer bunten neuen datenveranschaulichungsmethode. +was bleibt, ist dieser abstand, dieser anstieg der sterblichkeitsrate, je weiter man nach norden kommt. +und ich begann zu forschen und wir fanden heraus, sehr spannend, dass die haut stickstoffmonoxid produziert. +wir mussten auf eines achten – denn vitamin d wird durch uv-b-strahlen produziert und wir wollten unsere sache von der vitamin d-sache trennen. +es gibt keine veränderung bei der durchblutung, bei der erweiterung der blutgefäße. +und das ist noch in arbeit, aber dermatologen – also, ich bin ein hautarzt. +das sind große probleme. +folglich regeneriert sich unser körper ständig. +sie lösen sich innerhalb einiger monate auf. +und dieses röntgenbild zeigt das patentierte, funktionale blutgefäß. +es gibt jedoch andere hohlorgane mit weiterer komplexität. +eine weitere strategie, die wir verfolgt haben, ist die verwendung von dezellularisierten organen. +was die größe angeht, sind wir im moment eingeschränkt, aber unser eigentliches ziel ist es, diese flächen mit der zeit zu vergrößern. +schließlich stoppt er die durchgegangene kutsche. +ich wette mit ihnen, dass ich der dümmste hier in diesem raum bin, weil ich nicht durch die schule gekommen bin. ich bin in der schule gescheitert. +was wir tun ist, wir unterrichten kinder all jene sachen, die sie nicht tun sollen. schlag nicht, beiß nicht, fluche nicht. +alle drei gründer von netscape hatten sie. +ist es das eine oder das andere? was ist es? +an einen kunden erinnere ich mich besonders gut, weil ich noch andere geschäfte mit ihm machte. +ich lernte auch, dass man seine quellen nicht offenbart, weil ich nach 4 wochen verprügelt wurde, weil eins der reichen kinder entdeckte, von wem ich meine comics kaufte und er mochte es überhaupt nicht, dass er so viel mehr bezahlte. +und man konnte nadeln in sie hinstecken. +die lieferte ich an 70-jährige frauen, die bridge spielten. +das war klasse, weil ich so verkaufsstellen hatte. +sie bekommen kein regelmäßiges einkommen, aber sie haben die möglichkeit weitere aufgaben zu finden und sie lernen, die fähigkeit des verhandelns, und sie lernen ebenfalls die fähigkeit, weitere möglichkeiten zu finden. +wenn sie in ein restaurant gehen und schlecht bedient werden, zeigen sie ihnen wie schlechter kundenservice aussieht. +es ist ein video von einem unternehmen, bei dem ich als mentor agiere. +wir haben es sogar geschafft, die literaturwissenschaften obskur werden zu lassen. +eine erschütternde vorliebe für den einsatz von gewalt war zum gemeinplatz geworden. mit einer gleichermaßen großen abscheu für die alternativen formen von einflussnahme. +aber mit strukturen, die verbinden statt trennen, kreise, die voneinander abhängen anstatt isolierende dreiecke. +die wichtigste entdeckung, die wir mit unserem fokus auf öffentliches handeln machten, war, dass die schwierigen entscheidungen nicht zwischen gut und böse zu fällen sind, sondern zwischen rivalisierenden guten. +präsident obama und sein team können es schlicht nicht alleine schaffen. +okay, sehen sie? das wars. fast fertig. da haben wirs. +sie erkennen, dass diese beiden dinge koexistieren müssen. +sie handeln alle in dem bewußtsein, die originale version nachzuspielen. +in den guten alten tagen, als ein republikaner diese firma leitete, bauten ihre besten werke auf der vergangenheit auf. +ich glaube es gibt hier einige lektionen zu lernen, lektionen über offenheit. +man konnte die musik noch kaufen, aber hören konnte man nichts, weil es stumm geschaltet war. +auf jeden fall bitte ich sie, zusammen mit mir diese werte zu vermitteln. +dass man verurteilt wird, wenn man nicht die richtige kreative sache sagt. +und es passierte noch etwas anderes: die leute, die den prozess durchliefen und die schlange anfassten, hatten am ende weniger ängste vor anderen dingen in ihrem leben. +ungefähr zur gleichen zeit nahm er unterricht an der d.school in stanford. +also, während man in seinem schlafanzug mit den anderen patienten herumsitzt und jeder blass und dünn aussieht, und man auf seine runde gammastrahlen wartet, denkt man über eine menge nach. +vielen dank. +schauen wir uns nun die situation in anderen raumbereichen dieses gebäudes an. +als er mich traf und erkannte, dass er quantitativ untersuchen konnte, welchen einfluss seine design-entscheidungen auf die ökologie und biologie dieses gebäudes hatten, war er fasziniert, da sich ihm dadurch völlig neue möglichkeiten erschlossen. +wollen wir uns diese jungs mal näher anschauen. +es war zur erweiterung der menschlichen intelligenz bestimmt, so nannte man das. +in den 80ern gibt es einige beispiele für dieses system im einsatz. +und laut dem fortune magazine 700 millionen dollar schwer ist. +irgendwer bei reddit dachte sich nämlich: "mann, das klingt toll. wir sollten alle dafür stimmen." +sie gaben sogar eine e-card heraus, sodass man seinem freund einen tanzenden splashy schicken konnte. +ich komme aus burkina faso. +fundraising war keine leichte aufgabe. +für mich und meine gemeinschaft war dieses projekt ein riesiger erfolg. +ich möchte es ihnen gern zeigen. +sie wissen es schon. +und wenn man hindurchschaut, kann man einen blick in die gedanken eines cyber-illusionisten erhaschen. +stimme: verraten sie es nicht oder es geht nicht in erfüllung. +digitaler mt: das ist ohne frage die echte karte. +nun ist die große frage hier offensichtlich: wie können wir china verstehen? +die erste ist, dass der größte politische wert für chinesen einheit ist, die wahrung der chinesischen zivilisation. +die chinesen haben einen sehr, sehr unterschiedlichen begriff von ethnie als die meisten anderen länder. +er hatte keine ernstzunehmenden rivalen. +hier haben wir also drei bausteine um zu versuchen das andere, das china ist, zu verstehen -- der zivilisationsstaat, das konzept von ethnie, und die art des staates und seine beziehung zur gesellschaft. +erstens: der westen verliert rasant weltweit seinen einfluss. +das ist also, wie sich dinge entwickeln werden, denn china hat ein sehr spezifisches problem, das sich von europa und den vereinigten staaten unterscheidet. china hat eine hohe bevölkerungszahl und keinen platz. +rot = trommeln blau = bass grün = akkorde orange = leads violett = pads das mundstück besteht aus... +seitdem sind acht jahre vergangen, und ich kann so viel sagen, dass ich nicht nach china ging, um anwältin zu werden. +[chinesisch] "große schwester wong," washburn, wong, jacke wie hose. +wie ist das mit kunst? +alle klebten vor den fernsehern und schauten sich die beunruhigenden, beängstigenden bilder an, die vom rande des viertels stammten. +als wir dort ankamen, gingen wir einfach auf die straße, begannen, mit leuten überall zu sprechen und wir merkten, daß die dinge ein bisschen anders waren als die phrasen, die wir in den medien hörten. +die leute kommen um uns herum und beginnen zu fragen: "was macht ihr da?" +ich beobachtete nur. +dann, am nächsten tag, hielt ich am hauptplatz eine versammlung ab und ein paar frauen kamen. +wir reisten nach afrika, in den sudan, nach sierra leone, liberia, kenia. +wissen sie, was ich liebe ist, zum beispiel, wenn sie das grösste auge dort ansehen, da sind so viele häuser drin. +über jedes projekt machen wir einen film. +aber gestern rief die stadt sie an und sagte: "seht her, wir werden das abreißen müssen, +tatsächlich macht die tatsache, dass sie nichts verändern kann, aus der kunst einen neutralen ort für austausch und diskussionen, und ermöglicht einem dann, die welt zu verändern. +wir haben eine lange kultur des gemeinsamen nutzens. +eine der gründerinnen war in der schweiz, sah es irgendwo in gebrauch, und sagte "wow, das ist richtig toll. +in den usa und westeuropa sind es 8 prozent. +wie wenn ludotruck in los angeles das macht, was eine gourmet-imbissbude so macht, und eine treue kundschaft erreicht. +es macht einen riesenspaß und es findet in einem gut besuchten viertel statt. +die zukunft ist, wie wir wissen, sehr unvorhersehbar. +wir haben es bei der finanzkrise gesehen, wir haben es bei der fieber-pandemie gesehen. +wird das aber nur den superreichen zugänglich sein, jenen, die es sich leisten können? bewegen wir uns auf eine neue eugenik zu? +bis 2030 wird ein einzelner mensch zum ersten mal in der geschichte der menschheit in der lage sein, diesen planeten zu zerstören, alles zu vernichten. zum beispiel durch erfindung eines biopathogens. +ich bin nicht der klassenbeste. +aber, was am wichtigsten war: während ich reiste, brachte ich kindern das karikieren bei, und im austausch, lernte ich spontan zu sein. +ich habe gezögert, ob ich dies in meine präsentation aufnehmen soll, weil diese karikatur kurz nach dem 11. september veröffentlicht wurde. +alles musste riesig sein. das nächste bild war noch größer. +das ist eine bibliothek, die ich für die robin hood stiftung entwarf. +dann sagte ich: "nets, was soll ich tun?" +wir hatten modedesigner, installationskünstler, models, wir hatten maskenbildner, schmuckdesigner, alle möglichen leute, die mit mir zusammen arbeiteten, um aus meiner hochzeit eine kunstinstallation zu machen. +meine arbeiten wurden auch autobiografisch. +wissen sie, ich saß zu hause und sah es mir an. +und ich zeichnete es für sie. +e: hatschi! +kannst du abtanzen? +weil einer ihrer lieblinge von zu hause hier ist und sie ist ziemlich nervös, ihn zu treffen. +e: quak, quak, quak. +sw: du bist sehr besonders. was würdest du gerne all diesen netten leuten sagen? +eines bestimmten tages, sprangen die camper durch rohre. sie tauchten durch rohre. und ich dachte, dass das spaß machen würde. +ich begann damit triathlethen zu suchen da ich fand, dass lebenslange schwimmer einem oft nicht das beibringen können was sie selbst die ganze zeit tun. +der kopf ist in einer linie mit dem rückgrat gehalten, so, dass man den strategischen wasserdruck nutzt um seine beine nach oben zu strecken -- dies ist sehr wichtig, speziell für menschen mit wenig körperfett. +ich dachte also warum nicht mich selbst bestrafen? ich werde japanisch nehmen. +dies war es, was mich dazu antrieb nach der perfekten lernmethode für sprachen zu suchen. +und ich bewegte mich eigentlich in etwa so. +ich sprach mit diesen personen weil sie alle in buenos aires unterrichteten. +das ist nur einer der vorteile davon. +ich möchte heute über eine zentrale idee sprechen. +nicht sehr überraschend bewegte das einige zum gedanken, dass wir auf dem richtigen weg waren. +geoff mulgan: eine kleine einführung in die studio-schule +und der philister, der hinuntergeschickt wurde, ihr mächtiger krieger, ist ein riese. +also david, in der geschichte, soll der unterlegene sein, oder? +wenn man in der geschichte antiker kriegsführung zurückblickt, findet man wieder und wieder, dass schleuderer in den verschiedensten schlachten der entscheidende faktor gegen infanterie waren. +und dann gibt es noch diese ganze komische sache, wie lang es dauert, bis goliath auf den anblick von david reagiert. +und das würde auch vieles erklären, was an seinem verhalten an dem tag komisch gewesen ist. +und irgendetwas nagte seitdem an mir. +wir haben millionen von genen von mikroben, die uns in unserem menschlichen mikrobiom bedecken. +diese studien haben also belegt oder darauf hingedeutet, dass es aus einer vielfalt von wichtigen funktionen der mikrobiellen gemeinschaft diese wolke gibt, die nicht-pathogene, die in und auf uns leben. +wir sollten es vorsichtig und mit respekt behandeln, und wir sollten ihm nicht in die quere kommen, sagen wir mal mit einem kaiserschnitt oder mit antibiotika oder übermäßiger reinlichkeit, ohne eine sehr gute begründung. +und das ist es, was wir tun. wikipedia -- sie haben gerade eine kleine demonstration davon gesehen -- ist eine frei lizensierte enzyklopädie. sie wird von tausenden freiwilligen überall auf der welt in vielen, vielen sprachen verfasst. +und er ist auch erst seit januar 2005 bei uns angestellt, wir hatten auch vorher schon wachstum. +das ist eine -- die medien haben das sehr ausführlich behandelt. +wir sollten nur berichten, was angesehene parteien darüber gesagt haben. +dies sind die leute, die den löwenanteil auf der seite machen, und sie sind in gewissem sinne semi-professionell bei dem, was sie tun, dass wir die ansprüche für uns selbst gleichwertig oder höher setzen als professionelle qualitäts-ansprüche. +jemand sagt also: "löscht es bitte. löscht es -- es ist nicht relevant." +und ich sage immer gern, dass sie auch die einzige person ist, die tatsächlich alle regeln von wikipedia kennt, darum... +ben saunders: ja, hi, ben saunders. +ich und meine kollegen art aron und lucy brown sowie einige andere haben 37 total verliebte menschen in einen mrt-gehirnscanner geschoben. +fast niemand kommt aus der liebe unversehrt hinaus. +wir fanden aktivität in einer winzig kleinen fabrik in der nähe des hirnstamms dem sogenannten ventralen tegmentum. +2.000 jahre später können wir die vorgänge in unserem gehirn erklären. +ich glaube zudem, dass romantische liebe eine sucht ist: eine absolut wundervolle sucht, wenn es gut läuft, und eine absolut schreckliche sucht, wenn es schief geht. +unser neuestes experiment wurde von meinem kollegen art aron entwickelt und untersucht menschen in einem gehirnscanner, die von sich behaupten, nach einer langjährigen partnerschaft immer noch verliebt zu sein. +damit möchte ich zum ende kommen. das sind meine älteren leute. +ich bin mir selbst nicht sicher. +drei: sehne in der außenschicht des bogenarms maximiert die gespeicherte energie. +dong woo jang: die kunst des bogenmachens +und wie alle delfine in unserer gruppe fotografierten wir mugsy und zeichneten ihre flecken auf, sowie die kerben in der rückenflosse, als auch die einzigartigen muster ihrer flecken im laufe der zeit. +und diese stoßartigen pulsgeräusche sowie kopf-an-kopf-verhalten setzen sie in kämpfen ein. +diese unterwassertastatur in orlando, florida, am epcot-center, war sogar die fortschrittlichste je entwickelte zwei-wege-schnittstelle für die kollaboration von menschen und delfinen zur interaktion unter wasser. +der taucher hat das seilspielzeug, und ich bin an der tastatur zur linken und habe gerade die taste für das seil betätigt, das ist die bitte um das spielzeug vom menschen. +der delfin ist an der tastatur. +denise herzing: könnten wir die sprache der delfine sprechen? +es hat einen argentinischen rhythmus, den man "carnivalito" nennt. +kommentator: da ist er. +also die idee war jenes gefühl des freiseins zu behalten, aber dabei die richtung zu verändern und die zeit zu verlängern. +weil -- ich bin recht erfahrenen erfahren im leiten von systemen als pilot, aber dies ist wirklich -- man muss flüssig sein, man muss flink sein, und mann muss sich auch richtig schnell anpassen. +also ich versuchte noch einmal an höhe zu gewinnen. +damit, muss ich mich an etwas neues anpassen. +yr: ich habe eine standardantwort. +ich wette, diese prähistorischen höhlenkünstler hätten nur zu gerne gewusst, wie man besser zeichnet. +beunruhigenderweise herrscht kein konsens darüber, was genau sie ist. +wir sehen nicht die kernreaktionen in sternen. +wir nehmen also nichts als das wahr, was es wirklich ist. +warum ein ehevertrag und kein anderer grund für regelmäßiges jährliches handeln? +es ist das grundlegende steuernde prinzip der aufklärung. +diese kleine folie hier zeigt ihnen einen augenoptiker und die kleine, blaue person repräsentiert ungefähr 10.000 personen und das ist das verhältnis in großbritannien. +ich habe eine globale vision als vision. +ich muss zugeben, es war nicht das, was ich mir für meinen ersten tag "down under" vorstellte. +das neue festival fordert die zuschauer auf, eine wesentliche rolle in der gestaltung der performance zu spielen. +typisches beispiel: als "the sultan 's elephant" nach london kam, nur neun monate nach dem 7 / 7, schrieb ein londoner: "zum ersten mal seit dem londoner bombenattentat rief meine tochter mit fröhlichkeit in ihrer stimme an. +["oscar für 'beste visuelle effekte'"] zweiter arzt: "willkommen im neuen körper, jake." erster arzt: "gut." +und diese bilder sind -- sie werden sie zu beginn der slide-show sehen -- es sind nur vier bilder -- aber auf ihnen ist ein kleiner bär zu sehen, der im regenwald des großen bären lebt. +wenn man diese nachrichten eine weile gelesen hat, sind es nur noch nachrichten. +doch leider ziehen sich 95 prozent der arktischen gletscher derzeit ebenfalls zurück bis zu dem punkt, an dem das eis das festland erreicht hat und kein weiteres eis zurück ins ökosystem zurückführt. +nach einer stunde in diesen bedingungen, das ist so extrem, dass ich, wenn ich runtertauche, fast immer in meinen atemregler erbrechen muss, weil mein körper mit dem stress der kälte an meinem kopf nicht umgehen kann. +wenn ich auf dem sterbebett liege, werde ich mich an eine geschichte mehr als an jede andere erinnern. +er sieht nur diesen großen ballon im meer -- er hat keine hände -- er beißt ein wenig zu, das boot platzt auf und schon ist es passiert. +ich zog meine flossen an. ich konnte meinen mund kaum öffnen. +es passierte nicht nur ein paar mal. +diese geschichte bleibt tief in meinem herzen und ich bin stolz, dass ich sie mit ihnen teilen darf. +jetzt, da sie damit fertig sind, schließen sie es, denn jedes handy hat eines gemeinsam. +doch anstatt es mittels irreführung zu tun, und sie in eine andere richtung zu lenken. konzentriere ich mich lieber auf frank, also darauf, mit dem frank in ihrem kopf zu spielen, ihrem kleinen wachmann, und ihre aufmerksamkeit von ihren äußeren sinnen kurzzeitig auf die inneren zu lenken. +haben sie eine brieftasche bei sich? joe: nein, habe ich nicht. +öffnen sie ihre hand. vielen dank. +ich werd ihn wieder in ihre hand geben. +hier unten habe ich etwas bemerkt. gehört das hier ihnen, mein herr? +das haben sie nie. +wir dachten nicht, dass es so viele karten auf der ganzen welt geben würde. +können wir diese technologien dazu nutzen, geschickt umzuschalten, wenn wir von land zu land reisen? +und die örtliche finanzierung ist nicht teil des umfelds, das hardware-projekte unterstützt. +wir müssen etwas anderes finden, denn wir sind in eine art trott verfallen. +dieses letzte projekt besteht auch aus bauteilen. +man kann sogar prognostizieren welche art von literatur sie gerne lesen, wo sie gerne urlaub machen, und was sie gerne essen. +und wenn ich 'matrix' sage meine ich buchstäblich die matrix aus dem film "matrix". +diese programmierung gibt uns sehr starke emotionen gegenüber denen die leid verursachen. +ich denke dass wir damit beginnen, wenigstens mit einer bereitschaft all dies zu lernen. +beachten sie dass in all diesen graphen das gefälle steiler ist bei dem 'inneren der gruppe', 'autorität', 'reinheit'. +dieses triptychon also, diese drei tafeln, stellen die ewige wahrheit dar dass ordnung dazu neigt zu zerbrechen. +denn meiner meinung nach ist der grand canyon nicht das größte wunder der welt. +sie wollen ordnung, auch zu kosten derer die sich ganz unten befinden. +können sie weder für etwas noch gegen etwas sein? +ich möchte heute darüber reden, auf welche probleme das militär einiger westlicher staaten – australien, die usa, england und so weiter – bei einigen einsätzen trifft, die sie in der modernen welt durchführen. +und wieder würden sie sagen: "wenn wir zugriff auf nicht-tödliche waffen hätten, dann könnten wir bei bekannten bedrohungen mit diesen umgehen und wir wissen, wenn wir jemand anderes treffen, haben wir ihn wenigstens nicht getötet." +generell neigen sie zu der einstellung: "warum sollten wir uns darum kümmern, was bei der polizei geschieht? +und in den nächsten zwei jahren wurde die studie durchgeführt: 2001-02. +es wurde wahllos eingesetzt. +tatsächlich war er 15 cm größer als ich, und sie war so groß. +sie sind ausgebildet, verhaltener im gebrauch von gewalt zu sein als das militär. +und die frage die er hat ist: "kann ich es schaffen? ist es möglich?" +wir haben kunststudenten, die alte radiatorteile nehmen und einen schmelzofen verwenden um neues daraus herzustellen. +sie sind ein wenig revolutionär indem was sie tun. +und dann mochte er die schule nicht so besonders, aber er hat sich an einem robotikwettkampf beteiligt, und er erkannte das er talent hatte, und, viel wichtiger, war es eine richtige leidenschaft für ihn. +nun könnte das eine hundeklappe sein, es könnte jemand sein der irgendwohin geht wohin er nicht sollte, z.b. ein kleiner bruder in das zimmer der kleinen schwester. +das ist steve wozniak. wo lernt er den umgang mit computern? +und drew barrymore, trotz all ihres wunderbaren charmes, ist auch nicht glamourös. +und das hier ist hedy lamarr. +das ist filippino lippis portrait der heiligen apollonia aus dem jahr 1543. +man kann also ein glorifiziertes bild eines autos kreieren, aber kein glorifiziertes bild von verkehr. +das gefühl davon, dass das leben besser sein könnte, dass man daran teilnehmen könnte – dass man ein perfekter mensch sein könnte und an dieser perfekten welt teilnehmen könnte. +also, in diesem abschnitt soll es um das pure vergnügen gehen, aber bei glamour dreht es sich wirklich teilweise um die bedeutung. +ich wrude dafür kritisiert, gewalt zu verherrlichen, denn sehen sie – sonnenbrille und diese langen mäntel, und natürlich, man könnte wände hinauflaufen und all diese dinge machen, die in der realen welt unmöglich sind. +sie ist also sogar noch glamouröser, wenn man weiß, dass sie wirklich nicht dumm war, obwohl sie dachte, dass sie dumm aussehen könnte. +es war eine art, mich selbst zu lokalisieren. +oh, natürlich gab es momente, in denen ich meinen körper schätzte, etwa so, wie ein ausfälliger elternteil, manchmal einen netten moment haben kann. +ich hörte von einem kleinen mädchen, das nicht aufhören konnte, sich zu bepinkeln, weil sich so viele erwachsene soldaten in sie hineingeschoben hatten. +und das feuer, das an am dritten von sechs chemo-tagen in mir brennt, ist das feuer, das in den wäldern der welt brennt. +es war der honig im wasser, der es süss machte, es war das öl, das es krank machte. +es waren all diese dinge. +offensichtlich ist es insgesamt ein gewaltiges vorhaben. +und ivan legt sein sandwich dorthin, oben auf die schatztruhe. +welches sandwich wird er sich wohl nehmen? +kind: nein, denn der wind sollte den ärger bekommen. +jetzt hält sie den puder für zucker. +ok, also es wird unwillentlich eine kleine kontraktion meiner hand hervorgerufen, nachdem der impuls in mein gehirn gedrungen ist. +also, zu tms muss man noch ein paar worte sagen. +das ist eine großartige antwort. rebecca saxe, vielen dank. das war fantastisch. +und manchmal brauchen wir einen... einen weckruf, nicht wahr, um uns zu zeigen, dass wir durchs leben rasen, statt es zu leben. dass wir schnell leben, statt gut zu leben. +aber ich glaube, wenn man sich ansieht, was hinter diesen dingen steht, kommt man zu dem, was vielleicht der eigentliche grund ist, der kern der frage, nämlich wie wir über zeit denken. +und dabei haben städte begonnen zu überdenken, wie urbane strukturen angelegt sein sollten, damit die leute ermutigt werden, langsamer zu werden, an rosen zu riechen und beziehungen zueinander aufzubauen. +und norwegen, schweden, dänemark und finnland sind unter den sechs wettbewerbsfähigsten nationen der welt und arbeiten stunden, bei denen der durchschnittliche amerikaner vor neid weinen würde. +die metaphysische dimension dahinter ist, dass wir uns durch schnelligkeit von den großen, wichtigen fragen abschotten wollen. +ich höre nicht mehr den geflügelten wagen der zeit nahen, zumindest nicht mehr so oft wie vorher. +wie entdecken wir das einzigartige an einem projekt, das so einzigartig wie ein mensch ist? +als es dann klagen über das budget gab, sagte ich, "die insel ist es wert gebaut zu werden, weil sie für ihr geld das doppelte bekommen: spiegelungen." +ich fuhr hin, und premierminister badal sagte zu mir: wir sikhs haben viel gelitten, ihr juden auch. +und ich fühlte mich wiederum unwohl bei dem gedanken, dass ein gebäude in der größe des museums in washington – ca. 4.600 m ² – auf diesem zarten hügel stehen soll, und dass man in galerien geht – räume mit türen eine art vertrauter räume – um die geschichte des holocaust zu erzählen. +studien über die dachstruktur, die vielleicht neue materialien verlangen: damit man es weiß manchen kann, lichtdurchlässig, leuchtend, und nicht launenhaft. +also ich denke, dass ich mit dem beginnen werde, was ich soeben gehört habe. +ich werde ihnen das also zeigen, wir werden nur einen moment lang spielen. +nun, wir sind alle jazzmusiker und haben dem klischee nach keine besonders gute beziehung zu geldangelegenheiten. +namaste. salaam. +ich bin aus einem sehr düsteren ort gekommen. +eigentlich komme ich aus großbritannien, aber ich lebe seit 26 jahren auf den malediven. +sie kommt vom ozean hier und wird nach indien hineingezogen. +die bestimmte art von libellen, über die ich sprechen möchte, ist nun diese hier. weil bei den meisten libellen, wie bei denen, die ich ihnen gerade gezeigt habe, das erwachsene tier nur für die kurze zeit von ein, zwei monaten am leben bleibt, macht es keine großen sprünge. es kann nicht allzu weit migrieren. +und ich dachte nicht weiter darüber nach, bis es im darauf folgenden jahr, wieder passierte. und im jahr danach auch, und im folgenden jahr ebenfalls. +sie sind zu eifrig. sie sind zu eifrig. nein. halt. halt. +es erstreckt sich über 800 kilometer. natürlich hier ist indien. +das ist die zeit dazwischen, die zeit, wenn die richtung des monsuns sich ändert. +die larven müssen sich sehr schnell entwickeln. +und die libellen sind dort, wie mir meine verschiedenen kontakten berichten. +und ich bin nur darüber gestolpert, weil ich in lange genug in malé auf den malediven gelebt habe, damit die tatsache, dass da etwas sehr besonderes vor sich geht, in mein hirn eindringen konnte. +und nicht nur sie überqueren den ozean. +das habe ich aus meinem leben gemacht. +meister klingt so albern, doch das war es ja auch. +das hier sieht aus, als ob man seitlich rutscht, aber in welche richtung? +dieser hier, ein wenig flüchtig, rückwärts fahrend, und achtet auf den hinteren fuß. +und nicht alles daran ist schlecht. +das nächste. nun geht es um was tiefsinnigeres, und das ist wo ich – ich glaube ich war auf tour, als ich eine der feynman-biographien las. es war die rote oder die blaue. +es sehen wohl sehr viele leute diese videos. +aber carl norden hat wirklich den code geknackt. +in den jahren vor dem zweiten weltkrieg kaufte das us-militär also 90.000 norden-bombenzielgeräte für je 14.000 dollar – noch einmal: in dollars von 1940 ist das eine menge geld. +wie viele wolkenlose himmel, glauben sie, gab es über zentraleuropa zwischen 1940 und 1945? +ihr auftrag war es, boden-luft-raketen zu finden und zerstören – erinnern sie sich an die scud-raketenwerfer, diese boden-luft-raketen, die die irakis auf die israelis abschossen? +in der exakt gleichen zeitspanne, in der wir diese drohnen mit verheerender genauigkeit benutzt haben, hat sich die anzahl der angriffe, selbstmordattentate und terroranschläge gegen amerikanische streitkräfte in afghanistan verzehnfacht. +ich habe dabei unglaubliche orte gesehen. länder wie die mongolei, kambodscha, neuguinea, südafrika, zweimal tansania; ich war vor einem monat hier. +aber um diese frage geht es mir nicht. +als er die vielfalt der menschen studierte, postulierte er: "es scheint uns in einzelnen subspezies oder kategorien zu geben." +wenn sie alles zusammenrechnen, ist es über 6 milliarden nukleotide lang. +anders ausgedrückt: wir stammen aus afrika. so steht es in unserer dna. +afrika ist der tropischste kontinent auf der erde. etwa 85 prozent liegen zwischen dem nördlichen und dem südlichen wendekreis. und es gibt nicht viele gletscher hier, nur auf den hohen bergen hier in ostafrika. +wir wurden sozialer. das soziale netzwerk breitete sich aus. +sie basiert auf ein paar tausend menschen, von denen wir proben nahmen, auf einer handvoll gruppen auf der welt. +projekte weltweit dokumentieren mündliche dichtkunst in sierra leone, erhalten traditionelle webmuster in gaza, fördern die sprachwiederbelebung in tadschikistan und so weiter. +nun die antwort scheint wohl, dass das universum komplexität erzeugen kann, aber mit großer schwierigkeit. +zuerst ist es nur ein schleier, aber es entstehen sehr schnell verschiedene dinge in diesem schleier. +sterne werden neue goldilocks bedinungen erzeugen die zwei neue schwellen überschreiten werden. +sie brauchen auch eine große vielfalt an chemischen elementen, und sie brauchen flüssigkeit wie wasser. +während sie sich kopiert, eine von milliarden sprossen, schleichen sich fehler ein. +wir sind gesegnet mit einer sprache, ein system der kommunikation, so mächtig und so präzise, dass wir mit solcher präzision zeigen können, was wir gelernt haben, dass es im kollektiven gedächtnis akkumliert werden kann. +kollektives lernen ist eine sehr, sehr mächtige kraft, und es ist nicht klar, ob wir menschen die kontrolle darüber haben. +und beschuldigen die banken als die bösen, die ihnen die hypothek gegeben hatten. +menschen mit niedrigem einkommen geben viel mehr als eintausend dollar im lotto aus. +nehmen wir mal die raus, die sagen, dass sie zu wenig sparen. +manche ökonomen nennen es auch gegenwärtige befangenheit. +was sind die folgen in bezug aufs retten von leben und auf die verfügbarkeit von organen? +es ist sehr schmerzhaft, obwohl es nichts bedeutet. +vielleicht sollten leute mehr sparen, wenn sie mehr geld verdienen. +denken sie an leute, die zu viele risiken aufnehmen und die höhe ihres risikos nicht einschätzen können, oder nicht genügend risiken eingehen, wir müssen da etwas tun. +es ist total verwirrend und kann nur in einem lied erklärt werden. +sie sind live! +ich wünsche ihnen eine tolle konferenz. +wenn ich bei einem film regie führe, bereiten wir uns jeden tag viel zu sehr vor. wir denken zu viel. +und ich sage: "kate, was willst du tun?" +also, wie groß ist die unendlichkeit? +wir erzählen uns selbst geschichten. +weil sie sich in walter raleigh verliebte, vergaß sie, dass sie königin war. dann verliebte sich walter raleigh in ihre zofe und sie musste sich entscheiden, ob sie königin war, die in den krieg zog, oder ob sie … +elisabeth: bess? +elisabeth: dieser mann hat ein mündel der königin verführt. und sie hat sich ohne königliche erlaubnis vermählt. +aber wie fängt das alles an? +sie reißen das ganze wasser an sich, behalten es für sich und lassen nur wenige tropfen hinab. +sie ist endlich. harmonie ist unendlich. +ich traf einen mann – der typ links. +wir mussten am fleisch arbeiten. +hier stehen wir heute. +wir müssen weniger verbrauchen um mehr zu machen. +sie haben vielleicht eine meinung darüber, aber sie werden nicht besonders gut informiert sein. +arbeiten wir also mit 1,5 milliarden herstellern? +wir brauchen veränderung auch wenn wir mit einzelnen firmen arbeiten, wird uns das nicht weit bringen. +wir nutzen alles, was wir an einfluss haben, um sie an den tisch zu kriegen. +das ist mehr mit weniger und noch weniger. +ich bin neurowissenschaftler und habe physik und medizin studiert. +und ich kann ihnen sagen, dies war ein sehr entscheidender moment in meiner karriere, als mir klar wurde, dass der große mentor an junge menschen und neue ideen glaubte. +ich fasse zusammen: bei der ratte wurde ein zur lähmung führender schnitt im rückenmark vorgenommen. +es sind die ergebnisse eines jungen teams von sehr talentierten menschen: physiotherapeuten, neurobiologen, neurochirurgen, verschiedene ingenieure, die zusammen das erreicht haben, was für einzelne personen unmöglich gewesen wäre. +durch eine rückenmarksverletzung wird die kommunikation zwischen gehirn und körper unterbrochen. dies führt zu einer lähmung. direkt aus dem labor zeigt grégoire courtine eine neue methode: durch die kombination von medikamenten, elektronischer stimulation und einem roboter können die nervenbahnen wieder aktiviert werden und der körper lernt neu, sich zu bewegen. sehen sie sich hier an, wie eine gelähmte ratte wieder gehen und treppensteigen lernt. +ich bin ein beispiel dafür, was möglich ist, wenn mädchen vom tag ihrer geburt an von den menschen um sie herum geliebt und gefördert werden. +und daran muss ich heute denken, weil ich davon überzeugt bin, dass ihr alle in dieser schule einen ganz wichtigen teil dazu beitragen könnt. +ich bekam gerne einsen. +denn die welt ist groß. +sommerzeit, und das leben ist leicht die fische springen, und die baumwolle steht schon hoch oh, dein papa ist reich, und deine mama sieht gut aus still, mein kleines baby weine nicht! und als ich die augen wieder öffnete, sah ich, dass die frau ihre augen geschlossen hatte. +"die menschliche stimme: mysteriös, spontan, ursprünglich." mit diesen worten fordert uns die sopranistin claron mcfadden auf, mit ihr die geheimnisse von atmung und gesang zu untersuchen, während sie uns die anspruchsvolle "arie" von john cage vorträgt. +keinen geschäftsführer, keine verantwortliche einzelne firma, die es erschaffen sollte. +stattdessen ist es, als säßen wir alle zusammen in einem theater, doch wir können in dem ganzen nebel nur die leute unmittelbar in unserer nähe sehen. +wie war das passiert? +das habe ich mir nicht ausgedacht. +und das hat wikipedia verstanden. +aber sie können dieselben launen auch auf menschen angewandt finden. +hier sieht man ein diagramm von mehr als 43 leuten, die dem roboter, der nicht steuern konnte, halfen, auf dem weg zu bleiben, damit er die gegenüberliegende seite des washington square parks erreichen konnte. +in der schulbildung sind wir von einer kompromisslosen offenheit noch weit entfernt. +rot bedeutet unter dem oecd-durchschnitt, +die ausgaben pro schüler sind nur zu unter 20% für die leistungsschwankungen zwischen den ländern verantwortlich. luxemburg etwa, das teuerste system, schneidet nicht besonders gut ab. +deutschland etwa, mein heimatland, befand sich im jahr 2000 im unteren quadranten, unterdurchschnittliche leistung, große soziale ungleichheiten. +noch seine wirtschaft. noch hat sich die zusammensetzung der bevölkerung geändert. +länder mit guten pisa-ergebnissen nehmen die unterschiede über differenzierte pädagogische vorangehensweisen an. +jede schule ist erfolgreich. +reiche nationen haben arme nationen seit 60 jahren mit hilfsgütern unterstützt. +da gibt es verschiedenste technologien. eine davon sind handys. +also begann ich nach beweisen für die steigerung der produktivität durch konnektivität zu suchen. +einer davon ist die fehlende kaufkraft. +um es kurz zu machen – ich fing also an. als erstes ging ich zu ihnen und sagte: "wissen sie, vielleicht könnte ich ihre filialen vernetzen und sie so effizienter machen." +nun, zu dem kuh-modell, von dem ich sprach: +"arme nationen benötigen hilfsgüter." +in schweden lasen wir es einmal und dann gingen wir zur party. +in china fand 1858 der sieg der britischen truppen im opium krieg statt. +aber wirklich, die unabhängigkeit war gut für japan. +das ist der "große sprung nach vorn", als china abfiel. +sie sehen die große ungleichheit innerhalb chinas inmitten des schnellen wirtschaftlichen wachstums. +ich werde das pro-kopf-einkommen auf dieser achse zeigen, arm dort unten, reich hier oben. +aber die echten projektionen für diese, würde ich in etwa so geben. +für den größten teil meiner forscherlaufbahn habe ich teilchenbeschleuniger verwendet -- wie zum beispiel den elektronenbeschleuniger in der universität von standford gleich die straße hinauf -- um dinge der niedrigsten größenordnung zu untersuchen. +tatsächlich scheint diese sowie jede andere galaxie in einer wolke der unsichtbaren dunklen materie eingeschlossen zu sein. +wie leiten wir nun ab, wo sich die galaxie befindet? +wir nennen das "gravitationslinseneffekt". +desweiteren können sie mit bloßem auge erkennen -- wenn sie sich das hier anschauen -- dass die bögen sich nicht auf individuelle galaxien zentrieren; +die erstaunliche antwort auf diese frage -- infolge der experimente -- war, dass der raum sich heute schneller ausdehnt als vor ein paar milliarden jahren. +einer oder beide, wer weiß das schon? es könnte auch etwas ganz anderes sein. +wir entdeckten bluegrass vor ein paar jahren und haben uns in diese musikrichtung verliebt. wir hoffen, dass das bei ihnen genauso ist. +und das traurige an dieser geschichte war, dass sobald ihre eltern davon erfuhren, und vergesst nicht, ihre eltern brachten sie zum arzt, wurden sie von ihren eltern auf die straße gesetzt. +sie bespritzen sich damit gegenseitig, was herrlich und unschuldig ist. +wenn sie noch mehr wissen, dann wahrscheinlich, dass uganda bis heute das einzige land in sub-sahara-afrika ist, das im kampf gegen die epidemie erfolgreich war +etwas vergleichbares haben wir in afrika nicht beobachtet. +also eine möglichkeit, um zu überprüfen, ob wir einige der verhaltensänderung über unterschiede in der lebenserwartung erklären können ist, nachzuschauen, ob dort wo malaria weniger verbreitet ist, mehr verhaltensänderung zu beobachten ist. +das ist nicht der einzige ort, an dem wir interventionen hatten. +aber weil es sehr wenige andere tödlichen krankheiten gibt, können wir diese sterblichkeit wirklich hiv zuschreiben. +und hiv ist tatsächlich besonders stark mit durchgangsverkehr verknüpft. +die exporte sind in den frühen 90ern stark gefallen -- und das passt ziemlich genau mit der abnahme der neuen hiv infektionen. +wenn ich etwas enthüllen könnte, das uns verborgen ist, zumindest in modernen kulturen, dann wäre es etwas, das wir vergessen haben, das wir früher wussten, so wie wir unsere eigenen namen kennen. +also kam er zu mir und klopfte an. +also sagte der chef zu seinem ingenieur: "finden sie einen weg, um diesen zug leiser zu machen." +diese höcker wirken auf das wasser wie ein magnet. +dann fragen wir uns, warum sich die membran verstopft und warum dafür so viel strom benötigt wird. +zum beispiel in der einbettung von nanopartikeln in ein material. +bei biomimicry guild, meiner beratungsgesellschaft, arbeiten wir mit dem architektenbüro hok architects zusammen. +und hoffentlich werden wir mit ihrer hilfe lernen, wie wir auf dieser erde zu leben haben, hier auf dem planeten, der unsere heimat ist, aber nicht nur uns gehört. +ich darauf: "warum?" +sie gehörten den jungen. +wenn sie schlecht sind, du hast sie verursacht. lerne daraus. +was sie sehen, wenn sie sich den titel namens, "pm auto angehalten" ansehen. +ich sagte, "beten sie?" +ich möchte ihnen einige momente meiner entwicklung zeigen, die sie wahrscheinlich niemals auf der ganzen welt zu sehen bekämen. +und sehen sie, alle sind beschäftigt; es galt keine zeit zu verschwenden. +text: "hilfe! ich warte schon über 20 minuten und nichts passiert." +lassen sie mich erklären, wie das funktioniert. +und da wir das vor drei, vier jahren herausgebracht haben, haben viele websites gewechselt von dem alten captcha bei dem leute zeit vergeudet haben zum neuen captcha bei dem leute helfen bücher zu digitalisieren. +stellen sie sich vor, sie benutzen das internet und sehen ein captcha das sie ein wenig eigenartig finden, so wie dies captcha. +ok, das ist severin hacker. +ich lasse sie das einfach lesen. +ich weiss nicht einmal, ob es 100 millionen menschen gibt, die das web benutzen, und zweisprachig genug sind, um uns übersetzen zu helfen. +man kann damit wirklich eine sprache erlernen, +das ist das aktuelle geschäftsmodell. +anstatt in ein auto zu investieren, investieren wir nun in die gemeinschaft. +dieses konzept der "peers, inc." ist ein sehr schwieriger und komplexer bereich. +das kunststück war es also, diese beiden seiten zusammenzuführen. +ich kann ihnen zwei großartige geschichten dazu erzählen. +wir leben länger. uns stehen technologien zur verfügung, die noch vor wenigen jahren science-fiction waren. +vielleicht haben diese menschen ja recht. seinen gedanken nachzuhängen, ist vielleicht nicht gut. +ich habe vorhin das mind-wandering verglichen mit einem spielautomaten, an dem man nicht spielen will. +und kurz darauf verließen wir das land und kehrten in die schweiz zurück. +ich meine, heute ist singapur eine erste-welt-nation, ghana aber nicht. +als das echo der schüsse langsam ausklang, wurde es bald von den rufen der menge übertönt, und ich konnte nicht glauben, was ich hörte. +ich habe jetzt gelernt, dass mein platz nicht nur im westen oder in afrika ist, und ich suche noch immer nach meiner identität, aber ich habe gesehen, wie ghana demokratie besser gestaltete. +also werde ich ein wenig darüber sprechen, und darüber, was genau wissenschaftler tun sollten. +deshalb sagte die kirche, dass man kein vakuum erzeugen könne. +die tatsächliche natur der wirklichkeit war nicht von interesse. +und ich meine jeden in diesem raum – also, das war gerade mal vor 350 jahren. +ich dachte darüber nach, meine eigenen kleinen raketen zu bauen. +es brannte irgendwie langsam, aber es roch gut, im vergleich zu anderen raketentreibstoffen, die ich ausprobiert hatte, die alle schwefel enthielten. +aber dieser... prozess ist es, was ich als wissenschaft betrachte, wo man mit einer idee anfängt, und dann, statt einfach jede autorität nachzuschlagen, von der man je gehört hat, – manchmal tut man das, wenn man später einen artikel schreibt will man herausfinden, wer sonst daran gearbeitet hat. +sie entwickelten alle möglichen – und schließlich eine riesige bombe, um das ganze zu beenden, ja? +aber niemand hat es wirklich aufgezeigt, richtig? +wenn die sagen würden, wisst ihr was? +und im hauptstudium habe ich dann angefangen, mich für kreaturen zu interessieren, die in den verborgenen ecken der stadt hausten. +als ich mich an diesen ort gewöhnt hatte, hat er sich auch wie ein spielplatz angefühlt. +das muss ein sehr ungewöhnlicher tag für ihn gewesen sein. +sie wurden durchweg als kalksteinbrüche gegraben und im 18. jahrhundert stellten einstürze in einigen dieser brüche sicherheitsbedrohungen dar, also hat die regierung die verstärkung der schon existierenden brüche angeordnet und man hat neue kontrollgänge gegraben, um das ganze beobachten und aufzeichnen zu können. +und das hier ist das erste theaterprojekt, an dem ich gearbeitet habe. +und wenn sie können, zeichnen sie einfach ein muster. +und als wir ihnen eine batterie und ein stück draht und eine glühbirne gaben und sagten, "können sie das machen?" - dann konnten sie es nicht. klar? +zwischen australien und hier, richtig, die haben sommer und wir haben winter, und was -- rast die erde gewissermaßen in der nacht der sonne entgegen, und rast dann wieder zurück? ich meine, das ist eine komische sache, die da abläuft, und wir haben diese beiden modelle im kopf von dem, was richtig ist und was nicht, und wir machen das, als menschen, auf allen möglichen gebieten. +kinder sind also nicht leere gefäße, ja? +jetzt, oh, oh ja, dann weiter, weiter. +als ich also darüber nachdachte, erkannte ich plötzlich, dass biologie uns die antwort lieferte. +als ein chemiker wollte ich sagen: "moment. was geht hier vor? +man hat regulation; information wird transkribiert; katalysatoren werden geschaffen; sachen passieren. +also gibt es zwei möglichkeiten: intelligentes design, direkt und indirekt - also gott oder mein freund. +ich brauche information und ich brauche einen container. +wenn wir es schaffen, das zu tun, vergessen sie die molekularen details. +sie sitzen in sesseln. +denn es ist so, wir sind so chauvinistisch im hinblick auf biologie, wenn man kohlenstoff entfernt, dann gibt es andere dinge, die passieren können. +und ich greife kenia hier als beispiel raus. +diese umfragen in ihre datenbanken eingegeben hatten, dann nutzen sie dazu hochentwickelte mathematische formeln um einen trendverlauf darzustellen, und so ein verlauf sieht dann so aus. +also was ich ihnen damit sagen will ist, dass wir die kindersterblichkeit kennen. +hier sehen wir das jahr. +meine vorfahren gingen in die usa. +hier haben wir ein problem. +und sehen sie, jetzt kommen die ersten afrikanischen länder dazu. +also die schulbildung für mädchen, wirkt sich 15 bis 20 jahre später aus, das ist ein sehr profaner, aber auch sehr starker trend. +und wenn das geschieht, dann verbessern sich natürlich die bedingungen, und sie fahren roller. +natürlich, so bald sie so etwas sagen, sagen die leute, unmöglich, und das sagte suzuki. +sie brachen viele normen der standardkonventionen zum ersten mal. +und nano, peng, $2000. +sie müssen einen künstlichen fuß für solche bedingungen entwickeln. +wir haben über mobilität gesprochen, jetzt reden wir über gesundheit. +wissen sie was? das hat man in indien fertiggebracht. +tut mir leid, das funktioniert nicht. man muss für 100 $, 200 $anbieten. +meine damen und herren, ich möchte vor der zeit fertig sein. +als das papier brannte, drehte er sich aus irgendeinem grund zu mir um, und er sagte, "mashelkar, so, wenn du deine energien nicht vergeudest, wenn du deine energien fokussierst, kannst du alles in der welt erreichen." +ich möchte ihnen heute ein paar davon zeigen. +wir bekommen also feedback von lehrern auf der schule, um zu sehen was sie für apps mögen. +da wurde mir klar, dass ich auf etwas gestoßen war, was riesiges potential barg, die welt zu verändern. +der grund dafür, dass die effizienz in diesen reaktoren so niedrig ist, hängt mit den niedrigen temperaturen zusammen. +der brennstoff, wie ich bereits sagte, ist keramik verkleidet mit zirkon-brennstäben, und bei einem unfall in einem solchen reaktor, fukushima und three mile island – zurückblickend auf three mile island, das haben wir lange zeit nicht entdeckt – aber diese zirkonverkleidungen an den brennstäben, wenn die wasser unter hohem druck erkennen, dampf, in einer oxidierenden umgebung, dann produzieren sie wasserstoff und dieser wasserstoff hat die explosive fähigkeit, spaltprodukte freizusetzen. +alle waren von curiosity äußerst begeistert, und der hatte eine große plutonium-batterie an bord, welche plutonium-238 enthält, was eine höhere spezifische aktivität hat als das schwach angereicherte uran in diesen flüssig-salz reaktoren. das heißt, dass deren auswirkungen unbedeutend wären, weil man sie kalt startet und man den reaktor eigentlich erst im weltall startet. +wir bewegten uns also von der industriewirtschaft zum individuum. +mit der zeit habe ich eine standardantwort parat: zunächst weise ich darauf hin, dass es klar sein sollte, dass so etwas wie ein nicht-authentisches erlebnis nicht existiert. +das ist das schlüsselwort - "schaffen". +eine allgemeine regel lautet: wenn es mir nicht gefällt ist es falsch, wenn ich es so tun will, ist es eine fälschung. +abc, in fachkreisen auch das t & amp; a netz genannt - das ist nicht zu viel jargon oder? +lassen sie es mich kurz für unsere geschäftsleute im publikum zusammenfassen in 3 grundregeln. +ich interessierte mich auch für chirurgie und wollte chirurg werden. denn so konnte ich auf sehr konzentrierte und anspruchsvolle art und weise mit den händen arbeiten. +sie ist ungefähr so groß. +sie hat ein wenig mit der letzten zu tun, aber sie ist viel erotischer. +aber ich hatte eine menge spaß. +und unser gesamter körper, alles – die haare, haut, knochen, nägel – alles ist aus collagen gemacht. +das wunder dieser information: wie können wir diesen biologischen mechanismus in unserem körper haben, um diese information wirklich zu sehen? +der bildermacher alexander tsiaras zeigt eine beeindruckende medizinische visualisation und zeigt die menschliche entwicklung von der empfängnis bis zur geburt und darüber hinaus. +weil sie dachten, wenn man ein teleskop hat, sei man ein astronom, was man also macht, sei eigentlich, durch ein teleskop zu sehen. +und es gibt eine kalte atmosphäre. +dies wurde als erster beweis angesehen, dass schwarze löcher tatsächlich aus supernova-explosionen entstehen. +das hat mit der veränderung der frequenz einer sich bewegenden quelle zu tun. +das ist sehr schwer. es ist sehr schwer. +es gibt verschiedene möglichkeiten, das zu tun. +und ich dachte: "okay - was ist das problem?" +und ich bin mehr der typ: leben ist chaos, also räum es auf, organisiere es und pack es in eine bento box. +was ich ihnen dazu sagen kann: sie ist universal; wir alle haben sie. +was ich also machte, war, all die interviews zu nehmen, wo ich würdigkeit sah, wo ich menschen sah, die so leben, und betrachtete nur diese. +sie dachten, dies sei fundamental. +und sie sagte, "womit denn?" +nein. +dann fühlen wir uns elend, suchen nach sinn und bedeutung im leben, fühlen uns verletzlich, dann nehmen wir ein paar bier und einen banane-nuss-muffin. +wenn man diese perfekten, kleinen babies in seiner hand hält, dann ist unsere aufgabe nicht zu sagen: "sieh sie an, sie ist perfekt. +nachdem ich um 0: 45 ins bett gegangen war. +und nike weiß, wie man damit laufgeschwindigkeit und zurückgelegte distanz berechnet. +gary wolf: unser vermessener körper +die angaben zu seinem körperlichen zustand werden als männchen auf seinem profl angezeigt. aber die restlichen angaben sind die wichtigen hier. +das sind dinge, die für jeden ms-patienten verschieden sind. +alles offen, alles verfügbar. +jahre, nachdem er diese medikamente genommen hat, habe ich herausgefunden, dass alles, was er gegen übermässigen speichelfluss tat, inklusive einiger positiven nebenwirkungen von anderen medikamenten, seine verstopfung verschlimmert haben. +was geschah, als die pnas das veröffentlicht hatte: +und dann sagen wir: "ok, wie ordnen wir sie an?" +und sogar jene, die glaubten, es ginge ihnen besser, entsprachen genau den kontrollen. exakt. +man sieht sich die patienten an, man kann alle kontrollen durchgehen. man kann sie ansehen, man kann sie fragen. +nur 90 tage danach, wurde die größte entdeckung der menschheit des letzten jahrhunderts gemacht. +um den zustand zu verändern, braucht man nur zwei volt eines millisekunden-impulses. +wir sagten: "könnt ihr das bauen?" +es ist falsch. +leider lautet die antwort darauf: ja. +ob es eine zelle, eine termite oder ein vogel ist, konzentrieren sie sich nur auf die regeln der wechselwirkung. +ich halte dies für eine interessante frage. +das heißt also, dass er mit jedem euro, den er investierte, 26 euro marktwert bewegen konnte, aufgrund dieser kette von eigentumsverhältnissen. +wir hoffen, die tür für weitere forschungen in dieser richtung geöffnet zu haben, sodass das verbleibende unbekannte terrain in zukunft ergründet wird. +wenn wir baugewerbe und produktion betrachten, sind da große ineffizienzen, energieverbrauch und übermäßiger arbeitseinsatz. +so können wir es als physisches, intuitives modell studieren. +diese teile sind mit verschiedenen materialien gedruckt. +es sind komplexe gebilde, die aus komplexen teilen gebaut und auf komplexe art zusammengesetzt werden. +das war geflunkert, aber es gab nichts auf dieser welt, das meine schwester mehr wollte, als nicht amy, die verletzte fünfjährige kleine schwester zu sein, sondern amy, das geheimnisvolle einhorn. +fällt man nun unter den durchschnitt dieser kurve, dann sind die psychologen aus dem häuschen, denn das heißt, man ist entweder depressiv oder hat eine störung, hoffentlich sogar beides. +plötzlich war aus etwas unmöglichem eine realität geworden. +donnerstagabend der konsum illegaler drogen. +sie sind 37% besser bei verkäufen. +so begann edv. +und weil die arbeit im laden so hart war gefiel es mir in der schule. es war himmlisch. +ich habe es nicht ganz verstanden. und paul rand war so ein krustiger designer. ein krustiger designer, so wie gutes französisches brot, wissen sie? +es hält ewig. es ist ein sehr seltsames medium. +wenn man am computer die maus bewegt, dann bewegt sich der pfeil. +er fiel ins koma. +computer selbst interessierten mich nicht mehr, und so machte ich gemälde aus palmpilots. +ich habe das hier gefunden. die natur hat ein bild für mich gemacht. +und mir wurde klar, dass es ok war, zu gehen. +aber, tatsächlich verhalten sich die meisten jungen auf eine bestimmte art und die meisten mädchen verhalten sich auf eine bestimmte art. +videospiele sind nicht der grund +über einen tornado, der in unser haus kommt, und alle fenster rausweht, und die möbel zerstört und alle tötet. " +wir erleben eine zunehmende verdichtung des curriculums. +die meisten bildungsspiele, die es gibt, sind eigentlich leselernkarten. +lehrer werden sofort nervös bei allem, das mit gewalt zu tun hat, wegen der nulltoleranz-politik. +wir werden ein überraschendes und fesselndes ergebnis über unser universum bekommen. zum besseren verständnis lassen sie mich zunächst das higgs erklären. dazu müssen wir zu einem zehntel einer milliardstel sekunde nach dem urknall zurückkehren. +ist das ein problem? ja, ein großes problem. +mehr noch wie ein phänomen funktioniert, interessiert theroetische physiker immer, "warum" es funktioniert, "wie" es funktioniert. +ich liebe papier und ich liebe technologie, und ich gestalte papier auf eine interaktive weise. +also war die herausforderung, sie dazu zu bringen, dass sie das tun, was wir von ihnen wollten, durch wetterbeobachtung, die beschaffenheit des bodens und durch dinge, die die schafe "fließen" lassen, damit sie dahin gingen, wo wir es wollten. +es ist nur ein zusammenbringen von sachen, die vorher schon gemacht worden sind, nur auf eine andere weise zusammengesetzt. +ein paar dinge, die ich hergestellt habe, sind das poster hier drüben, auf dem man schlagzeug spielen kann. +also vielen dank. +sie können weggehen, oder einfach zuschauen, wie diese rollenfigur im mixer steht und sie anschaut, oder sie können tatsächlich mit ihr interagieren. +aber wir sind noch nicht an dem punkt angelangt, an dem sie auf ihrem morgendlichen weg hierher etwas gesehen hätten, was wirklich nahtlos die zweidimensionale welt, in der wir uns wohl fühlen, mit dem dreidimensionalen himmel über uns verbindet, in dem ich – ich weiß nicht, wie es ihnen geht – wirklich gerne zeit verbringe. +glücklicherweise ist notwendigkeit noch immer die mutter der erfindung, und ein großer teil der design-arbeit, auf die wir bei unserem flugzeug am stolzesten sind, war ein resultat davon, dass wir die einzigartigen probleme lösen mussten, die damit verbunden waren, es am boden zu operieren – alles, von einem kontinuierlich variablen getriebe und einem kühlsystem mit kühlflüssigkeit, dass es uns erlaubt, eine flugzeugmaschine im stop-and-go-verkehr zu nutzen, bis zu einem speziell angepassten fahrgetriebe, das entweder den propeller antreibt, wenn man fliegt, oder die räder, wenn man am boden ist, bis zum automatisierten faltmechanismus für die tragflächen, den wir gleich sehen werden, bis zu sicherheitseinrichtungen im fall eines absturzes. +und unser testpilot gab uns das beste feedback, dass man von einem testpiloten nach einem ersten flug bekommen kann, und zwar, dass der flug "auffällig unauffällig" war. +falten sie nur die tragflächen zusammen und fahren sie weiter. +hier noch eine frage von einem naiven werbe-fachmann. +also versuchte er es mit plan b. +winziges verhaltensökonomisches detail: in italien werden punkte für verkehrssünden rückwärts gezählt. +es gibt diese grundsätzliche sicht der dinge, dass zu echtem wert das herstellen von dingen und physische arbeit gehört. dass technik dazugehört. +es schmeckt toll innerhalb der grenzen des jeweiligen landes. aber vollkommen beschissen, wenn man es sonst irgendwohin mitnimmt. +offkommentar: die neuen karo-shreddies. +wir müssen mehr zeit damit verbringen, das wertzuschätzen, was bereits da ist, und weniger zeit, uns damit abzuquälen, was wir sonst noch machen können. +jeden tag brauchte es viele stunden, um meine fähigkeiten zu verbessern. +wir sind die jenigen, die den 2ten replikator aus der kiste ließen und wir können es nicht rückgängig machen.. +sehen sie die idee? +er sprach hauptsächlich von tieren und pflanzen, aber auch über das entstehen und vergehen von sprachen. +ein mem ist nicht das selbe wie eine idee! +sb: pardon? +von dem augenblick an, seit unsere vorfahren vor ungefähr zweieinhalb millionen jahren zu imitieren begannen, entstand ein neuer kopiervorgang. +und wir kommen da hin. +dem anteil mit dem ersten replikator. +wisst ihr, hier sitzend nutzt unser gehirn ca. 20 prozent des energiehaushalts unseres körpers für nur 2 prozent unseres körpergewichtes. +und wozu würden die das tun? +es waren 25 minuten absoluten terrors, den tausende menschen überall in den usa spürten. +es gibt hier nichts, was wir nicht wissen. +mit haiti rewired, mit build change, architektur für die menschheit, aidg, ist es möglich, 30.000, 40.000 maurer im ganzen land zu erreichen und eine bewegung für die richtige bauweise zu starten. +das ist übrigens nicht nur im hebräischen so, +ich möchte ihnen ein beispiel für solcherlei irrationalität geben und mit ihnen über betrug reden. +wir zahlten ihnen 10 cent pro richtiger frage, 50 cent, einen dollar, fünf dollar, 10 dollar pro richtiger frage. +die zehn gebote sind allerdings nur schwierig mit dem bildungssystem vereinbar, also haben wir uns überlegt, warum wir nicht von leuten verlangen, einen ehrenkodex zu unterschreiben. +aber das hat das größte problem noch nicht gelöst, das ich in enron sah, da enron nämlich ein zusätzliches soziales element besaß: +alle testpersonen im experiment studierten an der carnegie mellon. +etwas genereller wollte ich ihnen etwas über verhaltensökonomie erzählen. +wenn ich aber sage, dass beide ein beispiel für eine alternative oder neue währungsform sind, in einer hypervernetzten, daten-getriebenen, weltweiten wirtschaft, denken sie wahrscheinlich, dass ich spinne. +"zweitklassig radfahren" "barclays fährt mit ihnen schlitten" +sie können also apps kaufen und innerhalb dieser apps einkaufen. aber wenn sie an amazon denken, denken sie auch an das vertrauensbarometer, das ich ihnen gezeigt habe, laut dem menschen anfangen, unternehmen mehr zu trauen, insbesondere unternehmen, an die sie glauben, als sie regierungen trauen. +wir haben eine umfrage gemacht, die bestätigt, dass 45% der menschen in einer wichtigen demographischen gruppe in den usa, +und ich suche nach den ähnlichkeiten und unterschieden in den lösungen, die sich für grundlegende biologische probleme entwickelt haben. +leicht zu biegen. +denn nach sechs monaten, die ich darüber geredet hatte, hatte er wohl endlich kapiert, dass es mir mit dieser penis-sache ernst war. +da musste also etwas interessantes passieren. +nicht nur über seine genetik und molekularbiologie, sondern am fleischigen ende der skala. +und sie sagte: erzähl einfach über dich selbst. +dl: wie dem auch sei, wir verlieren zeit, ich werde mal zur sache kommen. +nm: nicht zu schnell. +das ist unsere letzte nummer, und nat wird auf dem klavier spielen. +wie sie auf den bildern sehen können, waren noam und ich schon sehr früh für grundprinzipien zu begeistern. und im lauf der jahre, während wir immer mehr über wissenschaft und die technologie lernten, hat sich diese frühe ehrfurcht vor den grundlagen nur verstärkt. +die leute, die an diesem kurs interesse zeigen, haben normalerweise eine hacker-mentalität. +angesichts dessen würde ich gerne einige worte über aufwertung sagen, und ein wenig über mein neues projekt erzählen. dieses projekt ist anders als das vorherige, aber beide fördern genau die gleichen eigenschaften des selbstlernen, des lernen durch erfahren, der selbsterforschung und den aufbau von gemeinschaften. dieses projekt beschäftigt sich mit mathematik für alle schulstufen, angefangen bei der vorschule. wir tun dies auf tablet-pcs, weil wir glauben, dass mathe, so wie alles andere, praxisbezogen unterrichtet werden sollte. +er bedeutet im grunde menschlich zu sein, und das richtige zu tun. +es wäre toll, wenn die geschichte hier enden würde. +wo kommt sie her? +es geht hier um einen verborgenen winkel des arbeitsmarktes. +alle sind für die arbeit im lager geschult. +märkte haben sich in den letzten 20 jahren bis zur unkenntlichkeit verändert, aber eben nur für organisationen am oberen ende der wirtschaft. +politiker in einem großen, komplexen, kniffligen it-projekt? +und es sollten gewisse verpflichtungen an die zuschüsse gekoppelt sein, die den betreibern auferlegt werden, und die wichtigste ist, dass die betreiber für alles bezahlen, und das schließt die ankopplung an den öffentlichen sektor ein. +es sind kleine geschäfte von kleinen leuten, aber es ist wohlinformiert, sicher, bequem, mit wenig zuschlägen und unmittelbar. +aber verbunden mit jedem foto, sind individuen mit erfüllten leben und geschichten die es verdienen erzählt zu werden. +gas, ich bin wohl der einzige mensch, den es wirklich freut, wenn herr putin den gashahn zudreht, denn ich erhalte dann ein größeres budget. +aber kleine atome wollen verschmelzen, kleine kerne wollen verschmelzen, um größere in richtung eisen zu bilden. +zum glück erhält man ein neutron, wenn man diese fusionsreaktion hinbekommt, und kann loslegen. +und nur die straße runter, sehen sie jet, +ich wünschte, wir hätten das geld und größere ressourcen. +doch unter der oberfläche sah es ganz anders aus. +einige sagen, es sieht nicht gut aus. +die ägypter und viele andere araber, die am umsturz beteiligt waren und sind, erwarten sehr, sehr viel von der regierung. +das bedeutet, dass menschliche entwicklung und nicht säkularisierung der schlüssel zur ermächtigung der frauen beim wandel des nahen ostens ist. +wir haben auch eine unbeabsichtigte konsequenz festgestellt. +denn mir ist nicht wirklich wohl dabei, dem mädchen mit beratung und empfehlungen nur zu helfen. +als nancy lublin anfing, teenagern sms zu schicken, damit sie ihr halfen ihre sozialprojekte zu verbreiten, fand sie etwas schockierendes heraus – sie fingen an, ihr zurückzuschreiben und berichteten über ihre eigenen probleme, vom drangsalieren über depressionen bis hin zum missbrauch. also richtete sie eine hotline nur für sms ein und die ergebnisse sind vielleicht noch viel bedeutender, als sie erwartete. +ferdinand foch, ein französischer general, mit dem ruf eines der brillantesten köpfe der französischen armee, sagte: "flugzeuge sind interessante spielzeuge, aber ohne militärischen wert." +sie ist auf den überschall-gleiter gerichtet. +viele prototypen sind abgestürzt – viele. +vom kleinsten lufthauch zu den schieren kräften der stürme der natur. +wir können darin als individuen beiträge leisten und uns gehör verschaffen. +zweifel und angst schleichen sich immer ein. +er endete auch im pazifik. +die leute bei aerovironment versuchten 300 oder mehr flügeldesigns, 12 verschiedene formen der avionik. +ich arbeite mit absolut genialen menschen. +ja ohne möglichkeit zu beweisen, dass sie hier überhaupt angekommen sind. +diese geschichte begann vor vier jahren. +ich bin an algorithmen gewohnt, und an datenstrukturen und hochmotivierte studierende, und nichts in meiner vergangenheit hat mich darauf vorbereitet mit einem tobenden, gewalttätigen jugendlichen mitten im nirgendwo umzugehen. +mit acht beförderte man ihn auf ein boot in odessa, und verschifft ihn auf sich selbst gestellt nach israel. +ich sage den burschen, wenn sie sich bergauf kämpfen, und spüren, dass sie nicht weiter können, dass es wirklich hilft, die unmittelbaren hindernisse zu ignorieren und den kopf zu heben, sich umzusehen und zu sehen wie die aussicht um dich herum zunimmt. +und als er das sagte, fühlte ich gänseschauer auf meiner haut, weil er es im angesicht der moab-gebirges hier im hintergrund sagte. +was real ist, ist trennung. und an einem punkt im frühen säuglingsalter, nimmt die idee vom selbst gestalt an. +es hat eine extrem wichtige funktion. +nun, ich dachte ich hätte die antwort zu dieser frage. und ich sagte. "hautfarbe." +der kampf des selbst um authentizität und definition wird nie enden bis es mit seinem erschaffer verbunden ist -- mit ihnen und mit mir. +und wenn sie das tun können. passieren unglaubliche dinge. +und das beeinflusste mich. +also hat er einen hybrid-antrieb. +und so reisten wir mit ihnen und lernten über verschiedene komponenten, und entdeckten, dass es sehr viel ineffizienz gab, die nicht beachtet wurde. +und es kommen bis zu 1 millionen menschen täglich. +übrigens stand uns die hälfte des budgets von anderen westlichen nationen zur verfügung. +die regierung von großbritannien – jede regierung ist potentiell der schlimmste kunde der welt, den man sich bloß vorstellen kann. +danke schön. +einer davon, in der anthropologie, ist die erforschung menschlicher universalien. +sollte aber etwas auf dem blatt geschrieben sein, dann könnten ja manche leute mehr davon haben, als andere, und denkt man das konsequent weiter, würde das diskriminierung und ungleichheit rechtfertigen. +wie dem auch sei, schon bald wurden sie bombardiert mit erbosten briefen, todesdrohungen, einer sperre zu diesem thema in gewissen wissenschaftlichen zeitschriften zu publizieren, die von empörten linkshändern und deren anwälten stammten und sie waren buchstäblich zu verängstigt, ihre post zu öffnen, wegen der giftigkeiten und schmähungen die sie aus unachtsamkeit heraufbeschworen haben. +unter ökonomischem blickwinkel schießt die nachfrage nach jeglicher art von kunst durch die decke, was man an den preisen für eintrittskarten in die oper, der anzahl der verkauften bücher, der anzahl veröffentlichter bücher, der anzahl veröffentlichter musiktitel, der anzahl neuer alben, und so weiter, erkennen kann. +also, in "das unbeschrieben blatt" habe ich argumentiert dass hochkultur und kritikerwesen im zwanzigsten jahrhundert, wenngleich nicht die künste im allgemeinen, schönheit, genuss, klarheit, einsicht und stil mit verachtung gestraft haben. +falsch. eineiige zwillingen, oder alle geschwister, die nach der geburt getrennt werden, sind nicht weniger ähnlich als wenn sie gemeinsam aufgewachsen wären. +also rief ich die die humane society an und sagte: "leute, ich werde ein paar lämmer kastrieren, könnt ihr mir sagen, wie das funktioniert?" +und ich denke mir, das ist überhaupt kein gummi. +und ich sagte: "ja, wie die humane society. +albert weist mich an: "drücke es ganz nach oben." +was unser sender macht, es ist das, was dirty jobs ausmacht. +ich kann immer noch hillary vor mir sehen wie sie mit den stahlarbeitern rye whiskey trinkt, der ihr das kinn herunter läuft. +sie fragen ihn: "sind sie ihrer leidenschaft hierher gefolgt?" +unsagbar gefährlich. +sie sehen ihn ständig. +ich lag bei vielem falsch. +ich habe eltern-kind- beziehungsprobleme, wofür ich meine eltern schuldig halte. +aber er hat es zu gut vorgetäuscht und jetzt steckt er in broadmoor fest und niemand glaubt ihm, dass er bei verstand ist. +wahnsinn vortäuschen. +es ist einfach unmöglich. " +und sein kliniker sagte zu mir: "wenn sie mehr über psychopathen herausfinden wollen, können sie zu einem psychopathen-identifizierungskurs gehen, der von robert hare geleitet wird, der die psychopathen-checkliste erfunden hat." +kann ich kommen und sie bezüglich ihrer besonderen gehirnanomalie interviewen? " +und er sah trotz allem interessiert aus und er sagte: "okay, fahren sie fort." +und wir nähen sie zusammen, wie mittelalterliche mönche. +wie dem auch sei, das war vor zwei jahren und das ist, wo mein buch endete. +lassen sie mich einflechten, warum ich glaube, dass die der fall ist, denn ich denke, dass es sich hierbei um eine möglicherweise kontroverse aussage handelt. +man kann eine moschee zeigen, oder man kann gläubige zeigen, aber es gibt keinen direkten weg den islam darzustellen. +und die hoffnungsvolle antowort leitet sich von der erkenntnis ab, dass islam und demokratie technologien sind. +weil sie außerordentlich erfolgreich gewesen wären. +und es ist entscheidend, in einem praktischen und aktivistischen sinne entscheidend, dass menschen, die sich mit diesen themen beschäftigen, sicherstellen dass sie innerhalb der technologie der demokratie, in diesem system, ihre vorlieben, ihre entscheidungen und ihre stimme üben um ein solches ergebnis zu unterstützen. +damals habe ich nicht weit entfernt gearbeitet. +und insgesamt hatten wir alle keine ahnung, ob wir es schaffen konnten. +aber es wurde etwas interessantes im trainingsprozess bemerkt. +sie könnten in weniger als 10 jahren ausgestorben sein, wenn wir nicht jetzt etwas tun, um sie zu schützen. +an der corner row eisenbahn, am bahnhofsparkplatz, vor einem gesundheitszentrum, in den vorgärten und sogar vor der polizeistation. +also, zurück zur sitzung. +wir bekamen land, das uns von einem örtlichen gartencenter geschenkt wurde. +wie auch immer sie das möchten, freiwillig, versuchen sie, ihre leben zu verändern. weltweit gibt es gemeinden in amerika und japan – unglaublich, oder? stellen sie sich vor: amerika, japan und neuseeland. +ich bin ebenso reichlich überrascht, denn wenn ich auf mein leben zurückblicke, war das letzte, was ich jemals tun wollte, über religion zu schreiben, oder in irgend einer form an religion beteiligt zu sein. +wenn es bei religion nun aber nicht darum geht, dinge zu glauben, worum geht es dann? +und diese anstrengung, mitgefühl in einigen der eher abstoßenden texte zu finden, ist eine gute generalprobe, das gleiche im alltäglichen leben zu tun. +sagen sie uns, was wir falsch machen. sprechen wir darüber, wo religion versagt. " +damit ist gemeint, das grauen, das wir im angesicht unserer feinde verspüren, zu überwinden und anzufangen, einander zu achten. +vergrößern wir den maßstab, sehen wir ein menschliches haar. +diese kleine ameise krabbelt also hier, sie ist wie in einem kleinen willy-wonka-land. +ich konnte es nicht glauben und ich begann, die kleinen stücke herauszulösen und fotos von ihnen zu machen. +nun, der mond hat keine atmosphäre, daher treten die mikrometeoriten dauernd ein und die ganze mondoberfläche ist jetzt mit staub bedeckt, weil sie über vier milliarden jahre von mikrometeoriten bombardiert wurde und wenn mikrometeoriten mit bis zu 100 000 km / h eintreten, verdampfen sie bei kontakt. +es war genau so eine lotterie-sache, bei der man alles beim ersten mal richtig macht. +design kommt von innen. +die röntgen-technologie hat sich, wenn es um lebensgroße aufnahmen geht, und abgesehen von diesen großen lasten-scan-maschinen, nicht genügend weiterentwickelt, um eine ausreichende bildqualität und die auflösung für das zu bieten, was ich damit tun möchte, nämlich meine bilder in großem maßstab zu zeigen. +und wenn sie das machen, stehe ich in der schlange. +und so wird es gemacht. scheibe für scheibe. +aber wenn ich den strahler etwas dunkler machen würde, dann würde alles andere leiden. +ich denke, dass er ganz nett als röntgenaufnahme aussähe. +aber ich verstehe auch nicht wie es die magie zerstört. +aber jeden einzelne ding aus dem wir bestehen, jedes einzelne atom in uns, hat bereits myriaden von anderen dingen erschaffen und wird weiter machen und myriaden von neuen dingen erschaffen. +nun weiß ich, dass sie das nicht denken. +jedes mal, wenn ich einatme atme ich eine million-milliarden-milliarden atome sauerstoff ein. +das ist mein schüler tony. +vielleicht du, vielleicht ich – aber wir sind nicht hier, um mit meinungen zu handeln, jeder hat eine meinung. +und sage zu tony, » los geht 's. « +alles war okay, bis ich ungefähr 26 jahre war und ich in einen film mit dem titel "nummer 5 lebt!" ging. +und das passiert hier. +da beginnt man zu verstehen, dass man krank werden kann, sich vergiften kann. man muss seine ernährung im gleichgewicht halten. wenn man einmal genauer hinsieht; und seither habe ich alles, was ich bei der aufnahme von informationen tat, der erzeugung von information, der zubereitung von information aus der sichtweise von essen betrachtet. +wir haben viel zeit damit verbracht, ein 1 milliarden dollar geschäft ‒ sie hören richtig ‒ eine milliarden dollar- ölgeschäft zu untersuchen, in das er verwickelt war, und was wir herausfanden, war schockierend, aber dazu später noch mehr. +eine bank in paris unterhielt konten von firmen, die er kontrollierte und von denen eine kunst zu pflegen kaufte, und amerikanische banken, die 73 mio. dollar in die vereinigten staaten überwiesen, von denen einige dem kauf der villa in kalifornien dienten. +sie fand heraus, dass in 70% der fälle anonyme scheinfirmen benutzt wurden, die auf insgesamt fast 56 milliarden dollar beziffert werden. +es sollten aber nicht so große bemühungen erforderlich sein, um herauszufinden, wo das geld derartiger geschäfte abblieb. +ich sehe dieses wort, höre dieses wort, fühle dieses wort überall. +man wird sein land. man wird seine religion. +ich fand es toll als er über diese andere welt redete, die direkt neben dieser welt ist. +sie ist in der high school. +nicht vor verlusten davonzulaufen, sondern trauer anzunehmen, sich dem leid zu ergeben. +denn wenn man viel zeit damit verbringt von ort zu ort zu gehen, von land zu land, von stadt zu stadt, das ausmaß zu dem frauen, zum beispiel, misshandelt werden und die epidemie davon, und das gewöhnliche daran, ist so verheerend für die seele, dass man sich die zeit nehmen muss, zumindest muss ich mir die zeit nehmen, um das zu verarbeiten. +nun, ich war dumm, aber nicht so dumm, das abzulehnen. +purer inhalt und pure form, nebeneinander. +ich war so betrunken. " +ich setzte also die schrift, ich druckte sie auf einem epson-drucker mit wasserlöslicher tinte, klebte sie an die wand und warf einen eimer wasser hinterher. presto! +ernsthaft. +nicht gerade jackie collins. +wie mein wunsch, dass niemand hungern soll oder dass alles kostenlos wäre, eine art utopie. +wir lieben herausforderungen, aber wenn die erwartungen niedrig sind, glauben sie mir, werden wir auch nur diese erfüllen. +und falls sie glauben, das habe wirklich keine bedeutung für sie, dann erinnern sie sich daran, dass klonen möglich ist und das bedeutet, dass sie nochmal durch die kindheit gehen, in welchem falle, sie ebenso gehört werden wollen wie meine generation das will. +als ich in den späten 60ern mit den aufnahmen anfing, waren die typischen aufnahmemethoden auf die bruchstückhafte erfassung einzelner arten begrenzt. zu anfang waren es meistens vögel, aber später kamen säugetiere und amphibien hinzu. +dennoch erzählen uns unsere ohren eine ganz andere geschichte. +dies ist das wahrscheinlich traurigste geräusch, den ich je von einem organismus gehört habe, menschlicher, oder anderer natur. +die lehrer an der schule hatten keinen richtigen spaß, im sport ging es sehr dreckig oder schmerzvoll zu. +aber natürlich konnten die wissenschaftler nicht anders. +es gibt also viel mehr weibliche spieler, als sich die leute bewusst sind. +was also die verbreitung von spielen angeht, was denken sie, was diese leute hier gerade tun? +und wenn wir erst genügend dieser leute haben, dann wollen wir noch mehr fantasy-künstler, die orte bebildern können, wo wir noch nie zuvor gewesen sind, oder charaktere, die wir noch nie vorher gesehen haben. +ich bin süchtig, denn wiewohl ich weiß, dass ich den bezug zur realität verliere, will ich doch immer mehr. +keine knöpfe oder abzüge, die man betätigen muss, nur ich und das spiel. +aber vielleicht ist gehirnwäsche nicht immer schlecht. +was die unis betrifft, es gibt an die 350 unis auf der welt, die kurse über videospiele unterrichten. +danke. +irgendwie müssen wir uns selbst verstehen, um unsere unzulänglichkeiten zu umgehen. +ein 14jähriges kind bekommt in der schule, diese version des satzes von pythagoras, die wirklich sehr spitzfindig und interessant ist, aber eigentlich keine gute herangehensweise an mathematik. +die mathematiker und naturwissenschaftler in der menge werden diese beiden progressionen als diskrete differentialgleichung erster ordnung und als diskrete differentialgleichung zweiter ordnung erkennen. von sechsjährigen abgeleitet. +also, wenn man sich dieses kleine skript hier ansieht, ist die geschwindigkeit immer 30. +und dann sagen sie, oh ja, konstante beschleunigung. +die zukunft des lebens, und wohin die entschlüsselung unserer biologie -- machen sie das licht etwas heller! ich habe keine folien. +ich weiß, dass es einen großen hype gab um unsere fähigkeit, die biologie zu kontrollieren. +es wird uns hinterfragen lassen, was es heißt, ein mensch zu sein. +und er passt nicht zu der zukunft, auf die wir uns zubewegen. +es gibt drei offensichtliche arten, auf die man dies tun kann. +die menschheit wird diesen weg beschreiten. +eines ist jedoch wirklich gefährlich an dieser art von technologie; es ist sehr leicht, von ihr verführt zu werden. +und was kommt dabei heraus? neues leben. +gregory stock: aufrüsten ist menschlich +es ist ja unser privater teich. tja, so geht das. " +sagt der mann dann einfach: 'ist jetzt der zeitpunkt gekommen, meine hose auszuziehen?' "und ich antwortete:" ja. " +schließlich sagt sie: "mama, glaubst du, dass es im internet auch menschen gibt, die sich paaren?" +also besteht die möglichkeit, die röhre einfach von außen zu umwickeln. +einmal fertiggestellt, ist die installation ganz einfach. +wie sie sehen können, machen da nicht nur zwei technische hauptdisziplinen mit, medizin und ingenieurwesen, sondern auch verschiedene spezialisten innerhalb dieser zwei disziplinen. +ich glaube, in polen ist das genauso. +sie wollen einfach tun, was sie schon immer getan haben. +und als ergebnis, ist es eine ganz andere verwendung von technik und wissen, mit denen sie umgeben sind. +damit macht man eine gute karikatur. +es hat die musikindustrie umgekrempelt. es hat die art, wie wir musik konsumieren, verändert. +sie kennen die geschichte. +und ich traf die dozo. +und ich forderte sie nicht auf, nette karikaturen zu zeichnen. +vielen dank. +wenn sie 2 milliarden jahre zurückgehen, sind wir nicht mehr auf einem erdähnlichen planet. +wir sind momentan im schönen spalt der existenz, wenigstens des lebens auf planet erde, im anschluss an die erste furchtbare mikrobiellen ära. +der schwarze stein ist das sediment auf dem seeboden in der abwesenheit von plankton. +dies sind säugetier-ähnliche reptilien. +die überlebenden die durchkommen produzieren diese welt voller krokodil ähnlichen kreaturen. +es kann nur auftreten wenn die oberfläche eines ozean kein sauerstoff hat und vollkommen mit schwefelwasserstoff gesättigt ist; genug um z.b. aus einer lösung zu stammen. +es ist auf dem planeten seit dem anfang der tiere, 500 millionen jahre. +jetzt, die selbe maus bekommt 80 teile pro million schwefelwasserstoff in dieser durchgezogenen linie und sehen sie was mit ihrer temperatur passiert. +verstehe ich dich richtig, dass du hier sagst das wir in unseren körpern eine biochemische reaktion auf schwefelwasserstoff haben, was in deiner sicht beweist, das es in der vergangenheit massenaussterben wegen klimawandeln gegeben hat? +dies ist institutionalisierte am ende des zyklus enden diese produkte wahrscheinlich auf einer müllkippe wie dieser in manila. +diese fabrik in china, die selbst ziemlich sauber ist, bekommt ihre zutaten aus hinterhof-schlachtereien, wo familien die tiere schlachten und die zutaten extrahieren. +ihre wähler sind lokal. +selbst wenn sie ihre arbeit täten, und bußgelder von diesen einrichtungen forderten, wären diese wohl kaum nennenswert. +sie können sich verantwortlich nennen, aber verantwortlichkeit ohne rechenschaft funktioniert meist nicht. +wir reden hier von tausenden von lieferanten. " +arbeiten sie mit, kommen sie an den sicheren ort, und lassen sie uns etwas bewegen. +du wirst etwas fangen und wieder von vorne anfangen. +also schreibe ich gedicht um dinge herauszufinden. +ich kann meine reise in die gesprochenen poesie in drei schritte teilen. +und jemand anderes hat eine sache, die das komplette gegenteil von ihrer ist. +es ist nicht, dass ich denke, gesprochene poesie sei die ideale kunstform. +ich habe immer gedacht, dass mein anfang im bowery poetry club war, aber es ist möglich, dass es schon viel früher war. +das ist es, was ich jedes mal anstrebe, wenn ich meinen mund öffne – diese unmögliche verbindung. +ich war student in den 60ern, einer zeit sozialen umbruchs und fragestellungen, und, auf einer persönlichen ebene, eines erwachenden sinns für idealismus. +aber ich war getrieben von der inhärenten bedeutung, dass ein bild, das das wirkliche gesicht des krieges enthüllte, beinahe per definitionem ein antikriegsfoto sein würde. +eines der dinge, die ich als journalist lernen musste, war, wie ich mit meiner wut umgehen sollte. +dieser mann war gerade aus einem todeslager der hutu befreit worden. +ich verbrachte recht viel zeit mit einem mann, der mit seiner familie an einer gleisanlage lebte und einen arm und ein bein bei einem zugunglück verloren hatte. +ein krankenhaus der "ärzte ohne grenzen" in einem flüchtlingslager. +das ist ein hubschrauber-notarzt, der einem soldaten erste hilfe leistet, dem in den kopf geschossen worden war. +bei jeder wahl sieht es so aus, als ob irgendwas immer falsch läuft, einige versuchen zu betrügen, oder irgendwas läuft schief - hier verschwindet eine wahlurne, dort bleiben stanzreste übrig. +der strichcode mag zwar kompliziert verschlüsselt sein, aber das wählen mit diesen zetteln ist überhaupt nicht kompliziert. +david bismark demonstriert ein neues wählsystem mit einer einfachen, nachweisbaren methode, betrug und rechenfehler auszuschließen - wobei das wahlgeheimnis unangetastet bleibt. +aber die unterteilt christentum, islam und buddhismus in so viele untergruppen, dass es uns zu detailliert war. +aber es gab auch christliche länder, wo es sechs bis sieben babies pro frau gab. +aber es gibt hier auch länder wie guatemala, papua neuguinea, yemen und afghanistan. +hier ist qatar heute und dort ist bangladesch heute. +und die weltbevölkerung wird aufhören zu wachsen. +und dann sterben wieder die alten und ihr bekommt zwei milliarden kinder. +ich landete in jeder fernsehshow. +1980 erklärten wir die pocken für ausgerottet. +aber in diesem jahr explodierte die pockenausbreitung in indien. +drei weitere male sind wir gescheitert. +dieses jahr wird dieses eine krankhenhaus mehr als 300.000 menschen in tamil nadu, indien, das augenlicht zurück geben. +innerhalb von drei wochen ist sie überall auf der welt. +aber mit aller ernsthaftigkeit – weil diese idee aus ted geboren wurde, möchte ich, dass dies ein erbe von ted wird, und ich möchte es das internationale system für totale früherkennung von krankheiten nennen. +aber sie konnten auf die who zeigen und sie wissen lassen, dass es diese überraschende und unerklärte häufung von krankheitsfällen gab, die wie vogelgrippe aussahen. +die erste zahl ist drei: drei milliarden menschen. +wir wissen aus befragungen von china bis zur usa, +sie wechseln ihr smartphone sieben oder acht mal, vielleicht auch öfter, wenn sie in diesem publikum sitzen. +aber wir haben herausgefunden, dass 100% einfacher zu erreichen sind als 90 oder 50%. +die energie ist kostenlos. +und wir wollen keine weiteren hundert jahre warten. +es gab eine gleichung in meiner familie, etwa so: wenn du intelligent bist, bist du infolgedessen nicht spirituell. +ich habe mich immer angezogen gefühlt von diesen seltenen menschen die das einfach abstreifen und ihr leben der menschlichkeit widmen mit der entschlossenheit der kriegerin und der gnade der mystikerin. menschen wie martin luther king jr., der schrieb, « ich kann niemals sein, was ich sein sollte, solange du nicht bist, was du sein solltest. +oder vielleicht ihr schwager, der nicht an die klimaerwärmung glaubt – +wir vereinbarten, wir würden in unseren gruppen das wort ergreifen wenn wir zeugen würden von dieser art ausgrenzender rede, die verletzen und zu paranoia vergären kann, um dann von jenen an den rändern zum aufwiegeln verwendet zu werden. +ich war im irak, in afghanistan und in liberia. +und er hat eine mission. +und dass sie vor allem dazu fähig ist, diese friedvoll aufzulösen. +aber die frage, welche in meinem kopf nachklang, war: was treibt menschen dazu, feuerwehrautos zu zerstören die ihren eigenen häusern zu hilfe eilen? +es wird berichtet, dass wikileaks, dein kind, in den letzten paar jahren mehr geheimdokumente veröffentlicht hat als die restlichen medien der welt zusammen. +und dann behielt ihn die regierung für sich und benutzte ihn als politisches druckmittel gegen moi, der der reichste mann war -- immer noch der reichste mann in kenia ist. +roger, ich hab 'sie. +j nun ja, weil sowas den wahren stand der dinge zeigen zum beipspiel von arabischen regierungen, die wirklichen menschenrechtsverstöße dieser regierungen. +es wird die wahrnehmung und meinung der leute ändern, die für das alles bezahlen. und das ist unsere hoffnung. +und im technischen bericht stand überhaupt nichts davon. es war für uns also ein extrem schwieriges dokument. +kann das stimmen? +das hat euch sehr prominent gemacht in island. was passierte dann? +die musiker haben eine dreidimensionale veranschaulichung von wetterdaten wie diesen abgespielt. +die vertikalen elemente sind einer bestimmten stunde am tag zugeordnet. +lauren hodge: wenn ihr in einem restaurant die gesündere option wollt, was würdet ihr wählen, gegrilltes oder frittiertes hühnchen? +es war eine große verpflichtung, mehrmals zu dem labor zur arbeit zu fahren. +das klingt total albern. +das ist sogar eines der größten probleme, das die heutige chemotherapie mit sich bringt. +1,6 millionen tode weltweit. +julie geht also zu ihrem arzt, damit ihr asthma behandelt wird. +ich möchte also, dass ihr euch eine welt vorstellt, in der wir bessere luftqualität haben, in der die lebensqualität besser ist und in der die lebensqualität für alle besser ist, auch für unsere zukünftigen generationen. +und so einfach verwandelte ich mich von einer frau, die diesen kinder beigebracht worden wäre, als "behindert" zu betrachten, in jemanden, der ein potenzial hatte, das ihre körper noch nicht hatten. +und aus meiner sicht besonders interessant, was bedeutet es, behindert zu sein? +schrulligkeit ist also wichtig. +danke. +nach dem bewerbungsgespräch mit dem japanischen manager, das eine halbe stunde dauerte, sagte er letztendlich: "so, frau yang, haben sie fragen an mich?" +heute werde ich über junge menschen sprechen, über die plattform der sozialen medien. +erstens, sind die meisten von ihnen in den 80ern und 90ern geboren, unter der ein-kind-politik. +so stellte den letzten jahren stellten küstengebiete fest, dass es ihnen an arbeitskräften mangelt. +obwohl junge menschen sich ihrer beteilligung an der öffentlichen politischen entscheidungsfindung sicher scheinen, sind sie manchmal dennoch ein bisschen verloren, in bezug auf was sie für ihr privatleben wollen. +und unsere jüngere generation wird dieses land transformieren während sie selbst transformiert werden. +diese berge sind gefährliche orte, aber letztendlich hängt das schicksal dieser bärenfamilien, und tatsächlich das aller bären um den nordpazifik, von den lachsen ab. +notwendigkeit ist die mutter der evolution. +aber wenn sie mit dem nackten auge nach oben schauen, brauchen sie wirklich keins. +ein kultur, die von oben herab gesteuert wird, in der die stimmbänder von millionen verloren sind. +allerdings gab ascap an, dass sie das nicht beeindrucken würde. +i want to share all my love with you... +der extremismus auf der einen seite fördert den extremismus auf der anderen seite. ein umstand, den wir mittlerweile ausreichend verstanden haben sollten. und beide extreme in dieser diskussion sind einfach falsch. +wir können sie nur zu "raubkopierern" machen. und ist das in ordnung? +"denn wir sind weit entfernt von zu hause und wir sind sehr erschöpft." +ich weiß, es klingt nach strenger liebe, aber sehen sie, wenn sie angelogen werden, dann weil sie damit einverstanden sind. +wenn sie nicht belogen werden wollen, müssen sie wissen, wonach sie hungrig sind. +lügen hat für unsere spezies evolutionäre bedeutung. +der rest von uns ist nur etwa 54% akkurat. +wir alle reden mit unseren fingerspitzen. +wenn sie merken, dass sie zu unrecht verdächtigt werden, sind sie das gesamte gespräch über wütend, nicht nur hin und wieder; sie werden während der gesamten befragung wütend sein. +ihr neuer geschäftspartner mag ihnen die hand schütteln mit ihnen feiern, essen gehen, und dann einen ausdruck des ärgers zeigen. +seien sie nicht zu aggressiv, es funktioniert nicht. +aber in der zwischenzeit müssen sie sich folgendes fragen: wen wollen sie bei einem treffen neben sich sitzen haben, jemanden, der ausgebildet wurde, der wahrheit auf den grund zu gehen, oder jemanden, der ein 200 kilo schweres elektroenzephalogramm durch die tür schleppt? +ab jetzt geht es nur noch bergab. ich möchte emeka und chris danken. +das ist sehr wichtig. +nigeria hat 1960 unabhängigkeit erlangt. +ich hatte einen erfinderischen lehrer, ein pakistanischer moslem, der uns genau das beibringen wollte. +fraser kniet auf dem boden, die arme auf den rücken gefesselt, und er weint. +und ich habe zugesehen, wie sie eingesperrt wurden und reizgasvergiftet. +mein freund ronald gottesman sagt, dass es drei arten von menschen gibt: diejenigen, die zählen können, und die die es nicht können. +eine meiner bevorzugten aufgaben in meiner arbeit in der gates foundation besteht darin, dass ich entwiklungsländer besuche und das sehr oft. +sie zapfen lokale unternehmertalente an und sie betreiben unglaubliches marketing. +und 1990 beschlossen sie, dass sie die lokalen unternehmer trainieren wollten und anfingen ihnen geringen lohn zu zahlen. +der grund warum diese mikrounternehmer verkaufen und profit machen können während sie jede einzelne dose in ihrem hand- oder schubkarren verkaufen. +und ich denke, dass das ein fehler ist. +wir wissen, dass beschneidung die hiv infektionen bei männern um rund 60% reduziert. +nun, am 4. september gab es eine große aufräumaktion, das ist was man bei polio macht. +heute werde ich ihnen zwei dinge erzählen. erstens, was wir verloren haben, und zweitens, wie wir es wiedererlangen. +hier können sie den größten teil der lebewesen des meeresschutzgebiets der florida keys sehen. +aber es gibt ja noch die globale erwärmung. +und dort sah ich dies: jede menge fische. +also fangen die fischer mehr. +also wieviel davon gibt es? +das bringt uns zum dritten grund, wieso wir nicht mehr schutzgebiete haben, nämlich dass die mittelbeschaffung falsch aufgezogen ist. +der produktionsüberschuss dieser kleinen kerle da unten ist sozusagen genug, diese träge biomasse zu bewahren. +und dort, und nur dort, kann man wirklich fühlen, teil einer größeren sache zu sein, oder eines größeren ökosystems. +wir benutzen das unterseeboot alvin und kameras, und diese kameras hat bill lange mit hilfe von sony entwickelt. +man weiß sehr wenig über sie. +und es gibt zehntausende von bergen hier draußen, die auf keiner karte verzeichnet sind. +inzwischen haben wir herausgefunden, dass sie wahrscheinlich aus dem erdinneren gekommen sind. +es gibt hier keine lichtquellen außer denen, die wir mitbringen. +sie brauchen die sonne überhaupt nicht. +bl: dieses bakterium, über das wir gesprochen haben, ist die einfachste uns bekannte lebensform. +el niño kommt und geht. es ist kein desaster, es ist ein rhythmus. +wir fänden es großartig, wenn schüler das behalten, selbst wenn sie keine mathematischen fachrichtungen einschlagen. +ich glaube an das wirkliche leben. +wenn wir dann beginnen die bedeutung von 'steile' zu definieren, erkennen wir, dass es nett wäre, einige maße zu besitzen um wirklich eingrenzen zu können, was es genau bedeutet. +wie lange dauert es, ih aufzufüllen? +dies ist eine einmalige zeit, mathematik lehrer zu sein, denn wir haben die werkzeuge, um diesen hochwertigen lehrplan in unserer vordertasche zu erstellen. +die lehre aus brians vortrag ist irgendwie -- all diese fantastischen bilder -- wirklich dies: der blickwinkel bestimmt alles, was man sieht. +sie war langweilig. +so sind die herausforderungen an bildung, an einem ort wie diesem, nicht die könige und königinnen von kenia und großbritannien zu lernen. +wie sehen sie aus? +10 jahre auf den ertrag der bildung zu warten, ist zu lang, wenn man seine täglichen aufgaben erfüllen muss, wenn man die geschwister versorgen muss, oder im geschäft mithelfen muss. +das ist eine stadt. +und es wird keine fehler geben. " +sie bräuchten abermillionen von lehrern in china, indien, nigeria und dem rest der entwicklungsländer, um den bedarf zu decken. +aber es ist, anders als autos, die sich so schnell und geordnet entwickelt haben, das schulsystem ist eigentlich erkennbar ein erbe des 19. jahrhunderts, von einem bismarckschen model von deutschem unterricht, das von englischen reformern aufgegriffen wurde, und oft von religiösen missionaren in den vereinigten staaten aufgegriffen wurde als ein mittel des gesellschaftlichen zusammenhalts, und dann in japan und südkorea, während sie sich entwickelten. +und während ich ihn schaue, kommt diese szene, die mich zu tränen rührt, und die ich seit 25 jahren mit mir herumtrage. +und da ich einen 15-jährigen zu hause habe, muss ich ständig kochen, kochen, kochen. +dieser "gay lifestyle" ist echt gruselig. er ist super-böse und nimmt kein ende! +die verfassung der usa ist die "gay agenda". +aber wenn sie sich die karte ansehen und unseren staat michigan hier sehen – es ist hier legal, menschen zu feuern, weil sie schwul, lesbisch, bisexuell oder transgender sind, es ist legal, jemanden aus ihrem heim zu werfen, weil sie schwul, lesbisch, bisexuell oder transgender sind, dann erkennen sie, dass dieses ganze gerede über gleichstellung in der ehe nicht darum geht, jemandes rechte zu beschneiden, sondern es geht darum, ihnen die rechte zu gewähren, die bereits formuliert sind. +danke. +einige der studien belegen sogar, dass wir glücklicher sind. +entropie bedeutet, dass alles auf dieser welt, wirklich alles in einem zustand des verfalls und verderbens ist, das ist der bogen. +wie sollte ich den dritten akt leben? +wenn es uns aber möglich ist, zurückzugehen und unsere beziehung zu ändern, unsere beziehung zu vergangenen menschen und ereignissen neu auszulegen, dann können sich die nervenbahnen ändern. +ich weiss woran sie denken, wenn sie diese bilder anschauen. +sie müssen bestäuber anlocken die ihnen helfen. +es ist eine wunderbare sache. +das ist der philodendron selloum. +letzte woche habe ich dieses sonnenröschen in dorset fotografiert. +vielleicht sind sie genervt, oder sie freuen sich auf ein neues spiel. oder es hält sie vom schlafen ab. +er reist durch das ganze land und fotografiert sich selbst. hier ist zig in einem indianerreservat. diese aufnahme zählt zu den traditionelleren aufnahmen. das ist ein regentänzer. +sie wollen auch mit. "– und ich:" liebling, sie wollen nicht mit. das ist die 'middle passage'. +es ist ein spiel mit 50.000 einzelteilen. +was ihr seht, sind die flugbewegungen über nordamerika über einen zeitraum von 24-stunden. +man sieht die warteschleifen, die unten auf dem bildschirm entstehen +also haben sie diesen webdienstleistung gemacht und gesagt: "jeder programmierer kann eine software schreiben und auf den geist von tausenden von menschen zugreifen." +das verschafft einen eindruck über die verschiedenen grade der motivation und hingabe. +also haben wir ein hundert-dollar-schein genommen und in 10,000 winzig kleine teile zerlegt, und diese in den mechanical turk eingespeist. +man bekommt einen einfachen audioclip. +aber wir wussten, dass wir auf jeden fall die richtige person brauchten um uns dahinter zu stellen und für den wir etwas aufbauen konnten. +ak: wenn ihr zu der website johnnycashproject.com geht, wird ihr das video oben sehen. +win butler: now our lives are changing fast now our lives are changing fast hope that something pure can last hope that something pure can last ooh we used to wait ooh we used to wait ooh we used to wait sometimes it never came sometimes it never came still moving through the pain we used to wait for it we used to wait for it we used to wait for it ak: ich denke, wenn es eine sache gibt, die ihr von meiner rede heute mitnehmen sollt, ist dass ein interface ein starkes erzählerisches instrument sein kann. +und sie kommt auch aufs wesentliche der dinge. +falls man eine der sprachen nicht kann, lernt man sofort. +hier ist "candycity." +und parallel zu meinem schneiden ist mein laufen. +die identitäten sind nicht autobiographisch. +also bei der u-bahn in new york sah ich einen zusammenhang zwischen dem fahren in der u-bahn und dem lesen. +es wird genutzt als absperrung die schienen und fahrgäste schützt, und verhindert, dass sachen auf die schienen fallen. +béatrice coron: aus papier geschnittene geschichten +nun, das gegenstück eines snobs ist ihre mutter. +neid - es ist ein echtes tabu, neid zu erwähnen - aber wenn es ein vorherrschendes gefühl in der modernen gesellschaft gibt, dann ist es neid. +es gibt noch einen weiteren grund, warum wir möglicherweise unseren karriere, unserem status in der heutigen welt, ängstlicher gegenüberstehen als je zuvor. +dennoch glaube ich, dass es verrückt ist zu glauben, dass wir jemals eine wirklich meritokratische gesellschaft haben werden können. ein unmöglicher traum. +nun, gibt es dazu irgendwelche alternativen? +und so sind wir geneigt, uns selbst anzubeten. +die psychoanalyse posaunt diese botschaft schon seit ungefähr 80 jahren heraus. +andernfalls kann es ganz schön klaustrophobisch werden. +und ich beschloss, dass das einzige mittel gegen diesen zustand, ein schwer erreichbarer traum sei, ein extremer traum, den zu verfolgen äußerste überzeugung und unerschütterliche leidenschaft bedürfte, etwas, das mich zu meinem besten selbst in jedem aspekt meines lebens machen würde, zu jeder minute jeden tages, denn der traum war so groß, dass ich ihn ohne diese einstellung und überzeugung nicht erreichen konnte. +die navigation is schwierig. +ich konnte es nicht erwarten, den fantastischen geist auszulösen. +und jeder dieser stachel überträgt dieses gift in das zentrale nevensystem. +und ich schwamm durch die nacht, und auch noch durch den nächsten tag. +und ein kleines kind ganz hinten machte so. +ja. +danke. danke. +und was ist mit schlaf? +dies ist ein gerät, das nicht nur den herzrhythmus misst, wie sie bereits gesehen haben, es kann noch viel mehr. +das sieht so aus. +in der regel sind es 90 prozent. also, sie sagen mir, sie schlafen besser als erwartet. +so, diabetes ist eine der großen krankheiten. +es gibt zwei dinge, die diesen ganzen prozess wirklich beschleunigen können. +so, ich hoffe, ich habe sie davon überzeugt -- die auswirkungen auf die krankenhausressorcen sind enorm und die auswirkungen auf krankheiten sind ebenso beeindruckend in allen diesen verschiedenen krankheiten und mehr. +wie schaffen wir stabile gesellschaften? langlebigkeit. +und man beginnt nachzudenken über sich selbst und seine erinnerungen, und bevor man zurück in die versenkung geht verändert man seine erinnerung und man verändert seine persönlichkeit und so weiter. +und natürlich, wir sind nicht verantwortlich für die konsequenzen für das was wir gerade tun, oderr? wie diese ganzen bedenken ums klonen. +dankeschön. +und ich zeige ihnen, was wir entwickelt haben. +also kann man genauso viel sorgfalt und technik verwenden um einen hamburger zu machen, wie bei einem deutlich kulinarischerem gericht. +das ist wie in einem hollywoodfilm, wenn ein mensch an seilen in der luft schwebt, und digital die seile entfernt werden, so dass er fliegt. +die region, die aussieht wie ein horn nennen wir "sweet spot". +und weil viele menschen mythbusters und csi anschauen dachte ich mir, nehmen wir ein rezept für ballistische gelatine mit auf. +aber vielleicht hilft es, wenn ich ihm ein loch in den kopf bohre. " +wer würde sich so was denn schon antun? +die laparoskopie macht diese art von operation möglich. eine operation mit langen instrumenten durch kleine einschnitte. +und jetzt, im gegensatz zur laparoskopie, kann man die nadel genau im instrument platzieren, und man kann sie ganz durchführen und ihr in ihrer laufbahn folgen. +und sie müssen alles neu einstellen. +wir können das drehbuch für die nächste revolution in der chirurgie schreiben. +wir können die krankheit heilen. +wir stellten fest, wenn plastikmüll einmal auf der deponie ist, ist er wegen seiner ähnlichen dichte schwer sortierbar, und wenn er mit organischen stoffen und bauschutt vermischt wird, ist es wahrlich unmöglich, ihn herauszusuchen und umweltbewusst zu entsorgen. +phtalate verschmutzen nicht nur unsere umwelt, sie verschmutzen auch unseren körper. +das bedeutet, dass unsere bakterien tatsächlich von den phtalaten lebten. +danke. jy: danke. +aber menschen leben auf dieses land. +das ist eine ungewöhnliche installation von flughafensitzen. +die frühre versionen haben ein "x" gestell. das mögen die sammler. +das ist ein film, von dem wir schon vieles gehört haben. +jetzt schauen wir uns einen anderen film an. +also, "ich sah viele züge und bin auch mit einem gefahren. +und da sind eine ganze menge spassige dinge. das ist das museum der parkbank. +es geht darum wie man probleme angeht. und da ist diese grosse, wunderschöne gemeinsamkeit zwischen design, das wirtschaftsleben und die welt. +das ist das, was wir alle tun müssen. +es war überwältigend. +aber wenn sich korruption einschleicht und menschen nicht mehr die möglichkeit haben, von einem rechtsstaat beschützt zu werden und man gewalt benutzen kann, wenn man gewalt strafffrei benutzen kann, dann kann man die schwachen einsammeln und versklaven. +dies ist also das szenario, auf das wir kapital setzen sollten. +diese kleinen jungen sind in nepal. +befreiung kostet aber auch geld. +kinder, die aus der fischereiindustrie in ghana befreit wurden, werden mit ihren eltern wieder vereint und dann mit den eltern zurück in ihr dorf gebracht, um dort ihren wirtschaftlichen wohlstand wieder aufzubauen, so dass sie gegen verskalvung abgesichert sind. absolut nicht mehr versklavbar. +aber erst seit kurzem können wir, dank technischer fortschritte, nun die quanten-levitation und die quanten-arretierung demonstrieren. +zuerst sind einige bündel von magnetfeldlinien im inneren gefangen, aber der supraleiter mag es nicht, wenn sie sich bewegen, da ihre bewegungen energie verbrauchen, und so die supraleitung stören. +diesen runden magneten kann ich natürlich auch erweitern, um ein beliebiges gleis zu formen. +und es war inspiriert von diesem zitat von douglas adams. die situation ist aus "per anhalter durch die galaxis". +aber egal, ich bekam meinen koffer voll eisenerz und brachte ihn mit dem zug zurück nach london, wo ich mit dem problem konfrontiert wurde: okay, wie mache ich aus diesem stein bauteile für einen toaster? +und das letzte material über das ich heute reden werde, ist plastik. und natürlich musste mein toaster eine plastikhülle bekommen. +das ist er ohne gehäuse. +als ich student am mit war, teilten wir uns alle einen einzigen computer, der ein gesamtes gebäude einnahm. +wir haben sie also aktualisiert, so dass ich sie nun bis zum jahr 2007 zeigen kann. +kommunikationstechnologien: es gibt 50 verschiedene arten das hier zu messen. die anzahl der bits, die bewegt werden, die größe des internets. +und wir werden anfangen, unsere gesundheit und unsere intelligenz damit zu beeinflussen, je weiter wir uns diesen technologien nähern. +es geschah in einer gegend names wellawatta, einer erstklassigen wohngegend in colombo. +noch stunden später war das meer meilenweit mit holzteilen übersät -- das alles kam von den häusern des slums. +1. stimme: es kommt zurück. eine neue welle. +und sie bietet wirklich interessante möglichkeiten, um eine ganze reihe von aktionen in der zukunft zu organisieren. +es ist sehr einfach, sich in die dezentralisierte, von unten nach oben struktur des internets zu verlieben. +es gibt dieses berühmte beispiel von einem kreis, der 366 meter lang war und zwei tage lang andauerte, die ameisen wanderten einfach immer im kreis herum bis sie irgendwann starben. +ich kann aber nicht aufhören, an diese jungen leute ohne arme zu denken. +ich zeige ihnen gleich jemanden, der mit dem ding ein paar einfache bewegungen macht, die wir auch in washington vorgeführt haben. bitte film ab! +alles begann, als sich zwei wissenschaftler, fred grassle und jesse ausubel, in woods hole, massachusetts, trafen, als beide zu gast im berühmten ozeanographischen institut weilten. +und damit wurde es möglich, fisch haltbar zu machen und über lange strecken zu transportieren. +und so war eines der mittel, mit dem wir den ozean erkundeten, die akustik, also schallwellen. +was sie fanden, war falsch etikettierter fisch. +das ist etwas, das wir bereits seit einer weile wissen, also nicht weiter bahnbrechend. +das interessante an ihm ist, dass wissenschaftler, die an der erfassung teilnahmen, vor ein paar jahren entdeckten, dass dieser kleine kerl in sauerstoffarmen sedimenten in den tiefen des mittelmeers leben kann. +also haben wir noch eine menge arbeit vor uns, was das unbekannte angeht. +und die ozeane sind so produktiv, es passiert so viel dort, das für menschen wichtig ist, das wir unbedingt, selbst aus einer eigennützigen perspektive, besser machen müssen als bisher. +und wir tun etwas anderes als das, was wir in der vergangenheit getan hat. wir fügen ein minimum von intelligenz da hin. +wissen sie, ich kenne mich so schlecht mit technik aus, dass ich meine tochter – die jetzt 41 ist – als sie fünf war, zufällig zu einer freundin sagen hörte, "wenn es nicht blutet, wenn du es schneidest, dann versteht mein papa es nicht." +die indo-europäische wurzel des wortes hoffnung ist ein stamm, k-e-u – wir würden es k-e-u buchstabieren, es wird koy ausgesprochen – und es ist dieselbe wurzel, von dem das wort bogen stammt. +und ich denke, das werden auf die länge die elemente des menschlichen geistes sein, über die wir nach und nach von so vielen rednern gehört haben. +wir sind, oder sollten es sein, moralisch dazu verpflichtet, der heiler der welt zu sein. +nun, das stimmt nicht ganz. sie können das auch durch schwitzen machen. +aber warum ist die obere frage so einfach und die untere so schwer? +man sendet einen befehl, der eine muskelkontraktion auslöst. +was sind das für vorstellungen? +und was die bayes-regel aussagt, ist, dass man die anzahl im roten mit der anzahl im grünen multiplizieren sollte, um die anzahl der gelben zu erhalten, die die ellipsen aufweisen, und das ist meine überzeugung. +nun gibt es einen guten grund dafür zu glauben, dass sie in der lage sein wollen externe von internen vorgängen zu unterscheiden. +wenn man von 0,1 auf 0,2 geht, wird es zum ende immer kitzliger +wir begannen mit einem motor mit einem kleinen hebel, und kleiner kraftübertragung. +also muss ich jede menge entscheidungen treffen. +wenn ich mich anders bewege – rechts zum beispiel – dann gibt es einen anderen befehl, ein anderes rauschen, das durch unser lärmsystem läuft – ziemlich kompliziert. +man muss das sehvermögen mit der erkenntnis untersuchen, wie das bewegungssystem das sehen nutzt. +und ja, der rote planet ist rot. +hier sind einige der jüngsten bilder. +und was wir hier sehen ist das auftreten des gases methan, ch4, in der marsatmosphäre. +in der südhalbkugel gibt es einschlagkrater, es gibt vulkankrater. +wir werden dort fliegen, wo das methan ist. +wir glauben, dass wir mit einem einstündigen flug die lehrbücher über den mars umschreiben können, indem wir hochauflösende messungen der atmosphäre vornehmen, wobei wir nach gasen biogener und vulkanischer herkunft suchen, die oberfläche studieren, den magnetismus auf der oberfläche studieren, den wir nicht verstehen, und außerdem ungefähr ein dutzend andere gebiete. +wenn sie an weiteren informationen interessiert sind haben wir eine website, die diese aufregende und faszinierende mission beschreibt, und warum wir sie durchführen wollen. +ich dann so: "yeah. +dann muss du bemerken, das wenn die lego unterstützen cad programme nicht genug sind, dort ist ein open- source unabhängiges lego cad program mit dem man 3d modelle und 3d wiedergaben machen kann, in der tat, filme von lego 3d filme bei denen tausende auf youtube sind. und dort sind gibst einige nachgemachte bekannte filme. und einige haben absolut gleichen inhalt. nur bewundernswert und leute machen alle möglichen filme. +ich habe große angst. ich glaube nicht, dass wir es schaffen werden. +und sehen sie, was walmart gemacht hat. +aber der nutzen ist enorm. +kalifornien produziert nur sieben prozent der co2-emissionen der usa. +jedes jahr sterben eine halbe million menschen an einer gänzlich vermeidbaren krankheit: malaria. 6.000 menschen sterben täglich, +davon wurden nur 0,2% der einnahmen in forschung und entwicklung investiert. +das könnte die größte wirtschaftliche gelegenheit des 21. jahrhunderts sein. +jeder punkt ist eine person. +denn, wie ich sagte, leben wir in netzwerken und diese netzwerke haben eine bestimmte art struktur. +wenn wir also etwas verfolgen wollen, das sich in einem netzwerk ausbreitet, würden wir idealerweise sensoren auf den zentralen personen im netzwerk einrichten, inklusive knoten a, die leute beobachten, die genau da in der mitte des netzwerks sind, und irgendwie eine früherkennung bekommen von dem, was sich da auch immer im netzwerk verbreitet. +wir dachten also, wir würden diese idee nutzen, um zu prüfen, ob wir phänomene in netzwerken vorhersagen können. +und die größe der punkte wird proportional dazu sein, wie viele ihrer freunde die grippe haben. +die antwort ist nein. +und es gibt, denke ich, drei arten auf die diese massiv-passiven daten genutzt werden können. +während der letzten 7 jahre bin ich meiner faszination für die gebaute umwelt gefolgt, und alle, die mich kennen, würden sagen, dass diese leidenschaft mich dazu veranlasst hat, 365 tage im jahr aus dem koffer zu leben. +und es gibt sogar eine kirche. +heute leben in diesem gebiet ungefähr 50.000 - 70.000 menschen, die in dieser selbsterbauten gemeinschaft von mehrstöckigen häusern leben, wo bis zu drei generationen in einer einheit leben. +in eine region, die berühmt ist für ihre weichen, porösen lößböden, lebten bis vor kurzem ungefähr 40 mio. menschen in diesen unterirdischen häusern. +sie wissen wie es ausging, spencer tracy besorgte einen computer, einen großrechner von 1957, um den bibliothekaren zu helfen. +rechts sind einige tugs einer firma namens aethon in pittsburgh. +eine person, die mit dem roboter interagiert, begreift, wohin er greifen wird und wird von seinen bewegungen nicht überrascht. +mildred ist eine fabrikarbeiterin in connecticut. +und anders betrachtet, gibt es immer mehr menschen im rentenalter, da die geburtenstarken jahrgänge das rentenalter erreichen. +das system misst die flugzeit des strahls und zeichnet auf, wie lange das licht braucht um auf eine oberfläche zu treffen und zurückzukehren. +und das hier ist der flug durch die punktwolke für tikal. und hier sehen sie das rendering und mit fototextur der fotos, die wir vor ort machen. +letzten märz erreichte uns dann eine sehr traurige nachricht. +ben kacyra: antike wunder in 3d erfasst +wir wurden über den holocaust in den schulen informiert. +sie werden direkt zu ihrem kongresszuständigen weitergeleitet, zu ihrem us senator, zu ihrem gouvernour, wo die gesetzgebung zum kapitalabzug ansteht. +europäische regierungen haben sich größtenteils nicht zur verantwortung bekannt, und es gibt nichts wogegen man steuern und druck ausüben könnte. +er war wie bobby kennedy, weil man nie sagen konnte, ob er ein realist war, der sich als idealist ausgab oder ein idealist, der sich als realist ausgab, so wie viele sich das oft von bobby kennedy und john kennedy fragten. +aber, oh, die mörder sind in den lagern. +du bist herrenlos. +blende die geschichte nicht aus. lass deine prinzipien nicht an der tür zurück. +der vierte und letzte punkt: weil er an den schrecklichsten orten der welt arbeitete, hatte er natürlich eine demut, ein bewusstsein für die komplexität der welt um ihn herum. +einige sind angetrieben von mitgefühl, denken, dass es vielleicht eines der grundlegenden handlungen der menschheit sei. +vor 100 jahren wussten wir es nicht. +trotzdem, muss in vielen orten, jedes dritte kind, sobald sie drei jahre alt sind, elend in ihren leben erfahren aufgrund dessen, was ich genannt habe. +und solche arten von technologie haben das potential das bild von hunger und nahrung, unterernährung an den frontlinien zu verändern. +vor zwei jahren beschlossen wir die art der bekämpfung von hunger zu verändern, anstatt ihnen lebensmittel als hilfe zu geben, lagern wir sie in bunker. +es ist eine win-win-win situation, die die lebensmittelwirtschaft in 's rollen bringt. +die world bank schätzt, dass es etwa 10 millarden dollar, 10,3, kosten würde, um die fehlernährung in diesen ländern zu bekämpfen. +das hier ist eine erstaunliche tabelle. +je älter man wird, desto häufiger wird es. +warum? weil wir wissen, was sie haben, und wir wissen, wie es zu behandeln ist, obwohl wir hierzulande keinen impfstoff herstellen können, aber das ist eine andere geschichte. +und ich glaube, dass dies das fundamentale problem der letzten 50 jahre war, dass wir verstehen wollten, was krebs ist. +und so, wenn sie sich krebs als ein system denken, gibt es da einen input und einen output und in der mitte einen zustand. +wenn ich einer frau mit brustkrebs alle drei wochen ein medikament namens taxol gebe, das ist standard, haben etwa 40 prozent der frauen mit metastatischem krebs eine großartige reaktion auf das medikament. +also statt einer reduktionistischen sichtweise treten wir einen schritt zurück. +das problem ist nur, wenn ich ihr arzt bin und heute ihren ct-scan bekomme, und sie eine zwei cm große geschwulst in ihrer leber haben, und sie in drei monaten wiederkommen, und jetzt sind es drei cm, hat das medikament ihnen geholfen oder nicht? +und so werden wir als onkologen nicht mehr unmengen von papier in den akten haben, sondern einen datenfluss, der ungefähr so aussehen wird, wobei dieser tropfen blut gigabytes an daten erzeugt. +die meisten von uns finden das beruhigend, und interessanterweise sind 12 schwingungen pro minute ungefähr die atem-frequenz eines schlafenden menschen. +wenn ich beispielsweise das hier - - länger als ein paar sekunden laufen ließe, würden sie sich unwohl fühlen; länger als ein paar minuten, und sie würden den saal in scharen verlassen. +das haben alle erkannt.. und das ist die melodie, die zur zeit am häufigsten in der welt zu hören ist, +und ich stand dort mit zwei sehr guten freunden von mir, richard weber und kevin vallely. +wir würden also eine live webseite haben, jeden einzelnen der 33 tage würden wir bloggen, geschichten von, sie wissen schon, aufgebrauchtem sauerstoff erzählen, der uns zwingt unsere gesichter zu bedecken oder wir verbrennen. +das ich der extrem-ausdaue-typ bin? +ich liebe nachttauchgänge. man kann dann eine ganze menge anderer fische sehen als tagsüber. +egal wo auf der welt man lebt. +wir können mit google earth sogar herumschwimmen und die buckelwale besuchen. +wir töten mit langleinen von gut und gerne 80 kilometern, an denen alle paar meter köderhaken hängen, +und 1972 begannen die usa, ein gegenstück im meer einzurichten, die nationalen meeresschutzgebiete. +aber, alles ist egal, wenn wir es nicht schaffen, die meere zu schützen. +ohne insekten gäbe es keine blühenden pflanzen. +auf dem kopf haben sie noch einen satz augen. +eine maus hat tausendmal mehr nervenzellen als eine fliege. +das sind die beiden konzepte, die ich erforschen möchte. +diese versuchsanordung hat eine meiner postdoktoranden, gaby maimon, jetzt an der rockefeller university, entwickelt. es ist eigentlich ein flugsimulator, bei dem man eine elektrode im gehirn der fliege anbringen kann und dann eine aufzeichnung einer genetisch identifizierten nervenzelle machen kann +zum ersten, es ist unerlässlich das menschliche gehirn zu verstehen, wenn wir als gesellschaft zurechtkommen wollen, und ich denke das ist ein wichtiger schritt in evolution. +also kann ich mit gewisser sicherheit sagen, dass "ich denke, also bin ich." +wir packen sie nur in säulen, so dass wir mehr neokortikalen säulen besitzen, um komplexere funktionen durchzuführen. +und das machten wir für tausende von neuronen, bauten digitale modelle für alle verschiedenen typen von neuronen welche wir antrafen. +und wenn wir das machen, was wir entdeckt haben, ist, dass der schaltkreis sich verändert. +nun, wenn man das das erste mal sieht, fragt man sich, "oh mein gott. wie kann aus dem realität hervorkommen?" +das ereignete sich in meiner kindheit -- 1957 bis 1965. +"das raumschiffprojekt hat offiziell begonnen. die arbeit wartet auf sie. dyson." +das sind 3 pfund ladungen c4. das ist ungefähr 10 mal soviel, wie der typ in seinen schuhen hatte. +das ist eine version für 20 männer, um zum jupiter zu gelangen: kojen, schutzbunker, übungsraum. +sie wissen, ich weiß nicht wieviele sie davon lesen. aber es macht keinen spaß sie zu lesen und oft keinen spaß zu schreiben sogar schlimmer zu schreiben. +ich denke das ist einfach faszinierend. +sehr sehr schwer. +ihre organe jemand anders geben hat wahrscheinlich damit zu tun wieviel einem die gesellschaft wert ist, wie verbunden sie sind. +interessanter weise, wenn menschen das bekommen, kreuzen sie wieder nicht an. aber jetzt nehmen sie teil. +dies ist eine abhandlung von redelmeier und schaefer. +es gibt eine weitere entscheidung. +ein print abo für 125. +und weil wir unseren präferenzen nicht so gut kennen sind wir anfällig für all diese einflüssen von externen kräften. die standards, die speziellen optionen die uns präsentiert werden. und so weiter. +die gute seite ist, denke ich, eine art des grundes dafür dass verhaltensökonomie interessant und aufregend ist. +sie sind knapp, teuer und wir haben nur ein gewisses spektrum von ihnen. +und schließlich gibt es die radiowellen, deren probleme ich bereits genannt habe. +das ist eine grundlegende eigenschaft, die wir mit unserer technologie ausnutzen. +und denken sich: "ha ha ha, +und ich habe über die verfügbarkeit gesprochen. +und dann gibt es noch millionen von straßenlaternen auf der welt. +sie haben schon einmal was von dna gehört, vielleicht in biologie. +was für komplexe und wunderbare dinge man nur mit einer eins und einer null kreieren kann. +dann wurde james watsons genom – einer der gründer der dna – für zwei millionen dollar und in nur zwei monaten sequenziert. +ein architekt viel besser und klüger als wir hat uns diese werkzeuge gegeben, und jetzt können wir sie auch benutzen. +man könnte sich viele dinge vorstellen: +er gab die beste antwort auf diese frage: » tja, irgendjemand muss es ja tun. « +ich schnuppere das hinterteil dieses hundes, das herrchen ruft, +und was man erkennen kann ist, dass eine sehr rangniedere hündin ohne weiteres einen knochen einem ranghohen rüden vorenthalten kann. +und so nutzen wir den futter-köder in der hand, und wir nutzen futter, weil wir es mit besitzern zu tun haben. +also machen wir "sitz", auf die couch, "sitz", bauch streicheln, "sitz", schau, ich werfe einen tennisball, "sitz", begrüß den anderen hund. +sie denken, eine strafe ist etwas böses. +ihr kopf ist jetzt 100 meter weiter weg, er fliegt durch die luft, ok? +eine häßliches gesicht ist das -- wenn man auge in auge mit einem welpen oder kind ist, und dann sagt "was machst du! jetzt hör auf, hör auf hör auf!" +sie ist es wirklich. +in seiner rede bei der eg konferenz 2007 fordert ian dunbar uns dazu auf, die welt mit den augen unserer geliebten hunde zu sehen. indem wir uns in die perspektive unserer haustiere versetzen, können wir ihre liebe und ihr vertrauen gewinnen und festigen. es handelt sich dabei um eine botschaft, die auch außerhalb der tierwelt auf resonanz stößt. +und woraus hast du es gemacht? +wk: ja, ich will noch eines bauen -- um wasser zu pumpen und die pflanzen zu bewässern. +im grunde genommen ist es ein song über schleifen, aber nicht die art von schleifen, die ich hier erschaffe. +und das ist die frage, die dieser song stellt. +jedes mal, wenn ich tschechow lese und seine einzigartige sicht des menschlichen lebens, erinnert mich das daran, warum auch ich autor wurde. +was ist mit größeren zahlen? +ich bin sicher, das ist viel einfacher, als einen die schule mathematik gelernt hat. +der hase selber, das tier – keine katze, kein hund, ein hase – warum ein hase? +wie sind wir zur einzigen spezie geworden, die wohlhabender wird, während sie zahlreicher wird? +und genau diese kombination, diese kumulative technologie, fasziniert mich. denn ich glaube, dass darin das geheimnis liegt, wenn man verstehen möchte, was in der welt vor sich geht. +es gibt keinen austausch von ideen zwischen ihnen. +damit haben sie siebeneinhalb sekunden wohlstand erzielt; seit 1950 sozusagen. denn in diesen siebeneinhalb sekunden können sie etwas anderes tun. oder sie können eine andere ware oder dienstleistung erwerben. +wir können uns spezialisieren und austauschen, um unseren lebensstandard gegenseitig zu erhöhen. +und so erhöhen beide seiten durch geschlechtsspezifische arbeitsteilung gegenseitig ihre lebensstandards. +und das wird zu spezialisierung geführt haben. +die person am fließband weiß es nicht, denn sie weiß nicht, wie man nach einer ölquelle bohrt, um das öl zu gewinnen, aus dem plastik gemacht wird, und so weiter. +bei meiner arbeit geht es um verhaltensweisen, die wir auf einer kollektiven ebene, alle unbewusst an den tag legen. +und seitdem sind es mehr geworden, wir haben aber die zahlen noch nicht. +und darum geht es in dem nächsten werk. +bei dem versuch, diese perspektive zu errichten und uns über das enorme wesen unserer kultur aufzuklären versuchen, müssen wir mit diesen riesigen zahlen arbeiten. die zahlen haben millionenhöhe, hunderte von millionen, milliarden und mittlerweile auch billionen. +sie sehen hier die außenhülle des virus, das gelbe sind die teile des virus, die sich sehr schnell entwickeln, während die blauen teile recht langsam sind. +aber eigentlich ist sie recht robust. +es gibt nur 102, weil es irgendwann langweilig wurde, sie zu sammeln. jedes jahr gibt es neue. +schön, aber auch wieder ein billiger trick, oder? +wir stellten diese piepser in der klinik auf. +ich meine, sie taten alles für diese frau. +aus diesem signal lese ich, dass männer mit einer mutation dieses virusabwehrenzyms und einem tumor häufig -- in 40 prozent der fälle -- eine signatur mit neuem retrovirus aufweisen. +joe derisis viroscan lüftet medizinische rätsel +das ist die erste batterie – ein stapel münzen, zink und silber, getrennt durch einen, in einer salzlösung getränkten karton. +das elektrolyt ist nicht eine wasser-salz-lösung, sondern eher geschmolzenes salz. +das ist echt cool, zumindest theoretisch. +vor 1,5 jahren also haben david und ich gemeinsam mit einem weiteren teammitglied eine firma gegründet, um unsere fortschritte zu beschleunigen und schneller ein produkt herstellen zu können. +donald sadoway: erneuerbare energien: das fehlende glied +ich möchte daher kurz erzählen, wie alles begann. +habt ihr das gold gefunden? +dinge, bei denen man über ideen stolpert wie das kopernikanische prinzip, das fermi-paradoxon, das anthropische prinzip, den ursprung des lebens. +spieler werden aufgefordert, in diesem spiel sehr kreativ zu sein. +das ist der planet, auf dem wir bis jetzt gespielt haben. +all unsere ozeane verdampfen von der oberfläche und da die hitze ansteigt, wird irgendwann unser ganzer planet schmelzen. +so entsteht dieses wunderschöne glitzernde, sich langsam drehende ding, es sähe ungefähr so aus. es soll hier diese schönheit der natürlichen welt näher gebracht werden, auf eine sehr kreative art und weise, damit jeder seine intuition kalibrieren kann im hinblick auf die weiten von raum und zeit. +sogar bei der bbc und der new york times. +sie tun es, wenn sie ständig über macht verfügen. und auch wenn sie sich während eines moments mächtig fühlen. +in business schools ist dieser geschlechts- spezifische notenunterschied ein problem. +wahrscheinlich nicht, oder? man will die person, die leistungsstark, bestimmend und dominant ist, und dabei mit stress umgehen kann. eine entspannte person. +zwei minuten führen zu diesen hormonellen veränderungen, die ihr gehirn derart umgestalten, dass sie entweder bestimmt, selbstbewusst sind und sich wohlfühlen, oder dass sie sehr stressanfällig sind und sie das gefühl haben, keine energie zu haben. wir alle kennen das gefühl, oder? +generell schätzen wir diese menschen sehr viel positiver ein. " +in der nacht vor meiner rede im ersten jahr, diese präsentation in princeton dauert 20 minuten und findet vor 20 zuhörern statt. mehr nicht. +zwei minuten, zwei minuten, zwei minuten. +sie spazieren also im wald oder auf einer wiese und sehen eine ameise, wie sie einen grashalm hochklettert. +viele menschen haben ihr leben für den kommunismus gelassen, und viele für den kapitalismus. +welche theorien wollen wir also heranziehen, um ihn zu untersuchen? +nicht aus silikon. +es gibt noch weitere parasiten, die ihren wirt sterilisieren. +sie sind keine große sache für uns. +früher ging es beim dirigieren und beim musizieren weniger um vertrauen und, ehrlich gesagt, mehr um nötigung. +ich muss sagen, damals konnte ich den vogel nicht einmal finden, wirklich. +sie lesen die musik nicht. +haben sie es gehört? +gut gemacht, meine damen und herren. +lyn: wenn ich musiziere, fühle ich mich wie eine pilotin im cockpit, die ein flugzeug fliegt. +mein onkel ed schenkte mir einen wunderhübschen blauen pullover -- zumindest hielt ich ihn für sehr schön. +wir konzentrierten uns auf ein geschäftsmodell, wir bestanden auf persönlichem einsatz. +sie sind farmer und fabrikarbeiter. +schätzungen zufolge verliert afrika rund 13 milliarden dollar im jahr wegen dieser krankheit. +sie führt zwei der produktionslinien und hat schon genug geld gespart, um eine anzahlung auf ihr haus zu leisten. +nun, die drei söhne begannen zu verhandeln. +wie gehen wir mit unseren größten streitigkeiten um, in anbetracht der menschlichen neigung zu konflikten und des menschlichen genies, waffen mit enormer zerstörungskraft zu erfinden? +und wir können eine unglaublich konstruktive rolle spielen. +jetzt möchte ich sie für einen moment mitnehmen zu dem, was überwiegend als der schwierigste konflikt dieser welt oder als der unlösbarste konflikt angesehen wird, zum mittleren osten. +nun, als anthropologen wissen wir, dass jede kultur ihre ursprungsgeschichte hat. +und das ist es, was zu dem ersten schritt hier führt. +lassen sie mich ihnen eine frage stellen. +und genau darum geht es. +aber sie haben es dank einer gemeinsamen identität - europa - und einer gemeinsamen wirtschaft geschafft. +natalie macmaster fiedelt die geige im reel-takt +als erstes ging der arzt für 6 monate fort, und er begann mit der ausarbeitung von 9 gesundheitszielen, die wir anstrebten. +ihnen und ihren kindern geht es gut. +das ist unser durchschnittliches budget. +sie machen alle aspekte der arbeit. +sie konnten die fliegen fangen und zu ihm nach perth schicken. +ich frage sie: ist das beseitigung von armut? +wenn ich meine arbeit mache, hassen mich die leute. +und zweitens: mich interessiert nicht das wort, mich interessiert, wie sie es benutzen. +ich sage nicht, dass es leicht ist. +alles begann mit samen in einem klassenraum, bei mir, der so aussieht. +was taten wir dann? ich traf nette menschen, wie sie, die uns in die hamptons einluden. +das ist ein bild vom bürgermeister der bronx, der die kinder in seinem haus empfing, nicht im gefängnis, sodass sie sich zugehörig fühlten. +wir gaben etwas zurück. +wollen sie ihren gaumen zu erweitern, erweitern sie ihren wortschatz. +wenn man kinder mit unterschiedlicher herkunft nimmt, und so was besonderes macht, dann schaffen wir einen moment. +sie können das alle tun. +sí se puede! +bei dem schwein war hier die nulllinie, bevor wir ihm zur simulation eines herzanfalls eine arterie blockierten. +hier war es. donnerstag früh setzten wir die medikation ab. hier wird das kardiogramm, das signal aus seinem herzen, über radiotelemetrie ausgegeben. +das ist die erste erfindung, die ich beschreiben wollte. +stacy sager: aber für christina sidebottom ist alles, was migräne verhindern kann, einen versuch wert. +dieses bild ist wahrscheinlich besser. +ein signal im gehirn, das störungen verursacht, könnten wir als auslöser einer elektrische stimulation betrachten, wie bei der epilepsie. +jeder weiß, dass wir mit visuellen dingen besser umgehen können, die der patient interaktiv bedienen kann, wo man ein video sehen kann, und selbst gefilmt wird, und man knöpfe drücken kann. verstanden? nein, hab ich nicht. +und dafür gibt es eine softwareentwickler-gruppe bestehend aus menschen aus ganz afrika, aus ghana, aus malawi, aus kenia. +das sieht man auch bei twitter. man bekommt dadurch eine ungebremste informationsflut. +nachdem er starb, bemerkte ich, dass niemand mir mehr schreibt. +es gibt tatsächlich so viele verschiedene resonanzpunkte, dass es schwierig wird, sie alle anzusprechen, aber ich werde mein bestes geben. +stellen sie es sich als riesiges itunes vor, für buchähnliche inhalte. +firmen wie national instruments integrieren mächtige interaktive simulationen in die materialien. das geht weit über das normale lehrbuch hinaus, hin zu einer erfahrung, dass man mit allen lehrmaterialien wirklich interagieren und mit ihnen spielen kann. somit lernt man durch praktische anwendung. +was wir hier sehen, ist die verschiebung dieses brenn- oder veröffentlichungsprozesses vom alltäglichen einzelnen autor zu gemeinschaftlich erstellten materialien, die in module aufgeteilt, auf individuelle kurse abgestimmt und nach bedarf zu geringen kosten herausgegeben werden. sie werden entweder über amazon vertrieben oder direkt über einen bedarfsverleger wie coop. +die lehrer unter uns, jeder der gelehrt hat, weiß, dass es beim lehren in wirklichkeit um verbindungen geht. +wir reden hier nicht von harry potter. +und wenn sie die nachrichten verfolgt haben, dann stand da tatsächlcih letzte woche, dass ich das media lab verlassen hätte. +und es geht dabei um zwei anektoden – eine war in kambodscha, in einem dorf, das weder strom, noch wasser, fernsehen oder ein telefon hatte, aber jetzt über internet mit breitbandverbindung verfügt. +wir interessieren uns für große, helle displays. +es ist der rest – der kleinen braunen kasten – der ziemlich faszinierend ist, denn der rest ihres laptops ist sich selbst gewidmet. +ist all das bereits ausgearbeitet? nein. +dem gesetz zufolge muss man ein angebot unterbreiten und so weiter und so fort. +weil es keinen markt für post-lkws gibt. +und wenn er am ende bei 138 dollar herauskommt, was soll 's? +wir können dort alles hineinpacken, was wir wollen, und sie werden nicht schwerer und dann können wir was auch immer wieder herausnehmen. +und ich sagte: "ich will das machen." +das sind die menschen, zu denen sie in diesem moment zugriff haben, im allgemeinen -- all diese menschen, all ihre freunde und familienmitglieder, mit denen sie in kontakt treten können. +ich möchte sie auf eine reise mitnehmen. +in ressourcenreichen ländern werden dank der modernen test- und behandlungsmöglichkeiten weniger als 2% der kinder hiv-positiv geboren. 98% der kinder sind bei der geburt hiv-negativ. +die frauen kommen wegen der behandlung, aber wir wissen, ein test und die verabreichung eines medikaments sind nicht genug. +ihr baby wird nicht infiziert sein. " +zweitens, die mütter gesund und am leben zu halten. die kinder am leben halten. keine waisen mehr. +sie war von einer klientin um einen hausbesuch gebeten worden, weil diese ihrer mutter und ihren geschwister von ihrer hiv-infektion erzählen wollte und angst hatte, es alleine zu machen. +wir habe uns entschieden, gesundheitsvorsorge neu zu definieren als arzt, pfleger oder mentorin. +mütter mit hiv kümmern sich um mütter mit hiv. +er ist beim menschen proportional wesentlich größer als bei anderen spezies, und an zahlreichen hohen kognitiven funktionen beteiligt, wie etwa entscheidungsfindung, planung, was man morgen, nächste woche oder nächstes jahr tut; blockierung unangemessenen verhaltens, es hindert einen etwas wirklich unhöfliches oder dummes zu sagen. +es gibt drei lastwagen. man nimmt instinktiv den weißen, denn das ist der oberste lkw aus ihrer sicht. aber sie werden sich erinnern: "oh, er sieht ihn nicht, also sollte ich den blauen laster bewegen", der oberste aus seiner perspektive. glauben sie es oder nicht, normale, gesunde, intelligente erwachsene wie sie machen in der hälfte der zeit fehler bei diesen tests. +aber jetzt versuchen wir das hinsichtlich der entwicklung einer gehirnregion namens limbisches system zu verstehen. ich zeige ihnen das limbische system, in rot auf der folie hinter mir und auf dem gehirn. +er besaß eine firma für verchromung und sie mussten schwere stahlteile zwischen chemikalienbehältern transportieren. also brauchte er einen industrieroboter wie diesen hier, der die schwerstarbeit übernehmen konnte. +aber ich wusste, was er meinte, denn es wäre möglich, ein paar bilder von blumen in einem garten in ein computersystem einzufügen, damit es so aussah, als wäre dort ein echter roboter, obwohl keiner da ist. +als sie gerade auf die bühne laufen wollte, hätten die tele-regisseure immer noch versucht, sich auf etwas zu einigen, also sei sie einfach auf die bühne gelaufen und hätte gemacht, was sich am natürlichsten anfühlte. +diese menschlichen demonstrationen, alle unruhig und mangelhaft, und wir gewinnen aus ihnen eine abgeleitete aufgabenbahn und steuersequenz für den roboter. +je mehr roboter in unser alltägliches leben eingebunden werden, desto mehr müssen wir uns damit auseinandersetzen, was es bedeutet, mensch zu sein. bei tedxberkeley teilt ken goldberg vier sehr menschliche lektionen, die er durch seine arbeit mit robotern gelernt hat. +es wird sogar gesagt, dass wir im kollektiven bewusstsein afrikas die tiefsten teile unserer eigenen menschlichkeit erleben können, indem wir mit anderen interagieren. +und daran war für mich etwas so wunderbar afrikanisches, ein winziges haus mit einem riesigen herz. +so wie ich das wasser verlasse, erreicht solly eine untiefe, einen kanal zwischen uns. +in unser reservat kam sie aus einem reservat, das östlich von uns auf ihrer wanderroute lag. +und während ubuntu eine afrikanische idee ist, ist die essenz dieses wertes doch: "hier erfunden". +vor ein paar wochen bekam kaesava einen kleinen jungen namens rehan. +vielleicht ist der gedächtnisverlust so entscheidend für unser überleben als menschen. +wenn ich an die zukunft denke, sehe ich mich nie in der zeit nach vorn bewegen. ich stelle mir vor, dass sich die zeit rückwärts auf mich zubewegt. +ich fügte sogar geschichten meiner großmutter ein. +zugegeben, auch ich war so ein kind. +dass es bereits ein bewegung gibt, die nach besseren lösungen sucht. +birke baehr: was mit unserer lebensmittelindustrie nicht stimmt +wie sie sehen können, nimmt die steigende linie in den 60er und 70er jahren die form der kelle eines hockeyschlägers an. jetzt verläuft das ganze auf einer etwas gleichmäßigeren bahn. +unterwasserberge sind wichtig für die artenvielfalt. +was ist nun der kontext der phoenixinseln? +ich würde gern zurückfahren und unsere forschungsergebnisse mit der regierung von kiribati, die ihren sitz auf dem atoll tarawa, also auf der westlichsten inselgruppe, hat, teilen. +diese fälle waren eher auf dem festland bekannt, wie etwa in den regenwäldern südamerikas und afrikas, wo die landbesitzer dafür bezahlt wurden, die bäume nicht zu fällen. +es ist vielleicht, wie wenn man mit mehreren krankheiten zu kämpfen hat, dann ist es schwer, gesund zu werden. man könnte sterben. aber wenn man nur an einer krankheit leidet, kann sich der zustand bessern. +ich habe ihnen gerade die geschichte über die phoenixinseln, diesem einen viereckigen gebiet in der mitte, erzählt, aber hier hat jede grüne fläche ihre eigene geschichte. +allen in den letzten paar jahren haben wir digitale werkzeuge gesehen mit fähigkeiten und fertigkeiten, die sie nie zuvor hatten und die irgendwie das, was wir menschen als lebensunterhalt machen, angreifen. ich gebe ihnen ein paar beispiele. +auf kurze sicht können wir den beschäftigungswachstum ankurbeln durch die förderung des unternehmertums und durch investitionen in infrastruktur, da die roboter heute noch nicht sehr gut sind in der brückenreparation. +das heißt, die arbeit der innovation, die arbeit neue ideen zu entwickeln, ist eine der mächtigsten, eine der grundlegendsten arbeiten, die wir in einer volkswirtschaft tun können. und so hat man früher innovationen betrieben. +vielen dank. +es ist 1983. +und als letztes unter "harmonie" hatten sie dieses mandala aus tibet aus dem 13. jahrhundert. +er wollte nicht, dass einer seiner freunde verhaftet wird. also hat er jeden mit diesem falschen freiwilligenausweis ausgestattet. +was mich zurück gebracht hat zum listenmachen -- -- wissen sie, nur um zu sehen was mir tatsächlich an meinem job gefällt. +und dann steht da: haben +die zweite bedingung betrifft gesellschaften, die in einer sich verändernden umwelt wie der arktis oder der wüste leben, in denen periodische nahrungsknappheiten auftreten und lebensmittel gelegentlich nicht ausreichen, um alle am leben zu erhalten. +in ostasien z. b. wird besonders viel wert auf respekt für ältere menschen gelegt, in verbindung mit konfuzius 'lehre der kindlichen pietät, welche gehorsam gegenüber, respekt vor den eltern und deren unterstützung bedeutet. +die vielleicht größte veränderung zum schlechten ist, dass unsere älteren objektiv weniger nützlich sind als in traditionellen gesellschaften. +leider können sich diese grauenhaften situationen alle wiederholen. +dies sind nur einige beispiele, die uns traditionelle gesellschaften lehren. +die geschichte der "99" spielt 1258, als die mongolen in bagdad eindrangen und es zerstörten. +das konzept des comics basiert auf den noor-steinen. +mir wurde in blogs vorgeworfen ich sei vom papst gesandt worden, um trinität und katholizismus im nahen osten zu predigen, also sie – können glauben wem sie wollen – ich habe ihnen meine version gegeben. +super schriftsteller stuart moore, schreiber für iron man. +haben vor eineinhalb jahren einen freizeitpark namens "die 99" in kuwait eröffnet: 300.000 qm, 20 attraktionen, mit unseren figuren. hatten ein paar elternabende in spanien und der türkei. +ich hab es nicht verdient, ich verdiene gar nichts. +der erste handelte von einer gruppe namens "die partei gottes", die den valentinstag verbieten wollten. rot wurde illegal. +rayan richtete die situation neu aus und brachte sich auf mein level runter. +denn ohne zusammenhang sind sie nichtssagend. 500 milliarden für diese rohrleitung. 20 milliarden für diesen krieg. +ich möchte ihnen noch ein weiteres landschaftsbild zeigen. +warum april? +klar, eine einkaufstherapie könnte helfen. +und da ist etwas beinahe magisches in unseren visuellen informationen. +so gewaltig in der tat, dass es alle anderen militäretats auf der welt umfassen kann. +wir benötigen relative zahlen, die mit anderen daten verbunden sind, so dass wir ein umfassenderes bild sehen können, welches uns dann dazu bewegt, unseren blickwinkel zu ändern. +lassen sie es uns also herausfiltern. +ich glaube, ich finde informationen einfach zu interessant. +nun was ihr riecht ist eine kombination aus -- ich habe gefragt wie viele moleküle dort drinnen seien und niemand konnte es mir sagen. +und das ist eine perfekte theorie in dem sinne, dass fast alles in der biologie sich nach der form richtet. +das ist cis-3-hexanol. es riecht wie gemähtes gras. +die schlechte nachricht ist, dass es raketentreibstoff ist. +das ist die grundlage für den apparat, den diese zwei leute von ford gebaut haben. +und ich hab gemeint, erst einmal, lass mich die berechnungen für diese verbindung durchführen, unten rechts, die mit kumarin verwandt ist, aber ein extra fünfeck im molekül enthält. +ich komme aus der werbe- und design-branche. +als ich mir einen dieser typischen briefe ansah, ließ ich ihn durch mein vereinfachungslabor laufen. er war völlig unverständlich. +moses! – die jungs in michael morpurgos "freund oder feind"; alem in benjamin zephaniahs "refugee boy"; luke skywalker – luke skywalker! – oliver twist; cassia in hong yings "die konkubine von shanghai"; celie in alice walkers "die farbe lila". +der adoptionsprozess brauchte ein paar monate, es war eine industrie, wissen sie, ein besiegeltes geschäft, eine umtriebige, nützliche lösung: die regierung als bauer, die adoptiveltern als abnehmer, die mutter, die erde, das kind, die ernte. +und ich stand an der schwelle zur pubertät, also nahm ich kekse aus der dose, ohne zu fragen. +aber da ich keine familie hatte, die nach mir fragte, konnten sie alles mit mir machen. +lemn sissay: ein kind in staatlicher fürsorge +wir haben immer noch kein komplettes bild davon. +und wenn sie hier nach norden schauen, gibt es dort einen großen fluss, der in den see mündet und der sediment mit sich führt und die überreste der tiere konserviert, die dort gelebt haben. +und er blieb dort 1,6 millionen jahre lang, bis jener äußerst berühmte fossiljäger, kamoya kimeu, einen kleinen hang entlang wanderte und dieses kleine stück seines schädels an der oberfläche fand, zwischen den kieseln, und es als hominid identifizierte. +ich denke es ist unsere kollektive intelligenz. +naja, um mit einer äußerst positiven überlegung zu enden, ich denke, dass dies evolutionär gesehen am ende wahrscheinlich eine recht gute sache ist. +in diesem ordner sind 17.000 fotos - über 20 gigabite an daten - und es werden immer mehr. +wie man sieht, habe ich dafür sogar ein museumsschild mit einer kurzen geschichte des dodos hergestellt. +ich fand es lustig, dass es so lange gedauert hat, ihn zu authentifizieren, weil ich ihn so mit diesem hier vergleichen konnte, und ich kann ihnen versichern - er ist echt, er ist aus der exakt gleichen form gegossen wie dieser hier. +und es wird noch seltsamer: 1974, während der produktion einer unheimlichen komödien-fortsetzung zur "spur des falken" titel: "the black bird", mit george segal, wurde dem los angeles county museum of art ein gips-original des malteser falken gestohlen - einer von sechs original-gipsabgüssen, glaube ich, die für den film gemacht wurden. viele leute glaubten, es wäre ein werbegag für den neuen film. +wenn man etwas abformt und gießt, passiert allerdings folgendes: jedesmal, wenn man es in silikon formt und mit harz ausgießt, verliert es ein wenig an volumen und ein wenig an größe. +ich hatte enorme lebensbedrohliche verletzungen. +die nächste sorge war, ob ich wieder laufen könnte, da ich von der hüfte abwärts gelähmt war. +ich lag auf einem dünnen, harten spezialbett. +im krankenhaus, da ist alles normal. +es war jedermanns schmerz. und dann wusste ich, genau wie vorher, dass ich eine wahl habe. ich könnte weiter kämpfen, oder ich könnte loslassen und nicht nur meinen körper, sondern auch meine lebensumstände akzeptieren. +sie schauten mich an und rannten nach hinten, um den schwarzen peter zu vergeben. +ich ging also nach hause, nahm mir ein trainingtagebuch und ich hatte einen plan. +die piloten-flamme in mir war immer noch eine flamme, genau wie sie in jedem von uns lodert. +und wir sollten dinge entwickeln -- wir sollten verpackungen für ideen entwickeln, die die wahrnehmung von menschen verbessern, den respekt vor dingen erhöhen die wir aus der erde ausgraben und sie in dinge für den alltagsgebrauch umzuwandeln. +wenn ich etwas geld mache, lasse ich mir eine für mich selbst herstellen. +es geht zurück auf die instinkte. +er kostet in der entwicklung 1,7 millionen dollar. er wird "go" genannt und ist von bernhardt, usa. +das ist die macht von organischem design. +es wuchs in meinem kopf, und dann ist es in bezug auf den gesamten prozess, den ich durchlaufe gewachsen. +ich habe soviel darauf rumgehämmert, das ich es selbst nicht glauben kann. +und das ist was ich mit meinen möbeln tue. +es ist in notting hill, neben all dem dreck -- sie wissen schon, die prostituierten und all dieses zeug. +an der wand ist mein buch mit dem namen "supernatural," das mir erlaubt mich daran zu erinnern was ich getan habe, denn ich vergesse. +wir übten in einem becken in port hueneme. und mein erster tauchgang im offenen ozean war im santa barbara kanal. +z.b. sind diese großen explosionen von funken von einer kleinen rippenqualle. und dort sind krill und andere krustentiere und quallen. +dieser hier ist blau, und das ist die farbe der meisten biolumineszenz im meer, weil die evolution die farbe gewählt hat, die am weitesten durch meerwasser sichtbar ist, um die kommunikation zu optimieren. +er muss eine freundin finden und dann sein ganzes leben an ihr festhalten. +um dann die reaktion herbeizurufen, die sie gleich sehen. ich habe sie einmal pro sekunde mit einer scharfen spitze an ihrem nervenring berührt, wie die scharfen zähne eines fisches. +aber es kam der moment, an dem alles passte und alles funktionierte +edith widder: leuchtendes leben in einer welt unter wasser +was also heutzutage, wo wir mit den verschiedensten krisen weltweit konfrontiert werden, für uns auf individueller ebene gut ist, und was mehr freude, dankbarkeit und erfolg in unser leben bringt und für unsere persönliche laufbahn am besten ist, das ist auch für die gesamte welt am besten. +also – also nehme ich meine kamera, mein notizbuch, zog einen stuhl heran und beobachtete das geschehen. +hier ist einer der anderen gewinner. das ist charles paxton, er erhielt 2000 den biologie-preis für seine studie "balzverhalten von straußen gegenüber menschen auf farmen in großbritannien." +die missionarsstellung ist im tierreich sehr selten. +und am ende gehen wir zum chinesen und bestellen sechs gänge mit ente. +er war ein teil meines körpers geworden, eine erweiterung meiner sinne, und nach einer weile wurde er sogar zu einem teil meines öffentlichen bildes. +prinz charles hat einige ähnlichkeit mit nicole kidman. +und das gute an der wahrnehmung von ultraviolett ist, dass man hören kann, ob es ein guter oder schlechter tag zum sonnenbaden ist, denn ultraviolett ist eine gefährliche farbe, eine farbe, die uns töten kann. deshalb denke ich, wir sollten uns alle wünschen, etwas wahrnehmen zu können, was eigentlich nicht möglich ist. +wegen der bären machte sie sich absolut keine sorgen, aber vor anwälten hatte sie eine heidenangst. +aber die wahrheit ist, dass solche verrückten fälle relativ selten sind. meistens werden sie nicht gewonnen. +es ist schwer einzuschätzen, da es unterschiedliche motive gibt. +es scheint nicht sehr gut zu funktionieren, oder? +damit das gesetz die basis der freiheit sein kann, müssen ihm die menschen vertrauen. +was jetzt notwendig ist, ist ein wiederaufbau dieser grenzen. +diese person existiert heute nicht. +nur so können wir unsere freiheit zurückgewinnen. und nur so können die energie und die leidenschaft freiwerden, die nötig sind, damit wir die herausforderungen unserer zeit meistern können. vielen dank. +oder -- oder vielleicht und -- zusätzlich zu den regeln schauen wir uns an, ob wir mit ein paar wirklich raffinierten anreizen aufwarten können. auch wenn die leute, mit denen wir zu tun haben, nicht in unserem interesse handeln wollen, ist es somit in ihrem interesse, in unserem interesse zu handeln -- die magischen anreize, welche die leute dazu bringen werden, das richtige zu tun, wenn auch aus reinem eigennutz. +nun ja, wenn sie darüber nachdenken, ist es wirklich schwierig runde säulen mit einem lineal auszumessen. +er hatte eine sehr schlecht bezahlte arbeitsstelle. +er hatte letzten endes nur eine spielzeugpistole. +aber das problem, sich auf regeln und anreize zu verlassen, liegt darin, dass sie die berufliche tätigkeit demoralisieren. und sie demoralisieren die berufliche tätigkeit in zweierlei hinsicht. +kluge gesetzlose sind also besser als nichts, aber es ist schwer vorstellbar, dass irgendein kluger gesetzloser dies für unbegrenzte zeit aufrecht erhalten kann. +es gibt inzwischen 22 städte, die ein veteranen-gericht wie dieses haben. +es gibt also eine menge beispiele wie dieses, über das wir gesprochen haben. +die usa hatten im manhatten project einige atomwaffen entwickelt. die idee war ganz einfach: wir nutzen die kraft des atoms um die gräuel und den horror dieses endlosen zweiten weltkriegs, an dem wir in europa und im pazifik beteiligt waren, zu beenden. +während dieses ersten kapitels gab es ein starkes öffentliches bewusstsein des schadenspotentials einer nuklearen katastrophe, und ein dauerhaftes bild hat sich in unser kollektives gedächtnis eingebrannt, dass ein nuklearer holocaust eine globale zerstörung und, in gewisser weise, das ende unserer heutigen zivilisation bedeuten würde. +die idee war, die zielstädte zu evakuieren. +es gibt viele orte, an denen sprengköpfe gelagert werden und viele orte mit spaltbarem material, wie hoch angereichertes uran und plutonium, die absolut nicht sicher sind. +sie sind ziemlich engagiert. +dies ist die größe der "little boy" bombe, die auf hiroshima fiel. +in dieser viertelstunde ist alles was sie tun müssen - und das meine ich ernst - 1,5 kilometer von der explosion wegzugehen. +abschottung - hoffentlich mit dreck oder beton, oder einem keller - abstand und zeit werden sie retten. +ernste probleme, große probleme, dringende probleme. +und viele von uns hier sind darin hoch involviert. +und das ist jetzt deutlicher, als es seit jahrzehnten war. +das ist es, was unternehmen bewirken, indem sie gewinne erzielen. +unternehmen erzielen keine gewinne, nicht im ursprünglichen sinn, indem sie soziale probleme verursachen. +wir sehen firmen wie das brasilianische forstunternehmen fibria, das eine methode gefunden hat, die abholzung der alten wälder zu vermeiden und stattdessen eukalyptus zu verwenden und gleichzeitig höhere erträge pro hektar papierbrei zu erwirtschaften und viel mehr papier herzustellen, als durch die abholzung dieser alten bäume. +wenn wir diese grenze durchbrechen können, dieses unbehagen, diese spannung, dieses gefühl, dass wir in bezug auf soziale probleme nicht ausreichend zusammenarbeiten; wir können es durchbrechen und letztendlich, so denke ich, werden wir lösungen finden. +hier zeigen sich zahlreiche innere strukturen. +man muss nicht immer sezieren. +und noch schockierter sind sie von dem, was er sagt. +sie sprachen über wissenschaft und über die notwendigkeit für eine neue wissenschaftliche revolution. +jeder monat benötigte 1.365 berechnungen, dadurch waren die tabellen voller fehler. +es gibt auch eine kehrseite. +eines tages kam ein nasa manager in mein büro, setzte sich und sagte: "können sie uns bitte sagen, wie wir nach leben außerhalb der erde suchen sollten?" +also er war überzeugt, aber tatsächlich sind die meisten menschen das nicht. +und in wahrheit ist es der rüstungswettlauf zwischen hackern und designern der computersysteme, der alles es hin und her gehen lässt. +und wie man hier sieht, gibt es gruppen, die übereinander wachsen, weil sie sich ausbreiten. +und offensichtlich kommt jeder dieser buchstaben ungefähr gleich häufig vor. +es ist nebensächlich, welches sediment man verwendet, um es zu zermahlen, ob es bakterien, pflanzen oder tiere sind. +schauen wir uns an, wie sie ausschaut +und wenn man das geheimnis des lebens rausnimmt, dann ist es auch ein wenig leichter über unsere art zu leben nachzudenken und dass wir vielleicht nicht so etwas besonderes sind, wie wir immer denken. +dies ist ein papierformular. und was sie hier sehen ist ein formular in den händen einer krankenschwester des gesundheitsministeriums in indonesien, die in der ländlichen gegend herumfährt, an einem sicherlich sehr heißen und feuchten tag in indonesien, und sie wird an tausende türen klopfen, in einem zeitraum von wochen oder monaten, sie wird anklopfen und fragen: "entschuldigen sie, wir würden ihnen gerne ein paar fragen stellen. +nun versuchen sie mal, das zu begreifen. +das problem war, nachdem wir es ein paar jahre so gemacht hatten, merkte ich, dass ich vielleicht bei 6 oder 7 programmen war, und wissen sie, ich dachte, wenn ich das in diesem tempo weiter mache, meine ganze karriere lang, gehe ich vielleicht zu insgesamt 20 oder 30 prgrammen. +nun, sie können sagen, dass hotmail kein wunder war, aber für mich war es eins, weil ich merkte, als ich so mit meinem problem kämpfte, ich arbeitete meistens in subsahara-afrika. +es gibt auch einige zusätzliche vorteile. +das sammeln von daten für das globale gesundheitswesen sah schlecht aus: arbeiter wanderten durch dörfer, klopften an türen und stellten fragen, schrieben die antworten auf papier und gaben sie in den computer ein – und basierend auf diesen lückenhaften informationen haben länder wichtige entscheidungen gefällt. datenfreak joel selanikio erzählt vom umbruch dieses prozesses im letzten jahrzehnt – vom palm pilot und hotmail, bis zur cloudbasierten technologie. +und wenn wir den ballast über bord werfen, steigen wir. +einfach über bord werfen, wie ballast, um unsere richtung zu ändern. +aber wir sollten keine zweifel haben, wir sollten keine ängste haben. +aber es wird in der zukunft nicht mehr möglich sein. +warum das? weil treibstoff nicht leicht zu ersetzen ist. +und das ist genau das symbol unserer welt, +aber viel mehr, um rat zu erhalten, ihre kommentare zu geben, die kunde zu verbreiten, dass, wenn es in der luft möglich ist, es natürlich auch am boden möglich ist. +sehen sie, es war mal so, dass, wenn man ein lied aufnehmen wollte, man ein studio und einen produzenten brauchte. +fragen sie nicht. +und was wir in afrika sehen ist eine unvergleichliche bedrohung der menschenwürde und der gleichberechtigung. +sehen sie, es ist nicht so dramatisch wie der tsunami. +denken sie nicht, dass auf einer rein kommerziellen ebene, die antiretrovirale medizin nicht eine großartige werbung für den westlichen einfallsreichtum und technologie ist? +das ist die reine wahrheit, die rechtschaffene wahrheit. +also warum strecken wir nicht unsere faust in die luft? +momentum hat sich aufgegebaut. +da ist der kontinent afrika. +vor ein paar minuten habe ich über all die bürgerkampagnen die entstehen gesprochen. +ich glaube wirklich an die alte truman-zeile, dass wenn man den amerikanern die fakten gibt sie das richtige tun werden. +ich denke wir haben das geld und die gehirne im raum um das zu tun. +"all shook up" [wörtlich: "ganz aufgerüttelt"] ist ein wunderbares liebeslied. +leute, die farblich hören, sehen tatsächlich farben, wenn sie den klang von wörtern oder buchstaben wahrnehmen. +testpersonen brauchen bei metaphern länger, sie als falsch zu erkennen, als sie bei wörtlich falschen sätze brauchen. +jene, welche die weltkrieg-version lasen, befürworteten öfters eine intervention als die anderen. +james geary, liebhaber von aphorismen und schriftsteller, macht sich gedanken über einen festen bestandteil der sprache: metaphern. metaphern, beliebt bei wortkünstlern von aristoteles bis elvis, können unsere entscheidungen fast unmerklich beeinflussen. +aber wir wollen der welt sagen: nein. wir werden unter einer gemeinsamen flagge jemeniten bleiben. +er sagte, "du bist die brücke." +pm: wir sollten erwähnen, dass er ihnen bei der zeitung arbeitet. +wir wurden strafrechtlich verfolgt; die zeitung wurde mehr als drei mal geschlossen. +das ist eine reportage, die man online ansehen kann; das video ist online. +während der politische aufruhr im jemen weitergeht, spricht die herausgeberin der yemen times, nadia al-sakkaf, bei tedglobal mit gastgeberin pat mitchell. die unabhängige englischsprachige zeitung al-sakkafs ist entscheidend für das vermitteln von nachrichten -- und für das vermitteln eines neuen bildes vom jemen und von den frauen dieses landes als gleichwertige partner bei der arbeit und bei einem wandel des landes. +mein vater und mein großvater suchten ständig nach den neuesten dingen in alternativen oder traditionellen therapien für ph, aber nach sechs monaten konnte ich keinen kleinen hügel mehr hochlaufen, ich konnte keine treppe mehr erklimmen, +es bereitete mich sicher nicht darauf vor, was als nächstes kam. +mein arzt wollte mich auf die liste für eine lungentransplantation setzen; +aber organe warten nicht. ich wurde operiert bevor ich abschied nehmen konnte. +medizinische umstände bestimmen nicht die menschlichen umstände. +und viele dieser chemikalien sind mit den in die höhe schießenden vorfällen von chronischen kinderkrankheiten, die wir in den industriestaaten beobachten können, verbunden. +und sie sehen hier diese großen, dottrigen eier durch die oberfläche der männlichen hoden brechen. +erst zwei wochen zuvor hatte der amerikanische senat selbst den gedanken an ein verbot von bpa in baby-flaschen und schnabeltassen abgelehnt. +hinzu kommt, dass das baby nach der geburt aufgrund einer weiteren einzigartigen erfindung der säugetiere "gesäugt" bzw. mit muttermilch versorgt wird. +th: einer der gründe, die es hochinteressant und angemessen machen, für mich hier bei tedwomen zu sein, ist, dass... tja, beim gestrigen dinner wurde es am besten zusammengefasst, als jemand sagte, "wende dich an die männer an deinem tisch und sage ihnen: 'wenn die revolution beginnt, dann unterstützen wir euch.'" die wahrheit, liebe frauen, ist, dass wir euch euch bei diesem thema bereits für eine lange zeit unterstützt haben. angefangen bei rachel carson mit "silent spring", dann theo colborns "our stolen future" bis hin zu sandra steingrabers werken "living downstream" und "having faith". +und es ist ein gefühl, das mich dazu drängt, heute hier zu sein. das wissen, dass wir frauen voranschreiten, als boten für all das, aber auch als diejenigen, die die verantwortung für die kinder zu tragen haben. als mütter haben wir die größte kaufkraft in unserem haushalt. es ist an uns, voranzugehen und die arbeit von tyrone und anderen wissenschaftlern weltweit voranzutreiben. +hier ist eine sammelstelle für flaschen auf einer abgelegenen insel vor der küste von niederkalifornien. +aber diese aktion kostete mich am ende fast 60 dollar. +nicht zehn pferde, nicht hundert mann... +seltsamerweise sind die reste der redwood-regenwälder, die wir noch haben, bis heute wenig erforscht. +zusammen mit einem freund entschloss er sich, ohne seile oder ausrüstung auf einen redwood zu steigen, um zu sehen, was dort oben war. +wenn steve sillett einen redwood besteigt, schießt er einen pfeil ab mit einer angelschnur dran. diese legt sich über einen ast und man zieht daran ein seil in den baum hoch, an dem man entlangklettern kann. +diese wiederholung ist ein riesiger strebebogen, der aus dem baum selbst herauskommt. +sie stellen fest, dass redwoods feuchtigkeit aus der luft in ihre stämme und vielleicht ganz bis hinunter in ihre wurzeln transportieren können. +was können die redwoods uns über uns selbst lehren? +- richard preston, danke dir sehr. +das problem der pc-viren ist jetzt 25 jahre alt. +wir sie in der oberen hälfte des bildschirms sehen können, ist dort ein tausendfüßler, der über den computer läuft, wenn er mit diesem virus infiziert ist. +nun, es gibt verschiedene wege, zum beispiel banking-trojaner, die geld von konten stehlen, wenn man online-banking benutzt, oder keylogger. +sie nutzen außerdem den globalen charakter des internets zu ihrem vorteil. +und das ist die hintertür, über die ihr computer übernommen wird. +tja, ich bin kein anwalt, aber wenn ich es wäre, dann würde ich an dieser stelle sagen: "damit ist der fall abgeschlossen". +bereit sein bedeutet, dass wir auch dann sachen tun können, wenn uns die dinge, die wir für selbstverständlich halten, nicht zur verfügung stehen. +es gibt viele dinge, die der von mir verfolgte ansatz voraussagen kann, und einige, bei denen es nicht geht. +und viele von ihnen haben wohl schon bemerkt, dass dies keine so großen resultate zeigt, wie man vielleicht gern hätte, +wir haben sie auf 3,6 millionen erhöht. +vielleicht haben sie auch bemerkt, was wir nicht wissen müssen, es gibt nämlich keine vergangenheit in der rechnung. +und weiter unten bei 100 würden sie zivile atomkraft errichten, was sie auch als ziel angeben. +alles kann man nicht voraussagen, der aktienmarkt ist, zumindest für mich, nicht vorhersagbar, aber die meisten komplizierten verhandlungen sind es. +ob sie ein künstler sind, ein techniker, ein anwalt, oder einfach nur ein fan, der umgang mit dem urheberrecht beeinflusst ihr leben unmittelbar. +und dann profitieren sie durch die weitere verbreitung des videos, durch werbung und die damit verbundenen verkäufe. +da sind zunächst einmal die musik-labels. +wenn sie diese frauen auf der straße sähen, in ihren verblichenen kleidern, dann würden sie sie abtun als arm und einfältig. +satawal ist eine halbe meile lang und eine meile breit. +es ist teil unserer kollektiven geschichte. +es ist die wichtigste karte von allen. +ihre arbeitet nicht immer aus eigeninteresse, denn wenn gefühle ins spiel kommen, ändern sich die verknüpfungen, wie es funktioniert. +ich hatte eine aufschlussreiches labor, um diese frage zu beantworten, die wirkliche frage, die lautet: was ist der unterschied in jemandes leben, wenn du einen der menschen betrachtest, denen du alles gegeben hast? wie all die ressourcen, die sie vorgeben zu brauchen. keinen billig-computer hast du ihnen gegeben, den besten rechner hast du gegegeben. du hast ihnen liebe gegeben, du hast ihnen freude geschenkt. du warst da, um sie zu trösten. +entscheidend sind niemals die ressourcen, es ist "ressourcevoll sein". +ehrlich, besser oder schlechter? sagt: "ja". +dein bild der welt ist der filter. das ist es, was uns formt. +wie viele von euch lieben überraschungen? sagt: "ja." +wenn nichts anderes mehr geht, hol dir einen hund. keine katze, hol einen hund, wenn du für zwei minuten raus gehst, ist es, als wärst du für sechs monate weg gewesen, wenn du nach fünf minuten wiederkommst. +heute, 18 jahre später, kann ich stolz sagen, dass wir im letzten jahr zwei millionen menschen in 35 ländern durch unsere stiftung essen gegeben haben, alles während der feiertage; thanksgiving, weihnachten -- -- in den verschiedensten ländern rund um die welt. +sie sagte: "es ist vorbei." als ich an diesem abend endete, rief sie ihn an, hinterließ eine nachricht -- wahre geschichte -- an die spitze des world trade centers, wo er arbeitete: sagte: "schatz, ich liebe dich. ich möchte, dass du weißt, dass ich dich heiraten möchte. es war dumm von mir." und sie schlief, weil es drei uhr nachts für uns war, als er sie zurückrief von der spitze und sagte: "schatz, ich kann dir gar nicht sagen, was das für mich bedeutet." +und das vor allem deswegen, weil es keinen gibt. +und wir definieren uns über diese unterschiede. +jeden punkt kann man anklicken und im detail betrachten. hier sehen wir: "ich würde mich einfach so viel besser fühlen, wenn ich mich jetzt in seine arme schmiegen könnte und seine liebe für mich in der umarmung seines körpers und der sanftheit seiner lippen spüren könnte." +die nächste bewegung heißt mobs. +wir sehen menschen, die sich "abgleitend", "angeekelt", "verantwortlich" fühlen. +das ist eine antwort auf: was ist schön? "miss world." +es heißt "universum: enthüllung unserer modernen mythologie". +wir können eines anklicken und das foto zum zentrum des universums machen. +hier haben wir unser sternenfeld. hier sind unsere formen. +aber ich finde sie schön. sie nicht? +was mag das bedeuten? ich habe keine ahnung. +sie sieht aus, wie eine reihe brechender wellen, winde verursachen hier eine scherschicht. die winde über und unter der wolkenschicht unterscheiden sich stark. in der mitte, zwischen den winden, entstehen luftwirbel. wenn der geschwindigkeitsunterschied genau richtig ist, werden die spitzen der wolkenwellen umgebogen und diese schönen, wie brechende wellen aussehenden wirbel entstehen. +durch die deutlichen, gestochen scharfen ränder dieser wolken, sind sie ideal, um figuren darin zu entdecken. +lassen sie uns ein paar jahre zurück gehen und sehen, was damals los war. +selbst mit computern, die immer schneller und besser werden, ist es eine herausforderung, mit gigabytes an daten, terabytes an daten, zu arbeiten und die relevanten informationen herauszufischen. +man kann sehen, dass röntgenstrahlung gestreut werden: von den zähnen, dem metall in den zähnen. +noch mal, es ist komplett interaktiv, man kann es drehen und sich die dinge in echtzeit ansehen auf diesen systemen. +es funktioniert eigentlich so wie ein großes iphone. +und um einen schritt weiter zu gehen, haben wir hier ein herz. +motts macht da also etwas im mrt. wahrscheinlich macht er so mit seiner rechten hand, weil die linke hälfte des motorischen kortex aktiv ist. +ich kann die haut der löwin ablösen. +ich fand es deshalb sehr erstaunlich, auf eine organisation zu stoßen, die beide seiten wertschätzt. +er sagte: "ok. ich habe die höhe eines backsteins gemessen. +die übliche erklärung lautet, dass das universum irgendwie plötzlich entstanden ist, voller merkwürdiger energie - inflationärer energie -, die es gesprengt hat. +die dichte der materie ist endlich und wir können vielleicht mit einer konsistenten reihe von gleichungen den ganzen prozess beschreiben. +die nächste karte zeigt afrikas bip von 1960, etwa zu der zeit, in der viele afrikanische staaten unabhängig wurden. +zu meinem erstaunen erfuhr ich von ihnen 100% ige unterstützung. +im hotel leben alle zusammen, dozenten und studenten und es nicht ungewöhnlich, sie alle um 1 uhr morgens bei einer spontanen übung zu finden. +ich werde am aims studieren. +ich möchte auf weitere außergewöhnliche menschen auf diesem bild hinweisen. +unsere partner in ganz afrika sind sehr enthusiastisch. +als die ersten computer auf den markt kamen, wurde gesagt, sie seien eine million mal schneller als neuronen. +lassen sie mich das nochmal zusammenfassen: das gehirn verarbeitet informationen mit 100.000 mal weniger energie, als wir das momentan mit unserer computertechnologie können. +weil transistoren jedoch kleiner und kleiner und kleiner werden, sehen wir zunehmend, dass sie sich nicht mehr so verhalten. +okay, also ein computer holt bestimmte daten aus dem speicher, und sendet sie an den hauptprozessor oder die alu, und schickt das resultat zurück in den speicher. +hier sind kareems dunkle augen und das hier ist der weiße hintergrund. +ich hatte einen anderen blickwinkel darauf und habe meinen blickwinkel benutzt, um das problem anzugehen. +also trotz der tatsache, dass ich zu ihnen über ein objekt sprechen werde, das supermassiv ist, und ich komme gleich dazu, was das wirklich bedeutet, hat es keine finite größe. +ich muss die masse eines objektes kennen, von dem ich behaupte, dass es ein schwarzes loch ist, und seinen schwarzschildradius. +also dort im zentrum, von dort kommt tatsächlich das meiste sternenlicht. +was ich ihnen ja heute zeigen will. +sie sehen eine animation, die von einem beispiel dessen ausgeht, was man ohne verwendung des verfahrens sehen würde. in anderen worten, nur ein bild, das die sterne zeigt, und der rahmen ist zentriert mit dem zentrum der galaxie, wo wir das schwarze loch vermuten. +und daher konnten wir zeigen, das sich dort ein supermassives schwarzes loch befindet. +wir haben wirklich erwartet, dass sterne in dieser umgebung nicht enstehen können, +und ich hoffe, dass ich sie wenigstens überzeugt habe, dass wir zum einen wirklich ein supermassives schwarzes loch im zentrum der galaxie haben, +wie menschen zu dieser musik gelangen, wie sie in ihr leben kommt, das fasziniert mich sehr. +aber die art und weise, wie wir auf verschiedene kombinationen dieser phänomene reagieren, ist komplex, emotional und noch nicht ganz geklärt. +aber jeder musiker findet ein anderes gleichgewicht zwischen glauben und vernunft, instinkt und intelligenz. +es war die zeit, in der all die großen gattungen aufkamen. +die kultur, in der wir jetzt leben, ist überflutet mit improvisationsmusik, die geschnitten, gemischt, übereinander gelegt, und, weiß der geier, vertrieben und verkauft wird. +es begeistert mich, menschen wie wanderer, küchenchefs, programmierer und taxifahrer zu treffen. menschen, bei denen ich nie vermutet hätte, dass sie diese musik lieben und sie weitergeben. +die entscheidende schlüsselbeobachtung, die er machte, war, dass ein frei fliegender flügel durch mehr luft segeln und mehr energie in einer bestimmten zeit erzeugen kann als die turbine eines starrflüglers. +wenn man mir eine boeing 747 gäbe, würde ich daraus 6 megawatt machen, was mehr als die größten heutigen windturbinen wäre. +es kommt von dem familiennamen von einer von schumanns freundinnen. +und dann muss man den ersten entwurf des charakters machen, was ähnlich ist wie die struktur eines stückes, und dann fügt man stift und bleistift hinzu und alle anderen details, die man braucht – das ist die zeichnung polieren. +nun, sie hat c, g, h, a, e ausgesucht. +es war wie eine revolution. +sie basiert auf hunderten stunden forschung und anwendung. +es geht darum, das preizugeben, von dem man denkt, es sei das größte geheimnis, damit vielleicht millionen von menschen die möglichkeit erhalten zu helfen, es zu verbessern. +aber der schlüssel hier, der grund, warum diese gruppen sich miteinander verbinden können, ist, dass ihre arbeit zu der art arbeit gehört, die leicht digital geteilt werden kann -- ein bild, eine musikdatei, software. +es gibt ein problem mit traditionellen wissenschaftlichen abhandlungen. +es ist genau hier. +schulen dürfen keine bunker sein. +die selbe müllhalde ernährt nun mehr als 30 familien. +um dies konkreter zu machen, lassen sie uns die top 10 wörter ansehen, die statistisch auffällig sind, und zwar sowohl in den beliebtesten ted-talks als auch in den unbeliebtesten ted-talks. +und die analyse zeigt, dass sie dann, wenn sie zu den beliebtesten ted-rednern zählen wollen, ihre haare etwas länger als der durchschnitt wachsen lassen sollten und darauf achten sollten, dass sie ihre brille tragen und etwas eleganter angezogen sind als der durchschnittliche ted-redner. +als inspiration dient mir die tatsache, dass wir alle mit anderen menschen interagieren wollen. alle komplizierten funktionen werde ich dabei herauslassen und werde dieses simplifizierte objekt, einem test unterziehen und die frühen stadien neuer erkenntnisse zeigen, dessen was da in zwei gehirnen geschieht, während sie gleichzeitig interagieren. +drogenmissbrauch verändert die art, wie sie die welt bewerten. sie ändern die art wie sie die mit dem medikament ihrer wahl verbundenen symbole bewerten, und sie schätzen sie vor allen anderen dinge. +die kurze antwort darauf heißt: spiele. +kanarienvögel wurden in minen als biosensoren benutzt. +read montague: was wir von 5000 gehirnen lernen +politik und politiker sind nur erfolgreich, wenn sie wirklich versuchen, die menschen so zu sehen, wie sie sind, und nicht, wie wir sie gerne sehen würden. +jetzt sind wir hier mit long beach und sonstwo verbunden, mit all den geheimen orten, und zwar mit einem bruchteil dieser kosten, und wir können riesige datenmengen verschicken und empfangen, ohne dass es uns etwas kostet. +was sie hier sehen sieht ein bisschen wie die haube eines kochs aus, das ist ein überfall, das blaue da. +hier haben wir natürlich jfk mit seiner unglaublich einfachen und schlagkräftigen formulierung "frag nicht, was dein land für dich tun kann, frag was du für dein land tun kannst", eine sehr noble aussage. +wie sollte ich jemals erfahren, wer die besten sind? +einige lehrer sind erfolgreicher als andere. +man kann den fakten des videos nichts entgegensetzen, jedoch eine menge daraus lernen, es gibt viele wege, die uns helfen, in den beruf des lehrers hineinzuwachsen, wenn uns verbesserungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt werden. +das ist zwar verständlich, doch unsere erfahrungswerte mit met zeigen, dass viele lehrer, die den vorgang leiten, die videos im eigenen klassenzimmer aufnehmen und die unterrichtsstunden selbst auswählen, begeistert am projekt teilnehmen. +diese bewegung plädiert dafür, biotechnologie allen zugänglich zu machen, also nicht nur wissenschaftlern und forschern in staatlichen labors. +wir nehmen sie dann auch gern auseinander. +ich zeige ihnen, was man gerade jetzt machen kann. +wenn sich jeder in diesem raum engagiert, wer weiß, was wir dann erreichen? +aber wissen sie was? +wir werden von zwei menschen hören, die von solchen gesetzen betroffen sind. +weil ich hiv-positiv bin. +der konsum oder besitz von drogen ist in fast allen ländern illegal. +wir können richter schulen, dass sie den spielraum der gesetze ausnutzen und eher tolerante urteile fällen, als vorurteilen den vorzug zu geben. +hier wurden kinder geboren, menschen starben dort. +bürogebäude für persönliches arbeiten sind jetzt schon überholt. +hier ein noch interessanteres beispiel in seoul, korea. +wir hoffen, das bis zum herbst gebaut zu haben. +wir glauben nicht, dass kameras in wohnungen gut sind. +und es wird vermutet, dass sie einen kubikmeter wasser pro stunde filtern können, und pro tag 30 kilogramm zooplankton aufnehmen. +dank "der weiße hai" haben wir oft alle angst vor haien. +es könnte eine veränderung in der verteilung des planktons sein. +ich zeige ihnen, wie das aussieht. +also versuchen wir sehr einfache dinge über die riesenhaie zu lernen. +aber das ist wieder überraschend. man erwartet das nicht. +das ist nun verboten, und die haie freuen sich sicherlich darüber. +und sie saßen monatelang daran. +sie haben wahrscheinlich die videos vom buckelwal gesehen, den wir vor einem monat oder zweien vor county wexford hatten. +ich danke ihnen fürs zuhören. +sie machten sich fertig. +mit meinem vorhaben im hinterkopf blieb ich ruhig +wie gesagt: ich kann gesellschaft und regierung nur bewegen, wenn ich schlagende beweise beibringe. +wie kamen sie ins gefängnis – das war doch erst vor ein paar wochen, oder? +hast du schlechten mundgeruch, während du meine befragung beantwortest? +niemand sollte wissen, dass ich ein mädchen war, und keiner wusste es. +ich durfte einfach ich selbst sein, sich entwickelnd und verändernd in jedem moment. +das life magazine machte generationen von menschen mit entfernten, unbekannten kulturen durch bilder bekannt. +das ist mein beitrag zum bürgerrechtskampf meiner generation. +sobald sie sich vom schock erholten, entschieden sie sich weitgehend für 70 bis 95 prozent oder 3 bis 20-prozent-marken. +es ist zu spät. +anscheinend bedeutet luzifer "licht". +und sie alle kommen aus den kameras von us-soldaten. +wir schauen uns das innenleben der person an, die faulen eier. +das hier ist stanley milgram, ein jüdischer junge aus der bronx, und er fragte sich: "könnte der holocaust passieren, hier und jetzt?" +sie sind ein guter mensch. sie beschweren sich. +die meiste zeit waren wir in einrichtungen, und so ist das stanford-gefängnisexperiment eine untersuchung der macht von einrichtungen auf das individuelle verhalten +sie würden nummern werden. +unbekümmert macht man den ersten kleinen schritt. +mobbing ist eine krankheit. vorurteile sind eine krankheit. gewalt ist eine krankheit. +sie kam runter, sah dieses tollhaus und sagte: "weißt du was, es ist furchtbar, was du diesen jungs antust. +wesley und der typ: 50 cm hoch. +wir hätten keinen zugang zu liebe oder zu schöpferischer fähigkeit. +natürlich denken sie an bilder, die sensorische muster sein können, visuell, wie sie sie jetzt haben, in beziehung zur bühne und mir, oder auditive bilder, die sie in verbindung mit meinen worten haben. +sehr seltsam, ich habe es einige zeit analysiert. +und ich dachte über eine lösung für das problem nach. +sie haben im endeffekt das bewusstsein verloren, durch einen schaden im roten bereich des hirnstamms. +mit der ausnahme, dass es nicht so reichhaltig ist, weil sie keine hirnrinde wie wir haben. +wir sollten darauf blicken, wie gesellschaft und kultur in dieser soziokulutrellen regulierung in laufender arbeit sind. +denn mein vater verließ den business club in unserer heimatstadt, der nur für männer offen war, denn er sagte, er wolle nie teil einer organisation sein, die eines tages seinen sohn aufnehmen würde, aber nicht seine tochter. +ich sage: "online organisation." +fremdenfurcht gewinnt an bedeutung -- der handel mit frauen und mädchen. +viele von ihnen arbeiten in extrem widerspenstigen systemen -- beim militär, im kongress, im bildungssystem usw. +die maxime "erkenne dich selbst" existiert schon seit den alten griechen. +armeen benutzen ihn, wenn sie eine schlacht verloren haben. +es könnte mich auch interessieren, wie konzentriert ich bin, sodass ich meinen aufmerksamkeitsgrad in dem schaltbrett auf der anderen seite eintragen kann. +wir schufen den reaktionsraum, wo lichter, musik und jalousien sich nach ihrem zustand richten. +normalerweise stellen wir uns technologie als interaktiv vor. +mit vermenschlichender technik können wir die qualität unserer schlafzyklen überwachen. +ariel garten: erkenne dich selbst – mit einem hirnscanner +lassen sie mich ihnen sagen, das beste ist, +mit derselben hartnäckigkeit die mir mein vater anerzogen hatte, seit ich klein war – er brachte mir das segeln bei, obwohl er wusste, ich würde nie sehen können, wohin ich fuhr, nie das ufer sehen, oder die segel, niemals das ziel. +sie wissen alle, wie das ist; sie brauchen keine behinderung, um das zu verstehen. +er fragte: » lieben sie ihren job? « +ich wusste nicht, was ich tun sollte. +niemand hat es vorher versucht, also werde ich es versuchen. +ich gründete kanchi, denn mein unternehmen sollte so heißen wie mein elefant. behinderungen sind wie ein elefant im raum. +hört auf mit den etiketten, den abgrenzungen. +vielleicht liegt der grund darin, dass die rentner glauben, aus eigenem willen rentner geworden zu sein, während junge arbeitslose das gefühl haben, dass es ihnen aufgedrängt wurde. +nennen sie es das rettungspaket für griechenland oder die rettung einer ladung von dummen banken, die griechenland geld geliehen haben? +und ich denke, das ist wohl richtig. +alles bei google war mehr oder weniger darauf abgezielt, ein portal zu sein. +wenn sie auf dem weg zu ihrer schwiegermutter sind, würden sie wahrscheinlich lieber auf der linken seite bleiben. +das gibt es den realen wert, der ensteht, wenn sie etwas in einer fabrik produzieren und einen service liefern, und dann gibt es eine art zweifelhaften wert, den sie erzeugen, wenn sie die sichtweise der menschen auf dinge verändern. +ich würde behaupten, in großbritannien gibt es einen viel besseren bezugsrahmen, nämlich indem man den leuten sagt, dass in großbritannien mehr express-post am nächsten tag ankommt als in deutschland. +und innerhalb dieses rahmens, können wir den kindern zeit anbieten. etwas, wovon sie immer zu wenig haben, wie es scheint, in ihren terminverplanten leben. +hi. dieser kerl hier glaubt, er kann euch die zukunft vorhersagen. +diese medikamente wurden auf den markt gebracht. sie wurden sehr häufig verschrieben, weil herzinfarkte sehr oft vorkommen. es dauerte lange, bis wir herausfanden, dass diese medikamente auch zu mehr sterbefällen führten. und dass bevor wir dieses warnsignal hörten, mehr als 100.000 menschen in amerika unnötig durch die verschreibung von medikamenten gegen herzrhythmusstörungen starben. +nur drei der negativen versuche waren veröffentlicht worden, aber bis auf einen alle positiven versuche. +das erstaunlichste an all dem ist für mich folgendes: dies ist nicht nur ein erkennbares und erkanntes problem, sondern wir mussten bisher mit wirkungslosen lösungen dafür leben. +nasa unterstütze diese arbeit vor 12 jahren als teil des umbaus des hayden planetariums damit wir das mit der welt teilen können. +wir haben eine wachsende nutzerzahl davon. und wir vernetzen kuppeln. +mit dem mit media lab engagieren wir uns schon seit einer ganzen weile in einem gebiet namens aktive musik. +wir wissen zum beispiel, dass musik fast immer das letzte ist, worauf menschen mit fortgeschrittenem alzheimer noch ansprechen können. +der hauptsänger verschwindet zu beginn der oper und die gesamte bühne wird zum hauptcharakter. sie wird sein vermächtnis. +also, dan, als allerstes, willst du allen hier hallo sagen und erzählen wer du bist? +stellen sie uns strukturen dafür bereit? und wissen sie, dies ist eine persönliche beziehung zum ausdruck, der in den technologischen kreisen fehlt. deswegen brauchten wir mit dan einen neuen gestaltungsprozess, einen neuen konstruktionsprozess, um seine bewegungen zu entdecken und seinen weg zum ausdruck, der ihm das aufführen erlaubt. +erinnern sie sich an die geschichte von odysseus und den sirenen aus der high school, oder junior high school? +wenn du das morgen machst, dann werde ich sterben, du wirst sterben, jeder einzelne dieser männer wird sterben. +es hat diese starken, heroischen arme, die donuts in den eigenen mund schaufeln können. +alles in allem war es einfach ein komplett sinnfreier austausch von geld, den ich bereuen würde. +wir sehen uns die sparquote an und die nimmt seit den 1950er jahren stetig ab. +ja, diese person ist in rente gegangen mit 150 prozent des einkommens von seiner arbeit während der rente. +und von der sichtweise des zukünftigen selbst ist alles umgekehrt. +und einfach nur aus spaß haben wir sein bild durch die software für glatzenbildung, alterung und gewichtszunahme laufen lassen, um zu sehen, wie er aussehen würde. +genau diese töne werden meist nicht von den zeichen, die wir in den europäischen sprachen zur verfügung haben, repräsentiert. +selbst in den wohlhabendsten ländern der welt klaffen die lebenserwartungen bis zu 20 jahre auseinander. +in zimbabwe, zum beispiel, gab es nur ungefähr ein dutzend psychiater, die meisten in harare city, nur ein paar wenige standen für die versorgung psychisch erkrankter innerhalb der 9 millionen starken landbevölkerung bereit. +was für mich wirklich schön am gedanken der aufgabenverlagerung ist, ist aber nicht, dass sie die gesundheitsversorgung einfach zugänglicher und erschwinglicher macht, sondern dass sie grundsätzlich stärkend wirkt. +wir begannen das projekt mit einem zwischenbericht, der einfach viele informationen zusammenfasste, die über dieses thema gesammelt worden waren, von vielen, vielen forschern. +hat ihnen eine biene schon mal eine rechnung ausgestellt? +jetzt zeige ich ihnen was sich wie ändert, wenn wir weitermachen wie bisher. +wenn sie nach wasser bohren, um in der nähe eines bauerndorfs cola herzustellen ist das nichts illegales, doch es verursacht der gemeinde kosten. +die chinesische regierung antwortete mit verstand und verbot die rodungen. +es geht um energieemissionen +genau genommen haben wir so etwas wie eine ethische wahl in der gesellschaft getroffen, keine korallenriffe zu haben. +aber irgendwie hatte der mann auch unter dem strich auch sehr viel platz. +feynman liebte diese geschichte. +aber es war wirklich brutal. +wir waren in den bergen, 1976. +aber er war sehr aufgeregt darüber, dass er endlich jemanden getroffen hatte, dass ich dieselbe erfahrung mit meinem vater hatte, die er mit seinem vater hatte. +er wollte versuchen, es zu visualisieren, unter berücksichtigung einiger einfacher prinzipien. +wenn man sie alle lösen könnte, hätte man eine sehr präzise methode. +wie sollten wir feynman wirklich ehren? +es ist eine zusammengesetzte, kurvige inneneinrichtung. +also war das problem, und sie überließen dieses dilemma mir, dass man die inneneinrichtung nur mit der vorhandenen technologie entwerfen musste, und es kein geld gab für werkzeuge oder formen. +und trotz unserer besten bemühungen und absichten werden kinder immer die gefährlichste sache finden, in welcher umgebung auch immer sie sind. +ich habe das mit zehn in einem film der kanadischen filmbehörde gesehen und es hat mich nachhaltig beeindruckt, babys mit messern spielen zu sehen. +es ist eine sehr einfache übung – kauf ein lied bei itunes, brenne es auf eine cd, dann rippe die cd zu einer mp3 und spiele es auf dem selben computer ab. +das motivierte mich dazu, orthopädischer chirurg zu werden und herauszufinden, ob ich mich nicht lösungen diseer probleme widmen könnte, die mich weiter sport trieben ließen, anstatt mich einzuschränken. +nun, der grund ist, es gibt nicht genug spenderzirkel. +das ist also unser biologischer ansatz heute. +es würde nicht soviel spaß machen, über das raumzeitalter zu sprechen, ohne eine der flaggen zu sehen, die mit apollo 11 zum mond hin und zurück getragen wurden. +mehr dazu morgen. ich habe auch bilder aus der bibliothek für diejenigen unter ihnen, die um bilder gebeten haben. +daher hoffe ich, dass ich ihnen morgen ein oder zwei weitere objekte von dieser bühne zeigen kann. heute aber wollte ich einfach nur all denen danken, die zu uns kamen und mit uns darüber gesprochen haben. +ich habe hier einen brocken kohle mitgebracht - hier, ein stück kohle. +als edison die glühbirne erfand, sah sie ungefähr so aus. +aber sie wollen es benutzen - im ernst. +weiterhin arbeiten wir an geräuschsignalen, die dinge wie schnarchen und lärm von automobilen neutralisieren. +wie ich sagte, können wir den kanal kürzen, wir können ihn über die couch ausbreiten. +ich habe eine reihe weiterer erfindungen. +erreicht es sie dort drüben? +so exustiere ich etwas außerhalb des mainstreams des designdenkens. +als beispiel hierfür begann ich mit zucker zu arbeiten, für stefan sagmeister, dreimaliger ted-referent. +irgendwie dachte ich, es wäre eine gute idee eine pause in meinen vortrag einzulegen. +"… du warst dir niemals sicher, aber ich kann dir versichern, dass deine marotte, wegen der du immer so unsicher warst, äußerst liebenswert ist. +und es ist sehr, sehr verbreitet für designer und menschen in der visuellen kunst, zu denken, dass wir nicht genug beitragen. oder schlimmer noch, dass alles, was wir tun, die mülldeponien füllt. +rezero hält seine balance, indem er konstant seinen nickwinkel mit einem sensor berechnet. +mit einem monitor könnte er die leute informieren, oder sie auf unterhaltsame und spaßige art herumführen. +und wenn wir nun zur abalone-muschel zurückkehren, abgesehen von ihrer nanostruktur begeistert eine sache: wenn eine männliche und eine weibliche abalone zusammen kommen, geben sie genetische information weiter, die sagt: "so baut man ein vorzügliches material. +die abalone-muschel hier – und wenn man sie bricht, kann man feststellen, das sie eine nanostruktur hat. +sie brauchten fast 50 millionen jahre, um zu lernen wie man den bau einer abalone-muschel perfektioniert. +ich hab sie mitgebracht. +angela blecher: mit der natur batterien schaffen +und dann hört man dinge wie im zug, im flugzeug, im auto – also auf dem weg zur arbeit. +man erkennt, dass besonders kreative menschen – designer, programmierer, schriftsteller, ingenieure, denker – dass die leute vor allem längere zeiträume ohne unterbrechungen brauchen, um etwas zu schaffen. +warum erwarten wir, dass leute gut arbeiten, wenn sie im büro die ganze zeit unterbrochen werden? +das ist irgendwie albern. das ist eine ersatzhandlung. +ich meine, wie hoch ist die wahrscheinlichkeit, dass alle 10 bereit sind aufzuhören? +denn büros sind gut ausgestattet, alles, was man zum arbeiten braucht, sollte da sein, doch die leute gehen da jetzt nicht gern hin; wie können wir das ändern? +man kann im ausstellen, aber nicht den manager. +dies ist mein arbeitsplatz. er ist dort draußen, +ich glaube, ich könnte ihnen ihr handy nicht wegnehmen, selbst, wenn ich es wollte. +eigentlich 'ne ganz nette eigenart. +wir haben hier eine menge forschung betrieben. +es bringt ein rudimentäres banksystem an orte, wo keine bank-infrastruktur existiert. +etwa das viagra hier, das ich in einem hinterhof-sexshop irgendwo china gekauft habe. +dies verkörpert für mich irgendwie das verbundensein mit der welt, wo alles miteinander verknüpft zu sein scheint, alle punkte verbinden sich miteinander. +und damit folgt der dritte punkt, welcher zwang ist -- und ein zwang zu dieser verfügbarkeit. +unsere gegenwärtige realität ist weniger interessant als die geschichte die wir später darüber erzählen werden. +worüber sprachen wir gerade? +dean ornish teilt mit uns neue forschungsergebnisse, die zeigen, wie die aneignung gesunder lebensgewohnheiten einen menschen auf genetischer ebene beeinflussen kann. er sagt z.b., dass, wenn wir gesünder leben, besser essen, sport treiben und mehr lieben, sich unsere hirnzellen tatsächlich vermehren. +diese idee wird von diesem zitat gut eingefangen: "dinge, gegen die es kein rezept gibt, sollten ohne bedauern sein, was getan ist, ist getan." +das sind die klassischen bedingungen, die zu bedauern führen. +aber es stellt sich heraus, dass sich bedauern auf vier ganz spezifische und beständige arten schrecklich anfühlt. +mach, dass es weg geht. mach, dass es weg geht. " +denn natürlich treffen wir manchmal entscheidungen, die unwiderrufliche und grausame konsequenzen haben. entweder für uns selber oder für die gesundheit und das glück und die lebensgrundlagen anderer menschen, und im allerschlimmsten fall sogar für ihre leben. +wenn andere leute mein tattoo sehen, mögen sie meistens, wie es aussieht. +danke. +die hälfte von ihnen spendete im internet. +und ziemlich schnell lag der durchschnittliche preis bei 192 dollar. +heute sind diese niedrigen preise verfügbar in den 25 ländern, in denen wir arbeiten, und in insgesamt 62 ländern. und ca. 550.000 menschen profitieren davon. +wir führten kürzlich eine auswertung der ersten 18 monate unserer bestrebungen in ruanda durch. +das entspricht ca. 43 prozent aller schwangerschaften. +ich bin für diesen preis dankbar und werde ihn für diesen zweck verwenden. +die klassenzimmer haben keine wände. +aber eine tolle firma für alternativenergien aus paris nimmt uns den aus dem stromnetz heraus mit solarenergie. +das war grossartig. +dieser junge mann pflückt biologisches gemüse. +und gemeinsam sind diese freiwilligen und die lehrer tief verbunden, um eine neue generation von globalen, grünen anführern zu schaffen. +ist das machbar in eurer gemeinde? +chaz ebert: » es war chaz, die mir zur seite stand, durch drei versuche hindurch, meinen kiefer zu rekonstruieren und mir so die fähigkeit zu sprechen wiederzugeben. +dann versuchte ich, wörter auf meinem notebook zu tippen und die eingebaute computerstimme zu benutzen. +sie hatte noch nie eine aus bereits vorliegendem material gemacht. +menschen, die eine stimme brauchen, sollten wissen, dass die meisten computer bereits über eingebaute sprachtechnologie verfügen. +die initialen standen für programmed logic for automated teaching operations. +nun leben wir im zeitalter des internets, was eine art globalen bewusstseins zu schaffen scheint. +manchmal glauben sie, ich sei taub. +ein mann kommt zum psychiater. +was können wir also tun? +andere beispiele, die sie hier sehen können, sind aus lettland, litauen, estland - die mitteleuropäischen länder. +zunächst stellen sie sich eine große frage: "warum machen wir das? was ist unser ziel?" +bekanntlich boykottierten am 16. juni 1976 die studenten südafrikas die sprache afrikaans als sprache der unterdrücker, denn man schrieb ihnen gewissermaßen vor, dass sie alles in afrikaans zu studieren hätten – biologie, mathematik – was aber war mit unseren sprachen? +er landete unter dem wagen. +und am ende hatte ich eine nase aus plastik, zähne aus porzellan und alle möglichen anderen dinge. +letztlich begannen sie, ihre talente und fähigkeiten auf meine bedürfnisse abzugleichen. +also ging ich von da an weiter. +und als blinde person verblassen die visuellen erinnerungen und werden durch die gefühle ersetzt, die man zu dingen hat und dadurch, wie dinge klingen und wie sie riechen. +er schrieb den gelehrten an der pariser akademie und versuchte, ihnen seine theorie darzulegen. +galileo hat, wie ich finde, sehr treffend zusammengefasst, wie die macht der mathematik uns hilft, die naturwissenschaftliche welt um uns herum zu begreifen. +aber ich wollte ihm etwas zeigen, das ihn bereichert. +ich werde sie dazu bringen, vielleicht auch mathematisch etwas antreiben, – also halten sie sich gut fest – ich werde sie dazu bringen, diese sprache verstehen, die es uns erlaubt, zu begreifen, was symmetrie ist. +beide objekte haben also sechs symmetrieeigenschaften. +zuerst eine dritteldrehung gegen den uhrzeigersinn und dann eine spiegelung an der x-achse. +aber die formen stimmen überein, wenn ich eine sechsteldrehung ausführe und als rotationsachse den punkt wähle, an dem sich die dreiecke berühren. +leider ist es nicht wirklich ein bild. kann ich bitte meinen zeichenblock haben? danke, wunderbar. +zwei? dann hätten sie sich schon früher setzen müssen. +ich habe gelernt, dass sie die essenz dessen sind, was fortschritt ausmacht, selbst wenn sie schrecklich erscheinen. +aber ich glaube aus sicht eines neandertalers hätte es gegen unsere heutigen winzigen hauer, jede menge widerspruch gegeben. +und mark twain, der alles über druckerei wusste, war ganz besessen von dieser maschine. +und mein lieblingsbeispiel dafür ereignete sich anfang 1976, als erkannt wurde, dass die bakterien, die die legionärskrankheit verursachen, schon immer in natürlichen gewässern existiert hatten. aber es war die genaue wassertemperatur in den heiz-, ventilations- und klimasystemen, die die richtigen bedingungen für die maximale reproduktion des legionella bazillus verursachten. +denken sie zum beispiel einmal an die finanzwelt. +es gibt kein standardisiertes regelwerk, nicht mal im ansatz. +folgendes macht mich ganz verrückt. +und der schnappschuss gelingt. +und an die stelle des mausklick tritt nun ein schieben und ziehen, dinge kollidieren, wie man es erwarten würde. wie auf meinem echten schreibtisch kann ich -- ich will mir mal eben diesen burschen greifen -- kann ich dinge in stapeln anlegen, anstatt nur in den üblichen ordnern. +ich glaube, man kann die art, wie wir fotos betrachten, wirklich bereichern und diese art schuhkarton machen, mit fotos von der eigenen familie auf dem küchentisch und so. +ich möchte ihnen mein neuestes projekt vorstellen, » baroque in rock «, für das es unlängst eine goldene platte gab. +sie erlangen ein wahrheitsvermögen, weil sie sich immer und immer wiederholen. und sie verkalken und verknöchern, und werden wirklich. +und ich fragte: "was ist die blackbox für die wall street?" +und der witz ist, dass die natürlich nicht nur im markt laufen. +das ding ist, das hier ist nicht google. +unser design ist gemacht für die sprache einer maschine. +es kommen lichtkegel vor und quantenverwicklungen und ich verstehe nicht wirklich etwas davon. +so viel, oder? +js: selbstabreißend. +50% aller unfälle passieren an kreuzungen. +zusammen mit dem benzin, und es sind 112.000 $pro jahr nur für dieses schild in beide richtungen. +wenn menschen in eine ungewohnte situation kommen, für die sie kein verhaltensmuster haben werden sie langsamer. +zum beispiel waren masern für vier millionen tode verantwortlich - das war vor kurzem, 1990 - und jetzt ist die zahl unter 400,000. +und vor kurzem ist sie nur noch um den äquator zu sehen. +und deshalb sahen wir das schrumpfen der malariakarte. +ich kann es sagen obwohl ich studienabbrecher bin. +also, wie verbessern wir bildung? +man mag denken, dies seien die lehrer mit master abschlüssen. +und der ganze geist und die einstellung dieser schulen ist sehr anders als in normalen öffentlichen schulen. +und dies erlaubt uns nachzuvollziehen wer gut arbeitet, diese herauszurufen und herauszufinden welche techniken es sind. +sie wissen, das system lässt es nicht automatisch geschehen. +die erste "umarmung" ist etwas, von dem wir denken: "oh, das ist ganz einfach," doch es wird eigentlich schwieriger und das ist, der welt um uns herum aufmerksamkeit zu schenken. +ich war an dem punkt, an dem ich eine stoppuhr benutzte und willkürlich kästchen malte und es führte mich nirgendwo hin. also ging ich zurück und versenkte alle meine gemälde im arno und ich dachte, ich fange einfach mal an, herumzuspielen. +"ich werde den weg finden, um dort hineinzukommen, denn ich möchte nicht, dass diese geschichte verschwindet." +wie viele von ihnen fühlen sich damit wohl, sich selbst einen anführer zu nennen? +"und der typ tat mir so leid, dass ich den lolli nahm, und dann setztest du eine unglaublich ernste miene auf, schautest meine eltern an und sagtest:" sehen sie sich das an. sehen sie nur. +wir müssen darüber hinweg kommen, so dass unsere kleinen brüder und schwestern und unsere kinder eines tages – oder heute – zuschauen können und den einfluss, den wir auf unsere gegenseitigen leben haben, wertschätzen, mehr als geld und macht und titel und einfluss. +in den heutigen operationsräumen brauchen wir kein tageslicht mehr. +hat man drei stichproben, dauert dies also eine ganze stunde. +das molekül dringt hindurch und wird ausgeschieden. +wenn dieser lymphknoten krebs hat, würde diese frau die angrenzenden lymphknoten entfernt bekommen. +bei prostata-krebs leiden bis zu 60% der männer nach der operation an inkontinenz und erektionsproblemen. +hier ist also der tumor. +ich möchte ihnen diesen letzten gedanken mitgeben. +und diese zelle ist eine der tausend verschiedenen zellarten, von denen wir lernen. +aber elektrizität breitet sich auch in jede richtung aus -- den weg des geringsten widerstandes. woher diese redewendung teilweise kommt. +und weil es ein protein ist ist es in der dns des organismus gespeichert. +wenn wir also herausfinden, welche zellen sie sind, könnten wir vielleicht neue ziele finden für die medikamente entwickelt oder vor ihnen abgeschirmt werden, oder vielleicht orte, an denen man elektroden anbringen könnte bei menschen, die sehr ernste behinderungen haben. +und das tier hört einen ton -- und ein lichtblitz erscheint dort. +vielleicht 100.000 menschen haben cochleaimplantate, die ihnen das hören ermöglichen. +das ziel des labyrinths ist natürlich das wasser zu verlassen und zu der kleinen plattform zu gelangen die unter dem oberen öffnung liegt. +und durch ausschalten ist es mehr oder weniger eine null. +und wir nahmen auch proben der außenluft. +vielen dank. +es gab keine autos und so schien es irgendwie noch besser. +ich denke, es war eine sehr optimistische zeit und ich möchte über einige dieser dinge sprechen. +das ist es, was sie über meine seite denken – sie wird über die gewichtung aufgestellt. +die anzahl der seiten, die diesen begriff erwähnen und die auch diese seite erwähnen, der prozentsatz dieser seiten ist der goolge share dieser person von diesem begriff. +1860 spricht man über sklaverei. +wenn man die zweite seite hier hat, verlinken einen die meisten. +wir bekommen zunehmend eine diät vorgesetzt, in der der sinneseindruck, nicht die geschichte, dominiert. +und die geschwindigkeit, mit der sie ihn "slumdog millionaire" oder den favelas in rio zuordnen, spricht von der nachhaltigen art. +und die enthaltenen geschichten lieferten eine gemeinsame erfahrung. +diese filme enthielten das, was zu sehr schmerzte um es laut zu sagen, und sie wurden für mich nützlicher als das flüstern der überlebenden und den gelegentlichen blick auf ein tattoo auf dem handgelenk meiner altjüngferlichen tante. +kann operngesang so sexy sein? die wunderbare sopranistin danielle de niese beweist es mit ihrem vortrag der koketten arie "meine lippen, sie küssen so heiß" aus der operette guiditta von franz lehár. begleitung: ingrid surgenor. +der handel, andererseits, ist relativ schnell, total kreativ, höchst effektiv und effizient, und im grunde ehrlich, denn wir können unsere werte nicht langfristig tauschen, wenn wir einander nicht trauen. +und so haben wir produkte designt, und alle chemikalien bis in den millionstel-teilchen-bereich analysiert. +der obere teil besteht aus nylon 6, das wieder zu caprolactam wird, der untere teil, ein polyalken - unendlich wiederverwertbare thermoplaste. +als wir sie fragen, sagten sie: "es ist wie eine riesentoilette die nicht runterspült." +wir haben jede menge energie, also werden wir dieses problem lösen, jedoch die biologie ist heikel, weil wir all diese giftigen materialien, die wir ausspucken, durch das system schleusen, werden wir niemals im stande sein das wieder gut zu machen. +schuhe für nike, wo die oberteile aus polyester sind, unendlich wiederverwertbar, und die unterteile bestehen aus biologisch abbaubaren sohlen. +weil, wenn sie sich selbst vergiften, indem sie der billigst-produzent sind, um es dem billigst-verkäufer -- wal-mart zu senden -- und wir ihnen dann all unser geld schicken. was wir dann entdecken ist, das wir effektiv etwas haben, was, als ich noch student war, gemeinsame beiderseitige zerstörung genannt wurde. +der kompost wird dann wieder komplett zurückgenommen, um auf den dächern der stadt eingesetzt zu werden, wo wir landwirtschaft haben. was wir nämlich gemacht haben, ist, wir haben den boden der stadt in die höhe gehoben - um die ursprüngliche landschaft auf den dächern der gebäude wieder herzustellen. +dies ist fünfmal so groß. +wir wussten nichts über xkeyscore. wir wusste nichts von cybertrans. +und trotzdem sind diese dateien da. +okay, wie viele schwedische entscheidungsträger, politiker und führungspersonen aus der wirtschaft nutzen, jeden tag, us-basierte dienstleistungen, wie zum beispiel windows oder osx, oder nutzen facebook oder linkedln, oder speichern ihre daten in externen netzwerken wie icloud oder skydrive oder dropbox, oder nutzen dienstleistungen wie den amazon web service oder die verkaufsunterstützung? +und wer auch immer ihnen erzählt, er habe nichts zu verbergen hat darüber einfach nicht lange genug nachgedacht. +sie war eines der ziele der nsa-überwachung. +seit langem übt das menschliche gehirn eine faszination auf menschen aus. +und was sie sehen ist sehr ungleichmäßig. hier sehen sie eine größere anordnung. +eins bekommen wir von der mutter, eins vom vater. +in seattle nehmen wir sie – das ist eine ganze menschliche gehirnhälfte – und legen sie hier rein – nur eine bessere aufschnittmaschine. +sie können hier auf dem objektträger sehen, das dies in echtzeit passiert. +grün gehört zu den kühleren bereichen, wo sie nicht stimuliert sind. +wenn sie also z.b. in der pharmaforschung tätig sind, können sie durch eine ganze liste von angeboten gehen, die ein genom zu bieten hat, um vielleicht bessere wirkungsorte zu finden und zu optimieren. +dies sind keine schizophrenen personen aber sie zeigen abweichungen von der grundgesamtheit. +also warum ist das so? +fakt ist, wenn wir nicht wissen ob wir überhaupt gutes tun sind wir nicht besser als die mediziner und ihre blutegel im mittelalter. +"wenn ihr die netze kostenlos verteilt, werden die menschen sie nicht wertschätzen. +das ist schlecht, aber solche orte gibt es. +und dann kannst du es leicht machen und einen anlass geben jetzt zu handeln, in dem wir für jede impfung einen kilo linsen verteilt haben. +die dritte ist wichtig, weil wenn wir denken, dass sich die leute an almosen gewöhnen könnte die kostenlose vergabe von netzen den markt zerstören. +man weiß wie zu impfen ist, man weiß wie man moskitonetze verteilen soll. +erklär den leuten die vorteile von bildung. das zu tun ist sehr billig. +aber schaut was wir heute gemacht haben. +und jetzt können wir vielleicht auf die wichtigere frage zurückkommen mit der ich am anfang begonnen habe. +wir alle haben von diesen dingen gehört. +und das hat mit mir zu tun. denn 1994 packte ich ein paar dinge in einen rucksack und machte mich auf den weg auf eine einjährige reise, genau in der mitte meiner universitätslaufbahn. +bringen wir doch etwas licht in diesen verblüffenden, vielseitigen kontinenten, der so viel zu bieten hat. +allein der ausdruck "investieren in afrika" ist also inakzeptabel. +doch sehen wir uns das werk von goldman sachs an – der berühmte bbc-bericht. +diese ankündigung kam in den letzten paar wochen raus. +es ist teurer, waren zu transportieren. die warenpreise erhöhen sich, das wirkt sich auf die inflation aus. +ein afrikanischer nachrichtenkanal, der rund um die uhr sendet. +sie bilden auch ein drittel unserer lebensmittel. +wir schauen so selten in den himmel. +hier sind die aufnahmen, die ich den leuten gezeigt habe. +okay. +also, das sind die aufnahmen, die er gefilmt hatte, und sie waren ganz schön bewegend und erfurchtgebietend. +es war zufälligerweise auch das letzte mal, dass ich das tageslicht sah. +und er sagte: "weil keiner weiß, dass du irgendwas damit zu tun hattest." +wie konnte jemand mit den fingerspitzen lesen? +kt: nein. +kb: stören sie nur nicht meine konzentration. +ich brauche schnell zwei leute, die mir helfen. +ok, nun, glauben sie überhaupt an hexerei? +kb: was haben sie gespürt? +ok, elrauben sie ihr, dort zu bleiben. +halten sie es, halten sie es, sie beide, halten sie es. +kommen sie hier her, neben mich. +und ich will, dass sie die negative energie rauslassen. indem sie es schütteln. +du wusstest es. +sie passen auf mich auf, damit ich keine späße mache. +sj: du bist über einem becher. +denkst du, dass die spitze unter der linken hand oder unter der rechten ist? +das ist nicht gut. hi. ja. wirklich schlecht. schauen sie mich bloß nicht an. +sie wissen sicher, wenn sie diese stimmen hören, dann versammeln sich all die kleinen neuronen und in diesem kleinen loch bekommen sie eine richtig giftige "ich will mich umbringen" -chemikalie, und wenn sie das immer und immer wieder in dauerschleife hören, dann haben sie sich wohl eine depression eingefangen. +wir sind nicht fürs 21. jahrhundert ausgestattet. +wir müssen wissen, warum die leute tun, was sie tun. +aber sie war überprüfbar blöd. +in einem paar bekommt eine person folgende nachricht: "möchten sie einen teil ihrer 10 dollar, die sie hier verdient haben, jemand anders im labor zukommen lassen?" +für das experiment müsste ich also in das gehirn eingreifen und das oxytocin direkt manipulieren. +wenn ich etwas tue, das dich verletzt, fühle ich den schmerz. +der mann soll eine halbe stunde warten. +es gibt andere methoden, das system zu unterdrücken. +die braut. +es gibt unzählige wege, uns mit anderen menschen zu verbinden, und das scheint überall gleich zu sein. +ich wollte wissen, woher die art des lernens rührt, die wir heute in der schule vorfinden. +und es gibt menschen, die diese computer bedienen, um ihre beamtentätigkeit auszuüben. +einer unserer studenten muss vorbeigekommen sein und ihnen gezeigt haben, wie man die maus benutzt. " +es gibt eine gruppe von kindern in süd-indien, deren englische aussprache wirklich schlecht ist und die eine gute aussprache brauchen, denn das könnte ihre jobaussichten verbessern. +nach zwei monaten kam ich zurück und die kinder marschierten auf und sagten: "wir haben nichts verstanden." +kallikuppam hatte den anschluss an meine kontrollgruppe einer schule in neu-delhi gefunden, einer reichen privatschule mit einem ausgebildeten biologielehrer. +nimmt der protoreptilische teil in unserem hirnzentrum eine bedrohung wahr, legt er alles andere lahm, er legt den präfrontalen cortex lahm, die für das lernen zuständigen teile, sie alle werden lahmgelegt. +du kannst mich nicht fangen. +sie haben davon schon gehört. sie wissen, was das heißt. +es ist eine eigentlich unbemannte einrichtung. +wisst ihr, ich spiele bei diesen rock konzerten, und bin auf der bühne, völlig ruhig stehend, wisst ihr, nur darauf konzentriert. und naja, "was tut sie? was tut sie?", wisst ihr. +wenn ich beim nächsten lied in ohnmacht falle... -- +dieses dilemma ergab den titel dieses projekts, der auf unterschiedliche weisen zeigt, dass wir alle lebende tote sind und dass wir in mancher hinsicht die geister der vergangenheit und der zukunft sind. +und ich stieß auf die karten, die sie hier sehen. +es wird also die virulenz getestet. +jeder tauchte auf. +die spannungen zwischen den beiden familien reichen bis 1913 zurück, als es streit über lokale politische machtverhältnisse gab. +das ist nur eine verkürzte darstellung von über 1.000 bildern. +das stück ist überhaupt nicht kompliziert. +und sie werden sich - ob sie es glauben oder nicht - abgetrennt von dem instrument und dem stick fühlen, obwohl ich den stick wirklich sehr fest halte. +sie sind alle verschieden. +genau. weil ich es noch nicht mal berühre. +in einem jahr könnten es zwei weitere schritte sein. +aber, nicht einer von ihnen ist aufgestanden um zu denken, "richtig! wie kann ich klatschen? ok, vielleicht.... +und interessanterweise, je älter ich wurde, als ich ein vollzeitstudent an einer so genannten "musik-institution" wurde, wurde all das verworfen. +in dieser sich steigernden demonstation zeigt die taube perkussionistin evelyn glennie, warum das hören von musik viel mehr beinhaltet als schallwellen auf sein trommelfell treffen zu lassen. +und es wurde so groß, bis zum punkt wo es einen festwagen letztes jahr bei macy 's thanksgiving parade gab und rick astley rausspringt und "rickrolled" millionen menschen im fernsehen. +aber das ist nicht das interessante daran. +ich habe ein paar fragen an dich. +aber ein paar gute dinge kamen auch daraus. +und sie waren sicherlich stolz, dich als gewinner der time-wahl zu sehen. +die entwicklung der dinosaurier verlief langsam, immer einen schritt langsamer, egal wie sie sie messen. +ein rund 1 meter großes tier mit schönem schädel, ein räuber, fleischfresser, ein zweibeiner. +als anführer – das ist definitiv ein mannschaftssport – müssen sie sie inspirieren, mehr arbeit zu leisten, als je zuvor in ihrem leben, unter bedingungen, die sie sich nicht vorstellen können. +es hat ein stirnhirn, ein fünfzehntel der größe eines menschen. +jemand muss an die vorderbeine. +und dann später wird uns die arbeit nach tibet führen. +jetzt haben wir die abweichung, aber wir haben eine dritte dimension des ortes erstellt. +das sind wirklich verwandte disziplinen. +sie müssen diese schritte tun. wenn sie das tun – es ist einfach, kinder an wissenschaft zu interessieren. +man gibt ihr einen kurzen stoß mit dem ellbogen und stürmt zur ziellinie. +sie laufen nicht 42 kilometer, sondern 150, 250 kilometer am stück, und anscheinend ohne verletzungen, ohne probleme. +es gibt keine schnelle frau auf dem planeten und es hat noch nie eine gegeben. +etwa sieben, acht jahre also, um euren höhepunkt zu erreichen, um dann allmählich wieder zurückzufallen bis ihr zum anfangspunkt zurückkehrt. +man muss sich zu einer gruppe zusammenschließen. +und was ist geschehen, als wir angefangen haben, diese modischen, gepolsterten dinge zu erfinden, die das laufen verbessern, genannt schuhe. +aber vielleicht gibt es da noch einen weiteren vorteil. +für mich war das der leerraum, das war es, was roboter noch nicht tun konnten. +es ist ein gruseliges monster. +sie rufen ihre freundin an, sie platziert ihren hörer in einem roboter und zack!, sind sie ein mebot – sie können augenkontakt aufnehmen, sie können mit ihren freunden sprechen sie können sich bewegen, sie können gestikulieren – vielleicht das zweitbeste nach tatsächlicher anwesenheit, oder? +ich stelle mir also einen moment vor, gar nicht so weit in der zukunft – meine mutter kann an ihren computer gehen, einen browser öffnen und sich in einen kleinen roboter einklinken. +um diese frage zu beantworten, haben wir eine studie in boston durchgeführt, bei der wir eine von drei vermittlungstechniken in den wohnräumen der menschen über einen zeitraum von mehreren wochen installierten. +aber wir können diese idee noch weiter vorantreiben +roboter berühren etwas zutiefst menschliches in uns. +und es geht nicht, dass meine jungs mich auslachen. +und ich folgte diesem typen überallhin, bis wir im selben raum waren und ich ihm eines meiner stücke vorlas, und wisst ihr, was er mir sagte? +ich kann mit dem schock aus "the crying game" mithalten mit der ehrfurcht eines kindes, das von einem schulrüpel "aids-opfer" genannt wird, nicht wissend, dass sein vater es meiner mutter gab, und das ist doppeldeutig. +dann machte ich mir gedanken, ob ich ihr bild tatsächlich ersetzen könnte. ich suchte mir also eine doppelgängerin von diana und stellte sie in den korrekten positionen und winkel auf und erschuf etwas, das es im öffentlichen bewusstsein schon gab. +also, hier ist das bild. +alle diese arbeiten wurden in galerien gezeigt. +dieses bild ist tatsächlich recht interessant, denn wir haben es, denke ich, vor drei jahren gemacht, +jack nicholson in seinem promi-leben so treiben könnte. und die tatsache, dass er versucht hat, er hatte einen kleinen wutanfall und schlug neulich einen fahrer mit einem golfschläger. +hat sich jemand hier einmal gefragt, was passiert, wenn sie nachts in ihr zimmer zurückgehen, und plötzlich bekommen sie schmerzen in der brust, kurzatmigkeit, schweißausbrüche? +bitte merken sie sich das. wir können damit nicht in solchen umgebungen umgehen. +wir unterhalten zur zeit 25 stellen - alle von ihnen ausgebildete fachärzte aus den usa, kanada oder großbritannien. +und dann werden wir weitere zentren eröffnen. +sie müssen am leben sein, sie müssen sich ernähren. +wir arbeiten auch an unterstützender ausbildung in der gesundheitsvorsorgetechnologie, wir bilden auch in echokardiographie aus, ultraschall am herzen, so was alles. diese art von ausbildung motiviert menschen. +und ich fühle mich hier wirklich zu hause, denn hier gibt es eine menge autistische gene. +auch meine zeichnungen spielten eine hauptrolle im film. +und meine verkaufstaktik war, dass ich meine zeichnungen und bilder von dingen zeigte. +ich war sehr beunruhigt darüber, dieses gerät [im gehirnscanner] über meinem gesicht zu tragen. +ich finde, viele menschen haben damit schwierigkeiten. +der im film dr carlock heißt. +mit 13 jahren hatte ich eine stelle in einem kleidergeschäft wo ich kleider genäht habe. +denn ich beobachte, dass an den community colleges viele gute lehrer / innen für viele dieser kinder zu finden sind. davon müssen wir einige in die high schools holen. +wofür haben sie am meisten leidenschaft? +meine eigene spezialität liegt in der kombination von digitaler technologie und magie. +auf wiedersehen. +und es war tief. tief in meiner seele. +das ist doch mal ein talent. +und jetzt kommt die küste, und ein ganz kleiner teil von mir ist traurig. +danke. +das erste problem ist, dass die katastrophenhilfe unzureichend ist. +sie schicken ihn in den irak. +ich denke, es ist sehr wichtig, weil genau jetzt gerade jemand wieder aufstehen muss, und diese generation der veteranen hat die möglichkeit, das zu tun, wenn sie die chance dazu bekommen. +wohin würde das führen? +und so erfanden sie die wissenschaftliche zeitschrift als weg, die diskussionen zu synchronisieren über die gesamte gemeinschaft von naturwissenschaftlern. +die programmierer kommen und gehen. +dies hat folgende auswirkung: ein programmierer in edinburgh und ein programmierer in entebbe können beide dieselbe – eine kopie desselben teils der software erhalten. +richtig. +es war die erwartung der bürger dass sie nicht zensiert werden würde. +dieses foto möchte ich ihnen zeigen. +morgan hendry: "beware of safety" ist eine instrumentelle rockband. +wir bestehen im wahrsten sinne des wortes aus sternenstaub. +und wenn sie auf die obere linke ecke sehen, dann sehen sie einen kleinen dunklen punkt. +ok, der fallschirm ist ausgerichtet. +bc: wir treten in die atmosphäre des mars ein. +das ist auch der zeitpunkt, an dem wir die hintere verkleidung abwerfen und uns nun im freien fall befinden. +dann werden wir etwas ernster, also müssen wir unsere cad / cams und die ingenieure involvieren. oder wissenschaftler, die sich mit den thermischen eigenschaften auskennen, die designs verstehen, atmosphärische interaktion, fallschirme und dergleichen verstehen. sie arbeiten als team und entwickeln gewissermaßen am computer eine raumsonde um zu sehen, ob sie unseren anforderungen genügt. +und für den fall, dass wir etwas nicht erreichen können weil es z.b. zu hoch auf einer klippe ist, haben wir ein kleines lasersystem das auf den felsen schießt, ein wenig verdampft und analysiert, was da von dem felsen abgegeben wird. +beim vorbeifliegen blickten wir zurück. und raten sie, was wir sahen. +sie fahren einfach zum nächsten see, stecken den schlauch hinein und ihr auto ist vollgetankt. +wenn wir anfangen, exponentiell zu denken, können wir verstehen, wie dies die technologien in unserem umfeld beeinflusst. +wir können komplexere probleme mit computern bearbeiten. +und natürlich gibt es dazu eine app. +sie können ihr gewicht an ihre freunde tweeten, und diese können ihnen dann helfen, ihr gewicht zu halten. +aber wie können wir den arzt verbessern? +hier ein paar beispiele: wir sind in der ära der "phantastischen reise", dank der ipill. +kommen wir zur genomik, als vor 10 jahren die ersten menschlichen genom-sequenzierungen durchgeführt wurden, betrugen die kosten rund eine milliarde dollar. +wir können präventiver sein; diese vorsichtsmaßnahmen können personalisiert sein, aber am wichtigsten wird die ansteigende partizipation sein. +wir haben eigentlich erwachsene stammzellen seit 15 jahren in klinischen tests benutzt, in verschiedenen fällen, insbesondere für herz-kreislauf-krankheiten. +das erste ist spencer gewidmet und seiner großmutter, die von seiner arbeit schockiert war. +in jenen tagen, gab es noch ländliche gegenden, nahe an der stadt, höfe, kornfelder, kühe; auch gar nicht weit entfernt von unserem haus, mit seinen verwischten steinen und dem langen, schattigen korridor, konnte man gebiete mit hügeln und bäumen finden, und man konnte so tun, als seien es berge und wälder. +das mädchen, meine alte liebe, das letzte verlorene mal sah ich sie als sie mich auf einer party suchte, wie sie betrunken stammelte, fiel, sich lümmelte, verrutschter rock, rot umränderte augen, von tränen verschwollen, ihre schande, ihre schmach. +dieses hier heißt "durst". +ein lässiger impuls, eine laune, bis jetzt noch nie bedacht, schwerlich sogar jetzt bedacht... +die mädchen, zu meinem erschrecken, wendeten den blick ab. +c.k. williams liest gedichte von jugend und alter +samuel pisar, einr der überlebenden von auschwitz, hat gesagt, ich zitiere, "der holocaust lehrt uns, dass die natur, selbst in ihren grausamsten momenten, noch gütig ist im vergleich zum menschen, wenn er seine moralische orientierung und vernunft verliert." +aber bilder müssen nicht drastisch sein, um uns an die tragik des krieges zu erinnern. +was wir heute versuchen werden, in den gut sechzehn minuten, die mir bleiben, ist es, drei fragen zu beantworten. die erste ist: "warum?". +das war unsere hochfrequenz-funkantenne. +zwei norweger haben es 2000 im team geschafft. allein aber keiner. +wenn das eis mehr oder weniger eben war, konnte ich gerade mal so beide ziehen. +das war eine ziemlich radikale technologie und ein radikaler ansatz - aber es funktionierte prima. +ich habe das fotografiert. habe mich auf meinen schlitten gesetzt und so einen videoeintrag gemacht. +ich dachte, das muss einfach reichen. +deswegen wurde mir wahrscheinlich auch kein vorwurf wegen der länge meiner startbahn gemacht. +seitdem ist niemand auf ski - das war vor 93 jahren - seitdem also ist niemand auf ski von der küste von antarktis zu dem pol und zurück. +aber ich hatte noch immer zweifel, also sagte ich: "wissen sie was, ich werde es nicht tun." +und ich erinnerte mich, dass der alte und betrunkene kerl eines tages ins labor kam, um leichtes geld zu verdienen, und das war dieser kerl. +ich möchte mit einem positiven gedanken enden. +was, wenn wir angst einmal anders betrachten? +diese ängste tanzten in der vorstellung dieser armen menschen. es zeigte sich, dass die angst, der sie gehör schenkten, über leben oder tod entscheiden würde. +was würde mit unserem verstand passieren? +der romanautor vladimir nabokov sagte, der beste leser kombiniere zwei sehr verschiedene temperamente, das künstlerische und das wissenschaftliche. +ich bin nun 43 jahre alt. +deshalb baten sie ihre eltern auf die straße zu gehen und sie einzusammeln und nach hause zu bringen. +das war der große unterschied zwischen den vielen versuchen zuvor um wandel zu schaffen, bevor wir dachten und die regierung uns befahl - und manchmal stimmte es sogar - dass wandel uns aufgezwungen wurde und die menschen wehrten sich, denn sie dachten, es sei fremd für ihre kultur, +ich erinnere mich an eine nacht, als mich jemand auf meinem handy anrief - eine gewöhnliche person, die ich nicht kannte - vom tahrir platz. +ist es eine story des jahres, eine story des jahrzehnts, oder noch mehr? +sie hatten einige redner dort. +und frankie sagte: "ich bin als 22. an der reihe, und ich sehe die nadel auf mich zukommen, und da ist überall blut. +du willst eine nadel genau so wenig teilen wie du eine zahnbürste teilen willst, selbst mit jemandem, mit dem du schläfst. +was wir also in den vereinigten staaten gemacht haben ist, die daten zu prüfen, endlos lang die daten zu prüfen. +es sind homosexuelle männer in der partyszene, die im schnitt drei mal so viele partner haben wie heterosexuelle leute in der partyszene, +aber er verändert die rechnung, was rational ist beim treffen sexueller entscheidungen. +was bedeutet das? +es gibt so viele unterschiedliche arten, rational zu sein wie menschen auf diesem planeten, und das ist eine der herrlichkeiten menschlicher existenz. +ich habe sie hinaus auf die terasse genommen. +den sogenannten "clawhammer" stil hatte er von seiner mutter und großmutter gelernt. +es hört sich ungefähr so an. +wir standen am rande von tausenden von hektar baumwolle. +unsere mutter hoffte, dass wir dadurch harte arbeit wertzuschätzen gelernt hätten. +gute neuigkeuten: der wagen kommt. +aber wenn ich an anderes dachte, waren es ganz einfache dinge. +wir zogen gegenüber von michael and john whitney ein. +sagten, sie würden uns verhauen, wenn wir für sie kein schießpulver herstellen würden. +lassen sie mich also alle kombinieren. und, ich kann die klänge auch verändern, indem ich auf dieses pedal hier trete, und – lassen sie mich das hier beenden mit einem kleinen "hambone" solo oder so ähnlich. +wissenschaftsethik und die ethik, bürger einer demokratie zu sein, stehen nicht nur in beziehung zueinander, sondern es gibt auch, historisch gesehen, eine beziehung zwischen dem, wie menschen über zeit und raum denken und was der kosmos ist, und wie menschen über die gesellschaft denken, in der sie leben. +sie zur endgültigen quantentheorie von zeit, raum und gravitation zu verschmelzen ist deren höhepunkt, etwas, das gerade jetzt stattfindet. +nun, darwin lehrte uns, dass es prozesse der selbstorganisation gibt, die genügen, um uns alle und alles, was wir sehen zu erklären. +ich bin tatsächlich fertig. die wissenschaft wird nie verschwinden. +ich kann meine arbeit als einen job sehen, ich mache es für geld. +also sah ich mich nach möbeln um. +übers jahr kann er ungefähr 8000 plätze im restaurant besetzen. +was kam dabei heraus? +es gibt ein komplettes orchester im gebäude, +das sind einige bilder, die besucher mir geschickt haben. +und die affen da im wald sahen tatsächlich ziemlich glücklich aus. +denn obwohl wir tod als universelle erfahrung teilen, erleben wir ihn nicht überall auf der welt gleich. +sie ist auch ein moment der selbsterkenntnis. +aber ich sehe etwas zutiefst transformierendes darin, den tod als sozialen prozess zu erleben und nicht einfach als biologischen. +eines dieser … – vielen dank für die einladung. +man trifft einige großartige menschen, menschen, die die welt mit ganz anderen augen sehen. +"es tut mir leid. ich habe nur 18 minuten, 18 minuten, um über die rettung der welt, die rettung des planeten und globale instituitionen zu sprechen. +warum würde man so etwas machen? warum würde... das ist wie ein schritt davon entfernt, eine dieser e-mails aus nigeria zu beantworten. ist es nicht so? +aber wir haben wieder hoffnung. wir haben einen neuen mann. +er sprach zu der menschenmenge in chicago: "wenn es jemanden in der welt gibt, der immer noch zweifel hat, dass amerika ein ort ist, an dem alle dinge möglich sind..." +erinnern sie sich? george bush sagte: "eine nu-ke-lare." +"ich war im gefängnis für fast 30 jahre auf einer insel mitten im ozean. +es gibt viele verschiedene formen. +deshalb haben sie jedes mal, wenn sie etwas gefunden haben, das ein wenig anders aussah, diesem einen andern namen gegeben. +die mögen es nicht, wenn man ankommt und die knochen aufsägen und reinschauen will. +die leute sahen sich also diese saurier an und sprachen darüber, wie unterschiedlich sie seien. +was interessant ist, die stacheln am hinterkopf des dracorex wuchsen auch sehr schnell. +und dann, weil die jungtiere ja in meiner sammlung sind, habe ich sie aufgeschnitten und mir das innere angesehen. +hier ist noch einer. +wie ihr euch vorstellen könnt, ist das bei viertklässlern nicht besonders beliebt. +es ist ein responives system, das auf echtes wetter ausgelegt ist. +jedenfalls, es geht weiter. +auf einer gesamtlänge von 91 metern. +die sicht ist der galerie verschlossen, wo nur das natürliche licht genutzt wird, und mit einem panorama-blick in der nördlichen galerie wieder geöffnet wird. +moment - es ist in diesem zustand, wir haben noch viel zu tun. +das ist ein mock-up, der sich in salt lake city befindet, der ihnen einen eindruck gibt, wie es wirklich aussehen wird. +sogar in nachrichten über sexuelle gewalt bekommen männer eine überwältigende mehrheit an druckfläche und sendezeit. +sie fand heraus, dass viele dieser geschichten dazu tendieren den opfern die schuld zu geben und ihr leben abzuwerten. +sie dort abzubilden verlieh ihnen ihren wiedererkennungswert. +sie war die redakteurin von den cbs nachrichten, die in ägypten am tahrir platz unmittelbar nach diesem foto sexuell missbraucht wurde. +ihre botanischen namen sehen sie hier vorne. +'sei du selbst die veränderung, die du dir wünschst für diese welt', hat mahatma gandhi einmal gesagt. +pm: nun, das ist eine gute idee. +dies passierte dann bei unterschiedlichen gelegenheiten häufiger, aber ich denke, dass es ein großer vorteil war, eine frau zu sein. +als amerikanerin beschloss ich sofort ein gremium zu gründen. +das andere das ich für wichtig halte ist: bei vielen themen der nationalen sicherheitspolitik geht es nicht nur um außenpolitik, sondern es geht um budgets, militärbudgets, und wie sich staatsschulden entwickeln. +also, okay! +großartige nachrichten! es macht mich verrückt, dass die meisten menschen nichts davon zu wissen scheinen. +nun weiß ich, dass einige von euch denken, dieser fortschritt geschieht nur in asien oder lateinamerika oder in vorzeigeländern wie brasilien – und wer liebt keine brasilianischen models? – aber sehen sie sich subsahara-afrika an. +genau jetzt und heute kämpfen ölgesellschaften in oslo darum, ihre geheimen zahlungen an die regierungen zu verschleiern, weil sie öl aus entwicklungsländern abgezogen haben. +dabei schließen sie sich uns und vielen anderen bei etwas an, das ich das größte abenteuer der geschichte nenne, den anspruchsvollen weg, der zur gleichheit führt. +wenn wir diese metapher eines genoms als programm nun ernst nehmen, dann müssen sie bedenken, dass chris anderson ein computer-erzeugter gegenstand ist, wie auch jim watson, craig venter, und alle von uns. +man entwirft so etwas wie ein handy, und in sehr abstrakter sprache beschreibt man dieses handy. +das hier ist normale dna, was man für normale dna hält. +wir erhitzen sie, fügen etwas salz hinzu, erhitzen sie fast bis zum siedepunkt und kühlen sie ab, und während des abkühlens fixieren die kurzen stränge die langen und es bildet sich eine struktur heraus. +sie schrieb ihre ganz eigene software, um dieses dna-origami zu entwerfen und zu bauen, eine wunderbare darstellung von china, sogar mit taiwan, und es hängt im prinzip an der kürzesten leine der welt, nicht? +sie wurde von erik winfree initiiert, und diese methode kann bausteine von einem hundertstel der größe eines dna-origami verarbeiten. +und wenn man das tut, hat das origami dieselbe größe, aber unser quadrat ist am ende dreimal so groß. +und ich glaube, dass wir in den nächsten 5 bis 10 jahren die quadrate herstellen können, die ich beschrieben habe, und vielleicht sogar ein paar der selbstmontierten schaltkreise. +als das leben eine reihe von tod- und nahtod-erfahrungen in meinem engsten kreis vorbei brachte, hob das die notwendigkeit eines medizinischen notdienstes in indien, ähnlich dem 911 in den usa, hervor. +sieht man sich jedoch den gewöhnlichen mann an, wacht dieser nicht jeden tag auf und denkt sich: "hmm, sehen wir mal wen wir heute bestechen könnten." +er kann bis zu 1 billion wert sein, die jedes jahr an bestechung gezahlt werden, genausoviel wie indiens bip. +ein paar leute sagen tatsächlich: "oh, lassen sie mich das einfach erledigen und vergessen wir es dann." +die vorhanden daten ist dieses tolle ding namens youtube. wir können im grunde in die tiefe gehen und alle freien inhalte aus youtube beziehen, alle kommentare, alle besuche, wer sie ansieht, wo sie sie ansehen und was in den kommentaren gesagt wird. +wenn wir uns hier annähern, sehen wir, – wir wenden wieder die physik-engine an – erkennen wir, dass eine unterhaltung eigentlich aus vielen kleineren besteht. +hier ist einer von jessica green über die mikrobielle ökologie von gebäuden. +männlichkeit zeigen die jungs, die ohne väter aufgewachsen sind. die schläger tragen tarnmuster und waffen, aber sie brauchen ne 'umarmung. +investiert, investiert, investiert. " +eine weise person weiß, wie man improvisiert, wie luke es gemacht hat, als er den boden zwei mal wusch. +alles was es dort gab war "mike 's hard lemonade", welche fünf prozent alkohol enthält. +wir können dies sehr gut an den reaktionen auf die aktuelle finanzkrise sehen. +versteht mich nicht falsch. wir brauchen regeln! +nur noch fragen, "dient es meinem interesse?" +seid stolz darauf sie zu haben. +es gibt hier bei ted und an anderen orten viel zu zelebrieren. +wenn man das gemacht hat, läuft der rest von selbst. +die haben besonderes interesse an technologien, die unseren soldaten helfen werden. +sie haben wohl zu oft "terminator" gesehen. +es hat sich aber herausgestellt, dass, wie sie an aimees fähigkeiten und verhalten sehen können, menschen mit dem verlangen, etwas zu machen, sehr bemerkenswert sind und die natur ziemlich anpassungsfähig ist. +ich erzähle ihnen nun einige verblüffende sachen, die passiert sind, als wir damit angefangen haben. +er war auf seinen anderen arm gestützt. +ich kriege einen anruf und wir fahren zurück nach washington. +"was soll ich denn erzählen?", habe ich gesagt. +es ist eine einfache antwort. +sie ist der pfadfinder, der uns die einfache straße durch ein undurchdringliches moralisches dickicht weist. +die erde bewegte sich für beide. +es gab so viele skeptiker, vor allem die londoner presse, sodass sie anfingen cheeseburger in hubschraubern um meinen kasten herumzufliegen, um mich in versuchung zu führen. +dann unterhielt ich mich mit einem befreundeten arzt und fragte ihn, wie ich es wohl anstellen könnte. +und es gibt bewegungslose apnoe, +er ist 1,95m groß und wiegt 72kg. +das war ein entscheidender fehler. +und darauf reagierte er damit, dass er zu regis und kelly ging und seinen alten rekord brach. +was mich noch nervöser machte. +es war schrecklich. +ich dann so: "was?" +wir können jetzt die titelseite der zeitung anvisieren und sofort das bulletin erhalten. +lehrer: jetzt verschiebe es in beide richtungen. sieh, was passiert. +es braucht nur ein klein wenig verarbeitung, um das gerade aufgenommene bild zu konvertieren, in eine art digitalen fingerabdruck, und das tolle ist, wenn sie ein professioneller nutzer sind, – also eine zeitung – die werkzeuge sind beinahe identisch zu denen, die wir gerade in dieser demonstration verwendet haben. +für uns hier in diesem raum ist es nicht nur das ärmste und verletztlichste wesen, es ist die gemeinschaft, die kultur, die welt an sich. +letzte woche sagte bill clinton bei den ted awards, "diese lage ist noch nie dagewesen, ungleich, ungerecht und unstabil." +ich denke, viele von ihnen sind dort wohl schon gewandert. +wir haben die ausrottung der pocken erlebt. +das ist etwas, worüber man sehr, serh optimistisch sein kann. +und als sie das taten, brachten sie die pocken in 10 andere länder und lösten die epidemie wieder aus. +es gibt auf der ganzen welt keinen hund, der natürlichen ursprungs ist. +und jetzt haben sie einfach das gen dafür, dieses biolumineszente gen, mit normalen zellen gekreuzt. +auch wenn wir uns noch so sehr darüber aufregen, wir haben genau das in diesem land erlaubt – ganz anders als in europa – und zwar ohne jegliche regulierung, und sogar ohne irgendeine kennzeichnung auf der verpackung. +und das wirft die frage auf, wie wir tierarten im zeitalter der biotechnologie zukünftig definieren – eine frage, von der wir noch nicht mal wissen wie wir sie beantworten sollen. +wir haben diesem tier seine autonomie genommen. " +das ist eine maus, die von charles vacanti erchaffen wurde, an der university of massachusetts. +wir gestalten unmittelbar die zukunft der arten auf diesem planeten. +und weiter sagte er: "diese unterschiede stimmen nicht überein mit den dazugehörigen unterschieden im klima." +aber uvb und besonders uva kamen ungehindert durch. +es gab eine natürliche selektion zugunsten der evolution von leicht pigmentierter haut. +nun haben wir mit der hautpigmentierung eines dieser wunderbaren produkte der evolution, das heutzutage immer noch konsequenzen hat. +sie, sie können es lehren. +lassen sie mich ihnen ein paar gegenstände zeigen. +auf der rechten seite habe ich eine höhere rauigkeit abgebildet. +doch wie kommt das? daher, weil die lungenoberfläche im grunde etwas sehr unscharf definiertes ist. +und sie vermischen sich doch! +einige zeit spielte ich damit herum, und brachte sie anschließend wieder in die ursprüngliche lage. +die grundidee war somit die, man sollte in der lage sein - wie sagt man? - kurssteigerungen zu "modellieren". +und uninteressant dazu. +benoit mandelbrot: fraktale und die kunst der rauigkeit +stellen sie sich vor, sie wären alle teilnehmer dieser studie. +hier ist ein beispiel der zu lösenden rätsel. +das heißt, sie bemühen sich weniger und deshalb ist das ergebnis: weniger rätsel gelöst. +richtig? ein patient, der das steuer hält, zum beispiel. +nicht weil es nicht genug zu essen gab – denn tatsächlich gab es einen nahrungsmittelüberschuss in den fruchtbaren regionen der südlichen landesteile – sondern weil die menschen im norden keinen zugang oder keine berechtigung zu dieser nahrung hatten. +haben sich unsere bauern in hoch-produktive, kommerzielle akteure verwandelt? +um ein beispiel zu geben, zwischen 2001 und 2002 produzierten äthiopische maisbauern zwei jahre topernten. +im amerikanischen mittelwesten luden bauern getreide auf kähne und sandten es den fluss hoch auf den markt nach chicago. +das heißt, die börse wird mit einem handelssystem agieren, das mit einem großen aufschrei beginnen wird, denn wir glauben nicht, dass das land bereit ist für komplett elektronischen handel. +wir glauben, die einsätze sind hoch, aber dass die erträge sogar noch größer sein werden. +es ist immer das gleiche, niemals das selbe, endlos faszinierend. +all das kann passieren, wenn wir das problem nicht ernst nehmen. +sie bietet den bäumen eine stützende struktur, und es schafft räume, bewohnbare räume innerhalb der sanddüne. +dann, ein paar jahre später, begrünen wir diesen teil der wüste durch nutzung von permakulturen. +es ist nicht nur etwas, dass bäume unterstützt, sondern etwas, das menschen und länder verbindet. +ich zahlte für die reparatur – er ging wieder kaputt. +wenn diese idee wirklich nachhaltig stabil ist, dann sind die auswirkungen bedeutend. +er ist barfuß. er wird zurück in sein haus rennen, und er wird sein trinkwasser, sein essen und seine umgebung mit den krankheiten kontaminieren, die er durch die fäkalpartikel auf seinen fingern und füßen mit sich herumträgt. +wir haben kein neutrales word dafür. +vielleicht denken sie, dass es bloß gutes karma ist, wenn diese männer scheiße rühren, aber es ist auch wirtschaftlich sinnvoll, weil sie jedes jahr eine milliarde dollar sparen. +sie wuchs in einer ländlichen, ärmlichen region indiens auf, wurde mit 14 verlobt, und mit ungefähr 21 zog sie in das haus ihrer schwiegereltern ein. +es ist das millenium-entwicklungsziel mit dem größten rückstand. +und genau das habe ich gemacht. +es gibt zehntausende solcher geschichten auf der welt. und es ist wirklich schwierig ein nennenswertes niveau von wohlbefinden heraufzubeschwören, weil es immer nur schlimmer wird. +und wir fischen mit grundschleppnetzen. das bedeutet, dass man einen gegenstand von der größe eines sattelschleppers von mehreren tonnen gewicht an eine große kette hängt und ihn über den meeresgrund schleift, um den boden aufzuwühlen und fische zu fangen. +aber seit wir alle austern gegessen haben, und all den fisch, der das plankton essen würde, ist nichts mehr da, was das plankton isst. und deshalb gibt es immer mehr davon, also stirbt es an altersschwäche, was man von plankton noch nie gehört hat. +und dann gibt es natürlich noch den klimawandel, und wir alle kennen den klimawandel. +sondern dass es so etwas gibt, was man positive rückmeldung bezeichnet. die synergien dazwischen machen das ganze so unheimlich viel größer als die summe seiner einzelteile. +in diesem anregenden vortrag legt der korallenriff-ökologe jeremy jackson den schockierenden istzustand des ozeans dar: überfischt, überhitzt, verschmutzt, mit hinweisen darauf, dass sich die situation stark verschlimmern wird. erstaunliche fotos und statistiken liefern die argumente. +das ist -- nicht wahr. +dass dieser alte mann seinen mondscheinspatziergang mit seinem liebling unterbrechen sollte, genau zu dem zweck, sich über ein kind lustig zu machen +ich ging mit meinem freund tim mcgonigal dorthin, der zu meiner linken saß. +die sandwürmer waren okay, aber als lieblingscharakter? +kommt ihnen da nicht etwas seltsam vor? +sie war eine frau, die davor war, allein in ein land zu gehen, dessen sprache sie nicht einmal sprechen konnte, alleine mit bus und boot zu reisen, an einen strand zu gehen, den sie nicht kannte oder noch nie gesehen hatte. +sie lächelte. sie konnte nicht verstehen, wieso ich so besorgt war. +aber ich finde, wir sollten auch auf die zahlen schauen, wie die wirklichkeit tatsächlich aussieht. +joseph schumpeter nannte das "den prozess der kreativen zerstörung" +ist es wirklich, wie ökonomen sich verhalten? " +was ist der zweck? +was bedeutet das alles für die wirtschaft? +aber es ist auch klar, dass wohlstand mehr als das bedeutet. +ich meine, könnten sie sich vorstellen, ein politiker, der in großbritanien sagt: "das bip ist dieses jahr um 2% gefallen. gute nachrichten! +ich malte es direkt auf den mann. +ich traf die schwierige entscheidung, nach meinem abschluss nach hause zurückzukehren und nicht zum capitol hill aufzusteigen, sondern nach unten in den keller meiner eltern und es zu meiner aufgabe zu machen, malen zu lernen. +als wir mit dem milchprojekt begannen, und ich startete, konnte ich nicht vorhersehen, dass ich von meinem traum von politik und an einem schreibtisch zu arbeiten über einen schatten stolpern würde, und menschen dann in gemälde verwandeln würde, und menschen in einem milchpool bemalen würde. +und es geht immer weiter zu diesen großen, dicken, klobigen dingern, die hunderte von kohlenstoffen enthalten, und die tausende von wasserstoffen enthalten, und sie enthalten vanadium und schwermetale und schwefel und lauter verrückte sachen hängen an ihren seiten. +sie beschließen preise, und ich weiß es nicht eimmal. +ok, ölpolitik ist stark moralisch geprägt in den usa. +und wir nehmen es als, sie wissen schon -- wir betrachten es eher auf einer moralischen ebene, anstatt es auf der rechtlichen und finanziellen ebene zu betrachten. +tatsächlich ist es so, dass sie weiter steigt. +das hier ist 1988. wir haben in diesem jahr zwei iranische ölplattformen bombadiert. +was sie hier in der oberen zeichnung sehen ist ein schema, wie öl in u.s.wirtschaft genutzt wird. +das ist eine menge. +wir sind spät dran. +nun sollte man annehmen, dass "american idol" ein gewisses maß an amerikanisierung mit sich bringen würde. +und jenes schwimmen dauerte 18 minuten und 50 sekunden, aber es fühlte sich an wie 18 tage. +und wir sahen auf unserer rechten seite diesen großen khumbu-gletscher. +wir wollen, dass du nach zwei weiteren tagen diesen hügel hinauf gehst. +nachdem er am nordpol schwamm, schwörte sich lewis pugh, dass er nie wieder in solch kaltem wasser schwimmen würde. dann hörte er vom imja see am mt. everest - einer großen menge wasser auf einer höhe von 5300 metern, die erst kürzlich durch geschmolzenes gletschereis entstanden ist - und unternahm dorthin eine reise, die ihm eine gänzlich neue einstellung über zwei dinge lehren sollte: das schwimmen und die beurteilung des klimawandels. +das ist ein zustandsdiagramm. es ist ein sehr einfach angelegter computer. +ich habe darüber nachgedacht in dem sinne, dass es toll ist, mit biologischen materialien zu bauen, aber können wir ähnliche dinge tun? +also habe ich versucht, die version des ingenieurs zu nehmen: können wir ein mechanisches system aus anorganischen materialien bauen, welches dasselbe tun wird? +und mit tatsächlich nur diesen zwei eingaben – also die form der randbedingung und der druck – kann man eine unbegrenzte anzahl an linsen definieren, welche die anzahl der menschlichen brechungsfehler abdecken von minus 12 bis plus acht dioptrien, bis zu vier dioptrien des zylinders. +aber sie können einem zeigen, wie man dinge in einer abfolge baut. +man könnte ihn einfach als bettlaken aufhängen, aber noch einmal, mit der berechnung all der physik erhält man diese aerodynamische form. +und der zusammenhang lautet natürlich, dass die dichter besiedelten orte eher weniger emissionen ausstoßen -- im grunde ganz logisch, wenn man kurz darüber nachdenkt. +auf dieser karte kann ich sehen, wie weit ich von meinem zuhause in 30 minuten mit öffentlichen verkehrsmitteln komme. +und dadurch wird eine weitere kettenreaktion ausgelöst, die ich als "furnace dumping" bezeichnen würde. das ist ganz einfach erklärt: durch ein gebäude, dass sie nicht mit einem ofen beheizen müssen, können sie eine ganze menge geld sparen. +während des 20. jahrhunderts, wurden wir zeugen der abscheulichkeiten von stalin, hitler, mao, pol pot, ruanda und anderer völkermorde und obwohl das 21. jahrhundert erst sieben jahre alt ist, wurden wir bereits zeugen des laufenden genozids in darfur und des täglichen horrors im irak. +entsprechend den nicht-regierungs organisationen die solche statistiken erheben, gab es seit 1945 in europa und amerika einen starken abfall von zwischenstaatlichen kriegen, tödlichen ethnischen unruhen oder pogromen und militärputschen, sogar in südamerika. weltweit gab es eine steile abnahme von toten in zwischenstaatlichen kriegen. die gelben balken zeigen die anzahl von toten pro krieg und pro jahr von 1950 bis heute. +das ist ein bisschen unterstützung für die leviathan-theorie. +faktisch ist es so groß wie westeuropa, hat jedoch nur etwa 500 km gepflasterte straßen. +nun, das ist nicht unbedingt das, woran man denkt, bevor man ein kondom kauft. +und wie lautet dann die definition? "die definition? +und liberia. und kongo. +schauen sie mir eine minute lang zu und sehen sie die ganze entwicklung. +in asien konnte sich zuerst die gesellschaft entwickeln bevor sich die wirtschaft entwickelt hat. +das wird mehr oder weniger geschehen. wir haben eine welt, die nicht mehr länger als geteilt betrachtet werden kann. +dann sind die vereinigten staaten heute, hier oben. +auch die einkommen steigen an. +die länder mit mittleren einkommen, die schwellenländer, sie holen auf. +ungefähr 20 prozent der erwachsenen bevölkerung ist infiziert. +sie wird verursacht durch schnelle zuführung der giftigen cassavawurzeln in einer hungersnot. +und wir setzen große hoffnungen in sie. vielen dank. +es kommt direkt nach videospielen. +es gibt sie schon in jäger-und-sammler-verbänden, aber dann durch den technischen fortschritt entstanden neue formen von technologie, die das spielen von nicht-nullsummen-spielen vereinfachen oder ermutigen, wobei mehr menschen und größere gebiete beteiligt sin. +und ich würde sagen, diese nicht-nullsummendynamik wird mit der zeit nur verstärkt werden, aufgrund technischer entwichklung, aber auf eine negative weise verstärkt werden. +erst wenn die geschicke von menschen verknüpft sind. +ich glaube, das ist der erste schritt in diese richtung. das ist das langzeitziel. +der g8-gipfel schlägt als lösung für afrikas probleme eine massive erhöhung der hilfe vor, so etwas wie den marshall-plan. +aber es hat gleichzeitig möglichkeiten und viel potenzial. +tja, da ich kein handzeichen sehe, scheint es wahr zu sein, was ich sage. +nun, sie haben dadurch gut bezahlte jobs. oder, in afrikanischen ländern, inoffizielle möglichkeiten, von korruption zu profitieren. +die regierungen ändern das nicht. warum? +es waren mal 56 und als unser präsident gerne die verfassung ändern und amtszeitbegrenzungen abschaffen wollte, hat er 25 neue verwaltungsbezirke geschaffen, und nun sind es 81. +doktor seligman, wie ist die aktuelle lage der psychologie? " +und daraus folgt, dass die psychologie und die psychiatrie über die letzten 60 jahre sogar behaupten können, unglückliche leute weniger unglücklich gemacht zu haben. +ich habe mein leben mit der arbeit an extrem unglücklichen leuten verbracht und ich habe mich gefragt: wie unterscheiden sich extrem unglückliche leute vom rest von uns? +ich möchte also ein kleines bisschen über jedes dieser leben und was wir über sie wissen sagen. +wenn er um 9: 30 morgens das parkett der amerikanischen börse betritt steht die zeit für ihn still. bis zur schlussglocke. +und sinn besteht in dieser sicht darin -- entsprechend der eudemonie besteht er darin, zu wissen, was seine größten stärken sind und sie zu nutzen, zuzugehören und im dienste von etwas zu stehen, das größer ist als man selbst. +die vorletzte sache, die ich sagen möchte ist also, dass wir uns dafür interessieren, wie viel lebenszufriedenheit die leute haben, +aber sie waren leer. +dies sind kamele, die den großen grabenbruch in afrika durchqueren, fotografiert von chris johns. +jetzt muss ich ihnen aber auch erzählen, dass ich letzte woche mit kyle darüber gesprochen habe, dass ich diese geschichte erzählen werde. +ein löwe, der gerade einen mitternachtssnack zu sich nimmt -- sehen sie, er hat einen abgebrochenen zahn. +zum ersten mal in der geschichte leben mehr menschen in städtischen als in ländlichen gebieten. +brian fotografierte ein meeresschutzgebiet in neuseeland, in dem kommerzieller fischfang verboten ist, was zum ergebnis hat, dass überfischte sorten sich erholen haben, und damit kommt eine mögliche lösung für nachhaltigen fischfang. +aber dann ist paul ins wasser gegangen. +david griffin erklärt, wie uns fotografie verbindet +wenn wir also die information nutzen, die von dieser spiegelnden reflektion kommt, können wir mit einem traditionellen gesichtsscan beginnen, der die groben konturen des gesichtes und die grundform wiedergibt, und ihn durch diejenige information ergänzen, welche die ganze poren-struktur und alle feine falten einbezieht. +wir können die lautstärke erhöhen, falls dies möglich ist. +zwischen meinem 14. und 17. lebensjahr half ich ihnen beim einsammeln von stoßzähnen, fleisch und was sie sonst noch im wald töteten, wilderten oder jagten, und wir brachten es in die hauptstadt auf den markt. +hier haben wir steppengiraffen, aber durch die evolution gibt es auch diese waldgiraffe, die nur im kongo lebt. +sie können ihn nicht fragen, wie alt er ist, weil er bewaffnet ist. +und das war die sprache des krieges. +sie konnten einfach nicht so weitermachen. +und eines tages gingen wir zu einem treffen. +sie wollten ihn sezieren – ich wollte sie aufhalten, bis ich den bericht eingereicht und den oberkommandeur gesehen hätte. +schauen sie sich die kriege in ruanda an. +der aufbau von kompetenzen für die junge generation wird zu einer besseren generation führen, und zu einer besseren zukunft für afrika. +wussten sie, dass es in irak und afghanistan mehr private militärunternehmer am boden gab als us-amerikanische militärische streitkräfte? +mal sehen, was die leute hier darüber denken. +oh, nachdem man aufgehört hat, zu bezahlen. +aus angst vor uneinigkeit schrecken wir vor diesen fragen zurück. +einige gründe dafür sind nicht sonderlich umstritten. +die vertikale achse zeigt die tausende von dollar in heutigen preisen an. +der ganze rest ging zum obersten 1 prozent der einkommensbezieher. +pro tag ergibt das fünf bis zehn tonnen pro quadratmeile in den städten. +sie müssen sich entweder für option a oder b entscheiden. +und manche leute denken, dass wir auf andere weise damit geboren werden, +alle, bis auf den zufall. sie glaubte nicht an den zufall. +das ist es auch, wonach ich in meiner arbeit suche, nach einem persönlichen sinn. +aber beide sprichworte, die fische vor dem ertrinken retten, oder einen mensch vor dem ertrinken rettten, für mich haben beide mehr mit die absichten zu tun. +es kann etwas sein, das vielleivht sehr ernst ist --wie ich es gesagt habe, die menschenrechte in birma +nun, was ist zufällig? was ist chance? was ist glück? +ich konnte dies aus erster hand sehen, als ich zu einem schönen dong-dorf ging, in guizhou, der ärmsten provinz von china. +ich glaube an die besonderheiten, die besonderheiten der geschichte, und an die vergangenheit, die besonderheiten der vergangenheit, und was in der geschichte an dieser stelle passiert. +und das liegt daran, dass, bis wonder auf den trichter kam, wie man die idee von geschnitten brot verbreiten konnte, es niemand haben wollte. +gut. ich gehe in die apotheke, ich bin krank und brauche medikamente. +wer hält schon an und sagt: oh, schau mal, eine kuh? niemand. +aus einem stuhl, d.h. aus einem artikel, den der einkauf bestellte, wurde ein statussymbol gemacht, das bestimmte, wo man bei der arbeit saß. +sprich mit ihnen und erleichtere es ihnen, mit ihren freunden zu sprechen. +amihotornot.com – jeden tag gehen 250.000 menschen auf diese seite, die von zwei freiwilligen betrieben wird, und sie sehen, dass sie knallhart bewerten, sie haben es nicht deshalb so weit gebracht, weil sie viel werbung gemacht haben. +silk. stellen sie ein produkt, das nicht gekühlt werden muss, neben die milch ins kühlregal. +in einer welt des überreichen angebots und des zeitmangels entschließen wir uns offensichtlich gern dazu, dinge zu ignorieren. werbe-guru seth godin erklärt, warum schlechte oder bizarre ideen erfolgreicher sind als langweilige, wenn es darum geht, unsere aufmerksamkeit zu erlangen. +da es um wände geht, möchte ich ihnen die geschichte einer mauer in kairo erzählen. +die meisten der wirtschaftlichen modelle arbeiten mit den begriffen mangel und wachstum. +wenn wir die nächsten 150 jahre überstehen können, denke ich, dass unsere ur-urenkel malthus komplett vergessen werden +das problem ist, dass die welpen auf stabiles, festes eis angewiesen sind, um von ihren müttern gesäugt werden zu können. +wir können uns nicht weiterhin so viel nehmen ohne ernste folgen zu erwarten. +ich wollte nicht, dass sie bedrohend oder gefährlich sind. +hier sehen wir ein weibchen, wie es im mondlicht aus dem meer heraus auf die insel trinidad geht. +72% der wale haben solche narben, aber die meisten können sich nicht mehr befreien von den hummer- und krabbenfallen. +ich habe auch in anderen teilen neuseelands gearbeitet, in wunderschönen, fragilen, geschützten bereichen, z.b. in fiordland, wo ich diese kolonie von seefedern gefunden habe. +das ist schrecklich. es ist ein beweis für unser versagen, ihr überleben in der wildnis zu sichern. +als ich dort im gras stand, war es heiß - nicht einmal insekten waren zu hören - nur wogendes gras. +in diesem rezept hat man auch die kosten. +und sobald der boden trocken wird - man ist in einer trockenzeit, es entstehen risse, sauerstoff tritt ein - flammen kommen raus und das ganze problem beginnt von vorn. +aber es ist komplizierter, es ist nicht so einfach und man muss mit den menschen zusammenarbeiten. +und das nach zwei jahre. +sehen sie, hier gibt es nun 11,2% mehr wolken und dass schon nach 3 jahren. +aber was man auch immer in dem programm macht, es muss völlig von den menschen unterstützt werden was bedeutet, dass es den örtlichen, kulturellen werten angepasst werden muss. +alle skulpturen bewegen sich mechanisch. +das klingt gut, aber tief drin wisst ihr doch, dass das nicht die ganze wahrheit ist. und ich sage auch, warum. +und ich wartete ab und am nächsten tag mochte ich sie etwas mehr, am tag darauf noch ein stück mehr und jetzt liebe ich sie. +autobahnen. +was ich sagen will, ist, dass die meisten kohlenstoffemissionen von den autos herrühren - über 50%. wenn wir also nur von autos abhängig sind... +man sollte immer das leben und die arbeit miteinander verbinden. +wir können nicht auf alles eine antwort haben. +aber warum gibt es diese seltsame abneigung und feindseligkeit gegen das bewusstsein? +wie könnte spiritualität etwas bewegen? +so wie sich das wasser in einem gefäß von flüssig zu fest verändern kann, abhängig vom verhalten der moleküle, so kann ihr hirn vom zustand des bewusstseins in den zustand der bewusstlosigkeit übergehen, abhängig vom verhalten der moleküle. +die nächste eigenschaft nach diesem sagenhaften einheitlichen bewusstseinsfeld ist, dass es kausal in unserem verhalten agiert. +für die im bewusstsein wirkenden kräfte ist es relativ, dass ein stück papier geld oder eine menge von gebäuden eine universität ist. +ich führe jetzt kein schmerzverhalten vor, aber ich kann ihnen sagen, dass ich im moment keine schmerzen habe. +aber ich glaube auch, dass es noch eine klimakrise gibt, die ebenso ernst ist, welche die gleichen wurzeln hat, und die wir mit der gleichen dringlichkeit angehen müssen. +und menschliche ressourcen sind wie rohstoffe; sie sind oftmals tief vergraben. +wir müssen uns selbst entfesseln und dann werden wir unser land retten. " +sie versteht den sinn nicht. +er sagte: "schon als kind." er sagte: "in der schule war das wirklich ein problem, denn wenn man in der schule ist, will jeder feuerwehrmann werden." +"sie sind schon seit 36 monaten auf der welt, und das ist alles?" +sie kennen das, wenn sie etwas tun, das sie lieben, fühlt sich eine stunde wie fünf minuten an. +er schrieb dies an seine liebe, maud gonne, und er bedauerte, dass er ihr nicht das geben konnte, von dem er glaubte, dass sie es von ihm wolle. +das interessante dabei ist, dass die verben zwischen alfred und jay-z regelmäßiger geworden sind. +im nächsten jahrzehnt werden natur- und geisteswissenschaften näher zusammenrücken, um antworten auf tiefgründige fragen zur menschheit zu finden. +und so lernte ich und arbeitete den größten teil meiner 20er jahre in afrika. +und sie ging nach vorn, mit so einer ruhe und klarheit und so einer abwesenheit von angst, dass sie bis zur ersten waffe kam, ihre hand auf sie legte und sie senkte. +doch wut wirkt wie benzin, wenn man sie verbreitet und jemand ein streichholz anzündet, entsteht eine feuersbrunst. +und dabei haben sie erkannt, dass der einsatz von gewalt in solchen situationen nicht nur weniger human ist, sondern auch weniger effektiv als der einsatz von methoden, die menschen verbinden, die wieder aufbauen. +es ist um die welt geflogen. +würde es ihnen etwas ausmachen, etwas ganz anderes zu machen? +jetzt könnte man sagen, dass es nicht wirklich anders aussieht als zu beginn. +und geht es in der kunst darum, sich vorzustellen, was jenseits des horizonts liegt? +wenn man nach unten schaut, kann man seine füße nicht erkennen. +und dank der leute bei interface bin ich jetzt ein rettender plünderer. +als ich das durchdachte, wurde mir klar, dass alle diese attribute verändert werden müssen, damit t in den nenner kommen kann. +schätzungsweise haben wir etwas mehr als die hälfte unseres ziels "null auswirkung, null fußabdruck" erreicht. +ich habe noch probleme mit der veränderten ehrlich-gleichung, i = / t2 +denn es bedeutete, dass zumindest eine person mich verstanden hatte. gott sei dank. +während wir zunächst das internet als das fantastische neue marketinginstrument ankündigten, das alle unsere probleme lösen würde, erkennen wir nun, dass das internet diesbezüglich, wenn überhaupt etwas, dann zu effektiv ist. +und im kern, denke ich, stellten beide umwälzungen die fragen: wer darf praktizieren? +die professionelle theatergemeinde von heute wird nicht allein von den shaw und stratford-festspielen bestimmt, sonden vom cornerstone theater in los angeles, einem künstlerkollektiv, das nach dem 11. september 10 verschiende religiöse gemeinden zusammenbrachte -- bahia, katholiken, muslime, juden, selbst amerikanische ureinwohner und homosexuelle glaubensgemeinschaften und ihnen half, ihre eigenen individuellen stücke zu schaffen und ein gigantisches stück, in dem sie die unterschiede ihres glaubens erkundeten und gemeinsamkeit als einen ersten wichtigen schritt zu gemeinschaftsübergreifender heilung zu finden. +wir möchten ihnen ein weiteres stück präsentieren. +und so kam ich durch die schule. +und am empfang im innenhof, bemerkte ich, dass sie einen springbrunnen hatten weil sie glauben, dass leute die in ein museum gehen, einen springbrunnen verdienen. +das nächste was ihr sehen werdet ist eine küche im wert von einer million dollar, sie wurde von der firma heinz gebaut - haben sie von denen gehört? +wir haben schüler die zusammen sitzen, weiße und schwarze kinder, und was wir raus fanden ist dass man rassenprobleme lösen kann indem man ein weltklasse umfeld schafft weil menschen dazu neigen sich weltklasse zu verhalten wenn man sie so behandelt. +das ist unsere bibliothek mit mehr handgefertigten möbeln +er zog leute aus bars und rettete diese leben für den herrn. +sie sagte, "ich arbeite für eine firma namens hewlett packard." +und ich will dass meine musik mit dir ist. " +und das ist das gebäude, und das das modell. und auf der rechten seite das high-tech-gewächshaus und in der mitte das medizin-technologie gebäude. +das ist ein ort namens san francisco. +ich sagte, "das ist sehr schön. +weil herr ross deine alben in den töpferunterricht brachte als ich 16 jahre war, wenn die welt dunkel war, brachte mir deine musik sonnenlicht. " +das ist unser erster vorstoß in dieses feld. +sie besteht aus zwei teilen, die wir encoder und transducer nennen. +lassen sie mich ihnen das zeigen, ich werde mit der standardmethode beginnen. +dieser mann hier ist dazu bestimmt, den allgemeinen menschen zu repräsentieren. und alle kreise in diesem mann sind alle zellen, die ihren körper erschaffen. +wir machen nichts mit diesen zellen hier. +das ist quasi der tarnkappenbomber der meere. +das ist das vibrio fischeri molekül. +diese information verinnerlichen sie und entscheiden dann, welche aufgabe sie ausführen abhängig davon, wer in der minderheit bzw. in der mehrheit der vorhanden population ist. +wir haben das gleiche ebenfalls auf das rosa system angewandt. +genau das passiert in ihrem körper. +schauen sie sich alle auseinandersetzungenan an, die wir in diesen tagen haben über das gesunheitssystem, über boni und helfen für die wallstreet, über kluft zwischen arm und reich, förderung von minderheiten und gleichgeschlechtlichen ehen. +eigentlich, es war auch die antwort des aristoteles. +er war ein sehr guter golfspieler, aber er hatte eine behinderung gehabt, +wie ist ihr name? +ist das gehen auf dem golfplatz wesentlich für das spiel? +als erstes, kein echter sport- fan würde in dieser weise sprechen. +also lass uns einen schritt zurück machen von diesen fällen und schauen, wie sie uns helfen können, und schauen, wie sie uns helfen können, den politischen diskurs in den vereinigten staaten und in der welt zu verbessern und auf ein höheres niveau zu bringen. +michael sandel: die verlorene kunst der demokratischen auseinandersetzung +viele leute sagten, "naja, wissen sie, städter haben uns ländlichen typen nicht zu sagen, was wir mit unserer zeit anfangen sollen. +und ich glaube das ist gut -- die zukünftige menschheit darf eine solche entscheidung treffen. +wir haben zum beispiel dinge wie die bedeutung der rna erst vor ein paar jahren entdeckt, und die ist wirklich wesentlich für die funktion der zellen. +die therapien werden sich schneller verbessern als die verbleibenden mängel der therapien uns einholen. +zweitens, was bedeutet das für die allgemeine vorstellung wie lange es dauern wird zu diesem punkt zu kommen, beginnend bei dem zeitpunkt an dem wir die mäuse soweit haben? +nennen wir ihn den ingenieurs-ansatz, und ich behaupte der ingenieurs-ansatz ist in reichweite. +einige sind bereits teilweise verfügbar, die in der oberen hälfte. +publikum: die lebewesen auf diesem planet haben ein immunsystem entwickelt, das krankheiten bekämpft so dass individuen lange genug leben um sich fortzupflanzen. +es gibt lebewesen die nicht älter werden -- die hydra zum beispiel -- aber die schaffen das weil sie kein nervensystem haben -- und sie haben kein gewebe, dessen funktion von sehr langlebigen zellen abhängt. +und obwohl ich all den talentierten menschen in unserem unternehmen zuallererst dafür danken will - obwohl da natürlich auch glück und timing eine rolle spielen -, sind wir vollkommen davon überzeugt, dass wir das alles unserer werte wegen geschafft haben. +an manchen tagen will ich es glauben, aber es gibt auch tage des zweifels. +wir sollten also unsere unterschiedlichkeit annehmen und nach herausforderung streben. +was passiert, wenn eine stadt entscheidet, dass sie ihre prioritäten anders setzt? +laut der öffentlichen gesundheitsbehörde wird ein volles drittel aller nach 2000 geborenen kinder an diabetes erkranken. +wir nehmen autounfälle als gegeben hin. +aber wir haben ja gesehen, wozu das führt. +man möchte ja den us-amerikanern nicht sagen, dass sie ihr leben umstellen müssen. +zweitens, weil wir sie ausgerottet haben. +wir sahen uns das gewebe genauer an, +die ersten tauchten in den regenwäldern australiens vor 25 millionen jahren auf. die » national geographic « - gesellschaft hilft uns, diese fossilen ablagerungen in riversleigh zu untersuchen. +wilde hunde rissen ein paar schafe, aber der beutelwolf bekam 's ab. +die sind entfernt verwandt. +er dachte lange nach. er war zuletzt vor 80 jahren bei dieser hütte. +es ist sehr, sehr schwierig am ende einer solchen konferenz zu sprechen denn alle anderen haben gesprochen. alles wurde schon gesagt. +warum ist es so wichtig, dass es schnell geht? +unsere eigenen lösungen zu finden, um probleme wie korruption zu lösen, institutionen aufbauen, die mikro-ökonomie stabilisieren. +wird es effektiv verwaltet? +es war sehr heiß. ich war sehr hungrig. +und jetzt lassen sie mich weniger sentimental werden und sagen, dass leben retten - was manche hilfe, die wir auf diesem kontinent erhalten, bewirkt - wenn man ein leben rettet, dass eines farmers, eines lehrers, einer mutter, diese menschen können alle produktiv etwas zur wirtschaft beitragen. +wenn wir sie fragen und ihnen sagen, was wir brauchen, ist eine meiner sorgen, dass es heutzutage so viele organisationen gibt. +unsere unfähigkeit, die initiative zu ergreifen und zu den menschen, die geld bringen, zu sagen: "setzen sie sich." +hilfe kann unsere probleme nicht lösen, da bin ich überzeugt. +vieles wurde hier schon über frauen gesagt, das muss ich nicht wiederholen. +ich werde einige wissenschaftliche experimente abhandeln und versuchen, drei musikalische experimente zu behandeln. +alle von uns haben dieses bemerksenwerte gehirn, das wir - nett ausgedrückt - kaum verstehen. +man kann nicht einfach -- "klasse dass wir dieses keyboard haben." +wirklich, das bewusstsein liegt im frontalllappen. +cl: jetzt werde ich mir einen moment zeit nehmen. +ich ließ sie also diese einheit unten links auswendig zu lernen. ton bitte. +also schlussendlich müssen wir noch viele fragen stellen. und wie ich schon sagte, wir werden hier fragen stellen, nicht beantworten. +schauen sie, die welt hat sich verändert von analog zu digital. +ein techniker platziert die elektroden auf die kopfhaut, und benutzt dabei ein leitendes gel oder eine paste, und normalerweise nach der prozedur der kopfhautvorbereitung gibt es leichte abschürfungen. +das erste mal wird nichts passieren, weil das system noch keine ahnung hat, dass er "ziehen" denkt. +und wenn sie diese aufspürungen herangebildet haben, können diese gedanken an jedem beliebigen rechner, anwendung oder gerät zugewiesen oder abgebildet werden. +ich werde kurz einige der probleme, die es gibt, ansprechen, und ein paar der probleme, für die wir an lösungen arbeiten. +esther duflo hat ein bisschen was darüber gesagt. +die andere sache ist die, wissen sie, es wäre sogar besser, wenn man kein blut nehmen müsste. +es gibt all diese verschiedenen möglichkeiten, aber sie sind unterschiedlich effektiv. +1935 gab es 150 000 fälle von malaria in den usa, aber ddt und massive anstrengen des gesundheitswesen schafften es, sie auszurotten. +jetzt stellen wir fest, dass wir nur die weiblichen moskitos töten. +hier sieht man das ganze mit hoher geschwindigkeit. +dann wird sie verkauft und gekauft und wird dann zu mir geliefert. +aber ich dachte, nein, nein, experimentiere mit hartzen und experimentiere mit polymeren. +drei komposteimer, 70 kilo reiner gemüseabfall die woche kommt hinein. wirklich gut, ergibt grandiosen kompost. +sehr fortschrittlich, keine klimaanlage - ich bin davon begeistert. +das heißt null verschwendung von essen. +es geht darum, dass ich an jedem tag meines lebens eine sekunde aufnehme, mein ganzes leben lang, und dann diese eine sekunde kurzen stücke meines lebens chronologisch in ein einziges zusammenhängendes video zusammenfüge, solange, bis ich sie nicht mehr aufnehmen kann. +dabei ist mir noch etwas anderes klar geworden, und zwar, dass es an einem schlechten tag extrem schwierig ist, diese eine sekunde aufzunehmen. +hier kommt nun ein film darüber, der uns einen kleinen zeitlichen rückblick zeigt. +dies sind die abstände der röhren, die das tier so gehen lassen. +es ist ein binärer schrittzähler. +lediglich eine zur gleichen zeit ist möglich. +allein schon vom philosophischen aspekt her gesehen glaube ich, dass dies eine der wichtigsten publikationen war, die wir je vorgestellt hatten, da sie demonstrierte, wie dynamisch das leben ist. +also entwickelte das team neue software für die fehleranalyse, mit hilfe derer wir jedes synthetische fragment darauf überprüfen konnten, ob es sich in einem milieu von wildtyp-dna züchten lassen würde. +drei zitate haben wir auch noch hinzugefügt, denn beim ersten genom wurde kritik laut, dass wir nicht einmal versucht hätten, etwas tiefgreifenderes auszusagen als einfach unsere arbeit zu signieren. +oder - noch viel wichtiger - gegen hiv? ein virus, das sich weiterentwickelt in einer solch evolutionären geschwindigkeit, dass gegenwärtig verfügbare impfstoffe nicht mehr damit schritt halten können. +also las ich langsam. +das war vielleicht die größte überraschung -- wie flexibel der koran ist, zumindestens bei denen, deren geist nicht grundsätzlich unflexibel ist. +ich studiere ameisen and zwar weil ich gerne darüber nachdenke, wie organisationen funktionieren. +und sie tun das jedes jahr, indem sie reproduktionsfähige ameisen -- das sind jene mit flügeln -- auf einen paarungsflug schicken. +und sie bleibt bei dieser grösse, bis die königin im alter von circa 15 bis 20 jahren stirbt und es niemanden mehr gibt, der neue ameisen erzeugen kann. +am einen tag ist dieser hier und dann am nächsten tag verschieben sie ihn nach da und danach verschieben sie ihn wieder zurück. +werden irgendwie dieser reserve zugeschlagen +es zeigt sich, dass unterschiedliche aufgaben tatsächlich interdependent sind. +die ameisen in den alten kolonien, die stabiler scheinen, sind also kein bisschen älter als die ameisen in den jungen kolonien. +sie sind hinausgegangen um unterschiedliche aufgaben zu erledigen. und die rate, mit der sie sich beim hinein- und hinausgehen am nesteingang treffen, bestimmt oder beinflusst die entscheidung jeder ameise, ob sie hinausgehen soll und welche aufgabe sie erledigen soll. +aber in einer kleinen kolonie wird die ameise eher weniger nahrungssuchende treffen, einfach weil es weniger gibt. +aber das ist der größte vermögenstransfer von einer gruppe zu einer anderen in der geschichte der menschheit. +ja, es wird so weitergehen. +es hat 130 oktan. +ich muss mir in meinem alter keine gedanken machen, wo die brücke hinführt. +kann man das so zusammenfassen? +und damit können alle glücklich sein, wenigstens eine verlagerung von kohle und öl zu erdgas zu sehen. +zweitens: bauen sie keinen reformer auf dem ozean. +ich verstehe nicht, warum die medien sich auf ost-pennsylvania konzentrieren. +boone, ich freue mich wirklich sehr, dass sie hier waren, zu diesem gespräch. +"das eldorado der vereinigten staaten von amerika: die entdeckung von unerschöpflichen goldminen in kalifornien. +die hälfte von ihnen desertierte, um nach gold zu suchen. +die haben aber dreieinhalb millionen dollar ausgegeben, um diesen spot während des super bowl 2000 auszustrahlen, obwohl sie zu der zeit gerade einmal eine million dollar jahresumsatz hatten. +das sind arbeiten in lower manhattan, wo man mit die ersten elektrizitätswerke baute. +diese gab es in vielleicht sechs verschiedenen farben. +ich meine, man wollte nicht, dass dieses ding die lampenfassung besetzte. +ein freund von mir erzählte mir diese geschichte: die kamen nicht nur und mussten warten, aber dann mussten die fachmänner, als sie schließlich dort waren, zum dritten mal, mussten sie jemanden anrufen. +ich werde versuchen, ihnen ein bisschen naturgeschichte über mitgefühl und die goldene regel zu vermitteln. +es gibt aber mehr gute nachrichten, die später in der evolution hinzu kamen, eine art sekundäre evolutionäre logik. +nun, wir haben eine begründung dafür. +und wenn sie fragen, welche art von situation dazu führt, dass menschen einander als feinde definieren, dann ist es eine art nullsummen-situation. +deswegen ist die soziale organisation über das jäger- und sammler-dorf zum antiken staat, zum imperium geworden und jetzt sind wir in einer globalisierten welt. +ich denke, politiker können dabei helfen, nicht-nullsummen-beziehungen zu fördern, wissen sie, wirtschaftliches engagement ist in der regel besser als blockaden usw., in dieser hinsicht, denke ich. +es ist bedauerlich, dass sie tendenziell selektiv angewandt werden. +in welchem alter hatten sie mit der schule begonnen? +er suchte tatkräftig nach widerlegung. +in befragungen europäischer und amerikanischer führungskräfte, haben ganze 85 prozent zugegeben, dass es fragen oder bedenken bei der arbeit gab, die sie fürchteten anzusprechen. +aber er hatte soviel angst vor konflikt gehabt, bis er schließlich mehr angst vor dem schweigen bekam. +also, was die leute mir über die ursache von krebs, die auslöser von krebs erzählten, oder auch, warum du bist, wer du bist, das machte keinen sinn. +und so entschied ich über die jahre aufgrund einer reihe von experimenten, dass dies aufgrund von kontext und architektur so ist. +und wir sagten: "wunderbar!" schauen wir uns diese hübsche struktur an. +ich habe eine radikale hypothese aufgestellt. +wir haben gezeigt, dass es kleine dna-stücke auf den spezifischen genen der brustdrüsen gibt, die tatsächlich auf die extrazelluläre matrix reagieren. +aber hier ist ein gedicht von yeats. ich will nur die letzten beiden zeilen vorlesen. +es war fantastisch. +es klingt ein bisschen wie ein eigenartiges buch, aber es handelt sich tatsächlich um neue arten von lügen. +er schrieb sehr, sehr positive rezensionen über sich selbst. überraschung! +meine freunde, keinesfalls können sie so cool sein und so ein gutes leben führen. +um das zu tun, können wir uns zum einen die literatur zur täuschungsaufdeckung ansehen. +hat heute irgendjemand etwas geschrieben? hat irgendjemand ein wort geschrieben? +diese kalten, harten winter, ich liebe es. +wenn sie also etwas sagen oder tun wollen, können wir darüber nachdenken, möchte ich, dass das teil meines erbes wird, teil meiner persönlichen datenaufzeichnungen? +aber ernsthaft, die körperhaltung, in der sie mich gerade gesehen haben, also auf mein handy herunterschauend, ist einer der gründe für das projekt glass. +wir mussten es vor unserer designerin verstecken bis sie den job angenommen hatte und dann ist sie fast schreiend davongerannt. +aber das mache ich die ganze zeit. +ich komme immer wieder auf die farbe zurück. +meine mutter hat irgendwie empfindlich auf seine mutter reagiert, die anscheinend ihre zweifel an dem ganzen alternativen lifestyle-kram hatte. +ich war an einer schule mit schwerpunkt darstellende künste, dort war ich schauspieler. +also hatte ich diese fernsehshow. +man muss das doch irgendwie richtig machen können, rosie. +und oft betrachte ich dinge, als wären sie essen. +köchin: wussten sie das nicht? ich erkläre es ihnen. +modedesigner isaac mizrahi wirbelt durch eine schwindelerregende sammlung von inspirationen – von pinups der 50er bis zu einem zufälligen blick auf ein löchriges hemd, das ihn "halten sie das taxi an!" rufen lässt. in seinem ausschweifenden vortrag finden sich wertvolle hinweise für ein glückliches, kreatives leben. +tatsächlich war ich eine starke kraft in der verbreitung von ideen über grenzen hinweg. ich habe den aufstieg des islamistischen extremismus als unterschiedlich vom glauben des islam erlebt und von der art, in der es meine mit-gläubigen in aller welt beeinflusste. +was tatsächlich geschieht, ist, dass das, was vorher lokale engstirnigkeit war, individuen oder gruppierungen von extremisten, die von einander isoliert waren, sind jetzt auf globalisierte weise miteinander verbunden und wurden somit, oder werden, auf diese weise etabliert. +und eine soziale bewegung besteht, in meinen augen, besteht aus vier hauptcharakteristiken. +der zweite grund ist, glaube ich, ist political correctness. +nicht exklusiv zu diesen dingen, sondern zusätzlich zu ihnen, ist das propagieren einer wahrhaften forderung nach demokratie an der basis. +weil es nicht genug ist, einen führer, einen herrscher oder einen diktator zu beseitigen. +es ist nicht dann, wenn tolle neue hilfsmittel auftauchen, dass ihr nutzen die gesellschaft durchdringt. +das internet ist das erste medium der geschichte das natürliche unterstützung für gruppen und konversationen zur gleichen zeit bietet. +die bbc hat zuerst über twitter von dem chinesischen erdbeben erfahren. +und zuletzt griffen die chinesen durch. +all dies ist vorbei. +er hatte eine antwort zu verfassen. +okay. das ist der mt. everest. +es war eine national geographic expedition, aber sie wurde vom explorers club organisiert. +er ist nicht mit eis bedeckt. +von hier aus sind es ca. 460 meter mit 30 grad steigung hinauf zum gipfel. +das ist ein bild, das am gipfelgrat aufgenommen wurde. +es ist wirklich kalt. es ist auf 7.300 meter. +die überlebenden kamen einer nach dem anderen. +nachdem er lange zeit im schnee gelegen hatte stand er auf und fand zurück ins lager. +er liegt im sterben. +er war todkrank. es gab andere todkranke patienten. zum glück konnten wir einen hubschrauber herauf bekommen, um diese leute zu retten. +ideen verändern staaten. +aber eine demografische dividende ist nur so gut, wie die investition ins humankapital. +und dann denke ich, die andere sache ist, dass inder heute weitaus mehr einverstanden mit der globalisierung sind. +es ist sicherlich nicht wie china. +was sind diese ideen? ich glaube eine sind unsere ideologischen streitfragen. +wir können technologie für transparenz nutzen und viele andere dinge. +wenn wir wirklich an einen punkt kommen wollen, wollen wir wirklich die kohlenstoffemmission begrenzen. wir wollen wirklich unseren energieverbrauch senken. es muss in ländern wie indien gelöst werden. +es ist ein verregneter wahltag in einem kleinen land – das könnte mein land sein, aber auch ihr land. +meine frage ist im prinzip: was ist in diesen 50 jahren, in denen wir über demokratie sprechen, gut und schlecht gelaufen? +da ist die revolution der märkte in den 1980ern und das enorme anwachsen von ungleichheit in den gesellschaften. +es gibt facebook- und twitter-revolutionen. +in einem kleinen land – egal, ob meines oder ihres – beschloss man – tatsachengeschichte –, dass alle regierungsentscheidungen, die diskussionen im ministerrat, 24 stunden, nachdem sie passiert waren, im internet veröffentlich werden sollten. +die idee nennt sich "social impact bond". +und die dienstleister haben zum ersten mal die möglichkeit, maßnahmen umzusetzen und ihre arbeit als erfolgreich zu zeigen, und das auf eine sehr konstruktive art. sie erfahren und zeigen den wert ihrer arbeit über einen zeitraum von 5 bis 6 jahren, nicht nur zwei oder drei, wie heute üblich. +wir können neue ideen ausprobieren auf eine für alle einfachere art und weise. +"hah, ich bin die einzige, die ich je geliebt habe." +und er dann so: "wollen sie nicht fahren?" +warum? seid ihr zu müde, um bis zur wange zu gelangen? +ich sollte nicht den gang lang laufen und sagen: "hi, jack!" ich weiß, das ist nicht cool. +was geht. +tedx. +wir beschlossen, materialien aus der zement- und stahlproduktion wiederzuverwenden. +wir müssen alles ändern. +es ist transparent und nur für sie gemacht. +ihnen fehlte die bildgebung. +sobald diese bilder gemacht sind und der arzt die sicherheitszonen und sonstiges aufgemalt hat, wählt er einen punkt – sie sehen den runden punkt wo der zeiger ist – und drückt seinen "beschallen" -knopf. +john ist einer von etwa 12 sehr mutigen, heldenhaften menschen, die sich für die studie freiwillig gemeldet haben. +er ist ein 78 jahre alter landwirt der an - wie soll man es sagen? - schmerzen im hinterteil litt. +wenn diese nation nicht ein wenig grundsolidarität aufbringt oder sich dies zum landesweiten ziel macht wird nichts in der richtung passieren. +ein neues leben wurde geboren. +alles, was es gibt, ist in der tat der markenschutz. und das heißt, dass jeder jedes beliebige kleidungsstück nachmachen könnte von jeder person in diesem raum und es als eigenes design verkaufen könnte. +nun, modedesigner haben die breiteste palette, die sie sich vorstellen können, in der kreativbranche. +einer, auf den viel kulturkritik hingewiesen hat, ist, dass wir jetzt eine viel breitere palette haben an designs, von denen wir auswählen können, als wir jemals zuvor hatten. das ist vor allem den modediscountern zu verdanken. +ich liebe diese gallianos. +wenn sie sich das register tatsächlich ansehen, dann sehen sie, dass viele der in der e.u. angemeldeten dinge +feuerwerk. der geruch eines parfums, nein. +es ist kaum gebunden an eine art von physischer realität in unseren gedanken. +ich reiste durch japan, ohne etwas anderes im sinn als fotografieren. dann hörte ich von diesem baum, der 2.180 jahre alt ist, und ich musste ihn mir anschauen. +hier sind wir wieder auf der erde und sie sehen, wie der pilz diesen baum befällt. +ich habe dieses bild hier gezeigt, weil ich oft gefragt werde, ob in dem projekt auch tiere vorkommen. +was wie zwei große haufen blätter aussieht, sind tatsächlich zwei einzelne blätter, die im laufe der zeit durch die unwirtlichen wüstenbedingungen zerpflückt wurden. +diese bakterie wurde vor einigen jahren von einem team planetarischer biologen entdeckt, die nach leben auf anderen planeten suchten, in dem sie sich die schwierigsten bedingungen auf unserem anschauten. +es wird gratis sein und in jedem browser funktionieren. +ich glaube, 'popcorn' kann verändern, wie wir geschichten im internet erzählen und wie wir die welt verstehen, in der wir leben. +erinnern sich sich an den terrorangriff 2008 in mumbai. +hat er eine stirnglatze? trägt er eine brille? " +man konnte 200 menschen in einem zug ausrauben, eine tolle innovation. +wenn man metall drucken kann, kann man das auch drucken. in wahrheit können sie auch das hier drucken. +für hacker ist die dna nur ein weiteres betriebssystem, das darauf wartet, gehackt zu werden. +das werde ich die ganze zeit gefragt. +die bedrohung ist ernst, und wir müssen uns jetzt vorbereiten. +werde ich ausgegrenzt werden? +und wenn wir an ein vermächtnis denken, dann kann ich mir kein kraftvolleres vorstellen, auch wenn ihr leben so kurz war. +und es gibt keine gruppe, die für diese art der manipulation anfälliger wäre als junge männer. +ich weiß, dass das funktioniert. +wer darf die moschee an freitagen benutzen? " +wir schickten ihn in eine firma in westkenia, nur 200 meilen entfernt. +also, was denken sie? +und als letztes das einzige portrait eines mannes, das er malte, "der musiker". +meine damen und herren, diese geschichte wurde noch nicht veröffentlicht. +ich weiß nicht warum. ich hatte ihn nicht nach einem kondom gefragt. +und dann habe ich es mit medizinstudentinnnen versucht. +kann nicht jemand mal von anfang an aus menschenliebe handeln? +mach einfach deinen job und das mädchen wird dir hinterherrennen. +jeden urlaub, den ich als kleiner junge hatte, verbrachte ich in nationalparks. +die passagiere, die von der titanic fielen, fielen in wasser mit gerade mal fünf grad celsius. +ich konnte nur schwer atmen. ich schnappte nach luft. +und schon nach drei minuten in diesem wasser, nach nur drei minuten in diesem wasser, konnte er sich wieder befreien. +und ich erinnere mich, wie ich das eis ansah, und es gab darin große stücke weißen eises und das wasser war total schwarz. +lewis pugh: ich möchte dann gerne mit den folgenden worten enden. ich brauchte vier monate, um meine hände wieder zu fühlen. +der vortrag wird im großen und ganzen von energie handeln, aber man kann gut mit öl anfangen. +und genauso, wie es vor 25 jahren ein ölfördermaximum gab, gab es 1920 ein kohlefördermaximum, und hundert jahre davor gab es ein holzfördermaximum. +sie sind nicht verschieden. sie bestehen aus dem gleichen stoff. calciumcarbonat, calciumcarbonat. +nicht, weil wir windräder noch und nöcher bauen werden. +das ist ein vorteil den ältere menschen haben. +und ich sagte: "ich habe keine ausbildung gemacht, das habe ich nie behauptet" +und dann ließ sie sich von mir das video besorgen, um zu sehen, dass george abbott tatsächlich gesprochen hatte. +und, nebenbei bemerkt, nenne ich sie die eleanor roosevelt der rechten. +und ich antwortete "ich lerne." +sein vater war ein mistkerl, und in der tat war er ein weiterer comedian mit einer unglücklichen kindheit. und von da an sind wir in gang gekommen. +eine erstaunliche frau. +zum einen war es das tanzen, das, obwohl es ihr nicht angeboten wurde, ihr alles bedeutete. +das problem ist: ohne techniker, ohne ersatzteile werden solche spenden schnell zu müll. +michael free von "path" sagt, es geht darum, wer so ein produkt aussucht, benutzt und bezahlt. +man muss das kind unter blaues licht legen – helles, blaues licht auf so viel haut wie möglich. +sie sind nicht teuer, ziemlich unempflindlich. +eins noch: ein indischer freund hat mir erzählt, dass ein elektrisches gerät erst dann für den asiatischen markt getestet wurde, wenn man eine kakerlake dazu gebracht hat, hineinzuklettern und auf jede einzelne komponente zu pinkeln. +das eine ist die große globale wirtschaft, die große globalisierte wirtschaft, und das andere die geringe und sehr eingeschränkte kapazität unserer traditionellen regierungen und deren internationalen institutionen, diese wirtschaft zu lenken, zu formen. +wir sprechen hier nicht von 50.000 dollar hier oder 100.000 dollar da oder einer million dollar dort. +vielen dank, es ist interessant, denn durch diese aktion mussten wir uns mit den firmen zusammensetzen. +in deutschland haben wir ein system, in dem es nicht erlaubt ist, einen beamten zu bestechen, wohl aber einen abgeordneten. +ich kann mich nicht mit ihnen verbinden. +ich nutze also jetzt diese "speisekarten-art" für den besuch von kunstgalerien. +und ich dachte, nein, das ist ein sehr intimer blick, aber es ist nicht der blick, den eine tochter ihrem vater zuwirft. +darunter ein gelber mantel mit weißem pelz, ein gelb-schwarzes mieder, und sie sehen diese kleidung in vielen anderen gemälden, an verschiedenen frauen in vermeers gemälden. +nicht der maler, ich will nicht an den maler denken. +und ich dachte an betten und rote wangen, und natürlich dachte ich an sex, wenn ich ihn betrachtete, und ich dachte: ist es das, woran er denkt? +aber es ist schwierig, die worte laut ausgesprochen zu hören. +es gab hollywood. +als ich dann in einer zeitung auf den business-seiten die geschichte nollywoods gelesen habe, fühlte ich tatsächlich, dass es eine unglaubliche gelegenheit sei, eine geschichte zu erzählen, die sich über all diese vorgefassten meinungen hinwegsetzt. +wir machen sie nicht für die elite und für die leute in ihren glashäusern. +es geht immer nur um ausländische filme. +beweg dich. +die nigerianischen filmemacher tun wirklich das, was sie mögen. +schwierig, nicht wahr? es ist bedeutungslos. +und wir wissen, dass es mehr gibt. +der in sambia geborene filmemacher franco sacchi nimmt uns mit auf eine tour durch nollywood, nigerias boomende filmindustrie. guerilla-filmemachen und grossartigkeit unter druck von crews, die einen spielfilm innerhalb einer woche drehen können. +redeten wir über die entrückung? sie kommt. +wissen sie, wir müssen da durch. +man rollt einen ball und hebt so viele objekte wie möglich auf, in einer begrenzten zeitspanne und hoffentlich wird es zu einem planeten. +wir zeigen "portal", weil man auf mauern schießt, um neue räume zu schaffen. +also zeit, raum, ästhetik, und dann, am wichtigsten, verhalten. +wir zeigen eine manifestation von etwas, was wirklich wichtig ist. es ist ein teil unserer identität, den aber niemand besitzen kann. +ich war bemüht, einen ort für das jurastudium zu schaffen. +dieses gebäude setzte ich in japan um. +wir fertigten zeichnungen des fischs und der schuppen an. +er war das souvenirhändler, der immer ein maler sein wollte, und ich war frankie p. toronto. +es schien als mittel, uns beide zusammenzubringen, zu funktionieren +und herman miller hat diese philosophie von einem ort für menschen. +also machte er zwei brücken — das passierte alles auf dem fax, das ging über wochen hin und her. +sie bauen schon so lange daran, dass ich nicht mehr weiss, wo es ist. +wir haben es in loyola für die kapelle benutzt und es hat nicht funktioniert. +das ist ein grundstück in brentwood. +und dann betritt man das wohnzimmer und so weiter. +man schaut von den büros auf sie und es entsteht eine art von interaktion zwischen diesen teilen. +wenn irgendjemand von ihnen eine idee dafür hat, kontaktieren sie mich bitte. +ich versuchte — es gibt hier drüben ein gebäude von nick grimshaw, hier ist eine skulptur von oldenburg — ich versuchte, eine städtebauliche beziehung zu schaffen. +der akustiker in dem wettbewerb gab uns kriterien mit, die zu diesem gegliederten schema führten, welches, wie wir nach dem wettbewerb merkten, nicht funktionieren würde. +das hier ist ein teekanne, die ich für alessi designt habe. +es funktionierte nicht. +also machen sie das hier. +man fängt also mit der bagasse an und dann nimmt man einen sehr einfachen ofen. den kann man ganz einfach aus einem alten 200-liter-ölfass herstellen. +also wollten wir ein stabileres brikett herstellen, das mit der holzkohle auf dem markt von haiti mithalten konnte. +aber dies ist auch eine der sehr seltenen situationen, wo es noch einen wirtschaftlichen vorteil gibt. +und wir müssen darüber nachdenken, wie wir das effektiv gestalten können. +und dieser knochen ist voller licht, wie sie sehen können: licht, das durch den schädel scheint, mit all seinen vertiefungen, den nebenhöhlen, die die luft erwärmen und befeuchten, die wir einatmen. +wie sie sehen, blockiert der tumor ihre augen. +das ist genau, was die leute zu sue sagten. +er bewahrte sich eine ruhige unbekümmertheit. +man könnte sagen: » nun, diese art von operation ist doch auch nur kosmetischer natur. « +schönheit ist nicht gleich güte und ganz sicher nicht gleich zufriedenheit. +» so möchte ich aussehen. so habe ich vorher ausgesehen. « +die bessere nachricht ist: die zukunft ist fast schon hier und die zukunft heißt tissue engineering. +wie können wir die beziehung von kindern zu essen ändern? +70% aller antibiotika, die in den usa konsumiert werden, werden über die tierhaltung aufgenommen. +es geht darum, wie wir sie ernähren. +wieso gibt es literweise softdrinks für 29 cent und doppelte burger für 99 cent? +wir müssen dieses ganze denkmuster mit kindern und essen ändern. +und sie können die zutaten im schulgarten kosten. +was ich häufig mache, sind öffentlich-private partnerschaften. +und na ja, jetzt ist es eigentlich nicht viel besser. +also geben wir für ein mittagessen weniger als einen dollar aus. okay? +er zeigte in den himmel und sagte: » schau mal – siehst du das? +wenn ich zu einer philosophenparty gehe, und sie mich fragen, woran ich arbeite, und ich sage: "bewusstsein", dann werden ihre augen nicht gläsern - ihre lippen verziehen sich zu einem knurren. +darüber will ich heute sprechen. +das bedeutet, dass viele leute total unzufrieden und skeptisch sind, wenn ich versuche, bewusstsein zu erklären. +ich arbeite mit einem jungen computer-animations-dokumentarfilmer, namens nick deamer, und das ist eine kleine demo, die er für mich gemacht hat, teil eines größeren projekts, das für einige von ihnen interessant sein könnte. +ich ging in north carolina quer durch den saal, da ich annahm, es sei wahrscheinlich ein canaletto, und ich wollte alles in allen details sehen. +wer von ihnen machte es, indem er die linke in gedanken gedreht hat, um zu sehen, ob sie mit der rechten übereinstimmt? +falls sie ihn als einen würfel vor einigen kreisen schweben sehen, vor schwarzen kreisen, dann gibt es auch eine andere art. +das geht so weiter, bis die testperson den knopf drückt und sagt: "ich sehe die änderung." +vielen dank für ihre aufmerksamkeit. +sie sind eigentlich versuche, um herauszufinden, was menschen statt autofahren in der hauptverkehrszeit tun sollten. +denn sie haben noch 80 prozent des verkehrs. +siebzig prozent der bevölkerung wollten es nicht. +jonas eliasson: wie löst man das problem der verkehrsstaus? +was wissen wir über dieses land und die menschen die wir angeblich beschützen, über die dörfer in denen die einzige medizin gegen schmerzen und hunger opium ist? +sie, sie selbst, werden sich in einem hotelbett wiederfinden – oder ihre mutter, ihr kind – einige nicken, leute sagen: "ja, ich weiss genau was sie meinen." +nun, er sah auch, dass sich, sobald gesundheitsfürsorge in ärztliche fürsorge wechselte, aufgrund einer ernsthafteren erkrankung, der hauptgrund, der uns selbst zurückhält, der zugang zu informationen ist. +die frage war, woher? +wo beginnen die ärztlichen fähigkeiten und wo enden sie? +es ist wirklich ernsthaft. +kümmern sie sich nicht um die nummern. +auf twitter gibt es jemanden den ich kenne, aus der gesundheits-it branche ausserhalb bostons, der schrieb den e-patient rap. +und sie sah, dass, wenn es keine entzündung gab, der scan einheitlich grau war. +dave debronkart: lernen sie e-patient dave kennen +und im falle des magnesiums bei der wassermenge, die ich gerade erwähnte, gleicht das einer grubenindustrie im wert von 4,5 milliarden usd für singapur – ein ort, der über keine natürlichen ressourcen verfügt. +ein weiteres, einzigartiges merkmal an fledermäusen ist, dass sie fähig sind, schallwellen zu nutzen, um ihr umfeld wahrzunehmen. sie benutzen echoortung. +es stellt die "fünf segnungen" dar. +nur ganz kurz. machen sie sich bewusst, dass sie sich in jedem 300. basenpaar voneinander unterscheiden. +allein in europa wird die zahl der menschen über 65 bis 2050 um 70 prozent ansteigen. und die zahl der menschen über 80 sogar um 170 prozent. +emma teeling: das geheimnis des fledermausgenoms +europa musste in die wirtschaftliche entwicklung gezerrt werden. +die möglichkeit, die wir uns anschauen werden, ist ein wirklicher grund zum optimismus für die unterste milliarde, und das ist der boom der rohstoffe. +das ist keine vorhersage für die preise der rohstoffe, es ist eine vorhersage für die langzeit-konsequenzen, über das wachstum von preiserhöhungen. +und der wahlkampf stellt sich als die ursache für die nachteiligen effekte der demokratie heraus, während eine solide gewaltenteilung die ressourcen-booms wettmacht. +sie fanden heraus, dass sie zwei milliarden pfund wert waren. +paul collier über die unterste milliarde +sie kennen diesen spruch: "er ist der geborene chirurg." +ich wurde von einem freund inspiriert. +es ist meine leidenschaft, glc überall zu unterrichten. +derzeit verfügen wir über 11 sprachenpaare. +wir brauchen sie im täglichen leben, um die welt zu einem kleineren ort zu machen. +ich fuhr fort handwerkstraditionen zu studieren und mit künstlerinnen zusammenzuarbeiten, als nächstes mit klöpplerinnen in litauen. +mein leben würde nicht mehr dasselbe sein. +mein künstlerischer horizont erweitert sich kontinuierlich. +es waren 23 tonnen für einen einzigen liter. +man könnte in den arterien angegriffen werden von weißen blutkörperchen. +sie lernen den ablauf zu beugen, der ihre eigenen endogenen opiate freisetzt. +werte sind eine art von fakten. +also, der beitrag der kultur, falls kultur uns prägt, was sie tatsächlich tut, sie verändert uns indem sie unsere gehirne verändert. +nun, denken sie als analogie an physische gesundheit. +die tatsache, dass es hier ausnahmen gibt, ficht dies nicht im geringsten an. +deshalb verbringen wir unsere zeit damit, über dinge wie gleichgeschlechtliche hochzeiten zu reden und nicht über genozid oder die verbreitung von atomwaffen oder armut oder jedes andere entsprechende thema. +wann immer wir über fakten reden müssen manche meinungen ausgeschlossen werden. +sam harris: ja, nun, ich denke ich habe versucht, das in einem satz anzusprechen während ich die zeit habe verstreichen sehen, aber die frage ist, was bedeutet 'freiwillig' in einem kontext, in dem männer bestimmte erwartungen haben und du garantiert auf eine bestimmte weise behandelt wirst, wenn du dich nicht verschleierst. +sam harris: die wissenschaft kann moralische fragen beantworten +hier ist ein verheerendes ungeziefer, ein spinnmilbe, denn sie spinnt netze wie eine spinne. +nur das ei des parasiten wird in die säfte der blattlaus eingeführt. +alles bestens unter diesen umständen. +und as beantwortet die frage, die vor allem von züchtern und landwirten gestellt wird: warum biokontrolle? +schließt sich schritt für schritt. +automobilretrofuturismus ist eine meiner spezialitäten. +das hier ist panzerpolo in south-hamptons. dies ist -- +leute schrieben mir, um nachdrucke davon zu bekommen. +es war absolut klar. ich musste nicht darüber nachdenken. +der dritter punkt auf meiner checkliste sind die beziehungen zu befreundeten nachbargesellschaften, die eine gesellschaft unterstützen kann. und wenn diese freundliche unterstützung entfällt, dann kann das zum kollaps einer gesellschaft beitragen. die nordmänner auf grönland trieben handel mit dem mutterland, mit norwegen, und dieser handel wurde weniger, teilweise, weil norwegen schwächer wurde, teilweise, weil das meer zwischen grönland und norwegen zufror. +so sind also einige gesellschaften aufgrund subtiler umweltfaktoren fragiler als andere. und dann schließlich noch eine weitere generalisierung. denn ich unterrichte gerade studenten an der ucla über diese kollapse von gesellschaften. und was meine ucla-studenten wirklich nicht verstehen können, ist, warum diese gesellschaften nicht sehen konnten, was sie taten? +stattdessen sind alle großen bedrohungen von heute probleme, die wir alle selbst verursacht haben. und da wir die probleme verursacht haben, können wir sie auch lösen. das bedeutet dann, dass es vollkommen in unserer macht liegt, diese probleme anzugehen. +also, wir wissen, dass das kein billiger krieg war. +was essen sie? +wie werden wir diese welt ernähren? +das ist in den 1990ern in den niederlanden passiert während die klassische schweinepest ausbrach. +ein kilogramm heuschrecken hat die selbe menge kalorien wie 10 hotdogs oder sechs big macs. +also warum essen wir insekten noch nicht? +schau sie dir erst an. schau sie dir erst an. +das bedeutet, dass wir unsere neuen hüften umsonst kriegen. +wenn wir im ausland auf reisen sind, dann erkennen wir auf diese weise sogar unsere mit-kanadier. +ich habe sie beiläufig über den stuhl im büro des arztes gehangen. +es war der erste gängige computer der welt. +das ist ein astrolabium. ziemlich eindrucksvoll nicht wahr? +also, das sind ungefähr 26 grad. ihr könnt es von da nicht sehen. +es kann benutzt werden um mathematische gleichungen aller art zu berechnen. +aber, was wir verlieren ist, denke ich genau – ein gefühlter sinn für den himmel eine art kontext. +man bedient sich des im eigenen körperbau eingebauten kräftespiels, genauso wie ein pendel. +ich werde ihnen zeigen wie er funktioniert. +und dort gab es schon damals einen sechsfüßigen roboter namens lemur. +anstelle von elektrischen motoren und elektrischen bedienteilen verwenden wir druckluft. +für diejenigen unter ihnen, die wahrscheinlich wissen, wenn man keine sensoren hat und es irgendwelche störungen gibt, sie wissen ja was passiert. +was sie hier sehen können ist wunderschön den louis vuitton cup pokal. +und diese gliedern sich und formen diese mechanismen. +da gab es einen großartigen ted-moment, ich denke es war sir ken robinson, oder? +es ist eine geschichte von öffentlicher bildung und von ländlichen gemeinschaften und davon, was design bewirken kann, um beide zu verbessern. +der größte arbeitgeber ist die purdue-hühnerverarbeitungs-fabrik. +genau gesagt, nutzen wir diese sechs design-leitsätze. der wichtigste davon ist wahrscheinlich der zweite: wir designen "mit", nicht "für" – daher, wenn wir humanitäres design machen, geht es nicht mehr darum, für kunden zu gestalten; +es ist die physische konstruktion verbesserter räume und materialien und erfahrungen für lehrer und schüler. +in vielen fällen geht es hierbei nicht so sehr darum, etwas zu verändern, sondern mehr darum, die bedingungen zu schaffen, unter denen veränderung möglich ist, und einen anreiz zu geben, eine veränderung vornehmen zu wollen. das ist einfacher gesagt als getan in ländlichen gemeinschaften und in in sich abgeschlossenen bildungssystemen in ländlichen gemeinschaften. +während dieser zeit, tun sie alles: hinausgehen und ethnographisch forschen und ein bedürfnis finden, ins studio zurückkommen, brainstorming und visualisierung des designs, konzepte finden, die funktionieren könnten, und sie dann im werkraum testen, bauen, prototypen erstellen, herausfinden, ob diese funktionieren werden, und sie verfeinern. +aber wir haben das gefühl, dasselbe könnte auch an anderen orten funktionieren. +was hier grün erscheint, ist keine desertifikation. was braun erscheint, versteppt. das sind die größten gebiete der erde. +ich hatte eine furchtbare entscheidung zu treffen, und, offen gesagt, war es politisches dynamit. +nach vier monaten regenzeit sprießt es hervor und nun stehen ihm 8 monate trockenzeit bevor. +und auch wir biologen und ökologen haben noch nie etwas so komplexes bewältigt. +sie stellten eine herde von 25.000 schafen auf, ahmten die natur mit geplantem weiden gut nach. sie erzielten eine 50% ige steigerung ihrer produktion im ersten jahr. +danke von ganzem herzen. as: dank dir. danke, chris. +diese zwei missionen passen, wie man sieht, perfekt zusammen, eine ergänzt die andere. tatsächlich wären sie ohne einander nicht möglich. +nach der behandlung gewinnt das kind maßgeblich an funktionalität. +wenn man ihm bilder der realen welt zeigt, wenn man anderen wie ihm bilder der realen welt zeigt, können sie die meisten objekte nicht erkennen, denn die welt ist für sie überfragmentiert, sie besteht aus einer collage, einem flickwerk aus bereichen verschiedener farben und helligkeiten. +ps: wir sehen dieses muster immer wieder. +wie geschieht das? wir wollen, dass dylan das kann. indem er das mantra der bewegung nutzt, kann dylan das wirklich tun, +cheryl: aimee und ich dachten -- hallo aimee. aimee mullins: hi +dan o 'brien sprang' 96 in atlanta 1,55m. ich meine, damit sie einen vergleich haben -- das sind, wissen sie, richtig gut ausgebildete athleten, ohne das wort "athlet" zu bewerten. +und er sagte, "nein, nein, wirklich. du kannst es. +sie ist nun -- zwei jahre bist du nun schon im laufsport? +ich versuchte jeden, den ich konnte, auszufragen gegen wen, gegen welche läufer, also gegen wen trete ich hier an? +ich hatte immer alles gewonnen und jetzt dachte ich, wozu? +und ich meine, "zieh sie aus! mach dir keine gedanken, verstehst du. +ich brauche ein paar neue, weil das letzte meeting, wo ich war, sie wissen schon, es ist wie ein großes.. es schließt sich der kreis. +und sie kam in die stadt und sie hetzte sich ab und sie sagte, "ich muss mir neue schuhe kaufen!" +sie sehen schon, diese erkenntnis hat potential, man könnte sie als regelrechtes zunderfass sehen. +einige leute halten die zahl für etwas hoch, aber urheberrechtsmathematiker, die auch experten in der medienlobby sind, sind lediglich überrascht, dass sie nicht jedes jahr für die inflation aufgezinst wird. +in der wirklichen welt wird mathematik nicht notwendigerweise von mathematikern betrieben. +wenn man das einmal hat, dann kommt die berechnung.. +ich schätze, dass wir heute weltweit durchschnittlich 106 erdalter damit zugebracht haben, leuten beizubringen, von hand zu rechnen. +meine übliche gegenfrage ist, was meinen sie mit grundbegriffen? +ich glaube nicht. +aber es gibt einen fantastischen weg, genau das in der heutigen zeit zu tun: +und selbstverständlich wird daraus ein kreis. +und sie wissen, wenn man über eine kluft geht, wird es viel schlimmer als wäre man gar nicht erst losgegangen – größeres desaster. +seine leine war am stuhl festgebunden worden, während ihr besitzer drinnen einen kaffee trank und er war einfach eifrig in seiner bemühung, mich zu begrüßen, um vielleicht ein wenig hinter dem ohr gekrault zu werden. +das spektrum dieser ausblicke reichte vom belanglosen bis zum tiefgreifenden, vom banalen bis zum unterhaltsamen. +aber alles in allem ist es doch in ordnung. +jeder ist willkommen. +und ich sehe mein leben als eine abfolge von experimenten. +wie ich in meinem buch schreibe, bin ich genau so jüdisch, wie "olive garden" italienisch ist. +es war auf jeden fall eine herausforderung. +also, es gelang mir, einen ehebrecher zu steinigen. +aber dieses gebot, die bibel sagt, du darfst keine frau berühren während bestimmter zeiten des monats, mehr noch, du darfst nirgendwo sitzen, wo eine menstruierende frau gesessen hat. +das war für mich einer der großartigen aspekte des jahres, den sabbat zu wahren, denn ich bin ein workaholic und diesen einen tag zu haben, an dem man nicht arbeiten darf -- das hat wirklich mein leben verändert. +und sie sagten, "wissen wir nicht, aber es sind nur rituale die uns sinn geben". +so, wie auch immer, herzlichen dank, dass sie mir erlaubt haben, hier zu sprechen. +das problem, wie wir es sehen, hat mit einem wort zu tun: "raum" oder einem ausdruck: "geometrie der realen welt." +aber wenn man das auf einem crt oder flachbildschirm darstellt würde es sinnlos sein irgendeinen gegenstand daran zu halten, also einen realen gegenstand. +und das führte wiederum dazu, dass wir die ideen zu dem entwickeln was wir glauben, ist die unausweichliche zukunft des mensch-maschinen-interface 's: wir nennen es die räumliche bedienumgebung. +es gibt eine menge verschiedener elemente. +wir arbeiten zusammen, ob nebeneinander oder über entfernung, ist immer wichtig. +kann es das für jeden geben oder ist das nur etwas für unternehmen und filmproduzenten? +john underkoffler zeigt die zukunft der bedienoberfläche +was okolloh machte, wäre nicht möglich gewesen ohne menschliche großzügigkeit. +jemand, der so etwas gemacht hat, sei es noch so mittelmäßig und zum wegwerfen, hat etwas probiert, hat etwas an die öffentlichkeit gebracht. +aber die einrichtungen, die von dieser schwarzen linie dargestellt werden, sagten: "wir ändern diese abmachung ab sofort. +doch hier ist der entscheidende unterschied: lolcats haben gemeinschaftlichen wert. +möge sie auf ewig weiterlaufen, weil sie menschen wie mir einen arbeitsplatz verschafft. +oder man konnte viele spiele auf einem kleinen stück land spielen, selbst wenn man bald nicht mehr wusste, in welchen spiel man selbst spielte. +england führte das 20-overs-spiel ein und sagte: "die welt muss t20-cricket spielen." +innerhalb von 6 wochen spielte jede stadt gegen einander. +aber sie machten ihre sache gut, indem sie es indien anpassten. +lieder und tanz hielten einzug im indischen cricket. +shane warne verkauft für 450 000 dollar. +können sie sich vorstellen, den dollar vor augen zu haben und nicht mehr das typische indien? +es gibt zwei arten von fehlentscheidungen, die man begeht, wenn man versucht sich zu entscheiden, was das richtige ist, und diese sind: fehler beim einschätzen von erfolgsaussichten, und fehler beim einschätzen des erfolgswerts. +nun, sie sehen hier ein sehr interessantes muster, dass zu allererst zwei dinge gewaltig überschätzt werden: nämlich tornados und feuerwerke. +und die meisten leute sagen: "ok, ich spiele." +wenn menschen nach diesen beiden verschiedenen stellen gefragt werden: eine stelle, bei der sie 60 '000, dann 50' 000, dann 40 '000 verdienen, eine stelle, bei der sie jedes jahr eine gehaltskürzung bekommen, und eine, in welcher sie eine gehaltserhöhung erhalten, mögen menschen die zweite lieber als die erste, obwohl ihnen gesagt wurde, dass sie sehr viel weniger geld verdienen. warum? +auf dem weg haben sie etwas verloren. +bei manchen teilnehmenden, steht in einer zimmerecke eine schachtel godiva-schokolade, bei anderen steht eine dose spam ®. +als amerikaner sind sie möglicherweise schon einmal nach frankreich gereist. +das heißt, man verlangt zinssätze im hundertstel oder tausendstel prozent, um das warten zu belohnen und wartet bis zum nächsten monat auf die zusätzlichen 10 dollar. +man denkt immer, mehr ist besser als weniger: 60 ist immer besser als 50; und man denkt auch immer, jetzt ist besser als später: die balken auf dieser seite sind höher als die balken auf dieser seite. +natürlich, die art von ereignissen, die uns die amerikanischen medien zeigen, und verzeihen sie mir, aber in zahlen sind dies sehr winzige unfälle. +aber gibt es eine rationale angt, die tatsächlich der grund ist, warum wir uns davor fürchten? ist das, weil wir denken, dass uns das ganz schlimme erst bevorsteht? +wissen sie, wenn ein schulbus in die luft gesprengt wird, und wir das vorher noch nie gesehen haben, tendieren wir dazu, uns gegenüber dem neuen auszurichten und das neue wird angesteuert. +adg: um die menschen zu überzeugen. +anscheinend hatte er ein auge im kampf verloren, darum wird er auch immer im profil dargestellt. +das führte auch zu nichts. +dieses erzeugt keine bilder - gar keine. " +das kann ein wichtiger beitrag sein. +der satz "kunst ist was auch immer" drückt die derzeitige "einschließlichkeit" im kunst-machen aus -- die ansicht "es geht nicht darum was du machst sondern dass du es machst". +im großen und ganzen sichern sie also unser überleben. +die philosophin martha nussbaum weist darauf in diesem zitat hin: "deswegen wurden im laufe der geschichte bestimmte ekelbesetzte erscheinungen – schleimigkeit, schlechter geruch, verfall, fäule – wiederholt und ausschließlich assoziiert mit... +wenn wir nicht nur nach der angegebenen politischen überzeugung, sondern nach dem wahlverhalten schauten, konnten wir die nation geographisch betrachten. wir erkannten, dass in regionen, in denen menschen einen hohen wert an ekelempfindlichkeit beschrieben, mccain mehr stimmen erhielt. +es macht weniger sinn, dass ein gefühl zum schutz vor der aufnahme von gift, vorhersagen kann, wen ich bei der nächsten präsidentschaftswahl wähle. +wünschte, ich könnte. +und wie viele soldaten hast du schon rekrutiert, um diesen krieg mit dir zu kämpfen? +newton aduaka: ich danke ihnen. ich habe nur - der erste ausschnitt, von diesen ausschnitten, versucht wirklich total einzufangen, was kino für mich bedeutet, und wie ich alles angehe, was das kino betrifft. +ihr müsst euch? +onicha: ezra! +wir brauchen keine probleme mehr keine probleme mehr wir brauchen keine probleme mehr keine probleme mehr aufwachen! alle aufwachen. straßensperre! +warum? weil sie unsere diamanten wollen. +n ich danke ihnen. +wir können auch das inhaltsverzeichnis vergrößern, während der film weiterläuft. +nun denn, mike, vielen dank. +viele von uns arbeiten für jemanden; wir befinden uns in den händen anderer. +also, was machen wir jetzt? +der 11. september hat ein gewisses interesse geschürt, es soll auf den ground zero verlegt werden und ich bin absolut dagegen. +ich habe versucht, diese sprache zu verstehen als ein anfang, als ein punkt, von dem aus man loslegen kann, und es wurde so viel von spekulanten gebaut und es wurde so viel trivialisiert, dass es... +fg: das weiß ich nicht. +ich war so stolz. +genau das hat mich schon immer interessiert, nämlich – ein persönlicher ausdruck, eine note. +da war ein tisch so lang wie dieser teppich und der hafenvorsteher war da, und ich war dort und meine leute. +frank gehry fragt: "was dann?" +total verändert durch den menschen. +die dinge, die ich fotografiert habe – dieser haufen reifen hier bestand aus 45 millionen reifen. es war der größte haufen. +für mich ist china – vor vier jahren begann ich, es zu fotografieren, und china ist für mich wahrhaftig eine frage der nachhaltigkeit, um nicht zu sagen, dass china auch einen großen effekt auf die industrien meiner kindheit hat. +das ist wushan, eine der größten städte, die umgesiedelt wurde. +außerdem passiert in shanghai eins – china verändert sich, denn das hier wäre zum beispiel vor fünf jahren unmöglich gewesen. ein verweigerer. +und sicherlich wissen hier andere leute mehr über effizienz als ich, aber ich kann mir nicht vorstellen, dass eine klimaanlage pro wohnung ein gebäude dieser größe effizient kühlt. +sie arbeiteten den ganzen tag wie aufgezogen, dass der manager mit strenger stimme sagen musste: "okay, alle stillhalten." +das war eine der größten fabriken, die ich je gesehen hatte. +wenn auch so viele großartige dinge in greifbarer nähe sind – in diesem raum ist das sehr spürbar – von all den dingen, die kurz davor sind zu geschehen, die so viele probleme lösen können, so hoffe ich doch, dass diese dinge sich in der welt verbreiten werden, und eine positive auswirkung haben werden. +und alles, was sie zur weiterverbreitung beitragen können, wäre toll. +und das ausmaß meiner arbeit, die ideen, mit denen ich arbeite, als ich das erste mal einen imax-film sah, dachte ich fast sofort: "es gibt eine resonanz zwischen dem, was ich tun möchte, und dem ausmaß dessen, was ich als fotograf umsetzen will." +und der grund, wieso wir minen sehen, ist, dass es hier viel wertvolle rohstoffe gibt aus denen dieses material ursprünglich geschaffen wurde. +kunststoffe haben überlappende dichten über eine enge bandbreite. +und schlussendlich haben wir den code geknackt. +wir entfernen, was nicht kunststoff ist, wie metalle die sie verfehlt haben, teppich, schaumstoff, gummi, holz, glas, papier, alles mögliche. +und schlussendlich hoffe ich, dass sie mir beistimmen, um die letzte kleinkind-regel nur ein bisschen zu ändern in: "wenn es kaputt ist, ist es mein kram." +wir sind das klügste da draußen, warum bekommen wir es nicht auf die reihe? +sie können sich also mit der tatsache trösten, dass dieser affe ein sehr weit-entfernter verwandter ist, wenn auch nur in evolutionärer hinsicht. +aber dies ist eine einheit der währung, die wir affen gelehrt haben im kontakt mit menschen zu verwenden, um unterschiedliche arten futter zu kaufen. +nun, man könnte sich wirklich vorstellen, wie sie alle möglichen klugen dinge tun, die menschen tun, wenn sie beginnen untereinander geld zu verwenden. +noch überraschend war, als wir mit ökonomen zusammenarbeiteten um die affen-daten mit hilfe von ökonomischen verfahren auszuwerten, dass sie grundsätzlich mit dem übereinstimmten, was wir menschen in den richtigen märkten tun sahen, nicht nur qualitativ, sondern auch quantitativ. +ihre andere option ist sicherer. sie erhalten auf jeden fall etwas geld. +also was geschieht hier? +die person zur linken ist ein sicherer fall. +wieder die gleiche wahl, sie können auf nummer sicher gehen und jedes mal zwei trauben bekommen, oder sie können ein risiko eingehen und zwischen einer und drei wählen. +unter anderem wissen wir, dass sie meistens wirklich schwer zu überwinden sind. +vielen dank. +ich glaube das, weil in den nächsten 20 jahren drei milliarden menschen ein neues zuhause brauchen. +das ist der durchbruch. +die technik stellt hier den einfachen teil dar. +kugelsichere vorhänge verdeckten meine fenster. +bedenken sie nur: welches andere business kennen sie, welchen anderen sektor der wirtschaft, und besonders einen, der so groß ist wie der öffentliche sektor, der nicht versucht, sein business-modell regelmäßig zu optimieren? +aber keiner ist besser darin, uns zum erbringen von dienstleistungen zu bewegen, auch dort, wo es keine gibt, als ushahidi. +ich möchte festhalten – es ist vielleicht kontrovers – dass "open government" sich nicht darum bemüht, die regierung transparenter zu gestalten. +wir haben bis jetzt wirklich nicht die richtigen worte, sie zu beschreiben. +sie sagte sogar, dass wenn wir dies täten, dann würde uns nicht nur die freude zuteil werden, dass uns die erweiterte familie dankbar war, sondern sie sagte: "selbst gott wird lächeln, und wenn gott lächelt, dann heißt das frieden, gerechtigkeit, und freude." +und wie chief seattle sagte, "wir weben nicht das netz des lebens. +und er sagte, "ich hoffe, dass ihr die stärke haben werdet, das zu tun, was ich tat. +und laut jesus wird gesagt: "du musst dich selbst lieben, du musst den herren, deinen gott, mit deinem ganzen herz, geist und seele lieben, und deinen nachbarn wie dich selbst." +ich werde mit diesem lied abschließen – ein kinderlied – weil wir alle kinder am tisch der ewigen mutter sind. +die proteste gegen vietnam, das gedenken an alle opfer der aids-pandemie, der marsch für die reproduktiven rechte der frauen, bis beinahe hin zur gegenwart. +es hat aber auch versöhnliche züge: es ist abgehoben vom boden, und es hat diese leere, und es hat eine leere mitte, sein geist und seine fassade erinnern an eine firma oder ein amtsgebäude. +und es muss frei sein. +das daneben ist das pantheon. +das sind die kett- und die schussfäden. +also ich habe mich als kriegskind markiert. +das was uns tötete waren nicht die muslime, waren nicht die araber. +manchmal musst du verlieren, um zu gewinnen. +weißt nicht einmal wann ich je zurückkehren werde. +und eine sache, die mich eines tages schockte war ein arabischer musiker kam um die soldaten zu unterhalten. +aber es hat mich bewegt. +nun läuft gleich meine zeit ab. also möchte ich ein lied singen. +er hatte seinen vater nie näher kennengelernt, weil sein vater seine mutter verlassen hatte, als sie mit ihm schwanger war. +manche dieser anwälte waren erfolgreich. sie verschafften ihren mandanten neue verhandlungen. +ich will ihnen nur sagen, dass der grund für diese entwicklung ist, dass die anwälte in diesen prozessen verstanden haben, je eher sie sich in einen fall einschalten, desto größer ist ihre chance, das leben ihres mandanten zu retten. +worüber wir heute sprechen ist genauso kompliziert. +das war ein logistisches problem. +ich hoffe, dass sie alle eine sache nicht vergessen: zwischen ihrer ankunft hier heute morgen und unserer mittagspause werden vier tötungsdelikte in den usa verübt werden. +der weihnachtsmann weiß, ob man artig war oder nicht. stimmt 's? " +der 10. september ist nicht dein geburtstag. es ist der 10. oktober. und ich sagte: "was?" +ich war im pazifischen nordwesten aufgewachsen, wo viele mitglieder der kirche jesu christi der heiligen der letzten tage leben. ich hatte mit ihnen zusammen gearbeitet und war sogar mit einigen ausgegangen, aber deren doktrin kannte ich nicht oder wusste auch nicht, was sie leuten erzählten, wenn sie auf einer mission waren. anscheinend war ich schon etwas neugierig, und so sagte ich: "oh, bitte, kommt doch herein." sie sahen wirklich glücklich aus. ich glaube, dass ihnen so etwas nicht so oft passiert. +also fragte ich: "was war mit den lamaniten?" +ich meine, was ist, wenn man eine nasenoperation hatte und man mag das ergebnis? +wir haben unsere aufmerksamkeit auf die probleme gerichtet. +ich glaube, wenn kennedy heute am leben wäre, würde er statistiker wie mich beauftragen, sich auf zu machen und herauszufinden, was das leben lebenswert macht. +wenn es eine knappe ressource gibt, die sie in ein erwünschtes ergebnis umsetzen möchten, denken sie an effizienz. +das land, das dort oben ganz alleine steht, ist ein ort, an dem ich noch nicht war. +das ist eine art, die dinge zu sehen. +und das heißt, wir müssen die effizienz sogar noch erhöhen. +investieren sie die zeit, und die energie, die sie haben, um sie mit ihren lieben zu verbringen? +sie brauchen zur umsetzung nicht viel materielle güter. +ob jemand anhielt und dem hilfsbedürftigen fremden half, wurde tatsächlich davon bestimmt, ob sich eine person in eile wähnte – ob sie sich für verspätet hielten oder ob sie in dem, worüber sie sprechen wollten, versunken waren. +nun, dies ist ein kleiner test. ich ermuntere sie, ihn auf einer party zu probieren. +wie schon bill mcdonough angemerkt hat, haben die objekte, die wir kaufen und verwenden, versteckte konsequenzen. +in diesem moment formte ein halbes dutzend anderer sofort einen ring um diesen typen. +mir wurde dann klar dass ich gedacht hatte, dass ich völlige kontrolle über mein leben hätte, in wahrheit aber nur drei dinge kontrollieren konnte: meine gedanken, meinen geist - die bilder, die von diesen gedanken erzeugt werden - und die handlungen, die ich davon ableite. +ich brauchte noch etwas, um den weiteren weg zu bestehen. und ich fand es in der metapher die ich von meiner mutter gelernt hatte, als ich vier war. +ananda shankar jayant bekämpft krebs mit tanzen +aber grundsätzlich war es schwierig. es war wirklich schwierig zu erklären, wie das web sein würde. +was meinen sie mit daten? was ist der unterschied -- dokumente, daten? +daten sind beziehungen. +lassen sie uns kurz über daten nachdenken. +publikum: "roh." +wenn ich nun so weitermache, werden sie denken, dass all diese daten aus riesigen einrichtungen stammen und nichts mit ihnen zu tun haben. +sie haben vielleicht nicht viele daten, die sie dort einstellen könnten, aber sie wissen, sie einzufordern. +gemeinsam erreichten sie diese ergebnisse: sie erhöhten die anzahl an leuten, die anti-retrovirale einnehmen, lebensrettende anti-aids-medikamente; reduzierten die malaria-todesfälle um fast die hälfte; impften so viele, dass 5,4 millionen leben gerettet werden. +hier sehen wir die rolle für eine neuartige koalition von social-media-giganten und start-ups, telekommunikationsunternehmen, reality-tv-sendeformaten, und spielefirmen; alle zusammen in einer art von "wir sind die welt" -moment. +es nähert sich der null. +danke, danke. +und er sagte, "oh, ich unterrichte an einer kunstakademie. +also dachte ich, ich versuche sie festzuhalten: daumenabdruck, fußabdruck oder alle möglichen spuren, die wir als menschen hinterlassen. +wenn wir einstein fragten, würde er sagen: "ob die kuh die straße überquerte, oder die straße sich unter der kuh wegbewegte, hängt von ihrem referenzrahmen ab." +nochmal, "inward out." +und dieses werk wurde von anapum erworben. dabei wird er am ende eigentlich nichts haben, denn es wird verdunsten. +das gab mir noch größere gewissheit. +hier sehen sie ein detail. +ich gebe gern den hobbyhistoriker, also habe ich einige zeit damit verbracht herauszufinden, wann das das erste mal erwähnt wurde. das beste, früheste zitat, das ich finden konnte, war von david livingstone, der in den 1850ern schrieb, wie ostafrika durch eisenbahn, dampfschiff und telegraphen vollkommen in den rest der welt integriert wurde. +es ist also sehr klar, dass wir angesichts dieser zahlen, oder all der anderen zahlen, die ich in meinem buch "world 3.0" erwähne, sehr, sehr weit von der richtgröße für gefallene grenzen entfernt sind, die internationalisierungsgrade bei 85, 90, 95 prozent sieht. +die sichtweise war: "hier ist der arme professor. +denken sie an frankreich und die aktuelle einwanderungsdebatte. +zur selben zeit dachte ich, dass es hier eine vielzahl an möglichkeiten gibt zeitgemäße produkte herzustellen, weg vom ethnischen - hin zu etwas modernerem. +aber wenn wir diese formel schnell umschreiben, dann bekommen wir heraus, daß beschleunigung gleich kraft geteilt durch masse ist, was heißt, dass man für ein größeres teilchen, eine größere masse, mehr kraft braucht um die richtung zu ändern. +markting ist -- die botschaft für marketing ist -- daß man besser misst was verbraucher wirklich tun, als daß was sie sagen, was sie tun werden oder zu antizipieren was sie tun werden. +ihre marke beginnt zu dispergieren. und es wird chaotischer. +die dritte saite ist etwas ganz neuartiges. +zum beispiel könnten sie ein werfer oder fänger sein, und das hängt damit zusammen, ob sie einen sexuellen akt durchführen oder ihn empfangen. +können sie sich vorstellen, dass sie ihrem trainer sagen: "mmh, ich fühle mich heute nicht gut. ich denke, ich pausiere bei diesem spiel." +"vielleicht können wir ja hälfte-hälfte machen". +und manchmal können das unterschiedliche mengen über verschiedene zeiten oder mit verschiedenen menschen oder an verschiedenen tagen sein. +"was ist die liebe?", schrieb shakespeare. +richtige abhängigkeit von dieser person. +es hat mich einfach erstaunt. +und ich denke, dass der sextrieb sich entwickelt hat, um einen daraus zu holen, und sich eine ganze bandbreite an partnern anzusehen. +kurz gesagt, sie erhalten den status, den sie vor einer million jahren hatten, vor 10.000 oder 100.000 jahren. +es ist eine der vielen charakteristiken, die frauen besitzen, die sie ins arbeitsleben mitbringen. +wir kehren auch zurück zu einer sehr alten form der gleichberechtigung in der ehe. +das ist der grund, warum man eine kosmische einheit mit jemandem verspüren kann, nachdem man mit ihm geschlafen hat. +dopamin ist verantwortlich für empfindungen romantischer liebe. +aber ich will ihnen eine geschichte erzählen, um das zu illustrieren. +alle dort waren sich einig, dass diese frau sehr krank und zu recht im krankenhaus war. +tatsächlich nahm ich an, dass der krankheitsverlauf wissenschaftlich feststand. +wenn sie nur ein symptom eines viel größeren problems ist, die spitze des sprichwörtlichen eisbergs? +ich weiß nicht, warum das so ist, aber vielleicht wissen deren zellen noch nicht, wie sie mit dem energieüberschuss richtig umgehen sollen. +aber dieses team von interdisziplinären, hoch-skeptischen und -talentierten forschern ist sich in zwei punkten einig. +peter attia: was wäre, wenn unsere ansichten über diabetes falsch wären? +als ich geboren wurde, waren die erwartungen an mich also wohl relativ hoch. +ich glaube, die meisten menschen in der industrie verstehen, dass wir uns dieses problems annehmen müssen. +ehrlich gesagt, vier milliarden saubere autos auf den straßen sind immer noch vier milliarden autos. und ein stau ohne emissionen ist immer noch ein stau. +car-sharing-dienste entstehen jetzt überall auf der welt. diese bemühungen sind, wie ich finde, großartig. +wir brauchen diese leidenschaft und energie, um die globalen verkehrsprobleme anzugreifen. +ich finde charlie ledbetter sprach gestern sehr deutlich über die notwendigkeit, die verbraucher, die leute in den schaffensprozess mit einzubinden. +sie wurden auf einmal aktiv. +george de mestral – das sind keine insekten auf der sandale – ging mit seinem hund durch ein feld gassi und war danach mit kletten übersät, daher kommt der klettverschluss. +es geht darin um all die unüberlegten dinge, die der mensch so tut und in denen ein großes potenzial steckt. +ich spreche oft darüber, situationen zu "entdenken". +wir wurden also wieder mal beauftragt, eine wasserpumpe zu entwerfen, für eine kenianische firma namens approtec. +ansteckend ist ein gutes wort. +und in zwei stunden, nachdem ihre rücken gebrochen waren, waren sie verändert. +sie skaten. sie spielen straßenspiele. +k zum ersten mal eine versammlung und spiel auf der strasse in einer ländlichen schule noch nie dagewesen -- um ihren eltern zu erklären, warum lesen- und schreiben können wichtig ist. +nun, wen braucht es heute, um die infektion von 100.000 kinder auszuweiten auf die 200 millionen kinder in indien? +wenn ich zurückdenke, waren diese interessanterweise die ersten wahren umweltschützer. +leider ist sie es nicht. +wenn ich von dieser globalen betrachtung zurückkehre und die auswirkungen in einem ähnlichen zeitraum in bezug auf die technik betrachte, die eine art werkzeug für gestalter ist, und von unseren erfahrungen als unternehmen berichte, – ich zeige dies nur anhand einer kleinen auswahl an projekten – wie misst man dann die veränderung der technik? +ungefähr in dieser entwurfzeit, in der dieses gebäude entstanden ist, machte ich einen skizze, die wir neulich aus dem archiv gezogen haben. +so würden wir zum beispiel die modelle unter einen künstlichen himmel setzen. +tatsächlich ein rückübersetzen der technologie und entwickeln von etwas, das so rein ist, praktisch schadstofffrei. +es gab ein projekt, welches das tote meer rettet, indem eine rohrleitung, ein rohr, verlegt wird, über- und unterirdisch, das abhilfe schafft und eine zuleitung vom golf von aqaba in das tote meer schafft. +es ist mehr als ein gerät, es ist erneuerbar. +hier sehen sie, wie ein ein schöner designprozess mit physikalischen modellen und quantitativen sowie qualitativen methoden wirklich gestaltet wurde, um am ende eine lösung zu erzielen, die wirklich in die architektur integriert ist und alle aspekte umfasst. +für mich steht das in verbindung mit theater, darauf komme ich etwas später noch zurück. +licht ist somit natürlich auch wichtig für soziale interaktion -- für die entwicklung von freundschaften mit allen dazugehörigen, uns umgebenden aspekten. +und dort, wo wir es gar nicht brauchen und es dunkel bleiben soll, können wir es vermeiden. +können wir licht dezenter verwenden? +in der architektur funktioniert es genauso. +ist es, weil ich gut schreibe? +die forschungsrichtlinien der u.s. akademie der wissenschaften oder des "research councils" von großbritannien +wenn diese frau wasser auf ihrem kopf trägt, meile für meile für meile, kann man das nicht gutheißen. +sie könnten kreativ sein in der erziehung; sie können kulturell kreativ sein; sie können kreativ in institutionen sein, aber viel unserer arbeit liegt im bereich der technologischen kreativität, den innovationen, entweder in form zeitgenössischer innovationen oder in form traditionellen wissens. +offensichtlich eine künstlerin, sie ist ein kreativer mensch. +sie bringen das wasser, sie bringen die seife. ich wasche die kleider für sie, berechne 50 paisa, eine rupie an sie, je ladung. und so kann ein neues geschäftsmodell aufkommen. +je höher die lokale eignung, desto größer ist die chance der skalierung. +meine technologie. +von dem wir sprachen, meine freunde in brasilien, wie wir also das modell skalieren können in china und brasilien. +sie sagte, "wechsle deinen beruf". +dann bräuchte man gar nichts mehr um ein auto zu steuern, außer darüber nachzudenken. +vor 500 jahren begannen segelschiffe zuverlässig zu werden; und wir fanden einen neuen kontinent. +oder schneemobile. man braucht keinen schnee. +und sie benutzen die bürgersteige und werden verantwortlich damit umgehen. ' +also, nach ich sowas gesehen habe nach ich mich für acht jahre sorgen gemacht habe, ist das erste was ich tue, ich nehme mein handy und sagte meine marketing- und gesetzesleute sie sollten aarp anrufen und sofort einen termin ausmachen. +wir haben daran gearbeitet, als alternative energiequelle vor längerer zeit mit johnson und johnson, um den ibot zum laufen zu bringen, weil die besten batterien die man bekommen konnte -- 10 wattstunden pro kilogramm an blei, 20 wattstunden pro kilogramm nickel-cadmium-, 40 wattstunden pro kilogramm in nickel-metallhydrid, 60 wattstunden pro kilogramm in lithium, 8750 watt-stunden energie auf jedes kilogramm propan oder benzin -- weshalb niemand elektroautos benutzt. +tierfreundin nellie mckay singt eine glänzende hommage an ihren lieben hund und schlägt vor, dass wir alle dasselbe tun wie sie: "gehen sie hinunter zum teich, suchen sie sich einen kleinen hund, und machen sie ihn stolz, denn das ist es, worauf es ankommt." +es ist zwar einfacher, von uns selbst, den bürgern, der polizei, der armee als den guten zu denken, und von den drogenhändlern und den kartellen als den bösen, sollten wir bedenken, dass die einen nur eine dienstleistung für die anderen bieten. +aber das ist ein ergebnis einer sorgfältigen marken- und geschäftsstrategie. +sie haben den zugriff zum profitablen drogenhandel weiter in der hand, aber da sie ganz michoacán kontrollieren, wie auch den hafen lázaro cárdenas, nutzen sie diese infrastruktur gleich mit. zum beispiel tauschen sie legal abgebautes kupfer aus michoacán gegen illegales ephedrin aus china, das ein kritischer vorläufer für das methamphetamin ist, das sie herstellen. sie pflegen auch partnerschaften mit größeren organisationen wie dem sinaloa-kartell, die ihre produkte in den usa platzieren. +und so stellt sich mir nicht die frage, ob diese dynamik so weitermacht wie bisher. +und dann ist es zeit sie nochmal zu behandeln. letztes jahr. +als nächste phase hat sie ersetzung erreicht. +hier ist noch eine technologie die den kritischen preis erreicht. +man kann regeneratives bremsen haben, man kann drive-by-wire haben, man kann ersetzbare karosserieteile haben -- es ist ein kleines ding das mit einem hybrid anfängt, aber zu einer völlig neuen ära des autos führen kann. +und was interessant ist, ist dass noch 1990 es mehr als zwei dollar pro minute waren. +ihre metapher ist mobutu. +ich möchte mit ihnen eine geschichte teilen, die von einer innovation namens tröpfchenbewässerung handelt. +also trafen wir uns mit dr. sono khangharani in pakistan. +aber ich würde wieder sagen, dass dies der moment für außerordentliche ereignisse ist. +und zum ersten mal in drei generationen, würden seine kinder zur schule gehen. +danke. +ich habe einen freund, der hat einen digitalen blog – auf pdrs, einem aufnahmegerät. +ich mag musik, und ich mag banjos, und ich glaube, ich hörte steve martin spielen und sagte mir, das kann ich auch. +ich schrieb diesen eintrag, und ich habe das genommen wegen einstein heute. +und sie sehen diesen eintrag. +ich habe vorhin ein bild von norman rockwell gezeigt, und das, mit dem ich aufwuchs, und es ständig vor augen hatte.. +ich lade die schlechten bilder ebenso hoch, weil es sie gibt. +sie sind die größten thunfische, und die zweitgrößten im meer -- knochenfische. +die europäische und die nordafrikanische population -- der östliche blauflossenthunfisch -- werden in enormen mengen befischt: über die letzten 10 jahre fast jedes jahr 50000 tonnen. +im grunde nehmen wir die selben satellitentelefon- und computerteile wie sie, normale chips. +die tätigkeiten im labor haben uns geholfen, im offenen meer zu arbeiten. +es gibt zwei dörfer, harris und morehead city, die seit über 10 jahren jeden winter eine feier namens tag-a-giant veranstaltet haben. und die fischer haben mit uns zusammengearbeitet, um 800 bis 900 fische zu markieren. +diese orte sind die wichtigsten, die wir schützen müssen. +das thunfisch-team topp hat das undenkbare getan: drei teams haben 1700 thunfische markiert, blauflossen-, gelbflossen- und weißen thunfisch, alle zur selben zeit -- mit sorgsam erprobten markierungsverfahren, bei denen wir hinausfahren, jugendliche thunfische fangen, sie mit marken, die sogar sensoren beinhalten, versehe, und dann wieder freilassen. +wir haben das mit der großen rasse der schildkröten gemacht -- schildkröten markiert, und vier millionen treffer erzielt. +hallo. ich bin hasan. ein künstler. +er schaut mich verwundert an und fragt: "kein sprengstoff?" +und sagte dann, "wenn alaska das aktuelle memo nicht bekommt, dann fängt alles wieder von vorne an." +das war auf dem delta flug 719 von new york nach san francisco. +diese angaben sind direkt aus meinen kontoauszügen, und alle infos sind gleich da. +und am sonntag, den 14. juni 2009... um 14h nachmittags in meiner wohnung in skowhegan in maine. +weil es niemanden wirklich interessiert. +he: sie sehen immer den letzten ort, an dem ich war +und jetzt von 2012. +vor vier jahren verlor chris seinen job im kunstankauf bei macy 's und wie so viele menschen hatte er schwierigkeiten, in der rezession einen neuen job zu finden. +wie ahmen wir nach, wie vertrauen von angesicht zu angesicht aufgebaut wird? +es war lächerlich. ich konnte keinen handyvertrag bekommen, weil meine bonitätsgeschichte nicht mitgereist war. +interessant dabei ist, dass reputation das sozioökonomische schmiermittel ist, das kollaborativen konsum zum laufen bringt und misst, aber die quellen, aus denen sie stammt, und deren anwendungen sind viel größer als der ursprüngliche raum. +der kollaborative konsum hat sich explosionsartig entwickelt – web-basierte gemeinsame benutzung von autos, wohnungen und fähigkeiten. rachel botsman untersucht jene währung, mit der systeme wie airbnb und taskrabbit arbeiten: vertrauen, einfluss und, wie sie es nennt, "vertrauenskapital". +jetzt zeige ich ihnen, was das mit unseren gesellschaften macht. +einfach der anteil der bevölkerung der glaubt, dass man den meisten leuten vertrauen kann. +sie geht von ca. 40 bis 400 inhaftierten menschen. +die stellung der frau, wie sehr sie an der kernfamilie festhalten, hier liegen sie an entgegengesetzten polen der reichen, entwickelten welt. +aber ich sollte noch etwas dazu sagen was da passiert. +und natürlich haben andere mit ausgefeilteren methoden auch armut und bildung überprüft und weitere. +einer unserer schwerpunkte der letzten zeit sind medizinische geräte. die parallele von medizinischen geräten zu dem stromnetz des iraks sind nicht offensichtlich, doch es gibt sie. +wie stellt man sicher, dass es sie erreicht und ihr leben verbessert? +merken sie etwas? +der durchschnitt liegt bei 65%. +du musst für deine seife, dein deo, deine zahnbürste, deine zahnpasta zahlen – für alles. +das beste, was wir tun können, ist wege zu finden, wie man den geschäftsgeist und das enorme, ungenutzte potential in unseren gefängnissen fördert. denn wenn wir das nicht tun, werden sie nichts neues lernen was ihnen hilft und sie werden rückfällig. +zweitens ist es wirklich sch ausbalanciert. es liegt wunderbar in der hand und fühlt sich gut an. +das sonderbare daran ist allerdings, dass google lügt. denn wenn man "design und emotion" eingibt, sagt google "das 'und' ist nicht notwendig. wir machen das automatisch." +allerdings können einige menschen es - zirkusartisten und stahlarbeiter. +kein ding. +und beim verhaltens-design dreht sich alles um das gefühl bei der benutzung. das beinhaltet die bedienbarkeit, das verstehen, aber auch die haptik und das gewicht. +es ist irgendwie nett. was für ein wunderbares design. +und das ist das schöne an emotionen. +aber es war ziemlich offensichtlich, ziemlich klar, dass für diese spezielle strecke, die ich gewählt hatte, je weiter die schule entfernt war, die ergebnisse um so schlechter zu sein schienen. +jedenfalls meine ich, dass eine alternative elementarbildung, was auch immer sie sich darunter vorstellen, dort gebraucht wird, wo keine schulen existieren, wo schulen nicht gut genug sind, wo keine lehrer verfügbar sind oder wo lehrer nicht gut genug sind, aus welchem grund auch immer. +also fand er es heraus. er brauchte über zwei minuten um zu realisieren, dass er dinge in dem fernsehgerät tat. +also sagten sie, dass ich diese maschine hiergelassen hatte die nur in englisch redet, also mussten wir englisch lernen. +was können sie nun tatsächlich lernen zu tun? +ein typisches beispiel war: "manchmal ist es nötig zu lügen". +vielen dank. +als ich dies eines tages meinen eltern verkündete - und mein vater bestreitet diese geschichte bis zum heutigen tag - sagte ich: "papa, ich möchte diplomat werden." +überhaupt war meine tour - es war irgendwie eine aufregende zeit. +zweitens hatte die regierung alle vorhandenen alternativen zum krieg ignoriert, was in mancherlei hinsicht eine noch schändlichere sache war. +meine rente befand sich darin. +warum berätst du ihre regierung nicht in ihren diplomatischen angelegenheiten? " +eins kam zum anderen und letztendlich hatte ich einen schreibtisch bei? what if! in new york, als ich independent diplomat startete. +das bedeutet, dass es nicht länger ausreicht zu sagen, dass internationale beziehungen oder globale angelegenheiten oder chaos in somalia oder was in burma passiert uns nichts angehen, und dass man es den regierungen überlassen kann, damit umzugehen. +und natürlich verstand es jeder. jeder sagte: "ja, natürlich, sie haben völlig recht. +es ist diese zerrüttende erfahrung im internet. +das ganze wurde wichtig für mich, weil ich eine ideenschmiede leite, in der wir acht startups betreuen. +fast jeder sieht fern. +tiere spielen vielleicht gerne, aber sie sehen nicht gerne zu. +am anfang sehen sie im jahr 1960, dass die inspiration stabil bleibt. +sehen sie sich diese spitze im jahr 1966 an für eine richtungsweisende sendung. +glamour und reichtum. +das ist toll, oder? +und dann erklärt sie es. sie sagt: "wissen sie was, das meine ich gar nicht. ich meine, ich habe kein einziges wort verstanden. +denn dna ist wie ein bauplan, versteht ihr, der lebendigen dingen sagt, was zu tun ist. +es bringt mich um. ehrlich. +oder noch schlimmer, naturwissenschaftliche bildung wird immer mehr wie der typ, der immer sagt: "eigentlich..." +aber wir haben noch so viel arbeit vor uns und wenn hier jemand in wissenschaft involviert ist, dann bitte ich euch, mit mir mitzumachen. +aber manchmal ist es, als erscheine eine türöffnung aus dem nichts und sie öffnet sich zu einer treppe. +aber das hier ist der seltsamste ort von allen: krieg. +diese ebene nannte durkheim die ebene des sakralen, weil er glaubte, dass die funktion von religion die vereinigung von leuten in einer gruppe sei, in einer moralische gemeinschaft. +er sagte: "wenn ein stamm eine große anzahl mutiger, sympathischer und treuer mitglieder hätte, die immer bereit sind, einander zu helfen und zu verteidigen, wäre dieser stamm erfolgreicher und würde den anderen besiegen." +und wie sie in der simulation sehen werden, wenn sie interagieren, gewinnen sie punkte, sie wachsen, und wenn sie ihre größe verdoppelt haben, werden sie sehen, dass sie sich teilen und so reproduzieren sie sich und die population wächst. +es ist erneut passiert vor etwa 120 oder 140 millionen jahren als vereinzelte wespen anfingen, kleine, einfache, primitive nester, oder bienenstöcke zu bauen. +ich meine nicht, dass wir entstanden sind, um riesigen organisierten religionen beizutreten. +und das gibt mir hoffnung, weil es bedeutet, dass die menschen nicht ausschließlich egoistisch sind. +damals wurde mir klar, dass ich eine reise machen wollte, um mir anzusehen, was männer heutzutage so für sich selbst erschaffen. +hier ist noch ein typisches beispiel. ein viertel in einem vorort von las vegas. +und was man sich wirklich erhofft, ist, dass sie ab und zu in flammen aufgehen, was wir heute abend nicht erleben werden. also. +dieser graffitikünstler kam vorbei, verbesserte das schild ein bisschen und ging dann seines weges. +und je mehr man darüber nachdenkt, desto weiter entfernt man sich von der antwort, und sobald man aufhört darüber nachzudenken, gibt dir deine intuition die antwort, in einem gewissen sinn. +das war 's. das hielt er für die einzigen möglichkeiten. und er lag nicht so falsch. +wir haben sie absichtlich ziemlich seriös aussehen lassen. +so sah die anzeige auf der ganzen welt aus; deutschland veränderte sie ein klein wenig. +die begehrte rechte seite wurde nicht dem inhalt zugeschlagen. +was kommt als nächstes? als nächstes kommen menschen. +wenn die antwort ja ist, hat man eine gute arbeit. +etwas, wiederum, das auf etwas fundamentaleres zurück geht. +dies ist eine andere version. es ist ein fetzenfisch, und der am grund, der blaue ist ein jungtier, das noch nicht die säure geschluckt hat, noch nicht den braungrünen algentümpelschaum in seinen körper aufnahm, um ihm energie zu geben. +sie berühren nie die innere materie. es gibt mehr und mehr koevolution. +und er hat sich entschieden, die so zu behandeln, als wären sie trilobiten oder schnecken. und eine morphologische analyse zu machen und zu versuchen, ihre genealogische geschichte abzuleiten. +wir haben von den amish gehört, die autos aufgeben. +und ein hammer, wenn wir einen hammer greifen, ist das was wir nehmen. +und wenn sie das gut spielen, dann beziehen sie andere leute ein, also erweitert sich das spiel und geht weiter, sogar wenn sie nicht mehr sind. +als ich student dort war, arbeitete ich am waikiki-aquarium. +es war eine gute erfahrung. +und so fanden wir einen weg, es herauszufinden. ich bekam zum ersten mal diesen berühmten schnabel in aktion zu sehen. +und über ihren gipfeln sind drei- bis viertausend meter wasser, das einen enormen druck ausübt und wasser in die risse dem erdmittelpunkt entgegen treibt, bis es auf eine magmakammer trifft, wo es überhitzt und mit mineralien übersättigt wird. dann ändert es seine fließrichtung und beginnt, zurück zur oberfläche zu schießen, wo es aus der erde gestoßen wird wie ein geisir in yellowstone. +die vergänglichkeit der hydrothermalen schlotgesellschaft unterscheidet sich nicht wirklich von einigen gebieten, die ich in den 35 jahren gesehen habe, in denen ich herumgereist bin und filme gemacht habe. +und eine kleine gruppe verantwortungsbewusster leute hat diese bucht verändert. +nun war es sylvias ted-prize-wunsch uns anzuflehen, alles was wir tun können zu tun, alles was wir tun können, nicht nur kleine beträge, sondern beträchtliche beträge für den erhalt der ozeane aufzubringen, "hoffnungsflecken" nennt sie sie. +die regeln, die ich meine, werden ständig von unserer kultur überwacht. +und ich dachte, denn mit über 40 fing ich an zu denken: "warum mache ich nicht irgendetwas? +hier einige zahlen. +städte zu töten. sie können eine atombombe auf eine stadt werfen, 30 jahre später +lassen sie uns zuerst über biologie reden. +ist london ein vergrössertes birmingham, welches ein skaliertes brighton ist, etc. etc.? +mehr kriminalität. wir haben alles betrachtet, aids-infizierungen, grippe etc. +das wäre schlecht für wirtschaft und städte. +aber sie haben bemerkt, dass ich gemogelt habe, da ich nur bis 1994 gegangen bin. +gerade zu der zeit, als das internet zu einem pädagogischen werkeug wurde, verließ ich wisconsin und ging nach kansas, die kleine stadt kansas, wo ich die möglichkeit bekam, zu unterrichten, in einer schmucken kleinstadt eine ländliche schule in kansas, an der ich mein lieblingsfach unterrichtete politik. +aber das interessante an dieser stelle in arizona war für mich, dass ich mit dieser außerordentlich an einer normalen öffentlichen schule arbeiten durfte. und es gab diese zeiten, in denen sich uns chancen eröffneten. +es die falsche herangehensweise, kindern beizubringen, dass sie keine fehler machen dürfen. +und wenn wir das inmeiner klasse dieses jahr nochmal machen, werden sie diesmal besser sein. weil lernen viele fehler machen beinhaltet, weil der fehler lehrreich in diesem prozess ist. +sie beschleunigt das tempo mit welchem sich der körper selbst heilt verglichen mit dem auf einer klinisch relevanten zeitskala. +41 personen, die im grunde nicht wirklich krank waren, zahlten für einen rentner, der an einer unheilbaren erkrankung litt. +wenn das ein molch kann, wieso nicht auch wir? +wenn wir die daher richtigen zellen finden könnten und diese in den körper implantieren, könnten sie die heilung übernehmen. +und das material veranlasste den körper seine heilreaktion wieder anzuschalten, was er davor nicht getan hat. +das ist das größte. +eine großartige quelle von stammzellen ist. +es ist eine sehr kraftvolle arbeit. +vielen dank. +oh, wundervoll. +und – oh, ich habe goldie hawn gesehen. +es ist wahr, es ist wahr. +aber dann hat sarah jones mir auch noch gesagt, ich habe nur 18 minuten zeit. +also verdienen wir es genauso, ein teil des ideenaustausches zu sein, wie alle anderen. +mein name ist praveen manvi und ich danke ihnen für diese gelegenheit. +mein sohn sagt, er ist noch nicht bereit zum heiraten. +ich denke, ted, sie, beeinflussen das leben von menschen auf arten, die sie vielleicht nicht einmal realisieren. +das ist alles [undeutlich]. vielen dank für diese möglichkeit. +aber eigentlich bin ich heute hier, um eine geschichte zu erzählen. +ich startete ein paar unternehmen, von denen ich glaubte, sie wären das ticket zur finanziellen freiheit. +doch es gibt noch eine reihe weiterer menschen, die sie nicht kennen. +wir wollen nicht, dass menschen unsere filme anschauen und sagen, "das war lustig", und sie dann wieder vergessen. +wir schickten 50.000 dvds an high school-lehrer in den usa, +und schließlich ein ebay-eintrag für "einen weltbekannten diavortrag, inzwischen obsolet, ein museumsstück. bitte kontaktieren sie al gore." +ob sie es glauben oder nicht, einige von uns überleben das. +dieses klebeband verwenden wir nicht mal mehr in großbritannien. +veraltete ausrüstung, ausrüstung die nicht ganz funktioniert. oder sie funktioniert und man kann sie nicht reparieren. das ist auch nicht schlimm, solange wir sie verwenden und danach weitermachen. +und daher steht er da, er hält das bett aufrecht, weil das bett einfach nicht funktioniert. +das sind die grundzüge meines apparates, oder unseres apparats. +das hat großen eindruck auf mich gemacht, denn ich bin eine frau und ich bin eine mutter und es war mir nicht klar gewesen, dass die hiv / aids-pandemie gerade frauen derart betraf. +in den letzten zweieinhalb jahren habe ich die ganze welt bereist. ich war in etwa 12 verschiedenen ländern. +avelile hatte den virus. sie wurde mit dem virus geboren. +sollen sich unsere feinde zu tode reden und wir werden sie mit ihrer eigenen verwirrung bekämpfen. +aber eine regierung zu stürzen ist nicht so kompliziert, wie eine solide demokratie aufzubauen. +sie haben die situation, wo die beziehung zwischen der regierung und den lokalen sozialen netzwerkunternehmen einen effekt hervorruft, wo, gewissermaßen, das machtverschaffende potential dieser plattformen eingeschränkt wird durch jene beziehungen zwischen firmen und regierungen. +und hier im vereinigten königreich gibt es ebenfalls bedenken über ein gesetz, das digitaler wirtschafts akt genannt wird, das mehr beweispflicht auf private zwischenhändler abwälzt, um bürgerverhalten zu überwachen. +aber in den letzten zwei jahrzehnten hat sie eine bisher nie da gewesene expansion erlebt. sie trägt nun etwa zu 15 prozent zum weltweiten bruttoinlandsprodukt bei. +das justizsystem nicht mehr richtig funktionierte. +die produktionsstandorte und vertriebszentren haben die tendenz in entwicklungsländern zu liegen. und sie werden desöfteren gefährdet durch entsetzliche gewalt und blutbäder. +ich habe ihnen gezeigt wieviele boote, wieviele schiffe es benötigt um nur einen von diesen typen zu erwischen. +ich wurde von inspektor brian cantera der royal canadian mounted police zu einer halle im osten vancouvers gebracht um zu sehen, welche art von gütern gewöhnlich konfiziert werden durch die rcmp von schmugglern, die sie natürlich in den süden schicken, in die vereinigten staaten, wo ein unersättlicher markt für british columbia bud, wie es genannt wird, herrscht, insbesondere weil es als "organisch" vermarktet wird, was wiederum besonders gut ankommt in kalifornien. +angeschlossen an meinen laptop schaffte er es in weniger als 5 minuten in das computersystem einer großen brasilianischen bank einzudringen. +bei diesen gangstern gibt es keine romantik mehr im 21sten jahrhundert. +alle wussten die antwort darauf. +wir haben seit generationen daran geglaubt. +alle seine kollegen sagten: "das ist unerhört. +die einzige ausnahme ist der nackte, in somalia lebende maulwurf, der nie an die erdoberfläche kommt. +dann denken sie an einen gorilla, der das gleiche tut. sie werden sehen, verglichen mit dem gorilla sind wir quasi ein fisch. +sir david attenborough hat es verstanden. +die wissenschaftler sagen nein. +erstens: ich will so zeitig wie möglich vortragen. +ah, mark -- serfaas. +ich hatte im prinzip eine sehr schwer zu erklärende und komplexe philosophie entwickelt, auf die ich aber nicht eingehen werde, weil sie ein wenig zu tiefgreifend ist für euch alle -- aber es geht darum, was websites populär macht, wisst ihr, es ist... onscreen: tanz wie ein idiot und verkauf nichts es ist schade, dass ich nicht mehr zeit habe. +und der frosch-modus. +es ist der prozess der erstellung, der mich ein kleines bisschen über der ständigen sorge in meinem leben hält. und es ist das gefühl von "zu 80% fertig mit dem projekt", bei dem du weißt, dass du immer noch etwas zu tun hast, aber es ist nicht fertig, und du fängst auch nicht mit etwas an -- das erfüllt wirklich mein ganzes leben. +ich glaube, dass dieses "nun verschnürt, gebunden, herrin streng kommt auf mich zu, nun gebunden, es ist vorbei." +sie können ihnen eine e-mail schicken. +vielleicht können sie weder die person noch sonst irgendetwas loben, aber vielleicht können sie die tatsache loben, dass der mann ein selbstsicheres auftreten hat. +wenn sie diese form wählen, kann ich ihnen versprechen: sie werden der 800-pfund-gorilla im wald sein. +also bin ich nach hause gegangen und habe einen prototypen für diesen hut entworfen. +und ich dachte, "naja, hey! +diese sehr grundlegende verschiebung in meiner körperlichen verortung hat mir dabei geholfen, meine sicht in bezug auf gletscher zu verändern. +aber trotzdem zögern wir. wir unternehmen nichts, um den asteroiden abzulenken. doch je länger wir warten, desto schwieriger und teurer wird es. +unser problem und unsere tragödie ist, dass es in diesen extrem parteiisch polarisierten zeiten reicht, dass eine seite sagt: "schaut, hier ist ein asteroid.", damit die andere seite sagt: "häh? was? +es veranlasst sie, die realität zu verzerren. +etwa welche warmen oder kalten gefühle sie gegenüber den nordamerikanischen indianern, dem militär, der republikanischen partei, der demokratischen partei und den verschiedensten gruppen des amerikanischen lebens hegen. +aber das problem ist nicht primär, dass wir schlechte leute in den kongress wählen. +hier ist ein weiterer asteroid. +wenn amerikaner aufs college gehen und untereinander heiraten, sind die scheidungsraten sehr niedrig. +am erstaunlichsten ist, dass sie bei der strafjustiz manchmal sogar einer meinung sind. +das ist der übergang von einer gruppe von substanzen in eine andere, entweder durch produktion oder absorption von energie. +was wir also versuchen, ist, diese technologien für bottom-up-ansätze in der architektur zu fördern, im gegensatz zu den heutigen viktorianischen top-down-methoden, welche dem stoff eine struktur aufbürden. +nun, das ist sehr interessant. +venedig in italien versinkt. um es zu retten, sagt rachel armstrong, müssen wir über die architektur, die aus inaktiven materialien besteht, hinauswachsen und eine architektur erschaffen, die sich von selbst aufbaut. sie schlägt ein nicht-ganz-lebendiges material vor, das sich eigenständig repariert und dazu noch kohlenstoff absondert. +ich habe angst. sag ihnen, sie sollen weggehen. '"als junge frau war ich dreimal zu unterschiedlichen zeiten für längere zeit in der psychiatrie. +solche menschen leiden oft an einer form von schizophrenie. +diese episode führte zu meinem ersten psychiatrieaufenthalt in amerika. +sie erleben die fixierung nicht so, wie wir es würden. " +, na gut. klein. feuer auf eis. sagen sie ihnen, sie sollen mich nicht töten. +abschließend möchte ich noch folgendes sagen: +als ich 18 wurde, starb mein bester freund bei einem autounfall. +zweiter es fährt von allein. +es sind die adern des ökosystems – häufig leere adern. +ich bin sicher ihr wisst alle, dies hat zu bedeutenden konflikten zwischen landwirtschaft und umweltschützern geführt. +aber sie haben keinen anreiz, sich so zu verhalten. +bäche und flüsse trocknen aufgrund von übernutzung aus. rob harmon hat einen geschickten marktmechanismus eingesetzt, um wasser wieder zurückzuführen. landwirte und brauereien stellen fest, dass ihre schicksale verbunden sind, durch die faszinierende, jahrhunderte alte geschichte des prickly-pear-baches. +aber, naja. +er ist bei weitem der glücklichste mann, der je wissenschaftlich ermittelt wurde. +und vielleicht ist mitgefühl deshalb innerhalb des unternehmens organisch und weit verbreitet. +worin bestehen sie? +also, diese gegenseitige inspiration fördert zusammenarbeit, initiative und kreativität. +die aufmerksamkeit ist die basis für alle höheren kognitiven und emotionalen fähigkeiten. +chade-meng tan: alltägliches mitgefühl bei google +es bedurfte viel mut von diesen verteidigern sich dazu entscheiden, dass sie sich wehren und einander unterstützen werden bei der umsetzung dieser gesetze. +und dadurch gelang es ihm erfolgreich 68 anwälte zu organisieren, die systematisch fälle übernommen haben. +ich saß neben einer unserer sehr mutigen anwälte und sagte: "wie können wir dies verbreiten? wie können wir sicherstellen, dass das umgesetzt wird? +ich danke ihnen also, dass sie die prophetische kraft haben, sich vorzustellen, die gemeinsame schaffung einer neuen welt, und ich möchte sie auf diese reise mit uns einladen. +wissen sie, wenn die kinder hausaufgaben zu hause machen? +es kann eine design-schule in jerusalem sein, die versucht, eine bessere methode zu finden, um gasmasken für menschen zu entwerfen, denn wie sie wissen, verteilt israel pro person, babys eingeschlossen, eine gasmaske. +hella jongerius ist eine person, die in der lage ist, eine synthese zu erstellen, die wirklich sehr erstaunlich ist und auch recht komisch. +designer tun manchmal dinge, die nicht unbedingt immer funktionell sind, aber sie funktionieren im rahmen unseres verstehen von problemen. +und das macht sinn. +aber ich will versuchen, es ein wenig anders zu machen, und zwar, indem ich versuche, den kreis mit ein paar persönlichen geschichten zu schließen. dadurch kann ich vielleicht viele der themen, über die wir schon gesprochen haben, ein wenig anschaulicher gestalten. +und folgendes ist passiert: weil sie es sich manchmal leisten konnten und manchmal nicht, wurde ich so gut wie jedes halbjahr rausgeworfen. +mein vater, über den ich schon gesprochen habe, ist 1999 an aids gestorben. +wie würden sie mir begegnen? +wir müssen also besser werden. +ich kann das gar nicht genug betonen. +sie werden sich nicht einfach ändern, von jetzt auf nachher. +eine meiner cousinen ist an aids gestorben und hat ein waisenkind hinterlassen, also fragten wir uns, gut, was machen wir mit ihr? +und das ist nur eine verdeutlichung. +langstreckenlauf war nicht nur gut für mein wohlbefinden, sondern half mir auch dabei zu meditieren und große träume zu wagen. +aber für jedes desaster, dass wir hatten, fand der marathon einen weg menschen zusammenzubringen. +ich glaube, dass dies die grundsteine für frieden in der zukunft sind. +er half in parol bei einer geburt. +sie ist das herz der medizinischen versorgung. +ich werde diese einfach an jede klinik der welt verkaufen. +im mai 2013, ich war 35 jahre alt, mit einer zweijährigen zu hause und meinem zweiten kind auf dem weg, wurde mir ein großes aneurysma, an der basis meiner brustaorta diagnostiziert. +das hier sind meine töchter. +die meisten leute, die hier lebten, wohnten entweder am meer und waren fischer oder nomaden, die auf der suche nach wasser umherzogen. +das ist die skyline von doha, die wohl die meisten hier kennen. +energie ist der wichtigste, der alles verändernde faktor hier. +diese beeinträchtigen direkt die zukunftsfähigkeit dieser nation und dieses landes. +stellen sie sich ein land vor, das reich an energieressourcen ist: öl und gas, sonne, wind, aber dem das wichtigste lebenselement fehlt: wasser. infrastruktur-experte fahad al-attiya spricht über die außergewöhnlichen wege des kleinen nahöstlichen staates qatar, seine wasserversorgung sicherzustellen. +ich erkläre es anhand des mittleren ostens, wo alles begann. während so vieler jahre lebten wir mit einer völlig falschen wahrnehmung des mittleren ostens. +es traten neun präsidentschaftskandidaten gegen lukashenko an. +man kann so viele andere dinge tun, als sich nur an einem platz zu versammeln, zu schreien und sich vor den sicherheitskräften hervorzutun. +es stimmt, dass das internet und die neuen medien sehr nützlich sind, um die dinge schneller und billiger zu machen. +2011 war ein jahr des außerordentlichen, vom volk ausgehenden widerstands. er begann mit dem arabischen frühling und breitete sich über die ganze welt aus. weshalb war dieser widerstand so erfolgreich? srdja popovic beschreibt die pläne, fähigkeiten und werkzeuge, die jede bewegung braucht – von gewaltfreien taktiken bis hin zum sinn für humor. +und ich sagte "erinnerst du dich ans college und wie wild und dumm wir waren?" +die mehrheit der menschen. +ich bin texanerin der fünften generation. +der zweck ist nicht hineinzugehen und ein haus zu bauen und dort zu leben. +dies ist wie eine konferenz des versagens. +wir. +scham fühlt sich gleich an für männer und frauen, aber sie ist nach geschlecht organisiert. +ziegen sie mir einen mann, der mit einer frau sitzen kann, der es reicht, die alles nicht mehr kann, und seine erste reaktion ist nicht "ich hab die spülmaschine ausgeräumt," der wirklich zuhört -- denn das ist alles, war wir brauchen -- ich zeige ihnen einen kerl, der 'ne menge erreicht hat. +es ist ein menschheitstraum, wie ein vogel zu fliegen. +wir müssen es drehen, auf und ab. +die ironie an der sache ist, dass sie es nicht sein müssten. +dr. v.: das konzept von mcdonald 's ist einfach. +diese maßnahme hatte zur folge, dass wir im ersten jahr 40 prozent der nachfrage abdecken konnten, was über 50.000 menschen entspricht. +unsere erlöse sind dabei deutlich schneller angestiegen, was uns einen gesunden profit beschert hat, und das obwohl wir viele leute kostenlos behandeln. +wie machen sich menschen diese probleme zu eigen, machen sich gedanken, was sie tun können? +es ist ein gehäuse in form eines handys mit einem eisengewicht im inneren, das wir bewegen können. und man kann fühlen, wo es schwer ist. +wir menschen sind sozial, wir sind empathisch, und das ist großartig. +aber trotz dieser neugewonnenen freude und freiheit veränderte sich die reaktion der menschen mir gegenüber. +für mich bedeutet das, dass sie den wert des unterschieds sehen, die freude, die es mit sich bringt, wenn wir uns nicht auf verlust und limitation konzentrieren, sondern die kraft und freude sehen und entdecken und die welt aus neuen aufregenden perspektiven sehen. +aber noch bemerkenswerter als die wilde kraft, die aus der quelle ausströmte, war die rücksichtslosigkeit mit der diese kraft freigesetzt wurde – die gleichgültigkeit, der mangel an planung, der die operation von der bohrung bis zu den aufräumarbeiten ausgezeichnet hat. +eine reihe von erklärungen könnte ihnen inzwischen durch den kopf schießen, wie gier. +ich zeige es, weil – sie sind kein sponsor, oder? – weil, auf seine art ist das eine krasse version unserer gründergeschichte. +ignoriere diese schleichenden ängste, dass wir schließlich das ende erreicht haben. +das hier unten bei dem rad ist ein mensch. +ein weiteres neuland ist gefunden. +bf:... ganz ohne ein macarthur stipendium. +bf: das ist ok, das macht er so. nun gut. +dh: wow, du hast trainiert. +könntest du den bitte einziehen? +bf: 10 jahre perfektion, die sie gleich erleben werden. +das design des körpers ist eine andere geschichte. +dh: erzähl ihnen von unserer biografie. +und es ist schrecklich windig da drüben. +um es noch schwieriger zu machen, werden wir nun die sieben keulen +ich werde dafür ein vermögen ausgeben. ich habe eine bessere idee. +wenn sie jemals ein bild von einem elektronenmikroskop gesehen haben, sehen sie dies. das alles sieht gleich aus, dann gibt es diesen teil hier drüben, der so unglaublich kompliziert ist. +manche leute nennen sie den ersten programmierer. +um ihnen eine vorstellung zu geben, wie langsam: sie hatte etwa 1 kb speicher. +ich bin hierher gekommen um über ökologie zu sprechen. und ich habe soviel co2 ausgestossen, wie ein franzose in einem ganzen jahr. +aus wissenschaftlicher sicht werden in 100 jahren alle berggletscher verschwunden sein. +ich habe eine projekt namens "sechs milliarden andere" gestartet. +ihr solltet euch keine sorgen um mich machen. papa muss nicht arbeiten. +er ist über den zustand des planeten. +wir versuchen nur unser leben zu verbessern. +chromosom eins, oben links. +weltbevölkerung, pc-platzierungen, das archiv der ganzen medizinischen literatur, mooresches gesetz, die alte weise vom sequenzieren, und hier sind alle neuen sachen. +leider hilft es dieser frau nicht, aber es hat schwerwiegende, tiefgreifende, wenn man so will, auswirkungen auf ihre familie. +doch das gen, das das regelt, ist beschädigt. +zum glück konnte ich die antwort a ankreuzen, und ich bin ehrlich, falls mein versicherungsvertreter zuhört. +und nun stellen sie sich noch etwas vor: dass diese software fähig ist, beide parteien nach gegenseitigem einverständnis zu fragen: "wären sie bereit, ihre cousine dritten grades zu treffen?" +übergibt es wieder an mich und das machen wir immer und immer wieder -- +warum sollte sie das interessieren? knochenmark ist eine reichhaltige quelle an adulten stammzellen. +sehen sie. diese korallen können wirklich gemein sein. ich habe narben vom surfen, die das beweisen. +dinge können nur dann passieren, wenn sich diese interaktionen in perfektem gleichgewicht befinden. +schließlich gibt es noch die gravitation, die mit materie über deren masse und spin wechselwirkt. +die elektromagnetischen und schwachen kernkräfte werden also durch dieses muster im zweidimensionalen raum beschrieben. +aus diesem muster erkennen wir schon jetzt die teilchenphysik im winzigen maßstab. die art, wie das universum im winzigen maßstab arbeitet ist sehr schön. +jeder punkt in diesem muster gehört zu einer symmetrie dieser sehr komplexen und schönen struktur. +findet er neue teilchen, die nicht in das e8 muster passen -- na ja, das wäre sehr interessant, aber schlecht für die e8 theorie. +mich nie um die miete kümmern musste, konnte ich meine zeit damit verbringen, zu tun, was ich wirklich mag. +ich weiß nicht, ob ich das noch deutlicher erklären kann. +so liegt es an mir zu zeigen, in welcher weise schimpansen uns in bestimmten aspekten ihres verhaltens so stark ähneln. +so ist es ausgesprochen traurig, wenn man entdeckt, dass die schimpansen wie so viele andere lebewesen auf der ganzen welt, ihren lebensraum verlieren. +sie haben sich für gesundheit interessiert, sie waren an ausbildung interessiert. +das wasser – es ist vermutlich eines der schwerwiegensten probleme, mit denen wir in diesem jahrhundert konfrontiert werden. und überall wird das wasser verschmutzt von landwirtschaftlichen, industriellen und haushaltschemikalien, die noch immer auf der welt angewendet und verteilt werden, scheinbar unfähig aus den bisherigen erfahrungen zu lernen. +nehmen sie die ziegelmauer für alle die probleme, die wir dem planeten aufgebürdet haben, bezogen auf die umwelt und im sozialen. es ist eine botschaft der hoffnung. +aber -- oh, sie arbeiten auch an hiv / aids. +all diese technologien können wir nutzen. +danke. +ich gehe zum supermarkt, und all meine lebensmittel sind in plastik verpackt. +wir können den stamm abschneiden -- diese flut in unsere ozeane, und dabei unsere ozeane retten, unseren planeten retten, uns selbst retten. +und ja, sie interagieren auch mittels normaler gesten, beide hände, usw. +mein student pranav, der wie ich gesagt habe, der brillante kopf hinter dieser idee ist. +aber wenn die leute erfuhren, wofür ihr sohn angeklagt war, bekam sie diese sympathie nicht. +es liegt ganz bei uns, denn wir sind frauen, denn wir lieben unsere kinder. +also, aicha, hast du einige abschließende worte? +und heute möchte ich ihnen gerne zeigen, dass mit einer anderen denkweise das problem gelöst wurde. +es kommt also nichts hindurch. +das ist nicht dreckig genug. lassen sie es uns einfach ein wenig vermischen. +dann, nach wenigen wochen, richten wir lager ein. +mit nur acht milliarden dollar können wir das un-millenniumsziel erreichen -- die halbierung des anteils der menschen ohne zugang zu sauberem trinkwasser. +und der zweite ist über eine neue dimension, über die ich reden will, welche es in der heutigen form nie zuvor gegeben hat. +die welt braucht ein internationales forum. +bis jetzt waren die usa das dominante merkmal unserer welt. +nehmen wir die letzte finanzkrise nach dem zweiten weltkrieg. +diplomatie ist das verwalten des zusammenhangs der nationen. +doch nun eine letzte sache. +die anderen 90% werden durch unseren lebensstil bestimmt. +wir sind programmiert für etwas, das sich "zeugungs-erfolg" nennt. +aber die lebenserwartung in den usa beträgt nur 78 jahre. +man nennt das den großmutter-effekt. +vor dem essen sagen diese leute einfach einen kleinen spruch, der sie daran erinnern soll, mit dem essen aufzuhören, wenn der magen zu 80% gefüllt ist. +sie wussten sofort, warum sie morgens aufwachten. +sie übernehmen ihre ernährungsgewohnheiten direkt aus der bibel. +sie fährt fahrrad. +die menschen auf okinawa ehren ihre vorfahren. +dan buettner: wie wird man älter als 100? +mich interessiert, wie dinge funktionieren und woraus sie gemacht sind, aber auch weil ich glaube, dass wir ein fundierteres verständnis über die teile haben sollten, aus denen unsere welt besteht, und gerade jetzt wissen wir noch nicht genug darüber, woraus die high-tech-materalien der zukunft gemacht sind. +elektronikbaukästen sind mächtig, da sie uns lehren, wie dinge funktionieren, aber ihre grundlegenden beschränkungen im design beeinflussen die art, wie wir lernen. +ich war jung. ich fuhr auf der autobahn, als das auto vor mir plötzlich bremste. +ich glaube ihm. ich glaube das auch. +mit einem gps-system und einer kamera im auto lässt sich ziemlich genau sagen, wo und wie schnell ich fahre. +aber ich glaube, dass die privatsphäre geschützt werden kann. wenn ich mir ihr auto jetzt gerade, in diesem moment, von außen ansehe, weiß ich nichts über sie. +so kann man acht, zehn minuten schwerelosigkeit erzielen -- so trainiert die nasa ihre astronauten seit langem. +als er dann dort war, liessen wir ihn los, damit er fühlen konnte wie sich die schwerelosigkeit tatsächlich anfühlt. +und was ich versucht habe, seit ich als medizinischer illustrator ausgebildet wurde -- seit ich also von meinem vater, der ein bildhauer und mein visueller berater war, in animation unterrichtet wurde -- ist, einen weg zu finden, um den menschen zu helfen, die wahrheit und schönheit der biologischen wissenschaften zu verstehen - durch animationen, durch bilder, durch geschichten. damit die dinge, die für leute nicht unbedingt offensichtlich erscheinen, an sie herangebracht, gelehrt und verstanden werden können. +sie leiten sich gegenseitig informationen weiter; +also packte ich meine katze, meinen rottweiler und meine campingausrüstung in einen 1975er chevy-bus und fuhr los, dem sonnenuntergang entgegen, ohne allerdings drei sehr wichtige dinge zu beachten: +ich sah mich mit einer reihe völlig neuer herausforderungen konfrontiert. +ich begann zu lachen weil es soweit gekommen war, dass ich mich fragte, ob ich eine schriftstellerin oder eine obdachlose war. +becky blanton: das jahr in dem ich obdachlos war. +wir waren so viel größer als coca-cola heutzutage. +onkel betrinkt sich, benutzt kein kondom. komm zurück, fang neu an. " +und dann ist hier das, dann, ein junger mann namens willy bohm der für die usaid arbeitete. +also sagte ich: "okay." +natürlich kann ich. und sie genießen es ungemein. ich sehe sie überall herumstehen - gerade, überall. +90% prozent der finanzierung kam von thailand. +und dann haben wir seide, thai seide. +mechai vivravaidya: wie mr.condom thailnd zu einem besseren ort machte +ich kann alles sehen, was romo sieht, und erhalte die sicht eines roboters auf die welt. +danke, scott. +es gibt ein jüdisches sprichwort, das ich liebe. +am wichtigsten jedoch – wichtiger als training oder glück – ist das herz. +wie kann man nur so braungebrannt sein und keine falten haben? +irgendwie gelingt es ihr, ihre sieben kinder am leben zu halten, und einige monate später bringt sie vorzeitig zwillinge zur welt. +der feminismus war niemals sexy, aber ich kann ihnen versichern, dass mich das nie vom flirten abgehalten hat, und ich hatte selten einen mangel an männern zu beklagen. +jenny ist entsetzt darüber, was sie getan hat, aber dann erklärt die dolmetscherin, dass der zustand der patientin nichts mit der operation zu tun hat. +ist es sinnvoll, an der bestehenden weltordnung teilzunehmen? +warum nicht? es ist möglich. sehen sie sich hier um – all dieses wissen, diese energie, dieses talent und diese technologie. +daran haben ich und einige andere gearbeitet. sie weist auf eine hierarchie hin und überlegt, wie viele menschen wie viele schritte machen und wie viele interessante variablen und menschen eine ganz andere theorie ist viel beliebter und älter. sie beruht hauptsächlich auf john nash, bekannt aus "a beautiful mind", und heißt "gleichgewichtsanalyse". +hier sehen sie eine abbildung von regionen mit mehr gehirnaktivität, wenn der gegner ein mensch bzw. computer ist. +gut für sie. sie machen viel geld. +charles darwin, ich und sie haben den stammbaum der schimpansen vor ca. 5 mio. jahren verlassen. +status ist ihnen sehr wichtig. +colin camerer: neurowissenschaften, spieltheorie, affen +und obwohl die nahrung zu einem hohem preis hergestellt wird, wissen wir sie nicht zu schätzen. +ich nenne die antwort "antike nahrungswege". +und wenn sie sich die karte einer beliebigen stadt anschauen, die vor dem industriezeitalter enstanden ist, können sie die spuren der ankommenden nahrung entdecken. +und an diesem punkt ändert sich unsere beziehung komplett, sowohl zur nahrung als auch zu den städten. +das wort utopie nutzte thomas moore absichtlich. +dampfende haufen von humus. +wir müssen verstehen, dass die welt auch das ist, was wir essen. +und die religionen, die einen hauptbeitrag dazu leisten sollten, werden statt dessen als teil des problems wahrgenommen. +ich will, dass sie die medien einschalten, denn die medien sind ausschlaggebend dafür, einige der stereotypen ansichten aufzulösen, die wir über andere menschen haben und die uns voneinander trennen. +karen armstrong: lasst uns die goldene regel neu beleben +man dekodiert das, was man zusammenfalten will, in eine sequenz von winkeln – also minus 120, minus 120, 0, 0, 120, minus 120 – etwas in der art; eine sequenz von winkeln, oder drehungen, und man sendet diese sequenz durch die kette. +tauchen fehler auf, kann man einen teil austauschen. +skylar tibbits: können wir dinge erschaffen, die sich selbst herstellen? +und natürlich sind damit enorme praktische anwendungen mit dieser welt verknüpft – dinge wie die ausrottung von pocken, der beginn eines impfstoffs gegen gebärmutterhalskrebs, der, wie wir jetzt wissen, meistens vom menschlichen papillomavirus verursacht wird. +dass, während wir diese stränge von a 's, t' s c 's und g' s erforschen, wir eine komplett neue klasse von leben entdecken könnten, die, wie beijerinck, die art und weise, wie wir über die natur der biologie denken, verändern wird. +und besonders dann, wenn man diese beiden tatsachen als tiefe wahrheiten ansieht, an denen man sein leben ausrichten und aus denen man ratschluss für grundsatzentscheidungen ziehen sollte, dann scheinen sie doch ein kleines bisschen im widerspruch zueinander zu stehen. +wieso können wir nun überhaupt etwas über eine so weit entfernte umgebung sagen, die so verschieden ist, so anders als alles, an das wir gewöhnt sind? +da kommen wir zum beispiel nun endlich dazu, newtons gravitationsgesetz nachzuprüfen. -- vor rund 300 jahren -- +alles was es braucht ist eine supernova-explosion ein paar lichtjahre entfernt, und wir sind alle tot! +jedermann redet derzeit über maßnahmen, eine verringerung der abgasmengen um jeden preis zu erzwingen. +sie haben also weder die mittel, noch die anreize, weitere kunden anzuschliessen. +fokussieren wir auf haiti - hier hervorgehoben. +aber deng xiaoping verstand instinktiv die wichtigkeit den menschen eine auswahl zu geben. +wir brauchen auch wahlmöglichkeiten für die leute. +lass uns in der nähe ein hong kong haben. +sie bekommen grundgüter wie strom, +nehmen wir ein system, bei dem besitzverhältnisse von land bei einem staatlichen büro registriert sind, so dass es die leute als sicherheit hinterlegen können. +wir nehmen einfach meerwasser, filtern es, und sammeln unterschiedlich grosse organismen in unterschiedlichen filtern. dann bringen wir ihre dns in unser labor in rockville, wo wir alle 24 stunden einhundert millionen buchstaben ihres genetischen codes entschlüsseln können. +meiner ansicht nach sind diese gene nicht nur die designkomponenten der evolution. +dies ist ein beispiel dafür, wie software jetzt ihre eigene hardware baut, und so stellen wir uns biologie vor. +nachdem diese künstlichen genome hergestellt worden sind, ist der erste schritt einfach eine transplanatation in eine zelle, die kein genom enthält. +der genomik pionier craig venter unterbricht seine epische expedition um die welt, um über die millionen von genen zu sprechen, die seine mannschaft bisher bei ihrem streben, die biodiversität des ozeans aufzuzeichnen, entdeckt hat. +kinder die wiederstehen konnten erzielten durchschnittlich 250 punkte mehr beim sat +sie können ein an momentanen genüssen orientierter gegenwartsmensch sein, der sich nur auf die freuden des lebens konzentriert, oder ein gegenwarts-fatalist es spielt keine rolle. ihr leben ist vorbestimmt. +der gedanke ist so einfach, so offensichtlich, aber die folgen werden wirklich weitreichend sein. +wie steht es mit unseren ressourcen? wie werden wir neun milliarden menschen ernähren? +alleine indem wir die ringe studieren, können wir vieles über die scheiben aus sternen und gas lernen, die wir spiralgalaxien nennen. +es kann den schlamm von gebirgsspitzen und hügeln spülen hinunter ins flachland. denken sie darüber mal kurz nach. +es war noch aus einem anderen grund wichtig: diese mission ist international und das ereignis wurde in europa gefeiert, in deutschland. die feierlichen vorträge wurden in englischen akzenten gehalten und amerikanischen und deutschen und französischen, italienischen und holländischen. +das ist lockerer boden voller flüssigem methan. +mein team und ich haben bilder wie dieses überprüft und dieses und über die anderen ergebnisse von cassini nachgedacht. +diese führer versuchen, eine massive nationale, gewaltfreie bewegung aufzubauen, um die besetzung zu beenden und frieden in der region zu schaffen. +reporter: die israelische grenzpolizei wurde geschickt, um die menge aufzulösen. +aber das stimmt auch für erwachsene. +julia bacha: beachten sie gewaltlosigkeit +es ist eine einladung an die 70 prozent unseres planeten, die noch nicht kartografiert sind. +epileptiker brauchen manchmal die elektrische aktivität bei ihrer gehirnüberwachung. +wenn wir also den ort verlassen – vielleicht stellen wir das auto ab und laufen ein stück – dann wissen wir dank unseren eigenen bewegungen, mit denen wir diesen pfad gliedern können, ungefähr, welche richtung wir für den rückweg nehmen müssen. +wenn das geschähe, könnten sich platzzellen gegenseitig aktivieren durch diese dichten vernetzungen, und dann würden sie die grenzzellen reaktivieren, um die flächenstrukturen des erlebnisses rund um ihren standpunkt zu formen. +es stellt sich heraus -- es gibt ein muster -- +sie sind schön designed, einfach zu benutzen und benutzerfreundlich. +vor einigen jahren brachte gateway fernseher mit flachbildschirmen auf den markt. +sie kennen das, manchmal können sie jemandem alle fakten und zahlen geben und er sagt, "ich weiß, was alle fakten und details sagen, aber es fühlt sich einfach nicht richtig an." +die new york times ist ihm überall hin gefolgt. und jeder hat langley unterstützt. +die nächsten 34 prozent sind ihre frühe mehrheit, ihre späte mehrheit und ihre nachzügler. +es ist ein werbebeispiel. +wie macht man das? +die führungsmenschen besitzen eine position von macht oder autorität. aber die, die führen inspirieren uns. +die ärzte, so schien es, hatten nie wirklich genug zeit für all ihre patienten, so sehr sie es auch versuchten. +als ich also diese e-mail von dr. geiger bekam, wusste ich, dass ich hätte stolz sein müssen, teil dieser geschichte zu sein. +und wir entschieden uns, rezepte zu diesem zweck einzusetzen. +was wäre, wenn wir ein wartezimmer hätten, in dem man nicht nur einfach herumsitzt, wenn man krank ist, sondern in das man kommt, um gesund zu werden. +und dies ist nicht nur eine art kurzzeit-arbeitskraft, um patienten mit grundlegenden lebensmitteln zu versorgen, es ist die nächste generation an führungskäften für den bereich gesundheitswesen, die zwei, drei, vier jahre in krankenhaus-wartezimmern verbracht haben und mit patienten über ihre grundlegendsten bedürfnisse gesprochen haben. +ich glaube, dass wir alle eine vision haben für das gesundheitssystem in diesem land. +was ist falsch an diesem bild? +doch leider ist es ein halbtauchboot im einsatz der drogenkartelle. +sie würden vielleicht sagen: "das stimmt nicht. ich habe doch gelesen, diese generation junger afghanischer menschen in ihren 20ern und 30ern sei ungebildet." +als er eine brille über seine sehr kurzsichtigen augen bekam, sah er plötzlich auf und sagte: "mama, veo el mundo." +es gab einen von ap herausgegebenen artikel auf dem nachrichtendienstnetzwerk. +james stavridis: gedanken über globale sicherheit eines us-navy-admirals +aber das sind frühe verwendungen von illusionen, die aber - irgendwie brisant in hans holbeins "die botschafter" verwendet wurden. hans holbein arbeitete für heinrich viii. dieses bild hing an einer wand, an der man die treppe hinunterkommen konnte und diesen versteckten schädel sehen konnte. +die un hat ihre statistiken zur verfügung gestellt, und wir haben eine neue version der software online, sie müssen sie also nicht mehr erst herunterladen. +das war 2007. +sehen sie hier den vergleich zu den heutigen philippinen. +und jetzt sehen wir, dass die veränderung in japan enorm war. +aber: hommage an singapur. +dies hier können wir dollar-straße nennen. +so ist es, wenn forschung in gesellschaften funktioniert - man muss wirklich mit den menschen leben. +ich würde sagen, dass sich das subsaharische afrika im weltweiten vergleich in den letzten 50 jahren am besten geschlagen hat. +lassen sie mich zuerst die wichtigsten hilfsmittel priorisieren. +das scheinbar unmögliche ist also möglich. +es reiht so schön das "a" auf, schätze ich. +wir können gegen jeden schnell in führung gehen, aber in der zweiten hälfte werden wir ausgetanzt. das ist "kriegsführung der vierten generation". +antwort: "dr. barnett, sie haben recht." +wie saddam, wie mugabe, wie kim jong-il, machthaber, die abertausende oder millionen töten. +"wollt ihr es versuchen, frankreich?" +wollen sie robert mugabe weg haben? +ein militär beschafft und ein anderes eingesetzt. +die peitsche, das zuckerbrot. +sieht die arbeitsteilung so aus: +die transformations-gurus haben uns in den letzten jahren immer verklickert: "krieg geht schneller, billiger, effizienter" +general shinseki hatte recht: +danke. +wirklich, im grunde machen wir dies. tatsache ist, nicht sehr viel. +und der grund ist: es wurde bereits gemacht. +es gab eine menge physikalischer begründungen, warum es keine gute kompensation wäre. +aber dann fand ich heraus, dass dazu jede menge schon veröffentlicht war. da das thema in der natürlichen atmosphäre existiert. +vielleicht ist der ander knopf zur kontrolle der co2 konzentration. +ich sage ihnen, wie groß die kraft ist - so groß +einer der entscheidenden gründe, warum es so schwierig ist, über das problem zu reden, und generell denke ich, dass ist der grund warum es politisch unakzeptabel gewesen ist, darüber zu reden. +wir tauchen heute ab in die tiefsee. und jeder, der das schon mal gemacht hat, weiß, dass es nach etwa zweieinhalb stunden auf dem weg nach unten stockduster ist. +sehen wir es uns noch einmal an. achten sie auf die färbung: weiß auf der rechten, braun auf der linken seite. +ich dachte, er hätte das video nachbearbeitet. also, hier sehen wir es noch einmal rückwärts. +"glücklichsein ist uns egal. wir müssen mit leidenschaft leben. +ich war früher ein bachfan. ich spielte bach auf der gitarre, wissen sie. +aber es gibt auch eine boshafte freude, denn man kann sich auch am leid anderer erfreuen. +im gegensatz dazu, kennt jeder tief in seinem inneren diese tat selbstloser grosszügigkeit wenn aus der ferne, ohne dass jemand davon weiss, wir das leben eines kindes retten konnten, jemanden glücklich machen konnten. +wohlwollen, liebende freundlichkeit anstelle von hass. +das ist genau das, was die grossen meditierenden die ganze zeit über tun. +ich habe jetzt keine zeit, auf all die verschiedenen wissenschaftlichen resultate einzugehen. +was ist glück und wie können wir es erlangen? der zum buddhistischen mönch gewordene biochemiker matthieu ricard sagt, dass wir unseren geist in den gewohnheiten des wohlbefindens trainieren können, um einen wirklichen sinn von gelassenheit und erfüllung zu schaffen. +die umgebungen, in denen wir leben, sehen normalerweise wie diese hier aus. +ein so elender öffentlicher raum, dass ihn sogar die obdachlosen meiden. +ok. +wir lösen die urbanen probleme nicht, indem wir das land in die stadt zerren. genau das aber versuchen viele von uns ständig. +so nehmen sie oft das erste beste, das sich ihnen anbietet. +wir werden wieder lernen müssen, was die einzelnen bausteine dieser dinge sind. die straße. der häuserblock. wie man einen öffentlichen raum gestaltet, der zugleich groß und klein ist. der hof. der öffentliche platz. und wie man diese einrichtungen am besten nutzt. +bitte, machen sie sich ans werk und tun sie ihr bestes, um ein land mit schätzenswerten orten zu schaffen und eine schützenswerte nation. +je tiefer man kommt, desto mehr kommt einem wasser in den weg. +hier ist ein ausschnitt aus einem national geographic film, der 1999 herauskam. +i meine, ich überspringe hier drei jahre von ingenieursbesprechungen, design und systemintegration und präsentierte depthx - deep phreatic thermal explorer. +die regierung hat kürzlich pläne verkündet, bis 2024 zum mond zurückzukehren. +was würde also passieren, wenn sie ihren treibstoff zu einem zehntel des preises bekommen können? +es ist gefährlich und wäre sicherlich ein höllenritt, besser noch als bei disney. +100 jahre, nach dem sir ernest shackleton diese worte geschrieben hat, will ich die fahne der industrie auf dem mond hissen, und das letzte stück vollenden, dass uns die grenze zum all öffnet. zu unserer zeit und für alle von uns. +ich habe das leben als einen langen lernprozess gesehen. +hätten sie nicht auch die virgin-, die jungfrau-marke verwenden können? +rb: ah, das war ziemlich lustig. das war ein wunderbares auto-boot in dem – dieses auto, das war bei einem ted-event, glaube ich. +in 24 monaten dann, können menschen ausflüge ins all machen. +und sie inspirierten ian mcewan zu einer novelle damit. +waren sie nicht schrecklich in der schule? +denken sie, wenn sie die jetzige generation ansehen, dass sie zu verwöhnt ist, nicht weiß was sie alles hat, dass wir eine generation von priviligierten kindern aufziehen... +das ist ungeheuerlich. +wir wollen menschen ermutigen nach einer methode zu suchen, kohlenstoff aus der erdatmosphäre zu extrahieren. +der psychologe erik erikson sagt, soweit ich ihn verstehe und ich bin da ein totaler amateur, dass menschen in den 30ern, 40ern von dem wunsch nach wachstum angetrieben sind und darin ihre erfüllung finden. diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/valid.bert.en b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/valid.bert.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ead1ca5b4abda989f082c14ee9eb220166bb4fa --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/valid.bert.en @@ -0,0 +1,7283 @@ +it's that pyramid. +in mother's milk. +it had two-to-three-to-400 times the toxic loads ever allowed by the epa. +often what jams us up is sewage. +what do you do when you have this sort of disrupted flow? +stephen palumbi: following the mercury trail +i really thought they were so beneath me. +but we didn't realize at the time that we actually needed a third manipulator, because we couldn't manipulate the neck from inside and walk the horse at the same time. +and now we would like to introduce you to joey. +bj: and mikey also has, in his fingers, the ability to move the tail from left to right, and up and down with the other hand. +mikey brett, craig, leo, zem joaquin and basil and me. +in winter, there's a lot of sleeping going on; you enjoy your family life inside. +the thing to watch for as a global philanthropy industry comes about -- and that's exactly what is happening -- is how the aspiration is to flip these old assumptions, for philanthropy to become open and big and fast and connected, in service of the long term. +now, all of these big things for love -- experiments -- aren't going to take off. +i'm going to look quickly at the fourth and fifth categories, which are innovation, competitions and social investing. +it may be that the social singularity ahead is the one that we fear the most: a convergence of catastrophes, of environmental degradation, of weapons of mass destruction, of pandemics, of poverty. +i believe that there are new, hidden tensions that are actually happening between people and institutions -- institutions that are the institutions that people inhabit in their daily life: schools, hospitals, workplaces, factories, offices, etc. +the first gentleman, he's a baker. +so, think of the three settings i've talked to you about: factory, migration, office. +they were living on top of the workshops where they were working. +so, how many of you have ever gotten behind the wheel of a car when you really shouldn't have been driving? +one of the things that we've developed in the lab -- we've developed several vehicles -- is what we believe is the world's first autonomously drifting car. +now, clearly we're not going to put a couple of electrodes on his head and understand exactly what all of his thoughts are on the track. +watch the mental workload, and watch the steering. +so today, i'm going to tell you about some people who didn't move out of their neighborhoods. +so a few years ago, l.a. county decided that they needed to spend 2.5 billion dollars to repair the city schools. +i mean, literally, her hometown is called whitesville, west virginia. +so these three guys all understand how to productively channel dollars through our local economies to meet existing market demands, reduce the social problems that we have now and prevent new problems in the future. +our municipalities, rural and urban, play the operational course of infrastructure -- things like waste disposal, energy demand, as well as social costs of unemployment, drop-out rates, incarceration rates and the impacts of various public health costs. +and reading that book made me reexamine that theory because i need to explain what i mean by that. +and i think because early on, frankly, my programs were just a little bit ahead of their time. +and my question is, how did we get from there to here? +i went to deaf clubs. +and yet, we have nobody who is trying to ensure that the next generation of children born to african-americans and asians come out with creamy skin and yellow hair. +and he ended up achieving at a level that had never before been contemplated by any member of his family. +the experience of down syndrome people includes those who are actors, those who are writers, some who are able to live fully independently in adulthood. +and a lot of the time the question of parenthood is, what do we validate in our children, and what do we cure in them? +and ultimately i feel that in the same way that we test flame-retardant pajamas in an inferno to ensure they won't catch fire when our child reaches across the stove, so these stories of families negotiating these extreme differences reflect on the universal experience of parenting, which is always that sometimes you look at your child and you think, where did you come from? +and he had a very large head, which she thought might indicate hydrocephalus. +and i came from a very privileged background. i was very lucky. +never shown this picture before, and probably going to be sued for it. +the point being, this is going to be very, very intensive on the programming side. +you want a separate thing, like the ac adaptor. +if you're in a desert, they can talk to each other about two kilometers apart. +not something you'd envy or want to do. +and it's not to go out and buy 100 or 1,000, though, i invite you to do that, and 10,000 would be even better. +and there are days -- i don't know about the rest of you guys -- but there are days when i palpably feel how much i rely on other people for pretty much everything in my life. +so actually now on this website, we have 18,000 people. +and we're building upon innovations of generations who went before us. +but remember, greece is there today. +and when you think about the economy through these two different lenses, you understand why this crisis is so hard to solve, because the worse the crisis gets, the higher the stakes are, the more each side thinks they know the answer and the other side is just going to ruin everything. +that's 20 percent of the budget, and that presents a more difficult issue. +the phrase that you want, if you're a graduate student or a postdoc or you're a professor, a 38-year-old economics professor, is, "i'm an empiricist. +we know what it's like to have these people on tv, in congress, yelling about how the end of the world is coming if we don't adopt their view completely, because it's happened about the dollar ever since there's been a dollar. +and he said to the guy, "why have you put stuff on the back that no one will ever see?" +i thought, well that's not good enough. +the wiring from your sensory apparatus to those bits is shorter than the bits that have to pass through the thinky bit, the cortex. +where are you feeling this? +and also triumph, this sense of transcendence, this "i never knew that. ah, this is something new." +so i'm going to shamelessly expose something to you, which is beautiful to me. +and then i can't tell you how hard it is to do that radiator, which is curved. +no one's going to notice those split lines and changes. +but what i have to do now, feeling again, what i've got to do is to be able to supply enough of these enzymes, of these triggers into something early on in the process, that you pick it up, not through your thinking, but through your feeling. +no time. it says i have two minutes left, so we can't do this. +now i think it's too easy. +we have secularized badly, i would argue. +we need data, we don't need help. +you need to keep repeating the lesson 10 times a day. +this comes across also in the way in which religions set up rituals around important feelings. +and when they teach us a lesson, they do it via the body. +but that feeling of puzzlement is structural to contemporary art. +the people in the modern world, in the secular world, who are interested in matters of the spirit, in matters of the mind, in higher soul-like concerns, tend to be isolated individuals. +if you want to change the world, you have to group together, you have to be collaborative. +and i say, "of course." and they say, "so aren't you sort of religious?" +because you've agreed on 90 percent of things, because you have a shared view on so many things, and you politely differ. +so it took me from places like chile -- the atacama desert in chile -- to siberia, to underground mines in the japanese alps, in northern america, all the way to antarctica and even to the south pole. +you need something like tens of megatons of water -- almost a gigaton of water -- in order to have any chance of catching this neutrino. +the toilets there are literally holes in the ground covered with a wooden shack. +so this is us landing on the ross ice shelf in antarctica. +the fabric alone weighs two tons. +anil ananthaswamy: what it takes to do extreme astrophysics +well, first you have to, as an engineer, scope the problem. how big is it? +and a bookmobile -- the size of a van with a satellite dish, a printer, binder and cutter, and kids make their own books. +we have one of these things now. it's completely cool. +but we sent -- thought, ok, if we're going to need to do this, let's do it in-library. +the getty here is moving their books to the ucla, which is where we have one these scanning centers, and scanning their out-of-copyright books, which is fabulous. +it costs about 10 dollars a piece to go and take a disk and put it online, if you're doing things in volume. +we tended towards longer-term things and also things that people can reuse and make into new movies, which has just been great fun. +so anyway, you've got basically an idea of where things came from. +so envision what it looks like all wrapped up. +it looked more like this when it was all wrapped up -- not quite so pretty. +and frankly, i face a big obstacle. +but these are essentially externalized stomachs and lungs. +so, fungi and mycelium sequester carbon dioxide in the form of calcium oxalates. +the mycelium, in the right conditions, produces a mushroom -- it bursts through with such ferocity that it can break asphalt. +and i'll show you a graph here. +there's a vetted press release that you can read -- it's vetted by dod -- if you google "stamets" and "smallpox." +so, the house is no longer suitable for invasion. +too many withdrawals from the carbon bank, and so this population will be shut down. +so we had our own miniature rainforest, a private beach with a coral reef. +so eight of us went in: four men and four women. +we stopped irrigating our soil, as much as we could. +but on the other hand, it was the scientific gold of the project, because we could really crank this baby up, as a scientific tool, and see if we could, in fact, find where those seven tons of oxygen had gone. +i had been growing all my own food. +and all of it was coming from this: shrimp farms. +it's such a huge subject. " +and if you lose where you are in your biosphere, or are perhaps having a difficulty connecting with where you are in the biosphere, i would say to you, take a deep breath. +the cause of our troubles is actually the complexity that science has given us. +we have now found treatments for nearly all of the tens of thousands of conditions that a human being can have. +there's another sign that we need pit crews, and that's the unmanageable cost of our care. +skill number one is the ability to recognize success and the ability to recognize failure. +we got the lead safety engineer for boeing to help us. +there's a deep resistance because using these tools forces us to confront that we're not a system, forces us to behave with a different set of values. +and most of those losses are because of things we know. +if you don't just want a queen, you can buy, actually, a three-pound package of bees, which comes in the mail, and of course, the postal office is always very concerned when they get, you know, your three-pound packages of bees. +but if you're losing 50 percent to 80 percent of your colonies, you can't survive three years in a row. and we're really worried about losing this segment of our industry. +and bees are very faithful. +and of course, bees are not the only important factor here. +but i also want to reinforce some of the ideas we've heard here, because having a meadow or living by a meadow is transformational. +well actually, i've [been] whistling since the age of four, about four. +i lost my face. +and i want to first rehearse with you your whistling. +some of them are very easy. +and they also are able to show and to exhibit such a wonderful and complex behavior that can be described just with the term of intelligence. +look at this young bean that is moving to catch the light every time. +how is it possible to do this without a brain? +and why are they so similar? +thank you. +they're going to be entering this car one by one. +and also in 50 other cities around the world, people participated. +and because it was in union square park, right by a subway station, there were hundreds of people by the end who stopped and looked up and watched what we were doing. +they're wearing either a yellow shirt or a black shirt. +he gave 2,000 high fives that day, and he washed his hands before and afterward and did not get sick. +and not knowing where help was needed always ensured that help was in short supply in the areas that needed it most. +our goal over the next year is to get water canary ready for the field and to open-source the hardware so that anyone can contribute to the development and the evaluation, so we can tackle this problem together. +now why am i talking about cows? +so what i'm proposing is, just as we require reading, writing, arithmetic, american history, so we should have a curriculum on facts about all the religions of the world -- about their history, about their creeds, about their texts, their music, their symbolisms, their prohibitions, their requirements. +all i'm saying is -- facts. facts only. +except, of course, it wasn't the sheep's cleverness. +the lesson we learn from this is you don't have to have a mind to be a beneficiary. +and how can we do that? +i'm talking also about christianity. +yes. +but i wish it were better. +and here i think, "wait a minute." +well, this from "the purpose driven life" -- "the bible must become the authoritative standard for my life, the compass i rely on for direction, the counsel i listen to for making wise decisions and the benchmark i use for evaluating everything." +now do we really want to commit ourselves to engulfing all the other religions when their holy books are telling them, "don't listen to the other side, that's just satan talking!" +ears are made not for hearing, but for listening. +it looks a bit like this. +if you can't hear somebody talking to you in a loud voice, it's too loud. +first of all, listen consciously. +and my relationship to especially human-made objects which someone else said they work like this, well, i can say they work a different way, a little bit. +so kids don't have as hard of a time with this, and i saw in my own son, i gave him this book. +and then you can take the little piano circuit off the pencil. +and so we're like, "we gotta put a video out about this." +okay, just wait for this one. this is good. +it's really going to be seven billion pairs of hands, each following their own passions, and each kind of like a mosaic coming up and creating this world in their backyards and in their kitchens. +but they won't come to us directly through light. +but einstein always thought black holes were a mathematical oddity. +it would be bad if we tried to fire our rockets and get out of there because we couldn't, anymore than light can escape. +this is from my group -- a slightly less glamorous computer modeling. +and surely, somewhere in the universe two black holes have merged. +galaxies form, and generations of stars form in those galaxies, and around one star, at least one star, is a habitable planet. +so we have to wonder, if there is a multiverse, in some other patch of that multiverse, are there creatures? +of the 100 incarcerated people that are released, 60 will return to prison. +well, it has its pluses and minuses. +from the fact that they are only serving one audience, mainly the western culture. +i go everywhere to make believe it's iran. +now comes the green movement -- the summer of 2009, as my film is released -- the uprising begins in the streets of tehran. +it can't afford to doubt the person who tends the child. +one person wins. +i will come to it later. +you cannot command compassion unless you become limitless, and nobody can become limitless, either you are or you are not. period. +you act compassionately. +if this does not blow your mind, then you have no emotion. +and let's pause here. +it's good for motivated students. +in a traditional classroom, you have a couple of homework, homework, lecture, homework, lecture, and then you have a snapshot exam. +and you can go to the site right now. it's all free. not trying to sell anything. +red means they're stuck. +and we're seeing it over and over and over again. +i'm still doing all the videos, but we have a rockstar team doing the software. +and they're literally saying, "hey, this is nice, but..." like that focus graph, a lot of the teachers said, "i have a feeling that a lot of the kids are jumping around and not focusing on one topic." +but there are also hallucinations as well, and hallucinations are completely different. +i see a lot of children. they are walking up and down stairs. +i said, "there is a special form of visual hallucination which may go with deteriorating vision or blindness. +the first thing he said was he saw a handkerchief in midair. +and he turned around. and then he divided into six figures in striped shirts, who started walking towards her. +but no more than one percent of the people acknowledge them, because they are afraid they will be seen as insane or something. +when people have these simple geometrical hallucinations, the primary visual cortex is activated. +it is only if one is visually impaired or blind that the process is interrupted. +and actually i'm a little visually impaired myself. +but i would come back from those dives and try to share the experience with words, and they were totally inadequate to the task. +it's unbelievable. +this looks like something out of a dr. seuss book -- just all manner of creatures all over this thing. +and we view it with a camera system i developed called eye-in-the-sea that uses far red light that's invisible to most animals, so it's unobtrusive. +and it does actually seem to be trying to eat the electronic jellyfish. +edith widder: the weird, wonderful world of bioluminescence +the yellow-green area is the fluids of blood, which is mostly water, but it's also antibodies, sugars, hormones, that kind of thing. +it's an accurate representation, and it's pretty much at the correct speed for what is occurring inside you. +one set of dna goes to one side, the other side gets the other set of dna -- identical copies of dna. +it's able to feel when the cell is ready, when the chromosome is correctly positioned. +humanity is now fully into the techno-scientific age. +during 41 years of teaching biology at harvard, i watched sadly as bright students turned away from the possibility of a scientific career or even from taking non-required courses in science because they were afraid of failure. +judge opportunity by how few other students and researchers are on hand. +or larger, what's the role of dark matter in the expansion of the universe? +humans have lived for much, much longer than the approximately 10,000 years of settled agricultural civilization in small family groups. nomadic hunters bring down rabbits, gathering food. +more recently, that power is untethering and leaping off the desktops, and very, very quickly, we're going to see a significant proportion, if not the majority of the human race, walking around holding, carrying or wearing supercomputers linked at speeds greater than what we consider to be broadband today. +he used the example of a common grazing area in which each person by simply maximizing their own flock led to overgrazing and the depletion of the resource. +toyota, instead of treating its suppliers as a marketplace, treats them as a network and trains them to produce better, even though they are also training them to produce better for their competitors. +what forms of suffering could be alleviated, what forms of wealth could be created if we knew a little bit more about cooperation? +now, i'll show you a fun app that -- we've been working on a collaboration with our friends at flickr. +yeah, yeah, back to the corner, back to the corner. +blaise agüera y arcas: augmented-reality maps +this was in preparation for a merger and acquisition. +and if you remember the story about sisyphus, sisyphus was punished by the gods to push the same rock up a hill, and when he almost got to the end, the rock would roll over, and he would have to start again. +what happened? +i said, "how many of you now go home earlier than you used to?" +so you take a piece, you just put it on the side. +the next part i want to show you is something about the positive motivation. +you had to measure the milk and add it, mixing it. +at the top of the sheet, we had little diagrams of how do you fold origami. +by the way, these are my kids, which, of course, are wonderful and so on. +and we're actually cambodians. +this is a picture of what pursat looks like. +but for us it meant freedom. +one day a man told me, "my future does not look brilliant, but i want to have a brilliant future for my son." +so the key here is empathy. +we revised the mental health component of the primary health care services by adding psycho-social care and psycho-social counselors to the system. +when jungian analyst inge missmahl visited afghanistan, she saw the inner wounds of war -- widespread despair, trauma and depression. and yet, in this county of 30 million people, there were only two dozen psychiatrists. missmahl talks about her work helping to build the country's system of psychosocial counseling, promoting both individual and, perhaps, national healing. +that's true of european biofuels. +top left, we have canada and australia, with enormous land areas, very high per capita consumption, 200 or 300 light bulbs per person, and very low population densities. +wind power produces a bit more, 2.5 watts per square meter, but that's only twice as big as 1.25 watts per square meter, so that means if you wanted literally to produce total energy consumption in all forms on average from wind farms, you need wind farms half the area of the u.k. +but the same goes for renewables as well. +next, there's the heating lever. +so, if you wanted to get 16 light bulbs, remember, today our total energy consumption is 125 light bulbs' worth. +he mentioned four great world orchestras, and the fifth one was venezuela's youth symphony orchestra. +the structure of el sistema is based on a new and flexible managing style adapted to the features of each community and region, and today attends to 300,000 children of the lower and middle class all over venezuela. +from the minute a child's taught how to play an instrument, he's no longer poor. +think about it, all right? i'm going to answer the phone three different times. +behavioral markers matter. +that actually occurred this year. she took early retirement. +we are obsessed with this way of thinking. +classic. hip fracture often leads to institutionalization of a senior. +these discoveries of behavioral markers, and behavioral changes are game changing, and like the discovery of the microscope because of our collecting data streams that we've actually never done before. +it's achievable. we should do it economically, we should do it morally, and we should do it for quality of life. +we will see 30,000 new infected websites. +this is the market leader in malware distribution, the black hole exploit pack, responsible for nearly one third of malware distribution in the last couple of quarters. +so this is writing out the malicious code, and a few seconds later, on the left-hand side, you'll see the attacker's screen get some interesting new text. +what's really insulting about this is not only does it provide the attackers with access to your data, but when the scan finishes, they tell you in order to clean up the fake viruses, you have to register the product. +a little more searching, and here's our cybercriminal. +okay? so you can see a list of wireless networks. +you see, technology's changing at a staggering rate, and that 250,000 pieces of malware won't stay the same for long. +i wasn't very good at reading things. +you all know the story, right. +and that was really cool. +it was extraordinary. +"you can call it a dinosaur, but look at the velociraptor: the velociraptor is cool." +and they obviously make a lot of money off of them. +and so he agreed. +and quite frankly, i think if colonel sanders was to be careful how he worded it, he could actually advertise an extra piece. +that's based on diet intake surveys, it's based on levels of obesity, it's based on a range of factors that gives you an approximate guess as to how much food is actually going into people's mouths. +that's what's in fields around the world every single year. +go one step up, and you get to farmers, who throw away sometimes a third or even more of their harvest because of cosmetic standards. +the one in the middle, on my kitchen table. not much difference. +western countries throw out nearly half of their food, not because it's inedible -- but because it doesn't look appealing. tristram stuart delves into the shocking data of wasted food, calling for a more responsible use of global resources. +and this is all done, by the way, by the international astronomical union. +now, we're going to be going to mars one day. and when we do, it's going to be unfair for the people that are living there to have to live with these ridiculous names. +"listen, i'm going back to the swamp mermaid. can you call me in a little while?" +we have names for places where people don't exist. +blue cheese, ranch, oil and vinegar, thousand islands and house. +now this is isaac from a vietnamese stamp. +he's all murky. there is little kids leaning on his leg, little ghosts flying around. we gotta clean this stuff up fast, ladies and gentlemen. +prime numbers, gauss, one of my favorites. +every top adds up to 37. +it just seems like it's not sexy and elegant, it's hidden. +thank you. +it was incredibly successful. +it thought of itself as being disconnected from the internet, but it was possible for somebody to smuggle a usb drive in there, or something like that, and software got in there that causes the centrifuges, in that case, to actually destroy themselves. +and so if you hear an expert talking about the internet and saying it can do this, or it does do this, or it will do that, you should treat it with the same skepticism that you might treat the comments of an economist about the economy or a weatherman about the weather, or something like that. +good afternoon. +so military technologies can influence the course of the world, can make or break world peace -- and there lies the issue with cyber weapons. +today we're moving to a multipolar world in which coordination is much more complicated, as we have seen at copenhagen. +before that day, this is how i saw the ocean. +speaking of dinosaurs, sharks are basically the same fish they were 300 million years ago. +of course, sea cucumbers shoot them out their rears, which, in my opinion, makes them much more interesting a superhero. +and he does manage to find them, but great navigation skills, lousy pick-up lines. +i couldn't fit them in. +sherman's up in shark heaven. +and you're getting all kinds of cool stuff. +in the lower 48, the farthest you can get away from a maintained road is 20 miles. +the tahltan have called for the creation of a tribal heritage reserve which will set aside the largest protected area in british columbia. +multiply 22 times 47, make sure you get 1,034, or the calculators are not working. do all of you get 1,034? 1,034? +529. +722 is 500 -- ooh, that's a harder one. +in the meanwhile, let me conclude the first part of my show by doing something a little trickier. +ok, any six of them. +audience: february. +what year, chris, would you like? +audience: six. six. +now, 57 times 68 is 3,400, plus 476 is 3876, that's 38,760 plus 171, 38,760 plus 171 is 38,931. +a third time, it's just being a technician. +change is happening, and the change that is happening is not one that is in software. +had collected photographs of me, as mothers will do. +and i'll just say what i'm about to do. what i'm about to do -- i hope you can recognize that there's a distorted sine wave, almost a triangular wave upon this hewlett-packard oscilloscope. +but you will need to know eighth-grade algebra, and we're going to do serious experiments. +now, so i know the frequency. +i'm going home for a midterm. a riot's going on on campus. +i pop up the top, and there's a cupola. +well i'm here to suggest there's a better way, that less might actually equal more. +secondly, our new mantra: small is sexy. +maybe, just maybe, less might equal more. +that fixed behavior -- which is rigid and stereotyped and ends up with a meal -- changes. +if we've got them wired up with an electroencephalogram, the right brain of each of them becomes attuned, so that the joyful emergence of this earliest of play scenes and the physiology of that is something we're beginning to get a handle on. +this happens to be ok -- he's an anatomically interested little boy and that's his mom. other situations wouldn't be quite so good. +they'd given me a large grant when i was an academician for the study of felony drunken drivers, and i thought i had a pretty good track record, and by the time i had spent half an hour talking about play, it was obvious that they were not -- did not feel that play was serious. +and i think if you think about life without play -- no humor, no flirtation, no movies, no games, no fantasy and, and, and. +found that when he looked at a playground out of a window into which he had been confined, he felt something different. +characterized by a feeling of energized focus, full involvement and success in the process of the activity. +and its hugely important in learning and crafting the brain. +we decided to do something a little bit different and transform flavors that were very familiar -- so in this case, so we take a carrot cake, put it in a blender, and we have kind of like a carrot cake juice, and then that went into a balloon frozen in liquid nitrogen to create this hollow shell of carrot cake ice cream, i guess, and it comes off looking like, you know, jupiter's floating around your plate. +hc: so, after about a day of chris and i staring at each other, we came up with something that was pretty close to the hamburger patty, and as you can see it basically forms like hamburger meat. +hc: so this is where we step into the future and we leapfrog ahead. +so, why don't we hear more about the world? +where's art? i got productivity. i got sports. +and one of them is called taketa. which is which? +the full videos are online if you are interested. +but if i come up really close and stare directly at the camera on this laptop then you'll see these nice crisp eyes. +i'd like to show you thing called snout, which is -- the idea behind this project is to make a robot that appears as if it's continually surprised to see you. +if this virus was in thousands of individuals at this point, why was it the case that it took us until 1984 to be able to discover this virus? +deep in a remote region of cameroon, two hunters stalk their prey. +they're also going to ask you the question that when we knew that this was the way that hiv entered into the human population, and that other diseases had the potential to enter like this, why did we let these behaviors continue? +paul worked for years on the cameroonian national radio and television, and he spoke about health issues. he was a health correspondent. +and let's face it, any new retrovirus in the human population -- it's something we should be aware of. +and because of that announcement, we got a big article in the new york times, which led to more press, which led to more attention, and me deciding to become ceo of that company -- whereas i was just an adviser -- and raising a round of venture capital and ramping up hiring. +and they're tweeting, in some cases, from behind closed-door sessions with the president. +people have raised tens of thousands of dollars over twitter in a matter of days on several occasions. +my mother says that i started reading at the age of two, although i think four is probably close to the truth. +my mother was an administrator. +i must say that before i went to the u.s. i didn't consciously identify as african. +the political climate in the u.s. at the time was tense, and there were debates going on about immigration. +when i learned, some years ago, that writers were expected to have had really unhappy childhoods to be successful, i began to think about how i could invent horrible things my parents had done to me. +now, the conventional wisdom was that nigerians don't read literature. +she introduced them to a book about the southern life that they had left behind: "they sat around, reading the book themselves, listening to me read the book, and a kind of paradise was regained." +it literally flat-lined. +well for the sake of time, i want to focus on just three strategies. +we need to fundamentally redefine who it is that experts are. +i'm looking for a third way: i'm preparing to get alzheimer's disease. +would they give me charts and graphs that i could color? +alanna shaikh: how i'm preparing to get alzheimer's +the network has two components in them. +the battery is not the gas tank, in a sense. +and these prices are actually with clean electrons. +and i had to quit and come and do this thing called a better place. +as we stared scaling it up we looked at what is the problem to come up to the u.s.? +we go back down. it's going to go up and down. +now where is the car industry on that? +now when we're looking at solving big problems, we need to start thinking in two numbers. +we have to make the right moral decision. +they see us as rocking the boat, and you can understand why. +complexity is the problem that any theory of biology has to solve, and you can't solve it by postulating an agent that is even more complex, thereby simply compounding the problem. +now, there's a typical scientific journal, the quarterly review of biology. +and however we define atheism, it's surely the kind of academic belief that a person is entitled to hold without being vilified as an unpatriotic, unelectable non-citizen. +in 1998, larson and witham polled the cream of american scientists, those who'd been honored by election to the national academy of sciences, and among this select group, belief in a personal god dropped to a shattering seven percent. +darwin said, "i have never been an atheist in the same sense of denying the existence of a god. +nonetheless, if we want to attract deep down atheists to come out publicly, we're going to have find something better to stick on our banner than "tooth fairy" or "teapot agnostic." +we need an anti-templeton to step forward. +what this picture suggests to us is that we've got a radical change in the way information production and exchange is capitalized. not that it's become less capital intensive -- that there's less money that's required -- but that the ownership of this capital, the way the capitalization happens, is radically distributed. each of us, in these advanced economies, has one of these, or something rather like it -- a computer. +the critical innovation here is instead of our engineers, or our people saying which is the most relevant, we're going to go out and count what you, people out there on the web, for whatever reason -- vanity, pleasure -- produced links, and tied to each other. we're going to count those, and count them up. +and if dinner isn't entirely obvious, think of sex. +but -- and this is the dark lining -- it is threatened by -- in the same way that it threatens -- the incumbent industrial systems. +due to some slip-ups, he managed to escape dressed as a woman and ran from london back to nigeria where, according to our constitution, those in office as governors, president -- as in many countries -- have immunity and cannot be prosecuted. but what happened: people were so outraged by this behavior that it was possible for his state legislature to impeach him and get him out of office. +we are grateful, but we know that we can take charge of our own destinies if we have the will to reform. +and in the three years that i was finance minister, they made an average of 360 million dollars profit per year. +and what is more important, because we want to get away from oil and diversify -- and there are so many opportunities in this one big country, as in many countries in africa -- what was remarkable is that much of this growth came not from the oil sector alone, but from non-oil. +not all of them have been perfect, or will be, but the trend is very clear. +so, she'll make a little pair of dungarees with corduroys, with african material mixed in. very creative designs, has reached a stage where she even had an order from wal-mart. +every year, 36,000 people in the united states die of seasonal flu. +this worked well for most pathogens, somewhat well for crafty bugs like flu, but not at all for hiv, for which humans have no natural immunity. +and also, what the antibodies use is a handle to essentially grab and neutralize the virus. +many thought that it was just impossible to make an aids vaccine, but today, evidence tells us otherwise. +in the longer term, what they can do is use these tools of retro-vaccinology to make a preventive flu vaccine. +luckily for us, we live in an era of breathtaking biomedical advances. +india, mexico and others are already making experimental flu vaccines, and they may be the first place we see these vaccines in use. +sb: you know, everybody says it's 10 years, but it's been 10 years every 10 years. +and these are not really a people oppressed by poverty. +i would also like to pay homage and honor to the ted fellows june arunga, james shikwati, andrew, and the other ted fellows. +did you know that 40 percent of the wealth created in africa is not invested here in africa? +i belong to an internet discussion forum, an african internet discussion forum, and i asked them, i said, "since 1960, we've had exactly 204 african heads of state, since 1960." +that's not wealth creation. it's wealth redistribution. +if you look into their traditional systems, africans organize their states in two types. +and when they produce their crops, they sell the surplus on marketplaces. +a bigger boat will mean more fish will be caught and landed. +and i was sure that it was going to be great for democracy and for our society. +scott's results were full of them. +and the challenge with these kinds of algorithmic filters, these personalized filters, is that, because they're mainly looking at what you click on first, it can throw off that balance. +we need it to introduce us to new ideas and new people and different perspectives. +she said "yes, that's former vice president al gore and his wife tipper." +just in the last two days, we got the new temperature records in january. +a lot of us in here have made that decision and it is really pretty easy. +help with the mass persuasion campaign that will start this spring. +and all the burning of oil and coal and gas, all the fossil fuels, have changed the atmosphere greatly. +you go in along the shore, you can find it everywhere. +so this is the gulf of mexico, sparkling place full of fish. +but he told ted that on the last day he went out, a bottlenose dolphin suddenly appeared next to the boat, and it was splattering oil out its blowhole. +we're starting with something that's had a lot of stresses and a lot of problems to begin with. +here are shrimp boats employed. +it turns out that -- you see this sign on almost every commercial vessel in the united states -- you know, if you spilled a couple of gallons of oil, you would be in big trouble. +there's certainly a common theme about needing to make the moment out of this. +well i built a fusion reactor when i was 14 years old. +taylor wilson: yup, i built a nuclear fusion reactor +everybody: i am my connectome. +you can recognize them instantly by their fantastic shapes. +we color every neuron in, in a different color, and then we look through all of the images, find the synapses and note the colors of the two neurons involved in each synapse. +but may i? +and there's a lot of evidence that neural activity is encoding our thoughts, feelings and perceptions, our mental experiences. +let us attempt to read out memories from connectomes. +if you believe that i am my connectome, i think you must also accept the idea that death is the destruction of your connectome. +zach kaplan: keith and i lead a research team. +because the way that he presented the concept -- his approach was totally different than ours. he sold it to you as if it was for sale right now. +now, i'm not going to get into the physics of it, but all you need to know is that the faster the magnet's falling, the greater the stopping force. +zk: i'd just like to let you all know that this presentation has been brought to you by target. +while he was doing this, he noticed an unexpected thing. +packaging that changes color when your milk's gone off. +zach kaplan + keith schacht: toys and materials from the future +can we produce a menu that's delicious without foie gras? +"spanish chef accused..." -- and the french accused him. +he's really just in love with -- he's at one with -- he's the goose whisperer. +even though they were imprisoned in this garden of eden with figs and everything else. +his biggest obstacle, really, was the marketplace, which demands these days bright yellow foie gras. +and he grabs my arm and the translator's, and ducks us under a bush and says, "watch this." +they don't need anything more. " +but i can taste things. +i really was moved. +he tasted it and fell in love with it. +if human beings disappeared, life on earth as we know it would flourish. " +but now we need a new fire that makes us safe, secure, healthy and durable. +let me say that again. +america could lead this next automotive revolution. +we can use some smart it to enhance transit and enable car sharing and ride sharing. +most of it now is wasted and the technologies for saving it keep improving faster than we're installing them. +well, from the coal burned at the power plant through all these compounding losses, only a tenth of the fuel energy actually ends up coming out the pipe as flow. +and when a big plant goes down, you lose a thousand megawatts in milliseconds, often for weeks or months, often without warning. +in 1976, for example, government and industry insisted that the amount of energy needed to make a dollar of gdp could never go down. +thank you. +and third, the engagement in developing countries was with a narrow set of government elites with little interaction with the citizens, who are the ultimate beneficiaries of development assistance. +in this map from moldova, the green color shows those districts that have low spending on schools but good educational outcomes, and the red color shows the opposite. +we will find that these children, too, have a real chance of breaking their way out of poverty. +if we take the toothbrush -- i don't think about the toothbrush. +after, we become a fish; after, we become a frog; after, we become a monkey; after, we become what we are today: a super-monkey, and the fun is, the super-monkey we are today, is at half of the story. +if you walk like that, it's ok, it's ok, you can walk, but perhaps, because you walk with the eyes like that, you will not see, oh, there is a hole. +if you look like that, you look to the past, or you look inside if you are very flexible, inside yourself. +that's why we must adapt. +we can say to our children, ok, done, that was our story. that passed. +no slouching, no pants hanging down, none of that stuff. +and the drill sergeant starts screaming at them, and telling them to do all kinds of awful things. +no, no, it begins the first time a child in a mother's arms looks up at the mother and says, "oh, this must be my mother. +the last chapter in my book is called "the gift of a good start." +give him to the army. we'll never see him again. we'll never see him again. " +you get a job and get out of the house. +"it's okay, it's okay." +i'm a marketer, and as a marketer, i know that i've never really been in control. +hulu and netflix, among other companies, have open vacation policies. +the days are past when a person, company or brand could tightly control their reputation -- online chatter and spin mean that if you're relevant, there's a constant, free-form conversation happening about you that you have no control over. tim leberecht offers three big ideas about accepting that loss of control, even designing for it -- and using it as an impetus to recommit to your values. +they want to make people live in fear. +but people did not relate to this. +they were actually attacking them. +seriously, with the amount of change i had noticed in this square, i thought it was 12 years. +i feel that i have dignity that i have lost for so many years. " +so we've been studying the babies using a technique that we're using all over the world and the sounds of all languages. +so babies absorb the statistics of the language and it changes their brains; it changes them from the citizens of the world to the culture-bound listeners that we are. +whatever you put in front of them, they'll take statistics on. +in investigating the child's brain, we're going to uncover deep truths about what it means to be human, and in the process, we may be able to help keep our own minds open to learning for our entire lives. +but i have to tell you a funny story. +so what happened now is, when the watercolor was flowing into the structure, the watercolors do not mix with the ferrofluid. +i could do it again to show it one more time, but some would argue that this is a complete waste of the whiskey, and that i should rather drink it. +in that hospice, there were 31 men and women who were actively dying. +and my family brought in a woman whose mother had been a slave to take care of me. +and you know, we have a society, a world, that is paralyzed by fear. +but it also takes a soft front -- the capacity to really be open to the world as it is, to have an undefended heart. +may we actualize that capacity for women everywhere. +now, it's no surprise that when you add consecutive fibonacci numbers, you get the next fibonacci number. right? +beneath that, i'll put a two-by-two square, and next to that, a three-by-three square, beneath that, a five-by-five square, and then an eight-by-eight square, creating one giant rectangle, right? +now, being iranian-american presents its own set of problems, as you know. +and i started freaking out, because i don't know what kind of crap my grandfather was into. +but what was interesting was, the pakistani muslim guy -- see he gives a bad name to muslims and middle easterners and pakistanis from all over the world. +he goes, "i'm going to the zara store. it's three miles away. +i go, "he's got to be my driver." +marco tempest: when asked about deception, he said this: magic is the only honest profession. +where is the queen? +i'm going to show you how terrorism actually interacts with our daily life. +at the same time, while i was interviewing the red brigades, i also discovered that their life was not ruled by politics or ideology, but actually was ruled by economics. +so, i decided that i wanted to investigate the economics of terrorism. +but the great change came, of course, with globalization and deregulation. +now, when i went to look at the figures of the u.s. money supply, the u.s. money supply is the amount of dollars that the federal reserve prints every year in order to satisfy which, of course, reflects the growth of the economy. +now, the euro was a newly born currency of great opportunity for business, and, of course, for investment. +this has given me a very special relationship with the ocean. +i wanted to live a life that i could be proud of. +i don't think i've ever felt so happy in my entire life. +i don't see anybody for the whole time that i'm at sea, generally. +awful, really awful. +when they opened this one up, they found its stomach was full of plastic. +i even met one of them and she was just about my size. +and it's very difficult to be happy on a planet that's racked with famine and drought. +so anyway, today we'll talk about architecture a little bit, within the subject of creation and optimism. +it's too late. that is gone. +can i have the lights off for a moment? +and so what the builder will get is every single individual part that has been custom manufactured off-site and delivered on a truck to the site, to that builder, and a set of these instruction manuals. +they were asked to design, replace that bridge in six weeks, building it, including all of the parts, manufactured. +rosa mexicano restaurant, where he transports us to the shores of acapulco, up on the upper west side, with this wall of cliff divers who -- there you go, like that. +take it from me. under the bed is not a good hiding spot. +see, they asked me what i wanted to be, then told me what not to be. +standing up for yourself doesn't have to mean embracing violence. +so we grew up believing no one would ever fall in love with us, that we'd be lonely forever, that we'd never meet someone to make us feel like the sun was something they built for us in their toolshed. +we were freaks -- lobster claw boys and bearded ladies, oddities juggling depression and loneliness, playing solitaire, spin the bottle, trying to kiss the wounded parts of ourselves and heal, but at night, while the others slept, we kept walking the tightrope. +the future states that there is no time other than the collapsation of that sensation of the mirror of the memories in which we are living. +so, as i say before the last piece, feel not as though it is a sphere we live on, rather an infinite plane which has the illusion of leading yourself back to the point of origin. +in ontario, the boreal marches down south to the north shore of lake superior. +now, you can apply that same kind of thinking here as well. +and the tailings ponds range in size up to 9,000 acres. +this is one of the reasons why canada, originally a climate change hero -- we were one of the first signatories of the kyoto accord. +and the world certainly does not need the largest toxic impoundments to grow and multiply and further threaten the downstream communities. +bharti seeks to liberate this everyday cliche, as she calls it, by exploding it into something spectacular. +he creates these opulent tableaus inspired by hieronymus bosch, but also by the kashmiri textiles of his youth. +i'm an ecologist, and i study complexity. i love complexity. +and so now we can look one degrees, two degrees, three degrees away from that node and eliminate three-quarters of the diagram outside that sphere of influence. +for example, in my first tedtalk, i did propose that we should spend 21 billion hours a week as a planet playing video games. +they help us stay connected with people in our social network that we would otherwise grow distant from, if we weren't playing games together. +my brain started telling me, jane, you want to die. +even people were playing it for terminal diagnoses like als. +it seems that somehow, a traumatic event can unlock our ability to lead a life with fewer regrets. +go! +all right, pick one, last quest: shake someone's hand for six seconds, or send someone a quick thank you by text, email, facebook or twitter. go! +pretty clever, right? +on the right hand side, that bit there is part of an installation that is about 12 feet long. +by this stage the project had taken on a viral dimension of its own, which got completely beyond us. +the first one she did was knitting. +now mathematicians have answered that question. +it's a bit like this: imagine that we'd only ever encountered euclidean space. +and that's true. but it also goes deeper than that. +he believed that the crystal was the model for all kinds of representation. +so you can then map function onto structure, and then find out what the circuitry's doing to generate that particular function. +and then what happens is, there's a blow to your head, damaging the cortex, allowing these latent sexual urges to emerge, flaming to the surface, and suddenly and inexplicably you find yourself being sexually aroused by your mother. +and that's fortunate, because we can put two electrodes on your palm and measure the change in skin resistance produced by sweating. +there's no delusion through the phone. +the phantom limb -- they'll say, "but doctor, the phantom limb is paralyzed. +maybe you can relieve the phantom pain, the phantom cramp. +and he says, "oh my god, my phantom is moving again. i don't believe this! +and i said -- i got worried, i said, my god, i mean i've changed this guy's body image, what about human subjects, ethics and all of that? +bear in mind, these people are completely normal in other respects. +now remember -- why does this happen? +here, you've got martian alphabet. +it's kind of a well-kept secret. +and i think that as we look at culture, we kind of come to understand how we got to where we are. +what's more, they are able to walk upright for long distances. +you're happy. +he can now cut through tough animal hide. +ss: these are her symbols on her keyboard. +this environment brings out unexpected potential in kanzi and panbanisha. +we're learning how to communicate with them, in really high-pitched tones. +each one is like a sun with a retinue of planets orbiting around it. +and, as we've learned in the last few years, galaxies are held together by the gravitational pull of so-called dark matter: particles in huge swarms, far smaller even than atomic nuclei. +the geometric mean of the mass of a proton and the mass of the sun is 50 kilograms, within a factor of two of the mass of each person here. +and also, when a scientist makes a discovery, he or she normally has no clue what the applications are going to be. +but even in this concertinaed cosmic perspective, our century is very, very special, the first when humans can change themselves and their home planet. +these human-induced alterations occupying overall less than a millionth of the elapsed lifetime and seemingly occurring with runaway speed? +what was interesting about the article was people started commenting on the article, readers of the thing. +so some people got this slip of paper and five dollars. +they're also fairly wealthy and affluent and all these other sorts of things. +perfectly nice thing to do. +i would be a jerk and not tell you what it is, but in fact, it's central african republic. +and i know what you're all thinking about are dodgeball teams. +michael norton: how to buy happiness +in spite of the very clear anti-israeli ideology of the new regime, the geopolitical logic for their collaboration lived on, because they still had common threats. +the bush administration did not even respond. +the cry of "raw data now!" +how can you use this stuff? +so, now we have, immediately, a real-time map showing where there are refugee camps -- rapidly became the best map to use if you're doing relief work in port-au-prince. +okay, so we have a democracy, no doubt, but it's dependent upon the lesters and dependent upon the people. +there are rich lesters, poor lesters, black lesters, white lesters, not many women lesters, but put that to the side for one second. +this is a system that's designed to save the status quo, including the status quo of big and invasive government. +so it's not that mine is the most important issue. it's not. +it's solvable, not by being a democrat, not by being a republican. +a government dependent upon the people alone. +it began the space race. +i was sent to a place, a psych ward, and in the psych ward, everyone is doing their own one-man show. +now recently, there's been development in this field. +this is a room full of intelligent people, highly sensitive. +i'll show you a computer model made by iain couzin, a researcher at oxford, that shows how swarms work. +information can be sent over half a kilometer away in a very short time through this mechanism. +for a long time it was not believed when the first western travelers, like sir francis drake, went to thailand and came back with tales of this unbelievable spectacle. +what i have here are two empty water bottles. +now, that might seem a bit whimsical, but this pervasiveness of this tendency towards spontaneous order sometimes has unexpected consequences. +interviewer: right, so, at least this much? oh, yes. +engineer: absolutely. interviewer: you thought, "oh, bother." +so already, the simulator is making me walk in exactly the same way as our witnesses walked on the real bridge. +you don't see it in the newspaper every day. +so, i want to tell you that the piece of the good news is that the fowler apple is still out there. +in short, the answer is that in the future, in many countries, the coldest growing seasons are going to be hotter than anything those crops have seen in the past. +we have collected and conserved a great deal of biological diversity, agricultural diversity, mostly in the form of seed, and we put it in seed banks, which is a fancy way of saying a freezer. +when you open up the front door, this is what you're looking at. it's pretty simple. it's a hole in the ground. +agriculture takes 70 percent of fresh water supplies on earth. +it's time again to talk about "inconvenient truth," a truth that everyone is concerned about, but nobody is willing to talk about. +another benefit of wi-fi, we learned yesterday about the benefits of wi-fi. +i want to start off by saying, houston, we have a problem. +that has not happened at all in space flying. +three years, and we can't do that now. crazy. +and it will be sub-orbital. and the reason it has to be sub-orbital is, there is not solutions for adequate safety to fly the public to orbit. the governments have been doing this -- three governments have been doing this for 45 years, and still four percent of the people that have left the atmosphere have died. +these people are taking money and putting it in an interesting area, and i think it's a lot better than they put it in an area of a better cell phone or something -- but they're putting it in very -- areas and this will lead us into this kind of capability, and it will lead us into the next really big thing and it will allow us to explore. and i think eventually it will allow us to colonize and to keep us from going extinct. +100 million bucks -- hey, i can go to the moon. +the technology revolution is opening the world. +now, what is openness? +he viewed talent differently. +now, the third meaning and corresponding principle of openness is about sharing. +social media didn't create the revolution; it was created by a new generation of young people who wanted jobs and hope and who didn't want to be treated as subjects anymore. +people didn't know about things. +it protects the birds. +so why should we care about blood vessels? +so here we go. +in effect, when we give cancer patients antiangiogenic therapy -- here, an experimental drug for a glioma, which is a type of brain tumor -- you can see that there are dramatic changes that occur when the tumor is being starved. +and, in fact, the first pioneering treatments for people, as well as dogs, are already becoming available. +the active ingredient's resveratrol, it's also found in red wine. +now, i've shown you a bunch of lab data, and so the real question is: what is the evidence in people that eating certain foods can reduce angiogenesis in cancer? +the really, truly interesting thing about this is that we can't take these obese mice and make them lose more weight than what the normal mouse's weight is supposed to be. +for the last 20 years i've been designing puzzles. +went on, and eventually decided to devote myself, full time, to that. +the artist m.c. escher exploited that in some of his wonderful prints. +well, let's first of all simplify the vases illusion, make the thing on the right. +the first move is going to be what? +but it takes some persistence. +why? well, we aging boomers, baby boomers, we're eating our healthy food, we're exercising. what about our minds? +that's his hair. you get a lot of figure-ground problems. +i think the whole world has essentially been brought up not to be a girl. +their stories were so horrific, and so mind-blowing and so on the other side of human existence, that to be perfectly honest with you, i was shattered. +i've traveled, as i said, to many, many countries, and i've seen, if we do what we do to the girl inside us then obviously it's horrific to think what we do to girls in the world. +i know a 14-year-old girl in the netherlands, for example, who is demanding that she take a boat and go around the entire world by herself. +she taught girls what a healthy vagina looked like, and what a mutilated vagina looked like. +and when she got to the house she was greeted. +it's all bad. my brothers get everything. " +i rejoice that it's still in my body. +thank you very much. +sent to prison, adamantly insisting on his innocence, which he has consistently for 21 years. +this is looking directly across the street from where they were standing. +some of the teenagers said that in fact the car was 15 feet away when it shot. +and what does this example -- what's important to keep in mind for ourselves? +and this blew his mind. literally. he checked into a sanitarium. +so nature has this self-similar structure. +well, i noticed that line is about where the only square building in the village is at. +first of all, i agree with mudimbe's wonderful book, "the invention of africa," that africa is an artificial invention of first colonialism, and then oppositional movements. +here's a wonderful fractal. +and one of them said, "come here. i think i can help you out here." +so let me end with just a few words about applications that we've found for this. +so if we want to find a better way of doing that kind of work, we need look only no farther than africa to find these robust self-organizing algorithms. +at 7 p.m. on a sunday in hidden springs, idaho, where the six members of the starr family are sitting down to the highlight of their week: the family meeting. +he read 30 years of harvard business review before stumbling upon an article in 1986 called "the new new product development game." +he said, "you can't underestimate the power of doing this." +it felt like we were kind of laying these underground cables that wouldn't light up their world for many years to come. +we'll have family breakfast. we'll meet for a bedtime snack. +so we said, "okay, give us a reward and give us a punishment. okay?" +jim collins, the author of "good to great," told me that successful human organizations of any kind have two things in common: they preserve the core, they stimulate progress. +researchers at emory gave children a simple "what do you know" test. +that story perfectly captures for me the final lesson that i learned: happiness is not something we find, it's something we make. +a windshield coating is going to give you about 110 degrees. +and i'm going to leave you with one last demonstration, but before i do that, i would like to say thank you, and think small. +and that was that she did two entire shows promoting that movie "the secret." +when a word was mentioned, an image of it instantly appeared in his mind. +a world telegraphy center -- imagine news, messages, sounds, images delivered to any point in the world instantly and wirelessly. +it's been around for about 7,000 years. +again, we are making holes in the skull about the size of a dime, putting an electrode in, and then this electrode is completely underneath the skin down to a pacemaker in the chest, and with a remote control very much like a television remote control, we can adjust how much electricity we deliver to these areas of the brain. +so here he is. +so we went ahead and implanted electrodes in patients with depression. +and indeed, at the top, you'll see before the surgery, the areas in blue are the areas that use less glucose than normal, predominantly the parietal and temporal lobes. +i get to do this all the time, and it's just incredible. +and they can be modeled by a spring-mass system that we call the spring mass system because we're biomechanists. it's actually a pogo stick. +this is a collaboration we have with stanford. +we couldn't believe that it could do this. it said to us that if you could build a robot with very simple, springy legs, you could make it as maneuverable as any that's ever been built. +like if we had a piece of tape now, we'd peel it this way. +but that's what we're limited to, at the moment. +and just recently we've made a breakthrough, where we now believe we're going to be able to create the first synthetic, self-cleaning, dry adhesive. many companies are interested in this. +we also have another problem, which is that women face harder choices between professional success and personal fulfillment. +i don't have the right answer. +he reads one book of 12 and goes to a couple of lectures, marches himself up to our room a couple days before the exam to get himself tutored. +but it's not that simple. +and she said, "i learned something today. +message number three: don't leave before you leave. +they're just not moving. +when people don't take their pills, when people don't follow doctors' orders -- these are behavior problems. +they would get dentures, and if you got dentures, you weren't going to be able to eat corn-on-the-cob, you'll eat mush for the rest of your life. +this is still the way we're communicating messages about health. +we should probably slow down, and that point of action is probably now. +this is an approach that has been developed by a couple researchers at dartmouth medical school, lisa schwartz and steven woloshin. +so that's what i want to walk you through. +so we thought the patient might actually want to know the context as well. +but we're not using it. it's just sitting there. +i want to say a word for nature because we haven't talked that much about it the last couple days. +the bee is not calling the shots. +ugh. mini-me. +now, the other use of this is practical. +he waits three days, and then we towed in something called the eggmobile. +and the species in the soil go to work basically chewing through those roots, decomposing them -- the earthworms, the fungi, the bacteria -- and the result is new soil. +and so i say that i want to build a game layer on top of the world, but that's not quite true because it's already under construction; it's already happening. +and if you're happy with that, fantastic. +so the first one -- the most famous appointment dynamic in the world -- is something called happy hour. +you should get points for doing this on time. +why go from an a to an f or a b to a c? +and we've introduced a progression dynamic into it, where, by going to the same place over and over, by doing challenges, by engaging with the business, you move a green bar from the left edge of the screen to the right edge of the screen, and you eventually unlock rewards. +this next decade is the decade of games. +so you can see: here we are in the u.s., and they're all coming up red. +and if we can switch to slides -- all right, here we go. +they run google ads, and we just give them the ad credit so they can let organizations know. +you can see, even though the u.s. is still the majority here -- though, by the way, search-wise, it's only about 30 percent of our traffic -- but it's already going to japan, and the u.k., and europe, and all the rest of the countries. +i think usually, as companies get bigger, they find it really hard to have small, innovative projects. +froogle lets you search shopping information, and blogger lets you publish things. +but the idea is, like, on a newspaper, for example, we show you relevant ads. +so, "related searches," right there. you can't see it that well, but we decided we should put in this feature into our adsense ads, called "related searches." +now this rather old photo up there is actually the first project i was ever hired to do, something like 25 years ago. +and to do that meant creating the flattest gradients that had ever yet been made, which meant building long viaducts across river valleys -- this is actually the viaduct across the thames at maidenhead -- and long tunnels such as the one at box, in wiltshire. +what makes technology useful and usable? +and instead of installing the large-scale machines used by western producers, they used low-cost cad / cam prototyping technology. +now the industrial systems of brunel's time have run their course, and indeed they are part of the problem today. +so for me, this project shows kind of how far we can go from some of those sort of small things that i was working on at the beginning of my career. +in response, he gave me an even more courteous version of the same explanation. +people must choose for themselves, sometimes sticking to their guns, regardless of what other people want or recommend. +the assumption then that we do best when the individual self chooses only holds when that self is clearly divided from others. +of course, you and i know that coke is the better choice. +it's not a marker of liberation, but of suffocation by meaningless minutiae. +in france, the doctors decided whether and when the life support would be removed, while in the united states, the final decision rested with the parents. +but the history books and the daily news tell us it doesn't always work out that way. +and so one time i was in a beauty salon, and i was trying to decide between two very light shades of pink. +sheena iyengar studies how we make choices -- and how we feel about the choices we make. at tedglobal, she talks about both trivial choices and profound ones, and shares her groundbreaking research that has uncovered some surprising attitudes about our decisions. +then i was so happy that i kept playing with the robot, and so you see the robot has a front rudder here. +so i brought to you for the first time on the ted stage protei number eight. it's not the last one, but it's a good one for making demos. +this is a proud member of protei from korea, and on the right side, this is a multiple-masts design proposed by a team in mexico. +when senior fellow cesar harada heard about the devastating effects of the bp oil spill in the gulf of mexico in 2010, he quit his dream job and moved to new orleans to develop a more efficient way to soak up the oil. he designed a highly maneuverable, flexible boat capable of cleaning large tracts quickly. but rather than turn a profit, he has opted to open-source the design. +ph: there's been an uneasy relationship between the tv business and the tech business, really ever since they both turned about 30. +i mean, how did a machine that was built for accounting and artillery morph into media? +enter the atomic bomb. +and then, the 92 nuclear power plants that it would take to provide the power would fill up the rest of los angeles. +then take it and put it right up against the screen of your own television set, and rub it out from the center to the corners, like this. +if you substitute the word blogosphere, of the internet today, it is very true that his understanding is probably very enlightening now. let's listen in to him. +and into that ferment came the microprocessor. +this method allows you to use existing videodisc materials in ways which suit your specific needs and interests. +in 1939, the radio corporation of america introduced television. +it's a customer, it's an audience, it's a person who's participating. +voice 2: well, there goes the neighborhood. +and so every time a new medium arrives, the old medium is the content, and it is highly observable, highly noticeable, but the real, real roughing up and massaging is done by the new medium, and it is ignored. +i was walking around on the streets of amsterdam and i recognized, you know, the big story from amsterdam isn't what's in the design stores, it's what's out on the streets, and maybe it's self-explanatory, but a city that hasn't been taken over by modernism, that's preserved its kind of architecture and character, and where the bicycle plays an important part of the way in which people get around and where pedestrian rights are protected. +it takes your attention; it has a great amount of emotion; it stares back at you the way that a figure might. +the dutch are good also, but the italians are good. +and i do think pattern has the capability of eradicating some of the most evil forces of society, such as bad form in restaurants, but quite seriously, it was a statement to me that one thing that you do, sort of, see is the aggressive nature of the industrial world has produced -- kind of, large masses of things, and when you -- in monoculture, and i think the preservation of diversity in culture is something that's important to us. +rob forbes, the founder of design within reach, shows a gallery of snapshots that inform his way of seeing the world. charming juxtapositions, found art, urban patterns -- this slideshow will open your eyes to the world around you. +so i built model airplanes. +and for the following 25 years, living in italy, living in america, i doled out a piece of this romance to anybody who'd pay for it -- this sense, this aesthetic feeling, for the experience revolving around a designed object. +and that's the way i work now. +he reached down. he pulled a lever. and the chair sank down. +would everybody put their hand under their bottom and feel their tailbone? +ideally you want to put the head support in the cranial area, right there. +now let's assume you go on holiday. +that's two days ago. +clearly the product you've got has got to be safe to humans. +a single female will lay about up to 100 eggs at a time, up to about 500 in her lifetime. +so freight costs aren't our biggest problem. +i found myself in a hospital in an intensive-care ward, recuperating from emergency surgery. +so, it's not really simple when somebody asks you, "where do you live, where do you work, and where do you spend all your time? +no doctor, can i remember, ever asking me, "where have you lived?" +and all of those black dots are all of the toxic release inventories that are monitored by the epa. +and i would say he got it right almost a decade ago. +i am the emperor of oranges. i am the emperor of oranges. " +i'm going to start by asking you a question: is anyone familiar with the blue algae problem? +cell membranes are phosphorus-based: these are called phospholipids. +you're going to tell me it's wasteful. +what are we to do? we are faced with a paradox. +and over time, this mushroom has evolved and adapted to seek out even the tiniest trace of phosphorus, and to put it to use, to make it available to the plant. +mycorrhiza was used in one field but not in the other. +so, examples like christopher wren's king's cross: you can see that the structural forces of the vaulting get articulated as lines, so you're really actually seeing the expression of structural force and form. +now, typically you'd think that they would all be the same: like, the chairs you're sitting in would all be the same dimension. +and here we've broken the 500 apartments up into small neighborhoods, and differentiated those neighborhoods. +that way, each one of these tools we could pay for with a few hundred dollars, and get incredible variation in the components. +finally, i'd like to just show you some of the effects of using digital fabrication. +if we go a little bit further south in our little tour of the world, we can go to the bolivian edge of the amazon, here also in 1975, and if you look really carefully, there's a thin white line through that kind of seam, and there's a lone farmer out there in the middle of the primeval jungle. +well, the colorado on a typical day in the 1950s, this is just, you know, not a flood, not a drought, kind of an average day, it looks something like this. +let's put it that way. +and yet, we don't talk about it very much. +the green areas here show where corn yields, just showing corn as an example, are already really high, probably the maximum you could find on earth today for that climate and soil, but the brown areas and yellow areas are places where we're only getting maybe 20 or 30 percent of the yield you should be able to get. +we need to face 'the other inconvenient truth.' a global crisis in agriculture. +and there's nothing we do that is more crucial to our survival. +and i thought she'd say, "oh, you know, up the lagoon somewhere, or maybe across africa," but you'll be happy to know she said it came from here, it comes from the north sea. +so it's vast. but it should come with an asterisk, and the asterisk is that it excludes two thirds of the workers of the world. +they're going to eddy in lagos. +first, it would be to understand that it could be considered a cooperative, and this is a thought from the brazilian legal scholar roberto mangabeira unger. +there are also some children who are born without arms, called congenital limb deficiency. +there are several available on the market, and here you see a few. +imagine, with somebody who's lost their whole arm, we still have four major nerves that go down your arm. +and i challenge anybody in the room to make their chest go like this. +you see him with his original device on the left there after eight months of use, and on the right, it is two months. +i could work them just by my thoughts. +ak: so i have the elbow that goes up and down. +here's amanda using an arm made by deka research corporation. +but look at all the electrodes around it. +todd kuiken: a prosthetic arm that "feels" +also, research within the continent is a lot easier to conduct due to widespread poverty, endemic diseases and inadequate health care systems. +public accountability needs to be promoted through transparency and independent review by nongovernmental and international organizations as appropriate. +now, there are around a thousand trucks and buses and cars there. +and, more importantly, they're well-dressed. +where it's blue and it's green, it means the water is really cold. +and so we have this penguin project. the wildlife conservation society has funded me along with a lot of individuals over the last 27 years to be able to produce these kinds of maps. +because we've solved the problem in chubut province, which is like a state in argentina where punta tombo is -- so that's about 1,000 kilometers of coastline -- but we haven't solved the problem in northern argentina, uruguay and brazil. +turbo's never been fed. +here's a female that's in a hurry. she's got food. +for them, nations, countries, boundaries, borders still matter a great deal, and often violently. +as you can see on this map, russia is still the largest country in the world. +they set up their own bazaars and medical clinics. +specifically, it targets japan and korea and australia, countries that are strong allies of the united states. +so what can we do to think about borders differently in this part of the world? +what might? i believe that what might solve the problem is infrastructure. +and i assure you it's every bit as important to them as it might have been to colonizers and imperialists. +in 2004, 15 new countries joined the e.u. +the post-colonial entropy that is happening around the world is accelerating, and i expect more such changes to occur in the map as the states fragment. +many people think the lines on the map no longer matter, but parag khanna says they do. using maps of the past and present, he explains the root causes of border conflicts worldwide and proposes simple yet cunning solutions for each. +and next you're going to see the long-lived mutant when it's young. +that's what it's like. and you would never know. +now you've all heard of at least insulin. +so it's really interesting, and it makes sense in a way, that they're still young, so why would they be getting diseases of aging until their old? +that's how it works. that's why we don't see the long lifespan, until we have the daf-2 mutant. +and that's the case all over the world, as you can see from these stars. +although you're looking for a drug that can solve aging in old men like me, what you could do now pretty well in the lab, if you were allowed ethically, is start a human life from scratch with altered genes that would make it live for a lot longer? +if you look at birds, which live a long time, cells from the birds tend to be more resistant to a lot of different environmental stresses like high temperature or hydrogen peroxide, things like that. +as you can see, it's impossible to read. +here's another good article about a new campaign opposing privatization of transit without any contact information for the campaign. +which leads us to the last one, which is our elections. +i can see i've got my work cut out for me here. +now to begin to overcome our ignorance of the role of brain chemistry in brain circuitry, it's helpful to work on what we biologists call "model organisms," animals like fruit flies and laboratory mice, in which we can apply powerful genetic techniques to molecularly identify and pinpoint specific classes of neurons, as you heard about in allan jones's talk this morning. +valence means good or bad, positive or negative. +you can train a fly to avoid an odor, shown here in blue, if you pair that odor with a shock. +modern psychiatric drugs treat the chemistry of the whole brain, but neurobiologist david anderson believes in a more nuanced view of how the brain functions. he illuminates new research that could lead to targeted psychiatric medications -- that work better and avoid side effects. how's he doing it? for a start, by making a bunch of fruit flies angry. +so we set up an experiment whereby we put a naked volunteer in a large cage, and in that cage we released mosquitos to see where they were biting on the body of that person. +so the problem that we face with this is that, throughout the landscape, all these pools of water with the larvae, they are scattered all over the place, which makes it very hard for an inspector like this to actually find all these breeding sites and treat them with insecticides. +here we go. +but not all patients on the transplant wait list are so fortunate. +and in my mind, i realized as a surgical pioneer that the purpose of my position of influence was surely to speak up for those who have no influence. +and so guess what, scientists around the world and in the labs are racing to convert aging adult cells -- aging adult cells from you and me -- they are racing to reprogram these cells back into more useful ips cells. +stem cells may be used to deliver growth factors to repair damaged heart muscle or be differentiated into heart muscle cells to restore heart function. +and here are the results of this wonderful project that is the system in venezuela. +so what's going on when it doesn't? +but here's what's going on here. +yeah. +and for the good of your relationships, i would encourage you to do the same. +but we don't know where, since we don't know how to read the pattern. +first, it's clearly a non-invasive, wireless form of communication. +you're familiar with these cells because they are the ones that frustrate you when you try to swat the fly. +whenever a fly reaches the midpoint of the chamber where the two odor streams meet, it has to make a decision. +whenever it comes up to the midpoint, it pauses, it carefully scans the odor interface as if it was sniffing out its environment, and then it turns around. +the other piece of good news, for a scientist at least, is that much remains to be discovered. +and it's dependent on passive patients who just take it and don't ask any questions. +thomas batuik: hi there, eric. +and you just saw a little bit of the first two with my interaction with dr. batiuk. +i had my own heart scare years ago in graduate school, when we're under treatment for the kidney, and suddenly, they're like, "oh, we think you have a heart problem." +these population studies that we've done have created tons of miracle drugs that have saved millions of lives, but the problem is that health care is treating us as averages, not unique individuals, because at the end of the day, the patient is not the same thing as the population who are studied. that's what's leading to the guesswork. +so "thank you" feel likes a really trite word, but thank you from the bottom of my heart for saving my life. +that's kellar autumn, my former ph.d. student, professor now at lewis and clark, literally giving his first-born child up for this test. +oh. one thing i want to point out is, look at stickybot. +and when i went back to research this, i realized that one of the great ted moments in the past, from nathan, we've talked about an active tail. +for those of you who remember your physics, that's a zero-angular-momentum righting response. but it's like a cat. +so we can maneuver this way. +but then as it gets closer to the tree, look at the close-up. and see if you can see it land. +so i will spend a little time at the end. +well, the problem is that we've got very complicated forces in the climate system. +this was -- this is south of the antarctic circle. +it took about 10 years to put this project together. +we've actually changed the temperature in the last century just the right amount. +and it been growing for about 600 years. +the coral can take us back hundreds and thousands of years. +so i'll close with a short discussion of ocean acidification. +now, what that means is that all of the organisms that live in the sea have evolved in this chemostatted ocean, that's the reason that they're not able to respond or adapt to this rapid acidification that's going on right now. +the idea goes like this: imagine space is a substrate of all there is. +he said, if i want to describe one more force, maybe i need one more dimension. +some of you guys will fix that one day, but anything that's not flat on a screen is a new dimension, goes smaller, smaller, smaller, and way down in the microscopic depths of space itself, this is the idea, you could have additional curled up dimensions -- here is a little shape of a circle -- so small that we don't see them. +this something else is this dancing filament of energy. +and that question is this: when we look around the world, as scientists have done for the last hundred years, there appear to be about 20 numbers that really describe our universe. +and if you watch these little fellows vibrating around -- they'll be there in a second -- right there, notice that they way they vibrate is affected by the geometry of the extra dimensions. +and now string theory comes along and says, yes, gravity, quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, all together in one package, but only if the universe has more dimensions than the ones that we see. +what i want to talk about is not that context is everything, but why is context everything. +the one on the left comes from an orange surface, under direct light, facing to the right, viewed through a sort of a bluish medium. +so, if i could have the lights down up here. +but i'm not going to change anything within those boxes, except their meaning. +move your eyes around, blink, maybe close one eye. +and they land on the flower. they stick their tongue in there, called a proboscis, and they drink sugar water. +and you'll see there is a line, a faint line going across that image. +so, now, what i want to do: i'm going to put the middle nine surfaces here under yellow illumination by simply putting a filter behind them. +so if you look at security from economic terms, it's a trade-off. +and i think that's a fundamentally interesting question. +so you can imagine how that works. +there's no real word for stuff that makes us secure, but doesn't make us feel secure. +i have feeling and reality. +i was born in new york city. +intuitive is just another word for familiar. +an example, a great example, is the risk of smoking. +strong feelings can create a model. +i mean really though, information seems like our best hope. +i said, "well, that's kind of neat. +couldn't do it. could not wait. +and let me show you what happened. +joachim de posada: don't eat the marshmallow! +this was after 9 / 11; the city was in tough times. +and we've already started construction on section two. +let me show you a slide here which illustrates the character of conflicts since 1946 until today. +and my country relies on its security through military alliance, that's clear. +my point is that you don't have to be neutral to talk. +i think that is wrong. +so what can we learn from all of this? +it's crucial to understand, i believe, because of technology and because of globalization, societies from bottom-up. +i said, "no, it's -- it's penguin shit." +and recently, i was in easter island, which is an incredibly beautiful place, and an incredibly mysterious place, because no matter where you go in easter island, you're struck by these statues, called the moai. +how long have they been standing in what positions? +so, this device here is an invisibility cloak. +this subjects food to a force about 50,000 times that of normal gravity, and oh boy, does it clarify chicken stock. +i mean, can you imagine? e.t. 's phoning home, and i'm not, like, there? you know, horrible! +now, this is what tyrannosaurus rex looks like in my living room. +so, there's more and more activity near the boat, and all of a sudden somebody shouts, "what's that in the water?" +having explained those, that will set up for what i think will be a different idea about how to go about treating cancer. +so what you can tell is you can tell the difference between an asian person and a european person by looking at their ingredients list. +but sometimes you can learn much more useful things about that. +i mean, i see patients dying every day because we don't know what's going on inside of them. +so this is the signature out of which we're trying to get patterns. +the problem is that, in cancer, there isn't something else that's inside of you. +so your house is dealing with leaks all the time, but it's fixing them. it's draining them out and so on. +so thank you very much. +february 4th, we posted it on our website. this was before super tuesday. +stage one is a group where people systematically sever relationships from functional tribes, and then pool together with people who think like they do. +if that's how you talked, imagine what kind of work would get done. +here is the greatest challenge we face in innovation. +there is, in fact, another stage. +we're great! who is not great? england! " +one of the people we interviewed was frank jordan, former mayor of san francisco. before that he was chief of police in san francisco. +pretty much everybody else who does polls. +i'm going to read a few strips. +it's why they leave lights on around the house. +it was not until the 14th century that an italian painter recognized the lap as a grecian temple, upholstered in flesh and cloth. +apricot halves like the ears of cherubim. +and it's too cerebral to animate guts and hearts and behavior when the going gets rough. +and in that light, for the religious, compassion also brings us into the territory of mystery -- encouraging us not just to see beauty, but perhaps also to look for the face of god in the moment of suffering, in the face of a stranger, in the face of the vibrant religious other. +jean vanier says that his work, like the work of other people -- his great, beloved, late friend mother teresa -- is never in the first instance about changing the world; it's in the first instance about changing ourselves. +but he watched physicists and chemists become the purveyors of weapons of mass destruction in the early 20th century. +rachel naomi remen is a better doctor because of her life-long struggle with crohn's disease. +but i recited a cheer. i recited a cheer along with everybody else. +it's different from being shy. +and this turns out to have a special power all its own, because people could feel that these leaders were at the helm, not because they enjoyed directing others and not out of the pleasure of being looked at; they were there because they had no choice, because they were driven to do what they thought was right. +this is no surprise though if you look at the insights of contemporary psychology. +and they feature as their role models really great salesmen. +and even away from the podium, when you called him to say hello, he would often end the conversation prematurely for fear that he was taking up too much of your time. +this is especially important for extroverted children too. +and then i'll come back to the beginning, and tell you a little bit more -- hopefully convince you -- that i believe that in today's world, it is really important for business leaders not only to have an idea of what their business is all about, but to have a passion for something that is meaningful. +so, one of our passions in our company, and now one of my personal passions, is to be able to really work hard at making the technology useful, accessible and affordable. +as a matter of fact, we think reaching 100 percent is very doable, even before the 2015 timeframe. in other parts of emerging countries, such as india and china, the progress has been good -- has been solid, has been good. but in places that are not as developed, places like africa, latin america and other places in the world, the progress has been rather slow. as a matter of fact, i was just recently visiting south africa. +what i mean by that is that in some parts of the world, the government plays a key role in the development of technology. +one example of this has been the one laptop per child. +you have to be a better husband than i was, because that's how you make progress. "and now he began to make sense. +i meet a lot of people who are very smart, and say, "but why can't i figure out my problems?" +i started it with one other family in 1980. +and i asked this guy, i said, "well, do you believe that human beings are responsible to make the world a little bit better place for the next generation? +i don't own a guesthouse. +it's all about more, having more. +when you read this prayer, it sounds incredibly selfish, self-centered. +now, they're 13 miles up the road in santa ana. +but he doesn't do miracles just to show off. +last year, i was invited to speak at nba all-stars game. +if you're wired to make deals, you make deals. +and i don't mean that they drop out of school in the third or fourth grade -- they don't go. +her mother had not gone to primary school. +and somewhere in the middle of south dakota, i turn to my friend and i ask her a question that's been bothering me for 2,000 miles. +and finally, i want to convince you that it is possible to step outside of that feeling and that if you can do so, it is the single greatest moral, intellectual and creative leap you can make. +but there's a second reason that we get stuck inside this feeling as well -- and this one is cultural. +well the wrong side of her body is in bandages because the surgeon has performed a major operation on her left leg instead of her right one. +the miracle of your mind isn't that you can see the world as it is. +when it comes to our stories, we love being wrong. +and to me, if you really want to rediscover wonder, you need to step outside of that tiny, terrified space of rightness and look around at each other and look out at the vastness and complexity and mystery of the universe and be able to say, "wow, i don't know. +one of the ironies of this whole system is we're discussing what to do about a system that we don't understand. we don't even know what oil is. we don't know where oil comes from. i mean, literally, it's still a source of debate what this black river of stuff is and where it comes from. the best assumption, and one of the best guesses in this stuff, is that this stuff comes out of this stuff, that these things absorb sunlight, rot under pressure for millions of years, and you get these black rivers. +what is this? this is the first transplant of naked dna, where you take an entire dna operating system out of one cell, insert it into a different cell, and have that cell boot up as a separate species. that's one month old. you will see stuff in the next month that will be just as important as this stuff. +i happened to buy that motel about three months after vivian started working there. +but given my befuddled state of mind, i ended up in the self-help section very quickly. +they didn't even see the intangible stuff higher up the pyramid. +so as i spent time with leaders in the gnh movement, i got to really understand what they're doing. +actually, in fact, if you look in the dictionary, many dictionaries define pursuit as to "chase with hostility." +we're asking 10 simple questions -- it is simplicity. +in fact, as leaders, what we need to learn is that we can influence the quality of that unit of production by creating the conditions for our employees to live their calling. +bl: all right. one, two, three. +right? if you go down below on a boat, your inner ears are you telling you you're moving. your eyes, because it's moving in register with the boat, say i'm standing still. +now here, i want to share the stage with someone quite special. right? +bl: "can you help me, henry?" what good scientist says that, right? +so we asked larry and natalie hempel to write a commentary situating the findings for scientists, right, putting in the references, and we submit it to biology letters. +bl: this is the epitome of technology. right. okay. +this is terrible, this oil -- it's in the water. +we feel so good about ourselves. +biomimicry, which is something that is an emerging science, winds up being a very important social justice idea. +california has one of the highest incarceration rates of all the 50 states. +it was a trying and scary thing for a young kid to be going through. +it's bad enough on a highway, what's it going to be like to be in the air? +this is the world -- there won't be you as a pilot. and i know the pilots in the audience aren't going to like that -- and i've had a lot of bad feedback from people who want to be up there, flying around and experiencing that. +wonderful engine. +twenty-three percent said, "yes, as soon as possible." +wires suck, they really do. +what dr. soljacic figured out how to do was separate the coils in a transformer to a greater distance than the size of those transformers using this technology, which is not dissimilar from the way an opera singer shatters a glass on the other side of the room. +and then finally, electric vehicles. +imagine, you get one of these things. you want to hang them on the wall. +and nokia as well. +so what happens to all these toxins when we die? +we want to eat, not be eaten by, our food. +thank you. +we followed my job, and it seemed like there was nothing that we couldn't do. +they're exotic. they're experimental. +so what do we make of all of this? +it's so clear, yet they're in denial. " +hospice was for people who were dying, and terence wasn't dying. +it's part of our dna as humans, and maybe it's time our healthcare system -- doctors, patients, insurance companies, us, started accounting for the power of that hope. +well, we collect data from satellites, from airplanes, from ground vehicles, from people. +this process is a very calculated process. +microsoft's stephen lawler gives a whirlwind tour of virtual earth, moving up, down and through its hyper-real cityscapes with dazzlingly fluidity, a remarkable feat that requires staggering amounts of data to bring into focus. +you need also state ownership, especially of land assets, in order to build and roll out infrastructures very quickly. +this is a very little known fact about the two countries. +by that comparison, democracy looks very, very good in terms of economic growth. +this is the world development index indicator data in the early 1990s. +these are the two pictures taken of garment factories in guangdong province and garment factories in india. +but nevertheless, the system has moved in a more liberal direction, moved in a more democratic direction. +i believe that the political reforms are a must for china to maintain its growth. +i've been spending a lot of time thinking about coffeehouses for the last five years, because i've been kind of on this quest to investigate this question of where good ideas come from. +and what they noticed was they don't have a lot of dvrs, they don't have a lot of microwaves, but they seem to do a pretty good job of keeping their cars on the road. +this is what your office should look like, is part of my message here. +and darwin kept these copious notebooks where he wrote down every little idea he had, every little hunch. +and so they ask around to a couple of their colleagues, and everybody's like, "no, i hadn't thought of doing that. +could you go the other way? +this shift is the most striking in the u.s. and in the u.k., but it's a global phenomenon. +so we're living in the age of surging income inequality, especially at the top. +we have superstar bankers. +again, this is no mere hypothetical. +the dystopia that worries me is a universe in which a few geniuses invent google and its ilk and the rest of us are employed giving them massages. +there's many of them up there. +one in a hundred. +and this one's the biggest growth industry of all, and at least six out of 10 of the people in this room will die in this form, which is the dwindling of capacity with increasing frailty, and frailty's an inevitable part of aging, and increasing frailty is in fact the main thing that people die of now, and the last few years, or the last year of your life is spent with a great deal of disability, unfortunately. +the small idea is, let's all of us engage more with this in the way that jason has illustrated. +it deprives euthanasia of its oxygen supply. +my family was on a road trip and we were in the grand canyon. +and this is really what i want to talk to you about today -- about cancer. +so, this really changed my view of looking at cancer. +tumor cells can travel through the blood vessels. +so, is it possible that the tumor cells are going to the skeletal muscle tissue, but once in contact inside the skeletal muscle tissue, myod acts upon these tumor cells and causes them to become skeletal muscle cells? +and the grandmother had never let any westerners ever see her. +and remember this picture, because i'm going to show you another picture later, but you can see how much she looks like her grandmother, although she looks so western. +and i said, "i'm 28 years old, and i live in hotels, and i'm not married." +so, i went back to korea, and i went back to hyun-sook's village, and she was gone. +and the more i tried talking to him, the less friendly he was getting. +i just think that -- what little i know about the situation, she has very little chance here of having the kind of life that you probably would like her to have. " +and he said, "the second day she was here she made up a list of all of the names of the older kids and the younger kids. +and the third night, we came back, we'd just gone out to dinner, where you saw the pictures, and we got to the front desk and the guy at the front desk said, "there's no other free rooms on your floor tonight, so if you want to put the kids five floors below you, there's a room there." +and the whole room filled with smoke in about two seconds. +and i remember, natasha didn't want us opening the door -- sorry, i was trying not to open the door, because we'd spent so much time barricading the room. +this is a tri-star, and so they let natasha actually sit in the jump seat. +gene even did a little tile work in the kitchen, which was that, "once upon a time, there was a beautiful girl that came from hills of korea to live happily ever after in atlanta." +thank you all of you. +a lot has happened in the last few years, and let's start with the planets. +in fact, even back during the ancients, the solar system in that sense would look on a diagram like this. +most of these are candidates. +so the question is: is that chemical phenomenon universal, or is it something which depends on the planet? +this understanding of chemistry actually can help us with our daily lives. +can you imagine how small it is? +let's start this new revolution at the tail end of the old one, with synthetic biology being the way to transform both our environment and our future. +then, uganda started to turn back, whereas zimbabwe skyrocketed, and some years later south africa had a terrible rise of hiv frequency. +not the drug in itself, but the treatment and the care which is needed around it. +there's a lot of things that we thought, that now, good research, done by african institutions and researchers together with the international researchers, show that that's not the case. +unaids have done good data available, finally, about the spread of hiv. +hans rosling unveils new data visuals that untangle the complex risk factors of one of the world's deadliest diseases: hiv. he argues that preventing transmissions -- not drug treatments -- is the key to ending the epidemic. +it's based on purchasing power parity. +we know that's wrong, because we conducted two great natural experiments in the 20th century to see if geography mattered more than institutions. +let's call them the killer apps. +meanwhile, there's no scientific revolution anywhere else. +that's the consumer society, and it propels economic growth more than even technological change itself. +any society can adopt these institutions, and when they do, they achieve what the west achieved after 1500 -- only faster. +that's so true. +and that's all we seem to be caring about recently. +so what this figure shows is that spiders date back to almost 380 million years. +these can be grouped into seven categories. +so i've colored in the glycines again in green, alanine in red, and the serines, the letter s, in purple. and you can see that the top repeat unit can be explained almost entirely by green and red, and the bottom repeat unit has a substantial amount of purple. +what you see here on this toughness graph is the higher the black dot is on the graph, the higher the toughness. +to borrow from the writings of a spider named charlotte, silk is terrific. +flickr is a photo-sharing service that allows people to take photos, upload them, share them over the web and so forth. +you notice we haven't got everybody who has a photo. +and worst of all, that figure at the bottom, approximately ten photos per photographer, is a lie. +this is the math underlying the 80 / 20 rule. right? +right? so, when institutions are told they are obstacles, and that there are other ways of coordinating the value, they go through something a little bit like the kubler-ross stages -- -- of reaction, being told you have a fatal illness: denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance. +the inventors don't know what the invention is. +there are people in the states right now tying themselves into knots, trying to figure out whether or not bloggers are journalists. +it was produced by analyzing their communications patterns using a lot of these tools. and doubtless the intelligence communities of the world are doing the same work today for the attacks of last week. +so a baker, and a good baker, knows how to pull or draw forth the inherent sugar trapped in the starch. +that's the challenge. okay, so, now, what we -- in the journey of wheat, let's go back and look at these 12 stages. +this takes a second, but it's a distinctive stage. +and then we have stage 12, which the textbooks call "packaging," but my students call "eating." +it's not only been killed, but it's been denied any potential for creating future life. +bacteria is in there, eating the same sugars, turning them into acids. +it's used as a symbol for transformation. +and i'm not kidding, i just think we should just say that and move forward. +they're all mounted on my instruments. +it's a bunch of crazy pictographic notation. +let's watch just another clip. +i've decided, ultimately, that this is the wrong question, that this is not the important question. +so half the time, she acted as if she liked the crackers and didn't like the broccoli -- just like a baby and any other sane person. +if we look across many, many different species of animals, not just us primates, but also including other mammals, birds, even marsupials like kangaroos and wombats, it turns out that there's a relationship between how long a childhood a species has and how big their brains are compared to their bodies and how smart and flexible they are. +and at least until they're 23, we're still popping those worms into those little open mouths. +then they test that new hypothesis and so on and so forth. +the first one is, again, remember, these are four year-olds. +oh. +and we even know something about the way the brain does this. +alison gopnik: what do babies think? +now, the only way to get around that is to actually simulate the human body and to simulate that bit of the nervous system of the brain that controls that body. +those are then selected by the algorithm, reproduced with mutation and recombinations to introduce sex as well. +now, this might look kind of trivial, but it's actually very important because this is not something you get at the moment in any interactive or any virtual worlds. +and then, finally hits the floor. +so, they wanted to have a digital version of a stuntman and that's what we've been working on for the past few months. +at the moment, doing something like this by hand would take you probably a couple of days. +there's so many things we can do with this right now. +we do have one unintentional dancer actually, the last thing i'm going to show you. +it's a children's book for the ipad. +i remember we cried profusely when the little goats we played with in the summer became biriani. +and my argument [is] that the only way for us to teach creativity is by teaching children perspectives at the earliest stage. +and you'll get paid for it. you can think about it, if you want. +which they do. +let's create a word processor that's just a word processor. +there are these "wizards" everywhere. +palm is also, especially in the old days, wonderful about this. +i write the code that fits the world today. +i made a fortune over at pixar. +in my very last example -- i do a lot of my work using speech recognition software, and you have to be kind of quiet because the software is nervous. +dp: thank you very much. +and the danger is that they can cause roughly what's a pandemic. +and i would say that we can't give up the rule of law to fight an asymmetric threat, which is what we seem to be doing because of the present, the people that are in power, because that's to give up the thing that makes civilization. +we'll hear a lot more about that from al gore very shortly. +it's a strange place inside a nanotube. +we need new anti-virals and cocktails. we need new kinds of vaccines. +and finally, i think we have to do something that's not really -- it's almost unacceptable to say this -- which, we have to begin to design the future. +i think it's time that we transitioned to a solar system-going civilization and species. +how hard is it going to be to find life on mars? +i think it's there, and i think we need to go look for it, and i think it's underground. +it's a very simple trick, and i never fail to do it when i'm sitting in a window seat. +in this cave, great areas are covered by this reddish material that you see here, and also these enormous crystals of selenite that you can see dangling down. +in order to access these sub-surface environments that we're interested in, we're very interested in developing the tools to do this. +so, we're talking about things like inflatable liners that can conform to the complex topological shape on the inside of a cave, foamed-in-place airlocks to deal with this complex topology, various ways of getting breathing gases made from the intrinsic materials of these bodies. +but when you tell someone your goal and they acknowledge it, psychologists have found that it's called a "social reality." +and so it is with archimedes, the great greek mathematician. +forgeries were painted over it, and it suffered very badly from mold. +and so before we could start imaging archimedes, we had to take this book apart. +and that's what it looks like. +but as the electrons go round at the speed of light, they shed x-rays. +this was a bad idea, because philip of macedon had a son called alexander the great, and they lost the battle of chaeronea. +because institutions at the moment confine their data with copyright restrictions and that sort of thing. +how do you read a two-thousand-year-old manuscript that has been erased, cut up, written on and painted over? with a powerful particle accelerator, of course! ancient books curator william noel tells the fascinating story behind the archimedes palimpsest, a byzantine prayer book containing previously-unknown original writings from ancient greek mathematician archimedes and others. +there are very few places in the u.s. where you can try real kobe, and one of them is wolfgang puck's restaurant, cut, in los angeles. +they did give me a tour, though. +i did a blind taste test of this with 20 people and five other olive oils. +and to try this -- i couldn't get a loaner, but i did go into the manhattan showroom of the manufacturer, toto, and they have a bathroom off of the showroom that you can use, which i used. +most of the cars that i drive, if i get up to 80 they start to rattle. +it was three days, four meals. +and in particular, i think we can learn things about learning. +it's from the game world of warcraft with more than 10 million players globally, one of whom is me, another of whom is my wife. +now, if you take a game like warcraft, you can think about it, if you like, as a great box-opening effort. +no, we want one or two monsters on the screen at any one time. +second, multiple long and short-term aims -- 5,000 pies, boring, 15 pies, interesting. +and what this means is we can predict learning, we can predict enhanced engagement, these windows, these windows of time, in which the learning is taking place at an enhanced level. +let's start with business. +and through this work, i hope to better understand the evolutionary vulnerabilities of our bodies, so that we can improve and better manage our health in the future. +and so previous studies had only focused on microscopy. +so i took a job at the united nations world food programme as a way to try to address these security issues through food security issues. +unfortunately, obesity's not only an american problem. +there's this large, consolidated farming that's led to what we eat in america, and it's really been since around 1980, after the oil crisis, when, you know, mass consolidation, mass exodus of small farmers in this country. +the icons like michael pollan and jamie oliver in his ted prize wish both addressed this last three-decade time period as incredibly relevant for food system change. +this is a construction helmet that i received two years ago at the groundbreaking of the largest project i, and my firm, have ever been involved in. +but i'm going to reduce this to the beginning of the process, into three very pedantic statements. +if we are so good at our craft shouldn't we be able to conceive of an architectural manifestation that slides seamlessly through the project's and the client's constraints? +the architectural manifestation was frankly just dumb. +you're going down into our lobby, go through the lobby with our own little dangly bits, whether you like them or not, up through the stair that leads you into the auditorium. +and the solution in terms of the balconies was to use something that we all know as a scoreboard lift. +this building has the ability, in short order, to go back to a flat floor organization such that they can rent it out. +and to remind you that here is an example in which architecture actually did something. +and i really loved this idea of the partial glimpse into somebody's life. +"i love how they were able to preserve most in everything that makes you feel close to nature -- butterflies, man-made forests, limestone caves and hey, even a huge python." +so these are some newer projects that actually aren't even launched publicly yet. +we're very used to this. +this graph that i'm clicking down here is meant to be reminiscent of a medical heartbeat graph, showing the exciting moments of adrenaline. +so, you have some really happy person holding 10 balloons, and some really sad soul holding one balloon. +he had this amazing series of hairs growing out of a mole on the left side of his face, which i'm told is very good luck. +one of the more touchy political subjects in bhutan is the use of indian cheap labor that they import from india to build the roads, and then they send these people home once the roads are built. +but i prefer for maybe 40 to 50. +and you never think you're going to be the guy who's walking down the street and, because you choose to go down one side or the other, the rest of your life is changed forever. +and — — the nurse kind of had a hysterical laugh, and i'm turning my head trying to see everybody, and i had this weird memory of being in college and raising, raising money for the flood victims of bangladesh, and then i look over and my anesthesiologist is clamping the mask on me, and i think, "he looks bangladeshi," — — and i just have those two facts, and i just think, "this could work somehow." +ed gavagan: a story about knots and surgeons +now of course, as history has gone by, it's been natural for there to be a certain amount of bleed between speech and writing. +that's what we're seeing in this fingered speech. +if you listen to the way black youth today speak, think about the use of the word "yo." +"many do not know the alphabet or multiplication table, cannot write grammatically --" we've heard that sort of thing before, not just in 1956. 1917, connecticut schoolteacher. +and then the third thing would be, please show me a sheaf of texts written by 16-year-old girls, because i would want to know where this language had developed since our times, and ideally i would then send them back to you and me now so we could examine this linguistic miracle happening right under our noses. +golan levin: software art +it is extremely unlikely the taliban would ever be able to take over the country -- extremely unlikely they'd be able to seize kabul. +and the same is true for the troops. +and yet, nobody listened to them. +very, very sadly, our foreign services, the united nations, the military in these countries have very little idea of what's going on. +but you need to look at context. +it makes failure invisible, inconceivable and inevitable. +the problem that i want to talk with you about is really the problem of: how does one supply healthcare in a world in which cost is everything? +that's what a hydrophilic surface does. +those half of you, roughly, who are women, at some point may have had a pregnancy test. +there is a very important issue here, which is that because it's a printer, a color printer, it prints colors. that's what color printers do. +so, you take the drop of blood, no further manipulations, you put it on a little device, the device filters out the blood cells, lets the serum go through, and you get a series of colors down in the bottom there. +and, of course the answer is, "you don't." +and we sent it off, and by return mail it came back. +traditional lab tests for disease diagnosis can be too expensive and cumbersome for the regions most in need. george whitesides' ingenious answer is a foolproof tool that can be manufactured at virtually zero cost. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +and we think people like this probably don't want to vote for people who look like this and are named barack obama. +and so we can look at a bunch of different variables. +but you see democrats versus republican, not a big difference based on who your neighbors are. +and you interact a lot with your neighbors -- people you like, people you might not know. +i'm a physician practicing with cutting-edge technology. +he says, "you see, when she said, 'good morning,' i picked up her fife accent. +so within a few years, in the late 1800s, early 1900s, all of a sudden, the barber surgeon had given way to the physician who was trying to make a diagnosis. +there's a real disjunction between the patient's perception and our own perceptions as physicians of the best medical care. +and to her, that spoke of a kind of attentiveness that she needed. +the good news, it's not cancer, it's not tuberculosis, it's not coccidioidomycosis or some obscure fungal infection. +i would percuss the chest. i would listen to the heart. +modern medicine is in danger of losing a powerful, old-fashioned tool: human touch. physician and writer abraham verghese describes our strange new world where patients are merely data points, and calls for a return to the traditional one-on-one physical exam. +and the answer is, if you open enough of them, yes. +and in all cases we have to ask -- what's the more likely explanation? +in the case of galileo, he had two problems when he turned his telescope to saturn. +faces of all kinds are easy to see. +i guess you can only have one miracle per building. +it was in the top five in 2005, called, "nine million bicycles in beijing." +heart and blood vessel diseases still kill more people -- not only in this country, but also worldwide -- than everything else combined, and yet it's completely preventable for almost everybody. +imagine: many of these problems could be prevented if these babies were just kept warm. +over the next five years we hope to save the lives of almost a million babies. +but what do we do for a living? +and then he went to north carolina and did it again. +and you can build an entire industry on that. +and people in white hats sailing boats. +so some people will go out and get people to be on one team. +someone stands up and says, "this one is important. +"what would happen if every time someone bought a pair of these shoes i gave exactly the same pair to someone who doesn't even own a pair of shoes?" +being a leader gives you charisma. +the sensor would have to be inexpensive, rapid, simple, sensitive, selective, and minimally invasive. +you start with some water, pour in some nanotubes, add antibodies, mix it up, take some paper, dip it, dry it, and you can detect cancer. +and so in the next two to five years, this sensor could potentially lift for pancreatic cancer survival rates from a dismal 5.5 percent to close to 100 percent, and it would do similar for ovarian and lung cancer. +my experience, however, in the islamic world is very different. +so, for example, there is the character of noora. +and why does sex make babies, and babies spell erotic disaster in couples? +what is the relationship between love and desire? +and in this space between me and the other lies the erotic élan, lies that movement toward the other. +is it a place where you can express your infantile wishes? +it won't make a dent. there is nobody at the reception desk. +child number two comes back but looks like that over their shoulder all the time. +it's focus and presence. +we managed, but sometimes those halls didn't seem exactly suited to the music i was making or had made. +they're smaller, even less reverberant, so he can write really frilly music that's very intricate -- and it works. +it meant that there could be extreme dynamics, which there weren't in some of these other kinds of music. +other singers after him went even further. +and in some ways, the music that they're writing for this place works perfectly. +and i thought: well, if this is a model for creation, if we make music, primarily the form at least, to fit these contexts, and if we make art to fit gallery walls or museum walls, and if we write software to fit existing operating systems, is that how it works? +and had such -- it was an eye-opening experience to hear them talk about the world that is yet to come through technology and science. +but this is not the first time that we've had a technological revolution. +and yet he says, "he restores my soul." +you've seen people take beneficial technological advances, such as the internet we've heard about tonight, and twist them into something corrupting. +and i knew mr. dobrynin very well, and i said, "i'm going to sit beside mrs. gorbachev tonight. +unbearable psychological pressures bear down on us. +it's difficult for them to understand that they're going to die. +i've done a lot of speaking in germany and in france, and in different parts of the world -- 105 countries it's been my privilege to speak in. +essentially, he said this: "if you bet on god, and open yourself to his love, you lose nothing, even if you're wrong. +i couldn't take it to a laboratory and experiment with it. +life is a right, not collateral or casual. +are you holding her? +i experience exponentially. +resolutions, smoke. +the women's chief of the village has this little girl, fair color like me, totally dirty. +she's highly athletic. +today, we've worked with over 300. +so i will do this. +i want to look back 20 years from now and see that there's another liberian girl, ghanaian girl, nigerian girl, ethiopian girl standing on this ted stage. +lg: you're welcome. +licklider foresaw computers doing all the routinizable work that was required to prepare the way for insights and decision making. +every interaction we have in the world is recorded by an ever growing array of sensors: your phone, your credit card, your computer. the result is big data, and it actually presents us with an opportunity to more deeply understand the human condition. +these foreign fighters had left their families in the gulf, the levant and north africa to join al qaeda in iraq. +the human goal here was to identify camps for relocation based on priority need. +and the reality of the society that we're in is there are thousands and thousands of people out there leading lives of quiet, screaming desperation, where they work long, hard hours at jobs they hate to enable them to buy things they don't need to impress people they don't like. +play a sport with a friend at lunchtime. +now i don't mean to mock, but being a fit 10-hour-a-day office rat isn't more balanced; it's more fit. +and that, i think, is an idea worth spreading. +as a black person in america, i am twice as likely as a white person to live in an area where air pollution poses the greatest risk to my health. +so how did things get so different for us? +who profits? does anything justify what the local community goes through? +and they provide habitats for our little friends! +and we are operating with a comprehensive urban planning deficit. +for his brilliant efforts, he was nearly impeached. +of the 90 percent of the energy that mr. gore reminded us that we waste every day, don't add wasting our energy, intelligence and hard-earned experience to that count. +she wrote back to me and she said, "i'm so proud to have a son that created the software that allowed these kids to make mother's day cards for their mothers." +it seems that everybody is getting into the act. +and as i move my hand, i can pop the balloons or i can move the bug. +so i showed him. +again, it's useful to think about this analogy with language. +this is completely different than automobiles. +i want to talk about this. +we're interested in finding beauty that's more than just an aesthetic; it's really a truth. +all right? now one thing about art is, art is discovery, and art is discovering yourself through your art. right? +hopefully, really understand the customer at its heart, where the customer is, live with them in america. so -- sent the team off, and actually something different happened. they went other places. +the engineers flew over, and designers got together with them, and they put their presentation together. +that's what you get furious about right? +chris bangle: great cars are great art +now as i was training in clinical medicine and hematology and oncology and stem cell transplantation, what we had instead, cascading through the regulatory network at the fda, were these substances -- arsenic, thalidomide and this chemical derivative of nitrogen mustard gas. +in effect, the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell. +and this was, unfortunately, successful. +the first is if anything is unique about this research, it's less the science than the strategy -- that this for us was a social experiment, an experiment in what would happen if we were as open and honest at the earliest phase of discovery chemistry research as we could be. +one thing you can do with a picture like this is simply admire it. +because if there had been, they would have collapsed under the gravitational pull into a huge black hole. +that's our job as cosmologists. +and this energy, according to einstein, exerts a push on the universe. +that implication was studied by boltzmann back in the 19th century. +that's the region where entropy is low. +but we now know enough about the future of the universe to say a lot more. +or maybe the big bang is not the beginning of the universe. +i had never seen an internet. +i felt very happy to be at the secondary school, so i was determined to do anything possible to receive education. +god bless. +so, here, whatever movement i do in my physical world is actually replicated inside the digital world just using this small device that i made, around eight years back, in 2000. +i took it very literally, and took my bike helmet, put a little cut over there so that the projector actually fits nicely. +the camera is actually not only understanding your hand movements, but, interestingly, is also able to understand what objects you are holding in your hand. +and why only computers? we can just play with papers. +pm: there is a lot of energy here. lots of learning. +actually it was a very hard challenge. +if you don't have open spaces, you've got to go there and open spaces. +you can build nice stations. +the first one is, you can change from what i call a [vicious] circle to a virtual circle. +you can imagine how people get happy with me watching these kinds of scenes. +i'll get to you now the incidents of the day. +that is great, that means we're going to have 10 billion minds working together, 10 billion talents together. +inca sculptures are regarded as treasures in british museums, while shakespeare is translated into every major language of the earth. +darwin himself, by the way, had no doubts that the peacock's tail was beautiful in the eyes of the peahen. +beautiful shell necklaces that look like something you'd see at an arts and crafts fair, as well as ochre body paint, have been found from around 100,000 years ago. +yes, hairstyling -- i insist on that. +we have already an autonomous vehicle. +the system is also smart enough to figure out the safest way to operate the car. +so it's actually a multi-dimensional user interface. +you must be out of your mind. " +i was leaving a seminar when it started, humming to myself, fumbling with my bag just as i'd done a hundred times before, when suddenly i heard a voice calmly observe, "she is leaving the room." +it was at this point that events began to rapidly overtake me. +i used to say that these people saved me, but what i now know is they did something even more important in that they empowered me to save myself, and crucially, they helped me to understand something which i'd always suspected: that my voices were a meaningful response to traumatic life events, particularly childhood events, and as such were not my enemies but a source of insight into solvable emotional problems. +to paraphrase chavez, once social change begins, it cannot be reversed. +what they remember is, of course, the great triumph, that the brits were beaten, and we won, and that the country was born. +and that makes it extraordinarily interesting as a place to explore. +but better -- what is more important is that they would have to concentrate sunlight. +you see the red glow in their eyes, which is the reflection of the flashlight. +they look like, maybe like sunflowers. +i was a teenager, and at 15 or 16, i guess like all teenagers, we want to just do what we love and what we believe in. +and that allows me to check my timer discretely, here, without bending my elbow. +i mean, think about it: the care we take in selecting sunglasses, or jewelry, or accessories is really important, so if it isn't beautiful, it really doesn't belong on your face. +so we called it y water. and so this is another place where it all comes together in the same room: the three-dimensional design, the ideas, the branding, it all becomes deeply connected. +in fact, you can see each logo is a little bit different. +and if anybody asks why you're carrying a condom, you can just say you like the design. +the first half will be performed by the live singers here on stage. +and what, if anything, do men have to do with it? +my father, who had fought in three wars, could not save his own sister from this suffering. +"he was flattered. +i see traditional music like a kind of rebellion, in which people can really speak their voice, especially traditional songs from other parts of the former yugoslav republic. +but no, for the protest, they dressed all in white, no makeup. +women like sakena and leah and layma have humbled me and changed me and made me realize that i should not be so quick to jump to assumptions of any kind. +we can demilitarize societies and pour resources, instead, into reservoirs of genuine security. +and i thought, "well, sir, i am not a strategist, nor am i specialist. i am merely a storyteller." +so what could this mean? +they were together while praying. +and there are two important messages, or two lessons, to take from that reality. +and the religious police imposes the supposed islamic way of life on every citizen, by force -- like women are forced to cover their heads -- wear the hijab, the islamic head cover. +it's our faith, and we will be loyal to it. +and this is a question, i think, which needs to be discussed carefully. +that's an experience that not every other muslim nation in the middle east had until very recently. +mustafa akyol: faith versus tradition in islam +it clears the forest, reveals the trees inside. +and antibody stainings like this one can be used to understand that sort of question. +darfur may have slipped from the news headlines, but the killing and displacement there continues as well, and the sheer human misery that it creates is very hard to fathom. +thus, even though every civilian killed, maimed, raped, or tortured is one too many, the fact that the number of civilian casualties is clearly lower today than it was a decade ago, is good news. +but then, is northern ireland a unique example, or does this kind of explanation only hold more generally in democratic and developed countries? +both successes and failures teach us several critically important things that we need to bear in mind if we want the good news to continue. +as a photographer for national geographic, i've portrayed it for many. +mud and minerals become substrate; there are bacteria. +on land, life turned a corner. jaws formed first; teeth came later. +extinction can come slowly, but sometimes it arrives fast. +and where it doesn't, as in greenland in winter, mars is still not very far. +so in australia, "mo" is slang for mustache, so we renamed the month of november "movember" and created some pretty basic rules, which still stand today. +and we persisted, and we got 450 guys growing mustaches, and together we raised 54,000 dollars, and we donated every cent of that to the prostate cancer foundation of australia, and that represented at the time the single biggest donation they'd ever received. +so what we did was, we took some of the money that we raised in australia to bring the campaign across to this country, the u.s, and the u.k., and we did that because we knew, if this was successful, we could raise infinitely more money globally than we could just in australia. and that money fuels research, and that research will get us to a cure. +so we piled into a taxi, and this is our taxi driver, and i was sitting in the back seat, and he turned around and said, "where are you going?" +and so we said, right, we'd redefined charity. we need to redefine the way these guys operate. how do we do that? +he could see what was happening to his forest, to his environment, because he was taken under his grandfather's wing when he was only two years old to begin to learn about the forest and the way of life of his people. +he would tell you, as he told me, "i asked myself," he said, "what did my grandparents and my great-grandparents do to protect the forest for me? +we have to change. +even that wasn't enough. +he would tell you, "i'm a collector, and i curate a museum." +they have a sense of the great arc of time and their tiny place in it. +he went around once, he went around twice, he went around thrice. +on the banks of a river called the indus, now in pakistan. +you should not be sisyphus, who rolls a rock up a mountain all day only to find the boulder rolled down at night. +you see, the indians also had a river that separates the land of the living from the land of the dead. +the denominator of the gymnosophist's life was infinity. +there is no orchestra conductor. +and i would see the exasperation between my american and european colleagues, when they were dealing with india. +so, there is nothing right or wrong in what you do in life. +and so the next time you meet someone, a stranger, one request: understand that you live in the subjective truth, and so does he. +you're afraid if you look for your passion and don't find it, you'll feel like you're an idiot, so then you make excuses about why you're not going to look for your passion. +you know what? here's a little secret. +you need 20 interests, and then one of them, one of them might grab you, one of them might engage you more than anything else, and then you may have found your greatest love in comparison to all the other things that interest you, and that's what passion is. +what do you want me to say? +"look kid. i had a dream once, too, but -- but." +and that's why you're not going to have a great career, unless -- unless, that most evocative of all english words -- unless. +you may recall a year ago when a firestorm erupted after the united states preventive services task force reviewed the world's mammography screening literature and issued a guideline recommending against screening mammograms in women in their 40s. +so it's easy to see this tumor in the upper part of this fatty breast. +and sooner or later, we're going to have to accept the fact that health care innovation can't always come at a much higher price. +so here we were, a nuclear physicist, an internist, soon joined by carrie hruska, a biomedical engineer, and two radiologists, and we were trying to take on the entrenched world of mammography with a machine that was held together by duct tape. +here's an example from that screening study. +we still need to complete the screening study using the low dose, and then our findings will need to be replicated at other institutions, and this could take five or more years. +the babies that we were carrying when my patient first asked me this question are now both in middle school, and the answer has been so slow to come. +i can look at your financial records. +or should we respect his privacy, protect his dignity and leave him alone? +what's a moral operating system? +i'm just going back and forth; i'm not getting anywhere. +if you think that way, you have a platonist moral framework. +not just because it rang earlier, but i'm going to take it because i made a little calculation. +what's the formula? +or like kant, did i use reason to figure out what was intrinsically right? " +dum ta da da dum dum ta da da dum well, your musician friend will stop you and say, "you know, the theme music for your data revolution, that's an opera, that's wagner. +it's our invisible reality. +and this noise is the most neutral. +definitely not perfect. so you would probably shut it, at this point. +you have to know that today, roughly one or two every drug pills is not taken correctly. +i designed it to help kids to follow the treatment. +so, huge tragedy. +because the roots of the plant are not very effective. +now we can eat local food. +so, if you believe the media accounts, being a drug dealer in the height of the crack cocaine epidemic was a very glamorous life, in the words of virginia postrel. +and in the words of malcolm gladwell, crack cocaine was the extra-chunky version of tomato sauce for the inner city. +he was really a curious sight to be seen. +went up to the floor, the second floor, and said: "hey, guys. +now, the group i really want you to think about, though, are the ones at the bottom, the foot soldiers. +we found in our gang -- and, admittedly, this was not really sort of a standard situation; this was a time of intense violence -- of a lot of gang wars -- as this gang actually became quite successful. but there were costs. +but what happened was, the rules changed, and they never got to make partner. +and the words of a gang member capture it quite nicely. +from there i started with skydiving. +2005 i did a base jump from the eiger, from the monk and from the jungfrau, three very famous mountains in switzerland. +i know the answer to this, but how do you land? +and do you ever say, "no, no i'm not going to." +i think there is a socializing dimension in, kind of, moving that border. +is art about that? +so the movement with your legs will change the color of your horizon. +and "ha-ha, there is a picture and here is i. and what does it matter?" +in the spectacular large-scale projects he's famous for, olafur eliasson creates art from a palette of space, distance, color and light. this idea-packed talk begins with an experiment in the nature of perception. +i think that's got to be scaring a lot of animals away. +we need a nasa-like organization for ocean exploration, because we need to be exploring and protecting our life support systems here on earth. +when she was 10 years old in 1927, she published her first book of poems called "the janitor's boy." +and my blood froze when i read that because i had written the plain-song music 130 years after he'd written the letter. +natalie merchant sings from her new album, & lt; em & gt; leave your sleep. & lt; / em & gt; lyrics from near-forgotten 19th-century poetry pair with her unmistakable voice for a performance that brought the audience to its feet. +they are very different from us in body form. +so as an adult, when i started to read about the amazing breakthroughs with penny patterson and koko, with sue savage-rumbaugh and kanzi, panbanisha, irene pepperberg, alex the parrot, i got all excited. +this is what the internet looked like when it was born and you can call that the internet of middle-aged white men, mostly middle-aged white men. +joining me are three of our eight atlantic bottlenose dolphins: 20-year-old chesapeake, who was our first dolphin born here, her four-year-old daughter bayley, and her half sister, 11-year-old maya. +that's a number only that congress can appreciate. +what that means is that what we're learning with these interactions with other species will teach us, ultimately, how we might interact with an alien from another world. +all right, well thank you all so much for joining us. +and now people from iran are talking to me. +they have graphic designers. what? +and this whole list of pages on facebook dedicated to the same message, to people sending their love, one to each other. +remember that image from the beginning? +and i'm just going to take a picture of it, and i'm just going to post it on facebook with kind of "israelis for peace" or something. +as you can see, a project evolves through a series of generations of design meetings. +but then we had a meeting with a chinese businessman who saw our design and said, "wow, that's the chinese character for the word 'people.'" so, apparently this is how you write "people," as in the people's republic of china. +china symbolized by the dragon. +you can try it. +if you do come to copenhagen, you will probably see an installation by ai weiwei, the chinese artist. +so if you go back into the parking, into the corridors, it's almost like traveling into a parallel universe from cars and colors, into this sort of south-facing urban oasis. +and our main idea was to sort of sample the seven most significant mountains of the topography of azerbaijan and reinterpret them into urban and architectural structures, inhabitable of human life. +and i must say, before i go on, i should ask every one of you to try and get out pen and paper because i'm actually going to ask you to help me to look at how we do that. +because we can't solve problems. +so what i'm proposing is really to say that we have, for a very long time, had a situation when we've had a menu of choices. +and then you ask, why economists? +but it's saying that what we can do about it is very little, at a very high cost. +the incidence of malaria is about a couple of [million] people get infected every year. +so again, what we focus on is prevention rather than treatment, at first rate. +of course, that's mainly because climate change has good pictures. +the only two requirements were that they were studying at the university, and they spoke english. +over the past hundred years, the combination of liberal democracy and private capitalism has helped to catapult the united states and western countries to new levels of economic development. +i put it to you today that it is this system that is embodied by china that is gathering momentum amongst people in the emerging markets as the system to follow, because they believe increasingly that it is the system that will promise the best and fastest improvements in living standards in the shortest period of time. +i'm here to also tell you that there are lots of shifts occurring around what china is doing in the democratic stance. +but i put it to you that if the united states and european countries want to remain globally influential, they may have to consider cooperating in the short term in order to compete, and by that, they might have to focus more aggressively on economic outcomes to help create the middle class and therefore be able to hold government accountable and create the democracies that we really want. +in this vein, we can increase economic growth. +that if you live in the best climate, in san diego in the united states, or in the shittiest climate, in buffalo, new york, you are going to be just as happy in either place. +and so even if we make those very important decisions for very silly reasons, it remains statistically true that there are more georges living in georgia and there are more dennises becoming dentists and there are more paulas who are married to paul than statistically viable. +and i of course knew stuff, as a designer, about typography, even though we worked with those animals not so successfully. +after about three days, the bubbles will appear on the surface of the liquid. +and using indigo, make it anti-microbial. +suzanne, just a curiosity, what you're wearing is not random. +bao yongxiu: "my mother tells me to come home and get married, but if i marry now, before i have fully developed myself, i can only marry an ordinary worker, so i'm not in a rush." +many articles calculate: how long would it take for this worker to work in order to earn enough money to buy what he's making? +another time, after min had already left the handbag factory, her younger sister came to visit, bringing two coach signature handbags as gifts. +thank you. +in 2009, there were 500 bomb blasts across pakistan. +step two: they teach the children the koran, which is islam's holiest book, in arabic, a language these children do not understand and cannot speak. +this boy is called messoud. +we've flown the cassini spacecraft by this moon now several times, flying closer and deeper into these jets, into the denser regions of these jets, so that now we have come away with some very precise compositional measurements. +we're always sort of small in the face of its expanse. +and that connection is an unequivocally physical process. +they looked for the unwired places, and that's meant north and south, primarily these cables to africa. +thank you. +and this material that's deposited either starts as a liquid form or a material powder form. +the detail that you can get today is quite amazing. +but it's very hard to create that in standard ways. +you can just make it physically on the spot. +we're now, instead of shipping a product across the world, we're sending data across the internet. +businesses want different things. +but it wasn't just us. even in the muslim world, his definition of jihad began to gain acceptance. +what does that mean for us in the west? +but that's still not reason for us to disengage, because we've seen that movie before, in afghanistan. +al jazeera brought information to them, showed them what was being said and done in the name of their religion, exposed the hypocrisy of osama bin laden and al qaeda, and allowed them, gave them the information that allowed them to come to their own conclusions. +thank you. +i was struck immediately by the kindness and the gentleness in her face, and i asked her to tell me her story. +she lives with all of that insecurity, and in fact, in january, during the ethnic riots, she was chased from her home and had to find a new shack in which she would live. +i truly believe it's where dignity starts. +by the way, the secret is not to go to sleep until you've written your words for the day. +i had just taken trigonometry in high school, i learned about the parabola and how it could concentrate rays of light to a single focus. +i'm glad you heard earlier today, batteries are unbelievably energy -- lack of density compared to fuel. +you take a problem that you can't solve with a pure mathematical answer, you build an evolutionary system to try multiple tries at guessing, you add sex -- where you take half of one solution and half of another and then make new mutations -- and you use natural selection to kill off not as good solutions. +so what you see here is 12 separate petals, that each could be controlled with individual microprocessors that would only cost a dollar. +so, once you have mobility, now you're making a lot of engines because you've got lots of units, as opposed to steam ships or big factories where you're not making as many units, so this was the engine that ended up benefiting from mass production where all the other engines didn't benefit. +you move that up and down with a little bit of energy but now you're only shifting the air down to the hot end and up to the cold end, down to the hot end and up to the cold end. +so now you put the two things together. +so this is the first test where we took it outside and each of the petals were individually seeking. +it's just unbelievable what the potential is to take advantage of solar energy there, and i'm really excited to talk more about finding ways we can help with that. +bill gross: a solar energy system that tracks the sun +but still, we look at the pieces. +and out of that field campaign we'll probably get a few dozen papers on a few dozen processes or molecules. +and that was a good thing to help, you know, the cause. +so, good things come out of, you know, incomprehension -- -- which i will do a painting of, and then it will end up in my work. +i work for the new yorker, and i do covers, and 9 / 11 happened and it was, you know, a complete and utter end of the world as we knew it. +and "would" is coco chanel's lover, "should" is edith sitwell, and "could" is an august sander subject. +and then, we don't have a stuffed spinoza, but we do have a stuffed pavlov's dog, and i visited him in the museum of hygiene in st. petersburg, in russia. +i received a box in the mail and it was wrapped with newspaper and there was the picture of the man on the newspaper and he was dead. +so -- and that's a song about how everybody's miserable because, you know, we're from russia. +maira kalman: the illustrated woman +but nevertheless, there's no real sense of separation from me in my heart, in terms of the love that i feel for these people. +so, as we are climbing the tree, some of the things that we're doing in order to climb the tree are actually undermining the tree's very root. +they'll be cooking, cleaning, buying things, shopping, building. but they aren't here. +we were hoping that it wass going to have a kind of evil, spidery walk, but instead it created this pretty lame way of moving forward. +katrina showed us that we cannot completely depend on government to have readiness in hand, to be capable of handling things. +for example, all masks are made in china. +add on pandemic threat, you're in big trouble. +let's see, should we order that all pets be kept indoors? +in the sars epidemic, we learned in hong kong that most of transmission was because people were removing their masks improperly. +every city, county, state did their own thing. +the institute of medicine study felt that you could not recycle masks. +clearly the bottom line is the virus eventually attenuates, and ceases to be a lethal virus to humanity, and finds other hosts. +in terms of where we are in science with dna identification capacities and so on, it's not that far off. +we've never seen anything even remotely like this before. " +it's really maneuverable. you have a hand-held remote, so you can pretty easily control acceleration, braking, go in reverse if you like, also have braking. +okay, i cheated, it was a mere 20 seconds. +but in america you have to explain. what are clubs? +i found two trees -- but not any kind of trees, trees with character -- and then a very long rope. +the murmur of the city dissolves into a squall whose chilling power i no longer feel. +you know that, right? +i make the dove appear. +i want you just for a second to experience this amazing human symphony. +and what i'd like to do is take you up to the canopy, not by putting all of you into ropes and harnesses, but rather showing you a very short clip from a national geographic film called "heroes of the high frontier." +we've done stripping experiments where we've removed mats of epiphytes and looked at the rates of recolonization. +we consult to the media about canopy questions; we have a canopy newsletter; we have an email listserv. +i saw the power of duke's song with urban youth -- an audience, you know, i as a middle-aged professor, i don't have a hope of getting to -- in terms of convincing them of the importance of wildlands. +i brought my scientific colleagues and sustainability practitioners into the prison. +once upon a time, the world was a big, dysfunctional family. +so we are moving to this democratization of information, and i've been in this field for quite a while. +so that's open-source and it can be used in any country where there is some kind of freedom of information law. +skepticism, because you must always be challenging. +they're watching all of us. they've dug a basement, and they've built a spy center to try and run algorithms and figure out which ones of us are troublesome, and if any of us complain about that, we're arrested for terrorism. +now, when you think of a coral reef, this is what most people think of: all these big, hard, elaborate corals and lots of bright, colorful fishes and things. +over time, those gas molecules dissolve into your blood and tissues and start to fill you up. +and this rig was actually used for a dive of 300 feet. +now, as we breathe, we produce carbon dioxide, and that carbon dioxide needs to be scrubbed out of the system. +and i can talk about it all day -- just ask my wife -- but i want to move on to something that's kind of much more interesting. +we also see sharks, much more regularly than i would have expected to. +now, i don't know if any of you get u.s. news and world report -- i got the recent issue. +now, this one's pretty cool. +the reason i show this -- not to put a downer on everything -- but i just want to use it to key off my philosophy of life in general, which is that we all have two goals. +despite the fact that each and every one of these disorders originates in the brain, most of these disorders are diagnosed solely on the basis of observable behavior. +research shows that 50 percent of children, almost 50 percent of children diagnosed with autism are actually suffering from hidden brain seizures. +they don't come back several times, so it really chronicles a journey. +richard saul wurman: i remember hearing him talk at penn. +louis kahn, yes! +he could not probably give the right kind of love for you, but for us, he has given the people the right kind of love, that is important. +what if they look up at the night sky, at the same stars, but from the opposite side? +where's the line that marks that? +zircons that are mined in the jack hills of western australia, zircons taken from the jack hills of western australia tell us that within a few hundred million years of the origin of the planet there was abundant water and perhaps even life. +now drake did not discover extraterrestrial intelligence, but he learned a very valuable lesson from a passing aircraft, and that's that terrestrial technology can interfere with the search for extraterrestrial technology. +so, if that's right, why did we only capture four out of those 151 minds? +come with me to the bottom of the world, antarctica, the highest, driest, windiest, and yes, coldest region on earth -- more arid than the sahara and, in parts, colder than mars. +but under the surface is a hive of industrial activity periodically, this drill, like a biopsy needle, plunges thousands of feet deep into the ice to extract a marrow of gases and isotopes for analysis. +don't we already know the consequences of a changing climate on our settled civilization? +the old story about climate protection is that it's costly, or it would have been done already. +and serious competition from europe, from korea, and next is china, which will soon be a major net exporter of cars. +it's financeable in the private capital market. +this is not very gratifying after more than a century of devoted engineering effort. +each one is formed by one fairly cheap die set, instead of four expensive ones for stamping steel. +for example, fee-bates, a combination of a fee and a rebate in any size class of vehicle you want, can increase the price of inefficient vehicles and correspondingly pay you a rebate for efficient vehicles. +and make the transition to more efficient vehicles go faster. +there's six billion dollars on the table. +we launched two titles in october -- "rockett's new school" -- the first of a series of products -- is about a character called rockett beginning her first day of school in eighth grade at a brand new place, with a blank slate, which allows girls to play with the question of, "what will i be like when i'm older?" +girl 6: like, if you were a girl and you were really adventurous and a real big tomboy, you would think that girls' games were kinda sissy. +bl: i'm going to fast-forward to the decision point because i know i don't have a lot of time. +brenda laurel: games for girls +i also need alcohol and morphine, because it's the only way i can work. " +many sociologists like veblen and wolfe would argue that the reason why we take origins so seriously is because we're snobs, because we're focused on status. +there are now dozens, perhaps hundreds of studies showing that if you believe you're drinking the expensive stuff, it tastes better to you. +people have murdered those that they loved, believing that they were murdering an imposter. +then we asked them, "how much would you pay for george clooney's sweater?" +they just don't like it. +as many of you know, this is the composition where the pianist sits at a bench, opens up the piano and sits and does nothing for four minutes and 33 seconds -- that period of silence. +paul bloom: the origins of pleasure +so what i'm going to show you is all of the main things, all of the main features of my discipline -- evidence-based medicine. +"a glass of red wine a day could help prevent breast cancer." +and the claim was fish oil pills improve school performance and behavior in mainstream children. +two sugar pills a day beats one sugar pill a day. +again, not an insane dose, not an illegal dose, but very much at the high end of normal. +so you can see here that the small negative trials that should be on the bottom left have disappeared. +we already have the data showing that it reduces the duration of your flu by a few hours. +and pretty soon, they began shipping that coal, ton by ton, rail car by rail car, boatload by boatload, back to china and elsewhere around the world. +can you imagine what you would feel if you were in my shoes? +it's all about oil; you know that, everybody knows that. +there's this thing, this militarization of the world, and it's centered right in the united states. +and what do you see? they're christians. +and this word here, george bush called this war a crusade. +you've got to see this -- bible boot camp. +of course, you got it wrong. +and what i want you to do is picture her as a chinese woman receiving a chinese flag because her loved one has died in america in the coal uprising. +can you feel their anger, their fear, their rage at what has happened in their country? +and suddenly, without realizing it, you're seeing the world differently. +communication walls, i don't have to tell you -- the internet -- have come tumbling down. +more than ever before it is these types of ideas which are driving growth on the cutting edge. +and that means an increase incentive to do research and development, which benefits everyone in the world. +i think of the great indian mathematician, ramanujan. +twentieth century: a little bit over two percent. +when i was writing up my notes oil was $140 per barrel. +if we were to wipe out insects alone, just that group alone, on this planet -- which we are trying hard to do -- the rest of life and humanity with it would mostly disappear from the land. +60,000 species are known to science, but more than 1.5 million have been estimated to exist. +what will we find as we map the living world, as, finally, we get this underway seriously? +human-forced climate change alone -- again, if unabated -- could eliminate a quarter of surviving species during the next five decades. +it makes all key information about life on earth accessible to anyone, on demand, anywhere in the world. +well, commercial hunting happened. +sorrow, anger, mourning. +there's just some bits that are band-tailed pigeon. +alberto worked with the bucardo in spain. +well birds are pretty hard-wired, as it happens, so most of that is already in their dna, but to supplement it, part of ben's idea is to use homing pigeons to help train the young passenger pigeons how to flock and how to find their way to their old nesting grounds and feeding grounds. +another interesting project, though it's going to need some help, is the northern white rhinoceros. +there's going to be unintended consequences. +he ran and worked in a factory. +and i liked making that book because i loved using my imagination, and that's what writing is. +i drew funny pictures of my teachers -- -- and i passed them around. +i just wanted a video camera. +i set up a studio and i tried to get published. +mrs. alisch cut in front of the line and said, "i taught him how to read." +i said, "mrs. alisch, how are you?" +when i was visiting my terminally ill father in a hospital, i was asking myself, how does anybody get well in a place that sounds like this? +this is affected massively by reverberation time, how reverberant a room is. +what does it cost to treat a classroom down to that 0.4-second reverberation time? +i love that phrase. +in "upwake" buildings wear suits, zero tap dances on a giant keyboard, clones himself with a scanner, tames and whips the computer mice, sails away into dreamscape from a single piece of paper and launches into space. +but the teachers came to me afterward and told me they hadn't seen the kids that attentive. +it's motion and emotion. +in the netherlands -- where i come from -- you actually never see a pig, which is really strange, because, on a population of 16 million people, we have 12 million pigs. +and in cheesecake and all kinds of desserts, like chocolate mousse, tiramisu, vanilla pudding, everything that's cooled in the supermarket, there's gelatin to make it look good. +and can you send me a bullet? " +christien meindertsma, author of "pig 05049" looks at the astonishing afterlife of the ordinary pig, parts of which make their way into at least 185 non-pork products, from bullets to artificial hearts. +tell a kid you're sorry, they're in shock. +i have things to do, people to impress, and places to go. " +will you like all your children? of course not. +now, this is one model of how language comes to be: namely, it's legislated by an academy. +a handy thing to have, because language is infinite, and you can't just parrot back the sentences that you've heard. +you can think of this as the language of thought, or "mentalese." +now, i'm sure most of you have seen the movie "fargo." +in dating, the transition from friendship to sex can lead to, notoriously, various forms of awkwardness, and as can sex in the workplace, in which we call the conflict between a dominant and a sexual relationship "sexual harassment." +so you get the best of both worlds. +i tend to win those arguments, because i know the tricks. +so we have these models -- argument as war, argument as proof, and argument as performance. +oh, and one more thing, and as an educator, this is the one that really bothers me: if argument is war, then there's an implicit equation of learning with losing. +what we need is new exit strategies for arguments. +why do we argue? to out-reason our opponents, prove them wrong, and, most of all, to win!... right? philosopher daniel h. cohen shows how our most common form of argument -- a war in which one person must win and the other must lose -- misses out on the real benefits of engaging in active disagreement. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +this is learning something, learning an idea, from an organism and then applying it. +learning about the natural world is one thing; learning from the natural world -- that's the switch. +life can't afford to do that. how does life make things? +imagine making all of our hard materials that way. +power of shape: here's a whale. we've seen that the fins of this whale have tubercles on them. and those little bumps actually increase efficiency in, for instance, the edge of an airplane -- increase efficiency by about 32 percent. +and we use all of them, even the toxic ones. +ok, so that's the healing one. +and in ways both big and small, the narrative of the victim shapes the way we see women. +why are you so passionate? " +microfinance is an incredibly powerful tool that leads to self-sufficiency and self-respect, but we must move beyond micro-hopes and micro-ambitions for women, because they have so much greater hopes for themselves. +you know why? +and when i was applying to business school and felt certain i couldn't do it and nobody i knew had done it, i went to my aunt who survived years of beatings at the hand of her husband and escaped a marriage of abuse with only her dignity intact. +but it was a little bit boring. +but the way that humans tell the stories has always evolved with pure, consistent novelty. +and now all bets are off. +and yet, all the press is focused on that. +about 10 years ago, i was at a cocktail party with a friend of mine, and we're sitting there, and he was complaining about the crows that he had seen that were all over his yard and making a big mess. +and in all that area, they're only rarely found breeding more than five kilometers away from human beings. +so, it turns out we've been finding more and more that crows are really, really intelligent. +in fact, that's old hat for crows. +so, when they get really used to that, we move on to the crows coming back. +i think that crows can be trained to do other things. +so the management of electrolux took our pile, our list of incentives, and they went outside the room for 17 minutes, and they came back in and they said, "wow, this is the most generous any community has ever been to try to keep jobs here. +as we know, only half the states have opted in. +every region has something to offer, and if you created a competition, it respects the states and it respects federalism. +if you hadn't noticed, our media climate generally provides a very distorted mirror of our lives and of our gender, and i think that's going to change. +when they're monitoring your clickstream -- and you know they are -- they have a really hard time figuring out your age, your gender and your income. +the future entertainment media that we're going to see is going to be very data-driven, and it's going to be based on the information that we ascertain from taste communities online, where women are really driving the action. +up goes the bird, out come the words, "juanito, juanito, vente a comer mi hijo!" +you might wanna avert your gaze, because that is a newt about to regenerate its limb, and shaking hands spreads more germs than kissing. +okay. now on the left you can see the hand -- that's the big arrow -- and the penis on the right. the hand hovering. +and i said, "so, could you do it right here?" +i actually suggested to -- there is a researcher at the university of alabama who does orgasm research. +doctors back then were routinely telling men the importance of pleasuring their wives. +british sexologist roy levin has speculated that this is perhaps why men evolved to be such enthusiastic and frequent masturbators. +and i said, "so why don't you just stimulate the clitoris of the pig? +and the woman would have sex with it. +and yet, despite everything going really well for john, he was struggling, fighting addiction and a gripping depression. +now i know that seems ludicrous. +pull the knot. +and it seemed to me even he felt really bad facing these unorganized red squares day after day. +we are only happy when things are in order. +so we can also see that very clearly in this next painting. +and i think the whole thing adds up much better if you do it like this. +but after a while, i just decided here to go all the way and put the paint back into the cans. +and i started to bring some order into some flags. +he had a dixieland jazz band when we were growing up, and he would always cover louis armstrong tunes. +and moms grab their kids out of the way and say, "don't stare!" +that's right, that's right; i'm no longer a victim. +it's as though intent is an essential component for humanity. +in fact, maybe that's the problem. +they were trying to answer the question of what would human beings do now that they were no longer simply trying to survive? +i was in a wheelchair; i didn't look like a looter. +this is what we must demand of our lives, of our objects, of our things, of our circumstances: living with intent. +i didn't have an exact address, but i knew his name, abed, i knew that he lived in a town of 15,000, kfar kara, and i knew that, 21 years before, just outside this holy city, he broke my neck. +but abed did not slow, and on that xeroxed piece of paper, my neck again broke, and again, i was left without anger. +were all of us the results of things done to us, done for us, the infidelity of a parent or spouse, money inherited? +and as i sat contemplating what to say, a woman approached in a black shawl and black robe. +no, i was quiet. i was quiet because i had not come for truth. +"um, abed," i said, "i thought you had a few driving issues before the crash." +yes, contrast. +i built the head. they built the body. +and it sees multiple people in a scene, remembers where individual people are, and looks from person to person, remembering people. +someone invited me to a meeting, but couldn't manage to fit me in to a regular sort of conference room meeting, and said, "i have to walk my dogs tomorrow. could you come then?" +and i did a little calculation of this. +for example, dan pink's talk on motivation, which was pretty good if you haven't seen it: "drop carrot. drop stick. bring meaning." +they used their six words to talk back to me and ask me if i'd been too much on google lately. +and i would only pay $99.50 -- so stay even below a hundred dollars for it. +okay, part one starts back in 1929 when the great astronomer edwin hubble realized that the distant galaxies were all rushing away from us, establishing that space itself is stretching, it's expanding. +expressed in the relevant unit, it is spectacularly small. +so particle masses, the strengths of forces, and most importantly, the amount of dark energy would be determined by the shape of the extra dimensions. +and in those universes that have much less dark energy, well they collapse back on themselves so quickly that, again, galaxies don't form. +because such a mechanism has been found by cosmologists trying to understand the big bang. +you see, we learned that our universe is not static, that space is expanding, that that expansion is speeding up and that there might be other universes all by carefully examining faint pinpoints of starlight coming to us from distant galaxies. +we can understand how to understand the data from the microwave background radiation that was set down 13.72 billion years ago -- and yet, we can do calculations today to predict how it will look and it matches. +you're going to meet milo for the first time. +you can lean back, but the camera will change its perspective depending on which way you're looking. +milo: i wonder how deep it is. +now, to do that, we needed a set up, like a magician's trick. +you cleaned up my room. +and suddenly she sees a tank ambling down the main road of sarajevo knocking everything out of its path. +i believe a story there has to be told. +and that's pretty much why i do it. +and all i can really do is hope, not to policymakers or politicians, because as much as i'd like to have faith that they read my words and do something, i don't delude myself. +and that's exactly what we did 10 years ago. +just fast forward 10 years. +as fast as we can reset our computers, the brain activity shifts to start representing this new tool, as if this too was a part of that primate's body. +and i was five years old, and i never understood why nasa didn't hire captain kirk and spock to do the job; after all, they were very proficient -- but just seeing that as a kid made me believe, as my grandmother used to tell me, that "impossible is just the possible that someone has not put in enough effort to make it come true." +why would we waste this money on you? " +and that brings me to my first major of two tenets of "half the sky." +in india, in the first year of life, from zero to one, boy and girl babies basically survive at the same rate because they depend upon the breast, and the breast shows no son preference. +so what would some of the specific challenges look like? +so that meant she was incontinent; she couldn't control her wastes. +well, when she had her second daughter, her mother in-law told her son, "i think you'd better get a second wife. +the twins started producing milk. +we also think that individuals can make a difference, and they should, because individuals, together, we can all help create a movement. +sheryl wudunn's book "half the sky" investigates the oppression of women globally. her stories shock. only when women in developing countries have equal access to education and economic opportunity will we be using all our human resources. +why not? i mean, that's what we do. +and this cumulative cultural adaptation, as anthropologists call this accumulation of ideas, is responsible for everything around you in your bustling and teeming everyday lives. +the other option we could choose was to develop the systems of communication that would allow us to share ideas and to cooperate amongst others. +and this is why our species has prospered around the world while the rest of the animals sit behind bars in zoos, languishing. +and this is also true of some remote oceanic islands. +to put it this way, nature knows no other circumstance in which functionally equivalent traits coexist. +biologist mark pagel shares an intriguing theory about why humans evolved our complex system of language. he suggests that language is a piece of "social technology" that allowed early human tribes to access a powerful new tool: cooperation. +and what i'm most interested in is the invisible space between a text and its accompanying image, and how the image is transformed by the text and the text by the image. +this is the only federally funded site where it is legal to cultivate cannabis for scientific research in the united states. +this is the death star. +for the men in these photographs, the primary cause of their wrongful conviction was mistaken identification. +he ended up serving 18 and a half years of an 80 year sentence for rape and robbery. +last year alone, 99 federally declared disasters were on file with fema, from joplin, missouri, and tuscaloosa, alabama, to the central texas wildfires that just happened recently. +so the first idea i had, initially, was just to go the federal and state governments and go, "here, take it, for free." +our school would show bill nye the science guy. +we have dawn orbiting vesta, and we have over here new horizons on a straight shot to pluto. +there's a point to be made here. +so given that that's true, how good are we at increasing our happiness? +we also find that people are more averse to losing than they are happy to gain. +so when people's symptoms go away, they tend to recur, because there isn't a sense of the other half -- of what pleasure, happiness, compassion, gratitude, what are the positive emotions. +it wouldn't eat. it wouldn't sleep. it wouldn't have sex. +and even studies of cooperation show that cooperation between individuals lights up reward centers of the brain. +i seize command by physical prowess, and i keep it by beating my chest, and you make submissive gestures. +i end with a few quotes. +why would you choose rats? +once the animal knows click, food, click, food, click, food -- so click is food -- we bring it in a cage with a hole, and actually the animal learns to stick the nose in the hole under which a target scent is placed, and to do that for five seconds -- five seconds, which is long for a rat. +it means that, if you have t.b., you have more chance that you won't be detected, but will just die from t.b. secondary infections and so on. +and by just presenting the samples once more to the rats and looping those results back, we were able to increase case detection rates by over 30 percent. +and this is truly the most amazing thing in the world. +now, what is the significance of these mirror neurons? +in other words, if somebody touches me, my hand, neuron in the somatosensory cortex in the sensory region of the brain fires. +it emerges from our understanding of basic neuroscience. +so, that's 20 micrometers across, that pollen grain there. +this is a bee's leg with the pollen glommed onto it from a mallow plant. +four very different habitats might look similar, but they've got very different pollen signatures. +it's certainly what i learned when i was training. +we have effective therapies now. +and she started, the women's health initiative. +some women have those heart attacks, but a whole bunch of women have this kind of heart attack, where it erodes, doesn't completely fill with clot, symptoms are subtle, ekg findings are different -- female-pattern. +now what are the implications of that? +and those little red boxes are deaths. +we still have two to three more women dying for every man. +so if we can be as good as breast cancer and give women this new charge, we have a lot of lives to save. +we copy this in the lab by outfitting cell culture systems with electrodes. +and in the case of the flora in our gut, these cells may not even be human. +but there's also a scientific reason that drove this project, which was to use this natural longitudinal data to understand the process of how a child learns language -- that child being my son. +the way to interpret this apparently simple graph is, on the vertical is an indication of how complex caregiver utterances are based on the length of utterances. +now we freeze the action, 30 minutes, we turn time into the vertical axis, and we open up for a view of these interaction traces we've just left behind. +this has become my favorite way of videographing just about any space. +and there are, again, now tens of millions of these links that give us the connective tissue of social graphs and how they relate to content. +and then i went on to reflect, "isn't it amazing, this entire database, all these recordings, i'm going to hand off to you and to your sister" -- who arrived two years later -- "and you guys are going to be able to go back and re-experience moments that you could never, with your biological memory, possibly remember the way you can now?" +mit researcher deb roy wanted to understand how his infant son learned language -- so he wired up his house with videocameras to catch every moment of his son's life, then parsed 90,000 hours of home video to watch "gaaaa" slowly turn into "water." astonishing, data-rich research with deep implications for how we learn. +a second part of the brain is called the dorsal stream. +we make meaning by seeing, by an act of visual interrogation. +secondly, making them interactive. +this is a laundry chute, and this right here is a shoe last. +but i get a lot of toilets, and so you just dispatch a toilet with a hammer, and then you have lumpy tiles. +but you've never seen this one before. +and in there he said that cultures tend to swing between one of two perspectives. +and so if something isn't standard, "oops, dumpster." "oops" this. "oops, warped." +the problem is we can't afford it. +all we have to do is look at what one company did with carbonated prune juice. +that exacerbates and continues this model. +that is, our housing has become a commodity. +in this funny and insightful talk, builder dan phillips tours us through a dozen homes he's built in texas using recycled and reclaimed materials in wildly creative ways. brilliant, low-tech design details will refresh your own creative drive. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +and the reason i think it would be so interesting to you is because consciousness is so interesting. +there is no more drastic and sudden gap created between potential and actual mind than a severe head injury. +but if you look into the eye of consciousness, that single eye you can see, i'm looking down, but let me tell you how i felt at that point. +the global perspective is that up to 30 percent of children in school have learning weaknesses that are not self-correcting, but with appropriate treatment, they can be screened for and detected and corrected and avoid their academic failure. +the answer is yes, and for the first time, it's my pleasure to be able to share two examples. +imagine the blood flowing through your body -- i was told at ucla medical center -- as one sealed system. +so it goes in and it stays there. +and so i was sitting in this restaurant, waiting for a man to come by who obviously would have some difficulty... +and if you walk faster, if i walk faster, it detects what's called the time interval, which is the interval between each heel lift. +and i started in our medical university, karolinska institute, an undergraduate course called global health. but when you get that opportunity, you get a little nervous. i thought, these students coming to us actually have the highest grade you can get in swedish college systems -- so, i thought, maybe they know everything i'm going to teach them about. so i did a pre-test when they came. +now what has happened since 1962? we want to see the change. +where are the different countries? i can show you africa. +yemen, civil war. united arab emirate, money which was quite equally and well used. +everything in this world exists in africa. and you can't discuss universal access to hiv [medicine] for that quintile up here with the same strategy as down here. the improvement of the world must be highly contextualized, and it's not relevant to have it on regional level. we must be much more detailed. +and that's a quite clever guy, huh? +but it slightly bores me. +so i had a really quite happy life at indiana. +and certainly, neither crick or i were chemists, so we tried to build a model. and he knew, francis knew wilkins. +and i read it, and it was just -- it was crap. +and we knew we were right. +but that's the only -- no, we were only photographed twice. +so, we started with breast cancer because there's lots of money for it, no government money. +were they crazy also, and we didn't know it? +you need to know that the average patent troll defense costs two million dollars and takes 18 months when you win. +now what did i learn from this case? well, three things. +behold, patent infringement via mobile device -- defined as a computer which is not stationary. +it was a huge success. +they laughed together. +now i bet, in this audience, you're thinking of some really incredible technology, some stuff that i haven't even heard of, i'm absolutely sure. +bruce aylward: oops. jon, polio's almost been eradicated. +so what we're looking for is a permanent solution. +it deteriorates so quickly in the tropics that we've had to put this special vaccine monitor on every single vial so that it will change very quickly when it's exposed to too much heat, and we can tell that it's not a good vaccine to use on a child -- it's not potent; it's not going to protect them. +within a couple of years, every country that started polio eradication rapidly eradicated all three of their polio viruses, with the exception of four countries that you see here. +he lives in a family home there with his eight brothers and sisters. +and this started an incredible collaboration with industry, and within six months, we were testing a new polio vaccine that targeted, just two years ago, the last two types of polio in the world. +it's ready to reach them with bed nets, with other things. +and is it easy to raise that money? +and she took us on a journey and revealed something very special to us -- her own daughter, eight days old. +dj: now one of the big things, of course, everybody knows that cats hate water, and so this was a real revelation for us. +bj: so, as dereck says, we have to work through extremes -- extreme temperatures, push ourselves at night. +it was phenomenal, and we felt grateful that she trusted us to that extent. +but i have to tell you -- everybody always asks, "what happened to the baby baboon?" +and that's probably because we haven't seen it like we are today. +my title: "queerer than we can suppose: the strangeness of science." +science has taught us, against all intuition, that apparently solid things, like crystals and rocks, are really almost entirely composed of empty space. +if we'd evolved in a vacuum, we would expect them to hit the ground simultaneously. if we were bacteria, constantly buffeted by thermal movements of molecules, it would be different, but we middle worlders are too big to notice brownian motion. +what we see of the real world is not the unvarnished world but a model of the world, regulated and adjusted by sense data, but constructed so it's useful for dealing with the real world. +miracles are just events that are extremely improbable. +we'd be different, our characters would be different, if our neuro-anatomy and our physiological chemistry were different. +i went to notre dame university and graduated with degrees in accounting and german, including spending a year of study in austria. +all of us have disabilities in one form or another. +can you show us how good of a pilot you are? +moving on from this, the next person to explore this field was a gentleman called hans jenny in the 1970s. +then on the right we can see a cymatically created snowflake. +their pictures became part of our collective consciousness and, as consciousness evolved into a shared sense of conscience, change became not only possible, but inevitable. +and it's terribly endangered. +and you don't necessarily have the sense that twitter is in fact a very heavily brazilian space. +it's the economy of moving these heavy, slow atoms over long distances that's very difficult to do. +you start looking at how the global plane flights move, and you suddenly discover that the world isn't even close to flat. +when you look at the new york times, you look at other elite media, what you largely get are pictures of very wealthy nations and the nations we've invaded. +nor do i think we are by ourselves, actually going to solve the problem. +there's a group right now in china called yeeyan. +not only does she have to keep our israeli and palestinian contributors from killing each other, she has to figure out what is going to interest you about the middle east. +he knows one world, and he's finding a way to communicate it to another world, both of which he has deep connections to. +we have to fix our immigration policy. +in afghanistan, for example, we haven't just had one election or two elections. we've gone through three elections, presidential and parliamentary. and what do we find? +it's not that it guarantees peace with itself or with its neighbors. +the public is losing faith in democracy, says british mp rory stewart. iraq and afghanistan's new democracies are deeply corrupt; meanwhile, 84 percent of people in britain say politics is broken. in this important talk, stewart sounds a call to action to rebuild democracy, starting with recognizing why democracy is important -- not as a tool, but as an ideal. +the short answer is, actually, they're from japan. +this is a billboard that says: "welcome to the birthplace of general tso." +let's go back to mid-1800s when the chinese first came to america. +for example, there is french chinese food, where they serve salt and pepper frog legs. +so, like, ok, maybe it had to do with the patterns on the little pieces of paper -- you know, like, it was a diamond, or, you know, diagonal. +so me, general tso's chicken and this logo are all karmacally related. +finally, in about the sixteenth century, a physician whose name was theophrastus bombastus aureolus von hohenheim, called paracelsus, a name probably familiar to some people here -- -- good, old paracelsus found that he could predict the degree of convulsion by using a measured amount of camphor to produce the convulsion. +he relapsed a little bit, they gave him a series of treatments, and he was essentially cured. +it had to do with being brought up in a family where no one spoke english, no one could read or write english. +and they tried everything they had. +well, he said, "can't we try a course of electroshock therapy?" +and things got better and better, and within three or four months, i was discharged from that hospital, and i joined a group of surgeons where i could work with other people in the community, not in new haven, but fairly close by. +so one of the reasons that i have come here to talk about this today is to -- frankly, selfishly -- unburden myself and let it be known that this is not an untroubled mind that has written all of these books. +i believe the concept of global citizenship will simply grow out of people talking to each other across continents. +now, what is remarkable is that civil rights in america were achieved in the 1960s. +but i think this is the frustration that perhaps a lot people have, like people in the audience here, where we love the kind of language that you're talking about. +and we have had a speaker who said that very thing, and swallowed a sword right after that, which was quite dramatic. +i mean, the great difficulty in europe is if you're at a meeting and 27 people speak, it takes a very very long time. +and then the secretary general of the united nations "when will our international institutions work?" +so the question is, how do you reinvent something that has been around for five millennia? +and the most remarkable feat is that my hand actually stayed still long enough to do that. +and you see here a picture of a tissue section. +some of the greatest innovations and developments in the world often happen at the intersection of two fields. +if you don't like the subject or the performance, you can hold the red. +data: a couple of new jersey hunters are out in the woods. +so this is actually the first time we've ever done live audience feedback to a performance. +what can we do together that benefits us both? +strangeness is that calibration of closeness and distance that enables me to find the people that i need right now, that enables me to find the sources of intimacy, of discovery, and of inspiration that i need right now. +it all began for him during world war ii, when at age 17 he found himself thrust into a forged documents workshop. +i was born in algeria. +so at the age of 14 my father had to work. +but it was only the beginning. +he also explained to me that i had a brother, too, and the first time i saw them i must have been three or four, and they were 30 years older than me. +europe was not spared either. +this is bad news, but perhaps surprising to you, it's also part of the good news. +never have we seen, in the past 50 years, such a sharp decline of ecosystem functions and services on the planet, one of them being the ability to regulate climate on the long term, in our forests, land and biodiversity. +as a sideline, you know that the only red flag that popped up here was a submarine from an unnamed country that planted a red flag at the bottom of the arctic to be able to control the oil resources. +what you see here in black line is the safe operating space, the quantified boundaries, as suggested by this analysis. +under the realization from tourist operators, fishermen, the australian great barrier reef authority and scientists that the great barrier reef is doomed under the current governance regime. +the key though in all of these, the red thread, is the shift in mindset, moving away from a situation where we simply are pushing ourselves into a dark future, where we instead backcast our future, and we say, "what is the playing field on the planet? +though it's actually true, you know, the reason i'm talking to you right now is because i was born in brazil. +but i wasn't into selling whiskey; i was into selling ice. +"the snail." +this is "6,500 yards," after corot. "9,000 yards," after gerhard richter. +they do a dna scan of this, they will come up with a great mailing list. +a hanger. +and we can then see the result of such mutations when we compare dna sequences among us here in the room, for example. +and later, between 100 and 50,000 years ago or so, went out of africa to colonize the rest of the world. +there is another thing with those traits that we so easily observe in each other that i think is worthwhile to consider, and that is that, in a very literal sense, they're really on the surface of our bodies. +statistically speaking, there is no difference in how often the neanderthal matches one african or the other. +they meet neanderthals, mix with them, continue to spread over the world, and somewhere in southeast asia, they meet denisovans and mix with them and continue on out into the pacific. +so sustainability is quite important for us, which should incorporate social but as well as environmental and economic values. +so let's compare the old world with the new world. +we have social areas inside the aircraft which might turn into a place where you can play virtual golf. +these are survival skills. +this is our body wisdom. it's not something that is mediated by our language. our body just knows that, and we've known that for a long time. +there are millions of individuals with autism all around us. +well, it's hard to do that, so we had to create the technologies. we had to basically step inside a body. +it's almost as if that stimulus, you, you're not exerting influence on what happens as they navigate their daily lives. +early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder can improve the lives of everyone affected, but the complex network of causes make it incredibly difficult to predict. at tedxpeachtree, ami klin describes a new early detection method that uses eye-tracking technologies to gauge babies' social engagement skills and reliably measure their risk of developing autism. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +if you're an outboard personnel, now you stand up. +you are going to hit the ground. +i was raised with traditional stories of leadership: robert e. lee, john buford at gettysburg. +more importantly, the force that i led was spread over more than 20 countries. +i asked, "where were you on 9 / 11?" +i learned they are the sinew which hold the force together. +and if you're a leader, the people who count on you need you on your feet. +she then assigned these works racial identities, basically saying to me that the work on the right, clearly, was made by a black artist, the work on the left, clearly, by a white artist, when, in effect, that was the opposite case: bob colescott, african-american artist; leon golub, a white artist. +what that might mean for cultural movements all over this moment, the "me, we" seems incredibly prescient totally important. +so, what do i discover when i look at artworks? +they downloaded it from disney.com, or one of these websites, 14 days after putting the computer in their village. +this is a 15 year-old boy. +i called in 26 children. +but 30 percent is not a pass. +i gave them six gcse questions. +you can't catch me. +they typed it into google, translated it into italian, went back into italian google. +["oedipus rex"] ["the lion king"] ["titus"] ["frida"] ["the magic flute"] ["across the universe"] julie taymor: thank you. thank you very much. +the next moment, as soon as they finished and disappeared into the shadows, a young man with a propane lantern came on, hung it up on a tree, set up a curtain. +i love the apparent truth of theater. +ariel: i boarded the king's ship. in every cabin, i flamed amazement. +and as she was there on the edge of that stage, two stagehands all in black with watering cans ran along the top and started to pour water on the sand castle, and the sand castle started to drip and sink, but before it did, the audience saw the black-clad stagehands. +what the hell are we doing up there on that stage? +julie taymor: spider-man, the lion king and life on the creative edge +you choose. it's your bakery, your street, your country -- not mine. " +and so, on a micro level, there's a real role for this combination of investment and philanthropy. +and i really understood what patient capital meant emotionally in the last month or so. because the company was literally 10 days away from proving that the product they produced was at the world-quality level needed to make coartem, when they were in the biggest cash crisis of their history. +in our first year, the first net went off the line in october of 2003. +she was very much like those women sitting behind the sewing machines. +now, when we first started talking to ok go -- the name of the song is "this too shall pass" -- we were really excited because they expressed interest in building a machine that they could dance with. +the machine itself would start the music. +it doesn't matter what temperature it is, doesn't matter what's in its way; it will pretty much get where it needs to go. +and now to introduce their music video, we have ok go. +and so we built some very sophisticated radio antennas just for probing both walls and searching for an air gap. +so we thought of an augmented reality application using a tablet. let me show you just simulating what we could be doing, any of us could be doing, in a museum environment. +and the later it fails, the worse the consequences. +it's a disease that runs in my family, and we really hope that cells like these will help us find a cure. +i've tried to show in this -- though the color doesn't come out -- that what i'm concerned with is the little 50-year time bubble that you are in. you tend to be interested in a generation past, a generation future -- your parents, your kids, things you can change over the next few decades -- and this 50-year time bubble you kind of move along in. and in that 50 years, if you look at the population curve, you find the population of humans on the earth more than doubles and we're up three-and-a-half times since i was born. when you have a new baby, by the time that kid gets out of high school more people will be added than existed on earth when i was born. +your great-great grandparents got by on muscle power, and yet we all think there's this huge power that's essential for our lifestyle. and with all the wonderful technology we have we can do things that are much more efficient: conserve, recycle, etc. +it's part of a long-term program nasa sponsored. +all right. +well, inspired by the sentences, i decided to wield the paintbrush. +thank you. +"it'd be like putting a piece of toast through a basketball hoop, wouldn't it?" +over thousands of years ago, he proved that for us. +he proved it was prime with nothing more than a quill, ink, paper and his mind. +it took him, by his estimate, "three years of sundays." +it's because of curtis cooper that we know, currently the largest prime number we know, is 2 ^ 57,885,161. +we live in an age where some of the great breakthroughs are not going to happen in the labs or the halls of academia but on laptops, desktops, in the palms of people's hands who are simply helping out for the search. +and what was so gorgeous about this discovery was 50 years ago peter higgs and his team considered one of the deepest of all questions: how is it that the things that make us up have no mass? +in fact, growing up in tasmania, it always was incredibly exciting when we got a chance to see a tasmanian devil in the wild. +scientists around the world were intrigued by this cancer, this infectious cancer, that was spreading through the tasmanian devil population. +he's a tasmanian devil that we found with a large tumor on his face. +he's a dog that belongs to a family in mombasa in kenya. +however, under some circumstances, it can happen. +so if we're married, we're more likely to have kids. +so most of us put ourselves above average on most of these abilities. +number two: regardless of the outcome, the pure act of anticipation makes us happy. +so they tend to expect the future to be worse than it ends up being. +but if someone started off saying, "my average likelihood of suffering from cancer is about 10 percent," and we said, "hey, bad news. +and what he's doing is he's passing a small magnetic pulse through the skull of the participant in our study into their inferior frontal gyrus. +and i believe there's a way for us to do that. +it really should be called the recovery or return of asia. +but think of what it does to how we think in traditional terms and concepts. +the tectonic plates of world politics were shifting. +you know, it looks at economic power measured by gdp. +and as i said earlier, china has not passed the united states. +now i don't mean to be pollyannaish about this. +in fact, they've accounted for half of all civil wars. +and why is it so difficult initially? +so the donors have to stick with this situation for at least a decade. +and indeed, unfortunately, if you navigate by needs you get a very unfocused agenda, because in these situations, needs are everywhere, but the capacity to implement change is very limited. +there's one sector which isn't exposed to international trade, and which can generate a lot of jobs, and which is, in any case, a sensible sector to expand, post-conflict, and that is the construction sector. +the planning function and policy function stays with the ministry; the delivery of services on the ground, you should use whatever works -- churches, ngos, local communities, whatever works. +what's the goal? +there are important distributional consequences, and they're not what you always might think. +we need better planning and systems for evacuation. +it makes sense, right? there's open space, the planes can take off and land without worrying about creating noise or avoiding tall buildings. +there are no quick fixes. +t: most importantly... s: most importantly... +jw: so is english mania good or bad? +now this has raised all sorts of questions. +and he asked that particular person, what do crows and fish have in common? +they weren't willing to engage in this. +well, in 1900, three percent of americans practiced professions that were cognitively demanding. +now over the last century, in developed nations like america, moral debate has escalated because we take the hypothetical seriously, and we also take universals seriously and look for logical connections. +you have to say, well, blackness of skin, you couldn't suffer just for that. +one of the ways in which we would like to deal with the sophistication of the modern world is through politics, and sadly you can have humane moral principles, you can classify, you can use logic on abstractions, and if you're ignorant of history and of other countries, you can't do politics. +i'm a public school teacher, and i just want to share a story of my superintendent. +it could have been dentistry, but the word "experimental" was in it, and so that's what i had to go for. +it's a story that's a testament to teaching and teachers. +and so that gesture of my mother's continues through many generations. +i offer them the job, they can turn it down, and then they choose their own cabinet. +see, mr. hunter is doing that because he says his time has messed up a lot, and he's trying to tell us how to fix that problem. +this is the world peace game. what is wrong with you? " +"let's ask that mom to read the letter. +this is about my friend brennan. +he rings the bell again. he says, "we have" -- and there's 12 seconds left on the clock -- "we have, all nations, pooled all our funds together. +in india, we had the naxalite movement, the [unclear] movement. +when you pump in air in a bicycle, you use a bit of this. +they always make a triangular roof. +now this is a little pump with which you could inflate a balloon. +but this is great fun for children. +i just put this inside this. +they are fused together, so you can't separate them. +there are no patents. anyone can make it. +this is called "the captain's hat story." +and the ship sinks, and the captain has lost everything, but for a life jacket. +so i'm going to talk about some projects that have explored these ideas. +the way we tend to use resources is we extract them, we turn them into short-life products and then dispose of them. +and we'd also have a coffee shop, and the waste grains from that could be used as a substrate for growing mushrooms. +so amazing example of an adaptation to a very resource-constrained environment -- and in that sense, very relevant to the kind of challenges we're going to be facing over the next few years, next few decades. +so this is how this scheme would look. +they're not just possible; they're critical. +and if i want to start having children by the time i'm 35, that meant that i would have had to have been on my way to marriage five years ago. +now, there was one small catch. +and they say to me, "stop complaining." +for me, the hobbies that i have are really just new work projects that i've launched. +she said she is "silly, nice and friendly." +remember, i'm somebody who said that i speak fluent japanese and i know javascript and i was okay with that. +obviously, i'm having a fabulous life, so -- -- the question is, what does all of this mean for you? +i know most of you have had the experience of coming back home and finding your kids playing these kinds of games. +imagine you're driving in a fog. that makes a difference between seeing the car in front of you and avoiding the accident, or getting into an accident. +but a few kids are sad and blue because they've forgotten their coat. +that's a multimedia-tasker. +so let me illustrate that step with a task which is called mental rotation. +daphne bavelier: your brain on video games +you get something a little bit more complicated. +well, this has deep implications about the limits of science, about predictability and controllability of things like biological processes or economies, about intelligence in the universe, about questions like free will and about creating technology. +so let's try asking a question, like a health related question. +so, i'm pretty pleased with it all. +then, the idea is that wolfram alpha will be able to figure out what precise pieces of code can do what they're asking for and then show them examples that will let them pick what they need to build up bigger and bigger, precise programs. +but in at least a large class of cases, one can think of the universe as being like some kind of network, which, when it gets big enough, behaves like continuous space in much the same way as having lots of molecules can behave like a continuous fluid. +that was astonishing. +there are very few doctors and, quite frankly, these countries do not have the resources that are needed to cope with such epidemics. +and this is only done in four hours, 50 times faster than the current state of the art, at a cost that will be five to 500 times cheaper than the current options. +it's because my mother was denied an education, and she constantly reminded me and my siblings that she never wanted us to live the life she was living. +well, my dream of becoming a teacher will not come to pass. +i was lucky because one, also, my mom did something that most women don't do. +this should have been given to a boy. we can't do this. " +i learned that she did not have to be abused because she is a woman. +and yes, she was older to be in fourth grade. +and we will live in a very peaceful world. thank you very much. +it took us 50 years to reach annual savings ratings of almost 10 percent. 50 years. +so we're starting to pay for things with money that we have. +we're going to go through four value-shifts that we see driving new consumer behaviors, that offer new management principles. +another quick example of these types of movements is the rise of zynga. +but they also talk about the fact that their executives, all of their expense reports are put onto their company intranet for everyone to see. +another great example is fidelity. +the traditional thing would be to boycott right? +it's been tremendously powerful for consumers. +i know a woman who's good at this. +go home to your husband -- what does he need? +in fact, i grew up observing two different kinds of womanhood. +we tend to form clusters based on similarity, and then we produce stereotypes about other clusters of people. +i skipped school often and dreamed of becoming a sailor during those days. +for me, like millions of other people around the world today, english is an acquired language. +many authors feel this pressure, but non-western authors feel it more heavily. +but there were times when i wanted to remind both sides that this was fiction. +books have saved the introverted, timid child that i was -- that i once was. +audre lorde once said, "the white fathers taught us to say, 'i think, therefore i am.'" she suggested, "i feel, therefore i am free." +i think these are the basic elements of all creativity. +now, american copyright and patent laws run counter to this notion that we build on the work of others. +that is all there is to it. apple has patented this. +he records a song called "blind willie mctell," named after the blues singer, and the song is a voyage through the past, through a much darker time, but a simpler one, a time when musicians like willie mctell had few illusions about what they did. +just look at google maps here. there's block 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. +and one of the first victims of difficult economic times, i think, is public spending of any kind, but certainly in the firing line at the moment is public spending for science, and particularly curiosity-led science and exploration. +it's about 500 kilometers in diameter. +so below the ice, there's an ocean of liquid around the whole moon. +well, this looks like a picture of virtually nothing. +and one of the astonishing predictions of quantum mechanics, just by looking at the structure of atoms -- the same theory that describes transistors -- is that there can be no stars in the universe that have reached the end of their life that are bigger than, quite specifically, 1.4 times the mass of the sun. +it was made in stars like that, locked away and then returned to the universe in explosions like that in order to recondense into planets, stars, new solar systems and, indeed, people like us. +but it visited jupiter, saturn, uranus and neptune. +thank you. +the red dots you see up there are sites that are behavioral tracking that i have not navigated to, but are following me. +pretty simple -- it's huge business. +thank you for being here. +you're walking to make us feel bad. " +i was 27. i thought i knew everything. +and they said, "don't worry about that." +now this was a discussion class and we were having a discussion. +my dad said, "that's one," and i still didn't let that go. +i was walking through el dorado -- it's a prison town, famous prison, or infamous prison -- in venezuela, and i don't know what possessed me, because this was not like me. +but i know i needed to. +but even as a child, i could feel the heaviness in their hearts. +hope kept me alive. +my father tried very hard to motivate me into studying, but it didn't work. +in north korea, i made it myself. +i just wanted to say that i miss you, and i love you, and please come back to me and stay alive. +i was asked to design the building, because the theme of the expo was environmental issues. +that's the responsibility of architects. +i started commuting to kobe, and i met the society of vietnamese people. +i brought my japanese students to work with the chinese students. +i used the shipping container and also the students helped us to make all the building furniture to make them comfortable, within the budget of the government but also the area of the house is exactly the same, but much more comfortable. +and those two roles came together for me in a book that i wrote called "origins." +now why would this kind of fetal learning be useful? +and often it does something more. +when food is scarce, they divert nutrients towards the really critical organ, the brain, and away from other organs like the heart and liver. +but there's another way of thinking about ptsd. +mt: this faith in the fictional is essential for any kind of theatrical experience. +the audience is led to make assumptions or elaborations that are perfectly reasonable, but do not, in fact, match what is being done in front of them. +and if the story is a good one, it might even make us smile. +so what i'm asking for is the creation of a new job title -- i'll come to this a little later -- and perhaps the addition of a new word into the english language. +but i was at a ted event recently and esther duflo, probably one of the leading experts in, effectively, the eradication of poverty in the developing world, actually spoke. +one of them also being, although logically it's quite a good idea to have a lift with no up and down button in it, if it only serves two floors, it's actually bloody terrifying, okay? +because, if the board of directors convince everybody that the success of any organization is almost entirely dependent on the decisions made by the board of directors, it makes the disparity in salaries slightly more justifiable than if you actually acknowledge that quite a lot of the credit for a company's success might actually lie somewhere else, in small pieces of tactical activity. +so the first thing i'd like is a competition -- to anybody watching this as a film -- is to come up with a name for that stuff on the bottom right. +i become the medium through which the music is being channeled, and in the process, when all is right, the music is transformed and so am i. +because this is about 10 dollars of additional hardware if you already have a nintendo wii. +but i also learned very soon thereafter that jesus also said, and i'm paraphrasing, the poor would always be with us. +the truth be told, i was giving out of that place, not out of a genuine place of hope and excitement to help and of generosity. +for the first time, actually, in a long time i wanted to meet those individuals, i wanted to meet these entrepreneurs, and see for myself what their lives were actually about. +i just got this impression that the money would work. +because as that happens, i think we can feel free to interact in a way that's more open, more just and more creative, to engage with each other and to help each other. +so with that in mind, this particular incident has led to the things that i'm working on now. +so that's what i'm working on now. +there is nothing bigger or older than the universe. +the universe can spontaneously create itself out of nothing. +but we are entering an increasingly dangerous period of our history. +i'm a designer and an educator. +in other words, i look for aliens, and when i tell people that at a cocktail party, they usually look at me with a mildly incredulous look on their face. +that's a degree of an improvement that would look good on your report card, okay? +so that's not so bad. i mean, even with two dozen years, you open up your browser and there's news of a signal, or you get a cup of coffee. +it would change his day, all right? +these sorts of ideas don't really have any validity, that you can't trust the scientists. +this allows you to pay it forward by using this subject as a hook to science, because seti involves all kinds of science, obviously biology, obviously astronomy, but also geology, also chemistry, various scientific disciplines all can be presented in the guise of, "we're looking for e.t." +let me just say, look, my job is a privilege because we're in a special time. +after i was invited by ted, i did some digging, because that's what we do, to know about my host. +you find elephants, rhinos, monkeys, pigs, etc. +in a way, this was like the second birth for the child, after 3.3 million years, but the labor was very long. +what do we actually know about our ancestors? +what does that tell us? " +i think it's important to promote in a more positive way on how we see ourselves. +for example, garbage discharge, something you would think just simply goes away, but the laws regulating ship discharge of garbage actually get weaker the further you are from shore. +but the sargasso sea, the same way it aggregates sargassum weed, actually is pulling in the plastic from throughout the region. +getting closer to shore, where we are, this was in fact taken in the galapagos. +at the same time we're saying, "yes, we need more. we need to move forward." +kristina gjerde: making law on the high seas +and it's focus. norman jewison said to me, "i think it all has to do with focusing yourself on one thing." +why do people succeed? is it because they're smart? or are they just lucky? neither. analyst richard st. john condenses years of interviews into an unmissable 3-minute slideshow on the real secrets of success. +death: go to ifidie.net before it's too late. +and this man, archie cochrane, is a prisoner of war and a doctor, and he has a problem. +he very carefully and meticulously notes his results in an exercise book. +and you know, with the future billions that we've been hearing about, the world is simply far too complex to understand in that way. +there are 100,000 there. it would take you all day. +i realize that's an ambiguous statement. +even this problem, too complicated. +it didn't come because you put some incredibly smart person in charge. +it's so uncomfortable. +would you like to close down the trial now, or should we wait until we have robust results? " +but he made mistakes in a good direction. +it will stop because of the end of trade resources. +i find this argument fascinating, as though we can kind of bend the rules of physics to suit our needs. +i accept where we are. +imagine our highly-tuned, just-in-time food industry and our highly-stressed agricultural system failing and supermarket shelves emptying. +think about war. +we need to act like the future depends on it. +and i will try and give you a sense of what the ultimate reboot looks like. +and we thought we were going to be able to lay these debts off on our kids, but, guess what? +everything else is mandated. +that's the financial crisis. +graduate students wanted a way of telling which stage they were in. +this should not surprise you, right? +and all we've got is a roomba. +and about two or three years after they can hear as well as you and i can, they'll be able to hear maybe how bats sing, or how whales talk, or how dogs talk, and other types of tonal scales. +i think we're going to move from a homo sapiens into a homo evolutis. +and the people thought, "you know, you're right. +so in every car crash in which at least one person dies, they have information on all of the people. +and so if we look at recent crashes -- the whole data set is almost 30 years' worth of data -- you won't see it in the recent crashes. the new car seats are far, far better. " +so, let me show you what happens. +that's some more evidence, so in some sense -- i was criticized by a scientist, who said, "you could never publish a study with an n of 4," meaning those four crashes. +and it turned out that most people wouldn't come back, because it worked. but every once in a while, there was still a patient convinced that he was sick, and he'd come back. and my dad had a third jar of pills. +it's in 5,000 days, all this stuff has come. +so, i was trying to basically make measurements. +so by the year 2040, the total processing of this machine will exceed a total processing power of humanity, in raw bits and stuff. and this is, i think, where ray kurzweil and others get this little chart saying that we're going to cross. +right now, it's not. if you do spreadsheets and things at work, a word document, they aren't on the web, but they are going to be. they're going to be part of this machine. +mcluhan was saying, "machines are the extensions of the human senses." +so every idea is basically being supported -- or every item, or every noun -- is being supported by the entire web. +so we have this database of things. +but it'll anticipate what we're doing, in a good sense. +my journey to coming here today started in 1974. +and so i decided to write a book, a memoir, about this decade of my life. +all i have to do is humbly follow. +and i organize it. and, well, it's also a bit different because an architect versus, let's say, a dance company finally is a negotiation between one's private world, one's conceptual world, the world of ideas, the world of aspirations, of inventions, with the relationship of the exterior world and all the limitations, the naysayers. +and it had to do with the notion of walking a kilometer, observing every kilometer a particular object of desire, and then placing that within this. +and then the broader ideas of city-making start having direct influences on architecture, on the elements that make up the broader scheme, the buildings themselves, and start guiding us. +it's transparent, and it allows you to understand, i think, what is always the most interesting thing in any building, which is the actual constructional processes that make it. +we could talk about the relationship at a more biological sense of the relationship of building and ground. +they have 22 satellites zipping around at plus or minus 100 miles, and the site's in red. +well, then we get to this image. +please, also on the balcony. +you now, our brain is two to three percent of the body mass, but actually it uses 25 percent of the total energy we use. +you can continue to innovate and invent. +this is what we are using. " +it's this brain which makes this reflex. +then we would generate something all of us would like to have -- a balance between the hunger and the satiation. +and you could look at this art and you could, of course, see the complex social organization of the people who brought it into being. +10,000 square kilometers, tens of thousands of islands flung like jewels upon the southern sea. +the third noble truth said that ignorance can be overcome. +and then you do the ritual dances that empower the crosses. +they consume more coca leaves than any human population, half a pound per man, per day. +this little boy will never step outside of the sacred fields that surround the men's hut for all that time, until he begins his journey of initiation. +so, their entire year has been cut in half. +anthropologist wade davis muses on the worldwide web of belief and ritual that makes us human. he shares breathtaking photos and stories of the elder brothers, a group of sierra nevada indians whose spiritual practice holds the world in balance. +today, we use a single feedstock, petroleum, to heat our homes, power our cars and make most of the materials you see around you. +the first is selecting a feedstock, preferably something that's regional, that's in your area, right -- local manufacturing. +it actually takes a little longer. it takes five days. +good afternoon. +now of course, the moment that it does hit the outside environment, and its temperature rises by even a fraction of a degree, it immediately turns back into normal matter. +but what seems so slow and graceful from the outside is really more like chaos inside, because cells control their shape with a skeleton of rigid protein fibers, and those fibers are constantly falling apart. +as a test case, i propose we start with american dancers. +when they say to you, "what do you do?" -- you say, "i'm a statistician." +you've got to think, and i'm going to ask you some questions. +so what you want to do is compare the average number of tosses until we first see head-tail-head with the average number of tosses until we first see head-tail-tail. +if it's a tail -- well, rather disappointedly, you put the glasses away and put the champagne back. +but it turns out that unlocking the secrets in the information generated by modern experimental technologies, a key part of that has to do with fairly sophisticated -- you'll be relieved to know that i do something useful in my day job, rather more sophisticated than the head-tail-head story -- but quite sophisticated computer modelings and mathematical modelings and modern statistical techniques. +so a natural answer is 99 percent. +one explanation is that the person doesn't have the disease -- that's overwhelmingly likely, if you pick someone at random -- but the test gets it wrong, which is unlikely. +it might well be that there are environmental factors that we're not aware of, and it's pretty likely to be the case that there are genetic factors we're not aware of. +it has to do with weighing up the strength of the other evidence against her and the statistical evidence. +that's what engineers do. " +well, a couple of friends and i figured out how to do this. +there are 10 billion electrical outlets in north america alone. +and now, today i want to tell you my personal observation in the past several years, from that wall. +on the one hand, he wants to satisfy people's need of a social network, which is very important; people really love social networking. +and later this year, the rail minister was sacked and sentenced to jail for 10 years. +at the commenting area, [it makes] the chinese weibo more like facebook, rather than the original twitter. +for example, you can't post the name of the president, hu jintao, and also you can't post the city of chongqing, the name, and until recently, you can't search the surname of top leaders. +so they want an excuse -- public opinion is a very good excuse to punish him. +whatever the future is, we should fight against the [cat]. +it's acoustic vibrations in the air, little waves of energy in the air that tickle our eardrum. +now hearing loss and the treatment for hearing loss has really evolved in the past 200 years. +girl: holly. +so if we had to design a perfect cochlear implant, what we would try to do is target it to be able to allow music transmission. +cochlear implant users cannot tell the difference between these instruments. +what that suggests is that, even in the case of hearing loss, the capacity for music remains. +he is now a medical student at yale university, and he's contemplating a surgical career -- one of the first deaf individuals to consider a career in surgery. +when i look around this tedxamsterdam venue, i see a very special audience. +guns are not a part of our lives. +when he aimed, he never missed. +despite the pictures we are shown daily in the news, wars between developed countries are no longer commonplace. +the armed forces implement the state monopoly on violence. +i hope you will respect my soldiers, this soldier with this gun. +and the interesting thing is that if you change the sequence, you change the three-dimensional folding. +we want to be able to build technological artifacts that are maybe good for the world. we want to learn how to build biological artifacts, like people and whales and trees. +and then what happens? +women are much more in balance because they don't have that idea that they're going to be able to do 100 pull-ups. +but we do have the potential to overcome disease and poverty, and i'm going to talk about those issues, if we have the will. +i'm going to show you just a few examples of how pervasive this phenomena is. +there's a basic, profound acceleration of this evolutionary process. +i mean, you'd think this is the result of some tabletop experiment, but this is the result of worldwide chaotic behavior -- countries accusing each other of dumping products, ipos, bankruptcies, marketing programs. +we're understanding the software programs that make our body run. +these are some designs from eric drexler's book -- which we're now showing are feasible with super-computing simulations, where actually there are scientists building molecule-scale robots. +doug hofstadter wonders, well, maybe our intelligence just isn't great enough to understand our intelligence, and if we were smarter, well, then our brains would be that much more complicated, and we'd never catch up to it. +computers will combine the subtle pan-recognition powers of human intelligence with ways in which machines are already superior, in terms of doing analytic thinking, remembering billions of facts accurately. +inventor, entrepreneur and visionary ray kurzweil explains in abundant, grounded detail why, by the 2020s, we will have reverse-engineered the human brain and nanobots will be operating your consciousness. +so like fox mulder on "x-files," who wants to believe in ufos? well, we all do, and the reason for that is because we have a belief engine in our brains. +you've been taken out of the gene pool. +because there's nothing in this. well, allegedly there's nothing. +an increase of dopamine caused subjects to see more patterns than those that did not receive the dopamine. +the other one also, but maybe too many patterns. +well here's the late, great jerry andrus' "impossible crate" illusion in 3d, in which jerry is standing inside the impossible crate. +especially when they're upside down, you're engaging that general facial recognition software there. +some conspiracies really are true. +and this is test on some lip balms that we have over here. +i love trees, and i'm very lucky, because we live near a wonderful arboretum, and sundays, usually, i'd go there with my wife and now, with my four-year-old, and we'd climb in the trees, we'd play hide and seek. +but later the government soldiers began mistreating us a lot. +but this, surely, whoever that man is, whatever he's done, this is cruel and unusual punishment. +so the question is, how do they deal with this material? +what we're going to do now is shade the sun with a board and then move the sun with a mirror to a completely different position. +every now and then, when they climb on top of the ball, they wipe their face. +so this is called stilting. it's a thermal behavior that you and i do if we cross the beach, we jump onto a towel, somebody has this towel -- "sorry, i've jumped onto your towel." -- and then you scuttle across onto somebody else's towel, and that way you don't burn your feet. +so here's our cunning experimenter. +it's about an 8-foot-long tube of metal, it's got a hundred or so holes on top, on that side is the speaker, and here is some lab tubing, and it's connected to this tank of propane. +you see the skaters often trick in this direction. the obstacles are easier. +sometimes you get a little star applause, and then i think even bill gates takes a nervous breath, and the talk begins. +but he was credited with coining the phrase, "because it's there." +i didn't see anyone else. we took this photo next to the helicopter. +it is, arguably, the most audacious endeavor of that edwardian golden age of exploration, and it seemed to me high time, given everything we have figured out in the century since from scurvy to solar panels, that it was high time someone had a go at finishing the job. +and so therefore, the entire purpose of a vc pitch is to convince them that you are the entrepreneur in whom they are going to invest their money and make a lot of money in return. +and now along with that, along with the experience of starting an enterprise, or running something -- and it doesn't have to be a business. +there's never been an angel- or a venture-funded company where bad things didn't happen. +and then from there, you've got to take them on a very solid, steady, upward path, right from beginning to end. +"we have no competition. there's nobody else who's ever made a widget like this." +you're focusing on him! this is steve jobs. +you do that, you give me your quick 15-second or 30-second intro, grab my attention. +there has never been a company that doesn't have competition. +this is that rocket going up. +number three: the handouts you give are not your presentation. +you can use it at ted. +this is the most successful order on the planet by far. +so when i click on "sympathetic magic," i get sympathetic magic and voodoo dolls. +when i click on yuri gagarin's page, i get this guy who was surprisingly short in stature, huge in heroism. +by revolution, i mean a drastic and far-reaching change in the way we think and behave -- the way we think and the way we behave. +last. +because it's shown the way we apply, generate and use knowledge is affected by our social and institutional context, which told us what in communism? +it's a crap system. +and you can say, "that's ridiculous, steve. what a dumb idea. +the more you play, the bigger the brains there are. +it's not fiction, it's not story tales, it's not make-believe; it's cold, hard science. +for example, it stimulates creativity. +one, play is universal. +i don't care if it's mountain biking or reading a book or playing a game. +unacceptable. nepriemliv. +all of these things were made during the last 75 years. +my work actually took me through many countries, and showed me a great part of the world. +however, everybody in the factory spent his time at the art department. +so i was arrested quite early in stalin's purges, and spent 16 months in a russian prison. +this was bad! man, i was -- i cough. i was sick. +idea about women. +obviously a really profound moment, and it changed our lives in many ways. +we really felt like what we went in expecting had nothing to do with what we were actually experiencing, and so we decided we really wanted to give it to parents straight. +but what i felt towards the child at that moment was deep affection, but nothing like what i feel for him now, five years later. +you can't talk about how lonely having a baby can be. +and we were grateful that i was able to get pregnant, and i soon learned that we were having a boy, and then when i was five months, we learned that we had lost our child. +and i got about two-thirds of the way through, and there was a chart on the right-hand side -- on the right-hand page -- that we've labeled here "the most terrifying chart imaginable for a new parent." +av: yeah, and then you have your first child, and then you really resubmit yourself to these highs and lows -- the highs being the first steps, the first smile, your child reading to you for the first time -- the lows being, our house, any time from six to seven every night. +so the point of all this for us today is not just hopefully honesty for the sake of honesty, but a hope that by being more honest and candid about these experiences, that we can all collectively bend that happiness baseline up a little bit. +and, you know, it's a thing your piano teacher teaches you, but we never had a science behind these kinds of things. +and then you heard the original. +your eyes are pretty happy with some color and movement, you know. +you want to hear it in different rooms and whatever. +john q. walker: great piano performances, recreated +and when people aren't allowed to be useful, they soon think that they're useless. +a few of these. this is atilla the hen. +we know our societies have to radically change. +and some are quite structural, like social impact bonds where you raise money to invest in diverting teenagers from crime or helping old people keep out of hospital, and you get paid back according to how successful your projects are. +then monarchy had seen off its big challenger, mass democracy, which was seen as a well-intentioned but doomed experiment, just as capitalism has seen off socialism. +despite all of these similarities, we see huge differences in savings behavior. +why? because i have to consider that and i have to modify what i'm saying to say, "it will rain," or "it's going to rain." +well, what i did with that was to access the linguistics literature. +the survey takes over a day. +it's current pleasure in exchange for future pain. +of course, from their grandparents and even their great-grandparents. +would he need the same language as a lawyer, for example? +we need one today more than ever. +they were doing an experiment to do with genetics and the forelimbs and the hind limbs of animals. +patricia ryan: don't insist on english! +it turned out that giving the planes to the museum was worth much more than the debt, so for five years, six years, i only had to pay one third income tax. +and then, what population of the earth would be an equilibrium that could continue on, and be for 2050, 2100, 2150? +as the sky gets darker, and the outside air temperatures drop below minus 100 degrees fahrenheit, the most environmentally hostile segment of helios's journey has gone by without notice, except for being recorded by specially designed data acquisition systems and their associated sensors. +tm: oh, 10, 11. +this delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. +and he had a lump of iron. +well, at least i can clean this wound and wash it. " +and maitreya says, "i was with you. who do you think was making needles and making nests and dripping on rocks for you, mister dense?" +i got mad. brothers can fight. parents and children can fight. +the mother is the model of all altruism for human beings, in spiritual traditions. +and so you see beings in their potential happiness. +and this is where you feel real compassion for them. +so, practice compassion, read the charter, disseminate it and develop it within yourself. +but there's another class of simple things, which are also very important. +we have a lot of interesting information about what complexity is. +all of us, to some extent, study this thing called a bill gates. +now, if you like to represent this zero and one of binary, you need a device. +all right, let me then finish off with four general statements, an example and two aphorisms. +and i don't want to spend your time in going through the details, but in the lower right-hand corner, you see an example of the kind of thing that we have. +but it does make a point -- which is one which, in a sense, differentiates the real world of people who make things, and the world of people who think about things, which is, there is an intellectual merit to asking: how do we make things as simple as we can, as cheap as we can, as functional as we can and as freely interconnectable as we can? +so, they got the frames from these big bikes, put them together with the gears from the racing bikes, got the brakes from motorcycles, and sort of mixed and matched various ingredients. +the ideas are coming back from the consumers, and they're often ahead of the producers. +that sounds like a winner; we'll go with it. " +well, just imagine a world, for the moment, divided into two camps. +or the op-ed page, where if they knew the editor -- had been to school with him, slept with his wife -- they could write an article for the op-ed page. +and i was having dinner with this guy called timothy chan. +if you're a games company, and you've got a million players in your game, you only need one percent of them to be co-developers, contributing ideas, and you've got a development workforce of 10,000 people. +this was a mother's day gift. +hundreds of remixes came back -- lots of different attempts. +and this is it, right, to feel and be felt. +recording: okay, here's something. +and he said, "i'm dressed as batman to hide my identity." +one person sent me a very detailed description; the other person didn't. +right now, it feels like i forgot to turn the light on and things that looked so good yesterday are now shades of gray and it seems like the world is spinning while i'm standing still or maybe i am spinning i can't tell and then you say hey you're okay you'll be fine just breathe and now the words sing hey you're okay you'll be fine just breathe now everybody sings hey you're okay you'll be fine just breathe hey you're okay you'll be fine just breathe hey you're okay you'll be fine just breathe thank you. +so there is the pattern that every one of them had, but they all were a little different too. +but then my mother said to me, "i hear you've been going around talking about psychopathic killers. +but our grandkids are going to be kind of concerned here. +and we re-create the conditions that were present less than a billionth of a second after the universe began up to 600 million times a second inside that detector -- immense numbers. +imagine a snowflake in your hand, and you look at it, and it's an incredibly complicated, beautiful object. but as you heat it up, it'll melt into a pool of water, and you would be able to see that, actually, it was just made of h20, water. +but what he meant was that what we've done, really, is stamp collect there. +so all the exquisitely detailed calculations we can do with that wonderful equation wouldn't be possible without an extra bit. +so that's one thing. +in about the first billionth of a second or so, the higgs field kicked in, and the quarks and the gluons and the electrons that make us up got mass. +and i'm certainly looking forward with immense excitement to it being turned on. +so from papua new guinea to hollywood all the way to modern art in beijing, we smile often, and you smile to express joy and satisfaction. +smiling can help reduce the level of stress-enhancing hormones like cortisol, adrenaline and dopamine, increase the level of mood-enhancing hormones like endorphin and reduce overall blood pressure. +but i told him no, i'm sorry, compromise in colors is gray, and we have enough gray to last us a lifetime. +and this was not a misplaced feeling. +we put the citizen first, and not the clerks. +efharisto and kalinihta. +people that were hungry and hurting were signaling their distress, were signaling their need for help. +technology is transformational. +and not only is it empowering to the communities, but really importantly, this information stays in the community where it is needed to formulate long-term health polices. +half the city was dark because of a power cut, and i was living on the dark side. +but the story is not about these chapters. +your last job, your dinner reservations from last year, your former friends, lie on a flat plain with today's friends, because the internet also archives, and it warps the past. +for us as individuals who live in the digital now and spend most of our waking moments in it, the challenge is to live in two streams of time that are parallel and almost simultaneous. +i wanted to learn to cook, and she kept me in the kitchen, cutting, cubing and chopping for a whole month. +but if you're like me, my humanity is more like a window. +i was seven. +and then the next planting season, when they sang the dirge, they would remove as many names of the dead that equaled as many people that were born. +i cried for a very long time. +he was obsessed. +there are some of you in this room, amazing people, who offer all of us the mirror to our own humanity. +if you take a close-up of those, they look like this. +and if it is -- and particularly given the fact that we came very close to extinction. +so about 10,000 years ago by the black sea, we had one mutation in one gene which led to blue eyes. +three different options. +you can tag them with proteins that light up when you light them. +but one question you might want to ask is, are we seeing a rapid evolution of the brain and of how we process data? +throughout human evolution, multiple versions of humans co-existed. could we be mid-upgrade now? at tedxsummit, juan enriquez sweeps across time and space to bring us to the present moment -- and shows how technology is revealing evidence that suggests rapid evolution may be under way. +and when that happens there's moment that causes this robot to roll. +you can send them inside buildings like this as first responders to look for intruders, maybe look for biochemical leaks, gaseous leaks. +so the robot is obviously capable of executing any curve trajectory. +so when we have a robot which is surrounded by neighbors -- and let's look at robot i and robot j -- what we want the robots to do is to monitor the separation between them as they fly in formation. +this is work done by quentin lindsey who's a graduate student. +and that's how it populates this map. +we're very co-evolved, because we depend on bees for pollination and, even more recently, as an economic commodity. +there's a counterintuitive trend that we noticed in these numbers. so let's look at the first metric here, overwintering survival. +it's 1968, and we're pretty much covering asia. +it's like, "ugh," so that's what we do. +i would like to encourage you to open your mind. +one is a supermarket standard: white bread, pre-packaged, which i'm told is called a wonderbread. +but we have, somehow, in the course of the last few centuries, or even decades, started to cultivate an image of a mythical, rural agricultural past. +and this is true, as you can see, for all countries, including the so-called developing countries. +the costs have been tremendous -- water pollution, all the things you know about, destruction of our habitats. +in fact we do not want this poor woman to work the land like this. +but yes there are some solutions. +i want to see fish ponds in parking lots and basements. +we need to make them proud of being a farmer because they allow us to survive. +living with a physical disability isn't easy anywhere in the world, but if you live in a country like the united states, there's certain appurtenances available to you that do make life easier. +it's the person that's sliding his hands up and down the levers, so the mechanism itself can be very simple and composed of bicycle parts you can get anywhere in the world. +and then you can also engage the end user in the design process, and not just ask him what he needs, but ask him how he thinks it can be achieved. +what my purpose of the talk today really is, is to sort of indelibly scar your minds with these charismatic and majestic creatures. +and they didn't kill it. they called us to catch it. +and now the king cobra is a new one. +i mean, just incredible to see bunches of gharial basking on the river again. +and, you know, once a toxin is in the food chain everything is affected, including us. +so, people talk about political will. +rw: yes, this is actually the first time anyone of us knew about it, for one thing. +and it's not a diet. +now i thought, you know, if we just did good science, that would change medical practice. but, that was a little naive. +and yet, look at the number of prescriptions that are being sold. +but the problem is, you get hungry, so it's hard to keep it off. +it also helps reduce the risk of the most common cancers like breast, prostate and colon cancer. +when we looked at their psa levels -- which is a marker for prostate cancer -- they got worse in the control group, but they actually got better in the experimental group, and these differences were highly significant. +it was a randomized control study published in the lancet. +bp: i was born old. +the human form, in particular the human head, has been considered the holy grail of our industry. +and so, in 2004, they commissioned us to do a screen test of benjamin. +and we also needed to make sure that we could take brad's idiosyncrasies, his little tics, the little subtleties that make him who he is and have that translate through our process so that it appears in benjamin on the screen. +we started to look out in other fields. +this is when we're like, "ok, we're going to be ok, this is actually going to work." +and because the life cast, or the bust -- the maquette -- of benjamin was made from brad, we could transpose the data of brad at 44 onto brad at 87. +and then this is what we called the "dead head," no reference to jerry garcia. +so, effectively we created a digital puppet that brad pitt could operate with his own face. +and the bear cubs were being harvested from across the country and being sold and traded. +and then it started, there was no turning back after that. +and the beautiful bears can of course live in the wild again. +we were in the desert, in wadi rum, in a small jeep. +so as we talked, richard and i, i said, "you know, maybe i should bring a camel. +but not a big -- for instance, in zebras, they have a huge ear that's very mobile, so they can actually turn them both around. +you can actually see, right here, it will vibrate. +well, if poor old suki is in search of a mate, what would suki do to find the perfect mate? +i'm built to last. +and i think when you look at the animal kingdom, that is one of the most remarkable things. +when i was poet laureate, there i go again -- i can't help it, it's true -- i created a poetry channel on delta airlines that lasted for a couple of years. +some days i put the people in their places at the table, bend their legs at the knees, if they come with that feature, and fix them into the tiny wooden chairs. +the poem that's coming up is based on him trying to tell me a little something about a domestic point of etiquette in country living that i had a very hard time, at first, processing. +i just have time to read a more recent poem to you. +and so it makes you wonder, what would happen if we hadn't tasted the fruit of knowledge, so to speak, and what kind of morality would we have? +the wolf is, after all, a very cooperative animal. +he takes basically everything. +and so what we do in the next step is we release one elephant before the other, and that elephant needs to be smart enough to stay there and wait and not pull at the rope -- because if he pulls at the rope, it disappears and the whole test is over. +humans yawn when others yawn. +in this case, we put two chimpanzees side-by-side. +and so we found that the chimpanzees do care about the well-being of somebody else -- especially, these are other members of their own group. +and that's what she does. +so let's watch a movement happen, start to finish, in under three minutes and dissect some lessons from it. +so first, if you are the type, like the shirtless dancing guy that is standing alone, remember the importance of nurturing your first few followers as equals so it's clearly about the movement, not you. +but i decided to learn about the bible and my heritage by actually diving in and trying to live it and immerse myself in it. +and my immunologist told me that i should also wipe down all of the remote controls and iphones in my house, because those are just orgies of germs. +without the sex part. +but i think we can use their techniques and apply them to healthy food. +so what we found was, when tryptophan was low, people were more likely to take revenge when they're treated unfairly. +but i didn't find any. +sure, it is involved in positive emotions like love and compassion, but it's also involved in tons of other processes, like memory, language, attention, even anger, disgust and pain. +there's just one problem. +and perhaps one archeologist becomes an instant celebrity when she discovers -- buried in the hills somewhere in north america -- massive versions of these same symbols. +or maybe that big? +so as i showed you, they're usually found on these seals that are very, very tiny. +now there's several thoughts. there's e. it could be i. it could be a, but certainly not b, c or d, right? +we found that the indus script actually falls within the range of the linguistic scripts. +that's our next big challenge. +today, we can write a word such as ted in egyptian hieroglyphics and in cuneiform script, because both of these were deciphered in the 19th century. +and this is the space probe cassini pirouetting through the ice rings of saturn. +using the very first telephone, watson was in fact dialed into the heavens. +a mysterious persistent noise was disrupting their research. +and as soon as they had laid all these, all their big stack of these jeweled parasols that they used to carry in ancient india, he performed a kind of special effect which made it into a giant planetarium, the wonder of the universe. everyone looked in that, and they saw in there the total interconnectedness of all life in all universes. +because that cosmic basic idea that it is us all alone, each of us, and everyone else is different, then that puts us in an impossible situation, doesn't it? +it's really too boring whether you feel like this or like that, or what, you know -- and the more you focus on how you feel, by the way, the worse it gets. +look at that beautiful thing chiho showed us. she scared us with the lava man. +this is birhan, who was the ethiopian girl who launched live aid in the 1980s, 15 minutes away from death when she was rescued, and that picture of her being rescued is one that went round the world. +but it took 24 years for the campaign to be successful. +amy winehouse said, "nelson mandela and i have a lot in common. +i have just been talking to the president of sierra leone. +so we have got to create in this world also institutions for peacekeeping and humanitarian aid, but also for reconstruction and security for some of the conflict-ridden states of the world. +so you go to the literature. +the foot is distributed along the whole leg. +not just with the traditional foot, but also the leg, and even of the body. +and where they have a problem with this kind of mesh, because they don't have spines. +it's a secret. the animal effectively climbs by slipping and look -- and doing, actually, terribly, with respect to grabbing on the surface. +watch what happens when the foot goes onto your sandwich. +we discovered they work by intermolecular forces alone. +and here it is coming up at you, in its first steps up a wall. +so there's a clear message: whether you care about a fundamental, basic research of really interesting, bizarre, wonderful animals, or you want to build a search-and-rescue robot that can help you in an earthquake, or to save someone in a fire, or you care about medicine, we must preserve nature's designs. +this is a calf in captivity making an imitation if you hummed this tune to your dog or cat and it hummed it back to you, you ought to be pretty surprised. +as you can see at the top here, they share an up-sweep, like "woop, woop, woop." +notice how few barriers there are to movement across all of the oceans compared to land. +humpbacks, when they develop the ability to sing this song, they're listening to other whales and modifying what they sing based on what they're hearing, just like song birds or the dolphin whistles i described. +but you can still hear that faint call. +i'll describe a couple strategies. +endangered whales are killed every year by ship collision, and it's very important to try to reduce this. +at the same time, we need to be really creative in thinking of solutions to be able to help reduce these problems. +first, it enables you to experience the universe: the worldwide telescope, for me, is a kind of magic carpet that lets you navigate through the universe where you want to go. +it'll be a free download -- thank you, craig mundie -- and it'll be available at the website worldwidetelescope.org, which is something new. +it's a social awkwardness like you're a stranger in a foreign land. +that means they're totally out of sync in traditional classes, which are analog, static, interactively passive. +we have so much technology nowadays that these interfaces should start conforming to us. +this kind of technology is going to let even more people get into it, and i'm really looking forward to interacting with all you guys over the next few days and seeing how it can apply to your respective fields. +corruption? poverty? or is it something else? +we want to go on with our daily life even though we are not living under normal circumstances. +recently -- this is a sensitive figure -- 35 public lynchings have been recorded so far in 2010 in mexico. +with a thousand juliáns working together, mexico would be a very different country. +this is a call so that every single thing we love about mexico -- the festivals, the markets, the restaurants, the cantinas, the tequila, the mariachis, the serenades, the posadas, el grito, the day of the dead, san miguel, the joy, the passion for life, the fight and everything it means to be mexican -- doesn't disappear from this world. +thanks. thank you. now, juggling can be a lot of fun; play with skill and play with space, play with rhythm. +or you can go back and change the height. now, skill. +bring it back up. +finger, finger, finger, finger, finger, finger, finger, finger. +why the hell should i learn this? ok? +and what do you dedicate it to, in exploring a particular thing? +i apprenticed with a carpenter and learned about plumb, square and level. +and the latest thing that i'm working on -- -- is something really -- i don't know what it is yet. +and so thinking back, i was thinking those of us in silicon valley were really focused on products or objects -- certainly technological objects. +i have a few of them -- they're no more than a minute or a minute-and-a-half apiece -- but i thought you might be interested in seeing some of our work over the last year, and how it responds in video. +then when you exit the imax theatre on the fourth floor -- mostly teenagers coming out of there -- there's this big open space that has these tables in it that have interactive games which are quite fun, also designed by durrell [bishop] and andrew [hirniak] of itch. +and of course: a hammock for your afternoon nap that stretches across your cubicle. +you watch the video with superimposed graphics that indicate your depth and compass heading. +there is more of it than you think, actually. +a photo is not enough. " +the laws of physics: invisible, eternal, omnipresent, all-powerful. +and i said, "yes." and he said, "why can't i?" +i find that extraordinary, not to be able to see light, not to be able to see darkness. +"why are we here?" and "what should we do about it while we are? +this is extremely practical, but not so awesome. +so you have five million, that is, five million authors and five million plaintiffs is a massive lawsuit. +two rows from this table of two billion entries. +and it turns out that we can measure that very precisely. +so that's sort of what we expect. +we have to make this available for people. " +and when that happens, that will transform the way we have to understand our past, our present and human culture. +but that's not all. +this is not trivial. +or just try this one on for size. +and if we can teach listening in our schools, we can take our listening off that slippery slope to that dangerous, scary world that i talked about and move it to a place where everybody is consciously listening all the time -- or at least capable of doing it. +and meanwhile, i was touring locally and playing in nightclubs with my band, the dresden dolls. +i've always been with my band or my crew. +and this starts happening all the time. +this is my kickstarter backer party in berlin. +well let me tell you, in terms of changing the world there has been a lot of competition this year, because the arab spring is still spreading, the eurozone has collapsed... what else? +actually, that photo was pasted in a police station, and what you see on the ground are id cards of all the photos of people being tracked by the police. +kids just make photos in a class, the teacher receives them, they paste them on the school. +i do two things: i design mobile computers and i study brains. +i thought the word framework was great. +one is -- the most basic one is -- people like to know things. +and it's a real shame. now why has this come about? +and finally, some people say, well, you know, i don't feel like a bunch of cells, you know. i'm conscious. +evolution's the same thing. we taught our kids, well, the bible says, you know, god created all these species, cats are cats, dogs are dogs, people are people, plants are plants, they don't change. +and that somehow, prediction leads to intelligent behavior. +and in the future, when it sees something similar to that again, so in a similar environment, or the exact same environment, it'll play it back. it'll start playing it back. +door, door, door, you know, color, you know what i'm saying. +then, if in that framework, you take a bunch of theoreticians. +no doubt that it's going to happen, in my mind. +i'm actually here to make a challenge to people. +just that little bit of money, which to me, i wish it was in my bank account -- it's not, but... +i spoke with aung sun suu kyi a couple of days ago. +but if they were together planting trees for the environment, it was okay -- creativity. +but it was the actions, together, of all of us that brought about that change. +today, in sweden and other rich countries, people are using so many different machines. +but when i lecture to environmentally-concerned students, they tell me, "no, everybody in the world cannot have cars and washing machines." +second, economic growth. +it's a real challenge in the future. +i would like to tell you a story connecting the notorious privacy incident involving adam and eve, and the remarkable shift in the boundaries between public and private which has occurred in the past 10 years. +do you see where i'm going with this? +discrimination was happening through social media for equally skilled candidates. +we repeated the experiment with the same two groups, this time adding a delay between the time we told subjects how we would use their data and the time we actually started answering the questions. +they become aware. they achieve autonomy. +i once -- this was years ago -- i saw ted kennedy and dan quayle meet in the well of the senate. +and it's led to a view of human nature that we're rational individuals who respond in straightforward ways to incentives, and it's led to ways of seeing the world where people try to use the assumptions of physics to measure how human behavior is. +they have kids of their own, and they've achieved a genetic miracle by marrying beautiful people, so their grandmoms look like gertrude stein, their daughters looks like halle berry -- i don't know how they've done that. +people with strokes and lesions in the emotion-processing parts of the brain are not super smart, they're actually sometimes quite helpless. +but i think this research shows that the british enlightenment, or the scottish enlightenment, with david hume, adam smith, actually had a better handle on who we are -- that reason is often weak, our sentiments are strong, and our sentiments are often trustworthy. +ninety-six percent of college students say they have above-average social skills. +but this is the source of innovation. +thank you. +and i tell you stories from there. +we are living among those men: they're our brothers, fathers, uncles, cousins, all around us. +she works for a very big company, a workshop in hyderabad, making furnitures. +it's very fashionable to talk about human trafficking, in this fantastic a-c hall. +i'm asking you, for these children, whose faces you see, they're no more. +just to let you know, i do not have a lexicographical whistle. +computers! what about computers? +so -- -- now, when you think about this, what we have here is a ham butt problem. +no. there will still be paper dictionaries. +you didn't break it. it's just in a new position, and that new position can be just as beautiful. +if we think of the dictionary as being the map of the english language, these bright spots are what we know about, and the dark spots are where we are in the dark. +because i'm going to the internet, which is where everybody goes. +and we can make the dictionary not just be a symbol of the language -- we can make it be the whole language. +the date was february 2000. +we talk about this a lot, and i thought about trying to give an example of this. so, just one example: madame de gaulle, the wife of the french president, was famously asked once, "what do you most desire?" +jeff bezos kindly remarked to me, "chris, ted is a really great conference. +i'm in this for the long run, and i would be greatly honored and excited if you'll come on this journey with me. +for one thing, gps doesn't work indoors, and for another, they don't make devices quite this small, especially when those devices have to relay their measurements back over a network. +in fact, as i looked into her case, i discovered to my surprise that it's not clearly illegal for you or me to put a tracking device on someone else's car. +so let me show you how this works. +so something felt very wrong about the world. +we call ourselves pors and rao, and we live and work in india. +this is a video prototype. +but as soon as they passed by, it would start to climb up the wall in jerky fashion. +and once a creature pops into our minds, it's almost like the process of creation is to discover the way this creature really wants to exist and what form it wants to take and what way it wants to move. +but we move to cities, toward the bright lights, and one of the things that is there that we want, besides jobs, is electricity. +likewise, with solar, especially here in california, we're discovering that the 80 solar farm schemes that are going forward want to basically bulldoze 1,000 square miles of southern california desert. +so arguing against, a man who's been at the nitty, gritty heart of the energy debate and the climate change debate for years. +and this doesn't even account for the footprint on the ground. +over the ocean, it's not even land. +nuclear, the time lag alone will allow the arctic to melt and other places to melt more. +solving the world's problems can be done, if you really put your mind to it and use clean, renewable energy. +thank you. +so each of you has really just a couple sentences -- 30 seconds each to sum up. +shameless. shameless. shameless. +we explore for three reasons, the weakest of which is curiosity. +the shuttle is costing a billion dollars a launch. +100 bucks. that's the price-improvement curve that -- we need some breakthroughs in physics along the way, i'll grant you that. +we went -- i went to 100, 200 ceos, cmos. +when you want the taste that won't weigh you down, the only way to go is up. +then, you've got to, you know, face potential public ridicule of -- that's a crazy idea, it'll never work. +nature's main process of creation, morphogenesis, is the splitting of one cell into two cells. +i designed the process that generated the form. +and unlike traditional architecture, it's a single process that creates both the overall form and the microscopic surface detail. +it took me several months to design the column, but ultimately it takes the computer about 30 seconds to calculate all of the 16 million faces. +there's that dip there for the 1918 flu. +you weed down through various steps that cause many of these to fail. +it's called hutchinson-gilford progeria, and it is the most dramatic form of premature aging. +so i just want to say a couple more things about that particular story, and then try to generalize how could we have stories of success all over the place for these diseases, as sam says, these 4,000 that are waiting for answers. +you probably know, if you've been paying attention to some of the science literature that you can now take a skin cell and encourage it to become a liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us. +if you don't believe me, just ask sam. +and for us young people, they're looking to become individuals and find their differences amongst themselves. +we're here, we're part of a community, sharing out ideas and discussing them. +this institution is government-backed and it has been the case for the past three decades. +useless. +my work is -- it's a reflection of myself. +at that age, obviously, i couldn't express it that way, but i told her i didn't feel right. +it became part of me. +and i looked at it beneath the microscope. and some of it was flat. +so to cut the story short, i decided that i had to go back and do it. +can anybody see the blade on the end of that needle? +and i looked at it underneath the microscope. +i remember one time i was doing it, and the window was open. +i used a microscopic shard of diamond to actually carve the actual base. +constructed each plank of gold. +and these doctors or these masters, these spiritual masters of the sufi tradition, refer to teachings and examples of our prophet that teach us where the source of our problems lies. +all we have to do is to get our egos out of the way, get our egotism out of the way. +and these should also be the primary attributes of what it means to be human. +and one day i was exploring this cul-de-sac hidden away a few streets away. +the next day i came to see him. i was like, "doctor, that was a really good joke." +in arkansas they don't even ask. " +and jeff came up beside me and said, "so, have you ever been cow tipping?" +two weeks after my diagnosis, a biopsy confirmed i had a seven-inch osteosarcoma in my left femur. +and i hung up the phone, and i put my face in my hands, and i screamed this silent scream. +and one of the profound things that happened was this act of actually connecting to all these people. +don't give in to the wall. +and every seven sets of seven years, the land gets an extra year of rest during which time all families are reunited and people surrounded with the ones they love. +so if you go to 23andme, or if you go to councilofdads.com, you can click on a link. +ao: you did teach yourself to play, and as a consequence, playing the piano for you, derek, was a lot of knuckles and karate chops, and even a bit of nose going on in there. +and hopefully we can show the audience now how it is you do what you do. +dp: "flight of the bumblebee" on that note. +dp: he played "chopsticks." ao: and played "chopsticks." +this is known as the theme building; that is its name for reasons that are still very murky. +does anyone know? chi? +they're fighting to develop their own way of living within the forest in a world that's clean, a world that isn't contaminated, a world that isn't polluted. +and we use gsi -- geographic whatever it is, gsi -- to determine the range of the chimps. +we now know that at gombe alone, there are nine different ways in which chimpanzees use different objects for different purposes. +so, the sad thing is that these chimpanzees -- who've perhaps taught us, more than any other creature, a little humility -- are in the wild, disappearing very fast. +the one thing we have, which makes us so different from chimpanzees or other living creatures, is this sophisticated spoken language -- a language with which we can tell children about things that aren't here. +there's little brochures all around outside, and if any of you have anything to do with children and care about their future, i beg that you pick up that brochure. +we want to go and spend time with the old people and hear their stories and record their oral histories. +and i believe that a group like this can have a very major impact, not just because you can share technology with us, but because so many of you have children. +it's in your hands and my hands and those of our children. +so how do we do this? well, we use a model system that we term a protocell. +it could run a metabolism on it. +it can sense its local environment and actually find resources in the environment to sustain itself. +so since we can make some interesting protocells that we like, interesting colors and interesting behaviors, and they're very easy to make, and they have interesting lifelike properties, perhaps these protocells have something to tell us about the origin of life on the earth. perhaps these represent an easily accessible step, one of the first steps by which life got started on the early earth. +this is used in reference to a report in 2007 by the national research council in the united states, wherein they tried to understand how we can look for life elsewhere in the universe, okay, especially if that life is very different from life on earth. if we went to another planet and we thought there might be life there, how could we even recognize it as life? +80 to 90 percent of their time was spent on five things. +the culmination of this is if you've successfully raised your tadpole, observing the behavioral and developmental events, you will then go and introduce your tadpole to its namesake and discuss the evidence that you've seen. +there's an old cellphone in there -- a good use for old cellphones -- which dials the clinic, we go and pick up the mouse. +what the climate crisis has revealed to us is a secondary, more insidious and more pervasive crisis, which is the crisis of agency, which is what to do. +and then i swap it out with the students and actually re-release that carbon black. +and an early test which argument elicited cooperative behavior from the people below -- about a hundred to one decided that this was the argument that worked best on us. +in this case, instead of throwing chewing gum, or doritos or whatever you have in your pocket at the fish -- there's a body of water in iceland that i've been dealing with that's in the middle of the city, and the largest pollution burden on it is not the roadborne pollution, it's actually white bread from people feeding the fish and the birds. +did you know that today we maintain a global herd of 60 billion animals to provide our meat, dairy, eggs and leather goods? +the animal could be a cow, lamb, or even something more exotic. +it need not look like this, which is actually the state of the art today. +he didn't write "little red laptop computer" or "little red dirt devil." +and sequel truly is a real car. +we actually think the future's going to be event-driven. +and secondly, it's a fundamental business proposition. +so my mom said, "you're going on a bus an hour and a half away from where we live every day." +he's like, "no, miss, i'm not going. +animation, software, moviemaking software, they have it all. +when i was 15 years old, it was necessary for me to leave this place and go to a town a little bit bigger -- much bigger -- where i did the second part of secondary school. +you must stop. stop. +we worked with a lot of companies in brazil that put money into this project, the government. +i put the question -- three or four weeks ago, we saw in the newspapers millions of fish that die in norway. +we here inside the room, i believe that we have the same concern, and the model that we created in brazil, we can transplant it here. +i'd go to times square and i'd look at the amazing ladies on the wall, and wonder why nobody is looking at the historical figures just behind them. +you can see the lispenard meadows draining down through here, through what is tribeca now, and the beaches that come up from the battery, all the way to 42nd st. +we know that there was a lenape settlement down here by the collect pond. +and rapidly we started to realize that beavers can be something that a bobcat needs. +and perhaps a black bear walked by. and maybe native americans were there. +and even though i've only had a brief time to speak, i hope you appreciate that mannahatta was a very special place. +and, you know, built the society that we now live in. +and they may not want to live exactly like us. +and people who live in cities in the developed world tend to be very prosperous, and thus use a lot of stuff. +another thing that information technology lets us do is start figuring out how to use less stuff by knowing, and by monitoring, the amount we're actually using. +most of those cites are growing incredibly quickly. +so one of the things that that's leading to is a sort of southern cultural explosion. +so lula, he's full of problems, full of contradictions, but one of the things that he's doing is, he is putting forward an idea of how we engage in international relations that completely shifts the balance from the standard sort of north-south dialogue into a whole new way of global collaboration. +here's a design for distilling water using sunlight. +you know, that it's not just enough to survive. +sopa stands for the stop online piracy act. +we do like to consume, but every time one of these new tools came along, it turned out we also like to produce and we like to share. +that is a side effect of their ordinary operation. +so this is the internet they have in mind. +they don't want legal distinctions between legal and illegal sharing. +it changed my life. +"what are you doing here? +so the college works following the lifestyle and workstyle of mahatma gandhi. +we are the only ones who actually returned the award for $50,000, because they didn't believe us, and we thought that they were actually casting aspersions on the barefoot architects of tilonia. +but the people who fabricated that solar cooker are women, illiterate women, who actually fabricate the most sophisticated solar cooker. +she has a cabinet, a minister of education, a minister for energy, a minister for health. +men are restless, men are ambitious, men are compulsively mobile, and they all want a certificate. +and they haven't collapsed. +i knew which woman i would like to take. +don't listen to the world bank, listen to the people on the ground. +our narrative here is real fmri data that's mapped visually and sonically. +oxygen, hydrogen and zinc have their own signature. +and yet in two million years the human brain has nearly tripled in mass, going from the one-and-a-quarter pound brain of our ancestor here, habilis, to the almost three-pound meatloaf that everybody here has between their ears. +because the fact is that a year after losing the use of their legs, and a year after winning the lotto, lottery winners and paraplegics are equally happy with their lives. +who are these characters who are so damn happy? +and then finally -- you know, the best of all possible worlds -- some of you recognize this young photo of pete best, who was the original drummer for the beatles, until they, you know, sent him out on an errand and snuck away and picked up ringo on a tour. +in this case, because the experiment i'm going to tell you about uses them, these are monet prints. +we explained we would have number three mailed to them. +it turns out that freedom -- the ability to make up your mind and change your mind -- is the friend of natural happiness, because it allows you to choose among all those delicious futures and find the one that you would most enjoy. +so we gave them cameras; they went around campus; they took 12 pictures of their favorite professors and their dorm room and their dog, and all the other things they wanted to have harvard memories of. +they don't like their picture, and in fact even after the opportunity to swap has expired, they still don't like their picture. why? +thank you. +sometimes they just explode before your eyes or come down supersonic. +i have a little cuban mother -- she's about that big. +"papi, help." +i was born in 19 -- i forget, and i came to this country with them in the aftermath of the cuban revolution. +and that meant that everyone in the family had to sign up to take her to have her hair dyed, you know, that peculiar color of blue that matches her polyester pants suit, you know, same color as the buick. +she gets into the car -- she's sitting on two phone books. +it'll help my breathing. it'll do something for my pulse, maybe. +now, you have all been at a mall during the holidays, yes? +by now, we have now crawled another four feet, and my mother finally says to me, "i knew it, i knew it. +we'll wait for the slow ones. ok. +"no, my daughter, she's coming in the buick. +people are watching us all around, "right? +i almost miss it. +what zipcar does is we park cars throughout dense urban areas for members to reserve, by the hour and by the day, instead of using their own car. +it required that it was completely trivial: that it takes 30 seconds to reserve a car, go get it, drive it. +so again, we can see that price plays an enormous role in people's willingness to reduce their driving behavior. +these are also called mesh networks. +these are the next two lines in the movie. +and this open-source version means that it could be -- if we did a brilliant job of it -- it could be used around the world very quickly. +2006 was a great year. +and as these dark clouds were circling me, and i was finding it really, really difficult to think of anything good, i said to myself that i really needed a way to focus on the positive somehow. +i'd love to just talk about each one briefly. +so there was a time when it was your first time ever hitting a string of green lights on the way home from work. +so those are the three a's. +he's like, "do you know where morocco even is?" +and that's the sad part. +tourist: i think that people are very frustrated that they're not able to get closer to see what's going on. +and i thought it was astonishing to speculate, as if this were a competition, on something that was such a fresh wound. +dr: it was not an inclusive group. +so dealing with it is just an immediate master plan. +sort of like the spinal tap scene where you get the tiny little stonehenge, i guess? +it's all incredibly humble material. +and i truly believe until the issue of memorial is sorted out, that it's going to be very hard to have an intelligent discussion. +those kinds of forms? +so you can get kind of a feel for this. +but how about the kid on the left, or the athlete that leaves the field of play? +let me tell you what i've come up with. +how old it is? +and today, we have what is perhaps our most offensive definition, at least to me, which is the following: to doodle officially means to dawdle, to dilly dally, to monkey around, to make meaningless marks, to do something of little value, substance or import, and -- my personal favorite -- to do nothing. +we think doodling is something you do when you lose focus, but in reality, it is a preemptive measure to stop you from losing focus. +in 2002, a group of treatment activists met to discuss the early development of the airplane. +treatment programs became possible, funding became available, and the number of people on antiretroviral drugs started to increase very rapidly. +so surely if a patent pool could be established to ramp up the production of military airplanes, we should be able to do something similar to tackle the hiv / aids epidemic. +the rule is about a 10-year delay for a new product to go to market in developing countries, if at all. +what about athens? mediterranean climate, but in the sun it was not comfortable. they didn't perceive comfort. +instead of blowing a hurricane of chilled air through the stadium, we can use radiant cooling technologies, like a floor heating system where water pipes are embedded in the floor. +and i also hope that you share the idea that if engineers and designers can use all these different climatic parameters, it will be possible to create really good and comfortable outdoor conditions, to change our thermal perception that we feel comfortable in an outdoor environment, and we can do that with the best passive design, but also using the energy source of the site in qatar which is the sun. +the main thing is a fix-it-locally culture, which is fantastic because it means that your product or your service doesn't have to go through a huge bureaucratic system to get it fixed. +they are basically referral services, essentially. +so we are right now doing some systematic field tests to basically ascertain whether something like this actually makes sense to the asha worker. +and i started to see the world in a whole new way, like pairs of people connected to each other. +and, most importantly, what causes the clusters? +and we thought this was a very interesting comment on america, and a kind of self-serving, "not my responsibility" kind of phenomenon. +i mean, there would be an advantage to experiencing our emotions inside, you know, anger or happiness. +so to invoke another metaphor, if you imagine social networks as a kind of vast fabric of humanity -- i'm connected to you and you to her, on out endlessly into the distance -- this fabric is actually like an old-fashioned american quilt, and it has patches on it: happy and unhappy patches. +that's my social experience. " +they're both made of carbon, and yet one of them has carbon atoms in it that are arranged in one particular way -- on the left -- and you get graphite, which is soft and dark. +you read about it in your newspapers. +the cdc recently conducted a survey where they asked respondents simply to tell them whether they experienced significant psychological distress in the previous week. +in our study, they are more positive, but they're also more likely than younger people to experience mixed emotions -- sadness at the same time you experience happiness; you know, that tear in the eye when you're smiling at a friend. +we go on blind dates. +i mean, this is literally human beings with super-human strength and abilities. +we got madd chadd, lil 'c, kid david and j smooth. +the lxd electrify the ted2010 stage with an emerging global street-dance culture, revved up by the internet. in a preview of jon chu's upcoming web series, this astonishing troupe show off their superpowers. +according to the treaty, those lands are a sovereign nation. +we had plans. +on december 29th, u.s. troops surrounded a sioux encampment at wounded knee creek and massacred chief big foot and 300 prisoners of war, using a new rapid-fire weapon that fired exploding shells called a hotchkiss gun. +2010: statistics about native population today, more than a century after the massacre at wounded knee, reveal the legacy of colonization, forced migration and treaty violations. +those events led to a domino effect that has yet to end. +so, that's really the goal of my talk, is to a, communicate that moment to you and b, have you leave this session a little dumber than when you entered. +many of these deaths were completely preventable, and this what i want to think of as the disconcerting thing, what i want to call "the last mile" problem. +intercropping. intercropping really increases income. +so, here are these women. they've seen their parents have struggled with diarrhea, they've struggled with diarrhea, they've seen lots of deaths. how do they answer this question? +so, somebody out there says, "five." +almost out of kindergarten. +they are saying, "this is 35 miles per gallon. i'm going to do the environmentally right thing, i'm going to buy the prius, 50 miles per gallon." +now, this is an example of that battle, and makes us realize intentions don't always translate into action, and so one of the fundamental challenges is how we would actually do that. ok? +this isn't about the biology of people; this is now about the brains, the psychology of people, and innovation needs to continue all the way through the last mile. +the careful testing, retesting, design, are going to open up vistas of understanding, complexities, difficult things. +macarthur winner sendhil mullainathan uses the lens of behavioral economics to study a tricky set of social problems -- those we know how to solve, but don't. we know how to reduce child deaths due to diarrhea, how to prevent diabetes-related blindness and how to implement solar-cell technology... yet somehow, we don't or can't. why? +right, the current wants to run through the play-dough, not through that led. +so i would encourage you all to grab some play-doh, grab some salt, grab some sugar and start playing. +and a friend of mine in austria felt so sorry for me that he talked the largest casino owner in linz into letting us wrap his building. +but i will demonstrate different ways to get rid of difficulties and go to the point, to find an answer probably much quicker than arthur did. so, first, we violate the common sense, the logic. all of you, if you hold your hand like this, 90 degrees -- all of you. not you. +now, i need an assistant. +that's a challenge. i like this. +so here i have, actually -- i know exactly where the cards are. +and if you work with, in the right atmosphere, with humor, you have -- that's the password to the cosmic bank of knowledge, where you can find any solution of any problem. +and then, i will demonstrate a thing from russian satellite, stealen -- stolen, probably copied from america but we will see. +when i lift the heap, i peek. +we do it again. +this is a kind of optical deal, right? +now -- -- one guy laughed. so now, to find the queen, do it this way: take back the other one, take back the queen. +king of spades. +do with both hands, and quick. yes, good, good. +right? good. +two -- and it was two of spades, right? +yes? zoe: yeah. +king of diamonds. lg: ah! +now, what happened was not maybe what you thought, which is, he suddenly became passionate, engaged, involved, got a new teacher, he hit puberty, or whatever it is. +and your children are playing instruments. +the tone-deaf people, they're no longer here. +now, it goes down to a. now to g. and then to f. +and then finally... +finally, i said, "why am i clapping?" +he depends, for his power, on his ability to make other people powerful. +unfortunately, it was the last thing she ever said to him, because she never saw him again. he did not survive. +some of you might have seen this before. +it's a nice motivator. +so glucksberg did another experiment similar to this where he presented the problem in a slightly different way, like this up here. okay? +the rules are mystifying. +what happens? +these are the building blocks of an entirely new operating system for our businesses. +it's pretty. it's not bad. it's a huge trademark violation, but it's pretty clever. +do it for fun. no one gets paid a cent, or a euro or a yen. +so, it can balance on a point. +so here is the earth. it's a little less than a millimeter that was turned of solid bronze. +this is another species of work that i do. +and the idea that you could see things inside of a crystal ball and predict the future -- or a television set, where it's sort of like a magic box where anything can appear. +it's completely silent and nonpolluting. +the real social innovation i want to talk about involves charity. +you know, you want to make 50 million dollars selling violent video games to kids, go for it. +charitable giving has remained stuck, in the u.s., at two percent of gdp ever since we started measuring it in the 1970s. +well, like most fanatical dogma in america, these ideas come from old puritan beliefs. +within nine years, we had multiplied that 1,982 times into 108 million dollars after all expenses for aids services. +but if we could move charitable giving from two percent of gdp up just one step to three percent of gdp, by investing in that growth, that would be an extra 150 billion dollars a year in contributions, and if that money could go disproportionately to health and human services charities, because those were the ones we encouraged to invest in their growth, that would represent a tripling of contributions to that sector. +and suddenly, out of the chaos, order. +you know, audiences like you, yeah, make the event. +can we have a little demonstration? would you be my orchestra for a second? +and our joy of music, etc., etc.... " +and then like karajan. let's see what happens. okay? +meaning that you know you have no authority to change anything. +this is very exciting for those players. +rather enjoying what the soloist is doing. +you know why? because the meaning of the music is pain. +but all my work for many years was focused around the idea that sustainability means basically looking at the globalized economic growth model, and moderating what comes in at one end, and moderating the outputs at the other end. +but are we to assume that the same brilliance and creativity and adaptability that got us up to the top of that energy mountain in the first place is somehow mysteriously going to evaporate when we have to design a creative way back down the other side? +and in terms of climate change, is something that is not actually feasible. +it learns very much from its mistakes. +so it started out with some work i was involved in in ireland, where i was teaching, and has since spread. +from three years ago, it just being an idea, this has become something that has virally swept around the world. +well, this is about state budgets. +there are various things in here: i could say we might raise more revenue, or medical innovation will make the spending even higher. +is anyone paying attention to some of the things these guys do? +and unfortunately, as you get into that, people get confused and think, well maybe you think that's okay. +so what do we need to do? +it allows us to do the art, the biotechnology, the software and all those magic things. +and after two more years of studying music, i decided to shoot for the impossible before taking the mcat and applying to medical school like a good indian son to become the next dr. gupta. +keats himself had also given up a career in medicine to pursue poetry, but he died when he was a year older than me. +anyone living in that house can tell the time just by the smell. +these people i still do hang out with. +all right, next. +don't they just pop into your head? +it's amazing. it's a wonderful moment. +had he shown his father, "my boy has finally lost it," he would've thought. +the french writer michel tournier has a famous saying. +and i explained, "it's a dark night and a crow is perching on a branch." +yes, it means i didn't have to draw gyeonghoeru. +we become dictators with a remote and start to criticize the people on tv. +i walk around and encourage them, "come on, come on!" they have to write like crazy for an hour or two. +art is the ultimate goal. +only those three words and she left the airport. that's it. +british physicist john tyndall, in the 1850's, made laboratory measurements of the infrared radiation, which is heat. +i had been using the first line of the nasa mission statement, "to understand and protect the home planet," to justify my talks. +climate change deniers argue that the sun is the main cause of climate change. +methane is also beginning to escape from the permafrost. +it would be immoral to leave these young people with a climate system spiraling out of control. +the science is clear. +my favorite and a real hero of mine is yakima canutt. +we can do bigger car stunts than ever before now. +i sort of forget how bizarre some of those conversations are. +two stunt guys doing what i consider to be a rather benign stunt. +it's that shape because the helium has to expand. +it took me a while; it took me years to find the right balloon team to build the balloon that would do this job. +i contacted a company in the states who make suits for nasa. +this is a very lightweight suit. it weighs about 15 pounds. +but if you are, and you say to somebody, you know, they say, "what do you do?" +do you remember the story? no, it was big. +in fact, we moved from stratford to los angeles. +why not? i think this is rather important. +so the hierarchy is rooted on two ideas. +in fact, creativity -- which i define as the process of having original ideas that have value -- more often than not comes about through the interaction of different disciplinary ways of seeing things. +i said, "what happened?" +now is the time for us to laugh at ourselves, before others can laugh with us. +so i retreated back to my cave and continued to support and produce comedy and let my friends use my couch as a regional operations hub. +so everywhere we went, we auditioned amateurs. +one: is the middle east being shown in a current time and correct context? +early detection, early intervention, that's the story for these successes. +fifty percent will have onset by age 14, 75 percent by age 24, a picture that is very different than what one would see if you're talking about cancer or heart disease, diabetes, hypertension -- most of the major illnesses that we think about as being sources of morbidity and mortality. +the important piece here is that as you begin to look at people who have these disorders, the one in five of us who struggle in some way, you find that there's a lot of variation in the way that the brain is wired, but there are some predictable patterns, and those patterns are risk factors for developing one of these disorders. +but this tells us how we need to think about it, and where we need to go. +how many children will you get? +but how wrong it is. +it's very interesting. when we started our school the parents would give thumbprints in the attendance register. +there they met children who are with a different standard and a different mindset, a totally different society. +is it the exposure? we have professors from mit, berkeley, stanford, indian institute of science who come and teach our children lots of scientific formulas, experiments, much beyond the classroom. +when i started parikrma i began with a great deal of arrogance of transforming the world. +now that sounds like an incredibly straightforward question to answer, and that's what howard thought. because pepsi told him, "look, we're working with a band between eight and 12 percent. +you should be looking for the perfect pepsis. " +every conceivable way you can vary spaghetti sauce, he varied spaghetti sauce. +what howard did is he fundamentally changed the way the food industry thinks about making you happy. +much more volatile brown mustard seed, some white wine, a nose hit, much more delicate aromatics. and what do they do? +and she serves it that way time and time again, and if you quarrel with her, she will say, "you know what? you're wrong! this is the best way it ought to be in this restaurant." +if i were to ask all of you to try and come up with a brand of coffee -- a type of coffee, a brew -- that made all of you happy, and then i asked you to rate that coffee, the average score in this room for coffee would be about 60 on a scale of 0 to 100. +we have pre-cancerous lesions, which often don't turn into cancer. +if you develop a disease, you're off the island. +it was when i became a journalist that i really realized how i was part of this problem, and how we all are part of this problem. +so, dad graduated harvard in 1946, married my mom, and bought a house in lexington, massachusetts, where the first shots were fired against the british in 1775, although we didn't actually hit any of them until concord. +and, yeah, we can look back in retrospect and say, yeah, ha-ha, you know -- it's all microfilm. but that's -- that's not the point. he understood the shape of the future. +and if you go on the diagonal, you get content and form -- and then beauty and truth. +so i wrote a book about this in '93, but as i was finishing the book, i had to do a little bit of typesetting, and i was tired of going to my local copy shop to do it, so i bought a computer. +we could do circular narratives that were literally circular. +why is this important? +now maybe that's been obvious to all of you for a long time, but for me, as often as i'd encountered that exact difficulty on a daily basis, i had never seen the inherent challenge of communication in so crystalline a light. +and the key detail of this is that fey's scripts weren't written by her and they weren't written by the snl writers. +because from what i can tell, the three things gay americans seem to want most are to join the military, get married and start a family. +but it's when you put all of these elements together -- when you get the viral appeal of a great joke with a powerful punchline that's crafted from honesty and integrity, it can have a real world impact at changing a conversation. +that is a lot of punch for 14 words. +how far back does that go? how far back does modern language go? +it reaches up to almost 5,000 pounds -- on a diet of jellyfish, primarily. +they school as adolescents, and become behemoth loners as adults. +so the great thing about the mola is that when we put the tag on them -- if you look up here -- that's streaming off, that's right where we put the tag. +and they come and give the molas -- you can see they strike this funny little position that says, "i'm not threatening, but i need a massage." +but also what's important is that they're not slacker, lazy fish. +it was a 200-foot diameter geodesic sphere to be suspended over the east river in new york city, in full view of the united nations. +i've got a little video to show you, but keep in mind that this is with no electronic control, and this is also with only four leds. +how does it feel to see someone like this come along taking your art and doing so much with it? +he realized at once what had happened. +so, have we all become one-eyed -- two-eyed instead of one-eyed -- monkeys? +and then aboriginal women in africa would come and say, "this is it!" +i have a solution that requires neither machine, nor wood, nor cooking gas. +your parents were peaceful people. +hello governments of rich countries selling arms to governments of poor countries who can't even afford to give them food. +her father the king said, "don't whistle." +"uh-huh..." she said. +and leibniz was the first person to really talk about building such a machine. +von neumann, and a logician, and a mathematician from the army put this together. then, they needed a place to build it. +so, there's 40 of these tubes, like a v-40 engine running the memory. +"maniac regained its memory, when the power went off." "machine or human?" +this now is the third different output. +so he designed this universe, and ran it. +and it was his universe on punch cards. +and that's the end. +look at homicide at the bottom, for god's sake. +i went to west virginia, the most unhealthy state in america. +you see, the thing is obesity and diet-related disease doesn't just hurt the people that have it; it's all of their friends, families, brothers, sisters. +now it's largely processed and full of all sorts of additives, extra ingredients, and you know the rest of the story. +normal. let's get on schools, something that i'm fairly much a specialist in. +they have scissors in the classroom, but knives and forks? no. +i want to talk about something so basic as milk. +this, all this bad news, is preventable. +so, these guys are going to be part of the solution. +huntington's kitchen. huntington, where i made this program, you know, we've got this prime-time program that hopefully will inspire people to really get on this change. +dyslexic, so i'm a bit slow. +in fact, a friend of mine from the security industry told me the other day that there are two types of companies in the world: those that know they've been hacked, and those that don't. +they're completely anonymous, as it were. +and that challenge is: how do you do business, how do you trust somebody on the web who you want to do business with when you know that they're a criminal? +now he developed his social and moral compass on the black sea port during the 1990s. +and this man with a planetary-sized brain is now serving a 13-year sentence in california. +thank you very much for listening. +public health is another reason to consider retrofitting. +and the market research, consumer research, asking the boomers and gen y what it is they would like, what they would like to live in, tells us there is going to be a huge demand -- and we're already seeing it -- for more urban lifestyles within suburbia. +it's been so successful, they've now taken over the strip across the street. +this one is one of my favorites, belmar. +you want to also try to get more systemic transformation. +the first is to plan retrofitting much more systemically at the metropolitan scale. +but we've got to get the architecture better. +so i decided to talk to women about their vaginas. +and she said things that really shocked me about her vagina -- that it was dried-up and finished and dead -- and i was kind of shocked. +and so in 1997, i said, "let's get women together. +and i really love hearing about all these species at the bottom of the sea. +she went to juarez to take care of an ailing aunt, and over the course of it, she began to discover what was happening to the murdered and disappeared women of juarez. +but, being a vagina warrior, she kept going, and she kept committing herself to transforming consciousness. +well, it seems to me that this hungarian presence in my life is difficult to account for, but ultimately i ascribe it to an admiration for people with a complex moral awareness, with a heritage of guilt and defeat matched by defiance and bravado. +and then one day, it happened: he and his family were arrested and they were taken to a death house on the danube. +mr. teszler hired 16 men: eight white, eight black. +and into the slow, second movement, marked "adagio religioso," he incorporated the sounds of birdsong that he heard outside his window in what he knew would be his last spring; he was imagining a future for her in which he would play no part. +and it was only at that moment, as we were sitting down to dinner, that i recognized the enormity of the risk i had created, because to bring these two titans, these two masters of the universe together -- it was like introducing mothra to godzilla over the skyline of tokyo. +and i -- no one else did, so i put up my hand, and i said, "it's a bacchanal by titian." +and in about 1997, the then-director philippe de montebello gave me the go-ahead to organize an exhibition for 2002. we normally have these very long lead-in times. +and in this extraordinary setting, the costumes were like actors and actresses, or living sculptures. +i'm working to try and break down that sense of that elitism. +but we take the severe ones, and we reschedule the other ones the next day. +so we came up with these two rules. +so i went to russia, and my mother also, [during the] time of [the] soviet union. +and really when you think [you] cannot do it, she will push you, and i can do it. +i'm going to take you on a 16-minute trip on 72 percent of the planet, so buckle up. +you know, we're going to do this, we're going to take it away from something else. +and like a living organism, you tear it open, it bleeds its molten blood, rises up to heal that wound from the asthenosphere, hardens, forms new tissue and moves laterally. +so, we came up with multiple hypotheses: there's little green people down there taking it; there's all sorts of things going on. +we stumbled on it, looking for some missing heat. +near that was methane. i've never seen volcanoes of methane. +fortunately, we've been able to convince congress. +this is a remote center at the university of washington. +thank you very much. +let's talk about what's suddenly possible. +since we opened the website in february, we now have 640,000 students from 190 countries. +other students might be interested in a particular enrichment topic that they want to pursue individually. +in addition to multiple choice and the kinds of short answer questions that you saw in the video, we can also grade math, mathematical expressions as well as mathematical derivations. +which is not a level of service i have ever offered to my stanford students. +and finally, there was a population of students that were taught in a one-on-one instruction using a tutor. +you can see, for example, that the achievement score almost doubles in this particular experiment. +kaki king: playing "pink noise" on guitar +"learn the lingua franca." +emily levine: richard. what did i say? +i don't know if you know this but -- maybe it's different now, or maybe you were making a statement -- but in many hospital nurseries across the country, until very recently anyway, according to a book by jessica benjamin, the signs over the little boys cribs read, "i'm a boy," and the signs over the little girls cribs read, "it's a girl." yeah. +so this whole subject-object thing has relevance to humor in this way. +and i was sort of, as i was starting to analyze what exactly it is that i do, i read a book called "trickster makes this world," by lewis hyde. +if they had had an olympics in martyrdom, my grandmother would have lost on purpose. +this is what i tend to see almost more than contradictions. +and the mother is elderly. +and i like to explore all the possibilities in the hope that you'll be on the wavelength of your audience. +there are really serious calamities staring us in the eye that we're in the same kind of denial about that we were about terrorism, and what could've happened on september 11. +1995, we found three. the count now is up to 80 -- we're finding about two or three a month. +it wasn't really a research report; it was a screed. +number seven: particle accelerator mishap. +now, corn originated, we think, in mexico. +we need to learn how to repair and replenish the earth's ozone layer. +we've all learned what -- the kind of panic that can occur when an old disease rears its head, like anthrax. +but galaxies are very violent places, and things can be spun out of orbit. +of more concern, i think, is the asteroids that exist between mars and jupiter. +when the mission was over, they actually landed on the thing. +basho was a brilliant man. +and these two war against one another almost continuously. +all right, let's talk about another perspective on the importance of the oceans. +modeling: on the right hand side, there's a very complex computational model. +we are already laced up as if we're in a fiber optic corset, if you like. +this is going to be much more powerful than having a single ship in a single location, then move to a new location. +we pump the fluid through one of these systems, and we press the button, and it's analyzed for the genomic character. +so we can bring an entirely new telepresence to the world, throughout the ocean. +and i think that's really what architecture is based on. +and yet that energy and power of architecture has driven an entire social and political space that these buildings occupy. +it's like the old las vegas used to be. +our whole practice depends on computing. +and i do believe that this interaction with the history, with history that is often very difficult, to grapple with it, to create a position that is beyond our normal expectations and to create a critique. +so again, the unexpected which is also the raw. +and it's not only our memory, but those who remember us, which means that architecture is not mute. +it's about creating with minimal means something which can not be repeated, cannot be simulated in any other sphere. +compromise, if it's artistic, if it is able to cope with its strategies -- and there is my first sketch and the last rendering -- it's not that far away. +that sort of overall sustainable energy problem is the biggest problem that we have to solve this century, independent of environmental concerns. +bruno bowden, who's here, did that, broke the world record.em: congratulations. +by the end of this year, you'll be able to drive from l.a. to new york just using the supercharger network, which charges at five times the rate of anything else. +what are you doing? +you're kind of building a new type of distributed utility. +would humanity become a space-faring civilization? +it's much like on a jet. +these projects are so -- paypal, solarcity, tesla, spacex, they're so spectacularly different, they're such ambitious projects at scale. +elon musk, i wish we had all day, but thank you so much for coming to ted. +i grew up herding, looking after our livestock -- goats, sheep and cattle. +because it was wartime, the british .303 rifle was just all over the whole country. +and thus, as people started feeling ownership over wildlife, wildlife numbers started coming back, and that's actually becoming a foundation for conservation in namibia. +the other partners that we have got is business communities. +in 2008, conservancy generated 5.7 million dollars. +it allows for us to celebrate the seafood that we're also so fortunate to eat. +well, how many bottles is it before you tell me that i have a problem? +so i think we have this whole eating thing wrong. +they got more calories over the course of a diversified meal. +i remember well the meals of my childhood. +thank you. +and the great irony and tragedy of our time is that a lot of the general public thinks that science is still arguing about that. +similarly, a lot of art projects stay in the art community, and i feel very much a responsibility through mechanisms like ted, and like our relationship with the obama white house, with the senate, with john kerry, to influence policy as much as possible with these pictures as well. +you see the glacier flowing in from the right, dropping off into the sea, camera shooting every hour. +finally catches up to itself, it advances. +all those colors are ice and it goes up to about two miles thick, just a gigantic dome that comes in from the coast and rises in the middle. +but what we have is a perception problem because not enough people really get it yet. +the more polite ones said, "well, you know, indians make good software programmers and accountants, but they can't do the creative stuff." +they were working on truly global products, and companies like microsoft, google, astrazeneca, general electric, philips, have already answered in the affirmative the question that from their bangalore and hyderabad r & amp; d centers they are able to produce products and services for the world. +it's not a new product or a new process but a new way to organize work, and the most significant management innovation to come out of india, invented by the indian offshoring industry is what we call the global delivery model. +well, in 2010, they decided they're not going to reveal this data anymore, so i had to make some estimates based on various sources. +for a time that i find to be the most placid and uneventful hour of the day, four in the morning sure gets an awful lot of bad press -- across a lot of different media from a lot of big names. +100 years to the day after the death of alfred nobel himself. +and then -- three paragraphs later we get this little beauty: "we went back to blair house to look at the speech for the last time. +let me first address a few popular misconceptions. +and when that cellular space station is within the electric field, it acts on those highly charged proteins and aligns them. +the expected five year survival is less than five percent. +and a year after that treatment, his tumor grew back with a vengeance. +i am the happiest, the happiest person in the world. +and i firmly believe that in the next 10 years tumor treating fields will be a weapon available to doctors and patients for all of these most-difficult-to-treat solid tumors. +and you can notice they have created a kind of false catchment. +the age is 400 years. +we had full-page advertisements, some 30 years, 25 years ago when this canal came. +and it's a kind of water body for all seasons. +and they have dubbed this water as the third one called [unclear]. +three sides, such steps, on the fourth side there is a four-story building where you can organize such ted conferences anytime. +these artifacts and designs are inspiring. +it doesn't matter if this is the jungles of singapore or the tundra of northern finland. +and they're investing in telecoms, shopping malls. +south africa is playing a role. +how do you get from poverty and corruption to wealth and less corruption? +and then something happened in 1980. +invest. +but i think a much bigger problem with this is that this logic -- that we should be dropping ipods not bombs -- i mean, it would make a fascinating title for thomas friedman's new book. +instead of trying to purge these comments, they instead went and reached out to the bloggers. +right? so they can go online and contribute ideas on what that region would look like by the year 2020. +so what should we do about it? +explain to me what's wrong. +no, the boy said to me -- the boy said to me, "it would destroy me." +they called me anthony growing up as a kid. +we had a whole choice of inappropriate names for her. +the world i envision for her -- how do i want men to be acting and behaving? +soft power is a concept invented by a harvard academic, joseph nye, a friend of mine. +but sometimes it just sat there. +farmers now, who used to have to spend half a day of backbreaking labor to find out if the market town was open, if the market was on, whether the product they'd harvested could be sold, what price they'd fetch. +they had to suspend functions at 8: 30. +and to this day remains the only jewish diaspora in the history of the jewish people, which has never encountered a single incident of anti-semitism. +it's the idea of an ever-ever-land, emerging from an ancient civilization, united by a shared history, but sustained, above all, by pluralist democracy. +trachoma is an infection of the eye due to dirt can leave you permanently blind. +and another key thing that i learned a lot throughout this whole process, last year google named me as one of the brightest young minds in the world. +so probably it doesn't matter 50 years from now -- streptococcus and stuff like that will be rampant -- because we won't be here. but if we are -- we're going to need something to do with the bacteria. +mission accomplished! +there's nothing intrinsically sweet about honey. +it's important that we love babies, and that we not be put off by, say, messy diapers. +and he liked to do an exercise with his students where he got them to take a piece of paper and draw the person who sat next to them, their neighbor, very quickly, just as quickly as they could. +maybe have the same kind of security to play. +thank you. all right. +so we have the finger blasters. other people have dinosaurs, you know. +yeah, thought so. so we've all seen it, haven't we? +great. cool. so i was really interested in quantity. +so it was a pretty successful evening. +construction play -- it's playful, obviously, but also a powerful way to learn. +and of course, by the time you get to the average workplace, maybe the best construction tool we have might be the post-it notes. it's pretty barren. +we've gone through lots of experiences in life, and they provide a strong intuition as to whether an interaction is going to work. +in short, we admire their willingness to play. +perhaps in convergent mode we need to be more serious. +reaching success, i was pretty good at coming up with good ideas. +so they took their money and their projects to others who would serve them better. +to be more accurate, i wanted to be a pop star. +i had learned to read music by then, or slowly learning to read music. +this is cheryl ang from singapore. +and i had the same reaction you did. +"my sister and i used to sing in choirs together constantly. +you can imagine, with 2,000 synchronized youtube videos, the render time is just atrocious. +this here is nissan's myleaf, where your driving behavior is compared with the driving behavior of other people, so you can compete for who drives around the most fuel efficiently. +they want us to fit in even better. +and that is an idea that, i think, that paul richard buchanan nicely put in a recent essay where he said, "products are vivid arguments about how we should live our lives." +workers are treated as well or as badly as the workers were treated who built that chair. " +in fact, i use basically the same technology as this 14th-century classroom. +and i like that kind of response. +so what have we learned? +so, a quick strike like that. and if we slow it down a bit, this is the mantis shrimp -- the same species -- recorded at 1,000 frames a second, played back at 15 frames per second. +i hope there aren't any snail rights activists around here. +it just looks like a saddle you'd put on a horse. +in biological systems it's important not to have a whole lot of extra material requirements for building it. +the first peak, obviously, is the limb hitting the load cell. +and these animals may very well be making use of not only the force and the energy stored with that specialized spring, but the extremes of the fluid dynamics. and they might actually be making use of fluid dynamics as a second force for breaking the snail. +biologist sheila patek talks about her work measuring the feeding strike of the mantis shrimp, one of the fastest movements in the animal world, using video cameras recording at 20,000 frames per second. +it turns out that something more than 94 percent of life on earth is aquatic. +now, go into the real atmosphere of this planet. +i put reverse thrust and i try and pull gently down. +i come back up, not for air. +so anybody who wants to copy us and come and join us, go for it. +there are problems of sewage overflow and contamination, but i would also argue that almost every city has this exact condition, and it's a condition that we're all facing. +what is fuzzy rope, you ask? +and the answer is: not yet, they're working. +we had to get rid of the smell. +and eventually snow made a map of the outbreak. +so that in one generation, we're going to halve our cultural diversity. +so, two months later, i went into tibet, and i started interviewing the people there, taking my photographs. that's what i do. +this is another leader of his people. +so it was a great experience for him. he stayed up all night with them, drumming and dancing. +and just this last year we've taken a group of teenagers in, and this has worked the best. +and so, i have my first slide to talk about the dawning of the universe and what i call the cosmic scene investigation, that is, looking at the relics of creation and inferring what happened at the beginning, and then following it up and trying to understand it. +and then i'm going to show you it's actually a lot more complicated. +and then there's a part of the universe we can't see because it's so dense and so hot, light can't escape. +they go out and point a telescope at the sky, take a picture, identify what are stars and throw them away, look at the galaxies, estimate how far away they are, and plot them up. +and so now we're in for some serious play. +so we're zooming in. +so the question is, how hard would it be to assemble this, right? +that pulls in more material and pulls in more material. +at serious play 2008, astrophysicist george smoot shows stunning new images from deep-space surveys, and prods us to ponder how the cosmos -- with its giant webs of dark matter and mysterious gaping voids -- got built this way. +you get stressed, you do some meditation. +we need an exercise. we need a framework to learn how to be more mindful. +it does hurt. and we reinforce the storyline, right? +and he actually took one look at my squiggly line, and said, "well, why don't you just embrace the shake?" +what if i could only create with a dollar's worth of supplies? +it did not happen overnight. +so i was filming. +and when i made my way to that piping chimney i'd seen in the distance, i saw hanna zavorotnya, and i met her. +i have a deeper connection to my laptop than any bit of soil. +i embody the central paradox. +parents text and do email at breakfast and at dinner while their children complain about not having their parents' full attention. +but what might feel just right for that middle-aged executive can be a problem for an adolescent who needs to develop face-to-face relationships. +that feeling that no one is listening to me is very important in our relationships with technology. +and we are vulnerable. +so what do we do? we connect more and more. +make room for it. +let's talk about how we can use digital technology, the technology of our dreams, to make this life the life we can love. +the master said, 'thou didst thy best, that is success.' "from those things, and one other perhaps, i coined my own definition of success, which is: peace of mind attained only through self-satisfaction in knowing you made the effort to do the best of which you're capable. +i knew him once, but then he was a boy. +and that's not good, for a young married man to go home in a bad mood. +i think our tendency is to hope that things will turn out the way we want them to much of the time. but we don't do the things that are necessary to make those things become reality. +and you can win when you're outscored. +i've had some that could and wouldn't, and i've had some that would and couldn't. +in fact, in the last 10 years, the number of patients requiring an organ has doubled, while in the same time, the actual number of transplants has barely gone up. +liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells -- we still can't grow them even today. +we then place it in an oven-like device, and we're able to create that structure and bring it out. +and then finally you're able to get that structure out. +that's actually the actual printer right now, and that's been printing this kidney structure that you see here. +i became the captain of the team, and that was great. +i pulled them aside. +the other week, i went on one of these sites, appropriately called swaptree, and there were over 59,300 items that i could instantly swap for my copy of "24." +that's what happened to me when i noticed that we are moving from passive consumers to creators, to highly enabled collaborators. +these four drivers are fusing together and creating the big shift -- away from the 20th century, defined by hyper-consumption, towards the 21st century, defined by collaborative consumption. +these three systems are coming together, allowing people to share resources without sacrificing their lifestyles, or their cherished personal freedoms. +this is fueling a massive shift from where usage trumps possessions -- or as kevin kelly, the editor of wired magazine, puts it, "where access is better than ownership." +my name is joseph, a member of parliament in kenya. +the leader of the chiefs said, "no, sorry. we can't take you. you'll slow us down. +i'm asking my friends from america to help with bringing nurses or doctors to help us out. +so i was in the museum of science at the time the tornado hit, playing with the tornado display. +co: you got my number off the news? +systems like the ones that we were creating on the fly could exist ahead of time. +mo: data. +in our hometown, we trained a half-dozen residents to run these web tools on their own. +and i met julius the last week that i was living in kibera. +'in case you owe one month, the landlord will come with his henchmen and bundle you out. he will confiscate your things, 'armstrong said. +this is perhaps the most primitive shanty that you can find in kibera, little more than a stick-and-mud hut next to a garbage heap. +it's on very steep ground. +one is people need a guarantee they won't be evicted. +the future of these communities is in the people and in our ability to work with those people. +i don't know where julian morrow got that from. +see it up there? +one is another american inventor ted henter. +many websites we can't read using jaws and the other technologies. +i think i have to say goodbye now. +interestingly enough, other neurologic diseases which affect very different parts of the brain also show tangles of misfolded protein, which suggests that the approach might be a general one, and might be used to cure many neurologic diseases, not just alzheimer's disease. +i'm going to ignore their cautions and make one very specific forecast. +so this is a time of great flourishing, and the more i look around, the more convinced i become that this quote, from the physicist freeman dyson, is not hyperbole at all. +and to make them really stereotypical, let's make them both white guys. +and if you find yourself worried that something like a guaranteed income is going to stifle our drive to succeed and make us kind of complacent, you might be interested to know that social mobility, one of the things we really pride ourselves on in the united states, is now lower than it is in the northern european countries that have these very generous social safety nets. +the realities of this new machine age and the change in the economy are becoming more widely known. +i have become more and more uncomfortable with this perception of god over the years. +some have concluded that we can only believe in a god who shares our pain. +in the second verse comes the line, "the wind and waves obey him." +so who is god, if not the great puppet-master or the tribal protector? +what if god is in things? +how could one practice such a faith? +and so, i want to kind of go through my little story of what i found out. +and if we study those hunter-gatherer tribes and the neanderthal, which are very similar to early man, we find out a very curious thing about this world without technology, and this is a kind of a curve of their average age. +it was sort of, in a certain sense, in a mcluhan sense, an external stomach, in the sense that it was cooking food that we could not eat otherwise. +while this is something that comes from our mind, it also has its roots deeply into the cosmos. +it's a branching off from the human form. +i think that really leads nowhere. +that's what we get from technology all the time. that's why people leave villages and go into cities, is because they are always gravitating towards increased choices and possibilities. +meanwhile, i had grown up around a lot of teachers. +so the idea was that we would be working on whatever we're working on, at 2: 30 p.m. the students flow in and you put down what you're doing, or you trade, or you work a little bit later or whatever it is. +that was just my one thing -- i said we had to have something that drops on people's heads. +and we found ourselves full every day with kids. +the key thing is, even if you only have a couple of hours a month, those two hours shoulder-to-shoulder, next to one student, concentrated attention, shining this beam of light on their work, on their thoughts and their self-expression, is going to be absolutely transformative, because so many of the students have not had that ever before. +they work under the teacher's guide, and it's all in one big room. +and so then they're all sold in the store. this is near the planks. +they didn't want to sell pirate supplies. +so this is the space during tutoring hours. +anyway. so i'm going to jump ahead. +the schools need you. the teachers need you. +you see, i grew up in war-torn iraq, and i believe that there are two sides of wars and we've only seen one side of it. +this is where we conceive of rape and casualties as inevitabilities. +there is a side that fights, and there is a side that keeps the schools and the factories and the hospitals open. +a congolese woman, who was telling me about how her children saw their father killed in front of them and saw her raped in front of them and mutilated in front of them, and her children saw their nine-year-old sibling killed in front of them, how they're doing okay right now. +zainab salbi: women, wartime and the dream of peace +and she has this show, "the simple life." +last month, i was at google, and, boy, that cafeteria, man. +and she's very important in my life, because she's the one that told me to leave mit and go to art school. +so if you compare complexities to simplicity, it's also catching up in a way, too. +and when you're told this, you feel kind of weird. +so, i went back to the computer, and i bought five large fries, and scanned them all. and i was looking for some kind of food theme, and i wrote some software to automatically lay out french-fry images. +it's a bit eerie, isn't it? +this book i wrote because i want to figure out life. +and this is the fourth time, and i come here for this wisdom, i think. +environmental challenges fall into the same three categories, and most of what we think about are local environmental problems: air pollution, water pollution, hazardous waste dumps. but there are also regional environmental problems, like acid rain from the midwest to the northeast, and from western europe to the arctic, and from the midwest out the mississippi into the dead zone of the gulf of mexico. +you all know that. at the last ipcc summary, the scientists wanted to say, "how certain are you?" they wanted to answer that "99 percent." +we have to have a unified view of how to go about this: the struggle against poverty in the world and the challenge of cutting wealthy country emissions, all has a single, very simple solution. +what we need is another hero generation. those of us who are alive in the united states of america today especially, but also the rest of the world, have to somehow understand that history has presented us with a choice -- just as jill [bolte] taylor was figuring out how to save her life while she was distracted by the amazing experience that she was going through. +so they're saying the right things and they may -- whichever of them is elected -- may do the right thing, but let me tell you: when i came back from kyoto in 1997, with a feeling of great happiness that we'd gotten that breakthrough there, and then confronted the united states senate, only one out of 100 senators was willing to vote to confirm, to ratify that treaty. whatever the candidates say has to be laid alongside what the people say. +a change in commitment. a new sense of urgency. +and this exhibition is about the work of designers that help us be more elastic, and also of designers that really work on this elasticity as an opportunity. and one last thing is that it's not only designers, but it's also scientists. +he's thinking -- of course it's all a concept -- of injecting typefaces into spermatozoa, i don't know how to say it in english -- spermatazoi -- in order to make them become -- to almost have a song or a whole poem written with every ejaculation. +in this particular case a section will be devoted to information design. +rapid manufacturing is a computer file sent directly from the computer to the manufacturing machine. +another shape is made for cancer. +and many designers have been working recently on the idea of death and mourning, and what we can do about it today with new technologies. +we did it in three steps. +and the same pattern emerged in each conflict. +so what's going on? +the opposite happened. +and within jewish teachings, the rabbinic teachings, we have hillel, who taught that you shouldn't do to others what you don't like being done to yourself. +and then god looked to the future and realized, if the world was created just with justice, the world couldn't exist. +and that unity is something that connects all of creation. +and he rushed home. and after the sabbath, he made 12 loaves of bread, took them to the synagogue, went into the synagogue, opened the ark and said, "god, i don't know why you want this bread, but here you are." +and he called the two of them to his office. +it persists for months and oftentimes for years, and when that happens, it is its own disease. +but the worst part was, not the spontaneous pain that was there 24 hours a day. +we treat these patients in a rather crude fashion at this point in time. +if you look out your window and you can see long's peak, you're probably familiar with it. +so it's about a mile across, 600 feet deep. +let me note that we have not had a giant impact like the dinosaur-killer for 65 million years. they're very rare. +now the good news is that the odds of it actually passing through this keyhole and hitting us next go-around are one in a million, roughly -- very, very low odds, so i personally am not lying awake at night worrying about this at all. +and there are a lot of other problems with that. it's very hard to do. +this probe actually can't use chemical rockets. +so i thought that it will be good to start with it. +and we all had all of that on tapes. +it's so obvious, straight in your face, and somebody must have thought of it. +you see banks -- i don't know if there are any bankers over here; i apologize in advance -- but it's the best job in the world. +just quickly on the results. +he goes and sees the governor. the governor says, boris nikolayevich, i understand you are doing a great job, and you are the most respected newspaper in our district. +because when you think about the importance, some of the issues that we were talking about last night -- this last session we had about africa and his hypothetical 50 billion dollars destined for africa. +now we do daydreaming in 11: 30 with 55 seconds left. +what happens to matter if you chop it up very fine? +and suppose they have, you know, very different sensory apparatus, and so on. +and in a lot of familiar cases, they of course are. +it's a very simple example. +now, here is a very exciting development that many people have not heard of. +it's the same theory of gravity. +presumably, they mean something supernatural. +how true for lincoln. +so then he surprised the nation with an upset victory for the presidency over three far more experienced, far more educated, far more celebrated rivals. +but even in his wildest dreams, lincoln could never have imagined how far his reputation would reach. +but it was not to be that simple. +a victor in a thousand contests, three great civil rights laws, medicare, aid to education. +one of his favorite stories, for example, had to do with the revolutionary war hero, ethan allen. +and i was so excited -- first person i'd ever see outside of ebbets field. +but luckily, my first confession -- to a baseball-loving priest! +and i want to begin with one episode from that sequence of events that most of you would be very familiar with, belshazzar's feast -- because we're talking about the iran-iraq war of 539 bc. +and what is the great king, the powerful king, the king of the four quarters of the world going to do? +it was the largest empire the world had known until then. +no other evidence. +and equally, he'd have been surprised that he was acting under orders from marduk. +they want to borrow the cyrus cylinder. +and i want to finish by asking you what the next story will be in which this object figures. +and it's only when it goes wrong that we start to realize the importance of families to children. +for those without disabilities, at age three, they're transferred to another institution, and at age seven, to yet another. segregated according to age and gender, they are arbitrarily separated from their siblings, often without even a chance to say goodbye. +people need to know the harm that institutions cause to children, and the better alternatives that exist. +because it's obviously incredibly frightening. +and that's why we wanted it to be the 21st of september as the date of peace. +and just staying in the moment with it was a beautiful thing and really empowering actually. +it didn't matter if it didn't create a day of peace. +and i remember thinking, "this is exactly why, actually, we have to work even harder. +it was historical. could it work in afghanistan with unama and who and civil society, etc., etc., etc.? +and we did, and we traveled around, and we spoke to elders, we spoke to doctors, we spoke to nurses, we held press conferences, we went out with soldiers, we sat down with isaf, we sat down with nato, we sat down with the u.k. government. +and we gave the film over. +ultimately, that's what it's about. " +it's about your constituencies; it's about your businesses. +but let's play along. +so this to me became the important question to answer: how many neurons does the human brain have, and how does that compare to other animals? +compared to a rat, we might seem special, yes, but that's not a fair comparison to make, given that we know that we are not rodents. +when you eat like a primate, you can't afford both. +and i think that's how we got to become human. +i'm fascinated with the idea of what happens when you merge biology with technology, and i remember reading about this idea of being able to reprogram biology, in the future, away from disease and aging. +it's a very logical plan, but it was not always like this. +but one day, something happened. +the man, his name was mahmoud, and the child, whose name was rafi, left. +it's not a priority. " +the stump or cast prosthesis was made, and he was starting the real physical rehabilitation. +no need of staying with me all the day pushing my wheelchair. " +i don't want them to be teased at school by the other students. " +but with najmuddin, we cannot discuss. +they are 7,000 every year -- people coming for the first time. +this is my big wish. +i want to tell you some stories that explain my view. +their decisions, their actions matter. +what lessons would you take from an experience like this? +and i was part of that. +now, i was a little scared because when you see those three problems, they seem really hard to deal with. +and he signs off, "thank you." +it says a lot about her peers who elected her. +can you see it? +so when we want to learn whether a planet is habitable, whether it might be amenable to life, we want to know not only how much total light it receives and how warm it is, but we want to know about its space weather -- this high-energy radiation, the uv and the x-rays that are created by its star and that bathe it in this bath of high-energy radiation. +wrong. i'm not looking at you. i can't see you. +but there exists out there a very large population of people who will tell you that they have psychic, magical powers that they can predict the future, that they can make contact with the deceased. +she doesn't bring any useful information to us. +"did he ever have an electric razor?" "no." +now, without that, how could we possibly function? +she couldn't reach me. now she says she doesn't want to reach me because i'm a godless person. +now folks, this is not just a metaphor i'm going to give you now, it's true. +those are very important, critically important to us. +legendary skeptic james randi takes a fatal dose of homeopathic sleeping pills onstage, kicking off a searing 18-minute indictment of irrational beliefs. he throws out a challenge to the world's psychics: prove what you do is real, and i'll give you a million dollars. +so it runs frequently, the entire hospital, just on a generator. +there has to be something better. " +but this gives control to the provider, whether there's power or not, because they can adjust the flow based on the percentage of oxygen they see that they're giving their patient. +but we still want to be sure that this is the most effective and safe device that we can be putting into hospitals. +some logos designed by my students. +the creative spirit in africa, the creative tradition, is as potent as it has always been, if only designers could look within. +it's a holocaust of a different kind, and hiding under our desks isn't going to help. +now, there's no time to get into the benefits of eating plants here, but the evidence is that plants -- and i want to make this clear -- it's not the ingredients in plants, it's the plants. +half the people who developed the food pyramid have ties to agribusiness. +margarine didn't exist. +the effects of this are well known. they are everywhere. +most moms cooked like mine: a piece of broiled meat, a quickly made salad with bottled dressing, canned soup, canned fruit salad. +leading the way -- what's leading the way? +and i say this as a man who has eaten a fair share of corned beef in his life. +we can continue the search for the ingredients we love, and we can continue to spin yarns about our favorite meals. +sound familiar? +if i can ask an indiscreet question, how many of you have tattoos? +myth number two: orpheus, wonderful guy, charming to be around, great partier, great singer, loses his beloved, charms his way into the underworld, only person to charm his way into the underworld, charms the gods of the underworld, they release his beauty on the condition he never look at her until they're out. +some of these have already been touched upon by other speakers, which is encouraging. +52 million people die of natural causes each year corresponds, then, to 52 million volumes destroyed. +if we were to take into account future generations that will never come into existence if we blow ourselves up, then the figure becomes astronomical. +we were very successful. +so if you think about what it means to learn arithmetic or to learn to read, you're actually, literally rewriting your own brain. +and they would just stare at us with bafflement when we spend time listening to a beautiful performance, like the one we just heard -- because of people making stupid movements, and they would be really irritated and wouldn't see what we were up to. +so then, you move off to this larger sphere of "human +," and you could continue that process and eventually explore a lot of this larger space of possible modes of being. +ts: those are permanent magnets, yeah. +ts: yeah, well let's put a couple of canvases. +and then when i did the second one, it really disturbed the piece -- these big blue lines crashing through the center of it -- and so it created a kind of tension and an overlap. +you know, it seems at this stage in your life, you also very personally are in this state of confrontation with a sort of dissonant -- i suppose it's an electromagnetic force that somehow governs your parkinson's and this creative force that is both the artist who is in the here and now and this sort of arc of your whole life. +ts: thank you, john. +my mother comes out, and he asks her for money, but she doesn't have enough. +i grew up in the middle of nowhere on a dirt road in rural arkansas, an hour from the nearest movie theater. +one of them, i call my mimaw's test. +i'm under the river with those fish. +one of these is scratch-off masterpieces. +what he did was to get wild birds to make his art for him. +and so we got to the grave and made this, which was hilarious -- the attention that we got. +and also they reference how the uvula -- everything they say is fallen because of the forbidden fruit. +he's an australian aboriginal elder, and he's also an artist. +and you would think that should have nothing to do with one another, but i hope by the end of these 18 minutes, you'll see a little bit of a relation. +and what changed is something you might not have expected in an art, which is math. +and if you don't want to fold 400 scales, you can back off and just do a few things, and add plates to the back of a turtle, or toes. +we're going to learn how to make one flap. +and i can use those patterns now to create origami shapes. +toes have become an origami meme, because everyone's doing it. +they certainly didn't need to talk to origami artists. +the problem that's being solved here is something that needs to be big and sheet-like at its destination, but needs to be small for the journey. +forrest north: the beginning of any collaboration starts with a conversation. +he came up with our name and logo. we're mission motors. +the 200,000-year period in which men have been top dog is truly coming to an end, believe it or not, and that's why i talk about the "end of men." +and so they decided, because they were intrigued by this finding, to do a nationwide survey. +but that really isn't true anymore. +and what's even more disturbing is what's happening with younger boys. +and i think the reason it has a sting is because thousands of years of history don't reverse themselves without a lot of pain, and that's why i talk about us all going through this together. +but over the '70s and' 80s, the south korea government decided they wanted to rapidly industrialize, and so what they did was, they started to push women into the workforce. +and we have a lot of skill and experience, but it's a trick, so how are you supposed to prepare to get through that glass ceiling? +and the man who talked at that evening lecture was very interesting. +and it's interesting, if you think about it, how, when we think about the civilizations that we look up to as having been pinnacles of human achievement -- whether it's china, greece, the hindu civilization, or the mayas, or egyptians -- what we know about them is really about their ecstasies, not about their everyday life. +whether it's mathematics or music, it takes that long to be able to begin to change something in a way that it's better than what was there before. +you know that what you need to do is possible to do, even though difficult, and sense of time disappears, you forget yourself, you feel part of something larger. +even though sometimes watching television about seven to eight percent of the time is in flow, but that's when you choose a program you really want to watch and you get feedback from it. +and if "where do you come from?" +and the number of us who live outside the old nation-state categories is increasing so quickly, by 64 million just in the last 12 years, that soon there will be more of us than there are americans. +and yet, there is one great problem with movement, and that is that it's really hard to get your bearings when you're in midair. +and i sat down, and i began to write, and write, and write, even though i'd gone there really to get away from my desk. +thank you. +i'm going to talk now about how world population has changed from that year and into the future, but i will not use digital technology, as i've done during my first five tedtalks. +and the most successful of the developing countries, they have moved on, you know, and they have become emerging economies, we call them. +will they move on? +the whole emerging world joins the western world with good child survival and small family size, but we still have the poorest billion. +the world's population will grow to 9 billion over the next 50 years -- and only by raising the living standards of the poorest can we check population growth. this is the paradoxical answer that hans rosling unveils at ted @ cannes using colorful new data display technology. +we are left with this missing space of increased deaths the further north you go. +and i started doing research, and we found, very excitingly, that the skin produces nitric oxide. +now, what we were careful to do was, vitamin d is made by ultraviolet b rays and we wanted to separate our story from the vitamin d story. +there is no change in blood flow, in dilatation of the blood vessels. +and this is ongoing work, but dermatologists -- i mean, i'm a dermatologist. +these are major issues. +so, your body is constantly regenerating. +it disintegrates a few months later. +and this is an x-ray showing you the patent, functional blood vessel. +but there are other hollow organs that have added complexity to it. +another strategy that we have followed is actually to use decellularized organs. +we are limited with distances right now, but our goal is actually to increase those distances over time. +he finally stops the runaway stage. +i would be willing to bet that i'm the dumbest guy in the room because i couldn't get through school. i struggled with school. +what we do is we sit and teach our kids all the things they shouldn't do: don't hit; don't bite; don't swear. +all three of the founders of netscape had it. +is it thing one or thing two? what is it? +and i remember this one customer so vividly because i also did some other stuff with these clients. +i also learned, don't reveal your source, because i got beat up after about four weeks of doing this because one of the rich kids found out where i was buying my comics from, and he didn't like the fact that he was paying a lot more. +and you could stuff pins in them. +then i would go up and deliver them to these 70-year-old women playing bridge. +that was cool because then i had retail outlets. +and then they don't have a regular check, but they have more opportunities to find more stuff, and they learn the skill of negotiating, and they learn the skill of finding opportunities as well. +if you go into a restaurant and you have bad customer service, show them what bad customer service looks like. +it's a video that was done by one of the companies that i mentor. +we have even managed to make the study of literature arcane. +a harrowing predilection for the uses of force had become commonplace, with an equal distaste for the alternative forms of influence. +but structures designed to connect, rather than divide mutually dependent circles, rather than isolating triangles. +the most important discovery we made in our focus on public action was to appreciate that the hard choices are not between good and evil, but between competing goods. +president obama and his team simply cannot do it alone. +okay, see? it's done. it's almost done. here we go. +they recognize: both of these things have to live together. +they are acting in the sense that they're emulating the original mashup. +in the good old days when this republican ran that company, their greatest work was work that built on the past, right. +now, i think there are lessons we should learn here, lessons about openness. +you could still buy the music, but you couldn't hear anything because it had been silenced. +anyway, please join me in teaching these values. +if you don't say the right creative thing, you're going to be judged. +and something else happened, these people who went through the process and touched the snake ended up having less anxiety about other things in their lives. +about that time he was at the d.school at stanford taking classes. +so while you're sitting around with the other patients in your pajamas and everybody's pale and thin and you're waiting for your turn to get the gamma rays, you think of a lot of things. +thank you. +let's take a look at what's going on in different space types in this building. +when he met me and realized that it was possible for him to study in a quantitative way how his design choices impacted the ecology and biology of this building, he got really excited, because it added a new dimension to what he did. +so let's just run through these guys. +the system was designed to augment human intelligence, it was called. +these are some examples of this system in action in the late 80s. +and according to fortune magazine, he's worth 700 million dollars. +in fact, someone on reddit thought, "oh, what a great thing, we should all vote this up." +they even created an e-card so you could send your friend a dancing splashy. +i am a native of burkina faso. +fundraising was not an easy task. +and for me and my community, this project was a huge success. +i would like to share with you this. +yes, you know it. +and when you look through them, you get a glimpse into the mind of the cyber-illusionist. +voice: don't tell, or it won't come true. +digital mt: this is without a question the real thing. +now the big question here is obviously, how do we make sense of china? +the first is that the most important political value for the chinese is unity, is the maintenance of chinese civilization. +the chinese have a very, very different conception of race to most other countries. +it's had no serious rivals. +so there we have three building blocks for trying to understand the difference that is china -- the civilization-state, the notion of race and the nature of the state and its relationship to society. +first, the west is rapidly losing its influence in the world. +now this is the way things are going to move, because china has a very specific problem, which is different from europe and different from the united states: china has huge numbers of people and no space. +red = drums, blue = bass, green = chords, orange = leads, purple = pads the mouthpiece consists of... +it's been eight years, and i can tell you that i didn't go to china to become a lawyer. +[chinese] "big sister wong," washburn, wong, same difference. +what about art? +everyone was glued to the tv, watching disturbing, frightening images taken from the edge of the neighborhood. +when we got there, we just went in the street, started talking with people everywhere, and we realized that things were a bit different from the rhetoric we heard in the media. +people come around us and start asking, "what are you doing here?" +i just observed. +then the next day, i held a meeting on the main square and some women came. +we went to africa, sudan, sierra leone, liberia, kenya. +you know what i love is, for example, when you see the biggest eye there, there are so [many] houses inside. +for each project we do a film. +but yesterday the city called them and said, "look, you're going to have to tear it down. +actually the fact that art cannot change things makes it a neutral place for exchanges and discussions, and then enables you to change the world. +and we come from a long tradition of sharing. +one of the founders went to switzerland, saw it implemented someplace, said, "wow, that looks really cool. +the number across the u.s. and western europe is eight percent. +so here we have ludotruck, which is in l.a., doing the things that gourmet food trucks do, and they've gathered quite a following. +super fun, and it happens in a very transitional neighborhood. +the future, as we know it, is very unpredictable. +we've seen it in the financial crisis. we've seen it in the pandemic flu. +but will this only be available for the super rich, for those that can afford it? are we headed for a new eugenics? +an individual, for the first time in the history of humanity, will have the capacity, by 2030, to destroy the planet, to wreck everything, through the creation, for example, of a biopathogen. +i'm not on top of the class. +but, most importantly, while i was traveling, i taught children cartooning, and in exchange, i learned how to be spontaneous. +i was hesitant to include this in my presentation because this cartoon was published soon after 9 / 11. +everything had to be larger. the next painting was even bigger. +this is a work, a library i designed for the robin hood foundation. +so then i said, "nets, what do i do?" +we had fashion designers, installation artists, models, we had makeup artists, jewelry designers, all kinds of people working with me to make my wedding an art installation. +my works also turned autobiographical. +you know i sat at home and i watched. +and i drew it out for her. +e: achoo! +can you get down? +because one of her favorite folks from back home is here, and she's pretty nervous to meet him. +e: quack, quack, quack. +sw: you are very special. what would you like to say to all these nice people? +and on one particular day, the campers were jumping through inner tubes, they were diving through inner tubes. and i thought this would be great fun. +i started seeking out triathletes because i found that lifelong swimmers often couldn't teach what they did. +the head is held in line with the spine, so that you use strategic water pressure to raise your legs up -- very important, especially for people with lower body fat. +so i thought why not punish myself? i'll do japanese. +and that set me on this panic driven search for the perfect language method. +and so i ended up walking like this. +i interviewed these people because they all taught in buenos aires. +that's just one benefit of that. +what i want to talk about today is one idea. +now not surprisingly, that influenced some people to think we were onto something. +geoff mulgan: a short intro to the studio school +and the philistine who is sent down, their mighty warrior, is a giant. +so david, in that story, is supposed to be the underdog, right? +if you go back over the history of ancient warfare, you will find time and time again that slingers were the decisive factor against infantry in one kind of battle or another. +and then there's this whole weird thing about how long it takes goliath to react to the sight of david. +and that would also explain so much of what was strange about his behavior that day. +and something festered inside me after this happened. +we have millions of genes of microbes in our human microbiome covering us. +and so, these studies have documented or suggested out of a variety of important functions for the microbial community, this cloud, the non-pathogens that live in and on us. +we should treat it carefully and with respect, and we do not want to mess with it, say by c-sections or by antibiotics or excessive cleanliness, without some real good justification. +and that's what we're doing. so wikipedia -- you just saw the little demonstration of it -- it's a freely licensed encyclopedia. it's written by thousands of volunteers all over the world in many, many languages. +and he's only been our employee since january 2005, all the other growth before that. +the media has covered this somewhat extensively. +we should merely report on what reputable parties have said about it. +these are the people who are doing the bulk of the site, and they are, in a sense, semi-professionals at what they're doing, that the standards we set for ourselves are equal to or higher than professional standards of quality. +so somebody says, "delete it, please. delete it -- it's not notable." +and i also like to say she's the only person who actually knows all the rules of wikipedia, so... +ben saunders: yeah, hi, ben saunders. +i and my colleagues art aron and lucy brown and others, have put 37 people who are madly in love into a functional mri brain scanner. +almost nobody gets out of love alive. +we found activity in a tiny, little factory near the base of the brain called the ventral tegmental area. +two thousand years later, we can explain this in the brain. +i've also come to believe that romantic love is an addiction: a perfectly wonderful addiction when it's going well, and a perfectly horrible addiction when it's going poorly. +our newest experiment has been hatched by my colleague, art aron -- putting people who are reporting that they are still in love, in a long-term relationship, into the functional mri. +so, i will close with this. these are my older people. +i'm not quite sure. +three: sinew used in the outer layer of the limb for maximum tension storage. +dong woo jang: the art of bow-making +and like all the dolphins in our community, we photographed mugsy and tracked her little spots and nicks in her dorsal fin, and also the unique spot patterns as she matured over time. +and they use these burst-pulsed sounds as well as their head-to-head behaviors when they're fighting. +this underwater keyboard in orlando, florida, at the epcot center, was actually the most sophisticated ever two-way interface designed for humans and dolphins to work together under the water and exchange information. +the diver here has a rope toy, and i'm on the keyboard on the left, and i've just played the rope key, and that's the request for the toy from the human. +the dolphin's at the keyboard. +denise herzing: could we speak the language of dolphins? +it's based on an argentinian rhythm called "carnivalito." +commentator: there he is. +so the idea was, okay, keep that feeling of freedom, but change the vector and increase the time. +because this is -- i'm quite an experienced manager of systems as a pilot, but this is really -- you need fluidity, you need to be agile and also to adapt really fast. +so i did try to take, again, a climb altitude. +with that, i have to adapt to something new. +yr: i have a standard answer. +i bet those prehistoric cave artists would have loved to know how to draw better. +worryingly, there is no consensus about what it is. +we don't see those nuclear reactions in stars. +so we perceive nothing as what it really is. +why a marriage contract and not any other reason for regular annual action? +it's the basic regulating principle of the enlightenment. +so this little slide here shows you an optometrist and the little blue person represents about 10,000 people and that's the ratio in the u.k. +i have a global vision for vision. +i have to say, it wasn't exactly what i had in mind for my first day down under. +so, the new festival, it asks the audience to play an essential role in shaping the performance. +case in point: when "the sultan's elephant" came to london just nine months after 7 / 7, a londoner wrote, "for the first time since the london bombings, my daughter called up with that sparkle back in her voice. +["academy award winner for visual effects"] second doctor: welcome to your new body, jake.first doctor: good. +and what these images are -- you'll see them at the start of the slide show -- there's only about four images -- but it's of a little bear that lives in the great bear rainforest. +after a while of reading this in the news, it just becomes news. +but unfortunately, 95 percent of the glaciers in the arctic are also receding right now to the point that the ice is ending up on land and not injecting any ice back into the ecosystem. +after an hour in these conditions, it's so extreme that, when i go down, almost every dive i vomit into my regulator because my body can't deal with the stress of the cold on my head. +when i'm on my deathbed, i'm going to remember one story more than any other. +it just sees this big balloon in the ocean -- it doesn't have hands -- it's going to take a little bite, the boat pops, and off they go. +i put my flippers on. i could barely part my lips. +this just didn't happen a couple of times. +it's a story that lives deep in my heart, and i'm proud to share this with you. +now that you're done looking at those, close them down, because every phone has something in common. +now, instead of doing it like misdirection and throwing it off to the side, instead, what i choose to focus on is frank, to be able to play with the frank inside your head, your little security guard, and get you, instead of focusing on your external senses, just to go internal for a second. +do you have a wallet on you? joe: i don't. +open your hand. thank you very much. +i'm going to try to push it inside your hand. +down here i noticed this. is this something of yours, sir? +never have been. +we did not imagine that there would be this many maps around the world. +could we leverage these technologies to switch smartly whenever you travel from country to country? +and the local financing is not part of the ecosystem for supporting hardware projects. +we need to look for something else, and we've gotten ourselves a little bit into a rut. +this last project is also of components. +you can actually predict what kinds of books they like to read, what kinds of places they like to travel to, and what kinds of food they like to eat. +and by the matrix, i mean literally the matrix, like the movie "the matrix." +it gives us very strong feelings about those who cause harm. +i think this is what we come with, at least a preparedness to learn all of these things. +notice also that on all of these graphs, the slope is steeper on in-group, authority, purity. +so this triptych, these three panels portray the timeless truth that order tends to decay. +because i think that the greatest wonder in the world is not the grand canyon. +they want order, even at some cost to those at the bottom. +can you be not for or against anything? +what i want to talk to you about today is some of the problems that the military of the western world -- australia, united states, u.k. and so on -- face in some of the deployments that they're dealing with in the modern world at this time. +so again, they would say, "well if we have access to non-lethal weapons, if we've got someone we know is hostile, we can do something to deal with them and know that if we hit anyone else around the place, at least, again, we're not going to kill them." +they generally seem to think, "well, why would we care what's happened with the police? +so the next two years were the years they studied -- 2001, 2002. +it was used indiscriminately. +in fact, he was probably six inches taller than me, and she was about this tall. +they're trained to be more restrained in the use of force than the military are. +and the question he had is, "can i do it? can it be done?" +we have art students getting together, taking old radiator parts and doing an iron-pour to make something new out of it. +they're a bit subversive in what they do. +and then he didn't particularly like school that much, but he got involved in robotics competitions, and he realized he had a talent, and, more importantly, he had a real passion for it. +now that could be a dog door, it could be someone going somewhere where they shouldn't, like a little brother into a little sister's room. +this is steve wozniak. where does he learn about computers? +and drew barrymore, for all her wonderful charm, is not glamorous either. +and this is hedy lamarr. +this is filippino lippi's 1543 portrait of saint apollonia. +so you can do a glamorized picture of a car, but you can't do a glamorized picture of traffic. +the sense of, you know, life could be better, i could join this -- i could be a perfect person, i could join this perfect world. +so, this session's supposed to be about pure pleasure but glamour's really partly about meaning. +it was criticized for glamorizing violence, because, look -- sunglasses and those long coats, and, of course, they could walk up walls and do all these kinds of things that are impossible in the real world. +so she's even more glamorous if you know that she really wasn't stupid, even though she thought she could look stupid. +it was a way of locating myself. +oh sure, sure, i had moments of appreciation of my body, the way an abusive parent can sometimes have a moment of kindness. +i heard about a little girl who couldn't stop peeing on herself because so many grown soldiers had shoved themselves inside her. +and the fire that burned in me on day three through six of chemo is the fire that is burning in the forests of the world. +it was the honey in the water that made it sweet, it was the oil that made it sick. +it was all these things. +obviously the whole project here is huge. +and ivan puts his sandwich over here, on top of the pirate chest. +which sandwich is he going to take? +no, because the wind should get in trouble. +now she thinks the powder is sugar. +okay, so it causes a small involuntary contraction in my hand by putting a magnetic pulse in my brain. +so, there's a couple of things to say about tms. +that's a great answer. rebecca saxe, thank you very much. that was fantastic. +and sometimes it takes a wake-up call, doesn't it, to alert us to the fact that we're hurrying through our lives, instead of actually living them; that we're living the fast life, instead of the good life. +but i think if you cut through those forces, you get to what might be the deeper driver, the nub of the question, which is how we think about time itself. +and in this, towns begin to rethink how they organize the urban landscape, so that people are encouraged to slow down and smell the roses and connect with one another. +and norway, sweden, denmark and finland now rank among the top six most competitive nations on earth, and they work the kind of hours that would make the average american weep with envy. +i think there's a kind of metaphysical dimension -- that speed becomes a way of walling ourselves off from the bigger, deeper questions. +i no longer hear time's winged chariot drawing near, or at least not as much as i did before. +how do you discover the uniqueness of a project as unique as a person? +and when there were complaints about budget, i said, "well, it's worth doing the island because you get twice for your money: reflections." +and i went down and chief minister badal said to me, "we sikhs have suffered a great deal, as you have jews. +and again, i felt kind of uncomfortable with the notion that a building the size of the washington building -- 50,000 square feet -- will sit on that fragile hill and that we will go into galleries -- rooms with doors and sort of familiar rooms -- to tell the story of the holocaust. +studies for the structure of the roof, which demands maybe new materials: how to make it white, how to make it translucent, how to make it glowing, how to make it not capricious. +so i think i'm going to start with what i just heard. +so i'm going to show you, we're going to play just for a second. +well we're jazz musicians, so stereotypically we don't have a great relationship to finance. +namaste. salaam. +i have come from a place of intense darkness. +actually, i come from britain, but i've been living in maldives for 26 years now. +it comes off the ocean here and is drawn up towards india. +now, the particular species of dragonfly i want to talk about is this one, because most dragonflies, like the one we've just seen, when the adult is there for its brief one or two months of life, it doesn't go very far. it can't travel very far. +and i didn't think anything more of it until the following year, when it happened again, and then the year after that, and then the year after that. +you're too keen. you're too keen. no. hang on. hang on. +it stretches about 500 miles, of course it's india here. +that's the inter-monsoon, the time when the monsoon changes. +the larvae have to develop very quickly. +and the dragonflies are there. i have reports from my various contacts. +and i only stumbled on this because i was living in malé, in maldives for long enough for it to percolate into my brain that something rather special was going on. +and they are not the only one that makes the crossing. +so, that's what i've done with my life. +champion sounds so goofy, but it's what it was, right? +and this one, look how it slides sideways, every which way? +this one, a little sketchy going backwards, and watch the back foot, watch the back foot. +and they're not all bad. +next. and this is something deeper, and this is where i'm — i think i was on tour when i, i was reading one of the feynman biographies. it was the red one or the blue one. +and so many people, i guess, watch those videos. +but carl norden is really the one who cracks the code. +so in the years leading up to the second world war, the u.s. military buys 90,000 of these norden bombsights at a cost of $14,000 each -- again, in 1940 dollars, that's a lot of money. +well how many cloudless skies do you think there were above central europe between 1940 and 1945? +and their mission was to find and to destroy -- remember the scud missile launchers, those surface-to-air missiles that the iraqis were launching at the israelis? +in that exact same period that we've been using these drones with devastating accuracy, the number of attacks, of suicide attacks and terrorist attacks, against american forces in afghanistan has increased tenfold. +and visiting some pretty incredible places, places like mongolia, cambodia, new guinea, south africa, tanzania twice -- i was here a month ago. +but that's not really the question i'm asking. +but looking around the world at the diversity of humans, he said, "well, you know, we seem to come in discreet sub-species or categories." +and the whole thing, if you add it all together, is over six billion nucleotides long. +and what that means is that we originated in africa. it's written in our dna. +now, africa is the most tropical continent on the planet -- about 85 percent of it lies between cancer and capricorn -- and there aren't a lot of glaciers here, except on the high mountains here in east africa. +we became much more social. the social networks expanded. +and it's based on a few thousand people we've sampled from, you know, a handful of populations around the world. +projects around the world -- documenting oral poetry in sierra leone, preserving traditional weaving patterns in gaza, language revitalization in tajikistan, etc., etc. +well, the answer seems to be, the universe can create complexity, but with great difficulty. +and at first, it's just a blur, but very quickly distinct things begin to appear in that blur. +stars will create the goldilocks conditions for crossing two new thresholds. +you also need a great diversity of chemical elements, and you need liquid such as water. +as it copies itself, once in every billion rungs, there tends to be an error. +we are blessed with a language, a system of communication, so powerful and so precise that we can share what we've learned with such precision that it can accumulate in the collective memory. +collective learning is a very, very powerful force, and it's not clear that we humans are in charge of it. +and then they blame the banks for being the bad guys who gave them the mortgages. +low-income people spend a lot more than a thousand on lotteries. +take out those who say they save too little. +or as some economists call it, present bias. +what are the implications to saving lives and having organs available? +it's very painful, even though it doesn't mean anything. +maybe we should make people save more when they make more money. +if you're thinking about people taking too much risk and not understanding how much risk they're taking or taking too little risk, we need to think about that. +it's completely fucked up and can only be explained in song. +you're live. +have a great session. +when i go out to direct a film, every day we prepare too much, we think too much. +and i say, "cate, what do you want to do?" +so, how far does eternity go? +we tell ourselves stories. +because she fell in love with walter raleigh, she was giving up the reasons she was a queen, and then walter raleigh fell in love with her lady in waiting, and she had to decide whether she was a queen going to war or she wanted... +elizabeth: bess? +elizabeth: this man has seduced a ward of the queen, and she has married without royal consent. +so how do i start all this? +they suck up all the water, keep to themselves, and they drip feed the lower city. +it is finite; harmony is infinite. +i met a guy -- the guy on the left. +we needed to be working on beef. +this is where we stand today. +we need to use less to make more. +they may have a lot of opinions about it, but they're not going to be terribly informed. +are we going to work with 1.5 billion producers? +we need change even working with individual companies is not probably going to get us there. +we're using whatever leverage we have to bring them to the table. +it's more with less and less again. +i am a neuroscientist with a mixed background in physics and medicine. +and i promise to you, this was such an important moment in my career, when i realized that the great leader believed in young people and new ideas. +let me summarize: the rat received a paralyzing lesion of the spinal cord. +they are the result of a young team of very talented people: physical therapists, neurobiologists, neurosurgeons, engineers of all kinds, who have achieved together what would have been impossible by single individuals. +a spinal cord injury can sever the communication between your brain and your body, leading to paralysis. fresh from his lab, grégoire courtine shows a new method -- combining drugs, electrical stimulation and a robot -- that could re-awaken the neural pathways and help the body learn again to move on its own. see how it works, as a paralyzed rat becomes able to run and navigate stairs. +i am an example of what's possible when girls from the very beginning of their lives are loved and nurtured by the people around them. +and i think about that today because i am reminded and convinced that all of you in this school are very important parts of closing that gap. +i loved getting as. +because the world is big. +summertime and the living is easy fish are jumping and the cotton is high oh, your daddy's rich and your ma is good-looking so hush little baby don't you cry and i opened my eyes, and i saw that she had her eyes closed. +"the human voice: mysterious, spontaneous, primal." with these words, soprano claron mcfadden invites us to explore the mysteries of breathing and singing, as she performs the challenging "aria," by john cage. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +no ceo, no firm responsible, singly, for building it. +instead, again, it is as if we are all sitting together in a theater, but we can only see amidst the fog the people immediately around us. +how did this happen? +i am not making this up. +and wikipedia has embraced this. +but then, you can see the same kind of whimsy applied to people. +here is the chart of over 43 people helping to steer the robot that could not steer and get it on its way, from one corner from one corner of washington square park to another. +radical openness is still a distant future in the field of school education. +in red, sort of below oecd average. +spending per student only explains about, well, less than 20 percent of the performance variation among countries, and luxembourg, for example, the most expensive system, doesn't do particularly well. +germany, my own country, in the year 2000, featured in the lower quadrant, below average performance, large social disparities. +it didn't change its economy. it didn't change the compositions of its population. +high performers on pisa embrace diversity with differentiated pedagogical practices. +every school succeeds. +rich countries have been sending aid to poor countries for the last 60 years. +there could be all sorts of technologies. and one is cell phones. +so i started looking for any evidence that -- does connectivity really increase productivity? +and one of them is the lacking buying power. +and anyway, to cut the time short -- so i started -- i first went to them and said, "you know, perhaps i could connect all your branches and make you more efficient." +now, about that cow model i talked about. +"poor countries need aid." +in sweden we read it once and then we went partying. +1858 in china was the victory in the opium war by the british forces. +but really, really natural sovereignty was good for japan. +this is the great leap forward, when china fell down. +you see this enormous inequity in china, in the midst of fast economic growth. +i will show income per person on this axis instead, poor down here, rich up there. +but the real projections for those ones, i would like to give it like this. +for most of my research career, i've been using accelerators, such as the electron accelerator at stanford university, just up the road, to study things on the smallest scale. +in fact, this galaxy and every other galaxy appears to be embedded in a cloud of this invisible dark matter. +now, how do we deduce where the galaxy is? +we call this gravitational lensing. +and also, you can tell by eye, by looking at this, that these arcs are not centered on individual galaxies. +the startling answer to this question, ok, from these experiments, was that space is expanding at a faster rate today than it was a few billion years ago, ok. +one or both, who knows? or it could be something completely different. +we discovered bluegrass a few years ago, and we fell in love with it. we hope you guys will too. +and what was so sad about this particular story was that once their parents had found out -- and don't forget, their parents took them to the doctor -- the parents threw them out on the street. +they squirt them at each other, which is lovely and innocent. +if you know something more, you probably know that uganda, to date, is the only country in sub-saharan africa that has had success in combating the epidemic. +we didn't see anything like that in africa. +so one way to test to see whether we can explain some of this behavior change by differences in life expectancy is to look and see is there more behavior change in areas where there's less malaria. +it's not the only place we had any interventions. +but since there are very few other diseases that kill people, we can really attribute that mortality to hiv. +and hiv is actually particularly closely linked to transit. +their exports went down a lot in the early 1990s -- and actually that decline lines up really, really closely with this decline in new hiv infections. +if i could reveal anything that is hidden from us, at least in modern cultures, it would be to reveal something that we've forgotten, that we used to know as well as we knew our own names. +and he came up to me and he knocked. +so the engineer's boss said, "find a way to quiet this train." +and those bumps act like a magnet for water. +and then we wonder why the membrane clogs and why it takes so much electricity. +embedding nanoparticles in a material for instance, always. +at biomimicry guild, which is my consulting company, we work with hok architects. +and hopefully, with their help, we'll learn how to live on this earth, and on this home that is ours, but not ours alone. +i go, "why?" +they belonged to boys. +if they're bad, they're your creation. learn from it. +what you see, if you see the title called "pm's car held." +i said, "do you pray?" +i want to show you some moments of history in my journey, which probably you would never ever get to see anywhere in the world. +and you see, everybody's busy. there was no time to waste. +text: "help! i've been waiting for over 20 minutes, and nothing happens." +so let me explain how this works. +and basically, since we released it about three or four years ago, a lot of websites have started switching from the old captcha where people wasted their time to the new captcha where people are helping to digitize books. +imagine you're using the internet and you see a captcha that you think is somewhat peculiar, like this captcha. +okay, that's severin hacker. +so i'll just let you read. +so i don't even know if there exists 100 million people out there using the web who are bilingual enough to help us translate. +people really can learn a language with it. +that's the current business model. +instead of investing in a car, we invest in a community. +this peers, inc. concept is in a very difficult and complex realm. +so this was a trick to get these two sides. +and i can tell you two great stories. +we live longer. we have access to technology that would have seemed like science fiction just a few years ago. +maybe these people are right. maybe mind-wandering is a bad thing. +a few minutes ago, i likened mind-wandering to a slot machine you'd never want to play. +and shortly after, we left the country, and we returned to switzerland. +i mean, today, singapore is a first world country and ghana is not. +so when the echo of the gunshots had lingered, it was soon drowned by the chanting of the mob, and i didn't believe what i was hearing. +now i have learned that my place is not just in the west or in africa, and i'm still searching for my identity, but i saw ghana create democracy better. +so i'm going to talk a little bit about that, and what exactly is it that scientists are supposed to do. +so therefore the church said that you can't make a vacuum, you know. +the actual nature of reality was not at issue. +and, i mean, everybody in this room -- now, this is 350 short years ago. +i was thinking about making my own little rockets. +it burned kind of slow, but it made a nice smell, compared to other rocket fuels i had tried, that all had sulfur in them. +but that... process is what i think of as science, see, where you start with some idea, and then instead of, like, looking up, every authority that you've ever heard of i -- sometimes you do that, if you're going to write a paper later, you want to figure out who else has worked on it. +they made all kinds of -- and then finally one giant bomb to end the whole thing, right? +but nobody actually demonstrated it, right? +you know, if they said, you know what? +and in grad school i became interested in creatures that dwell in the hidden corners of the city. +when i got comfortable in the space, it also felt like a big playground. +it must have been a very unusual day for him. +they were consistently dug as limestone quarries and by the 18th century, the caving-in of some of these quarries posed safety threats, so the government ordered reinforcing of the existing quarries and dug new observation tunnels in order to monitor and map the whole place. +and this is the first theater project i worked on. +and if you can, just scribble a pattern. +and when we gave them a battery, and a piece of wire, and a bulb, and said, "can you do it?" they couldn't do it. right? +between australia and here, right, they've got summer and we've got winter, and what -- does the earth kind of rush towards the sun at night, and then rush back again? i mean, it's a very strange thing going on, and we hold these two models in our head, of what's right and what isn't right, and we do that, as human beings, in all sorts of fields. +so, children are not empty vessels, ok? +now -- oh, oh yeah, go on then, go on. +so when i thought about it, then suddenly i realized that biology gave us the answer. +so as a chemist, i wanted to say, "hang on. what is going on here? +you have regulation; information is transcribed; catalysts are made; stuff is happening. +so there are two options: intelligent design, direct and indirect -- so god, or my friend. +i need some information, and i need a container. +if we manage to do that, forget the molecular detail. +you're sitting on chairs. +because the thing is, we are so chauvinistic to biology, if you take away carbon, there's other things that can happen. +and i will take kenya as an example. +have got these surveys in place in their database, then they use advanced mathematical formulas to produce a trend line, and the trend line looks like this. +so what i'm telling you is that we know the child mortality. +here we have [the] year. +my ancestors moved to the united states. +here we have a problem. +and look now, the first african countries here are coming in. +that is, when we get girls in school, we'll get an impact 15 to 20 years later, which is a secular trend which is very strong. +and if they do so, then, of course, the conditions improve, and they start riding on scooters. +of course, as soon as you say something like this people say it is impossible, and that's what was said by suzuki. +broke many norms of the standard conventions for the first time. +and nano was, bang, 2,000 dollars. +you have to design an artificial foot for such conditions. +we've talked about mobility and the rest of it, let's talk about health. +you know something? this has been achieved in india. +sorry, it doesn't work. you have to give it for 100 dollars, 200 dollars. +ladies and gentlemen, i'd like to end before time. +when the paper burned, for some reason he turned to me, and he said, "mashelkar, like this, if you do not diffuse your energies, if you focus your energies, you can achieve anything in the world." +i'd like to share a couple with you today. +so we're getting feedback from teachers at the school to see what kind of apps they'd like. +and i realized that i had hit upon something that i think has this huge potential to change the world. +and the reason the efficiencies are so low is these reactors operate at pretty low temperature. +the fuel, like i said, is ceramic inside zirconium fuel rods, and in the event of an accident in one of these type of reactors, fukushima and three mile island -- looking back at three mile island, we didn't really see this for a while — but these zirconium claddings on these fuel rods, what happens is, when they see high pressure water, steam, in an oxidizing environment, they'll actually produce hydrogen, and that hydrogen has this explosive capability to release fission products. +everybody was really excited about curiosity, and that had this big plutonium battery on board that has plutonium-238, which actually has a higher specific activity than the low-enriched uranium fuel of these molten salt reactors, which means that the effects would be negligible, because you launch it cold, and when it gets into space is where you actually activate this reactor. +so, we moved from an industrial economy to a service-based economy. +so much has that happened that i've developed a fairly praticed response, which is: i point out that first of all, you have to understand that there is no such thing as an inauthentic experience. +rendering authenticity -- and the keyword is "rendering." +fact is, there's a general rule: if you don't like it, it's fake; if you do like it, it's faux. +the abc network, affectionately known in the trade as the t & amp; a network, right -- that's not too much jargon, is it? +let me summarize it, for the business people in the audience, with three rules, three basic rules. +i was also very interested in perhaps going into surgery and becoming a surgeon, because it meant working with my hands in a very focused, intense way. +that's about that big. +so, it's sort of related, but you can see it's much more overtly erotic. +but i had a lot of fun. +and your entire body, everything -- your hair, skin, bone, nails -- everything is made of collagen. +the marvel of this information: how do we actually have this biological mechanism inside our body to actually see this information? +image-maker alexander tsiaras shares a powerful medical visualization, showing human development from conception to birth and beyond. +because they thought that if you are having a telescope, you are an astronomer so what you are doing is actually looking in a telescope. +and we have a cool atmosphere. +this was considered as first evidence that actually black holes come from supernovae explosions. +and this is related to the change of the frequency of a moving source. +it's very tough. it's very tough. +there can be different ways doing this. +and i thought, "well, what's the struggle?" +and i'm more of the, "life's messy, clean it up, organize it and put it into a bento box." +the things i can tell you about it: it's universal; we all have it. +so what i did is i took all of the interviews where i saw worthiness, where i saw people living that way, and just looked at those. +they thought this was fundamental. +and she said, "what's the struggle?" +no. +and then we are miserable, and we are looking for purpose and meaning, and then we feel vulnerable, so then we have a couple of beers and a banana nut muffin. +and when you hold those perfect little babies in your hand, our job is not to say, "look at her, she's perfect. +after going to sleep at 12: 45 a.m. +and nike knows how to get your pace and distance from just that sensor. +gary wolf: the quantified self +so, the first set of pathologies, they end up in the stick man on his icon, but the rest of them are really what's important here. +those are things that are different for each m.s. patient. +all open, all available. +years after he's had these drugs, i learned that everything he did to manage his excess saliva, including some positive side effects that came from other drugs, were making his constipation worse. +so, this is what happened when pnas published this. +and then we say, "well how do we line them all up?" +even the ones that believed they were getting better matched the controls exactly. exactly. +you look at the patients, you can drill in all the controls, you can look at them, you can ask them. +only 90 days after this, arguably the greatest discovery of the last century occurred. +to change its state, by the way, takes two volts from a millisecond pulse. +we said, "could you build this?" +it's just wrong. +unfortunately, the answer is yes. +so if it's a cell or a termite or a bird, you just focus on the rules of interaction. +i think this is an interesting question. +so this means that, with each euro he invested, he was able to move 26 euros of market value through the chain of ownership relations. +we hope to have opened the door for more such research in this direction, so the remaining unknown terrain will be charted in the future. +if we look at construction and manufacturing, there's major inefficiencies, energy consumption and excessive labor techniques. +so we can study this as a physical, intuitive model. +these are parts being printed with multi-material properties. +these are complex things built with complex parts that come together in complex ways. +now that was cheating, because there was nothing in the world my sister would want more than not to be amy the hurt five year-old little sister, but amy the special unicorn. +now if you fall below the average on this curve, then psychologists get thrilled, because that means you're either depressed or you have a disorder, or hopefully both. +suddenly, something that wasn't even a possibility became a reality. +thursday night is elicit drug use. +you're 37 percent better at sales. +this was how computing began. +and because working in a store was so hard, i liked going to school; it was like heaven. +i didn't quite get it. and paul rand was a kind of crusty designer, you know, a crusty designer, like a good -- kind of like a good french bread? +it lasts forever. it's a very strange medium. +on the computer, when you move your mouse, that arrow moves around. +he went into a coma. +i began to be very disinterested in computers themselves, so i began to make paintings out of palmpilots. +this i found, where nature had made a picture for me. +and so i realized it was o.k. to go. +but, in fact, most boys tend to be a certain way, and most girls tend to be a certain way. +video games are not the cause. +i want to write about a tornado that comes into our house and blows all the windows out and ruins all the furniture and kills everybody. " +we have a serious compression of the curriculum happening out there. +most of the educational games that are out there today are really flashcards. +they're nervous about anything that has anything to do with violence because of the zero tolerance policies. +we will find a surprising and intriguing result about our universe, and to explain my point, let me first tell you what the higgs is about, and to do so, we have to go back to one tenth of a billionth of a second after the big bang. +is this a problem? yes, it's a big a problem. +more than how a phenomenon works, theoretical physicists are always interested in why a phenomenon works in the way it works. +i love paper, and i love technology, and what i do is i make paper interactive. +so the challenge was to try and get them to do what we wanted them to do by listening to the weather, the lay of the land, and creating things that would let the sheep flow and go where we wanted them to go. +it's just a collection of things that have been done before, but bringing them together in a different way. +so a couple of things i've created are, there's a poster over here that you can play drums on. +so thank you very much. +you can walk away, you can just watch as this character stands there in the blender and looks at you, or you can actually choose to interact with it. +but we haven't yet gotten to the point where on your way here this morning you see something that really, truly seamlessly integrates the two-dimensional world that we're comfortable in with the three-dimensional sky above us -- that, i don't know about you, but i really enjoy spending time in. +fortunately, necessity remains the mother of invention, and a lot of the design work that we're the most proud of with the aircraft came out of solving the unique problems of operating it on the ground -- everything from a continuously-variable transmission and liquid-based cooling system that allows us to use an aircraft engine in stop-and-go traffic, to a custom-designed gearbox that powers either the propeller when you're flying or the wheels on the ground, to the automated wing-folding mechanism that we'll see in a moment, to crash safety features. +and our test pilot gave us the best feedback you can get from a test pilot after a first flight, which was that it was "remarkably unremarkable." +just fold up the wings and keep going. +now, here is another naive advertising man's question again. +so he tried plan b. +tiny little behavioral economics detail: in italy, penalty points go backwards. +there is a basic view that real value involves making things, involves labor. it involves engineering. +it tastes great within the borders of that country, but absolute shite if you take it anywhere else. +voiceover: new diamond shreddies cereal. +we need to spend more time appreciating what already exists, and less time agonizing over what else we can do. +it took me hours and hours a day to build my skills up to the next level. +we're the ones who let the second replicator out of its box, and we can't push it back in. +you see the idea? +he talked mostly about animals and plants, but also about languages evolving and becoming extinct. +a meme is not equivalent to an idea. +sb: pardon? +from the moment that our ancestors, perhaps two and a half million years ago or so, began imitating, there was a new copying process. +and we're getting there. +the fraction of those which get a first replicator. +do you know, sitting here, your brain is using about 20 percent of your body's energy output for two percent of your body weight? +and why would they do that? +it was 25 minutes of absolute terror that thousands of people across the u.s. felt. +there is nothing here that we don't know. +through haiti rewired, through build change, architecture for humanity, aidg, there is the possibility to reach out to 30,000 -- 40,000 masons across the country and create a movement of proper building. +this is not just in hebrew, by the way. +and i want to give you one example of one of these irrationalities, and i want to talk to you about cheating. +we paid them 10 cents per correct question, 50 cents, a dollar, five dollars, 10 dollars per correct question. +now, ten commandments is something that is hard to bring into the education system, so we said, "why don't we get people to sign the honor code?" +but this did not solve the big problem i had with enron yet, because in enron, there's also a social element. +all of the subjects sitting in the experiment were carnegie mellon students. +more generally, i want to tell you something about behavioral economics. +but if i was to say that they're both examples of alternative or new forms of currency in a hyperconnected, data-driven global economy, you'd probably think i was a little bit bonkers. +"sub-prime pedaling." "barclays takes you for a ride." +so you can buy apps and make purchases within those apps, but you think about amazon, you look at the trust barometer that i showed you where people are starting to trust businesses, especially businesses that they believe in and trust more than governments. +and we did a survey that backs up the fact that, you know, 45 percent of people in this very crucial demographic in the u.s. +and what i do is i look for similarities and differences in the solutions that they've evolved for fundamental biological problems. +it's easy to bend. +because after about six months of me talking about this, i think he finally figured out that i was really serious about the penis thing. +so something interesting had to be going on. +not just about its genetics and molecular biology, but up here in the meat end of the scale. +and she said, just talk about yourself. +dl: so anyway, we're running out of time, so i'll just get to it. +nm: not too fast. +so this is our last number, and we'll feature nat on piano. +as you can see from the pictures, both noam and i had an early fascination with first principles, and over the years, as our knowledge of science and technology became more sophisticated, this early awe with the basics has only intensified. +the people who are attracted to these courses typically have a hacker mentality. +so with that, i'd like to say a few words about upgrading, and share with you a glimpse from my current project, which is different from the previous one, but it shares exactly the same characteristics of self-learning, learning by doing, self-exploration and community-building, and this project deals with k-12 math education, beginning with early age math, and we do it on tablets because we believe that math, like anything else, should be taught hands on. +it basically means to be human and to do the right thing. +it would be great if the story ended there. +where does it come from? +this is about a hidden corner of the labor market. +of course, they're all trained to work in warehouses. +markets have changed beyond recognition in the last 20 years, but only for organizations at the top of the economy. +politicians in a big, complex, sophisticated i.t. project? +and there are certain obligations that should go with those benefits to be placed on the operators, and the key one is, of course, that the operators pay for everything, including all the interfacing into the public sector. +so it's small trades by small people, but it's very informed, safe, convenient, low-overhead and immediate. +with every picture, there are individuals who have full lives and stories that deserve to be told. +gas, i'm probably the only person who really enjoys it when mister putin turns off the gas tap, because my budget goes up. +but small atoms want to join together, small nuclei want to join together to make bigger ones to go towards iron. +but fortunately, if you can do this fusion reaction, you've got a neutron, so you can make that happen. +and just down the road, this is jet. +i wish we had more money, i wish we had more resources. +but under the surface was a very different reality. +the signs don't look good, some have said. +the egyptian people, and many other arabs who've revolted and are in transition, have very high expectations of the government. +what this means is that human development, not secularization, is what's key to women's empowerment in the transforming middle east. +we've also found an unintended consequence. +because i'm not really comfortable just helping that girl with counseling and referrals. +when nancy lublin started texting teenagers to help with her social advocacy organization, what she found was shocking -- they started texting back about their own problems, from bullying to depression to abuse. so she's setting up a text-only crisis line, and the results might be even more important than she expected. +ferdinand foch, a french army general credited with having one of the most original and subtle minds in the french army, said, "airplanes are interesting toys, but of no military value." +and it's pointed at the hypersonic glider. +many prototypes crashed -- many. +from the smallest wisp of air to the powerful forces of nature's storms. +it allows us to contribute and to be heard as individuals. +doubt and fear always creep in. +yeah, it also went into the pacific. +the folks at aerovironment tried 300 or more different wing designs, 12 different forms of the avionics. +i work with some of the most amazing people. +and there is no way, and no proof of arrival. +this story began four years ago. +i'm used to algorithms and data structures and super motivated students, and nothing in my background prepared me to deal with a raging, violent adolescent in the middle of nowhere. +when he was eight, someone put him on a boat in odessa and sent him, shipped him to israel on his own. +i tell kids when they struggle through some uphill and feel like they cannot take it anymore, it really helps to ignore the immediate obstacles and raise your head and look around and see how the vista around you grows. +now i remember, when he said it, i felt goosebumps on my body, because he said it overlooking the moab mountains here in the background. +what is real is separateness, and at some point in early babyhood, the idea of self starts to form. +it has an extremely important function. +well, i thought i had the answer to that one, and i said, "skin color." +the self's struggle for authenticity and definition will never end unless it's connected to its creator -- to you and to me. +and if you can do that, incredible things happen. +and this influenced me. +so it's got hybrid drive. +and so we spent time traveling with them and learning about all the different elements, and finding that there were plenty of inefficiencies that weren't being capitalized on. +so there are up to a million people there everyday. +by the way, we had half the budget of the other western nations. +the british government -- any government is potentially the worst client in the world you could ever possibly want to have. +thank you. +one of them, from anthropology, is the study of human universals. +but if something is written on the slate, then some people could have more of it than others, and according to this line of thinking, that would justify discrimination and inequality. +well, pretty soon they were barraged with enraged letters, death threats, ban on the topic in a number of scientific journals, coming from irate left-handers and their advocates, and they were literally afraid to open their mail because of the venom and vituperation that they had inadvertently inspired. +by any economic standard, the demand for art of all forms is skyrocketing, as you can tell from the price of opera tickets, by the number of books sold, by the number of books published, the number of musical titles released, the number of new albums and so on. +well, the argument in "the blank slate" was that elite art and criticism in the 20th century, although not the arts in general, have disdained beauty, pleasure, clarity, insight and style. +wrong. identical twins, or any siblings, who are separated at birth are no less similar than if they had grown up together. +so i called the humane society and i say, "look, i'm going to be castrating some lambs, can you tell me the deal?" +and i'm like that's not rubber at all, you know. +and i said, "yes, like the humane society. +albert instructs, "push it way up there." +it's what our network does; it's what "dirty jobs" is. +i can still see hillary doing the shots of rye, dribbling down her chin, with the steel workers. +you ask him, "did you follow your passion here?" +unspeakably dangerous. +you see him all the time. +i got a lot wrong. +i've got parent-child relational problems, which i blame my parents for. +but he faked it too well, and now he's stuck in broadmoor and nobody will believe he's sane. +fake madness. +it's just impossible. " +and his clinician said to me, "if you want to know more about psychopaths, you can go on a psychopath spotting course run by robert hare who invented the psychopath checklist." +can i come and interview you about your special brain anomaly? " +and he looked intrigued despite himself, and he said, "okay, go on." +and we stitch them together like medieval monks. +anyway, that was two years ago, and that's where my book ended. +let me say parenthetically why i think that's the case, because i think it's a potentially controversial statement. +you can show a mosque, or you can show worshippers, but there's not a straightforward way of depicting islam. +and the hopeful response derives from recognizing that islam and democracy are technologies. +because they would have done extraordinarily well. +and it is crucial -- it is crucial in a practical, activist way -- for people who care about these issues to make sure that within the technology of democracy, in this system, they exercise their preferences, their choices and their voices to encourage that outcome. +now at the time, i was working down the street. +and collectively, we really didn't know if we could pull this off. +but an interesting thing was noted during the training process. +and they could be extinct in less than 10 years, if we don't do something now to protect them. +corner row railway, station car park, front of a health center, people's front gardens, and even in front of the police station. +so, back to the public meeting. +so we got some land that was donated by a local garden center. +whichever way they want to do it, of their own volition, they're trying to make their own lives differently, and worldwide, we've got communities across america and japan -- it's incredible, isn't it? i mean, america and japan and new zealand. +and i'm also rather surprised, because when i look back on my life the last thing i ever wanted to do was write, or be in any way involved in religion. +so if religion is not about believing things, what is it about? +and this struggle to find compassion in some of these rather rebarbative texts is a good dress rehearsal for doing the same in ordinary life. +tell us where we're going wrong. let's talk together about where religion is failing. " +it's what is meant by overcoming the horror that we feel when we are under threat of our enemies, and beginning to appreciate the other. +as we go smaller, here is a human hair. +so this little ant that's crawling here, it's like it's in a little willy wonka land. +i couldn't believe it, and i'd go around dissecting the little bits out and making photographs of them. +now, the moon has no atmosphere, so micrometeorites come in continuously, and the whole surface of the moon is covered with powder now, because for four billion years it's been bombarded by micrometeorites, and when micrometeorites come in at about 20 to 60,000 miles an hour, they vaporize on contact. +it was just one of those pot-luck things where you get it right first time. +the design comes from within. +technology in x-ray where it's life-size processed, apart from these large cargo-scanning machines, hasn't moved on enough for the quality of the image and the resolution to be good enough for what i want to do with it, which is show my pictures big. +and when they do, i'm in the queue. +and that's how this was done. it's actually slice, slice. +but i could get a bit darker in the tube, but everything else would suffer. +and i think that would look quite neat as an x-ray. +but i also don't understand how it does ruin the magic. +but every single thing that makes us, every atom in us, has already created a myriad of different things and will go on to create a myriad of new things. +now i know you don't think that. +every time i breathe in, i'm breathing in a million-billion-billion atoms of oxygen. +meet tony. he's my student. +maybe it's you, maybe it's me -- but we're not here to trade opinions; everyone's got an opinion. +and i say to tony, "let's do this." +everything was okay, until i got to about the age of 26, and i went to a movie called "short circuit." +and this is happening here. +so you start really understanding that you can have diseases, toxins, a need to balance your diet, and once you start looking, and from that point on, everything i have done in terms of the consumption of information, the production of information, the preparation of information, i've looked at from the viewpoint of food. +we've spent a great deal of time investigating a $1 billion -- that's right, a $1 billion — oil deal that he was involved with, and what we found was pretty shocking, but more about that later. +a bank in paris held accounts of companies controlled by him, one of which was used to buy the art, and american banks, well, they funneled 73 million dollars into the states, some of which was used to buy that california mansion. +it found that over 70 percent of those cases had used anonymous shell companies, totaling almost 56 billion dollars. +now, it just shouldn't take these sorts of efforts to find out where the money in deals like this went. +i see this word, hear this word, feel this word everywhere. +you become your nation. you become your religion. +i loved when he was talking about this other world that's right next to this world. +she's a high school student. +not running from loss, but entering grief, surrendering to sorrow. +because when you spend a lot of time going from place to place, country to country, and city to city, the degree to which women, for example, are violated, and the epidemic of it, and the kind of ordinariness of it, is so devastating to one's soul that you have to take the time, or i have to take the time now, to process that. +now i was stupid, but not so stupid that i turned it down. +pure content and pure form, side by side. +i was so wasted. " +i set up the type, i printed it out on an epson printer with water-soluble ink, taped it to the wall and threw a bucket of water at it. presto! +seriously. +not exactly jackie collins. +like my wish that no one went hungry or that everything were a free kind of utopia. +we love challenges, but when expectations are low, trust me, we will sink to them. +and in case you don't think that this really has meaning for you, remember that cloning is possible, and that involves going through childhood again, in which case you'll want to be heard just like my generation. +when i began recording in the late '60s, the typical methods of recording were limited to the fragmented capture of individual species like birds mostly, in the beginning, but later animals like mammals and amphibians. +however, our ears tell us a very different story. +this is probably the saddest sound i've ever heard coming from any organism, human or other. +the school teachers weren't having much fun, the sports were very dirty or very painful. +but of course the scientists couldn't help themselves. +so there's a lot more female gamers than people are really aware. +so as far as popularity of games, what do you think these people are doing here? +and once we get enough of those guys, we're going to want more fantasy artists that can create places we've never been to before, or characters that we've just never seen before. +i'm addicted, because even though i know i'm losing my grip on reality, i still crave more. +no buttons to push, no triggers to pull, just me and the game. +but maybe brainwashing isn't always bad. +as far as colleges go, there's about 350 colleges around the world teaching video game courses. +thank you. +somehow we have to understand ourselves to get around our flaws. +so a kid who's 14 in high school gets this version of the pythagorean theorem, which is a truly subtle and interesting proof, but in fact it's not a good way to start learning about mathematics. +and the mathematicians and scientists in the crowd will recognize these two progressions as a first-order discrete differential equation and a second-order discrete differential equation, derived by six-year-olds. +so if you look at the little script here, the speed is always going to be 30. +and they say, "oh, yeah. constant acceleration. +the future of life, where the unraveling of our biology -- and bring up the lights a little bit. i don't have any slides. +now i know there's been a whole lot of hype about our power to control biology. +it will really make us question what it is to be a human being. +and it is really not suited for the future that we're moving into. +there are three obvious ways of doing this. +humanity is going to go down this path. +the one thing though that is really dangerous about these sorts of technologies, is that it's easy to become seduced by them. +and then what comes out of it? new life. +gregory stock: to upgrade is human +it's our own pond. and that's how it happens. " +mom, does the man just say, 'is now the time to take off my pants?' "and i said," yes. " +and then she goes, "mom, do you think they would have, on the internet, any humans mating?" +so the possibility exists to simply externally wrap the pipe. +once you've made it, the installation's quite easy. +and as you can see, there are not only two principal technical disciplines there, medicine and engineering, but also there are various specialists from within those two disciplines. +i'm sure it's the same in poland. +they simply want to do whatever they've done before. +and as a result, it's an entirely different use of the technology and the knowledge around you. +that makes a good cartoon. +it has rocked the music industry; it has changed the way we consume music. +you know the story. +and i went to see the dozo. +and i didn't ask them to do nice cartoons. +thank you. +if you go back two billion years, you're not on an earth-like planet any more. +we are right now in the beautiful oreo of existence -- of at least life on planet earth -- following the first horrible microbial age. +and the black rock is the sediment on the sea bottom in the absence of plankton. +these are mammal-like reptiles. +the survivors that do get through produce this world of crocodile-like creatures. +it can only occur if the surface of the ocean has no oxygen, and is totally saturated with hydrogen sulfide -- enough, for instance, to come out of solution. +it's been on this planet since the animals first started -- 500 million years. +now, the same mouse is given 80 parts per million hydrogen sulfide in this solid graph, and look what happens to its temperature. +am i understanding you right, that what you're saying here is that we have in our own bodies a biochemical response to hydrogen sulfide that in your mind proves that there have been past mass extinctions due to climate change? +it's forced child labor and all of those products probably end their lives in a dump like this one in manila. +and their factory in china -- which probably is pretty clean -- is getting all of the ingredients from backyard abattoirs, where families slaughter pigs and extract the ingredient. +their voters are local. +even if they did their jobs, and they cited those facilities for their violations, the fine would be derisory. +you can call yourself responsible, but responsibility without accountability often doesn't work. +there are thousands of suppliers in there. " +join us, come into that safe space, and let's start to make this happen. +you will put the star in starting over, and over. +so i write poems to figure things out. +now i can divide my spoken word journey into three steps. +and then someone else has something the complete opposite of yours. +it's not that i think that spoken word poetry is the ideal art form. +and i always thought that my beginning was at the bowery poetry club, but it's possible that it was much earlier. +it's what i strive for every time i open my mouth -- that impossible connection. +i was a student in the '60s, a time of social upheaval and questioning, and on a personal level, an awakening sense of idealism. +but i was driven by an inherent sense that a picture that revealed the true face of war would almost by definition be an anti-war photograph. +one of the things i had to learn as a journalist was what to do with my anger. +this man had just been liberated from a hutu death camp. +i spent a good deal of time with a man who lived with his family on a railway embankment and had lost an arm and a leg in a train accident. +an msf hospital in a camp for displaced people. +this is a helicopter medic giving cpr to a soldier who had been shot in the head. +whenever there is an election, it seems like something always goes wrong, someone tries to cheat, or something goes accidentally awry -- a ballot box goes missing here, chads are left hanging over here. +and there's some complicated cryptography going on in there, but what's not complicated is voting with one of these forms. +david bismark demos a new system for voting that contains a simple, verifiable way to prevent fraud and miscounting -- while keeping each person's vote secret. +but that subdivides christianity, islam and buddhism into many subgroups, which was too detailed. +but there was also many christian countries that had six to seven babies per woman. +but there are also countries here like guatemala, like papua new guinea, like yemen and afghanistan. +here we have qatar today, and there we have bangladesh today. +and the world population will stop growing. +and then again the old will die and you will get two billion children. +i wound up on every television show. +we declared smallpox eradicated in 1980. +but in that year, smallpox exploded throughout india. +we failed three other times. +this year, that one hospital will give back sight to more than 300,000 people in tamil nadu, india. +within three weeks it will be everywhere in the world. +but in all seriousness -- because this idea is birthed in ted, i would like it to be a legacy of ted, and i'd like to call it the "international system for total early disease detection." +but they were able to point to who and let them know that there was this surprising and unexplained cluster of illnesses that looked like bird flu. +the first number is three: three billion people. +we know from asking people from china to the u.s. +you'll change your smartphone seven or eight times, probably more if you're in this audience. +actually, we found 100 percent is easier to do than 90 percent or 50 percent. +the electricity is free. +and we do not want to wait another hundred years. +there was this equation in my family that went something like this: if you are intelligent, you therefore are not spiritual. +i've always been attracted to those rare people who pull that off, who devote their lives to humanity with the grit of the warrior and the grace of the mystic -- people like martin luther king, jr., who wrote, "i can never be what i ought to be until you are what you ought to be. +or maybe your brother-in-law who doesn't believe in global warming. +we agreed we'd speak up in our own communities when we witnessed the kind of "otherizing" talk that can wound and fester into paranoia and then be used by those on the fringes to incite. +i traveled to iraq, afghanistan and liberia. +and he's on a mission. +and that they were definitely capable of diffusing it non-aggressively. +but the question that lingered in my mind was, what causes people to destroy fire trucks headed to their own homes? +it's been reported that wikileaks, your baby, has, in the last few years has released more classified documents than the rest of the world's media combined. +and then the government sat on it and used it for political leverage on moi, who was the richest man -- still is the richest man -- in kenya. +roger. i got 'em. +j well, because these sort of things reveal what the true state of, say, arab governments are like, the true human-rights abuses in those governments. +it will change the perception and opinion of the people who are paying for it all, and that's our hope. +and the engineering report had nothing on the top of it, so it was an extremely difficult document for us. +can that be right? +that made you very high-profile in iceland. what happened next? +the musicians played off a three-dimensional graph of weather data like this. +the vertical elements are assigned a specific hour of the day. +lauren hodge: if you were going to a restaurant and wanted a healthier option, which would you choose, grilled or fried chicken? +so it was a big commitment to drive to the lab to work multiple times. +sounds ridiculous, right. +in fact, it's one of the biggest problems with chemotherapy today. +1.6 million deaths worldwide. +so julie's going to her doctor's office to get treated for her asthma. +so i want you to reimagine a world with better air quality, better quality of life and better quality of living for everyone including our future generations. +and just like that, i went from being a woman that these kids would have been trained to see as "disabled" to somebody that had potential that their bodies didn't have yet. +and interestingly, from an identity standpoint, what does it mean to have a disability? +so whimsy matters. +thank you. +so after being interrogated by this japanese manager for a half an hour, he finally said, "so, miss yang, do you have any questions to ask me?" +so today i want to talk about young people through the platform of social media. +first of all, most of them were born in the 80s and 90s, under the one-child policy. +so for the past few years, the coastal areas, they found themselves in a shortage of labor. +while young people seem to be very sure about their participation in public policy-making, but sometimes they're a little bit lost in terms of what they want for their personal life. +and our younger generation are going to transform this country while at the same time being transformed themselves. +these mountains are dangerous places, but ultimately the fate of these bear families, and indeed that of all bears around the north pacific, depends on the salmon. +necessity is the mother of evolution. +but just looking up with the naked eye, you really don't need one. +a culture which is top-down, owned, where the vocal chords of the millions have been lost. +now, ascap said they didn't care. +i want to share all my love with you... +the extremism on one side begets extremism on the other, a fact we should have learned many, many times over, and both extremes in this debate are just wrong. +we can only make them, quote, "pirates." and is that good? +because we're far from home, we're very tired. " +so i know it may sound like tough love, but look, if at some point you got lied to, it's because you agreed to get lied to. +if you don't want to be deceived, you have to know, what is it that you're hungry for? +lying has evolutionary value to us as a species. +the rest of us, we're only 54 percent accurate. +we all chatter with our fingertips. +they're going to be infuriated if they sense they're wrongly accused throughout the entire course of the interview, not just in flashes; they'll be infuriated throughout the entire course of the interview. +your new joint venture partner might shake your hand, celebrate, go out to dinner with you and then leak an expression of anger. +don't be too aggressive, it doesn't work. +but you've got to ask yourself in the meantime: who do you want on your side of the meeting, someone who's trained in getting to the truth or some guy who's going to drag a 400-pound electroencephalogram through the door? +it's downhill from now on. i wanted to thank emeka and chris. +that's very important. +nigeria got its independence in 1960. +so i had a very inventive teacher, a pakistani muslim, who wanted to teach us about this. +and fraser's on his knees, arms tied behind his back, and he's crying. +and i watched them being locked up in prison and tear gassed. +my friend ronald gottesman says there are three kinds of people in the world: those who can count, and those who can't. +one of my favorite parts of my job at the gates foundation is that i get to travel to the developing world, and i do that quite regularly. +they tap into local entrepreneurial talent, and they do incredible marketing. +and they decided in 1990 that they wanted to start training the local entrepreneurs, giving them small loans. +now the reason these micro-entrepreneurs can sell or make a profit is they have to sell every single bottle in their pushcart or their wheelbarrow. +and i think that's a mistake. +we know that circumcision reduces hiv infection by 60 percent in men. +well on september 4th, there was a huge mop-up campaign, which is what you do in polio. +i'm going to tell you two things today: one is what we have lost, and two, a way to bring it back. +this is where you can see most of the florida keys national marine sanctuary. +but still, now we have global warming. +and this is what i saw, lots of fish. +so the fishermen are catching more. +so how much of this do we have? +which takes us to the third reason, why we don't have many more reserves, is that the funding models have been wrong. +so, basically, the production surplus of these guys down there is enough to maintain this biomass that is not moving. +and there, only there, you really feel that you are part of a larger thing or of a larger global ecosystem. +we use the submarine alvin and we use cameras, and the cameras are something that bill lange has developed with the help of sony. +they're very little understood. +and there's tens of thousands of those mountains out there that haven't been mapped yet. +what we find out now is that it's probably coming from inside the earth. +there are never any lights there, except the lights that we bring. +they don't need the sun at all. +bl: this bacteria that we've been talking about turns out to be the most simplest form of life found. +el nino comes and goes. it's not a disaster, it's rhythmic. +this is what we would love students to retain, even if they don't go into mathematical fields. +i believe in real life. +and then as we start to define what does steepness mean, we realize it would be nice to have some measurements to really narrow it down, specifically what that means. +how long will it take it to fill it up? +and why this is an amazing time to be a math teacher right now is because we have the tools to create this high-quality curriculum in our front pocket. +the lesson of brian's presentation, in a way -- all those fantastic pictures -- is this really: that vantage point determines everything that you see. +it was boring. +so the challenges of education in this kind of place are not to learn the kings and queens of kenya or britain. +what do they look like? +waiting 10 years for the payoff from education is too long when you need to meet daily needs, when you've got siblings to look after or a business to help with. +that's one city. +and there will be no mistakes. " +you'd need millions and millions of teachers in china, india, nigeria and the rest of developing world to meet need. +but it is, unlike cars, which have developed so rapidly and orderly, actually the school system is recognizably an inheritance from the 19th century, from a bismarkian model of german schooling that got taken up by english reformers, and often by religious missionaries, taken up in the united states as a force of social cohesion, and then in japan and south korea as they developed. +so as i'm watching this, i see this powerful scene that brought me to tears, and it stuck with me for the past 25 years. +and because i have a 15-year-old, all i do is cook and cook and cook. +it's really scary, this gay lifestyle thing; it's super duper evil and there's no end to it! +the u.s. constitution is the gay agenda. +but when you see the map, and you see our state of michigan -- it's legal to fire someone for being gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgendered, that it's legal to remove someone from their home because they're gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgendered, then you realize that this whole conversation about marriage equality is not about stripping someone's rights away, it's about granting them the rights that [have] already been stated. +thank you. +some of the studies even say we're happier. +entropy means that everything in the world, everything, is in a state of decline and decay, the arch. +how was i supposed to live it? +if however, we can go back and alter our relationship, re-vision our relationship to past people and events, neural pathways can change. +i know what's on your mind when you're looking at these pictures. +they have to try and attract pollinators to do their bidding. +it's a wonderful, amazing thing. +this is the philodendron selloum. +last week i took these pictures of rock rose, helianthemum, in dorset. +maybe you're ticked off, or maybe you're looking forward to a new game. you've been up too late playing a game. +and he goes all around the country taking pictures of himself, and you can see here he's got zig's indian reservation. and this particular shot, this is one of the more traditional shots. this is a rain dancer. +and she says, "they want to go." and i said, "honey, no they don't want to go. this is the middle passage. +this is a game with 50,000 individual pieces. +what you're looking at is airplane traffic over north america for a 24-hour period. +you see the holding patterns that start to develop in the bottom of the screen. +so they made this web service and said, "any programmer can write a piece of software and tap into the minds of thousands of people." +that gives you an idea of the different types of motivations and dedication. +so we took a hundred dollar bill and divided it into 10,000 teeny pieces, and we fed those into the mechanical turk. +you'd be fed a simple audio clip. +but we knew we really needed the right person to kind of rally behind and build something for. +ak: so if you go to the website johnnycashproject.com, what you'll see is the video playing above. +win butler: now our lives are changing fast now our lives are changing fast hope that something pure can last hope that something pure can last ooh we used to wait ooh we used to wait ooh we used to wait sometimes it never came sometimes it never came still moving through the pain we used to wait for it we used to wait for it we used to wait for it ak: so i think, if there's one thing to take away from my talk today, it's that an interface can be a powerful narrative device. +and it's also just getting to the essential of things. +so if you don't know one of these languages, it's instant learning. +here it's "candycity." +and parallel to my cutting is my running. +it's not autobiographical identities. +so for the subway in new york, i saw a correspondence between riding the subway and reading. +so it acts as a screen to protect the rail and the commuter, and not to have objects falling on the rails. +béatrice coron: stories cut from paper +now, the opposite of a snob is your mother. +envy, it's a real taboo to mention envy, but if there is one dominant emotion in modern society, that is envy. +there is another reason why we might be feeling more anxious, about our careers, about our status in the world today, than ever before. +but i think it's insane to believe that we will ever make a society that is genuinely meritocratic. it's an impossible dream. +now is there any alternative to this? +and so we tend to worship ourselves. +psychoanalysis has been drumming home this message for about 80 years. +because otherwise it can get quite claustrophobic. +and i decided the remedy to all this malaise was going to be for me to chase an elevated dream, an extreme dream, something that would require utter conviction and unwavering passion, something that would make me be my best self in every aspect of my life, every minute of every day, because the dream was so big that i couldn't get there without that kind of behavior and that kind of conviction. +the navigation is difficult. +and i couldn't wait to trip the mind fantastic. +and every one of those barbs is sending that venom into this central nervous system. +and i swam through the night and i swam through the next day. +and a little kid from the back was like this. +yeah. +thank you. thank you. +and what about sleep? +this is a device that not only measures cardiac rhythm, as you saw already, but it also goes well beyond that. +that looks like this. +it's usually 90 percent. so, you tell me you sleep better than expected. +now, diabetes is one of the big ones. +there are two things that can really accelerate this whole process. +so, i hope i've convinced you of this, of the impact on hospital clinic resources is profound and then the impact on diseases is equally impressive across all these different diseases and more. +how do we make stable societies? longevity. +and you get to think about yourself and your memories, and before you go back into suspension, you edit your memories and you change your personality and so forth. +and, of course, we're not responsible for the consequences of what we're doing now, are we? like all this complaint about clones. +thank you. +so we tried, and i'll show you what we came up with. +so you can lavish all the same care, all the same technique, on a hamburger as you would on some much more fancy dish. +so it's very much like in a hollywood movie where a guy flies through the air, supported by wires, and then they take the wires away digitally so you're flying through the air. +that horn-shaped region is what we call the sweet spot. +and because people watch mythbusters and csi, i thought, well, let's put in a recipe for a ballistics gelatin. +but maybe if i cut a hole in his head i can fix it. " +i mean who would put themselves through that? +laparoscopy is doing this kind of surgery: surgery with long instruments through small incisions. +and now, in contrast to the laparoscopy, you can precisely place the needle in your instruments, and you can pass it all the way through and follow it in a trajectory. +and you need to re-set it up. +we get to write the script of the next revolution in surgery. +we can heal the disease. +we realized that when plastics get to the dump, it's difficult to sort them because they have similar densities, and when they're mixed with organic matter and construction debris, it's truly impossible to pick them out and environmentally eliminate them. +not only do phthalates pollute our environment, but they also pollute our bodies. +this means that our bacteria were actually living off of phthalates. +thank you. jy: thank you. +but people live on this land. +this is an unusual installation of airport seating. +its early version had an "x" base. that's what the collectors like. +here's a film we've been hearing things about. +so we're going to watch another film. +so, "i saw many trains and also rode on one. +and there are a lot of fun things. this is the museum of the bench. +it's about how you approach problems. and there is this huge, beautiful commonality between design, business and the world. +that's what we all need to do. +it was mind-blowing. +but if corruption creeps in and people don't have the opportunity to have that protection of the rule of law, then if you can use violence, if you can use violence with impunity, you can reach out and harvest the vulnerable into slavery. +so, that's a scenario that we think we should be capitalizing on. +these young boys are in nepal. +liberation, however, costs some money. +children rescued from slavery in the fishing industry in ghana, reunited with their parents, and then taken with their parents back to their villages to rebuild their economic well-being so that they become slave-proof -- absolutely unenslaveable. +however, only recently, due to several technological advancements, we are now able to demonstrate to you quantum levitation and quantum locking. +well, first there are strands of magnetic field left inside, but now the superconductor doesn't like them moving around, because their movements dissipate energy, which breaks the superconductivity state. +now, i can extend this circular magnet, and make whatever track i want. +and it was also inspired by this quote from douglas adams, and the situation is from "the hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy." +but anyway, i got my suitcase of iron ore and dragged it back to london on the train, and then was faced with the problem: okay, how do you make this rock into components for a toaster? +and the last material i'm going to talk about today is plastic, and, of course, my toaster had to have a plastic case. +that's it without the case on. +when i was a student at mit, we all shared one computer that took up a whole building. +so we updated them, so i could present it here, to 2007. +communication technologies: 50 different ways to measure this, the number of bits being moved around, the size of the internet. +and we will begin to actually deeply influence our health and our intelligence, as we get closer and closer to this technology. +this was in an area called wellawatta, a prime residential area in colombo. +for hours afterwards, the sea was strewn with bits of wood for miles around -- all of this was from the houses in the slum. +voice 1: it's coming again. voice 2: new wave? +and it's one that offers really interesting possibilities for organizing a whole host of activities down the road. +it is very easy to fall in love with the decentralized, bottom-up structure of the internet. +and there's this famous example of one that was 1,200 feet long and lasted for two days, and the ants just kept marching around and around in a circle until they died. +i keep thinking about these kids with no arms. +i'm going to show you a guy doing a couple of simple things with this that we demonstrated in washington. can we look at this thing? +it all began when two scientists, fred grassle and jesse ausubel, met in woods hole, massachusetts where both were guests at the famed oceanographic institute. +and with salting, it became possible to store fish and to transport it long distances. +and so one of the tools that we can use to sample the oceans is acoustics, or sound waves. +well what they found was mislabeled fish. +this is something we've actually known for a while, so it's not a real breakthrough. +but the really interesting thing about it is that, a few years ago, census scientists discovered that this guy can thrive in oxygen-poor sediments in the deep mediterranean sea. +so we still have quite a lot of work to do in terms of unknowns. +and the oceans are so productive, there's so much going on in there that's of relevance to humans that we really need to, even from a selfish perspective, try to do better than we have in the past. +and we do something different than what we did in the past; we add kind of a modicum of intelligence to that. +you know, i am so bad at tech that my daughter -- who is now 41 -- when she was five, was overheard by me to say to a friend of hers, if it doesn't bleed when you cut it, my daddy doesn't understand it. +the indo-european root of the word hope is a stem, k-e-u -- we would spell it k-e-u; it's pronounced koy -- and it is the same root from which the word curve comes from. +and i think that it's going to be, in time, the elements of the human spirit that we've been hearing about bit by bit by bit from so many of the speakers in the last few days. +we are, should be, morally committed to being the healer of the world. +now that's not quite true. there's one other way, and that's through sweating. +now why is that top problem so easy and the bottom problem so hard? +you send a command down, it causes muscles to contract. +so what are beliefs? +and what bayes' rule says is that i should multiply the numbers on the red by the numbers on the green to get the numbers of the yellow, which have the ellipses, and that's my belief. +now there's good reason to believe that you would want to be able to distinguish external events from internal events. +as you go from 0.1 to 0.2, it becomes more ticklish at the end. +we started with a motor with a little lever, a little force transfuser. +so i have a huge amount of choice to make. +if i choose a different way of moving -- on the right for example -- then i'll have a different command, different noise, playing through a noisy system, very complicated. +you have to study vision with the realization of how the movement system is going to use vision. +and yes, the red planet is red. +here are some recent images. +and what we're looking at is the presence of the gas methane, ch4, in the atmosphere of mars. +in the southern hemisphere there are impact craters, there are volcanic craters. +we will fly where the methane is. +we believe that in a one-hour flight we can rewrite the textbook on mars by making high-resolution measurements of the atmosphere, looking for gases of biogenic origin, looking for gases of volcanic origin, studying the surface, studying the magnetism on the surface, which we don't understand, as well as about a dozen other areas. +if you're interested in more information, we have a website that describes this exciting and intriguing mission, and why we want to do it. +i was like, "yeah. +then you notice that if that lego-provided cad program isn't enough, there's an entire open-source, third-party, independent lego cad program that lets you do 3d modeling and 3d rendering and make, in fact, movies out of lego, 3d films of which there are thousands on youtube, and some of them sort of mimicking famous films and some totally original content -- just beautiful -- and people recreating all sorts of things. +i'm really scared. i don't think we're going to make it. +so, look what they did. +but the pay-off is really enormous. +california emits only seven percent of u.s. co2 emissions. +every year a million and a half people die of a completely preventable disease. that's malaria. 6,000 people a day. +do you know, they only invested 0.2 percent of revenues in r & amp; d? +it could be the biggest economic opportunity of the 21st century. +every dot is a person. +because, as i said, we live our lives in networks, and these networks have a particular kind of a structure. +so, if we want to track something that was spreading through a network, what we ideally would like to do is to set up sensors on the central individuals within the network, including node a, monitor those people that are right there in the middle of the network, and somehow get an early detection of whatever it is that is spreading through the network. +so, we thought we would exploit this idea in order to study whether we could predict phenomena within networks. +and the size of the dots is going to be proportional to how many of their friends have the flu. +and the answer is no. +and there are three ways, i think, that these massive-passive data can be used. +over the past seven years, i've been following my fascination with the built environment, and for those of you who know me, you would say that this obsession has led me to live out of a suitcase 365 days a year. +and you even find a church. +today, they live in this area, approximately 50,000 to 70,000 people, who live in this community of self-built multi-story houses where up to three generations live in one structure. +in a region famous for the soft, porous loess plateau soil, there lived until recently an estimated 40 million people in these houses underground. +so you know how it ended up, spencer tracy brought a computer, a mainframe computer of 1957, in to help the librarians. +on the right are some tugs from a company called aethon in pittsburgh. +so a person that's interacting with the robot understands where it's going to reach and isn't surprised by its motions. +mildred's a factory worker in connecticut. +and turned up the other way, the people who are retirement age goes up very, very fast, as the baby boomers get to retirement age. +the system measures the beam's time of flight, recording the time it takes for the light to hit a surface and make its return. +and here, this is a fly-through the cloud of points of tikal, and here you see it rendered and photo-textured with the photography that we take of the site. +last march, we received very sad news. +ben kacyra: ancient wonders captured in 3d +we had holocaust education in the schools. +it will refer you directly to your congressperson, to your u.s. senator, to your governor where divestment legislation is pending. +european governments, for the most part, haven't acknowledged responsibility, and there's nothing to kind of to push back and up against. +he was bobby kennedy-like because in some ways one could never tell if he was a realist masquerading as an idealist or an idealist masquerading as a realist, as people always wondered about bobby kennedy and john kennedy in that way. +but, uh-oh, the killers are within the camps. +you're un-owned. +don't black-box history. don't check your principles at the door. +fourth and final point: he somehow, because he was working in all the world's worst places and all lesser evils, had a humility, of course, and an awareness of the complexity of the world around him. +some are driven by compassion, feel it's perhaps one of the fundamental acts of humanity. +a hundred years ago, we didn't. +and yet, in many places, a third of the children, by the time they're three already are facing a life of hardship due to this. +and these types of technologies, i see, have the potential to transform the face of hunger and nutrition, malnutrition out on the front lines. +well two years ago, we decided, let's transform the model of fighting hunger, and instead of giving out the food aid, we put it into food banks. +it is a win-win-win situation that starts the food economy moving. +well, the world bank estimates it would take about 10 billion dollars -- 10.3 -- to address malnutrition in those countries. +so, this is an astounding table. +as one gets older? very, very common. +why? because we know what you have, and we know how to treat it -- although we can't make vaccine in this country, but that's a different story. +and i think that's been the fundamental problem over the last five decades, is that we have strived to understand cancer. +and so, if you think of cancer as a system, there's an input and an output and a state in the middle. +if i give a woman with breast cancer a drug called taxol every three weeks, which is the standard, about 40 percent of women with metastatic cancer have a great response to that drug. +so, instead of a reductionist view, we're taking a step back. +the problem is that, if i'm this doc, and i get your ct scan today and you've got a two centimeter mass in your liver, and you come back to me in three months and it's three centimeters, did that drug help you or not? +and so, as a cancer doctor, instead of having paper in my chart, in your chart, and it being this thick, this is what data flow is starting to look like in our offices, where that drop of blood is creating gigabytes of data. +most people find that very soothing, and, interestingly, 12 cycles per minute is roughly the frequency of the breathing of a sleeping human. +so if i were to play this -- -- for more than a few seconds, you'd feel uncomfortable; for more than a few minutes, you'd be leaving the room in droves. +you all recognize that one. this is the most-played tune in the world today. +and i stood there beside two very good friends of mine, richard weber and kevin vallely. +so we would have a live website, that every single day of the 33 days, we would be blogging, telling stories of, you know, depleted ozone forcing us to cover our faces, or we will burn. +that i'm this uber-endurance guy? +i actually love diving at night; you see a lot of fish then that you don't see in the daytime. +no matter where on earth you live. +we can go actually and swim around on google earth and visit with humpback whales. +we kill using long lines, with baited hooks every few feet that may stretch for 50 miles or more. +and, in 1972, this nation began to establish a counterpart in the sea, national marine sanctuaries. +but, nothing else will matter if we fail to protect the ocean. +without insects, there'd be no flowering plants. +they have another set of eyes on the top of their head. +a mouse has about 1,000 times as many neurons as a fly. +and these are the two concepts i'd like to explore. +so this is the preparation that one of my former post-docs, gaby maimon, who's now at rockefeller, developed, and it's basically a flight simulator but under conditions where you actually can stick an electrode in the brain of the fly and record from a genetically identified neuron in the fly's brain. +the first is, it's essential for us to understand the human brain if we do want to get along in society, and i think that it is a key step in evolution. +so i can say, with some certainty, "i think, therefore i am." +we're just packing in columns, so that we'd have more neocortical columns to perform more complex functions. +and we did that for tens of thousands of neurons, built digital models of all the different types of neurons we came across. +and when we do that what we discovered is that the circuitry does change. +now, when you look at that the first time, you think, "my god. how is reality coming out of that?" +this took place in my childhood -- 1957 to '65. +"spaceship project officially begun. job waiting for you. dyson." +so, these are three-pound charges of c4; that's about 10 times what the guy had in his shoes. +this is a 20 man version for going to jupiter: bunks, storm cellars, exercise room. +you know, i don't know how many of those you read, but it's not fun to read and often not fun to write -- even worse to write. +which i think is just fascinating. +very very hard. +giving your organs to somebody else is probably about how much you care about society, how linked you are. +interestingly enough, when people get this, they again don't check -- but now they join. +this is from a paper by redelmeier and schaefer. +there is one more decision. +a print subscription for 125. +and because we don't know our preferences that well we're susceptible to all of these influences from the external forces: the defaults, the particular options that are presented to us, and so on. +the silver lining is, i think, kind of the reason that behavioral economics is interesting and exciting. +they are scarce; they are expensive; and we only have a certain range of it. +and then we have the radio waves, they have the issues i've just mentioned. +and this is a fundamental basic property that we exploit with our technology. +you think, "ha, ha, ha. +and then i've mentioned the availability. +and then you have these millions of street lamps deployed around the world. +you've heard of dna; you probably studied a little bit in biology. +and look at all the complex things and wonderful things we've been able to create with just a one and a zero. +and then james watson's -- one of the co-founders of dna -- genome was done for two million dollars, and in just two months. +an architect far better and smarter than us has given us that toolbox, and we now have the ability to use it. +we could produce better flavors and aromas. +and he had the best answer i ever heard to this question: "well, somebody has to." +i'm sniffing this other dog's rear end, the owner's calling. " +and what you will find is a very, very low-ranking bitch will quite easily keep a bone away from a high-ranking male. +and that's how we use the food lure in the hand, and we use food because we're dealing with owners. +so we go, "sit," on the couch; "sit," tummy-rub; "sit," look, i throw a tennis ball; "sit," say hello to that other dog. +they think a punishment is something nasty. +your head now is 100 yards away, sailing through the air, ok? +and ugly face is this -- when you go face-to-face with a puppy or a child, you say, "what are you doing! now stop it, stop it, stop it!" +it really is. +speaking at the 2007 eg conference, trainer ian dunbar asks us to see the world through the eyes of our beloved dogs. by knowing our pets' perspective, we can build their love and trust. it's a message that resonates well beyond the animal world. +and you made it out of what? +wk: yeah, i want to build another one -- to pump water and irrigation for crops. +and so this is basically a song about loops, but not the kind of loops that i make up here. +and that's what the song is asking. +every time i read chekhov and his unique vision of human life, i'm reminded of why i too became a writer. +what about bigger numbers? +that's a lot easier than the way that the school taught you to do math, i'm sure. +the hare itself, the animal -- not a cat, not a dog, a hare -- why a hare? +how did we become the only species that becomes more prosperous as it becomes more populous? +and it's this combination, this cumulative technology, that intrigues me, because i think it's the secret to understanding what's happening in the world. +there's no exchange of ideas between them. +and that's seven and a half seconds of prosperity that you've gained since 1950, as it were, because that's seven and a half seconds in which you can do something else, or you can acquire another good or service. +we're able to draw upon specialization and exchange to raise each other's living standards. +and so both sides raise each other's standards of living through the sexual division of labor. +and that will have led to specialization. +the person on the assembly line doesn't know because he doesn't know how to drill an oil well to get oil out to make plastic, and so on. +my work is about the behaviors that we all engage in unconsciously, on a collective level. +and that's gone up since then, but we don't have the numbers yet. +and this is what the next piece is about. +as we try to build this view, and try to educate ourselves about the enormity of our culture, the information that we have to work with is these gigantic numbers: numbers in the millions, in the hundreds of millions, in the billions and now in the trillions. +you're looking at the outside shell of the virus, and the yellow color here are those parts of the virus that are evolving very, very fast, and the blue parts are not evolving very fast. +but really, it's pretty robust. +and there're only 102 because people got bored collecting them: there are just new ones every year. +so that's great, but again, cheap shot, right? +we put the beeper in the clinic. +i mean, they went to the max for this woman. +and what i'm telling you here from the signal, is that men who have a mutation in this antiviral defense enzyme, and have a tumor, often have -- 40 percent of the time -- a signature which reveals a new retrovirus. +joe derisi: solving medical mysteries +here's the first battery -- a stack of coins, zinc and silver, separated by cardboard soaked in brine. +the electrolyte is not a solution of salt and water, but rather salt that's melted. +it's pretty cool, at least in theory. +so a year and a half ago, david and i, along with another research staff-member, formed a company to accelerate the rate of progress and the race to manufacture product. +donald sadoway: the missing link to renewable energy +so i want to give you a quick story of how it got started. +did you find the gold? +things where you might trip across things like the copernican principle, the fermi paradox, the anthropic principle, the origin of life. +so pretty much players are encouraged to be very creative in the game. +so this is the planet that we've been playing on up to this point in the game. +now here, our entire oceans are evaporating off the surface, and as it keeps getting hotter at some point the entire planet's going to melt down. +and so you'd have this wonderful sparkling thing, with the disk slowly rotating, and this is roughly what it would look like. and so really, part of this is about bringing the beauty of this, of the natural world, to somebody in a very imaginative way, so that they can start calibrating their instinct across these vast scales of space and time. +even the bbc and the new york times. +so they do this both when they have power sort of chronically, and also when they're feeling powerful in the moment. +so business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap. +probably not, right? you want the person who's powerful and assertive and dominant, but not very stress reactive, the person who's laid back. +so two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident and comfortable, or really stress-reactive, and, you know, feeling sort of shut down. and we've all had the feeling, right? +we also evaluate these people much more positively overall. " +and the night before my first-year talk, and the first-year talk at princeton is a 20-minute talk to 20 people. that's it. +two minutes, two minutes, two minutes. +so you're out in the woods, or you're out in the pasture, and you see this ant crawling up this blade of grass. +many people have laid down their lives for communism, and many have laid down their lives for capitalism. +now, what theories do we want to use to look at this? +not silicon. +there are other parasites that do this -- which render the host sterile. +they're not a big deal for us. +now in the old days, conducting, music making, was less about trust and more, frankly, about coercion. +i have to say, in those days, i couldn't really even find the bird. +they don't read music. +do you hear it? +well done, ladies and gentlemen. +lyn: when i'm making music, i feel like a pilot in the cockpit flying an airplane. +my uncle ed gave me a beautiful blue sweater -- at least i thought it was beautiful. +we focused on a business model; we insisted on skin in the game. +they are farmers and factory workers. +it's estimated that africa loses about 13 billion dollars a year to the disease. +she runs two of the lines, and has already saved enough money to put a down payment on her house. +well three sons got into a negotiation. +how do we deal with our deepest differences, given the human propensity for conflict and the human genius at devising weapons of enormous destruction? +and we can play an incredibly constructive role. +now let me take you for a moment to what's widely regarded as the world's most difficult conflict, or the most impossible conflict, is the middle east. +now as anthropologists, we know that every culture has an origin story. +and that's what comes to the first step here. +let me ask you a question. +and so that's what it's about. +but they did it thanks to a common identity -- europe -- and a common economy. +natalie macmaster: cape breton fiddling in reel time +first step, the medical doctor went away for about six months, and he worked on what were to become these nine health goals, what were we aiming at. +you and your kids are fine. +that's our average budget. +they do all aspects of the work. +they could trap the flies, send them to him in perth. +i put it to you, is this eliminating poverty? +so when i do my job, people hate me. +and second, i don't care about the word, i care about how you use it. +i'm not saying it's easy. +but it all starts with seeds in classrooms, in my place, which looks like this. +and what'd we do then? well, i met nice people like you, and they invited us to the hamptons. +that's a picture i took of my bronx borough president, addressing my kids in his house, not the jailhouse, making them feel a part of it. +so we started giving back. +and when you expand their palates, you expand their vocabulary. +and again, when you can take kids from backgrounds as diverse as this to do something as special as this, we're really creating a moment. +people, you can all do that. +sí se puede! +well, with the pig, at the baseline, before we blocked the pig's artery to simulate a heart attack, that was the signal. +so there it was, thursday morning we stopped the pig's medication and there is his electrogram, the signal from inside the pig's heart coming out by radio telemetry. +that's the first invention that i wanted to describe. +stacy sager: but for christina sidebottom, almost anything was worth trying if it could stop a migraine. +this is probably a better picture. +a signal in the brain that triggers brain dysfunction might be sensed as a trigger for electro-stimulation like we're doing with epilepsy. +everybody knows that we can do better with a visual thing that can be interactive with the patient, where they see the video and they're being videoed and they press, do you understand this? no, i don't. +and so there is a team of developers from all over africa, who are part of this team now -- from ghana, from malawi, from kenya. +you see this with twitter, too. you get this information overload. +after he died, i realized that no one writes to me anymore. +in fact, so many different points of resonance that it's going to be difficult to bring them all up, but i'll try to do my best. +think of it as a massive itunes for book type content. +companies like national instruments, who are embedding very powerful, interactive simulations into the materials, so that we can go way beyond our regular kind of textbook to an experience that all the teaching materials are things you can actually interact with and play around with and actually learn as you do. +so what we're seeing is moving this burning or publication process from the regular sort of single-authored book towards community-authored materials that are modular, that are customized to each individual class and published on demand very inexpensively, either pushed out through amazon, or published directly through an on-demand press, like coop. +and people who are teachers out here, whoever taught, you know this -- it's the interconnections between ideas that teaching is really all about. +we're not talking about harry potter, right? +and if you read the press, it actually last week said i quit the media lab. +and these are two anecdotes -- one was in cambodia, in a village that has no electricity, no water, no television, no telephone, but has broadband internet now. +we're interested in big displays, bright displays. +it's the rest -- that little brown box -- that is pretty fascinating, because the rest of your laptop is devoted to itself. +is it all worked out? no. +by law you've got to bid, and so on and so forth. +because there's no market for post office trucks. +and if it comes out at 138 dollars, so what? +we can put anything we want into it, and it doesn't get heavier, and then we can take anything out. +and i said, "i want to do that." +these are the people that you have access to right now, in general -- all of these people, all of your friends and family that you can connect to. +i want you to take a trip with me. +in resource-rich countries, with all the tests and treatment we currently have, less than two percent of babies are born hiv-positive -- 98 percent of babies are born hiv-negative. +these women are here for care, but we know that just doing a test, just giving someone a drug, it's not enough. +your baby is going to be hiv-negative. " +the second: keep mothers healthy, keep mothers alive, keep the children alive -- no more orphans. +she had been asked by one of the clients to go to the home of the client, because the client wanted to tell the mother and her brothers and sisters about her hiv status, and she was afraid to go by herself. +we've chosen to redefine the health care system as a doctor, a nurse and a mentor mother. +mothers with hiv caring for mothers with hiv. +it's proportionally much bigger in humans than in any other species, and it's involved in a whole range of high level cognitive functions, things like decision-making, planning, planning what you're going to do tomorrow or next week or next year, inhibiting inappropriate behavior, so stopping yourself saying something really rude or doing something really stupid. +there are three trucks there. you're going to instinctively go for the white truck, because that's the top truck from your perspective, but then you have to remember, "oh, he can't see that truck, so he must mean me to move the blue truck," which is the top truck from his perspective. now believe it or not, normal, healthy, intelligent adults like you make errors about 50 percent of the time on that kind of trial. +but now we try to understand that in terms of the development of a part of their brain called the limbic system, so i'm going to show you the limbic system in red in the slide behind me, and also on this brain. +see, he owned a chromium plating company, and they had to move heavy steel parts between tanks of chemicals, and so he needed an industrial robot like this that could basically do the heavy lifting. +but i knew what he meant, because it would be possible to take a bunch of pictures of flowers in a garden and then, basically, index them in a computer system such that it would appear that there was a real robot when there wasn't. +she said, when she was just about to walk on stage, the tele-directors were still trying to agree on what to do, and so she just walked on stage and did what felt most natural. +human demonstrations, they're all noisy and imperfect, and we extract from them an inferred task trajectory and control sequence for the robot. +the more that robots ingrain themselves into our everyday lives, the more we're forced to examine ourselves as people. at tedxberkeley, ken goldberg shares four very human lessons that he's learned from working with robots. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +in fact, it is said that in the collective consciousness of africa, we get to experience the deepest parts of our own humanity through our interactions with others. +and there was something so beautifully african about it to me, this small house with a huge heart in it. +as i come out of the water, solly arrives at a deep section, a channel between us. +she arrived at our reserve from a reserve east of us on her migratory route. +and while it's true that ubuntu is an african idea, what i see is the essence of that value being invented here. +now kaesava had a baby boy called rehan a couple of weeks ago. +perhaps loss of memory is so crucial for our survival as human beings. +well, when i think of the future, i never see myself moving forward in time. i actually see time moving backward towards me. +i actually included stories from my grandmother. +i must admit, i used to be one of them. +i discovered that there's a movement for a better way. +birke baehr: what's wrong with our food system +and you can see that it kind of hockey sticks up around the 1960s and '70s, and it's on kind of a nice trajectory right now. +seamounts are important for biodiversity. +and what's the context of the phoenix islands? +i'd like to go back and share it with the government of kiribati, who are over in tarawa, the westernmost group. +it had occurred on land, in rainforests of south america and africa, where landowners had been paid not to cut the trees down. +it's almost like if a person has multiple diseases, it's hard to get well, you might die, but if you only have one disease to deal with, you can get better. +i've just described to you the one story behind that rectangular area in the middle, the phoenix islands, but every other green patch on that has its own story. +just in the past couple years, we've seen digital tools display skills and abilities that they never, ever had before, and that, kind of, eat deeply into what we human beings do for a living. let me give you a couple examples. +in the short term, we can stimulate job growth by encouraging entrepreneurship and by investing in infrastructure, because the robots today still aren't very good at fixing bridges. +so the work of innovation, the work of coming up with new ideas, is some of the most powerful, some of the most fundamental work that we can do in an economy. and this is kind of how we used to do innovation. +thanks very much. +this is 1983. +and, lastly, under "harmony," they had this 13th-century mandala from tibet. +he didn't want any of his friends to be arrested, so he supplied everybody with this fake volunteer card. +which brought me back to my list making -- you know, just to see what i actually like about my job. +then it's: "guts." +the other condition is in societies living in marginal or fluctuating environments, such as the arctic or deserts, where there are periodic food shortages, and occasionally there just isn't enough food to keep everyone alive. +for example, there's particular emphasis on respect for the elderly in east asia, associated with confucius' doctrine of filial piety, which means obedience, respect and support for elderly parents. +perhaps the biggest change for the worse is that our elderly are objectively less useful than in traditional societies. +unfortunately, all of those terrible situations could come back. +those are just some examples of what we can learn from traditional societies. +and so the backstory of the 99 takes place in 1258, which history tells us the mongols invaded baghdad and destroyed it. +the concept centers on something called the noor stones. +i got accused in a few blogs that i was actually sent by the pope to preach the trinity and catholicism in the middle east, so you -- you believe who you want. i gave you my version of the story. +top right is stuart moore, a writer for iron man. +opened a theme park through a license in kuwait a year and a half ago called the 99 village theme park -- 300,000 square feet, 20 rides, all with our characters: a couple back-to-school licenses in spain and turkey. +i don't deserve it. i don't deserve anything. +and the first one was about a group called the party of god, who wanted to ban valentine's day. red was made illegal. +rayan reframed the situation and brought himself down to my level. +that is, they're meaningless without context: 500 billion for this pipeline, 20 billion for this war. +so i want to show you another landscape now. +why april? +yeah, retail therapy might help. +there's something almost quite magical about visual information. +so massive, in fact, that it can contain all the other military budgets in the world inside itself. +we need relative figures that are connected to other data so that we can see a fuller picture, and then that can lead to us changing our perspective. +so let's filter that out. +i mean, i find information just too interesting. +now what you are smelling is a combination of -- i asked how many molecules there were in there, and nobody would tell me. +and that's a perfectly reasonable theory in the sense that almost everything else in biology works by shape. +this is cis-3-hexene-1-ol. it smells of cut grass. +the bad news is they're rocket fuels. +this is the basis for the device that these two guys at ford built. +and i said, first of all, let me do the calculation on that compound, bottom right, which is related to coumarin, but has an extra pentagon inserted into the molecule. +i come out of the advertising and design business. +running through this typical letter that they had, i ran it through my simplicity lab, it's pretty unintelligible. +moses! -- the boys in michael morpurgo's "friend or foe;" alem in benjamin zephaniah's "refugee boy;" luke skywalker -- luke skywalker! -- oliver twist; cassia in "the concubine of shanghai" by hong ying; celie in alice walker's "the color purple." +the adoption process took, like, a matter of months, so it was a closed shop, you know, sealed deal, an industrious, utilitarian solution: the government, the farmer, the adopting parents, the consumer, the mother, the earth, and the child, the crop. +and i was on the cusp of, sort of, adolescence, so i was starting to take biscuits from the tin without asking. +but because i had no family to inquire about me, they could do anything to me. +lemn sissay: a child of the state +we still really haven't got a very complete picture of it. +and if you look north here, there's a big river that flows into the lake that's been carrying sediment and preserving the remains of the animals that lived there. +and he remained there until 1.6 million years later, when this very famous fossil hunter, kamoya kimeu, walked along a small hillside and found that small piece of his skull lying on the surface amongst the pebbles, recognized it as being hominid. +i think it's our collective intelligence. +well, to end on a very positive note, i think evolutionarily speaking, this is probably a fairly good thing, in the end. +this folder has 17,000 photos -- over 20 gigabytes of information -- and it's growing constantly. +you can see that i even made a museum label for it that includes a brief history of the dodo. +it's funny to me that it took a while to authenticate it, because i can see it compared to this thing, and i can tell you -- it's real, it's the real thing, it's made from the exact same mold that this one is. +i'll go you one stranger than that: in 1974, during the production of a weird comedy sequel to "the maltese falcon," called "the black bird," starring george segal, the los angeles county museum of art had a plaster original of the maltese falcon -- one of the original six plasters, i think, made for the movie -- stolen out of the museum. a lot of people thought it was a publicity stunt for the movie. +there's a thing that happens when you mold and cast things, which is that every time you throw it into silicone and cast it in resin, you lose a little bit of volume, you lose a little bit of size. +i had extensive and life-threatening injuries. +the next concern was whether i would walk again, because i was paralyzed from the waist down. +i was lying on a thin, hard spinal bed. +in the spinal ward, that's normal. +it was everybody's pain. and then i knew, just like before, that i had a choice. i could keep fighting this or i could let go and accept not only my body but the circumstances of my life. +and they took one look and ran out the back to draw short straws. +so i went home, i got a training diary out, and i had a plan. +the pilot light inside of me was still a light, just as it is in each and every one of us. +and we should be developing things -- we should be developing packaging for ideas which elevate people's perceptions and respect for the things that we dig out of the earth and translate into products for everyday use. +when i do make some money, i'll have one machined for myself. +it comes back to instinct. +it cost 1.7 million dollars to develop. it's called "go" by bernhardt, usa. +that is the power of organic design. +it's grown in my mind, and then it's grown in terms of the whole process that i go through. +i've been banging on about this like i can't believe. +and that's what i do with my furniture. +it's in notting hill next to all the crap -- you know, the prostitutes and all that stuff. +on the wall is my book called "supernatural," which allows me to remember what i've done, because i forget. +we trained in a tank in port hueneme, and then my first open ocean dive was in santa barbara channel. +like those big explosions, sparks, are from a little comb jelly, and there's krill and other kinds of crustaceans, and jellyfish. +now, this one is blue, and that's the color of most bioluminescence in the ocean because evolution has selected for the color that travels farthest through seawater in order to optimize communication. +he's got to find himself a babe and then he's got to latch on for life. +and then to generate the display you're about to see, all i did was touch it once per second on its nerve ring with a sharp pick that's sort of like the sharp tooth of a fish. +but there came a moment when it all came together, and everything worked. +edith widder: glowing life in an underwater world +so as we are facing all the multiple crises in our world at the moment, what is good for us on a personal level, what's going to bring more joy, gratitude, effectiveness in our lives and be the best for our own careers is also what is best for the world. +so i -- i took my camera, i took my notebook, took a chair, and started to observe this behavior. +here's one of my fellow winners. that's charles paxton who won the 2000 biology prize for his paper, "courtship behavior of ostriches towards humans under farming conditions in britain." +the missionary position is very rare in the animal kingdom. +and when it's over, we go to a chinese restaurant and we have a six-course duck dinner. +it had become a part of my body, an extension of my senses, and after some time, it even became a part of my official image. +prince charles has some similarities with nicole kidman. +and the good thing about perceiving ultraviolet is that you can hear if it's a good day or a bad day to sunbathe, because ultraviolet is a dangerous color, a color that can actually kill us, so i think we should all have this wish to perceive things that we cannot perceive. +she was wholly unconcerned about the bears, but she was terrified of lawyers. +but the reality is, these crazy cases are relatively rare. they don't usually win. +it's very hard to measure because there are mixed motives. +it doesn't seem to be working very well does it? +people -- for law to be the platform for freedom, people have to trust it. +so, what's needed now is to rebuild these boundaries. +that person doesn't exist today. +it's the only way to get our freedom back, and it's the only way to release the energy and passion needed so that we can meet the challenges of our time. thank you. +or -- or maybe and -- in addition to rules, let's see if we can come up with some really clever incentives so that, even if the people we deal with don't particularly want to serve our interests, it is in their interest to serve our interest -- the magic incentives that will get people to do the right thing even out of pure selfishness. +well if you think about it, it's really hard to measure out round columns using a ruler. +he had a pretty low-wage job. +he did after all have a toy gun. +but the problem with relying on rules and incentives is that they demoralize professional activity, and they demoralize professional activity in two senses. +so canny outlaws are better than nothing, but it's hard to imagine any canny outlaw sustaining that for an indefinite period of time. +there are now 22 cities that have veterans' courts like this. +so there are lots of examples like this that we talk about. +the united states had developed a couple of atomic weapons through the manhattan project, and the idea was very straightforward: we would use the power of the atom to end the atrocities and the horror of this unending world war ii that we'd been involved in in europe and in the pacific. +during this chapter one, there was a high level of public awareness about the potential of nuclear catastrophe, and an indelible image was implanted in our collective minds that, in fact, a nuclear holocaust would be absolutely globally destructive and could, in some ways, mean the end of civilization as we know it. +so the goal was to evacuate the target cities. +there are many, many sites where warheads are stored and, in fact, lots of sites where fissionable materials, like highly enriched uranium and plutonium, are absolutely not safe. +they are very dedicated and committed. +this is the size of the "little boy" bomb that was dropped at hiroshima. +in that 10 to 15 minutes, all you have to do -- and i mean this seriously -- is go about a mile away from the blast. +so separation -- hopefully with dirt or concrete, or being in a basement -- distance and time is what will save you. +serious problems, big problems, pressing problems. +and many of us here are deeply involved in that. +and that's clearer now than it's been for decades. +that's what business does when it makes a profit. +business does not profit from causing social problems, actually not in any fundamental sense. +we see companies like the brazilian forestry company fibria that's figured out how to avoid tearing down old growth forest and using eucalyptus and getting much more yield per hectare of pulp and making much more paper than you could make by cutting down those old trees. +if we can break down this sort of divide, this unease, this tension, this sense that we're not fundamentally collaborating here in driving these social problems, we can break this down, and we finally, i think, can have solutions. +this shows a lot of internal structures. +it doesn't have to be always dissection. +they're even more shocked by what he says. +they talked about science and the need for a new scientific revolution. +each month required 1,365 calculations, so these tables were filled with mistakes. +there's a flip side as well. +one day a nasa manager comes into my office, sits down and says, "can you please tell us, how do we look for life outside earth?" +so he was convinced, but, in fact, most people aren't. +and it is in fact due to this arms race between hackers and operating system designers that things go back and forth. +and as you see here, there are groups that are growing on top of each other, because they are spreading. +and obviously each of these letters comes off about roughly equally frequent. +it doesn't matter what kind of sediment you're using to grind up, whether it's bacteria or any other plants or animals. +so let's see what that looks like. +and if we remove the mystery of life, then i think it is a little bit easier for us to think about how we live, and how perhaps we're not as special as we always think we are. +this is a paper form, and what you're looking at is a paper form in the hand of a ministry of health nurse in indonesia who is tramping out across the countryside in indonesia on, i'm sure, a very hot and humid day, and she is going to be knocking on thousands of doors over a period of weeks or months, knocking on the doors and saying, "excuse me, we'd like to ask you some questions. +now try and wrap your head around that for a second. +the problem was, after a few years of doing that, i realized i had done -- i had been to maybe six or seven programs, and i thought, you know, if i keep this up at this pace, over my whole career, maybe i'm going to go to maybe 20 or 30 programs. +now you may not think of hotmail as being miraculous, but for me it was miraculous, because i noticed, just as i was wrestling with this problem, i was working in sub-saharan africa mostly at the time. +but there are some additional benefits as well. +collecting global health data was an imperfect science: workers tramped through villages to knock on doors and ask questions, wrote the answers on paper forms, then input the data -- and from this gappy information, countries would make huge decisions. data geek joel selanikio talks through the sea change in collecting health data in the past decade -- starting with the palm pilot and hotmail, and now moving into the cloud. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +and when we drop the ballast overboard we climb. +throwing overboard, as ballast, to change our direction. +but we were expected to have doubts; we're expected to have fears. +but it will not be possible in the future any more. +why that? because fuel is not easy to replace. +and this is exactly the symbol of our world. +but much more, to get advices, to give your comments, to spread the word that if it's possible in the air, of course it's possible in the ground. +you see, it used to be that if you wanted to make a record of a song, you needed a studio and a producer. +don't ask. +and what we're facing in africa is an unprecedented threat to human dignity and equality. +you see, it's not as dramatic as the tsunami. +don't you think that on a purely commercial level, that anti-retroviral drugs are great advertisements for western ingenuity and technology? +this is the straight truth, the righteous truth. +so why, then, are we not pumping our fists into the air? +momentum has been building. +there's the continent africa. +a few minutes ago, i talked about all the citizens' campaigns that are springing up. +i really believe that old truman line, that if you give the american people the facts, they'll do the right thing. +i think we have the money and brains in the room to do that. +now, "all shook up" is a great love song. +people with colored hearing actually see colors when they hear the sounds of words or letters. +they took longer to reject metaphors as false than they did to reject literally false sentences. +those exposed to the world war ii scenario made more interventionist recommendations than the others. +aphorism enthusiast and author james geary waxes on a fascinating fixture of human language: the metaphor. friend of scribes from aristotle to elvis, metaphor can subtly influence the decisions we make, geary says. +but we want to tell the world that, no, under the one flag, we'll still remain as yemeni people. +and he said, "you are the bridge." +pm: and we should point out that he works with you as well at the paper. +we've suffered prosecution; the paper was closed down more than three times. +actually, that's a documentary that's available online; the video's online. +as political turmoil in yemen continues, the editor of the yemen times, nadia al-sakkaf, talks at tedglobal with host pat mitchell. al-sakkaf's independent, english-language paper is vital for sharing news -- and for sharing a new vision of yemen and of that country's women as equal partners in work and change. +my father and my grandfather were always looking for the newest thing in alternative or traditional therapies for ph, but after six months, i couldn't walk up a small hill. i couldn't climb a flight of stairs. +it certainly didn't prepare me for what came next. +my doctor wanted me to get on the list for a lung transplant. +but organs don't wait, and i went into surgery before i could say goodbye. +medical conditions don't negate the human condition. +and many of these chemicals are now linked to the skyrocketing incidents of chronic childhood disease that we're seeing across industrialized nations. +and you can see these large, yolked-up eggs bursting through the surface of this male's testes. +but just two weeks before that, the u.s. senate refused to even debate the banning of bpa in babies' bottles and sippy cups. +in addition to that, after the baby's born, our other unique invention as mammals is that we nourish our offspring after they're born. +th: one of this things that's exciting and appropriate for me to be here at tedwomen is that, well, i think it was summed up best last night at dinner when someone said, "turn to the man at your table and tell them, 'when the revolution starts, we've got your back.'" the truth is, women, you've had our back on this issue for a very long time, starting with rachel carson's "silent spring" to theo colborn's "our stolen future" to sandra steingraber's books "living downstream" and "having faith." +and it's my feeling and it's my urging being here to know that, as we women move forward as the communicators of this, but also as the ones who carry that burden of carrying the children, bearing the children, we hold most of the buying power in the household, is that it's going to be us moving forward to carry the work of tyrone and other scientists around the world. +here is a remote island repository for bottles off the coast of baja california. +that day i ended up spending nearly 60. +all the king's horses and all the king's men... +but curiously, redwood rainforests, the fragments that we have left, to this day remain under-explored. +and with a friend of his, he took it upon himself to free-climb a redwood without ropes or any equipment to see what was up there. +when steve sillett gets up into a big redwood, he fires an arrow, which trails a fishing line, which gets over a branch in the tree, and then you ascend up a rope which has been dragged into the tree by the line. +this reiteration is a huge flying buttress that comes out the tree itself. +they're finding out that redwoods can move moisture out of the air and down into their trunks, possibly all the way into their root systems. +what can the redwoods tell us about ourselves? +richard preston, thank you very much, i think. +the pc virus problem is 25 years old now. +and you can see at the top of the screen, there's a centipede scrolling across your computer when you get infected by this one. +well there's multiple different ways, such as banking trojans, which will steal money from your online banking accounts when you do online banking, or keyloggers. +they also use the global nature of internet to their advantage. +and that's a backdoor which will take over your computer. +now i'm not a lawyer, but if i would be, this is where i would say, "i rest my case." +so preparedness means that we can do stuff even when the things we take for granted aren't there. +there are lots of thing that the approach i take can predict, and there are some that it can't. +and many of you may have noticed that doesn't have as big an effect, as perhaps you would like it to have. +we've increased it to 3.6 million. +you might notice what we don't need to know: there's no history in here. +and down at 100 they would build civilian nuclear energy, which is what they say is their objective. +everything is not predictable: the stock market is, at least for me, not predictable, but most complicated negotiations are predictable. +whether you're an artist, a technologist, a lawyer or a fan, the handling of copyright directly impacts your life. +and then they benefit through the exposure, advertising and linked sales. +there's musical labels. +if you saw these women on the street in their faded clothes, you might dismiss them as poor and simple. +satawal is one half-mile long by one mile wide. +this is part of our collective narrative. +it's the most important map of all. +you don't work in your self-interest all the time, because when emotion comes into it, the wiring changes in the way it functions. +so, i've had an interesting laboratory to try to answer the question of the real question, which is what's the difference in somebody's life if you look at somebody like those people that you've given everything to? like all the resources they say they need. you gave them not a 100-dollar computer; you gave them the best computer. you gave them love; you gave them joy. you were there to comfort them. +the defining factor is never resources; it's resourcefulness. +honestly, better or worse? say, "aye." +your model of the world is the filter. that's what's shaping us. +how many of you here love surprises? say, "aye." +if nothing else works for you, get a dog. don't get a cat. get a dog, because if you leave for two minutes, it's like you've been gone for six months when you show back up again five minutes later, right? +now, 18 years later, i'm proud to tell you, last year we fed two million people in 35 countries through our foundation, all during the holidays: thanksgiving, christmas -- -- in all the different countries around the world. +she said, "it's over." when i finished that night, she called him and left a message -- true story -- at the top of the world trade center where he worked, saying, "honey, i love you, i just want you to know i want to marry you. it was stupid of me." she was asleep, because it was 3 a.m. for us, when he called her back from the top and said, "honey, i can't tell you what this means." +and that was largely because there weren't any. +and we define ourselves by our gaps. +any dot can be clicked and expanded. and we see here, "i would just feel so much better if i could curl up in his arms right now and feel his affection for me in the embrace of his body and the tenderness of his lips." +the next movement is called mobs. +here we see people that feel "slipping," "nauseous," "responsible." +this is in response to, what's beautiful? "miss world." +it's called universe: revealing our modern mythology. +we can click on one of those and have the photograph be the center of the universe. +here we have our star field. here we have our shapes. +but i think they're beautiful, don't you? +what would that mean? i have no idea. +this looks like a series of breaking waves, and it's caused by shearing winds -- the wind above the cloud layer and below the cloud layer differ significantly, and in the middle, in between, you get this undulating of the air, and if the difference in those speeds is just right, the tops of the undulations curl over in these beautiful breaking wave-like vortices. +the sharp, crisp outlines of this formation make it the best one for finding shapes in. +let's go back a few years in time and see what happened back then. +using computers, even though they're getting faster and better all the time, it's a challenge to deal with gigabytes of data, terabytes of data and extracting the relevant information. +you can see that there is [a] scattering of x-rays on the teeth, the metal in the teeth. +and again, it's fully interactive, so you can rotate and you can look at things in real time on these systems here. +it really just works like a huge iphone. +and to take that even further, this is a heart. +so motts is doing something here, and probably he is going like this with his right hand, because the left side is activated on the motor cortex. +i can peel off the layer of the lion. +and so it was simply astonishing to me to find an organization that actually appreciated both those sides. +he said, "ok. i measured the height of a brick. +the standard explanation is that the universe somehow sprang into existence, full of a strange kind of energy -- inflationary energy -- which blew it up. +the density of matter is finite, and we have a chance of a consistent set of equations that can describe the whole process. +and the next map now shows africa's gdp in 1960, around the time of independence for many african states. +and to my astonishment, they backed me 100 percent. +everyone lives together in this hotel -- lecturers and students -- and it's not surprising at all to find an impromptu tutorial at 1 a.m. +i will be attending aims. +i want to point out a few other exceptional people in this picture. +and our partners across africa are extremely enthusiastic about this. +when computers were first introduced, they were said to be a million times faster than neurons. +and let me just summarize. so the bottom line: the brain processes information using 100,000 times less energy than we do right now with this computer technology that we have. +now, what's happening is that as transistors are getting smaller and smaller and smaller, they no longer behave like this. +ok, so a computer picks a specific item of data from memory, it sends it into the processor or the alu, and then it puts the result back into memory. +this is kareem's dark eyes and that's the white background that you see here. +i was coming at it from a different perspective, where i was bringing that different perspective to bear on the problem. +so, despite the fact that i'm going to talk to you about an object that's supermassive, and i'm going to get to what that really means in a moment, it has no finite size. +i need to understand the mass of the object i'm claiming is a black hole, and what its schwarzschild radius is. +so, at the center there, that's actually where most of the starlight comes out from. +which is the job that i have to show you today. +you're seeing an animation that goes between an example of what you would see if you don't use this technique -- in other words, just a picture that shows the stars -- and the box is centered on the center of the galaxy, where we think the black hole is. +and because of that, we've been able to show that there is a supermassive black hole there. +in fact, we anticipated that star formation shouldn't proceed in that environment. +and i hope, if nothing else, i've convinced you that, one, we do in fact have a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy. +and how people get this music, how it comes into their lives, really fascinates me. +but the way we react to different combinations of these phenomena is complex and emotional and not totally understood. +but every musician strikes a different balance between faith and reason, instinct and intelligence. +it's the time in which the big forms began to arise. +the culture in which we live now is awash with music of improvisation that's been sliced, diced, layered and, god knows, distributed and sold. +and it excites me now to meet people who are hikers, chefs, code writers, taxi drivers, people i never would have guessed who loved the music and who are passing it on. +the real key observation he made is that a free-flying wing can sweep through more sky and generate more power in a unit of time than a fixed-wing turbine. +if you give me a 747, i'll make six megawatts, which is more than the largest wind turbines today. +that comes from the last name of one of schumann's female friends. +and then you have to do the initial sketch of the character, which is like your structure of a piece, and then you add pen and pencil and whatever details that you need -- that's polishing the drawing. +now, she chose c, g, b, a, e. +it felt like a revolution. +it's based on hundreds of hours of research, of practice. +it's by giving away what you think is your deepest secret that maybe millions of people are empowered to help improve it. +but what's key here is, the reason these groups have been able to connect is because their work output is of the type that can be easily shared digitally -- a picture, a music file, software. +there's a problem with a traditional scientific paper. +it's right here. +schools can't be silos. +the same trash site is feeding more than 30 families. +now, to make this more concrete, let's look at the list of top 10 words that statistically stick out in the most favorite tedtalks and in the least favorite tedtalks. +and analysis shows if you want to be among the most favorite ted speakers, you should let your hair grow a little bit longer than average, make sure you wear your glasses and be slightly more dressed-up than the average ted speaker. +so i'm going to take as inspiration the fact that we're all interested in interacting with other people, i'm going to completely strip it of all its complicating features, and i'm going to turn that object, that simplified object, into a scientific probe, and provide the early stages, embryonic stages of new insights into what happens in two brains while they simultaneously interact. +drugs of abuse would come in, and they would change the way you value the world. they change the way you value the symbols associated with your drug of choice, and they make you value that over everything else. +and the short answer is games. +canaries used to be used as kind of biosensors in mines. +read montague: what we're learning from 5,000 brains +politics and politicians will only succeed if they actually try and treat with people as they are, rather than as they would like them to be. +right now, here we are linked up to long beach and everywhere else, and all these secret locations for a fraction of that cost, and we can send and receive huge quantities of information without it costing anything. +and you can see this looks a bit like a chef's hat, but actually that's an assault, the one in blue. +obviously, here we have jfk with that incredibly simple and powerful formulation, "ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country," an incredibly noble sentiment. +how would i know who was the best? +some teachers are far more effective than others. +you can't really dispute what you see on the video, and there is a lot to be learned from that, and there are a lot of ways that we can grow as a profession when we actually get to see this. +that's understandable, but our experience with met suggests that if teachers manage the process, if they collect video in their own classrooms, and they pick the lessons they want to submit, a lot of them will be eager to participate. +it's a movement that -- it advocates making biotechnology accessible to everyone, not just scientists and people in government labs. +then we like to take things apart. +let me show you what you could do right now. +if everyone in this room got involved, who knows what we could do? +but you know what? +we're going to hear from two people who are on the sharp end of the law. +because i am hiv positive. +now drug use or possession is illegal in almost every country. +we can also train judges so that they find flexibilities in the law and so that they rule on the side of tolerance rather than prejudice. +that's where babies were born and people died. +the office building is basically obsolete for doing private work. +this is even a more interesting solution in seoul, korea. +we hope to have that built this fall. +we don't really believe in cameras to do things in homes. +and they are thought to be able to filter a cubic kilometer of water every hour and can feed on 30 kilos of zoo plankton a day to survive. +we're often all frightened of sharks thanks to "jaws." +it might be a change in the distribution of plankton. +i'll show you what they look like. +so very simple things like that, we're trying to learn about basking sharks. +but again, it's kind of surprising. you wouldn't really expect that. +that's banned now, and that'll be good news for the sharks. +and they sat on it for months actually. +you probably saw the humpback whale footage that we got there a month or two ago off county wexford. +so thank you and thank you for listening. +they got themselves ready. +so with my hidden intention, i kept quiet. +but again, i can only affect society and affect government if i bring out the hard core evidence. +how did you end up in jail? this was just a few weeks ago, i believe, yeah? +does your breath smell bad while you're answering my interrogation right now? +i didn't want anyone to know that i was a girl, and they didn't. +i was just allowed to be me, growing and changing in every moment. +life magazine introduced generations of people to distant, far-off cultures they never knew existed through pictures. +this is my contribution to the civil rights fight of my generation. +once they got over the shock, though, by and large people opted for somewhere between 70 to 95 percent or the 3 to 20 percent marks. +it's too late. +apparently, lucifer means "the light." +all of them come from the cameras of american soldiers. +we look at what's inside of the person, the bad apples. +this is stanley milgram, little jewish kid from the bronx, and he asked the question, "could the holocaust happen here, now?" +you're a good person. you complain. +most of the time, we are in institutions, so the stanford prison study is a study of the power of institutions to influence individual behavior. +they're going to become numbers. +mindlessly taking the first small step. +bullying is a disease. prejudice is a disease. violence is a disease. +she came down, saw that madhouse and said, "you know what, it's terrible what you're doing to those boys. +wesley and the guy -- 20 and a half inches height. +we would have no access to love or to the ability to create. +and of course consider images that can be sensory patterns, visual, such as you're having right now in relation to the stage and me, or auditory images, as you are having now in relation to my words. +very odd -- i've analyzed this for a while. +and i thought about a solution to this problem. +you have, in effect, lost consciousness when you have damage to that red section of the brain stem. +except that they're not as rich as ours, because they don't have a cerebral cortex like we do. +we should look at how society and culture in this socio-cultural regulation are a work in progress. +my dad actually resigned from the male-only business club in my hometown because he said he would never be part of an organization that would one day welcome his son, but not his daughter. +i say, "online organizing." +xenophobia's on the rise. the trafficking of women and girls. +many of them are working in deeply intractable systems -- the military, congress, the education system, etc. +the maxim, "know thyself" has been around since the ancient greeks. +this is the term that armies use when they've lost a battle. +i may also be interested in knowing how focused i am, so i can put my level of attention into the circuit board on the other side. +we created the responsive room where the lights music and blinds adjusted to your state. +normally we think about technology as interactive. +with humanized technology we can monitor the quality of your sleep cycles. +ariel garten: know thyself, with a brain scanner +so let me just tell you, the great part of all of this? +and with the same dogged determination that my father had bred into me since i was such a child -- he taught me how to sail, knowing i could never see where i was going, i could never see the shore, and i couldn't see the sails, and i couldn't see the destination. +and you all know what it is. you don't need to have a disability to know that. +and he said, "do you love it?" +and i didn't know what to do. +nobody's ever done it before, so i'm going to go do it. +and i set up kanchi, because my organization was always going to be named after my elephant, because disability is like the elephant in the room. +and stop with the labels, the limiting. +the reason, i think, is that the pensioners believe they've chosen to be pensioners, whereas the young unemployed feel it's been thrust upon them. +do you call it the bailout of greece or the bailout of a load of stupid banks which lent to greece? +and i think that's probably right. +everybody else at the time of google, more or less, was trying to be a portal. +if you're on the way to visit your mother in-law, you'd probably prefer to stay on the left. +there's the real value, which is when you make something in a factory and provide a service, and then there's a kind of dubious value, which you create by changing the way people look at things. +i would argue, in britain there's a much better frame of reference, which is to tell people that more first-class mail arrives the next day in the u.k. than in germany. +and within that context, we can offer the kids time -- something that seems in short supply in their over-scheduled lives. +hi. so, this chap here, he thinks he can tell you the future. +these drugs were brought to market. they were prescribed very widely because heart attacks are a very common thing, and it took so long for us to find out that these drugs also caused an increased rate of death that before we detected that safety signal, over 100,000 people died unnecessarily in america from the prescription of anti-arrhythmic drugs. +only three of the negative trials were published, but all but one of the positive trials were published. +and the most staggering thing of all of this, to me, is that not only is this a problem, not only do we recognize that this is a problem, but we've had to suffer fake fixes. +nasa supported this work 12 years ago as part of the rebuilding of the hayden planetarium so that we would share this with the world. +we have a growing user base of this, and we network domes. +so, with the mit media lab, for quite a while now, we've been engaged in a field called active music. +so we know, for instance, that music is almost always the last thing that people with advanced alzheimer's can still respond to. +the main singer disappears at the beginning of the opera and the entire stage becomes the main character. it becomes his legacy. +so, first of all, dan, do you want to say hi to everyone and tell everyone who you are? +do they provide structure for us to do that? and, you know, that's a personal relationship to expression that is lacking in the technological sphere. so, you know, with dan, we needed a new design process, a new engineering process to sort of discover his movement and his path to expression that allow him to perform. +do you remember the story of odysseus and the sirens from high school or junior high school? +if you do that tomorrow, i'll be dead, you'll be dead, every single one of the men will be dead. +it has these strong, heroic arms that can lift doughnuts into your mouth. +on average, it was just a completely pointless exchange of money that i would regret. +we look at the savings rate and it has been declining since the 1950s. +yes, this person retired at 150 percent of their working income in retirement. +and from the future self's point of view, everything is in reverse. +and just for kicks we ran his picture through the balding, aging and weight gain software to see how he would look. +also, those very sounds tend not to be represented by the characters that are available in european languages. +even in the best-resourced countries in the world, this life expectancy gap is as much as 20 years. +in zimbabwe, for example, there were just about a dozen psychiatrists, most of whom lived and worked in harare city, leaving only a couple to address the mental health care needs of nine million people living in the countryside. +for me, what's truly sundar about the idea of task shifting, though, isn't that it simply makes health care more accessible and affordable but that it is also fundamentally empowering. +we began the project with an interim report, which quickly pulled together a lot of information that had been collected on the subject by many, many researchers. +but when did a bee actually ever give you an invoice? +now i'm going to show you how business as usual will affect this. +if you drill water to make coke near a village farm, that's not illegal, but yes, it costs the community. +and the chinese government responded sensibly and placed a ban on felling. +it's about energy emissions. +we've actually kind of made an ethical choice in society to not have coral reefs. +but the man had somehow a lot of room at the bottom. +feynman loved this story. +but it was really brutal. +we were up in the mountains, 1976. +but he was very excited that he had finally met somebody who had the same experience with my father as he had with his father. +he would try to visualize it, guided by a small number of simple principles. +if you could do all of them, you would have a very precise theory. +how should we really honor feynman? +it's a compound curve interior. +so the problem became -- and they set this dilemma to me -- that you have to design the interior using only our existing technology, and there's no money for tooling or molding. +and despite all of our best efforts and intentions, kids are always going to figure out how to do the most dangerous thing they can, in whatever environment they can. +i first saw this in a canadian film board film when i was 10, and it left a lasting impression, to see babies playing with knives. +it's a very simple exercise -- buy a song on itunes, write it to a cd, then rip the cd to an mp3 and play it on your very same computer. +so this motivated me to become an orthopedic surgeon and to see if i couldn't focus on solutions for those problems that would keep me playing sports and not limit me. +well the reason is because there's not enough donor cycles. +so that's our biologic approach right now. +and it wouldn't be fun to talk about the space age without seeing a flag that was carried to the moon and back, on apollo 11. +more tomorrow. i also have pictures coming of the library for those of you that have asked for pictures. +so hopefully tomorrow i'll show one or two more objects from the stage, but for today i just wanted to say thank you for all the people that came and talked to us about it. +but i brought along here a lump of coal -- right here, one lump of coal. +when edison invented the light bulb, pretty much looked like this. +but they want to use it -- seriously. +we're also working on noise canceling things like snoring, noise from automobiles. +i said we can shorten the column, we can spread it out to cover the couch. +i have a bunch of other inventions. +getting it over there? +so i exist somewhat outside of the mainstream of design thinking. +to this end, i have worked in sugar for stefan sagmeister, three-time ted speaker. +for some reason, i thought it would be a good idea to put an intermission in my talk. +"you've never really been sure of this, but i can assure you that this quirk you're so self-conscious of is intensely endearing. +and it's very, very common for designers and people in the visual arts to feel that we're not contributing enough, or worse, that all we're doing is contributing to landfill. +rezero keeps his balance by constantly measuring his pitch angle with a sensor. +with a screen it could inform people or show them around in a fun and entertaining way. +and so, going back to this abalone shell, besides being nano-structured, one thing that's fascinating, is when a male and a female abalone get together, they pass on the genetic information that says, "this is how to build an exquisite material. +the abalone shell here -- and if you fracture it, you can look at the fact that it's nano-structured. +it took them about 50 million years to learn how to perfect how to make that abalone shell. +i brought it here. +angela belcher: using nature to grow batteries +and then you'll hear things like the train, a plane, a car -- so, the commute. +and what you find is that, especially with creative people -- designers, programmers, writers, engineers, thinkers -- that people really need long stretches of uninterrupted time to get something done. +why do we expect people to work well if they're being interrupted all day at the office? +that's kind of ridiculous. it's a total decoy. +i mean, what are the chances that all 10 people are ready to stop? +because the offices are well equipped, everything should be there for them to do their work, but they don't want to go there right now, so how do we change that? +you can quit i.m.; you can't hide your manager. +this is my office. it's out there. +i mean, i couldn't take your phones off you if i wanted to. +i think, quite a nice feature. +so, we've been conducting a lot of research. +it brings rudimentary banking services to places where there's no banking infrastructure. +like, this is viagra that i bought from a backstreet sex shop in china. +for me, this kind of personifies this connected world, where everything is intertwined, and the dots are -- it's all about the dots joining together. +and, with that, comes the third point, which is obligation -- and an obligation to that availability. +our reality right now is less interesting than the story we're going to tell about it later. +what were we just talking about? +dean ornish shares new research that shows how adopting healthy lifestyle habits can affect a person at a genetic level. for instance, he says, when you live healthier, eat better, exercise, and love more, your brain cells actually increase. +this idea is nicely captured by this quote: "things without all remedy should be without regard; what's done is done." +these are the classic conditions that create regret. +but it turns out that regret feels awful in four very specific and consistent ways. +make it go away. make it go away. " +because of course, sometimes we do make decisions that have irrevocable and terrible consequences, either for our own or for other people's health and happiness and livelihoods, and in the very worst case scenario, even their lives. +when other people see my tattoo, for the most part they like how it looks. +thank you. +half of them gave over the internet. +and pretty soon, the average price was 192 dollars. +today these low prices are available in the 25 countries where we work, and in a total of 62 countries, and about 550,000 people are getting the benefits of them. +recently we did an evaluation of the first 18 months of our efforts in rwanda. +that's about 43 percent of all the pregnancies. +i am grateful for this prize, and i will use it to that end. +the classrooms have no walls. +but an amazing alternative energy company in paris is taking us off the grid with solar. +this was a great thing. +this young man is picking organic vegetables. +and together these volunteers and the teachers are deeply committed to creating a new generation of global, green leaders. +is this doable in your community? +chaz ebert: it was chaz who stood by my side through three attempts to reconstruct my jaw and restore my ability to speak. +then i tried typing words on my laptop and using its built in voice. +they'd never made one from previously-recorded materials. +people who need a voice should know that most computers already come with built-in speaking systems. +the initials stood for programmed logic for automated teaching operations. +now we live in the age of the internet, which seems to be creating a form of global consciousness. +sometimes they assume i am deaf. +a guy goes into a psychiatrist. +so what can we do? +other examples you can see here are from latvia, lithuania, estonia -- the central european countries. +so first you ask a big question: why we do it? what is the goal? +you will recall that in 1976, june 16, the students of south africa boycotted the language of afrikaans as the medium of the oppressor, as they were sort of like really told that they must do everything in afrikaans -- biology, mathematics -- and what about our languages? +she ended up underneath the car. +and i ended up with a plastic nose, porcelain teeth and all kinds of other things. +so they eventually started matching their talents and skills to all of my needs. +so i moved on from there. +and as a blind person, your visual memory fades and is replaced with how you feel about things and how things sound and how things smell. +and he wrote to the academicians in paris, trying to explain his theory. +and i think galileo summed up, very nicely, the power of mathematics to understand the scientific world around us. +but i wanted to try and enrich him. +so i'm going to take you through, perhaps push you a little bit mathematically -- so brace yourselves -- push you a little bit to understand how this language works, which enables us to capture what is symmetry. +so both of these objects have six symmetries. +let's do a rotation by a third of a turn anticlockwise, and reflect in the line through x. +but the shapes match up if i rotate by a sixth of a turn around the point where all the triangles meet. +well, unfortunately it isn't really a picture. if i could have my board at the side here, great, excellent. +two? so you should have sat down earlier. +i've learned that they're really the essence of what makes for progress, even when they seem to be terrible. +but i think from the point of view of a neanderthal, there would have been a lot of disapproval of the wimpish choppers that we now have. +and mark twain, who knew all about typesetting, really was smitten by this machine. +and my favorite example of that occurred beginning in 1976, when it was discovered that the bacteria causing legionnaires disease had always been present in natural waters, but it was the precise temperature of the water in heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems that raised the right temperature for the maximum reproduction of legionella bacillus. +think of the financial world, for example. +for some reason, there's no standard syllabus, there's no basic course. +here's something that drives me crazy. +you get it every time. +and instead of that point and click, it's like a push and pull, things collide as you'd expect them. just like on my real desk, i can -- let me just grab these guys -- i can turn things into piles instead of just the folders that we have. +i think you can really enrich the way we browse our photographs and bring it to that kind of shoebox of, you know, photos with your family on the kitchen table kind of thing. +let me introduce you to my brand new project, "baroque in rock," which became a golden disc most recently. +they acquire the sensibility of truth because they repeat over and over again, and they ossify and calcify, and they become real. +and i said, "what's the black box for wall street?" +and the gag is that, of course, these aren't just running through the market. +and the thing is, is that this isn't google. +we're designing for this machine dialect. +it involves light cones and quantum entanglement, and i don't really understand any of that. +this much, right? +js: cuts itself. +fifty percent of crashes happen at intersections. +add that together with the gas, and it's $112,000 per year, just for that sign in each direction. +when people come to an unfamiliar situation they don't know how to deal with they slow down. +for example, measles was four million of the deaths back as recently as 1990 and now is under 400,000. +and more recently you can see it's just around the equator. +and that's where we saw the malaria map shrinking. +i can say that, even though i'm a college drop-out. +so, how do you make education better? +you might think these are people with master's degrees. +and the whole spirit and attitude in those schools is very different than in the normal public schools. +and that allows us to understand who's doing it well, and call them out, and find out what those techniques are. +you know, the system doesn't naturally make it happen. +the first embrace is something that we think, "oh, this is very easy," but it's actually getting harder, and that's paying attention to the world around us. +i was to the point where i was using a stopwatch and painting squares out of randomness, and i wasn't getting anywhere. so i went back and dumped all my paintings in the arno, and i thought, i'm going to just start playing around. +i'll find a way to get in, because i don't want to see this history disappear. " +how many of you are completely comfortable with calling yourselves a leader? +"and i felt so bad for this dude that i took the lollipop, and as soon as i did, you got this incredibly severe look on your face and you looked at my mom and my dad, and you said, 'look at that. look at that. +we need to get over it so we can move beyond it, and our little brothers and our little sisters, and one day our kids -- or our kids right now -- can watch and start to value the impact we can have on each other's lives more than money and power and titles and influence. +so nowadays in the operating room, we no longer need to use sunlight. +so if you've sent three specimens, it's an hour later. +the molecule passes through and gets excreted. +and then if that node has cancer, the woman would go on to get the axillary lymph node dissection. +in the setting of prostate cancer, up to 60 percent of men after prostate cancer surgery may have urinary incontinence and erectile disfunction. +so here's a tumor. +i'd like to leave you with this final thought. +and this cell is one of the thousands of kinds of cell that we are learning about. +but electricity also will go in all directions -- the path of least resistance, which is where that phrase, in part, comes from. +and because it's a protein, it's encoded for in the dna of this organism. +so if we could figure out what cells they are, we could maybe find new targets for which drugs could be designed or screened against, or maybe places where electrodes could be put in for people who have very severe disability. +and the animal's going to hear a tone -- and a flash of light occurred there. +maybe 100,000 people have cochlear implants, which allow them to hear. +and the goal, of course, of this maze is to get out of the water and go to a little platform that's under the lit top port. +and by turning things off, it's more or less a zero. +and we also sampled the outdoor air. +thank you. +there were no cars, so it seemed even better, in some ways. +so it's been a very optimistic time, i think, and i want to just talk about a few of those things. +this is what they think about my site; it's ranked by blog authority. +so basically, the number of pages that mention this term, that also mention this page, the percentage of those pages is that person's google share of that term. +they're talking about slavery in 1860. +if you're the second site there, most people link to you. +we are increasingly offered a diet in which sensation, not story, is king. +and the speed with which they associate it with "slumdog millionaire" or the favelas in rio speaks to the enduring nature. +and the stories they held provided a shared experience. +these films held what was too hurtful to say out loud, and they became more useful to me than the whispers of survivors and the occasional glimpse of a tattoo on a maiden aunt's wrist. +can opera be ever-so-slightly sexy? the glorious soprano danielle de niese shows how, singing the flirty "meine lippen, sie küssen so heiss." which, translated, means, as you might guess: "i kiss so hot." from giuditta by frans lehár; accompanist: ingrid surgenor. +commerce, on the other hand, is relatively quick, essentially creative, highly effective and efficient, and fundamentally honest, because we can't exchange value for very long if we don't trust each other. +so we've designed products and we analyzed chemicals down to the parts per million. +the upper is nylon 6 that can go back to caprolactam, the bottom, a polyolephine -- infinitely recyclable thermoplastic. +when asked, they said, "it's kind of like a giant toilet that doesn't flush." +and we have plenty of energy, so we'll solve that problem, but the biology problem's tricky, because as we put through all these toxic materials that we disgorge, we will never be able to recover that. +shoes for nike, where the uppers are polyesters, infinitely recyclable, the bottoms are biodegradable soles. +because if they toxify themselves, being the lowest-cost producer, send it to the lowest-cost distribution -- wal-mart -- and then we send them all our money, what we'll discover is that we have what, effectively, when i was a student, was called mutually assured destruction. +and then the compost is all taken back to the roofs of the city, where we've got farming, because what we've done is lifted up the city, the landscape, into the air to -- to restore the native landscape on the roofs of the buildings. +this is five times larger. +we didn't know about xkeyscore. we didn't know about cybertrans. +yet we have these files. +all right, how many swedish decisionmakers and politicians and business leaders use, every day, u.s.-based services, like, you know, run windows or osx, or use facebook or linkedin, or store their data in clouds like icloud or skydrive or dropbox, or maybe use online services like amazon web services or sales support? +and whoever tells you that they have nothing to hide simply hasn't thought about this long enough. +she was one of the targets of nsa surveillance. +humans have long held a fascination for the human brain. +and what you can see is it's very non-uniform. you see a lot more structure there. +we get one from mom, one from dad. +and in seattle, we take these -- this is a whole human hemisphere -- and we put them into what's basically a glorified meat slicer. +you can see on the microscope slide here, that's what's happening in real time. +green is the sort of cool areas where it's not turned on. +so if you're in drug discovery, for example, you can go through an entire listing of what the genome has on offer to find perhaps better drug targets and optimize. +these aren't schizophrenic individuals, but they do show some population variation. +so why is that? +the thing is, if we don't know whether we are doing any good, we are not any better than the medieval doctors and their leeches. +"if you give the nets for free, people are not going to value them. +that's bad, but there are places like that. +and then you make it easy and give a reason to act now by adding a kilo of lentils for each immunization. +the third one is important because if we think people get used to handouts, it might destroy markets to distribute free bed nets. +you know how to immunize kids, you know how to give bed nets. " +tell people the benefits of education, that's very cheap to do. +but look what we just did today. +and now, maybe, we can go back to the bigger question that i started with at the beginning. +we've all heard these things. +and that has to do with me because in 1994, i packed a few things into a backpack and headed off for a year of travel in the middle of my university career. +so let's start shedding light on this amazing eclectic continent that has so much to offer. +so the very definition -- to say "invest in africa" is a no-go. +but looking at goldman sachs' work -- we had the famous bric report. +the announcement just came out the last few weeks. +it's more expensive to transport goods. prices of goods go up, inflation is affected. +it's the 24-hour rolling african news channel. +it also provides a third of the food we eat. +we so rarely look at the sky. +so this is the footage that i was showing everybody. +okay. +so this is the footage he photographed, and it was pretty moving and pretty awe-inspiring. +it was, incidentally, the last time i ever saw daylight. +and he said, "because no one knows you had anything to do with it." +how could somebody read using their fingertips? +kt: no. +kb: just don't break my concentration. +i need two people to help me out real quick. +ok, now, do you believe in witchcraft at all? +kb: what did you feel? +ok, now, allow it to stay there. +and hold it there, hold it there, both of you, hold it there. +come right over here, next to me. +and i want you to release that negative energy by shaking it from side to side. +you knew! +they'll keep an eye on me to make sure i don't do anything funny. +sj: you're over a cup. +do you think the spike is under your left hand, or under your right hand? +that's not good. hi. yeah. real bad. don't even look at me. +you know that when you have those abusive voices, all those little neurons get together and in that little gap you get a real toxic "i want to kill myself" kind of chemical, and if you have that over and over again on a loop tape, you might have yourself depression. +we are not equipped for the 21st century. +we need to know why people are doing what they're doing. +but it was testably stupid. +and in that pair, one person gets a message saying, "do you want to give up some of your $10 you earned for being here and ship it to someone else in the lab?" +so to make the experiment, i knew i'd have to go into the brain and manipulate oxytocin directly. +so if i do something that hurts you, i feel that pain. +tell that guy to wait half an hour. +now there are other ways the system can be inhibited. +the bride. +so there's tons of ways that we can connect to other people, and it seems to be universal. +i tried to look at where did the kind of learning we do in schools, where did it come from? +and you have people who guide those computers to do their clerical jobs. +one of your students must have been passing by, showed them how to use the mouse. " +there's one community of children in southern india whose english pronunciation is really bad, and they needed good pronunciation because that would improve their jobs. +i came back after two months and the children trooped in and said, "we've understood nothing." +kallikuppam had caught up with my control school in new delhi, a rich private school with a trained biotechnology teacher. +the reptilian part of our brain, which sits in the center of our brain, when it's threatened, it shuts down everything else, it shuts down the prefrontal cortex, the parts which learn, it shuts all of that down. +you can't catch me. +you already heard about that. you know what that means. +it's a facility which is practically unmanned. +i'll play at these rock shows, be on stage standing completely still, and they're like, "what's she doing?! what's she doing?!" +if i pass out on the next song... +this quandary led to the title of the project, which considers in many ways that we are all the living dead and that we in some ways represent ghosts of the past and the future. +and i found these maps which you see here. +so they're testing its virulence. +everyone showed up. +tensions between these two families date back to 1913 when there was a dispute over local political power. +this is just an abridged rendering of over a thousand images. +there's nothing too difficult about the piece. +and you feel really quite -- believe it or not -- detached from the instrument and from the stick, even though i'm actually holding the stick quite tightly. +they're all different. +exactly. because i'm not even touching it. +in a year's time, it could be two extra steps. +however, not one of you got out of your seats to think, "right! how can i clap? ok, maybe... +and interestingly, the older i became, and when i became a full-time student at a so called "music institution," all of that went out of the window. +in this soaring demonstration, deaf percussionist evelyn glennie illustrates how listening to music involves much more than simply letting sound waves hit your eardrums. +and it got big enough to the point where there was a float last year at the macy's thanksgiving day parade, and rick astley pops out, and rickrolls millions of people on television. +but that's not what's interesting about this. +got a couple questions for you. +but there were some good things that came out of that too. +and they were probably pleased to see you on top of the time poll. +dinosaur evolution proceeded at a stately pace, an order of magnitude slower on any way you want to measure it. +a three-and-a-half foot thing, beautiful skull, predator, meat-eater, a two-legged animal. +your job as a leader -- this is definitely a team sport -- your job as a leader is to try to inspire them to do more work than they've ever done in their life under conditions that they can't imagine. +it turns out to have a forebrain one-fifteenth the size of a human. +somebody get the front legs. +and then work later is going to take us to tibet. +now we have divergence over time, but we've created the third dimension of area. +they're really kindred disciplines. +you have to have those steps. if you have -- it's easy to get kids interested in science. +you give her a quick crack in the teeth with your elbow and blaze for the finish line. +they're not doing 26 miles; they're doing 100, 150 miles at a time, and apparently without injury, without problems. +there's not a fast woman on the planet and there never has been. +so about seven years, eight years to reach your peak, and then gradually you fall off your peak, until you go back to the starting point. +you need a pack to pull together. +and what happened was we started creating these fancy cushioned things, which can make running "better," called running shoes. +but maybe there's another benefit there as well. +for me, that was the white space; that's what robots could not do yet. +he's a scary monster. +you call your friend, she puts her handset in a robot, and, bam! you're a mebot -- you can make eye contact, you can talk with your friends, you can move around, you can gesture -- maybe the next best thing to really being there, or is it? +i imagine a time not too far from now -- my mom can go to her computer, open up a browser and jack into a little robot. +to explore that question, we did a study in the boston area where we put one of three interventions in people's homes for a period of several weeks. +but we can push this idea further. +robots touch something deeply human within us. +and i can't have my posse laughin 'at me. +and i followed this guy everywhere until i had him in the room, and i read him one of my pieces, and you know what he told me? +i can master shock of "the crying game" with the awe of a child being called an aids victim by a bully who didn't know that it was his father who gave it to my mother, and that's a double entendre. +i then went on wondering whether i could actually replace her image, so i got a look-alike of diana and posed her in the right positions and angles and created something that was in, or existed in, the public imagination. +well, here is the image. +so, all this work is getting shown in art galleries. +this image is quite interesting, actually, because i think we made it three years ago. +what jack nicholson might be up to in his celebrity life, and the fact that he tried to... he had a bit of road rage and golf-clubbed a driver the other day. +has anyone here wondered what will happen if you go back to your room at night, and you start getting chest pains, shortness of breath, sweating? +that is something to keep in mind. we can't deal with it with situations like this. +we have 25 positions right now -- all of them trained, board certified in the usa, canada or britain. +and we will do other centers. +they need to be alive, they need to feed. +we're also starting ancillary health-care technology training programs -- training people in echocardiography, cardiac ultrasound, those kinds of things. now, with that kind of training, it gives people motivation. +and i actually feel at home here, because there's a lot of autism genetics here. +my drawings got to star in the movie too. +and the way i sold livestock jobs is i showed off my drawings, i showed off pictures of things. +i was really concerned about having to wear this gadget on my face. +i find a lot of people have difficulty doing that. +he was now dr. carlock in the movie. +and when i was 13, i had a job at a dressmaker's shop sewing clothes. +because what i'm observing is the good teachers, for a lot of these kids, are out in the community colleges, but we need to be getting some of these good teachers into the high schools. +what are you most passionate about? +now my own speciality is combining digital technology and magic. +bye-bye. +and it was deep. it was deep in my soul. +now there's a talent unto itself. +and now the shore is coming, and there's just a little part of me that's sad. +thank you. +the first problem is there's inadequate disaster response. +they send him to iraq. +i think it's very important, because right now somebody needs to step up, and this generation of veterans has the opportunity to do that if they are given the chance. +what would this lead to? +and so they invented the scientific journal as a way of synchronizing the argument across the community of natural scientists. +the programmers come and go. +this has the following effect: a programmer in edinburgh and a programmer in entebbe can both get the same -- a copy of the same piece of software. +right. +it was the expectation of the citizens that she would not be censored. +this one i thought i'd show you. +morgan hendry: beware of safety is an instrumental rock band. +so we literally are all made out of stardust. +and if you look at the top left, you see a little teeny dark dot. +okay, we have parachute aligned. +bc: we enter the martian atmosphere. +that's when we separate from the back shell, and we're now in free-fall. +then we get a little bit more serious, so we have what we call our cad / cams and all the engineers who are involved, or scientists who are involved, who know about thermal properties, know about design, know about atmospheric interaction, parachutes, all of these things, which they work in a team effort and actually design a spacecraft in a computer to some extent, so to see, does that meet the requirement that we need. +but also, if there is something that we cannot reach because it is too high on a cliff, we have a little laser system which will actually zap the rock, evaporate some of it, and actually analyze what's coming from that rock. +so as we flew by away from it, we looked back. and guess what? +you just drive to the nearest lake, stick your hose in it, and you've got your car filled up. +so if we start to think exponentially, we can see how this is starting to affect all the technologies around us. +we have the ability to do more powerful things with them. +and of course, there's an app for that. +you can tweet your weight to your friends, and they can keep you in line. +how about augmenting the physician? +so a few examples: we're now in the era of "fantastic voyage," the ipill. +in genomics now, the genome cost about a billion dollars about 10 years ago when the first one came out. +we can be preventative; that prevention can be personalized; and more importantly, it's going to become increasingly participatory. +we've been actually using adult stem cells now in clinical trials for about 15 years to approach a whole range of topics, particularly in cardiovascular disease. +the first one is dedicated to spencer, and his grandmother, who was shocked by his work. +in those days there was still countryside close to the city, farms, cornfields, cows; even not far from our building with its blurred brick and long shadowy hallway you could find tracts with hills and trees you could pretend were mountains and forests. +the girl, my old love, the last lost time i saw her when she came to find me at a party, her drunkenly stumbling, falling, sprawling, skirt hiked, eyes veined red, swollen with tears, her shame, her dishonor. +this is called "thirst." +a casual impulse, a fancy, never thought of until now, hardly thought of even now... +the girls, to my horror, averted their gaze. +c.k. williams: poetry of youth and age +samuel pisar, an auschwitz survivor, said, and i'll quote him, "the holocaust teaches us that nature, even in its cruelest moments, is benign in comparison with man, when he loses his moral compass and his reason." +but images don't need to be graphic in order to remind us of the tragedy of war. +what we're going to try and do today, in the 16 and a bit minutes i've got left, is to try and answer three questions. the first one is, why? +that was our hf radio antenna. +two norwegians did it as a team in 2000. no one's done it solo. +when the ice was flat or flattish, i could just about pull both. +some pretty radical technology, a radical approach --but it worked perfectly. +i took a photo of that. sat down on my sledge. did a sort of video diary piece. +i thought, it'll have to do. +this is probably why i didn't get into trouble about the length of my airstrip. +since then, no one has ever skied -- this was 93 years ago -- since then, no one has ever skied from the coast of antarctica to the pole and back. +but i was still concerned, so i said, "you know what, i'm not going to do it." +and i remembered that the old and drunken guy came one day to the lab wanting to make some easy cash and this was the guy. +i do want to leave you with one positive thought. +but what if we looked at fear in a fresh way? +these were the fears that danced in the imaginations of these poor men, and as it turned out, the fear they chose to listen to would govern whether they lived or died. +what would happen to our minds? +the novelist vladimir nabokov said that the best reader has a combination of two very different temperaments, the artistic and the scientific. +i'm 43 years old right now. +therefore, they asked their parents to go down to the streets and collect them, bring them back home. +and while this was the major difference between many initiatives before to create change, before we thought, and governments told us -- and even sometimes it was true -- that change was imposed on us, and people rejected that, because they thought that it is alien to their culture. +i remember one night when someone phoned me on my cellphone -- ordinary person who i don't know -- from tahrir square. +is this a story-of-the-year, a story-of-the-decade or something more? +they've had some speakers there. +and frankie says, "i'm number 22 in line, and i can see the needle coming down towards me, and there is blood all over the place. +you don't want to share a needle anymore than you want to share a toothbrush even with someone you're sleeping with. +so what we've been doing in the united states is reviewing the data -- endlessly reviewing the data. +they are gay men on the party scene who have, on average, three times more partners than straight people on the party scene. +but it is changing the equation of what's rational in sexual decision-making. +what does that mean? +there are as many different ways of being rational as there are human beings on the planet, and that's one of the glories of human existence. +and i'd pull her out on the front porch. +it's called claw-hammer style, that he had learned from his mother and grandmother. +it sounds something like this. +we were standing on the edge of thousands of acres of cotton. +now, my mother hoped that we learned from that the value of hard work. +good news: chariot's coming. +but then, when i thought about it beyond that, it was very simple things. +and we moved across the street from michael and john whitney. +they said they were going to beat us up if we didn't make some gunpowder for them. +so let me put them all together. and also, i can change the sounds by stepping on this pedal right here, and -- let me just close out here by doing you a little hambone solo or something like this. +not only is there a relationship between the ethics of science and the ethics of being a citizen in democracy, but there has been, historically, a relationship between how people think about space and time, and what the cosmos is, and how people think about the society that they live in. +and merging them together to make the final quantum theory of space and time and gravity, is the culmination of that, something that's going on right now. +now, darwin taught us that there are processes of self-organization that suffice to explain all of us and everything we see. +in fact, i'm finished. science will never go away. +i can see my work as a job. i do it for money. +so i looked for furniture. +he can seat, throughout the year, he can seat 8,000 people. +what came out of it? +there is a full-blown orchestra living inside the building. +these are some pictures visitors sent to me. +and the monkeys in that monkey forest looked, actually, fairly happy. +so even as we share death as a universal experience, it's not experienced the same way the world over. +and it's also a moment of self-awareness. +but i see something profoundly transformative in experiencing death as a social process and not just a biological one. +one of the -- thank you for inviting us. +but you do meet some fantastic people, people who look at the world in a totally different way. +"i'm sorry. i've only got 18 minutes, 18 minutes to talk about saving the world, saving the planet, global institutions. +why would you do that? why would -- it's like one step up from replying to one of those emails from nigeria, isn't it? +but we have a new hope. we have a new man. +and he spoke to the crowd in chicago, he said, "if there is anyone out there who still doubts that america is a place where all things are possible..." +do you remember that? george bush, "a nu-ca-ler." +"i was held in prison for nearly 30 years on an island in the middle of the ocean. +and there's lots of different shapes. +and so every time they found something that looked a little different, they named it something different. +they don't like it if you come in and want to saw them open and look inside. +so people were looking at these and they were talking about how different they are. +what's interesting is the spike on the back of the dracorex was growing very fast as well. +and then, because the juveniles are in my collection, i cut them open and look inside. +here's another one. +now as you can imagine, this is not very popular with fourth-graders. +and it's a responsive system that's trained on actual weather. +anyway, moving along. +so, unfolded it's about 300 linear feet. +the view is denied in the galleries where we receive just natural light, and then exposed again in the north gallery with a panoramic view. +wait a minute, it's just in that state, we have a long way to go. +and this is a mockup that is in salt lake city that gives you a sense of what this is going to look like in full-scale. +even in stories on gender-based violence, men get an overwhelming majority of print space and airtime. +what she found was many of these stories tend to blame victims and devalue their lives. +putting them there made them more recognizable. +she was the cbs news correspondent who was brutally sexually assaulted in egypt's tahrir square right after this photo was taken. +the botanical names are in front of you. +"be the change you want to see in the world," said mahatma gandhi. +pm: so is this a good idea. +and so that happened more at various times, but i really think that there was a great advantage in many ways to being a woman. +so being an american, i decided to set up a caucus. +the other thing that i think is really important: a lot of national security policy isn't just about foreign policy, but it's about budgets, military budgets, and how the debts of countries work out. +so, yeah. +great news. it drives me nuts that most people don't seem to know this news. +now i know that some of you think this progress is all in asia or latin america or model countries like brazil -- and who doesn't love a brazilian model? -- but look at sub-saharan africa. +right now today, in oslo as it happens, oil companies are fighting to keep secret their payments to governments for extracting oil in developing countries. +by doing so, you will join us and countless others in what i truly believe is the greatest adventure ever taken, the ever-demanding journey of equality. +so now, if you take this metaphor [of] genome as program seriously, you have to consider that chris anderson is a computer-fabricated artifact, as is jim watson, craig venter, as are all of us. +you're going to design something like a cell phone, and in a high-level language, you'll describe that cell phone. +so, this is normal dna, what you think of as normal dna. +we heat them up, we add a little bit of salt, we heat them up to almost boiling and cool them down, and as we cool them down, the short strands bind the long strands and start to form structure. +she wrote all her own software to design and built this dna origami, a beautiful rendition of china, which even has taiwan, and you can see it's sort of on the world's shortest leash, right? +it was started by erik winfree, and what it does, it has tiles that are a hundredth the size of a dna origami. +and if you do that, the origami's the same size, but the resulting square that you get is three times bigger. +and i think in the next five or 10 years, we'll make the kind of squares that i described and maybe even get to some of those self-assembled circuits. +when life brought about a series of death and near-death experiences within my close circle, which highlighted the need for an emergency medical response service in india, similar to 911 in usa. +yet, if you analyze the common man, he or she does not wake up every day and say, "hmm, let me see who i can pay a bribe to today." +it can be worth up to one trillion dollars, being paid in bribes every year, or equal to india's gdp. +a set of people actually say, "oh, let me just grant it to them, and run away from it." +so the data that you've got is a great thing called youtube, and we can go down and basically pull all the open information from youtube, all the comments, all the views, who's watching it, where are they watching it, what are they saying in the comments. +so as we go in here, what we start to see, apply the physics engine again, we see what's one conversation is actually composed of many smaller ones. +well here's one by jessica green about the microbial ecology of buildings. +masculinity mimicked by men who grew up with no fathers, camouflage worn by bullies who are dangerously armed but need hugs. +invest, invest, invest. " +a wise person knows how to improvise, as luke did when he re-washed the floor. +all they had was mike's hard lemonade, which was five percent alcohol. +we can certainly see this in response to the current financial crisis. +don't get me wrong. we need rules! +all we ask is, "what serves my interests?" +be proud that you have them. +so there's a lot here at ted, and at other places, to celebrate. +if you do that, the rest is just pretty much a coast downhill. +they have a particular interest in ones that will help our soldiers. +they've been watching too much "terminator." +it turned out, as i think you could see in aimee's capabilities and attitudes, people with a desire to do something are quite remarkable and nature is quite adaptable. +i'll give you some astounding things that have happened as we started this. +he was leaning on his other arm. +and i get a call and we go back to washington. +i said, "what am i going to say? +it is an easy answer. +it's the pathfinder that shows us a simple road through an impenetrable moral maze. +the earth moved for both of them. +there was so many skeptics, especially the press in london, that they started flying cheeseburgers on helicopters around my box to tempt me. +so, i went to talk to a doctor friend, and i asked him how could i do that? +and then there is static apnea. +he's six foot four. he's 160 pounds. +this was a critical mistake. +and what he did in response, is he went on regis and kelly, and broke his old record. +which was making me more nervous. +it was awful. +i was like "what?" +now what we can do is point at the front of the newspaper and immediately get the bulletin. +teacher: now move it either side. see what happens. +it's just going to do a tiny bit of processing to convert that image that we just took into a sort of digital fingerprint, and the great thing is, if you're a professional user, -- so, a newspaper -- the tools are pretty much identical to what we've just used to create this demonstration. +for those of us in this room, it's not just the poorest and the most vulnerable individual, it's the community, it's the culture, it's the world itself. +last week, bill clinton at the ted awards said, "this situation is unprecedented, unequal, unfair and unstable." +many of you, i think, have probably trekked here. +we've seen the eradication of smallpox. +it is something to be greatly optimistic about. +and when they did, they took smallpox to 10 other countries and reignited the epidemic. +there isn't a dog on this earth that's a natural creature. +well, they've now taken that gene, that bioluminescent gene, and put it into mammal cells. +so even as we worry about it, we have allowed it to go on in this country -- much different in europe -- without any regulation, and even without any identification on the package. +and it raises the question of how we're going to define animal species in the age of biotechnology -- a question that we're not really sure yet how to solve. +we've taken away the autonomy of this animal. " +this is a mouse created by charles vacanti of the university of massachusetts. +we are directly designing the future of the species of this planet. +and he went on to say, "these differences do not coincide with corresponding differences in climate." +but uvb and uva especially, came in unimpeded. +there was natural selection for the evolution of lightly pigmented skin. +so we have, in skin pigmentation, one of these wonderful products of evolution that still has consequences for us today. +you, you can teach it. +so let me show you a few objects. +to the right, i took a higher roughness. +why so? because, in fact, the area of the lung is something very ill-defined. +well, they do mix. +i played with it for a while, and i made it return to the origin. +so the idea there was that one must be able to -- how do you say? -- model price variation. +it's so uninteresting. +benoit mandelbrot: fractals and the art of roughness +so, imagine that all of you are participants in the study. +here's an example of the puzzle you're going to solve. +so, you're putting in less juice, and therefore the outcome: fewer puzzles solved. +right? a patient in the driver's seat, for example. +not because there was not enough food -- because there was actually a surplus of food in the fertile regions of the south parts of the country -- but because in the north, people could not access or entitle themselves to that food. +did our farmers turn into highly productive commercial actors? +to give you an example, between 2001 and 2002, ethiopian maize farmers produced two years of bumper harvest. +in the american midwest, farmers used to load grain onto barges and send it upriver to the chicago market. +that means that the exchange will operate a trading system, which will initially start as an open outcry, because we don't think the country's ready for full electronic trading. +we believe that the stakes are high, but that the returns will be even greater. +it is always the same, never the same, endlessly fascinating. +that's a potential scenario if we fail to take this seriously. +it provides a physical support structure for the trees, and it creates physical spaces, habitable spaces inside of the sand dunes. +then, a few years afterwards, using permacultural strategies, we green that part of the desert. +it's not only something that supports trees, but something that connects people and countries together. +i paid to get it repaired -- then it broke again. +if this idea is truly sound, then the implications are significant. +he's barefoot. he'll run back into his house, and he will contaminate his drinking water and his food and his environment with whatever diseases he may be carrying by fecal particles that are on his fingers and feet. +we don't have a neutral word for it. +and you might think it's just good karma to see these guys stirring shit, but it's also good economic sense, because they're saving a million dollars a year. +she grew up in a rural village in a poor area of india, and she was engaged at 14, and then at 21 or so, she moved into her in-law's house. +it's the most off-track millennium development goal. +and that was what i did. +there are tens of thousands of those stories out there, and it's really hard to conjure up much of a sense of well-being, because it just keeps getting worse. +and we trawl, which means to take something the size of a tractor trailer truck that weighs thousands and thousands of pounds, put it on a big chain, and drag it across the sea floor to stir up the bottom and catch the fish. +but since we ate all the oysters and we ate all the fish that would eat the plankton, there's nothing to eat the plankton and there's more and more of it, so it dies of old age, which is unheard of for plankton. +and then, of course, there's climate change, and we all know about climate change. +but there are these, what we call, positive feedbacks, the synergies among them that make the whole vastly greater than the sum of the parts. +in this bracing talk, coral reef ecologist jeremy jackson lays out the shocking state of the ocean today: overfished, overheated, polluted, with indicators that things will get much worse. astonishing photos and stats make the case. +that's -- that's not true. +that this old man would interrupt his moonlight stroll with his sweetheart with the precise reason of making fun of a child. +i went with my friend tim mcgonigal, who sat on my left. +the sandworms were fine, but your favorite character? +does something seem strange about this to you? +she was a single woman about to go alone into a country, not even speaking the language, to travel alone by bus and boat to go to a beach she did not know or had never seen. +she was smiling. she did not understand why i was so worried. +but i think we should also just check the numbers, take a reality check here. +joseph schumpeter called this "the process of creative destruction." +is this really how economies behave? " +what is the objective? +what does all this mean for economics? +but it's also clear that prosperity goes beyond this. +i mean, can you picture a politician standing up in britain and saying, "gdp fell two percent this year. good news! +i painted it directly on top of the man. +i made the tough decision of going home after graduation and not going up to capitol hill, but going down to my parents' basement and making it my job to learn how to paint. +when we started out on the milk project, and when i started out, i couldn't have foreseen that i would go from pursuing my dream in politics and working at a desk to tripping over a shadow and then turning people into paintings and painting on people in a pool of milk. +and it goes all the way over to these big, thick, galumphy ones that have hundreds of carbons, and they have thousands of hydrogens, and they have vanadium and heavy metals and sulfur and all kinds of craziness hanging off the sides of them. +they set the prices, and i don't even know. +okay, so the politics of oil are very moral in the united states. +and we take it as, you know -- we look at it on a moral level, rather than looking at it on a legal and financial level. +in fact, it's continued to increase. +this is 1988 -- we actually bombed two iranian oil platforms that year. +what you see in this top drawing is a schematic of how petroleum gets used in the u.s. economy. +that's a lot. +we are running late. +now you'd think that "american idol" would introduce a measure of americanization. +and that swim took me 18 minutes and 50 seconds, and it felt like 18 days. +and to the right hand side of us was this great khumbu glacier. +we want you to walk up the hill in another two days' time. +after he swam the north pole, lewis pugh vowed never to take another cold-water dip. then he heard of lake imja in the himalayas, created by recent glacial melting, and lake pumori, a body of water at an altitude of 5300 m on everest -- and so began a journey that would teach him a radical new way to approach swimming and think about climate change. +this is a state diagram. that's an extremely simple computer. +i thought about this in the sense that it's great to build in biological materials, but can we do similar things? +so i was trying to, you know, take the engineer's version: can we build a mechanical system in inorganic materials that will do the same thing? +and literally with only those two inputs -- so, the shape of your boundary condition and the pressure -- you can define an infinite number of lenses that cover the range of human refractive error, from minus 12 to plus eight diopters, up to four diopters of cylinder. +but they can show you how to build things in sequence. +you could just hang it as a bed sheet, but again, the computation of all the physics gives you the aerodynamic shape. +and the correlation, of course, is that denser places tend to have lower emissions -- which isn't really all that difficult to figure out, if you think about it. +this is a mapnificent map that shows me, in this case, how far i can get from my home in 30 minutes using public transportation. +which brings on another threshold effect i like to call furnace dumping, which is, quite simply, if you have a building that doesn't need to be heated with a furnace, you save a whole bunch of money up front. +during the twentieth century, we witnessed the atrocities of stalin, hitler, mao, pol pot, rwanda and other genocides, and even though the twenty-first century is only seven years old, we have already witnessed an ongoing genocide in darfur and the daily horrors of iraq. +according to non-governmental organizations that keep such statistics, since 1945, in europe and the americas, there has been a steep decline in interstate wars, in deadly ethnic riots or pogroms, and in military coups, even in south america. worldwide, there's been a steep decline in deaths in interstate wars. the yellow bars here show the number of deaths per war per year from 1950 to the present. +so that's a bit of a support for the leviathan theory. +in fact, it's as large as western europe, but it only has 300 miles of paved roads. +now these are not the kinds of things that someone is thinking about just before they go get a condom. +and what is the definition then? "the definition? +we have liberia. we have congo. +you can watch me for one minute now and you'll see the whole thing. +and asia could have social development before they got the economic development. +but more or less, this is what will happen, and we have a world which cannot be looked upon as divided. +and then it's united states today, up here. +and we had an increase in income. +the middle income countries, the emerging economy, they are catching up. +about 20 percent of the adult population are infected. +it's caused by fast processing of toxic cassava root in famine situation. +and we have a high hope in you. thank you very much. +next best thing to a video game. +you have them in hunter-gatherer societies, but then through technological evolution, new forms of technology arise that facilitate or encourage the playing of non-zero-sum games, involving more people over larger territory. +and i would say the non-zero-sum dynamic is only going to grow more intense over time because of technological trends, but more intense in a kind of negative way. +it's when people's fortunes are correlated. +i think it's the first step toward that. that's the long-term goal. +the g8 summit proposes that the solution to africa's problems should be a massive increase in aid, something akin to the marshall plan. +but equally, it has opportunities and a lot of potential. +well, since i'm not seeing the hand, it appears that what i'm stating is true. +well, because it gives them good, paying jobs, or, in many african countries, unofficial opportunities to profit from corruption. +governments are not changing it. why? +there were 56, and when our president wanted to amend the constitution and remove term limits, he had to create 25 new districts, and now there are 81. +doctor seligman, what is the state of psychology today? " +and the conclusion of that is that psychology and psychiatry, over the last 60 years, can actually claim that we can make miserable people less miserable. +i've spent my life working on extremely miserable people, and i've asked the question, how do extremely miserable people differ from the rest of you? +so i want to say a little bit about each of those lives and what we know about them. +when he walks onto the floor of the american exchange at 9: 30 in the morning, time stops for him. and it stops till the closing bell. +and meaning, in this view, consists of -- very parallel to eudaimonia -- it consists of knowing what your highest strengths are, and using them to belong to and in the service of something larger than you are. +so, the next to last thing i want to say is we're interested in how much life satisfaction people have. +but they were empty. +these are camels moving across the rift valley in africa, photographed by chris johns. +now i have to tell you, i was talking to kyle last week about this, that i was going to tell this story. +a lion having a late night snack -- notice he's got a broken tooth. +for the first time in history, more people live in urban, rather than rural, environments. +brian photographed a marine sanctuary in new zealand, where commercial fishing had been banned -- the result being that the overfished species have been restored, and with them a possible solution for sustainable fisheries. +but then paul got in the water. +david griffin: how photography connects us +so, if we use information that comes off of this specular reflection, we can go from a traditional face scan that might have the gross contours of the face and the basic shape, and augment it with information that puts in all of that skin pore structure and fine wrinkles. +we can turn the volume up a little bit if that's available. +what i've been doing from 14 to 17 was, i was assisting them collecting ivory tusk, meat and whatever they were killing, poaching, hunting in the forest, bring it in the main city to get access to the market. +here we have savanna giraffes, but through evolution we have this forest giraffe that lives only in congo. +you can't ask him how old he is because he has guns. +and that was the language of the war. +and they can't do what they are doing. +and one day, we went for a meeting. +i oppose it -- that they are now going to dissect it, until i do my report and then i see the chief commander. +see what the wars in rwanda. +building capacities for the young generation is going to make a better generation and a better future tomorrow for africa. +did you know that, in iraq and afghanistan, there were more private military contractors on the ground than there were u.s. military troops? +let's see what people here think about it. +oh, after you stopped paying. +for fear of disagreement, we shrink from these questions. +some of the reasons for this are not really very controversial. +the vertical axis now is thousands of dollars in today's prices. +all the rest went to the top one percent. +that comes out at five to 10 tons daily per square mile in cities. +you have to choose either option a or option b. +and some people would say that we're born with it in some other means. +everything except randomness. she did not believe in randomness. +and that's what i look for in my work, a personal meaning. +but, both of these sayings -- saving a fish from drowning, or saving a man from drowning -- to me they had to do with intentions. +it may be something that is perhaps more serious -- as i said, human rights in burma. +well, what is random? what is chance? what is luck? +i was able to see that in a firsthand way, when i went to beautiful dong village, in guizhou, the poorest province of china. +i believe in specifics, the specifics of story, and the past, the specifics of that past, and what is happening in the story at that point. +and the reason is that until wonder came along and figured out how to spread the idea of sliced bread, no one wanted it. +right. i go to the deli; i'm sick; i need to buy some medicine. +who's going to stop and pull over and say -- oh, look, a cow. nobody. +they turned a chair from something the purchasing department bought, to something that was a status symbol about where you sat at work. +talk to them and make it easy for them to tell their friends. +amihotornot.com -- everyday 250,000 people go to this site, run by two volunteers, and i can tell you they are hard graders, and they didn't get this way by advertising a lot. +silk. put a product that does not need to be in the refrigerated section next to the milk in the refrigerated section. +in a world of too many options and too little time, our obvious choice is to just ignore the ordinary stuff. marketing guru seth godin spells out why, when it comes to getting our attention, bad or bizarre ideas are more successful than boring ones. +now, speaking of walls, i want to share with you the story of one wall in cairo. +most of the economic models are built around scarcity and growth. +if we can make it through the next 150 years, i think that your great great grandchildren will forget all about malthus. +the problem is that these pups need a stable platform of solid ice in order to nurse from their moms. +we can't keep taking without expecting serious consequences as a result. +i didn't want them to be overly threatening or scary. +here we see a female crawling out of the ocean under moonlight on the island of trinidad. +72 percent of the population has such scars, but most don't shed the gear, things like lobster traps and crab pots. +i worked in other parts of new zealand as well, in beautiful, fragile, protected areas like in fiordland, where this sea pen colony was found. +it's horrible. it's a proof of our failing to save them in the wild. +when i stood there in the grass, it's hot -- not even the sound of insects -- just this waving grass. +now in this recipe you also have the cost. +and once the soil gets dried, you're in a dry season -- you get cracks, oxygen goes in, flames come out and the problem starts all over again. +but, it's more complicated. it's not that simple, and you have to work with the people. +and this is after two years. +and look, there's now 11.2 percent more clouds -- already, after three years. +but whatever you do in that program, it has to be fully supported by the people, meaning that you also have to adjust it to the local, cultural values. +all the sculptures move by mechanical means. +it sounds good, but i'll bet you know in your gut that it's not the whole truth, and i'll tell you why. +and i waited, and the next day i liked it a bit better, the next day i liked it a bit better, and now i really love it. +freeways. +what i'm trying to say is the major contribution on carbon emissions are from the cars -- more than 50 percent -- so when we depend only on cars, it's... +you should have always a structure of living and working together. +and we cannot have all the answers. +okay, now why then is this curious reluctance and curious hostility to consciousness? +how could spirituality move anything? +and just as the jar full of water can go from liquid to solid depending on the behavior of the molecules, so your brain can go from a state of being conscious to a state of being unconscious, depending on the behavior of the molecules. +okay, the next feature of consciousness, after this marvelous unified conscious field, is that it functions causally in our behavior. +it's only relative to conscious agents that a piece of paper is money or that a bunch of buildings is a university. +i won't demonstrate pain behavior, but i can tell you i'm not having any pains right now. +but i believe there's a second climate crisis, which is as severe, which has the same origins, and that we have to deal with with the same urgency. +and human resources are like natural resources; they're often buried deep. +we must disenthrall ourselves, and then we shall save our country. " +she doesn't see the point. +he said, "as a kid." he said, "actually, it was a problem for me at school, because at school, everybody wanted to be a fireman." +"you've been around for 36 months, and this is it?" +you know this, if you're doing something you love, an hour feels like five minutes. +he wrote this to his love, maud gonne, and he was bewailing the fact that he couldn't really give her what he thought she wanted from him. +now what's interesting about that is irregular verbs between alfred and jay-z have become more regular. +so i think in the next decade, the sciences and the humanities will come closer together to be able to answer deep questions about mankind. +and so i got some training and went and worked in africa during most of my 20s. +and she walked forward with such calm and such clarity and such total lack of fear that she could walk right up to the first gun, put her hand on it and lower it. +but anger is like gasoline, and if you spray it around and somebody lights a match, you've got an inferno. +and what they've realized is that using violence in the situations they operate in is not only less humane, but it's less effective than using methods that connect people with people, that rebuild. +it's flown around the world. +do you mind if we do something completely different? +you could say, well, it doesn't look very different from when he started. +and is art about trying to imagine what lies beyond the horizon? +if you look down, you can't see your feet. +and thanks to the people of interface, i have become a recovering plunderer. +thinking it through, i realized that all those attributes must be changed to move t to the denominator. +we reckon that we are a bit over halfway to our goal: zero impact, zero footprint. +i remain troubled by the revised ehrlich equation, i equals p times a divided by t2. +because it told me, by god, one person got it. +while we initially heralded the internet as the fantastic new marketing device that was going to solve all our problems, we now realize that the internet is, if anything, too effective in that regard. +and at heart, both reformations, i think were asking the questions: who's entitled to practice? +today's professional theater community is defined, not only the shaw and stratford festivals, but by the cornerstone theater of los angeles -- a collective of artists that after 9 / 11, brought together 10 different religious communities -- the bahia, the catholic, the muslim, the jewish, even the native american and the gay and lesbian communities of faith, helping them create their own individual plays and one massive play, where they explored the differences in their faith and found commonality as an important first step toward cross-community healing. +we want to play you one more selection. +and that's how i got out of high school. +at a reception in their courtyard, i noticed that they had a fountain because they think that the people who go to the museum deserve a fountain. +and so the next thing you'll see is a million dollar kitchen that was built by the heinz company -- you've heard of them? +we have students who sit together, black kids and white kids, and what we've discovered is you can solve the race problem by creating a world class environment, because people will have a tendency to show you world class behavior if you treat them in that way. +that's our library with more handcrafted furniture. +he was dragging guys out of bars and saving those lives for the lord. +she said, "well, i work for a company called hewlett-packard." +and i want my music to be with you. " +and that's the building, and that's the model, and on the right's a high-tech greenhouse and in the middle's the medical technology building. +this is in a place called san francisco. +i said, "well, that's very nice. +because mr. ross used to bring in your albums when i was 16 years old in the pottery class, when the world was all dark, and your music got me to the sunlight. " +it's really our first foray into this. +so it consists of two parts, what we call an encoder and a transducer. +so let me show you, and i'm going to start with the standard method first. +this man is supposed to represent a generic human being, and all of the circles in that man are all of the cells that make up your body. +we're not doing anything to the cells here. +this is like the stealth bomber of the ocean. +this is the vibrio fischeri molecule. +they take that information inside, and they decide what tasks to carry out depending on who's in the minority and who's in the majority of any given population. +we've also done the same thing with the pink system. +this is exactly what happens in your body. +look at all the arguments we have these days over health care, over bonuses and bailouts on wall street, over the gap between rich and poor, over affirmative action and same-sex marriage. +actually, that was aristotle's answer too. +he was a very good golfer, but he had a disability. +what's your name? +is walking the course essential to the game? +first, no real sports fan would talk that way. +so let's step back from these cases and see how they shed light on the way we might improve, elevate, the terms of political discourse in the united states, and for that matter, around the world. +michael sandel: the lost art of democratic debate +you know, a lot of people said, "well, you know, city boys have no business telling us rural types what to do with our time. +and, i say that that's fine -- the future of humanity is entitled to make that choice. +we've discovered things like, for example, rna interference only a few years ago, and this is a really fundamental component of how cells work. +the therapies will be improving faster than the remaining imperfections in the therapies are catching up with us. +secondly, what does it mean for the public's perception of how long it's going to take for us to get to those things, starting from the time we get the mice? +we can call it the "engineering approach," and i claim that the engineering approach is within range. +some of them are partially implemented already, the ones at the top. +audience: species on this planet have evolved with immune systems to fight off all the diseases so that individuals live long enough to procreate. +there are species that have no aging -- hydra for example -- but they do it by not having a nervous system -- and not having any tissues in fact that rely for their function on very long-lived cells. +and although i want to thank the talented people of our company foremost for that -- and also there's a factor of luck and timing -- we are absolutely convinced that we did this because of our values. +i have days that i believe, but i have days that i'm full of doubt. +so we should embrace our difference and aim for challenge. +what happens when a city decides it's going to set other priorities? +according to the center for disease control, fully one third of all children born after 2000 will get diabetes. +and we take car crashes for granted. +but, of course, we've seen what that does. +you don't want to tell americans, god forbid, that they have to change their lifestyle. +the second reason is that we killed these things. +well, we looked at the tissue under the microscope. +the first one that we see occurs in the ancient rainforests of australia about 25 million years ago, and the national geographic society is helping us to explore these fossil deposits. this is riversleigh. +wild dogs did eat a few of the sheep, but the thylacine got a bad rap. +they're related distantly to thylacines. +he thought hard. i mean, it was nearly 80 years before this that he'd been at this hut. +it's very, very difficult to speak at the end of a conference like this, because everyone has spoken. everything has been said. +now, why is all this important, to have to go really fast? +creating our own program to solve problems, like fighting corruption, building institutions, stabilizing the micro economy. +is it being directed effectively? +it was really hot. i was very hungry. +and now let me become less sentimental, and say that saving lives -- which some of the aid we get does on this continent -- when you save the life of anyone, a farmer, a teacher, a mother, they are contributing productively into the economy. +when we ask them and tell them what we need, one of my worries today is that we have many foundations now. +our inability to take charge and say to all these people bringing their money, "sit down." +aid cannot solve our problems, i'm firmly convinced about that. +a lot has been said here about women, i don't need to repeat it. +i'm going to go over some science experiments and try to cover three musical experiments. +and so all of us have this remarkable brain, which is poorly understood to say the least. +you can't just sort of -- "it's great we've got this keyboard." +really, consciousness is seated in the frontal lobe. +cl: at this point, i'll take a few moments. +so what we had them do was memorize this lower-left sound icon, please. +so just to conclude, we've got a lot of questions to ask, and like i said, we'll ask questions here, not answer them. +look, the world has changed from analog to digital. +a technician will put the electrodes onto the scalp using a conductive gel or paste and usually after a procedure of preparing the scalp by light abrasion. +the first time, nothing will happen, because the system has no idea how he thinks about "pull." +and once you've trained up the detections, these thoughts can be assigned or mapped to any computing platform, application or device. +so i'm going to briefly discuss a couple of problems that we have and a couple of problems where we've got some solutions underway. +esther duflo talked a little bit about this. +the other thing is, you know, it would be even better if you didn't have to draw the blood. +there's all these different interventions but they have different kinds of effectiveness. +in 1935, there were 150,000 cases a year of malaria in the united states, but ddt and a massive public health effort managed to squelch it. +now, it turns out we only kill the female mosquitoes. +here we have it running at high-speed mode. +it's then sold and bought, and it's then delivered to me. +but i thought, no, no, experiment with resins, experiment with polymers. +three compost bins -- go through about 70 kilos of raw vegetable waste a week -- really good, makes fantastic compost. +very advanced, no air-conditioning -- i love it. +that's zero food waste. +basically i'm recording one second of every day of my life for the rest of my life, chronologically compiling these one-second tiny slices of my life into one single continuous video until, you know, i can't record them anymore. +it helped me realize something else during this project, is that recording that one second on a really bad day is extremely difficult. +and we can start a film about that, and we can see a little bit backwards in time. +these are the distances of the tubes which make it walk that way. +it's a binary step counter. +you can only do them one at a time. +i think philosophically, that was one of the most important papers that we've ever done because it showed how dynamic life was. +so the team developed new debugging software, where we could test each synthetic fragment to see if it would grow in a background of wild type dna. +and we added three quotations, because with the first genome we were criticized for not trying to say something more profound than just signing the work. +or, more importantly, hiv, where the virus evolves so quickly the vaccines that are made today can't keep up with those evolutionary changes. +so i read slowly. +this was perhaps the biggest surprise -- how flexible the koran is, at least in minds that are not fundamentally inflexible. +i study ants, and that's because i like to think about how organizations work. +and they do that by each year sending out the reproductives -- those are the ones with wings -- on a mating flight. +and it stays that size until the queen dies and there's nobody to make more ants, when she's about 15 or 20 years old. +on one day, it'll all be here, and then the next day they'll move it over there, and then they'll move it back. +they somehow get into this reserve. +well it turns out that yes, the different tasks are interdependent. +so, the ants in the older colony that seem to be more stable are not any older than the ants in the younger colony. +they've gone out to do different tasks, and the rate at which they meet as they come in and out of the nest entrance determines, or influences, each ant's decision about whether to go out, and which task to perform. +but in a small colony, it's likely to meet fewer foragers, just because there are fewer other foragers there to meet. +but it's the greatest transfer of wealth, from one group to another in the history of mankind. +yes, it's going to continue. +it's 130 octane fuel. +i don't have to worry about the bridge to where at my age. +in a nutshell that's what happened? +and so everyone can be at least happy to see a shift from coal or oil to natural gas. +and number two, do not build a reformer on the ocean. +i don't understand why the media is focused on eastern pennsylvania. +boone, i really, really appreciate you coming here, engaging in this conversation. +"the eldorado of the united states of america: the discovery of inexhaustible gold mines in california." +half of them deserted to go look for gold. +but they spent three and a half million dollars in the 2000 super bowl to air that ad, even though, at the time, they only had a million dollars in annual revenue. +this is work going on down in lower manhattan where they built some of the first electric power generating stations. +this came in, like, six different colors. +i mean, you didn't want this thing clogging up a light socket. +and one friend of mine was telling me a story: not only did they get there and have to wait, but then the engineers, when they finally did get there, for the third time, they had to call somebody. +i'm going to try to give you a little bit of a natural history of compassion and the golden rule. +now, there's more good news that came along later in evolution, a second kind of evolutionary logic. +now, we have a rationale for that. +and if you ask what kind of situation is conducive to people defining people as enemies, it's a zero-sum situation. +it's why social organization has grown from the hunter-gatherer village to the ancient state, the empire, and now here we are in a globalized world. +i think politicians can help foster non-zero-sum relationships, economic engagement is generally better than blockades and so on, in this regard. +it's unfortunate that they tend to be selectively deployed. +what time of life had they started school? +he actively sought disconfirmation. +in surveys of european and american executives, fully 85 percent of them acknowledged that they had issues or concerns at work that they were afraid to raise. +but he had been so afraid of conflict, until finally he became more afraid of the silence. +so, what people were saying to me about the cause of cancer, sources of cancer, or, for that matter, why you are who you are, didn't make sense. +so, i decided over the years, because of a series of experiments that this is because of context and architecture. +and we said, wonderful! look at this pretty structure. +i made a radical hypothesis. +we have shown that there's little pieces of dna on the specific genes of the mammary gland that actually respond to extracellular matrix. +but here is a poem from yeats. i'll just read you the last two lines. +it's been fantastic. +it sounds a little bit like a weird book, but actually they're all new types of lies. +he wrote very, very positive reviews about himself. surprise, surprise. +my friends, no way they can be that cool and have good of a life. +well, to do that, one thing is we can look at the deception-detection literature. +anybody do any writing today? did anybody write a word? +those cold, hard winters, i love it. +now, when you are about to say or do something, we can think, do i want this to be part of my legacy, part of my personal record? +though in all seriousness, this position that you just saw me in, looking down at my phone, that's one of the reasons behind this project, project glass. +we had to keep it secret from our industrial designer until she actually accepted the job, and then she almost ran away screaming. +but i do that all the time. +i go back to color all the time. +my mother was, sort of, very sensitive to his mother, who it seemed was a little bit skeptical about the whole alternative lifestyle thing. +i went to performing arts high school, where i was an actor. +and so i had this t.v. show. +and there's got to be some way to do that, rosie. +and i often look at things as though they're food. +chef: oh, you don't know? let me tell you something. +fashion designer isaac mizrahi spins through a dizzying array of inspirations -- from '50s pinups to a fleeting glimpse of a woman on the street who makes him shout "stop the cab!" inside this rambling talk are real clues to living a happy, creative life. +and i was actually a potent force in spreading ideas across borders, and i witnessed the rise of islamist extremism as distinct from islam the faith, and the way in which it influenced my co-religionists across the world. +what's actually happening is that what were previously localized parochialisms, individual or groupings of extremists who were isolated from one another, have become interconnected in a globalized way and have thus become, or are becoming, mainstream. +and a social movement is comprised, in my view, it's comprised of four main characteristics. +the second, i believe, is political correctness. +not exclusive to these things, but in addition to them, is propagating a genuine demand for democracy on the ground. +because it's not enough to remove a leader or ruler or dictator. +it isn't when the shiny new tools show up that their uses start permeating society. +the internet is the first medium in history that has native support for groups and conversation at the same time. +the bbc got their first wind of the chinese quake from twitter. +and finally the chinese cracked down. +all of that is over. +he had to issue a reply. +ok, this is mount everest. +it was a national geographic expedition, but it was organized by the explorers club. +there's no ice over it. +from here, it's about 1,500 feet up at a 30-degree angle to the summit. +this is a view taken along the summit ridge. +it's really cold; it's 24,000 feet. +the survivors came in one by one. +after laying in the snow that long a time, he got up and found his way back to the camp. +he's dying. +he was critically ill, there were other critically ill patients; luckily, we were able to get a helicopter in to rescue these guys. +so ideas change states. +but a demographic dividend is only as good as the investment in your human capital. +and then i think the other point is that indians today are far more comfortable with globalization. +it's certainly not like china. +what are those ideas? one is, i think, are ideological issues. +we can use technology for transparency, and many other things. +if we really want to come to a point, we really want to put a cap on our carbon emission, we want to really lower the use of energy -- it has to be solved in countries like india. +and this is a rainy election day in a small country -- that can be my country, but could be also your country. +so basically i want to ask: what went right and what went wrong in these 50 years when we talk about democracy? +and you have the market revolution of the 1980s and the huge increase of inequality in societies. +you have facebook revolutions, twitter revolutions. +in a small country that could be my country, but could be also your country, they took a decision -- it is a real case story -- that all of the governmental decisions, discussions of the council of ministers, were going to be published on the internet 24 hours after the council discussions took place. +the idea is called the social impact bond. +the service providers, well, for the first time, they've got an opportunity to provide services and grow the evidence for what they're doing in a really constructive way and learn and demonstrate the value of what they're doing over five or six years, not just one or two as often happens at the moment. +it enables testing of new ideas in a way that's less difficult for everybody. +"ha, i'm the only person i ever loved." +he goes, "sir, why don't you drive?" +why is that? are you too tired to go all the way around? +i'm not supposed to be, like, walking down the aisle, and be like, "hi, jack." you know, that's not cool. +wassup. +tedx. +decided to use recycled content from cement and steel manufacturing. +we must change everything. +it is transparent, made just for you. +they were missing the vision. +so once those pictures are acquired and the physician has drawn all the necessary safety limits and so on, he selects basically a point -- you see the round point in the middle where the cursor is -- and he presses this blue button called "sonicate." +john is one of [about] a dozen very heroic, courageous people who volunteered for the study. +he's a 78 year-old farmer who suffered from -- how should i say it? -- it's called pain in the butt. +i don't see, without this nation taking it as some collective will or something that is a national goal to make that happen, it will not happen. +so new life was born. +all they have, really, is trademark protection, and so it means that anybody could copy any garment on any person in this room and sell it as their own design. +now, fashion designers have the broadest palette imaginable in this creative industry. +one that a lot of cultural critics have pointed to is that we now have a much broader palette of design choices to choose from than we ever have before, and this is mainly because of the fast fashion industry, actually. +i love these gallianos. +if you look at the registry, actually, a lot of the registered things in the e.u. +fireworks displays, the smell of perfume: no. +it is barely tethered to any sort of physical reality in our minds. +i'd been traveling in japan without an agenda other than to photograph, and then i heard about this tree that is 2,180 years old and knew that i had to go visit it. +and then this back down on the ground and you can see that the fungus is actually invading this tree. +but i put that slide in there because i'm often asked if there are any animals in the project. +and what looks like two big heaps of leaves, is actually two single leaves that get shredded up by the harsh desert conditions over time. +this bacteria was discovered several years ago by a team of planetary biologists hoping to find clues to life on other planets by looking at one of the harshest conditions on ours. +it will be completely free, and it will work in any browser. +i think popcorn could change the way that we tell stories on the web, and the way we understand the world we live in. +consider the 2008 terrorist attack on mumbai. +is he bald in front? does he wear glasses? " +you could rob 200 people on a train, a great innovation. +you see, if you can print in metal, you can print one of these, and in fact you can also print one of these too. +and to hackers, dna is just another operating system waiting to be hacked. +that's what i get asked all the time. +the threat is serious, and the time to prepare for it is now. +will i be marginalized? +and when we think about legacy, i can think of no more powerful one, despite how short her life was. +and there is no group more vulnerable to those kinds of manipulations than young men. +i know it works. +who gets to use the mosque on fridays? " +and we placed him in a company in western kenya, just 200 miles away. +so, what do you think? +and lastly, the only portrait of a male that leonardo painted, "the musician." +ladies and gentlemen, this story has not yet been published. +i don't know why. i did not ask for a condom. +then i used, tried to use the medical college girls. +what if one decided to start philanthropy from the day one? +do your job simply, the girl will chase you. +every holiday i had as a young boy was in a national park. +the passengers who fell off the titanic fell into water of just five degrees centigrade. +i could barely breathe. i was gasping for air. +and after just three minutes in that water, he was able to get himself out. +and i remember looking into the ice, and there were big chunks of white ice in there, and the water was completely black. +lp: i'd just like to end off by just saying this: it took me four months again to feel my hands. +the talk will be broadly about energy, but oil's a good place to start. +and so, 25 years ago, there was a peak oil; just like, in the 1920s, there was a peak coal; and a hundred years before that, there was a peak wood. +it's not different, it's the same stuff: calcium carbonate, calcium carbonate. +it's not because we're going to build a bajillion windmills. +that's the one advantage that older people have. +and i said, "i have no training as a doctor. i never claimed that." +and then she made me go up with the tape of it and prove that george abbott actually could talk. +and, incidentally, i call her the eleanor roosevelt of the right. +and i said, "i'm learning." +his father was an sob, and, in fact, he was another comedian with an unhappy childhood, but then we were off and running. +an amazing woman. +first of all, was that dance, even though it hadn't been offered to her, was her life. +the problem is, without technicians, without spare parts, donations like this very quickly turn into junk. +michael free at path says you have to figure out who will "choose, use and pay the dues" for a product like this. +you've got to shine blue light on the kid -- bright blue light on as much of the skin as you can cover. +they're inexpensive, really rugged. +last story here: i've got a friend in india who told me that you haven't really tested a piece of electronic technology for distribution in asia until you've trained a cockroach to climb in and pee on every single little component on the inside. +one is the large global economy, the large globalized economy, and the other one is the small, and very limited, capacity of our traditional governments and their international institutions to govern, to shape, this economy. +we are not talking about 50,000 dollars here, or 100,000 dollars there, or one million dollars there. +well, thank you. i mean, it's interesting, in doing this, we had to sit together with the companies. +in germany, we have a system where you are not allowed to bribe a civil servant, but you are allowed to bribe a deputy. +i'm not connecting to them. +so i now have this sort of restaurant menu visiting of art galleries. +and i thought, no, it's a very intimate look, but it's not a look a daughter gives her father. +amongst them a yellow coat with white fur, a yellow and black bodice, and you see these clothes on lots of other paintings, different women in the paintings, vermeer's paintings. +not the painter, i don't want to think about the painter. +i kept thinking of beds and red cheeks, and of course i kept thinking of sex when i looked at him, and i thought, is that what he's thinking about? +but it is difficult to hear the words aloud. +there was hollywood. +so when i read in a newspaper in the business page the story of nollywood, i really felt this is an incredible opportunity to tell a story that goes against all these preconceived notions. +we're not doing films for the elite and the people in their glass houses. +it's all about the foreign movies. +move it. +the nigerian filmmakers really, really, are doing what they like. +difficult, eh? it's meaningless. +and we know that there are more. +zambia-born filmmaker franco sacchi tours us through nollywood, nigeria's booming film industry. guerrilla filmmaking and brilliance under pressure from crews that can shoot a full-length feature in a week. +we were talking about the rapture? it's coming. +you know, we have to go through that. +it's about rolling a ball and picking up as many objects as you can in a finite amount of time and hopefully you'll be able to make it into a planet. +so we have portal because you shoot walls in order to create new spaces. +so time, space, aesthetics, and then, most important, behavior. +so in a way, we're showing a manifestation of something that is truly important and that is part of our identity but that nobody can have. +i was concerned about making a place for the study of law. +i did this building in japan. +we made the drawings of the fish and the scales. +he was a souvenir salesman who always wanted to be a painter, and i was frankie p. toronto. +and it seemed to work as a way to put he and i together. +and herman miller has this philosophy of having a place -- a people place. +and so then he put two bridges -- this all happened on the fax, going back and forth over a couple of weeks' period. +they've been building it so long i don't remember where it is. +we used it at loyola on the chapel, and it didn't work. +this is a piece of property in brentwood. +and then you enter into the living room and then so on. +and you're looking at it from the offices and you create a kind of interaction between these pieces. +if any of you guys have any ideas for it, please contact me. +and i tried to -- there's a nick grimshaw building over here, there's an oldenburg sculpture over here -- i tried to make a relationship urbanistically. +the acoustician in the competition gave us criteria, which led to this compartmentalized scheme, which we found out after the competition would not work at all. +and this is a teapot i designed for alessi. +it didn't work. +and so this is what they do. +so you start with the bagasse, and then you take a very simple kiln that you can make out of a waste fifty five-gallon oil drum. +so we wanted to try to find a way to make a stronger briquette so that we could compete with wood charcoal in the markets in haiti. +but this is one of the incredibly rare situations where you also have economic benefits. +and we need to think about how we can do that effectively. +and this bone is peppered, as you can see, with the light shining through the skull with cavities, the sinuses, which warm and moisten the air we breathe. +as you can see, it's blocking her vision. +that's exactly what people used to say to sue. +he maintained a calm insouciance. +because you might say, "well, this type of surgery might be regarded as cosmetic." +and beauty doesn't equate to goodness, and certainly doesn't equate to contentment. +"i want to look like this. this is how i looked before." +so the better news is the future's almost here -- and the future is tissue engineering. +how do we really change children's relationship to food? +seventy percent of all antibiotics consumed in america is consumed in animal husbandry. +it is about what we feed them. +why can we have 29-cent big gulps and 99-cent double burgers? +we really need to change this whole paradigm with kids and food. +they do tastings of these ingredients in the gardening classes. +one of the things i do a lot is public-private partnerships. +and, you know, i'm not that better off now. +so we're spending less than a dollar, ok, on lunch. +and he pointed up to the sky, and he said, "look, do you see that? +when i go to a philosopher's party and they ask me what i work on and i say, "consciousness," their eyes don't glaze over -- their lips curl into a snarl. +that's the order of the day here. +this means that a lot of people are just left completely dissatisfied and incredulous when i attempt to explain consciousness. +i'm working with a young computer-animator documentarian named nick deamer, and this is a little demo that he's done for me, part of a larger project some of you may be interested in. +and i started across the hall in north carolina, because i thought it was probably a canaletto, and would have all that in detail. +how many of you did it by rotating the one on the left in your mind's eye, to see if it matched up with the one on the right? +if you're seeing it as a cube floating in front of some circles, some black circles, there's another way of seeing it. +and keep going, until the subject presses the button, saying, "i see the change." +thanks very much for your attention. +they're basically attempts at figuring out what people should do instead of rush hour car driving. +because you still have 80 percent of the traffic. +seventy percent of the population didn't want this. +jonas eliasson: how to solve traffic jams +what do we know about the country and the people that we pretend to protect, about the villages where the only one medicine to kill the pain and to stop the hunger is opium? +you, yourself, will find yourself in a hospital bed -- or your mother, your child -- there are heads nodding, people who say, "yes, i know exactly what you mean." +well he also saw that when health care turns to medical care because of a more serious disease, the key thing that holds us back is access to information. +the question was, where from? +where does medical ability end and start? +it's really serious. +don't worry about the numbers. +there's a guy on twitter that i know, a health it guy outside boston, and he wrote the e-patient rap. +and she saw that if there is no inflammation then the scan is a uniform gray. +dave debronkart: meet e-patient dave +and this, in terms of magnesium and the amount of water that i just mentioned, equates to a $4.5 billion mining industry for singapore -- a place that doesn't have any natural resources. +but one other extremely unique thing about bats is that they are able to use sound to perceive their environment. they use echolocation. +this is considered the five blessings. +just have a quick look. and what we need to realize is that every 300 base pairs in your dna, you're a little bit different. +in europe alone, by 2050, there is going to be a 70 percent increase of individuals over 65, and 170 percent increase in individuals over 80. +emma teeling: the secret of the bat genome +europe had to be dragged into economic development. +the opportunity we're going to look to is a genuine basis for optimism about the bottom billion, and that is the commodity booms. +that is not a forecast about how commodity prices go; it's a forecast of the consequences, the long-term consequences, for growth of an increase in prices. +it turns out that electoral competition is the thing that's doing the damage with democracy, whereas strong checks and balances make resource booms good. +they worked out they were worth two billion pounds. +paul collier: the "bottom billion" +all right, you've all heard the term: "he's a born surgeon." +so i was inspired by a friend. +so i'm passionate about teaching these fls skills all over the world. +and we currently have access to eleven language pairs. +we need it for our everyday life, in order to make the world a smaller place. +i continued studying craft traditions and collaborating with artisans, next in lithuania with lace makers. +my life was not going to be the same. +my artistic horizons continue to grow. +it was 23 metric tons for one liter. +you could be attacked by white blood cells in the arteries. +they're learning to flex this system that releases their own endogenous opiates. +values are a certain kind of fact. +so the contributions of culture -- if culture changes us, as indeed it does, it changes us by changing our brains. +well, consider by analogy, the concept of physical health. +the fact that there are exceptions here does not change that at all. +this is why we spend our time talking about things like gay marriage and not about genocide or nuclear proliferation or poverty or any other hugely consequential issue. +whenever we are talking about facts certain opinions must be excluded. +sam harris: yeah, well i think i tried to broach this in a sentence, watching the clock ticking, but the question is: what is voluntary in a context where men have certain expectations, and you're guaranteed to be treated in a certain way if you don't veil yourself? +sam harris: science can answer moral questions +here is a pest, devastating pest, a spider mite, because it does a lot of webbing like a spider. +only the egg of the parasite will be inserted into the body fluids of the aphid. +everything is just fine under these circumstances. +and there goes the question, especially if you ask growers, agriculturists: why biological control? +step by step, it does narrow. +automotive retrofuturism is one of my specialties. +this is tank polo in the south hamptons. +people wrote in for reprints of that thing. +it was perfectly clear. i didn't do any thinking about it. +the third thing on my checklist is relations with neighboring friendly societies that may prop up a society. and if that friendly support is pulled away, that may make a society more likely to collapse. in the case of the greenland norse, they had trade with the mother country -- norway -- and that trade dwindled: partly because norway got weaker, partly because of sea ice between greenland and norway. +so, some societies, for subtle environmental reasons, are more fragile than others. and then finally, another generalization. i'm now teaching a course at ucla, to ucla undergraduates, on these collapses of societies. what really bugs my ucla undergraduate students is, how on earth did these societies not see what they were doing? +instead, all the major threats facing us today are problems entirely of our own making. and since we made the problems, we can also solve the problems. that then means that it's entirely in our power to deal with these problems. +well we know that that was not a cheap war. +what are you eating? +how are we going to feed this world? +this has happened in the netherlands in the 1990s during the classical swine fever outbreak. +one kilogram of grasshoppers has the same amount of calories as 10 hot dogs, or six big macs. +so why are we not eating insects yet? +look at them first. look at them first. +that means we get our new hips for free. +in fact, when we're traveling abroad, it's how we identify fellow canadians. +i draped them casually over the chair in the doctor's office. +it was the world's first popular computer. +this is an astrolabe. pretty impressive, isn't it? +so, it's about 26 degrees. you can't see it from over there. +it can be used for calculating mathematical equations of all different types. +but what we lose, i think, is an accurate -- a felt sense of the sky, a sense of context. +you're using your built-in dynamics, the physics of your body, just like a pendulum. +let me demonstrate how it works. +and they already had a six legged robot called lemur. +instead of using electrical motors, electromechanical actuators, we're using compressed air. +for those who probably know, if you don't have any sensors and there are any disturbances, you know what happens. +what you see over here, this is the beautiful louis vuitton cup trophy. +and they assemble, and they form these kinds of mechanisms. +there was a great ted moment, i think it was sir ken robinson, was it? +it's a story of public education and of rural communities and of what design might do to improve both. +the biggest employer is the purdue chicken processing plant. +specifically, we use these six design directives, probably the most important being number two: we design with, not for -- in that, when we're doing humanitarian-focused design, it's not about designing for clients anymore. +it's the physical construction of improved spaces and materials and experiences for teachers and students. +so in many cases this is not so much about making change as it is creating the conditions under which change is possible and the incentive to want to make change, which is easier said than done in rural communities and in inside-the-box education systems in rural communities. +and during that time, they're doing everything from going out and doing ethnographic research and doing the need-finding, coming back into the studio, doing the brainstorming and design visualization to come up with concepts that might work, and then moving into the shop and actually testing them, building them, prototyping them, figuring out if they are going to work and refining that. +but we feel like this could work in other places. +generally, what you see in green is not desertifying, and what you see in brown is, and these are by far the greatest areas of the earth. +now, that was a terrible decision for me to have to make, and it was political dynamite, frankly. +it has just come through four months of rain, and it's now going into eight months of dry season. +but we biologists and ecologists had never tackled anything as complex as this. +they put 25,000 sheep in one flock, really mimicking nature now with planned grazing, and they have documented a 50-percent increase in the production of the land in the first year. +thank you so much.as: well, thank you. thank you. thank you, chris. +and these two missions, as you can tell, thread together perfectly. one adds to the other; in fact, one would be impossible without the other. +after treatment, the child gains significant functionality. +if you show him real world images, if you show others like him real world images, they are unable to recognize most of the objects because the world to them is over-fragmented; it's made up of a collage, a patchwork, of regions of different colors and luminances. +ps: and we see this pattern over and over again. +how does that happen? we want dylan to be able to do that, and using this mantra of motion, dylan actually can do that. +sheryl shade: hi, aimee. aimee mullins: hi. +dan o'brien jumped 5 '11 "in' 96 in atlanta, i mean, if it just gives you a comparison of -- these are truly accomplished athletes, without qualifying that word" athlete. " +and he said, "no, no, really. you can. +it's now two years that you've been running? +i tried to get it out of anybody i could, you know, "who am i running against here?" +if i had won everything -- but it was like, what was the point? +i'm like, "get it off! don't worry about it, you know. +i need to get some new ones because the last meet i was at, they were everywhere. you know, it's like a big -- it's come full circle. +and she came into town and she rushed around and she said, "i have to buy some new shoes!" +now this is obviously a powerful, some might say dangerously powerful, insight. +some people think this number's a little bit large, but copyright mathematicians who are media lobby experts are merely surprised that it doesn't get compounded for inflation every year. +see, in the real world math isn't necessarily done by mathematicians. +once you've done that, then there's the computation step. +i estimated that, just today, across the world, we spent about 106 average world lifetimes teaching people how to calculate by hand. +so my usual question is, what do you mean by "basics?" +i don't think so. +but there's a fantastic way to do that in the modern world. +and of course, it turns into a circle. +and you know if you walk across a chasm, you end up making it worse than if you didn't start at all -- bigger disaster. +its leash had been tied to the chair as her master went in for coffee, and she was just persistent in her efforts to greet me, perhaps get a scratch behind the ear. +these outsights ranged from the trival to the profound, from the mundane to the humorous. +but it's all good in the grand scheme of things. +everybody's welcome. +and i see my life as a series of experiments. +as i say in my book, i'm jewish in the same way the olive garden is italian. +so, certainly the challenge was there. +so, i was able to stone one adulterer. +but this one is -- the bible says that you cannot touch women during certain times of the month, and more than that, you cannot sit on a seat where a menstruating woman has sat. +this was one of the great things about my year, doing the sabbath, because i am a workaholic, so having this one day where you cannot work, it really, that changed my life. +and they said, "we don't know, but it's just rituals that give us meaning." +so, anyway, thank you so much for letting me speak. +the problem, as we see it, has to do with a single, simple word: "space," or a single, simple phrase: "real world geometry." +but if you displayed that on a crt or flat panel display, it would be meaningless to hold up an arbitrary object, a real world object in that. +so this led full circle, in a strange way, to build these ideas into what we believe is the necessary future of human machine interface: the spatial operating environment, we call it. +there're a lot of elements. +so collaborative work, whether it's immediately co-located or distant and distinct, is always important. +can it be for every man, or is this just for corporations and movie producers? +john underkoffler: pointing to the future of ui +what okolloh did would not have been possible without human generosity. +someone who has done something like this, however mediocre and throwaway, has tried something, has put something forward in public. +but the group of daycare centers represented by the black line, they said, "we are changing this bargain as of right now. +here is the critical difference between these: lolcats is communal value. +and may it run forever, because it gives people like me a living. +or you could play many games in one small patch of land, even if you didn't know which game you were actually in. +england invented 20 overs cricket, and said, "the world must play 20 overs cricket." +six weeks, city versus city. +but what they were very good at doing was making it very localized. +we started getting song and dance in indian cricket. +shane warne sold for 450,000 dollars. +can you imagine, you've got the dollar on view and there's no delhi belly in there anymore. +there are two kinds of errors people make when trying to decide what the right thing is to do, and those are errors in estimating the odds that they're going to succeed, and errors in estimating the value of their own success. +now, you see a very interesting pattern here, which is first of all, two things are vastly over-estimated, namely tornadoes and fireworks. +and most people say, "ok, i'll play." +when people are asked about these two different jobs: a job where you make 60k, then 50k, then 40k, a job where you're getting a salary cut each year, and one in which you're getting a salary increase, people like the second job better than the first, despite the fact they're all told they make much less money. why? +along the way, you lost something. +for some of the subjects, sitting in the far corner of a room is a box of godiva chocolates, and for others is a can of spam. +if you're an american, for example, you've probably traveled in france. +that is, they require interest rates in the hundred or thousands of percents in order to delay gratification and wait until next month for the extra 10 dollars. +people always think more is better than less: 60 is always better than 50, and they always think now is better than later: the bars on this side are higher than the bars on this side. +surely the kinds of play that at least american media give to -- and forgive me, but in raw numbers these are very tiny accidents. +but is there a rational fear that actually, the reason we're frightened about this is because we think that the big one is to come? +so, you know, when a school bus is blown up and we've never seen this before, our general tendency is to orient towards that which is new and novel is activated. +adg: in persuading them. +he apparently lost an eye in battle, which is why he is always shown in profile. +so, it was going nowhere. +this one generates no imagery at all. " +that can be a big contribution. +the phrase 'art is whatever' expresses the current inclusiveness that surrounds art-making -- a sort of 'it ain't what you do, it's the way that you do it' notion. +so by and large, they are good for our survival. +the philosopher martha nussbaum points this out in this quote: "thus throughout history, certain disgust properties -- sliminess, bad smell, stickiness, decay, foulness -- have been repeatedly and monotonously been associated with... +when we actually looked at not just self-reported political orientation, but voting behavior, we were able to look geographically across the nation. what we found was that in regions in which people reported high levels of disgust sensitivity, mccain got more votes. +it makes less sense that an emotion that was built to prevent me from ingesting poison should predict who i'm going to vote for in the upcoming presidential election. +wish i could. +marcus: and how many soldiers have you recruited to fight this war with you? +newton aduaka: thank you. the first clip, really, is totally trying to capture what cinema is for me, and where i'm coming from in terms of cinema. +you must get --? +onicha: ezra! +we don't need no more trouble no more trouble we don't need no more trouble no more trouble. wake up! everybody wake up. road block! +why? because you want our diamond. +n thank you. +or we can zoom out to the table of contents, and the video keeps playing. +all right. mike, thanks so much. +a lot of us work for people; we're in the hands of other people. +so where do we go now? +september 11 generated some interest in moving it over to ground zero, and i'm totally against that. +i tried to understand that language as a beginning, as a place to jump off, and there was so much of it being done by spec builders and it was trivialized so much that it wasn't... +fg: i don't know. +i was so proud. +and i think that's what i've always been interested in, is that -- which is a personal kind of expression. +it was a table as long as this carpet and the harbor commissioner was here, and i was here, and my guys. +frank gehry: a master architect asks, now what? +totally transformed by man. +these things that i photographed -- this tire pile here had 45 million tires in it. it was the largest one. +and for me china -- i started photographing it four years ago, and china truly is a question of sustainability in my mind, not to mention that china, as well, has a great effect on the industries that i grew up around. +this is wushan, one of the largest cities that was relocated. +what's also happening in shanghai is -- china is changing because this wouldn't have happened five years ago, for instance. this is a holdout. +and i'm sure there are people here who probably know better than i do about efficiencies, but i can't imagine that every apartment having its own air conditioner is a very efficient way to cool a building on this scale. +they were just wound up doing these things all day long, until the manager had to, with a stern voice, say, "okay, everybody freeze." +this was one of the biggest factories i've ever seen. +and as much as there are great things around the corner -- and it's palpable in this room -- of all of the things that are just about to break that can solve so many problems, i'm really hoping that those things will spread around the world and will start to have a positive effect. +and anything that you can do to promote that would be fantastic. +and the scale of my work, and the kinds of ideas i'm playing with -- when i first saw an imax film, i almost immediately thought, "there's a real resonance between what i'm trying to do and the scale of what i try to do as a photographer." +and the reason we see mines is because there's a lot of valuable raw materials that went into making all of this stuff in the first place. +plastics have overlapping densities over a very narrow range. +and we eventually broke the code. +we take out the things that aren't plastics, such as the metals they missed, carpeting, foam, rubber, wood, glass, paper, you name it. +and finally, i hope you agree with me to change that last toddler rule just a little bit to: "if it's broken, it's my stuff." +you know, we're the smartest thing out there, why can't we figure this out? +you know, so you can take comfort in the fact that this guy up here is a really really distant, but albeit evolutionary, relative. +but this is the unit of currency that we've taught our monkeys at yale to actually use with humans, to actually buy different pieces of food. +well, you might actually imagine them to do all the kinds of smart things that humans do when they start exchanging money with each other. +the more surprising thing was that when we collaborated with economists to actually look at the monkeys' data using economic tools, they basically matched, not just qualitatively, but quantitatively with what we saw humans doing in a real market. +your other option is a bit safe. your just going to get some money for sure. +so what's going on? +the guy on the left is a safe bonus. +again, same choice; they can play it safe for always getting two grapes every single time, or they can take a risky bet and choose between one and three. +well, one thing we know is that they tend to be really hard to overcome. +thank you. +and i feel that way because three billion people in the world today, over the next 20 years, will need a new home. +that's the change. +the engineering is, truthfully, the easy part of this. +bomb blast curtains covered my windows. +think about it: what other business do you know, what other sector of the economy, and especially one as big as the public sector, that doesn't seek to reinvent its business model on a regular basis? +no one is better at this activity of actually getting us to engage in delivering services, sometimes where none exist, than ushahidi. +let me be very clear, and perhaps controversial, that open government is not about transparent government. +we don't have words, really, to describe it yet. +in fact, she indicated that if we would do that, not only would we have the joy of receiving the gratitude from the members of the extended family, but she said, "even god will smile, and when god smiles, there is peace, and justice, and joy." +and, like chief seattle said, "we did not spin the web of life. +and he said, "i hope that you will have the strength to do what i did. +and, according to jesus, the word comes forth, "you must love yourself, you must love the lord your god with all your heart, mind and soul, and your neighbor as yourself." +i close with this song -- it's a children's song -- because we are all children at the table of mama eternal. +the vietnam protests, the commemoration of all that died in the pandemic of aids, the march for women's reproductive rights, right up until almost the present. +one redeeming feature is it's lifted up off the ground and it's got this void, and it's got an empty core kind of in the spirit and that facade very much corporate and federal style. +and it has to be free. +that's the pantheon next to it. +this is the warp and weft. +so i have branded myself as a war child. +what was actually killing us wasn't the muslims, wasn't the arabs. +sometimes you gotta lose to win. +don't even know the day i'll ever return. +and one thing that shocked me is one day they brought an arab musician to come and entertain the soldiers. +but that moved me. +well now, my time is going, so i want to sing a song. +he never knew his father very well, because his father left his mom while she was pregnant with him. +some of these lawyers were successful; they managed to get new trials for their clients. +all that i want to tell you is that the reason that this has happened is because death penalty lawyers have understood that the earlier you intervene in a case, the greater the likelihood that you're going to save your client's life. +what we're talking about today is just as complicated. +now, it was logistically difficult. +i hope there's one thing you all won't forget: in between the time you arrived here this morning and the time we break for lunch, there are going to be four homicides in the united states. +i mean, santa claus knows if you're naughty or nice, right? " +september 10 is not your birthday. it's october 10. "and i said," what? " +now, i was raised in the pacific northwest, around a lot of church of latter-day saints people and, you know, i've worked with them and even dated them, but i never really knew the doctrine or what they said to people when they were out on a mission, and i guess i was, sort of, curious, so i said, "well, please, come in." and they looked really happy, because i don't think this happens to them all that often. +i said, "what happened to the lamanites?" +what if you had a nose job and you liked it? +we have focused on the problems. +i believe, if kennedy was alive today, he would be asking statisticians such as myself to go out and find out what makes life worthwhile. +when it has a scarce resource that it wants to turn into a desirable outcome, it thinks in terms of efficiency. +the country on its own up at the top is a place i haven't been to. +that's one way of looking at it. +and that means we have to really increase efficiency even more. +do you invest the time with your loved ones that you could do, and energy? +they don't need a lot of material goods to be satisfied. +what turned out to determine whether someone would stop and help a stranger in need was how much of a hurry they thought they were in -- were they feeling they were late, or were they absorbed in what they were going to talk about. +now this is a -- it's a little test i encourage you to try out at a party. +right now, as bill mcdonough has pointed out, the objects that we buy and use have hidden consequences. +the moment i stopped, half a dozen other people immediately ringed the same guy. +i realized then that i, who thought i had complete control of my life, had control of only three things: my thought, my mind -- the images that these thoughts created -- and the action that derived from it. +i needed something to go that extra mile, and i found it in that metaphor which i had learned from my mother when i was four. +ananda shankar jayant: fighting cancer with dance +but in general it was difficult -- it was really difficult to explain what the web was like. +what do you mean, "data"? what's the difference -- documents, data? +data is relationships. +let's think about data for a bit. +audience: raw. +now if i go on like this, you'll think that all the data comes from huge institutions and has nothing to do with you. +you may not have lots of data which you have yourself to put on there but you know to demand it. +all together, they achieved these results: increased the number of people on anti-retrovirals, life-saving anti-aids drugs; nearly halved deaths from malaria; vaccinated so many that 5.4 million lives will be saved. +now here, we see the role for an unprecedented coalition of social media giants and upstarts, telecoms companies, reality tv show formats, gaming companies, telecoms, all of them together in kind of their "we are the world" moment. +it's getting near zero. +thank you, thank you. +and he said, "oh, i teach at a college of arts. +so i just thought, "i'm going to capture thumbprint, footprint, or whatever traces we leave as humans." +if we ask einstein, he would say, "whether the cow crossed the road, or the road moved underneath the cow, depends on your frame of reference." +again, "inward out." +and this was collected by anapum -- which is like, finally in the end, he will not have anything, because it will evaporate. +this gave me a greater faith. +you can see the detail. +i'm a little bit of an amateur historian, so i've spent some time going back, trying to see the first mention of this kind of thing. and the best, earliest quote that i could find was one from david livingstone, writing in the 1850s about how the railroad, the steam ship, and the telegraph were integrating east africa perfectly with the rest of the world. +so it's very clear that if you look at these numbers or all the other numbers that i talk about in my book, "world 3.0," that we're very, very far from the no-border effect benchmark, which would imply internationalization levels of the order of 85, 90, 95 percent. +the perspective was, here is this poor professor. +think of france and the current debate about immigration. +at the same time, i was thinking, well, there's lots of possibility here to produce contemporary products, away from the ethnic, a little bit more contemporary. +but if we rearrange this formula quickly, we can get to acceleration equals force over mass, which means that for a larger particle -- a larger mass -- it requires more force to change its direction. +the marketing is -- the message for marketing is -- that try to measure what consumers actually do, rather than what they say they'll do or anticipate they'll do. +your brand starts being dispersed, it gets more chaotic. +and the third string is pretty innovative. +so, for example, you can be a pitcher or a catcher, and that corresponds to whether you perform a sexual act or receive a sexual act. +can you imagine saying to your coach, "uh, i'm not really feeling it today, i think i'll sit this game out." +"well, maybe we can go half and half." +and sometimes that can be different amounts over different times or with different people or on different days. +"what 'tis to love?" shakespeare said. +real dependence on this person. +i was just staggered by it. +and i think that the sex drive evolved to get you out there, looking for a whole range of partners. +in short, they are acquiring the status that they had a million years ago, 10,000 years ago, 100,000 years ago. +it's one of many, many characteristics that women have that they will bring into the job market. +we're also returning to an ancient form of marriage equality. +this is why you can feel such a sense of cosmic union with somebody after you've made love to them. +dopamine is associated with romantic love. +but i want to tell you a story about -- to illustrate. +and everybody there agreed this woman was very sick and she needed to be in the hospital. +i actually just assmed the pathologic sequence of events was settled science. +in fact, what if it's a symptom of a much deeper problem, the tip of a proverbial iceberg? +now i don't know why, but it might be because, in their case, their cells haven't actually figured out the right thing to do with that excess energy. +but this team of multi-disciplinary, highly skeptical and exceedingly talented researchers do agree on two things. +peter attia: is the obesity crisis hiding a bigger problem? +so when i was born, i guess you could say expectations were kind of high for me. +i mean, i think most people in the industry understand that we've got to get on with it. +frankly, four billion clean cars on the road are still four billion cars, and a traffic jam with no emissions is still a traffic jam. +now shared car services are also springing up around the world, and these efforts, i think, are great. +we need that same kind of passion and energy to attack global gridlock. +charlie ledbetter, yesterday, i thought, talked very articulately about this need to bring consumers, to bring people into the process of creating things. +so they snapped into action. +george de mestral -- this is not bugs all over a birkenstock -- was walking his dog in a field and got covered in burrs, sort of little prickly things, and from that came velcro. +it's been all about these kind of thoughtless things that people do, which have huge intention and huge opportunity. +i talk about unthinking situations all the time. +so, again, we were asked to design a water pump for a company called approtec, in kenya. +contagious is a good word. +and in two hours, after their backs were broke, they were changed. +they are skating. they are doing street plays. +k first time, a rally and a street play in a rural school -- unheard of -- to tell their parents why literacy is important. +so, today who is it going to take to spread the infection from 100,000 children to the 200 million children in india? +and interestingly, as i think back, they were the first true environmentalists. +unfortunately, it's not the answer. +if i pull back from that global picture, and i look at the implication over a similar period of time in terms of the technology -- which, as a tool, is a tool for designers, and i cite our own experience as a company, and i just illustrate that by a small selection of projects -- then how do you measure that change of technology? +round about that design period leading up to this building, i did a sketch, which we pulled out of the archive recently. +so for example, we would put models under an artificial sky. +so really, retranslating that technology and developing something which was so clean, it was virtually pollution-free. +so there has been a project which rescues the dead sea by creating a pipeline, a pipe, sometimes above the surface, sometimes buried, that will redress that, and will feed from the gulf of aqaba into the dead sea. +it's more than one device, you know, it's renewable. +and here you can see how they really crafted a beautiful design process with physical models, with quantitative, as well as qualitative, methods to come to a final solution that is truly integrated and completely holistic with the architecture. +to me it is something from theatre, and i will get back to that a little bit later. +so light is, of course, for social interaction also -- to create relationships with all the features around us. +and we can actually leave it out where it's not needed at all and where we can preserve darkness. +can we be more gentle with light? +in architecture, it works just the same. +is it that i write very well? +the research guidelines of u.s. national academy of sciences or research councils of the u.k. +if this woman has to carry water on her head for miles and miles and miles, you cannot be celebrating that. +they could be creative in terms of education, they may be creative in terms of culture, they may be creative in terms of institutions; but a lot of our work is in the field of technological creativity, the innovations, either in terms of contemporary innovations, or in terms of traditional knowledge. +obviously she's an artist; she's a creative person. +you bring your water, you bring your soap, i wash the clothes for you. charge 50 paisa, one rupee for you per lot, and a new business model can emerge. +higher the local fit, greater is the chance of scaling up. +my technology. +we were talking about, my friends in brazil, how we scale up this model in china and brazil. +she said, "change your profession." +then you don't need anything to control the car, except thinking about it. +500 years ago, sailing ships started getting reliable enough; we found a new continent. +or snowmobiles. you don't need the snow. +and they belong on the sidewalks, and they'll use it seriously. " +so, having seen this, and having worried about it for eight years, the first thing i do is pick up my phone and ask our marketing and regulatory guys, call aarp, get an appointment right away. +we've been working on this, actually, as an alternative energy source, starting way back with johnson & amp; johnson, to run an ibot, because the best batteries you could get -- 10 watt-hours per kilogram in lead, 20 watt-hours per kilogram nickel-cadmium, 40 watt-hours per kilogram in nickel-metal hydride, 60 watt-hours per kilogram in lithium, 8,750 watt-hours of energy in every kilogram of propane or gasoline -- which is why nobody drives electric cars. +animal fan nellie mckay sings a sparkling tribute to her dear dog. she suggests we all do the same: "just go right to the pound / and find yourself a hound / and make that doggie proud / 'cause that's what it's all about." +however, while it's easier to think of us, the citizens, the police, the army, as the good guys, and them, the narcos, the carteles, as the bad guys, if you think about it, the latter are only providing a service to the former. +but this is the result of a very careful branding and business strategy. +they have actually retained access to the profitable drug trade, but the way they do it is, because they control all of michoacán, and they control the port of lázaro cárdenas, they leverage that to, for example, trade copper from michoacán that is legally created and legally extracted with illegal ephedrine from china which is a critical precursor for methamphetamines that they produce, and then they have partnerships with larger organizations like the sinaloa federation that place their products in the u.s. +and so to me the question is not whether these dynamics will continue the way they have. +and then it's time to do it again. last year. +the next phase it hit was displacement. +here's another technology that's approaching a critical price. +you can have regenerative braking; you can have drive-by-wire; you can have replaceable body shapes -- it's a little thing that starts with a hybrid, but it can lead to a whole new era of the car. +and what's interesting is that it was just 1990 when it was more than two dollars a minute. +they use mobutu as metaphor. +i want to share one story about an innovation called drip irrigation. +and so we met dr. sono khangharani in pakistan. +but again i would say that this is our moment for extraordinary things to happen. +and for the first time ever in three generations, his children would go to school. +thank you. +you have my friend, who has a blog on digital -- on pdrs, personal recorders. +i like music, and i like banjos, and i think i probably heard steve martin playing, and i said, "i could do that." +i wrote this one, and i put this up because of einstein today. +and you see this post. +i showed a norman rockwell painting before, and this one i grew up with, looking at constantly. +i put the bad pictures up too, because there are bad pictures. +they're the largest of the tunas, the second-largest fish in the sea -- bony fish. +the european population and north african -- the eastern bluefin tuna -- is fished at tremendous levels: 50,000 tons over the last decade almost every year. +we basically are taking the same satellite phone parts, or the same parts that are in your computer, chips. +now, the activities from the lab have taught us now how to go out in the open ocean. +there are two villages, harris and morehead city, every winter for over a decade, held a party called tag-a-giant, and together, fishers worked with us to tag 800 to 900 fish. +these become forthright in places we need to protect. +the tuna team from topp has done the unthinkable: three teams tagged 1,700 tunas, bluefin, yellowfin and albacore all at the same time -- carefully rehearsed tagging programs in which we go out, pick up juvenile tunas, put in the tags that actually have the sensors, stick out the tuna and then let them go. +we did this with the great turtle race -- tagged turtles, brought in four million hits. +hi there. i'm hasan. i'm an artist. +and he looks at me really confused and says, "no explosives?" +and i was like, "all we need is alaska not to get the last memo, and here we go all over again." +this was on delta 719 going from jfk to san francisco. +all of these are extracted directly from my bank accounts, and everything pops up right away. +and on sunday, june 14th at 2009 -- this was actually about two o'clock in the afternoon in skowhegan, maine -- this was my apartment there. +because no one's really watching. +he: well it goes to the last point that i was at. +and now, 2012. +now, four years ago, chris lost his job, unfortunately, as an art buyer at macy's, and like so many people, he struggled to find a new one during the recession. +how do we mimic the way trust is built face-to-face online? +it was ridiculous. i couldn't get a mobile phone plan because my credit history didn't travel with me. +now the interesting thing is, reputation is the socioeconomic lubricant that makes collaborative consumption work and scale, but the sources it will be generated from, and its applications, are far bigger than this space alone. +there's been an explosion of collaborative consumption -- web-powered sharing of cars, apartments, skills. rachel botsman explores the currency that makes systems like airbnb and taskrabbit work: trust, influence, and what she calls "reputation capital." +now i'm going to show you what that does to our societies. +it's simply the proportion of the population who agree most people can be trusted. +but it goes from about 40 to 400 people in prison. +the position of women, how closely they keep to the nuclear family, are on opposite ends of the poles in terms of the rich developed world. +but i should say a few words about what's going on. +and of course, others using more sophisticated methods in the literature have controlled for poverty and education and so on. +one of the key areas we've been working on recently is medical devices, and while it may not be obvious that medical devices have something in common with iraq's electricity grid then, there are some commonalities. +how do you ensure it gets to them and it improves their lives? +notice anything about it? +the industry average is about 65 percent. +you've got to pay for your soap, your deodorant, toothbrush, toothpaste, all of it. +the best thing we can do is figure out ways to nurture the entrepreneurial spirit and the tremendous untapped potential in our prisons, because if we don't, they're not going to learn any new skills that's going to help them, and they'll be right back. +second of all, it's really beautifully balanced: it holds well, it feels well. +now, the weird thing is google lies, because if i type "design and emotion," it says, "you don't need the 'and.' we do it anyway." +now some people can -- circus workers, steel workers. +no big deal. +and behavioral design is all about feeling in control, which includes usability, understanding -- but also the feel and heft. +it's kind of neat. what a wonderful design. +and that's what's nice about emotion. +but it was quite obvious, quite clear, that for this particular route that i had taken, the remoter the school was, the worse its results seemed to be. +anyway, so i'm proposing that an alternative primary education, whatever alternative you want, is required where schools don't exist, where schools are not good enough, where teachers are not available or where teachers are not good enough, for whatever reason. +so he figured that out. it took him over two minutes to figure out that he was doing things to the television. +so they said, "well, you've left this machine which talks only in english, so we had to learn english." +what could they learn to do? +a typical example being, "sometimes it is necessary to tell lies." +thank you. +and i, one day, i announced this to my parents -- and my father denies this story to this day -- i said, "daddy, i want to be a diplomat." +and anyway, my tour -- it was kind of a very exciting time. +secondly, the government had ignored all available alternatives to war, which in some ways was a more discreditable thing still. +my pension was in it. +why don't you advise their government on their diplomacy? " +and one thing led to another, and i ended up having a desk in? what if! in new york, when i started independent diplomat. +what this means is it's no longer good enough to say that international relations, or global affairs, or chaos in somalia, or what's going on in burma is none of your business, and that you can leave it to governments to get on with. +and of course, everybody got it. everybody went, "yes, of course, you're absolutely right. +it's that broken experience on the web. +so where this comes into play and why this is important is i head up a technology incubator, and we had eight startups sitting around there. +so most everyone watches tv. +animals might love to play, but they don't love to watch. +as we start, you see in 1960 inspiration is holding steady. +look at this green spike in 1966 to a bellwether show. +glamorous and rich. +that's all great, right? +and then she clarified. she said, "you know what, i don't mean that it sucks. it means that i didn't understand a word of it. +because, you see, dna is like a blueprint that tells living things what to make. +it kills me. i'm not kidding. +or even worse, science education is becoming like that guy who always says, "actually." +there's still so much work left to be done, though, and if you're involved with science in any way i urge you to join me. +but sometimes it's as though a doorway appears from out of nowhere and it opens onto a staircase. +but here's the weirdest place of all: war. +durkheim called this level the level of the sacred because he believed that the function of religion was to unite people into a group, into a moral community. +he said, "if the one tribe included a great number of courageous, sympathetic and faithful members who are always ready to aid and defend each other, this tribe would succeed better and conquer the other." +and as you'll see in this simulation, as they interact they gain points, as it were, they grow, and when they've doubled in size, you'll see them split, and that's how they reproduce and the population grows. +it happened again about 120 or a 140 million years ago when some solitary wasps began creating little simple, primitive nests, or hives. +i don't mean that we evolved to join gigantic organized religions. +and that gives me hope because people are not purely selfish. +so i realized then that i wanted to go out on a journey and see what guys were creating for themselves now. +here is another pretty typical scene. this is a suburban las vegas neighborhood. +and the thing you really hope for is occasionally they burn up, which we won't see tonight. so. +and this graffiti artist has come along, made this sign a little bit better, and then moved on. +and the more you try to think about it, the further the answer gets from you, and the minute you stop thinking about it, your intuition gives you that answer, in a sense. +that was it. that's all he saw as the options. and not too far off. +and it was purposely done to look fairly serious. +this is how the ad ran throughout the world; germany made one slight change in the ad. +the coveted right-hand page was not given up to the whole issue. +what's next? what's next is going to be people. +and if you would, you've got a great job. +something, again, that went back to something more fundamental. +this is another version of that. this is a sea dragon, and the one on the bottom, the blue one, is a juvenile that has not yet swallowed the acid, has not yet taken in the brown-green algae pond scum into its body to give it energy. +they never touch the inner matter. there is more and more co-evolution. +and he has decided to treat them as if they were trilobites, or snails, and to do a morphological analysis, and try to derive their genealogical history over time. +so we've all heard about the amish giving up cars. +and so a hammer, when we grab a hammer, that's what we're grabbing. +and if you play that well, you'll have other people involved, so even that game extends and continues even when you're gone. +and while a student at hawaii, i worked at the waikiki aquarium. +it's been a good ride. +so we created a way to find out, and i got my first look at that famous beak in action. +and over the tops of them is 3,000 to 4,000 meters of water creating enormous pressure, forcing water down through the cracks toward the center of the earth, until it hits a magma chamber where it becomes superheated and supersaturated with minerals, reverses its flow and starts shooting back to the surface and is ejected out of the earth like a geyser at yellowstone. +and that ephemeral nature of the hydrothermal vent community isn't really different from some of the areas that i've seen in 35 years of traveling around, making films. +and a small group of thoughtful people changed that bay. +now, sylvia's ted prize wish was to beseech us to do anything we could, everything we could, to set aside not pin pricks, but significant expanses of the ocean for preservation, "hope spots," she calls them. +now the rules that i'm talking about are constantly being monitored by the culture. +and then i thought -- in my 40s i started thinking, "well, why don't i do something? +here's some numbers. +you could drop an atom bomb on a city, and 30 years later it's surviving. +so let's first talk about biology. +so is london a scaled up birmingham, which is a scaled up brighton, etc., etc.? +and we've looked at everything: more aids cases, flu, etc. +that would be bad for economies and cities. +but you notice, i've cheated, because i've only gone up to '94. +right about the time that the internet gets going as an educational tool, i take off from wisconsin and move to kansas, small town kansas, where i had an opportunity to teach in a lovely, small-town, rural kansas school district, where i was teaching my favorite subject, american government. +but what was interesting about this position i found myself in in arizona, was i had this really in a truly public school, and we got to have these moments where we would get these opportunities. +that is the absolute wrong thing to ask, to tell kids to never be wrong. +and when we do another round of this in my class this year, they will do better this time, because learning has to include an amount of failure, because failure is instructional in the process. +it's simply accelerating the pace at which the body heals itself to a clinically relevant timescale. +41 people who were basically outside of being really sick, paying for the one retiree who was experiencing debilitating disease. +if a newt can do this kind of thing, why can't we? +therefore, if we can find the right cells and implant them in the body, they may do the healing. +and that material induced the body to switch back on a healing response that it didn't have before. +it's the coolest stuff. +it's a great source of stem cells. +it's very powerful work. +thank you. +oh, wonderful. +and -- oh, i saw goldie hawn. +it's true. it's true. +but then on top of that, you know, sarah jones told me we only have 18 minutes. +so, we deserve just as much to be part of the exchange of ideas as everybody else. +my name is praveen manvi and thank you very much for this opportunity. +my son, he says he is not ready to get married. +so i think maybe ted, you impact people's lives in the ways maybe even you don't realize. +that's all, shukran. thank you very much for the opportunity. +but i'm actually here today to tell a story. +i started a couple of businesses that i thought would be the ticket to financial freedom. +but there's also a lot of people that you don't know. +and we don't just want people to see our movies and say, that was fun, and forget about it. +we've sent 50,000 dvds to high school teachers in the u.s. +and finally, an ebay listing for one well-traveled slide show, now obsolete, museum piece. please contact al gore. +believe it or not, some of us do survive. +it's been taped with tape that we even stopped using in the u.k. +equipment that's obsolete, equipment that doesn't quite work, or it works and you can't fix it. and there's nothing wrong with that, so long as we use it and we move on. +that's what he was doing, propping up the bed because the bed simply didn't work. +these are the basic features of my device, or our device. +this was a huge impact on my mind, because i am a woman and i am a mother, and i hadn't realized that the hiv / aids pandemic was directly affecting women in such a way. +i've traveled all over the world in the last two and a half years -- i went to about 12 different countries. +avelile had the virus, she was born with the virus. +our enemies shall talk themselves to death, and we will fight them with their own confusion. +but overthrowing a government is one thing and building a stable democracy is a bit more complicated. +you have a situation where the relationship between government and local social networking companies is creating a situation where, effectively, the empowering potential of these platforms is being constrained because of these relationships between companies and government. +and here in the united kingdom there's also concern over a law called the digital economy act that's placing more onus on private intermediaries to police citizen behavior. +but in the last two decades, it has experienced an unprecedented expansion, now accounting for roughly 15 percent of the world's gdp. +the court system wasn't functioning properly. +the zones of production and distribution tend to lie in the developing world, and they are often threatened by appalling violence and bloodshed. +so i have shown you this to demonstrate how many boats, how many vessels it takes to catch one of these guys. +now, i was taken by inspector brian cantera, of the royal canadian mounted police, to a cavernous warehouse east of vancouver to see some of the goods which are regularly confiscated by the rcmp from the smugglers who are sending it, of course, down south to the united states where there is an insatiable market for b.c. bud, as it's called, in part because it's marketed as organic, which of course goes down very well in california. +hooked it up to my laptop, and within about five minutes he had penetrated the computer security system of a major brazilian bank. +there is no romance involved with gangsters in the 21st century. +everybody knew the answer. +you've believed it through generations. +all his colleagues said, "this is outrageous. +the only exception is the naked somalian mole-rat, which never puts its nose above the surface of the ground. +try to imagine a gorilla performing the same maneuver, and you can see that, compared with gorilla, we are halfway to being shaped like a fish. +sir david attenborough, he's come over. +academia says no. +one -- i want to speak as early in the morning as possible. +ah, mark -- serfaas. +i'd basically distilled a very difficult-to-explain and complex philosophy, which i won't get into here, because it's a little too deep for all of you, but -- it's about what makes websites popular, and, you know, it's -- it's unfortunate that i don't have more time. +and frog mode. +it's the process of creation that keeps me sort of a bubble and a half above perpetual anxiety in my life, and it's that feeling of being about 80 percent complete on a project -- where you know you still have something to do, but it's not finished, and you're not starting something -- that really fills my entire life. +i think that the "now tied up, tied down, mistress cruel approaches me, now tied down, it's up." +you can send them an email. +you may not appreciate the person, you may not appreciate anything else, but maybe you appreciate the fact that they've got a tough gig. +so when you do that, here's what i can promise: you're going to be the 800 pound gorilla in the forest. +and so i went home, and i made a prototype of this hat. +and i thought, "well, hey! +this very basic shift in my physical orientation helped me shift my perspective in relation to the glacier. +yet we dither, taking no action to deflect the asteroid, even though the longer we wait, the more difficult and expensive it becomes. " +our problem and our tragedy is that in these hyper-partisan times, the mere fact that one side says, "look, there's an asteroid," means that the other side's going to say, "huh? what? +it causes them to distort reality. +so, how warm or cold do you feel about, you know, native americans, or the military, the republican party, the democratic party, all sorts of groups in american life. +but the problem isn't primarily that we're electing bad people to congress. +so here's another asteroid. +when americans go to college and marry each other, they have very low divorce rates. +and most surprisingly to me, they sometimes can even see eye to eye on criminal justice. +and this is the conversion of one group of substances into another, either through the production or the absorption of energy. +so what we're trying to do is, we're trying to push these technologies towards creating bottom-up construction approaches for architecture, which contrast the current, victorian, top-down methods which impose structure upon matter. +now, this is the very interesting part. +venice is sinking. to save it, rachel armstrong says we need to outgrow architecture made of inert materials and, well, make architecture that grows itself. she proposes a not-quite-alive material that does its own repairs and sequesters carbon, too. +i'm scared. tell them to get away. '"as a young woman, i was in a psychiatric hospital on three different occasions for lengthy periods. +this person is likely to have some form of schizophrenia. +this episode led to my first hospitalization in america. +they wouldn't experience restraints as we would. " +'okay. small. fire on ice. tell them not to kill me. +so let me share some final thoughts. +when i turned 18, i lost my best friend to a car accident. +second it's driving itself. +they're the veins of the ecosystem, and they're often empty veins. +and i'm sure you all know, this has created significant conflicts between the agricultural and environmental communities. +but they have no incentive to do so. +with streams and rivers drying up because of over-usage, rob harmon has implemented an ingenious market mechanism to bring back the water. farmers and beer companies find their fates intertwined in the intriguing century-old tale of prickly pear creek. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +but, yeah. +he's by far the happiest man ever measured by science. +and maybe because of that, compassion is organic and widespread company-wide. +so what are they? +so this mutual inspiration promotes collaboration, initiative and creativity. +attention is the basis of all higher cognitive and emotional abilities. +chade-meng tan: everyday compassion at google +and it took a lot of courage for these defenders to decide that they would begin to stand up and support each other in implementing these laws. +and with that, he successfully organized 68 lawyers who have been systematically taking the cases. +and i was sitting side by side with one of our very courageous lawyers, and said, "how can we get this out? how can we make sure that this is implemented? +so i thank you for having the prophetic imagination to imagine the shaping of a new world with us together, and invite you into this journey with us. +you know when they do homeworks at home? +it can be a school of design in jerusalem that tries to find a better way to design gas masks for people, because, as you know, israel deploys one gas mask per person including babies. +hella jongerius is a person that is able to make a synthesis that is really quite amazing and also quite hilarious. +so, designers sometimes don't do things that are immediately functional, but they're functional to our understanding of issues. +and that makes sense. +but i'm going to try and do something different, and try and just close the loop with some of my personal stories, and try and put a face to a lot of the issues that we've been talking about. +and what happened was, because they could afford it sometimes, sometimes not, i got kicked out pretty much every term. +my father, who i've been talking about, died of aids in 1999. +how would you look at me? +so we need to start getting better. +and i can't emphasize that enough, you know. +you know, they're not going to change just out of nowhere. +a cousin of mine died of aids, left an orphan, so we said, well, what are we going to do with her? +and this is just an illustration. +long distance running was not only good for my well-being but it helped me meditate and dream big. +but for every disaster we had, the marathon found ways to bring people together. +i believe these are the building blocks for future peace. +he was out there in parol delivering a baby. +she is really the center of the health care system. +i'm just going to sell these to every clinic in the world. +in may of 2010, at 35 years old, with a two-year-old at home and my second child on the way, i was diagnosed with a large aneurysm at the base of my thoracic aorta. +so these are my daughters. +most of the people who lived here either lived in coastal villages, fishing, or were nomads who roamed around with the environment trying to find water. +this is probably the skyline that most of you know about doha. +energy is the key factor here. it changed everything. +these risks directly affect the sustainability of this nation and its continuity. +imagine a country with abundant power -- oil and gas, sunshine, wind -- but missing one key essential for life: water. infrastructure engineer fahad al-attiya talks about the unexpected ways that the small middle eastern nation of qatar creates its water supply. +i'll try where it all started in the middle east, and for so many years we were living with completely the wrong perception of the middle east. +you see nine presidential candidates running against lukashenko. +so there are so many things you can do instead of getting into one place, shouting and showing off in front of the security forces. +it is true that the internet and new media are very useful in making things faster and cheaper. +2011 was a year of extraordinary people-powered resistance, starting with arab spring and spreading across the world. how did this resistance work so well? srdja popovic lays out the plans, skills and tools each movement needs -- from nonviolent tactics to a sense of humor. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +and i said, "do you remember when we were in college and really wild and kind of dumb?" +the majority of people. +i'm a fifth generation texan. +and the purpose is not to walk in and construct a home and live there. +this is like the failure conference. +us. +shame feels the same for men and women, but it's organized by gender. +you show me a man who can sit with a woman who's just had it, she can't do it all anymore, and his first response is not, "i unloaded the dishwasher," but he really listens -- because that's all we need -- i'll show you a guy who's done a lot of work. +it is a dream of mankind to fly like a bird. +we have to turn it, go up and go down. +and the irony is that they don't need to be. +dr. v: see, mcdonald's' concept is simple. +the effect of this has been that, within the first year, we really had a 40 percent penetration in the market that it served, which is over 50,000 people. +the revenues increase at a higher level, giving us a healthy margin while you're treating a large number of people for free. +now, how do you make people own the problem, want to do something about it? +it is a mobile phone-shaped box that has an iron weight inside, which we can move around, and you can feel where it's heavy. +as humans, we are social, we are empathic, and that's great. +but even though i had this newfound joy and freedom, people's reaction completely changed towards me. +for me, this means that they're seeing the value of difference, the joy it brings when instead of focusing on loss or limitation, we see and discover the power and joy of seeing the world from exciting new perspectives. +but even more striking than the ferocious power emanating from that well was the recklessness with which that power was unleashed -- the carelessness, the lack of planning that characterized the operation from drilling to clean-up. +a range of explanations may be popping into your mind by now, like "greed." +i'm showing it because -- they're not a sponsor, are they? -- because, in its own way, this is a crass version of our founding story. +ignore those creeping fears that we have finally hit the wall. +that's a person down there by the wheel. +a new frontier has been found. +bf:... without a macarthur grant. +bf: that's all right, he does that. all right. +dh: wow, you've been working out. +could you just push that? +bf: ten years to perfect, which you're about to see. +the design of the body is a whole different thing. +dh: tell them about our bio and stuff. +and it's awfully windy over there. +because now, to make this twice as difficult, we'll juggle the seven clubs back... +i'll spend a fortune on it. i've got a better idea. +if you've ever seen an electron microscope picture, you'll see this. this all looks the same, then there's this bit over here which is incredibly complicated. +now, some people call her the first programmer. +to give you an idea of how slowly, it had about 1k of memory. +i came here to speak about ecology, and i emitted as much co2 as a frenchman in one year. +according to scientists, in 100 years all the mountain glacier will be gone. +i launched a project named six billion others. +you shouldn't worry about me. dad doesn't need to go to work. +it is about the state of the planet. +we're only trying to improve our lives. +chromosome one, top left. +world population, pc placements, the archive of all the medical literature, moore's law, the old way of sequencing, and here's all the new stuff. +so unfortunately, this doesn't help this woman, but it does have severe, profound if you will, implications to her family. +but the gene that regulates that down is broken. +thankfully, i was able to answer a, and i say that honestly in case my life insurance agent is listening. +and so imagine one more thing: that that software is able to ask both parties for mutual consents, "would you be willing to meet your third cousin?" +hands it back to me. and we do that again and again. +so why should you care? bone marrow is a very rich source of adult stem cells. +these corals can be quite kind of mean, you see, and i have surfing scars to prove that. +and things can happen only if these interactions are perfectly balanced. +finally, there's the force of gravity, which interacts with matter via its mass and spin. +so the electromagnetic and weak forces are described by this pattern of particle charges in two-dimensional space. +from this pattern, we already know the particle physics of these tiny scales. the way the universe works with these tiny scales is very beautiful. +each point in this pattern corresponds to a symmetry of this very complex and beautiful shape. +if the lhc finds new particles, but they don't fit this pattern -- well, that will be very interesting, but bad for this e8 theory. +but not worrying about rent allowed me to spend my time doing what i love. +i don't know if i'll be able to make this any clearer. +so it remains for me to comment on the ways in which chimpanzees are so like us, in certain aspects of their behavior. +so it's pretty sad to find that chimpanzees, like so many other creatures around the world, are losing their habitats. +they were interested in health; they were interested in education. +the water -- water is perhaps one of the most crucial issues that we're going to face in this century -- and everywhere water is being polluted by agricultural, industrial and household chemicals that still are being sprayed around the world, seemingly with the inability to profit from past experience. +see the brick wall as all these problems we've inflicted on the planet, environmental and social. it's a message of hope. +but -- oh, they're also working on hiv / aids. +all of these technologies we can use. +thank you. +i'd go to the supermarket and all of my food is packaged in plastic. +we can cut the stem -- tide the stem of this into our oceans and in doing so, save our oceans, save our planet, save ourselves. +and yes, you also interact using natural gestures, both hands, etc. +my student pranav, who's really, like i said, the genius behind this. +but when people learned what her son was accused of, she didn't get that sympathy. +it's up to us women, because we are women, because we love our children. +so, aicha, do you have a couple of words for conclusion? +well, today, i'd like to show you that through thinking differently, the problem has been solved. +so nothing is getting through. +that's not dirty enough. let's just stir that up a little bit. +then, after a few weeks, we set up camps. +so with just eight billion dollars, we can hit the millennium goal's target of halving the number of people without access to safe drinking water. +and the second is about some new dimension which i want to refer to, which has never quite happened in the way it's happening now. +the world needs an international forum. +up until now, the united states has been the dominant feature of our world. +take the last financial crisis after the second world war. +diplomacy is about managing the interrelationship of nations. +but now one final thing. +the other 90 percent is dictated by our lifestyle. +we are programmed for something called procreative success. +but life expectancy in this country is only 78. +that's called the grandmother effect. +it's simply a little saying these people say before their meal to remind them to stop eating when their stomach is [80] percent full. +they instantly knew why they woke up in the morning. +they take their diet directly from the bible. +she rides her bicycle. +the okinawans have this ancestor veneration. +dan buettner: how to live to be 100 + +i'm curious about how things work and how they are made, but also because i believe we should have a deeper understanding of the components that make up our world, and right now, we don't know enough about these high-tech composites our future will be made of. +electronics kits are very powerful in that they teach us how things work, but the constraints inherent in their design influence the way we learn. +i was a young driver out on the highway, and the car in front of me, i saw the brake lights go on. +and i believe that. i believe that. +if i have a gps and a camera in my car, i have a pretty precise idea of where i am and how fast i'm going. +but i believe it can be done in a way that protects our privacy, just like right now, when i look at your car from the outside, i don't really know about you. +you can get eight, 10 minutes of weightlessness -- how nasa's trained their astronauts for so long. +once he was there, [we] let him go to experience what weightlessness was truly like. +and what i've tried to do since i had my training as a medical illustrator -- since i was taught animation by my father, who was a sculptor and my visual mentor -- i wanted to figure out a way to help people understand truth and beauty in the biological sciences by using animation, by using pictures, by telling stories so that the things that are not necessarily evident to people can be brought forth, and can be taught, and can be understood. +they pass information to each other. +so i packed my cat, my rottweiler and my camping gear into a 1975 chevy van, and drove off into the sunset, having fully failed to realize three critical things. +and i faced a whole new set of challenges. +i started laughing because it got to the point where, was i a writer, or was i a homeless woman? +becky blanton: the year i was homeless +we were so much bigger than coca-cola in those days. +uncle gets drunk, doesn't use condom. come back, start again. " +and here is this, then, young man called willy bohm who worked for the usaid. +so i said, "okay." +of course i can. and they'd enjoy it immensely; i see them standing around right now, everywhere. +90 percent of the funding came from thailand. +and then we have silk, thai silk. +mechai viravaidya: how mr. condom made thailand a better place +so i can see everything that romo sees, and i get a robot's-eye-view of the world. +thanks, scott. +there's a jewish saying that i love. +however, what matters most -- more than training or luck -- is the heart. +now, how can you have a deep tan and have no wrinkles? +somehow she manages to keep her seven children alive, and a few months later, she gives birth to premature twins. +feminism has never been sexy, but let me assure you that it never stopped me from flirting, and i have seldom suffered from lack of men. +jenny is horrified at what she has done, but then the translator explains that the patient's condition has nothing to do with the operation. +does it make sense to participate in the existing world order? +why not? it is possible. look around in this room -- all this knowledge, energy, talent and technology. +it's something that i've worked on and a few other people, and it indicates a kind of hierarchy along with some assumptions about how many people stop at different steps and how the steps of thinking are affected a very different theory, a much more popular one, and an older one, due largely to john nash of "a beautiful mind" fame, is what's called equilibrium analysis. +so what you see here is a subtraction of areas in which there's more brain activity when you're playing people compared to playing the computer. +it's good for them. they make a lot of money. +charles darwin and i and you broke off from the family tree from chimpanzees about five million years ago. +they're also very obsessed with status. +colin camerer: neuroscience, game theory, monkeys +and even though there is food that we are producing at great cost, we don't actually value it. +the answer is what i call "ancient food miles." +and, in fact, if you look at the map of any city built before the industrial age, you can trace food coming in to it. +and this really is the moment when our relationship, both with food and cities, changes completely. +utopia was actually a word that thomas moore used deliberately. +steaming piles of humus. +we need to realize that the world is also what we eat. +and the religions that should be making a major contribution are instead seen as part of the problem. +i want them to get the media involved because the media are crucial in helping to dissolve some of the stereotypical views we have of other people, which are dividing us from one another. +karen armstrong: let's revive the golden rule +you decode what you want to fold up into, into a sequence of angles -- so negative 120, negative 120, 0, 0, 120, negative 120 -- something like that; so a sequence of angles, or turns, and you send that sequence through the string. +if you have errors, you can replace a part. +skylar tibbits: can we make things that make themselves? +and obviously there's been tremendous practical applications associated with this world -- things like the eradication of smallpox, the advent of a vaccine against cervical cancer, which we now know is mostly caused by human papillomavirus. +that as we explore these strings of a's, t's, c's and g's, we may uncover a completely new class of life that, like beijerinck, will fundamentally change the way that we think about the nature of biology. +and especially if you regard these two as deep truths to live by and to inform your life decisions, then they seem a little bit to conflict with each other. +now how do we know about an environment that's so far away, and so different, and so alien, from anything we're used to? +we happen to get round to testing, let's say, newton's law of gravity about 300 years ago. +all it takes is for a supernova to go off a few light years away, and we'll all be dead! +the world is buzzing at the moment with plans to force reductions in gas emissions at all costs. +so it has neither the resources, nor the incentives, to hook up many other users. +zoom in on haiti, in outline here. +but deng xiaoping instinctively understood the importance of offering choices to his people. +we also need the choices for people. +let us have a hong kong nearby. +they can get basic utilities like electricity. +let's have a system where we have ownership of land that is registered in a government office, that people can pledge as collateral. +we just take seawater and we filter it, and we collect different size organisms on different filters, and then take their dna back to our lab in rockville, where we can sequence a hundred million letters of the genetic code every 24 hours. +i view that these genes are now not only the design components of evolution. +this is a case where the software now builds its own hardware, and that's the notions that we have with biology. +after these genomes are synthesized, the first step is just transplanting them into a cell without a genome. +genomics pioneer craig venter takes a break from his epic round-the-world expedition to talk about the millions of genes his team has discovered so far in its quest to map the ocean's biodiversity. +the kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the sat. +you can be present-hedonistic, namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist -- it doesn't matter, your life is controlled. +and the idea is so simple, so obvious, but i think the consequences are really profound. +what about resources? how are we going to feed nine billion people? +in fact, just studying the rings alone, we stand to learn a lot about the discs of stars and gas that we call the spiral galaxies. +it can wash the sludge off high mountain peaks and hills, down into the lowlands. so stop and think for a minute. +it was significant for another reason. this is an international mission, and this event was celebrated in europe, in germany, and the celebratory presentations were given in english accents, and american accents, and german accents, and french and italian and dutch accents. +this is an unconsolidated ground that is suffused with liquid methane. +my team and i have examined images like this, and like this one, and have thought about the other results from cassini. +these leaders are trying to forge a massive national nonviolent movement to end the occupation and build peace in the region. +reporter: israeli border police were sent to disperse the crowd. +but that's true for adults too. +julia bacha: pay attention to nonviolence +this is an invitation to the 70 percent of our unmapped planet. +so epilepsy patients sometimes need the electrical activity in their brain monitoring. +so if we take some outbound path -- perhaps we park and we wander off -- we know because our own movements, which we can integrate over this path roughly what the heading direction is to go back. +so if this was happening, your memories could start by place cells activating each other via these dense interconnections and then reactivating boundary cells to create the spatial structure of the scene around your viewpoint. +as it turns out, there's a pattern. +they're beautifully designed, simple to use and user friendly. +a few years ago, gateway came out with flat screen tvs. +you know, sometimes you can give somebody all the facts and figures, and they say, "i know what all the facts and details say, but it just doesn't feel right." +the new york times followed him around everywhere, and everyone was rooting for langley. +the next 34 percent are your early majority, your late majority and your laggards. +it's a commercial example. +how do you do that? +leaders hold a position of power or authority, but those who lead inspire us. +the doctors, it seemed, never really had enough time for all the patients, try as they might. +so when i got this email from dr. geiger, i knew i was supposed to be proud to be part of this history. +and we chose to use the prescription for that purpose. +what if we had a waiting room where you don't just sit when you're sick, but where you go to get healthy. +and this isn't just a sort of short-term workforce to connect patients to basic resources, it's a next generation healthcare leadership pipeline who've spent two, three, four years in the clinic waiting room talking to patients about their most basic health needs. +i believe that we all have a vision for healthcare in this country. +what's wrong with this picture? +the bad news is, this is a semi-submersible run by drug cartels. +you should say, "that's odd. i thought i read that this demographic, young men and women in their 20s and 30s, is largely illiterate in afghanistan." +when he was fitted, over his extremely myopic eyes, he suddenly looked up and said, "mama, veo el mundo." +there was an article which was run by ap, on the wire. +james stavridis: a navy admiral's thoughts on global security +but these are early incorporations of illusions brought to -- sort of high point with hans holbein's "ambassadors." and hans holbein worked for henry viii. this was hung on a wall where you could walk down from the stair and you can see this hidden skull. +u.n. opened their statistic databases, and we have a new version of the software up working as a beta on the net, so you don't have to download it any longer. +and this was 2007. +and look here -- compare to the philippines of today. +and now we can see that the rate of change was enormous in japan. +but homage to singapore. +this we can call dollar street. +that's when research functions in poor societies -- you must really live with the people. +i would say that sub-saharan africa has done best in the world during the last 50 years. +let me first grade what are the most important means. +so the seemingly impossible is possible. +because it's got all those a's lined up i guess. +we can run the score up against anybody, and then get our asses kicked in the second half -- what they call fourth generation warfare. +and the chinese said to me, "dr. barnett, you're absolutely right. +like saddam, like mugabe, like kim jong-il -- people who kill in hundreds of thousands or millions. +do you want to do it, france? +would you like mugabe gone? +we bought one military and we operated another. +can of whup ass, the networking force. +the rule is going to be this. +i've been told by the revolution of military affairs crowd for years, we can do it faster, cheaper, smaller, just as lethal. +shinseki was right with the argument. +thanks. +really, we're doing this, basically. really, not very much. +and the reason is, it's been done. +gave a bunch of physical reasons why it wouldn't do a very good compensation. +but then i found out that there were all sorts of papers already published that addressed this topic because it happens already in the natural atmosphere. +maybe another knob is a knob for controlling co2 concentrations. +i'll tell you how big the lever is: the lever is that big. +and that's one of the fundamental reasons that this problem is so hard to talk about, and, in general, i think it's the underlying reason that it's been politically unacceptable to talk about this. +we're going to go on a dive to the deep sea, and anyone that's had that lovely opportunity knows that for about two and half hours on the way down, it's a perfectly positively pitch-black world. +let's take a look at it again. watch the coloration: white on the right, brown on the left. +i thought it was all graphics -- so here it is in reverse. +"we don't care about being happy. we need to live with passion. +i used to be a fan of bach. i used to play it on the guitar, you know. +but there's also wicked joy, you can rejoice in someone's suffering. +at the opposite, everyone knows deep within that an act of selfless generosity, if from the distance, without anyone knowing anything about it, we could save a child's life, make someone happy. +benevolence, loving kindness against hatred. +so that's what those great meditators have been doing. +so, i've no time to go into all the different scientific results. +what is happiness, and how can we all get some? biochemist turned buddhist monk matthieu ricard says we can train our minds in habits of well-being, to generate a true sense of serenity and fulfillment. +the environments we are living in, more typically, are like these. +a public place so dismal that the winos don't even want to go there. +ok. +and we're not going to cure the problems of the urban by dragging the country into the city, which is what a lot of us are trying to do all the time. +so they take the first one that comes along, often. +we're going to have to re-learn what the building blocks of these things are: the street, the block, how to compose public space that's both large and small, the courtyard, the civic square and how to really make use of this property. +please go out and do what you can to make this a land full of places that are worth caring about and a nation that will be worth defending. +the deeper you go, the more you run into a conflict with water. +here's a clip from a national geographic movie that came out in 1999. +i mean, i cut through three years of engineering meetings, design and system integration, and introduced depthx -- deep phreatic thermal explorer. +the government recently announced plans to return to the moon by 2024. +so, what if you could get your gas at a 10th the price? +it's risky and it's going to be one hell of a ride -- better than disney. +100 years after sir ernest shackleton wrote these words, i intend to plant an industrial flag on the moon and complete the final piece that will open the space frontier, in our time, for all of us. +so i've seen life as one long learning process. +i mean, couldn't you have used the virgin brand for that as well? +rb: ah, that was quite fun. that was a wonderful car-boat in which -- oh, that car that we -- actually we -- it was a tedster event there, i think. +and then 24 months from now, people will be able to take a ride into space. +and you inspired an ian mcewan novel i think with that. +didn't -- weren't you just terrible at school? +do you look at the current generation of kids coming up and think they're too coddled, they don't know what they've got, we're going to raise a generation of privileged... +that is outrageous. +we need to try to encourage people to come up with a way of extracting carbon out of the earth's atmosphere. +i mean, the psychologist erik erikson says that -- as i understand him and i'm a total amateur -- but that during 30s, 40s people are driven by this desire to grow and that's where they get their fulfillment. diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/valid.de b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/valid.de new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bae485c4a2fc21ae0070b0eb70691714c5960a6f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/valid.de @@ -0,0 +1,7283 @@ +es ist diese pyrami@@ de . +durch die mutter@@ mil@@ ch . +es enth@@ i@@ elt das zwei@@ - , drei@@ - , bis 40@@ 0-@@ fa@@ che des gren@@ z@@ wer@@ ts an sch@@ ad@@ stoffen der laut ep@@ a erlaubt war . +oft ist es ab@@ wasser , was uns ver@@ stop@@ ft . +was macht man , wenn man solch eine unter@@ bre@@ chung im fluss hat ? +ste@@ phen pal@@ um@@ bi : der sp@@ ur des que@@ ck@@ sil@@ bers folgen +sie wären unter meinem nive@@ au . +aber wir hatten damals nicht ge@@ mer@@ kt , dass wir einen dritten brauchten , denn der h@@ als war von innen nicht len@@ k@@ bar , wenn das pfer@@ d gleichzeitig laufen sollte . +jetzt würden wir euch gerne jo@@ ey vorstellen . +und mi@@ key kann mit seinen fing@@ ern den schwei@@ f bewegen , von rechts nach links und von oben nach unten mit der anderen hand . +mi@@ key bre@@ tt - cra@@ ig - le@@ o z@@ em jo@@ a@@ qu@@ in und ich . +im winter schlä@@ ft man viel . man genie@@ ßt das familien@@ leben im hause . +während eine globale phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ ie@@ -@@ industrie im entstehen ist , und genau dies geschieht derzeit , sollte man beobachten , welche be@@ stre@@ b@@ ungen es gibt , diese alten voraus@@ setz@@ ungen über den haufen zu werfen . damit die phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ ie offen und groß und schnell und verne@@ tzt sein wird , auf lange sicht . +nun , nicht alle diese versuche , großes aus liebe zu tun , funktionieren gut . +ich rei@@ ße die vi@@ erte und fün@@ fte kat@@ eg@@ or@@ ie nur kurz an ; es sind innovation , wettbewerb und soziale investi@@ tion . +es könnte sein , dass die vor uns lie@@ gende soziale sing@@ ul@@ ar@@ ität die@@ jen@@ ige ist , vor der wir uns am meisten für@@ chten . ein zusam@@ ment@@ re@@ ffen von katastrop@@ hen , von um@@ wel@@ tz@@ er@@ stör@@ ung , von massen@@ ver@@ nicht@@ ungs@@ waffen , von pan@@ de@@ mi@@ en , von armut . +ich glaube , dass es neue , ver@@ bor@@ gene span@@ nungen gibt die sich tatsächlich zwischen menschen und einrichtungen ab@@ spielen -- solche einrichtungen , die menschen in ihrem tä@@ glichen leben nutzen : schulen , kranken@@ häuser , arbeitsp@@ lä@@ tze , be@@ trie@@ be , büro@@ s , us@@ w . +der erste herr ist ein bä@@ cker . +also denken sie an diese drei situationen , von denen ich ihnen erzählt habe : fabrik , migra@@ tion , büro . +sie lebten ober@@ halb der geschäf@@ te , in denen sie arbeiteten . +wie viele haben sich jemals hinter das steu@@ er eines autos gesetzt , obwohl man am besten nicht hätte fahren sollen . +eines der dinge , die wir im labor entwickelt haben – wir haben mehrere fahr@@ zeuge entwickelt – ist , wie wir glauben , das erste auton@@ ome dri@@ ft@@ auto der welt . +es ist klar , dass wir nicht einfach ein paar elektro@@ den auf seinem kopf an@@ bringen und genau verstehen , was alle seine gedanken auf der st@@ rec@@ ke sind . +sehen sie die ment@@ ale belast@@ ung und wie er len@@ kt . +also , heute werde ich ihnen von ein paar menschen erzählen , die nie aus ihrer hei@@ mat@@ stadt weg@@ gezogen sind . +deswegen hat vor ein paar jahren das l@@ .@@ a. coun@@ ty beschlossen , 2,@@ 5 milliarden dollar auszu@@ geben , um die städ@@ tischen schulen zu repar@@ ieren . +ich meine , ihre hei@@ mat@@ stadt heißt wor@@ t@@ wör@@ tlich whit@@ es@@ ville , west virg@@ ini@@ a , +diese drei leute wissen alle , wie man produ@@ ktiv dollars durch unsere lokalen wirtschafts@@ systeme lei@@ tet , um be@@ steh@@ enden bedarf zu be@@ frie@@ digen , der@@ zei@@ tige soziale probleme zu reduzieren und zukünf@@ tige probleme zu verhindern . +unsere gemeinden , län@@ dliche und städ@@ tische , be@@ dienen den oper@@ a@@ tiven teil der infrastruktur – sachen wie mü@@ ll@@ bes@@ ei@@ tigung , energie@@ bedarf , genauso wie die sozialen kosten von arbeits@@ lo@@ sigkeit , dro@@ p-@@ out@@ -@@ raten , in@@ haf@@ tier@@ g@@ ungs@@ -@@ raten und die folgen von verschiedenen kosten des gesundheits@@ wes@@ ens . +und das buch ließ mich jene theorie über@@ denken , denn , ich muss erklären , was ich damit meine . +und ich denke ehrlich gesagt , zu beginn waren meine programme ihrer zeit ein wenig voraus . +und meine frage ist , wie haben wir es so weit gebracht ? +ich besu@@ chte ge@@ hör@@ lo@@ sen@@ ver@@ eine . +und trotzdem versucht niemand alles daran zu setzen , dass die nächste generation von kindern af@@ ro@@ -@@ amerikan@@ ischer oder asi@@ a@@ tischer eltern mit cre@@ me@@ far@@ ben@@ er haut und bl@@ on@@ dem ha@@ ar auf die welt kommt . +und am ende schaff@@ te er es auf ein bildungs@@ nive@@ au , das niemand in seiner familie je zuvor in erwä@@ gung gezogen hatte . +unter den menschen mit down@@ -@@ syndro@@ m finden sich heute schau@@ spieler , schrift@@ steller , und einige , die im erwachsen@@ en@@ alter ganz selb@@ ständig leben können . +oft ist die frage , die wir uns als eltern stellen müssen , was wir an unseren kindern an@@ erkennen , und was wir an ihnen hei@@ len . +und letztendlich denke ich , dass genauso wie wir fl@@ am@@ m@@ fe@@ ste schla@@ fan@@ züge in einem in@@ fer@@ no testen , um sicher@@ zustellen , dass sie nicht feuer fangen , wenn unser kind über den her@@ d lan@@ gt , auch diese geschichten von familien , die diese extre@@ men unterschiede zu über@@ winden haben , die univer@@ sel@@ le erfahrung des el@@ tern@@ s@@ eins wider@@ spie@@ geln , welche immer darauf hin@@ aus@@ läuft , dass man manchmal dein kind an@@ sie@@ h@@ st und sich fragt : " von welchem planeten komm@@ st du ? " +und er hatte einen sehr großen kopf , was , wie sie mein@@ te , auf einen wasser@@ kopf hin@@ weisen könnte . +ich komme aus einer privi@@ legi@@ erten familie . ich habe viel glück gehabt . +ich habe noch nie das bild gezeigt und ich werde wahrscheinlich verk@@ la@@ gt . +der punkt ist , es wird sehr auf@@ w@@ än@@ dig zu program@@ mieren sein . +man will ein separ@@ ates ding wie den stro@@ ma@@ da@@ p@@ ter . +wenn man in der wüste ist , können diese miteinander kommunizieren , bis zu ungefähr zwei kilometer reich@@ weite . +nicht etwas , um was man ben@@ ei@@ det wird oder das man machen möchte . +es geht nicht darum , 100 oder 1@@ 000 zu kaufen . ich la@@ de sie ein , das zu machen und 10.000 wären sogar besser . +und es gibt tage – ich weiß ja nicht , wie es ihnen so geht – aber es gibt tage , an denen ich es greif@@ bar fühlen kann , wie sehr ich für ziemlich alles in meinem leben auf andere leute ange@@ wiesen bin . +jetzt haben wir auf dieser webseite tatsächlich 18@@ .000 menschen . +wir bauen auf innova@@ tionen von generationen vor uns auf . +aber denken sie daran , dort ist g@@ rie@@ chen@@ land heute . +wenn sie sich die wirtschaft aus diesen beiden unterschiedlichen win@@ keln betrachten , verstehen sie , wes@@ halb diese krise so schwierig ist , je schlimmer die krise wird , je höher die ein@@ sätze werden , um so mehr glaubt jede seite , allein die antwort zu kennen , und dass die andere seite alles nur ru@@ inieren wird . +das sind 20 % des haus@@ hal@@ ts und das ist ein un@@ gleich schwier@@ iges thema . +der satz , den man als dok@@ tor@@ and , post@@ do@@ c oder professor , als 3@@ 8@@ -@@ jähri@@ ger wirtschaft@@ spro@@ f@@ ess@@ or sagt , ist : " ich bin em@@ pi@@ ri@@ ker , +wir wissen wie es ist , wenn diese leute im fernsehen , im kon@@ gress herum@@ brü@@ llen , dass das ende der welt na@@ ht , wenn wir uns ihrer meinung nicht völlig an@@ schließen , denn das geschieht mit dem dollar , seit es den dollar gibt . +und er sagte zu dem mann , " warum haben sie da auf der rück@@ seite dinge hin@@ geschrieben , die niemand jemals sehen wird ? " +nun , ich dachte , das ist nicht gut genug . +die ver@@ dra@@ h@@ tung von unserem system der sinne zu diesen teilen ist kür@@ zer als jene teile , die durch den den@@ ka@@ pp@@ ar@@ at durch müssen , den kor@@ tex . +wo fühlen sie das ? +und auch tri@@ um@@ ph , dieses gefühl der trans@@ zen@@ den@@ z , dieses " das wusste ich gar nicht . ah , das ist etwas neues . " +also werde ich ihnen jetzt sch@@ am@@ los etwas enth@@ ü@@ llen , was für mich sehr schön ist . +und ich kann ihnen nicht sagen , wie schwierig es ist , diesen gew@@ öl@@ b@@ ten kühl@@ er zu machen . +niemand wird diese gebro@@ ch@@ enen linien und die änder@@ ungen bemerken . +aber was ich jetzt tun muss , wenn ich wieder fühle , was ich tun muss , ist , in der lage zu sein , genü@@ gend dieser enzy@@ me von diesen aus@@ lö@@ s@@ ern zu senden , früh genug im prozess , dass sie bei ihnen an@@ kommen , nicht durch ihr denken , sondern durch ihr fühlen . +kei@@ en zeit . hier steht , ich habe noch zwei minuten , also können wir das nicht machen . +also ich finde das zu sim@@ pel . +wir haben ziemlich schlecht sä@@ kul@@ ar@@ isi@@ ert , würde ich sagen . +wir brauchen daten , keine hilfe . +man muss die lektion zehn@@ mal am tag wieder@@ holen . +das wird daran deutlich , wie religi@@ onen ritu@@ ale um wichtige gefühle erschaffen . +und wenn sie uns eine lehr@@ e er@@ teilen wollen , tun sie das über den körper . +doch dieses gefühl der verwir@@ r@@ ung ist element@@ ar in der zeit@@ gen@@ ö@@ ss@@ ischen kunst . +die menschen in der modernen , sä@@ kul@@ aren welt , die sich für spiritu@@ elle bel@@ ange interessieren , für bel@@ ange des bewusst@@ s@@ eins , für die hö@@ h@@ eren , se@@ eli@@ schen proble@@ mati@@ ken , sind ziemlich oft is@@ oli@@ erte wesen . +wenn sie die welt verändern wollen , müssen sie gruppen bilden , koll@@ ab@@ ori@@ eren . +und dann sage ich : " na klar . " und sie sagen : " also sind sie irgendwie religiö@@ s ? " +weil man sich zu 90 % ein@@ ig war , weil man eine ähnliche sicht auf so viele dinge hat , und man an der stelle hö@@ f@@ lich anderer meinung ist . +so führte er mich von orten wie chi@@ le – der at@@ ac@@ ama wüste in chi@@ le – nach si@@ bi@@ ri@@ en , in unter@@ ir@@ dische min@@ en , in den japan@@ ischen al@@ pen , in nor@@ dameri@@ ka , bis nach ant@@ arkti@@ ka und sogar zum süd@@ po@@ l . +man braucht so etwas wie zig me@@ gat@@ onnen an wasser – beinahe eine gi@@ gat@@ on@@ ne an wasser – um eine chance zu haben , das neu@@ trin@@ o zu er@@ wi@@ schen . +die toile@@ tten dort sind wör@@ tlich löcher im boden , be@@ deckt von einer bre@@ tter@@ bu@@ de . +hier landen wir auf dem ross fest@@ land@@ so@@ ck@@ el in ant@@ arkti@@ ka . +der stoff alleine wie@@ gt zwei ton@@ nen . +an@@ il an@@ anth@@ as@@ w@@ am@@ y : was extreme astro@@ physik er@@ fordert +zuerst müssen wir das problem von der techn@@ ischen seite an@@ gehen . wie groß ist es ? +ein buch@@ mo@@ bi@@ l -- die größe eines liefer@@ wa@@ gens mit satelli@@ ten@@ schü@@ s@@ sel , dru@@ cker , buch@@ bin@@ der und schnei@@ d@@ maschine , und die kinder machen ihre eigenen bücher . +wir haben so einen . er ist echt cool . +aber wir dachten , ok , wenn wir ' s schon machen müssen , dann in der bibliothe@@ k . +das ge@@ tty bringt gerade seine bücher zur u@@ cl@@ a wo wir eins dieser scan@@ -@@ center haben , um die von autor@@ en@@ rechten freien bücher zu scan@@ nen , was toll ist . +es kostet ca. 10 dollar pro stück , um eine plat@@ te online zu stellen , wenn man in großen mengen arbeitet . +wir streben langfri@@ stige dinge an , und auch wieder@@ ver@@ wert@@ bare dinge , für neue filme was echt sp@@ ass machen kann . +man bekommt eine vorstellung davon , wo dinge her@@ kommen . +stellen sie sich vor , wie es einge@@ pac@@ kt aussieht . +es sah im ver@@ pac@@ kten zustand ungefähr so aus - nicht besonders schön . +und ehrlich gesagt , ich sto@@ ße auf große vor@@ ur@@ teile , +aber das sind grundsätzlich nach außen ver@@ la@@ ger@@ te mä@@ gen und lungen . +also f@@ ung@@ i und my@@ z@@ el sondern kohlen@@ di@@ ox@@ id in form von kal@@ zi@@ u@@ mo@@ x@@ al@@ aten ab . +das my@@ z@@ el , unter ent@@ sprech@@ enden um@@ ständen , produziert einen pil@@ z -- der mit solcher kraft hoch@@ schi@@ es@@ st , dass er as@@ p@@ halt auf@@ brechen kann . +und ich zeige ihnen eine graphi@@ k . +es gibt einen sicher@@ heit@@ sprü@@ f@@ ungs@@ beri@@ cht , den sie lesen können -- er ist ge@@ prü@@ ft durch do@@ d , wenn sie " stam@@ ets " und " po@@ cken " goog@@ eln . +so , ist das haus nicht mehr für die invasi@@ on ge@@ eig@@ net . +zu viel ab@@ he@@ bung von der kohlen@@ stoff@@ bank , und diese population versch@@ win@@ det . +wir hatten unseren eigenen mini@@ regen@@ wald , einen privat@@ strand mit kor@@ allen@@ riff . +also gingen acht von uns hinein , vier männer und vier frauen . +wir hörten auf , unseren boden zu be@@ wä@@ ss@@ ern , so@@ weit es ging . +aber auf der anderen seite war dies für die wissenschaft gold wert . denn wir konnten dieses schmu@@ ck@@ stück wirklich als wissenschaft@@ liches instrument einsetzen und nach@@ sehen und auch herausfinden , wo diese sieben ton@@ nen sauerstoff hin sind . +ich hatte mir mein ganzes essen selbst an@@ gebaut . +und das kam alles hier@@ von , sh@@ ri@@ mp@@ -@@ far@@ men . +bei so einer riesigen aufgabe . " +und wenn sie aus den augen verlieren , wo sie sich in ihrer bio@@ sphäre befinden , oder nicht die verbindung erkennen , die zwischen ihnen und der bio@@ sphäre besteht , schla@@ ge ich vor : atmen sie tief durch . +die ur@@ sache unserer sorgen liegt in der komplexität , die die wissenschaft uns besch@@ ert hat . +wir haben nun behand@@ lungen für fast alle der zehn@@ tausende von krankheiten gefunden , die ein mensch haben kann . +es gibt noch ein an@@ zeichen dafür , dass wir bo@@ x@@ en@@ cre@@ ws brauchen , und das sind die un@@ über@@ sicht@@ lichen kosten unserer pf@@ lege . +ferti@@ gkeit nummer eins ist die fähigkeit , erfolg zu erkennen und die ferti@@ gkeit , versagen zu erkennen . +wir konnten den haupt@@ sicherheits@@ ingenie@@ ur von bo@@ eing zur hilfe über@@ reden . +der wider@@ stand ist groß , denn diese werkzeuge zw@@ ingen uns zu der erkenntnis , dass wir kein system sind , dass wir uns mit einem anderen wert@@ es@@ atz verhalten müssen . +und die meisten dieser ver@@ lu@@ ste haben uns bekannte ur@@ sachen . +wenn man nicht nur eine köni@@ g@@ in möchte , kann man auch ein drei@@ -@@ pf@@ und@@ -@@ pa@@ ket bienen kaufen , es kommt per post , und die leute in der post sind immer ziemlich besor@@ gt , wenn sie , na ja , wenn sie ihr drei@@ -@@ pf@@ und@@ -@@ pa@@ ket bienen bekommen . +aber wenn man 5@@ 0-@@ 80 prozent der kol@@ on@@ ien ver@@ liert , dann kann man nicht drei jahre hinter@@ einander überleben . und das berei@@ tet uns große sorgen , dass wir diesen bereich unserer wirtschaft verlieren . +und bienen sind sehr tre@@ u . +und natürlich sind bienen nicht der einzi@@ g wichtige faktor hier . +ich möchte aber auch einige der hier ge@@ hörten ideen unter@@ strei@@ chen , denn eine wi@@ ese zu haben oder in ihrer nähe zu leben ist ein veränder@@ n@@ des erleb@@ nis . +nun , ich pfei@@ fe eigentlich seit ich vier bin - so ungefähr seitdem . +mir ist das gesicht r@@ unter@@ gefallen . +und zunächst möchte ich mit ihnen ihr pfei@@ fen üben . +einige davon sind sehr einfach . +und sie sind auch in der lage , ein so wunder@@ bares und komplex@@ es verhalten zu zeigen , das nur mit dem begriff intelligenz besch@@ rieben werden kann . +sehen sie sich diese junge bo@@ hne an , die sich bewegt , um das licht immer einzu@@ fangen . +wie ist es möglich , das alles ohne gehirn zu tun ? +und warum sind sie sich so ähnlich ? +danke . +sie werden einer nach dem anderen in diesen wagen ein@@ steigen . +und auch in 50 anderen städten weltweit haben leute mit@@ gemacht . +und weil es im union square park war , genau neben einer u-@@ bahn@@ -@@ station , waren da am ende hunderte von menschen , die an@@ hielten und auf@@ schauten und zus@@ a@@ hen bei dem , was wir da taten . +sie tragen entweder gel@@ be oder schwarze he@@ m@@ den . +er hat 2000 high-@@ fi@@ ves verteilt an diesem tag und er wus@@ ch seine hände davor und danach und wurde nicht krank . +dass man nicht wusste , wo hilfe ge@@ braucht wurde , ließ in allen fällen hilfe gerade dort k@@ nap@@ p werden , wo sie am meisten ge@@ braucht wurde . +unser ziel für das nächste jahr ist die mark@@ trei@@ fe der wasser@@ kan@@ ar@@ ie und der fre@@ ie zugang zur hard@@ ware , damit jeder zur entwicklung und ev@@ al@@ u@@ ation bei@@ tragen kann , damit wir dieses problem gemeinsam an@@ pac@@ ken können . +nun warum spreche ich über kü@@ he ? +was ich vor@@ schla@@ ge ist , so wie wir lesen , schreiben , ari@@ th@@ me@@ tik und amerikanische geschichte for@@ dern , so sollten wir einen lehr@@ plan über die fa@@ kten aller religi@@ onen dieser welt haben — über ihre geschichte , über ihr kre@@ do , über ihre tex@@ te , ihre musik , ihre symbo@@ le , ihre ver@@ bo@@ te , ihre bedürfnisse . +alles was ich sage ist — fa@@ kten . nur fa@@ kten . +außer , natürlich , es war nicht die cle@@ vern@@ ess der schaf@@ e . +die lektion die wir davon lernen ist : man muss keinen geist haben um nutz@@ nie@@ ß@@ er zu sein . +und wie können wir das be@@ werk@@ st@@ elli@@ gen ? +ich rede auch über das christ@@ ent@@ um . +ja . +aber ich wün@@ schte es wäre besser . +und hier denke ich , " moment mal . " +diese , aus " leben mit visi@@ onen " — " die bi@@ bel muss der maß@@ ge@@ bende standard für mein leben werden , der kom@@ pass der mir die richtung zeigt , der rat@@ geber auf den ich höre um weise entscheidungen zu treffen und der maßstab nach dem ich alles bewer@@ te . " +nun wollen wir uns wirklich darauf fest@@ legen all die anderen religi@@ onen zu versch@@ lin@@ gen wenn deren heili@@ gen bücher ihnen sagt , " hört nicht auf die andere seite , dies ist nur der teu@@ fel der spricht ! " +o@@ hren sind nicht zum hören da , sondern zum zuhören . +es sieht dann so aus . +wenn sie jemanden , der laut zu ihnen spricht , nicht mehr verstehen können , ist es zu laut ein@@ gestellt , +als erstes , hören sie be@@ wu@@ ßt zu . +besonders meine ein@@ stellung zu mensch@@ ge@@ machten gegen@@ ständen , über die jemand sagt , sie funktionieren auf diese weise nun , ich kann sagen , dass sie ein bisschen anders funktionieren . +kinder haben weniger probleme damit . ich sah es bei meinem eigenen sohn , als ich ihm dieses buch gab . +man kann die kla@@ vier@@ sch@@ al@@ tung von dem blei@@ sti@@ ft nehmen . +wir dachten daher : " wir müssen ein video darüber raus@@ bringen . " +okay , einen moment , das hier ist gut . +es sind genau@@ genommen 7 milliarden hän@@ de@@ pa@@ are , die alle ihrer eigenen leidenschaft folgen , und alle als teil einen mo@@ sa@@ i@@ ks zusammen@@ kommen und diese welt zu erschaffen – in ihren hinter@@ hö@@ fen und in ihren kü@@ chen . +aber sie erreichen uns nicht direkt durch licht . +aber einstein hielt schwarze löcher zeit@@ lebens für eine mathemati@@ sche ku@@ ri@@ o@@ si@@ tät . +es wäre schlecht , wenn wir versuchten , unsere trie@@ b@@ werke zu z@@ ün@@ den und zu flü@@ chten , denn das könnten wir nicht , genauso wenig , wie das licht ent@@ kommen kann . +dies hier ist von meiner arbeits@@ gruppe – ein etwas weniger glam@@ our@@ ö@@ ses computer@@ modell . +aber mit großer wahrscheinlichkeit sind gerade irgendwo im universum zwei schwarze löcher miteinander versch@@ mol@@ zen . +galaxien bilden sich und generationen von ster@@ nen werden in diesen galaxien geboren . und um einen dieser sterne , wenig@@ stens einen einzigen , krei@@ st ein be@@ wohn@@ barer planet . +wir müssen uns also fragen : wenn es ein multi@@ ver@@ sum gibt , existieren dann in einem anderen frag@@ ment dieses multi@@ versums lebewesen ? +von 100 in@@ haf@@ ti@@ erten , die ent@@ lassen werden , werden 60 wieder rück@@ fä@@ llig . +nun , die sache hat vor@@ - und nach@@ teile . +von der tatsache , dass sie nur ein publikum be@@ dienen , hauptsächlich die west@@ liche kultur . +ich gehe über@@ all@@ hin und tue so , als sei es der iran . +jetzt kommt die grüne bewegung , der sommer 2009 , als mein film heraus@@ kam – die auf@@ stände beginnen in den straßen von te@@ her@@ an . +es kann es sich nicht leisten , diese pfle@@ gende person in frage zu stellen . +eine person gewinn@@ t . +ich werde dazu später kommen . +sie können mitgefühl nicht kontrollieren ohne unbe@@ gren@@ zt zu werden , und niemand kann unbe@@ gren@@ zt werden . entweder sie sind es oder sie sind es nicht . ba@@ st@@ a . +sie handeln mit@@ fühl@@ end . +wenn dich das nicht von den so@@ cken haut , dann hast du keine gefühle . +lassen sie uns hier kurz in@@ ne@@ halten . +es ist gut um schüler zu motivi@@ eren . +im her@@ kö@@ mm@@ lichen klassen@@ zimmer hat man ein paar haus@@ aufgaben , haus@@ aufgaben , vortrag , haus@@ aufgaben , vortrag und dann eine moment@@ aufnahme in der prü@@ fung . +sie können jetzt direkt auf die seite gehen . es ist alles frei . wir versuchen nichts zu verkaufen . +rot bedeutet , dass sie fes@@ th@@ än@@ gen . +und wir sehen das immer um immer wieder . +ich mache immer noch die ganzen videos , aber wir haben ein brilli@@ an@@ tes team , das sich um die software kümm@@ ert . +sie sagen buchstäblich , " hey , das ist nett , aber ... " wie die kur@@ ve über den fo@@ kus , viele lehrer sagten , " ich habe das gefühl das viele kinder hin und her springen und sich nicht auf ein thema konzentrieren . " +aber es gibt auch hallu@@ zin@@ ationen . und hallu@@ zin@@ ationen sind völlig anders . +ich sehe viele kinder . sie gehen tre@@ ppen auf und ab . +ich sagte , " es gibt eine besondere form visu@@ eller hallu@@ zin@@ ationen , die mit nach@@ las@@ sen@@ der seh@@ fähigkeit oder blin@@ d@@ heit ein@@ her@@ gehen . " +das erste , was er sah , war ein schwe@@ ben@@ des ta@@ sch@@ ent@@ u@@ ch . +und er dre@@ hte sich um . und dann teil@@ te er sich in sechs identi@@ sche männer in gest@@ rei@@ ften he@@ m@@ den , die auf sie zu kamen . +aber höch@@ stens ein prozent gibt das zu . weil sie angst haben , dass man sie für verrückt hält oder sowas . +wenn die leute diese einfachen geome@@ tr@@ ische hallu@@ zin@@ ationen haben , ist die pri@@ mä@@ re visu@@ elle rin@@ de aktiv . +nur wenn man seh@@ behinder@@ t oder blind ist wird der prozess unter@@ bro@@ chen . +und ich bin tatsächlich selbst ein bisschen seh@@ behinder@@ t . +aber wenn ich von diesen tau@@ ch@@ gän@@ gen zurück@@ komme und versuche meine erfahrungen zu teilen , finde ich nicht die richtigen worte . +es war unglaublich . +es sieht aus wie aus einem dr. se@@ uss com@@ ic@@ buch - alle möglichen arten von lebewesen . +wir fil@@ men es mit einem von mir entwickelten k@@ amer@@ as@@ y@@ stem namens " eye in the sea " , das in@@ fr@@ ar@@ ot@@ licht verwendet , das für die meisten tiere unsicht@@ bar ist , um sie nicht zu beeinflussen . +und es sieht so aus , als ob er versucht die elektron@@ ische qu@@ alle zu fres@@ sen . +edi@@ th wid@@ der : die bizar@@ re und wunderbare welt der bi@@ ol@@ umines@@ z@@ enz +das sind flüs@@ sig@@ keiten im blut , zum großteil ist das wasser , aber da sind auch anti@@ körper , zu@@ cker , hor@@ m@@ one und so weiter . +das ist eine genau@@ e dar@@ stellung und hat das ungefä@@ hre temp@@ o des origin@@ al@@ vor@@ gan@@ gs in ihrem körper . +ein teil der dna geht auf die eine seite , die andere seite bekommt das dna-@@ gegen@@ stück – bei@@ des sind identi@@ sche kop@@ ien . +es spür@@ t , wenn die zelle bereit ist , wenn die chromo@@ som@@ en ihre position ein@@ genommen haben . +die menschheit befindet sich vollkommen im techn@@ isch@@ -@@ wissenschaftlichen zeitalter . +während meiner 4@@ 1 jahre als lehrer der biologie in harvard war ich betr@@ üb@@ t durch die viel@@ zahl an viel@@ ver@@ sprech@@ enden studenten , die sich von einer wissenschaftlichen karriere ab@@ wand@@ ten oder sogar von freiwilli@@ gen mod@@ ul@@ en der wissenschaft , weil sie angst vor@@ m versagen hatten . +bewer@@ ten sie chan@@ cen danach , wie wenig andere studenten und forscher daran arbeiten . +oder es ist größer : was ist die bedeutung von dunkl@@ er materie bei der aus@@ brei@@ tung des universums ? +menschen haben viel , viel länger gelebt als die ungefähr 10.000 jahre s@@ ess@@ haf@@ ter und ac@@ ker@@ bau@@ trei@@ ben@@ der kultur . in kleinen familien@@ gruppen , erle@@ gten no@@ ma@@ dische jä@@ ger kan@@ in@@ chen , um nahrung zu sammeln . +in jün@@ ger@@ er zeit hat sich diese macht von den arbeitsp@@ lä@@ tzen gelöst . und sehr , sehr schnell werden wir einen signi@@ fi@@ kan@@ ten anteil , wenn nicht die mehr@@ heit , der menschheit mit super@@ compu@@ tern herum@@ laufen sehen , verbunden mit geschwindi@@ gkeiten , die größer sind als was wir heute unter brei@@ t@@ band verstehen . +er verwen@@ dete das beispiel einer gemeinsam genu@@ tz@@ ten wei@@ de@@ fläche , auf der jede person , indem sie einfach ihre eigene her@@ de zu ma@@ xi@@ mieren versuchte , zur über@@ gras@@ ung und dem rau@@ b@@ bau der res@@ source bei@@ trug . +to@@ y@@ ota , anstatt seine zu@@ liefer@@ er gegen@@ einander aus@@ zus@@ pi@@ el@@ en , behandelt diese wie ein netzwerk und train@@ iert sie , um besser zu produzieren , obwohl sie sie ebenfalls darin tra@@ inieren , besser für ihre wettbewer@@ ber zu produzieren . +welche formen des leiden@@ s könnten gel@@ in@@ der@@ t werden , welche formen von rei@@ cht@@ um könnten geschaffen werden , wenn wir ein wenig mehr über ko@@ operation w@@ üs@@ sten ? +ich zeige ihnen jetzt eine wi@@ tz@@ ige anwendung , an der wir zusammen mit unseren freunden von fli@@ ck@@ r arbeiten . +ja , ja , zurück in die ecke . zurück in die ecke . +bla@@ ise a@@ gu@@ era y arc@@ as demon@@ stri@@ ert aug@@ ment@@ e@@ d-@@ real@@ it@@ y-@@ land@@ karten +es war eine vorberei@@ tung für eine fusion und ak@@ qu@@ isi@@ tion . +und wenn sie sich an die geschichte von s@@ is@@ yp@@ ho@@ s erinnern , er wurde von den gö@@ ttern damit be@@ stra@@ ft , den selben fel@@ sen einen hü@@ gel em@@ por@@ zu@@ rollen . und als er fast am ende war , roll@@ te der fel@@ sen wieder runter und er musste erneu@@ t anfangen . +was ist passiert ? +ich sagte : " wie viele von ihnen gehen nun eher nach hause als sonst " ? +sie nehmen also ein blatt und legen es zur seite . +nun möchte ich ihnen gern etwas über positive motivation zeigen . +sie mussten die mil@@ ch ab@@ messen und hinzu@@ fügen , dann mischen . +oben auf dem blatt gab es kleine diagra@@ mme , wie sie origami falten müssen . +übrigens , dies sind meine kinder , welche natürlich wunderbar sind und so weiter . +eigentlich sind wir ja aus kam@@ bo@@ d@@ sch@@ a . +so wie auf diesem bild sieht pur@@ sat aus . +für uns bedeu@@ tete er die freiheit . +eines tages erzählte mir ein » meine zukunft sieht nicht ro@@ si@@ g aus , aber ich wün@@ sche mir eine ro@@ si@@ ge zukunft für meinen sohn . « +der schlüssel hier ist als mitgefühl . +wir über@@ arbeiteten den aspekt der psych@@ ischen gesundheit innerhalb der medizin@@ ischen grund@@ versorgung , indem wir psycho@@ soziale pf@@ lege und psycho@@ soziale ber@@ at@@ ung zum system hinzu@@ fü@@ gten . +als die jun@@ gi@@ an@@ erin inge miss@@ ma@@ hl afghanistan besu@@ chte , sah sie die inneren wunden des krie@@ ges – weit verbrei@@ tete verzwei@@ fl@@ ung , trau@@ mat@@ a und depression . trotz allem gab es in diesem land mit seinen 30 millionen ein@@ wohn@@ ern nur zwei dutz@@ end psychi@@ ater . miss@@ ma@@ hl spricht über ihre arbeit , mit der sie dazu bei@@ trägt , das psycho@@ soziale ber@@ at@@ ungs@@ system des landes aufzubauen , wo@@ durch nicht nur die individu@@ elle hei@@ lung , sondern vielleicht auch die nation@@ ale hei@@ lung ge@@ förder@@ t wird . +das trifft auf europä@@ ische bio@@ -@@ brenn@@ stoffe zu . +oben links haben wir kanada und australien , mit enor@@ men land@@ flächen , sehr ho@@ h@@ em pro@@ -@@ kop@@ f-@@ ver@@ brauch , 200 oder 300 glü@@ h@@ bir@@ nen pro person , und sehr kleiner bevölker@@ ungs@@ dichte . +win@@ d-@@ energie produziert etwas mehr , 2,@@ 5 watt pro quad@@ rat@@ meter , doch das ist gerade mal doppelt so viel wie 1,@@ 25 watt pro quad@@ rat@@ meter . das heißt also , wollte man buchstäblich den gesamten energie@@ bedarf in je@@ g@@ licher form mit win@@ d-@@ far@@ men decken , so müsste man das halbe vereinig@@ te köni@@ grei@@ ch damit über@@ sä@@ en . +dasselbe gilt allerdings auch für erneu@@ er@@ bare energi@@ en . +als nächstes haben wir den hei@@ z@@ he@@ bel . +wenn sie auf 16 glü@@ h@@ bir@@ nen kommen wollen , denken sie daran , der heu@@ tige ver@@ brauch liegt bei 1@@ 25 glü@@ h@@ bir@@ nen . +er nannte vier große wel@@ tor@@ che@@ ster und das fün@@ fte war das ven@@ e@@ zu@@ ela ju@@ gend sym@@ ph@@ onie orche@@ ster . +die struktur von el si@@ ste@@ ma basiert auf einem neuen und flexi@@ bl@@ en führ@@ ungs@@ stil , ange@@ passt an die besonder@@ heiten jeder gemeinde und region , und kümm@@ ert sich heute um 300 000 kinder der unter@@ - und mittel@@ schicht in ganz ven@@ e@@ zu@@ ela . +von der minute an , in der ein kind gele@@ hrt wird , ein instrument zu spielen , ist es nicht mehr arm . +denken sie mal darüber nach . ich werde jetzt drei@@ mal unterschie@@ dlich einen an@@ ruf annehmen . +verhalten@@ smar@@ ker sind wichtig . +das ist dieses jahr passiert . sie ging in den frü@@ hr@@ u@@ he@@ stand . +wir sind bes@@ essen von diesem denken . +klas@@ s@@ isch . hü@@ ft@@ fra@@ k@@ turen führen oft zur ein@@ wei@@ sung eines sen@@ i@@ oren . +die entdeckung der verhalten@@ smar@@ ker und verhaltens@@ änder@@ ungen sind bahn@@ brech@@ end wie die entdeckung des mikrosk@@ ops denn wir sammeln daten@@ strö@@ me , die vorher un@@ denk@@ bar waren . +es ist mach@@ bar . wir sollten es aus wirtschaftlichen gründen tun , wir sollten es aus moral@@ ischen gründen tun , und wir sollten es für lebens@@ qualität tun . +es wird 3@@ 0.000 neue in@@ fi@@ zierte inter@@ ne@@ ts@@ ei@@ ten geben . +das ist der markt@@ führer in der verbreitung von sch@@ ad@@ program@@ men das black hole explo@@ it pack , das für fast ein drittel der verbreitung von sch@@ ad@@ program@@ men in den letzten paar quar@@ tal@@ en verantwortlich ist . +das ist das aus@@ schreiben des sch@@ ad@@ co@@ des , und sie werden einige sekunden später auf der linken seite sehen , wie auf dem bildschirm des an@@ greif@@ ers ein interessan@@ ter neuer text erscheint . +wirklich fre@@ ch hier@@ bei ist , dass es den an@@ grei@@ fern nicht nur den zu@@ griff auf ihre daten ver@@ schafft , sondern wenn der scan be@@ endet ist , wird es sie an@@ weisen , das produkt zu regi@@ stri@@ eren , um diese un@@ echten viren zu bes@@ ei@@ tigen . +ein bisschen weiter des su@@ ch@@ ens und hier ist unser cyber@@ krimin@@ eller . +okay ? sie können eine liste von w@@ lan@@ -@@ netz@@ we@@ ken sehen . +be@@ achten sie , dass sich technologie mit einer erstaun@@ lichen geschwindigkeit verändert und dass 25@@ 0.000 verschiedene sch@@ ad@@ programme sich auch sehr schnell verändern . +ich war nicht sehr gut im lesen von dingen . +sie alle kennen die geschichte , ja ? +das war schon nicht schlecht . +das war unglaublich . +" sie können das einen dinosaurier nennen , aber sehen sie sich den vel@@ o@@ ci@@ ra@@ p@@ tor an : der ist cool . " +und es wird offensichtlich jede menge geld damit gemacht . +und er war ein@@ verstanden . +und ehrlich gesagt glaube ich , wenn k@@ f@@ c@@ -@@ grün@@ der col@@ on@@ el s@@ anders es vor@@ sichti@@ g for@@ mu@@ lieren würde , könnte er mit einem extra@@ stück wer@@ ben . +dies basiert auf ernähr@@ ung@@ sum@@ fragen , auf über@@ gewi@@ chts@@ raten und vielen weiteren faktoren , die uns einen ziemlich guten eindruck davon ver@@ schaffen , was tatsächlich von den menschen konsu@@ miert wird . +sie sind das , was wir jedes jahr weltweit auf unseren fel@@ dern haben . +geht man einen schritt weiter , kommt man zu den bauern , die manchmal ein drittel oder mehr ihrer er@@ nte aufgrund ko@@ s@@ me@@ tischer de@@ fe@@ kte weg@@ werfen . +der mittl@@ ere auf meinem kü@@ ch@@ enti@@ sch . kein großer unterschied . +west@@ liche länder werfen fast die hälfte ihres essen@@ s fort und zwar nicht , weil es nicht ess@@ bar ist , sondern weil es nicht appe@@ ti@@ tlich aussieht . tri@@ stra@@ m stu@@ art konfron@@ tiert uns mit der scho@@ ck@@ ier@@ enden masse versch@@ wen@@ de@@ ter nahrung und app@@ elli@@ ert an einen verantwor@@ tungs@@ voll@@ eren um@@ gang mit den ressourcen unsere erde . +und all das ist übrigens die arbeit von der international astronom@@ ical union . +also , wir werden eines tages zum mars fliegen , und wenn wir das tun , wird das un@@ fair sein gegenüber den leuten , die da leben , mit solch läch@@ er@@ lichen namen leben zu müssen . +" hö@@ r zu , ich ge@@ h zurück zur mo@@ or@@ -@@ ni@@ x@@ e . kannst du mich später nochmal an@@ rufen ? +wir haben namen für orte , wo es gar keine leute gibt . +blau@@ sch@@ im@@ mel@@ kä@@ se , ran@@ ch , essi@@ g und öl , thousand island und haus . +a@@ ha , das ist is@@ a@@ a@@ c auf einer viet@@ nam@@ es@@ ischen brie@@ f@@ mar@@ ke . +er ist total d@@ ü@@ ster . da le@@ hnen kleine kinder an seinem bein , kleine gei@@ ster fliegen um@@ her . wir müssen das zeug kor@@ ri@@ gieren , schnell , meine damen und herren . +pri@@ m@@ zahlen , g@@ aus@@ s , einer meiner favor@@ i@@ ten . +jede spitze er@@ gibt 3@@ 7 . +sie erscheinen irgendwie nicht sex@@ y und elegan@@ t , die sind verste@@ ckt . +danke . +es war unglaublich erfolgreich . +viel@@ mehr dachte sie , sie sei gar nicht mit dem internet verbunden . aber für irgend@@ jemand war es möglich , ein us@@ b@@ -@@ lauf@@ werk r@@ einzu@@ schmu@@ g@@ geln und software ger@@ ie@@ t hinein , die diese zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ gen damals veran@@ las@@ ste sich selbst zu zerstören . +wenn sie einen experten über das internet sprechen hören , dass es dies und das kann oder machen wird , sollten sie dem mit der@@ selben skep@@ sis gegen@@ über@@ treten wie sie der meinung eines wirtschafts@@ wissenschaft@@ l@@ ers über die wirtschaft gegen@@ über@@ treten würden , oder einem me@@ te@@ or@@ ologen über@@ s we@@ tter oder so . +guten tag . +die militär@@ ischen technologien sind also in der lage , den lauf der welt zu beeinflussen , den wel@@ trie@@ den zu schaffen oder zu zerstören , und da liegt das problem mit den cyber@@ waffen . +heute treten wir in eine multi@@ pol@@ are welt ein und die ko@@ ordin@@ ation wird viel kompli@@ zier@@ ter , wir haben das übrigens mit kop@@ en@@ ha@@ gen gesehen , +vor diesem tag sah ich das meer so : +wo wir gerade über dinosaurier sprechen , ha@@ ie sind eigentlich die gleichen fische wie vor über 300 millionen jahren . +natürlich schie@@ ßen se@@ eg@@ ur@@ ken ihre fä@@ den aus ihrer rück@@ seite was , wenn ihr mich fragt , sie noch weit interessan@@ ter als super@@ hel@@ d@@ in macht . +und irgendwie schafft er es , einen zu finden , aber großartige navi@@ ga@@ tions@@ fähigkeiten er@@ geben schlechte fli@@ r@@ t@@ möglichkeiten . +ich konnte sie darin einfach nicht unter@@ bringen . +s@@ her@@ man ist im ha@@ i@@ himmel . +sie bekommen so ganz viele sachen . +im amerikanischen kern@@ land kann man sich ma@@ xi@@ mal 30 km von einer gut in@@ stand ge@@ halten@@ en str@@ asse entfernen . +die ta@@ hl@@ tan for@@ dern die er@@ richtung eines stam@@ mes@@ er@@ be@@ -@@ reser@@ v@@ ats , welches das größte schutz@@ gebiet in british colum@@ bia er@@ geben soll . +multi@@ pli@@ zieren sie 22 mit 4@@ 7 , achten sie darauf dass sie 1.@@ 0@@ 3@@ 4 erhalten , oder die rech@@ ner funktionieren nicht . haben sie alle 1.@@ 0@@ 3@@ 4 ? 1.@@ 0@@ 3@@ 4 ? +5@@ 29 . +7@@ 22 ist 500 -- oh , das ist eine schwier@@ ig@@ ere . +währ@@ end@@ dessen , lassen sie mich den ersten teil meiner show mit etwas schwier@@ i@@ ger@@ em ab@@ schließen . +ok , sechs davon . +publikum : febru@@ ar . +welches jahr willst du chris ? +publikum : 6@@ . 6 . +also , 5@@ 7 mal 6@@ 8 ist 3@@ .@@ 400 , plus 4@@ 7@@ 6 ist 3@@ .@@ 8@@ 7@@ 6 , das ist 3@@ 8@@ .@@ 7@@ 60 plus 17@@ 1 , 3@@ 8@@ .@@ 7@@ 60 plus 17@@ 1 ist 3@@ 8@@ .@@ 9@@ 3@@ 1 . +das dritte mal ist man einfach nur ein techni@@ ker . +es voll@@ zieht sich ein wandel , und das was sich wand@@ elt , ist nicht software . +hat fotos von mir gesam@@ melt , wie mütter das so machen . +und ich werde kurz sagen was ich tun werde . was ich tun werde -- ich hoffe sie können erkennen das dort eine de@@ for@@ mi@@ erte sin@@ us@@ kur@@ ve ist , eine fast drei@@ e@@ ck@@ ige welle auf diesem he@@ w@@ le@@ tt@@ -@@ pac@@ kar@@ d-@@ o@@ sz@@ il@@ lo@@ sk@@ op . +aber ihr wer@@ det acht@@ kl@@ ä@@ ss@@ ler@@ al@@ ge@@ br@@ a brauchen , und wir werden ernsthaf@@ te experimente machen . +jetzt weiß ich die frequ@@ enz . +ich gehe über die fer@@ ien nach hause . auf dem cam@@ pus gab es aus@@ schrei@@ tungen . +ich komme oben an , und dort ist ein gew@@ öl@@ be . +ich bin hier , um ihnen etwas besser@@ es vorzu@@ schlagen , nämlich dass weniger vielleicht mehr ist . +zweitens lautet unser neues man@@ tra : klein ist sex@@ y . +vielleicht , nur vielleicht , wäre weniger mehr . +und dieses un@@ veränder@@ liche verhalten - was fest verk@@ ab@@ elt und vor@@ program@@ miert ist und normalerweise mit einer ma@@ hl@@ zeit endet -- das ändert sich . +wenn man diese beiden mit einem ek@@ g ver@@ dra@@ h@@ tet , sieht man , dass die rechten gehirn@@ häl@@ ften von beiden sich auf@@ einander ein@@ spielen , so dass wir die freu@@ dige entwicklung dieser frü@@ he@@ sten spiel@@ mo@@ tive und der physi@@ ologie davon langsam anfangen zu verstehen . +das war zufällig ok - er ist ein an@@ atom@@ isch interessi@@ erter kleiner junge , und das hier ist seine mutter . in anderen situationen wäre das nicht ganz so gut . +sie hatten mir eine große bei@@ hilfe gegeben , als ich noch ak@@ ade@@ mi@@ em@@ it@@ g@@ lied zur untersuchung von fahr@@ ern unter al@@ ko@@ hol@@ einfluss war , und ich mal@@ te mir gute chan@@ cen aus . und als ich dann eine halbe stunde mit reden über spiele verbracht hatte , war es klar , dass sie nicht das gefühl hatten , dass spielen etwas ern@@ stes sei . +und wenn sie mal über ein leben ohne spiel nachdenken -- ohne humor , ohne fli@@ rt , ohne filme , ohne spiele , ohne ph@@ ant@@ as@@ ie -- und , und , und . +er fand heraus , dass er , wenn er den spiel@@ platz aus dem fenster betra@@ chtete , hinter das er ges@@ per@@ rt war , etwas anderes fühlte . +er ist charak@@ ter@@ isi@@ ert durch ein gefühl von ener@@ ge@@ tischer fo@@ kus@@ si@@ erung , vö@@ lli@@ ge verein@@ nah@@ mung und erfolg beim tun . +es ist un@@ fas@@ s@@ bar wichtig für lernen und gehirn@@ ausbildung . +wir beschlossen , etwas ein bisschen anders zu machen und wand@@ elten geschma@@ ck@@ s@@ richtungen um , die sehr vertraut waren – in diesem fall wir nehmen also einen kar@@ ot@@ ten@@ ku@@ chen , stecken ihn in einen mix@@ er , und haben dann eine art kar@@ ot@@ ten@@ ku@@ ch@@ en-@@ sa@@ ft , und der kam dann in einen ball@@ on , ge@@ fr@@ oren in flüs@@ si@@ gem sti@@ ck@@ stoff , um diese ho@@ hl@@ es netz aus kar@@ ot@@ ten@@ ku@@ ch@@ en-@@ eis sa@@ g ich mal , und ar@@ ran@@ gi@@ ert sieht es dann aus , sehen sie , als ob ju@@ pi@@ ter@@ mon@@ de um ihren t@@ eller sch@@ web@@ ten . +h@@ c : nachdem chris und ich uns also etwa einen tag lang ange@@ star@@ rt hatten , entwickelten wir etwas , das der ham@@ bur@@ ger@@ -@@ fri@@ k@@ ad@@ elle ziemlich nah kam , und wie sie sehen können , for@@ mt es sich grundsätzlich auch wie ha@@ ck@@ fleisch . +h@@ c : hier treten wir also in die zukunft und machen einen gro@@ ssen spr@@ ung . +wes@@ halb also hören wir nicht mehr über die welt ? +wo ist die kunst ? es gibt produk@@ tivität , es gibt sport . +und die andere heißt ta@@ ket@@ a . welche ist welche ? +im internet gibt es die videos in voller län@@ ge , falls sie interessiert sind . +aber wenn ich sehr nahe r@@ ange@@ he und direkt in die kamera star@@ re , sieht man diese schönen kl@@ aren augen . +ich würde ihnen gerne s@@ n@@ out zeigen , der … der gedanke hinter diesem projekt ist es , einen roboter zu bauen , der aussieht , als wäre er immer überrascht , dich zu sehen . +wenn sich das virus zu diesem zeitpunkt schon in tausenden einzel@@ personen be@@ fand , wieso haben wir bis 198@@ 4 ge@@ braucht um das virus zu entdecken ? +: er@@ za@@ e@@ hl@@ er : tief in einer ent@@ le@@ genen region von c@@ amer@@ o@@ on verfolgen zwei ja@@ e@@ ger ihre be@@ ute . +sie werden ihnen auch die frage stellen , dass wenn wir wussten , dass dies der weg war , auf dem hiv in die menschliche be@@ vo@@ el@@ k@@ erung kam und andere krankheiten das potenzi@@ al hatten auf diese weise einzu@@ treten , warum haben wir verhalten wie dieses weiterhin erlaubt ? +paul arbeitete jahr@@ el@@ ang im k@@ amer@@ un@@ er nation@@ alen radio und fernsehen und er sprach u@@ e@@ ber gesundheits@@ risiken . er war ein gesund@@ heit@@ sk@@ or@@ respon@@ dent . +und seien wir mal ehrlich , jeder neue retro@@ virus in der menschlichen be@@ vo@@ el@@ k@@ erung -- ist etwas was wir kennen sollten . +und wegen diesem vortrag bekamen wir einen großen artikel in der new york times , der zu noch mehr presse führte , zu mehr aufmerksamkeit , und ich mich dazu entsch@@ loss ce@@ o dieses unterneh@@ men@@ s zu werden -- wobei ich nur ein ber@@ ater war , vent@@ ure capital auf@@ brachte und den ein@@ stell@@ ungs@@ vor@@ gang vor@@ an@@ trieb . +und in man@@ chen fällen twi@@ ttern sie aus nicht-@@ öffentlichen sitz@@ ungen mit dem präsi@@ denten . +user haben zehn@@ tausende von dollar über twitter gesam@@ melt innerhalb von tagen und für unterschied@@ lich@@ ste gele@@ gen@@ heiten . +meine mutter sagt , dass ich mit zwei jahren zu lesen angefangen habe ; ich denke allerdings , dass vier wohl eher der wahrheit entspricht . +meine mutter war verwal@@ tungs@@ ange@@ stellte . +ich muss erwä@@ hnen , dass ich mich , bevor ich in die usa kam , nie bewusst als afrikan@@ erin identi@@ fiziert hatte . +das politische kli@@ ma in den usa war damals an@@ ges@@ pan@@ nt . und es gab and@@ au@@ ern@@ de ein@@ wander@@ ungs@@ debat@@ ten . +als ich vor ein paar jahren lernte , dass au@@ toren mit einer un@@ glück@@ lichen kindheit auf@@ warten müssen , um erfolgreich sein zu können , begann ich darüber nachzudenken , wie ich schli@@ mme dinge erfinden könnte , die meine eltern mir ange@@ tan hatten . +nun , in der gän@@ gi@@ gen meinung las@@ en nigeri@@ aner keine liter@@ atur . +sie gab ihnen ein buch über das leben im sü@@ den , das sie hinter sich gelassen hatten . " sie sa@@ ßen herum , las@@ en das buch , hörten mir zu , wie ich aus dem buch vor@@ las , und ein stück vom para@@ dies wurde zurück@@ er@@ ob@@ ert . " +sie waren buchstäblich plat@@ t . +nun , weil die zeit hier begren@@ zt ist , möchte ich mich einfach auf drei strategi@@ en konzentrieren . +wir müssen grundsätzlich neu definieren wer experten sind . +ich suche nach einem dritten weg : ich berei@@ te mich darauf vor , alzheimer zu bekommen . +werde ich tab@@ ellen und grafi@@ ken bekommen , die ich aus@@ malen darf ? +al@@ an@@ na sha@@ i@@ k@@ h : wie ich mich auf alzheimer vorberei@@ te +das netz hat zwei kompon@@ enten . +genau genommen , ist die bat@@ terie nicht mit dem t@@ ank gleich@@ zu@@ setzen . +und diese prei@@ se bas@@ ieren auf sau@@ b@@ eren elektr@@ onen . +und dann kün@@ di@@ gte ich und grün@@ dete " better place " . +und als wir über größere sk@@ ali@@ er@@ barkeit nach@@ dachten , fragten wir uns , wo liegt das problem um die usa abzu@@ decken ? +es geht wieder ab@@ wärts . es wird auf@@ wärts und dann wieder ab@@ wärts gehen . +was hat das mit der automo@@ bil@@ industrie zu tun ? +wenn man ein großes problem lösen will , muss man sich ste@@ ts zwei zahlen vor augen halten . +wir müssen die richtige moralische entscheidung treffen . +sie sehen uns als un@@ ru@@ he@@ stif@@ ter und sie können verstehen warum . +komplexität ist das problem , das jede theorie in der biologie lösen muss , und man kann es nicht lösen , indem man eine macht po@@ stu@@ liert , die noch viel komplex@@ er ist , und damit das problem einfach versch@@ är@@ ft . +nun , hier ist eine typ@@ ische wissenschaftliche fach@@ zeit@@ schrift , die " quar@@ ter@@ ly re@@ view of biology " +und wie auch immer wir den athei@@ s@@ mus definieren , er ist bestimmt die art wissenschaft@@ licher meinung , die eine person haben kann , ohne als ein un@@ patri@@ o@@ tischer , nicht@@ wähl@@ barer nicht-@@ bürger ver@@ ung@@ li@@ mp@@ ft zu werden . +199@@ 8 be@@ fragten lar@@ son und with@@ am die besten amerikanischen wissenschaftler , solche , die durch die wahl in die national acade@@ my of sci@@ ences ge@@ e@@ hrt wurden . und innerhalb dieser er@@ les@@ enen gruppe s@@ ank der glaube an einen persönlichen gott auf er@@ schü@@ tter@@ nde sieben prozent . +darwin sagte : " ich war nie ein athei@@ st im dem sinne , dass ich die exi@@ stenz eines got@@ tes be@@ strei@@ te . +ni@@ chts@@ dest@@ ot@@ ro@@ tz , wenn wir wollen , dass diejenigen sich der öffentlichkeit zeigen , die tief im inn@@ ern athei@@ sten sind , dann müssen wir uns etwas besser@@ es auf die fa@@ hnen schreiben , als zahn@@ fe@@ e@@ - oder te@@ ek@@ es@@ sel@@ ag@@ no@@ sti@@ ker . +we brauchen einen anti-@@ temp@@ le@@ ton , der hervor@@ tritt . +dieses bild sug@@ ger@@ iert einen radik@@ alen wandel in der weise wie information produziert und au@@ st@@ aus@@ ch genutzt wird . es ist nicht weniger kapit@@ al@@ intensi@@ v geworden , es bedarf nicht weniger geld ; aber der besit@@ z von kapital , der weg wie sich kapit@@ alisierung voll@@ zieht , ist radik@@ al de@@ zent@@ ral . jeder von uns , in diesen fort@@ gesch@@ ri@@ tt@@ enen wirt@@ schaften , hat eines hier@@ von , oder etwas ähn@@ liches : einen computer . +die zentr@@ ale innovation ist , dass anstatt unsere ange@@ stellte sagen was das relev@@ an@@ teste ist wir nach draußen gehen und zählen was ihr macht , leute da draußen im netz , aus irgend@@ einem grund - stolz , verg@@ nü@@ gen - links er@@ stellten und an@@ einander bin@@ den . wir zählen und addi@@ eren dies . +und wenn essen nicht offensichtlich ist , dann nehmen sie sex . +aber - und dies ist der sch@@ atten - es ist bedro@@ ht , genauso wie es selber dro@@ ht - und zwar von den et@@ abli@@ erten industri@@ es@@ y@@ ste@@ men . +aufgrund einiger pan@@ nen gel@@ ang es ihm jedoch , als frau ver@@ klei@@ det von london nach nigeria zu flie@@ hen , wo laut unserer ver@@ fassung diejenigen , die das am@@ t eines g@@ ou@@ ver@@ neur@@ s oder präsi@@ denten in@@ ne@@ haben - so wie in vielen anderen ländern auch - imm@@ un@@ ität genie@@ ßen und nicht stra@@ fre@@ cht@@ lich ver@@ folgt werden können . aber es passierte folgendes : die leute waren so auf@@ gebracht über diese mach@@ en@@ schaften , dass das par@@ lam@@ ent in der lage war , ihn wegen am@@ ts@@ ver@@ gehen anzu@@ k@@ lagen und ihn seines am@@ tes zu en@@ the@@ ben . +wir sind dank@@ bar , aber wir wissen , dass wir unser schick@@ sal selbst in die hand nehmen können , wenn wir zu re@@ formen bereit sind . +und in meinen ersten drei am@@ ts@@ jahren als finanz@@ minister@@ in machten sie durchschnitt@@ lich 3@@ 60 millionen dollar gew@@ inn im jahr . +und was noch wichtiger ist , weil wir vom öl weg@@ kommen und uns brei@@ ter auf@@ stellen wollen - es gibt so viele möglichkeiten in diesem einen großen land , so wie in vielen ländern in afrika - was be@@ m@@ wer@@ kens@@ wert war , ist , dass ein großer teil dieses wachst@@ ums nicht allein vom öl@@ sektor kam , sondern aus anderen bereichen , die nichts mit öl zu tun hatten . +nicht alle davon sind perfekt oder werden es sein , aber es zeigt sich eine sehr deut@@ liche entwicklung . +also macht sie zum beispiel eine kleine lat@@ z@@ ho@@ se aus kor@@ d , und arbeitet afrikan@@ ische materialien ein . ihre designs sind sehr origin@@ ell , und in der zwischen@@ zeit hat sie sogar eine be@@ stellung von w@@ al m@@ art erhalten hat . +jedes jahr sterben 3@@ 6@@ .000 menschen in den usa pro sa@@ ison an der gri@@ ppe . +für die meisten krank@@ heit@@ ser@@ re@@ ger hat das gut funktioniert , halb@@ wegs gut für sch@@ lau@@ e ba@@ z@@ ill@@ en wie die gri@@ ppe , aber überhaupt nicht für hiv , für das menschen keine natürliche imm@@ un@@ ität haben . +und was die anti@@ körper nutzen ist ein griff , um im grunde das virus zu greifen und auszu@@ schalten . +viele dachten , dass es einfach unmöglich wäre , einen ai@@ d@@ s-@@ impf@@ stoff zu machen , aber heute sprechen die indi@@ zi@@ en eine andere sprache . +was sie auf län@@ gere sicht tun können , ist diese werkzeuge der retro@@ -@@ vac@@ cin@@ ology zu nutzen , um einen vor@@ beu@@ genden gri@@ pp@@ ei@@ mp@@ f@@ stoff zu machen . +zum glück leben wir in einer zeit atem@@ ber@@ au@@ ben@@ den bi@@ ome@@ di@@ zin@@ ischen fort@@ schri@@ t@@ ts . +indien , mexico und andere machen bereits experiment@@ elle gri@@ p@@ pe@@ -@@ impf@@ stoffe , und das könnten die ersten orte sein , in denen diese impf@@ stoffe benutzt werden . +s@@ b : weißt du , jeder sagt es sind 10 jahre , aber es waren alle 10 jahre 10 jahre . +sie sind nicht wirklich ein durch armut unter@@ drück@@ tes volk . +ich möchte auch den ted fel@@ lo@@ ws meinen respe@@ kt be@@ zeugen - jun@@ e ar@@ ung@@ a , james shi@@ k@@ wat@@ i , andre@@ w und den anderen ted fel@@ lo@@ ws . +wussten sie , dass 40 prozent des wohl@@ stand@@ es , der in afrika entsteht , nicht in afrika investi@@ ert wird ? +ich bin mitg@@ lied in einem internet@@ -@@ diskus@@ sion@@ s@@ for@@ um einem afrikanischen internet@@ -@@ diskus@@ sion@@ s@@ for@@ um und ich fragte sie : " seit 1960 hatten wir genau 20@@ 4 afrikan@@ ische staat@@ sch@@ ef@@ s , seit 1960 . " +das ist nicht schaff@@ ung von rei@@ cht@@ um - das ist um@@ verteilung von rei@@ cht@@ um . +wenn man in ihre traditionellen systeme schaut , kat@@ eg@@ or@@ isi@@ eren die afrikan@@ er ihre staaten in zwei verschiedenen typen . +und wenn sie die er@@ nte einfa@@ hren , verkaufen sie den über@@ sch@@ uss auf mär@@ kten . +ein größ@@ eres boot bedeutet , dass mehr fisch ge@@ fangen und ein@@ gebracht wird . +und ich war sicher , dass es großartig für die demokratie sein würde und für unsere gesellschaft . +scot@@ t ' s ergebnisse waren voll davon . +und die herausforderung für algorith@@ m@@ ische filter , diese person@@ alisi@@ erten filter , ist , dass sie diese balance um@@ ki@@ ppen , weil sie vor allem danach gehen , wor@@ auf man zuerst kli@@ ckt . +es soll uns an neue ideen heran@@ führen und an neue leute und frem@@ de perspe@@ ktiven . +sie sagte : " ja , das ist ex@@ -@@ vi@@ ze@@ präsident al gore und seine frau ti@@ pp@@ er . " +erst in den letzten beiden tagen hatten wir neue janu@@ ar-@@ temper@@ atur@@ re@@ kor@@ de . +viele von uns hier haben diese entscheidung getroffen , und es ist wirklich nicht schwer . +helfen sie bei der groß an@@ gele@@ gten mein@@ ungsk@@ am@@ pagne , die im frü@@ hl@@ ing beginnt . +und all das ver@@ bren@@ nen von o@@ el , ko@@ hle und gas , alle fossi@@ len brenn@@ stoffe , haben die atmosp@@ ha@@ ere gewal@@ tig ver@@ a@@ en@@ der@@ t . +wenn sie den strand entlang gehen , sehen sie u@@ e@@ ber@@ all o@@ el . +also das ist der golf von mexiko , ein funk@@ el@@ n@@ der ort voller fische . +er er@@ za@@ e@@ hlte ted , dass am letzten tag , als er auf see ging , plo@@ e@@ tzlich ein gro@@ sser tu@@ em@@ m@@ ler an seinem boot auf@@ tau@@ chte und o@@ el aus seinem blas@@ loch bli@@ ess . +wir fangen mit etwas an , das von anfang an viele belast@@ ungen und und probleme mit sich brachte . +hier sind kr@@ ab@@ ben@@ ku@@ tter im einsatz . +es hat sich heraus@@ gestellt dass -- sie ko@@ en@@ nen dieses zeichen an fast allen kom@@ mer@@ zi@@ ell genu@@ tzen wasser@@ fahr@@ zeugen in den usa sehen -- und sie wissen , dass , wenn sie ein paar li@@ ter o@@ el ver@@ schu@@ et@@ ten wu@@ er@@ den , sie jede menge a@@ er@@ ger am h@@ als ha@@ et@@ ten . +hier gibt es sicherlich einen gemein@@ samen ten@@ or , aus all diesen gesch@@ e@@ hn@@ issen den einen moment zu machen . +naja , ich baute einen fu@@ sion@@ s@@ reak@@ tor , als ich 14 jahre alt war . +ta@@ yl@@ or wil@@ son : ja@@ p , ich habe einen kern@@ fu@@ sion@@ s@@ reak@@ tor gebaut . +alle : ich bin mein connec@@ tom@@ e . +sie können sie sofort erkennen an ihren fanta@@ stischen formen . +wir fä@@ r@@ ben jede nerven@@ zelle in einer unterschiedlichen farbe und wenn wir alle bilder betrachten finden wir die sy@@ nap@@ sen und be@@ achten wir die farben der beiden beteili@@ gten nerven@@ zellen , +aber darf ich ? +und es gibt eine menge hin@@ weise dass in neur@@ on@@ ale aktivität unsere gedanken , gefühle und wahrnehmung sowie unsere gei@@ stige erfahrung ver@@ schlüssel@@ t ist . +lasst uns versuchen erinn@@ erungen aus einem connec@@ tom@@ e auszu@@ lesen . +wenn sie an " ich bin mein connec@@ tom@@ e " glauben , dann müssen sie meiner meinung nach auch die idee akzeptieren , dass der tod die zerstör@@ ung des connec@@ tom@@ es ist . +z@@ ach ka@@ plan : kei@@ th und ich leiten ein forsch@@ ung@@ ste@@ am . +denn die art und weise , wie er sein konzept präsen@@ tierte – sein ansatz war ganz anders als der uns@@ ri@@ ge . er präsen@@ tierte einem die dinge , als st@@ ün@@ den sie jetzt gleich zum verk@@ auf . +nun , ich werde den physi@@ kal@@ ischen teil nicht genauer erklären , aber alles , was sie wissen müssen , ist dass je schneller der mag@@ net fällt , desto größer ist die bre@@ m@@ sk@@ raft . +z@@ k : ich möchte nur , dass sie alle wissen , dass diese vor@@ führung von target unterstützt wird . +während er das tat , bemer@@ kte er eine un@@ erwar@@ tete sache . +eine ver@@ pac@@ kung , welche die farbe ändert , wenn ihre mil@@ ch schlecht geworden ist . +z@@ ach ka@@ plan und kei@@ th scha@@ cht demon@@ stri@@ eren spiel@@ zeug aus der zukunft +kann man auch ohne fo@@ ie gras ein men@@ ü kochen , das le@@ cker schme@@ ckt ? +" span@@ ischer ko@@ ch besch@@ ul@@ digt ... " -- und die fran@@ zo@@ sen besch@@ ul@@ di@@ gten ihn . +ihn verbindet eine liebe mit -@@ -- er ist eins mit -@@ -- er ist der gän@@ se@@ flü@@ ster@@ er . +obwohl sie in einen garten e@@ den ges@@ per@@ rt waren , mit fei@@ gen und allem möglichen anderen . +sein größ@@ tes hinder@@ nis war eigentlich der markt , der heute hell@@ gel@@ be fo@@ ie gras ver@@ lan@@ gt . +und er grei@@ ft meinen arm und den des über@@ setz@@ ers schie@@ bt uns unter einen bus@@ ch und sagt " gu@@ ckt mal " . +sie brauchen sonst nichts weiter . " +aber ich kann dinge schme@@ cken . +ich war sehr bewegt . +er pro@@ bi@@ erte es und hat sich darin ver@@ liebt . +wenn die menschen versch@@ w@@ än@@ den , würde dasselbe leben auf@@ blü@@ hen . " +aber nun brauchen wir ein neues feuer , das uns sicher , gesund und be@@ ständig macht . +ich wieder@@ hole das nochmal : +amerika könnte diese nächste automo@@ bil@@ -@@ revolution an@@ führen . +wir können smar@@ te it@@ -@@ lösungen nutzen , um den trans@@ it zu verbessern und car@@ sharing und fahr@@ gemeinschaften zu ermöglichen . +das meiste davon geht heute verloren und die technologie zum ein@@ sparen verbessert sich schneller als wir sie bisher instal@@ lieren . +nun , von der ver@@ bran@@ nten ko@@ hle im kraft@@ werk durch all diese ver@@ lu@@ ste zusammen@@ genommen , kommt nur ein zehn@@ tel der treib@@ stoff@@ energie am ende des ro@@ hr@@ es als durch@@ lauf an . +und wenn eine große anlage ab@@ sch@@ altet , ver@@ liert man 1.000 me@@ ga@@ watt in milli@@ sekunden , oft für wochen oder monate , oft ohne vor@@ war@@ nung . +197@@ 6 , zum beispiel , be@@ standen die regierung und die industrie darauf , dass die energie@@ menge , die für einen dollar des bi@@ p benötigt wird , niemals sin@@ ken könnte . +danke . +dritt@@ ens lei@@ tete das engagement in entwicklungsländern eine kleine eli@@ tä@@ re gruppe von regi@@ erungs@@ mitg@@ lie@@ dern mit wenig kontakt zur bevölkerung , den beg@@ ün@@ sti@@ gten der entwickl@@ ung@@ sh@@ ilfe . +auf dieser karte mol@@ da@@ wi@@ ens zeigt grün be@@ zir@@ ke , die wenig geld für schulen ausgeben , aber gute bildungs@@ -@@ resul@@ tate er@@ zielen und rot zeigt das gegenteil . +wir werden sehen , dass auch diese kinder eine re@@ ale chance haben , ihre armut zu über@@ winden . +wenn wir die zahn@@ bür@@ ste nehmen – ich denke nicht an die zahn@@ bür@@ ste . +danach werden wir zum fisch , danach zum fro@@ sch , danach werden wir zum affen , danach werden wir , was wir heute sind : ein super@@ -@@ aff@@ e , und das lu@@ stige ist , dass unser heu@@ tiger zustand als super@@ -@@ aff@@ e nur die halbe geschichte ist . +wenn sie so gehen , ist das ok , es ist ok , sie können gehen , aber vielleicht können sie nicht sehen , wenn sie so mit den augen gehen , oh , da ist ein loch . +wenn man so gu@@ ckt , schaut man in die vergangenheit oder in sich selbst hinein , wenn man sehr bewe@@ glich ist . +deshalb müssen wir uns an@@ passen . +wir können unseren kindern sagen : ok , fertig , das war unsere geschichte . das ist vorbei . +nicht k@@ ru@@ mm stehen , keine ho@@ sen auf k@@ nie@@ höhe , nichts davon . +der aus@@ bilder brü@@ llt sie an und be@@ f@@ ie@@ hlt ihnen , alle möglichen schreck@@ lichen dinge zu tun . +nein , er beginnt erst@@ mals , wenn ein kind in den armen seiner mutter zu ihr auf@@ schaut und sagt : " oh , das muss meine mutter sein . +das letzte kapit@@ el meines bu@@ ches heißt " das geschen@@ k eines guten starts . " +geben wir ihn in die ar@@ mee . wir werden ihn nie wieder sehen . " +such dir einen job und zie@@ h aus . +" es ist alles gut . " +ich bin marke@@ ter und als marke@@ ter weiß ich , dass ich nie wirklich kontrolle hatte . +h@@ ul@@ u , net@@ fli@@ x und andere firmen haben off@@ ene ur@@ lau@@ bs@@ regel@@ ungen . +die zeiten , in denen ein mensch , ein unternehmen oder eine mar@@ ke genau über ihren ruf kontrollieren konnten , sind vorbei – online-@@ tr@@ at@@ sch und viele nen@@ nungen bedeuten , dass man , wenn man wichtig ist , ständig im gespräch ist , über das man selbst nicht die kontrolle hat . tim le@@ ber@@ echt präsentiert drei vor@@ schlä@@ ge , diesen kontro@@ ll@@ verlust zu akzeptieren und es sogar auf ihn anzu@@ legen – und ihn als an@@ sto@@ ß zu nutzen , sich wieder zu seinen eigenen werten zu be@@ kennen . +sie wollen die menschen in angst leben lassen . +aber die menschen haben es nicht verstanden . +sie haben sie ange@@ gri@@ ffen . +ernsthaf@@ t , diese veränderungen die ich auf dem platz er@@ lebte , ich dachte es wären 12 jahre vergan@@ gen . +ich fühle , dass ich würde habe die ich für so viele jahre verloren hatte . " +also analy@@ si@@ erten wir die babys mit einer technik die wir überall anwenden und mit den lau@@ ten jeder sprache . +die statistiken , die von den babys aufgenommen wurden ändern ihre gehirne ; sie werden von den " bür@@ gern der welt " zu den kultur@@ geb@@ un@@ denen zu@@ hör@@ ern die wir sind . +was auch immer wir ihnen vor@@ setzen , sie werden statistiken an@@ fer@@ tigen . +indem wir kinder@@ hir@@ ne untersuchen werden wir grundlegende erkenn@@ tnisse darüber sammeln , was es heißt , ein mensch zu sein . und während wir das tun , können wir vielleicht unseren eigenen verstand öffnen , um für das leben zu lernen . +aber ich muss ihnen dazu eine wi@@ tz@@ ige geschichte erzählen . +was hier passiert als die wasser@@ farbe in die struktur flo@@ ss , ist , dass die wasser@@ farben sich nicht mit dem fer@@ ro@@ flu@@ id ver@@ mis@@ chten . +ich könnte es noch einmal tun , um es nochmal zu zeigen , aber einige werden dann sagen , dass es eine vö@@ lli@@ ge versch@@ wen@@ dung des wh@@ is@@ keys wäre und ich es lieber trinken sollte . +in diesem ho@@ spi@@ z be@@ fanden sich 3@@ 1 männer und frauen , die im sterben lagen . +und meine familie brachte diese frau her@@ ein , deren mutter eine skla@@ v@@ in gewesen war , damit sie sich um mich kü@@ m@@ mer@@ te . +und sie wissen , wir haben eine gesellschaft , eine welt , die star@@ r vor angst ist . +aber man braucht auch eine wei@@ che vor@@ der@@ seite - die fähigkeit , für die welt , wie sie ist , offen zu sein , ein un@@ geschü@@ tz@@ tes herz . +mögen wir diese fähigkeit ver@@ wirklichen für alle frauen überall auf der welt . +es ist also keine überrasch@@ ung , dass wenn man auf@@ einander@@ folgende fi@@ bon@@ acci@@ -@@ zahlen addi@@ ert , die nächste fi@@ bon@@ acci@@ -@@ zahl erhält . stimmt ' s ? +darunter setzen wir ein 2@@ x@@ 2-@@ quad@@ rat , und dan@@ eben ein 3@@ x@@ 3@@ -@@ quad@@ rat , darunter ein 5@@ x@@ 5@@ -@@ quad@@ rat , und dann ein 8@@ x@@ 8@@ -@@ quad@@ rat , erschaffen ein ries@@ iges rech@@ te@@ ck . stimmt ' s ? +nun , wie ihr wisst hat man es als ir@@ an-@@ amerikaner hat man es mit ganz eigenen schwierigkeiten zu tun . +und da begann ich auszu@@ ra@@ sten , da ich keine ahnung hatte was mein groß@@ vater alles für m@@ ist ver@@ bo@@ ckt hatte . +lachen das interessante ist , dass der musli@@ mis@@ cher paki@@ stan@@ er , er ver@@ sau@@ t den ruf aller musli@@ men , paki@@ stan@@ er und menschen aus dem mittleren osten . und das auf der ganzen welt . +und er antwor@@ tet : " ich fahr@@ e zu zar@@ a . es ist drei meilen entfernt . +ich dachte mir : das wird mein fahrer sein . +mar@@ co temp@@ est : wenn man ihn nach täusch@@ ung fragte , sagte er : an@@ sa@@ ger : mag@@ ie ist der einzi@@ g ehr@@ bare beru@@ f . +wo ist die köni@@ g@@ in ? +ich werde ihnen demon@@ stri@@ eren , wie en@@ g terror@@ ismus mit unserem tä@@ glichen leben verbunden ist . +zu der zeit , als ich die roten bri@@ ga@@ den intervie@@ w@@ te , entdeckte ich außerdem , dass deren leben nicht von ide@@ ologie und politik bestimmt war , sondern von wirtschaftlichen zw@@ än@@ gen . +also beschloss ich , die ökonom@@ ie des terr@@ ors zu untersuchen . +diese dinge veränder@@ ten sich na@@ ür@@ lich gewal@@ tig mit der glob@@ alisierung und liber@@ alisierung . +dann schaute ich mir das geld@@ volu@@ men der usa näher an , und dieses geld@@ volu@@ men der usa ist genau die menge an dollar , die die us-@@ not@@ en@@ bank jedes jahr dru@@ ckt , um die st@@ eigen@@ de nach@@ frage nach geld was natürlich das wachstum der wirtschaft wider@@ spiegel@@ t . +der eur@@ o war damals eine sehr junge währ@@ ung und bot gute geschäfts@@ bedingungen , natürlich auch für inv@@ e@@ stor@@ en . +das hat mir eine ganz besondere beziehung zum ozean ver@@ schafft . +ich wollte ein leben leben , auf das ich stolz sein konnte . +ich glaube , ich war in meinem ganzen leben noch nie so glücklich gewesen . +in der ganzen zeit , in der ich auf see bin , sehe ich normalerweise nieman@@ den . +schrecklich , wirklich schrecklich . +als sie die öff@@ neten fanden sie heraus , dass ihr ma@@ gen voller plasti@@ k war . +ich traf sogar eine von ihnen und sie war ungefähr genau so groß wie ich . +und es ist sehr schwer , glücklich zu sein auf einem planeten , der von hunger und dür@@ re zerstört ist . +wie dem auch sei , heute werden wir ein wenig über architektur sprechen , zum thema kre@@ ation und optimis@@ mus . +es ist zu sp@@ ät . das ist vorbei . +können die lich@@ ter bitte einen moment lang aus@@ gesch@@ altet werden ? +und was der er@@ bau@@ er bekommen wird , ist jeder einzelne individu@@ elle teil , der außerhalb maß@@ gesch@@ nei@@ der@@ t ange@@ fer@@ tigt wurde und auf einem la@@ st@@ wagen ge@@ liefert wurde zur bau@@ stelle , zu diesem er@@ bau@@ er , mit einem set dieser an@@ lei@@ t@@ ung@@ sh@@ and@@ bücher . +sie wurden gebeten , diese brücke innerhalb von sechs wochen zu desig@@ nen , zu ersetzen , sie zu bauen , in@@ klu@@ sive aller ange@@ ferti@@ gten teile . +das ro@@ sa mexic@@ an@@ o-@@ restaurant , in dem er uns an die str@@ ände von ak@@ ap@@ ul@@ ko bringt , oben an der upp@@ er west side , mit dieser wand voller fel@@ sent@@ au@@ cher , die – da sehen sie es , genau so . +glauben sie mir . unter dem bett ist kein gutes verste@@ ck . +sie haben mich gefragt , was ich werden wollte , und sagten mir dann , was ich nicht sein soll . +für sich selbst einzu@@ stehen muss nicht bedeuten , gewalt an@@ zunehmen . +also wu@@ ch@@ sen wir auf in dem glauben , dass uns nie jemand lieben würde , dass wir für immer ein@@ sam sein würden , niemand uns je das gefühl gebe , dass die sonne etwas ist , das sie uns in ihrem schu@@ ppen geb@@ ast@@ elt hatten . +wir waren fre@@ a@@ ks -- hum@@ mer@@ hand@@ jungen und b@@ är@@ tige damen , ku@@ ri@@ o@@ si@@ täten , die mit depression und ein@@ samkeit jon@@ gli@@ erten , die bei soli@@ ta@@ ire und fla@@ schen@@ drehen versuchten , ihre eigenen verletz@@ ungen zu kü@@ ssen und zu hei@@ len , aber nachts , während die anderen schlie@@ fen , lie@@ fen wir weiter auf dem sei@@ l . +die zukunft di@@ kti@@ ert , dass es keine zeit gibt , bis auf den zusammen@@ bruch der empfin@@ dung des erinn@@ erungs@@ spiegel@@ s , in dem wir leben . +wie ich also vor dem letzten stück gesagt habe , fühlen sie sich nicht , als lebten wir auf einer ku@@ gel , sondern auf einer un@@ end@@ lichen ebene , welche die illusion er@@ we@@ ckt , sie zum aus@@ gan@@ g@@ spun@@ kt zurückzu@@ führen . +in on@@ t@@ ari@@ o rück@@ t die ta@@ ig@@ a in richtung sü@@ den zur nord@@ küste des ob@@ eren sees . +nun können sie genau dieses denken auch hier anwenden . +und die schl@@ am@@ m@@ be@@ cken sind bis zu 3@@ 6 km ² groß . +das ist einer der gründe , warum kanada , ursprün@@ glich ein held des klima@@ wand@@ els – wir waren einer der ersten unter@@ zeich@@ ner des k@@ y@@ ot@@ o-@@ proto@@ koll@@ s . +und die welt braucht ganz sicher kein wachsen und ver@@ me@@ hren der größten tox@@ ischen stau@@ an@@ lagen , die weiterhin die gemeinden stro@@ ma@@ b@@ wärts bedro@@ hen . +b@@ har@@ ti versucht dieses all@@ tag@@ sk@@ li@@ sche@@ e aufzu@@ decken , indem sie es gewis@@ ser@@ maßen explo@@ dieren lässt und neu interpre@@ tiert . +er er@@ schafft diese auf@@ wen@@ digen gemäl@@ de , die von hier@@ ony@@ mus bo@@ sch und den k@@ as@@ h@@ mi@@ ri@@ -@@ tex@@ tili@@ en seiner ju@@ gend inspiriert sind . +ich bin ök@@ ologe und untersu@@ che komplexität . ich mag komplexität . +und jetzt nehmen wir ein , zwei , drei stu@@ fen weiter weg von diesem punkt ins blick@@ feld und bl@@ enden drei viertel des diagra@@ m@@ ms außerhalb jen@@ es einflus@@ s@@ berei@@ chs aus . +so schlu@@ g ich in meinem ersten ted@@ talk vor , dass wir als planet 21 milliarden stunden pro woche mit video@@ spielen verbringen sollten . +über sie können wir mit den leuten in unserem sozialen netzwerk in kontakt bleiben , von denen wir uns sonst ent@@ frem@@ den würden , wenn wir keine spiele zusammen spiel@@ ten . +mein gehirn sagte mir : " jan@@ e , du mö@@ cht@@ est sterben . " +selbst to@@ d@@ kran@@ ke leute mit als oder ähn@@ lichem spiel@@ ten es . +trau@@ mati@@ sche ereig@@ nisse können schein@@ bar unsere fähigkeit er@@ schließen , ein leben mit weniger re@@ ue zu leben . +los ! +okay , und noch eine letzte aus@@ wahl@@ aufgabe : schü@@ tt@@ eln sie sechs sekunden lang die hand von jemandem oder senden sie jemandem ein kleines dank@@ es@@ ch@@ ö@@ n in einer sms , e-@@ mail , facebook oder twitter . los ! +clever , oder ? +das stück auf der rechten seite ist teil einer instal@@ lation , die ungefähr drei@@ einhalb meter lang ist . +zu diesem zeitpunkt hatte das projekt eine eigene vir@@ ale dimension angenommen , die vollkommen über unsere vorstell@@ ungskraft hin@@ aus@@ ging . +zuerst versuchte sie es mit stri@@ cken . +mathemati@@ ker haben diese frage be@@ antwor@@ tet . +es ist ungefähr so : stellen sie sich vor , wir wären aus@@ schließlich eu@@ kli@@ dischen flächen begeg@@ net . +und das stimmt . aber es steckt noch mehr da@@ hinter . +er glaub@@ te , dass der kri@@ st@@ all das modell aller arten der dar@@ stellung war . +so lässt sich dann also eine funktion auf eine struktur ab@@ bilden , um herauszufinden , welche schalt@@ vor@@ gän@@ ge ab@@ laufen , um diese funktion hervor@@ zur@@ u@@ fen . +wenn sie nun einen schlag auf den kopf bekommen , der den kor@@ tex besch@@ ä@@ digt und ihren ver@@ bor@@ genen sexu@@ al@@ trieb wieder frei@@ setzt , der an die oberfläche fl@@ am@@ mt , fühlen sie sich plötzlich und un@@ erklär@@ licherweise sexu@@ ell von ihrer mutter er@@ re@@ gt . +zum glück , denn wir können zwei elektro@@ den in ihren hand@@ flächen an@@ bringen und die veränderung des hau@@ twi@@ der@@ stands durch die tran@@ spi@@ ration messen . +über das telefon gibt es diese wahn@@ vorstellung nicht . +sie sagen : " herr do@@ ktor , mein ph@@ ant@@ om@@ -@@ körper@@ g@@ lied ist gel@@ ä@@ hmt . +vielleicht kann man dadurch den ph@@ ant@@ om@@ schmerz , die ver@@ kra@@ mp@@ fung im ph@@ ant@@ om@@ -@@ körper@@ g@@ lied lösen . +und er sagte : " oh mein gott , mein ph@@ ant@@ om@@ -@@ arm bewegt sich wieder . ich kann es nicht glauben ! +und ich sagte -- ich machte mir sorgen und sagte : " mein gott ! " ich meine , ich habe das körper@@ bild dieses man@@ nes verändert . was ist mit menschlichen versu@@ ch@@ sper@@ son@@ en , der eth@@ ik und alle@@ dem ? +bedenken sie bitte , dass diese personen an@@ son@@ sten völlig normal sind . +nun überlegen sie -- wie kommt das zu@@ stan@@ de ? +hier haben wir also das mar@@ si@@ an@@ ische alp@@ hab@@ et . +das ist wie ein gut ge@@ hü@@ te@@ tes geheimnis . +und ich denke , wenn wir kultur betrachten , kommen wir auch irgendwie zu einem verständnis dafür , wie wir so wurden , wie wir sind . +und außerdem sind sie in der lage , über lange stre@@ cken auf@@ recht zu gehen . +du bist glücklich . +er kann jetzt durch zä@@ hes tier@@ fell schneiden . +ss : das sind ihre symbo@@ le auf dem ta@@ stat@@ ur . +dieses umfeld bringt un@@ erwar@@ te@@ tes potential zu tage in kan@@ z@@ i und pan@@ ban@@ ish@@ a . +wir lernen , wie wir mit ihnen kommunizieren können , in sehr hoch@@ -@@ frequ@@ enten tö@@ nen . +jeder ist eine sonne mit einer gruppe von planeten , die sie um@@ krei@@ sen . +in der jün@@ gsten vergangenheit haben wir gelernt , dass die galaxien durch die gravi@@ tation der so genan@@ nten dunkl@@ en materie zusammen@@ gehalten werden : parti@@ kel in riesigen sch@@ wär@@ men , viel kleiner als atom@@ kern@@ e . +das geome@@ tr@@ ische mittel zwischen der masse eines prot@@ ons und der masse der sonne be@@ trägt 50 kil@@ ogra@@ mm@@ . was im bereich des fa@@ k@@ tors 2 der masse von jeder person hier liegen sollte . +zu@@ dem hat ein wissenschaftler , wenn er oder sie eine entdeckung macht , normalerweise keine ahnung , welche anwen@@ dungen daraus hervor@@ gehen könnten . +aber selbst aus dieser besonder@@ en ko@@ sm@@ ischen perspektive ist unser jahrhundert wirklich eine ganz große besonder@@ heit , das erste , in dem menschen sich und ihren hei@@ mat@@ planeten ändern können . +diese durch menschen verursa@@ chten änder@@ ungen , in weniger als einem milli@@ on@@ ste@@ l teil der ab@@ gel@@ auf@@ enen erd@@ geschichte mit schein@@ bar un@@ kontrolli@@ erter geschwindigkeit ? +interessant an dem artikel war , dass les@@ er des arti@@ k@@ els an@@ fingen , komment@@ are zum artikel zu schreiben . +also bekamen einige leute die no@@ ti@@ z und fünf dollar . +sie sind außerdem ziemlich ver@@ mö@@ gend und wohl@@ hab@@ end und all so was . +absolut nett , das zu tun . +ich könnte ge@@ mein sein und es ihnen nicht sagen , aber tatsächlich ist es die zentr@@ al@@ afrikan@@ ische republi@@ k . +und ich weiß , dass sie jetzt alle an völ@@ ker@@ ball@@ -@@ teams denken . +michael nor@@ ton : wie man sich glück kauft +trotz der sehr kl@@ aren anti-@@ isra@@ el@@ -@@ ide@@ ologie des neuen regi@@ mes war eine zusammenarbeit ge@@ o@@ politi@@ sch gesehen weiterhin log@@ isch und bestand fort , da immer noch gemeinsame gefahren be@@ standen . +die bus@@ h-@@ regierung antwor@@ tete nicht einmal . +der ruf nach " roh@@ daten jetzt ! " +wie kann man solche sachen benutzen ? +jetzt haben wir direkt eine echtz@@ ei@@ t-@@ karte , welche zeigt wo flü@@ cht@@ l@@ ing@@ sla@@ ger sind und schnell wurde es die beste karte , die man benutzen konnte , wenn man not@@ stand@@ s@@ arbeit in port au@@ -@@ prin@@ ce machte . +wir haben also zwei@@ fel@@ los eine demokratie , aber sie hängt sowohl von den le@@ sters als auch von der bevölkerung ab . +es gibt reiche und arme , schwarze und weiße le@@ sters , nicht viele weib@@ liche le@@ sters , aber lassen wir das erst@@ mal bei@@ seite . +dieses system will den status qu@@ o bei@@ behalten , auch den status qu@@ o einer invasi@@ ven regierung . +es geht also nicht darum , dass mein thema das wichtigste ist . das ist es nicht . +es ist lö@@ s@@ bar , nicht als demo@@ kr@@ at , nicht als republi@@ kan@@ er , +eine regierung , die nur von der bevölkerung abhän@@ gt . +es lö@@ ste den wett@@ lauf ins welt@@ all aus . +ich wurde einge@@ wiesen in eine nerven@@ klini@@ k , und in einer nerven@@ klini@@ k macht jeder seine eigene ein@@ -@@ man@@ n-@@ show . +nun , kürzlich gab es fort@@ schritte auf diesem gebiet . +das ist ein raum voller intelli@@ gent@@ er , hö@@ chst sensi@@ bl@@ er menschen . +ich zeige ihnen ein computer@@ modell von i@@ a@@ in cou@@ zin , einem forscher in oxford , das zeigt , wie sch@@ wär@@ me funktionieren . +informationen können mit diesem mechan@@ ismus in kür@@ ze@@ ster zeit über mehr als einen hal@@ ben kilometer ges@@ endet werden . +man glaub@@ te den frühen rei@@ senden aus dem westen – wie sir fran@@ c@@ is dra@@ ke – lange nicht , wenn sie aus th@@ a@@ il@@ and zurück kamen und von diesem unglaublichen spek@@ ta@@ kel beri@@ chteten . +hier habe ich zwei le@@ ere wasser@@ fla@@ schen . +und das ist jetzt vielleicht ein bisschen verrückt , aber diese weit@@ verbrei@@ tete tenden@@ z zur spon@@ tan@@ en ordnung hat manchmal un@@ erwar@@ tete kon@@ sequenzen . +intervie@@ wer : also ungefähr so viel ? oh ja . +ingenie@@ ur : absolut . intervie@@ wer : sie dachten bestimmt " oh , m@@ ist . " +also lässt mich der simul@@ ator schon genau so laufen , wie unsere zeugen auf der echten brücke lie@@ fen . +davon li@@ est man nicht täglich in den zeit@@ ungen . +also ich möchte euch die gute nachricht mit@@ teilen , dass es den fo@@ w@@ ler ap@@ fel noch gibt . +kurz gesagt , die antwor@@ tet lautet dass in der zukunft in vielen ländern die k@@ äl@@ testen an@@ bau@@ zeiten wär@@ mer sein werden als alles , was diese pflanzen bisher erlebt haben . +wir haben eine große menge an biolog@@ ischer vielfalt zusammenge@@ tragen und auf@@ be@@ wahr@@ t , land@@ wirtschaftliche vielfalt , meistens in der form von sa@@ at@@ gut , die wir in sam@@ en@@ ban@@ ken auf@@ be@@ wahren , eine art von ge@@ fri@@ er@@ sch@@ r@@ ank . +wenn man die ein@@ gan@@ g@@ stü@@ r auf@@ macht , dann sieht man das hier . es ist ziemlich einfach . es ist ein loch im boden . +die landwirtschaft ver@@ braucht 70 prozent der fr@@ isch@@ wasser@@ vor@@ rä@@ te der erde . +denn es ist höch@@ ste zeit , über eine unbe@@ que@@ me wahrheit zu sprechen , eine wahrheit , die zwar je@@ der@@ mann an@@ geht , über die aber niemand zu sprechen wa@@ gt . +noch ein vorteil von wi@@ -@@ f@@ i . gestern haben wir ja etwas über die vor@@ teile von wi@@ -@@ f@@ i gehört . +zu@@ aller@@ erst möchte ich sagen : hou@@ ston , wir haben ein problem . +in der raum@@ fahrt ist das überhaupt nicht passiert . +drei jahre , und heute können wir das nicht mehr . +und es wird sub@@ or@@ b@@ ital sein . und der grund , warum es sub@@ or@@ b@@ ital sein muss ist , dass es keine aus@@ reich@@ enden sicherheits@@ lösungen gibt , um mit pas@@ sa@@ gieren in den orbit zu fliegen . die regierungen machen das -- drei regierungen machen das seit 45 jahren , und trotzdem sind vier prozent der menschen , die die atmosphäre verlassen haben , gestorben . +diese leute nehmen ihr geld und investieren in eine interessante sache , und ich finde das viel besser , als wenn man es in ein besser@@ es handy oder sowas steckt -- aber sie investieren in sehr [ un@@ klar ] gebiete , und dadurch bekommen wir diese möglichkeiten , und das wird uns zu der nächsten wirklich großen sache führen und uns ermöglichen , zu erforschen . und ich glaube , irgendwann werden wir dadurch kol@@ on@@ ien gründen und unser aus@@ sterben verhindern können . +100 millionen dollar -- hey , ich kann zum mond fliegen . +die technolog@@ ische revolution öffnet die welt . +was ist denn nun offen@@ heit ? +er sah talent anders . +die dritte bedeutung und das da@@ zuge@@ hö@@ ri@@ ge prinzip von offen@@ heit ist teilen . +die revolution wurde nicht von sozialen medien geschaffen sondern von einer neuen generation junger leute , die arbeit und hoffnung wollten und die nicht mehr wie unter@@ tan@@ en behandelt werden wollten . +menschen wussten nichts von dingen . +es besch@@ ü@@ tzt die vögel . +also warum sollten wir uns um blut@@ gefä@@ sse gedanken machen ? +so lassen sie uns anfangen . +im effekt , wenn wir kre@@ b@@ s-@@ patienten mit der anti-@@ angi@@ o@@ gene@@ tischen therapie behandeln ; hier ein experiment@@ elles medikament für ein gli@@ om - was eine art von hirn@@ tumor ist ; können sie sehen , dass dra@@ mati@@ sche änder@@ ungen ein@@ treten wenn der tumor ausge@@ h@@ ung@@ ert wird . +und tatsächlich , die ersten behand@@ l@@ ungs@@ methoden , für menschen sowie auch h@@ unde , werden bereits verfügbar . +der ak@@ tive wirk@@ stoff ist res@@ ver@@ at@@ ro@@ l . er ist auch in ro@@ tw@@ ein zu finden . +nun , ich habe ihnen ein paar labor@@ daten gezeigt , und nun ist die eigent@@ liche frage : wie steht die be@@ wei@@ s@@ lage für menschen , dass bestimmte lebens@@ mittel@@ sor@@ ten essen , die angiogen@@ ese in krebs verring@@ ern ? +das wirklich interessante daran ist , dass wir diese fett@@ lei@@ bi@@ gen mä@@ use nicht mehr gewicht verlieren lassen können , als was für eine maus an gewicht normal ist . +ich habe die letzten 20 jahre lang rätsel entworfen +und das ging immer weiter , bis ich mich entschieden habe , es in voll@@ zeit zu tun . +m@@ .@@ c. es@@ cher hat das in einigen seiner wunder@@ vollen dru@@ cke aus@@ genutzt . +zuerst sollten wir die vas@@ en@@ illusion etwas ver@@ einfachen , dann kriegen wir das hier rechts . +was muss der erste zug sein ? +man braucht aber ein wenig ge@@ du@@ ld . +wieso ? naja , unsere generation wird langsam alt , wir baby bo@@ om@@ er essen ges@@ un@@ des essen und tra@@ inieren . aber was ist mit unserem geist ? +das sind seine ha@@ are . man hat jede menge fig@@ ur@@ -@@ grund@@ -@@ rätsel hier . +ich denke , dass die ganze welt im wesentlichen dazu er@@ zogen wurde kein mädchen zu sein . +und ihre geschichten waren so voll hor@@ ror , und so über@@ wäl@@ ti@@ gend , und so von der anderen seite des menschlichen s@@ eins , dass ich , ehrlich gesagt , am boden zerstört war . +wie ich sagte , bin ich in viele länder gerei@@ st , und ich habe gesehen , wenn wir mit dem mädchen in uns machen was wir machen , dann ist es offensichtlich er@@ schreck@@ end darüber nachzudenken , was wir den mädchen auf der welt an@@ tun . +ich kenne zum beispiel ein 14@@ -@@ jähri@@ ges mädchen in den nieder@@ landen , die darauf besteht mit einem boot auf sich selbst gestellt um die welt zu se@@ geln . +sie lehr@@ te mädchen wie eine ges@@ unde vagina aussieht , und wie eine ver@@ stü@@ mm@@ elte vagina aussieht . +und als sie zum haus kam , wurde sie be@@ grü@@ ßt . +es ist ganz schlecht . meine brü@@ der bekommen alles . " +ich ju@@ ble , weil es noch immer in meinem körper ist . +ich danke ihnen viel@@ mals . +ins gefängnis geschickt , be@@ har@@ r@@ te er eis@@ ern auf seiner un@@ schu@@ ld , und bleibt seit 21 jahren kon@@ sequ@@ ent dabei . +das ist die sicht direkt über die straße von dort aus , wo sie standen . +einige der teenager sagten aus , der wagen sei tatsächlich fünf meter entfernt gewesen , als der sch@@ uss fiel . +und was zeigt dieses beispiel — was davon ist wichtig für uns im ge@@ däch@@ tnis zu behalten ? +und das machte ihn verrückt . wirklich . er ließ sich ein@@ weisen . +die natur hat also selbst@@ ähnliche strukturen . +ich bemer@@ kte , dass die linie etwa dort ist , wo das einzige quad@@ ra@@ tische gebäude im dorf ist . +zu@@ aller@@ erst stimme ich mu@@ di@@ m@@ bes wunder@@ bar@@ em buch " die erfindung afrikas " zu , dass afrika eine erfindung des frühen kol@@ oni@@ alismus und dann der gegen@@ bewegungen ist . +hier ist ein wunder@@ bares fra@@ k@@ tal . +einer von ihnen sagte : " kom@@ m her . ich denke , ich kann dir helfen . " +lassen sie mich also mit einigen worten über die anwen@@ dungen enden , die wir dafür gefunden haben . +wenn wir diese art arbeit besser ver@@ richten wollen , müssen wir nur nach afrika bli@@ cken , um diese ro@@ bu@@ sten , selb@@ stor@@ gan@@ isi@@ erenden algorith@@ men zu finden . +um sieben uhr an einem son@@ n@@ ta@@ gab@@ end in hidden spr@@ ings , i@@ da@@ h@@ o , ver@@ sammeln sich die sechs mitglieder der familie star@@ r zum hö@@ he@@ punkt ihrer woche : der familien@@ bes@@ pre@@ chung . +er hatte drei@@ ß@@ ig jahre des " harvard business re@@ view " gelesen , bis er 198@@ 6 über einen artikel stol@@ per@@ te , der " das neue neue produ@@ kt@@ entwicklungs@@ spiel " hie@@ ß . +er sagte : " man kann die kraft hier@@ von gar nicht hoch genug ein@@ schätzen . " +wir hatten das gefühl , die verk@@ ab@@ el@@ ung zu ver@@ legen , die erst viele jahre später ihre welt er@@ h@@ ellen würde . +dann machen wir eben ein familien@@ früh@@ stück oder ein gemein@@ sam@@ es na@@ cht@@ essen . +also sagten wir : " wir brauchen eine belo@@ hnung und eine stra@@ fe . okay ? " +jim coll@@ ins , der autor von " der weg zu den besten " , erzählte mir , dass erfolgrei@@ che organisationen aller art zwei dinge gemeinsam haben : sie be@@ wahren den kern , sie fördern den fortschritt . +forscher der e@@ mor@@ y-@@ universität führten mit kindern einen einfachen wissen@@ st@@ est durch . +diese geschichte ver@@ körper@@ t für mich die ab@@ schließ@@ ende lektion , die ich gelernt habe : glück ist nicht etwas , das wir finden , es ist etwas , das wir machen . +eine im@@ prä@@ gni@@ erte wind@@ schutz@@ schei@@ be erhö@@ ht das auf 1@@ 10 ° . +und ich zeige ihnen noch eine letzte demon@@ stration , aber zuerst möchte ich mich be@@ danken , und : immer schön klein denken . +und das kam daher , dass op@@ ra@@ h zwei ganze wochen lang werbung für den film " the secret " gemacht hat . +sobald ein wort erwähnt wurde , er@@ schien sofort ein bild davon vor seinem inneren auge . +ein wel@@ tt@@ ele@@ graphi@@ e@@ zentrum – man stelle sich nachrichten , bot@@ schaften , geräusche , bilder vor , die an jeden punkt der welt ge@@ liefert werden , un@@ mittel@@ bar und dra@@ ht@@ los . +es gibt sie schon seit ca. 7@@ .000 jahren . +wieder bo@@ hren wir löcher in der größe eines 10@@ -@@ cent@@ -@@ stück@@ s in den schä@@ del und legen eine elektro@@ de hinein . diese befindet sich dann vollständig unter der haut , verbunden mit einem schritt@@ macher in der br@@ ust . mit einer fern@@ be@@ dien@@ ung ähnlich der für einen fern@@ se@@ her können wir regu@@ lieren , wie viel strom wir in diese gehirn@@ are@@ ale ab@@ geben wollen . +da ist er . +wir pflan@@ zten also depres@@ si@@ ven patienten elektro@@ den ein . +und in der tat , oben können sie die blauen felder vor dem ein@@ griff sehen , die weniger gl@@ u@@ ko@@ se als normal ver@@ brauchen , besonders hier in den schei@@ tel@@ -@@ und schl@@ äf@@ en@@ la@@ ppen . +das mache ich die ganze zeit , und es ist einfach unglaublich . +und sie können durch ein fe@@ der@@ -@@ mas@@ se-@@ system mod@@ elli@@ ert werden . wir nennen das so , weil wir bi@@ ome@@ chan@@ i@@ ker sind . es ist eigentlich ein po@@ go@@ -@@ stab . +dies ist eine zusammenarbeit mit stanford . +wir konnten nicht glauben , dass es das tun konnte . es zeigt uns , dass , wenn man einen roboter mit sehr einfachen , fe@@ der@@ nden b@@ einen bauen könnte , man ihn so wen@@ dig machen könnte , wie alles was bisher gebaut worden ist . +wenn wir jetzt ein stück kle@@ be@@ band hätten , würden wir es auf diese art ab@@ lösen . +aber das ist das , wor@@ auf wir im moment beschrän@@ kt sind . +gerade kürzlich ist uns ein durch@@ bruch gel@@ ungen , wo wir jetzt glauben , dass wir den ersten syn@@ the@@ tischen , selb@@ str@@ ein@@ i@@ genden tro@@ cken@@ kle@@ ber erzeugen können . viele firmen sind darin interessiert . +wir haben auch ein anderes problem , denn frauen sind mit här@@ teren entscheidungen konfron@@ tiert , die zwischen beru@@ f@@ lichem erfolg und persön@@ licher ver@@ wirk@@ lich@@ ung liegen . +ich habe nicht die richtige antwort ; +er li@@ est eines der 12 bücher und geht zu ein paar vor@@ les@@ ungen , spa@@ ziert zu unserem zimmer ein paar tage vor der prü@@ fung für eine nach@@ hil@@ fest@@ unde . +aber es ist nicht so einfach . +und sie sagte : " ich habe heute etwas gelernt . +botschaft nummer drei : gehe nicht , bevor du geh@@ st . +sie bewegen sich einfach nicht . +wenn menschen ihre medikamente nicht nehmen , oder wenn sie die an@@ wei@@ sungen ihres ar@@ z@@ tes nicht be@@ folgen . dies sind verhalten@@ spro@@ ble@@ me . +sie würden zahn@@ er@@ satz bekommen , mit dem man aber keine ma@@ is@@ kol@@ ben essen könnte , sie würden den rest ihres lebens von bre@@ i leben müssen . +so for@@ mu@@ lieren wir noch immer unsere bot@@ schaften , wenn es um gesundheit geht . +wir sollten vermutlich lang@@ samer werden , und wir sollten das vermutlich genau jetzt tun . +er wurde entwickelt von ein paar forsch@@ ern an der dar@@ t@@ mouth medical school , li@@ sa schwar@@ tz und steven w@@ olo@@ sh@@ in . +und das ist , was ich ihnen jetzt zeigen möchte . +wir dachten , ein patient würde den zusammenhang auch gerne verstehen . +aber wir nutzen sie nicht . die zahlen liegen nur so herum . +ich möchte ein gutes wort für die natur ein@@ legen , denn wir haben in den vergan@@ genen tagen nicht viel über sie gesprochen . +die hum@@ mel hat hier überhaupt nicht das sagen . +u@@ ff ... mini@@ -@@ me . +die andere anwendung hat prakti@@ schen wert . +er war@@ tet drei tage , und dann hol@@ ten wir sein sogenan@@ n@@ tes " ei@@ mo@@ bi@@ l " raus . +und die arten im boden machen sich ans werk , k@@ auen diese wurz@@ eln gut durch , zer@@ setzen sie - die regen@@ wür@@ mer , pil@@ ze , bakterien - und das resultat ist neuer boden . +und nun sage ich , dass ich eine schicht der spiele an der welt@@ spitze bauen will , doch das ist nicht ganz wahr , denn es ist bereits in der entwicklung ; es passiert schon . +und wenn sie damit glücklich sind , fantastisch . +also die erste ist -- die bedeuten@@ d@@ ste ter@@ m@@ in dynam@@ ik auf der welt -- ist etwas , genannt " happy hour " , +sie sollten punkte dafür kriegen , das ter@@ m@@ ing@@ er@@ echt zu tun . +wieso geht man von einer a zu einer f oder von b zu einer c ? +und wir haben eine fort@@ schritt@@ s@@ dynam@@ ik einge@@ führt , durch das besuchen der@@ selben plä@@ tze wieder und wieder , durch das absol@@ vi@@ eren von herausforderungen , durch die konta@@ kt@@ aufnahme mit geschä@@ ften , bewegen sie einen grünen bal@@ ken von der linken ecke des bild@@ schir@@ ms hin zur rechten ecke des bild@@ schir@@ ms und sie bekommen letztendlich belo@@ hn@@ ungen . +die nächste de@@ ka@@ de ist die de@@ ka@@ de der spiele . +man sieht also : hier sind wir in den vereinigten staaten und die punkte erscheinen rot . +wenn wir jetzt bitte zu den di@@ as wechseln könnten -- ok , da sind sie . +sie schalten google werbung und wir geben ihnen die wer@@ beein@@ nahmen , damit sie die organisationen davon in kenn@@ tnis setzen können . +man sieht , auch wenn die usa immer noch die mehr@@ heit aus@@ macht hier -- auch wenn sie übrigens , wenn man nach den su@@ chan@@ fragen geht , nur 30 prozent des verkehr@@ s aus@@ machen . aber es geht schon bis nach japan , und england und europa , und auch in all die rest@@ lichen länder . +ich denke , dass normalerweise wenn firmen grö@@ sser werden , sie es sehr schwierig finden , trotzdem noch kleine , innovative projekte anzu@@ gehen . +bei fro@@ og@@ le können sie nach ein@@ kauf@@ s@@ informationen suchen , und mit blog@@ ger können sie dinge veröffent@@ lichen . +aber die idee da@@ hinter ist , wie in einer zeitung zum beispiel , zeigen wir ent@@ sprech@@ ende an@@ zeigen . +also " rele@@ ated sear@@ ches " , hier . sie können es nicht so gut sehen , aber wir haben beschlossen , dass wir diese funktion in unsere ad@@ sense an@@ zeigen rein@@ tun und sie heisst " related sear@@ ches . " +dieses recht alte foto hier zeigt das erste projekt , an dem ich beru@@ f@@ lich je gearbeitet habe . vor etwa 25 jahren . +und das zu be@@ werk@@ st@@ elli@@ gen bedeu@@ tete , die fla@@ ch@@ sten stre@@ cken zu kreieren , die je ver@@ wirk@@ licht worden waren , was bedeu@@ tete , dass lange hoch@@ br@@ ücken über fl@@ us@@ stä@@ ler gebaut werden mussten - das hier ist die hoch@@ brücke über die them@@ se bei ma@@ iden@@ head - und lange tun@@ nel , wie den bei box in wil@@ ts@@ hi@@ re . +was macht technologie nützlich und anwen@@ d@@ bar ? +und anstatt die groß@@ an@@ gele@@ gten , von westlichen produ@@ z@@ enten benutz@@ ten maschinen zu instal@@ lieren , benutz@@ ten sie ko@@ st@@ eng@@ ün@@ stige c@@ ad / c@@ am origin@@ al@@ technologie . +heute haben die industri@@ ellen systeme der zeit br@@ un@@ els ausge@@ dient und sind in der tat teil des gegenwär@@ tigen problems geworden . +für mich zeigt dieses projekt , wie weit wir gehen können , ausge@@ h@@ end von diesen recht kleinen dingen , an denen ich zu beginn meiner karriere gearbeitet habe . +als antwort gab er mir eine noch hö@@ f@@ lich@@ ere version der selben erklärung . +menschen müssen für sich selbst entscheiden und auf eigene fau@@ st agieren , egal was andere menschen wollen oder raten . +die annahme , daß wir immer dann am besten sind wenn das individu@@ um selbst wä@@ hlt trifft nur dann zu wenn dieses individu@@ um klar von anderen abge@@ gren@@ zt ist . +natürlich wissen sie und ich , daß co@@ ca col@@ a die bessere wahl ist . +sie ist kein hin@@ weis auf freiheit sondern auf er@@ sti@@ ck@@ ung an un@@ bedeuten@@ den details +in frank@@ reich entschieden die ärzte ob und wann die lebenser@@ halten@@ den systeme ab@@ gesch@@ altet würden während in den usa die end@@ gü@@ l@@ tige entscheidung bei den eltern verb@@ lieb . +aber die geschi@@ chts@@ bücher und die tä@@ glichen nachrichten sagen uns , daß es nicht immer in dieser art funktioniert . +und so war ich einmal in einem schön@@ heits@@ sal@@ on und ich versuchte mich zwischen sehr lei@@ chten nu@@ an@@ cen von p@@ ink zu entscheiden . +she@@ en@@ a i@@ y@@ en@@ gar erforsch@@ t wie wir entscheidungen treffen - und was wir uns nach ge@@ tro@@ ff@@ en@@ er entscheidungen fühlen . bei ted@@ global spricht sie sowohl über tri@@ vi@@ ale entscheidungen als auch über tief@@ greif@@ ende und erzählt von ihren bahn@@ brech@@ enden forsch@@ ungen , die einige überrasch@@ ende verhaltens@@ weisen bei unseren entscheidungen entdecken . +das machte mich so fro@@ h , dass ich einfach mit dem roboter weiter@@ spielte . hier kann man also sehen , dass der roboter das steu@@ er vor@@ n hat . +ich habe also als pre@@ mi@@ ere auf der ted-@@ bühne prote@@ i nummer acht mit@@ gebracht . das ist nicht der letzte , aber man kann daran gut dinge demon@@ stri@@ eren . +das hier ist ein stol@@ zes pro@@ tei@@ -@@ mitg@@ lied aus korea , und auf der rechten seite sehen wir ein viel@@ ma@@ sten@@ design , das von einem team in mexiko vor@@ geschlagen wurde . +als sen@@ ior fellow c@@ es@@ ar har@@ ada von den katastrop@@ hal@@ en folgen der b@@ p-@@ öl@@ p@@ est im golf von mexiko im jahr 2010 hörte , sch@@ miss er seinen trau@@ m@@ job und zog nach new or@@ le@@ ans , um eine effizi@@ ent@@ ere methode zu entwickeln , das öl zu bin@@ den . er ent@@ war@@ f ein hö@@ chst man@@ ö@@ v@@ ri@@ er@@ fähi@@ ges , flexi@@ bles boot , das riesige flächen schnell säu@@ ber@@ n kann . aber anstatt daraus profit zu machen , entschied er sich für eine off@@ ene entwicklung . +ph : die beziehung zwischen der t@@ v-@@ industrie und den it@@ -@@ industrie hat sich cir@@ ca seit dem 3@@ 0@@ . geburt@@ stag bei@@ der ver@@ schle@@ chter@@ t . +ich meine , wie hat sich ein gerät , das für die buch@@ haltung und die arti@@ ll@@ er@@ ie gebaut wurde , in ein medium entwickelt ? +die atom@@ bom@@ be be@@ tritt die bühne . +und dann würden die 9@@ 2 kern@@ kraft@@ werke , die die energie berei@@ t@@ stellen würden , den rest von los angeles auf@@ füllen . +dann neh@@ mt ihr es und k@@ lebt es an den bildschirm e@@ ures fern@@ se@@ her@@ s , und rei@@ bt von innen nach außen darüber , genau so . +wenn sie das wort blo@@ go@@ sphäre oder das heu@@ tige internet ersetzen , dann ist es sehr richtig , dass seine auff@@ as@@ sung jetzt wohl sehr auf@@ schluss@@ reich ist . hören wir mal rein . +und in diesen g@@ är@@ prozess kommt der mikro@@ proz@@ ess@@ or . +diese methode erlaubt es , vorge@@ ferti@@ gte video@@ disc@@ -@@ materialien so zu nutzen , wie es am besten zu ihren spezi@@ fischen inter@@ essen und bedürf@@ nissen passt . +193@@ 9 stellte die r@@ und@@ funk@@ gesellschaft der usa das fernsehen vor . +es ist ein kunde , es ist ein publikum , es ist eine person , die sich beteili@@ gt . +stimme 2 : es ist vorbei mit der nachbar@@ schaft . +und so ist bei jeder an@@ kunft eines neuen medi@@ ums das alte medium der inhalt , und es ist sehr beob@@ acht@@ bar , sehr bemerkens@@ wert , aber das echte auf@@ mischen und mas@@ sieren wird von dem neuen medium getan , und es wird ignor@@ iert . +ich lief durch am@@ ster@@ dam@@ s straßen und mir wurde klar , dass das wichtige in am@@ ster@@ dam sich nicht in den desig@@ ner@@ -@@ lä@@ den ab@@ spielte , sondern draußen auf der straße , und vielleicht erklärt es sich von selbst , aber es ist eine stadt , die nicht vom moder@@ nis@@ mus über@@ ru@@ mp@@ elt worden ist , sondern sich ihre architektur und ihren charakter be@@ wahr@@ t hat , in der fahr@@ rä@@ der eine wichtige rolle dabei spielen , wie die leute sich fort@@ bewegen , und in der die rechte der fuß@@ gän@@ ger geschü@@ tzt werden . +es len@@ kt die aufmerksamkeit auf sich ; es ist sehr emotion@@ ell ; es er@@ wider@@ t den blick wie eine skulp@@ tur es manchmal tut . +die nieder@@ länder sind auch gut , aber die itali@@ en@@ er sind gut . +ich glaube , dass muster die fähigkeit haben , einige der bö@@ s@@ arti@@ gsten kräfte der gesellschaft auszu@@ radi@@ eren , wie z@@ . b. schlechte man@@ ieren im restaurant , aber im ernst , was man dadurch sieht , ist , wie die ag@@ gressi@@ vi@@ tät der industri@@ alisi@@ erten welt diese – gewis@@ ser@@ maßen – riesigen ma@@ ssen von dingen produziert hat – mon@@ o@@ kulturen , und ich glaube , dass die er@@ haltung der kultur@@ ellen vielfalt sehr wichtig für uns ist . +ro@@ b for@@ bes , grün@@ der von design within reach , zeigt eine gal@@ er@@ ie von sch@@ na@@ pp@@ schü@@ ssen , die seine art , die welt zu betrachten , illu@@ stri@@ eren . char@@ man@@ te gegen@@ über@@ stellungen , ge@@ fun@@ dene kunst , urban@@ e muster – diese präsentation wird ihnen die augen für die welt um sie herum öffnen . +also ba@@ st@@ elte ich mod@@ ell@@ flie@@ ger . +und in den fol@@ genden 25 jahren , lebte ich in it@@ alien , lebte in amerika , teil@@ te ich sor@@ g@@ sam teile dieser roman@@ tik an jeden aus , der dafür za@@ hlte . dieser sinn , dieses äs@@ the@@ tische gefühl , für das erleb@@ nis , das sich um ein desig@@ no@@ b@@ je@@ kt dreht . +und genauso arbeite ich jetzt . +er griff hin@@ ab . er zog einen he@@ bel . und der stuhl fuhr hin@@ unter . +würde jeder einmal seine hand unter dem hinter@@ teil plat@@ zieren und sein stei@@ ß@@ bein er@@ spüren . +ide@@ al@@ erweise gehört die kopf@@ stü@@ tze in den sch@@ äd@@ el@@ bereich , genau hier . +stellen sie sich vor , sie fahren in den ur@@ lau@@ b . +das ist zwei tage her . +offensichtlich muss das produkt , das wir wollen , har@@ m@@ los für menschen sein . +ein einzel@@ nes weib@@ chen kann bis zu 100 ei@@ er am stück legen , bis zu 500 in ihrem leben . +fra@@ cht@@ kosten sind also nicht unser größ@@ tes problem . +ich wa@@ chte in einem krankenhaus auf , auf der intensi@@ v@@ station wo ich mich von einer not@@ fal@@ lo@@ per@@ ation er@@ hol@@ te . +es ist also nicht so leicht zu antworten , wenn sie jemand fragt , " wo wo@@ hnen sie , wo arbeiten sie und wo verbringen sie ihre ganze zeit ? +ich kann mich nicht erinnern , dass mich jemals ein arzt gefragt hat : " wo haben sie bisher gewohn@@ t ? " +und alle diese schwarzen punkte sind orte , an denen gi@@ ft@@ g@@ ase frei@@ gesetzt werden , die von der ep@@ a über@@ wa@@ cht werden . +und ich finde , er lag richtig damit , vor fast einem jahrzehnt . +ich bin der or@@ an@@ gen@@ -@@ ka@@ is@@ er . ich bin der or@@ an@@ gen@@ -@@ ka@@ is@@ er . " +ich möchte mit einer frage beginnen : w@@ em ist das blau@@ al@@ gen@@ problem ein begriff ? +grundlage der zell@@ mem@@ bran@@ en ist phosp@@ h@@ or : phosp@@ ho@@ li@@ pi@@ de . +bestimmt denken sie jetzt : " was für eine verwen@@ dung . " +was sollen wir tun ? wir stehen vor einem dile@@ m@@ ma . +und mit der zeit hat sich der pil@@ z entwickelt und ange@@ passt , selbst die winzi@@ gste phosp@@ hor@@ sp@@ ur auf@@ zus@@ p@@ ür@@ en und einzu@@ setzen , sie der pflan@@ ze zugänglich zu machen . +my@@ kor@@ r@@ hi@@ za wurde nur in einem der felder eingesetzt . +beispiele wie christ@@ op@@ her wr@@ ens k@@ ings cross : sie sehen , dass die struk@@ tur@@ ellen kräfte des gew@@ öl@@ bes als linien ausge@@ drückt werden . man kann also den ausdruck der struk@@ tur@@ ellen kraft und form tatsächlich sehen . +nun , typ@@ is@@ cher@@ weise denken sie , dass alle gleich sind : die stü@@ hle , auf denen sie sitzen , haben alle die gleichen ma@@ ße . +und hier haben wir die 500 wohn@@ ungen in kleine nachbar@@ schaften auf@@ gebro@@ chen und diese nachbar@@ schaften differ@@ en@@ ziert . +auf diesem weg konnten wir ein paar hundert dollar für diese werkzeuge bezahlen , und hatten eine unglaubliche vielfalt an kompon@@ enten . +zum schluss möchte ich ihnen noch einige effe@@ kte durch digitale herstellung zeigen . +gehen wir auf unserer wel@@ trei@@ se weiter richtung sü@@ den , können wir zum bo@@ li@@ vi@@ anischen rand des ama@@ z@@ ons gehen , hier auch im jahr 197@@ 5 , und wenn sie sehr genau hin@@ sehen , da geht eine kleine weiße linie mit@@ ten@@ durch , wie ein gest@@ ein@@ s@@ ris@@ s , und da draußen ist ein ein@@ samer bau@@ er , in der mitte des ur@@ alten d@@ sch@@ un@@ gel@@ s . +t@@ ja , der color@@ a@@ do river an einem typ@@ ischen tag , wissen sie , keine flu@@ t , keine dür@@ ren ein ganz durchschnitt@@ licher tag , so sieht der fluss dann aus . +sagen wir es mal so . +und dennoch reden wir bis jetzt wenig darüber . +in den grünen bereichen , sind die er@@ träge von ma@@ is — einfach nur als beispiel — schon sehr hoch , wahrscheinlich die höch@@ sten , die man weltweit für dieses kli@@ ma und diesen boden findet . aber die bra@@ un@@ en bereiche zeigen regionen , die nur 20 oder 30 prozent dessen er@@ zielen , was sie er@@ bringen sollten . +wir müssen uns der anderen un@@ an@@ gene@@ hmen wahrheit stellen . eine globale krise der landwirtschaft . +und nichts , was wir tun ist wichtiger für unser überleben +ich hatte als antwort erwartet : » von hier , der la@@ g@@ une , oder irgendwo aus afrika . « , aber sie werden sich freu@@ en , sie sagte er kä@@ me von hier , aus der nord@@ see . +enor@@ m . aber das sollte eine fuß@@ note haben , die bes@@ agt , dass zwei drittel der arbeiter auf der welt davon aus@@ geschlossen sind . +die gehen an ed@@ dy in la@@ gos . +erstens müsste man verstehen , dass man dies als ko@@ oper@@ ative sehen könnte , eine idee des brasili@@ anischen rechts@@ wissenschaft@@ l@@ ers ro@@ ber@@ to ma@@ gab@@ ei@@ ra unger . +es gibt auch kinder die ohne arme geboren werden , genannt " angeb@@ or@@ en@@ es g@@ lie@@ d@@ maß@@ en@@ fehlen " . +es sind verschiedene auf dem markt , hier sehen sie ein paar . +stellen sie sich vor , jemand hat seinen ganzen arm verloren , wir haben noch vier große ner@@ ven die den arm entlang gehen . +ich for@@ dere jeden im raum auf seine br@@ ust so zu bewegen . +sie sehen ihn mit dem origin@@ al@@ gerät auf der linken seite nach 8 monaten ge@@ brauch . auf der rechten seite zwei monate . +ich konnte sie allein durch gedanken verwenden . +ak : nun ich habe den ell@@ en@@ bogen der hoch und runter geht . +hier benutzt am@@ anda einen arm der de@@ ka@@ -@@ forschungs@@ gruppe . +aber schauen sie sich all die elektro@@ den dru@@ m@@ herum an . +to@@ d@@ d ku@@ i@@ ken : eine arm@@ pro@@ these die fühlt +forschung ist in afrika auch viel lei@@ chter durch@@ zu@@ führen aufgrund der weit verbrei@@ teten armut , en@@ de@@ mi@@ en und man@@ gel@@ ha@@ ften gesundheits@@ wes@@ ens . +öffentliche verantwortung muss durch transpar@@ enz und unabhängi@@ ge prü@@ f@@ ungen ge@@ ge@@ ben@@ en@@ falls durch n@@ gos und internationale organisationen ge@@ förder@@ t werden . +heute gibt es dort um die tausend l@@ k@@ ws , bus@@ se und p@@ k@@ ws . +und , was noch wichtiger ist , sie sind gut ge@@ klei@@ det . +an den blauen und grünen stellen ist das wasser sehr k@@ alt . +wir arbeiten also an diesem pingu@@ in-@@ projekt , die wild@@ life conser@@ vation society hat mir geld gegeben , genauso wie viele einzel@@ personen in den letzten 27 jahren , sodass wir in der lage sind , diese karten zu produzieren . +weil wir das problem zwar in der pro@@ vin@@ z ch@@ u@@ but gelöst haben , eine art bun@@ des@@ staat von ar@@ gent@@ ini@@ en , in dem pun@@ ta tom@@ bo liegt – das sind etwa 1.000 km küste – aber wir haben das problem nicht in nor@@ dar@@ gent@@ ini@@ en , ur@@ u@@ gu@@ ay und brasili@@ en gelöst . +tur@@ bo ist nie gefü@@ tter@@ t worden . +hier ist ein weib@@ chen , das es ei@@ lig hat . +für sie spielen nationen , länder , grenzen noch eine große rolle , o@@ ft@@ mals eine gewal@@ tt@@ ä@@ tige . +wie sie auf dieser karte sehen können , ist rus@@ s@@ land immer noch das größte land der erde . +sie richten ihre eigenen märkte und kranken@@ häuser ein . +ganz besonders fo@@ kus@@ siert es sich auf japan , korea und australien , länder , die en@@ ge verb@@ ün@@ dete der usa sind . +wie können wir also anfangen , über die grenzen in dieser gegend der welt anders zu denken ? +was würde es ? ich glaube , dass infrastruktur das problem lösen könnte . +und ich kann ihnen versi@@ chern , es ist ihnen ebenso wichtig wie es kol@@ oni@@ alisten und im@@ peri@@ alisten wichtig gewesen wäre . +im jahr 2005 , tr@@ aten 15 neue länder der e@@ u bei +die post-@@ kol@@ oni@@ ale entrop@@ ie die rund um den glo@@ bus vor sich geht , beschle@@ uni@@ gt sich und ich erwar@@ te mehr solcher veränderungen auf der karte sobald staaten aus@@ einander@@ fallen . +viele menschen meinen , dass die grenzen heute keine rolle mehr spielen . para@@ g k@@ han@@ na sagt , dass sie es doch tun . mit karten von heute und damals erklärt k@@ han@@ na die haup@@ tur@@ sachen der welt@@ weiten gren@@ z@@ konfli@@ kte und bietet für jeden einzelnen eine einfache und doch intelligen@@ te lösung an . +und als nächstes se@@ ht ihr den lang@@ le@@ bi@@ gen mu@@ tan@@ ten , wenn er noch j@@ ung ist . +so ist es . und du wür@@ dest es nie wissen . +nun habt ihr sich alle zumindest von insu@@ lin gehört . +es ist also wirklich interessant , und es er@@ gibt einen gewissen sinn , da sie noch immer j@@ ung sind , also warum würden sie krankheiten bekommen , bevor sie alt würden ? +so funktioniert es . das ist der grund , warum wir keine lange lebens@@ span@@ ne sehen , bis wir einen da@@ f-@@ 2 mu@@ tan@@ ten haben . +und das ist der fall auf der ganzen welt , wie man an den ster@@ nen erkennen kann . +obwohl du nach einem medikament su@@ chst , dass das al@@ tern verhindern kann , in alten männern wie mir , was du nun ziemlich gut im labor@@ at@@ ori@@ um machen kön@@ n@@ test , wenn du eth@@ isch dazu be@@ fu@@ gt wär@@ st , ist es , menschliches leben von grund auf zu kreieren mit modi@@ fi@@ zierten genen , welche es dazu be@@ fähi@@ gen würde , viel länger zu leben ? +wenn man vögel an@@ schaut , welche eine lange zeit leben können , zellen von den vö@@ geln ten@@ dieren resi@@ st@@ enter gegenüber umwelt@@ beding@@ tem stress zu sein , wie hö@@ h@@ eren temper@@ aturen oder hydro@@ gen per@@ ox@@ id , solchen dingen . +wie sie sehen , ist es unmöglich zu lesen . +hier ist ein weiter@@ er guter artikel über eine neue kampagne gegen die pri@@ va@@ ti@@ si@@ erung von durch@@ fahr@@ ts@@ straßen ohne irgend@@ eine konta@@ kt@@ information zur kampagne . +das führt und zum letzten punkt , nämlich zu unseren wa@@ hlen . +ich sehe schon , da kommt noch viel arbeit auf mich zu . +um unsere un@@ wissen@@ heit zu über@@ winden , was die rolle der ger@@ hirn@@ chemie betrifft , ist es hil@@ frei@@ ch – wie wir bi@@ ologen sagen – mit " vor@@ führ@@ mod@@ ellen " zu arbeiten , tiere wie fru@@ cht@@ fliegen und labor@@ mä@@ use , an denen wir leistungs@@ fähi@@ ge gene@@ tische techni@@ ken au@@ spro@@ bieren können , um molekul@@ ar@@ isch in der lage zu sein , spezi@@ fische neur@@ on@@ en@@ arten genau zu identi@@ fizieren , wie ihr heute morgen schon bei dem vortrag von all@@ an j@@ ones gehört habt . +wer@@ tigkeit bedeutet , gut oder schlecht , posi@@ tiv oder nega@@ tiv . +man kann eine flie@@ ge tra@@ inieren , einen geru@@ ch nicht anzu@@ fliegen , wie ihr hier in blau se@@ ht , wenn ihr diesen geru@@ ch mit einem scho@@ ck verbindet . +moderne psychop@@ har@@ ma@@ ka behandeln die chemie des gesamten gehirns , aber neuro@@ bi@@ ologe david ander@@ son glaubt an eine differ@@ en@@ zier@@ tere vorstellung davon , wie das gehirn funktioniert . er bele@@ u@@ chtet neue forsch@@ ung@@ ser@@ geb@@ nisse , die zu einer ge@@ zi@@ elten psychiat@@ r@@ ischen medikam@@ enti@@ erung führen könnte – , die besser funktionieren und neben@@ wirkungen vermeiden . wie macht er das ? für den anfang macht er eine reihe von fru@@ cht@@ fliegen wü@@ tend . +also machten wir ein experiment , dafür setzten wir einen n@@ ac@@ kten freiwilli@@ gen in einen großen kä@@ fi@@ g und in diesen kä@@ fi@@ g gaben wir mü@@ cken , um zu sehen , welche körper@@ stellen sie bei der person ste@@ chen . +das problem dabei ist , dass in der gesamten landschaft diese wasser@@ lachen mit den lar@@ ven , überall verteilt sind , was es für einen kontro@@ l@@ le@@ ur sehr schwierig macht , all die bru@@ t@@ stä@@ tten zu finden und mit inse@@ kti@@ zi@@ den zu behandeln . +los geht ' s . +aber nicht alle patienten auf der war@@ te@@ liste für spen@@ der@@ organ@@ e haben so viel glück . +und in meinen gedanken re@@ alisi@@ erte ich als chirur@@ g@@ ische pi@@ oni@@ erin , dass der zweck meiner einflus@@ s@@ reichen position sicher war , meine stimme zu er@@ heben für die , die keinen einfluss haben . +und stellen sie sich vor , forscher auf der ganzen welt und in den labor@@ at@@ orien sind ras@@ end dabei alter@@ nde erwachsene stammzellen umzu@@ wand@@ eln – alter@@ nde erwachsene stammzellen von ihnen und mir – sie sind ras@@ end dabei diese zellen umzu@@ program@@ mieren zurück in nütz@@ lich@@ ere i@@ ps zellen . +stammzellen können genutzt werden um wachst@@ um@@ s@@ faktoren zu über@@ mitteln für die repar@@ atur eines besch@@ ä@@ di@@ gten herz@@ mus@@ k@@ els oder um differ@@ en@@ ziert zu werden zu herz@@ mus@@ kel@@ zellen um die herz@@ funktion wieder herzustellen . +und hier sind die ergebnisse dieses wunder@@ vollen proje@@ ktes es ist " das system " in ven@@ e@@ zu@@ ela . +was geschieht also , wenn so was nicht passiert ? +aber hier sehen sie , was wirklich los ist . +ja . +und zum wo@@ hle ihrer beziehung möchte ich sie ermu@@ tigen , mir das nachzu@@ machen . +aber wir wissen nicht wo , da wir nicht wissen , wie wir das muster lesen sollen . +erstens ist es eindeu@@ tig eine un@@ blu@@ tige , dra@@ ht@@ lose form der kommunikation . +sie kennen diese zellen , denn es sind diejenigen , die sie fru@@ stri@@ eren , wenn sie versuchen eine flie@@ ge tot@@ zu@@ schlagen . +immer dann , wenn eine flie@@ ge die mitte der kam@@ mer erreicht , dort wo die beiden gerü@@ che sich treffen , muss sie eine entscheidung treffen . +immer wenn sie zum mittel@@ punkt kommt , bleibt sie stehen , untersucht sor@@ g@@ fäl@@ tig die schnitt@@ stelle der gerü@@ che , als ob sie die umgebung aus@@ schn@@ ü@@ ff@@ eln würde , und dann dreht sie um . +der andere teil der guten nachrichten , zumindest für den wissenschaftler , ist , dass noch viel@@ es ver@@ bleibt , um entdeckt zu werden . +es ver@@ lässt sich auch auf passi@@ ve patienten , die dinge einfach hin@@ nehmen und keine fragen stellen . +thomas ba@@ ti@@ u@@ k : hallo , eric ! +die ersten beiden haben sie gerade in meinem gespräch mit dr. ba@@ ti@@ u@@ k gesehen . +später im studi@@ um bekam ich angst vor herz@@ besch@@ werden , als ich wegen der ni@@ ere in behandlung war . plötzlich sagen sie : " oh , wir glauben , sie haben ein herz@@ problem . " +diese popu@@ la@@ tions@@ studien haben ton@@ nen@@ weise wunder@@ mittel hervor@@ gebracht , die millionen menschen@@ leben ger@@ et@@ tet haben . das problem ist aber , dass uns das gesundheitswesen als durch@@ schnitt behandelt , nicht als einzigarti@@ ge individuen . letzten endes ist aber der patient nicht dasselbe wie die population , die untersucht wird . das führt zum rät@@ sel@@ raten . +" danke " klingt so abge@@ dro@@ schen , aber ich danke ihnen von gan@@ z@@ em herzen , dass sie mir das leben ger@@ et@@ tet haben . +hier sehen sie k@@ ell@@ ar au@@ tu@@ m@@ n , meinen ehe@@ mali@@ gen dok@@ tor@@ an@@ den , der jetzt professor am le@@ wi@@ s & amp ; c@@ lar@@ k college ist , wie er sp@@ rich@@ wör@@ tlich seinen erst@@ geb@@ or@@ enen her@@ gibt , um diesen test machen zu können . +oh . eine weitere sache , auf die ich hin@@ weisen wollte . sehen sie sich sti@@ ck@@ y@@ bot an . +und als ich mich daran machte , dies zu erforschen , wurde mir klar , dass wir bei einem der großartigen ted-@@ vor@@ träge der vergangenheit , von na@@ than , über einen ak@@ tiven schwan@@ z gesprochen haben . +für diejenigen von ihnen , die sich an den physi@@ k@@ unterricht erinnern : das ist eine dre@@ hung bei einem an@@ fan@@ gs@@ dre@@ hi@@ mp@@ ul@@ s von null . aber das ist wie bei kat@@ zen . +man kann also so man@@ ö@@ v@@ ri@@ eren . +aber wenn es di@@ chter an den baum heran@@ kommt , achten sie auf die nah@@ aufnahme und versuchen sie zu erkennen , wie es lan@@ det . +also werde ich ihm am ende ein wenig zeit wid@@ men . +das problem ist , dass es sehr kompli@@ zierte kräfte im klima@@ system gibt . +das war - das ist sü@@ dlich des sü@@ dlichen po@@ lar@@ kreis . +die plan@@ ung des proje@@ kts be@@ an@@ spru@@ chte ca. 10 jahre . +wir haben die temperatur im letzten jahrhundert um genau diesen betra@@ g erhö@@ ht . +und wuchs 600 jahre lang . +die kor@@ allen reichen hunderte bis tausende jahre zurück . +als letztes werde ich noch kurz über die ver@@ sau@@ erung der me@@ ere sprechen . +das bedeutet , dass all die organismen , die in den me@@ eren leben , sich bei kon@@ stan@@ ten niedri@@ g@@ eren co@@ 2-@@ werten als heute das ist der grund , warum sie sich an die schn@@ elle ver@@ sau@@ erung die im moment statt@@ findet nicht an@@ passen können . +die idee geht in etwa so : stellen sie sich vor , der raum ist der trä@@ ger für alles was da ist . +er sagte : wenn ich eine weitere kraft beschreiben will , brauche ich vielleicht eine weitere dimension . +jemand von ihnen wird das mal ändern aber alles nicht fla@@ che auf dem schirm ist eine neue dimension es wird kleiner , kleiner , kleiner bis zu den mikrosk@@ op@@ ischen tie@@ fen des rau@@ mes selbst . die idee ist : man könnte weitere auf@@ ger@@ oll@@ te dimensionen haben hier ist ein kleiner um@@ ris@@ s eines krei@@ ses - so klein , dass wir sie nicht sehen . +dieses " andere " ist dieses tanz@@ ende energi@@ e-@@ fil@@ am@@ ent . +diese frage lautet : wenn wir uns die welt ansehen , wie es die forscher in den letzten 100 jahren getan haben , scheint es 20 zahlen zu geben , die unser universum fundamental beschreiben . +und wenn sie sehen , wie diese kleinen ker@@ l@@ chen herum vi@@ bri@@ eren , - sie werden gleich hier sein - sehen sie , wie die art ihrer schw@@ ing@@ ung abhän@@ gt von der geome@@ trie der extra@@ -@@ dimensionen . +und jetzt kommt die str@@ ing@@ theorie daher und sagt : ja , gravi@@ tation , qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik , elektro@@ magne@@ tis@@ mus passen alle zusammen in ein pa@@ ket , aber nur , wenn das universum mehr dimensionen hat , als die , die wir sehen , +worüber ich sprechen will ist nicht , dass zusammenhang alles ist , sondern warum zusammenhang alles ist . +die links kommt von einer or@@ an@@ genen fläche , unter dire@@ k@@ tem licht , nach rechts ge@@ dreht , durch ein bl@@ äu@@ liches medium betrachtet . +wenn sie also bitte das licht hier hin richten könnten . +aber ich werde nichts an diesen bo@@ x@@ en verändern , außer ihrer bedeutung . +bewegen sie ihre augen , blin@@ z@@ eln sie , schließen sie vielleicht ein auge . +sie landen auf der blu@@ me , stecken ihre zun@@ ge hinein , auch r@@ üs@@ sel genannt , und dann trinken sie das zu@@ cker@@ wasser . +und sie sehen : hier ist eine schwa@@ che linie , die durch das bild hin@@ durch@@ geht . +was ich jetzt machen möchte : ich se@@ tze die mittleren neun flächen unter gel@@ be bele@@ u@@ chtung , einfach , indem ich einen filter hinter sie lege . +wenn wir sicherheit aus wirtschaft@@ licher sicht betrachten ist es ein kom@@ promis@@ s . +ich denke , dass ist eine grundle@@ gend interessante frage . +sie können sich also vorstellen , wie das funktioniert . +es gibt kein richti@@ ges wort für die dinge , die uns sicherheit geben , aber uns nicht sicherheit fühlen lassen . +ich habe gefühl und realität +ich bin in new york city geboren . +intui@@ tiv ist nur ein anderes wort für vertraut . +ein beispiel , ein toll@@ es beispiel , ist die gefahr des rau@@ ch@@ ens . +starke gefühle können ein modell schaffen . +ich meine richtig schwer , information scheint unsere beste hoffnung zu sein . +ich sagte : " das ist irgendwie klasse . +schaff@@ ten es nicht . konnten nicht warten . +und lassen sie mich ihnen zeigen was passierte . +jo@@ ach@@ im de pos@@ ag@@ a sagt , esse das mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low nicht +das war nach dem 1@@ 1. september , die stadt machte har@@ te zeiten durch . +wir haben in@@ des mit dem bau von ab@@ schnitt zwei begonnen . +ich zeige ihnen hier eine folie , die ich zeige ihnen hier eine folie , die das konfli@@ kt@@ wesen von 194@@ 6 +mein land ver@@ lässt sich auf seine sicherheit durch militär@@ ische b@@ ün@@ dn@@ is@@ se . ganz klar . +was ich meine , ist , man muss nicht neu@@ tra@@ l sein , um zu reden . +das ist , meines er@@ ach@@ tens , falsch . +was können wir also daraus lernen ? +das müssen wir unbedingt be@@ greifen , da wegen technologie und glob@@ alisierung die gesellschaft von der basis auf funktioniert . +ich sagte , " nein , es ist – es ist pingu@@ in@@ schei@@ ße . " +und vor kurzem war ich auf der o@@ ster@@ insel , die ein unglaublich schö@@ ner und geheim@@ nis@@ voller ort ist , denn egal , wo sie auf der o@@ ster@@ insel hin@@ gehen , treffen sie auf diese stat@@ u@@ en , mo@@ ai genannt . +wie lange haben sie in welcher position ge@@ standen ? +so , dieses gerät ist eine op@@ tische tar@@ n@@ ka@@ ppe . +lebens@@ mittel werden mit einer schle@@ u@@ der@@ kraft be@@ arbeitet , die etwa 50@@ .@@ 00@@ 0-@@ mal stärker ist als die normale er@@ dan@@ zieh@@ ungskraft , und , meine gü@@ te , wie sie die hü@@ hn@@ er@@ brü@@ he klär@@ t ! +ich meine , können sie sich das vorstellen ? e@@ .@@ t@@ . telefon@@ iert nach hause und ich bin nicht da ? das wäre schrecklich ! +nun , so sieht ein ty@@ ran@@ no@@ sau@@ rus re@@ x in meinem wohn@@ zimmer aus . +also , es gibt mehr und mehr aktivität neben dem boot , und plötzlich ru@@ ft jemand , " was ist das da im wasser ? " +nachdem ich das erklärt habe , wird etwas darauf bas@@ ieren das , wie ich glaube , eine andere idee sein wird darüber , wie wir die krebs@@ behandlung in ang@@ riff nehmen können +was sie also sagen können , ist , dass sie den unterschied zwischen einer asi@@ a@@ tischen person und einer europä@@ ischen person erkennen können , indem sie auf ihre in@@ hal@@ ts@@ stoffe schauen . +aber manchmal können sie viel mehr nütz@@ liche dinge damit lernen . +ich meine , ich sehe täglich patienten sterben weil wir nicht wissen , was in ihnen vor sich geht . +das ist also die han@@ schrift , in der wir versuchen muster zu erkennen . +das problem ist , dass es bei krebs nichts zusätz@@ liches gibt dass in ihnen ist . +ihr haus ist also ständig mit le@@ cks beschäftigt . aber es repar@@ iert sie . es tro@@ ck@@ net sie aus und so weiter . +ich danke ihnen viel@@ mals . +am 4@@ . febru@@ ar veröffent@@ lich@@ ten wir es auf unserer webseite . vor@@ m " super tu@@ es@@ day " . +stufe eins ist eine gruppe , in der menschen syste@@ matisch die verbindungen von funktion@@ ier@@ enden stä@@ mmen ka@@ ppen , und sich dann zusammen@@ finden mit gleich@@ ges@@ inn@@ ten menschen . +wenn sie so spr@@ ä@@ chen , stellen sie sich vor , was sie zu@@ stan@@ de br@@ ä@@ chten . +hier ist die größte herausforderung für innovation . +es gibt noch eine weitere stufe . +wir sind toll ! wer ist nicht toll ? england ! " +einer der menschen , die wir intervie@@ w@@ t haben , war frank j@@ or@@ den , der ehe@@ mali@@ ge bürger@@ meister von san fr@@ ans@@ is@@ co . vorher war er der poli@@ zei@@ che@@ f in san fr@@ ans@@ is@@ co . +so ziemlich alle anderen , die um@@ fragen machen . +ich werde ein paar com@@ ic@@ -@@ stri@@ ps vor@@ lesen . +daher lassen sie das licht überall im haus an . +erst im 14@@ . jahrhundert erkannte ein itali@@ en@@ ischer mal@@ er den scho@@ ß als g@@ rie@@ ch@@ ischen tem@@ pel , ge@@ pol@@ stert mit fleisch und stoff . +apri@@ ko@@ sen@@ häl@@ ften wie o@@ hren der cher@@ u@@ b@@ im . +und es ist zu zer@@ e@@ bra@@ l , um mut und herzen zu ani@@ mieren und verhalten , wen@@ ns hart auf hart kommt . +und in diesem licht betrachtet , für religiö@@ se menschen , bringt mitgefühl uns auch in den bereich des myster@@ i@@ ums -- es er@@ m@@ unter@@ t uns zu sehen , nicht nur schönheit , sondern vielleicht auch nach got@@ tes ant@@ li@@ tz zu schauen im moment des leiden@@ s , im gesicht eines frem@@ den , im gesicht eines strahl@@ enden religiö@@ s ander@@ s@@ den@@ ken@@ den . +je@@ an v@@ ani@@ er sagt , dass seine arbeit , wie die arbeit anderer menschen -- seiner großartigen , ge@@ lieb@@ ten , ver@@ stor@@ benen freundin mutter ter@@ es@@ a -- nie vor@@ ran@@ gi@@ g dazu da ist , um die welt zu verändern ; sie ist vor@@ ran@@ gi@@ g dazu da , um uns selbst zu verändern . +aber er beobach@@ tete , wie physiker und chemi@@ ker liefer@@ anten von massen@@ ver@@ nicht@@ ungs@@ waffen wurden , zu beginn des 20. jahrhunderts . +ra@@ ch@@ el na@@ om@@ i re@@ men ist eine bessere är@@ z@@ tin , wegen ihres lebens@@ langen kam@@ pf@@ es mit der cro@@ hn@@ -@@ krankheit . +aber ich san@@ g das mot@@ to . ich san@@ g es mit allen anderen . +sie unterschei@@ det sich von schü@@ ch@@ tern@@ heit . +es stellt sich heraus , dass dem eine eigene kraft in@@ ne@@ wohn@@ t , denn die leute spüren , dass diese an@@ führer am steu@@ er waren , nicht weil sie gerne andere leiten , und nicht weil sie es genie@@ ßen , gesehen zu werden , sie waren da , weil sie keine andere wahl hatten , weil sie dazu ge@@ trieben waren , das zu tun , was sie für richtig hielten . +das ist nicht überrasch@@ end , wenn man sich die erkenn@@ tnisse zeit@@ gen@@ ö@@ ss@@ ischer psych@@ ologie an@@ schaut . +und in ihnen sind die vor@@ bilder ganz großartige verk@@ äu@@ fer . +und selbst wenn er nicht auf dem po@@ dium stand , wenn man ihm nur kurz hallo sagen wollte , be@@ en@@ dete er oft das gespräch vor@@ zeitig , aus sorge , dass er der anderen person zeit weg@@ nahm . +dies ist auch für ex@@ tro@@ verti@@ erte kinder besonders wichtig . +und danach komme ich zurück zum anfang und erzähle ihnen ein wenig mehr - hoffentlich über@@ zeuge ich sie - darüber , dass ich glaube , dass es in der heutigen welt wirklich sehr wichtig für führ@@ ungsk@@ r@@ äf@@ te ist , nicht nur eine idee davon zu haben , was für ihre firma wichtig ist , sondern auch eine leidenschaft für etwas zu haben , das bedeu@@ tsam ist . +eine unserer leiden@@ schaften in unserer firma ist es also , und jetzt eine meiner persönlichen leiden@@ schaften , im stan@@ de zu sein , richtig hart daran zu arbeiten , technologien nützlich , errei@@ ch@@ bar und er@@ schw@@ ing@@ lich zu machen . +in der tat glauben wir , dass es mach@@ bar ist , 100 prozent zu erreichen , sogar vor 20@@ 15 . in anderen teilen der schw@@ ell@@ en@@ länder , wie zum beispiel indien und china , gab es gute fort@@ schritte - die stab@@ il waren , gut waren . aber in nicht so entwickelten gegen@@ den , wie afrika , lat@@ ein@@ amerika und anderen regionen dieser welt , war die entwicklung eher langsam . ich habe erst vor kurzem südafri@@ ka besu@@ cht . +was ich damit meine , ist , dass in einigen teilen der welt die regierung eine schlüssel@@ rolle spielt bei der entwicklung von technologien . +ein beispiel davon ist das projekt " one laptop per child " . +und du musst ein besser@@ er ehe@@ mann sein als ich , weil du so fort@@ schritte mach@@ st . " und langsam begann das , was er sagte , sinn zu machen . +ich kenne viele leute , die sehr schla@@ u sind und trotzdem sagen : " warum kann ich meine problem nicht lösen ? " +ich grün@@ dete sie 19@@ 80 zusammen mit einer anderen familie . +und ich fragte . " glauben sie nicht , dass der mensch die verantwortung hat , die welt für die nächste generation ein bisschen besser zu machen ? +ich besit@@ ze immer noch kein gä@@ ste@@ haus . +es geht nur darum , immer mehr zu haben . +wenn man dieses ge@@ bet li@@ est , dann hört sich das unglaublich selbst@@ sü@@ chti@@ g und e@@ go@@ zentr@@ isch an . +denn sie leben 13 meilen weiter oben in s@@ ant@@ a ana . +aber er voll@@ bringt keine wunder , nur um anzu@@ geben . +letztes jahr wurde ich zu einem spiel der n@@ ba all@@ -@@ stars ein@@ geladen . +wenn sie dazu bestimmt sind , geschäf@@ te zu machen , dann machen sie geschäf@@ te . +und ich sage nicht , dass sie die schule in der dritten oder vi@@ erten klasse verlassen -- sie gehen nie dort hin . +seine mutter hatte die grund@@ schule nicht besu@@ cht . +und irgendwo in der mitte von south da@@ k@@ ota wen@@ de ich mich zu meiner freundin und stelle ihr eine frage , die mich schon 2@@ .000 meilen lang beschäftigt hat . +und schließlich möchte ich sie überzeugen , dass es möglich ist dieses gefühl hinter sich zu lassen , und dass dies , wenn sie es können , der größte moralische , intellektu@@ elle und kre@@ ative spr@@ ung ist , den sie machen können . +aber es gibt noch einen zweiten grund , warum wir in diesem gefühl ge@@ fangen sind – und dieser ist kultur@@ ell . +nun , die falsche seite ihres körpers ist verbunden , weil der chirur@@ g eine große operation an ihrem linken , anstatt an ihrem rechten bein durchgeführt hat . +das wunder ihres gei@@ sts ist nicht , dass sie die welt sehen können , wie sie ist . +wenn es um unsere geschichten geht , lieben wir es , uns zu ir@@ ren . +und für mich heißt das , wenn sie wirklich die ver@@ wunder@@ ung wieder@@ entdecken wollen , müssen sie her@@ au@@ stre@@ ten aus ihrem kleinen , in angst er@@ star@@ r@@ ten raum der richti@@ gkeit und sich gegensei@@ tig anschauen und in die weite und komplexität und in das rätsel des universums hin@@ aus@@ bli@@ cken und in der lage sein , zu sagen , " wow , ich habe keine ahnung . +eine der ir@@ on@@ ien dieser zeit ist , dass wir über ein system disku@@ tieren , dass wir nicht verstehen . wir wissen nicht einmal was öl ist . wir wissen nicht wo öl her@@ kommt . ich meine , in der tat ist es immer noch eine quelle für debat@@ ten , was dieser schwarze strom aus materie ist und woher er kommt . die beste erklärung und eine der besten vermu@@ tungen zu diesem thema ist , dass diese materie aus dieser materie entsteht . dass diese pflanzen sonnen@@ licht absor@@ bieren , unter druck für jahr@@ millionen ver@@ ro@@ tten und das ergebnis sind diese schwarzen flüs@@ se . +was das ist ? das ist die erste transplan@@ tation n@@ ack@@ ter dn@@ s , bei der man das dn@@ s be@@ trie@@ bs@@ system aus einer zelle nimmt und in eine andere zelle ein@@ bet@@ tet und die zelle an@@ schließ@@ end als neue art hoch@@ star@@ tet . das war vor einem monat . sie werden im nächsten monat sachen sehen , die genau so wichtig sein werden wie dieses zeug . +ich habe das hotel ge@@ kauft drei monate nachdem vi@@ vi@@ an dort an@@ fing zu arbeiten , +aber aufgrund meiner verwir@@ r@@ ten gei@@ st@@ es@@ ver@@ fassung lan@@ dete ich relativ schnell bei den selb@@ sth@@ il@@ fe@@ -@@ büchern . +sie waren sich dem im@@ materi@@ ellen am ob@@ eren ende der pyrami@@ de nicht einmal bewusst . +als ich also zeit mit führ@@ ungsk@@ rä@@ ften in der big@@ -@@ bewegung verbrachte , begann ich erst richtig zu verstehen , wor@@ um es ihnen ging . +wenn man es im wör@@ ter@@ buch nach@@ schlägt , wird " ja@@ gen " tatsächlich häufig als " einen fein@@ d verfolgen " defin@@ iert . +und wir stellen 10 einfache fragen -- das ist die einfach@@ heit . +was wir als führ@@ ungsk@@ r@@ äf@@ te wirklich lernen müssen , ist dass wir die qu@@ al@@ ti@@ tät der produktion beeinflussen können , indem wir die richtigen bedingungen schaffen , damit unsere ange@@ stellten ihre beru@@ fung leben können . +b@@ l : in ordnung . eins , zwei , drei . +unter de@@ ck sagt euch das innen@@ o@@ hr , ihr bewegt euch . aber die augen bewegen sich im ein@@ klang mit dem boot , und sagen : " ich stehe still . " +ab hier möchte ich die bühne mit jemand ganz besonder@@ em teilen . +b@@ l : " kannst du mir helfen , henry ? " welcher gute wissenschaftler sagt das ? +also b@@ aten wir lar@@ ry und nat@@ al@@ ie he@@ m@@ pel , eine er@@ läu@@ ter@@ ung für wissenschaftler über die aufge@@ stellten ergebnisse zu ver@@ fassen . diese rei@@ chten wir mit@@ sam@@ t der emp@@ fehl@@ ungen bei " biology letters " ein . +b@@ l : das ist der in@@ begriff von technik . in ordnung . +das ist furcht@@ bar , das ganze öl im wasser . +und fühlen uns gut dabei . +bi@@ om@@ i@@ mi@@ kr@@ y , eine auf@@ kommen@@ de wissenschaft , hat sich als wert@@ volle idee von sozi@@ aler gerechtigkeit ent@@ pu@@ ppt . +kalifornien hat eine der höch@@ sten raten an ver@@ teil@@ ten gefäng@@ nis@@ stra@@ fen unter allen 50 bun@@ des@@ staaten . +das war eine an@@ str@@ en@@ gende und furcht@@ einfl@@ ö@@ ß@@ ende sache für ein jung@@ es kind . +auf dem high@@ way ist es schon schli@@ mm genug , wie wird das erst dort oben ? " +es wird keinen pil@@ oten geben -- und ich weiß , den pil@@ oten hier im publikum wird das nicht gefallen -- das hat mir schon viel kri@@ tik von denen ein@@ gebracht , die da oben selbst ru@@ m@@ fliegen wollen . +wunder@@ barer motor . +23 % sagen " ja , so bald wie möglich . " +kab@@ el sind " besch@@ issen " -- wirklich . +was dr. sol@@ jac@@ ic heraus@@ fand , war , wie man zwischen diesen sp@@ ul@@ en in einem transforma@@ tor eine größere di@@ stan@@ z als die größe der transforma@@ toren selbst ermöglichen kann und all dies mit hilfe dieser technologie , die einem op@@ ern@@ s@@ än@@ ger , der ein glass am anderen ende eines z@@ imm@@ ers zer@@ springen lässt , nicht un@@ ähnlich ist . +und dann schließlich auch elektro@@ fahr@@ zeuge . +stellen sie sich vor , sie kaufen sich eins von diesen d@@ ing@@ ern und wollen ihn an die wand hängen . +und no@@ ki@@ a haben wir ebenfalls . +was passiert also mit all diesen gi@@ ft@@ stoffen , wenn wir sterben ? +wir wollen sie essen , nicht von ihr ge@@ gessen werden . +ich danke ihnen . +wir rei@@ sten meinem beru@@ f hinter@@ her und es schien nichts zu geben , was wir nicht tun konnten . +sie sind ex@@ o@@ tisch . sie sind experiment@@ ell . +was nehmen wir von dieser erfahrung mit ? +es ist alles so eindeu@@ tig , aber sie ver@@ drän@@ gen es . " +das ho@@ spi@@ z war für menschen , die im sterben lagen , aber ter@@ ence war noch nicht so weit . +sie ist teil unserer menschlichen dna und vielleicht ist es zeit , dass unser gesundheits@@ system – ärzte , patienten , ver@@ sicher@@ ungs@@ gesellschaften , wir – an@@ fängt , auf die kraft dieser hoffnung zu zählen . +nun , wir sammeln daten : aufgenommen von satelli@@ ten , von flug@@ zeugen , von fahr@@ zeugen , von menschen . +dieser prozess ist ein sehr berech@@ en@@ barer prozess +mir@@ co@@ so@@ f@@ ts ste@@ phen law@@ ler bietet uns mit einer kurzen r@@ und@@ reise durch virtual earth , bei der er sich mit erstaun@@ licher geschwindigkeit auf , ab und durch dessen hyper@@ re@@ ale stad@@ t@@ land@@ schaften bewegt , ein be@@ acht@@ liches mei@@ ster@@ werk , das zur fo@@ kus@@ si@@ erung erstaunliche mengen von daten benötigt . +man braucht auch staat@@ s@@ besit@@ z besonders an grund@@ st@@ ücken , um die infra@@ strukturen schnell aufzubauen und auszu@@ weiten . +hier hören sie eine wenig bekannte tatsache über die beiden länder . +in diesem vergleich kommt demokratie im hin@@ blick auf wirtschafts@@ wachstum sehr gut weg . +hier sehen sie die daten der welt@@ entwicklungs@@ indi@@ kat@@ oren in den frühen 199@@ 0ern . +diese beiden bilder zeigen klei@@ der@@ fabri@@ ken in der gu@@ ang@@ don@@ g-@@ pro@@ vin@@ z und in indien . +dennoch hat sich das system in eine liber@@ al@@ ere richtung bewegt , in eine demokra@@ ti@@ sch@@ ere richtung . +ich glaube , dass politische re@@ formen für china zum weiteren wachstum un@@ ab@@ d@@ ing@@ bar sind . +ich habe in den letzten fünf jahren viel zeit damit verbracht , über ka@@ ffe@@ e@@ häuser nachzudenken , weil ich auf der suche nach der antwort auf die frage war , wo gute ideen her@@ kommen . +sie stellten fest , dass sie nicht viele d@@ v@@ rs haben sie haben nur wenige mikro@@ wellen , aber sie leisten eine gute arbeit , um ihre autos auf der straße zu halten . +so sollte ihr büro aussehen , das ist ein teil meines an@@ lie@@ gens . +und darwin be@@ hielt diese reich@@ hal@@ tigen no@@ ti@@ z@@ bücher , in denen er jede kleine idee , die er hatte , jedes kleine gefühl auf@@ schrieb . +sie er@@ kun@@ digen sich bei ihren kollegen , aber jeder sagte : " nein , ich habe nicht daran gedacht es zu tun . +geht das auch ander@@ s@@ herum ? +diese bewegung ist besonders auff@@ all@@ end in den usa und großbritannien , aber sie ist ein glob@@ ales phänomen . +wir leben also im zeitalter der an@@ schw@@ ell@@ enden ein@@ kommen@@ s-@@ un@@ gleichheit , vor allem an der spitze . +wir haben super@@ star@@ -@@ ban@@ ker . +und wiederum ist dies nicht rein theore@@ tisch . +die dy@@ stop@@ ie , die mich be@@ än@@ g@@ sti@@ gt , ist ein universum , in dem ein paar gen@@ ies dinge wie google erfinden und der rest von uns dafür bezahlt wird , sie zu mas@@ sieren . +hier sehen sie einige davon . +einer von 100 . +und dies ist der größte wachst@@ um@@ s@@ bereich von allen , und mindestens 6 von 10 menschen in diesem raum werden auf diese weise sterben , nämlich am sch@@ winden der leistungs@@ fähigkeit ge@@ kop@@ p@@ elt mit st@@ eigen@@ der geb@@ rech@@ lichkeit ; und geb@@ rech@@ lichkeit gehört zum al@@ tern . st@@ eigen@@ de geb@@ rech@@ lichkeit ist aktu@@ ell die häu@@ fig@@ ste todes@@ ur@@ sache . die letzten jahre oder das letzte lebens@@ jahr geht leider mit großen beein@@ tr@@ äch@@ tig@@ ungen ein@@ her . +beteili@@ gen wir uns alle viel mehr daran , so wie j@@ as@@ on das aufge@@ zeigt hat . +es ent@@ zieht der eu@@ than@@ as@@ ie ihre sauer@@ stoff@@ versorgung . +meine familie war auf reisen und wir waren gerade im grand c@@ any@@ on . +und darüber möchte ich heute eigentlich zu ihnen sprechen - über krebs . +das hat also meine sicht auf den krebs wirklich verändert . +tumor@@ zellen können durch die a@@ dern reisen . +wäre es also möglich , dass die tumor@@ zellen in das skelet@@ t@@ mus@@ kel@@ gewebe gehen , dass aber , sobald sie in kontakt innerhalb des skelet@@ t@@ mus@@ kel@@ ge@@ web@@ es sind , m@@ yo@@ d auf diese tumor@@ zellen wirkt und sie in skelet@@ t@@ mus@@ kel@@ zellen verwandelt ? +diese groß@@ f@@ mutter hatte nie zu@@ gelassen , dass west@@ liche ihrer en@@ ke@@ lin nahe@@ kommen . +mer@@ ken sie sich dieses bild , denn ich werde ihnen ein anderes bild später zeigen . hier sehen sie , wie sehr sie ihrer großmutter ähn@@ elt , obwohl sie gleichzeitig auch so west@@ lich aussieht . +und ich sagte : " ich bin 28 jahre alt , ich le@@ be in hot@@ els und ich bin nicht ver@@ heirat@@ et " . +also ging in zurück nach korea , in das dorf von hy@@ un so@@ ok , doch sie war weg . +um@@ so mehr ich mit ihm reden wollte , desto un@@ freund@@ licher wurde er . +ich glaube einfach nur - von dem bisschen , was ich über die situation weiß - , dass sie eine kleine chance hat , das leben zu leben , dass sie ihr wahrscheinlich wün@@ schen . " +und er sagte : " am 2@@ . tag , an dem sie hier war , stellte sie eine liste auf mit allen namen der äl@@ teren und der jün@@ g@@ eren kinder . +als wir in der 3@@ . nacht gerade vom essen kamen , von dem sie die bilder gesehen haben , sagte der re@@ zep@@ tion@@ ist zu uns : " es gibt keine freien zimmer mehr auf ihrer e@@ tage , aber 5 e@@ tagen tief@@ er ist noch eins frei , wenn sie möchten " +und das ganze zimmer fü@@ ll@@ te sich mit r@@ auch innerhalb von 2 sekunden . +ich erinnere mich - nat@@ as@@ ha wollte nicht , dass wir die tür auf@@ machten - , ich habe versucht nicht die tür zu öffnen , weil wir solange ge@@ braucht hatten , uns zu ver@@ barri@@ ka@@ dieren . +das ist ein tri@@ -@@ star , und sie haben nat@@ as@@ ha wirklich im not@@ sitz sitzen lassen . +gene hat sogar in der kü@@ che fli@@ esen gelegt , die eine geschichte erzählen : es war einmal ein schönes mädchen , das von den hü@@ geln kore@@ as kam , um für immer glücklich in atlan@@ ta zu leben . +vielen dank an euch alle . " +viel ist passiert in den letzten jahren . lassen sie uns mit den planeten beginnen . +genau genommen sah , selbst in der anti@@ ke , das sonnen@@ system in gewis@@ ser weise so aus wie in diesem diagramm dar@@ gestellt . +die meisten von diesen planeten sind kan@@ di@@ daten . +also lautet die frage : ist dieses chem@@ ische phänomen univer@@ sell , oder ist es etwas , dass vom jewei@@ li@@ gen planeten abhän@@ gt ? +dieses verständnis von chemie kann uns , in unserem all@@ tag , helfen . +können sie sich vorstellen wie klein sie ist ? +lasst uns diese neue revolution beginnen , ank@@ nü@@ pf@@ end an der alten , mit syn@@ the@@ tischer biologie als den weg , sowohl unsere umwelt als auch unsere zukunft zu trans@@ for@@ mieren . +dann begann uganda ab@@ zus@@ in@@ ken , während sim@@ bab@@ we nach oben scho@@ ss , und einige jahre später hatte südafri@@ ka einen schreck@@ lichen an@@ stieg des hiv-@@ vor@@ kommen@@ s . +nicht die medikamente selber , sondern die behandlung und die pf@@ lege , die damit verbunden ist . +es gibt eine menge , von dem wir dachten , dass jetzt , gute forschung von afrikanischen einrichtungen und forsch@@ ern zusammen mit den internationalen forsch@@ ern , zeigen , dass das nicht der fall ist . +un@@ aids haben endlich gute daten zur verfügung gestellt zur verbreitung von hiv . +h@@ ans ro@@ s@@ ling enth@@ ü@@ llt du@@ ch neue daten@@ visu@@ alisi@@ erungen die kompli@@ zierten risi@@ ko@@ faktoren einer der tö@@ d@@ lichsten krankheiten der welt : hiv / aids . er zeigt , dass der schlüssel zur über@@ win@@ dung der epide@@ mie in der über@@ trag@@ ungs@@ ver@@ hinder@@ ung liegt und nicht in der behandlung durch medikamente . +es basiert auf der kauf@@ kraft@@ par@@ ität . +wir wissen , dies ist falsch , denn wir haben zwei bedeuten@@ de natürliche experimente im 20. jahrhundert durchgeführt , um zu sehen , ob geogra@@ fie aus@@ schlag@@ ge@@ ben@@ der ist als institutionen . +nennen wir sie die kil@@ ler appli@@ ka@@ tionen . +der@@ weil gab es keine wissenschaftliche revolution irgendwo anders . +das ist die kon@@ sum@@ gesellschaft , und es treibt das wirtschafts@@ wachstum stärker an als der technolog@@ ische wandel an sich . +und die gesellschaft kann diese einrichtungen übernehmen , und wenn sie das tun , werden sie das erreichen , was der westen nach 1@@ 500 errei@@ chte -- nur schneller . +das ist so wahr . +und das scheint alles zu sein , worüber wir uns derzeit sorgen . +was dieses diagramm veran@@ schau@@ licht , ist dass es sp@@ innen seit fast 3@@ 80 millionen jahren gibt . +man kann diese in sieben kat@@ eg@@ orien zusammen@@ fassen . +deshalb habe ich die gl@@ y@@ c@@ ine wieder grün und die al@@ an@@ ine rot ein@@ gefä@@ r@@ bt , und die ser@@ ine – das ist der buchstab@@ e s – li@@ la . und ihr se@@ ht , dass die ob@@ ere einheit fast vollständig aus grün und rot zusammen@@ gest@@ zt werden kann , während die un@@ tere einheit einen substan@@ ti@@ ellen anteil li@@ la auf@@ wei@@ st . +was ihr in diesem festi@@ g@@ keits@@ diagramm se@@ ht , ist , je weiter oben der schwarze punkt auf dem diagramm ist , desto fe@@ ster . +um die werke einer sp@@ inn@@ e namens char@@ lot@@ te zu zi@@ tieren , sei@@ de ist großartig . +fli@@ ck@@ r ist ein internet@@ dienst , der jedem erlaubt fotos hoch@@ zu@@ laden , um sie anderen über das web zur verfügung zu stellen , und so weiter . +bedenken sie , wir haben nicht alle , die ein foto besitzen . +und das schlimm@@ ste sind die zahlen am unter@@ en rand , denn ungefähr 10 fotos pro fotogra@@ f ist eine lü@@ ge . +das hier ist die mathematik der 80 zu 20 regel , ok ? +also , wenn man institutionen ver@@ hinder@@ er nennt , und ihnen sagt , dass es andere ko@@ or@@ di@@ an@@ tions@@ möglichkeiten gibt zeigen sie ein verhalten , das ähn@@ lichkeit hat mit den k@@ üb@@ ler@@ -@@ ross stu@@ fen lachen der reak@@ tionen auf die diagno@@ se eines bal@@ digen to@@ des : leu@@ g@@ nung , z@@ or@@ n , ver@@ handeln , akzep@@ tanz . +die erfin@@ der wissen nicht , was die erfindung ist . +da gibt es menschen in den staaten , die kra@@ mp@@ f@@ haft versuchen herauszufinden , ob blog@@ ger journ@@ alisten sind oder nicht . +sie wurde erstellt , indem man deren kommuni@@ ka@@ tions@@ muster , der ge@@ brauch viel@@ er dieser werkzeuge , analy@@ si@@ erte . zwei@@ fel@@ los leisten die geheim@@ dien@@ ste der welt heute die gleiche arbeit für die ang@@ ri@@ ffe in der letzten woche . +ein bä@@ cker , und ein guter bä@@ cker vor allem , weiss , wie man den ein@@ gesch@@ lossen@@ en zu@@ cker in der stärke hervor@@ bringt . +das ist die herausforderung . ok , nun , lassen sie uns die reise des wei@@ zens anschauen und diese 12 zu@@ stände betrachten . +es dauert einen moment , aber es ist be@@ zeich@@ n@@ end . +und dann haben wir ebene 12 , in den büchern steht " ver@@ pac@@ ken " aber meine lehr@@ linge nennen sie " essen " . +er ist nicht nur getötet worden , sondern jeden potenzi@@ als zum schaffen zukünf@@ tigen lebens ber@@ au@@ bt . +bakterien da drin ver@@ arbeiten diesel@@ ben zu@@ cker und verwandeln sie in sä@@ uren . +es wird als symbol für transforma@@ tin genutzt . +und das meine ich im ernst , ich denke nur , wir sollten das mal klar@@ stellen und weiter@@ machen . +sie sind alle auf meinem instrument mon@@ tiert . +es ist ein haufen verrück@@ ter pi@@ k@@ to@@ gra@@ fis@@ cher not@@ ation . +sehen wir uns noch einen clip an . +ich bin zu dem ent@@ schluss gekommen , dass das am ende die falsche frage ist , dass das nicht die bedeuten@@ de frage ist . +so tat sie zur hälfte so , als ob sie die krä@@ cker mo@@ chte und nicht den bro@@ k@@ kol@@ i – so wie ein baby oder jede andere normale person . +wenn wir uns die vielen , vielen verschiedenen tier@@ arten ansehen , nicht nur uns pri@@ ma@@ ten , sondern auch andere säu@@ ge@@ tiere , vögel , sogar beu@@ tel@@ tiere wie k@@ än@@ gur@@ u@@ h@@ s und wom@@ bat@@ s ein@@ schli@@ essen , zeigt sich , dass es eine beziehung gibt zwischen der län@@ ge der kindheit einer gat@@ tung und der grö@@ sse ihrer gehirne im vergleich zu ihren körper@@ n , und wie schla@@ u und flexi@@ bel sie sind . +und mindestens bis sie 23 sind , stecken wir ihnen noch immer diese wür@@ mer in diese kleinen off@@ enen mü@@ n@@ der . +dann testen sie diese neue hypo@@ these , und so weiter und so fort . +die erste ist , wieder , denken sie daran , das sind vier@@ jährige . +oh . +und wir wissen sogar etwas über die weise , wie unser gehirn das tut . +al@@ ison g@@ op@@ nik : was denken babys ? +der einzige weg , das zu umgehen , ist einen wirklich menschlichen körper zu simu@@ lieren und den teil des gehirns zu simu@@ lieren , der diesen körper kontrolli@@ ert . +der algorith@@ mus wä@@ hlt diese wenigen dann aus , re@@ produziert sie mit mu@@ tation und re@@ kombination , wie bei unserer fort@@ pflan@@ zung . +das ganze mag ziemlich bel@@ an@@ glo@@ s wirken , aber in wirklichkeit ist es sehr wichtig , weil es sowas zur@@ zeit in keiner interak@@ tiven oder virtu@@ ellen welt gibt . +und nun fällt er zu boden . +also wollten sie eine digitale version eines stun@@ t@@ man@@ s und wir haben die letzten paar monate daran gearbeitet . +zur@@ zeit würde es wahrscheinlich einige tage dauern , sowas von hand zu ani@@ mieren . +wir können mittler@@ weile so viele sachen damit veran@@ st@@ alten . +eigentlich haben wir schon einen überrasch@@ enden t@@ än@@ zer , der das letzte ist , was ich euch heute zeigen werde . +es ist ein kinder@@ buch für@@ s i@@ pad . +ich erinnere mich , dass wir he@@ f@@ tig wein@@ ten , als die kleinen zie@@ gen , mit denen wir im sommer gespielt hatten , zu bir@@ y@@ an@@ i wurden . +und dieses argument ist , dass wir nur kreativität lehren können , wenn wir kindern so früh wie ir@@ gend möglich perspe@@ ktiven bei@@ bringen . +und sie werden dafür bezahlt . sie können darüber nachdenken , wenn sie wollen . +was gemacht wird . +einfach eine text@@ ver@@ arbei@@ tung , die nur eine text@@ ver@@ arbei@@ tung ist . +überall gibt es diese assi@@ st@@ enten . +auch pal@@ m ist – besonders in frühen tagen – toll darin . +ich schrei@@ b programme die zur heutigen welt passen . +ich habe ein vermögen drüben bei pi@@ x@@ ar gemacht . +bei meinem letzten beispiel – einen großen teil meiner arbeit mache ich mit spra@@ cher@@ kenn@@ ungs@@ -@@ software , und sie müssen lei@@ se sein , denn die software ist un@@ ruhi@@ g . okay . +dp : ich danke ihnen viel@@ mals . +und die gefahr besteht darin , dass sie eine pan@@ dem@@ ie hervor@@ rufen können . +und ich würde sagen , wir können die grund@@ regel nicht auf@@ geben , as@@ y@@ m@@ me@@ tr@@ ische bedro@@ h@@ ungen zu be@@ kämpfen , was wir aufgrund der gesch@@ e@@ hn@@ is@@ se an@@ schein@@ end gerade tun , die leute an der macht tun dies , denn das hie@@ ße , die eine sache aufzu@@ geben , die zivilisation aus@@ macht . +in kür@@ ze werden wir noch viel mehr darüber von al gore hören . +es geht ziemlich wunder@@ lich zu in so einem nan@@ or@@ ö@@ hr@@ chen . +wir brauchen neue anti@@ vir@@ ale wirk@@ stoffe und cock@@ ta@@ ils . wir brauchen neue impf@@ stoffe . +und schließlich müssen wir etwas tun , das nicht sehr -- es ist fast in@@ akzep@@ tab@@ el , das zu erwä@@ hnen -- also ... wir müssen beginnen , unsere zukunft zu gestalten . +es ist an der zeit , den wandel zu einer sonnen@@ syste@@ m-@@ besu@@ ch@@ enden zivilisation und spezies zu voll@@ ziehen . +wie schwer wird es sein , leben auf dem mars zu finden ? +ich denke , es existiert und wir müssen danach suchen , und es ist unter der oberfläche . +es ist ein sehr einfacher trick , aber ich mache ihn immer , wenn ich einen fen@@ ster@@ platz habe . +in dieser hö@@ hle sind große ab@@ schni@@ tte von diesem roten material hier be@@ deckt und auch von diesen riesigen sel@@ en@@ it@@ kri@@ st@@ allen , die sie hier herunter@@ hängen sehen . +um diese unter@@ ir@@ dischen umgeb@@ ungen , an denen wir interessiert sind , zu be@@ treten , gilt unser interesse der entwicklung von unterstü@@ tz@@ enden werk@@ zeugen . +wir sprechen also über so was wie auf@@ blas@@ bare rö@@ hren , die sich der komplex@@ en to@@ po@@ log@@ ischen form im inneren einer hö@@ hle an@@ passen , und von vor ort auf@@ geschä@@ um@@ ten luft@@ schle@@ us@@ en , um mit der to@@ po@@ log@@ ie ferti@@ g@@ zu@@ werden , sowie verschiedene methoden , um atem@@ g@@ ase aus dem inneren material dieser körper zu erhalten . +wenn man aber jemandem von seinem ziel erzählt und dessen zu@@ stimmung er@@ fährt , tritt das ein , was psych@@ ologen eine " soziale realität " nennen . +and so ist es auch bei archi@@ me@@ des , dem großen g@@ rie@@ ch@@ ischen mathemati@@ ker . +fäl@@ sch@@ ungen wurden darüber ge@@ mal@@ t und es li@@ tt unter star@@ k@@ em sch@@ im@@ mel@@ be@@ fall . +das heißt , bevor wir anfangen konnten , den arch@@ im@@ des zu digit@@ alisieren , mussten wir das buch aus@@ einander nehmen . +und so sieht das aus . +aber indem die elektr@@ onen mit licht@@ geschwindigkeit herum fliegen , geben sie r@@ ön@@ t@@ gen@@ strahlung ab . +das war eine schlechte idee , denn phili@@ p@@ p von ma@@ ze@@ don@@ ien hatte einen sohn namens alex@@ ander der große , und sie verloren die schla@@ cht von cha@@ ir@@ on@@ ei@@ a . +denn im moment schrän@@ ken institutionen ihre daten mit ur@@ he@@ ber@@ rechts@@ beschrän@@ kungen und der@@ gleichen mehr ein . +wie li@@ est man ein zwei@@ tausend jahre al@@ tes man@@ us@@ kri@@ pt , welches aus@@ radi@@ ert , zer@@ schni@@ tten , über@@ sch@@ rieben und über@@ mal@@ t wurde ? mit einem mäch@@ tigen teil@@ chen@@ beschle@@ un@@ iger natürlich ! hand@@ schri@@ f@@ ten@@ -@@ konser@@ v@@ ator willi@@ am no@@ el erzählt die faszinier@@ ende geschichte des archi@@ me@@ des@@ -@@ pal@@ imp@@ se@@ sts , einem by@@ z@@ ant@@ in@@ ischen ge@@ bet@@ buch , welches bisher un@@ bekannte origin@@ al@@ tex@@ te des g@@ rie@@ ch@@ ischen mathemati@@ kers arch@@ im@@ des und anderen enth@@ ält . +es gibt nur wenige orte in den usa , wo man e@@ chtes ko@@ be probieren kann , und einer davon ist wol@@ f@@ gang pu@@ ck ' s restaurant , cut , in los angeles . +sie haben mir jedoch eine r@@ und@@ führung gegeben . +ich habe das in einem blin@@ d@@ versuch , zusammen mit 20 anderen leuten , gegen fünf andere oli@@ ven@@ ö@@ le au@@ spro@@ biert . +und um das auszu@@ probieren - ich konnte keinen spon@@ sor finden , aber ich ging in den manhattan sho@@ w@@ room des her@@ stell@@ ers , to@@ to , und die haben dort toile@@ tten , ab@@ seits des aus@@ stell@@ ungs@@ rau@@ mes , welche man benutzen kann , was ich getan habe . +die meisten autos , die ich fahr@@ e , fangen an zu rat@@ tern , wenn ich mich 80 meilen pro stunde nä@@ here . +es waren drei tage , vier ma@@ hl@@ zeiten +und im besonder@@ en , denke ich , dass wir etwas über das lernen lernen können . +es ist aus dem spiel world of war@@ craft mit mehr als 10 millionen spieler weltweit , einer davon bin ich , ein anderer ist meine frau . +wenn man nun ein spiel wie war@@ craft betrachtet , kann man es , wenn man will , als eine große ki@@ sten@@ öff@@ nungs@@ -@@ unterneh@@ mung sehen . +nein , wir wollen jewei@@ ls nur ein oder zwei mon@@ ster auf dem bildschirm haben . +zweitens , mehrere lang@@ - und kurz@@ fri@@ stige ziele -- 5.000 ku@@ chen - langwei@@ lig , 15 ku@@ chen - interessant . +dies bedeutet , dass wir lernen vorhersagen können , wir können ver@@ stär@@ ktes engagement vorhersagen , diese fenster , diese zeit@@ fenster , in denen lernen auf einem erhö@@ h@@ ten nive@@ au statt@@ findet . +ich beginn@@ e mit der geschäfts@@ welt . +durch diese arbeit hoffe ich , die evolution@@ äre an@@ fä@@ lli@@ gkeit unserer körper besser zu verstehen , damit wir unsere gesundheit in zukunft verbessern und besser be@@ wahren können . +frü@@ here studien konzentri@@ erten sich vor allem auf die mikrosk@@ op@@ ie . +so nahm ich einen job im united nations food pro@@ gam@@ me an , um diese sicherheits@@ aspe@@ kte durch ernähr@@ ungs@@ sich@@ erung anzu@@ gehen . +un@@ glücklicherweise ist fett@@ lei@@ bi@@ gkeit nicht nur ein amerikan@@ isches problem . +da ist diese große , konzentri@@ erte landwirtschaft , die zu dem geführt hat , was wir in amerika essen . und es ist wirklich so seit ungefähr 19@@ 80 , nach der öl@@ krise , als , sie wissen , massen@@ zusam@@ mensch@@ l@@ üs@@ se , massen@@ ex@@ o@@ du@@ s von kleinen far@@ mern in diesem land . +i@@ kon@@ en wie michael po@@ ll@@ an und jam@@ ie oli@@ ver in seinem ted-@@ wunsch haben beide diese letzten drei jahrzehn@@ te als unglaublich bedeu@@ tend für die veränderung unseres ernähr@@ ungs@@ systems the@@ mati@@ siert . +dies ist ein bau@@ hel@@ m , den ich vor zwei jahren bekommen habe . das war bei einem der größten projekte , an denen ich und meine firma je beteili@@ gt waren . +aber ich werde mich auf den beginn des proz@@ esses beschrän@@ ken , auf drei sehr pe@@ dan@@ tische aus@@ sagen . +wenn wir so gut sind , in dem , was wir tun , sollten wir dann nicht in der lage sein , eine architek@@ ton@@ ische mani@@ fest@@ ation zu schaffen , die absolut rei@@ b@@ ungs@@ los durch die kun@@ den@@ - und proje@@ k@@ ts@@ ei@@ tigen eng@@ pä@@ sse glei@@ tet ? +die architek@@ ton@@ ische um@@ setzung war , e@@ h@@ lich gesagt , sim@@ pel . +sie gehen hin@@ unter in die lo@@ bby , gehen durch die lo@@ bby mit all den kleinen d@@ ing@@ ern , die da herunter@@ hängen , egal ob sie sie mögen oder nicht , gehen die tre@@ ppe hoch in den zuschau@@ er@@ raum . +die lösung für die bal@@ k@@ one war etwas , das wir alle als an@@ zei@@ ge@@ ta@@ fel@@ -@@ hu@@ b kennen . +dieses gebäude kann sich in kur@@ zer zeit in ein eben@@ er@@ di@@ ges gebäude verwandeln , so dass es ver@@ mie@@ tet werden kann . +zur erinn@@ erung , dass dies ein beispiel ist dafür , dass architektur tatsächlich etwas erreicht hat . +und ich war begeistert von dieser idee , kleine ein@@ bli@@ cke in das leben anderer gewinnen zu können , +" ich finde es klasse , dass sie es geschafft haben , das meiste zu be@@ wahren , was einen dazu bringt , sich mit der natur verbunden zu fühlen - schme@@ tter@@ linge , von menschen@@ hand geschaff@@ ene wäl@@ der , kal@@ k@@ stein@@ hö@@ hlen und hey , sogar eine riesige py@@ th@@ on . " +dies hier sind einige neu@@ ere projekte , die offi@@ zi@@ ell noch nicht einmal ge@@ star@@ tet worden sind . +daran sind wir gewöhn@@ t . +dieses diagramm , das ich hier unten ank@@ li@@ cke , soll dem medizin@@ ischen diagramm eines herz@@ schla@@ gs ähn@@ eln und die aufre@@ genden momente auf@@ zeigen mit hohen le@@ v@@ eln von ad@@ ren@@ al@@ in . +eine wirklich glück@@ liche person hielt dann also zehn ball@@ ons und eine wirklich un@@ glück@@ liche se@@ ele einen ball@@ on . +er hatte eine erstaunliche anzahl von ha@@ aren , die aus einem mutter@@ mal auf der linken seite seines gesi@@ chts wu@@ ch@@ sen , was sehr großes glück bedeutet , wie mir gesagt wurde . +eines der hei@@ kel@@ sten politischen themen in b@@ hu@@ tan ist die verwen@@ dung von billi@@ ger in@@ dis@@ cher arbeit@@ sk@@ raft , dass arbeiter aus indien einge@@ führt werden , um die straßen zu bauen , und dass diese leute dann wieder heim geschickt werden , sobald die straßen gebaut sind . +frau : aber ich würde vielleicht 40 bis 50 vor@@ ziehen . +und es kommt ihnen nie in den sinn , dass sie einmal eine straße entlang gehen , und nur , weil sie auf der einen oder der anderen straßen@@ seite gehen , sich ihr leben für immer ändert . +und – – die schwester bekommt einen la@@ chan@@ fall und ich bewe@@ ge meinen kopf und versuche , die leute zu erkennen und mich über@@ kommt diese bizar@@ re erinn@@ erung , wie ich im college geld sam@@ mel@@ te für die opfer der flu@@ t@@ katastrophe in banglades@@ h , und dann gu@@ cke ich nach oben , und mein nar@@ ko@@ se@@ arzt stü@@ l@@ pt mir die mas@@ ke über und ich denke mir : » er sieht banglades@@ ch@@ isch aus « – – und ich habe nur diese beiden dinge und ich denke mir : » das könnte irgendwie hin@@ h@@ auen . « +ed ga@@ vag@@ an : eine geschichte von k@@ noten und chirur@@ gen +mit der zeit ist es nur natürlich , dass sprechen und schreiben zu einem teil in@@ einander über@@ gegangen sind . +das sehen wir in dieser ge@@ ti@@ pp@@ ten sprache . +bedenken sie , wie das wort " yo " benutzt wird , wenn jugend@@ liche heute sprechen . +" viele kennen das alp@@ hab@@ et oder das ein@@ mal@@ eins nicht , schreiben nicht gra@@ m@@ mati@@ kal@@ isch korre@@ kt – " so etwas haben wir schon früher gehört , nicht erst 195@@ 6 . 19@@ 17 , ein lehrer aus connec@@ tic@@ ut . +das dritte wäre , mir eine samm@@ lung von tex@@ ten zeigen zu lassen , die 16@@ -@@ jährige mädchen geschrieben haben , denn ich würde wissen wollen , wie sich diese sprache seit unserer zeit verändert hat . im ide@@ al@@ fall würde ich das an sie und mich heute zurück@@ schicken , damit wir dieses sprach@@ liche wunder untersuchen könnten , das sich gerade vor uns ab@@ spielt . +gol@@ an le@@ v@@ in über software kunst +es ist hö@@ chst un@@ wahrscheinlich , dass die taliban je das land übernehmen könnten -- hö@@ chst un@@ wahrscheinlich , dass sie kab@@ u@@ l er@@ ober@@ n könnten . +und das gleiche gilt für die tru@@ ppen . +und doch hat ihnen niemand zu@@ gehört . +trauri@@ ger@@ weise hatten unsere aus@@ land@@ s@@ dien@@ ste , die verein@@ ten nationen , die militär@@ s in diesen ländern nur eine sehr wa@@ ge vorstellung davon , was vor sich geht . +aber sie müssen sich den kontext ansehen . +es macht das versagen unsicht@@ bar , un@@ denk@@ bar und un@@ vermei@@ d@@ bar . +das problem , über das ich heute mit ihnen sprechen möchte , ist die frage davon , wie man medizinische versorgung ge@@ währ@@ t in einer welt , die von kosten bestimmt wird . +so wirkt eine hydro@@ phi@@ le oberfläche . +ungefähr die hälfte von ihnen , die frauen sind , haben vielleicht irgendwann einmal einen schwan@@ ger@@ schaft@@ st@@ est gemacht . +es gibt hier eine sehr wichtige an@@ gelegenheit , da es ein dru@@ cker ist , ein f@@ arb@@ dru@@ cker , er dru@@ ckt farben . das ist was f@@ arb@@ dru@@ cker tun . +so , sie nehmen den tro@@ pfen blut , ohne weitere ver@@ arbei@@ tung . sie bringen ihn in ein kleines gerät . das gerät fil@@ tert die blu@@ tz@@ ellen heraus , und lässt das ser@@ um durch , und sie erhalten eine reihe von farben dort unten . +und die antwort ist natürlich , " sie tun es nicht " . +und wir schi@@ ckten es aus und es kam post@@ wen@@ den@@ d zurück . +tradition@@ elle labor@@ tests für die diagno@@ se von krankheiten können zu teuer und zu um@@ stän@@ dlich sein für die regionen , die sie am meisten benötigen . george whit@@ es@@ i@@ des ' ra@@ ff@@ ini@@ erte lösung in diesem talk von tedx@@ boston ist ein to@@ d@@ sicher@@ es instrument , das mit fast null kosten hergestellt werden kann . +und wir glauben , dass solche leute wahrscheinlich nicht für menschen stimmen wollen , die so aussehen und bar@@ ack obama heißen . +de@@ ment@@ sprech@@ end können wir uns einige verschiedene vari@@ ab@@ len ansehen . +aber im vergleich von demo@@ kr@@ aten und republi@@ kan@@ ern lässt sich kein großer unterschied feststellen , basier@@ end darauf , wer die nachbarn sind . +und man kann viel mit seinen nachbarn interagieren , mit menschen , die man mag , mit menschen , die man vielleicht gar nicht kennt . +als arzt prakti@@ zi@@ ere ich auf dem neu@@ e@@ sten techn@@ ischen stand . +" sehen sie , als sie " guten morgen " sagte , habe ich ihren ak@@ z@@ ent von fi@@ fe erkannt . +innerhalb von ein paar jahren im spä@@ ten 19@@ . und frühen 20. jahrhundert lö@@ ste plötzlich der arzt , der versuchte , eine diagno@@ se zu stellen , den bar@@ bi@@ er ab . +zwischen der wahrnehmung des patienten und der der ärzte im hin@@ blick auf die best@@ mögliche medizinische versorgung besteht ein e@@ chter wider@@ spruch . +für sie war das die art aufmerksamkeit , die sie brauchte . +die gute nachricht : kein krebs , keine tu@@ ber@@ ku@@ lose . es ist nicht ko@@ k@@ zi@@ dio@@ i@@ dom@@ y@@ ko@@ se oder eine andere ob@@ sk@@ ure pil@@ zin@@ fe@@ ktion . +ich würde den brust@@ kor@@ b ab@@ klo@@ pfen , mir das herz an@@ hören . +die moderne medizin läuft gefahr ein mäch@@ tiges , alt@@ mo@@ dis@@ ches werkzeug zu verlieren : die menschliche berühr@@ ung . arzt und autor abra@@ ham ver@@ gh@@ ese beschrei@@ bt unsere selts@@ ame neue welt , in der patienten blo@@ ße daten@@ punkte sind , und fordert eine rück@@ e@@ hr zu der traditionellen kö@@ per@@ lichen untersuchung . +und die antwort ist , wenn man genug davon öffnet – ja . +und in all den fällen müssen wir fragen – – welche ist die wahrschein@@ lich@@ ere erklärung ? +bei g@@ ali@@ le@@ o zum beispiel : er hatte zwei probleme , wenn er den saturn betrachtet hatte . +wir können alle möglichen gesichter sehen . +ich nehme an , dass man nur ein wunder pro gebäude haben kann . +es war 2005 in den top 5 : " nine million bi@@ cy@@ cles " . +herz@@ krankheiten bringen immer noch mehr menschen um - nicht nur in amerika , sondern auf der ganzen welt - als alles andere zusammen . dabei sind sie bei fast allen menschen vermei@@ d@@ bar . +und dabei ließen sich viele dieser probleme verhindern , wenn diese babys nur warm genug gehalten würden . +und so hoffen wir , innerhalb der nächsten 5 jahre fast eine million babys retten zu können . +was tun wir für unseren lebens@@ unter@@ halt ? +danach ging er nach north car@@ ol@@ ina und hat es nochmal gemacht . +um dieses prinzip kann man eine gesamte industrie aufbauen . +leute in weißen hü@@ ten , die boo@@ te se@@ geln . +einige leute werden versuchen , andere für ihr team zu motivi@@ eren . +jemand steht auf und sagt : " das ist wichtig . +" was würde passieren , wenn ich für jedes ge@@ kauf@@ te paar dieser schuhe , genau das gleiche paar jemandem gebe , der gar keine schuhe besit@@ zt ? " +führer sein , gibt einem char@@ is@@ ma . +er müsste prei@@ s@@ wert , schnell , einfach , sensi@@ tiv und spezi@@ fisch sein und minim@@ al@@ invasi@@ v . +man braucht etwas wasser , gibt die nan@@ or@@ ö@@ hren hinein , und die anti@@ körper , und mis@@ cht das ganze , nimmt etwas papier , taucht es hinein und tro@@ ck@@ net es , und schon kann man krebs auf@@ spüren . +in den nächsten zwei bis fünf jahren könnte dieser dete@@ ktor die über@@ lebens@@ raten bei bau@@ ch@@ spei@@ ch@@ el@@ drü@@ sen@@ krebs von mi@@ ck@@ ri@@ gen 5@@ ,@@ 5 prozent auf fast 100 prozent an@@ heben , und ähnlich auch bei ei@@ er@@ stock@@ - und lun@@ gen@@ krebs . +meine erfahrungen mit der islam@@ ischen welt sind jedoch ganz anders . +es gibt z@@ . b. die figu@@ r no@@ or@@ a . +und warum führt sex zu babys , und warum bedeuten babys in beziehungen eine ero@@ tische katastrophe ? +welche beziehung besteht zwischen liebe und verlangen ? +und in diesem raum zwischen mir und dem anderen entsteht die ero@@ tische an@@ zieh@@ ung , die bewegung zum anderen hin . +ist es ein ort , wo sie in@@ fan@@ ti@@ le wün@@ sche aus@@ drücken können ? +das wird nichts be@@ wirken . das steht keiner am emp@@ fang . +kind nummer 2 kehrt zurück , gu@@ ckt aber immer über seine schul@@ ter . +es geht um fo@@ kus und präsen@@ z . +wir sind zu@@ recht@@ gekommen , aber manchmal schien es , daß diese h@@ allen für die musik die ich machte oder gemacht hatte nicht ganz pas@@ send waren . +die räume sind kleiner , mit noch weniger hall , also kann er ziemlich ver@@ spielte musik schreiben , die sehr komplex ist -- und es funktioniert . +da konnte jetzt extreme dynam@@ ik eingesetzt werden die es in man@@ cher der anderen musi@@ karten einfach nicht gab . +andere s@@ än@@ ger nach sin@@ at@@ ra gingen sogar einen schritt weiter . +und in man@@ cher hinsicht passt die musik , die sie für diese orte sch@@ rieben einfach perfekt . +da hab ich mir gedacht : also , wenn das ein schöpf@@ ungs@@ modell ist , wenn wir musik machen die in erster linie die form für diesen zusammenhang erfü@@ llt , und wenn wir kunst machen , die an w@@ än@@ den von kunst@@ gal@@ eri@@ ern und mu@@ seen hängt , und wenn wir programme schreiben , die zu existi@@ erenden be@@ trie@@ bs@@ systemen passt , ist es das , wor@@ um es geht ? +es war für mich eine so auf@@ schluss@@ reiche erfahrung , sie darüber reden zu hören , wel@@ ch neue welt dank technologie und wissenschaft entstehen wird . +es ist nicht das erste mal , dass wir eine techn@@ ische revolution erleben . +und trotzdem sagt er : " gott hei@@ lt meine se@@ ele . " +es gibt leute , die nutzen die techn@@ ischen fort@@ schritte , zum beispiel die des inter@@ nets , von denen wir heute abend gehört haben , und verwandeln sie in etwas sch@@ äd@@ liches . +daher kan@@ nte ich also do@@ br@@ yn@@ in sehr gut , und ich sagte , " ich werde heute abend neben frau gor@@ bat@@ scho@@ w sitzen . +uner@@ trä@@ gliche psych@@ ische belast@@ ungen drücken uns nie@@ der . +es ist für sie schwer zu verstehen , dass sie sterben werden . +ich habe viele vor@@ träge in deutsch@@ land und in frank@@ reich und in anderen teilen der welt gehalten . in 10@@ 5 ländern dur@@ fte ich bereits reden halten . +im wesentlichen sagte er folgendes : " wenn du auf gott setzt und dich seiner liebe öff@@ nest , ver@@ li@@ erst du nichts , selbst dann nicht , wenn du dich ir@@ r@@ st . +ich konnte die sache nicht in ein labor bringen und damit versuche an@@ stellen . +das leben ist ein recht , nichts neben@@ s@@ äch@@ liches oder zufä@@ lli@@ ges . +haben sie sie ? +ich mache meine erfahrungen exponenti@@ ell . +resol@@ u@@ tionen , r@@ auch , +die frau des hä@@ up@@ t@@ l@@ ings hatte ein kleines mädchen , die haupt@@ farbe ähnlich hell wie meine , und ganz dre@@ ck@@ ig . +sie ist extrem s@@ port@@ lich . +bis jetzt haben wir mit über 300 gearbeitet . +ich werde es also tun . +ich möchte 20 jahre von nun an zurück@@ bli@@ cken und sehen , dass da noch ein li@@ beri@@ an@@ isches mädchen , ein gh@@ an@@ a@@ isches , nigeri@@ an@@ isches , ä@@ thi@@ op@@ isches mädchen auf dieser ted-@@ bühne steht . +l@@ g : gern geschehen . +li@@ ck@@ li@@ der erkannte , computer können die notwen@@ dige rou@@ tin@@ ear@@ b@@ eit tun , um ein@@ sichten und entscheidungen vorzu@@ berei@@ ten . +jede interak@@ tion wird von immer mehr sensor@@ en aufge@@ zeichnet : ihr telefon , ihre kre@@ di@@ t@@ karte , ihr computer . es sind viele daten und wir bekommen dadurch die gelegenheit , unser das@@ ein genauer zu verstehen . +sie hatten ihre familien im golf , der le@@ van@@ te und nor@@ dafri@@ ka zurück gelassen , um sich al-@@ q@@ ai@@ da im irak anzu@@ schließen . +das menschliche ziel war hier , cam@@ ps für um@@ sie@@ d@@ lung zu identi@@ fizieren , basier@@ end auf vor@@ ran@@ gi@@ gem bedarf . +und die realität der gesellschaft , in der wir leben , ist die , dass es tausende und ab@@ er@@ tausende von menschen da draußen gibt , die ihr leben im st@@ um@@ men schre@@ i der verzwei@@ fl@@ ung leben , dabei lange , har@@ te stunden in ver@@ has@@ sten jobs arbeiten , um dinge kaufen können , die sie nicht brauchen , um menschen zu beein@@ dru@@ cken , die sie nicht mögen . +zur mitta@@ gs@@ zeit sport mit einem freund . +also ich will ja nicht spo@@ tten , aber ein fit@@ ter büro@@ ham@@ ster mit 10@@ -@@ stun@@ den-@@ tag zu sein , ist nicht ausge@@ g@@ lich@@ en@@ er , sondern nur ange@@ pas@@ ster . +und das ist meiner ansicht nach eine idee , die verbreitung verdi@@ ent . +als schwarze in amerika ist es für mich , im vergleich zu einem weißen , zwei@@ mal so wahrscheinlich in einer gegend zu leben , in der die luft@@ verschmu@@ tzung für mich das größte gesundheits@@ risiko dar@@ stellt . +aber warum ist unsere lage so anders ? +wer er@@ zi@@ elt einen gew@@ inn ? gibt es irgend@@ eine recht@@ ferti@@ gung dafür , was die lok@@ ale komm@@ une erd@@ ul@@ den muss ? +und sie schaffen wohn@@ raum für unsere kleinen freunde ! +und wir arbeiten mit einem über@@ greif@@ enden städ@@ tischen plan@@ ungs@@ de@@ fi@@ z@@ it . +für seine bri@@ llan@@ ten an@@ streng@@ ungen wurde er fast ange@@ kla@@ gt . +versch@@ wenden sie nicht zusä@@ tzlich zu den 90 prozent an energie , die wir täglich versch@@ wenden und wor@@ an uns herr gore erinnert hat , auch noch unsere energie , intelligenz und hart er@@ wor@@ bene erfahrung . +sie schrieb mir zurück und sagte : " ich bin so stolz , einen sohn zu haben , der eine software entwickelt hat , die es diesen kindern ermög@@ li@@ chte , ihren mü@@ ttern mutter@@ tag@@ sk@@ arten zu machen . " +es scheint als spr@@ inge jeder auf diesen trend auf . +und wenn ich meine hand bewe@@ ge , kann ich die ball@@ ons zer@@ plat@@ zen lassen oder ich kann den k@@ äf@@ er bewegen . +also zeigte ich es ihm . +es macht wiederum sinn , über eine analog@@ ie mit sprache nachzudenken . +das hat mit automo@@ bil@@ en überhaupt nichts zu tun . +hier@@ über möchte ich sprechen . +unser interesse ist es , schönheit zu finden , die mehr als nur äs@@ the@@ tisch ist , sondern tatsächlich eine wahrheit . +alles klar ? eine sache zum thema kunst : kunst ist entdeckung und kunst ist es , sich selbst durch seine kunst zu entdecken . richtig ? +hoffentlich würden wir den kunden in seinem inneren verstehen , dort wo er zu hause ist , indem wir mit ihm in amerika leben . und so -- schi@@ ckten wir das team los , und dann passierte tatsächlich etwas anderes . sie machten sich auf ihre eigene reise . +die ingenie@@ ure flo@@ gen her@@ über , und die designer tra@@ fen sich mit ihnen und sie stellten ihre präsentation zusammen . +über so was kann man sich aber auch aufre@@ gen , oder ? +chris bang@@ le sagt , großartige autos sind kunst +während meiner ausbildung in klin@@ ischer medizin , hä@@ mat@@ ologie , on@@ k@@ ologie , und stamm@@ zell@@ transplan@@ tation , hatten wir statt dessen durch die regu@@ lation der f@@ da [ us-@@ ar@@ z@@ nei@@ mittel@@ zu@@ las@@ s@@ ungs@@ behör@@ de ] nur substan@@ zen wie ar@@ sen , th@@ ali@@ dom@@ id und ein chem@@ isches der@@ i@@ v@@ at von sen@@ f@@ gas . +tatsächlich ver@@ ga@@ ßen sie , dass sie krebs@@ zellen waren und wurden zu normalen zellen . +und das war leider erfolgreich . +der erste ist dieser : wenn etwas an dieser forschung einzigarti@@ g ist , ist es weniger die wissenschaft als eher die strategie – für uns war dies ein sozi@@ ales experiment , in dem wir herausfinden wollten was passiert , wenn wir in den frü@@ he@@ sten ph@@ as@@ en der chem@@ ischen forschung so offen und ehrlich wie möglich wären . +eins , was sie mit einem bild wie diesem machen können , ist , es einfach zu be@@ w@@ un@@ dern . +denn wenn das der fall gewesen wäre , wären sie unter der gravi@@ ta@@ tion@@ sk@@ raft koll@@ ab@@ iert zu einem riesigen schwarzen loch . +das ist unsere aufgabe als ko@@ sm@@ ologen . +und nach einstein treibt diese energie das universum an . +die kon@@ sequenz wurde von bol@@ tz@@ mann im 19@@ . jahrhundert untersucht . +das ist die region , in dem die entrop@@ ie niedri@@ g ist . +aber wir wissen jetzt genug über die zukunft des universums , dass wir sehr viel mehr sagen können . +oder vielleicht ist der ur@@ kn@@ all nicht der beginn des universums . +ich hatte niemals ein internet gesehen . +ich fühlte mich sehr wohl auf dem gy@@ m@@ n@@ asi@@ um . also war ich entsch@@ lossen alles mögliche zu tun um bildung zu erhalten . +gott se@@ g@@ ne sie . +egal welche bewegung ich in meiner echten welt machte wurde nur mi@@ th@@ ilfe meines kleinen gerä@@ tes in der digitalen welt repli@@ ziert . vor acht jahren , im jahre 2000 . +ich nahm das sehr wör@@ tlich , ich nahm meinen fahr@@ rad@@ hel@@ m , und setzte ihn ein wenig schie@@ ff auf , das der proje@@ ktor gut dar@@ auf@@ pas@@ ste . +die kamera versteht interessan@@ ter@@ weise nicht nur meine bewegungen , sondern ist auch fähig zu verstehen welche dinge ich in meiner hand halte . +und warum nur com@@ u@@ ter ? wir können einfach mit papi@@ eren spielen . +p@@ m : es gibt sehr viel energie hei@@ r . sehr viel zu lernen . +es war eine große herausforderung . +falls sie keine frei@@ räume haben , müssen sie dorthin gehen und frei@@ räume schaffen . +man kann gute hal@@ te@@ stellen bauen . +der erste : man kann einen , nennen wir es teu@@ fel@@ sk@@ rei@@ s in einen virtu@@ ellen kreis ändern . +sie können sich vorstellen , wie zu@@ frieden die menschen mit mir sind wenn sie diese sz@@ enen sehen . +ich teile ihnen nun die vor@@ fälle des tages mit . +das ist großartig , das bedeutet , es gibt bald 10 milliarden kö@@ pfe , die miteinander arbeiten , 10 milliarden tal@@ ente zusammen . +in@@ ka@@ -@@ skulp@@ turen werden als schä@@ tze betrachtet in bri@@ tischen mu@@ seen , während sha@@ k@@ espe@@ are über@@ setzt ist in jede wichtige sprache der erde . +übrigens hatte darin selbst keinen zwei@@ fel daran , dass das pf@@ au@@ en@@ rad für die pf@@ au@@ en@@ hen@@ nen schön ist . +wunder@@ schöne mu@@ sch@@ el@@ hal@@ sk@@ et@@ ten , die wie etwas aussehen , was sie auf einer ausstellung des k@@ uns@@ th@@ and@@ wer@@ ks finden würden , ebenso o@@ cker@@ gel@@ be körper@@ farbe sind gefunden worden , die ungefähr 10@@ 0.000 jahre alt sind . +ja , fr@@ is@@ ur -- darauf be@@ stehe ich . +wir haben schon ein auto@@ mati@@ sches fahr@@ zeug . +das system ist ebenfalls schla@@ u genug um den sicher@@ sten weg zu berech@@ nen um das auto zu be@@ dienen . +daher , handelt es sich in der tat um einen multi@@ dimension@@ alen nutz@@ er-@@ interface . +sie müssen ir@@ re sein . " +ich ver@@ ließ gerade ein se@@ min@@ ar , als es an@@ fing . ich su@@ mm@@ te vor mich hin , f@@ um@@ mel@@ te an meiner tasche herum , so wie ich es schon hunder@@ t@@ mal gemacht hatte , als ich plötzlich eine stimme hörte , die ruhi@@ g bemer@@ kte : " sie geht aus dem raum . " +zu diesem zeitpunkt begannen die ereig@@ nisse sich zu über@@ schlagen . +ich sagte immer , dass diese menschen mich ger@@ et@@ tet haben , aber jetzt weiß ich , dass sie etwas viel wichti@@ ger@@ es getan haben als sie mich dazu be@@ fähi@@ gten , mich selbst zu retten , und , ganz entscheiden@@ d , hal@@ fen sie mir etwas zu verstehen , das ich immer vermu@@ tet hatte , nämlich dass meine stimmen eine sinn@@ volle reaktion auf trau@@ mati@@ sche lebenser@@ eig@@ nisse , besonders kind@@ heit@@ ser@@ leb@@ nisse , waren , und daher nicht meine fein@@ de , sondern eine erkenn@@ t@@ nis@@ quelle für un@@ lö@@ s@@ bare emotion@@ ale probleme waren . +um cha@@ ve@@ z zu par@@ ap@@ hr@@ asi@@ eren : wenn der soziale wandel beginnt , kann er nicht mehr aufge@@ halten werden . +an was sie sich erinnern ist , natürlich , der wichtige sie@@ g : dass die bri@@ ten geschlagen waren , und wir ges@@ ie@@ gt hatten , und das der staat geboren war . +und das macht es zu einem außer@@ ord@@ entlich span@@ nen@@ den ort für untersu@@ chungen . +aber besser - was viel wichtiger ist ist , dass sie sonnen@@ licht b@@ ün@@ deln müssten . +man sieht das rote leu@@ chten in ihren augen , was die refle@@ ktion der ta@@ schen@@ lam@@ pe ist . +sie sehen aus wie , vielleicht wie sonnen@@ blu@@ men . +ich war ein teenager und mit 15 oder 16 wollen wir , wie alle teenager , nehme ich an , einfach nur das machen , was uns gefällt und wor@@ an wir glauben . +und das ermöglicht es mir , dis@@ kre@@ t auf die uhr zu schauen , hier , ohne den arm zu anzu@@ win@@ keln . +ich meine , überlegen sie mal : die sor@@ g@@ falt , mit der wir sonnen@@ bri@@ llen aus@@ suchen oder schmu@@ ck oder acc@@ es@@ so@@ ires , ist wirklich wichtig , also wenn es nicht schön ist , gehört es nicht in dein gesicht . +also nan@@ nten wir es y water . das ist also ein weiteres beispiel , bei dem alles zusammen in einem raum passiert : das drei@@ dimension@@ ale design , die ideen , die entwicklung der mar@@ ke , es ist alles en@@ g miteinander ver@@ wo@@ ben . +tatsächlich können sie sehen , dass jedes lo@@ go ein bisschen anders ist . +und wenn jemand fragt , wes@@ halb sie ein kon@@ dom dabei haben , können sie einfach sagen , ihnen gefällt das design . +die erste hälfte wird von den s@@ än@@ gern hier auf der bühne aufge@@ führt . +und was , wenn überhaupt , haben männer damit zu tun ? +mein vater , der in drei kriegen ge@@ kämp@@ ft hatte , konnte seine eigene schwester nicht vor diesem leid be@@ wahren . +" er war gesch@@ mei@@ ch@@ elt . +ich sehe tradition@@ elle musik als eine art re@@ bel@@ li@@ on , in der menschen wirklich eine stimme haben , besonders in den traditionellen lie@@ dern aus anderen teilen der früh@@ eren republi@@ k von ju@@ go@@ sla@@ wi@@ en . +aber nein , für den pro@@ test , klei@@ deten sie sich alle in weiß , ohne ma@@ ke@@ up . +frauen , wie sa@@ ken@@ a und lea@@ h und la@@ y@@ ma haben mich beschei@@ den gemacht , mich verändert und erkennen lassen , dass ich nicht so schnell an@@ nahmen irgend@@ einer art treffen sollte . +wir können gesellschaften ent@@ milit@@ ar@@ isi@@ eren und die mittel stattdessen in reser@@ vo@@ ire wahr@@ er sicherheit gi@@ e@@ ßen . +und ich dachte : " t@@ ja , ich bin kein strate@@ ge und auch kein spezi@@ alist . ich bin nur ein geschi@@ chten@@ erzähl@@ er . " +was könnte das bedeuten ? +sie waren während des be@@ tens zusammen . +und da gibt es zwei wichtige bot@@ schaften , oder zwei le@@ ktionen , die man dieser realität ent@@ nehmen kann . +und die religi@@ on@@ s@@ polizei zw@@ ingt die angeb@@ liche islam@@ ische lebens@@ weise jedem bürger auf , mit gewalt – z.b. werden frauen ge@@ zw@@ ungen , ihre kö@@ pfe zu be@@ decken – den hi@@ d@@ scha@@ b zu tragen , die islam@@ ische kopf@@ be@@ de@@ ck@@ ung . +es ist unser glaube und wir werden ihm tre@@ u bleiben . " . +und ich denke das ist eine frage , die vor@@ sich@@ it@@ g disku@@ tiert werden muss . +das ist eine erfahrung , die nicht jede musli@@ m@@ ische nation im mittleren osten bis vor kurzem hatte . +mu@@ staf@@ a ak@@ yo@@ l : glaube gegenüber tradition im islam +es lich@@ tet den wald und macht die einzelnen bäume sicht@@ bar . +eine anti@@ körper@@ -@@ fä@@ r@@ bung wie diese hier kann genutzt werden , um diese art von fragen zu verstehen . +dar@@ fu@@ r mag sich aus den schlag@@ zei@@ len verab@@ schie@@ det haben , aber die tö@@ tungen und die ver@@ treib@@ ungen dort dauern ebenfalls an und das schi@@ ere menschliche el@@ end , das daraus hervor@@ geht ist sehr schwer zu er@@ gründen . +somit ist die tatsache , dass die zahl zi@@ vil@@ er ge@@ tö@@ te@@ ter , auch wenn jeder ge@@ tö@@ tete , ver@@ kr@@ ü@@ pp@@ elte , ver@@ gewal@@ tigte , ge@@ fol@@ ter@@ te zivili@@ st einer zu viel ist , heute sicht@@ bar ger@@ inger ist als noch vor einem jahrzehn@@ t@@ . eine gute nachricht . +aber ander@@ erseits ist nor@@ d ir@@ land ein sehr einzigarti@@ ges beispiel oder trifft diese erklärung nur allge@@ mein für demokra@@ tische und entwicklungs@@ länder zu ? +sowohl erfol@@ ge als auch mis@@ ser@@ folge lehren uns einige sehr wichtige dinge die wir im hinter@@ kopf behalten müssen wenn wir wollen , dass das mit den guten nachrichten so weiter geht . +als national geogra@@ phi@@ c@@ -@@ fotogra@@ f habe ich sie schon für viele por@@ trä@@ tiert . +mor@@ ast und miner@@ alien werden zu nähr@@ boden , auf dem bakterien ge@@ d@@ ei@@ hen . +an land ging es neue wege : k@@ ie@@ fer@@ knochen wu@@ ch@@ sen zuerst , später zä@@ hne . +das aus@@ sterben einer art kann sich langsam voll@@ ziehen , aber manchmal auch sehr schnell . +und wo es das nicht tut , wie im grö@@ n@@ län@@ dischen winter , ist der mars nicht weit . +in australien ist " mo " der j@@ ar@@ g@@ on für schn@@ ur@@ r@@ bart . also haben wir den no@@ v@@ ember in " mov@@ ember " umge@@ t@@ auf@@ t und ein paar einfache regeln auf@@ gestellt , die bis heute gel@@ ten . +und wir b@@ lieben be@@ har@@ r@@ lich und brachten 4@@ 50 männer dazu , sich schn@@ ur@@ r@@ b@@ är@@ te wachsen zu lassen und zusammen sam@@ mel@@ ten wir 5@@ 4 000 dollar und spen@@ deten jeden cent an die pro@@ state cancer foundation of australia und das war damals die größte einzel@@ sp@@ ende , die sie jemals erhalten hatten . +wir haben also folgendes gemacht : wir haben etwas von dem geld genommen , das wir in australien gesam@@ melt hatten , um die kampagne in dieses land zu bringen , in die usa und nach england , und wir haben das gemacht , weil wir wussten , dass , wenn es erfolgreich wäre , wir un@@ endlich viel mehr geld weltweit sammeln könnten als nur in australien . und das geld treibt die forschung an und diese forschung wird uns ein hei@@ l@@ mittel bringen . +wir stie@@ gen also in ein tax@@ i und dies ist unser ta@@ xi@@ fahrer und ich saß auf dem rück@@ sitz und er dre@@ hte sich um und sagte : " wo woll@@ t ihr hin ? " +deshalb haben wir beschlossen wohl@@ tä@@ tigkeit neu zu definieren . wir müssen die art und weise der tä@@ tigkeit dieser leute neu definieren . wie machen wir das ? +er konnte sehen was seinem wald passierte , seiner umwelt , weil sein groß@@ vater ihn unter seine fit@@ ti@@ che nahm als er gerade einmal zwei jahre alt war und begann ihn über den wald und den weg des lebens seiner leute zu lehren . +er würde ihnen sagen , wie er es mir erzählt hat , er sagte : " ich fragte mich : was taten meine groß@@ eltern und ur@@ groß@@ eltern um den wald für mich zu schützen ? +wir müssen uns ändern . +sogar dies war nicht genug . +würde er ihnen sagen : " ich bin ein samm@@ ler und ich ku@@ ra@@ tiere ein museum . " +sie haben einen sinn für großen zusammen@@ hän@@ ge ihrer zeit und ihre kleine rolle darin . +er um@@ flo@@ g sie zum ersten mal , er um@@ flo@@ g sie zum zweiten mal , er um@@ flo@@ g sie zum dritten mal . +an den u@@ fern eines fl@@ us@@ ses namens indu@@ s , im heutigen pakistan . +du soll@@ test nicht s@@ is@@ yp@@ ho@@ s sein , der bei tage einen f@@ els einen berg hin@@ au@@ fro@@ llt , nur um ihn am nächsten morgen wieder herunter@@ ger@@ oll@@ t aufzu@@ finden . +sehen sie , die in@@ der kan@@ nten auch einen fluss , der das land der lebenden vom land der toten trennt . +der nen@@ ner im leben des gy@@ m@@ n@@ sop@@ hen war " un@@ endlich " . +es gibt keinen di@@ ri@@ gen@@ ten . +und immer sah ich die verzwei@@ fl@@ ung bei meinen amerikanischen und europä@@ ischen kollegen , wenn sie es mit indien zu tun hatten . +also ist nichts richtig oder falsch an dem , was man in d@@ einem leben tut . +und wenn sie also das nächste mal jemandem begeg@@ nen , einem frem@@ den , dann habe ich eine bitte : verstehen sie , dass sie in einer subje@@ ktiven wahrheit leben , und der andere auch . +sie haben angst , dass wenn sie ihre leidenschaft suchen und diese nicht finden , sie sich wie ein i@@ di@@ ot fühlen würden . also machen sie aus@@ flü@@ chte , warum sie nicht nach ihrer leidenschaft aus@@ schau halten . +wissen sie was ? hier ist ein kleines geheimnis . +sie brauchen 20 inter@@ essen und eins davon , eins davon wird sie pac@@ ken , eins davon wird sie fes@@ seln , mehr als alles andere und dann haben sie wom@@ ö@@ glich ihre größte liebe im vergleich zu allen anderen dingen gefunden , die sie interessieren , und das ist leidenschaft . +was soll ich ihnen darauf sagen ? +" schau mal . ich hatte auch mal einen traum , aber – " " aber . " +und das ist der grund , wes@@ halb sie keine großartige karriere haben werden , es sei denn – ' es sei denn ' , die auf@@ rü@@ tt@@ el@@ n@@ d@@ sten aller wörter – ' es sei denn ' . +sie erinnern sich vielleicht an den auf@@ schre@@ i vor einem jahr , als eine arbeits@@ gruppe der amerikanischen vor@@ sor@@ ge@@ dien@@ ste die liter@@ atur über mammo@@ gra@@ f@@ ie@@ untersu@@ chungen überprü@@ fte und eine richt@@ linie gegen mammo@@ graphi@@ e@@ untersu@@ chungen er@@ ließ für frauen zwischen vier@@ zig und fünf@@ zig . +deshalb ist es einfach , diesen tumor im ob@@ eren teil dieser br@@ ust mit viel fett@@ gewebe zu sehen . +früher oder später müssen wir die tatsache akzeptieren , dass innova@@ tionen im gesundheitswesen nicht immer viel mehr kosten können . +da waren wir also , ein kern@@ physiker , eine inter@@ ni@@ stin , kurz darauf er@@ gän@@ zt durch car@@ r@@ ie hr@@ us@@ ka , eine bi@@ ome@@ di@@ zin@@ -@@ ingenie@@ ur@@ in und zwei radi@@ ologen . wir versuchten , uns mit der et@@ abli@@ erten welt der mammo@@ graph@@ ie anzu@@ legen , mit hilfe einer maschine , die von kle@@ be@@ band zusammen@@ gehalten wurde . +hier ist ein beispiel aus dieser studie . +wir müssen noch die studie mit der ger@@ ingen strahl@@ ungs@@ do@@ sis be@@ enden und dann müssen unsere ergebnisse von anderen institutionen wieder@@ holt werden . das könnte fünf jahre oder länger dauern . +die babys , mit denen wir schwan@@ ger waren , als meine pati@@ enti@@ n mir damals diese frage stellte , sind jetzt beide in der mittel@@ stufe , so lange haben die antworten darauf ge@@ braucht . +ich kann mir ihre finanz@@ bele@@ ge ansehen . +oder sollten wir seine privat@@ sphäre respe@@ kti@@ eren , seine würde schützen und ihn in ru@@ he lassen ? +was ist ein moral@@ isches be@@ trie@@ bs@@ system ? +ich gehe hin und her , ich komme ni@@ r@@ gen@@ ds an . +wenn man so darüber nach@@ denkt , hat man einen moral@@ ischen mas@@ s@@ stab nach pla@@ to . +nicht , weil es vor@@ hin ge@@ kl@@ ing@@ elt hat , ich nehme es , weil ich eine kleine berech@@ nung gemacht habe . +was ist die for@@ mel ' +oder habe ich wie k@@ ant meine vern@@ un@@ ft benutzt , um herauszufinden , was in@@ trin@@ s@@ isch richtig ist ? " +d@@ um ta da da d@@ um d@@ um ta da da d@@ um ihr musi@@ ker@@ freund wird sie stopp@@ en und sagen , " wei@@ sst du , diese ti@@ tel@@ musik für eure daten@@ revolution , das ist eine op@@ er , das ist wa@@ g@@ ner . +er ist unsere unsicht@@ bare wirklichkeit . +und dieses rau@@ schen ist das neu@@ tr@@ al@@ ste . +defini@@ tiv nicht perfekt . als wür@@ det ihr es wahrscheinlich an diesem punkt aus@@ machen . +ihr mü@@ sst wissen : heutzutage wird etwa eine von zwei tab@@ le@@ tten jeder ar@@ z@@ ne@@ i falsch ein@@ genommen . +ich habe es entworfen , um kindern mit der behandlung zu helfen . +große trag@@ ö@@ die also . +denn in den wurz@@ eln der pflan@@ ze ist sie nicht sehr effektiv . +jetzt können wir lo@@ kal@@ es essen genie@@ ßen . +wenn man den medien@@ berichten glaubt , war das leben eines dro@@ gen@@ de@@ al@@ ers in der blü@@ te@@ zeit der cra@@ ck@@ -@@ epide@@ mie sehr glam@@ our@@ ö@@ s , zumindest nach den worten von virg@@ ini@@ a po@@ stre@@ l . +laut mal@@ col@@ m gla@@ d@@ well war [ das ko@@ ka@@ in-@@ der@@ i@@ v@@ at ] cra@@ ck die ge@@ hal@@ t@@ voll@@ ere version von to@@ ma@@ ten@@ su@@ ppe für die innen@@ stadt . +er war ein wirklich interessan@@ ter an@@ blick . +er ging zurück in den zweiten stock und sagte : " hey jungs . +die gruppe , die ich näher betrachten möchte , sind jedoch die leute ganz unten , das fuß@@ volk . +in unserer gang – und das war zuge@@ ge@@ ben@@ erweise nicht die standar@@ d@@ situation – es herr@@ schte gerade inten@@ sive gewalt – viele ban@@ den@@ kriege – und diese gang wurde tatsächlich ziemlich erfolgreich . aber es gab dafür einen preis . +aber die regeln änder@@ ten sich , und sie wurden nie zum partner er@@ ho@@ ben . +die worte eines ban@@ den@@ mitg@@ lie@@ ds drücken das sehr schön aus . +danach begann ich mit sky@@ di@@ ving . +2005 fol@@ gte mein bas@@ e-@@ jump von ei@@ ger , mö@@ n@@ ch und jung@@ frau , drei sehr berühm@@ ten ber@@ gen in der schwei@@ z . +ich kenne zwar schon die antwort darauf , aber : wie landen sie ? +und sagen sie dann jemals : " nein , das werde ich nicht tun " ? +ich denke , es gibt eine so@@ z@@ il@@ alisi@@ erende dimension in diesem verschie@@ ben der grenze . +geht es darum bei kunst ? +so dass sich mit der bewegung ihrer beine die farbe ihres horizon@@ ts verändern wird . +und " ha@@ -@@ ha , da ist ein bild und hier bin ich . und was soll das ganze ? " +in den spek@@ ta@@ kul@@ ären groß@@ proje@@ kten , für die er berü@@ hmt ist , er@@ schafft ol@@ af@@ ur eli@@ as@@ son kunst aus einer pal@@ ette von raum , di@@ stan@@ z , farbe und licht . dieser mit vortrag voller ideen beginnt mit einem experiment zur natur der wahrnehmung . +ich vermu@@ te , dass das eine menge tiere versch@@ eu@@ cht . +wir brauchen eine organisation wie die nasa für ozean@@ forschung , denn wir müssen unsere lebenser@@ hal@@ tungs@@ systeme hier auf der erde schützen und erforschen . +als die 10 jahre alt war , 19@@ 27 , veröffent@@ li@@ chte sie ihren ersten ge@@ di@@ cht@@ band mit dem titel " the jan@@ it@@ or ' s boy " +mir ge@@ fro@@ r mein blut als ich das las weil ich eine einfache musik geschrieben hatte 1@@ 30 jahre nachdem er diesem brief schrieb .. +nat@@ al@@ ie mer@@ ch@@ ant sing@@ t von ihrem neuen al@@ bu@@ m " leave your sleep " . die tex@@ te aus fast ver@@ ges@@ sen@@ en di@@ cht@@ ungen aus dem 19@@ . jahrhundert pa@@ aren sich mit ihrer un@@ ver@@ wech@@ selb@@ aren stimme zu einem auf@@ tritt , der das publikum begei@@ ster@@ te . +ihr körper unterschei@@ det sich grundle@@ gend von unserem . +als erwachsen@@ er , als ich über die erstaun@@ lichen erkenn@@ tnisse von pen@@ ny patter@@ son und ko@@ ko , sue sa@@ va@@ ge-@@ ru@@ m@@ bau@@ gh mit kan@@ z@@ i und pan@@ ban@@ ish@@ a , ir@@ ene pe@@ p@@ per@@ berg und ale@@ x , den pa@@ pa@@ ge@@ i , hörte , begei@@ ster@@ te ich mich dafür . +so sah es aus , als es an@@ fing und man kann es als internet der weißen männer mittleren al@@ ters be@@ zeichnen , über@@ wie@@ gend weiße männer mittleren al@@ ters . +bei mir sind 8 große tü@@ mm@@ ler : die 20@@ -@@ jährige ch@@ es@@ a@@ pe@@ a@@ ke , unser erster hier geb@@ or@@ en@@ er del@@ ph@@ in , ihre 4 jahre alte tochter ba@@ y@@ ley und ihre halb@@ schwester , die 11 jahre alte may@@ a . +nur der kon@@ gress kann diese zahl wert@@ schätzen . +das bedeutet , dass das , was wir gerade über diese interak@@ tionen mit anderen arten lernen , uns letztendlich bei@@ bringt , wie wir vielleicht mit ali@@ ens von einem anderen planeten interagieren . +nun , vielen dank euch allen , dass ihr dabei wart . +und nun sprachen menschen aus dem iran mit mir . +es gibt dort grafi@@ k@@ designer . wirklich ? +diese ganze liste an face@@ boo@@ k@@ seiten , der gleichen botschaft gewi@@ d@@ met ; menschen , die einander ihre liebe senden . +erinnern sie sich an das bild vom anfang ? +ich werde einfach ein bild davon machen und ich werde es auf facebook hoch@@ laden mit etwas wie " isra@@ eli@@ s für den frieden " . +wie sie sehen , entwickelt sich ein projekt durch eine folge von generationen von desig@@ n@@ meetings . +aber dann tra@@ fen wir einen chines@@ ischen unternehmer , der unser design gesehen hatte und sagte : " wow , das ist das chines@@ ische zeichen für das wort ‚ volk ' " . offen@@ bar schreibt man so also " volk " , wie in " vol@@ ks@@ republi@@ k china " . +china wird durch den dra@@ chen symbo@@ li@@ siert , +sondern bieten an es auszu@@ probieren . +wenn sie trotzdem nach kop@@ en@@ ha@@ gen kommen , werden sie wohl eine instal@@ lation des chines@@ ischen künst@@ l@@ ers ai wei@@ we@@ i sehen , +wenn man jetzt vom par@@ k@@ haus durch die gän@@ ge geht , ist es fast wie eine reise durch ein par@@ all@@ el@@ universum aus bun@@ ten autos und farben zu dieser urban@@ e o@@ ase in süd@@ lage . +unser grund@@ gedanke war , die sieben wichtigsten ber@@ ge as@@ er@@ ba@@ i@@ d@@ sch@@ ans als muster zu nehmen , und sie in urban@@ e architek@@ ton@@ ische strukturen umzu@@ setzen , die von menschen be@@ wohn@@ t werden können . +und ich muss sagen , bevor ich weiter mache , bitte ich jeden von ihnen es zu versuchen und sti@@ ft und papier herauszu@@ holen weil ich sie tatsächlich darum bitten werde , mir zu helfen , einen blick darauf zu werfen , wie wir das machen . +weil wir probleme nicht lösen können . +was ich also be@@ ab@@ sichti@@ ge ist , wirklich zu sagen , dass wir für eine sehr lange zeit , eine situation gehabt haben , in der wir eine anzahl der aus@@ wahl@@ möglichkeiten gehabt haben . +und dann fragen sie , warum ökon@@ omen ? +aber es bes@@ agt , dass das was wir dagegen machen können sehr wenig ist , zu sehr hohen kosten . +die neu@@ erkrank@@ ungen an malaria bel@@ aufen sich auf einige millionen in@@ fi@@ zierte pro jahr . +also nochmal , auf was wir uns konzentrieren , ist prä@@ ven@@ tion eher als behandlung , zunächst einmal . +natürlich liegt das hauptsächlich daran , dass der klimawandel so gute bilder hat . +die einzigen zwei bedingungen waren , dass sie an der universität studieren , und dass sie englisch sprechen . +im letzten jahrhundert hat die kombination aus liber@@ aler demokratie und privat@@ em kapit@@ alismus den vereinigten staaten und der westlichen welt zu ras@@ an@@ tem wirtschafts@@ wachstum ver@@ holfen . +denken sie einmal darüber nach , ob das von china re@@ präsen@@ tierte system nicht das ist , welches bei den menschen in entwicklungsländern immer mehr zu dem system wird , das es anzu@@ streben gilt , da sie immer mehr davon überzeugt sind , dass durch dieses system ihr lebens@@ standard innerhalb kür@@ ze@@ ster zeit am besten und schnell@@ sten verbessert werden kann . +ich stehe auch hier , um ihnen zu sagen , dass sich gerade einiges verändert im hin@@ blick auf chin@@ as haltung zur demokratie . +aber ich glaube , dass die usa und die europä@@ ischen staaten , um ihren welt@@ weiten einfluss zu behalten , vielleicht darüber nachdenken müssen , kurz@@ fri@@ stig zu ko@@ oper@@ ieren , um konkur@@ ri@@ eren zu können und dadurch müssen sie sich vielleicht ag@@ gressi@@ ver auf die wirtschaftlichen erfol@@ ge konzentrieren , um dazu bei@@ zu@@ tragen , eine mittel@@ schicht zu schaffen und somit die regierung zur verantwortung ziehen zu können und die demokratie zu bilden , die wir wirklich wollen . +auf die gleiche weise können wir das wirtschafts@@ wachstum an@@ kur@@ b@@ eln . +heißt also , wenn man im besten kli@@ ma lebt , in san die@@ go in den usa oder im schle@@ ch@@ testen kli@@ ma , in bu@@ ff@@ al@@ o , new york , wird man gleich glücklich an beiden orten sein . +wenn wir also eben diese sehr wichtigen entscheidungen aufgrund sehr kom@@ ischer gründe machen , bleibt es doch stati@@ stisch er@@ wiesen , dass mehr geor@@ ges in geor@@ gi@@ a leben und mehr den@@ nis@@ es zahn@@ arzt werden und dass mehr pau@@ las mit paul ver@@ heirat@@ et sind als stati@@ stisch nötig . +und ich weiß natürlich dinge , als designer , über ty@@ po@@ gra@@ fie , auch wenn wir nicht sonder@@ lich erfolgreich mit diesen tieren gearbeitet haben . +nach etwa drei tagen zeigen sich blas@@ en an der oberfläche der flüs@@ sigkeit . +mit indi@@ go en@@ steht ein schutz vor mikro@@ ben . +su@@ z@@ an@@ ne , ganz kurz , was du an@@ hast , trä@@ gst du nicht zufällig ? +ba@@ o y@@ on@@ g@@ xi@@ u : " meine mutter sagt mir , ich sol@@ le heim@@ kommen und hei@@ raten , aber wenn ich jetzt hei@@ rate , bevor ich mich ganz entwickelt habe , kann ich nur einen gewöhn@@ lichen arbeiter hei@@ raten . deshalb habe ich keine ei@@ le . " +in vielen arti@@ keln wird aus@@ ger@@ ech@@ net : wie lange muss ein arbeiter arbeiten , um so viel geld zu verdienen , dass er sich das kaufen kann , was er her@@ stellt ? +ein ander@@ mal , nachdem m@@ in die hand@@ ta@@ schen@@ fabrik bereits verlassen hatte , kam ihre jün@@ gere schwester zu besu@@ ch und brachte zwei der bekannten co@@ ach@@ -@@ hand@@ ta@@ schen mit . +danke . +im jahr 2009 gab es 500 bom@@ ben@@ explo@@ sionen in pakistan . +stufe zwei : sie lehren den kindern den kor@@ an , welcher das heili@@ gste buch des islam ist , auf arab@@ isch ; eine sprache , die diese kinder nicht verstehen und nicht sprechen können . +dieser junge heißt mess@@ oud . +wir haben die cas@@ sin@@ i raum@@ son@@ de nun mehr@@ mals über diesen mond ge@@ flo@@ gen . wir sind näher und tief@@ er in diese strö@@ me ge@@ flo@@ gen , in die di@@ chter@@ en regionen dieser strö@@ me , so , dass wir jetzt einige sehr prä@@ z@@ ise , viel@@ sei@@ tige mess@@ werte erhalten konnten . +gegenüber dieser weite erscheinen wir immer irgendwie klein . +diese verbindung ist eindeu@@ tig ein materi@@ eller prozess . +sie su@@ chten nach bis jetzt uner@@ sch@@ lossen@@ en orten und das bedeu@@ tete in erster linie nor@@ d und sü@@ d , hauptsächlich diese kab@@ el nach afrika . +danke sehr . +das material , das ab@@ gelegt wird , kommt zunächst entweder in flüs@@ si@@ ger form oder als pu@@ der heraus . +die details , die man heute machen kann , sind erstaunlich . +aber dies auf her@@ kö@@ mm@@ liche art herzustellen , ist schwierig . +sie können es einfach direkt vor ort herstellen . +statt ein produkt um die welt zu schicken , schicken wir daten über das internet . +firmen wollen unterschiedliche dinge . +aber es waren nicht nur wir . sogar in der musli@@ mischen welt wurde seine definition von d@@ schi@@ had aufge@@ gri@@ ffen . +was heißt das für uns im westen ? +aber das ist immer noch kein grund für uns , uns abzu@@ wenden , weil wir diesen film schon aus afghanistan kennen . +al ja@@ ze@@ era brachte ihnen informationen , zeigte ihnen was im namen ihrer religion gesagt und getan wurde , de@@ ckte die heu@@ ch@@ el@@ ei@@ en von o@@ sam@@ a bin laden und al-@@ q@@ ai@@ da auf , und gab ihnen die informationen , die den menschen erlaub@@ te , ihre eigenen schlüs@@ se zu ziehen . +vielen dank . +die freund@@ lichkeit und gü@@ te in ihrem gesicht nahmen mich sofort für sie ein , und ich bat sie , mir ihre geschichte zu erzählen . +sie lebt mit all dieser un@@ sicherheit und tatsächlich wurde sie im janu@@ ar , während der stam@@ mes@@ kra@@ w@@ alle , aus ihrem heim ver@@ trieben und musste eine neue hü@@ tte finden , in der sie fort@@ an leben konnte . +ich glaube wirklich , dass dort die würde ihre wurz@@ eln hat . +neben@@ bei bemerkt , das geheimnis ist , nicht zu bett zu gehen , e@@ he man seine wörter für diesen tag zusammen hat . +ich hatte gerade tri@@ gon@@ ome@@ trie in der schule bele@@ gt und lernte dort über par@@ ab@@ eln , und ihre fähigkeit , licht@@ stra@@ hlen in einem punkt zu konzentrieren . +ich bin fro@@ h , dass sie vor@@ hin schon gehört haben , dass bat@@ teri@@ en im vergleich zu öl einen unglaublich viel weniger effe@@ ktiven energi@@ es@@ p@@ ei@@ cher darstellen . +man nimmt ein problem , welches nicht durch eine durch und durch mathemati@@ sche antwort lö@@ s@@ bar ist , und stellt ein evolution@@ är@@ es system für viel@@ fa@@ che rat@@ ever@@ suche auf , fü@@ gt sex hin@@ zu - was bedeuten soll , dass man die hälfte einer ersten und die hälfte einer zweiten lösung nimmt und daraus neue mu@@ ta@@ tionen erstellt - und nutzt dann die natürliche sele@@ ktion , um die nicht so guten lösungen abzu@@ töten . +was sie hier sehen sind 12 separate blä@@ tter , die mit individu@@ ellen mikro@@ proz@@ ess@@ oren bewegt werden könnten , die nur etwa einen dollar kosten würden . +und sobald man mobili@@ tät hat , kann man viele mot@@ oren produzieren , da man mehr ein@@ heiten benötigt , im gegensatz zu dam@@ pf@@ schi@@ ffen oder großen fabri@@ ken , für die nicht so viele ein@@ heiten notwendig sind , also war dies der motor@@ typ der aus der massen@@ produktion nutzen zog , was alle anderen mot@@ oren nicht taten . +das bewegt man dann hoch und runter durch ein kleines bisschen energie , aber nun schie@@ bt man die luft nur her@@ unter zum heißen und hoch zum k@@ alten ende , her@@ unter zum heißen ende und hoch zum k@@ alten . +nun setzen wir die zwei dinge zusammen . +dies ist der erste test im freien und jedes der blä@@ tter sucht jetzt also individu@@ ell nach dem besten winkel . +es ist unglaublich , wie groß das potential für solar@@ energie dort ist und ich bin sehr begeistert , mehr über wege zu reden , wie wir darauf hin arbeiten können . +bill gro@@ ss über revolution@@ äre ideen für das finden neuer formen von energie@@ gewinn@@ ung +aber trotzdem sehen wir uns die teile an . +und aus diesem fel@@ d@@ zug werden wir wahrscheinlich ein paar dutz@@ end artikel über ein paar dutz@@ end proz@@ esse oder moleküle bekommen . +und das war ja auch gut so , dass man die sache unterstützt hat . +also , aus un@@ verständnis können tolle sachen entstehen -- -- von denen ich dann ein bild male , das schließlich in meinem werk landen wird . +ich arbeite für den new yor@@ ker und ich mache ti@@ tel@@ seiten , und dann kam der 1@@ 1. september und das war , ä@@ h@@ m , ein vö@@ lli@@ ges ende der welt wie wir sie kan@@ nten . +und " würde " ist der lieb@@ hab@@ er von co@@ co chan@@ el und " sollte " ist edi@@ th si@@ t@@ well , und könnte ist ein aug@@ ust s@@ ander modell . +und dann gibt es keinen aus@@ gest@@ op@@ ften spin@@ o@@ za , aber dafür einen aus@@ gest@@ op@@ ften pa@@ v@@ lo@@ v ' schen hund , und ich habe ihn im hy@@ gi@@ en@@ e-@@ museum in st@@ . pe@@ ter@@ s@@ bur@@ g in rus@@ s@@ land besu@@ cht . +ich habe in der post eine sch@@ ach@@ tel erhalten und die war in zeit@@ ung@@ sp@@ ap@@ ier einge@@ wick@@ elt und in dieser zeitung war das bild dieses man@@ nes und er war tot . +so , und dieses lied handelt davon wie el@@ en@@ dig alle sind denn , nun ja , wir kommen aus rus@@ s@@ land . +ma@@ ir@@ a kal@@ man , die be@@ bil@@ der@@ te frau +aber trotzdem , konnte ich in meinem herzen keine wirkliche tren@@ nung spüren , die liebe , die ich für diese menschen emp@@ finde , war einfach größer . +wir kle@@ ttern also auf einen baum , und einige dinge , die wir dabei machen um auf den baum zu kle@@ ttern unter@@ graben tatsächlich die wurz@@ eln des bau@@ mes . +kochen , pu@@ tzen , ein@@ kaufen , bauen . aber sie sind nicht hier . +wir hoff@@ ten , dass sie eine art bö@@ sen , sp@@ innen@@ arti@@ gen gang haben würde , aber stattdessen entwickelte sie diese ziemlich la@@ h@@ me art der vor@@ wär@@ ts@@ bewegung . +der hur@@ ri@@ k@@ an kat@@ r@@ ina hat uns gezeigt , dass wir uns nicht vollständig darauf verlassen können , das die regierung je@@ derzeit bereit und in der lage ist , zu handeln . +alle gesi@@ chts@@ mas@@ ken werden beispielsweise in china hergestellt . +wenn sie jetzt eine pan@@ dem@@ ische bedro@@ hung hinzu@@ fügen , haben sie ein gro@@ s@@ ses problem . +lassen sie uns überlegen : sollen wir veran@@ lassen , dass alle hau@@ sti@@ ere drin bleiben ? +bei der sar@@ s-@@ epide@@ mie in hon@@ g@@ kon@@ g haben wir fest@@ gestellt , dass die meisten über@@ trag@@ ungen statt@@ fanden , weil die leute ihre mas@@ ken nicht richtig aus@@ zogen . +jede stadt , jeder be@@ zir@@ k er@@ griff eigene maß@@ nahmen . +die studie des medizin@@ ischen institu@@ ts be@@ män@@ gel@@ t , dass die mas@@ ken nicht re@@ zy@@ kli@@ ert werden können . +im en@@ de@@ ffe@@ kt schwä@@ cht sich das virus vielleicht ab ist für die menschheit nicht mehr tö@@ dlich und findet andere wir@@ te . +im hin@@ blick darauf , wo wir in der wissenschaft mit dn@@ s-@@ identi@@ fi@@ kation us@@ w. stehen , ist das nicht mehr so weit entfernt . +wir haben nie auch nur an@@ näher@@ n@@ d so etwas gesehen . " +es ist wirklich gut steu@@ er@@ bar . es gibt eine trag@@ bare fern@@ be@@ dien@@ ung , mit der sie beschle@@ uni@@ gen können , bre@@ m@@ sen , in den rück@@ wär@@ ts@@ gang wechseln , auch mit bre@@ m@@ s@@ funktion . +okay , ich habe gesch@@ um@@ melt , das waren nur 20 sekunden . +aber in amerika sind ke@@ ul@@ en ein syn@@ ony@@ m für gol@@ f@@ schlä@@ ger . +ich fand zwei bäume – aber nicht irgend@@ welche bäume , bäume mit charakter – und dann ein sehr lan@@ ges sei@@ l . +das mur@@ m@@ eln der stadt lö@@ st sich in einer wind@@ b@@ ö auf , deren ei@@ si@@ ge kraft ich nicht mehr fühle . +sie wissen das , oder ? +ich zau@@ b@@ ere die tau@@ be her@@ bei . +ich möchte , dass sie für eine sekunde nur diese fanta@@ stische menschliche sym@@ ph@@ onie erleben . +und ich würde sie gerne hoch ins blä@@ tter@@ dach mit@@ nehmen , nicht indem ich sie alle in sei@@ le und kle@@ tter@@ gur@@ te ste@@ cke , sondern indem ich ihnen einen sehr kurzen clip aus einem film von national geographic namens " hero@@ es of the high fron@@ tier " zeige . +wir haben ab@@ lö@@ s@@ ung@@ sex@@ per@@ im@@ ente gemacht , bei denen wir ma@@ tten von epi@@ phy@@ ten entfernt und uns die rate der wieder@@ bes@@ ie@@ d@@ lung angesehen haben . +wir ber@@ aten uns mit den medien über baum@@ kr@@ on@@ en-@@ fragen ; wir haben einen baum@@ kr@@ on@@ en-@@ new@@ sle@@ tter ; wir haben ma@@ il@@ ing@@ listen . +ich habe die wirkung von du@@ kes song auf die urban@@ e ju@@ gend gesehen – eine ziel@@ gruppe , an die ich als profess@@ or@@ in mittleren al@@ ters nicht hoffen kann , her@@ anzu@@ kommen – in bezug darauf , sie von der wichti@@ gkeit der natur@@ land@@ schaften zu überzeugen . +ich habe meine wissenschaftlichen kollegen und fach@@ leute für nachhal@@ tigkeit mit in die gefäng@@ nisse genommen . +vor langer , langer zeit war die welt einmal eine große , schwer gest@@ ör@@ te familie . +wir bewegen uns in richtung demokra@@ ti@@ si@@ erung der information , und ich arbeite schon eine ganze weile auf diesem gebiet . +das ist open source und kann in jedem land benutzt werden , in dem es ein informa@@ tions@@ frei@@ heits@@ gesetz gibt . +skep@@ tisch , weil man alles hinter@@ fragen sollte : +sie beobachten uns alle . sie haben im k@@ eller ein spi@@ on@@ a@@ ge@@ zentrum gebaut , wo sie mit algorith@@ men die stör@@ en@@ frie@@ de unter uns finden wollen , und w@@ em das nicht passt , der wird wegen terror@@ ismus fest@@ genommen . +wenn man an ein kor@@ allen@@ riff denkt , stellen sich die meisten leute dies vor : all diese großen , har@@ ten , kunst@@ vollen kor@@ allen und viele bun@@ te fisch@@ l@@ ein und so . +lösen sich mit der zeit im blut und den gewe@@ ben , und rei@@ chern sich darin an . +und diese aus@@ rü@@ stung haben wir für einen 9@@ 0-@@ m-@@ tau@@ ch@@ gang verwendet . +beim atmen produzieren wir ja kohlen@@ di@@ ox@@ id , und dieses kohlen@@ di@@ ox@@ id muss aus dem system ge@@ fil@@ tert werden . +und ich könnte den ganzen tag darüber reden – fragen sie meine frau – aber ich möchte zu etwas anderem kommen , das irgendwie noch interessan@@ ter ist . +wir sehen auch ha@@ ie , viel mehr ha@@ ie als ich erwartet hätte . +ich weiß ja nicht , ob sie " us news and world report " lesen – ich habe die aktu@@ elle aus@@ gabe . +und der hier ist interessant . +ich zeige ihnen dieses bild nicht , weil ich ihnen einen dä@@ mp@@ fer ver@@ passen will , sondern um ihnen meine leben@@ sp@@ hil@@ osop@@ h@@ ie deutlich zu machen , und zwar , dass wir alle zwei ziele haben . +trotz der tatsache , dass alle dieser stör@@ ungen im gehirn entstehen , werden die meisten dieser stör@@ ungen aus@@ schließlich auf basis von beob@@ acht@@ bar@@ em verhalten diagno@@ sti@@ ziert . +die forschung zeigt , dass 50 prozent der kinder , fast 50 prozent der kinder , die mit autis@@ mus diagno@@ sti@@ ziert werden , tatsächlich an verste@@ ckten hirn@@ krä@@ mp@@ fen leiden . +sie tauchen nicht mehr@@ mals auf , sodass er tatsächlich wie ein rei@@ se@@ beri@@ cht ist . +richard sau@@ l wur@@ man : ich weiß noch , wie er am pen@@ n-@@ college eine rede hielt . +lou@@ is ka@@ hn , ja ! +ihnen konnte er wahrscheinlich nicht die richtige art von liebe geben , aber uns , unserem volk hat er die richtige art von liebe gegeben , das ist wichtig . +was wäre , wenn sie auch zum nach@@ th@@ im@@ mel hin@@ auf@@ sehen , zu den@@ selben ster@@ nen , aber von der anderen seite ? +welche linie zeigt die zahl an ? +in den j@@ ack@@ -@@ hü@@ geln in west@@ australien werden zir@@ k@@ one ab@@ gebaut , diese zir@@ k@@ one aus den j@@ ack@@ -@@ hü@@ geln west@@ austr@@ ali@@ ens erzählen uns von einer zeit ein paar hundert millionen jahre nach dem planet@@ en@@ urspr@@ ung , in der es reich@@ lich wasser und vielleicht sogar leben gab . +dra@@ ke entdeckte zwar keine außer@@ ir@@ dische intelligenz , doch lernte er eine wert@@ volle lektion von einem vorbei@@ flie@@ genden flugzeug : ter@@ re@@ str@@ ische technologie kann mit der suche nach außer@@ ir@@ dis@@ cher technologie inter@@ fer@@ ieren . +wenn das also richtig ist , wieso konnten wir nur vier der 15@@ 1 menschen überzeugen ? +kommen sie mit zum ent@@ le@@ gen@@ sten teil der welt , zur ant@@ arkti@@ s . die höch@@ ste , tro@@ cken@@ ste , w@@ indi@@ gste , und k@@ äl@@ teste region der erde - noch tro@@ cken@@ er als die sahar@@ a und teil@@ weise k@@ älter als der mars . +unter der oberfläche aber herr@@ scht rund um ein 6 millionen eur@@ o te@@ ures bo@@ h@@ ra@@ g@@ gre@@ g@@ at der bo@@ hr@@ er taucht regel@@ mäßig , wie ein instrument der bi@@ op@@ sie , hunderte meter tief in das eis ein , um g@@ ase und is@@ ot@@ op@@ e zur analyse aus dem inn@@ ersten zu extra@@ hi@@ eren . +kennen wir denn nicht bereits die kon@@ sequenzen eines klima@@ wand@@ els auf unsere alt@@ ein@@ ges@@ essen@@ e zivilisation ? +das alte problem beim thema klima@@ schutz ist , daß er teuer ist , ander@@ n@@ falls ha@@ et@@ ten wir schon la@@ eng@@ st mit dem klima@@ schutz angefangen . +auch kommt aus europa und korea ern@@ st@@ zunehmen@@ de konkur@@ ren@@ z ge@@ folgt von china , das bald einer der wichtigsten net@@ to@@ ex@@ por@@ teure fu@@ er autos sein wird . +fin@@ a@@ zieren la@@ es@@ st es sich u@@ e@@ ber den priv@@ aten kapit@@ al@@ markt . +das ist nicht besonders er@@ bau@@ end nach mehr als einem jahrhundert hin@@ geb@@ ungs@@ voller ingenie@@ ur@@ arbeit . +jedes dieser teile wird von einem einzigen , recht billi@@ gen du@@ es@@ en@@ set ge@@ for@@ mt anstelle von vier teu@@ eren , die man zum stam@@ pfen von sta@@ hl ben@@ o@@ e@@ tigt . +zum beispiel ko@@ en@@ nen fo@@ er@@ der@@ programme , die eine mis@@ chung aus ge@@ bu@@ e@@ hren und ver@@ gu@@ et@@ ungen sind , fu@@ er alle belie@@ bi@@ gen fahr@@ zeug@@ klas@@ sen den preis fu@@ er in@@ effizi@@ ente autos er@@ ho@@ ehen und de@@ ment@@ sprech@@ end eine ver@@ gu@@ et@@ ung fu@@ er effizi@@ ente fahr@@ zeuge zahlen . +und den u@@ e@@ ber@@ gang zu effizi@@ enter@@ en fahr@@ zeugen beschle@@ uni@@ gen . +es geht dabei immer@@ hin um sechs milliarden dollar . +im ok@@ tober brachten wir zwei titel auf den markt – " rock@@ et@@ t ' s new school " , was der ersten teil einer serie von produ@@ kten über eine figu@@ r namens rock@@ et@@ t , die ihren ersten schul@@ tag beginnt , in der achten klasse , an einem ganz neuen ort , völlig ohne vor@@ geschichte . das erlaubt es den mädchen erlaubt , mit fragen zu spielen wie : " wie werde ich sein , wenn ich älter bin ? " , +wenn man ein mädchen wäre und wirklich ab@@ ent@@ eu@@ er@@ lustig und wirklich wild , würde man denken , dass spiele für mädchen irgendwie la@@ h@@ m sind . +b@@ l : ich spu@@ le vor zum moment der entscheidung , denn ich weiß , dass ich nicht viel zeit habe . +bren@@ da lau@@ re@@ l über die produktion von video@@ spielen für mädchen +ich brauche auch al@@ ko@@ hol und mor@@ phi@@ um , denn nur so kann ich arbeiten . " +viele sozi@@ ologen wie ve@@ bl@@ en und wol@@ fe würden behaup@@ ten , dass wir ursprün@@ ge so wichtig nehmen , weil wir s@@ no@@ bs sind , weil wir auf status fo@@ kus@@ siert sind . +es gibt in@@ zwischen dutz@@ ende , vielleicht hunderte von studien , die zeigen , dass wenn man glaubt , dass man das teure zeug trin@@ kt , es einem besser schme@@ ckt . +menschen haben ihre ge@@ lieb@@ ten um@@ gebracht im glauben , dass sie einen betr@@ ü@@ ger er@@ mor@@ deten . +dann fragten wir sie , " wieviel würden sie für george clo@@ one@@ ys pul@@ lo@@ ver bezahlen ? " +sie mögen es einfach nicht . +wie viele von ihnen wissen , ist das die kom@@ position , wo der pian@@ ist auf seiner bank sitzt , das piano öffnet und da sitzt und vier minuten 3@@ 3 sekunden gar nichts tut – diese zeit der st@@ ille . +paul blo@@ om : der urspr@@ ung der freude +was ich ihnen also zeigen werde , sind alle wichtigen dinge , alle haupt@@ merk@@ male meiner diszi@@ pli@@ n – be@@ wei@@ s@@ be@@ zo@@ gene medizin . +" ein glas ro@@ tw@@ ein am tag könnte brust@@ krebs verhindern helfen . " +die behaup@@ tung war , dass fisch@@ öl@@ kap@@ seln schul@@ leistungen und -@@ verhalten von durchschnitt@@ s@@ kindern verbessern . +zwei zu@@ cker@@ p@@ ill@@ en pro tag bes@@ ie@@ gt eine zu@@ cker@@ pil@@ le pro tag . +und wieder : das ist keine ir@@ r@@ sinni@@ ge do@@ sis , keine il@@ leg@@ ale do@@ sis , aber ganz nah an der höch@@ st@@ grenze vom normalen . +sie können hier sehen , dass die kleinen nega@@ tiven versuche , die unten links sein sollten , versch@@ wunden sind . +wir haben die daten bereits , die zeigen , dass es die dau@@ er ihrer gri@@ ppe um ein paar stunden verk@@ ür@@ zt . +und sehr bald hätten sie begonnen , diese ko@@ hle abzu@@ transpor@@ tieren , ton@@ ne um ton@@ ne , zu@@ g@@ wa@@ g@@ on um zu@@ g@@ wa@@ g@@ on , bo@@ ot@@ sla@@ dung um bo@@ ot@@ sla@@ dung , zurück nach china und überall in die welt . +können sie sich vorstellen , wie sie sich fühlen würden , wenn sie an meiner stelle wären ? +es geht nur ums öl ; sie wissen das , alle wissen das . +da ist diese sache , die milit@@ ar@@ isi@@ erung der welt , und die stammt direkt aus der mitte der vereinigten staaten . +und was sehen sie ? sie sind chri@@ sten . +und dieses wort , george bush hat diesen krieg einen kreu@@ z@@ zug genannt . +das musst du sehen -- bi@@ bel train@@ ing@@ sla@@ ger . +natürlich , haben sie das alles falsch verstanden . +und ich möchte , dass sie sie sich als chines@@ ische frau vorstellen , die eine chines@@ ische fla@@ g@@ ge erhält , weil ihr ge@@ lieb@@ ter in amerika gestorben ist , während des ko@@ h@@ le@@ auf@@ stands . +können sie ihre wu@@ t fühlen , ihre angst , ihren z@@ or@@ n über das , was in ihrem land passiert ? +und plötzlich , ohne dass sie es mer@@ ken , sehen sie die welt anders . +mau@@ ern der kommunikation sind -- das muss ich ihnen sicher nicht sagen -- mit dem internet ein@@ gest@@ ür@@ zt . +mehr als je zuvor sind es ideen dieser art , die an vor@@ der@@ ster wirtschaft@@ licher front wachstum an@@ treiben . +und das bedeutet einen größeren an@@ trieb für forschung und entwicklung , was jedem in der welt zu@@ gute kommt . +ich denke da an den großen in@@ dischen mathemati@@ ker ra@@ manu@@ j@@ an . +20. jahrhundert : ein wenig über zwei prozent . +als ich meine no@@ ti@@ zen ange@@ fer@@ tigt hatte , stand der öl@@ preis bei 1@@ 40 dollar pro f@@ ass . +wenn wir alle insekten auf diesem planeten aus@@ ro@@ t@@ teten , nur sie – was wir übrigens intensi@@ v versuchen – würde der rest des lebens und der menschheit zum großteil vom land verschwinden . +6@@ 0.000 arten sind der wissenschaft bekannt , aber ihre exi@@ stenz wird auf mehr als 1,@@ 5 millionen geschä@@ tzt . +was werden wir finden , wenn wir das leben endlich ernsthaf@@ t k@@ arti@@ eren können ? +durch menschen verursa@@ chte klima@@ änder@@ ungen – halten wir sie nicht auf – könnten in den nächsten fünf de@@ ka@@ den ein viertel der noch lebenden arten aus@@ ro@@ tten . +alle schlüssel@@ informationen über das leben auf er@@ den werden jedem auf an@@ frage zugänglich , egal wo auf der welt . +sie wurde kom@@ mer@@ zi@@ ell ge@@ ja@@ gt . +be@@ dauern , wu@@ t , trau@@ er . +nur einige dinge sind rein für die schu@@ pp@@ en@@ hal@@ stau@@ be spezi@@ fisch . +al@@ ber@@ to arbeitete am py@@ ren@@ ä@@ en@@ stein@@ bo@@ ck in sp@@ ani@@ en . +nun , vögel sind ziemlich gut program@@ miert , das meiste ist schon in ihrer dn@@ s enth@@ alten . aber zur er@@ gän@@ zung schlu@@ g ben vor , brie@@ ft@@ au@@ ben zu verwenden , um den jungen wander@@ tau@@ ben das sch@@ wär@@ men zu zeigen , und wie sie ihre alten bru@@ t@@ plä@@ tze und fu@@ tter@@ plä@@ tze finden . +ein weiteres interessan@@ tes projekt , das noch etwas unterstützung braucht , ist das der brei@@ t@@ mau@@ l@@ nas@@ hör@@ ner . +das wird unbe@@ ab@@ sichti@@ gte kon@@ sequenzen haben . +er be@@ trieb und arbeitete in einer fabrik . +ich habe das buch gerne gemacht , weil ich es liebte , meine fan@@ tas@@ ie spielen zu lassen , und das ist schreiben . +ich zeich@@ nete lu@@ stige bilder meiner lehrer und rei@@ chte sie herum . +ich wollte nur eine video@@ kamera . +ich rich@@ tete ein studio ein und versuchte , meine arbeit zu veröffent@@ lichen . +mr@@ s. al@@ isch drän@@ gte sich in der sch@@ lange vor und sagte : " ich hab ihm lesen bei@@ gebracht ! " +ich sagte : " mr@@ s. al@@ isch , wie geht es ihnen ? " +als ich meinen to@@ d@@ kran@@ ken vater im krankenhaus besu@@ chte , fragte ich mich , wie kann man an einem ort , der so klingt , überhaupt gesund werden ? +das wird sehr stark von der res@@ on@@ an@@ z@@ zeit beeinflusst , wie viel hall ein raum hat . +was kostet es , ein klassen@@ zimmer auf 0@@ ,@@ 4 sekunden nach@@ hall@@ zeit auf@@ zur@@ ü@@ sten ? +ich liebe diese for@@ mu@@ li@@ erung . +in " up@@ wake " tragen gebäude an@@ züge , zero ste@@ ppt auf einem gigan@@ tischen key@@ board , kl@@ on@@ t sich mit einem scan@@ ner , zä@@ hmt und p@@ ei@@ t@@ scht die computer@@ mä@@ use , se@@ gel@@ t von einem stück papier hinweg in die trau@@ m@@ landschaft , und rei@@ st ins welt@@ all . +aber die lehrer sind danach zu mir gekommen und sagten , dass sie die kinder noch nie so konzentri@@ ert gesehen hatten . +sie ist bewegung und gefühl . +in den nieder@@ landen , wo ich her@@ komme , sieht man so gut wie nie schw@@ eine , was seltsam ist , weil wir bei einer bevölkerung von 16 millionen leuten 12 millionen schw@@ eine haben . +und in kä@@ se@@ ku@@ chen und vielen anderen arten von des@@ ser@@ ts , wie zum beispiel scho@@ kom@@ ous@@ se , ti@@ ra@@ mis@@ u oder van@@ il@@ le@@ pu@@ d@@ ding , in allen produ@@ kten , die im super@@ markt ge@@ kü@@ hlt gel@@ ag@@ ert werden ist gel@@ at@@ ine um sie gut aussehen zu lassen . +und sie gefragt , ob sie mir eine ku@@ gel schicken können . +chri@@ sti@@ en mein@@ der@@ ts@@ ma , autor@@ in von " pi@@ g 0@@ 50@@ 4@@ 9 " re@@ cher@@ ch@@ iert das erstaunliche nach@@ leben eines gewöhn@@ lichen schw@@ eines , dessen teile ihren weg in mindestens 18@@ 5 nicht-@@ flei@@ sch@@ liche produkte finden , von gewe@@ hr@@ ku@@ geln bis zu künst@@ lichen herzen . +sagen sie einem kind , dass ihnen etwas leid tut , und es wird scho@@ ck@@ iert sein . +ich werde noch viele dinge erreichen , menschen beein@@ dru@@ cken und es weit bringen . " +werden sie alle ihre schüler lieben ? natürlich nicht . +das ist ein model wie sich sprache entwickelt : nämlich durch die regeln einer ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ie . +es ist nützlich zu wissen , weil sprache un@@ endlich ist und man nicht einfach die sätze nach@@ pla@@ p@@ per@@ n kann , die man hört . +man kann das als die sprache der gedanken sehen , oder " ment@@ al@@ ese " . +ich bin mir sicher , dass die meisten von ihnen den film " far@@ go " gesehen haben . +in einer beziehung , kann der über@@ gang von freund@@ schaft zu sex zu verschiedenen formen des un@@ beha@@ gens führen , und genauso kann sex am arbeitsp@@ l@@ atz , bei dem wir den konflikt zwischen einer domin@@ anten und einer sexu@@ ellen beziehung als " sexu@@ elle bel@@ ä@@ sti@@ gung " be@@ zeichnen . +sie bekommen das beste aus beiden wel@@ ten . +bei solchen strei@@ ter@@ ei@@ en gewinn@@ e ich immer , weil ich die tricks kenne . +nun haben wir diese modelle – str@@ eit als krieg , str@@ eit als argu@@ ment@@ ation und str@@ eit als auf@@ tritt . +oh , und noch etwas , als lehrer stör@@ t mich das besonders : wenn str@@ eit krieg bedeutet , dann gibt es eine impli@@ zi@@ te gleich@@ ung vom lernen mit verlieren . +was wir brauchen , sind neue aus@@ gan@@ gs@@ strategi@@ en für strei@@ t@@ gesprä@@ che . +warum strei@@ ten wir ? um unser gegenüber auszu@@ ste@@ chen , ihm das gegenteil zu beweisen und vor allem zu gewinnen ! ... oder doch nicht ? philosop@@ h dan@@ iel h@@ . co@@ hen zeigt uns , wie die weit verbrei@@ t@@ ste art des strei@@ tens – ein krieg , in dem einer gewinnen und einer verlieren muss – sich die wahren vor@@ teile einer ak@@ tiven mein@@ ungs@@ verschieden@@ heit ent@@ gehen lässt . +damit ist gemein@@ t , etwas zu lernen , eine idee von einem organis@@ mus zu lernen und dann anzu@@ wenden . +über die welt der natur zu lernen ist eine sache , von der welt der natur zu lernen – das legte den sch@@ alter um . +das leben kann sich das nicht leisten . wie stellt das leben dinge her ? +stellen sie sich vor , alle unsere har@@ ten materialien so zu erzeugen . +die macht der form : hier ist ein w@@ al und auf seinen flo@@ ssen sehen wir kleine kn@@ ö@@ t@@ chen . diese kleinen er@@ he@@ b@@ ungen erhö@@ hen die effizi@@ enz , zum beispiel an einer flug@@ zeug@@ kan@@ te um ungefähr 32 prozent . +aber wir verwenden sie alle – sogar die gif@@ tigen . +ok , das ist die folie zum thema " hei@@ lung " . +im großen und kleinen for@@ mt die geschichte der opfer , wie wir frauen sehen . +warum sind sie so leiden@@ schaft@@ lich ? " +mikro@@ finanzi@@ erung ist ein kraft@@ voll@@ es mittel zu wirtschaft@@ licher unabhängi@@ gkeit und selb@@ sta@@ chtung , aber wir müssen über mikro@@ -@@ hoff@@ nungen und mikro@@ -@@ ambi@@ tionen für frauen hin@@ aus@@ gehen , weil sie für sich viel größere hoff@@ nungen he@@ gen . +wissen sie warum ? +und als ich mich an der business school be@@ war@@ b und sicher war , ich könnte es nicht schaffen , niemand , den ich kan@@ nte , hatte das geschafft , ging ich zu meiner tan@@ te , die jahre der mis@@ sh@@ and@@ lung durch ihren ehe@@ mann über@@ lebt hatte und aus ihrer e@@ he mit nichts als ihrer würde ent@@ kommen war . +aber es war ein kleines bisschen langwei@@ lig . +aber die art , wie menschen die geschichten erzählen , hat sich immer mit r@@ einer , be@@ stän@@ di@@ ger neu@@ heit weiter@@ entwickelt . +jetzt ist alles möglich . +trotzdem konzentri@@ ert sich die ganze presse aus@@ ger@@ ech@@ net darauf . +vor etwa zehn jahren war ich mit einem meiner freunde auf einer cock@@ ta@@ il@@ party , und wie wir so da sa@@ ßen , besch@@ werte er sich über die krä@@ hen , von denen es in seinem garten wi@@ mm@@ elte und die dort eine riesen@@ schw@@ ein@@ er@@ ei an@@ rich@@ teten . +und in diesem ganzen gebiet brü@@ ten sie selten mehr als fünf kilometer von menschen entfernt . +wir stellen also immer mehr fest , dass krä@@ hen wirklich , wirklich intelligent sind . +in wirklichkeit ist das ein alter hu@@ t für krä@@ hen . +wenn sie sich richtig daran gewöhn@@ t haben , machen wir mit den krä@@ hen weiter , die zurück@@ kommen . +ich denke , dass man krä@@ hen bei@@ bringen kann , andere dinge zu tun . +die fir@@ men@@ lei@@ tung nahm unseren sta@@ pel , unsere liste von anrei@@ zen , und ver@@ ließ das zimmer für 17 minuten , und sagte beim zurück@@ kommen : " wow , das ist das groß@@ zü@@ gi@@ gste , was eine gemeinde je gemacht hat , um die jobs hier@@ zu@@ behalten . +nur die hälfte der staaten nimmt teil . +jede region hat etwas anzu@@ bieten und so ein wettbewerb respe@@ kti@@ ert die staaten und den f@@ ö@@ der@@ alismus . +wenn sie es noch nicht bemerkt haben , unser medien@@ kli@@ ma stellt im allgemeinen ein sehr ver@@ zer@@ r@@ tes spiegel@@ bild unseres lebens und unserer geschle@@ chter@@ rollen dar . und ich denke , dass sich das ändern wird . +wenn sie ihren kli@@ ck@@ strom auf@@ zeichnen -- und sie wissen , dass sie das tun -- dann fällt es ihnen wirklich schwer , ihr alter , geschle@@ cht und einkommen zu bestimmen . +die unter@@ hal@@ tungs@@ medien der zukunft , die wir sehen werden , werden sehr von daten ge@@ steu@@ ert sein und sie werden auf den informationen bas@@ ieren , die wir von den gemeinschaften mit dem selben geschma@@ ck online er@@ mitteln werden , wo die frauen die wirkliche an@@ trie@@ b@@ sk@@ raft sind . +der vo@@ gel er@@ he@@ bt sich in die lü@@ fte , und schon hört man die worte : " ju@@ ani@@ to , ju@@ ani@@ to , vi@@ ente a com@@ er m@@ i hi@@ jo ! " +sie sollten vielleicht ihren blick ab@@ wenden , denn das ist ein mol@@ ch , der gerade seine g@@ lie@@ d@@ ma@@ ße re@@ gener@@ iert . hän@@ des@@ ch@@ ü@@ tt@@ eln über@@ trägt mehr bakterien als kü@@ ssen . +auf dem linken bild können sie die hand sehen . das ist der große pf@@ eil . und den pen@@ is rechts . die hand noch ab@@ war@@ tend . +ich sagte : " könnten sie es auch hier an ort und stelle machen ? " +ich habe dann tatsächlich vor@@ geschlagen ... es gibt da eine wissenschaft@@ ler@@ in an der universität von al@@ ab@@ ama , die den or@@ gas@@ mus erforsch@@ t . +damals haben die ärzte den männern rou@@ tin@@ em@@ ä@@ ß@@ ig erklärt , wie wichtig es sei , ihre frauen zu be@@ frie@@ digen . +der bri@@ tische sex@@ ologe ro@@ y le@@ v@@ in vermu@@ tete nun , dass das vielleicht der grund sei , wes@@ halb männer sich zu solch enth@@ usi@@ ast@@ ischen und re@@ fel@@ mäß@@ igen on@@ ani@@ er@@ ern entwickelt haben . +und ich sagte : " warum stimu@@ liert ihr nicht einfach die kli@@ tor@@ is des schw@@ eins ? +und die frau hatte damit sex . +und doch , obwohl für john alles richtig gut lief , hatte er probleme , kämp@@ fte er mit abhängi@@ gkeit und schwer@@ er depression . +nun , ich weiß , dass das läch@@ er@@ lich erscheint . +ziehen den k@@ noten fest . +und es schien mir , dass es sogar ihm wirklich schlecht dabei ging , sich jeden tag diese un@@ organisi@@ erten roten quad@@ rate anzu@@ sehen . +wir sind nur glücklich , wenn dinge in ordnung sind . +das können wir auch in diesem nächsten bild sehr klar sehen . +und ich denke das ganze passt viel besser zusammen , wenn sie es so machen . +aber nach einer weile entschied ich mich einfach ganz zurück zu gehen und die farbe wieder in die do@@ sen zu pac@@ ken +und ich fing an mehr ordnung in einige fla@@ g@@ gen zu bringen . +als wir auf@@ wu@@ ch@@ sen , hatte er eine di@@ xi@@ el@@ and-@@ ja@@ zz@@ band , und er spielte immer gerne lou@@ is@@ -@@ arm@@ stron@@ g-@@ mel@@ o@@ di@@ en nach . +und mütter sch@@ na@@ ppen nach ihren kindern , damit sie mir aus@@ wei@@ chen , und sie sagen , " nicht hin@@ star@@ ren ! " +ganz recht , ganz recht ; ich bin kein opfer mehr . +absicht ist wie ein wesent@@ licher bestand@@ teil der menschheit . +daran liegt vielleicht das problem . +man versuchte , eine antwort auf die folgende frage zu finden : was würden die menschen tun , nun , da sie nicht länger einfach ums überleben kämp@@ ften ? +ich war in einem roll@@ stuhl ; ich sah einem pl@@ ün@@ derer nicht ähnlich . +wir müssen folgendes unseren leben ab@@ verlangen , unseren obje@@ kten , unseren dingen , unseren um@@ ständen : mit absicht leben . +ich hatte nicht einmal eine genau@@ e ad@@ res@@ se , aber ich wusste , dass er ab@@ ed hie@@ ß . ich wusste , dass er in einer stadt mit 15@@ .000 ein@@ wohn@@ ern namens k@@ far kar@@ a lebte , und ich wusste , dass er 21 jahre zuvor , außerhalb dieser heili@@ gen stadt , mir das geni@@ ck gebro@@ chen hatte . +aber ab@@ ed fuhr nicht lang@@ samer und auf dieser kop@@ ie brach mein geni@@ ck erneu@@ t und wieder blieb ich mit meiner wu@@ t zurück . +waren wir alle ein ergebnis der dinge , die uns ange@@ tan wurden , dinge , die für uns getan wurden , die un@@ tre@@ ue eines el@@ tern@@ teil@@ es oder eines ehe@@ g@@ atten , ver@@ er@@ b@@ tes geld ? +und als ich dort saß und darüber nach@@ dachte , was ich sagen sollte , näher@@ te sich eine frau in einem schwarzen kopf@@ tu@@ ch und einem schwarzen gew@@ and . +nein , ich war ruhi@@ g , weil ich nicht für die wahrheit gekommen war . +" e@@ h@@ m , ab@@ ed " , sagte ich , " ich dachte , du hä@@ tt@@ est schon einige probleme bezüglich des fahr@@ ens vor dem unfall gehabt . " +ja , kon@@ tr@@ ast . +ich habe den kopf gebaut . sie haben den körper ge@@ fer@@ tigt . +und er sieht mehrere menschen in einer sz@@ ene , erinnert sich daran wo einzelne personen sind und schaut , sich erinn@@ ern@@ d , von person zu person . +jemand lu@@ d mich zu einem treffen ein , konnte mich aber nicht in einem konfer@@ enz@@ raum emp@@ fangen und sagte : " morgen muss ich meine h@@ unde aus@@ führen . wollen sie nicht mit@@ kommen ? " +ich habe dazu eine kleine berech@@ nung gemacht . +zum beispiel dank pin@@ ks vortrag über motivation , der war sehr gut , falls sie ihn nicht gesehen haben : " lass kar@@ ot@@ te fallen . lass stock fallen . bring bedeutung . " +die benutz@@ ten die sechs wörter , um mir un@@ versch@@ ä@@ m@@ te antworten zu geben , und fragten mich , ob ich kürzlich zu oft auf google gewesen sei . +und ich würde dafür nur $ 9@@ 9@@ .@@ 50 bezahlen – b@@ liebe damit sogar unter ein@@ hundert dollar . +okay , teil eins beginnt im jahr 19@@ 29 , als der großartige astron@@ om ed@@ win hu@@ b@@ ble fest@@ stellte , dass sich die fer@@ nen galaxien alle von uns weg@@ bewe@@ gten , und damit et@@ abli@@ erte , dass sich der raum selbst de@@ hnt , sich aus@@ wei@@ tet . +in der relev@@ anten einheit ausge@@ drückt , ist sie spek@@ ta@@ kul@@ ä@@ r klein . +teil@@ chen@@ ma@@ ssen , die stärke der kräfte , und am wichtigsten , die menge dunkl@@ er energie würden bestimmt von diesen zusätz@@ lichen dimensionen . +und jene galaxien , die viel weniger dunkle energie haben , koll@@ ab@@ ieren so schnell in sich selbst , dass sich ebenfalls keine galaxien bilden . +denn ein solcher mechan@@ ismus wurde bereits gefunden , von ko@@ sm@@ ologen , die versuchen , den ur@@ kn@@ all zu verstehen . +wir haben gelernt , dass unser universum nicht sta@@ tisch ist , dass der wel@@ traum sich aus@@ wei@@ tet , dass die expan@@ sion schneller wird und dass es vielleicht andere univer@@ sen gibt , durch sor@@ g@@ fäl@@ tige untersuchung von sch@@ wachen winzi@@ gen pun@@ kten stern@@ en@@ licht , das zu uns kommt aus fer@@ nen galaxien . +wir verstehen , wie man die mikro@@ well@@ en@@ hinter@@ grund@@ strahlung interpre@@ tieren muss , die vor 13@@ ,@@ 7@@ 2 milliarden jahren hinter@@ lassen wurde – und doch können wir berech@@ nen , wie sie aussehen sollte und es passt . +sie werden mil@@ o gleich zum ersten mal treffen . +man kann sich zurück@@ le@@ hnen , und dann verändert die kamera ihre perspektive , je nachdem , in welche richtung man bli@@ ckt . +mil@@ o : ich frage mich , wie tief es wohl ist . +um das zu re@@ alisieren , brauchten wir einen versu@@ chs@@ aufbau , wie bei einem zauber@@ trick . +du hast mein zimmer auf@@ gerä@@ um@@ t . +und auf einmal sah sie einen pan@@ zer , der die haupt@@ straße von sar@@ a@@ je@@ vo hin@@ unter@@ wal@@ zte und alles aus seinem weg scho@@ b . +ich glaube , dass es dort eine geschichte gibt , die erzählt werden muss . +und das ist eigentlich mein mo@@ tiv . +alles was ich tun kann ist hoffen , nicht auf entschei@@ d@@ ung@@ str@@ ä@@ ger und politiker , denn so gerne ich den glauben hätte , dass sie meine worte lesen und etwas tun , ich täu@@ sche mich nicht selbst . +genau das taten wir vor 10 jahren . +sp@@ ul@@ en sie bloß 10 jahre vor . +so schnell wie wir unsere computer neu ein@@ stellen können , ver@@ la@@ g@@ ert sich die gehir@@ na@@ k@@ tivität um dieses neue werkzeug abzu@@ bilden , als wenn es ein körper@@ teil des pri@@ ma@@ ten wäre . +ich war fünf jahre alt und ich habe nie verstanden , warum die nasa nicht cap@@ tain kir@@ k und spo@@ ck für den job ange@@ heu@@ erte hat ; schließlich waren sie sehr erfahren – aber das als kind zu sehen , ließ mich , wie meine großmutter mir oft sagte , glauben , dass " das un@@ mögliche nur das mögliche ist , um dessen ver@@ wirk@@ lich@@ ung sich noch niemand genü@@ gend bemü@@ ht hat . " +warum sollten wir das geld auf dich versch@@ wenden ? " +damit komme ich zum ersten der zwei haupt@@ themen von " die hälfte des hi@@ mm@@ els . " +in indien , im ersten lebens@@ jahr , zwischen null und eins , überleben mädchen und jungen etwa im gleichen verhäl@@ t@@ nis@@ . weil sie die br@@ ust bekommen , und die br@@ ust s@@ ö@@ hne nicht be@@ vorzu@@ gt . +wie würden also einige der kon@@ kre@@ ten herausforderungen aussehen ? +das heißt , sie war in@@ kontin@@ ent ; sie konnte ihre aus@@ schei@@ dung nicht kontrollieren . +als sie ihre zweite tochter bekam , sagte ihre sch@@ wie@@ ger@@ mutter zu ihrem sohn , " ich glaube , du su@@ chst dir besser eine zweite frau . +die zwi@@ l@@ linge begannen mil@@ ch zu geben . +wir glauben auch , dass einzelne einen unterschied machen können , und auch sollten , weil einzelne gemeinsam eine bewegung gründen helfen können . +s@@ her@@ y@@ l wu@@ dun@@ ns buch " die hälfte des hi@@ mm@@ els " untersucht die unter@@ drück@@ ung von frauen auf der ganzen welt . ihre geschichten scho@@ ck@@ ieren . nur wenn frauen in entwicklungsländern den gleichen zugang zu er@@ zieh@@ ung und wirtschaftlichen möglichkeiten haben , werden wir alle unsere menschlichen resour@@ cen aus@@ schö@@ pfen . +warum nicht ? ich meine , wir machen das doch so . +diese ku@@ mu@@ la@@ tive kultur@@ elle adap@@ tion , wie die anthropo@@ lo@@ gen diese ak@@ ku@@ mu@@ lation von ideen nennen , ist verantwortlich für alles um sie herum in ihrem geschäf@@ tigen und tur@@ bul@@ enten tä@@ glichen leben . +die andere möglichkeit , die wir wählen konnten , war ein kommuni@@ ka@@ tions@@ system zu entwickeln , dass es uns erlauben würde , ideen auszu@@ stau@@ schen und mit anderen zu ko@@ oper@@ ieren . +und deshalb war unsere gat@@ tung in der ganzen welt erfolgreich , während der rest der tiere im zo@@ os hinter git@@ tern sitzt und ver@@ kümm@@ ert . +das gilt auch für einige ab@@ gele@@ gene ozean@@ ische inseln . +wenn man es so betrachtet , kennt die natur keine anderen verhäl@@ tnisse , in denen funk@@ tional ähnliche charak@@ ter@@ merk@@ male ko@@ existieren . +der bi@@ ologe mark pa@@ gel stellt eine faszinier@@ ende theorie vor , die erklären soll , warum die menschen unser komplex@@ es spra@@ chen@@ system entwickelten . seiner meinung nach ist sprache teil einer " sozialen technologie " , die den frühen menschlichen stä@@ mmen ein neues , ma@@ cht@@ voll@@ es instrument zur verfügung stellte : die ko@@ operation . +und was mich am meisten interessiert , ist der unsicht@@ bare raum zwischen einem text und dem zuge@@ hö@@ ri@@ gen bild , und wie das bild durch den text verändert wird , und der text durch das bild . +dies ist der einzige staat@@ lich finanzi@@ erte stelle in den usa , in der legal can@@ n@@ ab@@ is an@@ gebaut wird , für die wissenschaftliche forschung . +das ist der todes@@ stern . +bei den menschen auf diesen bildern war der haupt@@ grund ihrer fal@@ schen verur@@ teilung eine falsche identi@@ fi@@ zi@@ erung . +schließlich hat er 18 ½ jahre einer verur@@ teilung zu 80 jahren für ver@@ gewal@@ tigung und rau@@ b ab@@ ges@@ essen . +allein letztes jahr [ 2011 ] wurden 99 katastrop@@ hen bei der fe@@ der@@ al emergen@@ cy agen@@ cy ver@@ zeichnet , von j@@ op@@ lin , mis@@ sour@@ i und t@@ us@@ cal@@ o@@ o@@ sa , al@@ ab@@ ama , bis zu den wal@@ d@@ br@@ än@@ den im zentrum von texas vor kurzem . +meine erste idee war , einfach zur bun@@ des@@ - und land@@ es@@ regierung zu gehen und zu sagen : " da , neh@@ mt es , kostet ni@@ x . " +unsere schule zeigte " bill n@@ ye the science guy " . +wir haben da@@ wn im orbit um v@@ est@@ a , und hier drüben ist new hori@@ z@@ ons , gerade zu plu@@ to unter@@ wegs . +ich muss hier auf etwas hin@@ weisen . +wenn das stimmt , wie gut sind wir bei der mehr@@ ung unseres glück@@ s ? +auch reagieren menschen stärker auf einen verlust als dass sie sich über einen gew@@ inn freu@@ en . +einmal versch@@ w@@ un@@ dene symptom@@ e nei@@ gen zur rück@@ kehr – weil kein gefühl für die andere hälfte besteht , für verg@@ nü@@ gen , glück , mit@@ fühlen , dank@@ barkeit , die posi@@ tiven emotionen . +sie wollte nicht essen . sie wollte nicht schlafen . sie wollte keinen sex . +selbst studien zum thema ko@@ operation zeigen , dass ko@@ operation zwischen individuen die belo@@ hn@@ ungs@@ zentr@@ en im gehirn auf@@ leu@@ chten lässt . +ich über@@ nehme das komm@@ and@@ o durch phy@@ sische fähigkeiten und be@@ halte es in dem ich auf meine br@@ ust klo@@ pfe und sie ge@@ sten der unter@@ wer@@ fung machen . +ich möchte mit einigen zit@@ aten schließen . +warum sollte man rat@@ ten wählen ? +sobald das tier folgendes weiß : kli@@ ck , fu@@ tter , kli@@ ck , fu@@ tter , kli@@ ck , fu@@ tter -- also , dass kli@@ ck fu@@ tter bedeutet -- bringen wir es in einen kä@@ fi@@ g mit einem loch . im grunde lernt das tier seine n@@ ase in das loch zu stecken , unter dem der geru@@ ch des ziel@@ obje@@ kts plat@@ ziert wurde . es macht das fünf sekunden lang -- fünf sekunden ist eine lange zeit für eine rat@@ te . +das heißt , wenn man t@@ .b. hat , ist die wahrscheinlichkeit , nicht diagno@@ sti@@ ziert zu werden , größer , aber man stir@@ bt an se@@ k@@ und@@ ären infe@@ ktionen der t@@ .b. us@@ w . +und indem wir die proben dann no@@ ch@@ mals den rat@@ ten gaben und diese resul@@ tate zurück@@ spiel@@ ten , konnten wir die auf@@ de@@ ck@@ ungs@@ raten um über 30 prozent stei@@ gern . +und das ist wahr@@ haf@@ tig die verblüff@@ end@@ ste sache der welt . +nun , was ist die bedeutung dieser spiegel@@ neuronen ? +mit anderen worten , wenn jemand mich berührt , meine hand , feu@@ ert ein neuron im sensor@@ ischen cortex in der sensor@@ ischen region des gehirns . +sie er@@ gibt sich aus unserem verständnis der grundle@@ genden neuro@@ log@@ ie . +also , das sind 20 mikro@@ meter im durch@@ schnitt , dieses po@@ ll@@ en@@ kor@@ n da . +das ist das bein einer bi@@ ene , das mit den pollen einer mal@@ ven@@ pflan@@ ze verk@@ lebt ist . +vier verschiedene lebens@@ räume scheinen ähnlich zu sein , aber sie haben sehr unterschiedliche po@@ ll@@ en@@ sig@@ nat@@ uren . +es ist mit sicherheit das , was ich während meiner ausbildung lernte . +jetzt haben wir effe@@ ktive therap@@ ien . +im an@@ gesicht einer großen kontro@@ verse die initiative für fr@@ au@@ en@@ gesundheit ein . +einige frauen haben solche herz@@ an@@ fälle , aber eine groß@@ zahl der frauen haben diese art von herz@@ an@@ fall , wo es zur ero@@ sion kommt , nicht komplett von einem ger@@ insel block@@ iert , symptom@@ e sind unter@@ sch@@ wel@@ lig , ek@@ g-@@ be@@ fun@@ de unterscheiden sich -- weib@@ liches muster . +welche schluss@@ fol@@ ger@@ ungen können wir nun ziehen ? +und diese kleinen roten kä@@ st@@ chen sind todes@@ fälle . +es sterben immer noch zwei bis drei@@ mal soviel frauen wie männer . +wenn wir also so gut wie beim brust@@ krebs sein können und frauen diesen neuen auf@@ trag geben , haben wir eine menge leben zu retten . +wir a@@ hmen dies im labor nach , indem wir die zell@@ kultur@@ -@@ systeme mit elektro@@ den aus@@ stat@@ ten . +und im fall unserer dar@@ m@@ fl@@ or@@ a sind diese zellen vielleicht nicht mal mensch@@ li@@ sch . +es gibt aber auch einen wissenschaftlichen grund für dieses proje@@ kt@@ . nämlich die daten dieser natürlichen lang@@ zeit@@ studie zu verwenden , um den prozess zu verstehen mit dem ein kind seine sprache lern@@ t@@ . dieses kind , mein sohn . +diese einfache grafik ist fol@@ gen@@ der@@ maßen zu interpre@@ tieren : verti@@ k@@ al ist ange@@ geben , wie komplex die sprache der be@@ zu@@ g@@ sper@@ son ist basier@@ end auf der län@@ ge der sätze . +jetzt stopp@@ en wir den drei@@ ß@@ ig minuten langen film , wir verwandeln die zeit in die verti@@ k@@ ale achse und öffnen die sicht auf die interak@@ tions@@ sp@@ uren , die wir hinter@@ lassen haben . +dies wurde meine be@@ vorzu@@ gte art jeden er@@ denk@@ lichen bereich auf film zu ban@@ nen . +und hier sind wieder mehrere zehn@@ millionen verbindungen die dieses ge@@ fle@@ cht eines sozialen netz@@ es er@@ geben und auf@@ zeigen , wie sie mit dem inhalt der sen@@ dungen kor@@ reli@@ eren . +ich fuhr weiter und refle@@ kti@@ erte , " ist es nicht total faszinier@@ end , diese ganze daten@@ samm@@ lung , all diese aufnahmen werde ich dir und d@@ einer schwester über@@ geben , " die zwei jahre später zur welt kam . " und ihr zwei könnt zurück@@ gehen und die momente wieder@@ erleben wie ihr euch mit eu@@ rem biolog@@ ischen erinn@@ erungs@@ vermögen wohl nie so gut daran erinnern kön@@ n@@ tet . +der mit@@ -@@ forscher de@@ b ro@@ y wollte herausfinden , wie sein neu@@ geb@@ or@@ en@@ er sohn die sprache lernt - dafür stat@@ tete er sein haus mit video@@ k@@ ameras aus , um jeden moment des lebens seines so@@ hn@@ es einzu@@ fangen . danach par@@ ste er 9@@ 0.000 stunden heim@@ video , um zu beobachten , wie aus " ga@@ a@@ a " langsam " wasser " wurde . eine erstaunliche , daten@@ reiche forschungs@@ arbeit mit wei@@ trei@@ ch@@ enden kon@@ sequenzen für unser lernen . +ein zwei@@ ter gehirn@@ teil nennt sich dor@@ sal@@ er fluss . +wir erzeugen bedeutung durch sehen , durch einen akt visu@@ eller ab@@ frage . +zweitens , sie interak@@ tiv zu gestalten . +das ist ein wä@@ sch@@ e-@@ scha@@ cht , und das hier ist eine schu@@ hl@@ ei@@ ste . +aber ich be@@ komme viele toile@@ tten , und wenn man eine toile@@ tte mit einem ham@@ mer aus@@ einander nimmt , dann bekommt man schie@@ fe flie@@ ßen . +aber das hier haben sie noch nie zuvor gesehen . +darin sagt er , dass jede kultur dazu ten@@ diert , zwischen zwei perspe@@ ktiven hin und her zu pen@@ deln . +und wenn etwas nicht dem standard entspricht , dann heißt es gleich : " o@@ ops , müll . o@@ ops irgend@@ was . o@@ ops , schie@@ f . " +das problem ist , dass wir uns das nicht leisten können . +alles was wir tun müssten , ist , was eine firma mit kohlen@@ säu@@ re@@ hal@@ ti@@ gem p@@ fl@@ au@@ men@@ sa@@ ft gemacht hat . +das versch@@ är@@ ft und führt dieses modell weiter . +das bedeutet , unser ob@@ dach ist eine ware geworden +in diesem unter@@ hal@@ ts@@ am@@ en und auf@@ schluss@@ reichen vortrag von tedx@@ hou@@ ston führt uns bau@@ herr dan phil@@ li@@ ps durch ein dutz@@ end häuser , die er in texas aus recy@@ cli@@ erten und rück@@ gew@@ on@@ nen@@ en materialien gebaut hat . heraus@@ ra@@ gende low-@@ tech desig@@ n@@ details werden ihre eigene kreativität be@@ flü@@ geln ! +und ich glaube , der grund , warum das so interessant für sie wäre ist , dass das bewusstsein so interessant ist . +es gibt keine dra@@ st@@ isch@@ ere und plö@@ tz@@ licher auf@@ tre@@ ten@@ de lü@@ cke zwischen dem poten@@ ti@@ ellen und dem tats@@ äch@@ lichen verstand als eine sch@@ were kopf@@ verletz@@ ung . +aber wenn sie in das auge des bewusst@@ s@@ eins sehen , das einzelne auge , das sie sehen , bin ich , wie ich her@@ unter schaue , aber lassen sie mich erklären , wie ich mich zu diesem zeitpunkt fühlte . +die globale perspektive zeigt , dass bis zu 30 prozent aller schul@@ kinder unter lern@@ schwä@@ chen leiden , die sich nicht von selbst bess@@ ern , aber mit ange@@ m@@ essen@@ er behandlung , aus@@ fin@@ dig gemacht und ge@@ zi@@ elt behandelt werden können um das ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ische versagen zu verhindern . +die antwort ist " ja " , und zum ersten mal ist es mein großes verg@@ nü@@ gen , zwei beispiele mit ihnen zu teilen . +stellen sie sich vor , wie das blut durch ihren körper flie@@ ßt -- sagte man mir am u@@ cl@@ a medical center -- als ein einzi@@ ges gesch@@ lossen@@ es system . +es geht also da rein und bleibt da . +und so saß ich in diesem restaurant , war@@ tete auf den mann , der da kommen sollte der natürlich ein paar schwierigkeiten haben würde ... +und wenn sie schneller laufen , wenn ich schneller laufe , dann mer@@ kt es das verk@@ ür@@ zte zeit@@ inter@@ v@@ all , was das inter@@ v@@ all ist zwischen zwei fer@@ sen@@ he@@ b@@ ungen . +ich führte an unserer universität für medizin , dem kar@@ ol@@ in@@ sk@@ a-@@ institu@@ t , einen kurs namens " welt@@ gesundheit " im grund@@ studi@@ um ein . wenn man aber so eine gelegenheit bekommt , wird man etwas ner@@ vö@@ s . ich sagte mir , die studenten , die zu uns kommen , haben den besten abschluss , den man im schwe@@ dischen hoch@@ schul@@ system bekommen kann . vielleicht wissen sie schon alles , was ich ihnen lehren möchte . deshalb habe ich +was hat sich seit 196@@ 2 geändert ? sehen wir uns die veränderungen an . +wo sind die verschiedenen länder ? ich kann ihnen afrika zeigen . +nachbar@@ staaten . je@@ men , bürger@@ krieg . vereinig@@ te arab@@ ische e@@ mi@@ rate , geld , das +alles auf der welt ist in afrika vorhanden . und sie können nicht einen univer@@ s@@ alen zugang zu hiv-@@ medikam@@ enten für dieses qu@@ in@@ til hier oben mit der@@ selben strategie wie für hier unten disku@@ tieren . die verbesser@@ ung in der welt , muss ganz im zusammenhang disku@@ tiert werden und ist auf regi@@ on@@ aler ebene nicht relevant . wir müssen aus@@ führ@@ licher vor@@ gehen . +und er ist ein ziemlich sch@@ lau@@ er kerl , oder ? +aber es langwei@@ lt mich ein bisschen . +ich hatte ein ziemlich schönes leben in indi@@ ana . +und sicherlich waren weder cri@@ ck noch ich chemi@@ ker , also versuchten wir ein modell zu bauen . und er wusste es , fran@@ c@@ is kan@@ nte wil@@ kins . +und ich las es und es war -- es war einfach m@@ ist . +und wir wussten , dass wir recht hatten . +aber das hier ist das einzige -- nein , wir wurden nur zwei@@ mal fotografi@@ ert . +wir haben also mit brust@@ krebs angefangen , weil es da viel geld dafür gibt , keine regi@@ erungs@@ gel@@ der . +waren diese anderen auch verrückt und wir wussten es nur nicht ? +durchschnitt@@ lich kostet die vertei@@ digung in einem solchen fall zwei millionen dollar und dauert 18 monate , wenn sie gewinnen . +was habe ich von diesem fall gelernt ? nun , drei dinge . +auf@@ passen : pat@@ ent@@ verletz@@ ung mittel@@ s mobil@@ gerät – defin@@ iert als nicht sta@@ tion@@ är@@ er computer . +es war ein gewal@@ tiger erfolg . +sie la@@ chten gemeinsam . +nun , ich we@@ tte , in diesem publikum denken sie an einige wirklich unglaubliche technologien , an dinge , von denen ich noch nicht einmal gehört habe , da bin ich mir sicher . +bru@@ ce a@@ yl@@ ward : o@@ ops . j@@ on , polio ist beinahe aus@@ ger@@ ot@@ tet . +was wir also suchen , ist eine perman@@ ente lösung . +er ver@@ schle@@ chter@@ t sich so schnell in den tro@@ pen , dass wir einen speziellen impf@@ schutz@@ -@@ monit@@ or auf jede einzelne am@@ pul@@ le an@@ bringen mussten , so dass sofort ange@@ zeigt wird , wenn der impf@@ stoff zu@@ viel hit@@ ze aus@@ gesetzt ist , und wir können sagen , dass der impf@@ stoff sich nicht für kinder eig@@ net – er ist nicht po@@ tent ; er wird sie nicht schützen . +während weniger jahre hat jedes land , das mit der aus@@ ro@@ tt@@ ung von polio begonnen hatte , schnell alle drei ihrer poli@@ o@@ viren aus@@ ger@@ ot@@ tet , mit der aus@@ nahme der vier länder , die sie hier sehen . +er wohn@@ t dort in einem familien@@ haus mit acht brü@@ dern und sch@@ western . +und damit begann eine unglaubliche zusammenarbeit mit der industrie . und innerhalb von sechs monaten , haben wir einen neuen poli@@ o@@ impf@@ stoff ge@@ te@@ stet der vor genau zwei jahren die letzten beiden poli@@ ot@@ yp@@ en auf der welt an@@ visi@@ erte . +sie ist bereit , diese mit be@@ tt@@ ne@@ tzen auszu@@ stat@@ ten , mit anderen dingen . +und ist es einfach , das geld zu besch@@ affen ? +und sie nahm uns mit auf eine reise und zeigte und etwas sehr besonder@@ es — ihre tochter , acht tage alt . +d@@ j : nun mal zu einem der großen themen , natürlich weiß jeder , dass kat@@ zen wasser has@@ sen . und das war daher eine echte entdeckung für uns . +b@@ j : wie der@@ e@@ ck schon sagte , wir müssen mit extre@@ men arbeiten — extreme temper@@ aturen , mitten in der nacht raus . +es war phän@@ omen@@ al und wie waren dank@@ bar , dass sie uns in diesem ausmaß vertraut . +aber ich muss es euch erzählen — jeder fragt immer " was ist mit dem bab@@ y@@ pa@@ vi@@ an passiert ? " +und das ist wahrscheinlich so , weil wir es noch nicht so gesehen haben wie wir das heute machen . +mein titel : " sonder@@ barer als wir annehmen können : das frem@@ dar@@ tige an der wissenschaft . " +die wissenschaft lehr@@ t uns , wi@@ der alle intuition , dass ver@@ mein@@ tlich fe@@ ste gegen@@ stände , wie kri@@ st@@ alle oder fel@@ sen , in wirklichkeit fast vollständig aus le@@ er@@ em raum bestehen . +hätten wir uns in einem v@@ aku@@ um entwickelt , würden wir erwarten , dass sie gleichzeitig auf dem boden auf@@ pr@@ allen würden . wären wir bakterien , immer@@ zu von den ther@@ mischen bewegungen der moleküle herum@@ gesch@@ u@@ b@@ st , wäre das anders , aber wir mittel@@ -@@ welt@@ ler sind zu groß , als dass wir die brow@@ n@@ sche bewegung spüren könnten . +was wir von der wirklichen welt sehen ist nicht die un@@ besch@@ ö@@ ni@@ gte wahrheit , sondern ein modell der welt , ge@@ steu@@ ert und gere@@ gel@@ t durch die sinn@@ es@@ ein@@ drü@@ cke , aber so konstru@@ iert , dass es dabei hilft , sich in der re@@ alen welt zu@@ rech@@ tzu@@ finden . +wunder sind lediglich äußerst un@@ wahrschein@@ liche ereig@@ nisse . +wir wären anders , unser charakter wäre anders , wenn unsere neuro@@ -@@ an@@ ant@@ om@@ ie und unsere physi@@ ologische chemie anders wären . +ich ging an die not@@ re-@@ dam@@ e-@@ universität und machte ab@@ schlüs@@ se in rech@@ nungs@@ wesen und deu@@ ts@@ ch . ein studi@@ en@@ jahr verbrachte ich in ö@@ ster@@ reich . +wir alle haben behinder@@ ungen in irgend@@ einer form . +können sie uns zeigen , was für ein guter pilot sie sind ? +der nächste , der hier weiter@@ machte und dieses feld erforsch@@ te , war ein herr namens h@@ ans jen@@ ny in den 197@@ 0ern . +und auf der rechten seite sieht man eine cy@@ matisch er@@ schaff@@ ene sch@@ ne@@ ef@@ lo@@ cke . +ihre bilder wurden teil unseres kolle@@ ktiven bewusst@@ s@@ eins , und weil sich das bewusstsein zu einem gemein@@ samen gewissen entwickelte , wurde ein um@@ denken nicht nur möglich , sondern auch un@@ vermei@@ dlich . +und dadurch ist er extrem gefähr@@ det . +und sie haben nicht unbedingt den eindruck , dass twitter tatsächlich von vielen brasili@@ an@@ ern bevölk@@ ert wird . +es ist die wirtschaft der bewegung von diesen schwer@@ en , lang@@ samen at@@ omen über große di@@ stan@@ zen , was sehr schwierig ist . +man schaut sich an , wie globale flu@@ gl@@ ini@@ en agieren , und man erkennt plötzlich , dass die welt nicht an@@ näher@@ n@@ d fla@@ ch ist . +schaut man sich die new york times an oder andere medien@@ eli@@ ten , bekommt man einen über@@ blick von sehr wohl@@ hab@@ enden nationen und die , in die wir ein@@ mar@@ schi@@ ert sind . +ich denke auch nicht , dass nur wir alleine dieses problem wirklich lösen können . +es gibt derzeit eine gruppe in china namens ye@@ e@@ y@@ an . +sie muss nicht nur die isra@@ eli@@ schen und palä@@ stin@@ en@@ sischen mit@@ wirk@@ enden daran hindern , sich gegensei@@ tig umzu@@ bringen , sie muss zu@@ dem herausfinden , was uns interessieren könnte im hin@@ blick auf den mittleren osten . +er kennt eine welt , und findet einen weg , dies einer anderen welt zu kommunizieren , denn er hat zu beiden tiefe verbindungen . +wir müssen unsere ein@@ wander@@ ungs@@ politik in ordnung bringen . +in afghanistan etwa hatten wir nicht nur eine oder zwei wa@@ hlen . wir haben drei wa@@ hlen durch@@ laufen , für das am@@ t des präsi@@ denten und das par@@ lam@@ ent . und was finden wir vor ? +es geht nicht darum , dass sie frieden nach innen und außen gar@@ anti@@ ert . +die öffentlichkeit ver@@ liert ihren glauben an die demokratie , sagt der bri@@ tische par@@ lam@@ ent@@ s@@ abge@@ ord@@ nete r@@ ory ste@@ wart . die neuen demokra@@ ti@@ en im irak und in afghanistan sind durch und durch kor@@ ru@@ pt . gleichzeitig halten 8@@ 4 prozent der bri@@ ten die politik für kapu@@ tt . in diesem vortrag ru@@ ft ste@@ wart dazu auf , die demokratie wieder aufzubauen , angefangen bei der erkenntnis , warum demokratie wichtig ist – nicht als mittel zum zweck , sondern als ide@@ al . +die kurze antwort ist , in wirklichkeit sind sie aus japan . +das ist eine pla@@ kat@@ wand , auf der steht : " will@@ kommen zu dem gebur@@ ts@@ ort von general t@@ so . " +lassen sie uns in die mitte der 18@@ 0@@ 0er zurück@@ springen , als die chin@@ esen erst@@ mals nach amerika kamen . +zum beispiel gibt es franzö@@ s@@ isches chines@@ isches essen , wo fro@@ sch@@ beine mit sal@@ z und p@@ fe@@ ffer ser@@ viert werden . +okay , vielleicht hatte es etwas mit den mu@@ stern auf den kleinen papi@@ erst@@ ücken zu tun -- wissen sie , zum beispiel war es ein diam@@ ant oder diag@@ onal +also sind ich , gen@@ ral t@@ so@@ s hü@@ hn@@ chen und dieses lo@@ go all@@ es@@ am@@ t über das kar@@ ma verwand@@ t . +schließlich fand , ungefähr im 16@@ ten jahrhundert , ein physi@@ kus , dessen name the@@ op@@ h@@ ra@@ st@@ us bom@@ ba@@ st@@ us au@@ ri@@ cul@@ ar@@ is von ho@@ hen@@ heim , genannt par@@ ac@@ el@@ su@@ s , war , ein name den wahrscheinlich ein paar leute hier kennen , -- -- der gute alte par@@ ac@@ el@@ su@@ s , dass er das ausmaß der krä@@ mp@@ fe vorhersagen konnte , indem er eine abge@@ m@@ essen@@ e menge an kam@@ pf@@ er nutz@@ te , um die krä@@ mp@@ fe auszu@@ lösen . +er hatte einen kleinen rück@@ fall , sie gaben ihm eine reihe von behand@@ lungen und er war praktisch gehei@@ lt . +es hatte etwas damit zu tun , in einer familie aufge@@ zogen zu werden , in der niemand englisch sprach , niemand englisch lesen oder schreiben konnte . +und sie versuchten alles , was sie hatten . +nun , er sagte , " können wir nicht eine reihe von elektro@@ scho@@ ck@@ therap@@ ien versuchen ? " +und es wurde besser und besser und innerhalb von drei oder vier monaten wurde ich von diesem krankenhaus ent@@ lassen und ich sch@@ lo@@ ß mich einer gruppe chirur@@ gen an , in der ich mit leuten arbeiten konnte , in der gemeinde , nicht in new haven , aber ziemlich nahe dran . +also ist einer der gründe warum ich heute hier her gekommen bin um darüber zu sprechen , -- ehrlich gesagt , e@@ go@@ i@@ st@@ is@@ cher@@ weise -- mich selbst von dieser last zu be@@ freien und es bekannt zu machen , dass es kein un@@ besch@@ wer@@ ter geist war , der alle diese bücher geschrieben hat . +ich glaube , dass sich das konzept einer globalen bürger@@ schaft einfach aus leuten , die über kontin@@ ente hinweg miteinander reden , entwickeln wird . +das bemerkens@@ werte daran ist , dass in amerika die bürger@@ rechte in den 196@@ 0@@ gern erreicht wurden . +ich glaube , dass das vielleicht viele menschen fru@@ stri@@ ert , auch leute hier im publikum , wo wir diese art der sprache , über die sie hier reden , lieben . +wir hatten hier einen red@@ ner , der genau das sagte , und hinter@@ her ein sch@@ wert schlu@@ ckte . das war ganz schön dra@@ matisch . +das schwier@@ ige an eu@@ op@@ a ist , dass es sehr lange dauert , wenn 27 leute bei einer konferenz sprechen . +der se@@ kre@@ tä@@ r der verein@@ ten nationen ging zu gott " wann werden unsere internationalen institutionen funktionieren ? " +die frage ist , wie man etwas neu er@@ findet , das es seit ungefähr 5@@ 000 jahren gibt . +das bemerkens@@ wer@@ teste ist aber , dass meine hand lange genug ruhi@@ g geb@@ lieben ist . +hier se@@ ht ihr ein bild eines gewe@@ besch@@ ni@@ t@@ ts . +einige der besten neu@@ erungen und entwickl@@ ungen auf dieser welt entstehen oft an der schnitt@@ stelle von zwei fach@@ gebieten . +wenn ihnen das thema oder der auf@@ tritt nicht gefällt , dann können sie rot hoch@@ halten . +data : ein paar jä@@ ger aus new jer@@ sey sind draußen im wald . +das ist tatsächlich das erste mal , dass wir li@@ ve-@@ feedback aus dem publikum für einen auf@@ tritt verwendet haben . +was können wir zusammen tun , von dem wir beide profi@@ tieren ? « +frem@@ d@@ heit bestimmt den ab@@ gleich von nähe und di@@ stan@@ z , der mich die menschen finden lässt , die ich gerade jetzt brauche , das maß an vertrau@@ theit , an entdeckung und an inspiration , die ich in genau diesem augenblick brauche . +für ihn begann tatsächlich alles während des zweiten welt@@ krie@@ gs , als er sich im alter von 17 jahren in einem labor@@ at@@ ori@@ um von fal@@ schen papi@@ eren wieder@@ fand . +ich wurde in al@@ ger@@ ien geboren . +also musste mein vater im alter von 14 jahren arbeiten . +aber das war nur ein anfang . +und er erklär@@ te mir , dass ich übrigens auch einen bruder hätte , und als ich sie das erste mal sah , war ich wohl etwa 3 oder 4 jahre alt und sie waren 30 jahre älter als ich . +und europa wurde auch nicht aus@@ ges@@ part . +das ist die schlechte nachricht , aber vielleicht überrasch@@ end für sie , es ist auch teil der guten nachricht . +noch nie haben wir , wie in den letzten 50 jahren , solch einen deut@@ lichen rück@@ gang gesehen in öko@@ syste@@ m@@ funk@@ tionen und -@@ leistungen des planeten , von denen eine die fähigkeit ist , das kli@@ ma langfri@@ stig zu regu@@ lieren , in unseren wäl@@ dern , land@@ schaften und ar@@ ten@@ vielfalt . +nur am ran@@ de , sie wissen dass die einzige rote fla@@ g@@ ge , die hier aufge@@ taucht ist , ein u-@@ boot eines hier un@@ genan@@ nten landes war , das eine rote fa@@ hne am grunde der arkti@@ k an@@ gebracht hatte , um die öl@@ reser@@ ven zu kontrollieren . +was sie hier in schwarzen linien sehen , ist der sich@@ ere raum , die quanti@@ fi@@ zierten grenzen , vor@@ geschlagen von dieser analyse . +mit der erkenntnis von tour@@ be@@ trei@@ ber@@ n , fis@@ chern , der austr@@ ali@@ an great bar@@ rier re@@ e@@ f auth@@ ority und wissenschaft@@ lern , dass das great bar@@ rier re@@ e@@ f verdam@@ mt ist under dem der@@ zei@@ tigen kontro@@ ll@@ regi@@ me . +der schlüssel zu all dem , der rote fa@@ den , ist eine veränderung der denk@@ weise , weg von einer situation , in der wir uns einfach auf eine dunkle zukunft zu bewegen , wo wir stattdessen unsere zukunft [ un@@ klar ] und wir sagen " was sind die bedingungen auf diesem planeten ? +obwohl es tatsächlich wahr ist , wissen sie ; der grund wieso ich zu ihnen spreche ist , weil ich in brasili@@ en geboren wurde . +aber ich war weniger am wh@@ is@@ ke@@ y-@@ verk@@ auf interessiert , als viel@@ mehr am ei@@ s-@@ verk@@ auf . +" die sch@@ ne@@ cke " . +das ist " 6@@ ,@@ 500 y@@ ards , " nach c@@ aro@@ t . " 9@@ ,000 y@@ ards , " nach ger@@ hard ri@@ chter . +wenn sie die dna daraus er@@ mitteln , bekommen sie eine großartige ver@@ teil@@ er@@ liste . +ein klei@@ der@@ bü@@ gel . +und wir können die folgen solcher mu@@ ta@@ tionen sehen , wenn wir dna sequenzen vergleichen , unsere hier im raum zum beispiel . +und später , vor etwa 10@@ 0.000 bis 5@@ 0.000 jahren , ver@@ ließen sie afrika , um den rest der welt zu kol@@ oni@@ alisieren . +und da ist noch etwas an diesen eigenschaften , die wir an@@ einander beobachten , das man , wie ich denke , ber@@ ück@@ sichti@@ gen sollte . und zwar , dass sie eigentlich nur an der oberfläche unseres körpers zu finden sind . +stati@@ stisch gesehen gibt es keinen unterschied , wie oft der ne@@ anderth@@ aler mit dem einen oder dem anderen afrikan@@ er über@@ ein@@ stimmt . +er traf auf ne@@ anderth@@ aler , ver@@ mis@@ chte sich und verbrei@@ tete sich weiter auf der welt . irgendwo in sü@@ do@@ st@@ asien traf er auf den den@@ iso@@ va@@ -@@ menschen , ver@@ mis@@ chte sich und brei@@ tete sich weiter in den pazi@@ fi@@ kr@@ aum aus . +nachhal@@ tigkeit ist ziemlich wichtig für uns , was sowohl soziale , als auch ök@@ ologische und ökonom@@ ische werte um@@ fassen sollte . +lassen sie uns die alte mit der neuen welt vergleichen . +es gibt soziale bereiche innerhalb des flug@@ zeu@@ gs die man in einen ort verwandeln könnte , wo man virtu@@ el golf spielen kann . +dies sind über@@ leben@@ stech@@ ni@@ ken , +das ist unsere körper@@ wei@@ sheit . es ist nicht durch unsere sprache ver@@ mittel@@ t . unser körper weiß es sch@@ licht und wir wissen das schon lange . +um uns herum gibt es millionen menschen mit autis@@ mus . +das ist schwierig , deshalb mussten wir die technologien entwickeln . wir mussten uns im grunde in einen körper hinein@@ ver@@ setzen . +es ist fast , als ob dieser stimul@@ us , sie , sie haben keinen einfluss darauf , was passiert , als sie durch ihr tä@@ g@@ liches leben steuern . +die früh@@ zei@@ tige diagno@@ se von stör@@ ungs@@ bildern des au@@ ti@@ stischen spek@@ tr@@ ums kann das leben aller be@@ tro@@ ff@@ enen verbessern , aber das komplexe ur@@ sa@@ chen@@ ge@@ fle@@ cht macht es unglaublich schwierig , sie vorher@@ zu@@ sehen . bei tedx@@ pe@@ ach@@ tree beschrei@@ bt ami kli@@ n eine neue methode der früh@@ zei@@ tigen erken@@ nung , die e@@ ye@@ -@@ tra@@ ck@@ ing-@@ technologien nutzt , um die fähigkeiten der sozialen interak@@ tion bei babys zu be@@ ur@@ teilen und das risiko , dass sie autis@@ mus entwickeln , ver@@ lä@@ ss@@ lich zu messen . +wenn du zur spr@@ un@@ grei@@ he a oder d ge@@ hör@@ st , steh@@ st du auf . +du wirst auf dem boden auf@@ schlagen . +ich bin mit traditionellen geschichten über führung groß geworden . robert e@@ . lee , john bu@@ ford in der schla@@ cht von ge@@ tt@@ y@@ s@@ bur@@ g . +und was noch wichtiger ist : die tru@@ ppe , die ich führte , war verteilt über mehr als 20 länder . +ich fragte sie : " wo waren sie am 1@@ 1. september ? " +ich habe gelernt , dass sie die se@@ hnen sind , die die tru@@ ppe zusammen@@ halten . +und wenn du eine führ@@ ung@@ sper@@ s@@ ön@@ lichkeit bist , dann brauchen dich die leute , die sich auf dich verlassen , auf den b@@ einen . +dann bestimmte sie für diese werke ras@@ sen@@ identi@@ täten , sie sagte mir im grunde , dass das werk rechts , offensichtlich , von einem schwar@@ ten künstler gemacht wurde , das werk links , klar von einem weißen künstler , obwohl in wahrheit , das gegenteil der fall war . bob col@@ es@@ c@@ ot@@ t , af@@ ro@@ amerikan@@ ischer künstler , le@@ on gol@@ u@@ b , ein wei@@ ß@@ er künstler . +was es heißen könnte , dieser moment , für kultur@@ elle bewegungen überall , das " mich , wir " scheint unglaublich vorher@@ wissen@@ d absolut wichtig . +so , was entde@@ cke ich , wenn ich kunst@@ werke an@@ gu@@ cke ? +sie haben es von dis@@ ne@@ y@@ .com herunter@@ geladen , oder einer dieser web@@ sites , 14 tage nachdem ein computer in ihrem dorf auf@@ gestellt wurde . +das ist ein 15 jähri@@ ger junge . +ich ver@@ sam@@ mel@@ te 26 kinder . +aber 30 prozent ist noch keine be@@ stan@@ dene prü@@ fung . +ich gab ihnen sechs g@@ c@@ se fragen . +du kannst mich nicht fangen . +sie gaben es in google ein , über@@ setzten es auf itali@@ en@@ isch , kamen zum itali@@ en@@ ischen google zurück . +[ " o@@ edi@@ pus re@@ x " ] [ " the li@@ on king " ] [ " ti@@ tus " ] [ " fri@@ da " ] [ " the magic fl@@ ute " ] [ " across the universe " ] j@@ ul@@ ie ta@@ y@@ mor : danke . vielen dank . +im nächsten moment , direkt nachdem sie fertig und in den sch@@ atten versch@@ wunden waren , kam ein junger mann mit einer gas@@ lat@@ ern@@ e , hän@@ gte sie an einen baum und be@@ festi@@ gte einen vor@@ hang . +ich liebe diese offen@@ bare wahrheit am theater . +ar@@ iel : " ich kam an bor@@ d des köni@@ glichen schi@@ ff@@ es , und se@@ zte [ ... ] jede ca@@ j@@ ü@@ te in schre@@ ken . " +wie sie so an der bü@@ hn@@ en@@ kan@@ te ist , laufen oben zwei bü@@ hn@@ en@@ arbeiter ganz in schwar@@ z mit gi@@ e@@ ß@@ kan@@ nen entlang und fangen an , wasser auf die sand@@ bur@@ g zu gi@@ e@@ ßen . die sand@@ bur@@ g beginnt zu tro@@ pfen und ein@@ zus@@ in@@ ken , aber bevor sie das tut , sieht das publikum die schwar@@ z ge@@ klei@@ deten bü@@ hn@@ en@@ arbeiter . +was zur hö@@ lle machen wir da oben auf der bühne ? +j@@ ul@@ ie ta@@ y@@ mor : spi@@ der@@ -@@ man , der köni@@ g der lö@@ wen und das leben am ran@@ de des krea@@ tiven ab@@ gr@@ unds . +ihr entschei@@ det . das ist eure bä@@ cker@@ ei , eure straße , euer land , nicht mein@@ s . " +und so existiert , auf der mikro@@ -@@ ebene , eine rolle für diese kombination von investi@@ tion und phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ ie . +und was ge@@ dul@@ di@@ ges kapital gefü@@ hl@@ sm@@ ä@@ ß@@ ig bedeutet , habe ich im lauf des letzten mon@@ ats begri@@ ffen . denn die firma war buchstäblich zehn tage vom nach@@ weis entfernt , dass ihr produkt den internationalen standards genü@@ gte , die man braucht , um co@@ ar@@ tem herzustellen , als sie in die schlimm@@ ste liqu@@ di@@ tä@@ t@@ sk@@ rise ihrer geschichte ger@@ ie@@ t . +in unserem ersten jahr , das erste netz lief im ok@@ tober 2003 vom band , +sie war wie einer diesen frauen , d hinter den nä@@ h@@ maschinen sitzen , ziemlich ähnlich . +bei unseren ersten gesprä@@ chen mit ok go - der name des lie@@ ds ist " this too shall pass " - waren wir ganz begeistert , weil sie ihr interesse dafür aus@@ drück@@ ten , eine maschine zu er@@ richten , mit der sie tan@@ zen konnten . +die maschine selbst würde die musik starten . +ganz egal , was für eine temperatur herr@@ scht , oder was in ihrem weg liegt , sie ro@@ llt so ziemlich dorthin , wo sie hin@@ soll . +und nun möchten sie ihr musik@@ video vorstellen . hier sind ok go . +wir bauten also sehr an@@ spru@@ chs@@ volle radi@@ o@@ anten@@ nen , bloß um an beiden w@@ än@@ den nach einem luft@@ sp@@ alt zu suchen . +wir dachten an eine anwendung zur vergröß@@ erung mit dem tab@@ let . lassen sie mich zeigen , was wir simu@@ lieren könnten , was wir tun könnten , jeder von uns in einem museum . +und je später es ver@@ sagt , desto schlimmer die auswirkungen . +diese krankheit liegt bei mir in der familie und wir hoffen wirklich , dass solche zellen uns dabei helfen werden , eine hei@@ l@@ methode zu finden . +darin versuche ich zu zeigen – leider kommen die farben nicht gut heraus – dass mir diese kleine fünf@@ zi@@ g@@ jährige zeit@@ blas@@ e , in der sie sich befinden , sorgen macht . man nei@@ ght dazu sich für die letzte und die zukünf@@ tige generation zu interessieren – eltern , kinder – dinge , die man in den nächsten jahrzehn@@ ten ändern kann – und sie bewegen sich innerhalb dieser fün@@ zi@@ g@@ jährigen zeit@@ blas@@ e . wenn sie sich die bevölker@@ ungsk@@ ur@@ ve ansehen , stellen sie fest , dass sich in diesen 50 jahren die menschliche bevölkerung auf der erde mehr als ver@@ doppelt , und wir sind drei@@ einhalb mal so viele menschen als zur zeit meiner geburt . wenn sie jetzt ein baby bekommen , bis zum zeitpunkt , zu dem das kind aus der schule kommt , werden mehr menschen dazu gekommen sein als es bei meiner geburt gab . +ihre ur@@ -@@ ur@@ -@@ groß@@ eltern sind mit mus@@ kel@@ kraft ausge@@ kommen , und dennoch glauben wir , dass für unseren lebens@@ stil großartige energie notwendig ist . und mit all der wunder@@ baren existi@@ erenden technologie können wir größere effizi@@ enz erreichen , wie z.b. mit umwelt@@ schutz , recycl@@ ing us@@ w . +es ist teil eines langfri@@ stigen von nasa in auf@@ trag ge@@ ge@@ benen program@@ ms . +in ordnung . +von diesen sä@@ tzen inspiriert , entschied ich mich den mal@@ er@@ pin@@ sel selbst in die hand zu nehmen . +vielen dank . +" so , als würde man ein stück to@@ ast durch einen bas@@ ket@@ ball@@ kor@@ b werfen , oder ? " +er hat es uns vor über tausend jahren be@@ wiesen . +er be@@ wi@@ es , dass sie eine pri@@ m@@ zahl war , mit nichts als einer fe@@ der , tin@@ te , papier und seinem intelle@@ kt . +es bedarf ihn nach seiner schä@@ tzung etwa " drei jahre an son@@ n@@ tagen " . +wegen cur@@ tis co@@ op@@ er wissen wir , dass die derzeit län@@ gste bekannte pri@@ m@@ zahl 2 ^ 5@@ 7 8@@ 85 16@@ 1 ist . +wir leben in einem zeitalter , in dem einige der größten durch@@ brü@@ che nicht in lab@@ oren oder den h@@ allen der ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ischen welt erreicht werden , sondern auf laptops , des@@ k@@ top@@ -@@ compu@@ tern , in den hand@@ flächen der menschen , die einfach nur bei der suche be@@ hil@@ f@@ lich sein wollen . +und so herr@@ lich an dieser entdeckung war , dass peter hig@@ gs und sein team vor 50 jahren eine der tief@@ grün@@ dig@@ sten aller fragen betrachtet hatten : wie kommt es , dass die dinge , aus denen wir bestehen , keine masse haben ? +in meiner kindheit in tas@@ man@@ ien war es immer sehr aufregend , wenn wir einen tas@@ man@@ ischen teu@@ fel in frei@@ er wild@@ bahn zu sehen bekamen . +wissenschaftler in der ganzen welt sind von diesem krebs faszin@@ iert , diesem an@@ ste@@ ck@@ enden krebs , der sich in der population der tas@@ man@@ ischen teu@@ fel aus@@ brei@@ tet . +er ist ein tas@@ man@@ ischer teu@@ fel , den wir mit einem großen tumor im gesicht fanden . +der hund gehört zu einer familie in mom@@ bas@@ a in ken@@ ia . +auch wenn es unter einigen um@@ ständen passieren kann . +wenn wir ver@@ heirat@@ et sind , haben wir eher kinder . +die meisten von uns haben uns für die meisten dieser fähigkeiten über@@ durchschnitt@@ lich einge@@ ord@@ net . +nummer zwei : unabhängig vom en@@ der@@ geb@@ nis macht uns allein die vor@@ freude schon glücklich . +sie erwarten also , dass die zukunft schle@@ chter sein wird , als sie tatsächlich ist . +aber wenn jemand zuerst sagte : " die wahrscheinlichkeit einer kre@@ b@@ ser@@ krank@@ ung bei mir liegt bei 10 % " , und wir sagten : " tut uns ja leid , +er schi@@ ckt gerade einen kleinen magne@@ tischen impul@@ s durch den schä@@ del unseres untersu@@ ch@@ ung@@ stei@@ l@@ neh@@ mers , in ihren gy@@ rus fron@@ tal@@ is in@@ fer@@ ior . +ich bin überzeugt , dass es so eine lösung gibt . +eigentlich müsste es heißen , die er@@ hol@@ ung oder rück@@ kehr asi@@ ens . +aber denken sie darüber nach , wie sich das auf unsere tradition@@ elle denk@@ weise aus@@ wirkt . +die te@@ k@@ ton@@ ischen plat@@ ten der welt@@ politik sind ver@@ scho@@ ben worden . +sie wissen es richtet sich nach der wirtschaftlichen stärke ge@@ messen am bru@@ t@@ to@@ in@@ land@@ spro@@ du@@ kt . +und wie ich schon vorher erwä@@ hnte china hat noch nicht die usa über@@ holt +doch ich meine jetzt nicht un@@ verbesser@@ lich optimi@@ stisch darüber zu sein +und machen damit die hälfte aller bürger@@ kriege aus . +und warum ist es so schwierig zu beginn ? +die geld@@ geber müssen sich daher langfri@@ stig , mindestens für 10 jahre , enga@@ gieren . +leider , wenn man sich auf die bedürfnisse konzentri@@ ert , erhält man keine ziel@@ führ@@ ende agenda . weil die bedürfnisse auf allen seiten so gro@@ ss sind in dieser situation . die möglichkeiten von veränderung sind jedoch beschrän@@ kt . +aber es gibt einen bereich , der nicht mit dem internationalen handel verknü@@ pft ist und eine menge jobs schaffen kann . und der auf jeden fall ein vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tiger sektor nach einem konflikt ist . und das ist die bau@@ bran@@ che . +die plan@@ ungs@@ - und regel@@ ungs@@ verantwortung bleibt beim minister@@ ium . für die versorgung der bevölkerung wird verwendet was auch immer funktioniert : kir@@ chen , hilfs@@ organisationen , lok@@ ale organisationen , lok@@ ale strukturen . egal was , haupt@@ sache es funktioniert . +was ist das ziel ? +es gibt wichtige kon@@ sequenzen der verteilung , jedoch andere , als man erwarten würde . +wir brauchen bessere plan@@ ung und systeme zur ev@@ aku@@ i@@ erung . +das macht sinn , oder ? es gibt frei@@ fläche , die flug@@ zeuge können starten und landen , ohne sich um l@@ är@@ me@@ mission oder aus@@ wei@@ chen vor hohen gebäu@@ den zu sorgen . +es gibt keine schn@@ ellen lösungen . +l : am wichtigsten ... s : am wichtigsten ... +j@@ w : ist engli@@ sch@@ man@@ ie also gut oder schlecht ? +das wir@@ ft alle möglichen fragen auf . +und er fragte diese bestimmte person , was krä@@ he und fische gemeinsam haben . +sie waren nicht bereit , sich darauf einzu@@ lassen . +um 19@@ 00 üb@@ ten 3 % der amerikaner beru@@ fe aus , die kogni@@ tiv an@@ spru@@ chs@@ voll waren . +nun ist im letzten jahrhundert in entwickelten ländern wie amerika die moral@@ debat@@ te es@@ k@@ ali@@ ert , weil wir das hypo@@ the@@ tische ernst nehmen und auch all@@ gemein@@ begri@@ ffe ernst nehmen , und nach log@@ ischen verbindungen suchen . +man muss sagen , nun , für die dunkel@@ heit der haut , sollte man nicht einfach leiden müssen . +ein weg mit dem entwicklungs@@ grad der modernen welt umzu@@ gehen , könnte politik sein , und leider können sie human@@ e moral@@ prinzipien haben , sie können klas@@ si@@ fizieren , logi@@ k auf abstra@@ ktionen anwenden , aber wenn sie die geschichte und andere länder nicht kennen , können sie keine politik machen . +ich bin ein grund@@ schul@@ lehrer und möchte ihnen eine geschichte meiner schul@@ lei@@ ter@@ in erzählen . +es hätte zahn@@ medizin sein können , aber das wort " experiment@@ ell " war drin und für sowas musste ich mich entscheiden . +es ist eine geschichte , die ein bele@@ g für die lehr@@ e und lehr@@ personen ist . +und deshalb lebt diese ge@@ ste meiner mutter weiter durch viele generationen . +ich bie@@ te ihnen den po@@ sten an , sie können ihn ab@@ le@@ hn@@ en@@ . und dann wählen sie ihr kab@@ in@@ et@@ t aus . +schauen sie , herr h@@ unter macht dies weil er sagt , seine generation habe viel m@@ ist gebaut , und er möchte uns erklären , wie man dieses probleme lö@@ st . +das ist ein welt@@ frieden@@ s-@@ spiel . was ist mit dir los ? +" lasst uns diese mama den brief lesen . +sie ist über meinen freund brenn@@ an . +er läu@@ tet noch einmal die glo@@ cke . er sagt : " wir legen " – und es bleiben nur noch 12 sekunden zeit – " wir legen jetzt alles geld aller nationen zusammen . +in indien hatten wir die na@@ x@@ al@@ it@@ en@@ bewegung , die [ un@@ klar ] bewegung . +wenn sie ein fahr@@ rad auf@@ pump@@ en , verwenden sie etwas davon . +man macht immer ein drei@@ e@@ ck@@ iges dach . +also das ist eine kleine pump@@ e mit der man einen ball@@ on auf@@ pump@@ en kann . +aber es ist ein großer spaß für kinder . +ich ste@@ cke einfach das hinein . +sie sind miteinander versch@@ mol@@ zen , also kann man sie nicht tren@@ nen . +es gibt keine pat@@ ente . jeder kann es machen . +sie heißt : " die geschichte des kapit@@ än@@ hu@@ ts " . +das schiff sin@@ kt und der kapit@@ ä@@ n hat alles verloren , bis auf eine schwi@@ mm@@ we@@ ste . +also werde ich über einige projekte reden die diese ideen ver@@ folgt haben . +wir nei@@ gen dazu ressourcen zu nutzen indem wir sie extra@@ hi@@ eren , wir verwandeln sie in kurz@@ le@@ bi@@ ge produkte und dann ent@@ sorgen wir sie . +und wir werden auch einen co@@ ff@@ es@@ ho@@ p haben , und die ma@@ hl@@ ab@@ fälle davon können als sub@@ str@@ at für den an@@ bau von pil@@ zen verwendet werden . +also ein beeindruck@@ endes beispiel an anpas@@ sung an eine umgebung stark begren@@ z@@ ter ressourcen - und in diesem sinne sehr relevant für die arten der herausforderung vor denen wir über die nächsten paar jahre , nächsten paar jahrzehn@@ te stehen werden . +der plan würde also wie folgt aussehen : +sie sind nicht nur möglich , sie sind entscheiden@@ d . +und wenn ich kinder im alter von 35 bekommen will , hie@@ ße das , dass ich bereits fünf jahre zuvor mit all dem hätte anfangen müssen . +da gab es nur einen kleinen ha@@ ken . +und sie sagen dann : " hö@@ r auf dich zu besch@@ weren . " +denn meine ho@@ b@@ b@@ ys sind eigentlich auch nur so etwas wie neue arbeit@@ spro@@ je@@ kte , die ich ins leben geru@@ fen habe . +sie sagte , sie sei " al@@ ber@@ n , nett und freund@@ lich " . +erinnern sie sich ? ich spreche flie@@ ß@@ end japan@@ isch und kenne mich mit ja@@ vas@@ cri@@ pt aus und das ist okay so . +an@@ schein@@ end habe ich ein toll@@ es leben , aber -- -- die frage ist , was bedeutet das nun für sie ? +ich weiß , dass die meisten von ihnen die erfahrung gemacht haben , nach hause zu kommen und ihre kinder spielen solche spiele . +stellen sie sich vor , sie fahren durch den ne@@ bel . es macht einen unterschied , ob sie das auto vor sich sehen und den unfall so vermeiden , oder ob sie einen unfall haben . +aber ein paar kinder sind trauri@@ g und blau , weil sie ihren man@@ tel vergessen haben . +das ist ein multi@@ medi@@ a-@@ tas@@ ker . +lassen sie mich diesen schritt er@@ läu@@ tern mit einer aufgabe , die sich ment@@ ale ro@@ tation nennt . +da@@ ph@@ ne ba@@ ve@@ li@@ er : das gehirn über computer@@ spiele +sie bekommen etwas leicht kompli@@ zier@@ ter@@ es , +nun , das hat große auswirkungen auf die grenzen der wissenschaft , auf berech@@ en@@ barkeit und steu@@ er@@ barkeit von dingen wie biolog@@ ischen proz@@ essen oder ein@@ spar@@ ungen , auf intelligenz im universum , auf fragen , wie die will@@ ens@@ freiheit und auf das erschaffen von technologien . +probieren wir also eine frage zu stellen , die sich mit der gesundheit beschäftigt . +ich bin also ziemlich zu@@ frieden mit all dem . +die idee ist es dann , dass wol@@ fra@@ m al@@ ph@@ a im@@ stan@@ de ist , herauszufinden welche prä@@ z@@ is@@ en teile von code das machen kann , won@@ ach gefragt wird und dann beispiele zeigt , aus welchen dann gewä@@ hlt werden kann , um größere und größere , prä@@ z@@ is@@ ere programme zu erstellen . +aber in zumindest einer große klasse von fällen , kann man davon aus@@ gehen , dass das universum , eine art netzwerk ist , welches sich , wenn es groß genug ist , wie ein un@@ end@@ licher raum ver@@ hält , ziemlich genau so als würde man eine menge moleküle haben , die sich wie eine flüs@@ sigkeit verhalten . +das war beeindruck@@ end . +es gibt sehr wenige ärzte , und offen@@ ge@@ standen , haben diese länder nicht die mittel , die ge@@ braucht werden , um mit solchen epide@@ mi@@ en fertig zu werden . +und das in nur vier stunden , 50 mal schneller als bei der@@ zei@@ ti@@ gem stand der technik , zu kosten , die ein fünf@@ tel bis ein fünf@@ hunder@@ t@@ ste@@ l der kosten der@@ zei@@ tiger möglichkeiten sind . +sondern weil meiner mutter eine ausbildung ver@@ we@@ hrt worden war und sie erinn@@ erte meine gesch@@ wi@@ ster und mich ständig daran , dass sie nicht möchte , dass wir ein leben wie das ihre leben . +das hie@@ ß , mein traum , lehr@@ erin zu werden , würde nicht in erfü@@ ll@@ ung gehen . +ich hatte ein@@ erseits auch glück , dass meine mutter etwas tat , was die meisten frauen nicht tun . +ein junge hätte gehen sollen . das können wir nicht machen . " +ich er@@ fuhr , dass sie nicht aufgrund ihres geschle@@ chts miss@@ braucht werden dur@@ fte . +und ja , sie war zu alt für die vi@@ erte klasse . +und wir werden in einer frie@@ dlichen welt leben . vielen dank . +wir haben 50 jahre ge@@ braucht um eine jähr@@ liche spar@@ rate von fast 10 prozent zu erreichen . 50 jahre . +wir beginnen also , mit geld zu bezahlen , dass wir wirklich haben . +wir werden vier wer@@ te@@ wandel an@@ sprechen , die wir sehen und die neues ver@@ brau@@ cher@@ verhalten an@@ treiben , die neue mana@@ ge@@ ment@@ -@@ prinzipien nah@@ ele@@ gen . +ein weiteres kur@@ zes beispiel für diese art der veränderung ist der auf@@ stieg von zy@@ n@@ ga . +aber sie sprechen auch davon , dass ihre vor@@ stän@@ d@@ s@@ mitglieder , all deren sp@@ es@@ en@@ ab@@ rech@@ nungen werden ins fir@@ men@@ netz gestellt , sodass jeder sie sehen kann . +ein weiteres großarti@@ ges beispiel ist fi@@ deli@@ ty . +tradition@@ ell wäre ein bo@@ y@@ k@@ ot@@ t , richtig ? +sie ist für die ver@@ brau@@ cher enor@@ m mäch@@ tig gewesen . +ich kenne eine frau die das gut kann . +geht nach hause zu eu@@ rem mann - was braucht er ? +als ich auf@@ wuchs konnte ich tatsächlich zwei unterschie@@ dlich arten des fr@@ aus@@ eins beobachten . +wir nei@@ gen zur grupp@@ en@@ bildung basier@@ end auf gemein@@ sam@@ keiten und dann erschaffen wir kli@@ sche@@ es über andere gruppen von menschen . +in diesen tagen schw@@ än@@ zte ich oft die schule und trä@@ um@@ te davon , zur see zu fahren . +für mich , wie für millionen anderer menschen auf der welt heutzutage , ist englisch eine er@@ wor@@ bene sprache . +viele au@@ toren spüren diesen druck , aber nicht-@@ west@@ liche au@@ toren spüren ihn stärker . +aber es gab zeiten , da wollte ich beide seiten daran erinnern , dass es sich um fi@@ ktion hand@@ elte . +bücher haben das intro@@ verti@@ erte , schü@@ chter@@ ne kind ger@@ et@@ tet , das ich war -- das ich einmal war . +au@@ d@@ re l@@ or@@ de sagte einmal : " die weißen v@@ ä@@ ter lehr@@ ten uns zu sagen : ' ich denke , also bin ich . ' " sie schlu@@ g vor : " ich fühle , also bin ich frei . " +ich denke , dass diese eher die grund@@ bau@@ steine je@@ g@@ licher kreativität sind . +nun bel@@ aufen sich die amerikanischen ur@@ he@@ ber@@ rechte und pat@@ ent@@ gesetze gegen@@ sä@@ tzlich zu dieser auff@@ as@@ sung , dass wir auf den werken anderer aufbauen . +das ist alles , was es dazu zu sagen gibt . apple hat dies pat@@ enti@@ ert . +er nimmt ein lied namens " blind will@@ ie mc@@ tell " auf , ben@@ an@@ nt nach dem blu@@ es s@@ än@@ ger , und das lied ist eine reise durch die vergangenheit , durch eine viel dunkl@@ ere zeit , aber einer einfach@@ eren , einer zeit , in der musi@@ ker wie will@@ ie mc@@ tell nur wenige illu@@ sionen von dem hatten , was sie taten . +gu@@ cken sie einfach auf die karte von google hier . da ist block 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 . +und eines der ersten opfer schwier@@ iger wirtschafts@@ zeiten sind wohl öffentliche aus@@ gaben jeder art , aber in der sch@@ uss@@ linie stehen zur zeit sicherlich die öffentlichen aus@@ gaben für wissenschaft , und besonders für wissenschaft die von neugi@@ er und forsch@@ er@@ geist ge@@ trieben wird . +er hat etwa 500 km durch@@ messer . +unter dem eis also gibt es ein meer an flüs@@ sigkeit um den ganzen mond herum . +so , das hier sich praktisch nach nichts aus . +und eine der erstaun@@ lichen vorhersagen der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik , nur durch die betra@@ chtung des auf@@ b@@ aus von at@@ omen -- die gleiche theorie die transi@@ stor@@ en beschrei@@ bt -- ist dass es keine sterne im universum geben kann , die das ende ihres lebens erreicht haben , die größer als ziemlich genau 1,@@ 4 sonnen@@ ma@@ ssen sind . +sie entstanden in ster@@ nen wie diesem , ein@@ geschlossen und dann ans universum zurück@@ gegeben , in explo@@ sionen wie dieser , um sich erneu@@ t zu verdi@@ chten und planeten zu bilden , sterne , neue sonnen@@ systeme , und wahr@@ haf@@ tig , menschen wie uns . +sie besu@@ chte jedoch ju@@ pit@@ er , saturn , ur@@ an@@ us und ne@@ p@@ tun . +danke ihnen . +die roten punkte , die sie sehen , sind seiten , die verhalten@@ s-@@ tracking anwenden , die ich nicht auf@@ geru@@ fen habe , aber die mir trotzdem folgen . +aus einem einfachen grund – das ist ein riesen@@ geschäft . +danke , dass ihr gekommen sei@@ d . +du läu@@ f@@ st , um uns ein schle@@ chtes gewissen zu machen . " +ich war 2@@ 7@@ . ich dachte , ich w@@ üs@@ ste alles . +und sie sagten : " machen sie sich darüber keine sorgen . " +es war ein diskus@@ sion@@ sk@@ urs und wir hatten eine diskussion . +mein vater sagte : " das war nummer 1. " und ich hörte damit immer noch nicht auf . +ich lief durch el dor@@ a@@ do -- eine gefäng@@ nis@@ stadt in ven@@ e@@ zu@@ ela , ein berühm@@ tes gefängnis , oder wohl eher ein berü@@ chti@@ g@@ tes -- und ich weiß nicht , was mit ger@@ it@@ ten hat , denn so etwas sah mir nicht ähnlich . +aber ich wusste , dass ich mich ändern musste . +aber sogar als kind konnte ich die last in ihren herzen spüren . +diese hoffnung hielt mich am leben . +mein vater hatte sich große mü@@ he gegeben , mich zum lernen zu motivi@@ eren , doch es hatte nicht ge@@ holfen . +in nord@@ korea er@@ schu@@ f ich sie mir selbst . +ich möchte dir nur sagen , dass ich dich ver@@ mis@@ se und dass ich dich liebe , und bitte kom@@ m zu mir zurück und blei@@ b am leben . +man bat mich , ein gebäude zu entwerfen , denn thema der exp@@ o waren umwelt@@ probleme . +das ist die verantwortung der architekten . +ich begann nach ko@@ be zu pen@@ deln und traf mich mit dem ver@@ ein der viet@@ nam@@ esen . +meine japan@@ ischen studenten arbeiteten mit chines@@ ischen studenten zusammen . +dazu benutz@@ te ich fra@@ cht@@ contain@@ er und studenten hal@@ fen dabei , mö@@ bel zu bauen , um sie wohn@@ lich zu machen . alles entspricht dem budget der regierung . die fläche , die das haus ein@@ nimmt , ist die gleiche , aber es ist viel wohn@@ licher . +und für mich versch@@ mol@@ zen diese beiden rollen in meinem buch " orig@@ ins " . +nun , warum sollte dieses f@@ ö@@ tale lernen von nutzen sein ? +und noch etwas anderes passiert oft . +wenn nahrung k@@ nap@@ p ist leiten sie die nähr@@ stoffe zum wichtigsten organ , dem gehirn , und weg von anderen organ@@ en wie herz und le@@ ber . +man kann p@@ ts@@ d aber auch mit anderen augen sehen . +dieses vertrauen in das fi@@ ktive ist für jede art the@@ at@@ r@@ ali@@ k essen@@ zi@@ ell . +die zuschau@@ er werden auf mu@@ t@@ maß@@ ungen hing@@ el@@ ei@@ tet , welche ganz log@@ isch sind , jedoch nicht mit dem über@@ ein@@ stimmen , was vor ihren augen geschieht . " +und wenn es eine gute geschichte ist , bringt sie uns vielleicht sogar zum lächeln . +ich for@@ dere also eine neue beru@@ fs@@ be@@ zeich@@ nung -- ich komme später darauf zurück -- und vielleicht die aufnahme eines neuen wor@@ tes in die engli@@ sche sprache . +aber ich war vor kurzem auf einem ted event und es@@ ther du@@ fl@@ o , wahrscheinlich eine der führ@@ enden exper@@ tin@@ nen in der effe@@ ktiven bes@@ ei@@ tigung von hunger in der dritten welt , sprach dort . +eines davon war auch , auch wenn es von der logi@@ k her eine gute idee ist , einen li@@ ft zu haben ohne hoch@@ -@@ und r@@ unter@@ ta@@ sten , wenn er nur 2 stock@@ werke be@@ dient , ist dies verdam@@ mt angst ein@@ ja@@ gend . +denn wenn der vor@@ stand alle davon überzeugt , dass der erfolg eines unterneh@@ men@@ s fast gän@@ z@@ lich von den entscheidungen des vor@@ stands abhän@@ gt , erscheint der ge@@ hal@@ ts@@ unterschied etwas mehr gere@@ cht@@ fer@@ tigt , als wenn man zu@@ gibt , dass ein großer teil des unterneh@@ men@@ ser@@ fol@@ gs eigentlich wo@@ anders liegt , in kleinen teilen der ta@@ kti@@ schen aktivität . +das erste , was ich möchte ist ein wettbewerb - an alle , die dies als film sehen - um einen namen zu finden , für diese sache unten rechts . +ich werde das medium , durch das diese musik kan@@ alisiert wird und während diesem vor@@ gang – wenn alles stimmt – wird die musik trans@@ for@@ miert und ich auch . +das sind etwa 10 dollar an zusätz@@ licher hard@@ ware wenn man bereits eine n@@ inten@@ do wi@@ i hat . +aber ich lernte auch schnell , dass jes@@ us sagte , und ich um@@ schrei@@ be das , dass immer arme unter uns sein werden . +um die wahrheit zu sagen , ich gab zwar , aber nicht aus auf@@ richti@@ ger hoffnung und dem rei@@ z zu helfen oder aus groß@@ zü@@ gi@@ gkeit . +zum ersten mal seit lan@@ gem wollte ich die menschen treffen , ich wollte diese unternehmer treffen , und selbst sehen wie sie lebten . +ich dachte nur , dass geld es schon richten würde . +weil , wenn dies passiert , denke ich , dass wir uns frei fühlen können um offen@@ er , gere@@ chter und krea@@ tiver zu sein , um miteinander zu handeln und einander zu helfen . +mit diesem wissen hat dieser bestimmte vor@@ fall zu den dingen geführt , die ich gerade be@@ arbeite . +dies ist , wor@@ an ich gerade arbeite . +es gibt nichts größ@@ eres oder äl@@ ter@@ es als das universum . +das universum kann sich plötzlich aus dem nichts heraus selbst erschaffen . +wir be@@ geben uns jedoch in einen zunehmen@@ d gefähr@@ lichen ab@@ schnitt unserer geschichte . +ich bin designer und pä@@ da@@ go@@ ge . +anders gesagt , ich suche nach ali@@ ens . wenn ich das auf einer cock@@ ta@@ il@@ party erzähle , sehen sie mich meist mit leicht am@@ ü@@ si@@ er@@ tem gesi@@ chts@@ ausdruck an . +das ist eine verbesser@@ ungs@@ rate , die auf ihrem schul@@ zeug@@ nis gut aussehen würde , oder ? +das ist nicht so schlecht , selbst bei zwei dutz@@ end jahren . entweder sie öffnen ihren brow@@ ser und es wird von einem signal beri@@ chtet , oder sie bekommen eine tas@@ se kaffee . +es würde seinen all@@ tag verändern , nicht wahr ? +diese art ideen haben keine wirkliche gü@@ l@@ tigkeit – dass sie den wissenschaft@@ lern nicht vertrauen können . +das erlaubt einem in vor@@ leistung zu treten , indem man dieses thema als verbindung zur wissenschaft nutzt , denn se@@ ti um@@ fasst verschiedene diszi@@ pl@@ inen , natürlich biologie und astronom@@ ie , aber auch ge@@ ologie , chemie und weitere wissenschaftliche diszi@@ pl@@ inen können sich alle unter dem vor@@ wand " wir suchen nach e@@ .@@ t@@ . " verste@@ cken . +ich möchte ihnen nur sagen , dass mein job ein privi@@ leg ist , weil wir in einer besonder@@ en zeit leben . +nachdem ich von ted ein@@ geladen wurde , habe ich einige nach@@ forsch@@ ungen ange@@ stellt , so machen wir anthropo@@ lo@@ gen das halt , um etwas über meinen ga@@ st@@ geber herauszufinden . +man findet ele@@ fan@@ ten , nas@@ hör@@ ner , affen , schw@@ eine us@@ w . +es war , als würde das kind nach 3@@ ,@@ 3 millionen jahren noch einmal geboren , aber der gebur@@ ts@@ vor@@ gang dau@@ erte sehr lang . +was wissen wir eigentlich über unsere vorfahren ? +was sagt uns das ? " +es ist wichtig , eine posi@@ ti@@ ver@@ e sicht auf uns selbst zu fördern . +mü@@ ll@@ verk@@ la@@ pp@@ ung zum beispiel , etwas wovon man glaubt , es würde sich von selbst erle@@ digen , doch die gesetze , die regeln wie schi@@ ffe müll ab@@ laden dürfen werden immer schwä@@ cher , je weiter man sich von der küste entfernt . +aber in der sar@@ gas@@ so-@@ see sammeln sich nicht nur sar@@ gas@@ sum@@ -@@ al@@ gen an , sondern auch plasti@@ k aus der gesamten region . +wir näher@@ n uns jetzt der küste , das hier ist auf den gala@@ pa@@ go@@ s-@@ inseln . +und wenn wir sagen " ja , wir brauchen mehr . es muss weiter gehen . " +kri@@ st@@ ina g@@ j@@ erde : gesetze schaffen für die hohe see +und es ist fo@@ kus . nor@@ man je@@ wi@@ son sagte mir : " ich glaube es hat damit zu tun , sich auf eine sache zu fo@@ kus@@ sieren . " +was macht menschen erfolgreich ? ist es schl@@ äu@@ e ? ist es glück ? weder noch . analy@@ tiker richard st@@ . john verdi@@ chtet jahre von intervie@@ ws in eine sehr se@@ hen@@ s@@ werte drei@@ min@@ ü@@ tige präsentation über die echten erfol@@ gs@@ geheim@@ nisse . +tod : ge@@ h auf i@@ fi@@ die@@ .@@ net , e@@ he es zu sp@@ ät ist . +und dieser mann , arch@@ ie co@@ ch@@ ran@@ e , ist kriegs@@ ge@@ fan@@ gen@@ er und arzt , und er hat ein problem . +die ergebnisse no@@ tiert er sor@@ g@@ fäl@@ tig in einem he@@ ft . +und mit den milliarden der zukunft , über die wir immer hören , ist diese welt einfach zu komplex , um sie einfach so verstehen zu können . +es gibt dort 100,000 . das würde einen tag lang dauern . +mir ist klar , dass das zwei@@ deu@@ tig ist . +sogar dieses problem war zu kompliziert . +das passierte nicht , weil ein unglaublich sch@@ lau@@ er mensch das sagen hatte . +das ist so unge@@ mü@@ tlich . +soll ich den versuch sofort ab@@ brechen , oder sollen wir warten , bis wir resul@@ tate haben ? " +aber die fehler gingen in eine gute richtung . +es wird aufhören , weil uns die ressourcen aus@@ gehen . +dieses argument finde ich faszinier@@ end , als könnten wir die physi@@ kal@@ ischen gesetze ein bisschen bie@@ gen , damit sie uns ins spiel passen . +ich akzep@@ tiere , wo wir sind . +stellen sie sich vor , unsere ho@@ chan@@ ge@@ pas@@ ste , be@@ dar@@ fs@@ syn@@ chr@@ one nahrungs@@ industrie und unser extrem bel@@ a@@ ste@@ tes land@@ wirtschafts@@ system versagen und die reg@@ ale im super@@ markt le@@ eren sich . +denken sie an krieg . +wir müssen handeln , als hin@@ ge unsere zukunft davon ab . +zusä@@ tzlich will ich versuchen ein gefühl dafür zu vermitteln , wie der ultima@@ tive neu@@ start aussieht . +und wir glaub@@ ten , wir können diese schul@@ den auf unsere kinder ab@@ legen , aber stellt euch vor +alles andere ist ver@@ plant . +das ist die finanz@@ krise . +studenten wollten wissen in welcher stufe der entwicklung sich die zelle befindet . +das sollte nichts erstaun@@ liches sein oder ? +alles was wir bekommen haben ist ro@@ om@@ ba . +zwei bis drei jahre nachdem sie so gut hören können wie du und ich werden sie vielleicht hören können wie fle@@ der@@ mä@@ use singen oder wie w@@ ale reden oder wie h@@ unde reden und andere arten von ton@@ al@@ sk@@ alen . +ich glaube wir werden vom homo sa@@ pi@@ ens zum homo evol@@ u@@ tis gehen . +und die menschen dachten : " du hast recht . +in jedem auto@@ unfall , in dem mindestens eine person stir@@ bt , gibt es informationen über alle beteili@@ gten . +schauen wir uns un@@ fälle aus der letzten zeit an " – der ganze daten@@ satz besteht aus cir@@ ca 30 jahren daten – " dann sieht man es nicht . die neuen kinder@@ si@@ tze sind viel besser . " +ich zeige ihnen nun , was passiert . +es gibt noch mehr beweise , also kann man sagen – ein wissenschaftler kri@@ ti@@ si@@ erte mich , er sagte : " nie werden sie eine studie mit n = 4 veröffent@@ lichen können " , und mein@@ te die vier un@@ fälle . +und danach kamen die meisten leute tatsächlich nicht zurück , denn es funktion@@ ierte . aber ab und an gab es einen patienten , der sich noch für krank hielt , und er kam wieder . und mein vater hatte noch einen top@@ f . +in 5.000 tagen sind all diese dinge gekommen . +ich habe also versucht maß zu nehmen . +im jahre 20@@ 40 wird die proz@@ ess@@ or@@ leistung dieser maschine die gesamte proz@@ ess@@ leistung der menschheit über@@ treffen in r@@ einen bits und so . und das ist glaube ich wo ray kurz@@ well und andere dieses kleine diagra@@ m her@@ bekommen , das wir alle über@@ treten . +jetzt ist es nicht so - wenn man eine tab@@ elle und dinge bei der arbeit macht , ein word dok@@ um@@ ent , sind sie nicht teil des we@@ bs aber sie werden es sein . sie werden teil der maschine . +m@@ clu@@ han sagte : " maschinen sind erweiter@@ ungen der menschlichen sinne . " +so ist jede idee prinzipi@@ ell unterstützt , oder jeder teil , jedes wort - wird vom ganzen web gest@@ ü@@ tzt . +wir haben diese daten@@ bank von dingen . +aber ich anti@@ zi@@ pi@@ ere wir tun es im guten sinne . +meine reise um heute hier@@ her@@ zu@@ kommen begann 197@@ 4 . +und so besch@@ lo@@ ß ich ein buch , meine me@@ mo@@ ir@@ en , über diese de@@ ka@@ de meines lebens zu schreiben . +alles was ich tun muss , ist , in de@@ mut folgen . +und ich ord@@ ne sie . und , nun ja , es ist auch etwas anders , da ein archite@@ kt im vergleich zu , sagen wir , einer tanz@@ gruppe letztendlich eine ver@@ mitt@@ lung zwischen der eigenen priv@@ aten welt ist , der wel@@ ten der eigenen konzep@@ te , der ideen , der se@@ hn@@ sü@@ chte , der erfin@@ dungen , mit der beziehung zur außen@@ welt und den ganzen ein@@ schrän@@ kungen , den n@@ ein@@ sa@@ gern . +und es hatte mit der vorstellung zu tun , einen kilometer zu gehen , jeden kilometer ein objekt der be@@ gi@@ erde zu beobachten , und dieses dann darin zu plat@@ zieren . +und dann beginnen die brei@@ teren ideen der stad@@ t@@ entwicklung dire@@ kten einfluss auf die architektur zu haben , auf die elemente , die das brei@@ tere sch@@ em@@ a bilden , die gebäude selbst , und uns zu leiten . +es ist transpar@@ ent , und ich denke , es ermöglicht uns , was immer das interessan@@ teste an einem gebäude ist , nämlich die tats@@ äch@@ lichen kon@@ struk@@ tion@@ spro@@ z@@ esse zu verstehen . +wir könnten über die beziehung sprechen , in einem biolog@@ isch@@ eren sinn über die beziehung von gebäude und boden . +sie haben 22 satelli@@ ten , die in einer höhe von etwa 100 meilen herum@@ fli@@ tzen , und das grund@@ stück ist rot . +dann kommen wir zu diesem bild . +bitte auch auf der em@@ po@@ re . +sie wissen , unser gehirn entspricht 2-@@ 3 % unseres gewi@@ chts braucht aber tatsächlich 25 % der gesamten energie . +sie können weiter erfinden und entwickeln . +bau@@ ch@@ gefühl , das ist es , was wir benutzen . " +es ist dieses hir@@ n , das diesen refle@@ x aus@@ lö@@ st . +damit würden wir etwas erzeugen , dass wir alle gerne hätten : ein gleich@@ gewicht zwischen hunger und sä@@ t@@ tigung . +man kann diese kunst@@ werke betrachten und natürlich die komplexe soziale organisation der menschen , die sie geschaffen haben , sehen . +10.000 quad@@ rat@@ kilometer , zehn@@ tausende von inseln wie ju@@ wel@@ en über die süd@@ see ver@@ stre@@ ut . +die dritte ed@@ le wahrheit bes@@ agt : ignor@@ anz kann be@@ wäl@@ tigt werden . +dann tan@@ zt man die ritu@@ ellen t@@ än@@ ze , die den kreu@@ zen macht geben . +sie konsu@@ mieren mehr co@@ cab@@ lä@@ tter als jede andere bevölker@@ ungs@@ gruppe , täglich ein hal@@ bes pfund pro person . +dieser kleine junge wird die heili@@ gen felder , die die hü@@ tte der männer ein@@ grenzen , erst verlassen , wenn er seine initi@@ a@@ tions@@ reise an@@ tritt . +so ist nun ihr gesam@@ tes jahr hal@@ biert . +der anthropo@@ lo@@ ge wa@@ de da@@ v@@ is betrachtet das welt@@ weite netz aus glaube und ritual , das uns zu menschen macht . er zeigt uns atem@@ ber@@ au@@ bende bilder und erzählt von den el@@ der brothers , einer gruppe von indi@@ an@@ ern aus der si@@ er@@ ra ne@@ v@@ ada , deren spiritu@@ elle prakti@@ ken die welt im gleich@@ gewicht halten . +heute nutzen wir nur einen einzigen roh@@ stoff , pe@@ tro@@ le@@ um , um unsere häuser zu hei@@ zen , unsere autos anzu@@ treiben und um die meisten materialien , die sie um sich herum sehen , herzustellen . +der erste besteht darin , einen roh@@ stoff zu wählen , vorzu@@ gs@@ weise einen , der regi@@ onal , also in ihrer umgebung vorhanden ist – zur lokalen herstellung also . +es dauert in wirklichkeit länger . es dauert fünf tage . +guten tag . +aber in dem moment , in dem sie auf die äuß@@ ere umgebung trifft , und ihre temperatur um auch nur den bru@@ ch@@ teil eines gra@@ des steigt , wird sie sofort wieder zu normal@@ er materie . +aber was von außen so langsam und an@@ mu@@ tig erscheint , ist eigentlich eher chaos im inneren , weil die zellen ihre form mit einem skelet@@ t aus star@@ ren prot@@ ein@@ fas@@ ern halten und diese fas@@ ern ständig zer@@ fallen . +als test schla@@ ge ich vor , dass wir mit amerikanischen t@@ än@@ z@@ ern beginnen . +wenn man sie fragt , " was machen sie beru@@ f@@ lich ? " – sagen sie : " ich bin statisti@@ ker . " +sie denken jetzt , ich werde ihnen einige fragen stellen . +was wir also machen wollen , ist die durchschnittliche anzahl der wür@@ fe , bis wir kop@@ f-@@ zahl@@ -@@ kopf sehen , vergleichen mit der durchschnitt@@ lichen anzahl wür@@ fe , bis kop@@ f-@@ zahl@@ -@@ zahl kommt . +wenn zahl kommt – nun ja , dann r@@ äumen sie ein@@ i@@ ger@@ maßen ent@@ täu@@ scht die gl@@ ä@@ ser und den se@@ kt wieder weg . +aber es stellt sich heraus , der schlüssel zu informationen aus modernen experiment@@ ellen technologien liegt in ziemlich ausge@@ kl@@ ü@@ gel@@ ten – es wird sie er@@ lei@@ chtern , dass ich meinen lebens@@ unter@@ halt mit etwas nütz@@ lichem verdi@@ ene , ra@@ ff@@ inier@@ ter als die kop@@ f-@@ zahl@@ -@@ kop@@ f-@@ geschichte – nämlich ziemlich abge@@ fahr@@ ene computer@@ - und mathemati@@ sche modelle und moderne stati@@ stische verfahren . +dann ist die antwort natürlich 99 prozent . +eine erklärung ist , das die person nicht in@@ fiziert ist – das ist über@@ wie@@ gend wahrscheinlich , wenn man jemanden zufällig aus@@ wä@@ hlt – aber der test liegt falsch , was un@@ wahrscheinlich ist . +uns un@@ bekannte umwelt@@ faktoren könnten eine rolle spielen , und das gilt sehr wahrscheinlich auch für gene@@ tische faktoren , deren wir uns nicht bewusst sind . +es hängt zusammen mit der ab@@ wä@@ gung der kraft anderer beweise gegen sie und den stati@@ stischen beweisen . +das ist eine ingenie@@ ur@@ aufgabe . " +ein paar freunde und ich haben herausgefunden , wie es zu machen ist . +es gibt 10 milliarden ste@@ ck@@ do@@ sen allein in nor@@ dameri@@ ka . +also möchte ich ihnen heute meine persönliche sicht auf diese zen@@ su@@ r in den letzten jahren geben . +sie wollen ein@@ erseits den wunsch der leute nach einem sozialen netzwerk be@@ frie@@ digen , was sehr wichtig ist . die leute lieben soziale netzwerke . +und danach , in diesem jahr , wurde der ei@@ sen@@ bahn@@ minister ent@@ lassen und zu 10 jahren haft verur@@ teilt . +der komment@@ ar@@ bereich macht das chines@@ ische weib@@ o mehr zu einem facebook als zu twitter , dem original . +man kann zum beispiel nicht den namen des präsi@@ denten schreiben , h@@ u j@@ in@@ ta@@ o , und auch nicht den namen der stadt ch@@ on@@ g@@ q@@ ing . und bis vor kurzem konnte man die nach@@ namen der höch@@ sten be@@ am@@ ten nicht suchen . +also wollten sie einen vor@@ wand ... öffentliche meinung ist ein sehr guter vor@@ wand , ihn zu be@@ stra@@ fen . +was auch die zukunft bringt , wir sollten die [ kat@@ ze ] be@@ kämpfen . +musik sind ak@@ ku@@ stische vi@@ bra@@ tionen in der luft , kleine energie@@ wellen , die unser tro@@ mm@@ el@@ fell zum schw@@ ingen bringen . +nun hat sich die behandlung von hör@@ schä@@ den in den letzten 200 jahren stark entwickelt . +mädchen : hol@@ ly . +wenn wir also ein perfe@@ ktes co@@ ch@@ lea@@ implan@@ tat entwerfen wollten , würden wir versuchen , zu erreichen , dass es musik übertragen kann . +patienten mit co@@ ch@@ lear@@ en implan@@ taten können diese beiden instru@@ mente nicht unterscheiden . +was sug@@ ger@@ iert , dass selbst wenn man das ge@@ hö@@ r ver@@ liert , die fähigkeit des gehirns , musik zu ver@@ arbeiten , bleibt +er studi@@ ert jetzt medizin an der y@@ ale university , und erwä@@ gt es , chirur@@ g zu werden -- einer der ersten tau@@ ben menschen , die eine chirur@@ g@@ ische karriere an@@ streben . +wenn ich mich um@@ sehe , in diesem tedx@@ am@@ ster@@ dam audi@@ tor@@ ium , sehe ich ein besonder@@ es publikum . +waffen sind nicht teil unseres lebens . +wenn er zi@@ elte , ver@@ fehl@@ te er nie . +trotz der bilder , die täglich in den nachrichten gezeigt werden , sind kriege zwischen indu@@ st@@ rie@@ staaten sind nicht mehr all@@ täglich . +die ar@@ mee verfü@@ gt über ein staat@@ liches gewal@@ t@@ mon@@ o@@ po@@ l . +ich hoffe , sie respe@@ kti@@ eren meine soldaten , diese sol@@ da@@ tin mit diesem gewä@@ hr . +und das interessante dabei ist , dass bei einer veränderung der sequenz auch die drei@@ dimension@@ ale struktur verändert wird . +wir möchten technolog@@ ische ar@@ te@@ fa@@ kte bauen können , die für die welt von nutzen sein könnten . wir möchten lernen , wie man biolog@@ ische ar@@ te@@ fa@@ kte baut , z.b. menschen , w@@ ale und bäume . +plant und was passiert dann ? +frauen sind viel mehr in balance , weil sie nicht diese ansicht teilen , dass sie 100 kli@@ mm@@ züge schaffen können . +doch wir haben das potenzi@@ al , krankheit und armut zu be@@ zw@@ ingen , und ich werde über diese aspe@@ kte sprechen , falls wir den willen dazu haben . +ich werde ihnen an ein paar bei@@ spielen zeigen , wie überzeu@@ gend dieses phänomen ist . +es gibt eine grundlegende , pro@@ fun@@ de beschle@@ un@@ ig@@ ung des evolution@@ ären proz@@ esses . +man könnte denken , das ist das ergebnis eines labor@@ versu@@ chs , aber dies ist das ergebnis von welt@@ wei@@ tem , cha@@ o@@ ti@@ sch@@ em verhalten – länder besch@@ ul@@ digen sich gegensei@@ tig der produk@@ t-@@ sub@@ ven@@ tion@@ i@@ erung , b@@ ör@@ sen@@ gän@@ ge , in@@ sol@@ ven@@ zen , market@@ ing@@ programme . +wir verstehen die soft@@ war@@ e-@@ programme , die unsere körper steuern . +dies sind einige designs aus eric dre@@ x@@ l@@ ers buch – wir zeigen gerade , dass sie mach@@ bar sind , mit super@@ -@@ computer@@ -@@ simu@@ la@@ tionen , es gibt tatsächlich forscher , die molekü@@ l@@ große robot@@ or ange@@ fer@@ tigt haben . +dou@@ g ho@@ f@@ stad@@ ter fragt sich , nun , vielleicht ist unsere intelligenz einfach nicht groß genug , um unsere intelligenz zu verstehen , und wenn wir kl@@ ü@@ ger wären , dann wäre unser gehirn noch kompli@@ zier@@ ter , und wir könnten nie mi@@ th@@ alten . +dann ver@@ einen computer die sch@@ ar@@ f@@ sinni@@ ge fähigkeit der mu@@ ster@@ -@@ erken@@ nung der menschlichen intelligenz mit den bereichen , in denen die maschinen uns bereits überlegen sind , was das analy@@ tische denken betrifft und die fähigkeit sich milliarden von fa@@ kten ak@@ kur@@ at zu mer@@ ken . +erfin@@ der , unternehmer und visi@@ on@@ ä@@ r ray kurz@@ weil erklärt aus@@ gi@@ e@@ big und mit fun@@ di@@ erten details , warum wir in den 20@@ 20@@ ern das menschliche gehirn ent@@ schlüssel@@ t haben werden und unser bewusstsein von nan@@ or@@ ob@@ ot@@ ern ge@@ steu@@ ert sein wird . +so wie fo@@ x mul@@ der in der serie " ak@@ te x " , der an u@@ fo@@ s glauben möchte ? nun , das wollen wir alle . und der grund für alles das ist die glau@@ ben@@ s@@ maschine in unseren gehir@@ nen . +sie wurden aus dem gen@@ pool entfernt . +weil hier nichts drin ist . naja , angeb@@ lich ist hier nichts . +eine erhö@@ h@@ tes dop@@ am@@ in be@@ wirk@@ te , dass prob@@ an@@ den mehr muster sehen als diejenigen , die kein dop@@ am@@ in bekamen . +der andere auch , aber er sieht vielleicht zu viele muster . +nun , hier die un@@ mögliche l@@ atten@@ ki@@ ste des ver@@ stor@@ benen , großartigen jer@@ ry and@@ rus in 3d , mit jer@@ ry mitten in der un@@ möglichen ki@@ ste steh@@ end . +insbesondere wenn die auf dem kopf stehen . sie benutzen hier ihre allge@@ meine gesi@@ chts@@ kenn@@ ungs@@ software . +einige versch@@ wör@@ ungen sind real . +und das wäre der test für li@@ pp@@ en@@ bal@@ same , die wir hier drüben haben . +ich liebe bäume und ich bin ein glück@@ sp@@ il@@ z , denn wir leben in der nähe eines wunder@@ vollen baum@@ gar@@ tens und oft gehe ich son@@ n@@ ta@@ gs mit meiner frau und unserem vier@@ jährigen dorthin , um in den b@@ äumen herum@@ zu@@ kle@@ ttern und verste@@ cken zu spielen . +aber später begannen die regi@@ erungs@@ soldaten , uns zu mis@@ sh@@ and@@ eln . +wer dieser mann auch ist und was immer er getan hat , dies ist sicherlich eine gr@@ aus@@ ame und ungewöhn@@ liche be@@ stra@@ fung . +man fragt sich , was sie mit diesem material machen ? +wir haben also die sonne mit einem bre@@ tt ver@@ dun@@ k@@ elt und dann mit hilfe eines spiegel@@ s an eine andere stelle ver@@ scho@@ ben . +wenn sie auf die k@@ ot@@ pil@@ le kle@@ ttern , strei@@ chen sie sich hin und wieder über@@ s gesicht . +das hier nennt man st@@ el@@ zen . es ist ein temper@@ atur@@ verhalten , das wir menschen beim überqu@@ eren des str@@ and@@ es zeigen . wir springen auf ein hand@@ tu@@ ch , das jemandem gehört – " entschul@@ digung , ihr hand@@ tu@@ ch , ich weiß . " – und dann hop@@ st man auf das nächste , damit man sich nicht die fü@@ ße ver@@ bren@@ nt . +hier ist unser durch@@ tri@@ eben@@ er versu@@ chs@@ leiter . +es ist ein etwa 2,@@ 5 meter lan@@ ges met@@ all@@ ro@@ hr , mit etwa 100 lö@@ chern darauf , an der seite ist der lau@@ t@@ sprecher , und hier ist ein schl@@ auch , durch den es mit einer prop@@ ang@@ as@@ fla@@ sche verbunden ist . +man sieht , dass die sk@@ ater häufi@@ ger hier üben . die hinder@@ nisse sind einfacher . +ma@@ chmal gibt es einen kleinen extra appl@@ aus für stars und dann , glaube ich , holt sogar bill gates einmal ner@@ vö@@ s luft , und dann beginnt der vortrag . +ihm wird der satz " weil er da ist . " zu@@ geschrieben . +ich sah nieman@@ den . das foto entstand neben dem heli@@ kop@@ ter . +es ist wohl das kü@@ hn@@ ste unter@@ fangen des gol@@ denen zeital@@ ters der er@@ forschung , und es schien mir höch@@ ste zeit , nach all@@ dem was wir im vergan@@ genen jahrhundert entdeckt haben , von sk@@ or@@ but zu solar@@ kolle@@ ktoren , dass jemand die aufgabe voll@@ endet . +also ist der ganze zweck der präsentation der , die kapit@@ al@@ geber zu überzeugen , dass sie der unternehmer sind , in den sie investieren und eine menge geld damit machen werden . +und neben der erfahrung , ein unternehmen zu gründen oder etwas zu leiten – das muss kein unternehmen sein . +es gibt keine finanzi@@ ell unterstü@@ tz@@ te unterneh@@ mung , in der es keine probleme gab . +von da aus nehmen sie sie mit – auf einem soli@@ den , ord@@ ent@@ lichen p@@ fa@@ d nach oben . direkt von anfang zum ende . +" wir haben keinen wettbewerb . es gibt nieman@@ den , der jemals so ein gerät hergestellt hat . " +sie achten auf ihn ! das ist steve jobs . +sie geben mir ihr schn@@ elles 15@@ - oder 3@@ 0-@@ se@@ kun@@ den-@@ in@@ tr@@ o , erreichen meine aufmerksamkeit . +es gab noch nie eine firma , die keine wettbewer@@ ber hat . +das ist die ra@@ ke@@ te . +n@@ r@@ . 3 : die hand@@ ou@@ ts , die sie geben ist nicht ihre präsentation . +man kann es bei ted verwenden . +sie sind die im län@@ gen erfolgrei@@ ch@@ ste ordnung auf diesem planeten . +aber " an@@ teilneh@@ men@@ de mag@@ ie " führt mich zu einer seite mit an@@ teilneh@@ men@@ der mag@@ ie und vo@@ o@@ do@@ op@@ upp@@ en . +wenn ich auf die seite über j@@ ur@@ i g@@ ag@@ ar@@ in kli@@ cke , komme ich zu diesem überrasch@@ end kleinen typen , der unge@@ heu@@ er hel@@ den@@ haft ist . +revolution meiner meinung nach ist ein radi@@ kal@@ er und durch@@ grei@@ fen@@ der wandel in denken und verhalten -- wie wir denken und wie wir uns verhalten . +letzten . +es ist bekannt , dass die art und weise , wie wir wissen ge@@ brauchen , gener@@ ieren und nutzen , ist von unserem sozial@@ - und i@@ stit@@ ution@@ al@@ kontext be@@ troffen , der was uns bei dem komm@@ un@@ ismus gele@@ hrt hat ? +dieses system ist kapu@@ tt . +und sie können sagen , " das ist uns@@ inn , steve . eine du@@ mme idee . +je mehr sie spielen , desto grö@@ sser ist ihr gehirn . +das ist keine fi@@ ktion , kein mär@@ chen , keine ph@@ ant@@ as@@ ie ; es ist un@@ empfin@@ dliche , sch@@ ar@@ fe wissenschaft . +zum beispiel , es stimu@@ liert kreativität . +erstens - spielen ist universal . +es ist mir egal , ob es moun@@ tain@@ bi@@ ke ist , oder ein buch zu lesen , oder ein spiel zu spielen , +nicht akzep@@ tab@@ el . ne@@ pri@@ em@@ li@@ v . +all diese arbeiten entstanden in den letzten 75 jahren . +meine arbeit führte mich in viele länder und zeigte mir einen großen teil der welt . +aber jeder mitarbeiter der fabrik verbrachte einige zeit in der kunst@@ ab@@ teilung . +ich wurde ziemlich früh bei diesen säu@@ ber@@ ung@@ sa@@ ktionen ver@@ haf@@ tet und verbrachte 16 monate in einem rus@@ sischen gefängnis . +das war schli@@ mm ! mensch , ich war -- ich hu@@ ste . ich war krank . +idee über frauen . +eindeu@@ tig ein sehr nachhal@@ tiger moment , und er veränderte unser leben in viel@@ erle@@ i hinsicht . +es schien uns , dass die erwar@@ tungen , die wir hatten , rein gar nichts mit unseren wirklichen erfahrungen zu tun hatten . deshalb entsch@@ lossen wir uns , eltern die wahrheit zu sagen . +aber was ich in dem moment für dieses kind em@@ pf@@ and war tiefe zun@@ eig@@ ung und nichts im vergleich zu dem , was ich jetzt , fünf jahre später , emp@@ finde . +man darf nicht darüber sprechen , wie ein@@ sam einen das el@@ tern@@ das@@ ein machen kann . +und wir waren dank@@ bar dafür , dass ich noch einmal schwan@@ ger wurde . bald darauf er@@ fuhr ich , dass es ein junge werden würde . und dann , als ich im fün@@ ften monat war , er@@ fu@@ hren wir , dass wir unser kind verloren hatten . +als ich ungefähr drei@@ viertel durch war , war da eine grafik rechts -- auf der rechten seite -- die wir hier " die er@@ schreck@@ end@@ ste grafik , die man sich für fr@@ isch@@ geb@@ ac@@ ken@@ e eltern vorstellen kann " genannt haben . +a@@ v : ja , und dann hat man sein erstes kind . und man unter@@ wir@@ ft sich wieder diesen hö@@ he@@ - und tief@@ pun@@ kten -- zu den hö@@ he@@ pun@@ kten gehören erste schritte , das erste lächeln , wenn dein kind dir das erste mal vor@@ li@@ est -- zu den tief@@ pun@@ kten gehört regel@@ mäßig unser zuhause zwischen 6 und 7 uhr ab@@ ends . +der kern von all dem heute ist hoffentlich nicht nur ehr@@ lichkeit um der ehr@@ lichkeit willen , sondern die hoffnung , dass wir offen und ehrlich über diese erfahrungen reden , um gemeinsam die zu@@ frieden@@ heit@@ sk@@ ur@@ ve ein wenig nach oben zu bie@@ gen . +und das ist eine sache , die ihr kla@@ vier@@ lehrer ihnen bei@@ bringt , aber es gab nie eine wissenschaft über solche dinge . +und dann hörten sie das original . +ihre augen sind mit etwas farbe und bewegung schon ganz glücklich . +sie wollen es in verschiedenen r@@ äumen hören . +john wal@@ ker lässt große auf@@ tri@@ tte wieder auf@@ leben +und wenn menschen die möglichkeit sich nützlich zu machen ver@@ we@@ hrt wird , dann halten sie sich auch bald selbst für nutz@@ los . +ein paar davon . das hier ist at@@ ti@@ la die hen@@ ne . +wir wissen , dass sich unsere gesellschaften radik@@ al verändern müssen . +wieder andere sind ziemlich struk@@ tur@@ ell , etwa an@@ lei@@ hen , die eine wirkung im sozialen bereich haben : man samm@@ elt gel@@ der , die investi@@ ert werden , um jugend@@ liche von krimin@@ alität fern@@ zu@@ halten , oder um alten menschen zu helfen , gesund zu bleiben und kranken@@ haus@@ auf@@ enth@@ alte zu vermeiden . die rück@@ zahl@@ ung be@@ mis@@ st sich am erfolg der projekte , in die man investi@@ ert hat . +dann ver@@ trieb die mon@@ arch@@ ie ihren große herausforder@@ in , die massen@@ demokratie , die als gut gemein@@ tes , aber zum schei@@ tern verur@@ teil@@ tes experiment betrachtet wurde , genauso , wie der kapit@@ alismus den sozi@@ alismus ver@@ trieben hat . +trotz all dieser gemein@@ sam@@ keiten sehen wir große unterschiede im spar@@ verhalten . +warum ? weil ich darüber nachdenken muss , wie ich " es wird reg@@ nen " oder " es reg@@ net bald " aus@@ drücken möchte . +nun , ich habe auf die l@@ ingu@@ i@@ stische liter@@ atur zurück@@ ge@@ gri@@ ffen . +die um@@ frage dauert länger als einen tag . +es ist das gegenwär@@ tige verg@@ nü@@ gen im taus@@ ch für künf@@ tige schmerzen . +natürlich von ihren groß@@ eltern und sogar ihren ur@@ groß@@ eltern . +br@@ äu@@ chte er die selbe sprache wie zum beispiel ein an@@ wal@@ t ? +wir brauchen sie heute mehr als je zuvor . +sie führten ein exper@@ mi@@ ent durch , das mit gene@@ tik zu tun hatte und den vor@@ deren und hinter@@ en g@@ lie@@ d@@ maßen von tieren . +patri@@ ci@@ a r@@ y@@ an : bestehen sie nicht auf englisch ! +es stellte sich heraus , dass unsere ab@@ gabe der flug@@ zeuge an das museum viel mehr wert war als die schul@@ den , also musste ich für fünf , sechs jahre nur ein drittel ein@@ kommen@@ s@@ steuern zahlen . +und dann , welche welt@@ bevölkerung würde ein gleich@@ gewicht herstellen , das weiter@@ existieren könnte , bis 20@@ 50 , 2@@ 100 , 2@@ 150 ? +der himmel ver@@ dun@@ k@@ elt sich , die auß@@ ent@@ em@@ per@@ atur fällt unter -@@ 7@@ 3 ° c , die e@@ ta@@ ppe mit der risi@@ kor@@ ei@@ ch@@ sten umgebung hat heli@@ os ohne weiteres über@@ standen , außer dass sie von spezi@@ ell ent@@ wor@@ f@@ enen daten@@ auf@@ zeich@@ nern und ihren sensor@@ en aufgenommen wurde . +t@@ m : oh , 10 , 11 . +diese täusch@@ ung bildet eine art gefängnis für uns , das uns auf unsere persönlichen be@@ gi@@ er@@ den und auf die liebe zu einigen wenigen , uns nahe steh@@ enden personen beschrän@@ kt . +er hatte einen kl@@ um@@ pen ei@@ sen bei sich , +wenig@@ stens könnte ich diese w@@ unde r@@ einigen und wa@@ schen . " +und ma@@ it@@ re@@ ya sagt : " ich war mit dir . was denk@@ st du , wer für dich die na@@ deln gemacht hat und die ne@@ ster und das tro@@ pfen auf die fel@@ sen , herr du@@ mm@@ b@@ atz ? " +ich wurde wü@@ tend . brü@@ der können strei@@ ten . eltern und kinder können strei@@ ten . +die mutter ist in spiritu@@ ellen tradi@@ tionen das sinn@@ bild allen al@@ tru@@ ismus für menschliche wesen . +und so se@@ ht ihr die lebewesen in ihrem poten@@ ti@@ ellen glück . +und hier könnt ihr echte bar@@ m@@ her@@ zi@@ gkeit für sie emp@@ finden . +also , prakti@@ ziert bar@@ m@@ her@@ zi@@ gkeit , l@@ est die schrift , verbreitet es , und entwickelt es in euch selbst . +doch es gibt eine weitere kat@@ eg@@ or@@ ie einfacher dinge , die auch sehr wichtig sind . +wir haben viele interessante informationen darüber , was komplexität ist . +alle von uns interessieren uns auf eine weise für dieses ding , das wir einen bill gates nennen . +nun , wenn sie diese null und eins des bin@@ ären darstellen möchten , benötigen sie ein gerät . +gut , lassen sie mich ab@@ schli@@ essen mit vier gener@@ ellen be@@ merk@@ ungen , einem beispiel und zwei a@@ ph@@ or@@ is@@ men . +und ich möchte sie nicht mit details auf@@ halten , doch in der unter@@ en rechten ecke sehen sie ein beispiel dafür , was wir haben dafür . +doch es macht die fest@@ stellung , die auf eine weise unterschei@@ det zwischen der re@@ alen welt der menschen , die dinge herstellen , und der welt der menschen , die über dinge nachdenken , was die intellektu@@ elle herausforderung beinhaltet zu fragen : wir machen wir dinge so einfach als möglich , so gün@@ stig als möglich , so funktion@@ ell als möglich und so frei verknü@@ pf@@ bar als möglich ? +also besor@@ gten sie sich die rahmen dieser großen rä@@ der , mon@@ ti@@ erten die gan@@ g@@ sch@@ al@@ tungen von ren@@ n@@ rä@@ dern an und die bre@@ m@@ sen von motor@@ rä@@ dern und somit mix@@ ten eine viel@@ zahl von zu@@ taten zusammen . +die ideen kommen aus richtung der ver@@ brau@@ cher , und oft sind sie j@@ enen der produ@@ z@@ enten voraus . +das klingt wie der große br@@ inge ; das machen wir . +nun , stellen sie sich eine welt vor welche in zwei häl@@ ften ge@@ teilt ist . +oder die ga@@ st@@ komment@@ ar@@ seite , wo sie , wenn sie den edi@@ tor kan@@ nten , mit ihm in der schule waren , mit seiner frau gesch@@ la@@ fen hatten , einen artikel für die ga@@ st@@ komment@@ ar@@ seite schreiben konnten . +ich a@@ ß zu abend mit diesem kerl namens ti@@ mo@@ thy chen . +angenommen sie führen ein spi@@ ele@@ unternehmen , mit einer million spiel@@ ern in ihrem spiel , dann braucht nur 1 prozent von j@@ enen als mit@@ -@@ entwick@@ ler agieren , welche ideen bei@@ steuern und sie haben eine entwickl@@ ung@@ ste@@ am von 10.000 leuten . +dies hier war ein mutter@@ ta@@ gs@@ geschen@@ k . +ich bekam hunderte re@@ mix@@ e - ganz unterschiedliche ans@@ ä@@ tze . +und darum geht es , nicht wahr : etwas spüren und gesp@@ ür@@ t werden . +aufnahme : okay , es geht um folgendes . +er sagte : " ich bin wie bat@@ man ange@@ zogen , um meine anony@@ mit@@ ät zu wahren . " +die eine person hat sehr deta@@ il@@ li@@ erte ang@@ ab@@ en gemacht , die andere nicht . +jetzt gerade fühlt es sich an , als ob ich vergessen hätte , das licht anzu@@ machen und was gestern noch so gut aus@@ sah ist heute tr@@ ü@@ b und gra@@ u und es sieht so aus , als ob die welt sich weiter dreht während ich mich nicht bewe@@ ge oder vielleicht dre@@ he ich mich ja , keine ahnung und dann sagt du hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen at@@ me einfach durch und jetzt sing diesen text hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen at@@ me einfach durch jetzt alle zusammen hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen at@@ me einfach durch hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen at@@ me einfach durch hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen at@@ me einfach durch vielen dank . +das ist also das muster , das jeder von ihnen auf@@ wi@@ es , aber sie waren alle auch ein wenig verschie@@ den . +aber dann sagte meine mutter zu mir : " ich habe gehört , dass du herum@@ rei@@ st und über psychop@@ ath@@ ische mö@@ r@@ der sp@@ rich@@ st . +unsere en@@ kel jedoch werden wohl davon irgendwie be@@ troffen sein . +wir stellen innerhalb des dete@@ k@@ tors die bedingungen nach , wie sie weniger als eine milliar@@ d@@ st@@ el@@ -@@ sekunde nach der ent@@ ste@@ hung des universums herr@@ sch@@ ten – und das bis zu 600 millionen mal pro sekunde . das sind gewal@@ tige zahlen . +stellen sie sich eine sch@@ ne@@ ef@@ lo@@ cke in ihrer hand vor . sie betrachten sie und sie ist ein unglaublich kompli@@ zier@@ tes , schönes objekt . aber wenn sie sie er@@ wär@@ men , zer@@ flie@@ ßt sie zu einem wasser@@ tro@@ pfen und sie können sehen , dass sie in wirklichkeit bloß aus h@@ 2@@ o bestand , aus wasser . +was er damit eigentlich sagen wollte , ist , dass wir hier im grunde brie@@ f@@ mar@@ ken gesam@@ melt haben . +all diese unge@@ mein deta@@ il@@ li@@ erten berech@@ nungen , die wir mit dieser wunder@@ baren gleich@@ ung durch@@ führen können , wären nicht möglich , ohne eine zusätz@@ liche information . +das ist die eine sache . +etwa nach der ersten milliar@@ d@@ st@@ el@@ -@@ sekunde setzte das hig@@ g@@ s-@@ feld ein und die quar@@ ks und gl@@ u@@ onen und elektr@@ onen aus denen wir bestehen , er@@ hielten masse . +ich fre@@ ue mich bereits sehr und kann es kaum erwarten , dass er ein@@ gesch@@ altet wird . +also von pa@@ pu@@ a neu gu@@ ine@@ a bis hollywood , bis zur modernen kunst in bei@@ j@@ ing , lächeln wir häufig um glück und zu@@ frieden@@ heit auszu@@ drücken . +lächeln redu@@ ziert der spiegel von stress stei@@ ger@@ nden hor@@ m@@ one wie kor@@ ti@@ so@@ l , ad@@ ren@@ al@@ ine und dop@@ am@@ in . es erhö@@ ht der menge von stimm@@ ung@@ ser@@ hell@@ ender hor@@ m@@ one wie end@@ or@@ ph@@ ine und redu@@ ziert den blut@@ druck . +aber ich sagte ihm nein , es tä@@ te mir leid , kom@@ promis@@ se sind gleich der farbe gra@@ u und wir hatten genug gra@@ u für den rest unseres lebens . +und das war kein fehl@@ gelei@@ te@@ tes gefühl . +wir stellten die bürger an erste stelle , nicht die be@@ am@@ ten . +ef@@ ch@@ ari@@ st@@ o und kal@@ ini@@ cht@@ a . +h@@ ung@@ ri@@ ge und ver@@ letzte menschen sign@@ alisi@@ erten ihre not , sign@@ alisi@@ erten ihre hil@@ fe@@ bedürf@@ tigkeit . +technologie ist veränder@@ lich . +und es ver@@ lei@@ ht den gemeinden nicht nur macht , sondern , viel wichtiger , es bleibt in den gemeinden , wo es ge@@ braucht wird , um langfri@@ stige gesundheits@@ richt@@ linien zu erstellen . +wegen eines strom@@ aus@@ falls war die halbe stadt dun@@ kel , und ich lebte auf der dun@@ keln seite +aber in der geschichte geht es nicht um diese kapit@@ el , +ihr letz@@ ter job , ihre letz@@ t@@ jährige reser@@ vi@@ erung im restaurant , ihre früh@@ eren freunde stehen auf einer ebene mit den aktu@@ ellen freunde , weil das internet auch archi@@ viert und die vergangenheit ver@@ zer@@ rt . +wir als individuen , die im digitalen jetzt leben und einen gro@@ ssen teil unserer wachen momente darin verbringen , stehen vor der herausforderung , in diesen beiden zeit@@ strö@@ men , die par@@ alle@@ l und fast simul@@ tan flie@@ ßen , zu leben . +ich wollte kochen lernen , und sie ließ mich in der kü@@ che einen ganzen monat lang schneiden und ha@@ cken . +aber wenn ihr so sei@@ d wie ich , ist meine mensch@@ lichkeit eher ein fenster . +ich war sieben . +und in der nächsten pflan@@ z@@ zeit ließen sie bei den kla@@ ge@@ lie@@ dern so viele namen der toten weg , wie es der zahl der menschen ent@@ sprach , die geboren worden waren . +ich habe eine sehr lange zeit gew@@ ein@@ t . +er war bes@@ essen . +es sind einige davon in diesem raum , fanta@@ stische menschen , die uns allen den spiegel für unsere eigene mensch@@ lichkeit vor@@ halten . +wenn sie da näher heran@@ zo@@ omen , schauen sie so aus . +und wenn das so ist – und besonders wegen der tatsache , dass wir fast aus@@ ger@@ ot@@ tet wurden . +vor ca. 10.000 jahren am schwarzen meer hatten wir also eine mu@@ tation in einem gen , die blau@@ e augen erzeugt hat . +drei verschiedene op@@ tionen . +man kann ihnen prot@@ eine hinzu@@ fügen , die auf@@ leu@@ chten , wenn man sie an@@ leu@@ chtet . +aber wir sollten die frage stellen , ob wir gerade eine ra@@ sche evolution des gehirns und der art , wie wir daten ver@@ arbeiten , beobachten . +im laufe der menschlichen evolution haben mehrere menschen@@ arten gleichzeitig existiert . stecken wir vielleicht gerade auf hal@@ be@@ m wege in einer hö@@ her@@ entwicklung ? ju@@ an en@@ ri@@ q@@ e@@ z fe@@ gt beim tedx@@ sum@@ mit durch zeit und raum , um uns in die gegenwart zu bringen – und zeigt , wie technologie beweise offen@@ bart , die vermu@@ ten lassen , dass gerade eine ras@@ an@@ te evolution im gan@@ ge sein könnte . +und sobald das passiert , entsteht ein moment , das den roboter ki@@ ppt . +man kann sie in gebäude wie dieses schicken um als erste nach ein@@ dr@@ ing@@ lin@@ gen zu suchen , vielleicht nach bio@@ chem@@ ischen le@@ cks zu suchen , oder gas@@ le@@ cks . +der roboter ist offensichtlich in der lage , jede bahn@@ kur@@ ve auszu@@ führen . +wenn wir also einen roboter haben , der von seinen nachbarn um@@ geben ist – schauen wir uns roboter i und j an – was wir von den robot@@ ern wollen , ist , dass sie den ab@@ stand zwischen sich über@@ wachen , während sie in der forma@@ tion fliegen . +das ist die arbeit von qu@@ enti@@ n lin@@ d@@ sey , der ein dok@@ tor@@ and ist . +und auf diese weise erstellt er die karte . +wir haben uns zusammen entwickelt , denn wir hängen von der best@@ äu@@ bung durch bienen ab und sie liefern uns auch einen roh@@ stoff . +bei diesen zahlen stellten wir einen nicht sehr ein@@ gän@@ gi@@ gen trend fest . schauen wir uns die erste statisti@@ k hier an : über@@ w@@ inter@@ ungs@@ wahrscheinlichkeit . +im jahr 196@@ 8 be@@ deckt sie fast ganz asien . +und alle st@@ öhn@@ ten auf und so taten wir das . +ich möchte sie er@@ m@@ unter@@ n , ihren horizon@@ t zu erweitern . +eines ist ein hand@@ el@@ s@@ üb@@ liches , wei@@ ß@@ es fertig abge@@ pac@@ ktes brot aus dem super@@ markt , das man , wie ich er@@ fuhr , wonder@@ bread nennt . +aber irgendwie haben wir im laufe der letzten paar jahrhunder@@ te oder auch nur jahrzehn@@ te angefangen , das bild einer my@@ th@@ ischen , län@@ dlichen , land@@ wirtschaftlichen vergangenheit zu pf@@ legen . +und wie sie sehen trifft das auf alle länder zu , ein@@ schließlich der sogenan@@ nten entwicklungs@@ länder . +die kosten waren enor@@ m -- wasser@@ verschmu@@ tzung , all die dinge , die sie kennen , zerstör@@ ung unserer lebens@@ räume . +tatsächlich wollen wir nicht , dass diese arme frau das land so be@@ arbeiten muss . +aber ja , es gibt ein paar lösungen . +ich möchte fisch@@ tei@@ che auf par@@ k@@ plä@@ tzen und in k@@ ell@@ ern sehen . +wir müssen be@@ wirken , dass sie stolz darauf sind , bauern zu sein , weil sie uns ermöglichen , zu überleben . +mit einer körper@@ lichen behinder@@ ung zu leben , ist ni@@ r@@ gen@@ ds auf der welt einfach , aber wenn man in einem land wie den vereinigten sa@@ aten lebt , er@@ lei@@ chtern einem gewisse hilfs@@ mittel das leben . +es ist der fahrer , der seine hände an den he@@ b@@ eln auf@@ - und ab@@ bewegt . der mechan@@ ismus kann also sehr einfach gehalten werden und aus fahr@@ rad@@ teilen gebaut werden , die man überall auf der welt bekommt . +dann kann man auch den end@@ nutz@@ er mit in den desig@@ n@@ prozess ein@@ beziehen , nicht nur nach seinen bedürf@@ nissen fragen , sondern danach , wie man das seiner meinung nach erreichen kann . +das ziel meiner rede heute ist es , ihr ge@@ däch@@ tnis un@@ aus@@ lö@@ sch@@ lich mit diesen char@@ is@@ mati@@ schen und ma@@ je@@ stä@@ tischen wesen zu prä@@ gen . +sie haben sie nicht getötet , sondern uns geru@@ fen , um sie zu fangen . +und nun ist die ko@@ br@@ a ein neues symbol . +es ist einfach unglaublich , mehrere gan@@ ges@@ ga@@ vi@@ ale zu sehen , die sich am fluss son@@ nen . +und sobald ein gift in der nahr@@ ungsk@@ ette ist , ist alles davon be@@ troffen , auch wir . +so viel also zu politi@@ sch@@ em willen . +r@@ m : ja , das ist das erste mal , dass wir überhaupt davon erfahren haben . +und das ist keine di@@ ät . +jetzt dachte ich , wenn man gute wissenschaft macht , ändert das die medizinische behandlung . das war aber ein bisschen nai@@ v . +schauen sie sich doch die anzahl der verkauf@@ ten vi@@ ag@@ ra@@ -@@ re@@ zep@@ te an . +aber das problem ist , man wird h@@ ung@@ ri@@ g , das ist nur schwer zu ignor@@ ieren . +so wird auch die gefahr der verbrei@@ te@@ t@@ sten krebs@@ arten redu@@ ziert , wie brust@@ - , pro@@ stat@@ a@@ - und dar@@ m@@ krebs . +als wir uns ihre p@@ sa@@ -@@ level an@@ schauten – das ist ein an@@ zei@@ ger für pro@@ stat@@ ak@@ re@@ bs – dann wurden diese in der kontro@@ ll@@ gruppe schle@@ chter , aber in der experiment@@ ellen gruppe wurden sie besser , und diese unterschiede waren hö@@ chst bemerkens@@ wert . +es war eine rand@@ om@@ isi@@ erte kontro@@ ll@@ studie , die in " the lan@@ c@@ et " veröffentlicht wurde . +b@@ b : ich wurde alt geboren . +die menschliche form , in besonders der menschliche kopf , werden als heili@@ ger gra@@ l der fil@@ min@@ du@@ str@@ ie betrachtet . +und so wurde wir in 2004 be@@ auf@@ tra@@ gt pro@@ be@@ aufnahmen von ben@@ jam@@ in zu machen . +und wir mussten uns sicher sein , dass bra@@ ds eigen@@ heiten , seine speziellen ma@@ cken und fein@@ heiten , die ihn machen , wer er ist , in dem prozess erhalten bleiben würden , so dass sie im digitalen ben@@ jam@@ in auf@@ scheinen würden . +wir begannen in anderen bereichen zu re@@ cher@@ ch@@ ieren , +es war in diesem moment , in dem wir uns klar wurden , dass es tatsächlich funktionieren würde . +und weil der gi@@ p@@ s@@ ab@@ druck , die bü@@ ste von ben@@ jam@@ in , von bra@@ d gemacht wurde , konnten wir die daten von bra@@ d im alter von 4@@ 4 jahren auf bra@@ d im alter von 8@@ 7 übertragen . +und dies ist der " dead head " , der " to@@ te kopf " . +wir stellten im prinzip eine digitale mar@@ i@@ on@@ ette her , die bra@@ d pit@@ t mi@@ th@@ ilfe seines eigenes gesi@@ chtes bet@@ ä@@ tigen konnte . +die b@@ är@@ en@@ jungen wurden von überall aus dem land ein@@ gesam@@ melt und verkauft und ge@@ handelt . +und als die sache erst einmal begonnen hatte , gab es kein zurück mehr . +und die wunder@@ schönen b@@ ären können natürlich wieder in frei@@ er wild@@ bahn leben . +wir waren in der wüste , im wa@@ di r@@ um , in einem kleinen je@@ ep . +richard und ich unter@@ hielten uns also und ich sagte : " weißt du , vielleicht sollte ich ein kam@@ el mit@@ bringen . +aber nicht sehr groß – ze@@ br@@ as zum beispiel haben riesige o@@ hren , die sehr bewe@@ glich sind , so dass sie beide um@@ drehen können . +hier kann man sehen , dass es vi@@ bri@@ eren wird . +wenn der arme alte su@@ ki einen partner sucht , was würde su@@ ki tun , um ihn zu finden ? +ich bin für die ewi@@ gkeit gebaut . +und ich glaube , wenn man sich die tier@@ welt an@@ schaut , ist das eine der bemerkens@@ wer@@ testen sachen . +als ich zum höch@@ sten di@@ chter der usa ern@@ an@@ nt worden war , ich mache es schon wieder – ich kann nichts dafür , es ist wahr – da habe ich einen ly@@ ri@@ k@@ kan@@ al für del@@ ta air@@ lines entwickelt der einige jahre auf sen@@ dung war . +manchmal se@@ tze ich die menschen an ihren platz am tisch kni@@ cke ihre beine an den k@@ nie@@ gelen@@ ken ein , falls sie diese funktion ein@@ gebaut haben , und se@@ tze sie auf ihre kleinen hö@@ l@@ zer@@ nen stü@@ hle . +das nächste ge@@ dicht basiert auf ihm , wie er versucht , mir ein wenig von der häus@@ lichen e@@ ti@@ ket@@ te auf dem land zu erzählen , wobei ich zu beginn schwierigkeiten hatte , diese zu verstehen . +ich habe gerade noch genug zeit , ihnen ein neu@@ eres ge@@ dicht vorzu@@ lesen . +das wir@@ ft die frage auf , was passiert , wenn wir quasi nicht vom baum der erkenntnis gen@@ a@@ scht hätten , und wie es dann um unsere moral aus@@ sä@@ he . +der wol@@ f ist schließlich ein sehr ko@@ oper@@ a@@ tives tier . +er nimmt quasi alles . +und so lassen wir im nächsten schritt einen ele@@ fan@@ ten vor dem anderen in das s@@ zen@@ ari@@ o und dieser ele@@ f@@ ant muss clever genug sein , in@@ ne@@ zu@@ halten und nicht am sei@@ l zu ziehen – denn wenn er am sei@@ l zieht , versch@@ win@@ det es und der test ist vorbei . +menschen gä@@ hnen , wenn andere gä@@ hnen . +in diesem fall po@@ sti@@ erten wir zwei schimpansen neben@@ einander , +also haben wir herausgefunden , dass schimpansen sich um das wohl@@ er@@ gehen anderer sorgen – besonders wenn es um mitglieder ihrer gruppe geht . +und jetzt macht sie das . +also lassen sie uns eine bewegung in weniger als drei minuten , vom anfang bis zum ende , beobach@@ ten@@ . und ein paar lehren daraus ziehen . +also zuerst , wenn sie ein charakter , wie der tanz@@ ende typ ohne shir@@ t sind , der alleine tan@@ zt , denken sie an die wichti@@ gkeit , ihre ersten an@@ hän@@ ger als gleich@@ ges@@ inn@@ te zu betrachten , so dass es deutlich um die bewegung geht , nicht um sie . +aber ich wollte mehr über die bi@@ bel und mein er@@ be erfahren , indem ich darin ein@@ tau@@ chte und versuchte , es zu leben und mich darin zu ver@@ sen@@ ken . +mein imm@@ un@@ ologe erzählte mir , dass ich auch alle fern@@ be@@ dien@@ ungen und i@@ phones in meinem haus ab@@ wa@@ schen müsste , da die für kei@@ me regel@@ rechte or@@ gi@@ en sind . +ohne den sex . +aber ich glaube wir können ihre technik auch für ges@@ un@@ des essen anwenden . +wir entdeck@@ ten , dass personen mit niedri@@ gem tr@@ yp@@ top@@ han@@ spiegel eher ra@@ che nahmen , wenn sie un@@ fair behandelt worden waren . +aber ich fand keine . +sicher ist sie an posi@@ tiven emotionen wie liebe und mitgefühl beteili@@ gt , aber sie ist auch an einem haufen anderer vor@@ gän@@ ge beteili@@ gt , wie ge@@ däch@@ tnis , sprache , aufmerksamkeit , sogar är@@ ger , e@@ kel und schmerz . +da ist nur ein problem . +vielleicht wird eine der arch@@ ä@@ olog@@ innen berü@@ hmt als sie irgendwo in den ber@@ gen von nor@@ dameri@@ ka riesige ver@@ sionen eben dieser symbo@@ le entdeckt . +oder vielleicht so gro@@ ss ? +wie gesagt , findet man sie meist auf sie@@ geln , die sehr , sehr klein sind . +jetzt gibt es mehrere : ein " e " , ein " i " oder ein " a " , aber sicher kein " b " , " c " oder " d " . +wir haben entdeckt , dass sie auch in die band@@ breite der l@@ ingu@@ i@@ stischen sk@@ ri@@ p@@ te fällt . +die nächste grosse herausforderung ! +heute können wir ein wort wie " ted " in ägyp@@ tischen hier@@ o@@ gl@@ yp@@ hen und in kei@@ l@@ schrift schreiben , denn beide wurden schon im 19@@ . jahrhundert ent@@ zi@@ ff@@ ert . +und das ist die raum@@ son@@ de cas@@ sin@@ i , die durch die eis@@ r@@ inge des satur@@ ns pir@@ ou@@ et@@ ten dreht . +als er das erste telefon benutz@@ te , wurde wat@@ son direkt mit dem himmel verbunden . +ein myster@@ i@@ ö@@ ses and@@ au@@ ern@@ des gerä@@ usch stör@@ te ihre forschung . +und sobald sie alle dort lagen , so ein gan@@ zer sta@@ pel dieser sonnen@@ schir@@ me , die man im alten indien dabei hatte , voll@@ brachte er eine art special effect , der sie in ein gigan@@ ti@@ sches planet@@ ari@@ um verwand@@ elte , das wunder des universums . jeder schaute hinein und sie sahen darin die voll@@ kommen@@ e verb@@ un@@ den@@ heit allen lebens in allen univer@@ sen . +durch diese ko@@ sm@@ ische grund@@ annahme , dass wir ganz für uns allein sind , jeder von uns , und jeder andere ander@@ s@@ arti@@ g ist , ger@@ aten wir in eine un@@ mögliche situation , nicht wahr ? +es ist einfach zu langwei@@ lig , ob man sich so oder so fühlt oder was , und neben@@ bei bemerkt , je mehr sie sich darauf konzentrieren , wie sie sich fühlen , desto schlimmer wird es . +nehmen sie doch diese wunder@@ volle sache , die ch@@ ih@@ o uns gezeigt hat . sie ja@@ gte uns angst ein mit dem la@@ va@@ -@@ mann . +das hier ist bir@@ han , das ä@@ thi@@ op@@ ische mädchen , mit dem in den 198@@ 0ern live aid ge@@ star@@ tet wurde , 15 minuten vom tod entfernt , als sie ger@@ et@@ tet wurde . und dieses bild ihrer rett@@ ung ist um die welt gegangen . +aber es hat 24 jahre ge@@ dauert , bis die ak@@ tion erfolgreich war . +und am@@ y win@@ e@@ house sagte : " nel@@ son mand@@ ela und ich haben einiges gemeinsam . +ich habe vor kurzem mit dem präsi@@ denten von si@@ er@@ ra le@@ one gesprochen . +wir müssen auf dieser erde institutionen zur frieden@@ s@@ wahr@@ ung und zur human@@ it@@ ären hilfe , aber auch zum wieder@@ aufbau und zur sicherheit er@@ richten -- für einige der konfli@@ kt@@ bel@@ a@@ denen länder der welt . +also wenden wir uns der liter@@ atur zu . +der fuß ist über das ganze bein verteilt . +nicht nur mit dem traditionellen fuß , auch mit dem bein und selbst mit dem körper . +und dort haben sie ein problem mit so einem git@@ ter , denn ihnen fehlen die sta@@ ch@@ eln . +ein geheimnis . das tier kle@@ tter@@ t , indem es aus@@ ru@@ t@@ scht und es kann eigentlich überhaupt nicht gut die oberfläche greifen . +schauen sie was passiert , wenn der fuß auf ihr sandwi@@ ch gerät . +wir entdeck@@ ten , dass sie allein durch inter@@ molekul@@ are kräfte funktionieren . +und hier kommt es auf uns zu , die ersten schritte eine wand hin@@ auf . +die botschaft ist also deutlich : ob man sich für fundament@@ ale , tiefe forschung interessiert oder für sehr interessante , bizar@@ re , wunderbare tiere , oder ob man einen su@@ ch@@ - und ber@@ ge-@@ roboter bauen möchte , der in einem erd@@ be@@ ben hilft oder jemanden aus einem feuer re@@ t@@ tet , oder ob man sich für medizin interessiert , wir müssen die bau@@ pl@@ äne der natur retten . +und hier ist ein jung@@ es in ge@@ fan@@ gen@@ schaft , dass die pfei@@ fe des train@@ ers wenn sie die mel@@ o@@ die ihrem hund oder ihrer kat@@ ze sum@@ men würden , und die tiere würden diese wieder@@ holen , würden sie bestimmt augen machen . +wie hier oben zu sehen ist , haben diese einen auf@@ st@@ eigen@@ den bogen gemeinsam , wie " wu@@ up , wu@@ up , wu@@ up " . +be@@ achten sie wie wenige barri@@ eren es zwischen den ozean@@ en im vergleich zum fest@@ land gibt . +und wenn bu@@ ck@@ el@@ w@@ ale die fähigkeit er@@ langen , diesen ges@@ ang zu singen , hor@@ chen sie anderen w@@ alen , wobei sie ihren ges@@ ang auf der grundlage des ge@@ hörten verändern , wie die sing@@ vögel oder die von mir erwä@@ hn@@ ten del@@ fin@@ pfei@@ ft@@ ö@@ ne . +aber sie können immer noch diesen sch@@ wachen ruf hören . +ich beschrei@@ be ein paar lö@@ s@@ ungs@@ möglichkeiten . +jähr@@ lich sterben gefähr@@ dete w@@ ale bei einem zusammen@@ sto@@ ß mit einem schiff . es ist also notwendig , die zahl der fälle zu verring@@ ern . +zu@@ gleich müssen wir besonders ein@@ fall@@ s@@ reich sein , wenn es darum geht , lösungen für der@@ artige probleme zu finden . +zum einen ermöglicht es uns , das universum zu er@@ kunden . das world@@ wi@@ de-@@ telescop@@ e ist für mich eine art flie@@ gender te@@ pp@@ ich , mit dem man durch@@ s universum navi@@ gieren kann , wohin man will . +als kosten@@ lo@@ ser down@@ load . danke , cra@@ ig m@@ un@@ die . man wird es auf der website world@@ wi@@ de@@ telescop@@ e@@ .@@ or@@ g finden , die etwas neues ist . +es ist eine soziale unbe@@ hol@@ fen@@ heit , wie wenn man als frem@@ der im aus@@ land ist . +das bedeutet , sie sind vollkommen aus der sp@@ ur im hin@@ blick auf tradition@@ elle kat@@ eg@@ orien , die anal@@ o@@ g , sta@@ tisch und interak@@ tiv passi@@ v sind . +wir haben heutzutage so viel technologie , dass sich die benutz@@ er@@ ober@@ flächen an uns an@@ passen sollten . +diese art von technologie wird es immer mehr leute ermöglichen sich dafür zu begei@@ stern und ich bin wirklich ges@@ pan@@ nt mit euch allen in den nächsten tagen zu reden um zu sehen wo wir dies in e@@ uren gebieten einsetzen können . +ist es die korruption , die armut oder etwas anderes ? +wir möchten weiterhin unser tä@@ g@@ liches leben führen , als be@@ fän@@ den wir uns in einer normalen situation . +heutzutage , und das ist eine sehr hei@@ kle zahl , wurden im jahr 2010 bisher 35 öffentliche vor@@ fälle der ly@@ n@@ ch@@ justi@@ z regi@@ stri@@ ert . +mit tausend juli@@ ans , die zusammen@@ arbeiten , wäre mexiko ein ganz anderes land . +dies ist ein auf@@ ruf , damit alle dinge , die wir an mexiko lieben - die fe@@ ste , die märkte , die restaurants , die k@@ nei@@ pen , der te@@ qu@@ il@@ a , der mar@@ i@@ ach@@ i , die ser@@ en@@ aden , die pos@@ a@@ das , el gri@@ to , der tag der toten , san mi@@ gu@@ el , die freude , die l@@ ust am leben , der kampf und alles , was es bedeutet , mexi@@ kan@@ er zu sein - nicht von dieser welt verschwinden . +danke . ich danke ihnen . also , jon@@ g@@ lieren kann viel sp@@ ass machen , mit können spielen , mit raum spielen und mit rhyth@@ mus . +oder sie können zurück@@ gehen und die höhe ändern . jetzt . geschi@@ ck@@ lichkeit . +bringen sie es wieder hoch . +finger , finger , finger , finger , finger , finger , finger , finger . +warum zur hö@@ lle sollen sie dies lernen ? ok ? +und wofür reser@@ vi@@ eren sie sie , wenn sie etwas bestimm@@ tes erforschen ? +ich machte meine lehr@@ e bei einem sch@@ r@@ einer und lernte über sen@@ kre@@ cht , recht@@ win@@ k@@ lich und wa@@ ag@@ recht . +und die neu@@ ste nummer , an der ich arbeite - ist e@@ was wirklich - ich weiss noch nicht , was es ist . +und zurück@@ denk@@ end dachte mir also , dass wir im si@@ lli@@ c@@ on valley sehr produ@@ kt@@ - und obje@@ k@@ tor@@ i@@ enti@@ ert waren -- insbesondere was techn@@ ische objekte an@@ geht . +ich habe einige -- sie sind nicht länger als eine oder ein@@ einhalb minuten lang -- und ich dachte , dass es interessant sei einige unserer projekte des letzten jahres in form von videos zu zeigen . +dann , wenn man das ima@@ x kin@@ o in der vi@@ erten e@@ tage ver@@ lässt -- das sind meistens teenager -- be@@ tritt man eine grosse fläche die mit diesen tischen ausge@@ stat@@ tet ist . die tische sind interak@@ tive spiele die sehr lustig sind . die spiele wurden auch von dur@@ re@@ l [ bis@@ ho@@ p ] und andre@@ w [ hir@@ ni@@ ak ] von it@@ ch desig@@ nt . +und selbstverständlich : eine hän@@ ge@@ ma@@ tte für das ni@@ cker@@ chen welche man im arbeits@@ bereich aus@@ brei@@ ten kann . +man schaut sich das video mit ein@@ geb@@ len@@ deten grafi@@ ken an . die grafi@@ ken bilden die tiefe und kom@@ pas@@ s@@ richtung ab . +es gibt mehr davon , als man eigentlich denken möchte . +ein foto ist da nicht genug . " +die gesetze der physik : unsicht@@ bar , ewi@@ g , all@@ gegenwär@@ tig , all@@ mäch@@ tig . +und ich sagte " ja . " und er sagte , " warum kann ich das nicht ? " +ich finde das außergewöhn@@ lich , nicht in der lage dazu zu sein , licht zu sehen , nicht in der lage dazu zu sein , dunkel@@ heit zu sehen . +" warum sind wir hier ? " , und " was sollten wir damit anfangen , während wir es sind ? " +das ist extrem praktisch , aber weniger toll . +man hat also 5 millionen bücher , das heißt 5 millionen au@@ toren , 5 millionen kl@@ ä@@ ger und einen gewal@@ tigen prozess . +zwei rei@@ hen aus dieser tab@@ elle mit zwei milliarden ein@@ trä@@ gen . +und wir haben herausgefunden , dass wir das sehr genau messen können . +das ist also mehr oder weniger was wir erwarten . +dies müssen wir allen zugänglich machen . " +und wenn das passiert , muss das unser verständnis für unsere vergangenheit , unsere gegenwart und die menschliche kultur verändern . +aber das ist nicht alles . +es ist nicht tri@@ vi@@ al . +oder versuchen sie mal das hier : +und wenn wir zuhören in unseren schulen lehren , können wir unser hören von diesem schl@@ ü@@ pf@@ ri@@ gen gefä@@ lle weg@@ nehmen zu dieser gefähr@@ lichen , be@@ än@@ g@@ sti@@ genden welt , von der ich sprach , und es zu einem ort bringen , wo jeder die ganze zeit bewusst zu@@ hört – oder zumindest dazu in der lage ist . +währ@@ end@@ dessen spielte ich in der gegend mit meiner band , den d@@ res@@ den doll@@ s , in na@@ cht@@ klu@@ bs . +immer war meine band oder meine cre@@ w dabei . +und das passierte immer wieder . +das ist meine ki@@ ck@@ star@@ ter-@@ spen@@ der@@ -@@ party in ber@@ lin . +nun , ich sage euch , im welt@@ veränder@@ ungs@@ geschäft gab es im letzten jahr viel konkur@@ ren@@ z , denn der arab@@ ische frü@@ hl@@ ing brei@@ tet sich immer noch aus , die euro@@ zone ist koll@@ ab@@ iert ... was noch ? +dieses foto wurde sogar in einer poli@@ zei@@ station aufge@@ k@@ lebt und auf dem boden sehen sie die person@@ al@@ aus@@ weise der menschen , die von der polizei ver@@ folgt wurden . +die kinder machen einfach fotos in einer klasse , der lehrer erhält sie , sie pla@@ ka@@ tieren sie auf die schul@@ mau@@ ern . +ich mache zwei dinge . ich ent@@ wer@@ fe trag@@ bare computer und er@@ for@@ sche das gehirn . +ich fand das wort gerü@@ st großartig . +einer ist -- der natür@@ lich@@ ste -- dass menschen dinge wissen wollen . +und das ist scha@@ de . warum ist dies so ? +schließlich sagen manche , naja ich fühle mich nicht wie ein haufen von zellen . ich bin bei bewusstsein . +evolution war das gleiche . wir lehr@@ ten unsere kinder , die bi@@ bel sagt , gott hat all diese spezies krei@@ ert , kat@@ zen sind kat@@ zen , h@@ unde sind h@@ unde , menschen sind menschen , pflanzen sind pflanzen und sie verändern sich nicht . +und das irgendwie , voraus@@ sage zu intelli@@ gent@@ em verhalten führt . +und in der zukunft wenn es etwas ähn@@ liches sieht , in einer ähn@@ lichen umgebung oder der ex@@ akt gleichen umgebung , spielt es das wieder ab . es wird anfangen es ab@@ zus@@ pi@@ el@@ en . +tür , tür , tür , farbe , sie wissen was ich meine . +wenn man in diesem gerü@@ st ist , nimmt man einige theore@@ tiker . +es gibt in meinem verständnis keinen zwei@@ fel , dass dies passieren wird . +ich bin heute hier , um menschen herauszu@@ for@@ dern . +nur dieses kleine bisschen geld , von dem ich wün@@ schte , ich hätte es auf meinem bank@@ kon@@ to -- leider nicht , aber ... +ich sprach vor ein paar tagen mit a@@ ung sun su@@ u k@@ y@@ i . +aber wenn man zusammen ist , um bäume für die umwelt zu pflanzen , dann ist das in ordnung - kreativität . +aber es ist die gemeinsame ak@@ tion von uns , die den wandel bringt . +heutzutage , in schwe@@ den und anderen reichen industri@@ el@@ ändern , nutzen menschen so viele unterschiedliche maschinen . +aber wenn ich eine vor@@ les@@ ung für umwelt@@ bewus@@ ste studenten halte , sagen sie mir : " nein , es können nicht alle auf der welt autos und wa@@ sch@@ maschinen haben . " +zweitens , wirtschafts@@ wachstum . +es ist eine große herausforderung für die zukunft . +ich möchte eine geschichte erzählen , die den berü@@ chti@@ gten daten@@ schutz@@ -@@ zwischen@@ fall von adam und ev@@ a und die bemerkens@@ werte verschie@@ bung der grenzen zwischen " öff@@ entlich " und " priv@@ at " in den letzten 10 jahren verein@@ t . +sehen sie , wor@@ auf ich hin@@ aus@@ will ? +durch soziale medien wurden bewer@@ ber trotz glei@@ cher fähigkeiten dis@@ krimin@@ iert . +wir wieder@@ hol@@ ten das experiment mit den gleichen gruppen , fü@@ gten aber eine ver@@ zö@@ gerung ein zwischen der auf@@ klär@@ ung darüber , wie wir mit den daten umgehen , und dem eigent@@ lichen beginn des fra@@ ge@@ bo@@ gens . +sie erreichen bewusstsein und selb@@ stän@@ digkeit . +einmal – das ist schon jahre her – beobach@@ tete ich ein treffen zwischen ted ken@@ ne@@ dy und dan qua@@ yle im tre@@ pp@@ en@@ haus des sen@@ ates . +und das hat zu einer sicht der menschlichen natur geführt , dass wir ration@@ ale individuen sind , die auf ger@@ ad@@ lin@@ ige weise auf belo@@ hn@@ ungen reagieren . und das hat zu sicht@@ weisen der welt geführt , in denen menschen versuchten , die an@@ nahmen der physik zu verwenden , um zu messen , wie menschliches verhalten funktioniert . +sie bekommen ihre eigenen kinder und sie haben ein gene@@ ti@@ sches wunder voll@@ bra@@ cht , indem sie schöne menschen gehei@@ rat@@ et haben , so dass ihre groß@@ mütter wie ger@@ tru@@ de stein aussieht , ihre tö@@ chter wie hal@@ le ber@@ ry – ich weiß nicht , wie sie das hin@@ bekommen haben . +menschen mit gehirn@@ schlä@@ gen und verletz@@ ungen in dem teil des gehirns , das gefühle weiter@@ gibt , sind nicht me@@ ga@@ -@@ intelligent , sie sind tatsächlich manchmal ziemlich hil@@ flo@@ s . +aber ich denke , dass die forschung zeigt , dass die bri@@ tische auf@@ klär@@ ung , oder die sch@@ ot@@ tische auf@@ klär@@ ung mit david hu@@ me , adam smith , tatsächlich ein besser@@ es verständnis davon hatte , wer wir sind – dass die vern@@ un@@ ft oft schwa@@ ch ist , dass unsere emotionen stark sind und unsere emotionen oft vertrau@@ ens@@ wür@@ dig sind . +9@@ 6 prozent der colle@@ ge-@@ studenten sagen , dass sie über@@ durchschnittliche sozial@@ kom@@ pe@@ ten@@ z besitzen . +aber das ist die grundlage der innovation . +vielen dank . +und davon erzähle ich ihnen . +wir leben unter diesen männern : sie sind unsere brü@@ der , v@@ ä@@ ter , on@@ kel , cou@@ s@@ ins , überall um uns r@@ um . +sie arbeitet bei einer sehr großen firma , in einer werk@@ statt in hy@@ der@@ ab@@ ad und stellt mö@@ bel her . +es ist sehr mo@@ dis@@ ch über menschen@@ handel zu reden , in diesem toll@@ en , kli@@ mati@@ si@@ erten raum . +ich frage sie , im namen dieser kinder , deren gesichter sie sehen - die es nicht mehr gibt . +nur damit sie es wissen , ich habe keine le@@ xi@@ k@@ ogra@@ fische tri@@ ll@@ er@@ pfei@@ fe . +computer ! was ist mit compu@@ tern ? +also -- -- nun , wenn sie darüber nachdenken , dann haben wir hier das problem des sch@@ in@@ ken@@ endes . +nein . es wird weiterhin papi@@ er@@ wör@@ ter@@ bücher geben . +sie haben es nicht zerstört , es hat nur eine neue position ein@@ genommen , und diese neue position kann genauso schön sein . +wenn wir uns das wör@@ ter@@ buch als land@@ karte der engli@@ schen sprache vorstellen , dann stehen die h@@ ellen stellen für das , was wir darüber wissen , und bei den dunkl@@ en stellen ta@@ ppen wir im dunkl@@ en . +denn es wird mich ins internet führen , wo ich jeden erreichen kann . +und wir können das wör@@ ter@@ buch nicht länger nur zum symbol der sprache machen -- wir können es zur gesamten sprache machen . +das dat@@ um war febru@@ ar 2000 . +wir haben darüber sehr viel gesprochen , und ich habe darüber nach@@ gedacht , hier@@ für ein beispiel zu geben , nur eins . ma@@ d@@ ame de g@@ au@@ lle , die frau des franzö@@ sischen präsi@@ denten , war bekann@@ ter@@ weise mal gefragt worden " won@@ ach be@@ ge@@ hren sie am meisten ? " +je@@ ff be@@ z@@ os war so nett mir anzu@@ mer@@ ken , " chris , ted ist wirklich eine tolle konferenz . +ich bin hier auf lange sicht und ich wäre sehr ge@@ e@@ hrt und ges@@ pan@@ nt wenn sie mich auf dieser reise beglei@@ ten . +erstens funktioniert gps nicht in gebäu@@ den und zweitens gibt es keine so kleinen g@@ p@@ s-@@ em@@ pf@@ än@@ ger , erst recht nicht , wenn die ihre position an ein netzwerk senden müssen . +als ich ihren fall untersu@@ chte , habe ich zu meiner überrasch@@ ung fest@@ gestellt , dass es nicht eindeu@@ tig illegal ist , g@@ p@@ s-@@ sen@@ der in frem@@ den autos zu verste@@ cken . +ich werde das ihnen mal vor@@ führen . +daher ger@@ ie@@ t meine welt aus den fu@@ gen +wir nennen uns por@@ s & amp ; ra@@ o und wir leben und arbeiten in indien . +dies ist ein video des protot@@ y@@ ps . +sobald sie aber daran vorbei@@ gingen , begann es , ru@@ ck@@ arti@@ g die wand hoch@@ zu@@ kle@@ ttern . +sobald uns ein wesen ein@@ fällt entsteht fast ein schöpf@@ ungspro@@ z@@ ess , in dem wir mit der kre@@ atur raus@@ finden , wie sie leben will , welche form sie haben und wie sie sich bewegen will . +aber wir ziehen in die städte , zu den h@@ ellen lich@@ tern , und dort gibt etwas , das wir wollen , außer arbeitsp@@ lä@@ tzen , nämlich elektrizität . +ähnlich ist es mit den solar@@ an@@ lagen , besonders hier in kalifornien , erkennen wir , dass für die 80 solar@@ far@@ men , die im bau sind , im grunde 2@@ 6@@ 0@@ 000 he@@ kt@@ ar der süd@@ kalifor@@ n@@ ischen wüste umge@@ p@@ flü@@ gt werden müssen . +gegen die these spricht nun ein mann , der seit jahren mit@@ ten@@ drin in der energie@@ - und klima@@ debat@@ te steht . +und das ber@@ ück@@ sichti@@ gt noch nicht die co2 bil@@ anz vor@@ ort . +auf dem ozean gibt es überhaupt kein land . +bei atom@@ energie wird schon die zeit@@ liche ver@@ zö@@ gerung dazu führen ver@@ zö@@ ger@@ ungs@@ zeit allein dass das eis der arkti@@ k und ander@@ s@@ wo weiter sch@@ mel@@ zen wird . +die lösung der welt@@ probleme kann man erreichen , wenn man es sich wirklich vor@@ nimmt und sau@@ b@@ ere , erneu@@ er@@ bare energie nutzt . +danke . +jeder von ihnen hat nur ein paar sätze -- 30 sekunden für eine zusammen@@ fassung . +un@@ versch@@ ä@@ mt , un@@ versch@@ ä@@ mt , un@@ versch@@ ä@@ mt . +wir erforschen aus drei gründen , der schwä@@ ch@@ ste ist die neugi@@ er . +ein shu@@ tt@@ le@@ ab@@ flug kostet eine milliarde dollar . +100 dollar ! das ist eine prei@@ s@@ verbesser@@ ungsk@@ ur@@ ve , gut , wir brauchen noch ein paar entdeck@@ ungen in der physik , das gebe ich zu . +wir lie@@ fen – ich lief zu 100 , 200 fir@@ men@@ che@@ fs . +mö@@ cht@@ est du ein un@@ besch@@ wer@@ tes geschma@@ ck@@ ser@@ leb@@ nis ? dann ist der einzige weg nach oben . +dann muss man sich potenzi@@ ell der läch@@ er@@ lichkeit prei@@ s@@ geben : " das ist eine verrück@@ te idee , das funktioniert nie ! " +der haupt@@ schöpf@@ ungspro@@ z@@ ess der natur ist die mor@@ pho@@ gen@@ ese , die teilung einer zelle in zwei zellen . +ich habe den prozess entworfen , der die form gener@@ iert hat . +im unterschied zu tradition@@ eller architektur ist es aber ein einzi@@ ger ab@@ lauf , der sowohl die gesam@@ t@@ form als auch die mikrosk@@ op@@ ischen ober@@ fl@@ äch@@ en@@ details erzeugt . +ich benö@@ tigte mehrere monate , die säu@@ le zu erstellen , aber im grunde braucht der computer nur 30 sekunden , um alle 16 millionen flächen zu berech@@ nen . +hier ist die ab@@ sen@@ kung wegen der span@@ ischen gri@@ ppe von 19@@ 18 . +dann sor@@ tiert man sie durch verschiedene schritte aus , dem@@ zu@@ folge schaffen es viele nicht . +sie heißt hu@@ t@@ chin@@ son@@ -@@ gil@@ for@@ d-@@ pro@@ ger@@ ie . es ist die schlimm@@ ste form von vor@@ zei@@ tiger alter@@ ung . +ich wollte nur noch ein paar dinge über diese ungewöhn@@ liche geschichte sagen , um vielleicht eine all@@ gemein@@ for@@ mel zu finden , wie wir auf allen ebenen erfol@@ gs@@ geschichten haben könnten für diese krankheiten , wie sam sagt , diese 4@@ 000 , die auf eine antwort warten . +sie wissen bereits vielleicht , wenn sie aufmerk@@ sam die wissen@@ schafts@@ liter@@ atur ver@@ folgt haben , dass man nun eine hau@@ tz@@ elle nehmen kann und sie dazu an@@ regen kann , eine le@@ ber@@ zelle , eine herz@@ - , ni@@ er@@ en@@ - oder gehirn@@ zelle zu werden , die für jeden von uns genutzt werden könnte . +wenn sie mir nicht glauben , fragen sie sam . +und für uns junge leute , sie versuchen , individuen zu werden , und die unterschiede unter@@ einander zu finden . +wir sind hier , wir sind teil einer gemeinschaft , und teilen und disku@@ tieren ideen . +diese institution wird von der regierung unterstützt , und das ist schon seit drei jahrzehn@@ ten so . +sinn@@ los . +meine arbeit ist – sie spiegel@@ t mein ich wi@@ der . +in diesem alter konnte ich es natürlich nicht so aus@@ drücken , aber ich sagte ihr , ich fühle mich fe@@ hl am platz . +sie wurde ein teil von mir . +und ich sah es mir unter dem mikrosk@@ pop an . und ein teil davon war fla@@ ch . +um die geschichte zu verk@@ ür@@ zen , ich entschied , dass ich zurück@@ gehen und es tun musste . +kann jeder die schnei@@ de am ende der na@@ del sehen ? +und ich schaute sie mir unter dem mikrosk@@ op an . +ich erinnere mich als ich das einmal tat , und das fes@@ n@@ ter offen stand . +ich benutz@@ te eine mikrosk@@ op@@ isches bru@@ ch@@ stück eines diam@@ anten um tatsächlich das eigent@@ liche fundam@@ ent zu schni@@ tzen . +habe jede plan@@ ke aus gold gemacht . +und diese gele@@ hr@@ ten oder diese meister , diese spiritu@@ ellen meister der su@@ f@@ i tradition , beziehen sich auf lehren und beispiele unseres prop@@ he@@ ten , die uns lehren , wo die quelle unseres probleme liegt . +alles was wir zu tun haben ist , unser e@@ go auf die seite stellen , unseren e@@ go@@ ismus zur seite schie@@ ben . +und das sollten auch die pri@@ m@@ ären eigenschaften eines menschen sein . +und eines tages habe ich diese s@@ ack@@ gas@@ se erforsch@@ t die ein paar straßen weiter verste@@ ckt war . +am nächsten tag besu@@ chte ich ihn und sagte : " dr. , das war ein richtig guter witz . " +in ar@@ kan@@ s@@ as fragen sie erst gar nicht . " +und je@@ ff stand plötzlich neben mir und sagte : " hast du jemals ku@@ h-@@ ki@@ ppen be@@ trieben ? " +zwei wochen nach meiner diagno@@ se bet@@ ä@@ tigte eine bi@@ op@@ sie , daß ich ein 18@@ c@@ m o@@ ste@@ o-@@ sar@@ k@@ om in meinem linken ober@@ schen@@ kel hatte . +ich habe aufge@@ hängt und habe mein gesicht in den händen ver@@ graben und habe diesen lau@@ t@@ losen schre@@ i los@@ gelassen . +und eines der er@@ schü@@ tter@@ n@@ sten dinge , die passi@@ erten war die tatsache der verbindung mit all diesen menschen . +gi@@ b der wand nicht nach . +und jedes sie@@ b@@ te mal der sieben jahre bekommt das land ein ex@@ ta jahr der ru@@ he , während dessen alle familien wieder@@ verein@@ i@@ gt sind und menschen um@@ geben sind von denen , die sie lieben . +wenn sie also zu 2@@ 3@@ and@@ me gehen , oder wenn sie zu coun@@ c@@ il@@ o@@ f@@ da@@ d@@ s@@ .com gehen können sie auf einen link kli@@ cken . +a@@ o : du hast dich selbst das spielen gele@@ hrt und fol@@ glich war kla@@ vier spielen für dich , derek , mit viel fau@@ st@@ - und kar@@ at@@ es@@ ch@@ lä@@ gen verbunden , und sogar ein stück n@@ ase war dabei . +hoffentlich können wir nun dem publikum zeigen , wie es sein kann , dass du t@@ ust , was du t@@ ust . +dp : " hum@@ mel@@ flug " auf diesem ton . +dp : er spielte " ch@@ op@@ sti@@ cks " . a@@ o : und er spielte " ch@@ op@@ sti@@ cks " . +dies ist bekannt als das " the@@ me@@ -@@ gebäude " . diesen namen hat es aus immer noch sehr geheim@@ nis@@ vollen gründen bekommen . +weiß das jemand ? ch@@ i ? +sie kämpfen darum , ihre eigene lebens@@ weise in diesem wald weiter@@ zu@@ entwickeln , in einer welt , die noch sau@@ ber ist , einer welt , die noch nicht ver@@ se@@ u@@ cht , in einer welt , die noch nicht verschmu@@ tzt ist . +wir benutzen auch gps -- geogra@@ ph@@ isches , was auch immer gps bedeutet -- um den beweg@@ ungs@@ radi@@ us der schimpansen zu bestimmen . +wir wissen heute , dass es alleine in g@@ om@@ be neun verschiedene arten gibt , auf die schimpansen verschiedene objekte zu unterschiedlichen zwe@@ cken verwenden . +das trauri@@ ge ist , dass diese schimpansen -- die uns vielleicht mehr als jedes andere lebewesen ein bisschen beschei@@ den@@ heit bei@@ gebracht haben , dass sie in der wil@@ dnis sehr schnell verschwinden . +das einzige , was wir haben , das uns wirklich unterschei@@ det von schimpansen und anderen lebewesen , ist unsere hoch@@ entwickelte sprache -- eine sprache , mit der wir kindern von dingen erzählen können , die wir nicht direkt vor augen haben . +da draußen liegen überall kleine bro@@ sch@@ ür@@ en , und wenn jemand von ihnen mit kindern zu tun hat und ihnen ihre zukunft am herzen liegt , dann bitte ich sie , nehmen sie diese bro@@ schü@@ re mit . +wir wollen zeit mit alten menschen verbringen und uns ihre geschichten an@@ hören und auf@@ schreiben . +ich glaube , dass eine solche gruppe sehr viel einfluss nehmen kann , nicht nur weil sie und wir dieselbe technik benutzen , sondern weil so viele von ihnen kinder haben . +in ihren und in meinen und in denen unserer kinder . +wie tun wir das ? also , wir verwenden ein mod@@ ell@@ system , das wir proto@@ zelle nennen . +er könnte einen stoff@@ wech@@ self darauf laufen haben . +es kann seine lok@@ ale umgebung spüren und in dieser umwelt ressourcen finden um sich selbst zu erhalten . +da wir also ein paar interessante proto@@ zellen machen können , die uns gefallen , mit interessan@@ ten farben und interessan@@ tem verhalten , und sie leicht zu machen sind , und sie interessante lebens@@ ähnliche eigenschaften haben , vielleicht haben diese proto@@ zellen uns etwas über den urspr@@ ung des leben auf der erde zu sagen . vielleicht stellen sie einen leicht zugänglich schritt dar , einen der ersten schritte , wie das leben auf der frühen erde begonnen hat . +er wird in bezug auf einen beri@@ cht aus 2007 vom national research coun@@ cil der vereinigten staaten verwendet , in dem sie versuchen zu verstehen , wie wir nach leben wo@@ anders im universum suchen können , ok , besonders wenn dieses leben sehr anders als unseres auf der erde ist . wenn wir auf einen anderen planeten kä@@ men und mein@@ ten , dort könnte es leben geben , wie könnten wir dieses leben als sol@@ ches erkennen ? +80 bis 90 prozent ihrer zeit verbra@@ chten sie mit fünf dingen . +der hö@@ he@@ punkt davon ist : wenn sie ihre k@@ au@@ l@@ qu@@ app@@ e erfolgreich aufge@@ zogen haben , und dabei die ab@@ läu@@ fe im verhalten und der entwicklung beobachtet haben , dann werden sie los@@ gehen , ihre k@@ au@@ l@@ qu@@ app@@ e ihrem nam@@ ens@@ geber vorstellen und die an@@ zeichen , die sie beobachtet haben , disku@@ tieren . +da drin ist ein al@@ tes handy – eine gute verwen@@ dung für alte hand@@ ys – das die klini@@ k an@@ ru@@ ft , und dann kommen wir und holen die maus ab . +was die klima@@ krise uns hat erkennen lassen ist eine se@@ k@@ und@@ äre , hinter@@ li@@ sti@@ gere und tie@@ fer@@ greif@@ ende krise , und das ist die tä@@ tig@@ kei@@ t@@ sk@@ rise , nämlich was tun . +und dann tau@@ sche ich sie mit den studenten aus und se@@ tze diesen ru@@ ß wieder ein . +und sie te@@ ste@@ ten , welches argument ko@@ oper@@ ative verhaltens@@ weisen von den leuten unten hervor@@ rief – etwa 100 : 1 beschlossen , dass dies das argument war das uns am besten überzeu@@ gte . +in diesem fall , anstelle k@@ au@@ gu@@ mm@@ i oder dor@@ it@@ os oder was sie auch immer in ihren ta@@ schen haben , den fischen hinzu@@ werfen – es gibt da ein gewä@@ sser in island , mit dem ich mich beschäftigt habe , das mitten in der stadt liegt . die größte sch@@ ad@@ stoff@@ belast@@ ung in ihm ist nicht die straßen@@ verschmu@@ tzung , sondern viel@@ mehr wei@@ ß@@ brot von leuten , die die fische und vögel fü@@ ttern . +haben sie gew@@ us@@ st , dass wir heutzutage eine globale her@@ de von 60 milliarden tieren halten , um uns mit fleisch , mil@@ ch@@ produ@@ kten , ei@@ ern und le@@ der@@ ware zu ver@@ sorgen ? +das tier könnte eine ku@@ h sein , ein lam@@ m , oder etwas ex@@ o@@ ti@@ sch@@ eres . +es muss nicht so aussehen , so sieht es tatsächlich heute aus . +er hat nicht " little red laptop " oder " little red di@@ rt de@@ vil " geschrieben . +und sequ@@ el ist wirklich ein richti@@ ges auto . +in der tat glauben wir , dass die zukunft ereig@@ nis@@ -@@ ge@@ trieben ist . +und zweitens ist es ein fundament@@ ales gesch@@ a@@ ef@@ t@@ vor@@ haben . +also sagte meine mutter : " du fä@@ hr@@ st täglich mit dem bus ein@@ einhalb stunden weit von unserem wohn@@ ort weg . " +er er@@ wider@@ te : " nein , fr@@ ä@@ ul@@ ein , ich gehe ni@@ r@@ gend@@ wo hin . +anima@@ tion , software , fil@@ mer@@ stell@@ ungspro@@ gra@@ mme , sie haben all das . +mit 15 jahren ver@@ ließ ich diesen ort , um in einer stadt , die etwas größer – sehr viel größer – war , den zweiten teil der ober@@ stufe zu absol@@ vi@@ eren . +du musst aufhören . schluss damit . +wir arbeiteten mit vielen unternehmen in brasili@@ en zusammen , die in das projekt investi@@ erten , und auch mit der regierung . +ich frage mich ... vor drei oder vier wochen las@@ en wir in den zeit@@ ungen , dass in nor@@ wegen millionen fische sterben , +wie ich glaube , haben alle in diesem raum das gleiche an@@ liegen und das modell , das wir in brasili@@ en an@@ wand@@ ten , kann man auch hier um@@ setzen . +ich bin zum times square gegangen , sah all die toll@@ en frauen an der l@@ ein@@ wand und ich fragte mich , warum niemand die histor@@ ischen ge@@ bil@@ de da@@ hinter betrachtet . +sie können die li@@ spen@@ ard wiesen sehen , die hier durch@@ laufen , was heute tri@@ bec@@ a ist , und die str@@ ände von battery park hoch@@ lauf@@ end bis hin zur 4@@ 2@@ . straße . +wir wissen , dass es eine len@@ a@@ pe@@ -@@ sie@@ d@@ lung gab hier unten am collect pon@@ d . +wir haben ras@@ ch fest@@ gestellt , dass bi@@ ber etwas sein können , was der ro@@ t@@ lu@@ chs benötigt . +und schwarz@@ bä@@ r lief um@@ her . und indi@@ ander gab es auch . +obwohl ich nur wenig zeit für meinen vortrag hatte , hoffe ich , dass sie man@@ na@@ hat@@ ta als einen besonder@@ en ort wahr@@ nehmen konnten . +und ... bauten die gesellschaft , in der wir jetzt leben . +möglicherweise wollen sie nicht genauso leben wie wir . +und leute , die in den städten der industri@@ el@@ än@@ der leben , nei@@ gen dazu , sehr wohl@@ hab@@ end zu sein , und fol@@ glich sehr viel zeu@@ gs zu benutzen . +eine andere sache , die uns die informa@@ tion@@ stech@@ n@@ ologi@@ en ermöglichen , ist , dass wir beginnen herauszufinden , wie man weniger dinge braucht , indem wir über die menge der dinge , die wir tatsächlich nutzen , beschei@@ d wissen und dies auch genau kontrollieren . +die meisten dieser städte wachsen unglaublich schnell . +ein daraus resul@@ tier@@ ender effekt ist sowas wie eine süd@@ liche kultur@@ elle explosion . +also l@@ ul@@ a , er ist voll von problemen , voll von wider@@ sprü@@ chen , aber eines der dinge , die er tut , ist , er treibt eine idee vor@@ an , wie wir uns an internationalen beziehungen beteili@@ gen können , die das gleich@@ gewicht weg vom klas@@ sischen nor@@ d-@@ sü@@ d-@@ dialo@@ g hin zu einer ganz neuen art glob@@ aler zusammenarbeit verschie@@ ben . +hier ist ein design , das wasser mit hilfe der sonne dest@@ il@@ liert . +es geht nicht nur darum zu überleben . +sop@@ a steht für den " stop online pi@@ ra@@ cy act " . +wir konsu@@ mieren gerne , aber je@@ des@@ mal , wenn eines dieser neuen geräte auf@@ tau@@ chte , stellte sich heraus , dass wir auch gerne produzieren und wir teilen gerne . +das ist eine neben@@ wirkung ihrer regul@@ ären oper@@ ationen . +das ist also das internet , das sie im kopf haben . +sie wollen keine gesetz@@ liche unterschei@@ dung zwischen le@@ gal@@ em und il@@ le@@ gal@@ em teilen . +das hat mein leben verändert . +" was mach@@ st du hier ? +das college funktioniert ge@@ mä@@ ss der lebens@@ - und arbeits@@ haltung von ma@@ hat@@ ma gand@@ hi . +wir sind die einzigen , die den $ 5@@ 0,000 preis tatsächlich zurück@@ gaben , weil sie uns nicht glaub@@ ten , und wir dachten , das sie sich ab@@ fä@@ llig ä@@ us@@ ser@@ ten über die bar@@ e@@ foot architekten von ti@@ lon@@ ia . +aber die leute , die den solar@@ ko@@ cher gebaut haben , sind frauen , anal@@ p@@ hab@@ et@@ innen , die tatsächlich , den ausge@@ kl@@ ü@@ gel@@ sten solar@@ ko@@ cher gebaut haben . +sie hat ein kab@@ in@@ et@@ t , einen bildungs@@ minister , einen energi@@ em@@ ini@@ ster , einen gesundheits@@ minister . +männer sind un@@ ruhi@@ g , männer sind ehr@@ gei@@ zei@@ g , männer sind zwan@@ g@@ haft nicht or@@ ts@@ geb@@ unden , und sie wollen alle ein diplo@@ m . +und das ist nicht zusammen@@ gebro@@ chen . +ich wusste , welche frau ich gerne mit@@ nehmen wollte . +hören sie nicht auf die world bank , hören sie auf die leuten vor ort . +unsere qu@@ ell@@ daten hier sind echte f@@ mr@@ i daten welche visu@@ ell und aku@@ stisch abge@@ bildet werden . +sauerstoff , wasser@@ stoff und zin@@ k haben ihre eigenen sig@@ nat@@ uren . +und trotzdem hat sich die masse des menschlichen gehirns in zwei millionen jahren ver@@ drei@@ fa@@ cht – von einem 6@@ 0@@ 0-@@ gra@@ mm@@ -@@ gehirn unserer vorfahren , hab@@ ili@@ s , zu fast 1,@@ 4 k@@ g ha@@ ck@@ br@@ aten , die jeder hier zwischen seinen o@@ hren hat . +fa@@ kt ist , dass ein jahr nachdem man die kontrolle über die fü@@ ße verloren hat und ein jahr nach gew@@ inn der lot@@ terie , der lot@@ to@@ gewinn@@ er und der qu@@ er@@ schnitt@@ s@@ gel@@ ä@@ hm@@ te gleich glücklich mit ihrem leben sind . +wer sind diese charak@@ tere , die so verdam@@ mt glücklich sind ? +und schließlich das beste – manche von ihnen erkennen dieses photo vom jungen pe@@ te best , dem ursprün@@ glichen schlag@@ zeu@@ ger der be@@ at@@ les , bevor sie ihn zi@@ gar@@ et@@ ten holen geschickt haben , sich davon gemacht haben und ring@@ o auf einer tour ein@@ gesam@@ melt haben . +in diesem fall sind es , weil sie im experiment , von dem ich ihnen berichten werden benutzt wurden , dru@@ cke von mon@@ ets bildern . +wir erklär@@ ten ihnen , dass wir nummer drei an sie schicken werden . +es stellt sich heraus , dass freiheit – die fähigkeit , seine meinung zu bilden und diese zu verändern – der freund natür@@ licher zu@@ frieden@@ heit ist , weil es einem erlaubt , von all den sch@@ ma@@ ck@@ ha@@ ften zu@@ kun@@ f@@ ts@@ s@@ zen@@ ari@@ en die zu finden und auszu@@ wählen , die man am meisten genie@@ ßt . +wir gaben ihnen k@@ ameras , sie gingen über den kam@@ pus und machten 12 bilder von ihren liebl@@ ing@@ s-@@ profess@@ oren , ihren z@@ imm@@ ern und h@@ unden und all den anderen dingen , von denen sie in harvard erinn@@ erungen haben wollten . +sie mo@@ chten ihr bild nicht . selbst nach ab@@ lauf der möglichkeit eines tau@@ sches mo@@ chten sie ihr bild immer noch nicht . warum ? +vielen dank . +manchmal explo@@ dieren sie einfach vor deinen augen oder stür@@ zen mit über@@ sch@@ all her@@ unter . +ich habe eine kleine ku@@ ban@@ ische mutter – sie ist etwa so groß . +" pa@@ pa , hilfe . " +ich wurde 19 .. – ich weiß nicht mehr – geboren und kam mit meinen eltern in dieses land als folge der ku@@ ban@@ ischen revolution . +was natürlich bedeu@@ tete , dass jeder in der familie bereit stehen musste , um sie zum fr@@ is@@ eu@@ r zum ha@@ are@@ fä@@ r@@ ben zu fahren . sie kennen ihn , diesen eigen@@ arti@@ gen blau@@ ton , pas@@ send zum tur@@ n@@ anzu@@ g aus pol@@ ye@@ ster . sie wissen schon , die gleiche farbe wie der bu@@ i@@ ck . +sie steigt in den wagen – sie sitzt auf zwei telefon@@ büchern . +es wir mir beim atmen helfen . es kann vielleicht meinen pul@@ s zu beru@@ hi@@ gen . +sie sind alle schon mal während der fer@@ ien in einem ein@@ kauf@@ s@@ zentrum gewesen , oder ? +in@@ zwischen sind wir etwa einen meter weiter gekommen . da sagt meine mutter plötzlich : " ich wusste es , ich wusste es . +wir warten auch auf die lang@@ sam@@ eren . ok . +" nein , meine tochter , sie kommt da mit dem bu@@ i@@ ck . +all die leute um uns schauen uns an " . +ich hätte es fast ver@@ passt . +wir von zi@@ p@@ car par@@ ken autos in dicht bes@@ ie@@ del@@ ten städ@@ tischen gebieten , damit mi@@ g@@ lieder sie für eine bestimmte zeit bu@@ chen können , anstatt ein eigenes auto zu benutzen . +es war notwendig , dass es ganz tri@@ vi@@ al ist , in 30 sekunden ein auto zu mie@@ ten – es zu reser@@ vi@@ eren , es zu holen und zu fahren . +auch hier sehen wir , dass der preis eine enorme rolle spielt bei der berei@@ t@@ schaft , das eigene fahr@@ verhalten zu verändern . +sie werden auch ver@@ flo@@ chten@@ e netzwerke genannt . +das sind die nächsten beiden zei@@ len im film . +das bedeu@@ tete , dass es – wenn wir unsere sache wirklich gut machen – dass es sehr ras@@ ch rund um die welt genutzt werden könnte . +2006 war ein toll@@ es jahr . +und als mich diese dunkl@@ en wol@@ ken um@@ krei@@ sten und ich es sehr , sehr schwierig fand , an überhaupt irgendetwas gutes zu denken , sagte ich mir , dass ich wirklich einen weg finden muss , um mich auf etwas posi@@ tives zu konzentrieren . +ich würde nun gerne kurz über jedes dieser 3 aspe@@ kte reden . +es gab also eine zeit , als es dein erstes mal war , dass du eine grüne am@@ p@@ el@@ welle auf dem nach@@ hau@@ se@@ weg hat@@ test . +das sind also die drei a ' s . +er mein@@ te : " weißt du überhaupt wo mar@@ ok@@ ko ist ? " +und das ist der trauri@@ ge teil . +tour@@ ist : die menschen sind sehr fru@@ stri@@ ert , dass sie nicht näher ran kommen , um alles zu sehen . +ich fand es merk@@ wür@@ dig darüber zu spe@@ ku@@ lieren , als wäre es ein wettbewerb , über eine so fr@@ ische w@@ unde . +d@@ r : es war keine in@@ klu@@ sive gruppe . +um das zu regeln , brauchte man sofort ein gesam@@ t@@ konzept . +so ähnlich wie die sz@@ ene in spin@@ al ta@@ p , mit dem mini@@ atur@@ -@@ st@@ one@@ hen@@ ge , oder ? +alles ist aus sehr einfa@@ chem material . +solange das thema mit der ge@@ denk@@ stä@@ tte nicht entschieden ist , wird es sehr schwer , eine intelligen@@ te diskussion zu führen . +diese art von formen ? +sie sehen ungefähr , was ich meine . +aber was ist mit dem kind links oder dem ath@@ le@@ ten , der das spiel@@ feld ver@@ lässt ? +ich erzähle ihnen , was ich mir ausge@@ dacht habe . +wie alt ist das material ? +und heute haben wir die wahrscheinlich an@@ stö@@ ß@@ ig@@ ste aller defini@@ tionen , jeden falls für mich , und sie lautet : do@@ od@@ len bedeutet offi@@ zi@@ ell bu@@ mm@@ eln , tr@@ ö@@ deln , zeit versch@@ wenden , bedeu@@ tungs@@ lose zeichen machen , etwas von ger@@ in@@ gem wert , ge@@ halt oder bedeutung tun und – mein persön@@ licher favor@@ it – nichts tun . +wir denken , dass man do@@ od@@ let , wenn man die konzent@@ ration ver@@ liert , aber tatsächlich ist es eine prä@@ venti@@ v@@ maß@@ nahme , um den konzent@@ ra@@ tions@@ verlust zu stopp@@ en . +200@@ 2 traf sich eine gruppe von therap@@ ie@@ -@@ aktivi@@ sten , um die frü@@ he entwicklung des flug@@ zeu@@ ges zu disku@@ tieren . +therap@@ ien wurden möglich , finanzi@@ erung war vorhanden , und die anzahl der menschen in an@@ tri@@ retro@@ vir@@ aler behandlung begann sehr schnell zu steigen . +sicherlich , wenn ein pat@@ ent@@ pool ein@@ geri@@ chtet werden kann , um die produktion von militär@@ flug@@ zeugen vor@@ anzu@@ treiben , sollten wir in der lage sein , etwas ähn@@ liches zu tun , um mit der hiv / ai@@ d@@ s-@@ epide@@ mie fertig zu werden . +in der regel gibt es eine 10@@ -@@ jährige ver@@ zö@@ gerung für ein neues produkt , um in entwicklungsländern auf den markt zu kommen , wenn überhaupt . +was ist mit a@@ then ? medi@@ ter@@ ran@@ es kli@@ ma , aber in der sonne war es nicht angeneh@@ m . +anstatt einen wir@@ bel@@ stur@@ m ge@@ kühl@@ ter luft durch das sta@@ dium zu blas@@ en , können wir kühl@@ fl@@ äch@@ en-@@ systeme verwenden , wie ein bo@@ den@@ hei@@ z@@ ungs@@ system , wobei wasser@@ ro@@ hre in den boden gelegt werden . +und hoffentlich sind auch sie für diese die idee , dass ingenie@@ ure und designer all diese verschiedenen klima@@ par@@ am@@ e@@ ter nutzen , damit es möglich sein wird , richtig gute und kom@@ fort@@ able frei@@ luft@@ bedingungen zu schaffen , um unsere ther@@ m@@ ische wahrnehmung zu verändern , damit wir uns in einem außen@@ bereich wohl@@ fühlen . wir erreichen das mit dem besten passi@@ ven design , aber auch indem wir die energi@@ equ@@ elle des grund@@ stück@@ s in kat@@ ar nutzen , die sonne . +die haupt@@ sache , das » mach es vor ort « , ist ide@@ al , weil so ein produkt oder eine dienst@@ leistung ohne viel büro@@ kratie erstellt werden kann . +sie sind so etwas wie über@@ wei@@ s@@ ungs@@ dien@@ ste . +wir machen gerade syste@@ mati@@ sche fel@@ d@@ tests , um sicher@@ zustellen , dass das gerät sich für as@@ ha@@ -@@ aktivi@@ sten eig@@ net . +und ich begann , die welt aus einer ganz neuen perspektive zu sehen , wie pa@@ are von menschen miteinander verbunden sind . +und am wichtigsten , was verursacht diese clu@@ ster ? +und wir dachten , dass dies ein sehr interessan@@ ter komment@@ ar bezüglich amerika sei -- und dieses irgendwie eigen@@ nütz@@ ige , gewis@@ ser@@ maßen " nicht-@@ mein@@ e-@@ verantwortung " phänomen . +ich meine , es würde von vorteil sein , unsere emotionen im inneren zu erleben , sie wissen schon , z@@ or@@ n oder zu@@ frieden@@ heit . +so , um eine andere metapher anzu@@ führen , wenn sie sich soziale netzwerke vorstellen als eine art ries@@ iges gewebe von mensch@@ lichkeit -- ich bin verbunden mit ihnen und ihnen und ihr , und darüber hinaus end@@ los in der entfern@@ ung -- dieses gewebe ist eigentlich wie eine alt@@ mo@@ dische amerikanische de@@ cke , und es hat fli@@ cken darauf , glück@@ liche und un@@ glück@@ liche fli@@ cken . +das ist meine sozial@@ erfahrung . " +sie bestehen beide aus kohlen@@ stoff , und dennoch hat eines von beiden kohlen@@ stoff@@ -@@ atom@@ e in sich , die auf eine spezi@@ elle weise ange@@ ord@@ net sind , auf der linken seite , und sie bekommen graph@@ it , das wei@@ ch und dun@@ kel ist . +darüber lesen sie in ihren zeit@@ ungen . +in einer um@@ frage stellte die amerikanische gesundheits@@ behör@@ de c@@ d@@ c die einfache frage , ob in der vergan@@ genen woche er@@ he@@ b@@ licher psych@@ olog@@ ischer stress erfahren wurde . +in unserer studie sind äl@@ tere menschen posi@@ tiver ge@@ stimmt , aber sie durch@@ leben auch wahrschein@@ licher als jün@@ gere ge@@ mis@@ chte emotionen – trauri@@ gkeit , die zur selben zeit erfahren wird wie glück ; sie wissen schon , diese tr@@ äne im auge , wenn sie einen freund an@@ lächeln . +wir gehen auf blind dat@@ es . +ich meine , dort waren lau@@ ter menschen mit wahr@@ lich über@@ menschlichen krä@@ ften und fähigkeiten . +hier haben wir ma@@ d@@ d ch@@ add , li@@ l ' c , kid david und j smo@@ oth . +die l@@ x@@ d elektr@@ isi@@ eren die bühne der ted@@ 2010 mit einer neu ent@@ steh@@ enden globalen kultur des straß@@ ent@@ an@@ zes , die durch das internet ange@@ trieben wird . in dieser vor@@ schau v@@ auf j@@ on ch@@ u ' s neue internet@@ serie führt die erstaunliche tanz@@ tru@@ ppe ihre super@@ kräfte vor . +dem ver@@ trag zu@@ folge ist dieses land eine eigen@@ stän@@ dige nation . +wir hatten pl@@ äne . +am 2@@ 9@@ . de@@ z@@ ember um@@ z@@ ing@@ elten us-@@ tru@@ ppen ein si@@ ou@@ x camp an einem b@@ ach namens wo@@ unded k@@ nee und mas@@ sa@@ kri@@ erten den hä@@ up@@ t@@ ling big foot und 300 kriegs@@ ge@@ fan@@ gene mit einer neuen schnell@@ feuer@@ wa@@ ffe , namens hot@@ ch@@ k@@ is@@ s geschü@@ tz , die explo@@ di@@ erende gesch@@ o@@ sse ab@@ feu@@ erte . +2010 : statistiken über die ein@@ geb@@ or@@ ene bevölkerung heute , mehr als ein jahrhundert nach dem mas@@ sa@@ ker von wo@@ unded k@@ nee , offen@@ baren ein er@@ be der kol@@ oni@@ al@@ zeit , er@@ zw@@ un@@ gen@@ er migra@@ tion und ver@@ tra@@ gs@@ ver@@ stö@@ ßen . +diese ereig@@ nisse führten zu einem domin@@ o@@ effekt der noch nicht auf@@ gehört hat . +und das ist ziel meines vor@@ tra@@ gs : 1. diesen moment zu beschreiben 2@@ . dafür zu sorgen , dass sie nach meinem vortrag d@@ ü@@ mmer sind als davor . +viele dieser menschen hätten nicht sterben müssen . und genau das verwir@@ rt mich . ich möchte es das " problem der letzten mei@@ le " nennen . +mis@@ ch@@ kulturen . mis@@ ch@@ kulturen stei@@ gern das einkommen . +und nun diese frauen . sie haben gesehen , wie ihre eltern unter durch@@ fall li@@ tten , sie selbst haben darunter ge@@ li@@ tten . sie haben viele menschen sterben sehen . wie also beantworten sie diese frage ? +o@@ .@@ k. , jemand sagte " fünf " . +fast raus aus dem kinder@@ garten . +sie sagt : " dieser schafft 35 meilen pro gall@@ one . ich tue lieber das richtige für die umwelt und nehme den pri@@ us mit 50 meilen pro gall@@ one . " +das ist ein gutes beispiel und zeigt uns dass ab@@ sichten nicht auto@@ matisch zu handlungen werden . eine der fundament@@ alen herausforderungen ist daher uns dazu bringen , es wirklich zu tun . +es geht hier nicht um biologie . es geht um unser gehirn , die menschliche psy@@ che . innovation muss auf allen ebenen statt@@ finden , bis hin zur letzten mei@@ le . +sor@@ g@@ sam@@ es testen , no@@ ch@@ mals testen , design . wir werden neue ein@@ sichten gewinnen , komplexität und schwier@@ ige dinge besser erforschen . +sen@@ di@@ l mul@@ la@@ in@@ a@@ than , gewinn@@ er des " geni@@ us gr@@ ant " der amerikanischen ma@@ c ar@@ th@@ ur stif@@ tung , nimmt mit dem blick des verhaltens@@ ökon@@ omen eine besondere form sozi@@ aler probleme unter die lu@@ pe - jene , die wir lösen könnten , es aber nicht tun . wir können kinder@@ sterb@@ lichkeit verursacht durch durch@@ fall@@ erkrank@@ ungen reduzieren , wir können blin@@ d@@ heit bei diab@@ e@@ ti@@ kern verhindern , wir wissen , wie man solar@@ technik einsetzen kann ... aber wir tun es nicht . warum ? +richtig , der strom will durch die k@@ nete und nicht durch das le@@ d-@@ licht flie@@ ßen . +daher ermu@@ tige ich sie alle : nehmen sie etwas k@@ nete , etwas sal@@ z und zu@@ cker und beginnen sie , damit zu spielen . +und ein freund von mir in ö@@ ster@@ reich tat ich so leid , dass er den grö@@ s@@ sten cas@@ in@@ o@@ besit@@ zer in lin@@ z dazu brachte , uns sein gebäude komplett ein@@ pac@@ ken zu lassen . +trotzdem will ich verschiedene wege auf@@ zeigen , um schwierigkeiten zu umgehen und direkt zum punkt zu kommen ; um so sehr viel schneller eine lösung zu finden - zumindest schneller als ar@@ th@@ ur . daher - werden wir zunächst den ges@@ unden menschen@@ verstand betr@@ ü@@ gen , die logi@@ k . es soll jeder mit@@ machen . hal@@ tet eure hand so , im 9@@ 0-@@ gra@@ d-@@ win@@ kel@@ . alle . nicht so -- +jetzt - ich benö@@ tige eine assi@@ st@@ enti@@ n . +das ist eine herausforderung , ich mag das . +hier habe ich nun tatsächlich - ich weiß genau , wo die karten sind . +und wenn du mit der rechten seite arbei@@ test , mit humor , hast du - das ist der schlüssel zu dem ko@@ sm@@ ischen sam@@ mel@@ spei@@ cher allen wissen@@ s , in dem du die lösung für jedes problem finden kannst . +und jetzt werde ich etwas von einem ... rus@@ sischen satelli@@ ten zeigen . ge@@ ste@@ hlt - ge@@ sto@@ hlen , wahrscheinlich von amerika abge@@ ku@@ pf@@ ert , aber wir sehen uns das jetzt mal an . +wenn ich den sta@@ pel hoch@@ he@@ be , lin@@ se ich . +versuchen wir es noch einmal . +das ist so eine art op@@ tische täusch@@ ung , oder ? +jetzt - - jemand la@@ chte . um nun die d@@ ame zu finden - machen wir das fol@@ gen@@ der@@ maßen : man nimmt eine hoch , nimmt die d@@ ame hoch . +den pi@@ k-@@ köni@@ g finde . +mit beiden händen , schneller . ja , gut , gut . +in ordnung ? gut . +zwei - und das war die pi@@ k-@@ zwei , oder ? +ja ? su@@ i : ja . +k@@ aro@@ -@@ köni@@ g . l@@ g : ah ! +es ist aber nicht passiert , was sie vielleicht denken . dass er plötzlich leiden@@ schaft@@ lich wurde , enga@@ gi@@ ert einen neuen lehrer bekam , in die pu@@ ber@@ tät kam , oder was auch immer . +ihre kinder spielen instru@@ mente . +die ohne ge@@ hö@@ r sind nicht mehr hier . +jetzt geht es runter zum a , zum g und zum f . +und dann , endlich ... +dann fragte ich : " warum kl@@ at@@ sche ich ? " +seine stärke ist abhängig von der fähigkeit , andere menschen stark zu machen . +be@@ dau@@ er@@ licherweise war es das letzte , das sie zu ihm sagte . sie hat ihn nie wieder gesehen . er hat nicht über@@ lebt . +einige von ihnen haben das vielleicht schon mal gesehen . +es ist ein ne@@ tter motiv@@ ator . +gl@@ u@@ ck@@ s@@ berg hat also ein weiteres , ähn@@ liches experiment durchgeführt , bei dem er das problem in einer etwas anderen weise dar@@ gestellt hat , wie hier oben zu sehen ist . okay ? +die regeln sind verwir@@ r@@ end . +was passiert ? +dies sind die bau@@ steine eines völlig neuen be@@ trie@@ bs@@ systems für unsere geschäf@@ te . +es ist schön . es ist nicht schlecht . es ist eine riesige mar@@ ken@@ rechts@@ verletz@@ ung . aber es ist ziemlich ra@@ ff@@ in@@ iert . +mach es zum spaß . keiner bekommt einen cent , einen eur@@ o oder y@@ en . +so kann es auf einer stelle bal@@ an@@ ci@@ eren . +das hier ist also die erde . etwas kleiner als ein milli@@ meter , die aus fe@@ ster bron@@ ze ge@@ dreht ist . +das ist eine andere art von arbeit die ich mache . +und der idee dass man darin dinge sieht und die zukunft vorhersagen kann -- oder ein fern@@ se@@ her , einer art mag@@ ischer ki@@ ste in welcher alles erscheinen kann . +es ist komplett lau@@ t@@ los und umwelt@@ freund@@ lich . +die eigent@@ liche soziale innovation , über die ich sprechen möchte , um@@ fasst wohl@@ tä@@ tigkeit . +sie möchten also 50 millionen dollar um@@ setzen , indem sie kindern gewal@@ tt@@ ä@@ tige computer@@ spiele verkaufen , machen sie ' s . +sp@@ enden an gemein@@ nütz@@ ige einrichtungen st@@ ag@@ ni@@ eren in den u.@@ s@@ .@@ a. bei 2 % des bi@@ p seit beginn der er@@ he@@ b@@ ungen in den 7@@ 0er jahren . +wie so viele fan@@ a@@ tische glau@@ ben@@ s@@ ans@@ ä@@ tze ameri@@ kas gehen diese vorstellungen auf alte pu@@ ri@@ tan@@ ische glau@@ ben@@ s@@ muster zurück . +innerhalb von neun jahren haben wir das 1.@@ 9@@ 8@@ 2 mal ver@@ viel@@ fa@@ cht und haben nach ab@@ zug der aus@@ gaben 10@@ 8 millionen dollar ein@@ genommen . +wenn wir die gemein@@ nütz@@ igen sp@@ enden von 2 % durch investi@@ tion in das wachstum , eine stufe höher , auf 3 % des bi@@ p , bringen könnten , dann wären das 150 milliarden dollar mehr ein@@ nahmen , und würde dieses geld direkt in gesundheits@@ leistungen und soziale dien@@ ste flie@@ ßen , weil wir diese bei den investi@@ tionen in den vor@@ der@@ grund gestellt haben , würde das eine ver@@ drei@@ fa@@ chung der sp@@ enden auf diesem sektor bedeuten . +und plötzlich , aus dem chaos : ordnung . +wissen sie , ein publikum wie sie , ja , ist die show . +können wir ein kleines experiment machen ? würden sie für eine sekunde mein orche@@ ster sein ? +und unsere freude an der musik , et@@ c. et@@ c. ... " +und dann wie kar@@ a@@ j@@ an . sehen wir , was passiert . okay ? +das heißt , du weißt , du hast k@@ ein@@ erle@@ i macht , irgend@@ was zu ändern . +das ist sehr aufregend für die musi@@ ker . +viel@@ mehr genie@@ ßt er , was der so@@ list spielt . +wissen sie , warum ? weil diese musik schmerz aus@@ drückt . +aber meine ganze arbeit hat sich viele jahre lang um die idee ge@@ dreht , dass nachhal@@ tigkeit im grunde genommen bedeutet , das modell des glob@@ alisi@@ erten wirtschafts@@ wachst@@ ums zu betrachten und zu mäß@@ igen , was an dem einen ende her@@ ein@@ kommt , und zu mäß@@ igen , was am anderen ende heraus@@ kommt . +aber müssen wir annehmen , dass die gleiche bri@@ llan@@ z und kreativität und anpas@@ s@@ ungs@@ fähigkeit , die uns in erster linie an die spitze dieses energie@@ ber@@ gs gebracht hat , sich irgendwie auf myster@@ i@@ ö@@ se art in luft auf@@ lösen wird , wenn wir einen krea@@ tiven weg finden müssen , zurück auf die andere seite ? +und an@@ gesi@@ chts des klima@@ wand@@ els , ist das auch nicht wirklich durch@@ führ@@ bar . +es lernt viel von seinen fehl@@ ern . +es begann also mit der arbeit , die ich in ir@@ land machte , wo ich lehr@@ te , und hat sich sei@@ ther verbreitet . +vor drei jahren , als es nur eine idee war ; daraus ist etwas geworden , das sich wie ein virus über die welt verbreitet . +also , hier geht es um die bud@@ gets der bun@@ des@@ staaten . +das hier enth@@ ält verschiedene aspe@@ kte , ich könnte sagen , dass wir mehr ein@@ nahmen er@@ zielen könnten , oder dass medizinische erfin@@ dungen die kosten sogar noch erhö@@ hen könnten . +ach@@ tet irgend@@ jemand darauf , was diese typen eigentlich so alles tun ? +je mehr man sich damit beschäftigt , um@@ so verwir@@ r@@ ter werden die leute leider , und sie denken : " na , vielleicht ist das ja okay . " +was müssen wir also tun ? +es erlaubt uns , kunst , biot@@ echn@@ ologie , software und all solch wunder@@ baren dinge zu schaffen . +und nachdem ich zwei weitere jahre musik studi@@ ert hatte , entschied ich mich , das un@@ mögliche zu wagen , bevor ich den auf@@ nah@@ me@@ test machen und mich an einer medizin@@ ischen hoch@@ schule bewer@@ ben würde , wie ein guter in@@ dis@@ cher sohn , um der nächste dr. gu@@ p@@ ta zu werden . +ke@@ ats selbst hat ebenfalls eine karriere der medizin aufge@@ geben , um sich der po@@ es@@ ie zu wid@@ men , aber er starb , als er ein jahr älter war als ich . +jeder in diesem haus kennt die zeit nur aufgrund des geru@@ chs . +mit diesen leute tre@@ ffe ich mich immer noch . +gut , weiter . +fallen ihnen nicht auch gerade einer ein ? +es ist erstaunlich . ein wunder@@ barer moment . +hätte er das seinem vater gezeigt , hätte der sich gedacht : " mein junge ist verrückt geworden . " +vom franzö@@ sische schrift@@ steller mich@@ el tour@@ ni@@ er gibt es einen berühm@@ ten spruch . +und ich erklär@@ te ihm : " es ist eine dunkle nacht und eine krä@@ he sitzt auf einem zwei@@ g . " +ja , das heißt , dass ich nicht g@@ ye@@ on@@ g@@ ho@@ er@@ u zeichnen musste . +wir werden zu di@@ k@@ tat@@ oren mit einer fern@@ be@@ dien@@ ung und fangen an , die menschen im fernsehen zu kri@@ ti@@ sieren . +ich laufe herum und ermu@@ tige sie , " los , los ! " sie müssen wie verrückt ein oder zwei stunden schreiben . +kunst ist das höch@@ ste ziel . +nur diese drei worte und dann ver@@ ließ sie den flug@@ ha@@ fen . das war ' s . +der bri@@ tische physiker john ty@@ n@@ d@@ all stellte in den 18@@ 5@@ 0er jahren labor@@ mess@@ ungen an zur in@@ fr@@ ar@@ ot@@ strahlung , also wär@@ me . +ich hatte bis dahin die erste zei@@ le des nas@@ a-@@ lei@@ t@@ spru@@ chs : " den hei@@ mat@@ planeten zu verstehen und zu schützen " genommen , um meine vor@@ träge zu recht@@ fer@@ tigen . +kli@@ mas@@ ke@@ p@@ tiker argu@@ men@@ tieren , dass die sonne die haup@@ tur@@ sache des klima@@ wand@@ els ist . +me@@ than beginnt ebenso aus dem per@@ ma@@ fro@@ st auszu@@ treten . +es wäre un@@ moral@@ isch , diese jungen leute einem klima@@ system zu über@@ lassen , das außer kontrolle gerät . +die wissenschaft ist eindeu@@ tig . +y@@ ak@@ im@@ a can@@ u@@ tt ist mein favor@@ it und ein e@@ chter held für mich . +wir re@@ alisieren heute größere auto@@ -@@ stun@@ ts denn je . +ich ver@@ ges@@ se mit der zeit , wie bizar@@ r einige dieser gesprä@@ che sind . +zwei stun@@ t@@ men führen hier einen meiner ansicht nach eher har@@ m@@ losen st@@ unt aus . +das heli@@ um muss sich aus@@ brei@@ ten , daher die form . +ich habe lange ge@@ braucht , jahre ge@@ braucht , um das richtige ball@@ on-@@ team zu finden , das den ball@@ on bauen könnte , um die aufgabe zu erfü@@ llen . +ich habe ein unternehmen in den staaten konta@@ kti@@ ert , welches an@@ züge für nasa her@@ stellt . +dieser ist mit 7 k@@ g ein e@@ chtes lei@@ cht@@ gewicht . +wenn sie aber ein@@ geladen sind und mit jemandem reden , sie wissen schon , wenn jemand fragt " was machen sie so ? " +erinnern sie sich an die geschichte ? nein , sie ist groß . +wir zogen dann von strat@@ ford nach los angeles . +warum nicht ? ich denke , dass das ziemlich wichtig ist . +die hier@@ arch@@ ie f@@ us@@ st also auf zwei ideen . +tatsächlich entsteht kreativität -- darunter verste@@ he ich den prozess origin@@ elle ideen von bedeutung zu haben -- sehr häufig durch die interak@@ tion verschieden@@ er wege eine sache zu betrachten . +ich fragte : " was ist passiert ? " +jetzt ist der moment zu dem wir über uns selbst lachen sollten bevor andere mit uns lachen können . +also zog ich mich in meine hö@@ hle zurück und produ@@ zierte und unterstü@@ tz@@ te weiterhin com@@ e@@ dy und erlaub@@ te meinen freunden mein so@@ f@@ a als oper@@ a@@ tion@@ ale dre@@ h@@ schei@@ be vor ort zu benutzen . +auf jeder station der tour li@@ essen wir ama@@ teure vor@@ sprechen . +erstens : wird der nahe osten in der gegenwart und im richtigen zusammenhang dar@@ gestellt ? +frü@@ her@@ ken@@ nung und schn@@ elles gegen@@ steuern sind die erklär@@ ungen für diese erfol@@ ge . +bei 50 prozent brechen sie bis zum 14@@ . lebens@@ jahr aus , bei 75 prozent bis zum 24@@ . lebens@@ jahr , ein bild , das sich sehr von dem unterschei@@ det , das sich zeigt , wenn man über krebs oder herz@@ leiden spricht , über diabetes , blu@@ tho@@ ch@@ druck – über die meisten der großen krankheiten , die wir als ur@@ sachen für krankheit und sterb@@ lichkeit kennen . +wichtig ist hier , dass , wenn man beginnt , sich die menschen mit diesen stör@@ ungen , diesen jeden fün@@ ften , der sich damit ru@@ m@@ qu@@ ält , anzu@@ sehen , man heraus@@ findet , dass es viele spiel@@ arten gibt , wie das gehirn ver@@ dra@@ h@@ tet ist , es aber vorher@@ sa@@ g@@ bare muster gibt , und diese muster sind risi@@ ko@@ faktoren dafür , dass sich eine dieser stör@@ ungen entwickelt . +aber das sagt uns , wie wir es anschauen müssen , und wohin wir gehen müssen . +wie viele kinder wirst du bekommen ? +aber wie falsch ist das ! +es ist sehr interessant . als wir unsere schule begannen , regi@@ stri@@ erten die eltern sich in der an@@ wes@@ en@@ heits@@ liste mit einem dau@@ men@@ ab@@ druck . +dort haben sie kinder getroffen mit einem anderen standard und all das , einer anderen denk@@ weise , eine vollkommen andere gesellschaft . +ist es der einfluss ? wir haben profess@@ oren vom mit , aus ber@@ k@@ ele@@ y , stanford , vom in@@ dischen wissen@@ schafts@@ institu@@ t , die kommen und unseren kinder viele wissenschaftliche form@@ eln bei@@ bringen , experimente , die weit über normalen unterricht hin@@ aus@@ gehen . +als ich par@@ i@@ kr@@ ma begonnen habe , star@@ tete ich mit einer großen por@@ tion ar@@ ro@@ ganz die ganze welt zu verändern . +diese frage scheint schnell be@@ antwor@@ tet zu sein , und so dachte auch howard . denn pe@@ p@@ s@@ i hatte ihm gesagt : " sehen sie , wir arbeiten in einem bereich zwischen acht und zw@@ öl@@ f prozent . +sie hätten besser nach den perfe@@ kten pe@@ p@@ sis suchen sollen . " +in jeder nur vorstell@@ baren art sp@@ ag@@ he@@ t@@ ti@@ -@@ sau@@ ce zu vari@@ ieren , vari@@ ierte er sp@@ ag@@ he@@ t@@ ti@@ -@@ sau@@ ce . +howard veränderte grundle@@ gend die denk@@ art der industrie darüber , wie man sie glücklich macht . +viel mehr ä@@ ther@@ ische bra@@ une sen@@ f@@ kör@@ ner , etwas wei@@ ß@@ w@@ ein , ein toll@@ er du@@ ft , ein viel besser@@ es ar@@ om@@ a . und was tun sie ? +und sie ser@@ viert es immer wieder auf diese art , und wenn sie sich besch@@ weren , wird sie sagen : " was wissen sie schon ? in diesem restaurant gibt es das geri@@ cht auf die beste art@@ . " +wenn ich sie alle bitten würde , mir ihre ka@@ ffe@@ e-@@ mar@@ ke zu nennen -- einen ka@@ ffe@@ e-@@ typen , ein ge@@ br@@ ä@@ u -- die sie alle glücklich macht , und sie dann bitte , den kaffee zu bewer@@ ten , würde der durchschnitt@@ s@@ wert auf einer sk@@ ala von 0 bis 100 bei 60 liegen . +es gibt prä@@ -@@ kar@@ zin@@ ö@@ se wunden , die sich oft gar nicht zu krebs entwickeln . +man flie@@ gt von der insel , wenn man eine krankheit bekommt . +erst als journalist wurde mir bewusst , wie sehr ich teil dieses problems bin , wie wir alle teil dieses problems sind . +also , dad er@@ hielt seinen abschluss in harvard 194@@ 6 , heirat@@ e@@ te meine mutter und kauf@@ te ein kleines haus in le@@ x@@ ing@@ ton , mas@@ sach@@ use@@ t@@ ts , wo 17@@ 75 die ersten schü@@ sse gegen die bri@@ ten gefallen waren , obwohl wir sie bis con@@ cor@@ d nicht wirklich tra@@ fen . +und , naja , wir können heute zurück@@ bli@@ cken und sagen : natürlich , ha ha , ist ja alles mikro@@ film . aber das ist nicht der punkt . er verstand die form der zukunft . +und wenn sie es diag@@ onal sehen , bekommen sie inhalt und form -- und dann schönheit und wahrheit . +darüber habe ich 199@@ 3 ein buch geschrieben , aber als ich das buch be@@ en@@ dete , musste ich ein wenig schrift setzen und ich war es leid , dafür zu meinem copy shop gehen zu müssen , also kauf@@ te ich einen computer . +wir könnten krei@@ s@@ förmi@@ ge erzähl@@ ungen haben , die tatsächlich rund sind . +warum ist das wichtig ? +vielleicht war euch allen das schon lange klar , aber für mich , so oft ich genau dieser schwier@@ igkeit täglich begeg@@ nete , hatte ich diese der verstän@@ digung in@@ här@@ ente herausforderung nie so kri@@ st@@ all@@ klar gesehen . +der schlüssel ist , dass fe@@ ys tex@@ te nicht von ihr oder ihren satur@@ day night live au@@ toren stamm@@ ten , +die drei dinge , die schw@@ u@@ le amerikaner am meisten zu wollen scheinen , sind zum mili@@ tä@@ r gehen , hei@@ raten und eine familie gründen . +wenn man all diese elemente verein@@ t : den vir@@ alen rei@@ z eines toll@@ en wi@@ tz@@ es , eine z@@ ün@@ den@@ de schluss@@ poin@@ te , die auf ehr@@ lichkeit und integri@@ tät basiert , er@@ zi@@ elt man einen effekt in der re@@ alen welt , der eine debat@@ te verändern kann . +das ist viel einfluss für 14 worte . +wie weit führt das zurück ? wie weit zurück reicht die geschichte der modernen sprachen ? +er kann gut zwei ton@@ nen wie@@ gen – und fr@@ is@@ st dabei hauptsächlich qu@@ allen . +als jung@@ tiere leben sie in sch@@ wär@@ men und werden als erwachsene zu gigan@@ tischen einzel@@ gän@@ gern . +das tolle am mon@@ d@@ fisch – wenn wir sie mit den an@@ hän@@ gern ver@@ sehen – wenn sie hier mal schauen – da ist der daten@@ strom , dorthin kommt der an@@ hän@@ ger . +sie kommen heraus und geben den mon@@ d@@ fischen – hier können sie ihre körper@@ stellung sehen , die sagt : " ich bin nicht gefährlich , aber ich brauch eine mas@@ sage . " +wichtig ist auch , dass sie keine fau@@ l@@ p@@ el@@ z@@ -@@ fische sind . +es war eine 200@@ -@@ f@@ us@@ s-@@ durch@@ messer ge@@ od@@ ä@@ tischen ku@@ gel um über den east river in new york city aus@@ gesetzt werden , in voller sicht der verein@@ ten nationen . +ich habe ein kleines video für euch , aber be@@ denkt euch , dass es ist ohne elektron@@ ische regel@@ ung , und es ist auch nur mit vier le@@ ds . +wie fühlt es sich an , wenn jemand wie er deine kunst nimmt und so viel damit tut ? +sofort verstand er was geschehen war . +so , sind wir ein@@ äu@@ gi@@ gen affen alle zwei@@ äu@@ gi@@ ge affen geworden ? +und ein@@ geb@@ or@@ ene frauen aus afrika kamen und sagten : " das ist es ! " +ich habe eine lösung die k@@ ein@@ erle@@ i ma@@ schi@@ enen bedarf , noch feuer@@ holz , noch gas . +eure eltern waren frie@@ d@@ volle menschen . +hallo regierungen rei@@ cher länder , die waffen verkaufen an regierungen ar@@ mer länder , aber nicht schaffen ihnen essen zu geben . +ihr vater der köni@@ g sagte : " pfei@@ f nicht ! " +" a@@ ha ! " , sagt die prin@@ z@@ ess@@ in . +lei@@ b@@ ni@@ z war der erste , der tatsächlich darüber sprach , solch eine maschine zu bauen . +von ne@@ um@@ ann , ein logi@@ ker und ein mathemati@@ ker von der ar@@ mee brachten alles zusammen . dann brauchten sie einen raum , um sie zu bauen . +da waren nun 40 von diesen rö@@ hren ; das ist , als ob ein v@@ 4@@ 0-@@ motor den spei@@ cher an@@ treiben würde . +" mani@@ a@@ c hat seine erinn@@ ering wieder@@ er@@ lan@@ gt , als der strom aus@@ fiel . " " maschine oder mensch ? " +jetzt habe ich drei verschiedene ergebnisse . +also kon@@ zi@@ pi@@ erte er dieses universum und ließ es laufen . +und da war es . sein universum auf lo@@ ch@@ karten . +das ist das ende . +schaut euch " er@@ mor@@ dung " ganz unten an , um hi@@ mm@@ els willen . +ich ging nach west virg@@ ini@@ a , dem un@@ ges@@ ün@@ de@@ sten staat in amerika . +se@@ ht ihr , das problem ist , dass fett@@ lei@@ bi@@ gkeit und ernähr@@ ungs@@ beding@@ te krankheiten nicht nur die menschen , die es haben , ver@@ le@@ tzen , nein , es ver@@ letzt deren freunde , familie , brü@@ der und sch@@ western . +heutzutage sind sie zum großteil ver@@ arbeitet und voll mit allen möglichen zusä@@ tzen , weiteren in@@ hal@@ ts@@ stoffen , ihr kennt den rest der geschichte . +normal . lasst uns zu den schulen gehen , etwas wor@@ in ich tatsächlich ein spezi@@ alist bin . +sie haben sch@@ eren in den klassen@@ r@@ äumen aber messer und gab@@ el ? - nein . +ich möchte über etwas so grundle@@ gendes wie mil@@ ch reden . +das , all diese schlechten nachrichten , können ver@@ mie@@ den werden . +also werden diese leute teil der lösung sein . +hun@@ t@@ ing@@ ton kitchen . in hun@@ t@@ ing@@ ton , wo ich diese sen@@ dung gemacht habe , wisst ihr , wir machen diese sen@@ dung zur besten sen@@ de@@ zeit , die hoffentlich die menschen dazu an@@ re@@ gt , diesen wandel mit@@ zu@@ machen . +ich bin leg@@ as@@ th@@ en@@ i@@ ker , deshalb bin ich etwas langsam . +einer meiner freunde aus der sicherheits@@ industrie sagte mir neu@@ lich tatsächlich , dass es zwei arten von unternehmen auf der welt gibt : die , die wissen dass sie ge@@ ha@@ ckt wurden , und die es nicht wissen . +sie sind absolut anony@@ m , sozusagen . +diese herausforderung ist : wie macht man geschäf@@ te , wie vertraut man jemandem im netz , wenn du weißt dass der@@ jen@@ ige mit dem du geschäf@@ te machen willst , ein krimin@@ eller ist ? +er entwickelte seinen sozialen und moral@@ ischen kom@@ pass im ha@@ fen am schwarzen meer während der 9@@ 0er . +und dieser mann , mit einem planet@@ en@@ großen gehirn sitzt nun eine 13@@ -@@ jährige stra@@ fe in kalifornien ab . +vielen dank für ihre aufmerksamkeit . +das gesundheitswesen ist ein weiter@@ er grund eine um@@ nutzung in betra@@ cht zu ziehen . +und die markt@@ forschung , konsu@@ ment@@ en@@ forschung , hat die bo@@ om@@ ers und die gen y gefragt was sie haben möchten , wie sie leben möchten , und sagen uns dass es eine grosse nach@@ frage geben wird – und wir sehen das schon – nach urban@@ er@@ em leben@@ stil innerhalb vor@@ städte . +sie sind so erfolgreich , dass sie auch die gegen@@ über@@ lie@@ gende str@@ as@@ sen@@ seite über@@ nom@@ men haben . +das ist eines meines lieblings@@ beispiele , bel@@ ma@@ r . +man will auch mehr syste@@ mati@@ sche transforma@@ tionen erreichen . +der erste ist die um@@ nutzung viel syste@@ mati@@ scher zu plan@@ en , im me@@ tro@@ poli@@ tan@@ en mas@@ s@@ stab . +aber wir müssen die architektur besser hin@@ bekommen . +also entschied ich mich , mit frauen über ihre vag@@ in@@ as zu sprechen . +und sie sagte dinge über ihre vagina , die mich scho@@ ck@@ ierten , dass sie ausge@@ tro@@ ck@@ net und fertig und tot sei , und ich war wirklich scho@@ ck@@ iert . +also sagte ich 199@@ 7 , " lasst uns die frauen zusammen bringen . +ich liebe es , von all diesen spezies auf dem meeres@@ grund zu hören . +sie ging nach ju@@ are@@ z , um sich um eine kr@@ än@@ k@@ liche tan@@ te zu kümmern und dabei entdeckte sie , was mit den er@@ mor@@ deten und versch@@ w@@ un@@ denen frauen von ju@@ are@@ z geschah . +aber als vag@@ in@@ a-@@ krie@@ ger@@ in machte sie einfach weiter . und sie verpflich@@ tete sich weiter der um@@ wand@@ lung von bewusstsein . +nun , mir erscheint diese ung@@ ar@@ ische präsen@@ z in meinem leben schwer erklär@@ bar , aber ich schrei@@ be es letz@@ tlich einer be@@ wunder@@ ung für menschen mit komplex@@ er moral@@ ischer acht@@ samkeit zu - mit einem er@@ be aus schu@@ ld und nieder@@ lage , ge@@ pa@@ art mit trotz und dr@@ auf@@ gän@@ ger@@ t@@ um . +und eines tages dann geschah es : er und seine familie wurden fest@@ genommen und in eine todes@@ zelle an der don@@ au gebracht . +herr tes@@ z@@ ler stellte 16 männer ein , acht weiße , acht schwarze . +und in den lang@@ samen zweiten satz , " ada@@ gi@@ o religi@@ o@@ so " , hatte er die lau@@ te eines sing@@ vog@@ els ein@@ gebaut , den er draußen vor seinem fenster gehört hatte , wohl@@ wissen@@ d , dass dies sein letz@@ ter frü@@ hl@@ ing war . er stellte sich eine zukunft für di@@ tt@@ a vor , in der er keine rolle mehr spielte . +und erst als wir uns zum dinner setzten , erkannte ich das ausmaß der gefahr , die ich geschaffen hatte . denn diese zwei ti@@ tan@@ en , diese zwei herren des universums zusammen@@ zubringen war als machte man mo@@ thr@@ a über der sky@@ line to@@ k@@ yo@@ s mit go@@ d@@ z@@ ill@@ a bekannt . +und ich – keiner mel@@ dete sich , also tat ich es – sagte : " das ist ein bac@@ chan@@ al von ti@@ zi@@ an ‟ . +und um 199@@ 7 gab mir der dam@@ ali@@ ge dire@@ ktor phili@@ ppe de mon@@ te@@ b@@ ell@@ o die erlaub@@ nis , eine ausstellung für 200@@ 2 zu organisi@@ eren . wir haben gewöhn@@ lich diese sehr langen vor@@ lauf@@ zeiten . +in dieser besonder@@ en ku@@ li@@ sse waren die ko@@ stü@@ me wie schau@@ spieler oder leben@@ de skulp@@ turen . +ich arbeite daran , dieses gefühl von eli@@ tis@@ mus aufzu@@ brechen . +aber wir kümmern uns um die schwer@@ sten fälle und be@@ stellen die anderen für den nächsten tag wieder her . +so kamen wir zu diesen zwei regeln . +also ging ich nach rus@@ s@@ land , und meine mutter ging mit , während der zeit der so@@ w@@ je@@ t@@ union . +und wenn man denkt , es geht nicht mehr , drän@@ gt sie so lange , bis man weiter macht . +ich nehme sie nun mit auf eine 16 min@@ ü@@ tige reise rund um 7@@ 2 prozent des planeten , also schn@@ allen sie sich an . +wissen sie , was man auf der einen seite gewinn@@ t , ver@@ liert man auf der anderen . +und wie ein leben@@ di@@ ger organis@@ mus , wo , wenn man ihn auf@@ rei@@ ßt , das gesch@@ mol@@ z@@ ene blut au@@ stri@@ tt , was , um die w@@ unde zu hei@@ len , aus der as@@ th@@ en@@ o@@ sphäre auf@@ steigt , sich ver@@ här@@ tet , neues gewebe for@@ mt und sich seit@@ wärts bewegt . +also stellten wir viele verschiedene hypo@@ th@@ esen auf , dort unten sind kleine grüne männ@@ chen , welche die wär@@ me benutzen . alle möglichen dinge treiben sich dort herum . +wir stol@@ per@@ ten darüber , als wir nach fehl@@ ender hit@@ ze su@@ chten . +nahe davon gab es me@@ than . ich habe noch nie me@@ than@@ vul@@ kan@@ e gesehen . +glücklicherweise konnten wir den kon@@ gress überzeugen . +das ist ein fern@@ es zentrum an der universität von washington . +ich danke ihnen viel@@ mals . +kommen wir zu dem plötzlich möglichen . +seit dem laun@@ ch der website im febru@@ ar hatten wir 6@@ 4@@ 0.000 studi@@ erende aus 19@@ 0 ländern . +andere studi@@ erende sind vielleicht an zus@@ at@@ z@@ material interessiert , mit dem sie sich genauer be@@ fassen möchten . +zusä@@ tzlich zu multiple choice und den kom@@ pa@@ kten fra@@ ge-@@ antwor@@ t-@@ aufgaben aus dem video können wir auch mathematik , mathemati@@ sche begri@@ ffe und auch mathemati@@ sche ab@@ wei@@ chungen bewer@@ ten . +ich konnte so einen service meinen studi@@ erenden bei stanford nie bieten . +schließlich gab es noch eine studi@@ er@@ en@@ den@@ population , die persönlich durch einen tu@@ tor be@@ tre@@ ut wurde . +so kann man etwa sehen , wie der wert für leistung sich fast ver@@ doppelt in diesem experiment . +k@@ ak@@ i king ro@@ ckt zu " p@@ ink noise " +" lern@@ e die « l@@ ingu@@ a fran@@ ca » . " +e@@ mi@@ ly le@@ v@@ ine : richard . was habe ich denn gesagt ? +ich weiß nicht , ob sie das wissen , aber -- vielleicht ist es heute anders , oder sie wollten damit etwas bestimm@@ tes erreichen -- aber in vielen kranken@@ häusern des landes konnte man , laut einem buch von j@@ essi@@ ca ben@@ jam@@ in , noch bis vor kurzem über den kinder@@ be@@ tten kleiner jungen lesen : " ich bin ein junge . " und der hin@@ weis über den be@@ tten kleiner mädchen lau@@ tete : " es ist ein mädchen . " genau . +nochmal , dieses ganze subje@@ k@@ t-@@ obje@@ k@@ t-@@ ding ist für den humor schon relevant . +und ich habe irgendwie , als ich angefangen habe zu durch@@ leu@@ chten , was es eigentlich ist , was ich da mache -- ich hab mal ein buch von le@@ wi@@ s hy@@ de gelesen . es heißt " tri@@ ck@@ ster makes this world " , +gäbe es bei den olymp@@ ischen spielen die diszi@@ pli@@ n des mar@@ ty@@ ri@@ ums , hätte meine großmutter frei@@ wi@@ llig verloren . +darauf a@@ chte ich am meisten , fast mehr als auf wider@@ sprü@@ che . +und die mutter ist schon im hohen alter . +ich aber liebe es , alle möglichkeiten zu erforschen , in der hoffnung , dass man auf der@@ selben well@@ en@@ län@@ ge wie sein publikum ist . +wir sind au@@ g in au@@ g mit ein paar ernsthaf@@ ten katastrop@@ hen , die wir aber genau so ver@@ leu@@ g@@ nen , wie wir den terror@@ ismus ver@@ leu@@ g@@ neten , und das geschehen vom 1@@ 1. september . +199@@ 5 fanden wir drei . jetzt sind wir bei ungefähr 80 – wir finden zwei bis drei pro monat . +es war kein richti@@ ger forschungs@@ beri@@ cht , eher eine ti@@ ra@@ de . +nummer sieben : unfall mit dem teil@@ chen@@ beschle@@ un@@ iger . +wir vermu@@ ten , dass ma@@ is seinen urspr@@ ung in mexiko hat . +wir müssen lernen , wie wir die o@@ zon@@ schicht der erde repar@@ ieren und wieder@@ auf@@ füllen . +wir haben alle gelernt , was für eine p@@ ani@@ k auf@@ treten kann , wenn eine alte krankheit wieder auf@@ kommt , wie mil@@ z@@ brand . +aber in galaxien geht ' s rab@@ i@@ at zu und dinge werden aus ihrem orbit gesch@@ leu@@ der@@ t . +was mir aber noch mehr sorgen berei@@ tet , sind die astero@@ i@@ den zwischen mars und ju@@ pit@@ er . +als die mission vorbei war , lan@@ deten sie auf dem ding . +bas@@ h@@ o war ein geni@@ aler mensch . +und diese zwei be@@ kriegen sich beinahe and@@ au@@ ern@@ d . +nun gut , sprechen wir über eine andere perspektive der wichti@@ gkeit der ozean@@ e . +mod@@ elli@@ erung : auf der rechten seite ist ein komplex@@ es rechen@@ modell . +wir sind bereits verk@@ ab@@ elt , als wären wir in einem glas@@ fas@@ er@@ kor@@ se@@ tt , wenn sie so wollen . +das wird alles viel gewal@@ tiger sein , als ein einzel@@ nes schiff zu haben , an einem ort , um dann zu einem anderen ort zu fahren . +wir pun@@ mp@@ en die flüs@@ sigkeit durch eines dieser systeme und wir drücken den kno@@ pf , und die gen@@ eigenschaften werden analy@@ siert . +so können wir eine ganz neue tele@@ präsen@@ z erzeugen für die welt , den gesamten ozean um@@ fas@@ send . +ich denke , dass die architektur eigentlich darauf gründet . +und doch ist es diese energie und diese kraft der architektur die einen ganzen gesellschaft@@ lichen und politischen raum ge@@ trieben hat , den diese gebäu@@ den bes@@ e@@ tzen . +es ist wie das alte las v@@ eg@@ as früher mal war . +all unsere handeln hängt vom rech@@ nen ab . +und ich glaube dass dieses zusammen@@ spiel mit der geschichte , der geschichte mit der sich oft schwierig aus@@ einander@@ zu@@ setzen ist , um eine position zu schaffen , die jen@@ seits unserer normalen erwar@@ tungen liegt , und um eine kre@@ ative kri@@ tik herzustellen . +ich wieder@@ hole ; das un@@ erwar@@ tete , das auch das ro@@ he ist . +und es ist nicht nur unser ge@@ däch@@ tnis , sondern jene , die sich an uns erinnern . das bedeutet , dass die architektur nicht st@@ um@@ m ist . +es geht darum mit minim@@ alen mitteln etwas zu schaffen , das nicht wieder@@ ho@@ hlt werden kann ; und in keiner anderen sphäre simu@@ liert werden kann . +ein kom@@ promis@@ s , wenn er künstler@@ isch ist , wenn er mit ihren strategi@@ en zu@@ recht@@ kommt -- und da ist mein erster auf@@ ris@@ s und das lin@@ ke ren@@ der@@ ing -- ist nicht so weit entfernt . +nachhal@@ tige energie ist das größte problem , das wir dieses jahrhundert lösen müssen , unabhängig von umwelt@@ problemen . +das war br@@ un@@ o bow@@ den , der heute auch hier ist . wel@@ tre@@ kor@@ d . em : herz@@ lichen glück@@ wunsch . +am ende dieses jahres wird man in der lage sein , von l@@ .@@ a. nach new york zu fahren , nur mit hilfe des super@@ char@@ ger@@ -@@ netz@@ wer@@ ks , das fünf@@ mal so schnell auf@@ l@@ äd@@ t wie alle anderen möglichkeiten . +was machen sie ? +sie bauen eine neue art von strom@@ versor@@ g@@ ungs@@ unternehmen . +wird die menschheit eine raum@@ fahr@@ tz@@ i@@ vili@@ sation werden ? +es ist ähnlich wie bei einem je@@ t . +diese projekte sind so – pa@@ yp@@ al , solar@@ city , tes@@ la , spac@@ e@@ x , sie sind so spek@@ ta@@ kul@@ ä@@ r anders , das sind so ehr@@ gei@@ zi@@ ge projekte , ge@@ messen mit anderen . +el@@ on mus@@ k , ich wün@@ schte , wir hätten den ganzen tag , vielen dank , dass sie zu ted gekommen sind . +als junge war ich ein hir@@ te , wa@@ chte über unser vie@@ h – zie@@ gen , schaf@@ e und rin@@ der . +weil krieg herr@@ schte waren groß@@ k@@ ali@@ bri@@ ge gewe@@ hre über das ganze land verteilt . +und in dem ma@@ ße wie die menschen verantwortung für den wild@@ bestand über@@ nahmen , wuchs die zahl der wild@@ tiere wieder an . und das ist eine grundlage für den natur@@ schutz in nam@@ i@@ bia geworden . +die anderen partner , die wir haben , sind wirtschafts@@ verb@@ ände und gemeinschaften . +im jahr 2008 haben conser@@ van@@ cies 5@@ ,@@ 7 millionen dollar gener@@ iert . +das ermöglicht uns die meer@@ esti@@ ere zu wür@@ digen , von denen wir uns glücklich schätzen können sie ver@@ ze@@ hren zu dürfen . +und , nach wie vielen fla@@ schen sagen sie mir , dass ich ein problem habe ? +deshalb denke ich , dass wir ein komplett fal@@ sches ess@@ verhalten haben . +sie nahmen mehr kal@@ orien im verl@@ auf einer viel@@ fäl@@ tigen ma@@ hl@@ zeit zu sich . +ich erinnere mich sehr gut an die ma@@ hl@@ zeiten meiner kindheit . +danke . +die ir@@ onie und tra@@ gi@@ k unserer zeit ist , ein großer teil der gesellschaft denkt , die wissenschaft würde darüber noch strei@@ ten . +so wie auch viele projekte innerhalb der künstler@@ ischen gemeinschaft bleiben , und ich fühle eine verantwortung , durch zusammen@@ kün@@ fte wie ted und unser verhältnis zu obama und dem weißen haus , dem sen@@ at und sen@@ ator john ker@@ ry , um mit diesen bildern auch größ@@ t@@ möglichen einfluss auf die politik auszu@@ üben . +der g@@ let@@ scher kommt von rechts und stür@@ zt ins meer , die kamera be@@ lich@@ tet st@@ ün@@ dlich . +dann endlich fängt er sich wieder und wächst . +all diese farben sind eis , es ist bis zu drei kilometer di@@ ck , eine riesige ku@@ p@@ pel , die vom ozean kommt und in der mitte an@@ steigt . +aber wir haben ein problem der wahrnehmung , viele kap@@ ieren es einfach nicht . +die etwas hö@@ f@@ lich@@ eren sagten : » ach , wissen sie , in@@ der geben gute soft@@ war@@ e@@ program@@ mier@@ er und buch@@ hal@@ ter ab , aber das kre@@ ative zeu@@ gs können sie nicht . « +sie arbeiteten an durch und durch globalen produ@@ kten , und firmen wie microsoft , google , a@@ stra@@ zen@@ ec@@ a , general electric , phili@@ ps haben schon bestä@@ tigt , dass sie aus ihren bang@@ al@@ ore@@ - und hy@@ der@@ ab@@ ad@@ -@@ f & amp ; e-@@ zentr@@ en heraus in der lage sind , produkte und dienst@@ leistungen für die ganze welt zu produzieren . +es handelt sich nicht um ein neues produkt oder einen neuen prozess , sondern um einen neuen weg , die arbeit zu organisi@@ eren , und die bedeuten@@ d@@ ste management innovation aus indien , von der in@@ dischen off@@ shor@@ ing-@@ industrie entwickelt , nennen wir das modell der welt@@ weiten liefer@@ ung . +2010 beschlossen sie , diese zahlen nicht mehr zu veröffent@@ lichen , also musste ich einige zahlen basier@@ end auf verschiedenen quellen schätzen . +für eine u@@ hr@@ zeit , die ich für die se@@ el@@ en@@ ru@@ hig@@ ste und un@@ spek@@ ta@@ kul@@ är@@ ste stunde des tages halte , sind die res@@ on@@ an@@ zen auf vier uhr morgens in der presse doch ziemlich nega@@ tiv – und das über verschiedene medien hinweg von einer viel@@ zahl großer namen . +genau 100 jahre nach dem to@@ de@@ stag von al@@ fre@@ d no@@ bel selbst . +und dann – drei ab@@ sätze später bekommen wir diese kleine schönheit : " wir gingen zurück ins bla@@ ir house , um uns die rede ein letztes mal anzu@@ sehen . +lassen sie mich zuerst auf einige gän@@ gi@@ ge ir@@ r@@ tü@@ mer ein@@ gehen . +und wenn sich diese zell@@ ul@@ äre raum@@ station innerhalb des elektr@@ ischen fel@@ ds befindet , wirkt es auf die hoch@@ auf@@ gel@@ a@@ denen prot@@ eine ein und richtet sie in einer linie aus . +die zu erwar@@ ten@@ de 5@@ -@@ jahr@@ es@@ -@@ über@@ lebens@@ rate liegt bei unter 5 prozent . +und ein jahr nach der behandlung kam sein tumor mit gewalt zurück . +ich bin der glück@@ lich@@ ste mensch der welt . +und ich bin fest davon überzeugt , dass in den nächsten 10 jahren die tumor@@ therap@@ ie@@ felder den är@@ zten und patienten als wa@@ ffe dienen für die schwer behand@@ el@@ baren soli@@ den tu@@ more . +und wie sie sehen können , haben sie eine art künst@@ lichen auff@@ an@@ gr@@ aum geschaffen . +es ist 400 jahre alt . +wir hatten gan@@ z@@ sei@@ tige an@@ non@@ cen , vor etwa 30 , 25 jahre , als dieser kan@@ al kam . +und es ist eine art gewä@@ sser für alle jahr@@ es@@ zeiten . +und diese dritte wasser@@ art hat man [ un@@ klar ] genannt . +auf drei seiten gibt es diese stu@@ fen , auf der vi@@ erten seite ist ein vier@@ gesch@@ o@@ ssi@@ ges gebäude wo sie solche ted konfer@@ en@@ zen je@@ derzeit organisi@@ eren könnten . +diese bau@@ werke und konzep@@ te sind inspiri@@ er@@ end . +es spielt keine rolle , ob es im d@@ sch@@ un@@ gel von sing@@ a@@ pu@@ r ist oder in der tun@@ dr@@ a nord@@ fin@@ n@@ lands . +die investi@@ tionen flie@@ ßen in tele@@ kommunikation , ein@@ kauf@@ s@@ zentr@@ en . +südafri@@ ka spielt eine rolle . +wie bewegen wir uns von armut und korruption zu wohl@@ stand mit weniger korruption ? +und 19@@ 80 passierte etwas . +investieren sie . +aber ich denke , dass ein viel größ@@ eres problem damit darin liegt , dass diese logi@@ k -- dass wir ipo@@ ds und nicht bom@@ ben ab@@ werfen sollten -- ich meine , es würde einen toll@@ en titel ab@@ geben für thomas frie@@ d@@ man@@ s neues buch . +anstatt zu versuchen , diese komment@@ are zu bes@@ ei@@ tigen , sind sie statt dessen an dieser blog@@ ger her@@ ange@@ treten . +nicht wahr ? so dass sie online gehen können und ideen dazu bei@@ steuern können , wie die region im jahr 20@@ 20 aussehen könnte . +und was sollen wir dagegen tun ? +er@@ kl@@ ä@@ r mir , was los ist ! +nein , der junge sagte zu mir - der junge sagte zu mir : " das würde mich ver@@ ni@@ chten . " +sie nan@@ nten mich als kind anth@@ ony . +wir hatten eine ganze reihe un@@ pas@@ sen@@ der namen für sie . +wie sollen sich männer in der welt verhalten , die ich mir für sie vor@@ stelle ? +soft power ist ein konzept , das von einem harv@@ ar@@ d-@@ ak@@ ade@@ mi@@ ker , jo@@ se@@ ph n@@ ye , der mein freund ist , entwickelt wurde . +aber mit@@ unter stand es einfach nur so da . +bauern haben normalerweise den hal@@ ben tag kno@@ chen@@ har@@ ter arbeit damit verbracht herauszu@@ kriegen ob die or@@ t@@ schaften offen waren , der markt statt@@ fand , die produkte , die sie ge@@ ern@@ tet haben verkauft werden konnten und welchen preis sie kriegen würden . +sie mussten veran@@ stal@@ tungen um 8 : 30 ein@@ stellen . +und bis zum heutigen tage bleibt es die einzige j@@ ü@@ dische di@@ as@@ por@@ a in der geschichte des j@@ ü@@ dischen vol@@ kes , die niemals einem vor@@ fall von anti@@ se@@ mi@@ tis@@ mus aus@@ gesetzt war . +es ist die idee eines ewi@@ gen landes , das sich aus einer alten zivilisation heraus entwickelte , durch eine gemeinsame geschichte verein@@ t ist , aber vor allem durch pl@@ ur@@ ali@@ stische demokratie auf@@ recht erhalten wird . +ein tra@@ ch@@ om ist eine augen@@ infe@@ ktion , die durch dre@@ ck im auge verursacht wir@@ d. kann zu dau@@ er@@ haf@@ ter blin@@ d@@ heit führen . +während dieser zeit habe ich noch etwas gelernt . letztes jahr besch@@ rieb google mich als eines den kl@@ ü@@ gsten , jungen tal@@ ente der welt . letztes jahr besch@@ rieb google mich als eines den kl@@ ü@@ gsten , jungen tal@@ ente der welt . +wahrscheinlich spielt das in 50 jahren , wenn es stre@@ p@@ to@@ ko@@ k@@ ken und ähn@@ liches zeug in hü@@ lle und fü@@ lle geben wird , so@@ wieso keine rolle mehr , weil es uns dann nicht mehr gibt . falls aber doch - brauchen wir etwas gegen diese bakterien . +auf@@ trag ausge@@ führt ! +dem hon@@ ig ist keine sü@@ ße inn@@ e . +es ist wichtig , dass wir babies lieb haben , und uns nicht von - sagen wir mal - dre@@ ck@@ igen wind@@ eln ab@@ schre@@ cken lassen . +er mo@@ chte es , seine studi@@ erenden eine üb@@ ung machen zu lassen . sie sollten ein stück papier nehmen und die person neben ihnen zeichnen , ihren nachbarn , sehr schnell , so schnell wie sie konnten . +wo sie vielleicht die sicherheit haben , zu spielen . +danke . also gut . +wir haben also diese finger@@ spr@@ en@@ ger , andere haben dinosaurier . +ja , das dachte ich mir . wir kennen das alle , nicht wahr ? +großartig . cool . es ging mir wirklich um die menge . +es war ein ziemlich erfolgrei@@ cher abend . +kon@@ struk@@ tions@@ spiel – es ist offensichtlich etwas spiel@@ er@@ isches , aber auch eine sehr gute art , zu lernen . +und natürlich , wenn man dann einen durchschnitt@@ lichen arbeits@@ ort hat , sind post-@@ it z@@ et@@ tel vielleicht das beste bau@@ material , das wir noch haben . das ist ziemlich ö@@ de . +wir haben diese erfahrungen im leben gemacht . und sie liefern uns eine sehr gute intuition der@@ über , ob eine hand@@ lung funktionieren wird . +kurz gesagt , wir be@@ w@@ un@@ dern ihre berei@@ t@@ schaft zu spielen . +vielleicht müssen wir im kon@@ ver@@ gen@@ ten mo@@ du@@ s ernsth@@ after sein . +um erfolg zu erreichen , wurde ich ziemlich gut darin , neue ideen zu finden . +also nahmen sie ihr geld und ihre projekte mit zu anderen , deren service besser war . +um genau zu sein , wollte ich ein po@@ p@@ star sein . +ich hatte in@@ zwischen gelernt , noten zu lesen , b@@ zw@@ . war dabei , es langsam zu lernen . +dies ist cher@@ y@@ l ang aus sing@@ a@@ pu@@ r . +ich hab genau wie sie re@@ agi@@ ert . +" meine schwester und ich haben immer zusammen in ch@@ ör@@ en ges@@ ungen . +sie können sich vorstellen , dass bei 2000 syn@@ chron@@ isi@@ erten you@@ tu@@ be@@ -@@ videos die wieder@@ gab@@ e@@ zeit einfach gr@@ ä@@ ss@@ lich ist . +das hier ist nis@@ s@@ ans my@@ lea@@ f , bei dem ihr fahr@@ verhalten ver@@ glichen wird mit dem fahr@@ verhalten anderer menschen , so dass sie miteinander konkur@@ ri@@ eren können , wer am sp@@ ri@@ t@@ spar@@ end@@ sten fährt . +sie wollen , dass wir noch besser hinein@@ passen . +und das ist eine idee , die , wie ich finde , paul richard bu@@ chan@@ an sehr nett in einem aktu@@ ellen es@@ say ausge@@ drückt hat , in dem er sagt : " produkte sind leben@@ dige argu@@ mente dafür , wie wir unser leben leben sollten . " +arbeiter werden so gut oder schlecht behandelt , wie die arbeiter behandelt wurden , die diesen stuhl gebaut haben . " +tatsächlich ist es im grunde dieselbe methode , wie im 14@@ . jahrhundert . +und diese art von reaktion gefällt mir . +was haben wir also gelernt ? +ein schneller schlag wie dieser hier . wenn wir das etwas ver@@ lang@@ samen , das ist der fan@@ g@@ schreck@@ en@@ krebs - die gleiche spezies - aufgenommen bei 1@@ 000 einzel@@ bildern pro sekunde , ab@@ gespielt bei 15 einzel@@ bildern pro sekunde . +ich hoffe , es sind keine sch@@ ne@@ cken@@ aktivi@@ sten an@@ wes@@ end . +es sieht aus wie ein sat@@ tel , den man einem pfer@@ d auf@@ zä@@ um@@ t . +bei biolog@@ ischen systemen ist es wichtig , nicht zu all@@ zu viel über@@ flüs@@ si@@ ges material zu ver@@ bauen . +die erste spitze ist offensichtlich das bein , das auf die wä@@ ge@@ zelle trifft . +und diese tiere können sehr wahrscheinlich ge@@ brauch machen , nicht nur von der kraft und energie , die in dieser speziellen spr@@ ung@@ fe@@ der gesp@@ ei@@ ch@@ ert ist , sondern auch von den extre@@ men eigenschaften der strö@@ m@@ ungs@@ mechan@@ ik . sie könnten tatsächlich die strö@@ m@@ ungs@@ mechan@@ ik als zweite kraft ge@@ brauchen , um die sch@@ ne@@ cke aufzu@@ brechen . +die biolog@@ in sh@@ ei@@ la pat@@ ek spricht über ihre arbeit , die ver@@ mess@@ ung der nahrungs@@ aufnahme des fan@@ g@@ schreck@@ en@@ kre@@ b@@ ses , eine der schnell@@ sten bewegungen des ti@@ errei@@ chs , mi@@ th@@ ilfe von film@@ aufnahmen bei 20@@ .000 einzel@@ bildern pro sekunde . +es stellt sich heraus , dass etwas mehr als 9@@ 4 prozent des lebens auf der erde a@@ qua@@ tisch ist . +nun , gehen sie in die wirkliche atmosphäre dieses planeten . +ich dre@@ he den schu@@ b und versuche , langsam r@@ unter@@ zu@@ gehen . +ich komme wieder hoch , aber nicht für die luft . +wenn uns also jemand kop@@ ieren will , kommt und macht mit , los . +es gibt probleme mit ab@@ wasser@@ über@@ fluss und ver@@ un@@ rein@@ ig@@ ungen , aber das betrifft wohl jede stadt ziemlich genau so , und das geht uns alle an . +was diese schn@@ ü@@ re sind , fragen sie ? +und die antwort ist , noch nicht ; sie arbeiten . +wir mussten den gest@@ ank los werden ! +schließlich krei@@ erte s@@ now eine land@@ karte des aus@@ bru@@ chs . +innerhalb einer generation hal@@ bieren wir also unsere kultur@@ elle viel@@ fäl@@ tigkeit . +zwei monate später ging ich nach ti@@ bet und begann , die menschen dort zu be@@ fragen und zu fotografi@@ eren . das ist es , was ich tue . +das ist ein weiter@@ er stam@@ mes@@ führer . +das war eine tolle erfahrung für ihn . er blieb die ganze nacht wa@@ ch und tan@@ zte und tro@@ mm@@ elte mit ihnen . +erst letztes jahr haben wir das mit einer gruppe jugend@@ licher gemacht und das hat am besten funktioniert . +mit dem ersten bild werde ich über den beginn des universums sprechen und darüber , was ich die ko@@ sm@@ ische tat@@ or@@ t@@ untersuchung nenne , also die betra@@ chtung der über@@ blei@@ b@@ sel des schöpf@@ ungspro@@ z@@ esses , um daraus abzu@@ leiten , wie er sich ab@@ gespielt hat , und den an@@ schließ@@ enden versuch , es zu verstehen . +und dann werde ich ihnen zeigen , dass es tatsächlich viel kompli@@ zier@@ ter ist . +und es gibt einen teil des universums , den wir nicht sehen können , denn er ist so dicht und hei@@ ß , dass ihn das licht nicht verlassen kann . +sie richten ein teles@@ ko@@ p in den himmel , machen ein bild , finden heraus , was sterne sind und lö@@ schen diese , betrachten die galaxien , schätzen ein , wie weit entfernt sie sind , und marki@@ eren sie . +jetzt geht es um ein ernsthaf@@ tes spiel . +wir zo@@ omen also hinein . +die frage ist : wie schwierig wäre es , so etwas zusammenzu@@ setzen ? +das zieht dann noch mehr materie an und so weiter . +auf der seri@@ ous@@ -@@ pla@@ y-@@ konferenz 2008 zeigt george smo@@ ot über@@ wäl@@ ti@@ gende neue bilder aus der tiefe des alls und bringt uns dazu , darüber nachzudenken , wie der ko@@ smo@@ s – mit seinen gigan@@ tischen ne@@ tzen aus dunkl@@ er materie und geheim@@ nis@@ vollen le@@ er@@ r@@ äumen – sich dorthin entwickelt hat . +man hat stress , man medi@@ tiert ein bisschen . +wir brauchen eine üb@@ ung . ra@@ hmen@@ bedingungen , um zu lernen , wie man acht@@ samer wird . +er tut wirklich we@@ h . wir ver@@ stärken es nur noch , oder ? +der neuro@@ lo@@ ge schaute sich meine kri@@ tz@@ eli@@ ge linie an und sagte , " warum versuchen sie nicht , ihre ein@@ schrän@@ kung zu akzeptieren ? " +was könnte ich z@@ . b. nur mit einem dollar anfangen ? +das ganze passierte nicht von heute auf morgen . +also film@@ te ich . +als ich mich zu dem rau@@ ch@@ enden sch@@ or@@ n@@ stein auf@@ machte , den ich von fern er@@ spä@@ ht hatte , traf ich auf han@@ na sa@@ wor@@ ot@@ ina . +zu meinem laptop habe ich eine in@@ ni@@ gere verbindung als zu irgend@@ einem stück erde . +ich ver@@ kör@@ p@@ ere das zentr@@ ale parado@@ x@@ on . +eltern schreiben sms und e-@@ mails beim früh@@ stück und ab@@ end@@ brot , während ihre kinder sich besch@@ weren , dass sie nicht die volle aufmerksamkeit ihrer eltern bekommen . +aber was sich gerade richtig an@@ fühlt für die führ@@ ungskraft im mittleren alter , kann ein problem für einen jugend@@ lichen sein , der beziehungen von an@@ gesicht zu an@@ gesicht entwickeln muss . +das gefühl , dass niemand mir zu@@ hört , ist sehr wichtig in unserer beziehung mit technik . +und wir sind alle ver@@ w@@ und@@ bar . +was tun wir also ? wir verbinden uns immer weiter . +schaffen sie dafür raum . +sprechen wir darüber , wie wir digitale technologie , die technologie unserer träume , einsetzen können , um aus diesem leben das leben zu machen , das wir lieben . +da sagte der herr , ' du hast dein be@@ stes gegeben , das ist doch ein erfolg . ' " dies und ähn@@ liches war die grundlage für meine definition von erfolg . nämlich : se@@ el@@ en@@ frieden , aus@@ gelöst durch die genu@@ g@@ tu@@ ung zu wissen , dass man sich ange@@ str@@ en@@ gt hat , sein best@@ mög@@ liches zu leisten . +ich kan@@ nte ihn ein@@ st , aber damals war er noch ein junge . +und ein junger , ver@@ heirat@@ e@@ ter mann sollte nicht schle@@ cht@@ gel@@ a@@ unt nach hause gehen . " +oft hoffen wir zwar , dass sich alles so entwickelt , wie wir es uns wün@@ schen , aber wir tun nicht das er@@ forder@@ liche , um diese wün@@ sche wahr werden zu lassen . +und gewinnen , obwohl der geg@@ ner mehr punkte gemacht hat . +ich hatte welche , die es konnten , aber nicht taten , und welche , die es taten , aber nicht konnten . +so hat sich in den letzten 10 jahren die zahl der patienten , die ein organ benötigen , ver@@ doppelt , während die zahl fa@@ kti@@ sch vorhan@@ den@@ er transplan@@ tate kaum gest@@ ie@@ gen ist . +le@@ ber@@ zellen , nerven@@ zellen , pan@@ kre@@ as@@ zellen – die können wir selbst heute nicht zü@@ chten . +dann stellen wir es in ein o@@ fen@@ ähn@@ liches gerät und so können wir diese struktur herstellen und heraus@@ bringen . +zum guten schluss kommt dabei diese struktur heraus . +der dru@@ cker , den sie hier sehen , hat diese ni@@ er@@ en@@ struktur ge@@ dru@@ ckt , die ich ihnen vorher gezeigt habe . +ich wurde te@@ am@@ kapit@@ ä@@ n , und das war klasse . +ich nahm sie zur seite . +vor ein paar wochen habe ich eine dieser seiten besu@@ cht , die erwar@@ tungs@@ ge@@ mä@@ ß swa@@ p@@ tree heißt . und dort gab es über 5@@ 9@@ .@@ 300 gegen@@ stände , die ich sofort ein@@ tau@@ schen konnte gegen meine aus@@ gabe von " 24 " . +das ist es , was mir passiert ist , als ich bemer@@ kte , dass wir uns weg@@ bewegen von passi@@ ven konsu@@ menten hin zu schöpf@@ ern , hin zu hö@@ chst ak@@ tiven koll@@ abor@@ at@@ oren . +diese vier elemente verbinden sich und schaffen den großen wandel -- weg vom 20. jahrhundert , das vom hyper@@ kon@@ sum defin@@ iert wurde , hin zum 21. jahrhundert , das vom koll@@ abor@@ a@@ tiven kon@@ sum ge@@ kenn@@ zeichnet wird . +diese drei systeme kommen zusammen , erlauben es den menschen , ressourcen gemeinsam zu nutzen , ohne ihre lebens@@ gewohn@@ heiten aufzu@@ geben , oder ihre in e@@ hren ge@@ halten@@ e persönliche freiheit . +das be@@ feu@@ ert eine massive veränderung , in der nutzung besit@@ z@@ t@@ um über@@ tr@@ um@@ pft -- oder wie kev@@ in kel@@ ly , der re@@ da@@ k@@ te@@ ur des maga@@ z@@ ins wired , es aus@@ drückt , " wo zu@@ griff besser ist als besit@@ z . " +ich hei@@ ße jo@@ se@@ ph und bin par@@ lam@@ ent@@ s@@ mitg@@ lied in ken@@ ia . +der an@@ führer der hä@@ up@@ t@@ linge sagte : " tut uns leid , wir können euch nicht mit@@ nehmen , dann sind wir zu langsam . +ich bitte meine freunde aus amerika um hilfe , sch@@ western und ärzte zu schicken , um uns zu helfen . +ich war im natur@@ wissenschaftlichen museum , als der tor@@ na@@ do her@@ ein@@ brach und spielte gerade mit dem tor@@ na@@ do@@ -@@ muster . +co : sie haben meine nummer aus den nachrichten ? +solche systeme , die wir un@@ vorberei@@ tet er@@ stellten , könnten schon vorher vorhanden sein . +mo : daten . +in unserer hei@@ mat@@ stadt haben wir ein hal@@ bes dutz@@ end an@@ wohner gesch@@ ult , diese internet@@ gest@@ ü@@ tz@@ ten instru@@ mente anzu@@ wenden . +und ich habe juli@@ us in der letzten woche getroffen , in der ich in ki@@ ber@@ a gelebt habe . +‚ wenn man ihm einen monat schul@@ det , dann kommt der ver@@ mie@@ ter mit seinen hand@@ lan@@ gern und wir@@ ft einen raus . er wird deine sachen kon@@ fis@@ zieren . ' , sagte arm@@ strong . +das ist die vielleicht primi@@ tiv@@ ste hü@@ tte , die man in ki@@ ber@@ a finden kann , wenig mehr als eine stock@@ -@@ und@@ -@@ schl@@ am@@ m-@@ hü@@ tte neben einer mü@@ ll@@ hal@@ de . +sie befindet sich auf ziemlich ab@@ schü@@ ssi@@ gem grund . +einer ist , dass die leute die ver@@ sich@@ erung brauchen , dass sie nicht hin@@ ausge@@ worfen werden . +die zukunft dieser gemeinschaften liegt in ihren menschen und in unserer fähigkeit , mit diesen menschen zu arbeiten . +ich weiß nicht , woher juli@@ an mor@@ row das hat . +sehen sie ihn da oben ? +einer davon ist ein weiter@@ er amerikan@@ ischer erfin@@ der , ted h@@ enter . +viele web@@ seiten können wir nicht mit ja@@ ws und den anderen technologien lesen . +ich glaube , ich muss mich jetzt verab@@ schieden . +interessan@@ ter@@ weise zeigen andere neuro@@ log@@ ische erkrank@@ ungen , die völlig andere bereiche des gehirns be@@ treffen , ebenfalls b@@ ün@@ del falsch struk@@ tu@@ ri@@ erter prot@@ eine , was darauf hin@@ deu@@ tet , dass der ansatz ein allge@@ meiner sein könnte , der nicht nur für alzheimer , sondern auch für andere neuro@@ lo@@ g . erkrank@@ ungen an@@ gewand@@ t werden könnte . +ich werde ihre war@@ nungen ignor@@ ieren und eine sehr spezi@@ fische vorher@@ sage machen . +eine große blü@@ te@@ zeit also , und ich glaube immer mehr dass dieses zitat des physi@@ kers free@@ man dy@@ son k@@ ein@@ es@@ wegs über@@ trieben ist . es nennt lediglich fa@@ kten . [ " technologie ist ein geschen@@ k got@@ tes . nach dem geschen@@ k des lebens +um sie wirklich zum stere@@ ot@@ y@@ p zu machen , sagen wir , sie sind beide weiße männer . +und wenn sie be@@ für@@ chten , dass so etwas wie ein gar@@ anti@@ ertes einkommen unseren erfol@@ g@@ sk@@ urs im kei@@ m er@@ sti@@ cken wird und uns irgendwie selbst@@ gefä@@ llig werden lässt , könnte es sie interessieren , dass die soziale mobili@@ tät , eines der dinge , auf die wir in den usa wirklich stolz sind , jetzt niedri@@ ger ist als in den nor@@ deu@@ rop@@ ä@@ ischen ländern , die diese sehr groß@@ zü@@ gi@@ gen sozialen sicherheits@@ ne@@ tze haben . +die realität dieses neuen masch@@ in@@ en@@ zeital@@ ters und der wirtschaftliche wandel werden immer bekann@@ ter . +im lauf der jahre begann ich mich zunehmen@@ d un@@ wohl@@ er mit dieser auff@@ as@@ sung von gott zu fühlen . +einige haben gesch@@ l@@ uss@@ fol@@ g@@ ert , dass wir nur an einen gott glauben können , der unseren schmerz teilt . +in der zweiten st@@ rop@@ he kommt die zei@@ le " wind und wellen ge@@ hor@@ chen ihm " . +wer also ist gott , falls nicht der große stri@@ pp@@ en@@ zie@@ her oder stam@@ mes@@ be@@ wahr@@ er ? +was wenn gott in den dingen ist ? +wie könnte man einen solchen glauben aus@@ üben ? +und so möchte ich mit euch sozusagen durch meine kleine geschichte gehen darüber , was ich herausgefunden habe . +und wenn wir diese stä@@ mme von jä@@ gern und samm@@ lern untersuchen und die ne@@ ander@@ tal@@ er , die den ersten menschen sehr ähnlich waren , finden wir eine merk@@ wür@@ dige sache in dieser welt ohne technologie , und das ist eine art kur@@ ve ihres durchschnitt@@ lichen al@@ ters . +es war in einer gewissen weise , im m@@ clu@@ han ' schen sinne , ein ex@@ ter@@ ner ma@@ gen . im sinne , dass es essen ko@@ chte , das wir ander@@ n@@ falls nicht ver@@ spei@@ sen konnten . +während das etwas ist , das aus unserem geist kommt , hat es auch tiefe wurz@@ eln im ko@@ smo@@ s . +es zwei@@ gt ab von der menschlichen form . +ich glaube , das führt ni@@ r@@ gend@@ wo hin . +das ist es , was wir von technologie erhalten . ständig . darum verlassen menschen ihr dorf und gehen in die städte , weil sie immer von chan@@ cen und möglichkeiten ange@@ zogen sind . +ich war in@@ dessen in der umgebung viel@@ er lehrer aufge@@ wachsen . +die idee war also , dass man eben seine arbeit macht , um 14 : 30 kommen die schüler r@@ einge@@ strö@@ mt und man unter@@ bri@@ cht was man tut , oder man tau@@ scht oder arbeitet eben ein bisschen später . +das war nur mein ding -- ich hab gesagt wir brauchen etwas das auf die kö@@ pfe der leute fällt . +der laden war also jeden tag gefü@@ llt mit kindern . +der schlüssel ist , auch wenn du nur ein paar stunden im monat frei hast , diese zwei stunden schul@@ ter-@@ an-@@ schul@@ ter mit einem schüler , konzentri@@ erte aufmerksamkeit , die licht auf ihre arbeit stra@@ hlt , auf ihre gedanken und ihren selbst@@ -@@ ausdruck , der komplett trans@@ for@@ mier@@ end ist weil so viele der schüler das noch nie hatten . +sie arbeiten unter an@@ lei@@ tung der lehrer und alles in einem großen raum . +all die bücher werden im laden verkauft . in der nähe der plan@@ ken . +sie wollten kein pir@@ at@@ en@@ zu@@ be@@ hö@@ r verkaufen ; +das ist der laden während den nach@@ hilfe stunden . +n@@ un@@ ja . ich werde etwas nach vorne springen . +die schulen brauchen euch . die lehrer brauchen euch . +sehen sie , ich bin im kriegs@@ gesch@@ un@@ denen irak aufge@@ wachsen und ich glaube , dass es zwei seiten des krie@@ ges gibt und dass wir nur eine seite davon sehen . +damit nehmen wir ver@@ gewal@@ tig@@ ungen und todes@@ fälle als zwan@@ gs@@ läu@@ fi@@ g wahr . +es gibt die seite , die kämp@@ ft und es gibt eine seite , die die schulen und die fabri@@ ken und die kranken@@ häuser offen hält . +eine kon@@ gol@@ es@@ in , die mir erzählte , wie ihre kinder dabei zu@@ sehen mussten , wie ihr vater getötet wurde und wie sie selbst vor ihren augen ver@@ gewal@@ tigt und gesch@@ än@@ det wurde , und wie ihre kinder sahen , wir ihr ne@@ un@@ jähri@@ ges gesch@@ wi@@ ster vor ihren augen getötet wurde , wie sie es schaff@@ ten , dass es ihnen heute gut geht . +za@@ in@@ ab sal@@ bi : frauen , kriegs@@ zeiten und der traum von frieden +sie war in dieser sen@@ dung namens ' das einfache leben ' . +letzten monat war ich bei google , und wow , was für eine caf@@ e@@ teri@@ a ! +sie ist sehr wichtig in meinem leben , denn sie sagte mir , ich soll das mit verlassen und zur kun@@ sta@@ ka@@ dem@@ ie gehen . +wenn man also komplexität mit einfach@@ heit ver@@ glei@@ cht , holt diese auch irgendwie auf . +und wenn einem das jemand sagt , fühlt man sich kom@@ isch . +ich ging also zurück zum computer und kauf@@ te fünf grosse por@@ tionen po@@ m@@ mes , um sie alle ein@@ zus@@ can@@ nen . ich su@@ chte nach einer art essen@@ s@@ thema und schrieb eine software , um auto@@ matisch po@@ mm@@ es@@ -@@ bilder anzu@@ legen . +es ist ein bisschen gr@@ use@@ lig , nicht wahr ? +ich schrieb das buch , weil ich etwas über@@ s leben herausfinden wollte . +zum vi@@ erten mal hier , ich denke , ich komme für diese wei@@ sheit hierher . +die herausforderungen des umwelt@@ schutz@@ es fallen in diesel@@ ben drei kat@@ eg@@ orien und zu@@ meist denken wir an lok@@ ale umwelt@@ probleme : luft@@ verschmu@@ tzung , wasser@@ verschmu@@ tzung , gi@@ ft@@ mü@@ ll@@ la@@ ger@@ ungen . aber es gibt auch regi@@ on@@ ale umwelt@@ probleme wie sau@@ r@@ er regen vom mittleren westen bis zum nor@@ do@@ sten und von we@@ steu@@ rop@@ a bis zur arkti@@ s und vom mittleren westen aus dem miss@@ is@@ si@@ pp@@ i bis in die todes@@ zone des gol@@ fs von mexiko . +sie alle wissen dies . bei der letzten zusammen@@ fassung des i@@ p@@ c@@ c wollten die wissenschaftler auf die frage " wie sicher ist das ? " mit " 99 prozent " antworten . +wir müssen eine gemeinsame sicht@@ weise darüber haben , wie wir dies an@@ gehen können : der kampf gegen die armut in der welt und die herausforderung der verring@@ erung der emis@@ sionen in den industri@@ el@@ ändern haben alle eine einzige , sehr einfache lösung . +was wir brauchen , ist eine neue generation von helden . besonders jene von uns , die heute in den vereinigten staaten von amerika leben , aber auch der rest der welt muss verstehen , dass die geschichte uns eine wahl gegeben hat - so wie j@@ ill bol@@ te ta@@ yl@@ or heraus@@ fand , wie sie ihr leben retten konnte , während sie durch die erstaunliche erfahrung , die sie er@@ lebte , ab@@ gelen@@ kt wurde . +sie sagen das richtige und wer auch immer gewä@@ hlt wird , wird vielleicht das richtige tun , aber ich möchte ihnen sagen : als ich 199@@ 7 von k@@ yo@@ to mit einem großen glück@@ s@@ gefühl zurück@@ kam , dass wir dort einen durch@@ bruch er@@ zi@@ elt hatten und dann den sen@@ at der vereinigten staaten konfron@@ ierte , war nur einer von 100 sen@@ at@@ oren bereit , diesen ver@@ trag zu bestä@@ tigen und ihn zu ra@@ ti@@ fizieren . das , was der kan@@ di@@ d@@ at sagt , muss mit dem , was die leute sagen , über@@ ein@@ stimmen . +eine veränderung in unserem engagement . einen neuen sinn für die dr@@ ing@@ lichkeit . +diese ausstellung ist über die arbeit von desig@@ nern , die uns dabei helfen , el@@ ast@@ ischer zu sein , und auch über designer , die an dieser el@@ a@@ sti@@ zität arbeiten als chance . und letz@@ tlich sind es nicht nur die designer , sondern auch die wissenschaftler . +er über@@ legt – es ist natürlich nur ein konzept – schriften in sper@@ ma@@ to@@ zo@@ en zu sp@@ ri@@ tzen , ich weiß nicht , wie man das auf englisch sagt – sper@@ ma@@ ta@@ zo@@ i – somit werden sie – fast ein lied haben oder mit jeder e@@ ja@@ ku@@ lation ein ganzes ge@@ dicht schreiben . +in diesem speziellen fall wird ein ab@@ schnitt dem informa@@ tions@@ design gewi@@ d@@ met sein . +schn@@ elle ferti@@ gung ist eine computer@@ dat@@ ei , die direkt vom computer an die produk@@ tions@@ maschine geschickt wird . +eine andere form wird für krebs ange@@ fer@@ tigt . +viele designer haben in letz@@ ter zeit an der idee von tod und trau@@ er gearbeitet , und was wir mit den neuen technologien machen können . +wir taten dies in drei schri@@ tten . +und das selbe muster tau@@ chte in jedem konflikt auf . +was passiert denn hier ? +das gegenteil passierte . +und innerhalb der j@@ ü@@ dischen lehren , also in den rab@@ bin@@ ischen lehren , haben wir hil@@ le@@ l , der sagt , dass man anderen nichts an@@ tun sollte , was man selbst nicht ange@@ tan haben möchte . +und dann schaute gott in die zukunft und ihm wurde bewusst , dass , wenn die welt nur mit gerechtigkeit erschaffen wäre , sie nicht existieren könnte . +und dass diese einheit alles er@@ schaff@@ ene miteinander verbindet . +und er ei@@ l@@ te nach hause . nach s@@ ab@@ bat bac@@ kte er zw@@ öl@@ f la@@ i@@ be brot , die er zur sy@@ na@@ go@@ ge brachte , und rein ging , er öff@@ nete den sch@@ rein und sprach : " gott , ich weiss zwar nicht warum du dieses brot willst , aber hier hast du es . " +und er be@@ stellte die beiden in sein büro . +er bleibt für monate und o@@ ft@@ mals für jahre . und wenn das passiert , ist es eine eigene krankheit . +aber das schlimm@@ ste daran war nicht der plö@@ tz@@ liche schmerz , der 24 stunden am tag da war . +wir behandeln diese patienten zu diesem zeitpunkt in einer eher un@@ ausge@@ gor@@ enen art . +wenn sie aus dem fenster schauen , können sie long ' s peak sehen . den kennen sie vermutlich . +also , er ist etwa 1,@@ 6 kilometer im durch@@ messer , 200 meter tief . +lassen sie mich fes@@ th@@ alten , dass wir einen gigan@@ tischen ein@@ schlag wie den dinosau@@ ri@@ er-@@ kil@@ ler seit 65 millionen jahren noch nicht wieder hatten . die sind sehr selten . +okay , die gute nachricht dabei ist , dass die chan@@ cen , dass er durch dieses " key@@ hole " flie@@ gt und uns auf seiner nächsten r@@ unde trifft , eins zu einer millionen stehen , ungefähr - sehr sehr kleine chan@@ cen . also ich persönlich habe deswegen keine schla@@ flo@@ sen nä@@ chte , in denen ich mir darüber sorgen mache . +es gibt noch eine reihe anderer probleme damit . es ist sehr schwer umzu@@ setzen . +diese son@@ de kann keine chem@@ ischen ra@@ ke@@ ten verwenden . +also dachte ich , dass es gut wäre , damit zu beginnen . +und wir hatten all das auf band . +das ist so offensichtlich , sonnen@@ klar , und jemand musste diese idee doch gehabt haben . +sehen sie , ban@@ ken , ich weiß nicht , ob hier irgend@@ welche ban@@ ker sind , ich entschul@@ dige mich im voraus , aber es ist der beste job der welt . +nur ganz schnell zu den ergeb@@ nissen : +er geht hin und trifft den g@@ ou@@ ver@@ neu@@ r . der g@@ ou@@ ver@@ neu@@ r sagt , bor@@ is ni@@ kol@@ a@@ je@@ wi@@ ts@@ ch , ich sehe , sie machen einen toll@@ en job , und ihre ist die an@@ gese@@ hen@@ ste zeitung in unserem distri@@ kt , +denn wenn man über die bedeutung einiger der themen , über die wir letzte nacht gesprochen haben , nach@@ denkt -- diese letzte s@@ ession über afrika und seine hypo@@ the@@ tischen 50 milliarden doll@@ er , die für afrika bestimmt sind . +jetzt tag@@ tr@@ äumen wir um 11 : 30 mit 5@@ 5 sekunden übrig . +was passiert mit materie , wenn man sie sehr f@@ ein zer@@ stück@@ elt ? +nehmen wir einmal an sie haben , nun ja , gän@@ z@@ lich andere sinn@@ es@@ organ@@ e und der@@ gleichen . +und bei einer menge wohl@@ bekann@@ ter fälle sind sie es natürlich . +das ist ein sehr einfaches beispiel . +hier also eine sehr span@@ n@@ ende entwicklung von der viele leute noch nicht gehört haben . +es ist dieselbe theorie der schwer@@ kraft . +vermutlich meinen sie etwas über@@ natür@@ liches . +wie wahr für lincol@@ n . +danach überrasch@@ te er die nation mit seinem sie@@ g bei den präsi@@ dent@@ schafts@@ wa@@ hlen gegen drei weit@@ aus erfahr@@ en@@ ere , weit@@ aus ge@@ bil@@ de@@ tere , weit@@ aus berühm@@ tere geg@@ ner . +aber nicht einmal in seinen wil@@ de@@ sten tr@@ äumen hätte lincol@@ n sich vorstellen können , wie weit sein ansehen reichen würde . +aber es war nicht ganz so einfach . +ein sie@@ ger in tausenden wettbewer@@ ben , drei große bürger@@ rechts@@ gesetze , die gesundheits@@ ver@@ sich@@ erung für äl@@ tere , bildungs@@ unterstü@@ tz@@ ungen . +eine seiner lieblings@@ geschichten zum beispiel hatte mit dem revolution@@ shel@@ den e@@ than allen zu tun . +und ich war so auf@@ geregt , der erste , den ich außerhalb von e@@ b@@ be@@ ts field sah . +aber glücklicherweise , meine erste bei@@ chte - zu einem p@@ rie@@ ster , der baseball liebte ! +beginnen möchte ich mit einer ep@@ iso@@ de aus dieser reihe von ereig@@ nissen , die die meisten von ihnen wohl kennen , bel@@ sa@@ z@@ ars fest – denn wir sprechen vom gol@@ f@@ krieg im jahr 5@@ 3@@ 9 v@@ . ch@@ r . +und was wird der große köni@@ g , der mäch@@ tige köni@@ g , der köni@@ g der vier welt@@ gegen@@ den tun ? +es war das bis dahin größte reich der welt . +kein weiter@@ er beweis . +und er wäre genauso überrascht gewesen , dass er auf be@@ fe@@ hl von mar@@ du@@ k handelt . +sie wollen sich den k@@ y@@ ro@@ s-@@ zy@@ lin@@ der lei@@ hen . +und ich möchte ab@@ schließen mit der frage an sie , was die nächste geschichte sein wird , in der dieses objekt auf@@ tauchen wird . +erst wenn es schie@@ f läuft , beginnen wir , die bedeutung von familien für kinder zu erkennen . +die ohne behinder@@ ungen werden mit drei jahren in eine andere ein@@ richtung ver@@ legt und mit sieben wieder in eine andere . ge@@ trennt nach alter und geschle@@ cht werden sie will@@ kür@@ lich von ihren gesch@@ wi@@ stern ge@@ trennt , oft ohne die möglichkeit , sich zu verab@@ schieden . +die menschen müssen wissen , welchen schaden pfle@@ ge@@ einrichtungen kindern zu@@ fügen können und dass es bessere alterna@@ tiven gibt . +denn es ist offen@@ bar unglaublich be@@ än@@ g@@ sti@@ gend . +deswegen wollten wir , dass der 21. september das jähr@@ liche frieden@@ s@@ dat@@ um wird . +auf diesem weg einfach im moment zu bleiben , war wunder@@ voll und wirklich sehr ermu@@ ti@@ gend . +es spielte keine rolle , wenn ich den frieden@@ stag nicht erschaffen würde . +ich erinnere mich , wie ich dachte , " das ist genau der grund , warum wir tatsächlich noch här@@ ter arbeiten müssen . +es war histor@@ isch . könnte es in afghanistan funktionieren , mit un@@ ama und der who und der zi@@ vil@@ bevölkerung , et@@ c. , et@@ c. , et@@ c. ? +und das taten wir , wir rei@@ sten herum und wir sprachen mit den äl@@ testen , mit den är@@ z@@ tern , mit den kranken@@ sch@@ western , wir hielten pres@@ se@@ konfer@@ en@@ zen , wir gingen mit soldaten aus , wir setzten uns mit der is@@ a@@ f hin und mit der na@@ to , wir s@@ assen mit der regierung des vereinigten köni@@ grei@@ chs zusammen . +wir über@@ rei@@ chten den film . +das ist letz@@ lich , wor@@ um es dabei geht . " +es geht um ihre wähl@@ er@@ be@@ zir@@ ke , um ihr geschäft . +aber spielen wir mal mit . +dies wurde also für mich die zu er@@ u@@ ier@@ ende zentr@@ al@@ frage : wie viele neuronen hat das menschliche gehirn und das im vergleich zu anderen tieren ? +ver@@ glichen mit einer rat@@ te mögen wir besonders sein , aber das ist kein fair@@ er vergleich , denn wir wissen ja , dass wir keine na@@ ge@@ tiere sind . +wenn man wie ein pri@@ m@@ at fr@@ is@@ st , kann man sich bei@@ des nicht leisten . +ich glaube , so wurden wir zu menschen . +mich faszin@@ iert die idee , was passiert , wenn man biologie mit technologie mis@@ cht , und ich las einmal von der idee , biologie um@@ program@@ mieren zu können , in der zukunft , fern von krankheit und al@@ tern . +es ist ein log@@ ischer plan , aber das ist nicht immer so gewesen . +aber eines tages passierte etwas . +dieser mann , sein name war ma@@ h@@ mou@@ d , und das kind , sein name war ra@@ f@@ i , gingen . +es hat keine pri@@ or@@ ität . " +die bein@@ pro@@ these wurde hergestellt und er begann mit der wirklichen physi@@ kal@@ ischen re@@ hab@@ ili@@ tation . +es ist nicht nötig , den ganzen tag bei mir zu bleiben , um den roll@@ stuhl zu schie@@ ben . " +ich möchte nicht , dass sie in der schule von anderen schü@@ lern aufge@@ zogen werden . " +aber mit na@@ j@@ mu@@ dd@@ in kann man nicht disku@@ tieren . +jedes jahr sind es 7@@ .000 – leute , die das erste mal kommen . +dies ist mein großer wunsch . +ich möchte ihnen einige geschichten erzählen , die meine ansicht erklären . +ihre entscheidungen , ihre handlungen zählen . +was für lehren würden sie aus einer solchen erfahrung ziehen ? +und davon war ich ein teil . +also , ich war ein bisschen verän@@ g@@ sti@@ gt , denn wenn man diese drei probleme sieht , scheinen sie echt hart zu be@@ kämpfen zu sein . +und er be@@ endet sie mit " danke . " +es sagt eine menge , über ihre mit@@ studenten , die sie gewä@@ hlt haben , aus . +können sie sie sehen ? +wenn w@@ r also verstehen wollen , ob ein planet be@@ wohn@@ bar ist , ob er lebens@@ förder@@ liche bedingungen bietet , wollen wir nicht nur wissen , wieviel licht er ab@@ bekommt und wie warm er ist , sondern auch welches all@@ we@@ tter ihn um@@ gibt – diese energi@@ er@@ ei@@ che strahlung , die u@@ v@@ - und r@@ ön@@ t@@ gen@@ stra@@ hlen , die von seinem stern aus@@ gehen und ihn in hoch@@ energie@@ strahlung ba@@ den . +falsch . ich sehe sie nicht an . ich kann sie nicht sehen . +aber es gibt dort draußen eine große menge von leuten , die sagen ihnen dass sie über@@ sinn@@ liche , mag@@ ische kräfte haben , dass sie die zukunft vorhersagen , dass sie kontakt mit den toten herstellen . +sie bringt uns keine nütz@@ liche information . +" hatte er je einen elektr@@ or@@ asi@@ erer ? " nein . +nun , wie könnten wir ohne die nur leben ? +sie konnte mich nicht erreichen . jetzt sagt sie , sie will mich nicht errei@@ chen@@ . weil ich eine got@@ t@@ lose person bin . +leute , das ist keine einfache metapher , von der ich spreche , es stimmt . +das ist sehr wichtig , über@@ lebens@@ wichtig für uns . +der le@@ gend@@ äre skep@@ tiker james rand@@ i nimmt eine tö@@ dliche do@@ sis hom@@ ö@@ op@@ a@@ tischer schla@@ ft@@ ab@@ le@@ tten auf der bühne und tritt damit eine glü@@ h@@ ende 18@@ -@@ min@@ ü@@ tige ank@@ lage ir@@ ration@@ alen glau@@ ben@@ s los . er fordert die hell@@ se@@ her auf der ganzen welt heraus : beweisen sie , dass , was sie tun , echt ist , und ich gebe ihnen eine million dollar . +deshalb läuft das gesamte krankenhaus oft nur über einen gener@@ ator . +es muss etwas besser@@ es geben . " +aber so kann der benutz@@ er kontrollieren , ob es gerade strom gibt oder nicht , denn sie können die zu@@ fuhr auf der basis steuern , wieviel prozent sauerstoff sie ihrem patient geben . +aber wir wollen sicher sein , dass dies das effe@@ kti@@ v@@ ste und sicher@@ ste gerät ist , das wir kranken@@ häusern zur verfügung stellen können . +ein paar von meinen schü@@ lern ent@@ wor@@ f@@ ene lo@@ gos . +der kre@@ ative geist in afrika , die kre@@ ative tradition ist so po@@ tent wie e@@ h und je , wenn designer doch nur im inneren suchen würden . +es ist ein h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st einer anderen art , und das zu ignor@@ ieren , hilft nieman@@ dem . +ich habe keine zeit , über die vor@@ teile von pflan@@ z@@ licher ko@@ st zu sprechen , aber das ist nach@@ gewi@@ esen – und ich möchte das ganz deutlich machen – es sind nicht bestand@@ teile der pflanzen , es sind die pflanzen an sich . +die ernähr@@ ung@@ sp@@ y@@ rami@@ de wird zur hälfte von leuten erstellt , die verbindungen zur a@@ gr@@ ar@@ industrie haben . +es gab keine mar@@ gar@@ ine . +die auswirkungen davon sind bekannt und überall zu sehen . +die meisten mütter ko@@ chten wie meine : ein stück fleisch , ein schneller sal@@ at mit einem d@@ res@@ sing aus der fla@@ sche , su@@ ppe aus der do@@ se , ob@@ st@@ sal@@ at ebenfalls aus der do@@ se . +und am meisten essen wir – sie er@@ raten es sicher : +ich sage das als jemand , der eine menge cor@@ ned bee@@ f in seinem leben ge@@ gessen hat . +wir können weiterhin nach zu@@ taten suchen , die wir lieben , und stun@@ den@@ lang über unsere lieblings@@ spei@@ sen reden . +klingt vertraut ? +wenn ich eine in@@ dis@@ kre@@ te frage stellen darf : wie viele von ihnen haben tat@@ to@@ os ? +my@@ tho@@ s n@@ r@@ . 2 : or@@ p@@ he@@ us , ein f@@ einer kerl , char@@ m@@ ant in seiner nähe zu sein , part@@ y@@ lö@@ we , großarti@@ ger s@@ än@@ ger , ver@@ liert seine lieb@@ ste , be@@ zau@@ bert seinen weg in die unter@@ welt , – die einzige person , die es mit char@@ me in die unter@@ welt geschafft hat – be@@ zau@@ bert die gö@@ tter der unter@@ welt , sie lassen seine schönheit unter einer beding@@ ung frei ; er darf sie nicht ansehen , bis sie draußen sind . +manche wurden von anderen vor@@ tra@@ genden bereits erwähnt , das ist ermu@@ ti@@ gend . +5@@ 2 millionen menschen sterben jähr@@ lich aus natürlichen gründen , das ent@@ spä@@ che dann 5@@ 2 zerstör@@ ten aus@@ gaben . +wenn wir die zukünf@@ tigen generationen ein@@ berech@@ nen , die niemals existieren werden , wenn wir uns in die luft ja@@ gen , dann wird die zahl astronom@@ isch hoch . +wir wären sehr erfolgreich . +wenn sie darüber nachdenken , was es bedeutet , rech@@ nen oder lesen zu lernen , dann beschrei@@ bt man tatsächlich sinn@@ ge@@ mä@@ ss das eigene hir@@ n neu . +sie würden uns ganz verblü@@ fft an@@ star@@ ren , wenn wir zeit damit verbringen , eine schöne auf@@ führung anzu@@ hören wie die eine , die wir gerade hörten – aufgrund von menschen , die du@@ mme bewegungen machen . und sie wären wirklich ir@@ ri@@ tiert und würden nicht sehen , was mit uns los ist . +dann bewegt man sich in diesen grö@@ ss@@ eren raum des ' menschen plus ' und man könnte diesen prozess fort@@ setzen , um viel von diesem grö@@ ss@@ eren raum voller mög@@ licher das@@ ein@@ s@@ mod@@ i erfahren zu können . +ts : das sind dau@@ er@@ magne@@ ten . +ts : yeah , wir nehmen ein paar l@@ ein@@ w@@ ände . +und dann als ich das zweite machte hat es die arbeit wirklich durch@@ einander@@ gebracht -- diese star@@ ken blauen linien kra@@ chen durch die mitte -- und das schaff@@ te span@@ nung und über@@ schnei@@ dung . +es scheint , dass in dieser phase ihres lebens sie persönlich sich auch im zustand der konfron@@ tation mit einer art un@@ stim@@ mi@@ gkeit befinden -- ich nehme an , es ist eine elektro@@ magne@@ tische kraft die irgendwie par@@ kin@@ sons len@@ kt und diese kre@@ ative kraft , die zu@@ gleich der hier und jetzt an@@ wes@@ ende künstler ist und die span@@ ne ihres ganzen lebens . +ts : vielen dank , john . +also will er geld von meiner mutter , als sie raus@@ kommt , aber sie hat nicht genug . +ich wuchs auch , wo fu@@ chs und h@@ ase sich gute nacht sagen , an einer sch@@ ot@@ ter@@ str@@ asse im län@@ dlichen ar@@ kan@@ s@@ as , eine stunde vom nächsten kin@@ o entfernt . +einen davon nenne ich mi@@ ma@@ w ' s test . +ich bin under dem wasser mit diesen fischen . +eines davon sind ru@@ b@@ bel@@ bilder mei@@ ster@@ werke . +er benutz@@ te wil@@ de vögel , um kunst für ihn zu schaffen . +und so gingen wir zum gra@@ b und machten dies , es war ur@@ kom@@ isch -- die aufmerksamkeit die wir er@@ hielten . +und sie beschrei@@ bt wie das zä@@ pf@@ chen -- alles was sie sage is gefallen wegen der ver@@ bot@@ enen fru@@ cht . +er ist ein austr@@ al@@ ischer stam@@ mes@@ äl@@ te@@ ster der ab@@ origin@@ es , und er ist auch ein künstler . +und sie denken , das eine hat mit dem anderen nichts zu tun , aber ich hoffe , dass sie nach diesen 18 minuten eine gewisse verbindung sehen . +und was sich verändert hat , ist etwas , das man in der kunst nicht erwartet , nämlich mathematik . +und wenn sie nicht 400 schu@@ ppen falten wollen , können sie sich zurück@@ halten und nur ein paar dinge tun , und plat@@ ten eines schil@@ d@@ kr@@ ö@@ ten@@ pan@@ z@@ ers hinzu@@ fügen , oder ze@@ hen . +wir werden lernen , eine la@@ sche zu machen . +und ich kann diese muster heute nutzen , um orig@@ am@@ i@@ formen zu erschaffen . +ze@@ hen sind zu einem orig@@ am@@ i@@ -@@ me@@ m geworden . denn jeder macht sie . +die mussten sicherlich nicht mit orig@@ am@@ i@@ künst@@ lern reden . +das problem , das hier gelöst ist , ist , dass etwas am ziel groß und bl@@ at@@ tä@@ hn@@ lich sein muss , aber klein für die reise . +for@@ rest north : der beginn jeder koll@@ abor@@ ation fängt mit einem gespräch an . +er hat uns@@ ern name und lo@@ go ausge@@ dacht . wir sind mission mot@@ ors . +die 200@@ .@@ 00@@ 0-@@ jährige peri@@ o@@ de , in der männer die plat@@ z@@ hir@@ sche waren , nei@@ gt sich sage und schrei@@ be tatsächlich dem ende zu , und deswegen rede ich vom ende der männer . +und weil sie von diesem ergebnis faszin@@ iert waren , entschieden sie sich dazu , eine land@@ es@@ weite untersuchung durch@@ zu@@ führen . +aber so geh@@ ts heute nicht mehr . +und was noch ver@@ stör@@ ender ist , ist , was mit jün@@ g@@ eren kn@@ ab@@ en passiert . +und ich denke , der grund , warum es es in sich hat , ist , dass tausende jahre geschichte sich selbst nicht um@@ drehen ohne viel schmerzen . und deswegen rede ich darüber , dass wir alle gemeinsam dadurch gehen . +aber im laufe der 7@@ 0ern und 8@@ 0ern beschloss die regierung von sü@@ d-@@ korea eine ras@@ an@@ te industri@@ alisierung , und was sie dann tat , war , frauen in die arbeit@@ neh@@ mer@@ schaft zu drän@@ gen . +und wir verfü@@ gen über sehr viel fähigkeiten und erfahrungen , aber es ist ein trick , wie soll man sich also darauf vorberei@@ ten , durch die gl@@ ä@@ ser@@ ne de@@ cke zu kommen . +und der mann , der an jen@@ em abend den vortrag hielt , war sehr interessant . +und es ist interessant , wenn sie mal dr@@ über nachdenken , wie , wenn man über die zivili@@ sa@@ tionen nach@@ denkt , die wir als hö@@ he@@ punkte menschlicher er@@ run@@ gen@@ schaft betrachten , ob das nun china ist , g@@ rie@@ chen@@ land , die zivilisation der hin@@ du@@ s , oder die may@@ as , die ägyp@@ ter - was wir über sie wissen , dreht sich um ihre ek@@ st@@ as@@ en , und nicht um ihren all@@ tag . +ob es mathematik ist oder musik - es braucht einfach lange um an einen punkt zu ger@@ aten , an dem man etwas so verändern kann , dass es danach besser ist als vorher . +man weiß , dass das , was man zu tun hat , auch getan werden kann , auch wenn es schwer sein mag , und das zeit@@ gefühl versch@@ win@@ det , man verg@@ is@@ st sich selbst , man emp@@ findet sich als teil von etwas größ@@ er@@ em . +obwohl fernsehen manchmal , cir@@ ca sieben bis acht prozent der zeit , in den flo@@ w-@@ zustand ver@@ setzt , aber das geschieht dann , wenn man eine sen@@ dung wä@@ hlt , die man wirklich sehen möchte , und von ihr feedback bekommt . +und wenn " wo komm@@ st du her ? " bedeutet : +und die zahl der menschen unter uns , die außerhalb der alten national@@ staat@@ lichen kat@@ eg@@ orien leben , steigt der@@ maßen schnell , dass wir allein in den letzten 12 jahren auf 6@@ 4 millionen gekommen sind , und bald die ein@@ wohn@@ er@@ zahl der usa über@@ schrei@@ ten . +dennoch gibt es ein großes problem mit der bewegung , und zwar die tatsache , dass es schwer ist , sich in der luft zu orienti@@ eren . +also habe ich mich hin@@ gesetzt und fing an zu schreiben , weiter und weiter zu schreiben , obwohl ich ja eigentlich dahin gefahren bin , um von meinem schreib@@ tisch weg@@ zu@@ kommen . +danke . +und ich werde nun darüber reden , wie sich die welt@@ weite bevölkerung seitdem und bis in die zukunft hinaus verändert hat . aber ich werde keine digitalen technologien verwenden , wie ich es in meinen ersten fünf ted@@ talks getan habe . +und die erfolgrei@@ ch@@ sten der entwicklungs@@ länder , die sind fort@@ gesch@@ ri@@ tten , wissen sie . und sie wurden zu so genan@@ nten schw@@ ell@@ en@@ ländern . +werden sie sich weiter bewegen ? +[ alle ] schw@@ ell@@ en@@ länder [ der ] welt fügen sich der westlichen welt an mit guten über@@ lebens@@ quot@@ en der kinder und kleinen familien@@ grö@@ ßen . aber die ärm@@ sten milliarden haben wir immer noch . +über die nächsten 50 jahre wird die welt@@ weite bevölkerung auf 9 milliarden an@@ wachsen - und nur indem wir die lebens@@ standards der ärm@@ sten verbessern , können wir das bevölker@@ ungs@@ wachstum ein@@ dä@@ mmen . das ist die parado@@ x@@ e antwort , die h@@ ans ro@@ s@@ ling bei ted @ can@@ nes enth@@ ü@@ llt , mit der hilfe einer bun@@ ten neuen daten@@ veran@@ schau@@ lich@@ ungs@@ methode . +was bleibt , ist dieser ab@@ stand , dieser an@@ stieg der sterb@@ lich@@ keits@@ rate , je weiter man nach norden kommt . +und ich begann zu forschen und wir fanden heraus , sehr span@@ n@@ end , dass die haut sti@@ ck@@ stoff@@ mon@@ ox@@ id produziert . +wir mussten auf eines achten – denn vi@@ tam@@ in d wird durch u@@ v-@@ b@@ -@@ stra@@ hlen produziert und wir wollten unsere sache von der vi@@ tam@@ in d-@@ sache tren@@ nen . +es gibt keine veränderung bei der durch@@ blu@@ tung , bei der erweiter@@ ung der blut@@ gefä@@ ße . +und das ist noch in arbeit , aber der@@ mat@@ ologen – also , ich bin ein hau@@ tar@@ zt . +das sind große probleme . +fol@@ glich re@@ gener@@ iert sich unser körper ständig . +sie lösen sich innerhalb einiger monate auf . +und dieses r@@ ön@@ t@@ gen@@ bild zeigt das pat@@ enti@@ erte , funktion@@ ale blut@@ gefä@@ ß . +es gibt jedoch andere ho@@ hl@@ organ@@ e mit weiter@@ er komplexität . +eine weitere strategie , die wir ver@@ folgt haben , ist die verwen@@ dung von de@@ zell@@ ul@@ ar@@ isi@@ erten organ@@ en . +was die größe an@@ geht , sind wir im moment ein@@ gesch@@ rän@@ kt , aber unser eigent@@ liches ziel ist es , diese flächen mit der zeit zu vergröß@@ ern . +schließlich stop@@ pt er die durch@@ ge@@ gan@@ gene ku@@ t@@ sche . +ich we@@ tte mit ihnen , dass ich der d@@ ü@@ mm@@ ste hier in diesem raum bin , weil ich nicht durch die schule gekommen bin . ich bin in der schule gesch@@ ei@@ tert . +was wir tun ist , wir unterrichten kinder all jene sachen , die sie nicht tun sollen . schlag nicht , bei@@ ß nicht , flu@@ che nicht . +alle drei grün@@ der von net@@ scap@@ e hatten sie . +ist es das eine oder das andere ? was ist es ? +an einen kunden erinnere ich mich besonders gut , weil ich noch andere geschäf@@ te mit ihm machte . +ich lernte auch , dass man seine quellen nicht offen@@ bart , weil ich nach 4 wochen ver@@ prü@@ gel@@ t wurde , weil eins der reichen kinder entdeckte , von w@@ em ich meine com@@ ics kauf@@ te und er mo@@ chte es überhaupt nicht , dass er so viel mehr be@@ za@@ hlte . +und man konnte na@@ deln in sie hin@@ stecken . +die liefer@@ te ich an 7@@ 0-@@ jährige frauen , die bridge spiel@@ ten . +das war klasse , weil ich so verkauf@@ s@@ stellen hatte . +sie bekommen kein regel@@ mäß@@ iges einkommen , aber sie haben die möglichkeit weitere aufgaben zu finden und sie lernen , die fähigkeit des ver@@ hand@@ el@@ ns , und sie lernen ebenfalls die fähigkeit , weitere möglichkeiten zu finden . +wenn sie in ein restaurant gehen und schlecht be@@ dient werden , zeigen sie ihnen wie schle@@ chter kun@@ den@@ service aussieht . +es ist ein video von einem unternehmen , bei dem ich als ment@@ or agi@@ ere . +wir haben es sogar geschafft , die liter@@ atur@@ wissenschaften ob@@ sk@@ ur werden zu lassen . +eine er@@ schü@@ tter@@ nde vor@@ liebe für den einsatz von gewalt war zum gemein@@ platz geworden . mit einer glei@@ cher@@ maßen großen ab@@ sche@@ u für die alterna@@ tiven formen von einflus@@ s@@ nahme . +aber mit strukturen , die verbinden statt tren@@ nen , krei@@ se , die von@@ einander abhän@@ gen anstatt is@@ oli@@ erende drei@@ ecke . +die wichtigste entdeckung , die wir mit unserem fo@@ kus auf öffent@@ liches handeln machten , war , dass die schwier@@ igen entscheidungen nicht zwischen gut und bö@@ se zu fällen sind , sondern zwischen ri@@ val@@ isi@@ erenden guten . +präsident obama und sein team können es sch@@ licht nicht alleine schaffen . +okay , sehen sie ? das wars . fast fertig . da haben wir@@ s . +sie erkennen , dass diese beiden dinge ko@@ existieren müssen . +sie handeln alle in dem be@@ wu@@ ß@@ t@@ sein , die origin@@ ale version nach@@ zus@@ pi@@ el@@ en . +in den guten alten tagen , als ein republi@@ kan@@ er diese firma lei@@ tete , bauten ihre besten werke auf der vergangenheit auf . +ich glaube es gibt hier einige le@@ ktionen zu lernen , le@@ ktionen über offen@@ heit . +man konnte die musik noch kaufen , aber hören konnte man nichts , weil es st@@ um@@ m gesch@@ altet war . +auf jeden fall bitte ich sie , zusammen mit mir diese werte zu vermitteln . +dass man verur@@ teilt wird , wenn man nicht die richtige kre@@ ative sache sagt . +und es passierte noch etwas anderes : die leute , die den prozess durch@@ lie@@ fen und die sch@@ lange an@@ fas@@ sten , hatten am ende weniger än@@ gste vor anderen dingen in ihrem leben . +ungefähr zur gleichen zeit nahm er unterricht an der d.@@ school in stanford . +also , während man in seinem schla@@ fan@@ zug mit den anderen patienten herum@@ sitzt und jeder bl@@ ass und dün@@ n aussieht , und man auf seine r@@ unde gam@@ ma@@ stra@@ hlen war@@ tet , denkt man über eine menge nach . +vielen dank . +schauen wir uns nun die situation in anderen raum@@ bereichen dieses gebäu@@ des an . +als er mich traf und erkannte , dass er quanti@@ ta@@ tiv untersuchen konnte , welchen einfluss seine desig@@ n-@@ entscheidungen auf die ök@@ ologie und biologie dieses gebäu@@ des hatten , war er faszin@@ iert , da sich ihm dadurch völlig neue möglichkeiten er@@ sch@@ lossen . +wollen wir uns diese jungs mal näher anschauen . +es war zur erweiter@@ ung der menschlichen intelligenz bestimmt , so nannte man das . +in den 8@@ 0ern gibt es einige beispiele für dieses system im einsatz . +und laut dem fortun@@ e magazine 700 millionen dollar schwer ist . +irgend@@ wer bei re@@ dd@@ it dachte sich nämlich : " mann , das klingt toll . wir sollten alle dafür stimmen . " +sie gaben sogar eine e-@@ card heraus , sodass man seinem freund einen tanz@@ enden sp@@ las@@ h@@ y schicken konnte . +ich komme aus bur@@ kin@@ a fas@@ o . +fund@@ raising war keine lei@@ chte aufgabe . +für mich und meine gemeinschaft war dieses projekt ein ries@@ iger erfolg . +ich möchte es ihnen gern zeigen . +sie wissen es schon . +und wenn man hin@@ durch@@ schaut , kann man einen blick in die gedanken eines cyber@@ -@@ illu@@ si@@ oni@@ sten er@@ ha@@ schen . +stimme : ver@@ raten sie es nicht oder es geht nicht in erfü@@ ll@@ ung . +digit@@ aler mt : das ist ohne frage die echte karte . +nun ist die große frage hier offensichtlich : wie können wir china verstehen ? +die erste ist , dass der größte politische wert für chin@@ esen einheit ist , die wahr@@ ung der chines@@ ischen zivilisation . +die chin@@ esen haben einen sehr , sehr unterschiedlichen begriff von eth@@ nie als die meisten anderen länder . +er hatte keine ern@@ st@@ zunehmen@@ den ri@@ v@@ alen . +hier haben wir also drei bau@@ steine um zu versuchen das andere , das china ist , zu verstehen -- der zivili@@ sa@@ tions@@ staat , das konzept von eth@@ nie , und die art des sta@@ ates und seine beziehung zur gesellschaft . +erstens : der westen ver@@ liert ras@@ ant weltweit seinen einfluss . +das ist also , wie sich dinge entwickeln werden , denn china hat ein sehr spezi@@ fis@@ ches problem , das sich von europa und den vereinigten staaten unterschei@@ det . china hat eine hohe bevölker@@ ungs@@ zahl und keinen platz . +rot = tro@@ mm@@ eln blau = b@@ ass grün = ak@@ kor@@ de orange = leads vi@@ o@@ le@@ tt = pa@@ ds das m@@ und@@ stück besteht aus ... +seitdem sind acht jahre vergan@@ gen , und ich kann so viel sagen , dass ich nicht nach china ging , um an@@ wäl@@ tin zu werden . +[ chines@@ isch ] " große schwester w@@ ong , " was@@ h@@ burn , w@@ ong , jac@@ ke wie ho@@ se . +wie ist das mit kunst ? +alle k@@ lebten vor den fern@@ se@@ her@@ n und schauten sich die be@@ un@@ ruhi@@ genden , be@@ än@@ g@@ sti@@ genden bilder an , die vom ran@@ de des vier@@ tel@@ s stamm@@ ten . +als wir dort an@@ kamen , gingen wir einfach auf die straße , begannen , mit leuten überall zu sprechen und wir mer@@ kten , daß die dinge ein bisschen anders waren als die phr@@ as@@ en , die wir in den medien hörten . +die leute kommen um uns herum und beginnen zu fragen : " was macht ihr da ? " +ich beobach@@ tete nur . +dann , am nächsten tag , hielt ich am haupt@@ platz eine ver@@ samm@@ lung ab und ein paar frauen kamen . +wir rei@@ sten nach afrika , in den sud@@ an , nach si@@ er@@ ra le@@ one , liber@@ ia , ken@@ ia . +wissen sie , was ich liebe ist , zum beispiel , wenn sie das grö@@ s@@ ste auge dort ansehen , da sind so viele häuser drin . +über jedes projekt machen wir einen film . +aber gestern rief die stadt sie an und sagte : " se@@ ht her , wir werden das ab@@ rei@@ ßen müssen , +tatsächlich macht die tatsache , dass sie nichts verändern kann , aus der kunst einen neu@@ tr@@ alen ort für au@@ st@@ aus@@ ch und diskus@@ sionen , und ermöglicht einem dann , die welt zu verändern . +wir haben eine lange kultur des gemein@@ samen nutz@@ ens . +eine der grün@@ der@@ innen war in der schwei@@ z , sah es irgendwo in ge@@ brauch , und sagte " wow , das ist richtig toll . +in den usa und we@@ steu@@ rop@@ a sind es 8 prozent . +wie wenn lu@@ d@@ ot@@ ru@@ ck in los angeles das macht , was eine g@@ our@@ me@@ t-@@ im@@ bis@@ s@@ bu@@ de so macht , und eine tre@@ ue k@@ und@@ schaft erreicht . +es macht einen riesen@@ spaß und es findet in einem gut besu@@ chten viertel statt . +die zukunft ist , wie wir wissen , sehr un@@ vorher@@ seh@@ bar . +wir haben es bei der finanz@@ krise gesehen , wir haben es bei der f@@ ie@@ ber@@ -@@ pan@@ dem@@ ie gesehen . +wird das aber nur den super@@ reichen zugänglich sein , j@@ enen , die es sich leisten können ? bewegen wir uns auf eine neue eu@@ gen@@ ik zu ? +bis 20@@ 30 wird ein einzel@@ ner mensch zum ersten mal in der geschichte der menschheit in der lage sein , diesen planeten zu zerstören , alles zu ver@@ ni@@ chten . zum beispiel durch erfindung eines bi@@ op@@ a@@ tho@@ gens . +ich bin nicht der klassen@@ beste . +aber , was am wichtigsten war : während ich rei@@ ste , brachte ich kindern das kari@@ ki@@ eren bei , und im au@@ st@@ aus@@ ch , lernte ich spon@@ tan zu sein . +ich habe ge@@ zö@@ g@@ ert , ob ich dies in meine präsentation auf@@ nehmen soll , weil diese kari@@ kat@@ ur kurz nach dem 1@@ 1. september veröffentlicht wurde . +alles musste ries@@ ig sein . das nächste bild war noch größer . +das ist eine bibliothe@@ k , die ich für die ro@@ bin hood stif@@ tung ent@@ war@@ f . +dann sagte ich : " nets , was soll ich tun ? " +wir hatten mo@@ de@@ designer , instal@@ la@@ tion@@ sk@@ ün@@ st@@ ler , models , wir hatten mas@@ ken@@ bild@@ ner , schmu@@ ck@@ designer , alle möglichen leute , die mit mir zusammen arbeiteten , um aus meiner hoch@@ zeit eine kunst@@ instal@@ lation zu machen . +meine arbeiten wurden auch auto@@ bi@@ ogra@@ fisch . +wissen sie , ich saß zu hause und sah es mir an . +und ich zeich@@ nete es für sie . +e : hat@@ sch@@ i ! +kannst du ab@@ tan@@ zen ? +weil einer ihrer lie@@ blin@@ ge von zu hause hier ist und sie ist ziemlich ner@@ vö@@ s , ihn zu treffen . +e : qu@@ ak , qu@@ ak , qu@@ ak . +sw : du bist sehr besonders . was wür@@ dest du gerne all diesen ne@@ tten leuten sagen ? +eines bestimmten tages , spr@@ an@@ gen die cam@@ per durch ro@@ hre . sie tau@@ chten durch ro@@ hre . und ich dachte , dass das spaß machen würde . +ich begann damit tri@@ ath@@ le@@ then zu suchen da ich fand , dass lebens@@ lange schwi@@ mmer einem oft nicht das bei@@ bringen können was sie selbst die ganze zeit tun . +der kopf ist in einer linie mit dem rück@@ gr@@ at gehalten , so , dass man den strateg@@ ischen wasser@@ druck nutzt um seine beine nach oben zu stre@@ cken -- dies ist sehr wichtig , spezi@@ ell für menschen mit wenig kör@@ perfe@@ tt . +ich dachte also warum nicht mich selbst be@@ stra@@ fen ? ich werde japan@@ isch nehmen . +dies war es , was mich dazu an@@ trieb nach der perfe@@ kten lern@@ methode für sprachen zu suchen . +und ich bewe@@ gte mich eigentlich in etwa so . +ich sprach mit diesen personen weil sie alle in bu@@ en@@ os air@@ es unter@@ rich@@ teten . +das ist nur einer der vor@@ teile davon . +ich möchte heute über eine zentr@@ ale idee sprechen . +nicht sehr überrasch@@ end bewe@@ gte das einige zum gedanken , dass wir auf dem richtigen weg waren . +ge@@ off mul@@ gan : eine kleine ein@@ führung in die studi@@ o-@@ schule +und der phili@@ ster , der hin@@ unter@@ geschickt wurde , ihr mäch@@ tiger krie@@ ger , ist ein ri@@ ese . +also david , in der geschichte , soll der unter@@ le@@ gene sein , oder ? +wenn man in der geschichte anti@@ ker kriegs@@ führung zurück@@ bli@@ ckt , findet man wieder und wieder , dass schle@@ u@@ derer in den verschieden@@ sten schla@@ chten der entscheiden@@ de faktor gegen in@@ fan@@ terie waren . +und dann gibt es noch diese ganze kom@@ ische sache , wie lang es dauert , bis go@@ li@@ ath auf den an@@ blick von david re@@ agi@@ ert . +und das würde auch viel@@ es erklären , was an seinem verhalten an dem tag kom@@ isch gewesen ist . +und irgendetwas na@@ gte seitdem an mir . +wir haben millionen von genen von mikro@@ ben , die uns in unserem menschlichen mikro@@ bi@@ om be@@ decken . +diese studien haben also bele@@ gt oder darauf hin@@ ge@@ deu@@ tet , dass es aus einer vielfalt von wichtigen funk@@ tionen der mikro@@ bi@@ ellen gemeinschaft diese wol@@ ke gibt , die nicht-@@ pa@@ tho@@ gene , die in und auf uns leben . +wir sollten es vor@@ sichti@@ g und mit respe@@ kt behandeln , und wir sollten ihm nicht in die qu@@ ere kommen , sagen wir mal mit einem ka@@ is@@ er@@ schnitt oder mit antibio@@ ti@@ ka oder über@@ mäß@@ iger rein@@ lichkeit , ohne eine sehr gute be@@ grün@@ dung . +und das ist es , was wir tun . wikipedia -- sie haben gerade eine kleine demon@@ stration davon gesehen -- ist eine frei li@@ zen@@ si@@ erte enzy@@ klo@@ pä@@ die . sie wird von tausenden freiwilli@@ gen überall auf der welt in vielen , vielen sprachen ver@@ fasst . +und er ist auch erst seit janu@@ ar 2005 bei uns ange@@ stellt , wir hatten auch vorher schon wachstum . +das ist eine -- die medien haben das sehr aus@@ führ@@ lich behandelt . +wir sollten nur berichten , was an@@ gese@@ h@@ ene par@@ tei@@ en darüber gesagt haben . +dies sind die leute , die den lö@@ wen@@ anteil auf der seite machen , und sie sind in gewis@@ se@@ m sinne se@@ mi@@ -@@ profession@@ ell bei dem , was sie tun , dass wir die an@@ sprü@@ che für uns selbst gleich@@ wer@@ tig oder höher setzen als profession@@ elle qu@@ al@@ itä@@ ts@@ -@@ an@@ sprü@@ che . +jemand sagt also : " lö@@ scht es bitte . lö@@ scht es -- es ist nicht relevant . " +und ich sage immer gern , dass sie auch die einzige person ist , die tatsächlich alle regeln von wikipedia kennt , darum ... +ben sa@@ under@@ s : ja , hi , ben sa@@ under@@ s . +ich und meine kollegen art ar@@ on und lu@@ cy brown sowie einige andere haben 3@@ 7 total ver@@ liebte menschen in einen mr@@ t-@@ gehirn@@ scan@@ ner gesch@@ oben . +fast niemand kommt aus der liebe un@@ ver@@ se@@ hrt hinaus . +wir fanden aktivität in einer winzi@@ g kleinen fabrik in der nähe des hirn@@ stam@@ ms dem sogenan@@ nten vent@@ r@@ alen te@@ g@@ ment@@ um . +2@@ .000 jahre später können wir die vor@@ gän@@ ge in unserem gehirn erklären . +ich glaube zu@@ dem , dass roman@@ tische liebe eine sucht ist : eine absolut wunder@@ volle sucht , wenn es gut läuft , und eine absolut schreck@@ liche sucht , wenn es schie@@ f geht . +unser neu@@ est@@ es experiment wurde von meinem kollegen art ar@@ on entwickelt und untersucht menschen in einem gehirn@@ scan@@ ner , die von sich behaup@@ ten , nach einer lang@@ jährigen partner@@ schaft immer noch ver@@ liebt zu sein . +damit möchte ich zum ende kommen . das sind meine äl@@ teren leute . +ich bin mir selbst nicht sicher . +drei : se@@ hne in der außen@@ schicht des bo@@ gen@@ arms ma@@ xi@@ miert die gesp@@ ei@@ ch@@ erte energie . +d@@ ong wo@@ o j@@ ang : die kunst des bo@@ gen@@ mach@@ ens +und wie alle del@@ fine in unserer gruppe fotografi@@ erten wir mu@@ gs@@ y und zeich@@ neten ihre fle@@ cken auf , sowie die ker@@ ben in der rück@@ en@@ flo@@ sse , als auch die einzigarti@@ gen muster ihrer fle@@ cken im laufe der zeit . +und diese sto@@ ß@@ arti@@ gen pul@@ s@@ geräusche sowie kop@@ f-@@ an-@@ kop@@ f-@@ verhalten setzen sie in kämpfen ein . +diese unter@@ wasser@@ ta@@ stat@@ ur in or@@ land@@ o , florida , am ep@@ c@@ ot@@ -@@ center , war sogar die fort@@ schritt@@ lich@@ ste je entwickelte zwei@@ -@@ we@@ ge-@@ schnitt@@ stelle für die koll@@ abor@@ ation von menschen und del@@ fin@@ en zur interak@@ tion unter wasser . +der tau@@ cher hat das sei@@ l@@ spiel@@ zeug , und ich bin an der ta@@ stat@@ ur zur linken und habe gerade die taste für das sei@@ l bet@@ ä@@ tigt , das ist die bitte um das spiel@@ zeug vom menschen . +der del@@ f@@ in ist an der ta@@ stat@@ ur . +den@@ ise her@@ zing : könnten wir die sprache der del@@ fine sprechen ? +es hat einen ar@@ gent@@ in@@ ischen rhyth@@ mus , den man " car@@ ni@@ v@@ ali@@ to " nennt . +komment@@ ator : da ist er . +also die idee war jen@@ es gefühl des frei@@ s@@ eins zu behalten , aber dabei die richtung zu verändern und die zeit zu ver@@ län@@ gern . +weil -- ich bin recht erfahr@@ enen erfahren im leiten von systemen als pilot , aber dies ist wirklich -- man muss flüs@@ si@@ g sein , man muss fl@@ ink sein , und mann muss sich auch richtig schnell an@@ passen . +also ich versuchte noch einmal an höhe zu gewinnen . +damit , muss ich mich an etwas neues an@@ passen . +y@@ r : ich habe eine standar@@ dan@@ t@@ wort . +ich we@@ tte , diese prä@@ histor@@ ischen hö@@ hlen@@ künstler hätten nur zu gerne gew@@ us@@ st , wie man besser zeichnet . +be@@ un@@ ruhi@@ gen@@ der@@ weise herr@@ scht kein kon@@ sen@@ s darüber , was genau sie ist . +wir sehen nicht die kern@@ reak@@ tionen in ster@@ nen . +wir nehmen also nichts als das wahr , was es wirklich ist . +warum ein ehe@@ ver@@ trag und kein anderer grund für regel@@ mäß@@ iges jähr@@ liches handeln ? +es ist das grundlegende steu@@ ern@@ de prinzip der auf@@ klär@@ ung . +diese kleine folie hier zeigt ihnen einen augen@@ opti@@ ker und die kleine , blau@@ e person re@@ präsentiert ungefähr 10.000 personen und das ist das verhältnis in großbritannien . +ich habe eine globale vision als vision . +ich muss zu@@ geben , es war nicht das , was ich mir für meinen ersten tag " down under " vor@@ stellte . +das neue festi@@ val fordert die zuschau@@ er auf , eine wesent@@ liche rolle in der gestal@@ tung der performance zu spielen . +typ@@ isches beispiel : als " the su@@ l@@ tan ' s eleph@@ ant " nach london kam , nur neun monate nach dem 7 / 7 , schrieb ein lon@@ don@@ er : " zum ersten mal seit dem lon@@ don@@ er bom@@ ben@@ att@@ ent@@ at rief meine tochter mit fr@@ ö@@ h@@ lichkeit in ihrer stimme an . +[ " o@@ sc@@ ar für ' beste visu@@ elle effe@@ kte ' " ] zwei@@ ter arzt : " will@@ kommen im neuen körper , ja@@ ke . " erster arzt : " gut . " +und diese bilder sind -- sie werden sie zu beginn der sli@@ de-@@ show sehen -- es sind nur vier bilder -- aber auf ihnen ist ein kleiner bä@@ r zu sehen , der im regen@@ wald des großen b@@ ären lebt . +wenn man diese nachrichten eine weile gelesen hat , sind es nur noch nachrichten . +doch leider ziehen sich 95 prozent der arkti@@ schen g@@ let@@ scher derzeit ebenfalls zurück bis zu dem punkt , an dem das eis das fest@@ land erreicht hat und kein weiteres eis zurück ins öko@@ system zurück@@ führt . +nach einer stunde in diesen bedingungen , das ist so extrem , dass ich , wenn ich r@@ unter@@ tau@@ che , fast immer in meinen atem@@ re@@ gl@@ er er@@ brechen muss , weil mein körper mit dem stress der k@@ äl@@ te an meinem kopf nicht umgehen kann . +wenn ich auf dem ster@@ be@@ bett lie@@ ge , werde ich mich an eine geschichte mehr als an jede andere erinnern . +er sieht nur diesen großen ball@@ on im meer -- er hat keine hände -- er bei@@ ßt ein wenig zu , das boot plat@@ zt auf und schon ist es passiert . +ich zog meine flo@@ ssen an . ich konnte meinen mund kaum öffnen . +es passierte nicht nur ein paar mal . +diese geschichte bleibt tief in meinem herzen und ich bin stolz , dass ich sie mit ihnen teilen darf . +jetzt , da sie damit fertig sind , schließen sie es , denn jedes handy hat eines gemeinsam . +doch anstatt es mittel@@ s ir@@ re@@ führung zu tun , und sie in eine andere richtung zu len@@ ken@@ . konzentri@@ ere ich mich lieber auf frank , also darauf , mit dem frank in ihrem kopf zu spielen , ihrem kleinen wach@@ mann , und ihre aufmerksamkeit von ihren äuß@@ eren sin@@ nen kurz@@ zeitig auf die inneren zu len@@ ken . +haben sie eine brie@@ f@@ tasche bei sich ? joe : nein , habe ich nicht . +öffnen sie ihre hand . vielen dank . +ich wer@@ d ihn wieder in ihre hand geben . +hier unten habe ich etwas bemerkt . gehört das hier ihnen , mein herr ? +das haben sie nie . +wir dachten nicht , dass es so viele karten auf der ganzen welt geben würde . +können wir diese technologien dazu nutzen , geschickt umzu@@ schalten , wenn wir von land zu land reisen ? +und die ör@@ t@@ liche finanzi@@ erung ist nicht teil des um@@ fel@@ ds , das hard@@ war@@ e-@@ projekte unterstützt . +wir müssen etwas anderes finden , denn wir sind in eine art tro@@ tt ver@@ fallen . +dieses letzte projekt besteht auch aus bau@@ teilen . +man kann sogar pro@@ g@@ no@@ sti@@ zieren welche art von liter@@ atur sie gerne lesen , wo sie gerne ur@@ lau@@ b machen , und was sie gerne essen . +und wenn ich ' matri@@ x ' sage meine ich buchstäblich die matri@@ x aus dem film " matri@@ x " . +diese program@@ mi@@ erung gibt uns sehr starke emotionen gegenüber denen die leid verur@@ sachen . +ich denke dass wir damit beginnen , wenig@@ stens mit einer berei@@ t@@ schaft all dies zu lernen . +be@@ achten sie dass in all diesen gra@@ phen das gefä@@ lle stei@@ ler ist bei dem ' inneren der gruppe ' , ' autor@@ ität ' , ' rein@@ heit ' . +dieses tri@@ p@@ ty@@ ch@@ on also , diese drei ta@@ f@@ eln , stellen die ewi@@ ge wahrheit dar dass ordnung dazu nei@@ gt zu zer@@ brechen . +denn meiner meinung nach ist der grand c@@ any@@ on nicht das größte wunder der welt . +sie wollen ordnung , auch zu kosten derer die sich ganz unten befinden . +können sie weder für etwas noch gegen etwas sein ? +ich möchte heute darüber reden , auf welche probleme das mili@@ tä@@ r einiger west@@ licher staaten – australien , die usa , england und so weiter – bei einigen ein@@ sä@@ tzen trifft , die sie in der modernen welt durch@@ führen . +und wieder würden sie sagen : " wenn wir zu@@ griff auf nicht-@@ tö@@ dliche waffen hätten , dann könnten wir bei bekannten bedro@@ h@@ ungen mit diesen umgehen und wir wissen , wenn wir jemand anderes treffen , haben wir ihn wenig@@ stens nicht getötet . " +gener@@ ell nei@@ gen sie zu der ein@@ stellung : " warum sollten wir uns darum kümmern , was bei der polizei geschieht ? +und in den nächsten zwei jahren wurde die studie durchgeführt : 200@@ 1@@ -@@ 0@@ 2 . +es wurde wahl@@ los eingesetzt . +tatsächlich war er 15 c@@ m größer als ich , und sie war so groß . +sie sind ausge@@ bildet , verhalten@@ er im ge@@ brauch von gewalt zu sein als das mili@@ tä@@ r . +und die frage die er hat ist : " kann ich es schaffen ? ist es möglich ? " +wir haben kunst@@ studenten , die alte radi@@ at@@ or@@ teile nehmen und einen sch@@ mel@@ zo@@ fen verwenden um neues daraus herzustellen . +sie sind ein wenig revolution@@ ä@@ r indem was sie tun . +und dann mo@@ chte er die schule nicht so besonders , aber er hat sich an einem robo@@ ti@@ k@@ wett@@ kampf beteili@@ gt , und er erkannte das er talent hatte , und , viel wichtiger , war es eine richtige leidenschaft für ihn . +nun könnte das eine hun@@ de@@ kla@@ ppe sein , es könnte jemand sein der irgend@@ wohin geht wohin er nicht sollte , z.b. ein kleiner bruder in das zimmer der kleinen schwester . +das ist steve wo@@ z@@ ni@@ ak . wo lernt er den um@@ gang mit compu@@ tern ? +und dre@@ w bar@@ r@@ y@@ more , trotz all ihres wunder@@ baren char@@ mes , ist auch nicht glam@@ our@@ ö@@ s . +und das hier ist he@@ dy lam@@ ar@@ r . +das ist fi@@ li@@ pp@@ in@@ o li@@ pp@@ is portra@@ it der heili@@ gen apo@@ ll@@ on@@ ia aus dem jahr 15@@ 4@@ 3 . +man kann also ein gl@@ ori@@ fi@@ zier@@ tes bild eines autos kreieren , aber kein gl@@ ori@@ fi@@ zier@@ tes bild von verkehr . +das gefühl davon , dass das leben besser sein könnte , dass man daran teil@@ nehmen könnte – dass man ein perfe@@ k@@ ter mensch sein könnte und an dieser perfe@@ kten welt teil@@ nehmen könnte . +also , in diesem ab@@ schnitt soll es um das p@@ ure verg@@ nü@@ gen gehen , aber bei glamour dreht es sich wirklich teil@@ weise um die bedeutung . +ich w@@ ru@@ de dafür kri@@ ti@@ siert , gewalt zu ver@@ herr@@ lichen , denn sehen sie – sonnen@@ bri@@ lle und diese langen män@@ tel , und natürlich , man könnte w@@ ände hin@@ auf@@ laufen und all diese dinge machen , die in der re@@ alen welt unmöglich sind . +sie ist also sogar noch glam@@ our@@ ö@@ ser , wenn man weiß , dass sie wirklich nicht du@@ mm war , obwohl sie dachte , dass sie du@@ mm aussehen könnte . +es war eine art , mich selbst zu lok@@ alisieren . +oh , natürlich gab es momente , in denen ich meinen körper schä@@ tz@@ te , etwa so , wie ein aus@@ fä@@ lli@@ ger el@@ tern@@ teil , manchmal einen ne@@ tten moment haben kann . +ich hörte von einem kleinen mädchen , das nicht aufhören konnte , sich zu be@@ pin@@ keln , weil sich so viele erwachsene soldaten in sie hinein@@ gesch@@ oben hatten . +und das feuer , das an am dritten von sechs che@@ mo@@ -@@ tagen in mir bren@@ nt , ist das feuer , das in den wäl@@ dern der welt bren@@ nt . +es war der hon@@ ig im wasser , der es sü@@ ss machte , es war das öl , das es krank machte . +es waren all diese dinge . +offensichtlich ist es ins@@ gesam@@ t ein gewal@@ tiges vor@@ haben . +und i@@ van legt sein sandwi@@ ch dorthin , oben auf die sch@@ at@@ z@@ tru@@ he . +welches sandwi@@ ch wird er sich wohl nehmen ? +kind : nein , denn der wind sollte den är@@ ger bekommen . +jetzt hält sie den pu@@ der für zu@@ cker . +ok , also es wird un@@ will@@ entlich eine kleine kon@@ tra@@ ktion meiner hand hervor@@ geru@@ fen , nachdem der impul@@ s in mein gehirn ge@@ dr@@ ungen ist . +also , zu t@@ ms muss man noch ein paar worte sagen . +das ist eine großartige antwort . re@@ bec@@ ca sa@@ x@@ e , vielen dank . das war fantastisch . +und manchmal brauchen wir einen ... einen we@@ ck@@ ruf , nicht wahr , um uns zu zeigen , dass wir durch@@ s leben ras@@ en , statt es zu leben . dass wir schnell leben , statt gut zu leben . +aber ich glaube , wenn man sich an@@ sieht , was hinter diesen dingen steht , kommt man zu dem , was vielleicht der eigent@@ liche grund ist , der kern der frage , nämlich wie wir über zeit denken . +und dabei haben städte begonnen zu über@@ denken , wie urban@@ e strukturen an@@ gelegt sein sollten , damit die leute ermu@@ tigt werden , lang@@ samer zu werden , an ro@@ sen zu rie@@ chen und beziehungen zu@@ einander aufzubauen . +und nor@@ wegen , schwe@@ den , dä@@ ne@@ mark und fin@@ n@@ land sind unter den sechs wettbewer@@ bs@@ fähi@@ gsten nationen der welt und arbeiten stunden , bei denen der durchschnittliche amerikaner vor nei@@ d w@@ einen würde . +die meta@@ phy@@ sische dimension da@@ hinter ist , dass wir uns durch schn@@ elli@@ gkeit von den großen , wichtigen fragen ab@@ sch@@ ot@@ ten wollen . +ich höre nicht mehr den ge@@ flü@@ gel@@ ten wagen der zeit na@@ hen , zumindest nicht mehr so oft wie vorher . +wie entdecken wir das einzigarti@@ ge an einem projekt , das so einzigarti@@ g wie ein mensch ist ? +als es dann k@@ lagen über das budget gab , sagte ich , " die insel ist es wert gebaut zu werden , weil sie für ihr geld das dopp@@ elte bekommen : spiegel@@ ungen . " +ich fuhr hin , und pre@@ mier@@ minister b@@ ad@@ al sagte zu mir : wir si@@ k@@ h@@ s haben viel ge@@ li@@ tten , ihr ju@@ den auch . +und ich fühlte mich wiederum un@@ wohl bei dem gedanken , dass ein gebäude in der größe des muse@@ ums in washington – ca. 4@@ .@@ 600 m ² – auf diesem z@@ arten hü@@ gel stehen soll , und dass man in gal@@ er@@ ien geht – räume mit tür@@ en eine art vertrau@@ ter räume – um die geschichte des h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st zu erzählen . +studien über die da@@ ch@@ struktur , die vielleicht neue materialien verlangen : damit man es weiß man@@ chen kann , licht@@ durch@@ lässi@@ g , leu@@ cht@@ end , und nicht laun@@ en@@ haft . +also ich denke , dass ich mit dem beginnen werde , was ich so@@ eben gehört habe . +ich werde ihnen das also zeigen , wir werden nur einen moment lang spielen . +nun , wir sind alle ja@@ zz@@ musi@@ ker und haben dem kli@@ sche@@ e nach keine besonders gute beziehung zu gel@@ dan@@ gele@@ gen@@ heiten . +na@@ ma@@ ste . sal@@ a@@ am . +ich bin aus einem sehr d@@ ü@@ st@@ eren ort gekommen . +eigentlich komme ich aus großbritannien , aber ich le@@ be seit 26 jahren auf den mal@@ edi@@ ven . +sie kommt vom ozean hier und wird nach indien hin@@ einge@@ zogen . +die bestimmte art von li@@ b@@ ellen , über die ich sprechen möchte , ist nun diese hier . weil bei den meisten li@@ b@@ ellen , wie bei denen , die ich ihnen gerade gezeigt habe , das erwachsene tier nur für die kurze zeit von ein , zwei monaten am leben bleibt , macht es keine großen spr@@ ün@@ ge . es kann nicht all@@ zu weit mi@@ gri@@ eren . +und ich dachte nicht weiter darüber nach , bis es im darauf fol@@ genden jahr , wieder passierte . und im jahr danach auch , und im fol@@ genden jahr ebenfalls . +sie sind zu ei@@ fri@@ g . sie sind zu ei@@ fri@@ g . nein . halt . halt . +es er@@ stre@@ ckt sich über 800 kilometer . natürlich hier ist indien . +das ist die zeit da@@ zwischen , die zeit , wenn die richtung des mon@@ s@@ uns sich ändert . +die lar@@ ven müssen sich sehr schnell entwickeln . +und die li@@ b@@ ellen sind dort , wie mir meine verschiedenen konta@@ kten berichten . +und ich bin nur darüber gest@@ ol@@ per@@ t , weil ich in lange genug in mal@@ é auf den mal@@ edi@@ ven gelebt habe , damit die tatsache , dass da etwas sehr besonder@@ es vor sich geht , in mein hir@@ n ein@@ dr@@ ingen konnte . +und nicht nur sie überqu@@ eren den ozean . +das habe ich aus meinem leben gemacht . +meister klingt so al@@ ber@@ n , doch das war es ja auch . +das hier sieht aus , als ob man sei@@ tlich ru@@ t@@ scht , aber in welche richtung ? +dieser hier , ein wenig flü@@ chti@@ g , rück@@ wärts fahr@@ end , und ach@@ tet auf den hinter@@ en fuß . +und nicht alles daran ist schlecht . +das nächste . nun geht es um was tief@@ sinni@@ ger@@ es , und das ist wo ich – ich glaube ich war auf tour , als ich eine der fe@@ yn@@ man@@ -@@ bi@@ ogra@@ phi@@ en las . es war die rote oder die blau@@ e . +es sehen wohl sehr viele leute diese videos . +aber car@@ l norden hat wirklich den code ge@@ kn@@ ac@@ kt . +in den jahren vor dem zweiten welt@@ krieg kauf@@ te das us-@@ mili@@ tä@@ r also 9@@ 0.000 nor@@ den-@@ bom@@ ben@@ ziel@@ geräte für je 14@@ .000 dollar – noch einmal : in dollars von 19@@ 40 ist das eine menge geld . +wie viele wol@@ ken@@ lose himmel , glauben sie , gab es über zentr@@ al@@ europa zwischen 19@@ 40 und 19@@ 45 ? +ihr auf@@ trag war es , bo@@ den-@@ luft@@ -@@ ra@@ ke@@ ten zu finden und zerstören – erinnern sie sich an die sc@@ u@@ d-@@ ra@@ ket@@ en@@ wer@@ fer , diese bo@@ den-@@ luft@@ -@@ ra@@ ke@@ ten , die die ira@@ k@@ is auf die isra@@ eli@@ s ab@@ scho@@ ssen ? +in der ex@@ akt gleichen zeit@@ span@@ ne , in der wir diese dro@@ hnen mit ver@@ he@@ er@@ ender genau@@ igkeit benutzt haben , hat sich die anzahl der ang@@ ri@@ ffe , selbst@@ mor@@ dat@@ tent@@ ate und terror@@ an@@ schlä@@ ge gegen amerikanische strei@@ t@@ kräfte in afghanistan ver@@ zehn@@ fa@@ cht . +ich habe dabei unglaubliche orte gesehen . länder wie die mon@@ go@@ le@@ i , kam@@ bo@@ d@@ sch@@ a , neu@@ gu@@ ine@@ a , südafri@@ ka , zwei@@ mal t@@ ans@@ ania ; ich war vor einem monat hier . +aber um diese frage geht es mir nicht . +als er die vielfalt der menschen studi@@ erte , po@@ stu@@ li@@ erte er : " es scheint uns in einzelnen sub@@ spezies oder kat@@ eg@@ orien zu geben . " +wenn sie alles zusammen@@ rech@@ nen , ist es über 6 milliarden nu@@ kle@@ o@@ ti@@ de lang . +anders ausge@@ drückt : wir stam@@ men aus afrika . so steht es in unserer dna . +afrika ist der tro@@ p@@ isch@@ ste kontin@@ ent auf der erde . etwa 85 prozent liegen zwischen dem n@@ ör@@ dlichen und dem sü@@ dlichen wen@@ de@@ kreis . und es gibt nicht viele g@@ let@@ scher hier , nur auf den hohen ber@@ gen hier in ost@@ afrika . +wir wurden sozi@@ aler . das soziale netzwerk brei@@ tete sich aus . +sie basiert auf ein paar tausend menschen , von denen wir proben nahmen , auf einer hand@@ voll gruppen auf der welt . +projekte weltweit doku@@ men@@ tieren mü@@ n@@ dliche di@@ cht@@ kunst in si@@ er@@ ra le@@ one , erhalten tradition@@ elle web@@ muster in ga@@ za , fördern die sprach@@ wieder@@ bele@@ bung in ta@@ d@@ schi@@ ki@@ stan und so weiter . +nun die antwort scheint wohl , dass das universum komplexität erzeugen kann , aber mit großer schwier@@ igkeit . +zuerst ist es nur ein schlei@@ er , aber es entstehen sehr schnell verschiedene dinge in diesem schlei@@ er . +sterne werden neue gol@@ di@@ lo@@ cks be@@ din@@ ungen erzeugen die zwei neue schw@@ ellen über@@ schrei@@ ten werden . +sie brauchen auch eine große vielfalt an chem@@ ischen ele@@ menten , und sie brauchen flüs@@ sigkeit wie wasser . +während sie sich kop@@ iert , eine von milliarden spro@@ ssen , schlei@@ chen sich fehler ein . +wir sind gese@@ g@@ net mit einer sprache , ein system der kommunikation , so mäch@@ tig und so prä@@ z@@ ise , dass wir mit solcher prä@@ z@@ ision zeigen können , was wir gelernt haben , dass es im kolle@@ ktiven ge@@ däch@@ tnis ak@@ k@@ um@@ liert werden kann . +kolle@@ kti@@ ves lernen ist eine sehr , sehr mäch@@ tige kraft , und es ist nicht klar , ob wir menschen die kontrolle darüber haben . +und besch@@ ul@@ digen die ban@@ ken als die bö@@ sen , die ihnen die hypo@@ the@@ k gegeben hatten . +menschen mit niedri@@ gem einkommen geben viel mehr als ein@@ tausend dollar im lot@@ to aus . +nehmen wir mal die raus , die sagen , dass sie zu wenig sparen . +manche ökon@@ omen nennen es auch gegenwär@@ tige be@@ fan@@ genheit . +was sind die folgen in bezug auf@@ s retten von leben und auf die verfüg@@ barkeit von organ@@ en ? +es ist sehr schmer@@ z@@ haft , obwohl es nichts bedeutet . +vielleicht sollten leute mehr sparen , wenn sie mehr geld verdienen . +denken sie an leute , die zu viele risiken auf@@ nehmen und die höhe ihres risi@@ ko@@ s nicht ein@@ schätzen können , oder nicht genü@@ gend risiken ein@@ gehen , wir müssen da etwas tun . +es ist total verwir@@ r@@ end und kann nur in einem lied erklärt werden . +sie sind live ! +ich wün@@ sche ihnen eine tolle konferenz . +wenn ich bei einem film reg@@ ie führ@@ e , berei@@ ten wir uns jeden tag viel zu sehr vor . wir denken zu viel . +und ich sage : " k@@ ate , was willst du tun ? " +also , wie groß ist die un@@ end@@ lichkeit ? +wir erzählen uns selbst geschichten . +weil sie sich in wal@@ ter r@@ al@@ ei@@ gh ver@@ liebte , ver@@ ga@@ ß sie , dass sie köni@@ g@@ in war . dann ver@@ liebte sich wal@@ ter r@@ al@@ ei@@ gh in ihre zo@@ fe und sie musste sich entscheiden , ob sie köni@@ g@@ in war , die in den krieg zog , oder ob sie … +eli@@ s@@ ab@@ eth : bes@@ s ? +eli@@ s@@ ab@@ eth : dieser mann hat ein mü@@ n@@ del der köni@@ g@@ in ver@@ führt . und sie hat sich ohne köni@@ gliche erlaub@@ nis ver@@ mä@@ hlt . +aber wie fängt das alles an ? +sie rei@@ ßen das ganze wasser an sich , behalten es für sich und lassen nur wenige tro@@ pfen hin@@ ab . +sie ist endlich . harmon@@ ie ist un@@ endlich . +ich traf einen mann – der typ links . +wir mussten am fleisch arbeiten . +hier stehen wir heute . +wir müssen weniger ver@@ brauchen um mehr zu machen . +sie haben vielleicht eine meinung darüber , aber sie werden nicht besonders gut infor@@ miert sein . +arbeiten wir also mit 1,@@ 5 milliarden her@@ stell@@ ern ? +wir brauchen veränderung auch wenn wir mit einzelnen firmen arbeiten , wird uns das nicht weit bringen . +wir nutzen alles , was wir an einfluss haben , um sie an den tisch zu kriegen . +das ist mehr mit weniger und noch weniger . +ich bin neuro@@ wissenschaftler und habe physik und medizin studi@@ ert . +und ich kann ihnen sagen , dies war ein sehr entscheiden@@ der moment in meiner karriere , als mir klar wurde , dass der große ment@@ or an junge menschen und neue ideen glaub@@ te . +ich fas@@ se zusammen : bei der rat@@ te wurde ein zur lä@@ h@@ mung führ@@ ender schnitt im rück@@ en@@ mark vor@@ genommen . +es sind die ergebnisse eines jungen teams von sehr tal@@ enti@@ erten menschen : physi@@ other@@ a@@ pe@@ uten , neuro@@ bi@@ ologen , neuro@@ chirur@@ gen , verschiedene ingenie@@ ure , die zusammen das erreicht haben , was für einzelne personen unmöglich gewesen wäre . +durch eine rück@@ en@@ mark@@ s@@ verletz@@ ung wird die kommunikation zwischen gehirn und körper unter@@ bro@@ chen . dies führt zu einer lä@@ h@@ mung . direkt aus dem labor zeigt gr@@ é@@ go@@ ire cour@@ t@@ ine eine neue methode : durch die kombination von medikam@@ enten , elektron@@ ischer stimu@@ lation und einem roboter können die nerven@@ ba@@ hnen wieder aktivi@@ ert werden und der körper lernt neu , sich zu bewegen . sehen sie sich hier an , wie eine gel@@ ä@@ hm@@ te rat@@ te wieder gehen und tre@@ pp@@ en@@ steigen lernt . +ich bin ein beispiel dafür , was möglich ist , wenn mädchen vom tag ihrer geburt an von den menschen um sie herum ge@@ liebt und ge@@ förder@@ t werden . +und daran muss ich heute denken , weil ich davon überzeugt bin , dass ihr alle in dieser schule einen ganz wichtigen teil dazu bei@@ tragen könnt . +ich bekam gerne ein@@ sen . +denn die welt ist groß . +som@@ mer@@ zeit , und das leben ist leicht die fische springen , und die baum@@ wol@@ le steht schon hoch oh , dein pa@@ pa ist reich , und deine mama sieht gut aus still , mein kleines baby w@@ eine nicht ! und als ich die augen wieder öff@@ nete , sah ich , dass die frau ihre augen geschlossen hatte . +" die menschliche stimme : myster@@ i@@ ö@@ s , spon@@ tan , ursprün@@ glich . " mit diesen worten fordert uns die sop@@ r@@ ani@@ stin c@@ lar@@ on mc@@ fa@@ dden auf , mit ihr die geheim@@ nisse von at@@ mung und ges@@ ang zu untersuchen , während sie uns die an@@ spru@@ chs@@ volle " ar@@ ie " von john c@@ age vor@@ trägt . +keinen geschäfts@@ führer , keine verantwor@@ t@@ liche einzelne firma , die es erschaffen sollte . +stattdessen ist es , als sä@@ ßen wir alle zusammen in einem theater , doch wir können in dem ganzen ne@@ bel nur die leute un@@ mittel@@ bar in unserer nähe sehen . +wie war das passiert ? +das habe ich mir nicht ausge@@ dacht . +und das hat wikipedia verstanden . +aber sie können diesel@@ ben laun@@ en auch auf menschen an@@ gewand@@ t finden . +hier sieht man ein diagramm von mehr als 4@@ 3 leuten , die dem roboter , der nicht steuern konnte , hal@@ fen , auf dem weg zu bleiben , damit er die gegen@@ über@@ lie@@ gende seite des washington square par@@ ks erreichen konnte . +in der schul@@ bildung sind wir von einer kom@@ promis@@ slo@@ sen offen@@ heit noch weit entfernt . +rot bedeutet unter dem o@@ ec@@ d-@@ durch@@ schnitt , +die aus@@ gaben pro schüler sind nur zu unter 20 % für die leistungs@@ schwan@@ kungen zwischen den ländern verantwortlich . lux@@ em@@ bur@@ g etwa , das teu@@ erste system , schnei@@ det nicht besonders gut ab . +deutsch@@ land etwa , mein hei@@ mat@@ land , be@@ fand sich im jahr 2000 im unter@@ en quad@@ ran@@ ten , unter@@ durchschnittliche leistung , große soziale un@@ gleich@@ heiten . +noch seine wirtschaft . noch hat sich die zusammen@@ setzung der bevölkerung geändert . +länder mit guten p@@ is@@ a-@@ ergeb@@ nissen nehmen die unterschiede über differ@@ en@@ zierte pä@@ da@@ go@@ g@@ ische vor@@ ange@@ hen@@ s@@ weisen an . +jede schule ist erfolgreich . +reiche nationen haben arme nationen seit 60 jahren mit hilfs@@ gü@@ tern unterstützt . +da gibt es verschieden@@ ste technologien . eine davon sind hand@@ ys . +also begann ich nach beweisen für die stei@@ gerung der produk@@ tivität durch kon@@ ne@@ k@@ tivität zu suchen . +einer davon ist die fehl@@ ende kauf@@ kraft . +um es kurz zu machen – ich fing also an . als erstes ging ich zu ihnen und sagte : " wissen sie , vielleicht könnte ich ihre fi@@ li@@ alen verne@@ tzen und sie so effizi@@ enter machen . " +nun , zu dem ku@@ h-@@ modell , von dem ich sprach : +" arme nationen benötigen hilfs@@ gü@@ ter . " +in schwe@@ den las@@ en wir es einmal und dann gingen wir zur party . +in china fand 18@@ 5@@ 8 der sie@@ g der bri@@ tischen tru@@ ppen im op@@ ium krieg statt . +aber wirklich , die unabhängi@@ gkeit war gut für japan . +das ist der " große spr@@ ung nach vor@@ n " , als china ab@@ fiel . +sie sehen die große un@@ gleichheit innerhalb chin@@ as in@@ mitten des schn@@ ellen wirtschaftlichen wachst@@ ums . +ich werde das pro@@ -@@ kop@@ f-@@ einkommen auf dieser achse zeigen , arm dort unten , reich hier oben . +aber die echten proje@@ ktionen für diese , würde ich in etwa so geben . +für den größten teil meiner forsch@@ er@@ lauf@@ bahn habe ich teil@@ chen@@ beschle@@ un@@ iger verwendet -- wie zum beispiel den elektron@@ en@@ beschle@@ un@@ iger in der universität von stand@@ ford gleich die straße hin@@ auf -- um dinge der niedri@@ gsten größ@@ enor@@ dnung zu untersuchen . +tatsächlich scheint diese sowie jede andere galaxie in einer wol@@ ke der unsicht@@ baren dunkl@@ en materie ein@@ geschlossen zu sein . +wie leiten wir nun ab , wo sich die galaxie befindet ? +wir nennen das " gravi@@ ta@@ tions@@ lin@@ sen@@ effekt " . +des@@ weiteren können sie mit blo@@ ß@@ em auge erkennen -- wenn sie sich das hier anschauen -- dass die bö@@ gen sich nicht auf individu@@ elle galaxien zent@@ ri@@ eren ; +die erstaunliche antwort auf diese frage -- in@@ folge der experimente -- war , dass der raum sich heute schneller aus@@ de@@ hnt als vor ein paar milliarden jahren . +einer oder beide , wer weiß das schon ? es könnte auch etwas ganz anderes sein . +wir entdeck@@ ten blu@@ e@@ gr@@ ass vor ein paar jahren und haben uns in diese musik@@ richtung ver@@ liebt . wir hoffen , dass das bei ihnen genauso ist . +und das trauri@@ ge an dieser geschichte war , dass sobald ihre eltern davon er@@ fu@@ hren , und ver@@ ges@@ st nicht , ihre eltern brachten sie zum arzt , wurden sie von ihren eltern auf die straße gesetzt . +sie bes@@ pri@@ tzen sich damit gegensei@@ tig , was herr@@ lich und un@@ schul@@ dig ist . +wenn sie noch mehr wissen , dann wahrscheinlich , dass uganda bis heute das einzige land in sub-@@ sahar@@ a-@@ afrika ist , das im kampf gegen die epide@@ mie erfolgreich war +etwas ver@@ gleich@@ bares haben wir in afrika nicht beobachtet . +also eine möglichkeit , um zu überprü@@ fen , ob wir einige der verhaltens@@ änder@@ ung über unterschiede in der lebenser@@ war@@ tung erklären können ist , nachzu@@ schauen , ob dort wo malaria weniger verbreitet ist , mehr verhaltens@@ änder@@ ung zu beobachten ist . +das ist nicht der einzige ort , an dem wir interven@@ tionen hatten . +aber weil es sehr wenige andere tö@@ dlichen krankheiten gibt , können wir diese sterb@@ lichkeit wirklich hiv zu@@ schreiben . +und hiv ist tatsächlich besonders stark mit durch@@ gan@@ gs@@ verkehr verknü@@ pft . +die ex@@ por@@ te sind in den frühen 9@@ 0ern stark gefallen -- und das passt ziemlich genau mit der ab@@ nahme der neuen hiv infe@@ ktionen . +wenn ich etwas enth@@ ü@@ llen könnte , das uns ver@@ bor@@ gen ist , zumindest in modernen kulturen , dann wäre es etwas , das wir vergessen haben , das wir früher wussten , so wie wir unsere eigenen namen kennen . +also kam er zu mir und klo@@ pf@@ te an . +also sagte der che@@ f zu seinem ingenie@@ ur : " finden sie einen weg , um diesen zug lei@@ ser zu machen . " +diese hö@@ cker wirken auf das wasser wie ein mag@@ net . +dann fragen wir uns , warum sich die mem@@ br@@ an ver@@ stop@@ ft und warum dafür so viel strom benötigt wird . +zum beispiel in der ein@@ be@@ tt@@ ung von nan@@ op@@ arti@@ keln in ein material . +bei bi@@ om@@ i@@ mi@@ c@@ ry gu@@ il@@ d , meiner ber@@ at@@ ungs@@ gesellschaft , arbeiten wir mit dem architek@@ ten@@ büro ho@@ k architec@@ ts zusammen . +und hoffentlich werden wir mit ihrer hilfe lernen , wie wir auf dieser erde zu leben haben , hier auf dem planeten , der unsere heim@@ at ist , aber nicht nur uns gehört . +ich darauf : " warum ? " +sie ge@@ hörten den jungen . +wenn sie schlecht sind , du hast sie verursacht . lern@@ e daraus . +was sie sehen , wenn sie sich den titel namens , " p@@ m auto ange@@ halten " ansehen . +ich sagte , " beten sie ? " +ich möchte ihnen einige momente meiner entwicklung zeigen , die sie wahrscheinlich niemals auf der ganzen welt zu sehen be@@ kä@@ men . +und sehen sie , alle sind beschäftigt ; es g@@ alt keine zeit zu versch@@ wenden . +text : " hilfe ! ich war@@ te schon über 20 minuten und nichts passiert . " +lassen sie mich erklären , wie das funktioniert . +und da wir das vor drei , vier jahren heraus@@ gebracht haben , haben viele web@@ sites ge@@ wechsel@@ t von dem alten cap@@ t@@ ch@@ a bei dem leute zeit ver@@ ge@@ u@@ det haben zum neuen cap@@ t@@ ch@@ a bei dem leute helfen bücher zu digit@@ alisieren . +stellen sie sich vor , sie benutzen das internet und sehen ein cap@@ t@@ ch@@ a das sie ein wenig eigen@@ arti@@ g finden , so wie dies cap@@ t@@ ch@@ a . +ok , das ist sever@@ in ha@@ cker . +ich lasse sie das einfach lesen . +ich weiss nicht einmal , ob es 100 millionen menschen gibt , die das web benutzen , und zwei@@ sprach@@ ig genug sind , um uns über@@ setzen zu helfen . +man kann damit wirklich eine sprache er@@ lernen , +das ist das aktu@@ elle geschäfts@@ modell . +anstatt in ein auto zu investieren , investieren wir nun in die gemeinschaft . +dieses konzept der " pe@@ ers , in@@ c . " ist ein sehr schwier@@ iger und komplex@@ er bereich . +das kunst@@ stück war es also , diese beiden seiten zusammenzu@@ führen . +ich kann ihnen zwei großartige geschichten dazu erzählen . +wir leben länger . uns stehen technologien zur verfügung , die noch vor wenigen jahren sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fi@@ ction waren . +vielleicht haben diese menschen ja recht . seinen gedanken nachzu@@ hängen , ist vielleicht nicht gut . +ich habe vor@@ hin das min@@ d-@@ wander@@ ing ver@@ glichen mit einem spiel@@ auto@@ ma@@ ten , an dem man nicht spielen will . +und kurz darauf ver@@ ließen wir das land und kehr@@ ten in die schwei@@ z zurück . +ich meine , heute ist sing@@ a@@ pu@@ r eine er@@ ste@@ -@@ welt@@ -@@ nation , ghana aber nicht . +als das ech@@ o der schü@@ sse langsam aus@@ klang , wurde es bald von den rufen der menge über@@ tö@@ nt , und ich konnte nicht glauben , was ich hörte . +ich habe jetzt gelernt , dass mein platz nicht nur im westen oder in afrika ist , und ich suche noch immer nach meiner identität , aber ich habe gesehen , wie ghana demokratie besser gestal@@ tete . +also werde ich ein wenig darüber sprechen , und darüber , was genau wissenschaftler tun sollten . +deshalb sagte die kirche , dass man kein v@@ aku@@ um erzeugen kön@@ ne . +die tats@@ äch@@ liche natur der wirklichkeit war nicht von interesse . +und ich meine jeden in diesem raum – also , das war gerade mal vor 3@@ 50 jahren . +ich dachte darüber nach , meine eigenen kleinen ra@@ ke@@ ten zu bauen . +es bran@@ nte irgendwie langsam , aber es ro@@ ch gut , im vergleich zu anderen ra@@ ket@@ ent@@ rei@@ b@@ stoffen , die ich au@@ spro@@ biert hatte , die alle schwe@@ fel enth@@ i@@ elten . +aber dieser ... prozess ist es , was ich als wissenschaft betra@@ chte , wo man mit einer idee an@@ fängt , und dann , statt einfach jede autor@@ ität nachzu@@ schlagen , von der man je gehört hat , – manchmal tut man das , wenn man später einen artikel schreibt will man herausfinden , wer sonst daran gearbeitet hat . +sie entwickelten alle möglichen – und schließlich eine riesige bom@@ be , um das ganze zu be@@ enden , ja ? +aber niemand hat es wirklich aufge@@ zeigt , richtig ? +wenn die sagen würden , wisst ihr was ? +und im haupt@@ studi@@ um habe ich dann angefangen , mich für kre@@ aturen zu interessieren , die in den ver@@ bor@@ genen e@@ cken der stadt hau@@ sten . +als ich mich an diesen ort gewöhn@@ t hatte , hat er sich auch wie ein spiel@@ platz an@@ gefü@@ hlt . +das muss ein sehr ungewöhn@@ licher tag für ihn gewesen sein . +sie wurden durch@@ weg als kal@@ k@@ stein@@ brü@@ che ge@@ graben und im 18@@ . jahrhundert stellten ein@@ stür@@ ze in einigen dieser brü@@ che sicherheits@@ bedro@@ h@@ ungen dar , also hat die regierung die ver@@ stär@@ kung der schon existi@@ erenden brü@@ che ange@@ ord@@ net und man hat neue kontro@@ ll@@ gän@@ ge ge@@ graben , um das ganze beobachten und auf@@ zeichnen zu können . +und das hier ist das erste the@@ at@@ er@@ projekt , an dem ich gearbeitet habe . +und wenn sie können , zeichnen sie einfach ein muster . +und als wir ihnen eine bat@@ terie und ein stück dra@@ ht und eine glü@@ h@@ bir@@ ne gaben und sagten , " können sie das machen ? " - dann konnten sie es nicht . klar ? +zwischen australien und hier , richtig , die haben sommer und wir haben winter , und was -- r@@ ast die erde gewis@@ ser@@ maßen in der nacht der sonne ent@@ gegen , und r@@ ast dann wieder zurück ? ich meine , das ist eine kom@@ ische sache , die da ab@@ läuft , und wir haben diese beiden modelle im kopf von dem , was richtig ist und was nicht , und wir machen das , als menschen , auf allen möglichen gebieten . +kinder sind also nicht le@@ ere gefä@@ ße , ja ? +jetzt , oh , oh ja , dann weiter , weiter . +als ich also darüber nach@@ dachte , erkannte ich plötzlich , dass biologie uns die antwort liefer@@ te . +als ein chemi@@ ker wollte ich sagen : " moment . was geht hier vor ? +man hat regu@@ lation ; information wird tran@@ sk@@ ri@@ biert ; kat@@ aly@@ sat@@ oren werden geschaffen ; sachen passieren . +also gibt es zwei möglichkeiten : intelli@@ gent@@ es design , direkt und indi@@ re@@ kt - also gott oder mein freund . +ich brauche information und ich brauche einen contain@@ er . +wenn wir es schaffen , das zu tun , vergessen sie die molekul@@ aren details . +sie sitzen in s@@ es@@ seln . +denn es ist so , wir sind so ch@@ au@@ v@@ ini@@ stisch im hin@@ blick auf biologie , wenn man kohlen@@ stoff entfernt , dann gibt es andere dinge , die passieren können . +und ich grei@@ fe ken@@ ia hier als beispiel raus . +diese um@@ fragen in ihre daten@@ ban@@ ken einge@@ geben hatten , dann nutzen sie dazu hoch@@ entwickelte mathemati@@ sche form@@ eln um einen tr@@ end@@ verl@@ auf dar@@ zustellen , und so ein verl@@ auf sieht dann so aus . +also was ich ihnen damit sagen will ist , dass wir die kinder@@ sterb@@ lichkeit kennen . +hier sehen wir das jahr . +meine vorfahren gingen in die usa . +hier haben wir ein problem . +und sehen sie , jetzt kommen die ersten afrikanischen länder dazu . +also die schul@@ bildung für mädchen , wirkt sich 15 bis 20 jahre später aus , das ist ein sehr pro@@ fan@@ er , aber auch sehr star@@ ker trend . +und wenn das geschieht , dann verbessern sich natürlich die bedingungen , und sie fahren roll@@ er . +natürlich , so bald sie so etwas sagen , sagen die leute , unmöglich , und das sagte su@@ zu@@ ki . +sie bra@@ chen viele nor@@ men der standar@@ d@@ kon@@ ven@@ tionen zum ersten mal . +und nan@@ o , pen@@ g , $ 2000 . +sie müssen einen künst@@ lichen fuß für solche bedingungen entwickeln . +wir haben über mobili@@ tät gesprochen , jetzt reden wir über gesundheit . +wissen sie was ? das hat man in indien ferti@@ g@@ gebracht . +tut mir leid , das funktioniert nicht . man muss für 100 $ , 200 $ an@@ bieten . +meine damen und herren , ich möchte vor der zeit fertig sein . +als das papier bran@@ nte , dre@@ hte er sich aus irgend@@ einem grund zu mir um , und er sagte , " ma@@ shel@@ k@@ ar , so , wenn du deine energi@@ en nicht ver@@ ge@@ u@@ dest , wenn du deine energi@@ en fo@@ kus@@ si@@ erst , kannst du alles in der welt erreichen . " +ich möchte ihnen heute ein paar davon zeigen . +wir bekommen also feedback von lehr@@ ern auf der schule , um zu sehen was sie für app@@ s mögen . +da wurde mir klar , dass ich auf etwas ge@@ stoßen war , was ries@@ iges potential bar@@ g , die welt zu verändern . +der grund dafür , dass die effizi@@ enz in diesen reak@@ toren so niedri@@ g ist , hängt mit den niedri@@ gen temper@@ aturen zusammen . +der brenn@@ stoff , wie ich bereits sagte , ist ker@@ am@@ ik ver@@ klei@@ det mit zir@@ kon@@ -@@ brenn@@ stä@@ ben , und bei einem unfall in einem solchen reak@@ tor , fu@@ kus@@ hi@@ ma und three mile island – zurück@@ blick@@ end auf three mile island , das haben wir lange zeit nicht entdeckt – aber diese zir@@ kon@@ ver@@ klei@@ dungen an den brenn@@ stä@@ ben , wenn die wasser unter ho@@ h@@ em druck erkennen , dam@@ pf , in einer o@@ xi@@ di@@ erenden umgebung , dann produzieren sie wasser@@ stoff und dieser wasser@@ stoff hat die explo@@ sive fähigkeit , sp@@ alt@@ produkte frei@@ zu@@ setzen . +alle waren von curi@@ osity äußerst begeistert , und der hatte eine große plu@@ ton@@ i@@ um@@ -@@ bat@@ terie an bor@@ d , welche plu@@ ton@@ i@@ um@@ -@@ 2@@ 3@@ 8 enth@@ ält , was eine hö@@ here spezi@@ fische aktivität hat als das schwa@@ ch an@@ gerei@@ ch@@ erte ur@@ an in diesen flüs@@ sig@@ -@@ sal@@ z reak@@ toren . das heißt , dass deren auswirkungen un@@ bedeu@@ tend wären , weil man sie k@@ alt star@@ tet und man den reak@@ tor eigentlich erst im welt@@ all star@@ tet . +wir bewe@@ gten uns also von der indu@@ st@@ rie@@ wirtschaft zum individu@@ um . +mit der zeit habe ich eine standar@@ dan@@ t@@ wort par@@ at : zunächst weise ich darauf hin , dass es klar sein sollte , dass so etwas wie ein nicht-@@ authenti@@ sches erleb@@ nis nicht existiert . +das ist das schlüssel@@ wort - " schaffen " . +eine allge@@ meine regel lautet : wenn es mir nicht gefällt ist es falsch , wenn ich es so tun will , ist es eine fäl@@ sch@@ ung . +ab@@ c , in fach@@ krei@@ sen auch das t & amp ; a netz genannt - das ist nicht zu viel j@@ ar@@ g@@ on oder ? +lassen sie es mich kurz für unsere geschäfts@@ leute im publikum zusammen@@ fassen in 3 grund@@ regeln . +ich interessi@@ erte mich auch für chirur@@ gie und wollte chirur@@ g werden . denn so konnte ich auf sehr konzentri@@ erte und an@@ spru@@ chs@@ volle art und weise mit den händen arbeiten . +sie ist ungefähr so groß . +sie hat ein wenig mit der letzten zu tun , aber sie ist viel ero@@ tischer . +aber ich hatte eine menge spaß . +und unser gesam@@ ter körper , alles – die ha@@ are , haut , knochen , nä@@ gel – alles ist aus col@@ lagen gemacht . +das wunder dieser information : wie können wir diesen biolog@@ ischen mechan@@ ismus in unserem körper haben , um diese information wirklich zu sehen ? +der bil@@ der@@ macher alex@@ ander t@@ si@@ ar@@ as zeigt eine beeindruck@@ ende medizinische visu@@ al@@ is@@ ation und zeigt die menschliche entwicklung von der em@@ pf@@ än@@ g@@ nis bis zur geburt und darüber hinaus . +weil sie dachten , wenn man ein teles@@ ko@@ p hat , sei man ein astron@@ om , was man also macht , sei eigentlich , durch ein teles@@ ko@@ p zu sehen . +und es gibt eine kal@@ te atmosphäre . +dies wurde als erster beweis angesehen , dass schwarze löcher tatsächlich aus super@@ no@@ va@@ -@@ explo@@ sionen entstehen . +das hat mit der veränderung der frequ@@ enz einer sich bewe@@ genden quelle zu tun . +das ist sehr schwer . es ist sehr schwer . +es gibt verschiedene möglichkeiten , das zu tun . +und ich dachte : " okay - was ist das problem ? " +und ich bin mehr der typ : leben ist chaos , also rä@@ um es auf , organisi@@ ere es und pack es in eine ben@@ to box . +was ich ihnen dazu sagen kann : sie ist universal ; wir alle haben sie . +was ich also machte , war , all die intervie@@ ws zu nehmen , wo ich wür@@ digkeit sah , wo ich menschen sah , die so leben , und betra@@ chtete nur diese . +sie dachten , dies sei fundamental . +und sie sagte , " wom@@ it denn ? " +nein . +dann fühlen wir uns el@@ end , suchen nach sinn und bedeutung im leben , fühlen uns verletz@@ lich , dann nehmen wir ein paar bi@@ er und einen ban@@ an@@ e-@@ n@@ us@@ s-@@ mu@@ ff@@ in . +wenn man diese perfe@@ kten , kleinen babies in seiner hand hält , dann ist unsere aufgabe nicht zu sagen : " sie@@ h sie an , sie ist perfekt . +nachdem ich um 0 : 45 ins bett gegangen war . +und ni@@ ke weiß , wie man damit lauf@@ geschwindigkeit und zurück@@ gele@@ gte di@@ stan@@ z berech@@ net . +g@@ ary wol@@ f : unser ver@@ m@@ essen@@ er körper +die ang@@ ab@@ en zu seinem körper@@ lichen zustand werden als männ@@ chen auf seinem prof@@ l ange@@ zeigt . aber die rest@@ lichen ang@@ ab@@ en sind die wichtigen hier . +das sind dinge , die für jeden m@@ s-@@ patienten verschie@@ den sind . +alles offen , alles verfügbar . +jahre , nachdem er diese medikamente genommen hat , habe ich herausgefunden , dass alles , was er gegen über@@ mä@@ ssi@@ gen spei@@ ch@@ el@@ fluss tat , in@@ klu@@ sive einiger posi@@ tiven neben@@ wirkungen von anderen medikam@@ enten , seine ver@@ stop@@ fung versch@@ li@@ mm@@ ert haben . +was geschah , als die p@@ n@@ as das veröffentlicht hatte : +und dann sagen wir : " ok , wie ord@@ nen wir sie an ? " +und sogar jene , die glaub@@ ten , es g@@ inge ihnen besser , ent@@ sprachen genau den kontro@@ llen . ex@@ akt . +man sieht sich die patienten an , man kann alle kontro@@ llen durch@@ gehen . man kann sie ansehen , man kann sie fragen . +nur 90 tage danach , wurde die größte entdeckung der menschheit des letzten jahrhunderts gemacht . +um den zustand zu verändern , braucht man nur zwei vol@@ t eines milli@@ se@@ kun@@ den-@@ impul@@ ses . +wir sagten : " könnt ihr das bauen ? " +es ist falsch . +leider lautet die antwort darauf : ja . +ob es eine zelle , eine ter@@ mi@@ te oder ein vo@@ gel ist , konzentrieren sie sich nur auf die regeln der wechsel@@ wirkung . +ich halte dies für eine interessante frage . +das heißt also , dass er mit jedem eur@@ o , den er investi@@ erte , 26 eur@@ o markt@@ wert bewegen konnte , aufgrund dieser ket@@ te von eigent@@ um@@ s@@ verhäl@@ t@@ nissen . +wir hoffen , die tür für weitere forsch@@ ungen in dieser richtung ge@@ öffnet zu haben , sodass das ver@@ blei@@ bende un@@ bekannte ter@@ rain in zukunft er@@ gründet wird . +wenn wir bau@@ ge@@ wer@@ be und produktion betrachten , sind da große in@@ effizi@@ en@@ zen , energi@@ ever@@ brauch und über@@ mäß@@ iger arbeits@@ einsatz . +so können wir es als phy@@ s@@ isches , intui@@ tives modell studieren . +diese teile sind mit verschiedenen materialien ge@@ dru@@ ckt . +es sind komplexe ge@@ bil@@ de , die aus komplex@@ en teilen gebaut und auf komplexe art zusammen@@ gesetzt werden . +das war ge@@ fl@@ un@@ k@@ ert , aber es gab nichts auf dieser welt , das meine schwester mehr wollte , als nicht am@@ y , die ver@@ letzte fünf@@ jährige kleine schwester zu sein , sondern am@@ y , das geheim@@ nis@@ volle ein@@ hor@@ n . +fällt man nun unter den durch@@ schnitt dieser kur@@ ve , dann sind die psych@@ ologen aus dem häu@@ schen , denn das heißt , man ist entweder depres@@ si@@ v oder hat eine stör@@ ung , hoffentlich sogar bei@@ des . +plötzlich war aus etwas un@@ möglich@@ em eine realität geworden . +don@@ ner@@ st@@ ag@@ abend der kon@@ sum il@@ le@@ gal@@ er dro@@ gen . +sie sind 3@@ 7 % besser bei verk@@ äu@@ fen . +so begann ed@@ v . +und weil die arbeit im laden so hart war ge@@ fiel es mir in der schule . es war hi@@ mm@@ li@@ sch . +ich habe es nicht ganz verstanden . und paul rand war so ein k@@ ru@@ sti@@ ger designer . ein k@@ ru@@ sti@@ ger designer , so wie gutes franzö@@ s@@ isches brot , wissen sie ? +es hält ewi@@ g . es ist ein sehr selts@@ ames medium . +wenn man am computer die maus bewegt , dann bewegt sich der pf@@ eil . +er fiel ins kom@@ a . +computer selbst interessi@@ erten mich nicht mehr , und so machte ich gemäl@@ de aus pal@@ mp@@ il@@ ots . +ich habe das hier gefunden . die natur hat ein bild für mich gemacht . +und mir wurde klar , dass es ok war , zu gehen . +aber , tatsächlich verhalten sich die meisten jungen auf eine bestimmte art und die meisten mädchen verhalten sich auf eine bestimmte art . +video@@ spiele sind nicht der grund +über einen tor@@ na@@ do , der in unser haus kommt , und alle fenster raus@@ we@@ ht , und die mö@@ bel zerstört und alle tötet . " +wir erleben eine zunehmen@@ de verdi@@ chtung des cur@@ ri@@ cul@@ ums . +die meisten bildungs@@ spiele , die es gibt , sind eigentlich les@@ el@@ ern@@ karten . +lehrer werden sofort ner@@ vö@@ s bei allem , das mit gewalt zu tun hat , wegen der nu@@ ll@@ toler@@ an@@ z@@ -@@ politik . +wir werden ein überra@@ schen@@ des und fes@@ sel@@ n@@ des ergebnis über unser universum bekommen . zum besseren verständnis lassen sie mich zunächst das hig@@ gs erklären . dazu müssen wir zu einem zehn@@ tel einer milliar@@ d@@ ste@@ l sekunde nach dem ur@@ kn@@ all zurück@@ kehren . +ist das ein problem ? ja , ein großes problem . +mehr noch wie ein phänomen funktioniert , interessiert ther@@ o@@ e@@ tische physiker immer , " warum " es funktioniert , " wie " es funktioniert . +ich liebe papier und ich liebe technologie , und ich gest@@ alte papier auf eine interak@@ tive weise . +also war die herausforderung , sie dazu zu bringen , dass sie das tun , was wir von ihnen wollten , durch we@@ tter@@ beob@@ a@@ chtung , die besch@@ aff@@ enheit des bo@@ dens und durch dinge , die die schaf@@ e " flie@@ ßen " lassen , damit sie dahin gingen , wo wir es wollten . +es ist nur ein zusammen@@ bringen von sachen , die vorher schon gemacht worden sind , nur auf eine andere weise zusammen@@ gesetzt . +ein paar dinge , die ich hergestellt habe , sind das poster hier drüben , auf dem man schlag@@ zeug spielen kann . +also vielen dank . +sie können weg@@ gehen , oder einfach zu@@ schauen , wie diese roll@@ en@@ figu@@ r im mix@@ er steht und sie an@@ schaut , oder sie können tatsächlich mit ihr interagieren . +aber wir sind noch nicht an dem punkt an@@ gelan@@ gt , an dem sie auf ihrem mor@@ gend@@ lichen weg hierher etwas gesehen hätten , was wirklich nah@@ t@@ los die zwei@@ dimension@@ ale welt , in der wir uns wohl fühlen , mit dem drei@@ dimension@@ alen himmel über uns verbindet , in dem ich – ich weiß nicht , wie es ihnen geht – wirklich gerne zeit ver@@ br@@ inge . +glücklicherweise ist notwen@@ digkeit noch immer die mutter der erfindung , und ein großer teil der desig@@ n-@@ arbeit , auf die wir bei unserem flugzeug am stol@@ ze@@ sten sind , war ein resultat davon , dass wir die einzigarti@@ gen probleme lösen mussten , die damit verbunden waren , es am boden zu oper@@ ieren – alles , von einem kontin@@ u@@ ier@@ lich vari@@ ab@@ len ge@@ trie@@ be und einem kühl@@ system mit kühl@@ flüs@@ sigkeit , dass es uns erlaubt , eine flug@@ zeug@@ maschine im stop@@ -@@ and-@@ go@@ -@@ verkehr zu nutzen , bis zu einem spezi@@ ell ange@@ pas@@ sten fahr@@ ge@@ trie@@ be , das entweder den prop@@ eller an@@ treibt , wenn man flie@@ gt , oder die rä@@ der , wenn man am boden ist , bis zum auto@@ mati@@ si@@ erten fal@@ t@@ mechan@@ ismus für die trag@@ flächen , den wir gleich sehen werden , bis zu sicherheits@@ einrichtungen im fall eines ab@@ stur@@ zes . +und unser te@@ st@@ pilot gab uns das beste feedback , dass man von einem te@@ st@@ pil@@ oten nach einem ersten flug bekommen kann , und zwar , dass der flug " auff@@ ä@@ llig un@@ auff@@ ä@@ llig " war . +falten sie nur die trag@@ flächen zusammen und fahren sie weiter . +hier noch eine frage von einem nai@@ ven wer@@ be@@ -@@ fach@@ mann . +also versuchte er es mit plan b . +winzi@@ ges verhaltens@@ ökonom@@ isches detail : in it@@ alien werden punkte für verkehr@@ ss@@ ün@@ den rück@@ wärts ge@@ zä@@ hlt . +es gibt diese grundsä@@ tz@@ liche sicht der dinge , dass zu ech@@ tem wert das herstellen von dingen und phy@@ sische arbeit gehört . dass technik da@@ zu@@ gehört . +es schme@@ ckt toll innerhalb der grenzen des jewei@@ li@@ gen landes . aber vollkommen besch@@ issen , wenn man es sonst irgend@@ wohin mit@@ nimmt . +off@@ komment@@ ar : die neuen k@@ aro@@ -@@ sh@@ red@@ dies . +wir müssen mehr zeit damit verbringen , das wer@@ tzu@@ schätzen , was bereits da ist , und weniger zeit , uns damit abzu@@ qu@@ äl@@ en , was wir sonst noch machen können . +jeden tag brauchte es viele stunden , um meine fähigkeiten zu verbessern . +wir sind die jenigen , die den 2@@ ten repli@@ kat@@ or aus der ki@@ ste ließen und wir können es nicht rück@@ gän@@ gi@@ g machen .. +sehen sie die idee ? +er sprach hauptsächlich von tieren und pflanzen , aber auch über das entstehen und ver@@ gehen von sprachen . +ein me@@ m ist nicht das selbe wie eine idee ! +s@@ b : par@@ don ? +von dem augenblick an , seit unsere vorfahren vor ungefähr zwei@@ einhalb millionen jahren zu i@@ mi@@ tieren begannen , entstand ein neuer kop@@ ier@@ vor@@ gang . +und wir kommen da hin . +dem anteil mit dem ersten repli@@ kat@@ or . +wisst ihr , hier sitz@@ end nutzt unser gehirn ca. 20 prozent des energie@@ haus@@ hal@@ ts unseres körpers für nur 2 prozent unseres körper@@ gewi@@ chtes . +und wo@@ zu würden die das tun ? +es waren 25 minuten absol@@ uten terr@@ ors , den tausende menschen überall in den usa spür@@ ten . +es gibt hier nichts , was wir nicht wissen . +mit haiti re@@ wired , mit build change , architektur für die menschheit , ai@@ d@@ g , ist es möglich , 3@@ 0.000 , 4@@ 0.000 mau@@ r@@ er im ganzen land zu erreichen und eine bewegung für die richtige bau@@ weise zu starten . +das ist übrigens nicht nur im he@@ br@@ ä@@ ischen so , +ich möchte ihnen ein beispiel für sol@@ cher@@ le@@ i ir@@ ration@@ alität geben und mit ihnen über be@@ trug reden . +wir zahl@@ ten ihnen 10 cent pro richti@@ ger frage , 50 cent , einen dollar , fünf dollar , 10 dollar pro richti@@ ger frage . +die zehn ge@@ bo@@ te sind allerdings nur schwierig mit dem bildungs@@ system verein@@ bar , also haben wir uns über@@ legt , warum wir nicht von leuten verlangen , einen ehr@@ en@@ ko@@ de@@ x zu unter@@ schreiben . +aber das hat das größte problem noch nicht gelöst , das ich in en@@ r@@ on sah , da en@@ r@@ on nämlich ein zusätz@@ liches sozi@@ ales element bes@@ a@@ ß : +alle te@@ st@@ personen im experiment studi@@ erten an der car@@ ne@@ gie m@@ ell@@ on . +etwas gener@@ eller wollte ich ihnen etwas über verhaltens@@ ökonom@@ ie erzählen . +wenn ich aber sage , dass beide ein beispiel für eine alternative oder neue währ@@ ungs@@ form sind , in einer hyper@@ ver@@ netz@@ ten , dat@@ en-@@ ge@@ tri@@ ebenen , welt@@ weiten wirtschaft , denken sie wahrscheinlich , dass ich sp@@ inn@@ e . +" zwei@@ t@@ klas@@ si@@ g rad@@ fahren " " bar@@ cla@@ ys fährt mit ihnen schli@@ tten " +sie können also app@@ s kaufen und innerhalb dieser app@@ s ein@@ kaufen . aber wenn sie an ama@@ zon denken , denken sie auch an das vertrau@@ ens@@ bar@@ ome@@ ter , das ich ihnen gezeigt habe , laut dem menschen anfangen , unternehmen mehr zu tr@@ auen , insbesondere unternehmen , an die sie glauben , als sie regierungen tr@@ auen . +wir haben eine um@@ frage gemacht , die bestä@@ tigt , dass 45 % der menschen in einer wichtigen demo@@ graph@@ ischen gruppe in den usa , +und ich suche nach den ähn@@ lichkeiten und unterschie@@ den in den lösungen , die sich für grundlegende biolog@@ ische probleme entwickelt haben . +leicht zu bie@@ gen . +denn nach sechs monaten , die ich darüber gere@@ det hatte , hatte er wohl endlich kap@@ iert , dass es mir mit dieser pen@@ is@@ -@@ sache ernst war . +da musste also etwas interessan@@ tes passieren . +nicht nur über seine gene@@ tik und molekul@@ ar@@ biologie , sondern am flei@@ schi@@ gen ende der sk@@ ala . +und sie sagte : erzä@@ hl einfach über dich selbst . +d@@ l : wie dem auch sei , wir verlieren zeit , ich werde mal zur sache kommen . +n@@ m : nicht zu schnell . +das ist unsere letzte nummer , und n@@ at wird auf dem kla@@ vier spielen . +wie sie auf den bildern sehen können , waren no@@ am und ich schon sehr früh für grund@@ prinzipien zu begei@@ stern@@ . und im lauf der jahre , während wir immer mehr über wissenschaft und die technologie lern@@ ten , hat sich diese frü@@ he ehr@@ fur@@ cht vor den grund@@ lagen nur ver@@ stär@@ kt . +die leute , die an diesem kurs interesse zeigen , haben normalerweise eine ha@@ ck@@ er-@@ ment@@ alität . +an@@ gesi@@ chts dessen würde ich gerne einige worte über auf@@ wer@@ tung sagen , und ein wenig über mein neues projekt erzählen . dieses projekt ist anders als das vorher@@ ige , aber beide fördern genau die gleichen eigenschaften des selbst@@ lernen , des lernen durch erfahren , der selb@@ ster@@ forschung und den aufbau von gemeinschaften . dieses projekt beschäftigt sich mit mathematik für alle schul@@ stu@@ fen , angefangen bei der vor@@ schule . wir tun dies auf tab@@ le@@ t-@@ p@@ cs , weil wir glauben , dass ma@@ the , so wie alles andere , pra@@ x@@ is@@ be@@ zogen unter@@ richtet werden sollte . +er bedeutet im grunde mensch@@ lich zu sein , und das richtige zu tun . +es wäre toll , wenn die geschichte hier enden würde . +wo kommt sie her ? +es geht hier um einen ver@@ bor@@ genen winkel des arbeits@@ mark@@ tes . +alle sind für die arbeit im lager gesch@@ ult . +märkte haben sich in den letzten 20 jahren bis zur un@@ kenn@@ t@@ lichkeit verändert , aber eben nur für organisationen am ob@@ eren ende der wirtschaft . +politiker in einem großen , komplex@@ en , kni@@ ff@@ li@@ gen it@@ -@@ projekt ? +und es sollten gewisse verpflich@@ tungen an die zu@@ schü@@ sse ge@@ kop@@ p@@ elt sein , die den be@@ trei@@ ber@@ n auf@@ erle@@ gt werden , und die wichtigste ist , dass die be@@ trei@@ ber für alles bezahlen , und das schlie@@ ßt die ank@@ op@@ pl@@ ung an den öffentlichen sektor ein . +es sind kleine geschäf@@ te von kleinen leuten , aber es ist wohl@@ infor@@ miert , sicher , be@@ qu@@ em , mit wenig zu@@ schlä@@ gen und un@@ mittel@@ bar . +aber verbunden mit jedem foto , sind individuen mit erfü@@ ll@@ ten leben und geschichten die es verdienen erzählt zu werden . +gas , ich bin wohl der einzige mensch , den es wirklich freu@@ t , wenn herr pu@@ tin den gas@@ ha@@ hn zu@@ dreht , denn ich er@@ halte dann ein größ@@ eres budget . +aber kleine atom@@ e wollen versch@@ mel@@ zen , kleine kern@@ e wollen versch@@ mel@@ zen , um größere in richtung ei@@ sen zu bilden . +zum glück erhält man ein neu@@ tr@@ on , wenn man diese fu@@ sion@@ s@@ reaktion hin@@ bekommt , und kann los@@ legen . +und nur die straße runter , sehen sie je@@ t , +ich wün@@ schte , wir hätten das geld und größere ressourcen . +doch unter der oberfläche sah es ganz anders aus . +einige sagen , es sieht nicht gut aus . +die ägyp@@ ter und viele andere ar@@ aber , die am um@@ stur@@ z beteili@@ gt waren und sind , erwarten sehr , sehr viel von der regierung . +das bedeutet , dass menschliche entwicklung und nicht sä@@ kul@@ ar@@ isi@@ erung der schlüssel zur er@@ mäch@@ tigung der frauen beim wandel des na@@ hen o@@ stens ist . +wir haben auch eine unbe@@ ab@@ sichti@@ gte kon@@ sequenz fest@@ gestellt . +denn mir ist nicht wirklich wohl dabei , dem mädchen mit ber@@ at@@ ung und emp@@ fehl@@ ungen nur zu helfen . +als nan@@ cy lu@@ bli@@ n an@@ fing , teen@@ a@@ gern sms zu schicken , damit sie ihr hal@@ fen ihre sozial@@ projekte zu verbreiten , fand sie etwas scho@@ ck@@ ier@@ endes heraus – sie fingen an , ihr zurückzu@@ schreiben und beri@@ chteten über ihre eigenen probleme , vom dr@@ ang@@ s@@ ali@@ eren über depres@@ sionen bis hin zum miss@@ brauch . also rich@@ tete sie eine hot@@ line nur für sms ein und die ergebnisse sind vielleicht noch viel bedeuten@@ der , als sie erwar@@ tete . +fer@@ din@@ and fo@@ ch , ein franzö@@ s@@ ischer general , mit dem ruf eines der bri@@ llan@@ testen kö@@ pfe der franzö@@ sischen ar@@ mee , sagte : " flug@@ zeuge sind interessante spiel@@ zeuge , aber ohne militär@@ ischen wert . " +sie ist auf den über@@ sch@@ all@@ -@@ glei@@ ter geri@@ chtet . +viele prototyp@@ en sind ab@@ gest@@ ür@@ zt – viele . +vom klein@@ sten lu@@ f@@ th@@ auch zu den schi@@ eren krä@@ ften der stür@@ me der natur . +wir können darin als individuen bei@@ träge leisten und uns ge@@ hö@@ r ver@@ schaffen . +zwei@@ fel und angst schlei@@ chen sich immer ein . +er en@@ dete auch im pazi@@ fi@@ k . +die leute bei a@@ ero@@ viron@@ ment versuchten 300 oder mehr flü@@ gel@@ designs , 12 verschiedene formen der a@@ vi@@ oni@@ k . +ich arbeite mit absolut geni@@ alen menschen . +ja ohne möglichkeit zu beweisen , dass sie hier überhaupt ange@@ kommen sind . +diese geschichte begann vor vier jahren . +ich bin an algorith@@ men gewohn@@ t , und an daten@@ strukturen und hoch@@ motivi@@ erte studi@@ erende , und nichts in meiner vergangenheit hat mich darauf vorberei@@ tet mit einem to@@ ben@@ den , gewal@@ tt@@ ä@@ tigen jugend@@ lichen mitten im ni@@ r@@ gend@@ wo umzu@@ gehen . +mit acht be@@ förder@@ te man ihn auf ein boot in o@@ des@@ sa , und ver@@ schi@@ fft ihn auf sich selbst gestellt nach israel . +ich sage den bur@@ schen , wenn sie sich berg@@ auf kämpfen , und spüren , dass sie nicht weiter können , dass es wirklich hilft , die un@@ mittel@@ baren hinder@@ nisse zu ignor@@ ieren und den kopf zu heben , sich umzu@@ sehen und zu sehen wie die aus@@ sicht um dich herum zun@@ im@@ mt . +und als er das sagte , fühlte ich gän@@ s@@ es@@ ch@@ au@@ er auf meiner haut , weil er es im an@@ gesicht der mo@@ ab@@ -@@ ge@@ bir@@ ges hier im hintergrund sagte . +was real ist , ist tren@@ nung . und an einem punkt im frühen säu@@ gl@@ ing@@ sal@@ ter , nimmt die idee vom selbst gest@@ alt an . +es hat eine extrem wichtige funktion . +nun , ich dachte ich hätte die antwort zu dieser frage . und ich sagte . " hau@@ t@@ farbe . " +der kampf des selbst um authenti@@ zität und definition wird nie enden bis es mit seinem er@@ schaff@@ er verbunden ist -- mit ihnen und mit mir . +und wenn sie das tun kön@@ nen@@ . passieren unglaubliche dinge . +und das beeinflus@@ ste mich . +also hat er einen hy@@ bri@@ d-@@ an@@ trieb . +und so rei@@ sten wir mit ihnen und lern@@ ten über verschiedene kompon@@ enten , und entdeck@@ ten , dass es sehr viel in@@ effizi@@ enz gab , die nicht be@@ ach@@ tet wurde . +und es kommen bis zu 1 millionen menschen täglich . +übrigens stand uns die hälfte des bud@@ gets von anderen westlichen nationen zur verfügung . +die regierung von großbritannien – jede regierung ist poten@@ ti@@ ell der schlimm@@ ste kunde der welt , den man sich bloß vorstellen kann . +danke schön . +einer davon , in der anthropo@@ log@@ ie , ist die er@@ forschung menschlicher univer@@ s@@ alien . +sollte aber etwas auf dem blatt geschrieben sein , dann könnten ja manche leute mehr davon haben , als andere , und denkt man das kon@@ sequ@@ ent weiter , würde das dis@@ kri@@ mini@@ erung und un@@ gleichheit recht@@ fer@@ tigen . +wie dem auch sei , schon bald wurden sie bom@@ bar@@ diert mit er@@ bo@@ sten brie@@ fen , todes@@ dro@@ h@@ ungen , einer sper@@ re zu diesem thema in gewissen wissenschaftlichen zeit@@ schriften zu publi@@ zieren , die von emp@@ ör@@ ten lin@@ k@@ sh@@ ändern und deren an@@ wäl@@ ten stamm@@ ten und sie waren buchstäblich zu verän@@ g@@ sti@@ gt , ihre post zu öffnen , wegen der gif@@ ti@@ gkeiten und sch@@ mä@@ h@@ ungen die sie aus un@@ acht@@ samkeit her@@ auf@@ besch@@ wor@@ en haben . +unter ökonom@@ is@@ chem blick@@ winkel schie@@ ßt die nach@@ frage nach je@@ g@@ licher art von kunst durch die de@@ cke , was man an den prei@@ sen für ein@@ tri@@ tt@@ sk@@ arten in die op@@ er , der anzahl der verkauf@@ ten bücher , der anzahl veröffent@@ lich@@ ter bücher , der anzahl veröffent@@ lich@@ ter musi@@ kti@@ tel , der anzahl neuer al@@ ben , und so weiter , erkennen kann . +also , in " das un@@ besch@@ rieben blatt " habe ich argu@@ men@@ tiert dass hoch@@ kultur und kri@@ ti@@ ker@@ wesen im zwan@@ zi@@ gsten jahrhundert , wen@@ n@@ gleich nicht die kün@@ ste im allgemeinen , schönheit , gen@@ uss , klar@@ heit , ein@@ sicht und stil mit ver@@ a@@ chtung ge@@ stra@@ ft haben . +falsch . ein@@ ei@@ ige zwi@@ l@@ lin@@ gen , oder alle gesch@@ wi@@ ster , die nach der geburt ge@@ trennt werden , sind nicht weniger ähnlich als wenn sie gemeinsam aufge@@ wachsen wären . +also rief ich die die human@@ e society an und sagte : " leute , ich werde ein paar lä@@ mmer ka@@ stri@@ eren , könnt ihr mir sagen , wie das funktioniert ? " +und ich denke mir , das ist überhaupt kein gu@@ mm@@ i . +und ich sagte : " ja , wie die human@@ e society . +al@@ bert wei@@ st mich an : " drü@@ cke es ganz nach oben . " +was unser sen@@ der macht , es ist das , was dir@@ ty jobs aus@@ macht . +ich kann immer noch h@@ ill@@ ary vor mir sehen wie sie mit den sta@@ hl@@ arbei@@ tern r@@ ye wh@@ is@@ key trin@@ kt , der ihr das kin@@ n her@@ unter läuft . +sie fragen ihn : " sind sie ihrer leidenschaft hierher ge@@ folgt ? " +un@@ sa@@ g@@ bar gefährlich . +sie sehen ihn ständig . +ich lag bei viel@@ em falsch . +ich habe el@@ tern@@ -@@ kind@@ - bezieh@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ me , wofür ich meine eltern schul@@ dig halte . +aber er hat es zu gut vorge@@ täu@@ scht und jetzt steckt er in broad@@ mo@@ or fest und niemand glaubt ihm , dass er bei verstand ist . +wahn@@ sinn vor@@ täu@@ schen . +es ist einfach unmöglich . " +und sein klini@@ ker sagte zu mir : " wenn sie mehr über psychop@@ a@@ then herausfinden wollen , können sie zu einem psychop@@ ath@@ en-@@ identi@@ fi@@ zier@@ ungsk@@ urs gehen , der von robert h@@ are gelei@@ tet wird , der die psychop@@ ath@@ en-@@ che@@ ck@@ liste erfunden hat . " +kann ich kommen und sie bezüglich ihrer besonder@@ en gehir@@ nan@@ om@@ al@@ ie intervie@@ wen ? " +und er sah trotz allem interessiert aus und er sagte : " okay , fahren sie fort . " +und wir nä@@ hen sie zusammen , wie mittel@@ alter@@ liche mö@@ n@@ che . +wie dem auch sei , das war vor zwei jahren und das ist , wo mein buch en@@ dete . +lassen sie mich ein@@ fle@@ chten , warum ich glaube , dass die der fall ist , denn ich denke , dass es sich hier@@ bei um eine möglicherweise kontro@@ verse aus@@ sage handelt . +man kann eine mo@@ sche@@ e zeigen , oder man kann gl@@ äu@@ bi@@ ge zeigen , aber es gibt keinen dire@@ kten weg den islam dar@@ zustellen . +und die hoff@@ nungs@@ volle an@@ to@@ wort lei@@ tet sich von der erkenntnis ab , dass islam und demokratie technologien sind . +weil sie außer@@ ord@@ entlich erfolgreich gewesen wären . +und es ist entscheiden@@ d , in einem prakti@@ schen und aktivi@@ stischen sinne entscheiden@@ d , dass menschen , die sich mit diesen themen beschäftigen , sicher@@ stellen dass sie innerhalb der technologie der demokratie , in diesem system , ihre vor@@ lieben , ihre entscheidungen und ihre stimme üben um ein sol@@ ches ergebnis zu unterstützen . +damals habe ich nicht weit entfernt gearbeitet . +und ins@@ gesam@@ t hatten wir alle keine ahnung , ob wir es schaffen konnten . +aber es wurde etwas interessan@@ tes im train@@ ing@@ spro@@ z@@ ess bemerkt . +sie könnten in weniger als 10 jahren ausge@@ storben sein , wenn wir nicht jetzt etwas tun , um sie zu schützen . +an der corner row ei@@ sen@@ bahn , am bahn@@ ho@@ f@@ spar@@ k@@ platz , vor einem gesundheits@@ zentrum , in den vor@@ g@@ är@@ ten und sogar vor der poli@@ zei@@ station . +also , zurück zur si@@ tzung . +wir bekamen land , das uns von einem ör@@ tlichen gar@@ ten@@ center geschen@@ kt wurde . +wie auch immer sie das möchten , frei@@ wi@@ llig , versuchen sie , ihre leben zu verändern . weltweit gibt es gemeinden in amerika und japan – unglaublich , oder ? stellen sie sich vor : amerika , japan und neu@@ se@@ eland . +ich bin ebenso reich@@ lich überrascht , denn wenn ich auf mein leben zurück@@ bli@@ cke , war das letzte , was ich jemals tun wollte , über religion zu schreiben , oder in ir@@ gend einer form an religion beteili@@ gt zu sein . +wenn es bei religion nun aber nicht darum geht , dinge zu glauben , wor@@ um geht es dann ? +und diese an@@ streng@@ ung , mitgefühl in einigen der eher ab@@ sto@@ ß@@ enden tex@@ te zu finden , ist eine gute gener@@ al@@ probe , das gleiche im all@@ tä@@ glichen leben zu tun . +sagen sie uns , was wir falsch machen . sprechen wir darüber , wo religion ver@@ sagt . " +damit ist gemein@@ t , das gr@@ auen , das wir im an@@ gesicht unserer fein@@ de ver@@ spüren , zu über@@ winden und anzu@@ fangen , einander zu achten . +vergröß@@ ern wir den maßstab , sehen wir ein menschliches ha@@ ar . +diese kleine amei@@ se kr@@ ab@@ b@@ elt also hier , sie ist wie in einem kleinen will@@ y-@@ won@@ ka@@ -@@ land . +ich konnte es nicht glauben und ich begann , die kleinen stücke herauszu@@ lösen und fotos von ihnen zu machen . +nun , der mond hat keine atmosphäre , daher treten die mikro@@ me@@ te@@ ori@@ ten dau@@ ern@@ d ein und die ganze mon@@ do@@ ber@@ fläche ist jetzt mit stau@@ b be@@ deckt , weil sie über vier milliarden jahre von mikro@@ me@@ te@@ ori@@ ten bom@@ bar@@ diert wurde und wenn mikro@@ me@@ te@@ ori@@ ten mit bis zu 100 000 km / h ein@@ treten , verdam@@ pfen sie bei kontakt . +es war genau so eine lot@@ ter@@ ie@@ -@@ sache , bei der man alles beim ersten mal richtig macht . +design kommt von innen . +die r@@ ön@@ t@@ gen@@ -@@ technologie hat sich , wenn es um lebens@@ große aufnahmen geht , und ab@@ gesehen von diesen großen la@@ sten@@ -@@ scan@@ -@@ maschinen , nicht genü@@ gend weiter@@ entwickelt , um eine aus@@ reich@@ ende bild@@ qualität und die auf@@ lösung für das zu bieten , was ich damit tun möchte , nämlich meine bilder in groß@@ em maßstab zu zeigen . +und wenn sie das machen , stehe ich in der sch@@ lange . +und so wird es gemacht . schei@@ be für schei@@ be . +aber wenn ich den strahl@@ er etwas dunkl@@ er machen würde , dann würde alles andere leiden . +ich denke , dass er ganz nett als r@@ ön@@ t@@ gen@@ aufnahme aus@@ sä@@ he . +aber ich verste@@ he auch nicht wie es die mag@@ ie zerstört . +aber jeden einzelne ding aus dem wir bestehen , jedes einzelne at@@ om in uns , hat bereits my@@ ri@@ aden von anderen dingen erschaffen und wird weiter machen und my@@ ri@@ aden von neuen dingen erschaffen . +nun weiß ich , dass sie das nicht denken . +jedes mal , wenn ich ein@@ at@@ me at@@ me ich eine milli@@ on-@@ milliar@@ den-@@ milliarden atom@@ e sauerstoff ein . +das ist mein schüler tony . +vielleicht du , vielleicht ich – aber wir sind nicht hier , um mit mein@@ ungen zu handeln , jeder hat eine meinung . +und sage zu tony , » los geht ' s. « +alles war okay , bis ich ungefähr 26 jahre war und ich in einen film mit dem titel " nummer 5 lebt ! " ging . +und das passiert hier . +da beginnt man zu verstehen , dass man krank werden kann , sich ver@@ gi@@ ften kann . man muss seine ernährung im gleich@@ gewicht halten . wenn man einmal genauer hin@@ sieht ; und sei@@ ther habe ich alles , was ich bei der aufnahme von informationen tat , der er@@ zeu@@ gung von information , der zu@@ berei@@ tung von information aus der sicht@@ weise von essen betrachtet . +wir haben viel zeit damit verbracht , ein 1 milliarden dollar geschäft ‒ sie hören richtig ‒ eine milliarden doll@@ ar@@ - öl@@ geschäft zu untersuchen , in das er ver@@ wick@@ elt war , und was wir heraus@@ fanden , war scho@@ ck@@ ier@@ end , aber dazu später noch mehr . +eine bank in paris unter@@ hielt kon@@ ten von firmen , die er kontrolli@@ erte und von denen eine kunst zu pf@@ legen kauf@@ te , und amerikanische ban@@ ken , die 7@@ 3 mi@@ o@@ . dollar in die vereinigten staaten über@@ wiesen , von denen einige dem k@@ auf der v@@ ill@@ a in kalifornien di@@ enten . +sie fand heraus , dass in 70 % der fälle anony@@ me schein@@ firmen benutzt wurden , die auf ins@@ gesam@@ t fast 5@@ 6 milliarden dollar be@@ zi@@ ff@@ ert werden . +es sollten aber nicht so große bemü@@ h@@ ungen er@@ forder@@ lich sein , um herauszufinden , wo das geld der@@ arti@@ ger geschäf@@ te ab@@ blieb . +ich sehe dieses wort , höre dieses wort , fühle dieses wort überall . +man wird sein land . man wird seine religion . +ich fand es toll als er über diese andere welt re@@ dete , die direkt neben dieser welt ist . +sie ist in der high school . +nicht vor ver@@ lu@@ sten da@@ von@@ zu@@ laufen , sondern trau@@ er an@@ zunehmen , sich dem leid zu er@@ geben . +denn wenn man viel zeit damit ver@@ bringt von ort zu ort zu gehen , von land zu land , von stadt zu stadt , das ausmaß zu dem frauen , zum beispiel , mis@@ sh@@ and@@ elt werden und die epide@@ mie davon , und das gewöhn@@ liche daran , ist so ver@@ he@@ er@@ end für die se@@ ele , dass man sich die zeit nehmen muss , zumindest muss ich mir die zeit nehmen , um das zu ver@@ arbeiten . +nun , ich war du@@ mm , aber nicht so du@@ mm , das abzu@@ le@@ hnen . +pur@@ er inhalt und p@@ ure form , neben@@ einander . +ich war so betr@@ un@@ ken . " +ich setzte also die schrift , ich druck@@ te sie auf einem ep@@ son@@ -@@ dru@@ cker mit wasser@@ lö@@ s@@ licher tin@@ te , k@@ lebte sie an die wand und war@@ f einen ei@@ mer wasser hinter@@ her . pre@@ st@@ o ! +ernsthaf@@ t . +nicht gerade j@@ ack@@ ie coll@@ ins . +wie mein wunsch , dass niemand hun@@ gern soll oder dass alles kosten@@ los wäre , eine art u@@ top@@ ie . +wir lieben herausforderungen , aber wenn die erwar@@ tungen niedri@@ g sind , glauben sie mir , werden wir auch nur diese erfü@@ llen . +und falls sie glauben , das habe wirklich keine bedeutung für sie , dann erinnern sie sich daran , dass kl@@ onen möglich ist und das bedeutet , dass sie nochmal durch die kindheit gehen , in welchem f@@ alle , sie ebenso gehört werden wollen wie meine generation das will . +als ich in den spä@@ ten 6@@ 0ern mit den aufnahmen an@@ fing , waren die typ@@ ischen auf@@ nah@@ me@@ methoden auf die bru@@ ch@@ stück@@ hafte er@@ fassung einzel@@ ner arten begren@@ zt . zu anfang waren es meistens vögel , aber später kamen säu@@ ge@@ tiere und am@@ phi@@ bi@@ en hin@@ zu . +dennoch erzählen uns unsere o@@ hren eine ganz andere geschichte . +dies ist das wahrscheinlich trauri@@ gste gerä@@ usch , den ich je von einem organis@@ mus gehört habe , menschlicher , oder anderer natur . +die lehrer an der schule hatten keinen richtigen spaß , im sport ging es sehr dre@@ ck@@ ig oder schmer@@ z@@ voll zu . +aber natürlich konnten die wissenschaftler nicht anders . +es gibt also viel mehr weib@@ liche spieler , als sich die leute bewusst sind . +was also die verbreitung von spielen an@@ geht , was denken sie , was diese leute hier gerade tun ? +und wenn wir erst genü@@ gend dieser leute haben , dann wollen wir noch mehr fan@@ tas@@ y-@@ künstler , die orte be@@ bildern können , wo wir noch nie zuvor gewesen sind , oder charak@@ tere , die wir noch nie vorher gesehen haben . +ich bin sü@@ chti@@ g , denn wie@@ wohl ich weiß , dass ich den bezug zur realität ver@@ li@@ ere , will ich doch immer mehr . +keine kn@@ ö@@ pfe oder ab@@ züge , die man bet@@ ä@@ tigen muss , nur ich und das spiel . +aber vielleicht ist gehirn@@ wä@@ sche nicht immer schlecht . +was die un@@ is betrifft , es gibt an die 3@@ 50 un@@ is auf der welt , die kur@@ se über video@@ spiele unterrichten . +danke . +irgendwie müssen wir uns selbst verstehen , um unsere un@@ zu@@ län@@ g@@ lichkeiten zu umgehen . +ein 14@@ jähri@@ ges kind bekommt in der schule , diese version des sat@@ zes von py@@ th@@ ag@@ or@@ as , die wirklich sehr spit@@ z@@ fin@@ dig und interessant ist , aber eigentlich keine gute her@@ ange@@ hen@@ sweise an mathematik . +die mathemati@@ ker und natur@@ wissenschaftler in der menge werden diese beiden pro@@ gressi@@ onen als dis@@ kre@@ te differ@@ enti@@ al@@ gleich@@ ung erster ordnung und als dis@@ kre@@ te differ@@ enti@@ al@@ gleich@@ ung zwei@@ ter ordnung erkennen . von se@@ chs@@ jährigen ab@@ gelei@@ tet . +also , wenn man sich dieses kleine sk@@ ri@@ pt hier an@@ sieht , ist die geschwindigkeit immer 30 . +und dann sagen sie , oh ja , kon@@ stan@@ te beschle@@ un@@ ig@@ ung . +die zukunft des lebens , und wohin die ent@@ schlüssel@@ ung unserer biologie -- machen sie das licht etwas h@@ eller ! ich habe keine fo@@ li@@ en . +ich weiß , dass es einen großen h@@ yp@@ e gab um unsere fähigkeit , die biologie zu kontrollieren . +es wird uns hinter@@ fragen lassen , was es heißt , ein mensch zu sein . +und er passt nicht zu der zukunft , auf die wir uns zu@@ bewegen . +es gibt drei offen@@ sicht@@ liche arten , auf die man dies tun kann . +die menschheit wird diesen weg beschrei@@ ten . +eines ist jedoch wirklich gefährlich an dieser art von technologie ; es ist sehr leicht , von ihr ver@@ führt zu werden . +und was kommt dabei heraus ? neues leben . +gre@@ g@@ ory stock : auf@@ rü@@ sten ist mensch@@ lich +es ist ja unser pri@@ vater tei@@ ch . t@@ ja , so geht das . " +sagt der mann dann einfach : ' ist jetzt der zeitpunkt gekommen , meine ho@@ se auszu@@ ziehen ? ' " und ich antwor@@ tete : " ja . " +schließlich sagt sie : " mama , glaub@@ st du , dass es im internet auch menschen gibt , die sich pa@@ aren ? " +also besteht die möglichkeit , die rö@@ hre einfach von außen zu um@@ wick@@ eln . +einmal ferti@@ g@@ gestellt , ist die instal@@ lation ganz einfach . +wie sie sehen können , machen da nicht nur zwei techn@@ ische haupt@@ diszi@@ pl@@ inen mit , medizin und ingenie@@ ur@@ wesen , sondern auch verschiedene spezi@@ alisten innerhalb dieser zwei diszi@@ pl@@ inen . +ich glaube , in po@@ len ist das genauso . +sie wollen einfach tun , was sie schon immer getan haben . +und als ergebnis , ist es eine ganz andere verwen@@ dung von technik und wissen , mit denen sie um@@ geben sind . +damit macht man eine gute kari@@ kat@@ ur . +es hat die musi@@ kin@@ du@@ str@@ ie umge@@ kre@@ mp@@ elt . es hat die art , wie wir musik konsu@@ mieren , verändert . +sie kennen die geschichte . +und ich traf die do@@ z@@ o . +und ich forder@@ te sie nicht auf , ne@@ tte kari@@ kat@@ uren zu zeichnen . +vielen dank . +wenn sie 2 milliarden jahre zurück@@ gehen , sind wir nicht mehr auf einem erd@@ ähn@@ lichen planet . +wir sind momentan im schönen sp@@ alt der exi@@ stenz , wenig@@ stens des lebens auf planet erde , im an@@ schluss an die erste furcht@@ bare mikro@@ bi@@ ellen är@@ a . +der schwarze stein ist das se@@ di@@ ment auf dem see@@ boden in der ab@@ wes@@ enheit von plan@@ k@@ ton . +dies sind säu@@ ge@@ tier@@ -@@ ähnliche re@@ p@@ tili@@ en . +die über@@ lebenden die durch@@ kommen produzieren diese welt voller kro@@ ko@@ di@@ l ähn@@ lichen kre@@ aturen . +es kann nur auf@@ treten wenn die oberfläche eines ozean kein sauerstoff hat und vollkommen mit schwe@@ fel@@ wasser@@ stoff ges@@ ä@@ t@@ tigt ist ; genug um z.b. aus einer lösung zu stam@@ men . +es ist auf dem planeten seit dem anfang der tiere , 500 millionen jahre . +jetzt , die selbe maus bekommt 80 teile pro million schwe@@ fel@@ wasser@@ stoff in dieser durch@@ ge@@ zo@@ genen linie und sehen sie was mit ihrer temperatur passiert . +verste@@ he ich dich richtig , dass du hier sa@@ gst das wir in unseren körper@@ n eine bio@@ chem@@ ische reaktion auf schwe@@ fel@@ wasser@@ stoff haben , was in d@@ einer sicht be@@ wei@@ st , das es in der vergangenheit massen@@ aus@@ sterben wegen klima@@ wand@@ eln gegeben hat ? +dies ist institu@@ tion@@ alisi@@ erte am ende des zy@@ kl@@ us enden diese produkte wahrscheinlich auf einer mü@@ ll@@ ki@@ ppe wie dieser in man@@ il@@ a . +diese fabrik in china , die selbst ziemlich sau@@ ber ist , bekommt ihre zu@@ taten aus hinter@@ ho@@ f-@@ schla@@ chter@@ ei@@ en , wo familien die tiere schla@@ chten und die zu@@ taten extra@@ hi@@ eren . +ihre wähl@@ er sind lok@@ al . +selbst wenn sie ihre arbeit täten , und bu@@ ß@@ gel@@ der von diesen einrichtungen forder@@ ten , wären diese wohl kaum nen@@ nen@@ s@@ wert . +sie können sich verantwortlich nennen , aber verantwor@@ t@@ lichkeit ohne rechen@@ schaft funktioniert meist nicht . +wir reden hier von tausenden von liefer@@ anten . " +arbeiten sie mit , kommen sie an den sich@@ eren ort , und lassen sie uns etwas bewegen . +du wirst etwas fangen und wieder von vorne anfangen . +also schrei@@ be ich ge@@ dicht um dinge herauszufinden . +ich kann meine reise in die gespro@@ ch@@ enen po@@ es@@ ie in drei schritte teilen . +und jemand anderes hat eine sache , die das komple@@ tte gegenteil von ihrer ist . +es ist nicht , dass ich denke , gespro@@ ch@@ ene po@@ es@@ ie sei die ide@@ ale kunst@@ form . +ich habe immer gedacht , dass mein anfang im bo@@ wer@@ y poetry club war , aber es ist möglich , dass es schon viel früher war . +das ist es , was ich jedes mal an@@ stre@@ be , wenn ich meinen mund öff@@ ne – diese un@@ mögliche verbindung . +ich war student in den 6@@ 0ern , einer zeit sozialen um@@ bru@@ chs und fra@@ ge@@ stellungen , und , auf einer persönlichen ebene , eines er@@ wach@@ enden sinn@@ s für ide@@ alismus . +aber ich war ge@@ trieben von der in@@ här@@ enten bedeutung , dass ein bild , das das wirkliche gesicht des krie@@ ges enth@@ ü@@ ll@@ te , beinahe per defini@@ tion@@ em ein anti@@ kriegs@@ foto sein würde . +eines der dinge , die ich als journalist lernen musste , war , wie ich mit meiner wu@@ t umgehen sollte . +dieser mann war gerade aus einem todes@@ lager der hu@@ tu be@@ fr@@ eit worden . +ich verbrachte recht viel zeit mit einem mann , der mit seiner familie an einer glei@@ san@@ lage lebte und einen arm und ein bein bei einem zu@@ g@@ un@@ glück verloren hatte . +ein krankenhaus der " ärzte ohne grenzen " in einem flü@@ cht@@ l@@ ing@@ sla@@ ger . +das ist ein hu@@ b@@ sch@@ rau@@ ber@@ -@@ not@@ arzt , der einem soldaten erste hilfe lei@@ stet , dem in den kopf gesch@@ o@@ ssen worden war . +bei jeder wahl sieht es so aus , als ob irgend@@ was immer falsch läuft , einige versuchen zu betr@@ ü@@ gen , oder irgend@@ was läuft schie@@ f - hier versch@@ win@@ det eine wahl@@ ur@@ ne , dort bleiben stan@@ z@@ re@@ ste übrig . +der stri@@ ch@@ code mag zwar kompliziert ver@@ schlüssel@@ t sein , aber das wählen mit diesen z@@ et@@ tel@@ n ist überhaupt nicht kompliziert . +david bis@@ mark demon@@ stri@@ ert ein neues wähl@@ system mit einer einfachen , nach@@ wei@@ s@@ baren methode , be@@ trug und rechen@@ fehler auszu@@ schließen - wobei das wahl@@ geheimnis un@@ ange@@ ta@@ stet bleibt . +aber die unter@@ teilt christ@@ ent@@ um , islam und budd@@ h@@ ismus in so viele unter@@ gruppen , dass es uns zu deta@@ il@@ liert war . +aber es gab auch christ@@ liche länder , wo es sechs bis sieben babies pro frau gab . +aber es gibt hier auch länder wie gu@@ atem@@ ala , pa@@ pu@@ a neu@@ gu@@ ine@@ a , ye@@ men und afghanistan . +hier ist q@@ at@@ ar heute und dort ist banglades@@ ch heute . +und die welt@@ bevölkerung wird aufhören zu wachsen . +und dann sterben wieder die alten und ihr bekommt zwei milliarden kinder . +ich lan@@ dete in jeder fernseh@@ show . +19@@ 80 erklär@@ ten wir die po@@ cken für aus@@ ger@@ ot@@ tet . +aber in diesem jahr explo@@ di@@ erte die po@@ cken@@ aus@@ brei@@ tung in indien . +drei weitere male sind wir gesch@@ ei@@ tert . +dieses jahr wird dieses eine krank@@ hen@@ haus mehr als 3@@ 0@@ 0.000 menschen in tam@@ il na@@ du , indien , das augen@@ licht zurück geben . +innerhalb von drei wochen ist sie überall auf der welt . +aber mit aller ernsthaf@@ tigkeit – weil diese idee aus ted geboren wurde , möchte ich , dass dies ein er@@ be von ted wird , und ich möchte es das internationale system für tot@@ ale frü@@ her@@ ken@@ nung von krankheiten nennen . +aber sie konnten auf die who zeigen und sie wissen lassen , dass es diese überrasch@@ ende und un@@ erklär@@ te häu@@ fung von krank@@ heits@@ fällen gab , die wie vog@@ el@@ gri@@ ppe aus@@ sahen . +die erste zahl ist drei : drei milliarden menschen . +wir wissen aus be@@ frag@@ ungen von china bis zur usa , +sie wechseln ihr smar@@ t@@ phone sieben oder acht mal , vielleicht auch ö@@ f@@ ter , wenn sie in diesem publikum sitzen . +aber wir haben herausgefunden , dass 100 % einfacher zu erreichen sind als 90 oder 50 % . +die energie ist kosten@@ los . +und wir wollen keine weiteren hundert jahre warten . +es gab eine gleich@@ ung in meiner familie , etwa so : wenn du intelligent bist , bist du in@@ fol@@ ge@@ dessen nicht spiritu@@ ell . +ich habe mich immer ange@@ zogen gefü@@ hlt von diesen sel@@ ten@@ en menschen die das einfach ab@@ strei@@ fen und ihr leben der mensch@@ lichkeit wid@@ men mit der entsch@@ lossen@@ heit der krie@@ ger@@ in und der g@@ na@@ de der my@@ sti@@ ker@@ in . menschen wie martin lu@@ ther king j@@ r . , der schrieb , « ich kann niemals sein , was ich sein sollte , solange du nicht bist , was du sein soll@@ test . +oder vielleicht ihr schwa@@ ger , der nicht an die klima@@ er@@ wärmung glaubt – +wir verein@@ bar@@ ten , wir würden in unseren gruppen das wort er@@ greifen wenn wir zeugen würden von dieser art aus@@ gren@@ zen@@ der rede , die ver@@ le@@ tzen und zu par@@ an@@ o@@ ia verg@@ ären kann , um dann von j@@ enen an den r@@ ändern zum auf@@ wie@@ geln verwendet zu werden . +ich war im irak , in afghanistan und in liber@@ ia . +und er hat eine mission . +und dass sie vor allem dazu fähig ist , diese frie@@ d@@ voll aufzu@@ lösen . +aber die frage , welche in meinem kopf nach@@ klang , war : was treibt menschen dazu , feuer@@ we@@ hr@@ autos zu zerstören die ihren eigenen häusern zu hilfe ei@@ len ? +es wird beri@@ chtet , dass wiki@@ lea@@ ks , dein kind , in den letzten paar jahren mehr geheim@@ doku@@ mente veröffentlicht hat als die rest@@ lichen medien der welt zusammen . +und dann be@@ hielt ihn die regierung für sich und benutz@@ te ihn als politi@@ sches druck@@ mittel gegen mo@@ i , der der reich@@ ste mann war -- immer noch der reich@@ ste mann in ken@@ ia ist . +ro@@ ger , ich hab ' sie . +j nun ja , weil sowas den wahren stand der dinge zeigen zum bei@@ p@@ spiel von arab@@ ischen regierungen , die wirklichen menschen@@ rechts@@ ver@@ stö@@ ße dieser regierungen . +es wird die wahrnehmung und meinung der leute ändern , die für das alles bezahlen . und das ist unsere hoffnung . +und im techn@@ ischen beri@@ cht stand überhaupt nichts davon . es war für uns also ein extrem schwier@@ iges dok@@ um@@ ent . +kann das stimmen ? +das hat euch sehr pro@@ min@@ ent gemacht in island . was passierte dann ? +die musi@@ ker haben eine drei@@ dimension@@ ale veran@@ schau@@ lich@@ ung von we@@ tter@@ daten wie diesen ab@@ gespielt . +die verti@@ k@@ alen elemente sind einer bestimmten stunde am tag zuge@@ ord@@ net . +lau@@ ren ho@@ dge : wenn ihr in einem restaurant die ges@@ ün@@ dere option woll@@ t , was wür@@ det ihr wählen , ge@@ gri@@ ll@@ tes oder fri@@ t@@ tier@@ tes hü@@ hn@@ chen ? +es war eine große verpflich@@ tung , mehr@@ mals zu dem labor zur arbeit zu fahren . +das klingt total al@@ ber@@ n . +das ist sogar eines der größten probleme , das die heu@@ tige che@@ mo@@ therapie mit sich bringt . +1,@@ 6 millionen to@@ de weltweit . +j@@ ul@@ ie geht also zu ihrem arzt , damit ihr as@@ th@@ ma behandelt wird . +ich möchte also , dass ihr euch eine welt vor@@ stellt , in der wir bessere luft@@ qualität haben , in der die lebens@@ qualität besser ist und in der die lebens@@ qualität für alle besser ist , auch für unsere zukünf@@ tigen generationen . +und so einfach verwand@@ elte ich mich von einer frau , die diesen kinder bei@@ gebracht worden wäre , als " behinder@@ t " zu betrachten , in jemanden , der ein potenzi@@ al hatte , das ihre körper noch nicht hatten . +und aus meiner sicht besonders interessant , was bedeutet es , behinder@@ t zu sein ? +sch@@ rul@@ li@@ gkeit ist also wichtig . +danke . +nach dem bewer@@ b@@ ungs@@ gespräch mit dem japan@@ ischen man@@ ager , das eine halbe stunde dau@@ erte , sagte er letztendlich : " so , frau y@@ ang , haben sie fragen an mich ? " +heute werde ich über junge menschen sprechen , über die platt@@ form der sozialen medien . +erstens , sind die meisten von ihnen in den 8@@ 0ern und 9@@ 0ern geboren , unter der ein@@ -@@ kin@@ d-@@ politik . +so stellte den letzten jahren stellten kü@@ sten@@ gebiete fest , dass es ihnen an arbeit@@ sk@@ rä@@ ften man@@ gel@@ t . +obwohl junge menschen sich ihrer be@@ teil@@ li@@ gung an der öffentlichen politischen entschei@@ dungs@@ fin@@ dung sicher scheinen , sind sie manchmal dennoch ein bisschen verloren , in bezug auf was sie für ihr privat@@ leben wollen . +und unsere jün@@ gere generation wird dieses land trans@@ for@@ mieren während sie selbst trans@@ for@@ miert werden . +diese ber@@ ge sind gefähr@@ liche orte , aber letztendlich hängt das schick@@ sal dieser b@@ är@@ en@@ familien , und tatsächlich das aller b@@ ären um den nord@@ pazi@@ fi@@ k , von den la@@ ch@@ sen ab . +notwen@@ digkeit ist die mutter der evolution . +aber wenn sie mit dem n@@ ac@@ kten auge nach oben schauen , brauchen sie wirklich k@@ eins . +ein kultur , die von oben her@@ ab ge@@ steu@@ ert wird , in der die stimm@@ b@@ än@@ der von millionen verloren sind . +allerdings gab as@@ ca@@ p an , dass sie das nicht beein@@ dru@@ cken würde . +i want to share all my love with you ... +der extre@@ mis@@ mus auf der einen seite förder@@ t den extre@@ mis@@ mus auf der anderen seite . ein um@@ stand , den wir mittler@@ weile aus@@ reich@@ end verstanden haben sollten . und beide extreme in dieser diskussion sind einfach falsch . +wir können sie nur zu " rau@@ b@@ kop@@ ier@@ ern " machen . und ist das in ordnung ? +" denn wir sind weit entfernt von zu hause und wir sind sehr er@@ schö@@ pft . " +ich weiß , es klingt nach str@@ en@@ ger liebe , aber sehen sie , wenn sie angel@@ o@@ gen werden , dann weil sie damit ein@@ verstanden sind . +wenn sie nicht belo@@ gen werden wollen , müssen sie wissen , won@@ ach sie h@@ ung@@ ri@@ g sind . +lü@@ gen hat für unsere spezies evolution@@ äre bedeutung . +der rest von uns ist nur etwa 5@@ 4 % ak@@ kur@@ at . +wir alle reden mit unseren finger@@ spit@@ zen . +wenn sie mer@@ ken , dass sie zu un@@ recht ver@@ däch@@ tigt werden , sind sie das gesamte gespräch über wü@@ tend , nicht nur hin und wieder ; sie werden während der gesamten be@@ fra@@ gung wü@@ tend sein . +ihr neuer geschä@@ ft@@ spar@@ t@@ ner mag ihnen die hand schü@@ tt@@ eln mit ihnen fei@@ ern , essen gehen , und dann einen ausdruck des är@@ gers zeigen . +seien sie nicht zu ag@@ gressi@@ v , es funktioniert nicht . +aber in der zwischen@@ zeit müssen sie sich folgendes fragen : wen wollen sie bei einem treffen neben sich sitzen haben , jemanden , der ausge@@ bildet wurde , der wahrheit auf den grund zu gehen , oder jemanden , der ein 200 kil@@ o schwer@@ es elektro@@ en@@ zep@@ hal@@ ogra@@ mm durch die tür schle@@ ppt ? +ab jetzt geht es nur noch ber@@ gab . ich möchte e@@ me@@ ka und chris danken . +das ist sehr wichtig . +nigeria hat 1960 unabhängi@@ gkeit er@@ lan@@ gt . +ich hatte einen erfin@@ der@@ ischen lehrer , ein paki@@ stan@@ ischer mo@@ sle@@ m , der uns genau das bei@@ bringen wollte . +fr@@ as@@ er kni@@ et auf dem boden , die arme auf den rücken ge@@ fes@@ sel@@ t , und er wein@@ t . +und ich habe zu@@ gesehen , wie sie ein@@ ges@@ per@@ rt wurden und rei@@ z@@ gas@@ ver@@ gif@@ tet . +mein freund r@@ on@@ ald got@@ tes@@ man sagt , dass es drei arten von menschen gibt : diejenigen , die zählen können , und die die es nicht können . +eine meiner be@@ vorzu@@ gten aufgaben in meiner arbeit in der gates foundation besteht darin , dass ich ent@@ wi@@ kl@@ ungs@@ länder besu@@ che und das sehr oft . +sie z@@ ap@@ fen lok@@ ale unterneh@@ mer@@ tal@@ ente an und sie be@@ treiben unglaub@@ liches marketing . +und 199@@ 0 beschlossen sie , dass sie die lokalen unternehmer tra@@ inieren wollten und an@@ fingen ihnen ger@@ ingen lo@@ hn zu zahlen . +der grund warum diese mikro@@ unternehmer verkaufen und profit machen können während sie jede einzelne do@@ se in ihrem hand@@ - oder schu@@ b@@ kar@@ ren verkaufen . +und ich denke , dass das ein fehler ist . +wir wissen , dass besch@@ nei@@ dung die hiv infe@@ ktionen bei männern um rund 60 % redu@@ ziert . +nun , am 4@@ . september gab es eine große auf@@ r@@ äu@@ ma@@ ktion , das ist was man bei polio macht . +heute werde ich ihnen zwei dinge erzählen . erstens , was wir verloren haben , und zweitens , wie wir es wieder@@ er@@ langen . +hier können sie den größten teil der lebewesen des meeres@@ schutz@@ gebie@@ ts der florida keys sehen . +aber es gibt ja noch die globale er@@ wärmung . +und dort sah ich dies : jede menge fische . +also fangen die fis@@ cher mehr . +also wieviel davon gibt es ? +das bringt uns zum dritten grund , wieso wir nicht mehr schutz@@ gebiete haben , nämlich dass die mittel@@ besch@@ aff@@ ung falsch aufge@@ zogen ist . +der produk@@ tions@@ über@@ sch@@ uss dieser kleinen ker@@ le da unten ist sozusagen genug , diese träge bio@@ masse zu be@@ wahren . +und dort , und nur dort , kann man wirklich fühlen , teil einer größeren sache zu sein , oder eines größeren öko@@ systems . +wir benutzen das unter@@ see@@ boot al@@ v@@ in und k@@ ameras , und diese k@@ ameras hat bill lange mit hilfe von son@@ y entwickelt . +man weiß sehr wenig über sie . +und es gibt zehn@@ tausende von ber@@ gen hier draußen , die auf keiner karte ver@@ zeichnet sind . +in@@ zwischen haben wir herausgefunden , dass sie wahrscheinlich aus dem er@@ din@@ n@@ eren gekommen sind . +es gibt hier keine licht@@ quellen außer denen , die wir mit@@ bringen . +sie brauchen die sonne überhaupt nicht . +b@@ l : dieses bakteri@@ um , über das wir gesprochen haben , ist die einfach@@ ste uns bekannte lebens@@ form . +el ni@@ ñ@@ o kommt und geht . es ist kein des@@ aster , es ist ein rhyth@@ mus . +wir fän@@ den es großartig , wenn schüler das behalten , selbst wenn sie keine mathemati@@ schen fach@@ richtungen ein@@ schlagen . +ich glaube an das wirkliche leben . +wenn wir dann beginnen die bedeutung von ' stei@@ le ' zu definieren , erkennen wir , dass es nett wäre , einige ma@@ ße zu besitzen um wirklich ein@@ grenzen zu können , was es genau bedeutet . +wie lange dauert es , i@@ h aufzu@@ füllen ? +dies ist eine ein@@ mali@@ ge zeit , mathematik lehrer zu sein , denn wir haben die werkzeuge , um diesen hoch@@ wer@@ tigen lehr@@ plan in unserer vor@@ der@@ tasche zu erstellen . +die lehr@@ e aus bri@@ ans vortrag ist irgendwie -- all diese fanta@@ stischen bilder -- wirklich dies : der blick@@ winkel bestimmt alles , was man sieht . +sie war langwei@@ lig . +so sind die herausforderungen an bildung , an einem ort wie diesem , nicht die köni@@ ge und köni@@ g@@ innen von ken@@ ia und großbritannien zu lernen . +wie sehen sie aus ? +10 jahre auf den er@@ trag der bildung zu warten , ist zu lang , wenn man seine tä@@ glichen aufgaben erfü@@ llen muss , wenn man die gesch@@ wi@@ ster ver@@ sorgen muss , oder im geschäft mi@@ th@@ el@@ fen muss . +das ist eine stadt . +und es wird keine fehler geben . " +sie br@@ äu@@ chten ab@@ er@@ millionen von lehr@@ ern in china , indien , nigeria und dem rest der entwicklungs@@ länder , um den bedarf zu decken . +aber es ist , anders als autos , die sich so schnell und ge@@ ord@@ net entwickelt haben , das schul@@ system ist eigentlich erkenn@@ bar ein er@@ be des 19@@ . jahrhunderts , von einem bis@@ mar@@ ck@@ schen model von deutsch@@ em unterricht , das von engli@@ schen re@@ form@@ ern aufge@@ gri@@ ffen wurde , und oft von religiö@@ sen mis@@ sion@@ aren in den vereinigten staaten aufge@@ gri@@ ffen wurde als ein mittel des gesellschaft@@ lichen zusammen@@ hal@@ ts , und dann in japan und süd@@ korea , während sie sich entwickelten . +und während ich ihn schaue , kommt diese sz@@ ene , die mich zu trä@@ nen rü@@ hrt , und die ich seit 25 jahren mit mir herum@@ tra@@ ge . +und da ich einen 15@@ -@@ jährigen zu hause habe , muss ich ständig kochen , kochen , kochen . +dieser " gay lifest@@ yle " ist echt gr@@ use@@ lig . er ist super@@ -@@ bö@@ se und nimmt kein ende ! +die ver@@ fassung der usa ist die " gay agenda " . +aber wenn sie sich die karte ansehen und unseren staat mich@@ ig@@ an hier sehen – es ist hier legal , menschen zu feu@@ ern , weil sie schw@@ u@@ l , les@@ b@@ isch , bis@@ ex@@ u@@ ell oder trans@@ gender sind , es ist legal , jemanden aus ihrem heim zu werfen , weil sie schw@@ u@@ l , les@@ b@@ isch , bis@@ ex@@ u@@ ell oder trans@@ gender sind , dann erkennen sie , dass dieses ganze gere@@ de über gleich@@ stellung in der e@@ he nicht darum geht , jem@@ and@@ es rechte zu besch@@ nei@@ den , sondern es geht darum , ihnen die rechte zu ge@@ währ@@ en , die bereits for@@ mu@@ liert sind . +danke . +einige der studien bele@@ gen sogar , dass wir glück@@ licher sind . +entrop@@ ie bedeutet , dass alles auf dieser welt , wirklich alles in einem zustand des ver@@ falls und ver@@ der@@ ben@@ s ist , das ist der bogen . +wie sollte ich den dritten akt leben ? +wenn es uns aber möglich ist , zurückzu@@ gehen und unsere beziehung zu ändern , unsere beziehung zu vergan@@ genen menschen und ereig@@ nissen neu auszu@@ legen , dann können sich die nerven@@ ba@@ hnen ändern . +ich weiss wor@@ an sie denken , wenn sie diese bilder anschauen . +sie müssen best@@ äu@@ ber an@@ lo@@ cken die ihnen helfen . +es ist eine wunderbare sache . +das ist der phil@@ o@@ den@@ dr@@ on s@@ ell@@ ou@@ m . +letzte woche habe ich dieses sonnen@@ rö@@ schen in dor@@ set fotografi@@ ert . +vielleicht sind sie gener@@ v@@ t , oder sie freu@@ en sich auf ein neues spiel . oder es hält sie vom schlafen ab . +er rei@@ st durch das ganze land und fotografi@@ ert sich selbst . hier ist zig in einem indi@@ an@@ er@@ reser@@ v@@ at . diese aufnahme zä@@ hlt zu den tradition@@ ell@@ eren aufnahmen . das ist ein re@@ gent@@ än@@ zer . +sie wollen auch mit . " – und ich : " liebl@@ ing , sie wollen nicht mit . das ist die ' middle pas@@ sage ' . +es ist ein spiel mit 5@@ 0.000 einzel@@ teilen . +was ihr se@@ ht , sind die flug@@ bewegungen über nor@@ dameri@@ ka über einen zei@@ traum von 24@@ -@@ stunden . +man sieht die war@@ tes@@ ch@@ lei@@ fen , die unten auf dem bildschirm entstehen +also haben sie diesen web@@ dienst@@ leistung gemacht und gesagt : " jeder program@@ mier@@ er kann eine software schreiben und auf den geist von tausenden von menschen zu@@ greifen . " +das ver@@ schafft einen eindruck über die verschiedenen grade der motivation und hing@@ ab@@ e . +also haben wir ein hunder@@ t-@@ doll@@ ar-@@ sch@@ ein genommen und in 10,000 winzi@@ g kleine teile zer@@ legt , und diese in den mechan@@ ical tur@@ k ein@@ gesp@@ ei@@ st . +man bekommt einen einfachen audi@@ o@@ clip . +aber wir wussten , dass wir auf jeden fall die richtige person brauchten um uns da@@ hinter zu stellen und für den wir etwas aufbauen konnten . +ak : wenn ihr zu der website john@@ n@@ y@@ cas@@ h@@ proje@@ ct@@ .com geht , wird ihr das video oben sehen . +win bu@@ t@@ ler : now our lives are changing fast now our lives are changing fast hope that something p@@ ure can last hope that something p@@ ure can last o@@ oh we used to wait o@@ oh we used to wait o@@ oh we used to wait sometimes it never came sometimes it never came still moving through the pain we used to wait for it we used to wait for it we used to wait for it ak : ich denke , wenn es eine sache gibt , die ihr von meiner rede heute mit@@ nehmen soll@@ t , ist dass ein interface ein star@@ kes erzähl@@ er@@ isches instrument sein kann . +und sie kommt auch auf@@ s wesent@@ liche der dinge . +falls man eine der sprachen nicht kann , lernt man sofort . +hier ist " c@@ and@@ y@@ city . " +und par@@ alle@@ l zu meinem schneiden ist mein laufen . +die identi@@ täten sind nicht auto@@ bi@@ ograph@@ isch . +also bei der u-@@ bahn in new york sah ich einen zusammenhang zwischen dem fahren in der u-@@ bahn und dem lesen . +es wird genutzt als ab@@ sper@@ r@@ ung die schi@@ enen und fahr@@ gä@@ ste schü@@ tzt , und ver@@ hinder@@ t , dass sachen auf die schi@@ enen fallen . +b@@ é@@ at@@ ri@@ ce cor@@ on : aus papier gesch@@ ni@@ tt@@ ene geschichten +nun , das gegen@@ stück eines s@@ no@@ bs ist ihre mutter . +nei@@ d - es ist ein e@@ chtes tab@@ u , nei@@ d zu erwä@@ hnen - aber wenn es ein vor@@ herr@@ schen@@ des gefühl in der modernen gesellschaft gibt , dann ist es nei@@ d . +es gibt noch einen weiteren grund , warum wir möglicherweise unseren karriere , unserem status in der heutigen welt , än@@ g@@ st@@ licher gegen@@ über@@ stehen als je zuvor . +dennoch glaube ich , dass es verrückt ist zu glauben , dass wir jemals eine wirklich mer@@ it@@ o@@ kra@@ tische gesellschaft haben werden können . ein un@@ mög@@ licher traum . +nun , gibt es dazu irgend@@ welche alterna@@ tiven ? +und so sind wir gen@@ ei@@ gt , uns selbst anzu@@ beten . +die psycho@@ analyse pos@@ a@@ unt diese botschaft schon seit ungefähr 80 jahren heraus . +ander@@ n@@ falls kann es ganz schön kl@@ au@@ st@@ rop@@ ho@@ b@@ isch werden . +und ich beschloss , dass das einzige mittel gegen diesen zustand , ein schwer errei@@ ch@@ barer traum sei , ein extre@@ mer traum , den zu verfolgen äuß@@ erste überzeu@@ gung und uner@@ schü@@ tter@@ liche leidenschaft bedür@@ fte , etwas , das mich zu meinem besten selbst in jedem aspekt meines lebens machen würde , zu jeder minute jeden tages , denn der traum war so groß , dass ich ihn ohne diese ein@@ stellung und überzeu@@ gung nicht erreichen konnte . +die navi@@ gation is schwierig . +ich konnte es nicht erwarten , den fanta@@ stischen geist auszu@@ lösen . +und jeder dieser sta@@ ch@@ el über@@ trägt dieses gift in das zentr@@ ale ne@@ ven@@ system . +und ich schw@@ am@@ m durch die nacht , und auch noch durch den nächsten tag . +und ein kleines kind ganz hinten machte so . +ja . +danke . danke . +und was ist mit schla@@ f ? +dies ist ein gerät , das nicht nur den herz@@ rhyth@@ mus mis@@ st , wie sie bereits gesehen haben , es kann noch viel mehr . +das sieht so aus . +in der regel sind es 90 prozent . also , sie sagen mir , sie schlafen besser als erwartet . +so , diabetes ist eine der großen krankheiten . +es gibt zwei dinge , die diesen ganzen prozess wirklich beschle@@ uni@@ gen können . +so , ich hoffe , ich habe sie davon überzeugt -- die auswirkungen auf die kranken@@ haus@@ res@@ sor@@ cen sind enor@@ m und die auswirkungen auf krankheiten sind ebenso beeindruck@@ end in allen diesen verschiedenen krankheiten und mehr . +wie schaffen wir stab@@ i@@ le gesellschaften ? lang@@ le@@ bi@@ gkeit . +und man beginnt nachzudenken über sich selbst und seine erinn@@ erungen , und bevor man zurück in die ver@@ sen@@ kung geht verändert man seine erinn@@ erung und man verändert seine persön@@ lichkeit und so weiter . +und natürlich , wir sind nicht verantwortlich für die kon@@ sequenzen für das was wir gerade tun , o@@ der@@ r ? wie diese ganzen bedenken ums kl@@ onen . +dank@@ es@@ ch@@ ö@@ n . +und ich zeige ihnen , was wir entwickelt haben . +also kann man genauso viel sor@@ g@@ falt und technik verwenden um einen ham@@ bur@@ ger zu machen , wie bei einem deutlich kul@@ in@@ ar@@ is@@ cher@@ em geri@@ cht . +das ist wie in einem h@@ olly@@ wo@@ od@@ film , wenn ein mensch an sei@@ len in der luft schwe@@ bt , und digital die sei@@ le entfernt werden , so dass er flie@@ gt . +die region , die aussieht wie ein hor@@ n nennen wir " swe@@ et spot " . +und weil viele menschen my@@ th@@ bu@@ sters und c@@ s@@ i anschauen dachte ich mir , nehmen wir ein re@@ zept für bal@@ li@@ stische gel@@ at@@ ine mit auf . +aber vielleicht hilft es , wenn ich ihm ein loch in den kopf bo@@ hre . " +wer würde sich so was denn schon an@@ tun ? +die la@@ par@@ o@@ sk@@ op@@ ie macht diese art von operation möglich . eine operation mit langen instru@@ menten durch kleine ein@@ schni@@ tte . +und jetzt , im gegensatz zur la@@ par@@ o@@ sk@@ op@@ ie , kann man die na@@ del genau im instrument plat@@ zieren , und man kann sie ganz durch@@ führen und ihr in ihrer lauf@@ bahn folgen . +und sie müssen alles neu ein@@ stellen . +wir können das dre@@ h@@ buch für die nächste revolution in der chirur@@ gie schreiben . +wir können die krankheit hei@@ len . +wir stellten fest , wenn plasti@@ k@@ müll einmal auf der de@@ pon@@ ie ist , ist er wegen seiner ähn@@ lichen dichte schwer sor@@ tier@@ bar , und wenn er mit organ@@ ischen stoffen und bau@@ schu@@ tt ver@@ mis@@ cht wird , ist es wahr@@ lich unmöglich , ihn heraus@@ zus@@ u@@ chen und umwelt@@ bewusst zu ent@@ sorgen . +ph@@ tal@@ ate verschmu@@ tzen nicht nur unsere umwelt , sie verschmu@@ tzen auch unseren körper . +das bedeutet , dass unsere bakterien tatsächlich von den ph@@ tal@@ aten lebten . +danke . j@@ y : danke . +aber menschen leben auf dieses land . +das ist eine ungewöhn@@ liche instal@@ lation von flug@@ ha@@ fen@@ sitzen . +die frü@@ hre ver@@ sionen haben ein " x " gest@@ ell . das mögen die samm@@ ler . +das ist ein film , von dem wir schon viel@@ es gehört haben . +jetzt schauen wir uns einen anderen film an . +also , " ich sah viele züge und bin auch mit einem gefahren . +und da sind eine ganze menge sp@@ assi@@ ge dinge . das ist das museum der par@@ k@@ bank . +es geht darum wie man probleme an@@ geht . und da ist diese grosse , wunder@@ schöne gemein@@ samkeit zwischen design , das wirtschafts@@ leben und die welt . +das ist das , was wir alle tun müssen . +es war über@@ wäl@@ ti@@ gend . +aber wenn sich korruption ein@@ sch@@ leicht und menschen nicht mehr die möglichkeit haben , von einem rechts@@ staat besch@@ ü@@ tzt zu werden und man gewalt benutzen kann , wenn man gewalt stra@@ ff@@ frei benutzen kann , dann kann man die sch@@ wachen ein@@ sammeln und ver@@ skla@@ ven . +dies ist also das s@@ zen@@ ari@@ o , auf das wir kapital setzen sollten . +diese kleinen jungen sind in ne@@ p@@ al . +be@@ frei@@ ung kostet aber auch geld . +kinder , die aus der fis@@ cher@@ ei@@ industrie in ghana be@@ fr@@ eit wurden , werden mit ihren eltern wieder verein@@ t und dann mit den eltern zurück in ihr dorf gebracht , um dort ihren wirtschaftlichen wohl@@ stand wieder aufzubauen , so dass sie gegen ver@@ sk@@ al@@ v@@ ung ab@@ gesi@@ ch@@ ert sind . absolut nicht mehr ver@@ skla@@ v@@ bar . +aber erst seit kurzem können wir , dank techn@@ ischer fort@@ schritte , nun die qu@@ anten@@ -@@ le@@ vi@@ tation und die qu@@ anten@@ -@@ ar@@ reti@@ erung demon@@ stri@@ eren . +zuerst sind einige b@@ ün@@ del von mag@@ net@@ fel@@ d@@ linien im inneren ge@@ fangen , aber der su@@ pr@@ al@@ ei@@ ter mag es nicht , wenn sie sich bewegen , da ihre bewegungen energie ver@@ brauchen , und so die su@@ pr@@ al@@ ei@@ tung stör@@ en . +diesen r@@ unden magne@@ ten kann ich natürlich auch erweitern , um ein belie@@ bi@@ ges glei@@ s zu formen . +und es war inspiriert von diesem zitat von dou@@ glas ad@@ ams . die situation ist aus " per an@@ hal@@ ter durch die galax@@ is " . +aber egal , ich bekam meinen ko@@ ffer voll ei@@ sen@@ er@@ z und brachte ihn mit dem zug zurück nach london , wo ich mit dem problem konfron@@ tiert wurde : okay , wie mache ich aus diesem stein bau@@ teile für einen to@@ aster ? +und das letzte material über das ich heute reden werde , ist plasti@@ k . und natürlich musste mein to@@ aster eine plasti@@ k@@ hü@@ lle bekommen . +das ist er ohne ge@@ hä@@ use . +als ich student am mit war , teil@@ ten wir uns alle einen einzigen computer , der ein gesam@@ tes gebäude ein@@ nahm . +wir haben sie also aktu@@ alisiert , so dass ich sie nun bis zum jahr 2007 zeigen kann . +kommuni@@ ka@@ tion@@ stech@@ n@@ ologi@@ en : es gibt 50 verschiedene arten das hier zu messen . die anzahl der bits , die bewegt werden , die größe des inter@@ nets . +und wir werden anfangen , unsere gesundheit und unsere intelligenz damit zu beeinflussen , je weiter wir uns diesen technologien näher@@ n . +es geschah in einer gegend names well@@ a@@ wat@@ ta , einer erst@@ klas@@ si@@ gen wohn@@ gegend in col@@ om@@ bo . +noch stunden später war das meer mei@@ len@@ weit mit holz@@ teilen über@@ s@@ ät -- das alles kam von den häusern des sl@@ ums . +1. stimme : es kommt zurück . eine neue welle . +und sie bietet wirklich interessante möglichkeiten , um eine ganze reihe von ak@@ tionen in der zukunft zu organisi@@ eren . +es ist sehr einfach , sich in die de@@ zentr@@ alisi@@ erte , von unten nach oben struktur des inter@@ nets zu ver@@ lieben . +es gibt dieses berühm@@ te beispiel von einem kreis , der 3@@ 6@@ 6 meter lang war und zwei tage lang and@@ au@@ erte , die ameisen wander@@ ten einfach immer im kreis herum bis sie irgendwann star@@ ben . +ich kann aber nicht aufhören , an diese jungen leute ohne arme zu denken . +ich zeige ihnen gleich jemanden , der mit dem ding ein paar einfache bewegungen macht , die wir auch in washington vor@@ geführt haben . bitte film ab ! +alles begann , als sich zwei wissenschaftler , fre@@ d gras@@ s@@ le und j@@ esse au@@ su@@ bel , in wo@@ ods hole , mas@@ sach@@ use@@ t@@ ts , tra@@ fen , als beide zu g@@ ast im berühm@@ ten ozean@@ ograph@@ ischen institu@@ t wei@@ l@@ ten . +und damit wurde es möglich , fisch hal@@ t@@ bar zu machen und über lange stre@@ cken zu transpor@@ tieren . +und so war eines der mittel , mit dem wir den ozean er@@ kun@@ deten , die aku@@ sti@@ k , also sch@@ all@@ wellen . +was sie fanden , war falsch e@@ ti@@ ket@@ tier@@ ter fisch . +das ist etwas , das wir bereits seit einer weile wissen , also nicht weiter bahn@@ brech@@ end . +das interessante an ihm ist , dass wissenschaftler , die an der er@@ fassung teil@@ nahmen , vor ein paar jahren entdeck@@ ten , dass dieser kleine kerl in sauer@@ stoff@@ armen se@@ dimen@@ ten in den tie@@ fen des mittel@@ me@@ ers leben kann . +also haben wir noch eine menge arbeit vor uns , was das un@@ bekannte an@@ geht . +und die ozean@@ e sind so produ@@ ktiv , es passiert so viel dort , das für menschen wichtig ist , das wir unbedingt , selbst aus einer eigen@@ nütz@@ igen perspektive , besser machen müssen als bisher . +und wir tun etwas anderes als das , was wir in der vergangenheit getan hat . wir fügen ein minim@@ um von intelligenz da hin . +wissen sie , ich kenne mich so schlecht mit technik aus , dass ich meine tochter – die jetzt 4@@ 1 ist – als sie fünf war , zufällig zu einer freundin sagen hörte , " wenn es nicht blu@@ tet , wenn du es schnei@@ dest , dann versteht mein pa@@ pa es nicht . " +die in@@ do@@ -@@ europä@@ ische wurz@@ el des wor@@ tes hoffnung ist ein stam@@ m , k-@@ e-@@ u – wir würden es k-@@ e-@@ u buchstab@@ ieren , es wird ko@@ y aus@@ gesprochen – und es ist dieselbe wurz@@ el , von dem das wort bogen stammt . +und ich denke , das werden auf die län@@ ge die elemente des menschlichen gei@@ stes sein , über die wir nach und nach von so vielen re@@ dn@@ ern gehört haben . +wir sind , oder sollten es sein , moral@@ isch dazu verpflich@@ tet , der hei@@ ler der welt zu sein . +nun , das stimmt nicht ganz . sie können das auch durch schwi@@ tzen machen . +aber warum ist die ob@@ ere frage so einfach und die un@@ tere so schwer ? +man sen@@ det einen be@@ fe@@ hl , der eine mus@@ kel@@ kon@@ tra@@ ktion aus@@ lö@@ st . +was sind das für vorstellungen ? +und was die ba@@ y@@ es@@ -@@ regel aus@@ sagt , ist , dass man die anzahl im roten mit der anzahl im grünen multi@@ pli@@ zieren sollte , um die anzahl der gel@@ ben zu erhalten , die die elli@@ p@@ sen auf@@ weisen , und das ist meine überzeu@@ gung . +nun gibt es einen guten grund dafür zu glauben , dass sie in der lage sein wollen ex@@ ter@@ ne von inter@@ nen vor@@ gän@@ gen zu unterscheiden . +wenn man von 0@@ ,@@ 1 auf 0@@ ,@@ 2 geht , wird es zum ende immer kit@@ z@@ li@@ ger +wir begannen mit einem motor mit einem kleinen he@@ bel , und kleiner kraft@@ über@@ tra@@ gung . +also muss ich jede menge entscheidungen treffen . +wenn ich mich anders bewe@@ ge – rechts zum beispiel – dann gibt es einen anderen be@@ fe@@ hl , ein anderes rau@@ schen , das durch unser l@@ ärm@@ system läuft – ziemlich kompliziert . +man muss das seh@@ vermögen mit der erkenntnis untersuchen , wie das beweg@@ ungs@@ system das sehen nutzt . +und ja , der rote planet ist rot . +hier sind einige der jün@@ gsten bilder . +und was wir hier sehen ist das auf@@ treten des g@@ ases me@@ than , ch@@ 4 , in der mar@@ sat@@ mosp@@ häre . +in der süd@@ halb@@ ku@@ gel gibt es ein@@ schlag@@ kr@@ ater , es gibt vul@@ kan@@ kr@@ ater . +wir werden dort fliegen , wo das me@@ than ist . +wir glauben , dass wir mit einem ein@@ st@@ ün@@ digen flug die lehr@@ bücher über den mars um@@ schreiben können , indem wir hoch@@ auf@@ lö@@ sende mess@@ ungen der atmosphäre vor@@ nehmen , wobei wir nach gas@@ en bio@@ gen@@ er und vul@@ kan@@ ischer her@@ kunft suchen , die oberfläche studieren , den magne@@ tis@@ mus auf der oberfläche studieren , den wir nicht verstehen , und außerdem ungefähr ein dutz@@ end andere gebiete . +wenn sie an weiteren informationen interessiert sind haben wir eine website , die diese aufre@@ gende und faszinier@@ ende mission beschrei@@ bt , und warum wir sie durch@@ führen wollen . +ich dann so : " yeah . +dann muss du bemerken , das wenn die le@@ go unterstützen c@@ ad programme nicht genug sind , dort ist ein open@@ - source unabhängi@@ ges le@@ go c@@ ad program mit dem man 3d modelle und 3d wieder@@ gaben machen kann , in der tat , filme von le@@ go 3d filme bei denen tausende auf youtube sind . und dort sind gi@@ b@@ st einige nach@@ ge@@ machte bekannte filme . und einige haben absolut gleichen inhalt . nur be@@ wunder@@ n@@ s@@ wert und leute machen alle möglichen filme . +ich habe große angst . ich glaube nicht , dass wir es schaffen werden . +und sehen sie , was wal@@ m@@ art gemacht hat . +aber der nutzen ist enor@@ m . +kalifornien produziert nur sieben prozent der co@@ 2-@@ emis@@ sionen der usa . +jedes jahr sterben eine halbe million menschen an einer gän@@ z@@ lich vermei@@ d@@ baren krankheit : malaria . 6@@ .000 menschen sterben täglich , +davon wurden nur 0@@ ,@@ 2 % der ein@@ nahmen in forschung und entwicklung investi@@ ert . +das könnte die größte wirtschaftliche gelegenheit des 21. jahrhunderts sein . +jeder punkt ist eine person . +denn , wie ich sagte , leben wir in netz@@ werken und diese netzwerke haben eine bestimmte art struktur . +wenn wir also etwas verfolgen wollen , das sich in einem netzwerk aus@@ brei@@ tet , würden wir ide@@ al@@ erweise sensor@@ en auf den zentr@@ alen personen im netzwerk ein@@ richten , in@@ klu@@ sive k@@ noten a , die leute beobachten , die genau da in der mitte des netz@@ wer@@ ks sind , und irgendwie eine frü@@ her@@ ken@@ nung bekommen von dem , was sich da auch immer im netzwerk verbreitet . +wir dachten also , wir würden diese idee nutzen , um zu prü@@ fen , ob wir phän@@ om@@ ene in netz@@ werken vorhersagen können . +und die größe der punkte wird propor@@ tional dazu sein , wie viele ihrer freunde die gri@@ ppe haben . +die antwort ist nein . +und es gibt , denke ich , drei arten auf die diese massi@@ v-@@ passi@@ ven daten genutzt werden können . +während der letzten 7 jahre bin ich meiner faszin@@ ation für die geb@@ au@@ te umwelt ge@@ folgt , und alle , die mich kennen , würden sagen , dass diese leidenschaft mich dazu veran@@ lasst hat , 3@@ 65 tage im jahr aus dem ko@@ ffer zu leben . +und es gibt sogar eine kirche . +heute leben in diesem gebiet ungefähr 5@@ 0.000 - 7@@ 0.000 menschen , die in dieser selb@@ ster@@ bauten gemeinschaft von mehr@@ stö@@ ck@@ igen häusern leben , wo bis zu drei generationen in einer einheit leben . +in eine region , die berü@@ hmt ist für ihre wei@@ chen , por@@ ö@@ sen lö@@ ß@@ bö@@ den , lebten bis vor kurzem ungefähr 40 mi@@ o@@ . menschen in diesen unter@@ ir@@ dischen häusern . +sie wissen wie es aus@@ ging , spen@@ cer tra@@ cy besor@@ gte einen computer , einen groß@@ rech@@ ner von 195@@ 7 , um den bibliothe@@ kar@@ en zu helfen . +rechts sind einige tu@@ gs einer firma namens a@@ eth@@ on in pit@@ ts@@ burgh . +eine person , die mit dem roboter inter@@ agi@@ ert , be@@ grei@@ ft , wohin er greifen wird und wird von seinen bewegungen nicht überrascht . +mil@@ dre@@ d ist eine fabri@@ k@@ arbei@@ ter@@ in in connec@@ tic@@ ut . +und anders betrachtet , gibt es immer mehr menschen im r@@ ent@@ en@@ alter , da die gebur@@ ten@@ star@@ ken jahr@@ gän@@ ge das r@@ ent@@ en@@ alter erreichen . +das system mis@@ st die flug@@ zeit des strahl@@ s und zeichnet auf , wie lange das licht braucht um auf eine oberfläche zu treffen und zurückzu@@ kehren . +und das hier ist der flug durch die pun@@ kt@@ wol@@ ke für ti@@ k@@ al . und hier sehen sie das ren@@ der@@ ing und mit fot@@ ot@@ ex@@ tur der fotos , die wir vor ort machen . +letzten mär@@ z errei@@ chte uns dann eine sehr trauri@@ ge nachricht . +ben k@@ ac@@ y@@ ra : anti@@ ke wunder in 3d er@@ fasst +wir wurden über den h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st in den schulen infor@@ miert . +sie werden direkt zu ihrem kon@@ gr@@ ess@@ zu@@ stän@@ digen weiter@@ gelei@@ tet , zu ihrem us sen@@ ator , zu ihrem g@@ ou@@ vern@@ our , wo die gesetz@@ geb@@ ung zum kapit@@ al@@ ab@@ zug an@@ steht . +europä@@ ische regierungen haben sich größ@@ tent@@ ei@@ ls nicht zur verantwortung bekannt , und es gibt nichts wo@@ gegen man steuern und druck aus@@ üben könnte . +er war wie bo@@ bby ken@@ ne@@ dy , weil man nie sagen konnte , ob er ein re@@ alist war , der sich als ide@@ alist aus@@ gab oder ein ide@@ alist , der sich als re@@ alist aus@@ gab , so wie viele sich das oft von bo@@ bby ken@@ ne@@ dy und john ken@@ ne@@ dy fragten . +aber , oh , die mö@@ r@@ der sind in den la@@ gern . +du bist her@@ ren@@ los . +bl@@ ende die geschichte nicht aus . lass deine prinzipien nicht an der tür zurück . +der vi@@ erte und letzte punkt : weil er an den schreck@@ lichsten orten der welt arbeitete , hatte er natürlich eine de@@ mut , ein bewusstsein für die komplexität der welt um ihn herum . +einige sind ange@@ trieben von mitgefühl , denken , dass es vielleicht eines der grundle@@ genden handlungen der menschheit sei . +vor 100 jahren wussten wir es nicht . +trotzdem , muss in vielen orten , jedes dritte kind , sobald sie drei jahre alt sind , el@@ end in ihren leben erfahren aufgrund dessen , was ich genannt habe . +und solche arten von technologie haben das potential das bild von hunger und nahrung , unter@@ ernährung an den fron@@ t@@ linien zu verändern . +vor zwei jahren beschlossen wir die art der be@@ kämp@@ fung von hunger zu verändern , anstatt ihnen lebens@@ mittel als hilfe zu geben , la@@ gern wir sie in bun@@ ker . +es ist eine win@@ -@@ win@@ -@@ win situation , die die lebens@@ mittel@@ wirtschaft in ' s rollen bringt . +die world bank schä@@ tzt , dass es etwa 10 mil@@ lar@@ den dollar , 10@@ ,@@ 3 , kosten würde , um die fehl@@ ernährung in diesen ländern zu be@@ kämpfen . +das hier ist eine erstaunliche tab@@ elle . +je älter man wird , desto häufi@@ ger wird es . +warum ? weil wir wissen , was sie haben , und wir wissen , wie es zu behandeln ist , obwohl wir hier@@ zu@@ lan@@ de keinen impf@@ stoff herstellen können , aber das ist eine andere geschichte . +und ich glaube , dass dies das fundament@@ ale problem der letzten 50 jahre war , dass wir verstehen wollten , was krebs ist . +und so , wenn sie sich krebs als ein system denken , gibt es da einen input und einen out@@ put und in der mitte einen zustand . +wenn ich einer frau mit brust@@ krebs alle drei wochen ein medikament namens tax@@ ol gebe , das ist standard , haben etwa 40 prozent der frauen mit meta@@ stati@@ sch@@ em krebs eine großartige reaktion auf das medikament . +also statt einer redu@@ k@@ tion@@ i@@ stischen sicht@@ weise treten wir einen schritt zurück . +das problem ist nur , wenn ich ihr arzt bin und heute ihren c@@ t-@@ scan be@@ komme , und sie eine zwei c@@ m große geschw@@ ul@@ st in ihrer le@@ ber haben , und sie in drei monaten wieder@@ kommen , und jetzt sind es drei c@@ m , hat das medikament ihnen ge@@ holfen oder nicht ? +und so werden wir als on@@ k@@ ologen nicht mehr un@@ mengen von papier in den ak@@ ten haben , sondern einen daten@@ fluss , der ungefähr so aussehen wird , wobei dieser tro@@ pfen blut gi@@ gab@@ y@@ tes an daten erzeugt . +die meisten von uns finden das beru@@ hi@@ gend , und interessan@@ ter@@ weise sind 12 schw@@ ing@@ ungen pro minute ungefähr die atem@@ -@@ frequ@@ enz eines schla@@ f@@ enden menschen . +wenn ich beispielsweise das hier - - länger als ein paar sekunden laufen lie@@ ße , würden sie sich un@@ wohl fühlen ; länger als ein paar minuten , und sie würden den saal in sch@@ aren verlassen . +das haben alle erkannt . . und das ist die mel@@ o@@ die , die zur zeit am häu@@ fig@@ sten in der welt zu hören ist , +und ich stand dort mit zwei sehr guten freunden von mir , richard we@@ ber und kev@@ in v@@ all@@ ely . +wir würden also eine live webseite haben , jeden einzelnen der 3@@ 3 tage würden wir blog@@ gen , geschichten von , sie wissen schon , aufge@@ brau@@ ch@@ tem sauerstoff erzählen , der uns zw@@ ingt unsere gesichter zu be@@ decken oder wir ver@@ bren@@ nen . +das ich der extrem@@ -@@ aus@@ dau@@ e-@@ typ bin ? +ich liebe nach@@ tt@@ au@@ ch@@ gän@@ ge . man kann dann eine ganze menge anderer fische sehen als ta@@ gs@@ über . +egal wo auf der welt man lebt . +wir können mit google earth sogar herum@@ schwimmen und die bu@@ ck@@ el@@ w@@ ale besuchen . +wir töten mit lan@@ gl@@ einen von gut und gerne 80 kilome@@ tern , an denen alle paar meter kö@@ der@@ ha@@ ken hängen , +und 197@@ 2 begannen die usa , ein gegen@@ stück im meer einzu@@ richten , die nation@@ alen meeres@@ schutz@@ gebiete . +aber , alles ist egal , wenn wir es nicht schaffen , die me@@ ere zu schützen . +ohne insekten gäbe es keine blü@@ h@@ enden pflanzen . +auf dem kopf haben sie noch einen satz augen . +eine maus hat taus@@ end@@ mal mehr nerven@@ zellen als eine flie@@ ge . +das sind die beiden konzep@@ te , die ich erforschen möchte . +diese versu@@ ch@@ san@@ or@@ dung hat eine meiner post@@ dok@@ tor@@ an@@ den , gab@@ y ma@@ im@@ on , jetzt an der rock@@ ef@@ eller university , entwickelt . es ist eigentlich ein flug@@ simul@@ ator , bei dem man eine elektro@@ de im gehirn der flie@@ ge an@@ bringen kann und dann eine auf@@ zeich@@ nung einer gene@@ tisch identi@@ fi@@ zierten nerven@@ zelle machen kann +zum ersten , es ist uner@@ lä@@ ss@@ lich das menschliche gehirn zu verstehen , wenn wir als gesellschaft zu@@ recht@@ kommen wollen , und ich denke das ist ein wichtiger schritt in evolution . +also kann ich mit gewis@@ ser sicherheit sagen , dass " ich denke , also bin ich . " +wir pac@@ ken sie nur in sä@@ ul@@ en , so dass wir mehr ne@@ o@@ kor@@ ti@@ k@@ alen sä@@ ul@@ en besitzen , um komplex@@ ere funk@@ tionen durch@@ zu@@ führen . +und das machten wir für tausende von neuronen , bauten digitale modelle für alle verschiedenen typen von neuronen welche wir an@@ tra@@ fen . +und wenn wir das machen , was wir entdeckt haben , ist , dass der schalt@@ kreis sich verändert . +nun , wenn man das das erste mal sieht , fragt man sich , " oh mein gott . wie kann aus dem realität hervor@@ kommen ? " +das ereig@@ nete sich in meiner kindheit -- 195@@ 7 bis 196@@ 5 . +" das raum@@ schi@@ ff@@ projekt hat offi@@ zi@@ ell begonnen . die arbeit war@@ tet auf sie . dy@@ son . " +das sind 3 pfund la@@ dungen c@@ 4 . das ist ungefähr 10 mal soviel , wie der typ in seinen schu@@ hen hatte . +das ist eine version für 20 männer , um zum ju@@ pit@@ er zu gelangen : ko@@ j@@ en , schutz@@ bun@@ ker , üb@@ ungs@@ raum . +sie wissen , ich weiß nicht wie@@ viele sie davon lesen . aber es macht keinen spaß sie zu lesen und oft keinen spaß zu schreiben sogar schlimmer zu schreiben . +ich denke das ist einfach faszinier@@ end . +sehr sehr schwer . +ihre organ@@ e jemand anders geben hat wahrscheinlich damit zu tun wieviel einem die gesellschaft wert ist , wie verbunden sie sind . +interessan@@ ter weise , wenn menschen das bekommen , kreu@@ zen sie wieder nicht an . aber jetzt nehmen sie teil . +dies ist eine ab@@ hand@@ lung von re@@ del@@ mei@@ er und scha@@ ef@@ er . +es gibt eine weitere entscheidung . +ein print ab@@ o für 1@@ 25 . +und weil wir unseren prä@@ fer@@ en@@ zen nicht so gut kennen sind wir an@@ fä@@ llig für all diese einfl@@ ü@@ ssen von ex@@ ter@@ nen krä@@ ften . die standards , die speziellen op@@ tionen die uns präsentiert werden . und so weiter . +die gute seite ist , denke ich , eine art des gr@@ un@@ des dafür dass verhaltens@@ ökonom@@ ie interessant und aufregend ist . +sie sind k@@ nap@@ p , teuer und wir haben nur ein gewis@@ ses spek@@ trum von ihnen . +und schließlich gibt es die radi@@ ow@@ ellen , deren probleme ich bereits genannt habe . +das ist eine grundlegende eigen@@ schaft , die wir mit unserer technologie aus@@ nutzen . +und denken sich : " ha ha ha , +und ich habe über die verfüg@@ barkeit gesprochen . +und dann gibt es noch millionen von straßen@@ lat@@ er@@ nen auf der welt . +sie haben schon einmal was von dna gehört , vielleicht in biologie . +was für komplexe und wunderbare dinge man nur mit einer eins und einer null kreieren kann . +dann wurde james wat@@ sons genom – einer der grün@@ der der dna – für zwei millionen dollar und in nur zwei monaten sequen@@ ziert . +ein archite@@ kt viel besser und kl@@ ü@@ ger als wir hat uns diese werkzeuge gegeben , und jetzt können wir sie auch benutzen . +man könnte sich viele dinge vorstellen : +er gab die beste antwort auf diese frage : » t@@ ja , irgend@@ jemand muss es ja tun . « +ich sch@@ nu@@ pp@@ ere das hinter@@ teil dieses hun@@ des , das herr@@ chen ru@@ ft , +und was man erkennen kann ist , dass eine sehr r@@ ang@@ nie@@ dere h@@ ün@@ d@@ in ohne weiteres einen knochen einem r@@ ang@@ hohen rü@@ den vor@@ enth@@ alten kann . +und so nutzen wir den fu@@ tter@@ -@@ kö@@ der in der hand , und wir nutzen fu@@ tter , weil wir es mit besit@@ z@@ ern zu tun haben . +also machen wir " sitz " , auf die cou@@ ch , " sitz " , b@@ auch strei@@ ch@@ eln , " sitz " , schau , ich wer@@ fe einen ten@@ nis@@ ball , " sitz " , be@@ grü@@ ß den anderen hund . +sie denken , eine stra@@ fe ist etwas bö@@ ses . +ihr kopf ist jetzt 100 meter weiter weg , er flie@@ gt durch die luft , ok ? +eine hä@@ ß@@ liches gesicht ist das -- wenn man auge in auge mit einem wel@@ pen oder kind ist , und dann sagt " was mach@@ st du ! jetzt hö@@ r auf , hö@@ r auf hö@@ r auf ! " +sie ist es wirklich . +in seiner rede bei der e@@ g konferenz 2007 fordert ian dun@@ bar uns dazu auf , die welt mit den augen unserer ge@@ lieb@@ ten h@@ unde zu sehen . indem wir uns in die perspektive unserer hau@@ sti@@ ere ver@@ setzen , können wir ihre liebe und ihr vertrauen gewinnen und festi@@ gen . es handelt sich dabei um eine botschaft , die auch außerhalb der tier@@ welt auf res@@ on@@ anz stö@@ ßt . +und wor@@ aus hast du es gemacht ? +w@@ k : ja , ich will noch eines bauen -- um wasser zu pump@@ en und die pflanzen zu be@@ wä@@ ss@@ ern . +im grunde genommen ist es ein song über schlei@@ fen , aber nicht die art von schlei@@ fen , die ich hier er@@ scha@@ ffe . +und das ist die frage , die dieser song stellt . +jedes mal , wenn ich tsch@@ e@@ cho@@ w l@@ ese und seine einzigarti@@ ge sicht des menschlichen lebens , erinnert mich das daran , warum auch ich autor wurde . +was ist mit größeren zahlen ? +ich bin sicher , das ist viel einfacher , als einen die schule mathematik gelernt hat . +der h@@ ase selber , das tier – keine kat@@ ze , kein hund , ein h@@ ase – warum ein h@@ ase ? +wie sind wir zur einzigen spe@@ z@@ ie geworden , die wohl@@ hab@@ ender wird , während sie zahl@@ rei@@ cher wird ? +und genau diese kombination , diese ku@@ mu@@ la@@ tive technologie , faszin@@ iert mich . denn ich glaube , dass darin das geheimnis liegt , wenn man verstehen möchte , was in der welt vor sich geht . +es gibt keinen au@@ st@@ aus@@ ch von ideen zwischen ihnen . +damit haben sie sie@@ ben@@ einhalb sekunden wohl@@ stand er@@ zi@@ elt ; seit 19@@ 50 sozusagen . denn in diesen sie@@ ben@@ einhalb sekunden können sie etwas anderes tun . oder sie können eine andere ware oder dienst@@ leistung er@@ wer@@ ben . +wir können uns spezi@@ alisieren und au@@ stau@@ schen , um unseren lebens@@ standard gegensei@@ tig zu erhö@@ hen . +und so erhö@@ hen beide seiten durch geschle@@ chts@@ spezi@@ fische arbeit@@ stei@@ lung gegensei@@ tig ihre lebens@@ standards . +und das wird zu spezi@@ alisierung geführt haben . +die person am flie@@ ß@@ band weiß es nicht , denn sie weiß nicht , wie man nach einer öl@@ quelle bo@@ hrt , um das öl zu gewinnen , aus dem plasti@@ k gemacht wird , und so weiter . +bei meiner arbeit geht es um verhaltens@@ weisen , die wir auf einer kolle@@ ktiven ebene , alle un@@ bewusst an den tag legen . +und seitdem sind es mehr geworden , wir haben aber die zahlen noch nicht . +und darum geht es in dem nächsten werk . +bei dem versuch , diese perspektive zu er@@ richten und uns über das enorme wesen unserer kultur aufzu@@ klär@@ en versuchen , müssen wir mit diesen riesigen zahlen arbeiten . die zahlen haben milli@@ on@@ en@@ höhe , hunderte von millionen , milliarden und mittler@@ weile auch billi@@ onen . +sie sehen hier die außen@@ hü@@ lle des virus , das gel@@ be sind die teile des virus , die sich sehr schnell entwickeln , während die blauen teile recht langsam sind . +aber eigentlich ist sie recht rob@@ ust . +es gibt nur 10@@ 2 , weil es irgendwann langwei@@ lig wurde , sie zu sammeln . jedes jahr gibt es neue . +schön , aber auch wieder ein billi@@ ger trick , oder ? +wir stellten diese pie@@ p@@ ser in der klini@@ k auf . +ich meine , sie taten alles für diese frau . +aus diesem signal l@@ ese ich , dass männer mit einer mu@@ tation dieses vir@@ us@@ ab@@ we@@ hren@@ zy@@ ms und einem tumor häufig -- in 40 prozent der fälle -- eine sig@@ natur mit neu@@ em retro@@ virus auf@@ weisen . +joe der@@ is@@ is vi@@ ro@@ scan lü@@ f@@ tet medizinische rätsel +das ist die erste bat@@ terie – ein sta@@ pel mü@@ n@@ zen , zin@@ k und sil@@ ber , ge@@ trennt durch einen , in einer sal@@ z@@ lösung ge@@ tr@@ än@@ kten kar@@ ton . +das elektro@@ ly@@ t ist nicht eine wasser@@ -@@ sal@@ z@@ -@@ lösung , sondern eher gesch@@ mol@@ zen@@ es sal@@ z . +das ist echt cool , zumindest theore@@ tisch . +vor 1,@@ 5 jahren also haben david und ich gemeinsam mit einem weiteren te@@ am@@ mitg@@ lied eine firma gegründet , um unsere fort@@ schritte zu beschle@@ uni@@ gen und schneller ein produkt herstellen zu können . +don@@ ald sa@@ do@@ way : erneu@@ er@@ bare energi@@ en : das fehl@@ ende g@@ lied +ich möchte daher kurz erzählen , wie alles begann . +habt ihr das gold gefunden ? +dinge , bei denen man über ideen stol@@ per@@ t wie das kop@@ er@@ ni@@ kan@@ ische prinzip , das fer@@ mi@@ -@@ parado@@ x@@ on , das anth@@ rop@@ ische prinzip , den urspr@@ ung des lebens . +spieler werden aufge@@ fordert , in diesem spiel sehr krea@@ tiv zu sein . +das ist der planet , auf dem wir bis jetzt gespielt haben . +all unsere ozean@@ e verdam@@ pfen von der oberfläche und da die hit@@ ze an@@ steigt , wird irgendwann unser gan@@ zer planet sch@@ mel@@ zen . +so entsteht dieses wunder@@ schöne gli@@ tz@@ ern@@ de , sich langsam dre@@ h@@ ende ding , es sä@@ he ungefähr so aus . es soll hier diese schönheit der natürlichen welt näher gebracht werden , auf eine sehr kre@@ ative art und weise , damit jeder seine intuition k@@ ali@@ bri@@ eren kann im hin@@ blick auf die weiten von raum und zeit . +sogar bei der b@@ b@@ c und der new york times . +sie tun es , wenn sie ständig über macht verfü@@ gen . und auch wenn sie sich während eines moments mäch@@ tig fühlen . +in business schools ist dieser geschle@@ chts@@ - spezi@@ fische not@@ en@@ unterschied ein problem . +wahrscheinlich nicht , oder ? man will die person , die leistungs@@ stark , bestim@@ men@@ d und domin@@ ant ist , und dabei mit stress umgehen kann . eine ent@@ span@@ nte person . +zwei minuten führen zu diesen hor@@ mon@@ ellen veränderungen , die ihr gehirn der@@ art um@@ gestalten , dass sie entweder bestimmt , selbst@@ bewusst sind und sich wohl@@ fühlen , oder dass sie sehr st@@ res@@ san@@ fä@@ llig sind und sie das gefühl haben , keine energie zu haben . wir alle kennen das gefühl , oder ? +gener@@ ell schätzen wir diese menschen sehr viel posi@@ tiver ein . " +in der nacht vor meiner rede im ersten jahr , diese präsentation in prin@@ c@@ et@@ on dauert 20 minuten und findet vor 20 zu@@ hör@@ ern statt . mehr nicht . +zwei minuten , zwei minuten , zwei minuten . +sie spa@@ zieren also im wald oder auf einer wi@@ ese und sehen eine amei@@ se , wie sie einen gras@@ hal@@ m hoch@@ kle@@ tter@@ t . +viele menschen haben ihr leben für den komm@@ un@@ ismus gelassen , und viele für den kapit@@ alismus . +welche the@@ orien wollen wir also heran@@ ziehen , um ihn zu untersuchen ? +nicht aus si@@ lik@@ on . +es gibt noch weitere par@@ asi@@ ten , die ihren wir@@ t ster@@ ili@@ sieren . +sie sind keine große sache für uns . +früher ging es beim di@@ ri@@ gieren und beim musi@@ zieren weniger um vertrauen und , ehrlich gesagt , mehr um nö@@ tigung . +ich muss sagen , damals konnte ich den vo@@ gel nicht einmal finden , wirklich . +sie lesen die musik nicht . +haben sie es gehört ? +gut gemacht , meine damen und herren . +ly@@ n : wenn ich musi@@ zi@@ ere , fühle ich mich wie eine pil@@ o@@ tin im cock@@ p@@ it , die ein flugzeug flie@@ gt . +mein on@@ kel ed schen@@ kte mir einen wunder@@ h@@ üb@@ schen blauen pul@@ lo@@ ver -- zumindest hielt ich ihn für sehr schön . +wir konzentri@@ erten uns auf ein geschäfts@@ modell , wir be@@ standen auf persön@@ lichem einsatz . +sie sind farmer und fabri@@ k@@ arbeiter . +schä@@ tz@@ ungen zu@@ folge ver@@ liert afrika rund 13 milliarden dollar im jahr wegen dieser krankheit . +sie führt zwei der produk@@ tions@@ linien und hat schon genug geld ges@@ part , um eine an@@ zahl@@ ung auf ihr haus zu leisten . +nun , die drei s@@ ö@@ hne begannen zu ver@@ handeln . +wie gehen wir mit unseren größten strei@@ ti@@ gkeiten um , in an@@ betra@@ cht der menschlichen n@@ eig@@ ung zu konfli@@ kten und des menschlichen gen@@ ies , waffen mit enor@@ mer zerstör@@ ungskraft zu erfinden ? +und wir können eine unglaublich kon@@ struk@@ tive rolle spielen . +jetzt möchte ich sie für einen moment mit@@ nehmen zu dem , was über@@ wie@@ gend als der schwier@@ ig@@ ste konflikt dieser welt oder als der un@@ lö@@ s@@ bar@@ ste konflikt angesehen wird , zum mittleren osten . +nun , als anthropo@@ lo@@ gen wissen wir , dass jede kultur ihre urspr@@ ungs@@ geschichte hat . +und das ist es , was zu dem ersten schritt hier führt . +lassen sie mich ihnen eine frage stellen . +und genau darum geht es . +aber sie haben es dank einer gemein@@ samen identität - europa - und einer gemein@@ samen wirtschaft geschafft . +nat@@ al@@ ie ma@@ c@@ master f@@ ie@@ d@@ elt die gei@@ ge im re@@ el@@ -@@ ta@@ kt +als erstes ging der arzt für 6 monate fort , und er begann mit der aus@@ arbei@@ tung von 9 gesundheits@@ zielen , die wir an@@ stre@@ b@@ ten . +ihnen und ihren kindern geht es gut . +das ist unser durchschnitt@@ liches budget . +sie machen alle aspe@@ kte der arbeit . +sie konnten die fliegen fangen und zu ihm nach per@@ th schicken . +ich frage sie : ist das bes@@ ei@@ tigung von armut ? +wenn ich meine arbeit mache , has@@ sen mich die leute . +und zweitens : mich interessiert nicht das wort , mich interessiert , wie sie es benutzen . +ich sage nicht , dass es leicht ist . +alles begann mit samen in einem klassen@@ raum , bei mir , der so aussieht . +was taten wir dann ? ich traf ne@@ tte menschen , wie sie , die uns in die ham@@ p@@ tons ein@@ lu@@ den . +das ist ein bild vom bürger@@ meister der bronx , der die kinder in seinem haus em@@ pf@@ ing , nicht im gefängnis , sodass sie sich zuge@@ hö@@ ri@@ g fühl@@ ten . +wir gaben etwas zurück . +wollen sie ihren g@@ au@@ men zu erweitern , erweitern sie ihren wor@@ tsch@@ atz . +wenn man kinder mit unterschied@@ licher her@@ kunft nimmt , und so was besonder@@ es macht , dann schaffen wir einen moment . +sie können das alle tun . +s@@ í se pu@@ e@@ de ! +bei dem schw@@ ein war hier die nu@@ ll@@ linie , bevor wir ihm zur simulation eines herz@@ an@@ falls eine ar@@ terie block@@ ierten . +hier war es . don@@ ner@@ stag früh setzten wir die medi@@ kation ab . hier wird das kar@@ di@@ ogra@@ mm , das signal aus seinem herzen , über radi@@ ot@@ ele@@ me@@ trie ausge@@ geben . +das ist die erste erfindung , die ich beschreiben wollte . +st@@ acy sa@@ ger : aber für christ@@ ina si@@ de@@ bottom ist alles , was migr@@ äne verhindern kann , einen versuch wert . +dieses bild ist wahrscheinlich besser . +ein signal im gehirn , das stör@@ ungen verursacht , könnten wir als aus@@ lö@@ ser einer elektr@@ ische stimu@@ lation betrachten , wie bei der epi@@ le@@ p@@ sie . +jeder weiß , dass wir mit visu@@ ellen dingen besser umgehen können , die der patient interak@@ tiv be@@ dienen kann , wo man ein video sehen kann , und selbst ge@@ fil@@ mt wird , und man kn@@ ö@@ pfe drücken kann . verstanden ? nein , hab ich nicht . +und dafür gibt es eine soft@@ war@@ e@@ entwick@@ ler@@ -@@ gruppe be@@ steh@@ end aus menschen aus ganz afrika , aus ghana , aus mal@@ aw@@ i , aus ken@@ ia . +das sieht man auch bei twitter . man bekommt dadurch eine un@@ geb@@ re@@ m@@ ste informa@@ tions@@ flu@@ t . +nachdem er starb , bemer@@ kte ich , dass niemand mir mehr schreibt . +es gibt tatsächlich so viele verschiedene res@@ on@@ an@@ z@@ punkte , dass es schwierig wird , sie alle an@@ zus@@ pre@@ chen , aber ich werde mein be@@ stes geben . +stellen sie es sich als ries@@ iges it@@ un@@ es vor , für buch@@ ähnliche in@@ halte . +firmen wie national instru@@ ments integri@@ eren mäch@@ tige interak@@ tive simu@@ la@@ tionen in die materialien . das geht weit über das normale lehr@@ buch hinaus , hin zu einer erfahrung , dass man mit allen lehr@@ materialien wirklich interagieren und mit ihnen spielen kann . somit lernt man durch prakti@@ sche anwendung . +was wir hier sehen , ist die verschie@@ bung dieses brenn@@ - oder veröffent@@ lich@@ ungspro@@ z@@ esses vom all@@ tä@@ glichen einzelnen autor zu gemein@@ schaft@@ lich er@@ stellten materialien , die in mo@@ du@@ le aufge@@ teilt , auf individu@@ elle kur@@ se abge@@ stimmt und nach bedarf zu ger@@ ingen kosten heraus@@ gegeben werden . sie werden entweder über ama@@ zon ver@@ trieben oder direkt über einen be@@ dar@@ fs@@ ver@@ le@@ ger wie co@@ op . +die lehrer unter uns , jeder der gele@@ hrt hat , weiß , dass es beim lehren in wirklichkeit um verbindungen geht . +wir reden hier nicht von har@@ ry po@@ tter . +und wenn sie die nachrichten ver@@ folgt haben , dann stand da tats@@ äch@@ l@@ ci@@ h letzte woche , dass ich das media lab verlassen hätte . +und es geht dabei um zwei an@@ ek@@ to@@ den – eine war in kam@@ bo@@ d@@ sch@@ a , in einem dorf , das weder strom , noch wasser , fernsehen oder ein telefon hatte , aber jetzt über internet mit brei@@ t@@ band@@ verbindung verfü@@ gt . +wir interessieren uns für große , hel@@ le dis@@ plays . +es ist der rest – der kleinen bra@@ un@@ en ka@@ sten – der ziemlich faszinier@@ end ist , denn der rest ihres laptops ist sich selbst gewi@@ d@@ met . +ist all das bereits ausge@@ arbeitet ? nein . +dem gesetz zu@@ folge muss man ein ange@@ bot unter@@ brei@@ ten und so weiter und so fort . +weil es keinen markt für post-@@ l@@ k@@ ws gibt . +und wenn er am ende bei 13@@ 8 dollar heraus@@ kommt , was soll ' s ? +wir können dort alles hinein@@ pac@@ ken , was wir wollen , und sie werden nicht schwer@@ er und dann können wir was auch immer wieder heraus@@ nehmen . +und ich sagte : " ich will das machen . " +das sind die menschen , zu denen sie in diesem moment zu@@ griff haben , im allgemeinen -- all diese menschen , all ihre freunde und familien@@ mitglieder , mit denen sie in kontakt treten können . +ich möchte sie auf eine reise mit@@ nehmen . +in ressour@@ cen@@ reichen ländern werden dank der modernen te@@ st@@ - und behand@@ l@@ ungs@@ möglichkeiten weniger als 2 % der kinder hiv-@@ posi@@ tiv geboren . 9@@ 8 % der kinder sind bei der geburt hiv-@@ nega@@ tiv . +die frauen kommen wegen der behandlung , aber wir wissen , ein test und die verab@@ rei@@ chung eines medikam@@ ents sind nicht genug . +ihr baby wird nicht in@@ fiziert sein . " +zweitens , die mütter gesund und am leben zu halten . die kinder am leben halten . keine wa@@ is@@ en mehr . +sie war von einer kli@@ enti@@ n um einen haus@@ besu@@ ch gebeten worden , weil diese ihrer mutter und ihren gesch@@ wi@@ ster von ihrer hiv-@@ infe@@ ktion erzählen wollte und angst hatte , es alleine zu machen . +wir habe uns entschieden , gesundheits@@ vor@@ sorge neu zu definieren als arzt , pfle@@ ger oder ment@@ or@@ in . +mütter mit hiv kümmern sich um mütter mit hiv . +er ist beim menschen propor@@ tional wesentlich größer als bei anderen spezies , und an zahl@@ reichen hohen kogni@@ tiven funk@@ tionen beteili@@ gt , wie etwa entschei@@ dungs@@ fin@@ dung , plan@@ ung , was man morgen , nächste woche oder nächstes jahr tut ; block@@ i@@ erung un@@ ange@@ m@@ essen@@ en ver@@ hal@@ tens , es hinder@@ t einen etwas wirklich un@@ hö@@ f@@ liches oder du@@ m@@ mes zu sagen . +es gibt drei la@@ st@@ wagen . man nimmt instin@@ ktiv den weißen , denn das ist der ober@@ ste l@@ k@@ w aus ihrer sicht . aber sie werden sich erinnern : " oh , er sieht ihn nicht , also sollte ich den blauen la@@ ster bewegen " , der ober@@ ste aus seiner perspektive . glauben sie es oder nicht , normale , ges@@ unde , intelligen@@ te erwachsene wie sie machen in der hälfte der zeit fehler bei diesen tests . +aber jetzt versuchen wir das hin@@ sichtlich der entwicklung einer gehirn@@ region namens lim@@ bis@@ ches system zu verstehen . ich zeige ihnen das lim@@ b@@ ische system , in rot auf der folie hinter mir und auf dem gehirn . +er bes@@ a@@ ß eine firma für ver@@ chro@@ mung und sie mussten sch@@ were sta@@ hl@@ teile zwischen chemi@@ k@@ ali@@ en@@ be@@ häl@@ tern transpor@@ tieren . also brauchte er einen industri@@ er@@ ob@@ ot@@ er wie diesen hier , der die schwer@@ star@@ b@@ eit übernehmen konnte . +aber ich wusste , was er mein@@ te , denn es wäre möglich , ein paar bilder von blu@@ men in einem garten in ein computer@@ system einzu@@ fügen , damit es so aus@@ sah , als wäre dort ein e@@ chter roboter , obwohl keiner da ist . +als sie gerade auf die bühne laufen wollte , hätten die tel@@ e-@@ reg@@ is@@ se@@ ure immer noch versucht , sich auf etwas zu einigen , also sei sie einfach auf die bühne gel@@ aufen und hätte gemacht , was sich am natür@@ lichsten an@@ fühlte . +diese menschlichen demon@@ stra@@ tionen , alle un@@ ruhi@@ g und man@@ gel@@ haft , und wir gewinnen aus ihnen eine ab@@ gelei@@ tete aufgab@@ en@@ bahn und steu@@ er@@ sequenz für den roboter . +je mehr roboter in unser all@@ tä@@ g@@ liches leben ein@@ geb@@ unden werden , desto mehr müssen wir uns damit aus@@ einander@@ setzen , was es bedeutet , mensch zu sein . bei tedx@@ ber@@ k@@ ele@@ y teilt ken gold@@ berg vier sehr menschliche le@@ ktionen , die er durch seine arbeit mit robot@@ ern gelernt hat . +es wird sogar gesagt , dass wir im kolle@@ ktiven bewusstsein afrikas die tief@@ sten teile unserer eigenen mensch@@ lichkeit erleben können , indem wir mit anderen interagieren . +und daran war für mich etwas so wunderbar afrikan@@ isches , ein winzi@@ ges haus mit einem riesigen herz . +so wie ich das wasser ver@@ lasse , erreicht sol@@ ly eine un@@ tiefe , einen kan@@ al zwischen uns . +in unser reser@@ v@@ at kam sie aus einem reser@@ v@@ at , das ö@@ st@@ lich von uns auf ihrer wander@@ rou@@ te lag . +und während u@@ bun@@ tu eine afrikan@@ ische idee ist , ist die essen@@ z dieses wer@@ tes doch : " hier erfunden " . +vor ein paar wochen bekam ka@@ es@@ a@@ va einen kleinen jungen namens re@@ han . +vielleicht ist der ge@@ däch@@ t@@ nis@@ verlust so entscheiden@@ d für unser überleben als menschen . +wenn ich an die zukunft denke , sehe ich mich nie in der zeit nach vor@@ n bewegen . ich stelle mir vor , dass sich die zeit rück@@ wärts auf mich zu@@ bewegt . +ich fü@@ gte sogar geschichten meiner großmutter ein . +zu@@ gegeben , auch ich war so ein kind . +dass es bereits ein bewegung gibt , die nach besseren lösungen sucht . +bir@@ ke ba@@ e@@ hr : was mit unserer lebens@@ mittel@@ industrie nicht stimmt +wie sie sehen können , nimmt die st@@ eigen@@ de linie in den 6@@ 0er und 7@@ 0er jahren die form der k@@ elle eines ho@@ ck@@ e@@ y@@ schlä@@ gers an . jetzt verl@@ äu@@ ft das ganze auf einer etwas gleich@@ mäß@@ ig@@ eren bahn . +unter@@ wasser@@ ber@@ ge sind wichtig für die ar@@ ten@@ vielfalt . +was ist nun der kontext der pho@@ en@@ i@@ x@@ inseln ? +ich würde gern zurück@@ fahren und unsere forsch@@ ung@@ ser@@ geb@@ nisse mit der regierung von ki@@ ri@@ bat@@ i , die ihren sitz auf dem at@@ ol@@ l tar@@ a@@ wa , also auf der west@@ lichsten in@@ sel@@ gruppe , hat , teilen . +diese fälle waren eher auf dem fest@@ land bekannt , wie etwa in den regen@@ wäl@@ dern sü@@ dameri@@ kas und afrikas , wo die land@@ besit@@ zer dafür bezahlt wurden , die bäume nicht zu fällen . +es ist vielleicht , wie wenn man mit mehr@@ eren krankheiten zu kämpfen hat , dann ist es schwer , gesund zu werden . man könnte sterben . aber wenn man nur an einer krankheit lei@@ det , kann sich der zustand bess@@ ern . +ich habe ihnen gerade die geschichte über die pho@@ en@@ i@@ x@@ inseln , diesem einen vier@@ e@@ ck@@ igen gebiet in der mitte , erzählt , aber hier hat jede grüne fläche ihre eigene geschichte . +allen in den letzten paar jahren haben wir digitale werkzeuge gesehen mit fähigkeiten und ferti@@ gkeiten , die sie nie zuvor hatten und die irgendwie das , was wir menschen als lebens@@ unter@@ halt machen , an@@ greifen . ich gebe ihnen ein paar beispiele . +auf kurze sicht können wir den beschäf@@ tig@@ ungs@@ wachstum an@@ kur@@ b@@ eln durch die förder@@ ung des unterneh@@ mer@@ tu@@ ms und durch investi@@ tionen in infrastruktur , da die roboter heute noch nicht sehr gut sind in der br@@ ück@@ en@@ repar@@ ation . +das heißt , die arbeit der innovation , die arbeit neue ideen zu entwickeln , ist eine der mäch@@ ti@@ gsten , eine der grundle@@ gend@@ sten arbeiten , die wir in einer vol@@ ks@@ wirtschaft tun können . und so hat man früher innova@@ tionen be@@ trieben . +vielen dank . +es ist 198@@ 3 . +und als letztes unter " harmon@@ ie " hatten sie dieses mand@@ ala aus ti@@ bet aus dem 13@@ . jahrhundert . +er wollte nicht , dass einer seiner freunde ver@@ haf@@ tet wird . also hat er jeden mit diesem fal@@ schen freiwilli@@ gen@@ aus@@ weis ausge@@ stat@@ tet . +was mich zurück gebracht hat zum listen@@ machen -- -- wissen sie , nur um zu sehen was mir tatsächlich an meinem job gefällt . +und dann steht da : haben +die zweite beding@@ ung betrifft gesellschaften , die in einer sich veränder@@ nden umwelt wie der arkti@@ s oder der wüste leben , in denen peri@@ o@@ dische nahr@@ ungsk@@ na@@ pp@@ heiten auf@@ treten und lebens@@ mittel gel@@ eg@@ entlich nicht aus@@ reichen , um alle am leben zu erhalten . +in ost@@ asien z@@ . b. wird besonders viel wert auf respe@@ kt für äl@@ tere menschen gelegt , in verbindung mit kon@@ fu@@ zi@@ us ' lehr@@ e der kin@@ dlichen pie@@ tät , welche ge@@ hor@@ sam gegenüber , respe@@ kt vor den eltern und deren unterstützung bedeutet . +die vielleicht größte veränderung zum schlechten ist , dass unsere äl@@ teren obje@@ ktiv weniger nützlich sind als in traditionellen gesellschaften . +leider können sich diese grau@@ en@@ ha@@ ften situationen alle wieder@@ holen . +dies sind nur einige beispiele , die uns tradition@@ elle gesellschaften lehren . +die geschichte der " 99 " spielt 12@@ 5@@ 8 , als die mon@@ gol@@ en in bag@@ dad ein@@ dr@@ an@@ gen und es zerstör@@ ten . +das konzept des com@@ ics basiert auf den no@@ or@@ -@@ st@@ einen . +mir wurde in blogs vorge@@ worfen ich sei vom pa@@ p@@ st ges@@ and@@ t worden , um trin@@ ität und ka@@ tho@@ li@@ z@@ ismus im na@@ hen osten zu pre@@ digen , also sie – können glauben w@@ em sie wollen – ich habe ihnen meine version gegeben . +super schrift@@ steller stu@@ art mo@@ ore , schrei@@ ber für ir@@ on man . +haben vor ein@@ einhalb jahren einen frei@@ zeit@@ park namens " die 99 " in ku@@ wait er@@ öffnet : 3@@ 0@@ 0.000 q@@ m , 20 attra@@ ktionen , mit unseren fig@@ uren . hatten ein paar el@@ tern@@ ab@@ ende in sp@@ ani@@ en und der tür@@ ke@@ i . +ich hab es nicht verdi@@ ent , ich verdi@@ ene gar nichts . +der erste hand@@ elte von einer gruppe namens " die par@@ te@@ i got@@ tes " , die den val@@ ent@@ in@@ stag verb@@ ie@@ ten wollten . rot wurde illegal . +ra@@ y@@ an rich@@ tete die situation neu aus und brachte sich auf mein level runter . +denn ohne zusammenhang sind sie ni@@ chts@@ sa@@ gend . 500 milliarden für diese ro@@ hr@@ lei@@ tung . 20 milliarden für diesen krieg . +ich möchte ihnen noch ein weiteres land@@ schafts@@ bild zeigen . +warum apri@@ l ? +klar , eine ein@@ kauf@@ s@@ therapie könnte helfen . +und da ist etwas beinahe mag@@ isches in unseren visu@@ ellen informationen . +so gewal@@ tig in der tat , dass es alle anderen mili@@ tä@@ re@@ tat@@ s auf der welt um@@ fassen kann . +wir benötigen relative zahlen , die mit anderen daten verbunden sind , so dass wir ein um@@ fas@@ sen@@ der@@ es bild sehen können , welches uns dann dazu bewegt , unseren blick@@ winkel zu ändern . +lassen sie es uns also heraus@@ fil@@ tern . +ich glaube , ich finde informationen einfach zu interessant . +nun was ihr rie@@ cht ist eine kombination aus -- ich habe gefragt wie viele moleküle dort dr@@ innen seien und niemand konnte es mir sagen . +und das ist eine perfe@@ kte theorie in dem sinne , dass fast alles in der biologie sich nach der form richtet . +das ist cis@@ -@@ 3@@ -@@ h@@ ex@@ an@@ ol . es rie@@ cht wie ge@@ mä@@ h@@ tes gras . +die schlechte nachricht ist , dass es ra@@ ket@@ ent@@ rei@@ b@@ stoff ist . +das ist die grundlage für den appar@@ at , den diese zwei leute von ford gebaut haben . +und ich hab gemein@@ t , erst einmal , lass mich die berech@@ nungen für diese verbindung durch@@ führen , unten rechts , die mit k@@ um@@ ar@@ in verwand@@ t ist , aber ein extra fün@@ fe@@ ck im molekül enth@@ ält . +ich komme aus der wer@@ be@@ - und desig@@ n-@@ bran@@ che . +als ich mir einen dieser typ@@ ischen brie@@ fe an@@ sah , ließ ich ihn durch mein ver@@ einfach@@ ungs@@ labor laufen . er war völlig un@@ verständlich . +mo@@ ses ! – die jungs in michael mor@@ pur@@ gos " freund oder fein@@ d " ; al@@ em in ben@@ jam@@ in ze@@ ph@@ ani@@ ah@@ s " re@@ fu@@ ge@@ e boy " ; lu@@ ke sky@@ wal@@ ker – lu@@ ke sky@@ wal@@ ker ! – oli@@ ver twi@@ st ; cas@@ si@@ a in h@@ ong y@@ ings " die kon@@ ku@@ bine von shang@@ hai " ; cel@@ ie in ali@@ ce wal@@ kers " die farbe li@@ la " . +der adop@@ tion@@ spro@@ z@@ ess brauchte ein paar monate , es war eine industrie , wissen sie , ein bes@@ ie@@ gel@@ tes geschäft , eine um@@ trie@@ bi@@ ge , nütz@@ liche lösung : die regierung als bau@@ er , die ad@@ opti@@ vel@@ tern als ab@@ neh@@ mer , die mutter , die erde , das kind , die er@@ nte . +und ich stand an der sch@@ welle zur pu@@ ber@@ tät , also nahm ich ke@@ k@@ se aus der do@@ se , ohne zu fragen . +aber da ich keine familie hatte , die nach mir fragte , konnten sie alles mit mir machen . +le@@ m@@ n s@@ is@@ say : ein kind in staat@@ licher für@@ sorge +wir haben immer noch kein komple@@ tt@@ es bild davon . +und wenn sie hier nach norden schauen , gibt es dort einen großen fluss , der in den see mü@@ n@@ det und der se@@ di@@ ment mit sich führt und die über@@ re@@ ste der tiere konser@@ viert , die dort gelebt haben . +und er blieb dort 1,@@ 6 millionen jahre lang , bis jen@@ er äußerst berühm@@ te fo@@ s@@ sil@@ jä@@ ger , kam@@ o@@ ya ki@@ me@@ u , einen kleinen hang entlang wander@@ te und dieses kleine stück seines sch@@ äd@@ els an der oberfläche fand , zwischen den ki@@ es@@ eln , und es als hom@@ in@@ id identi@@ fi@@ zierte . +ich denke es ist unsere kolle@@ ktive intelligenz . +naja , um mit einer äußerst posi@@ tiven über@@ le@@ gung zu enden , ich denke , dass dies evolution@@ ä@@ r gesehen am ende wahrscheinlich eine recht gute sache ist . +in diesem ord@@ ner sind 17@@ .000 fotos - über 20 gi@@ gab@@ ite an daten - und es werden immer mehr . +wie man sieht , habe ich dafür sogar ein muse@@ um@@ s@@ schil@@ d mit einer kurzen geschichte des do@@ do@@ s hergestellt . +ich fand es lustig , dass es so lange ge@@ dauert hat , ihn zu authenti@@ fizieren , weil ich ihn so mit diesem hier vergleichen konnte , und ich kann ihnen versi@@ chern - er ist echt , er ist aus der ex@@ akt gleichen form ge@@ go@@ ssen wie dieser hier . +und es wird noch selts@@ am@@ er : 197@@ 4 , während der produktion einer un@@ heim@@ lichen kom@@ ö@@ di@@ en-@@ fort@@ setzung zur " sp@@ ur des fal@@ ken " titel : " the black bird " , mit george se@@ g@@ al , wurde dem los angeles coun@@ ty museum of art ein gi@@ p@@ s-@@ original des mal@@ tes@@ er fal@@ ken ge@@ sto@@ hlen - einer von sechs origin@@ al-@@ gi@@ p@@ s@@ ab@@ gü@@ ssen , glaube ich , die für den film gemacht wurden . viele leute glaub@@ ten , es wäre ein wer@@ be@@ ga@@ g für den neuen film . +wenn man etwas ab@@ for@@ mt und gi@@ e@@ ßt , passiert allerdings folgendes : je@@ des@@ mal , wenn man es in si@@ lik@@ on for@@ mt und mit har@@ z aus@@ gi@@ e@@ ßt , ver@@ liert es ein wenig an volu@@ men und ein wenig an größe . +ich hatte enorme lebens@@ bedro@@ h@@ liche verletz@@ ungen . +die nächste sorge war , ob ich wieder laufen könnte , da ich von der hü@@ fte ab@@ wärts gel@@ ä@@ hmt war . +ich lag auf einem dün@@ nen , har@@ ten spezi@@ al@@ bett . +im krankenhaus , da ist alles normal . +es war je@@ der@@ man@@ ns schmerz . und dann wusste ich , genau wie vorher , dass ich eine wahl habe . ich könnte weiter kämpfen , oder ich könnte los@@ lassen und nicht nur meinen körper , sondern auch meine leben@@ sum@@ stände akzeptieren . +sie schauten mich an und ran@@ nten nach hinten , um den schwarzen peter zu ver@@ geben . +ich ging also nach hause , nahm mir ein train@@ ing@@ ta@@ ge@@ buch und ich hatte einen plan . +die pil@@ ot@@ en-@@ fl@@ am@@ me in mir war immer noch eine fl@@ am@@ me , genau wie sie in jedem von uns lo@@ der@@ t . +und wir sollten dinge entwickeln -- wir sollten ver@@ pac@@ kungen für ideen entwickeln , die die wahrnehmung von menschen verbessern , den respe@@ kt vor dingen erhö@@ hen die wir aus der erde aus@@ graben und sie in dinge für den all@@ ta@@ gs@@ ge@@ brauch umzu@@ wand@@ eln . +wenn ich etwas geld mache , lasse ich mir eine für mich selbst herstellen . +es geht zurück auf die instin@@ kte . +er kostet in der entwicklung 1,@@ 7 millionen dollar . er wird " go " genannt und ist von ber@@ n@@ hard@@ t , usa . +das ist die macht von organis@@ chem design . +es wuchs in meinem kopf , und dann ist es in bezug auf den gesamten prozess , den ich durch@@ laufe ge@@ wachsen . +ich habe soviel darauf ru@@ m@@ ge@@ hä@@ mm@@ ert , das ich es selbst nicht glauben kann . +und das ist was ich mit meinen mö@@ b@@ eln tue . +es ist in not@@ ting h@@ ill , neben all dem dre@@ ck -- sie wissen schon , die pro@@ stit@@ u@@ ierten und all dieses zeug . +an der wand ist mein buch mit dem namen " super@@ natural , " das mir erlaubt mich daran zu erinnern was ich getan habe , denn ich ver@@ ges@@ se . +wir üb@@ ten in einem be@@ cken in port hu@@ ene@@ me . und mein erster tau@@ ch@@ gang im off@@ enen ozean war im s@@ ant@@ a bar@@ bar@@ a kan@@ al . +z.b. sind diese großen explo@@ sionen von fun@@ ken von einer kleinen ri@@ pp@@ en@@ qu@@ alle . und dort sind kri@@ ll und andere k@@ ru@@ st@@ enti@@ ere und qu@@ allen . +dieser hier ist blau , und das ist die farbe der meisten bi@@ ol@@ umines@@ z@@ enz im meer , weil die evolution die farbe gewä@@ hlt hat , die am wei@@ testen durch meer@@ wasser sicht@@ bar ist , um die kommunikation zu opti@@ mieren . +er muss eine freundin finden und dann sein ganzes leben an ihr fes@@ th@@ alten . +um dann die reaktion her@@ bei@@ zur@@ u@@ fen , die sie gleich sehen . ich habe sie einmal pro sekunde mit einer sch@@ ar@@ fen spitze an ihrem nerven@@ ring berührt , wie die sch@@ ar@@ fen zä@@ hne eines fis@@ ches . +aber es kam der moment , an dem alles pas@@ ste und alles funktion@@ ierte +edi@@ th wid@@ der : leu@@ chten@@ des leben in einer welt unter wasser +was also heutzutage , wo wir mit den verschieden@@ sten kr@@ is@@ en weltweit konfron@@ tiert werden , für uns auf individu@@ eller ebene gut ist , und was mehr freude , dank@@ barkeit und erfolg in unser leben bringt und für unsere persönliche lauf@@ bahn am besten ist , das ist auch für die gesamte welt am besten . +also – also nehme ich meine kamera , mein no@@ ti@@ z@@ buch , zog einen stuhl her@@ an und beobach@@ tete das geschehen . +hier ist einer der anderen gewinn@@ er . das ist charles pa@@ x@@ ton , er er@@ hielt 2000 den bi@@ ologi@@ e-@@ preis für seine studie " bal@@ z@@ verhalten von str@@ außen gegenüber menschen auf far@@ men in großbritannien . " +die mis@@ sion@@ ar@@ s@@ stellung ist im ti@@ errei@@ ch sehr selten . +und am ende gehen wir zum chin@@ esen und be@@ stellen sechs gän@@ ge mit ente . +er war ein teil meines körpers geworden , eine erweiter@@ ung meiner sinne , und nach einer weile wurde er sogar zu einem teil meines öffentlichen bil@@ des . +prin@@ z charles hat einige ähn@@ lichkeit mit ni@@ co@@ le kid@@ man . +und das gute an der wahrnehmung von ultra@@ vi@@ o@@ le@@ tt ist , dass man hören kann , ob es ein guter oder schle@@ chter tag zum sonnen@@ ba@@ den ist , denn ultra@@ vi@@ o@@ le@@ tt ist eine gefähr@@ liche farbe , eine farbe , die uns töten kann . deshalb denke ich , wir sollten uns alle wün@@ schen , etwas wahr@@ nehmen zu können , was eigentlich nicht möglich ist . +wegen der b@@ ären machte sie sich absolut keine sorgen , aber vor an@@ wäl@@ ten hatte sie eine hei@@ den@@ angst . +aber die wahrheit ist , dass solche verrück@@ ten fälle relativ selten sind . meistens werden sie nicht gewonnen . +es ist schwer einzu@@ schätzen , da es unterschiedliche mo@@ tive gibt . +es scheint nicht sehr gut zu funktionieren , oder ? +damit das gesetz die basis der freiheit sein kann , müssen ihm die menschen vertrauen . +was jetzt notwendig ist , ist ein wieder@@ aufbau dieser grenzen . +diese person existiert heute nicht . +nur so können wir unsere freiheit zurück@@ gewinnen . und nur so können die energie und die leidenschaft frei@@ werden , die nötig sind , damit wir die herausforderungen unserer zeit mei@@ stern können . vielen dank . +oder -- oder vielleicht und -- zusä@@ tzlich zu den regeln schauen wir uns an , ob wir mit ein paar wirklich ra@@ ff@@ ini@@ erten anrei@@ zen auf@@ warten können . auch wenn die leute , mit denen wir zu tun haben , nicht in unserem interesse handeln wollen , ist es somit in ihrem interesse , in unserem interesse zu handeln -- die mag@@ ischen anrei@@ ze , welche die leute dazu bringen werden , das richtige zu tun , wenn auch aus r@@ einem eigen@@ nu@@ tz . +nun ja , wenn sie darüber nachdenken , ist es wirklich schwierig r@@ unde sä@@ ul@@ en mit einem lin@@ e@@ al auszu@@ messen . +er hatte eine sehr schlecht be@@ za@@ hlte arbeits@@ stelle . +er hatte letzten endes nur eine spiel@@ zeug@@ pi@@ sto@@ le . +aber das problem , sich auf regeln und anrei@@ ze zu verlassen , liegt darin , dass sie die beru@@ f@@ liche tä@@ tigkeit de@@ mor@@ alisieren . und sie de@@ mor@@ alisieren die beru@@ f@@ liche tä@@ tigkeit in zwei@@ erle@@ i hinsicht . +klu@@ ge gesetz@@ lose sind also besser als nichts , aber es ist schwer vorstell@@ bar , dass irgend@@ ein klu@@ ger gesetz@@ lo@@ ser dies für unbe@@ gren@@ zte zeit auf@@ recht erhalten kann . +es gibt in@@ zwischen 22 städte , die ein veter@@ an@@ en-@@ geri@@ cht wie dieses haben . +es gibt also eine menge beispiele wie dieses , über das wir gesprochen haben . +die usa hatten im man@@ hatten project einige atom@@ waffen entwickelt . die idee war ganz einfach : wir nutzen die kraft des atoms um die gr@@ äu@@ el und den hor@@ ror dieses end@@ losen zweiten welt@@ krie@@ gs , an dem wir in europa und im pazi@@ fi@@ k beteili@@ gt waren , zu be@@ enden . +während dieses ersten kapit@@ els gab es ein star@@ kes öffent@@ liches bewusstsein des scha@@ den@@ s@@ poten@@ ti@@ als einer nu@@ k@@ lear@@ en katastrophe , und ein dau@@ er@@ haf@@ tes bild hat sich in unser kolle@@ kti@@ ves ge@@ däch@@ tnis einge@@ bran@@ nt , dass ein nu@@ k@@ lear@@ er h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st eine globale zerstör@@ ung und , in gewis@@ ser weise , das ende unserer heutigen zivilisation bedeuten würde . +die idee war , die ziel@@ städte zu ev@@ aku@@ ieren . +es gibt viele orte , an denen spr@@ eng@@ kö@@ pfe gel@@ ag@@ ert werden und viele orte mit sp@@ alt@@ bar@@ em material , wie hoch an@@ gerei@@ cher@@ tes ur@@ an und plu@@ ton@@ ium , die absolut nicht sicher sind . +sie sind ziemlich enga@@ gi@@ ert . +dies ist die größe der " little boy " bom@@ be , die auf hi@@ ro@@ shi@@ ma fiel . +in dieser vier@@ tel@@ stunde ist alles was sie tun müssen - und das meine ich ernst - 1,@@ 5 kilometer von der explosion weg@@ zu@@ gehen . +ab@@ sch@@ ot@@ tung - hoffentlich mit dre@@ ck oder bet@@ on , oder einem k@@ eller - ab@@ stand und zeit werden sie retten . +ern@@ ste probleme , große probleme , drin@@ gende probleme . +und viele von uns hier sind darin hoch invol@@ viert . +und das ist jetzt deut@@ licher , als es seit jahrzehn@@ ten war . +das ist es , was unternehmen be@@ wirken , indem sie gewinn@@ e er@@ zielen . +unternehmen er@@ zielen keine gewinn@@ e , nicht im ursprün@@ glichen sinn , indem sie soziale probleme verur@@ sachen . +wir sehen firmen wie das brasili@@ an@@ ische for@@ st@@ unternehmen fi@@ bri@@ a , das eine methode gefunden hat , die ab@@ hol@@ zung der alten wäl@@ der zu vermeiden und stattdessen eu@@ kal@@ yp@@ tus zu verwenden und gleichzeitig hö@@ here er@@ träge pro he@@ kt@@ ar papi@@ er@@ bre@@ i zu er@@ wirt@@ schaften und viel mehr papier herzustellen , als durch die ab@@ hol@@ zung dieser alten bäume . +wenn wir diese grenze durch@@ brechen können , dieses un@@ beha@@ gen , diese span@@ nung , dieses gefühl , dass wir in bezug auf soziale probleme nicht aus@@ reich@@ end zusammen@@ arbeiten ; wir können es durch@@ brechen und letztendlich , so denke ich , werden wir lösungen finden . +hier zeigen sich zahl@@ reiche innere strukturen . +man muss nicht immer se@@ zieren . +und noch scho@@ ck@@ ier@@ ter sind sie von dem , was er sagt . +sie sprachen über wissenschaft und über die notwen@@ digkeit für eine neue wissenschaftliche revolution . +jeder monat benö@@ tigte 1.@@ 3@@ 65 berech@@ nungen , dadurch waren die tab@@ ellen voller fehler . +es gibt auch eine kehr@@ seite . +eines tages kam ein nasa man@@ ager in mein büro , setzte sich und sagte : " können sie uns bitte sagen , wie wir nach leben außerhalb der erde suchen sollten ? " +also er war überzeugt , aber tatsächlich sind die meisten menschen das nicht . +und in wahrheit ist es der rü@@ st@@ ungs@@ wett@@ lauf zwischen ha@@ ck@@ ern und desig@@ nern der computer@@ systeme , der alles es hin und her gehen lässt . +und wie man hier sieht , gibt es gruppen , die über@@ einander wachsen , weil sie sich aus@@ brei@@ ten . +und offensichtlich kommt jeder dieser buchstab@@ en ungefähr gleich häufig vor . +es ist neben@@ s@@ ächlich , welches se@@ di@@ ment man verwendet , um es zu zer@@ ma@@ hlen , ob es bakterien , pflanzen oder tiere sind . +schauen wir uns an , wie sie aus@@ schaut +und wenn man das geheimnis des lebens raus@@ nimmt , dann ist es auch ein wenig lei@@ chter über unsere art zu leben nachzudenken und dass wir vielleicht nicht so etwas besonder@@ es sind , wie wir immer denken . +dies ist ein papi@@ er@@ for@@ mul@@ ar . und was sie hier sehen ist ein for@@ mul@@ ar in den händen einer kranken@@ schwester des gesundheits@@ minister@@ i@@ ums in in@@ don@@ es@@ ien , die in der län@@ dlichen gegend herum@@ fährt , an einem sicherlich sehr heißen und feu@@ chten tag in in@@ don@@ es@@ ien , und sie wird an tausende tür@@ en klo@@ pfen , in einem zei@@ traum von wochen oder monaten , sie wird ank@@ lo@@ pfen und fragen : " entschul@@ digen sie , wir würden ihnen gerne ein paar fragen stellen . +nun versuchen sie mal , das zu be@@ greifen . +das problem war , nachdem wir es ein paar jahre so gemacht hatten , mer@@ kte ich , dass ich vielleicht bei 6 oder 7 program@@ men war , und wissen sie , ich dachte , wenn ich das in diesem temp@@ o weiter mache , meine ganze karriere lang , gehe ich vielleicht zu ins@@ gesam@@ t 20 oder 30 pr@@ gra@@ mmen . +nun , sie können sagen , dass hot@@ mail kein wunder war , aber für mich war es eins , weil ich mer@@ kte , als ich so mit meinem problem kämp@@ fte , ich arbeitete meistens in sub@@ sahar@@ a-@@ afrika . +es gibt auch einige zusätz@@ liche vor@@ teile . +das sammeln von daten für das globale gesundheitswesen sah schlecht aus : arbeiter wander@@ ten durch d@@ ör@@ fer , klo@@ pf@@ ten an tür@@ en und stellten fragen , sch@@ rieben die antworten auf papier und gaben sie in den computer ein – und basier@@ end auf diesen l@@ ück@@ en@@ ha@@ ften informationen haben länder wichtige entscheidungen gefällt . daten@@ fre@@ ak jo@@ el sel@@ ani@@ ki@@ o erzählt vom um@@ bruch dieses proz@@ esses im letzten jahrzehnt – vom pal@@ m pilot und hot@@ mail , bis zur clou@@ d@@ bas@@ ierten technologie . +und wenn wir den ball@@ ast über bor@@ d werfen , steigen wir . +einfach über bor@@ d werfen , wie ball@@ ast , um unsere richtung zu ändern . +aber wir sollten keine zwei@@ fel haben , wir sollten keine än@@ gste haben . +aber es wird in der zukunft nicht mehr möglich sein . +warum das ? weil treib@@ stoff nicht leicht zu ersetzen ist . +und das ist genau das symbol unserer welt , +aber viel mehr , um rat zu erhalten , ihre komment@@ are zu geben , die kunde zu verbreiten , dass , wenn es in der luft möglich ist , es natürlich auch am boden möglich ist . +sehen sie , es war mal so , dass , wenn man ein lied auf@@ nehmen wollte , man ein studio und einen produ@@ z@@ enten brauchte . +fragen sie nicht . +und was wir in afrika sehen ist eine un@@ ver@@ gleich@@ liche bedro@@ hung der menschen@@ würde und der gleich@@ ber@@ e@@ chti@@ gung . +sehen sie , es ist nicht so dra@@ matisch wie der tsun@@ ami . +denken sie nicht , dass auf einer rein kom@@ mer@@ zi@@ ellen ebene , die anti@@ retro@@ vir@@ ale medizin nicht eine großartige werbung für den westlichen ein@@ fall@@ s@@ rei@@ cht@@ um und technologie ist ? +das ist die r@@ eine wahrheit , die recht@@ schaff@@ ene wahrheit . +also warum stre@@ cken wir nicht unsere fau@@ st in die luft ? +moment@@ um hat sich aufge@@ gebaut . +da ist der kontin@@ ent afrika . +vor ein paar minuten habe ich über all die bürger@@ kam@@ pag@@ nen die entstehen gesprochen . +ich glaube wirklich an die alte tru@@ man@@ -@@ zei@@ le , dass wenn man den amerikan@@ ern die fa@@ kten gibt sie das richtige tun werden . +ich denke wir haben das geld und die gehirne im raum um das zu tun . +" all sho@@ ok up " [ wör@@ tlich : " ganz auf@@ gerü@@ tt@@ elt " ] ist ein wunder@@ bares lie@@ bes@@ lied . +leute , die f@@ arb@@ lich hören , sehen tatsächlich farben , wenn sie den klang von wör@@ tern oder buchstab@@ en wahr@@ nehmen . +te@@ st@@ personen brauchen bei meta@@ pher@@ n länger , sie als falsch zu erkennen , als sie bei wör@@ tlich fal@@ schen sätze brauchen . +jene , welche die welt@@ krie@@ g-@@ version las@@ en , be@@ für@@ wor@@ teten ö@@ f@@ ters eine interven@@ tion als die anderen . +james ge@@ ary , lieb@@ hab@@ er von a@@ ph@@ or@@ is@@ men und schrift@@ steller , macht sich gedanken über einen fe@@ sten bestand@@ teil der sprache : meta@@ pher@@ n . meta@@ pher@@ n , belie@@ bt bei wor@@ t@@ künst@@ lern von ari@@ st@@ ot@@ el@@ es bis el@@ v@@ is , können unsere entscheidungen fast un@@ merk@@ lich beeinflussen . +aber wir wollen der welt sagen : nein . wir werden unter einer gemein@@ samen fla@@ g@@ ge je@@ men@@ i@@ ten bleiben . +er sagte , " du bist die brücke . " +p@@ m : wir sollten erwä@@ hnen , dass er ihnen bei der zeitung arbeitet . +wir wurden stra@@ fre@@ cht@@ lich ver@@ folgt ; die zeitung wurde mehr als drei mal geschlossen . +das ist eine repor@@ tage , die man online ansehen kann ; das video ist online . +während der politische auf@@ ru@@ hr im je@@ men weiter@@ geht , spricht die heraus@@ ge@@ ber@@ in der ye@@ men times , na@@ dia al-@@ sa@@ k@@ ka@@ f , bei ted@@ global mit ga@@ st@@ ge@@ ber@@ in p@@ at mit@@ ch@@ ell . die unabhängi@@ ge engli@@ sch@@ sprach@@ ige zeitung al-@@ sa@@ k@@ k@@ af@@ s ist entscheiden@@ d für das vermitteln von nachrichten -- und für das vermitteln eines neuen bil@@ des vom je@@ men und von den frauen dieses landes als gleich@@ wer@@ tige partner bei der arbeit und bei einem wandel des landes . +mein vater und mein groß@@ vater su@@ chten ständig nach den neu@@ e@@ sten dingen in alterna@@ tiven oder traditionellen therap@@ ien für ph , aber nach sechs monaten konnte ich keinen kleinen hü@@ gel mehr hoch@@ laufen , ich konnte keine tre@@ ppe mehr er@@ kli@@ mmen , +es berei@@ tete mich sicher nicht darauf vor , was als nächstes kam . +mein arzt wollte mich auf die liste für eine l@@ ung@@ ent@@ ran@@ sp@@ lan@@ tation setzen ; +aber organ@@ e warten nicht . ich wurde oper@@ iert bevor ich ab@@ schied nehmen konnte . +medizinische um@@ stände bestimmen nicht die menschlichen um@@ stände . +und viele dieser chemikalien sind mit den in die höhe schie@@ ß@@ enden vor@@ fällen von chron@@ ischen kinder@@ krankheiten , die wir in den indu@@ st@@ rie@@ staaten beobachten können , verbunden . +und sie sehen hier diese großen , d@@ ot@@ tri@@ gen ei@@ er durch die oberfläche der männ@@ lichen ho@@ den brechen . +erst zwei wochen zuvor hatte der amerikanische sen@@ at selbst den gedanken an ein ver@@ bot von b@@ pa in bab@@ y-@@ fla@@ schen und schn@@ ab@@ el@@ tas@@ sen ab@@ gele@@ hnt . +hin@@ zu kommt , dass das baby nach der geburt aufgrund einer weiteren einzigarti@@ gen erfindung der säu@@ ge@@ tiere " ges@@ äu@@ gt " b@@ zw@@ . mit mutter@@ mil@@ ch versor@@ gt wird . +th : einer der gründe , die es hoch@@ interessant und ange@@ messen machen , für mich hier bei ted@@ women zu sein , ist , dass ... t@@ ja , beim ge@@ stri@@ gen dinner wurde es am besten zusammenge@@ fasst , als jemand sagte , " wen@@ de dich an die männer an d@@ einem tisch und sage ihnen : ' wenn die revolution beginnt , dann unterstützen wir euch . ' " die wahrheit , liebe frauen , ist , dass wir euch euch bei diesem thema bereits für eine lange zeit unterstützt haben . angefangen bei ra@@ ch@@ el car@@ son mit " sil@@ ent spring " , dann the@@ o col@@ bor@@ ns " our stol@@ en future " bis hin zu sand@@ ra stein@@ grab@@ ers werken " living down@@ stream " und " having faith " . +und es ist ein gefühl , das mich dazu drän@@ gt , heute hier zu sein . das wissen , dass wir frauen vor@@ an@@ schrei@@ ten , als bot@@ en für all das , aber auch als diejenigen , die die verantwortung für die kinder zu tragen haben . als mütter haben wir die größte kauf@@ kraft in unserem haus@@ halt . es ist an uns , vor@@ anzu@@ gehen und die arbeit von ty@@ r@@ one und anderen wissenschaft@@ lern weltweit vor@@ anzu@@ treiben . +hier ist eine sam@@ mel@@ stelle für fla@@ schen auf einer ab@@ gele@@ genen insel vor der küste von nieder@@ kalifornien . +aber diese ak@@ tion ko@@ ste@@ te mich am ende fast 60 dollar . +nicht zehn pfer@@ de , nicht hundert mann ... +selts@@ amer@@ weise sind die re@@ ste der red@@ woo@@ d-@@ regen@@ wäl@@ der , die wir noch haben , bis heute wenig erforsch@@ t . +zusammen mit einem freund entsch@@ loss er sich , ohne sei@@ le oder aus@@ rü@@ stung auf einen red@@ wood zu steigen , um zu sehen , was dort oben war . +wenn steve sil@@ le@@ tt einen red@@ wood be@@ steigt , schie@@ ßt er einen pf@@ eil ab mit einer angel@@ sch@@ nur dran . diese legt sich über einen ast und man zieht daran ein sei@@ l in den baum hoch , an dem man ent@@ lang@@ kle@@ ttern kann . +diese wieder@@ hol@@ ung ist ein ries@@ iger stre@@ be@@ bogen , der aus dem baum selbst heraus@@ kommt . +sie stellen fest , dass red@@ wo@@ ods feu@@ chtigkeit aus der luft in ihre stä@@ mme und vielleicht ganz bis hin@@ unter in ihre wurz@@ eln transpor@@ tieren können . +was können die red@@ wo@@ ods uns über uns selbst lehren ? +- richard pre@@ ston , danke dir sehr . +das problem der p@@ c@@ -@@ viren ist jetzt 25 jahre alt . +wir sie in der ob@@ eren hälfte des bild@@ schir@@ ms sehen können , ist dort ein taus@@ end@@ fü@@ ß@@ ler , der über den computer läuft , wenn er mit diesem virus in@@ fiziert ist . +nun , es gibt verschiedene wege , zum beispiel bank@@ ing-@@ tro@@ jan@@ er , die geld von kon@@ ten ste@@ hlen , wenn man online-@@ ban@@ king benutzt , oder key@@ log@@ ger . +sie nutzen außerdem den globalen charakter des inter@@ nets zu ihrem vorteil . +und das ist die hinter@@ tür , über die ihr computer über@@ nom@@ men wird . +t@@ ja , ich bin kein an@@ wal@@ t , aber wenn ich es wäre , dann würde ich an dieser stelle sagen : " damit ist der fall ab@@ geschlossen " . +bereit sein bedeutet , dass wir auch dann sachen tun können , wenn uns die dinge , die wir für selbstverständlich halten , nicht zur verfügung stehen . +es gibt viele dinge , die der von mir ver@@ fol@@ gte ansatz voraus@@ sagen kann , und einige , bei denen es nicht geht . +und viele von ihnen haben wohl schon bemerkt , dass dies keine so großen resul@@ tate zeigt , wie man vielleicht gern hätte , +wir haben sie auf 3@@ ,@@ 6 millionen erhö@@ ht . +vielleicht haben sie auch bemerkt , was wir nicht wissen müssen , es gibt nämlich keine vergangenheit in der rech@@ nung . +und weiter unten bei 100 würden sie zi@@ vi@@ le atom@@ kraft er@@ richten , was sie auch als ziel an@@ geben . +alles kann man nicht voraus@@ sagen , der ak@@ ti@@ en@@ markt ist , zumindest für mich , nicht vorher@@ sa@@ g@@ bar , aber die meisten kompli@@ zierten ver@@ handlungen sind es . +ob sie ein künstler sind , ein techni@@ ker , ein an@@ wal@@ t , oder einfach nur ein fan , der um@@ gang mit dem ur@@ he@@ ber@@ recht beeinflusst ihr leben un@@ mittel@@ bar . +und dann profi@@ tieren sie durch die weitere verbreitung des videos , durch werbung und die damit verb@@ un@@ denen verk@@ äu@@ fe . +da sind zunächst einmal die musi@@ k-@@ lab@@ els . +wenn sie diese frauen auf der straße sä@@ hen , in ihren verb@@ lich@@ enen klei@@ dern , dann würden sie sie ab@@ tun als arm und ein@@ fäl@@ tig . +sat@@ aw@@ al ist eine halbe mei@@ le lang und eine mei@@ le br@@ eit . +es ist teil unserer kolle@@ ktiven geschichte . +es ist die wichtigste karte von allen . +ihre arbeitet nicht immer aus eigen@@ interesse , denn wenn gefühle ins spiel kommen , ändern sich die verknü@@ pf@@ ungen , wie es funktioniert . +ich hatte eine auf@@ schluss@@ rei@@ ches labor , um diese frage zu beantworten , die wirkliche frage , die lautet : was ist der unterschied in jem@@ and@@ es leben , wenn du einen der menschen betra@@ cht@@ est , denen du alles gegeben hast ? wie all die ressourcen , die sie vor@@ geben zu brauchen . keinen billi@@ g-@@ computer hast du ihnen gegeben , den besten rech@@ ner hast du ge@@ gegeben . du hast ihnen liebe gegeben , du hast ihnen freude geschen@@ kt . du war@@ st da , um sie zu tr@@ ö@@ sten . +entscheiden@@ d sind niemals die ressourcen , es ist " ressour@@ c@@ evol@@ l sein " . +ehrlich , besser oder schle@@ chter ? sagt : " ja " . +dein bild der welt ist der filter . das ist es , was uns for@@ mt . +wie viele von euch lieben überrasch@@ ungen ? sagt : " ja . " +wenn nichts anderes mehr geht , hol dir einen hund . keine kat@@ ze , hol einen hund , wenn du für zwei minuten raus geh@@ st , ist es , als wär@@ st du für sechs monate weg gewesen , wenn du nach fünf minuten wieder@@ komm@@ st . +heute , 18 jahre später , kann ich stolz sagen , dass wir im letzten jahr zwei millionen menschen in 35 ländern durch unsere stif@@ tung essen gegeben haben , alles während der fei@@ er@@ tage ; th@@ ank@@ s@@ giving , weih@@ na@@ chten -- -- in den verschieden@@ sten ländern rund um die welt . +sie sagte : " es ist vorbei . " als ich an diesem abend en@@ dete , rief sie ihn an , hinter@@ ließ eine nachricht -- wahre geschichte -- an die spitze des world trade centers , wo er arbeitete : sagte : " sch@@ atz , ich liebe dich . ich möchte , dass du weißt , dass ich dich hei@@ raten möchte . es war du@@ mm von mir . " und sie schlie@@ f , weil es drei uhr nachts für uns war , als er sie zurück@@ rief von der spitze und sagte : " sch@@ atz , ich kann dir gar nicht sagen , was das für mich bedeutet . " +und das vor allem deswegen , weil es keinen gibt . +und wir definieren uns über diese unterschiede . +jeden punkt kann man ank@@ li@@ cken und im detail betrachten . hier sehen wir : " ich würde mich einfach so viel besser fühlen , wenn ich mich jetzt in seine arme sch@@ mie@@ gen könnte und seine liebe für mich in der um@@ ar@@ mung seines körpers und der san@@ f@@ theit seiner li@@ ppen spüren könnte . " +die nächste bewegung heißt mo@@ bs . +wir sehen menschen , die sich " ab@@ glei@@ tend " , " ange@@ ek@@ elt " , " verantwortlich " fühlen . +das ist eine antwort auf : was ist schön ? " miss world . " +es heißt " universum : enth@@ ü@@ ll@@ ung unserer modernen my@@ th@@ ologie " . +wir können eines ank@@ li@@ cken und das foto zum zentrum des universums machen . +hier haben wir unser stern@@ en@@ feld . hier sind unsere formen . +aber ich finde sie schön . sie nicht ? +was mag das bedeuten ? ich habe keine ahnung . +sie sieht aus , wie eine reihe bre@@ chen@@ der wellen , win@@ de verur@@ sachen hier eine sch@@ er@@ schicht . die win@@ de über und unter der wol@@ ken@@ schicht unterscheiden sich stark . in der mitte , zwischen den winden , entstehen luft@@ wir@@ bel . wenn der geschwindi@@ g@@ keits@@ unterschied genau richtig ist , werden die spit@@ zen der wol@@ ken@@ wellen umge@@ bogen und diese schönen , wie brech@@ ende wellen aus@@ seh@@ enden wir@@ bel entstehen . +durch die deut@@ lichen , ge@@ sto@@ chen sch@@ ar@@ fen rän@@ der dieser wol@@ ken , sind sie ide@@ al , um fig@@ uren darin zu entdecken . +lassen sie uns ein paar jahre zurück gehen und sehen , was damals los war . +selbst mit compu@@ tern , die immer schneller und besser werden , ist es eine herausforderung , mit gi@@ gab@@ y@@ tes an daten , ter@@ ab@@ y@@ tes an daten , zu arbeiten und die relev@@ anten informationen herauszu@@ fischen . +man kann sehen , dass r@@ ön@@ t@@ gen@@ strahlung ge@@ stre@@ ut werden : von den zä@@ hnen , dem met@@ all in den zä@@ hnen . +noch mal , es ist komplett interak@@ tiv , man kann es drehen und sich die dinge in echtz@@ eit ansehen auf diesen systemen . +es funktioniert eigentlich so wie ein großes iphone . +und um einen schritt weiter zu gehen , haben wir hier ein herz . +mot@@ ts macht da also etwas im mr@@ t . wahrscheinlich macht er so mit seiner rechten hand , weil die lin@@ ke hälfte des motor@@ ischen kor@@ tex aktiv ist . +ich kann die haut der lö@@ win ab@@ lösen . +ich fand es deshalb sehr erstaunlich , auf eine organisation zu stoßen , die beide seiten wert@@ schä@@ tzt . +er sagte : " ok . ich habe die höhe eines back@@ st@@ eins ge@@ messen . +die üb@@ liche erklärung lautet , dass das universum irgendwie plötzlich entstanden ist , voller merk@@ wür@@ di@@ ger energie - in@@ fla@@ tion@@ är@@ er energie - , die es ges@@ pr@@ en@@ gt hat . +die dichte der materie ist endlich und wir können vielleicht mit einer kon@@ si@@ st@@ enten reihe von gleich@@ ungen den ganzen prozess beschreiben . +die nächste karte zeigt afrikas bi@@ p von 1960 , etwa zu der zeit , in der viele afrikan@@ ische staaten unabhängig wurden . +zu meinem erstaun@@ en er@@ fuhr ich von ihnen 100 % ige unterstützung . +im hotel leben alle zusammen , do@@ z@@ enten und studenten und es nicht ungewöhn@@ lich , sie alle um 1 uhr morgens bei einer spon@@ tan@@ en üb@@ ung zu finden . +ich werde am a@@ ims studieren . +ich möchte auf weitere außergewöhn@@ liche menschen auf diesem bild hin@@ weisen . +unsere partner in ganz afrika sind sehr enth@@ usi@@ ast@@ isch . +als die ersten computer auf den markt kamen , wurde gesagt , sie seien eine million mal schneller als neuronen . +lassen sie mich das nochmal zusammen@@ fassen : das gehirn ver@@ arbeitet informationen mit 10@@ 0.000 mal weniger energie , als wir das momentan mit unserer computer@@ technologie können . +weil transi@@ stor@@ en jedoch kleiner und kleiner und kleiner werden , sehen wir zunehmen@@ d , dass sie sich nicht mehr so verhalten . +okay , also ein computer holt bestimmte daten aus dem spei@@ cher , und sen@@ det sie an den haupt@@ proz@@ ess@@ or oder die al@@ u , und schi@@ ckt das resultat zurück in den spei@@ cher . +hier sind kar@@ e@@ em@@ s dunkle augen und das hier ist der weiße hintergrund . +ich hatte einen anderen blick@@ winkel darauf und habe meinen blick@@ winkel benutzt , um das problem anzu@@ gehen . +also trotz der tatsache , dass ich zu ihnen über ein objekt sprechen werde , das super@@ massi@@ v ist , und ich komme gleich dazu , was das wirklich bedeutet , hat es keine fin@@ ite größe . +ich muss die masse eines obje@@ ktes kennen , von dem ich behaup@@ te , dass es ein schwar@@ zes loch ist , und seinen schwarz@@ schil@@ dra@@ di@@ us . +also dort im zentrum , von dort kommt tatsächlich das meiste stern@@ en@@ licht . +was ich ihnen ja heute zeigen will . +sie sehen eine anima@@ tion , die von einem beispiel dessen aus@@ geht , was man ohne verwen@@ dung des ver@@ fahr@@ ens sehen würde . in anderen worten , nur ein bild , das die sterne zeigt , und der rahmen ist zent@@ ri@@ ert mit dem zentrum der galaxie , wo wir das schwarze loch vermu@@ ten . +und daher konnten wir zeigen , das sich dort ein super@@ massi@@ ves schwar@@ zes loch befindet . +wir haben wirklich erwartet , dass sterne in dieser umgebung nicht en@@ stehen können , +und ich hoffe , dass ich sie wenig@@ stens überzeugt habe , dass wir zum einen wirklich ein super@@ massi@@ ves schwar@@ zes loch im zentrum der galaxie haben , +wie menschen zu dieser musik gelangen , wie sie in ihr leben kommt , das faszin@@ iert mich sehr . +aber die art und weise , wie wir auf verschiedene kombin@@ ationen dieser phän@@ om@@ ene reagieren , ist komplex , emotional und noch nicht ganz ge@@ klär@@ t . +aber jeder musi@@ ker findet ein anderes gleich@@ gewicht zwischen glauben und vern@@ un@@ ft , instin@@ kt und intelligenz . +es war die zeit , in der all die großen g@@ att@@ ungen auf@@ kamen . +die kultur , in der wir jetzt leben , ist über@@ flu@@ tet mit impro@@ vis@@ a@@ tions@@ musik , die gesch@@ ni@@ tten , ge@@ mis@@ cht , über@@ einander gelegt , und , weiß der gei@@ er , ver@@ trieben und verkauft wird . +es begeistert mich , menschen wie w@@ anderer , kü@@ chen@@ che@@ fs , program@@ mier@@ er und ta@@ xi@@ fahrer zu treffen . menschen , bei denen ich nie vermu@@ tet hätte , dass sie diese musik lieben und sie weiter@@ geben . +die entscheiden@@ de schlüssel@@ beob@@ a@@ chtung , die er machte , war , dass ein frei flie@@ gender flü@@ gel durch mehr luft se@@ geln und mehr energie in einer bestimmten zeit erzeugen kann als die tur@@ bine eines star@@ r@@ flü@@ gl@@ ers . +wenn man mir eine bo@@ eing 7@@ 4@@ 7 gäbe , würde ich daraus 6 me@@ ga@@ watt machen , was mehr als die größten heutigen wind@@ tur@@ bin@@ en wäre . +es kommt von dem familien@@ namen von einer von schu@@ man@@ ns fre@@ un@@ din@@ nen . +und dann muss man den ersten ent@@ wur@@ f des charak@@ ters machen , was ähnlich ist wie die struktur eines stück@@ es , und dann fü@@ gt man sti@@ ft und blei@@ sti@@ ft hin@@ zu und alle anderen details , die man braucht – das ist die zeich@@ nung poli@@ eren . +nun , sie hat c , g , h , a , e aus@@ ges@@ u@@ cht . +es war wie eine revolution . +sie basiert auf hunder@@ ten stunden forschung und anwendung . +es geht darum , das prei@@ zu@@ geben , von dem man denkt , es sei das größte geheimnis , damit vielleicht millionen von menschen die möglichkeit erhalten zu helfen , es zu verbessern . +aber der schlüssel hier , der grund , warum diese gruppen sich miteinander verbinden können , ist , dass ihre arbeit zu der art arbeit gehört , die leicht digital ge@@ teilt werden kann -- ein bild , eine musik@@ dat@@ ei , software . +es gibt ein problem mit traditionellen wissenschaftlichen ab@@ handlungen . +es ist genau hier . +schulen dürfen keine bun@@ ker sein . +die selbe mü@@ ll@@ hal@@ de ernä@@ hrt nun mehr als 30 familien . +um dies kon@@ kre@@ ter zu machen , lassen sie uns die top 10 wörter ansehen , die stati@@ stisch auff@@ ä@@ llig sind , und zwar sowohl in den belie@@ b@@ testen ted-@@ talks als auch in den un@@ belie@@ b@@ testen ted-@@ talks . +und die analyse zeigt , dass sie dann , wenn sie zu den belie@@ b@@ testen ted-@@ re@@ dn@@ ern zählen wollen , ihre ha@@ are etwas länger als der durch@@ schnitt wachsen lassen sollten und darauf achten sollten , dass sie ihre bri@@ lle tragen und etwas elegan@@ ter ange@@ zogen sind als der durchschnittliche ted-@@ red@@ ner . +als inspiration dient mir die tatsache , dass wir alle mit anderen menschen interagieren wollen . alle kompli@@ zierten funk@@ tionen werde ich dabei heraus@@ lassen und werde dieses simpli@@ fi@@ zierte objekt , einem test unter@@ ziehen und die frühen sta@@ di@@ en neuer erkenn@@ tnisse zeigen , dessen was da in zwei gehir@@ nen geschieht , während sie gleichzeitig interagieren . +dro@@ gen@@ miss@@ brauch verändert die art , wie sie die welt bewer@@ ten . sie ändern die art wie sie die mit dem medikament ihrer wahl verb@@ un@@ denen symbo@@ le bewer@@ ten , und sie schätzen sie vor allen anderen dinge . +die kurze antwort darauf heißt : spiele . +kan@@ ari@@ en@@ vögel wurden in min@@ en als bio@@ sensor@@ en benutzt . +read mon@@ ta@@ gue : was wir von 5@@ 000 gehir@@ nen lernen +politik und politiker sind nur erfolgreich , wenn sie wirklich versuchen , die menschen so zu sehen , wie sie sind , und nicht , wie wir sie gerne sehen würden . +jetzt sind wir hier mit long beach und son@@ st@@ wo verbunden , mit all den gehei@@ men orten , und zwar mit einem bru@@ ch@@ teil dieser kosten , und wir können riesige daten@@ mengen ver@@ schicken und emp@@ fangen , ohne dass es uns etwas kostet . +was sie hier sehen sieht ein bisschen wie die hau@@ be eines ko@@ chs aus , das ist ein über@@ fall , das blau@@ e da . +hier haben wir natürlich j@@ f@@ k mit seiner unglaublich einfachen und schlag@@ kräf@@ tigen for@@ mu@@ li@@ erung " fra@@ g nicht , was dein land für dich tun kann , fra@@ g was du für dein land tun kannst " , eine sehr no@@ ble aus@@ sage . +wie sollte ich jemals erfahren , wer die besten sind ? +einige lehrer sind erfolgrei@@ cher als andere . +man kann den fa@@ kten des videos nichts ent@@ gegen@@ setzen , jedoch eine menge daraus lernen , es gibt viele wege , die uns helfen , in den beru@@ f des lehr@@ ers hin@@ einzu@@ wachsen , wenn uns verbesser@@ ungs@@ möglichkeiten aufge@@ zeigt werden . +das ist zwar verständlich , doch unsere erfahr@@ ungs@@ werte mit met zeigen , dass viele lehrer , die den vor@@ gang leiten , die videos im eigenen klassen@@ zimmer auf@@ nehmen und die unter@@ richt@@ s@@ stunden selbst aus@@ wählen , begeistert am projekt teil@@ nehmen . +diese bewegung plä@@ diert dafür , biot@@ echn@@ ologie allen zugänglich zu machen , also nicht nur wissenschaft@@ lern und forsch@@ ern in staat@@ lichen lab@@ ors . +wir nehmen sie dann auch gern aus@@ einander . +ich zeige ihnen , was man gerade jetzt machen kann . +wenn sich jeder in diesem raum enga@@ gi@@ ert , wer weiß , was wir dann erreichen ? +aber wissen sie was ? +wir werden von zwei menschen hören , die von solchen gese@@ tzen be@@ troffen sind . +weil ich hiv-@@ posi@@ tiv bin . +der kon@@ sum oder besit@@ z von dro@@ gen ist in fast allen ländern illegal . +wir können ri@@ chter schulen , dass sie den spiel@@ raum der gesetze aus@@ nutzen und eher toler@@ an@@ te ur@@ teile fällen , als vor@@ ur@@ teilen den vor@@ zug zu geben . +hier wurden kinder geboren , menschen star@@ ben dort . +büro@@ gebäude für persön@@ liches arbeiten sind jetzt schon über@@ holt . +hier ein noch interessan@@ ter@@ es beispiel in se@@ ou@@ l , korea . +wir hoffen , das bis zum her@@ b@@ st gebaut zu haben . +wir glauben nicht , dass k@@ ameras in wohn@@ ungen gut sind . +und es wird vermu@@ tet , dass sie einen ku@@ bi@@ k@@ meter wasser pro stunde fil@@ tern können , und pro tag 30 kil@@ ogra@@ mm zo@@ op@@ lan@@ k@@ ton auf@@ nehmen . +dank " der weiße hai " haben wir oft alle angst vor ha@@ ien . +es könnte eine veränderung in der verteilung des plan@@ kt@@ ons sein . +ich zeige ihnen , wie das aussieht . +also versuchen wir sehr einfache dinge über die riesen@@ ha@@ ie zu lernen . +aber das ist wieder überrasch@@ end . man erwartet das nicht . +das ist nun ver@@ bot@@ en , und die ha@@ ie freu@@ en sich sicherlich darüber . +und sie sa@@ ßen mon@@ at@@ el@@ ang daran . +sie haben wahrscheinlich die videos vom bu@@ ck@@ el@@ w@@ al gesehen , den wir vor einem monat oder zwei@@ en vor coun@@ ty we@@ x@@ ford hatten . +ich danke ihnen für@@ s zuhören . +sie machten sich fertig . +mit meinem vor@@ haben im hinter@@ kopf blieb ich ruhi@@ g +wie gesagt : ich kann gesellschaft und regierung nur bewegen , wenn ich schla@@ gende beweise bei@@ br@@ inge . +wie kamen sie ins gefängnis – das war doch erst vor ein paar wochen , oder ? +hast du schlechten m@@ und@@ geru@@ ch , während du meine be@@ fra@@ gung be@@ antwor@@ test ? +niemand sollte wissen , dass ich ein mädchen war , und keiner wusste es . +ich dur@@ fte einfach ich selbst sein , sich entwick@@ el@@ n@@ d und veränder@@ n@@ d in jedem moment . +das life magazine machte generationen von menschen mit entfern@@ ten , un@@ bekannten kulturen durch bilder bekannt . +das ist mein bei@@ trag zum bürger@@ recht@@ sk@@ am@@ pf meiner generation . +sobald sie sich vom scho@@ ck er@@ hol@@ ten , entschieden sie sich weit@@ geh@@ end für 70 bis 95 prozent oder 3 bis 20@@ -@@ proz@@ ent@@ -@@ mar@@ ken . +es ist zu sp@@ ät . +an@@ schein@@ end bedeutet lu@@ zi@@ fer " licht " . +und sie alle kommen aus den k@@ ameras von us-@@ soldaten . +wir schauen uns das innen@@ leben der person an , die fau@@ len ei@@ er . +das hier ist stan@@ ley mil@@ gra@@ m , ein j@@ ü@@ dis@@ cher junge aus der bronx , und er fragte sich : " könnte der h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st passieren , hier und jetzt ? " +sie sind ein guter mensch . sie besch@@ weren sich . +die meiste zeit waren wir in einrichtungen , und so ist das stan@@ for@@ d-@@ gefäng@@ nis@@ experiment eine untersuchung der macht von einrichtungen auf das individu@@ elle verhalten +sie würden nu@@ mm@@ ern werden . +unbe@@ kümm@@ ert macht man den ersten kleinen schritt . +mo@@ b@@ bing ist eine krankheit . vor@@ ur@@ teile sind eine krankheit . gewalt ist eine krankheit . +sie kam runter , sah dieses toll@@ haus und sagte : " weißt du was , es ist furcht@@ bar , was du diesen jungs ant@@ ust . +wes@@ ley und der typ : 50 c@@ m hoch . +wir hätten keinen zugang zu liebe oder zu schö@@ pfer@@ ischer fähigkeit . +natürlich denken sie an bilder , die sensor@@ ische muster sein können , visu@@ ell , wie sie sie jetzt haben , in beziehung zur bühne und mir , oder audi@@ tive bilder , die sie in verbindung mit meinen worten haben . +sehr seltsam , ich habe es einige zeit analy@@ siert . +und ich dachte über eine lösung für das problem nach . +sie haben im en@@ de@@ ffe@@ kt das bewusstsein verloren , durch einen schaden im roten bereich des hirn@@ stam@@ ms . +mit der aus@@ nahme , dass es nicht so reich@@ hal@@ tig ist , weil sie keine hirn@@ rin@@ de wie wir haben . +wir sollten darauf bli@@ cken , wie gesellschaft und kultur in dieser sozi@@ o@@ kul@@ u@@ tr@@ ellen regu@@ li@@ erung in lauf@@ ender arbeit sind . +denn mein vater ver@@ ließ den business club in unserer hei@@ mat@@ stadt , der nur für männer offen war , denn er sagte , er wol@@ le nie teil einer organisation sein , die eines tages seinen sohn auf@@ nehmen würde , aber nicht seine tochter . +ich sage : " online organisation . " +frem@@ den@@ fur@@ cht gewinn@@ t an bedeutung -- der handel mit frauen und mädchen . +viele von ihnen arbeiten in extrem wider@@ spen@@ stigen systemen -- beim mili@@ tä@@ r , im kon@@ gress , im bildungs@@ system us@@ w . +die ma@@ xi@@ me " erken@@ ne dich selbst " existiert schon seit den alten g@@ rie@@ chen . +ar@@ me@@ en benutzen ihn , wenn sie eine schla@@ cht verloren haben . +es könnte mich auch interessieren , wie konzentri@@ ert ich bin , sodass ich meinen aufmerk@@ sam@@ keits@@ grad in dem schalt@@ bre@@ tt auf der anderen seite ein@@ tragen kann . +wir schu@@ fen den reak@@ tions@@ raum , wo lich@@ ter , musik und j@@ al@@ ou@@ si@@ en sich nach ihrem zustand richten . +normalerweise stellen wir uns technologie als interak@@ tiv vor . +mit ver@@ mensch@@ lich@@ ender technik können wir die qualität unserer schla@@ f@@ zy@@ kl@@ en über@@ wachen . +ar@@ iel garten : erken@@ ne dich selbst – mit einem hirn@@ scan@@ ner +lassen sie mich ihnen sagen , das beste ist , +mit der@@ selben har@@ t@@ nä@@ ck@@ igkeit die mir mein vater an@@ er@@ zogen hatte , seit ich klein war – er brachte mir das se@@ geln bei , obwohl er wusste , ich würde nie sehen können , wohin ich fuhr , nie das u@@ fer sehen , oder die se@@ gel , niemals das ziel . +sie wissen alle , wie das ist ; sie brauchen keine behinder@@ ung , um das zu verstehen . +er fragte : » lieben sie ihren job ? « +ich wusste nicht , was ich tun sollte . +niemand hat es vorher versucht , also werde ich es versuchen . +ich grün@@ dete kan@@ ch@@ i , denn mein unternehmen sollte so heißen wie mein ele@@ f@@ ant . behinder@@ ungen sind wie ein ele@@ f@@ ant im raum . +hört auf mit den e@@ ti@@ ket@@ ten , den ab@@ gren@@ z@@ ungen . +vielleicht liegt der grund darin , dass die r@@ ent@@ ner glauben , aus eigen@@ em willen r@@ ent@@ ner geworden zu sein , während junge arbeits@@ lose das gefühl haben , dass es ihnen aufge@@ drän@@ gt wurde . +nennen sie es das rett@@ ung@@ spa@@ ket für g@@ rie@@ chen@@ land oder die rett@@ ung einer la@@ dung von du@@ mmen ban@@ ken , die g@@ rie@@ chen@@ land geld ge@@ lie@@ hen haben ? +und ich denke , das ist wohl richtig . +alles bei google war mehr oder weniger darauf abge@@ zi@@ elt , ein port@@ al zu sein . +wenn sie auf dem weg zu ihrer sch@@ wie@@ ger@@ mutter sind , würden sie wahrscheinlich lieber auf der linken seite bleiben . +das gibt es den re@@ alen wert , der en@@ steht , wenn sie etwas in einer fabrik produzieren und einen service liefern , und dann gibt es eine art zwei@@ fel@@ ha@@ ften wert , den sie erzeugen , wenn sie die sicht@@ weise der menschen auf dinge verändern . +ich würde behaup@@ ten , in großbritannien gibt es einen viel besseren be@@ zu@@ gs@@ rahmen , nämlich indem man den leuten sagt , dass in großbritannien mehr expres@@ s-@@ post am nächsten tag an@@ kommt als in deutsch@@ land . +und innerhalb dieses ra@@ hmen@@ s , können wir den kindern zeit an@@ bieten . etwas , wovon sie immer zu wenig haben , wie es scheint , in ihren ter@@ min@@ ver@@ plan@@ ten leben . +hi . dieser kerl hier glaubt , er kann euch die zukunft vorhersagen . +diese medikamente wurden auf den markt gebracht . sie wurden sehr häufig versch@@ rieben , weil her@@ zin@@ far@@ kte sehr oft vor@@ kommen . es dau@@ erte lange , bis wir heraus@@ fanden , dass diese medikamente auch zu mehr ster@@ be@@ fällen führten . und dass bevor wir dieses war@@ n@@ signal hörten , mehr als 10@@ 0.000 menschen in amerika un@@ nötig durch die ver@@ schrei@@ bung von medikam@@ enten gegen herz@@ rhyth@@ mus@@ stör@@ ungen star@@ ben . +nur drei der nega@@ tiven versuche waren veröffentlicht worden , aber bis auf einen alle posi@@ tiven versuche . +das erstaun@@ lich@@ ste an all dem ist für mich folgendes : dies ist nicht nur ein erkenn@@ bares und erkan@@ n@@ tes problem , sondern wir mussten bisher mit wirk@@ ungs@@ losen lösungen dafür leben . +nasa unterstü@@ tze diese arbeit vor 12 jahren als teil des um@@ b@@ aus des ha@@ y@@ den planet@@ ari@@ ums damit wir das mit der welt teilen können . +wir haben eine wachsen@@ de nutz@@ er@@ zahl davon . und wir verne@@ tzen k@@ upp@@ eln . +mit dem mit media lab enga@@ gieren wir uns schon seit einer ganzen weile in einem gebiet namens ak@@ tive musik . +wir wissen zum beispiel , dass musik fast immer das letzte ist , wor@@ auf menschen mit fort@@ gesch@@ ri@@ tt@@ en@@ em alzheimer noch an@@ sprechen können . +der haupts@@ än@@ ger versch@@ win@@ det zu beginn der op@@ er und die gesamte bühne wird zum haupt@@ charakter . sie wird sein ver@@ mäch@@ tnis . +also , dan , als aller@@ stes , willst du allen hier hallo sagen und erzählen wer du bist ? +stellen sie uns strukturen dafür bereit ? und wissen sie , dies ist eine persönliche beziehung zum ausdruck , der in den technolog@@ ischen krei@@ sen fe@@ hlt . deswegen brauchten wir mit dan einen neuen gest@@ alt@@ ungspro@@ z@@ ess , einen neuen kon@@ struk@@ tion@@ spro@@ z@@ ess , um seine bewegungen zu entdecken und seinen weg zum ausdruck , der ihm das auf@@ führen erlaubt . +erinnern sie sich an die geschichte von o@@ dy@@ s@@ se@@ us und den si@@ r@@ enen aus der high school , oder j@@ uni@@ or high school ? +wenn du das morgen mach@@ st , dann werde ich sterben , du wirst sterben , jeder einzelne dieser männer wird sterben . +es hat diese star@@ ken , hero@@ ischen arme , die don@@ u@@ ts in den eigenen mund sch@@ auf@@ eln können . +alles in allem war es einfach ein komplett sinn@@ frei@@ er au@@ st@@ aus@@ ch von geld , den ich ber@@ eu@@ en würde . +wir sehen uns die spar@@ quote an und die nimmt seit den 195@@ 0er jahren ste@@ tig ab . +ja , diese person ist in r@@ ente gegangen mit 150 prozent des ein@@ kommen@@ s von seiner arbeit während der r@@ ente . +und von der sicht@@ weise des zukünf@@ tigen selbst ist alles umge@@ kehrt . +und einfach nur aus spaß haben wir sein bild durch die software für gl@@ at@@ zen@@ bildung , alter@@ ung und gewi@@ chts@@ zun@@ ah@@ me laufen lassen , um zu sehen , wie er aussehen würde . +genau diese tö@@ ne werden meist nicht von den zeichen , die wir in den europä@@ ischen sprachen zur verfügung haben , re@@ präsentiert . +selbst in den wohl@@ hab@@ end@@ sten ländern der welt kla@@ ffen die lebenser@@ war@@ tungen bis zu 20 jahre aus@@ einander . +in z@@ im@@ bab@@ we , zum beispiel , gab es nur ungefähr ein dutz@@ end psychi@@ ater , die meisten in har@@ are city , nur ein paar wenige standen für die versorgung psych@@ isch erkrank@@ ter innerhalb der 9 millionen star@@ ken land@@ bevölkerung bereit . +was für mich wirklich schön am gedanken der aufgab@@ en@@ ver@@ la@@ gerung ist , ist aber nicht , dass sie die gesundheits@@ versorgung einfach zugän@@ g@@ licher und er@@ schw@@ ing@@ licher macht , sondern dass sie grundsätzlich stär@@ k@@ end wirkt . +wir begannen das projekt mit einem zwischen@@ beri@@ cht , der einfach viele informationen zusammen@@ fas@@ ste , die über dieses thema gesam@@ melt worden waren , von vielen , vielen forsch@@ ern . +hat ihnen eine bi@@ ene schon mal eine rech@@ nung ausge@@ stellt ? +jetzt zeige ich ihnen was sich wie ändert , wenn wir weiter@@ machen wie bisher . +wenn sie nach wasser bo@@ hren , um in der nähe eines bau@@ ern@@ dor@@ fs col@@ a herzustellen ist das nichts il@@ le@@ gal@@ es , doch es verursacht der gemeinde kosten . +die chines@@ ische regierung antwor@@ tete mit verstand und ver@@ bot die ro@@ dungen . +es geht um energie@@ emis@@ sionen +genau genommen haben wir so etwas wie eine eth@@ ische wahl in der gesellschaft getroffen , keine kor@@ allen@@ ri@@ ffe zu haben . +aber irgendwie hatte der mann auch unter dem str@@ ich auch sehr viel platz . +fe@@ yn@@ man liebte diese geschichte . +aber es war wirklich bru@@ tal . +wir waren in den ber@@ gen , 197@@ 6 . +aber er war sehr auf@@ geregt darüber , dass er endlich jemanden getroffen hatte , dass ich dieselbe erfahrung mit meinem vater hatte , die er mit seinem vater hatte . +er wollte versuchen , es zu visu@@ alisieren , unter ber@@ ück@@ sichti@@ gung einiger einfacher prinzipien . +wenn man sie alle lösen könnte , hätte man eine sehr prä@@ z@@ ise methode . +wie sollten wir fe@@ yn@@ man wirklich e@@ hren ? +es ist eine zusammen@@ gesetz@@ te , kur@@ vi@@ ge innen@@ ein@@ richtung . +also war das problem , und sie über@@ ließen dieses dile@@ m@@ ma mir , dass man die innen@@ ein@@ richtung nur mit der vorhan@@ denen technologie entwerfen musste , und es kein geld gab für werkzeuge oder formen . +und trotz unserer besten bemü@@ h@@ ungen und ab@@ sichten werden kinder immer die gefähr@@ lich@@ ste sache finden , in welcher umgebung auch immer sie sind . +ich habe das mit zehn in einem film der kan@@ ad@@ ischen film@@ behör@@ de gesehen und es hat mich nachhal@@ tig beein@@ dru@@ ckt , babys mit mess@@ ern spielen zu sehen . +es ist eine sehr einfache üb@@ ung – k@@ auf ein lied bei it@@ un@@ es , bren@@ ne es auf eine c@@ d , dann ri@@ ppe die c@@ d zu einer mp@@ 3 und spiele es auf dem selben computer ab . +das motivi@@ erte mich dazu , or@@ th@@ op@@ ä@@ dis@@ cher chirur@@ g zu werden und herauszufinden , ob ich mich nicht lösungen dise@@ er probleme wid@@ men könnte , die mich weiter sport trieben ließen , anstatt mich einzu@@ schrän@@ ken . +nun , der grund ist , es gibt nicht genug spen@@ der@@ zir@@ kel . +das ist also unser biolog@@ ischer ansatz heute . +es würde nicht soviel spaß machen , über das raum@@ zeitalter zu sprechen , ohne eine der fla@@ g@@ gen zu sehen , die mit apo@@ ll@@ o 11 zum mond hin und zurück ge@@ tragen wurden . +mehr dazu morgen . ich habe auch bilder aus der bibliothe@@ k für diejenigen unter ihnen , die um bilder gebeten haben . +daher hoffe ich , dass ich ihnen morgen ein oder zwei weitere objekte von dieser bühne zeigen kann . heute aber wollte ich einfach nur all denen danken , die zu uns kamen und mit uns darüber gesprochen haben . +ich habe hier einen bro@@ cken ko@@ hle mit@@ gebracht - hier , ein stück ko@@ hle . +als e@@ dis@@ on die glü@@ h@@ bir@@ ne er@@ fand , sah sie ungefähr so aus . +aber sie wollen es benutzen - im ernst . +weiterhin arbeiten wir an geräu@@ sch@@ sign@@ alen , die dinge wie schn@@ ar@@ chen und l@@ är@@ m von automo@@ bil@@ en neu@@ tr@@ alisieren . +wie ich sagte , können wir den kan@@ al kür@@ zen , wir können ihn über die cou@@ ch aus@@ brei@@ ten . +ich habe eine reihe weiter@@ er erfin@@ dungen . +erreicht es sie dort drüben ? +so ex@@ u@@ sti@@ ere ich etwas außerhalb des main@@ stre@@ ams des desig@@ n@@ den@@ ken@@ s . +als beispiel hier@@ für begann ich mit zu@@ cker zu arbeiten , für ste@@ fan sa@@ g@@ meister , drei@@ mal@@ iger ted-@@ refer@@ ent . +irgendwie dachte ich , es wäre eine gute idee eine pause in meinen vortrag einzu@@ legen . +" … du war@@ st dir niemals sicher , aber ich kann dir versi@@ chern , dass deine mar@@ ot@@ te , wegen der du immer so un@@ sicher war@@ st , äußerst lie@@ ben@@ s@@ wert ist . +und es ist sehr , sehr verbreitet für designer und menschen in der visu@@ ellen kunst , zu denken , dass wir nicht genug bei@@ tragen . oder schlimmer noch , dass alles , was wir tun , die mü@@ ll@@ de@@ po@@ nien fü@@ llt . +re@@ zero hält seine balance , indem er kon@@ stant seinen ni@@ ck@@ winkel mit einem sen@@ sor berech@@ net . +mit einem monit@@ or könnte er die leute infor@@ mieren , oder sie auf unter@@ hal@@ ts@@ ame und spa@@ ß@@ ige art herum@@ führen . +und wenn wir nun zur ab@@ al@@ one-@@ mu@@ sch@@ el zurück@@ kehren , ab@@ gesehen von ihrer nan@@ o@@ struktur begeistert eine sache : wenn eine männ@@ liche und eine weib@@ liche ab@@ alone zusammen kommen , geben sie gene@@ tische information weiter , die sagt : " so baut man ein vor@@ zü@@ g@@ liches material . +die ab@@ al@@ one-@@ mu@@ sch@@ el hier – und wenn man sie bri@@ cht , kann man feststellen , das sie eine nan@@ o@@ struktur hat . +sie brauchten fast 50 millionen jahre , um zu lernen wie man den bau einer ab@@ al@@ one-@@ mu@@ sch@@ el perfe@@ k@@ tion@@ iert . +ich hab sie mit@@ gebracht . +angel@@ a ble@@ cher : mit der natur bat@@ teri@@ en schaffen +und dann hört man dinge wie im zug , im flugzeug , im auto – also auf dem weg zur arbeit . +man erkennt , dass besonders kre@@ ative menschen – designer , program@@ mier@@ er , schrift@@ steller , ingenie@@ ure , den@@ ker – dass die leute vor allem län@@ gere zei@@ träume ohne unter@@ brech@@ ungen brauchen , um etwas zu schaffen . +warum erwarten wir , dass leute gut arbeiten , wenn sie im büro die ganze zeit unter@@ bro@@ chen werden ? +das ist irgendwie al@@ ber@@ n . das ist eine er@@ sat@@ z@@ hand@@ lung . +ich meine , wie hoch ist die wahrscheinlichkeit , dass alle 10 bereit sind aufzu@@ hören ? +denn büro@@ s sind gut ausge@@ stat@@ tet , alles , was man zum arbeiten braucht , sollte da sein , doch die leute gehen da jetzt nicht gern hin ; wie können wir das ändern ? +man kann im aus@@ stellen , aber nicht den man@@ ager . +dies ist mein arbeitsp@@ l@@ atz . er ist dort draußen , +ich glaube , ich könnte ihnen ihr handy nicht weg@@ nehmen , selbst , wenn ich es wollte . +eigentlich ' ne ganz ne@@ tte eigen@@ art . +wir haben hier eine menge forschung be@@ trieben . +es bringt ein ru@@ di@@ ment@@ är@@ es bank@@ system an orte , wo keine bank@@ -@@ infrastruktur existiert . +etwa das vi@@ a@@ gr@@ a hier , das ich in einem hinter@@ ho@@ f-@@ sex@@ shop irgendwo china ge@@ kauft habe . +dies ver@@ körper@@ t für mich irgendwie das verb@@ un@@ den@@ sein mit der welt , wo alles miteinander verknü@@ pft zu sein scheint , alle punkte verbinden sich miteinander . +und damit folgt der dritte punkt , welcher zwan@@ g ist -- und ein zwan@@ g zu dieser verfüg@@ barkeit . +unsere gegenwär@@ tige realität ist weniger interessant als die geschichte die wir später darüber erzählen werden . +worüber sprachen wir gerade ? +de@@ an or@@ nis@@ h teilt mit uns neue forsch@@ ung@@ ser@@ geb@@ nisse , die zeigen , wie die an@@ eig@@ nung ges@@ under lebens@@ gewohn@@ heiten einen menschen auf gene@@ tischer ebene beeinflussen kann . er sagt z.b. , dass , wenn wir ges@@ ün@@ der leben , besser essen , sport treiben und mehr lieben , sich unsere hirn@@ zellen tatsächlich ver@@ me@@ hren . +diese idee wird von diesem zitat gut einge@@ fangen : " dinge , gegen die es kein re@@ zept gibt , sollten ohne be@@ dauern sein , was getan ist , ist getan . " +das sind die klas@@ sischen bedingungen , die zu be@@ dauern führen . +aber es stellt sich heraus , dass sich be@@ dauern auf vier ganz spezi@@ fische und be@@ stän@@ dige arten schrecklich an@@ fühlt . +mach , dass es weg geht . mach , dass es weg geht . " +denn natürlich treffen wir manchmal entscheidungen , die un@@ wider@@ ru@@ f@@ liche und gr@@ aus@@ ame kon@@ sequenzen hab@@ en@@ . entweder für uns selber oder für die gesundheit und das glück und die lebens@@ grund@@ lagen anderer menschen , und im aller@@ schlimm@@ sten fall sogar für ihre leben . +wenn andere leute mein tat@@ too sehen , mögen sie meistens , wie es aussieht . +danke . +die hälfte von ihnen spen@@ dete im internet . +und ziemlich schnell lag der durchschnittliche preis bei 19@@ 2 dollar . +heute sind diese niedri@@ gen prei@@ se verfügbar in den 25 ländern , in denen wir arbeiten , und in ins@@ gesam@@ t 6@@ 2 ländern . und ca. 5@@ 5@@ 0.000 menschen profi@@ tieren davon . +wir führten kürzlich eine aus@@ wer@@ tung der ersten 18 monate unserer be@@ stre@@ b@@ ungen in ru@@ anda durch . +das entspricht ca. 4@@ 3 prozent aller schwan@@ ger@@ schaften . +ich bin für diesen preis dank@@ bar und werde ihn für diesen zweck verwenden . +die klassen@@ zimmer haben keine w@@ ände . +aber eine tolle firma für alterna@@ tiv@@ energi@@ en aus paris nimmt uns den aus dem strom@@ netz heraus mit solar@@ energie . +das war gross@@ arti@@ g . +dieser junge mann p@@ fl@@ ück@@ t biolog@@ isches gemü@@ se . +und gemeinsam sind diese freiwilli@@ gen und die lehrer tief verbunden , um eine neue generation von globalen , grünen an@@ führ@@ ern zu schaffen . +ist das mach@@ bar in eur@@ er gemeinde ? +cha@@ z e@@ bert : » es war cha@@ z , die mir zur seite stand , durch drei versuche hin@@ durch , meinen k@@ ie@@ fer zu re@@ konstru@@ ieren und mir so die fähigkeit zu sprechen wieder@@ zu@@ geben . +dann versuchte ich , wörter auf meinem not@@ e@@ book zu ti@@ ppen und die ein@@ geb@@ au@@ te computer@@ stimme zu benutzen . +sie hatte noch nie eine aus bereits vor@@ lie@@ gen@@ dem material gemacht . +menschen , die eine stimme brauchen , sollten wissen , dass die meisten computer bereits über ein@@ geb@@ au@@ te sprach@@ technologie verfü@@ gen . +die initi@@ alen standen für progra@@ mm@@ ed lo@@ gic for auto@@ ma@@ ted teaching oper@@ ations . +nun leben wir im zeitalter des inter@@ nets , was eine art globalen bewusst@@ s@@ eins zu schaffen scheint . +manchmal glauben sie , ich sei tau@@ b . +ein mann kommt zum psychi@@ ater . +was können wir also tun ? +andere beispiele , die sie hier sehen können , sind aus le@@ tt@@ land , li@@ t@@ auen , est@@ land - die mittel@@ europä@@ ischen länder . +zunächst stellen sie sich eine große frage : " warum machen wir das ? was ist unser ziel ? " +bekann@@ tlich bo@@ y@@ k@@ ot@@ ti@@ erten am 16@@ . jun@@ i 197@@ 6 die studenten südafri@@ kas die sprache afri@@ ka@@ ans als sprache der unter@@ drück@@ er , denn man schrieb ihnen gewis@@ ser@@ maßen vor , dass sie alles in afri@@ ka@@ ans zu studieren hätten – biologie , mathematik – was aber war mit unseren sprachen ? +er lan@@ dete unter dem wagen . +und am ende hatte ich eine n@@ ase aus plasti@@ k , zä@@ hne aus por@@ zell@@ an und alle möglichen anderen dinge . +letz@@ tlich begannen sie , ihre tal@@ ente und fähigkeiten auf meine bedürfnisse abzu@@ gleichen . +also ging ich von da an weiter . +und als blin@@ de person verb@@ lassen die visu@@ ellen erinn@@ erungen und werden durch die gefühle er@@ setzt , die man zu dingen hat und dadurch , wie dinge kl@@ ingen und wie sie rie@@ chen . +er schrieb den gele@@ hr@@ ten an der par@@ is@@ er ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ie und versuchte , ihnen seine theorie dar@@ zu@@ legen . +g@@ ali@@ le@@ o hat , wie ich finde , sehr tre@@ ff@@ end zusammenge@@ fasst , wie die macht der mathematik uns hilft , die natur@@ wissenschaftliche welt um uns herum zu be@@ greifen . +aber ich wollte ihm etwas zeigen , das ihn berei@@ ch@@ ert . +ich werde sie dazu bringen , vielleicht auch mathemati@@ sch etwas an@@ treiben , – also halten sie sich gut fest – ich werde sie dazu bringen , diese sprache verstehen , die es uns erlaubt , zu be@@ greifen , was symme@@ trie ist . +beide objekte haben also sechs symme@@ trie@@ eigenschaften . +zuerst eine dritt@@ el@@ dre@@ hung gegen den u@@ hr@@ zei@@ ger@@ sinn und dann eine spiegel@@ ung an der x-@@ achse . +aber die formen stimmen über@@ ein , wenn ich eine se@@ ch@@ st@@ el@@ dre@@ hung aus@@ führ@@ e und als ro@@ ta@@ tion@@ sach@@ se den punkt wä@@ hle , an dem sich die drei@@ ecke berü@@ hren . +leider ist es nicht wirklich ein bild . kann ich bitte meinen zeich@@ en@@ block haben ? danke , wunderbar . +zwei ? dann hätten sie sich schon früher setzen müssen . +ich habe gelernt , dass sie die essen@@ z dessen sind , was fortschritt aus@@ macht , selbst wenn sie schrecklich erscheinen . +aber ich glaube aus sicht eines ne@@ ander@@ tal@@ ers hätte es gegen unsere heutigen winzi@@ gen hau@@ er , jede menge wider@@ spruch gegeben . +und mark t@@ wa@@ in , der alles über druck@@ er@@ ei wusste , war ganz bes@@ essen von dieser maschine . +und mein lieblings@@ beispiel dafür ereig@@ nete sich anfang 197@@ 6 , als erkannt wurde , dass die bakterien , die die legi@@ on@@ är@@ sk@@ r@@ ank@@ heit verur@@ sachen , schon immer in natürlichen gewä@@ ss@@ ern existiert hatten . aber es war die genau@@ e wasser@@ temperatur in den hei@@ z@@ - , venti@@ la@@ tions@@ - und klima@@ systemen , die die richtigen bedingungen für die ma@@ x@@ im@@ ale re@@ produktion des legi@@ on@@ ell@@ a ba@@ z@@ ill@@ us verursa@@ chten . +denken sie zum beispiel einmal an die finanz@@ welt . +es gibt kein standar@@ dis@@ ier@@ tes regel@@ werk , nicht mal im ansatz . +folgendes macht mich ganz verrückt . +und der sch@@ na@@ pp@@ sch@@ uss gel@@ ingt . +und an die stelle des m@@ aus@@ kli@@ ck tritt nun ein schie@@ ben und ziehen , dinge kol@@ li@@ dieren , wie man es erwarten würde . wie auf meinem echten schreib@@ tisch kann ich -- ich will mir mal eben diesen bur@@ schen greifen -- kann ich dinge in sta@@ p@@ eln an@@ legen , anstatt nur in den üb@@ lichen or@@ dn@@ ern . +ich glaube , man kann die art , wie wir fotos betrachten , wirklich berei@@ chern und diese art schu@@ h@@ kar@@ ton machen , mit fotos von der eigenen familie auf dem kü@@ ch@@ enti@@ sch und so . +ich möchte ihnen mein neu@@ est@@ es projekt vorstellen , » b@@ aro@@ que in rock « , für das es un@@ län@@ gst eine gol@@ dene plat@@ te gab . +sie er@@ langen ein wahr@@ heits@@ vermögen , weil sie sich immer und immer wieder@@ holen . und sie verk@@ al@@ ken und verk@@ nö@@ chern , und werden wirklich . +und ich fragte : " was ist die black@@ box für die wall street ? " +und der witz ist , dass die natürlich nicht nur im markt laufen . +das ding ist , das hier ist nicht google . +unser design ist gemacht für die sprache einer maschine . +es kommen licht@@ ke@@ gel vor und qu@@ anten@@ ver@@ wick@@ lungen und ich verste@@ he nicht wirklich etwas davon . +so viel , oder ? +j@@ s : selbst@@ ab@@ rei@@ ß@@ end . +50 % aller un@@ fälle passieren an kreu@@ z@@ ungen . +zusammen mit dem ben@@ zin , und es sind 1@@ 12@@ .000 $ pro jahr nur für dieses schil@@ d in beide richtungen . +wenn menschen in eine unge@@ wohn@@ te situation kommen , für die sie kein verhaltens@@ muster haben werden sie lang@@ samer . +zum beispiel waren mas@@ ern für vier millionen to@@ de verantwortlich - das war vor kurzem , 199@@ 0 - und jetzt ist die zahl unter 40@@ 0,000 . +und vor kurzem ist sie nur noch um den ä@@ qu@@ ator zu sehen . +und deshalb sahen wir das sch@@ ru@@ mp@@ fen der malari@@ ak@@ ar@@ te . +ich kann es sagen obwohl ich studi@@ en@@ ab@@ bre@@ cher bin . +also , wie verbessern wir bildung ? +man mag denken , dies seien die lehrer mit master ab@@ schl@@ ü@@ ssen . +und der ganze geist und die ein@@ stellung dieser schulen ist sehr anders als in normalen öffentlichen schulen . +und dies erlaubt uns nachzu@@ voll@@ ziehen wer gut arbeitet , diese heraus@@ zur@@ u@@ fen und herauszufinden welche techni@@ ken es sind . +sie wissen , das system lässt es nicht auto@@ matisch geschehen . +die erste " um@@ ar@@ mung " ist etwas , von dem wir denken : " oh , das ist ganz einfach , " doch es wird eigentlich schwier@@ iger und das ist , der welt um uns herum aufmerksamkeit zu schen@@ ken . +ich war an dem punkt , an dem ich eine stop@@ pu@@ hr benutz@@ te und will@@ kür@@ lich kä@@ st@@ chen mal@@ te und es führte mich ni@@ r@@ gend@@ wo hin . also ging ich zurück und ver@@ sen@@ kte alle meine gemäl@@ de im ar@@ no und ich dachte , ich fan@@ ge einfach mal an , herum@@ zus@@ pi@@ el@@ en . +" ich werde den weg finden , um dort hin@@ einzu@@ kommen , denn ich möchte nicht , dass diese geschichte versch@@ win@@ det . " +wie viele von ihnen fühlen sich damit wohl , sich selbst einen an@@ führer zu nennen ? +" und der typ tat mir so leid , dass ich den l@@ oll@@ i nahm , und dann setz@@ test du eine unglaublich ern@@ ste mi@@ ene auf , schau@@ test meine eltern an und sa@@ g@@ test : " sehen sie sich das an . sehen sie nur . +wir müssen darüber hinweg kommen , so dass unsere kleinen brü@@ der und sch@@ western und unsere kinder eines tages – oder heute – zu@@ schauen können und den einfluss , den wir auf unsere gegensei@@ tigen leben haben , wert@@ schätzen , mehr als geld und macht und titel und einfluss . +in den heutigen oper@@ a@@ tions@@ r@@ äumen brauchen wir kein ta@@ ges@@ licht mehr . +hat man drei sti@@ ch@@ proben , dauert dies also eine ganze stunde . +das molekül dr@@ ingt hin@@ durch und wird aus@@ geschie@@ den . +wenn dieser ly@@ m@@ ph@@ k@@ noten krebs hat , würde diese frau die an@@ gren@@ z@@ enden ly@@ m@@ ph@@ k@@ noten entfernt bekommen . +bei pro@@ stat@@ a-@@ krebs leiden bis zu 60 % der männer nach der operation an in@@ kontin@@ enz und er@@ ek@@ tion@@ spro@@ ble@@ men . +hier ist also der tumor . +ich möchte ihnen diesen letzten gedanken mit@@ geben . +und diese zelle ist eine der tausend verschiedenen zell@@ arten , von denen wir lernen . +aber elektrizität brei@@ tet sich auch in jede richtung aus -- den weg des gering@@ sten wider@@ stand@@ es@@ . woher diese re@@ de@@ wen@@ dung teil@@ weise kommt . +und weil es ein protein ist ist es in der dn@@ s des organis@@ mus gesp@@ ei@@ ch@@ ert . +wenn wir also herausfinden , welche zellen sie sind , könnten wir vielleicht neue ziele finden für die medikamente entwickelt oder vor ihnen ab@@ gesch@@ ir@@ mt werden , oder vielleicht orte , an denen man elektro@@ den an@@ bringen könnte bei menschen , die sehr ern@@ ste behinder@@ ungen haben . +und das tier hört einen ton -- und ein licht@@ bli@@ tz erscheint dort . +vielleicht 10@@ 0.000 menschen haben co@@ ch@@ lea@@ implan@@ tate , die ihnen das hören ermöglichen . +das ziel des lab@@ y@@ rin@@ ths ist natürlich das wasser zu verlassen und zu der kleinen platt@@ form zu gelangen die unter dem ob@@ eren öff@@ nung liegt . +und durch aus@@ schalten ist es mehr oder weniger eine null . +und wir nahmen auch proben der außen@@ luft . +vielen dank . +es gab keine autos und so schien es irgendwie noch besser . +ich denke , es war eine sehr optimi@@ stische zeit und ich möchte über einige dieser dinge sprechen . +das ist es , was sie über meine seite denken – sie wird über die gewi@@ chtung auf@@ gestellt . +die anzahl der seiten , die diesen begriff erwä@@ hnen und die auch diese seite erwä@@ hnen , der proz@@ ent@@ satz dieser seiten ist der go@@ ol@@ ge share dieser person von diesem begriff . +18@@ 60 spricht man über skla@@ ver@@ ei . +wenn man die zweite seite hier hat , ver@@ linken einen die meisten . +wir bekommen zunehmen@@ d eine di@@ ät vor@@ gesetzt , in der der sinn@@ es@@ eindruck , nicht die geschichte , domin@@ iert . +und die geschwindigkeit , mit der sie ihn " sl@@ um@@ dog milli@@ on@@ ai@@ re " oder den fa@@ vel@@ as in rio zu@@ ord@@ nen , spricht von der nachhal@@ tigen art . +und die enth@@ al@@ ten@@ en geschichten liefer@@ ten eine gemeinsame erfahrung . +diese filme enth@@ i@@ elten das , was zu sehr schmer@@ zte um es laut zu sagen , und sie wurden für mich nütz@@ licher als das flü@@ stern der über@@ lebenden und den gel@@ eg@@ ent@@ lichen blick auf ein tat@@ too auf dem hand@@ gelen@@ k meiner alt@@ jün@@ g@@ fer@@ lichen tan@@ te . +kann op@@ ern@@ ges@@ ang so sex@@ y sein ? die wunderbare sop@@ r@@ ani@@ stin dan@@ i@@ elle de ni@@ ese be@@ wei@@ st es mit ihrem vortrag der ko@@ ket@@ ten ar@@ ie " meine li@@ ppen , sie kü@@ ssen so hei@@ ß " aus der oper@@ ette gui@@ di@@ tt@@ a von fran@@ z le@@ h@@ á@@ r . beglei@@ tung : ing@@ rid sur@@ gen@@ or . +der handel , ander@@ erseits , ist relativ schnell , total krea@@ tiv , hö@@ chst effektiv und effizi@@ ent , und im grunde ehrlich , denn wir können unsere werte nicht langfri@@ stig tau@@ schen , wenn wir einander nicht tr@@ auen . +und so haben wir produkte desig@@ nt , und alle chemikalien bis in den milli@@ on@@ st@@ el@@ -@@ teil@@ ch@@ en-@@ bereich analy@@ siert . +der ob@@ ere teil besteht aus n@@ yl@@ on 6 , das wieder zu ca@@ pro@@ l@@ ac@@ ta@@ m wird , der un@@ tere teil , ein poly@@ al@@ ken - un@@ endlich wieder@@ ver@@ wert@@ bare ther@@ m@@ op@@ la@@ ste . +als wir sie fragen , sagten sie : " es ist wie eine ries@@ ent@@ o@@ i@@ le@@ tte die nicht r@@ unter@@ sp@@ ü@@ lt . " +wir haben jede menge energie , also werden wir dieses problem lösen , jedoch die biologie ist hei@@ kel , weil wir all diese gif@@ tigen materialien , die wir aus@@ spu@@ cken , durch das system schle@@ us@@ en , werden wir niemals im stan@@ de sein das wieder gut zu machen . +schuhe für ni@@ ke , wo die ober@@ teile aus pol@@ ye@@ ster sind , un@@ endlich wieder@@ ver@@ wert@@ bar , und die unter@@ teile bestehen aus biolog@@ isch ab@@ bau@@ baren so@@ hlen . +weil , wenn sie sich selbst ver@@ gi@@ ften , indem sie der billi@@ g@@ st-@@ produ@@ z@@ ent sind , um es dem billi@@ g@@ st-@@ verk@@ äu@@ fer -- wal@@ -@@ m@@ art zu senden -- und wir ihnen dann all unser geld schicken . was wir dann entdecken ist , das wir effektiv etwas haben , was , als ich noch student war , gemeinsame bei@@ der@@ sei@@ tige zerstör@@ ung genannt wurde . +der kom@@ post wird dann wieder komplett zurück@@ genommen , um auf den däch@@ ern der stadt eingesetzt zu werden , wo wir landwirtschaft haben . was wir nämlich gemacht haben , ist , wir haben den boden der stadt in die höhe ge@@ ho@@ ben - um die ursprün@@ gliche landschaft auf den däch@@ ern der gebäude wieder herzustellen . +dies ist fünf@@ mal so groß . +wir wussten nichts über x@@ key@@ sc@@ ore . wir wusste nichts von cyber@@ tr@@ ans . +und trotzdem sind diese dat@@ ei@@ en da . +okay , wie viele schwe@@ dische entschei@@ d@@ ung@@ str@@ ä@@ ger , politiker und führ@@ ung@@ sper@@ son@@ en aus der wirtschaft nutzen , jeden tag , us-@@ bas@@ ierte dienst@@ leistungen , wie zum beispiel windows oder o@@ s@@ x , oder nutzen facebook oder lin@@ ke@@ d@@ l@@ n , oder spei@@ chern ihre daten in ex@@ ter@@ nen netz@@ werken wie ic@@ l@@ oud oder sky@@ drive oder dro@@ p@@ box , oder nutzen dienst@@ leistungen wie den ama@@ zon web service oder die verkauf@@ s@@ unterstützung ? +und wer auch immer ihnen erzählt , er habe nichts zu ver@@ ber@@ gen hat darüber einfach nicht lange genug nach@@ gedacht . +sie war eines der ziele der n@@ sa@@ -@@ über@@ wach@@ ung . +seit lan@@ gem üb@@ t das menschliche gehirn eine faszin@@ ation auf menschen aus . +und was sie sehen ist sehr un@@ gleich@@ mäßig . hier sehen sie eine größere an@@ ordnung . +eins bekommen wir von der mutter , eins vom vater . +in se@@ attle nehmen wir sie – das ist eine ganze menschliche gehirn@@ hälfte – und legen sie hier rein – nur eine bessere auf@@ schnitt@@ maschine . +sie können hier auf dem obje@@ kt@@ trä@@ ger sehen , das dies in echtz@@ eit passiert . +grün gehört zu den kühl@@ eren bereichen , wo sie nicht stimu@@ liert sind . +wenn sie also z.b. in der pharma@@ forschung tä@@ tig sind , können sie durch eine ganze liste von angeb@@ oten gehen , die ein genom zu bieten hat , um vielleicht bessere wirk@@ ungs@@ orte zu finden und zu opti@@ mieren . +dies sind keine schizop@@ hr@@ enen personen aber sie zeigen ab@@ wei@@ chungen von der grund@@ gesam@@ theit . +also warum ist das so ? +fa@@ kt ist , wenn wir nicht wissen ob wir überhaupt gutes tun sind wir nicht besser als die medizin@@ er und ihre blu@@ te@@ gel im mittel@@ alter . +" wenn ihr die ne@@ tze kosten@@ los verteilt , werden die menschen sie nicht wert@@ schätzen . +das ist schlecht , aber solche orte gibt es . +und dann kannst du es leicht machen und einen an@@ lass geben jetzt zu handeln , in dem wir für jede impf@@ ung einen kil@@ o lin@@ sen verteilt haben . +die dritte ist wichtig , weil wenn wir denken , dass sich die leute an al@@ mo@@ sen gew@@ ö@@ hnen könnte die kosten@@ lose ver@@ gabe von ne@@ tzen den markt zerstören . +man weiß wie zu imp@@ fen ist , man weiß wie man mo@@ sk@@ it@@ one@@ tze ver@@ teilen soll . +er@@ kl@@ ä@@ r den leuten die vor@@ teile von bildung . das zu tun ist sehr billi@@ g . +aber schaut was wir heute gemacht haben . +und jetzt können wir vielleicht auf die wichtig@@ ere frage zurück@@ kommen mit der ich am anfang begonnen habe . +wir alle haben von diesen dingen gehört . +und das hat mit mir zu tun . denn 199@@ 4 pac@@ kte ich ein paar dinge in einen ru@@ ck@@ s@@ ack und machte mich auf den weg auf eine ein@@ jährige reise , genau in der mitte meiner universi@@ tä@@ ts@@ lauf@@ bahn . +bringen wir doch etwas licht in diesen verblüff@@ enden , viel@@ sei@@ tigen kontin@@ enten , der so viel zu bieten hat . +allein der ausdruck " investieren in afrika " ist also in@@ akzep@@ tab@@ el . +doch sehen wir uns das werk von gold@@ man sa@@ chs an – der berühm@@ te b@@ b@@ c@@ -@@ beri@@ cht . +diese ank@@ ün@@ digung kam in den letzten paar wochen raus . +es ist te@@ ur@@ er , waren zu transpor@@ tieren . die war@@ en@@ prei@@ se erhö@@ hen sich , das wirkt sich auf die inf@@ lation aus . +ein afrikan@@ ischer nach@@ rich@@ ten@@ kan@@ al , der rund um die uhr sen@@ det . +sie bilden auch ein drittel unserer lebens@@ mittel . +wir schauen so selten in den himmel . +hier sind die aufnahmen , die ich den leuten gezeigt habe . +okay . +also , das sind die aufnahmen , die er ge@@ fil@@ mt hatte , und sie waren ganz schön bewe@@ gend und er@@ furcht@@ gebie@@ tend . +es war zufä@@ lli@@ ger@@ weise auch das letzte mal , dass ich das ta@@ ges@@ licht sah . +und er sagte : " weil keiner weiß , dass du irgend@@ was damit zu tun hat@@ test . " +wie konnte jemand mit den finger@@ spit@@ zen lesen ? +kt : nein . +kb : stör@@ en sie nur nicht meine konzent@@ ration . +ich brauche schnell zwei leute , die mir helfen . +ok , nun , glauben sie überhaupt an h@@ exer@@ ei ? +kb : was haben sie gesp@@ ür@@ t ? +ok , el@@ rau@@ ben sie ihr , dort zu bleiben . +halten sie es , halten sie es , sie beide , halten sie es . +kommen sie hier her , neben mich . +und ich will , dass sie die negative energie raus@@ las@@ sen@@ . indem sie es schü@@ tt@@ eln . +du wus@@ st@@ est es . +sie passen auf mich auf , damit ich keine spä@@ ße mache . +s@@ j : du bist über einem be@@ cher . +denk@@ st du , dass die spitze unter der linken hand oder unter der rechten ist ? +das ist nicht gut . hi . ja . wirklich schlecht . schauen sie mich bloß nicht an . +sie wissen sicher , wenn sie diese stimmen hören , dann ver@@ sammeln sich all die kleinen neuronen und in diesem kleinen loch bekommen sie eine richtig gif@@ tige " ich will mich um@@ bringen " -@@ chemi@@ kal@@ ie , und wenn sie das immer und immer wieder in dau@@ er@@ schlei@@ fe hören , dann haben sie sich wohl eine depression einge@@ fangen . +wir sind nicht für@@ s 21. jahrhundert ausge@@ stat@@ tet . +wir müssen wissen , warum die leute tun , was sie tun . +aber sie war überprü@@ f@@ bar bl@@ ö@@ d . +in einem paar bekommt eine person folgende nachricht : " möchten sie einen teil ihrer 10 dollar , die sie hier verdi@@ ent haben , jemand anders im labor zu@@ kommen lassen ? " +für das experiment müsste ich also in das gehirn ein@@ greifen und das oxyto@@ cin direkt manipu@@ lieren . +wenn ich etwas tue , das dich ver@@ letzt , fühle ich den schmerz . +der mann soll eine halbe stunde warten . +es gibt andere methoden , das system zu unter@@ drücken . +die brau@@ t . +es gibt un@@ zä@@ h@@ lige wege , uns mit anderen menschen zu verbinden , und das scheint überall gleich zu sein . +ich wollte wissen , woher die art des lern@@ ens rü@@ hrt , die wir heute in der schule vor@@ finden . +und es gibt menschen , die diese computer be@@ dienen , um ihre be@@ am@@ tent@@ ä@@ tigkeit auszu@@ üben . +einer unserer studenten muss vorbei@@ gekommen sein und ihnen gezeigt haben , wie man die maus benutzt . " +es gibt eine gruppe von kindern in sü@@ d-@@ indien , deren engli@@ sche aus@@ sprache wirklich schlecht ist und die eine gute aus@@ sprache brauchen , denn das könnte ihre job@@ aus@@ sichten verbessern . +nach zwei monaten kam ich zurück und die kinder mar@@ schi@@ erten auf und sagten : " wir haben nichts verstanden . " +kal@@ lik@@ upp@@ am hatte den an@@ schluss an meine kontro@@ ll@@ gruppe einer schule in neu@@ -@@ del@@ hi gefunden , einer reichen privat@@ schule mit einem ausge@@ bil@@ deten bi@@ ologi@@ ele@@ hr@@ er . +nimmt der pro@@ tor@@ ep@@ tili@@ sche teil in unserem hirn@@ zentrum eine bedro@@ hung wahr , legt er alles andere la@@ h@@ m , er legt den prä@@ fron@@ tal@@ en cortex la@@ h@@ m , die für das lernen zu@@ stän@@ digen teile , sie alle werden la@@ hm@@ gelegt . +du kannst mich nicht fangen . +sie haben davon schon gehört . sie wissen , was das heißt . +es ist eine eigentlich unbe@@ man@@ nte ein@@ richtung . +wisst ihr , ich spiele bei diesen rock kon@@ zer@@ ten , und bin auf der bühne , völlig ruhi@@ g steh@@ end , wisst ihr , nur darauf konzentri@@ ert . und naja , " was tut sie ? was tut sie ? " , wisst ihr . +wenn ich beim nächsten lied in o@@ hn@@ macht f@@ alle ... -- +dieses dile@@ m@@ ma er@@ gab den titel dieses proje@@ kts , der auf unterschiedliche weisen zeigt , dass wir alle leben@@ de to@@ te sind und dass wir in man@@ cher hinsicht die gei@@ ster der vergangenheit und der zukunft sind . +und ich stie@@ ß auf die karten , die sie hier sehen . +es wird also die vir@@ ul@@ enz ge@@ te@@ stet . +jeder tau@@ chte auf . +die span@@ nungen zwischen den beiden familien reichen bis 19@@ 13 zurück , als es str@@ eit über lok@@ ale politische ma@@ cht@@ verhäl@@ tnisse gab . +das ist nur eine verk@@ ür@@ zte dar@@ stellung von über 1.000 bildern . +das stück ist überhaupt nicht kompliziert . +und sie werden sich - ob sie es glauben oder nicht - abge@@ trennt von dem instrument und dem stick fühlen , obwohl ich den stick wirklich sehr fest halte . +sie sind alle verschie@@ den . +genau . weil ich es noch nicht mal berühr@@ e . +in einem jahr könnten es zwei weitere schritte sein . +aber , nicht einer von ihnen ist aufge@@ standen um zu denken , " richtig ! wie kann ich kl@@ at@@ schen ? ok , vielleicht .@@ ... +und interessan@@ ter@@ weise , je älter ich wurde , als ich ein voll@@ zeit@@ student an einer so genan@@ nten " musi@@ k-@@ institution " wurde , wurde all das ver@@ worfen . +in dieser sich stei@@ ger@@ nden demon@@ station zeigt die tau@@ be per@@ kus@@ si@@ oni@@ stin ev@@ el@@ yn gl@@ en@@ nie , warum das hören von musik viel mehr beinhaltet als sch@@ all@@ wellen auf sein tro@@ mm@@ el@@ fell treffen zu lassen . +und es wurde so groß , bis zum punkt wo es einen fest@@ wagen letztes jahr bei ma@@ cy ' s th@@ ank@@ s@@ giving par@@ ade gab und ri@@ ck ast@@ ley raus@@ spr@@ ingt und " ri@@ ck@@ roll@@ ed " millionen menschen im fernsehen . +aber das ist nicht das interessante daran . +ich habe ein paar fragen an dich . +aber ein paar gute dinge kamen auch daraus . +und sie waren sicherlich stolz , dich als gewinn@@ er der ti@@ me@@ -@@ wahl zu sehen . +die entwicklung der dinosaurier ver@@ lief langsam , immer einen schritt lang@@ samer , egal wie sie sie messen . +ein rund 1 meter großes tier mit schö@@ ne@@ m schä@@ del , ein r@@ äu@@ ber , flei@@ sch@@ fres@@ ser , ein zwei@@ b@@ einer . +als an@@ führer – das ist defini@@ tiv ein man@@ n@@ schafts@@ sport – müssen sie sie inspiri@@ eren , mehr arbeit zu leisten , als je zuvor in ihrem leben , unter bedingungen , die sie sich nicht vorstellen können . +es hat ein stir@@ n@@ hir@@ n , ein fünf@@ zehn@@ tel der größe eines menschen . +jemand muss an die vor@@ der@@ beine . +und dann später wird uns die arbeit nach ti@@ bet führen . +jetzt haben wir die ab@@ wei@@ chung , aber wir haben eine dritte dimension des or@@ tes erstellt . +das sind wirklich verwand@@ te diszi@@ pl@@ inen . +sie müssen diese schritte tun . wenn sie das tun – es ist einfach , kinder an wissenschaft zu interessieren . +man gibt ihr einen kurzen sto@@ ß mit dem ell@@ bogen und stür@@ mt zur zi@@ ell@@ in@@ ie . +sie laufen nicht 4@@ 2 kilometer , sondern 150 , 250 kilometer am stück , und an@@ schein@@ end ohne verletz@@ ungen , ohne probleme . +es gibt keine schn@@ elle frau auf dem planeten und es hat noch nie eine gegeben . +etwa sieben , acht jahre also , um e@@ uren hö@@ he@@ punkt zu erreichen , um dann all@@ mä@@ h@@ lich wieder zurückzu@@ fallen bis ihr zum an@@ fan@@ g@@ spun@@ kt zurück@@ kehrt . +man muss sich zu einer gruppe zusam@@ mensch@@ ließen . +und was ist geschehen , als wir angefangen haben , diese mo@@ dischen , ge@@ pol@@ ster@@ ten dinge zu erfinden , die das laufen verbessern , genannt schuhe . +aber vielleicht gibt es da noch einen weiteren vorteil . +für mich war das der le@@ er@@ raum , das war es , was roboter noch nicht tun konnten . +es ist ein gr@@ use@@ li@@ ges mon@@ ster . +sie rufen ihre freundin an , sie plat@@ ziert ihren hör@@ er in einem roboter und z@@ ack ! , sind sie ein me@@ bot – sie können augen@@ kontakt auf@@ nehmen , sie können mit ihren freunden sprechen sie können sich bewegen , sie können ge@@ sti@@ ku@@ lieren – vielleicht das zwei@@ t@@ beste nach tats@@ äch@@ licher an@@ wes@@ enheit , oder ? +ich stelle mir also einen moment vor , gar nicht so weit in der zukunft – meine mutter kann an ihren computer gehen , einen brow@@ ser öffnen und sich in einen kleinen roboter ein@@ klin@@ ken . +um diese frage zu beantworten , haben wir eine studie in boston durchgeführt , bei der wir eine von drei ver@@ mittl@@ ung@@ stech@@ ni@@ ken in den wohn@@ r@@ äumen der menschen über einen zei@@ traum von mehr@@ eren wochen instal@@ li@@ erten . +aber wir können diese idee noch weiter vor@@ an@@ treiben +roboter berü@@ hren etwas zu@@ tief@@ st menschliches in uns . +und es geht nicht , dass meine jungs mich aus@@ lachen . +und ich fol@@ gte diesem typen über@@ all@@ hin , bis wir im selben raum waren und ich ihm eines meiner stücke vor@@ las , und wisst ihr , was er mir sagte ? +ich kann mit dem scho@@ ck aus " the cr@@ ying game " mi@@ th@@ alten mit der ehr@@ fur@@ cht eines kin@@ des , das von einem schul@@ rü@@ pel " ai@@ d@@ s-@@ opfer " genannt wird , nicht wissen@@ d , dass sein vater es meiner mutter gab , und das ist dopp@@ el@@ deu@@ tig . +dann machte ich mir gedanken , ob ich ihr bild tatsächlich ersetzen könnte . ich su@@ chte mir also eine dopp@@ el@@ gän@@ ger@@ in von di@@ ana und stellte sie in den korre@@ kten posi@@ tionen und winkel auf und er@@ schu@@ f etwas , das es im öffentlichen bewusstsein schon gab . +also , hier ist das bild . +alle diese arbeiten wurden in gal@@ er@@ ien gezeigt . +dieses bild ist tatsächlich recht interessant , denn wir haben es , denke ich , vor drei jahren gemacht , +jack ni@@ chol@@ son in seinem pro@@ mi@@ -@@ leben so treiben könnte . und die tatsache , dass er versucht hat , er hatte einen kleinen wu@@ tan@@ fall und schlu@@ g neu@@ lich einen fahrer mit einem gol@@ f@@ schlä@@ ger . +hat sich jemand hier einmal gefragt , was passiert , wenn sie nachts in ihr zimmer zurück@@ gehen , und plötzlich bekommen sie schmerzen in der br@@ ust , kurz@@ at@@ mi@@ gkeit , schwei@@ ß@@ aus@@ brü@@ che ? +bitte mer@@ ken sie sich das . wir können damit nicht in solchen umgeb@@ ungen umgehen . +wir unter@@ halten zur zeit 25 stellen - alle von ihnen ausge@@ bil@@ dete fach@@ ärzte aus den usa , kanada oder großbritannien . +und dann werden wir weitere zentr@@ en er@@ öffnen . +sie müssen am leben sein , sie müssen sich ernä@@ hren . +wir arbeiten auch an unterstü@@ tz@@ ender ausbildung in der gesundheits@@ vor@@ sor@@ ge@@ technologie , wir bilden auch in e@@ cho@@ kar@@ di@@ ograph@@ ie aus , ultra@@ sch@@ all am herzen , so was alles . diese art von ausbildung motivi@@ ert menschen . +und ich fühle mich hier wirklich zu hause , denn hier gibt es eine menge au@@ ti@@ stische gene . +auch meine zeichnungen spiel@@ ten eine haup@@ tro@@ lle im film . +und meine verkauf@@ sta@@ kti@@ k war , dass ich meine zeichnungen und bilder von dingen zeigte . +ich war sehr be@@ un@@ ruhi@@ gt darüber , dieses gerät [ im gehirn@@ scan@@ ner ] über meinem gesicht zu tragen . +ich finde , viele menschen haben damit schwierigkeiten . +der im film d@@ r car@@ lock heißt . +mit 13 jahren hatte ich eine stelle in einem klei@@ der@@ geschäft wo ich klei@@ der gen@@ ä@@ ht habe . +denn ich beob@@ a@@ chte , dass an den community colle@@ ges viele gute lehrer / innen für viele dieser kinder zu finden sind . davon müssen wir einige in die high schools holen . +wofür haben sie am meisten leidenschaft ? +meine eigene spezi@@ alität liegt in der kombination von digit@@ aler technologie und mag@@ ie . +auf wieder@@ sehen . +und es war tief . tief in meiner se@@ ele . +das ist doch mal ein talent . +und jetzt kommt die küste , und ein ganz kleiner teil von mir ist trauri@@ g . +danke . +das erste problem ist , dass die kat@@ astro@@ phen@@ hilfe un@@ zur@@ ei@@ ch@@ end ist . +sie schicken ihn in den irak . +ich denke , es ist sehr wichtig , weil genau jetzt gerade jemand wieder auf@@ stehen muss , und diese generation der veter@@ an@@ en hat die möglichkeit , das zu tun , wenn sie die chance dazu bekommen . +wohin würde das führen ? +und so er@@ fanden sie die wissenschaftliche zeit@@ schrift als weg , die diskus@@ sionen zu syn@@ chron@@ isi@@ eren über die gesamte gemeinschaft von natur@@ wissenschaft@@ lern . +die program@@ mier@@ er kommen und gehen . +dies hat folgende aus@@ wirkung : ein program@@ mier@@ er in e@@ din@@ burgh und ein program@@ mier@@ er in ent@@ e@@ b@@ be können beide dieselbe – eine kop@@ ie des@@ selben teil@@ s der software erhalten . +richtig . +es war die erwar@@ tung der bürger dass sie nicht zen@@ siert werden würde . +dieses foto möchte ich ihnen zeigen . +mor@@ gan hen@@ dry : " be@@ ware of safety " ist eine instru@@ ment@@ elle rock@@ band . +wir bestehen im wahr@@ sten sinne des wor@@ tes aus stern@@ en@@ stau@@ b . +und wenn sie auf die ob@@ ere lin@@ ke ecke sehen , dann sehen sie einen kleinen dunkl@@ en punkt . +ok , der fall@@ schirm ist aus@@ geri@@ chtet . +b@@ c : wir treten in die atmosphäre des mars ein . +das ist auch der zeitpunkt , an dem wir die hin@@ tere ver@@ klei@@ dung ab@@ werfen und uns nun im freien fall befinden . +dann werden wir etwas ern@@ ster , also müssen wir unsere c@@ ad / cam@@ s und die ingenie@@ ure invol@@ vi@@ eren . oder wissenschaftler , die sich mit den ther@@ mischen eigenschaften aus@@ kennen , die designs verstehen , atmosp@@ här@@ ische interak@@ tion , fall@@ schir@@ me und der@@ gleichen verstehen . sie arbeiten als team und entwickeln gewis@@ ser@@ maßen am computer eine raum@@ son@@ de um zu sehen , ob sie unseren an@@ forder@@ ungen genü@@ gt . +und für den fall , dass wir etwas nicht erreichen können weil es z.b. zu hoch auf einer kli@@ ppe ist , haben wir ein kleines las@@ er@@ system das auf den fel@@ sen schie@@ ßt , ein wenig verdam@@ pft und analy@@ siert , was da von dem fel@@ sen ab@@ gegeben wird . +beim vorbei@@ fliegen bli@@ ckten wir zurück . und raten sie , was wir sahen . +sie fahren einfach zum nächsten see , stecken den schl@@ auch hinein und ihr auto ist voll@@ ge@@ tan@@ kt . +wenn wir anfangen , exponenti@@ ell zu denken , können wir verstehen , wie dies die technologien in unserem umfeld beeinflusst . +wir können komplex@@ ere probleme mit compu@@ tern be@@ arbeiten . +und natürlich gibt es dazu eine ap@@ p . +sie können ihr gewicht an ihre freunde t@@ wee@@ ten , und diese können ihnen dann helfen , ihr gewicht zu halten . +aber wie können wir den arzt verbessern ? +hier ein paar beispiele : wir sind in der är@@ a der " phan@@ ta@@ stischen reise " , dank der i@@ p@@ ill . +kommen wir zur genom@@ ik , als vor 10 jahren die ersten menschlichen genom@@ -@@ sequen@@ zi@@ erungen durchgeführt wurden , be@@ tru@@ gen die kosten rund eine milliarde dollar . +wir können prä@@ venti@@ ver sein ; diese vor@@ sicht@@ s@@ maß@@ nahmen können person@@ alisiert sein , aber am wichtigsten wird die an@@ st@@ eigen@@ de parti@@ zi@@ pa@@ tion sein . +wir haben eigentlich erwachsene stammzellen seit 15 jahren in klin@@ ischen tests benutzt , in verschiedenen fällen , insbesondere für herz@@ -@@ krei@@ s@@ lauf@@ -@@ krankheiten . +das erste ist spen@@ cer gewi@@ d@@ met und seiner großmutter , die von seiner arbeit scho@@ ck@@ iert war . +in j@@ enen tagen , gab es noch län@@ dliche gegen@@ den , nahe an der stadt , hö@@ fe , kor@@ n@@ felder , kü@@ he ; auch gar nicht weit entfernt von unserem haus , mit seinen ver@@ wi@@ sch@@ ten st@@ einen und dem langen , sch@@ at@@ tigen kor@@ ri@@ d@@ or , konnte man gebiete mit hü@@ geln und b@@ äumen finden , und man konnte so tun , als seien es ber@@ ge und wäl@@ der . +das mädchen , meine alte liebe , das letzte verl@@ or@@ ene mal sah ich sie als sie mich auf einer party su@@ chte , wie sie betr@@ un@@ ken stam@@ mel@@ te , fiel , sich lü@@ mm@@ elte , ver@@ ru@@ tsch@@ ter rock , rot um@@ r@@ änder@@ te augen , von trä@@ nen versch@@ wollen , ihre sch@@ an@@ de , ihre sch@@ mach . +dieses hier heißt " dur@@ st " . +ein lässi@@ ger impul@@ s , eine laun@@ e , bis jetzt noch nie be@@ dacht , schwer@@ lich sogar jetzt be@@ dacht ... +die mädchen , zu meinem er@@ schre@@ cken , wen@@ deten den blick ab . +c@@ .@@ k. willi@@ ams li@@ est ge@@ dichte von ju@@ gend und alter +sam@@ u@@ el p@@ is@@ ar , ein@@ r der über@@ lebenden von au@@ schwi@@ tz , hat gesagt , ich zi@@ tiere , " der h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st lehr@@ t uns , dass die natur , selbst in ihren gr@@ aus@@ am@@ sten mom@@ enten , noch gü@@ tig ist im vergleich zum menschen , wenn er seine moralische orienti@@ erung und vern@@ un@@ ft ver@@ liert . " +aber bilder müssen nicht dra@@ stisch sein , um uns an die tra@@ gi@@ k des krie@@ ges zu erinnern . +was wir heute versuchen werden , in den gut se@@ ch@@ zehn minuten , die mir bleiben , ist es , drei fragen zu beantworten . die erste ist : " warum ? " . +das war unsere hoch@@ frequ@@ enz@@ -@@ fun@@ kan@@ ten@@ ne . +zwei nor@@ we@@ ger haben es 2000 im team geschafft . allein aber keiner . +wenn das eis mehr oder weniger eben war , konnte ich gerade mal so beide ziehen . +das war eine ziemlich radik@@ ale technologie und ein radi@@ kal@@ er ansatz - aber es funktion@@ ierte pri@@ ma . +ich habe das fotografi@@ ert . habe mich auf meinen schli@@ tten gesetzt und so einen video@@ ein@@ trag gemacht . +ich dachte , das muss einfach reichen . +deswegen wurde mir wahrscheinlich auch kein vor@@ wur@@ f wegen der län@@ ge meiner star@@ t@@ bahn gemacht . +seitdem ist niemand auf sk@@ i - das war vor 9@@ 3 jahren - seitdem also ist niemand auf sk@@ i von der küste von ant@@ arkti@@ s zu dem po@@ l und zurück . +aber ich hatte noch immer zwei@@ fel , also sagte ich : " wissen sie was , ich werde es nicht tun . " +und ich erinn@@ erte mich , dass der alte und betr@@ un@@ ken@@ e kerl eines tages ins labor kam , um lei@@ chtes geld zu verdienen , und das war dieser kerl . +ich möchte mit einem posi@@ tiven gedanken enden . +was , wenn wir angst einmal anders betrachten ? +diese än@@ gste tan@@ zten in der vorstellung dieser armen menschen . es zeigte sich , dass die angst , der sie ge@@ hö@@ r schen@@ kten , über leben oder tod entscheiden würde . +was würde mit unserem verstand passieren ? +der roman@@ autor v@@ la@@ di@@ mir n@@ abo@@ ko@@ v sagte , der beste les@@ er kombin@@ i@@ ere zwei sehr verschiedene temper@@ am@@ ente , das künstler@@ ische und das wissenschaftliche . +ich bin nun 4@@ 3 jahre alt . +deshalb b@@ aten sie ihre eltern auf die straße zu gehen und sie ein@@ zusam@@ m@@ eln und nach hause zu bringen . +das war der große unterschied zwischen den vielen versuchen zuvor um wandel zu schaffen , bevor wir dachten und die regierung uns be@@ fa@@ hl - und manchmal stimm@@ te es sogar - dass wandel uns aufge@@ zw@@ ungen wurde und die menschen we@@ hr@@ ten sich , denn sie dachten , es sei frem@@ d für ihre kultur , +ich erinnere mich an eine nacht , als mich jemand auf meinem handy an@@ rief - eine gewöhn@@ liche person , die ich nicht kan@@ nte - vom ta@@ hri@@ r platz . +ist es eine story des jahres , eine story des jahrzehn@@ ts , oder noch mehr ? +sie hatten einige red@@ ner dort . +und frank@@ ie sagte : " ich bin als 2@@ 2@@ . an der reihe , und ich sehe die na@@ del auf mich zu@@ kommen , und da ist überall blut . +du willst eine na@@ del genau so wenig teilen wie du eine zahn@@ bür@@ ste teilen willst , selbst mit jemandem , mit dem du schl@@ äf@@ st . +was wir also in den vereinigten staaten gemacht haben ist , die daten zu prü@@ fen , end@@ los lang die daten zu prü@@ fen . +es sind homo@@ sexu@@ elle männer in der part@@ y@@ sz@@ ene , die im schnitt drei mal so viele partner haben wie he@@ ter@@ o@@ sexu@@ elle leute in der part@@ y@@ sz@@ ene , +aber er verändert die rech@@ nung , was rational ist beim treffen sexu@@ eller entscheidungen . +was bedeutet das ? +es gibt so viele unterschiedliche arten , rational zu sein wie menschen auf diesem planeten , und das ist eine der herr@@ lichkeiten menschlicher exi@@ stenz . +ich habe sie hinaus auf die ter@@ asse genommen . +den sogenan@@ nten " cla@@ wh@@ am@@ mer " stil hatte er von seiner mutter und großmutter gelernt . +es hört sich ungefähr so an . +wir standen am ran@@ de von tausenden von he@@ kt@@ ar baum@@ wol@@ le . +unsere mutter hoff@@ te , dass wir dadurch har@@ te arbeit wer@@ tzu@@ schätzen gelernt hätten . +gute neu@@ ig@@ ke@@ uten : der wagen kommt . +aber wenn ich an anderes dachte , waren es ganz einfache dinge . +wir zogen gegenüber von michael and john whit@@ ney ein . +sagten , sie würden uns ver@@ h@@ auen , wenn wir für sie kein schie@@ ß@@ pul@@ ver herstellen würden . +lassen sie mich also alle kombin@@ ieren . und , ich kann die kl@@ änge auch verändern , indem ich auf dieses pe@@ d@@ al hier tre@@ te , und – lassen sie mich das hier be@@ enden mit einem kleinen " ham@@ bone " sol@@ o oder so ähnlich . +wissenschaft@@ se@@ thi@@ k und die eth@@ ik , bürger einer demokratie zu sein , stehen nicht nur in beziehung zu@@ einander , sondern es gibt auch , histor@@ isch gesehen , eine beziehung zwischen dem , wie menschen über zeit und raum denken und was der ko@@ smo@@ s ist , und wie menschen über die gesellschaft denken , in der sie leben . +sie zur end@@ gü@@ l@@ tigen qu@@ anten@@ theorie von zeit , raum und gravi@@ tation zu versch@@ mel@@ zen ist deren hö@@ he@@ punkt , etwas , das gerade jetzt statt@@ findet . +nun , darwin lehr@@ te uns , dass es proz@@ esse der selb@@ stor@@ gan@@ is@@ ation gibt , die genü@@ gen , um uns alle und alles , was wir sehen zu erklären . +ich bin tatsächlich fertig . die wissenschaft wird nie verschwinden . +ich kann meine arbeit als einen job sehen , ich mache es für geld . +also sah ich mich nach mö@@ b@@ eln um . +über@@ s jahr kann er ungefähr 8@@ 000 plä@@ tze im restaurant bes@@ e@@ tzen . +was kam dabei heraus ? +es gibt ein komple@@ tt@@ es orche@@ ster im gebäude , +das sind einige bilder , die besu@@ cher mir geschickt haben . +und die affen da im wald sahen tatsächlich ziemlich glücklich aus . +denn obwohl wir tod als univer@@ sel@@ le erfahrung teilen , erleben wir ihn nicht überall auf der welt gleich . +sie ist auch ein moment der selb@@ ster@@ kenn@@ tnis . +aber ich sehe etwas zu@@ tief@@ st trans@@ for@@ mier@@ endes darin , den tod als sozialen prozess zu erleben und nicht einfach als biolog@@ ischen . +eines dieser … – vielen dank für die ein@@ la@@ dung . +man trifft einige großartige menschen , menschen , die die welt mit ganz anderen augen sehen . +" es tut mir leid . ich habe nur 18 minuten , 18 minuten , um über die rett@@ ung der welt , die rett@@ ung des planeten und globale institu@@ i@@ tionen zu sprechen . +warum würde man so etwas machen ? warum würde ... das ist wie ein schritt davon entfernt , eine dieser e-@@ mails aus nigeria zu beantworten . ist es nicht so ? +aber wir haben wieder hoffnung . wir haben einen neuen mann . +er sprach zu der menschen@@ menge in chicago : " wenn es jemanden in der welt gibt , der immer noch zwei@@ fel hat , dass amerika ein ort ist , an dem alle dinge möglich sind ... " +erinnern sie sich ? george bush sagte : " eine nu@@ -@@ ke@@ -@@ l@@ are . " +" ich war im gefängnis für fast 30 jahre auf einer insel mitten im ozean . +es gibt viele verschiedene formen . +deshalb haben sie jedes mal , wenn sie etwas gefunden haben , das ein wenig anders aus@@ sah , diesem einen ander@@ n namen gegeben . +die mögen es nicht , wenn man an@@ kommt und die knochen auf@@ sä@@ gen und rein@@ schauen will . +die leute sahen sich also diese sau@@ rier an und sprachen darüber , wie unterschie@@ dlich sie seien . +was interessant ist , die sta@@ ch@@ eln am hinter@@ kopf des dra@@ cor@@ e@@ x wu@@ ch@@ sen auch sehr schnell . +und dann , weil die jung@@ tiere ja in meiner samm@@ lung sind , habe ich sie auf@@ gesch@@ ni@@ tten und mir das innere angesehen . +hier ist noch einer . +wie ihr euch vorstellen könnt , ist das bei vier@@ t@@ kl@@ ä@@ ss@@ lern nicht besonders belie@@ bt . +es ist ein res@@ po@@ ni@@ ves system , das auf e@@ chtes we@@ tter aus@@ gelegt ist . +jedenfalls , es geht weiter . +auf einer gesam@@ t@@ län@@ ge von 9@@ 1 me@@ tern . +die sicht ist der gal@@ er@@ ie versch@@ lossen , wo nur das natürliche licht genutzt wird , und mit einem pan@@ or@@ ama@@ -@@ blick in der n@@ ör@@ dlichen gal@@ er@@ ie wieder ge@@ öffnet wird . +moment - es ist in diesem zustand , wir haben noch viel zu tun . +das ist ein mo@@ ck@@ -up , der sich in s@@ alt la@@ ke city befindet , der ihnen einen eindruck gibt , wie es wirklich aussehen wird . +sogar in nachrichten über sexu@@ elle gewalt bekommen männer eine über@@ wäl@@ ti@@ gende mehr@@ heit an druck@@ fläche und sen@@ de@@ zeit . +sie fand heraus , dass viele dieser geschichten dazu ten@@ dieren den op@@ fern die schu@@ ld zu geben und ihr leben abzu@@ werten . +sie dort abzu@@ bilden ver@@ lie@@ h ihnen ihren wieder@@ erkenn@@ ungs@@ wert . +sie war die re@@ da@@ k@@ te@@ ur@@ in von den c@@ bs nachrichten , die in ägyp@@ ten am ta@@ hri@@ r platz un@@ mittel@@ bar nach diesem foto sexu@@ ell miss@@ braucht wurde . +ihre bot@@ anischen namen sehen sie hier vorne . +' sei du selbst die veränderung , die du dir wün@@ sch@@ st für diese welt ' , hat ma@@ hat@@ ma gand@@ hi einmal gesagt . +p@@ m : nun , das ist eine gute idee . +dies passierte dann bei unterschiedlichen gele@@ gen@@ heiten häufi@@ ger , aber ich denke , dass es ein großer vorteil war , eine frau zu sein . +als amerikan@@ erin beschloss ich sofort ein gre@@ mi@@ um zu gründen . +das andere das ich für wichtig halte ist : bei vielen themen der nation@@ alen sicherheits@@ politik geht es nicht nur um außen@@ politik , sondern es geht um bud@@ gets , militär@@ bud@@ gets , und wie sich staat@@ s@@ schul@@ den entwickeln . +also , okay ! +großartige nachrichten ! es macht mich verrückt , dass die meisten menschen nichts davon zu wissen scheinen . +nun weiß ich , dass einige von euch denken , dieser fortschritt geschieht nur in asien oder lat@@ ein@@ amerika oder in vor@@ zei@@ gel@@ ändern wie brasili@@ en – und wer liebt keine brasili@@ anischen models ? – aber sehen sie sich sub@@ sahar@@ a-@@ afrika an . +genau jetzt und heute kämpfen öl@@ gesellschaften in o@@ sl@@ o darum , ihre gehei@@ men zahl@@ ungen an die regierungen zu versch@@ lei@@ ern , weil sie öl aus entwicklungsländern abge@@ zogen haben . +dabei schließen sie sich uns und vielen anderen bei etwas an , das ich das größte ab@@ ent@@ euer der geschichte nenne , den an@@ spru@@ chs@@ vollen weg , der zur gleichheit führt . +wenn wir diese metapher eines genom@@ s als programm nun ernst nehmen , dann müssen sie bedenken , dass chris ander@@ son ein computer@@ -@@ er@@ zeug@@ ter gegen@@ stand ist , wie auch jim wat@@ son , cra@@ ig vent@@ er , und alle von uns . +man ent@@ wir@@ ft so etwas wie ein handy , und in sehr abstra@@ k@@ ter sprache beschrei@@ bt man dieses handy . +das hier ist normale dna , was man für normale dna hält . +wir er@@ hit@@ zen sie , fügen etwas sal@@ z hin@@ zu , er@@ hit@@ zen sie fast bis zum sie@@ de@@ punkt und kü@@ hlen sie ab , und während des ab@@ kühl@@ ens fix@@ ieren die kurzen str@@ änge die langen und es bildet sich eine struktur heraus . +sie schrieb ihre ganz eigene software , um dieses dna-@@ origami zu entwerfen und zu bauen , eine wunderbare dar@@ stellung von china , sogar mit ta@@ i@@ w@@ an , und es hängt im prinzip an der kür@@ ze@@ sten l@@ eine der welt , nicht ? +sie wurde von er@@ ik win@@ free initi@@ iert , und diese methode kann bau@@ steine von einem hunder@@ t@@ ste@@ l der größe eines dna-@@ origami ver@@ arbeiten . +und wenn man das tut , hat das origami dieselbe größe , aber unser quad@@ rat ist am ende drei@@ mal so groß . +und ich glaube , dass wir in den nächsten 5 bis 10 jahren die quad@@ rate herstellen können , die ich besch@@ rieben habe , und vielleicht sogar ein paar der selbst@@ mon@@ ti@@ erten schalt@@ krei@@ se . +als das leben eine reihe von to@@ d@@ - und nah@@ to@@ d-@@ erfahrungen in meinem eng@@ sten kreis vorbei brachte , ho@@ b das die notwen@@ digkeit eines medizin@@ ischen not@@ dien@@ stes in indien , ähnlich dem 9@@ 11 in den usa , her@@ vor . +sieht man sich jedoch den gewöhn@@ lichen mann an , wa@@ cht dieser nicht jeden tag auf und denkt sich : " h@@ mm , sehen wir mal wen wir heute be@@ ste@@ chen könnten . " +er kann bis zu 1 billion wert sein , die jedes jahr an be@@ ste@@ chung ge@@ zahlt werden , gen@@ aus@@ o@@ viel wie indi@@ ens bi@@ p . +ein paar leute sagen tatsächlich : " oh , lassen sie mich das einfach erle@@ digen und vergessen wir es dann . " +die vorhanden daten ist dieses tolle ding namens youtube . wir können im grunde in die tiefe gehen und alle freien in@@ halte aus youtube beziehen , alle komment@@ are , alle besu@@ che , wer sie an@@ sieht , wo sie sie ansehen und was in den komment@@ aren gesagt wird . +wenn wir uns hier an@@ näher@@ n , sehen wir , – wir wenden wieder die physi@@ k-@@ engine an – erkennen wir , dass eine unterhaltung eigentlich aus vielen klein@@ eren besteht . +hier ist einer von j@@ essi@@ ca green über die mikro@@ bi@@ elle ök@@ ologie von gebäu@@ den . +männ@@ lichkeit zeigen die jungs , die ohne v@@ ä@@ ter aufge@@ wachsen sind . die schlä@@ ger tragen tar@@ n@@ muster und waffen , aber sie brauchen ne ' um@@ ar@@ mung . +investi@@ ert , investi@@ ert , investi@@ ert . " +eine weise person weiß , wie man impro@@ visi@@ ert , wie lu@@ ke es gemacht hat , als er den boden zwei mal wus@@ ch . +alles was es dort gab war " mi@@ ke ' s hard le@@ mon@@ ade " , welche fünf prozent al@@ ko@@ hol enth@@ ält . +wir können dies sehr gut an den reak@@ tionen auf die aktu@@ elle finanz@@ krise sehen . +versteht mich nicht falsch . wir brauchen regeln ! +nur noch fragen , " dient es meinem interesse ? " +sei@@ d stolz darauf sie zu haben . +es gibt hier bei ted und an anderen orten viel zu z@@ ele@@ bri@@ eren . +wenn man das gemacht hat , läuft der rest von selbst . +die haben besonder@@ es interesse an technologien , die unseren soldaten helfen werden . +sie haben wohl zu oft " ter@@ min@@ ator " gesehen . +es hat sich aber heraus@@ gestellt , dass , wie sie an ai@@ me@@ es fähigkeiten und verhalten sehen können , menschen mit dem verlangen , etwas zu machen , sehr bemerkens@@ wert sind und die natur ziemlich anpas@@ s@@ ungs@@ fähig ist . +ich erzähle ihnen nun einige verblüff@@ ende sachen , die passiert sind , als wir damit angefangen haben . +er war auf seinen anderen arm gest@@ ü@@ tzt . +ich kriege einen an@@ ruf und wir fahren zurück nach washington . +" was soll ich denn erzählen ? " , habe ich gesagt . +es ist eine einfache antwort . +sie ist der p@@ fa@@ d@@ fin@@ der , der uns die einfache straße durch ein un@@ durch@@ dr@@ ing@@ liches moral@@ isches di@@ ck@@ i@@ cht wei@@ st . +die erde bewe@@ gte sich für beide . +es gab so viele skep@@ tiker , vor allem die lon@@ don@@ er presse , sodass sie an@@ fingen che@@ es@@ e@@ bur@@ ger in hu@@ b@@ sch@@ rau@@ ber@@ n um meinen ka@@ sten herum@@ zu@@ fliegen , um mich in versu@@ chung zu führen . +dann unter@@ hielt ich mich mit einem be@@ fre@@ un@@ deten arzt und fragte ihn , wie ich es wohl an@@ stellen könnte . +und es gibt beweg@@ ungs@@ lose ap@@ no@@ e , +er ist 1,@@ 9@@ 5@@ m groß und wie@@ gt 7@@ 2@@ k@@ g . +das war ein entscheiden@@ der fehler . +und darauf re@@ agi@@ erte er damit , dass er zu reg@@ is und kel@@ ly ging und seinen alten re@@ kor@@ d brach . +was mich noch ner@@ vö@@ ser machte . +es war schrecklich . +ich dann so : " was ? " +wir können jetzt die ti@@ tel@@ seite der zeitung an@@ visi@@ eren und sofort das bul@@ le@@ tin erhalten . +lehrer : jetzt verschie@@ be es in beide richtungen . sie@@ h , was passiert . +es braucht nur ein klein wenig ver@@ arbei@@ tung , um das gerade auf@@ genom@@ men@@ e bild zu kon@@ ver@@ tieren , in eine art digitalen finger@@ ab@@ druck , und das tolle ist , wenn sie ein profession@@ eller nutz@@ er sind , – also eine zeitung – die werkzeuge sind beinahe identi@@ sch zu denen , die wir gerade in dieser demon@@ stration verwendet haben . +für uns hier in diesem raum ist es nicht nur das ärm@@ ste und verletz@@ t@@ lich@@ ste wesen , es ist die gemeinschaft , die kultur , die welt an sich . +letzte woche sagte bill clin@@ ton bei den ted a@@ wards , " diese lage ist noch nie da@@ gewesen , un@@ gleich , un@@ gere@@ cht und un@@ stab@@ il . " +ich denke , viele von ihnen sind dort wohl schon gew@@ ander@@ t . +wir haben die aus@@ ro@@ tt@@ ung der po@@ cken erlebt . +das ist etwas , worüber man sehr , ser@@ h optimi@@ stisch sein kann . +und als sie das taten , brachten sie die po@@ cken in 10 andere länder und lö@@ sten die epide@@ mie wieder aus . +es gibt auf der ganzen welt keinen hund , der natürlichen urspr@@ ung@@ s ist . +und jetzt haben sie einfach das gen dafür , dieses bi@@ ol@@ umines@@ z@@ ente gen , mit normalen zellen ge@@ kreu@@ zt . +auch wenn wir uns noch so sehr darüber aufre@@ gen , wir haben genau das in diesem land erlaubt – ganz anders als in europa – und zwar ohne je@@ gliche regu@@ li@@ erung , und sogar ohne irgend@@ eine kenn@@ zeich@@ nung auf der ver@@ pac@@ kung . +und das wir@@ ft die frage auf , wie wir tier@@ arten im zeitalter der biot@@ echn@@ ologie zukünf@@ tig definieren – eine frage , von der wir noch nicht mal wissen wie wir sie beantworten sollen . +wir haben diesem tier seine autonom@@ ie genommen . " +das ist eine maus , die von charles vac@@ ant@@ i er@@ cha@@ ffen wurde , an der university of mas@@ sach@@ use@@ t@@ ts . +wir gestalten un@@ mittel@@ bar die zukunft der arten auf diesem planeten . +und weiter sagte er : " diese unterschiede stimmen nicht über@@ ein mit den da@@ zuge@@ hö@@ ri@@ gen unterschie@@ den im kli@@ ma . " +aber u@@ v@@ b und besonders u@@ va kamen unge@@ hinder@@ t durch . +es gab eine natürliche sele@@ ktion zu@@ g@@ un@@ sten der evolution von leicht pig@@ men@@ tier@@ ter haut . +nun haben wir mit der hau@@ t@@ pig@@ men@@ ti@@ erung eines dieser wunder@@ baren produkte der evolution , das heutzutage immer noch kon@@ sequenzen hat . +sie , sie können es lehren . +lassen sie mich ihnen ein paar gegen@@ stände zeigen . +auf der rechten seite habe ich eine hö@@ here rau@@ igkeit abge@@ bildet . +doch wie kommt das ? daher , weil die lun@@ gen@@ oberfläche im grunde etwas sehr un@@ sch@@ ar@@ f defini@@ ertes ist . +und sie ver@@ mischen sich doch ! +einige zeit spielte ich damit herum , und brachte sie an@@ schließ@@ end wieder in die ursprün@@ gliche lage . +die gr@@ un@@ di@@ de@@ e war somit die , man sollte in der lage sein - wie sagt man ? - kur@@ s@@ stei@@ ger@@ ungen zu " mod@@ el@@ lieren " . +und un@@ interessant dazu . +ben@@ o@@ it mand@@ el@@ brot : fra@@ k@@ tale und die kunst der rau@@ igkeit +stellen sie sich vor , sie wären alle teilneh@@ mer dieser studie . +hier ist ein beispiel der zu lö@@ senden rätsel . +das heißt , sie bemü@@ hen sich weniger und deshalb ist das ergebnis : weniger rätsel gelöst . +richtig ? ein patient , der das steu@@ er hält , zum beispiel . +nicht weil es nicht genug zu essen gab – denn tatsächlich gab es einen nahrungs@@ mittel@@ über@@ sch@@ uss in den fru@@ cht@@ baren regionen der sü@@ dlichen lan@@ de@@ stei@@ le – sondern weil die menschen im norden keinen zugang oder keine ber@@ e@@ chti@@ gung zu dieser nahrung hatten . +haben sich unsere bauern in hoch@@ -@@ produ@@ ktive , kom@@ mer@@ zi@@ elle ak@@ teure verwandelt ? +um ein beispiel zu geben , zwischen 2001 und 200@@ 2 produ@@ zierten ä@@ thi@@ op@@ ische ma@@ is@@ bauern zwei jahre top@@ ern@@ ten . +im amerikanischen mittel@@ westen lu@@ den bauern ge@@ trei@@ de auf kä@@ hne und sand@@ ten es den fluss hoch auf den markt nach chicago . +das heißt , die b@@ ör@@ se wird mit einem hand@@ el@@ s@@ system agieren , das mit einem großen auf@@ schre@@ i beginnen wird , denn wir glauben nicht , dass das land bereit ist für komplett elektron@@ ischen handel . +wir glauben , die ein@@ sätze sind hoch , aber dass die er@@ träge sogar noch größer sein werden . +es ist immer das gleiche , niemals das selbe , end@@ los faszinier@@ end . +all das kann passieren , wenn wir das problem nicht ernst nehmen . +sie bietet den b@@ äumen eine stü@@ tz@@ ende struktur , und es schafft räume , be@@ wohn@@ bare räume innerhalb der sand@@ dün@@ e . +dann , ein paar jahre später , be@@ grünen wir diesen teil der wüste durch nutzung von per@@ ma@@ kulturen . +es ist nicht nur etwas , dass bäume unterstützt , sondern etwas , das menschen und länder verbindet . +ich za@@ hlte für die repar@@ atur – er ging wieder kapu@@ tt . +wenn diese idee wirklich nachhal@@ tig stab@@ il ist , dann sind die auswirkungen bedeu@@ tend . +er ist bar@@ fuß . er wird zurück in sein haus rennen , und er wird sein trin@@ k@@ wasser , sein essen und seine umgebung mit den krankheiten kon@@ tam@@ inieren , die er durch die fä@@ kal@@ parti@@ kel auf seinen fing@@ ern und fü@@ ßen mit sich herum@@ trägt . +wir haben kein neu@@ tr@@ ales word dafür . +vielleicht denken sie , dass es bloß gutes kar@@ ma ist , wenn diese männer schei@@ ße rü@@ hren , aber es ist auch wirtschaft@@ lich sinn@@ voll , weil sie jedes jahr eine milliarde dollar sparen . +sie wuchs in einer län@@ dlichen , ärm@@ lichen region indi@@ ens auf , wurde mit 14 ver@@ lo@@ bt , und mit ungefähr 21 zog sie in das haus ihrer sch@@ wie@@ ger@@ eltern ein . +es ist das mil@@ len@@ i@@ um@@ -@@ entwicklungs@@ ziel mit dem größten rück@@ stand . +und genau das habe ich gemacht . +es gibt zehn@@ tausende solcher geschichten auf der welt . und es ist wirklich schwierig ein nen@@ nen@@ s@@ wer@@ tes nive@@ au von wohl@@ befinden her@@ aufzu@@ besch@@ wör@@ en , weil es immer nur schlimmer wird . +und wir fischen mit grund@@ schle@@ pp@@ ne@@ tzen . das bedeutet , dass man einen gegen@@ stand von der größe eines sat@@ tel@@ schle@@ p@@ pers von mehr@@ eren ton@@ nen gewicht an eine große ket@@ te hängt und ihn über den meeres@@ grund schlei@@ ft , um den boden aufzu@@ wü@@ hlen und fische zu fangen . +aber seit wir alle au@@ stern ge@@ gessen haben , und all den fisch , der das plan@@ k@@ ton essen würde , ist nichts mehr da , was das plan@@ k@@ ton is@@ st . und deshalb gibt es immer mehr davon , also stir@@ bt es an alter@@ s@@ schwä@@ che , was man von plan@@ k@@ ton noch nie gehört hat . +und dann gibt es natürlich noch den klimawandel , und wir alle kennen den klimawandel . +sondern dass es so etwas gibt , was man positive rück@@ mel@@ dung be@@ zeichnet . die sy@@ ner@@ gi@@ en da@@ zwischen machen das ganze so un@@ hei@@ mlich viel größer als die sum@@ me seiner einzel@@ teile . +in diesem an@@ re@@ genden vortrag legt der kor@@ allen@@ ri@@ ff@@ -@@ ök@@ ologe jer@@ e@@ my j@@ ack@@ son den scho@@ ck@@ ier@@ enden i@@ st@@ zustand des oze@@ ans dar : über@@ fis@@ cht , über@@ hit@@ zt , verschmu@@ tzt , mit hin@@ weisen darauf , dass sich die situation stark versch@@ li@@ mm@@ ern wird . erstaunliche fotos und statistiken liefern die argu@@ mente . +das ist -- nicht wahr . +dass dieser alte mann seinen mon@@ d@@ schein@@ sp@@ at@@ zier@@ gang mit seinem liebl@@ ing unter@@ brechen sollte , genau zu dem zweck , sich über ein kind lustig zu machen +ich ging mit meinem freund tim mc@@ gon@@ ig@@ al dorthin , der zu meiner linken saß . +die sand@@ wür@@ mer waren okay , aber als liebl@@ ing@@ sch@@ ar@@ ak@@ ter ? +kommt ihnen da nicht etwas seltsam vor ? +sie war eine frau , die davor war , allein in ein land zu gehen , dessen sprache sie nicht einmal sprechen konnte , alleine mit bus und boot zu reisen , an einen strand zu gehen , den sie nicht kan@@ nte oder noch nie gesehen hatte . +sie läch@@ elte . sie konnte nicht verstehen , wieso ich so besor@@ gt war . +aber ich finde , wir sollten auch auf die zahlen schauen , wie die wirklichkeit tatsächlich aussieht . +jo@@ se@@ ph sch@@ um@@ peter nannte das " den prozess der krea@@ tiven zerstör@@ ung " +ist es wirklich , wie ökon@@ omen sich verhalten ? " +was ist der zweck ? +was bedeutet das alles für die wirtschaft ? +aber es ist auch klar , dass wohl@@ stand mehr als das bedeutet . +ich meine , könnten sie sich vorstellen , ein politiker , der in großbritan@@ ien sagt : " das bi@@ p ist dieses jahr um 2 % gefallen . gute nachrichten ! +ich mal@@ te es direkt auf den mann . +ich traf die schwier@@ ige entscheidung , nach meinem abschluss nach hause zurückzu@@ kehren und nicht zum capit@@ ol h@@ ill aufzu@@ steigen , sondern nach unten in den k@@ eller meiner eltern und es zu meiner aufgabe zu machen , malen zu lernen . +als wir mit dem mil@@ ch@@ projekt begannen , und ich star@@ tete , konnte ich nicht vorher@@ sehen , dass ich von meinem traum von politik und an einem schreib@@ tisch zu arbeiten über einen sch@@ atten stol@@ per@@ n würde , und menschen dann in gemäl@@ de verwandeln würde , und menschen in einem mil@@ ch@@ pool be@@ malen würde . +und es geht immer weiter zu diesen großen , di@@ cken , klo@@ bi@@ gen d@@ ing@@ ern , die hunderte von kohlen@@ stoffen enth@@ alten , und die tausende von wasser@@ stoffen enth@@ alten , und sie enth@@ alten van@@ a@@ dium und schwer@@ me@@ tale und schwe@@ fel und lau@@ ter verrück@@ te sachen hängen an ihren seiten . +sie besch@@ ließen prei@@ se , und ich weiß es nicht ei@@ m@@ mal . +ok , öl@@ politik ist stark moral@@ isch ge@@ prä@@ gt in den usa . +und wir nehmen es als , sie wissen schon -- wir betrachten es eher auf einer moral@@ ischen ebene , anstatt es auf der recht@@ lichen und finanzi@@ ellen ebene zu betrachten . +tatsächlich ist es so , dass sie weiter steigt . +das hier ist 198@@ 8 . wir haben in diesem jahr zwei ir@@ an@@ ische öl@@ platt@@ formen bom@@ ba@@ diert . +was sie hier in der ob@@ eren zeich@@ nung sehen ist ein sch@@ em@@ a , wie öl in u.@@ s@@ .@@ wirtschaft genutzt wird . +das ist eine menge . +wir sind sp@@ ät dran . +nun sollte man annehmen , dass " american i@@ do@@ l " ein gewis@@ ses maß an amerikan@@ isi@@ erung mit sich bringen würde . +und jen@@ es schwimmen dau@@ erte 18 minuten und 50 sekunden , aber es fühlte sich an wie 18 tage . +und wir sahen auf unserer rechten seite diesen großen k@@ hum@@ bu@@ -@@ g@@ let@@ scher . +wir wollen , dass du nach zwei weiteren tagen diesen hü@@ gel hin@@ auf geh@@ st . +nachdem er am nord@@ po@@ l schw@@ am@@ m , schw@@ ör@@ te sich le@@ wi@@ s pu@@ gh , dass er nie wieder in solch kal@@ tem wasser schwimmen würde . dann hörte er vom im@@ ja see am mt . ever@@ est - einer großen menge wasser auf einer höhe von 5@@ 300 me@@ tern , die erst kürzlich durch gesch@@ mol@@ zen@@ es g@@ le@@ tsch@@ er@@ eis entstanden ist - und unter@@ nahm dorthin eine reise , die ihm eine gän@@ z@@ lich neue ein@@ stellung über zwei dinge lehren sollte : das schwimmen und die be@@ ur@@ teilung des klima@@ wand@@ els . +das ist ein zu@@ stand@@ s@@ diagramm . es ist ein sehr einfach angel@@ eg@@ ter computer . +ich habe darüber nach@@ gedacht in dem sinne , dass es toll ist , mit biolog@@ ischen materialien zu bauen , aber können wir ähnliche dinge tun ? +also habe ich versucht , die version des ingenie@@ urs zu nehmen : können wir ein mechan@@ isches system aus an@@ organ@@ ischen materialien bauen , welches dasselbe tun wird ? +und mit tatsächlich nur diesen zwei ein@@ gaben – also die form der rand@@ beding@@ ung und der druck – kann man eine unbe@@ gren@@ zte anzahl an lin@@ sen definieren , welche die anzahl der menschlichen brech@@ ungs@@ fehler ab@@ decken von min@@ us 12 bis plus acht di@@ op@@ tri@@ en , bis zu vier di@@ op@@ tri@@ en des zy@@ lin@@ ders . +aber sie können einem zeigen , wie man dinge in einer ab@@ folge baut . +man könnte ihn einfach als be@@ tt@@ la@@ ken auf@@ hängen , aber noch einmal , mit der berech@@ nung all der physik erhält man diese a@@ ero@@ dynam@@ ische form . +und der zusammenhang lautet natürlich , dass die di@@ chter bes@@ ie@@ del@@ ten orte eher weniger emis@@ sionen aus@@ stoßen -- im grunde ganz log@@ isch , wenn man kurz darüber nach@@ denkt . +auf dieser karte kann ich sehen , wie weit ich von meinem zuhause in 30 minuten mit öffentlichen verkehr@@ s@@ mitteln komme . +und dadurch wird eine weitere ket@@ ten@@ reaktion aus@@ gelöst , die ich als " fur@@ n@@ ace du@@ mp@@ ing " be@@ zeichnen würde . das ist ganz einfach erklärt : durch ein gebäude , dass sie nicht mit einem o@@ fen be@@ hei@@ zen müssen , können sie eine ganze menge geld sparen . +während des 20. jahrhunderts , wurden wir zeugen der ab@@ sch@@ eu@@ lichkeiten von stal@@ in , hit@@ ler , ma@@ o , po@@ l po@@ t , ru@@ anda und anderer völ@@ ker@@ mor@@ de und obwohl das 21. jahrhundert erst sieben jahre alt ist , wurden wir bereits zeugen des lauf@@ enden geno@@ zi@@ ds in dar@@ fu@@ r und des tä@@ glichen hor@@ r@@ ors im irak . +ent@@ sprech@@ end den nicht-@@ regi@@ er@@ ung@@ s organisationen die solche statistiken er@@ heben , gab es seit 19@@ 45 in europa und amerika einen star@@ ken ab@@ fall von zwischen@@ staat@@ lichen kriegen , tö@@ dlichen eth@@ n@@ ischen un@@ ru@@ hen oder po@@ gro@@ men und militär@@ pu@@ t@@ schen , sogar in sü@@ dameri@@ ka . weltweit gab es eine stei@@ le ab@@ nahme von toten in zwischen@@ staat@@ lichen kriegen . die gel@@ ben bal@@ ken zeigen die anzahl von toten pro krieg und pro jahr von 19@@ 50 bis heute . +das ist ein bisschen unterstützung für die le@@ vi@@ a@@ than@@ -@@ theorie . +fa@@ kti@@ sch ist es so groß wie we@@ steu@@ rop@@ a , hat jedoch nur etwa 500 km ge@@ pf@@ la@@ ster@@ te straßen . +nun , das ist nicht unbedingt das , wor@@ an man denkt , bevor man ein kon@@ dom kauft . +und wie lautet dann die definition ? " die definition ? +und liber@@ ia . und kon@@ go . +schauen sie mir eine minute lang zu und sehen sie die ganze entwicklung . +in asien konnte sich zuerst die gesellschaft entwickeln bevor sich die wirtschaft entwickelt hat . +das wird mehr oder weniger geschehen . wir haben eine welt , die nicht mehr länger als ge@@ teilt betrachtet werden kann . +dann sind die vereinigten staaten heute , hier oben . +auch die einkommen steigen an . +die länder mit mittleren einkommen , die schw@@ ell@@ en@@ länder , sie holen auf . +ungefähr 20 prozent der erwachsenen bevölkerung ist in@@ fiziert . +sie wird verursacht durch schn@@ elle zu@@ führung der gif@@ tigen cas@@ sa@@ va@@ wurz@@ eln in einer hun@@ ger@@ s@@ not . +und wir setzen große hoff@@ nungen in sie . vielen dank . +es kommt direkt nach video@@ spielen . +es gibt sie schon in jä@@ ger@@ -@@ und@@ -@@ samm@@ ler@@ -@@ verb@@ än@@ den , aber dann durch den techn@@ ischen fortschritt entstanden neue formen von technologie , die das spielen von nicht-@@ nu@@ ll@@ sum@@ men@@ -@@ spielen ver@@ einfachen oder ermu@@ tigen , wobei mehr menschen und größere gebiete beteili@@ gt sin . +und ich würde sagen , diese nicht-@@ nu@@ ll@@ sum@@ men@@ dynam@@ ik wird mit der zeit nur ver@@ stär@@ kt werden , aufgrund techn@@ ischer ent@@ wi@@ ch@@ kl@@ ung , aber auf eine negative weise ver@@ stär@@ kt werden . +erst wenn die gesch@@ ic@@ ke von menschen verknü@@ pft sind . +ich glaube , das ist der erste schritt in diese richtung . das ist das lang@@ zei@@ tz@@ iel . +der g@@ 8@@ -@@ gi@@ p@@ fel schlägt als lösung für afrikas probleme eine massive erhö@@ hung der hilfe vor , so etwas wie den mar@@ sh@@ all@@ -@@ plan . +aber es hat gleichzeitig möglichkeiten und viel potenzi@@ al . +t@@ ja , da ich kein hand@@ zeichen sehe , scheint es wahr zu sein , was ich sage . +nun , sie haben dadurch gut be@@ za@@ hlte jobs . oder , in afrikanischen ländern , in@@ offi@@ zi@@ elle möglichkeiten , von korruption zu profi@@ tieren . +die regierungen ändern das nicht . warum ? +es waren mal 5@@ 6 und als unser präsident gerne die ver@@ fassung ändern und am@@ ts@@ zeit@@ begren@@ z@@ ungen ab@@ schaffen wollte , hat er 25 neue verwal@@ tungs@@ be@@ zir@@ ke geschaffen , und nun sind es 8@@ 1 . +do@@ ktor se@@ li@@ g@@ man , wie ist die aktu@@ elle lage der psych@@ ologie ? " +und daraus folgt , dass die psych@@ ologie und die psychiat@@ r@@ ie über die letzten 60 jahre sogar behaup@@ ten können , un@@ glück@@ liche leute weniger un@@ glücklich gemacht zu haben . +ich habe mein leben mit der arbeit an extrem un@@ glück@@ lichen leuten verbracht und ich habe mich gefragt : wie unterscheiden sich extrem un@@ glück@@ liche leute vom rest von uns ? +ich möchte also ein kleines bisschen über jedes dieser leben und was wir über sie wissen sagen . +wenn er um 9 : 30 morgens das par@@ ket@@ t der amerikanischen b@@ ör@@ se be@@ tritt steht die zeit für ihn still . bis zur schluss@@ glo@@ cke . +und sinn besteht in dieser sicht darin -- ent@@ sprech@@ end der eu@@ demon@@ ie besteht er darin , zu wissen , was seine größten stärken sind und sie zu nutzen , zu@@ zu@@ gehören und im dien@@ ste von etwas zu stehen , das größer ist als man selbst . +die vor@@ letzte sache , die ich sagen möchte ist also , dass wir uns dafür interessieren , wie viel lebens@@ zu@@ frieden@@ heit die leute haben , +aber sie waren le@@ er . +dies sind kam@@ ele , die den großen grab@@ en@@ bruch in afrika durch@@ qu@@ eren , fotografi@@ ert von chris john@@ s . +jetzt muss ich ihnen aber auch erzählen , dass ich letzte woche mit k@@ yle darüber gesprochen habe , dass ich diese geschichte erzählen werde . +ein lö@@ we , der gerade einen mit@@ ter@@ na@@ cht@@ ss@@ n@@ ack zu sich nimmt -- sehen sie , er hat einen ab@@ gebro@@ ch@@ enen za@@ hn . +zum ersten mal in der geschichte leben mehr menschen in städ@@ tischen als in län@@ dlichen gebieten . +brian fotografi@@ erte ein meeres@@ schutz@@ gebiet in neu@@ se@@ eland , in dem kom@@ mer@@ zi@@ eller fisch@@ fang ver@@ bot@@ en ist , was zum ergebnis hat , dass über@@ fis@@ chte sor@@ ten sich er@@ holen haben , und damit kommt eine mögliche lösung für nachhal@@ tigen fisch@@ fang . +aber dann ist paul ins wasser gegangen . +david gri@@ ff@@ in erklärt , wie uns fotogra@@ fie verbindet +wenn wir also die information nutzen , die von dieser spiegel@@ nden refle@@ ktion kommt , können wir mit einem traditionellen gesi@@ cht@@ ss@@ can beginnen , der die gro@@ ben kon@@ turen des gesi@@ chtes und die grund@@ form wieder@@ gibt , und ihn durch die@@ jen@@ ige information er@@ gän@@ zen , welche die ganze por@@ en-@@ struktur und alle f@@ eine falten ein@@ be@@ zieht . +wir können die lau@@ t@@ stärke erhö@@ hen , falls dies möglich ist . +zwischen meinem 14@@ . und 17@@ . lebens@@ jahr half ich ihnen beim ein@@ sammeln von sto@@ ß@@ zä@@ hnen , fleisch und was sie sonst noch im wald tö@@ teten , wil@@ der@@ ten oder ja@@ gten , und wir brachten es in die haupt@@ stadt auf den markt . +hier haben wir ste@@ pp@@ en@@ gi@@ ra@@ ffen , aber durch die evolution gibt es auch diese wal@@ d@@ gi@@ ra@@ ffe , die nur im kon@@ go lebt . +sie können ihn nicht fragen , wie alt er ist , weil er be@@ waff@@ net ist . +und das war die sprache des krie@@ ges . +sie konnten einfach nicht so weiter@@ machen . +und eines tages gingen wir zu einem treffen . +sie wollten ihn se@@ zieren – ich wollte sie auf@@ halten , bis ich den beri@@ cht ein@@ ger@@ eicht und den ober@@ kom@@ man@@ deu@@ r gesehen hätte . +schauen sie sich die kriege in ru@@ anda an . +der aufbau von kom@@ pe@@ ten@@ zen für die junge generation wird zu einer besseren generation führen , und zu einer besseren zukunft für afrika . +wussten sie , dass es in irak und afghanistan mehr private militär@@ unternehmer am boden gab als us-@@ amerikanische militär@@ ische strei@@ t@@ kräfte ? +mal sehen , was die leute hier darüber denken . +oh , nachdem man auf@@ gehört hat , zu bezahlen . +aus angst vor un@@ ein@@ igkeit schre@@ cken wir vor diesen fragen zurück . +einige gründe dafür sind nicht sonder@@ lich um@@ stri@@ tten . +die verti@@ k@@ ale achse zeigt die tausende von dollar in heutigen prei@@ sen an . +der ganze rest ging zum ober@@ sten 1 prozent der ein@@ kommen@@ s@@ be@@ zie@@ her . +pro tag er@@ gibt das fünf bis zehn ton@@ nen pro quad@@ rat@@ mei@@ le in den städten . +sie müssen sich entweder für option a oder b entscheiden . +und manche leute denken , dass wir auf andere weise damit geboren werden , +alle , bis auf den zu@@ fall . sie glaub@@ te nicht an den zu@@ fall . +das ist es auch , won@@ ach ich in meiner arbeit suche , nach einem persönlichen sinn . +aber beide sp@@ rich@@ worte , die fische vor dem er@@ trinken retten , oder einen mensch vor dem er@@ trinken rett@@ ten , für mich haben beide mehr mit die ab@@ sichten zu tun . +es kann etwas sein , das viell@@ ei@@ v@@ ht sehr ernst ist -@@ -@@ wie ich es gesagt habe , die menschen@@ rechte in bir@@ ma +nun , was ist zufällig ? was ist chance ? was ist glück ? +ich konnte dies aus erster hand sehen , als ich zu einem schönen don@@ g-@@ dorf ging , in gui@@ z@@ ho@@ u , der ärm@@ sten pro@@ vin@@ z von china . +ich glaube an die besonder@@ heiten , die besonder@@ heiten der geschichte , und an die vergangenheit , die besonder@@ heiten der vergangenheit , und was in der geschichte an dieser stelle passiert . +und das liegt daran , dass , bis wonder auf den tri@@ chter kam , wie man die idee von gesch@@ ni@@ tten brot verbreiten konnte , es niemand haben wollte . +gut . ich gehe in die apo@@ the@@ ke , ich bin krank und brauche medikamente . +wer hält schon an und sagt : oh , schau mal , eine ku@@ h ? niemand . +aus einem stuhl , d.@@ h@@ . aus einem artikel , den der ein@@ k@@ auf be@@ stellte , wurde ein stat@@ us@@ symbol gemacht , das bestimmte , wo man bei der arbeit saß . +spr@@ ich mit ihnen und er@@ lei@@ cht@@ ere es ihnen , mit ihren freunden zu sprechen . +am@@ ih@@ ot@@ or@@ not@@ .com – jeden tag gehen 25@@ 0.000 menschen auf diese seite , die von zwei freiwilli@@ gen be@@ trieben wird , und sie sehen , dass sie kn@@ all@@ hart bewer@@ ten , sie haben es nicht deshalb so weit gebracht , weil sie viel werbung gemacht haben . +silk . stellen sie ein produkt , das nicht ge@@ kü@@ hlt werden muss , neben die mil@@ ch ins kühl@@ reg@@ al . +in einer welt des über@@ reichen angeb@@ ots und des zeit@@ man@@ gel@@ s ent@@ schließen wir uns offensichtlich gern dazu , dinge zu ignor@@ ieren . wer@@ be@@ -@@ gur@@ u se@@ th go@@ d@@ in erklärt , warum schlechte oder bizar@@ re ideen erfolgrei@@ cher sind als langwei@@ lige , wenn es darum geht , unsere aufmerksamkeit zu er@@ langen . +da es um w@@ ände geht , möchte ich ihnen die geschichte einer mau@@ er in ka@@ ir@@ o erzählen . +die meisten der wirtschaftlichen modelle arbeiten mit den begri@@ ffen man@@ gel und wachstum . +wenn wir die nächsten 150 jahre über@@ stehen können , denke ich , dass unsere ur@@ -@@ ur@@ en@@ kel mal@@ th@@ us komplett vergessen werden +das problem ist , dass die wel@@ pen auf stab@@ il@@ es , fest@@ es eis ange@@ wiesen sind , um von ihren mü@@ ttern ges@@ äu@@ gt werden zu können . +wir können uns nicht weiterhin so viel nehmen ohne ern@@ ste folgen zu erwarten . +ich wollte nicht , dass sie bedro@@ h@@ end oder gefährlich sind . +hier sehen wir ein weib@@ chen , wie es im mon@@ d@@ licht aus dem meer heraus auf die insel tr@@ ini@@ dad geht . +7@@ 2 % der w@@ ale haben solche nar@@ ben , aber die meisten können sich nicht mehr be@@ freien von den hum@@ mer@@ - und kr@@ ab@@ ben@@ fallen . +ich habe auch in anderen teilen neu@@ se@@ el@@ ands gearbeitet , in wunder@@ schönen , fra@@ gil@@ en , geschü@@ tz@@ ten bereichen , z.b. in fi@@ ord@@ land , wo ich diese kol@@ onie von see@@ fe@@ dern gefunden habe . +das ist schrecklich . es ist ein beweis für unser versagen , ihr überleben in der wil@@ dnis zu si@@ chern . +als ich dort im gras stand , war es hei@@ ß - nicht einmal insekten waren zu hören - nur wo@@ gendes gras . +in diesem re@@ zept hat man auch die kosten . +und sobald der boden tro@@ cken wird - man ist in einer tro@@ cken@@ zeit , es entstehen ris@@ se , sauerstoff tritt ein - fl@@ am@@ men kommen raus und das ganze problem beginnt von vor@@ n . +aber es ist kompli@@ zier@@ ter , es ist nicht so einfach und man muss mit den menschen zusammen@@ arbeiten . +und das nach zwei jahre . +sehen sie , hier gibt es nun 1@@ 1,@@ 2 % mehr wol@@ ken und dass schon nach 3 jahren . +aber was man auch immer in dem programm macht , es muss völlig von den menschen unterstützt werden was bedeutet , dass es den ör@@ tlichen , kultur@@ ellen werten ange@@ passt werden muss . +alle skulp@@ turen bewegen sich mechan@@ isch . +das klingt gut , aber tief drin wisst ihr doch , dass das nicht die ganze wahrheit ist . und ich sage auch , warum . +und ich war@@ tete ab und am nächsten tag mo@@ chte ich sie etwas mehr , am tag darauf noch ein stück mehr und jetzt liebe ich sie . +auto@@ ba@@ hnen . +was ich sagen will , ist , dass die meisten kohlen@@ stoff@@ emis@@ sionen von den autos herr@@ ü@@ hren - über 50 % . wenn wir also nur von autos abhängig sind ... +man sollte immer das leben und die arbeit miteinander verbinden . +wir können nicht auf alles eine antwort haben . +aber warum gibt es diese selts@@ ame ab@@ n@@ eig@@ ung und fein@@ d@@ se@@ li@@ gkeit gegen das bewusstsein ? +wie könnte spiritu@@ alität etwas bewegen ? +so wie sich das wasser in einem gefä@@ ß von flüs@@ si@@ g zu fest verändern kann , abhängig vom verhalten der moleküle , so kann ihr hir@@ n vom zustand des bewusst@@ s@@ eins in den zustand der bewusst@@ lo@@ sigkeit über@@ gehen , abhängig vom verhalten der moleküle . +die nächste eigen@@ schaft nach diesem sa@@ gen@@ ha@@ ften ein@@ heit@@ lichen bewusst@@ s@@ ein@@ s@@ feld ist , dass es k@@ au@@ sal in unserem verhalten agi@@ ert . +für die im bewusstsein wirk@@ enden kräfte ist es relativ , dass ein stück papier geld oder eine menge von gebäu@@ den eine universität ist . +ich führ@@ e jetzt kein schmer@@ z@@ verhalten vor , aber ich kann ihnen sagen , dass ich im moment keine schmerzen habe . +aber ich glaube auch , dass es noch eine klima@@ krise gibt , die ebenso ernst ist , welche die gleichen wurz@@ eln hat , und die wir mit der gleichen dr@@ ing@@ lichkeit an@@ gehen müssen . +und menschliche ressourcen sind wie roh@@ stoffe ; sie sind o@@ ft@@ mals tief ver@@ graben . +wir müssen uns selbst ent@@ fes@@ seln und dann werden wir unser land retten . " +sie versteht den sinn nicht . +er sagte : " schon als kind . " er sagte : " in der schule war das wirklich ein problem , denn wenn man in der schule ist , will jeder feuer@@ we@@ hr@@ mann werden . " +" sie sind schon seit 3@@ 6 monaten auf der welt , und das ist alles ? " +sie kennen das , wenn sie etwas tun , das sie lieben , fühlt sich eine stunde wie fünf minuten an . +er schrieb dies an seine liebe , mau@@ d gon@@ ne , und er be@@ dau@@ erte , dass er ihr nicht das geben konnte , von dem er glaub@@ te , dass sie es von ihm wol@@ le . +das interessante dabei ist , dass die ver@@ ben zwischen al@@ fre@@ d und ja@@ y-@@ z regel@@ mäß@@ iger geworden sind . +im nächsten jahrzehnt werden natur@@ - und gei@@ st@@ es@@ wissenschaften näher zusammen@@ rücken , um antworten auf tief@@ grün@@ dige fragen zur menschheit zu finden . +und so lernte ich und arbeitete den größten teil meiner 20@@ er jahre in afrika . +und sie ging nach vor@@ n , mit so einer ru@@ he und klar@@ heit und so einer ab@@ wes@@ enheit von angst , dass sie bis zur ersten wa@@ ffe kam , ihre hand auf sie legte und sie sen@@ kte . +doch wu@@ t wirkt wie ben@@ zin , wenn man sie verbreitet und jemand ein strei@@ ch@@ holz an@@ z@@ ün@@ det , entsteht eine feuer@@ s@@ br@@ un@@ st . +und dabei haben sie erkannt , dass der einsatz von gewalt in solchen situationen nicht nur weniger human ist , sondern auch weniger effektiv als der einsatz von methoden , die menschen verbinden , die wieder aufbauen . +es ist um die welt ge@@ flo@@ gen . +würde es ihnen etwas aus@@ machen , etwas ganz anderes zu machen ? +jetzt könnte man sagen , dass es nicht wirklich anders aussieht als zu beginn . +und geht es in der kunst darum , sich vorzustellen , was jen@@ seits des horizon@@ ts liegt ? +wenn man nach unten schaut , kann man seine fü@@ ße nicht erkennen . +und dank der leute bei interface bin ich jetzt ein rett@@ ender pl@@ ün@@ derer . +als ich das durch@@ dachte , wurde mir klar , dass alle diese at@@ tribu@@ te verändert werden müssen , damit t in den nen@@ ner kommen kann . +schä@@ tz@@ ungs@@ weise haben wir etwas mehr als die hälfte unseres zi@@ els " null aus@@ wirkung , null fuß@@ ab@@ druck " erreicht . +ich habe noch probleme mit der veränder@@ ten ehr@@ lich@@ -@@ gleich@@ ung , i = / t@@ 2 +denn es bedeu@@ tete , dass zumindest eine person mich verstanden hatte . gott sei dank . +während wir zunächst das internet als das fanta@@ stische neue market@@ ing@@ instrument ank@@ ün@@ di@@ gten , das alle unsere probleme lösen würde , erkennen wir nun , dass das internet dies@@ bezüglich , wenn überhaupt etwas , dann zu effektiv ist . +und im kern , denke ich , stellten beide um@@ wäl@@ z@@ ungen die fragen : wer darf prakti@@ zieren ? +die profession@@ elle the@@ at@@ er@@ gemeinde von heute wird nicht allein von den sha@@ w und strat@@ for@@ d-@@ fest@@ spielen bestimmt , son@@ den vom cor@@ ner@@ stone theater in los angeles , einem künstler@@ kolle@@ ktiv , das nach dem 1@@ 1. september 10 ver@@ schi@@ ende religiö@@ se gemeinden zusammen@@ brachte -- ba@@ hi@@ a , ka@@ tho@@ li@@ ken , musli@@ me , ju@@ den , selbst amerikanische ur@@ ein@@ wohner und homo@@ sexu@@ elle glau@@ ben@@ s@@ gemeinschaften und ihnen half , ihre eigenen individu@@ ellen stücke zu schaffen und ein gigan@@ ti@@ sches stück , in dem sie die unterschiede ihres glau@@ ben@@ s er@@ kun@@ deten und gemein@@ samkeit als einen ersten wichtigen schritt zu gemein@@ schafts@@ über@@ grei@@ fen@@ der hei@@ lung zu finden . +wir möchten ihnen ein weiteres stück präsentieren . +und so kam ich durch die schule . +und am emp@@ fang im innen@@ h@@ of , bemer@@ kte ich , dass sie einen spr@@ ing@@ br@@ un@@ nen hatten weil sie glauben , dass leute die in ein museum gehen , einen spr@@ ing@@ br@@ un@@ nen verdienen . +das nächste was ihr sehen wer@@ det ist eine kü@@ che im wert von einer million dollar , sie wurde von der firma h@@ ein@@ z gebaut - haben sie von denen gehört ? +wir haben schüler die zusammen sitzen , weiße und schwarze kinder , und was wir raus fanden ist dass man ras@@ sen@@ probleme lösen kann indem man ein welt@@ klasse umfeld schafft weil menschen dazu nei@@ gen sich welt@@ klasse zu verhalten wenn man sie so behandelt . +das ist unsere bibliothe@@ k mit mehr hand@@ ge@@ ferti@@ gten mö@@ b@@ eln +er zog leute aus b@@ ars und re@@ t@@ tete diese leben für den herr@@ n . +sie sagte , " ich arbeite für eine firma namens he@@ w@@ le@@ tt pac@@ k@@ ard . " +und ich will dass meine musik mit dir ist . " +und das ist das gebäude , und das das mod@@ ell@@ . und auf der rechten seite das high-@@ tech@@ -@@ gewä@@ ch@@ sh@@ aus und in der mitte das medizin@@ -@@ technologie gebäude . +das ist ein ort namens san francisco . +ich sagte , " das ist sehr schön . +weil herr ross deine al@@ ben in den tö@@ pfer@@ unterricht brachte als ich 16 jahre war , wenn die welt dun@@ kel war , brachte mir deine musik sonnen@@ licht . " +das ist unser erster vor@@ sto@@ ß in dieses feld . +sie besteht aus zwei teilen , die wir en@@ co@@ der und trans@@ duc@@ er nennen . +lassen sie mich ihnen das zeigen , ich werde mit der standar@@ d@@ methode beginnen . +dieser mann hier ist dazu bestimmt , den allgemeinen menschen zu re@@ präsentieren . und alle krei@@ se in diesem mann sind alle zellen , die ihren körper erschaffen . +wir machen nichts mit diesen zellen hier . +das ist quasi der tar@@ n@@ ka@@ pp@@ en@@ bom@@ ber der me@@ ere . +das ist das vi@@ bri@@ o fis@@ cher@@ i molekül . +diese information ver@@ inner@@ lichen sie und entscheiden dann , welche aufgabe sie aus@@ führen abhängig davon , wer in der min@@ der@@ heit b@@ zw@@ . in der mehr@@ heit der vorhanden population ist . +wir haben das gleiche ebenfalls auf das ro@@ sa system an@@ gewand@@ t . +genau das passiert in ihrem körper . +schauen sie sich alle aus@@ einander@@ setz@@ un@@ gen@@ an an , die wir in diesen tagen haben über das ges@@ un@@ heits@@ system , über bon@@ i und helfen für die w@@ all@@ street , über klu@@ ft zwischen arm und reich , förder@@ ung von min@@ der@@ heiten und gleich@@ geschle@@ cht@@ lichen ehen . +eigentlich , es war auch die antwort des ari@@ st@@ ot@@ el@@ es . +er war ein sehr guter gol@@ f@@ spieler , aber er hatte eine behinder@@ ung gehabt , +wie ist ihr name ? +ist das gehen auf dem gol@@ f@@ platz wesentlich für das spiel ? +als erstes , kein e@@ chter s@@ port@@ - fan würde in dieser weise sprechen . +also lass uns einen schritt zurück machen von diesen fällen und schauen , wie sie uns helfen können , und schauen , wie sie uns helfen können , den politischen dis@@ kurs in den vereinigten staaten und in der welt zu verbessern und auf ein hö@@ her@@ es nive@@ au zu bringen . +michael san@@ del : die verl@@ or@@ ene kunst der demokra@@ tischen aus@@ einander@@ setzung +viele leute sagten , " naja , wissen sie , städ@@ ter haben uns län@@ dlichen typen nicht zu sagen , was wir mit unserer zeit anfangen sollen . +und ich glaube das ist gut -- die zukünf@@ tige menschheit darf eine solche entscheidung treffen . +wir haben zum beispiel dinge wie die bedeutung der r@@ na erst vor ein paar jahren entdeckt , und die ist wirklich wesentlich für die funktion der zellen . +die therap@@ ien werden sich schneller verbessern als die ver@@ blei@@ ben@@ den män@@ gel der therap@@ ien uns ein@@ holen . +zweitens , was bedeutet das für die allge@@ meine vorstellung wie lange es dauern wird zu diesem punkt zu kommen , beginn@@ end bei dem zeitpunkt an dem wir die mä@@ use so@@ weit haben ? +nennen wir ihn den ingenie@@ ur@@ s-@@ ansatz , und ich behaup@@ te der ingenie@@ ur@@ s-@@ ansatz ist in reich@@ weite . +einige sind bereits teil@@ weise verfügbar , die in der ob@@ eren hälfte . +publikum : die lebewesen auf diesem planet haben ein imm@@ uns@@ y@@ stem entwickelt , das krankheiten be@@ kämp@@ ft so dass individuen lange genug leben um sich for@@ tzu@@ pflanzen . +es gibt lebewesen die nicht älter werden -- die hy@@ dr@@ a zum beispiel -- aber die schaffen das weil sie kein nerven@@ system haben -- und sie haben kein gewebe , dessen funktion von sehr lang@@ le@@ bi@@ gen zellen abhän@@ gt . +und obwohl ich all den tal@@ enti@@ erten menschen in unserem unternehmen zu@@ aller@@ erst dafür danken will - obwohl da natürlich auch glück und ti@@ ming eine rolle spielen - , sind wir vollkommen davon überzeugt , dass wir das alles unserer werte wegen geschafft haben . +an man@@ chen tagen will ich es glauben , aber es gibt auch tage des zwei@@ f@@ els . +wir sollten also unsere unterschied@@ lichkeit annehmen und nach herausforderung streben . +was passiert , wenn eine stadt entschei@@ det , dass sie ihre pri@@ or@@ itäten anders setzt ? +laut der öffentlichen gesundheits@@ behör@@ de wird ein voll@@ es drittel aller nach 2000 geb@@ or@@ enen kinder an diabetes er@@ kran@@ ken . +wir nehmen auto@@ un@@ fälle als gegeben hin . +aber wir haben ja gesehen , wo@@ zu das führt . +man möchte ja den us-@@ amerikan@@ ern nicht sagen , dass sie ihr leben um@@ stellen müssen . +zweitens , weil wir sie aus@@ ger@@ ot@@ tet haben . +wir sahen uns das gewebe genauer an , +die ersten tau@@ chten in den regen@@ wäl@@ dern austr@@ ali@@ ens vor 25 millionen jahren auf . die » national geographic « - gesellschaft hilft uns , diese fossi@@ len ab@@ la@@ ger@@ ungen in ri@@ ver@@ s@@ lei@@ gh zu untersuchen . +wil@@ de h@@ unde ris@@ sen ein paar schaf@@ e , aber der beu@@ tel@@ wol@@ f bekam ' s ab . +die sind entfernt verwand@@ t . +er dachte lange nach . er war zu@@ letzt vor 80 jahren bei dieser hü@@ tte . +es ist sehr , sehr schwierig am ende einer solchen konferenz zu sprechen denn alle anderen haben gesprochen . alles wurde schon gesagt . +warum ist es so wichtig , dass es schnell geht ? +unsere eigenen lösungen zu finden , um probleme wie korruption zu lösen , institutionen aufbauen , die mikro@@ -@@ ökonom@@ ie stabili@@ sieren . +wird es effektiv verwal@@ tet ? +es war sehr hei@@ ß . ich war sehr h@@ ung@@ ri@@ g . +und jetzt lassen sie mich weniger sen@@ ti@@ mental werden und sagen , dass leben retten - was manche hilfe , die wir auf diesem kontin@@ ent erhalten , be@@ wirkt - wenn man ein leben re@@ t@@ tet , dass eines farmers , eines lehr@@ ers , einer mutter , diese menschen können alle produ@@ ktiv etwas zur wirtschaft bei@@ tragen . +wenn wir sie fragen und ihnen sagen , was wir brauchen , ist eine meiner sorgen , dass es heutzutage so viele organisationen gibt . +unsere un@@ fähigkeit , die initiative zu er@@ greifen und zu den menschen , die geld bringen , zu sagen : " setzen sie sich . " +hilfe kann unsere probleme nicht lösen , da bin ich überzeugt . +viel@@ es wurde hier schon über frauen gesagt , das muss ich nicht wieder@@ holen . +ich werde einige wissenschaftliche experimente ab@@ handeln und versuchen , drei musi@@ kal@@ ische experimente zu behandeln . +alle von uns haben dieses be@@ merk@@ sen@@ werte gehirn , das wir - nett ausge@@ drückt - kaum verstehen . +man kann nicht einfach -- " klasse dass wir dieses key@@ board haben . " +wirklich , das bewusstsein liegt im fron@@ t@@ all@@ la@@ ppen . +c@@ l : jetzt werde ich mir einen moment zeit nehmen . +ich ließ sie also diese einheit unten links aus@@ wen@@ dig zu lernen . ton bitte . +also schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich müssen wir noch viele fragen stellen . und wie ich schon sagte , wir werden hier fragen stellen , nicht beantworten . +schauen sie , die welt hat sich verändert von anal@@ o@@ g zu digital . +ein techni@@ ker plat@@ ziert die elektro@@ den auf die kopf@@ haut , und benutzt dabei ein lei@@ ten@@ des gel oder eine pa@@ ste , und normalerweise nach der pro@@ ze@@ du@@ r der kopf@@ hau@@ t@@ vorberei@@ tung gibt es lei@@ chte ab@@ sch@@ ür@@ f@@ ungen . +das erste mal wird nichts passieren , weil das system noch keine ahnung hat , dass er " ziehen " denkt . +und wenn sie diese auf@@ spür@@ ungen her@@ ange@@ bildet haben , können diese gedanken an jedem belie@@ bi@@ gen rech@@ ner , anwendung oder gerät zu@@ gewi@@ esen oder abge@@ bildet werden . +ich werde kurz einige der probleme , die es gibt , an@@ sprechen , und ein paar der probleme , für die wir an lösungen arbeiten . +es@@ ther du@@ fl@@ o hat ein bisschen was darüber gesagt . +die andere sache ist die , wissen sie , es wäre sogar besser , wenn man kein blut nehmen müsste . +es gibt all diese verschiedenen möglichkeiten , aber sie sind unterschie@@ dlich effektiv . +19@@ 35 gab es 150 000 fälle von malaria in den usa , aber dd@@ t und massive an@@ str@@ en@@ gen des gesundheitswesen schaff@@ ten es , sie auszu@@ ro@@ tten . +jetzt stellen wir fest , dass wir nur die weib@@ lichen mo@@ sk@@ it@@ os töten . +hier sieht man das ganze mit ho@@ her geschwindigkeit . +dann wird sie verkauft und ge@@ kauft und wird dann zu mir ge@@ liefert . +aber ich dachte , nein , nein , experim@@ enti@@ ere mit har@@ tzen und experim@@ enti@@ ere mit poly@@ m@@ eren . +drei kom@@ po@@ stei@@ mer , 70 kil@@ o r@@ einer gemü@@ se@@ ab@@ fall die woche kommt hinein . wirklich gut , er@@ gibt gran@@ dio@@ sen kom@@ post . +sehr fort@@ schritt@@ lich , keine klima@@ anlage - ich bin davon begeistert . +das heißt null versch@@ wen@@ dung von essen . +es geht darum , dass ich an jedem tag meines lebens eine sekunde auf@@ nehme , mein ganzes leben lang , und dann diese eine sekunde kurzen stücke meines lebens chron@@ olog@@ isch in ein einzi@@ ges zusammen@@ hän@@ gendes video zusammen@@ fü@@ ge , solange , bis ich sie nicht mehr auf@@ nehmen kann . +dabei ist mir noch etwas anderes klar geworden , und zwar , dass es an einem schlechten tag extrem schwierig ist , diese eine sekunde auf@@ zunehmen . +hier kommt nun ein film darüber , der uns einen kleinen zeit@@ lichen rück@@ blick zeigt . +dies sind die ab@@ stände der rö@@ hren , die das tier so gehen lassen . +es ist ein bin@@ är@@ er schri@@ t@@ tz@@ ä@@ hl@@ er . +lediglich eine zur gleichen zeit ist möglich . +allein schon vom philosoph@@ ischen aspekt her gesehen glaube ich , dass dies eine der wichtigsten publi@@ ka@@ tionen war , die wir je vor@@ gestellt hatten , da sie demon@@ stri@@ erte , wie dynam@@ isch das leben ist . +also entwickelte das team neue software für die fehl@@ er@@ analyse , mit hilfe derer wir jedes syn@@ the@@ tische frag@@ ment darauf überprü@@ fen konnten , ob es sich in einem mi@@ lie@@ u von wild@@ typ@@ -@@ dna zü@@ chten lassen würde . +drei zit@@ ate haben wir auch noch hinzu@@ gefü@@ gt , denn beim ersten genom wurde kri@@ tik laut , dass wir nicht einmal versucht hätten , etwas tief@@ grei@@ fen@@ der@@ es aus@@ zusagen als einfach unsere arbeit zu signi@@ eren . +oder - noch viel wichtiger - gegen hiv ? ein virus , das sich weiter@@ entwickelt in einer solch evolution@@ ären geschwindigkeit , dass gegenwär@@ tig verfüg@@ bare impf@@ stoffe nicht mehr damit schritt halten können . +also las ich langsam . +das war vielleicht die größte überrasch@@ ung -- wie flexi@@ bel der kor@@ an ist , zumin@@ de@@ stens bei denen , deren geist nicht grundsätzlich un@@ flexi@@ bel ist . +ich studi@@ ere ameisen and zwar weil ich gerne darüber nach@@ denke , wie organisationen funktionieren . +und sie tun das jedes jahr , indem sie re@@ produk@@ tions@@ fähi@@ ge ameisen -- das sind jene mit flü@@ geln -- auf einen pa@@ ar@@ ungs@@ flug schicken . +und sie bleibt bei dieser grö@@ sse , bis die köni@@ g@@ in im alter von cir@@ ca 15 bis 20 jahren stir@@ bt und es nieman@@ den mehr gibt , der neue ameisen erzeugen kann . +am einen tag ist dieser hier und dann am nächsten tag verschie@@ ben sie ihn nach da und danach verschie@@ ben sie ihn wieder zurück . +werden irgendwie dieser reser@@ ve zu@@ geschlagen +es zeigt sich , dass unterschiedliche aufgaben tatsächlich inter@@ depen@@ dent sind . +die ameisen in den alten kol@@ on@@ ien , die stab@@ il@@ er scheinen , sind also kein bisschen älter als die ameisen in den jungen kol@@ on@@ ien . +sie sind hin@@ ausge@@ gangen um unterschiedliche aufgaben zu erle@@ digen . und die rate , mit der sie sich beim hinein@@ - und hin@@ aus@@ gehen am ne@@ stein@@ gang treffen , bestimmt oder bein@@ fl@@ us@@ st die entscheidung jeder amei@@ se , ob sie hin@@ aus@@ gehen soll und welche aufgabe sie erle@@ digen soll . +aber in einer kleinen kol@@ onie wird die amei@@ se eher weniger nahrungs@@ su@@ ch@@ ende treffen , einfach weil es weniger gibt . +aber das ist der größte ver@@ mö@@ gen@@ str@@ ans@@ fer von einer gruppe zu einer anderen in der geschichte der menschheit . +ja , es wird so weiter@@ gehen . +es hat 1@@ 30 ok@@ tan . +ich muss mir in meinem alter keine gedanken machen , wo die brücke hin@@ führt . +kann man das so zusammen@@ fassen ? +und damit können alle glücklich sein , wenig@@ stens eine ver@@ la@@ gerung von ko@@ hle und öl zu erd@@ gas zu sehen . +zweitens : bauen sie keinen re@@ former auf dem ozean . +ich verste@@ he nicht , warum die medien sich auf o@@ st-@@ pen@@ n@@ syl@@ v@@ ania konzentrieren . +bo@@ one , ich fre@@ ue mich wirklich sehr , dass sie hier waren , zu diesem gespräch . +" das el@@ dor@@ a@@ do der vereinigten staaten von amerika : die entdeckung von uner@@ schöpf@@ lichen gold@@ min@@ en in kalifornien . +die hälfte von ihnen deser@@ tierte , um nach gold zu suchen . +die haben aber drei@@ einhalb millionen dollar ausge@@ geben , um diesen spot während des super bow@@ l 2000 auszu@@ stra@@ hlen , obwohl sie zu der zeit gerade einmal eine million dollar jahr@@ es@@ um@@ satz hatten . +das sind arbeiten in lower manhattan , wo man mit die ersten elektri@@ z@@ itä@@ ts@@ werke baute . +diese gab es in vielleicht sechs verschiedenen farben . +ich meine , man wollte nicht , dass dieses ding die lam@@ pen@@ fassung bes@@ e@@ tz@@ te . +ein freund von mir erzählte mir diese geschichte : die kamen nicht nur und mussten warten , aber dann mussten die fach@@ männer , als sie schließlich dort waren , zum dritten mal , mussten sie jemanden an@@ rufen . +ich werde versuchen , ihnen ein bisschen natur@@ geschichte über mitgefühl und die gol@@ dene regel zu vermitteln . +es gibt aber mehr gute nachrichten , die später in der evolution hin@@ zu kamen , eine art se@@ k@@ und@@ äre evolution@@ äre logi@@ k . +nun , wir haben eine be@@ grün@@ dung dafür . +und wenn sie fragen , welche art von situation dazu führt , dass menschen einander als fein@@ de definieren , dann ist es eine art nu@@ ll@@ sum@@ men@@ -@@ situation . +deswegen ist die soziale organisation über das jä@@ ger@@ - und samm@@ ler@@ -@@ dorf zum anti@@ ken staat , zum im@@ peri@@ um geworden und jetzt sind wir in einer glob@@ alisi@@ erten welt . +ich denke , politiker können dabei helfen , nicht-@@ nu@@ ll@@ sum@@ men@@ -@@ beziehungen zu fördern , wissen sie , wirtschaft@@ liches engagement ist in der regel besser als block@@ aden us@@ w. , in dieser hinsicht , denke ich . +es ist be@@ dau@@ er@@ lich , dass sie tenden@@ zi@@ ell sele@@ ktiv an@@ gewand@@ t werden . +in welchem alter hatten sie mit der schule begonnen ? +er su@@ chte tat@@ kräf@@ tig nach wider@@ le@@ gung . +in be@@ frag@@ ungen europä@@ ischer und amerikan@@ ischer führ@@ ungsk@@ r@@ äf@@ te , haben ganze 85 prozent zu@@ gegeben , dass es fragen oder bedenken bei der arbeit gab , die sie für@@ chteten an@@ zus@@ pre@@ chen . +aber er hatte soviel angst vor konflikt gehabt , bis er schließlich mehr angst vor dem schwei@@ gen bekam . +also , was die leute mir über die ur@@ sache von krebs , die aus@@ lö@@ ser von krebs erzähl@@ ten , oder auch , warum du bist , wer du bist , das machte keinen sinn . +und so entschied ich über die jahre aufgrund einer reihe von experim@@ enten , dass dies aufgrund von kontext und architektur so ist . +und wir sagten : " wunderbar ! " schauen wir uns diese h@@ üb@@ sche struktur an . +ich habe eine radik@@ ale hypo@@ these auf@@ gestellt . +wir haben gezeigt , dass es kleine dna-@@ stücke auf den spezi@@ fischen genen der brust@@ drü@@ sen gibt , die tatsächlich auf die extra@@ zell@@ ul@@ äre matri@@ x reagieren . +aber hier ist ein ge@@ dicht von ye@@ ats . ich will nur die letzten beiden zei@@ len vor@@ lesen . +es war fantastisch . +es klingt ein bisschen wie ein eigen@@ arti@@ ges buch , aber es handelt sich tatsächlich um neue arten von lü@@ gen . +er schrieb sehr , sehr positive re@@ zen@@ sionen über sich selbst . überrasch@@ ung ! +meine freunde , k@@ ein@@ es@@ falls können sie so cool sein und so ein gutes leben führen . +um das zu tun , können wir uns zum einen die liter@@ atur zur täusch@@ ungs@@ auf@@ de@@ ck@@ ung ansehen . +hat heute irgend@@ jemand etwas geschrieben ? hat irgend@@ jemand ein wort geschrieben ? +diese k@@ alten , har@@ ten winter , ich liebe es . +wenn sie also etwas sagen oder tun wollen , können wir darüber nachdenken , möchte ich , dass das teil meines er@@ bes wird , teil meiner persönlichen daten@@ auf@@ zeichnungen ? +aber ernsthaf@@ t , die körper@@ haltung , in der sie mich gerade gesehen haben , also auf mein handy herunter@@ schau@@ end , ist einer der gründe für das projekt glass . +wir mussten es vor unserer desig@@ ner@@ in verste@@ cken bis sie den job angenommen hatte und dann ist sie fast schrei@@ end da@@ von@@ ger@@ an@@ nt . +aber das mache ich die ganze zeit . +ich komme immer wieder auf die farbe zurück . +meine mutter hat irgendwie empfin@@ dlich auf seine mutter re@@ agi@@ ert , die an@@ schein@@ end ihre zwei@@ fel an dem ganzen alterna@@ tiven lifest@@ y@@ le-@@ kra@@ m hatte . +ich war an einer schule mit schwer@@ punkt dar@@ stell@@ ende kün@@ ste , dort war ich schau@@ spieler . +also hatte ich diese fernseh@@ show . +man muss das doch irgendwie richtig machen können , ro@@ sie . +und oft betra@@ chte ich dinge , als wären sie essen . +kö@@ ch@@ in : wussten sie das nicht ? ich er@@ kl@@ äre es ihnen . +mo@@ de@@ designer is@@ a@@ a@@ c mi@@ z@@ ra@@ hi wir@@ b@@ elt durch eine sch@@ win@@ del@@ er@@ re@@ gende samm@@ lung von inspi@@ ra@@ tionen – von pin@@ u@@ ps der 5@@ 0er bis zu einem zufä@@ lli@@ gen blick auf ein lö@@ chri@@ ges he@@ m@@ d , das ihn " halten sie das tax@@ i an ! " rufen lässt . in seinem aus@@ schwei@@ f@@ enden vortrag finden sich wert@@ volle hin@@ weise für ein glück@@ liches , krea@@ tives leben . +tatsächlich war ich eine starke kraft in der verbreitung von ideen über grenzen hinweg . ich habe den auf@@ stieg des islam@@ i@@ stischen extre@@ mis@@ mus als unterschie@@ dlich vom glauben des islam erlebt und von der art , in der es meine mit@@ -@@ gl@@ äu@@ bi@@ gen in aller welt beeinflus@@ ste . +was tatsächlich geschieht , ist , dass das , was vorher lok@@ ale eng@@ stir@@ ni@@ gkeit war , individuen oder grupp@@ i@@ erungen von extre@@ mi@@ sten , die von einander iso@@ liert waren , sind jetzt auf glob@@ alisi@@ erte weise miteinander verbunden und wurden somit , oder werden , auf diese weise et@@ ab@@ liert . +und eine soziale bewegung besteht , in meinen augen , besteht aus vier haupt@@ charak@@ teri@@ sti@@ ken . +der zweite grund ist , glaube ich , ist political cor@@ rec@@ t@@ ness . +nicht ex@@ klu@@ si@@ v zu diesen dingen , sondern zusä@@ tzlich zu ihnen , ist das pro@@ pa@@ gieren einer wahr@@ ha@@ ften forder@@ ung nach demokratie an der basis . +weil es nicht genug ist , einen führer , einen herr@@ scher oder einen di@@ k@@ tat@@ or zu bes@@ ei@@ tigen . +es ist nicht dann , wenn tolle neue hilfs@@ mittel auf@@ tauchen , dass ihr nutzen die gesellschaft durch@@ dr@@ ingt . +das internet ist das erste medium der geschichte das natürliche unterstützung für gruppen und kon@@ ver@@ sa@@ tionen zur gleichen zeit bietet . +die b@@ b@@ c hat zuerst über twitter von dem chines@@ ischen erd@@ be@@ ben erfahren . +und zu@@ letzt gri@@ ffen die chin@@ esen durch . +all dies ist vorbei . +er hatte eine antwort zu ver@@ fassen . +okay . das ist der mt . ever@@ est . +es war eine national geographic expedi@@ tion , aber sie wurde vom explor@@ ers club organisi@@ ert . +er ist nicht mit eis be@@ deckt . +von hier aus sind es ca. 4@@ 60 meter mit 30 grad st@@ eig@@ ung hin@@ auf zum gi@@ p@@ fel . +das ist ein bild , das am gi@@ pf@@ el@@ gr@@ at aufgenommen wurde . +es ist wirklich k@@ alt . es ist auf 7@@ .@@ 300 meter . +die über@@ lebenden kamen einer nach dem anderen . +nachdem er lange zeit im sch@@ nee gele@@ gen hatte stand er auf und fand zurück ins lager . +er liegt im sterben . +er war to@@ d@@ krank . es gab andere to@@ d@@ kran@@ ke patienten . zum glück konnten wir einen hu@@ b@@ sch@@ rau@@ ber her@@ auf bekommen , um diese leute zu retten . +ideen verändern staaten . +aber eine demo@@ gra@@ fische divi@@ den@@ de ist nur so gut , wie die investi@@ tion ins human@@ kapital . +und dann denke ich , die andere sache ist , dass in@@ der heute weit@@ aus mehr ein@@ verstanden mit der glob@@ alisierung sind . +es ist sicherlich nicht wie china . +was sind diese ideen ? ich glaube eine sind unsere ide@@ ologischen strei@@ t@@ fragen . +wir können technologie für transpar@@ enz nutzen und viele andere dinge . +wenn wir wirklich an einen punkt kommen wollen , wollen wir wirklich die kohlen@@ stoff@@ em@@ mission be@@ grenzen . wir wollen wirklich unseren energi@@ ever@@ brauch sen@@ ken . es muss in ländern wie indien gelöst werden . +es ist ein ver@@ reg@@ ne@@ ter wahl@@ tag in einem kleinen land – das könnte mein land sein , aber auch ihr land . +meine frage ist im prinzip : was ist in diesen 50 jahren , in denen wir über demokratie sprechen , gut und schlecht gel@@ aufen ? +da ist die revolution der märkte in den 198@@ 0ern und das enorme an@@ wachsen von un@@ gleichheit in den gesellschaften . +es gibt face@@ boo@@ k@@ - und twi@@ tter@@ -@@ revol@@ u@@ tionen . +in einem kleinen land – egal , ob meines oder ihres – beschloss man – tat@@ sa@@ chen@@ geschichte – , dass alle regi@@ erungs@@ entscheidungen , die diskus@@ sionen im minister@@ rat , 24 stunden , nachdem sie passiert waren , im internet ver@@ öff@@ entlich werden sollten . +die idee nennt sich " social impact bon@@ d " . +und die dienst@@ lei@@ ster haben zum ersten mal die möglichkeit , maß@@ nahmen umzu@@ setzen und ihre arbeit als erfolgreich zu zeigen , und das auf eine sehr kon@@ struk@@ tive art@@ . sie erfahren und zeigen den wert ihrer arbeit über einen zei@@ traum von 5 bis 6 jahren , nicht nur zwei oder drei , wie heute üb@@ lich . +wir können neue ideen au@@ spro@@ bieren auf eine für alle einfach@@ ere art und weise . +" ha@@ h , ich bin die einzige , die ich je ge@@ liebt habe . " +und er dann so : " wollen sie nicht fahren ? " +warum ? sei@@ d ihr zu mü@@ de , um bis zur wan@@ ge zu gelangen ? +ich sollte nicht den gang lang laufen und sagen : " hi , jack ! " ich weiß , das ist nicht cool . +was geht . +ted@@ x . +wir beschlossen , materialien aus der z@@ ement@@ - und sta@@ hl@@ produktion wieder@@ zu@@ verwenden . +wir müssen alles ändern . +es ist transpar@@ ent und nur für sie gemacht . +ihnen fehl@@ te die bild@@ geb@@ ung . +sobald diese bilder gemacht sind und der arzt die sicherheits@@ z@@ onen und son@@ sti@@ ges aufge@@ mal@@ t hat , wä@@ hlt er einen punkt – sie sehen den r@@ unden punkt wo der zei@@ ger ist – und drückt seinen " besch@@ allen " -@@ kno@@ pf . +john ist einer von etwa 12 sehr mu@@ tigen , hel@@ den@@ ha@@ ften menschen , die sich für die studie frei@@ wi@@ llig ge@@ mel@@ det haben . +er ist ein 7@@ 8 jahre alter land@@ wir@@ t der an - wie soll man es sagen ? - schmerzen im hinter@@ teil li@@ tt . +wenn diese nation nicht ein wenig grund@@ soli@@ dar@@ ität auf@@ bringt oder sich dies zum land@@ es@@ weiten ziel macht wird nichts in der richtung passieren . +ein neues leben wurde geboren . +alles , was es gibt , ist in der tat der mar@@ ken@@ schutz . und das heißt , dass jeder jedes belie@@ bi@@ ge klei@@ dungs@@ stück nach@@ machen könnte von jeder person in diesem raum und es als eigenes design verkaufen könnte . +nun , mo@@ de@@ designer haben die brei@@ teste pal@@ ette , die sie sich vorstellen können , in der krea@@ tiv@@ bran@@ che . +einer , auf den viel kultur@@ kri@@ tik hin@@ gewi@@ esen hat , ist , dass wir jetzt eine viel brei@@ tere pal@@ ette haben an designs , von denen wir aus@@ wählen können , als wir jemals zuvor hatten . das ist vor allem den mo@@ de@@ disco@@ unter@@ n zu ver@@ danken . +ich liebe diese gal@@ li@@ an@@ os . +wenn sie sich das regi@@ ster tatsächlich ansehen , dann sehen sie , dass viele der in der e@@ .@@ u@@ . ange@@ mel@@ deten dinge +feuer@@ werk . der geru@@ ch eines par@@ f@@ ums , nein . +es ist kaum geb@@ unden an eine art von phy@@ s@@ ischer realität in unseren gedanken . +ich rei@@ ste durch japan , ohne etwas anderes im sinn als fotografi@@ eren . dann hörte ich von diesem baum , der 2.@@ 1@@ 80 jahre alt ist , und ich musste ihn mir anschauen . +hier sind wir wieder auf der erde und sie sehen , wie der pil@@ z diesen baum be@@ fällt . +ich habe dieses bild hier gezeigt , weil ich oft gefragt werde , ob in dem projekt auch tiere vor@@ kommen . +was wie zwei große haufen blä@@ tter aussieht , sind tatsächlich zwei einzelne blä@@ tter , die im laufe der zeit durch die un@@ wirt@@ lichen wü@@ sten@@ bedingungen zer@@ p@@ fl@@ ück@@ t wurden . +diese bak@@ terie wurde vor einigen jahren von einem team planet@@ ar@@ ischer bi@@ ologen entdeckt , die nach leben auf anderen planeten su@@ chten , in dem sie sich die schwier@@ ig@@ sten bedingungen auf unserem an@@ schauten . +es wird gra@@ tis sein und in jedem brow@@ ser funktionieren . +ich glaube , ' po@@ p@@ cor@@ n ' kann verändern , wie wir geschichten im internet erzählen und wie wir die welt verstehen , in der wir leben . +erinnern sich sich an den terror@@ ang@@ riff 2008 in mu@@ m@@ bai . +hat er eine stir@@ n@@ gl@@ at@@ ze ? trägt er eine bri@@ lle ? " +man konnte 200 menschen in einem zug aus@@ rau@@ ben , eine tolle innovation . +wenn man met@@ all dru@@ cken kann , kann man das auch dru@@ cken . in wahrheit können sie auch das hier dru@@ cken . +für ha@@ cker ist die dna nur ein weiteres be@@ trie@@ bs@@ system , das darauf war@@ tet , ge@@ ha@@ ckt zu werden . +das werde ich die ganze zeit gefragt . +die bedro@@ hung ist ernst , und wir müssen uns jetzt vorberei@@ ten . +werde ich ausge@@ gren@@ zt werden ? +und wenn wir an ein ver@@ mäch@@ tnis denken , dann kann ich mir kein kraft@@ voll@@ eres vorstellen , auch wenn ihr leben so kurz war . +und es gibt keine gruppe , die für diese art der manipu@@ lation an@@ fä@@ lli@@ ger wäre als junge männer . +ich weiß , dass das funktioniert . +wer darf die mo@@ sche@@ e an frei@@ tagen benutzen ? " +wir schi@@ ckten ihn in eine firma in west@@ ken@@ ia , nur 200 meilen entfernt . +also , was denken sie ? +und als letztes das einzige portra@@ it eines man@@ nes , das er mal@@ te , " der musi@@ ker " . +meine damen und herren , diese geschichte wurde noch nicht veröffentlicht . +ich weiß nicht warum . ich hatte ihn nicht nach einem kon@@ dom gefragt . +und dann habe ich es mit medizin@@ stud@@ ent@@ inn@@ nen versucht . +kann nicht jemand mal von anfang an aus menschen@@ liebe handeln ? +mach einfach deinen job und das mädchen wird dir hinter@@ her@@ rennen . +jeden ur@@ lau@@ b , den ich als kleiner junge hatte , verbrachte ich in national@@ par@@ ks . +die pas@@ sa@@ gi@@ ere , die von der ti@@ tan@@ ic fiel@@ en , fiel@@ en in wasser mit gerade mal fünf grad cel@@ si@@ us . +ich konnte nur schwer atmen . ich sch@@ na@@ pp@@ te nach luft . +und schon nach drei minuten in diesem wasser , nach nur drei minuten in diesem wasser , konnte er sich wieder be@@ freien . +und ich erinnere mich , wie ich das eis an@@ sah , und es gab darin große stücke weißen ei@@ ses und das wasser war total schwar@@ z . +le@@ wi@@ s pu@@ gh : ich möchte dann gerne mit den fol@@ genden worten enden . ich brauchte vier monate , um meine hände wieder zu fühlen . +der vortrag wird im großen und ganzen von energie handeln , aber man kann gut mit öl anfangen . +und genauso , wie es vor 25 jahren ein öl@@ förder@@ ma@@ x@@ im@@ um gab , gab es 19@@ 20 ein ko@@ h@@ le@@ förder@@ ma@@ x@@ im@@ um , und hundert jahre davor gab es ein holz@@ förder@@ ma@@ x@@ im@@ um . +sie sind nicht verschie@@ den . sie bestehen aus dem gleichen stoff . cal@@ ci@@ um@@ car@@ bon@@ at , cal@@ ci@@ um@@ car@@ bon@@ at . +nicht , weil wir win@@ dr@@ ä@@ der noch und nö@@ cher bauen werden . +das ist ein vorteil den äl@@ tere menschen haben . +und ich sagte : " ich habe keine ausbildung gemacht , das habe ich nie behaup@@ tet " +und dann ließ sie sich von mir das video besor@@ gen , um zu sehen , dass george ab@@ bot@@ t tatsächlich gesprochen hatte . +und , neben@@ bei bemerkt , nenne ich sie die ele@@ an@@ or roo@@ se@@ v@@ elt der rechten . +und ich antwor@@ tete " ich lern@@ e . " +sein vater war ein mi@@ st@@ kerl , und in der tat war er ein weiter@@ er com@@ edi@@ an mit einer un@@ glück@@ lichen kindheit . und von da an sind wir in gang gekommen . +eine erstaunliche frau . +zum einen war es das tan@@ zen , das , obwohl es ihr nicht angeb@@ oten wurde , ihr alles bedeu@@ tete . +das problem ist : ohne techni@@ ker , ohne er@@ sat@@ z@@ teile werden solche sp@@ enden schnell zu müll . +michael free von " path " sagt , es geht darum , wer so ein produkt aus@@ sucht , benutzt und bezahlt . +man muss das kind unter blau@@ es licht legen – h@@ elles , blau@@ es licht auf so viel haut wie möglich . +sie sind nicht teuer , ziemlich un@@ emp@@ fl@@ in@@ dlich . +eins noch : ein in@@ dis@@ cher freund hat mir erzählt , dass ein elektr@@ isches gerät erst dann für den asi@@ a@@ tischen markt ge@@ te@@ stet wurde , wenn man eine k@@ ak@@ er@@ la@@ ke dazu gebracht hat , hin@@ einzu@@ kle@@ ttern und auf jede einzelne kompon@@ ente zu pin@@ keln . +das eine ist die große globale wirtschaft , die große glob@@ alisi@@ erte wirtschaft , und das andere die ger@@ inge und sehr ein@@ gesch@@ rän@@ kte ka@@ pa@@ zität unserer traditionellen regierungen und deren internationalen institutionen , diese wirtschaft zu len@@ ken , zu formen . +wir sprechen hier nicht von 5@@ 0.000 dollar hier oder 10@@ 0.000 dollar da oder einer million dollar dort . +vielen dank , es ist interessant , denn durch diese ak@@ tion mussten wir uns mit den firmen zusammen@@ setzen . +in deutsch@@ land haben wir ein system , in dem es nicht erlaubt ist , einen be@@ am@@ ten zu be@@ ste@@ chen , wohl aber einen abge@@ ord@@ neten . +ich kann mich nicht mit ihnen verbinden . +ich nu@@ tze also jetzt diese " spei@@ se@@ kar@@ ten@@ -@@ art " für den besu@@ ch von kunst@@ gal@@ er@@ ien . +und ich dachte , nein , das ist ein sehr inti@@ mer blick , aber es ist nicht der blick , den eine tochter ihrem vater zu@@ wir@@ ft . +darunter ein gel@@ ber man@@ tel mit wei@@ ß@@ em p@@ el@@ z , ein gel@@ b@@ -@@ schwar@@ zes mie@@ der , und sie sehen diese klei@@ dung in vielen anderen gemäl@@ den , an verschiedenen frauen in ver@@ me@@ ers gemäl@@ den . +nicht der mal@@ er , ich will nicht an den mal@@ er denken . +und ich dachte an be@@ tten und rote wan@@ gen , und natürlich dachte ich an sex , wenn ich ihn betra@@ chtete , und ich dachte : ist es das , wor@@ an er denkt ? +aber es ist schwierig , die worte laut aus@@ gesprochen zu hören . +es gab hollywood . +als ich dann in einer zeitung auf den busin@@ ess@@ -@@ seiten die geschichte n@@ olly@@ wo@@ ods gelesen habe , fühlte ich tatsächlich , dass es eine unglaubliche gelegenheit sei , eine geschichte zu erzählen , die sich über all diese vorge@@ fas@@ sten mein@@ ungen hin@@ weg@@ setzt . +wir machen sie nicht für die eli@@ te und für die leute in ihren glas@@ häusern . +es geht immer nur um aus@@ län@@ dische filme . +bewe@@ g dich . +die nigeri@@ anischen fil@@ me@@ macher tun wirklich das , was sie mögen . +schwierig , nicht wahr ? es ist bedeu@@ tungs@@ los . +und wir wissen , dass es mehr gibt . +der in sam@@ bia geb@@ or@@ ene fil@@ me@@ macher fran@@ co sac@@ ch@@ i nimmt uns mit auf eine tour durch n@@ ollywood , nigeri@@ as bo@@ om@@ ende fil@@ min@@ du@@ str@@ ie . gu@@ er@@ il@@ la@@ -@@ fil@@ me@@ machen und gross@@ arti@@ gkeit unter druck von cre@@ ws , die einen spiel@@ film innerhalb einer woche drehen können . +re@@ deten wir über die ent@@ rück@@ ung ? sie kommt . +wissen sie , wir müssen da durch . +man ro@@ llt einen ball und he@@ bt so viele objekte wie möglich auf , in einer begren@@ zten zeit@@ span@@ ne und hoffentlich wird es zu einem planeten . +wir zeigen " port@@ al " , weil man auf mau@@ ern schie@@ ßt , um neue räume zu schaffen . +also zeit , raum , äs@@ the@@ tik , und dann , am wichtigsten , verhalten . +wir zeigen eine mani@@ fest@@ ation von etwas , was wirklich wichtig ist . es ist ein teil unserer identität , den aber niemand besitzen kann . +ich war bemü@@ ht , einen ort für das ju@@ ra@@ studi@@ um zu schaffen . +dieses gebäude setzte ich in japan um . +wir ferti@@ gten zeichnungen des fis@@ chs und der schu@@ ppen an . +er war das sou@@ ven@@ ir@@ hän@@ d@@ ler , der immer ein mal@@ er sein wollte , und ich war frank@@ ie p@@ . tor@@ onto . +es schien als mittel , uns beide zusammen@@ zubringen , zu funktionieren +und her@@ man mil@@ ler hat diese philosoph@@ ie von einem ort für menschen . +also machte er zwei br@@ ücken — das passierte alles auf dem fa@@ x , das ging über wochen hin und her . +sie bauen schon so lange daran , dass ich nicht mehr weiss , wo es ist . +wir haben es in lo@@ yo@@ la für die kap@@ elle benutzt und es hat nicht funktioniert . +das ist ein grund@@ stück in br@@ ent@@ wood . +und dann be@@ tritt man das wohn@@ zimmer und so weiter . +man schaut von den büro@@ s auf sie und es entsteht eine art von interak@@ tion zwischen diesen teilen . +wenn irgend@@ jemand von ihnen eine idee dafür hat , konta@@ kti@@ eren sie mich bitte . +ich versuchte — es gibt hier drüben ein gebäude von ni@@ ck gri@@ m@@ sha@@ w , hier ist eine skulp@@ tur von ol@@ den@@ bur@@ g — ich versuchte , eine städ@@ te@@ bau@@ liche beziehung zu schaffen . +der aku@@ sti@@ ker in dem wettbewerb gab uns kri@@ teri@@ en mit , die zu diesem geg@@ lie@@ der@@ ten sch@@ em@@ a führten , welches , wie wir nach dem wettbewerb mer@@ kten , nicht funktionieren würde . +das hier ist ein te@@ e@@ kan@@ ne , die ich für al@@ ess@@ i desig@@ nt habe . +es funktion@@ ierte nicht . +also machen sie das hier . +man fängt also mit der bag@@ asse an und dann nimmt man einen sehr einfachen o@@ fen . den kann man ganz einfach aus einem alten 200@@ -@@ liter@@ -@@ öl@@ f@@ ass herstellen . +also wollten wir ein stab@@ il@@ eres bri@@ ket@@ t herstellen , das mit der holz@@ ko@@ hle auf dem markt von haiti mi@@ th@@ alten konnte . +aber dies ist auch eine der sehr sel@@ ten@@ en situationen , wo es noch einen wirtschaftlichen vorteil gibt . +und wir müssen darüber nachdenken , wie wir das effektiv gestalten können . +und dieser knochen ist voller licht , wie sie sehen können : licht , das durch den schä@@ del scheint , mit all seinen ver@@ tief@@ ungen , den neben@@ hö@@ hlen , die die luft er@@ wär@@ men und be@@ feu@@ chten , die wir ein@@ atmen . +wie sie sehen , block@@ iert der tumor ihre augen . +das ist genau , was die leute zu sue sagten . +er be@@ wahr@@ te sich eine ruhi@@ ge unbe@@ kü@@ m@@ mer@@ theit . +man könnte sagen : » nun , diese art von operation ist doch auch nur ko@@ s@@ me@@ tischer natur . « +schönheit ist nicht gleich gü@@ te und ganz sicher nicht gleich zu@@ frieden@@ heit . +» so möchte ich aussehen . so habe ich vorher aus@@ gesehen . « +die bessere nachricht ist : die zukunft ist fast schon hier und die zukunft heißt tissue engineering . +wie können wir die beziehung von kindern zu essen ändern ? +70 % aller antibio@@ ti@@ ka , die in den usa konsu@@ miert werden , werden über die tier@@ haltung aufgenommen . +es geht darum , wie wir sie ernä@@ hren . +wieso gibt es liter@@ weise soft@@ drin@@ ks für 29 cent und dopp@@ elte bur@@ ger für 99 cent ? +wir müssen dieses ganze denk@@ muster mit kindern und essen ändern . +und sie können die zu@@ taten im schul@@ garten kosten . +was ich häufig mache , sind öffent@@ lich@@ -@@ private partner@@ schaften . +und na ja , jetzt ist es eigentlich nicht viel besser . +also geben wir für ein mitta@@ gessen weniger als einen dollar aus . okay ? +er zeigte in den himmel und sagte : » schau mal – sie@@ h@@ st du das ? +wenn ich zu einer philosop@@ hen@@ party gehe , und sie mich fragen , wor@@ an ich arbeite , und ich sage : " bewusstsein " , dann werden ihre augen nicht gl@@ äs@@ ern - ihre li@@ ppen ver@@ ziehen sich zu einem kn@@ ur@@ ren . +darüber will ich heute sprechen . +das bedeutet , dass viele leute total un@@ zu@@ frieden und skep@@ tisch sind , wenn ich versuche , bewusstsein zu erklären . +ich arbeite mit einem jungen computer@@ -@@ anima@@ tion@@ s-@@ dok@@ um@@ ent@@ ar@@ fil@@ mer , namens ni@@ ck de@@ am@@ er , und das ist eine kleine dem@@ o , die er für mich gemacht hat , teil eines größeren proje@@ kts , das für einige von ihnen interessant sein könnte . +ich ging in north car@@ ol@@ ina qu@@ er durch den saal , da ich an@@ nahm , es sei wahrscheinlich ein can@@ al@@ et@@ to , und ich wollte alles in allen details sehen . +wer von ihnen machte es , indem er die lin@@ ke in gedanken ge@@ dreht hat , um zu sehen , ob sie mit der rechten über@@ ein@@ stimmt ? +falls sie ihn als einen wür@@ fel vor einigen krei@@ sen schwe@@ ben sehen , vor schwarzen krei@@ sen , dann gibt es auch eine andere art . +das geht so weiter , bis die te@@ st@@ person den kno@@ pf drückt und sagt : " ich sehe die änder@@ ung . " +vielen dank für ihre aufmerksamkeit . +sie sind eigentlich versuche , um herauszufinden , was menschen statt auto@@ fahren in der haupt@@ verkehr@@ s@@ zeit tun sollten . +denn sie haben noch 80 prozent des verkehr@@ s . +sie@@ b@@ zig prozent der bevölkerung wollten es nicht . +jon@@ as eli@@ as@@ son : wie lö@@ st man das problem der verkehr@@ s@@ st@@ aus ? +was wissen wir über dieses land und die menschen die wir angeb@@ lich besch@@ ü@@ tzen , über die d@@ ör@@ fer in denen die einzige medizin gegen schmerzen und hunger op@@ ium ist ? +sie , sie selbst , werden sich in einem hot@@ el@@ bett wieder@@ finden – oder ihre mutter , ihr kind – einige ni@@ cken , leute sagen : " ja , ich weiss genau was sie meinen . " +nun , er sah auch , dass sich , sobald gesundheits@@ für@@ sorge in är@@ z@@ t@@ liche für@@ sorge wechsel@@ te , aufgrund einer ernsth@@ after@@ en erkrank@@ ung , der haupt@@ grund , der uns selbst zurück@@ hält , der zugang zu informationen ist . +die frage war , woher ? +wo beginnen die är@@ z@@ tlichen fähigkeiten und wo enden sie ? +es ist wirklich ernsthaf@@ t . +kümmern sie sich nicht um die nu@@ mm@@ ern . +auf twitter gibt es jemanden den ich kenne , aus der gesundheits@@ -@@ it bran@@ che aus@@ ser@@ halb bo@@ st@@ ons , der schrieb den e-@@ patient ra@@ p . +und sie sah , dass , wenn es keine ent@@ z@@ ün@@ dung gab , der scan ein@@ hei@@ tlich gra@@ u war . +da@@ ve de@@ bron@@ k@@ art : lernen sie e-@@ patient da@@ ve kennen +und im f@@ alle des mag@@ nes@@ i@@ ums bei der wasser@@ menge , die ich gerade erwä@@ hnte , glei@@ cht das einer gr@@ u@@ ben@@ industrie im wert von 4@@ ,@@ 5 milliarden us@@ d für sing@@ a@@ pu@@ r – ein ort , der über keine natürlichen ressourcen verfü@@ gt . +ein weiteres , einzigarti@@ ges merk@@ mal an fle@@ der@@ mä@@ us@@ en ist , dass sie fähig sind , sch@@ all@@ wellen zu nutzen , um ihr umfeld wahr@@ zunehmen . sie benutzen e@@ cho@@ or@@ tung . +es stellt die " fünf se@@ g@@ nungen " dar . +nur ganz kurz . machen sie sich bewusst , dass sie sich in jedem 300 . bas@@ en@@ paar von@@ einander unterscheiden . +allein in europa wird die zahl der menschen über 65 bis 20@@ 50 um 70 prozent an@@ steigen . und die zahl der menschen über 80 sogar um 1@@ 70 prozent . +em@@ ma te@@ el@@ ing : das geheimnis des fle@@ der@@ m@@ aus@@ genom@@ s +europa musste in die wirtschaftliche entwicklung ge@@ zer@@ rt werden . +die möglichkeit , die wir uns anschauen werden , ist ein wirk@@ licher grund zum optimis@@ mus für die unter@@ ste milliarde , und das ist der bo@@ om der roh@@ stoffe . +das ist keine vorher@@ sage für die prei@@ se der roh@@ stoffe , es ist eine vorher@@ sage für die lang@@ zeit@@ -@@ kon@@ sequenzen , über das wachstum von prei@@ ser@@ hö@@ h@@ ungen . +und der wahl@@ kampf stellt sich als die ur@@ sache für die nach@@ teili@@ gen effe@@ kte der demokratie heraus , während eine soli@@ de gewal@@ tent@@ ei@@ lung die ressour@@ c@@ en-@@ bo@@ oms wett@@ macht . +sie fanden heraus , dass sie zwei milliarden pfund wert waren . +paul colli@@ er über die unter@@ ste milliarde +sie kennen diesen spruch : " er ist der geb@@ or@@ ene chirur@@ g . " +ich wurde von einem freund inspiriert . +es ist meine leidenschaft , gl@@ c überall zu unterrichten . +derzeit verfü@@ gen wir über 11 spra@@ chen@@ pa@@ are . +wir brauchen sie im tä@@ glichen leben , um die welt zu einem klein@@ eren ort zu machen . +ich fuhr fort hand@@ werk@@ stra@@ di@@ tionen zu studieren und mit künstler@@ innen zusammenzu@@ arbeiten , als nächstes mit kl@@ ö@@ p@@ pl@@ er@@ innen in li@@ t@@ auen . +mein leben würde nicht mehr dasselbe sein . +mein künstler@@ ischer horizon@@ t erweiter@@ t sich kontin@@ u@@ ier@@ lich . +es waren 23 ton@@ nen für einen einzigen li@@ ter . +man könnte in den ar@@ teri@@ en ange@@ gri@@ ffen werden von weißen blut@@ körper@@ chen . +sie lernen den ab@@ lauf zu beu@@ gen , der ihre eigenen en@@ do@@ genen op@@ i@@ ate frei@@ setzt . +werte sind eine art von fa@@ kten . +also , der bei@@ trag der kultur , falls kultur uns prä@@ gt , was sie tatsächlich tut , sie verändert uns indem sie unsere gehirne verändert . +nun , denken sie als analog@@ ie an phy@@ sische gesundheit . +die tatsache , dass es hier aus@@ nahmen gibt , fi@@ cht dies nicht im gering@@ sten an . +deshalb verbringen wir unsere zeit damit , über dinge wie gleich@@ geschle@@ cht@@ liche hoch@@ zeiten zu reden und nicht über geno@@ zi@@ d oder die verbreitung von atom@@ waffen oder armut oder jedes andere ent@@ sprech@@ ende thema . +wann immer wir über fa@@ kten reden müssen manche mein@@ ungen aus@@ geschlossen werden . +sam har@@ r@@ is : ja , nun , ich denke ich habe versucht , das in einem satz an@@ zus@@ pre@@ chen während ich die zeit habe ver@@ strei@@ chen sehen , aber die frage ist , was bedeutet ' frei@@ wi@@ llig ' in einem kontext , in dem männer bestimmte erwar@@ tungen haben und du gar@@ anti@@ ert auf eine bestimmte weise behandelt wirst , wenn du dich nicht versch@@ lei@@ erst . +sam har@@ r@@ is : die wissenschaft kann moralische fragen beantworten +hier ist ein ver@@ he@@ er@@ endes unge@@ zie@@ fer , ein sp@@ inn@@ mil@@ be , denn sie sp@@ inn@@ t ne@@ tze wie eine sp@@ inn@@ e . +nur das ei des par@@ asi@@ ten wird in die s@@ äf@@ te der bl@@ att@@ l@@ aus einge@@ führt . +alles be@@ stens unter diesen um@@ ständen . +und as be@@ antwor@@ tet die frage , die vor allem von zü@@ chtern und land@@ wir@@ ten gestellt wird : warum bio@@ kontrolle ? +schlie@@ ßt sich schritt für schritt . +automo@@ bil@@ retro@@ fu@@ tur@@ ismus ist eine meiner spezi@@ al@@ itäten . +das hier ist pan@@ zer@@ pol@@ o in sou@@ th-@@ ham@@ p@@ tons . dies ist -- +leute sch@@ rieben mir , um nach@@ dru@@ cke davon zu bekommen . +es war absolut klar . ich musste nicht darüber nachdenken . +der dri@@ tter punkt auf meiner che@@ ck@@ liste sind die beziehungen zu be@@ fre@@ un@@ deten nachbar@@ gesellschaften , die eine gesellschaft unterstützen kann . und wenn diese freund@@ liche unterstützung ent@@ fällt , dann kann das zum kol@@ la@@ ps einer gesellschaft bei@@ tragen . die nord@@ männer auf grö@@ n@@ land trieben handel mit dem mutter@@ land , mit nor@@ wegen , und dieser handel wurde weniger , teil@@ weise , weil nor@@ wegen schwä@@ cher wurde , teil@@ weise , weil das meer zwischen grö@@ n@@ land und nor@@ wegen zu@@ fro@@ r . +so sind also einige gesellschaften aufgrund sub@@ ti@@ ler umwelt@@ faktoren fra@@ gil@@ er als andere . und dann schließlich noch eine weitere gener@@ alisierung . denn ich unter@@ ri@@ chte gerade studenten an der u@@ cl@@ a über diese kol@@ lap@@ se von gesellschaften . und was meine u@@ cla@@ -@@ studenten wirklich nicht verstehen können , ist , warum diese gesellschaften nicht sehen konnten , was sie taten ? +stattdessen sind alle großen bedro@@ h@@ ungen von heute probleme , die wir alle selbst verursacht haben . und da wir die probleme verursacht haben , können wir sie auch lösen . das bedeutet dann , dass es vollkommen in unserer macht liegt , diese probleme anzu@@ gehen . +also , wir wissen , dass das kein billi@@ ger krieg war . +was essen sie ? +wie werden wir diese welt ernä@@ hren ? +das ist in den 199@@ 0ern in den nieder@@ landen passiert während die klas@@ sische schw@@ ein@@ ep@@ est aus@@ brach . +ein kil@@ ogra@@ mm heu@@ schre@@ cken hat die selbe menge kal@@ orien wie 10 hot@@ dogs oder sechs big ma@@ cs . +also warum essen wir insekten noch nicht ? +schau sie dir erst an . schau sie dir erst an . +das bedeutet , dass wir unsere neuen hü@@ ften um@@ sonst kriegen . +wenn wir im aus@@ land auf reisen sind , dann erkennen wir auf diese weise sogar unsere mit@@ -@@ kan@@ adi@@ er . +ich habe sie bei@@ läu@@ fi@@ g über den stuhl im büro des ar@@ z@@ tes ge@@ han@@ gen . +es war der erste gän@@ gi@@ ge computer der welt . +das ist ein astro@@ lab@@ ium . ziemlich ein@@ druck@@ s@@ voll nicht wahr ? +also , das sind ungefähr 26 grad . ihr könnt es von da nicht sehen . +es kann benutzt werden um mathemati@@ sche gleich@@ ungen aller art zu berech@@ nen . +aber , was wir verlieren ist , denke ich genau – ein gefü@@ hl@@ ter sinn für den himmel eine art kontext . +man be@@ dient sich des im eigenen körper@@ bau ein@@ geb@@ au@@ ten krä@@ ft@@ es@@ pi@@ els , genauso wie ein pen@@ del . +ich werde ihnen zeigen wie er funktioniert . +und dort gab es schon damals einen se@@ chs@@ fü@@ ß@@ igen roboter namens le@@ mu@@ r . +anstelle von elektr@@ ischen mot@@ oren und elektr@@ ischen be@@ di@@ ent@@ ei@@ len verwenden wir druck@@ luft . +für diejenigen unter ihnen , die wahrscheinlich wissen , wenn man keine sensor@@ en hat und es irgend@@ welche stör@@ ungen gibt , sie wissen ja was passiert . +was sie hier sehen können ist wunder@@ schön den lou@@ is v@@ u@@ it@@ ton c@@ up po@@ k@@ al . +und diese g@@ lie@@ dern sich und formen diese mechanis@@ men . +da gab es einen großartigen ted-@@ moment , ich denke es war sir ken ro@@ bin@@ son , oder ? +es ist eine geschichte von öffent@@ licher bildung und von län@@ dlichen gemeinschaften und davon , was design be@@ wirken kann , um beide zu verbessern . +der größte arbeit@@ geber ist die pur@@ du@@ e-@@ hü@@ hn@@ er@@ ver@@ arbei@@ tungs@@ -@@ fabrik . +genau gesagt , nutzen wir diese sechs desig@@ n-@@ lei@@ ts@@ ä@@ tze . der wichtigste davon ist wahrscheinlich der zweite : wir desig@@ nen " mit " , nicht " für " – daher , wenn wir human@@ it@@ är@@ es design machen , geht es nicht mehr darum , für kunden zu gestalten ; +es ist die phy@@ sische kon@@ struk@@ tion verbesser@@ ter räume und materialien und erfahrungen für lehrer und schüler . +in vielen fällen geht es hier@@ bei nicht so sehr darum , etwas zu verändern , sondern mehr darum , die bedingungen zu schaffen , unter denen veränderung möglich ist , und einen anrei@@ z zu geben , eine veränderung vor@@ nehmen zu wollen . das ist einfacher gesagt als getan in län@@ dlichen gemeinschaften und in in sich ab@@ gesch@@ lossen@@ en bildungs@@ systemen in län@@ dlichen gemeinschaften . +während dieser zeit , tun sie alles : hin@@ aus@@ gehen und eth@@ no@@ graph@@ isch forschen und ein bedürf@@ nis finden , ins studio zurück@@ kommen , bra@@ in@@ stor@@ ming und visu@@ alisierung des designs , konzep@@ te finden , die funktionieren könnten , und sie dann im wer@@ kr@@ aum testen , bauen , prototyp@@ en erstellen , herausfinden , ob diese funktionieren werden , und sie ver@@ fein@@ ern . +aber wir haben das gefühl , dasselbe könnte auch an anderen orten funktionieren . +was hier grün erscheint , ist keine deser@@ ti@@ fi@@ kation . was brau@@ n erscheint , verste@@ ppt . das sind die größten gebiete der erde . +ich hatte eine furcht@@ bare entscheidung zu treffen , und , offen gesagt , war es politi@@ sches dynam@@ it . +nach vier monaten regen@@ zeit sp@@ rie@@ ßt es her@@ vor und nun stehen ihm 8 monate tro@@ cken@@ zeit bevor . +und auch wir bi@@ ologen und ök@@ ologen haben noch nie etwas so komplex@@ es be@@ wäl@@ tigt . +sie stellten eine her@@ de von 25@@ .000 schaf@@ en auf , a@@ hm@@ ten die natur mit ge@@ plan@@ tem wei@@ den gut nach . sie er@@ zi@@ elten eine 50 % ige stei@@ gerung ihrer produktion im ersten jahr . +danke von gan@@ z@@ em herzen . as : dank dir . danke , chris . +diese zwei mis@@ sionen passen , wie man sieht , perfekt zusammen , eine er@@ gän@@ zt die andere . tatsächlich wären sie ohne einander nicht möglich . +nach der behandlung gewinn@@ t das kind maß@@ geb@@ lich an funktion@@ alität . +wenn man ihm bilder der re@@ alen welt zeigt , wenn man anderen wie ihm bilder der re@@ alen welt zeigt , können sie die meisten objekte nicht erkennen , denn die welt ist für sie über@@ frag@@ men@@ tiert , sie besteht aus einer col@@ lage , einem fli@@ ck@@ werk aus bereichen verschieden@@ er farben und hel@@ li@@ gkeiten . +ps : wir sehen dieses muster immer wieder . +wie geschieht das ? wir wollen , dass dy@@ lan das kann . indem er das man@@ tra der bewegung nutzt , kann dy@@ lan das wirklich tun , +cher@@ y@@ l : ai@@ mee und ich dachten -- hallo ai@@ mee . ai@@ mee mul@@ lin@@ s : hi +dan o ' bri@@ en spr@@ ang ' 9@@ 6 in atlan@@ ta 1,@@ 5@@ 5@@ m . ich meine , damit sie einen vergleich haben -- das sind , wissen sie , richtig gut ausge@@ bil@@ dete ath@@ le@@ ten , ohne das wort " ath@@ let " zu bewer@@ ten . +und er sagte , " nein , nein , wirklich . du kannst es . +sie ist nun -- zwei jahre bist du nun schon im lauf@@ sport ? +ich versuchte jeden , den ich konnte , auszu@@ fragen gegen wen , gegen welche läu@@ fer , also gegen wen tre@@ te ich hier an ? +ich hatte immer alles gewonnen und jetzt dachte ich , wo@@ zu ? +und ich meine , " zie@@ h sie aus ! mach dir keine gedanken , verste@@ h@@ st du . +ich brauche ein paar neue , weil das letzte meeting , wo ich war , sie wissen schon , es ist wie ein großes .. es schlie@@ ßt sich der kreis . +und sie kam in die stadt und sie he@@ tz@@ te sich ab und sie sagte , " ich muss mir neue schuhe kaufen ! " +sie sehen schon , diese erkenntnis hat potential , man könnte sie als regel@@ re@@ chtes z@@ under@@ f@@ ass sehen . +einige leute halten die zahl für etwas hoch , aber ur@@ he@@ ber@@ rechts@@ mathemati@@ ker , die auch experten in der medien@@ lo@@ bby sind , sind lediglich überrascht , dass sie nicht jedes jahr für die inf@@ lation aufge@@ zin@@ st wird . +in der wirklichen welt wird mathematik nicht notwen@@ di@@ ger@@ weise von mathemati@@ kern be@@ trieben . +wenn man das einmal hat , dann kommt die berech@@ nung .. +ich schä@@ tze , dass wir heute weltweit durchschnitt@@ lich 10@@ 6 erd@@ alter damit zu@@ gebracht haben , leuten bei@@ zubringen , von hand zu rech@@ nen . +meine üb@@ liche gegen@@ frage ist , was meinen sie mit grund@@ begri@@ ffen ? +ich glaube nicht . +aber es gibt einen fanta@@ stischen weg , genau das in der heutigen zeit zu tun : +und selbstverständlich wird daraus ein kreis . +und sie wissen , wenn man über eine klu@@ ft geht , wird es viel schlimmer als wäre man gar nicht erst los@@ gegangen – größ@@ eres des@@ aster . +seine l@@ eine war am stuhl fest@@ geb@@ unden worden , während ihr besit@@ zer dr@@ innen einen kaffee tr@@ ank und er war einfach ei@@ fri@@ g in seiner bemü@@ hung , mich zu be@@ grü@@ ßen , um vielleicht ein wenig hinter dem o@@ hr ge@@ kr@@ au@@ lt zu werden . +das spek@@ trum dieser aus@@ bli@@ cke rei@@ chte vom bel@@ an@@ glo@@ sen bis zum tief@@ greif@@ enden , vom ban@@ alen bis zum unter@@ hal@@ ts@@ am@@ en . +aber alles in allem ist es doch in ordnung . +jeder ist will@@ kommen . +und ich sehe mein leben als eine ab@@ folge von experim@@ enten . +wie ich in meinem buch schrei@@ be , bin ich genau so j@@ ü@@ dis@@ ch , wie " o@@ live garden " itali@@ en@@ isch ist . +es war auf jeden fall eine herausforderung . +also , es gel@@ ang mir , einen ehe@@ bre@@ cher zu st@@ einigen . +aber dieses ge@@ bot , die bi@@ bel sagt , du dar@@ f@@ st keine frau berü@@ hren während bestimm@@ ter zeiten des mon@@ ats , mehr noch , du dar@@ f@@ st ni@@ r@@ gend@@ wo sitzen , wo eine men@@ stru@@ ier@@ ende frau ges@@ essen hat . +das war für mich einer der großartigen aspe@@ kte des jahres , den s@@ ab@@ bat zu wahren , denn ich bin ein wor@@ ka@@ ho@@ lic und diesen einen tag zu haben , an dem man nicht arbeiten darf -- das hat wirklich mein leben verändert . +und sie sagten , " wissen wir nicht , aber es sind nur ritu@@ ale die uns sinn geben " . +so , wie auch immer , herz@@ lichen dank , dass sie mir erlaubt haben , hier zu sprechen . +das problem , wie wir es sehen , hat mit einem wort zu tun : " raum " oder einem ausdruck : " geome@@ trie der re@@ alen welt . " +aber wenn man das auf einem cr@@ t oder fla@@ ch@@ bildschirm dar@@ stellt würde es sinn@@ los sein irgend@@ einen gegen@@ stand daran zu halten , also einen re@@ alen gegen@@ stand . +und das führte wiederum dazu , dass wir die ideen zu dem entwickeln was wir glauben , ist die un@@ aus@@ wei@@ ch@@ liche zukunft des mensch@@ -@@ masch@@ in@@ en-@@ interface ' s : wir nennen es die rä@@ um@@ liche be@@ dien@@ umgebung . +es gibt eine menge verschieden@@ er elemente . +wir arbeiten zusammen , ob neben@@ einander oder über entfern@@ ung , ist immer wichtig . +kann es das für jeden geben oder ist das nur etwas für unternehmen und film@@ produ@@ z@@ enten ? +john under@@ ko@@ ff@@ ler zeigt die zukunft der be@@ dien@@ oberfläche +was o@@ kol@@ lo@@ h machte , wäre nicht möglich gewesen ohne menschliche groß@@ zü@@ gi@@ gkeit . +jemand , der so etwas gemacht hat , sei es noch so mittel@@ mäßig und zum weg@@ werfen , hat etwas pro@@ biert , hat etwas an die öffentlichkeit gebracht . +aber die einrichtungen , die von dieser schwarzen linie dar@@ gestellt werden , sagten : " wir ändern diese ab@@ mach@@ ung ab sofort . +doch hier ist der entscheiden@@ de unterschied : l@@ ol@@ cat@@ s haben gemein@@ schaft@@ lichen wert . +mö@@ ge sie auf ewi@@ g weiter@@ laufen , weil sie menschen wie mir einen arbeitsp@@ l@@ atz ver@@ schafft . +oder man konnte viele spiele auf einem kleinen stück land spielen , selbst wenn man bald nicht mehr wusste , in welchen spiel man selbst spielte . +england führte das 20@@ -@@ over@@ s-@@ spiel ein und sagte : " die welt muss t@@ 20@@ -@@ cri@@ cket spielen . " +innerhalb von 6 wochen spielte jede stadt gegen einander . +aber sie machten ihre sache gut , indem sie es indien anpas@@ sten . +lieder und tanz hielten einzu@@ g im in@@ dischen cri@@ cket . +sh@@ an@@ e war@@ ne verkauft für 4@@ 50 000 dollar . +können sie sich vorstellen , den dollar vor augen zu haben und nicht mehr das typ@@ ische indien ? +es gibt zwei arten von fehl@@ entscheidungen , die man be@@ geht , wenn man versucht sich zu entscheiden , was das richtige ist , und diese sind : fehler beim ein@@ schätzen von erfol@@ gs@@ aus@@ sichten , und fehler beim ein@@ schätzen des erfol@@ gs@@ wer@@ ts . +nun , sie sehen hier ein sehr interessan@@ tes muster , dass zu aller@@ erst zwei dinge gewal@@ tig über@@ schä@@ tzt werden : nämlich tor@@ na@@ do@@ s und feuer@@ werke . +und die meisten leute sagen : " ok , ich spiele . " +wenn menschen nach diesen beiden verschiedenen stellen gefragt werden : eine stelle , bei der sie 60 ' 000 , dann 50 ' 000 , dann 40 ' 000 verdienen , eine stelle , bei der sie jedes jahr eine ge@@ hal@@ t@@ sk@@ ür@@ zung bekommen , und eine , in welcher sie eine ge@@ hal@@ t@@ ser@@ hö@@ hung erhalten , mögen menschen die zweite lieber als die erste , obwohl ihnen gesagt wurde , dass sie sehr viel weniger geld verdienen . warum ? +auf dem weg haben sie etwas verloren . +bei man@@ chen teilneh@@ men@@ den , steht in einer z@@ immer@@ ecke eine sch@@ ach@@ tel go@@ di@@ va@@ -@@ scho@@ kol@@ ade , bei anderen steht eine do@@ se sp@@ am ® . +als amerikaner sind sie möglicherweise schon einmal nach frank@@ reich gerei@@ st . +das heißt , man ver@@ lan@@ gt zin@@ s@@ sätze im hunder@@ t@@ ste@@ l oder taus@@ end@@ ste@@ l prozent , um das warten zu belo@@ hnen und war@@ tet bis zum nächsten monat auf die zusätz@@ lichen 10 dollar . +man denkt immer , mehr ist besser als weniger : 60 ist immer besser als 50 ; und man denkt auch immer , jetzt ist besser als später : die bal@@ ken auf dieser seite sind höher als die bal@@ ken auf dieser seite . +natürlich , die art von ereig@@ nissen , die uns die amerikanischen medien zeigen , und ver@@ zei@@ hen sie mir , aber in zahlen sind dies sehr winzi@@ ge un@@ fälle . +aber gibt es eine ration@@ ale an@@ gt , die tatsächlich der grund ist , warum wir uns davor für@@ chten ? ist das , weil wir denken , dass uns das ganz schli@@ mme erst be@@ vor@@ steht ? +wissen sie , wenn ein schul@@ bus in die luft ges@@ pr@@ en@@ gt wird , und wir das vorher noch nie gesehen haben , ten@@ dieren wir dazu , uns gegenüber dem neuen auszu@@ richten und das neue wird ange@@ steu@@ ert . +ad@@ g : um die menschen zu überzeugen . +an@@ schein@@ end hatte er ein auge im kampf verloren , darum wird er auch immer im profi@@ l dar@@ gestellt . +das führte auch zu nichts . +dieses erzeugt keine bilder - gar keine . " +das kann ein wichtiger bei@@ trag sein . +der satz " kunst ist was auch immer " drückt die der@@ zei@@ tige " ein@@ schließ@@ lichkeit " im kun@@ st-@@ machen aus -- die ansicht " es geht nicht darum was du mach@@ st sondern dass du es mach@@ st " . +im großen und ganzen si@@ chern sie also unser überleben . +die philosop@@ hin mar@@ th@@ a n@@ uss@@ baum wei@@ st darauf in diesem zitat hin : " deswegen wurden im laufe der geschichte bestimmte e@@ kel@@ bes@@ e@@ tz@@ te er@@ schein@@ ungen – schlei@@ mi@@ gkeit , schle@@ chter geru@@ ch , ver@@ fall , fä@@ u@@ le – wieder@@ holt und aus@@ schließlich as@@ sozi@@ iert mit ... +wenn wir nicht nur nach der ange@@ ge@@ benen politischen überzeu@@ gung , sondern nach dem wahl@@ verhalten schauten , konnten wir die nation geogra@@ ph@@ isch betrachten . wir erkan@@ nten , dass in regionen , in denen menschen einen hohen wert an e@@ kel@@ empfin@@ d@@ lichkeit besch@@ rieben , mc@@ ca@@ in mehr stimmen er@@ hielt . +es macht weniger sinn , dass ein gefühl zum schutz vor der aufnahme von gift , vorhersagen kann , wen ich bei der nächsten präsi@@ dent@@ schafts@@ wahl wä@@ hle . +wün@@ schte , ich könnte . +und wie viele soldaten hast du schon re@@ k@@ ru@@ tiert , um diesen krieg mit dir zu kämpfen ? +new@@ ton a@@ du@@ ak@@ a : ich danke ihnen . ich habe nur - der erste aus@@ schnitt , von diesen aus@@ schni@@ tten , versucht wirklich total einzu@@ fangen , was kin@@ o für mich bedeutet , und wie ich alles ange@@ he , was das kin@@ o betrifft . +ihr mü@@ sst euch ? +oni@@ ch@@ a : e@@ z@@ ra ! +wir brauchen keine probleme mehr keine probleme mehr wir brauchen keine probleme mehr keine probleme mehr auf@@ wachen ! alle auf@@ wachen . straßen@@ sper@@ re ! +warum ? weil sie unsere diam@@ anten wollen . +n ich danke ihnen . +wir können auch das in@@ hal@@ ts@@ ver@@ zeich@@ nis vergröß@@ ern , während der film weiter@@ läuft . +nun denn , mi@@ ke , vielen dank . +viele von uns arbeiten für jemanden ; wir befinden uns in den händen anderer . +also , was machen wir jetzt ? +der 1@@ 1. september hat ein gewis@@ ses interesse gesch@@ ür@@ t , es soll auf den ground zero ver@@ legt werden und ich bin absolut dagegen . +ich habe versucht , diese sprache zu verstehen als ein anfang , als ein punkt , von dem aus man los@@ legen kann , und es wurde so viel von spe@@ kul@@ anten gebaut und es wurde so viel tri@@ vi@@ alisiert , dass es ... +f@@ g : das weiß ich nicht . +ich war so stolz . +genau das hat mich schon immer interessiert , nämlich – ein persön@@ licher ausdruck , eine note . +da war ein tisch so lang wie dieser te@@ pp@@ ich und der ha@@ fen@@ vor@@ ste@@ her war da , und ich war dort und meine leute . +frank ge@@ hr@@ y fragt : " was dann ? " +total verändert durch den menschen . +die dinge , die ich fotografi@@ ert habe – dieser haufen rei@@ fen hier bestand aus 45 millionen rei@@ fen . es war der größte haufen . +für mich ist china – vor vier jahren begann ich , es zu fotografi@@ eren , und china ist für mich wahr@@ haf@@ tig eine frage der nachhal@@ tigkeit , um nicht zu sagen , dass china auch einen großen effekt auf die industri@@ en meiner kindheit hat . +das ist wus@@ han , eine der größten städte , die um@@ ges@@ ie@@ d@@ elt wurde . +außerdem passiert in shang@@ hai eins – china verändert sich , denn das hier wäre zum beispiel vor fünf jahren unmöglich gewesen . ein ver@@ wei@@ ger@@ er . +und sicherlich wissen hier andere leute mehr über effizi@@ enz als ich , aber ich kann mir nicht vorstellen , dass eine klima@@ anlage pro wohn@@ ung ein gebäude dieser größe effizi@@ ent kü@@ hlt . +sie arbeiteten den ganzen tag wie aufge@@ zogen , dass der man@@ ager mit str@@ en@@ ger stimme sagen musste : " okay , alle still@@ halten . " +das war eine der größten fabri@@ ken , die ich je gesehen hatte . +wenn auch so viele großartige dinge in greif@@ barer nähe sind – in diesem raum ist das sehr spür@@ bar – von all den dingen , die kurz davor sind zu geschehen , die so viele probleme lösen können , so hoffe ich doch , dass diese dinge sich in der welt verbreiten werden , und eine positive aus@@ wirkung haben werden . +und alles , was sie zur weiter@@ verbreitung bei@@ tragen können , wäre toll . +und das ausmaß meiner arbeit , die ideen , mit denen ich arbeite , als ich das erste mal einen ima@@ x-@@ film sah , dachte ich fast sofort : " es gibt eine res@@ on@@ anz zwischen dem , was ich tun möchte , und dem ausmaß dessen , was ich als fotogra@@ f um@@ setzen will . " +und der grund , wieso wir min@@ en sehen , ist , dass es hier viel wert@@ volle roh@@ stoffe gibt aus denen dieses material ursprün@@ glich geschaffen wurde . +kunst@@ stoffe haben über@@ la@@ pp@@ ende di@@ chten über eine en@@ ge band@@ breite . +und schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich haben wir den code ge@@ kn@@ ac@@ kt . +wir entfernen , was nicht kunst@@ stoff ist , wie me@@ tal@@ le die sie ver@@ fe@@ hlt haben , te@@ pp@@ ich , schau@@ m@@ stoff , gu@@ mm@@ i , holz , glas , papier , alles mögliche . +und schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich hoffe ich , dass sie mir bei@@ stimmen , um die letzte klein@@ kin@@ d-@@ regel nur ein bisschen zu ändern in : " wenn es kapu@@ tt ist , ist es mein kra@@ m . " +wir sind das kl@@ ü@@ gste da draußen , warum bekommen wir es nicht auf die reihe ? +sie können sich also mit der tatsache tr@@ ö@@ sten , dass dieser aff@@ e ein sehr wei@@ t-@@ entfern@@ ter verwand@@ ter ist , wenn auch nur in evolution@@ är@@ er hinsicht . +aber dies ist eine einheit der währ@@ ung , die wir affen gele@@ hrt haben im kontakt mit menschen zu verwenden , um unterschiedliche arten fu@@ tter zu kaufen . +nun , man könnte sich wirklich vorstellen , wie sie alle möglichen klu@@ gen dinge tun , die menschen tun , wenn sie beginnen unter@@ einander geld zu verwenden . +noch überrasch@@ end war , als wir mit ökon@@ omen zusammen@@ arbeiteten um die aff@@ en-@@ daten mit hilfe von ökonom@@ ischen verfahren auszu@@ werten , dass sie grundsätzlich mit dem über@@ ein@@ stimm@@ ten , was wir menschen in den richtigen mär@@ kten tun sahen , nicht nur qu@@ al@@ it@@ a@@ tiv , sondern auch quanti@@ ta@@ tiv . +ihre andere option ist sicher@@ er . sie erhalten auf jeden fall etwas geld . +also was geschieht hier ? +die person zur linken ist ein sicher@@ er fall . +wieder die gleiche wahl , sie können auf nummer sicher gehen und jedes mal zwei trau@@ ben bekommen , oder sie können ein risiko ein@@ gehen und zwischen einer und drei wählen . +unter anderem wissen wir , dass sie meistens wirklich schwer zu über@@ winden sind . +vielen dank . +ich glaube das , weil in den nächsten 20 jahren drei milliarden menschen ein neues zuhause brauchen . +das ist der durch@@ bruch . +die technik stellt hier den einfachen teil dar . +ku@@ gel@@ sich@@ ere vor@@ hän@@ ge ver@@ de@@ ckten meine fenster . +bedenken sie nur : welches andere business kennen sie , welchen anderen sektor der wirtschaft , und besonders einen , der so groß ist wie der öffentliche sektor , der nicht versucht , sein busin@@ ess@@ -@@ modell regel@@ mäßig zu opti@@ mieren ? +aber keiner ist besser darin , uns zum er@@ bringen von dienst@@ leistungen zu bewegen , auch dort , wo es keine gibt , als us@@ ha@@ hi@@ di . +ich möchte fes@@ th@@ alten – es ist vielleicht kontro@@ vers – dass " open government " sich nicht darum bemü@@ ht , die regierung transpar@@ enter zu gestalten . +wir haben bis jetzt wirklich nicht die richtigen worte , sie zu beschreiben . +sie sagte sogar , dass wenn wir dies täten , dann würde uns nicht nur die freude zu@@ teil werden , dass uns die erweiter@@ te familie dank@@ bar war , sondern sie sagte : " selbst gott wird lächeln , und wenn gott läch@@ elt , dann heißt das frieden , gerechtigkeit , und freude . " +und wie ch@@ ie@@ f se@@ attle sagte , " wir we@@ ben nicht das netz des lebens . +und er sagte , " ich hoffe , dass ihr die stärke haben wer@@ det , das zu tun , was ich tat . +und laut jes@@ us wird gesagt : " du musst dich selbst lieben , du musst den herren , deinen gott , mit d@@ einem ganzen herz , geist und se@@ ele lieben , und deinen nachbarn wie dich selbst . " +ich werde mit diesem lied ab@@ schließen – ein kinder@@ lied – weil wir alle kinder am tisch der ewi@@ gen mutter sind . +die prote@@ ste gegen viet@@ na@@ m , das ge@@ denken an alle opfer der ai@@ d@@ s-@@ pan@@ dem@@ ie , der mar@@ sch für die re@@ produ@@ ktiven rechte der frauen , bis beinahe hin zur gegenwart . +es hat aber auch ver@@ s@@ öhn@@ liche züge : es ist abge@@ ho@@ ben vom boden , und es hat diese le@@ ere , und es hat eine le@@ ere mitte , sein geist und seine fas@@ sa@@ de erinnern an eine firma oder ein am@@ ts@@ gebäude . +und es muss frei sein . +das dan@@ eben ist das pan@@ the@@ on . +das sind die ket@@ t@@ - und die sch@@ uss@@ fä@@ den . +also ich habe mich als kriegs@@ kind marki@@ ert . +das was uns tö@@ tete waren nicht die musli@@ me , waren nicht die ar@@ aber . +manchmal musst du verlieren , um zu gewinnen . +weißt nicht einmal wann ich je zurück@@ kehren werde . +und eine sache , die mich eines tages scho@@ ckte war ein arab@@ ischer musi@@ ker kam um die soldaten zu unter@@ halten . +aber es hat mich bewegt . +nun läuft gleich meine zeit ab . also möchte ich ein lied singen . +er hatte seinen vater nie näher ken@@ nen@@ gelernt , weil sein vater seine mutter verlassen hatte , als sie mit ihm schwan@@ ger war . +manche dieser an@@ wäl@@ te waren erfolgreich . sie ver@@ schaff@@ ten ihren mand@@ anten neue ver@@ handlungen . +ich will ihnen nur sagen , dass der grund für diese entwicklung ist , dass die an@@ wäl@@ te in diesen proz@@ essen verstanden haben , je eher sie sich in einen fall ein@@ schalten , desto größer ist ihre chance , das leben ihres mand@@ anten zu retten . +worüber wir heute sprechen ist genauso kompliziert . +das war ein logi@@ st@@ isches problem . +ich hoffe , dass sie alle eine sache nicht vergessen : zwischen ihrer an@@ kunft hier heute morgen und unserer mit@@ tag@@ sp@@ ause werden vier tö@@ tungs@@ deli@@ kte in den usa ver@@ üb@@ t werden . +der weih@@ na@@ cht@@ sm@@ ann weiß , ob man arti@@ g war oder nicht . stimmt ' s ? " +der 10@@ . september ist nicht dein geburt@@ stag . es ist der 10@@ . ok@@ tober . und ich sagte : " was ? " +ich war im pazi@@ fischen nord@@ westen aufge@@ wachsen , wo viele mitglieder der kirche jes@@ u christ@@ i der heili@@ gen der letzten tage leben . ich hatte mit ihnen zusammen gearbeitet und war sogar mit einigen ausge@@ gangen , aber deren dok@@ tr@@ in kan@@ nte ich nicht oder wusste auch nicht , was sie leuten erzähl@@ ten , wenn sie auf einer mission waren . an@@ schein@@ end war ich schon etwas neugi@@ er@@ ig , und so sagte ich : " oh , bitte , kommt doch her@@ ein . " sie sahen wirklich glücklich aus . ich glaube , dass ihnen so etwas nicht so oft passiert . +also fragte ich : " was war mit den lam@@ ani@@ ten ? " +ich meine , was ist , wenn man eine nas@@ en@@ operation hatte und man mag das ergebnis ? +wir haben unsere aufmerksamkeit auf die probleme geri@@ chtet . +ich glaube , wenn ken@@ ne@@ dy heute am leben wäre , würde er statisti@@ ker wie mich be@@ auf@@ tragen , sich auf zu machen und herauszufinden , was das leben lebens@@ wert macht . +wenn es eine k@@ na@@ ppe res@@ source gibt , die sie in ein er@@ wün@@ sch@@ tes ergebnis um@@ setzen möchten , denken sie an effizi@@ enz . +das land , das dort oben ganz alleine steht , ist ein ort , an dem ich noch nicht war . +das ist eine art , die dinge zu sehen . +und das heißt , wir müssen die effizi@@ enz sogar noch erhö@@ hen . +investieren sie die zeit , und die energie , die sie haben , um sie mit ihren lieben zu verbringen ? +sie brauchen zur um@@ setzung nicht viel materi@@ elle gü@@ ter . +ob jemand an@@ hielt und dem hilfs@@ bedürf@@ tigen frem@@ den half , wurde tatsächlich davon bestimmt , ob sich eine person in ei@@ le wä@@ hnte – ob sie sich für ver@@ spä@@ tet hielten oder ob sie in dem , worüber sie sprechen wollten , ver@@ sun@@ ken waren . +nun , dies ist ein kleiner test . ich er@@ m@@ un@@ tere sie , ihn auf einer party zu probieren . +wie schon bill mc@@ don@@ ough ange@@ mer@@ kt hat , haben die objekte , die wir kaufen und verwenden , verste@@ ckte kon@@ sequenzen . +in diesem moment form@@ te ein hal@@ bes dutz@@ end anderer sofort einen ring um diesen typen . +mir wurde dann klar dass ich gedacht hatte , dass ich vö@@ lli@@ ge kontrolle über mein leben hätte , in wahrheit aber nur drei dinge kontrollieren konnte : meine gedanken , meinen geist - die bilder , die von diesen gedanken erzeugt werden - und die handlungen , die ich davon ab@@ lei@@ te . +ich brauchte noch etwas , um den weiteren weg zu bestehen . und ich fand es in der metapher die ich von meiner mutter gelernt hatte , als ich vier war . +an@@ anda sh@@ ank@@ ar ja@@ y@@ ant be@@ kämp@@ ft krebs mit tan@@ zen +aber grundsätzlich war es schwierig . es war wirklich schwierig zu erklären , wie das web sein würde . +was meinen sie mit daten ? was ist der unterschied -- doku@@ mente , daten ? +daten sind beziehungen . +lassen sie uns kurz über daten nachdenken . +publikum : " ro@@ h . " +wenn ich nun so weiter@@ mache , werden sie denken , dass all diese daten aus riesigen einrichtungen stam@@ men und nichts mit ihnen zu tun haben . +sie haben vielleicht nicht viele daten , die sie dort ein@@ stellen könnten , aber sie wissen , sie einzu@@ for@@ dern . +gemeinsam errei@@ chten sie diese ergebnisse : sie erhö@@ h@@ ten die anzahl an leuten , die anti-@@ retro@@ vir@@ ale ein@@ nehmen , lebens@@ rett@@ ende anti-@@ ai@@ d@@ s-@@ medikamente ; redu@@ zierten die malari@@ a-@@ todes@@ fälle um fast die hälfte ; impf@@ ten so viele , dass 5@@ ,@@ 4 millionen leben ger@@ et@@ tet werden . +hier sehen wir die rolle für eine neu@@ artige ko@@ ali@@ tion von soci@@ al-@@ medi@@ a-@@ gigan@@ ten und star@@ t-@@ u@@ ps , tele@@ kommuni@@ ka@@ tions@@ unternehmen , real@@ it@@ y-@@ t@@ v-@@ sen@@ de@@ forma@@ ten , und spi@@ ele@@ firmen ; alle zusammen in einer art von " wir sind die welt " -@@ moment . +es nä@@ h@@ ert sich der null . +danke , danke . +und er sagte , " oh , ich unter@@ ri@@ chte an einer kun@@ sta@@ ka@@ dem@@ ie . +also dachte ich , ich versuche sie fest@@ zu@@ halten : dau@@ men@@ ab@@ druck , fuß@@ ab@@ druck oder alle möglichen sp@@ uren , die wir als menschen hinter@@ lassen . +wenn wir einstein fragten , würde er sagen : " ob die ku@@ h die straße überqu@@ erte , oder die straße sich unter der ku@@ h weg@@ bewe@@ gte , hängt von ihrem refer@@ enz@@ rahmen ab . " +nochmal , " in@@ ward out . " +und dieses werk wurde von an@@ ap@@ um er@@ wor@@ ben . dabei wird er am ende eigentlich nichts haben , denn es wird ver@@ dun@@ sten . +das gab mir noch größere gewis@@ sheit . +hier sehen sie ein detail . +ich gebe gern den ho@@ b@@ by@@ histor@@ i@@ ker , also habe ich einige zeit damit verbracht herauszufinden , wann das das erste mal erwähnt wurde . das beste , frü@@ he@@ ste zitat , das ich finden konnte , war von david li@@ v@@ ing@@ stone , der in den 18@@ 5@@ 0ern schrieb , wie ost@@ afrika durch ei@@ sen@@ bahn , dam@@ pf@@ schiff und tele@@ gra@@ phen vollkommen in den rest der welt integri@@ ert wurde . +es ist also sehr klar , dass wir an@@ gesi@@ chts dieser zahlen , oder all der anderen zahlen , die ich in meinem buch " world 3@@ .@@ 0 " erwä@@ hne , sehr , sehr weit von der richt@@ größe für ge@@ fall@@ ene grenzen entfernt sind , die internation@@ alisi@@ erungs@@ grade bei 85 , 90 , 95 prozent sieht . +die sicht@@ weise war : " hier ist der arme professor . +denken sie an frank@@ reich und die aktu@@ elle ein@@ wander@@ ungs@@ debat@@ te . +zur selben zeit dachte ich , dass es hier eine viel@@ zahl an möglichkeiten gibt zeit@@ ge@@ mä@@ ße produkte herzustellen , weg vom eth@@ n@@ ischen - hin zu etwas moder@@ ner@@ em . +aber wenn wir diese for@@ mel schnell um@@ schreiben , dann bekommen wir heraus , daß beschle@@ un@@ ig@@ ung gleich kraft ge@@ teilt durch masse ist , was heißt , dass man für ein größ@@ eres teilchen , eine größere masse , mehr kraft braucht um die richtung zu ändern . +mark@@ ting ist -- die botschaft für marketing ist -- daß man besser mis@@ st was ver@@ brau@@ cher wirklich tun , als daß was sie sagen , was sie tun werden oder zu anti@@ zi@@ pi@@ eren was sie tun werden . +ihre mar@@ ke beginnt zu dis@@ per@@ gieren . und es wird cha@@ o@@ tischer . +die dritte sa@@ ite ist etwas ganz neu@@ arti@@ ges . +zum beispiel könnten sie ein wer@@ fer oder fän@@ ger sein , und das hängt damit zusammen , ob sie einen sexu@@ ellen akt durch@@ führen oder ihn emp@@ fangen . +können sie sich vorstellen , dass sie ihrem train@@ er sagen : " mm@@ h , ich fühle mich heute nicht gut . ich denke , ich pau@@ si@@ ere bei diesem spiel . " +" vielleicht können wir ja häl@@ f@@ te@@ -@@ hälfte machen " . +und manchmal können das unterschiedliche mengen über verschiedene zeiten oder mit verschiedenen menschen oder an verschiedenen tagen sein . +" was ist die liebe ? " , schrieb sha@@ k@@ espe@@ are . +richtige abhängi@@ gkeit von dieser person . +es hat mich einfach ersta@@ unt . +und ich denke , dass der sex@@ trieb sich entwickelt hat , um einen daraus zu holen , und sich eine ganze band@@ breite an part@@ nern anzu@@ sehen . +kurz gesagt , sie erhalten den status , den sie vor einer million jahren hatten , vor 10.000 oder 10@@ 0.000 jahren . +es ist eine der vielen charak@@ teri@@ sti@@ ken , die frauen besitzen , die sie ins arbeits@@ leben mit@@ bringen . +wir kehren auch zurück zu einer sehr alten form der gleich@@ ber@@ e@@ chti@@ gung in der e@@ he . +das ist der grund , warum man eine ko@@ sm@@ ische einheit mit jemandem ver@@ spüren kann , nachdem man mit ihm gesch@@ la@@ fen hat . +dop@@ am@@ in ist verantwortlich für empfin@@ dungen roman@@ tischer liebe . +aber ich will ihnen eine geschichte erzählen , um das zu illu@@ stri@@ eren . +alle dort waren sich ein@@ ig , dass diese frau sehr krank und zu recht im krankenhaus war . +tatsächlich nahm ich an , dass der krank@@ heits@@ verl@@ auf wissenschaft@@ lich fest@@ stand . +wenn sie nur ein symp@@ tom eines viel größeren problems ist , die spitze des sp@@ rich@@ wör@@ tlichen eis@@ ber@@ gs ? +ich weiß nicht , warum das so ist , aber vielleicht wissen deren zellen noch nicht , wie sie mit dem energie@@ über@@ sch@@ uss richtig umgehen sollen . +aber dieses team von inter@@ diszi@@ pl@@ in@@ ären , hoch@@ -@@ skep@@ tischen und -@@ tal@@ enti@@ erten forsch@@ ern ist sich in zwei pun@@ kten ein@@ ig . +peter at@@ ti@@ a : was wäre , wenn unsere an@@ sichten über diabetes falsch wären ? +als ich geboren wurde , waren die erwar@@ tungen an mich also wohl relativ hoch . +ich glaube , die meisten menschen in der industrie verstehen , dass wir uns dieses problems annehmen müssen . +ehrlich gesagt , vier milliarden sau@@ b@@ ere autos auf den straßen sind immer noch vier milliarden autos . und ein sta@@ u ohne emis@@ sionen ist immer noch ein sta@@ u . +car@@ -@@ shar@@ ing-@@ dien@@ ste entstehen jetzt überall auf der welt . diese bemü@@ h@@ ungen sind , wie ich finde , großartig . +wir brauchen diese leidenschaft und energie , um die globalen verkehr@@ spro@@ ble@@ me anzu@@ greifen . +ich finde char@@ lie le@@ d@@ better sprach gestern sehr deutlich über die notwen@@ digkeit , die ver@@ brau@@ cher , die leute in den schaff@@ en@@ spro@@ z@@ ess mit einzu@@ bin@@ den . +sie wurden auf einmal aktiv . +george de me@@ stra@@ l – das sind keine insekten auf der sand@@ ale – ging mit seinem hund durch ein feld gas@@ s@@ i und war danach mit kle@@ tten über@@ s@@ ät , daher kommt der kle@@ tt@@ ver@@ schluss . +es geht darin um all die un@@ über@@ le@@ gten dinge , die der mensch so tut und in denen ein großes potenzi@@ al steckt . +ich spreche oft darüber , situationen zu " ent@@ denken " . +wir wurden also wieder mal be@@ auf@@ tra@@ gt , eine wasser@@ pump@@ e zu entwerfen , für eine ken@@ i@@ an@@ ische firma namens ap@@ prote@@ c . +an@@ ste@@ ck@@ end ist ein gutes wort . +und in zwei stunden , nachdem ihre rücken gebro@@ chen waren , waren sie verändert . +sie sk@@ aten . sie spielen straßen@@ spiele . +k zum ersten mal eine ver@@ samm@@ lung und spiel auf der str@@ asse in einer län@@ dlichen schule noch nie da@@ gewesen -- um ihren eltern zu erklären , warum les@@ en@@ - und schreiben können wichtig ist . +nun , wen braucht es heute , um die infe@@ ktion von 10@@ 0.000 kinder auszu@@ weiten auf die 200 millionen kinder in indien ? +wenn ich zurück@@ denke , waren diese interessan@@ ter@@ weise die ersten wahren umwelt@@ schü@@ tz@@ er . +leider ist sie es nicht . +wenn ich von dieser globalen betra@@ chtung zurück@@ kehr@@ e und die auswirkungen in einem ähn@@ lichen zei@@ traum in bezug auf die technik betra@@ chte , die eine art werkzeug für gest@@ alter ist , und von unseren erfahrungen als unternehmen beri@@ chte , – ich zeige dies nur anhand einer kleinen aus@@ wahl an proje@@ kten – wie mis@@ st man dann die veränderung der technik ? +ungefähr in dieser ent@@ wur@@ f@@ zeit , in der dieses gebäude entstanden ist , machte ich einen ski@@ z@@ ze , die wir neu@@ lich aus dem archi@@ v gezogen haben . +so würden wir zum beispiel die modelle unter einen künst@@ lichen himmel setzen . +tatsächlich ein rück@@ über@@ setzen der technologie und entwickeln von etwas , das so rein ist , praktisch sch@@ ad@@ stoff@@ frei . +es gab ein projekt , welches das to@@ te meer re@@ t@@ tet , indem eine ro@@ hr@@ lei@@ tung , ein ro@@ hr , ver@@ legt wird , über@@ - und unter@@ ir@@ dis@@ ch , das ab@@ hilfe schafft und eine zu@@ lei@@ tung vom golf von a@@ q@@ ab@@ a in das to@@ te meer schafft . +es ist mehr als ein gerät , es ist erneu@@ er@@ bar . +hier sehen sie , wie ein ein schö@@ ner desig@@ n@@ prozess mit physi@@ kal@@ ischen mod@@ ellen und quanti@@ ta@@ tiven sowie qu@@ al@@ it@@ a@@ tiven methoden wirklich gestal@@ tet wurde , um am ende eine lösung zu er@@ zielen , die wirklich in die architektur integri@@ ert ist und alle aspe@@ kte um@@ fasst . +für mich steht das in verbindung mit theater , darauf komme ich etwas später noch zurück . +licht ist somit natürlich auch wichtig für soziale interak@@ tion -- für die entwicklung von freund@@ schaften mit allen da@@ zuge@@ hö@@ ri@@ gen , uns umge@@ ben@@ den aspe@@ kten . +und dort , wo wir es gar nicht brauchen und es dun@@ kel bleiben soll , können wir es vermeiden . +können wir licht de@@ zent@@ er verwenden ? +in der architektur funktioniert es genauso . +ist es , weil ich gut schrei@@ be ? +die forschungs@@ richt@@ linien der u.s. ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ie der wissenschaften oder des " research coun@@ c@@ ils " von großbritannien +wenn diese frau wasser auf ihrem kopf trägt , mei@@ le für mei@@ le für mei@@ le , kann man das nicht gu@@ thei@@ ßen . +sie könnten krea@@ tiv sein in der er@@ zieh@@ ung ; sie können kultur@@ ell krea@@ tiv sein ; sie können krea@@ tiv in institutionen sein , aber viel unserer arbeit liegt im bereich der technolog@@ ischen kreativität , den innova@@ tionen , entweder in form zeit@@ gen@@ ö@@ ss@@ ischer innova@@ tionen oder in form traditionellen wissen@@ s . +offensichtlich eine künstler@@ in , sie ist ein krea@@ tiver mensch . +sie bringen das wasser , sie bringen die sei@@ fe . ich wa@@ sche die klei@@ der für sie , berech@@ ne 50 pa@@ is@@ a , eine rup@@ ie an sie , je la@@ dung . und so kann ein neues geschäfts@@ modell auf@@ kommen . +je höher die lok@@ ale eig@@ nung , desto größer ist die chance der sk@@ ali@@ erung . +meine technologie . +von dem wir sprachen , meine freunde in brasili@@ en , wie wir also das modell sk@@ ali@@ eren können in china und brasili@@ en . +sie sagte , " wech@@ s@@ le deinen beru@@ f " . +dann br@@ äu@@ chte man gar nichts mehr um ein auto zu steuern , außer darüber nachzudenken . +vor 500 jahren begannen se@@ gel@@ schi@@ ffe zu@@ ver@@ lässi@@ g zu werden ; und wir fanden einen neuen kontin@@ ent . +oder sch@@ nee@@ mobile . man braucht keinen sch@@ nee . +und sie benutzen die bürger@@ stei@@ ge und werden verantwortlich damit umgehen . ' +also , nach ich sowas gesehen habe nach ich mich für acht jahre sorgen gemacht habe , ist das erste was ich tue , ich nehme mein handy und sagte meine market@@ ing@@ - und gesetz@@ es@@ leute sie sollten a@@ ar@@ p an@@ rufen und sofort einen ter@@ m@@ in aus@@ machen . +wir haben daran gearbeitet , als alternative energi@@ equ@@ elle vor län@@ ger@@ er zeit mit john@@ son und john@@ son , um den i@@ bot zum laufen zu bringen , weil die besten bat@@ teri@@ en die man bekommen konnte -- 10 wat@@ t@@ stunden pro kil@@ ogra@@ mm an ble@@ i , 20 wat@@ t@@ stunden pro kil@@ ogra@@ mm ni@@ ck@@ el@@ -@@ c@@ ad@@ mi@@ um@@ - , 40 wat@@ t@@ stunden pro kil@@ ogra@@ mm in ni@@ ck@@ el@@ -@@ met@@ all@@ hy@@ dri@@ d , 60 wat@@ t@@ stunden pro kil@@ ogra@@ mm in li@@ thi@@ um , 8@@ 7@@ 50 wat@@ t-@@ stunden energie auf jedes kil@@ ogra@@ mm pro@@ pan oder ben@@ zin -- wes@@ halb niemand elektro@@ autos benutzt . +tier@@ freundin n@@ ell@@ ie m@@ ck@@ ay sing@@ t eine gl@@ än@@ z@@ ende hom@@ ma@@ ge an ihren lieben hund und schlägt vor , dass wir alle dasselbe tun wie sie : " gehen sie hin@@ unter zum tei@@ ch , suchen sie sich einen kleinen hund , und machen sie ihn stolz , denn das ist es , wor@@ auf es an@@ kommt . " +es ist zwar einfacher , von uns selbst , den bür@@ gern , der polizei , der ar@@ mee als den guten zu denken , und von den dro@@ gen@@ hän@@ d@@ lern und den kar@@ t@@ ellen als den bö@@ sen , sollten wir bedenken , dass die einen nur eine dienst@@ leistung für die anderen bieten . +aber das ist ein ergebnis einer sor@@ g@@ fäl@@ tigen mar@@ ken@@ - und geschäfts@@ strategie . +sie haben den zu@@ griff zum prof@@ it@@ ab@@ len dro@@ gen@@ handel weiter in der hand , aber da sie ganz mi@@ cho@@ ac@@ á@@ n kontrollieren , wie auch den ha@@ fen l@@ á@@ zar@@ o c@@ á@@ r@@ den@@ as , nutzen sie diese infrastruktur gleich mit . zum beispiel tau@@ schen sie legal ab@@ geb@@ au@@ tes ku@@ pf@@ er aus mi@@ cho@@ ac@@ á@@ n gegen il@@ le@@ gal@@ es ep@@ he@@ drin aus china , das ein kri@@ tischer vor@@ läu@@ fer für das meth@@ am@@ p@@ he@@ tam@@ in ist , das sie herstellen . sie pf@@ legen auch partner@@ schaften mit größeren organisationen wie dem sin@@ alo@@ a-@@ kar@@ tell , die ihre produkte in den usa plat@@ zieren . +und so stellt sich mir nicht die frage , ob diese dynam@@ ik so weiter@@ macht wie bisher . +und dann ist es zeit sie nochmal zu behandeln . letztes jahr . +als nächste phase hat sie er@@ setzung erreicht . +hier ist noch eine technologie die den kri@@ tischen preis erreicht . +man kann re@@ gener@@ a@@ tives bre@@ m@@ sen haben , man kann dri@@ ve-@@ b@@ y-@@ wire haben , man kann er@@ setz@@ bare k@@ aro@@ s@@ ser@@ ie@@ teile haben -- es ist ein kleines ding das mit einem hy@@ bri@@ d an@@ fängt , aber zu einer völlig neuen är@@ a des autos führen kann . +und was interessant ist , ist dass noch 199@@ 0 es mehr als zwei dollar pro minute waren . +ihre metapher ist mo@@ bu@@ tu . +ich möchte mit ihnen eine geschichte teilen , die von einer innovation namens tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen@@ be@@ wä@@ s@@ ser@@ ung handelt . +also tra@@ fen wir uns mit dr. son@@ o k@@ han@@ gh@@ ar@@ an@@ i in pakistan . +aber ich würde wieder sagen , dass dies der moment für außer@@ ord@@ ent@@ liche ereig@@ nisse ist . +und zum ersten mal in drei generationen , würden seine kinder zur schule gehen . +danke . +ich habe einen freund , der hat einen digitalen blog – auf p@@ dr@@ s , einem auf@@ nah@@ me@@ gerät . +ich mag musik , und ich mag ban@@ jo@@ s , und ich glaube , ich hörte steve martin spielen und sagte mir , das kann ich auch . +ich schrieb diesen ein@@ trag , und ich habe das genommen wegen einstein heute . +und sie sehen diesen ein@@ trag . +ich habe vor@@ hin ein bild von nor@@ man rock@@ well gezeigt , und das , mit dem ich auf@@ wuchs , und es ständig vor augen hatte .. +ich la@@ de die schlechten bilder ebenso hoch , weil es sie gibt . +sie sind die größten th@@ un@@ fische , und die zwei@@ t@@ größten im meer -- kno@@ chen@@ fische . +die europä@@ ische und die nor@@ dafri@@ kan@@ ische population -- der ö@@ st@@ liche bl@@ auf@@ lossen@@ th@@ un@@ fisch -- werden in enor@@ men mengen be@@ fis@@ cht : über die letzten 10 jahre fast jedes jahr 50@@ 000 ton@@ nen . +im grunde nehmen wir die selben satelli@@ tent@@ ele@@ f@@ on@@ - und computer@@ teile wie sie , normale chi@@ ps . +die tä@@ ti@@ gkeiten im labor haben uns ge@@ holfen , im off@@ enen meer zu arbeiten . +es gibt zwei d@@ ör@@ fer , har@@ r@@ is und mor@@ e@@ head city , die seit über 10 jahren jeden winter eine fei@@ er namens ta@@ g-@@ a-@@ giant veran@@ stal@@ tet haben . und die fis@@ cher haben mit uns zusammen@@ gearbeitet , um 800 bis 9@@ 00 fische zu marki@@ eren . +diese orte sind die wichtigsten , die wir schützen müssen . +das th@@ un@@ fisch@@ -@@ team top@@ p hat das un@@ denk@@ bare getan : drei teams haben 17@@ 00 th@@ un@@ fische marki@@ ert , bl@@ auf@@ lossen@@ - , gel@@ b@@ flo@@ s@@ sen@@ - und weißen th@@ un@@ fisch , alle zur selben zeit -- mit sor@@ g@@ sam er@@ prob@@ ten marki@@ erungs@@ verfahren , bei denen wir hin@@ aus@@ fahren , jugend@@ liche th@@ un@@ fische fangen , sie mit mar@@ ken , die sogar sensor@@ en bein@@ halten , ver@@ sehe , und dann wieder frei@@ lassen . +wir haben das mit der großen ras@@ se der schil@@ d@@ kr@@ ö@@ ten gemacht -- schil@@ d@@ kr@@ ö@@ ten marki@@ ert , und vier millionen tre@@ ffer er@@ zi@@ elt . +hallo . ich bin has@@ an . ein künstler . +er schaut mich ver@@ wunder@@ t an und fragt : " kein spr@@ eng@@ stoff ? " +und sagte dann , " wenn al@@ as@@ ka das aktu@@ elle mem@@ o nicht bekommt , dann fängt alles wieder von vorne an . " +das war auf dem del@@ ta flug 7@@ 19 von new york nach san francisco . +diese ang@@ ab@@ en sind direkt aus meinen kon@@ to@@ aus@@ zü@@ gen , und alle in@@ fo@@ s sind gleich da . +und am son@@ n@@ tag , den 14@@ . jun@@ i 2009 ... um 14@@ h nach@@ mitta@@ gs in meiner wohn@@ ung in sk@@ o@@ wh@@ eg@@ an in ma@@ ine . +weil es nieman@@ den wirklich interessiert . +he : sie sehen immer den letzten ort , an dem ich war +und jetzt von 20@@ 12 . +vor vier jahren verl@@ or chris seinen job im kun@@ stan@@ k@@ auf bei ma@@ cy ' s und wie so viele menschen hatte er schwierigkeiten , in der re@@ z@@ ession einen neuen job zu finden . +wie a@@ hmen wir nach , wie vertrauen von an@@ gesicht zu an@@ gesicht aufgebaut wird ? +es war läch@@ er@@ lich . ich konnte keinen hand@@ y@@ ver@@ trag bekommen , weil meine bon@@ itä@@ ts@@ geschichte nicht mit@@ gerei@@ st war . +interessant dabei ist , dass repu@@ tation das sozi@@ o@@ ökonom@@ ische sch@@ mier@@ mittel ist , das koll@@ abor@@ a@@ tiven kon@@ sum zum laufen bringt und mis@@ st , aber die quellen , aus denen sie stammt , und deren anwen@@ dungen sind viel größer als der ursprün@@ gliche raum . +der koll@@ abor@@ ative kon@@ sum hat sich explo@@ sion@@ s@@ arti@@ g entwickelt – web@@ -@@ bas@@ ierte gemeinsame benu@@ tzung von autos , wohn@@ ungen und fähigkeiten . ra@@ ch@@ el bot@@ s@@ man untersucht jene währ@@ ung , mit der systeme wie air@@ b@@ n@@ b und tas@@ kr@@ ab@@ bit arbeiten : vertrauen , einfluss und , wie sie es nennt , " vertrau@@ en@@ sk@@ ap@@ ital " . +jetzt zeige ich ihnen , was das mit unseren gesellschaften macht . +einfach der anteil der bevölkerung der glaubt , dass man den meisten leuten vertrauen kann . +sie geht von ca. 40 bis 400 in@@ haf@@ ti@@ erten menschen . +die stellung der frau , wie sehr sie an der kern@@ familie fes@@ th@@ alten , hier liegen sie an ent@@ gegen@@ gesetz@@ ten po@@ len der reichen , entwickelten welt . +aber ich sollte noch etwas dazu sagen was da passiert . +und natürlich haben andere mit ausge@@ fei@@ l@@ teren methoden auch armut und bildung überprü@@ ft und weitere . +einer unserer schwer@@ punkte der letzten zeit sind medizinische geräte . die par@@ all@@ ele von medizin@@ ischen gerä@@ ten zu dem strom@@ netz des ira@@ ks sind nicht offensichtlich , doch es gibt sie . +wie stellt man sicher , dass es sie erreicht und ihr leben verbessert ? +mer@@ ken sie etwas ? +der durch@@ schnitt liegt bei 65 % . +du musst für deine sei@@ fe , dein de@@ o , deine zahn@@ bür@@ ste , deine zahn@@ pa@@ st@@ a zahlen – für alles . +das beste , was wir tun können , ist wege zu finden , wie man den geschäfts@@ geist und das enorme , un@@ genu@@ tz@@ te potential in unseren gefäng@@ nissen förder@@ t . denn wenn wir das nicht tun , werden sie nichts neues lernen was ihnen hilft und sie werden rück@@ fä@@ llig . +zweitens ist es wirklich sch aus@@ bal@@ an@@ ci@@ ert . es liegt wunderbar in der hand und fühlt sich gut an . +das sonder@@ bare daran ist allerdings , dass google lü@@ gt . denn wenn man " design und emotion " ein@@ gibt , sagt google " das ' und ' ist nicht notwendig . wir machen das auto@@ matisch . " +allerdings können einige menschen es - zir@@ kus@@ arti@@ sten und sta@@ hl@@ arbeiter . +kein ding . +und beim verhalten@@ s-@@ design dreht sich alles um das gefühl bei der benu@@ tzung . das beinhaltet die be@@ dien@@ barkeit , das verstehen , aber auch die ha@@ p@@ tik und das gewicht . +es ist irgendwie nett . was für ein wunder@@ bares design . +und das ist das schöne an emotionen . +aber es war ziemlich offensichtlich , ziemlich klar , dass für diese spezi@@ elle st@@ rec@@ ke , die ich gewä@@ hlt hatte , je weiter die schule entfernt war , die ergebnisse um so schle@@ chter zu sein schi@@ enen . +jedenfalls meine ich , dass eine alternative element@@ ar@@ bildung , was auch immer sie sich darunter vorstellen , dort ge@@ braucht wird , wo keine schulen existieren , wo schulen nicht gut genug sind , wo keine lehrer verfügbar sind oder wo lehrer nicht gut genug sind , aus welchem grund auch immer . +also fand er es heraus . er brauchte über zwei minuten um zu re@@ alisieren , dass er dinge in dem fernseh@@ gerät tat . +also sagten sie , dass ich diese maschine hier@@ gelassen hatte die nur in englisch re@@ det , also mussten wir englisch lernen . +was können sie nun tatsächlich lernen zu tun ? +ein typ@@ isches beispiel war : " manchmal ist es nötig zu lü@@ gen " . +vielen dank . +als ich dies eines tages meinen eltern ver@@ kün@@ dete - und mein vater be@@ strei@@ tet diese geschichte bis zum heutigen tag - sagte ich : " pa@@ pa , ich möchte di@@ pl@@ om@@ at werden . " +überhaupt war meine tour - es war irgendwie eine aufre@@ gende zeit . +zweitens hatte die regierung alle vorhan@@ denen alterna@@ tiven zum krieg ignor@@ iert , was in man@@ cher@@ le@@ i hinsicht eine noch sch@@ än@@ d@@ lich@@ ere sache war . +meine r@@ ente be@@ fand sich darin . +warum ber@@ ä@@ t@@ st du ihre regierung nicht in ihren diplo@@ mati@@ schen an@@ gele@@ gen@@ heiten ? " +eins kam zum anderen und letztendlich hatte ich einen schreib@@ tisch bei ? what if ! in new york , als ich independent di@@ pl@@ om@@ at star@@ tete . +das bedeutet , dass es nicht länger aus@@ reicht zu sagen , dass internationale beziehungen oder globale an@@ gele@@ gen@@ heiten oder chaos in som@@ alia oder was in bur@@ ma passiert uns nichts an@@ gehen , und dass man es den regierungen über@@ lassen kann , damit umzu@@ gehen . +und natürlich verstand es jeder . jeder sagte : " ja , natürlich , sie haben völlig recht . +es ist diese zer@@ rü@@ tt@@ ende erfahrung im internet . +das ganze wurde wichtig für mich , weil ich eine ide@@ en@@ sch@@ mie@@ de lei@@ te , in der wir acht star@@ tu@@ ps be@@ tre@@ u@@ en . +fast jeder sieht fern . +tiere spielen vielleicht gerne , aber sie sehen nicht gerne zu . +am anfang sehen sie im jahr 1960 , dass die inspiration stab@@ il bleibt . +sehen sie sich diese spitze im jahr 196@@ 6 an für eine richt@@ ungs@@ wei@@ sende sen@@ dung . +glamour und rei@@ cht@@ um . +das ist toll , oder ? +und dann erklärt sie es . sie sagt : " wissen sie was , das meine ich gar nicht . ich meine , ich habe kein einzi@@ ges wort verstanden . +denn dna ist wie ein bau@@ plan , versteht ihr , der leben@@ digen dingen sagt , was zu tun ist . +es bringt mich um . ehrlich . +oder noch schlimmer , natur@@ wissenschaftliche bildung wird immer mehr wie der typ , der immer sagt : " eigentlich ... " +aber wir haben noch so viel arbeit vor uns und wenn hier jemand in wissenschaft invol@@ viert ist , dann bitte ich euch , mit mir mit@@ zu@@ machen . +aber manchmal ist es , als er@@ sch@@ eine eine tür@@ öff@@ nung aus dem nichts und sie öffnet sich zu einer tre@@ ppe . +aber das hier ist der selts@@ am@@ ste ort von allen : krieg . +diese ebene nannte dur@@ k@@ heim die ebene des sa@@ kr@@ alen , weil er glaub@@ te , dass die funktion von religion die vereinig@@ ung von leuten in einer gruppe sei , in einer moralische gemeinschaft . +er sagte : " wenn ein stam@@ m eine große anzahl mu@@ tiger , sym@@ path@@ ischer und tre@@ u@@ er mitglieder hätte , die immer bereit sind , einander zu helfen und zu vertei@@ digen , wäre dieser stam@@ m erfolgrei@@ cher und würde den anderen bes@@ ie@@ gen . " +und wie sie in der simulation sehen werden , wenn sie interagieren , gewinnen sie punkte , sie wachsen , und wenn sie ihre größe ver@@ doppelt haben , werden sie sehen , dass sie sich teilen und so re@@ produzieren sie sich und die population wächst . +es ist erneu@@ t passiert vor etwa 120 oder 1@@ 40 millionen jahren als ver@@ einzel@@ te wes@@ pen an@@ fingen , kleine , einfache , primi@@ tive ne@@ ster , oder bi@@ en@@ en@@ stö@@ cke zu bauen . +ich meine nicht , dass wir entstanden sind , um riesigen organisi@@ erten religi@@ onen bei@@ zu@@ treten . +und das gibt mir hoffnung , weil es bedeutet , dass die menschen nicht aus@@ schließlich e@@ go@@ i@@ stisch sind . +damals wurde mir klar , dass ich eine reise machen wollte , um mir anzu@@ sehen , was männer heutzutage so für sich selbst erschaffen . +hier ist noch ein typ@@ isches beispiel . ein viertel in einem vor@@ ort von las v@@ eg@@ as . +und was man sich wirklich er@@ hoff@@ t , ist , dass sie ab und zu in fl@@ am@@ men auf@@ gehen , was wir heute abend nicht erleben werden . also . +dieser gra@@ ff@@ i@@ ti@@ künstler kam vorbei , verbesser@@ te das schil@@ d ein bisschen und ging dann seines we@@ ges . +und je mehr man darüber nach@@ denkt , desto weiter entfernt man sich von der antwort , und sobald man auf@@ hört darüber nachzudenken , gibt dir deine intuition die antwort , in einem gewissen sinn . +das war ' s. das hielt er für die einzigen möglichkeiten . und er lag nicht so falsch . +wir haben sie ab@@ sichtlich ziemlich seri@@ ö@@ s aussehen lassen . +so sah die an@@ zeige auf der ganzen welt aus ; deutsch@@ land veränderte sie ein klein wenig . +die be@@ ge@@ hr@@ te rechte seite wurde nicht dem inhalt zu@@ geschlagen . +was kommt als nächstes ? als nächstes kommen menschen . +wenn die antwort ja ist , hat man eine gute arbeit . +etwas , wiederum , das auf etwas fundament@@ al@@ eres zurück geht . +dies ist eine andere version . es ist ein fe@@ tz@@ en@@ fisch , und der am grund , der blau@@ e ist ein jung@@ tier , das noch nicht die sä@@ ure gesch@@ lu@@ ckt hat , noch nicht den bra@@ un@@ grünen al@@ gent@@ ü@@ mp@@ el@@ sch@@ aum in seinen körper auf@@ nahm , um ihm energie zu geben . +sie berü@@ hren nie die innere materie . es gibt mehr und mehr ko@@ evolution . +und er hat sich entschieden , die so zu behandeln , als wären sie tri@@ lo@@ bi@@ ten oder sch@@ ne@@ cken@@ . und eine mor@@ ph@@ ologische analyse zu machen und zu versuchen , ihre gene@@ al@@ og@@ ische geschichte abzu@@ leiten . +wir haben von den am@@ ish gehört , die autos auf@@ geben . +und ein ham@@ mer , wenn wir einen ham@@ mer greifen , ist das was wir nehmen . +und wenn sie das gut spielen , dann beziehen sie andere leute ein , also erweiter@@ t sich das spiel und geht weiter , sogar wenn sie nicht mehr sind . +als ich student dort war , arbeitete ich am wa@@ i@@ ki@@ ki@@ -@@ a@@ qu@@ ari@@ um . +es war eine gute erfahrung . +und so fanden wir einen weg , es herauszufinden . ich bekam zum ersten mal diesen berühm@@ ten schn@@ ab@@ el in ak@@ tion zu sehen . +und über ihren gi@@ pf@@ eln sind drei@@ - bis vier@@ tausend meter wasser , das einen enor@@ men druck aus@@ üb@@ t und wasser in die ris@@ se dem erd@@ mittel@@ punkt ent@@ gegen treibt , bis es auf eine mag@@ ma@@ kam@@ mer trifft , wo es über@@ hit@@ zt und mit miner@@ alien über@@ sä@@ t@@ tigt wird . dann ändert es seine flie@@ ß@@ richtung und beginnt , zurück zur oberfläche zu schie@@ ßen , wo es aus der erde ge@@ stoßen wird wie ein gei@@ sir in yel@@ lo@@ w@@ stone . +die ver@@ gän@@ g@@ lichkeit der hydro@@ ther@@ malen schl@@ ot@@ gesellschaft unterschei@@ det sich nicht wirklich von einigen gebieten , die ich in den 35 jahren gesehen habe , in denen ich herum@@ gerei@@ st bin und filme gemacht habe . +und eine kleine gruppe verantwor@@ tungs@@ bewus@@ ster leute hat diese bu@@ cht verändert . +nun war es syl@@ vi@@ as ted-@@ pri@@ ze@@ -@@ wunsch uns anzu@@ fle@@ hen , alles was wir tun können zu tun , alles was wir tun können , nicht nur kleine be@@ träge , sondern betr@@ äch@@ t@@ liche be@@ träge für den er@@ halt der ozean@@ e aufzu@@ bringen , " hoff@@ nungs@@ fle@@ cken " nennt sie sie . +die regeln , die ich meine , werden ständig von unserer kultur über@@ wa@@ cht . +und ich dachte , denn mit über 40 fing ich an zu denken : " warum mache ich nicht irgendetwas ? +hier einige zahlen . +städte zu töten . sie können eine atom@@ bom@@ be auf eine stadt werfen , 30 jahre später +lassen sie uns zuerst über biologie reden . +ist london ein ver@@ grö@@ s@@ ser@@ tes bir@@ m@@ ing@@ ham , welches ein sk@@ ali@@ ertes bri@@ gh@@ ton ist , et@@ c. et@@ c. ? +mehr krimin@@ alität . wir haben alles betrachtet , ai@@ d@@ s-@@ in@@ fi@@ zi@@ erungen , gri@@ ppe etc . +das wäre schlecht für wirtschaft und städte . +aber sie haben bemerkt , dass ich ge@@ mo@@ gel@@ t habe , da ich nur bis 199@@ 4 gegangen bin . +gerade zu der zeit , als das internet zu einem pä@@ da@@ go@@ g@@ ischen wer@@ ke@@ u@@ g wurde , ver@@ ließ ich wis@@ con@@ sin und ging nach kan@@ s@@ as , die kleine stadt kan@@ s@@ as , wo ich die möglichkeit bekam , zu unterrichten , in einer schmu@@ cken klein@@ stadt eine län@@ dliche schule in kan@@ s@@ as , an der ich mein lieblings@@ fa@@ ch unter@@ rich@@ tete politik . +aber das interessante an dieser stelle in ari@@ zon@@ a war für mich , dass ich mit dieser außer@@ ord@@ entlich an einer normalen öffentlichen schule arbeiten dur@@ fte . und es gab diese zeiten , in denen sich uns chan@@ cen er@@ öff@@ neten . +es die falsche her@@ ange@@ hen@@ sweise , kindern bei@@ zubringen , dass sie keine fehler machen dürfen . +und wenn wir das in@@ meiner klasse dieses jahr nochmal machen , werden sie dies@@ mal besser sein . weil lernen viele fehler machen beinhaltet , weil der fehler lehr@@ reich in diesem prozess ist . +sie beschle@@ uni@@ gt das temp@@ o mit welchem sich der körper selbst hei@@ lt ver@@ glichen mit dem auf einer klin@@ isch relev@@ anten zeit@@ sk@@ ala . +4@@ 1 personen , die im grunde nicht wirklich krank waren , zahl@@ ten für einen r@@ ent@@ ner , der an einer un@@ hei@@ l@@ baren erkrank@@ ung li@@ tt . +wenn das ein mol@@ ch kann , wieso nicht auch wir ? +wenn wir die daher richtigen zellen finden könnten und diese in den körper implan@@ tieren , könnten sie die hei@@ lung übernehmen . +und das material veran@@ las@@ ste den körper seine hei@@ l@@ reaktion wieder anzu@@ schalten , was er davor nicht getan hat . +das ist das größte . +eine großartige quelle von stammzellen ist . +es ist eine sehr kraft@@ volle arbeit . +vielen dank . +oh , wunder@@ voll . +und – oh , ich habe gol@@ die ha@@ wn gesehen . +es ist wahr , es ist wahr . +aber dann hat sar@@ ah j@@ ones mir auch noch gesagt , ich habe nur 18 minuten zeit . +also verdienen wir es genauso , ein teil des ide@@ en@@ au@@ stau@@ sches zu sein , wie alle anderen . +mein name ist pra@@ ve@@ en man@@ v@@ i und ich danke ihnen für diese gelegenheit . +mein sohn sagt , er ist noch nicht bereit zum hei@@ raten . +ich denke , ted , sie , beeinflussen das leben von menschen auf arten , die sie vielleicht nicht einmal re@@ alisieren . +das ist alles [ un@@ deutlich ] . vielen dank für diese möglichkeit . +aber eigentlich bin ich heute hier , um eine geschichte zu erzählen . +ich star@@ tete ein paar unternehmen , von denen ich glaub@@ te , sie wären das ti@@ cket zur finanzi@@ ellen freiheit . +doch es gibt noch eine reihe weiter@@ er menschen , die sie nicht kennen . +wir wollen nicht , dass menschen unsere filme anschauen und sagen , " das war lustig " , und sie dann wieder vergessen . +wir schi@@ ckten 5@@ 0.000 d@@ v@@ ds an high scho@@ ol@@ -@@ lehrer in den usa , +und schließlich ein e@@ ba@@ y-@@ ein@@ trag für " einen welt@@ bekannten di@@ a@@ vortrag , in@@ zwischen ob@@ so@@ let , ein muse@@ um@@ s@@ stück . bitte konta@@ kti@@ eren sie al gore . " +ob sie es glauben oder nicht , einige von uns überleben das . +dieses kle@@ be@@ band verwenden wir nicht mal mehr in großbritannien . +ver@@ al@@ tete aus@@ rü@@ stung , aus@@ rü@@ stung die nicht ganz funktioniert . oder sie funktioniert und man kann sie nicht repar@@ ieren . das ist auch nicht schli@@ mm , solange wir sie verwenden und danach weiter@@ machen . +und daher steht er da , er hält das bett auf@@ recht , weil das bett einfach nicht funktioniert . +das sind die grund@@ züge meines appar@@ ates , oder unseres appar@@ ats . +das hat großen eindruck auf mich gemacht , denn ich bin eine frau und ich bin eine mutter und es war mir nicht klar gewesen , dass die hiv / ai@@ d@@ s-@@ pan@@ dem@@ ie gerade frauen der@@ art betra@@ f . +in den letzten zwei@@ einhalb jahren habe ich die ganze welt berei@@ st . ich war in etwa 12 verschiedenen ländern . +a@@ ve@@ li@@ le hatte den virus . sie wurde mit dem virus geboren . +sollen sich unsere fein@@ de zu to@@ de reden und wir werden sie mit ihrer eigenen verwir@@ r@@ ung be@@ kämpfen . +aber eine regierung zu stür@@ zen ist nicht so kompliziert , wie eine soli@@ de demokratie aufzubauen . +sie haben die situation , wo die beziehung zwischen der regierung und den lokalen sozialen netz@@ werk@@ unternehmen einen effekt hervor@@ ru@@ ft , wo , gewis@@ ser@@ maßen , das ma@@ cht@@ ver@@ schaff@@ ende potential dieser platt@@ formen ein@@ gesch@@ rän@@ kt wird durch jene beziehungen zwischen firmen und regierungen . +und hier im vereinigten köni@@ grei@@ ch gibt es ebenfalls bedenken über ein gesetz , das digit@@ aler wirt@@ schaf@@ ts akt genannt wird , das mehr be@@ wei@@ sp@@ f@@ licht auf private zwischen@@ hän@@ d@@ ler ab@@ wäl@@ zt , um bürger@@ verhalten zu über@@ wachen . +aber in den letzten zwei jahrzehn@@ ten hat sie eine bisher nie da gew@@ es@@ ene expan@@ sion erlebt . sie trägt nun etwa zu 15 prozent zum welt@@ weiten bru@@ t@@ to@@ in@@ land@@ spro@@ du@@ kt bei . +das justi@@ z@@ system nicht mehr richtig funktion@@ ierte . +die produk@@ tions@@ stand@@ orte und ver@@ trie@@ bs@@ zentr@@ en haben die tenden@@ z in entwicklungsländern zu liegen . und sie werden des@@ ö@@ f@@ teren gefähr@@ det durch ent@@ setz@@ liche gewalt und blut@@ bä@@ der . +ich habe ihnen gezeigt wie@@ viele boo@@ te , wie@@ viele schi@@ ffe es benötigt um nur einen von diesen typen zu er@@ wi@@ schen . +ich wurde von in@@ spe@@ ktor brian can@@ ter@@ a der ro@@ y@@ al can@@ adi@@ an moun@@ ted police zu einer hal@@ le im osten van@@ cou@@ vers gebracht um zu sehen , welche art von gü@@ tern gewöhn@@ lich kon@@ fiziert werden durch die r@@ c@@ mp von schmu@@ g@@ gl@@ ern , die sie natürlich in den sü@@ den schicken , in die vereinigten staaten , wo ein uner@@ sä@@ tt@@ licher markt für british colum@@ bia bu@@ d , wie es genannt wird , herr@@ scht , insbesondere weil es als " organ@@ isch " ver@@ mark@@ tet wird , was wiederum besonders gut an@@ kommt in kalifornien . +an@@ geschlossen an meinen laptop schaff@@ te er es in weniger als 5 minuten in das computer@@ system einer großen brasili@@ anischen bank einzu@@ dr@@ ingen . +bei diesen gan@@ g@@ stern gibt es keine roman@@ tik mehr im 21@@ sten jahrhundert . +alle wussten die antwort darauf . +wir haben seit generationen daran ge@@ glaubt . +alle seine kollegen sagten : " das ist uner@@ hört . +die einzige aus@@ nahme ist der n@@ ac@@ kte , in som@@ alia leben@@ de mau@@ l@@ wur@@ f , der nie an die er@@ do@@ ber@@ fläche kommt . +dann denken sie an einen gor@@ ill@@ a , der das gleiche tut . sie werden sehen , ver@@ glichen mit dem gor@@ ill@@ a sind wir quasi ein fisch . +sir david atten@@ bor@@ ough hat es verstanden . +die wissenschaftler sagen nein . +erstens : ich will so zeitig wie möglich vor@@ tragen . +ah , mark -- ser@@ fa@@ as . +ich hatte im prinzip eine sehr schwer zu erklär@@ ende und komplexe philosoph@@ ie entwickelt , auf die ich aber nicht ein@@ gehen werde , weil sie ein wenig zu tief@@ greif@@ end ist für euch alle -- aber es geht darum , was web@@ sites popul@@ ä@@ r macht , wisst ihr , es ist ... on@@ screen : tanz wie ein i@@ di@@ ot und verk@@ auf nichts es ist scha@@ de , dass ich nicht mehr zeit habe . +und der fro@@ sch@@ -@@ mo@@ du@@ s . +es ist der prozess der er@@ stellung , der mich ein kleines bisschen über der stän@@ digen sorge in meinem leben hält . und es ist das gefühl von " zu 80 % fertig mit dem projekt " , bei dem du weißt , dass du immer noch etwas zu tun hast , aber es ist nicht fertig , und du fäng@@ st auch nicht mit etwas an -- das erfü@@ llt wirklich mein ganzes leben . +ich glaube , dass dieses " nun ver@@ schn@@ ür@@ t , geb@@ unden , herr@@ in str@@ en@@ g kommt auf mich zu , nun geb@@ unden , es ist vorbei . " +sie können ihnen eine e-@@ mail schicken . +vielleicht können sie weder die person noch sonst irgendetwas lo@@ ben , aber vielleicht können sie die tatsache lo@@ ben , dass der mann ein selbst@@ sicher@@ es auf@@ treten hat . +wenn sie diese form wählen , kann ich ihnen ver@@ sprechen : sie werden der 8@@ 0@@ 0-@@ pf@@ und@@ -@@ gor@@ ill@@ a im wald sein . +also bin ich nach hause gegangen und habe einen prototyp@@ en für diesen hu@@ t entworfen . +und ich dachte , " naja , hey ! +diese sehr grundlegende verschie@@ bung in meiner körper@@ lichen ver@@ or@@ tung hat mir dabei ge@@ holfen , meine sicht in bezug auf g@@ let@@ scher zu verändern . +aber trotzdem zö@@ gern wir . wir unternehmen nichts , um den astero@@ i@@ den abzu@@ len@@ ken . doch je länger wir warten , desto schwier@@ iger und te@@ ur@@ er wird es . +unser problem und unsere trag@@ ö@@ die ist , dass es in diesen extrem par@@ tei@@ isch po@@ lar@@ isi@@ erten zeiten reicht , dass eine seite sagt : " schaut , hier ist ein astero@@ id . " , damit die andere seite sagt : " hä@@ h ? was ? +es veran@@ lasst sie , die realität zu ver@@ zer@@ ren . +etwa welche war@@ men oder k@@ alten gefühle sie gegenüber den nor@@ dameri@@ kan@@ ischen indi@@ an@@ ern , dem mili@@ tä@@ r , der republi@@ kan@@ ischen par@@ te@@ i , der demokra@@ tischen par@@ te@@ i und den verschieden@@ sten gruppen des amerikanischen lebens he@@ gen . +aber das problem ist nicht pri@@ mä@@ r , dass wir schlechte leute in den kon@@ gress wählen . +hier ist ein weiter@@ er astero@@ id . +wenn amerikaner auf@@ s college gehen und unter@@ einander hei@@ raten , sind die schei@@ dungs@@ raten sehr niedri@@ g . +am erstaun@@ lichsten ist , dass sie bei der stra@@ f@@ justi@@ z manchmal sogar einer meinung sind . +das ist der über@@ gang von einer gruppe von substan@@ zen in eine andere , entweder durch produktion oder absor@@ ption von energie . +was wir also versuchen , ist , diese technologien für bot@@ tom@@ -@@ up@@ -@@ ans@@ ä@@ tze in der architektur zu fördern , im gegensatz zu den heutigen vi@@ k@@ tor@@ i@@ anischen top@@ -@@ down@@ -@@ methoden , welche dem stoff eine struktur auf@@ bür@@ den . +nun , das ist sehr interessant . +ven@@ e@@ dig in it@@ alien ver@@ sin@@ kt . um es zu retten , sagt ra@@ ch@@ el arm@@ strong , müssen wir über die architektur , die aus in@@ ak@@ tiven materialien besteht , hin@@ aus@@ wachsen und eine architektur erschaffen , die sich von selbst auf@@ baut . sie schlägt ein nicht-@@ gan@@ z@@ -@@ leben@@ di@@ ges material vor , das sich eigen@@ ständig repar@@ iert und dazu noch kohlen@@ stoff ab@@ sonder@@ t . +ich habe angst . sa@@ g ihnen , sie sollen weg@@ gehen . ' " als junge frau war ich drei@@ mal zu unterschiedlichen zeiten für län@@ gere zeit in der psychiat@@ r@@ ie . +solche menschen leiden oft an einer form von schizophren@@ ie . +diese ep@@ iso@@ de führte zu meinem ersten psychiat@@ rie@@ auf@@ enth@@ alt in amerika . +sie erleben die fi@@ xi@@ erung nicht so , wie wir es würden . " +, na gut . klein . feuer auf eis . sagen sie ihnen , sie sollen mich nicht töten . +ab@@ schließ@@ end möchte ich noch folgendes sagen : +als ich 18 wurde , starb mein be@@ ster freund bei einem auto@@ unfall . +zwei@@ ter es fährt von allein . +es sind die a@@ dern des öko@@ systems – häufig le@@ ere a@@ dern . +ich bin sicher ihr wisst alle , dies hat zu bedeuten@@ den konfli@@ kten zwischen landwirtschaft und umwelt@@ schü@@ tz@@ ern geführt . +aber sie haben keinen anrei@@ z , sich so zu verhalten . +bä@@ che und flüs@@ se tro@@ ck@@ nen aufgrund von über@@ nutzung aus . ro@@ b har@@ mon hat einen geschi@@ ckten markt@@ mechan@@ ismus eingesetzt , um wasser wieder zurückzu@@ führen . land@@ wir@@ te und brau@@ er@@ ei@@ en stellen fest , dass ihre schick@@ s@@ ale verbunden sind , durch die faszinier@@ ende , jahrhunder@@ te alte geschichte des pri@@ ck@@ l@@ y-@@ pe@@ ar-@@ b@@ ach@@ es . +aber , naja . +er ist bei wei@@ tem der glück@@ lich@@ ste mann , der je wissenschaft@@ lich er@@ mittel@@ t wurde . +und vielleicht ist mitgefühl deshalb innerhalb des unterneh@@ men@@ s organ@@ isch und weit verbreitet . +wor@@ in bestehen sie ? +also , diese gegensei@@ tige inspiration förder@@ t zusammenarbeit , initiative und kreativität . +die aufmerksamkeit ist die basis für alle hö@@ h@@ eren kogni@@ tiven und emotion@@ alen fähigkeiten . +cha@@ de-@@ men@@ g tan : all@@ tä@@ g@@ liches mitgefühl bei google +es be@@ dur@@ fte viel mut von diesen vertei@@ di@@ gern sich dazu entscheiden , dass sie sich we@@ hren und einander unterstützen werden bei der um@@ setzung dieser gesetze . +und dadurch gel@@ ang es ihm erfolgreich 6@@ 8 an@@ wäl@@ te zu organisi@@ eren , die syste@@ matisch fälle über@@ nom@@ men haben . +ich saß neben einer unserer sehr mu@@ tigen an@@ wäl@@ te und sagte : " wie können wir dies verbreiten ? wie können wir sicher@@ stellen , dass das um@@ gesetzt wird ? +ich danke ihnen also , dass sie die prop@@ he@@ tische kraft haben , sich vorzustellen , die gemeinsame schaff@@ ung einer neuen welt , und ich möchte sie auf diese reise mit uns ein@@ laden . +wissen sie , wenn die kinder haus@@ aufgaben zu hause machen ? +es kann eine desig@@ n-@@ schule in jer@@ us@@ al@@ em sein , die versucht , eine bessere methode zu finden , um gas@@ mas@@ ken für menschen zu entwerfen , denn wie sie wissen , verteilt israel pro person , babys ein@@ geschlossen , eine gas@@ mas@@ ke . +hell@@ a jon@@ geri@@ us ist eine person , die in der lage ist , eine syn@@ these zu erstellen , die wirklich sehr erstaunlich ist und auch recht kom@@ isch . +designer tun manchmal dinge , die nicht unbedingt immer funktion@@ ell sind , aber sie funktionieren im rahmen unseres verstehen von problemen . +und das macht sinn . +aber ich will versuchen , es ein wenig anders zu machen , und zwar , indem ich versuche , den kreis mit ein paar persönlichen geschichten zu schließen . dadurch kann ich vielleicht viele der themen , über die wir schon gesprochen haben , ein wenig an@@ schau@@ licher gestalten . +und folgendes ist passiert : weil sie es sich manchmal leisten konnten und manchmal nicht , wurde ich so gut wie jedes halb@@ jahr r@@ ausge@@ worfen . +mein vater , über den ich schon gesprochen habe , ist 199@@ 9 an aids gestorben . +wie würden sie mir begeg@@ nen ? +wir müssen also besser werden . +ich kann das gar nicht genug bet@@ onen . +sie werden sich nicht einfach ändern , von jetzt auf nach@@ her . +eine meiner cou@@ sin@@ en ist an aids gestorben und hat ein wa@@ is@@ en@@ kind hinter@@ lassen , also fragten wir uns , gut , was machen wir mit ihr ? +und das ist nur eine ver@@ deut@@ lich@@ ung . +lang@@ stre@@ cken@@ lauf war nicht nur gut für mein wohl@@ befinden , sondern half mir auch dabei zu medi@@ tieren und große träume zu wagen . +aber für jedes des@@ aster , dass wir hatten , fand der mar@@ ath@@ on einen weg menschen zusammen@@ zubringen . +ich glaube , dass dies die grund@@ steine für frieden in der zukunft sind . +er half in par@@ ol bei einer geburt . +sie ist das herz der medizin@@ ischen versorgung . +ich werde diese einfach an jede klini@@ k der welt verkaufen . +im ma@@ i 20@@ 13 , ich war 35 jahre alt , mit einer zwei@@ jährigen zu hause und meinem zweiten kind auf dem weg , wurde mir ein großes an@@ eur@@ y@@ sm@@ a , an der basis meiner bru@@ sta@@ or@@ ta diagno@@ sti@@ ziert . +das hier sind meine tö@@ chter . +die meisten leute , die hier lebten , wohn@@ ten entweder am meer und waren fis@@ cher oder no@@ ma@@ den , die auf der suche nach wasser um@@ her@@ zogen . +das ist die sky@@ line von do@@ ha , die wohl die meisten hier kennen . +energie ist der wichtigste , der alles veränder@@ nde faktor hier . +diese beein@@ tr@@ äch@@ tigen direkt die zu@@ kun@@ f@@ ts@@ fähigkeit dieser nation und dieses landes . +stellen sie sich ein land vor , das reich an energi@@ er@@ ess@@ our@@ cen ist : öl und gas , sonne , wind , aber dem das wichtigste leben@@ sel@@ ement fe@@ hlt : wasser . infra@@ struk@@ tur@@ -@@ exper@@ te fa@@ had al-@@ at@@ ti@@ ya spricht über die außergewöhn@@ lichen wege des kleinen na@@ hö@@ st@@ lichen sta@@ ates q@@ at@@ ar , seine wasser@@ versorgung sicher@@ zustellen . +ich er@@ kl@@ äre es anhand des mittleren o@@ stens , wo alles begann . während so viel@@ er jahre lebten wir mit einer völlig fal@@ schen wahrnehmung des mittleren o@@ stens . +es tr@@ aten neun präsi@@ dent@@ schafts@@ kan@@ di@@ daten gegen lu@@ k@@ as@@ hen@@ ko an . +man kann so viele andere dinge tun , als sich nur an einem platz zu ver@@ sammeln , zu schrei@@ en und sich vor den sicher@@ heit@@ sk@@ rä@@ ften hervor@@ zu@@ tun . +es stimmt , dass das internet und die neuen medien sehr nützlich sind , um die dinge schneller und billi@@ ger zu machen . +2011 war ein jahr des außer@@ ord@@ ent@@ lichen , vom volk ausge@@ h@@ enden wider@@ stands . er begann mit dem arab@@ ischen frü@@ hl@@ ing und brei@@ tete sich über die ganze welt aus . wes@@ halb war dieser wider@@ stand so erfolgreich ? s@@ r@@ d@@ ja po@@ po@@ vi@@ c beschrei@@ bt die pl@@ äne , fähigkeiten und werkzeuge , die jede bewegung braucht – von gewal@@ t@@ freien ta@@ kti@@ ken bis hin zum sinn für humor . +und ich sagte " erinn@@ erst du dich ans college und wie wild und du@@ mm wir waren ? " +die mehr@@ heit der menschen . +ich bin tex@@ an@@ erin der fün@@ ften generation . +der zweck ist nicht hin@@ einzu@@ gehen und ein haus zu bauen und dort zu leben . +dies ist wie eine konferenz des ver@@ sa@@ gens . +wir . +sch@@ am fühlt sich gleich an für männer und frauen , aber sie ist nach geschle@@ cht organisi@@ ert . +zie@@ gen sie mir einen mann , der mit einer frau sitzen kann , der es reicht , die alles nicht mehr kann , und seine erste reaktion ist nicht " ich hab die sp@@ ü@@ l@@ maschine aus@@ gerä@@ um@@ t , " der wirklich zu@@ hört -- denn das ist alles , war wir brauchen -- ich zeige ihnen einen kerl , der ' ne menge erreicht hat . +es ist ein mensch@@ heit@@ str@@ aum , wie ein vo@@ gel zu fliegen . +wir müssen es drehen , auf und ab . +die ir@@ onie an der sache ist , dass sie es nicht sein müssten . +dr. v@@ . : das konzept von mc@@ don@@ ald ' s ist einfach . +diese maß@@ nahme hatte zur folge , dass wir im ersten jahr 40 prozent der nach@@ frage ab@@ decken konnten , was über 5@@ 0.000 menschen entspricht . +unsere er@@ lö@@ se sind dabei deutlich schneller ange@@ stie@@ gen , was uns einen ges@@ unden profit besch@@ ert hat , und das obwohl wir viele leute kosten@@ los behandeln . +wie machen sich menschen diese probleme zu ei@@ gen , machen sich gedanken , was sie tun können ? +es ist ein ge@@ hä@@ use in form eines hand@@ ys mit einem ei@@ sen@@ gewicht im inneren , das wir bewegen können . und man kann fühlen , wo es schwer ist . +wir menschen sind sozi@@ al , wir sind em@@ path@@ isch , und das ist großartig . +aber trotz dieser neu@@ gew@@ on@@ nen@@ en freude und freiheit veränderte sich die reaktion der menschen mir gegenüber . +für mich bedeutet das , dass sie den wert des unterschie@@ ds sehen , die freude , die es mit sich bringt , wenn wir uns nicht auf verlust und limit@@ ation konzentrieren , sondern die kraft und freude sehen und entdecken und die welt aus neuen aufre@@ genden perspe@@ ktiven sehen . +aber noch bemerkens@@ wer@@ ter als die wil@@ de kraft , die aus der quelle aus@@ strö@@ m@@ te , war die rück@@ sicht@@ slo@@ sigkeit mit der diese kraft frei@@ gesetzt wurde – die gleich@@ gü@@ l@@ tigkeit , der man@@ gel an plan@@ ung , der die operation von der bo@@ hr@@ ung bis zu den auf@@ rä@@ um@@ arbeiten ausge@@ zeichnet hat . +eine reihe von erklär@@ ungen könnte ihnen in@@ zwischen durch den kopf schie@@ ßen , wie gi@@ er . +ich zeige es , weil – sie sind kein spon@@ sor , oder ? – weil , auf seine art ist das eine kr@@ asse version unserer grün@@ der@@ geschichte . +ignor@@ i@@ ere diese schlei@@ ch@@ enden än@@ gste , dass wir schließlich das ende erreicht haben . +das hier unten bei dem rad ist ein mensch . +ein weiteres ne@@ ul@@ and ist gefunden . +bf : ... ganz ohne ein ma@@ car@@ th@@ ur sti@@ pen@@ dium . +bf : das ist ok , das macht er so . nun gut . +dh : wow , du hast train@@ iert . +kön@@ n@@ test du den bitte ein@@ ziehen ? +bf : 10 jahre perfe@@ ktion , die sie gleich erleben werden . +das design des körpers ist eine andere geschichte . +dh : erzä@@ hl ihnen von unserer bi@@ ogra@@ fie . +und es ist schrecklich w@@ indi@@ g da drüben . +um es noch schwier@@ iger zu machen , werden wir nun die sieben ke@@ ul@@ en +ich werde dafür ein vermögen ausgeben . ich habe eine bessere idee . +wenn sie jemals ein bild von einem elektron@@ en@@ mikrosk@@ op gesehen haben , sehen sie dies . das alles sieht gleich aus , dann gibt es diesen teil hier drüben , der so unglaublich kompliziert ist . +manche leute nennen sie den ersten program@@ mier@@ er . +um ihnen eine vorstellung zu geben , wie langsam : sie hatte etwa 1 kb spei@@ cher . +ich bin hierher gekommen um über ök@@ ologie zu sprechen . und ich habe soviel co2 ausge@@ sto@@ ssen , wie ein fran@@ zo@@ se in einem ganzen jahr . +aus wissenschaft@@ licher sicht werden in 100 jahren alle berg@@ g@@ let@@ scher versch@@ wunden sein . +ich habe eine projekt namens " sechs milliarden andere " ge@@ star@@ tet . +ihr soll@@ tet euch keine sorgen um mich machen . pa@@ pa muss nicht arbeiten . +er ist über den zustand des planeten . +wir versuchen nur unser leben zu verbessern . +chromo@@ so@@ m eins , oben links . +welt@@ bevölkerung , p@@ c@@ -@@ plat@@ zi@@ erungen , das archi@@ v der ganzen medizin@@ ischen liter@@ atur , mo@@ or@@ es@@ ches gesetz , die alte weise vom sequen@@ zieren , und hier sind alle neuen sachen . +leider hilft es dieser frau nicht , aber es hat schwer@@ wie@@ gende , tief@@ greif@@ ende , wenn man so will , auswirkungen auf ihre familie . +doch das gen , das das regel@@ t , ist besch@@ ä@@ digt . +zum glück konnte ich die antwort a an@@ kreu@@ zen , und ich bin ehrlich , falls mein ver@@ sicher@@ ungs@@ ver@@ tre@@ ter zu@@ hört . +und nun stellen sie sich noch etwas vor : dass diese software fähig ist , beide par@@ tei@@ en nach gegensei@@ ti@@ gem ein@@ verständnis zu fragen : " wären sie bereit , ihre cou@@ s@@ ine dritten gra@@ des zu treffen ? " +über@@ gibt es wieder an mich und das machen wir immer und immer wieder -- +warum sollte sie das interessieren ? kno@@ chen@@ mark ist eine reich@@ hal@@ tige quelle an adul@@ ten stammzellen . +sehen sie . diese kor@@ allen können wirklich ge@@ mein sein . ich habe nar@@ ben vom sur@@ fen , die das beweisen . +dinge können nur dann passieren , wenn sich diese interak@@ tionen in perfe@@ k@@ tem gleich@@ gewicht befinden . +schließlich gibt es noch die gravi@@ tation , die mit materie über deren masse und sp@@ in wechsel@@ wirkt . +die elektro@@ magne@@ tischen und sch@@ wachen kern@@ kräfte werden also durch dieses muster im zwei@@ dimension@@ alen raum besch@@ rieben . +aus diesem muster erkennen wir schon jetzt die teil@@ chen@@ physik im winzi@@ gen maßstab . die art , wie das universum im winzi@@ gen maßstab arbeitet ist sehr schön . +jeder punkt in diesem muster gehört zu einer symme@@ trie dieser sehr komplex@@ en und schönen struktur . +findet er neue teilchen , die nicht in das e@@ 8 muster passen -- na ja , das wäre sehr interessant , aber schlecht für die e@@ 8 theorie . +mich nie um die mie@@ te kümmern musste , konnte ich meine zeit damit verbringen , zu tun , was ich wirklich mag . +ich weiß nicht , ob ich das noch deut@@ licher erklären kann . +so liegt es an mir zu zeigen , in welcher weise schimpansen uns in bestimmten aspe@@ kten ihres ver@@ hal@@ tens so stark ähn@@ eln . +so ist es aus@@ gesprochen trauri@@ g , wenn man entdeckt , dass die schimpansen wie so viele andere lebewesen auf der ganzen welt , ihren lebens@@ raum verlieren . +sie haben sich für gesundheit interessiert , sie waren an ausbildung interessiert . +das wasser – es ist vermutlich eines der schwer@@ wie@@ gen@@ sten probleme , mit denen wir in diesem jahrhundert konfron@@ tiert werden . und überall wird das wasser verschmu@@ tzt von land@@ wirtschaftlichen , industri@@ ellen und haus@@ hal@@ tsch@@ e@@ mi@@ kalien , die noch immer auf der welt ange@@ wen@@ det und verteilt werden , schein@@ bar un@@ fähig aus den bis@@ her@@ igen erfahrungen zu lernen . +nehmen sie die zie@@ gel@@ mau@@ er für alle die probleme , die wir dem planeten auf@@ geb@@ ür@@ det haben , be@@ zogen auf die umwelt und im sozialen . es ist eine botschaft der hoffnung . +aber -- oh , sie arbeiten auch an hiv / aids . +all diese technologien können wir nutzen . +danke . +ich gehe zum super@@ markt , und all meine lebens@@ mittel sind in plasti@@ k ver@@ pac@@ kt . +wir können den stam@@ m ab@@ schneiden -- diese flu@@ t in unsere ozean@@ e , und dabei unsere ozean@@ e retten , unseren planeten retten , uns selbst retten . +und ja , sie interagieren auch mittel@@ s normal@@ er ge@@ sten , beide hände , us@@ w . +mein student pr@@ an@@ a@@ v , der wie ich gesagt habe , der bri@@ llan@@ te kopf hinter dieser idee ist . +aber wenn die leute er@@ fu@@ hren , wofür ihr sohn ange@@ kla@@ gt war , bekam sie diese sym@@ path@@ ie nicht . +es liegt ganz bei uns , denn wir sind frauen , denn wir lieben unsere kinder . +also , ai@@ ch@@ a , hast du einige ab@@ schließ@@ ende worte ? +und heute möchte ich ihnen gerne zeigen , dass mit einer anderen denk@@ weise das problem gelöst wurde . +es kommt also nichts hin@@ durch . +das ist nicht dre@@ ck@@ ig genug . lassen sie es uns einfach ein wenig ver@@ mischen . +dann , nach wenigen wochen , richten wir lager ein . +mit nur acht milliarden dollar können wir das un@@ -@@ mil@@ len@@ ni@@ um@@ s@@ ziel erreichen -- die hal@@ bi@@ erung des an@@ teil@@ s der menschen ohne zugang zu sau@@ ber@@ em trin@@ k@@ wasser . +und der zweite ist über eine neue dimension , über die ich reden will , welche es in der heutigen form nie zuvor gegeben hat . +die welt braucht ein internation@@ ales for@@ um . +bis jetzt waren die usa das domin@@ an@@ te merk@@ mal unserer welt . +nehmen wir die letzte finanz@@ krise nach dem zweiten welt@@ krieg . +diplo@@ mat@@ ie ist das verwal@@ ten des zusammen@@ han@@ gs der nationen . +doch nun eine letzte sache . +die anderen 90 % werden durch unseren lebens@@ stil bestimmt . +wir sind program@@ miert für etwas , das sich " zeug@@ ungs@@ -@@ erfolg " nennt . +aber die lebenser@@ war@@ tung in den usa be@@ trägt nur 7@@ 8 jahre . +man nennt das den groß@@ mutter@@ -@@ effekt . +vor dem essen sagen diese leute einfach einen kleinen spruch , der sie daran erinnern soll , mit dem essen aufzu@@ hören , wenn der ma@@ gen zu 80 % gefü@@ llt ist . +sie wussten sofort , warum sie morgens auf@@ wa@@ chten . +sie übernehmen ihre ernähr@@ ungs@@ gewohn@@ heiten direkt aus der bi@@ bel . +sie fährt fahr@@ rad . +die menschen auf o@@ kin@@ a@@ wa e@@ hren ihre vorfahren . +dan bu@@ et@@ t@@ ner : wie wird man älter als 100 ? +mich interessiert , wie dinge funktionieren und wor@@ aus sie gemacht sind , aber auch weil ich glaube , dass wir ein fun@@ di@@ er@@ ter@@ es verständnis über die teile haben sollten , aus denen unsere welt besteht , und gerade jetzt wissen wir noch nicht genug darüber , wor@@ aus die high-@@ tech@@ -@@ ma@@ ter@@ alien der zukunft gemacht sind . +elektr@@ oni@@ k@@ bau@@ kä@@ sten sind mäch@@ tig , da sie uns lehren , wie dinge funktionieren , aber ihre grundle@@ genden beschrän@@ kungen im design beeinflussen die art , wie wir lernen . +ich war j@@ ung . ich fuhr auf der auto@@ bahn , als das auto vor mir plötzlich bre@@ m@@ ste . +ich glaube ihm . ich glaube das auch . +mit einem g@@ p@@ s-@@ system und einer kamera im auto lässt sich ziemlich genau sagen , wo und wie schnell ich fahr@@ e . +aber ich glaube , dass die privat@@ sphäre geschü@@ tzt werden kann . wenn ich mir ihr auto jetzt gerade , in diesem moment , von außen an@@ sehe , weiß ich nichts über sie . +so kann man acht , zehn minuten schwer@@ el@@ o@@ sigkeit er@@ zielen -- so train@@ iert die nasa ihre astron@@ au@@ ten seit lan@@ gem . +als er dann dort war , li@@ essen wir ihn los , damit er fühlen konnte wie sich die schwer@@ el@@ o@@ sigkeit tatsächlich an@@ fühlt . +und was ich versucht habe , seit ich als medizin@@ ischer illu@@ str@@ ator ausge@@ bildet wurde -- seit ich also von meinem vater , der ein bild@@ hau@@ er und mein visu@@ eller ber@@ ater war , in anima@@ tion unter@@ richtet wurde -- ist , einen weg zu finden , um den menschen zu helfen , die wahrheit und schönheit der biolog@@ ischen wissenschaften zu verstehen - durch anima@@ tionen , durch bilder , durch geschichten . damit die dinge , die für leute nicht unbedingt offensichtlich erscheinen , an sie heran@@ gebracht , gele@@ hrt und verstanden werden können . +sie leiten sich gegensei@@ tig informationen weiter ; +also pac@@ kte ich meine kat@@ ze , meinen ro@@ tt@@ wei@@ ler und meine cam@@ p@@ ing@@ aus@@ rü@@ stung in einen 197@@ 5@@ er ch@@ ev@@ y-@@ bus und fuhr los , dem sonnen@@ unter@@ gang ent@@ gegen , ohne allerdings drei sehr wichtige dinge zu be@@ achten : +ich sah mich mit einer reihe völlig neuer herausforderungen konfron@@ tiert . +ich begann zu lachen weil es so@@ weit gekommen war , dass ich mich fragte , ob ich eine schrift@@ stell@@ erin oder eine ob@@ da@@ ch@@ lose war . +be@@ cky blan@@ ton : das jahr in dem ich ob@@ da@@ ch@@ los war . +wir waren so viel größer als co@@ ca@@ -@@ col@@ a heutzutage . +on@@ kel be@@ trin@@ kt sich , benutzt kein kon@@ dom . kom@@ m zurück , fang neu an . " +und dann ist hier das , dann , ein junger mann namens wil@@ ly bo@@ h@@ m der für die us@@ aid arbeitete . +also sagte ich : " okay . " +natürlich kann ich . und sie genie@@ ßen es unge@@ mein . ich sehe sie überall herum@@ stehen - gerade , überall . +90 % prozent der finanzi@@ erung kam von th@@ a@@ il@@ and . +und dann haben wir sei@@ de , th@@ ai sei@@ de . +me@@ cha@@ i vi@@ v@@ ra@@ va@@ i@@ dy@@ a : wie mr@@ .@@ con@@ dom th@@ a@@ il@@ n@@ d zu einem besseren ort machte +ich kann alles sehen , was ro@@ mo sieht , und er@@ halte die sicht eines robot@@ ers auf die welt . +danke , scot@@ t . +es gibt ein j@@ ü@@ dis@@ ches sp@@ rich@@ wort , das ich liebe . +am wichtigsten jedoch – wichtiger als training oder glück – ist das herz . +wie kann man nur so bra@@ unge@@ bran@@ nt sein und keine falten haben ? +irgendwie gel@@ ingt es ihr , ihre sieben kinder am leben zu halten , und einige monate später bringt sie vor@@ zeitig zwi@@ l@@ linge zur welt . +der fe@@ min@@ ismus war niemals sex@@ y , aber ich kann ihnen versi@@ chern , dass mich das nie vom fli@@ r@@ ten abge@@ halten hat , und ich hatte selten einen man@@ gel an männern zu be@@ k@@ lagen . +jen@@ ny ist ent@@ setzt darüber , was sie getan hat , aber dann erklärt die dol@@ me@@ tsch@@ erin , dass der zustand der pati@@ enti@@ n nichts mit der operation zu tun hat . +ist es sinn@@ voll , an der be@@ steh@@ enden wel@@ tor@@ dnung teil@@ zunehmen ? +warum nicht ? es ist möglich . sehen sie sich hier um – all dieses wissen , diese energie , dieses talent und diese technologie . +daran haben ich und einige andere gearbeitet . sie wei@@ st auf eine hier@@ arch@@ ie hin und über@@ legt , wie viele menschen wie viele schritte machen und wie viele interessante vari@@ ab@@ len und menschen eine ganz andere theorie ist viel belie@@ b@@ ter und älter . sie beru@@ ht hauptsächlich auf john n@@ ash , bekannt aus " a beautiful mind " , und heißt " gleich@@ gewi@@ chts@@ analyse " . +hier sehen sie eine ab@@ bildung von regionen mit mehr gehir@@ na@@ k@@ tivität , wenn der geg@@ ner ein mensch b@@ zw@@ . computer ist . +gut für sie . sie machen viel geld . +charles darwin , ich und sie haben den stamm@@ baum der schimpansen vor ca. 5 mi@@ o@@ . jahren verlassen . +status ist ihnen sehr wichtig . +co@@ lin c@@ amer@@ er : neuro@@ wissenschaften , spiel@@ theorie , affen +und obwohl die nahrung zu einem ho@@ h@@ em preis hergestellt wird , wissen wir sie nicht zu schätzen . +ich nenne die antwort " anti@@ ke nahrungs@@ wege " . +und wenn sie sich die karte einer belie@@ bi@@ gen stadt anschauen , die vor dem indu@@ st@@ rie@@ zeitalter en@@ standen ist , können sie die sp@@ uren der an@@ kommen@@ den nahrung entdecken . +und an diesem punkt ändert sich unsere beziehung komplett , sowohl zur nahrung als auch zu den städten . +das wort u@@ top@@ ie nutz@@ te thomas mo@@ ore ab@@ sichtlich . +dam@@ pf@@ ende haufen von hu@@ mus . +wir müssen verstehen , dass die welt auch das ist , was wir essen . +und die religi@@ onen , die einen haupt@@ bei@@ trag dazu leisten sollten , werden statt dessen als teil des problems wahr@@ genommen . +ich will , dass sie die medien ein@@ schalten , denn die medien sind aus@@ schlag@@ geb@@ end dafür , einige der stere@@ ot@@ yp@@ en an@@ sichten aufzu@@ lösen , die wir über andere menschen haben und die uns von@@ einander tren@@ nen . +kar@@ en arm@@ strong : lasst uns die gol@@ dene regel neu bele@@ ben +man de@@ ko@@ diert das , was man zusammen@@ falten will , in eine sequenz von win@@ keln – also min@@ us 120 , min@@ us 120 , 0 , 0 , 120 , min@@ us 120 – etwas in der art ; eine sequenz von win@@ keln , oder dre@@ h@@ ungen , und man sen@@ det diese sequenz durch die ket@@ te . +tauchen fehler auf , kann man einen teil au@@ stau@@ schen . +sk@@ yl@@ ar ti@@ b@@ bits : können wir dinge erschaffen , die sich selbst herstellen ? +und natürlich sind damit enorme prakti@@ sche anwen@@ dungen mit dieser welt verknü@@ pft – dinge wie die aus@@ ro@@ tt@@ ung von po@@ cken , der beginn eines impf@@ stoff@@ s gegen geb@@ är@@ mutter@@ hal@@ sk@@ re@@ bs , der , wie wir jetzt wissen , meistens vom menschlichen pa@@ pil@@ lo@@ ma@@ virus verursacht wird . +dass , während wir diese str@@ änge von a ' s , t ' s c ' s und g ' s erforschen , wir eine komplett neue klasse von leben entdecken könnten , die , wie bei@@ jer@@ in@@ ck , die art und weise , wie wir über die natur der biologie denken , verändern wird . +und besonders dann , wenn man diese beiden tat@@ sachen als tiefe wahr@@ heiten an@@ sieht , an denen man sein leben aus@@ richten und aus denen man rat@@ schluss für grund@@ sat@@ zent@@ schei@@ dungen ziehen sollte , dann scheinen sie doch ein kleines bisschen im wider@@ spruch zu@@ einander zu stehen . +wieso können wir nun überhaupt etwas über eine so weit entfer@@ nte umgebung sagen , die so verschie@@ den ist , so anders als alles , an das wir gewöhn@@ t sind ? +da kommen wir zum beispiel nun endlich dazu , new@@ tons gravi@@ ta@@ tions@@ gesetz nachzu@@ prü@@ fen . -- vor rund 300 jahren -- +alles was es braucht ist eine super@@ no@@ va@@ -@@ explosion ein paar licht@@ jahre entfernt , und wir sind alle tot ! +je@@ der@@ mann re@@ det derzeit über maß@@ nahmen , eine verring@@ erung der ab@@ gas@@ mengen um jeden preis zu er@@ zw@@ ingen . +sie haben also weder die mittel , noch die anrei@@ ze , weitere kunden anzu@@ schli@@ essen . +fo@@ kus@@ sieren wir auf haiti - hier hervor@@ ge@@ ho@@ ben . +aber den@@ g xi@@ a@@ op@@ ing verstand instin@@ ktiv die wichti@@ gkeit den menschen eine aus@@ wahl zu geben . +wir brauchen auch wahl@@ möglichkeiten für die leute . +lass uns in der nähe ein h@@ ong kon@@ g haben . +sie bekommen grund@@ gü@@ ter wie strom , +nehmen wir ein system , bei dem besit@@ z@@ verhäl@@ tnisse von land bei einem staat@@ lichen büro regi@@ stri@@ ert sind , so dass es die leute als sicherheit hinter@@ legen können . +wir nehmen einfach meer@@ wasser , fil@@ tern es , und sammeln unterschie@@ dlich grosse organismen in unterschiedlichen fil@@ tern . dann bringen wir ihre dn@@ s in unser labor in rock@@ ville , wo wir alle 24 stunden ein@@ hundert millionen buchstab@@ en ihres gene@@ tischen co@@ des ent@@ schlüs@@ seln können . +meiner ansicht nach sind diese gene nicht nur die desig@@ n@@ kompon@@ enten der evolution . +dies ist ein beispiel dafür , wie software jetzt ihre eigene hard@@ ware baut , und so stellen wir uns biologie vor . +nachdem diese künst@@ lichen genome hergestellt worden sind , ist der erste schritt einfach eine transplan@@ at@@ ation in eine zelle , die kein genom enth@@ ält . +der genom@@ ik pi@@ oni@@ er cra@@ ig vent@@ er unter@@ bri@@ cht seine ep@@ ische expedi@@ tion um die welt , um über die millionen von genen zu sprechen , die seine man@@ n@@ schaft bisher bei ihrem streben , die bio@@ diver@@ si@@ tät des oze@@ ans aufzu@@ zeichnen , entdeckt hat . +kinder die wieder@@ stehen konnten er@@ zi@@ elten durchschnitt@@ lich 250 punkte mehr beim sat +sie können ein an moment@@ an@@ en genü@@ ssen orienti@@ erter gegen@@ war@@ ts@@ mensch sein , der sich nur auf die freu@@ den des lebens konzentri@@ ert , oder ein gegen@@ war@@ ts@@ -@@ f@@ at@@ alist es spielt keine rolle . ihr leben ist vor@@ bestimmt . +der gedanke ist so einfach , so offensichtlich , aber die folgen werden wirklich wei@@ trei@@ ch@@ end sein . +wie steht es mit unseren ressourcen ? wie werden wir neun milliarden menschen ernä@@ hren ? +alleine indem wir die r@@ inge studieren , können wir viel@@ es über die schei@@ ben aus ster@@ nen und gas lernen , die wir spir@@ al@@ galaxien nennen . +es kann den schl@@ am@@ m von ge@@ bir@@ gs@@ spit@@ zen und hü@@ geln sp@@ ü@@ len hin@@ unter ins fla@@ ch@@ land . denken sie darüber mal kurz nach . +es war noch aus einem anderen grund wichtig : diese mission ist international und das ereig@@ nis wurde in europa ge@@ fei@@ ert , in deutsch@@ land . die fei@@ er@@ lichen vor@@ träge wurden in engli@@ schen ak@@ z@@ enten gehalten und amerikanischen und deut@@ schen und franzö@@ sischen , itali@@ en@@ ischen und h@@ oll@@ än@@ dischen . +das ist lo@@ cker@@ er boden voller flüs@@ si@@ gem me@@ than . +mein team und ich haben bilder wie dieses überprü@@ ft und dieses und über die anderen ergebnisse von cas@@ sin@@ i nach@@ gedacht . +diese führer versuchen , eine massive nation@@ ale , gewal@@ t@@ fre@@ ie bewegung aufzubauen , um die bes@@ e@@ tzung zu be@@ enden und frieden in der region zu schaffen . +repor@@ ter : die isra@@ eli@@ sche gren@@ z@@ polizei wurde geschickt , um die menge aufzu@@ lösen . +aber das stimmt auch für erwachsene . +juli@@ a b@@ ach@@ a : be@@ achten sie gewal@@ t@@ lo@@ sigkeit +es ist eine ein@@ la@@ dung an die 70 prozent unseres planeten , die noch nicht kar@@ to@@ grafi@@ ert sind . +epi@@ le@@ p@@ tiker brauchen manchmal die elektr@@ ische aktivität bei ihrer gehirn@@ über@@ wach@@ ung . +wenn wir also den ort verlassen – vielleicht stellen wir das auto ab und laufen ein stück – dann wissen wir dank unseren eigenen bewegungen , mit denen wir diesen p@@ fa@@ d g@@ lie@@ dern können , ungefähr , welche richtung wir für den rück@@ weg nehmen müssen . +wenn das geschä@@ he , könnten sich plat@@ z@@ zellen gegensei@@ tig aktivi@@ eren durch diese di@@ chten ver@@ netz@@ ungen , und dann würden sie die gren@@ z@@ zellen reak@@ tivi@@ eren , um die fl@@ äch@@ en@@ strukturen des erleb@@ nis@@ ses rund um ihren stand@@ punkt zu formen . +es stellt sich heraus -- es gibt ein muster -- +sie sind schön designed , einfach zu benutzen und benutz@@ er@@ freund@@ lich . +vor einigen jahren brachte g@@ ate@@ way fern@@ se@@ her mit fla@@ ch@@ bild@@ schir@@ men auf den markt . +sie kennen das , manchmal können sie jemandem alle fa@@ kten und zahlen geben und er sagt , " ich weiß , was alle fa@@ kten und details sagen , aber es fühlt sich einfach nicht richtig an . " +die new york times ist ihm überall hin ge@@ folgt . und jeder hat lang@@ ley unterstützt . +die nächsten 3@@ 4 prozent sind ihre frü@@ he mehr@@ heit , ihre spä@@ te mehr@@ heit und ihre nach@@ zü@@ gl@@ er . +es ist ein wer@@ be@@ beispiel . +wie macht man das ? +die führ@@ ungs@@ menschen besitzen eine position von macht oder autor@@ ität . aber die , die führen inspiri@@ eren uns . +die ärzte , so schien es , hatten nie wirklich genug zeit für all ihre patienten , so sehr sie es auch versuchten . +als ich also diese e-@@ mail von dr. gei@@ ger bekam , wusste ich , dass ich hätte stolz sein müssen , teil dieser geschichte zu sein . +und wir entschieden uns , re@@ zep@@ te zu diesem zweck einzu@@ setzen . +was wäre , wenn wir ein war@@ te@@ zimmer hätten , in dem man nicht nur einfach herum@@ sitzt , wenn man krank ist , sondern in das man kommt , um gesund zu werden . +und dies ist nicht nur eine art kurz@@ zeit@@ -@@ arbeit@@ sk@@ raft , um patienten mit grundle@@ genden lebens@@ mitteln zu ver@@ sorgen , es ist die nächste generation an führ@@ ungsk@@ ä@@ ften für den bereich gesundheitswesen , die zwei , drei , vier jahre in kranken@@ haus@@ -@@ war@@ te@@ z@@ imm@@ ern verbracht haben und mit patienten über ihre grundle@@ gend@@ sten bedürfnisse gesprochen haben . +ich glaube , dass wir alle eine vision haben für das gesundheits@@ system in diesem land . +was ist falsch an diesem bild ? +doch leider ist es ein halb@@ tau@@ ch@@ boot im einsatz der dro@@ gen@@ kar@@ tel@@ le . +sie würden vielleicht sagen : " das stimmt nicht . ich habe doch gelesen , diese generation junger afgh@@ an@@ ischer menschen in ihren 20@@ ern und 3@@ 0ern sei unge@@ bildet . " +als er eine bri@@ lle über seine sehr kurz@@ sichti@@ gen augen bekam , sah er plötzlich auf und sagte : " mama , ve@@ o el m@@ un@@ do . " +es gab einen von ap heraus@@ ge@@ ge@@ benen artikel auf dem nach@@ rich@@ ten@@ dienst@@ netzwerk . +james sta@@ v@@ ri@@ d@@ is : gedanken über globale sicherheit eines us-@@ na@@ v@@ y-@@ ad@@ mir@@ als +aber das sind frü@@ he verwen@@ dungen von illu@@ sionen , die aber - irgendwie br@@ is@@ ant in h@@ ans hol@@ bein@@ s " die bot@@ schaf@@ ter " verwendet wurden . h@@ ans hol@@ bein arbeitete für h@@ ein@@ rich vi@@ i@@ i@@ . dieses bild hing an einer wand , an der man die tre@@ ppe hin@@ unter@@ kommen konnte und diesen verste@@ ckten schä@@ del sehen konnte . +die un hat ihre statistiken zur verfügung gestellt , und wir haben eine neue version der software online , sie müssen sie also nicht mehr erst herunter@@ laden . +das war 2007 . +sehen sie hier den vergleich zu den heutigen phili@@ pp@@ inen . +und jetzt sehen wir , dass die veränderung in japan enor@@ m war . +aber : hom@@ ma@@ ge an sing@@ a@@ pu@@ r . +dies hier können wir doll@@ ar-@@ straße nennen . +so ist es , wenn forschung in gesellschaften funktioniert - man muss wirklich mit den menschen leben . +ich würde sagen , dass sich das sub@@ sahar@@ ische afrika im welt@@ weiten vergleich in den letzten 50 jahren am besten geschlagen hat . +lassen sie mich zuerst die wichtigsten hilfs@@ mittel pri@@ or@@ isi@@ eren . +das schein@@ bar un@@ mögliche ist also möglich . +es rei@@ ht so schön das " a " auf , schä@@ tze ich . +wir können gegen jeden schnell in führung gehen , aber in der zweiten hälfte werden wir ausge@@ tan@@ zt . das ist " kriegs@@ führung der vi@@ erten generation " . +antwort : " dr. bar@@ nett , sie haben recht . " +wie sa@@ d@@ dam , wie mu@@ gabe , wie k@@ im jon@@ g-@@ il , mach@@ th@@ aber , die ab@@ er@@ tausende oder millionen töten . +" woll@@ t ihr es versuchen , frank@@ reich ? " +wollen sie robert mu@@ gabe weg haben ? +ein mili@@ tä@@ r besch@@ aff@@ t und ein anderes eingesetzt . +die p@@ ei@@ t@@ sche , das zu@@ cker@@ brot . +sieht die arbeit@@ stei@@ lung so aus : +die transforma@@ tion@@ s-@@ gur@@ us haben uns in den letzten jahren immer verk@@ li@@ ck@@ ert : " krieg geht schneller , billi@@ ger , effizi@@ enter " +general sh@@ inse@@ ki hatte recht : +danke . +wirklich , im grunde machen wir dies . tatsache ist , nicht sehr viel . +und der grund ist : es wurde bereits gemacht . +es gab eine menge physi@@ kal@@ ischer be@@ grün@@ dungen , warum es keine gute kom@@ pen@@ sation wäre . +aber dann fand ich heraus , dass dazu jede menge schon veröffentlicht war . da das thema in der natürlichen atmosphäre existiert . +vielleicht ist der ander kno@@ pf zur kontrolle der co2 konzent@@ ration . +ich sage ihnen , wie groß die kraft ist - so groß +einer der entscheiden@@ den gründe , warum es so schwierig ist , über das problem zu reden , und gener@@ ell denke ich , dass ist der grund warum es politi@@ sch un@@ akzep@@ tab@@ el gewesen ist , darüber zu reden . +wir tauchen heute ab in die tief@@ see . und jeder , der das schon mal gemacht hat , weiß , dass es nach etwa zwei@@ einhalb stunden auf dem weg nach unten stock@@ du@@ ster ist . +sehen wir es uns noch einmal an . achten sie auf die fä@@ r@@ bung : weiß auf der rechten , brau@@ n auf der linken seite . +ich dachte , er hätte das video nach@@ be@@ arbeitet . also , hier sehen wir es noch einmal rück@@ wärts . +" glück@@ lich@@ sein ist uns egal . wir müssen mit leidenschaft leben . +ich war früher ein b@@ ach@@ fan . ich spielte b@@ ach auf der git@@ ar@@ re , wissen sie . +aber es gibt auch eine bo@@ sha@@ fte freude , denn man kann sich auch am leid anderer er@@ freu@@ en . +im gegensatz dazu , kennt jeder tief in seinem inneren diese tat selbst@@ lo@@ ser gross@@ zü@@ gi@@ gkeit wenn aus der fern@@ e , ohne dass jemand davon weiss , wir das leben eines kin@@ des retten konnten , jemanden glücklich machen konnten . +wohl@@ wollen , lie@@ bende freund@@ lichkeit anstelle von h@@ ass . +das ist genau das , was die gro@@ ssen medi@@ tier@@ enden die ganze zeit über tun . +ich habe jetzt keine zeit , auf all die verschiedenen wissenschaftlichen resul@@ tate einzu@@ gehen . +was ist glück und wie können wir es er@@ langen ? der zum budd@@ hi@@ stischen mö@@ n@@ ch ge@@ wor@@ dene bio@@ chemi@@ ker mat@@ th@@ ie@@ u ri@@ card sagt , dass wir unseren geist in den gewohn@@ heiten des wohl@@ be@@ fin@@ dens tra@@ inieren können , um einen wirklichen sinn von gel@@ as@@ sen@@ heit und erfü@@ ll@@ ung zu schaffen . +die umgeb@@ ungen , in denen wir leben , sehen normalerweise wie diese hier aus . +ein so el@@ ender öffent@@ licher raum , dass ihn sogar die ob@@ da@@ ch@@ losen mei@@ den . +ok . +wir lösen die urban@@ en probleme nicht , indem wir das land in die stadt zer@@ ren . genau das aber versuchen viele von uns ständig . +so nehmen sie oft das erste beste , das sich ihnen an@@ bietet . +wir werden wieder lernen müssen , was die einzelnen bau@@ steine dieser dinge sind . die straße . der häus@@ er@@ block . wie man einen öffentlichen raum gestal@@ tet , der zu@@ gleich groß und klein ist . der h@@ of . der öffentliche platz . und wie man diese einrichtungen am besten nutzt . +bitte , machen sie sich ans werk und tun sie ihr be@@ stes , um ein land mit schä@@ tz@@ ens@@ werten orten zu schaffen und eine schü@@ tz@@ ens@@ werte nation . +je tief@@ er man kommt , desto mehr kommt einem wasser in den weg . +hier ist ein aus@@ schnitt aus einem national geographic film , der 199@@ 9 heraus@@ kam . +i meine , ich über@@ spr@@ inge hier drei jahre von ingenie@@ ur@@ s@@ bes@@ pre@@ chungen , design und syste@@ min@@ te@@ gra@@ tion und präsen@@ tierte dep@@ th@@ x - deep ph@@ re@@ a@@ tic ther@@ mal explor@@ er . +die regierung hat kürzlich pl@@ äne ver@@ kün@@ det , bis 20@@ 24 zum mond zurückzu@@ kehren . +was würde also passieren , wenn sie ihren treib@@ stoff zu einem zehn@@ tel des prei@@ ses bekommen können ? +es ist gefährlich und wäre sicherlich ein hö@@ ll@@ en@@ ri@@ tt , besser noch als bei dis@@ ney . +100 jahre , nach dem sir ern@@ est sha@@ ck@@ le@@ ton diese worte geschrieben hat , will ich die fa@@ hne der industrie auf dem mond h@@ issen , und das letzte stück voll@@ enden , dass uns die grenze zum all öffnet . zu unserer zeit und für alle von uns . +ich habe das leben als einen langen lern@@ prozess gesehen . +hätten sie nicht auch die virg@@ in@@ - , die jung@@ fr@@ au@@ -@@ mar@@ ke verwenden können ? +rb : ah , das war ziemlich lustig . das war ein wunder@@ bares auto@@ -@@ boot in dem – dieses auto , das war bei einem ted-@@ event , glaube ich . +in 24 monaten dann , können menschen aus@@ flü@@ ge ins all machen . +und sie inspiri@@ erten ian m@@ ce@@ w@@ an zu einer no@@ v@@ elle damit . +waren sie nicht schrecklich in der schule ? +denken sie , wenn sie die je@@ tz@@ ige generation ansehen , dass sie zu ver@@ w@@ öhn@@ t ist , nicht weiß was sie alles hat , dass wir eine generation von pri@@ vili@@ gi@@ erten kindern auf@@ ziehen ... +das ist unge@@ heu@@ er@@ lich . +wir wollen menschen ermu@@ tigen nach einer methode zu suchen , kohlen@@ stoff aus der er@@ dat@@ mosp@@ häre zu extra@@ hi@@ eren . +der psych@@ ologe er@@ ik eri@@ k@@ son sagt , so@@ weit ich ihn verste@@ he und ich bin da ein tot@@ aler ama@@ te@@ ur , dass menschen in den 3@@ 0ern , 4@@ 0ern von dem wunsch nach wachstum ange@@ trieben sind und darin ihre erfü@@ ll@@ ung finden . diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/valid.en b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/valid.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a981f7199cebecd3599885fa846fcd0d889f235b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/valid.en @@ -0,0 +1,7283 @@ +it 's that pyrami@@ d . +in mother 's milk . +it had two-@@ to-@@ three-@@ to-@@ 400 times the tox@@ ic lo@@ ads ever allowed by the ep@@ a . +often what j@@ ams us up is se@@ wa@@ ge . +what do you do when you have this sort of dis@@ rup@@ ted flow ? +ste@@ phen pal@@ um@@ bi : following the mer@@ cur@@ y tra@@ il +i really thought they were so bene@@ ath me . +but we didn 't realize at the time that we actually needed a third mani@@ pul@@ ator , because we couldn 't manipu@@ late the ne@@ ck from inside and walk the horse at the same time . +and now we would like to introdu@@ ce you to jo@@ ey . +b@@ j : and mi@@ key also has , in his fing@@ ers , the ability to move the tail from left to right , and up and down with the other hand . +mi@@ key bre@@ tt , cra@@ ig , le@@ o , z@@ em jo@@ a@@ qu@@ in and bas@@ il and me . +in winter , there 's a lot of sle@@ eping going on ; you enjoy your family life inside . +the thing to watch for as a global phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ y industry comes about -- and that 's exactly what is happening -- is how the as@@ pi@@ ration is to fli@@ p these old assu@@ mp@@ tions , for phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ y to become open and big and fast and connected , in service of the long term . +now , all of these big things for love -- experiments -- aren 't going to take off . +i 'm going to look quickly at the fourth and fif@@ th categ@@ ories , which are innovation , competi@@ tions and social invest@@ ing . +it may be that the social sing@@ ul@@ ar@@ ity ahead is the one that we fear the most : a conver@@ gen@@ ce of cat@@ astro@@ ph@@ es , of environmental de@@ gra@@ dation , of weapons of mass destruction , of pan@@ de@@ mi@@ cs , of poverty . +i believe that there are new , hidden ten@@ sions that are actually happening between people and institutions -- institutions that are the institutions that people in@@ hab@@ it in their daily life : schools , hospitals , work@@ places , fac@@ tor@@ ies , off@@ ices , etc . +the first gentle@@ man , he 's a bak@@ er . +so , think of the three sett@@ ings i 've talked to you about : factory , migra@@ tion , office . +they were living on top of the work@@ sh@@ ops where they were working . +so , how many of you have ever gotten behind the whe@@ el of a car when you really shouldn 't have been driving ? +one of the things that we 've developed in the lab -- we 've developed several vehi@@ cles -- is what we believe is the world 's first autonom@@ ously dri@@ f@@ ting car . +now , clearly we 're not going to put a couple of electro@@ des on his head and understand exactly what all of his thoughts are on the track . +watch the mental work@@ load , and watch the ste@@ ering . +so today , i 'm going to tell you about some people who didn 't move out of their neighbor@@ ho@@ ods . +so a few years ago , l@@ .@@ a. coun@@ ty decided that they needed to spend 2.@@ 5 billion dollars to re@@ pair the city schools . +i mean , literally , her home@@ town is called whit@@ es@@ ville , west virg@@ ini@@ a . +so these three guys all understand how to produ@@ c@@ tively chan@@ nel dollars through our local econom@@ ies to meet exi@@ sting market dem@@ ands , reduce the social problems that we have now and prevent new problems in the future . +our m@@ uni@@ ci@@ p@@ ali@@ ties , rural and urban , play the oper@@ a@@ tional course of infrastructure -- things like waste dis@@ pos@@ al , energy demand , as well as social costs of un@@ emplo@@ y@@ ment , dro@@ p-@@ out rates , in@@ car@@ cer@@ ation rates and the im@@ pac@@ ts of various public health costs . +and reading that book made me re@@ exam@@ ine that theory because i need to explain what i mean by that . +and i think because early on , frank@@ ly , my programs were just a little bit ahead of their time . +and my question is , how did we get from there to here ? +i went to dea@@ f clu@@ bs . +and yet , we have nobody who is trying to en@@ sure that the next generation of children born to afri@@ can@@ -@@ americans and asi@@ ans come out with cre@@ am@@ y skin and yellow hair . +and he ended up achie@@ ving at a level that had never before been con@@ tem@@ pl@@ ated by any member of his family . +the experience of down syndro@@ me people inclu@@ des those who are ac@@ tors , those who are wri@@ ters , some who are able to live fully indepen@@ d@@ ently in adul@@ tho@@ od . +and a lot of the time the question of par@@ en@@ tho@@ od is , what do we v@@ ali@@ date in our children , and what do we cure in them ? +and ultimately i feel that in the same way that we test fl@@ am@@ e-@@ re@@ tar@@ d@@ ant pa@@ jam@@ as in an in@@ fer@@ no to en@@ sure they won 't catch fire when our child reach@@ es across the sto@@ ve , so these stories of families negoti@@ ating these extreme differences refle@@ ct on the universal experience of par@@ enting , which is always that sometimes you look at your child and you think , where did you come from ? +and he had a very large head , which she thought might indi@@ cate hydro@@ cep@@ hal@@ us . +and i came from a very privi@@ le@@ ged background . i was very lucky . +never shown this picture before , and probably going to be su@@ ed for it . +the point being , this is going to be very , very inten@@ sive on the progra@@ mming side . +you want a separate thing , like the a@@ c adap@@ tor . +if you 're in a desert , they can talk to each other about two kilometers apart . +not something you 'd en@@ vy or want to do . +and it 's not to go out and buy 100 or 1,000 , though , i invi@@ te you to do that , and 10,000 would be even better . +and there are days -- i don 't know about the rest of you guys -- but there are days when i pal@@ p@@ ably feel how much i rely on other people for pretty much everything in my life . +so actually now on this website , we have 18@@ ,000 people . +and we 're building upon innova@@ tions of generations who went before us . +but remember , gre@@ e@@ ce is there today . +and when you think about the economy through these two different len@@ ses , you understand why this crisis is so hard to solve , because the worse the crisis gets , the higher the sta@@ kes are , the more each side thinks they know the answer and the other side is just going to ru@@ in everything . +that 's 20 percent of the budget , and that pres@@ ents a more difficult issue . +the phr@@ ase that you want , if you 're a graduate student or a post@@ do@@ c or you 're a professor , a 3@@ 8@@ -year-old economics professor , is , " i 'm an em@@ pi@@ ri@@ c@@ ist . +we know what it 's like to have these people on tv , in con@@ gress , y@@ elling about how the end of the world is coming if we don 't adop@@ t their view completely , because it 's happened about the dollar ever since there 's been a dollar . +and he said to the guy , " why have you put stuff on the back that no one will ever see ? " +i thought , well that 's not good enough . +the wir@@ ing from your sensor@@ y appar@@ at@@ us to those bits is shor@@ ter than the bits that have to pass through the thin@@ ky bit , the cortex . +where are you feeling this ? +and also tri@@ um@@ ph , this sense of tran@@ scen@@ dence , this " i never knew that . ah , this is something new . " +so i 'm going to sh@@ am@@ el@@ ess@@ ly ex@@ pose something to you , which is beautiful to me . +and then i can 't tell you how hard it is to do that radi@@ ator , which is cur@@ ved . +no one 's going to notice those spli@@ t lines and changes . +but what i have to do now , feeling again , what i 've got to do is to be able to supply enough of these enzy@@ mes , of these tri@@ g@@ gers into something early on in the process , that you pick it up , not through your thinking , but through your feeling . +no time . it says i have two minutes left , so we can 't do this . +now i think it 's too easy . +we have se@@ cul@@ ari@@ zed b@@ ad@@ ly , i would argue . +we need data , we don 't need help . +you need to keep repe@@ ating the lesson 10 times a day . +this comes across also in the way in which religi@@ ons set up ritu@@ als around important feelings . +and when they teach us a lesson , they do it via the body . +but that feeling of puzz@@ le@@ ment is struc@@ tural to con@@ temporary art . +the people in the modern world , in the se@@ cular world , who are interested in matters of the spirit , in matters of the mind , in higher sou@@ l-@@ like concern@@ s , tend to be isol@@ ated individuals . +if you want to change the world , you have to group together , you have to be collabor@@ ative . +and i say , " of course . " and they say , " so aren 't you sort of religious ? " +because you 've agre@@ ed on 90 percent of things , because you have a shared view on so many things , and you poli@@ tely diff@@ er . +so it took me from places like chi@@ le -- the at@@ ac@@ ama desert in chi@@ le -- to si@@ ber@@ ia , to under@@ ground min@@ es in the japanese al@@ ps , in northern america , all the way to ant@@ arc@@ tic@@ a and even to the south pole . +you need something like tens of me@@ gat@@ ons of water -- almost a gi@@ gat@@ on of water -- in order to have any chance of cat@@ ching this neu@@ trin@@ o . +the toi@@ lets there are literally holes in the ground covered with a woo@@ den sha@@ ck . +so this is us land@@ ing on the ross ice shel@@ f in ant@@ arc@@ tic@@ a . +the fabri@@ c alone wei@@ gh@@ s two tons . +an@@ il an@@ anth@@ as@@ w@@ am@@ y : what it takes to do extreme astro@@ physics +well , first you have to , as an engineer , scop@@ e the problem . how big is it ? +and a boo@@ k@@ mobile -- the size of a van with a satelli@@ te dis@@ h , a prin@@ ter , bin@@ der and cu@@ tter , and kids make their own books . +we have one of these things now . it 's completely cool . +but we sent -- thought , ok , if we 're going to need to do this , let 's do it in-@@ library . +the ge@@ tty here is moving their books to the u@@ cl@@ a , which is where we have one these scan@@ ning centers , and scan@@ ning their out@@ -@@ of-@@ copy@@ right books , which is fab@@ ul@@ ous . +it costs about 10 dollars a piece to go and take a dis@@ k and put it online , if you 're doing things in volu@@ me . +we ten@@ ded towards lon@@ ger@@ -@@ term things and also things that people can re@@ use and make into new movies , which has just been great fun . +so anyway , you 've got basically an idea of where things came from . +so en@@ vision what it looks like all wra@@ pped up . +it looked more like this when it was all wra@@ pped up -- not quite so pretty . +and frank@@ ly , i face a big ob@@ stac@@ le . +but these are essentially ex@@ tern@@ alized sto@@ ma@@ chs and l@@ ung@@ s . +so , f@@ ung@@ i and my@@ ce@@ li@@ um sequ@@ e@@ ster carbon dio@@ xide in the form of cal@@ ci@@ um ox@@ al@@ ates . +the my@@ ce@@ li@@ um , in the right conditions , produ@@ ces a mush@@ room -- it bur@@ sts through with such fer@@ o@@ city that it can break as@@ p@@ halt . +and i 'll show you a graph here . +there 's a v@@ et@@ ted press rele@@ ase that you can read -- it 's v@@ et@@ ted by do@@ d -- if you google " stam@@ ets " and " small@@ po@@ x . " +so , the house is no longer su@@ it@@ able for invasi@@ on . +too many with@@ dra@@ w@@ als from the carbon bank , and so this population will be shu@@ t down . +so we had our own mini@@ ature rain@@ forest , a private beach with a coral re@@ e@@ f . +so eight of us went in : four men and four women . +we stopped ir@@ ri@@ g@@ ating our soil , as much as we could . +but on the other hand , it was the scientific gold of the project , because we could really cr@@ ank this baby up , as a scientific tool , and see if we could , in fact , find where those seven tons of oxygen had gone . +i had been growing all my own food . +and all of it was coming from this : sh@@ ri@@ mp far@@ ms . +it 's such a huge subject . " +and if you lose where you are in your bio@@ sphere , or are perhaps having a diffic@@ ul@@ ty conne@@ cting with where you are in the bio@@ sphere , i would say to you , take a deep breath . +the cause of our trou@@ bles is actually the complexity that science has given us . +we have now found treat@@ ments for nearly all of the tens of thousands of conditions that a human being can have . +there 's another sign that we need p@@ it cre@@ ws , and that 's the un@@ mana@@ ge@@ able cost of our care . +sk@@ ill number one is the ability to recognize success and the ability to recognize failure . +we got the lead safety engineer for bo@@ eing to help us . +there 's a deep resi@@ stance because using these tools forces us to con@@ front that we 're not a system , forces us to be@@ have with a different set of values . +and most of those los@@ ses are because of things we know . +if you don 't just want a queen , you can buy , actually , a three-@@ po@@ und pac@@ ka@@ ge of bees , which comes in the mail , and of course , the post@@ al office is always very concerned when they get , you know , your three-@@ po@@ und pac@@ k@@ ages of bees . +but if you 're losing 50 percent to 80 percent of your col@@ on@@ ies , you can 't survive three years in a row . and we 're really worried about losing this se@@ gment of our industry . +and bees are very fa@@ i@@ th@@ ful . +and of course , bees are not the only important factor here . +but i also want to rein@@ force some of the ideas we 've heard here , because having a me@@ a@@ dow or living by a me@@ a@@ dow is transforma@@ tional . +well actually , i 've [ been ] whi@@ st@@ ling since the age of four , about four . +i lost my face . +and i want to first re@@ he@@ ar@@ se with you your whi@@ st@@ ling . +some of them are very easy . +and they also are able to show and to exhi@@ bit such a wonderful and complex behavior that can be described just with the term of intelligence . +look at this young be@@ an that is moving to catch the light every time . +how is it possible to do this without a brain ? +and why are they so similar ? +thank you . +they 're going to be enter@@ ing this car one by one . +and also in 50 other cities around the world , people partici@@ p@@ ated . +and because it was in union square park , right by a sub@@ way station , there were hundreds of people by the end who stopped and looked up and watched what we were doing . +they 're wearing either a yellow shir@@ t or a black shir@@ t . +he gave 2,000 high fi@@ ves that day , and he was@@ hed his hands before and after@@ ward and did not get sick . +and not knowing where help was needed always en@@ su@@ red that help was in short supply in the areas that needed it most . +our goal over the next year is to get water can@@ ary ready for the field and to open-@@ source the hard@@ ware so that anyone can contribu@@ te to the development and the ev@@ al@@ u@@ ation , so we can t@@ ack@@ le this problem together . +now why am i talking about co@@ ws ? +so what i 'm pro@@ pos@@ ing is , just as we require reading , writing , ari@@ th@@ me@@ tic , american history , so we should have a cur@@ ri@@ cul@@ um on facts about all the religi@@ ons of the world -- about their history , about their cre@@ e@@ ds , about their tex@@ ts , their music , their symbo@@ li@@ sms , their pro@@ hi@@ bi@@ tions , their requi@@ re@@ ments . +all i 'm saying is -- facts . facts only . +except , of course , it wasn 't the she@@ ep 's cle@@ vern@@ ess . +the lesson we learn from this is you don 't have to have a mind to be a bene@@ fi@@ ci@@ ary . +and how can we do that ? +i 'm talking also about chri@@ sti@@ an@@ ity . +yes . +but i wish it were better . +and here i think , " wait a minute . " +well , this from " the purpose driven life " -- " the bi@@ ble must become the auth@@ or@@ it@@ ative standard for my life , the comp@@ ass i rely on for direction , the coun@@ sel i listen to for making wise decisions and the ben@@ ch@@ mark i use for ev@@ al@@ u@@ ating everything . " +now do we really want to com@@ mit ourselves to eng@@ ul@@ fing all the other religi@@ ons when their hol@@ y books are telling them , " don 't listen to the other side , that 's just sat@@ an talking ! " +e@@ ars are made not for hearing , but for listening . +it looks a bit like this . +if you can 't hear somebody talking to you in a l@@ oud voice , it 's too l@@ oud . +first of all , listen consci@@ ously . +and my relationship to especially human@@ -@@ made objects which someone else said they work like this , well , i can say they work a different way , a little bit . +so kids don 't have as hard of a time with this , and i saw in my own son , i gave him this book . +and then you can take the little piano circu@@ it off the pen@@ cil . +and so we 're like , " we got@@ ta put a video out about this . " +okay , just wait for this one . this is good . +it 's really going to be seven billion pa@@ irs of hands , each following their own passi@@ ons , and each kind of like a mo@@ sa@@ ic coming up and creating this world in their back@@ y@@ ards and in their kit@@ ch@@ ens . +but they won 't come to us directly through light . +but einstein always thought black holes were a mathematical od@@ di@@ ty . +it would be bad if we tried to fire our rock@@ ets and get out of there because we couldn 't , anymore than light can es@@ cape . +this is from my group -- a slightly less glam@@ or@@ ous computer mod@@ el@@ ing . +and sur@@ ely , somewhere in the universe two black holes have mer@@ ged . +galaxies form , and generations of stars form in those galaxies , and around one star , at least one star , is a habit@@ able planet . +so we have to wonder , if there is a multi@@ verse , in some other pat@@ ch of that multi@@ verse , are there creatures ? +of the 100 in@@ car@@ cer@@ ated people that are rele@@ ased , 60 will return to prison . +well , it has its pl@@ uses and min@@ uses . +from the fact that they are only ser@@ ving one audience , main@@ ly the western culture . +i go everywhere to make believe it 's iran . +now comes the green movement -- the summer of 2009 , as my film is rele@@ ased -- the u@@ pris@@ ing begins in the streets of te@@ hr@@ an . +it can 't afford to dou@@ bt the person who ten@@ ds the child . +one person w@@ ins . +i will come to it later . +you cannot comm@@ and compassion unless you become limit@@ less , and nobody can become limit@@ less , either you are or you are not . period . +you act com@@ passion@@ ately . +if this does not b@@ low your mind , then you have no emotion . +and let 's pause here . +it 's good for motiv@@ ated students . +in a traditional classroom , you have a couple of home@@ work , home@@ work , lec@@ ture , home@@ work , lec@@ ture , and then you have a s@@ nap@@ shot ex@@ am . +and you can go to the site right now . it 's all free . not trying to sell anything . +red means they 're stuck . +and we 're seeing it over and over and over again . +i 'm still doing all the videos , but we have a rock@@ star team doing the software . +and they 're literally saying , " hey , this is nice , but ... " like that focus graph , a lot of the teachers said , " i have a feeling that a lot of the kids are jum@@ ping around and not foc@@ using on one top@@ ic . " +but there are also hallu@@ cin@@ ations as well , and hallu@@ cin@@ ations are completely different . +i see a lot of children . they are walking up and down sta@@ irs . +i said , " there is a special form of visual hallu@@ cin@@ ation which may go with de@@ teri@@ or@@ ating vision or blin@@ dness . +the first thing he said was he saw a hand@@ ker@@ ch@@ ie@@ f in mi@@ da@@ ir . +and he turned around . and then he divi@@ ded into six fig@@ ures in stri@@ ped shir@@ ts , who started walking towards her . +but no more than one percent of the people ac@@ knowledge them , because they are afraid they will be seen as in@@ san@@ e or something . +when people have these simple ge@@ om@@ et@@ ri@@ cal hallu@@ cin@@ ations , the primary visual cortex is activ@@ ated . +it is only if one is visu@@ ally im@@ pa@@ i@@ red or blind that the process is inter@@ rup@@ ted . +and actually i 'm a little visu@@ ally im@@ pa@@ i@@ red myself . +but i would come back from those di@@ ves and try to share the experience with words , and they were totally in@@ ade@@ qu@@ ate to the task . +it 's un@@ belie@@ vable . +this looks like something out of a dr. se@@ uss book -- just all man@@ ner of creatures all over this thing . +and we view it with a camera system i developed called e@@ ye@@ -@@ in-@@ the-@@ sea that uses far red light that 's invisible to most animals , so it 's un@@ ob@@ tru@@ sive . +and it does actually seem to be trying to eat the electr@@ onic j@@ ell@@ y@@ fish . +edi@@ th wid@@ der : the weird , wonderful world of bi@@ ol@@ umines@@ c@@ ence +the yel@@ low-@@ green area is the flu@@ ids of blood , which is mostly water , but it 's also anti@@ bodies , sug@@ ars , hor@@ mon@@ es , that kind of thing . +it 's an accu@@ rate repres@@ entation , and it 's pretty much at the cor@@ rect speed for what is oc@@ curr@@ ing inside you . +one set of dna goes to one side , the other side gets the other set of dna -- iden@@ tical cop@@ ies of dna . +it 's able to feel when the cell is ready , when the chromo@@ some is cor@@ rec@@ tly posi@@ tioned . +humanity is now fully into the tech@@ no@@ -@@ scientific age . +during 4@@ 1 years of teaching biology at harvard , i watched sa@@ dly as bright students turned away from the possibility of a scientific career or even from taking non-@@ requi@@ red cour@@ ses in science because they were afraid of failure . +ju@@ dge opportunity by how few other students and researchers are on hand . +or larger , what 's the role of dark matter in the expan@@ sion of the universe ? +humans have lived for much , much longer than the appro@@ x@@ ima@@ tely 10,000 years of sett@@ led agri@@ cultural civilization in small family groups . no@@ ma@@ di@@ c h@@ unter@@ s bring down rab@@ bits , gather@@ ing food . +more recently , that power is un@@ te@@ ther@@ ing and le@@ ap@@ ing off the des@@ k@@ tops , and very , very quickly , we 're going to see a significant propor@@ tion , if not the majority of the human race , walking around holding , carrying or wearing super@@ computers lin@@ ked at spee@@ ds greater than what we consider to be broad@@ band today . +he used the example of a common gra@@ zing area in which each person by simply ma@@ xi@@ mi@@ zing their own flo@@ ck led to over@@ gra@@ zing and the de@@ ple@@ tion of the resource . +to@@ y@@ ota , instead of tre@@ ating its supp@@ li@@ ers as a market@@ place , tre@@ ats them as a network and tra@@ ins them to produce better , even though they are also training them to produce better for their competi@@ tors . +what forms of suffering could be alle@@ vi@@ ated , what forms of wealth could be created if we knew a little bit more about co@@ operation ? +now , i 'll show you a fun ap@@ p that -- we 've been working on a collaboration with our friends at fli@@ ck@@ r . +yeah , yeah , back to the corner , back to the corner . +bla@@ ise ag@@ ü@@ era y arc@@ as : aug@@ ment@@ e@@ d-@@ reality maps +this was in prepar@@ ation for a mer@@ ger and ac@@ qu@@ isi@@ tion . +and if you remember the story about s@@ is@@ y@@ ph@@ us , s@@ is@@ y@@ ph@@ us was pun@@ ished by the go@@ ds to push the same rock up a h@@ ill , and when he almost got to the end , the rock would roll over , and he would have to start again . +what happened ? +i said , " how many of you now go home earlier than you used to ? " +so you take a piece , you just put it on the side . +the next part i want to show you is something about the positive motivation . +you had to measure the milk and add it , mix@@ ing it . +at the top of the she@@ et , we had little diagra@@ ms of how do you fold origami . +by the way , these are my kids , which , of course , are wonderful and so on . +and we 're actually cam@@ bo@@ di@@ ans . +this is a picture of what pur@@ sat looks like . +but for us it meant freedom . +one day a man told me , " my future does not look brilliant , but i want to have a brilliant future for my son . " +so the key here is empathy . +we re@@ vis@@ ed the mental health compon@@ ent of the primary health care services by ad@@ ding psycho@@ -@@ social care and psycho@@ -@@ social coun@@ sel@@ ors to the system . +when jun@@ gi@@ an analy@@ st inge miss@@ ma@@ hl vis@@ ited afghanistan , she saw the inner wo@@ unds of war -- wi@@ des@@ pre@@ ad des@@ pair , trau@@ ma and depression . and yet , in this coun@@ ty of 30 million people , there were only two do@@ zen psychiat@@ ri@@ sts . miss@@ ma@@ hl talks about her work helping to build the country 's system of psycho@@ social coun@@ sel@@ ing , pro@@ mot@@ ing both individual and , perhaps , national heal@@ ing . +that 's true of european bio@@ fu@@ els . +top left , we have canada and australia , with enormous land areas , very high per capit@@ a consumption , 200 or 300 light bul@@ bs per person , and very low population den@@ si@@ ties . +wind power produ@@ ces a bit more , 2.@@ 5 wat@@ ts per square meter , but that 's only twice as big as 1.@@ 25 wat@@ ts per square meter , so that means if you wanted literally to produce total energy consumption in all forms on average from wind far@@ ms , you need wind far@@ ms half the area of the u.@@ k . +but the same goes for rene@@ w@@ ables as well . +next , there 's the he@@ ating le@@ ver . +so , if you wanted to get 16 light bul@@ bs , remember , today our total energy consumption is 1@@ 25 light bul@@ bs ' worth . +he mentioned four great world orche@@ str@@ as , and the fif@@ th one was ven@@ e@@ zu@@ ela 's you@@ th sym@@ ph@@ ony orche@@ str@@ a . +the structure of el si@@ ste@@ ma is based on a new and flexi@@ ble man@@ aging style adap@@ ted to the fe@@ atures of each community and region , and today atten@@ ds to 3@@ 0@@ 0,000 children of the lower and middle class all over ven@@ e@@ zu@@ ela . +from the minute a child 's taught how to play an instrument , he 's no longer poor . +think about it , all right ? i 'm going to answer the phone three different times . +behavi@@ oral mark@@ ers matter . +that actually occur@@ red this year . she took early reti@@ re@@ ment . +we are obs@@ essed with this way of thinking . +classi@@ c . hi@@ p fra@@ c@@ ture often leads to institu@@ tion@@ alization of a sen@@ ior . +these disco@@ ver@@ ies of behavi@@ oral mark@@ ers , and behavi@@ oral changes are game changing , and like the discovery of the microscop@@ e because of our colle@@ cting data stre@@ ams that we 've actually never done before . +it 's achie@@ vable . we should do it econom@@ ically , we should do it mor@@ ally , and we should do it for quality of life . +we will see 3@@ 0,000 new infe@@ cted web@@ sites . +this is the market leader in mal@@ ware distribution , the black hole explo@@ it pack , responsible for nearly one third of mal@@ ware distribution in the last couple of quar@@ ters . +so this is writing out the mali@@ cious code , and a few seconds later , on the le@@ ft@@ -@@ hand side , you 'll see the attac@@ ker 's screen get some interesting new text . +what 's really insu@@ l@@ ting about this is not only does it provide the attac@@ kers with access to your data , but when the scan fin@@ ish@@ es , they tell you in order to clean up the fa@@ ke viruses , you have to regi@@ ster the product . +a little more se@@ arch@@ ing , and here 's our cyber@@ crimin@@ al . +okay ? so you can see a list of wir@@ eless networks . +you see , technology 's changing at a st@@ ag@@ ger@@ ing rate , and that 25@@ 0,000 pieces of mal@@ ware won 't stay the same for long . +i wasn 't very good at reading things . +you all know the story , right . +and that was really cool . +it was extraordinary . +" you can call it a dinosau@@ r , but look at the vel@@ o@@ ci@@ ra@@ p@@ tor : the vel@@ o@@ ci@@ ra@@ p@@ tor is cool . " +and they obviously make a lot of money off of them . +and so he agre@@ ed . +and quite frank@@ ly , i think if col@@ on@@ el s@@ anders was to be care@@ ful how he wor@@ ded it , he could actually adverti@@ se an extra piece . +that 's based on diet in@@ take sur@@ ve@@ ys , it 's based on levels of o@@ bes@@ ity , it 's based on a range of fac@@ tors that gives you an appro@@ x@@ ima@@ te guess as to how much food is actually going into people 's mou@@ ths . +that 's what 's in fields around the world every single year . +go one step up , and you get to farmers , who throw away sometimes a third or even more of their harv@@ est because of co@@ s@@ me@@ tic standards . +the one in the middle , on my kitchen table . not much difference . +western countries throw out nearly half of their food , not because it 's ine@@ di@@ ble -- but because it doesn 't look appe@@ aling . tri@@ stra@@ m stu@@ art del@@ ves into the sho@@ cking data of wa@@ sted food , calling for a more responsible use of global resources . +and this is all done , by the way , by the international astronom@@ ical union . +now , we 're going to be going to mars one day . and when we do , it 's going to be un@@ fair for the people that are living there to have to live with these ridi@@ cul@@ ous names . +" listen , i 'm going back to the s@@ w@@ amp mer@@ ma@@ id . can you call me in a little while ? " +we have names for places where people don 't exist . +blue che@@ ese , ran@@ ch , oil and v@@ ine@@ gar , thousand is@@ lands and house . +now this is is@@ a@@ a@@ c from a viet@@ nam@@ ese stam@@ p . +he 's all mur@@ ky . there is little kids le@@ an@@ ing on his leg , little g@@ ho@@ sts flying around . we got@@ ta clean this stuff up fast , ladies and gentle@@ men . +prime numbers , g@@ aus@@ s , one of my favor@@ ites . +every top ad@@ ds up to 3@@ 7 . +it just seems like it 's not sex@@ y and elegan@@ t , it 's hidden . +thank you . +it was incredibly successful . +it thought of itself as being dis@@ connected from the internet , but it was possible for somebody to s@@ mu@@ g@@ gle a us@@ b drive in there , or something like that , and software got in there that causes the cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ges , in that case , to actually destro@@ y themselves . +and so if you hear an exper@@ t talking about the internet and saying it can do this , or it does do this , or it will do that , you should treat it with the same skep@@ tic@@ ism that you might treat the comm@@ ents of an econom@@ ist about the economy or a wea@@ ther@@ man about the weather , or something like that . +good after@@ noon . +so military technologies can influence the course of the world , can make or break world peace -- and there lies the issue with cy@@ ber weapons . +today we 're moving to a multi@@ pol@@ ar world in which co@@ ordin@@ ation is much more complicated , as we have seen at cop@@ en@@ ha@@ gen . +before that day , this is how i saw the ocean . +speaking of dinosaurs , sharks are basically the same fish they were 300 million years ago . +of course , sea cu@@ cum@@ bers sho@@ ot them out their re@@ ars , which , in my opini@@ on , makes them much more interesting a super@@ hero . +and he does manage to find them , but great navi@@ gation skills , l@@ ous@@ y pi@@ ck@@ -up lines . +i couldn 't fit them in . +s@@ her@@ man 's up in shark hea@@ ven . +and you 're getting all kinds of cool stuff . +in the lower 4@@ 8 , the far@@ th@@ est you can get away from a main@@ tain@@ ed road is 20 miles . +the ta@@ hl@@ tan have called for the creation of a tri@@ b@@ al her@@ it@@ age reser@@ ve which will set asi@@ de the largest prote@@ cted area in british colum@@ bia . +multi@@ p@@ ly 22 times 4@@ 7 , make sure you get 1,@@ 0@@ 3@@ 4 , or the calcul@@ ators are not working . do all of you get 1,@@ 0@@ 3@@ 4 ? 1,@@ 0@@ 3@@ 4 ? +5@@ 29 . +7@@ 22 is 500 -- o@@ oh , that 's a harder one . +in the mean@@ while , let me conclu@@ de the first part of my show by doing something a little tri@@ ck@@ ier . +ok , any six of them . +audience : febru@@ ary . +what year , chris , would you like ? +audience : six . six . +now , 5@@ 7 times 6@@ 8 is 3@@ ,@@ 400 , plus 4@@ 7@@ 6 is 3@@ 8@@ 7@@ 6 , that 's 3@@ 8@@ ,@@ 7@@ 60 plus 17@@ 1 , 3@@ 8@@ ,@@ 7@@ 60 plus 17@@ 1 is 3@@ 8@@ ,@@ 9@@ 3@@ 1 . +a third time , it 's just being a techni@@ cian . +change is happening , and the change that is happening is not one that is in software . +had colle@@ cted photographs of me , as mothers will do . +and i 'll just say what i 'm about to do . what i 'm about to do -- i hope you can recognize that there 's a di@@ stor@@ ted s@@ ine wave , almost a tri@@ ang@@ ular wave upon this he@@ w@@ le@@ tt@@ -@@ pac@@ k@@ ard o@@ sc@@ il@@ lo@@ scop@@ e . +but you will need to know ei@@ gh@@ th-@@ grade al@@ ge@@ br@@ a , and we 're going to do serious experiments . +now , so i know the frequ@@ ency . +i 'm going home for a mid@@ term . a ri@@ ot 's going on on cam@@ pus . +i pop up the top , and there 's a cu@@ pol@@ a . +well i 'm here to suggest there 's a better way , that less might actually equal more . +secon@@ dly , our new man@@ tra : small is sex@@ y . +maybe , just maybe , less might equal more . +that fix@@ ed behavior -- which is ri@@ gi@@ d and stere@@ ot@@ yp@@ ed and ends up with a me@@ al -- changes . +if we 've got them wired up with an electro@@ en@@ cep@@ hal@@ ogra@@ m , the right brain of each of them becomes att@@ un@@ ed , so that the jo@@ y@@ ful emergen@@ ce of this earli@@ est of play scen@@ es and the physi@@ ology of that is something we 're beginning to get a hand@@ le on . +this happens to be ok -- he 's an an@@ atom@@ ically interested little boy and that 's his mom . other situations wouldn 't be quite so good . +they 'd given me a large gr@@ ant when i was an acade@@ mi@@ cian for the study of fel@@ ony dr@@ un@@ ken dri@@ vers , and i thought i had a pretty good track record , and by the time i had spent half an hour talking about play , it was obvious that they were not -- did not feel that play was serious . +and i think if you think about life without play -- no humor , no fli@@ r@@ tation , no movies , no games , no fan@@ t@@ asy and , and , and . +found that when he looked at a play@@ ground out of a window into which he had been con@@ fin@@ ed , he felt something different . +characteri@@ zed by a feeling of energi@@ zed focus , full invol@@ vement and success in the process of the activity . +and its hu@@ gely important in learning and cra@@ f@@ ting the brain . +we decided to do something a little bit different and transform fla@@ vor@@ s that were very familiar -- so in this case , so we take a car@@ rot ca@@ ke , put it in a bl@@ ender , and we have kind of like a car@@ rot ca@@ ke ju@@ ice , and then that went into a ballo@@ on fro@@ zen in liquid ni@@ tro@@ gen to create this hol@@ low sh@@ ell of car@@ rot ca@@ ke ice cre@@ am , i guess , and it comes off looking like , you know , ju@@ pit@@ er 's flo@@ ating around your pla@@ te . +h@@ c : so , after about a day of chris and i star@@ ing at each other , we came up with something that was pretty close to the ham@@ bur@@ ger pat@@ ty , and as you can see it basically forms like ham@@ bur@@ ger meat . +h@@ c : so this is where we step into the future and we le@@ ap@@ fro@@ g ahead . +so , why don 't we hear more about the world ? +where 's art ? i got produ@@ c@@ tivity . i got spor@@ ts . +and one of them is called ta@@ ket@@ a . which is which ? +the full videos are online if you are interested . +but if i come up really close and st@@ are directly at the camera on this laptop then you 'll see these nice cris@@ p eyes . +i 'd like to show you thing called s@@ n@@ out , which is -- the idea behind this project is to make a robot that appe@@ ars as if it 's contin@@ ually surprised to see you . +if this virus was in thousands of individuals at this point , why was it the case that it took us until 198@@ 4 to be able to discover this virus ? +deep in a remote region of c@@ amer@@ o@@ on , two h@@ unter@@ s stal@@ k their pre@@ y . +they 're also going to ask you the question that when we knew that this was the way that hiv enter@@ ed into the human population , and that other diseases had the potential to enter like this , why did we let these behaviors continue ? +paul worked for years on the c@@ amer@@ o@@ oni@@ an national radio and television , and he spoke about health issues . he was a health cor@@ respon@@ dent . +and let 's face it , any new retro@@ virus in the human population -- it 's something we should be aware of . +and because of that announ@@ c@@ ement , we got a big article in the new york times , which led to more press , which led to more attention , and me deci@@ ding to become ce@@ o of that company -- whereas i was just an ad@@ vis@@ er -- and raising a round of vent@@ ure capital and ra@@ mp@@ ing up hir@@ ing . +and they 're t@@ we@@ eting , in some cases , from behind clo@@ se@@ d-@@ door s@@ essi@@ ons with the president . +people have raised tens of thousands of dollars over twitter in a matter of days on several occasi@@ ons . +my mother says that i started reading at the age of two , although i think four is probably close to the truth . +my mother was an admini@@ str@@ ator . +i must say that before i went to the u.s. i didn 't consci@@ ously identify as african . +the political climate in the u.s. at the time was ten@@ se , and there were deb@@ ates going on about im@@ migra@@ tion . +when i learned , some years ago , that wri@@ ters were expected to have had really un@@ happy child@@ ho@@ ods to be successful , i began to think about how i could inv@@ ent horri@@ ble things my parents had done to me . +now , the conven@@ tional wisdom was that nigeri@@ ans don 't read liter@@ ature . +she introduced them to a book about the southern life that they had left behind : " they sat around , reading the book themselves , listening to me read the book , and a kind of par@@ ad@@ ise was re@@ ga@@ ined . " +it literally fl@@ at@@ -@@ lin@@ ed . +well for the sa@@ ke of time , i want to focus on just three strategi@@ es . +we need to fundament@@ ally re@@ define who it is that experts are . +i 'm looking for a third way : i 'm prepar@@ ing to get alzheimer 's disease . +would they give me char@@ ts and graph@@ s that i could color ? +al@@ an@@ na sha@@ i@@ k@@ h : how i 'm prepar@@ ing to get alzheimer 's +the network has two components in them . +the battery is not the gas t@@ ank , in a sense . +and these pri@@ ces are actually with clean electr@@ ons . +and i had to qu@@ it and come and do this thing called a better place . +as we star@@ ed sc@@ aling it up we looked at what is the problem to come up to the u.s. ? +we go back down . it 's going to go up and down . +now where is the car industry on that ? +now when we 're looking at solving big problems , we need to start thinking in two numbers . +we have to make the right moral decision . +they see us as ro@@ cking the boat , and you can understand why . +complexity is the problem that any theory of biology has to solve , and you can 't solve it by post@@ ul@@ ating an ag@@ ent that is even more complex , there@@ by simply com@@ po@@ unding the problem . +now , there 's a typical scientific journ@@ al , the quar@@ ter@@ ly re@@ view of biology . +and however we define athei@@ s@@ m , it 's sur@@ ely the kind of acade@@ mic belief that a person is enti@@ t@@ led to hold without being vili@@ fied as an un@@ patri@@ o@@ tic , un@@ elec@@ table non-@@ citi@@ zen . +in 199@@ 8 , lar@@ son and with@@ am po@@ ll@@ ed the cre@@ am of american scientists , those who 'd been hon@@ or@@ ed by ele@@ ction to the national acade@@ my of sci@@ ences , and among this sele@@ ct group , belief in a personal god dro@@ pped to a sh@@ at@@ ter@@ ing seven percent . +darwin said , " i have never been an athei@@ st in the same sense of den@@ ying the existence of a god . +non@@ eth@@ eless , if we want to attra@@ ct deep down athei@@ sts to come out publi@@ c@@ ly , we 're going to have find something better to stick on our ban@@ ner than " to@@ oth fair@@ y " or " tea@@ po@@ t ag@@ no@@ stic . " +we need an anti-@@ temp@@ le@@ ton to step forward . +what this picture suggests to us is that we 've got a radical change in the way information production and exchange is capit@@ alized . not that it 's become less capital inten@@ sive -- that there 's less money that 's requi@@ red -- but that the ow@@ ner@@ ship of this capital , the way the capit@@ alization happens , is radi@@ cally distribu@@ ted . each of us , in these advanced econom@@ ies , has one of these , or something rather like it -- a computer . +the critical innovation here is instead of our engineers , or our people saying which is the most relevant , we 're going to go out and count what you , people out there on the web , for whatever reason -- van@@ ity , pleasure -- produced links , and ti@@ ed to each other . we 're going to count those , and count them up . +and if dinner isn 't entirely obvious , think of sex . +but -- and this is the dark lin@@ ing -- it is thre@@ at@@ en@@ ed by -- in the same way that it thre@@ at@@ ens -- the in@@ cum@@ b@@ ent industrial systems . +due to some sli@@ p-@@ u@@ ps , he managed to es@@ cape d@@ ressed as a woman and ran from london back to nigeria where , according to our const@@ it@@ ution , those in office as gover@@ nor@@ s , president -- as in many countries -- have imm@@ unity and cannot be pro@@ se@@ cu@@ ted . but what happened : people were so ou@@ tra@@ ged by this behavior that it was possible for his state leg@@ is@@ l@@ ature to im@@ pe@@ ach him and get him out of office . +we are gr@@ ate@@ ful , but we know that we can take charge of our own dest@@ in@@ ies if we have the will to re@@ form . +and in the three years that i was fin@@ ance minister , they made an average of 3@@ 60 million dollars profit per year . +and what is more important , because we want to get away from oil and diver@@ si@@ fy -- and there are so many opportunities in this one big country , as in many countries in africa -- what was remarkable is that much of this growth came not from the oil sector alone , but from non-@@ oil . +not all of them have been perfect , or will be , but the trend is very clear . +so , she 'll make a little pair of d@@ ung@@ are@@ es with cor@@ du@@ ro@@ ys , with african material mix@@ ed in . very creative designs , has reach@@ ed a stage where she even had an order from wal@@ -@@ m@@ art . +every year , 3@@ 6@@ ,000 people in the united states die of seas@@ onal flu . +this worked well for most pa@@ tho@@ gens , some@@ what well for cra@@ f@@ ty bu@@ gs like flu , but not at all for hiv , for which humans have no natural imm@@ unity . +and also , what the anti@@ bodies use is a hand@@ le to essentially gra@@ b and neu@@ tr@@ alize the virus . +many thought that it was just impossible to make an aids v@@ acc@@ ine , but today , evidence tells us otherwise . +in the longer term , what they can do is use these tools of retro@@ -@@ vac@@ cin@@ ology to make a pre@@ ven@@ tive flu v@@ acc@@ ine . +lu@@ ck@@ ily for us , we live in an era of brea@@ th@@ taking bi@@ ome@@ di@@ cal advan@@ ces . +india , mexico and others are already making experiment@@ al flu vac@@ cin@@ es , and they may be the first place we see these vac@@ cin@@ es in use . +s@@ b : you know , everybody says it 's 10 years , but it 's been 10 years every 10 years . +and these are not really a people op@@ pres@@ sed by poverty . +i would also like to pay ho@@ ma@@ ge and honor to the ted fel@@ lo@@ ws jun@@ e ar@@ ung@@ a , james shi@@ k@@ wat@@ i , andre@@ w , and the other ted fel@@ lo@@ ws . +did you know that 40 percent of the wealth created in africa is not invest@@ ed here in africa ? +i bel@@ ong to an internet discussion for@@ um , an african internet discussion for@@ um , and i asked them , i said , " since 1960 , we 've had exactly 20@@ 4 african heads of state , since 1960 . " +that 's not wealth creation . it 's wealth re@@ distribution . +if you look into their traditional systems , afri@@ cans organi@@ ze their states in two types . +and when they produce their cro@@ ps , they sell the sur@@ plus on market@@ places . +a bigger boat will mean more fish will be caught and land@@ ed . +and i was sure that it was going to be great for democracy and for our society . +scot@@ t 's results were full of them . +and the challenge with these kinds of algorith@@ mic fil@@ ters , these person@@ alized fil@@ ters , is that , because they 're main@@ ly looking at what you click on first , it can throw off that balance . +we need it to introdu@@ ce us to new ideas and new people and different perspe@@ c@@ tives . +she said " yes , that 's former vice president al gore and his wife ti@@ pp@@ er . " +just in the last two days , we got the new temperature recor@@ ds in janu@@ ary . +a lot of us in here have made that decision and it is really pretty easy . +help with the mass per@@ su@@ asi@@ on campaign that will start this spring . +and all the burning of oil and coal and gas , all the fossil fu@@ els , have changed the atmosphere great@@ ly . +you go in along the sh@@ ore , you can find it everywhere . +so this is the gul@@ f of mexico , spar@@ kl@@ ing place full of fish . +but he told ted that on the last day he went out , a bot@@ t@@ len@@ o@@ se dolph@@ in suddenly appe@@ ared next to the boat , and it was sp@@ lat@@ ter@@ ing oil out its blo@@ whole . +we 're starting with something that 's had a lot of st@@ res@@ ses and a lot of problems to begin with . +here are sh@@ ri@@ mp bo@@ ats emplo@@ yed . +it turns out that -- you see this sign on almost every commercial ves@@ sel in the united states -- you know , if you sp@@ ill@@ ed a couple of gall@@ ons of oil , you would be in big trouble . +there 's certainly a common theme about nee@@ ding to make the moment out of this . +well i built a fusion re@@ actor when i was 14 years old . +ta@@ yl@@ or wil@@ son : y@@ up , i built a nuclear fusion re@@ actor +everybody : i am my connec@@ tom@@ e . +you can recognize them inst@@ antly by their fantastic shapes . +we color every neuron in , in a different color , and then we look through all of the images , find the sy@@ nap@@ ses and note the colors of the two neurons involved in each sy@@ nap@@ se . +but may i ? +and there 's a lot of evidence that neu@@ ral activity is en@@ co@@ ding our thoughts , feelings and per@@ cep@@ tions , our mental experiences . +let us attemp@@ t to read out memor@@ ies from connec@@ tom@@ es . +if you believe that i am my connec@@ tom@@ e , i think you must also accept the idea that death is the destruction of your connec@@ tom@@ e . +z@@ ach ka@@ plan : kei@@ th and i lead a research team . +because the way that he pres@@ ented the concept -- his approach was totally different than ours . he sold it to you as if it was for s@@ ale right now . +now , i 'm not going to get into the physics of it , but all you need to know is that the faster the mag@@ net 's fall@@ ing , the greater the stopp@@ ing force . +z@@ k : i 'd just like to let you all know that this pres@@ entation has been brought to you by target . +while he was doing this , he noticed an un@@ expected thing . +pac@@ k@@ aging that changes color when your milk 's gone off . +z@@ ach ka@@ plan + kei@@ th scha@@ cht : to@@ ys and materials from the future +can we produce a men@@ u that 's deli@@ cious without fo@@ ie gras ? +" span@@ ish che@@ f acc@@ used ... " -- and the french acc@@ used him . +he 's really just in love with -- he 's at one with -- he 's the goo@@ se wh@@ is@@ per@@ er . +even though they were im@@ pris@@ oned in this garden of e@@ den with fi@@ gs and everything else . +his biggest ob@@ stac@@ le , really , was the market@@ place , which dem@@ ands these days bright yellow fo@@ ie gras . +and he grab@@ s my arm and the transl@@ ator 's , and du@@ cks us under a bush and says , " watch this . " +they don 't need anything more . " +but i can taste things . +i really was moved . +he ta@@ sted it and fell in love with it . +if human beings disappe@@ ared , life on earth as we know it would fl@@ our@@ ish . " +but now we need a new fire that makes us safe , sec@@ ure , healthy and dur@@ able . +let me say that again . +america could lead this next automo@@ tive revolution . +we can use some smart it to en@@ h@@ ance trans@@ it and en@@ able car sharing and ride sharing . +most of it now is wa@@ sted and the technologies for saving it keep impro@@ ving faster than we 're inst@@ all@@ ing them . +well , from the coal bur@@ ned at the power plant through all these com@@ po@@ unding los@@ ses , only a tent@@ h of the fuel energy actually ends up coming out the pi@@ pe as flow . +and when a big plant goes down , you lose a thousand me@@ ga@@ wat@@ ts in milli@@ seconds , often for weeks or months , often without war@@ ning . +in 197@@ 6 , for example , government and industry insi@@ sted that the amount of energy needed to make a dollar of g@@ dp could never go down . +thank you . +and third , the engagement in developing countries was with a nar@@ row set of government eli@@ tes with little interaction with the citizens , who are the ulti@@ mate bene@@ fi@@ ci@@ aries of development assi@@ stance . +in this map from mol@@ do@@ va , the green color shows those distri@@ cts that have low spending on schools but good edu@@ cational out@@ comes , and the red color shows the opposite . +we will find that these children , too , have a real chance of breaking their way out of poverty . +if we take the to@@ o@@ th@@ br@@ ush -- i don 't think about the to@@ o@@ th@@ br@@ ush . +after , we become a fish ; after , we become a fro@@ g ; after , we become a mon@@ key ; after , we become what we are today : a super@@ -@@ mon@@ key , and the fun is , the super@@ -@@ mon@@ key we are today , is at half of the story . +if you walk like that , it 's ok , it 's ok , you can walk , but perhaps , because you walk with the eyes like that , you will not see , oh , there is a hole . +if you look like that , you look to the past , or you look inside if you are very flexi@@ ble , inside yourself . +that 's why we must ada@@ pt . +we can say to our children , ok , done , that was our story . that passed . +no sl@@ ou@@ ching , no pants han@@ ging down , none of that stuff . +and the dri@@ ll ser@@ ge@@ ant starts scre@@ aming at them , and telling them to do all kinds of awful things . +no , no , it begins the first time a child in a mother 's arms looks up at the mother and says , " oh , this must be my mother . +the last chap@@ ter in my book is called " the gift of a good start . " +give him to the army . we 'll never see him again . we 'll never see him again . " +you get a job and get out of the house . +" it 's okay , it 's okay . " +i 'm a marke@@ ter , and as a marke@@ ter , i know that i 've never really been in control . +h@@ ul@@ u and net@@ fli@@ x , among other companies , have open vac@@ ation poli@@ cies . +the days are past when a person , company or brand could ti@@ ghtly control their repu@@ tation -- online ch@@ at@@ ter and sp@@ in mean that if you 're relevant , there 's a const@@ ant , fre@@ e-@@ form conversation happening about you that you have no control over . tim le@@ ber@@ echt off@@ ers three big ideas about accep@@ ting that loss of control , even designing for it -- and using it as an im@@ pe@@ tus to re@@ com@@ mit to your values . +they want to make people live in fear . +but people did not rel@@ ate to this . +they were actually attac@@ king them . +seriously , with the amount of change i had noticed in this square , i thought it was 12 years . +i feel that i have dig@@ ni@@ ty that i have lost for so many years . " +so we 've been studying the babies using a techni@@ que that we 're using all over the world and the sounds of all languages . +so babies absor@@ b the statistics of the language and it changes their brains ; it changes them from the citizens of the world to the cul@@ tu@@ re-@@ bo@@ und listen@@ ers that we are . +whatever you put in front of them , they 'll take statistics on . +in investi@@ g@@ ating the child 's brain , we 're going to un@@ cover deep tru@@ ths about what it means to be human , and in the process , we may be able to help keep our own minds open to learning for our entire lives . +but i have to tell you a funny story . +so what happened now is , when the water@@ color was flo@@ wing into the structure , the water@@ colors do not mix with the fer@@ ro@@ flu@@ id . +i could do it again to show it one more time , but some would argue that this is a complete waste of the wh@@ is@@ key , and that i should rather drink it . +in that ho@@ spi@@ ce , there were 3@@ 1 men and women who were ac@@ tively dying . +and my family brought in a woman whose mother had been a sla@@ ve to take care of me . +and you know , we have a society , a world , that is paraly@@ zed by fear . +but it also takes a soft front -- the capacity to really be open to the world as it is , to have an un@@ defen@@ ded heart . +may we actu@@ alize that capacity for women everywhere . +now , it 's no surprise that when you add con@@ se@@ cu@@ tive fi@@ bon@@ acc@@ i numbers , you get the next fi@@ bon@@ acc@@ i number . right ? +bene@@ ath that , i 'll put a two-@@ b@@ y-@@ two square , and next to that , a three-@@ b@@ y-@@ three square , bene@@ ath that , a five-@@ b@@ y-@@ five square , and then an ei@@ ght-@@ b@@ y-@@ eight square , creating one giant rec@@ tan@@ gle , right ? +now , being ir@@ ani@@ an-@@ american pres@@ ents its own set of problems , as you know . +and i started fre@@ a@@ king out , because i don 't know what kind of cra@@ p my grand@@ father was into . +but what was interesting was , the paki@@ stan@@ i musli@@ m guy -- see he gives a bad name to musli@@ ms and middle e@@ ast@@ ern@@ ers and paki@@ stan@@ is from all over the world . +he goes , " i 'm going to the zar@@ a store . it 's three miles away . +i go , " he 's got to be my driver . " +mar@@ co temp@@ est : when asked about de@@ ception , he said this : magic is the only honest prof@@ ession . +where is the queen ? +i 'm going to show you how terror@@ ism actually inter@@ acts with our daily life . +at the same time , while i was intervie@@ wing the red bri@@ ga@@ des , i also discovered that their life was not rul@@ ed by politics or ide@@ ology , but actually was rul@@ ed by economics . +so , i decided that i wanted to investi@@ gate the economics of terror@@ ism . +but the great change came , of course , with glob@@ alization and der@@ e@@ gu@@ lation . +now , when i went to look at the fig@@ ures of the u.s. money supply , the u.s. money supply is the amount of dollars that the fe@@ der@@ al reser@@ ve prin@@ ts every year in order to satis@@ fy which , of course , refle@@ cts the growth of the economy . +now , the eur@@ o was a new@@ ly born cur@@ ren@@ cy of great opportunity for business , and , of course , for investment . +this has given me a very special relationship with the ocean . +i wanted to live a life that i could be proud of . +i don 't think i 've ever felt so happy in my entire life . +i don 't see anybody for the whole time that i 'm at sea , generally . +awful , really awful . +when they opened this one up , they found its sto@@ mach was full of plastic . +i even met one of them and she was just about my size . +and it 's very difficult to be happy on a planet that 's ra@@ cked with fam@@ ine and dr@@ ought . +so anyway , today we 'll talk about architecture a little bit , within the subject of creation and optimis@@ m . +it 's too late . that is gone . +can i have the lights off for a moment ? +and so what the buil@@ der will get is every single individual part that has been cu@@ sto@@ m manu@@ f@@ actu@@ red off@@ -@@ site and deli@@ vered on a tru@@ ck to the site , to that buil@@ der , and a set of these instru@@ ction manu@@ als . +they were asked to design , replace that bridge in six weeks , building it , including all of the parts , manu@@ f@@ actu@@ red . +ro@@ sa mexic@@ an@@ o restaurant , where he transpor@@ ts us to the shor@@ es of ac@@ ap@@ ul@@ co , up on the upp@@ er west side , with this wall of cli@@ ff diver@@ s who -- there you go , like that . +take it from me . under the bed is not a good hi@@ ding spot . +see , they asked me what i wanted to be , then told me what not to be . +standing up for yourself doesn 't have to mean embra@@ cing violence . +so we grew up belie@@ ving no one would ever fall in love with us , that we 'd be lon@@ ely forever , that we 'd never meet someone to make us feel like the sun was something they built for us in their to@@ ol@@ shed . +we were fre@@ a@@ ks -- lo@@ b@@ ster cla@@ w boys and be@@ ar@@ ded ladies , od@@ di@@ ties ju@@ g@@ gling depression and lon@@ el@@ iness , playing soli@@ ta@@ ire , sp@@ in the bottle , trying to k@@ is@@ s the wo@@ unded parts of ourselves and he@@ al , but at night , while the others sle@@ pt , we kept walking the ti@@ gh@@ tro@@ pe . +the future states that there is no time other than the collap@@ sation of that sen@@ sation of the mirror of the memor@@ ies in which we are living . +so , as i say before the last piece , feel not as though it is a sphere we live on , rather an infin@@ ite plane which has the illusion of leading yourself back to the point of orig@@ in . +in on@@ t@@ ari@@ o , the bor@@ e@@ al mar@@ ches down south to the north sh@@ ore of la@@ ke super@@ ior . +now , you can apply that same kind of thinking here as well . +and the ta@@ il@@ ings pon@@ ds range in size up to 9@@ ,000 ac@@ r@@ es . +this is one of the reasons why canada , origin@@ ally a climate change hero -- we were one of the first sig@@ nat@@ ories of the k@@ yo@@ to accor@@ d . +and the world certainly does not need the largest tox@@ ic im@@ po@@ und@@ ments to grow and multi@@ p@@ ly and further thre@@ aten the down@@ stream communities . +b@@ har@@ ti see@@ ks to liber@@ ate this everyday c@@ liche , as she calls it , by explo@@ ding it into something spec@@ tac@@ ular . +he creates these op@@ ul@@ ent tab@@ le@@ aus inspired by hier@@ ony@@ mus bo@@ sch , but also by the k@@ as@@ h@@ mir@@ i tex@@ ti@@ les of his you@@ th . +i 'm an ec@@ ologist , and i study complexity . i love complexity . +and so now we can look one degrees , two degrees , three degrees away from that no@@ de and elimin@@ ate three-@@ quar@@ ters of the diagra@@ m outside that sphere of influence . +for example , in my first ted@@ talk , i did pro@@ pose that we should spend 21 billion hours a week as a planet playing video games . +they help us stay connected with people in our social network that we would otherwise grow dist@@ ant from , if we weren 't playing games together . +my brain started telling me , jan@@ e , you want to die . +even people were playing it for ter@@ min@@ al diagno@@ ses like als . +it seems that somehow , a trau@@ matic event can un@@ lock our ability to lead a life with fewer re@@ gre@@ ts . +go ! +all right , pick one , last qu@@ est : sha@@ ke someone 's hand for six seconds , or send someone a quick thank you by text , email , facebook or twitter . go ! +pretty clever , right ? +on the right hand side , that bit there is part of an instal@@ lation that is about 12 feet long . +by this stage the project had taken on a vi@@ ral dimension of its own , which got completely beyond us . +the first one she did was kni@@ tting . +now mathemati@@ cians have ans@@ wer@@ ed that question . +it 's a bit like this : imagine that we 'd only ever en@@ counter@@ ed eu@@ cli@@ de@@ an space . +and that 's true . but it also goes deeper than that . +he believed that the cr@@ y@@ st@@ al was the model for all kinds of repres@@ entation . +so you can then map function onto structure , and then find out what the circu@@ it@@ ry 's doing to generate that particular function . +and then what happens is , there 's a b@@ low to your head , dama@@ ging the cortex , allo@@ wing these lat@@ ent sexual ur@@ ges to emer@@ ge , fl@@ aming to the surface , and suddenly and in@@ ex@@ pli@@ c@@ ably you find yourself being sex@@ ually ar@@ ous@@ ed by your mother . +and that 's fortun@@ ate , because we can put two electro@@ des on your pal@@ m and measure the change in skin resi@@ stance produced by swe@@ ating . +there 's no del@@ u@@ sion through the phone . +the phan@@ tom lim@@ b -- they 'll say , " but doctor , the phan@@ tom lim@@ b is paraly@@ zed . +maybe you can re@@ lie@@ ve the phan@@ tom pain , the phan@@ tom cra@@ mp . +and he says , " oh my god , my phan@@ tom is moving again . i don 't believe this ! +and i said -- i got worried , i said , my god , i mean i 've changed this guy 's body image , what about human subje@@ cts , eth@@ ics and all of that ? +bear in mind , these people are completely normal in other respe@@ cts . +now remember -- why does this happen ? +here , you 've got mar@@ ti@@ an alp@@ hab@@ et . +it 's kind of a well-@@ kept secret . +and i think that as we look at culture , we kind of come to understand how we got to where we are . +what 's more , they are able to walk up@@ right for long di@@ stances . +you 're happy . +he can now cut through tough animal hi@@ de . +ss : these are her sym@@ b@@ ols on her key@@ board . +this environment brings out un@@ expected potential in kan@@ z@@ i and pan@@ ban@@ ish@@ a . +we 're learning how to communicate with them , in really high-@@ pit@@ ched t@@ ones . +each one is like a sun with a re@@ tin@@ ue of planets or@@ bit@@ ing around it . +and , as we 've learned in the last few years , galaxies are held together by the gravi@@ ta@@ tional pull of so-@@ called dark matter : particles in huge s@@ war@@ ms , far smaller even than atom@@ ic nu@@ cle@@ i . +the ge@@ om@@ et@@ ric mean of the mass of a pro@@ ton and the mass of the sun is 50 kil@@ ogra@@ ms , within a factor of two of the mass of each person here . +and also , when a scientist makes a discovery , he or she normally has no clu@@ e what the appli@@ cations are going to be . +but even in this con@@ cer@@ tin@@ a@@ ed co@@ s@@ mic perspective , our century is very , very special , the first when humans can change themselves and their home planet . +these human@@ -@@ in@@ duced alter@@ ations occu@@ p@@ ying over@@ all less than a milli@@ on@@ th of the el@@ ap@@ sed lifetime and seem@@ ingly oc@@ curr@@ ing with run@@ away speed ? +what was interesting about the article was people started comm@@ enting on the article , re@@ a@@ ders of the thing . +so some people got this sli@@ p of paper and five dollars . +they 're also fairly weal@@ thy and aff@@ lu@@ ent and all these other sorts of things . +perfectly nice thing to do . +i would be a jer@@ k and not tell you what it is , but in fact , it 's central african re@@ public . +and i know what you 're all thinking about are do@@ d@@ geb@@ all teams . +michael nor@@ ton : how to buy happiness +in spi@@ te of the very clear anti-@@ isra@@ el@@ i ide@@ ology of the new regi@@ me , the ge@@ o@@ political lo@@ gic for their collaboration lived on , because they still had common thre@@ ats . +the bush admini@@ stration did not even respond . +the c@@ ry of " ra@@ w data now ! " +how can you use this stuff ? +so , now we have , immediately , a re@@ al-@@ time map showing where there are re@@ fu@@ ge@@ e cam@@ ps -- rapi@@ dly became the best map to use if you 're doing re@@ lief work in port@@ -@@ au@@ -@@ prin@@ ce . +okay , so we have a democracy , no dou@@ bt , but it 's depen@@ dent upon the le@@ sters and depen@@ dent upon the people . +there are rich le@@ sters , poor le@@ sters , black le@@ sters , white le@@ sters , not many women le@@ sters , but put that to the side for one second . +this is a system that 's designed to save the status qu@@ o , including the status qu@@ o of big and invasi@@ ve government . +so it 's not that mine is the most important issue . it 's not . +it 's sol@@ vable , not by being a demo@@ cr@@ at , not by being a republi@@ can . +a government depen@@ dent upon the people alone . +it began the space race . +i was sent to a place , a psy@@ ch ward , and in the psy@@ ch ward , everyone is doing their own one-@@ man show . +now recently , there 's been development in this field . +this is a room full of intelligent people , highly sensitive . +i 'll show you a computer model made by i@@ a@@ in cou@@ zin , a resear@@ cher at oxford , that shows how s@@ war@@ ms work . +information can be sent over half a kilometer away in a very short time through this mechan@@ ism . +for a long time it was not believed when the first western travel@@ ers , like sir fran@@ c@@ is dra@@ ke , went to th@@ a@@ il@@ and and came back with tal@@ es of this un@@ belie@@ vable spec@@ tac@@ le . +what i have here are two empty water bot@@ tles . +now , that might seem a bit wh@@ im@@ si@@ cal , but this per@@ v@@ asi@@ ven@@ ess of this tenden@@ cy towards spon@@ tane@@ ous order sometimes has un@@ expected consequences . +intervie@@ wer : right , so , at least this much ? oh , yes . +engineer : absolutely . intervie@@ wer : you thought , " oh , bo@@ ther . " +so already , the simul@@ ator is making me walk in exactly the same way as our wit@@ n@@ esses walked on the real bridge . +you don 't see it in the newspaper every day . +so , i want to tell you that the piece of the good news is that the fo@@ w@@ ler apple is still out there . +in short , the answer is that in the future , in many countries , the col@@ dest growing seas@@ ons are going to be hot@@ ter than anything those cro@@ ps have seen in the past . +we have colle@@ cted and conser@@ ved a great deal of biological diversity , agri@@ cultural diversity , mostly in the form of se@@ ed , and we put it in se@@ ed ban@@ ks , which is a fan@@ cy way of saying a free@@ zer . +when you open up the front door , this is what you 're looking at . it 's pretty simple . it 's a hole in the ground . +agriculture takes 70 percent of fresh water supp@@ lies on earth . +it 's time again to talk about " in@@ conven@@ i@@ ent truth , " a truth that everyone is concerned about , but nobody is willing to talk about . +another benefit of wi@@ -@@ f@@ i , we learned yesterday about the benefits of wi@@ -@@ f@@ i . +i want to start off by saying , hou@@ ston , we have a problem . +that has not happened at all in space flying . +three years , and we can 't do that now . crazy . +and it will be sub-@@ or@@ b@@ ital . and the reason it has to be sub-@@ or@@ b@@ ital is , there is not solutions for ade@@ qu@@ ate safety to fly the public to orbit . the governments have been doing this -- three governments have been doing this for 45 years , and still four percent of the people that have left the atmosphere have died . +these people are taking money and putting it in an interesting area , and i think it 's a lot better than they put it in an area of a better cell phone or something -- but they 're putting it in very -- areas and this will lead us into this kind of cap@@ ability , and it will lead us into the next really big thing and it will allow us to explore . and i think eventually it will allow us to col@@ oni@@ ze and to keep us from going extin@@ ct . +100 million bucks -- hey , i can go to the moon . +the technology revolution is opening the world . +now , what is open@@ ness ? +he vie@@ wed talent differently . +now , the third meaning and cor@@ respon@@ ding principle of open@@ ness is about sharing . +social media didn 't create the revolution ; it was created by a new generation of young people who wanted jobs and hope and who didn 't want to be treated as subje@@ cts anymore . +people didn 't know about things . +it prote@@ cts the birds . +so why should we care about blood ves@@ sel@@ s ? +so here we go . +in effect , when we give cancer patients anti@@ angiogen@@ ic therapy -- here , an experiment@@ al drug for a gli@@ om@@ a , which is a type of brain tumor -- you can see that there are dra@@ matic changes that occu@@ r when the tumor is being star@@ ved . +and , in fact , the first pi@@ one@@ ering treat@@ ments for people , as well as dogs , are already becoming available . +the active ingre@@ dient 's res@@ ver@@ at@@ ro@@ l , it 's also found in red wine . +now , i 've shown you a bunch of lab data , and so the real question is : what is the evidence in people that eating certain fo@@ ods can reduce angiogen@@ es@@ is in cancer ? +the really , truly interesting thing about this is that we can 't take these ob@@ ese mi@@ ce and make them lose more weight than what the normal mouse 's weight is supposed to be . +for the last 20 years i 've been designing puzz@@ les . +went on , and eventually decided to de@@ vote myself , full time , to that . +the artist m@@ .@@ c. es@@ cher explo@@ ited that in some of his wonderful prin@@ ts . +well , let 's first of all simpli@@ fy the v@@ ases illusion , make the thing on the right . +the first move is going to be what ? +but it takes some per@@ si@@ st@@ ence . +why ? well , we aging bo@@ om@@ ers , baby bo@@ om@@ ers , we 're eating our healthy food , we 're exer@@ cis@@ ing . what about our minds ? +that 's his hair . you get a lot of figu@@ re-@@ ground problems . +i think the whole world has essentially been brought up not to be a girl . +their stories were so horri@@ fic , and so min@@ d-@@ blo@@ wing and so on the other side of human existence , that to be perfectly honest with you , i was sh@@ at@@ ter@@ ed . +i 've travel@@ ed , as i said , to many , many countries , and i 've seen , if we do what we do to the girl inside us then obviously it 's horri@@ fic to think what we do to girls in the world . +i know a 14@@ -year-old girl in the ne@@ ther@@ lands , for example , who is dem@@ and@@ ing that she take a boat and go around the entire world by her@@ self . +she taught girls what a healthy vagina looked like , and what a mu@@ ti@@ l@@ ated vagina looked like . +and when she got to the house she was gre@@ et@@ ed . +it 's all bad . my brothers get everything . " +i re@@ jo@@ ice that it 's still in my body . +thank you very much . +sent to prison , ad@@ am@@ antly insi@@ sting on his inno@@ c@@ ence , which he has consi@@ st@@ ently for 21 years . +this is looking directly across the street from where they were standing . +some of the teen@@ a@@ gers said that in fact the car was 15 feet away when it shot . +and what does this example -- what 's important to keep in mind for ourselves ? +and this ble@@ w his mind . literally . he che@@ cked into a san@@ it@@ ari@@ um . +so nature has this self-@@ similar structure . +well , i noticed that line is about where the only square building in the village is at . +first of all , i agree with mu@@ di@@ m@@ be 's wonderful book , " the invention of africa , " that africa is an artificial invention of first col@@ oni@@ alism , and then op@@ posi@@ tional mov@@ ements . +here 's a wonderful fra@@ c@@ tal . +and one of them said , " come here . i think i can help you out here . " +so let me end with just a few words about appli@@ cations that we 've found for this . +so if we want to find a better way of doing that kind of work , we need look only no far@@ ther than africa to find these rob@@ ust self-@@ organi@@ zing algorith@@ ms . +at 7 p@@ .@@ m@@ . on a sun@@ day in hidden spr@@ ings , i@@ da@@ h@@ o , where the six members of the star@@ r family are sitting down to the high@@ light of their week : the family meeting . +he read 30 years of harvard business re@@ view before st@@ um@@ bling upon an article in 198@@ 6 called " the new new product development game . " +he said , " you can 't under@@ esti@@ mate the power of doing this . " +it felt like we were kind of la@@ ying these under@@ ground c@@ ables that wouldn 't light up their world for many years to come . +we 'll have family break@@ fast . we 'll meet for a bed@@ time s@@ n@@ ack . +so we said , " okay , give us a reward and give us a pun@@ ish@@ ment . okay ? " +jim coll@@ ins , the auth@@ or of " good to great , " told me that successful human organizations of any kind have two things in common : they preser@@ ve the core , they stimu@@ late progress . +researchers at e@@ mor@@ y gave children a simple " what do you know " test . +that story perfectly cap@@ tures for me the final lesson that i learned : happiness is not something we find , it 's something we make . +a wind@@ shi@@ el@@ d co@@ ating is going to give you about 1@@ 10 degrees . +and i 'm going to leave you with one last demon@@ stration , but before i do that , i would like to say thank you , and think small . +and that was that she did two entire shows pro@@ mot@@ ing that movie " the secret . " +when a word was mentioned , an image of it inst@@ antly appe@@ ared in his mind . +a world tele@@ graph@@ y center -- imagine news , mes@@ sages , sounds , images deli@@ vered to any point in the world inst@@ antly and wir@@ el@@ ess@@ ly . +it 's been around for about 7@@ ,000 years . +again , we are making holes in the sk@@ ul@@ l about the size of a di@@ me , putting an electro@@ de in , and then this electro@@ de is completely underneath the skin down to a pac@@ e@@ maker in the ch@@ est , and with a remote control very much like a television remote control , we can ad@@ just how much electricity we deliver to these areas of the brain . +so here he is . +so we went ahead and implan@@ ted electro@@ des in patients with depression . +and indeed , at the top , you 'll see before the surgery , the areas in blue are the areas that use less gl@@ u@@ co@@ se than normal , pre@@ domin@@ antly the par@@ ie@@ tal and tem@@ po@@ ral lo@@ bes . +i get to do this all the time , and it 's just incredible . +and they can be mod@@ el@@ ed by a spr@@ ing-@@ mass system that we call the spring mass system because we 're bi@@ ome@@ chan@@ ists . it 's actually a po@@ go stick . +this is a collaboration we have with stanford . +we couldn 't believe that it could do this . it said to us that if you could build a robot with very simple , spr@@ ing@@ y legs , you could make it as man@@ eu@@ ver@@ able as any that 's ever been built . +like if we had a piece of ta@@ pe now , we 'd pe@@ el it this way . +but that 's what we 're limited to , at the moment . +and just recently we 've made a break@@ through , where we now believe we 're going to be able to create the first syn@@ thetic , self-@@ cle@@ an@@ ing , dry ad@@ h@@ es@@ i@@ ve . many companies are interested in this . +we also have another problem , which is that women face harder choices between professional success and personal ful@@ fil@@ l@@ ment . +i don 't have the right answer . +he re@@ ads one book of 12 and goes to a couple of lec@@ tures , mar@@ ches himself up to our room a couple days before the ex@@ am to get himself tu@@ tor@@ ed . +but it 's not that simple . +and she said , " i learned something today . +message number three : don 't leave before you leave . +they 're just not moving . +when people don 't take their p@@ ills , when people don 't follow doctors ' orders -- these are behavior problems . +they would get dent@@ ures , and if you got dent@@ ures , you weren 't going to be able to eat cor@@ n-@@ on-@@ the-@@ co@@ b , you 'll eat mus@@ h for the rest of your life . +this is still the way we 're communic@@ ating mes@@ sages about health . +we should probably slow down , and that point of action is probably now . +this is an approach that has been developed by a couple researchers at dar@@ t@@ mouth medical school , li@@ sa schwar@@ tz and steven w@@ olo@@ sh@@ in . +so that 's what i want to walk you through . +so we thought the patient might actually want to know the context as well . +but we 're not using it . it 's just sitting there . +i want to say a word for nature because we haven 't talked that much about it the last couple days . +the be@@ e is not calling the sh@@ ots . +u@@ gh . mini@@ -@@ me . +now , the other use of this is practical . +he wa@@ its three days , and then we to@@ wed in something called the eg@@ g@@ mobile . +and the species in the soil go to work basically che@@ wing through those roots , de@@ com@@ pos@@ ing them -- the earth@@ wor@@ ms , the f@@ ung@@ i , the bacteria -- and the result is new soil . +and so i say that i want to build a game layer on top of the world , but that 's not quite true because it 's already under construction ; it 's already happening . +and if you 're happy with that , fantastic . +so the first one -- the most famous ap@@ poin@@ t@@ ment dynamic in the world -- is something called happy hour . +you should get points for doing this on time . +why go from an a to an f or a b to a c ? +and we 've introduced a pro@@ gr@@ ession dynamic into it , where , by going to the same place over and over , by doing challenges , by eng@@ aging with the business , you move a green bar from the left edge of the screen to the right edge of the screen , and you eventually un@@ lock re@@ wards . +this next decade is the decade of games . +so you can see : here we are in the u.s. , and they 're all coming up red . +and if we can switch to sli@@ des -- all right , here we go . +they run google ads , and we just give them the ad credit so they can let organizations know . +you can see , even though the u.s. is still the majority here -- though , by the way , se@@ arch@@ -@@ wise , it 's only about 30 percent of our traffic -- but it 's already going to japan , and the u.k. , and europe , and all the rest of the countries . +i think usually , as companies get bigger , they find it really hard to have small , innovative projects . +fro@@ og@@ le lets you search sh@@ opp@@ ing information , and blog@@ ger lets you publi@@ sh things . +but the idea is , like , on a newspaper , for example , we show you relevant ads . +so , " related sear@@ ches , " right there . you can 't see it that well , but we decided we should put in this fe@@ ature into our ad@@ sense ads , called " related sear@@ ches . " +now this rather old photo up there is actually the first project i was ever hi@@ red to do , something like 25 years ago . +and to do that meant creating the fl@@ at@@ test gra@@ di@@ ents that had ever yet been made , which meant building long vi@@ a@@ du@@ cts across river val@@ le@@ ys -- this is actually the vi@@ a@@ du@@ ct across the th@@ ames at ma@@ iden@@ head -- and long tun@@ n@@ els such as the one at box , in wil@@ ts@@ hi@@ re . +what makes technology useful and us@@ able ? +and instead of inst@@ all@@ ing the lar@@ ge-@@ scale machines used by western produ@@ cers , they used low-@@ cost c@@ ad / c@@ am prototyp@@ ing technology . +now the industrial systems of br@@ un@@ el 's time have run their course , and indeed they are part of the problem today . +so for me , this project shows kind of how far we can go from some of those sort of small things that i was working on at the beginning of my career . +in response , he gave me an even more cour@@ te@@ ous version of the same explan@@ ation . +people must choose for themselves , sometimes sti@@ cking to their g@@ uns , re@@ gar@@ d@@ less of what other people want or re@@ com@@ men@@ d . +the assu@@ mption then that we do best when the individual self choo@@ ses only hol@@ ds when that self is clearly divi@@ ded from others . +of course , you and i know that co@@ ke is the better choice . +it 's not a mar@@ ker of liber@@ ation , but of suff@@ oc@@ ation by meaning@@ less min@@ u@@ ti@@ a@@ e . +in fr@@ ance , the doctors decided whether and when the life support would be re@@ moved , while in the united states , the final decision re@@ sted with the parents . +but the history books and the daily news tell us it doesn 't always work out that way . +and so one time i was in a beauty sal@@ on , and i was trying to decide between two very light sha@@ des of p@@ ink . +she@@ en@@ a i@@ y@@ en@@ gar studies how we make choices -- and how we feel about the choices we make . at ted@@ global , she talks about both tri@@ vi@@ al choices and profound ones , and shares her gro@@ und@@ breaking research that has un@@ covered some surprising at@@ ti@@ tu@@ des about our decisions . +then i was so happy that i kept playing with the robot , and so you see the robot has a front ru@@ d@@ der here . +so i brought to you for the first time on the ted stage prote@@ i number eight . it 's not the last one , but it 's a good one for making demo@@ s . +this is a proud member of prote@@ i from korea , and on the right side , this is a multi@@ ple@@ -@@ ma@@ sts design pro@@ posed by a team in mexico . +when sen@@ ior fellow c@@ es@@ ar har@@ ada heard about the de@@ va@@ stat@@ ing effects of the b@@ p oil sp@@ ill in the gul@@ f of mexico in 2010 , he qu@@ it his dream job and moved to new or@@ le@@ ans to develop a more efficient way to so@@ ak up the oil . he designed a highly man@@ eu@@ ver@@ able , flexi@@ ble boat capable of cle@@ an@@ ing large tra@@ cts quickly . but rather than turn a profit , he has op@@ ted to open-@@ source the design . +ph : there 's been an un@@ easy relationship between the tv business and the tech business , really ever since they both turned about 30 . +i mean , how did a machine that was built for accoun@@ ting and arti@@ ll@@ ery mor@@ ph into media ? +enter the atom@@ ic bom@@ b . +and then , the 9@@ 2 nuclear power plants that it would take to provide the power would fill up the rest of los angeles . +then take it and put it right up against the screen of your own television set , and ru@@ b it out from the center to the cor@@ ners , like this . +if you sub@@ stit@@ ute the word blo@@ go@@ sphere , of the internet today , it is very true that his understanding is probably very en@@ ligh@@ ten@@ ing now . let 's listen in to him . +and into that fer@@ ment came the micro@@ process@@ or . +this method allows you to use exi@@ sting video@@ dis@@ c materials in ways which suit your specific needs and interests . +in 193@@ 9 , the radio corpo@@ ration of america introduced television . +it 's a custom@@ er , it 's an audience , it 's a person who 's partici@@ p@@ ating . +voice 2 : well , there goes the neighborhood . +and so every time a new medium arri@@ ves , the old medium is the content , and it is highly obser@@ vable , highly notic@@ e@@ able , but the real , real rough@@ ing up and mas@@ sa@@ ging is done by the new medium , and it is ignor@@ ed . +i was walking around on the streets of am@@ ster@@ dam and i recogni@@ zed , you know , the big story from am@@ ster@@ dam isn 't what 's in the design stor@@ es , it 's what 's out on the streets , and maybe it 's self-@@ explan@@ atory , but a city that hasn 't been taken over by moder@@ nis@@ m , that 's preser@@ ved its kind of architecture and character , and where the bi@@ cycle plays an important part of the way in which people get around and where pe@@ de@@ stri@@ an rights are prote@@ cted . +it takes your attention ; it has a great amount of emotion ; it star@@ es back at you the way that a figure might . +the du@@ tch are good also , but the itali@@ ans are good . +and i do think pattern has the cap@@ ability of er@@ a@@ dic@@ ating some of the most evil forces of society , such as bad form in restaurants , but quite seriously , it was a stat@@ ement to me that one thing that you do , sort of , see is the ag@@ gressi@@ ve nature of the industrial world has produced -- kind of , large mas@@ ses of things , and when you -- in mon@@ o@@ culture , and i think the preser@@ vation of diversity in culture is something that 's important to us . +ro@@ b for@@ bes , the fo@@ under of design within reach , shows a g@@ aller@@ y of s@@ nap@@ sh@@ ots that in@@ form his way of seeing the world . char@@ ming ju@@ x@@ ta@@ posi@@ tions , found art , urban patterns -- this sli@@ des@@ how will open your eyes to the world around you . +so i built model air@@ planes . +and for the following 25 years , living in it@@ al@@ y , living in america , i dol@@ ed out a piece of this roman@@ ce to anybody who 'd pay for it -- this sense , this a@@ es@@ thetic feeling , for the experience revol@@ ving around a designed object . +and that 's the way i work now . +he reach@@ ed down . he pulled a le@@ ver . and the chair s@@ ank down . +would everybody put their hand under their bottom and feel their ta@@ il@@ bone ? +ide@@ ally you want to put the head support in the cr@@ ani@@ al area , right there . +now let 's assu@@ me you go on ho@@ li@@ day . +that 's two days ago . +clearly the product you 've got has got to be safe to humans . +a single female will lay about up to 100 eg@@ gs at a time , up to about 500 in her lifetime . +so frei@@ ght costs aren 't our biggest problem . +i found myself in a hospital in an intensi@@ ve-@@ care ward , re@@ cu@@ per@@ ating from emergen@@ cy surgery . +so , it 's not really simple when somebody as@@ ks you , " where do you live , where do you work , and where do you spend all your time ? +no doctor , can i remember , ever asking me , " where have you lived ? " +and all of those black dots are all of the tox@@ ic rele@@ ase inv@@ ent@@ ories that are monit@@ or@@ ed by the ep@@ a . +and i would say he got it right almost a decade ago . +i am the em@@ per@@ or of or@@ an@@ ges . i am the em@@ per@@ or of or@@ an@@ ges . " +i 'm going to start by asking you a question : is anyone familiar with the blue al@@ ga@@ e problem ? +cell mem@@ bran@@ es are phosp@@ hor@@ us-@@ based : these are called phosp@@ ho@@ li@@ pi@@ ds . +you 're going to tell me it 's wa@@ ste@@ ful . +what are we to do ? we are fac@@ ed with a parado@@ x . +and over time , this mush@@ room has evolved and adap@@ ted to se@@ ek out even the tin@@ i@@ est tra@@ ce of phosp@@ hor@@ us , and to put it to use , to make it available to the plant . +my@@ cor@@ r@@ hi@@ za was used in one field but not in the other . +so , examples like christ@@ op@@ her wr@@ en 's king 's cross : you can see that the struc@@ tural forces of the v@@ au@@ l@@ ting get artic@@ ul@@ ated as lines , so you 're really actually seeing the expression of struc@@ tural force and form . +now , typically you 'd think that they would all be the same : like , the cha@@ irs you 're sitting in would all be the same dimension . +and here we 've broken the 500 a@@ part@@ ments up into small neighbor@@ ho@@ ods , and differ@@ enti@@ ated those neighbor@@ ho@@ ods . +that way , each one of these tools we could pay for with a few hundred dollars , and get incredible vari@@ ation in the components . +finally , i 'd like to just show you some of the effects of using digital fabri@@ cation . +if we go a little bit further south in our little tour of the world , we can go to the bo@@ li@@ vi@@ an edge of the ama@@ zon , here also in 197@@ 5 , and if you look really carefully , there 's a thin white line through that kind of se@@ am , and there 's a l@@ one farmer out there in the middle of the pri@@ me@@ val jung@@ le . +well , the color@@ a@@ do on a typical day in the 195@@ 0s , this is just , you know , not a flo@@ od , not a dr@@ ought , kind of an average day , it looks something like this . +let 's put it that way . +and yet , we don 't talk about it very much . +the green areas here show where cor@@ n y@@ i@@ el@@ ds , just showing cor@@ n as an example , are already really high , probably the ma@@ x@@ im@@ um you could find on earth today for that climate and soil , but the brown areas and yellow areas are places where we 're only getting maybe 20 or 30 percent of the y@@ i@@ el@@ d you should be able to get . +we need to face ' the other in@@ conven@@ i@@ ent truth . ' a global crisis in agriculture . +and there 's nothing we do that is more cru@@ cial to our survival . +and i thought she 'd say , " oh , you know , up the la@@ go@@ on somewhere , or maybe across africa , " but you 'll be happy to know she said it came from here , it comes from the north sea . +so it 's vast . but it should come with an a@@ ster@@ is@@ k , and the a@@ ster@@ is@@ k is that it ex@@ clu@@ des two thir@@ ds of the workers of the world . +they 're going to ed@@ dy in la@@ gos . +first , it would be to understand that it could be considered a co@@ oper@@ ative , and this is a thought from the brazi@@ li@@ an legal sch@@ ol@@ ar ro@@ ber@@ to man@@ gab@@ ei@@ ra unger . +there are also some children who are born without arms , called con@@ gen@@ ital lim@@ b de@@ fi@@ ci@@ ency . +there are several available on the market , and here you see a few . +imagine , with somebody who 's lost their whole arm , we still have four major ner@@ ves that go down your arm . +and i challenge anybody in the room to make their ch@@ est go like this . +you see him with his original device on the left there after eight months of use , and on the right , it is two months . +i could work them just by my thoughts . +ak : so i have the el@@ bo@@ w that goes up and down . +here 's am@@ anda using an arm made by de@@ ka research corpo@@ ration . +but look at all the electro@@ des around it . +to@@ d@@ d ku@@ i@@ ken : a pro@@ s@@ thetic arm that " feels " +also , research within the continent is a lot easier to condu@@ ct due to wi@@ des@@ pre@@ ad poverty , en@@ de@@ mic diseases and in@@ ade@@ qu@@ ate health care systems . +public accoun@@ t@@ ability needs to be pro@@ mot@@ ed through transpar@@ ency and independent re@@ view by non@@ govern@@ mental and international organizations as appropriate . +now , there are around a thousand tru@@ cks and bus@@ es and cars there . +and , more importantly , they 're well-@@ d@@ ressed . +where it 's blue and it 's green , it means the water is really cold . +and so we have this pengu@@ in project . the wild@@ life conser@@ vation society has fund@@ ed me along with a lot of individuals over the last 27 years to be able to produce these kinds of maps . +because we 've solved the problem in ch@@ u@@ but pro@@ vin@@ ce , which is like a state in ar@@ gent@@ ina where pun@@ ta tom@@ bo is -- so that 's about 1,000 kilometers of co@@ ast@@ line -- but we haven 't solved the problem in northern ar@@ gent@@ ina , ur@@ u@@ gu@@ ay and brazil . +tur@@ bo 's never been f@@ ed . +here 's a female that 's in a hur@@ ry . she 's got food . +for them , nations , countries , boundar@@ ies , bor@@ ders still matter a great deal , and often viol@@ ently . +as you can see on this map , russi@@ a is still the largest country in the world . +they set up their own ba@@ za@@ ars and medical clin@@ ics . +specifically , it tar@@ gets japan and korea and australia , countries that are strong al@@ lies of the united states . +so what can we do to think about bor@@ ders differently in this part of the world ? +what might ? i believe that what might solve the problem is infrastructure . +and i as@@ sure you it 's every bit as important to them as it might have been to col@@ oni@@ z@@ ers and im@@ peri@@ alists . +in 2004 , 15 new countries jo@@ ined the e@@ .@@ u . +the post-@@ col@@ oni@@ al entrop@@ y that is happening around the world is acceler@@ ating , and i expect more such changes to occu@@ r in the map as the states frag@@ ment . +many people think the lines on the map no longer matter , but para@@ g k@@ han@@ na says they do . using maps of the past and present , he explains the ro@@ ot causes of bor@@ der confli@@ cts worldwide and pro@@ pos@@ es simple yet c@@ un@@ ning solutions for each . +and next you 're going to see the long-@@ lived mu@@ t@@ ant when it 's young . +that 's what it 's like . and you would never know . +now you 've all heard of at least insu@@ lin . +so it 's really interesting , and it makes sense in a way , that they 're still young , so why would they be getting diseases of aging until their old ? +that 's how it works . that 's why we don 't see the long li@@ fes@@ pan , until we have the da@@ f-@@ 2 mu@@ t@@ ant . +and that 's the case all over the world , as you can see from these stars . +although you 're looking for a drug that can solve aging in old men like me , what you could do now pretty well in the lab , if you were allowed eth@@ ically , is start a human life from scrat@@ ch with alter@@ ed genes that would make it live for a lot longer ? +if you look at birds , which live a long time , cells from the birds tend to be more resi@@ stant to a lot of different environmental st@@ res@@ ses like high temperature or hydro@@ gen per@@ o@@ xide , things like that . +as you can see , it 's impossible to read . +here 's another good article about a new campaign op@@ pos@@ ing pri@@ va@@ ti@@ zation of trans@@ it without any contact information for the campaign . +which leads us to the last one , which is our elec@@ tions . +i can see i 've got my work cut out for me here . +now to begin to over@@ come our ignor@@ ance of the role of brain chemistry in brain circu@@ it@@ ry , it 's hel@@ p@@ ful to work on what we bi@@ ologists call " model organisms , " animals like fru@@ it flies and laboratory mi@@ ce , in which we can apply powerful genetic techniques to molecul@@ arly identify and pin@@ point specific clas@@ ses of neurons , as you heard about in all@@ an j@@ ones 's talk this morning . +val@@ ence means good or bad , positive or negative . +you can train a fly to avoid an od@@ or , shown here in blue , if you pair that od@@ or with a sho@@ ck . +modern psychiat@@ ric drugs treat the chemistry of the whole brain , but neuro@@ biolog@@ ist david ander@@ son belie@@ ves in a more nu@@ an@@ ced view of how the brain fun@@ ctions . he ill@@ umin@@ ates new research that could lead to tar@@ ge@@ ted psychiat@@ ric medi@@ cations -- that work better and avoid side effects . how 's he doing it ? for a start , by making a bunch of fru@@ it flies an@@ gry . +so we set up an experiment where@@ by we put a na@@ ked volunte@@ er in a large c@@ age , and in that c@@ age we rele@@ ased mo@@ squ@@ it@@ os to see where they were bit@@ ing on the body of that person . +so the problem that we face with this is that , throughout the landscape , all these po@@ ols of water with the lar@@ va@@ e , they are sc@@ at@@ ter@@ ed all over the place , which makes it very hard for an in@@ spec@@ tor like this to actually find all these bre@@ eding sites and treat them with inse@@ c@@ ti@@ ci@@ des . +here we go . +but not all patients on the transp@@ l@@ ant wait list are so fortun@@ ate . +and in my mind , i realized as a sur@@ gical pi@@ one@@ er that the purpose of my position of influence was sur@@ ely to speak up for those who have no influence . +and so guess what , scientists around the world and in the lab@@ s are ra@@ cing to conver@@ t aging adult cells -- aging adult cells from you and me -- they are ra@@ cing to re@@ program these cells back into more useful i@@ ps cells . +stem cells may be used to deliver growth fac@@ tors to re@@ pair dama@@ ged heart muscle or be differ@@ enti@@ ated into heart muscle cells to re@@ store heart function . +and here are the results of this wonderful project that is the system in ven@@ e@@ zu@@ ela . +so what 's going on when it doesn 't ? +but here 's what 's going on here . +yeah . +and for the good of your relationships , i would encoura@@ ge you to do the same . +but we don 't know where , since we don 't know how to read the pattern . +first , it 's clearly a non-@@ invasi@@ ve , wir@@ eless form of communication . +you 're familiar with these cells because they are the ones that fru@@ strate you when you try to s@@ w@@ at the fly . +whenever a fly reach@@ es the mid@@ point of the cham@@ ber where the two od@@ or stre@@ ams meet , it has to make a decision . +whenever it comes up to the mid@@ point , it p@@ aus@@ es , it carefully sc@@ ans the od@@ or interface as if it was s@@ ni@@ ff@@ ing out its environment , and then it turns around . +the other piece of good news , for a scientist at least , is that much rema@@ ins to be discovered . +and it 's depen@@ dent on passi@@ ve patients who just take it and don 't ask any questions . +thomas bat@@ u@@ ik : hi there , eric . +and you just saw a little bit of the first two with my interaction with dr. ba@@ ti@@ u@@ k . +i had my own heart sc@@ are years ago in graduate school , when we 're under treatment for the kid@@ ney , and suddenly , they 're like , " oh , we think you have a heart problem . " +these population studies that we 've done have created tons of mira@@ cle drugs that have saved millions of lives , but the problem is that health care is tre@@ ating us as a@@ ver@@ ages , not unique individuals , because at the end of the day , the patient is not the same thing as the population who are studied . that 's what 's leading to the gu@@ ess@@ work . +so " thank you " feel li@@ kes a really tri@@ te word , but thank you from the bottom of my heart for saving my life . +that 's k@@ ell@@ ar au@@ tu@@ m@@ n , my former ph@@ .@@ d. student , professor now at le@@ wi@@ s and c@@ lar@@ k , literally giving his fir@@ st-@@ born child up for this test . +oh . one thing i want to point out is , look at sti@@ ck@@ y@@ bot . +and when i went back to research this , i realized that one of the great ted moments in the past , from na@@ than , we 've talked about an active tail . +for those of you who remember your physics , that 's a zer@@ o-@@ ang@@ ul@@ ar-@@ moment@@ um ri@@ gh@@ ting response . but it 's like a c@@ at . +so we can man@@ eu@@ ver this way . +but then as it gets closer to the tree , look at the clo@@ se@@ -up . and see if you can see it land . +so i will spend a little time at the end . +well , the problem is that we 've got very complicated forces in the climate system . +this was -- this is south of the ant@@ arc@@ tic circle . +it took about 10 years to put this project together . +we 've actually changed the temperature in the last century just the right amount . +and it been growing for about 600 years . +the coral can take us back hundreds and thousands of years . +so i 'll close with a short discussion of ocean aci@@ di@@ fication . +now , what that means is that all of the organisms that live in the sea have evolved in this che@@ mo@@ stat@@ ted ocean , that 's the reason that they 're not able to respond or ada@@ pt to this ra@@ pid aci@@ di@@ fication that 's going on right now . +the idea goes like this : imagine space is a sub@@ strate of all there is . +he said , if i want to describe one more force , maybe i need one more dimension . +some of you guys will fix that one day , but anything that 's not flat on a screen is a new dimension , goes smaller , smaller , smaller , and way down in the microscop@@ ic dep@@ ths of space itself , this is the idea , you could have addi@@ tional cur@@ led up dimensions -- here is a little shape of a circle -- so small that we don 't see them . +this something else is this dan@@ cing fil@@ am@@ ent of energy . +and that question is this : when we look around the world , as scientists have done for the last hundred years , there appear to be about 20 numbers that really describe our universe . +and if you watch these little fel@@ lo@@ ws vi@@ br@@ ating around -- they 'll be there in a second -- right there , notice that they way they vi@@ bra@@ te is affected by the geome@@ try of the extra dimensions . +and now string theory comes along and says , yes , gravity , quant@@ um mechan@@ ics , electro@@ magne@@ tis@@ m , all together in one pac@@ ka@@ ge , but only if the universe has more dimensions than the ones that we see . +what i want to talk about is not that context is everything , but why is context everything . +the one on the left comes from an orange surface , under direct light , facing to the right , vie@@ wed through a sort of a blu@@ ish medium . +so , if i could have the lights down up here . +but i 'm not going to change anything within those bo@@ xes , except their meaning . +move your eyes around , blin@@ k , maybe close one eye . +and they land on the flo@@ wer . they stick their ton@@ gue in there , called a pro@@ bo@@ sc@@ is , and they drink sugar water . +and you 'll see there is a line , a fa@@ int line going across that image . +so , now , what i want to do : i 'm going to put the middle nine sur@@ faces here under yellow ill@@ um@@ ination by simply putting a filter behind them . +so if you look at security from economic terms , it 's a tra@@ de-@@ off . +and i think that 's a fundament@@ ally interesting question . +so you can imagine how that works . +there 's no real word for stuff that makes us sec@@ ure , but doesn 't make us feel sec@@ ure . +i have feeling and reality . +i was born in new york city . +intui@@ tive is just another word for familiar . +an example , a great example , is the risk of smo@@ king . +strong feelings can create a model . +i mean really though , information seems like our best hope . +i said , " well , that 's kind of ne@@ at . +couldn 't do it . could not wait . +and let me show you what happened . +jo@@ ach@@ im de pos@@ ada : don 't eat the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low ! +this was after 9 / 11 ; the city was in tough times . +and we 've already started construction on section two . +let me show you a slide here which illu@@ str@@ ates the character of confli@@ cts since 194@@ 6 until today . +and my country reli@@ es on its security through military alli@@ ance , that 's clear . +my point is that you don 't have to be neu@@ tra@@ l to talk . +i think that is wrong . +so what can we learn from all of this ? +it 's cru@@ cial to understand , i believe , because of technology and because of glob@@ alization , societies from bot@@ tom@@ -up . +i said , " no , it 's -- it 's pengu@@ in sh@@ it . " +and recently , i was in e@@ aster island , which is an incredibly beautiful place , and an incredibly myster@@ i@@ ous place , because no matter where you go in e@@ aster island , you 're stru@@ ck by these stat@@ u@@ es , called the mo@@ ai . +how long have they been standing in what posi@@ tions ? +so , this device here is an invisi@@ bility clo@@ ak . +this subje@@ cts food to a force about 5@@ 0,000 times that of normal gravity , and oh boy , does it cl@@ ari@@ fy chicken stock . +i mean , can you imagine ? e@@ .@@ t@@ . ' s ph@@ oning home , and i 'm not , like , there ? you know , horri@@ ble ! +now , this is what ty@@ ran@@ no@@ sau@@ rus re@@ x looks like in my living room . +so , there 's more and more activity near the boat , and all of a sudden somebody shou@@ ts , " what 's that in the water ? " +having expla@@ ined those , that will set up for what i think will be a different idea about how to go about tre@@ ating cancer . +so what you can tell is you can tell the difference between an asi@@ an person and a european person by looking at their ingre@@ di@@ ents list . +but sometimes you can learn much more useful things about that . +i mean , i see patients dying every day because we don 't know what 's going on inside of them . +so this is the sig@@ nature out of which we 're trying to get patterns . +the problem is that , in cancer , there isn 't something else that 's inside of you . +so your house is dealing with lea@@ ks all the time , but it 's fix@@ ing them . it 's dra@@ ining them out and so on . +so thank you very much . +febru@@ ary 4@@ th , we po@@ sted it on our website . this was before super tu@@ es@@ day . +stage one is a group where people syste@@ matically se@@ ver relationships from func@@ tional tri@@ bes , and then pool together with people who think like they do . +if that 's how you talked , imagine what kind of work would get done . +here is the greatest challenge we face in innovation . +there is , in fact , another stage . +we 're great ! who is not great ? england ! " +one of the people we intervie@@ wed was frank j@@ ord@@ an , former ma@@ yo@@ r of san francisco . before that he was ch@@ ie@@ f of police in san francisco . +pretty much everybody else who does po@@ ll@@ s . +i 'm going to read a few stri@@ ps . +it 's why they leave lights on around the house . +it was not until the 14@@ th century that an itali@@ an pain@@ ter recogni@@ zed the la@@ p as a gre@@ cian temp@@ le , u@@ ph@@ ol@@ ster@@ ed in fl@@ es@@ h and cl@@ oth . +apri@@ co@@ t hal@@ ves like the e@@ ars of cher@@ u@@ b@@ im . +and it 's too cer@@ e@@ bra@@ l to anima@@ te gu@@ ts and he@@ arts and behavior when the going gets r@@ ough . +and in that light , for the religious , compassion also brings us into the terri@@ tory of myster@@ y -- encoura@@ ging us not just to see beauty , but perhaps also to look for the face of god in the moment of suffering , in the face of a stran@@ ger , in the face of the vi@@ br@@ ant religious other . +je@@ an v@@ ani@@ er says that his work , like the work of other people -- his great , belo@@ ved , late friend mother ter@@ es@@ a -- is never in the first instance about changing the world ; it 's in the first instance about changing ourselves . +but he watched physi@@ ci@@ sts and chemi@@ sts become the pur@@ ve@@ y@@ ors of weapons of mass destruction in the early 20th century . +ra@@ ch@@ el na@@ om@@ i re@@ men is a better doctor because of her life@@ -@@ long struggle with cro@@ hn 's disease . +but i rec@@ ited a che@@ er . i rec@@ ited a che@@ er along with everybody else . +it 's different from being sh@@ y . +and this turns out to have a special power all its own , because people could feel that these leaders were at the hel@@ m , not because they enjo@@ yed direc@@ ting others and not out of the pleasure of being looked at ; they were there because they had no choice , because they were driven to do what they thought was right . +this is no surprise though if you look at the insi@@ ghts of con@@ temporary psychology . +and they fe@@ ature as their role models really great sal@@ es@@ men . +and even away from the po@@ dium , when you called him to say hell@@ o , he would often end the conversation pre@@ ma@@ tur@@ ely for fear that he was taking up too much of your time . +this is especially important for ex@@ tro@@ ver@@ ted children too . +and then i 'll come back to the beginning , and tell you a little bit more -- hopefully convince you -- that i believe that in today 's world , it is really important for business leaders not only to have an idea of what their business is all about , but to have a passion for something that is meaning@@ ful . +so , one of our passi@@ ons in our company , and now one of my personal passi@@ ons , is to be able to really work hard at making the technology useful , acc@@ essi@@ ble and aff@@ ord@@ able . +as a matter of fact , we think reach@@ ing 100 percent is very do@@ able , even before the 20@@ 15 ti@@ me@@ frame . in other parts of emerging countries , such as india and china , the progress has been good -- has been soli@@ d , has been good . but in places that are not as developed , places like africa , la@@ tin america and other places in the world , the progress has been rather slow . as a matter of fact , i was just recently vis@@ iting south africa . +what i mean by that is that in some parts of the world , the government plays a key role in the development of technology . +one example of this has been the one laptop per child . +you have to be a better husband than i was , because that 's how you make progress . " and now he began to make sense . +i meet a lot of people who are very smart , and say , " but why can 't i figure out my problems ? " +i started it with one other family in 19@@ 80 . +and i asked this guy , i said , " well , do you believe that human beings are responsible to make the world a little bit better place for the next generation ? +i don 't own a gu@@ es@@ thou@@ se . +it 's all about more , having more . +when you read this pra@@ yer , it sounds incredibly sel@@ fish , self-@@ cen@@ ter@@ ed . +now , they 're 13 miles up the road in s@@ ant@@ a ana . +but he doesn 't do mira@@ cles just to show off . +last year , i was invited to speak at n@@ ba all@@ -@@ stars game . +if you 're wired to make de@@ als , you make de@@ als . +and i don 't mean that they drop out of school in the third or fourth grade -- they don 't go . +her mother had not gone to primary school . +and somewhere in the middle of south da@@ k@@ ota , i turn to my friend and i ask her a question that 's been bo@@ ther@@ ing me for 2,000 miles . +and finally , i want to convince you that it is possible to step outside of that feeling and that if you can do so , it is the single greatest moral , intellectual and creative lea@@ p you can make . +but there 's a second reason that we get stuck inside this feeling as well -- and this one is cultural . +well the wrong side of her body is in ban@@ da@@ ges because the surge@@ on has per@@ formed a major operation on her left leg instead of her right one . +the mira@@ cle of your mind isn 't that you can see the world as it is . +when it comes to our stories , we love being wrong . +and to me , if you really want to re@@ discover wonder , you need to step outside of that tiny , terri@@ fied space of ri@@ ght@@ ness and look around at each other and look out at the va@@ st@@ ness and complexity and myster@@ y of the universe and be able to say , " wow , i don 't know . +one of the ir@@ on@@ ies of this whole system is we 're discus@@ sing what to do about a system that we don 't understand . we don 't even know what oil is . we don 't know where oil comes from . i mean , literally , it 's still a source of debate what this black river of stuff is and where it comes from . the best assu@@ mption , and one of the best gu@@ esses in this stuff , is that this stuff comes out of this stuff , that these things absor@@ b sun@@ light , rot under pressure for millions of years , and you get these black ri@@ vers . +what is this ? this is the first transp@@ l@@ ant of na@@ ked dna , where you take an entire dna operating system out of one cell , ins@@ ert it into a different cell , and have that cell boot up as a separate species . that 's one month old . you will see stuff in the next month that will be just as important as this stuff . +i happened to buy that mot@@ el about three months after vi@@ vi@@ an started working there . +but given my be@@ fu@@ dd@@ led state of mind , i ended up in the self-@@ help section very quickly . +they didn 't even see the in@@ tan@@ gi@@ ble stuff higher up the pyrami@@ d . +so as i spent time with leaders in the g@@ n@@ h movement , i got to really understand what they 're doing . +actually , in fact , if you look in the dic@@ tion@@ ary , many dic@@ tion@@ aries define pur@@ suit as to " ch@@ ase with ho@@ sti@@ li@@ ty . " +we 're asking 10 simple questions -- it is simpli@@ city . +in fact , as leaders , what we need to learn is that we can influence the quality of that unit of production by creating the conditions for our employees to live their calling . +b@@ l : all right . one , two , three . +right ? if you go down below on a boat , your inner e@@ ars are you telling you you 're moving . your eyes , because it 's moving in regi@@ ster with the boat , say i 'm standing still . +now here , i want to share the stage with someone quite special . right ? +b@@ l : " can you help me , henry ? " what good scientist says that , right ? +so we asked lar@@ ry and nat@@ al@@ ie he@@ m@@ pel to write a comm@@ ent@@ ary situ@@ ating the fin@@ dings for scientists , right , putting in the refer@@ ences , and we sub@@ mit it to biology letters . +b@@ l : this is the ep@@ it@@ ome of technology . right . okay . +this is terrible , this oil -- it 's in the water . +we feel so good about ourselves . +bi@@ om@@ i@@ mi@@ c@@ ry , which is something that is an emerging science , win@@ ds up being a very important social justice idea . +california has one of the highest in@@ car@@ cer@@ ation rates of all the 50 states . +it was a trying and sc@@ ary thing for a young kid to be going through . +it 's bad enough on a high@@ way , what 's it going to be like to be in the air ? +this is the world -- there won 't be you as a pilot . and i know the pil@@ ots in the audience aren 't going to like that -- and i 've had a lot of bad feedback from people who want to be up there , flying around and experi@@ en@@ cing that . +wonderful engine . +tw@@ ent@@ y-@@ three percent said , " yes , as soon as possible . " +wir@@ es su@@ ck , they really do . +what dr. sol@@ jac@@ ic figured out how to do was separate the co@@ ils in a trans@@ former to a greater distance than the size of those trans@@ form@@ ers using this technology , which is not dis@@ similar from the way an oper@@ a sing@@ er sh@@ at@@ ters a glass on the other side of the room . +and then finally , electric vehi@@ cles . +imagine , you get one of these things . you want to hang them on the wall . +and no@@ ki@@ a as well . +so what happens to all these tox@@ ins when we die ? +we want to eat , not be e@@ aten by , our food . +thank you . +we followed my job , and it seemed like there was nothing that we couldn 't do . +they 're ex@@ o@@ tic . they 're experiment@@ al . +so what do we make of all of this ? +it 's so clear , yet they 're in den@@ ial . " +ho@@ spi@@ ce was for people who were dying , and ter@@ ence wasn 't dying . +it 's part of our dna as humans , and maybe it 's time our healthcare system -- doctors , patients , in@@ sur@@ ance companies , us , started accoun@@ ting for the power of that hope . +well , we collect data from satelli@@ tes , from air@@ planes , from ground vehi@@ cles , from people . +this process is a very calcul@@ ated process . +microsoft 's ste@@ phen law@@ ler gives a wh@@ ir@@ l@@ wind tour of virtual earth , moving up , down and through its hyper@@ -@@ real c@@ it@@ y@@ scap@@ es with da@@ zz@@ l@@ ingly flu@@ i@@ di@@ ty , a remarkable fe@@ at that requires st@@ ag@@ ger@@ ing amo@@ unts of data to bring into focus . +you need also state ow@@ ner@@ ship , especially of land asse@@ ts , in order to build and roll out infra@@ structures very quickly . +this is a very little known fact about the two countries . +by that compar@@ ison , democracy looks very , very good in terms of economic growth . +this is the world development inde@@ x indi@@ c@@ ator data in the early 199@@ 0s . +these are the two pictures taken of gar@@ ment fac@@ tor@@ ies in gu@@ ang@@ d@@ ong pro@@ vin@@ ce and gar@@ ment fac@@ tor@@ ies in india . +but ne@@ ver@@ th@@ eless , the system has moved in a more liber@@ al direction , moved in a more democratic direction . +i believe that the political re@@ forms are a must for china to main@@ tain its growth . +i 've been spending a lot of time thinking about co@@ ffe@@ e@@ houses for the last five years , because i 've been kind of on this qu@@ est to investi@@ gate this question of where good ideas come from . +and what they noticed was they don 't have a lot of d@@ v@@ rs , they don 't have a lot of micro@@ waves , but they seem to do a pretty good job of keeping their cars on the road . +this is what your office should look like , is part of my message here . +and darwin kept these cop@@ i@@ ous not@@ e@@ books where he wrote down every little idea he had , every little hun@@ ch . +and so they ask around to a couple of their colleagues , and everybody 's like , " no , i hadn 't thought of doing that . +could you go the other way ? +this shift is the most stri@@ king in the u.s. and in the u.k. , but it 's a global phenomenon . +so we 're living in the age of sur@@ ging income ine@@ quality , especially at the top . +we have super@@ star bank@@ ers . +again , this is no m@@ ere hypo@@ the@@ tical . +the dy@@ stop@@ ia that wor@@ ries me is a universe in which a few geni@@ uses inv@@ ent google and its il@@ k and the rest of us are emplo@@ yed giving them mas@@ sages . +there 's many of them up there . +one in a hundred . +and this one 's the biggest growth industry of all , and at least six out of 10 of the people in this room will die in this form , which is the d@@ wind@@ ling of capacity with increasing fra@@ il@@ ty , and fra@@ il@@ ty 's an inevi@@ table part of aging , and increasing fra@@ il@@ ty is in fact the main thing that people die of now , and the last few years , or the last year of your life is spent with a great deal of dis@@ ability , unfortunately . +the small idea is , let 's all of us engage more with this in the way that j@@ as@@ on has illu@@ strated . +it de@@ pri@@ ves eu@@ than@@ asia of its oxygen supply . +my family was on a road trip and we were in the grand c@@ any@@ on . +and this is really what i want to talk to you about today -- about cancer . +so , this really changed my view of looking at cancer . +tumor cells can travel through the blood ves@@ sel@@ s . +so , is it possible that the tumor cells are going to the skelet@@ al muscle tissue , but once in contact inside the skelet@@ al muscle tissue , m@@ yo@@ d acts upon these tumor cells and causes them to become skelet@@ al muscle cells ? +and the grandmother had never let any west@@ ern@@ ers ever see her . +and remember this picture , because i 'm going to show you another picture later , but you can see how much she looks like her grandmother , although she looks so western . +and i said , " i 'm 28 years old , and i live in hot@@ els , and i 'm not married . " +so , i went back to korea , and i went back to hy@@ un@@ -@@ so@@ ok 's village , and she was gone . +and the more i tried talking to him , the less friend@@ ly he was getting . +i just think that -- what little i know about the situation , she has very little chance here of having the kind of life that you probably would like her to have . " +and he said , " the second day she was here she made up a list of all of the names of the older kids and the yo@@ unger kids . +and the third night , we came back , we 'd just gone out to dinner , where you saw the pictures , and we got to the front des@@ k and the guy at the front des@@ k said , " there 's no other free rooms on your floor ton@@ ight , so if you want to put the kids five flo@@ ors below you , there 's a room there . " +and the whole room filled with smo@@ ke in about two seconds . +and i remember , nat@@ as@@ ha didn 't want us opening the door -- sorry , i was trying not to open the door , because we 'd spent so much time barri@@ c@@ ading the room . +this is a tri@@ -@@ star , and so they let nat@@ as@@ ha actually sit in the jump seat . +gene even did a little ti@@ le work in the kitchen , which was that , " once upon a time , there was a beautiful girl that came from h@@ ills of korea to live happ@@ ily ever after in atlan@@ ta . " +thank you all of you . +a lot has happened in the last few years , and let 's start with the planets . +in fact , even back during the an@@ ci@@ ents , the solar system in that sense would look on a diagra@@ m like this . +most of these are can@@ di@@ dat@@ es . +so the question is : is that chemical phenomenon universal , or is it something which depen@@ ds on the planet ? +this understanding of chemistry actually can help us with our daily lives . +can you imagine how small it is ? +let 's start this new revolution at the tail end of the old one , with syn@@ thetic biology being the way to transform both our environment and our future . +then , uganda started to turn back , whereas z@@ im@@ bab@@ we sky@@ rock@@ et@@ ed , and some years later south africa had a terrible rise of hiv frequ@@ ency . +not the drug in itself , but the treatment and the care which is needed around it . +there 's a lot of things that we thought , that now , good research , done by african institutions and researchers together with the international researchers , show that that 's not the case . +un@@ aids have done good data available , finally , about the spread of hiv . +h@@ ans ro@@ s@@ ling un@@ v@@ ei@@ ls new data visu@@ als that un@@ tan@@ gle the complex risk fac@@ tors of one of the world 's de@@ ad@@ li@@ est diseases : hiv . he argu@@ es that pre@@ vent@@ ing trans@@ mis@@ sions -- not drug treat@@ ments -- is the key to en@@ ding the epidemic . +it 's based on pur@@ ch@@ asing power par@@ ity . +we know that 's wrong , because we condu@@ cted two great natural experiments in the 20th century to see if geogra@@ ph@@ y ma@@ tter@@ ed more than institutions . +let 's call them the kil@@ ler app@@ s . +mean@@ while , there 's no scientific revolution anywhere else . +that 's the consumer society , and it prop@@ els economic growth more than even technologi@@ cal change itself . +any society can adop@@ t these institutions , and when they do , they achieve what the west achie@@ ved after 1@@ 500 -- only faster . +that 's so true . +and that 's all we seem to be car@@ ing about recently . +so what this figure shows is that spi@@ ders date back to almost 3@@ 80 million years . +these can be grou@@ ped into seven categ@@ ories . +so i 've color@@ ed in the gl@@ y@@ cin@@ es again in green , al@@ an@@ ine in red , and the ser@@ ines , the letter s , in pur@@ ple . and you can see that the top repe@@ at unit can be expla@@ ined almost entirely by green and red , and the bottom repe@@ at unit has a substan@@ tial amount of pur@@ ple . +what you see here on this tou@@ g@@ hn@@ ess graph is the higher the black do@@ t is on the graph , the higher the tou@@ g@@ hn@@ ess . +to bor@@ row from the wri@@ t@@ ings of a spi@@ der named char@@ lot@@ te , silk is terri@@ fic . +fli@@ ck@@ r is a phot@@ o-@@ sharing service that allows people to take photos , u@@ plo@@ ad them , share them over the web and so forth . +you notice we haven 't got everybody who has a photo . +and worst of all , that figure at the bottom , appro@@ x@@ ima@@ tely ten photos per photograph@@ er , is a lie . +this is the math under@@ lying the 80 / 20 rule . right ? +right ? so , when institutions are told they are ob@@ stac@@ les , and that there are other ways of co@@ ordin@@ ating the value , they go through something a little bit like the ku@@ bl@@ er-@@ ross st@@ ages -- -- of reaction , being told you have a f@@ at@@ al illness : den@@ ial , an@@ ger , bar@@ ga@@ ining , accep@@ tan@@ ce . +the inv@@ ent@@ ors don 't know what the invention is . +there are people in the states right now t@@ ying themselves into kn@@ ots , trying to figure out whether or not blog@@ gers are journ@@ alists . +it was produced by analy@@ zing their communic@@ ations patterns using a lot of these tools . and dou@@ b@@ t@@ less the intelligence communities of the world are doing the same work today for the attac@@ ks of last week . +so a bak@@ er , and a good bak@@ er , knows how to pull or draw forth the in@@ her@@ ent sugar tra@@ pped in the star@@ ch . +that 's the challenge . okay , so , now , what we -- in the journey of whe@@ at , let 's go back and look at these 12 st@@ ages . +this takes a second , but it 's a distin@@ ctive stage . +and then we have stage 12 , which the text@@ books call " pac@@ k@@ aging , " but my students call " eating . " +it 's not only been killed , but it 's been den@@ i@@ ed any potential for creating future life . +bacteria is in there , eating the same sug@@ ars , turning them into aci@@ ds . +it 's used as a symbol for transformation . +and i 'm not kid@@ ding , i just think we should just say that and move forward . +they 're all moun@@ ted on my instru@@ ments . +it 's a bunch of crazy pic@@ to@@ graphic not@@ ation . +let 's watch just another clip . +i 've decided , ultimately , that this is the wrong question , that this is not the important question . +so half the time , she ac@@ ted as if she liked the cra@@ ck@@ ers and didn 't like the bro@@ c@@ col@@ i -- just like a baby and any other san@@ e person . +if we look across many , many different species of animals , not just us pri@@ mates , but also including other ma@@ mm@@ als , birds , even mar@@ su@@ pi@@ als like kan@@ g@@ aro@@ os and wom@@ bat@@ s , it turns out that there 's a relationship between how long a childhood a species has and how big their brains are compared to their bodies and how smart and flexi@@ ble they are . +and at least until they 're 23 , we 're still po@@ pping those wor@@ ms into those little open mou@@ ths . +then they test that new hypo@@ thesis and so on and so forth . +the first one is , again , remember , these are four year-@@ ol@@ ds . +oh . +and we even know something about the way the brain does this . +al@@ ison g@@ op@@ nik : what do babies think ? +now , the only way to get around that is to actually simu@@ late the human body and to simu@@ late that bit of the nervous system of the brain that contro@@ ls that body . +those are then sel@@ ec@@ ted by the algorith@@ m , re@@ produced with mu@@ tation and re@@ combin@@ ations to introdu@@ ce sex as well . +now , this might look kind of tri@@ vi@@ al , but it 's actually very important because this is not something you get at the moment in any inter@@ active or any virtual worl@@ ds . +and then , finally hits the floor . +so , they wanted to have a digital version of a stun@@ t@@ man and that 's what we 've been working on for the past few months . +at the moment , doing something like this by hand would take you probably a couple of days . +there 's so many things we can do with this right now . +we do have one un@@ inten@@ tional dan@@ cer actually , the last thing i 'm going to show you . +it 's a children 's book for the i@@ pad . +i remember we cri@@ ed prof@@ us@@ ely when the little go@@ ats we played with in the summer became bi@@ ri@@ an@@ i . +and my argument [ is ] that the only way for us to teach creativity is by teaching children perspe@@ c@@ tives at the earli@@ est stage . +and you 'll get paid for it . you can think about it , if you want . +which they do . +let 's create a word process@@ or that 's just a word process@@ or . +there are these " wi@@ z@@ ards " everywhere . +pal@@ m is also , especially in the old days , wonderful about this . +i write the code that f@@ its the world today . +i made a fortun@@ e over at pi@@ x@@ ar . +in my very last example -- i do a lot of my work using speech recogni@@ tion software , and you have to be kind of quie@@ t because the software is nervous . +dp : thank you very much . +and the dan@@ ger is that they can cause roughly what 's a pan@@ de@@ mic . +and i would say that we can 't give up the rule of law to fight an as@@ y@@ m@@ me@@ tri@@ c threat , which is what we seem to be doing because of the present , the people that are in power , because that 's to give up the thing that makes civilization . +we 'll hear a lot more about that from al gore very shor@@ tly . +it 's a strange place inside a nan@@ ot@@ u@@ be . +we need new anti-@@ vir@@ als and cock@@ ta@@ ils . we need new kinds of vac@@ cin@@ es . +and finally , i think we have to do something that 's not really -- it 's almost un@@ accep@@ table to say this -- which , we have to begin to design the future . +i think it 's time that we transi@@ tioned to a solar syste@@ m-@@ going civilization and species . +how hard is it going to be to find life on mars ? +i think it 's there , and i think we need to go look for it , and i think it 's under@@ ground . +it 's a very simple trick , and i never fail to do it when i 'm sitting in a window seat . +in this ca@@ ve , great areas are covered by this red@@ dis@@ h material that you see here , and also these enormous cr@@ y@@ st@@ als of sel@@ en@@ ite that you can see dan@@ gling down . +in order to access these sub-@@ surface environments that we 're interested in , we 're very interested in developing the tools to do this . +so , we 're talking about things like in@@ fl@@ at@@ able lin@@ ers that can con@@ form to the complex to@@ po@@ logi@@ cal shape on the inside of a ca@@ ve , fo@@ am@@ e@@ d-@@ in-@@ place air@@ lo@@ cks to deal with this complex to@@ po@@ log@@ y , various ways of getting brea@@ thing g@@ ases made from the in@@ trin@@ si@@ c materials of these bodies . +but when you tell someone your goal and they ac@@ knowledge it , psych@@ ologists have found that it 's called a " social reality . " +and so it is with archi@@ me@@ des , the great gre@@ ek mathemati@@ cian . +for@@ ger@@ ies were pain@@ ted over it , and it suff@@ ered very b@@ ad@@ ly from m@@ old . +and so before we could start ima@@ ging archi@@ me@@ des , we had to take this book apart . +and that 's what it looks like . +but as the electr@@ ons go round at the speed of light , they shed x-@@ ra@@ ys . +this was a bad idea , because phili@@ p of ma@@ ce@@ don had a son called alex@@ ander the great , and they lost the battle of cha@@ er@@ one@@ a . +because institutions at the moment con@@ fine their data with copy@@ right restri@@ ctions and that sort of thing . +how do you read a two-@@ thou@@ sand@@ -year-old man@@ us@@ cri@@ pt that has been er@@ ased , cut up , written on and pain@@ ted over ? with a powerful partic@@ le acceler@@ ator , of course ! ancient books cur@@ ator willi@@ am no@@ el tells the fascinating story behind the archi@@ me@@ des pal@@ imp@@ s@@ est , a by@@ z@@ ant@@ ine pra@@ yer book contain@@ ing previ@@ ous@@ l@@ y-@@ un@@ known original wri@@ t@@ ings from ancient gre@@ ek mathemati@@ cian archi@@ me@@ des and others . +there are very few places in the u.s. where you can try real ko@@ be , and one of them is wol@@ f@@ gang pu@@ ck 's restaurant , cut , in los angeles . +they did give me a tour , though . +i did a blind taste test of this with 20 people and five other o@@ live o@@ ils . +and to try this -- i couldn 't get a lo@@ aner , but i did go into the manhattan sho@@ w@@ room of the manufac@@ tur@@ er , to@@ to , and they have a ba@@ th@@ room off of the sho@@ w@@ room that you can use , which i used . +most of the cars that i drive , if i get up to 80 they start to r@@ attle . +it was three days , four me@@ als . +and in particular , i think we can learn things about learning . +it 's from the game world of war@@ craft with more than 10 million players glob@@ ally , one of whom is me , another of whom is my wife . +now , if you take a game like war@@ craft , you can think about it , if you like , as a great bo@@ x-@@ opening effort . +no , we want one or two mon@@ sters on the screen at any one time . +second , multiple long and shor@@ t-@@ term a@@ ims -- 5,000 pi@@ es , bor@@ ing , 15 pi@@ es , interesting . +and what this means is we can predict learning , we can predict en@@ han@@ ced engagement , these windows , these windows of time , in which the learning is taking place at an en@@ han@@ ced level . +let 's start with business . +and through this work , i hope to better understand the evolutionary vulner@@ abilities of our bodies , so that we can improve and better manage our health in the future . +and so previous studies had only focused on microscop@@ y . +so i took a job at the united nations world food programme as a way to try to address these security issues through food security issues . +unfortunately , o@@ bes@@ ity 's not only an american problem . +there 's this large , con@@ soli@@ d@@ ated far@@ ming that 's led to what we eat in america , and it 's really been since around 19@@ 80 , after the oil crisis , when , you know , mass con@@ soli@@ dation , mass ex@@ o@@ du@@ s of small farmers in this country . +the i@@ con@@ s like michael po@@ ll@@ an and jam@@ ie oli@@ ver in his ted prize wish both add@@ ressed this last three-@@ decade time period as incredibly relevant for food system change . +this is a construction hel@@ met that i received two years ago at the gro@@ und@@ breaking of the largest project i , and my fir@@ m , have ever been involved in . +but i 'm going to reduce this to the beginning of the process , into three very pe@@ dan@@ tic stat@@ ements . +if we are so good at our craft shouldn 't we be able to conc@@ ei@@ ve of an architec@@ tural mani@@ fest@@ ation that sli@@ des se@@ am@@ less@@ ly through the project 's and the cli@@ ent 's con@@ stra@@ in@@ ts ? +the architec@@ tural mani@@ fest@@ ation was frank@@ ly just du@@ m@@ b . +you 're going down into our lo@@ bby , go through the lo@@ bby with our own little dan@@ g@@ ly bits , whether you like them or not , up through the sta@@ ir that leads you into the audi@@ tor@@ ium . +and the solution in terms of the bal@@ con@@ ies was to use something that we all know as a sc@@ ore@@ board li@@ ft . +this building has the ability , in short order , to go back to a flat floor organization such that they can r@@ ent it out . +and to re@@ mind you that here is an example in which architecture actually did something . +and i really loved this idea of the par@@ tial gli@@ mp@@ se into somebody 's life . +" i love how they were able to preser@@ ve most in everything that makes you feel close to nature -- bu@@ tter@@ flies , man@@ -@@ made fore@@ sts , li@@ me@@ stone ca@@ ves and hey , even a huge py@@ th@@ on . " +so these are some ne@@ wer projects that actually aren 't even launched publi@@ c@@ ly yet . +we 're very used to this . +this graph that i 'm cli@@ cking down here is meant to be remin@@ is@@ cent of a medical he@@ art@@ beat graph , showing the exciting moments of ad@@ ren@@ al@@ ine . +so , you have some really happy person holding 10 ballo@@ ons , and some really sad sou@@ l holding one ballo@@ on . +he had this amazing series of ha@@ irs growing out of a mo@@ le on the left side of his face , which i 'm told is very good lu@@ ck . +one of the more tou@@ ch@@ y political subje@@ cts in b@@ hu@@ tan is the use of indian cheap labor that they im@@ port from india to build the roads , and then they send these people home once the roads are built . +but i pre@@ fer for maybe 40 to 50 . +and you never think you 're going to be the guy who 's walking down the street and , because you choose to go down one side or the other , the rest of your life is changed forever . +and — — the nur@@ se kind of had a hy@@ ster@@ ical lau@@ gh , and i 'm turning my head trying to see everybody , and i had this weird memory of being in college and raising , raising money for the flo@@ od vic@@ ti@@ ms of banglades@@ h , and then i look over and my an@@ es@@ thes@@ i@@ ologist is cl@@ am@@ ping the mas@@ k on me , and i think , " he looks banglades@@ hi , " — — and i just have those two facts , and i just think , " this could work somehow . " +ed ga@@ vag@@ an : a story about kn@@ ots and surge@@ ons +now of course , as history has gone by , it 's been natural for there to be a certain amount of ble@@ ed between speech and writing . +that 's what we 're seeing in this fing@@ ered speech . +if you listen to the way black you@@ th today speak , think about the use of the word " yo . " +" many do not know the alp@@ hab@@ et or multi@@ pli@@ cation table , cannot write gra@@ m@@ matically -- " we 've heard that sort of thing before , not just in 195@@ 6 . 19@@ 17 , connec@@ tic@@ ut scho@@ ol@@ teacher . +and then the third thing would be , please show me a s@@ hea@@ f of tex@@ ts written by 16@@ -year-old girls , because i would want to know where this language had developed since our times , and ide@@ ally i would then send them back to you and me now so we could exam@@ ine this l@@ ingu@@ i@@ stic mira@@ cle happening right under our no@@ ses . +gol@@ an le@@ v@@ in : software art +it is extremely un@@ likely the taliban would ever be able to take over the country -- extremely un@@ likely they 'd be able to sei@@ ze kab@@ u@@ l . +and the same is true for the tro@@ ops . +and yet , nobody listen@@ ed to them . +very , very sa@@ dly , our foreign services , the united nations , the military in these countries have very little idea of what 's going on . +but you need to look at context . +it makes failure invisible , in@@ conc@@ ei@@ vable and inevi@@ table . +the problem that i want to talk with you about is really the problem of : how does one supply healthcare in a world in which cost is everything ? +that 's what a hydro@@ phili@@ c surface does . +those half of you , roughly , who are women , at some point may have had a preg@@ nan@@ cy test . +there is a very important issue here , which is that because it 's a prin@@ ter , a color prin@@ ter , it prin@@ ts colors . that 's what color pr@@ inter@@ s do . +so , you take the drop of blood , no further manipu@@ lations , you put it on a little device , the device fil@@ ters out the blood cells , lets the ser@@ um go through , and you get a series of colors down in the bottom there . +and , of course the answer is , " you don 't . " +and we sent it off , and by return mail it came back . +traditional lab tests for disease diagno@@ sis can be too expensive and cum@@ ber@@ some for the regi@@ ons most in need . george whit@@ es@@ i@@ des ' in@@ geni@@ ous answer is a fo@@ ol@@ pro@@ of tool that can be manu@@ f@@ actu@@ red at virtu@@ ally zero cost . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +and we think people like this probably don 't want to vote for people who look like this and are named bar@@ ack obama . +and so we can look at a bunch of different vari@@ ables . +but you see demo@@ cr@@ ats versus republi@@ can , not a big difference based on who your neighb@@ ors are . +and you interact a lot with your neighb@@ ors -- people you like , people you might not know . +i 'm a physi@@ cian practic@@ ing with cu@@ tt@@ ing-@@ edge technology . +he says , " you see , when she said , ' good morning , ' i picked up her fi@@ fe ac@@ cent . +so within a few years , in the late 18@@ 0@@ 0s , early 19@@ 0@@ 0s , all of a sudden , the bar@@ ber surge@@ on had given way to the physi@@ cian who was trying to make a diagno@@ sis . +there 's a real dis@@ jun@@ ction between the patient 's perception and our own per@@ cep@@ tions as physi@@ cians of the best medical care . +and to her , that spoke of a kind of atten@@ ti@@ ven@@ ess that she needed . +the good news , it 's not cancer , it 's not tu@@ ber@@ cu@@ los@@ is , it 's not co@@ c@@ ci@@ dio@@ i@@ dom@@ y@@ co@@ sis or some ob@@ sc@@ ure f@@ ung@@ al infe@@ ction . +i would per@@ c@@ uss the ch@@ est . i would listen to the heart . +modern medicine is in dan@@ ger of losing a powerful , ol@@ d-@@ fashi@@ oned tool : human touch . physi@@ cian and writer abra@@ ham ver@@ gh@@ ese descri@@ bes our strange new world where patients are mer@@ ely data points , and calls for a return to the traditional one-@@ on-@@ one physical ex@@ am . +and the answer is , if you open enough of them , yes . +and in all cases we have to ask -- what 's the more likely explan@@ ation ? +in the case of g@@ ali@@ le@@ o , he had two problems when he turned his telescop@@ e to saturn . +faces of all kinds are easy to see . +i guess you can only have one mira@@ cle per building . +it was in the top five in 2005 , called , " nine million bi@@ cy@@ cles in bei@@ j@@ ing . " +heart and blood ves@@ sel diseases still kill more people -- not only in this country , but also worldwide -- than everything else combin@@ ed , and yet it 's completely pre@@ vent@@ able for almost everybody . +imagine : many of these problems could be pre@@ v@@ ented if these babies were just kept warm . +over the next five years we hope to save the lives of almost a million babies . +but what do we do for a living ? +and then he went to north car@@ ol@@ ina and did it again . +and you can build an entire industry on that . +and people in white hat@@ s sa@@ il@@ ing bo@@ ats . +so some people will go out and get people to be on one team . +someone stands up and says , " this one is important . +" what would happen if every time someone bought a pair of these shoes i gave exactly the same pair to someone who doesn 't even own a pair of shoes ? " +being a leader gives you char@@ is@@ ma . +the sen@@ sor would have to be in@@ expensive , ra@@ pid , simple , sensitive , sel@@ ec@@ tive , and minim@@ ally invasi@@ ve . +you start with some water , po@@ ur in some nan@@ ot@@ u@@ bes , add anti@@ bodies , mix it up , take some paper , di@@ p it , dry it , and you can dete@@ ct cancer . +and so in the next two to five years , this sen@@ sor could poten@@ tially li@@ ft for pan@@ crea@@ tic cancer survival rates from a dis@@ mal 5@@ .@@ 5 percent to close to 100 percent , and it would do similar for o@@ vari@@ an and lung cancer . +my experience , however , in the islam@@ ic world is very different . +so , for example , there is the character of no@@ or@@ a . +and why does sex make babies , and babies sp@@ ell ero@@ tic disaster in cou@@ ples ? +what is the relationship between love and desire ? +and in this space between me and the other lies the ero@@ tic é@@ lan , lies that movement toward the other . +is it a place where you can express your in@@ fan@@ ti@@ le wi@@ sh@@ es ? +it won 't make a dent . there is nobody at the re@@ ception des@@ k . +child number two comes back but looks like that over their shoul@@ der all the time . +it 's focus and pres@@ ence . +we managed , but sometimes those hall@@ s didn 't seem exactly su@@ ited to the music i was making or had made . +they 're smaller , even less rever@@ ber@@ ant , so he can write really fri@@ l@@ ly music that 's very intri@@ cate -- and it works . +it meant that there could be extreme dynam@@ ics , which there weren 't in some of these other kinds of music . +other sing@@ ers after him went even further . +and in some ways , the music that they 're writing for this place works perfectly . +and i thought : well , if this is a model for creation , if we make music , pri@@ mar@@ ily the form at least , to fit these con@@ tex@@ ts , and if we make art to fit g@@ aller@@ y walls or museum walls , and if we write software to fit exi@@ sting operating systems , is that how it works ? +and had such -- it was an e@@ ye@@ -@@ opening experience to hear them talk about the world that is yet to come through technology and science . +but this is not the first time that we 've had a technologi@@ cal revolution . +and yet he says , " he re@@ stor@@ es my sou@@ l . " +you 've seen people take bene@@ ficial technologi@@ cal advan@@ ces , such as the internet we 've heard about ton@@ ight , and twi@@ st them into something cor@@ rup@@ ting . +and i knew mr. do@@ br@@ yn@@ in very well , and i said , " i 'm going to sit bes@@ i@@ de mr@@ s. gor@@ ba@@ che@@ v ton@@ ight . +unbe@@ ar@@ able psych@@ ological pres@@ sur@@ es bear down on us . +it 's difficult for them to understand that they 're going to die . +i 've done a lot of speaking in germany and in fr@@ ance , and in different parts of the world -- 10@@ 5 countries it 's been my privi@@ lege to speak in . +essentially , he said this : " if you bet on god , and open yourself to his love , you lose nothing , even if you 're wrong . +i couldn 't take it to a laboratory and experiment with it . +life is a right , not coll@@ at@@ er@@ al or cas@@ ual . +are you holding her ? +i experience exponenti@@ ally . +resol@@ u@@ tions , smo@@ ke . +the women 's ch@@ ie@@ f of the village has this little girl , fair color like me , totally dir@@ ty . +she 's highly ath@@ le@@ tic . +today , we 've worked with over 300 . +so i will do this . +i want to look back 20 years from now and see that there 's another li@@ beri@@ an girl , gh@@ an@@ ai@@ an girl , nigeri@@ an girl , ethi@@ op@@ ian girl standing on this ted stage . +l@@ g : you 're wel@@ come . +li@@ ck@@ li@@ der for@@ es@@ a@@ w computers doing all the rou@@ tin@@ i@@ z@@ able work that was requi@@ red to pre@@ p@@ are the way for insi@@ ghts and decision making . +every interaction we have in the world is recor@@ ded by an ever growing ar@@ ray of sensor@@ s : your phone , your credit card , your computer . the result is big data , and it actually pres@@ ents us with an opportunity to more deeply understand the human condition . +these foreign figh@@ ters had left their families in the gul@@ f , the le@@ v@@ ant and north africa to join al q@@ a@@ e@@ da in iraq . +the human goal here was to identify cam@@ ps for rel@@ oc@@ ation based on pri@@ ority need . +and the reality of the society that we 're in is there are thousands and thousands of people out there leading lives of quie@@ t , scre@@ aming des@@ per@@ ation , where they work long , hard hours at jobs they hate to en@@ able them to buy things they don 't need to im@@ press people they don 't like . +play a sport with a friend at lun@@ ch@@ time . +now i don 't mean to mo@@ ck , but being a fit 10@@ -@@ h@@ our@@ -@@ a-@@ day office rat isn 't more bal@@ an@@ ced ; it 's more fit . +and that , i think , is an idea worth spre@@ ading . +as a black person in america , i am twice as likely as a white person to live in an area where air pollution pos@@ es the greatest risk to my health . +so how did things get so different for us ? +who prof@@ its ? does anything justi@@ fy what the local community goes through ? +and they provide habit@@ ats for our little friends ! +and we are operating with a com@@ pre@@ hen@@ sive urban planning de@@ fic@@ it . +for his brilliant eff@@ or@@ ts , he was nearly im@@ pe@@ ach@@ ed . +of the 90 percent of the energy that mr. gore remin@@ ded us that we waste every day , don 't add wa@@ sting our energy , intelligence and har@@ d-@@ ear@@ ned experience to that count . +she wrote back to me and she said , " i 'm so proud to have a son that created the software that allowed these kids to make mother 's day cards for their mothers . " +it seems that everybody is getting into the act . +and as i move my hand , i can pop the ballo@@ ons or i can move the bu@@ g . +so i showed him . +again , it 's useful to think about this analog@@ y with language . +this is completely different than automo@@ bil@@ es . +i want to talk about this . +we 're interested in finding beauty that 's more than just an a@@ es@@ thetic ; it 's really a truth . +all right ? now one thing about art is , art is discovery , and art is disco@@ vering yourself through your art . right ? +hopefully , really understand the custom@@ er at its heart , where the custom@@ er is , live with them in america . so -- sent the team off , and actually something different happened . they went other places . +the engineers fle@@ w over , and designers got together with them , and they put their pres@@ entation together . +that 's what you get fu@@ ri@@ ous about right ? +chris bang@@ le : great cars are great art +now as i was training in clinical medicine and he@@ mat@@ ology and on@@ c@@ ology and stem cell transplan@@ tation , what we had instead , cas@@ c@@ ading through the regul@@ atory network at the f@@ da , were these sub@@ stances -- ar@@ sen@@ ic , th@@ ali@@ dom@@ i@@ de and this chemical der@@ i@@ va@@ tive of ni@@ tro@@ gen mu@@ star@@ d gas . +in effect , the cancer cell was for@@ getting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell . +and this was , unfortunately , successful . +the first is if anything is unique about this research , it 's less the science than the strategy -- that this for us was a social experiment , an experiment in what would happen if we were as open and honest at the earli@@ est phase of discovery chemistry research as we could be . +one thing you can do with a picture like this is simply ad@@ mi@@ re it . +because if there had been , they would have collap@@ sed under the gravi@@ ta@@ tional pull into a huge black hole . +that 's our job as co@@ sm@@ ologists . +and this energy , according to einstein , exer@@ ts a push on the universe . +that impli@@ cation was studied by bol@@ tz@@ mann back in the 19@@ th century . +that 's the region where entrop@@ y is low . +but we now know enough about the future of the universe to say a lot more . +or maybe the big bang is not the beginning of the universe . +i had never seen an internet . +i felt very happy to be at the secon@@ dar@@ y school , so i was determin@@ ed to do anything possible to recei@@ ve education . +god bl@@ ess . +so , here , whatever movement i do in my physical world is actually repli@@ cated inside the digital world just using this small device that i made , around eight years back , in 2000 . +i took it very literally , and took my bi@@ ke hel@@ met , put a little cut over there so that the proje@@ ctor actually f@@ its ni@@ c@@ ely . +the camera is actually not only understanding your hand mov@@ ements , but , interest@@ ingly , is also able to understand what objects you are holding in your hand . +and why only computers ? we can just play with pa@@ pers . +p@@ m : there is a lot of energy here . lots of learning . +actually it was a very hard challenge . +if you don 't have open spaces , you 've got to go there and open spaces . +you can build nice sta@@ tions . +the first one is , you can change from what i call a [ vi@@ cious ] circle to a virtual circle . +you can imagine how people get happy with me watching these kinds of scen@@ es . +i 'll get to you now the inci@@ dents of the day . +that is great , that means we 're going to have 10 billion minds working together , 10 billion tal@@ ents together . +in@@ ca sculp@@ tures are re@@ gar@@ ded as tre@@ as@@ ures in british muse@@ ums , while sha@@ k@@ espe@@ are is transl@@ ated into every major language of the earth . +darwin himself , by the way , had no dou@@ b@@ ts that the pe@@ ac@@ o@@ ck 's tail was beautiful in the eyes of the pe@@ a@@ hen . +beautiful sh@@ ell ne@@ ck@@ l@@ ac@@ es that look like something you 'd see at an arts and cra@@ f@@ ts fair , as well as o@@ ch@@ re body paint , have been found from around 100,000 years ago . +yes , ha@@ ir@@ sty@@ ling -- i ins@@ ist on that . +we have already an autonom@@ ous vehicle . +the system is also smart enough to figure out the sa@@ fest way to operate the car . +so it 's actually a multi-@@ dimensional user interface . +you must be out of your mind . " +i was leaving a se@@ min@@ ar when it started , hum@@ ming to myself , f@@ um@@ bling with my bag just as i 'd done a hundred times before , when suddenly i heard a voice cal@@ m@@ ly obser@@ ve , " she is leaving the room . " +it was at this point that events began to rapi@@ dly over@@ take me . +i used to say that these people saved me , but what i now know is they did something even more important in that they em@@ powered me to save myself , and cru@@ cially , they helped me to understand something which i 'd always sus@@ pe@@ cted : that my voices were a meaning@@ ful response to trau@@ matic life events , particularly childhood events , and as such were not my ene@@ mi@@ es but a source of insi@@ ght into sol@@ vable emotional problems . +to par@@ ap@@ hr@@ ase cha@@ ve@@ z , once social change begins , it cannot be rever@@ sed . +what they remember is , of course , the great tri@@ um@@ ph , that the bri@@ ts were be@@ aten , and we won , and that the country was born . +and that makes it extra@@ ordin@@ arily interesting as a place to explore . +but better -- what is more important is that they would have to concent@@ rate sun@@ light . +you see the red glo@@ w in their eyes , which is the refle@@ ction of the flas@@ h@@ light . +they look like , maybe like sun@@ flo@@ wers . +i was a teenager , and at 15 or 16 , i guess like all teen@@ a@@ gers , we want to just do what we love and what we believe in . +and that allows me to check my ti@@ mer dis@@ cre@@ tely , here , without ben@@ ding my el@@ bo@@ w . +i mean , think about it : the care we take in sel@@ ec@@ ting sun@@ glas@@ ses , or je@@ wel@@ ry , or ac@@ cess@@ ories is really important , so if it isn 't beautiful , it really doesn 't bel@@ ong on your face . +so we called it y water . and so this is another place where it all comes together in the same room : the three-@@ dimensional design , the ideas , the brand@@ ing , it all becomes deeply connected . +in fact , you can see each lo@@ go is a little bit different . +and if anybody as@@ ks why you 're carrying a con@@ dom , you can just say you like the design . +the first half will be per@@ formed by the live sing@@ ers here on stage . +and what , if anything , do men have to do with it ? +my father , who had f@@ ought in three wars , could not save his own sister from this suffering . +" he was fl@@ at@@ ter@@ ed . +i see traditional music like a kind of re@@ bel@@ li@@ on , in which people can really speak their voice , especially traditional songs from other parts of the former y@@ u@@ go@@ sla@@ v re@@ public . +but no , for the pro@@ test , they d@@ ressed all in white , no ma@@ ke@@ up . +women like sa@@ ken@@ a and lea@@ h and la@@ y@@ ma have hum@@ bled me and changed me and made me realize that i should not be so quick to jump to assu@@ mp@@ tions of any kind . +we can de@@ milit@@ ari@@ ze societies and po@@ ur resources , instead , into reser@@ vo@@ irs of genu@@ ine security . +and i thought , " well , sir , i am not a strateg@@ ist , nor am i speci@@ alist . i am mer@@ ely a story@@ t@@ eller . " +so what could this mean ? +they were together while pra@@ ying . +and there are two important mes@@ sages , or two lessons , to take from that reality . +and the religious police im@@ pos@@ es the supposed islam@@ ic way of life on every citi@@ zen , by force -- like women are forced to cover their heads -- wear the hi@@ ja@@ b , the islam@@ ic head cover . +it 's our faith , and we will be lo@@ y@@ al to it . +and this is a question , i think , which needs to be discus@@ sed carefully . +that 's an experience that not every other musli@@ m nation in the middle east had until very recently . +mu@@ staf@@ a ak@@ yo@@ l : faith versus tradition in islam +it cle@@ ars the forest , reve@@ als the trees inside . +and anti@@ body sta@@ in@@ ings like this one can be used to understand that sort of question . +dar@@ fu@@ r may have sli@@ pped from the news head@@ lines , but the killing and dis@@ plac@@ ement there continu@@ es as well , and the she@@ er human mis@@ ery that it creates is very hard to fa@@ tho@@ m . +th@@ us , even though every civili@@ an killed , ma@@ im@@ ed , ra@@ ped , or tor@@ tured is one too many , the fact that the number of civili@@ an cas@@ u@@ al@@ ties is clearly lower today than it was a decade ago , is good news . +but then , is northern ir@@ eland a unique example , or does this kind of explan@@ ation only hold more generally in democratic and developed countries ? +both success@@ es and fail@@ ures teach us several cri@@ tically important things that we need to bear in mind if we want the good news to continue . +as a photograph@@ er for national geographic , i 've portra@@ yed it for many . +mu@@ d and miner@@ als become sub@@ strate ; there are bacteria . +on land , life turned a corner . ja@@ ws formed first ; teeth came later . +extin@@ ction can come slowly , but sometimes it arri@@ ves fast . +and where it doesn 't , as in green@@ land in winter , mars is still not very far . +so in australia , " mo " is s@@ lang for mu@@ sta@@ che , so we ren@@ am@@ ed the month of no@@ v@@ ember " mov@@ ember " and created some pretty basic rules , which still stand today . +and we per@@ si@@ sted , and we got 4@@ 50 guys growing mu@@ sta@@ ches , and together we raised 5@@ 4@@ ,000 dollars , and we don@@ ated every cent of that to the pro@@ state cancer foundation of australia , and that repres@@ ented at the time the single biggest don@@ ation they 'd ever received . +so what we did was , we took some of the money that we raised in australia to bring the campaign across to this country , the u.@@ s , and the u.k. , and we did that because we knew , if this was successful , we could raise infin@@ itely more money glob@@ ally than we could just in australia . and that money fu@@ els research , and that research will get us to a cure . +so we pil@@ ed into a tax@@ i , and this is our tax@@ i driver , and i was sitting in the back seat , and he turned around and said , " where are you going ? " +and so we said , right , we 'd re@@ defined char@@ ity . we need to re@@ define the way these guys operate . how do we do that ? +he could see what was happening to his forest , to his environment , because he was taken under his grand@@ father 's wing when he was only two years old to begin to learn about the forest and the way of life of his people . +he would tell you , as he told me , " i asked myself , " he said , " what did my grand@@ parents and my great@@ -@@ grand@@ parents do to protect the forest for me ? +we have to change . +even that wasn 't enough . +he would tell you , " i 'm a colle@@ ctor , and i cu@@ rate a museum . " +they have a sense of the great ar@@ c of time and their tiny place in it . +he went around once , he went around twice , he went around thri@@ ce . +on the ban@@ ks of a river called the indu@@ s , now in pakistan . +you should not be s@@ is@@ y@@ ph@@ us , who roll@@ s a rock up a mountain all day only to find the b@@ ou@@ l@@ der roll@@ ed down at night . +you see , the indi@@ ans also had a river that separ@@ ates the land of the living from the land of the dead . +the den@@ om@@ in@@ ator of the gy@@ m@@ no@@ sop@@ h@@ ist 's life was infin@@ ity . +there is no orche@@ str@@ a conduc@@ tor . +and i would see the ex@@ as@@ per@@ ation between my american and european colleagues , when they were dealing with india . +so , there is nothing right or wrong in what you do in life . +and so the next time you meet someone , a stran@@ ger , one requ@@ est : understand that you live in the subje@@ ctive truth , and so does he . +you 're afraid if you look for your passion and don 't find it , you 'll feel like you 're an i@@ di@@ ot , so then you make exc@@ uses about why you 're not going to look for your passion . +you know what ? here 's a little secret . +you need 20 interests , and then one of them , one of them might gra@@ b you , one of them might engage you more than anything else , and then you may have found your greatest love in compar@@ ison to all the other things that interest you , and that 's what passion is . +what do you want me to say ? +" look kid . i had a dream once , too , but -- but . " +and that 's why you 're not going to have a great career , unless -- unless , that most ev@@ o@@ ca@@ tive of all english words -- unless . +you may rec@@ all a year ago when a fire@@ stor@@ m er@@ up@@ ted after the united states pre@@ ven@@ tive services task force re@@ vie@@ wed the world 's mammo@@ graph@@ y scre@@ ening liter@@ ature and issu@@ ed a gui@@ del@@ ine re@@ com@@ men@@ ding against scre@@ ening mammo@@ gra@@ ms in women in their 4@@ 0s . +so it 's easy to see this tumor in the upp@@ er part of this f@@ at@@ ty breast . +and so@@ on@@ er or later , we 're going to have to accept the fact that health care innovation can 't always come at a much higher price . +so here we were , a nuclear physi@@ c@@ ist , an intern@@ ist , soon jo@@ ined by car@@ r@@ ie hr@@ us@@ ka , a bi@@ ome@@ di@@ cal engineer , and two radi@@ ologists , and we were trying to take on the ent@@ ren@@ ched world of mammo@@ graph@@ y with a machine that was held together by du@@ ct ta@@ pe . +here 's an example from that scre@@ ening study . +we still need to complete the scre@@ ening study using the low do@@ se , and then our fin@@ dings will need to be repli@@ cated at other institutions , and this could take five or more years . +the babies that we were carrying when my patient first asked me this question are now both in middle school , and the answer has been so slow to come . +i can look at your financial recor@@ ds . +or should we respect his priv@@ acy , protect his dig@@ ni@@ ty and leave him alone ? +what 's a moral operating system ? +i 'm just going back and forth ; i 'm not getting anywhere . +if you think that way , you have a plat@@ on@@ ist moral frame@@ work . +not just because it ran@@ g earlier , but i 'm going to take it because i made a little calcu@@ lation . +what 's the for@@ mul@@ a ? +or like k@@ ant , did i use reason to figure out what was in@@ trin@@ si@@ cally right ? " +d@@ um ta da da d@@ um d@@ um ta da da d@@ um well , your musi@@ cian friend will stop you and say , " you know , the theme music for your data revolution , that 's an oper@@ a , that 's wa@@ g@@ ner . +it 's our invisible reality . +and this noise is the most neu@@ tra@@ l . +definitely not perfect . so you would probably shu@@ t it , at this point . +you have to know that today , roughly one or two every drug p@@ ills is not taken cor@@ rec@@ tly . +i designed it to help kids to follow the treatment . +so , huge trage@@ dy . +because the roots of the plant are not very effective . +now we can eat local food . +so , if you believe the media accoun@@ ts , being a drug de@@ aler in the hei@@ ght of the cra@@ ck co@@ ca@@ ine epidemic was a very glam@@ or@@ ous life , in the words of virg@@ ini@@ a po@@ stre@@ l . +and in the words of mal@@ col@@ m gla@@ d@@ well , cra@@ ck co@@ ca@@ ine was the extra@@ -@@ ch@@ un@@ ky version of to@@ ma@@ to sau@@ ce for the inner city . +he was really a curious sight to be seen . +went up to the floor , the second floor , and said : " hey , guys . +now , the group i really want you to think about , though , are the ones at the bottom , the foot soldiers . +we found in our gang -- and , ad@@ mit@@ ted@@ ly , this was not really sort of a standard situation ; this was a time of inten@@ se violence -- of a lot of gang wars -- as this gang actually became quite successful . but there were costs . +but what happened was , the rules changed , and they never got to make partner . +and the words of a gang member capture it quite ni@@ c@@ ely . +from there i started with sky@@ di@@ ving . +2005 i did a base jump from the ei@@ ger , from the mon@@ k and from the jung@@ frau , three very famous mountains in swi@@ tz@@ er@@ land . +i know the answer to this , but how do you land ? +and do you ever say , " no , no i 'm not going to . " +i think there is a soci@@ ali@@ zing dimension in , kind of , moving that bor@@ der . +is art about that ? +so the movement with your legs will change the color of your hori@@ zon . +and " ha@@ -@@ ha , there is a picture and here is i@@ . and what does it matter ? " +in the spec@@ tac@@ ular lar@@ ge-@@ scale projects he 's famous for , ol@@ af@@ ur eli@@ as@@ son creates art from a pal@@ ette of space , distance , color and light . this ide@@ a-@@ pac@@ ked talk begins with an experiment in the nature of perception . +i think that 's got to be sc@@ aring a lot of animals away . +we need a nas@@ a-@@ like organization for ocean exploration , because we need to be explor@@ ing and prote@@ cting our life support systems here on earth . +when she was 10 years old in 19@@ 27 , she published her first book of po@@ em@@ s called " the jan@@ it@@ or 's boy . " +and my blood fro@@ ze when i read that because i had written the pla@@ in-@@ song music 1@@ 30 years after he 'd written the letter . +nat@@ al@@ ie mer@@ ch@@ ant s@@ ings from her new al@@ bu@@ m , & lt ; em & gt ; leave your sleep . & lt ; / em & gt ; ly@@ ri@@ cs from ne@@ ar-@@ for@@ gotten 19@@ th-@@ century poetry pair with her un@@ mista@@ k@@ able voice for a performance that brought the audience to its feet . +they are very different from us in body form . +so as an adult , when i started to read about the amazing break@@ through@@ s with pen@@ ny patter@@ son and ko@@ ko , with sue sa@@ va@@ ge-@@ ru@@ m@@ bau@@ gh and kan@@ z@@ i , pan@@ ban@@ ish@@ a , ir@@ ene pe@@ p@@ per@@ berg , ale@@ x the par@@ rot , i got all excited . +this is what the internet looked like when it was born and you can call that the internet of midd@@ le-@@ a@@ ged white men , mostly midd@@ le-@@ a@@ ged white men . +jo@@ ining me are three of our eight atlan@@ tic bot@@ t@@ len@@ o@@ se dolph@@ ins : 20@@ -year-old ch@@ es@@ a@@ pe@@ a@@ ke , who was our first dolph@@ in born here , her four@@ -year-old daughter ba@@ y@@ ley , and her half sister , 1@@ 1@@ -year-old may@@ a . +that 's a number only that con@@ gress can appreci@@ ate . +what that means is that what we 're learning with these inter@@ actions with other species will teach us , ultimately , how we might interact with an alien from another world . +all right , well thank you all so much for jo@@ ining us . +and now people from iran are talking to me . +they have graphic designers . what ? +and this whole list of pages on facebook de@@ dic@@ ated to the same message , to people sending their love , one to each other . +remember that image from the beginning ? +and i 'm just going to take a picture of it , and i 'm just going to post it on facebook with kind of " isra@@ eli@@ s for peace " or something . +as you can see , a project evol@@ ves through a series of generations of design meetings . +but then we had a meeting with a chinese busin@@ ess@@ man who saw our design and said , " wow , that 's the chinese character for the word ' people . ' " so , appar@@ ently this is how you write " people , " as in the people 's re@@ public of china . +china symbo@@ li@@ zed by the dra@@ g@@ on . +you can try it . +if you do come to cop@@ en@@ ha@@ gen , you will probably see an instal@@ lation by ai wei@@ we@@ i , the chinese artist . +so if you go back into the par@@ king , into the cor@@ ri@@ d@@ ors , it 's almost like travel@@ ing into a par@@ alle@@ l universe from cars and colors , into this sort of sou@@ th-@@ facing urban o@@ as@@ is . +and our main idea was to sort of sam@@ ple the seven most significant mountains of the to@@ po@@ graph@@ y of a@@ zer@@ ba@@ i@@ j@@ an and rein@@ ter@@ pre@@ t them into urban and architec@@ tural structures , in@@ habit@@ able of human life . +and i must say , before i go on , i should ask every one of you to try and get out pen and paper because i 'm actually going to ask you to help me to look at how we do that . +because we can 't solve problems . +so what i 'm pro@@ pos@@ ing is really to say that we have , for a very long time , had a situation when we 've had a men@@ u of choices . +and then you ask , why econom@@ ists ? +but it 's saying that what we can do about it is very little , at a very high cost . +the inci@@ dence of malaria is about a couple of [ million ] people get infe@@ cted every year . +so again , what we focus on is pre@@ ven@@ tion rather than treatment , at first rate . +of course , that 's main@@ ly because climate change has good pictures . +the only two requi@@ re@@ ments were that they were studying at the university , and they spoke english . +over the past hundred years , the combin@@ ation of liber@@ al democracy and private capit@@ alism has helped to cat@@ ap@@ ult the united states and western countries to new levels of economic development . +i put it to you today that it is this system that is em@@ bo@@ died by china that is gather@@ ing moment@@ um am@@ on@@ gst people in the emerging markets as the system to follow , because they believe increasingly that it is the system that will promise the best and fa@@ st@@ est impro@@ v@@ ements in living standards in the shor@@ test period of time . +i 'm here to also tell you that there are lots of shif@@ ts oc@@ curr@@ ing around what china is doing in the democratic stance . +but i put it to you that if the united states and european countries want to re@@ main glob@@ ally influ@@ enti@@ al , they may have to consider co@@ operating in the short term in order to compe@@ te , and by that , they might have to focus more ag@@ gressi@@ vely on economic out@@ comes to help create the middle class and therefore be able to hold government accoun@@ table and create the democra@@ cies that we really want . +in this v@@ ein , we can increase economic growth . +that if you live in the best climate , in san die@@ go in the united states , or in the sh@@ it@@ ti@@ est climate , in bu@@ ff@@ al@@ o , new york , you are going to be just as happy in either place . +and so even if we make those very important decisions for very sil@@ ly reasons , it rema@@ ins statisti@@ cally true that there are more geor@@ ges living in geor@@ gi@@ a and there are more den@@ nis@@ es becoming den@@ ti@@ sts and there are more pau@@ las who are married to paul than statisti@@ cally vi@@ able . +and i of course knew stuff , as a designer , about ty@@ po@@ graph@@ y , even though we worked with those animals not so success@@ fully . +after about three days , the bub@@ bles will appear on the surface of the liquid . +and using indi@@ go , make it anti-@@ micro@@ bi@@ al . +su@@ z@@ an@@ ne , just a curi@@ osity , what you 're wearing is not random . +ba@@ o y@@ on@@ g@@ xi@@ u : " my mother tells me to come home and get married , but if i mar@@ ry now , before i have fully developed myself , i can only mar@@ ry an ordinary wor@@ ker , so i 'm not in a rus@@ h . " +many artic@@ les calcu@@ late : how long would it take for this wor@@ ker to work in order to ear@@ n enough money to buy what he 's making ? +another time , after m@@ in had already left the hand@@ bag factory , her yo@@ unger sister came to visit , bringing two co@@ ach sig@@ nature hand@@ bag@@ s as gif@@ ts . +thank you . +in 2009 , there were 500 bom@@ b bla@@ sts across pakistan . +step two : they teach the children the kor@@ an , which is islam 's ho@@ li@@ est book , in arab@@ ic , a language these children do not understand and cannot speak . +this boy is called mess@@ oud . +we 've flo@@ wn the cas@@ sin@@ i spac@@ ec@@ raft by this moon now several times , flying closer and deeper into these je@@ ts , into the den@@ ser regi@@ ons of these je@@ ts , so that now we have come away with some very pre@@ cise com@@ posi@@ tional measu@@ re@@ ments . +we 're always sort of small in the face of its expan@@ se . +and that connection is an un@@ equi@@ vo@@ cally physical process . +they looked for the un@@ wired places , and that 's meant north and south , pri@@ mar@@ ily these c@@ ables to africa . +thank you . +and this material that 's de@@ pos@@ ited either starts as a liquid form or a material po@@ w@@ der form . +the detail that you can get today is quite amazing . +but it 's very hard to create that in standard ways . +you can just make it physi@@ cally on the spot . +we 're now , instead of shi@@ pping a product across the world , we 're sending data across the internet . +businesses want different things . +but it wasn 't just us . even in the musli@@ m world , his definition of ji@@ had began to gain accep@@ tan@@ ce . +what does that mean for us in the west ? +but that 's still not reason for us to dis@@ engage , because we 've seen that movie before , in afghanistan . +al ja@@ ze@@ era brought information to them , showed them what was being said and done in the name of their religion , ex@@ posed the hypo@@ cris@@ y of o@@ sam@@ a bin laden and al q@@ a@@ e@@ da , and allowed them , gave them the information that allowed them to come to their own conclu@@ sions . +thank you . +i was stru@@ ck immediately by the kin@@ dness and the gent@@ len@@ ess in her face , and i asked her to tell me her story . +she lives with all of that inse@@ curity , and in fact , in janu@@ ary , during the eth@@ ni@@ c ri@@ ots , she was ch@@ ased from her home and had to find a new sha@@ ck in which she would live . +i truly believe it 's where dig@@ ni@@ ty starts . +by the way , the secret is not to go to sleep until you 've written your words for the day . +i had just taken tri@@ gon@@ ome@@ try in high school , i learned about the par@@ ab@@ ol@@ a and how it could concent@@ rate ra@@ ys of light to a single focus . +i 'm gla@@ d you heard earlier today , bat@@ ter@@ ies are un@@ belie@@ v@@ ably energy -- lack of den@@ sity compared to fuel . +you take a problem that you can 't solve with a p@@ ure mathematical answer , you build an evolutionary system to try multiple tries at gu@@ ess@@ ing , you add sex -- where you take half of one solution and half of another and then make new mu@@ tations -- and you use natural sele@@ ction to kill off not as good solutions . +so what you see here is 12 separate pe@@ t@@ als , that each could be controlled with individual micro@@ process@@ ors that would only cost a dollar . +so , once you have mo@@ bility , now you 're making a lot of eng@@ ines because you 've got lots of un@@ its , as op@@ posed to ste@@ am ships or big fac@@ tor@@ ies where you 're not making as many un@@ its , so this was the engine that ended up benef@@ iting from mass production where all the other eng@@ ines didn 't benefit . +you move that up and down with a little bit of energy but now you 're only shif@@ ting the air down to the hot end and up to the cold end , down to the hot end and up to the cold end . +so now you put the two things together . +so this is the first test where we took it outside and each of the pe@@ t@@ als were individu@@ ally see@@ king . +it 's just un@@ belie@@ vable what the potential is to take advantage of solar energy there , and i 'm really excited to talk more about finding ways we can help with that . +bill gro@@ ss : a solar energy system that tra@@ cks the sun +but still , we look at the pieces . +and out of that field campaign we 'll probably get a few do@@ zen pa@@ pers on a few do@@ zen processes or molecules . +and that was a good thing to help , you know , the cause . +so , good things come out of , you know , in@@ com@@ pre@@ hen@@ sion -- -- which i will do a painting of , and then it will end up in my work . +i work for the new yor@@ ker , and i do co@@ vers , and 9 / 11 happened and it was , you know , a complete and u@@ tter end of the world as we knew it . +and " would " is co@@ co chan@@ el 's lo@@ ver , " should " is edi@@ th si@@ t@@ well , and " could " is an aug@@ ust s@@ ander subject . +and then , we don 't have a stu@@ ff@@ ed spin@@ o@@ za , but we do have a stu@@ ff@@ ed pa@@ v@@ lo@@ v 's dog , and i vis@@ ited him in the museum of hy@@ gi@@ ene in st@@ . pe@@ ter@@ s@@ bur@@ g , in russi@@ a . +i received a box in the mail and it was wra@@ pped with newspaper and there was the picture of the man on the newspaper and he was dead . +so -- and that 's a song about how everybody 's mis@@ er@@ able because , you know , we 're from russi@@ a . +ma@@ ir@@ a kal@@ man : the illu@@ strated woman +but ne@@ ver@@ th@@ eless , there 's no real sense of separ@@ ation from me in my heart , in terms of the love that i feel for these people . +so , as we are clim@@ bing the tree , some of the things that we 're doing in order to clim@@ b the tree are actually under@@ min@@ ing the tree 's very ro@@ ot . +they 'll be cooking , cle@@ an@@ ing , buying things , sh@@ opp@@ ing , building . but they aren 't here . +we were hop@@ ing that it w@@ ass going to have a kind of evil , spi@@ der@@ y walk , but instead it created this pretty l@@ ame way of moving forward . +kat@@ r@@ ina showed us that we cannot completely dep@@ end on government to have read@@ iness in hand , to be capable of hand@@ ling things . +for example , all mas@@ ks are made in china . +add on pan@@ de@@ mic threat , you 're in big trouble . +let 's see , should we order that all pe@@ ts be kept in@@ do@@ ors ? +in the s@@ ars epidemic , we learned in h@@ ong kon@@ g that most of trans@@ mission was because people were re@@ moving their mas@@ ks impro@@ per@@ ly . +every city , coun@@ ty , state did their own thing . +the institute of medicine study felt that you could not recy@@ cle mas@@ ks . +clearly the bottom line is the virus eventually atten@@ u@@ ates , and ce@@ ases to be a le@@ th@@ al virus to humanity , and fin@@ ds other ho@@ sts . +in terms of where we are in science with dna identi@@ fication capac@@ i@@ ties and so on , it 's not that far off . +we 've never seen anything even re@@ mot@@ ely like this before . " +it 's really man@@ eu@@ ver@@ able . you have a hand@@ -@@ held remote , so you can pretty easily control acceler@@ ation , bra@@ king , go in rever@@ se if you like , also have bra@@ king . +okay , i che@@ ated , it was a m@@ ere 20 seconds . +but in america you have to explain . what are clu@@ bs ? +i found two trees -- but not any kind of trees , trees with character -- and then a very long rop@@ e . +the mur@@ mu@@ r of the city dis@@ sol@@ ves into a squ@@ all whose chil@@ ling power i no longer feel . +you know that , right ? +i make the do@@ ve appear . +i want you just for a second to experience this amazing human sym@@ ph@@ ony . +and what i 'd like to do is take you up to the can@@ op@@ y , not by putting all of you into rop@@ es and har@@ n@@ esses , but rather showing you a very short clip from a national geographic film called " hero@@ es of the high fron@@ tier . " +we 've done stri@@ pping experiments where we 've re@@ moved ma@@ ts of epi@@ phy@@ tes and looked at the rates of re@@ col@@ oni@@ zation . +we consu@@ lt to the media about can@@ op@@ y questions ; we have a can@@ op@@ y new@@ sle@@ tter ; we have an email li@@ st@@ ser@@ v . +i saw the power of du@@ ke 's song with urban you@@ th -- an audience , you know , i as a midd@@ le-@@ a@@ ged professor , i don 't have a hope of getting to -- in terms of convin@@ cing them of the importance of wild@@ lands . +i brought my scientific colleagues and sustain@@ ability prac@@ ti@@ tion@@ ers into the prison . +once upon a time , the world was a big , dy@@ s@@ func@@ tional family . +so we are moving to this democra@@ ti@@ zation of information , and i 've been in this field for quite a while . +so that 's open-@@ source and it can be used in any country where there is some kind of freedom of information law . +skep@@ tic@@ ism , because you must always be challen@@ ging . +they 're watching all of us . they 've du@@ g a bas@@ ement , and they 've built a sp@@ y center to try and run algorith@@ ms and figure out which ones of us are trou@@ bl@@ es@@ ome , and if any of us com@@ pla@@ in about that , we 're ar@@ re@@ sted for terror@@ ism . +now , when you think of a coral re@@ e@@ f , this is what most people think of : all these big , hard , el@@ abor@@ ate cor@@ als and lots of bright , color@@ ful fis@@ hes and things . +over time , those gas molecules dis@@ solve into your blood and tis@@ su@@ es and start to fill you up . +and this ri@@ g was actually used for a di@@ ve of 300 feet . +now , as we brea@@ the , we produce carbon dio@@ xide , and that carbon dio@@ xide needs to be sc@@ ru@@ b@@ bed out of the system . +and i can talk about it all day -- just ask my wife -- but i want to move on to something that 's kind of much more interesting . +we also see sharks , much more regul@@ arly than i would have expected to . +now , i don 't know if any of you get u.s. news and world report -- i got the recent issue . +now , this one 's pretty cool . +the reason i show this -- not to put a dow@@ ner on everything -- but i just want to use it to key off my philosoph@@ y of life in general , which is that we all have two goals . +despite the fact that each and every one of these dis@@ orders origin@@ ates in the brain , most of these dis@@ orders are diagno@@ sed sol@@ ely on the basis of obser@@ vable behavior . +research shows that 50 percent of children , almost 50 percent of children diagno@@ sed with autis@@ m are actually suffering from hidden brain sei@@ zur@@ es . +they don 't come back several times , so it really chron@@ ic@@ les a journey . +richard sau@@ l wur@@ man : i remember hearing him talk at pen@@ n . +lou@@ is ka@@ hn , yes ! +he could not probably give the right kind of love for you , but for us , he has given the people the right kind of love , that is important . +what if they look up at the night sky , at the same stars , but from the opposite side ? +where 's the line that mar@@ ks that ? +zir@@ con@@ s that are min@@ ed in the jack h@@ ills of western australia , zir@@ con@@ s taken from the jack h@@ ills of western australia tell us that within a few hundred million years of the orig@@ in of the planet there was ab@@ und@@ ant water and perhaps even life . +now dra@@ ke did not discover ex@@ tr@@ at@@ er@@ restri@@ al intelligence , but he learned a very valuable lesson from a pas@@ sing air@@ craft , and that 's that ter@@ restri@@ al technology can inter@@ f@@ ere with the search for ex@@ tr@@ at@@ er@@ restri@@ al technology . +so , if that 's right , why did we only capture four out of those 15@@ 1 minds ? +come with me to the bottom of the world , ant@@ arc@@ tic@@ a , the highest , dri@@ est , win@@ dies@@ t , and yes , col@@ dest region on earth -- more ar@@ id than the sahar@@ a and , in parts , col@@ der than mars . +but under the surface is a hi@@ ve of industrial activity peri@@ o@@ di@@ cally , this dri@@ ll , like a bi@@ op@@ sy need@@ le , pl@@ ung@@ es thousands of feet deep into the ice to extra@@ ct a mar@@ row of g@@ ases and is@@ ot@@ op@@ es for analysis . +don 't we already know the consequences of a changing climate on our sett@@ led civilization ? +the old story about climate protection is that it 's co@@ stly , or it would have been done already . +and serious competition from europe , from korea , and next is china , which will soon be a major net ex@@ por@@ ter of cars . +it 's finan@@ ce@@ able in the private capital market . +this is not very gra@@ ti@@ fying after more than a century of de@@ vot@@ ed engineering effort . +each one is formed by one fairly cheap die set , instead of four expensive ones for stam@@ ping steel . +for example , fe@@ e-@@ b@@ ates , a combin@@ ation of a fe@@ e and a re@@ b@@ ate in any size class of vehicle you want , can increase the price of in@@ efficient vehi@@ cles and cor@@ respon@@ d@@ ingly pay you a re@@ b@@ ate for efficient vehi@@ cles . +and make the transition to more efficient vehi@@ cles go faster . +there 's six billion dollars on the table . +we launched two ti@@ tles in oc@@ tober -- " rock@@ et@@ t 's new school " -- the first of a series of products -- is about a character called rock@@ et@@ t beginning her first day of school in ei@@ gh@@ th grade at a brand new place , with a blan@@ k s@@ late , which allows girls to play with the question of , " what will i be like when i 'm older ? " +girl 6 : like , if you were a girl and you were really ad@@ vent@@ ur@@ ous and a real big tom@@ boy , you would think that girls ' games were kin@@ da s@@ is@@ sy . +b@@ l : i 'm going to fa@@ st-@@ forward to the decision point because i know i don 't have a lot of time . +bren@@ da lau@@ re@@ l : games for girls +i also need al@@ co@@ hol and mor@@ ph@@ ine , because it 's the only way i can work . " +many soci@@ ologists like ve@@ bl@@ en and wol@@ fe would argue that the reason why we take orig@@ ins so seriously is because we 're s@@ no@@ bs , because we 're focused on status . +there are now do@@ zens , perhaps hundreds of studies showing that if you believe you 're drin@@ king the expensive stuff , it ta@@ stes better to you . +people have mur@@ dered those that they loved , belie@@ ving that they were mur@@ der@@ ing an im@@ poster . +then we asked them , " how much would you pay for george clo@@ on@@ ey 's swe@@ ater ? " +they just don 't like it . +as many of you know , this is the com@@ position where the pian@@ ist si@@ ts at a ben@@ ch , op@@ ens up the piano and si@@ ts and does nothing for four minutes and 3@@ 3 seconds -- that period of sil@@ ence . +paul blo@@ om : the orig@@ ins of pleasure +so what i 'm going to show you is all of the main things , all of the main fe@@ atures of my discipl@@ ine -- evi@@ den@@ ce-@@ based medicine . +" a glass of red wine a day could help prevent breast cancer . " +and the cla@@ im was fish oil p@@ ills improve school performance and behavior in main@@ stream children . +two sugar p@@ ills a day be@@ ats one sugar p@@ ill a day . +again , not an in@@ san@@ e do@@ se , not an illegal do@@ se , but very much at the high end of normal . +so you can see here that the small negative trials that should be on the bottom left have disappe@@ ared . +we already have the data showing that it redu@@ ces the du@@ ration of your flu by a few hours . +and pretty soon , they began shi@@ pping that coal , ton by ton , ra@@ il car by ra@@ il car , bo@@ at@@ load by bo@@ at@@ load , back to china and el@@ se@@ where around the world . +can you imagine what you would feel if you were in my shoes ? +it 's all about oil ; you know that , everybody knows that . +there 's this thing , this milit@@ ari@@ zation of the world , and it 's cen@@ ter@@ ed right in the united states . +and what do you see ? they 're chri@@ sti@@ ans . +and this word here , george bush called this war a cr@@ us@@ ade . +you 've got to see this -- bi@@ ble boot camp . +of course , you got it wrong . +and what i want you to do is picture her as a chinese woman recei@@ ving a chinese fla@@ g because her loved one has died in america in the coal u@@ pris@@ ing . +can you feel their an@@ ger , their fear , their ra@@ ge at what has happened in their country ? +and suddenly , without reali@@ zing it , you 're seeing the world differently . +communication walls , i don 't have to tell you -- the internet -- have come tu@@ m@@ bling down . +more than ever before it is these types of ideas which are driving growth on the cutting edge . +and that means an increase in@@ cen@@ tive to do research and development , which benefits everyone in the world . +i think of the great indian mathemati@@ cian , ra@@ manu@@ j@@ an . +t@@ wen@@ tie@@ th century : a little bit over two percent . +when i was writing up my notes oil was $ 1@@ 40 per bar@@ re@@ l . +if we were to wi@@ pe out insects alone , just that group alone , on this planet -- which we are trying hard to do -- the rest of life and humanity with it would mostly disappe@@ ar from the land . +6@@ 0,000 species are known to science , but more than 1.@@ 5 million have been esti@@ ma@@ ted to exist . +what will we find as we map the living world , as , finally , we get this under@@ way seriously ? +human@@ -@@ forced climate change alone -- again , if un@@ ab@@ ated -- could elimin@@ ate a quar@@ ter of survi@@ ving species during the next five decades . +it makes all key information about life on earth acc@@ essi@@ ble to anyone , on demand , anywhere in the world . +well , commercial hun@@ ting happened . +sor@@ row , an@@ ger , m@@ our@@ ning . +there 's just some bits that are band@@ -@@ ta@@ iled pi@@ ge@@ on . +al@@ ber@@ to worked with the bu@@ car@@ do in spa@@ in . +well birds are pretty har@@ d-@@ wired , as it happens , so most of that is already in their dna , but to supp@@ le@@ ment it , part of ben 's idea is to use hom@@ ing pi@@ ge@@ ons to help train the young pas@@ sen@@ ger pi@@ ge@@ ons how to flo@@ ck and how to find their way to their old ne@@ sting gro@@ unds and fe@@ eding gro@@ unds . +another interesting project , though it 's going to need some help , is the northern white r@@ hin@@ o@@ cer@@ os . +there 's going to be un@@ inten@@ ded consequences . +he ran and worked in a factory . +and i liked making that book because i loved using my imagination , and that 's what writing is . +i dre@@ w funny pictures of my teachers -- -- and i passed them around . +i just wanted a video camera . +i set up a studio and i tried to get published . +mr@@ s. al@@ isch cut in front of the line and said , " i taught him how to read . " +i said , " mr@@ s. al@@ isch , how are you ? " +when i was vis@@ iting my ter@@ min@@ ally ill father in a hospital , i was asking myself , how does anybody get well in a place that sounds like this ? +this is affected massi@@ vely by rever@@ ber@@ ation time , how rever@@ ber@@ ant a room is . +what does it cost to treat a classroom down to that 0@@ .@@ 4@@ -@@ second rever@@ ber@@ ation time ? +i love that phr@@ ase . +in " up@@ wake " buildings wear su@@ its , zero ta@@ p dan@@ ces on a giant key@@ board , c@@ lon@@ es himself with a scan@@ ner , t@@ ames and whi@@ ps the computer mi@@ ce , sa@@ ils away into dre@@ am@@ scap@@ e from a single piece of paper and laun@@ ches into space . +but the teachers came to me after@@ ward and told me they hadn 't seen the kids that atten@@ tive . +it 's motion and emotion . +in the ne@@ ther@@ lands -- where i come from -- you actually never see a pi@@ g , which is really strange , because , on a population of 16 million people , we have 12 million pig@@ s . +and in che@@ es@@ e@@ ca@@ ke and all kinds of des@@ ser@@ ts , like cho@@ col@@ ate m@@ ous@@ se , ti@@ ra@@ mis@@ u , van@@ ill@@ a pu@@ d@@ ding , everything that 's cool@@ ed in the super@@ market , there 's gel@@ a@@ tin to make it look good . +and can you send me a bul@@ let ? " +chri@@ sti@@ en mein@@ der@@ ts@@ ma , auth@@ or of " pi@@ g 0@@ 50@@ 4@@ 9 " looks at the ast@@ on@@ ishing after@@ life of the ordinary pi@@ g , parts of which make their way into at least 18@@ 5 non-@@ por@@ k products , from bul@@ lets to artificial he@@ arts . +tell a kid you 're sorry , they 're in sho@@ ck . +i have things to do , people to im@@ press , and places to go . " +will you like all your children ? of course not . +now , this is one model of how language comes to be : nam@@ ely , it 's leg@@ is@@ l@@ ated by an acade@@ my . +a handy thing to have , because language is infin@@ ite , and you can 't just par@@ rot back the sent@@ ences that you 've heard . +you can think of this as the language of thought , or " ment@@ al@@ ese . " +now , i 'm sure most of you have seen the movie " far@@ go . " +in dat@@ ing , the transition from friend@@ ship to sex can lead to , not@@ ori@@ ously , various forms of aw@@ k@@ war@@ dness , and as can sex in the work@@ place , in which we call the conflict between a domin@@ ant and a sexual relationship " sexual har@@ as@@ s@@ ment . " +so you get the best of both worl@@ ds . +i tend to win those argu@@ ments , because i know the tricks . +so we have these models -- argument as war , argument as pro@@ of , and argument as performance . +oh , and one more thing , and as an educ@@ ator , this is the one that really bo@@ thers me : if argument is war , then there 's an impli@@ c@@ it equ@@ ation of learning with losing . +what we need is new ex@@ it strategi@@ es for argu@@ ments . +why do we argue ? to out@@ -@@ reason our op@@ pon@@ ents , prove them wrong , and , most of all , to win ! ... right ? philosop@@ her dan@@ iel h@@ . co@@ hen shows how our most common form of argument -- a war in which one person must win and the other must lose -- mis@@ ses out on the real benefits of eng@@ aging in active dis@@ agre@@ ement . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +this is learning something , learning an idea , from an organis@@ m and then appl@@ ying it . +learning about the natural world is one thing ; learning from the natural world -- that 's the switch . +life can 't afford to do that . how does life make things ? +imagine making all of our hard materials that way . +power of shape : here 's a wh@@ ale . we 've seen that the fin@@ s of this wh@@ ale have tu@@ ber@@ cles on them . and those little bu@@ mp@@ s actually increase efficiency in , for instance , the edge of an airplane -- increase efficiency by about 32 percent . +and we use all of them , even the tox@@ ic ones . +ok , so that 's the heal@@ ing one . +and in ways both big and small , the narra@@ tive of the vic@@ tim shapes the way we see women . +why are you so passionate ? " +micro@@ fin@@ ance is an incredibly powerful tool that leads to self-@@ suff@@ i@@ ci@@ ency and self-@@ respect , but we must move beyond micro@@ -@@ hop@@ es and micro@@ -@@ ambi@@ tions for women , because they have so much greater hop@@ es for themselves . +you know why ? +and when i was appl@@ ying to business school and felt certain i couldn 't do it and nobody i knew had done it , i went to my a@@ unt who survi@@ ved years of be@@ at@@ ings at the hand of her husband and es@@ cap@@ ed a marriage of ab@@ use with only her dig@@ ni@@ ty in@@ t@@ act . +but it was a little bit bor@@ ing . +but the way that humans tell the stories has always evolved with p@@ ure , consi@@ stent no@@ vel@@ ty . +and now all be@@ ts are off . +and yet , all the press is focused on that . +about 10 years ago , i was at a cock@@ tail party with a friend of mine , and we 're sitting there , and he was com@@ pla@@ ining about the cro@@ ws that he had seen that were all over his y@@ ard and making a big m@@ ess . +and in all that area , they 're only r@@ ar@@ ely found bre@@ eding more than five kilometers away from human beings . +so , it turns out we 've been finding more and more that cro@@ ws are really , really intelligent . +in fact , that 's old hat for cro@@ ws . +so , when they get really used to that , we move on to the cro@@ ws coming back . +i think that cro@@ ws can be trained to do other things . +so the management of electro@@ lu@@ x took our pi@@ le , our list of in@@ centi@@ ves , and they went outside the room for 17 minutes , and they came back in and they said , " wow , this is the most gener@@ ous any community has ever been to try to keep jobs here . +as we know , only half the states have op@@ ted in . +every region has something to offer , and if you created a competition , it respe@@ cts the states and it respe@@ cts fe@@ der@@ alism . +if you hadn 't noticed , our media climate generally provi@@ des a very di@@ stor@@ ted mirror of our lives and of our gender , and i think that 's going to change . +when they 're monit@@ or@@ ing your cli@@ ck@@ stream -- and you know they are -- they have a really hard time fig@@ uring out your age , your gender and your income . +the future entertain@@ ment media that we 're going to see is going to be very dat@@ a-@@ driven , and it 's going to be based on the information that we as@@ certain from taste communities online , where women are really driving the action . +up goes the bird , out come the words , " ju@@ ani@@ to , ju@@ ani@@ to , ven@@ te a com@@ er m@@ i hi@@ jo ! " +you might wan@@ na a@@ ver@@ t your ga@@ ze , because that is a new@@ t about to re@@ generate its lim@@ b , and sha@@ king hands spre@@ ads more ger@@ ms than k@@ is@@ sing . +okay . now on the left you can see the hand -- that 's the big ar@@ row -- and the pen@@ is on the right . the hand ho@@ vering . +and i said , " so , could you do it right here ? " +i actually suggest@@ ed to -- there is a resear@@ cher at the university of al@@ ab@@ ama who does or@@ gas@@ m research . +doctors back then were rou@@ tin@@ ely telling men the importance of pleas@@ uring their wi@@ ves . +british sex@@ ologist ro@@ y le@@ v@@ in has spe@@ cul@@ ated that this is perhaps why men evolved to be such enth@@ usi@@ a@@ stic and frequ@@ ent ma@@ stur@@ bat@@ ors . +and i said , " so why don 't you just stimu@@ late the cli@@ tor@@ is of the pi@@ g ? +and the woman would have sex with it . +and yet , despite everything going really well for john , he was strug@@ gling , fighting addi@@ ction and a gri@@ pping depression . +now i know that seems lu@@ di@@ cr@@ ous . +pull the k@@ not . +and it seemed to me even he felt really bad facing these un@@ organized red squ@@ ar@@ es day after day . +we are only happy when things are in order . +so we can also see that very clearly in this next painting . +and i think the whole thing ad@@ ds up much better if you do it like this . +but after a while , i just decided here to go all the way and put the paint back into the cans . +and i started to bring some order into some fla@@ gs . +he had a di@@ xi@@ eland ja@@ zz band when we were growing up , and he would always cover lou@@ is arm@@ strong tun@@ es . +and mom@@ s gra@@ b their kids out of the way and say , " don 't st@@ are ! " +that 's right , that 's right ; i 'm no longer a vic@@ tim . +it 's as though in@@ tent is an essential compon@@ ent for humanity . +in fact , maybe that 's the problem . +they were trying to answer the question of what would human beings do now that they were no longer simply trying to survive ? +i was in a wheel@@ chair ; i didn 't look like a lo@@ ot@@ er . +this is what we must demand of our lives , of our objects , of our things , of our circum@@ stances : living with in@@ tent . +i didn 't have an ex@@ act address , but i knew his name , ab@@ ed , i knew that he lived in a town of 15@@ ,000 , k@@ far kar@@ a , and i knew that , 21 years before , just outside this hol@@ y city , he broke my ne@@ ck . +but ab@@ ed did not slow , and on that x@@ er@@ ox@@ ed piece of paper , my ne@@ ck again broke , and again , i was left without an@@ ger . +were all of us the results of things done to us , done for us , the in@@ fi@@ deli@@ ty of a par@@ ent or spo@@ use , money in@@ her@@ ited ? +and as i sat con@@ tem@@ pl@@ ating what to say , a woman approach@@ ed in a black sha@@ w@@ l and black ro@@ be . +no , i was quie@@ t . i was quie@@ t because i had not come for truth . +" um , ab@@ ed , " i said , " i thought you had a few driving issues before the crash . " +yes , contr@@ ast . +i built the head . they built the body . +and it sees multiple people in a scene , remem@@ bers where individual people are , and looks from person to person , remem@@ ber@@ ing people . +someone invited me to a meeting , but couldn 't manage to fit me in to a regular sort of conference room meeting , and said , " i have to walk my dogs tomorrow . could you come then ? " +and i did a little calcu@@ lation of this . +for example , dan p@@ ink 's talk on motivation , which was pretty good if you haven 't seen it : " drop car@@ rot . drop stick . bring meaning . " +they used their six words to talk back to me and ask me if i 'd been too much on google l@@ ately . +and i would only pay $ 9@@ 9@@ .@@ 50 -- so stay even below a hundred dollars for it . +okay , part one starts back in 19@@ 29 when the great astronom@@ er ed@@ win hu@@ b@@ ble realized that the dist@@ ant galaxies were all rus@@ hing away from us , establi@@ sh@@ ing that space itself is stre@@ t@@ ching , it 's exp@@ and@@ ing . +expres@@ sed in the relevant unit , it is spec@@ tac@@ ul@@ arly small . +so partic@@ le mas@@ ses , the streng@@ ths of forces , and most importantly , the amount of dark energy would be determin@@ ed by the shape of the extra dimensions . +and in those univer@@ ses that have much less dark energy , well they collapse back on themselves so quickly that , again , galaxies don 't form . +because such a mechan@@ ism has been found by co@@ sm@@ ologists trying to understand the big bang . +you see , we learned that our universe is not sta@@ tic , that space is exp@@ and@@ ing , that that expan@@ sion is spee@@ ding up and that there might be other univer@@ ses all by carefully exam@@ ining fa@@ int pin@@ points of star@@ light coming to us from dist@@ ant galaxies . +we can understand how to understand the data from the micro@@ wave background radiation that was set down 13@@ .@@ 7@@ 2 billion years ago -- and yet , we can do calcu@@ lations today to predict how it will look and it mat@@ ches . +you 're going to meet mil@@ o for the first time . +you can le@@ an back , but the camera will change its perspective depen@@ ding on which way you 're looking . +mil@@ o : i wonder how deep it is . +now , to do that , we needed a set up , like a ma@@ gi@@ cian 's trick . +you cle@@ an@@ ed up my room . +and suddenly she sees a t@@ ank am@@ bling down the main road of sar@@ a@@ je@@ vo kno@@ cking everything out of its path . +i believe a story there has to be told . +and that 's pretty much why i do it . +and all i can really do is hope , not to poli@@ cy@@ makers or politicians , because as much as i 'd like to have faith that they read my words and do something , i don 't del@@ u@@ de myself . +and that 's exactly what we did 10 years ago . +just fast forward 10 years . +as fast as we can res@@ et our computers , the brain activity shif@@ ts to start repres@@ enting this new tool , as if this too was a part of that pri@@ mate 's body . +and i was five years old , and i never understood why nasa didn 't hi@@ re cap@@ tain kir@@ k and spo@@ ck to do the job ; after all , they were very profi@@ cient -- but just seeing that as a kid made me believe , as my grandmother used to tell me , that " impossible is just the possible that someone has not put in enough effort to make it come true . " +why would we waste this money on you ? " +and that brings me to my first major of two ten@@ ets of " half the sky . " +in india , in the first year of life , from zero to one , boy and girl babies basically survive at the same rate because they dep@@ end upon the breast , and the breast shows no son pre@@ ference . +so what would some of the specific challenges look like ? +so that meant she was in@@ continent ; she couldn 't control her wa@@ stes . +well , when she had her second daughter , her mother in-@@ law told her son , " i think you 'd better get a second wife . +the tw@@ ins started producing milk . +we also think that individuals can make a difference , and they should , because individuals , together , we can all help create a movement . +s@@ her@@ y@@ l wu@@ dun@@ n 's book " half the sky " investi@@ gates the op@@ pres@@ sion of women glob@@ ally . her stories sho@@ ck . only when women in developing countries have equal access to education and economic opportunity will we be using all our human resources . +why not ? i mean , that 's what we do . +and this cu@@ mu@@ la@@ tive cultural adap@@ tation , as anthropo@@ logi@@ sts call this accu@@ mu@@ lation of ideas , is responsible for everything around you in your bu@@ st@@ ling and te@@ em@@ ing everyday lives . +the other option we could choose was to develop the systems of communication that would allow us to share ideas and to co@@ operate am@@ on@@ gst others . +and this is why our species has pro@@ sper@@ ed around the world while the rest of the animals sit behind b@@ ars in zo@@ os , langu@@ ishing . +and this is also true of some remote oce@@ an@@ ic is@@ lands . +to put it this way , nature knows no other circum@@ stance in which func@@ tion@@ ally equivalent tra@@ its co@@ exist . +biolog@@ ist mark pa@@ gel shares an intri@@ gu@@ ing theory about why humans evolved our complex system of language . he suggests that language is a piece of " social technology " that allowed early human tri@@ bes to access a powerful new tool : co@@ operation . +and what i 'm most interested in is the invisible space between a text and its ac@@ compan@@ ying image , and how the image is trans@@ formed by the text and the text by the image . +this is the only fe@@ der@@ ally fund@@ ed site where it is legal to cul@@ tiv@@ ate can@@ n@@ ab@@ is for scientific research in the united states . +this is the death star . +for the men in these photographs , the primary cause of their wr@@ on@@ g@@ ful con@@ vi@@ ction was mista@@ ken identi@@ fication . +he ended up ser@@ ving 18 and a half years of an 80 year sentence for ra@@ pe and rob@@ ber@@ y . +last year alone , 99 fe@@ der@@ ally dec@@ lar@@ ed dis@@ ast@@ ers were on fi@@ le with fe@@ ma , from j@@ op@@ lin , mis@@ sour@@ i , and t@@ us@@ cal@@ o@@ o@@ sa , al@@ ab@@ ama , to the central texas wild@@ fir@@ es that just happened recently . +so the first idea i had , ini@@ tially , was just to go the fe@@ der@@ al and state governments and go , " here , take it , for free . " +our school would show bill n@@ ye the science guy . +we have da@@ wn or@@ bit@@ ing v@@ est@@ a , and we have over here new hori@@ z@@ ons on a straight shot to plu@@ to . +there 's a point to be made here . +so given that that 's true , how good are we at increasing our happiness ? +we also find that people are more a@@ verse to losing than they are happy to gain . +so when people 's symptom@@ s go away , they tend to re@@ cu@@ r , because there isn 't a sense of the other half -- of what pleasure , happiness , compassion , gra@@ titude , what are the positive emotions . +it wouldn 't eat . it wouldn 't sleep . it wouldn 't have sex . +and even studies of co@@ operation show that co@@ operation between individuals lights up reward centers of the brain . +i sei@@ ze comm@@ and by physical pro@@ w@@ ess , and i keep it by be@@ ating my ch@@ est , and you make sub@@ mis@@ sive gest@@ ures . +i end with a few quot@@ es . +why would you choose rat@@ s ? +once the animal knows click , food , click , food , click , food -- so click is food -- we bring it in a c@@ age with a hole , and actually the animal lear@@ ns to stick the nose in the hole under which a target sc@@ ent is placed , and to do that for five seconds -- five seconds , which is long for a rat . +it means that , if you have t@@ .b. , you have more chance that you won 't be dete@@ cted , but will just die from t@@ .b. secon@@ dar@@ y infe@@ ctions and so on . +and by just pres@@ enting the sam@@ ples once more to the rat@@ s and lo@@ op@@ ing those results back , we were able to increase case dete@@ ction rates by over 30 percent . +and this is truly the most amazing thing in the world . +now , what is the signi@@ fi@@ can@@ ce of these mirror neurons ? +in other words , if somebody tou@@ ches me , my hand , neuron in the so@@ ma@@ to@@ sensor@@ y cortex in the sensor@@ y region of the brain fir@@ es . +it emer@@ ges from our understanding of basic neuro@@ science . +so , that 's 20 micro@@ meters across , that pollen grain there . +this is a be@@ e 's leg with the pollen gl@@ om@@ med onto it from a mal@@ low plant . +four very different habit@@ ats might look similar , but they 've got very different pollen sig@@ natur@@ es . +it 's certainly what i learned when i was training . +we have effective therap@@ ies now . +and she started , the women 's health initiative . +some women have those heart attac@@ ks , but a whole bunch of women have this kind of heart attack , where it ero@@ des , doesn 't completely fill with c@@ lot , symptom@@ s are sub@@ tle , ek@@ g fin@@ dings are different -- fe@@ mal@@ e-@@ pattern . +now what are the impli@@ cations of that ? +and those little red bo@@ xes are dea@@ ths . +we still have two to three more women dying for every man . +so if we can be as good as breast cancer and give women this new charge , we have a lot of lives to save . +we copy this in the lab by out@@ fit@@ ting cell culture systems with electro@@ des . +and in the case of the fl@@ or@@ a in our gut , these cells may not even be human . +but there 's also a scientific reason that dro@@ ve this project , which was to use this natural lon@@ git@@ u@@ din@@ al data to understand the process of how a child lear@@ ns language -- that child being my son . +the way to interpre@@ t this appar@@ ently simple graph is , on the ver@@ tical is an indi@@ cation of how complex care@@ gi@@ ver u@@ tter@@ an@@ ces are based on the l@@ ength of u@@ tter@@ an@@ ces . +now we free@@ ze the action , 30 minutes , we turn time into the ver@@ tical axis , and we open up for a view of these interaction tra@@ ces we 've just left behind . +this has become my favorite way of vide@@ ograph@@ ing just about any space . +and there are , again , now tens of millions of these links that give us the conne@@ ctive tissue of social graph@@ s and how they rel@@ ate to content . +and then i went on to refle@@ ct , " isn 't it amazing , this entire dat@@ ab@@ ase , all these recor@@ dings , i 'm going to hand off to you and to your sister " -- who arrived two years later -- " and you guys are going to be able to go back and re-@@ experience moments that you could never , with your biological memory , possibly remember the way you can now ? " +mit resear@@ cher de@@ b ro@@ y wanted to understand how his inf@@ ant son learned language -- so he wired up his house with vide@@ oc@@ ameras to catch every moment of his son 's life , then par@@ sed 9@@ 0,000 hours of home video to watch " ga@@ a@@ a@@ a " slowly turn into " water . " ast@@ on@@ ishing , dat@@ a-@@ rich research with deep impli@@ cations for how we learn . +a second part of the brain is called the dor@@ sal stream . +we make meaning by seeing , by an act of visual inter@@ ro@@ gation . +secon@@ dly , making them inter@@ active . +this is a laun@@ dry ch@@ ute , and this right here is a sho@@ e last . +but i get a lot of toi@@ lets , and so you just dis@@ pat@@ ch a toi@@ let with a ham@@ mer , and then you have l@@ um@@ p@@ y ti@@ les . +but you 've never seen this one before . +and in there he said that cultures tend to s@@ wing between one of two perspe@@ c@@ tives . +and so if something isn 't standard , " o@@ ops , du@@ mp@@ ster . " " o@@ ops " this . " o@@ ops , war@@ ped . " +the problem is we can 't afford it . +all we have to do is look at what one company did with car@@ bon@@ ated pr@@ une ju@@ ice . +that exac@@ er@@ b@@ ates and continu@@ es this model . +that is , our hous@@ ing has become a com@@ modi@@ ty . +in this funny and insi@@ ght@@ ful talk , buil@@ der dan phil@@ li@@ ps t@@ ours us through a do@@ zen homes he 's built in texas using recycl@@ ed and rec@@ la@@ im@@ ed materials in wil@@ dly creative ways . brilliant , low-@@ tech design details will re@@ fresh your own creative drive . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +and the reason i think it would be so interesting to you is because consciousness is so interesting . +there is no more dra@@ stic and sudden gap created between potential and actual mind than a sever@@ e head in@@ j@@ ury . +but if you look into the eye of consciousness , that single eye you can see , i 'm looking down , but let me tell you how i felt at that point . +the global perspective is that up to 30 percent of children in school have learning we@@ ak@@ n@@ esses that are not self-@@ cor@@ rec@@ ting , but with appropriate treatment , they can be scre@@ en@@ ed for and dete@@ cted and cor@@ rec@@ ted and avoid their acade@@ mic failure . +the answer is yes , and for the first time , it 's my pleasure to be able to share two examples . +imagine the blood flo@@ wing through your body -- i was told at u@@ cl@@ a medical center -- as one se@@ aled system . +so it goes in and it sta@@ ys there . +and so i was sitting in this restaurant , waiting for a man to come by who obviously would have some diffic@@ ul@@ ty ... +and if you walk faster , if i walk faster , it dete@@ cts what 's called the time inter@@ val , which is the inter@@ val between each he@@ el li@@ ft . +and i started in our medical university , kar@@ ol@@ in@@ sk@@ a institute , an under@@ graduate course called global health . but when you get that opportunity , you get a little nervous . i thought , these students coming to us actually have the highest grade you can get in swe@@ dis@@ h college systems -- so , i thought , maybe they know everything i 'm going to teach them about . so i did a pre-@@ test when they came . +now what has happened since 196@@ 2 ? we want to see the change . +where are the different countries ? i can show you africa . +ye@@ men , civil war . united arab e@@ mi@@ rate , money which was quite equ@@ ally and well used . +everything in this world exists in africa . and you can 't disc@@ uss universal access to hiv [ medicine ] for that qu@@ inti@@ le up here with the same strategy as down here . the impro@@ vement of the world must be highly con@@ tex@@ tu@@ alized , and it 's not relevant to have it on regi@@ onal level . we must be much more deta@@ iled . +and that 's a quite clever guy , hu@@ h ? +but it slightly bor@@ es me . +so i had a really quite happy life at indi@@ ana . +and certainly , nei@@ ther cri@@ ck or i were chemi@@ sts , so we tried to build a model . and he knew , fran@@ c@@ is knew wil@@ kins . +and i read it , and it was just -- it was cra@@ p . +and we knew we were right . +but that 's the only -- no , we were only photograph@@ ed twice . +so , we started with breast cancer because there 's lots of money for it , no government money . +were they crazy also , and we didn 't know it ? +you need to know that the average patent tro@@ ll defen@@ se costs two million dollars and takes 18 months when you win . +now what did i learn from this case ? well , three things . +beh@@ old , patent in@@ fr@@ in@@ gement via mobile device -- defined as a computer which is not sta@@ tion@@ ary . +it was a huge success . +they laugh@@ ed together . +now i bet , in this audience , you 're thinking of some really incredible technology , some stuff that i haven 't even heard of , i 'm absolutely sure . +bru@@ ce a@@ yl@@ ward : o@@ ops . j@@ on , polio 's almost been er@@ a@@ dic@@ ated . +so what we 're looking for is a perman@@ ent solution . +it de@@ teri@@ or@@ ates so quickly in the tro@@ pic@@ s that we 've had to put this special v@@ acc@@ ine monit@@ or on every single vi@@ al so that it will change very quickly when it 's ex@@ posed to too much heat , and we can tell that it 's not a good v@@ acc@@ ine to use on a child -- it 's not po@@ tent ; it 's not going to protect them . +within a couple of years , every country that started polio er@@ a@@ dic@@ ation rapi@@ dly er@@ a@@ dic@@ ated all three of their polio viruses , with the ex@@ ception of four countries that you see here . +he lives in a family home there with his eight brothers and si@@ sters . +and this started an incredible collaboration with industry , and within six months , we were testing a new polio v@@ acc@@ ine that tar@@ ge@@ ted , just two years ago , the last two types of polio in the world . +it 's ready to reach them with bed nets , with other things . +and is it easy to raise that money ? +and she took us on a journey and reve@@ aled something very special to us -- her own daughter , eight days old . +d@@ j : now one of the big things , of course , everybody knows that cat@@ s hate water , and so this was a real re@@ vel@@ ation for us . +b@@ j : so , as der@@ e@@ ck says , we have to work through extre@@ mes -- extreme temper@@ atures , push ourselves at night . +it was phenomen@@ al , and we felt gr@@ ate@@ ful that she tru@@ sted us to that ex@@ tent . +but i have to tell you -- everybody always as@@ ks , " what happened to the baby bab@@ o@@ on ? " +and that 's probably because we haven 't seen it like we are today . +my ti@@ tle : " que@@ erer than we can suppose : the stran@@ gen@@ ess of science . " +science has taught us , against all intuition , that appar@@ ently soli@@ d things , like cr@@ y@@ st@@ als and ro@@ cks , are really almost entirely com@@ posed of empty space . +if we 'd evolved in a vac@@ u@@ um , we would expect them to hit the ground simul@@ tane@@ ously . if we were bacteria , constantly bu@@ ff@@ et@@ ed by ther@@ mal mov@@ ements of molecules , it would be different , but we middle worl@@ ders are too big to notice brow@@ ni@@ an motion . +what we see of the real world is not the un@@ var@@ nis@@ hed world but a model of the world , regul@@ ated and ad@@ ju@@ sted by sense data , but constru@@ cted so it 's useful for dealing with the real world . +mira@@ cles are just events that are extremely im@@ prob@@ able . +we 'd be different , our characters would be different , if our neuro@@ -@@ an@@ atom@@ y and our physi@@ ological chemistry were different . +i went to not@@ re d@@ ame university and gradu@@ ated with degrees in accoun@@ ting and ger@@ man , including spending a year of study in au@@ stri@@ a . +all of us have dis@@ abilities in one form or another . +can you show us how good of a pilot you are ? +moving on from this , the next person to explore this field was a gentle@@ man called h@@ ans jen@@ ny in the 197@@ 0s . +then on the right we can see a cy@@ matically created s@@ no@@ w@@ fla@@ ke . +their pictures became part of our collective consciousness and , as consciousness evolved into a shared sense of con@@ science , change became not only possible , but inevi@@ table . +and it 's terri@@ bly en@@ danger@@ ed . +and you don 't necessarily have the sense that twitter is in fact a very hea@@ vi@@ ly brazi@@ li@@ an space . +it 's the economy of moving these heavy , slow atoms over long di@@ stances that 's very difficult to do . +you start looking at how the global plane fli@@ ghts move , and you suddenly discover that the world isn 't even close to flat . +when you look at the new york times , you look at other eli@@ te media , what you lar@@ gely get are pictures of very weal@@ thy nations and the nations we 've inv@@ aded . +nor do i think we are by ourselves , actually going to solve the problem . +there 's a group right now in china called ye@@ e@@ y@@ an . +not only does she have to keep our isra@@ el@@ i and pal@@ est@@ ini@@ an contribu@@ tors from killing each other , she has to figure out what is going to interest you about the middle east . +he knows one world , and he 's finding a way to communicate it to another world , both of which he has deep connections to . +we have to fix our im@@ migra@@ tion policy . +in afghanistan , for example , we haven 't just had one ele@@ ction or two elec@@ tions . we 've gone through three elec@@ tions , pres@@ identi@@ al and par@@ li@@ am@@ ent@@ ary . and what do we find ? +it 's not that it guar@@ an@@ te@@ es peace with itself or with its neighb@@ ors . +the public is losing faith in democracy , says british mp r@@ ory ste@@ wart . iraq and afghanistan 's new democra@@ cies are deeply cor@@ ru@@ pt ; mean@@ while , 8@@ 4 percent of people in britain say politics is broken . in this important talk , ste@@ wart sounds a call to action to re@@ build democracy , starting with recogni@@ zing why democracy is important -- not as a tool , but as an ide@@ al . +the short answer is , actually , they 're from japan . +this is a bil@@ l@@ board that says : " wel@@ come to the birth@@ place of general t@@ so . " +let 's go back to mi@@ d-@@ 18@@ 0@@ 0s when the chinese first came to america . +for example , there is french chinese food , where they serve s@@ alt and pe@@ pp@@ er fro@@ g legs . +so , like , ok , maybe it had to do with the patterns on the little pieces of paper -- you know , like , it was a diam@@ ond , or , you know , diag@@ onal . +so me , general t@@ so 's chicken and this lo@@ go are all kar@@ ma@@ cally related . +finally , in about the six@@ te@@ ent@@ h century , a physi@@ cian whose name was the@@ op@@ h@@ ra@@ st@@ us bom@@ ba@@ st@@ us au@@ re@@ ol@@ us von ho@@ hen@@ heim , called par@@ ac@@ el@@ su@@ s , a name probably familiar to some people here -- -- good , old par@@ ac@@ el@@ su@@ s found that he could predict the degree of con@@ vul@@ sion by using a measu@@ red amount of cam@@ ph@@ or to produce the con@@ vul@@ sion . +he rel@@ ap@@ sed a little bit , they gave him a series of treat@@ ments , and he was essentially cu@@ red . +it had to do with being brought up in a family where no one spoke english , no one could read or write english . +and they tried everything they had . +well , he said , " can 't we try a course of electro@@ sho@@ ck therapy ? " +and things got better and better , and within three or four months , i was dis@@ char@@ ged from that hospital , and i jo@@ ined a group of surge@@ ons where i could work with other people in the community , not in new haven , but fairly close by . +so one of the reasons that i have come here to talk about this today is to -- frank@@ ly , sel@@ fis@@ h@@ ly -- un@@ bur@@ den myself and let it be known that this is not an un@@ trou@@ bled mind that has written all of these books . +i believe the concept of global citi@@ zen@@ ship will simply grow out of people talking to each other across contin@@ ents . +now , what is remarkable is that civil rights in america were achie@@ ved in the 196@@ 0s . +but i think this is the fru@@ stration that perhaps a lot people have , like people in the audience here , where we love the kind of language that you 're talking about . +and we have had a speak@@ er who said that very thing , and s@@ wal@@ lo@@ wed a s@@ word right after that , which was quite dra@@ matic . +i mean , the great diffic@@ ul@@ ty in europe is if you 're at a meeting and 27 people speak , it takes a very very long time . +and then the secre@@ t@@ ary general of the united nations " when will our international institutions work ? " +so the question is , how do you rein@@ vent something that has been around for five mil@@ len@@ nia ? +and the most remarkable fe@@ at is that my hand actually sta@@ yed still long enough to do that . +and you see here a picture of a tissue section . +some of the greatest innova@@ tions and develop@@ ments in the world often happen at the inter@@ section of two fields . +if you don 't like the subject or the performance , you can hold the red . +data : a couple of new jer@@ sey h@@ unter@@ s are out in the wo@@ ods . +so this is actually the first time we 've ever done live audience feedback to a performance . +what can we do together that benefits us both ? +stran@@ gen@@ ess is that c@@ ali@@ bra@@ tion of clo@@ sen@@ ess and distance that en@@ ables me to find the people that i need right now , that en@@ ables me to find the sources of inti@@ ma@@ cy , of discovery , and of inspiration that i need right now . +it all began for him during world war ii , when at age 17 he found himself thr@@ ust into a for@@ ged docum@@ ents work@@ shop . +i was born in al@@ geria . +so at the age of 14 my father had to work . +but it was only the beginning . +he also expla@@ ined to me that i had a brother , too , and the first time i saw them i must have been three or four , and they were 30 years older than me . +europe was not spar@@ ed either . +this is bad news , but perhaps surprising to you , it 's also part of the good news . +never have we seen , in the past 50 years , such a shar@@ p dec@@ line of ecosystem fun@@ ctions and services on the planet , one of them being the ability to regu@@ late climate on the long term , in our fore@@ sts , land and bio@@ diversity . +as a si@@ del@@ ine , you know that the only red fla@@ g that po@@ pped up here was a sub@@ marine from an un@@ named country that plan@@ ted a red fla@@ g at the bottom of the arc@@ tic to be able to control the oil resources . +what you see here in black line is the safe operating space , the quanti@@ fied boundar@@ ies , as suggest@@ ed by this analysis . +under the reali@@ zation from tour@@ ist oper@@ ators , fis@@ her@@ men , the austr@@ ali@@ an great bar@@ rier re@@ e@@ f auth@@ ority and scientists that the great bar@@ rier re@@ e@@ f is do@@ om@@ ed under the current govern@@ ance regi@@ me . +the key though in all of these , the red thre@@ ad , is the shift in min@@ d@@ set , moving away from a situation where we simply are pus@@ hing ourselves into a dark future , where we instead back@@ cast our future , and we say , " what is the playing field on the planet ? +though it 's actually true , you know , the reason i 'm talking to you right now is because i was born in brazil . +but i wasn 't into selling wh@@ is@@ key ; i was into selling ice . +" the sna@@ il . " +this is " 6@@ ,@@ 500 y@@ ards , " after cor@@ ot . " 9@@ ,000 y@@ ards , " after ger@@ hard ri@@ chter . +they do a dna scan of this , they will come up with a great ma@@ il@@ ing list . +a han@@ ger . +and we can then see the result of such mu@@ tations when we compare dna sequences among us here in the room , for example . +and later , between 100 and 5@@ 0,000 years ago or so , went out of africa to col@@ oni@@ ze the rest of the world . +there is another thing with those tra@@ its that we so easily obser@@ ve in each other that i think is wor@@ th@@ while to consider , and that is that , in a very liter@@ al sense , they 're really on the surface of our bodies . +statisti@@ cally speaking , there is no difference in how often the ne@@ anderth@@ al mat@@ ches one african or the other . +they meet ne@@ anderth@@ als , mix with them , continue to spread over the world , and somewhere in sou@@ the@@ ast asia , they meet den@@ iso@@ v@@ ans and mix with them and continue on out into the pacific . +so sustain@@ ability is quite important for us , which should in@@ corpo@@ rate social but as well as environmental and economic values . +so let 's compare the old world with the new world . +we have social areas inside the air@@ craft which might turn into a place where you can play virtual golf . +these are survival skills . +this is our body wisdom . it 's not something that is medi@@ ated by our language . our body just knows that , and we 've known that for a long time . +there are millions of individuals with autis@@ m all around us . +well , it 's hard to do that , so we had to create the technologies . we had to basically step inside a body . +it 's almost as if that stimul@@ us , you , you 're not exer@@ ting influence on what happens as they navi@@ gate their daily lives . +early diagno@@ sis of autis@@ m spectrum dis@@ order can improve the lives of everyone affected , but the complex network of causes make it incredibly difficult to predict . at tedx@@ pe@@ ach@@ tree , ami kli@@ n descri@@ bes a new early dete@@ ction method that uses e@@ ye@@ -@@ tracking technologies to g@@ auge babies ' social engagement skills and reli@@ ably measure their risk of developing autis@@ m . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +if you 're an out@@ board person@@ nel , now you stand up . +you are going to hit the ground . +i was raised with traditional stories of leadership : robert e@@ . lee , john bu@@ ford at ge@@ tt@@ y@@ s@@ bur@@ g . +more importantly , the force that i led was spread over more than 20 countries . +i asked , " where were you on 9 / 11 ? " +i learned they are the sin@@ e@@ w which hold the force together . +and if you 're a leader , the people who count on you need you on your feet . +she then as@@ sig@@ ned these works ra@@ cial identi@@ ties , basically saying to me that the work on the right , clearly , was made by a black artist , the work on the left , clearly , by a white artist , when , in effect , that was the opposite case : bob col@@ es@@ c@@ ot@@ t , afri@@ can@@ -@@ american artist ; le@@ on gol@@ u@@ b , a white artist . +what that might mean for cultural mov@@ ements all over this moment , the " me , we " seems incredibly pres@@ cient totally important . +so , what do i discover when i look at art@@ works ? +they down@@ lo@@ aded it from dis@@ ne@@ y@@ .com , or one of these web@@ sites , 14 days after putting the computer in their village . +this is a 15 year-old boy . +i called in 26 children . +but 30 percent is not a pass . +i gave them six g@@ c@@ se questions . +you can 't catch me . +they typ@@ ed it into google , transl@@ ated it into itali@@ an , went back into itali@@ an google . +[ " o@@ edi@@ pus re@@ x " ] [ " the li@@ on king " ] [ " ti@@ tus " ] [ " fri@@ da " ] [ " the magic fl@@ ute " ] [ " across the universe " ] j@@ ul@@ ie ta@@ y@@ mor : thank you . thank you very much . +the next moment , as soon as they finished and disappe@@ ared into the sha@@ do@@ ws , a young man with a pro@@ pan@@ e lan@@ tern came on , hung it up on a tree , set up a cur@@ tain . +i love the appar@@ ent truth of theater . +ar@@ iel : i bo@@ ar@@ ded the king 's ship . in every cab@@ in , i fl@@ am@@ ed ama@@ z@@ ement . +and as she was there on the edge of that stage , two sta@@ ge@@ hands all in black with wat@@ ering cans ran along the top and started to po@@ ur water on the sand ca@@ st@@ le , and the sand ca@@ st@@ le started to dri@@ p and sin@@ k , but before it did , the audience saw the black@@ -@@ cla@@ d sta@@ ge@@ hands . +what the hell are we doing up there on that stage ? +j@@ ul@@ ie ta@@ y@@ mor : spi@@ der@@ -@@ man , the li@@ on king and life on the creative edge +you choose . it 's your bak@@ ery , your street , your country -- not mine . " +and so , on a mi@@ cr@@ o level , there 's a real role for this combin@@ ation of investment and phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ y . +and i really understood what patient capital meant emotion@@ ally in the last month or so . because the company was literally 10 days away from pro@@ ving that the product they produced was at the worl@@ d-@@ quality level needed to make co@@ ar@@ tem , when they were in the biggest c@@ ash crisis of their history . +in our first year , the first net went off the line in oc@@ tober of 2003 . +she was very much like those women sitting behind the se@@ wing machines . +now , when we first started talking to ok go -- the name of the song is " this too shall pass " -- we were really excited because they expres@@ sed interest in building a machine that they could dance with . +the machine itself would start the music . +it doesn 't matter what temperature it is , doesn 't matter what 's in its way ; it will pretty much get where it needs to go . +and now to introdu@@ ce their music video , we have ok go . +and so we built some very sophisti@@ cated radio anten@@ n@@ as just for prob@@ ing both walls and se@@ arch@@ ing for an air gap . +so we thought of an aug@@ mented reality app@@ lic@@ ation using a tab@@ let . let me show you just simul@@ ating what we could be doing , any of us could be doing , in a museum environment . +and the later it fa@@ ils , the worse the consequences . +it 's a disease that runs in my family , and we really hope that cells like these will help us find a cure . +i 've tried to show in this -- though the color doesn 't come out -- that what i 'm concerned with is the little 5@@ 0-@@ year time bubble that you are in . you tend to be interested in a generation past , a generation future -- your parents , your kids , things you can change over the next few decades -- and this 5@@ 0-@@ year time bubble you kind of move along in . and in that 50 years , if you look at the population cur@@ ve , you find the population of humans on the earth more than dou@@ bles and we 're up three-@@ and-@@ a-@@ half times since i was born . when you have a new baby , by the time that kid gets out of high school more people will be ad@@ ded than exi@@ sted on earth when i was born . +your great@@ -@@ great grand@@ parents got by on muscle power , and yet we all think there 's this huge power that 's essential for our lifest@@ yle . and with all the wonderful technology we have we can do things that are much more efficient : conser@@ ve , recy@@ cle , etc . +it 's part of a long-term program nasa spon@@ sor@@ ed . +all right . +well , inspired by the sent@@ ences , i decided to wi@@ el@@ d the pain@@ t@@ br@@ ush . +thank you . +" it 'd be like putting a piece of to@@ ast through a bas@@ ket@@ ball ho@@ op , wouldn 't it ? " +over thousands of years ago , he pro@@ ved that for us . +he pro@@ ved it was prime with nothing more than a qu@@ ill , ink , paper and his mind . +it took him , by his esti@@ mate , " three years of sun@@ days . " +it 's because of cur@@ tis co@@ op@@ er that we know , currently the largest prime number we know , is 2 ^ 5@@ 7@@ ,@@ 8@@ 8@@ 5@@ ,@@ 16@@ 1 . +we live in an age where some of the great break@@ through@@ s are not going to happen in the lab@@ s or the hall@@ s of acade@@ mi@@ a but on laptops , des@@ k@@ tops , in the pal@@ ms of people 's hands who are simply helping out for the search . +and what was so gor@@ ge@@ ous about this discovery was 50 years ago peter hig@@ gs and his team considered one of the deep@@ est of all questions : how is it that the things that make us up have no mass ? +in fact , growing up in tas@@ man@@ ia , it always was incredibly exciting when we got a chance to see a tas@@ mani@@ an de@@ vil in the wild . +scientists around the world were intri@@ gu@@ ed by this cancer , this infe@@ c@@ tious cancer , that was spre@@ ading through the tas@@ mani@@ an de@@ vil population . +he 's a tas@@ mani@@ an de@@ vil that we found with a large tumor on his face . +he 's a dog that bel@@ on@@ gs to a family in mom@@ bas@@ a in kenya . +however , under some circum@@ stances , it can happen . +so if we 're married , we 're more likely to have kids . +so most of us put ourselves above average on most of these abilities . +number two : re@@ gar@@ d@@ less of the out@@ come , the p@@ ure act of anti@@ ci@@ pa@@ tion makes us happy . +so they tend to expect the future to be worse than it ends up being . +but if someone started off saying , " my average li@@ ke@@ li@@ hood of suffering from cancer is about 10 percent , " and we said , " hey , bad news . +and what he 's doing is he 's pas@@ sing a small magnetic pul@@ se through the sk@@ ul@@ l of the partici@@ p@@ ant in our study into their in@@ fer@@ ior fron@@ tal gy@@ rus . +and i believe there 's a way for us to do that . +it really should be called the re@@ co@@ very or return of asia . +but think of what it does to how we think in traditional terms and concep@@ ts . +the te@@ c@@ ton@@ ic pl@@ ates of world politics were shif@@ ting . +you know , it looks at economic power measu@@ red by g@@ dp . +and as i said earlier , china has not passed the united states . +now i don 't mean to be po@@ ll@@ y@@ an@@ na@@ ish about this . +in fact , they 've accoun@@ ted for half of all civil wars . +and why is it so difficult ini@@ tially ? +so the don@@ ors have to stick with this situation for at least a decade . +and indeed , unfortunately , if you navi@@ gate by needs you get a very un@@ focused agenda , because in these situations , needs are everywhere , but the capacity to imple@@ ment change is very limited . +there 's one sector which isn 't ex@@ posed to international trade , and which can generate a lot of jobs , and which is , in any case , a sensi@@ ble sector to exp@@ and , post-@@ conflict , and that is the construction sector . +the planning function and policy function sta@@ ys with the mini@@ stry ; the deli@@ very of services on the ground , you should use whatever works -- chur@@ ches , n@@ gos , local communities , whatever works . +what 's the goal ? +there are important distribu@@ tional consequences , and they 're not what you always might think . +we need better planning and systems for ev@@ ac@@ u@@ ation . +it makes sense , right ? there 's open space , the planes can take off and land without wor@@ rying about creating noise or avo@@ i@@ ding t@@ all buildings . +there are no quick fi@@ xes . +t : most importantly ... s : most importantly ... +j@@ w : so is english man@@ ia good or bad ? +now this has raised all sorts of questions . +and he asked that particular person , what do cro@@ ws and fish have in common ? +they weren 't willing to engage in this . +well , in 19@@ 00 , three percent of americans practic@@ ed professi@@ ons that were cogni@@ tively dem@@ and@@ ing . +now over the last century , in developed nations like america , moral debate has es@@ cal@@ ated because we take the hypo@@ the@@ tical seriously , and we also take univer@@ s@@ als seriously and look for logi@@ cal connections . +you have to say , well , black@@ ness of skin , you couldn 't suff@@ er just for that . +one of the ways in which we would like to deal with the sophisti@@ cation of the modern world is through politics , and sa@@ dly you can have human@@ e moral principles , you can classi@@ fy , you can use lo@@ gic on abstra@@ ctions , and if you 're ignor@@ ant of history and of other countries , you can 't do politics . +i 'm a public school teacher , and i just want to share a story of my super@@ inten@@ dent . +it could have been den@@ ti@@ stry , but the word " experiment@@ al " was in it , and so that 's what i had to go for . +it 's a story that 's a te@@ stam@@ ent to teaching and teachers . +and so that gest@@ ure of my mother 's continu@@ es through many generations . +i offer them the job , they can turn it down , and then they choose their own cab@@ in@@ et . +see , mr. h@@ unter is doing that because he says his time has mess@@ ed up a lot , and he 's trying to tell us how to fix that problem . +this is the world peace game . what is wrong with you ? " +" let 's ask that mom to read the letter . +this is about my friend brenn@@ an . +he r@@ ings the bell again . he says , " we have " -- and there 's 12 seconds left on the clock -- " we have , all nations , po@@ ol@@ ed all our fun@@ ds together . +in india , we had the na@@ x@@ ali@@ te movement , the [ un@@ clear ] movement . +when you pu@@ mp in air in a bi@@ cycle , you use a bit of this . +they always make a tri@@ ang@@ ular roof . +now this is a little pu@@ mp with which you could inf@@ late a ballo@@ on . +but this is great fun for children . +i just put this inside this . +they are f@@ used together , so you can 't separate them . +there are no pat@@ ents . anyone can make it . +this is called " the cap@@ tain 's hat story . " +and the ship sin@@ ks , and the cap@@ tain has lost everything , but for a life jac@@ ket . +so i 'm going to talk about some projects that have explor@@ ed these ideas . +the way we tend to use resources is we extra@@ ct them , we turn them into shor@@ t-@@ life products and then dis@@ pose of them . +and we 'd also have a coffee shop , and the waste gra@@ ins from that could be used as a sub@@ strate for growing mush@@ rooms . +so amazing example of an adap@@ tation to a very resour@@ ce-@@ con@@ stra@@ ined environment -- and in that sense , very relevant to the kind of challenges we 're going to be facing over the next few years , next few decades . +so this is how this sche@@ me would look . +they 're not just possible ; they 're critical . +and if i want to start having children by the time i 'm 35 , that meant that i would have had to have been on my way to marriage five years ago . +now , there was one small catch . +and they say to me , " stop com@@ pla@@ ining . " +for me , the ho@@ b@@ bi@@ es that i have are really just new work projects that i 've launched . +she said she is " sil@@ ly , nice and friend@@ ly . " +remember , i 'm somebody who said that i speak flu@@ ent japanese and i know ja@@ vas@@ cri@@ pt and i was okay with that . +obviously , i 'm having a fab@@ ul@@ ous life , so -- -- the question is , what does all of this mean for you ? +i know most of you have had the experience of coming back home and finding your kids playing these kinds of games . +imagine you 're driving in a fo@@ g . that makes a difference between seeing the car in front of you and avo@@ i@@ ding the accident , or getting into an accident . +but a few kids are sad and blue because they 've for@@ gotten their co@@ at . +that 's a multi@@ medi@@ a-@@ tas@@ ker . +so let me illu@@ strate that step with a task which is called mental ro@@ tation . +da@@ ph@@ ne ba@@ ve@@ li@@ er : your brain on video games +you get something a little bit more complicated . +well , this has deep impli@@ cations about the limit@@ s of science , about predic@@ t@@ ability and controll@@ ability of things like biological processes or econom@@ ies , about intelligence in the universe , about questions like free will and about creating technology . +so let 's try asking a question , like a health related question . +so , i 'm pretty pleas@@ ed with it all . +then , the idea is that wol@@ fra@@ m al@@ ph@@ a will be able to figure out what pre@@ cise pieces of code can do what they 're asking for and then show them examples that will let them pick what they need to build up bigger and bigger , pre@@ cise programs . +but in at least a large class of cases , one can think of the universe as being like some kind of network , which , when it gets big enough , beha@@ ves like continu@@ ous space in much the same way as having lots of molecules can be@@ have like a continu@@ ous flu@@ id . +that was ast@@ on@@ ishing . +there are very few doctors and , quite frank@@ ly , these countries do not have the resources that are needed to cop@@ e with such epide@@ mi@@ cs . +and this is only done in four hours , 50 times faster than the current state of the art , at a cost that will be five to 500 times che@@ aper than the current op@@ tions . +it 's because my mother was den@@ i@@ ed an education , and she constantly remin@@ ded me and my si@@ bl@@ ings that she never wanted us to live the life she was living . +well , my dream of becoming a teacher will not come to pass . +i was lucky because one , also , my mom did something that most women don 't do . +this should have been given to a boy . we can 't do this . " +i learned that she did not have to be ab@@ used because she is a woman . +and yes , she was older to be in fourth grade . +and we will live in a very pe@@ ac@@ e@@ ful world . thank you very much . +it took us 50 years to reach an@@ nu@@ al sav@@ ings rat@@ ings of almost 10 percent . 50 years . +so we 're starting to pay for things with money that we have . +we 're going to go through four valu@@ e-@@ shif@@ ts that we see driving new consumer behaviors , that offer new management principles . +another quick example of these types of mov@@ ements is the rise of zy@@ n@@ ga . +but they also talk about the fact that their ex@@ ecu@@ tives , all of their expen@@ se repor@@ ts are put onto their company in@@ tran@@ et for everyone to see . +another great example is fi@@ deli@@ ty . +the traditional thing would be to bo@@ y@@ c@@ ot@@ t right ? +it 's been tremend@@ ously powerful for consum@@ ers . +i know a woman who 's good at this . +go home to your husband -- what does he need ? +in fact , i grew up obser@@ ving two different kinds of wom@@ an@@ hood . +we tend to form clu@@ sters based on simil@@ ar@@ ity , and then we produce stere@@ ot@@ yp@@ es about other clu@@ sters of people . +i ski@@ pped school often and dre@@ am@@ ed of becoming a sa@@ il@@ or during those days . +for me , like millions of other people around the world today , english is an ac@@ qui@@ red language . +many auth@@ ors feel this pressure , but non-@@ western auth@@ ors feel it more hea@@ vi@@ ly . +but there were times when i wanted to re@@ mind both sides that this was fi@@ ction . +books have saved the intro@@ ver@@ ted , ti@@ mi@@ d child that i was -- that i once was . +au@@ d@@ re l@@ or@@ de once said , " the white fa@@ thers taught us to say , ' i think , therefore i am . ' " she suggest@@ ed , " i feel , therefore i am free . " +i think these are the basic elements of all creativity . +now , american copy@@ right and patent laws run counter to this notion that we build on the work of others . +that is all there is to it . apple has pat@@ ented this . +he recor@@ ds a song called " blind will@@ ie mc@@ tell , " named after the blu@@ es sing@@ er , and the song is a vo@@ y@@ age through the past , through a much dar@@ ker time , but a simpl@@ er one , a time when musi@@ cians like will@@ ie mc@@ tell had few illu@@ sions about what they did . +just look at google maps here . there 's block 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 . +and one of the first vic@@ ti@@ ms of difficult economic times , i think , is public spending of any kind , but certainly in the fir@@ ing line at the moment is public spending for science , and particularly curi@@ o@@ si@@ t@@ y-@@ led science and exploration . +it 's about 500 kilometers in diam@@ e@@ ter . +so below the ice , there 's an ocean of liquid around the whole moon . +well , this looks like a picture of virtu@@ ally nothing . +and one of the ast@@ on@@ ishing predic@@ tions of quant@@ um mechan@@ ics , just by looking at the structure of atoms -- the same theory that descri@@ bes transi@@ stors -- is that there can be no stars in the universe that have reach@@ ed the end of their life that are bigger than , quite specifically , 1.@@ 4 times the mass of the sun . +it was made in stars like that , lo@@ cked away and then re@@ turned to the universe in explo@@ sions like that in order to re@@ con@@ den@@ se into planets , stars , new solar systems and , indeed , people like us . +but it vis@@ ited ju@@ pit@@ er , saturn , ur@@ an@@ us and ne@@ p@@ tun@@ e . +thank you . +the red dots you see up there are sites that are behavi@@ oral tracking that i have not navi@@ g@@ ated to , but are following me . +pretty simple -- it 's huge business . +thank you for being here . +you 're walking to make us feel bad . " +i was 27 . i thought i knew everything . +and they said , " don 't worry about that . " +now this was a discussion class and we were having a discussion . +my dad said , " that 's one , " and i still didn 't let that go . +i was walking through el dor@@ a@@ do -- it 's a prison town , famous prison , or in@@ famous prison -- in ven@@ e@@ zu@@ ela , and i don 't know what pos@@ s@@ essed me , because this was not like me . +but i know i needed to . +but even as a child , i could feel the hea@@ v@@ iness in their he@@ arts . +hope kept me alive . +my father tried very hard to motiv@@ ate me into studying , but it didn 't work . +in north korea , i made it myself . +i just wanted to say that i miss you , and i love you , and please come back to me and stay alive . +i was asked to design the building , because the theme of the exp@@ o was environmental issues . +that 's the responsibility of architec@@ ts . +i started com@@ mu@@ ting to ko@@ be , and i met the society of viet@@ nam@@ ese people . +i brought my japanese students to work with the chinese students . +i used the shi@@ pping contain@@ er and also the students helped us to make all the building fur@@ ni@@ ture to make them comfortable , within the budget of the government but also the area of the house is exactly the same , but much more comfortable . +and those two ro@@ les came together for me in a book that i wrote called " orig@@ ins . " +now why would this kind of fe@@ tal learning be useful ? +and often it does something more . +when food is sc@@ ar@@ ce , they diver@@ t nutri@@ ents towards the really critical organ , the brain , and away from other organs like the heart and li@@ ver . +but there 's another way of thinking about p@@ ts@@ d . +mt : this faith in the fic@@ tional is essential for any kind of the@@ at@@ ri@@ cal experience . +the audience is led to make assu@@ mp@@ tions or el@@ abor@@ ations that are perfectly reas@@ on@@ able , but do not , in fact , match what is being done in front of them . +and if the story is a good one , it might even make us s@@ mile . +so what i 'm asking for is the creation of a new job ti@@ tle -- i 'll come to this a little later -- and perhaps the addition of a new word into the english language . +but i was at a ted event recently and es@@ ther du@@ fl@@ o , probably one of the leading experts in , effectively , the er@@ a@@ dic@@ ation of poverty in the developing world , actually spoke . +one of them also being , although logi@@ cally it 's quite a good idea to have a li@@ ft with no up and down butt@@ on in it , if it only ser@@ ves two flo@@ ors , it 's actually b@@ loo@@ dy terri@@ fying , okay ? +because , if the board of direc@@ tors convince everybody that the success of any organization is almost entirely depen@@ dent on the decisions made by the board of direc@@ tors , it makes the dis@@ par@@ ity in sal@@ aries slightly more justi@@ fi@@ able than if you actually ac@@ knowledge that quite a lot of the credit for a company 's success might actually lie somewhere else , in small pieces of tac@@ tical activity . +so the first thing i 'd like is a competition -- to anybody watching this as a film -- is to come up with a name for that stuff on the bottom right . +i become the medium through which the music is being chan@@ nel@@ ed , and in the process , when all is right , the music is trans@@ formed and so am i . +because this is about 10 dollars of addi@@ tional hard@@ ware if you already have a n@@ inten@@ do wi@@ i . +but i also learned very soon there@@ after that jes@@ us also said , and i 'm par@@ ap@@ hr@@ asing , the poor would always be with us . +the truth be told , i was giving out of that place , not out of a genu@@ ine place of hope and exc@@ it@@ ement to help and of gener@@ osity . +for the first time , actually , in a long time i wanted to meet those individuals , i wanted to meet these entreprene@@ urs , and see for myself what their lives were actually about . +i just got this impres@@ sion that the money would work . +because as that happens , i think we can feel free to interact in a way that 's more open , more just and more creative , to engage with each other and to help each other . +so with that in mind , this particular inci@@ dent has led to the things that i 'm working on now . +so that 's what i 'm working on now . +there is nothing bigger or older than the universe . +the universe can spon@@ tane@@ ously create itself out of nothing . +but we are enter@@ ing an increasingly dangerous period of our history . +i 'm a designer and an educ@@ ator . +in other words , i look for ali@@ ens , and when i tell people that at a cock@@ tail party , they usually look at me with a mil@@ dly incre@@ dul@@ ous look on their face . +that 's a degree of an impro@@ vement that would look good on your report card , okay ? +so that 's not so bad . i mean , even with two do@@ zen years , you open up your brow@@ ser and there 's news of a signal , or you get a c@@ up of coffee . +it would change his day , all right ? +these sorts of ideas don 't really have any v@@ ali@@ di@@ ty , that you can 't trust the scientists . +this allows you to pay it forward by using this subject as a ho@@ ok to science , because se@@ ti invol@@ ves all kinds of science , obviously biology , obviously astronom@@ y , but also ge@@ ology , also chemistry , various scientific discipl@@ ines all can be pres@@ ented in the gu@@ ise of , " we 're looking for e@@ .@@ t@@ . " +let me just say , look , my job is a privi@@ lege because we 're in a special time . +after i was invited by ted , i did some dig@@ ging , because that 's what we do , to know about my ho@@ st . +you find eleph@@ ants , r@@ hin@@ os , mon@@ keys , pig@@ s , etc . +in a way , this was like the second birth for the child , after 3@@ .@@ 3 million years , but the labor was very long . +what do we actually know about our ancestors ? +what does that tell us ? " +i think it 's important to pro@@ mote in a more positive way on how we see ourselves . +for example , g@@ arb@@ age dis@@ charge , something you would think just simply goes away , but the laws regul@@ ating ship dis@@ charge of g@@ arb@@ age actually get we@@ ak@@ er the further you are from sh@@ ore . +but the sar@@ gas@@ so sea , the same way it ag@@ gre@@ gates sar@@ gas@@ sum we@@ ed , actually is pul@@ ling in the plastic from throughout the region . +getting closer to sh@@ ore , where we are , this was in fact taken in the gala@@ pa@@ gos . +at the same time we 're saying , " yes , we need more . we need to move forward . " +kri@@ st@@ ina g@@ j@@ erde : making law on the high se@@ as +and it 's focus . nor@@ man je@@ wi@@ son said to me , " i think it all has to do with foc@@ using yourself on one thing . " +why do people succe@@ ed ? is it because they 're smart ? or are they just lucky ? nei@@ ther . analy@@ st richard st@@ . john con@@ den@@ ses years of intervie@@ ws into an un@@ miss@@ able 3@@ -@@ minute sli@@ des@@ how on the real secre@@ ts of success . +death : go to i@@ fi@@ die@@ .@@ net before it 's too late . +and this man , arch@@ ie co@@ ch@@ ran@@ e , is a pris@@ on@@ er of war and a doctor , and he has a problem . +he very carefully and me@@ tic@@ ul@@ ously notes his results in an exercise book . +and you know , with the future billions that we 've been hearing about , the world is simply far too complex to understand in that way . +there are 100,000 there . it would take you all day . +i realize that 's an ambi@@ gu@@ ous stat@@ ement . +even this problem , too complicated . +it didn 't come because you put some incredibly smart person in charge . +it 's so un@@ comfortable . +would you like to close down the trial now , or should we wait until we have rob@@ ust results ? " +but he made mistakes in a good direction . +it will stop because of the end of trade resources . +i find this argument fascinating , as though we can kind of b@@ end the rules of physics to suit our needs . +i accept where we are . +imagine our hig@@ hl@@ y-@@ tun@@ ed , ju@@ st-@@ in-@@ time food industry and our hig@@ hl@@ y-@@ st@@ ressed agri@@ cultural system fail@@ ing and super@@ market shel@@ ves emp@@ t@@ ying . +think about war . +we need to act like the future depen@@ ds on it . +and i will try and give you a sense of what the ulti@@ mate re@@ boot looks like . +and we thought we were going to be able to lay these deb@@ ts off on our kids , but , guess what ? +everything else is mand@@ ated . +that 's the financial crisis . +graduate students wanted a way of telling which stage they were in . +this should not surprise you , right ? +and all we 've got is a ro@@ om@@ ba . +and about two or three years after they can hear as well as you and i can , they 'll be able to hear maybe how bat@@ s sing , or how wh@@ ales talk , or how dogs talk , and other types of ton@@ al sc@@ ales . +i think we 're going to move from a homo sa@@ pi@@ ens into a homo evol@@ u@@ tis . +and the people thought , " you know , you 're right . +so in every car crash in which at least one person dies , they have information on all of the people . +and so if we look at recent cr@@ as@@ hes -- the whole data set is almost 30 years ' worth of data -- you won 't see it in the recent cr@@ as@@ hes . the new car se@@ ats are far , far better . " +so , let me show you what happens . +that 's some more evidence , so in some sense -- i was cri@@ ti@@ ci@@ zed by a scientist , who said , " you could never publi@@ sh a study with an n of 4 , " meaning those four cr@@ as@@ hes . +and it turned out that most people wouldn 't come back , because it worked . but every once in a while , there was still a patient convinced that he was sick , and he 'd come back . and my dad had a third j@@ ar of p@@ ills . +it 's in 5,000 days , all this stuff has come . +so , i was trying to basically make measu@@ re@@ ments . +so by the year 20@@ 40 , the total process@@ ing of this machine will ex@@ ce@@ ed a total process@@ ing power of humanity , in ra@@ w bits and stuff . and this is , i think , where ray kurz@@ weil and others get this little ch@@ art saying that we 're going to cross . +right now , it 's not . if you do spre@@ ad@@ she@@ ets and things at work , a word docum@@ ent , they aren 't on the web , but they are going to be . they 're going to be part of this machine . +m@@ clu@@ han was saying , " machines are the exten@@ sions of the human senses . " +so every idea is basically being suppor@@ ted -- or every it@@ em , or every n@@ ou@@ n -- is being suppor@@ ted by the entire web . +so we have this dat@@ ab@@ ase of things . +but it 'll anti@@ ci@@ pa@@ te what we 're doing , in a good sense . +my journey to coming here today started in 197@@ 4 . +and so i decided to write a book , a me@@ mo@@ ir , about this decade of my life . +all i have to do is hum@@ bly follow . +and i organi@@ ze it . and , well , it 's also a bit different because an architect versus , let 's say , a dance company finally is a negoti@@ ation between one 's private world , one 's concep@@ tual world , the world of ideas , the world of as@@ pi@@ ra@@ tions , of inven@@ tions , with the relationship of the ex@@ teri@@ or world and all the limit@@ ations , the na@@ y@@ sa@@ yers . +and it had to do with the notion of walking a kilometer , obser@@ ving every kilometer a particular object of desire , and then plac@@ ing that within this . +and then the bro@@ a@@ der ideas of c@@ it@@ y-@@ making start having direct influ@@ ences on architecture , on the elements that make up the bro@@ a@@ der sche@@ me , the buildings themselves , and start gui@@ ding us . +it 's transpar@@ ent , and it allows you to understand , i think , what is always the most interesting thing in any building , which is the actual con@@ struc@@ tional processes that make it . +we could talk about the relationship at a more biological sense of the relationship of building and ground . +they have 22 satelli@@ tes zi@@ pping around at plus or min@@ us 100 miles , and the site 's in red . +well , then we get to this image . +please , also on the bal@@ con@@ y . +you now , our brain is two to three percent of the body mass , but actually it uses 25 percent of the total energy we use . +you can continue to inno@@ v@@ ate and inv@@ ent . +this is what we are using . " +it 's this brain which makes this refle@@ x . +then we would generate something all of us would like to have -- a balance between the hunger and the sa@@ ti@@ ation . +and you could look at this art and you could , of course , see the complex social organization of the people who brought it into being . +10,000 square kilometers , tens of thousands of is@@ lands fl@@ ung like je@@ wel@@ s upon the southern sea . +the third no@@ ble truth said that ignor@@ ance can be over@@ come . +and then you do the ritual dan@@ ces that em@@ power the cros@@ ses . +they consu@@ me more co@@ ca leaves than any human population , half a po@@ und per man , per day . +this little boy will never step outside of the sac@@ red fields that surro@@ und the men 's hu@@ t for all that time , until he begins his journey of initi@@ ation . +so , their entire year has been cut in half . +anthropo@@ log@@ ist wa@@ de da@@ v@@ is mus@@ es on the worldwide web of belief and ritual that makes us human . he shares brea@@ th@@ taking photos and stories of the el@@ der brothers , a group of si@@ er@@ ra ne@@ v@@ ada indi@@ ans whose spi@@ ritual practice hol@@ ds the world in balance . +today , we use a single feed@@ stock , pe@@ tro@@ le@@ um , to heat our homes , power our cars and make most of the materials you see around you . +the first is sel@@ ec@@ ting a feed@@ stock , pre@@ fer@@ ably something that 's regi@@ onal , that 's in your area , right -- local manufacturing . +it actually takes a little longer . it takes five days . +good after@@ noon . +now of course , the moment that it does hit the outside environment , and its temperature ris@@ es by even a fra@@ ction of a degree , it immediately turns back into normal matter . +but what seems so slow and gra@@ ce@@ ful from the outside is really more like chaos inside , because cells control their shape with a skelet@@ on of ri@@ gi@@ d protein fi@@ bers , and those fi@@ bers are constantly fall@@ ing apart . +as a test case , i pro@@ pose we start with american dan@@ cers . +when they say to you , " what do you do ? " -- you say , " i 'm a statisti@@ cian . " +you 've got to think , and i 'm going to ask you some questions . +so what you want to do is compare the average number of to@@ s@@ ses until we first see head@@ -@@ ta@@ il@@ -@@ head with the average number of to@@ s@@ ses until we first see head@@ -@@ ta@@ il@@ -@@ tail . +if it 's a tail -- well , rather dis@@ ap@@ poin@@ ted@@ ly , you put the glas@@ ses away and put the cham@@ pagne back . +but it turns out that un@@ lo@@ cking the secre@@ ts in the information gener@@ ated by modern experiment@@ al technologies , a key part of that has to do with fairly sophisti@@ cated -- you 'll be re@@ lie@@ ved to know that i do something useful in my day job , rather more sophisti@@ cated than the head@@ -@@ ta@@ il@@ -@@ head story -- but quite sophisti@@ cated computer mod@@ el@@ ings and mathematical mod@@ el@@ ings and modern statisti@@ cal techniques . +so a natural answer is 99 percent . +one explan@@ ation is that the person doesn 't have the disease -- that 's over@@ wh@@ el@@ m@@ ingly likely , if you pick someone at random -- but the test gets it wrong , which is un@@ likely . +it might well be that there are environmental fac@@ tors that we 're not aware of , and it 's pretty likely to be the case that there are genetic fac@@ tors we 're not aware of . +it has to do with wei@@ gh@@ ing up the strength of the other evidence against her and the statisti@@ cal evidence . +that 's what engineers do . " +well , a couple of friends and i figured out how to do this . +there are 10 billion electrical out@@ lets in north america alone . +and now , today i want to tell you my personal obser@@ vation in the past several years , from that wall . +on the one hand , he wants to satis@@ fy people 's need of a social network , which is very important ; people really love social net@@ working . +and later this year , the ra@@ il minister was sac@@ ked and sent@@ enced to ja@@ il for 10 years . +at the comm@@ enting area , [ it makes ] the chinese weib@@ o more like facebook , rather than the original twitter . +for example , you can 't post the name of the president , h@@ u j@@ in@@ ta@@ o , and also you can 't post the city of ch@@ on@@ g@@ q@@ ing , the name , and until recently , you can 't search the sur@@ name of top leaders . +so they want an exc@@ use -- public opini@@ on is a very good exc@@ use to pun@@ ish him . +whatever the future is , we should fight against the [ c@@ at ] . +it 's ac@@ ou@@ stic vi@@ bra@@ tions in the air , little waves of energy in the air that ti@@ ck@@ le our ear@@ dr@@ um . +now hearing loss and the treatment for hearing loss has really evolved in the past 200 years . +girl : hol@@ ly . +so if we had to design a perfect co@@ ch@@ le@@ ar im@@ plant , what we would try to do is target it to be able to allow music trans@@ mission . +co@@ ch@@ le@@ ar im@@ plant users cannot tell the difference between these instru@@ ments . +what that suggests is that , even in the case of hearing loss , the capacity for music rema@@ ins . +he is now a medical student at y@@ ale university , and he 's con@@ tem@@ pl@@ ating a sur@@ gical career -- one of the first dea@@ f individuals to consider a career in surgery . +when i look around this tedx@@ am@@ ster@@ dam venue , i see a very special audience . +g@@ uns are not a part of our lives . +when he a@@ im@@ ed , he never mis@@ sed . +despite the pictures we are shown daily in the news , wars between developed countries are no longer common@@ place . +the ar@@ med forces imple@@ ment the state mon@@ o@@ po@@ ly on violence . +i hope you will respect my soldiers , this soldi@@ er with this gun . +and the interesting thing is that if you change the sequence , you change the three-@@ dimensional fol@@ ding . +we want to be able to build technologi@@ cal arti@@ facts that are maybe good for the world . we want to learn how to build biological arti@@ facts , like people and wh@@ ales and trees . +and then what happens ? +women are much more in balance because they don 't have that idea that they 're going to be able to do 100 pul@@ l-@@ u@@ ps . +but we do have the potential to over@@ come disease and poverty , and i 'm going to talk about those issues , if we have the will . +i 'm going to show you just a few examples of how per@@ v@@ asi@@ ve this phenomen@@ a is . +there 's a basic , profound acceler@@ ation of this evolutionary process . +i mean , you 'd think this is the result of some tab@@ le@@ top experiment , but this is the result of worldwide cha@@ o@@ tic behavior -- countries acc@@ using each other of du@@ mp@@ ing products , ipo@@ s , bank@@ rup@@ t@@ cies , marketing programs . +we 're understanding the software programs that make our body run . +these are some designs from eric dre@@ x@@ ler 's book -- which we 're now showing are fe@@ asi@@ ble with super@@ -@@ computing simu@@ lations , where actually there are scientists building mole@@ cu@@ le-@@ scale robots . +dou@@ g ho@@ f@@ stad@@ ter wonder@@ s , well , maybe our intelligence just isn 't great enough to understand our intelligence , and if we were smar@@ ter , well , then our brains would be that much more complicated , and we 'd never catch up to it . +computers will com@@ bine the sub@@ tle pan@@ -@@ recogni@@ tion power@@ s of human intelligence with ways in which machines are already super@@ ior , in terms of doing analy@@ tic thinking , remem@@ ber@@ ing billions of facts ac@@ cur@@ ately . +inv@@ ent@@ or , entrepr@@ en@@ eu@@ r and visi@@ on@@ ary ray kurz@@ weil explains in ab@@ und@@ ant , gro@@ unded detail why , by the 20@@ 20@@ s , we will have rever@@ se-@@ engine@@ ered the human brain and nan@@ ob@@ ots will be operating your consciousness . +so like fo@@ x mul@@ der on " x-@@ fil@@ es , " who wants to believe in u@@ fo@@ s ? well , we all do , and the reason for that is because we have a belief engine in our brains . +you 've been taken out of the gene pool . +because there 's nothing in this . well , alle@@ ge@@ dly there 's nothing . +an increase of dop@@ am@@ ine caused subje@@ cts to see more patterns than those that did not recei@@ ve the dop@@ am@@ ine . +the other one also , but maybe too many patterns . +well here 's the late , great jer@@ ry and@@ rus ' " impossible cra@@ te " illusion in 3d , in which jer@@ ry is standing inside the impossible cra@@ te . +especially when they 're up@@ side down , you 're eng@@ aging that general fac@@ ial recogni@@ tion software there . +some con@@ spi@@ ra@@ cies really are true . +and this is test on some li@@ p bal@@ ms that we have over here . +i love trees , and i 'm very lucky , because we live near a wonderful arb@@ or@@ et@@ um , and sun@@ days , usually , i 'd go there with my wife and now , with my four@@ -year-old , and we 'd clim@@ b in the trees , we 'd play hi@@ de and se@@ ek . +but later the government soldiers began mi@@ stre@@ ating us a lot . +but this , sur@@ ely , who@@ ever that man is , whatever he 's done , this is cru@@ el and unusual pun@@ ish@@ ment . +so the question is , how do they deal with this material ? +what we 're going to do now is sha@@ de the sun with a board and then move the sun with a mirror to a completely different position . +every now and then , when they clim@@ b on top of the ball , they wi@@ pe their face . +so this is called st@@ il@@ ting . it 's a ther@@ mal behavior that you and i do if we cross the beach , we jump onto a to@@ we@@ l , somebody has this to@@ we@@ l -- " sorry , i 've jum@@ ped onto your to@@ we@@ l . " -- and then you sc@@ u@@ ttle across onto somebody else 's to@@ we@@ l , and that way you don 't burn your feet . +so here 's our c@@ un@@ ning experim@@ enter . +it 's about an 8@@ -@@ foot@@ -@@ long tube of metal , it 's got a hundred or so holes on top , on that side is the speak@@ er , and here is some lab tu@@ bing , and it 's connected to this t@@ ank of pro@@ pan@@ e . +you see the sk@@ at@@ ers often trick in this direction . the ob@@ stac@@ les are easier . +sometimes you get a little star appl@@ ause , and then i think even bill gates takes a nervous breath , and the talk begins . +but he was cre@@ di@@ ted with co@@ ining the phr@@ ase , " because it 's there . " +i didn 't see anyone else . we took this photo next to the heli@@ cop@@ ter . +it is , argu@@ ably , the most au@@ d@@ aci@@ ous en@@ dea@@ vor of that ed@@ war@@ di@@ an golden age of exploration , and it seemed to me high time , given everything we have figured out in the century since from sc@@ ur@@ vy to solar pan@@ els , that it was high time someone had a go at fin@@ ishing the job . +and so therefore , the entire purpose of a v@@ c pit@@ ch is to convince them that you are the entrepr@@ en@@ eu@@ r in whom they are going to invest their money and make a lot of money in return . +and now along with that , along with the experience of starting an enter@@ prise , or running something -- and it doesn 't have to be a business . +there 's never been an angel@@ - or a vent@@ u@@ re-@@ fund@@ ed company where bad things didn 't happen . +and then from there , you 've got to take them on a very soli@@ d , ste@@ ad@@ y , up@@ ward path , right from beginning to end . +" we have no competition . there 's nobody else who 's ever made a wid@@ get like this . " +you 're foc@@ using on him ! this is steve jobs . +you do that , you give me your quick 15@@ -@@ second or 3@@ 0-@@ second in@@ tr@@ o , gra@@ b my attention . +there has never been a company that doesn 't have competition . +this is that ro@@ cket going up . +number three : the hand@@ ou@@ ts you give are not your pres@@ entation . +you can use it at ted . +this is the most successful order on the planet by far . +so when i click on " sym@@ pa@@ thetic magic , " i get sym@@ pa@@ thetic magic and vo@@ o@@ do@@ o doll@@ s . +when i click on y@@ ur@@ i g@@ ag@@ ar@@ in 's page , i get this guy who was surpris@@ ingly short in stat@@ ure , huge in hero@@ ism . +by revolution , i mean a dra@@ stic and far@@ -@@ reach@@ ing change in the way we think and be@@ have -- the way we think and the way we be@@ have . +last . +because it 's shown the way we apply , generate and use knowledge is affected by our social and institu@@ tional context , which told us what in commun@@ ism ? +it 's a cra@@ p system . +and you can say , " that 's ridi@@ cul@@ ous , steve . what a du@@ m@@ b idea . +the more you play , the bigger the brains there are . +it 's not fi@@ ction , it 's not story tal@@ es , it 's not ma@@ ke@@ -@@ believe ; it 's cold , hard science . +for example , it stimul@@ ates creativity . +one , play is universal . +i don 't care if it 's mountain bi@@ king or reading a book or playing a game . +un@@ accep@@ table . ne@@ pri@@ em@@ li@@ v . +all of these things were made during the last 75 years . +my work actually took me through many countries , and showed me a great part of the world . +however , everybody in the factory spent his time at the art department . +so i was ar@@ re@@ sted quite early in stal@@ in 's pur@@ ges , and spent 16 months in a russi@@ an prison . +this was bad ! man , i was -- i c@@ ough . i was sick . +idea about women . +obviously a really profound moment , and it changed our lives in many ways . +we really felt like what we went in expe@@ cting had nothing to do with what we were actually experi@@ en@@ cing , and so we decided we really wanted to give it to parents straight . +but what i felt towards the child at that moment was deep affe@@ ction , but nothing like what i feel for him now , five years later . +you can 't talk about how lon@@ ely having a baby can be . +and we were gr@@ ate@@ ful that i was able to get preg@@ nant , and i soon learned that we were having a boy , and then when i was five months , we learned that we had lost our child . +and i got about two-@@ thir@@ ds of the way through , and there was a ch@@ art on the ri@@ ght-@@ hand side -- on the ri@@ ght-@@ hand page -- that we 've lab@@ el@@ ed here " the most terri@@ fying ch@@ art imag@@ in@@ able for a new par@@ ent . " +a@@ v : yeah , and then you have your first child , and then you really res@@ u@@ b@@ mit yourself to these high@@ s and lo@@ ws -- the high@@ s being the first steps , the first s@@ mile , your child reading to you for the first time -- the lo@@ ws being , our house , any time from six to seven every night . +so the point of all this for us today is not just hopefully hon@@ est@@ y for the sa@@ ke of hon@@ est@@ y , but a hope that by being more honest and can@@ did about these experiences , that we can all colle@@ c@@ tively b@@ end that happiness bas@@ eline up a little bit . +and , you know , it 's a thing your piano teacher teach@@ es you , but we never had a science behind these kinds of things . +and then you heard the original . +your eyes are pretty happy with some color and movement , you know . +you want to hear it in different rooms and whatever . +john q@@ . wal@@ ker : great piano performan@@ ces , re@@ created +and when people aren 't allowed to be useful , they soon think that they 're us@@ eless . +a few of these . this is a@@ ti@@ ll@@ a the hen . +we know our societies have to radi@@ cally change . +and some are quite struc@@ tural , like social impact bon@@ ds where you raise money to invest in diver@@ ting teen@@ a@@ gers from crime or helping old people keep out of hospital , and you get paid back according to how successful your projects are . +then mon@@ arch@@ y had seen off its big challen@@ ger , mass democracy , which was seen as a well-@@ inten@@ tioned but do@@ om@@ ed experiment , just as capit@@ alism has seen off soci@@ alism . +despite all of these simil@@ ari@@ ties , we see huge differences in sav@@ ings behavior . +why ? because i have to consider that and i have to modi@@ fy what i 'm saying to say , " it will rain , " or " it 's going to rain . " +well , what i did with that was to access the l@@ ingu@@ i@@ stics liter@@ ature . +the survey takes over a day . +it 's current pleasure in exchange for future pain . +of course , from their grand@@ parents and even their great@@ -@@ grand@@ parents . +would he need the same language as a law@@ yer , for example ? +we need one today more than ever . +they were doing an experiment to do with gene@@ tics and the for@@ eli@@ m@@ bs and the h@@ ind lim@@ bs of animals . +patri@@ ci@@ a r@@ y@@ an : don 't ins@@ ist on english ! +it turned out that giving the planes to the museum was worth much more than the de@@ bt , so for five years , six years , i only had to pay one third income ta@@ x . +and then , what population of the earth would be an equ@@ ili@@ bri@@ um that could continue on , and be for 20@@ 50 , 2@@ 100 , 2@@ 150 ? +as the sky gets dar@@ ker , and the outside air temper@@ atures drop below min@@ us 100 degrees fahr@@ enheit , the most environ@@ ment@@ ally ho@@ sti@@ le se@@ gment of heli@@ os 's journey has gone by without notice , except for being recor@@ ded by speci@@ ally designed data ac@@ qu@@ isi@@ tion systems and their associated sensor@@ s . +t@@ m : oh , 10 , 11 . +this del@@ u@@ sion is a kind of prison for us , restri@@ cting us to our personal des@@ ires and to affe@@ ction for a few person@@ s ne@@ ar@@ est to us . +and he had a l@@ um@@ p of ir@@ on . +well , at least i can clean this wo@@ und and was@@ h it . " +and ma@@ it@@ re@@ ya says , " i was with you . who do you think was making need@@ les and making ne@@ sts and dri@@ pping on ro@@ cks for you , mi@@ ster den@@ se ? " +i got mad . brothers can fight . parents and children can fight . +the mother is the model of all al@@ tru@@ ism for human beings , in spi@@ ritual tradi@@ tions . +and so you see beings in their potential happiness . +and this is where you feel real compassion for them . +so , practice compassion , read the char@@ ter , dis@@ se@@ min@@ ate it and develop it within yourself . +but there 's another class of simple things , which are also very important . +we have a lot of interesting information about what complexity is . +all of us , to some ex@@ tent , study this thing called a bill gates . +now , if you like to represent this zero and one of bin@@ ary , you need a device . +all right , let me then finish off with four general stat@@ ements , an example and two a@@ ph@@ or@@ is@@ ms . +and i don 't want to spend your time in going through the details , but in the lower ri@@ ght-@@ hand corner , you see an example of the kind of thing that we have . +but it does make a point -- which is one which , in a sense , differ@@ enti@@ ates the real world of people who make things , and the world of people who think about things , which is , there is an intellectual mer@@ it to asking : how do we make things as simple as we can , as cheap as we can , as func@@ tional as we can and as fre@@ ely inter@@ connec@@ table as we can ? +so , they got the fra@@ mes from these big bi@@ kes , put them together with the ge@@ ars from the ra@@ cing bi@@ kes , got the bra@@ kes from motor@@ cy@@ cles , and sort of mix@@ ed and mat@@ ched various ingre@@ di@@ ents . +the ideas are coming back from the consum@@ ers , and they 're often ahead of the produ@@ cers . +that sounds like a w@@ inner ; we 'll go with it . " +well , just imagine a world , for the moment , divi@@ ded into two cam@@ ps . +or the op@@ -@@ ed page , where if they knew the edi@@ tor -- had been to school with him , sle@@ pt with his wife -- they could write an article for the op@@ -@@ ed page . +and i was having dinner with this guy called ti@@ mo@@ thy ch@@ an . +if you 're a games company , and you 've got a million players in your game , you only need one percent of them to be co-@@ develop@@ ers , contribu@@ ting ideas , and you 've got a development work@@ force of 10,000 people . +this was a mother 's day gift . +hundreds of re@@ mix@@ es came back -- lots of different attemp@@ ts . +and this is it , right , to feel and be felt . +recor@@ ding : okay , here 's something . +and he said , " i 'm d@@ ressed as bat@@ man to hi@@ de my identity . " +one person sent me a very deta@@ iled descri@@ ption ; the other person didn 't . +right now , it feels like i for@@ got to turn the light on and things that looked so good yesterday are now sha@@ des of gra@@ y and it seems like the world is sp@@ inning while i 'm standing still or maybe i am sp@@ inning i can 't tell and then you say hey you 're okay you 'll be fine just brea@@ the and now the words sing hey you 're okay you 'll be fine just brea@@ the now everybody s@@ ings hey you 're okay you 'll be fine just brea@@ the hey you 're okay you 'll be fine just brea@@ the hey you 're okay you 'll be fine just brea@@ the thank you . +so there is the pattern that every one of them had , but they all were a little different too . +but then my mother said to me , " i hear you 've been going around talking about psychop@@ ath@@ ic kill@@ ers . +but our grand@@ kids are going to be kind of concerned here . +and we re-@@ create the conditions that were present less than a billi@@ on@@ th of a second after the universe began up to 600 million times a second inside that dete@@ ctor -- im@@ men@@ se numbers . +imagine a s@@ no@@ w@@ fla@@ ke in your hand , and you look at it , and it 's an incredibly complicated , beautiful object . but as you heat it up , it 'll melt into a pool of water , and you would be able to see that , actually , it was just made of h@@ 20 , water . +but what he meant was that what we 've done , really , is stam@@ p collect there . +so all the ex@@ qu@@ is@@ itely deta@@ iled calcu@@ lations we can do with that wonderful equ@@ ation wouldn 't be possible without an extra bit . +so that 's one thing . +in about the first billi@@ on@@ th of a second or so , the hig@@ gs field ki@@ cked in , and the quar@@ ks and the gl@@ u@@ ons and the electr@@ ons that make us up got mass . +and i 'm certainly looking forward with im@@ men@@ se exc@@ it@@ ement to it being turned on . +so from pa@@ pu@@ a new gu@@ ine@@ a to hollywood all the way to modern art in bei@@ j@@ ing , we s@@ mile often , and you s@@ mile to express joy and satis@@ fac@@ tion . +s@@ mil@@ ing can help reduce the level of st@@ res@@ s-@@ en@@ han@@ cing hor@@ mon@@ es like cor@@ ti@@ so@@ l , ad@@ ren@@ al@@ ine and dop@@ am@@ ine , increase the level of mo@@ o@@ d-@@ en@@ han@@ cing hor@@ mon@@ es like end@@ or@@ ph@@ in and reduce over@@ all blood pressure . +but i told him no , i 'm sorry , com@@ promise in colors is gra@@ y , and we have enough gra@@ y to last us a lifetime . +and this was not a mis@@ placed feeling . +we put the citi@@ zen first , and not the c@@ ler@@ ks . +ef@@ h@@ ari@@ st@@ o and kal@@ in@@ ih@@ ta . +people that were hun@@ gry and hur@@ ting were sign@@ aling their dist@@ ress , were sign@@ aling their need for help . +technology is transforma@@ tional . +and not only is it em@@ power@@ ing to the communities , but really importantly , this information sta@@ ys in the community where it is needed to for@@ mu@@ late long-term health poli@@ ces . +half the city was dark because of a power cut , and i was living on the dark side . +but the story is not about these chap@@ ters . +your last job , your dinner reser@@ va@@ tions from last year , your former friends , lie on a flat pla@@ in with today 's friends , because the internet also archi@@ ves , and it war@@ ps the past . +for us as individuals who live in the digital now and spend most of our wa@@ king moments in it , the challenge is to live in two stre@@ ams of time that are par@@ alle@@ l and almost simul@@ tane@@ ous . +i wanted to learn to co@@ ok , and she kept me in the kitchen , cutting , cu@@ bing and ch@@ opp@@ ing for a whole month . +but if you 're like me , my humanity is more like a window . +i was seven . +and then the next plan@@ ting seas@@ on , when they san@@ g the dir@@ ge , they would re@@ move as many names of the dead that equ@@ aled as many people that were born . +i cri@@ ed for a very long time . +he was obs@@ essed . +there are some of you in this room , amazing people , who offer all of us the mirror to our own humanity . +if you take a clo@@ se@@ -up of those , they look like this . +and if it is -- and particularly given the fact that we came very close to extin@@ ction . +so about 10,000 years ago by the black sea , we had one mu@@ tation in one gene which led to blue eyes . +three different op@@ tions . +you can tag them with proteins that light up when you light them . +but one question you might want to ask is , are we seeing a ra@@ pid evolution of the brain and of how we process data ? +throughout human evolution , multiple ver@@ sions of humans co-@@ exi@@ sted . could we be mi@@ d-@@ up@@ grade now ? at tedx@@ sum@@ mit , ju@@ an en@@ ri@@ que@@ z s@@ wee@@ ps across time and space to bring us to the present moment -- and shows how technology is reve@@ aling evidence that suggests ra@@ pid evolution may be under way . +and when that happens there 's moment that causes this robot to roll . +you can send them inside buildings like this as first respon@@ ders to look for in@@ tru@@ ders , maybe look for bio@@ chemical lea@@ ks , gas@@ e@@ ous lea@@ ks . +so the robot is obviously capable of ex@@ ecu@@ ting any cur@@ ve tra@@ je@@ c@@ tory . +so when we have a robot which is surro@@ unded by neighb@@ ors -- and let 's look at robot i and robot j -- what we want the robots to do is to monit@@ or the separ@@ ation between them as they fly in forma@@ tion . +this is work done by qu@@ enti@@ n lin@@ d@@ sey who 's a graduate student . +and that 's how it popul@@ ates this map . +we 're very co-@@ evolved , because we dep@@ end on bees for pol@@ lin@@ ation and , even more recently , as an economic com@@ modi@@ ty . +there 's a counter@@ intui@@ tive trend that we noticed in these numbers . so let 's look at the first me@@ tri@@ c here , over@@ w@@ inter@@ ing survival . +it 's 196@@ 8 , and we 're pretty much co@@ vering asia . +it 's like , " u@@ gh , " so that 's what we do . +i would like to encoura@@ ge you to open your mind . +one is a super@@ market standard : white bread , pre-@@ pac@@ ka@@ ged , which i 'm told is called a wonder@@ bread . +but we have , somehow , in the course of the last few cent@@ u@@ ries , or even decades , started to cul@@ tiv@@ ate an image of a my@@ th@@ ical , rural agri@@ cultural past . +and this is true , as you can see , for all countries , including the so-@@ called developing countries . +the costs have been tremendous -- water pollution , all the things you know about , destruction of our habit@@ ats . +in fact we do not want this poor woman to work the land like this . +but yes there are some solutions . +i want to see fish pon@@ ds in par@@ king lots and bas@@ ements . +we need to make them proud of being a farmer because they allow us to survive . +living with a physical dis@@ ability isn 't easy anywhere in the world , but if you live in a country like the united states , there 's certain app@@ ur@@ ten@@ an@@ ces available to you that do make life easier . +it 's the person that 's sli@@ ding his hands up and down the le@@ vers , so the mechan@@ ism itself can be very simple and com@@ posed of bi@@ cycle parts you can get anywhere in the world . +and then you can also engage the end user in the design process , and not just ask him what he needs , but ask him how he thinks it can be achie@@ ved . +what my purpose of the talk today really is , is to sort of inde@@ li@@ bly sc@@ ar your minds with these char@@ is@@ matic and ma@@ je@@ stic creatures . +and they didn 't kill it . they called us to catch it . +and now the king co@@ br@@ a is a new one . +i mean , just incredible to see bun@@ ches of gh@@ ari@@ al bas@@ king on the river again . +and , you know , once a tox@@ in is in the food chain everything is affected , including us . +so , people talk about political will . +r@@ w : yes , this is actually the first time anyone of us knew about it , for one thing . +and it 's not a diet . +now i thought , you know , if we just did good science , that would change medical practice . but , that was a little nai@@ ve . +and yet , look at the number of pres@@ cri@@ p@@ tions that are being sold . +but the problem is , you get hun@@ gry , so it 's hard to keep it off . +it also helps reduce the risk of the most common can@@ cers like breast , pro@@ state and col@@ on cancer . +when we looked at their p@@ sa levels -- which is a mar@@ ker for pro@@ state cancer -- they got worse in the control group , but they actually got better in the experiment@@ al group , and these differences were highly significant . +it was a rand@@ om@@ i@@ zed control study published in the lan@@ c@@ et . +b@@ p : i was born old . +the human form , in particular the human head , has been considered the hol@@ y gra@@ il of our industry . +and so , in 2004 , they com@@ mis@@ sion@@ ed us to do a screen test of ben@@ jam@@ in . +and we also needed to make sure that we could take bra@@ d 's i@@ dio@@ syn@@ cr@@ as@@ ies , his little tics , the little sub@@ t@@ le@@ ties that make him who he is and have that trans@@ late through our process so that it appe@@ ars in ben@@ jam@@ in on the screen . +we started to look out in other fields . +this is when we 're like , " ok , we 're going to be ok , this is actually going to work . " +and because the life cast , or the b@@ ust -- the ma@@ qu@@ ette -- of ben@@ jam@@ in was made from bra@@ d , we could trans@@ pose the data of bra@@ d at 4@@ 4 onto bra@@ d at 8@@ 7 . +and then this is what we called the " dead head , " no re@@ ference to jer@@ ry gar@@ ci@@ a . +so , effectively we created a digital pu@@ p@@ pet that bra@@ d pit@@ t could operate with his own face . +and the bear cu@@ bs were being harv@@ est@@ ed from across the country and being sold and tra@@ ded . +and then it started , there was no turning back after that . +and the beautiful be@@ ars can of course live in the wild again . +we were in the desert , in wa@@ di r@@ um , in a small je@@ ep . +so as we talked , richard and i , i said , " you know , maybe i should bring a cam@@ el . +but not a big -- for instance , in ze@@ br@@ as , they have a huge ear that 's very mobile , so they can actually turn them both around . +you can actually see , right here , it will vi@@ bra@@ te . +well , if poor old su@@ ki is in search of a mate , what would su@@ ki do to find the perfect mate ? +i 'm built to last . +and i think when you look at the animal king@@ dom , that is one of the most remarkable things . +when i was po@@ et lau@@ re@@ ate , there i go again -- i can 't help it , it 's true -- i created a poetry chan@@ nel on del@@ ta air@@ lines that la@@ sted for a couple of years . +some days i put the people in their places at the table , b@@ end their legs at the k@@ ne@@ es , if they come with that fe@@ ature , and fix them into the tiny woo@@ den cha@@ irs . +the po@@ em that 's coming up is based on him trying to tell me a little something about a dom@@ esti@@ c point of e@@ ti@@ qu@@ ette in country living that i had a very hard time , at first , process@@ ing . +i just have time to read a more recent po@@ em to you . +and so it makes you wonder , what would happen if we hadn 't ta@@ sted the fru@@ it of knowledge , so to speak , and what kind of mor@@ ality would we have ? +the wol@@ f is , after all , a very co@@ oper@@ ative animal . +he takes basically everything . +and so what we do in the next step is we rele@@ ase one eleph@@ ant before the other , and that eleph@@ ant needs to be smart enough to stay there and wait and not pull at the rop@@ e -- because if he pul@@ ls at the rop@@ e , it disappe@@ ars and the whole test is over . +humans y@@ a@@ wn when others y@@ a@@ wn . +in this case , we put two chimpanze@@ es si@@ de-@@ b@@ y-@@ side . +and so we found that the chimpanze@@ es do care about the well-@@ being of somebody else -- especially , these are other members of their own group . +and that 's what she does . +so let 's watch a movement happen , start to finish , in under three minutes and dis@@ se@@ ct some lessons from it . +so first , if you are the type , like the shir@@ t@@ less dan@@ cing guy that is standing alone , remember the importance of nur@@ turing your first few follo@@ wers as equ@@ als so it 's clearly about the movement , not you . +but i decided to learn about the bi@@ ble and my her@@ it@@ age by actually di@@ ving in and trying to live it and immer@@ se myself in it . +and my imm@@ un@@ ologist told me that i should also wi@@ pe down all of the remote contro@@ ls and i@@ phones in my house , because those are just or@@ gi@@ es of ger@@ ms . +without the sex part . +but i think we can use their techniques and apply them to healthy food . +so what we found was , when tr@@ yp@@ top@@ han was low , people were more likely to take re@@ ven@@ ge when they 're treated un@@ fairly . +but i didn 't find any . +sure , it is involved in positive emotions like love and compassion , but it 's also involved in tons of other processes , like memory , language , attention , even an@@ ger , dis@@ g@@ ust and pain . +there 's just one problem . +and perhaps one ar@@ che@@ ologist becomes an inst@@ ant cele@@ bri@@ ty when she disco@@ vers -- bu@@ ried in the h@@ ills somewhere in north america -- massive ver@@ sions of these same sym@@ b@@ ols . +or maybe that big ? +so as i showed you , they 're usually found on these se@@ als that are very , very tiny . +now there 's several thoughts . there 's e@@ . it could be i@@ . it could be a , but certainly not b , c or d , right ? +we found that the indu@@ s scri@@ pt actually falls within the range of the l@@ ingu@@ i@@ stic scri@@ p@@ ts . +that 's our next big challenge . +today , we can write a word such as ted in eg@@ yp@@ ti@@ an hier@@ o@@ gl@@ yp@@ hi@@ cs and in c@@ un@@ ei@@ form scri@@ pt , because both of these were deci@@ pher@@ ed in the 19@@ th century . +and this is the space probe cas@@ sin@@ i pir@@ ou@@ et@@ ting through the ice r@@ ings of saturn . +using the very first tele@@ phone , wat@@ son was in fact di@@ aled into the hea@@ v@@ ens . +a myster@@ i@@ ous per@@ si@@ stent noise was dis@@ rup@@ ting their research . +and as soon as they had la@@ id all these , all their big st@@ ack of these je@@ wel@@ ed par@@ as@@ ols that they used to carry in ancient india , he per@@ formed a kind of special effect which made it into a giant planet@@ ari@@ um , the wonder of the universe . everyone looked in that , and they saw in there the total inter@@ connec@@ te@@ dness of all life in all univer@@ ses . +because that co@@ s@@ mic basic idea that it is us all alone , each of us , and everyone else is different , then that puts us in an impossible situation , doesn 't it ? +it 's really too bor@@ ing whether you feel like this or like that , or what , you know -- and the more you focus on how you feel , by the way , the worse it gets . +look at that beautiful thing ch@@ ih@@ o showed us . she sc@@ ared us with the la@@ va man . +this is bir@@ han , who was the ethi@@ op@@ ian girl who launched live aid in the 198@@ 0s , 15 minutes away from death when she was res@@ cu@@ ed , and that picture of her being res@@ cu@@ ed is one that went round the world . +but it took 24 years for the campaign to be successful . +am@@ y win@@ e@@ house said , " nel@@ son mand@@ ela and i have a lot in common . +i have just been talking to the president of si@@ er@@ ra le@@ one . +so we have got to create in this world also institutions for pe@@ ac@@ e@@ keeping and human@@ it@@ arian aid , but also for re@@ construction and security for some of the confli@@ c@@ t-@@ ri@@ dden states of the world . +so you go to the liter@@ ature . +the foot is distribu@@ ted along the whole leg . +not just with the traditional foot , but also the leg , and even of the body . +and where they have a problem with this kind of mes@@ h , because they don 't have sp@@ ines . +it 's a secret . the animal effectively clim@@ bs by sli@@ pping and look -- and doing , actually , terri@@ bly , with respect to grab@@ bing on the surface . +watch what happens when the foot goes onto your sandwi@@ ch . +we discovered they work by inter@@ molecular forces alone . +and here it is coming up at you , in its first steps up a wall . +so there 's a clear message : whether you care about a fundamental , basic research of really interesting , bizar@@ re , wonderful animals , or you want to build a se@@ arch@@ -@@ and-@@ res@@ cu@@ e robot that can help you in an earth@@ qua@@ ke , or to save someone in a fire , or you care about medicine , we must preser@@ ve nature 's designs . +this is a cal@@ f in cap@@ tivity making an im@@ it@@ ation if you hum@@ med this tun@@ e to your dog or c@@ at and it hum@@ med it back to you , you ought to be pretty surprised . +as you can see at the top here , they share an up@@ -@@ swe@@ ep , like " wo@@ op , wo@@ op , wo@@ op . " +notice how few barri@@ ers there are to movement across all of the oceans compared to land . +hum@@ p@@ bac@@ ks , when they develop the ability to sing this song , they 're listening to other wh@@ ales and modi@@ fying what they sing based on what they 're hearing , just like song birds or the dolph@@ in whi@@ st@@ les i described . +but you can still hear that fa@@ int call . +i 'll describe a couple strategi@@ es . +en@@ danger@@ ed wh@@ ales are killed every year by ship colli@@ sion , and it 's very important to try to reduce this . +at the same time , we need to be really creative in thinking of solutions to be able to help reduce these problems . +first , it en@@ ables you to experience the universe : the worldwide telescop@@ e , for me , is a kind of magic car@@ pet that lets you navi@@ gate through the universe where you want to go . +it 'll be a free down@@ load -- thank you , cra@@ ig m@@ un@@ die -- and it 'll be available at the website world@@ wi@@ de@@ telescop@@ e@@ .@@ or@@ g , which is something new . +it 's a social aw@@ k@@ war@@ dness like you 're a stran@@ ger in a foreign land . +that means they 're totally out of syn@@ c in traditional clas@@ ses , which are anal@@ o@@ g , sta@@ tic , inter@@ ac@@ tively passi@@ ve . +we have so much technology no@@ wa@@ days that these inter@@ faces should start con@@ forming to us . +this kind of technology is going to let even more people get into it , and i 'm really looking forward to inter@@ acting with all you guys over the next few days and seeing how it can apply to your respe@@ ctive fields . +corruption ? poverty ? or is it something else ? +we want to go on with our daily life even though we are not living under normal circum@@ stances . +recently -- this is a sensitive figure -- 35 public ly@@ n@@ ch@@ ings have been recor@@ ded so far in 2010 in mexico . +with a thousand juli@@ á@@ ns working together , mexico would be a very different country . +this is a call so that every single thing we love about mexico -- the festi@@ v@@ als , the markets , the restaurants , the c@@ ant@@ in@@ as , the te@@ qu@@ il@@ a , the mar@@ i@@ ach@@ is , the ser@@ en@@ a@@ des , the pos@@ a@@ das , el gri@@ to , the day of the dead , san mi@@ gu@@ el , the joy , the passion for life , the fight and everything it means to be mexi@@ can -- doesn 't disappe@@ ar from this world . +thanks . thank you . now , ju@@ g@@ gling can be a lot of fun ; play with sk@@ ill and play with space , play with rhyth@@ m . +or you can go back and change the hei@@ ght . now , sk@@ ill . +bring it back up . +finger , finger , finger , finger , finger , finger , finger , finger . +why the hell should i learn this ? ok ? +and what do you de@@ dic@@ ate it to , in explor@@ ing a particular thing ? +i app@@ ren@@ tic@@ ed with a car@@ p@@ enter and learned about pl@@ um@@ b , square and level . +and the lat@@ est thing that i 'm working on -- -- is something really -- i don 't know what it is yet . +and so thinking back , i was thinking those of us in silicon valley were really focused on products or objects -- certainly technologi@@ cal objects . +i have a few of them -- they 're no more than a minute or a min@@ u@@ te@@ -@@ and-@@ a-@@ half ap@@ ie@@ ce -- but i thought you might be interested in seeing some of our work over the last year , and how it respon@@ ds in video . +then when you ex@@ it the ima@@ x the@@ at@@ re on the fourth floor -- mostly teen@@ a@@ gers coming out of there -- there 's this big open space that has these tables in it that have inter@@ active games which are quite fun , also designed by dur@@ r@@ ell [ bis@@ ho@@ p ] and andre@@ w [ hir@@ ni@@ ak ] of it@@ ch . +and of course : a ham@@ mo@@ ck for your after@@ noon na@@ p that stre@@ t@@ ches across your cu@@ bi@@ cle . +you watch the video with super@@ im@@ posed graphi@@ cs that indi@@ cate your dep@@ th and comp@@ ass head@@ ing . +there is more of it than you think , actually . +a photo is not enough . " +the laws of physics : invisible , e@@ ternal , om@@ ni@@ present , all@@ -@@ powerful . +and i said , " yes . " and he said , " why can 't i ? " +i find that extraordinary , not to be able to see light , not to be able to see dar@@ k@@ ness . +" why are we here ? " and " what should we do about it while we are ? +this is extremely practical , but not so a@@ wes@@ ome . +so you have five million , that is , five million auth@@ ors and five million pla@@ inti@@ ff@@ s is a massive law@@ suit . +two ro@@ ws from this table of two billion ent@@ ries . +and it turns out that we can measure that very pre@@ cis@@ ely . +so that 's sort of what we expect . +we have to make this available for people . " +and when that happens , that will transform the way we have to understand our past , our present and human culture . +but that 's not all . +this is not tri@@ vi@@ al . +or just try this one on for size . +and if we can teach listening in our schools , we can take our listening off that sli@@ p@@ per@@ y slo@@ pe to that dangerous , sc@@ ary world that i talked about and move it to a place where everybody is consci@@ ously listening all the time -- or at least capable of doing it . +and mean@@ while , i was tour@@ ing lo@@ cally and playing in ni@@ ght@@ clu@@ bs with my band , the d@@ res@@ den doll@@ s . +i 've always been with my band or my cre@@ w . +and this starts happening all the time . +this is my ki@@ ck@@ star@@ ter bac@@ ker party in ber@@ lin . +well let me tell you , in terms of changing the world there has been a lot of competition this year , because the arab spring is still spre@@ ading , the euro@@ zone has collap@@ sed ... what else ? +actually , that photo was pa@@ sted in a police station , and what you see on the ground are id cards of all the photos of people being tra@@ cked by the police . +kids just make photos in a class , the teacher recei@@ ves them , they pa@@ ste them on the school . +i do two things : i design mobile computers and i study brains . +i thought the word frame@@ work was great . +one is -- the most basic one is -- people like to know things . +and it 's a real sh@@ ame . now why has this come about ? +and finally , some people say , well , you know , i don 't feel like a bunch of cells , you know . i 'm conscious . +evolution 's the same thing . we taught our kids , well , the bi@@ ble says , you know , god created all these species , cat@@ s are cat@@ s , dogs are dogs , people are people , plants are plants , they don 't change . +and that somehow , predi@@ ction leads to intelligent behavior . +and in the future , when it sees something similar to that again , so in a similar environment , or the ex@@ act same environment , it 'll play it back . it 'll start playing it back . +door , door , door , you know , color , you know what i 'm saying . +then , if in that frame@@ work , you take a bunch of theore@@ ti@@ cians . +no dou@@ bt that it 's going to happen , in my mind . +i 'm actually here to make a challenge to people . +just that little bit of money , which to me , i wish it was in my bank account -- it 's not , but ... +i spoke with a@@ ung sun su@@ u k@@ y@@ i a couple of days ago . +but if they were together plan@@ ting trees for the environment , it was okay -- creativity . +but it was the actions , together , of all of us that brought about that change . +today , in swe@@ den and other rich countries , people are using so many different machines . +but when i lec@@ ture to environ@@ ment@@ all@@ y-@@ concerned students , they tell me , " no , everybody in the world cannot have cars and was@@ hing machines . " +second , economic growth . +it 's a real challenge in the future . +i would like to tell you a story conne@@ cting the not@@ ori@@ ous priv@@ acy inci@@ dent invol@@ ving adam and e@@ ve , and the remarkable shift in the boundar@@ ies between public and private which has occur@@ red in the past 10 years . +do you see where i 'm going with this ? +dis@@ crimin@@ ation was happening through social media for equ@@ ally sk@@ ill@@ ed can@@ di@@ dat@@ es . +we repe@@ ated the experiment with the same two groups , this time ad@@ ding a del@@ ay between the time we told subje@@ cts how we would use their data and the time we actually started ans@@ wer@@ ing the questions . +they become aware . they achieve autonom@@ y . +i once -- this was years ago -- i saw ted ken@@ ne@@ dy and dan qua@@ yle meet in the well of the sen@@ ate . +and it 's led to a view of human nature that we 're rational individuals who respond in stra@@ ig@@ ht@@ forward ways to in@@ centi@@ ves , and it 's led to ways of seeing the world where people try to use the assu@@ mp@@ tions of physics to measure how human behavior is . +they have kids of their own , and they 've achie@@ ved a genetic mira@@ cle by mar@@ rying beautiful people , so their grand@@ mom@@ s look like ger@@ tru@@ de stein , their dau@@ gh@@ ters looks like hal@@ le ber@@ ry -- i don 't know how they 've done that . +people with stro@@ kes and les@@ i@@ ons in the emotion@@ -@@ process@@ ing parts of the brain are not super smart , they 're actually sometimes quite hel@@ pl@@ ess . +but i think this research shows that the british en@@ ligh@@ ten@@ ment , or the scot@@ tish en@@ ligh@@ ten@@ ment , with david hu@@ me , adam smith , actually had a better hand@@ le on who we are -- that reason is often we@@ ak , our sen@@ ti@@ ments are strong , and our sen@@ ti@@ ments are often tru@@ st@@ wor@@ thy . +nin@@ et@@ y-@@ six percent of college students say they have abo@@ ve-@@ average social skills . +but this is the source of innovation . +thank you . +and i tell you stories from there . +we are living among those men : they 're our brothers , fa@@ thers , un@@ cles , cou@@ s@@ ins , all around us . +she works for a very big company , a work@@ shop in hy@@ der@@ ab@@ ad , making fur@@ ni@@ tures . +it 's very fashi@@ on@@ able to talk about human traff@@ i@@ cking , in this fantastic a-@@ c hall . +i 'm asking you , for these children , whose faces you see , they 're no more . +just to let you know , i do not have a le@@ xi@@ co@@ graphi@@ cal whi@@ st@@ le . +computers ! what about computers ? +so -- -- now , when you think about this , what we have here is a ham bu@@ tt problem . +no . there will still be paper dic@@ tion@@ aries . +you didn 't break it . it 's just in a new position , and that new position can be just as beautiful . +if we think of the dic@@ tion@@ ary as being the map of the english language , these bright spo@@ ts are what we know about , and the dark spo@@ ts are where we are in the dark . +because i 'm going to the internet , which is where everybody goes . +and we can make the dic@@ tion@@ ary not just be a symbol of the language -- we can make it be the whole language . +the date was febru@@ ary 2000 . +we talk about this a lot , and i thought about trying to give an example of this . so , just one example : ma@@ d@@ ame de g@@ au@@ lle , the wife of the french president , was fam@@ ously asked once , " what do you most desire ? " +je@@ ff be@@ z@@ os kin@@ dly re@@ mar@@ ked to me , " chris , ted is a really great conference . +i 'm in this for the long run , and i would be great@@ ly hon@@ or@@ ed and excited if you 'll come on this journey with me . +for one thing , gps doesn 't work in@@ do@@ ors , and for another , they don 't make devices quite this small , especially when those devices have to rela@@ y their measu@@ re@@ ments back over a network . +in fact , as i looked into her case , i discovered to my surprise that it 's not clearly illegal for you or me to put a tracking device on someone else 's car . +so let me show you how this works . +so something felt very wrong about the world . +we call ourselves por@@ s and ra@@ o , and we live and work in india . +this is a video prototyp@@ e . +but as soon as they passed by , it would start to clim@@ b up the wall in jer@@ ky fashion . +and once a cre@@ ature po@@ ps into our minds , it 's almost like the process of creation is to discover the way this cre@@ ature really wants to exist and what form it wants to take and what way it wants to move . +but we move to cities , toward the bright lights , and one of the things that is there that we want , bes@@ i@@ des jobs , is electricity . +li@@ ke@@ wise , with solar , especially here in california , we 're disco@@ vering that the 80 solar farm sch@@ em@@ es that are going forward want to basically bu@@ ll@@ do@@ ze 1,000 square miles of southern california desert . +so argu@@ ing against , a man who 's been at the ni@@ tty , gri@@ tty heart of the energy debate and the climate change debate for years . +and this doesn 't even account for the foot@@ print on the ground . +over the ocean , it 's not even land . +nuclear , the time lag alone will allow the arc@@ tic to melt and other places to melt more . +solving the world 's problems can be done , if you really put your mind to it and use clean , rene@@ w@@ able energy . +thank you . +so each of you has really just a couple sent@@ ences -- 30 seconds each to sum up . +sh@@ am@@ eless . sh@@ am@@ eless . sh@@ am@@ eless . +we explore for three reasons , the we@@ ak@@ est of which is curi@@ osity . +the shu@@ ttle is co@@ sting a billion dollars a laun@@ ch . +100 bucks . that 's the pri@@ ce-@@ impro@@ vement cur@@ ve that -- we need some break@@ through@@ s in physics along the way , i 'll gr@@ ant you that . +we went -- i went to 100 , 200 ce@@ os , c@@ mo@@ s . +when you want the taste that won 't wei@@ gh you down , the only way to go is up . +then , you 've got to , you know , face potential public ridi@@ cule of -- that 's a crazy idea , it 'll never work . +nature 's main process of creation , mor@@ pho@@ gen@@ es@@ is , is the spli@@ tting of one cell into two cells . +i designed the process that gener@@ ated the form . +and unlike traditional architecture , it 's a single process that creates both the over@@ all form and the microscop@@ ic surface detail . +it took me several months to design the colum@@ n , but ultimately it takes the computer about 30 seconds to calcu@@ late all of the 16 million faces . +there 's that di@@ p there for the 19@@ 18 flu . +you we@@ ed down through various steps that cause many of these to fail . +it 's called hu@@ t@@ chin@@ son@@ -@@ gil@@ ford pro@@ geria , and it is the most dra@@ matic form of pre@@ ma@@ ture aging . +so i just want to say a couple more things about that particular story , and then try to gener@@ alize how could we have stories of success all over the place for these diseases , as sam says , these 4@@ ,000 that are waiting for answers . +you probably know , if you 've been paying attention to some of the science liter@@ ature that you can now take a skin cell and encoura@@ ge it to become a li@@ ver cell or a heart cell or a kid@@ ney cell or a brain cell for any of us . +if you don 't believe me , just ask sam . +and for us young people , they 're looking to become individuals and find their differences am@@ on@@ gst themselves . +we 're here , we 're part of a community , sharing out ideas and discus@@ sing them . +this institution is govern@@ ment@@ -@@ bac@@ ked and it has been the case for the past three decades . +us@@ eless . +my work is -- it 's a refle@@ ction of myself . +at that age , obviously , i couldn 't express it that way , but i told her i didn 't feel right . +it became part of me . +and i looked at it bene@@ ath the microscop@@ e . and some of it was flat . +so to cut the story short , i decided that i had to go back and do it . +can anybody see the bla@@ de on the end of that need@@ le ? +and i looked at it underneath the microscop@@ e . +i remember one time i was doing it , and the window was open . +i used a microscop@@ ic sh@@ ard of diam@@ ond to actually car@@ ve the actual base . +constru@@ cted each plan@@ k of gold . +and these doctors or these ma@@ sters , these spi@@ ritual ma@@ sters of the su@@ f@@ i tradition , re@@ fer to teach@@ ings and examples of our prop@@ he@@ t that teach us where the source of our problems lies . +all we have to do is to get our e@@ gos out of the way , get our e@@ go@@ tis@@ m out of the way . +and these should also be the primary at@@ tribu@@ tes of what it means to be human . +and one day i was explor@@ ing this cul@@ -@@ de-@@ sa@@ c hidden away a few streets away . +the next day i came to see him . i was like , " doctor , that was a really good jo@@ ke . " +in ar@@ kan@@ s@@ as they don 't even ask . " +and je@@ ff came up bes@@ i@@ de me and said , " so , have you ever been co@@ w ti@@ pping ? " +two weeks after my diagno@@ sis , a bi@@ op@@ sy con@@ fir@@ med i had a se@@ ven@@ -@@ in@@ ch o@@ ste@@ o@@ sar@@ com@@ a in my left fe@@ mu@@ r . +and i hung up the phone , and i put my face in my hands , and i scre@@ am@@ ed this sil@@ ent scre@@ am . +and one of the profound things that happened was this act of actually conne@@ cting to all these people . +don 't give in to the wall . +and every seven sets of seven years , the land gets an extra year of rest during which time all families are re@@ united and people surro@@ unded with the ones they love . +so if you go to 2@@ 3@@ and@@ me , or if you go to coun@@ c@@ il@@ o@@ f@@ da@@ d@@ s@@ .com , you can click on a link . +a@@ o : you did teach yourself to play , and as a con@@ sequence , playing the piano for you , derek , was a lot of k@@ nu@@ ck@@ les and kar@@ ate ch@@ ops , and even a bit of nose going on in there . +and hopefully we can show the audience now how it is you do what you do . +dp : " flight of the bu@@ m@@ ble@@ be@@ e " on that note . +dp : he played " ch@@ op@@ sti@@ cks . " a@@ o : and played " ch@@ op@@ sti@@ cks . " +this is known as the theme building ; that is its name for reasons that are still very mur@@ ky . +does anyone know ? ch@@ i ? +they 're fighting to develop their own way of living within the forest in a world that 's clean , a world that isn 't cont@@ amin@@ ated , a world that isn 't pollu@@ ted . +and we use gs@@ i -- geographic whatever it is , gs@@ i -- to deter@@ mine the range of the ch@@ im@@ ps . +we now know that at g@@ om@@ be alone , there are nine different ways in which chimpanze@@ es use different objects for different pur@@ pos@@ es . +so , the sad thing is that these chimpanze@@ es -- who 've perhaps taught us , more than any other cre@@ ature , a little hu@@ mili@@ ty -- are in the wild , disappe@@ aring very fast . +the one thing we have , which makes us so different from chimpanze@@ es or other living creatures , is this sophisti@@ cated spo@@ ken language -- a language with which we can tell children about things that aren 't here . +there 's little bro@@ ch@@ ures all around outside , and if any of you have anything to do with children and care about their future , i be@@ g that you pick up that bro@@ ch@@ ure . +we want to go and spend time with the old people and hear their stories and record their oral hi@@ stories . +and i believe that a group like this can have a very major impact , not just because you can share technology with us , but because so many of you have children . +it 's in your hands and my hands and those of our children . +so how do we do this ? well , we use a model system that we term a proto@@ cell . +it could run a me@@ tab@@ oli@@ s@@ m on it . +it can sense its local environment and actually find resources in the environment to susta@@ in itself . +so since we can make some interesting proto@@ cells that we like , interesting colors and interesting behaviors , and they 're very easy to make , and they have interesting life@@ like properties , perhaps these proto@@ cells have something to tell us about the orig@@ in of life on the earth . perhaps these represent an easily acc@@ essi@@ ble step , one of the first steps by which life got started on the early earth . +this is used in re@@ ference to a report in 2007 by the national research coun@@ cil in the united states , wher@@ ein they tried to understand how we can look for life el@@ se@@ where in the universe , okay , especially if that life is very different from life on earth . if we went to another planet and we thought there might be life there , how could we even recognize it as life ? +80 to 90 percent of their time was spent on five things . +the cul@@ min@@ ation of this is if you 've success@@ fully raised your ta@@ d@@ pole , obser@@ ving the behavi@@ oral and develop@@ mental events , you will then go and introdu@@ ce your ta@@ d@@ pole to its nam@@ es@@ a@@ ke and disc@@ uss the evidence that you 've seen . +there 's an old cell@@ phone in there -- a good use for old cell@@ phones -- which di@@ als the clin@@ ic , we go and pick up the mouse . +what the climate crisis has reve@@ aled to us is a secon@@ dar@@ y , more insi@@ di@@ ous and more per@@ v@@ asi@@ ve crisis , which is the crisis of agen@@ cy , which is what to do . +and then i swa@@ p it out with the students and actually re-@@ rele@@ ase that carbon black . +and an early test which argument e@@ lic@@ ited co@@ oper@@ ative behavior from the people below -- about a hundred to one decided that this was the argument that worked best on us . +in this case , instead of thro@@ wing che@@ wing g@@ um , or dor@@ it@@ os or whatever you have in your po@@ cket at the fish -- there 's a body of water in ic@@ eland that i 've been dealing with that 's in the middle of the city , and the largest pollution bur@@ den on it is not the ro@@ ad@@ bor@@ ne pollution , it 's actually white bread from people fe@@ eding the fish and the birds . +did you know that today we main@@ tain a global her@@ d of 60 billion animals to provide our meat , da@@ ir@@ y , eg@@ gs and lea@@ ther goods ? +the animal could be a co@@ w , lam@@ b , or even something more ex@@ o@@ tic . +it need not look like this , which is actually the state of the art today . +he didn 't write " little red laptop computer " or " little red di@@ rt de@@ vil . " +and sequ@@ el truly is a real car . +we actually think the future 's going to be event@@ -@@ driven . +and secon@@ dly , it 's a fundamental business pro@@ position . +so my mom said , " you 're going on a bus an hour and a half away from where we live every day . " +he 's like , " no , miss , i 'm not going . +anima@@ tion , software , mo@@ vie@@ making software , they have it all . +when i was 15 years old , it was necessary for me to leave this place and go to a town a little bit bigger -- much bigger -- where i did the second part of secon@@ dar@@ y school . +you must stop . stop . +we worked with a lot of companies in brazil that put money into this project , the government . +i put the question -- three or four weeks ago , we saw in the new@@ spa@@ pers millions of fish that die in nor@@ way . +we here inside the room , i believe that we have the same conc@@ ern , and the model that we created in brazil , we can transp@@ l@@ ant it here . +i 'd go to times square and i 'd look at the amazing ladies on the wall , and wonder why nobody is looking at the histor@@ ical fig@@ ures just behind them . +you can see the li@@ spen@@ ard me@@ a@@ do@@ ws dra@@ ining down through here , through what is tri@@ bec@@ a now , and the be@@ ach@@ es that come up from the battery , all the way to 4@@ 2@@ n@@ d st . +we know that there was a len@@ ap@@ e sett@@ le@@ ment down here by the collect pon@@ d . +and rapi@@ dly we started to realize that be@@ a@@ vers can be something that a bo@@ b@@ c@@ at needs . +and perhaps a black bear walked by . and maybe na@@ tive americans were there . +and even though i 've only had a brief time to speak , i hope you appreci@@ ate that man@@ na@@ hat@@ ta was a very special place . +and , you know , built the society that we now live in . +and they may not want to live exactly like us . +and people who live in cities in the developed world tend to be very pro@@ sper@@ ous , and th@@ us use a lot of stuff . +another thing that information technology lets us do is start fig@@ uring out how to use less stuff by knowing , and by monit@@ or@@ ing , the amount we 're actually using . +most of those c@@ ites are growing incredibly quickly . +so one of the things that that 's leading to is a sort of southern cultural explosion . +so l@@ ul@@ a , he 's full of problems , full of con@@ tradi@@ ctions , but one of the things that he 's doing is , he is putting forward an idea of how we engage in international rela@@ tions that completely shif@@ ts the balance from the standard sort of nor@@ th-@@ south dialo@@ gue into a whole new way of global collaboration . +here 's a design for dist@@ ill@@ ing water using sun@@ light . +you know , that it 's not just enough to survive . +sop@@ a stands for the stop online pi@@ ra@@ cy act . +we do like to consu@@ me , but every time one of these new tools came along , it turned out we also like to produce and we like to share . +that is a side effect of their ordinary operation . +so this is the internet they have in mind . +they don 't want legal distin@@ ctions between legal and illegal sharing . +it changed my life . +" what are you doing here ? +so the college works following the lifest@@ yle and work@@ style of ma@@ hat@@ ma gand@@ hi . +we are the only ones who actually re@@ turned the a@@ ward for $ 5@@ 0,000 , because they didn 't believe us , and we thought that they were actually ca@@ sting as@@ per@@ sions on the bar@@ e@@ foot architec@@ ts of ti@@ lon@@ ia . +but the people who fabri@@ cated that solar coo@@ ker are women , il@@ liter@@ ate women , who actually fabri@@ cate the most sophisti@@ cated solar coo@@ ker . +she has a cab@@ in@@ et , a minister of education , a minister for energy , a minister for health . +men are rest@@ less , men are ambi@@ tious , men are comp@@ ul@@ si@@ vely mobile , and they all want a cer@@ ti@@ fic@@ ate . +and they haven 't collap@@ sed . +i knew which woman i would like to take . +don 't listen to the world bank , listen to the people on the ground . +our narra@@ tive here is real f@@ mr@@ i data that 's ma@@ pped visu@@ ally and son@@ ically . +oxygen , hydro@@ gen and zin@@ c have their own sig@@ nature . +and yet in two million years the human brain has nearly tri@@ pl@@ ed in mass , going from the one-@@ and-@@ a-@@ quar@@ ter po@@ und brain of our ance@@ st@@ or here , hab@@ ili@@ s , to the almost three-@@ po@@ und me@@ at@@ lo@@ a@@ f that everybody here has between their e@@ ars . +because the fact is that a year after losing the use of their legs , and a year after w@@ inning the lot@@ to , lot@@ tery w@@ inn@@ ers and par@@ ap@@ legi@@ cs are equ@@ ally happy with their lives . +who are these characters who are so dam@@ n happy ? +and then finally -- you know , the best of all possible worl@@ ds -- some of you recognize this young photo of pe@@ te best , who was the original dru@@ mmer for the be@@ at@@ les , until they , you know , sent him out on an er@@ rand and s@@ nu@@ ck away and picked up ring@@ o on a tour . +in this case , because the experiment i 'm going to tell you about uses them , these are mon@@ et prin@@ ts . +we expla@@ ined we would have number three ma@@ iled to them . +it turns out that freedom -- the ability to make up your mind and change your mind -- is the friend of natural happiness , because it allows you to choose among all those deli@@ cious fu@@ tures and find the one that you would most enjoy . +so we gave them c@@ ameras ; they went around cam@@ pus ; they took 12 pictures of their favorite profess@@ ors and their dor@@ m room and their dog , and all the other things they wanted to have harvard memor@@ ies of . +they don 't like their picture , and in fact even after the opportunity to swa@@ p has ex@@ pi@@ red , they still don 't like their picture . why ? +thank you . +sometimes they just explo@@ de before your eyes or come down su@@ person@@ ic . +i have a little cu@@ ban mother -- she 's about that big . +" pa@@ p@@ i , help . " +i was born in 19 -- i forget , and i came to this country with them in the after@@ math of the cu@@ ban revolution . +and that meant that everyone in the family had to sign up to take her to have her hair dy@@ ed , you know , that pe@@ cu@@ li@@ ar color of blue that mat@@ ches her pol@@ ye@@ ster pants suit , you know , same color as the bu@@ i@@ ck . +she gets into the car -- she 's sitting on two phone books . +it 'll help my brea@@ thing . it 'll do something for my pul@@ se , maybe . +now , you have all been at a m@@ all during the ho@@ li@@ days , yes ? +by now , we have now cra@@ w@@ led another four feet , and my mother finally says to me , " i knew it , i knew it . +we 'll wait for the slow ones . ok . +" no , my daughter , she 's coming in the bu@@ i@@ ck . +people are watching us all around , " right ? +i almost miss it . +what zi@@ p@@ car does is we park cars throughout den@@ se urban areas for members to reser@@ ve , by the hour and by the day , instead of using their own car . +it requi@@ red that it was completely tri@@ vi@@ al : that it takes 30 seconds to reser@@ ve a car , go get it , drive it . +so again , we can see that price plays an enormous role in people 's will@@ ing@@ ness to reduce their driving behavior . +these are also called mes@@ h networks . +these are the next two lines in the movie . +and this open-@@ source version means that it could be -- if we did a brilliant job of it -- it could be used around the world very quickly . +2006 was a great year . +and as these dark clou@@ ds were cir@@ cl@@ ing me , and i was finding it really , really difficult to think of anything good , i said to myself that i really needed a way to focus on the positive somehow . +i 'd love to just talk about each one brie@@ fly . +so there was a time when it was your first time ever hit@@ ting a string of green lights on the way home from work . +so those are the three a 's . +he 's like , " do you know where mor@@ oc@@ co even is ? " +and that 's the sad part . +tour@@ ist : i think that people are very fru@@ strated that they 're not able to get closer to see what 's going on . +and i thought it was ast@@ on@@ ishing to spe@@ cu@@ late , as if this were a competition , on something that was such a fresh wo@@ und . +d@@ r : it was not an inclu@@ sive group . +so dealing with it is just an immedi@@ ate master plan . +sort of like the spin@@ al ta@@ p scene where you get the tiny little st@@ one@@ hen@@ ge , i guess ? +it 's all incredibly hum@@ ble material . +and i truly believe until the issue of memor@@ ial is sor@@ ted out , that it 's going to be very hard to have an intelligent discussion . +those kinds of forms ? +so you can get kind of a feel for this . +but how about the kid on the left , or the ath@@ le@@ te that leaves the field of play ? +let me tell you what i 've come up with . +how old it is ? +and today , we have what is perhaps our most offen@@ sive definition , at least to me , which is the following : to do@@ od@@ le offi@@ cially means to da@@ w@@ d@@ le , to di@@ l@@ ly d@@ ally , to mon@@ key around , to make meaning@@ less mar@@ ks , to do something of little value , sub@@ stance or im@@ port , and -- my personal favorite -- to do nothing . +we think do@@ od@@ ling is something you do when you lose focus , but in reality , it is a pre@@ emp@@ tive measure to stop you from losing focus . +in 200@@ 2 , a group of treatment activi@@ sts met to disc@@ uss the early development of the airplane . +treatment programs became possible , fund@@ ing became available , and the number of people on anti@@ retro@@ vi@@ ral drugs started to increase very rapi@@ dly . +so sur@@ ely if a patent pool could be establi@@ shed to ra@@ mp up the production of military air@@ planes , we should be able to do something similar to t@@ ack@@ le the hiv / aids epidemic . +the rule is about a 10@@ -@@ year del@@ ay for a new product to go to market in developing countries , if at all . +what about ath@@ ens ? medi@@ ter@@ ran@@ e@@ an climate , but in the sun it was not comfortable . they didn 't percei@@ ve comfort . +instead of blo@@ wing a hur@@ ri@@ can@@ e of chil@@ led air through the sta@@ dium , we can use radi@@ ant cool@@ ing technologies , like a floor he@@ ating system where water pi@@ pes are em@@ bed@@ ded in the floor . +and i also hope that you share the idea that if engineers and designers can use all these different cli@@ matic par@@ am@@ e@@ ters , it will be possible to create really good and comfortable out@@ door conditions , to change our ther@@ mal perception that we feel comfortable in an out@@ door environment , and we can do that with the best passi@@ ve design , but also using the energy source of the site in q@@ at@@ ar which is the sun . +the main thing is a fi@@ x-@@ it@@ -@@ lo@@ cally culture , which is fantastic because it means that your product or your service doesn 't have to go through a huge bu@@ re@@ au@@ cra@@ tic system to get it fix@@ ed . +they are basically refer@@ ral services , essentially . +so we are right now doing some syste@@ matic field tests to basically as@@ certain whether something like this actually makes sense to the as@@ ha wor@@ ker . +and i started to see the world in a whole new way , like pa@@ irs of people connected to each other . +and , most importantly , what causes the clu@@ sters ? +and we thought this was a very interesting com@@ ment on america , and a kind of self-@@ ser@@ ving , " not my responsibility " kind of phenomenon . +i mean , there would be an advantage to experi@@ en@@ cing our emotions inside , you know , an@@ ger or happiness . +so to inv@@ o@@ ke another metaphor , if you imagine social networks as a kind of vast fabri@@ c of humanity -- i 'm connected to you and you to her , on out end@@ less@@ ly into the distance -- this fabri@@ c is actually like an ol@@ d-@@ fashi@@ oned american qu@@ il@@ t , and it has pat@@ ches on it : happy and un@@ happy pat@@ ches . +that 's my social experience . " +they 're both made of carbon , and yet one of them has carbon atoms in it that are ar@@ ran@@ ged in one particular way -- on the left -- and you get graphi@@ te , which is soft and dark . +you read about it in your new@@ spa@@ pers . +the c@@ d@@ c recently condu@@ cted a survey where they asked respon@@ dents simply to tell them whether they experienced significant psych@@ ological dist@@ ress in the previous week . +in our study , they are more positive , but they 're also more likely than yo@@ unger people to experience mix@@ ed emotions -- sa@@ dness at the same time you experience happiness ; you know , that te@@ ar in the eye when you 're s@@ mil@@ ing at a friend . +we go on blind dat@@ es . +i mean , this is literally human beings with super@@ -@@ human strength and abilities . +we got ma@@ d@@ d ch@@ add , li@@ l ' c , kid david and j smo@@ oth . +the l@@ x@@ d electri@@ fy the ted@@ 2010 stage with an emerging global stre@@ et@@ -@@ dance culture , re@@ v@@ ved up by the internet . in a pre@@ view of j@@ on ch@@ u 's up@@ coming web series , this ast@@ on@@ ishing trou@@ pe show off their super@@ power@@ s . +according to the treat@@ y , those lands are a so@@ ver@@ eig@@ n nation . +we had plans . +on dec@@ ember 2@@ 9@@ th , u.s. tro@@ ops surro@@ unded a si@@ ou@@ x en@@ cam@@ pment at wo@@ unded k@@ nee cre@@ ek and mas@@ sac@@ red ch@@ ie@@ f big foot and 300 pris@@ on@@ ers of war , using a new rapi@@ d-@@ fire wea@@ pon that fi@@ red explo@@ ding sh@@ ells called a hot@@ ch@@ k@@ is@@ s gun . +2010 : statistics about na@@ tive population today , more than a century after the mas@@ sac@@ re at wo@@ unded k@@ nee , reve@@ al the leg@@ acy of col@@ oni@@ zation , forced migra@@ tion and treat@@ y viol@@ ations . +those events led to a domin@@ o effect that has yet to end . +so , that 's really the goal of my talk , is to a , communicate that moment to you and b , have you leave this s@@ ession a little du@@ mber than when you enter@@ ed . +many of these dea@@ ths were completely pre@@ vent@@ able , and this what i want to think of as the dis@@ con@@ cer@@ ting thing , what i want to call " the last mile " problem . +inter@@ cro@@ pping . inter@@ cro@@ pping really incre@@ ases income . +so , here are these women . they 've seen their parents have strug@@ gl@@ ed with di@@ arr@@ he@@ a , they 've strug@@ gl@@ ed with di@@ arr@@ he@@ a , they 've seen lots of dea@@ ths . how do they answer this question ? +so , somebody out there says , " five . " +almost out of kinder@@ garten . +they are saying , " this is 35 miles per gall@@ on . i 'm going to do the environ@@ ment@@ ally right thing , i 'm going to buy the pri@@ us , 50 miles per gall@@ on . " +now , this is an example of that battle , and makes us realize inten@@ tions don 't always trans@@ late into action , and so one of the fundamental challenges is how we would actually do that . ok ? +this isn 't about the biology of people ; this is now about the brains , the psychology of people , and innovation needs to continue all the way through the last mile . +the care@@ ful testing , re@@ testing , design , are going to open up vi@@ st@@ as of understanding , comple@@ xi@@ ties , difficult things . +ma@@ car@@ th@@ ur w@@ inner sen@@ d@@ hi@@ l mul@@ la@@ in@@ a@@ than uses the l@@ ens of behavi@@ oral economics to study a tri@@ cky set of social problems -- those we know how to solve , but don 't . we know how to reduce child dea@@ ths due to di@@ arr@@ he@@ a , how to prevent diab@@ et@@ es@@ -@@ related blin@@ dness and how to imple@@ ment sol@@ ar-@@ cell technology ... yet somehow , we don 't or can 't . why ? +right , the current wants to run through the pla@@ y-@@ d@@ ough , not through that led . +so i would encoura@@ ge you all to gra@@ b some pla@@ y-@@ do@@ h , gra@@ b some s@@ alt , gra@@ b some sugar and start playing . +and a friend of mine in au@@ stri@@ a felt so sorry for me that he talked the largest cas@@ in@@ o ow@@ ner in lin@@ z into le@@ tting us wra@@ p his building . +but i will demon@@ strate different ways to get rid of diffic@@ ul@@ ties and go to the point , to find an answer probably much quick@@ er than ar@@ th@@ ur did . so , first , we viol@@ ate the common sense , the lo@@ gic . all of you , if you hold your hand like this , 90 degrees -- all of you . not you . +now , i need an assi@@ stant . +that 's a challenge . i like this . +so here i have , actually -- i know exactly where the cards are . +and if you work with , in the right atmosphere , with humor , you have -- that 's the pas@@ s@@ word to the co@@ s@@ mic bank of knowledge , where you can find any solution of any problem . +and then , i will demon@@ strate a thing from russi@@ an satelli@@ te , ste@@ alen -- stol@@ en , probably cop@@ i@@ ed from america but we will see . +when i li@@ ft the hea@@ p , i pe@@ ek . +we do it again . +this is a kind of op@@ tical deal , right ? +now -- -- one guy laugh@@ ed . so now , to find the queen , do it this way : take back the other one , take back the queen . +king of spa@@ des . +do with both hands , and quick . yes , good , good . +right ? good . +two -- and it was two of spa@@ des , right ? +yes ? zo@@ e : yeah . +king of diam@@ on@@ ds . l@@ g : ah ! +now , what happened was not maybe what you thought , which is , he suddenly became passionate , enga@@ ged , involved , got a new teacher , he hit pu@@ ber@@ ty , or whatever it is . +and your children are playing instru@@ ments . +the ton@@ e-@@ dea@@ f people , they 're no longer here . +now , it goes down to a. now to g@@ . and then to f . +and then finally ... +finally , i said , " why am i cla@@ pping ? " +he depen@@ ds , for his power , on his ability to make other people powerful . +unfortunately , it was the last thing she ever said to him , because she never saw him again . he did not survive . +some of you might have seen this before . +it 's a nice motiv@@ ator . +so gl@@ u@@ ck@@ s@@ berg did another experiment similar to this where he pres@@ ented the problem in a slightly different way , like this up here . okay ? +the rules are my@@ sti@@ fying . +what happens ? +these are the building blocks of an entirely new operating system for our businesses . +it 's pretty . it 's not bad . it 's a huge tra@@ de@@ mark viol@@ ation , but it 's pretty clever . +do it for fun . no one gets paid a cent , or a eur@@ o or a y@@ en . +so , it can balance on a point . +so here is the earth . it 's a little less than a milli@@ meter that was turned of soli@@ d bron@@ ze . +this is another species of work that i do . +and the idea that you could see things inside of a cr@@ y@@ st@@ al ball and predict the future -- or a television set , where it 's sort of like a magic box where anything can appear . +it 's completely sil@@ ent and non@@ pollu@@ ting . +the real social innovation i want to talk about invol@@ ves char@@ ity . +you know , you want to make 50 million dollars selling violent video games to kids , go for it . +char@@ it@@ able giving has rema@@ ined stuck , in the u.s. , at two percent of g@@ dp ever since we started meas@@ uring it in the 197@@ 0s . +well , like most fan@@ a@@ tical do@@ g@@ ma in america , these ideas come from old pu@@ ri@@ tan belie@@ fs . +within nine years , we had multi@@ pli@@ ed that 1,@@ 9@@ 8@@ 2 times into 10@@ 8 million dollars after all expen@@ ses for aids services . +but if we could move char@@ it@@ able giving from two percent of g@@ dp up just one step to three percent of g@@ dp , by invest@@ ing in that growth , that would be an extra 150 billion dollars a year in contribu@@ tions , and if that money could go dis@@ propor@@ tion@@ ately to health and human services ch@@ ari@@ ties , because those were the ones we encoura@@ ged to invest in their growth , that would represent a tri@@ pl@@ ing of contribu@@ tions to that sector . +and suddenly , out of the chaos , order . +you know , audi@@ ences like you , yeah , make the event . +can we have a little demon@@ stration ? would you be my orche@@ str@@ a for a second ? +and our joy of music , etc . , etc . ... " +and then like kar@@ a@@ j@@ an . let 's see what happens . okay ? +meaning that you know you have no auth@@ ority to change anything . +this is very exciting for those players . +rather enjo@@ ying what the sol@@ o@@ ist is doing . +you know why ? because the meaning of the music is pain . +but all my work for many years was focused around the idea that sustain@@ ability means basically looking at the glob@@ alized economic growth model , and moder@@ ating what comes in at one end , and moder@@ ating the out@@ puts at the other end . +but are we to assu@@ me that the same brilli@@ ance and creativity and adap@@ t@@ ability that got us up to the top of that energy mountain in the first place is somehow myster@@ i@@ ously going to ev@@ apo@@ rate when we have to design a creative way back down the other side ? +and in terms of climate change , is something that is not actually fe@@ asi@@ ble . +it lear@@ ns very much from its mistakes . +so it started out with some work i was involved in in ir@@ eland , where i was teaching , and has since spread . +from three years ago , it just being an idea , this has become something that has vir@@ ally swe@@ pt around the world . +well , this is about state bud@@ gets . +there are various things in here : i could say we might raise more re@@ venue , or medical innovation will make the spending even higher . +is anyone paying attention to some of the things these guys do ? +and unfortunately , as you get into that , people get conf@@ used and think , well maybe you think that 's okay . +so what do we need to do ? +it allows us to do the art , the biot@@ echn@@ ology , the software and all those magic things . +and after two more years of studying music , i decided to sho@@ ot for the impossible before taking the mc@@ at and appl@@ ying to medical school like a good indian son to become the next dr. gu@@ p@@ ta . +ke@@ ats himself had also given up a career in medicine to pur@@ sue poetry , but he died when he was a year older than me . +anyone living in that house can tell the time just by the smell . +these people i still do hang out with . +all right , next . +don 't they just pop into your head ? +it 's amazing . it 's a wonderful moment . +had he shown his father , " my boy has finally lost it , " he would 've thought . +the french writer mich@@ el tour@@ ni@@ er has a famous saying . +and i expla@@ ined , " it 's a dark night and a cro@@ w is per@@ ching on a bran@@ ch . " +yes , it means i didn 't have to draw g@@ ye@@ on@@ g@@ ho@@ er@@ u . +we become dic@@ tat@@ ors with a remote and start to cri@@ ti@@ ci@@ ze the people on tv . +i walk around and encoura@@ ge them , " come on , come on ! " they have to write like crazy for an hour or two . +art is the ulti@@ mate goal . +only those three words and she left the air@@ port . that 's it . +british physi@@ c@@ ist john ty@@ n@@ d@@ all , in the 18@@ 50 's , made laboratory measu@@ re@@ ments of the in@@ fr@@ ared radiation , which is heat . +i had been using the first line of the nasa mission stat@@ ement , " to understand and protect the home planet , " to justi@@ fy my talks . +climate change den@@ i@@ ers argue that the sun is the main cause of climate change . +me@@ than@@ e is also beginning to es@@ cape from the per@@ ma@@ fro@@ st . +it would be im@@ moral to leave these young people with a climate system spir@@ aling out of control . +the science is clear . +my favorite and a real hero of mine is y@@ ak@@ im@@ a can@@ u@@ tt . +we can do bigger car stun@@ ts than ever before now . +i sort of forget how bizar@@ re some of those conver@@ sa@@ tions are . +two st@@ unt guys doing what i consider to be a rather ben@@ ig@@ n st@@ unt . +it 's that shape because the heli@@ um has to exp@@ and . +it took me a while ; it took me years to find the right ballo@@ on team to build the ballo@@ on that would do this job . +i cont@@ ac@@ ted a company in the states who make su@@ its for nasa . +this is a very ligh@@ t@@ weight suit . it wei@@ gh@@ s about 15 pounds . +but if you are , and you say to somebody , you know , they say , " what do you do ? " +do you remember the story ? no , it was big . +in fact , we moved from strat@@ ford to los angeles . +why not ? i think this is rather important . +so the hier@@ arch@@ y is ro@@ ot@@ ed on two ideas . +in fact , creativity -- which i define as the process of having original ideas that have value -- more often than not comes about through the interaction of different discipl@@ in@@ ary ways of seeing things . +i said , " what happened ? " +now is the time for us to lau@@ gh at ourselves , before others can lau@@ gh with us . +so i re@@ treated back to my ca@@ ve and continu@@ ed to support and produce com@@ e@@ dy and let my friends use my cou@@ ch as a regi@@ onal oper@@ ations hu@@ b . +so everywhere we went , we audi@@ tioned ama@@ te@@ urs . +one : is the middle east being shown in a current time and cor@@ rect context ? +early dete@@ ction , early interven@@ tion , that 's the story for these success@@ es . +fif@@ ty percent will have on@@ set by age 14 , 75 percent by age 24 , a picture that is very different than what one would see if you 're talking about cancer or heart disease , diabetes , hyper@@ ten@@ sion -- most of the major ill@@ n@@ esses that we think about as being sources of mor@@ bi@@ di@@ ty and mortality . +the important piece here is that as you begin to look at people who have these dis@@ orders , the one in five of us who struggle in some way , you find that there 's a lot of vari@@ ation in the way that the brain is wired , but there are some predic@@ table patterns , and those patterns are risk fac@@ tors for developing one of these dis@@ orders . +but this tells us how we need to think about it , and where we need to go . +how many children will you get ? +but how wrong it is . +it 's very interesting . when we started our school the parents would give th@@ um@@ b@@ prin@@ ts in the atten@@ dance regi@@ ster . +there they met children who are with a different standard and a different min@@ d@@ set , a totally different society . +is it the ex@@ pos@@ ure ? we have profess@@ ors from mit , ber@@ k@@ ele@@ y , stanford , indian institute of science who come and teach our children lots of scientific for@@ mul@@ as , experiments , much beyond the classroom . +when i started par@@ i@@ kr@@ ma i began with a great deal of ar@@ ro@@ gan@@ ce of trans@@ forming the world . +now that sounds like an incredibly stra@@ ig@@ ht@@ forward question to answer , and that 's what howard thought . because pe@@ p@@ s@@ i told him , " look , we 're working with a band between eight and 12 percent . +you should be looking for the perfect pe@@ p@@ sis . " +every conc@@ ei@@ vable way you can v@@ ary sp@@ ag@@ he@@ tt@@ i sau@@ ce , he vari@@ ed sp@@ ag@@ he@@ tt@@ i sau@@ ce . +what howard did is he fundament@@ ally changed the way the food industry thinks about making you happy . +much more vol@@ a@@ ti@@ le brown mu@@ star@@ d se@@ ed , some white wine , a nose hit , much more de@@ lic@@ ate aro@@ ma@@ tics . and what do they do ? +and she ser@@ ves it that way time and time again , and if you quar@@ re@@ l with her , she will say , " you know what ? you 're wrong ! this is the best way it ought to be in this restaurant . " +if i were to ask all of you to try and come up with a brand of coffee -- a type of coffee , a bre@@ w -- that made all of you happy , and then i asked you to rate that coffee , the average sc@@ ore in this room for coffee would be about 60 on a scale of 0 to 100 . +we have pre-@@ can@@ cer@@ ous les@@ i@@ ons , which often don 't turn into cancer . +if you develop a disease , you 're off the island . +it was when i became a journalist that i really realized how i was part of this problem , and how we all are part of this problem . +so , dad gradu@@ ated harvard in 194@@ 6 , married my mom , and bought a house in le@@ x@@ ing@@ ton , mas@@ sach@@ use@@ t@@ ts , where the first sh@@ ots were fi@@ red against the british in 17@@ 75 , although we didn 't actually hit any of them until con@@ cor@@ d . +and , yeah , we can look back in retro@@ spe@@ ct and say , yeah , ha@@ -@@ ha , you know -- it 's all micro@@ film . but that 's -- that 's not the point . he understood the shape of the future . +and if you go on the diag@@ onal , you get content and form -- and then beauty and truth . +so i wrote a book about this in ' 9@@ 3 , but as i was fin@@ ishing the book , i had to do a little bit of typ@@ es@@ et@@ ting , and i was ti@@ red of going to my local copy shop to do it , so i bought a computer . +we could do cir@@ cular narra@@ tives that were literally cir@@ cular . +why is this important ? +now maybe that 's been obvious to all of you for a long time , but for me , as often as i 'd en@@ counter@@ ed that ex@@ act diffic@@ ul@@ ty on a daily basis , i had never seen the in@@ her@@ ent challenge of communication in so cr@@ y@@ st@@ all@@ ine a light . +and the key detail of this is that fe@@ y 's scri@@ p@@ ts weren 't written by her and they weren 't written by the s@@ n@@ l wri@@ ters . +because from what i can tell , the three things gay americans seem to want most are to join the military , get married and start a family . +but it 's when you put all of these elements together -- when you get the vi@@ ral appe@@ al of a great jo@@ ke with a powerful pun@@ ch@@ line that 's cra@@ f@@ ted from hon@@ est@@ y and integri@@ ty , it can have a real world impact at changing a conversation . +that is a lot of pun@@ ch for 14 words . +how far back does that go ? how far back does modern language go ? +it reach@@ es up to almost 5,000 pounds -- on a diet of j@@ ell@@ y@@ fish , pri@@ mar@@ ily . +they school as ad@@ oles@@ cents , and become be@@ he@@ mot@@ h lon@@ ers as adults . +so the great thing about the mol@@ a is that when we put the tag on them -- if you look up here -- that 's stre@@ aming off , that 's right where we put the tag . +and they come and give the mol@@ as -- you can see they stri@@ ke this funny little position that says , " i 'm not thre@@ at@@ ening , but i need a mas@@ sage . " +but also what 's important is that they 're not sl@@ ac@@ ker , la@@ zy fish . +it was a 200@@ -@@ foot diam@@ e@@ ter ge@@ o@@ des@@ ic sphere to be sus@@ pen@@ ded over the east river in new york city , in full view of the united nations . +i 've got a little video to show you , but keep in mind that this is with no electr@@ onic control , and this is also with only four le@@ ds . +how does it feel to see someone like this come along taking your art and doing so much with it ? +he realized at once what had happened . +so , have we all become one-@@ e@@ yed -- two-@@ e@@ yed instead of one-@@ e@@ yed -- mon@@ keys ? +and then ab@@ original women in africa would come and say , " this is it ! " +i have a solution that requires nei@@ ther machine , nor wood , nor cooking gas . +your parents were pe@@ ac@@ e@@ ful people . +hell@@ o governments of rich countries selling arms to governments of poor countries who can 't even afford to give them food . +her father the king said , " don 't whi@@ st@@ le . " +" u@@ h-@@ hu@@ h ... " she said . +and lei@@ b@@ ni@@ z was the first person to really talk about building such a machine . +von ne@@ um@@ ann , and a logi@@ cian , and a mathemati@@ cian from the army put this together . then , they needed a place to build it . +so , there 's 40 of these tu@@ bes , like a v-@@ 40 engine running the memory . +" mani@@ a@@ c re@@ ga@@ ined its memory , when the power went off . " " machine or human ? " +this now is the third different out@@ put . +so he designed this universe , and ran it . +and it was his universe on pun@@ ch cards . +and that 's the end . +look at hom@@ i@@ cide at the bottom , for god 's sa@@ ke . +i went to west virg@@ ini@@ a , the most un@@ healthy state in america . +you see , the thing is o@@ bes@@ ity and di@@ et@@ -@@ related disease doesn 't just hurt the people that have it ; it 's all of their friends , families , brothers , si@@ sters . +now it 's lar@@ gely process@@ ed and full of all sorts of addi@@ tives , extra ingre@@ di@@ ents , and you know the rest of the story . +normal . let 's get on schools , something that i 'm fairly much a speci@@ alist in . +they have sc@@ is@@ sor@@ s in the classroom , but kni@@ ves and for@@ ks ? no . +i want to talk about something so basic as milk . +this , all this bad news , is pre@@ vent@@ able . +so , these guys are going to be part of the solution . +hun@@ t@@ ing@@ ton 's kitchen . hun@@ t@@ ing@@ ton , where i made this program , you know , we 've got this pri@@ me@@ -@@ time program that hopefully will inspi@@ re people to really get on this change . +dy@@ sle@@ x@@ ic , so i 'm a bit slow . +in fact , a friend of mine from the security industry told me the other day that there are two types of companies in the world : those that know they 've been ha@@ cked , and those that don 't . +they 're completely anony@@ mous , as it were . +and that challenge is : how do you do business , how do you trust somebody on the web who you want to do business with when you know that they 're a crimin@@ al ? +now he developed his social and moral comp@@ ass on the black sea port during the 199@@ 0s . +and this man with a planet@@ ar@@ y-@@ si@@ zed brain is now ser@@ ving a 13@@ -@@ year sentence in california . +thank you very much for listening . +public health is another reason to consider retro@@ fit@@ ting . +and the market research , consumer research , asking the bo@@ om@@ ers and gen y what it is they would like , what they would like to live in , tells us there is going to be a huge demand -- and we 're already seeing it -- for more urban lifest@@ y@@ les within sub@@ ur@@ bia . +it 's been so successful , they 've now taken over the stri@@ p across the street . +this one is one of my favor@@ ites , bel@@ ma@@ r . +you want to also try to get more syste@@ mic transformation . +the first is to plan retro@@ fit@@ ting much more syste@@ mi@@ cally at the me@@ tro@@ poli@@ tan scale . +but we 've got to get the architecture better . +so i decided to talk to women about their vag@@ in@@ as . +and she said things that really sho@@ cked me about her vagina -- that it was d@@ rie@@ d-@@ up and finished and dead -- and i was kind of sho@@ cked . +and so in 199@@ 7 , i said , " let 's get women together . +and i really love hearing about all these species at the bottom of the sea . +she went to ju@@ are@@ z to take care of an a@@ il@@ ing a@@ unt , and over the course of it , she began to discover what was happening to the mur@@ dered and disappe@@ ared women of ju@@ are@@ z . +but , being a vagina war@@ ri@@ or , she kept going , and she kept commit@@ ting her@@ self to trans@@ forming consciousness . +well , it seems to me that this h@@ ung@@ arian pres@@ ence in my life is difficult to account for , but ultimately i as@@ cri@@ be it to an ad@@ mi@@ ration for people with a complex moral awareness , with a her@@ it@@ age of gu@@ il@@ t and de@@ fe@@ at mat@@ ched by de@@ fi@@ ance and bra@@ va@@ do . +and then one day , it happened : he and his family were ar@@ re@@ sted and they were taken to a death house on the dan@@ u@@ be . +mr. tes@@ z@@ ler hi@@ red 16 men : eight white , eight black . +and into the slow , second movement , mar@@ ked " ada@@ gi@@ o religi@@ o@@ so , " he in@@ cor@@ por@@ ated the sounds of bir@@ d@@ song that he heard outside his window in what he knew would be his last spring ; he was imag@@ ining a future for her in which he would play no part . +and it was only at that moment , as we were sitting down to dinner , that i recogni@@ zed the enor@@ m@@ ity of the risk i had created , because to bring these two ti@@ t@@ ans , these two ma@@ sters of the universe together -- it was like intro@@ duc@@ ing mo@@ thr@@ a to go@@ d@@ z@@ ill@@ a over the sky@@ line of to@@ k@@ yo . +and i -- no one else did , so i put up my hand , and i said , " it 's a bac@@ chan@@ al by ti@@ ti@@ an . " +and in about 199@@ 7 , the th@@ en-@@ director phili@@ ppe de mon@@ te@@ b@@ ell@@ o gave me the go@@ -@@ ahead to organi@@ ze an exhi@@ bi@@ tion for 200@@ 2 . we normally have these very long le@@ ad@@ -@@ in times . +and in this extraordinary setting , the co@@ st@@ um@@ es were like ac@@ tors and ac@@ tr@@ esses , or living sculp@@ tures . +i 'm working to try and break down that sense of that eli@@ tis@@ m . +but we take the sever@@ e ones , and we res@@ che@@ du@@ le the other ones the next day . +so we came up with these two rules . +so i went to russi@@ a , and my mother also , [ during the ] time of [ the ] so@@ vi@@ et union . +and really when you think [ you ] cannot do it , she will push you , and i can do it . +i 'm going to take you on a 16@@ -@@ minute trip on 7@@ 2 percent of the planet , so bu@@ ck@@ le up . +you know , we 're going to do this , we 're going to take it away from something else . +and like a living organis@@ m , you te@@ ar it open , it ble@@ e@@ ds its mol@@ ten blood , ris@@ es up to he@@ al that wo@@ und from the as@@ th@@ en@@ o@@ sphere , har@@ dens , forms new tissue and moves lat@@ er@@ ally . +so , we came up with multiple hypo@@ thes@@ es : there 's little green people down there taking it ; there 's all sorts of things going on . +we st@@ um@@ bled on it , looking for some missing heat . +near that was me@@ than@@ e . i 've never seen vol@@ can@@ o@@ es of me@@ than@@ e . +fortunately , we 've been able to convince con@@ gress . +this is a remote center at the university of washington . +thank you very much . +let 's talk about what 's suddenly possible . +since we opened the website in febru@@ ary , we now have 6@@ 4@@ 0,000 students from 19@@ 0 countries . +other students might be interested in a particular en@@ rich@@ ment top@@ ic that they want to pur@@ sue individu@@ ally . +in addition to multiple choice and the kinds of short answer questions that you saw in the video , we can also grade math , mathematical expres@@ sions as well as mathematical der@@ i@@ va@@ tions . +which is not a level of service i have ever off@@ ered to my stanford students . +and finally , there was a population of students that were taught in a one-@@ on-@@ one instru@@ ction using a tu@@ tor . +you can see , for example , that the achie@@ vement sc@@ ore almost dou@@ bles in this particular experiment . +k@@ ak@@ i king : playing " p@@ ink noise " on gu@@ it@@ ar +" learn the l@@ ingu@@ a fran@@ ca . " +e@@ mi@@ ly le@@ v@@ ine : richard . what did i say ? +i don 't know if you know this but -- maybe it 's different now , or maybe you were making a stat@@ ement -- but in many hospital nur@@ series across the country , until very recently anyway , according to a book by j@@ essi@@ ca ben@@ jam@@ in , the sig@@ ns over the little boys cri@@ bs read , " i 'm a boy , " and the sig@@ ns over the little girls cri@@ bs read , " it 's a girl . " yeah . +so this whole subje@@ c@@ t-@@ object thing has relev@@ ance to humor in this way . +and i was sort of , as i was starting to analy@@ ze what exactly it is that i do , i read a book called " tri@@ ck@@ ster makes this world , " by le@@ wi@@ s hy@@ de . +if they had had an olymp@@ ics in mar@@ ty@@ r@@ dom , my grandmother would have lost on purpose . +this is what i tend to see almost more than con@@ tradi@@ ctions . +and the mother is el@@ der@@ ly . +and i like to explore all the possibilities in the hope that you 'll be on the wa@@ vel@@ ength of your audience . +there are really serious cal@@ am@@ i@@ ties star@@ ing us in the eye that we 're in the same kind of den@@ ial about that we were about terror@@ ism , and what could 've happened on september 11 . +199@@ 5 , we found three . the count now is up to 80 -- we 're finding about two or three a month . +it wasn 't really a research report ; it was a scre@@ ed . +number seven : partic@@ le acceler@@ ator mis@@ ha@@ p . +now , cor@@ n origin@@ ated , we think , in mexico . +we need to learn how to re@@ pair and re@@ pl@@ en@@ ish the earth 's o@@ zone layer . +we 've all learned what -- the kind of pan@@ ic that can occu@@ r when an old disease re@@ ars its head , like anth@@ ra@@ x . +but galaxies are very violent places , and things can be spu@@ n out of orbit . +of more conc@@ ern , i think , is the astero@@ ids that exist between mars and ju@@ pit@@ er . +when the mission was over , they actually land@@ ed on the thing . +bas@@ h@@ o was a brilliant man . +and these two war against one another almost continu@@ ously . +all right , let 's talk about another perspective on the importance of the oceans . +mod@@ el@@ ing : on the right hand side , there 's a very complex compu@@ ta@@ tional model . +we are already l@@ ac@@ ed up as if we 're in a fi@@ ber op@@ tic cor@@ set , if you like . +this is going to be much more powerful than having a single ship in a single location , then move to a new location . +we pu@@ mp the flu@@ id through one of these systems , and we press the butt@@ on , and it 's analy@@ zed for the genom@@ ic character . +so we can bring an entirely new tele@@ pres@@ ence to the world , throughout the ocean . +and i think that 's really what architecture is based on . +and yet that energy and power of architecture has driven an entire social and political space that these buildings occu@@ p@@ y . +it 's like the old las v@@ eg@@ as used to be . +our whole practice depen@@ ds on computing . +and i do believe that this interaction with the history , with history that is often very difficult , to gra@@ pp@@ le with it , to create a position that is beyond our normal expec@@ tations and to create a cri@@ ti@@ que . +so again , the un@@ expected which is also the ra@@ w . +and it 's not only our memory , but those who remember us , which means that architecture is not mu@@ te . +it 's about creating with mini@@ mal means something which can not be repe@@ ated , cannot be simul@@ ated in any other sphere . +com@@ promise , if it 's arti@@ stic , if it is able to cop@@ e with its strategi@@ es -- and there is my first sk@@ et@@ ch and the last ren@@ der@@ ing -- it 's not that far away . +that sort of over@@ all sustainable energy problem is the biggest problem that we have to solve this century , independent of environmental concern@@ s . +br@@ un@@ o bow@@ den , who 's here , did that , broke the world recor@@ d.@@ em : con@@ gr@@ at@@ u@@ lations . +by the end of this year , you 'll be able to drive from l@@ .@@ a. to new york just using the super@@ char@@ ger network , which char@@ ges at five times the rate of anything else . +what are you doing ? +you 're kind of building a new type of distribu@@ ted u@@ tili@@ ty . +would humanity become a spac@@ e-@@ far@@ ing civilization ? +it 's much like on a je@@ t . +these projects are so -- pa@@ yp@@ al , solar@@ city , tes@@ la , spac@@ e@@ x , they 're so spec@@ tac@@ ul@@ arly different , they 're such ambi@@ tious projects at scale . +el@@ on mus@@ k , i wish we had all day , but thank you so much for coming to ted . +i grew up her@@ ding , looking after our li@@ ve@@ stock -- go@@ ats , she@@ ep and c@@ attle . +because it was war@@ time , the british .@@ 3@@ 0@@ 3 ri@@ f@@ le was just all over the whole country . +and th@@ us , as people started feeling ow@@ ner@@ ship over wild@@ life , wild@@ life numbers started coming back , and that 's actually becoming a foundation for conser@@ vation in nam@@ i@@ bia . +the other part@@ ners that we have got is business communities . +in 2008 , conser@@ van@@ cy gener@@ ated 5@@ .@@ 7 million dollars . +it allows for us to celebra@@ te the se@@ af@@ o@@ od that we 're also so fortun@@ ate to eat . +well , how many bot@@ tles is it before you tell me that i have a problem ? +so i think we have this whole eating thing wrong . +they got more cal@@ ories over the course of a diver@@ si@@ fied me@@ al . +i remember well the me@@ als of my childhood . +thank you . +and the great ir@@ ony and trage@@ dy of our time is that a lot of the general public thinks that science is still argu@@ ing about that . +simil@@ arly , a lot of art projects stay in the art community , and i feel very much a responsibility through mechanis@@ ms like ted , and like our relationship with the obama white house , with the sen@@ ate , with john ker@@ ry , to influence policy as much as possible with these pictures as well . +you see the gl@@ aci@@ er flo@@ wing in from the right , dro@@ pping off into the sea , camera sho@@ ot@@ ing every hour . +finally cat@@ ches up to itself , it advan@@ ces . +all those colors are ice and it goes up to about two miles thi@@ ck , just a gigan@@ tic dom@@ e that comes in from the coast and ris@@ es in the middle . +but what we have is a perception problem because not enough people really get it yet . +the more poli@@ te ones said , " well , you know , indi@@ ans make good software progra@@ mm@@ ers and accoun@@ tan@@ ts , but they can 't do the creative stuff . " +they were working on truly global products , and companies like microsoft , google , a@@ stra@@ zen@@ ec@@ a , general electric , phili@@ ps , have already ans@@ wer@@ ed in the aff@@ ir@@ ma@@ tive the question that from their bang@@ al@@ ore and hy@@ der@@ ab@@ ad r & amp ; d centers they are able to produce products and services for the world . +it 's not a new product or a new process but a new way to organi@@ ze work , and the most significant management innovation to come out of india , invented by the indian off@@ shor@@ ing industry is what we call the global deli@@ very model . +well , in 2010 , they decided they 're not going to reve@@ al this data anymore , so i had to make some esti@@ mates based on various sources . +for a time that i find to be the most plac@@ id and un@@ event@@ ful hour of the day , four in the morning sure gets an awful lot of bad press -- across a lot of different media from a lot of big names . +100 years to the day after the death of al@@ fre@@ d no@@ bel himself . +and then -- three par@@ ag@@ ra@@ ph@@ s later we get this little beauty : " we went back to bla@@ ir house to look at the speech for the last time . +let me first address a few popular mis@@ concep@@ tions . +and when that cell@@ ular space station is within the electric field , it acts on those highly char@@ ged proteins and al@@ ig@@ ns them . +the expected five year survival is less than five percent . +and a year after that treatment , his tumor grew back with a ven@@ ge@@ ance . +i am the happ@@ i@@ est , the happ@@ i@@ est person in the world . +and i fir@@ m@@ ly believe that in the next 10 years tumor tre@@ ating fields will be a wea@@ pon available to doctors and patients for all of these mo@@ st-@@ diffic@@ ul@@ t-@@ to-@@ treat soli@@ d tumor@@ s . +and you can notice they have created a kind of fal@@ se cat@@ ch@@ ment . +the age is 400 years . +we had ful@@ l-@@ page adverti@@ se@@ ments , some 30 years , 25 years ago when this can@@ al came . +and it 's a kind of water body for all seas@@ ons . +and they have du@@ b@@ bed this water as the third one called [ un@@ clear ] . +three sides , such steps , on the fourth side there is a four@@ -@@ story building where you can organi@@ ze such ted con@@ fer@@ ences any@@ time . +these arti@@ facts and designs are in@@ spir@@ ing . +it doesn 't matter if this is the jun@@ gles of sing@@ apo@@ re or the tun@@ dr@@ a of northern fin@@ land . +and they 're invest@@ ing in tele@@ com@@ s , sh@@ opp@@ ing m@@ alls . +south africa is playing a role . +how do you get from poverty and corruption to wealth and less corruption ? +and then something happened in 19@@ 80 . +invest . +but i think a much bigger problem with this is that this lo@@ gic -- that we should be dro@@ pping ipo@@ ds not bom@@ bs -- i mean , it would make a fascinating ti@@ tle for thomas frie@@ d@@ man 's new book . +instead of trying to pur@@ ge these comm@@ ents , they instead went and reach@@ ed out to the blog@@ gers . +right ? so they can go online and contribu@@ te ideas on what that region would look like by the year 20@@ 20 . +so what should we do about it ? +explain to me what 's wrong . +no , the boy said to me -- the boy said to me , " it would destro@@ y me . " +they called me anth@@ ony growing up as a kid . +we had a whole choice of in@@ appropriate names for her . +the world i en@@ vision for her -- how do i want men to be acting and be@@ having ? +soft power is a concept invented by a harvard acade@@ mic , jo@@ se@@ ph n@@ ye , a friend of mine . +but sometimes it just sat there . +farmers now , who used to have to spend half a day of back@@ breaking labor to find out if the market town was open , if the market was on , whether the product they 'd harv@@ est@@ ed could be sold , what price they 'd fe@@ tch . +they had to sus@@ p@@ end fun@@ ctions at 8 : 30 . +and to this day rema@@ ins the only je@@ wish di@@ as@@ por@@ a in the history of the je@@ wish people , which has never en@@ counter@@ ed a single inci@@ dent of anti-@@ se@@ mi@@ tis@@ m . +it 's the idea of an ever@@ -@@ ever@@ -@@ land , emerging from an ancient civilization , united by a shared history , but susta@@ ined , above all , by pl@@ ur@@ alist democracy . +tra@@ ch@@ om@@ a is an infe@@ ction of the eye due to di@@ rt can leave you perman@@ ently blind . +and another key thing that i learned a lot throughout this whole process , last year google named me as one of the bri@@ gh@@ test young minds in the world . +so probably it doesn 't matter 50 years from now -- stre@@ p@@ to@@ co@@ c@@ c@@ us and stuff like that will be ra@@ mp@@ ant -- because we won 't be here . but if we are -- we 're going to need something to do with the bacteria . +mission ac@@ compli@@ shed ! +there 's nothing in@@ trin@@ si@@ cally swe@@ et about hon@@ ey . +it 's important that we love babies , and that we not be put off by , say , mess@@ y di@@ a@@ pers . +and he liked to do an exercise with his students where he got them to take a piece of paper and draw the person who sat next to them , their neighb@@ or , very quickly , just as quickly as they could . +maybe have the same kind of security to play . +thank you . all right . +so we have the finger bla@@ sters . other people have dinosaurs , you know . +yeah , thought so . so we 've all seen it , haven 't we ? +great . cool . so i was really interested in quanti@@ ty . +so it was a pretty successful ev@@ ening . +construction play -- it 's play@@ ful , obviously , but also a powerful way to learn . +and of course , by the time you get to the average work@@ place , maybe the best construction tool we have might be the post-@@ it notes . it 's pretty bar@@ ren . +we 've gone through lots of experiences in life , and they provide a strong intuition as to whether an interaction is going to work . +in short , we ad@@ mi@@ re their will@@ ing@@ ness to play . +perhaps in conver@@ gent mode we need to be more serious . +reach@@ ing success , i was pretty good at coming up with good ideas . +so they took their money and their projects to others who would serve them better . +to be more accu@@ rate , i wanted to be a pop star . +i had learned to read music by then , or slowly learning to read music . +this is cher@@ y@@ l ang from sing@@ apo@@ re . +and i had the same reaction you did . +" my sister and i used to sing in cho@@ irs together constantly . +you can imagine , with 2,000 syn@@ chr@@ oni@@ zed youtube videos , the ren@@ der time is just at@@ ro@@ cious . +this here is nis@@ san 's my@@ lea@@ f , where your driving behavior is compared with the driving behavior of other people , so you can compe@@ te for who dri@@ ves around the most fuel effici@@ ently . +they want us to fit in even better . +and that is an idea that , i think , that paul richard bu@@ chan@@ an ni@@ c@@ ely put in a recent es@@ say where he said , " products are vi@@ vid argu@@ ments about how we should live our lives . " +workers are treated as well or as b@@ ad@@ ly as the workers were treated who built that chair . " +in fact , i use basically the same technology as this 14@@ th-@@ century classroom . +and i like that kind of response . +so what have we learned ? +so , a quick stri@@ ke like that . and if we slow it down a bit , this is the man@@ tis sh@@ ri@@ mp -- the same species -- recor@@ ded at 1,000 fra@@ mes a second , played back at 15 fra@@ mes per second . +i hope there aren 't any sna@@ il rights activi@@ sts around here . +it just looks like a sa@@ dd@@ le you 'd put on a horse . +in biological systems it 's important not to have a whole lot of extra material requi@@ re@@ ments for building it . +the first peak , obviously , is the lim@@ b hit@@ ting the load cell . +and these animals may very well be making use of not only the force and the energy stor@@ ed with that speci@@ alized spring , but the extre@@ mes of the flu@@ id dynam@@ ics . and they might actually be making use of flu@@ id dynam@@ ics as a second force for breaking the sna@@ il . +biolog@@ ist sh@@ ei@@ la pat@@ ek talks about her work meas@@ uring the fe@@ eding stri@@ ke of the man@@ tis sh@@ ri@@ mp , one of the fa@@ st@@ est mov@@ ements in the animal world , using video c@@ ameras recor@@ ding at 20@@ ,000 fra@@ mes per second . +it turns out that something more than 9@@ 4 percent of life on earth is a@@ qua@@ tic . +now , go into the real atmosphere of this planet . +i put rever@@ se thr@@ ust and i try and pull g@@ ently down . +i come back up , not for air . +so anybody who wants to copy us and come and join us , go for it . +there are problems of se@@ wa@@ ge over@@ flow and cont@@ am@@ ination , but i would also argue that almost every city has this ex@@ act condition , and it 's a condition that we 're all facing . +what is fu@@ zz@@ y rop@@ e , you ask ? +and the answer is : not yet , they 're working . +we had to get rid of the smell . +and eventually s@@ now made a map of the out@@ break . +so that in one generation , we 're going to hal@@ ve our cultural diversity . +so , two months later , i went into ti@@ bet , and i started intervie@@ wing the people there , taking my photographs . that 's what i do . +this is another leader of his people . +so it was a great experience for him . he sta@@ yed up all night with them , dru@@ mming and dan@@ cing . +and just this last year we 've taken a group of teen@@ a@@ gers in , and this has worked the best . +and so , i have my first slide to talk about the da@@ w@@ ning of the universe and what i call the co@@ s@@ mic scene investi@@ gation , that is , looking at the reli@@ cs of creation and in@@ fer@@ ring what happened at the beginning , and then following it up and trying to understand it . +and then i 'm going to show you it 's actually a lot more complicated . +and then there 's a part of the universe we can 't see because it 's so den@@ se and so hot , light can 't es@@ cape . +they go out and point a telescop@@ e at the sky , take a picture , identify what are stars and throw them away , look at the galaxies , esti@@ mate how far away they are , and p@@ lot them up . +and so now we 're in for some serious play . +so we 're zo@@ om@@ ing in . +so the question is , how hard would it be to assem@@ ble this , right ? +that pul@@ ls in more material and pul@@ ls in more material . +at serious play 2008 , astro@@ physi@@ c@@ ist george smo@@ ot shows stun@@ ning new images from deep@@ -@@ space sur@@ ve@@ ys , and pro@@ ds us to pon@@ der how the co@@ smo@@ s -- with its giant we@@ bs of dark matter and myster@@ i@@ ous g@@ ap@@ ing vo@@ ids -- got built this way . +you get st@@ ressed , you do some medi@@ tation . +we need an exercise . we need a frame@@ work to learn how to be more min@@ d@@ ful . +it does hurt . and we rein@@ force the story@@ line , right ? +and he actually took one look at my squ@@ ig@@ g@@ ly line , and said , " well , why don 't you just embra@@ ce the sha@@ ke ? " +what if i could only create with a dollar 's worth of supp@@ lies ? +it did not happen over@@ night . +so i was fil@@ ming . +and when i made my way to that pi@@ ping ch@@ im@@ ney i 'd seen in the distance , i saw han@@ na za@@ vor@@ ot@@ n@@ ya , and i met her . +i have a deeper connection to my laptop than any bit of soil . +i em@@ body the central parado@@ x . +parents text and do email at break@@ fast and at dinner while their children com@@ pla@@ in about not having their parents ' full attention . +but what might feel just right for that midd@@ le-@@ a@@ ged ex@@ ecu@@ tive can be a problem for an ad@@ oles@@ cent who needs to develop fac@@ e-@@ to-@@ face relationships . +that feeling that no one is listening to me is very important in our relationships with technology . +and we are vulnerable . +so what do we do ? we connect more and more . +make room for it . +let 's talk about how we can use digital technology , the technology of our dreams , to make this life the life we can love . +the master said , ' tho@@ u di@@ d@@ st thy best , that is success . ' " from those things , and one other perhaps , i co@@ ined my own definition of success , which is : peace of mind at@@ tain@@ ed only through self-@@ satis@@ fac@@ tion in knowing you made the effort to do the best of which you 're capable . +i knew him once , but then he was a boy . +and that 's not good , for a young married man to go home in a bad mo@@ od . +i think our tenden@@ cy is to hope that things will turn out the way we want them to much of the time . but we don 't do the things that are necessary to make those things become reality . +and you can win when you 're out@@ sc@@ or@@ ed . +i 've had some that could and wouldn 't , and i 've had some that would and couldn 't . +in fact , in the last 10 years , the number of patients requ@@ ir@@ ing an organ has dou@@ bled , while in the same time , the actual number of transplan@@ ts has bar@@ ely gone up . +li@@ ver cells , ner@@ ve cells , pan@@ crea@@ tic cells -- we still can 't grow them even today . +we then place it in an o@@ ven@@ -@@ like device , and we 're able to create that structure and bring it out . +and then finally you 're able to get that structure out . +that 's actually the actual prin@@ ter right now , and that 's been prin@@ ting this kid@@ ney structure that you see here . +i became the cap@@ tain of the team , and that was great . +i pulled them asi@@ de . +the other week , i went on one of these sites , appropri@@ ately called swa@@ p@@ tree , and there were over 5@@ 9@@ ,@@ 300 it@@ em@@ s that i could inst@@ antly swa@@ p for my copy of " 24 . " +that 's what happened to me when i noticed that we are moving from passi@@ ve consum@@ ers to cre@@ ators , to highly en@@ ab@@ led collabor@@ ators . +these four dri@@ vers are f@@ using together and creating the big shift -- away from the 20th century , defined by hyper@@ -@@ consumption , towards the 21@@ st century , defined by collabor@@ ative consumption . +these three systems are coming together , allo@@ wing people to share resources without sac@@ ri@@ fi@@ cing their lifest@@ y@@ les , or their cher@@ ished personal free@@ dom@@ s . +this is fu@@ el@@ ing a massive shift from where us@@ age tr@@ um@@ ps pos@@ s@@ essi@@ ons -- or as kev@@ in kel@@ ly , the edi@@ tor of wired magazine , puts it , " where access is better than ow@@ ner@@ ship . " +my name is jo@@ se@@ ph , a member of par@@ li@@ am@@ ent in kenya . +the leader of the ch@@ ie@@ fs said , " no , sorry . we can 't take you . you 'll slow us down . +i 'm asking my friends from america to help with bringing nur@@ ses or doctors to help us out . +so i was in the museum of science at the time the tor@@ na@@ do hit , playing with the tor@@ na@@ do display . +co : you got my number off the news ? +systems like the ones that we were creating on the fly could exist ahead of time . +mo : data . +in our home@@ town , we trained a hal@@ f-@@ do@@ zen resi@@ dents to run these web tools on their own . +and i met juli@@ us the last week that i was living in ki@@ ber@@ a . +'@@ in case you o@@ we one month , the land@@ l@@ ord will come with his hen@@ ch@@ men and b@@ und@@ le you out . he will con@@ fis@@ cate your things , ' arm@@ strong said . +this is perhaps the most primi@@ tive sh@@ an@@ ty that you can find in ki@@ ber@@ a , little more than a sti@@ ck@@ -@@ and-@@ mu@@ d hu@@ t next to a g@@ arb@@ age hea@@ p . +it 's on very ste@@ ep ground . +one is people need a guar@@ an@@ tee they won 't be evi@@ cted . +the future of these communities is in the people and in our ability to work with those people . +i don 't know where juli@@ an mor@@ row got that from . +see it up there ? +one is another american inv@@ ent@@ or ted h@@ enter . +many web@@ sites we can 't read using ja@@ ws and the other technologies . +i think i have to say go@@ od@@ b@@ ye now . +interest@@ ingly enough , other neuro@@ lo@@ gic diseases which affect very different parts of the brain also show tan@@ gles of mis@@ fol@@ ded protein , which suggests that the approach might be a general one , and might be used to cure many neuro@@ lo@@ gic diseases , not just alzheimer 's disease . +i 'm going to ignor@@ e their cau@@ tions and make one very specific for@@ ec@@ ast . +so this is a time of great fl@@ our@@ ishing , and the more i look around , the more convinced i become that this quote , from the physi@@ c@@ ist free@@ man dy@@ son , is not hyper@@ bo@@ le at all . +and to make them really stere@@ ot@@ yp@@ ical , let 's make them both white guys . +and if you find yourself worried that something like a guar@@ an@@ te@@ ed income is going to stif@@ le our drive to succe@@ ed and make us kind of com@@ plac@@ ent , you might be interested to know that social mo@@ bility , one of the things we really pri@@ de ourselves on in the united states , is now lower than it is in the northern european countries that have these very gener@@ ous social safety nets . +the reali@@ ties of this new machine age and the change in the economy are becoming more wid@@ ely known . +i have become more and more un@@ comfortable with this perception of god over the years . +some have conclu@@ ded that we can only believe in a god who shares our pain . +in the second verse comes the line , " the wind and waves o@@ be@@ y him . " +so who is god , if not the great pu@@ p@@ pe@@ t-@@ master or the tri@@ b@@ al prote@@ ctor ? +what if god is in things ? +how could one practice such a faith ? +and so , i want to kind of go through my little story of what i found out . +and if we study those h@@ unter@@ -@@ gather@@ er tri@@ bes and the ne@@ anderth@@ al , which are very similar to early man , we find out a very curious thing about this world without technology , and this is a kind of a cur@@ ve of their average age . +it was sort of , in a certain sense , in a m@@ clu@@ han sense , an ex@@ ternal sto@@ mach , in the sense that it was cooking food that we could not eat otherwise . +while this is something that comes from our mind , it also has its roots deeply into the co@@ smo@@ s . +it 's a bran@@ ching off from the human form . +i think that really leads no@@ where . +that 's what we get from technology all the time . that 's why people leave villa@@ ges and go into cities , is because they are always gravi@@ tat@@ ing towards increas@@ ed choices and possibilities . +mean@@ while , i had grown up around a lot of teachers . +so the idea was that we would be working on whatever we 're working on , at 2 : 30 p@@ .@@ m@@ . the students flow in and you put down what you 're doing , or you trade , or you work a little bit later or whatever it is . +that was just my one thing -- i said we had to have something that dro@@ ps on people 's heads . +and we found ourselves full every day with kids . +the key thing is , even if you only have a couple of hours a month , those two hours shoul@@ der@@ -@@ to-@@ shoul@@ der , next to one student , concent@@ r@@ ated attention , sh@@ ining this be@@ am of light on their work , on their thoughts and their self-@@ expression , is going to be absolutely transforma@@ tive , because so many of the students have not had that ever before . +they work under the teacher 's gui@@ de , and it 's all in one big room . +and so then they 're all sold in the store . this is near the plan@@ ks . +they didn 't want to sell pi@@ rate supp@@ lies . +so this is the space during tu@@ tor@@ ing hours . +anyway . so i 'm going to jump ahead . +the schools need you . the teachers need you . +you see , i grew up in war@@ -@@ tor@@ n iraq , and i believe that there are two sides of wars and we 've only seen one side of it . +this is where we conc@@ ei@@ ve of ra@@ pe and cas@@ u@@ al@@ ties as inevi@@ t@@ abilities . +there is a side that fi@@ ghts , and there is a side that kee@@ ps the schools and the fac@@ tor@@ ies and the hospitals open . +a con@@ gol@@ ese woman , who was telling me about how her children saw their father killed in front of them and saw her ra@@ ped in front of them and mu@@ ti@@ l@@ ated in front of them , and her children saw their nin@@ e-@@ year-old si@@ bling killed in front of them , how they 're doing okay right now . +za@@ in@@ ab sal@@ bi : women , war@@ time and the dream of peace +and she has this show , " the simple life . " +last month , i was at google , and , boy , that caf@@ e@@ teri@@ a , man . +and she 's very important in my life , because she 's the one that told me to leave mit and go to art school . +so if you compare comple@@ xi@@ ties to simpli@@ city , it 's also cat@@ ching up in a way , too . +and when you 're told this , you feel kind of weird . +so , i went back to the computer , and i bought five large fri@@ es , and scan@@ ned them all . and i was looking for some kind of food theme , and i wrote some software to auto@@ matically lay out fren@@ ch@@ -@@ fr@@ y images . +it 's a bit e@@ er@@ ie , isn 't it ? +this book i wrote because i want to figure out life . +and this is the fourth time , and i come here for this wisdom , i think . +environmental challenges fall into the same three categ@@ ories , and most of what we think about are local environmental problems : air pollution , water pollution , ha@@ zar@@ d@@ ous waste du@@ mp@@ s . but there are also regi@@ onal environmental problems , like ac@@ id rain from the mid@@ west to the nor@@ the@@ ast , and from western europe to the arc@@ tic , and from the mid@@ west out the miss@@ is@@ si@@ pp@@ i into the dead zone of the gul@@ f of mexico . +you all know that . at the last i@@ p@@ c@@ c sum@@ mary , the scientists wanted to say , " how certain are you ? " they wanted to answer that " 99 percent . " +we have to have a uni@@ fied view of how to go about this : the struggle against poverty in the world and the challenge of cutting weal@@ thy country emissions , all has a single , very simple solution . +what we need is another hero generation . those of us who are alive in the united states of america today especially , but also the rest of the world , have to somehow understand that history has pres@@ ented us with a choice -- just as j@@ ill [ bol@@ te ] ta@@ yl@@ or was fig@@ uring out how to save her life while she was di@@ stra@@ cted by the amazing experience that she was going through . +so they 're saying the right things and they may -- whi@@ che@@ ver of them is ele@@ cted -- may do the right thing , but let me tell you : when i came back from k@@ yo@@ to in 199@@ 7 , with a feeling of great happiness that we 'd gotten that break@@ through there , and then con@@ fron@@ ted the united states sen@@ ate , only one out of 100 sen@@ ators was willing to vote to con@@ fir@@ m , to ra@@ ti@@ fy that treat@@ y . whatever the can@@ di@@ dat@@ es say has to be la@@ id al@@ on@@ g@@ side what the people say . +a change in commit@@ ment . a new sense of ur@@ gen@@ cy . +and this exhi@@ bi@@ tion is about the work of designers that help us be more el@@ a@@ stic , and also of designers that really work on this el@@ a@@ sti@@ city as an opportunity . and one last thing is that it 's not only designers , but it 's also scientists . +he 's thinking -- of course it 's all a concept -- of inje@@ cting ty@@ pe@@ faces into sper@@ ma@@ to@@ zo@@ a , i don 't know how to say it in english -- sper@@ ma@@ ta@@ zo@@ i -- in order to make them become -- to almost have a song or a whole po@@ em written with every e@@ jac@@ u@@ lation . +in this particular case a section will be de@@ vot@@ ed to information design . +ra@@ pid manufacturing is a computer fi@@ le sent directly from the computer to the manufacturing machine . +another shape is made for cancer . +and many designers have been working recently on the idea of death and m@@ our@@ ning , and what we can do about it today with new technologies . +we did it in three steps . +and the same pattern emer@@ ged in each conflict . +so what 's going on ? +the opposite happened . +and within je@@ wish teach@@ ings , the rab@@ bin@@ ic teach@@ ings , we have hil@@ le@@ l , who taught that you shouldn 't do to others what you don 't like being done to yourself . +and then god looked to the future and realized , if the world was created just with justice , the world couldn 't exist . +and that unity is something that conne@@ cts all of creation . +and he rus@@ hed home . and after the s@@ ab@@ bat@@ h , he made 12 lo@@ a@@ ves of bread , took them to the sy@@ na@@ go@@ gue , went into the sy@@ na@@ go@@ gue , opened the ar@@ k and said , " god , i don 't know why you want this bread , but here you are . " +and he called the two of them to his office . +it per@@ si@@ sts for months and o@@ f@@ ten@@ times for years , and when that happens , it is its own disease . +but the worst part was , not the spon@@ tane@@ ous pain that was there 24 hours a day . +we treat these patients in a rather cru@@ de fashion at this point in time . +if you look out your window and you can see long 's peak , you 're probably familiar with it . +so it 's about a mile across , 600 feet deep . +let me note that we have not had a giant impact like the dinosau@@ r@@ -@@ kil@@ ler for 65 million years . they 're very rare . +now the good news is that the od@@ ds of it actually pas@@ sing through this key@@ hole and hit@@ ting us next go@@ -@@ around are one in a million , roughly -- very , very low od@@ ds , so i personally am not lying a@@ wake at night wor@@ rying about this at all . +and there are a lot of other problems with that . it 's very hard to do . +this probe actually can 't use chemical rock@@ ets . +so i thought that it will be good to start with it . +and we all had all of that on ta@@ pes . +it 's so obvious , straight in your face , and somebody must have thought of it . +you see ban@@ ks -- i don 't know if there are any bank@@ ers over here ; i apo@@ logi@@ ze in ad@@ v@@ ance -- but it 's the best job in the world . +just quickly on the results . +he goes and sees the gover@@ nor . the gover@@ nor says , bor@@ is ni@@ kol@@ a@@ ye@@ v@@ ich , i understand you are doing a great job , and you are the most respe@@ cted newspaper in our distri@@ ct . +because when you think about the importance , some of the issues that we were talking about last night -- this last s@@ ession we had about africa and his hypo@@ the@@ tical 50 billion dollars dest@@ ined for africa . +now we do da@@ y@@ dre@@ aming in 11 : 30 with 5@@ 5 seconds left . +what happens to matter if you cho@@ p it up very fine ? +and suppose they have , you know , very different sensor@@ y appar@@ at@@ us , and so on . +and in a lot of familiar cases , they of course are . +it 's a very simple example . +now , here is a very exciting development that many people have not heard of . +it 's the same theory of gravity . +pres@@ u@@ ma@@ bly , they mean something super@@ natural . +how true for lincol@@ n . +so then he surprised the nation with an up@@ set vic@@ tory for the pres@@ iden@@ cy over three far more experienced , far more educ@@ ated , far more cele@@ br@@ ated ri@@ v@@ als . +but even in his wil@@ dest dreams , lincol@@ n could never have imag@@ ined how far his repu@@ tation would reach . +but it was not to be that simple . +a vic@@ tor in a thousand con@@ tests , three great civil rights laws , medi@@ care , aid to education . +one of his favorite stories , for example , had to do with the revolution@@ ary war hero , e@@ than allen . +and i was so excited -- first person i 'd ever see outside of e@@ b@@ be@@ ts field . +but lu@@ ck@@ ily , my first conf@@ ession -- to a base@@ ball@@ -@@ lo@@ ving pri@@ est ! +and i want to begin with one ep@@ iso@@ de from that sequence of events that most of you would be very familiar with , bel@@ sha@@ zz@@ ar 's fe@@ ast -- because we 're talking about the ir@@ an-@@ iraq war of 5@@ 3@@ 9 b@@ c . +and what is the great king , the powerful king , the king of the four quar@@ ters of the world going to do ? +it was the largest em@@ pi@@ re the world had known until then . +no other evidence . +and equ@@ ally , he 'd have been surprised that he was acting under orders from mar@@ du@@ k . +they want to bor@@ row the cy@@ rus cy@@ lin@@ der . +and i want to finish by asking you what the next story will be in which this object fig@@ ures . +and it 's only when it goes wrong that we start to realize the importance of families to children . +for those without dis@@ abilities , at age three , they 're trans@@ fer@@ red to another institution , and at age seven , to yet another . se@@ gre@@ g@@ ated according to age and gender , they are arb@@ it@@ r@@ arily separ@@ ated from their si@@ bl@@ ings , often without even a chance to say go@@ od@@ b@@ ye . +people need to know the har@@ m that institutions cause to children , and the better alterna@@ tives that exist . +because it 's obviously incredibly fri@@ gh@@ ten@@ ing . +and that 's why we wanted it to be the 21@@ st of september as the date of peace . +and just sta@@ ying in the moment with it was a beautiful thing and really em@@ power@@ ing actually . +it didn 't matter if it didn 't create a day of peace . +and i remember thinking , " this is exactly why , actually , we have to work even harder . +it was histor@@ ical . could it work in afghanistan with un@@ ama and who and civil society , etc . , etc . , etc . ? +and we did , and we travel@@ ed around , and we spoke to el@@ ders , we spoke to doctors , we spoke to nur@@ ses , we held press con@@ fer@@ ences , we went out with soldiers , we sat down with is@@ a@@ f , we sat down with na@@ to , we sat down with the u.k. government . +and we gave the film over . +ultimately , that 's what it 's about . " +it 's about your const@@ it@@ u@@ en@@ cies ; it 's about your businesses . +but let 's play along . +so this to me became the important question to answer : how many neurons does the human brain have , and how does that compare to other animals ? +compared to a rat , we might seem special , yes , but that 's not a fair compar@@ ison to make , given that we know that we are not ro@@ dents . +when you eat like a pri@@ mate , you can 't afford both . +and i think that 's how we got to become human . +i 'm fascin@@ ated with the idea of what happens when you mer@@ ge biology with technology , and i remember reading about this idea of being able to re@@ program biology , in the future , away from disease and aging . +it 's a very logi@@ cal plan , but it was not always like this . +but one day , something happened . +the man , his name was ma@@ h@@ mou@@ d , and the child , whose name was ra@@ f@@ i , left . +it 's not a pri@@ ority . " +the st@@ um@@ p or cast pro@@ s@@ thesis was made , and he was starting the real physical re@@ hab@@ ili@@ tation . +no need of sta@@ ying with me all the day pus@@ hing my wheel@@ chair . " +i don 't want them to be te@@ ased at school by the other students . " +but with na@@ j@@ mu@@ dd@@ in , we cannot disc@@ uss . +they are 7@@ ,000 every year -- people coming for the first time . +this is my big wish . +i want to tell you some stories that explain my view . +their decisions , their actions matter . +what lessons would you take from an experience like this ? +and i was part of that . +now , i was a little sc@@ ared because when you see those three problems , they seem really hard to deal with . +and he sig@@ ns off , " thank you . " +it says a lot about her pe@@ ers who ele@@ cted her . +can you see it ? +so when we want to learn whether a planet is habit@@ able , whether it might be am@@ en@@ able to life , we want to know not only how much total light it recei@@ ves and how warm it is , but we want to know about its space weather -- this high-@@ energy radiation , the u@@ v and the x-@@ ra@@ ys that are created by its star and that ba@@ the it in this bat@@ h of high-@@ energy radiation . +wrong . i 'm not looking at you . i can 't see you . +but there exists out there a very large population of people who will tell you that they have psych@@ ic , ma@@ gical power@@ s that they can predict the future , that they can make contact with the de@@ ce@@ ased . +she doesn 't bring any useful information to us . +" did he ever have an electric ra@@ z@@ or ? " " no . " +now , without that , how could we possibly function ? +she couldn 't reach me . now she says she doesn 't want to reach me because i 'm a go@@ d@@ less person . +now folks , this is not just a metaphor i 'm going to give you now , it 's true . +those are very important , cri@@ tically important to us . +le@@ gen@@ dar@@ y skep@@ tic james rand@@ i takes a f@@ at@@ al do@@ se of home@@ op@@ ath@@ ic sle@@ eping p@@ ills on@@ stage , ki@@ cking off a se@@ aring 18@@ -@@ minute indi@@ ct@@ ment of ir@@ rational belie@@ fs . he thro@@ ws out a challenge to the world 's psych@@ ics : prove what you do is real , and i 'll give you a million dollars . +so it runs frequ@@ ently , the entire hospital , just on a gener@@ ator . +there has to be something better . " +but this gives control to the provi@@ der , whether there 's power or not , because they can ad@@ just the flow based on the percentage of oxygen they see that they 're giving their patient . +but we still want to be sure that this is the most effective and safe device that we can be putting into hospitals . +some lo@@ gos designed by my students . +the creative spirit in africa , the creative tradition , is as po@@ tent as it has always been , if only designers could look within . +it 's a h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st of a different kind , and hi@@ ding under our des@@ ks isn 't going to help . +now , there 's no time to get into the benefits of eating plants here , but the evidence is that plants -- and i want to make this clear -- it 's not the ingre@@ di@@ ents in plants , it 's the plants . +half the people who developed the food pyrami@@ d have ties to agri@@ business . +mar@@ gar@@ ine didn 't exist . +the effects of this are well known . they are everywhere . +most mom@@ s coo@@ ked like mine : a piece of bro@@ iled meat , a quickly made sal@@ ad with bot@@ t@@ led d@@ res@@ sing , can@@ ned sou@@ p , can@@ ned fru@@ it sal@@ ad . +leading the way -- what 's leading the way ? +and i say this as a man who has e@@ aten a fair share of cor@@ ned bee@@ f in his life . +we can continue the search for the ingre@@ di@@ ents we love , and we can continue to sp@@ in y@@ ar@@ ns about our favorite me@@ als . +sound familiar ? +if i can ask an in@@ dis@@ cre@@ et question , how many of you have tat@@ to@@ os ? +my@@ th number two : or@@ p@@ he@@ us , wonderful guy , char@@ ming to be around , great parti@@ er , great sing@@ er , lo@@ ses his belo@@ ved , char@@ ms his way into the under@@ world , only person to char@@ m his way into the under@@ world , char@@ ms the go@@ ds of the under@@ world , they rele@@ ase his beauty on the condition he never look at her until they 're out . +some of these have already been tou@@ ched upon by other speak@@ ers , which is encoura@@ ging . +5@@ 2 million people die of natural causes each year cor@@ respon@@ ds , then , to 5@@ 2 million vol@@ um@@ es destro@@ yed . +if we were to take into account future generations that will never come into existence if we b@@ low ourselves up , then the figure becomes astronom@@ ical . +we were very successful . +so if you think about what it means to learn ari@@ th@@ me@@ tic or to learn to read , you 're actually , literally re@@ writing your own brain . +and they would just st@@ are at us with ba@@ ff@@ le@@ ment when we spend time listening to a beautiful performance , like the one we just heard -- because of people making stupid mov@@ ements , and they would be really ir@@ ri@@ t@@ ated and wouldn 't see what we were up to . +so then , you move off to this larger sphere of " human + , " and you could continue that process and eventually explore a lot of this larger space of possible mo@@ des of being . +ts : those are perman@@ ent magne@@ ts , yeah . +ts : yeah , well let 's put a couple of can@@ v@@ ases . +and then when i did the second one , it really dist@@ ur@@ bed the piece -- these big blue lines cr@@ as@@ hing through the center of it -- and so it created a kind of ten@@ sion and an over@@ la@@ p . +you know , it seems at this stage in your life , you also very personally are in this state of con@@ fron@@ tation with a sort of dis@@ son@@ ant -- i suppose it 's an electro@@ magnetic force that somehow gover@@ ns your par@@ kin@@ son 's and this creative force that is both the artist who is in the here and now and this sort of ar@@ c of your whole life . +ts : thank you , john . +my mother comes out , and he as@@ ks her for money , but she doesn 't have enough . +i grew up in the middle of no@@ where on a di@@ rt road in rural ar@@ kan@@ s@@ as , an hour from the ne@@ ar@@ est movie theater . +one of them , i call my mi@@ ma@@ w 's test . +i 'm under the river with those fish . +one of these is scrat@@ ch@@ -@@ off ma@@ ster@@ pieces . +what he did was to get wild birds to make his art for him . +and so we got to the gra@@ ve and made this , which was hil@@ ari@@ ous -- the attention that we got . +and also they re@@ ference how the u@@ vul@@ a -- everything they say is fallen because of the for@@ bi@@ dden fru@@ it . +he 's an austr@@ ali@@ an ab@@ original el@@ der , and he 's also an artist . +and you would think that should have nothing to do with one another , but i hope by the end of these 18 minutes , you 'll see a little bit of a relation . +and what changed is something you might not have expected in an art , which is math . +and if you don 't want to fold 400 sc@@ ales , you can back off and just do a few things , and add pl@@ ates to the back of a tur@@ tle , or to@@ es . +we 're going to learn how to make one fla@@ p . +and i can use those patterns now to create origami shapes . +to@@ es have become an origami me@@ me , because everyone 's doing it . +they certainly didn 't need to talk to origami artists . +the problem that 's being solved here is something that needs to be big and she@@ et@@ -@@ like at its dest@@ ination , but needs to be small for the journey . +for@@ rest north : the beginning of any collaboration starts with a conversation . +he came up with our name and lo@@ go . we 're mission mot@@ ors . +the 200@@ ,@@ 00@@ 0-@@ year period in which men have been top dog is truly coming to an end , believe it or not , and that 's why i talk about the " end of men . " +and so they decided , because they were intri@@ gu@@ ed by this finding , to do a nation@@ wide survey . +but that really isn 't true anymore . +and what 's even more dist@@ ur@@ bing is what 's happening with yo@@ unger boys . +and i think the reason it has a sting is because thousands of years of history don 't rever@@ se themselves without a lot of pain , and that 's why i talk about us all going through this together . +but over the ' 7@@ 0s and ' 8@@ 0s , the south korea government decided they wanted to rapi@@ dly industri@@ alize , and so what they did was , they started to push women into the work@@ force . +and we have a lot of sk@@ ill and experience , but it 's a trick , so how are you supposed to pre@@ p@@ are to get through that glass cei@@ ling ? +and the man who talked at that ev@@ ening lec@@ ture was very interesting . +and it 's interesting , if you think about it , how , when we think about the civili@@ zations that we look up to as having been p@@ inn@@ ac@@ les of human achie@@ vement -- whether it 's china , gre@@ e@@ ce , the hin@@ du civilization , or the may@@ as , or eg@@ yp@@ ti@@ ans -- what we know about them is really about their ec@@ st@@ as@@ ies , not about their everyday life . +whether it 's mathematics or music , it takes that long to be able to begin to change something in a way that it 's better than what was there before . +you know that what you need to do is possible to do , even though difficult , and sense of time disappe@@ ars , you forget yourself , you feel part of something larger . +even though sometimes watching television about seven to eight percent of the time is in flow , but that 's when you choose a program you really want to watch and you get feedback from it . +and if " where do you come from ? " +and the number of us who live outside the old nation@@ -@@ state categ@@ ories is increasing so quickly , by 6@@ 4 million just in the last 12 years , that soon there will be more of us than there are americans . +and yet , there is one great problem with movement , and that is that it 's really hard to get your be@@ ar@@ ings when you 're in mi@@ da@@ ir . +and i sat down , and i began to write , and write , and write , even though i 'd gone there really to get away from my des@@ k . +thank you . +i 'm going to talk now about how world population has changed from that year and into the future , but i will not use digital technology , as i 've done during my first five ted@@ talks . +and the most successful of the developing countries , they have moved on , you know , and they have become emerging econom@@ ies , we call them . +will they move on ? +the whole emerging world jo@@ ins the western world with good child survival and small family size , but we still have the poor@@ est billion . +the world 's population will grow to 9 billion over the next 50 years -- and only by raising the living standards of the poor@@ est can we check population growth . this is the parado@@ x@@ ical answer that h@@ ans ro@@ s@@ ling un@@ v@@ ei@@ ls at ted @ can@@ nes using color@@ ful new data display technology . +we are left with this missing space of increas@@ ed dea@@ ths the further north you go . +and i started doing research , and we found , very exc@@ it@@ ingly , that the skin produ@@ ces ni@@ tri@@ c o@@ xide . +now , what we were care@@ ful to do was , vi@@ tam@@ in d is made by ultra@@ vi@@ o@@ let b ra@@ ys and we wanted to separate our story from the vi@@ tam@@ in d story . +there is no change in blood flow , in di@@ lat@@ ation of the blood ves@@ sel@@ s . +and this is on@@ going work , but der@@ mat@@ ologists -- i mean , i 'm a der@@ mat@@ ologist . +these are major issues . +so , your body is constantly re@@ gener@@ ating . +it dis@@ integr@@ ates a few months later . +and this is an x-@@ ray showing you the patent , func@@ tional blood ves@@ sel . +but there are other hol@@ low organs that have ad@@ ded complexity to it . +another strategy that we have followed is actually to use dec@@ ell@@ ul@@ ari@@ zed organs . +we are limited with di@@ stances right now , but our goal is actually to increase those di@@ stances over time . +he finally st@@ ops the run@@ away stage . +i would be willing to bet that i 'm the du@@ m@@ best guy in the room because i couldn 't get through school . i strug@@ gl@@ ed with school . +what we do is we sit and teach our kids all the things they shouldn 't do : don 't hit ; don 't bi@@ te ; don 't swe@@ ar . +all three of the fo@@ under@@ s of net@@ scap@@ e had it . +is it thing one or thing two ? what is it ? +and i remember this one custom@@ er so vi@@ vi@@ dly because i also did some other stuff with these cli@@ ents . +i also learned , don 't reve@@ al your source , because i got beat up after about four weeks of doing this because one of the rich kids found out where i was buying my com@@ ics from , and he didn 't like the fact that he was paying a lot more . +and you could stuff p@@ ins in them . +then i would go up and deliver them to these 7@@ 0-@@ year-old women playing bridge . +that was cool because then i had re@@ tail out@@ lets . +and then they don 't have a regular check , but they have more opportunities to find more stuff , and they learn the sk@@ ill of negoti@@ ating , and they learn the sk@@ ill of finding opportunities as well . +if you go into a restaurant and you have bad custom@@ er service , show them what bad custom@@ er service looks like . +it 's a video that was done by one of the companies that i ment@@ or . +we have even managed to make the study of liter@@ ature ar@@ can@@ e . +a har@@ ro@@ wing predi@@ le@@ ction for the uses of force had become common@@ place , with an equal di@@ sta@@ ste for the alternative forms of influence . +but structures designed to connect , rather than divi@@ de mu@@ tu@@ ally depen@@ dent cir@@ cles , rather than isol@@ ating tri@@ an@@ gles . +the most important discovery we made in our focus on public action was to appreci@@ ate that the hard choices are not between good and evil , but between compe@@ ting goods . +president obama and his team simply cannot do it alone . +okay , see ? it 's done . it 's almost done . here we go . +they recognize : both of these things have to live together . +they are acting in the sense that they 're em@@ ul@@ ating the original ma@@ sh@@ up . +in the good old days when this republi@@ can ran that company , their greatest work was work that built on the past , right . +now , i think there are lessons we should learn here , lessons about open@@ ness . +you could still buy the music , but you couldn 't hear anything because it had been sil@@ enced . +anyway , please join me in teaching these values . +if you don 't say the right creative thing , you 're going to be jud@@ ged . +and something else happened , these people who went through the process and tou@@ ched the sna@@ ke ended up having less an@@ x@@ iety about other things in their lives . +about that time he was at the d.@@ school at stanford taking clas@@ ses . +so while you 're sitting around with the other patients in your pa@@ jam@@ as and everybody 's p@@ ale and thin and you 're waiting for your turn to get the gam@@ ma ra@@ ys , you think of a lot of things . +thank you . +let 's take a look at what 's going on in different space types in this building . +when he met me and realized that it was possible for him to study in a quanti@@ ta@@ tive way how his design choices im@@ pac@@ ted the ec@@ ology and biology of this building , he got really excited , because it ad@@ ded a new dimension to what he did . +so let 's just run through these guys . +the system was designed to aug@@ ment human intelligence , it was called . +these are some examples of this system in action in the late 8@@ 0s . +and according to fortun@@ e magazine , he 's worth 700 million dollars . +in fact , someone on re@@ dd@@ it thought , " oh , what a great thing , we should all vote this up . " +they even created an e-@@ card so you could send your friend a dan@@ cing sp@@ las@@ h@@ y . +i am a na@@ tive of bur@@ kin@@ a fas@@ o . +fund@@ raising was not an easy task . +and for me and my community , this project was a huge success . +i would like to share with you this . +yes , you know it . +and when you look through them , you get a gli@@ mp@@ se into the mind of the cyber@@ -@@ illu@@ sion@@ ist . +voice : don 't tell , or it won 't come true . +digital mt : this is without a question the real thing . +now the big question here is obviously , how do we make sense of china ? +the first is that the most important political value for the chinese is unity , is the ma@@ inten@@ ance of chinese civilization . +the chinese have a very , very different con@@ ception of race to most other countries . +it 's had no serious ri@@ v@@ als . +so there we have three building blocks for trying to understand the difference that is china -- the civili@@ za@@ tion@@ -@@ state , the notion of race and the nature of the state and its relationship to society . +first , the west is rapi@@ dly losing its influence in the world . +now this is the way things are going to move , because china has a very specific problem , which is different from europe and different from the united states : china has huge numbers of people and no space . +red = dru@@ ms , blue = b@@ ass , green = ch@@ or@@ ds , orange = leads , pur@@ ple = pa@@ ds the mou@@ th@@ piece consi@@ sts of ... +it 's been eight years , and i can tell you that i didn 't go to china to become a law@@ yer . +[ chinese ] " big sister w@@ ong , " was@@ h@@ burn , w@@ ong , same difference . +what about art ? +everyone was gl@@ u@@ ed to the tv , watching dist@@ ur@@ bing , fri@@ gh@@ ten@@ ing images taken from the edge of the neighborhood . +when we got there , we just went in the street , started talking with people everywhere , and we realized that things were a bit different from the r@@ he@@ tor@@ ic we heard in the media . +people come around us and start asking , " what are you doing here ? " +i just obser@@ ved . +then the next day , i held a meeting on the main square and some women came . +we went to africa , sud@@ an , si@@ er@@ ra le@@ one , liber@@ ia , kenya . +you know what i love is , for example , when you see the biggest eye there , there are so [ many ] houses inside . +for each project we do a film . +but yesterday the city called them and said , " look , you 're going to have to te@@ ar it down . +actually the fact that art cannot change things makes it a neu@@ tra@@ l place for ex@@ changes and discus@@ sions , and then en@@ ables you to change the world . +and we come from a long tradition of sharing . +one of the fo@@ under@@ s went to swi@@ tz@@ er@@ land , saw it imple@@ mented some@@ place , said , " wow , that looks really cool . +the number across the u.s. and western europe is eight percent . +so here we have lu@@ d@@ ot@@ ru@@ ck , which is in l@@ .@@ a. , doing the things that g@@ our@@ met food tru@@ cks do , and they 've gather@@ ed quite a following . +super fun , and it happens in a very transi@@ tional neighborhood . +the future , as we know it , is very un@@ predic@@ table . +we 've seen it in the financial crisis . we 've seen it in the pan@@ de@@ mic flu . +but will this only be available for the super rich , for those that can afford it ? are we head@@ ed for a new eu@@ gen@@ ics ? +an individual , for the first time in the history of humanity , will have the capacity , by 20@@ 30 , to destro@@ y the planet , to w@@ re@@ ck everything , through the creation , for example , of a bi@@ op@@ a@@ tho@@ gen . +i 'm not on top of the class . +but , most importantly , while i was travel@@ ing , i taught children carto@@ oning , and in exchange , i learned how to be spon@@ tane@@ ous . +i was h@@ es@@ it@@ ant to inclu@@ de this in my pres@@ entation because this carto@@ on was published soon after 9 / 11 . +everything had to be larger . the next painting was even bigger . +this is a work , a library i designed for the ro@@ bin hood foundation . +so then i said , " nets , what do i do ? " +we had fashion designers , instal@@ lation artists , models , we had ma@@ ke@@ up artists , je@@ wel@@ ry designers , all kinds of people working with me to make my we@@ d@@ ding an art instal@@ lation . +my works also turned auto@@ bi@@ ogra@@ phi@@ cal . +you know i sat at home and i watched . +and i dre@@ w it out for her . +e : ach@@ o@@ o ! +can you get down ? +because one of her favorite folks from back home is here , and she 's pretty nervous to meet him . +e : qu@@ ack , qu@@ ack , qu@@ ack . +sw : you are very special . what would you like to say to all these nice people ? +and on one particular day , the cam@@ pers were jum@@ ping through inner tu@@ bes , they were di@@ ving through inner tu@@ bes . and i thought this would be great fun . +i started see@@ king out tri@@ ath@@ le@@ tes because i found that li@@ fel@@ ong swi@@ mm@@ ers often couldn 't teach what they did . +the head is held in line with the sp@@ ine , so that you use strate@@ gic water pressure to raise your legs up -- very important , especially for people with lower body fat . +so i thought why not pun@@ ish myself ? i 'll do japanese . +and that set me on this pan@@ ic driven search for the perfect language method . +and so i ended up walking like this . +i intervie@@ wed these people because they all taught in bu@@ en@@ os air@@ es . +that 's just one benefit of that . +what i want to talk about today is one idea . +now not surpris@@ ingly , that influ@@ enced some people to think we were onto something . +ge@@ off mul@@ gan : a short in@@ tr@@ o to the studio school +and the phili@@ st@@ ine who is sent down , their mi@@ gh@@ ty war@@ ri@@ or , is a giant . +so david , in that story , is supposed to be the under@@ dog , right ? +if you go back over the history of ancient war@@ f@@ are , you will find time and time again that sl@@ ing@@ ers were the decisi@@ ve factor against in@@ fan@@ try in one kind of battle or another . +and then there 's this whole weird thing about how long it takes go@@ li@@ ath to re@@ act to the sight of david . +and that would also explain so much of what was strange about his behavior that day . +and something fe@@ ster@@ ed inside me after this happened . +we have millions of genes of micro@@ bes in our human micro@@ bi@@ ome co@@ vering us . +and so , these studies have docum@@ ented or suggest@@ ed out of a variety of important fun@@ ctions for the micro@@ bi@@ al community , this cloud , the non-@@ pa@@ tho@@ gens that live in and on us . +we should treat it carefully and with respect , and we do not want to m@@ ess with it , say by c@@ -@@ se@@ ctions or by antibio@@ tics or exc@@ essi@@ ve cle@@ an@@ lin@@ ess , without some real good justi@@ fication . +and that 's what we 're doing . so wikipedia -- you just saw the little demon@@ stration of it -- it 's a fre@@ ely licen@@ sed en@@ cy@@ clo@@ pedia . it 's written by thousands of volunte@@ ers all over the world in many , many languages . +and he 's only been our employe@@ e since janu@@ ary 2005 , all the other growth before that . +the media has covered this some@@ what exten@@ si@@ vely . +we should mer@@ ely report on what repu@@ table par@@ ties have said about it . +these are the people who are doing the bul@@ k of the site , and they are , in a sense , se@@ mi@@ -@@ profession@@ als at what they 're doing , that the standards we set for ourselves are equal to or higher than professional standards of quality . +so somebody says , " d@@ ele@@ te it , please . d@@ ele@@ te it -- it 's not not@@ able . " +and i also like to say she 's the only person who actually knows all the rules of wikipedia , so ... +ben sa@@ under@@ s : yeah , hi , ben sa@@ under@@ s . +i and my colleagues art ar@@ on and lu@@ cy brown and others , have put 3@@ 7 people who are ma@@ dly in love into a func@@ tional mr@@ i brain scan@@ ner . +almost nobody gets out of love alive . +we found activity in a tiny , little factory near the base of the brain called the vent@@ ral te@@ g@@ mental area . +two thousand years later , we can explain this in the brain . +i 've also come to believe that roman@@ tic love is an addi@@ ction : a perfectly wonderful addi@@ ction when it 's going well , and a perfectly horri@@ ble addi@@ ction when it 's going poor@@ ly . +our ne@@ west experiment has been hat@@ ched by my collea@@ gue , art ar@@ on -- putting people who are repor@@ ting that they are still in love , in a long-term relationship , into the func@@ tional mr@@ i . +so , i will close with this . these are my older people . +i 'm not quite sure . +three : sin@@ e@@ w used in the ou@@ ter layer of the lim@@ b for ma@@ x@@ im@@ um ten@@ sion stor@@ age . +d@@ ong wo@@ o j@@ ang : the art of bo@@ w-@@ making +and like all the dolph@@ ins in our community , we photograph@@ ed mu@@ gs@@ y and tra@@ cked her little spo@@ ts and ni@@ cks in her dor@@ sal f@@ in , and also the unique spot patterns as she ma@@ tured over time . +and they use these bur@@ st-@@ pul@@ sed sounds as well as their head@@ -@@ to-@@ head behaviors when they 're fighting . +this under@@ water key@@ board in or@@ land@@ o , florida , at the ep@@ co@@ t center , was actually the most sophisti@@ cated ever two-@@ way interface designed for humans and dolph@@ ins to work together under the water and exchange information . +the di@@ ver here has a rop@@ e to@@ y , and i 'm on the key@@ board on the left , and i 've just played the rop@@ e key , and that 's the requ@@ est for the to@@ y from the human . +the dolph@@ in 's at the key@@ board . +den@@ ise her@@ zing : could we speak the language of dolph@@ ins ? +it 's based on an ar@@ gent@@ ini@@ an rhyth@@ m called " car@@ ni@@ v@@ ali@@ to . " +comm@@ ent@@ ator : there he is . +so the idea was , okay , keep that feeling of freedom , but change the v@@ ec@@ tor and increase the time . +because this is -- i 'm quite an experienced man@@ ager of systems as a pilot , but this is really -- you need flu@@ i@@ di@@ ty , you need to be agi@@ le and also to ada@@ pt really fast . +so i did try to take , again , a clim@@ b al@@ titude . +with that , i have to ada@@ pt to something new . +y@@ r : i have a standard answer . +i bet those pre@@ histor@@ ic ca@@ ve artists would have loved to know how to draw better . +wor@@ r@@ y@@ ingly , there is no con@@ sen@@ su@@ s about what it is . +we don 't see those nuclear re@@ actions in stars . +so we percei@@ ve nothing as what it really is . +why a marriage contra@@ ct and not any other reason for regular an@@ nu@@ al action ? +it 's the basic regul@@ ating principle of the en@@ ligh@@ ten@@ ment . +so this little slide here shows you an op@@ tom@@ e@@ tr@@ ist and the little blue person represents about 10,000 people and that 's the ra@@ ti@@ o in the u.@@ k . +i have a global vision for vision . +i have to say , it wasn 't exactly what i had in mind for my first day down under . +so , the new festi@@ val , it as@@ ks the audience to play an essential role in sha@@ ping the performance . +case in point : when " the su@@ l@@ tan 's eleph@@ ant " came to london just nine months after 7 / 7 , a lon@@ don@@ er wrote , " for the first time since the london bom@@ b@@ ings , my daughter called up with that spar@@ kle back in her voice . +[ " acade@@ my a@@ ward w@@ inner for visual effects " ] second doctor : wel@@ come to your new body , ja@@ ke@@ .@@ first doctor : good . +and what these images are -- you 'll see them at the start of the slide show -- there 's only about four images -- but it 's of a little bear that lives in the great bear rain@@ forest . +after a while of reading this in the news , it just becomes news . +but unfortunately , 95 percent of the gl@@ aci@@ ers in the arc@@ tic are also re@@ ce@@ ding right now to the point that the ice is en@@ ding up on land and not inje@@ cting any ice back into the ecosystem . +after an hour in these conditions , it 's so extreme that , when i go down , almost every di@@ ve i v@@ om@@ it into my regul@@ ator because my body can 't deal with the stress of the cold on my head . +when i 'm on my de@@ ath@@ bed , i 'm going to remember one story more than any other . +it just sees this big ballo@@ on in the ocean -- it doesn 't have hands -- it 's going to take a little bi@@ te , the boat po@@ ps , and off they go . +i put my fli@@ p@@ pers on . i could bar@@ ely part my li@@ ps . +this just didn 't happen a couple of times . +it 's a story that lives deep in my heart , and i 'm proud to share this with you . +now that you 're done looking at those , close them down , because every phone has something in common . +now , instead of doing it like mis@@ direction and thro@@ wing it off to the side , instead , what i choose to focus on is frank , to be able to play with the frank inside your head , your little security gu@@ ard , and get you , instead of foc@@ using on your ex@@ ternal senses , just to go intern@@ al for a second . +do you have a wal@@ let on you ? joe : i don 't . +open your hand . thank you very much . +i 'm going to try to push it inside your hand . +down here i noticed this . is this something of y@@ ours , sir ? +never have been . +we did not imagine that there would be this many maps around the world . +could we le@@ verage these technologies to switch smar@@ tly whenever you travel from country to country ? +and the local finan@@ cing is not part of the ecosystem for suppor@@ ting hard@@ ware projects . +we need to look for something else , and we 've gotten ourselves a little bit into a ru@@ t . +this last project is also of components . +you can actually predict what kinds of books they like to read , what kinds of places they like to travel to , and what kinds of food they like to eat . +and by the matri@@ x , i mean literally the matri@@ x , like the movie " the matri@@ x . " +it gives us very strong feelings about those who cause har@@ m . +i think this is what we come with , at least a prepar@@ e@@ dness to learn all of these things . +notice also that on all of these graph@@ s , the slo@@ pe is ste@@ e@@ per on in-@@ group , auth@@ ority , pu@@ ri@@ ty . +so this tri@@ p@@ ty@@ ch , these three pan@@ els portra@@ y the ti@@ mel@@ ess truth that order ten@@ ds to deca@@ y . +because i think that the greatest wonder in the world is not the grand c@@ any@@ on . +they want order , even at some cost to those at the bottom . +can you be not for or against anything ? +what i want to talk to you about today is some of the problems that the military of the western world -- australia , united states , u.k. and so on -- face in some of the de@@ plo@@ y@@ ments that they 're dealing with in the modern world at this time . +so again , they would say , " well if we have access to non-@@ le@@ th@@ al weapons , if we 've got someone we know is ho@@ sti@@ le , we can do something to deal with them and know that if we hit anyone else around the place , at least , again , we 're not going to kill them . " +they generally seem to think , " well , why would we care what 's happened with the police ? +so the next two years were the years they studied -- 2001 , 200@@ 2 . +it was used in@@ dis@@ crimin@@ ately . +in fact , he was probably six in@@ ches t@@ aller than me , and she was about this t@@ all . +they 're trained to be more re@@ stra@@ ined in the use of force than the military are . +and the question he had is , " can i do it ? can it be done ? " +we have art students getting together , taking old radi@@ ator parts and doing an ir@@ on-@@ po@@ ur to make something new out of it . +they 're a bit sub@@ ver@@ sive in what they do . +and then he didn 't particularly like school that much , but he got involved in robo@@ tics competi@@ tions , and he realized he had a talent , and , more importantly , he had a real passion for it . +now that could be a dog door , it could be someone going somewhere where they shouldn 't , like a little brother into a little sister 's room . +this is steve wo@@ z@@ ni@@ ak . where does he learn about computers ? +and dre@@ w bar@@ r@@ y@@ more , for all her wonderful char@@ m , is not glam@@ or@@ ous either . +and this is he@@ dy lam@@ ar@@ r . +this is fi@@ li@@ pp@@ in@@ o li@@ pp@@ i 's 15@@ 4@@ 3 portra@@ it of sa@@ int apo@@ ll@@ on@@ ia . +so you can do a glam@@ ori@@ zed picture of a car , but you can 't do a glam@@ ori@@ zed picture of traffic . +the sense of , you know , life could be better , i could join this -- i could be a perfect person , i could join this perfect world . +so , this s@@ ession 's supposed to be about p@@ ure pleasure but glamour 's really par@@ tly about meaning . +it was cri@@ ti@@ ci@@ zed for glam@@ ori@@ zing violence , because , look -- sun@@ glas@@ ses and those long co@@ ats , and , of course , they could walk up walls and do all these kinds of things that are impossible in the real world . +so she 's even more glam@@ or@@ ous if you know that she really wasn 't stupid , even though she thought she could look stupid . +it was a way of lo@@ c@@ ating myself . +oh sure , sure , i had moments of appreci@@ ation of my body , the way an ab@@ u@@ sive par@@ ent can sometimes have a moment of kin@@ dness . +i heard about a little girl who couldn 't stop pe@@ eing on her@@ self because so many grown soldiers had sho@@ ved themselves inside her . +and the fire that bur@@ ned in me on day three through six of chem@@ o is the fire that is burning in the fore@@ sts of the world . +it was the hon@@ ey in the water that made it swe@@ et , it was the oil that made it sick . +it was all these things . +obviously the whole project here is huge . +and i@@ van puts his sandwi@@ ch over here , on top of the pi@@ rate ch@@ est . +which sandwi@@ ch is he going to take ? +no , because the wind should get in trouble . +now she thinks the po@@ w@@ der is sugar . +okay , so it causes a small invol@@ un@@ t@@ ary contra@@ ction in my hand by putting a magnetic pul@@ se in my brain . +so , there 's a couple of things to say about t@@ ms . +that 's a great answer . re@@ bec@@ ca sa@@ x@@ e , thank you very much . that was fantastic . +and sometimes it takes a wa@@ ke@@ -up call , doesn 't it , to al@@ ert us to the fact that we 're hur@@ rying through our lives , instead of actually living them ; that we 're living the fast life , instead of the good life . +but i think if you cut through those forces , you get to what might be the deeper driver , the nu@@ b of the question , which is how we think about time itself . +and in this , to@@ w@@ ns begin to re@@ think how they organi@@ ze the urban landscape , so that people are encoura@@ ged to slow down and smell the ro@@ ses and connect with one another . +and nor@@ way , swe@@ den , den@@ mark and fin@@ land now r@@ ank among the top six most competi@@ tive nations on earth , and they work the kind of hours that would make the average american we@@ ep with en@@ vy . +i think there 's a kind of meta@@ physical dimension -- that speed becomes a way of w@@ all@@ ing ourselves off from the bigger , deeper questions . +i no longer hear time 's win@@ ged ch@@ ari@@ ot drawing near , or at least not as much as i did before . +how do you discover the uni@@ qu@@ eness of a project as unique as a person ? +and when there were com@@ pla@@ in@@ ts about budget , i said , " well , it 's worth doing the island because you get twice for your money : refle@@ ctions . " +and i went down and ch@@ ie@@ f minister b@@ ad@@ al said to me , " we si@@ k@@ h@@ s have suff@@ ered a great deal , as you have je@@ ws . +and again , i felt kind of un@@ comfortable with the notion that a building the size of the washington building -- 5@@ 0,000 square feet -- will sit on that fra@@ gi@@ le h@@ ill and that we will go into g@@ aller@@ ies -- rooms with do@@ ors and sort of familiar rooms -- to tell the story of the h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st . +studies for the structure of the roof , which dem@@ ands maybe new materials : how to make it white , how to make it trans@@ lu@@ cent , how to make it glo@@ wing , how to make it not cap@@ ri@@ cious . +so i think i 'm going to start with what i just heard . +so i 'm going to show you , we 're going to play just for a second . +well we 're ja@@ zz musi@@ cians , so stere@@ ot@@ yp@@ ically we don 't have a great relationship to fin@@ ance . +na@@ ma@@ ste . sal@@ a@@ am . +i have come from a place of inten@@ se dar@@ k@@ ness . +actually , i come from britain , but i 've been living in mal@@ di@@ ves for 26 years now . +it comes off the ocean here and is dra@@ wn up towards india . +now , the particular species of dra@@ gon@@ fly i want to talk about is this one , because most dra@@ gon@@ flies , like the one we 've just seen , when the adult is there for its brief one or two months of life , it doesn 't go very far . it can 't travel very far . +and i didn 't think anything more of it until the following year , when it happened again , and then the year after that , and then the year after that . +you 're too ke@@ en . you 're too ke@@ en . no . hang on . hang on . +it stre@@ t@@ ches about 500 miles , of course it 's india here . +that 's the inter@@ -@@ mon@@ soon , the time when the mon@@ soon changes . +the lar@@ va@@ e have to develop very quickly . +and the dra@@ gon@@ flies are there . i have repor@@ ts from my various cont@@ acts . +and i only st@@ um@@ bled on this because i was living in mal@@ é , in mal@@ di@@ ves for long enough for it to per@@ col@@ ate into my brain that something rather special was going on . +and they are not the only one that makes the cros@@ sing . +so , that 's what i 've done with my life . +cham@@ pi@@ on sounds so goo@@ fy , but it 's what it was , right ? +and this one , look how it sli@@ des si@@ de@@ ways , every which way ? +this one , a little sk@@ et@@ ch@@ y going back@@ wards , and watch the back foot , watch the back foot . +and they 're not all bad . +next . and this is something deeper , and this is where i 'm — i think i was on tour when i , i was reading one of the fe@@ yn@@ man bi@@ ogra@@ phi@@ es . it was the red one or the blue one . +and so many people , i guess , watch those videos . +but car@@ l norden is really the one who cra@@ cks the code . +so in the years leading up to the second world war , the u.s. military bu@@ ys 9@@ 0,000 of these norden bom@@ b@@ si@@ ghts at a cost of $ 14@@ ,000 each -- again , in 19@@ 40 dollars , that 's a lot of money . +well how many clou@@ d@@ less sk@@ ies do you think there were above central europe between 19@@ 40 and 19@@ 45 ? +and their mission was to find and to destro@@ y -- remember the sc@@ u@@ d mis@@ si@@ le laun@@ chers , those sur@@ fac@@ e-@@ to-@@ air mis@@ si@@ les that the ira@@ q@@ is were laun@@ ching at the isra@@ eli@@ s ? +in that ex@@ act same period that we 've been using these dr@@ ones with de@@ va@@ stat@@ ing accu@@ ra@@ cy , the number of attac@@ ks , of su@@ i@@ cide attac@@ ks and terror@@ ist attac@@ ks , against american forces in afghanistan has increas@@ ed ten@@ fold . +and vis@@ iting some pretty incredible places , places like mon@@ go@@ li@@ a , cam@@ bo@@ dia , new gu@@ ine@@ a , south africa , tanz@@ ania twice -- i was here a month ago . +but that 's not really the question i 'm asking . +but looking around the world at the diversity of humans , he said , " well , you know , we seem to come in dis@@ cre@@ et sub-@@ species or categ@@ ories . " +and the whole thing , if you add it all together , is over six billion nu@@ cle@@ o@@ ti@@ des long . +and what that means is that we origin@@ ated in africa . it 's written in our dna . +now , africa is the most tro@@ pic@@ al continent on the planet -- about 85 percent of it lies between cancer and cap@@ ri@@ cor@@ n -- and there aren 't a lot of gl@@ aci@@ ers here , except on the high mountains here in east africa . +we became much more social . the social networks exp@@ and@@ ed . +and it 's based on a few thousand people we 've sam@@ pl@@ ed from , you know , a hand@@ ful of popu@@ lations around the world . +projects around the world -- docum@@ enting oral poetry in si@@ er@@ ra le@@ one , preser@@ ving traditional wea@@ ving patterns in ga@@ za , language re@@ vi@@ tali@@ zation in ta@@ ji@@ ki@@ stan , etc . , etc . +well , the answer seems to be , the universe can create complexity , but with great diffic@@ ul@@ ty . +and at first , it 's just a blu@@ r , but very quickly distin@@ ct things begin to appear in that blu@@ r . +stars will create the gol@@ di@@ lo@@ cks conditions for cros@@ sing two new th@@ res@@ hol@@ ds . +you also need a great diversity of chemical elements , and you need liquid such as water . +as it cop@@ ies itself , once in every billion r@@ ung@@ s , there ten@@ ds to be an er@@ ror . +we are bl@@ essed with a language , a system of communication , so powerful and so pre@@ cise that we can share what we 've learned with such pre@@ c@@ ision that it can accu@@ mu@@ late in the collective memory . +collective learning is a very , very powerful force , and it 's not clear that we humans are in charge of it . +and then they bl@@ ame the ban@@ ks for being the bad guys who gave them the mor@@ t@@ g@@ ages . +low-@@ income people spend a lot more than a thousand on lot@@ ter@@ ies . +take out those who say they save too little . +or as some econom@@ ists call it , present bi@@ as . +what are the impli@@ cations to saving lives and having organs available ? +it 's very pain@@ ful , even though it doesn 't mean anything . +maybe we should make people save more when they make more money . +if you 're thinking about people taking too much risk and not understanding how much risk they 're taking or taking too little risk , we need to think about that . +it 's completely fu@@ cked up and can only be expla@@ ined in song . +you 're live . +have a great s@@ ession . +when i go out to direct a film , every day we pre@@ p@@ are too much , we think too much . +and i say , " cate , what do you want to do ? " +so , how far does e@@ ter@@ ni@@ ty go ? +we tell ourselves stories . +because she fell in love with wal@@ ter r@@ al@@ ei@@ gh , she was giving up the reasons she was a queen , and then wal@@ ter r@@ al@@ ei@@ gh fell in love with her lady in waiting , and she had to decide whether she was a queen going to war or she wanted ... +eli@@ z@@ ab@@ eth : bes@@ s ? +eli@@ z@@ ab@@ eth : this man has se@@ duced a ward of the queen , and she has married without ro@@ y@@ al con@@ sent . +so how do i start all this ? +they su@@ ck up all the water , keep to themselves , and they dri@@ p feed the lower city . +it is fin@@ ite ; harmon@@ y is infin@@ ite . +i met a guy -- the guy on the left . +we needed to be working on bee@@ f . +this is where we stand today . +we need to use less to make more . +they may have a lot of opini@@ ons about it , but they 're not going to be terri@@ bly in@@ formed . +are we going to work with 1.@@ 5 billion produ@@ cers ? +we need change even working with individual companies is not probably going to get us there . +we 're using whatever le@@ verage we have to bring them to the table . +it 's more with less and less again . +i am a neuro@@ scientist with a mix@@ ed background in physics and medicine . +and i promise to you , this was such an important moment in my career , when i realized that the great leader believed in young people and new ideas . +let me sum@@ mar@@ ize : the rat received a paraly@@ zing les@@ i@@ on of the spin@@ al cor@@ d . +they are the result of a young team of very tal@@ ented people : physical therap@@ ists , neuro@@ bi@@ ologists , neuro@@ surge@@ ons , engineers of all kinds , who have achie@@ ved together what would have been impossible by single individuals . +a spin@@ al cor@@ d in@@ j@@ ury can se@@ ver the communication between your brain and your body , leading to paraly@@ sis . fresh from his lab , gr@@ é@@ go@@ ire cour@@ t@@ ine shows a new method -- combin@@ ing drugs , electrical stimu@@ lation and a robot -- that could re-@@ a@@ wa@@ ken the neu@@ ral path@@ ways and help the body learn again to move on its own . see how it works , as a paraly@@ zed rat becomes able to run and navi@@ gate sta@@ irs . +i am an example of what 's possible when girls from the very beginning of their lives are loved and nur@@ tured by the people around them . +and i think about that today because i am remin@@ ded and convinced that all of you in this school are very important parts of clo@@ sing that gap . +i loved getting as . +because the world is big . +sum@@ mer@@ time and the living is easy fish are jum@@ ping and the c@@ ot@@ ton is high oh , your da@@ d@@ dy 's rich and your ma is goo@@ d-@@ looking so hus@@ h little baby don 't you c@@ ry and i opened my eyes , and i saw that she had her eyes closed . +" the human voice : myster@@ i@@ ous , spon@@ tane@@ ous , pri@@ mal . " with these words , sop@@ ran@@ o c@@ lar@@ on mc@@ fa@@ dden invi@@ tes us to explore the myster@@ ies of brea@@ thing and sing@@ ing , as she per@@ forms the challen@@ ging " ari@@ a , " by john c@@ age . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +no ce@@ o , no fir@@ m responsible , sing@@ ly , for building it . +instead , again , it is as if we are all sitting together in a theater , but we can only see am@@ i@@ d@@ st the fo@@ g the people immediately around us . +how did this happen ? +i am not making this up . +and wikipedia has embra@@ ced this . +but then , you can see the same kind of wh@@ im@@ sy applied to people . +here is the ch@@ art of over 4@@ 3 people helping to ste@@ er the robot that could not ste@@ er and get it on its way , from one corner from one corner of washington square park to another . +radical open@@ ness is still a dist@@ ant future in the field of school education . +in red , sort of below o@@ ec@@ d average . +spending per student only explains about , well , less than 20 percent of the performance vari@@ ation among countries , and lux@@ em@@ b@@ our@@ g , for example , the most expensive system , doesn 't do particularly well . +germany , my own country , in the year 2000 , fe@@ at@@ u@@ red in the lower quad@@ rant , below average performance , large social dis@@ par@@ i@@ ties . +it didn 't change its economy . it didn 't change the com@@ posi@@ tions of its population . +high per@@ form@@ ers on p@@ is@@ a embra@@ ce diversity with differ@@ enti@@ ated pe@@ da@@ go@@ gical practic@@ es . +every school succe@@ e@@ ds . +rich countries have been sending aid to poor countries for the last 60 years . +there could be all sorts of technologies . and one is cell phones . +so i started looking for any evidence that -- does connec@@ tivity really increase produ@@ c@@ tivity ? +and one of them is the l@@ ac@@ king buying power . +and anyway , to cut the time short -- so i started -- i first went to them and said , " you know , perhaps i could connect all your bran@@ ches and make you more efficient . " +now , about that co@@ w model i talked about . +" poor countries need aid . " +in swe@@ den we read it once and then we went part@@ ying . +18@@ 5@@ 8 in china was the vic@@ tory in the op@@ ium war by the british forces . +but really , really natural so@@ ver@@ eig@@ n@@ ty was good for japan . +this is the great lea@@ p forward , when china fell down . +you see this enormous ine@@ qu@@ ity in china , in the mid@@ st of fast economic growth . +i will show income per person on this axis instead , poor down here , rich up there . +but the real proje@@ ctions for those ones , i would like to give it like this . +for most of my research career , i 've been using acceler@@ ators , such as the electr@@ on acceler@@ ator at stanford university , just up the road , to study things on the small@@ est scale . +in fact , this galaxy and every other galaxy appe@@ ars to be em@@ bed@@ ded in a cloud of this invisible dark matter . +now , how do we de@@ du@@ ce where the galaxy is ? +we call this gravi@@ ta@@ tional len@@ sing . +and also , you can tell by eye , by looking at this , that these ar@@ cs are not cen@@ ter@@ ed on individual galaxies . +the star@@ t@@ ling answer to this question , ok , from these experiments , was that space is exp@@ and@@ ing at a faster rate today than it was a few billion years ago , ok . +one or both , who knows ? or it could be something completely different . +we discovered blu@@ e@@ gr@@ ass a few years ago , and we fell in love with it . we hope you guys will too . +and what was so sad about this particular story was that once their parents had found out -- and don 't forget , their parents took them to the doctor -- the parents thre@@ w them out on the street . +they squ@@ ir@@ t them at each other , which is lo@@ vely and inno@@ cent . +if you know something more , you probably know that uganda , to date , is the only country in sub-@@ sahar@@ an africa that has had success in com@@ b@@ ating the epidemic . +we didn 't see anything like that in africa . +so one way to test to see whether we can explain some of this behavior change by differences in life expec@@ tan@@ cy is to look and see is there more behavior change in areas where there 's less malaria . +it 's not the only place we had any interven@@ tions . +but since there are very few other diseases that kill people , we can really at@@ tribu@@ te that mortality to hiv . +and hiv is actually particularly clo@@ sely lin@@ ked to trans@@ it . +their ex@@ por@@ ts went down a lot in the early 199@@ 0s -- and actually that dec@@ line lines up really , really clo@@ sely with this dec@@ line in new hiv infe@@ ctions . +if i could reve@@ al anything that is hidden from us , at least in modern cultures , it would be to reve@@ al something that we 've for@@ gotten , that we used to know as well as we knew our own names . +and he came up to me and he kno@@ cked . +so the engineer 's bo@@ ss said , " find a way to quie@@ t this train . " +and those bu@@ mp@@ s act like a mag@@ net for water . +and then we wonder why the mem@@ bran@@ e clo@@ gs and why it takes so much electricity . +em@@ bed@@ ding nan@@ op@@ artic@@ les in a material for instance , always . +at bi@@ om@@ i@@ mi@@ c@@ ry gu@@ il@@ d , which is my consu@@ l@@ ting company , we work with ho@@ k architec@@ ts . +and hopefully , with their help , we 'll learn how to live on this earth , and on this home that is ours , but not ours alone . +i go , " why ? " +they bel@@ on@@ ged to boys . +if they 're bad , they 're your creation . learn from it . +what you see , if you see the ti@@ tle called " p@@ m 's car held . " +i said , " do you pra@@ y ? " +i want to show you some moments of history in my journey , which probably you would never ever get to see anywhere in the world . +and you see , everybody 's bus@@ y . there was no time to waste . +text : " help ! i 've been waiting for over 20 minutes , and nothing happens . " +so let me explain how this works . +and basically , since we rele@@ ased it about three or four years ago , a lot of web@@ sites have started swi@@ t@@ ching from the old cap@@ t@@ ch@@ a where people wa@@ sted their time to the new cap@@ t@@ ch@@ a where people are helping to di@@ gi@@ ti@@ ze books . +imagine you 're using the internet and you see a cap@@ t@@ ch@@ a that you think is some@@ what pe@@ cu@@ li@@ ar , like this cap@@ t@@ ch@@ a . +okay , that 's sever@@ in ha@@ cker . +so i 'll just let you read . +so i don 't even know if there exists 100 million people out there using the web who are bil@@ ing@@ ual enough to help us trans@@ late . +people really can learn a language with it . +that 's the current business model . +instead of invest@@ ing in a car , we invest in a community . +this pe@@ ers , in@@ c. concept is in a very difficult and complex real@@ m . +so this was a trick to get these two sides . +and i can tell you two great stories . +we live longer . we have access to technology that would have seemed like science fi@@ ction just a few years ago . +maybe these people are right . maybe min@@ d-@@ wander@@ ing is a bad thing . +a few minutes ago , i li@@ ken@@ ed min@@ d-@@ wander@@ ing to a s@@ lot machine you 'd never want to play . +and shor@@ tly after , we left the country , and we re@@ turned to swi@@ tz@@ er@@ land . +i mean , today , sing@@ apo@@ re is a first world country and ghana is not . +so when the ech@@ o of the g@@ uns@@ h@@ ots had l@@ ing@@ ered , it was soon dro@@ w@@ ned by the chan@@ ting of the mo@@ b , and i didn 't believe what i was hearing . +now i have learned that my place is not just in the west or in africa , and i 'm still se@@ arch@@ ing for my identity , but i saw ghana create democracy better . +so i 'm going to talk a little bit about that , and what exactly is it that scientists are supposed to do . +so therefore the church said that you can 't make a vac@@ u@@ um , you know . +the actual nature of reality was not at issue . +and , i mean , everybody in this room -- now , this is 3@@ 50 short years ago . +i was thinking about making my own little rock@@ ets . +it bur@@ ned kind of slow , but it made a nice smell , compared to other ro@@ cket fu@@ els i had tried , that all had su@@ l@@ fu@@ r in them . +but that ... process is what i think of as science , see , where you start with some idea , and then instead of , like , looking up , every auth@@ ority that you 've ever heard of i -- sometimes you do that , if you 're going to write a paper later , you want to figure out who else has worked on it . +they made all kinds of -- and then finally one giant bom@@ b to end the whole thing , right ? +but nobody actually demon@@ strated it , right ? +you know , if they said , you know what ? +and in grad school i became interested in creatures that d@@ well in the hidden cor@@ ners of the city . +when i got comfortable in the space , it also felt like a big play@@ ground . +it must have been a very unusual day for him . +they were consi@@ st@@ ently du@@ g as li@@ me@@ stone quar@@ ries and by the 18@@ th century , the ca@@ v@@ ing-@@ in of some of these quar@@ ries posed safety thre@@ ats , so the government or@@ dered rein@@ for@@ cing of the exi@@ sting quar@@ ries and du@@ g new obser@@ vation tun@@ n@@ els in order to monit@@ or and map the whole place . +and this is the first theater project i worked on . +and if you can , just scri@@ b@@ ble a pattern . +and when we gave them a battery , and a piece of wire , and a bul@@ b , and said , " can you do it ? " they couldn 't do it . right ? +between australia and here , right , they 've got summer and we 've got winter , and what -- does the earth kind of rus@@ h towards the sun at night , and then rus@@ h back again ? i mean , it 's a very strange thing going on , and we hold these two models in our head , of what 's right and what isn 't right , and we do that , as human beings , in all sorts of fields . +so , children are not empty ves@@ sel@@ s , ok ? +now -- oh , oh yeah , go on then , go on . +so when i thought about it , then suddenly i realized that biology gave us the answer . +so as a chem@@ ist , i wanted to say , " hang on . what is going on here ? +you have regu@@ lation ; information is tran@@ scri@@ bed ; cat@@ aly@@ sts are made ; stuff is happening . +so there are two op@@ tions : intelligent design , direct and indi@@ rect -- so god , or my friend . +i need some information , and i need a contain@@ er . +if we manage to do that , forget the molecular detail . +you 're sitting on cha@@ irs . +because the thing is , we are so ch@@ au@@ v@@ ini@@ stic to biology , if you take away carbon , there 's other things that can happen . +and i will take kenya as an example . +have got these sur@@ ve@@ ys in place in their dat@@ ab@@ ase , then they use advanced mathematical for@@ mul@@ as to produce a trend line , and the trend line looks like this . +so what i 'm telling you is that we know the child mortality . +here we have [ the ] year . +my ancestors moved to the united states . +here we have a problem . +and look now , the first african countries here are coming in . +that is , when we get girls in school , we 'll get an impact 15 to 20 years later , which is a se@@ cular trend which is very strong . +and if they do so , then , of course , the conditions improve , and they start ri@@ ding on s@@ co@@ ot@@ ers . +of course , as soon as you say something like this people say it is impossible , and that 's what was said by su@@ zu@@ ki . +broke many nor@@ ms of the standard conven@@ tions for the first time . +and nan@@ o was , bang , 2,000 dollars . +you have to design an artificial foot for such conditions . +we 've talked about mo@@ bility and the rest of it , let 's talk about health . +you know something ? this has been achie@@ ved in india . +sorry , it doesn 't work . you have to give it for 100 dollars , 200 dollars . +ladies and gentle@@ men , i 'd like to end before time . +when the paper bur@@ ned , for some reason he turned to me , and he said , " ma@@ shel@@ k@@ ar , like this , if you do not diff@@ use your energi@@ es , if you focus your energi@@ es , you can achieve anything in the world . " +i 'd like to share a couple with you today . +so we 're getting feedback from teachers at the school to see what kind of app@@ s they 'd like . +and i realized that i had hit upon something that i think has this huge potential to change the world . +and the reason the effici@@ en@@ cies are so low is these re@@ ac@@ tors operate at pretty low temperature . +the fuel , like i said , is cer@@ am@@ ic inside zir@@ con@@ ium fuel ro@@ ds , and in the event of an accident in one of these type of re@@ ac@@ tors , fu@@ kus@@ hi@@ ma and three mile island -- looking back at three mile island , we didn 't really see this for a while — but these zir@@ con@@ ium cla@@ dd@@ ings on these fuel ro@@ ds , what happens is , when they see high pressure water , ste@@ am , in an o@@ xi@@ di@@ zing environment , they 'll actually produce hydro@@ gen , and that hydro@@ gen has this explo@@ sive cap@@ ability to rele@@ ase fis@@ sion products . +everybody was really excited about curi@@ osity , and that had this big plu@@ ton@@ ium battery on board that has plu@@ ton@@ i@@ um@@ -@@ 2@@ 3@@ 8 , which actually has a higher specific activity than the low-@@ en@@ rich@@ ed ur@@ ani@@ um fuel of these mol@@ ten s@@ alt re@@ ac@@ tors , which means that the effects would be ne@@ gli@@ gi@@ ble , because you laun@@ ch it cold , and when it gets into space is where you actually activ@@ ate this re@@ actor . +so , we moved from an industrial economy to a ser@@ vi@@ ce-@@ based economy . +so much has that happened that i 've developed a fairly pra@@ tic@@ ed response , which is : i point out that first of all , you have to understand that there is no such thing as an in@@ authenti@@ c experience . +ren@@ der@@ ing auth@@ en@@ tic@@ ity -- and the key@@ word is " ren@@ der@@ ing . " +fact is , there 's a general rule : if you don 't like it , it 's fa@@ ke ; if you do like it , it 's fau@@ x . +the ab@@ c network , affec@@ tion@@ ately known in the trade as the t & amp ; a network , right -- that 's not too much j@@ ar@@ g@@ on , is it ? +let me sum@@ mar@@ ize it , for the business people in the audience , with three rules , three basic rules . +i was also very interested in perhaps going into surgery and becoming a surge@@ on , because it meant working with my hands in a very focused , inten@@ se way . +that 's about that big . +so , it 's sort of related , but you can see it 's much more over@@ tly ero@@ tic . +but i had a lot of fun . +and your entire body , everything -- your hair , skin , bone , na@@ ils -- everything is made of col@@ lagen . +the mar@@ vel of this information : how do we actually have this biological mechan@@ ism inside our body to actually see this information ? +ima@@ ge-@@ maker alex@@ ander t@@ si@@ ar@@ as shares a powerful medical visu@@ alization , showing human development from con@@ ception to birth and beyond . +because they thought that if you are having a telescop@@ e , you are an astronom@@ er so what you are doing is actually looking in a telescop@@ e . +and we have a cool atmosphere . +this was considered as first evidence that actually black holes come from super@@ no@@ va@@ e explo@@ sions . +and this is related to the change of the frequ@@ ency of a moving source . +it 's very tough . it 's very tough . +there can be different ways doing this . +and i thought , " well , what 's the struggle ? " +and i 'm more of the , " life 's mess@@ y , clean it up , organi@@ ze it and put it into a ben@@ to box . " +the things i can tell you about it : it 's universal ; we all have it . +so what i did is i took all of the intervie@@ ws where i saw wor@@ thin@@ ess , where i saw people living that way , and just looked at those . +they thought this was fundamental . +and she said , " what 's the struggle ? " +no . +and then we are mis@@ er@@ able , and we are looking for purpose and meaning , and then we feel vulnerable , so then we have a couple of be@@ ers and a ban@@ ana nu@@ t mu@@ ff@@ in . +and when you hold those perfect little babies in your hand , our job is not to say , " look at her , she 's perfect . +after going to sleep at 12 : 45 a@@ .@@ m . +and ni@@ ke knows how to get your p@@ ace and distance from just that sen@@ sor . +g@@ ary wol@@ f : the quanti@@ fied self +so , the first set of path@@ ologi@@ es , they end up in the stick man on his ic@@ on , but the rest of them are really what 's important here . +those are things that are different for each m@@ .@@ s. patient . +all open , all available . +years after he 's had these drugs , i learned that everything he did to manage his ex@@ cess s@@ ali@@ va , including some positive side effects that came from other drugs , were making his con@@ sti@@ pa@@ tion worse . +so , this is what happened when p@@ n@@ as published this . +and then we say , " well how do we line them all up ? " +even the ones that believed they were getting better mat@@ ched the contro@@ ls exactly . exactly . +you look at the patients , you can dri@@ ll in all the contro@@ ls , you can look at them , you can ask them . +only 90 days after this , argu@@ ably the greatest discovery of the last century occur@@ red . +to change its state , by the way , takes two vol@@ ts from a milli@@ second pul@@ se . +we said , " could you build this ? " +it 's just wrong . +unfortunately , the answer is yes . +so if it 's a cell or a ter@@ mi@@ te or a bird , you just focus on the rules of interaction . +i think this is an interesting question . +so this means that , with each eur@@ o he invest@@ ed , he was able to move 26 euro@@ s of market value through the chain of ow@@ ner@@ ship rela@@ tions . +we hope to have opened the door for more such research in this direction , so the rema@@ ining un@@ known ter@@ rain will be char@@ ted in the future . +if we look at construction and manufacturing , there 's major in@@ effici@@ en@@ cies , energy consumption and exc@@ essi@@ ve labor techniques . +so we can study this as a physical , intui@@ tive model . +these are parts being prin@@ ted with multi-@@ material properties . +these are complex things built with complex parts that come together in complex ways . +now that was che@@ ating , because there was nothing in the world my sister would want more than not to be am@@ y the hurt five year-old little sister , but am@@ y the special un@@ ic@@ or@@ n . +now if you fall below the average on this cur@@ ve , then psych@@ ologists get thri@@ ll@@ ed , because that means you 're either depres@@ sed or you have a dis@@ order , or hopefully both . +suddenly , something that wasn 't even a possibility became a reality . +th@@ ur@@ s@@ day night is e@@ lic@@ it drug use . +you 're 3@@ 7 percent better at sal@@ es . +this was how computing began . +and because working in a store was so hard , i liked going to school ; it was like hea@@ ven . +i didn 't quite get it . and paul rand was a kind of cru@@ sty designer , you know , a cru@@ sty designer , like a good -- kind of like a good french bread ? +it la@@ sts forever . it 's a very strange medium . +on the computer , when you move your mouse , that ar@@ row moves around . +he went into a com@@ a . +i began to be very dis@@ interested in computers themselves , so i began to make pain@@ t@@ ings out of pal@@ mp@@ il@@ ots . +this i found , where nature had made a picture for me . +and so i realized it was o@@ .@@ k. to go . +but , in fact , most boys tend to be a certain way , and most girls tend to be a certain way . +video games are not the cause . +i want to write about a tor@@ na@@ do that comes into our house and blo@@ ws all the windows out and ru@@ ins all the fur@@ ni@@ ture and kill@@ s everybody . " +we have a serious com@@ pres@@ sion of the cur@@ ri@@ cul@@ um happening out there . +most of the edu@@ cational games that are out there today are really flas@@ h@@ cards . +they 're nervous about anything that has anything to do with violence because of the zero toler@@ ance poli@@ cies . +we will find a surprising and intri@@ gu@@ ing result about our universe , and to explain my point , let me first tell you what the hig@@ gs is about , and to do so , we have to go back to one tent@@ h of a billi@@ on@@ th of a second after the big bang . +is this a problem ? yes , it 's a big a problem . +more than how a phenomenon works , theore@@ tical physi@@ ci@@ sts are always interested in why a phenomenon works in the way it works . +i love paper , and i love technology , and what i do is i make paper inter@@ active . +so the challenge was to try and get them to do what we wanted them to do by listening to the weather , the lay of the land , and creating things that would let the she@@ ep flow and go where we wanted them to go . +it 's just a colle@@ ction of things that have been done before , but bringing them together in a different way . +so a couple of things i 've created are , there 's a poster over here that you can play dru@@ ms on . +so thank you very much . +you can walk away , you can just watch as this character stands there in the bl@@ ender and looks at you , or you can actually choose to interact with it . +but we haven 't yet gotten to the point where on your way here this morning you see something that really , truly se@@ am@@ less@@ ly integr@@ ates the two-@@ dimensional world that we 're comfortable in with the three-@@ dimensional sky above us -- that , i don 't know about you , but i really enjoy spending time in . +fortunately , ne@@ c@@ essi@@ ty rema@@ ins the mother of invention , and a lot of the design work that we 're the most proud of with the air@@ craft came out of solving the unique problems of operating it on the ground -- everything from a continu@@ ous@@ l@@ y-@@ vari@@ able trans@@ mission and li@@ qui@@ d-@@ based cool@@ ing system that allows us to use an air@@ craft engine in stop@@ -@@ and-@@ go traffic , to a custom@@ -@@ designed ge@@ ar@@ box that power@@ s either the prop@@ eller when you 're flying or the whe@@ els on the ground , to the auto@@ ma@@ ted w@@ ing-@@ fol@@ ding mechan@@ ism that we 'll see in a moment , to crash safety fe@@ atures . +and our test pilot gave us the best feedback you can get from a test pilot after a first flight , which was that it was " remark@@ ably un@@ remarkable . " +just fold up the wings and keep going . +now , here is another nai@@ ve adverti@@ sing man 's question again . +so he tried plan b . +tiny little behavi@@ oral economics detail : in it@@ al@@ y , pen@@ al@@ ty points go back@@ wards . +there is a basic view that real value invol@@ ves making things , invol@@ ves labor . it invol@@ ves engineering . +it ta@@ stes great within the bor@@ ders of that country , but absolute shi@@ te if you take it anywhere else . +vo@@ ic@@ e@@ over : new diam@@ ond sh@@ red@@ dies cer@@ e@@ al . +we need to spend more time appreci@@ ating what already exists , and less time ag@@ oni@@ zing over what else we can do . +it took me hours and hours a day to build my skills up to the next level . +we 're the ones who let the second repli@@ c@@ ator out of its box , and we can 't push it back in . +you see the idea ? +he talked mostly about animals and plants , but also about languages evol@@ ving and becoming extin@@ ct . +a me@@ me is not equivalent to an idea . +s@@ b : par@@ don ? +from the moment that our ancestors , perhaps two and a half million years ago or so , began im@@ it@@ ating , there was a new cop@@ ying process . +and we 're getting there . +the fra@@ ction of those which get a first repli@@ c@@ ator . +do you know , sitting here , your brain is using about 20 percent of your body 's energy out@@ put for two percent of your body weight ? +and why would they do that ? +it was 25 minutes of absolute ter@@ ror that thousands of people across the u.s. felt . +there is nothing here that we don 't know . +through haiti re@@ wired , through build change , architecture for humanity , ai@@ d@@ g , there is the possibility to reach out to 3@@ 0,000 -- 4@@ 0,000 ma@@ sons across the country and create a movement of pro@@ per building . +this is not just in he@@ bre@@ w , by the way . +and i want to give you one example of one of these ir@@ ration@@ ali@@ ties , and i want to talk to you about che@@ ating . +we paid them 10 cents per cor@@ rect question , 50 cents , a dollar , five dollars , 10 dollars per cor@@ rect question . +now , ten comm@@ and@@ ments is something that is hard to bring into the education system , so we said , " why don 't we get people to sign the honor code ? " +but this did not solve the big problem i had with en@@ r@@ on yet , because in en@@ r@@ on , there 's also a social element . +all of the subje@@ cts sitting in the experiment were car@@ ne@@ gie m@@ ell@@ on students . +more generally , i want to tell you something about behavi@@ oral economics . +but if i was to say that they 're both examples of alternative or new forms of cur@@ ren@@ cy in a hyper@@ connected , dat@@ a-@@ driven global economy , you 'd probably think i was a little bit bon@@ kers . +" sub-@@ prime pe@@ d@@ aling . " " bar@@ cla@@ ys takes you for a ride . " +so you can buy app@@ s and make pur@@ ch@@ ases within those app@@ s , but you think about ama@@ zon , you look at the trust bar@@ ome@@ ter that i showed you where people are starting to trust businesses , especially businesses that they believe in and trust more than governments . +and we did a survey that bac@@ ks up the fact that , you know , 45 percent of people in this very cru@@ cial demo@@ graphic in the u.@@ s . +and what i do is i look for simil@@ ari@@ ties and differences in the solutions that they 've evolved for fundamental biological problems . +it 's easy to b@@ end . +because after about six months of me talking about this , i think he finally figured out that i was really serious about the pen@@ is thing . +so something interesting had to be going on . +not just about its gene@@ tics and molecular biology , but up here in the meat end of the scale . +and she said , just talk about yourself . +d@@ l : so anyway , we 're running out of time , so i 'll just get to it . +n@@ m : not too fast . +so this is our last number , and we 'll fe@@ ature n@@ at on piano . +as you can see from the pictures , both no@@ am and i had an early fascin@@ ation with first principles , and over the years , as our knowledge of science and technology became more sophisti@@ cated , this early a@@ we with the bas@@ ics has only intensi@@ fied . +the people who are attra@@ cted to these cour@@ ses typically have a ha@@ cker ment@@ ality . +so with that , i 'd like to say a few words about up@@ gra@@ ding , and share with you a gli@@ mp@@ se from my current project , which is different from the previous one , but it shares exactly the same characteri@@ stics of self-@@ learning , learning by doing , self-@@ exploration and commun@@ it@@ y-@@ building , and this project de@@ als with k-@@ 12 math education , beginning with early age math , and we do it on tab@@ lets because we believe that math , like anything else , should be taught hands on . +it basically means to be human and to do the right thing . +it would be great if the story ended there . +where does it come from ? +this is about a hidden corner of the labor market . +of course , they 're all trained to work in war@@ e@@ houses . +markets have changed beyond recogni@@ tion in the last 20 years , but only for organizations at the top of the economy . +politicians in a big , complex , sophisti@@ cated i@@ .@@ t@@ . project ? +and there are certain ob@@ li@@ ga@@ tions that should go with those benefits to be placed on the oper@@ ators , and the key one is , of course , that the oper@@ ators pay for everything , including all the inter@@ facing into the public sector . +so it 's small tra@@ des by small people , but it 's very in@@ formed , safe , conven@@ i@@ ent , low-@@ over@@ head and immedi@@ ate . +with every picture , there are individuals who have full lives and stories that deser@@ ve to be told . +gas , i 'm probably the only person who really enjo@@ ys it when mi@@ ster pu@@ tin turns off the gas ta@@ p , because my budget goes up . +but small atoms want to join together , small nu@@ cle@@ i want to join together to make bigger ones to go towards ir@@ on . +but fortunately , if you can do this fusion reaction , you 've got a neu@@ tr@@ on , so you can make that happen . +and just down the road , this is je@@ t . +i wish we had more money , i wish we had more resources . +but under the surface was a very different reality . +the sig@@ ns don 't look good , some have said . +the eg@@ yp@@ ti@@ an people , and many other arab@@ s who 've revol@@ ted and are in transition , have very high expec@@ tations of the government . +what this means is that human development , not se@@ cul@@ ari@@ zation , is what 's key to women 's em@@ power@@ ment in the trans@@ forming middle east . +we 've also found an un@@ inten@@ ded con@@ sequence . +because i 'm not really comfortable just helping that girl with coun@@ sel@@ ing and refer@@ r@@ als . +when nan@@ cy lu@@ bli@@ n started tex@@ ting teen@@ a@@ gers to help with her social ad@@ vo@@ c@@ acy organization , what she found was sho@@ cking -- they started tex@@ ting back about their own problems , from bu@@ ll@@ ying to depression to ab@@ use . so she 's setting up a tex@@ t-@@ only crisis line , and the results might be even more important than she expected . +fer@@ din@@ and fo@@ ch , a french army general cre@@ di@@ ted with having one of the most original and sub@@ tle minds in the french army , said , " air@@ planes are interesting to@@ ys , but of no military value . " +and it 's poin@@ ted at the hy@@ person@@ ic gli@@ der . +many prototyp@@ es cr@@ as@@ hed -- many . +from the small@@ est wis@@ p of air to the powerful forces of nature 's stor@@ ms . +it allows us to contribu@@ te and to be heard as individuals . +dou@@ bt and fear always cre@@ ep in . +yeah , it also went into the pacific . +the folks at a@@ ero@@ viron@@ ment tried 300 or more different wing designs , 12 different forms of the a@@ vi@@ on@@ ics . +i work with some of the most amazing people . +and there is no way , and no pro@@ of of arri@@ val . +this story began four years ago . +i 'm used to algorith@@ ms and data structures and super motiv@@ ated students , and nothing in my background prepared me to deal with a ra@@ ging , violent ad@@ oles@@ cent in the middle of no@@ where . +when he was eight , someone put him on a boat in o@@ des@@ sa and sent him , shi@@ pped him to israel on his own . +i tell kids when they struggle through some u@@ ph@@ ill and feel like they cannot take it anymore , it really helps to ignor@@ e the immedi@@ ate ob@@ stac@@ les and raise your head and look around and see how the vi@@ st@@ a around you gro@@ ws . +now i remember , when he said it , i felt goo@@ se@@ bu@@ mp@@ s on my body , because he said it over@@ looking the mo@@ ab mountains here in the background . +what is real is separ@@ at@@ eness , and at some point in early bab@@ y@@ hood , the idea of self starts to form . +it has an extremely important function . +well , i thought i had the answer to that one , and i said , " skin color . " +the self 's struggle for auth@@ en@@ tic@@ ity and definition will never end unless it 's connected to its cre@@ ator -- to you and to me . +and if you can do that , incredible things happen . +and this influ@@ enced me . +so it 's got hy@@ bri@@ d drive . +and so we spent time travel@@ ing with them and learning about all the different elements , and finding that there were pl@@ ent@@ y of in@@ effici@@ en@@ cies that weren 't being capit@@ alized on . +so there are up to a million people there everyday . +by the way , we had half the budget of the other western nations . +the british government -- any government is poten@@ tially the worst cli@@ ent in the world you could ever possibly want to have . +thank you . +one of them , from anthropo@@ log@@ y , is the study of human univer@@ s@@ als . +but if something is written on the s@@ late , then some people could have more of it than others , and according to this line of thinking , that would justi@@ fy dis@@ crimin@@ ation and ine@@ quality . +well , pretty soon they were bar@@ ra@@ ged with en@@ ra@@ ged letters , death thre@@ ats , ban on the top@@ ic in a number of scientific journ@@ als , coming from i@@ rate le@@ ft@@ -@@ h@@ anders and their ad@@ vo@@ c@@ ates , and they were literally afraid to open their mail because of the ven@@ om and vi@@ tu@@ per@@ ation that they had in@@ ad@@ ver@@ t@@ ently inspired . +by any economic standard , the demand for art of all forms is sky@@ rock@@ eting , as you can tell from the price of oper@@ a ti@@ ckets , by the number of books sold , by the number of books published , the number of musical ti@@ tles rele@@ ased , the number of new al@@ bu@@ ms and so on . +well , the argument in " the blan@@ k s@@ late " was that eli@@ te art and cri@@ tic@@ ism in the 20th century , although not the arts in general , have dis@@ da@@ ined beauty , pleasure , c@@ lar@@ ity , insi@@ ght and style . +wrong . iden@@ tical tw@@ ins , or any si@@ bl@@ ings , who are separ@@ ated at birth are no less similar than if they had grown up together . +so i called the human@@ e society and i say , " look , i 'm going to be ca@@ str@@ ating some lam@@ bs , can you tell me the deal ? " +and i 'm like that 's not ru@@ b@@ ber at all , you know . +and i said , " yes , like the human@@ e society . +al@@ bert instru@@ cts , " push it way up there . " +it 's what our network does ; it 's what " dir@@ ty jobs " is . +i can still see h@@ ill@@ ary doing the sh@@ ots of r@@ ye , dri@@ b@@ bling down her ch@@ in , with the steel workers . +you ask him , " did you follow your passion here ? " +un@@ speak@@ ably dangerous . +you see him all the time . +i got a lot wrong . +i 've got par@@ ent@@ -@@ child rela@@ tional problems , which i bl@@ ame my parents for . +but he fa@@ ked it too well , and now he 's stuck in broad@@ mo@@ or and nobody will believe he 's san@@ e . +fa@@ ke ma@@ dness . +it 's just impossible . " +and his clin@@ i@@ cian said to me , " if you want to know more about psychop@@ a@@ ths , you can go on a psychop@@ ath spo@@ tting course run by robert h@@ are who invented the psychop@@ ath che@@ ck@@ list . " +can i come and interview you about your special brain an@@ om@@ al@@ y ? " +and he looked intri@@ gu@@ ed despite himself , and he said , " okay , go on . " +and we stit@@ ch them together like medi@@ ev@@ al mon@@ ks . +anyway , that was two years ago , and that 's where my book ended . +let me say par@@ en@@ the@@ tically why i think that 's the case , because i think it 's a poten@@ tially contro@@ versi@@ al stat@@ ement . +you can show a mo@@ squ@@ e , or you can show wor@@ shi@@ p@@ pers , but there 's not a stra@@ ig@@ ht@@ forward way of de@@ pic@@ ting islam . +and the hop@@ e@@ ful response der@@ i@@ ves from recogni@@ zing that islam and democracy are technologies . +because they would have done extra@@ ordin@@ arily well . +and it is cru@@ cial -- it is cru@@ cial in a practical , activ@@ ist way -- for people who care about these issues to make sure that within the technology of democracy , in this system , they exercise their pre@@ fer@@ ences , their choices and their voices to encoura@@ ge that out@@ come . +now at the time , i was working down the street . +and colle@@ c@@ tively , we really didn 't know if we could pull this off . +but an interesting thing was not@@ ed during the training process . +and they could be extin@@ ct in less than 10 years , if we don 't do something now to protect them . +corner row ra@@ il@@ way , station car park , front of a health center , people 's front gar@@ dens , and even in front of the police station . +so , back to the public meeting . +so we got some land that was don@@ ated by a local garden center . +whi@@ che@@ ver way they want to do it , of their own vo@@ li@@ tion , they 're trying to make their own lives differently , and worldwide , we 've got communities across america and japan -- it 's incredible , isn 't it ? i mean , america and japan and new ze@@ al@@ and . +and i 'm also rather surprised , because when i look back on my life the last thing i ever wanted to do was write , or be in any way involved in religion . +so if religion is not about belie@@ ving things , what is it about ? +and this struggle to find compassion in some of these rather re@@ bar@@ ba@@ tive tex@@ ts is a good d@@ ress re@@ he@@ ar@@ sal for doing the same in ordinary life . +tell us where we 're going wrong . let 's talk together about where religion is fail@@ ing . " +it 's what is meant by over@@ coming the hor@@ ror that we feel when we are under threat of our ene@@ mi@@ es , and beginning to appreci@@ ate the other . +as we go smaller , here is a human hair . +so this little ant that 's cra@@ w@@ ling here , it 's like it 's in a little wil@@ ly won@@ ka land . +i couldn 't believe it , and i 'd go around dis@@ se@@ cting the little bits out and making photographs of them . +now , the moon has no atmosphere , so micro@@ me@@ te@@ or@@ ites come in continu@@ ously , and the whole surface of the moon is covered with po@@ w@@ der now , because for four billion years it 's been bom@@ bar@@ ded by micro@@ me@@ te@@ or@@ ites , and when micro@@ me@@ te@@ or@@ ites come in at about 20 to 6@@ 0,000 miles an hour , they va@@ po@@ ri@@ ze on contact . +it was just one of those po@@ t-@@ lu@@ ck things where you get it right first time . +the design comes from within . +technology in x-@@ ray where it 's life@@ -@@ size process@@ ed , apart from these large car@@ go@@ -@@ scan@@ ning machines , hasn 't moved on enough for the quality of the image and the resol@@ ution to be good enough for what i want to do with it , which is show my pictures big . +and when they do , i 'm in the qu@@ eu@@ e . +and that 's how this was done . it 's actually sli@@ ce , sli@@ ce . +but i could get a bit dar@@ ker in the tube , but everything else would suff@@ er . +and i think that would look quite ne@@ at as an x-@@ ray . +but i also don 't understand how it does ru@@ in the magic . +but every single thing that makes us , every at@@ om in us , has already created a my@@ ri@@ ad of different things and will go on to create a my@@ ri@@ ad of new things . +now i know you don 't think that . +every time i brea@@ the in , i 'm brea@@ thing in a milli@@ on-@@ billi@@ on-@@ billion atoms of oxygen . +meet tony . he 's my student . +maybe it 's you , maybe it 's me -- but we 're not here to trade opini@@ ons ; everyone 's got an opini@@ on . +and i say to tony , " let 's do this . " +everything was okay , until i got to about the age of 26 , and i went to a movie called " short circu@@ it . " +and this is happening here . +so you start really understanding that you can have diseases , tox@@ ins , a need to balance your diet , and once you start looking , and from that point on , everything i have done in terms of the consumption of information , the production of information , the prepar@@ ation of information , i 've looked at from the vie@@ w@@ point of food . +we 've spent a great deal of time investi@@ g@@ ating a $ 1 billion -- that 's right , a $ 1 billion — oil deal that he was involved with , and what we found was pretty sho@@ cking , but more about that later . +a bank in paris held accoun@@ ts of companies controlled by him , one of which was used to buy the art , and american ban@@ ks , well , they fun@@ nel@@ ed 7@@ 3 million dollars into the states , some of which was used to buy that california man@@ sion . +it found that over 70 percent of those cases had used anony@@ mous sh@@ ell companies , tot@@ aling almost 5@@ 6 billion dollars . +now , it just shouldn 't take these sorts of eff@@ or@@ ts to find out where the money in de@@ als like this went . +i see this word , hear this word , feel this word everywhere . +you become your nation . you become your religion . +i loved when he was talking about this other world that 's right next to this world . +she 's a high school student . +not running from loss , but enter@@ ing g@@ rief , sur@@ ren@@ der@@ ing to sor@@ row . +because when you spend a lot of time going from place to place , country to country , and city to city , the degree to which women , for example , are viol@@ ated , and the epidemic of it , and the kind of ordin@@ ar@@ iness of it , is so de@@ va@@ stat@@ ing to one 's sou@@ l that you have to take the time , or i have to take the time now , to process that . +now i was stupid , but not so stupid that i turned it down . +p@@ ure content and p@@ ure form , side by side . +i was so wa@@ sted . " +i set up the type , i prin@@ ted it out on an ep@@ son prin@@ ter with wat@@ er-@@ solu@@ ble ink , ta@@ ped it to the wall and thre@@ w a bu@@ cket of water at it . pre@@ st@@ o ! +seriously . +not exactly j@@ ack@@ ie coll@@ ins . +like my wish that no one went hun@@ gry or that everything were a free kind of u@@ top@@ ia . +we love challenges , but when expec@@ tations are low , trust me , we will sin@@ k to them . +and in case you don 't think that this really has meaning for you , remember that c@@ lon@@ ing is possible , and that invol@@ ves going through childhood again , in which case you 'll want to be heard just like my generation . +when i began recor@@ ding in the late ' 6@@ 0s , the typical metho@@ ds of recor@@ ding were limited to the frag@@ mented capture of individual species like birds mostly , in the beginning , but later animals like ma@@ mm@@ als and am@@ phi@@ bi@@ ans . +however , our e@@ ars tell us a very different story . +this is probably the sa@@ d@@ dest sound i 've ever heard coming from any organis@@ m , human or other . +the school teachers weren 't having much fun , the spor@@ ts were very dir@@ ty or very pain@@ ful . +but of course the scientists couldn 't help themselves . +so there 's a lot more female gam@@ ers than people are really aware . +so as far as popul@@ ar@@ ity of games , what do you think these people are doing here ? +and once we get enough of those guys , we 're going to want more fan@@ t@@ asy artists that can create places we 've never been to before , or characters that we 've just never seen before . +i 'm addi@@ cted , because even though i know i 'm losing my gri@@ p on reality , i still cra@@ ve more . +no butt@@ ons to push , no tri@@ g@@ gers to pull , just me and the game . +but maybe bra@@ in@@ was@@ hing isn 't always bad . +as far as colle@@ ges go , there 's about 3@@ 50 colle@@ ges around the world teaching video game cour@@ ses . +thank you . +somehow we have to understand ourselves to get around our fla@@ ws . +so a kid who 's 14 in high school gets this version of the py@@ th@@ ag@@ ore@@ an theor@@ em , which is a truly sub@@ tle and interesting pro@@ of , but in fact it 's not a good way to start learning about mathematics . +and the mathemati@@ cians and scientists in the crowd will recognize these two pro@@ gressi@@ ons as a fir@@ st-@@ order dis@@ cre@@ te differ@@ enti@@ al equ@@ ation and a secon@@ d-@@ order dis@@ cre@@ te differ@@ enti@@ al equ@@ ation , der@@ i@@ ved by si@@ x-@@ year-@@ ol@@ ds . +so if you look at the little scri@@ pt here , the speed is always going to be 30 . +and they say , " oh , yeah . const@@ ant acceler@@ ation . +the future of life , where the un@@ ra@@ vel@@ ing of our biology -- and bring up the lights a little bit . i don 't have any sli@@ des . +now i know there 's been a whole lot of h@@ yp@@ e about our power to control biology . +it will really make us question what it is to be a human being . +and it is really not su@@ ited for the future that we 're moving into . +there are three obvious ways of doing this . +humanity is going to go down this path . +the one thing though that is really dangerous about these sorts of technologies , is that it 's easy to become se@@ duced by them . +and then what comes out of it ? new life . +gre@@ g@@ ory stock : to up@@ grade is human +it 's our own pon@@ d . and that 's how it happens . " +mom , does the man just say , ' is now the time to take off my pants ? ' " and i said , " yes . " +and then she goes , " mom , do you think they would have , on the internet , any humans ma@@ ting ? " +so the possibility exists to simply ex@@ tern@@ ally wra@@ p the pi@@ pe . +once you 've made it , the instal@@ lation 's quite easy . +and as you can see , there are not only two princi@@ p@@ al technical discipl@@ ines there , medicine and engineering , but also there are various speci@@ alists from within those two discipl@@ ines . +i 'm sure it 's the same in po@@ land . +they simply want to do whatever they 've done before . +and as a result , it 's an entirely different use of the technology and the knowledge around you . +that makes a good carto@@ on . +it has ro@@ cked the music industry ; it has changed the way we consu@@ me music . +you know the story . +and i went to see the do@@ z@@ o . +and i didn 't ask them to do nice carto@@ ons . +thank you . +if you go back two billion years , you 're not on an ear@@ th-@@ like planet any more . +we are right now in the beautiful ore@@ o of existence -- of at least life on planet earth -- following the first horri@@ ble micro@@ bi@@ al age . +and the black rock is the se@@ di@@ ment on the sea bottom in the ab@@ sen@@ ce of plan@@ k@@ ton . +these are mam@@ mal@@ -@@ like re@@ p@@ ti@@ les . +the survi@@ vor@@ s that do get through produce this world of cro@@ co@@ di@@ le-@@ like creatures . +it can only occu@@ r if the surface of the ocean has no oxygen , and is totally satur@@ ated with hydro@@ gen su@@ l@@ fi@@ de -- enough , for instance , to come out of solution . +it 's been on this planet since the animals first started -- 500 million years . +now , the same mouse is given 80 parts per million hydro@@ gen su@@ l@@ fi@@ de in this soli@@ d graph , and look what happens to its temperature . +am i understanding you right , that what you 're saying here is that we have in our own bodies a bio@@ chemical response to hydro@@ gen su@@ l@@ fi@@ de that in your mind pro@@ ves that there have been past mass extin@@ ctions due to climate change ? +it 's forced child labor and all of those products probably end their lives in a du@@ mp like this one in man@@ il@@ a . +and their factory in china -- which probably is pretty clean -- is getting all of the ingre@@ di@@ ents from back@@ y@@ ard ab@@ at@@ to@@ irs , where families s@@ lau@@ ghter pig@@ s and extra@@ ct the ingre@@ dient . +their vot@@ ers are local . +even if they did their jobs , and they c@@ ited those facili@@ ties for their viol@@ ations , the fine would be der@@ is@@ ory . +you can call yourself responsible , but responsibility without accoun@@ t@@ ability often doesn 't work . +there are thousands of supp@@ li@@ ers in there . " +join us , come into that safe space , and let 's start to make this happen . +you will put the star in starting over , and over . +so i write po@@ em@@ s to figure things out . +now i can divi@@ de my spo@@ ken word journey into three steps . +and then someone else has something the complete opposite of y@@ ours . +it 's not that i think that spo@@ ken word poetry is the ide@@ al art form . +and i always thought that my beginning was at the bo@@ wer@@ y poetry club , but it 's possible that it was much earlier . +it 's what i stri@@ ve for every time i open my mouth -- that impossible connection . +i was a student in the ' 6@@ 0s , a time of social up@@ hea@@ val and questi@@ oning , and on a personal level , an a@@ wa@@ ken@@ ing sense of ide@@ alism . +but i was driven by an in@@ her@@ ent sense that a picture that reve@@ aled the true face of war would almost by definition be an anti-@@ war photograph . +one of the things i had to learn as a journalist was what to do with my an@@ ger . +this man had just been liber@@ ated from a hu@@ tu death camp . +i spent a good deal of time with a man who lived with his family on a ra@@ il@@ way em@@ bank@@ ment and had lost an arm and a leg in a train accident . +an m@@ s@@ f hospital in a camp for dis@@ placed people . +this is a heli@@ cop@@ ter medi@@ c giving c@@ p@@ r to a soldi@@ er who had been shot in the head . +whenever there is an ele@@ ction , it seems like something always goes wrong , someone tries to che@@ at , or something goes acci@@ dent@@ ally aw@@ ry -- a bal@@ lot box goes missing here , cha@@ ds are left han@@ ging over here . +and there 's some complicated cr@@ yp@@ to@@ graph@@ y going on in there , but what 's not complicated is vot@@ ing with one of these forms . +david bis@@ mark demo@@ s a new system for vot@@ ing that con@@ tains a simple , ver@@ i@@ fi@@ able way to prevent fr@@ au@@ d and mis@@ coun@@ ting -- while keeping each person 's vote secret . +but that sub@@ divi@@ des chri@@ sti@@ an@@ ity , islam and budd@@ h@@ ism into many sub@@ groups , which was too deta@@ iled . +but there was also many chri@@ stian countries that had six to seven babies per woman . +but there are also countries here like gu@@ atem@@ ala , like pa@@ pu@@ a new gu@@ ine@@ a , like ye@@ men and afghanistan . +here we have q@@ at@@ ar today , and there we have banglades@@ h today . +and the world population will stop growing . +and then again the old will die and you will get two billion children . +i wo@@ und up on every television show . +we dec@@ lar@@ ed small@@ po@@ x er@@ a@@ dic@@ ated in 19@@ 80 . +but in that year , small@@ po@@ x explo@@ ded throughout india . +we failed three other times . +this year , that one hospital will give back sight to more than 3@@ 0@@ 0,000 people in tam@@ il na@@ du , india . +within three weeks it will be everywhere in the world . +but in all seri@@ ousness -- because this idea is birth@@ ed in ted , i would like it to be a leg@@ acy of ted , and i 'd like to call it the " international system for total early disease dete@@ ction . " +but they were able to point to who and let them know that there was this surprising and un@@ expla@@ ined clu@@ ster of ill@@ n@@ esses that looked like bird flu . +the first number is three : three billion people . +we know from asking people from china to the u.@@ s . +you 'll change your smar@@ t@@ phone seven or eight times , probably more if you 're in this audience . +actually , we found 100 percent is easier to do than 90 percent or 50 percent . +the electricity is free . +and we do not want to wait another hundred years . +there was this equ@@ ation in my family that went something like this : if you are intelligent , you therefore are not spi@@ ritual . +i 've always been attra@@ cted to those rare people who pull that off , who de@@ vote their lives to humanity with the gr@@ it of the war@@ ri@@ or and the gra@@ ce of the my@@ stic -- people like martin lu@@ ther king , j@@ r . , who wrote , " i can never be what i ought to be until you are what you ought to be . +or maybe your bro@@ ther@@ -@@ in-@@ law who doesn 't believe in global warming . +we agre@@ ed we 'd speak up in our own communities when we wit@@ n@@ essed the kind of " other@@ i@@ zing " talk that can wo@@ und and fe@@ ster into par@@ an@@ o@@ ia and then be used by those on the fr@@ ing@@ es to inci@@ te . +i travel@@ ed to iraq , afghanistan and liber@@ ia . +and he 's on a mission . +and that they were definitely capable of diff@@ using it non-@@ ag@@ gressi@@ vely . +but the question that l@@ ing@@ ered in my mind was , what causes people to destro@@ y fire tru@@ cks head@@ ed to their own homes ? +it 's been repor@@ ted that wiki@@ lea@@ ks , your baby , has , in the last few years has rele@@ ased more classi@@ fied docum@@ ents than the rest of the world 's media combin@@ ed . +and then the government sat on it and used it for political le@@ verage on mo@@ i , who was the rich@@ est man -- still is the rich@@ est man -- in kenya . +ro@@ ger . i got ' em . +j well , because these sort of things reve@@ al what the true state of , say , arab governments are like , the true human@@ -@@ rights ab@@ uses in those governments . +it will change the perception and opini@@ on of the people who are paying for it all , and that 's our hope . +and the engineering report had nothing on the top of it , so it was an extremely difficult docum@@ ent for us . +can that be right ? +that made you very high-@@ profi@@ le in ic@@ eland . what happened next ? +the musi@@ cians played off a three-@@ dimensional graph of weather data like this . +the ver@@ tical elements are as@@ sig@@ ned a specific hour of the day . +lau@@ ren ho@@ dge : if you were going to a restaurant and wanted a heal@@ thi@@ er option , which would you choose , gri@@ ll@@ ed or fri@@ ed chicken ? +so it was a big commit@@ ment to drive to the lab to work multiple times . +sounds ridi@@ cul@@ ous , right . +in fact , it 's one of the biggest problems with che@@ mo@@ therapy today . +1.@@ 6 million dea@@ ths worldwide . +so j@@ ul@@ ie 's going to her doctor 's office to get treated for her as@@ th@@ ma . +so i want you to rei@@ mag@@ ine a world with better air quality , better quality of life and better quality of living for everyone including our future generations . +and just like that , i went from being a woman that these kids would have been trained to see as " dis@@ ab@@ led " to somebody that had potential that their bodies didn 't have yet . +and interest@@ ingly , from an identity stand@@ point , what does it mean to have a dis@@ ability ? +so wh@@ im@@ sy matters . +thank you . +so after being inter@@ ro@@ g@@ ated by this japanese man@@ ager for a half an hour , he finally said , " so , miss y@@ ang , do you have any questions to ask me ? " +so today i want to talk about young people through the platform of social media . +first of all , most of them were born in the 8@@ 0s and 9@@ 0s , under the one-@@ child policy . +so for the past few years , the co@@ ast@@ al areas , they found themselves in a shor@@ tage of labor . +while young people seem to be very sure about their participa@@ tion in public poli@@ cy@@ -@@ making , but sometimes they 're a little bit lost in terms of what they want for their personal life . +and our yo@@ unger generation are going to transform this country while at the same time being trans@@ formed themselves . +these mountains are dangerous places , but ultimately the fa@@ te of these bear families , and indeed that of all be@@ ars around the north pacific , depen@@ ds on the sal@@ mon . +ne@@ c@@ essi@@ ty is the mother of evolution . +but just looking up with the na@@ ked eye , you really don 't need one . +a culture which is top@@ -@@ down , ow@@ ned , where the vo@@ cal ch@@ or@@ ds of the millions have been lost . +now , as@@ ca@@ p said they didn 't care . +i want to share all my love with you ... +the extre@@ mis@@ m on one side be@@ gets extre@@ mis@@ m on the other , a fact we should have learned many , many times over , and both extre@@ mes in this debate are just wrong . +we can only make them , quote , " pir@@ ates . " and is that good ? +because we 're far from home , we 're very ti@@ red . " +so i know it may sound like tough love , but look , if at some point you got lied to , it 's because you agre@@ ed to get lied to . +if you don 't want to be dec@@ ei@@ ved , you have to know , what is it that you 're hun@@ gry for ? +lying has evolutionary value to us as a species . +the rest of us , we 're only 5@@ 4 percent accu@@ rate . +we all ch@@ at@@ ter with our finger@@ ti@@ ps . +they 're going to be in@@ fu@@ ri@@ ated if they sense they 're wr@@ on@@ g@@ ly acc@@ used throughout the entire course of the interview , not just in flas@@ hes ; they 'll be in@@ fu@@ ri@@ ated throughout the entire course of the interview . +your new jo@@ int vent@@ ure partner might sha@@ ke your hand , celebra@@ te , go out to dinner with you and then lea@@ k an expression of an@@ ger . +don 't be too ag@@ gressi@@ ve , it doesn 't work . +but you 've got to ask yourself in the mean@@ time : who do you want on your side of the meeting , someone who 's trained in getting to the truth or some guy who 's going to dra@@ g a 40@@ 0-@@ po@@ und electro@@ en@@ cep@@ hal@@ ogra@@ m through the door ? +it 's down@@ h@@ ill from now on . i wanted to thank e@@ me@@ ka and chris . +that 's very important . +nigeria got its indepen@@ dence in 1960 . +so i had a very inven@@ tive teacher , a paki@@ stan@@ i musli@@ m , who wanted to teach us about this . +and fr@@ as@@ er 's on his k@@ ne@@ es , arms ti@@ ed behind his back , and he 's cr@@ ying . +and i watched them being lo@@ cked up in prison and te@@ ar gas@@ sed . +my friend r@@ on@@ ald got@@ tes@@ man says there are three kinds of people in the world : those who can count , and those who can 't . +one of my favorite parts of my job at the gates foundation is that i get to travel to the developing world , and i do that quite regul@@ arly . +they ta@@ p into local entrepr@@ en@@ eu@@ ri@@ al talent , and they do incredible marketing . +and they decided in 199@@ 0 that they wanted to start training the local entreprene@@ urs , giving them small lo@@ ans . +now the reason these micro@@ -@@ entreprene@@ urs can sell or make a profit is they have to sell every single bottle in their pus@@ h@@ c@@ art or their wheel@@ bar@@ row . +and i think that 's a mistake . +we know that circum@@ c@@ ision redu@@ ces hiv infe@@ ction by 60 percent in men . +well on september 4@@ th , there was a huge m@@ op@@ -up campaign , which is what you do in polio . +i 'm going to tell you two things today : one is what we have lost , and two , a way to bring it back . +this is where you can see most of the florida keys national marine san@@ c@@ tu@@ ary . +but still , now we have global warming . +and this is what i saw , lots of fish . +so the fis@@ her@@ men are cat@@ ching more . +so how much of this do we have ? +which takes us to the third reason , why we don 't have many more reser@@ ves , is that the fund@@ ing models have been wrong . +so , basically , the production sur@@ plus of these guys down there is enough to main@@ tain this bio@@ mass that is not moving . +and there , only there , you really feel that you are part of a larger thing or of a larger global ecosystem . +we use the sub@@ marine al@@ v@@ in and we use c@@ ameras , and the c@@ ameras are something that bill lange has developed with the help of son@@ y . +they 're very little understood . +and there 's tens of thousands of those mountains out there that haven 't been ma@@ pped yet . +what we find out now is that it 's probably coming from inside the earth . +there are never any lights there , except the lights that we bring . +they don 't need the sun at all . +b@@ l : this bacteria that we 've been talking about turns out to be the most simpl@@ est form of life found . +el nin@@ o comes and goes . it 's not a disaster , it 's rhyth@@ mic . +this is what we would love students to re@@ tain , even if they don 't go into mathematical fields . +i believe in real life . +and then as we start to define what does ste@@ ep@@ ness mean , we realize it would be nice to have some measu@@ re@@ ments to really nar@@ row it down , specifically what that means . +how long will it take it to fill it up ? +and why this is an amazing time to be a math teacher right now is because we have the tools to create this high-@@ quality cur@@ ri@@ cul@@ um in our front po@@ cket . +the lesson of brian 's pres@@ entation , in a way -- all those fantastic pictures -- is this really : that van@@ tage point determin@@ es everything that you see . +it was bor@@ ing . +so the challenges of education in this kind of place are not to learn the k@@ ings and que@@ ens of kenya or britain . +what do they look like ? +waiting 10 years for the pa@@ yo@@ ff from education is too long when you need to meet daily needs , when you 've got si@@ bl@@ ings to look after or a business to help with . +that 's one city . +and there will be no mistakes . " +you 'd need millions and millions of teachers in china , india , nigeria and the rest of developing world to meet need . +but it is , unlike cars , which have developed so rapi@@ dly and or@@ der@@ ly , actually the school system is recogni@@ z@@ ably an in@@ her@@ it@@ ance from the 19@@ th century , from a bis@@ marki@@ an model of ger@@ man scho@@ ol@@ ing that got taken up by english re@@ form@@ ers , and often by religious mis@@ sion@@ aries , taken up in the united states as a force of social co@@ h@@ es@@ i@@ on , and then in japan and south korea as they developed . +so as i 'm watching this , i see this powerful scene that brought me to te@@ ars , and it stuck with me for the past 25 years . +and because i have a 15@@ -year-old , all i do is co@@ ok and co@@ ok and co@@ ok . +it 's really sc@@ ary , this gay lifest@@ yle thing ; it 's super du@@ per evil and there 's no end to it ! +the u.s. const@@ it@@ ution is the gay agenda . +but when you see the map , and you see our state of mich@@ ig@@ an -- it 's legal to fire someone for being gay , les@@ bi@@ an , bis@@ ex@@ ual or trans@@ gen@@ dered , that it 's legal to re@@ move someone from their home because they 're gay , les@@ bi@@ an , bis@@ ex@@ ual or trans@@ gen@@ dered , then you realize that this whole conversation about marriage equ@@ ality is not about stri@@ pping someone 's rights away , it 's about gran@@ ting them the rights that [ have ] already been st@@ ated . +thank you . +some of the studies even say we 're happ@@ ier . +entrop@@ y means that everything in the world , everything , is in a state of dec@@ line and deca@@ y , the ar@@ ch . +how was i supposed to live it ? +if however , we can go back and alter our relationship , re-@@ vision our relationship to past people and events , neu@@ ral path@@ ways can change . +i know what 's on your mind when you 're looking at these pictures . +they have to try and attra@@ ct pol@@ lin@@ ators to do their bi@@ d@@ ding . +it 's a wonderful , amazing thing . +this is the phil@@ o@@ den@@ dr@@ on s@@ ell@@ ou@@ m . +last week i took these pictures of rock ro@@ se , heli@@ an@@ them@@ um , in dor@@ set . +maybe you 're ti@@ cked off , or maybe you 're looking forward to a new game . you 've been up too late playing a game . +and he goes all around the country taking pictures of himself , and you can see here he 's got zig 's indian reser@@ vation . and this particular shot , this is one of the more traditional sh@@ ots . this is a rain dan@@ cer . +and she says , " they want to go . " and i said , " hon@@ ey , no they don 't want to go . this is the middle pas@@ sage . +this is a game with 5@@ 0,000 individual pieces . +what you 're looking at is airplane traffic over north america for a 24@@ -@@ hour period . +you see the holding patterns that start to develop in the bottom of the screen . +so they made this web service and said , " any program@@ mer can write a piece of software and ta@@ p into the minds of thousands of people . " +that gives you an idea of the different types of mo@@ ti@@ va@@ tions and de@@ dic@@ ation . +so we took a hundred dollar bill and divi@@ ded it into 10,000 teen@@ y pieces , and we f@@ ed those into the mechan@@ ical tur@@ k . +you 'd be f@@ ed a simple audi@@ o clip . +but we knew we really needed the right person to kind of r@@ ally behind and build something for . +ak : so if you go to the website john@@ n@@ y@@ cas@@ h@@ proje@@ ct@@ .com , what you 'll see is the video playing above . +win bu@@ t@@ ler : now our lives are changing fast now our lives are changing fast hope that something p@@ ure can last hope that something p@@ ure can last o@@ oh we used to wait o@@ oh we used to wait o@@ oh we used to wait sometimes it never came sometimes it never came still moving through the pain we used to wait for it we used to wait for it we used to wait for it ak : so i think , if there 's one thing to take away from my talk today , it 's that an interface can be a powerful narra@@ tive device . +and it 's also just getting to the essential of things . +so if you don 't know one of these languages , it 's inst@@ ant learning . +here it 's " c@@ and@@ y@@ city . " +and par@@ alle@@ l to my cutting is my running . +it 's not auto@@ bi@@ ogra@@ phi@@ cal identi@@ ties . +so for the sub@@ way in new york , i saw a cor@@ respon@@ dence between ri@@ ding the sub@@ way and reading . +so it acts as a screen to protect the ra@@ il and the com@@ mu@@ ter , and not to have objects fall@@ ing on the ra@@ ils . +b@@ é@@ at@@ ri@@ ce cor@@ on : stories cut from paper +now , the opposite of a s@@ no@@ b is your mother . +en@@ vy , it 's a real tab@@ o@@ o to mention en@@ vy , but if there is one domin@@ ant emotion in modern society , that is en@@ vy . +there is another reason why we might be feeling more an@@ xi@@ ous , about our care@@ ers , about our status in the world today , than ever before . +but i think it 's in@@ san@@ e to believe that we will ever make a society that is genu@@ in@@ ely mer@@ it@@ o@@ cra@@ tic . it 's an impossible dream . +now is there any alternative to this ? +and so we tend to wor@@ ship ourselves . +psycho@@ analysis has been dru@@ mming home this message for about 80 years . +because otherwise it can get quite c@@ lau@@ st@@ rop@@ ho@@ bi@@ c . +and i decided the reme@@ dy to all this mal@@ a@@ ise was going to be for me to ch@@ ase an el@@ ev@@ ated dream , an extreme dream , something that would require u@@ tter con@@ vi@@ ction and un@@ wa@@ vering passion , something that would make me be my best self in every aspe@@ ct of my life , every minute of every day , because the dream was so big that i couldn 't get there without that kind of behavior and that kind of con@@ vi@@ ction . +the navi@@ gation is difficult . +and i couldn 't wait to trip the mind fantastic . +and every one of those bar@@ bs is sending that ven@@ om into this central nervous system . +and i swa@@ m through the night and i swa@@ m through the next day . +and a little kid from the back was like this . +yeah . +thank you . thank you . +and what about sleep ? +this is a device that not only meas@@ ures car@@ di@@ a@@ c rhyth@@ m , as you saw already , but it also goes well beyond that . +that looks like this . +it 's usually 90 percent . so , you tell me you sleep better than expected . +now , diabetes is one of the big ones . +there are two things that can really acceler@@ ate this whole process . +so , i hope i 've convinced you of this , of the impact on hospital clin@@ ic resources is profound and then the impact on diseases is equ@@ ally impres@@ sive across all these different diseases and more . +how do we make stable societies ? lon@@ ge@@ vi@@ ty . +and you get to think about yourself and your memor@@ ies , and before you go back into sus@@ pen@@ sion , you ed@@ it your memor@@ ies and you change your person@@ ality and so forth . +and , of course , we 're not responsible for the consequences of what we 're doing now , are we ? like all this com@@ pla@@ int about c@@ lon@@ es . +thank you . +so we tried , and i 'll show you what we came up with . +so you can la@@ vis@@ h all the same care , all the same techni@@ que , on a ham@@ bur@@ ger as you would on some much more fan@@ cy dis@@ h . +so it 's very much like in a hollywood movie where a guy flies through the air , suppor@@ ted by wir@@ es , and then they take the wir@@ es away digit@@ ally so you 're flying through the air . +that hor@@ n-@@ sha@@ ped region is what we call the swe@@ et spot . +and because people watch my@@ th@@ bu@@ sters and c@@ s@@ i , i thought , well , let 's put in a reci@@ pe for a bal@@ li@@ stics gel@@ a@@ tin . +but maybe if i cut a hole in his head i can fix it . " +i mean who would put themselves through that ? +la@@ par@@ o@@ scop@@ y is doing this kind of surgery : surgery with long instru@@ ments through small in@@ c@@ isi@@ ons . +and now , in contr@@ ast to the la@@ par@@ o@@ scop@@ y , you can pre@@ cis@@ ely place the need@@ le in your instru@@ ments , and you can pass it all the way through and follow it in a tra@@ je@@ c@@ tory . +and you need to re-@@ set it up . +we get to write the scri@@ pt of the next revolution in surgery . +we can he@@ al the disease . +we realized that when plasti@@ cs get to the du@@ mp , it 's difficult to sort them because they have similar den@@ si@@ ties , and when they 're mix@@ ed with organic matter and construction de@@ br@@ is , it 's truly impossible to pick them out and environ@@ ment@@ ally elimin@@ ate them . +not only do ph@@ th@@ al@@ ates po@@ ll@@ ute our environment , but they also po@@ ll@@ ute our bodies . +this means that our bacteria were actually living off of ph@@ th@@ al@@ ates . +thank you . j@@ y : thank you . +but people live on this land . +this is an unusual instal@@ lation of air@@ port se@@ ating . +its early version had an " x " base . that 's what the colle@@ c@@ tors like . +here 's a film we 've been hearing things about . +so we 're going to watch another film . +so , " i saw many tra@@ ins and also ro@@ de on one . +and there are a lot of fun things . this is the museum of the ben@@ ch . +it 's about how you approach problems . and there is this huge , beautiful common@@ ality between design , business and the world . +that 's what we all need to do . +it was min@@ d-@@ blo@@ wing . +but if corruption cre@@ e@@ ps in and people don 't have the opportunity to have that protection of the rule of law , then if you can use violence , if you can use violence with im@@ pun@@ ity , you can reach out and harv@@ est the vulnerable into sla@@ very . +so , that 's a scen@@ ari@@ o that we think we should be capit@@ ali@@ zing on . +these young boys are in ne@@ p@@ al . +liber@@ ation , however , costs some money . +children res@@ cu@@ ed from sla@@ very in the fishing industry in ghana , re@@ united with their parents , and then taken with their parents back to their villa@@ ges to re@@ build their economic well-@@ being so that they become sla@@ ve-@@ pro@@ of -- absolutely un@@ en@@ sla@@ ve@@ able . +however , only recently , due to several technologi@@ cal advan@@ c@@ ements , we are now able to demon@@ strate to you quant@@ um le@@ vi@@ tation and quant@@ um lo@@ cking . +well , first there are str@@ ands of magnetic field left inside , but now the super@@ conduc@@ tor doesn 't like them moving around , because their mov@@ ements dis@@ si@@ pa@@ te energy , which brea@@ ks the super@@ conduc@@ tivity state . +now , i can ex@@ tend this cir@@ cular mag@@ net , and make whatever track i want . +and it was also inspired by this quote from dou@@ glas ad@@ ams , and the situation is from " the hit@@ ch@@ hi@@ ker 's gui@@ de to the galaxy . " +but anyway , i got my su@@ it@@ case of ir@@ on ore and dra@@ g@@ ged it back to london on the train , and then was fac@@ ed with the problem : okay , how do you make this rock into components for a to@@ aster ? +and the last material i 'm going to talk about today is plastic , and , of course , my to@@ aster had to have a plastic case . +that 's it without the case on . +when i was a student at mit , we all shared one computer that took up a whole building . +so we up@@ d@@ ated them , so i could present it here , to 2007 . +communication technologies : 50 different ways to measure this , the number of bits being moved around , the size of the internet . +and we will begin to actually deeply influence our health and our intelligence , as we get closer and closer to this technology . +this was in an area called well@@ a@@ wat@@ ta , a prime res@@ identi@@ al area in col@@ om@@ bo . +for hours after@@ wards , the sea was stre@@ wn with bits of wood for miles around -- all of this was from the houses in the sl@@ um . +voice 1 : it 's coming again . voice 2 : new wave ? +and it 's one that off@@ ers really interesting possibilities for organi@@ zing a whole ho@@ st of activi@@ ties down the road . +it is very easy to fall in love with the de@@ cent@@ r@@ alized , bot@@ tom@@ -up structure of the internet . +and there 's this famous example of one that was 1,@@ 200 feet long and la@@ sted for two days , and the ants just kept mar@@ ching around and around in a circle until they died . +i keep thinking about these kids with no arms . +i 'm going to show you a guy doing a couple of simple things with this that we demon@@ strated in washington . can we look at this thing ? +it all began when two scientists , fre@@ d gras@@ s@@ le and j@@ esse au@@ su@@ bel , met in wo@@ ods hole , mas@@ sach@@ use@@ t@@ ts where both were gu@@ ests at the fam@@ ed oce@@ an@@ ogra@@ phic institute . +and with sal@@ ting , it became possible to store fish and to transport it long di@@ stances . +and so one of the tools that we can use to sam@@ ple the oceans is ac@@ ou@@ stics , or sound waves . +well what they found was mis@@ lab@@ el@@ ed fish . +this is something we 've actually known for a while , so it 's not a real break@@ through . +but the really interesting thing about it is that , a few years ago , cen@@ su@@ s scientists discovered that this guy can thri@@ ve in oxy@@ gen@@ -@@ poor se@@ di@@ ments in the deep medi@@ ter@@ ran@@ e@@ an sea . +so we still have quite a lot of work to do in terms of un@@ know@@ ns . +and the oceans are so productive , there 's so much going on in there that 's of relev@@ ance to humans that we really need to , even from a sel@@ fish perspective , try to do better than we have in the past . +and we do something different than what we did in the past ; we add kind of a mo@@ dic@@ um of intelligence to that . +you know , i am so bad at tech that my daughter -- who is now 4@@ 1 -- when she was five , was over@@ heard by me to say to a friend of her@@ s , if it doesn 't ble@@ ed when you cut it , my da@@ d@@ dy doesn 't understand it . +the in@@ do@@ -@@ european ro@@ ot of the word hope is a stem , k-@@ e-@@ u -- we would sp@@ ell it k-@@ e-@@ u ; it 's pr@@ on@@ o@@ un@@ ced ko@@ y -- and it is the same ro@@ ot from which the word cur@@ ve comes from . +and i think that it 's going to be , in time , the elements of the human spirit that we 've been hearing about bit by bit by bit from so many of the speak@@ ers in the last few days . +we are , should be , mor@@ ally commit@@ ted to being the heal@@ er of the world . +now that 's not quite true . there 's one other way , and that 's through swe@@ ating . +now why is that top problem so easy and the bottom problem so hard ? +you send a comm@@ and down , it causes mus@@ cles to contra@@ ct . +so what are belie@@ fs ? +and what ba@@ yes ' rule says is that i should multi@@ p@@ ly the numbers on the red by the numbers on the green to get the numbers of the yellow , which have the elli@@ p@@ ses , and that 's my belief . +now there 's good reason to believe that you would want to be able to dist@@ ingu@@ ish ex@@ ternal events from intern@@ al events . +as you go from 0@@ .@@ 1 to 0@@ .@@ 2 , it becomes more ti@@ ck@@ li@@ sh at the end . +we started with a motor with a little le@@ ver , a little force trans@@ f@@ user . +so i have a huge amount of choice to make . +if i choose a different way of moving -- on the right for example -- then i 'll have a different comm@@ and , different noise , playing through a no@@ is@@ y system , very complicated . +you have to study vision with the reali@@ zation of how the movement system is going to use vision . +and yes , the red planet is red . +here are some recent images . +and what we 're looking at is the pres@@ ence of the gas me@@ than@@ e , ch@@ 4 , in the atmosphere of mars . +in the southern he@@ mis@@ ph@@ ere there are impact cr@@ at@@ ers , there are vol@@ can@@ ic cr@@ at@@ ers . +we will fly where the me@@ than@@ e is . +we believe that in a one-@@ hour flight we can re@@ write the text@@ book on mars by making high-@@ resol@@ ution measu@@ re@@ ments of the atmosphere , looking for g@@ ases of bio@@ gen@@ ic orig@@ in , looking for g@@ ases of vol@@ can@@ ic orig@@ in , studying the surface , studying the magne@@ tis@@ m on the surface , which we don 't understand , as well as about a do@@ zen other areas . +if you 're interested in more information , we have a website that descri@@ bes this exciting and intri@@ gu@@ ing mission , and why we want to do it . +i was like , " yeah . +then you notice that if that le@@ go@@ -@@ provi@@ ded c@@ ad program isn 't enough , there 's an entire open-@@ source , thir@@ d-@@ party , independent le@@ go c@@ ad program that lets you do 3d mod@@ el@@ ing and 3d ren@@ der@@ ing and make , in fact , movies out of le@@ go , 3d films of which there are thousands on youtube , and some of them sort of mi@@ mi@@ cking famous films and some totally original content -- just beautiful -- and people re@@ creating all sorts of things . +i 'm really sc@@ ared . i don 't think we 're going to make it . +so , look what they did . +but the pa@@ y-@@ off is really enormous . +california em@@ its only seven percent of u.s. co2 emissions . +every year a million and a half people die of a completely pre@@ vent@@ able disease . that 's malaria . 6@@ ,000 people a day . +do you know , they only invest@@ ed 0@@ .@@ 2 percent of re@@ ven@@ u@@ es in r & amp ; d ? +it could be the biggest economic opportunity of the 21@@ st century . +every do@@ t is a person . +because , as i said , we live our lives in networks , and these networks have a particular kind of a structure . +so , if we want to track something that was spre@@ ading through a network , what we ide@@ ally would like to do is to set up sensor@@ s on the central individuals within the network , including no@@ de a , monit@@ or those people that are right there in the middle of the network , and somehow get an early dete@@ ction of whatever it is that is spre@@ ading through the network . +so , we thought we would explo@@ it this idea in order to study whether we could predict phenomen@@ a within networks . +and the size of the dots is going to be propor@@ tional to how many of their friends have the flu . +and the answer is no . +and there are three ways , i think , that these massi@@ ve-@@ passi@@ ve data can be used . +over the past seven years , i 've been following my fascin@@ ation with the built environment , and for those of you who know me , you would say that this obs@@ ession has led me to live out of a su@@ it@@ case 3@@ 65 days a year . +and you even find a church . +today , they live in this area , appro@@ x@@ ima@@ tely 5@@ 0,000 to 7@@ 0,000 people , who live in this community of self-@@ built multi-@@ story houses where up to three generations live in one structure . +in a region famous for the soft , por@@ ous lo@@ ess plat@@ e@@ au soil , there lived until recently an esti@@ ma@@ ted 40 million people in these houses under@@ ground . +so you know how it ended up , spen@@ cer tra@@ cy brought a computer , a ma@@ infra@@ me computer of 195@@ 7 , in to help the libr@@ ari@@ ans . +on the right are some tu@@ gs from a company called a@@ eth@@ on in pit@@ ts@@ burgh . +so a person that 's inter@@ acting with the robot under@@ stands where it 's going to reach and isn 't surprised by its mo@@ tions . +mil@@ dre@@ d 's a factory wor@@ ker in connec@@ tic@@ ut . +and turned up the other way , the people who are reti@@ re@@ ment age goes up very , very fast , as the baby bo@@ om@@ ers get to reti@@ re@@ ment age . +the system meas@@ ures the be@@ am 's time of flight , recor@@ ding the time it takes for the light to hit a surface and make its return . +and here , this is a fl@@ y-@@ through the cloud of points of ti@@ k@@ al , and here you see it ren@@ dered and phot@@ o-@@ tex@@ tured with the photograph@@ y that we take of the site . +last mar@@ ch , we received very sad news . +ben k@@ ac@@ y@@ ra : ancient wonder@@ s cap@@ tured in 3d +we had h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st education in the schools . +it will re@@ fer you directly to your con@@ gr@@ es@@ sper@@ son , to your u.s. sen@@ ator , to your gover@@ nor where di@@ v@@ est@@ ment leg@@ is@@ lation is pen@@ ding . +european governments , for the most part , haven 't ac@@ knowle@@ d@@ ged responsibility , and there 's nothing to kind of to push back and up against . +he was bo@@ bby ken@@ ne@@ d@@ y-@@ like because in some ways one could never tell if he was a re@@ alist mas@@ qu@@ er@@ ading as an ide@@ alist or an ide@@ alist mas@@ qu@@ er@@ ading as a re@@ alist , as people always wonder@@ ed about bo@@ bby ken@@ ne@@ dy and john ken@@ ne@@ dy in that way . +but , u@@ h-@@ oh , the kill@@ ers are within the cam@@ ps . +you 're un@@ -@@ ow@@ ned . +don 't black@@ -@@ box history . don 't check your principles at the door . +fourth and final point : he somehow , because he was working in all the world 's worst places and all less@@ er ev@@ ils , had a hu@@ mili@@ ty , of course , and an awareness of the complexity of the world around him . +some are driven by compassion , feel it 's perhaps one of the fundamental acts of humanity . +a hundred years ago , we didn 't . +and yet , in many places , a third of the children , by the time they 're three already are facing a life of hard@@ ship due to this . +and these types of technologies , i see , have the potential to transform the face of hunger and nutri@@ tion , mal@@ nutri@@ tion out on the front lines . +well two years ago , we decided , let 's transform the model of fighting hunger , and instead of giving out the food aid , we put it into food ban@@ ks . +it is a win@@ -@@ win@@ -@@ win situation that starts the food economy moving . +well , the world bank esti@@ mates it would take about 10 billion dollars -- 10@@ .@@ 3 -- to address mal@@ nutri@@ tion in those countries . +so , this is an a@@ sto@@ unding table . +as one gets older ? very , very common . +why ? because we know what you have , and we know how to treat it -- although we can 't make v@@ acc@@ ine in this country , but that 's a different story . +and i think that 's been the fundamental problem over the last five decades , is that we have stri@@ ved to understand cancer . +and so , if you think of cancer as a system , there 's an input and an out@@ put and a state in the middle . +if i give a woman with breast cancer a drug called tax@@ ol every three weeks , which is the standard , about 40 percent of women with meta@@ sta@@ tic cancer have a great response to that drug . +so , instead of a re@@ duc@@ tion@@ ist view , we 're taking a step back . +the problem is that , if i 'm this do@@ c , and i get your ct scan today and you 've got a two centi@@ meter mass in your li@@ ver , and you come back to me in three months and it 's three centi@@ meters , did that drug help you or not ? +and so , as a cancer doctor , instead of having paper in my ch@@ art , in your ch@@ art , and it being this thi@@ ck , this is what data flow is starting to look like in our off@@ ices , where that drop of blood is creating gi@@ gab@@ y@@ tes of data . +most people find that very so@@ o@@ thing , and , interest@@ ingly , 12 cy@@ cles per minute is roughly the frequ@@ ency of the brea@@ thing of a sle@@ eping human . +so if i were to play this -- -- for more than a few seconds , you 'd feel un@@ comfortable ; for more than a few minutes , you 'd be leaving the room in dro@@ ves . +you all recognize that one . this is the mo@@ st-@@ played tun@@ e in the world today . +and i stood there bes@@ i@@ de two very good friends of mine , richard we@@ ber and kev@@ in v@@ all@@ ely . +so we would have a live website , that every single day of the 3@@ 3 days , we would be blog@@ ging , telling stories of , you know , de@@ ple@@ ted o@@ zone for@@ cing us to cover our faces , or we will burn . +that i 'm this u@@ ber@@ -@@ en@@ dur@@ ance guy ? +i actually love di@@ ving at night ; you see a lot of fish then that you don 't see in the da@@ y@@ time . +no matter where on earth you live . +we can go actually and swim around on google earth and visit with hum@@ p@@ back wh@@ ales . +we kill using long lines , with ba@@ ited ho@@ o@@ ks every few feet that may stre@@ tch for 50 miles or more . +and , in 197@@ 2 , this nation began to establi@@ sh a counter@@ part in the sea , national marine san@@ c@@ tu@@ aries . +but , nothing else will matter if we fail to protect the ocean . +without insects , there 'd be no flo@@ wer@@ ing plants . +they have another set of eyes on the top of their head . +a mouse has about 1,000 times as many neurons as a fly . +and these are the two concep@@ ts i 'd like to explore . +so this is the prepar@@ ation that one of my former post-@@ do@@ cs , gab@@ y ma@@ im@@ on , who 's now at rock@@ ef@@ eller , developed , and it 's basically a flight simul@@ ator but under conditions where you actually can stick an electro@@ de in the brain of the fly and record from a gene@@ tically identi@@ fied neuron in the fly 's brain . +the first is , it 's essential for us to understand the human brain if we do want to get along in society , and i think that it is a key step in evolution . +so i can say , with some certain@@ ty , " i think , therefore i am . " +we 're just pac@@ king in colum@@ ns , so that we 'd have more ne@@ o@@ cor@@ tical colum@@ ns to per@@ form more complex fun@@ ctions . +and we did that for tens of thousands of neurons , built digital models of all the different types of neurons we came across . +and when we do that what we discovered is that the circu@@ it@@ ry does change . +now , when you look at that the first time , you think , " my god . how is reality coming out of that ? " +this took place in my childhood -- 195@@ 7 to ' 65 . +" spac@@ es@@ hi@@ p project offi@@ cially be@@ gun . job waiting for you . dy@@ son . " +so , these are three-@@ po@@ und char@@ ges of c@@ 4 ; that 's about 10 times what the guy had in his shoes . +this is a 20 man version for going to ju@@ pit@@ er : bun@@ ks , stor@@ m cell@@ ars , exercise room . +you know , i don 't know how many of those you read , but it 's not fun to read and often not fun to write -- even worse to write . +which i think is just fascinating . +very very hard . +giving your organs to somebody else is probably about how much you care about society , how lin@@ ked you are . +interest@@ ingly enough , when people get this , they again don 't check -- but now they join . +this is from a paper by re@@ del@@ mei@@ er and scha@@ ef@@ er . +there is one more decision . +a print sub@@ scri@@ ption for 1@@ 25 . +and because we don 't know our pre@@ fer@@ ences that well we 're sus@@ cep@@ ti@@ ble to all of these influ@@ ences from the ex@@ ternal forces : the de@@ fau@@ l@@ ts , the particular op@@ tions that are pres@@ ented to us , and so on . +the sil@@ ver lin@@ ing is , i think , kind of the reason that behavi@@ oral economics is interesting and exciting . +they are sc@@ ar@@ ce ; they are expensive ; and we only have a certain range of it . +and then we have the radio waves , they have the issues i 've just mentioned . +and this is a fundamental basic property that we explo@@ it with our technology . +you think , " ha , ha , ha . +and then i 've mentioned the avail@@ ability . +and then you have these millions of street lam@@ ps de@@ plo@@ yed around the world . +you 've heard of dna ; you probably studied a little bit in biology . +and look at all the complex things and wonderful things we 've been able to create with just a one and a zero . +and then james wat@@ son 's -- one of the co-@@ fo@@ under@@ s of dna -- genome was done for two million dollars , and in just two months . +an architect far better and smar@@ ter than us has given us that to@@ ol@@ box , and we now have the ability to use it . +we could produce better fla@@ vor@@ s and ar@@ om@@ as . +and he had the best answer i ever heard to this question : " well , somebody has to . " +i 'm s@@ ni@@ ff@@ ing this other dog 's re@@ ar end , the ow@@ ner 's calling . " +and what you will find is a very , very low-@@ ran@@ king bit@@ ch will quite easily keep a bone away from a high-@@ ran@@ king male . +and that 's how we use the food l@@ ure in the hand , and we use food because we 're dealing with ow@@ ners . +so we go , " sit , " on the cou@@ ch ; " sit , " tu@@ m@@ my@@ -@@ ru@@ b ; " sit , " look , i throw a ten@@ nis ball ; " sit , " say hell@@ o to that other dog . +they think a pun@@ ish@@ ment is something na@@ sty . +your head now is 100 y@@ ards away , sa@@ il@@ ing through the air , ok ? +and ug@@ ly face is this -- when you go fac@@ e-@@ to-@@ face with a pu@@ pp@@ y or a child , you say , " what are you doing ! now stop it , stop it , stop it ! " +it really is . +speaking at the 2007 e@@ g conference , train@@ er ian dun@@ bar as@@ ks us to see the world through the eyes of our belo@@ ved dogs . by knowing our pe@@ ts ' perspective , we can build their love and trust . it 's a message that res@@ on@@ ates well beyond the animal world . +and you made it out of what ? +w@@ k : yeah , i want to build another one -- to pu@@ mp water and ir@@ ri@@ gation for cro@@ ps . +and so this is basically a song about lo@@ ops , but not the kind of lo@@ ops that i make up here . +and that 's what the song is asking . +every time i read che@@ k@@ ho@@ v and his unique vision of human life , i 'm remin@@ ded of why i too became a writer . +what about bigger numbers ? +that 's a lot easier than the way that the school taught you to do math , i 'm sure . +the h@@ are itself , the animal -- not a c@@ at , not a dog , a h@@ are -- why a h@@ are ? +how did we become the only species that becomes more pro@@ sper@@ ous as it becomes more popul@@ ous ? +and it 's this combin@@ ation , this cu@@ mu@@ la@@ tive technology , that intri@@ gues me , because i think it 's the secret to understanding what 's happening in the world . +there 's no exchange of ideas between them . +and that 's seven and a half seconds of pro@@ sper@@ ity that you 've ga@@ ined since 19@@ 50 , as it were , because that 's seven and a half seconds in which you can do something else , or you can ac@@ qui@@ re another good or service . +we 're able to draw upon speci@@ alization and exchange to raise each other 's living standards . +and so both sides raise each other 's standards of living through the sexual di@@ vision of labor . +and that will have led to speci@@ alization . +the person on the assem@@ bly line doesn 't know because he doesn 't know how to dri@@ ll an oil well to get oil out to make plastic , and so on . +my work is about the behaviors that we all engage in un@@ consci@@ ously , on a collective level . +and that 's gone up since then , but we don 't have the numbers yet . +and this is what the next piece is about . +as we try to build this view , and try to educ@@ ate ourselves about the enor@@ m@@ ity of our culture , the information that we have to work with is these gigan@@ tic numbers : numbers in the millions , in the hundreds of millions , in the billions and now in the trilli@@ ons . +you 're looking at the outside sh@@ ell of the virus , and the yellow color here are those parts of the virus that are evol@@ ving very , very fast , and the blue parts are not evol@@ ving very fast . +but really , it 's pretty rob@@ ust . +and there 're only 10@@ 2 because people got bor@@ ed colle@@ cting them : there are just new ones every year . +so that 's great , but again , cheap shot , right ? +we put the bee@@ per in the clin@@ ic . +i mean , they went to the ma@@ x for this woman . +and what i 'm telling you here from the signal , is that men who have a mu@@ tation in this an@@ tivi@@ ral defen@@ se enzy@@ me , and have a tumor , often have -- 40 percent of the time -- a sig@@ nature which reve@@ als a new retro@@ virus . +joe der@@ is@@ i : solving medical myster@@ ies +here 's the first battery -- a st@@ ack of co@@ ins , zin@@ c and sil@@ ver , separ@@ ated by car@@ d@@ board so@@ ak@@ ed in br@@ ine . +the electro@@ ly@@ te is not a solution of s@@ alt and water , but rather s@@ alt that 's mel@@ ted . +it 's pretty cool , at least in theory . +so a year and a half ago , david and i , along with another research sta@@ ff@@ -@@ member , formed a company to acceler@@ ate the rate of progress and the race to manufac@@ ture product . +don@@ ald sa@@ do@@ way : the missing link to rene@@ w@@ able energy +so i want to give you a quick story of how it got started . +did you find the gold ? +things where you might trip across things like the c@@ oper@@ ni@@ can principle , the fer@@ m@@ i parado@@ x , the anthro@@ pi@@ c principle , the orig@@ in of life . +so pretty much players are encoura@@ ged to be very creative in the game . +so this is the planet that we 've been playing on up to this point in the game . +now here , our entire oceans are ev@@ a@@ por@@ ating off the surface , and as it kee@@ ps getting hot@@ ter at some point the entire planet 's going to melt down . +and so you 'd have this wonderful spar@@ kl@@ ing thing , with the dis@@ k slowly ro@@ tat@@ ing , and this is roughly what it would look like . and so really , part of this is about bringing the beauty of this , of the natural world , to somebody in a very imag@@ in@@ ative way , so that they can start c@@ ali@@ br@@ ating their instin@@ ct across these vast sc@@ ales of space and time . +even the b@@ b@@ c and the new york times . +so they do this both when they have power sort of chron@@ ically , and also when they 're feeling powerful in the moment . +so business schools have been strug@@ gling with this gender grade gap . +probably not , right ? you want the person who 's powerful and as@@ ser@@ tive and domin@@ ant , but not very stress re@@ active , the person who 's la@@ id back . +so two minutes lead to these hor@@ mon@@ al changes that con@@ figure your brain to basically be either as@@ ser@@ tive , confi@@ dent and comfortable , or really st@@ res@@ s-@@ re@@ active , and , you know , feeling sort of shu@@ t down . and we 've all had the feeling , right ? +we also ev@@ al@@ u@@ ate these people much more posi@@ tively over@@ all . " +and the night before my fir@@ st-@@ year talk , and the fir@@ st-@@ year talk at prin@@ c@@ et@@ on is a 20@@ -@@ minute talk to 20 people . that 's it . +two minutes , two minutes , two minutes . +so you 're out in the wo@@ ods , or you 're out in the pa@@ st@@ ure , and you see this ant cra@@ w@@ ling up this bla@@ de of gr@@ ass . +many people have la@@ id down their lives for commun@@ ism , and many have la@@ id down their lives for capit@@ alism . +now , what theor@@ ies do we want to use to look at this ? +not silicon . +there are other par@@ as@@ ites that do this -- which ren@@ der the ho@@ st ster@@ i@@ le . +they 're not a big deal for us . +now in the old days , conduc@@ ting , music making , was less about trust and more , frank@@ ly , about co@@ er@@ ci@@ on . +i have to say , in those days , i couldn 't really even find the bird . +they don 't read music . +do you hear it ? +well done , ladies and gentle@@ men . +ly@@ n : when i 'm making music , i feel like a pilot in the cock@@ p@@ it flying an airplane . +my un@@ cle ed gave me a beautiful blue swe@@ ater -- at least i thought it was beautiful . +we focused on a business model ; we insi@@ sted on skin in the game . +they are farmers and factory workers . +it 's esti@@ ma@@ ted that africa lo@@ ses about 13 billion dollars a year to the disease . +she runs two of the lines , and has already saved enough money to put a down pay@@ ment on her house . +well three sons got into a negoti@@ ation . +how do we deal with our deep@@ est differences , given the human pro@@ pen@@ sity for conflict and the human geni@@ us at de@@ vis@@ ing weapons of enormous destruction ? +and we can play an incredibly con@@ struc@@ tive role . +now let me take you for a moment to what 's wid@@ ely re@@ gar@@ ded as the world 's most difficult conflict , or the most impossible conflict , is the middle east . +now as anthropo@@ logi@@ sts , we know that every culture has an orig@@ in story . +and that 's what comes to the first step here . +let me ask you a question . +and so that 's what it 's about . +but they did it thanks to a common identity -- europe -- and a common economy . +nat@@ al@@ ie ma@@ c@@ master : cape bre@@ ton fi@@ dd@@ ling in re@@ el time +first step , the medical doctor went away for about six months , and he worked on what were to become these nine health goals , what were we a@@ im@@ ing at . +you and your kids are fine . +that 's our average budget . +they do all aspe@@ cts of the work . +they could tra@@ p the flies , send them to him in per@@ th . +i put it to you , is this elimin@@ ating poverty ? +so when i do my job , people hate me . +and second , i don 't care about the word , i care about how you use it . +i 'm not saying it 's easy . +but it all starts with see@@ ds in class@@ rooms , in my place , which looks like this . +and what 'd we do then ? well , i met nice people like you , and they invited us to the ham@@ p@@ tons . +that 's a picture i took of my bronx bor@@ ough president , add@@ res@@ sing my kids in his house , not the ja@@ il@@ house , making them feel a part of it . +so we started giving back . +and when you exp@@ and their pal@@ ates , you exp@@ and their vo@@ cab@@ ul@@ ary . +and again , when you can take kids from back@@ gro@@ unds as diver@@ se as this to do something as special as this , we 're really creating a moment . +people , you can all do that . +s@@ í se pu@@ e@@ de ! +well , with the pi@@ g , at the bas@@ eline , before we blo@@ cked the pi@@ g 's ar@@ tery to simu@@ late a heart attack , that was the signal . +so there it was , th@@ ur@@ s@@ day morning we stopped the pi@@ g 's medic@@ ation and there is his electro@@ gra@@ m , the signal from inside the pi@@ g 's heart coming out by radio tele@@ me@@ try . +that 's the first invention that i wanted to describe . +st@@ acy sa@@ ger : but for christ@@ ina si@@ de@@ bottom , almost anything was worth trying if it could stop a migra@@ ine . +this is probably a better picture . +a signal in the brain that tri@@ g@@ gers brain dy@@ s@@ function might be sen@@ sed as a tri@@ g@@ ger for electro@@ -@@ stimu@@ lation like we 're doing with epi@@ le@@ p@@ sy . +everybody knows that we can do better with a visual thing that can be inter@@ active with the patient , where they see the video and they 're being video@@ ed and they press , do you understand this ? no , i don 't . +and so there is a team of develop@@ ers from all over africa , who are part of this team now -- from ghana , from mal@@ aw@@ i , from kenya . +you see this with twitter , too . you get this information over@@ load . +after he died , i realized that no one wri@@ tes to me anymore . +in fact , so many different points of res@@ on@@ ance that it 's going to be difficult to bring them all up , but i 'll try to do my best . +think of it as a massive it@@ un@@ es for book type content . +companies like national instru@@ ments , who are em@@ bed@@ ding very powerful , inter@@ active simu@@ lations into the materials , so that we can go way beyond our regular kind of text@@ book to an experience that all the teaching materials are things you can actually interact with and play around with and actually learn as you do . +so what we 're seeing is moving this burning or publi@@ cation process from the regular sort of sing@@ le-@@ auth@@ or@@ ed book towards commun@@ it@@ y-@@ auth@@ or@@ ed materials that are mod@@ ular , that are custom@@ i@@ zed to each individual class and published on demand very in@@ expen@@ si@@ vely , either pus@@ hed out through ama@@ zon , or published directly through an on-@@ demand press , like co@@ op . +and people who are teachers out here , who@@ ever taught , you know this -- it 's the inter@@ connections between ideas that teaching is really all about . +we 're not talking about har@@ ry po@@ tter , right ? +and if you read the press , it actually last week said i qu@@ it the media lab . +and these are two an@@ ec@@ d@@ ot@@ es -- one was in cam@@ bo@@ dia , in a village that has no electricity , no water , no television , no tele@@ phone , but has broad@@ band internet now . +we 're interested in big dis@@ plays , bright dis@@ plays . +it 's the rest -- that little brown box -- that is pretty fascinating , because the rest of your laptop is de@@ vot@@ ed to itself . +is it all worked out ? no . +by law you 've got to bi@@ d , and so on and so forth . +because there 's no market for post office tru@@ cks . +and if it comes out at 13@@ 8 dollars , so what ? +we can put anything we want into it , and it doesn 't get hea@@ vier , and then we can take anything out . +and i said , " i want to do that . " +these are the people that you have access to right now , in general -- all of these people , all of your friends and family that you can connect to . +i want you to take a trip with me . +in resour@@ ce-@@ rich countries , with all the tests and treatment we currently have , less than two percent of babies are born hiv-@@ positive -- 9@@ 8 percent of babies are born hiv-@@ negative . +these women are here for care , but we know that just doing a test , just giving someone a drug , it 's not enough . +your baby is going to be hiv-@@ negative . " +the second : keep mothers healthy , keep mothers alive , keep the children alive -- no more or@@ ph@@ ans . +she had been asked by one of the cli@@ ents to go to the home of the cli@@ ent , because the cli@@ ent wanted to tell the mother and her brothers and si@@ sters about her hiv status , and she was afraid to go by her@@ self . +we 've cho@@ sen to re@@ define the health care system as a doctor , a nur@@ se and a ment@@ or mother . +mothers with hiv car@@ ing for mothers with hiv . +it 's propor@@ tion@@ ally much bigger in humans than in any other species , and it 's involved in a whole range of high level cognitive fun@@ ctions , things like decisi@@ on-@@ making , planning , planning what you 're going to do tomorrow or next week or next year , in@@ hi@@ bit@@ ing in@@ appropriate behavior , so stopp@@ ing yourself saying something really ru@@ de or doing something really stupid . +there are three tru@@ cks there . you 're going to instin@@ c@@ tively go for the white tru@@ ck , because that 's the top tru@@ ck from your perspective , but then you have to remember , " oh , he can 't see that tru@@ ck , so he must mean me to move the blue tru@@ ck , " which is the top tru@@ ck from his perspective . now believe it or not , normal , healthy , intelligent adults like you make er@@ r@@ ors about 50 percent of the time on that kind of trial . +but now we try to understand that in terms of the development of a part of their brain called the lim@@ bi@@ c system , so i 'm going to show you the lim@@ bi@@ c system in red in the slide behind me , and also on this brain . +see , he ow@@ ned a chro@@ mi@@ um pl@@ ating company , and they had to move heavy steel parts between tan@@ ks of chemicals , and so he needed an industrial robot like this that could basically do the heavy li@@ f@@ ting . +but i knew what he meant , because it would be possible to take a bunch of pictures of flo@@ wers in a garden and then , basically , inde@@ x them in a computer system such that it would appear that there was a real robot when there wasn 't . +she said , when she was just about to walk on stage , the tel@@ e-@@ direc@@ tors were still trying to agree on what to do , and so she just walked on stage and did what felt most natural . +human demon@@ stra@@ tions , they 're all no@@ is@@ y and im@@ perfect , and we extra@@ ct from them an in@@ fer@@ red task tra@@ je@@ c@@ tory and control sequence for the robot . +the more that robots ing@@ rain themselves into our everyday lives , the more we 're forced to exam@@ ine ourselves as people . at tedx@@ ber@@ k@@ ele@@ y , ken gold@@ berg shares four very human lessons that he 's learned from working with robots . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +in fact , it is said that in the collective consciousness of africa , we get to experience the deep@@ est parts of our own humanity through our inter@@ actions with others . +and there was something so beauti@@ fully african about it to me , this small house with a huge heart in it . +as i come out of the water , sol@@ ly arri@@ ves at a deep section , a chan@@ nel between us . +she arrived at our reser@@ ve from a reser@@ ve east of us on her migr@@ atory rou@@ te . +and while it 's true that u@@ bun@@ tu is an african idea , what i see is the essen@@ ce of that value being invented here . +now ka@@ es@@ a@@ va had a baby boy called re@@ han a couple of weeks ago . +perhaps loss of memory is so cru@@ cial for our survival as human beings . +well , when i think of the future , i never see myself moving forward in time . i actually see time moving back@@ ward towards me . +i actually inclu@@ ded stories from my grandmother . +i must ad@@ mit , i used to be one of them . +i discovered that there 's a movement for a better way . +bir@@ ke ba@@ e@@ hr : what 's wrong with our food system +and you can see that it kind of ho@@ ck@@ ey sti@@ cks up around the 196@@ 0s and ' 7@@ 0s , and it 's on kind of a nice tra@@ je@@ c@@ tory right now . +se@@ amo@@ unts are important for bio@@ diversity . +and what 's the context of the pho@@ en@@ i@@ x is@@ lands ? +i 'd like to go back and share it with the government of ki@@ ri@@ bat@@ i , who are over in tar@@ a@@ wa , the west@@ ern@@ most group . +it had occur@@ red on land , in rain@@ fore@@ sts of south america and africa , where lan@@ dow@@ ners had been paid not to cut the trees down . +it 's almost like if a person has multiple diseases , it 's hard to get well , you might die , but if you only have one disease to deal with , you can get better . +i 've just described to you the one story behind that rec@@ tan@@ g@@ ular area in the middle , the pho@@ en@@ i@@ x is@@ lands , but every other green pat@@ ch on that has its own story . +just in the past couple years , we 've seen digital tools display skills and abilities that they never , ever had before , and that , kind of , eat deeply into what we human beings do for a living . let me give you a couple examples . +in the short term , we can stimu@@ late job growth by encoura@@ ging entreprene@@ ur@@ ship and by invest@@ ing in infrastructure , because the robots today still aren 't very good at fix@@ ing bri@@ d@@ ges . +so the work of innovation , the work of coming up with new ideas , is some of the most powerful , some of the most fundamental work that we can do in an economy . and this is kind of how we used to do innovation . +thanks very much . +this is 198@@ 3 . +and , la@@ stly , under " harmon@@ y , " they had this 13@@ th-@@ century mand@@ ala from ti@@ bet . +he didn 't want any of his friends to be ar@@ re@@ sted , so he supp@@ lied everybody with this fa@@ ke volunte@@ er card . +which brought me back to my list making -- you know , just to see what i actually like about my job . +then it 's : " gu@@ ts . " +the other condition is in societies living in mar@@ g@@ in@@ al or flu@@ c@@ tu@@ ating environments , such as the arc@@ tic or deser@@ ts , where there are peri@@ o@@ di@@ c food shor@@ tages , and occasi@@ on@@ ally there just isn 't enough food to keep everyone alive . +for example , there 's particular em@@ ph@@ as@@ is on respect for the el@@ der@@ ly in east asia , associated with con@@ fu@@ ci@@ us ' doc@@ tr@@ ine of fi@@ li@@ al pie@@ ty , which means o@@ be@@ di@@ ence , respect and support for el@@ der@@ ly parents . +perhaps the biggest change for the worse is that our el@@ der@@ ly are obje@@ c@@ tively less useful than in traditional societies . +unfortunately , all of those terrible situations could come back . +those are just some examples of what we can learn from traditional societies . +and so the back@@ story of the 99 takes place in 12@@ 5@@ 8 , which history tells us the mon@@ g@@ ols inv@@ aded bag@@ h@@ dad and destro@@ yed it . +the concept centers on something called the no@@ or st@@ ones . +i got acc@@ used in a few blogs that i was actually sent by the po@@ pe to pre@@ ach the trin@@ ity and ca@@ tho@@ lic@@ ism in the middle east , so you -- you believe who you want . i gave you my version of the story . +top right is stu@@ art mo@@ ore , a writer for ir@@ on man . +opened a theme park through a licen@@ se in ku@@ wait a year and a half ago called the 99 village theme park -- 3@@ 0@@ 0,000 square feet , 20 ri@@ des , all with our characters : a couple back@@ -@@ to-@@ school licen@@ ses in spa@@ in and tur@@ key . +i don 't deser@@ ve it . i don 't deser@@ ve anything . +and the first one was about a group called the party of god , who wanted to ban val@@ ent@@ ine 's day . red was made illegal . +ra@@ y@@ an re@@ fra@@ med the situation and brought himself down to my level . +that is , they 're meaning@@ less without context : 500 billion for this pi@@ p@@ eline , 20 billion for this war . +so i want to show you another landscape now . +why apri@@ l ? +yeah , re@@ tail therapy might help . +there 's something almost quite ma@@ gical about visual information . +so massive , in fact , that it can con@@ tain all the other military bud@@ gets in the world inside itself . +we need relative fig@@ ures that are connected to other data so that we can see a ful@@ ler picture , and then that can lead to us changing our perspective . +so let 's filter that out . +i mean , i find information just too interesting . +now what you are sm@@ elling is a combin@@ ation of -- i asked how many molecules there were in there , and nobody would tell me . +and that 's a perfectly reas@@ on@@ able theory in the sense that almost everything else in biology works by shape . +this is cis@@ -@@ 3@@ -@@ h@@ ex@@ en@@ e-@@ 1@@ -@@ ol . it sm@@ ells of cut gr@@ ass . +the bad news is they 're ro@@ cket fu@@ els . +this is the basis for the device that these two guys at ford built . +and i said , first of all , let me do the calcu@@ lation on that com@@ po@@ und , bottom right , which is related to cou@@ mar@@ in , but has an extra p@@ ent@@ ag@@ on in@@ ser@@ ted into the molecule . +i come out of the adverti@@ sing and design business . +running through this typical letter that they had , i ran it through my simpli@@ city lab , it 's pretty un@@ intelli@@ gi@@ ble . +mo@@ ses ! -- the boys in michael mor@@ pur@@ go 's " friend or fo@@ e ; " al@@ em in ben@@ jam@@ in ze@@ ph@@ ani@@ ah 's " re@@ fu@@ ge@@ e boy ; " lu@@ ke sky@@ wal@@ ker -- lu@@ ke sky@@ wal@@ ker ! -- oli@@ ver twi@@ st ; cas@@ si@@ a in " the con@@ cu@@ bine of shang@@ hai " by h@@ ong ying ; cel@@ ie in ali@@ ce wal@@ ker 's " the color pur@@ ple . " +the adop@@ tion process took , like , a matter of months , so it was a closed shop , you know , se@@ aled deal , an industri@@ ous , u@@ tili@@ t@@ arian solution : the government , the farmer , the adop@@ ting parents , the consumer , the mother , the earth , and the child , the cro@@ p . +and i was on the c@@ us@@ p of , sort of , ad@@ oles@@ c@@ ence , so i was starting to take bis@@ cu@@ its from the tin without asking . +but because i had no family to in@@ qui@@ re about me , they could do anything to me . +le@@ m@@ n s@@ is@@ say : a child of the state +we still really haven 't got a very complete picture of it . +and if you look north here , there 's a big river that flo@@ ws into the la@@ ke that 's been carrying se@@ di@@ ment and preser@@ ving the rema@@ ins of the animals that lived there . +and he rema@@ ined there until 1.@@ 6 million years later , when this very famous fossil h@@ unter , kam@@ o@@ ya ki@@ me@@ u , walked along a small h@@ ill@@ side and found that small piece of his sk@@ ul@@ l lying on the surface am@@ on@@ gst the pe@@ b@@ bles , recogni@@ zed it as being hom@@ in@@ id . +i think it 's our collective intelligence . +well , to end on a very positive note , i think evolution@@ arily speaking , this is probably a fairly good thing , in the end . +this fol@@ der has 17@@ ,000 photos -- over 20 gi@@ gab@@ y@@ tes of information -- and it 's growing constantly . +you can see that i even made a museum lab@@ el for it that inclu@@ des a brief history of the do@@ do . +it 's funny to me that it took a while to auth@@ en@@ tic@@ ate it , because i can see it compared to this thing , and i can tell you -- it 's real , it 's the real thing , it 's made from the ex@@ act same m@@ old that this one is . +i 'll go you one stran@@ ger than that : in 197@@ 4 , during the production of a weird com@@ e@@ dy sequ@@ el to " the mal@@ t@@ ese fal@@ c@@ on , " called " the black bird , " star@@ ring george se@@ g@@ al , the los angeles coun@@ ty museum of art had a pla@@ ster original of the mal@@ t@@ ese fal@@ c@@ on -- one of the original six pla@@ sters , i think , made for the movie -- stol@@ en out of the museum . a lot of people thought it was a publi@@ city st@@ unt for the movie . +there 's a thing that happens when you m@@ old and cast things , which is that every time you throw it into silic@@ one and cast it in res@@ in , you lose a little bit of volu@@ me , you lose a little bit of size . +i had exten@@ sive and life@@ -@@ thre@@ at@@ ening in@@ ju@@ ries . +the next conc@@ ern was whether i would walk again , because i was paraly@@ zed from the wa@@ ist down . +i was lying on a thin , hard spin@@ al bed . +in the spin@@ al ward , that 's normal . +it was everybody 's pain . and then i knew , just like before , that i had a choice . i could keep fighting this or i could let go and accept not only my body but the circum@@ stances of my life . +and they took one look and ran out the back to draw short stra@@ ws . +so i went home , i got a training di@@ ary out , and i had a plan . +the pilot light inside of me was still a light , just as it is in each and every one of us . +and we should be developing things -- we should be developing pac@@ k@@ aging for ideas which el@@ ev@@ ate people 's per@@ cep@@ tions and respect for the things that we dig out of the earth and trans@@ late into products for everyday use . +when i do make some money , i 'll have one machin@@ ed for myself . +it comes back to instin@@ ct . +it cost 1.@@ 7 million dollars to develop . it 's called " go " by ber@@ n@@ hard@@ t , usa . +that is the power of organic design . +it 's grown in my mind , and then it 's grown in terms of the whole process that i go through . +i 've been ban@@ ging on about this like i can 't believe . +and that 's what i do with my fur@@ ni@@ ture . +it 's in not@@ ting h@@ ill next to all the cra@@ p -- you know , the pro@@ stit@@ utes and all that stuff . +on the wall is my book called " super@@ natural , " which allows me to remember what i 've done , because i forget . +we trained in a t@@ ank in port hu@@ ene@@ me , and then my first open ocean di@@ ve was in s@@ ant@@ a bar@@ bar@@ a chan@@ nel . +like those big explo@@ sions , spar@@ ks , are from a little com@@ b j@@ el@@ ly , and there 's kri@@ ll and other kinds of cru@@ stac@@ e@@ ans , and j@@ ell@@ y@@ fish . +now , this one is blue , and that 's the color of most bi@@ ol@@ umines@@ c@@ ence in the ocean because evolution has sel@@ ec@@ ted for the color that tra@@ vels far@@ th@@ est through se@@ a@@ water in order to optimi@@ ze communication . +he 's got to find himself a bab@@ e and then he 's got to lat@@ ch on for life . +and then to generate the display you 're about to see , all i did was touch it once per second on its ner@@ ve ring with a shar@@ p pick that 's sort of like the shar@@ p to@@ oth of a fish . +but there came a moment when it all came together , and everything worked . +edi@@ th wid@@ der : glo@@ wing life in an under@@ water world +so as we are facing all the multiple cris@@ es in our world at the moment , what is good for us on a personal level , what 's going to bring more joy , gra@@ titude , effec@@ ti@@ ven@@ ess in our lives and be the best for our own care@@ ers is also what is best for the world . +so i -- i took my camera , i took my not@@ e@@ book , took a chair , and started to obser@@ ve this behavior . +here 's one of my fellow w@@ inn@@ ers . that 's charles pa@@ x@@ ton who won the 2000 biology prize for his paper , " cour@@ ts@@ hi@@ p behavior of o@@ stri@@ ches towards humans under far@@ ming conditions in britain . " +the mis@@ sion@@ ary position is very rare in the animal king@@ dom . +and when it 's over , we go to a chinese restaurant and we have a si@@ x-@@ course du@@ ck dinner . +it had become a part of my body , an exten@@ sion of my senses , and after some time , it even became a part of my offi@@ cial image . +prin@@ ce charles has some simil@@ ari@@ ties with ni@@ co@@ le kid@@ man . +and the good thing about percei@@ ving ultra@@ vi@@ o@@ let is that you can hear if it 's a good day or a bad day to sun@@ ba@@ the , because ultra@@ vi@@ o@@ let is a dangerous color , a color that can actually kill us , so i think we should all have this wish to percei@@ ve things that we cannot percei@@ ve . +she was wh@@ ol@@ ly un@@ concerned about the be@@ ars , but she was terri@@ fied of law@@ yers . +but the reality is , these crazy cases are relatively rare . they don 't usually win . +it 's very hard to measure because there are mix@@ ed mo@@ tives . +it doesn 't seem to be working very well does it ? +people -- for law to be the platform for freedom , people have to trust it . +so , what 's needed now is to re@@ build these boundar@@ ies . +that person doesn 't exist today . +it 's the only way to get our freedom back , and it 's the only way to rele@@ ase the energy and passion needed so that we can meet the challenges of our time . thank you . +or -- or maybe and -- in addition to rules , let 's see if we can come up with some really clever in@@ centi@@ ves so that , even if the people we deal with don 't particularly want to serve our interests , it is in their interest to serve our interest -- the magic in@@ centi@@ ves that will get people to do the right thing even out of p@@ ure sel@@ fis@@ hn@@ ess . +well if you think about it , it 's really hard to measure out round colum@@ ns using a rul@@ er . +he had a pretty low-@@ wa@@ ge job . +he did after all have a to@@ y gun . +but the problem with rel@@ ying on rules and in@@ centi@@ ves is that they de@@ mor@@ alize professional activity , and they de@@ mor@@ alize professional activity in two senses . +so can@@ ny out@@ laws are better than nothing , but it 's hard to imagine any can@@ ny out@@ law susta@@ ining that for an in@@ defini@@ te period of time . +there are now 22 cities that have veter@@ ans ' cour@@ ts like this . +so there are lots of examples like this that we talk about . +the united states had developed a couple of atom@@ ic weapons through the manhattan project , and the idea was very stra@@ ig@@ ht@@ forward : we would use the power of the at@@ om to end the at@@ ro@@ cities and the hor@@ ror of this un@@ en@@ ding world war ii that we 'd been involved in in europe and in the pacific . +during this chap@@ ter one , there was a high level of public awareness about the potential of nuclear cat@@ astrop@@ he , and an inde@@ li@@ ble image was implan@@ ted in our collective minds that , in fact , a nuclear h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st would be absolutely glob@@ ally de@@ struc@@ tive and could , in some ways , mean the end of civilization as we know it . +so the goal was to ev@@ ac@@ u@@ ate the target cities . +there are many , many sites where war@@ heads are stor@@ ed and , in fact , lots of sites where fis@@ sion@@ able materials , like highly en@@ rich@@ ed ur@@ ani@@ um and plu@@ ton@@ ium , are absolutely not safe . +they are very de@@ dic@@ ated and commit@@ ted . +this is the size of the " little boy " bom@@ b that was dro@@ pped at hi@@ ro@@ shi@@ ma . +in that 10 to 15 minutes , all you have to do -- and i mean this seriously -- is go about a mile away from the bl@@ ast . +so separ@@ ation -- hopefully with di@@ rt or con@@ cre@@ te , or being in a bas@@ ement -- distance and time is what will save you . +serious problems , big problems , pres@@ sing problems . +and many of us here are deeply involved in that . +and that 's clear@@ er now than it 's been for decades . +that 's what business does when it makes a profit . +business does not profit from caus@@ ing social problems , actually not in any fundamental sense . +we see companies like the brazi@@ li@@ an fore@@ stry company fi@@ bri@@ a that 's figured out how to avoid te@@ aring down old growth forest and using eu@@ cal@@ yp@@ tus and getting much more y@@ i@@ el@@ d per he@@ ct@@ are of pul@@ p and making much more paper than you could make by cutting down those old trees . +if we can break down this sort of divi@@ de , this un@@ e@@ ase , this ten@@ sion , this sense that we 're not fundament@@ ally collabor@@ ating here in driving these social problems , we can break this down , and we finally , i think , can have solutions . +this shows a lot of intern@@ al structures . +it doesn 't have to be always dis@@ section . +they 're even more sho@@ cked by what he says . +they talked about science and the need for a new scientific revolution . +each month requi@@ red 1,@@ 3@@ 65 calcu@@ lations , so these tables were filled with mistakes . +there 's a fli@@ p side as well . +one day a nasa man@@ ager comes into my office , si@@ ts down and says , " can you please tell us , how do we look for life outside earth ? " +so he was convinced , but , in fact , most people aren 't . +and it is in fact due to this arms race between ha@@ ck@@ ers and operating system designers that things go back and forth . +and as you see here , there are groups that are growing on top of each other , because they are spre@@ ading . +and obviously each of these letters comes off about roughly equ@@ ally frequ@@ ent . +it doesn 't matter what kind of se@@ di@@ ment you 're using to gr@@ ind up , whether it 's bacteria or any other plants or animals . +so let 's see what that looks like . +and if we re@@ move the myster@@ y of life , then i think it is a little bit easier for us to think about how we live , and how perhaps we 're not as special as we always think we are . +this is a paper form , and what you 're looking at is a paper form in the hand of a mini@@ stry of health nur@@ se in in@@ don@@ es@@ ia who is tra@@ mp@@ ing out across the coun@@ tr@@ y@@ side in in@@ don@@ es@@ ia on , i 'm sure , a very hot and hu@@ mi@@ d day , and she is going to be kno@@ cking on thousands of do@@ ors over a period of weeks or months , kno@@ cking on the do@@ ors and saying , " exc@@ use me , we 'd like to ask you some questions . +now try and wra@@ p your head around that for a second . +the problem was , after a few years of doing that , i realized i had done -- i had been to maybe six or seven programs , and i thought , you know , if i keep this up at this p@@ ace , over my whole career , maybe i 'm going to go to maybe 20 or 30 programs . +now you may not think of hot@@ mail as being mira@@ cul@@ ous , but for me it was mira@@ cul@@ ous , because i noticed , just as i was w@@ rest@@ ling with this problem , i was working in sub-@@ sahar@@ an africa mostly at the time . +but there are some addi@@ tional benefits as well . +colle@@ cting global health data was an im@@ perfect science : workers tra@@ mp@@ ed through villa@@ ges to kno@@ ck on do@@ ors and ask questions , wrote the answers on paper forms , then input the data -- and from this ga@@ pp@@ y information , countries would make huge decisions . data ge@@ ek jo@@ el sel@@ ani@@ ki@@ o talks through the sea change in colle@@ cting health data in the past decade -- starting with the pal@@ m pilot and hot@@ mail , and now moving into the cloud . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +and when we drop the ball@@ ast over@@ board we clim@@ b . +thro@@ wing over@@ board , as ball@@ ast , to change our direction . +but we were expected to have dou@@ b@@ ts ; we 're expected to have fe@@ ars . +but it will not be possible in the future any more . +why that ? because fuel is not easy to replace . +and this is exactly the symbol of our world . +but much more , to get ad@@ vices , to give your comm@@ ents , to spread the word that if it 's possible in the air , of course it 's possible in the ground . +you see , it used to be that if you wanted to make a record of a song , you needed a studio and a produ@@ cer . +don 't ask . +and what we 're facing in africa is an un@@ pre@@ ce@@ d@@ ented threat to human dig@@ ni@@ ty and equ@@ ality . +you see , it 's not as dra@@ matic as the tsun@@ ami . +don 't you think that on a pur@@ ely commercial level , that anti-@@ retro@@ vi@@ ral drugs are great adverti@@ se@@ ments for western in@@ genu@@ ity and technology ? +this is the straight truth , the ri@@ gh@@ te@@ ous truth . +so why , then , are we not pump@@ ing our fi@@ sts into the air ? +moment@@ um has been building . +there 's the continent africa . +a few minutes ago , i talked about all the citizens ' campaig@@ ns that are spr@@ inging up . +i really believe that old tru@@ man line , that if you give the american people the facts , they 'll do the right thing . +i think we have the money and brains in the room to do that . +now , " all sho@@ ok up " is a great love song . +people with color@@ ed hearing actually see colors when they hear the sounds of words or letters . +they took longer to re@@ je@@ ct metaph@@ ors as fal@@ se than they did to re@@ je@@ ct literally fal@@ se sent@@ ences . +those ex@@ posed to the world war ii scen@@ ari@@ o made more interven@@ tion@@ ist re@@ com@@ men@@ da@@ tions than the others . +a@@ ph@@ or@@ ism enth@@ usi@@ ast and auth@@ or james ge@@ ary wa@@ xes on a fascinating fix@@ ture of human language : the metaphor . friend of scri@@ bes from ari@@ st@@ ot@@ le to el@@ v@@ is , metaphor can sub@@ tly influence the decisions we make , ge@@ ary says . +but we want to tell the world that , no , under the one fla@@ g , we 'll still re@@ main as ye@@ men@@ i people . +and he said , " you are the bridge . " +p@@ m : and we should point out that he works with you as well at the paper . +we 've suff@@ ered pro@@ se@@ cu@@ tion ; the paper was closed down more than three times . +actually , that 's a docum@@ ent@@ ary that 's available online ; the video 's online . +as political tur@@ mo@@ il in ye@@ men continu@@ es , the edi@@ tor of the ye@@ men times , na@@ dia al-@@ sa@@ k@@ ka@@ f , talks at ted@@ global with ho@@ st p@@ at mit@@ ch@@ ell . al-@@ sa@@ k@@ ka@@ f 's independent , engli@@ sh@@ -@@ language paper is vi@@ tal for sharing news -- and for sharing a new vision of ye@@ men and of that country 's women as equal part@@ ners in work and change . +my father and my grand@@ father were always looking for the ne@@ west thing in alternative or traditional therap@@ ies for ph , but after six months , i couldn 't walk up a small h@@ ill . i couldn 't clim@@ b a flight of sta@@ irs . +it certainly didn 't pre@@ p@@ are me for what came next . +my doctor wanted me to get on the list for a lung transp@@ l@@ ant . +but organs don 't wait , and i went into surgery before i could say go@@ od@@ b@@ ye . +medical conditions don 't ne@@ gate the human condition . +and many of these chemicals are now lin@@ ked to the sky@@ rock@@ eting inci@@ dents of chr@@ onic childhood disease that we 're seeing across industri@@ alized nations . +and you can see these large , yo@@ l@@ ke@@ d-@@ up eg@@ gs bur@@ sting through the surface of this male 's te@@ stes . +but just two weeks before that , the u.s. sen@@ ate re@@ f@@ used to even debate the ban@@ ning of b@@ pa in babies ' bot@@ tles and si@@ pp@@ y cu@@ ps . +in addition to that , after the baby 's born , our other unique invention as ma@@ mm@@ als is that we n@@ our@@ ish our off@@ spring after they 're born . +th : one of this things that 's exciting and appropriate for me to be here at ted@@ women is that , well , i think it was su@@ mm@@ ed up best last night at dinner when someone said , " turn to the man at your table and tell them , ' when the revolution starts , we 've got your back . ' " the truth is , women , you 've had our back on this issue for a very long time , starting with ra@@ ch@@ el car@@ son 's " sil@@ ent spring " to the@@ o col@@ born 's " our stol@@ en future " to sand@@ ra stein@@ gr@@ aber 's books " living down@@ stream " and " having faith . " +and it 's my feeling and it 's my ur@@ ging being here to know that , as we women move forward as the communic@@ ators of this , but also as the ones who carry that bur@@ den of carrying the children , be@@ aring the children , we hold most of the buying power in the hou@@ se@@ hold , is that it 's going to be us moving forward to carry the work of ty@@ r@@ one and other scientists around the world . +here is a remote island re@@ pos@@ it@@ ory for bot@@ tles off the coast of ba@@ ja california . +that day i ended up spending nearly 60 . +all the king 's hor@@ ses and all the king 's men ... +but curi@@ ously , red@@ wood rain@@ fore@@ sts , the frag@@ ments that we have left , to this day re@@ main under@@ -@@ explor@@ ed . +and with a friend of his , he took it upon himself to fre@@ e-@@ clim@@ b a red@@ wood without rop@@ es or any equipment to see what was up there . +when steve sil@@ le@@ tt gets up into a big red@@ wood , he fir@@ es an ar@@ row , which tra@@ ils a fishing line , which gets over a bran@@ ch in the tree , and then you as@@ c@@ end up a rop@@ e which has been dra@@ g@@ ged into the tree by the line . +this rei@@ ter@@ ation is a huge flying bu@@ t@@ tr@@ ess that comes out the tree itself . +they 're finding out that red@@ wo@@ ods can move mo@@ i@@ st@@ ure out of the air and down into their tr@@ un@@ ks , possibly all the way into their ro@@ ot systems . +what can the red@@ wo@@ ods tell us about ourselves ? +richard pre@@ ston , thank you very much , i think . +the p@@ c virus problem is 25 years old now . +and you can see at the top of the screen , there 's a centi@@ pe@@ de sc@@ roll@@ ing across your computer when you get infe@@ cted by this one . +well there 's multiple different ways , such as ban@@ king tro@@ j@@ ans , which will ste@@ al money from your online ban@@ king accoun@@ ts when you do online ban@@ king , or key@@ log@@ gers . +they also use the global nature of internet to their advantage . +and that 's a back@@ door which will take over your computer . +now i 'm not a law@@ yer , but if i would be , this is where i would say , " i rest my case . " +so prepar@@ e@@ dness means that we can do stuff even when the things we take for gran@@ ted aren 't there . +there are lots of thing that the approach i take can predict , and there are some that it can 't . +and many of you may have noticed that doesn 't have as big an effect , as perhaps you would like it to have . +we 've increas@@ ed it to 3@@ .@@ 6 million . +you might notice what we don 't need to know : there 's no history in here . +and down at 100 they would build civili@@ an nuclear energy , which is what they say is their obje@@ ctive . +everything is not predic@@ table : the stock market is , at least for me , not predic@@ table , but most complicated negoti@@ ations are predic@@ table . +whether you 're an artist , a technolog@@ ist , a law@@ yer or a fan , the hand@@ ling of copy@@ right directly im@@ pac@@ ts your life . +and then they benefit through the ex@@ pos@@ ure , adverti@@ sing and lin@@ ked sal@@ es . +there 's musical lab@@ els . +if you saw these women on the street in their fa@@ ded clo@@ th@@ es , you might dis@@ miss them as poor and simple . +sat@@ aw@@ al is one hal@@ f-@@ mile long by one mile wide . +this is part of our collective narra@@ tive . +it 's the most important map of all . +you don 't work in your self-@@ interest all the time , because when emotion comes into it , the wir@@ ing changes in the way it fun@@ ctions . +so , i 've had an interesting laboratory to try to answer the question of the real question , which is what 's the difference in somebody 's life if you look at somebody like those people that you 've given everything to ? like all the resources they say they need . you gave them not a 10@@ 0-@@ dollar computer ; you gave them the best computer . you gave them love ; you gave them joy . you were there to comfort them . +the defin@@ ing factor is never resources ; it 's resour@@ ce@@ ful@@ ness . +hon@@ est@@ ly , better or worse ? say , " a@@ ye . " +your model of the world is the filter . that 's what 's sha@@ ping us . +how many of you here love surpris@@ es ? say , " a@@ ye . " +if nothing else works for you , get a dog . don 't get a c@@ at . get a dog , because if you leave for two minutes , it 's like you 've been gone for six months when you show back up again five minutes later , right ? +now , 18 years later , i 'm proud to tell you , last year we f@@ ed two million people in 35 countries through our foundation , all during the ho@@ li@@ days : th@@ ank@@ s@@ giving , christ@@ mas -- -- in all the different countries around the world . +she said , " it 's over . " when i finished that night , she called him and left a message -- true story -- at the top of the world trade center where he worked , saying , " hon@@ ey , i love you , i just want you to know i want to mar@@ ry you . it was stupid of me . " she was as@@ le@@ ep , because it was 3 a@@ .@@ m@@ . for us , when he called her back from the top and said , " hon@@ ey , i can 't tell you what this means . " +and that was lar@@ gely because there weren 't any . +and we define ourselves by our g@@ ap@@ s . +any do@@ t can be cli@@ cked and exp@@ and@@ ed . and we see here , " i would just feel so much better if i could cur@@ l up in his arms right now and feel his affe@@ ction for me in the embra@@ ce of his body and the ten@@ der@@ ness of his li@@ ps . " +the next movement is called mo@@ bs . +here we see people that feel " sli@@ pping , " " n@@ au@@ se@@ ous , " " responsible . " +this is in response to , what 's beautiful ? " miss world . " +it 's called universe : reve@@ aling our modern my@@ th@@ ology . +we can click on one of those and have the photograph be the center of the universe . +here we have our star field . here we have our shapes . +but i think they 're beautiful , don 't you ? +what would that mean ? i have no idea . +this looks like a series of breaking waves , and it 's caused by she@@ aring win@@ ds -- the wind above the cloud layer and below the cloud layer diff@@ er signific@@ antly , and in the middle , in between , you get this und@@ ul@@ ating of the air , and if the difference in those spee@@ ds is just right , the tops of the un@@ du@@ lations cur@@ l over in these beautiful breaking wa@@ ve-@@ like vor@@ tic@@ es . +the shar@@ p , cris@@ p out@@ lines of this forma@@ tion make it the best one for finding shapes in . +let 's go back a few years in time and see what happened back then . +using computers , even though they 're getting faster and better all the time , it 's a challenge to deal with gi@@ gab@@ y@@ tes of data , ter@@ ab@@ y@@ tes of data and extra@@ cting the relevant information . +you can see that there is [ a ] sc@@ at@@ ter@@ ing of x-@@ ra@@ ys on the teeth , the metal in the teeth . +and again , it 's fully inter@@ active , so you can ro@@ tate and you can look at things in real time on these systems here . +it really just works like a huge iphone . +and to take that even further , this is a heart . +so mot@@ ts is doing something here , and probably he is going like this with his right hand , because the left side is activ@@ ated on the motor cortex . +i can pe@@ el off the layer of the li@@ on . +and so it was simply ast@@ on@@ ishing to me to find an organization that actually appreci@@ ated both those sides . +he said , " ok . i measu@@ red the hei@@ ght of a bri@@ ck . +the standard explan@@ ation is that the universe somehow spr@@ ang into existence , full of a strange kind of energy -- in@@ fla@@ tion@@ ary energy -- which ble@@ w it up . +the den@@ sity of matter is fin@@ ite , and we have a chance of a consi@@ stent set of equ@@ ations that can describe the whole process . +and the next map now shows africa 's g@@ dp in 1960 , around the time of indepen@@ dence for many african states . +and to my ast@@ on@@ ish@@ ment , they bac@@ ked me 100 percent . +everyone lives together in this hotel -- lec@@ tur@@ ers and students -- and it 's not surprising at all to find an impro@@ mp@@ tu tu@@ tor@@ ial at 1 a@@ .@@ m . +i will be atten@@ ding a@@ ims . +i want to point out a few other ex@@ cep@@ tional people in this picture . +and our part@@ ners across africa are extremely enth@@ usi@@ a@@ stic about this . +when computers were first introduced , they were said to be a million times faster than neurons . +and let me just sum@@ mar@@ ize . so the bottom line : the brain processes information using 100,000 times less energy than we do right now with this computer technology that we have . +now , what 's happening is that as transi@@ stors are getting smaller and smaller and smaller , they no longer be@@ have like this . +ok , so a computer pi@@ cks a specific it@@ em of data from memory , it sen@@ ds it into the process@@ or or the al@@ u , and then it puts the result back into memory . +this is kar@@ e@@ em 's dark eyes and that 's the white background that you see here . +i was coming at it from a different perspective , where i was bringing that different perspective to bear on the problem . +so , despite the fact that i 'm going to talk to you about an object that 's super@@ massive , and i 'm going to get to what that really means in a moment , it has no fin@@ ite size . +i need to understand the mass of the object i 'm cla@@ im@@ ing is a black hole , and what its schwarz@@ schil@@ d radi@@ us is . +so , at the center there , that 's actually where most of the star@@ light comes out from . +which is the job that i have to show you today . +you 're seeing an anima@@ tion that goes between an example of what you would see if you don 't use this techni@@ que -- in other words , just a picture that shows the stars -- and the box is cen@@ ter@@ ed on the center of the galaxy , where we think the black hole is . +and because of that , we 've been able to show that there is a super@@ massive black hole there . +in fact , we anti@@ ci@@ p@@ ated that star forma@@ tion shouldn 't proce@@ ed in that environment . +and i hope , if nothing else , i 've convinced you that , one , we do in fact have a super@@ massive black hole at the center of the galaxy . +and how people get this music , how it comes into their lives , really fascin@@ ates me . +but the way we re@@ act to different combin@@ ations of these phenomen@@ a is complex and emotional and not totally understood . +but every musi@@ cian stri@@ kes a different balance between faith and reason , instin@@ ct and intelligence . +it 's the time in which the big forms began to ar@@ ise . +the culture in which we live now is a@@ was@@ h with music of impro@@ vis@@ ation that 's been sli@@ ced , di@@ ced , la@@ y@@ ered and , god knows , distribu@@ ted and sold . +and it exc@@ ites me now to meet people who are hi@@ kers , che@@ fs , code wri@@ ters , tax@@ i dri@@ vers , people i never would have gu@@ essed who loved the music and who are pas@@ sing it on . +the real key obser@@ vation he made is that a fre@@ e-@@ flying wing can swe@@ ep through more sky and generate more power in a unit of time than a fix@@ e@@ d-@@ wing tur@@ bine . +if you give me a 7@@ 4@@ 7 , i 'll make six me@@ ga@@ wat@@ ts , which is more than the largest wind tur@@ bin@@ es today . +that comes from the last name of one of sch@@ um@@ ann 's female friends . +and then you have to do the ini@@ tial sk@@ et@@ ch of the character , which is like your structure of a piece , and then you add pen and pen@@ cil and whatever details that you need -- that 's poli@@ sh@@ ing the drawing . +now , she cho@@ se c , g , b , a , e . +it felt like a revolution . +it 's based on hundreds of hours of research , of practice . +it 's by giving away what you think is your deep@@ est secret that maybe millions of people are em@@ powered to help improve it . +but what 's key here is , the reason these groups have been able to connect is because their work out@@ put is of the type that can be easily shared digit@@ ally -- a picture , a music fi@@ le , software . +there 's a problem with a traditional scientific paper . +it 's right here . +schools can 't be si@@ los . +the same tr@@ ash site is fe@@ eding more than 30 families . +now , to make this more con@@ cre@@ te , let 's look at the list of top 10 words that statisti@@ cally stick out in the most favorite ted@@ talks and in the least favorite ted@@ talks . +and analysis shows if you want to be among the most favorite ted speak@@ ers , you should let your hair grow a little bit longer than average , make sure you wear your glas@@ ses and be slightly more d@@ res@@ se@@ d-@@ up than the average ted speak@@ er . +so i 'm going to take as inspiration the fact that we 're all interested in inter@@ acting with other people , i 'm going to completely stri@@ p it of all its complic@@ ating fe@@ atures , and i 'm going to turn that object , that simpli@@ fied object , into a scientific probe , and provide the early st@@ ages , em@@ br@@ y@@ onic st@@ ages of new insi@@ ghts into what happens in two brains while they simul@@ tane@@ ously interact . +drugs of ab@@ use would come in , and they would change the way you value the world . they change the way you value the sym@@ b@@ ols associated with your drug of choice , and they make you value that over everything else . +and the short answer is games . +can@@ aries used to be used as kind of bio@@ sensor@@ s in min@@ es . +read mon@@ ta@@ gue : what we 're learning from 5,000 brains +politics and politicians will only succe@@ ed if they actually try and treat with people as they are , rather than as they would like them to be . +right now , here we are lin@@ ked up to long beach and everywhere else , and all these secret lo@@ cations for a fra@@ ction of that cost , and we can send and recei@@ ve huge quanti@@ ties of information without it co@@ sting anything . +and you can see this looks a bit like a che@@ f 's hat , but actually that 's an as@@ sau@@ lt , the one in blue . +obviously , here we have j@@ f@@ k with that incredibly simple and powerful for@@ mu@@ lation , " ask not what your country can do for you ; ask what you can do for your country , " an incredibly no@@ ble sen@@ ti@@ ment . +how would i know who was the best ? +some teachers are far more effective than others . +you can 't really dis@@ pu@@ te what you see on the video , and there is a lot to be learned from that , and there are a lot of ways that we can grow as a prof@@ ession when we actually get to see this . +that 's under@@ stand@@ able , but our experience with met suggests that if teachers manage the process , if they collect video in their own class@@ rooms , and they pick the lessons they want to sub@@ mit , a lot of them will be e@@ ager to participa@@ te . +it 's a movement that -- it ad@@ vo@@ c@@ ates making biot@@ echn@@ ology acc@@ essi@@ ble to everyone , not just scientists and people in government lab@@ s . +then we like to take things apart . +let me show you what you could do right now . +if everyone in this room got involved , who knows what we could do ? +but you know what ? +we 're going to hear from two people who are on the shar@@ p end of the law . +because i am hiv positive . +now drug use or pos@@ s@@ ession is illegal in almost every country . +we can also train jud@@ ges so that they find flexi@@ bilities in the law and so that they rule on the side of toler@@ ance rather than pre@@ ju@@ di@@ ce . +that 's where babies were born and people died . +the office building is basically ob@@ so@@ le@@ te for doing private work . +this is even a more interesting solution in se@@ ou@@ l , korea . +we hope to have that built this fall . +we don 't really believe in c@@ ameras to do things in homes . +and they are thought to be able to filter a cu@@ bi@@ c kilometer of water every hour and can feed on 30 kil@@ os of zo@@ o plan@@ k@@ ton a day to survive . +we 're often all fri@@ gh@@ ten@@ ed of sharks thanks to " ja@@ ws . " +it might be a change in the distribution of plan@@ k@@ ton . +i 'll show you what they look like . +so very simple things like that , we 're trying to learn about bas@@ king sharks . +but again , it 's kind of surprising . you wouldn 't really expect that . +that 's ban@@ ned now , and that 'll be good news for the sharks . +and they sat on it for months actually . +you probably saw the hum@@ p@@ back wh@@ ale foot@@ age that we got there a month or two ago off coun@@ ty we@@ x@@ ford . +so thank you and thank you for listening . +they got themselves ready . +so with my hidden inten@@ tion , i kept quie@@ t . +but again , i can only affect society and affect government if i bring out the hard core evidence . +how did you end up in ja@@ il ? this was just a few weeks ago , i believe , yeah ? +does your breath smell bad while you 're ans@@ wer@@ ing my inter@@ ro@@ gation right now ? +i didn 't want anyone to know that i was a girl , and they didn 't . +i was just allowed to be me , growing and changing in every moment . +life magazine introduced generations of people to dist@@ ant , far@@ -@@ off cultures they never knew exi@@ sted through pictures . +this is my contribu@@ tion to the civil rights fight of my generation . +once they got over the sho@@ ck , though , by and large people op@@ ted for somewhere between 70 to 95 percent or the 3 to 20 percent mar@@ ks . +it 's too late . +appar@@ ently , lu@@ ci@@ fer means " the light . " +all of them come from the c@@ ameras of american soldiers . +we look at what 's inside of the person , the bad ap@@ ples . +this is stan@@ ley mil@@ gra@@ m , little je@@ wish kid from the bronx , and he asked the question , " could the h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st happen here , now ? " +you 're a good person . you com@@ pla@@ in . +most of the time , we are in institutions , so the stanford prison study is a study of the power of institutions to influence individual behavior . +they 're going to become numbers . +min@@ d@@ less@@ ly taking the first small step . +bu@@ ll@@ ying is a disease . pre@@ ju@@ di@@ ce is a disease . violence is a disease . +she came down , saw that ma@@ d@@ house and said , " you know what , it 's terrible what you 're doing to those boys . +wes@@ ley and the guy -- 20 and a half in@@ ches hei@@ ght . +we would have no access to love or to the ability to create . +and of course consider images that can be sensor@@ y patterns , visual , such as you 're having right now in relation to the stage and me , or audi@@ tory images , as you are having now in relation to my words . +very od@@ d -- i 've analy@@ zed this for a while . +and i thought about a solution to this problem . +you have , in effect , lost consciousness when you have damage to that red section of the brain stem . +except that they 're not as rich as ours , because they don 't have a cer@@ e@@ bra@@ l cortex like we do . +we should look at how society and culture in this soci@@ o-@@ cultural regu@@ lation are a work in progress . +my dad actually res@@ ig@@ ned from the mal@@ e-@@ only business club in my home@@ town because he said he would never be part of an organization that would one day wel@@ come his son , but not his daughter . +i say , " online organi@@ zing . " +x@@ en@@ op@@ ho@@ bia 's on the rise . the traff@@ i@@ cking of women and girls . +many of them are working in deeply in@@ tra@@ c@@ table systems -- the military , con@@ gress , the education system , etc . +the ma@@ x@@ im , " know th@@ y@@ self " has been around since the ancient gre@@ e@@ ks . +this is the term that ar@@ mi@@ es use when they 've lost a battle . +i may also be interested in knowing how focused i am , so i can put my level of attention into the circu@@ it board on the other side . +we created the respon@@ sive room where the lights music and blin@@ ds ad@@ ju@@ sted to your state . +normally we think about technology as inter@@ active . +with human@@ i@@ zed technology we can monit@@ or the quality of your sleep cy@@ cles . +ar@@ iel garten : know th@@ y@@ self , with a brain scan@@ ner +so let me just tell you , the great part of all of this ? +and with the same do@@ g@@ ged determin@@ ation that my father had b@@ red into me since i was such a child -- he taught me how to sa@@ il , knowing i could never see where i was going , i could never see the sh@@ ore , and i couldn 't see the sa@@ ils , and i couldn 't see the dest@@ ination . +and you all know what it is . you don 't need to have a dis@@ ability to know that . +and he said , " do you love it ? " +and i didn 't know what to do . +nobody 's ever done it before , so i 'm going to go do it . +and i set up kan@@ ch@@ i , because my organization was always going to be named after my eleph@@ ant , because dis@@ ability is like the eleph@@ ant in the room . +and stop with the lab@@ els , the limit@@ ing . +the reason , i think , is that the pen@@ sion@@ ers believe they 've cho@@ sen to be pen@@ sion@@ ers , whereas the young un@@ emplo@@ yed feel it 's been thr@@ ust upon them . +do you call it the ba@@ il@@ out of gre@@ e@@ ce or the ba@@ il@@ out of a load of stupid ban@@ ks which l@@ ent to gre@@ e@@ ce ? +and i think that 's probably right . +everybody else at the time of google , more or less , was trying to be a port@@ al . +if you 're on the way to visit your mother in-@@ law , you 'd probably pre@@ fer to stay on the left . +there 's the real value , which is when you make something in a factory and provide a service , and then there 's a kind of du@@ bi@@ ous value , which you create by changing the way people look at things . +i would argue , in britain there 's a much better frame of re@@ ference , which is to tell people that more fir@@ st-@@ class mail arri@@ ves the next day in the u.k. than in germany . +and within that context , we can offer the kids time -- something that seems in short supply in their over@@ -@@ sch@@ ed@@ ul@@ ed lives . +hi . so , this cha@@ p here , he thinks he can tell you the future . +these drugs were brought to market . they were pres@@ cri@@ bed very wid@@ ely because heart attac@@ ks are a very common thing , and it took so long for us to find out that these drugs also caused an increas@@ ed rate of death that before we dete@@ cted that safety signal , over 100,000 people died un@@ necessarily in america from the pres@@ cri@@ ption of anti-@@ ar@@ rhyth@@ mic drugs . +only three of the negative trials were published , but all but one of the positive trials were published . +and the most st@@ ag@@ ger@@ ing thing of all of this , to me , is that not only is this a problem , not only do we recognize that this is a problem , but we 've had to suff@@ er fa@@ ke fi@@ xes . +nasa suppor@@ ted this work 12 years ago as part of the re@@ building of the ha@@ y@@ den planet@@ ari@@ um so that we would share this with the world . +we have a growing user base of this , and we network dom@@ es . +so , with the mit media lab , for quite a while now , we 've been enga@@ ged in a field called active music . +so we know , for instance , that music is almost always the last thing that people with advanced alzheimer 's can still respond to . +the main sing@@ er disappe@@ ars at the beginning of the oper@@ a and the entire stage becomes the main character . it becomes his leg@@ acy . +so , first of all , dan , do you want to say hi to everyone and tell everyone who you are ? +do they provide structure for us to do that ? and , you know , that 's a personal relationship to expression that is l@@ ac@@ king in the technologi@@ cal sphere . so , you know , with dan , we needed a new design process , a new engineering process to sort of discover his movement and his path to expression that allow him to per@@ form . +do you remember the story of o@@ dy@@ s@@ se@@ us and the si@@ r@@ ens from high school or j@@ uni@@ or high school ? +if you do that tomorrow , i 'll be dead , you 'll be dead , every single one of the men will be dead . +it has these strong , hero@@ ic arms that can li@@ ft dou@@ gh@@ nu@@ ts into your mouth . +on average , it was just a completely poin@@ t@@ less exchange of money that i would re@@ gre@@ t . +we look at the sav@@ ings rate and it has been dec@@ lin@@ ing since the 195@@ 0s . +yes , this person reti@@ red at 150 percent of their working income in reti@@ re@@ ment . +and from the future self 's point of view , everything is in rever@@ se . +and just for ki@@ cks we ran his picture through the bal@@ ding , aging and weight gain software to see how he would look . +also , those very sounds tend not to be repres@@ ented by the characters that are available in european languages . +even in the be@@ st-@@ resour@@ ced countries in the world , this life expec@@ tan@@ cy gap is as much as 20 years . +in z@@ im@@ bab@@ we , for example , there were just about a do@@ zen psychiat@@ ri@@ sts , most of whom lived and worked in har@@ are city , leaving only a couple to address the mental health care needs of nine million people living in the coun@@ tr@@ y@@ side . +for me , what 's truly s@@ und@@ ar about the idea of task shif@@ ting , though , isn 't that it simply makes health care more acc@@ essi@@ ble and aff@@ ord@@ able but that it is also fundament@@ ally em@@ power@@ ing . +we began the project with an inter@@ im report , which quickly pulled together a lot of information that had been colle@@ cted on the subject by many , many researchers . +but when did a be@@ e actually ever give you an inv@@ o@@ ice ? +now i 'm going to show you how business as usual will affect this . +if you dri@@ ll water to make co@@ ke near a village farm , that 's not illegal , but yes , it costs the community . +and the chinese government respon@@ ded sensi@@ bly and placed a ban on f@@ elling . +it 's about energy emissions . +we 've actually kind of made an eth@@ ical choice in society to not have coral re@@ ef@@ s . +but the man had somehow a lot of room at the bottom . +fe@@ yn@@ man loved this story . +but it was really bru@@ tal . +we were up in the mountains , 197@@ 6 . +but he was very excited that he had finally met somebody who had the same experience with my father as he had with his father . +he would try to visu@@ alize it , gui@@ ded by a small number of simple principles . +if you could do all of them , you would have a very pre@@ cise theory . +how should we really honor fe@@ yn@@ man ? +it 's a com@@ po@@ und cur@@ ve inter@@ ior . +so the problem became -- and they set this dile@@ m@@ ma to me -- that you have to design the inter@@ ior using only our exi@@ sting technology , and there 's no money for to@@ ol@@ ing or mol@@ ding . +and despite all of our best eff@@ or@@ ts and inten@@ tions , kids are always going to figure out how to do the most dangerous thing they can , in whatever environment they can . +i first saw this in a can@@ adi@@ an film board film when i was 10 , and it left a la@@ sting impres@@ sion , to see babies playing with kni@@ ves . +it 's a very simple exercise -- buy a song on it@@ un@@ es , write it to a c@@ d , then ri@@ p the c@@ d to an mp@@ 3 and play it on your very same computer . +so this motiv@@ ated me to become an or@@ th@@ op@@ edi@@ c surge@@ on and to see if i couldn 't focus on solutions for those problems that would keep me playing spor@@ ts and not li@@ mit me . +well the reason is because there 's not enough don@@ or cy@@ cles . +so that 's our bi@@ ologi@@ c approach right now . +and it wouldn 't be fun to talk about the space age without seeing a fla@@ g that was car@@ ried to the moon and back , on apo@@ ll@@ o 11 . +more tomorrow . i also have pictures coming of the library for those of you that have asked for pictures . +so hopefully tomorrow i 'll show one or two more objects from the stage , but for today i just wanted to say thank you for all the people that came and talked to us about it . +but i brought along here a l@@ um@@ p of coal -- right here , one l@@ um@@ p of coal . +when e@@ dis@@ on invented the light bul@@ b , pretty much looked like this . +but they want to use it -- seriously . +we 're also working on noise can@@ cel@@ ing things like s@@ nor@@ ing , noise from automo@@ bil@@ es . +i said we can sh@@ orten the colum@@ n , we can spread it out to cover the cou@@ ch . +i have a bunch of other inven@@ tions . +getting it over there ? +so i exist some@@ what outside of the main@@ stream of design thinking . +to this end , i have worked in sugar for ste@@ fan sa@@ g@@ meister , three-@@ time ted speak@@ er . +for some reason , i thought it would be a good idea to put an inter@@ mission in my talk . +" you 've never really been sure of this , but i can as@@ sure you that this qu@@ ir@@ k you 're so self-@@ conscious of is inten@@ sely en@@ de@@ aring . +and it 's very , very common for designers and people in the visual arts to feel that we 're not contribu@@ ting enough , or worse , that all we 're doing is contribu@@ ting to land@@ fill . +re@@ zero kee@@ ps his balance by constantly meas@@ uring his pit@@ ch angle with a sen@@ sor . +with a screen it could in@@ form people or show them around in a fun and entertain@@ ing way . +and so , going back to this ab@@ alone sh@@ ell , bes@@ i@@ des being nan@@ o-@@ struc@@ tured , one thing that 's fascinating , is when a male and a female ab@@ alone get together , they pass on the genetic information that says , " this is how to build an ex@@ qu@@ isi@@ te material . +the ab@@ alone sh@@ ell here -- and if you fra@@ c@@ ture it , you can look at the fact that it 's nan@@ o-@@ struc@@ tured . +it took them about 50 million years to learn how to perfect how to make that ab@@ alone sh@@ ell . +i brought it here . +angel@@ a bel@@ cher : using nature to grow bat@@ ter@@ ies +and then you 'll hear things like the train , a plane , a car -- so , the com@@ mu@@ te . +and what you find is that , especially with creative people -- designers , progra@@ mm@@ ers , wri@@ ters , engineers , thin@@ kers -- that people really need long stre@@ t@@ ches of un@@ inter@@ rup@@ ted time to get something done . +why do we expect people to work well if they 're being inter@@ rup@@ ted all day at the office ? +that 's kind of ridi@@ cul@@ ous . it 's a total de@@ co@@ y . +i mean , what are the chan@@ ces that all 10 people are ready to stop ? +because the off@@ ices are well equi@@ pped , everything should be there for them to do their work , but they don 't want to go there right now , so how do we change that ? +you can qu@@ it i@@ .@@ m@@ . ; you can 't hi@@ de your man@@ ager . +this is my office . it 's out there . +i mean , i couldn 't take your phones off you if i wanted to . +i think , quite a nice fe@@ ature . +so , we 've been conduc@@ ting a lot of research . +it brings ru@@ di@@ ment@@ ary ban@@ king services to places where there 's no ban@@ king infrastructure . +like , this is vi@@ a@@ gr@@ a that i bought from a back@@ street sex shop in china . +for me , this kind of person@@ i@@ fi@@ es this connected world , where everything is inter@@ t@@ win@@ ed , and the dots are -- it 's all about the dots jo@@ ining together . +and , with that , comes the third point , which is ob@@ li@@ gation -- and an ob@@ li@@ gation to that avail@@ ability . +our reality right now is less interesting than the story we 're going to tell about it later . +what were we just talking about ? +de@@ an or@@ nis@@ h shares new research that shows how adop@@ ting healthy lifest@@ yle hab@@ its can affect a person at a genetic level . for instance , he says , when you live heal@@ thi@@ er , eat better , exercise , and love more , your brain cells actually increase . +this idea is ni@@ c@@ ely cap@@ tured by this quote : " things without all reme@@ dy should be without reg@@ ard ; what 's done is done . " +these are the classi@@ c conditions that create re@@ gre@@ t . +but it turns out that re@@ gre@@ t feels awful in four very specific and consi@@ stent ways . +make it go away . make it go away . " +because of course , sometimes we do make decisions that have ir@@ re@@ vo@@ c@@ able and terrible consequences , either for our own or for other people 's health and happiness and li@@ ve@@ li@@ ho@@ ods , and in the very worst case scen@@ ari@@ o , even their lives . +when other people see my tat@@ too , for the most part they like how it looks . +thank you . +half of them gave over the internet . +and pretty soon , the average price was 19@@ 2 dollars . +today these low pri@@ ces are available in the 25 countries where we work , and in a total of 6@@ 2 countries , and about 5@@ 5@@ 0,000 people are getting the benefits of them . +recently we did an ev@@ al@@ u@@ ation of the first 18 months of our eff@@ or@@ ts in r@@ wand@@ a . +that 's about 4@@ 3 percent of all the preg@@ nan@@ cies . +i am gr@@ ate@@ ful for this prize , and i will use it to that end . +the class@@ rooms have no walls . +but an amazing alternative energy company in paris is taking us off the grid with solar . +this was a great thing . +this young man is pi@@ cking organic vege@@ tables . +and together these volunte@@ ers and the teachers are deeply commit@@ ted to creating a new generation of global , green leaders . +is this do@@ able in your community ? +cha@@ z e@@ bert : it was cha@@ z who stood by my side through three attemp@@ ts to re@@ constru@@ ct my ja@@ w and re@@ store my ability to speak . +then i tried typ@@ ing words on my laptop and using its built in voice . +they 'd never made one from previ@@ ous@@ l@@ y-@@ recor@@ ded materials . +people who need a voice should know that most computers already come with buil@@ t-@@ in speaking systems . +the initi@@ als stood for progra@@ mm@@ ed lo@@ gic for auto@@ ma@@ ted teaching oper@@ ations . +now we live in the age of the internet , which seems to be creating a form of global consciousness . +sometimes they assu@@ me i am dea@@ f . +a guy goes into a psychiat@@ r@@ ist . +so what can we do ? +other examples you can see here are from lat@@ via , li@@ th@@ u@@ ania , est@@ on@@ ia -- the central european countries . +so first you ask a big question : why we do it ? what is the goal ? +you will rec@@ all that in 197@@ 6 , jun@@ e 16 , the students of south africa bo@@ y@@ c@@ ot@@ ted the language of afri@@ ka@@ ans as the medium of the op@@ pres@@ sor , as they were sort of like really told that they must do everything in afri@@ ka@@ ans -- biology , mathematics -- and what about our languages ? +she ended up underneath the car . +and i ended up with a plastic nose , por@@ cel@@ a@@ in teeth and all kinds of other things . +so they eventually started mat@@ ching their tal@@ ents and skills to all of my needs . +so i moved on from there . +and as a blind person , your visual memory fa@@ des and is re@@ placed with how you feel about things and how things sound and how things smell . +and he wrote to the acade@@ mi@@ cians in paris , trying to explain his theory . +and i think g@@ ali@@ le@@ o su@@ mm@@ ed up , very ni@@ c@@ ely , the power of mathematics to understand the scientific world around us . +but i wanted to try and en@@ rich him . +so i 'm going to take you through , perhaps push you a little bit mathema@@ tically -- so bra@@ ce y@@ ourselves -- push you a little bit to understand how this language works , which en@@ ables us to capture what is symme@@ try . +so both of these objects have six symme@@ tries . +let 's do a ro@@ tation by a third of a turn an@@ tic@@ lo@@ ck@@ wise , and refle@@ ct in the line through x . +but the shapes match up if i ro@@ tate by a six@@ th of a turn around the point where all the tri@@ an@@ gles meet . +well , unfortunately it isn 't really a picture . if i could have my board at the side here , great , exc@@ ell@@ ent . +two ? so you should have sat down earlier . +i 've learned that they 're really the essen@@ ce of what makes for progress , even when they seem to be terrible . +but i think from the point of view of a ne@@ anderth@@ al , there would have been a lot of dis@@ appro@@ val of the wi@@ mp@@ ish ch@@ op@@ pers that we now have . +and mark t@@ wa@@ in , who knew all about typ@@ es@@ et@@ ting , really was s@@ mitten by this machine . +and my favorite example of that occur@@ red beginning in 197@@ 6 , when it was discovered that the bacteria caus@@ ing legi@@ on@@ na@@ ires disease had always been present in natural wat@@ ers , but it was the pre@@ cise temperature of the water in he@@ ating , venti@@ l@@ ating and air condi@@ tion@@ ing systems that raised the right temperature for the ma@@ x@@ im@@ um re@@ production of legi@@ on@@ ell@@ a bac@@ ill@@ us . +think of the financial world , for example . +for some reason , there 's no standard sy@@ ll@@ ab@@ us , there 's no basic course . +here 's something that dri@@ ves me crazy . +you get it every time . +and instead of that point and click , it 's like a push and pull , things colli@@ de as you 'd expect them . just like on my real des@@ k , i can -- let me just gra@@ b these guys -- i can turn things into pil@@ es instead of just the fol@@ ders that we have . +i think you can really en@@ rich the way we brow@@ se our photographs and bring it to that kind of sho@@ e@@ box of , you know , photos with your family on the kitchen table kind of thing . +let me introdu@@ ce you to my brand new project , " b@@ aro@@ que in rock , " which became a golden dis@@ c most recently . +they ac@@ qui@@ re the sensi@@ bility of truth because they repe@@ at over and over again , and they o@@ ssi@@ fy and cal@@ ci@@ fy , and they become real . +and i said , " what 's the black box for wall street ? " +and the ga@@ g is that , of course , these aren 't just running through the market . +and the thing is , is that this isn 't google . +we 're designing for this machine di@@ ale@@ ct . +it invol@@ ves light con@@ es and quant@@ um ent@@ ang@@ le@@ ment , and i don 't really understand any of that . +this much , right ? +j@@ s : cu@@ ts itself . +fif@@ ty percent of cr@@ as@@ hes happen at inter@@ se@@ ctions . +add that together with the gas , and it 's $ 1@@ 12@@ ,000 per year , just for that sign in each direction . +when people come to an un@@ familiar situation they don 't know how to deal with they slow down . +for example , meas@@ les was four million of the dea@@ ths back as recently as 199@@ 0 and now is under 40@@ 0,000 . +and more recently you can see it 's just around the equ@@ ator . +and that 's where we saw the malaria map s@@ hr@@ in@@ king . +i can say that , even though i 'm a college dro@@ p-@@ out . +so , how do you make education better ? +you might think these are people with master 's degrees . +and the whole spirit and at@@ titude in those schools is very different than in the normal public schools . +and that allows us to understand who 's doing it well , and call them out , and find out what those techniques are . +you know , the system doesn 't naturally make it happen . +the first embra@@ ce is something that we think , " oh , this is very easy , " but it 's actually getting harder , and that 's paying attention to the world around us . +i was to the point where i was using a stop@@ watch and painting squ@@ ar@@ es out of rand@@ om@@ ness , and i wasn 't getting anywhere . so i went back and du@@ mp@@ ed all my pain@@ t@@ ings in the ar@@ no , and i thought , i 'm going to just start playing around . +i 'll find a way to get in , because i don 't want to see this history disappe@@ ar . " +how many of you are completely comfortable with calling y@@ ourselves a leader ? +" and i felt so bad for this du@@ de that i took the l@@ ol@@ li@@ pop , and as soon as i did , you got this incredibly sever@@ e look on your face and you looked at my mom and my dad , and you said , ' look at that . look at that . +we need to get over it so we can move beyond it , and our little brothers and our little si@@ sters , and one day our kids -- or our kids right now -- can watch and start to value the impact we can have on each other 's lives more than money and power and ti@@ tles and influence . +so no@@ wa@@ days in the operating room , we no longer need to use sun@@ light . +so if you 've sent three spec@@ im@@ ens , it 's an hour later . +the molecule pas@@ ses through and gets ex@@ cre@@ ted . +and then if that no@@ de has cancer , the woman would go on to get the ax@@ ill@@ ary ly@@ mp@@ h no@@ de dis@@ section . +in the setting of pro@@ state cancer , up to 60 percent of men after pro@@ state cancer surgery may have ur@@ in@@ ary in@@ contin@@ ence and er@@ ec@@ ti@@ le dis@@ function . +so here 's a tumor . +i 'd like to leave you with this final thought . +and this cell is one of the thousands of kinds of cell that we are learning about . +but electricity also will go in all direc@@ tions -- the path of least resi@@ stance , which is where that phr@@ ase , in part , comes from . +and because it 's a protein , it 's en@@ co@@ ded for in the dna of this organis@@ m . +so if we could figure out what cells they are , we could maybe find new tar@@ gets for which drugs could be designed or scre@@ en@@ ed against , or maybe places where electro@@ des could be put in for people who have very sever@@ e dis@@ ability . +and the animal 's going to hear a t@@ one -- and a flas@@ h of light occur@@ red there . +maybe 100,000 people have co@@ ch@@ le@@ ar im@@ plants , which allow them to hear . +and the goal , of course , of this ma@@ ze is to get out of the water and go to a little platform that 's under the li@@ t top port . +and by turning things off , it 's more or less a zero . +and we also sam@@ pl@@ ed the out@@ door air . +thank you . +there were no cars , so it seemed even better , in some ways . +so it 's been a very optimi@@ stic time , i think , and i want to just talk about a few of those things . +this is what they think about my site ; it 's ran@@ ked by blog auth@@ ority . +so basically , the number of pages that mention this term , that also mention this page , the percentage of those pages is that person 's google share of that term . +they 're talking about sla@@ very in 18@@ 60 . +if you 're the second site there , most people link to you . +we are increasingly off@@ ered a diet in which sen@@ sation , not story , is king . +and the speed with which they associ@@ ate it with " sl@@ um@@ dog milli@@ on@@ ai@@ re " or the fa@@ vel@@ as in rio spea@@ ks to the en@@ during nature . +and the stories they held provi@@ ded a shared experience . +these films held what was too hur@@ t@@ ful to say out l@@ oud , and they became more useful to me than the wh@@ is@@ pers of survi@@ vor@@ s and the occasi@@ onal gli@@ mp@@ se of a tat@@ too on a ma@@ i@@ den a@@ unt 's wr@@ ist . +can oper@@ a be ever@@ -@@ so-@@ slightly sex@@ y ? the gl@@ ori@@ ous sop@@ ran@@ o dan@@ i@@ elle de ni@@ ese shows how , sing@@ ing the fli@@ r@@ ty " meine li@@ ppen , sie kü@@ ssen so hei@@ ss . " which , transl@@ ated , means , as you might guess : " i k@@ is@@ s so hot . " from gi@@ u@@ di@@ tt@@ a by fr@@ ans le@@ h@@ á@@ r ; ac@@ compan@@ ist : ing@@ rid sur@@ gen@@ or . +commer@@ ce , on the other hand , is relatively quick , essentially creative , highly effective and efficient , and fundament@@ ally honest , because we can 't exchange value for very long if we don 't trust each other . +so we 've designed products and we analy@@ zed chemicals down to the parts per million . +the upp@@ er is n@@ yl@@ on 6 that can go back to ca@@ pro@@ l@@ ac@@ ta@@ m , the bottom , a pol@@ yo@@ le@@ ph@@ ine -- infin@@ itely recycl@@ able ther@@ m@@ op@@ la@@ stic . +when asked , they said , " it 's kind of like a giant toi@@ let that doesn 't fl@@ ush . " +and we have pl@@ ent@@ y of energy , so we 'll solve that problem , but the biology problem 's tri@@ cky , because as we put through all these tox@@ ic materials that we dis@@ gor@@ ge , we will never be able to re@@ cover that . +shoes for ni@@ ke , where the up@@ pers are pol@@ ye@@ sters , infin@@ itely recycl@@ able , the bot@@ tom@@ s are bio@@ de@@ gra@@ d@@ able sol@@ es . +because if they to@@ xi@@ fy themselves , being the lo@@ west@@ -@@ cost produ@@ cer , send it to the lo@@ west@@ -@@ cost distribution -- wal@@ -@@ m@@ art -- and then we send them all our money , what we 'll discover is that we have what , effectively , when i was a student , was called mu@@ tu@@ ally assu@@ red destruction . +and then the com@@ post is all taken back to the roo@@ fs of the city , where we 've got far@@ ming , because what we 've done is li@@ f@@ ted up the city , the landscape , into the air to -- to re@@ store the na@@ tive landscape on the roo@@ fs of the buildings . +this is five times larger . +we didn 't know about x@@ key@@ sc@@ ore . we didn 't know about cyber@@ tr@@ ans . +yet we have these fil@@ es . +all right , how many swe@@ dis@@ h decisi@@ on@@ makers and politicians and business leaders use , every day , u.@@ s@@ .@@ -@@ based services , like , you know , run windows or o@@ s@@ x , or use facebook or lin@@ ke@@ d@@ in , or store their data in clou@@ ds like ic@@ l@@ oud or sky@@ drive or dro@@ p@@ box , or maybe use online services like ama@@ zon web services or sal@@ es support ? +and who@@ ever tells you that they have nothing to hi@@ de simply hasn 't thought about this long enough . +she was one of the tar@@ gets of n@@ sa sur@@ v@@ ei@@ llan@@ ce . +humans have long held a fascin@@ ation for the human brain . +and what you can see is it 's very non-@@ uni@@ form . you see a lot more structure there . +we get one from mom , one from dad . +and in se@@ attle , we take these -- this is a whole human he@@ mis@@ ph@@ ere -- and we put them into what 's basically a gl@@ ori@@ fied meat sli@@ cer . +you can see on the microscop@@ e slide here , that 's what 's happening in real time . +green is the sort of cool areas where it 's not turned on . +so if you 're in drug discovery , for example , you can go through an entire li@@ sting of what the genome has on offer to find perhaps better drug tar@@ gets and optimi@@ ze . +these aren 't schizophren@@ ic individuals , but they do show some population vari@@ ation . +so why is that ? +the thing is , if we don 't know whether we are doing any good , we are not any better than the medi@@ ev@@ al doctors and their le@@ e@@ ches . +" if you give the nets for free , people are not going to value them . +that 's bad , but there are places like that . +and then you make it easy and give a reason to act now by ad@@ ding a kil@@ o of l@@ enti@@ ls for each imm@@ uni@@ zation . +the third one is important because if we think people get used to hand@@ ou@@ ts , it might destro@@ y markets to distribu@@ te free bed nets . +you know how to imm@@ uni@@ ze kids , you know how to give bed nets . " +tell people the benefits of education , that 's very cheap to do . +but look what we just did today . +and now , maybe , we can go back to the bigger question that i started with at the beginning . +we 've all heard these things . +and that has to do with me because in 199@@ 4 , i pac@@ ked a few things into a back@@ pack and head@@ ed off for a year of travel in the middle of my university career . +so let 's start she@@ d@@ ding light on this amazing ec@@ lec@@ tic continent that has so much to offer . +so the very definition -- to say " invest in africa " is a no@@ -@@ go . +but looking at gold@@ man sa@@ chs ' work -- we had the famous bri@@ c report . +the announ@@ c@@ ement just came out the last few weeks . +it 's more expensive to transport goods . pri@@ ces of goods go up , inf@@ lation is affected . +it 's the 24@@ -@@ hour roll@@ ing african news chan@@ nel . +it also provi@@ des a third of the food we eat . +we so r@@ ar@@ ely look at the sky . +so this is the foot@@ age that i was showing everybody . +okay . +so this is the foot@@ age he photograph@@ ed , and it was pretty moving and pretty a@@ we@@ -@@ in@@ spir@@ ing . +it was , inci@@ dent@@ ally , the last time i ever saw da@@ y@@ light . +and he said , " because no one knows you had anything to do with it . " +how could somebody read using their finger@@ ti@@ ps ? +kt : no . +kb : just don 't break my concent@@ ration . +i need two people to help me out real quick . +ok , now , do you believe in wit@@ ch@@ craft at all ? +kb : what did you feel ? +ok , now , allow it to stay there . +and hold it there , hold it there , both of you , hold it there . +come right over here , next to me . +and i want you to rele@@ ase that negative energy by sha@@ king it from side to side . +you knew ! +they 'll keep an eye on me to make sure i don 't do anything funny . +s@@ j : you 're over a c@@ up . +do you think the spi@@ ke is under your left hand , or under your right hand ? +that 's not good . hi . yeah . real bad . don 't even look at me . +you know that when you have those ab@@ u@@ sive voices , all those little neurons get together and in that little gap you get a real tox@@ ic " i want to kill myself " kind of chemical , and if you have that over and over again on a loo@@ p ta@@ pe , you might have yourself depression . +we are not equi@@ pped for the 21@@ st century . +we need to know why people are doing what they 're doing . +but it was te@@ st@@ ably stupid . +and in that pair , one person gets a message saying , " do you want to give up some of your $ 10 you ear@@ ned for being here and ship it to someone else in the lab ? " +so to make the experiment , i knew i 'd have to go into the brain and manipu@@ late oxyto@@ cin directly . +so if i do something that hur@@ ts you , i feel that pain . +tell that guy to wait half an hour . +now there are other ways the system can be in@@ hi@@ b@@ ited . +the bri@@ de . +so there 's tons of ways that we can connect to other people , and it seems to be universal . +i tried to look at where did the kind of learning we do in schools , where did it come from ? +and you have people who gui@@ de those computers to do their c@@ ler@@ ical jobs . +one of your students must have been pas@@ sing by , showed them how to use the mouse . " +there 's one community of children in southern india whose english pr@@ on@@ un@@ ci@@ ation is really bad , and they needed good pr@@ on@@ un@@ ci@@ ation because that would improve their jobs . +i came back after two months and the children tro@@ op@@ ed in and said , " we 've understood nothing . " +kal@@ lik@@ upp@@ am had caught up with my control school in new del@@ hi , a rich private school with a trained biot@@ echn@@ ology teacher . +the re@@ p@@ tili@@ an part of our brain , which si@@ ts in the center of our brain , when it 's thre@@ at@@ en@@ ed , it shu@@ ts down everything else , it shu@@ ts down the pre@@ fron@@ tal cortex , the parts which learn , it shu@@ ts all of that down . +you can 't catch me . +you already heard about that . you know what that means . +it 's a facili@@ ty which is prac@@ tically un@@ man@@ ned . +i 'll play at these rock shows , be on stage standing completely still , and they 're like , " what 's she doing ? ! what 's she doing ? ! " +if i pass out on the next song ... +this qu@@ and@@ ary led to the ti@@ tle of the project , which consi@@ ders in many ways that we are all the living dead and that we in some ways represent g@@ ho@@ sts of the past and the future . +and i found these maps which you see here . +so they 're testing its vir@@ ul@@ ence . +everyone showed up . +ten@@ sions between these two families date back to 19@@ 13 when there was a dis@@ pu@@ te over local political power . +this is just an ab@@ ri@@ d@@ ged ren@@ der@@ ing of over a thousand images . +there 's nothing too difficult about the piece . +and you feel really quite -- believe it or not -- deta@@ ched from the instrument and from the stick , even though i 'm actually holding the stick quite ti@@ ghtly . +they 're all different . +exactly . because i 'm not even tou@@ ching it . +in a year 's time , it could be two extra steps . +however , not one of you got out of your se@@ ats to think , " right ! how can i cla@@ p ? ok , maybe ... +and interest@@ ingly , the older i became , and when i became a ful@@ l-@@ time student at a so called " music institution , " all of that went out of the window . +in this so@@ aring demon@@ stration , dea@@ f per@@ c@@ us@@ sion@@ ist ev@@ el@@ yn gl@@ en@@ nie illu@@ str@@ ates how listening to music invol@@ ves much more than simply le@@ tting sound waves hit your ear@@ dru@@ ms . +and it got big enough to the point where there was a flo@@ at last year at the ma@@ cy 's th@@ ank@@ s@@ giving day par@@ ade , and ri@@ ck ast@@ ley po@@ ps out , and ri@@ ck@@ roll@@ s millions of people on television . +but that 's not what 's interesting about this . +got a couple questions for you . +but there were some good things that came out of that too . +and they were probably pleas@@ ed to see you on top of the time po@@ ll . +dinosau@@ r evolution proce@@ e@@ ded at a stat@@ ely p@@ ace , an order of magni@@ tude slo@@ wer on any way you want to measure it . +a three-@@ and-@@ a-@@ half foot thing , beautiful sk@@ ul@@ l , predat@@ or , me@@ at@@ -@@ e@@ ater , a two-@@ leg@@ ged animal . +your job as a leader -- this is definitely a team sport -- your job as a leader is to try to inspi@@ re them to do more work than they 've ever done in their life under conditions that they can 't imagine . +it turns out to have a fore@@ brain one-@@ fif@@ te@@ ent@@ h the size of a human . +somebody get the front legs . +and then work later is going to take us to ti@@ bet . +now we have diver@@ gen@@ ce over time , but we 've created the third dimension of area . +they 're really kin@@ dre@@ d discipl@@ ines . +you have to have those steps . if you have -- it 's easy to get kids interested in science . +you give her a quick cra@@ ck in the teeth with your el@@ bo@@ w and bla@@ ze for the finish line . +they 're not doing 26 miles ; they 're doing 100 , 150 miles at a time , and appar@@ ently without in@@ j@@ ury , without problems . +there 's not a fast woman on the planet and there never has been . +so about seven years , eight years to reach your peak , and then gradu@@ ally you fall off your peak , until you go back to the starting point . +you need a pack to pull together . +and what happened was we started creating these fan@@ cy c@@ us@@ hi@@ oned things , which can make running " better , " called running shoes . +but maybe there 's another benefit there as well . +for me , that was the white space ; that 's what robots could not do yet . +he 's a sc@@ ary mon@@ ster . +you call your friend , she puts her hand@@ set in a robot , and , b@@ am ! you 're a me@@ bot -- you can make eye contact , you can talk with your friends , you can move around , you can gest@@ ure -- maybe the next best thing to really being there , or is it ? +i imagine a time not too far from now -- my mom can go to her computer , open up a brow@@ ser and jack into a little robot . +to explore that question , we did a study in the boston area where we put one of three interven@@ tions in people 's homes for a period of several weeks . +but we can push this idea further . +robots touch something deeply human within us . +and i can 't have my pos@@ se laugh@@ in ' at me . +and i followed this guy everywhere until i had him in the room , and i read him one of my pieces , and you know what he told me ? +i can master sho@@ ck of " the cr@@ ying game " with the a@@ we of a child being called an aids vic@@ tim by a bul@@ ly who didn 't know that it was his father who gave it to my mother , and that 's a double ent@@ end@@ re . +i then went on wondering whether i could actually replace her image , so i got a loo@@ k-@@ ali@@ ke of di@@ ana and posed her in the right posi@@ tions and an@@ gles and created something that was in , or exi@@ sted in , the public imagination . +well , here is the image . +so , all this work is getting shown in art g@@ aller@@ ies . +this image is quite interesting , actually , because i think we made it three years ago . +what jack ni@@ chol@@ son might be up to in his cele@@ bri@@ ty life , and the fact that he tried to ... he had a bit of road ra@@ ge and gol@@ f-@@ clu@@ b@@ bed a driver the other day . +has anyone here wonder@@ ed what will happen if you go back to your room at night , and you start getting ch@@ est pa@@ ins , shor@@ t@@ ness of breath , swe@@ ating ? +that is something to keep in mind . we can 't deal with it with situations like this . +we have 25 posi@@ tions right now -- all of them trained , board cer@@ ti@@ fied in the usa , canada or britain . +and we will do other centers . +they need to be alive , they need to feed . +we 're also starting an@@ c@@ ill@@ ary heal@@ th-@@ care technology training programs -- training people in e@@ cho@@ car@@ di@@ ograph@@ y , car@@ di@@ a@@ c ul@@ tr@@ as@@ o@@ und , those kinds of things . now , with that kind of training , it gives people motivation . +and i actually feel at home here , because there 's a lot of autis@@ m gene@@ tics here . +my dra@@ wings got to star in the movie too . +and the way i sold li@@ ve@@ stock jobs is i showed off my dra@@ wings , i showed off pictures of things . +i was really concerned about having to wear this g@@ ad@@ get on my face . +i find a lot of people have diffic@@ ul@@ ty doing that . +he was now dr. car@@ lock in the movie . +and when i was 13 , i had a job at a d@@ res@@ s@@ maker 's shop se@@ wing clo@@ th@@ es . +because what i 'm obser@@ ving is the good teachers , for a lot of these kids , are out in the community colle@@ ges , but we need to be getting some of these good teachers into the high schools . +what are you most passionate about ? +now my own speci@@ ality is combin@@ ing digital technology and magic . +b@@ ye@@ -@@ b@@ ye . +and it was deep . it was deep in my sou@@ l . +now there 's a talent un@@ to itself . +and now the sh@@ ore is coming , and there 's just a little part of me that 's sad . +thank you . +the first problem is there 's in@@ ade@@ qu@@ ate disaster response . +they send him to iraq . +i think it 's very important , because right now somebody needs to step up , and this generation of veter@@ ans has the opportunity to do that if they are given the chance . +what would this lead to ? +and so they invented the scientific journ@@ al as a way of syn@@ chr@@ oni@@ zing the argument across the community of natural scientists . +the progra@@ mm@@ ers come and go . +this has the following effect : a program@@ mer in e@@ din@@ burgh and a program@@ mer in ent@@ e@@ b@@ be can both get the same -- a copy of the same piece of software . +right . +it was the expec@@ tation of the citizens that she would not be cen@@ sor@@ ed . +this one i thought i 'd show you . +mor@@ gan hen@@ dry : be@@ ware of safety is an instru@@ mental rock band . +so we literally are all made out of star@@ d@@ ust . +and if you look at the top left , you see a little teen@@ y dark do@@ t . +okay , we have par@@ ach@@ ute al@@ ig@@ ned . +b@@ c : we enter the mar@@ ti@@ an atmosphere . +that 's when we separate from the back sh@@ ell , and we 're now in fre@@ e-@@ fall . +then we get a little bit more serious , so we have what we call our c@@ ad / cam@@ s and all the engineers who are involved , or scientists who are involved , who know about ther@@ mal properties , know about design , know about atmosp@@ her@@ ic interaction , par@@ ach@@ utes , all of these things , which they work in a team effort and actually design a spac@@ ec@@ raft in a computer to some ex@@ tent , so to see , does that meet the requi@@ re@@ ment that we need . +but also , if there is something that we cannot reach because it is too high on a cli@@ ff , we have a little las@@ er system which will actually za@@ p the rock , ev@@ apo@@ rate some of it , and actually analy@@ ze what 's coming from that rock . +so as we fle@@ w by away from it , we looked back . and guess what ? +you just drive to the ne@@ ar@@ est la@@ ke , stick your ho@@ se in it , and you 've got your car filled up . +so if we start to think exponenti@@ ally , we can see how this is starting to affect all the technologies around us . +we have the ability to do more powerful things with them . +and of course , there 's an ap@@ p for that . +you can t@@ we@@ et your weight to your friends , and they can keep you in line . +how about aug@@ ment@@ ing the physi@@ cian ? +so a few examples : we 're now in the era of " fantastic vo@@ y@@ age , " the i@@ p@@ ill . +in genom@@ ics now , the genome cost about a billion dollars about 10 years ago when the first one came out . +we can be pre@@ vent@@ ative ; that pre@@ ven@@ tion can be person@@ alized ; and more importantly , it 's going to become increasingly partici@@ pat@@ ory . +we 've been actually using adult stem cells now in clinical trials for about 15 years to approach a whole range of top@@ ics , particularly in car@@ dio@@ vas@@ cular disease . +the first one is de@@ dic@@ ated to spen@@ cer , and his grandmother , who was sho@@ cked by his work . +in those days there was still coun@@ tr@@ y@@ side close to the city , far@@ ms , cor@@ n@@ fields , co@@ ws ; even not far from our building with its bl@@ ur@@ red bri@@ ck and long sha@@ dow@@ y hall@@ way you could find tra@@ cts with h@@ ills and trees you could pre@@ tend were mountains and fore@@ sts . +the girl , my old love , the last lost time i saw her when she came to find me at a party , her dr@@ un@@ ken@@ ly st@@ um@@ bling , fall@@ ing , spra@@ w@@ ling , sk@@ ir@@ t hi@@ ked , eyes v@@ ein@@ ed red , s@@ wollen with te@@ ars , her sh@@ ame , her dis@@ honor . +this is called " thir@@ st . " +a cas@@ ual impul@@ se , a fan@@ cy , never thought of until now , har@@ dly thought of even now ... +the girls , to my hor@@ ror , a@@ ver@@ ted their ga@@ ze . +c@@ .@@ k. willi@@ ams : poetry of you@@ th and age +sam@@ u@@ el p@@ is@@ ar , an au@@ schwi@@ tz survi@@ vor , said , and i 'll quote him , " the h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st teach@@ es us that nature , even in its cru@@ el@@ est moments , is ben@@ ig@@ n in compar@@ ison with man , when he lo@@ ses his moral comp@@ ass and his reason . " +but images don 't need to be graphic in order to re@@ mind us of the trage@@ dy of war . +what we 're going to try and do today , in the 16 and a bit minutes i 've got left , is to try and answer three questions . the first one is , why ? +that was our h@@ f radio anten@@ na . +two nor@@ we@@ gi@@ ans did it as a team in 2000 . no one 's done it sol@@ o . +when the ice was flat or fl@@ at@@ tish , i could just about pull both . +some pretty radical technology , a radical approach -@@ -@@ but it worked perfectly . +i took a photo of that . sat down on my sle@@ dge . did a sort of video di@@ ary piece . +i thought , it 'll have to do . +this is probably why i didn 't get into trouble about the l@@ ength of my air@@ stri@@ p . +since then , no one has ever ski@@ ed -- this was 9@@ 3 years ago -- since then , no one has ever ski@@ ed from the coast of ant@@ arc@@ tic@@ a to the pole and back . +but i was still concerned , so i said , " you know what , i 'm not going to do it . " +and i remem@@ ber@@ ed that the old and dr@@ un@@ ken guy came one day to the lab wan@@ ting to make some easy c@@ ash and this was the guy . +i do want to leave you with one positive thought . +but what if we looked at fear in a fresh way ? +these were the fe@@ ars that dan@@ ced in the imag@@ in@@ ations of these poor men , and as it turned out , the fear they cho@@ se to listen to would gover@@ n whether they lived or died . +what would happen to our minds ? +the no@@ ve@@ list v@@ la@@ di@@ mir n@@ abo@@ ko@@ v said that the best re@@ a@@ der has a combin@@ ation of two very different temper@@ am@@ ents , the arti@@ stic and the scientific . +i 'm 4@@ 3 years old right now . +therefore , they asked their parents to go down to the streets and collect them , bring them back home . +and while this was the major difference between many initi@@ a@@ tives before to create change , before we thought , and governments told us -- and even sometimes it was true -- that change was im@@ posed on us , and people re@@ je@@ cted that , because they thought that it is alien to their culture . +i remember one night when someone ph@@ oned me on my cell@@ phone -- ordinary person who i don 't know -- from ta@@ hri@@ r square . +is this a stor@@ y-@@ of-@@ the-@@ year , a stor@@ y-@@ of-@@ the-@@ decade or something more ? +they 've had some speak@@ ers there . +and frank@@ ie says , " i 'm number 22 in line , and i can see the need@@ le coming down towards me , and there is blood all over the place . +you don 't want to share a need@@ le anymore than you want to share a to@@ o@@ th@@ br@@ ush even with someone you 're sle@@ eping with . +so what we 've been doing in the united states is re@@ vie@@ wing the data -- end@@ less@@ ly re@@ vie@@ wing the data . +they are gay men on the party scene who have , on average , three times more part@@ ners than straight people on the party scene . +but it is changing the equ@@ ation of what 's rational in sexual decisi@@ on-@@ making . +what does that mean ? +there are as many different ways of being rational as there are human beings on the planet , and that 's one of the gl@@ ories of human existence . +and i 'd pull her out on the front por@@ ch . +it 's called cla@@ w-@@ ham@@ mer style , that he had learned from his mother and grandmother . +it sounds something like this . +we were standing on the edge of thousands of ac@@ r@@ es of c@@ ot@@ ton . +now , my mother hop@@ ed that we learned from that the value of hard work . +good news : ch@@ ari@@ ot 's coming . +but then , when i thought about it beyond that , it was very simple things . +and we moved across the street from michael and john whit@@ ney . +they said they were going to beat us up if we didn 't make some g@@ un@@ po@@ w@@ der for them . +so let me put them all together . and also , i can change the sounds by ste@@ pping on this pe@@ d@@ al right here , and -- let me just close out here by doing you a little ham@@ bone sol@@ o or something like this . +not only is there a relationship between the eth@@ ics of science and the eth@@ ics of being a citi@@ zen in democracy , but there has been , histor@@ ically , a relationship between how people think about space and time , and what the co@@ smo@@ s is , and how people think about the society that they live in . +and mer@@ ging them together to make the final quant@@ um theory of space and time and gravity , is the cul@@ min@@ ation of that , something that 's going on right now . +now , darwin taught us that there are processes of self-@@ organization that suff@@ ice to explain all of us and everything we see . +in fact , i 'm finished . science will never go away . +i can see my work as a job . i do it for money . +so i looked for fur@@ ni@@ ture . +he can seat , throughout the year , he can seat 8@@ ,000 people . +what came out of it ? +there is a ful@@ l-@@ blo@@ wn orche@@ str@@ a living inside the building . +these are some pictures vis@@ it@@ ors sent to me . +and the mon@@ keys in that mon@@ key forest looked , actually , fairly happy . +so even as we share death as a universal experience , it 's not experienced the same way the world over . +and it 's also a moment of self-@@ awareness . +but i see something pro@@ fo@@ und@@ ly transforma@@ tive in experi@@ en@@ cing death as a social process and not just a biological one . +one of the -- thank you for invi@@ ting us . +but you do meet some fantastic people , people who look at the world in a totally different way . +" i 'm sorry . i 've only got 18 minutes , 18 minutes to talk about saving the world , saving the planet , global institutions . +why would you do that ? why would -- it 's like one step up from re@@ pl@@ ying to one of those e@@ mails from nigeria , isn 't it ? +but we have a new hope . we have a new man . +and he spoke to the crowd in chicago , he said , " if there is anyone out there who still dou@@ b@@ ts that america is a place where all things are possible ... " +do you remember that ? george bush , " a nu@@ -@@ ca@@ -@@ ler . " +" i was held in prison for nearly 30 years on an island in the middle of the ocean . +and there 's lots of different shapes . +and so every time they found something that looked a little different , they named it something different . +they don 't like it if you come in and want to saw them open and look inside . +so people were looking at these and they were talking about how different they are . +what 's interesting is the spi@@ ke on the back of the dra@@ cor@@ e@@ x was growing very fast as well . +and then , because the ju@@ ven@@ il@@ es are in my colle@@ ction , i cut them open and look inside . +here 's another one . +now as you can imagine , this is not very popular with four@@ th-@@ gra@@ ders . +and it 's a respon@@ sive system that 's trained on actual weather . +anyway , moving along . +so , un@@ fol@@ ded it 's about 300 lin@@ ear feet . +the view is den@@ i@@ ed in the g@@ aller@@ ies where we recei@@ ve just natural light , and then ex@@ posed again in the north g@@ aller@@ y with a pan@@ or@@ am@@ ic view . +wait a minute , it 's just in that state , we have a long way to go . +and this is a mo@@ ck@@ up that is in s@@ alt la@@ ke city that gives you a sense of what this is going to look like in ful@@ l-@@ scale . +even in stories on gen@@ der@@ -@@ based violence , men get an over@@ wh@@ el@@ ming majority of print space and air@@ time . +what she found was many of these stories tend to bl@@ ame vic@@ ti@@ ms and de@@ value their lives . +putting them there made them more recogni@@ z@@ able . +she was the c@@ bs news cor@@ respon@@ dent who was bru@@ t@@ ally sex@@ ually as@@ sau@@ l@@ ted in eg@@ y@@ pt 's ta@@ hri@@ r square right after this photo was taken . +the bot@@ an@@ ical names are in front of you . +" be the change you want to see in the world , " said ma@@ hat@@ ma gand@@ hi . +p@@ m : so is this a good idea . +and so that happened more at various times , but i really think that there was a great advantage in many ways to being a woman . +so being an american , i decided to set up a cau@@ c@@ us . +the other thing that i think is really important : a lot of national security policy isn 't just about foreign policy , but it 's about bud@@ gets , military bud@@ gets , and how the deb@@ ts of countries work out . +so , yeah . +great news . it dri@@ ves me nu@@ ts that most people don 't seem to know this news . +now i know that some of you think this progress is all in asia or la@@ tin america or model countries like brazil -- and who doesn 't love a brazi@@ li@@ an model ? -- but look at sub-@@ sahar@@ an africa . +right now today , in o@@ sl@@ o as it happens , oil companies are fighting to keep secret their pay@@ ments to governments for extra@@ cting oil in developing countries . +by doing so , you will join us and coun@@ t@@ less others in what i truly believe is the greatest ad@@ vent@@ ure ever taken , the ever@@ -@@ dem@@ and@@ ing journey of equ@@ ality . +so now , if you take this metaphor [ of ] genome as program seriously , you have to consider that chris ander@@ son is a computer@@ -@@ fabri@@ cated arti@@ fact , as is jim wat@@ son , cra@@ ig vent@@ er , as are all of us . +you 're going to design something like a cell phone , and in a high-@@ level language , you 'll describe that cell phone . +so , this is normal dna , what you think of as normal dna . +we heat them up , we add a little bit of s@@ alt , we heat them up to almost bo@@ il@@ ing and cool them down , and as we cool them down , the short str@@ ands b@@ ind the long str@@ ands and start to form structure . +she wrote all her own software to design and built this dna origami , a beautiful ren@@ di@@ tion of china , which even has ta@@ i@@ w@@ an , and you can see it 's sort of on the world 's shor@@ test le@@ ash , right ? +it was started by er@@ ik win@@ free , and what it does , it has ti@@ les that are a hundre@@ d@@ th the size of a dna origami . +and if you do that , the origami 's the same size , but the resul@@ ting square that you get is three times bigger . +and i think in the next five or 10 years , we 'll make the kind of squ@@ ar@@ es that i described and maybe even get to some of those self-@@ assem@@ bled circu@@ its . +when life brought about a series of death and ne@@ ar-@@ death experiences within my close circle , which high@@ ligh@@ ted the need for an emergen@@ cy medical response service in india , similar to 9@@ 11 in usa . +yet , if you analy@@ ze the common man , he or she does not wake up every day and say , " h@@ mm , let me see who i can pay a bri@@ be to today . " +it can be worth up to one trillion dollars , being paid in bri@@ bes every year , or equal to india 's g@@ dp . +a set of people actually say , " oh , let me just gr@@ ant it to them , and run away from it . " +so the data that you 've got is a great thing called youtube , and we can go down and basically pull all the open information from youtube , all the comm@@ ents , all the vie@@ ws , who 's watching it , where are they watching it , what are they saying in the comm@@ ents . +so as we go in here , what we start to see , apply the physics engine again , we see what 's one conversation is actually com@@ posed of many smaller ones . +well here 's one by j@@ essi@@ ca green about the micro@@ bi@@ al ec@@ ology of buildings . +ma@@ sc@@ ul@@ in@@ ity mi@@ mi@@ cked by men who grew up with no fa@@ thers , cam@@ ou@@ f@@ lage wor@@ n by bu@@ lli@@ es who are danger@@ ously ar@@ med but need hu@@ gs . +invest , invest , invest . " +a wise person knows how to impro@@ v@@ ise , as lu@@ ke did when he re-@@ was@@ hed the floor . +all they had was mi@@ ke 's hard le@@ mon@@ ade , which was five percent al@@ co@@ hol . +we can certainly see this in response to the current financial crisis . +don 't get me wrong . we need rules ! +all we ask is , " what ser@@ ves my interests ? " +be proud that you have them . +so there 's a lot here at ted , and at other places , to celebra@@ te . +if you do that , the rest is just pretty much a coast down@@ h@@ ill . +they have a particular interest in ones that will help our soldiers . +they 've been watching too much " ter@@ min@@ ator . " +it turned out , as i think you could see in ai@@ mee 's cap@@ abilities and at@@ ti@@ tu@@ des , people with a desire to do something are quite remarkable and nature is quite adap@@ table . +i 'll give you some a@@ sto@@ unding things that have happened as we started this . +he was le@@ an@@ ing on his other arm . +and i get a call and we go back to washington . +i said , " what am i going to say ? +it is an easy answer . +it 's the path@@ fin@@ der that shows us a simple road through an im@@ pen@@ e@@ tr@@ able moral ma@@ ze . +the earth moved for both of them . +there was so many skep@@ tics , especially the press in london , that they started flying che@@ es@@ e@@ bur@@ gers on heli@@ cop@@ ters around my box to temp@@ t me . +so , i went to talk to a doctor friend , and i asked him how could i do that ? +and then there is sta@@ tic ap@@ ne@@ a . +he 's six foot four . he 's 1@@ 60 pounds . +this was a critical mistake . +and what he did in response , is he went on reg@@ is and kel@@ ly , and broke his old record . +which was making me more nervous . +it was awful . +i was like " what ? " +now what we can do is point at the front of the newspaper and immediately get the bul@@ le@@ tin . +teacher : now move it either side . see what happens . +it 's just going to do a tiny bit of process@@ ing to conver@@ t that image that we just took into a sort of digital finger@@ print , and the great thing is , if you 're a professional user , -- so , a newspaper -- the tools are pretty much iden@@ tical to what we 've just used to create this demon@@ stration . +for those of us in this room , it 's not just the poor@@ est and the most vulnerable individual , it 's the community , it 's the culture , it 's the world itself . +last week , bill clin@@ ton at the ted a@@ wards said , " this situation is un@@ pre@@ ce@@ d@@ ented , un@@ equal , un@@ fair and un@@ stable . " +many of you , i think , have probably tre@@ k@@ ked here . +we 've seen the er@@ a@@ dic@@ ation of small@@ po@@ x . +it is something to be great@@ ly optimi@@ stic about . +and when they did , they took small@@ po@@ x to 10 other countries and rei@@ gni@@ ted the epidemic . +there isn 't a dog on this earth that 's a natural cre@@ ature . +well , they 've now taken that gene , that bi@@ ol@@ umines@@ cent gene , and put it into mam@@ mal cells . +so even as we worry about it , we have allowed it to go on in this country -- much different in europe -- without any regu@@ lation , and even without any identi@@ fication on the pac@@ ka@@ ge . +and it rais@@ es the question of how we 're going to define animal species in the age of biot@@ echn@@ ology -- a question that we 're not really sure yet how to solve . +we 've taken away the autonom@@ y of this animal . " +this is a mouse created by charles vac@@ ant@@ i of the university of mas@@ sach@@ use@@ t@@ ts . +we are directly designing the future of the species of this planet . +and he went on to say , " these differences do not co@@ in@@ cide with cor@@ respon@@ ding differences in climate . " +but u@@ v@@ b and u@@ va especially , came in un@@ im@@ pe@@ ded . +there was natural sele@@ ction for the evolution of ligh@@ tly pig@@ mented skin . +so we have , in skin pig@@ ment@@ ation , one of these wonderful products of evolution that still has consequences for us today . +you , you can teach it . +so let me show you a few objects . +to the right , i took a higher rou@@ g@@ hn@@ ess . +why so ? because , in fact , the area of the lung is something very ill@@ -@@ defined . +well , they do mix . +i played with it for a while , and i made it return to the orig@@ in . +so the idea there was that one must be able to -- how do you say ? -- model price vari@@ ation . +it 's so un@@ interesting . +ben@@ o@@ it mand@@ el@@ brot : fra@@ ct@@ als and the art of rou@@ g@@ hn@@ ess +so , imagine that all of you are partici@@ pants in the study . +here 's an example of the puzz@@ le you 're going to solve . +so , you 're putting in less ju@@ ice , and therefore the out@@ come : fewer puzz@@ les solved . +right ? a patient in the driver 's seat , for example . +not because there was not enough food -- because there was actually a sur@@ plus of food in the ferti@@ le regi@@ ons of the south parts of the country -- but because in the north , people could not access or enti@@ tle themselves to that food . +did our farmers turn into highly productive commercial ac@@ tors ? +to give you an example , between 2001 and 200@@ 2 , ethi@@ op@@ ian ma@@ ize farmers produced two years of bu@@ mp@@ er harv@@ est . +in the american mid@@ west , farmers used to load grain onto bar@@ ges and send it u@@ pri@@ ver to the chicago market . +that means that the exchange will operate a tra@@ ding system , which will ini@@ tially start as an open out@@ c@@ ry , because we don 't think the country 's ready for full electr@@ onic tra@@ ding . +we believe that the sta@@ kes are high , but that the re@@ turns will be even greater . +it is always the same , never the same , end@@ less@@ ly fascinating . +that 's a potential scen@@ ari@@ o if we fail to take this seriously . +it provi@@ des a physical support structure for the trees , and it creates physical spaces , habit@@ able spaces inside of the sand dun@@ es . +then , a few years after@@ wards , using per@@ ma@@ cultural strategi@@ es , we green that part of the desert . +it 's not only something that suppor@@ ts trees , but something that conne@@ cts people and countries together . +i paid to get it re@@ pa@@ i@@ red -- then it broke again . +if this idea is truly sound , then the impli@@ cations are significant . +he 's bar@@ e@@ foot . he 'll run back into his house , and he will cont@@ amin@@ ate his drin@@ king water and his food and his environment with whatever diseases he may be carrying by fe@@ cal particles that are on his fing@@ ers and feet . +we don 't have a neu@@ tra@@ l word for it . +and you might think it 's just good kar@@ ma to see these guys stir@@ ring sh@@ it , but it 's also good economic sense , because they 're saving a million dollars a year . +she grew up in a rural village in a poor area of india , and she was enga@@ ged at 14 , and then at 21 or so , she moved into her in-@@ law 's house . +it 's the most off@@ -@@ track mil@@ len@@ ni@@ um development goal . +and that was what i did . +there are tens of thousands of those stories out there , and it 's really hard to con@@ j@@ ure up much of a sense of well-@@ being , because it just kee@@ ps getting worse . +and we tra@@ w@@ l , which means to take something the size of a tra@@ ctor tra@@ il@@ er tru@@ ck that wei@@ gh@@ s thousands and thousands of pounds , put it on a big chain , and dra@@ g it across the sea floor to sti@@ r up the bottom and catch the fish . +but since we ate all the o@@ y@@ sters and we ate all the fish that would eat the plan@@ k@@ ton , there 's nothing to eat the plan@@ k@@ ton and there 's more and more of it , so it dies of old age , which is un@@ heard of for plan@@ k@@ ton . +and then , of course , there 's climate change , and we all know about climate change . +but there are these , what we call , positive feed@@ bac@@ ks , the sy@@ ner@@ gi@@ es among them that make the whole va@@ stly greater than the sum of the parts . +in this bra@@ cing talk , coral re@@ e@@ f ec@@ ologist jer@@ e@@ my j@@ ack@@ son la@@ ys out the sho@@ cking state of the ocean today : over@@ fis@@ hed , over@@ he@@ ated , pollu@@ ted , with indi@@ cat@@ ors that things will get much worse . ast@@ on@@ ishing photos and stat@@ s make the case . +that 's -- that 's not true . +that this old man would inter@@ ru@@ pt his mo@@ on@@ light stro@@ ll with his s@@ wee@@ the@@ art with the pre@@ cise reason of making fun of a child . +i went with my friend tim mc@@ gon@@ ig@@ al , who sat on my left . +the sand@@ wor@@ ms were fine , but your favorite character ? +does something seem strange about this to you ? +she was a single woman about to go alone into a country , not even speaking the language , to travel alone by bus and boat to go to a beach she did not know or had never seen . +she was s@@ mil@@ ing . she did not understand why i was so worried . +but i think we should also just check the numbers , take a reality check here . +jo@@ se@@ ph sch@@ um@@ peter called this " the process of creative destruction . " +is this really how econom@@ ies be@@ have ? " +what is the obje@@ ctive ? +what does all this mean for economics ? +but it 's also clear that pro@@ sper@@ ity goes beyond this . +i mean , can you picture a politi@@ cian standing up in britain and saying , " g@@ dp fell two percent this year . good news ! +i pain@@ ted it directly on top of the man . +i made the tough decision of going home after gradu@@ ation and not going up to capit@@ ol h@@ ill , but going down to my parents ' bas@@ ement and making it my job to learn how to paint . +when we started out on the milk project , and when i started out , i couldn 't have for@@ es@@ e@@ en that i would go from pur@@ su@@ ing my dream in politics and working at a des@@ k to tri@@ pping over a sha@@ dow and then turning people into pain@@ t@@ ings and painting on people in a pool of milk . +and it goes all the way over to these big , thi@@ ck , gal@@ um@@ ph@@ y ones that have hundreds of carb@@ ons , and they have thousands of hydro@@ gens , and they have van@@ a@@ dium and heavy met@@ als and su@@ l@@ fu@@ r and all kinds of cra@@ z@@ iness han@@ ging off the sides of them . +they set the pri@@ ces , and i don 't even know . +okay , so the politics of oil are very moral in the united states . +and we take it as , you know -- we look at it on a moral level , rather than looking at it on a legal and financial level . +in fact , it 's continu@@ ed to increase . +this is 198@@ 8 -- we actually bom@@ bed two ir@@ ani@@ an oil plat@@ forms that year . +what you see in this top drawing is a sche@@ matic of how pe@@ tro@@ le@@ um gets used in the u.s. economy . +that 's a lot . +we are running late . +now you 'd think that " american i@@ do@@ l " would introdu@@ ce a measure of americ@@ ani@@ zation . +and that swim took me 18 minutes and 50 seconds , and it felt like 18 days . +and to the right hand side of us was this great k@@ hum@@ b@@ u gl@@ aci@@ er . +we want you to walk up the h@@ ill in another two days ' time . +after he swa@@ m the north pole , le@@ wi@@ s pu@@ gh vo@@ wed never to take another col@@ d-@@ water di@@ p . then he heard of la@@ ke im@@ ja in the hi@@ mal@@ ay@@ as , created by recent gl@@ ac@@ ial mel@@ ting , and la@@ ke pu@@ mor@@ i , a body of water at an al@@ titude of 5@@ 300 m on ever@@ est -- and so began a journey that would teach him a radical new way to approach swi@@ mming and think about climate change . +this is a state diagra@@ m . that 's an extremely simple computer . +i thought about this in the sense that it 's great to build in biological materials , but can we do similar things ? +so i was trying to , you know , take the engineer 's version : can we build a mechan@@ ical system in in@@ organic materials that will do the same thing ? +and literally with only those two in@@ puts -- so , the shape of your boundar@@ y condition and the pressure -- you can define an infin@@ ite number of len@@ ses that cover the range of human re@@ fra@@ ctive er@@ ror , from min@@ us 12 to plus eight di@@ op@@ ters , up to four di@@ op@@ ters of cy@@ lin@@ der . +but they can show you how to build things in sequence . +you could just hang it as a bed she@@ et , but again , the compu@@ tation of all the physics gives you the a@@ ero@@ dynamic shape . +and the cor@@ relation , of course , is that den@@ ser places tend to have lower emissions -- which isn 't really all that difficult to figure out , if you think about it . +this is a ma@@ p@@ ni@@ fi@@ cent map that shows me , in this case , how far i can get from my home in 30 minutes using public transpor@@ tation . +which brings on another th@@ res@@ hold effect i like to call fur@@ n@@ ace du@@ mp@@ ing , which is , quite simply , if you have a building that doesn 't need to be he@@ ated with a fur@@ n@@ ace , you save a whole bunch of money up front . +during the t@@ wen@@ tie@@ th century , we wit@@ n@@ essed the at@@ ro@@ cities of stal@@ in , hit@@ ler , ma@@ o , po@@ l po@@ t , r@@ wand@@ a and other geno@@ ci@@ des , and even though the tw@@ ent@@ y-@@ first century is only seven years old , we have already wit@@ n@@ essed an on@@ going geno@@ cide in dar@@ fu@@ r and the daily hor@@ r@@ ors of iraq . +according to non-@@ govern@@ mental organizations that keep such statistics , since 19@@ 45 , in europe and the americ@@ as , there has been a ste@@ ep dec@@ line in inter@@ state wars , in de@@ ad@@ ly eth@@ ni@@ c ri@@ ots or po@@ gro@@ ms , and in military cou@@ ps , even in south america . worldwide , there 's been a ste@@ ep dec@@ line in dea@@ ths in inter@@ state wars . the yellow b@@ ars here show the number of dea@@ ths per war per year from 19@@ 50 to the present . +so that 's a bit of a support for the le@@ vi@@ a@@ than theory . +in fact , it 's as large as western europe , but it only has 300 miles of pa@@ ved roads . +now these are not the kinds of things that someone is thinking about just before they go get a con@@ dom . +and what is the definition then ? " the definition ? +we have liber@@ ia . we have con@@ go . +you can watch me for one minute now and you 'll see the whole thing . +and asia could have social development before they got the economic development . +but more or less , this is what will happen , and we have a world which cannot be looked upon as divi@@ ded . +and then it 's united states today , up here . +and we had an increase in income . +the middle income countries , the emerging economy , they are cat@@ ching up . +about 20 percent of the adult population are infe@@ cted . +it 's caused by fast process@@ ing of tox@@ ic cas@@ sa@@ va ro@@ ot in fam@@ ine situation . +and we have a high hope in you . thank you very much . +next best thing to a video game . +you have them in h@@ unter@@ -@@ gather@@ er societies , but then through technologi@@ cal evolution , new forms of technology ar@@ ise that facili@@ tate or encoura@@ ge the playing of non-@@ zer@@ o-@@ sum games , invol@@ ving more people over larger terri@@ tory . +and i would say the non-@@ zer@@ o-@@ sum dynamic is only going to grow more inten@@ se over time because of technologi@@ cal trends , but more inten@@ se in a kind of negative way . +it 's when people 's fortun@@ es are cor@@ related . +i think it 's the first step toward that . that 's the long-term goal . +the g@@ 8 sum@@ mit pro@@ pos@@ es that the solution to africa 's problems should be a massive increase in aid , something ak@@ in to the mar@@ shall plan . +but equ@@ ally , it has opportunities and a lot of potential . +well , since i 'm not seeing the hand , it appe@@ ars that what i 'm stat@@ ing is true . +well , because it gives them good , paying jobs , or , in many african countries , un@@ offi@@ cial opportunities to profit from corruption . +governments are not changing it . why ? +there were 5@@ 6 , and when our president wanted to am@@ end the const@@ it@@ ution and re@@ move term limit@@ s , he had to create 25 new distri@@ cts , and now there are 8@@ 1 . +doctor se@@ li@@ g@@ man , what is the state of psychology today ? " +and the conclu@@ sion of that is that psychology and psychiat@@ ry , over the last 60 years , can actually cla@@ im that we can make mis@@ er@@ able people less mis@@ er@@ able . +i 've spent my life working on extremely mis@@ er@@ able people , and i 've asked the question , how do extremely mis@@ er@@ able people diff@@ er from the rest of you ? +so i want to say a little bit about each of those lives and what we know about them . +when he wal@@ ks onto the floor of the american exchange at 9 : 30 in the morning , time st@@ ops for him . and it st@@ ops ti@@ ll the clo@@ sing bell . +and meaning , in this view , consi@@ sts of -- very par@@ alle@@ l to eu@@ da@@ im@@ on@@ ia -- it consi@@ sts of knowing what your highest streng@@ ths are , and using them to bel@@ ong to and in the service of something larger than you are . +so , the next to last thing i want to say is we 're interested in how much life satis@@ fac@@ tion people have . +but they were empty . +these are cam@@ els moving across the ri@@ ft valley in africa , photograph@@ ed by chris john@@ s . +now i have to tell you , i was talking to k@@ yle last week about this , that i was going to tell this story . +a li@@ on having a late night s@@ n@@ ack -- notice he 's got a broken to@@ oth . +for the first time in history , more people live in urban , rather than rural , environments . +brian photograph@@ ed a marine san@@ c@@ tu@@ ary in new ze@@ al@@ and , where commercial fishing had been ban@@ ned -- the result being that the over@@ fis@@ hed species have been re@@ stor@@ ed , and with them a possible solution for sustainable fis@@ her@@ ies . +but then paul got in the water . +david gri@@ ff@@ in : how photograph@@ y conne@@ cts us +so , if we use information that comes off of this spe@@ cular refle@@ ction , we can go from a traditional face scan that might have the gro@@ ss cont@@ ours of the face and the basic shape , and aug@@ ment it with information that puts in all of that skin po@@ re structure and fine wr@@ in@@ kl@@ es . +we can turn the volu@@ me up a little bit if that 's available . +what i 've been doing from 14 to 17 was , i was assi@@ sting them colle@@ cting i@@ vor@@ y t@@ us@@ k , meat and whatever they were killing , po@@ ach@@ ing , hun@@ ting in the forest , bring it in the main city to get access to the market . +here we have sa@@ van@@ na gi@@ ra@@ ff@@ es , but through evolution we have this forest gi@@ ra@@ ffe that lives only in con@@ go . +you can 't ask him how old he is because he has g@@ uns . +and that was the language of the war . +and they can 't do what they are doing . +and one day , we went for a meeting . +i op@@ pose it -- that they are now going to dis@@ se@@ ct it , until i do my report and then i see the ch@@ ie@@ f com@@ man@@ der . +see what the wars in r@@ wand@@ a . +building capac@@ i@@ ties for the young generation is going to make a better generation and a better future tomorrow for africa . +did you know that , in iraq and afghanistan , there were more private military contra@@ c@@ tors on the ground than there were u.s. military tro@@ ops ? +let 's see what people here think about it . +oh , after you stopped paying . +for fear of dis@@ agre@@ ement , we s@@ hr@@ ink from these questions . +some of the reasons for this are not really very contro@@ versi@@ al . +the ver@@ tical axis now is thousands of dollars in today 's pri@@ ces . +all the rest went to the top one percent . +that comes out at five to 10 tons daily per square mile in cities . +you have to choose either option a or option b . +and some people would say that we 're born with it in some other means . +everything except rand@@ om@@ ness . she did not believe in rand@@ om@@ ness . +and that 's what i look for in my work , a personal meaning . +but , both of these sa@@ y@@ ings -- saving a fish from dro@@ w@@ ning , or saving a man from dro@@ w@@ ning -- to me they had to do with inten@@ tions . +it may be something that is perhaps more serious -- as i said , human rights in bur@@ ma . +well , what is random ? what is chance ? what is lu@@ ck ? +i was able to see that in a fir@@ sth@@ and way , when i went to beautiful d@@ ong village , in gui@@ z@@ ho@@ u , the poor@@ est pro@@ vin@@ ce of china . +i believe in speci@@ fi@@ cs , the speci@@ fi@@ cs of story , and the past , the speci@@ fi@@ cs of that past , and what is happening in the story at that point . +and the reason is that until wonder came along and figured out how to spread the idea of sli@@ ced bread , no one wanted it . +right . i go to the del@@ i ; i 'm sick ; i need to buy some medicine . +who 's going to stop and pull over and say -- oh , look , a co@@ w . nobody . +they turned a chair from something the pur@@ ch@@ asing department bought , to something that was a status symbol about where you sat at work . +talk to them and make it easy for them to tell their friends . +am@@ ih@@ ot@@ or@@ not@@ .com -- everyday 25@@ 0,000 people go to this site , run by two volunte@@ ers , and i can tell you they are hard gra@@ ders , and they didn 't get this way by adverti@@ sing a lot . +silk . put a product that does not need to be in the re@@ fri@@ ger@@ ated section next to the milk in the re@@ fri@@ ger@@ ated section . +in a world of too many op@@ tions and too little time , our obvious choice is to just ignor@@ e the ordinary stuff . marketing gur@@ u se@@ th go@@ d@@ in sp@@ ells out why , when it comes to getting our attention , bad or bizar@@ re ideas are more successful than bor@@ ing ones . +now , speaking of walls , i want to share with you the story of one wall in ca@@ ir@@ o . +most of the economic models are built around sc@@ ar@@ city and growth . +if we can make it through the next 150 years , i think that your great great grand@@ children will forget all about mal@@ th@@ us . +the problem is that these pu@@ ps need a stable platform of soli@@ d ice in order to nur@@ se from their mom@@ s . +we can 't keep taking without expe@@ cting serious consequences as a result . +i didn 't want them to be over@@ ly thre@@ at@@ ening or sc@@ ary . +here we see a female cra@@ w@@ ling out of the ocean under mo@@ on@@ light on the island of tr@@ ini@@ dad . +7@@ 2 percent of the population has such sc@@ ars , but most don 't shed the ge@@ ar , things like lo@@ b@@ ster tra@@ ps and cra@@ b po@@ ts . +i worked in other parts of new ze@@ al@@ and as well , in beautiful , fra@@ gi@@ le , prote@@ cted areas like in fi@@ ord@@ land , where this sea pen col@@ ony was found . +it 's horri@@ ble . it 's a pro@@ of of our fail@@ ing to save them in the wild . +when i stood there in the gr@@ ass , it 's hot -- not even the sound of insects -- just this wa@@ ving gr@@ ass . +now in this reci@@ pe you also have the cost . +and once the soil gets dri@@ ed , you 're in a dry seas@@ on -- you get cra@@ cks , oxygen goes in , fl@@ ames come out and the problem starts all over again . +but , it 's more complicated . it 's not that simple , and you have to work with the people . +and this is after two years . +and look , there 's now 1@@ 1.@@ 2 percent more clou@@ ds -- already , after three years . +but whatever you do in that program , it has to be fully suppor@@ ted by the people , meaning that you also have to ad@@ just it to the local , cultural values . +all the sculp@@ tures move by mechan@@ ical means . +it sounds good , but i 'll bet you know in your gut that it 's not the whole truth , and i 'll tell you why . +and i wa@@ ited , and the next day i liked it a bit better , the next day i liked it a bit better , and now i really love it . +free@@ ways . +what i 'm trying to say is the major contribu@@ tion on carbon emissions are from the cars -- more than 50 percent -- so when we dep@@ end only on cars , it 's ... +you should have always a structure of living and working together . +and we cannot have all the answers . +okay , now why then is this curious rel@@ u@@ c@@ tan@@ ce and curious ho@@ sti@@ li@@ ty to consciousness ? +how could spiritu@@ ality move anything ? +and just as the j@@ ar full of water can go from liquid to soli@@ d depen@@ ding on the behavior of the molecules , so your brain can go from a state of being conscious to a state of being un@@ conscious , depen@@ ding on the behavior of the molecules . +okay , the next fe@@ ature of consciousness , after this mar@@ vel@@ ous uni@@ fied conscious field , is that it fun@@ ctions caus@@ ally in our behavior . +it 's only relative to conscious ag@@ ents that a piece of paper is money or that a bunch of buildings is a university . +i won 't demon@@ strate pain behavior , but i can tell you i 'm not having any pa@@ ins right now . +but i believe there 's a second climate crisis , which is as sever@@ e , which has the same orig@@ ins , and that we have to deal with with the same ur@@ gen@@ cy . +and human resources are like natural resources ; they 're often bu@@ ried deep . +we must dis@@ en@@ thr@@ all ourselves , and then we shall save our country . " +she doesn 't see the point . +he said , " as a kid . " he said , " actually , it was a problem for me at school , because at school , everybody wanted to be a fire@@ man . " +" you 've been around for 3@@ 6 months , and this is it ? " +you know this , if you 're doing something you love , an hour feels like five minutes . +he wrote this to his love , mau@@ d gon@@ ne , and he was be@@ wa@@ il@@ ing the fact that he couldn 't really give her what he thought she wanted from him . +now what 's interesting about that is ir@@ regular ver@@ bs between al@@ fre@@ d and ja@@ y-@@ z have become more regular . +so i think in the next decade , the sci@@ ences and the human@@ i@@ ties will come closer together to be able to answer deep questions about man@@ kind . +and so i got some training and went and worked in africa during most of my 20@@ s . +and she walked forward with such cal@@ m and such c@@ lar@@ ity and such total lack of fear that she could walk right up to the first gun , put her hand on it and lower it . +but an@@ ger is like gas@@ ol@@ ine , and if you spra@@ y it around and somebody lights a match , you 've got an in@@ fer@@ no . +and what they 've realized is that using violence in the situations they operate in is not only less human@@ e , but it 's less effective than using metho@@ ds that connect people with people , that re@@ build . +it 's flo@@ wn around the world . +do you mind if we do something completely different ? +you could say , well , it doesn 't look very different from when he started . +and is art about trying to imagine what lies beyond the hori@@ zon ? +if you look down , you can 't see your feet . +and thanks to the people of interface , i have become a re@@ co@@ vering pl@@ under@@ er . +thinking it through , i realized that all those at@@ tribu@@ tes must be changed to move t to the den@@ om@@ in@@ ator . +we re@@ ck@@ on that we are a bit over hal@@ f@@ way to our goal : zero impact , zero foot@@ print . +i re@@ main trou@@ bled by the re@@ vis@@ ed ehrlich equ@@ ation , i equ@@ als p times a divi@@ ded by t@@ 2 . +because it told me , by god , one person got it . +while we ini@@ tially her@@ al@@ ded the internet as the fantastic new marketing device that was going to solve all our problems , we now realize that the internet is , if anything , too effective in that reg@@ ard . +and at heart , both re@@ forma@@ tions , i think were asking the questions : who 's enti@@ t@@ led to practice ? +today 's professional theater community is defined , not only the sha@@ w and strat@@ ford festi@@ v@@ als , but by the cor@@ ner@@ stone theater of los angeles -- a collective of artists that after 9 / 11 , brought together 10 different religious communities -- the ba@@ hi@@ a , the ca@@ tho@@ lic , the musli@@ m , the je@@ wish , even the na@@ tive american and the gay and les@@ bi@@ an communities of faith , helping them create their own individual plays and one massive play , where they explor@@ ed the differences in their faith and found common@@ ality as an important first step toward cros@@ s-@@ community heal@@ ing . +we want to play you one more sele@@ ction . +and that 's how i got out of high school . +at a re@@ ception in their cour@@ ty@@ ard , i noticed that they had a foun@@ tain because they think that the people who go to the museum deser@@ ve a foun@@ tain . +and so the next thing you 'll see is a million dollar kitchen that was built by the h@@ ein@@ z company -- you 've heard of them ? +we have students who sit together , black kids and white kids , and what we 've discovered is you can solve the race problem by creating a world class environment , because people will have a tenden@@ cy to show you world class behavior if you treat them in that way . +that 's our library with more hand@@ cra@@ f@@ ted fur@@ ni@@ ture . +he was dra@@ g@@ ging guys out of b@@ ars and saving those lives for the l@@ ord . +she said , " well , i work for a company called he@@ w@@ le@@ tt@@ -@@ pac@@ k@@ ard . " +and i want my music to be with you . " +and that 's the building , and that 's the model , and on the right 's a high-@@ tech green@@ house and in the middle 's the medical technology building . +this is in a place called san francisco . +i said , " well , that 's very nice . +because mr. ross used to bring in your al@@ bu@@ ms when i was 16 years old in the po@@ tter@@ y class , when the world was all dark , and your music got me to the sun@@ light . " +it 's really our first for@@ ay into this . +so it consi@@ sts of two parts , what we call an en@@ co@@ der and a trans@@ duc@@ er . +so let me show you , and i 'm going to start with the standard method first . +this man is supposed to represent a gener@@ ic human being , and all of the cir@@ cles in that man are all of the cells that make up your body . +we 're not doing anything to the cells here . +this is like the ste@@ al@@ th bom@@ ber of the ocean . +this is the vi@@ bri@@ o fis@@ cher@@ i molecule . +they take that information inside , and they decide what tas@@ ks to carry out depen@@ ding on who 's in the min@@ ority and who 's in the majority of any given population . +we 've also done the same thing with the p@@ ink system . +this is exactly what happens in your body . +look at all the argu@@ ments we have these days over health care , over bon@@ uses and ba@@ il@@ ou@@ ts on wall street , over the gap between rich and poor , over aff@@ ir@@ ma@@ tive action and sam@@ e-@@ sex marriage . +actually , that was ari@@ st@@ ot@@ le 's answer too . +he was a very good gol@@ fer , but he had a dis@@ ability . +what 's your name ? +is walking the course essential to the game ? +first , no real spor@@ ts fan would talk that way . +so let 's step back from these cases and see how they shed light on the way we might improve , el@@ ev@@ ate , the terms of political dis@@ course in the united states , and for that matter , around the world . +michael san@@ del : the lost art of democratic debate +you know , a lot of people said , " well , you know , city boys have no business telling us rural types what to do with our time . +and , i say that that 's fine -- the future of humanity is enti@@ t@@ led to make that choice . +we 've discovered things like , for example , r@@ na inter@@ ference only a few years ago , and this is a really fundamental compon@@ ent of how cells work . +the therap@@ ies will be impro@@ ving faster than the rema@@ ining im@@ perfe@@ ctions in the therap@@ ies are cat@@ ching up with us . +secon@@ dly , what does it mean for the public 's perception of how long it 's going to take for us to get to those things , starting from the time we get the mi@@ ce ? +we can call it the " engineering approach , " and i cla@@ im that the engineering approach is within range . +some of them are par@@ tially imple@@ mented already , the ones at the top . +audience : species on this planet have evolved with imm@@ une systems to fight off all the diseases so that individuals live long enough to pro@@ create . +there are species that have no aging -- hy@@ dr@@ a for example -- but they do it by not having a nervous system -- and not having any tis@@ su@@ es in fact that rely for their function on very long-@@ lived cells . +and although i want to thank the tal@@ ented people of our company fore@@ most for that -- and also there 's a factor of lu@@ ck and ti@@ ming -- we are absolutely convinced that we did this because of our values . +i have days that i believe , but i have days that i 'm full of dou@@ bt . +so we should embra@@ ce our difference and a@@ im for challenge . +what happens when a city deci@@ des it 's going to set other pri@@ ori@@ ties ? +according to the center for disease control , fully one third of all children born after 2000 will get diabetes . +and we take car cr@@ as@@ hes for gran@@ ted . +but , of course , we 've seen what that does . +you don 't want to tell americans , god for@@ bi@@ d , that they have to change their lifest@@ yle . +the second reason is that we killed these things . +well , we looked at the tissue under the microscop@@ e . +the first one that we see occur@@ s in the ancient rain@@ fore@@ sts of australia about 25 million years ago , and the national geographic society is helping us to explore these fossil de@@ pos@@ its . this is ri@@ ver@@ s@@ lei@@ gh . +wild dogs did eat a few of the she@@ ep , but the th@@ yl@@ ac@@ ine got a bad ra@@ p . +they 're related dist@@ antly to th@@ yl@@ ac@@ ines . +he thought hard . i mean , it was nearly 80 years before this that he 'd been at this hu@@ t . +it 's very , very difficult to speak at the end of a conference like this , because everyone has spo@@ ken . everything has been said . +now , why is all this important , to have to go really fast ? +creating our own program to solve problems , like fighting corruption , building institutions , stabili@@ zing the mi@@ cr@@ o economy . +is it being direc@@ ted effectively ? +it was really hot . i was very hun@@ gry . +and now let me become less sen@@ ti@@ mental , and say that saving lives -- which some of the aid we get does on this continent -- when you save the life of anyone , a farmer , a teacher , a mother , they are contribu@@ ting produ@@ c@@ tively into the economy . +when we ask them and tell them what we need , one of my wor@@ ries today is that we have many foun@@ da@@ tions now . +our in@@ ability to take charge and say to all these people bringing their money , " sit down . " +aid cannot solve our problems , i 'm fir@@ m@@ ly convinced about that . +a lot has been said here about women , i don 't need to repe@@ at it . +i 'm going to go over some science experiments and try to cover three musical experiments . +and so all of us have this remarkable brain , which is poor@@ ly understood to say the least . +you can 't just sort of -- " it 's great we 've got this key@@ board . " +really , consciousness is se@@ ated in the fron@@ tal lo@@ be . +c@@ l : at this point , i 'll take a few moments . +so what we had them do was memor@@ ize this lo@@ wer@@ -@@ left sound ic@@ on , please . +so just to conclu@@ de , we 've got a lot of questions to ask , and like i said , we 'll ask questions here , not answer them . +look , the world has changed from anal@@ o@@ g to digital . +a techni@@ cian will put the electro@@ des onto the sc@@ al@@ p using a conduc@@ tive gel or pa@@ ste and usually after a proce@@ d@@ ure of prepar@@ ing the sc@@ al@@ p by light ab@@ r@@ asi@@ on . +the first time , nothing will happen , because the system has no idea how he thinks about " pull . " +and once you 've trained up the dete@@ ctions , these thoughts can be as@@ sig@@ ned or ma@@ pped to any computing platform , app@@ lic@@ ation or device . +so i 'm going to brie@@ fly disc@@ uss a couple of problems that we have and a couple of problems where we 've got some solutions under@@ way . +es@@ ther du@@ fl@@ o talked a little bit about this . +the other thing is , you know , it would be even better if you didn 't have to draw the blood . +there 's all these different interven@@ tions but they have different kinds of effec@@ ti@@ ven@@ ess . +in 19@@ 35 , there were 15@@ 0,000 cases a year of malaria in the united states , but dd@@ t and a massive public health effort managed to squ@@ el@@ ch it . +now , it turns out we only kill the female mo@@ squ@@ it@@ o@@ es . +here we have it running at high-@@ speed mode . +it 's then sold and bought , and it 's then deli@@ vered to me . +but i thought , no , no , experiment with res@@ ins , experiment with poly@@ mers . +three com@@ post b@@ ins -- go through about 70 kil@@ os of ra@@ w vege@@ table waste a week -- really good , makes fantastic com@@ post . +very advanced , no air@@ -@@ condi@@ tion@@ ing -- i love it . +that 's zero food waste . +basically i 'm recor@@ ding one second of every day of my life for the rest of my life , chron@@ ologi@@ cally comp@@ il@@ ing these one-@@ second tiny sli@@ ces of my life into one single continu@@ ous video until , you know , i can 't record them anymore . +it helped me realize something else during this project , is that recor@@ ding that one second on a really bad day is extremely difficult . +and we can start a film about that , and we can see a little bit back@@ wards in time . +these are the di@@ stances of the tu@@ bes which make it walk that way . +it 's a bin@@ ary step counter . +you can only do them one at a time . +i think philosop@@ hi@@ cally , that was one of the most important pa@@ pers that we 've ever done because it showed how dynamic life was . +so the team developed new de@@ bu@@ g@@ ging software , where we could test each syn@@ thetic frag@@ ment to see if it would grow in a background of wild type dna . +and we ad@@ ded three quot@@ ations , because with the first genome we were cri@@ ti@@ ci@@ zed for not trying to say something more profound than just sig@@ ning the work . +or , more importantly , hiv , where the virus evol@@ ves so quickly the vac@@ cin@@ es that are made today can 't keep up with those evolutionary changes . +so i read slowly . +this was perhaps the biggest surprise -- how flexi@@ ble the kor@@ an is , at least in minds that are not fundament@@ ally in@@ flexi@@ ble . +i study ants , and that 's because i like to think about how organizations work . +and they do that by each year sending out the re@@ produ@@ c@@ tives -- those are the ones with wings -- on a ma@@ ting flight . +and it sta@@ ys that size until the queen dies and there 's nobody to make more ants , when she 's about 15 or 20 years old . +on one day , it 'll all be here , and then the next day they 'll move it over there , and then they 'll move it back . +they somehow get into this reser@@ ve . +well it turns out that yes , the different tas@@ ks are inter@@ depen@@ dent . +so , the ants in the older col@@ ony that seem to be more stable are not any older than the ants in the yo@@ unger col@@ ony . +they 've gone out to do different tas@@ ks , and the rate at which they meet as they come in and out of the nest ent@@ r@@ ance determin@@ es , or influ@@ ences , each ant 's decision about whether to go out , and which task to per@@ form . +but in a small col@@ ony , it 's likely to meet fewer for@@ a@@ gers , just because there are fewer other for@@ a@@ gers there to meet . +but it 's the greatest trans@@ fer of wealth , from one group to another in the history of man@@ kind . +yes , it 's going to continue . +it 's 1@@ 30 oc@@ tan@@ e fuel . +i don 't have to worry about the bridge to where at my age . +in a nu@@ t@@ sh@@ ell that 's what happened ? +and so everyone can be at least happy to see a shift from coal or oil to natural gas . +and number two , do not build a re@@ former on the ocean . +i don 't understand why the media is focused on eastern pen@@ n@@ syl@@ v@@ ania . +bo@@ one , i really , really appreci@@ ate you coming here , eng@@ aging in this conversation . +" the el@@ dor@@ a@@ do of the united states of america : the discovery of in@@ ex@@ hau@@ sti@@ ble gold min@@ es in california . " +half of them deser@@ ted to go look for gold . +but they spent three and a half million dollars in the 2000 super bow@@ l to air that ad , even though , at the time , they only had a million dollars in an@@ nu@@ al re@@ venue . +this is work going on down in lower manhattan where they built some of the first electric power gener@@ ating sta@@ tions . +this came in , like , six different colors . +i mean , you didn 't want this thing clo@@ g@@ ging up a light so@@ cket . +and one friend of mine was telling me a story : not only did they get there and have to wait , but then the engineers , when they finally did get there , for the third time , they had to call somebody . +i 'm going to try to give you a little bit of a natural history of compassion and the golden rule . +now , there 's more good news that came along later in evolution , a second kind of evolutionary lo@@ gic . +now , we have a ration@@ ale for that . +and if you ask what kind of situation is condu@@ ci@@ ve to people defin@@ ing people as ene@@ mi@@ es , it 's a zer@@ o-@@ sum situation . +it 's why social organization has grown from the h@@ unter@@ -@@ gather@@ er village to the ancient state , the em@@ pi@@ re , and now here we are in a glob@@ alized world . +i think politicians can help fo@@ ster non-@@ zer@@ o-@@ sum relationships , economic engagement is generally better than block@@ a@@ des and so on , in this reg@@ ard . +it 's un@@ fortun@@ ate that they tend to be sel@@ ec@@ tively de@@ plo@@ yed . +what time of life had they started school ? +he ac@@ tively sou@@ ght dis@@ con@@ fir@@ ma@@ tion . +in sur@@ ve@@ ys of european and american ex@@ ecu@@ tives , fully 85 percent of them ac@@ knowle@@ d@@ ged that they had issues or concern@@ s at work that they were afraid to raise . +but he had been so afraid of conflict , until finally he became more afraid of the sil@@ ence . +so , what people were saying to me about the cause of cancer , sources of cancer , or , for that matter , why you are who you are , didn 't make sense . +so , i decided over the years , because of a series of experiments that this is because of context and architecture . +and we said , wonderful ! look at this pretty structure . +i made a radical hypo@@ thesis . +we have shown that there 's little pieces of dna on the specific genes of the mam@@ mary gl@@ and that actually respond to extra@@ cell@@ ular matri@@ x . +but here is a po@@ em from ye@@ ats . i 'll just read you the last two lines . +it 's been fantastic . +it sounds a little bit like a weird book , but actually they 're all new types of lies . +he wrote very , very positive re@@ vie@@ ws about himself . surprise , surprise . +my friends , no way they can be that cool and have good of a life . +well , to do that , one thing is we can look at the de@@ cep@@ tion@@ -@@ dete@@ ction liter@@ ature . +anybody do any writing today ? did anybody write a word ? +those cold , hard w@@ inter@@ s , i love it . +now , when you are about to say or do something , we can think , do i want this to be part of my leg@@ acy , part of my personal record ? +though in all seri@@ ousness , this position that you just saw me in , looking down at my phone , that 's one of the reasons behind this project , project glass . +we had to keep it secret from our industrial designer until she actually accep@@ ted the job , and then she almost ran away scre@@ aming . +but i do that all the time . +i go back to color all the time . +my mother was , sort of , very sensitive to his mother , who it seemed was a little bit skep@@ tical about the whole alternative lifest@@ yle thing . +i went to per@@ forming arts high school , where i was an actor . +and so i had this t@@ .@@ v@@ . show . +and there 's got to be some way to do that , ro@@ sie . +and i often look at things as though they 're food . +che@@ f : oh , you don 't know ? let me tell you something . +fashion designer is@@ a@@ a@@ c mi@@ z@@ ra@@ hi sp@@ ins through a di@@ zz@@ ying ar@@ ray of inspi@@ ra@@ tions -- from ' 5@@ 0s pin@@ u@@ ps to a fle@@ eting gli@@ mp@@ se of a woman on the street who makes him sh@@ out " stop the ca@@ b ! " inside this ra@@ m@@ bling talk are real clu@@ es to living a happy , creative life . +and i was actually a po@@ tent force in spre@@ ading ideas across bor@@ ders , and i wit@@ n@@ essed the rise of islam@@ ist extre@@ mis@@ m as distin@@ ct from islam the faith , and the way in which it influ@@ enced my co-@@ religi@@ oni@@ sts across the world . +what 's actually happening is that what were previ@@ ously lo@@ c@@ alized par@@ o@@ chi@@ al@@ is@@ ms , individual or grou@@ p@@ ings of extre@@ mi@@ sts who were isol@@ ated from one another , have become inter@@ connected in a glob@@ alized way and have th@@ us become , or are becoming , main@@ stream . +and a social movement is com@@ pris@@ ed , in my view , it 's com@@ pris@@ ed of four main characteri@@ stics . +the second , i believe , is political cor@@ rec@@ t@@ ness . +not ex@@ clu@@ sive to these things , but in addition to them , is pro@@ pag@@ ating a genu@@ ine demand for democracy on the ground . +because it 's not enough to re@@ move a leader or rul@@ er or dic@@ tat@@ or . +it isn 't when the sh@@ in@@ y new tools show up that their uses start per@@ me@@ ating society . +the internet is the first medium in history that has na@@ tive support for groups and conversation at the same time . +the b@@ b@@ c got their first wind of the chinese qua@@ ke from twitter . +and finally the chinese cra@@ cked down . +all of that is over . +he had to issue a re@@ p@@ ly . +ok , this is mo@@ unt ever@@ est . +it was a national geographic expedi@@ tion , but it was organized by the explor@@ ers club . +there 's no ice over it . +from here , it 's about 1,@@ 500 feet up at a 3@@ 0-@@ degree angle to the sum@@ mit . +this is a view taken along the sum@@ mit ri@@ dge . +it 's really cold ; it 's 24@@ ,000 feet . +the survi@@ vor@@ s came in one by one . +after la@@ ying in the s@@ now that long a time , he got up and found his way back to the camp . +he 's dying . +he was cri@@ tically ill , there were other cri@@ tically ill patients ; lu@@ ck@@ ily , we were able to get a heli@@ cop@@ ter in to res@@ cu@@ e these guys . +so ideas change states . +but a demo@@ graphic divi@@ den@@ d is only as good as the investment in your human capital . +and then i think the other point is that indi@@ ans today are far more comfortable with glob@@ alization . +it 's certainly not like china . +what are those ideas ? one is , i think , are ide@@ ological issues . +we can use technology for transpar@@ ency , and many other things . +if we really want to come to a point , we really want to put a ca@@ p on our carbon emis@@ sion , we want to really lower the use of energy -- it has to be solved in countries like india . +and this is a rain@@ y ele@@ ction day in a small country -- that can be my country , but could be also your country . +so basically i want to ask : what went right and what went wrong in these 50 years when we talk about democracy ? +and you have the market revolution of the 198@@ 0s and the huge increase of ine@@ quality in societies . +you have facebook revol@@ u@@ tions , twitter revol@@ u@@ tions . +in a small country that could be my country , but could be also your country , they took a decision -- it is a real case story -- that all of the govern@@ mental decisions , discus@@ sions of the coun@@ cil of mini@@ sters , were going to be published on the internet 24 hours after the coun@@ cil discus@@ sions took place . +the idea is called the social impact bon@@ d . +the service provi@@ ders , well , for the first time , they 've got an opportunity to provide services and grow the evidence for what they 're doing in a really con@@ struc@@ tive way and learn and demon@@ strate the value of what they 're doing over five or six years , not just one or two as often happens at the moment . +it en@@ ables testing of new ideas in a way that 's less difficult for everybody . +" ha , i 'm the only person i ever loved . " +he goes , " sir , why don 't you drive ? " +why is that ? are you too ti@@ red to go all the way around ? +i 'm not supposed to be , like , walking down the a@@ is@@ le , and be like , " hi , jack . " you know , that 's not cool . +was@@ su@@ p . +ted@@ x . +decided to use recycl@@ ed content from c@@ ement and steel manufacturing . +we must change everything . +it is transpar@@ ent , made just for you . +they were missing the vision . +so once those pictures are ac@@ qui@@ red and the physi@@ cian has dra@@ wn all the necessary safety limit@@ s and so on , he sel@@ ec@@ ts basically a point -- you see the round point in the middle where the cur@@ sor is -- and he pres@@ ses this blue butt@@ on called " son@@ ic@@ ate . " +john is one of [ about ] a do@@ zen very hero@@ ic , coura@@ ge@@ ous people who volunte@@ ered for the study . +he 's a 7@@ 8 year-old farmer who suff@@ ered from -- how should i say it ? -- it 's called pain in the bu@@ tt . +i don 't see , without this nation taking it as some collective will or something that is a national goal to make that happen , it will not happen . +so new life was born . +all they have , really , is tra@@ de@@ mark protection , and so it means that anybody could copy any gar@@ ment on any person in this room and sell it as their own design . +now , fashion designers have the broad@@ est pal@@ ette imag@@ in@@ able in this creative industry . +one that a lot of cultural cri@@ tics have poin@@ ted to is that we now have a much bro@@ a@@ der pal@@ ette of design choices to choose from than we ever have before , and this is main@@ ly because of the fast fashion industry , actually . +i love these gal@@ li@@ an@@ os . +if you look at the regi@@ stry , actually , a lot of the regi@@ ster@@ ed things in the e@@ .@@ u . +fire@@ works dis@@ plays , the smell of per@@ fu@@ me : no . +it is bar@@ ely te@@ ther@@ ed to any sort of physical reality in our minds . +i 'd been travel@@ ing in japan without an agenda other than to photograph , and then i heard about this tree that is 2,@@ 1@@ 80 years old and knew that i had to go visit it . +and then this back down on the ground and you can see that the fun@@ gu@@ s is actually inv@@ ading this tree . +but i put that slide in there because i 'm often asked if there are any animals in the project . +and what looks like two big he@@ ap@@ s of leaves , is actually two single leaves that get sh@@ red@@ ded up by the har@@ sh desert conditions over time . +this bacteria was discovered several years ago by a team of planet@@ ary bi@@ ologists hop@@ ing to find clu@@ es to life on other planets by looking at one of the har@@ sh@@ est conditions on ours . +it will be completely free , and it will work in any brow@@ ser . +i think po@@ p@@ cor@@ n could change the way that we tell stories on the web , and the way we understand the world we live in . +consider the 2008 terror@@ ist attack on mu@@ m@@ bai . +is he bald in front ? does he wear glas@@ ses ? " +you could ro@@ b 200 people on a train , a great innovation . +you see , if you can print in metal , you can print one of these , and in fact you can also print one of these too . +and to ha@@ ck@@ ers , dna is just another operating system waiting to be ha@@ cked . +that 's what i get asked all the time . +the threat is serious , and the time to pre@@ p@@ are for it is now . +will i be mar@@ g@@ in@@ alized ? +and when we think about leg@@ acy , i can think of no more powerful one , despite how short her life was . +and there is no group more vulnerable to those kinds of manipu@@ lations than young men . +i know it works . +who gets to use the mo@@ squ@@ e on fri@@ days ? " +and we placed him in a company in western kenya , just 200 miles away . +so , what do you think ? +and la@@ stly , the only portra@@ it of a male that leon@@ ardo pain@@ ted , " the musi@@ cian . " +ladies and gentle@@ men , this story has not yet been published . +i don 't know why . i did not ask for a con@@ dom . +then i used , tried to use the medical college girls . +what if one decided to start phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ y from the day one ? +do your job simply , the girl will ch@@ ase you . +every ho@@ li@@ day i had as a young boy was in a national park . +the pas@@ sen@@ gers who fell off the ti@@ tan@@ ic fell into water of just five degrees centi@@ grade . +i could bar@@ ely brea@@ the . i was gas@@ ping for air . +and after just three minutes in that water , he was able to get himself out . +and i remember looking into the ice , and there were big ch@@ un@@ ks of white ice in there , and the water was completely black . +l@@ p : i 'd just like to end off by just saying this : it took me four months again to feel my hands . +the talk will be broad@@ ly about energy , but oil 's a good place to start . +and so , 25 years ago , there was a peak oil ; just like , in the 19@@ 20@@ s , there was a peak coal ; and a hundred years before that , there was a peak wood . +it 's not different , it 's the same stuff : cal@@ ci@@ um car@@ bon@@ ate , cal@@ ci@@ um car@@ bon@@ ate . +it 's not because we 're going to build a ba@@ j@@ il@@ li@@ on wind@@ mil@@ ls . +that 's the one advantage that older people have . +and i said , " i have no training as a doctor . i never cla@@ im@@ ed that . " +and then she made me go up with the ta@@ pe of it and prove that george ab@@ bot@@ t actually could talk . +and , inci@@ dent@@ ally , i call her the ele@@ an@@ or roo@@ se@@ v@@ elt of the right . +and i said , " i 'm learning . " +his father was an so@@ b , and , in fact , he was another com@@ edi@@ an with an un@@ happy childhood , but then we were off and running . +an amazing woman . +first of all , was that dance , even though it hadn 't been off@@ ered to her , was her life . +the problem is , without techni@@ cians , without sp@@ are parts , don@@ ations like this very quickly turn into jun@@ k . +michael free at path says you have to figure out who will " choose , use and pay the du@@ es " for a product like this . +you 've got to sh@@ ine blue light on the kid -- bright blue light on as much of the skin as you can cover . +they 're in@@ expensive , really ru@@ g@@ ged . +last story here : i 've got a friend in india who told me that you haven 't really te@@ sted a piece of electr@@ onic technology for distribution in asia until you 've trained a cock@@ ro@@ ach to clim@@ b in and pe@@ e on every single little compon@@ ent on the inside . +one is the large global economy , the large glob@@ alized economy , and the other one is the small , and very limited , capacity of our traditional governments and their international institutions to gover@@ n , to shape , this economy . +we are not talking about 5@@ 0,000 dollars here , or 100,000 dollars there , or one million dollars there . +well , thank you . i mean , it 's interesting , in doing this , we had to sit together with the companies . +in germany , we have a system where you are not allowed to bri@@ be a civil ser@@ v@@ ant , but you are allowed to bri@@ be a de@@ pu@@ ty . +i 'm not conne@@ cting to them . +so i now have this sort of restaurant men@@ u vis@@ iting of art g@@ aller@@ ies . +and i thought , no , it 's a very inti@@ mate look , but it 's not a look a daughter gives her father . +am@@ on@@ gst them a yellow co@@ at with white fu@@ r , a yellow and black bo@@ di@@ ce , and you see these clo@@ th@@ es on lots of other pain@@ t@@ ings , different women in the pain@@ t@@ ings , ver@@ meer 's pain@@ t@@ ings . +not the pain@@ ter , i don 't want to think about the pain@@ ter . +i kept thinking of be@@ ds and red che@@ e@@ ks , and of course i kept thinking of sex when i looked at him , and i thought , is that what he 's thinking about ? +but it is difficult to hear the words al@@ oud . +there was hollywood . +so when i read in a newspaper in the business page the story of n@@ ollywood , i really felt this is an incredible opportunity to tell a story that goes against all these pre@@ conc@@ ei@@ ved no@@ tions . +we 're not doing films for the eli@@ te and the people in their glass houses . +it 's all about the foreign movies . +move it . +the nigeri@@ an film@@ makers really , really , are doing what they like . +difficult , e@@ h ? it 's meaning@@ less . +and we know that there are more . +z@@ ambi@@ a-@@ born film@@ maker fran@@ co sac@@ ch@@ i t@@ ours us through n@@ ollywood , nigeria 's bo@@ om@@ ing film industry . gu@@ er@@ ri@@ ll@@ a film@@ making and brilli@@ ance under pressure from cre@@ ws that can sho@@ ot a ful@@ l-@@ l@@ ength fe@@ ature in a week . +we were talking about the ra@@ p@@ ture ? it 's coming . +you know , we have to go through that . +it 's about roll@@ ing a ball and pi@@ cking up as many objects as you can in a fin@@ ite amount of time and hopefully you 'll be able to make it into a planet . +so we have port@@ al because you sho@@ ot walls in order to create new spaces . +so time , space , a@@ es@@ the@@ tics , and then , most important , behavior . +so in a way , we 're showing a mani@@ fest@@ ation of something that is truly important and that is part of our identity but that nobody can have . +i was concerned about making a place for the study of law . +i did this building in japan . +we made the dra@@ wings of the fish and the sc@@ ales . +he was a sou@@ ven@@ ir sal@@ es@@ man who always wanted to be a pain@@ ter , and i was frank@@ ie p@@ . tor@@ onto . +and it seemed to work as a way to put he and i together . +and her@@ man mil@@ ler has this philosoph@@ y of having a place -- a people place . +and so then he put two bri@@ d@@ ges -- this all happened on the fa@@ x , going back and forth over a couple of weeks ' period . +they 've been building it so long i don 't remember where it is . +we used it at lo@@ yo@@ la on the cha@@ pel , and it didn 't work . +this is a piece of property in br@@ ent@@ wood . +and then you enter into the living room and then so on . +and you 're looking at it from the off@@ ices and you create a kind of interaction between these pieces . +if any of you guys have any ideas for it , please contact me . +and i tried to -- there 's a ni@@ ck gri@@ m@@ sha@@ w building over here , there 's an ol@@ den@@ bur@@ g sculp@@ ture over here -- i tried to make a relationship ur@@ b@@ ani@@ sti@@ cally . +the ac@@ ou@@ sti@@ cian in the competition gave us cri@@ teri@@ a , which led to this com@@ part@@ ment@@ alized sche@@ me , which we found out after the competition would not work at all . +and this is a tea@@ po@@ t i designed for al@@ ess@@ i . +it didn 't work . +and so this is what they do . +so you start with the bag@@ asse , and then you take a very simple kil@@ n that you can make out of a waste fif@@ ty five-@@ gall@@ on oil dr@@ um . +so we wanted to try to find a way to make a stron@@ ger bri@@ qu@@ ette so that we could compe@@ te with wood char@@ coal in the markets in haiti . +but this is one of the incredibly rare situations where you also have economic benefits . +and we need to think about how we can do that effectively . +and this bone is pe@@ p@@ per@@ ed , as you can see , with the light sh@@ ining through the sk@@ ul@@ l with ca@@ vi@@ ties , the sin@@ uses , which warm and mo@@ i@@ sten the air we brea@@ the . +as you can see , it 's blo@@ cking her vision . +that 's exactly what people used to say to sue . +he main@@ tain@@ ed a cal@@ m in@@ sou@@ ci@@ ance . +because you might say , " well , this type of surgery might be re@@ gar@@ ded as co@@ s@@ me@@ tic . " +and beauty doesn 't equ@@ ate to goo@@ dness , and certainly doesn 't equ@@ ate to cont@@ ent@@ ment . +" i want to look like this . this is how i looked before . " +so the better news is the future 's almost here -- and the future is tissue engineering . +how do we really change children 's relationship to food ? +se@@ vent@@ y percent of all antibio@@ tics consum@@ ed in america is consum@@ ed in animal hus@@ band@@ ry . +it is about what we feed them . +why can we have 2@@ 9@@ -@@ cent big gul@@ ps and 9@@ 9@@ -@@ cent double bur@@ gers ? +we really need to change this whole paradig@@ m with kids and food . +they do ta@@ st@@ ings of these ingre@@ di@@ ents in the gar@@ den@@ ing clas@@ ses . +one of the things i do a lot is publi@@ c@@ -@@ private partner@@ ships . +and , you know , i 'm not that better off now . +so we 're spending less than a dollar , ok , on lunch . +and he poin@@ ted up to the sky , and he said , " look , do you see that ? +when i go to a philosop@@ her 's party and they ask me what i work on and i say , " consciousness , " their eyes don 't gla@@ ze over -- their li@@ ps cur@@ l into a s@@ nar@@ l . +that 's the order of the day here . +this means that a lot of people are just left completely dis@@ satis@@ fied and incre@@ dul@@ ous when i attemp@@ t to explain consciousness . +i 'm working with a young computer@@ -@@ anima@@ tor docum@@ ent@@ arian named ni@@ ck de@@ am@@ er , and this is a little dem@@ o that he 's done for me , part of a larger project some of you may be interested in . +and i started across the hall in north car@@ ol@@ ina , because i thought it was probably a can@@ al@@ et@@ to , and would have all that in detail . +how many of you did it by ro@@ tat@@ ing the one on the left in your mind 's eye , to see if it mat@@ ched up with the one on the right ? +if you 're seeing it as a cu@@ be flo@@ ating in front of some cir@@ cles , some black cir@@ cles , there 's another way of seeing it . +and keep going , until the subject pres@@ ses the butt@@ on , saying , " i see the change . " +thanks very much for your attention . +they 're basically attemp@@ ts at fig@@ uring out what people should do instead of rus@@ h hour car driving . +because you still have 80 percent of the traffic . +se@@ vent@@ y percent of the population didn 't want this . +jon@@ as eli@@ as@@ son : how to solve traffic j@@ ams +what do we know about the country and the people that we pre@@ tend to protect , about the villa@@ ges where the only one medicine to kill the pain and to stop the hunger is op@@ ium ? +you , yourself , will find yourself in a hospital bed -- or your mother , your child -- there are heads no@@ d@@ ding , people who say , " yes , i know exactly what you mean . " +well he also saw that when health care turns to medical care because of a more serious disease , the key thing that hol@@ ds us back is access to information . +the question was , where from ? +where does medical ability end and start ? +it 's really serious . +don 't worry about the numbers . +there 's a guy on twitter that i know , a health it guy outside boston , and he wrote the e-@@ patient ra@@ p . +and she saw that if there is no in@@ fl@@ am@@ ma@@ tion then the scan is a uni@@ form gra@@ y . +da@@ ve de@@ bron@@ k@@ art : meet e-@@ patient da@@ ve +and this , in terms of mag@@ nes@@ ium and the amount of water that i just mentioned , equ@@ ates to a $ 4@@ .@@ 5 billion min@@ ing industry for sing@@ apo@@ re -- a place that doesn 't have any natural resources . +but one other extremely unique thing about bat@@ s is that they are able to use sound to percei@@ ve their environment . they use ech@@ olo@@ cation . +this is considered the five bl@@ ess@@ ings . +just have a quick look . and what we need to realize is that every 300 base pa@@ irs in your dna , you 're a little bit different . +in europe alone , by 20@@ 50 , there is going to be a 70 percent increase of individuals over 65 , and 1@@ 70 percent increase in individuals over 80 . +em@@ ma te@@ el@@ ing : the secret of the bat genome +europe had to be dra@@ g@@ ged into economic development . +the opportunity we 're going to look to is a genu@@ ine basis for optimis@@ m about the bottom billion , and that is the com@@ modi@@ ty bo@@ oms . +that is not a for@@ ec@@ ast about how com@@ modi@@ ty pri@@ ces go ; it 's a for@@ ec@@ ast of the consequences , the long-term consequences , for growth of an increase in pri@@ ces . +it turns out that elec@@ tor@@ al competition is the thing that 's doing the damage with democracy , whereas strong che@@ cks and bal@@ an@@ ces make resource bo@@ oms good . +they worked out they were worth two billion pounds . +paul colli@@ er : the " bottom billion " +all right , you 've all heard the term : " he 's a born surge@@ on . " +so i was inspired by a friend . +so i 'm passionate about teaching these fl@@ s skills all over the world . +and we currently have access to el@@ even language pa@@ irs . +we need it for our everyday life , in order to make the world a smaller place . +i continu@@ ed studying craft tradi@@ tions and collabor@@ ating with arti@@ s@@ ans , next in li@@ th@@ u@@ ania with l@@ ace makers . +my life was not going to be the same . +my arti@@ stic hori@@ z@@ ons continue to grow . +it was 23 me@@ tri@@ c tons for one li@@ ter . +you could be attac@@ ked by white blood cells in the ar@@ ter@@ ies . +they 're learning to fle@@ x this system that rele@@ ases their own en@@ do@@ gen@@ ous op@@ i@@ ates . +values are a certain kind of fact . +so the contribu@@ tions of culture -- if culture changes us , as indeed it does , it changes us by changing our brains . +well , consider by analog@@ y , the concept of physical health . +the fact that there are ex@@ cep@@ tions here does not change that at all . +this is why we spend our time talking about things like gay marriage and not about geno@@ cide or nuclear pro@@ li@@ fer@@ ation or poverty or any other hu@@ gely con@@ sequ@@ enti@@ al issue . +whenever we are talking about facts certain opini@@ ons must be ex@@ clu@@ ded . +sam har@@ r@@ is : yeah , well i think i tried to bro@@ ach this in a sentence , watching the clock ti@@ cking , but the question is : what is volun@@ t@@ ary in a context where men have certain expec@@ tations , and you 're guar@@ an@@ te@@ ed to be treated in a certain way if you don 't v@@ eil yourself ? +sam har@@ r@@ is : science can answer moral questions +here is a p@@ est , de@@ va@@ stat@@ ing p@@ est , a spi@@ der mi@@ te , because it does a lot of web@@ bing like a spi@@ der . +only the eg@@ g of the par@@ asi@@ te will be in@@ ser@@ ted into the body flu@@ ids of the ap@@ hi@@ d . +everything is just fine under these circum@@ stances . +and there goes the question , especially if you ask gro@@ wers , agri@@ cul@@ tu@@ ri@@ sts : why biological control ? +step by step , it does nar@@ row . +automo@@ tive retro@@ fu@@ tur@@ ism is one of my speci@@ al@@ ties . +this is t@@ ank pol@@ o in the south ham@@ p@@ tons . +people wrote in for re@@ prin@@ ts of that thing . +it was perfectly clear . i didn 't do any thinking about it . +the third thing on my che@@ ck@@ list is rela@@ tions with neighbor@@ ing friend@@ ly societies that may pro@@ p up a society . and if that friend@@ ly support is pulled away , that may make a society more likely to collapse . in the case of the green@@ land nor@@ se , they had trade with the mother country -- nor@@ way -- and that trade d@@ wind@@ led : par@@ tly because nor@@ way got we@@ ak@@ er , par@@ tly because of sea ice between green@@ land and nor@@ way . +so , some societies , for sub@@ tle environmental reasons , are more fra@@ gi@@ le than others . and then finally , another gener@@ alization . i 'm now teaching a course at u@@ cl@@ a , to u@@ cl@@ a under@@ gradu@@ ates , on these collap@@ ses of societies . what really bu@@ gs my u@@ cl@@ a under@@ graduate students is , how on earth did these societies not see what they were doing ? +instead , all the major thre@@ ats facing us today are problems entirely of our own making . and since we made the problems , we can also solve the problems . that then means that it 's entirely in our power to deal with these problems . +well we know that that was not a cheap war . +what are you eating ? +how are we going to feed this world ? +this has happened in the ne@@ ther@@ lands in the 199@@ 0s during the classi@@ cal s@@ wine fe@@ ver out@@ break . +one kil@@ ogra@@ m of gras@@ sh@@ op@@ pers has the same amount of cal@@ ories as 10 hot dogs , or six big ma@@ cs . +so why are we not eating insects yet ? +look at them first . look at them first . +that means we get our new hi@@ ps for free . +in fact , when we 're travel@@ ing ab@@ road , it 's how we identify fellow can@@ adi@@ ans . +i dra@@ ped them cas@@ ually over the chair in the doctor 's office . +it was the world 's first popular computer . +this is an astro@@ lab@@ e . pretty impres@@ sive , isn 't it ? +so , it 's about 26 degrees . you can 't see it from over there . +it can be used for calcul@@ ating mathematical equ@@ ations of all different types . +but what we lose , i think , is an accu@@ rate -- a felt sense of the sky , a sense of context . +you 're using your buil@@ t-@@ in dynam@@ ics , the physics of your body , just like a pen@@ dul@@ um . +let me demon@@ strate how it works . +and they already had a six leg@@ ged robot called le@@ mu@@ r . +instead of using electrical mot@@ ors , electro@@ mechan@@ ical actu@@ ators , we 're using com@@ pres@@ sed air . +for those who probably know , if you don 't have any sensor@@ s and there are any dist@@ urban@@ ces , you know what happens . +what you see over here , this is the beautiful lou@@ is v@@ u@@ it@@ ton c@@ up tro@@ ph@@ y . +and they assem@@ ble , and they form these kinds of mechanis@@ ms . +there was a great ted moment , i think it was sir ken ro@@ bin@@ son , was it ? +it 's a story of public education and of rural communities and of what design might do to improve both . +the biggest emplo@@ yer is the pur@@ due chicken process@@ ing plant . +specifically , we use these six design direc@@ tives , probably the most important being number two : we design with , not for -- in that , when we 're doing human@@ it@@ ari@@ an-@@ focused design , it 's not about designing for cli@@ ents anymore . +it 's the physical construction of impro@@ ved spaces and materials and experiences for teachers and students . +so in many cases this is not so much about making change as it is creating the conditions under which change is possible and the in@@ cen@@ tive to want to make change , which is easier said than done in rural communities and in insi@@ de-@@ the-@@ box education systems in rural communities . +and during that time , they 're doing everything from going out and doing eth@@ no@@ graphic research and doing the nee@@ d-@@ finding , coming back into the studio , doing the bra@@ in@@ stor@@ ming and design visu@@ alization to come up with concep@@ ts that might work , and then moving into the shop and actually testing them , building them , prototyp@@ ing them , fig@@ uring out if they are going to work and re@@ fin@@ ing that . +but we feel like this could work in other places . +generally , what you see in green is not deser@@ ti@@ fying , and what you see in brown is , and these are by far the greatest areas of the earth . +now , that was a terrible decision for me to have to make , and it was political dynam@@ ite , frank@@ ly . +it has just come through four months of rain , and it 's now going into eight months of dry seas@@ on . +but we bi@@ ologists and e@@ col@@ o@@ gi@@ sts had never tac@@ kl@@ ed anything as complex as this . +they put 2@@ 5,000 she@@ ep in one flo@@ ck , really mi@@ mi@@ cking nature now with plan@@ ned gra@@ zing , and they have docum@@ ented a 5@@ 0-@@ percent increase in the production of the land in the first year . +thank you so mu@@ ch@@ .@@ as : well , thank you . thank you . thank you , chris . +and these two mis@@ sions , as you can tell , thre@@ ad together perfectly . one ad@@ ds to the other ; in fact , one would be impossible without the other . +after treatment , the child ga@@ ins significant func@@ tion@@ ality . +if you show him real world images , if you show others like him real world images , they are un@@ able to recognize most of the objects because the world to them is over@@ -@@ frag@@ mented ; it 's made up of a col@@ lage , a pat@@ ch@@ work , of regi@@ ons of different colors and l@@ umin@@ an@@ ces . +ps : and we see this pattern over and over again . +how does that happen ? we want dy@@ lan to be able to do that , and using this man@@ tra of motion , dy@@ lan actually can do that . +s@@ her@@ y@@ l sha@@ de : hi , ai@@ mee . ai@@ mee mul@@ lin@@ s : hi . +dan o '@@ bri@@ en jum@@ ped 5 ' 11 " in ' 9@@ 6 in atlan@@ ta , i mean , if it just gives you a compar@@ ison of -- these are truly ac@@ compli@@ shed ath@@ le@@ tes , without quali@@ fying that word " ath@@ le@@ te . " +and he said , " no , no , really . you can . +it 's now two years that you 've been running ? +i tried to get it out of anybody i could , you know , " who am i running against here ? " +if i had won everything -- but it was like , what was the point ? +i 'm like , " get it off ! don 't worry about it , you know . +i need to get some new ones because the last meet i was at , they were everywhere . you know , it 's like a big -- it 's come full circle . +and she came into town and she rus@@ hed around and she said , " i have to buy some new shoes ! " +now this is obviously a powerful , some might say danger@@ ously powerful , insi@@ ght . +some people think this number 's a little bit large , but copy@@ right mathemati@@ cians who are media lo@@ bby experts are mer@@ ely surprised that it doesn 't get com@@ po@@ unded for inf@@ lation every year . +see , in the real world math isn 't necessarily done by mathemati@@ cians . +once you 've done that , then there 's the compu@@ tation step . +i esti@@ ma@@ ted that , just today , across the world , we spent about 10@@ 6 average world life@@ times teaching people how to calcu@@ late by hand . +so my usual question is , what do you mean by " bas@@ ics ? " +i don 't think so . +but there 's a fantastic way to do that in the modern world . +and of course , it turns into a circle . +and you know if you walk across a ch@@ as@@ m , you end up making it worse than if you didn 't start at all -- bigger disaster . +its le@@ ash had been ti@@ ed to the chair as her master went in for coffee , and she was just per@@ si@@ stent in her eff@@ or@@ ts to gre@@ et me , perhaps get a scrat@@ ch behind the ear . +these out@@ si@@ ghts ran@@ ged from the tri@@ val to the profound , from the m@@ und@@ an@@ e to the hu@@ mor@@ ous . +but it 's all good in the grand sche@@ me of things . +everybody 's wel@@ come . +and i see my life as a series of experiments . +as i say in my book , i 'm je@@ wish in the same way the o@@ live garden is itali@@ an . +so , certainly the challenge was there . +so , i was able to stone one adul@@ ter@@ er . +but this one is -- the bi@@ ble says that you cannot touch women during certain times of the month , and more than that , you cannot sit on a seat where a men@@ stru@@ ating woman has sat . +this was one of the great things about my year , doing the s@@ ab@@ bat@@ h , because i am a wor@@ ka@@ ho@@ lic , so having this one day where you cannot work , it really , that changed my life . +and they said , " we don 't know , but it 's just ritu@@ als that give us meaning . " +so , anyway , thank you so much for le@@ tting me speak . +the problem , as we see it , has to do with a single , simple word : " space , " or a single , simple phr@@ ase : " real world geome@@ try . " +but if you dis@@ played that on a cr@@ t or flat pan@@ el display , it would be meaning@@ less to hold up an arb@@ it@@ r@@ ary object , a real world object in that . +so this led full circle , in a strange way , to build these ideas into what we believe is the necessary future of human machine interface : the spa@@ tial operating environment , we call it . +there 're a lot of elements . +so collabor@@ ative work , whether it 's immediately co-@@ lo@@ cated or dist@@ ant and distin@@ ct , is always important . +can it be for every man , or is this just for corpo@@ ra@@ tions and movie produ@@ cers ? +john under@@ ko@@ ff@@ ler : poin@@ ting to the future of u@@ i +what o@@ kol@@ lo@@ h did would not have been possible without human gener@@ osity . +someone who has done something like this , however medi@@ oc@@ re and thro@@ wa@@ way , has tried something , has put something forward in public . +but the group of da@@ y@@ care centers repres@@ ented by the black line , they said , " we are changing this bar@@ gain as of right now . +here is the critical difference between these : l@@ ol@@ cat@@ s is commun@@ al value . +and may it run forever , because it gives people like me a living . +or you could play many games in one small pat@@ ch of land , even if you didn 't know which game you were actually in . +england invented 20 over@@ s cri@@ cket , and said , " the world must play 20 over@@ s cri@@ cket . " +six weeks , city versus city . +but what they were very good at doing was making it very lo@@ c@@ alized . +we started getting song and dance in indian cri@@ cket . +sh@@ an@@ e war@@ ne sold for 4@@ 5@@ 0,000 dollars . +can you imagine , you 've got the dollar on view and there 's no del@@ hi bel@@ ly in there anymore . +there are two kinds of er@@ r@@ ors people make when trying to decide what the right thing is to do , and those are er@@ r@@ ors in esti@@ ma@@ ting the od@@ ds that they 're going to succe@@ ed , and er@@ r@@ ors in esti@@ ma@@ ting the value of their own success . +now , you see a very interesting pattern here , which is first of all , two things are va@@ stly over@@ -@@ esti@@ ma@@ ted , nam@@ ely tor@@ na@@ does and fire@@ works . +and most people say , " ok , i 'll play . " +when people are asked about these two different jobs : a job where you make 6@@ 0@@ k , then 50@@ k , then 40@@ k , a job where you 're getting a sal@@ ary cut each year , and one in which you 're getting a sal@@ ary increase , people like the second job better than the first , despite the fact they 're all told they make much less money . why ? +along the way , you lost something . +for some of the subje@@ cts , sitting in the far corner of a room is a box of go@@ di@@ va cho@@ col@@ ates , and for others is a can of sp@@ am . +if you 're an american , for example , you 've probably travel@@ ed in fr@@ ance . +that is , they require interest rates in the hundred or thousands of per@@ cents in order to del@@ ay gra@@ ti@@ fication and wait until next month for the extra 10 dollars . +people always think more is better than less : 60 is always better than 50 , and they always think now is better than later : the b@@ ars on this side are higher than the b@@ ars on this side . +sur@@ ely the kinds of play that at least american media give to -- and for@@ give me , but in ra@@ w numbers these are very tiny acci@@ dents . +but is there a rational fear that actually , the reason we 're fri@@ gh@@ ten@@ ed about this is because we think that the big one is to come ? +so , you know , when a school bus is blo@@ wn up and we 've never seen this before , our general tenden@@ cy is to ori@@ ent towards that which is new and novel is activ@@ ated . +ad@@ g : in per@@ su@@ ading them . +he appar@@ ently lost an eye in battle , which is why he is always shown in profi@@ le . +so , it was going no@@ where . +this one gener@@ ates no ima@@ gery at all . " +that can be a big contribu@@ tion . +the phr@@ ase ' art is whatever ' expres@@ ses the current inclu@@ si@@ ven@@ ess that surro@@ unds ar@@ t-@@ making -- a sort of ' it a@@ in 't what you do , it 's the way that you do it ' notion . +so by and large , they are good for our survival . +the philosop@@ her mar@@ th@@ a n@@ uss@@ baum points this out in this quote : " th@@ us throughout history , certain dis@@ g@@ ust properties -- sli@@ min@@ ess , bad smell , sti@@ ck@@ iness , deca@@ y , f@@ ou@@ l@@ ness -- have been repe@@ at@@ ed@@ ly and mon@@ ot@@ on@@ ously been associated with ... +when we actually looked at not just self-@@ repor@@ ted political ori@@ entation , but vot@@ ing behavior , we were able to look geogra@@ phi@@ cally across the nation . what we found was that in regi@@ ons in which people repor@@ ted high levels of dis@@ g@@ ust sensi@@ tivity , mc@@ ca@@ in got more vot@@ es . +it makes less sense that an emotion that was built to prevent me from in@@ gest@@ ing po@@ ison should predict who i 'm going to vote for in the up@@ coming pres@@ identi@@ al ele@@ ction . +wish i could . +mar@@ c@@ us : and how many soldiers have you rec@@ ru@@ ited to fight this war with you ? +new@@ ton a@@ du@@ ak@@ a : thank you . the first clip , really , is totally trying to capture what cin@@ em@@ a is for me , and where i 'm coming from in terms of cin@@ em@@ a . +you must get -- ? +oni@@ ch@@ a : e@@ z@@ ra ! +we don 't need no more trouble no more trouble we don 't need no more trouble no more trouble . wake up ! everybody wake up . road block ! +why ? because you want our diam@@ ond . +n thank you . +or we can zo@@ om out to the table of cont@@ ents , and the video kee@@ ps playing . +all right . mi@@ ke , thanks so much . +a lot of us work for people ; we 're in the hands of other people . +so where do we go now ? +september 11 gener@@ ated some interest in moving it over to ground zero , and i 'm totally against that . +i tried to understand that language as a beginning , as a place to jump off , and there was so much of it being done by spe@@ c buil@@ ders and it was tri@@ vi@@ alized so much that it wasn 't ... +f@@ g : i don 't know . +i was so proud . +and i think that 's what i 've always been interested in , is that -- which is a personal kind of expression . +it was a table as long as this car@@ pet and the h@@ arb@@ or com@@ mis@@ sion@@ er was here , and i was here , and my guys . +frank ge@@ hr@@ y : a master architect as@@ ks , now what ? +totally trans@@ formed by man . +these things that i photograph@@ ed -- this ti@@ re pi@@ le here had 45 million ti@@ r@@ es in it . it was the largest one . +and for me china -- i started photograph@@ ing it four years ago , and china truly is a question of sustain@@ ability in my mind , not to mention that china , as well , has a great effect on the industri@@ es that i grew up around . +this is wus@@ han , one of the largest cities that was rel@@ oc@@ ated . +what 's also happening in shang@@ hai is -- china is changing because this wouldn 't have happened five years ago , for instance . this is a hol@@ d@@ out . +and i 'm sure there are people here who probably know better than i do about effici@@ en@@ cies , but i can 't imagine that every a@@ partment having its own air condi@@ tion@@ er is a very efficient way to cool a building on this scale . +they were just wo@@ und up doing these things all day long , until the man@@ ager had to , with a stern voice , say , " okay , everybody free@@ ze . " +this was one of the biggest fac@@ tor@@ ies i 've ever seen . +and as much as there are great things around the corner -- and it 's pal@@ p@@ able in this room -- of all of the things that are just about to break that can solve so many problems , i 'm really hop@@ ing that those things will spread around the world and will start to have a positive effect . +and anything that you can do to pro@@ mote that would be fantastic . +and the scale of my work , and the kinds of ideas i 'm playing with -- when i first saw an ima@@ x film , i almost immediately thought , " there 's a real res@@ on@@ ance between what i 'm trying to do and the scale of what i try to do as a photograph@@ er . " +and the reason we see min@@ es is because there 's a lot of valuable ra@@ w materials that went into making all of this stuff in the first place . +plasti@@ cs have over@@ la@@ pping den@@ si@@ ties over a very nar@@ row range . +and we eventually broke the code . +we take out the things that aren 't plasti@@ cs , such as the met@@ als they mis@@ sed , car@@ pe@@ ting , fo@@ am , ru@@ b@@ ber , wood , glass , paper , you name it . +and finally , i hope you agree with me to change that last to@@ dd@@ ler rule just a little bit to : " if it 's broken , it 's my stuff . " +you know , we 're the smar@@ test thing out there , why can 't we figure this out ? +you know , so you can take comfort in the fact that this guy up here is a really really dist@@ ant , but al@@ b@@ eit evolutionary , relative . +but this is the unit of cur@@ ren@@ cy that we 've taught our mon@@ keys at y@@ ale to actually use with humans , to actually buy different pieces of food . +well , you might actually imagine them to do all the kinds of smart things that humans do when they start ex@@ changing money with each other . +the more surprising thing was that when we collabor@@ ated with econom@@ ists to actually look at the mon@@ keys ' data using economic tools , they basically mat@@ ched , not just qu@@ al@@ it@@ a@@ tively , but quanti@@ ta@@ tively with what we saw humans doing in a real market . +your other option is a bit safe . your just going to get some money for sure . +so what 's going on ? +the guy on the left is a safe bon@@ us . +again , same choice ; they can play it safe for always getting two gra@@ pes every single time , or they can take a ris@@ ky bet and choose between one and three . +well , one thing we know is that they tend to be really hard to over@@ come . +thank you . +and i feel that way because three billion people in the world today , over the next 20 years , will need a new home . +that 's the change . +the engineering is , tru@@ th@@ fully , the easy part of this . +bom@@ b bl@@ ast cur@@ tains covered my windows . +think about it : what other business do you know , what other sector of the economy , and especially one as big as the public sector , that doesn 't se@@ ek to rein@@ vent its business model on a regular basis ? +no one is better at this activity of actually getting us to engage in deli@@ vering services , sometimes where none exist , than us@@ ha@@ hi@@ di . +let me be very clear , and perhaps contro@@ versi@@ al , that open government is not about transpar@@ ent government . +we don 't have words , really , to describe it yet . +in fact , she indi@@ cated that if we would do that , not only would we have the joy of recei@@ ving the gra@@ titude from the members of the exten@@ ded family , but she said , " even god will s@@ mile , and when god s@@ miles , there is peace , and justice , and joy . " +and , like ch@@ ie@@ f se@@ attle said , " we did not sp@@ in the web of life . +and he said , " i hope that you will have the strength to do what i did . +and , according to jes@@ us , the word comes forth , " you must love yourself , you must love the l@@ ord your god with all your heart , mind and sou@@ l , and your neighb@@ or as yourself . " +i close with this song -- it 's a children 's song -- because we are all children at the table of mama e@@ ternal . +the viet@@ na@@ m prote@@ sts , the com@@ memor@@ ation of all that died in the pan@@ de@@ mic of aids , the mar@@ ch for women 's re@@ productive rights , right up until almost the present . +one re@@ de@@ em@@ ing fe@@ ature is it 's li@@ f@@ ted up off the ground and it 's got this vo@@ id , and it 's got an empty core kind of in the spirit and that fac@@ ade very much corpo@@ rate and fe@@ der@@ al style . +and it has to be free . +that 's the pan@@ the@@ on next to it . +this is the war@@ p and we@@ ft . +so i have brand@@ ed myself as a war child . +what was actually killing us wasn 't the musli@@ ms , wasn 't the arab@@ s . +sometimes you got@@ ta lose to win . +don 't even know the day i 'll ever return . +and one thing that sho@@ cked me is one day they brought an arab musi@@ cian to come and enter@@ tain the soldiers . +but that moved me . +well now , my time is going , so i want to sing a song . +he never knew his father very well , because his father left his mom while she was preg@@ nant with him . +some of these law@@ yers were successful ; they managed to get new trials for their cli@@ ents . +all that i want to tell you is that the reason that this has happened is because death pen@@ al@@ ty law@@ yers have understood that the earlier you interven@@ e in a case , the greater the li@@ ke@@ li@@ hood that you 're going to save your cli@@ ent 's life . +what we 're talking about today is just as complicated . +now , it was logi@@ sti@@ cally difficult . +i hope there 's one thing you all won 't forget : in between the time you arrived here this morning and the time we break for lunch , there are going to be four hom@@ i@@ ci@@ des in the united states . +i mean , s@@ ant@@ a cl@@ aus knows if you 're n@@ au@@ gh@@ ty or nice , right ? " +september 10 is not your birthday . it 's oc@@ tober 10 . " and i said , " what ? " +now , i was raised in the pacific nor@@ th@@ west , around a lot of church of lat@@ ter-@@ day sa@@ in@@ ts people and , you know , i 've worked with them and even d@@ ated them , but i never really knew the doc@@ tr@@ ine or what they said to people when they were out on a mission , and i guess i was , sort of , curious , so i said , " well , please , come in . " and they looked really happy , because i don 't think this happens to them all that often . +i said , " what happened to the lam@@ an@@ ites ? " +what if you had a nose job and you liked it ? +we have focused on the problems . +i believe , if ken@@ ne@@ dy was alive today , he would be asking statisti@@ cians such as myself to go out and find out what makes life wor@@ th@@ while . +when it has a sc@@ ar@@ ce resource that it wants to turn into a des@@ ir@@ able out@@ come , it thinks in terms of efficiency . +the country on its own up at the top is a place i haven 't been to . +that 's one way of looking at it . +and that means we have to really increase efficiency even more . +do you invest the time with your loved ones that you could do , and energy ? +they don 't need a lot of material goods to be satis@@ fied . +what turned out to deter@@ mine whether someone would stop and help a stran@@ ger in need was how much of a hur@@ ry they thought they were in -- were they feeling they were late , or were they absor@@ bed in what they were going to talk about . +now this is a -- it 's a little test i encoura@@ ge you to try out at a party . +right now , as bill mc@@ don@@ ough has poin@@ ted out , the objects that we buy and use have hidden consequences . +the moment i stopped , half a do@@ zen other people immediately rin@@ ged the same guy . +i realized then that i , who thought i had complete control of my life , had control of only three things : my thought , my mind -- the images that these thoughts created -- and the action that der@@ i@@ ved from it . +i needed something to go that extra mile , and i found it in that metaphor which i had learned from my mother when i was four . +an@@ anda sh@@ ank@@ ar ja@@ y@@ ant : fighting cancer with dance +but in general it was difficult -- it was really difficult to explain what the web was like . +what do you mean , " data " ? what 's the difference -- docum@@ ents , data ? +data is relationships . +let 's think about data for a bit . +audience : ra@@ w . +now if i go on like this , you 'll think that all the data comes from huge institutions and has nothing to do with you . +you may not have lots of data which you have yourself to put on there but you know to demand it . +all together , they achie@@ ved these results : increas@@ ed the number of people on anti-@@ retro@@ vir@@ als , life@@ -@@ saving anti-@@ aids drugs ; nearly hal@@ ved dea@@ ths from malaria ; vac@@ cin@@ ated so many that 5@@ .@@ 4 million lives will be saved . +now here , we see the role for an un@@ pre@@ ce@@ d@@ ented co@@ ali@@ tion of social media gi@@ ants and up@@ starts , tele@@ com@@ s companies , reality tv show forma@@ ts , gam@@ ing companies , tele@@ com@@ s , all of them together in kind of their " we are the world " moment . +it 's getting near zero . +thank you , thank you . +and he said , " oh , i teach at a college of arts . +so i just thought , " i 'm going to capture th@@ um@@ b@@ print , foot@@ print , or whatever tra@@ ces we leave as humans . " +if we ask einstein , he would say , " whether the co@@ w cros@@ sed the road , or the road moved underneath the co@@ w , depen@@ ds on your frame of re@@ ference . " +again , " in@@ ward out . " +and this was colle@@ cted by an@@ ap@@ um -- which is like , finally in the end , he will not have anything , because it will ev@@ apo@@ rate . +this gave me a greater faith . +you can see the detail . +i 'm a little bit of an ama@@ te@@ ur histor@@ ian , so i 've spent some time going back , trying to see the first mention of this kind of thing . and the best , earli@@ est quote that i could find was one from david li@@ v@@ ing@@ stone , writing in the 18@@ 5@@ 0s about how the ra@@ il@@ road , the ste@@ am ship , and the tele@@ graph were integr@@ ating east africa perfectly with the rest of the world . +so it 's very clear that if you look at these numbers or all the other numbers that i talk about in my book , " world 3@@ .@@ 0 , " that we 're very , very far from the no@@ -@@ bor@@ der effect ben@@ ch@@ mark , which would imp@@ ly internation@@ alization levels of the order of 85 , 90 , 95 percent . +the perspective was , here is this poor professor . +think of fr@@ ance and the current debate about im@@ migra@@ tion . +at the same time , i was thinking , well , there 's lots of possibility here to produce con@@ temporary products , away from the eth@@ ni@@ c , a little bit more con@@ temporary . +but if we re@@ ar@@ range this for@@ mul@@ a quickly , we can get to acceler@@ ation equ@@ als force over mass , which means that for a larger partic@@ le -- a larger mass -- it requires more force to change its direction . +the marketing is -- the message for marketing is -- that try to measure what consum@@ ers actually do , rather than what they say they 'll do or anti@@ ci@@ pa@@ te they 'll do . +your brand starts being dis@@ per@@ sed , it gets more cha@@ o@@ tic . +and the third string is pretty innovative . +so , for example , you can be a pit@@ cher or a cat@@ cher , and that cor@@ respon@@ ds to whether you per@@ form a sexual act or recei@@ ve a sexual act . +can you imagine saying to your co@@ ach , " u@@ h , i 'm not really feeling it today , i think i 'll sit this game out . " +" well , maybe we can go half and half . " +and sometimes that can be different amo@@ unts over different times or with different people or on different days . +" what ' tis to love ? " sha@@ k@@ espe@@ are said . +real depen@@ dence on this person . +i was just st@@ ag@@ ger@@ ed by it . +and i think that the sex drive evolved to get you out there , looking for a whole range of part@@ ners . +in short , they are ac@@ qu@@ ir@@ ing the status that they had a million years ago , 10,000 years ago , 100,000 years ago . +it 's one of many , many characteri@@ stics that women have that they will bring into the job market . +we 're also re@@ turning to an ancient form of marriage equ@@ ality . +this is why you can feel such a sense of co@@ s@@ mic union with somebody after you 've made love to them . +dop@@ am@@ ine is associated with roman@@ tic love . +but i want to tell you a story about -- to illu@@ strate . +and everybody there agre@@ ed this woman was very sick and she needed to be in the hospital . +i actually just as@@ sm@@ ed the path@@ ologi@@ c sequence of events was sett@@ led science . +in fact , what if it 's a symp@@ tom of a much deeper problem , the ti@@ p of a pro@@ ver@@ bi@@ al ic@@ e@@ berg ? +now i don 't know why , but it might be because , in their case , their cells haven 't actually figured out the right thing to do with that ex@@ cess energy . +but this team of multi-@@ discipl@@ in@@ ary , highly skep@@ tical and ex@@ ce@@ ed@@ ingly tal@@ ented researchers do agree on two things . +peter at@@ ti@@ a : is the o@@ bes@@ ity crisis hi@@ ding a bigger problem ? +so when i was born , i guess you could say expec@@ tations were kind of high for me . +i mean , i think most people in the industry understand that we 've got to get on with it . +frank@@ ly , four billion clean cars on the road are still four billion cars , and a traffic ja@@ m with no emissions is still a traffic ja@@ m . +now shared car services are also spr@@ inging up around the world , and these eff@@ or@@ ts , i think , are great . +we need that same kind of passion and energy to attack global gri@@ d@@ lock . +char@@ lie le@@ d@@ better , yesterday , i thought , talked very artic@@ ul@@ ately about this need to bring consum@@ ers , to bring people into the process of creating things . +so they sna@@ pped into action . +george de me@@ stra@@ l -- this is not bu@@ gs all over a bir@@ ken@@ stock -- was walking his dog in a field and got covered in bur@@ rs , sort of little pri@@ ck@@ ly things , and from that came vel@@ cr@@ o . +it 's been all about these kind of thou@@ ght@@ less things that people do , which have huge inten@@ tion and huge opportunity . +i talk about un@@ thinking situations all the time . +so , again , we were asked to design a water pu@@ mp for a company called ap@@ prote@@ c , in kenya . +con@@ ta@@ gi@@ ous is a good word . +and in two hours , after their bac@@ ks were broke , they were changed . +they are sk@@ ating . they are doing street plays . +k first time , a r@@ ally and a street play in a rural school -- un@@ heard of -- to tell their parents why liter@@ acy is important . +so , today who is it going to take to spread the infe@@ ction from 100,000 children to the 200 million children in india ? +and interest@@ ingly , as i think back , they were the first true environ@@ ment@@ alists . +unfortunately , it 's not the answer . +if i pull back from that global picture , and i look at the impli@@ cation over a similar period of time in terms of the technology -- which , as a tool , is a tool for designers , and i ci@@ te our own experience as a company , and i just illu@@ strate that by a small sele@@ ction of projects -- then how do you measure that change of technology ? +round about that design period leading up to this building , i did a sk@@ et@@ ch , which we pulled out of the archi@@ ve recently . +so for example , we would put models under an artificial sky . +so really , re@@ transl@@ ating that technology and developing something which was so clean , it was virtu@@ ally pollu@@ tion@@ -@@ free . +so there has been a project which res@@ cu@@ es the dead sea by creating a pi@@ p@@ eline , a pi@@ pe , sometimes above the surface , sometimes bu@@ ried , that will red@@ ress that , and will feed from the gul@@ f of a@@ q@@ ab@@ a into the dead sea . +it 's more than one device , you know , it 's rene@@ w@@ able . +and here you can see how they really cra@@ f@@ ted a beautiful design process with physical models , with quanti@@ ta@@ tive , as well as qu@@ al@@ it@@ ative , metho@@ ds to come to a final solution that is truly integr@@ ated and completely ho@@ li@@ stic with the architecture . +to me it is something from the@@ at@@ re , and i will get back to that a little bit later . +so light is , of course , for social interaction also -- to create relationships with all the fe@@ atures around us . +and we can actually leave it out where it 's not needed at all and where we can preser@@ ve dar@@ k@@ ness . +can we be more gent@@ le with light ? +in architecture , it works just the same . +is it that i write very well ? +the research gui@@ del@@ ines of u.s. national acade@@ my of sci@@ ences or research coun@@ c@@ ils of the u.@@ k . +if this woman has to carry water on her head for miles and miles and miles , you cannot be cele@@ br@@ ating that . +they could be creative in terms of education , they may be creative in terms of culture , they may be creative in terms of institutions ; but a lot of our work is in the field of technologi@@ cal creativity , the innova@@ tions , either in terms of con@@ temporary innova@@ tions , or in terms of traditional knowledge . +obviously she 's an artist ; she 's a creative person . +you bring your water , you bring your so@@ ap , i was@@ h the clo@@ th@@ es for you . charge 50 pa@@ is@@ a , one ru@@ pe@@ e for you per lot , and a new business model can emer@@ ge . +higher the local fit , greater is the chance of sc@@ aling up . +my technology . +we were talking about , my friends in brazil , how we scale up this model in china and brazil . +she said , " change your prof@@ ession . " +then you don 't need anything to control the car , except thinking about it . +500 years ago , sa@@ il@@ ing ships started getting reli@@ able enough ; we found a new continent . +or s@@ no@@ w@@ mobil@@ es . you don 't need the s@@ now . +and they bel@@ ong on the si@@ de@@ wal@@ ks , and they 'll use it seriously . " +so , having seen this , and having worried about it for eight years , the first thing i do is pick up my phone and ask our marketing and regul@@ atory guys , call a@@ ar@@ p , get an ap@@ poin@@ t@@ ment right away . +we 've been working on this , actually , as an alternative energy source , starting way back with john@@ son & amp ; john@@ son , to run an i@@ bot , because the best bat@@ ter@@ ies you could get -- 10 wat@@ t-@@ hours per kil@@ ogra@@ m in lead , 20 wat@@ t-@@ hours per kil@@ ogra@@ m ni@@ ck@@ el@@ -@@ c@@ ad@@ mi@@ um , 40 wat@@ t-@@ hours per kil@@ ogra@@ m in ni@@ ck@@ el@@ -@@ metal hy@@ dri@@ de , 60 wat@@ t-@@ hours per kil@@ ogra@@ m in li@@ thi@@ um , 8@@ ,@@ 7@@ 50 wat@@ t-@@ hours of energy in every kil@@ ogra@@ m of pro@@ pan@@ e or gas@@ ol@@ ine -- which is why nobody dri@@ ves electric cars . +animal fan n@@ ell@@ ie m@@ ck@@ ay s@@ ings a spar@@ kl@@ ing tribu@@ te to her de@@ ar dog . she suggests we all do the same : " just go right to the po@@ und / and find yourself a ho@@ und / and make that do@@ g@@ gie proud / ' cause that 's what it 's all about . " +however , while it 's easier to think of us , the citizens , the police , the army , as the good guys , and them , the nar@@ co@@ s , the car@@ tel@@ es , as the bad guys , if you think about it , the lat@@ ter are only provi@@ ding a service to the former . +but this is the result of a very care@@ ful brand@@ ing and business strategy . +they have actually re@@ tain@@ ed access to the prof@@ it@@ able drug trade , but the way they do it is , because they control all of mi@@ cho@@ ac@@ á@@ n , and they control the port of l@@ á@@ zar@@ o c@@ á@@ r@@ den@@ as , they le@@ verage that to , for example , trade cop@@ per from mi@@ cho@@ ac@@ á@@ n that is leg@@ ally created and leg@@ ally extra@@ cted with illegal ep@@ he@@ dr@@ ine from china which is a critical pre@@ cur@@ sor for meth@@ am@@ p@@ he@@ tam@@ ines that they produce , and then they have partner@@ ships with larger organizations like the sin@@ alo@@ a fe@@ der@@ ation that place their products in the u.@@ s . +and so to me the question is not whether these dynam@@ ics will continue the way they have . +and then it 's time to do it again . last year . +the next phase it hit was dis@@ plac@@ ement . +here 's another technology that 's approach@@ ing a critical price . +you can have re@@ gener@@ ative bra@@ king ; you can have dri@@ ve-@@ b@@ y-@@ wire ; you can have re@@ plac@@ e@@ able body shapes -- it 's a little thing that starts with a hy@@ bri@@ d , but it can lead to a whole new era of the car . +and what 's interesting is that it was just 199@@ 0 when it was more than two dollars a minute . +they use mo@@ bu@@ tu as metaphor . +i want to share one story about an innovation called dri@@ p ir@@ ri@@ gation . +and so we met dr. son@@ o k@@ han@@ gh@@ ar@@ an@@ i in pakistan . +but again i would say that this is our moment for extraordinary things to happen . +and for the first time ever in three generations , his children would go to school . +thank you . +you have my friend , who has a blog on digital -- on p@@ dr@@ s , personal recor@@ ders . +i like music , and i like ban@@ jo@@ s , and i think i probably heard steve martin playing , and i said , " i could do that . " +i wrote this one , and i put this up because of einstein today . +and you see this post . +i showed a nor@@ man rock@@ well painting before , and this one i grew up with , looking at constantly . +i put the bad pictures up too , because there are bad pictures . +they 're the largest of the tun@@ as , the secon@@ d-@@ largest fish in the sea -- bon@@ y fish . +the european population and north african -- the eastern blu@@ ef@@ in tun@@ a -- is fis@@ hed at tremendous levels : 5@@ 0,000 tons over the last decade almost every year . +we basically are taking the same satelli@@ te phone parts , or the same parts that are in your computer , chi@@ ps . +now , the activi@@ ties from the lab have taught us now how to go out in the open ocean . +there are two villa@@ ges , har@@ r@@ is and mor@@ e@@ head city , every winter for over a decade , held a party called ta@@ g-@@ a-@@ giant , and together , fis@@ her@@ s worked with us to tag 800 to 9@@ 00 fish . +these become for@@ th@@ right in places we need to protect . +the tun@@ a team from top@@ p has done the un@@ thin@@ k@@ able : three teams tag@@ ged 1,@@ 700 tun@@ as , blu@@ ef@@ in , yel@@ lo@@ w@@ f@@ in and al@@ bac@@ ore all at the same time -- carefully re@@ he@@ ar@@ sed tag@@ ging programs in which we go out , pick up ju@@ ven@@ i@@ le tun@@ as , put in the ta@@ gs that actually have the sensor@@ s , stick out the tun@@ a and then let them go . +we did this with the great tur@@ tle race -- tag@@ ged tur@@ tles , brought in four million hits . +hi there . i 'm has@@ an . i 'm an artist . +and he looks at me really conf@@ used and says , " no explo@@ si@@ ves ? " +and i was like , " all we need is al@@ as@@ ka not to get the last mem@@ o , and here we go all over again . " +this was on del@@ ta 7@@ 19 going from j@@ f@@ k to san francisco . +all of these are extra@@ cted directly from my bank accoun@@ ts , and everything po@@ ps up right away . +and on sun@@ day , jun@@ e 14@@ th at 2009 -- this was actually about two o '@@ clock in the after@@ noon in sk@@ o@@ wh@@ eg@@ an , ma@@ ine -- this was my a@@ partment there . +because no one 's really watching . +he : well it goes to the last point that i was at . +and now , 20@@ 12 . +now , four years ago , chris lost his job , unfortunately , as an art bu@@ yer at ma@@ cy 's , and like so many people , he strug@@ gl@@ ed to find a new one during the rec@@ ession . +how do we mi@@ mic the way trust is built fac@@ e-@@ to-@@ face online ? +it was ridi@@ cul@@ ous . i couldn 't get a mobile phone plan because my credit history didn 't travel with me . +now the interesting thing is , repu@@ tation is the soci@@ o@@ economic lu@@ bri@@ c@@ ant that makes collabor@@ ative consumption work and scale , but the sources it will be gener@@ ated from , and its appli@@ cations , are far bigger than this space alone . +there 's been an explosion of collabor@@ ative consumption -- web@@ -@@ powered sharing of cars , a@@ part@@ ments , skills . ra@@ ch@@ el bot@@ s@@ man explor@@ es the cur@@ ren@@ cy that makes systems like air@@ b@@ n@@ b and tas@@ kr@@ ab@@ bit work : trust , influence , and what she calls " repu@@ tation capital . " +now i 'm going to show you what that does to our societies . +it 's simply the propor@@ tion of the population who agree most people can be tru@@ sted . +but it goes from about 40 to 400 people in prison . +the position of women , how clo@@ sely they keep to the nuclear family , are on opposite ends of the po@@ les in terms of the rich developed world . +but i should say a few words about what 's going on . +and of course , others using more sophisti@@ cated metho@@ ds in the liter@@ ature have controlled for poverty and education and so on . +one of the key areas we 've been working on recently is medical devices , and while it may not be obvious that medical devices have something in common with iraq 's electricity grid then , there are some common@@ ali@@ ties . +how do you en@@ sure it gets to them and it impro@@ ves their lives ? +notice anything about it ? +the industry average is about 65 percent . +you 've got to pay for your so@@ ap , your de@@ o@@ dor@@ ant , to@@ o@@ th@@ br@@ ush , to@@ o@@ th@@ pa@@ ste , all of it . +the best thing we can do is figure out ways to nur@@ ture the entrepr@@ en@@ eu@@ ri@@ al spirit and the tremendous un@@ ta@@ pped potential in our pris@@ ons , because if we don 't , they 're not going to learn any new skills that 's going to help them , and they 'll be right back . +second of all , it 's really beauti@@ fully bal@@ an@@ ced : it hol@@ ds well , it feels well . +now , the weird thing is google lies , because if i type " design and emotion , " it says , " you don 't need the ' and . ' we do it anyway . " +now some people can -- cir@@ c@@ us workers , steel workers . +no big deal . +and behavi@@ oral design is all about feeling in control , which inclu@@ des us@@ ability , understanding -- but also the feel and he@@ ft . +it 's kind of ne@@ at . what a wonderful design . +and that 's what 's nice about emotion . +but it was quite obvious , quite clear , that for this particular rou@@ te that i had taken , the re@@ mot@@ er the school was , the worse its results seemed to be . +anyway , so i 'm pro@@ pos@@ ing that an alternative primary education , whatever alternative you want , is requi@@ red where schools don 't exist , where schools are not good enough , where teachers are not available or where teachers are not good enough , for whatever reason . +so he figured that out . it took him over two minutes to figure out that he was doing things to the television . +so they said , " well , you 've left this machine which talks only in english , so we had to learn english . " +what could they learn to do ? +a typical example being , " sometimes it is necessary to tell lies . " +thank you . +and i , one day , i announ@@ ced this to my parents -- and my father den@@ ies this story to this day -- i said , " da@@ d@@ dy , i want to be a di@@ pl@@ om@@ at . " +and anyway , my tour -- it was kind of a very exciting time . +secon@@ dly , the government had ignor@@ ed all available alterna@@ tives to war , which in some ways was a more dis@@ cre@@ di@@ table thing still . +my pen@@ sion was in it . +why don 't you ad@@ v@@ ise their government on their diplo@@ ma@@ cy ? " +and one thing led to another , and i ended up having a des@@ k in ? what if ! in new york , when i started independent di@@ pl@@ om@@ at . +what this means is it 's no longer good enough to say that international rela@@ tions , or global aff@@ air@@ s , or chaos in som@@ alia , or what 's going on in bur@@ ma is none of your business , and that you can leave it to governments to get on with . +and of course , everybody got it . everybody went , " yes , of course , you 're absolutely right . +it 's that broken experience on the web . +so where this comes into play and why this is important is i head up a technology in@@ cu@@ bat@@ or , and we had eight star@@ tu@@ ps sitting around there . +so most everyone wat@@ ches tv . +animals might love to play , but they don 't love to watch . +as we start , you see in 1960 inspiration is holding ste@@ ad@@ y . +look at this green spi@@ ke in 196@@ 6 to a b@@ ell@@ we@@ ther show . +glam@@ or@@ ous and rich . +that 's all great , right ? +and then she cl@@ ari@@ fied . she said , " you know what , i don 't mean that it su@@ cks . it means that i didn 't understand a word of it . +because , you see , dna is like a blu@@ e@@ print that tells living things what to make . +it kill@@ s me . i 'm not kid@@ ding . +or even worse , science education is becoming like that guy who always says , " actually . " +there 's still so much work left to be done , though , and if you 're involved with science in any way i ur@@ ge you to join me . +but sometimes it 's as though a do@@ or@@ way appe@@ ars from out of no@@ where and it op@@ ens onto a sta@@ ir@@ case . +but here 's the wei@@ r@@ dest place of all : war . +dur@@ k@@ heim called this level the level of the sac@@ red because he believed that the function of religion was to uni@@ te people into a group , into a moral community . +he said , " if the one tri@@ be inclu@@ ded a great number of coura@@ ge@@ ous , sym@@ pa@@ thetic and fa@@ i@@ th@@ ful members who are always ready to aid and de@@ f@@ end each other , this tri@@ be would succe@@ ed better and con@@ qu@@ er the other . " +and as you 'll see in this simulation , as they interact they gain points , as it were , they grow , and when they 've dou@@ bled in size , you 'll see them spli@@ t , and that 's how they re@@ produce and the population gro@@ ws . +it happened again about 120 or a 1@@ 40 million years ago when some soli@@ t@@ ary was@@ ps began creating little simple , primi@@ tive ne@@ sts , or hi@@ ves . +i don 't mean that we evolved to join gigan@@ tic organized religi@@ ons . +and that gives me hope because people are not pur@@ ely sel@@ fish . +so i realized then that i wanted to go out on a journey and see what guys were creating for themselves now . +here is another pretty typical scene . this is a sub@@ urban las v@@ eg@@ as neighborhood . +and the thing you really hope for is occasi@@ on@@ ally they burn up , which we won 't see ton@@ ight . so . +and this gra@@ ff@@ iti artist has come along , made this sign a little bit better , and then moved on . +and the more you try to think about it , the further the answer gets from you , and the minute you stop thinking about it , your intuition gives you that answer , in a sense . +that was it . that 's all he saw as the op@@ tions . and not too far off . +and it was pur@@ pos@@ ely done to look fairly serious . +this is how the ad ran throughout the world ; germany made one s@@ light change in the ad . +the co@@ v@@ et@@ ed ri@@ ght-@@ hand page was not given up to the whole issue . +what 's next ? what 's next is going to be people . +and if you would , you 've got a great job . +something , again , that went back to something more fundamental . +this is another version of that . this is a sea dra@@ g@@ on , and the one on the bottom , the blue one , is a ju@@ ven@@ i@@ le that has not yet s@@ wal@@ lo@@ wed the ac@@ id , has not yet taken in the brow@@ n-@@ green al@@ ga@@ e pon@@ d sc@@ um into its body to give it energy . +they never touch the inner matter . there is more and more co-@@ evolution . +and he has decided to treat them as if they were tri@@ lo@@ bit@@ es , or sna@@ ils , and to do a mor@@ ph@@ ological analysis , and try to der@@ i@@ ve their gene@@ alo@@ gical history over time . +so we 've all heard about the am@@ ish giving up cars . +and so a ham@@ mer , when we gra@@ b a ham@@ mer , that 's what we 're grab@@ bing . +and if you play that well , you 'll have other people involved , so even that game exten@@ ds and continu@@ es even when you 're gone . +and while a student at ha@@ wa@@ ii , i worked at the wa@@ i@@ ki@@ ki a@@ qu@@ ari@@ um . +it 's been a good ride . +so we created a way to find out , and i got my first look at that famous be@@ ak in action . +and over the tops of them is 3,000 to 4@@ ,000 meters of water creating enormous pressure , for@@ cing water down through the cra@@ cks toward the center of the earth , until it hits a mag@@ ma cham@@ ber where it becomes super@@ he@@ ated and super@@ satur@@ ated with miner@@ als , rever@@ ses its flow and starts sho@@ ot@@ ing back to the surface and is e@@ je@@ cted out of the earth like a ge@@ y@@ ser at yel@@ lo@@ w@@ stone . +and that ep@@ he@@ mer@@ al nature of the hydro@@ ther@@ mal vent community isn 't really different from some of the areas that i 've seen in 35 years of travel@@ ing around , making films . +and a small group of thou@@ ght@@ ful people changed that bay . +now , syl@@ via 's ted prize wish was to bes@@ ee@@ ch us to do anything we could , everything we could , to set asi@@ de not p@@ in pri@@ cks , but significant exp@@ ans@@ es of the ocean for preser@@ vation , " hope spo@@ ts , " she calls them . +now the rules that i 'm talking about are constantly being monit@@ or@@ ed by the culture . +and then i thought -- in my 4@@ 0s i started thinking , " well , why don 't i do something ? +here 's some numbers . +you could drop an at@@ om bom@@ b on a city , and 30 years later it 's survi@@ ving . +so let 's first talk about biology . +so is london a sc@@ aled up bir@@ m@@ ing@@ ham , which is a sc@@ aled up bri@@ gh@@ ton , etc . , etc . ? +and we 've looked at everything : more aids cases , flu , etc . +that would be bad for econom@@ ies and cities . +but you notice , i 've che@@ ated , because i 've only gone up to ' 9@@ 4 . +right about the time that the internet gets going as an edu@@ cational tool , i take off from wis@@ con@@ sin and move to kan@@ s@@ as , small town kan@@ s@@ as , where i had an opportunity to teach in a lo@@ vely , small@@ -@@ town , rural kan@@ s@@ as school distri@@ ct , where i was teaching my favorite subject , american government . +but what was interesting about this position i found myself in in ari@@ zon@@ a , was i had this really in a truly public school , and we got to have these moments where we would get these opportunities . +that is the absolute wrong thing to ask , to tell kids to never be wrong . +and when we do another round of this in my class this year , they will do better this time , because learning has to inclu@@ de an amount of failure , because failure is in@@ struc@@ tional in the process . +it 's simply acceler@@ ating the p@@ ace at which the body he@@ als itself to a clin@@ ically relevant ti@@ mes@@ c@@ ale . +4@@ 1 people who were basically outside of being really sick , paying for the one reti@@ re@@ e who was experi@@ en@@ cing de@@ bili@@ tat@@ ing disease . +if a new@@ t can do this kind of thing , why can 't we ? +therefore , if we can find the right cells and im@@ plant them in the body , they may do the heal@@ ing . +and that material in@@ duced the body to switch back on a heal@@ ing response that it didn 't have before . +it 's the cool@@ est stuff . +it 's a great source of stem cells . +it 's very powerful work . +thank you . +oh , wonderful . +and -- oh , i saw gol@@ die ha@@ wn . +it 's true . it 's true . +but then on top of that , you know , sar@@ ah j@@ ones told me we only have 18 minutes . +so , we deser@@ ve just as much to be part of the exchange of ideas as everybody else . +my name is pra@@ ve@@ en man@@ v@@ i and thank you very much for this opportunity . +my son , he says he is not ready to get married . +so i think maybe ted , you impact people 's lives in the ways maybe even you don 't realize . +that 's all , shu@@ kr@@ an . thank you very much for the opportunity . +but i 'm actually here today to tell a story . +i started a couple of businesses that i thought would be the ti@@ cket to financial freedom . +but there 's also a lot of people that you don 't know . +and we don 't just want people to see our movies and say , that was fun , and forget about it . +we 've sent 5@@ 0,000 d@@ v@@ ds to high school teachers in the u.@@ s . +and finally , an e@@ bay li@@ sting for one well-@@ travel@@ ed slide show , now ob@@ so@@ le@@ te , museum piece . please contact al gore . +believe it or not , some of us do survive . +it 's been ta@@ ped with ta@@ pe that we even stopped using in the u.@@ k . +equipment that 's ob@@ so@@ le@@ te , equipment that doesn 't quite work , or it works and you can 't fix it . and there 's nothing wrong with that , so long as we use it and we move on . +that 's what he was doing , pro@@ pping up the bed because the bed simply didn 't work . +these are the basic fe@@ atures of my device , or our device . +this was a huge impact on my mind , because i am a woman and i am a mother , and i hadn 't realized that the hiv / aids pan@@ de@@ mic was directly affec@@ ting women in such a way . +i 've travel@@ ed all over the world in the last two and a half years -- i went to about 12 different countries . +a@@ ve@@ li@@ le had the virus , she was born with the virus . +our ene@@ mi@@ es shall talk themselves to death , and we will fight them with their own con@@ fusion . +but over@@ thro@@ wing a government is one thing and building a stable democracy is a bit more complicated . +you have a situation where the relationship between government and local social net@@ working companies is creating a situation where , effectively , the em@@ power@@ ing potential of these plat@@ forms is being con@@ stra@@ ined because of these relationships between companies and government . +and here in the united king@@ dom there 's also conc@@ ern over a law called the digital economy act that 's plac@@ ing more on@@ us on private inter@@ medi@@ aries to police citi@@ zen behavior . +but in the last two decades , it has experienced an un@@ pre@@ ce@@ d@@ ented expan@@ sion , now accoun@@ ting for roughly 15 percent of the world 's g@@ dp . +the court system wasn 't func@@ tion@@ ing proper@@ ly . +the z@@ ones of production and distribution tend to lie in the developing world , and they are often thre@@ at@@ en@@ ed by app@@ all@@ ing violence and b@@ loo@@ d@@ shed . +so i have shown you this to demon@@ strate how many bo@@ ats , how many ves@@ sel@@ s it takes to catch one of these guys . +now , i was taken by in@@ spec@@ tor brian can@@ ter@@ a , of the ro@@ y@@ al can@@ adi@@ an moun@@ ted police , to a ca@@ vern@@ ous war@@ e@@ house east of van@@ cou@@ ver to see some of the goods which are regul@@ arly con@@ fis@@ cated by the r@@ c@@ mp from the s@@ mu@@ g@@ gl@@ ers who are sending it , of course , down south to the united states where there is an in@@ sa@@ ti@@ able market for b@@ .@@ c. bu@@ d , as it 's called , in part because it 's market@@ ed as organic , which of course goes down very well in california . +ho@@ o@@ ked it up to my laptop , and within about five minutes he had pen@@ e@@ tr@@ ated the computer security system of a major brazi@@ li@@ an bank . +there is no roman@@ ce involved with gan@@ g@@ sters in the 21@@ st century . +everybody knew the answer . +you 've believed it through generations . +all his colleagues said , " this is ou@@ trage@@ ous . +the only ex@@ ception is the na@@ ked som@@ ali@@ an mole@@ -@@ rat , which never puts its nose above the surface of the ground . +try to imagine a gor@@ ill@@ a per@@ forming the same man@@ eu@@ ver , and you can see that , compared with gor@@ ill@@ a , we are hal@@ f@@ way to being sha@@ ped like a fish . +sir david atten@@ bor@@ ough , he 's come over . +acade@@ mi@@ a says no . +one -- i want to speak as early in the morning as possible . +ah , mark -- ser@@ fa@@ as . +i 'd basically dist@@ ill@@ ed a very diffic@@ ul@@ t-@@ to-@@ explain and complex philosoph@@ y , which i won 't get into here , because it 's a little too deep for all of you , but -- it 's about what makes web@@ sites popular , and , you know , it 's -- it 's un@@ fortun@@ ate that i don 't have more time . +and fro@@ g mode . +it 's the process of creation that kee@@ ps me sort of a bubble and a half above per@@ pe@@ tual an@@ x@@ iety in my life , and it 's that feeling of being about 80 percent complete on a project -- where you know you still have something to do , but it 's not finished , and you 're not starting something -- that really fil@@ ls my entire life . +i think that the " now ti@@ ed up , ti@@ ed down , mi@@ stress cru@@ el approach@@ es me , now ti@@ ed down , it 's up . " +you can send them an email . +you may not appreci@@ ate the person , you may not appreci@@ ate anything else , but maybe you appreci@@ ate the fact that they 've got a tough gi@@ g . +so when you do that , here 's what i can promise : you 're going to be the 800 po@@ und gor@@ ill@@ a in the forest . +and so i went home , and i made a prototyp@@ e of this hat . +and i thought , " well , hey ! +this very basic shift in my physical ori@@ entation helped me shift my perspective in relation to the gl@@ aci@@ er . +yet we di@@ ther , taking no action to de@@ fle@@ ct the astero@@ id , even though the longer we wait , the more difficult and expensive it becomes . " +our problem and our trage@@ dy is that in these hyper@@ -@@ par@@ tis@@ an times , the m@@ ere fact that one side says , " look , there 's an astero@@ id , " means that the other side 's going to say , " hu@@ h ? what ? +it causes them to di@@ stor@@ t reality . +so , how warm or cold do you feel about , you know , na@@ tive americans , or the military , the republi@@ can party , the democratic party , all sorts of groups in american life . +but the problem isn 't pri@@ mar@@ ily that we 're elec@@ ting bad people to con@@ gress . +so here 's another astero@@ id . +when americans go to college and mar@@ ry each other , they have very low di@@ vor@@ ce rates . +and most surpris@@ ingly to me , they sometimes can even see eye to eye on crimin@@ al justice . +and this is the con@@ version of one group of sub@@ stances into another , either through the production or the absor@@ ption of energy . +so what we 're trying to do is , we 're trying to push these technologies towards creating bot@@ tom@@ -up construction approach@@ es for architecture , which contr@@ ast the current , vic@@ tor@@ ian , top@@ -@@ down metho@@ ds which im@@ pose structure upon matter . +now , this is the very interesting part . +ven@@ ice is sin@@ king . to save it , ra@@ ch@@ el arm@@ strong says we need to out@@ grow architecture made of in@@ ert materials and , well , make architecture that gro@@ ws itself . she pro@@ pos@@ es a not@@ -@@ qu@@ it@@ e-@@ alive material that does its own re@@ pa@@ irs and sequ@@ est@@ ers carbon , too . +i 'm sc@@ ared . tell them to get away . ' " as a young woman , i was in a psychiat@@ ric hospital on three different occasi@@ ons for l@@ eng@@ thy peri@@ ods . +this person is likely to have some form of schizophren@@ ia . +this ep@@ iso@@ de led to my first hospit@@ alization in america . +they wouldn 't experience re@@ stra@@ in@@ ts as we would . " +'@@ okay . small . fire on ice . tell them not to kill me . +so let me share some final thoughts . +when i turned 18 , i lost my best friend to a car accident . +second it 's driving itself . +they 're the v@@ eins of the ecosystem , and they 're often empty v@@ eins . +and i 'm sure you all know , this has created significant confli@@ cts between the agri@@ cultural and environmental communities . +but they have no in@@ cen@@ tive to do so . +with stre@@ ams and ri@@ vers dr@@ ying up because of over@@ -@@ us@@ age , ro@@ b har@@ mon has imple@@ mented an in@@ geni@@ ous market mechan@@ ism to bring back the water . farmers and be@@ er companies find their f@@ ates inter@@ t@@ win@@ ed in the intri@@ gu@@ ing cent@@ ur@@ y-@@ old tale of pri@@ ck@@ ly pe@@ ar cre@@ ek . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +but , yeah . +he 's by far the happ@@ i@@ est man ever measu@@ red by science . +and maybe because of that , compassion is organic and wi@@ des@@ pre@@ ad comp@@ any@@ -@@ wide . +so what are they ? +so this mu@@ tual inspiration pro@@ mot@@ es collaboration , initiative and creativity . +attention is the basis of all higher cognitive and emotional abilities . +cha@@ de-@@ men@@ g tan : everyday compassion at google +and it took a lot of coura@@ ge for these defen@@ ders to decide that they would begin to stand up and support each other in imple@@ ment@@ ing these laws . +and with that , he success@@ fully organized 6@@ 8 law@@ yers who have been syste@@ matically taking the cases . +and i was sitting side by side with one of our very coura@@ ge@@ ous law@@ yers , and said , " how can we get this out ? how can we make sure that this is imple@@ mented ? +so i thank you for having the prop@@ he@@ tic imagination to imagine the sha@@ ping of a new world with us together , and invi@@ te you into this journey with us . +you know when they do home@@ works at home ? +it can be a school of design in jer@@ us@@ al@@ em that tries to find a better way to design gas mas@@ ks for people , because , as you know , israel de@@ plo@@ ys one gas mas@@ k per person including babies . +hell@@ a jon@@ geri@@ us is a person that is able to make a syn@@ thesis that is really quite amazing and also quite hil@@ ari@@ ous . +so , designers sometimes don 't do things that are immediately func@@ tional , but they 're func@@ tional to our understanding of issues . +and that makes sense . +but i 'm going to try and do something different , and try and just close the loo@@ p with some of my personal stories , and try and put a face to a lot of the issues that we 've been talking about . +and what happened was , because they could afford it sometimes , sometimes not , i got ki@@ cked out pretty much every term . +my father , who i 've been talking about , died of aids in 199@@ 9 . +how would you look at me ? +so we need to start getting better . +and i can 't em@@ ph@@ asi@@ ze that enough , you know . +you know , they 're not going to change just out of no@@ where . +a cou@@ sin of mine died of aids , left an or@@ ph@@ an , so we said , well , what are we going to do with her ? +and this is just an illu@@ stration . +long distance running was not only good for my well-@@ being but it helped me medi@@ tate and dream big . +but for every disaster we had , the mar@@ ath@@ on found ways to bring people together . +i believe these are the building blocks for future peace . +he was out there in par@@ ol deli@@ vering a baby . +she is really the center of the health care system . +i 'm just going to sell these to every clin@@ ic in the world . +in may of 2010 , at 35 years old , with a two-@@ year-old at home and my second child on the way , i was diagno@@ sed with a large an@@ eur@@ y@@ s@@ m at the base of my th@@ or@@ ac@@ ic a@@ or@@ ta . +so these are my dau@@ gh@@ ters . +most of the people who lived here either lived in co@@ ast@@ al villa@@ ges , fishing , or were no@@ ma@@ ds who ro@@ am@@ ed around with the environment trying to find water . +this is probably the sky@@ line that most of you know about do@@ ha . +energy is the key factor here . it changed everything . +these risks directly affect the sustain@@ ability of this nation and its continu@@ ity . +imagine a country with ab@@ und@@ ant power -- oil and gas , s@@ uns@@ h@@ ine , wind -- but missing one key essential for life : water . infrastructure engineer fa@@ had al-@@ at@@ ti@@ ya talks about the un@@ expected ways that the small middle eastern nation of q@@ at@@ ar creates its water supply . +i 'll try where it all started in the middle east , and for so many years we were living with completely the wrong perception of the middle east . +you see nine pres@@ identi@@ al can@@ di@@ dat@@ es running against lu@@ k@@ as@@ hen@@ ko . +so there are so many things you can do instead of getting into one place , shou@@ ting and showing off in front of the security forces . +it is true that the internet and new media are very useful in making things faster and che@@ aper . +2011 was a year of extraordinary peop@@ le-@@ powered resi@@ stance , starting with arab spring and spre@@ ading across the world . how did this resi@@ stance work so well ? s@@ r@@ d@@ ja po@@ po@@ vi@@ c la@@ ys out the plans , skills and tools each movement needs -- from non@@ violent tac@@ tics to a sense of humor . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +and i said , " do you remember when we were in college and really wild and kind of du@@ m@@ b ? " +the majority of people . +i 'm a fif@@ th generation tex@@ an . +and the purpose is not to walk in and constru@@ ct a home and live there . +this is like the failure conference . +us . +sh@@ ame feels the same for men and women , but it 's organized by gender . +you show me a man who can sit with a woman who 's just had it , she can 't do it all anymore , and his first response is not , " i un@@ lo@@ aded the dis@@ h@@ was@@ her , " but he really li@@ stens -- because that 's all we need -- i 'll show you a guy who 's done a lot of work . +it is a dream of man@@ kind to fly like a bird . +we have to turn it , go up and go down . +and the ir@@ ony is that they don 't need to be . +dr. v : see , mc@@ don@@ ald 's ' concept is simple . +the effect of this has been that , within the first year , we really had a 40 percent pen@@ et@@ ration in the market that it ser@@ ved , which is over 5@@ 0,000 people . +the re@@ ven@@ u@@ es increase at a higher level , giving us a healthy mar@@ g@@ in while you 're tre@@ ating a large number of people for free . +now , how do you make people own the problem , want to do something about it ? +it is a mobile ph@@ one-@@ sha@@ ped box that has an ir@@ on weight inside , which we can move around , and you can feel where it 's heavy . +as humans , we are social , we are em@@ path@@ ic , and that 's great . +but even though i had this new@@ found joy and freedom , people 's reaction completely changed towards me . +for me , this means that they 're seeing the value of difference , the joy it brings when instead of foc@@ using on loss or limit@@ ation , we see and discover the power and joy of seeing the world from exciting new perspe@@ c@@ tives . +but even more stri@@ king than the fer@@ o@@ cious power e@@ man@@ ating from that well was the re@@ ck@@ less@@ ness with which that power was un@@ le@@ as@@ hed -- the car@@ el@@ ess@@ ness , the lack of planning that characteri@@ zed the operation from dri@@ ll@@ ing to cle@@ an-@@ up . +a range of explan@@ ations may be po@@ pping into your mind by now , like " gre@@ ed . " +i 'm showing it because -- they 're not a spon@@ sor , are they ? -- because , in its own way , this is a cr@@ ass version of our fo@@ unding story . +ignor@@ e those cre@@ eping fe@@ ars that we have finally hit the wall . +that 's a person down there by the whe@@ el . +a new fron@@ tier has been found . +bf : ... without a ma@@ car@@ th@@ ur gr@@ ant . +bf : that 's all right , he does that . all right . +dh : wow , you 've been working out . +could you just push that ? +bf : ten years to perfect , which you 're about to see . +the design of the body is a whole different thing . +dh : tell them about our bi@@ o and stuff . +and it 's aw@@ fully win@@ dy over there . +because now , to make this twice as difficult , we 'll ju@@ g@@ gle the seven clu@@ bs back ... +i 'll spend a fortun@@ e on it . i 've got a better idea . +if you 've ever seen an electr@@ on microscop@@ e picture , you 'll see this . this all looks the same , then there 's this bit over here which is incredibly complicated . +now , some people call her the first program@@ mer . +to give you an idea of how slowly , it had about 1@@ k of memory . +i came here to speak about ec@@ ology , and i em@@ it@@ ted as much co2 as a fren@@ ch@@ man in one year . +according to scientists , in 100 years all the mountain gl@@ aci@@ er will be gone . +i launched a project named six billion others . +you shouldn 't worry about me . dad doesn 't need to go to work . +it is about the state of the planet . +we 're only trying to improve our lives . +chromo@@ some one , top left . +world population , p@@ c plac@@ ements , the archi@@ ve of all the medical liter@@ ature , mo@@ ore 's law , the old way of sequen@@ cing , and here 's all the new stuff . +so unfortunately , this doesn 't help this woman , but it does have sever@@ e , profound if you will , impli@@ cations to her family . +but the gene that regul@@ ates that down is broken . +th@@ ank@@ fully , i was able to answer a , and i say that hon@@ est@@ ly in case my life in@@ sur@@ ance ag@@ ent is listening . +and so imagine one more thing : that that software is able to ask both par@@ ties for mu@@ tual con@@ s@@ ents , " would you be willing to meet your third cou@@ sin ? " +hands it back to me . and we do that again and again . +so why should you care ? bone mar@@ row is a very rich source of adult stem cells . +these cor@@ als can be quite kind of mean , you see , and i have sur@@ fing sc@@ ars to prove that . +and things can happen only if these inter@@ actions are perfectly bal@@ an@@ ced . +finally , there 's the force of gravity , which inter@@ acts with matter via its mass and sp@@ in . +so the electro@@ magnetic and we@@ ak forces are described by this pattern of partic@@ le char@@ ges in two-@@ dimensional space . +from this pattern , we already know the partic@@ le physics of these tiny sc@@ ales . the way the universe works with these tiny sc@@ ales is very beautiful . +each point in this pattern cor@@ respon@@ ds to a symme@@ try of this very complex and beautiful shape . +if the l@@ h@@ c fin@@ ds new particles , but they don 't fit this pattern -- well , that will be very interesting , but bad for this e@@ 8 theory . +but not wor@@ rying about r@@ ent allowed me to spend my time doing what i love . +i don 't know if i 'll be able to make this any clear@@ er . +so it rema@@ ins for me to com@@ ment on the ways in which chimpanze@@ es are so like us , in certain aspe@@ cts of their behavior . +so it 's pretty sad to find that chimpanze@@ es , like so many other creatures around the world , are losing their habit@@ ats . +they were interested in health ; they were interested in education . +the water -- water is perhaps one of the most cru@@ cial issues that we 're going to face in this century -- and everywhere water is being pollu@@ ted by agri@@ cultural , industrial and hou@@ se@@ hold chemicals that still are being spra@@ yed around the world , seem@@ ingly with the in@@ ability to profit from past experience . +see the bri@@ ck wall as all these problems we 've in@@ fli@@ cted on the planet , environmental and social . it 's a message of hope . +but -- oh , they 're also working on hiv / aids . +all of these technologies we can use . +thank you . +i 'd go to the super@@ market and all of my food is pac@@ ka@@ ged in plastic . +we can cut the stem -- ti@@ de the stem of this into our oceans and in doing so , save our oceans , save our planet , save ourselves . +and yes , you also interact using natural gest@@ ures , both hands , etc . +my student pr@@ an@@ a@@ v , who 's really , like i said , the geni@@ us behind this . +but when people learned what her son was acc@@ used of , she didn 't get that sym@@ pathy . +it 's up to us women , because we are women , because we love our children . +so , ai@@ ch@@ a , do you have a couple of words for conclu@@ sion ? +well , today , i 'd like to show you that through thinking differently , the problem has been solved . +so nothing is getting through . +that 's not dir@@ ty enough . let 's just sti@@ r that up a little bit . +then , after a few weeks , we set up cam@@ ps . +so with just eight billion dollars , we can hit the mil@@ len@@ ni@@ um goal 's target of hal@@ ving the number of people without access to safe drin@@ king water . +and the second is about some new dimension which i want to re@@ fer to , which has never quite happened in the way it 's happening now . +the world needs an international for@@ um . +up until now , the united states has been the domin@@ ant fe@@ ature of our world . +take the last financial crisis after the second world war . +diplo@@ ma@@ cy is about man@@ aging the inter@@ relationship of nations . +but now one final thing . +the other 90 percent is dic@@ t@@ ated by our lifest@@ yle . +we are progra@@ mm@@ ed for something called pro@@ creative success . +but life expec@@ tan@@ cy in this country is only 7@@ 8 . +that 's called the grandmother effect . +it 's simply a little saying these people say before their me@@ al to re@@ mind them to stop eating when their sto@@ mach is [ 80 ] percent full . +they inst@@ antly knew why they wo@@ ke up in the morning . +they take their diet directly from the bi@@ ble . +she ri@@ des her bi@@ cycle . +the o@@ kin@@ aw@@ ans have this ance@@ st@@ or v@@ ener@@ ation . +dan bu@@ et@@ t@@ ner : how to live to be 100 + +i 'm curious about how things work and how they are made , but also because i believe we should have a deeper understanding of the components that make up our world , and right now , we don 't know enough about these high-@@ tech com@@ pos@@ ites our future will be made of . +electr@@ on@@ ics k@@ its are very powerful in that they teach us how things work , but the con@@ stra@@ in@@ ts in@@ her@@ ent in their design influence the way we learn . +i was a young driver out on the high@@ way , and the car in front of me , i saw the bra@@ ke lights go on . +and i believe that . i believe that . +if i have a gps and a camera in my car , i have a pretty pre@@ cise idea of where i am and how fast i 'm going . +but i believe it can be done in a way that prote@@ cts our priv@@ acy , just like right now , when i look at your car from the outside , i don 't really know about you . +you can get eight , 10 minutes of wei@@ ght@@ less@@ ness -- how nasa 's trained their astron@@ au@@ ts for so long . +once he was there , [ we ] let him go to experience what wei@@ ght@@ less@@ ness was truly like . +and what i 've tried to do since i had my training as a medical illu@@ str@@ ator -- since i was taught anima@@ tion by my father , who was a sculp@@ tor and my visual ment@@ or -- i wanted to figure out a way to help people understand truth and beauty in the biological sci@@ ences by using anima@@ tion , by using pictures , by telling stories so that the things that are not necessarily evi@@ dent to people can be brought forth , and can be taught , and can be understood . +they pass information to each other . +so i pac@@ ked my c@@ at , my ro@@ tt@@ wei@@ ler and my cam@@ ping ge@@ ar into a 197@@ 5 ch@@ ev@@ y van , and dro@@ ve off into the sun@@ set , having fully failed to realize three critical things . +and i fac@@ ed a whole new set of challenges . +i started laugh@@ ing because it got to the point where , was i a writer , or was i a hom@@ eless woman ? +be@@ cky blan@@ ton : the year i was hom@@ eless +we were so much bigger than co@@ ca@@ -@@ col@@ a in those days . +un@@ cle gets dr@@ un@@ k , doesn 't use con@@ dom . come back , start again . " +and here is this , then , young man called wil@@ ly bo@@ h@@ m who worked for the us@@ aid . +so i said , " okay . " +of course i can . and they 'd enjoy it im@@ men@@ sely ; i see them standing around right now , everywhere . +90 percent of the fund@@ ing came from th@@ a@@ il@@ and . +and then we have silk , th@@ ai silk . +me@@ cha@@ i vi@@ ra@@ va@@ i@@ dy@@ a : how mr. con@@ dom made th@@ a@@ il@@ and a better place +so i can see everything that ro@@ mo sees , and i get a robot '@@ s-@@ e@@ ye@@ -@@ view of the world . +thanks , scot@@ t . +there 's a je@@ wish saying that i love . +however , what matters most -- more than training or lu@@ ck -- is the heart . +now , how can you have a deep tan and have no wr@@ in@@ kl@@ es ? +somehow she man@@ ages to keep her seven children alive , and a few months later , she gives birth to pre@@ ma@@ ture tw@@ ins . +fe@@ min@@ ism has never been sex@@ y , but let me as@@ sure you that it never stopped me from fli@@ r@@ ting , and i have sel@@ dom suff@@ ered from lack of men . +jen@@ ny is horri@@ fied at what she has done , but then the transl@@ ator explains that the patient 's condition has nothing to do with the operation . +does it make sense to participa@@ te in the exi@@ sting world order ? +why not ? it is possible . look around in this room -- all this knowledge , energy , talent and technology . +it 's something that i 've worked on and a few other people , and it indi@@ c@@ ates a kind of hier@@ arch@@ y along with some assu@@ mp@@ tions about how many people stop at different steps and how the steps of thinking are affected a very different theory , a much more popular one , and an older one , due lar@@ gely to john n@@ ash of " a beautiful mind " f@@ ame , is what 's called equ@@ ili@@ bri@@ um analysis . +so what you see here is a sub@@ tra@@ ction of areas in which there 's more brain activity when you 're playing people compared to playing the computer . +it 's good for them . they make a lot of money . +charles darwin and i and you broke off from the family tree from chimpanze@@ es about five million years ago . +they 're also very obs@@ essed with status . +co@@ lin c@@ amer@@ er : neuro@@ science , game theory , mon@@ keys +and even though there is food that we are producing at great cost , we don 't actually value it . +the answer is what i call " ancient food miles . " +and , in fact , if you look at the map of any city built before the industrial age , you can tra@@ ce food coming in to it . +and this really is the moment when our relationship , both with food and cities , changes completely . +u@@ top@@ ia was actually a word that thomas mo@@ ore used deli@@ ber@@ ately . +ste@@ aming pil@@ es of hu@@ mus . +we need to realize that the world is also what we eat . +and the religi@@ ons that should be making a major contribu@@ tion are instead seen as part of the problem . +i want them to get the media involved because the media are cru@@ cial in helping to dis@@ solve some of the stere@@ ot@@ yp@@ ical vie@@ ws we have of other people , which are divi@@ ding us from one another . +kar@@ en arm@@ strong : let 's re@@ vi@@ ve the golden rule +you de@@ code what you want to fold up into , into a sequence of an@@ gles -- so negative 120 , negative 120 , 0 , 0 , 120 , negative 120 -- something like that ; so a sequence of an@@ gles , or turns , and you send that sequence through the string . +if you have er@@ r@@ ors , you can replace a part . +sk@@ yl@@ ar ti@@ b@@ bits : can we make things that make themselves ? +and obviously there 's been tremendous practical appli@@ cations associated with this world -- things like the er@@ a@@ dic@@ ation of small@@ po@@ x , the ad@@ vent of a v@@ acc@@ ine against cer@@ vi@@ cal cancer , which we now know is mostly caused by human pa@@ pil@@ lo@@ ma@@ virus . +that as we explore these str@@ ings of a 's , t 's , c 's and g 's , we may un@@ cover a completely new class of life that , like bei@@ jer@@ in@@ ck , will fundament@@ ally change the way that we think about the nature of biology . +and especially if you reg@@ ard these two as deep tru@@ ths to live by and to in@@ form your life decisions , then they seem a little bit to conflict with each other . +now how do we know about an environment that 's so far away , and so different , and so alien , from anything we 're used to ? +we happen to get round to testing , let 's say , new@@ ton 's law of gravity about 300 years ago . +all it takes is for a super@@ no@@ va to go off a few light years away , and we 'll all be dead ! +the world is bu@@ z@@ zing at the moment with plans to force re@@ duc@@ tions in gas emissions at all costs . +so it has nei@@ ther the resources , nor the in@@ centi@@ ves , to ho@@ ok up many other users . +zo@@ om in on haiti , in out@@ line here . +but den@@ g xi@@ a@@ op@@ ing instin@@ c@@ tively understood the importance of off@@ ering choices to his people . +we also need the choices for people . +let us have a h@@ ong kon@@ g ne@@ ar@@ by . +they can get basic u@@ tili@@ ties like electricity . +let 's have a system where we have ow@@ ner@@ ship of land that is regi@@ ster@@ ed in a government office , that people can ple@@ dge as coll@@ at@@ er@@ al . +we just take se@@ a@@ water and we filter it , and we collect different size organisms on different fil@@ ters , and then take their dna back to our lab in rock@@ ville , where we can sequence a hundred million letters of the genetic code every 24 hours . +i view that these genes are now not only the design components of evolution . +this is a case where the software now buil@@ ds its own hard@@ ware , and that 's the no@@ tions that we have with biology . +after these genom@@ es are syn@@ thes@@ i@@ zed , the first step is just transplan@@ ting them into a cell without a genome . +genom@@ ics pi@@ one@@ er cra@@ ig vent@@ er takes a break from his epi@@ c ro@@ und@@ -@@ the-@@ world expedi@@ tion to talk about the millions of genes his team has discovered so far in its qu@@ est to map the ocean 's bio@@ diversity . +the kids who resi@@ sted sc@@ or@@ ed 250 points higher on the sat . +you can be pres@@ ent@@ -@@ he@@ don@@ i@@ stic , nam@@ ely you focus on the jo@@ ys of life , or pres@@ ent@@ -@@ f@@ at@@ alist -- it doesn 't matter , your life is controlled . +and the idea is so simple , so obvious , but i think the consequences are really profound . +what about resources ? how are we going to feed nine billion people ? +in fact , just studying the r@@ ings alone , we stand to learn a lot about the dis@@ cs of stars and gas that we call the spi@@ ral galaxies . +it can was@@ h the s@@ lu@@ dge off high mountain pe@@ a@@ ks and h@@ ills , down into the lo@@ w@@ lands . so stop and think for a minute . +it was significant for another reason . this is an international mission , and this event was cele@@ br@@ ated in europe , in germany , and the cele@@ br@@ atory pres@@ ent@@ ations were given in english acc@@ ents , and american acc@@ ents , and ger@@ man acc@@ ents , and french and itali@@ an and du@@ tch acc@@ ents . +this is an un@@ con@@ soli@@ d@@ ated ground that is suff@@ used with liquid me@@ than@@ e . +my team and i have exam@@ ined images like this , and like this one , and have thought about the other results from cas@@ sin@@ i . +these leaders are trying to for@@ ge a massive national non@@ violent movement to end the occu@@ pa@@ tion and build peace in the region . +repor@@ ter : isra@@ el@@ i bor@@ der police were sent to dis@@ per@@ se the crowd . +but that 's true for adults too . +juli@@ a b@@ ach@@ a : pay attention to non@@ violence +this is an invi@@ tation to the 70 percent of our un@@ ma@@ pped planet . +so epi@@ le@@ p@@ sy patients sometimes need the electrical activity in their brain monit@@ or@@ ing . +so if we take some out@@ bo@@ und path -- perhaps we park and we wan@@ der off -- we know because our own mov@@ ements , which we can integra@@ te over this path roughly what the head@@ ing direction is to go back . +so if this was happening , your memor@@ ies could start by place cells activ@@ ating each other via these den@@ se inter@@ connections and then re@@ activ@@ ating boundar@@ y cells to create the spa@@ tial structure of the scene around your vie@@ w@@ point . +as it turns out , there 's a pattern . +they 're beauti@@ fully designed , simple to use and user friend@@ ly . +a few years ago , g@@ ate@@ way came out with flat screen t@@ v@@ s . +you know , sometimes you can give somebody all the facts and fig@@ ures , and they say , " i know what all the facts and details say , but it just doesn 't feel right . " +the new york times followed him around everywhere , and everyone was ro@@ ot@@ ing for lang@@ ley . +the next 3@@ 4 percent are your early majority , your late majority and your la@@ g@@ gar@@ ds . +it 's a commercial example . +how do you do that ? +leaders hold a position of power or auth@@ ority , but those who lead inspi@@ re us . +the doctors , it seemed , never really had enough time for all the patients , try as they might . +so when i got this email from dr. gei@@ ger , i knew i was supposed to be proud to be part of this history . +and we cho@@ se to use the pres@@ cri@@ ption for that purpose . +what if we had a waiting room where you don 't just sit when you 're sick , but where you go to get healthy . +and this isn 't just a sort of shor@@ t-@@ term work@@ force to connect patients to basic resources , it 's a next generation healthcare leadership pi@@ p@@ eline who 've spent two , three , four years in the clin@@ ic waiting room talking to patients about their most basic health needs . +i believe that we all have a vision for healthcare in this country . +what 's wrong with this picture ? +the bad news is , this is a se@@ mi@@ -@@ sub@@ mer@@ si@@ ble run by drug car@@ tel@@ s . +you should say , " that 's od@@ d . i thought i read that this demo@@ graphic , young men and women in their 20@@ s and 3@@ 0s , is lar@@ gely il@@ liter@@ ate in afghanistan . " +when he was fit@@ ted , over his extremely m@@ yo@@ pi@@ c eyes , he suddenly looked up and said , " mama , ve@@ o el m@@ un@@ do . " +there was an article which was run by ap , on the wire . +james sta@@ v@@ ri@@ d@@ is : a na@@ vy ad@@ mi@@ ral 's thoughts on global security +but these are early in@@ corpo@@ ra@@ tions of illu@@ sions brought to -- sort of high point with h@@ ans hol@@ bein 's " am@@ bas@@ sa@@ d@@ ors . " and h@@ ans hol@@ bein worked for henry vi@@ ii . this was hung on a wall where you could walk down from the sta@@ ir and you can see this hidden sk@@ ul@@ l . +u.n. opened their stati@@ stic dat@@ ab@@ ases , and we have a new version of the software up working as a bet@@ a on the net , so you don 't have to down@@ load it any longer . +and this was 2007 . +and look here -- compare to the phili@@ pp@@ ines of today . +and now we can see that the rate of change was enormous in japan . +but ho@@ ma@@ ge to sing@@ apo@@ re . +this we can call dollar street . +that 's when research fun@@ ctions in poor societies -- you must really live with the people . +i would say that sub-@@ sahar@@ an africa has done best in the world during the last 50 years . +let me first grade what are the most important means . +so the seem@@ ingly impossible is possible . +because it 's got all those a 's lin@@ ed up i guess . +we can run the sc@@ ore up against anybody , and then get our as@@ ses ki@@ cked in the second half -- what they call fourth generation war@@ f@@ are . +and the chinese said to me , " dr. bar@@ nett , you 're absolutely right . +like sa@@ d@@ dam , like mu@@ gabe , like k@@ im jon@@ g-@@ il -- people who kill in hundreds of thousands or millions . +do you want to do it , fr@@ ance ? +would you like mu@@ gabe gone ? +we bought one military and we oper@@ ated another . +can of wh@@ up ass , the net@@ working force . +the rule is going to be this . +i 've been told by the revolution of military aff@@ air@@ s crowd for years , we can do it faster , che@@ aper , smaller , just as le@@ th@@ al . +sh@@ inse@@ ki was right with the argument . +thanks . +really , we 're doing this , basically . really , not very much . +and the reason is , it 's been done . +gave a bunch of physical reasons why it wouldn 't do a very good comp@@ en@@ sation . +but then i found out that there were all sorts of pa@@ pers already published that add@@ ressed this top@@ ic because it happens already in the natural atmosphere . +maybe another kno@@ b is a kno@@ b for controll@@ ing co2 concent@@ ra@@ tions . +i 'll tell you how big the le@@ ver is : the le@@ ver is that big . +and that 's one of the fundamental reasons that this problem is so hard to talk about , and , in general , i think it 's the under@@ lying reason that it 's been poli@@ tically un@@ accep@@ table to talk about this . +we 're going to go on a di@@ ve to the deep sea , and anyone that 's had that lo@@ vely opportunity knows that for about two and half hours on the way down , it 's a perfectly posi@@ tively pit@@ ch@@ -@@ black world . +let 's take a look at it again . watch the color@@ ation : white on the right , brown on the left . +i thought it was all graphi@@ cs -- so here it is in rever@@ se . +" we don 't care about being happy . we need to live with passion . +i used to be a fan of b@@ ach . i used to play it on the gu@@ it@@ ar , you know . +but there 's also wick@@ ed joy , you can re@@ jo@@ ice in someone 's suffering . +at the opposite , everyone knows deep within that an act of sel@@ fl@@ ess gener@@ osity , if from the distance , without anyone knowing anything about it , we could save a child 's life , make someone happy . +ben@@ evol@@ ence , lo@@ ving kin@@ dness against hat@@ red . +so that 's what those great medi@@ tat@@ ors have been doing . +so , i 've no time to go into all the different scientific results . +what is happiness , and how can we all get some ? bio@@ chem@@ ist turned budd@@ h@@ ist mon@@ k mat@@ th@@ ie@@ u ri@@ card says we can train our minds in hab@@ its of well-@@ being , to generate a true sense of ser@@ en@@ ity and ful@@ fil@@ l@@ ment . +the environments we are living in , more typically , are like these . +a public place so dis@@ mal that the win@@ os don 't even want to go there . +ok . +and we 're not going to cure the problems of the urban by dra@@ g@@ ging the country into the city , which is what a lot of us are trying to do all the time . +so they take the first one that comes along , often . +we 're going to have to re-@@ learn what the building blocks of these things are : the street , the block , how to com@@ pose public space that 's both large and small , the cour@@ ty@@ ard , the ci@@ vi@@ c square and how to really make use of this property . +please go out and do what you can to make this a land full of places that are worth car@@ ing about and a nation that will be worth defen@@ ding . +the deeper you go , the more you run into a conflict with water . +here 's a clip from a national geographic movie that came out in 199@@ 9 . +i mean , i cut through three years of engineering meetings , design and system integra@@ tion , and introduced dep@@ th@@ x -- deep ph@@ re@@ a@@ tic ther@@ mal explor@@ er . +the government recently announ@@ ced plans to return to the moon by 20@@ 24 . +so , what if you could get your gas at a 10@@ th the price ? +it 's ris@@ ky and it 's going to be one hell of a ride -- better than dis@@ ney . +100 years after sir ern@@ est sha@@ ck@@ le@@ ton wrote these words , i in@@ tend to plant an industrial fla@@ g on the moon and complete the final piece that will open the space fron@@ tier , in our time , for all of us . +so i 've seen life as one long learning process . +i mean , couldn 't you have used the virg@@ in brand for that as well ? +rb : ah , that was quite fun . that was a wonderful car@@ -@@ boat in which -- oh , that car that we -- actually we -- it was a ted@@ ster event there , i think . +and then 24 months from now , people will be able to take a ride into space . +and you inspired an ian m@@ ce@@ w@@ an novel i think with that . +didn 't -- weren 't you just terrible at school ? +do you look at the current generation of kids coming up and think they 're too co@@ dd@@ led , they don 't know what they 've got , we 're going to raise a generation of privi@@ le@@ ged ... +that is ou@@ trage@@ ous . +we need to try to encoura@@ ge people to come up with a way of extra@@ cting carbon out of the earth 's atmosphere . +i mean , the psych@@ ologist er@@ ik eri@@ k@@ son says that -- as i understand him and i 'm a total ama@@ te@@ ur -- but that during 3@@ 0s , 4@@ 0s people are driven by this desire to grow and that 's where they get their ful@@ fil@@ l@@ ment . diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/makedataforbert.sh b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/makedataforbert.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0d6ff90289052fc69f9c4134398ad8125b7cf33 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/makedataforbert.sh @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env bash +lng=$1 +echo "src lng $lng" +for sub in train valid test +do + sed -r 's/(@@ )|(@@ ?$)//g' ${sub}.${lng} > ${sub}.bert.${lng}.tok + ../../../mosesdecoder/scripts/tokenizer/detokenizer.perl -l $lng < ${sub}.bert.${lng}.tok > ${sub}.bert.${lng} + rm ${sub}.bert.${lng}.tok +done \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/preporcess_bin.sh b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/preporcess_bin.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77daa72454236786c4a7e21ce2fcf4cbf1e0dd72 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/preporcess_bin.sh @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +# Preprocess/binarize the data +TEXT=../../mt_dataset/wmt15_de-en/wmt15_de-en +fairseq-preprocess --source-lang de --target-lang en \ + --trainpref $TEXT/train --validpref $TEXT/valid --testpref $TEXT/test \ + --destdir data-bin/wmt15.tokenized.de-en \ + --workers 20 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/preprocess.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/preprocess.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a64ce71e7ae9014e6ef2c4fba0ea30072e104a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/preprocess.py @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 -u +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq_cli.preprocess import cli_main + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + cli_main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/pyproject.toml b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/pyproject.toml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d1b4c5b6fb56a63069147e3a1de922ce71a45d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/pyproject.toml @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +[build-system] +requires = ["setuptools", "wheel", "cython"] +build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta" diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/run_eval.sh b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/run_eval.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3335c6f639b9377b916c29327382b899052a93a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/run_eval.sh @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +#!/bin/bash +#SBATCH -p q_intel_gpu_nvidia # 指定作业队列为gpu队列 +#SBATCH -n 1 +#SBATCH --gres=gpu:1 # 申请一张GPU卡 +#SBATCH -o simt_k7_eval.out +output=wait$k.log +k=7 # Evaluation time k +output=test_waitk${k}.log +python generate.py data-bin/wmt15.tokenized.de-en \ + -s de -t en --gen-subset test \ + --path checkpoints/tf_wait${k}_iwslt_deen/checkpoint_best.pt --task waitk_translation --eval-waitk $k \ + --model-overrides "{'max_source_positions': 1024, 'max_target_positions': 1024}" --left-pad-source False \ + --user-dir examples/waitk --no-progress-bar \ + --max-tokens 8000 --remove-bpe --beam 1 2>&1 | tee -a $output + +python ./examples/waitk/eval_delay.py $output \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/run_small_eval.sh b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/run_small_eval.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a79e2511dae67317e7a457ff6738e62520d53bb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/run_small_eval.sh @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +#!/bin/bash +#SBATCH -p q_intel_gpu_nvidia # 指定作业队列为gpu队列 +#SBATCH -n 1 +#SBATCH --gres=gpu:1 # 申请一张GPU卡 +#SBATCH -o small_simt_k5_eval.out + +#设置变量 +src=de +tgt=en +k=5 # Evaluation time k +output=eval_wait$k.log + +python ~/online1/andongchen/SimTranslation/supplement_simt/generate.py ../iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/iwslt14-de-en-onlyfariseq \ + -s ${src} -t ${tgt} --gen-subset test \ + --path ./checkpoints/small_tf_wait${k}_iwslt_deen/checkpoint_best.pt --task waitk_translation --eval-waitk $k \ + --model-overrides "{'max_source_positions': 1024, 'max_target_positions': 1024}" --left-pad-source False \ + --user-dir examples/waitk --no-progress-bar \ + --max-tokens 8000 --remove-bpe --beam 1 2>&1 | tee -a $output + +#python ../examples/waitk/eval_delay.py $output + diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/run_small_train.sh b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/run_small_train.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b0b38f773b1b52c49cd16a77879ac161f4251f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/run_small_train.sh @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +#!/bin/bash +#SBATCH -p q_intel_gpu_nvidia_chenkh # 指定作业队列为gpu队列 +#SBATCH -n 1 +#SBATCH --gres=gpu:1 # 申请一张GPU卡 +#SBATCH -o small_simt_k7.out +k=5 +MODEL=small_tf_wait${k}_iwslt_deen +mkdir -p checkpoints/$MODEL +mkdir -p logs +python train.py ./examples/translation/iwslt14_deen_bpe10k_sample/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en -s de -t en --left-pad-source False \ + --user-dir examples/waitk --arch waitk_transformer_small \ + --save-dir checkpoints/$MODEL --tensorboard-logdir logs/$MODEL \ + --seed 1 --no-epoch-checkpoints --no-progress-bar --log-interval 10 \ + --optimizer adam --adam-betas '(0.9, 0.98)' --weight-decay 0.0001 \ + --max-tokens 4000 --update-freq 2 --max-update 50000 \ + --lr-scheduler inverse_sqrt --warmup-updates 4000 --warmup-init-lr '1e-07' --lr 0.002 \ + --min-lr '1e-9' --criterion label_smoothed_cross_entropy --label-smoothing 0.1 \ + --share-decoder-input-output-embed --waitk $k diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/run_train.sh b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/run_train.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..32376def5684952b5fa1f2aa2c8d7e61fda55629 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/run_train.sh @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +#!/bin/bash +#SBATCH -p q_intel_gpu_nvidia # 指定作业队列为gpu队列 +#SBATCH -n 8 +#SBATCH --gres=gpu:8 # 申请一张GPU卡 +#SBATCH -o simt_k7_wmt15.out +k=7 +MODEL=tf_wait${k}_iwslt_deen +mkdir -p checkpoints/$MODEL +mkdir -p logs +python train.py data-bin/wmt15.tokenized.de-en -s de -t en --left-pad-source False \ + --user-dir examples/waitk --arch waitk_transformer_small \ + --save-dir checkpoints/$MODEL --tensorboard-logdir logs/$MODEL \ + --seed 1 --no-epoch-checkpoints --no-progress-bar --log-interval 10 \ + --optimizer adam --adam-betas '(0.9, 0.98)' --weight-decay 0.0001 \ + --max-tokens 4000 --update-freq 2 --max-update 50000 \ + --lr-scheduler inverse_sqrt --warmup-updates 4000 --warmup-init-lr '1e-07' --lr 0.002 \ + --min-lr '1e-9' --criterion label_smoothed_cross_entropy --label-smoothing 0.1 \ + --share-decoder-input-output-embed --waitk $k diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/run_train_loop.sh b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/run_train_loop.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..81c4ca2da67e8ee7a18163d7492ce23f5ed8267d --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/run_train_loop.sh @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +#!/bin/bash +#SBATCH -p q_intel_gpu_nvidia # 指定作业队列为gpu队列 +#SBATCH -n 1 +#SBATCH --gres=gpu:1 # 申请一张GPU卡 + +# 定义一个数组来保存所有K的值 +declare -a arr=("9") + +# 对K值进行循环 +for k in "${arr[@]}" +do + # 为每一个K值设置不同的输出文件 + #SBATCH -o simt_k${k}_wmt15.out + MODEL=tf_wait${k}_iwslt_deen + mkdir -p checkpoints/$MODEL + mkdir -p logs + python train.py data-bin/wmt15.tokenized.de-en -s de -t en --left-pad-source False \ + --user-dir examples/waitk --arch waitk_transformer_base \ + --save-dir checkpoints/$MODEL --tensorboard-logdir logs/$MODEL \ + --seed 1 --no-epoch-checkpoints --no-progress-bar --log-interval 10 \ + --optimizer adam --adam-betas '(0.9, 0.98)' --weight-decay 0.0001 \ + --max-tokens 4000 --update-freq 2 --max-update 50000 \ + --lr-scheduler inverse_sqrt --warmup-updates 4000 --warmup-init-lr '1e-07' --lr 0.002 \ + --min-lr '1e-9' --criterion label_smoothed_cross_entropy --label-smoothing 0.1 \ + --share-decoder-input-output-embed --waitk $k +done diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/score.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/score.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..153d037294c2757986e5e078a9870fa66cbdb2f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/score.py @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 -u +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq_cli.score import cli_main + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + cli_main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/average_checkpoints.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/average_checkpoints.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7890516154eeba2fe37933dec068903dcd57551f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/average_checkpoints.py @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import argparse +import collections +import torch +import os +import re + +from fairseq.file_io import PathManager + + +def average_checkpoints(inputs): + """Loads checkpoints from inputs and returns a model with averaged weights. + + Args: + inputs: An iterable of string paths of checkpoints to load from. + + Returns: + A dict of string keys mapping to various values. The 'model' key + from the returned dict should correspond to an OrderedDict mapping + string parameter names to torch Tensors. + """ + params_dict = collections.OrderedDict() + params_keys = None + new_state = None + num_models = len(inputs) + + for fpath in inputs: + with PathManager.open(fpath, 'rb') as f: + state = torch.load( + f, + map_location=( + lambda s, _: torch.serialization.default_restore_location(s, 'cpu') + ), + ) + # Copies over the settings from the first checkpoint + if new_state is None: + new_state = state + + model_params = state['model'] + + model_params_keys = list(model_params.keys()) + if params_keys is None: + params_keys = model_params_keys + elif params_keys != model_params_keys: + raise KeyError( + 'For checkpoint {}, expected list of params: {}, ' + 'but found: {}'.format(f, params_keys, model_params_keys) + ) + + for k in params_keys: + p = model_params[k] + if isinstance(p, torch.HalfTensor): + p = p.float() + if k not in params_dict: + params_dict[k] = p.clone() + # NOTE: clone() is needed in case of p is a shared parameter + else: + params_dict[k] += p + + averaged_params = collections.OrderedDict() + for k, v in params_dict.items(): + averaged_params[k] = v + averaged_params[k].div_(num_models) + new_state['model'] = averaged_params + return new_state + + +def last_n_checkpoints(paths, n, update_based, upper_bound=None): + assert len(paths) == 1 + path = paths[0] + if update_based: + pt_regexp = re.compile(r'checkpoint_\d+_(\d+)\.pt') + else: + pt_regexp = re.compile(r'checkpoint(\d+)\.pt') + files = PathManager.ls(path) + + entries = [] + for f in files: + m = pt_regexp.fullmatch(f) + if m is not None: + sort_key = int(m.group(1)) + if upper_bound is None or sort_key <= upper_bound: + entries.append((sort_key, m.group(0))) + if len(entries) < n: + raise Exception('Found {} checkpoint files but need at least {}', len(entries), n) + return [os.path.join(path, x[1]) for x in sorted(entries, reverse=True)[:n]] + + +def main(): + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description='Tool to average the params of input checkpoints to ' + 'produce a new checkpoint', + ) + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--inputs', required=True, nargs='+', + help='Input checkpoint file paths.') + parser.add_argument('--output', required=True, metavar='FILE', + help='Write the new checkpoint containing the averaged weights to this path.') + num_group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group() + num_group.add_argument('--num-epoch-checkpoints', type=int, + help='if set, will try to find checkpoints with names checkpoint_xx.pt in the path specified by input, ' + 'and average last this many of them.') + num_group.add_argument('--num-update-checkpoints', type=int, + help='if set, will try to find checkpoints with names checkpoint_ee_xx.pt in the path specified by input, ' + 'and average last this many of them.') + parser.add_argument('--checkpoint-upper-bound', type=int, + help='when using --num-epoch-checkpoints, this will set an upper bound on which epoch to use, ' + 'when using --num-update-checkpoints, this will set an upper bound on which update to use' + 'e.g., with --num-epoch-checkpoints=10 --checkpoint-upper-bound=50, checkpoints 41-50 would be averaged.' + 'e.g., with --num-update-checkpoints=10 --checkpoint-upper-bound=50000, checkpoints 40500-50000 would be averaged assuming --save-interval-updates 500' + ) + # fmt: on + args = parser.parse_args() + print(args) + + num = None + is_update_based = False + if args.num_update_checkpoints is not None: + num = args.num_update_checkpoints + is_update_based = True + elif args.num_epoch_checkpoints is not None: + num = args.num_epoch_checkpoints + + assert args.checkpoint_upper_bound is None or (args.num_epoch_checkpoints is not None or args.num_update_checkpoints is not None), \ + '--checkpoint-upper-bound requires --num-epoch-checkpoints or --num-update-checkpoints' + assert args.num_epoch_checkpoints is None or args.num_update_checkpoints is None, \ + 'Cannot combine --num-epoch-checkpoints and --num-update-checkpoints' + + if num is not None: + args.inputs = last_n_checkpoints( + args.inputs, num, is_update_based, upper_bound=args.checkpoint_upper_bound, + ) + print('averaging checkpoints: ', args.inputs) + + new_state = average_checkpoints(args.inputs) + with PathManager.open(args.output, 'wb') as f: + torch.save(new_state, f) + print('Finished writing averaged checkpoint to {}.'.format(args.output)) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/build_sym_alignment.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/build_sym_alignment.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb0cac09ddffe6bc6e7146b17ee0844a6989292b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/build_sym_alignment.py @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +""" +Use this script in order to build symmetric alignments for your translation +dataset. +This script depends on fast_align and mosesdecoder tools. You will need to +build those before running the script. +fast_align: + github: http://github.com/clab/fast_align + instructions: follow the instructions in README.md +mosesdecoder: + github: http://github.com/moses-smt/mosesdecoder + instructions: http://www.statmt.org/moses/?n=Development.GetStarted +The script produces the following files under --output_dir: + text.joined - concatenation of lines from the source_file and the + target_file. + align.forward - forward pass of fast_align. + align.backward - backward pass of fast_align. + aligned.sym_heuristic - symmetrized alignment. +""" + +import argparse +import os +from itertools import zip_longest + + +def main(): + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='symmetric alignment builer') + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--fast_align_dir', + help='path to fast_align build directory') + parser.add_argument('--mosesdecoder_dir', + help='path to mosesdecoder root directory') + parser.add_argument('--sym_heuristic', + help='heuristic to use for symmetrization', + default='grow-diag-final-and') + parser.add_argument('--source_file', + help='path to a file with sentences ' + 'in the source language') + parser.add_argument('--target_file', + help='path to a file with sentences ' + 'in the target language') + parser.add_argument('--output_dir', + help='output directory') + # fmt: on + args = parser.parse_args() + + fast_align_bin = os.path.join(args.fast_align_dir, 'fast_align') + symal_bin = os.path.join(args.mosesdecoder_dir, 'bin', 'symal') + sym_fast_align_bin = os.path.join( + args.mosesdecoder_dir, 'scripts', 'ems', + 'support', 'symmetrize-fast-align.perl') + + # create joined file + joined_file = os.path.join(args.output_dir, 'text.joined') + with open(args.source_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as src, open(args.target_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as tgt: + with open(joined_file, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as joined: + for s, t in zip_longest(src, tgt): + print('{} ||| {}'.format(s.strip(), t.strip()), file=joined) + + bwd_align_file = os.path.join(args.output_dir, 'align.backward') + + # run forward alignment + fwd_align_file = os.path.join(args.output_dir, 'align.forward') + fwd_fast_align_cmd = '{FASTALIGN} -i {JOINED} -d -o -v > {FWD}'.format( + FASTALIGN=fast_align_bin, + JOINED=joined_file, + FWD=fwd_align_file) + assert os.system(fwd_fast_align_cmd) == 0 + + # run backward alignment + bwd_align_file = os.path.join(args.output_dir, 'align.backward') + bwd_fast_align_cmd = '{FASTALIGN} -i {JOINED} -d -o -v -r > {BWD}'.format( + FASTALIGN=fast_align_bin, + JOINED=joined_file, + BWD=bwd_align_file) + assert os.system(bwd_fast_align_cmd) == 0 + + # run symmetrization + sym_out_file = os.path.join(args.output_dir, 'aligned') + sym_cmd = '{SYMFASTALIGN} {FWD} {BWD} {SRC} {TGT} {OUT} {HEURISTIC} {SYMAL}'.format( + SYMFASTALIGN=sym_fast_align_bin, + FWD=fwd_align_file, + BWD=bwd_align_file, + SRC=args.source_file, + TGT=args.target_file, + OUT=sym_out_file, + HEURISTIC=args.sym_heuristic, + SYMAL=symal_bin + ) + assert os.system(sym_cmd) == 0 + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/compare_namespaces.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/compare_namespaces.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db5121189a9bb405f87a010857009afa29da744e --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/compare_namespaces.py @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python +"""Helper script to compare two argparse.Namespace objects.""" + +from argparse import Namespace # noqa + + +def main(): + + ns1 = eval(input('Namespace 1: ')) + ns2 = eval(input('Namespace 2: ')) + + def keys(ns): + ks = set() + for k in dir(ns): + if not k.startswith('_'): + ks.add(k) + return ks + + k1 = keys(ns1) + k2 = keys(ns2) + + def print_keys(ks, ns1, ns2=None): + for k in ks: + if ns2 is None: + print('{}\t{}'.format(k, getattr(ns1, k, None))) + else: + print('{}\t{}\t{}'.format(k, getattr(ns1, k, None), getattr(ns2, k, None))) + + print('Keys unique to namespace 1:') + print_keys(k1 - k2, ns1) + print() + + print('Keys unique to namespace 2:') + print_keys(k2 - k1, ns2) + print() + + print('Overlapping keys with different values:') + ks = [k for k in k1 & k2 if getattr(ns1, k, 'None') != getattr(ns2, k, 'None')] + print_keys(ks, ns1, ns2) + print() + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/compound_split_bleu.sh b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/compound_split_bleu.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1972fddcebff9a43a70bcf14c287175c68f60e3f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/compound_split_bleu.sh @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +if [ $# -ne 1 ]; then + echo "usage: $0 GENERATE_PY_OUTPUT" + exit 1 +fi + +GEN=$1 + +SYS=$GEN.sys +REF=$GEN.ref + +if [ $(tail -n 1 $GEN | grep BLEU | wc -l) -ne 1 ]; then + echo "not done generating" + exit +fi + +grep ^H $GEN | awk -F '\t' '{print $NF}' | perl -ple 's{(\S)-(\S)}{$1 ##AT##-##AT## $2}g' > $SYS +grep ^T $GEN | cut -f2- | perl -ple 's{(\S)-(\S)}{$1 ##AT##-##AT## $2}g' > $REF +fairseq-score --sys $SYS --ref $REF diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/convert_dictionary.lua b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/convert_dictionary.lua new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14ee8c997f642c8ff196617c2dcd0584037a60c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/convert_dictionary.lua @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +-- Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +-- +-- This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +-- LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +-- +-- Usage: convert_dictionary.lua +require 'fairseq' +require 'torch' +require 'paths' + +if #arg < 1 then + print('usage: convert_dictionary.lua ') + os.exit(1) +end +if not paths.filep(arg[1]) then + print('error: file does not exit: ' .. arg[1]) + os.exit(1) +end + +dict = torch.load(arg[1]) +dst = paths.basename(arg[1]):gsub('.th7', '.txt') +assert(dst:match('.txt$')) + +f = io.open(dst, 'w') +for idx, symbol in ipairs(dict.index_to_symbol) do + if idx > dict.cutoff then + break + end + f:write(symbol) + f:write(' ') + f:write(dict.index_to_freq[idx]) + f:write('\n') +end +f:close() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/convert_model.lua b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/convert_model.lua new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61b92139294fb90a25989ebd2ee52a765fb278a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/convert_model.lua @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +-- Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +-- +-- This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +-- LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +-- +-- Usage: convert_model.lua +require 'torch' +local fairseq = require 'fairseq' + +model = torch.load(arg[1]) + +function find_weight_norm(container, module) + for _, wn in ipairs(container:listModules()) do + if torch.type(wn) == 'nn.WeightNorm' and wn.modules[1] == module then + return wn + end + end +end + +function push_state(dict, key, module) + if torch.type(module) == 'nn.Linear' then + local wn = find_weight_norm(model.module, module) + assert(wn) + dict[key .. '.weight_v'] = wn.v:float() + dict[key .. '.weight_g'] = wn.g:float() + elseif torch.type(module) == 'nn.TemporalConvolutionTBC' then + local wn = find_weight_norm(model.module, module) + assert(wn) + local v = wn.v:float():view(wn.viewOut):transpose(2, 3) + dict[key .. '.weight_v'] = v + dict[key .. '.weight_g'] = wn.g:float():view(module.weight:size(3), 1, 1) + else + dict[key .. '.weight'] = module.weight:float() + end + if module.bias then + dict[key .. '.bias'] = module.bias:float() + end +end + +encoder_dict = {} +decoder_dict = {} +combined_dict = {} + +function encoder_state(encoder) + luts = encoder:findModules('nn.LookupTable') + push_state(encoder_dict, 'embed_tokens', luts[1]) + push_state(encoder_dict, 'embed_positions', luts[2]) + + fcs = encoder:findModules('nn.Linear') + assert(#fcs >= 2) + local nInputPlane = fcs[1].weight:size(1) + push_state(encoder_dict, 'fc1', table.remove(fcs, 1)) + push_state(encoder_dict, 'fc2', table.remove(fcs, #fcs)) + + for i, module in ipairs(encoder:findModules('nn.TemporalConvolutionTBC')) do + push_state(encoder_dict, 'convolutions.' .. tostring(i - 1), module) + if nInputPlane ~= module.weight:size(3) / 2 then + push_state(encoder_dict, 'projections.' .. tostring(i - 1), table.remove(fcs, 1)) + end + nInputPlane = module.weight:size(3) / 2 + end + assert(#fcs == 0) +end + +function decoder_state(decoder) + luts = decoder:findModules('nn.LookupTable') + push_state(decoder_dict, 'embed_tokens', luts[1]) + push_state(decoder_dict, 'embed_positions', luts[2]) + + fcs = decoder:findModules('nn.Linear') + local nInputPlane = fcs[1].weight:size(1) + push_state(decoder_dict, 'fc1', table.remove(fcs, 1)) + push_state(decoder_dict, 'fc2', fcs[#fcs - 1]) + push_state(decoder_dict, 'fc3', fcs[#fcs]) + + table.remove(fcs, #fcs) + table.remove(fcs, #fcs) + + for i, module in ipairs(decoder:findModules('nn.TemporalConvolutionTBC')) do + if nInputPlane ~= module.weight:size(3) / 2 then + push_state(decoder_dict, 'projections.' .. tostring(i - 1), table.remove(fcs, 1)) + end + nInputPlane = module.weight:size(3) / 2 + + local prefix = 'attention.' .. tostring(i - 1) + push_state(decoder_dict, prefix .. '.in_projection', table.remove(fcs, 1)) + push_state(decoder_dict, prefix .. '.out_projection', table.remove(fcs, 1)) + push_state(decoder_dict, 'convolutions.' .. tostring(i - 1), module) + end + assert(#fcs == 0) +end + + +_encoder = model.module.modules[2] +_decoder = model.module.modules[3] + +encoder_state(_encoder) +decoder_state(_decoder) + +for k, v in pairs(encoder_dict) do + combined_dict['encoder.' .. k] = v +end +for k, v in pairs(decoder_dict) do + combined_dict['decoder.' .. k] = v +end + + +torch.save('state_dict.t7', combined_dict) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/count_docs.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/count_docs.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d185398a7bda1fbea73e2818f3460a100bc1051 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/count_docs.py @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +""" +Count the number of documents and average number of lines and tokens per +document in a large file. Documents should be separated by a single empty line. +""" + +import argparse +import gzip +import sys + +import numpy as np + + +def main(): + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument('input') + parser.add_argument('--gzip', action='store_true') + args = parser.parse_args() + + def gopen(): + if args.gzip: + return gzip.open(args.input, 'r') + else: + return open(args.input, 'r', encoding='utf-8') + + num_lines = [] + num_toks = [] + with gopen() as h: + num_docs = 1 + num_lines_in_doc = 0 + num_toks_in_doc = 0 + for i, line in enumerate(h): + if len(line.strip()) == 0: # empty line indicates new document + num_docs += 1 + num_lines.append(num_lines_in_doc) + num_toks.append(num_toks_in_doc) + num_lines_in_doc = 0 + num_toks_in_doc = 0 + else: + num_lines_in_doc += 1 + num_toks_in_doc += len(line.rstrip().split()) + if i % 1000000 == 0: + print(i, file=sys.stderr, end="", flush=True) + elif i % 100000 == 0: + print(".", file=sys.stderr, end="", flush=True) + print(file=sys.stderr, flush=True) + + print("found {} docs".format(num_docs)) + print("average num lines per doc: {}".format(np.mean(num_lines))) + print("average num toks per doc: {}".format(np.mean(num_toks))) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/read_binarized.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/read_binarized.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f48409beb4d6fea124c9b99c34aa7539784eaaf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/read_binarized.py @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import argparse + +from fairseq.data import data_utils, Dictionary, indexed_dataset + + +def get_parser(): + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description='writes text from binarized file to stdout') + # fmt: off + parser.add_argument('--dataset-impl', help='dataset implementation', + choices=indexed_dataset.get_available_dataset_impl()) + parser.add_argument('--dict', metavar='FP', help='dictionary containing known words', default=None) + parser.add_argument('--input', metavar='FP', required=True, help='binarized file to read') + # fmt: on + + return parser + + +def main(): + parser = get_parser() + args = parser.parse_args() + + dictionary = Dictionary.load(args.dict) if args.dict is not None else None + dataset = data_utils.load_indexed_dataset( + args.input, + dictionary, + dataset_impl=args.dataset_impl, + default='lazy', + ) + + for tensor_line in dataset: + if dictionary is None: + line = ' '.join([str(int(x)) for x in tensor_line]) + else: + line = dictionary.string(tensor_line) + + print(line) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/rm_pt.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/rm_pt.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21976cee4f15db7508b6a8568237e53ccad50c5b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/rm_pt.py @@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import argparse +import os +import re +import shutil +import sys + + +pt_regexp = re.compile(r'checkpoint(\d+|_\d+_\d+|_[a-z]+)\.pt') +pt_regexp_epoch_based = re.compile(r'checkpoint(\d+)\.pt') +pt_regexp_update_based = re.compile(r'checkpoint_\d+_(\d+)\.pt') + + +def parse_checkpoints(files): + entries = [] + for f in files: + m = pt_regexp_epoch_based.fullmatch(f) + if m is not None: + entries.append((int(m.group(1)), m.group(0))) + else: + m = pt_regexp_update_based.fullmatch(f) + if m is not None: + entries.append((int(m.group(1)), m.group(0))) + return entries + + +def last_n_checkpoints(files, n): + entries = parse_checkpoints(files) + return [x[1] for x in sorted(entries, reverse=True)[:n]] + + +def every_n_checkpoints(files, n): + entries = parse_checkpoints(files) + return [x[1] for x in sorted(sorted(entries)[::-n])] + + +def main(): + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description=( + 'Recursively delete checkpoint files from `root_dir`, ' + 'but preserve checkpoint_best.pt and checkpoint_last.pt' + ) + ) + parser.add_argument('root_dirs', nargs='*') + parser.add_argument('--save-last', type=int, default=0, help='number of last checkpoints to save') + parser.add_argument('--save-every', type=int, default=0, help='interval of checkpoints to save') + parser.add_argument('--preserve-test', action='store_true', + help='preserve checkpoints in dirs that start with test_ prefix (default: delete them)') + parser.add_argument('--delete-best', action='store_true', help='delete checkpoint_best.pt') + parser.add_argument('--delete-last', action='store_true', help='delete checkpoint_last.pt') + parser.add_argument('--no-dereference', action='store_true', help='don\'t dereference symlinks') + args = parser.parse_args() + + files_to_desymlink = [] + files_to_preserve = [] + files_to_delete = [] + for root_dir in args.root_dirs: + for root, _subdirs, files in os.walk(root_dir): + if args.save_last > 0: + to_save = last_n_checkpoints(files, args.save_last) + else: + to_save = [] + if args.save_every > 0: + to_save += every_n_checkpoints(files, args.save_every) + for file in files: + if not pt_regexp.fullmatch(file): + continue + full_path = os.path.join(root, file) + if ( + ( + not os.path.basename(root).startswith('test_') + or args.preserve_test + ) + and ( + (file == 'checkpoint_last.pt' and not args.delete_last) + or (file == 'checkpoint_best.pt' and not args.delete_best) + or file in to_save + ) + ): + if os.path.islink(full_path) and not args.no_dereference: + files_to_desymlink.append(full_path) + else: + files_to_preserve.append(full_path) + else: + files_to_delete.append(full_path) + + if len(files_to_desymlink) == 0 and len(files_to_delete) == 0: + print('Nothing to do.') + sys.exit(0) + + files_to_desymlink = sorted(files_to_desymlink) + files_to_preserve = sorted(files_to_preserve) + files_to_delete = sorted(files_to_delete) + + print('Operations to perform (in order):') + if len(files_to_desymlink) > 0: + for file in files_to_desymlink: + print(' - preserve (and dereference symlink): ' + file) + if len(files_to_preserve) > 0: + for file in files_to_preserve: + print(' - preserve: ' + file) + if len(files_to_delete) > 0: + for file in files_to_delete: + print(' - delete: ' + file) + while True: + resp = input('Continue? (Y/N): ') + if resp.strip().lower() == 'y': + break + elif resp.strip().lower() == 'n': + sys.exit(0) + + print('Executing...') + if len(files_to_desymlink) > 0: + for file in files_to_desymlink: + realpath = os.path.realpath(file) + print('rm ' + file) + os.remove(file) + print('cp {} {}'.format(realpath, file)) + shutil.copyfile(realpath, file) + if len(files_to_delete) > 0: + for file in files_to_delete: + print('rm ' + file) + os.remove(file) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/sacrebleu_pregen.sh b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/sacrebleu_pregen.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6fd3dd3c04b20f0261f3b25ed8dfb37b8675205b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/sacrebleu_pregen.sh @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +if [ $# -ne 4 ]; then + echo "usage: $0 TESTSET SRCLANG TGTLANG GEN" + exit 1 +fi + +TESTSET=$1 +SRCLANG=$2 +TGTLANG=$3 + +GEN=$4 + +echo 'Cloning Moses github repository (for tokenization scripts)...' +git clone https://github.com/moses-smt/mosesdecoder.git + +SCRIPTS=mosesdecoder/scripts +DETOKENIZER=$SCRIPTS/tokenizer/detokenizer.perl + +grep ^H $GEN \ +| sed 's/^H\-//' \ +| sort -n -k 1 \ +| cut -f 3 \ +| perl $DETOKENIZER -l $TGTLANG \ +| sed "s/ - /-/g" \ +> $GEN.sorted.detok + +sacrebleu --test-set $TESTSET --language-pair "${SRCLANG}-${TGTLANG}" < $GEN.sorted.detok diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/shard_docs.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/shard_docs.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..87d7c22d4fae1b68777805efb73f43b08308ca6b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/shard_docs.py @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +""" +Split a large file into shards while respecting document boundaries. Documents +should be separated by a single empty line. +""" + +import argparse +import contextlib + + +def main(): + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument('input') + parser.add_argument('--num-shards', type=int) + args = parser.parse_args() + + assert args.num_shards is not None and args.num_shards > 1 + + with open(args.input, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as h: + with contextlib.ExitStack() as stack: + outputs = [ + stack.enter_context(open(args.input + ".shard" + str(i), "w", encoding="utf-8")) + for i in range(args.num_shards) + ] + + doc = [] + first_doc = [True]*args.num_shards + + def output_doc(i): + if not first_doc[i]: + outputs[i].write("\n") + first_doc[i] = False + for line in doc: + outputs[i].write(line) + doc.clear() + + num_docs = 0 + for line in h: + if line.strip() == "": # empty line indicates new document + output_doc(num_docs % args.num_shards) + num_docs += 1 + else: + doc.append(line) + output_doc(num_docs % args.num_shards) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/split_train_valid_docs.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/split_train_valid_docs.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9adf99634c59182b6da9ff258b2f3748135d7393 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/split_train_valid_docs.py @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. +""" +Split a large file into a train and valid set while respecting document +boundaries. Documents should be separated by a single empty line. +""" + +import argparse +import random +import sys + + +def main(): + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument('input') + parser.add_argument('sample_output', help='train output file') + parser.add_argument('remainder_output', help='valid output file') + parser.add_argument('-k', type=int, help="remainder size") + parser.add_argument('--lines', action='store_true', + help='split lines instead of docs') + args = parser.parse_args() + + assert args.k is not None + + sample = [] + remainder = [] + num_docs = [0] + + def update_sample(doc): + if len(sample) < args.k: + sample.append(doc.copy()) + else: + i = num_docs[0] + j = random.randrange(i + 1) + if j < args.k: + remainder.append(sample[j]) + sample[j] = doc.copy() + else: + remainder.append(doc.copy()) + num_docs[0] += 1 + doc.clear() + + with open(args.input, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as h: + doc = [] + for i, line in enumerate(h): + if line.strip() == "": # empty line indicates new document + update_sample(doc) + else: + doc.append(line) + if args.lines: + update_sample(doc) + if i % 1000000 == 0: + print(i, file=sys.stderr, end="", flush=True) + elif i % 100000 == 0: + print(".", file=sys.stderr, end="", flush=True) + if len(doc) > 0: + update_sample(doc) + print(file=sys.stderr, flush=True) + + assert len(sample) == args.k + + with open(args.sample_output, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as out: + first = True + for doc in sample: + if not first and not args.lines: + out.write("\n") + first = False + for line in doc: + out.write(line) + + with open(args.remainder_output, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as out: + first = True + for doc in remainder: + if not first and not args.lines: + out.write("\n") + first = False + for line in doc: + out.write(line) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/spm_decode.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/spm_decode.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd3961ab97b6c0c8c98f08765acc5a4f5340f7b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/spm_decode.py @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# All rights reserved. +# +# This source code is licensed under the license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals + +import argparse + +import sentencepiece as spm + + +def main(): + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument("--model", required=True, + help="sentencepiece model to use for decoding") + parser.add_argument("--input", required=True, help="input file to decode") + parser.add_argument("--input_format", choices=["piece", "id"], default="piece") + args = parser.parse_args() + + sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor() + sp.Load(args.model) + + if args.input_format == "piece": + def decode(l): + return "".join(sp.DecodePieces(l)) + elif args.input_format == "id": + def decode(l): + return "".join(sp.DecodeIds(l)) + else: + raise NotImplementedError + + def tok2int(tok): + # remap reference-side (represented as <>) to 0 + return int(tok) if tok != "<>" else 0 + + with open(args.input, "r", encoding="utf-8") as h: + for line in h: + if args.input_format == "id": + print(decode(list(map(tok2int, line.rstrip().split())))) + elif args.input_format == "piece": + print(decode(line.rstrip().split())) + +if __name__ == "__main__": + main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/spm_encode.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/spm_encode.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1cb54192aa7142383f8c3e094320ce6df1e9909 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/spm_encode.py @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# All rights reserved. +# +# This source code is licensed under the license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals + +import argparse +import contextlib +import sys + +import sentencepiece as spm + + +def main(): + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument("--model", required=True, + help="sentencepiece model to use for encoding") + parser.add_argument("--inputs", nargs="+", default=['-'], + help="input files to filter/encode") + parser.add_argument("--outputs", nargs="+", default=['-'], + help="path to save encoded outputs") + parser.add_argument("--output_format", choices=["piece", "id"], default="piece") + parser.add_argument("--min-len", type=int, metavar="N", + help="filter sentence pairs with fewer than N tokens") + parser.add_argument("--max-len", type=int, metavar="N", + help="filter sentence pairs with more than N tokens") + args = parser.parse_args() + + assert len(args.inputs) == len(args.outputs), \ + "number of input and output paths should match" + + sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor() + sp.Load(args.model) + + if args.output_format == "piece": + def encode(l): + return sp.EncodeAsPieces(l) + elif args.output_format == "id": + def encode(l): + return list(map(str, sp.EncodeAsIds(l))) + else: + raise NotImplementedError + + if args.min_len is not None or args.max_len is not None: + def valid(line): + return ( + (args.min_len is None or len(line) >= args.min_len) + and (args.max_len is None or len(line) <= args.max_len) + ) + else: + def valid(lines): + return True + + with contextlib.ExitStack() as stack: + inputs = [ + stack.enter_context(open(input, "r", encoding="utf-8")) \ + if input != "-" else sys.stdin + for input in args.inputs + ] + outputs = [ + stack.enter_context(open(output, "w", encoding="utf-8")) \ + if output != "-" else sys.stdout + for output in args.outputs + ] + + stats = { + "num_empty": 0, + "num_filtered": 0, + } + + def encode_line(line): + line = line.strip() + if len(line) > 0: + line = encode(line) + if valid(line): + return line + else: + stats["num_filtered"] += 1 + else: + stats["num_empty"] += 1 + return None + + for i, lines in enumerate(zip(*inputs), start=1): + enc_lines = list(map(encode_line, lines)) + if not any(enc_line is None for enc_line in enc_lines): + for enc_line, output_h in zip(enc_lines, outputs): + print(" ".join(enc_line), file=output_h) + if i % 10000 == 0: + print("processed {} lines".format(i), file=sys.stderr) + + print("skipped {} empty lines".format(stats["num_empty"]), file=sys.stderr) + print("filtered {} lines".format(stats["num_filtered"]), file=sys.stderr) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/spm_train.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/spm_train.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9db668fd4166a860198784990de68ea26157995d --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts/spm_train.py @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# All rights reserved. +# +# This source code is licensed under the license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals + +import sys + +import sentencepiece as spm + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + spm.SentencePieceTrainer.Train(" ".join(sys.argv[1:])) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/run_small_eval.sh b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/run_small_eval.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee818ad0f2b0c8737029d27428c10e8aa8f90ddd --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/run_small_eval.sh @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +#!/bin/bash +#SBATCH -p q_intel_gpu_nvidia_chenkh # 指定作业队列为gpu队列 +#SBATCH -n 1 +#SBATCH --gres=gpu:1 # 申请一张GPU卡 +#SBATCH -o small_simt_eval_bert_5_mid_last.out +k=5 +#设置变量 +src=de +tgt=en + +MODEL_TYPE=best + +MODEL=./checkpoints/debug_v3_F3_small_tf_wait${k}_iwslt_deen_bert + +output=debug_bert_val_wait$k.log + +python ../generate.py ../iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en \ + -s ${src} -t ${tgt} --gen-subset test \ + --path $MODEL/checkpoint_${MODEL_TYPE}.pt --task waitk_translation --eval-waitk $k \ + --model-overrides "{'max_source_positions': 1024, 'max_target_positions': 1024}" --left-pad-source False \ + --user-dir examples/waitk --no-progress-bar \ + --bert-model-name ./bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased --max-tokens 8000 --remove-bpe --beam 1 2>&1 | tee -a $output + +python ../examples/waitk/eval_delay.py $output + diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/run_small_train.sh b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/run_small_train.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a88db8cf2701d38393282aaee1a851d37ae86407 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/run_small_train.sh @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +#!/bin/bash +#SBATCH -p q_intel_gpu_nvidia_chenkh # 指定作业队列为gpu队列 +#SBATCH -n 1 +#SBATCH --gres=gpu:1 # 申请一张GPU卡 +#SBATCH -o small_simt_debug_bert_9_f3.out +k=9 +MODEL=debug_v3_F3_small_tf_wait${k}_iwslt_deen_bert +src=de +tgt=en +bedropout=0.5 +mkdir -p ./checkpoints/$MODEL +mkdir -p logs + +# 复制checkpoint_best.pt到新建的文件夹，并重命名为checkpoint_nmt.pt +cp -rf ./checkpoints/small_tf_wait${k}_iwslt_deen/checkpoint_best.pt ./checkpoints/$MODEL/checkpoint_nmt.pt + +CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python ../train.py ../iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en -s ${src} -t ${tgt} --left-pad-source False \ + --user-dir examples/waitk --arch waitk_transformer_iwslt_de_en \ + --save-dir checkpoints/$MODEL --tensorboard-logdir logs/$MODEL \ + --seed 1 --no-progress-bar --log-interval 10 \ + --optimizer adam --adam-betas '(0.9, 0.98)' --weight-decay 0.0001 \ + --max-tokens 4000 --update-freq 2 --max-update 50000 \ + --warmup-from-nmt --reset-lr-scheduler --warmup-nmt-file checkpoint_nmt.pt --bert-model-name ./bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased \ + --lr-scheduler inverse_sqrt --warmup-updates 4000 --warmup-init-lr '1e-07' --lr 0.0002 \ + --min-lr '1e-9' --criterion label_smoothed_cross_entropy --label-smoothing 0.1 \ + --share-decoder-input-output-embed --waitk $k --share-all-embeddings --encoder-bert-dropout --encoder-bert-dropout-ratio $bedropout \ + + +# --no-epoch-checkpoints \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/v1_debug_\345\210\235\345\247\213\350\260\203\351\200\232/run_generate_eval.sh" "b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/v1_debug_\345\210\235\345\247\213\350\260\203\351\200\232/run_generate_eval.sh" new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f49195cc699329976a3d021c5ee3eb11e8d5f109 --- /dev/null +++ "b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/v1_debug_\345\210\235\345\247\213\350\260\203\351\200\232/run_generate_eval.sh" @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +#!/bin/sh +#SBATCH -p q_intel_gpu_nvidia # 指定作业队列为gpu队列 +#SBATCH -n 1 +#SBATCH --gres=gpu:1 # 申请一张GPU卡 +#SBATCH -o fairseq_generate_eval.out + +# 设置变量 +src=de +tgt=en + +# 使用什么类型的model做推理和评价 +model=last + +data_dir=../iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en +model_dir=../checkpoints/iwed_de_en_0.5/checkpoint_${model}.pt +result_data_dir=../result_iwslt14_de_en/${model}_beam8.txt +extract_predict_result=../result_iwslt14_de_en/predict_${model}.tok.true.en +extract_answer_result=../result_iwslt14_de_en/answer_${model}.tok.true.en + +# 运行fairseq生成 +python ../generate.py ${data_dir} --path ${model_dir} \ + --source-lang ${src} --target-lang ${tgt} --bert-model-name ../bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased \ + --batch-size 128 --beam 8 --remove-bpe > ${result_data_dir} + +# 处理生成的结果文件 +grep ^H ${result_data_dir} | cut -f3- > ${extract_predict_result} +grep ^T ${result_data_dir} | cut -f2- > ${extract_answer_result} + +# 使用multi-bleu计算BLEU分数 +SCRIPTS=~/online1/andongchen/SimTranslation/mosesdecoder/scripts +MULTI_BLEU=${SCRIPTS}/generic/multi-bleu.perl +${MULTI_BLEU} -lc ${extract_answer_result} < ${extract_predict_result} diff --git "a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/v1_debug_\345\210\235\345\247\213\350\260\203\351\200\232/run_small_eval.sh" "b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/v1_debug_\345\210\235\345\247\213\350\260\203\351\200\232/run_small_eval.sh" new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0060a034711a2d1d218477386ec3cfff91d5a831 --- /dev/null +++ "b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/v1_debug_\345\210\235\345\247\213\350\260\203\351\200\232/run_small_eval.sh" @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +#!/bin/bash +#SBATCH -p q_intel_gpu_nvidia # 指定作业队列为gpu队列 +#SBATCH -n 1 +#SBATCH --gres=gpu:1 # 申请一张GPU卡 +#SBATCH -o small_simt_k1_eval_bert.out +k=1 +#设置变量 +src=de +tgt=en + +output=bert_val_wait$k.log + +python ../generate.py ../iwslt14_small/bi_iwslt_de_en \ + -s ${src} -t ${tgt} --gen-subset test \ + --path ./checkpoints/small_tf_wait${k}_transformer_small_deen_bert/checkpoint_last.pt --task waitk_translation --eval-waitk $k \ + --model-overrides "{'max_source_positions': 1024, 'max_target_positions': 1024}" --left-pad-source False \ + --user-dir examples/waitk --no-progress-bar \ + --bert-model-name ./bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased --max-tokens 8000 --remove-bpe --beam 1 2>&1 | tee -a $output + +python ../examples/waitk/eval_delay.py $output + diff --git "a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/v1_debug_\345\210\235\345\247\213\350\260\203\351\200\232/run_small_train.sh" "b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/v1_debug_\345\210\235\345\247\213\350\260\203\351\200\232/run_small_train.sh" new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a243e19bd7f8a12f03dcf630702b5e021efe3a2 --- /dev/null +++ "b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/v1_debug_\345\210\235\345\247\213\350\260\203\351\200\232/run_small_train.sh" @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +#!/bin/bash +#SBATCH -p q_intel_gpu_nvidia # 指定作业队列为gpu队列 +#SBATCH -n 1 +#SBATCH --gres=gpu:1 # 申请一张GPU卡 +#SBATCH -o small_simt_debug_bert.out +k=1 +MODEL=small_tf_wait1_transformer_small_deen_bert +src=de +tgt=en +mkdir -p ./checkpoints/$MODEL +mkdir -p logs +python ../train.py ../iwslt14_small/bi_iwslt_de_en -s ${src} -t ${tgt} --left-pad-source False \ + --user-dir examples/waitk --arch waitk_transformer_small \ + --save-dir checkpoints/$MODEL --tensorboard-logdir logs/$MODEL \ + --seed 1 --no-epoch-checkpoints --no-progress-bar --log-interval 10 \ + --optimizer adam --adam-betas '(0.9, 0.98)' --weight-decay 0.0001 \ + --max-tokens 4000 --update-freq 2 --max-update 50000 \ + --warmup-from-nmt --reset-lr-scheduler --warmup-nmt-file checkpoint_nmt.pt --bert-model-name ./bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased \ + --lr-scheduler inverse_sqrt --warmup-updates 4000 --warmup-init-lr '1e-07' --lr 0.002 \ + --min-lr '1e-9' --criterion label_smoothed_cross_entropy --label-smoothing 0.1 \ + --share-decoder-input-output-embed --waitk $k --bert-model-name ./bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased diff --git "a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/v1_debug_\345\210\235\345\247\213\350\260\203\351\200\232/run_train_bert_nmt.sh" "b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/v1_debug_\345\210\235\345\247\213\350\260\203\351\200\232/run_train_bert_nmt.sh" new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44941a71cb86301d27a72da9db70e08ccf4aeef3 --- /dev/null +++ "b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/scripts_cad/v1_debug_\345\210\235\345\247\213\350\260\203\351\200\232/run_train_bert_nmt.sh" @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +#!/bin/sh +#SBATCH -p q_intel_gpu_nvidia # 指定作业队列为gpu队列 +#SBATCH -n 1 +#SBATCH --gres=gpu:1 # 申请一张GPU卡 +#SBATCH -o train_bert_nmt.out +# translation +k=1 +src=de +tgt=en +bedropout=0.5 +ARCH=waitk_transformer_small +DATAPATH=../iwslt14_small/bi_iwslt_de_en +SAVEDIR=./checkpoints/iwed_${src}_${tgt}_${bedropout} +mkdir -p $SAVEDIR + +python ../train.py $DATAPATH \ + -a $ARCH --optimizer adam --lr 0.0005 -s $src -t $tgt --label-smoothing 0.1 \ + --dropout 0.3 --max-tokens 4000 --min-lr '1e-09' --lr-scheduler inverse_sqrt --weight-decay 0.0001 \ + --criterion label_smoothed_cross_entropy --max-update 150000 --warmup-updates 4000 --warmup-init-lr '1e-07' \ + --adam-betas '(0.9,0.98)' --save-dir $SAVEDIR --share-all-embeddings --warmup-from-nmt --reset-lr-scheduler --warmup-nmt-file checkpoint_nmt.pt\ + --encoder-bert-dropout --encoder-bert-dropout-ratio $bedropout \ + --bert-model-name ../bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased | tee -a $SAVEDIR/training.log \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/setup.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/setup.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e2358c7a4ecfa03760a9727ea376f10c71a8f6d --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/setup.py @@ -0,0 +1,162 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import os +from setuptools import setup, find_packages, Extension +import sys + + +if sys.version_info < (3, 6): + sys.exit('Sorry, Python >= 3.6 is required for fairseq.') + + +with open('README.md') as f: + readme = f.read() + + +if sys.platform == 'darwin': + extra_compile_args = ['-stdlib=libc++', '-O3'] +else: + extra_compile_args = ['-std=c++11', '-O3'] + + +class NumpyExtension(Extension): + """Source: https://stackoverflow.com/a/54128391""" + + def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): + self.__include_dirs = [] + super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) + + @property + def include_dirs(self): + import numpy + return self.__include_dirs + [numpy.get_include()] + + @include_dirs.setter + def include_dirs(self, dirs): + self.__include_dirs = dirs + + +extensions = [ + Extension( + 'fairseq.libbleu', + sources=[ + 'fairseq/clib/libbleu/libbleu.cpp', + 'fairseq/clib/libbleu/module.cpp', + ], + extra_compile_args=extra_compile_args, + ), + NumpyExtension( + 'fairseq.data.data_utils_fast', + sources=['fairseq/data/data_utils_fast.pyx'], + language='c++', + extra_compile_args=extra_compile_args, + ), + NumpyExtension( + 'fairseq.data.token_block_utils_fast', + sources=['fairseq/data/token_block_utils_fast.pyx'], + language='c++', + extra_compile_args=extra_compile_args, + ), +] + + +cmdclass = {} + + +try: + # torch is not available when generating docs + from torch.utils import cpp_extension + extensions.extend([ + cpp_extension.CppExtension( + 'fairseq.libnat', + sources=[ + 'fairseq/clib/libnat/edit_dist.cpp', + ], + ) + ]) + + if 'CUDA_HOME' in os.environ: + extensions.extend([ + cpp_extension.CppExtension( + 'fairseq.libnat_cuda', + sources=[ + 'fairseq/clib/libnat_cuda/edit_dist.cu', + 'fairseq/clib/libnat_cuda/binding.cpp' + ], + )]) + cmdclass['build_ext'] = cpp_extension.BuildExtension + +except ImportError: + pass + + +if 'READTHEDOCS' in os.environ: + # don't build extensions when generating docs + extensions = [] + if 'build_ext' in cmdclass: + del cmdclass['build_ext'] + + # use CPU build of PyTorch + dependency_links = [ + 'https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu/torch-1.3.0%2Bcpu-cp36-cp36m-linux_x86_64.whl' + ] +else: + dependency_links = [] + + +if 'clean' in sys.argv[1:]: + # Source: https://bit.ly/2NLVsgE + print("deleting Cython files...") + import subprocess + subprocess.run(['rm -f fairseq/*.so fairseq/**/*.so fairseq/*.pyd fairseq/**/*.pyd'], shell=True) + + +setup( + name='fairseq', + version='0.9.0', + description='Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit', + url='https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq', + classifiers=[ + 'Intended Audience :: Science/Research', + 'License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License', + 'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6', + 'Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Artificial Intelligence', + ], + long_description=readme, + long_description_content_type='text/markdown', + setup_requires=[ + 'cython', + 'numpy', + 'setuptools>=18.0', + ], + install_requires=[ + 'cffi', + 'cython', + 'numpy', + 'regex', + 'sacrebleu', + 'torch', + 'tqdm', + ], + dependency_links=dependency_links, + packages=find_packages(exclude=['scripts', 'tests']), + ext_modules=extensions, + test_suite='tests', + entry_points={ + 'console_scripts': [ + 'fairseq-eval-lm = fairseq_cli.eval_lm:cli_main', + 'fairseq-generate = fairseq_cli.generate:cli_main', + 'fairseq-interactive = fairseq_cli.interactive:cli_main', + 'fairseq-preprocess = fairseq_cli.preprocess:cli_main', + 'fairseq-score = fairseq_cli.score:cli_main', + 'fairseq-train = fairseq_cli.train:cli_main', + 'fairseq-validate = fairseq_cli.validate:cli_main', + ], + }, + cmdclass=cmdclass, + zip_safe=False, +) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/test.bert.de b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/test.bert.de new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..710a4c7b5091ac226a6182d600d688b5f173a9ba --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/test.bert.de @@ -0,0 +1,6750 @@ +wissen sie, eines der großen vernügen beim reisen und eine der freuden bei der ethnographischen forschung ist, gemeinsam mit den menschen zu leben, die sich noch an die alten tage erinnern können. die ihre vergangenheit noch immer im wind spüren, sie auf vom regen geglätteten steinen berühren, sie in den bitteren blättern der pflanzen schmecken. +einfach das wissen, dass jaguar-schamanen noch immer jenseits der milchstraße reisen oder die bedeutung der mythen der ältesten der inuit noch voller bedeutung sind, oder dass im himalaya die buddhisten noch immer den atem des dharma verfolgen, bedeutet, sich die zentrale offenbarung der anthropologie ins gedächtnis zu rufen, das ist der gedanke, dass die welt, in der wir leben, nicht in einem absoluten sinn existiert, sondern nur als ein modell der realität, als eine folge einer gruppe von bestimmten möglichkeiten der anpassung die unsere ahnen, wenngleich erfolgreich, vor vielen generationen wählten. +und natürlich teilen wir alle dieselben anpassungsnotwendigkeiten. +wir werden alle geboren. wir bringen kinder zur welt. +wir durchlaufen initiationsrituale. +wir müssen uns mit der unaufhaltsamen trennung durch den tod auseinandersetzen und somit sollte es uns nicht überraschen, dass wir alle singen, tanzen und und kunst hervorbringen. +aber interessant ist der einzigartige tonfall des liedes, der rhythmus des tanzes in jeder kultur. +dabei spielt es keine rolle, ob es sich um die penan in den wäldern von borneo handelt, oder die voodoo-akolythen in haiti, oder die krieger in der kaisut-wüste von nordkenia, die curanderos in den anden, oder eine karawanserei mitten in der sahara. dies ist zufällig der kollege, mit dem ich vor einem monat in die wüste gereist bin. oder selbst ein yak-hirte an den hängen des qomolangma, everest, der gottmutter der welt. +all diese menschen lehren uns, dass es noch andere existenzmöglichkeiten, andere denkweisen, andere wege zur orientierung auf der erde gibt. +und das ist eine vorstellung, die, wenn man darüber nachdenkt, einen nur mit hoffnung erfüllen kann. +zusammen bilden die unzähligen kulturen der welt ein netz aus spirituellem und kulturellem leben, das die erde umhüllt und für das wohl der erde genauso wichtig ist, wie das biologische lebensnetz, das man als biosphäre kennt. +man kann sich dieses kulturelle lebensnetz als eine ethnosphäre vorstellen. ethnosphäre kann dabei als die gesamtsumme aller gedanken und träume, mythen ideen, inspirationen und intuitionen, die von der menschlichen vorstellungskraft seit den anfängen des bewusstseins hervorgebracht wurden, definiert werden. +die ethnosphäre ist das großartige vermächtnis der menschheit. +sie ist das symbol all dessen, was wir sind und wozu wir als erstaunlich wissbegierige spezies fähig sind. +und genauso wie die biosphäre stark abgetragen wurde, geschah dies mit der ethnosphäre -- nur mit noch größerer geschwindigkeit. +kein biologe würde zum beispiel wagen zu behaupten, dass 50% oder mehr aller arten kurz vor dem aussterben sind, da es einfach nicht stimmt. und doch, dieses -- das apokalyptischste szenarium auf dem gebiet der biologischen vielfalt -- entspricht kaum dem, was uns als optimistischstes szenarium auf dem gebiet der kulturellen vielfalt bekannt ist. +und der entscheidende indikator dafür ist das aussterben der sprachen. +als jeder von ihnen in diesem raum geboren wurde, wurden auf der erde 6000 sprachen gesprochen. +nun ist eine sprache nicht nur die gesamtheit des vokabulars oder eine reihe von grammatikregeln. +eine sprache ist ausdruck des menschlichen geistes. +sie ist ein mittel, mit der die seele einer bestimmten kultur zugang zu der materiellen welt findet. +jede sprache ist wie ein altbestehender wald des geistes, ein wendepunkt, ein gedanke, ein ökosystem spiritueller möglichkeiten. +und von diesen 6000 sprachen werden heute, während wir hier in monterey sitzen, genau die hälfte nicht mehr in die ohren von kindern geflüstert. +sie werden kleinkindern nicht mehr beigebracht. das heißt, wenn nichts unternommen wird, sind sie tatsächlich bereits tot. +was könnte einsamer sein, als vom schweigen umhüllt zu sein, einer der letzten deines volkes zu sein, die deine sprache sprechen, keine möglichkeit zu haben, die weisheit der vorfahren weiterzugeben, oder die hoffnung kinder zu erwarten? +und doch widerfährt dieses schreckliche schicksal tatsächlich jemandem irgendwo auf der erde, ca. aller zwei wochen, denn aller zwei wochen, stirbt ein älterer mensch und nimmt die letzten silben einer alten sprache mit sich ins grab. +und ich weiß, dass einige von ihnen sagen: "ist es nicht besser so?" wäre die welt nicht ein besserer ort, wenn wir alle nur eine sprache sprechen würden? "und ich sage:" gut, lass diese sprache yoruba sein. lass sie kantonesisch sein. +lass sie kogi sein. " +und dann würden sie plötzlich erkennen, wie es wäre, wenn sie ihre eigene sprache nicht sprechen könnten. +deshalb möchte ich sie heute gewissermaßen auf eine reise durch die ethnosphäre mitnehmen, eine kurze reise durch die ethnosphäre, um zu versuchen, ihnen verständlich zu machen, was tatsächlich verloren gegangen ist. +nun gibt es einige unter uns, die gewissermaßen vergessen, dass ich, wenn ich sage "verschiedene möglichkeiten des seins," wirklich verschiedene möglichkeiten des seins meine. +nehmen sie zum beispiel dieses kind der barasana im nordwesten des amazonas, das volk der anakonda, glauben, dass sie mythologisch den milchfluss vom osten her im bauch von heiligen schlangen heraufkamen. +das ist ein volk, welches nicht kognitiv zwischen den farben blau und grün unterscheidet, da das himmelszelt dem wald, von dem die menschen abhängen, gleichgestellt ist. +sie haben eine eigenartige sprache und eine heiratsvorschrift die linguistische exogamie genannt wird: man muss jemanden heiraten, der eine andere sprache spricht. +all dies wurzelt in der mythologischen vergangenheit. das eigenartige an diesen großen häusern, in denen aufgrund der mischehen sechs oder sieben sprachen gesprochen werden, ist jedoch, dass man niemals jemanden hört, der eine sprache lernt. +sie hören nur zu und beginnen dann zu sprechen. +oder, einer der faszinierendsten stämme, mit denen ich jemals gelebt habe, die waorani im nordosten von ecuador, ein erstaunliches volk, das erstmals im jahr 1958 friedlich kontaktiert wurde. +im jahr 1957 versuchten fünf missionare kontakt aufzunehmen und machten einen schwerwiegenden fehler. +sie warfen glänzende fotos von sich aus der luft herab, was wir als freundliche geste bewerten würden. dabei vergaßen sie, dass diese menschen aus dem regenwald in ihrem leben noch niemals etwas zweidimensionales gesehen hatten. +sie hoben diese fotografien vom waldboden auf, versuchten hinter das gesicht oder die figur zu sehen, fanden nichts und schlussfolgerten, dass dies visitenkarten des teufels seien und töteten die fünf missionare mit dem speer. +aber die waorani töteten nicht nur außenstehende mit dem speer. +sie durchbohrten sich gegenseitig. +54% der todesfälle geschahen durch durchbohrungen. +wir verfolgten die geneaologie acht generationen zurück und fanden zwei fälle eines natürlichen todes und als wir die menschen mit nachdruck etwas darüber ausfragten, gaben sie zu, dass einer der leute so alt geworden war, dass er aufgrund seines alters starb und wir töteten ihn trotzdem mit dem speer. +aber gleichzeitig hatten sie eine klare kenntnis des waldes, die erstaunlich war. +ihre jäger konnten den urin eines tieres aus 40 schritten entfernung riechen und bestimmen, zu welcher tierart dieser gehörte. +in den frühen 80iger jahren bekam ich eine wirklich erstaunliche aufgabe, als mich mein professor in harvard fragte, ob ich daran interessiert wäre, nach haiti zu gehen und die geheimen gesellschaften zu infiltrieren, die das fundament der stärke von duvalier und tonton macoutes waren und das gift, das dafür benutzt wurde, um zombies zu machen, sicherzustellen. +um dieser sensation einen sinn zu geben musste ich natürlich etwas über diesen bemerkenswerten glauben des vodoun wissen und voodoo is kein kult der schwarzen magie. +im gegenteil, es handelt sich um eine komplexe metaphysische weltsicht. +es ist interessant. +wenn ich sie fragen würde, die großen weltreligionen aufzuzählen, was würden sie sagen? +christentum, islam, buddhismus, judaismus oder was auch immer. +ein kontinent wird immer ausgelassen, denn die vermutung war, dass es in schwarzafrika keinen religiösen glauben gebe. natürlich gab es einen und voodoo ist einfach das überbleibsel dieser sehr tiefgehenden religiösen gedanken, die während der tragischen diaspora der sklavereizeit herüberkamen. +aber was voodoo so interessant macht, ist diese lebendige beziehung zwischen den lebenden und den toten. +die lebenden gebären die geister. +die geister können von unter dem großen wasser heraufbeschwört werden, antworten auf den rhythmus des tanzes, um die seele des lebenden vorübergehend zu verdrängen, so dass der akolyth für einen kurzen glänzenden moment zum gott wird. +deshab sagen die voodooisten gerne, "ihr weißen geht in die kirche und sprecht über gott. +wir tanzen im tempel und werden zu gott. " +und weil du besessen bist, wirst du von dem geist eingenommen. wie kann dir schaden zugefügt werden? +sehen sie diese erstaunlichen demonstrationen: voodoo-akolythen in einem trancezustand, die glühende kohle ohne verbrennung anfassend, eine erstaunliche veranschaulichung der fähigkeit des geistes den körper so zu beeinflussen, dass dieser es aushält, wenn er in einen zustand der extremen erregung versetzt wird. +nun, von allen menschen, die ich getroffen habe, waren die kogi aus der sierra nevada de santa marta in nordkolumbien, die außergewöhnlichsten. +nachkommen der alten tyrannischen zivilisation, die die karibische küstenebene von kolumbien bevölkerten und in folge der eroberung zog sich dieses volk in ein isoliertes vulkanisches massiv zurück, das über der karibischen küstenebene aufsteigt. +in einem blutbefleckten kontinent, waren diese menschen die einzigen, die nie von den spaniern erobert wurden. +bis zum heutigen tag, werden sie von einer rituellen priesterschaft regiert. die ausbildung zur priesterschaft ist jedoch sehr außergewöhnlich. +die jungen akolythen werden im alter von drei und vier jahren von ihren familien getrennt und in einer schattenhaften welt der finsternis, in steinhütten am fuße der gletscher für 18 jahre abgeschottet. zwei zeiträume von jeweils neun jahren, absichtlich gewählt, um die neun monate der schwangerschaft nachzuahmen, die sie im schoß ihrer leiblichen mutter verbrachten, verbringen sie nun metamorphorisch im schoß der großen mutter. +und während dieser ganzen zeit, werden sie kulturell in die werte ihrer gesellschaft eingeführt. werte, die die behauptung aufrechterhalten, dass ihre gebete und nur ihre gebete, die kosmische -- oder wir könnten sagen das ökologische -- gleichgewicht aufrechterhalten. +am ende dieser erstaunlichen initiation werden sie eines tages plötzlich nach draußen genommen und zum ersten mal in ihrem leben, im alter von 18 jahren, sehen sie einen sonnenaufgang. und in diesem kristallklaren moment des bewusstseins des ersten lichts, wenn die sonne beginnt auf die hänge der erstaunlich schönen landschaft zu strahlen, wird plötzlich alles, was sie im abstrakten gelernt haben in erstaunlicher pracht bestätigt. und der priester tritt zurück und sagt, "seht ihr? es ist wirklich, wie ich euch erzählt habe. +es ist so wunderbar. ihr müsst es beschützen. " +sie nennen sich die älteren brüder und sagen, dass wir, die wir die jüngeren brüder sind, für die zerstörung der welt verantwortlich sind. +nun diese ebene der intuition wird sehr wichtig. +immer wenn wir an eingeborene und landschaft denken, beschwören wir entweder rousseau und das alte gerücht des noblen wilden herauf, welches in seiner vereinfachung ein rassistischer gedanke ist oder andererseits thoreau und sagen, diese menschen sind mehr mit der natur verbunden, als wir. +also, eingeborene sind weder sentimental, noch werden sie von der nostalgie geschwächt. +es bleibt nicht viel platz dafür in den malariaverseuchten sümpfen von asmat oder den kalten winden von tibet, sie haben jedoch trotzdem, durch zeit und ritual einen geheimnisvollen nimbus der erde geformt, der nicht auf der idee beruht, ihr bewusst nahe zu sein, sondern auf einer weit subtileren intuition, der idee, dass die erde an sich nur existieren kann, weil sie in das menschliche bewusstsein hineingeatmet wird. +nun, was bedeutet das? +es bedeutet, dass ein kleines kind aus den anden, das in dem glauben aufwächst, dass der berg ein apu-geist ist, der sein oder ihr schicksal bestimmen, wird ein ganz anderer mensch werden, und eine andere beziehung zu dieser ressource oder diesem ort haben, als ein kleines kind aus montana, das in dem glauben aufwächst, dass ein berg ein haufen steine ist, der abgetragen werden kann. +ob er ein aufenthaltsort eines geistes oder ein haufen erz ist, ist irrelevant. +das interessante ist die metapher, welche die beziehung zwischen dem individuum und der natur definiert. +ich wuchs in den wäldern von britisch kolumbien auf und glaubte, dass diese wälder dazu da sind, gerodet zu werden. +das machte mich zu einem anderen menschen als meine freunde unter den kwakiutl, die glauben, dass diese wälder der aufenthaltsort von hukuk und dem gebogenen himmelsschnabel und den kannibalischen geister sind, die am nordende der welt wohnen, geister, die sie an ihrer hamatsa-initiation beteiligen würden. +nun, wenn man beginnt, die idee zu betrachten, dass diese kulturen verschiedene realitäten kreieren können, kann man einige ihrer außergewöhnlichen entdeckungen verstehen. z.b. diese pflanze hier. +es ist ein foto, das ich erst letzten april im nordwesten des amazonas aufnahm. +dies ist ayahuasca, von der viele von ihnen gehört haben, das stärkste psychoaktive präparat aus dem repertoire des schamanen. +was ayahuasca so faszinierend macht, ist nicht nur das pharmakologische potential dieses präparats, sondern dessen verarbeitung. es wird wirklich aus zwei verschiedenen quellen hergestellt. auf der einen seite, gibt es diese hölzerne liane, die eine reihe von betakarbolinen, harmin, harmolin, leicht halluzinogen, birgt. diese kletterpflanze allein einzunehmen ist ungefähr so als ob sich ein blauer trüber rauch auf ihr bewusstsein legt, es wird jedoch mit den blättern eines strauchs aus der familie der kaffeepflanzen mit dem namen psychotria viridis vermischt. +diese pflanze enthält einige sehr starke tryptamine die dem serotonin, dimethyltryptamin-5 und methoxydimethyltryptamin sehr ähnlich sind. +falls sie schon einmal die yanomami gesehen haben, wie sie dieses zeug schnupfen, diese substanz, die sie aus verschiedenen arten herstellen enthält ebenfalls methoxydimethyltryptamin. +dieses puder zu schnupfen ist ungefähr so wie aus einem gewehrlauf beschossen zu werden, gesäumt von barocken gemälden und der landung auf einem meer von elektrizität. +es wird keine verzerrung der realität erzeugt, sondern die auflösung der realität. +ich habe sogar mit meinem professor, richard evan shultes, der mann, der die psychedelische ärea mit der entdeckung der magischen pilze in mexiko in den 30iger jahren eingeleitet hat, darüber diskutiert. ich behauptete, dass man diese tryptamine nicht als halluzinogen einordnen konnte, da in dem moment in dem man die auswirkungen spürt, man nicht mehr da ist, um eine halluzination zu erfahren. +aber die sache mit tryptaminen ist die, dass sie nicht oral eingenommen werden können, da sie durch ein im menschlichen darm natürlich vorkommendes enzym mit namen monoamin-oxidase, denaturiert werden. +sie können nur in verbindung mit einigen anderen chemikalien oral eingenommen werden, die die mao denaturieren. +nun das faszinierende ist, dass die betakarboline, die in der liane enthalten sind, mao-inhibitoren von genau der art sind, die notwendig ist, um die tryptamine zu potenzieren. fragen sie sich also selbst. +wie können diese menschen aus einer flora von 80.000 arten adstringierender pflanzen diese zwei morphologisch nicht verwandten pflanzen finden, die, wenn auf diese weise kombiniert, eine art von biochemischer version schaffen, so dass das ganze größer als die summe seiner teile ist? +wir verwenden diesen großartigen euphemismus, versuch und fehler, was sich als bedeutungslos herausstellt. +aber fragt man die indianer sagen sie: "die pflanze spricht zu uns." +also, was bedeutet das? +dieser stamm, die cofan, haben 17 varianten an ayahuasca, die sie alle bei großer entfernung im wald erkennen, die für unsere augen als eine art erscheinen. +und dann fragt man sie, wie sie ihre taxonomie begründen und sie sagen: "ich dachte du verstehst etwas von pflanzen. +ich meine, weißt du überhaupt nichts? "und ich sagte:" nein. " +also, es stellt sich heraus, dass man jede der 17 varianten bei vollmond mitnimmt und sie singen zu einem in einer verschiedenen tonlage. +nun, das bringt ihnen keinen doktortitel in harvard, aber es ist viel interessanter als stamina zu zählen. +nun, das problem- das problem ist, dass selbst diejenigen unter uns, die sympathie für die schwierige lage der eingeborenen haben, sie als orginiell und farbenfroh ansehen, sie jedoch irgendwie auf die vergangenheit beschränken, während die reale welt, d.h. unsere welt, fortschreitet. +also, tatsache ist, dass man sich an das 20. jahrhundert, in 300 jahren nicht für seine kriege oder technischen innovationen erinnern wird, sondern vielmehr als an eine ära, in der wir zugegen waren und die massive zerstörung der biologischen und kulturellen vielfalt auf der erde entweder aktiv unterstützten oder passiv akzeptierten. also das problem ist nicht die veränderung. +alle kulturen haben sich immer wieder an dem tanz mit neuen lebenmöglichkeiten beteiligt. +und das problem ist nicht die technologie an sich. +die sioux-indianer hörten nicht weniger auf sioux zu sein, als sie bogen und pfeil aufgaben, als die amerikaner aufhörten amerikaner zu sein, als sie pferd und pferdewagen aufgaben. +nicht veränderung und technologie bedrohen die integrität der ethnosphäre. es ist macht. das hässliche gesicht der herrschaft. +und wo auch immer man sich in der welt umsieht, man wird entdecken, dass diese kulturen nicht dem untergang geweiht sind. dies sind dynamisch lebende völker, deren existenz durch erkennbare kräfte verdrängt wird die über ihre kapazität der anpassung hinausgehen. ob es sich dabei um die ungeheuerliche abholzung im heimatland der penan handelt, einem nomadenvolk aus südostasien, von sarawak, einem volk, das vor einer generation frei in dem wald lebte, und jetzt zu knechtschaft und prostitution am flussufer erniedrigt wurde, von wo sie sehen können, dass selbst der fluss mit dem schlamm verschmutzt wird, der fast halb borneo in das südchinesische meer wegzuschwemmen scheint. von wo die japanischen frachter am horizont zu sehen sind, die bereit sind, ihre schiffsräume mit rohen baumstämmen zu füllen, die sie dem wald entrissen haben. oder wie im fall der yanomami, wo es krankheitsträger sind, die während des goldrauschs eingeschleppt wurden. +oder wenn wir in die berge von tibet gehen, wo ich neuerlich viel forsche, wird man das hässliche gesicht der politischen dominanz sehen. +wissen sie, der genozid, das phyische aussterben von menschen wird allgemein verurteilt, aber der ethnozid, die zerstörung der lebensweise der menschen, wird nicht nur nicht verurteilt, sondern allgemein und vielerorts als teil einer entwicklungsstrategie gefeiert. +und sie können das leiden tibets nicht verstehen, wenn sie es nicht auf unterster ebene erlebt haben. +ich reiste einmal mit einem jungen kollegen 6000 meilen von chengdu in westchina überland durch südost-tibet nach lhasa und erst als ich nach lhasa kam sah ich das gesicht hinter den statistiken von denen man hört. 6000 heilige monumente, die in schutt und asche verwandelt wurden. 1,2 millionen menschen, die während der kulturrevolution von den kadern ermordet wurden. +der vater dieses jungen manns wurde als anhänger des panchen lama identifiziert. +das bedeutete, dass er während der chinesischen invasion sofort umgebracht wurde. +sein onkel floh mit ihrer heiligkeit in die diaspora, die leute nach nepal brachte. +seine mutter wurde eingesperrt, als bestrafung für -- für das verbrechen wohlhabend zu sein. +er wurde im alter von zwei jahren in das gefängnis geschmuggelt, um sich unter ihrem rockzipfel zu verstecken, da sie ohne ihn nicht leben konnte. +die schwester, die diese tapfere tat beging, wurde in ein erziehungslager gebracht. +eines tages trat sie aus versehen auf ein armband maos und für diese übertretung musste sie für sieben jahre in ein schweres arbeitslager. +das leiden tibets kann unerträglich sein, aber der erlösende geist der menschen ist etwas unvergessliches. +und am ende stehen wir wirklich vor einer wahl. möchten wir in einer monochromatischen welt der monotonie oder in einer polychromatischen welt der vielfalt leben? +margaret mead, die große anthropologin sagte bevor sie starb, dass es ihre größte angst ist, dass während wir uns in richtung einer faden, gestaltlosen, generischen weltsicht bewegen, wir nicht nur die gesamte bandbreite der menschlichen vorstellungskraft auf eine eingeengte denkweise reduziert sehen würden, sondern dass wir eines tages aus einem traum aufwachen, und vergessen haben, dass es jemals anderen möglichkeiten gab. +und es ist demütigend daran zu denken, dass unsere gattung vielleicht seit 600.000 jahren existiert. +die neolithische revolution, die uns die landwirtschaft brachte, und uns in diesem moment dem kult des saatkorns unterwarf, die poesie des schamanen durch die prosa der priesterschaft ersetzte und hierarchie, spezialisierung und überschuss schuf -- fand vor lediglich 10.000 jahren statt. +die moderne industrielle welt wie wir sie kennen ist kaum 300 jahre alt. +nun, diese oberflächliche geschichte sagt mir nicht, dass wir alle antworten auf die herausforderungen haben, denen wir in den kommenden jahrtausenden gegenüber stehen. +wenn wir diese unzähligen weltkulturen nach der bedeutung des menschseins fragen, antworten sie mit 10.000 verschiedenen stimmen. +und in diesem lied werden wir die möglichkeit wiederentdecken, das zu sein, was wir sind: menschen mit vollem bewusstsein, die sich der wichtigkeit bewusst sind, dass allen menschen und gärten ein raum gedeihen zu können zugesichert werden muss. und es gibt großartige momente des optimismus. +hier ist ein foto, das ich am nördlichen ende der baffin-inseln aufnahm, als ich mit inuits auf die narwhal-jagd ging. und dieser mann, olaya, erzählte mir eine wunderbare geschichte seines großvaters. +die kanadische regierung ist nicht immer sehr gut mit den inuit umgegangen und während der 50iger jahre im zuge der etablierung unserer herrschaft, wurden sie gezwungen, in siedlungen zu ziehen. +der großvater dieses alten mannes weigerte sich. +die familie, die angst um sein leben hatte, nahm ihm alle waffen und alle werkzeuge ab. +nun müssen sie wissen, dass die inuit keine angst vor der kälte haben. sie nutzten sie zu ihrem vorteil. +die gleitschienen ihrer schlitten wurden ursprünglich aus fisch, der in karibu-haut eingewickelt wurde, hergestellt. +der großvater des mannes fürchtete sich nicht vor der arktischen nacht oder dem wehenden sturm. +er schlüpfte nach draußen, ließ seine hosen aus seehundsfell herunter und defäkierte in seine hand. und als die fäkalien zu frieren begannen, formte er sie in die form eines messers. +er sprühte speichel auf die seiten des fäkalien-messers und als es vollständig gefroren war, erstach er einen hund damit. +er enthäutete den hund und improvisierte ein geschirr, nahm das skelett des hundes und improvisierte einen schlitten, spannte einen anderen hund an und entschwand über die eisschollen mit dem fäkalien-messer am gürtel. +so kann man aus nichts etwas machen. +und dies ist auf vielerlei weisen ein symbol für den widerstand der inuit und aller eingeborenen auf der welt. +die kanadische regierung gab den inuit im april 1999 die vollständige kontrolle über ein gebiet zurück, das größer ist als kalifornien und texas zusammen. +es ist unser neues heimatland und heißt nunavut. +es ist ein unabhängiges gebiet. sie kontrollieren alle mineralvorkommen. +ein erstaunliches beispiel, wie eine nation, ein staat, die wiedergutmachung mit seinen einwohnern suchen und erreichen kann. +und letztendlich, glaube ich, ist es ziemlich offensichtlich, zumindest für diejenigen von uns, die zu diesen entfernten zielen der erde gereist sind, zu erkennen, dass sie überhaupt nicht entfernt sind. +sie sind die heimatländer von jemandem. +sie repräsentieren teile der menschlichen vorstellungskraft, die in vergangene zeiten zurückreichen. und für alle von uns, werden die träume dieser kinder, wie die träume unserer eigenen kinder teil der geographie der hoffnung. +was wir bei national geographic letztendlich versuchen, ist dass wir glauben, dass politiker niemals etwas erreichen. +wir glauben, dass polemik -- wir glauben, dass polemik nicht überzeugend ist, aber wir glauben, dass geschichtenerzählen die welt verändern kann und somit sind wir wahrscheinlich die beste institution für geschichtenerzählen in der welt. unsere website erhält 35 millionen hits jeden monat. +156 nationen senden unseren fernsehkanal. +unsere zeitschriften werden von millionen gelesen. +und wir unternehmen eine reihe von reisen in die ethnosphäre, auf denen wir unser publikum zu orten von solch kulturellen wundern mitnehmen, dass sie von dem gesehenen geblendet werden. und hoffentlich, werden sie einer nach dem anderen die zentrale offenbarung der anthropologie annehmen: dass diese welt es verdient hat, auf verschiedene weisen zu existieren, dass wir eine lebensmöglichkeit in einer wirklich multikulturellen pluralistischen welt finden können, bei der die weisheit von allen menschen zu unserem gemeinsamen wohlbefinden beitragen kann. +vielen dank. +was ich ihnen zuerst, so schnell wie möglich, zeigen werde, ist die grundlegende arbeit, eine neue technologie, die wir microsoft als teil einer übernahme vor genau einem jahr, übergeben haben. das ist seadragon. und es ist eine umgebung, in der sie entweder lokal oder entfernt mit riesigen mengen von visuellen daten umgehen können. +wir sehen viele, viele gigabytes an digitalen fotos hier, die man nahtlos und fortwährend heranholen, schwenken, auf jegliche weise neu arrangieren kann. +und es ist egal, wie viele informationen wir betrachten, wie groß diese sammlungen sind oder wie groß die bilder sind. +die meisten von ihnen sind digitale photos einer kamera, aber dieses hier ist zum beispiel ein scan von der kongressbibliothek und es ist in einem bereich von 300 megapixeln. +es macht keinen unterschied, denn das einzige, was die leistung eines systems wie diesem einschränken kann, ist die anzahl an pixeln auf ihrem bildschirm in jedem moment. es hat auch eine sehr flexible architektur. +dies ist ein ganzes buch, ein beispiel für nichtbild-daten. +das ist bleak house von dickens. jede spalte ist ein kapitel. +um zu beweisen, dass es sich wirklich um einen text und nicht um ein bild handelt, können wir etwas wie das tun, um wirklich zu zeigen, dass diese eine echte repräsentation des texts und kein bild ist. +vielleicht ist dies eine künstliche art, ein e-buch zu lesen. +ich würde es nicht empfehlen. +dies ist ein realistischerer fall. dies ist eine ausgabe von the guardian. +jedes große bild ist der beginn eines abschnitts. +und das gibt ihnen wirklich das vergnügen und die gute erfahrung eine echte papierausgabe einer zeitschrift oder einer zeitung zu lesen, was an sich eine art medium mit mehreren größenordnungen ist. +wir haben auch etwas an der ecke dieser speziellen ausgabe des the guardian gemacht. +wir haben eine falsche anzeige mit sehr hoher resolution entworfen, die viel höher als bei einer normalen anzeige ist und wir haben zusätzlichen inhalt hinzugefügt. +wenn sie die funktionen dieses autos sehen möchten, können sie sie hier sehen. +oder andere modelle, oder sogar technische spezifikationen. +und dies greift wirklich diese ideen auf, diese beschränkungen für den verfügbaren platz auf dem bildschirm abzuschaffen. +wir hoffen, dass das keine pop-ups und anderen unsinn mehr bedeutet - das sollte nicht notwendig sein. +natürlich ist das mapping eine der wirklich offensichtlichen anwendungen für eine technologie wie diese. +und ich möchte hier wirklich nicht viel zeit verbringen, außer zu sagen, dass wir auch zu diesem bereich beitragen werden. +aber dies sind alle straßen in den u.s.a. +übereinandergelagert oben auf dem erdräumlichen bild der nasa. +lassen sie uns jetzt etwas anderes herausholen. +das ist jetzt sogar live im internet. sie können es nachprüfen. +dies ist ein projekt mit dem namen photosynth, das wirklich zwei verschiedene technologien miteinander verbindet. +die eine ist seadragon und die andere ist eine sehr gute forschung über computervision, die von noah snavely, einem universitätsstudenten der universität washington, unter der beratung von steve seitz an der uw +und rick szeliski von microsoft forschung durchgeführt wurde. eine sehr gute zusammenarbeit. +also dies ist live im internet. es wird von seadragon angetrieben. +sie können das sehen, wenn wir diese art von ansichten kreieren, bei denen wir durch bilder durchdringen können und diese erfahrung der mehrfachen resolution machen. +aber die räumliche anordnung der bilder ist hier in der tat von bedeutung. +die computervision-algorithmen haben diese bilder zusammen festgehalten damit sie dem echten raum, in dem diese aufnahmen, die alle in der nähe der grassi lakes in den kanadischen rockies gemacht wurden, entsprechen. sie sehen hier elemente von stabilisierten dias oder panoramischer bildverarbeitung und diese dinge wurden alle räumlich in beziehung zueinander gesetzt. +ich weiß nicht genau, ob ich noch zeit habe ihnen andere umgebungen zu zeigen. +es gibt welche, die viel räumlicher sind. +ich würde gerne geradewegs einen der originalen datensätze von noah zeigen und das ist von einem frühen prototyp von photosynth an dem wir erstmals im sommer gearbeitet haben, um ihnen das zu zeigen, wovon ich glaube, dass es wirklich die pointe hinter dieser technologie, der photosynth-technologie ist. und dies ist nicht unbedingt so offensichtlich, wenn man die umgebungen betrachtet, die wir auf der website haben. +wir mussten uns wegen der anwälte usw. sorgen machen. +dies ist eine rekonstruktion der kathedrale notre dame, die ausschließlich im computer mit bildern von flickr erfolgte. geben sie einfach notre dame in flickr ein und sie werden bilder von männern in t-shirts und auf dem universitätsgelände usw. erhalten. jede dieser orangefarbenen kegel repräsentiert ein bild, das als zu diesem modell gehörend entdeckt wurde. +somit sind dies alles flickr-bilder, und sie alle stehen räumlich auf diese weise in beziehung zueinander. +und wir können auf diese sehr einfache weise navigieren. +. wissen sie, ich habe nie geglaubt, dass ich letztendlich bei microsoft arbeiten werde. +ich bin sehr dankbar für den empfang hier. +. ich vermute, sie können sehen, dass dies viele verschiedene arten von kameras sind: alles ist dabei, von der handy-kamera zu professionellen slrs, eine ziemlich große anzahl von ihnen, die alle in dieser umgebung zusammengeflickt wurden. +und wenn möglich, werde ich einige der seltsamen finden. +viele von ihnen sind von gesichtern verdeckt usw. +irgendwo hier sind eine reihe von fotografien - hier sind sie. +dies ist tatsächlich ein poster von notre dame, das richtig aufgezeichnet wurde. +wir können von dem poster zu einer physischen ansicht dieser umgebung wechseln. +der punkt ist hier, dass wir dinge mit der sozialen umgebung anstellen können. es werden jetzt daten von allen gesammelt -- von dem gesamten kollektiven speicher davon, wie, visuell die erde aussieht -- und alles wird miteinander verbunden. +all diese fotos werden miteinander verbunden und es entsteht etwas, das größer ist als die summe der teile. +sie erhalten ein modell, das aus der ganzen erde entsteht. +betrachten sie dies als die fortsetzung der arbeit von stephen lawlers an virtual earth. +und das ist etwas, das durch die komplexität, mit der die menschen es verwenden, wächst und dessen nutzen für den benutzer mit der anwendung immer größer wird. +ihre eigenen fotos werden mit metadaten beschildert, die eine andere person eingegeben hat. +wenn sich jemand die mühe gemacht hat und all diese heiligen beschriftet hat und mitteilt, wer sie alle sind, dann wird mein foto von der notre dame-kathedrale plötzlich mit all diesen daten angereichert und ich kann sie als ausgangspunkt benutzen, um in diesen raum zu tauchen, in diese metaverse, die fotos von anderen personen benutzen und somit eine art von übergreifender modaler sozialer erfahrung mit der nutzung von anderen anbietern machen. +und natürlich, nebenprodukt all dessen sind die immens reichen virtuellen modelle von jedem interessanten teil der erde, die nicht nur durch überflüge oder satellitenbilder und so weiter erhalten wurden, sondern durch kollektive speicher. +vielen dank. +. verstehe ich sie richtig? ihre software ermöglicht, dass zu einem bestimmten zeitpunkt, innerhalb der nächsten jahre, alle bilder, die von jemandem in der welt gemeinsam benutzt werden im prinzip miteinander verknüpft werden? +ja. sie macht nichts anderes als entdecken. +wenn sie wollen erstellt sie hyperlinks zwischen den bildern. +und sie tut dies aufgrund des inhalts in den bildern. +und das ist wirklich aufregend, wenn sie an die fülle der semantischen informationen denken, die viele dieser bilder besitzen. +wie wenn sie eine websuche für bilder vornehmen, wo sie sätze eingeben und der text der website enthält viele informationen darüber, welches bild das ist. +aber wie wäre es, wenn das bild sie mit all ihren bildern verknüpft? +dann ist der umfang der semantischen querverbindung und die fülle, die sich daraus ergibt, wirklich enorm. es ist ein klassischer netzwerkeffekt. +blaise, das ist wirklich unglaublich. herzlichen glückwunsch. +haben sie vielen dank. +ich werde ihnen einige dinge aus meinem buch erzählen die, wie ich hoffe, im einklang mit anderen dingen sind die sie bereits gehört haben. und ich werde versuchen selbst ein paar verbindungen zu erstellen, falls ihnen diese nicht aufgefallen sind. +ich möchte mit dem beginnen, was ich "offizielles dogma" nenne. +das offizielle dogma von was? +der offizielle glaubenssatz von allen westlichen industrialisierten gesellschaften. +das offizielle dogma funktioniert so: wenn unser ziel das maximieren des gemeinwohls unserer bürger ist, geht dies vor allem durch die maximierung der freiheit des einzelnen. +der grund hierfür ist, dass freiheit in sich selbst gut ist, wertvoll, sinnvoll, eine unverzichtbare voraussetzung für das menschliche. +wenn menschen freiheit haben, dann handelt jeder von uns für sich selbst um die dinge zu tun, die unser gemeinwohl maximieren und niemand hat für uns zu entscheiden. +der weg freiheit zu maximieren ist wahl zu maximieren. +je mehr wahlmöglichkeiten menschen haben, desto mehr freiheit haben sie. und je mehr freiheit sie haben, desto mehr gemeinwohl haben sie. +dies ist, denke ich, so tief in unserer wasserversorgung verankert, dass es keinem in dem sinn kommen würde es zu hinterfragen. +und es ist auch tief in unseren leben verwurzelt. +ich werde ihnen einige beispiele dafür geben, was uns modernen fortschritt ermöglicht. +dies ist mein supermarkt. kein großer. +ich möchte nur kurz etwas über salatdressing sagen. +es gibt 175 dressings in meinem supermarkt, wenn sie die 10 verschiedenen extra olivenöle nicht mitzählen und 12 balsamico-essig die sie kaufen könnten um eine große anzahl an eigenen salat dessings herzustellen, in dem unwahrscheinlichen fall, dass keine der 175 in dem laden für sie richtig ist. +das ist also, wie der supermarkt ist. +und dann gehen sie zu dem verbraucher-elektronik geschäft um eine stereoanlage zusammenzustellen -- lautsprecher, cd-player, ein kassetten-player, radio, verstärker. und in diesem einen elektronik geschäft gibt es so viele stereo anlagen. +wir können 6.5 millionen unterschiedliche stereo anlagen zusammenstellen aus den komponenten, die in diesem einen geschäft angeboten werden. +sie müssen zugeben, dass das eine große auswahl ist. +in anderen bereichen - die welt der kommunikation. +es gab eine zeit, als ich ein junge war, da konnte man jeden telefon anbieter haben den man wollte, solange er von ma bell kam. +sie haben ihr telefon gemietet. sie haben es nicht gekauft. ™ +eine folge dessen war, dass das telefon niemals kaputt war. +diese tage sind vorbei. +wir haben jetzt fast eine unendliche auswahl an telefonen, besonders in der welt der mobiltelefone. +dies sind die mobiltelefone der zukunft. +mein favorit ist der in der mitte -- mp3-player-, nasen-haar-trimmer und crème brûlée fackel. +und sollten sie das bis jetzt noch nicht in ihrem geschäft gesehen haben, können sie sicher sein, dass sie es bald werden. +und was es tut ist es bringt menschen dazu in die geschäfte zu laufen und diese frage zu stellen. +wissen sie jetzt was die antwort auf diese frage ist? +die antwort ist "nein." +es ist nicht möglich ein mobiltelefon zu kaufen, das nicht zu viel tut. +in anderen aspekten des lebens, die sehr viel bedeutsamer als das kaufen von gegenständen sind, trifft die selbe explosion der auswahlmöglichkeiten zu. +gesundheitswesen -- es ist nicht länger der fall in den vereinigten staaten das sie zum doktor gehen und der doktor sagt ihnen was zu tun ist. +stattdessen gehen sie zum doktor und der doktor sagt ihnen: wir könnten a machen oder wir könnten b machen. +a hat diese vorteile und risiken. +b hat diese vorteile und risiken. was wollen sie tun? +und sie sagen, "doktor, was soll ich tun?" +der doktor sagt, a hat diese vorteile und risiken und b hat jene vorteile und risiken. +was wollen sie tun? +und wenn sie sagen, "wenn sie ich wären, doktor, was würden sie tun?" +der doktor sagt, "aber ich bin nicht sie." +das ergebnis ist -- wir nennen es "patienten autonomie". das klingt wie eine gute sache, aber in der realität ist eine verschiebung der last der verantwortung für das treffen von entscheidungen von jemandem der etwas weiß -- namentlich der doktor -- zu jemandem der nichts weiß und höchstwahrscheinlich krank ist und deshalb nicht in der besten verfassung ist eine entscheidung zu treffen -- namentlich der patient. +es gibt ein enormes marketing für verschreibungspflichtige medikamente für leute wie sie und mich, das, wenn sie darüber nachdenken, überhaupt keinen sinn macht, weil wir sie nicht kaufen. +warum werben sie um uns, wenn wir nicht kaufen können? +die antwort ist: sie erwarten von uns den doktor am nächsten morgen anzurufen und um eine änderung der verschreibung zu bitten. +etwas so tiefgreifendes wie unsere identität ist nun eine frage der wahl, wie diese folie zeigen soll. +wir erben keine identität, wir erfinden sie. +und wir erfinden uns so oft neu wie wir möchten. +das heißt, dass jeden tag, wenn sie am morgen aufwachen, sie entscheiden müssen, was für eine art von person sie sein möchten. +in bezug auf ehe und familie, gab es eine zeit, in der die standard-annahme war, dass fast jeder eine hatte und das sie so schnell heirateten wie sie konnten, und dann so schnell kinder bekamen wie sie konnten. +die einzige wahre wahl war "wer", nicht wann, und nicht was sie danach taten. +heutzutage ist alles einfach zu haben. +ich unterrichte wunderbare intelligente studenten, und ich gebe ihnen 20 prozent weniger arbeit als ich früher tat. +und das nicht weil sie weniger schlau sind, und nicht weil sie weniger sorgfältig sind. +es ist weil sie mit anderen dingen beschäftigt sind, sie fragen sich selbst, "soll ich heiraten oder nicht? soll ich jetzt heiraten? +soll ich später heiraten? soll ich erst kinder haben, oder erst karriere machen? " +die sind alles einnehmende fragen. +und sie werden diese fragen beantworten unabhängig davon, ob das bedeutet all die aufgaben zu machen die ich ihnen zuweise und keine gute note in meinem kurs zu kriegen. +und in der tat sollten sie das tun. dies sind wichtige zu beantwortende fragen. +arbeit -- wir sind gesegnet, wie carl verdeutlicht hat, mit der technology die uns ermöglicht jede minute von jedem tag von jedem platz auf dem planeten zu arbeiten -- bis auf das randolph hotel. +es gibt übrigens eine ecke, von der ich keinem erzählen werde, an der das wirelesslan funktioniert. +ich werde es ihnen nicht erzählen, weil ich es benutzen will. +also was es bedeutet, diese unglaubliche freiheit der wahl wir haben in bezug auf arbeit entscheidungen zu treffen, wieder und wieder und wieder, ob wir arbeiten sollten oder nicht arbeiten sollten. +wir können unseren kindern beim fußball spielen zuschauen, und wir haben unser handy an der einen hüfte, und unseren blackberry an anderen hüfte, und unseren laptop vermutlich auf unserem schoß. +und auch wenn sie alle abgeschaltet sind, jede minute in der wir unserem kind beim verstümmeln eines fußballspiels zugucken fragen wir uns auch, "sollte ich diesen anruf annehmen? +sollte ich auf diese e-mail antworten? sollte ich diesen brief schreiben? " +und auch wenn die antwort zu der frage "nein," ist wird es sicherlich ihre erfahrung des fussballspiels ihres kindes prägen sehr anders als es gewesen wäre. +überall wo wir hinsehen, große dinge und kleine dinge, materielle dinge und lebensstil, leben ist eine frage der wahl. +und die welt in der wir lebten sah so aus. +damit will ich sagen, es gab einige wahlmöglichkeiten, aber nicht alles war eine frage der wahl. +und die welt in der wir jetzt leben sieht so aus. +und die frage ist, sind das gute oder schlechte nachrichten? +die antwort ist "ja". +wir wissen alle was gut daran ist, also werde ich darüber was schlecht daran ist. +all diese auswahlmöglichkeiten haben zwei effekte, zwei negative effekte auf menschen. +ein effekt, paradoxer weise, ist, dass er lähmt statt zu befreien. +mit so vielen optionen aus den man wählen kann, fällt es menschen sehr schwer sich überhaupt zu entscheiden. +ich werde ihnen ein weiteres drastisches beispiel dafür geben, eine studie über investitionen in freiwillige altersvorsorge. +eine kollegin von mir hatte zugriff auf investitions-akten von vanguard, der gigantischen fondgesellschaft von ungefähr einer millionen mitarbeitern und ca. 2000 unterschiedlichen arbeitsplätzen. +und was sie fand war pro 10 investmentfonds die der arbeitgeber anbot, nahm die teilnahme um 2 prozent ab. +sie bieten 50 investmentfonds an -- 10 prozent weniger mitarbeiter nehmen teil als wenn sie nur 5 anbieten würde. warum? +weil es 50 investmentfonds sind, die zur auswahl stehen, ist es so schwer zu entscheiden welchen man wählen soll, dass sie es auf morgen aufschieben. +und dann morgen, und dann morgen, und morgen, und morgen, und morgen kommt natürlich nie. +verstehen sie, dass das nicht nur heißt, das menschen hundefutter essen müssen wenn sie in den ruhestand gehen, weil sie nicht genug geld zum zurücklegen haben, es bedeutet auch, das entscheidungen treffen so schwer ist, dass sie große investitionsangebote ihrer arbeitgeber verpassen. +durch die nicht teilnahme geben sie bis zu 5000 us $pro jahr auf von dem arbeitsgeber, der glücklich gewesen wäre ihren beitrag zu vermehren. +lähmung ist eine folge von zu vielen wahlmöglichkeiten. +und ich denke es sorgt dafür, dass die welt so aussieht. +sie wollen die entscheidung wirklich richtig treffen, wenn es für alle ewigkeit ist, richtig? +sie wollen nicht den falschen investment fond wählen, oder gar das falsche salatdressing. +also das ist der eine effekt. der andere effekt ist, dass selbst wenn wir die lähmung überwinden und eine entscheidung treffen, enden wir weniger zufrieden mit dem ergebnis der auswahl, als, wenn wir die möglichkeit gehabt hätten uns zwischen weniger möglichkeiten zu entscheiden. +und es gibt mehrere gründe für dies. +einer von ihnen ist bedingt durch die große auswahl unterschiedlicher salatdressings, wenn sie eines kaufen, und es ist nicht perfekt -- und, welches salatdressing ist schon perfekt? es ist einfach sich vorzustellen, dass sie eine andere entscheidung hätten treffen können die besser gewesen wäre. und was passiert ist diese bildlich vorgestellte alternative führt dazu, dass sie die entscheidung bereuen, und dieses bereuen wirkt negativ auf die zufriedenheit, die sie von ihrer gemachten entscheidung hatten, auch, wenn es eine gute entscheidung war. +je mehr möglichkeiten es gibt, desto einfacher ist es überhaupt nichts zu bereuen das ist enttäuschend für die wahl die sie treffen. +zweitens, was ökonomen oppertunitätskosten nennen. +dan gilbert hat einen großen punkt heute morgen gemacht indem er erzählte wie sehr die art in der wir dinge bewerten, davon abhängt zu was wir es vergleichen. +gut, wenn es sehr viele alternativen zu bedenken gibt, ist es einfach sich attraktive eigenschaften vorzustellen von alternativen, die sie ausschließen, das macht sie weniger zufrieden mit den alternativen, die sie gewählt haben. +hier ist ein beispiel. für die von ihnen, die keine new yorker sind, entschuldige ich mich. +aber hier ist, was sie hätten denken sollen. +hier ist ein paar auf den hamptons. +sehr teure immobilien. +wunderschöner strand. toller tag. sie haben es alles für sich selbst. +was könnte besser sein? "verdammt" der mann denkt, "es ist august. +jeder in meiner manhattener nachbarschaft ist weg. +ich könnte direkt vor meinem haus parken. " +und er verbringt 2 wochen von dem gedanken verfolgt das er die möglichkeit verpasst hat, tag über tag, einen tollen parkplatz zu haben. +oppertunitätskosten senken die zufriedenheit, die wir durch unsere auswahl erhalten, auch, wenn das was wir ausgesucht haben fantastisch ist. +und je mehr möglichkeiten es zur auswahl gibt, desto mehr attraktive eigenschaften dieser auswahl werden in den oppertunitätskosten berücksichtigt. +hier ist ein weiteres beispiel. +nun, dieser cartoon macht einige aussagen. +er macht eine aussage darüber im jetzt zu leben und vielleicht auch darüber dinge langsam zu tun. +aber ein wichtiger punkt, den er macht ist: immer wen sie sich für eine sache entscheiden, entscheiden sie sich andere dinge nicht zu tun. +und diese anderen dinge mögen viele attraktive eigenschaften haben, und es wird, was sie tun werden weniger anziehend machen. +drittens: eskalation der erwartungen. +dies hat mich getroffen, als ich meine jeans austauschen wollte. +ich trage jeans, fast die ganze zeit. +und es gab eine zeit in der es nur jeans einer art gab, und sie haben sie gekauft, und sie haben schlecht gepasst, sie waren unglaublich unkomfortabel und wenn sie sie lange genug getragen und oft genug gewaschen hatten, haben sie angefangen sich "ok" anzufühlen. +also ging um neue jeans zu kaufen nach vielen jahren des tragens der alten, und ich sagte, "ich hätte gerne ein paar jeans, hier ist meine größe." +und der verkäufer sagte, "wollen sie schlanke, leicht anliegende oder weite? +wollen sie knöpfe oder reißverschluss? stein oder säure gewaschen? +wollen sie jeans mit löchern? +möchten sie unten weit geschnitten, kegelig, blah blah blah... "und so weiter erzählte er. +mein kiefer war unten und nachdem ich mich erholte sagte ich, "i hätte gerne die art, die früher die einzige art war." +er hatte keine ahnung was das war, also verbrachte ich eine stunde damit alle diese verdammten jeans anzuprobieren, und verlies das geschäft -- und ich sage die wahrheit -- mit den best passenden jeans, die ich je hatte. +ich hatte es besser. all diese auswahl ermöglichte es mir es besser zu haben. +aber ich fühlte mich schlechter. +warum? ich schrieb ein ganzes buch um zu versuchen es mir selbst zu erklären. +der grund dafür, dass ich mich schlechter fühlte war, mit all diesen verfügbaren möglichkeiten, meine erwartungen dafür, was für ein gutes paar jeans ausmacht, gingen hoch. +ich hatte sehr niedrige erwartungen. ich hatte keine konkreten erwartungen, als es sie nur in einer art gab. +als sie in 100 arten kamen, verdammt, eine von ihnen hätte perfekt sein sollen, +und was ich bekam war gut, aber es war nicht perfekt. +und so verglich ich was ich bekommen hatte zu dem was ich erwartete, und was ich hatte war enttäuschend in vergleich zu dem was ich erwartete. +das hinzufügen von möglichkeiten in das leben der menschen erhöht zwangsläufig die erwartungen die menschen haben darüber wie gut diese möglichkeiten sein werden. +und dies führt zu weniger zufriedenheit mit den ergebnissen, auch wenn die ergebnisse gut sind. +niemand in der welt des marketings weiß dies. weil, wenn sie es würden, wüssten sie alle nicht worum es hier geht. +die wahrheit ist mehr wie das hier. +der grund ist, das früher alles besser war als alles schlechter war, als alles schlechter war, war es für die menschen möglich erfahrungen zu machen die eine angenehme überraschung waren. +heutzutage, in der welt in der wir leben -- wir wohlhabenden, industrialisierten bürger, mit perfektion als erwartung -- das beste für das man je hoffen kann ist das dinge so gut sind wie man es von ihnen erwartet. +sie werden nie angenehm überrascht. weil ihre erwartungen, meine erwartungen, haushoch sind. +das geheimnis zur glücklichkeit -- das ist wofür sie alle gekommen sind -- das geheimnis zur glücklichkeit sind niedrige erwartungen. +ich möchte sagen -- ein kurzer autobiographischer moment -- das ich mit einer frau verheiratet bin, und sie ist wirklich sehr wunderbar. +i hätte es nicht besser machen können. ich habe mich nicht niedergelassen. +aber niederlassen ist nicht immer so eine schlechte sache. +letztendlich, eine folge des kaufens einer schlecht sitzenden jeans wenn es nur eine art zu kaufen gibt ist, dass wenn sie unzufrieden sind, und sie sich fragen warum, wer verantwortlich ist, die antwort klar ist. die welt ist verantwortlich. was hätten sie tun können? +wenn hunderte von verschiedenen arten von jeans verfügbar sind, und sie kaufen eine die enttäuschend ist, und sie fragen warum, wer ist verantwortlich? +ist es ebenso klar, dass die antwort auf die frage ist: sie. +sie hätten es besser tun können. +mit 100 unterschiedlichen arten von jeans im schaufenster, gibt es keine entschuldigung für fehler. +und so, wenn menschen entscheidungen treffen, und auch wenn die ergebnisse der entscheidungen gut sind, fühlen sie sich enttäuscht darüber, sie beschuldigen sich selbst. +klinische depressionen explodierten in der industriellen welt in der letzten generation. +ich glaube ein signifikanter -- nicht der einzige, aber ein signifikanter beiträger zu dieser explosion der depression, und auch selbstmord, ist, dass menschen erfahren haben die enttäuschend sind weil ihre standards so hoch sind. und dann, wenn sie sich diese erfahrungen selbst erklären müssen, denken sie es wäre ihre schuld. +und so ist das bilanzergebnis, dass es uns generell besser geht, objektiv, und wir uns schlechter fühlen. +also lassen sie mich sie erinnern. +dies ist das offizielle dogma, das eine das wir alle für richtig halten, komplett falsch ist. es ist nicht wahr. +es gibt keine frage, das etwas auswahl besser ist als keine, aber es folgt nicht, das mehr auswahl besser ist als etwas auswahl. +es gibt eine magische menge. ich weiß nicht was es ist. +ich bin mir ziemlich sicher, dass wir diesen punkt lange verpasst haben an dem auswahl unser gemeinwohl verbessert. +jetzt, als eine grundsatz frage -- ich bin fast fertig -- als eine grundsatz frage, die sache über die nachzudenken ist. das was all diese auswahl ermöglicht in den industrialisierten gesellschaften, ist der material reichtum. +es gibt viele plätze in der welt, und wir haben von vielen von ihnen gehört, deren problem nicht die zu große auswahl ist. +ihr problem ist, dass sie zu wenig haben. +also die dinge über die ich rede sind ein sonderbares problem der modernen, reichen, westlichen gesellschaften. +und was ist so frustrierend und ärgerlich ist: steve levitt hat ihnen gestern darüber erzählt wie diese teurer und schwer zu installierenden kindersitze nicht helfen. es ist eine verschwendung von geld. +was ich ihnen erzähle ist, dass diese teuren, komplizierten entscheidungen -- es ist nicht einfach, das sie nicht helfen. +sie tun sogar weh. +sie sorgen dafür das wir schlechter da stehen. +wenn etwas von dem was den menschen unserer gesellschaft ermöglicht so entscheidungen zu treffen zu den gesellschaften in denen menschen zu wenig auswahl haben verschoben würde, würde nicht nur das leben der menschen verbessert, sondern unseres würde auch verbessert werden. +ökonomen nennen dies eine pareto-verbesserungs bewerbung. +einkommensumverteilung wird dafür sorgen, dass es allen besser geht -- nicht nur den armen -- weil all diese große auswahl uns plagt. +abschließend, lesen sie bitte diesen cartoon, und, eine hochentwickelte person, sagt, "ah! was weiß dieser fisch? +sie wissen es nichts möglich in diesem goldfischglas. " +verarmten phantasie, eine kurzsichtige sicht der welt -- und dass ist die art wie ich es zuerst gelesen habe. +je mehr ich aber darüber nachdachte, desto mehr kam ich zu der ansicht, das der fisch etwas weiß. +denn die wahrheit ist, dass wenn sie das goldfischglas zerbrechen, so dass alles möglich ist, haben sie keine freiheit. sie haben lähmung. +wenn sie das goldfischglas zerbrechen, so dass alles möglich ist, senken sie die zufriedenheit. +sie steigern die lähmung und senken die zufriedenheit. +jeder braucht ein goldfischglas. +dies ist fast mit vollkommener sicherheit zu begrenzt -- möglicherweise auch für den fisch, definitiv für uns. +aber das abhanden sein von einem metaphorischen goldfischglas ist ein rezept für elend, und, ich vermute, katastrophe. +danke ihnen vielmals. +sie wissen, ich habe über einige dieser projekte bereits zuvor gesprochen, über das menschliche genom und was das bedeuten könnte, und über die entdeckung neuer gruppen von genen. +tatsächlich starten wir von einem neuen punkt: wir haben die biologie digitalisiert und jetzt versuchen wir vom digitalen code in eine neue phase der biologie zu gelangen indem wir neues leben gestalten und aufbauen. +wir haben immer versucht bedeutende fragen zu stellen. +was ist leben? es ist etwas, wovon ich glaube, dass viele biologen versucht haben zu verstehen und das auf unterschiedlichen ebenen. +wir haben verschiedene ansätze versucht um es bis auf die minimalen komponenten zu vereinfachen. +wir haben nahezu 20 jahre digitalisiert. als wir das humangenom sequenziert haben vollzog sich der wechsel von der analogen welt der biologie zur digitalen welt der computer. +nun versuchen wir zu fragen, ob wir leben regenerieren können oder ob wir neues leben erstellen können, aus diesem digitalen universum? +das ist die karte eines kleinen organismus, mycoplasma geitalium, der das kleinste genom einer spezies besitzt die sich selbst im labor replizieren kann. und wir haben versucht ob wir das mit einem noch kleineren genom erreichen können. +wir haben es geschafft auf ungefähr einhundert gene zu verzichten von den 500 oder so, die hier sind. +aber wenn wir uns diese metabolische karte ansehen, die sehr simpel ist, im vergleich zu unserer. vertrauen sie mir, das ist simpel. aber wenn wir uns alle diese gene ansehen die wir eines nach dem anderen eliminieren können ist es sehr unwahrscheinlich dass dies zu einer lebenden zelle führen würde. +daher haben wir uns entschlossen, dass es der einzige weg nach vorne ist dieses chromosom tatsächlich zu synthetisieren was uns erlaubt die einzelnen komponenten zu variieren und somit einige dieser fundamentalen fragen zu stellen. +und so fingen wir an mit der frage, können wir ein chromosom synthetisieren? +ermöglicht es die chemie diese wirklich großen moleküle zu erstellen was noch nie zuvor gemacht wurde? +und, wenn wir das können, können wir das chromosom starten? +ein chromosom ist so nebenbei nur ein stück inertes chemisches material. +unsere schritte bei der digitalisierung des lebens waren exponentiell. +unsere fähigkeit genetischen code zu schreiben hat sich sehr langsam entwickelt aber trotzdem gesteigert. und unser letzter punkt würde jetzt auf eine exponentielle kurve setzen. +wir haben vor 15 jahren damit begonnen. +es dauerte tatsächlich einige jahre beginnend mit einem bioethischen review bevor wir die ersten experimente machten. +wie sich herausstellte ist dna-synthetisierung sehr schwierig. +es gibt zehntausende maschinen rund um die welt die kleine stücke von dna herstellen können, 30 bis 50 buchstaben lang aber es ist ein degenerativer prozess, also je länger man ein stück macht, umso mehr fehler passieren. +also mussten wir eine neue methode entwickeln mit der wir diese kleinen stücke zusammensetzen und die fehler korrigieren konnten. +das war unser erster versuch, beginnend mit der digitalen information, des genoms phi x 174. +es ist ein kleiner virus der bakterien tötet. +wir erstellten kleine stücke, machten eine fehlerkorrektur und hatten ein dna molekül von ungefähr 5.000 buchstaben. +die spannende phase kam als wir dieses stück inerte chemikalie nahmen und in ein bakterium gaben, und das bakterium begann den genetischen code zu lesen und machte virale partikel. +die viralen partikel wurden dann von den zellen freigegeben und kamen zurück und töteten e. coli. +kürzlich habe ich mit der ölindustrie gesprochen und sie sagten dass sie dieses modell genau verstünden. +sie lachten mehr als ihr es hier tut. +so denken wir, dass das eine situation ist in der software tatsächlich die eigene hardware bauen kann in einem biologischen system. +aber wir wollten noch viel weiter gehen. wir wollten ein gesamtes bakterielles chromosom bauen. es hat mehr als 580.000 buchstaben genetischen code. so dachten wir uns, wir bauen es in kassetten von der größe des virus womit wir die größe der kassetten variieren konnten um zu verstehen was die einzelnen komponenten einer lebenden zelle sind. +design ist der schlüssel, und wenn man mit digitaler information im computer starten will muss diese digitale information wirklich fehlerfrei sein. +als wir das genom erstmals 1995 sequenziert haben war die fehlerrate bei einem fehler pro 10.000 basenpaare. +wir fanden beim resequenzieren 30 fehler. wenn wir die originale sequenz verwendet hätten wäre es nie möglich gewesen hochzufahren. +ein teil des designs ist es, stücke zu erstellen die 50 buchstaben lang sind und die mit anderen 50-buchstaben stücken überlappen müssen, um kleinere sub-einheiten zu bauen damit diese zusammenpassen. +wir haben einzigartige elemente hier eingebaut. +sie haben vielleicht gehört dass wir waterzeichen eingebaut haben. +denken sie darüber nach: wir haben einen 4-buchstaben code: a, c, g und t. +triplets dieser buchstaben -- diese buchstaben kodieren ungefähr 20 aminosäuren; und hier gibt es eine einzelne bestimmung für jede dieser aminosäuren. +also können wir den genetischen code verwenden um unsere wörter zu schreiben, sätze, gedanken. +anfangs haben wir nur unterschrieben. +manche menschen waren enttäuscht dass es keine poesie war. +wir haben die stücke so konstruiert dass wir sie einfach mit enzymen zerlegen konnten. es gibt enzyme die diese reparieren und wieder zusammenfügen. +und wir haben angefangen stücke zu erstellen, beginnend mit stücken die fünf- bis siebentausend buchstaben enthielten, fügten diese aneinander um 24.000-buchstaben-stücke zu machen um diese wieder zusammenzufügen, bis zu 72.000. +in jedem schritt haben wir diese stücke im überschuss produziert damit wir sie sequenzieren konnten, weil wir versuchten einen sehr robusten prozess zu kreieren was sie in einer minute sehen werden. +wir haben versucht zum punkt der automation zu gelangen. +also, das sieht aus wie ein basketball-playoff. +wenn wir zu diesen richtig großen stücken gelangen -- mit über 100.000 basenpaaren -- dann werden diese nicht einfach in e. coli wachsen. es übersteigt alle möglichkeiten der modernen molekularbiologie. und so wandten wir uns anderen mechanismen zu. +wir wussten von einem mechanismus der homologe rekombination genannt wird, den die biologie verwendet um dna zu reparieren, die solche stücke zusammenfügen kann. +hier ist ein beispiel davon. es gibt einen organismus namens deinococcus radiodurans der drei millionen rad an strahlung übersteht. +sie sehen im oberen feld, dass sein chromosom einfach auseinander fällt. +12 bis 24 stunden später, hat sich alles wieder so zusammengefügt wie es war. +wir haben tausende organismen die das tun können. +diese organismen können total ausgetrocknet werden, sie können sogar im vakuum leben. +ich bin absolut sicher dass leben im weltraum existieren und sich bewegen kann, auf der suche nach aquatischen bedingungen. +tatsächlich, die nasa hat gezeigt dass es vieles davon dort draußen gibt. +hier ist eine gefügeaufnahme von dem molekül das wir hergestellt haben indem wir diese prozesse benutzt haben - tatsächlich haben wir nur hefe-mechanismen verwendet mit dem richtigen design der stücke haben wir sie eingepasst. hefe fügt diese dann automatisch zusammen. +das ist keine elektronenmikroskopaufnahme es ist eine reguläre mikroskopaufnahme. +es ist so ein großes molekül, dass wir es sogar mit dem lichtmikroskop sehen können. +das sind aufnahmen über eine dauer von 6 sekunden. +das ist die publikation die wir erst kürzlich fertig gestellt haben. +das sind über 580.000 buchstaben an genetischem code. es ist das größte molekül mit definierter struktur das jemals von menschen erschaffen wurde. +es hat ein molekulargewicht von über 300 millionen. +wenn wir es mit einer schriftgröße von 10 und ohne abstände ausdrucken würden würde es 142 seiten umfassen, nur um diesen genetischen code auszudrucken. +nun, wie starten wir ein chromosom? wie aktivieren wir es? +offensichtlich ist, dass es mit einem virus sehr simpel ist. es ist viel komplizierter mit bakterien umzugehen. +es ist ebenso einfacher wenn man es in eukaryonten wie wir es sind tut: man nimmt einfach den nukleus raus und gibt einen anderen hinein, und das ist genau das was sie alle über das klonen gehört haben. +bei archaebakterien ist das chromosom in die zelle integriert aber erst kürzlich haben wir gezeigt, dass man eine komplette transplantation eines chromosoms von einer zelle zur anderen vornehmen kann und diese aktivieren kann. +wir reinigten das chromosom einer mikrobenspezies. grob gesagt, sind diese beiden soweit voneinander entfernt wie menschen und mäuse. wir gaben einige extra-gene dazu damit wir dieses chromosom auswählen konnten. wir zersetzten es mit enzymen um alle proteine zu zerstören. und es war sehr erstaunlich als wir es in eine zelle gaben -- und sie werden unsere sehr ausgereiften graphiken hier schätzen -- +das neue chromosom ging in die zelle. +tatsächlich dachten wir, dass hier das ende ist, aber wir haben versucht den prozess etwas weiter zu bringen. +das ist der hauptmechanismus der evolution hier. +wir finden alle arten von spezies hier die ein zweites chromosom aufgenommen haben oder ein drittes von irgendwoher, jedes mal tausende charakteristiken in nur einer sekunde zu einer spezies hinzufügend. +menschen also, die sich evolution vorstellen als ein gen das zu einem zeitpunkt geändert wird haben viel von der biologie verpasst. +es gibt enzyme die restriktionsenzyme genannt werden die tatsächlich dna verdauen. +das chromosom das in der zelle war hat keines; die chromosomen die wir eingefügt haben schon. +es wurde in der zelle exprimiert und erkannte das andere chromosom als fremdes material verdaute es und so hatten wir am ende nur eine zelle mit einem neuen chromosom. +es verfärbte sich blau wegen der gene die wir eingefügt hatten. +und nach einer sehr kurzen zeit hatte es alle charakteristika der spezies verloren und konvertierte komplett in eine neue spezies basierend auf der neuen software die wir in die zelle gegeben haben. +alle proteine änderten sich die membranen änderten sich -- als wir den genetischen code lasen, war es genau das was wir transferiert haben. +es mag wie genomische alchimie klingen, aber wir können, indem wir die software-dna verschieben, dinge ziemlich dramatisch verändern. +nun habe ich argumentiert, dass dies nicht die genesis ist -- das basiert auf 3,5 milliarden jahren evolution +und ich habe argumentiert dass wir möglicherweise dabei sind eine neue form der kambrischen explosion zu erschaffen in der es massive neue artenbildung basierend auf diesem digitalen design geben könnte. +warum sollten wir das tun? +ich denke es ist ziemlich offensichtlich im hinblick auf was wir brauchen. +wir sind dabei von sechseinhalb zu neun milliarden menschen in den nächsten 40 jahre anzuwachsen. +um es in meinen zusammenhang zu stellen: ich wurde im jahr 1946 geboren. +heute sind drei menschen auf diesem planeten für jeden der im jahr 1946 existiert hat; innerhalb von 40 jahren werden es vier sein. +wir haben probleme mit nahrungsmitteln, mit frischem und sauberem wasser, medizin, treibstoff für 6,5 milliarden menschen. +es wird eine herausforderung das für 9 anzubieten. +wir brauchen über fünf milliarden tonnen kohle, 30-plus milliarden fässer öl. das sind hundert millionen fässer am tag. +wenn wir über biologische prozesse nachdenken oder irgendeinen prozess um das zu ersetzen, wird es eine riesige herausforderung. +dann, natürlich, gibt es das ganze co2 von diesem material das in der atmosphäre landet. +wir haben nun, aus unseren entdeckungen aus der ganzen welt, eine datenbank mit ungefähr 20 millionen genen, und ich möchte daran glauben dass diese die designkomponenten der zukunft sind. +die elektronikindustrie hatte ein dutzend komponenten und sehen sie sich die vielfalt an die daraus entstand. +wir stoßen hier in erster linie an die grenzen der biologischen realität und an jene unserer vorstellung. +wir haben heute technologien aufgrund dieser schnellen synthesemethoden, um das zu tun was wir kombinatorische genetik nennen. +wir haben nun die möglichkeit einen großen roboter zu bauen der millionen von chromosomen am tag herstellen kann. +wenn sie sich vorstellen diese 20 millionen unterschiedlichen gene herzustellen oder diese prozesse zu optimieren um oktan herzustellen oder medikamente neue impfstoffe, wir können mit einem nur kleinen team mehr molekularbiologie verändern als die letzten 20 jahre wissenschaft. +und es ist nur nurmale selektion. wir können nach lebensfähigkeit selektieren, produktion von chemikalien oder treibstoffproduktion impfstoffproduktion und so weiter. +das ist eine aufnahme von wirklicher design-software an der wir arbeiten, mit der man sich tatsächlich hinsetzen und neue spezies am computer designen kenn +wissen sie, wir wissen nicht unbedingt wie es aussehen wird. wir wissen exakt wie deren genetischer code aussehen wird. +wir konzentrieren uns nun auf treibstoffe der vierten generation. +sie haben kürzlich mais zu ethanol gesehen was einfach ein schlechtes experiment ist. +wir haben treibstoffe der zweiten- und dritten generation die relativ bald herauskommen werden die viel höhere zuckerwertigkeiten haben werden, wie oktan oder unterschiedliche arten von butanol. +aber, wie wir denken, die einzige art damit biologie einen großen einfluss ohne weitere steigerung der kosten auf nahrungsmittel oder der einschränkung von deren verfügbarkeit haben wird ist, wenn wir co2 als ausgangsmaterial sehen, und daher arbeiten wir an zellen die diesen weg gehen, +und wir denken dass wir die ersten mit treibstoffen der vierten generation sein werden, und das in etwa 18 monaten. +sonnenlicht und co2 sind eine methode -- +-- aber in unserer entdeckung der welt, haben wir alle arten unterschiedlicher methoden. +das ist ein organismus den wir 1996 beschrieben haben. +er lebt in der tiefsee, ungefähr ein-einhalb meilen tief, bei nahezu kochenden wassertemperaturen. +es wandelt co2 in methan um unter der verwendung von wasserstoff als energiequelle. +wir untersuchen ob wir gespeichertes co2 verwenden können, welches einfach zu produktionsplätzen gebracht werden könnte, konvertieren das co2 in treibstoff, um diesen prozess anzutreiben. +innerhalb einer kurzen zeitspanne glauben wir, wir könnten in der lage sein eine der grundlegenden fragen des lebens zu lösen. +wissen sie, wir haben wirklich -- moderate ziele wie dem ersatz der gesamten petrochemischen industrie. genau. wenn man das nicht bei ted tun könnte, wo sonst? eine hauptquelle der energie zu werden. +aber genauso arbeiten wir momentan daran, die gleichen ansätze für die entwicklung von impfstoffen einzusetzen. +sie haben es dieses jahr mit der grippe gesehen, wir sind immer ein jahr hinten dran und haben einen dollar zu wenig, wenn es um den richtigen impfstoff geht. +ich denke, dass das geändert werden kann indem man rekombinante impfstoffe im vorhinein erstellt. +das ist es, wie die zukunft möglicherweise aussehen könnte mit änderungen, kann heute der evolutionsbaum beschleunigt werden mit synthetischen bakterien, archaen, und eventuell eukaryonten. +wir sind lichtjahre davon entfernt menschen zu verbessern. unser ziel ist es lediglich, dass wir eine chance haben lange genug zu überleben um das möglicherweise zu tun. vielen dank! +auf der letzten ted konferenz gab ich eine einführung zum lhc. +und ich versprach zurück zu kommen, um ihnen zu erklären wie die maschine funktioniert. +nun ist es also soweit. und für alle jene die damals nicht da waren, der lhc ist das größte wissenschaftliche experiment welches je angegangen wurde -- 27 kilometer im durchmesser. +seine aufgabe ist es, die bedingungen zu erschaffen, welche weniger als eine milliardstel sekunde nach beginn des universums existierten -- und das bis zu 600 millionen mal innerhalb einer sekunde. +es ist einfach nur atemberaubend ehrgeizig. +dies ist die maschine unterhalb von genf. +wir nehmen bilder dieser mini-urknalle in detektoren auf. +an diesem arbeite ich. er nennt sich atlas detektor -- 44 meter in der breite, 22 meter im durchmesser. +hier ein spektakuläres bild des atlas in der konstruktion damit sie die größenverhältnisse sehen. +am 10. september letzen jahres lief die maschine zum ersten mal an. +und dieses bild wurde von atlas aufgenommen. +es verursachte immensen jubel im kontrollraum. +es ist ein bild des ersten strahlenpartikels welches die gesamte strecke um den lhc zurücklegte, dann absichtlich mit einem teil des lhc kollidierte, um einen regen von partikeln auf den detektor prasseln zu lassen. +in anderen worten, als wir dieses bild am 10. september sahen, wussten wir, dass die maschine funktioniert, was ein großer triumph ist. +ich weiss nicht, ob dies den größten jubel erzeugte, oder dies, als jemand die google seite besuchte und die startseite so vorfand. +es bedeutet, dass wir einen kulturellen einfluss neben dem wissenschaftlichen erreichten. +ungefähr eine woche später gab es ein problem mit der maschine welches mit diesen drähten hier zu tun hatte -- diese goldenen drähte hier +diese drähte leiten 13-tausend ampere wenn die maschine auf hochleistung läuft. +nun, die ingenieure unter ihnen werden sie betrachten und sagen, "nein das tun sie nicht. das sind kleine drähte." +sie können das leisten, weil wenn man sie sehr weit abkühlt, werden sie zu sogenannten supraleitern. +bei minus 271 grad also, kälter als der raum zwischen den sternen, können diese drähte die spannung aushalten. +in einer der verbindungen, zwischen über neuntausend magneten im lhc, gab es einen manufakturdefekt. +dadurch erhitzen sich die drähte geringfügig und 13-tausend ampere begegneten plötzlich elektrischem widerstand. +dies war das ergebnis. +nun, das alles ist noch beeindruckender wenn sie sich vorstellen, dass die magneten über 20 tonnen wiegen und sich um ca. 30 cm verschoben. +wir beschädigten also ungefähr 50 der magneten +und mussten sie entfernen, was wir auch taten. +wir konditionierten sie neu, reparierten sie. +sie sind nun alle wieder auf ihrem weg zurück. +gegen ende märz wird der lhc wieder funktionsfähig sein. +wir werden ihn anschalten, und erwarten erste daten im juni oder juli sammeln zu können, und setzen unsere reise fort, um herauszufinden was die bausteine des universums sind. +nun, natürlich, auf eine art entfachen solche unfälle erneut die debatte um den wert von wissenschaft und ingenieurskunst an solchen grenzen. es ist leicht, so etwas abzulehnen. +ich denke die tatsache, dass es so schwer ist, die tatsache, dass wir über unsere grenzen hinaus greifen, bildet den wert von dingen wie dem lhc. +ich werde meine abschließenden worte einem englischen wissenschaftler überlassen. humphrey davy, der, wie ich vermute, als er die nutzlosen experimente seines lehrlings verteidigte, sein lehrling war michael faraday, folgendes sagte: "nichts ist so gefährlich für die entwicklung des menschlichen geistes, als anzunehmen, dass unsere wissenschaftlichen vorstellungen endgültig sind, dass es keine mysterien in der natur gibt, dass unsere triumphe vollzählig sind, und dass es keine neuen welten zu erobern gibt." +vielen dank. +ich bin schriftstellerin. +bücher zu schreiben ist mein beruf, aber es ist natürlich mehr als das. +es ist auch meine große, lebenslange liebe und faszination. +und ich erwarte nicht, dass sich das je ändern wird. +allerdings ist kürzliche etwas eigenartiges in meinem leben und meiner karriere geschehen, das mich dazu gebracht hat, meinen bezug zu dieser arbeit komplett zu überdenken. +dieses eigenartige ereignis war, dass ich kürzlich ein buch geschrieben habe – eine biografie namens „eat, pray, love“ –, das, entschieden anders als alle meine vorherigen bücher aus irgendwelchen gründen in die welt hinausging und ein großes mega-ereignis, internationales bestseller-ding wurde. +das ergebnis ist, dass ich, egal wohin ich komme, behandelt werde als wäre ich dem untergang geweiht. +ernsthaft – dem untergang geweiht! +zum beispiel kommen sie ganz besorgt auf mich zu und sagen: "fürchten sie nicht, dass sie diesen erfolg niemals übertreffen werden? +haben sie keine angst davor, dass sie ihr ganzes leben weiterschreiben und nie wieder ein buch erschaffen, das irgendjemanden in der welt interessiert? nie wieder? “ +okay, das macht wirklich mut. +es wäre allerdings schlimmer, wenn ich mich nicht daran erinnern würde, dass ich vor über 20 jahren, als ich als teenager zum ersten mal davon erzählte, dass ich schriftstellerin sein wollte, mit der gleichen art von angstbesetzter reaktion konfrontiert worden bin. +die leute sagten: „hast du keine angst, niemals erfolg zu haben? +hast du keine angst, dass dich die demütigung einer absage umbringt? +hast du keine angst, dass du diesem handwerk dein leben lang nachgehst und daraus nie etwas entsteht und dass du auf einem schrotthaufen geplatzter träume sterben wirst – dein mund gefüllt mit der bitteren asche des versagens? “ +so ungefähr, sie wissen schon. +die antwort – die kurze antwort auf all diese fragen ist: „ja.“ +ja, ich habe angst vor all diesen dingen. +und die hatte ich immer. +und ich habe vor noch viel mehr dingen angst, die niemand erahnen würde. +wie algen – und andere furchteinflößende dinge. +aber, wenn es ums schreiben geht denke ich seit kurzem darüber nach und frage mich: warum? +ist das vernünftig? +ist es logisch, dass von jemandem erwartet werden sollte, dass er angst davor hat, die arbeit zu tun zu der er sich berufen fühlt? +und was genau ist mit den kreativen unternehmungen los, dass sie uns unsicher über den gegenseitigen geisteszustand machen – in einer art, wie es andere berufe nicht tun? +mein vater, zum beispiel, war chemiker und ich kann mich an keine situation in seinen 40 jahren als chemiker erinnern, in der er gefragt wurde, ob er angst hätte, chemiker zu sein. +mit deiner chemiker-blockade, john – wie geht 's dir damit? +es kam einfach nicht vor, wissen sie? +aber um fair zu sein – die gruppe der chemiker haben über die jahrhunderte nicht den ruf von alkoholsüchtigen manisch-depressive menschen erhalten. +wir schriftsteller scheinen aber diese art von ruf zu haben. aber nicht nur die schriftsteller, sondern die kreativen aller genres, scheinen diesen ruf zu haben, mental ungeheuer instabil zu sein. +alles, was sie tun müssen, ist, sich die bitteren todeszahlen von wirklich großartigen köpfen allein aus dem 20. jahrhundert anzusehen, die jung und oft von eigener hand starben. +und selbst diejenigen, die nicht tatsächlich suizid begingen, schienen von ihren talenten wirklich vernachlässigt worden zu sein. +norman mailer sagte kurz vor seinem tod in seinem letzten interview: „jedes meiner bücher hat mich ein bisschen weiter getötet.“ +eine außerordentliche aussage, die sie über ihr lebenswerk machen können. +aber wir zucken nicht einmal, wenn wir jemanden so etwas sagen hören, weil wir diese art von aussagen seit so langer zeit kennen. irgendwie haben wir die auffassung so verinnerlicht und kollektiv akzeptiert, dass kreativität und leid irgendwie natürlich zusammengehören und dass kunst – am ende – immer zur seelenqual führt. +die frage, die ich heute jedem hier stellen möchte ist: ist diese idee für sie völlig in ordnung? +fühlen sie sich damit wohl? denn mit nur einem zentimeter abstand betrachtet... ich fühle mich mit dieser auffassung überhaupt nicht wohl. +ich finde sie abscheulich. +und ich finde sie gefährlich. und ich will nicht zusehen, wie sie ins nächste jahrhundert übernommen wird. +ich finde es besser, wenn wir unsere großen kreativen ermuntern zu leben. +und ich weiß definitiv, dass es für mich – in meiner situation – sehr gefährlich wäre, anzufangen, diesen dunklen pfad der vermutung sozusagen herunterzusickern – besonders in dem umstand, in dem ich mich in meiner karriere gerade befinde. +das heißt – sehen sie: ich bin ziemlich jung. ich bin nur ca. 40 jahre alt. +ich habe vielleicht noch weitere 40 arbeitsjahre in mir. +und es ist äußerst wahrscheinlich, dass alles, was ich von jetzt an schreiben werde von der welt als die arbeit bewertet wird, die nach dem abgefahrenen erfolg meines letzten buches kam, richtig? +ich sage es geradeheraus, denn wir sind hier ja jetzt alle irgendwie freunde – es ist höchst wahrscheinlich, dass mein größter erfolg hinter mir liegt. +oh, jesus, was für ein gedanke! +das sind die art von gedanken, die jemanden dazu bringen können, um 9 uhr morgens anzufangen, gin zu trinken. und das will ich nicht. +ich würde lieber weiterhin diese arbeit tun, die ich liebe. +also ist die frage: wie? +nach einiger zeit des reflektierens scheint mir, dass ich, um weiterhin schreiben zu können, eine art von schützendem psychologischen konstrukt entwerfen muss. +irgendwie muss ich von nun an einen weg finden, beim schreiben eine sichere distanz zu wahren zwischen mir und meiner sehr natürlichen beklemmung darüber, wie die reaktion auf das geschriebene sein wird. +während ich im vergangenen jahr nach modellen dafür gesucht habe, um das zu tun, habe ich auch in der vergangenheit gesucht und ich habe versucht, andere gesellschaften zu finden, um zu sehen, ob sie eventuell bessere oder vernünftigere ideen darüber hatten als wir, wie man kreativen helfen kann, mit den emotionalen risiken umzugehen, die mit kreativität verbunden sind. +diese suche führte mich ins alte griechenland und das alte rom. +bitte folgen sie mir, denn der kreis wird sich wieder schließen. +aber im alten griechenland und rom haben die menschen nicht geglaubt, dass kreativität von menschen kommt, okay? +sie glaubten, dass kreativität eine art göttlicher diener-geist war, der aus einer entfernten, unbekannten quelle zu den menschen kommt – aus unerklärlichen, unbekannten gründen. +die griechen nannten diese göttlichen diener-geister der kreativität „dämonen“. +von sokrates ist bekannt, dass er daran glaubte, er hätte einen dämon, der ihm weisheiten aus weiter ferne mitteilte. +die römer hatten die gleiche idee, nannten diese art von körperlosem kreativem geist ein „genie“. +das ist großartig. die römer dachten nicht wirklich, dass ein genie ein besonders kluges individuum war. +sie glaubten, dass ein genie diese art magisches göttliches wesen war, von dem geglaubt wurde, dass es sprichwörtlich in den wänden eines künstlerateliers lebt – ungefähr so wie dobby, der hauself – der rauskäme und dem künstler bei der arbeit gewissermaßen unsichtbar assistierte und das ergebnis der arbeit gestalten würde. +das ist brilliant – da ist es, da ist die distanz, von der ich sprach – das psychologische konstrukt, die dich von den folgen deiner arbeit schützen. +und jeder wusste, dass es so funktionierte, richtig? +der künstler des altertums war vor gewissen dingen geschützt, wie, zum beispiel, zu viel narzissmus, richtig? +wenn deine arbeit brilliant war konntest du nicht alles ansehen für dich verbuchen. jeder wusste, dass du dieses körperlose genie hattest, das dir geholfen hat. +wenn deine arbeit floppte – nicht gänzlich dein fehler, oder? +jeder wusste, dein genie war etwas lahm. +so haben die menschen im westen wirklich lange zeit über kreativität gedacht. +und dann kam die renaissance und alles änderte sich. wir hatten diese große idee. und diese große idee war: lasst uns das menschliche individuum ins zentrum des universums stellen – über alle götter und mysterien. und es gibt keinen raum mehr für mystische kreaturen, die befehle vom göttlichen annehmen. +es ist der beginn des rationalen humanismus und die menschen begannen zu glaube, dass kreativität komplett vom eigenen individuum kam. +zum ersten mal in der geschichte hört man menschen diesen oder jenen künstler ein genie nennen – anstelle davon, dass er ein genie hat. +ich muss ihnen sagen: ich denke, das war ein großer fehler. +wissen sie? ich denke, einer bloßen person zu erlauben, dass er denkt, er oder sie sei wie das gefäß, wie das becken und die essenz und die quelle allen göttlichen, kreativen, unbekanntem, unendlichen mysteriums ist ein klein bisschen zu viel verantwortung, um sie einer fragilen, menschlichen psyche aufzubürden. +es ist wie jemanden zu bitten, die sonne zu schlucken. +das entstellt und verzerrt ganze egos und es erzeugt all diese unerreichbaren erwartungen an den erfolg. +ich denke, dass dieser erfolgs-druck unsere künstler der letzten 500 jahre vernichtet hat. +und, wenn das stimmt, – und ich denke, es stimmt – ist die frage: +können wir es ändern? +vielleicht zu einem altertümlichen verständnis über die beziehung zwischen menschen und dem mysterium des kreativen zurückzukehren. +vielleicht nicht. +vielleicht können wir das gedankengut aus 500 jahren rationalen humanismus nicht einfach in einem 18-minütigen vortrag auslöschen. +und es gibt sicherlich menschen in diesem publikum, die wirklich berechtigte wissenschaftliche zweifel anmelden würden über die vorstellung von – grundsätzlich – feen, die menschen nachfolgen und feenzauber auf ihre projekte usw. anwenden. +ich werde wahrscheinlich nicht alle von ihnen auf diese reise mitnehmen können. +aber die frage, die ich aufwerfen will ist: warum nicht? +warum nicht so darüber denken? +denn es macht genauso viel sinn wie alles andere, von dem ich gehört habe, wenn es darum ging, die absolut verrückt machende launenhaftigkeit des kreativen prozesses zu erklären. +ein prozess, der sich – wie jeder weiß, der es je versucht hat, etwas zu machen – also in anderen worten: eigentlich jeder hier – nicht immer vernünftig verhält. +in der tat kann er sich manchmal geradezu paranormal anfühlen. +ich hatte kürzlich eine solche begegnung als ich die außerordentliche amerikanische dichterin ruth stone traf, die nun über 90 ist, die aber ihr ganzes leben lang dichterin war. sie erzählte mir, dass sie als sie im dörflichen virginia aufwuchs draußen auf den feldern arbeitete. sie sagte, sie würde fühlen und hören können wie ein gedicht über die landschaft auf sie zukäme. +sie sagte es wäre wie ein donnernder zug aus luft, +der über das land auf sie zurollen würde. +sie fühlte, wenn es kam, denn es würde die erde unter ihren füßen zum beben bringen. +sie wusste, dass sie in einem solchen moment nur eines tun konnte. und das war – in ihren worten – „rennen wie der teufel“. +sie rannte wie der teufel zum haus während sie von diesem gedicht verfolgt wurde. es ging einzig darum, dass sie schnell genug zu einem blatt papier und einem stift gelangen musste, damit sie es, wenn es durch sie hindurch donnerte, einfangen und auf dem blatt festhalten konnte. +bei anderen malen war sie nicht schnell genug. sie rannte und rannte und rannte, aber sie erreichte das haus nicht und das gedicht rollte durch sie hindurch und sie verpasste es. sie sagte es würde weiter über land ziehen und – wie sie sagte – „nach einem anderen dichter suchen“. +und dann gab es diese momente – den teil werde ich nie vergessen – sie sagte, dass es augenblicke gab in denen sie es fast verpasste. +also: sie rennt zum haus und sucht nach dem papier und das gedicht fährt durch sie hindurch und sie greift einen stift gerade als es durch sie hindurchgeht und dann – sagte sie – war es so als würde mit ihrer anderen hand danach greifen und es zu packen kriegen. +sie erwischte das gedicht an seinem schwanz und zog es zurück in ihren körper und übernahm es auf das blatt papier. +bei diesen gelegenheiten kam das gedicht einwandfrei und intakt auf dem papier an – aber rückwärts – vom letzten wort zum ersten. +als ich das hörte dachte ich „das ist unheimlich – das ist genau, wie mein kreativer prozess abläuft.“ +das ist überhaupt nicht wie mein kreativer prozess – ich bin nicht der kanal! +ich bin ein maultier. um arbeiten zu können muss ich jeden tag zur gleichen zeit aufstehen und schwitzen, mich abmühen und wirklich unangenehm durchquälen. +aber selbst ich in meiner maultierart habe manchmal dieses ding gestreift. +und ich schätze, dass viele von ihnen das auch getan haben. +selbst ich hatte arbeiten oder ideen, die aus einer quelle durch mich hindurchkamen, die ich wirklich nicht identifizieren kann. +was ist das für ein ding? +und wie treten wir damit in beziehung ohne darüber unseren verstand zu verlieren, sondern uns im gegenteil sogar bei geistiger gesundheit zu halten? +für mich ist das beste lebende beispiel, wie man dies schaffen kann der musiker tom waits. ich durfte ihn vor einigen jahren für ein magazin interviewen. +wir sprachen dabei über dieses thema. und wissen sie was? die meiste zeit seines lebens war tom die verkörperung des gepeinigten modernen künstlers, der versuchte, diese unkontrollierbaren kreativen impulse, die in ihm wohnten, zu beherrschen und mit ihnen zurechtzukommen. +aber dann wurde er älter und ruhiger. er erzählte mir, dass er eines tages auf einer schnellstraße in los angeles fuhr. und da änderte sich alles für ihn. +er fuhr mit hoher geschwindigkeit als er plötzlich ein kleines fragment einer melodie hört, die, wie es bei inspirationen oft ist, für ihn quälend schwer greifbar ist. und er will sie haben. sie ist prachtvoll. er lechzt danach, aber er kann sie nicht fassen. +er hat kein stück papier, er hat keinen stift, er hat keinen kassettenrekorder. +er beginnt also, diese alte beklemmung in ihm aufsteigen, wie z.b. „ich werde dieses ding verlieren und werde von diesem song auf ewig verfolgt werden. +ich bin nicht gut genug, ich schaffe es nicht. “ +aber anstatt in panik zu geraten, hörte er einfach auf. +er beendete den ganzen gedankengang und tat etwas komplett neues. +er blickte einfach in den himmel und sagte: „entschuldigung, kannst du nicht sehen, dass ich auto fahre?“ +„sehe ich so aus als könnte ich gerade einen song aufschreiben? +wenn du wirklich existieren willst, komm zu einem günstigeren moment wieder, wenn ich mich um dich kümmern kann. +wenn nicht, quäle heute jemand anderen. +geh und quäle leonard cohen. “ +sein ganzer arbeitsprozess hat sich danach geändert. +nicht die arbeit selbst. die war weiterhin oft so dunkel wie eh und je. +aber der prozess und die schwere beklemmung, die ihn umgibt, war aufgehoben als er das genie aus sich heraus nahm, wo er nichts als ärger verursachte und ihn dahin zurückließ wo er sozusagen herkam. er erkannte, dass es kein verinnerlichtes, quälendes ding sein musste. +es konnte eine eigentümliche, wundersame, bizarre zusammenarbeit geben, eine art konversation zwischen tom und dem fremdartigen, äußerlichen ding, das nicht ganz tom war. +als ich diese geschichte gehört habe veränderte es auch ein bisschen die art, wie ich arbeitete und es hat mich schon einmal gerettet. +diese idee rettete mich als ich mitten im schreibprozess von „eat, pray, love“ war. ich fiel in eine dieser gruben des zweifels in die wir alle fallen, wenn wir an etwas arbeiten und es nicht klappt. du fängst an zu denken, dass es ein desaster wird. das wird das schlechteste buch, das je geschrieben wurde. +nicht nur schlecht, sondern des schlechteste aller zeiten. +ich begann zu denken, ich sollte das projekt einfach einstampfen. +aber dann erinnerte ich mich daran, wie tom in den freien himmel gesprochen hatte und ich versuchte es. +ich hob also meinen blick vom manuskript und sprach meinen kommentar in richtung einer leeren ecke des raums. +ich sprach laut: „hör zu, du ding, du und ich wissen beide, wenn dieses buch nicht brillant ist, dass es nicht komplett meine schuld ist, richtig? +denn du siehst ja, dass ich alles, was ich habe, investiere. ich habe nicht mehr als das. +wenn du es also besser haben willst, musst du hier aufkreuzen und deinen anteil der abmachung einhalten. +okay. aber, wenn du das nicht tust... weißt du was, dann zum teufel damit. +ich werde trotzdem weiter schreiben, denn das ist mein job. +und ich möchte bitte zu protokoll geben, dass ich heute für meinen teil des jobs hier war. “ +denn...... am ende ist es wie folgt. vor jahrhunderten haben sich in den wüsten nordafrikas menschen zu mondscheinfesten mit heiligen tänzen und musik versammelt, die stundenlang abgehalten wurden – bis zur morgendämmerung. +diese feste waren immer großartig, denn die tänzer waren professionell und sie waren fantastisch. +aber hin und wieder, sehr selten, passierte etwas besonderes. einer der darsteller wurde tatsächlich überweltlich. +und ich weiß, dass sie wissen, was ich meine, denn ich weiß, dass sie alle in ihrem leben schon einmal eine solche darbietung gesehen haben. +es war als würde die zeit stillstehen und der tänzer durch eine art pforte treten. er tat nichts anders als er es je zuvor getan hat – 1.000 nächte zuvor. aber alles fügte sich zusammen. +und ganz plötzlich erschien er nicht mehr länger rein menschlich. +er wurde von innen erhellt und von unten erhellt und alles erhellte sich durch ein göttliches feuer. +als so etwas damals geschah, wussten die leute was das war. sie nannten es bei seinem namen. +sie legten die hände zusammen und begannen zu singen: „allah, allah, allah, gott, gott, gott.“ +das ist gott, wissen sie? +interessante historische fußnote: als die mohren südspanien eroberten brachten sie diesen brauch mit. die aussprache änderte sich im laufe der jahrhunderte von „allah, allah, allah“ zu „olé, olé, olé“, das man immer noch bei stierkämpfen und flamenco-tänzen hört. +wenn ein darsteller in spanien etwas unmögliches, etwas magisches getan hat: „allah, olé, olé, allah, großartig, bravo“ unfassbar, da ist es: ein flüchtiger blick auf gott. +und das ist großartig, denn wir brauchen das. +aber, der knifflige teil folgt am nächsten morgen, wenn der tänzer selbst aufwacht und erkennt, dass es 11 uhr an einem dienstag ist – und er nicht länger ein fünkchen von gott in sich trägt. +er ist lediglich ein alternder sterblicher mit schmerzenden knien. und vielleicht wird er nie wieder zu diesen höhen aufsteigen. +und vielleicht wird nie wieder jemand gottes namen rufen, wenn er sich dreht. aber was soll er dann mit dem rest seines lebens anfangen? +das ist schwer. +das ist eine der schmerzhaftesten korrekturen eines kreativen lebens. +aber vielleicht muss es nicht ganz so voller pein sein, wenn sie von anfang an nicht geglaubt haben, dass die außergewöhnlichsten aspekte ihres daseins von ihnen kämen. +wenn sie vielleicht nur glauben, dass sie eine leihgabe sind – von einer unvorstellbaren quelle für eine erlesene zeit ihres lebens, die an jemand anderen weitergegeben wird, wenn sie fertig damit sind. +wenn wir anfangen, so darüber nachdenken, ändert das alles. +so habe ich angefangen zu denken und so denke ich mit sicherheit in den vergangenen monaten, während ich an dem buch arbeitete, das bald erscheinen wird – als der gefährliche, beängstigende, stark erwartete nachfolger meines abgefahrenen erfolgs. +was ich mir ständig selbst sagen muss, wenn ich darüber verrückt werde, ist: hab keine angst. +sei nicht entmutigt. +mache einfach deinen job. +sei weiterhin für deinen beitrag da, was auch immer er sein möge. +wenn dein job das tanzen ist, tanze. +wenn sich das dumme göttliche genie, das dir zur seite gestellt ist, entscheidet, für einen kurzen moment einen hauch von wunder durch deine anstrengung zu zeigen, dann „olé!“ +und wenn nicht, tanze dennoch deinen tanz. +und „olé!“ für dich trotz alledem. +ich glaube daran und ich habe das gefühl, wir sollten das lehren. +„olé!“ für dich trotz alledem, einfach dafür, dass du die bloße menschliche liebe und den eigensinn hast, dafür da zu sein. +danke. +danke. +olé! +letztes jahr habe ich diese beiden folien gezeigt, um zu veranschaulichen, dass die arktische eiskappe, die für annähernd drei millionen jahre die grösse der unteren 48 staaten hatte, um 40 prozent geschrumpft ist. +aber dies drückt nicht stark genug die ernsthaftigkeit dieses speziellen problems aus, da es nicht die dicke des eises zeigt. +in gewissem sinne ist die arktische eiskappe das schlagende herz unseres globalen klimasystems. +sie wächst im winter und schrumpft im sommer. +die nächste folie, die ich ihnen zeige, ist eine zeitrafferaufnahme was in den letzten 25 jahren passiert ist. +das dauereis ist mit rot markiert. +wie sie sehen, wächst es auf das dunkelblau markierte. dies ist das jährliche eis im winter; und es schrumpft im sommer. +das sogenannte dauereis, fünf jahre alt oder älter, ist beinahe wie blut, welches aus dem körper hier herausfliesst. +in 25 jahren wird es von hier nach hier verschwunden sein. +dies ist ein problem, da die erwärmung den gefrorenen grund um den arktischen ozean auftaut, in dem es grosse mengen an gefrorenem kohlenstoff gibt, welcher, wenn er auftaut, von mikroben zu methan umgesetzt wird. +verglichen mit dem gesamten betrag an klimaverändernden stoffen in der atmosphäre, könnte sich dieser betrag verdoppeln, wenn wir diesen kritischen punkt überschreiten. +schon heute sprudelt in einigen flachen seen in alaska methan von selbst aus dem wasser. +professor katey walter der universität in alaska ist mit einer weiteren arbeitsgruppe zu einem anderen flachen see letzten winter gereist. +wow! +ihr geht es gut. die frage ist, wie wird es uns ergehen. +und ein grund ist, dieser enorme wärmespeicher erwärmt grönland aus dem norden. +dies ist ein jährlicher tauwasserfluss. +aber die volumen sind wesentlich grösser als je zuvor. +dies ist der kangerlussuaq fluss in südwest grönland. +wenn sie wissen möchten, wie der meeresspiegel durch landeisschmelze steigt hier fliesst sie ins meer. +diese flüsse nehmen rapide zu. +am anderen ende des planeten, die antarktis, die grösste eismasse auf dem planeten. +letzten monat meldeten forscher, dass der gesamte kontinent nun eine negative eisbilanz hat. +und die westantarktis, die über ein paar unterwasserinseln aufgetaucht ist, ist besonders stark im schmelzen. +dies entspricht 20 fuß meereshöhe, so wie grönland. +im himalaya, der drittgrössten eismasse, sehen sie oben neue seen, die vor ein paar jahren gletscher waren. +40 prozent aller menschen auf der welt bekommen die hälfte ihres trinkwassers aus diesem schmelzwasser. +in den anden ist dieser gletscher die trinkwasserquelle für diese stadt. +die wassermengen haben sich vergrössert. +aber wenn sie versiegen, wird auch das meiste trinkwasser wegfallen. +in kalifornien wurde eine 40 prozentige verringerung der schneedecke der sierra gesehen. +dies betrifft die speicherbecken. +und die vorhersagen, wie sie sie gelesen haben, sind ernst. +diese austrocknung in der ganzen welt führt zu einer dramatischen steigerung an feuern. +und die katastrophen überall auf der welt haben in einem wirklich ausserordentlichen und vorher nie dagewesenen ausmass zugenommen. +viermal so viele in den letzten 30 jahren wie in den vorhergegangenen 75. +dies ist ein vollkommen unhaltbares entwicklungsmuster. +wenn sie dies im historischen zusammenhang betrachten, können sie sehen, was es anrichtet. +in den letzten 5 jahren haben wir 70 millionen tonnen an co2 produziert alle 24 stunden -- 25 millionen tonnen jeden tag in die ozeane. +schauen sie sich den bereich des östlichen pazifik genau an, vom amerikanischen kontinent westlich und beiderseits des indischen subkontinents, wo es einen drastischen rückgang des sauerstoffs in den meeren gibt. +der grösste einzelne faktor für die globale erwärmung, neben abholzung, welches 20 prozent ausmacht, ist das verbrennen von fossilen brennstoffen. +öl ist ein problem, und kohle ist das gleichwohl grösste problem. +die vereinigten staaten sind eine der beiden grössten verschmutzer, zusammen mit china. +und der vorschlag war, viele weitere kohlefabriken zu bauen. +aber wir beginnen, eine veränderung zu sehen. +hier sind die, die in den letzten jahren gestrichen wurden, mit einigen grünen alternativen, die vorgeschlagen wurden. +trotzdessen gibt es eine politische auseinandersetzung in unserem land. +und die kohleindustrien und ölindustrien haben eine viertelmilliarde dollar letztes kalendarjahr ausgegeben, um saubere kohle zu bewerben, was an sich schon ein widerspruch in sich ist. +dieses bild erinnerte mich an etwas. +um weihnachten herum liefen, bei mir zu hause in tennessee, eine milliarde tonnen kohleschlamm aus. +sie haben es warscheinlich in den nachrichten gesehen. +dies ist in unserem ganzen land der zweitgrösste abfallfluss amerikas. +dies passierte um weihnachten. +einer der werbespots der kohleindustrie um weihnachten war dieser. +frosty der kohlenmann ist ein vergnügter, fröhlicher bursche. +ihn gibt es in hülle und fülle in amerika, und er hilft unserer wirtschaft zu wachsen. +frosty, der kohlenmann wird jeden tag sauberer. +er ist bezahlbar und liebenswert, und arbeiter bleiben in lohn und brot. +dies ist die quelle der meisten kohle in west virginia. +der mächtigste bergarbeiter ist der leiter von massey coal. +lassen sie mich eines ganz klar sagen. al gore, nancy pelosi, harry reid, sie wissen nicht, wovon sie reden. +also hat die allianz für klimaschutz zwei kampagnen ins leben gerufen. +dies ist eine, ein teil von ihr. +bei der coalergy sehen wir klimaveränderung als eine ernste gefahr für unser geschäft. +deshalb haben wir es uns zum obersten zeil gesetzt, eine beträchtliche geldsumme auszugeben um eine werbeaktion auf den weg zu bringen, um die wahrheit über kohle. +tatsache ist, kohle ist nicht dreckig. +wir glauben, sie ist sauber -- und riecht auch noch gut +also, machen sie sich keine sorgen um die klimaveränderung. +überlassen sie das ruhig uns. +saueber kohle, sie haben viel davon gehört. +also lassen sie uns eine tour dieser modernen, sauberen kohlefabrik machen. +fantastisch! diese maschine ist ziemlich laut. +aber es ist der klang der sauberen kohletechnologie. +und trotzdem das verbrennen von kohle einer der hauptgründe für die globale erwärmung ist, die bemerkenswert saubere kohletechnologie, die sie hier sehen, ändert alles. +schauen sie es sich genau an, dies ist die heutige, saubere kohletechnologie. +endlich vermischt sich die positive alternative mit unserer wirtschaftlichen herausforderung und unserer herausforderung der nationalen sicherheit. +amerika ist in einer krise, die wirtschaft, die nationale sicherheit, die klimakrise. +der rote faden, der diese alle verbindet, ist unsere abhängigkeit von kohlenstoff-basierenden kraftstoffen wie dreckige kohle und ausländisches öl. +aber nun gibt es eine mutige, neue lösung, um uns aus dieser misslichen lage zu befreien. +versorge amerika mit 100 prozent sauberer elektrizität neu, innerhalb der nächsten 10 jahre +ein plan, amerika zurück zur arbeit zu bringen, uns sicherer zu machen und zu helfen, die globale erwärmung zu stoppen. +endlich, eine lösung, die groß genug ist, unsere probleme zu lösen. +versorge amerika neu. finden sie mehr heraus. +dies ist die letzte. +es geht um eine neuversorgung von amerika. +einer der schnellsten wege, unsere abhängigkeit von alten, dreckigen kraftstoffen, die unsere welt ersticken, zu reduzieren. +die zukunft ist hier. wind, sonne und ein neues energiesystem. +neue investitionen, um gut bezahlte arbeitsplätze zu schaffen. +versorge amerika neu. es ist zeit, realität zu akzeptieren. +es gibt ein altes afrikanisches sprichwort: "wenn du schnell sein möchtest, geh alleine. +wenn du weit kommen möchtest, geh zusammen. " +wir müssen weit kommen, und zwar schnell. +vielen dank. +ich möchte damit beginnen sie zu bitten, an die zeit ihrer kindheit zurückzudenken, als sie mit bauklötzen spielten. +während sie erkannten, wie man die hände ausstreckt und zugreift, die klötze aufnimmt und bewegt, lernten sie tatsächlich, zu überlegen und probleme durch das verstehen und verändern räumlicher zusammenhänge zu lösen. +das räumliche denken ist eng damit verbunden, wie wir einen großteil unserer umgebung verstehen. +als informatiker - inspiriert von der art unserer interaktion mit realen objekten - zusammen mit meinem fachberater patti und meinem kollegen jeevan kalanithi, begann ich mich zu wundern: was wäre, wenn wir computer nutzen würden, die anstelle eines maus-zeigers, der sich wie eine digitale fingerspitze auf einer flachen arbeitsfläche bewegt...... was wäre, wenn wir mit beiden händen eingreifen könnten und daten physisch ergreifen und sie so anordnen könnten, wie wir es wollen? +diese frage war so ergreifend, dass wir uns zur erforschung der antwort entschieden und siftables entwickelten. +kurz gesagt, ein siftable ist ein interaktiver computer in der größe eines kekses. +sie können mit der hand bewegt werden, sie können sich gegenseitig wahrnehmen, sie können ihre bewegungen erfassen und sie haben einen bildschirm und einen funkempfänger. +viel wichtiger: sind sind körperlich, weshalb man sie wie bauklötze lediglich durch das ausstrecken der hände und zugreifen bewegen kann. +und die siftables sind ein beispiel einer neuen generation von hilfsmitteln zur manipulation digitaler daten. +und wenn diese hilfsmittel körperlicher werden und ein bewusstsein für ihre bewegungen entwickeln, sich gegenseitig erkennen und die feinheiten unseres umgangs mit ihnen wahrnehmen, dann können wir mit der erforschung neuer und unterhaltsamer interaktionsarten beginnen. +ich fange mit einigen einfachen beispielen an. +dieser siftable ist für die videowiedergabe konfiguriert und wenn ich ihn in eine richtung kippe, wird das video vorwärts abgespielt; wenn ich ihn in die andere richtung kippe, läuft es rückwärts. +und diese interaktiven portraits nehmen sich gegenseitig wahr. +wenn ich sie also nebeneinander lege, weckt das ihr interesse. +wenn sie voneinader umgeben sind, bemerken sie das auch und können etwas nervös werden. +und sie fühlen ebenso ihre bewegungen und neigung. +eine interessante folge der interaktionen, die wir zu erkennen begannen, war, dass wir alltägliche gesten auf daten anwenden könnten, wie etwa farben so zu schütten, wie man dies mit flüssigkeiten tut. +in diesem fall haben wir drei siftables als farbtöpfe konfiguriert und ich kann sie nutzen, um farbe in den in der mitte zu gießen, wo sie dann vermischt werden. +wenn wir es übertreiben, können wir ein wenig zurückschütten. +es gibt außerdem auch einige nette möglichkeiten in der bildung wie sprachen, mathematik oder logikspiele, wo wir den leuten die möglichkeit des schnellen ausprobierens geben und die ergebnisse sofort sehen wollen. +hier bin ich... das ist eine fibonacci-folge, die ich mit einem einfachen gleichungsprogramm erstelle. +das ist ein spiel mit wörtern, das eine art mischung aus scrabble und boggle ist. +grundsätzlich bekommt man jede runde auf jeden siftable zufällig zugewiesene buchstaben und während man versucht, wörter zu bilden, werden diese über ein wörterbuch geprüft. +dann, nach ungefähr 30 sekunden, wird wieder gemischt und man hat eine neue buchstabenkombination und neue möglichkeiten auszuprobieren. +vielen dank. +das sind einige kinder die auf einem ausflug zum media lab kamen. ich konnte sie dazu bewegen, es auszuprobieren und habe ein video davon aufgenommen. +sie haben es wirklich geliebt. +ein interessanter umstand bei dieser art von anwendungen ist, dass man den leuten nicht viele anweisungen geben muss. +alles was man sagen muss ist "bildet wörter" und sie wissen genau, was zu tun ist. +hier sind noch ein paar leute, die es testen. +das ist unser jüngster beta-tester dort unten rechts. +es stellte sich heraus, dass er die siftables nur stapeln wollte. +also für ihn waren sie nur bauklötze. +dies ist eine interaktive trickfilmanwendung. +wir wollten ein lernmittel für sprachlerner entwickeln. +das ist felix. +er kann neue charaktere in die szene bringen, indem er den siftable vom tisch aufhebt, der diese figur zeigt. +hier lässt er die sonne aufgehen. +die sonne geht auf +jetzt holt er einen traktor in die szene. +der orangene traktor. +gute arbeit! ja! +indem er die siftables schüttelt und sie nebeneinander legt kann er die charaktere interagieren lassen... +... seine eigene geschichte erfinden. +hallo! +es ist eine geschichte mit offenem ende und er kann entscheiden, wie sie sich entwickelt. +fliegende katze. +das letzte beispiel, für das ich heute zeit habe, es zu zeigen, ist ein musik-sequencer für live-auftritte, das wir kürzlich entwickelt haben und in dem siftables als töne, wie führungsstimme, bass und schlagzeug agieren. +jedes hat vier verschiedene variationen; man kann auswählen, welche man nutzen möchte. +und man kann diese töne in die sequenz einspeisen, die man wiederum in beliebigen mustern anordnen kann. +und man speist sie ein, indem man einfach einen ton-siftable an einen sequenz-siftable hält. +dort sind effekte, die man live verändern kann, wie z.b. hall und filter. +man verbindet ihn mit einem bestimmten ton und neigt ihn dann zum einstellen. +und dann noch übergeordnete effekte wie tempo und lautstärke, die man auf die gesamte sequenz anwendet. +also schauen wir mal. +wir beginnen, in dem wir die führungsstimme in zwei sequenz-siftable einspeisen und diese in einer reihe anordnen, sie erweitern und ein bisschen mehr der stimme hinzufügen. +jetzt füge ich einen bass hinzu. +jetzt werde ich noch etwas schlagzeug dazu tun. +und jetzt verbinde ich den filter mit dem schlagzeug, damit ich den effekt live steuern kann. +ich kann die ganze sequenz beschleunigen, indem ich das tempo in die eine oder andere richtung kippe. +und jetzt verbinde ich den filter noch mit dem bass; für etwas mehr ausdruck. +ich kann die sequenz während sie abläuft umstellen. +dadurch muss ich sie nicht im vorfeld planen, sondern kann improvisieren; sie währenddessen verlängern oder verkürzen. +und abschließend kann ich die ganze sequenz ausblenden, indem ich den lautstärke-siftable nach links neige. +vielen dank. +wie sie also sehen können, liegt meine begeisterung darin, neue mensch-computer-schnittstellen zu entwickeln, die besser zu dem passen, wie unsere gehirne und körper arbeiten. +und heute hatte ich zeit, ihnen einen teil dieser neuen design-welt und einige der möglichkeiten dessen zu zeigen, woran wir in unserem labor arbeiten. +der gedanke, den ich ihnen mit auf den weg geben möchte, ist dass wir an der schwelle zu dieser neuen generation von werzeugen zur interaktion mit digitalen medien stehen, die informationen in unsere welt bringen, die unseren anforderungen entspricht. +vielen dank, +ich freue mich auf die gespräche mit ihnen allen! +ja, guten tag. +ich freue mich, dass ich da bin. +ja, also, was soll biohacking sein? +ich muss dazu erst mal ein bisschen ausholen, und zwar beschäftigt sich biohacking eben mit der modernen molekularbiologie. +ich studiere molekularbiologie und beschäftige mich eben jetzt seit ein paar jahren mit dem biohacking, und das habe ich angefangen, weil ich einfach genauer wissen wollte und es vor allem auch selbst machen wollte, was ich so im studium theoretisch gelernt habe. +so, das war meine primäre motivation. +also es war eine neugier und ich wollte irgendwie näher ran an die materie, so. +ich denke, dass die molekularbiologie im allgemeinen jetzt, also ganz allgemein gesprochen, biotechnologie, alles, was man dazu zählt, synthetische biologie und so weiter, +extrem wichtig ist, jetzt schon extrem wichtig ist und noch viel, viel wichtiger werden wird in zukunft. +da gibt es so umstrittene sachen wie diese ganzen gentechnisch veränderten pflanzen auf den äckern. +es gibt jetzt craig venter in den u.s.a, der versucht biofuel herzustellen, also benzin aus algen. +unter dann gibt es auch schon sachen, die total im alltag angekommen sind, was den meisten leuten aber gar nicht bewusst ist, zum beispiel waschmittelenzyme, die uns erlauben, mit vierzig grad wäsche zu waschen, sind auch gentechnisch optimierte enzyme. +und die liste kann man endlos fortsetzen. +und also aus dem interesse daran, an dieser an dieser technologie, bin ich eben da weiter weiter reingegangen. +so was warum jetzt hacken? +die meisten kennen die meisten leute kennen das aus dem softwarebereich. +computer hacken, und dann wird es in den medien immer so, ja, die hacker brechen irgendwo ein und klauen daten und so weiter. +das ist ja irgendwie für die hackerszene sehr traurig, weil das gar nicht das trifft, was sie eigentlich wie das eigentlich angefangen hat und was eigentlich dahinter steht. +und zwar haben die software-hacker, in den siebziger, achtzigerjahren mit computerbasteln angefangen und daraus ist auch das internet entstanden. +und es geht darum, mit auf eine spielerische, kreative, originelle art, ein problem zu lösen. +und problem, das ist nicht nur ein technisches problem, es kann auch ein gesellschaftliches problem sein, es kann auch einfach ein zugangsproblem sein, was wie dinge vereinfachen, also eine beliebige problemstellung, eine frage aufzuwerfen, und wie kann man das anders oder wie kann man das besser machen. +und es wurde eben es ist halt mit software großgeworden, aber es gibt es auch im elektronikbereich, da gibt es auch eine ganze bastlerszene, die mit elektronikschaltkreisen alle möglichen abgefahrenen sachen machen. +und jetzt eben halt auch in richtung biologie, und da möchte ich diese metapher, die halt aus der synthetischen biologie kommt, nehmen, dass biologie eigentlich eine informationswissenschaft ist, weil, der d.n.a code ist ein abstrakter code, der ja, es ist nicht ganz gleich wie computer, weil es dynamischer ist, weil es materie, also echte materie ist, und nicht nur cyber. +aber es ist auch ein code, und den kann man auch programmieren und entsprechend kann man ihn auch hacken, so, und das fand ich finde ich unglaublich faszinierend, und da wollte ich einfach viel tiefer mit einsteigen. +das hat eigentlich erst zweitausend acht wirklich form angenommen, diese diese netzwerke. +da gibt es hackteria dot org, das ist ursprünglich aus der schweiz, das ist mit europa und mit einer kooperation in indien basiertes netzwerk, das aber mittlerweile mitglieder oder aktive leute überall auf der welt hat. +das sind das hat eine mehr künstlerische ausrichtung, also da geht 's sind viele künstler und philosophen und in zusammenarbeit mit wissenschaftlern damit beschäftigt, eben sich mit diesen technologien auseinanderzusetzen und fragen zu stellen und das kreativ zu verarbeiten, da gibt es museumsausstellungen und ja, alles mögliche. +aber es geht eigentlich immer darum, so einen so einen lockeren zugang zu finden, so einen spielerischen umgang zu haben damit. +und dann gibt es do-it-yourself-bio dot org, d.i.y.bio. +das ist aus den u.s.a ein netzwerk, das ist eigentlich mehr so eine art forum, wo sich wo man sich halt trifft und online diskutiert. +die sind ein bisschen technischer ausgerichtet und auch ein bisschen businessmäßiger unterwegs, da werden dann auch so, ja angewandte fragen gestellt. +und ausgehend von diesen netzwerken, die das ganze populär gemacht haben, hat sich halt so eine szene entwickelt, die ich kurz mal porträtieren möchte. +hier im bild links oben sieht man biocurious, das ist ein hackerspace, also im prinzip eine art schule, so eine private schule, gemeinnützige verein einrichtung, wo jeder hinkommen kann. +kinder, alte, alle möglichen leute gehen dahin, um sich einfach damit auseinanderzusetzen, sie haben ein labor eingerichtet und schauen sich an was kann man machen, wenn diese laborprotokolle an. +hier links unten ist eine gruppe in indonesien, house-of-natural-fibers heißt die, die gibt es aber schon ziemlich lange. +schon länger als diese anderen beiden netzwerke. +die beschäftigen sich auch in so einem künstlerischen aspekt mit biologischen materialien und, ja, auch elektronikbasteleien, und kombinieren das auf ziemlich abgefahre art. +eine gruppe aus ankara, die ich vor einer weile mal kennengelernt habe, die haben das ist eine studentengruppe, die halt gerne der öffentlichkeit mehr vermitteln wollte, was was sie in der uni lernen, und die haben so so auf straßenfesten kleine aktionen gemacht und leuten versucht zu erklären, was d.n.a ist. +und ich habe oben in auf dem anderen bild eine vorlesung in in kopenhagen im medizinischen museum in kombination mit einer ausstellung zum thema. +und das ist, ja das ist das sind meistens recht junge leute, aber das einzige, was was einen was eigentlich alle vereint, ist diese faszination an der technologie. +und was man damit machen kann und eben auch ganz gezielt auf die gesellschaft damit zuzugehen und zu fragen, so, okay, was wisst ihr, was was wollt ihr mitmachen, habt ihr interesse daran, euch damit so einzubringen? +so, o.k, um jetzt biologie zu hacken, braucht man ja irgendwie material. +man braucht natürlich biologische materialien, und man braucht aber auch werkzeuge, und das ist dann ein labor. +beziehungsweise, was man normalerweise unter einem labor versteht, das sind so irgendwie abgefahrene maschinen, extrem teuer, extrem distanziert, nur für fachpersonal, ausgebildete akademiker mit doktortitel und so weiter. +und unser ansatz war eben halt zu sagen, o.k, dass eigentlich muss man das nicht machen. +das ist eigentlich nicht notwendig, weil jede jede jeder kaffeeautomat hat eigentlich höher entwickelte technologie als die meisten laborgeräte, das ist wirklich so. +und s o mit dieser prämisse mit dieser prämisse hat dann zum beispiel brian degger in england versucht, ein minimallabor zusammenzustellen, hat dann so einen dampfdruckkochtopf genommen, eine heizplatte und, ja, so suppenbrühe, und hat sich damit dann bakterien gezüchtet, funktioniert. +also jedem, dem schon einmal eine suppe vergammelt ist, die er zu lange stehen gelassen hat, auch schon mal gemacht. +ich habe das dann in meinem labor daheim versucht, ein bisschen auszuweiten, und habe mir dann halt so second-hand-equipment auf ebay gekauft und ein bisschen d.n.a analyse gemacht, versucht, einen vaterschaftstest, also so so / d.n.a fingerprinting, noch mal zu machen daheim. +das sollte jetzt eigentlich gar kein witz sein, aber. +hier unten in dem bild sieht man ist das labor, in anführungsstrichen, also ist so eine zugestellte garage mit auch so allem möglichen laborgerümpel, den die uni ausgemistet hat, eine gruppe in paris, die sich da was was eingerichtet hat und ziemlich erfolgreich damit ist und auch ziemlich interessante sachen macht, da will ich auch noch ein projekt kurz anschneiden. +und das hier ist biocurious, der eben auch erwähnte hackerspace, dieses ja, so eine art volkshochschule im prinzip für für molekulare biologie. +und ja, also, man sieht, es ist relativ relativ heterogen, also das gibt es halt von leuten, die das alleine daheim machen, bis hin zu großen also größeren organisationen, die halt das mehr formal auch schon in institutionalisierter form schon betreiben. +aber eben immer immer der der ansatz, dass es halt einfach und zugänglich sein soll. +das erste projekt, das wir als internationale gruppe gemacht haben, als wir uns quasi unserer selbst bewusst wurden, o.k, es gibt uns jetzt hier als wirkliche szene auch, und wir sind online, und wir wir kennen so die leute, die da immer chatten und so. +und dann kam eben von der do-it-yourself-bio org webseite der gründer, und hat gesagt o.k, wir müssen uns jetzt auch mal wirklich treffen, auch real treffen, und hat dann zwei veranstaltungen organisiert, eine in london, zweitausend zehn, und kurz darauf in den u.s.a, in san francisco. +und, da ging es dann auch darum, ja o.k, wer sind wir, was wollen wir, was wollen wir auch was wollen wir mitteilen? +und was was sind unsere werte und was sind was ist unsere zielsetzung, unsere grundlage? +und da haben wir dann so einen code-of-conduct ausgearbeitet. +das war recht intuitiv, also jeder hat einfach so seine wünsche, seine und das, was ihn halt bewegt, ausgedrückt, dann. +da kam, meiner meinung nach, ein ganz guter code zustande. +und den haben wir dann der ist nicht verbindlich, aber das ist halt ja, ich denke schon, hat sich relativ gut durchgesetzt, die leute sind da recht überzeugt von so. +und wir haben dann sogar versucht, das auch in die akademische welt wieder zurückzubringen, aber dort ist es irgendwie nicht so angekommen. +also ich glaube, wir aus der biohackerszene sind in der hinsicht sogar schon einen schritt weiter als die die akademische welt. +ja, was für projekte machen wir jetzt eigentlich so? +ein projekt, das ich mit dem hackteria-netzwerk in der schweiz selbst gemacht habe, war, dass wir eine sogenannte optische falle oder optische pinzette basteln wollten. +das ist, wenn man einen laserstrahl fokussiert, auf einen im raum, dann kann man damit kleine partikel einfangen in der luft oder in in der flüssigkeit und dann in diesem fokus bewegen, also, der ist dann da eingefangen, also wie so ein wie so ein traktorbeamstrahl im prinzip. +das funktioniert wirklich, das wird im akademischen setting gemacht, und wir haben dann gedacht, o.k, das kriegen wir vielleicht auch hin, haben dann eine webcam genommen, die aufgeschraubt, die linse abgemacht, umgedreht, dann hat man ein mikroskop, das vergrößert etwa vierhundertfach. +das sieht man da unten. +und dann haben wir einen d.v.d brenner auseinandergeschraubt und den brenner den laser rausgeholt und dann versucht, auf diese kamera da zu fokussieren. +und das hat leider nicht geklappt, aber wir haben trotzdem viel dabei gelernt. +so ein anderes projekt, das aus von der französischen gruppe da aus paris, das hat geklappt, das ist ziemlich cool. +und zwar hat er so ein na ja, so ein so ein hirnwellenmessgerät, so e.e.g oder so etwas, also er hat sich mit neurobiologie beschäftigt, sein sein nickname ist sam neurohack. +er hat sich dann dieses diesen diesen helm da gebastelt, und in in der kooperation mit dem museum ist das gelaufen. +da konnten dann die besucher in den raum reingehen, sich auf diesen stuhl setzen, sich diesen helm aufsetzen. +dann wurden ihre gehirnwellen gemessen, und je nachdem, was sie gedacht haben oder wie sie gedacht haben, ist sind dann verschiedene lichter im raum angegangen. +war ein ziemlich ziemlich schickes projekt. +ein anderes ding aus den usa, das eben auch mit dieser vaterschaftstestgeschichte da zu tun hat, ist die die p.c.r, das ist die polymerase-kettenreaktion, kompliziertes wort. +also es geht darum, eben gene zu kopieren, zu vermehren, d.n.a, fragmente zu vermehren, damit man sie sichtbar machen kann. +also wenn ich jetzt das machen die die profiler am tatort, gehen dann hin, sammeln da irgendwelche haarproben, und dann machen die diese wenden dann diese methode an, und dann können sie sagen, o.k, dieses haar gehört zu diesem menschen, so. +und die maschinen, die so etwas machen, die sind ziemlich teuer so, die man kommerziell kauft, die billigsten gehen so bei viertausend euro los. +und das ist halt nicht im hobbybereich, aber es ist eine wirklich coole technologie, die auch sehr viel kann. +also das ist nur eine anwendung von vielen, die man damit machen kann. +und die haben da haben sich so zwei zwei bastler rangesetzt und gesagt, o.k, das machen wir einfacher und billiger, und haben dann eben aus open source, also frei verfügbarer hardware, elektroniksachen, sich diese dieses gerät zusammengebastelt und sind jetzt die haben das sogar zur marktreife gebracht und sind jetzt die der billigste anbieter von diesen geräten weltweit. +ich glaube, irgendwie so sechshundert dollar oder so etwas. +aber auf jeden fall ist es jetzt es ist immer noch nicht billig, aber es ist auf jeden fall in einem rahmen, wo es doch deutlich verfügbarer wird. +also es ist meiner meinung nach ein sehr gelungener hack. +ein projekt, das ich letztens angefangen hatte, war eine gene-gun zu bauen. +gene-gun ist, ja, wie so eine art luftdruckpistole, die schießt etwa so weit, zwei zentimeter oder so. +man lädt d.n.a auf goldpartikel und die goldpartikel dann in diese luftdruckpistole, und dann ich habe die dann auf zwiebeln geschossen und habe die dann zum leuchten gebracht damit so. +also das gerät, das man da sieht, das hat nicht funktioniert. +aber das ist so mein so mein prototyp, der aber ziemlich abgefahren ausgesehen hat, so auf so einem ast, das ding drauf, elektronik drauf und druck angeschlossen, und das war aber der druck war zu hoch, das ding ist kaputt gegangen. +und dann habe ich einen sahnespender genommen und das daran angeschlossen. +ein sahnespender, wenn man den voll macht mit wasser, hat der genug druck, also ich glaube, so vierzig bis sechtzig bar etwa drauf. +und damit kann man dann die partikel stark genug beschleunigen und dann gehen die auch in die zwiebel rein. +und das kommerzielle gerät kostet etwa fünfzehntausend euro aufwärts oder so etwas, sahnespender so um die fünfzig. +also die es hat nicht die gleiche effizienz, aber es ist im prinzip halt machbar. +so und das ist halt im moment auch das das kernanliegen der szene eben, diese verfügbarkeit von technologie zu erhöhen und auch die information und die verständlichkeit zu vergrößern, dass dass mehr leute sich da engagieren können. +weil, wie am anfang gesagt, es ist eine extrem wichtige technologie, und die meisten leute haben relativ wenig ahnung davon und auch auch keine chance, sich da wirklich gut zu bilden. +weil, wenn man nur darüber liest, aus sekundärliteratur, das ist nicht das gleiche, wie wenn man es selber einmal gemacht oder gesehen hat. +und ich denke, technologie wird immer wichtiger in unseren modernen gesellschaften. +und wenn man als informierter bürger auch sinnvolle entscheidungen in der gesellschaft treffen können will und mitreden können will, dann braucht man den zugang zum wissen und zur technologie. +und und man muss es auch machen und verstehen, um es machen und verstehen zu können. +und das firmiert dann unter den schlagworten open knowledge und citizen science. +also dass eben man als bürger in die lage versetzt wird, eben sich mit diesen wissenschaftlichen technologien auseinanderzusetzen. +und das ist das das kernanliegen von von den biohackern. +das sind die leute, die sich zumindest offiziell eingetragen haben auf der webseite, d.i.y.bio-dot-org webseite. +das ist schon eine relativ beachtliche anzahl von leuten weltweit. +und interessant ist auch, dass sie auch in südostasien vertreten sind. +das ist ich glaube, die sind da da sind weniger leute eingetragen, als tatsächlich existieren. +also ich weiß von einigen, die sich nicht eingetragen haben. +und das sind jetzt nur die biohacker, die individuellen leute. +teilweise auch mit diesen hackerspaces, also diesen orten zusammen dort eingetragen. +und das ist aber ganz im anfang. +wie gesagt, zweitausendacht hat es erst angefangen. +und hackerspaces, also die computerhackerspaces, da der c-base in berlin war der erste, neunzehnhundertfünfundneunzig. +und das ist mittlerweile ein gigantisches netzwerk an sehr guten, ja, infrastrukturzentren geworden, die überall auf der welt vertreten sind. +und wir hoffen natürlich, dass wir halt uns dann ähnlich auch ausbreiten und dann auch ähnlich gut vernetzt sind, so dass halt auch mehr dran leute involviert werden können. +und ich würde jeden einmal einladen, sich damit zu befassen und auch mal selber was auszuprobieren. +es ist zwar jetzt nicht so simpel, aber es ist auch nicht unmöglich, wenn man da genug neugier hat und genug energie reinsteckt, dann kommt man da auch weit. +vielen dank fürs zuhören. +das war 's. +ja, hallo. +wie funktionieren wir menschen eigentlich? +das ist eine frage, die mich sehr bewegt als designerin, aber auch im bereich im forschungsbereich usability und vor allen dingen im bereich user experience. +da geht es darum, wie man menschen in interaktiven medien begegnet, damit sie diese interaktiven medien benutzen können und damit sie ein möglichst befriedigendes erlebnis erzeugen. +ich glaube nämlich, dass die interaktiven medien in uns archaische, kognitive modelle adressieren, also denkmuster, die in unserem biologischen gedächtnis vor sehr, sehr langer zeit einprogrammiert worden sind und dass wir die eben gerade durch interaktive medien wieder hervorrufen können. +und das ist sehr erstaunlich, weil man ja eigentlich glaubt, dass diese hochtechnologie, der man da begegnet, dass die einen ja eigentlich in die zukunft bringt, aber tatsächlich ist es so, dass die zukunft genau bei uns ist, bei unseren archaischen wurzeln. +was sind denn jetzt eigentlich archaische modelle? +ich habe mal vier stichworte aufgeschrieben und möchte die gerne kurz erklären. +zu archaischen kognitiven modellen und zwar sind das die modelle, die wir in den vorindustriellen zeiten uns angeeignet haben. +zu diesen archaischen modellen gehört, dass wir ein prinzipiell natürliches verhältnis zur virtualität haben. +das klingt prinzipiell erstmal ungewöhnlich. +ich werde darauf aber gleich nochmal eingehen und werde ihnen per versuch beweisen, dass auch sie ein natürliches verhältnis zur virtualität haben. +der zweite aspekt ist, dass wir seit aufgrund dieser archaischen modellen durchaus in der lage sind sehr, sehr bildlich zu sprechen, obwohl wir heutzutage eine kodifizierte sprache benutzen. +und der dritte bereich, der erklärt sich eigentlich von selbst. +wir wissen alle, dass die interaktiven medien per definition nonlinear sind, was die verneinung der linearität beinhaltet, und was uns natürlich sagt, dass wir die linearität heute als normal empfinden. +der vierte punkt ist, dass die geschichte für uns ein ort der informationsweitergabe ist. +wie ist das jetzt mit der mit der virtualität, die eigentlich die natürlichste sache der welt ist. +ich will ihnen das gerne mal beweisen. +wieviele türen hat das haus, in dem sie wohnen? +das werden wir sie mir nicht sofort spontan beantworten können, aber es wird folgendes passieren und passiert gerade im moment. +sie gehen im geiste durch dieses haus, in demn sie wohnen, und schauen sich an, wie viele türen da sind. +und genau das ist, was sie machen. +sie virtualisieren die realität und zwar ganz ohne computer. +fantastisch, oder? +und da geben wir uns mühe am medien-campus beispielsweise die virtuelle realität in unserem v.r.-labor darzustellen, dabei können wir das eigentlich die ganze zeit schon. +und diese dieses vermögen die virtuelle die realität zu virtualisieren, die haben die menschen in den vorindustriellen zeiten auch bitter nötig gehabt, denn die hatten ja gar nichts. +die hatten ja keine bücher. +oder die hatten keine keine fotolitografie. +sie hatten keine massenmedien. +das einzige, was die hatten, war ihr kopf. +und in diesem kopf spielte sich die erinnerung ab. +in diesem kopf wurde wissen abgerufen und mithilfe dieser virtuellen bilder, der imagination, wurden eben wurde wissen auch weitergegeben. +und deswegen ist es auch so stark in uns verwurzelt, dass wir mit der virtualität so gut umgehen können. +das interessante daran ist, wenn ich mal einen kleinen ausflug machen darf. +ja, das geht. +das interessante daran ist, dass zu dieser zeit der mensch gleichzeitig medienproduzent und medium selber war. +wenn sie jetzt mal ein stückchen weiter denken. +was sind heute medien? +dann werden sie bemerken, dass es eine veränderung gegeben hat. +aber darauf komme ich gleich nochmal zu sprechen. +wesentliches werkzeug der informationsvermittlung sind seit jeher geschichten gewesen. +schamanen, priester, sogenannte wissenswächter, waren dafür extra abgestellt, um wissen in geschichten zu bewahren. +und auch heute hängen wir noch sehr, sehr stark an geschichten. +dem autor des buches the storytelling animal, jonathan gottschall, zufolge verbingen wir immer noch jährlich eintausendneunhundert stunden mit der rezeption von geschichten. +das bedeutet für ein kind, das es bis zum erreichen des der der großjährigkeit die meiste zeit seines lebens mit der rezeption von geschichten verbracht hat. +jetzt denken wir, unsere liebe zu geschichten hängt daran, dass wir als kind auf dem schoß unserer eltern gesessen haben. +nein, nein, weit gefehlt. +das geht viel weiter zurück, in die kulturen der vorindustriellen zeiten. +für mich aber im bereich der interaktiven medien als besonders beeindruckend ist an sich, dass wir per se in unserem biologischen gedächtnis verankert haben, die fähigkeit nonlinear zu denken. +ich habe ihnen ein beispiel mitgebracht von dem nordamerikanischen stamm der nootka-indianer. +und die leben lebten in der küstenregion von british columbia. +und wie sie sehen können, ist das ein sehr inselreiches gebiet und man musste da irgendwie navigieren, von insel zu insel kommen, um sich nahrung zu beschaffen. +und die haben das mit so genannten lead-landkarten gemacht. +das kennen sie vielleicht auch schon, wenn sie sich dafür ein bisschen interessieren, von den australischen ureinwohnern. +die haben ähnliche prinzipien. +die haben keine lead-landkarten, sondern die haben die so gennanten songlines benutzt oder auch traumpfade. +und was das interessante daran ist, dass die navigation und die topographie von regionen über lieder abgebildet werden konnte. +wobei denen die sprache untergeordnet von untergeordnetem rang war. +das heißt, man navigierte über klänge und über rhythmus. +und diese klänge und dieser rhythmus haben die geologie, die topographie einer region dargestellt und das hat natürlich auch ermöglicht, dass man diese lieder defragmentieren konnte und anders zusammensetzen und sich so nach links, nach rechts und auch wieder zum ausgangsort zurück bewegen konnte. +warum singen wir aber nicht mehr, um von oben von a nach b zu kommen? +jedenfalls nicht, um zu navigieren. +was was ist da eigentlich passiert? +passiert ist das das so gennante maschinenzeitalter. +wir haben uns vorher im so genannten vogt-zeitalter bewegt. +passiert ist das maschinenzeitalter und passiert ist das buch und passiert ist die ist die fotolitografie. +und zwar genau das ist passiert, dass wir die verantwortung für unsere erinnerungen und die die eigene produktion unserer individuellen erinnerungen verlagert haben auf externe medien. +auf das buch und auf das bild. +somit haben wir leider gottes ein stück weit verlernt zu virtualisieren. +virtualität ist plötzlich fremd für uns fremd geworden, und hat mit der realität nichts mehr zu tun. +bruce brown, ein bekannter designforscher an der brighton-university, ist so weit gegangen zu sagen, dass diese massenmedien, er meint das buch und das bild, also nicht das fernsehen, das internet usw. und so weiter, was wir als massenmedien heute bezeichnen, dass diese massenmedien unserer erinnerungen versteinert haben und unsere fähigkeit zu virtualisieren erudiert haben. +machen wir eine kleine zwischenbilanz. +vom vogt-zeitalter zum zum maschinenzeitalter. +was hat einflüsse auf unsere auf unser denken und auf unser erinnerungsvermögen? +dann sind das verblassenden einflüsse der vorindustriellen kulturen. +und die werden sind im laufe der jahrhunderte mehr und mehr überschrieben worden durch die einflüsse des maschinenzeitalters. +das heißt, statt uns individuell zu erinnern haben wir standardisierte, weit verbreitete, in massen verbreitete muster von erinnerungen, an die wir unsere persönlichen erinnerungen hängen können. +wir produzieren nicht mehr selbst. +wir haben eine abstrakte eine abstraktahierte sprache. +wir stellen uns die sache nicht mehr in bildern die dinge nicht mehr in bildern vor, sondern wir kodifizieren sie dich unsere sprache. +wir haben uns daran gewöhnt, dass dinge linear passieren. +und wir haben die linearität als gesetz akzeptiert und es gibt nur noch ausnahmen, wie beispielsweise die non-linearität. +was uns geblieben ist, ist das storytelling. +noch immer sind wir dem storytelling als informationsvermittlung sehr, sehr stark verhaftet. +die frage ist, was kommt jetzt? +wir hatten das vogt -zeitalter, wir hab hatten das maschinenzeitalter und wir beschreiten nun das so genannte cyber-zeitalter. +das hört sich sehr spacig an und hört sich sehr nach science-fiction an, ich weiß. +aber diese konzepte des cyber-zeitalters, die bringen uns diese diese möglichkeiten wieder zurück unsere fähigkeiten wieder zu entdecken. +da geht es um virtualität, es geht um non-linearität, es geht um storytelling. +ich will das kurz mal ein bisschen erklären. +es gibt technische konzepte wie beispielsweise die augmented reality, das heißt die erweiterte realität. +also wenn sie sich mal google glasses beispielsweise angucken, dann dann ist so ein konzept, was uns die virtuelle welt mit der realen welt wieder kombinieren lässt, das heißt unsere affinität zur virtualisierung, das virtuelle als etwas normales, natürliches zu empfinden, wird wieder angesprochen. +ein anderes beispiel ist die so genannte virtuelle realität. +so verrückt das natürlich im zusammenhang meines vortrages klingen mag, da bewegen wir uns körperlich in nicht existenten, virtuellen welten, ganz nach dem vorbild des holodecks. +und andere ein anderes beispiel sind die ambienten, intelligenten systeme. +das sind räume, die intelligent auf einen menschen reagieren können. +all das braucht die fähigkeit, unsere grundsätzliche fähigkeit, virtualität als einen realen lebensraum zu akzeptieren. +ich habe im abschluss und ich hoffe, das video funktioniert, ein sehr, sehr schönes projekt mitgebracht, das ist die bachelorarbeit von michael burk, ann-kathrin krenz, joris klause und jan-moritz müller. +und die beiden letzteren sind auch heute hier. +vielleicht könnt ihr kurz mal aufstehen, damit sie sich in der pause mit den beiden über das projekt unterhalten können. +und dieses projekt habe ich als beispiel mitgebracht, wie wieder an dieser archaischen, kognitiven modelle adressiert wird. +das ganze ist ein spiel, muss ich dazu sagen. +was dem storytelling natürlich extrem entgegenkommt und es ist ein computerspiel. +und wenn ich sage computerspiel, dann haben sie sehr wahrscheinlich vor augen, dass irgendwelche leuten leute vor irgendwelchen konsolen herumhappeln oder dass sie mit den mit irgendeiner konsole in der hand spielen. +auf jeden fall, dass sie das drin tun. +das ist ein spiel für draußen. +und das ist gezielt dazu gedacht, dass ich die außenwelt entdecke, also dass ich die reale welt wieder entdecke. +und dieses spiel verbindet die virtuelle welt, also die daten den datenraum, den wir produzieren, mit der realen welt. +ich entschuldige mich, dass ich so stark abkürzen muss. +ihr könnt das dann gleich viel besser erklären, da steckt noch mehr viel mehr dahinter. +und zwar geht es darum, dass ich eine stadt entdecke, indem ich schaue, an welchen orten positiv oder negativ getwittert wurde. +und so erhalte ich von der stadt einen ganz anderen anblick, einen ganz anderen eindruck, nämlich ich sehe negative und positive zonen einer stadt und erhalte so auf diese art und weise eine ganz andere, virtuelle landkarte von einer sehr realen stadt. +und das können wir uns jetzt gerne mal angucken. +ah, was man hier sehen kann, entschuldigung, ist noch eine kleine erklärung von dem, was sie gleich sehen. +natürlich wohnt diese virtuelle welt in den mauern unserer städte, ist ja klar. +und mit einer art taschenlampe können wir diese virtuellen welten sichtbar machen. +so, ich würd das gerne mal zusammenfassen mein meinen talk und zwar in dem sinne, dass die eigenschaften und die fähigkeiten, die wir aus dem vogt -zeitalter erworben haben, und die uns so ein bisschen verschütt gegangen sind im maschinenzeitalter, dass die mit hilfe des so genannten cyber -zeitalters wieder aktiviert werden können und dass wir auf diese art und weise über komplexe, technologische, neue produkte tatsächlich nicht in die zukunft, sondern eigentlich zu uns zurück zu unseren wurzeln kommen. +vielen dank. +ja, ich freue mich sehr, bei ihnen sein zu dürfen. +ich bin eben schon gefragt worden, ob dieser sack da ein sprechender sack ist und meiner statt sprechen wird. +das wird er nicht machen. +ich werde auch gleich auflösen, was da drin ist. +aber bisher mache ich es erst noch 'n bisschen neugierig. +ja, kinder sind von natur aus neugierig oder sollten neugierig sein, designer auch. +ich bin gestalter von haus aus, also beschäftige ich mich natürlich auch mit dem thema der neugier und wie verändert die neugier auch wieder unser denken, und warum verlieren wir vielleicht auch neugier und müssen 's wieder neu anstoßen usw und so weiter. +das ist eine ganze reihe an dingen, mit denen man sich neben dem eigentlichen dasein als gestalter beschäftigt. +wenn professoren neugierig werden, dann werden sie häufig in so 'n forschungssemester reingeschoben. +und das ist auch das, was ich im letzten halben jahr hatte. +ein forschungssemester zum thema natural user interface design. +jetzt werden sie sich fragen, warum fangen die ganzen gestalter an sich mit so natürlichen, archaischen urformen der kommunikation, interaktion usw und so weiter zu beschäftigen. +und da halte ich nur eines von diesen kleinen geräten hoch, weil die dinge sollen immer intuitiver, immer natürlicher, benutzungsfreundlicher werden und da muss man halt schauen, was ist eigentlich für uns menschen natürlich, was ist benutzungsfreundlich oder intuitiv. +und vor dem hintergrund habe ich mich in dem bereich natural user interface design, also die nächste generation im umgang mensch computer in der also in der beziehung des mensch computers damit beschäftigt, wie sich unsere werkzeuge oder wie sich der computer vom rechner sukzessive zum digitalen assistenten verändert. +also hab ich mich damit beschäftigt, wann ist was natürlich oder intuitiv. +müssen vielleicht auch nochmal ein blick dahinter. +warum passiert das überhaupt? +also wenn wir uns mal die entwicklung unserer gesellschaft anschauen, hier kurz dargestellt, dann bewegen wir uns jetzt von der dritten in die vierte gesellschaftsgeneration oder gesellschaftsform. +also von der modernen in die computergesellschaft. +jede gesellschaft ist geprägt durch ein primärmedium. +am anfang die stammesgesellschaft durch die sprache. +das heißt, man hat sich gefunden, dadurch dass man eine gemeinsame sprache gesprochen hat, konnte man miteinander kommunizieren, ist in die gleiche höhle gezogen oder in andere bereiche, hat städte gebildet oder dörfer und hat so 'nen stammesgesellschaft sozusagen kreiert. +das primärmedium war aber die sprache, etwas sehr natürliches, etwas sehr lebendiges. +musste man zwar auch lernen, also kein kleinkind kann von natur auf sprechen, aber wir lernen es sukzessive und verhältnismäßig natürlich. +das wurde dann abgelöst durch die antike gesellschaft und die erste form der abstraktion. +das war damals ein riesen-aufschrei, weil man natürlich die lebendige sprache anfing zu manifestieren in form von schrift, das heißt was, was fluid und lebendig ist, fang ich an und meißele es in stein und damit manipuliere ich es auch. +je nachdem wie ich meißel und wann ich meißel, ist es natürlich eine ganz andere berichterstattung, als wenn es einer lebendig sozusagen von sich gibt. +aber sukzessive zog dann eben diese schrift als primärmedium, erhielt einzug. +dann kam die nächste generation, in der wir heute eigentlich noch primär leben. +das ist eben die durch druck und print geprägte schrift mit gutenberg und anderen. +damals war 's genauso ein affront, wo adel, klerus und andere gesagt haben: seid ihr eigentlich wahnsinnig, wenn das volk anfängt zu lesen, dann wollen die nachher noch mitreden und das ist natürlich total fatal. +und jetzt kommen wir in die nächste generation und das spannende ist, so ein generationswechsel ist nur alle paar hundert jahre und wir sind im moment wirklich in dieser in dieser phänomenalen phase, dass wir sowas mitmachen. +das verwirrt uns natürlich total, weil wir sehen auf der einen seite die neuen medien, socil social media, facebook usw und so weiter. +mit der totalen transparenz, was das neue denken ist, was auf das alte denken knallt, sag ja nicht, dass in der lasagne pferdefleisch und kein rindfleisch mehr ist oder andere phänomene, nämlich ich will das gerade eben vertuschen und will das gar kundtun. +und diese beiden welten knallen gerade aufeinander, neues und altes denken. +das spannende daran ist, wenn man das anguckt, diese neue gesellschaft, diese computergesellschaft, entlehnt sich sehr vieler mechanismen, prinzipien und archaischer denkmuster aus dem aus der stammesgesellschaft. +jetzt aber nicht mehr auf lokaler ebene, sondern auf globaler ebene. +wir haben verstanden, dass das wetter global ist. +dass das thema ökologie ein globales ist. +nicht, wenn ich hier lokal ökologisch denke und der nachbar denkt weniger ökologisch, dann funktioniert das ganze nicht mehr. +das heißt, aus dem lokalen dorf ist eigentlich ein globales dorf geworden mit den gleichen prinzipien, möglichst natürlich, möglichst intuitiv, aber auch die totale transparenz. +so wie man damals im dorf wusste, wer hat was mit wem und wann, so passiert das heutzutage über diese erweiterung unserer selbst durch diese mobilen endgeräte auf globaler ebene. +sei es, dass wir wissen global anhäufen und immer schneller und immer besser anhäufen. +so wie es früher eben entsprechend auf dem dorf passierte. +vor dem hintergrund habe ich mich eben damit beschäftigt zu gucken, was heißt es denn eigentlich, was ist für uns noch natürlich, was haben wir vielleicht auch verlernt, was ist für uns aber auch instinktiv, also was macht den unterschied aus? +weil häufig kommen nämlich leute, können sie 's nicht benutzungsfreundlich machen, damit jeder damit umgehen kann. +also muss man sich damit beschäftigen, was heißt denn das, und nicht nur einfach es verändern, dass es anders ist, sondern es soll ja auch besser werden. +und wann ist natürlich auch etwas intuitiv und wie kann ich als gestalter darauf einfluss nehmen und eben entsprechend die dinge so gestalten, dass sie a benutzungsfreundlich, also möglichst intuitiv sind, weil dann machen sie spaß und sind einfach zu benutzen. +man beschäftigt sich dann, auch schon während des studiums, mit dem thema der wahrnehmung und der wahrnehmungspsychologie. +und das ist natürlich auch was, wo man dann anfängt und guckt und sagt, okay, jetzt schaue ich einfach mal in das innere selbst hinein. +und wie sieht 's denn eigentlich da drin aus? +also wie funktionieren wir, wenn wir da reingucken? +und was bedeutet denn eigentlich natürlich, intuitiv und wie funktionieren unsere kanäle der wahrnehmung und wie funktioniert die kognitive verarbeitung? +weil steve jobs hat mal gesagt, you need to dig deeper to understand how it works. +also man muss wirklich im detail gucken, wenn ich etwas benutzungsfreundlich oder intuitiv handhabbar machen möchte, was heißt das im kern. +und da sieht man schon, dass man a unsere sieben sinne, die meisten denken wir haben nur fünf, mittlerweile sind 's sogar schon sieben anerkannte, da kommt sicherlich in naher zukunft noch der nächste, achte sinn hinzu, und als erweiterung auch wieder unserer selbst. +und zu schauen, wie verarbeiten wir informationen, wie nehmen wir informationen auf? +alleine zu sagen, was ist denn information? +information ist jeder unterschied, der einen unterschied ausmacht. +viele benutzen das wort, wissen aber gar nicht, was es dann en detail bedeutet. +aber ich muss im kern verstehen, im wesen verstehen, wann wird information zu information, wann werden aus daten information und aus information wiederum wissen, damit ich weiß, wie ich nachher dinge auch möglichst intuitiv oder natürlich handhabbar machen kann. +und natürlich auch, wie nimmt gestaltung einfluss auf die wahrnehmung. +wir sehen das hier, wenn ich dinge gestalte, dann kann ich sie verwirrend gestalten wie auf der rechten seite, wo ich nicht weiß, was ist salz und pfeffer, oder ich kann sie quasi intuitiv gestalten, indem ich dinge zeige. +also sehr viel natürlicher, zwar in einem gefäß, aber ich sehe sozusagen direkt, wo ist salz und pfeffer drin. +und wenn ich jemandem sage, gib mir mal salz oder pfeffer, dann wird er beim rechten erstmal überlegen, wo ist was drin. +und beim linken einfach intuitiv zugreifen und mir dann hoffentlich, dass kein zucker drin ist, das salz eben entsprechend geben. +aber auch unsere wahrnehmung selbst, wie täuscht sie uns denn auch. +zum beispiel diese wahrnehmung im kontext. +der rechte kreis sieht größer aus als der kleine, obwohl das gar nicht der fall ist, sondern sie sind eben entsprechend gleich groß, und trotzdem verändert sich unsere wahrnehmung, je nachdem in welchem kontext wir dinge reinstellen. +weiß jemand, was das ist? +come on. +pattern recognition sollte noch funktionieren. +da da wird 's schon eher zu meiner brille. +also es ist 'n kreis. +ein zweiter kreis fängt schon an, gewisse ähnlichkeit zu korrelieren oder zu assoziieren. +und wenn ich dann halt noch einen halboval dazusetze, dann sehen wir auf einmal nicht mehr nur noch eine einheit, nämlich kreis, kreis und, doch wir sehen eine einheit, wir sehen nicht mehr drei teile, ein kreis, ein kreis, ein anderes. +sowas nennt man gestaltgesetz oder eben gestaltpsychologie, die uns auch eben wiederum in der wahrnehmung beeinflusst. +wichtig für die gestalter, die haben das meistens im ersten semester, die tollen gestaltgesetze. +gestaltgesetz der nähe, gestaltgesetz der der kontinuität und so weiter. +häufig im dritten dann schon wieder vergessen. +aber das ist ein essenziell wichtiges bestandteil, wenn man dinge eben entsprechend auch möglichst intuitiv gestalten möchte. +das nächste phänomen, was auch sehr interessant ist das des sehens. +klingt erstmal ganz banal, ist aber entsprechend spannend, wenn man sich damit näher beschäftigt. +also wir haben vorne die augen und jetzt denken sie, wir sehen von vorne nach hinten. +das ist falsch. +sie sehen erstmal von hinten nach vorne. +nämlich sie projiezieren eine annahme nach vorne, dass sie etwas sehen, was sie wiedererkennen, beispielweise kreis. +das heißt, wir projiezieren erst unser sehen, bevor wir es dann sehen, das wieder nach hinten in unseren seheapparat reinbringen, um zu sagen, okay, +ich hab da so 'ne kognitive rückkoppelung, du hast was projieziert, was du sehen möchtest. +das ist dann auch da, das kommt dann wieder zurück. +dann geht 's wieder nach vorne, weil das hinten traut dem vorne nicht und sagt, jetzt gucke doch wirklich nochmal bitte nach und sicher dich ab, ob das, was du siehst, auch das ist, was du sehen möchtest. +und dann geht 's wieder nach hinten und dann wird' s eigentlich erst gesehen. +also ein ganz, ganz spannender prozess, wie gewisse dinge ablaufen und in was für millisekunden-bereichen diese dinge passieren. +ich weiß nicht, wer von ihnen dieses bild kennt. +da passiert genau das gleiche, was ich eben beschrieben habe. +jetzt versucht jeder aus diesem muster etwas zu erkennen. +ich weiß nicht, wer was erkennt. +sieht jemand etwas bestimmtes? +ein dalmatiner, genau. +wenn ich das einmal gesehen habe, dass das dass da ein dalmatiner drin ist, dann wissen sie das. +sie werden 's nie mehr vergessen, weil ich zeige ihnen, wo der dalmatiner ist. +jetzt sehen sie den dalmatiner. +und weiter, jetzt sehen sie ihn immer. +das heißt, ich habe sie jetzt eigentlich dahingehend verdorben, dass sie nicht mehr kein muster dadrin erkennen, sondern ich habe sie konditioniert innerhalb kürzester zeit, immer wieder diesen hund in diesem verworrenen bild zu sehen. +und das ist diese projektion des sehens, rückkopplung, sehen. +jetzt weiß ich 's und jetzt projieziere ich nach vorne, dass ich den dalmatiner sehe. +ich sehe den dalmatiner. +also ganz, ganz spannende prozesse, die dann in dieser, ja, grau ist sie ja eigentlich nicht, aber hier eben in dieser rosanen masse eben entsprechend ablaufen. +weiß jemand, was drei sekunden sind? +lang, ja. +das ist unsere gegenwart. +also, es ist auch immer interessant zu wissen als designer. +wenn ich weiß, etwas dauert drei sekunden, bis ich sozusagen aus der gegenwart in die vergangenheitsschleife, dann kann ich eben auch sehr gut wartezeiten überbrücken, in dem ich ihn indem ich jemand immer mit drei sekunden beschäftige. +das muss er erst verarbeiten als gegenwart. +dann wandert es in die vergangenheit und somit kann ich sehr elegant wartezeiten zum beispiel am computer überbrücken, wenn ich dieses phänomen kenne. +was dauert fünfundzwanzig millisekunden? +ja, millisekunden. +auch ein ganz spannendes phänomen. +das ist der zeitraum, in dem man sich verliebt. +das bedeutet, achtung, wenn sie das jetzt wissen, achten sie drauf, wen sie wie lange anschauen, weil ich übernehme da keine gewähr für, was dann eben entsprechend passieren kann. +und sechzehn millisekunden, auch ein ganz spannendes phänomen. +das ist der zeitraum der meisten wahrnehmungen, die wir haben. +das heißt, dieser erste eindruck passiert in einer rasant schnellen geschwindigkeit, wie wir dinge wahrnehmen. +und wie wir dinge auch sehen, auf was wir achten und wie wir uns sozusagen auch gegen unserer umwelt absichern, damit wir das entsprechend überlegen können. +natürlich beschäftigen sich die gestalter nicht nur mit dem thema wahrnehmungen und neuronale verarbeitungen oder kognitionsergonomie, sondern primär natürlich mit dem thema der mensch-objekt-beziehung. +also wie geht ein mensch mit gewissen dingen entsprechend um. +da gibt es einmal produktsprachlich die praktischen funktionen, also so formale aspekte oder formalästhetische aspekte. +es gibt anzeichen-funktionen, wo ich genau weiß, wo muss ich eigentlich greifen. +es gibt aber auch symbolische funktionen, warum gibt jemand für so ein kleines täschchen, wo sowieso kaum was reinpasst, so horrende summen an geld aus, obwohl es gar nicht so praktisch ist? +da sind wir eher auf der symbolischen, auf der bedeutungsebene, mit denen wir uns als gestalter natürlich auch beschäftigen. +zurück zu meinem eigentlichen thema natural user interface und dem thema, was natürlich auch dahinterliegt, ist usability. +usability bedeutet immer, wie kann ich möglichst schnell ein gewisses ziel erreichen oder wie kann ein nutzer in einem bestimmten nutzungskontext möglichst effektiv, effizient und zufriedenstellend ein ziel erreichen. +so sagt 's eher die norm dazu. +wie kann ich etwas möglichst benutzungsfreundlich machen? +kann ich das direkt bedienen oder brauche ich 'n handbuch oder brauche ich' ne entsprechende schulung dafür. +und weniger usable oder benutzungsfreundlich ist es. +dass ich das nur anders gestalte und schöner mache, heißt nicht, dass es besser handhabbar ist. +das muss man auch verstehen. +und wenn man sich dann teilweise die software, die wir eben gesehen haben, darauf anschaut, dann wird man auch verstehen, warum neunundneunzig prozent unserer heutigen software wenig intuitiv oder nicht auf anhieb nutzbar ist, das i-pad in vielen bereichen oder i-phone entsprechend eingeschlossen, obwohl 's schon wesentlich intuitiver ist als klassische software. +dabei ist intuitive benutzbarkeit nicht erst seit apple ein elementarer wirtschaftsfaktor, nen elementarer erfolgsfaktor, wenn ich eben technologische geräte dem menschen nutzbar machen möchte. +warum? +weil in der regel wir durch diese neue art der nutzbarkeit, also der natürlichen user ínterfaces, beispielsweise fünfmal schneller im durchschnitt an unserem ziel sind. +sie müssen sich das so vorstellen, dass sie, wenn sie etwas der klassischen softrware machen, fünf stunden brauchen und mit dieser neuen art der natürlichen software nur noch eine stunde. +das heißt nicht, dass sie dann wahrscheinlich vier stunden eher nach hause gehen dürfen, sondern ihr arbeitgeber oder irgendjemandem fällt dann schon ein, wie er sie mit den vier stunden entsprechend beschäftigt. +ich will aber sagen, dass es für uns natürlich eine entsprechende leistungssteigerung ist, auch gewissen dinge zu erzielen. +wenn wir uns dann nochmal in den bereich der software begeben, hier so die ersten command line interfaces, die sehr abstrakt waren, wo man monate gebraucht hat, um mit diesen systemen umzugehen. +dann kamen die nächsten, die jetzt schon mit 'nem neuronalen modell oder mentalen modell wie die software eergonomen sagen, gearbeitet haben, nämlich man hätte eine vorstellung von etwas, die metapher, die metapher eines desktop, um den computer nutzbar zu machen. +also nicht mehr nullen und einsen oder kryptische codes, sondern eben eine metapher. +das machte das ganze schon wesentlich benutzungsfreundlicher, aber es geht natürlich auch noch viel besser. +die nächste generation der graphischen benutzungsoberflächen arbeitet schon sehr viel mehr mit verhalten. +also da gestalte ich als gestalter sehr viel häufiger das verhalten als das aussehen. +das ist auch so ein paradigmenwechsel. +dass ich auf einmal dass das aussehen immer unwichtiger für den erfolg, gerade die usability eine applikation wird. +und wenn ich dann noch einen schritt weitergehe in diese natural user interfaces, wo ich per stimme, per sprache, per touch, per geste und nicht mehr per maus und cursor die dinge steuern muss, dann bin ich noch schneller und noch unmittelbarer. +das führt mich aber auch wieder zu dem punkt, ab wann werden die dinge denn eigentlich intuitiver? +wenn sie intuitiver werden und dann muss ich wieder meinen kleinen freund hier strapazieren und gucken, was bedeutet das denn eben aus sicht der kognitionsergonomie, wann ist jetzt wirklich etwas auch intuitiv? +und das ist für uns menschen ist immer etwas intuitiv, wenn ich möglichst wenig darüber nachdenken muss. +also scheinbar möchte er nicht gerne denken, sondern es sich verhältnismäßig einfach machen. +je weniger ich sozusagen darüber nachdenke, desto intuitiver ist es. +und was bedeutet das für den designer? +das heißt, wenn wir anschauen, dass wir existierende handlungsmodelle von einem auf etwas anderes übertragen können, zum beispiel die metapher, dann kann ich mir das zunutze machen als gestalter. +das heißt, ich kann eben so ein intuitives, menschliches handlungsmodell auf eine software übertragen und damit die software wesentlich benutzungsfreundlicher machen. +stellt sich natürlich die frage, was ist eigentlich so das intuitivste handlungsschema von uns menschen und jetzt habe ich 's schon verraten. +das ist das sogenannte osit-modell. +das benutzt jeder von uns und osit ist ein akronym und steht für orientieren, selektieren, informieren, transagieren. +das macht jeder von ihnen die ganze zeit, aber er macht 's unbewusst und ja quasi intuitiv oder teilweise auch instinktiv. +das modell wird schon ausprägt im mutterleib und ist interkulturell, also es funktioniert weltweit bei jung und alt, und wird von uns die ganze zeit benutzt, ohne dass die meisten bisher wussten, dass dieses modell vorhanden ist. +osit osit an sich wird ungefähr fünfzig bis siebzigtausend mal von uns je nach aktivität, also im schlaf hat man festgestellt, dass es dann weniger häufig strapaziert wird als am tag. +ich kann jetzt eben dieses mentale handlungsmodell orientieren, selektieren, informieren, transagieren übertragen auf ein interaktionssystem. +und durch diese art der übertragung, ähnlich wie mit der metapher des desktops, jetzt aber nicht mehr eine metapher eines physischen objektes, sondern eine metapher eines handlungsmusters, eines handlungsprinzips. +und das ist auf einem höheren gral der benutzungsfreundlichkeit als das der übertragung einer klassischen metapher, nämlich der des desktops. +und wenn ich das jetzt übertrage, zum beispiel in dem ich orientieren als übersicht auspräge, selektieren als auswahl, informieren in dem falle, es kommt groß auf mich zu, ich kann 's mir im detail angucken, und ja, transagieren heißt, ich kann das auch irgendwo hinwerfen oder jemandem schicken oder einkaufen und so weiter, +dann kann ich das ganze übertragen. +ich versuche das mal anhand eines beispiels. +eben hat ja jeder schon kuchen gegessen. +übersicht: jetzt interagiere ich sozusagen mit dem objekt, kann wieder rauszoomen, reinzoomen. +ich kriege den gesamten überblick, kann jetzt hierauf filtern und kann sagen, zeig mir nur alle sache mit schokolade beispielsweise. +und habe auf einmal ein interface, was wesentlich intuitiver und sehr viel natürlicher ist. +weil, dass ich die dinge wie die stückchen greifen kann, touchen kann und sie kommen auf mich zu, ist wesentlich natürlicher als wenn über hierarchisch organisierte webseiten oder andere mechanismen sozusagen diese dinge zugänglich machen kann. +imagination is more important than knowledge, und mit diesem satz möchte ich auch gerne schließen, a und nochmal den hinweis zu geben, auch designer müssen anders denken, um auf neue lösungen zu kommen, und in diesem sinne danke ich ihnen recht herzlich für ihre aufmerksamkeit und bitte. +ich möchte ihnen zu einem ganz bestimmten aspekt von neugierde verhelfen. +das erste, wenn sie als kind groß werden, als baby, ist, dass sie sich drum kümmern was welche ausscheidungen sie so haben, ja? und je nachdem, ob ihre eltern ihnen erlaubt haben, mehr oder weniger im töpfchen zu spielen und zu rühren, desto mehr, sozusagen, wird ihre neugierde natürlich geweckt dabei. +und die neugierde lässt sich nicht lernen. +darum sind alle, die hier sind und neugierig sind, in der tat leute, die eine eigenschaft haben, die man nicht lernen kann. +mir geht es jetzt darum, praktisch diese ganze umweltdiskussion, weltuntergang, vierzig jahre club-of-rome, in qualität umzusetzen. +und da gibt es einen zentralen punkt dabei. +und der hängt an phosphor. +give pee a chance. +jeden tag geben sie + geben sie größenordnung etwa zwei gramm phosphor ab und jeden tag müssen sie zwei gramm phosphor aufnehmen. +sonst können sie keine zähne haben. +sie können keine energie speichern. +sie können keine knochen haben. +wir könnten nur als amorphe mollusken durch die weltmeere gleiten. +wenn wir in der tat kein phosphor aufnehmen und abgeben. +erstaunlicherweise ist es so, dass wir wir uns hier ja mit etwas beschäftigen, was eigentlich 'ne selbstverständlichkeit wäre, aber gar nicht so ist. +denn alle reden über energie, aber niemand redet über das phosphor-problem. +das phosphor-problem ist viel kritischer. +wir hängen von zwei ländern ab. +wir haben nur für zwei jahre phosphor und schon jetzt wird durch den phosphor-bergbau weltweit viel mehr uran in die umwelt gebracht, als in allen atomanlagen verwendet wird. +allein in den letzten zwanzig jahren sind fünfzehntausend tonnen uran auf unseren feldern in deutschland verteilt worden. +und das nehmen wir alles auf. +es macht leukämie bei kindern. +und wir denken, wir würden die umwelt schützen, wenn wir ein bisschen weniger schädlich sind. +also, zum beispiel, schütz die umwelt, fahr weniger auto. +schütz die umwelt, mach weniger müll. +schütz die umwelt, verbrauche weniger energie. +das ist aber kein schutz. +das ist so, wie wenn ich sagen würde, schütz dein kind, schlag es nur dreimal anstatt fünfmal. +das ist nur ein bisschen weniger zerstörung. +wenn wir so von von der wiege bis zur bahre denken, dann wird unsere unsere ganze erde früher oder später ein friedhof. +darum eben von der wiege zur wiege zu denken. +und das wichtigste dabei ist, uns den boden anzuschauen, als allererstes. +im boden ist über sechzig prozent des kohlenstoffs gespeichert. +im moment bauen wir mais an und verlieren zwischen elf und dreißig kilogramm dreißig tonnen pro hektar, oder auf den quadratmeter auch umzurechnen. +das heißt, wir verlieren im boden etwa fünftausend mal mehr, als neu gebildet wird. +wir können uns natürlich erstmal das müllproblem angucken. +und alles ist ja verpackung oder inhalt. +in offenbach zum beispiel sind am hausmüll zwanzig prozent des der müllmenge inzwischen windeln. +und weil wir älter werden, davon werden die windeln größer. +das ist sie sind sozusagen alle in der vorwindelphase. +ja? +ein ein baby braucht etwa sechstausend windeln. +wir könnten das natürlich um zehn prozent reduzieren, aber was macht das? +das wird in china in einer sekunde ausgeglichen. +das ist völlig belanglos. +die frage ist also, wie gehen wir mit diesen windeln um? +hier ein der beweis übrigens dazu, dass männer keine schweine sind. +will ich ihnen sagen. +weil der phosphor wird bei den schweinen über die festen bestandteile exkremente abgegeben. +bei den menschen über den urin. +ja. +damit können also männer keine schweine sein. +weil das ist damit ja belegt, oder? +traditionell denken wir in der umweltdiskussion, wir sind zu viele auf der welt. +und wenn man den menschen die wenn man den menschen es abspricht zu existieren, wenn man sagt, das wäre besser, du wärst gar nicht da, dann werden sie raffgierig und feindselig. +und so sagt jemand wie al gore, einer unserer großen helden, es gibt nichts wichtigeres, als die menschliche bevölkerung zu stabilisieren. +in israel sagt man, wenn du ein menschenleben rettest, rettest du die erde. +hier sagt es, je mehr du umbringst, desto besser. +ja. +die erste frage ist, sind wir wirklich zu viele? +wenn man sich die ameisen anschaut, das gewicht der ameisen auf der erde, dann wiegen die ameisen etwa viermal mehr als wir menschen. +ich könnte mir auch termiten hernehmen, aber in den usa mag niemand termiten, in so weit gesehen, obwohl sie vegetarier sind. +das heißt, die ameisen wiegen viel mehr als wir. +und weil sie körperlich viel härter arbeiten als wir und weil sie nur drei bis sechs monate leben, entsprechen sie in ihrem gewicht, im energieverbrauch etwas dreißig milliarden menschen. +das heißt, wir sind nicht zu viele, wir sind zu blöde, ja? +und wo sie sehen wie weit wir davon weg sind, was wir wirklich erreichen wollten und könnten, und wie traurige wir sind, dass wir überhaupt auf der erde sind, können sie daran sehen, dass zum beispiel offenbach ein programm hat, bis zwanzig vierzig möchte man hier klimaneutral sein, ja? +sie können nur klimaneutral sein, wenn sie nicht existieren, ja? +die einzige chance. +haben sie schon einmal einen klimaneutralen baum gesehen? +ja? +einen einzigen? +das heißt, unsere ganze intelligenz bedeutet, dass wir dümmer als bäume sein wollen, ja? +ja? +kein baum ist kohlenstoffneutral. +zum glück nicht, ja? +es gibt kein überbevölkerungsproblem an bäumen. +es gibt allein im amazonasgebiet immer noch sechshundert milliarden bäume. +davon haben sie schon mal etwas von überbevölkerungsproblemen von bäumen gehört? +das heißt, alle unsere intelligenz bedeutet, dass wir dümmer als bäume sein wollen. +und wo sie sehen, selbst bei etwas wie demeter, die strikteste bio- ja landwirtschaft, erlaubt nicht, dass unsere eigenen stoffwechselprodukte zurückgehen. +jedes jahr verlieren wir so drei millionen tonnen phosphor, die wirklich in kreisläufe zurückgehen müssten. +und damit sind wir zu viele. +allein darüber. +das heißt wir fühlen uns so schuldig auf der erde, dass wir sagen. es gibt keinen bio-landbau, kein bioland, kein nature-et-progrès und wie sie alle heißen, die erlauben, dass unsere eigenen exkremente zurückgehen. +ist das nicht traurig? +damit sind wir zu viele. +es ist sicher sinnvoll, weniger schädlich zu sein, was ölverbrauch angeht. +aber wo sind wir nützlich? +wir versuchen, unseren ökologischen fußabdruck zu minimieren, aber es geht doch darum, einen großen fußabdruck zu haben, der nützlich ist. +wir wollen gut für die gesellschaft sein, wir wollen gut für die wirtschaft sein, aber wenn es um die umwelt geht, ist das höchste, nicht da zu sein, ja? +nullemissionen, ja? +sie können nur nullemissionen haben, wenn sie nicht da sind. +selbst wenn sie sich jetzt erschießen würden, hätten sie emissionen. +also sie können das gar nicht lösen. +wir können es anders. +wir können unsere nährstoffe zurückgewinnen. +wir machen in brasilien landwirtschaft in der von wo wir die nährstoffe zurückgewinnen. +ganz direkt können wir auf diese art und weise nährstoffe in landwirtschaft zurückkriegen. +wir machen das in china zum beispiel, wo wir direkt die abfälle davon nehmen. +in in china heißt ein ein nachttopf heute noch honigtöpfchen, sozusagen, ja? +und in unserer westlichen welt waren wir immer zu dumm, unsere nährstoffe zurückzubringen. +das heißt, die ganze westliche zivilisationsgeschichte zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass die stadt immer nur genommen hat, aber den bauern nie etwas zurückgegeben hat. +dadurch mussten die städte immer mehr wachsen, weil die bauern in die städte gingen und die städte mussten immer weiter weg ihre nährstoffe holen. +darum alle westlichen reiche sind immer expandiert, bis sie die infrastruktur nicht mehr geschafft haben und dann sind sie implodiert. +ja? +in china war es anders. +man hat bruchlos zivilisation über fünftausend jahre geschafft, weil man immer in der lage war, die nährstoffe zurückzubringen. +selbst heute noch, wenn sie zum essen eingeladen sind in china erwartet man nach dem essen, dass sie solange bleiben, bis sie die toilette aufsuchen. +weil es ist unfreundlich, zu gehen und die nährstoffe mitzunehmen. +man hat sie zu man hat sie zum essen eingeladen, nicht zum nährstoffdiebstahl. +das heißt, sie können im internet sehen, wie man die nährstoffe zurückgewinnen kann. +das eigentlich schöne dabei ist, wenn man das tut, also landwirtschaft macht, biogas erzeugt, auf einem hektar land mit fünftausend einwohnern in favelas, kann damit ein bauer etwa eintausendfünfhundert dollar erwirtschaften und die anlage damit warten, hühner und schwein züchten und enten und gemüse und fische. +und das tolle dabei ist, dass die verbrechensrate in den favelas um über neunzig prozent zurückgeht. +wir müssen also nicht die leute kontrollieren, möglichst wenig schlecht zu sein. +wir können sie unterstützen, gut zu sein. +das ist natürlich high-tech-landwirtschaft, aber die anlagen tragen sich selber. +das nebenprodukt ist sauberes wasser. +und sie sind so gestaltet, durch das design, das ein bauer sie einfach bewirtschaften kann. +das heißt, damit gehen die verbrechensraten zurück. +und keine von diesen anlagen, wir haben jetzt über hundertfünzig gebaut in den letzten zwanzig jahren, keine von diesen anlagen wurde jemals sabotiert. +sie könnten so leicht einfach einen liter altöl reinwerfen und dann würde die anlage über jahre ruiniert sein. +findet nicht statt. +das heißt, wir müssen nicht die menschen kontrollieren, möglichst wenig schlecht zu sein. +wir können sie unterstützen, gut zu sein. +das heißt, wir müssen phosphor zurückkriegen. +und übrigens, wenn sie was tun wollen daraus, schreiben sie sich auf, in deutschland am besten geeignet von allen kläranlagen ist die in frankfurt. +leider die nicht in offenbach, aber vielleicht können sie den frankfurtern ja mal ein bisschen helfen dabei. +denn die frankfurter anlage könnte am besten den phosphor zurückgewinnen. +und der muss zurück. +wir sehen das dazu, dass phosphor wirklich kritisch ist. +und wir sehen, dass es durchaus gelingt. +wir haben in holland uns jetzt über drei jahre eingesetzt. +die holländische regierung hat erklärt, sie werden das erste land weltweit sein, was phosphor zurückgewinnt. +aber wir brauchen das insgesamt. +verstehen sie, es gibt zwei länder, die kontrollieren fast siebzig prozent der phosphorvorkommen weltweit. +da ist die opec ein ein haufen von waisenknaben. +das sind sechsundzwanzig länder, die vierzig prozent der ölvorräte kontrollieren. +und das öl werden wir ersetzen können durch andere energieträger. +aber den phosphor wird man nicht ersetzen können. +darum geht es nicht darum, das bestehende ein bisschen weniger schlecht zu zu machen, sondern es geht darum, etwas richtig zu machen. +und ist vor allem erstmal zu fragen, was das richtige ist. +das heißt, es geht um effektivität, nicht um effizienz. +in holland versteht man das natürlich leichter, weil in holland ist das land auf blumen aufgebaut. +ja? +stellen sie sich vor, wenn zum beispiel ihre ihre frau traurig ist, wenn sie wenn sie sie geärgert haben, und sie kommen mit fünfzig rosen. +völlig ineffizient. +aber ganz und gar effektiv, ja? +oder nehmen sie einen lippenstift. +eine frau in deutschland isst etwa sechs komma drei kilogramm während ihres lebens. +dabei. +das ist wissenschaftlich nicht nicht genau korrekt, weil weil wir nicht wissen, wie viel weggeküsst wird dabei. +aber ein lippenstift, selbst bei dieser beleuchtung, kann ich ihnen sagen, ist völlig ineffizient, aber ganz und gar effektiv, ja? +ein alles, was im leben schön ist, ist nicht effizient. +darum eben nicht ressourceneffizienz, sondern effektivität. +zu fragen, was ist das richtige? +nicht, den klärschlamm noch ein bisschen besser zu verbrennen und ihn damit abzulagern und in der verbrennungsanlage die ganzen materialien für kreisläufe zu verlieren, sondern zuerst mal zu fragen, wie schließt man kreisläufe? +stellen sie sich mozart effizient vor. +ja? +wenn ich sie zum abendessen einlade und sage, ja, es gibt eine tablette mit offenbach-geschmack und ein glas wasser dazu. +wunderbar, 'ne? +das ist effizient. +alles, was im leben schön ist, ist nicht effizient. +wenn sie sich in jemand verlieben, effizient? +ja? +das heißt, alles, was im leben zählt, ist geht 's nicht darum zu sparen, zu vermeiden, zu reduzieren. +die ganze umweltdiskussion. +wir sagen den leuten, ach ja, ihr habt ja kein umweltbewusstsein im süden. +nein, das wegwerfen ist genau das richtige, ja? +an jeder stelle, wo man wegwirft, von, ja, schafft man wieder lebensmöglichkeiten. +aber die falschen dinge. +wenn man die falschen dinge wegwirft, hat man ein müllproblem. +in wie wir denken von norden her. +dort ist jeder fußabdruck nachteilig. +wenn sie laufen, ja, zerstört jeder fußabdruck den boden. +weil eben der boden wird die moose sterben ab und der der wind und das wasser wäscht den boden weg. +wenn sie aber in italien sind, bedeutet jeder fußabdruck, dass das wasser länger in der wiese stehen bleibt. +also, es geht darum, einen großen fußabdruck zu zu schaffen, der ein feuchtgebiet wird. +nicht schuldmanagement. +wir sagen in deutschland nachhaltigkeit. +ja? +aber wenn ich sie frage, wie geht 's ihnen so mit ihrer frau? +was sagen sie dann? +nachhaltig. +dann sage ich, herzliches beileid, ja? +das ist ja gerade das minimum. +also nicht sparen, verzichten, vermeiden. +jeder abfall ist nährstoff. +und es ist eine lust, wenn sie in italien sehen, wie die leute im hohen bogen so 'ne coladose aus dem auto rausschmeißen, dazu. +denn wissen sie, das ist ein lustvoller vorgang. +es ist 'ne form von revierverhalten, ja? +sie können zeigen, ich war da. +aber mit dem richtigen design, bitte schön. +wir haben zum beispiel eine eiscremeverpackung entwickelt, die ist bei raumtemperatur 'ne flüssigkeit. +die können sie wegschmeißen, wo sie gehen und stehen. +in zwei stunden baut sie sich überall ab. +und sie enthält samen von seltenen pflanzen, sodass sie durch das wegwerfen zur artenvielfalt beitragen. +das heißt, wir sind nützlich, nicht weniger schädlich dabei. +es entstehen also zwei kreisläufe. +nicht alles soll natürlich kompostierbar sein. +ein fernseher oder eine waschmaschine, die nutzen sie ja nur, die verbrauchen sie nicht. +nur die dinge, die verschleißen, wie schuhsolen, wie bremsbeläge, wie autoreifen, die müssen so sein, dass sie in biologische systeme gehen. +die dinge, die nur genutzt werden, gehen in technische systeme. +aber heute reden wir nur über die biologischen systeme. +ja? +zum beispiel der sneaker, ja? +ganz direkte werbung, und zwar nicht für die firma puma per se, sondern dafür, dass sie jetzt diesem diesem unternehmen helfen, diese produkte erfolgreich zu machen. +denn wir nicht wir machen nicht die dinge mehr frei von. +ja? +also, wenn ich sie einlade zum essen und sage, das ist frei von hähnchen, dann hilft ihnen das gar nichts. +nein, wir legen fest, was drin ist. +positiv. +also nicht wie detox. +nicht giftiges drin. +sondern alles, was drin ist, ist nützlich. +das sind die ersten schuhe, mit denen sie den kavalierstart an der fußgängerampel hinlegen können und der gummi in biologische kreisläufe gehen kann, ja? +alles davon ist kompostierbar davon. +und wenn es uns gelingt, gelingt es uns natürlich für adidas, für nike, für hennes und mauritz und die ganze textilindustrie mit. +und das ist die hälfte aller abwasserprobleme weltweit, die durch die textilindustrie verursacht werden. +darum helfen sie da mit, fragen sie bei den leuten mal nach. +hey, puma, macht seid ihr wirklich ernsthaft? +weil die haben jetzt schon zweimal den vorstandsvorsitzenden gewechselt. +und ich bin mir nicht so sicher, ob sie wirklich dabeibleiben. +also, helfen sie mir mal ein bisschen dabei. +aber es geht. +ja. +das, was gerade dargestellt worden ist. +das geht. +wir können die dinge jetzt so machen, dass sie, wenn sie verschleißen, wenn sie kaputtgehen, können sie in biologische kreisläufe. +technische kreisläufe gibt 's genauso. +es gibt hierfür den ein direktes rücknamesystem. +das ist der erste ökologische rucksack, tatsächlich, der dafür gemacht ist, in den kreislauf zurückzugehen. +auch das, also in jedem laden kann man die dinge zurückkriegen. +wenn sie auf das kommen, ja? +erinnern sie sich an die windel noch mal? +wenn im moment ist das müll. +überall liegen diese windeln rum, nahezu. +in den ländern, wo die leute zu geld kommen. +da vorn auf den deponien, aber auch sonst in der landschaft, ja? +wenn wir den kunststoff ändern, so dass er in biologische systeme gehen kann, wenn wir die wasserspeicher ändern, drinnen, dass sie eben auf zellulosebasis zurück können, dann können sie mit einem baby in israel oder in tunesien hundertfünfzig bäume pflanzen. +ja? +allein wenn sie diese diese windel nehmen, sie zerkleinern, sterilisieren und das pulver nehmen, um damit bäume zu pflanzen. +damit ist das baby kohlenstoffpositiv für das ganze leben, schon von anfang an. +also, wir brauchen nicht klimaneutral sein, wir können klimapositiv sein. +es geht sozusagen um ein beneficial poop print. +ja, sozusagen. +ja? +das können wir machen. +wir können alles noch mal neu erfinden. +ich hab dazu ein institut gegründet. +inzwischen arbeiten dort ganz viele leute mit und sie können alle sich engagieren. +es gibt extra einen verein dazu, cradle-to-cradle-verein, wo jeder mitmachen kann. +also nicht mehr sparen, verzichten, vermeiden, reduzieren, kein schuldmanagement, sondern intelligente verschwendung. +macht sie das neugierig? +danke schön. +die arbeit des interpreten. +musik als sprache. +in der beschreibung zu meiner rede steht geschrieben, dass ich als interpretin, mich als übersetzerin, also im englischen wortsinn, verstehe. +interpreten sind übersetzer der geschriebenen noten in klingende musik. +dass man als übersetzer nicht bloß wort für wort den text in eine andere sprache überträgt, sondern auch den tieferen sinn der wörter und wortzusammenhang verstehen muss, damit es eine sinnvolle übersetzung ergibt, weiß jeder, der es mit fremdsprachen zu tun hat. +schon aus dem deutschen ins englische zu übersetzen, kann mehr wissen erfordern, zumal es wenn man wenn es dann um dichtung oder gar um poesie geht. +ganz fremd ist es aber für laien, was wir musiker mit unserer musiksprache tun. +als interpretin eines musikstückes habe ich zunächst nur die geschriebenen noten. +sie denken sicher, dass der komponist in die noten genau alles hineingeschrieben hat, was er sich da erdacht hat. +in wirklichkeit sind die noten sehr vage und ungenau. +diese noten sind ungefähr genauso genau oder ungenau, wie eine verbale, wenn auch sehr scheinbar penibelst genaue, beschreibung einer landschaft. +denn in dieser verbalen landschaftsbeschreibung ist der duft der blumen nicht zu riechen, der grad des grüns nur zu erahnen, das säuseln des windes nicht zu hören, nicht zu spüren. +das heißt, der interpret muss diese ungenauen angaben der notensprache in eine andere, nämlich hörbare, konkrete, nonverbale musiksprache übersetzen. +heute möchte ich ihnen das, was ich sonst musikalisch übersetze, also interpretiere, noch einmal in eine verbale sprache übersetzen. +praktisch also eine übersetzung der übersetzung. +deshalb ziehe ich es vor, das ganze lieber auf deutsch zu tun, denn wenn ich es auch noch einmal ins englische übersetzen müsste, wäre es für mich gleichbedeutend mit übersetzung der übersetzung der übersetzung. +die also, die musik funktioniert also für mich so ähnlich wie die gesprochene sprache. +die notierten noten haben dabei die funktion der buchstaben einer schrift. +es genügt also nicht, nur noten lesen zu lernen und die dazu entsprechenden tasten auf dem klavier oder die richtige stelle auf einer violinsaite zu drücken. +das wären nämlich nur die buchstaben, die man gelernt hat, zu malen. +den sinn der buchstaben erkennt man erst, wenn man die sprache dazu kann. +folglich braucht man für den lernprozess der musik musiksprache mindestens genauso lang wie für die gesprochene sprache. +da gibt es zwar dann auch abstufungen, ob man es für den hausgebrauch lernt, nur passiv versteht oder man auch aktiv sprechen kann, bis zu dem musikalischen muttersprachler. +die arbeit des interpreten fängt ähnlich an wie die eines theaterregisseurs. +nachdem man zunächst sich ein stück ausgesucht hat zu spielen, weil man davon begeistert ist, forscht man erstmal nach hintergründen der entstehung der komposition. +man sammelt informationen über das stück in der sekundärliteratur. +man liest in den briefen, tagebüchern, notizen, oder ob es worte, gedanken vom komponisten selbst gibt. +man studiert die werke, die er vorher und nachher komponiert hat. +man stellt vergleiche an. +die beweggründe, es zu schreiben. +wie und was hat er empfunden? +wie waren seine lebensumstände, wie die der gesellschaft und der politik? +das alles interessiert mich. +man denkt sich in diese zeit hinein, indem man zum beispiel auch zeitgenössische bilder anschaut oder literatur liest. +mit der zeit hat man aber auch als interpret schon ein reiches wissen um den komponisten, den man öfters spielt, und es fällt einem immer leichter, sich in ihn hineinzudenken und zu fühlen. +der komponist wird immer mehr zum freund, mit dem man zusammen lebt. +sein anliegen, das stück zu schreiben, wird immer mehr und mehr zu meinem persönlichen anliegen, es zu spielen. +da nun die noten alles andere als eine genaue aufzeichnung des anliegens des komponisten darstellt, sondern nur ein gerüst, wende ich nun dieses gerüst an, um es wieder mit sinn und bedeutung zu befüllen. +ich sage dann mit meinen eigenen worten, was zwischen diesem gerüst geschrieben sein könnte. +ich spiele erklärend, was diese töne zu bedeuten haben könnten. +jetzt für mich und für den komponisten damals und was sie jetzt für ihn heute bedeuten könnten. +jeder ton, jede phrase bekommt damit einen sinn, weil ich es selbst empfinde, weil es aus meinem jetzt persönlich gelebten entspringt. +es muss für mich im hier und jetzt stimmig sein, sonst kann ich mein publikum nicht davon überzeugen, dass das mein anliegen ist. +es ist immer wieder ein sehr glückliches konzert, wenn ich das erlebnis haben darf, das stück, dass ich so lange im voraus erarbeitet hab, wie neu zu erleben. +wie man einen glücklichen neuen tag immer wieder neu erlebt, obwohl immer mit den gleichen ritualen des lebens, aufstehen, frühstücken, zur arbeit gehen, so erlebe auch ich das gleiche stück immer wieder aufs neue. +ich bin wieder einen tag älter geworden, die jahreszeiten wechseln, mein puls geht abends langsamer als am morgen, in einem konzertsaal dauert es länger, dass der schall wieder zurückkommt als zu hause. +ich nehme das atmen des publikums wahr, bewusst oder unbewusst. +all das beeinflusst mich und all das beeinflusst auch mein erlebnis mit der komposition. +ganz wunderbar ist auch, wenn ich mit einem duo-partner auf der bühne stehe und wir haben die gleiche wellenlänge. +dann passiert das gleiche wie in einem guten, angeregten gespräch. +man bringt eine neue idee hinein und sogleich wird diese beantwortet mit einer reaktion. +es ist spannend, denn dann passieren dinge, die wir so nicht geprobt haben und was man auch so nicht proben kann. +es macht großen spaß, auf diese weise musik zu machen, und sie als das publikum haben dann erlebt, wie die musik lebendig kommuniziert. +so ist jedes konzert ein anderes konzert. +ich werde niemals mehr so spielen, wie in diesem moment. +ich kann heute nicht so spielen wie in zwanzig jahren. +da werde ich mehr lebenserfahrung haben als heute und werde deshalb auf meine palette der musikklänge noch viel mehr farbnuancen, an emotionen und empfindungen haben als heute. +sicher, ich werde dann einige farbtöpfe auch rausgeschmissen haben, aber dafür neue dazubekommen. +habe ein nettes konkretes beispiel dazu. +es war auf einem klavierkursus für musikstudenten bei meinem geliebten alten lehrer, professor jürgen ude, ein bekannter beethoven-spezialist, konzertpianist und langjähriger professor der musikhochschule hier in stuttgart. +leider war ich noch viel zu jung, sodass er schon emeritiert war, als ich endlich anfing zu studieren. +aber ich hatte das große glück, ihn sehr früh, mit dreizehn jahren, kennenzulernen und so war ich schon zu meiner schulzeit auf seinen kursen. +ich war damals siebzehn, als ich auf einem seiner kurse wieder einmal teilnahm und spielte die letzte von den vier balladen von chopin, einem spätwerk. +er fragte mich, was die einleitung dieser ballade für mich sei. +das ist so ein getragenes teil. +und in meiner jugendlichkeit sagte ich, erwartung. +da schmunzelte er und meinte, so? +das muss der altersunterschied sein. +denn für mich bedeutet sie erinnerung. +er war schon über sechzig. +tja, mit siebzehn hat man eben noch träume, aber keine bedeutenden erinnerungen. +ich spiele heute das stück alle paar jahre wieder und immer hat es sich für mich gewandelt, obwohl sich keine einzige note geändert hat. +jedes mal ist es spannend, denn immer wieder lese ich etwas neues heraus. +ein beispiel dazu aus einem ganz anderen bereich. monet hat die seerosen x-mal gemalt. +es ist immer der gleiche garten, aber zu verschiedener tageszeit, bei verschiedenem licht. +er hat die seerosen verschiedentlich übersetzt, so wie er sie gesehen hat, so wie sie in diesem moment auf ihn wirkten. +seine persönlichen impressionen der seerosen. +die x-malige interpretation eines stückes ist diesem vergleichbar. +inzwischen bin ich zudem schon älter als chopin mit zweiunddreißig jahren, als er das stück schrieb. +er hat ja nur neununddreißig jahre gelebt. +und es ist mir wichtig, immer wieder in die noten zu schauen, auch wenn ich meine, sie auswendig zu können. +um zwiesprache zu halten, direkt mit dem komponisten. +denn die noten sind die einzige verbindung direkt zu ihm. +vor allem, wenn er schon gestorben ist. +nun, wie fängt man an, die sprache der musik zu sprechen? +ich sagte ja schon, man braucht dafür ungefähr genauso lang wie für die gesprochene sprache. +oft ist der musikunterricht ja so, dass man erst die noten lesen lernt. +man lernt praktisch zuerst das lesen, bevor man nur ein nur ein wort spricht. +man lernt, die töne zu den noten auf dem instrument zu finden. +wenn dann alle finger rechtzeitig und richtig so wie wie es in den noten steht sich bewegen, kommen dann töne heraus, die zusammen so klingen wie musik. +wenn das fehlerfrei geschieht, bekommt der schüler das nächstschwierige stück auf. +über interpretation wird kaum im anfängerunterricht gesprochen. +na gut, da steht dann vorne presto, das ist ein schnelles stück. +lento, langsam. +laut und leisezeichen, f und b, et cetera. +das kennen die meisten hier. +aber auch wenn man diese angaben umsetzt, bleibt es immer noch bloß etwas technisches. +und noch ist es immer keine interpretation. +ich wundere mich. +ich wundere mich, dass man oft etwas ganz elementares vergisst. +nämlich, dass, um musik auf dem instrument zu machen, das eigene musikalische tun und fühlen schon vorher vorhanden sein sollte. +nämlich das singen. +ein kind, das das singen nicht gelernt hat, weil es die eltern nicht vorgemacht haben, wird es von selbst auch nicht tun. +das ist wie beim sprechenlernen. +es ist notwendig, seine eigenen erlebnisse und idee der musik zu haben, um es dann über eine weitere möglichkeit, also über ein instrument, zum klingen zu bringen. +menschen, die nie gesungen haben, haben folglich nie unmittelbar mit dem eigenen körper gespürt, wie es ist, einen ton zu bilden. +eine phrase mit seinem eigenen atem zu gestalten. +das musikinstrument ist nämlich die erweiterung unseres körpers. +unserer stimmbänder zu zum singen, unserer hände und füße zum tanzen. +so sind die hammerköpfe im klavier die fortsetzung meiner finger. +die melodie entsteht aus dem gesungenen und der rhythmus aus dem tanz. +die dauernde berieselung heutzutage mit musik ist da nicht förderlich. +man braucht ja nicht mehr selbst musik zu machen, wenn es einem langweilig wird. +nicht mehr nötig, ein liedchen zu pfeifen oder zu singen. +jede eigene musik wird plattgemacht, wenn man dauernd von außen mit musik beschallt wird. +sicher, es gibt dann manche unter ihnen, die sagen, ja, aber was macht man, wenn wenn ich eben nicht singen kann? +das frage ich, können sie nicht singen, a, weil sie glauben, dass sie nicht singen können? +oder b, weil sie nicht gelernt haben, zu singen? +bei beiden ist es nicht zu spät damit anzufangen, um herauszufinden, ob sie es nicht doch können, oder zu lernen, wie man diese kleinen muskeln, die die stimmbänder einstellen, richtig benutzt. +das kann man nämlich trainieren. +oder c, weil man es ihnen bescheinigt hat, dass sie untauglich sind. +da frage ich, wie fachlich kompetent war diese diagnose? +haben sie schon eine zweit- oder drittmeinung geholt, wie man es heutzutage schön sagt? +oder d, sie mögen halt keine musik und wollen deshalb damit auch nix zu zu tun haben. +was ich dann aber schon bedauern würde, weil musik ist ja eine schöne, kommunikative sache. +aber vielleicht kann man sie ja auch noch umstimmen. +na ja, also sie sehen, auf alle fälle muss niemand ein aussichtsloser kandidat sein. +aber sagen sie auch bitte nicht, ich verstehe nichts von der klassischen musik. +ich kann nicht sagen, ob es gut oder schlecht ist. +da antworte ich, aber sicher können sie doch sagen, ob es ihnen gefällt oder nicht. +denn ich glaube nicht, es sagt jemand, ich weiß nicht, ob 's mir schmeckt, weil ich nicht kochen kann. +also, sie verzichten ja nicht aufs essen, nur weil sie nicht kochen können. +also müssen sie auch nicht auf klassische musik verzichten, weil sie kein instrument spielen. +hören sie bewusst zu und sagen sie, ob es ihnen schmeckt oder nicht. +ob die musik ihnen zu gepfeffert oder zu süß ist. +sagen sie das, was sie empfinden. +mit der zeit bekommen sie auch ansprüche und wollen etwas mehr gewürze da drinhaben oder schmecken sogar feine unterschiede heraus. +warum fordere ich jetzt von meinem publikum, dass es auch aktiv zuhört? +weil die musik eine sprache ist und eine sprache ist zum kommunizieren da. +ein kunstwerk, das man nie anschaut, hat keine kraft zu wirken. +das essen, das von einer köchin oder einem koch liebevoll gekocht wurde, muss gegessen werden und nicht nur angeschaut oder rezepte ausgetauscht. +also hören sie bitte zu, wenn eine musik gespielt wird. +sie ist nicht nur eine nette geräuschtapete. +wenn in einer umgebung, wo die erwachsenen aktiv musik machen oder zumindest aktiv musik hören, ein kind aufwächst, dann ist es ganz leicht für einen musiklehrer, zu fragen, welche farbe hat deine blume? +kannst du sie mir jetzt auch in blau spielen? +und das kind spielt, nach einer gedenkpause, statt vorher eine rote jetzt eine blaue blume. +und dies klingt ganz anders als vorher. +das war dann der allererste anfang eines eigenen musikalischen ausdrucks. +also der erste schritt zu einer interpretation. +und was passiert, wenn man ein stück heute spielt, das ursprünglich vor hundert, vor zweihundert oder gar vor dreihundert jahren geschrieben worden ist? +inzwischen haben sich die instrumente fortentwickelt. +es gab zur zeit bachs als instrument noch gar kein klavier. +es war einfach noch nicht erfunden. +ich denke, dass der bach begeistert gewesen wäre, wenn er die klanglichen möglichkeiten der heutigen modernen klaviere gehabt hätte. +ich kann heute die klangvorstellungen, die der bach gehabt hat, auf dem modernen flügel zum klingen bringen, was ein barockes cembalo nicht kann. +auch von beethoven weiß man, dass er mehr hörte, als er schon taub geworden war. +heute ist ein modernes orchester in der lage, alles zu spielen, was ein orchester von damals als unspielbar abgelehnt hat. +deshalb sind die komponisten auf uns interpreten angewiesen, die die stücke wieder neu erfinden. +damit sie hörbar werden, was sie sich nur im geiste erdacht haben. +und auch, was sie sich heute im geiste denken würden. +oder das, was ich mir heute vorstell, weil was sie sich gedacht haben könnten. +danke schön. +wissen sie, was neid ist? +waren sie schon einmal neidisch? +und wie fühlte sich das an? +beschissen. +ich hab einen freund, der fährt einen passerati. +wenn ich dann komme, mit meinem kleinen v w piesel und mich daneben stelle, kommt dieses gefühl auf. +mir schießt etwas durch den kopf. +ich sage, ulf, wozu brauchst du so 'n großes auto? +das verliert ja schon im ersten jahr die hälfte seines wertes. +und überhaupt, du arbeitest ja viel weniger als ich. +wieso muss ich mir so 'n kleines auto leisten? +und dann fällt mir sofort ein, das ist ungerecht. +es ist gegen die gerechtigkeit. +und wie ich das wort gerechtigkeit sage, ist dieses unangenehme gefühl weg. +unser organismus hat eine großartige methode erfunden, um solche unangenehmen gefühle wie neid einfach zum verschwinden zu bringen. +sie können das auch probieren mit worten wie rache oder gewinnsucht oder ähnlichem. +ich möchte ihnen mit diesem mechanismus heute etwas erklären oder etwas näherbringen, was ihnen unbewusst wahrscheinlich vertraut ist. +der mechanismus stammt aus der lüge. +aber denken sie dabei nicht an die lüge, wie sie sie vielleicht gehört haben, wenn menschen sagen, niemand hat die absicht eine mauer zu errichten. +und dann steine auftürmt, damit er ihnen die sicht versperrt. +an einer solchen lüge sehen sie, dass der lügner selbst nicht glaubt, was er sagt. +es lässt sich überdies leicht überprüfen, dass er ganz anderes im sinn hat. +er täuscht ja nur sie und nicht sich selbst. +nein, die lüge, über die ich spreche, die hat damit zu tun, dass sie sich selber täuschen. +sie brauchen diese lüge, um eine lebenslüge, um eine selbsttäuschung aufrecht zu erhalten. +die können sie weniger leicht, ja, nachprüfen oder auch zum einsturz bringen. +sie brauchen zeit. +von dieser zeit spricht eine anekdote, die sie vielleicht kennen. +der spanische maler pablo picasso hat einmal eine frau portraitiert. +diese frau hat sich anschließend beschwert, das portrait würde ihr gar nicht ähnlich sehen. +picasso antwortet, warten sie nur. +es wird ihnen immer ähnlicher. +an dieser stelle und wenn sie lachen, erkennen sie, wie wichtig diese lüge ist und wie viel zeit sie brauchen, um etwas zu erfahren, was künstler sehr gut uns mitteilen können. +denn künstler haben ein gestörtes verhältnis zur lüge. +der künstler teilt ihnen etwas mit, und vor allem dieser dame, was sie nicht sieht, wenn sie einfach nur in den spiegel schaut. +der künstler teilt ihnen in einem solchen portrait etwas mit, womit sie erst vertraut werden, wenn sie sich dieses kunstwerk immer wieder anschauen. +dann verschwindet dieses unangenehme gefühl, es könnte ihnen ja gar nicht ähnlich sehen und es wird ihnen immer ähnlicher. +hier haben sie diesen mechanismus, mit dem wir die lüge als eine großartige erfindung zur stabilisierung unserer lebensverhältnisse nutzen können. +und nicht nur in der kunst, auch im volksmärchen, in der in der mythologie, in geschichten taucht es wieder auf. +sie kennen vielleicht diese idee von der dame, die jeden morgen in den spiegel schaute und ihn fragte, wer ist denn die schönste im ganzen land? +eines tages sagt dieser spiegel, ja, da gibt es eine schönere. +hinter den sieben bergen und so weiter. +und sie wissen auch, wie viel feindseligkeit aus dieser wahren auskunft, auch der spiegel kann nicht lügen, aus dieser wahren auskunft entspringt. +aber wir sollten einfach uns vertraut machen damit, dass man einer frau nicht sagen kann, dass es eine schönere irgendwo anders gibt. +hier ist es nötig, das, was wir unter politically correctness verstehen, immer wieder anzubringen. +wir brauchen an dieser stelle diese lüge, die uns die täuschung aufrechterhält, ohne die wir gar nicht weiterleben können. +wir haben nicht nur in der kunst, in der volksmärchendichtung, sondern auch in der wissenschaft solche großartigen lügen. +und da gibt es diese geschichte von der frau des bischofs von worchester. +sie hörte von diesem buch von charles darwin, die entstehung der arten und die abstammung des menschen. +dass der mensch vom affen abstammen sollte und, ja, es zumindest einen gemeinsamen vorfahren gäbe zwischen menschen und affen. +und dann rennte sie rannte sie zu ihrem mann und sagte, das ist doch wohl nicht wahr, was charles da schreibt. +der mensch soll vom affen abstammen oder einen gemeinsamen vorfahren haben. +nein, nein, das geht nicht. +und wenn es wahr ist, dann müssen wir verhindern, dass die menschen kenntnis davon erlangen. +warum müssen wir verhindern, dass menschen kenntnis von etwas erlangen, wenn es wahr ist? +weil wir ohne diese lebenslüge nicht leben können. +weil wir diese selbsttäuschung, dieses gefühl, großartig zu sein, abstammung von den höchsten wesen, nicht von einer solchen naturebene, von so etwas unberechenbarem wie einem organismus, der noch dazu existiert, einem stein vergleichbar und sonst welchen dingen, das ist für uns unaushaltbar. +also, wir können diese dinge gar nicht ertragen. +wir müssen verhindern, dass die menschen kenntnis erlangen von dingen, vor allem dann, wenn sie wahr sind. +damit sie sehen, wie langsam dieser mechanismus sich auflöst und wie die spuren aussehen, die er hinterlässt, die auf etwas anderes führen als auf dieses großartige bild von uns selbst, will ich ihnen eine weitere geschichte näherbringen. +eine besonders schöne geschichte, wie ich meine. +meine frau hat sie mir erzählt. +sie kam eines tages von der schule, sie ist lehrerin, und sie erzählte von einem schüler. +ein autistischer schüler. +sie mag ihn besonders gern, weil er eine neigung zur aufrichtigkeit hat. +und sie fragte ihn, was sind denn deine hobbys? +und da sagt er, na ja, ich bin bei der feuerwehr. +und weil ich bei der feuerwehr bin, interessiere ich mich für pyrotechnische dinge. +ja, sie spüren es schon, wenn sie heiter sind an dieser stelle. da stimmt etwas nicht. +ich habe meiner frau gesagt, immer wenn ein mensch in einer moralischen rechtfertigung das wörtchen weil verwendet, sollten wir versuchen, es durch das wörtchen obwohl zu ersetzen. +machen sie das einmal und dann erfahren sie den satz. +obwohl ich bei der feuerwehr bin, interessiere ich mich für pyrotechnische dinge. +sie spüren, das ist die eigentliche wahrheit hinter der auskunft. +so ein kleiner bub, der interessiert sich doch nicht fürs feuerlöschen. +der interessiert sich fürs feuermachen. +aber es gibt keine vereine, nach denen wir uns umschauen können, wo man lernt, wie man feuer macht. +es gibt nur das zweitbeste, eben die feuerwehr. +da hat er sich angemeldet. +und überdies, man sagt auch seiner lehrerin nicht, dass man gerne brände irgendwo legt und sich freut, wenn das feuer nachher hochlodert. +nein, es sieht einfach viel besser aus, wenn wir zeigen, dass wir dafür zuständig sind, die gefahren zu beseitigen, die andere erst schaffen, wenn sie eben feuer legen. +hier haben sie diesen kleinen mechanismus. +diese diesen verweis darauf, dass im innersten der bub schon wusste, dass er eigentlich mit dem feuer verwandt ist, aber dass er das nicht laut sagen kann. +hier haben sie diesen zensor zwischen dem unbewussten und dem bewussten, der sofort anspringt, ohne dass sie etwas dagegen tun können, und die dinge, von denen sie wissen, dass sie ganz anders aussehen, so gestaltet, dass sie viel besser für sie und andere klingen können. +so entstehen dann einfach solche wörter, die wir auch in der sprache des politisch korrekten sprechens immer wieder verwenden. +eigentlich wissen wir, dass etwas anderes der fall ist. +aber wir wissen, wenn wir das aussprechen, sind die sozialen verhältnisse sehr empfindlich gestört. +wir können das nicht einfach machen. +es ist unmöglich, solche dinge in einer gesellschaft, die funktionieren soll, zu präsentieren. +ich möchte ihnen nun darlegen, was wir in meinem institut herausgefunden haben. +nach welcher logik diese täuschung, diese selbsttäuschung, die bereitschaft, eine andere wirklichkeit als die, von der wir eigentlich schon im unbewussten wissen, dass sie gültig ist, nach außen zu verbreiten. +hierzu will ich ihnen zwei, vielleicht auch drei beispiele präsentieren. +das erste beispiel setzt voraus, was viele von ihnen kennen und manche von ihnen schätzen, ganz wenige nur überhaupt nicht benötigen. +ich meine die seele. +was ist die seele? +die seele ist so etwas geistiges, sagt etwa leibniz. +sie ist etwas, was nicht von stopp stofflicher, materieller natur ist. +und wenn sie menschen vor sich haben, die der festen überzeugung sind, dass sie eine seele besitzen, oder man kann auch sagen, die glauben, dass sie von der seele zum leben erweckt worden sind, dann stellen die sich das so ungefähr vor, als wäre die seele so ein geistiger rahmen über sie, nicht aus materie, sie selber nur aus fleisch und blut, etwas steinernes sozusagen, an die erde gebundenes, vergängliches, verwesbares, unwichtiges, ja totes. +und von dieser seele denken sie nun, dass sie irgendwie in dieser wolkigen natur, in dieser luftigen natur, anima heißt es im lateinischen, der lufthauch, präsent sei. +und wenn sich dieser lufthauch dann über den menschen ergießt, dann ist er angefüllt mit würde, mit geist, mit natur, die nur leben kann, ja eben mit seele. +und dann kann er eben davonlaufen. +das ist so die vorstellung, wie die seele wirkt. +sie soll also von außen zum menschen hinzukommen. +wir sollen sie also als etwas wahrnehmen, was unbedingt für unser leben präsent sein soll. +und wenn sie diese voraussetzung vor augen haben, dann verstehen sie die logik, mit der wir dieses glück erleben, durch eine lüge unsere welt verbessern zu können. +denn jetzt können sie einen dreisatz anwenden. +dreisatz kennen sie noch aus der schule. +das ist jetzt hier ein dreisatz, der uns eine logik beschreibt. +das ist übrigens der schwierigste teil in meinem vortrag. +hier brauchen sie etwas logik, aber auch die bereitschaft zu lügen. +nämlich so zu lügen, dass sie diese logik einfach falsch anwenden können. +in diesem dreisatz kommen drei sätze vor. +der erste satz lautet, klaus behauptet, es gibt keine seele. +der zweite satz lautet also, wenn klaus recht hat, dann hat er keine seele. +nun gibt es einen dritten satz. +ich hab ihn hier besonders hervorgehoben. +ein dritter satz, der sofort auftaucht bei menschen, die ein starkes gefühl für eine seele haben. +die sagen, wer keine seele hat, der ist tot und kann gar nichts behaupten. +und hier spüren sie 's schon. +hier kommt diese logik in diesem, ja, in dieser täuschenden rede zum ausdruck. +sie sehen es sofort. +die ersten beiden sätze, die sind logisch korrekt. +ich kann nämlich alles behaupten. +die logik macht keine aussagen über die realität. +ich kann sagen, die kanzlerin ist ein mann. +und wenn ich recht habe, dann ist die kanzlerin ein mann. +wenn ich nicht recht habe, dann ist die kanzlerin kein mann. +die logik macht keine aussage darüber, was gilt. +ich kann alles behaupten. +aber entscheidend ist, wenn ich recht habe, dann gilt es eben. +also wenn klaus sagt, es gibt keine seele. +zweitens, wenn er recht hat, dann hat er keine seele. +diese dinge sind logisch korrekt. +und jetzt spürt unser täuschendes bewusstsein sofort, daraus kann man etwas machen. +es hängt einen dritten satz an, der gar nichts mit den ersten beiden sätzen zu tun hat und der so tut, als wäre das gegenteil des ersten satzes schon bewiesen und vorausgesetzt. +denn eigentlich müssten wir ja beweisen, ob es die seele gibt oder nicht. +aber mit dieser logik, die es einfach nutzt, dass zwei sätze logisch korrekt sind, und einen dritten dazuhängt, der so aussieht, als hätte er etwas damit zu tun, damit können wir unsere lebenslüge retten. +also, wir tun so, als wäre es eigentlich unmöglich, ohne eine seele leben zu können. +und wir sind sehr glücklich darüber. +wir können diese dinge an verschiedenen beispielen fortführen. +in der gegenwart auf etwa haben wir ein ganz modernes beispiel, das immer wieder die tageszeitungen füllt. +hierzu müssen sie sich ein weiteres philosophisches thema, ein dauerbrenner aus der philosophie, präsent halten. +das hat damit zu tun, dass wir zurückgehen in das vierzehnte jahrhundert. +da gab es einen gelehrten, der hieß johannes buridanus und nach dem ist der buridansche esel benannt. +der buridansche esel ist ein esel, der aus reiner natur besteht. +der hat nicht diese seele. +das ist so ein naturding. +und wenn sie den exakt in der mitte zwischen zwei gleichgroßen heuhafen platzieren, dann verhungert er. +denn er weiß nicht, zu welchem heuhaufen er zuerst gehen soll. +er steht also genau in der mitte. +so sind die naturdinge vorgestellt. +gleichgroße kräfte mit gegensätzlichem vorzeigenzeichen lösen einander auf. +da passiert überhaupt nichts. +nur wenn sie dann ein anderes beispiel bringen, also wenn sie sofort den einen heuhaufen größer macht, dann braucht er auch keine vernunft und gar nichts dazu. +automatisch läuft er zum richtigen gedanken. +wenn sie diese vorstellung haben, dass man also in der natur irgendwie getrieben wird, determiniert wird, von den größeren haufen, die einen sofort anziehen, dann haben sie auch schnell das gefühl, dass es so etwas wie einen freien willen geben muss. +und wenn wir auch schon hier in frankfurt am main sind, dann erinnere ich an das max-planck-institut für hirnforschung. +da gibt es einen gelehrten, der heißt wolf singer, und von ihm sagt man manchmal, wolf singer behauptet, es gibt keine willensfreiheit. +jetzt können wir wieder den zweiten satz bilden und können sagen, wenn wolf singer recht hat, dann hat er keine willensfreiheit. +diese sätze sind absolut logisch und korrekt. +und was wir nun fast täglich in der tageszeitung lesen können, das finden sie in diesem dritten satz. +der sieht etwa so aus, wer keine willensfreiheit hat, kann auch nicht für seine handlungen und behauptungen zur verantwortung gezogen werden gezogen werden und er ist daher unzurechnungsfähig. +auch hier haben sie es wieder. +eigentlich müsste man ja erstmal beweisen, ob es so etwas wie willensfreiheit gibt. +aber die logik der täuschung erlaubt es uns, so zu tun, als wäre der erste satz von vornherein falsch, als müsste man selbstverständlich das gegenteil ohne beweis annehmen. +und jetzt können sie einfach, wenn sie selber irgendetwas machen wollen, wenn sie selber irgendetwas testen wollen und vor allem, wenn sie menschen glücklich machen wollen, diesen mut zur lüge üben. +üben sie das zum beispiel, wenn sie mal einem menschen begegnen, dem sie dann sagen können, es gibt keine vorhersager. +und bitte verwenden sie nicht das deutsche wort für vorhersager, das heißt prophet. +das dürfen sie nicht nennen, das wäre dann schon wieder ein bisschen politisch inkorrekt. +sagen sie, es gibt keine vorhersager. +sofort werden sie einer, für den es selbstverständlich solche vorhersager gibt, erfahren, das kannst du nicht beweisen. +und schon haben sie ein problem. +denn während sie damit beschäftigt sind, sich klarzumachen, dass sie nicht beweisen können, dass es keine vorhersager gibt, ist der mann ganz glücklich. +er ist ganz glücklich darüber, weil er sie getäuscht hat. +weil er sie auf eine fährte geführt hat, auf der er sich selber gar nicht aufhält. +denn eigentlich ist dieser mensch gar nicht an beweisen interessiert. +er ist nur daran interessiert, sich selber freizuhalten vor der notwendigkeit, beweisen zu müssen, dass es vorhersager gibt. +also, in der art der verschiebung der beweislast erleben sie die großartigkeit der lüge. +und wenn sie wieder einmal so eine möglichkeit haben, diesen dreisatz zu spüren bei anderen menschen, tun sie es, denn sie werden andere glücklich machen, wenn sie sie auf diese weise nicht an ihre selbstlüge erinnern. +ich danke ihnen für ihre aufmerksamkeit. +ja, guten tag. +ich hab mir erlaubt ich habe lilly gefragt, ob ich sie erwähnen darf. +sie ist eine der veranstalterinnen hier von dieser großartigen veranstaltung und hat mich gefragt, ob ich hier einen vortrag halten wolle und meine idee preisgeben. +ich muss ehrlich sagen, du hast es ja mitgekriegt, es fiel mir anfangs schwer von meiner idee zu reden. +und ich möge doch vielleicht mein inselprojekt vorstellen, dass ich versuche euch vorzustellen. +aber es ist natürlich die summe ganz, ganz vieler ideen. +ich gehöre wahrscheinlich, sind die beiden netten mädchen noch da, ich gehöre wahrscheinlich zu der generation, die für dieses schlechte öko image gesorgt hat, weil ich neunzehnhundertneunundsiebzig schon angefangen habe maschinenbau zu studieren in karlsruhe, technische hochschule, heute heißt sie, glaube ich, kit. +und mich hat 's dann mitte der achtziger jahre nach berlin verschlagen, weil ich erneuerbare energien machen wollte und das gab' s in karlsruhe nicht. +da gab 's die kernforschungsanlage leopoldshafen. +die hießen damals alle kfa, auch die jülich hieß kfa. +die heißen heute projektträger. +weil ein guter ingenieur hat entweder tolle autos gebaut oder atomkraftanlagen. +aber sowas doofes wie 'n solarpendel, aus dem irgendwie hundert watt aus dem quadratmeter herauskommt, das war ein spielzeug. +und in berlin gab es ein verrücktes ingenieurkollektiv. +ich bin dem premium-kola-mensch dankbar, dass dass er das wort nochmal wieder rehabilitiert hat, weil nach dem mauerfall durfte man das wort gar nicht mehr benutzen, weil alles linke war ja schlecht. +allerdings war das in den achtiziger jahren nicht so. +da war es eben so, dass es selbstverwaltete alternativbetriebe gab und einer davon saß eben in kreuzberg im mehringhof, wo man das böse vermutete. +ort des terrorismusses, aber das war hieß wuseltronik und hat wind- und sonnenenergie gemacht und da habe ich mitte der achtziger angefangen. +und ja, vieles von dem, was heute gesagt wurde, berührt mich sehr, weil viele, viele schöne äußerungen dabei waren, die ich auch durchlebt habe. +ich habe elf jahre in dem kollektiv gearbeitet, das war basisdemokratisch. +wir waren zwanzig leute. +wenn einer nein gesagt hat, war das vetoprinzip, das hat einen völlig zermürbt. ich habe zehn jahre lang ich habe schwer daran gezweifelt, ob ich mein tolles ingenieurstudium vielleicht wirklich an eine schwachsinnige sache verschwende, weil auch alle kollegen meines vaters immer ihm zugeredet haben, du hast das geld zum fenster rausgeschmissen bei deinem kind. +es beschäftigt sich mit schwachsinn. +und das war wirklich sehr, sehr bitter und man kommt dann auch in so 'ne phase hinein, eben tauchte das eine bild auf durchhalten, wo ich mich gefragt habe nach zehn jahren, tausend d-mark waren das ja damals noch, grundlohn, einheitslohn im kollektiv natürlich, ob das wirklich so das tolle sein soll. +und ich hab 's dann bis sechsundneunzig ausgehalten und dann haben wir zusammen mit freunden bin ich mitbegründer der firma solon geworden, die dann zusammen mit dem spin-off q-cells einer der größten zellenhersteller der welt wurde. +eine riesenerfolgsgeschichte, aber auch da haben wir natürlich wieder das problem eines wachsenden unternehmens und wir haben dann zweitausendsechs, eine kleine gruppe, beschlossen, dass wir wieder klein anfangen und zurückgehen und uns dem nächsten thema der zukunft widmen und das heißt meines erachtens und unseres erachtens, es ist wieder gleich verrückt, das fängt wieder damit an, dass die leute sagen, was soll der quatsch, das geht alles nicht, wir reden von speichern. +und da habe ich euch ein projekt mitgebracht, das ich euch jetzt mal vorstellen will. +und der titel des vortrages war, ja wie man zu hundert prozent erneuerbare kommt. +und wir haben eben einfach mit einer relativ einfach-verrückten geschichte angefangen zu fragen, wo könnte man denn einen speicher sinnvoll heute schon einsetzen. +auf dieser insel, das ist die insel graciosa auf den azoren. +ja, das sind so die daten. +da leben viereinhalb tausend menschen. +die haben heute einen erneuerbaren energieanteil von fünfzehn prozent. +und die frage ist, warum haben sie nicht mehr? +das geht einfach technologisch nicht. +wenn sie mehr windkraft einander zubauen, fängt das system an zu scheitern. +das erzähle ich auch immer den politikern, wenn sie in berlin-adlershof unsere anlage besichtigen. +die sagen dann immer, wieso? +wir haben doch schon zwanzig prozent in deutschland. +kann doch gar kein problem sein. +stimmt aber nicht, wir haben in europa sieben prozent und unser netz ist physikalisch gesehen das europäische. +wenn wir in europa zwanzig prozent hätten, dann hätten wir schon die gleichen probleme, die die leute auf dieser insel da haben. +die frage war einfach, rechnet das war zweitausend2006, haben die ersten kontakte mit der insel angefangen, rechne doch einfach mal durch. +wie groß müsste denn eigentlich so eine batterie sein, damit man so eine insel auf zwanzig, dreißig, vierzig, fünfzig, vielleicht sogar siebzig prozent erneuerbare bringt. +und ja, ich gehe nochmal eine slide weiter. +das konventionelle system sieht überall auf der welt so aus. +übrigens werden pro jahr etwa hundert gigawatt elektrische leistung auf dieselbasis zugebaut auf der welt. +das entspricht der leistung von hundert atomkraftwerken, weil das geht besonders schnell überall. +der energiehunger der welt, der stattfindet, wird mit diesel gelöscht, weil man da keine genehmigung braucht. +das geht schnell. +man stellt so 'ne kiste hin. +und dann sieht es in der regel so aus. +in dem verlaufen immer drei von den dieseln, zwei werden immer gewartet. +ja, so sieht ein das da unten ist eben die last. +wir haben auch sehr genaue daten bekommen. +und die windkraftanlage oder die solaranlage oder was immer es auch ist, ist in der regel ein back-up system beziehungsweise ein system, was nur in kleinen mengen hier einspeisen kann. +unser ziel war es einfach zu sagen, okay, +der diesel wird back-up und die wind, sonne bedienen die last so, dass sie den größeren anteil abbilden können. +und wenn sie über zwanzig, dreißig prozent erneuerbaren energien gehen wollen, also energie pro jahr, nicht die leistung im moment, dann müssen sie den diesel ausschalten. +das heißt, in dem moment müssen sie dafür sorgen, dass die erneuerbaren energien sozusagen das gesamte netz übernehmen können. +das können sie natürlich nur, wenn sie in irgendeiner art und weise hier gemanagt werden. +das hat so noch niemand auf der welt gemacht. +das gibt 's im kleinen stil, also sie können auch im auto ihren rasierer über einen kleinen wechselrichter bedienen. +die leute fragen mich immer, was forscht ihr denn eigentlich da in adlershof? +das geht doch schon. +wenn sie aber mehrere von diesen wechselrichtern zusammenschalten wollen und die sollen ein netz aufbauen, dann wird das äußerst kompliziert. +und unser ziel war eben, wir wollten auf siebzig bis neunzig prozent erneuerbare kommen und dann bleibt hier noch dieser rest, der letzte rest, die letzten zehn, zwanzig prozent erneuerbare mit, das wird wird sehr, sehr teuer und das wird auch nicht funktionieren, dass man das aus batterien macht. +das wird auf jeden fall ein energieträger sein, der dann, wasserstoff, methan, power to gas kennen sie oder sch, das wird es dann sein. +sie müssen dann eher auf einen saisonalspeicher gehen und winter-sommer und nicht nur tag-nacht ausgleichen. +wir wollten einfach mal wissen, was ist denn mit einer normalen, stinknormalen elektrochemischen batterie. +wie weit kommt man denn da überhaupt? +und haben dann eine ganze menge von simulationen angestellt. +und haben wind und sonne und die last durchsimuliert und kamen zu dem ergebnis, ein ganz spannendes ergebnis, dass man gegenüber dem konventionellen system, das nach zwanzig jahren einen mittleren strompreis von ungefähr fünfzig cent pro kilowattstunde benötigt, etwa bei vierundvierzig cent rauskommt. +das waren die allerersten berechnungen vor sechs jahren. +und dann haben wir gesagt, okay, +ist ja toll, dann haben wir ein geschäftsmodell. +wir sind billiger wie das diesel-system, wenn der dieselpreis fünf prozent pro jahr steigt. +und dann haben wir angefangen mit den insulanern zu verhandeln. +was müsste alles getan werden? +haben mit investoren verhandelt, ich habe neue gesellschafter gesucht. +wir waren ja damals erst fünf leute, um eine um die gesellschaft wieder neu aufzubauen. +und hier nochmal die darstellung. +das braune ist sozusagen das konventionelle system, das grüne ist unser system. +dass unser system auch einen preisanstieg hat, liegt daran, dass wir ja noch zwanzig prozent mit diesel machen und auch eine preissteigerung auf die anderen sachen nicht durchschlagen. +und die power-utility, die die das elektrizitätsversorgungsunternehmen auf der insel, hat gemeint, das finden wir ganz toll. +wollen wir auch unterstützen, aber wir glauben euch nicht, dass ihr das technische problem lösen könnt. +und deswegen haben wir uns entschlossen in berlin eine halle zu bauen, in der wir sozusagen die elektrischen verhältnisse der insel im maßstab eins zu drei ganz genau abbilden können. +das heißt, wir haben dann erstmal gesucht, die größte batterie der welt zu finden. +hier ist sie. +die kommt naturgemäß aus asien, in dem falle aus japan. +und witzigerweise ist sie in den siebziger jahren bei bbc mannheim, heute abb, entwickelt worden und wurde dann auslizensiert an die japaner. +sie ist man kann sehen, es ist eine sehr, sehr große batterie. +sie hat einen megawatt leistung und kann sechs stunden lang diese leistung bringen und das ist die batterie, die wir sozusagen simulationstechnisch rausbekommen haben. +und haben sie dann aufgestellt. +wir haben auch einen dieser diesel-aggregate in der gleichen größe, wie er dort steht, in die halle gebracht, um tatsächlich das komplette dynamische verhalten von diesem netz, also in der halle sieht es jetzt so aus, da hinten steht der diesel, hier steht die große batterie, hier sind die ganzen umrichter, mit denen wir das netz simulieren. +hier drüben simulieren wir das ganze übertragungsleitungsystem, die kilometer-physik der kabel, um sozusagen das schwingungsverhalten im netz abzubilden. +und hier kann man nochmal das ganze sehen. +wir können auch zweihundert kilowatt photovoltaik auf das netz aufschalten. +hier sehen wir das nochmal hier sehen wir nochmal den diesel, hier nochmal die ganzen, einzelnen aggregate. +und was wir gemacht haben, seit zweitausendneun war die halle dann fertig, bis heute zweitausendzwölf quasi alles, was hier zwischen den einzelnen system an elektronik, an software zu entwickeln war, haben wir gemacht. +wir sind also keine batteriehersteller, sondern wir definieren uns als firma, die nur zwischen dem thema batterie und dem thema netz steht und alles dazwischen. +man muss natürlich zur batterie hin kommunizieren, man muss auch hin ins netz kommunizieren können, und das ist sehr kompliziert. +das schöne ist an dem thema, dass man auf dieser insel im grunde genommen heute alles das vorwegnehmen kann an problemen, das wir bekommen werden, wenn wir unseren anteil von erneuerbaren erhöhen wollen. +also diese ganze diskussion, wie wird im moment hin- und herbewegt, energiewende, wie das gehen soll, auf der insel haben wir zum beispiel für fünfundzwanzig bis dreißig prozent exzessenergie, also wir müdsen den wind und die sonne abregeln. +natürlicht bietet sich dann smart-grid an. +also smart-grid, ein riesenthema überall. +wir können auf der insel schon mal damit anfangen, elektromobilität zu integrieren, rumzufragen, kann man denn die last managen. +das heißt, wenn man bei siebzig prozent erneuerbare ist, dann wird man das nicht ohne speicher machen können. +man kann durch 'n smart-grid, man kann durch ausbau der netze, ja, das sollte man auf jeden fall auch tun, den anteil erhören, aber man wird niemals auf speicher komplett verzichten können. +und das ist so 'n bißchen die botschaft. +deswegen kommen auch viele leute und schauen sich das dort an, eben weil man sehen kann, welche probleme man bekommt. +wenn wir den diesel abschalten, dann hat man eben nicht mehr diese rotierende masse, die eine gewisse trägheit im netz verursacht. +und unser europäisches verbundnetz besteht im grunde genommen nur aus lauter rotierenden massen von großen kraftwerken, wo sich immer die welle überall um ganz europa gleicht dreht. +wir schauen in dieses netz hinein, sehen die fünfzig hertz, und wenn es neunundvierzig komma neun hertz wird, fangen wir ein paar ventilchen aufzumachen, dann geht wieder ein bißchen merh dampf rein, dann kommen wir wieder hoch. +das ist das system. +und natürlich ist das unglaublich träge. +wenn sie das irgendwo runterreißen, dann dauert 's' ne weile. +das spinning reserve hat mindestens zehn sekunden, um das netz stabil zu halten. +und in der zeit können sie wieder anderes reagieren. +wenn sie das nicht mehr haben, diese rotierende masse, dann müssen sie das mit leistungselektronik und elektrochemie ersetzen. +und wir können mit dieser großen batterie zwei millisekunden einmal rein-rausschalten. +da sieht man dann schon, welche enormen geschwindigkeitsmöglichkeiten da gibt. +und die botschaft ist nun, wir müssen auf diese rotierenden massen verzichten, wenn wir sozusagen unsere ziele zwanzig, zwanzig, zwanzig prozent, zwanzig, dreißig, dreißig prozent und so weiter, wenn wir die überhaupt erreichen wollen, +dann müssen wir unsere must-run kapazitäten im netz abbauen. +must-run heißt einfach, das kraftwerk läuft mit, um die frequenz zu halten. +ja, das ist ja eine riesendebatte im moment, zubau vom kohlekraftwerken, weil wir sonst keine, oder gasturbinen, weil das nicht geht. +und wir versuchen einfach klarzumachen, dass man die kapazitäten, die must-run kapazitäten, abbauen kann, indem man auch elektrochemische speicher ins netz bringt. +dazu gibt es glücklicherweise jetzt auch eine ganze menge studien. +und zu diesem zweck kommen die leute dann immer und schauen sich unseren versuchsstand auf der, quasi unseren inselteststand an. +und ja, die diskussion geht immer um die frage, wie weit kann man dort ein stück weit zukunft vorwegnehmen. +und viele diskussionen, die ich in den letzten sechs jahren hatte, waren ähnlich wie die diskussion, die ich in den letzten dreißig jahren hatte zum thema photovoltaik. +geht nicht, ist schwachsinn, kinderspielkram, haben wir alles gerechnet, rechnet sich nie. +wir haben heute dreißig gigawatt photovoltaik in deutschland. +das ist vorbildlich. +und ich gehe einfach davon aus, dass wir in den nächsten dreißig jahren die gleiche kapazität an elektrochemischen speichern auf der ganzen welt haben werden. +ganz einfach, so wird es kommen. +da wird es so eine ganze menge von widerständen geben und streitereien. +das schöne ist, dass ich quasi jetzt in den letzten beiden jahren erlebt habe, dass die wissenschaftler sich auf meine seite stellen. +wir haben mittlerweile über zehn millionen förderprojekte bekommen, auch um 'ne zehn-megawatt-batterie jetzt ans deutsche netz zu klemmen. +das wird im nächsten april stattfinden. +also von daher merkt man auch da, dass da ein wandel da ist und erst von dieser abwehrhaltung hin zu ja, zu der vorstellung, hundert prozent erneuerbare stimmt ja. +und wenn man hundert prozent erneuerbare hat, dann ist das ja wie ein autarkes system. +bisher wird in diskussionen immer versucht, diese insulaner, die machen sich autark, die haben ein eigenes kleines netz, das hat ja mit unserem verbund nichts zu tun. +die die frage ist doch ganz einfach, wenn sie sich vollkommen unabhängig machen von irgendwelchen fossilen oder uranen energierträgern, die irgendwo auf der welt rausgebohrt werden und zu ihnen hingebracht werden, dann sind sie ja eine insel. +dann verbrauchen sie nur noch das, was an sonne und wind da vorhanden ist, wo sie leben. +und das ist so ein bisschen unsere vision von einer vernüftigen energieversorgung und ich bin cradle-to-cradle auch dankbar, dass sie gesagt haben, sonnenenergie nutzen. +und das ist ja das, was wir tun, und insofern kommen so, auch der vortrag von premium kola, dass man wieder ein kollektiv sein darf und sonnenenergie nutzen, hier ein bißchen zusammen. +und ja gut, ich möchte euch einfach dann ermutigen, in dem sinne, dass man ruhig ein bisschen verrückt sein kann und auch eine vision haben darf. +und man muss wirklich ziemlich zäh bleiben dabei, aber ich denke, dass dass es geht. +vielen dank. +als steve lopez, kolumnist der los angeles times, eines tages durch die straßen im zentrum von los angeles ging, hörte er eine wundervolle musik. +sie kam von einem mann, einem afro-amerikaner, sympathisch, rau, obdachlos, der auf einer geige spielte, die nur noch zwei saiten hatte. +viele von ihnen werden die geschichte kennen, denn aus steves artikel darüber wurde später ein buch, das wiederum verfilmt wurde, mit robert downey junior als steve lopez und jamie foxx als nathaniel anthony ayers, dem kontrabassisten, der am juilliard-konservatorium studierte und dessen vielversprechende karriere tragischerweise früh durch seine paranoide schizophrenie beendet wurde. +nathaniel verließ juilliard, erlitt einen nervenzusammenbruch und 30 jahre später lebte er als obdachloser auf den straßen von skid row im zentrum von los angeles. +ich empfehle ihnen allen, steves buch zu lesen oder sich den film anzusehen, damit sie nicht nur die wunderbare verbundenheit verstehen, die zwischen diesen beiden männern entstanden ist, sondern auch, wie die musik diese verbindung herstellen half und wie sie schließlich das instrument war, wenn dieses wortspiel erlaubt ist, das mithalf, nathaniel weg von der straße zu kriegen. +ich traf mr ayers im jahre 2008, vor zwei jahren, in der walt disney concert hall. +er hatte gerade eine vorführung von beethovens erster und vierter sinfonie gehört und kam hinter die bühne, um sich mir vorzustellen. +er sprach in einem sehr heiteren und geselligen ton über yo-yo ma und hillary clinton und darüber, wie die dodgers es nie in die baseball world series schaffen würden. und das alles wegen der tückischen passage der ersten geige im letzten satz von beethovens vierter sinfonie. +wir kamen aufs thema musik zu sprechen. und ein paar tage später bekam ich eine e-mail, in der stand, dass nathaniel sich für geigenunterricht bei mir interessierte. +ich muss noch erwähnen, dass nathaniel eine medizinische behandlung ablehnte, denn er war bereits mit elektroschocks und mit thorazin und handschellen behandelt worden, ein trauma, das ihn sein ganzes leben verfolgt hat. +als folge davon ist er jetzt besonders anfällig für diese schizophrenen phasen. die sind manchmal so schlimm, und er tagelang verschwindet, in den straßen von skid row herumwandert, immer diesem horror und den folterqualen seines eigenen geistes ausgesetzt. +und in genau so einem reizstadium befand sich nathaniel, als wir mit unserer ersten unterrichtsstunde in der walt disney concert hall begannen. er hatte dieses irre flackern in seinen augen und wirkte völlig verloren. +er sprach über unsichtbare dämonen und rauch und darüber, wie ihn jemand im schlaf vergiften wollte. +ich hatte angst, nicht meinetwegen, sondern ich hatte angst, dass ich ihn verlieren könnte, dass er in einen seiner zustände versinken könnte und dass ich ihm seine beziehung zur geige zerstören könnte, wenn ich anfing, über tonleitern und arpeggios und andere aufregende formen der didaktischen geigenpädagogik zu reden. +ich fing also einfach an zu spielen. +ich spielte den ersten satz von beethovens violinkonzert. +und während ich spielte, fiel mir auf, dass in nathaniels augen eine vollkommene veränderung vor sich ging. +es war, als ob er unter dem einfluss einer unsichtbaren arznei stand, eine chemische reaktion, dessen katalysator mein spiel war. +nathaniels manischer zorn verwandelte sich in verständnis, in eine ruhige neugier und anmut. +und wie durch ein wunder nahm er seine geige und begann, nach gehör einige ausschnitte von violinkonzerten zu spielen und bat mich dann, sie zu ende zu spielen: mendelssohn, tschaikowski, sibelius. +wir fingen dann an, über musik zu sprechen, angefangen von bach über beethoven, brahms, bruckner und all die anderen bs, von bartók bis hin zu esa-pekka salonen. +und mir wurde klar, dass er nicht nur ein enzyklopädisches wissen über musik besaß, sondern ihn mit ihr auch eine enge persönliche beziehung verband. +er sprach von ihr mit einer leidenschaft und einem verständnis, das ich sonst nur von meinen kollegen in der philharmonie von los angeles kenne. +indem er musik spielte und über musik sprach, war aus diesem paranoiden, verwirrten mann, der eben noch durch die straßen von los angeles gezogen war, ein liebenswerter, gebildeter, ausgezeichneter, in juilliard ausgebildeter musiker geworden. +musik ist medizin. musik verändert uns. +für nathaniel bedeutet musik seelische gesundheit. +denn die musik erlaubt es ihm, seine gedanken und wahnvorstellungen mit hilfe seiner vorstellungskraft und kreativität in etwas reales umzuformen. +und so entflieht er seinen quälenden zuständen. +ich verstand, dass genau dies das wesen der kunst ist. +genau dies ist der grund, warum wir musik machen: damit wir etwas, das in uns allen, tief im inneren steckt, unsere gefühle, durch unsere künstlerische linse, durch unsere kreativität zur wirklichkeit formen können. +und die wirklichkeit jenes ausdrucks erreicht uns alle, und bewegt, inspiriert und vereint uns. +was nathaniel anging, so brachte ihn die musik zurück in eine gemeinschaft von freunden. +die erlösende kraft der musik brachte ihn zurück in eine familie von musikern, die ihn verstand, die sein talent erkannte und ihn achtete. +und ich werde immer wieder mit nathaniel musizieren, egal ob in der walt disney concert hall oder in skid row, denn er erinnert mich daran, warum ich musiker geworden bin. +vielen dank. +bruno giussani: vielen dank. danke. +robert gupta. +robert gupta: ich möchte etwas spielen, das ich unverschämterweise den cellisten gestohlen habe. +ich hoffe, sie verzeihen mir. +also ich habe in meinem leben viele fische gekannt. +ich habe nur zwei geliebt. +dieser erste, das war mehr wie eine leidenschaftliche affäre. +es war ein schöner fisch, wohlschmeckend, gute konsistenz, gehaltvoll, ein bestseller auf der speisekarte. +was für ein fisch. +noch besser, er wurde in aquakultur nach den angeblich höchsten standards der nachhaltigkeit gezüchtet. +man konnte sich also wohl dabei fühlen, ihn zu verkaufen. +ich hatte mit dieser schönheit eine beziehung über mehrere monate. +eines tages rief der chef der firma an und fragte, ob ich bei einer veranstaltung vortragen könnte über die nachhaltigkeit der farm. +"natürlich", sagte ich. +hier war eine firma, die zu lösen versuchte, was dieses unvorstellbare problem für unsere köche geworden ist. wie behalten wir fisch auf unseren speisekarten? +in den letzten 50 jahren haben wir die meere gefischt wie wir wälder kahl geschlagen haben. +es ist schwer, die zerstörung zu überbewerten. +90 prozent der großen fische, der, die wir lieben, die thunfische, die heilbutte, die lachse, schwertfisch, sie sind zusammengebrochen. +es ist fast nichts mehr übrig. +also wird wohl oder übel aquakultur, fischanbau, ein teil unserer zukunft sein. +viele argumente dagegen. fischzuchtanlagen verschmutzen die umwelt, die meisten von ihnen jedenfalls, und sie sind ineffizient, nehmen wir thunfisch. ein großer nachteil. +er hat eine futterverwertung von 15 zu eins. +das heißt, 15 pfund wildfisch sind nötig, damit man ein pfund zucht-thunfisch bekommt. +nicht sehr nachhaltig. +schmeckt auch nicht sehr gut. +also hier war endlich eine firma, die versuchte, es richtig zu machen. +ich wollte sie unterstützten. +am tag vor der veranstaltung rief ich den chef der öffentlichkeitsarbeit für die firma an. +nennen wir ihn don. +"don", sagte ich, "nur um die fakten richtig zu haben, ihr seid berühmt dafür, so weit draußen im meer anzubauen, dass ihr die umwelt nicht verschmutzt." +"das stimmt", sagte er. "wir sind so weit draußen, dass der abfall von unserem fisch verteilt wird, nicht konzentriert." +und dann fügte er hinzu, "wir sind im grunde eine eigene welt. +diese futterverwertung von 2.5 zu 1 ", sagte er. +"die beste in der branche." +2.5 zu eins, großartig. +"2.5 zu eins was? was füttert ihr?" +"nachhaltige proteine", sagte er. +"großartig", sagte ich. legte auf. +und an diesem abend lag ich im bett und dachte: was zur hölle ist ein nachhaltiges protein? +also rief ich am nächsten tag, kurz vor der veranstaltung, don an. +ich sagte: "don, was zum beispiel sind nachhaltige proteine?" +er sagte, er wisse das nicht. er werde nachfragen. +nun, ich telefonierte mit ein paar leuten in der firma. niemand konnte mir eine ordentliche antwort geben. bis ich endlich mit dem leitenden biologen telefonierte. +nennen wir ihn ebenfalls don. +"don", sagte ich, "was zum beispiel sind nachhaltige proteine?" +nun, er erwähnte einige algen und einige fischmehle, und dann sagte er, hühnchen-pellets. +ich sagte: "hühnchen-pellets?" +er sagte: "ja, federn, haut, knochenmehl, reste, getrocknet und zu futter verarbeitet." +ich sagte: "wie viel prozent eures futters ist hühnchen?", +in der annahme von vielleicht zwei prozent. +"nun, das sind ungefähr 30 prozent", sagte er. +ich sagte: "don, was ist nachhaltig daran, hühnchen an fische zu verfüttern?" +es gab eine lange pause in der leitung und er sagte: "es gibt einfach zu viel hühnchen auf der welt." +ich entliebte mich von diesem fisch. +nein, nicht, weil ich ein selbstgerechter genießer und gutmensch bin. +das bin ich sogar. +nein, ich habe micht tatsächlich von diesem fisch entliebt, weil, ich schwöre bei gott, der fisch nach dieser unterhaltung nach hühnchen geschmeckt hat. +dieser zweite fisch, das ist eine andere art von liebesgeschichte. +es ist die romantische art, die art, bei der man, je besser man seinen fisch kennen lernt, man den fisch umso mehr liebt. +ich habe ihn zuerst in einem restaurant in südspanien gegessen. +eine befreundete journalistin hatte seit langem von diesem fisch gesprochen. +sie hat uns gewissermaßen verkuppelt. +er kam auf den tisch mit einer hellen, fast schimmernden weißen farbe. +der koch hatte ihn verkocht. +halt zweimal. +erstaunlicherweise war er immer noch köstlich. +wer kann einen fisch so gut schmecken lassen, nachdem er verkocht wurde? +ich kann es nicht, aber dieser typ kann es. +nennen wir ihn miguel. tatsächlich heißt er miguel. +und nein, er hat den fisch nicht gekocht und er ist kein koch. zumindest auf die art, die sie und ich darunter verstehen. +er ist ein biologe bei veta la palma. +das ist eine fischaufzucht in der südwestlichen ecke spaniens. +sie ist nahe der mündung des flusses guadalquivir. +bis in die 1980er war die farm in den händen von argentiniern. +sie züchteten fleischrinder auf dem, was im grunde feuchtgebiete waren. +sie machten das, indem sie das land entwässerten. +sie bauten diese komplizierte folge von kanälen, und sie drängten wasser aus dem land heraus und hinaus in den fluss. +nun, sie konnten nicht bewirken, dass das klappte, nicht wirtschaftlich. +und ökologisch war es eine katastrophe. +es brachte ungefähr 90 prozent der vögel um, was für diesen ort viele vögel sind. +und so hat 1982 eine spanische firma mit umweltbewusstsein das land gekauft. +was haben sie gemacht? +sie haben den fluss des wassers umgekehrt. +sie haben buchstäblich den hebel umgelegt. +anstatt das wasser herauszudrängen benutzten sie die kanäle, um das wasser wieder hereinzuziehen. +sie fluteten die kanäle. +sie schufen eine 11.000 hektar fischaufzucht -- barsch, meeräsche, garnele, aal -- und dabei haben miguel und seine firma die ökologische zerstörung komplett umgekehrt. +die farm ist unglaublich. +ich meine, sie haben so etwas noch nie gesehen. +sie starren heraus auf den horizont, der eine million meilen entfernt ist, und alles was sie sehen sind geflutete kanäle und diese dichte, üppige marsch. +ich war dort vor gar nicht langer zeit mit miguel. +er ist ein unglaublicher kerl, drei teile charles darwin und ein teil "ein krokodil zum küssen". +okay? da waren wir und kämpften uns durch die feuchtgebiete und ich keuche und schwitze, habe matsch bis zu meinen knien, und miguel hält in ruhe eine biologievorlesung. +hier hebt er einen seltenen gleitaar hervor. +nun erwähnt er die mineralbedürfnisse von phytoplankton. +und hier, hier sieht er ein muster von bündeln, das ihn an die tansanische giraffe erinnert. +es stellt sich heraus, dass miguel den größten teil seiner karriere im mikumi nationalpark in afrika verbracht hat. +ich fragte ihn, wie er zu so einem fisch-experten geworden ist. +er sagte: "fisch? ich weiß nichts über fisch. +ich bin ein experte für beziehungen. " +und dann geht er und stürzt sich in mehr gerede von seltenen vögeln und algen und seltsamen wasserpflanzen. +und verstehen sie mich nicht falsch, das war wirklich faszinierend, wissen sie, die biotische gemeinschaft unplugged, so in der art. +es ist großartig, aber ich war verliebt. +und mein kopf wurde schwach über dieses verkochte stück köstlichen fischs, das ich am vorabend hatte. +also habe ich ihn unterbrochen. ich sagte: "miguel, wie kommt es, dass dein fisch so gut schmeckt?" +er zeigte auf die algen. +"ich weiß, junge, die algen, der phytoplankton, die beziehungen, das ist unglaublich. +aber was essen deine fische? +wie ist die futterverwertung? " +nun, er fährt fort mir zu erzählen, dass es so ein reichhaltiges system ist, dass die fische essen, was sie in der wildnis essen würden. +die pflanzliche biomasse, den phytoplankton, den zooplankton, das ist es, was die fische füttert. +das system ist so gesund, es ist völlig selbsterneuernd. +es gibt kein futter. +je von einer farm gehört, die ihre tiere nicht füttert? +später am tag fuhr ich auf diesem grundstück mit miguel herum und ich fragte ihn, ich sagte: "für einen ort, der so natürlich zu sein scheint", anders als jede farm, auf der ich je gewesen war, "wie misst du erfolg?" +in dem moment war es, als ob ein filmregisseur einen bühnenwechsel verlangt hätte. +und wir bogen um die ecke und uns bot sich der unglaublichste anblick, tausende und abertausende pinker flamingos, ein buchstäblich pinker teppich so weit das auge reicht. +"das ist erfolg", sagte er. +"schau dir ihre bäuche an, pink. +sie schlemmen. " +schlemmen? ich war völlig verwirrt. +ich sagte: "miguel, schlemmen sie nicht deinen fisch?" +"ja", sagte er. +"wir verlieren 20 prozent von unserem fisch und fischeiern an die vögel. +nun, letztes jahr waren auf diesem grundstück 600.000 vögel, mehr als 250 unterschiedliche arten. +es ist heute das größte und eines der wichtigsten privaten vogelreservate in ganz europa geworden. +ich sagte: "miguel, ist ein gut gedeihender vogelbestand nicht das letzte, das man auf einer fischaufzucht haben möchte?" +er schüttelte seinen kopf, nein. +er sagte: "wir bauen extensiv an, nicht intensiv. +das hier ist ein ökologisches netzwerk. +die flamingos fressen die garnelen. +die garnelen fressen den phytoplankton. +je pinker also der bauch desto besser das system. " +okay, lassen sie uns das überdenken. eine farm, die ihre tiere nicht füttert und eine farm, die ihren erfolg an der gesundheit ihrer räuber misst. +eine fischaufzucht, aber auch ein vogelreservat. +oh, und nebenbei sollten diese flamingos von vornherein nicht einmal da sein. +sie brüten in einer stadt 240 kilometer entfernt, wo die bodenbeschaffenheit besser ist für den nestbau. +jeden morgen fliegen sie 240 kilometer zur farm. +und jeden abend fliegen sie 240 kilometer zurück. +sie machen das, weil sie der gestrichelten weißen linie der landstraße a92 folgen können. +im ernst. +ich hatte mir eine art reise der pinguine vorgestellt, also schaute ich miguel an. +ich sagte: "miguel, fliegen sie 240 kilometer zu der farm und fliegen sie dann 240 kilometer zurück am abend? +machen sie das für die kinder? " +er schaute mich an, als hätte ich gerade ein lied von whitney houston zitiert. +er sagte: "nein. sie machen das, weil das essen besser ist." +ich habe nicht die haut meines geliebten fisches erwähnt, die köstlich war, und ich mag keine fischhaut. ich mag sie nicht sautiert. ich mag sie nicht knusprig. +es ist dieser beißende, verkohlte geschmack. +ich koche fast nie damit. +und doch, als ich sie in diesem restaurant in südspanien probiert habe hat sie überhaupt nicht nach fischhaut geschmeckt. +sie schmeckte süß und rein, als ob man einen bissen vom ozean nehmen würde. +ich erwähnte das gegenüber miguel und er nickte. +er sagte: "die haut wirkt wie ein schwamm. +sie ist die letzte abwehr, bevor etwas in den körper eintritt. +sie hat sich im laufe der evolution entwickelt, um unreinheiten aufzusaugen. " +und dann fügte er hinzu: "aber unser wasser hat keine unreinheiten." +okay. eine farm, die ihre fische nicht füttert. eine farm, die ihren erfolg misst am erfolg ihrer räuber. +und dann wurde mir klar, wenn er sagt, eine farm, die keine unreinheiten hat, untertreibt er gewaltig, denn das wasser, das durch diese farm fließt kommt aus dem fluss guadalquivir herein. +es ist ein fluss, der all die dinge mit sich führt, von denen flüsse heutzutage dazu neigen, sie mit sich zu führen, chemische schadstoffe, abfluss von schädlingsbekämpfungsmitteln. +und wenn es sich durch das system gekämpft hat und dieses verlässt ist das wasser sauberer, als wie es hereingekommen ist. +das system ist so gesund, es reinigt das wasser. +also nicht nur eine farm, die ihre tiere nicht füttert, nicht nur eine farm, die ihren erfolg an der gesundheit ihrer räuber misst, sondern eine farm, die buchstäblich eine wasser-aufbereitungsanlage ist, und nicht nur für diese fische, sondern auch für dich und mich. +denn wenn das wasser herausfließt, versinkt es im atlantik. +ein tropfen im ozean, ich weiß, aber ich nehme ihn, und das sollten sie auch tun, denn diese liebesgeschichte, wie romantisch auch immer, ist auch aufschlussreich. +man könnte sagen, dass sie ein rezept ist für die zukunft guter lebensmittel, ob wir von barsch oder fleischrindern sprechen. +was wir jetzt brauchen, ist ein radikal neues konzept von landwirtschaft, von einer, in der lebensmittel tatsächlich gut schmecken. +aber für viele leute ist das ein bisschen zu radikal. +wir sind keine realisten, wir genießer. wir sind liebhaber. +wir lieben wochenmärkte. wir lieben kleine familienbetriebe. wir reden über regionale lebensmittel. wir essen bio. +und wenn sie behaupten, dass das die dinge sind, die die zukunft guter lebensmittel versichern steht jemand irgendwo auf und sagt: "hey leute, ich liebe pinke flamingos, aber wie werden sie die welt ernähren? +wie werden sie die welt ernähren? " +darf ich ehrlich sein? +ich mag diese frage nicht. +nein, nicht, weil wir schon genug kalorien produzieren, um die welt mehr als nur zu ernähren. +eine milliarde menschen werden heute hungern. +eine milliarde -- das ist mehr als je zuvor -- aufgrund krasser ungleichheiten in der verteilung, nicht der gesamtproduktion. +nun, ich mag diese frage nicht, weil sie die logik unseres nahrungssystems die letzten 50 jahre über bestimmt hat. +füttere getreide an pflanzenfresser, schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel an monokulturen, chemikalien an die erde, hühnchen an fische, und die ganze zeit hat die agrarindustrie einfach gefragt: "wenn wir mehr leute billiger ernähren, wie schrecklich kann das schon sein?" +das war der beweggrund. es war die rechtfertigung. es war der geschäftsplan der amerikanischen landwirtschaft. +wir sollten sie nennen, was sie ist, ein gewerbe in abwicklung, ein gewerbe, das schnell ökologisches kapital auffrisst, das genau diese produktion ermöglicht. +das ist kein gewerbe, und es ist nicht landwirtschaft. +unsere kornkammer ist heute bedroht, nicht aufgrund abnehmender zufuhr, sondern aufgrund abnehmender ressourcen, +nicht durch die neuesten mähdrescher- und traktor-erfindungen, sondern durch fruchtbares land, nicht durch pumpen, sondern durch frisches wasser, nicht durch kettensägen, sondern durch wälder, und nicht durch fischerboote und netze, sondern durch fische im meer. +sie wollen die welt ernähren? +lassen sie uns anfangen mit der frage: wie werden wir uns selbst ernähren? +oder besser, wie können wir bedingungen schaffen, die jede gemeinschaft befähigen, sich selbst zu ernähren? +um das zu tun, schauen sie nicht auf das agrarindustrie-modell für die zukunft. +es ist wirklich alt, und es ist erledigt. +kapital, chemie und maschinen stehen darin obenan und es hat nie etwas wirklich gutes zum essen produziert. +schauen wir uns stattdessen das ökologische modell an. +das ist das, das auf zwei milliarden jahre arbeitserfahrung zurückgreift. +schauen sie sich miguel an, bauern wie miguel, +betriebe, die nicht welten für sich sind, betriebe, die wiederherstellen anstatt aufzubrauchen, betriebe, die extensiv anbauen anstatt nur intensiv, bauern, die nicht nur erzeuger sind, sondern experten für beziehungen, +denn sie sind diejenigen, die auch experten für geschmack sind. +und wenn ich wirklich ehrlich bin sind sie ein besserer koch als ich es je sein werde. +wissen sie, das ist mir recht, denn wenn das die zukunft guter lebensmittel ist, wird sie köstlich sein. +danke. +falls ich ihnen heute eine sache näherbringen möchte ist es, dass die gesamtheit der daten, die wir konsumieren, größer ist als die summe ihrer einzelteile und anstatt dabei an informationsüberladung zu denken möchte ich, dass sie darüber nachdenken wie wir information so nutzen können, dass sich muster ergeben und wir so trends erkennen, die ansonsten nicht sichtbar geworden wären. +so, was wir hier sehen ist ein typisches sterbediagramm nach alter angeordnet. +das programm, das ich hier benutze, ist ein kleines experiment. +es heißt pivot und was ich mit pivot machen kann ist, dass ich nach einer bestimmten todesursache filtern kann, sagen wir unfälle. +und sofort sehe ich ein anderes muster, das sich ergibt. +und zwar, weil im mittelbereich hier die menschen am aktivsten sind und sie hier drüben am gebrechlichsten sind. +wir können einen schritt weiter rausgehen und ordnen die daten dann neu und sehen, dass kreislauferkrankungen und krebs die üblichen verdächtigen sind, jedoch nicht für jeden. +wenn wir nun weitergehen und nach alter sortieren, sagen wir 40 jahre oder jünger sehen wir, dass unfälle sogar die hauptursache ist über die sich die menschen sorgen machen sollten. +und wer weiterforscht sieht, dass ist dies besonders bei männern zutrifft. +sie erkennen also, dass das ansehen von informationen und daten in dieser weise sehr an schwimmen in einer lebendigen informationsgrafik erinnert. +und wenn wir dies für rohdaten machen können warum nicht auch für inhalte selbst? +was wir nun hier haben sind die titelbilder jeder einzelnen "sports illustrated", die jemals gedruckt wurden. +es ist alles hier. es ist alles online. +sie können es gerne nach meinem vortrag in ihren zimmern testen. +mit pivot können sie eintauchen in ein jahrzehnt. +sie können eintauchen in ein bestimmtes jahr. +sie können direkt zu einer bestimmten ausgabe springen. +wenn ich nun hier schaue, sehe ich die athleten, die in dieser ausgabe erscheinen und die sportarten. +ich bin ein lance armstrong fan, also klicke ich hierhin wodurch sich mir alle ausgaben zeigen in denen lance armstrong erwähnt wird. +jetzt, wenn ich nur einen gröberen überblick bekommen möchte, könnte ich denken "ok, was wenn ich mir alles mit dem thema fahrradfahren ansehe?" +also gehe ich einen schritt zurück und erweitere die sichtweise. +nun sehe ich greg lemond. +und so bekommt man eine idee davon, dass wenn man auf diese art informationen durchsucht, gezielter, breiter, reinzoomen, rauszoomen, dann sucht man nicht oder surft nicht einfach nur. +man macht etwas, das eigentlich ein wenig anders ist. +es ist etwas dazwischen und wir denken es ändert die art und weise wie informationen genutzt werden können. +ich möchte diese idee nun ein bisschen weiter ausführen mit etwa was ein bisschen verrückt ist. +was wir hier gemacht haben ist, wir haben jede einzelne wikipediaseite genommen und sie auf eine kleine zusammenfassung reduziert. +die zusammenfassung enthält eine kurze übersicht und ein symbol für den bereich aus dem sie kommt. +ich zeige nur mal die top 500 der populärsten wikipediaseiten. +aber sogar in dieser eingeschränkten ansicht können wir eine menge dinge tun. +sofort bekommen wir einen eindruck über die themen, die auf wikipedia am populärsten sind. +ich werde nun das thema 'regierung' wählen. +nun, nachdem ich 'regierung' gewählt habe erkenne ich, dass die wikipediakategorien, die sich am meisten damit decken time magazines "menschen des jahres" sind. +dies ist wirklich wichtig, da dies eine erkenntnis ist, die nicht in einer einzelnen wikipediaseite steckt. +das ist nur zu erkennen wenn man einen schritt zurückgeht und das ganze betrachtet. +schauend auf eine bestimmte dieser zusammenfassungen kann ich dann in das thema time magazines "menschen des jahres" hinein gehen, und alle zusammen sehen. +wenn ich nun all diese personen betrachte erkenne ich, dass die mehrheit davon regierungsbeamte sind. manche kommen aus der wissenschaft. manche, noch weniger, kommen aus der wirtschaft. hier ist mein chef. und einer kommt aus dem musikbereich. +und interessanterweise ist bono auch ein ted prize gewinner. +so können wir nun springen und einen blick auf alle ted prize gewinner werfen. +man sieht, wir surfen im netz das erste mal als ob es auch wirklich ein netz ist, nicht nur von seite zu seite, sondern viel abstrakter. +und so möchte ich ihnen was anderes zeigen was eine kleine überraschung sein könnte. +ich zeige ihnen hier einfach nur die new york times website. +pivot, diese anwendung -- ich möchte es nicht einen browser nennen; es ist wirklich kein browser, aber man kann webseiten damit ansehen -- und wir bringen diese zoom-technologie zu jeder einzelnen webseite wie dieser. +ich kann also einen schritt zurückgehen, und direkt zu einer spezifischen sektion springen. +das ist deshalb wichtig, weil man nur durch das anschauen von webseiten in dieser art und weise, den ganzen internet-verlauf auf die gleiche art und weise betrachten kann. +ich kann also in meinen verlauf hineinzoomen in einem bestimmten zeitrahmen. +hier ist der stand der gesamten demonstration, die ich bis hierhin gehalten habe. +und ich kann sozusagen alles, was ich heute bisher angesehen habe, wieder zurückholen. +und, wenn ich wieder einen schritt rausgehe und auf alles schaue, kann ich meinen verlauf neu anordnen vielleicht nach meiner such-vergangenheit. hier, habe ich nach 'nepotistisch' gesucht, hier nach bing, oder hier nach live labs pivot. +und von hier kann ich in die seite hineingehen und sie wieder aufrufen. +es ist eine metapher, die immer wieder verwendet wird, und jedes mal macht es das gesamtbild größer als die summe der datenteile. +im moment, in dieser welt, denken wir, dass daten ein fluch sind. +wir reden von dem fluch des informationsüberflusses. +wir reden vom "ertrinken in informationen". +was, wenn wir diese situation umdrehen könnten und das internet auf den kopf stellen, so dass wir anstatt immer von einem zum anderen zu gehen, beginnen von vielen dingen zu vielen dingen gehen zu können, und dadurch muster erkennen, welche ansonsten verborgen geblieben wären? +falls wir dies tun können, dann wird diese bisherige datenfalle, vielleicht eine neue quelle sinnvoller informationen. +und, anstatt sich einfach nur in informationen zu bewegen, können wir wissen daraus bekommen. +und wenn wir wissen erfahren, dann können wir vielleicht sogar weisheiten daraus ziehen. +damit höre ich auf, vielen dank. +ich wuchs mit einer gehörigen portion science fiction auf. +in meiner schulzeit fuhr ich mit dem bus zur schule, jeden tag eine stunde pro strecke. +und meine nase steckte immer in einem buch, einem science-fiction-buch, das meine gedanken in andere welten entführte und auf erzählerische weise meine tief in mir sitzende, unersättliche neugier befriedigte. +diese neugier zeigte sich auch darin, dass ich immer, wenn ich nicht in der schule war, durch die wälder streunte, wanderte und "proben" sammelte, frösche und schlangen und käfer und teichwasser, alles nach hause brachte und unter dem mikroskop betrachtete. +ich war total wissenschaftsbegeistert, wissen sie. +es ging dabei immer um den versuch, die welt zu verstehen und die grenzen des möglichen auszuloten. +und meine liebe zu science fiction schien sich in meiner umgebung widerzuspiegeln, denn damals, in den späten 60ern, flogen wir zum mond und erforschten die tiefsee. +jacques cousteau kam in unsere wohnzimmer mit seinen faszinierenden sendungen, die uns tiere und orte und eine welt voller wunder zeigten, die wir uns vorher nie hätten vorstellen können. +das hat dann wohl ganz gut zu jener science-fiction-rolle gepasst. +und ich war künstler. +ich konnte zeichnen. ich konnte malen. +und da es weder videospiele noch diese übersättigung mit computergenerierten filmen noch die ganze bildsprache in der medienlandschaft gab, musste ich die bilder in meinem kopf erschaffen. +das mussten wir damals alle. wenn wir als kinder ein buch lasen, nahmen wir die beschreibung des autors und projizierten sie auf die leinwand in unseren köpfen. +meine reaktion darauf war das zeichnen und malen von außerirdischen, außerirdischen welten, robotern, raumschiffen und all so was. +im matheunterricht wurde ich ständig vom lehrer erwischt, wie ich, hinterm lehrbuch versteckt, herummalte. +die kreativität musste halt irgendwie raus. +und dabei geschah etwas interessantes. was mich nämlich an jacques cousteaus sendungen faszinierte, war der gedanke an eine uns völlig unbekannte welt hier auf unserer erde selbst. +sicherlich würde ich ja niemals eine außerirdische welt mit einem raumschiff erreichen. das schien mir ziemlich unwahrscheinlich. +aber hier war eine welt, die ich tatsächlich betreten konnte, hier auf der erde, und sie war genauso faszinierend und exotisch wie all das, was ich mir immer vorgestellt hatte, als ich diese bücher gelesen hatte. +also beschloss ich, als ich 15 war, taucher zu werden. +das einzige problem dabei war, dass ich in einem kleinen dorf in kanada lebte, 1 000 km vom nächsten ozean entfernt. +davon ließ ich mich aber nicht entmutigen. +ich nervte meinen vater, bis er endlich eine tauchschule in buffalo, new york, ausfindig gemacht hatte, genau auf der anderen seite der grenze, wo wir lebten. +ich machte meinen tauchschein in einem pool der ymca mitten im winter in buffalo, new york. +den ozean aber, einen echten ozean, bekam ich erst zwei jahre später zu gesicht, als wir nach kalifornien zogen. +seitdem, in den 40 jahren, die inzwischen verstrichen sind, habe ich ungefähr 3 000 stunden unter wasser verbracht. 500 stunden davon in tauchbooten. +und ich habe gelernt, dass die welt der tiefsee, selbst in den flacheren ozeanen, so reich an faszinierendem leben ist, wie wir es uns wirklich kaum vorstellen können. +die phantasie der natur kennt keine grenzen, ganz im gegensatz zu unserer eigenen, kläglichen menschlichen vorstellungskraft. +bis zum heutigen tage empfinde ich tiefste ehrfurcht für das, was ich auf meinen tauchgängen sehe. +und meine liebe zum ozean hält an, mit derselben intensität wie eh und je. +als ich mir dann als erwachsener einen beruf aussuchte, war es das filmemachen. +das schien die beste möglichkeit, meinen inneren drang, geschichten zu erzählen, mit meinem bedürfnis, bilder zu erschaffen, zu vereinen. +als kind zeichnete ich ständig comicbücher und so. +also waren filme der weg, bilder und geschichten zusammenzuführen. das passte zusammen. +natürlich waren die geschichten, die ich mir aussuchte, aus dem science-fiction-bereich: "terminator", "aliens", und "abyss". +bei "abyss" konnte ich meine vorliebe für die unterwasserwelt und das tauchen mit dem filmemachen verbinden. +also verflochten sich quasi meine beiden leidenschaften. +etwas interessantes passierte bei "abyss": um ein erzählerisches problem in diesem film zu lösen - und zwar mussten wir so eine art flüssiges wasserwesen erschaffen -, griffen wir auf computergenerierte animation, cg, zurück. +was dabei herauskam, war die erste computergenerierte soft-surface-figur, die je in einem film zu sehen war. +der film brachte zwar kein geld ein, genau gesagt spielte er gerade mal seine produktionskosten ein, doch bemerkte ich etwas faszinierendes: das publikum auf der ganzen welt war wie hypnotisiert vom zauber, der davon ausging. +laut arthur clarke 's gesetz sind bekanntlich fortgeschrittliche technologie und zauberei nicht mehr voneinander zu unterscheiden. +sie sahen also etwas magisches. +und das fand ich ungeheuer spannend. +und ich dachte mir: "wow, das muss unbedingt in die filmkunst einbezogen werden." +also gingen wir in "terminator 2", meinem nächsten film, noch viel weiter. +zusammen mit ilm erschufen wir dort den typen aus flüssigem metall. der erfolg hing ganz davon ab, wie dieser effekt ankommen würde. +und es funktionierte. wieder hatten wir etwas magisches geschaffen. und die wirkung im publikum war dieselbe. allerdings haben wir mit dem film schon ein bisschen mehr geld eingespielt. +von diesen beiden erfahrungen ausgehend, war eine ganz neue welt erreicht, eine ganz neue welt der kreativität für filmschaffende. +also gründete ich eine firma, zusammen mit meinem guten freund stan winston, der zu jener zeit der beste make-up- und creature-designer war. sie hieß "digital domain". +die grundidee dieser firma war es, die phase analoger prozesse mit optischen druckern etc. zu überspringen und gleich mit digitalen produktionen zu beginnen. +das taten wir dann auch und verschafften uns so eine zeitlang einen wettbewerbsvorteil. +aber mitte der 90er jahre merkten wir doch, dass wir im creature- und character-design - wofür wir die firma ja eigentlich gegründet hatten - zu langsam vorankamen. +ich hatte dieses stück "avatar" geschrieben, das die messlatte in sachen visueller effekte und computergenerierter effekte in ganz neue höhen schieben sollte, mit realistischen menschlichen, ausdrucksvollen charakteren, die mittels cg hergestellt worden waren. und die hauptfiguren sollten alle cg sein. und die welt sollte cg sein. +aber die messlatte drückte ganz schön zurück. und die leute in meiner firma sagten mir, dass wir vorläufig noch nicht in der lage seien, das zu schaffen. +also verschob ich das und machte diesen anderen film über das große schiff, das untergeht. +dem filmstudio habe ich das als "romeo und julia auf einem schiff" verkauft. es wurde ein liebesfilm epischen ausmaßes, ein leidenschaftlicher film. +insgeheim aber wollte ich eigentlich zum echten wrack der titanic hinabtauchen. +darum habe ich den film gemacht. +das ist die wahrheit. das studio wusste das aber nicht. +ich habe sie aber überzeugt, indem ich sagte: "wir tauchen zu dem wrack. wir filmen das echte wrack. +wir werden es in der eröffnungssequenz des films zeigen. +das ist ungeheuer wichtig. es ist ein guter aufhänger fürs marketing. " +und ich überredete sie, eine expedition zu finanzieren. +klingt verrückt. aber das geht wieder darauf zurück, dass die eigene vorstellungskraft eine realität schaffen kann. +wir schufen dann tatsächlich sechs monate später eine realität, in der ich mich in einem russischen tauchboot wiederfand, vier kilometer unter der oberfläche des nordatlantik, und mir die echte titanic durch ein bullauge anschaute. +das war kein film, kein hd, das war echt. +also, das hat mich wirklich umgehauen. +und die vorbereitungen dazu waren enorm. wir mussten kameras und scheinwerfer und alles mögliche bauen. +und mir fiel auf, wie sehr diese tiefseetauchgänge, einer weltraummission ähnelten. +na ja, sie waren auch hochtechnisch und bedurften umfangreicher planung. +man steigt in diese kapsel, dann schwebt man in diese dunkle, feindselige umgebung hinunter, wo keine hoffnung auf rettung besteht, wenn man es nicht selbst zurück schafft. +und ich dachte mir, "wow, das ist genauso, als wäre ich in einem science-fiction-film. +das ist echt cool. " +ich war regelrecht besessen vom erforschen der tiefsee. +jedenfalls von dem teil, der mit neugier und wissenschaft zu tun hat. es war alles. es war abenteuer, es war neugier. es war vorstellungskraft. +und es war eine erfahrung, die mir hollywood nicht geben konnte. +denn, wissen sie, ich konnte mir ein wesen vorstellen, für das wir dann einen visuellen effekt gestalten konnten. aber ich konnte mir nicht das vorstellen, was ich außerhalb des fensters sehen würde. +bei einigen der folgenden expeditionen habe ich wesen in thermalquellen gesehen, und manchmal dinge, die ich noch nie vorher gesehen hatte, manchmal auch dinge, die überhaupt noch niemand zuvor gesehen hatte und für die die wissenschaft zum zeitpunkt, als wir sie sahen, noch gar keine worte gefunden hatte. +das hat mich also richtig umgeworfen, und ich wollte mehr. +und so traf ich dann eine etwas ungewöhnliche entscheidung. +nach dem erfolg von "titanic" sagte ich mir, "okay, ich will meinen hauptberuf als filmemacher in hollywood auf eis legen und werde für eine weile vollzeit-forscher." +und dann begannen wir, wir tauchten zur "bismarck", und erforschten sie mit roboterfahrzeugen. +wir kehrten zum wrack der titanic zurück. +wir nahmen kleine roboter, die wir gebaut hatten, die ein fiberglaskabel abwickelten. +unsere absicht war, hineinzutauchen und sich das innere des schiffs anzusehen, was nie zuvor getan worden war. +niemand hatte je das innere des wracks erkundet. man hatte noch keine mittel dafür. also entwickelten wir die nötige technologie. +na und da sitze ich nun, auf dem deck der titanic, in einem tauchboot, und sehe planken, die diesen brettern hier ziemlich ähneln und von denen ich weiß, dass einst die band dort gespielt hat. +und ich fliege mit einem kleinen roboterfahrzeug durch die gänge des schiffs. +ich bediene es zwar eigentlich nur, aber mein bewusstsein ist innerhalb des fahrzeugs. +es fühlte sich an, als wäre ich körperlich innerhalb des schiffswracks der titanic anwesend. +das war die surrealste form eines déjà-vu, die ich je erlebt habe. denn bevor ich jeweils um eine ecke bog, wusste ich immer schon, was gleich im lichtkegel des fahrzeugs auftauchen würde, da ich monatelang übers filmset gelaufen war, als wir den film drehten. +das set war nämlich eine genaue kopie der baupläne des schiffs. +das war also eine höchst merkwürdige erfahrung. +sie machte mir dieses telepräsenz-erlebnis bewusst, dass man solch roboterhafte avatare verwenden und so das eigene bewusstsein in das fahrzeug, in diese andere form der existenz verlegen kann. +es war wirklich ungeheuer tiefgreifend +und vielleicht auch ein kleiner ausblick auf das, was vielleicht in einigen jahrzehnten passieren könnte, wenn man cyborg-körper hat, um etwas zu erforschen oder andere dinge zu tun, in allen möglichen post-humanen zukunftszenarios, die ich mir als science-fiction-fan vorstellen kann. +nach diesen expeditionen begannen wir das, was wir da unten gesehen hatten, wirklich schätzen zu lernen, zum beispiel diese tiefseequellen, wo wir diese unglaublich verblüffenden tiere sahen. das sind quasi außerirdische, aber hier auf erden. +sie leben mit hilfe von chemosynthese. +sie existieren nicht in einem auf sonnenlicht basierten system, wie wir das tun. +und so sieht man tiere, die direkt neben einer 500 grad celsius heißen dass sie dort überleben können. +zur selben zeit interessierte ich mich außerdem sehr für weltraumwissenschaft, das war wieder der science-fiction-einfluss aus meiner kindheit. +und so landete ich bei den leuten, die sich für den weltraum interessieren und die mit der nasa zu tun haben und im nasa-sachverständigenrat sitzen und richtige weltraummissionen planen. sie fahren nach russland, durchlaufen vor der mission das biomedizinische protokoll samt allem drum und dran, fliegen dann zur internationalen weltraumstation und nehmen unsere 3d-kamerasysteme mit. +das war faszinierend. +aber am ende lief es darauf hinaus, dass ich weltraumwissenschaftler mit uns in die tiefsee nahm. +ich nahm sie mit und verschaftte ihnen zugang zu der welt da unten: astrobiologen, planetenwissenschaftler, leute, die sich für solche extremen situationen interessierten. ich nahm sie zu den quellen mit, damit sie sich umschauen, proben nehmen und instrumente testen konnten und so weiter. +wir drehten zwar dokumentarfilme, betrieben aber eigentlich wissenschaft, genauer gesagt: weltraumwissenschaft. +so schloss sich der kreis zwischen meiner existenz als science-fiction-fan, damals als kind, und der umsetzung in die realität. +im laufe dieser entdeckungsreise habe ich eine menge gelernt. +ich habe eine menge über wissenschaft gelernt. aber ich jetzt denken sie sicherlich, ein regisseur muss auch führen können, ein führer sein wie ein schiffskapitän oder so. +ich verstand aber nicht viel von führung, bevor ich diese expeditionen antrat. +denn an einem bestimmten punkt musste ich mir sagen: "was mache ich eigentlich hier? +wieso mache ich das? was kommt dabei heraus? " +diese blöden filme bringen uns kein geld ein. +wir spielen mal gerade die produktionskosten ein. von ruhm keine spur. +alle denken, ich sei zwischen "titanic" und "avatar" davongelaufen und hätte mir irgendwo die nägel auf einem handtuch am strand gefeilt. +ich habe alle diese filme, diese dokumentarfilme, für ein sehr kleines publikum gemacht. +kein ruhm, keine ehre, kein geld. was machst du nur? +du machst es um der aufgabe willen, um der herausforderung willen - und der ozean ist die herausforderndste umgebung, die es gibt. du machst es des entdeckerrausches wegen, und wegen der seltsamen verbindung, die entsteht, wenn eine kleine gruppe von leuten ein team bildet. +denn wir haben all dies mit nur 10 bis 12 leuten gemacht, die jahrelang ununterbrochen zusammengearbeitet haben. manchmal waren wir 2 bis 3 monate hintereinander auf see. +und in dieser gemeinschaft erkennt man, dass die wichtigste sache die achtung ist, die man vor einander hat, weil man eine aufgabe bewältigt hat, die man keinem anderem erklären kann. +wenn man an land zurückkehrt und sich sagt, "wir mussten es tun, das fiberglas, die schallschwächung, und das ganz drumherum, die ganze technik, und die schwierigkeiten, das menschliche leistungsvermögen, wenn man auf see arbeitet", dann kann man das anderen einfach nicht erklären. das ist wie bei polizisten oder bei soldaten, die etwas gemeinsam durchgemacht haben und wissen, dass sie es nie jemanden erklären können. +da entsteht eine verbindung, ein gegenseitiger respekt. +als ich also zurückkam, um meinen nächsten film "avatar" zu drehen, versuchte ich denselben führungsstil anzuwenden, nämlich dass man sein team respektiert und sich im gegenzug dessen respekt verdient. +dadurch wurde die dynamik wirklich verändert. +da stand ich also wieder mit einem kleinen team auf unbekanntem terrain. wir drehten "avatar" mit einer neuen technik, die es vorher noch nicht gab. +ungeheuer aufregend. +eine ungeheure herausforderung. +und wir wurden für einen zeitraum von viereinhalb jahren zu einer richtigen familie. +dadurch veränderte sich meine art, filme zu machen, komplett. +es gab leute, die meinten, wir hätten diese ozeanwesen ja wirklich gut nachgemacht und auf den planeten pandora transportiert. +für mich war es mehr eine prinzipielle art, meinen job zu tun, der eigentliche prozess, der sich im ergebnis geändert hat. +was können wir also aus all dem schließen? +welche lektionen haben wir gelernt? +ich glaube, an erster stelle steht die neugier. +es ist die mächtigste menschliche eigenschaft. +unsere vorstellungskraft ist eine kraft, die sogar eine realität schaffen kann. +und die achtung deines teams ist wichtiger als aller lorbeer dieser welt. +zu mir kommen junge filmemacher, die sagen: "geben sie mir einen rat, wie ich so etwas machen kann." +und ich sage: "schränke dich nicht selbst ein. +das besorgen schon andere für dich. tu es nicht dir selbst an, wette nicht gegen sich selbst. sondern nimm risiken auf dich. " +die nasa hat so einen lieblingssatz: "scheitern ist keine alternative." +aber in der kunst und beim erforschen muss scheitern eine alternative sein, denn dort garantiert es einen vertrauensvorschuss. +kein wichtiges unterfangen, das innovation verlangte, wurde je ohne risiko angegangen. +man muss bereit sein, solche risiken auf sich zu nehmen. +das ist der gedanke, den ich ihnen gern mit auf den weg geben möchte. scheitern ist durchaus eine alternative, angst aber ist keine. danke. +heute spreche ich zu ihnen über energie und klima. +und das überrascht vielleicht etwas, weil sich meine vollzeitbeschäftigung bei der stiftung hauptsächlich um impfstoffe und saatgut dreht, um die dinge, die wir erfinden und liefern müssen um den ärmsten 2 milliarden ein besseres leben zu ermöglichen. +aber energie und klima sind extrem wichtig für diese menschen, genau genommen sogar wichtiger als für jeden anderen auf dem planeten. +klimaverschlechterung bedeutet, dass deren saaten über viele jahre nicht wachsen werden. es wir zu viel oder zu wenig regnen. die dinge werden sich so ändern, wie es ihre fragile umwelt nicht aushalten kann. +das führt zu hungersterben. es führt zu unsicherheit. es führt zu unruhen. +also, wird eine klimaveränderung furchtbar für sie werden. +außerdem ist der energiepreis für sie sehr wichtig. +tatsache ist, dass, wenn sie nur von einer sache den preis verringern könnten, zur armutsverringerung wäre energie bei weitem am effektivsten. +nun, der energiepreis ist über die zeit gefallen. +tatsächlich basiert die fortschrittsgesellschaft auf energiefortschritten. +die kohlerevolution trieb die industrielle revolution an und selbst im 20. jahrhundert gab es einen rapiden fall im elektrizitätspreis und deshalb haben wir kühlschränke, klimaanlagen, wir können moderne materialien herstellen und so viele dinge tun. +wir befinden uns also in einer wunderbaren situation mit strom in der reichen welt. +aber, wenn wir den preis verringern -- lassen wir uns den preis halbieren -- treffen wir auf eine neue barriere und diese barriere hängt mit co2 zusammen. +co2 erwärmt den planeten und die gleichung für co2 ist eigentlich ziemlich klar. +sie summieren das ausgestoßene co2, welches zur temperaturerhöhung führt und diese temperaturerhöhung hat einige sehr negative folgen. effekte auf das wetter und vielleicht schlimmer, die indirekte folge, dass die natürlichen ökosysteme sich solch rapiden veränderungen nicht anpassen können und somit ganze systeme zusammenfallen. +nun, der exakte zusammenhang zwischen einem co2-anstieg und der dadurch resultierende temperaturveränderung und wo deren weitere folgen liegen, da gibt es einige unklarheiten, aber nicht sehr viele. +und es gibt sicher unklarheit darüber, wie schlimm diese folgen werden. aber sie werden extrem schlimm sein! +ich habe die top-wissenschaftler mehrmals gefragt: "müssen wir wirklich runter auf nahe null kommen? +reicht nicht die hälfte oder ein viertel? " +die antwort ist: bis wir nahe null kommen, wird die temperatur weiter steigen. +deshalb ist es eine große herausforderung. +es ist ganz anders als zu sagen, wir haben ein 3,5 m hohen lkw, der unter einer 3 m brücke her muss. den kann man dann quasi darunter her quetschen. +das hier muss ganz nach unten, auf null. +nun, wir stoßen jedes jahr eine menge kohlenstoffdioxid aus, über 26 milliarden tonnen. +jeder amerikaner etwa 20 tonnen. menschen aus armen ländern, weniger als eine. +im durchschnitt sind es etwa 5 tonnen für jeden auf dem planeten. +und irgendwie müssen wir veränderungen hervorbringen, die das auf null senken. +es ist bisher konstant gestiegen. +nur verschiedene ökonomische veränderungen haben es überhaupt beeinflusst und wir müssen von rapidem anstieg zu verringerung gehen und zu einer verringerung bis auf null. +diese gleichung hat vier faktoren. ein bisschen multiplikation. sie haben dieses ding links - co2 -, das sie richtung null bringen wollen und das wird von der anzahl der menschen abhängen, von den diensten, die jeder mensch im durchschnitt nutzt, der durchschnittlichen energie für jeden dienst und dem co2, das pro energieeinheit emittiert wird. +lassen sie uns also jeden faktor einzeln anschauen und überlegen wir, wie wir das auf null bekommen. +wahrscheinlich muss eine dieser zahlen sehr nah an null kommen. +nun das ist grundlegende algebra, aber gehen wir es mal durch. +zuerst haben wir die bevölkerung. +heute leben 6,8 milliarden menschen, +und es schreitet auf 9 milliarden zu. die sich auf 9 milliarden zu bewegen. +wenn wir sehr erfolgreich mit neuen impfstoffen, der gesundheitsvorsorgung und reproduktionsmedizin sind könnten wir das wohl um 10% bis 15% senken, aber zur zeit sehen wir eine steigung um 1,3. +der zweite faktor sind die dienste, die wir nutzen. +das umfasst alles, die nahrung, die wir essen, kleidung, fernsehen, heizung. +das sind sehr gute dinge und armutsverringerung bedeutet, diese dienste fast jedem auf dem planeten zugänglich zu machen. +es ist toll, dass diese nummer steigt. +in der reichen welt, in der oberen milliarde, könnten wir wohl abstriche machen und weniger nutzen, aber im durchschnitt wird diese zahl jedes jahr steigen und sich somit insgesamt mehr als verdoppeln, die zahl der dienste die pro person bereitgestellt werden. +hier sehen wir einen sehr grundlegenden dienst. gibt es zu hause licht, damit man die hausaufgaben lesen kann? +und diese schüler haben es nicht, also gehen sie heraus und lesen ihre schulaufgaben unter dem straßenlicht. +nun, bei effektivität, dem e, die energie pro dienst, gibt es endlich gute nachrichten. +wir haben etwas, das nicht steigt, +aufgrund verschiedener erfolge im lichtsektor, durch andere autotypen, durch neue methoden im häuserbau, es gibt viele dienste, deren energieaufwand manche einzelne dienste lassen sich um 90% reduzieren. +in anderen diensten, wie der herstellung von düngemitteln, 105 00: 05: 56,000 -- & gt; 00: 05: 58,000 oder dem luftverkehr oder luftverkehr, ist der spielraum für verbesserungen sehr viel kleiner. +insgesamt, wenn wir optimistisch sind, bekommen wir vielleicht eine reduzierung um einen faktor 3 oder vielleicht sogar um einen faktor 6. +aber bei den ersten drei faktoren, sind wir jetzt von 26 milliarden auf vielleicht allerbestes 13 milliarden tonnen gegangen. und das reicht einfach nicht aus! +sehen wir uns also den vierten faktor an -- und dieser wird ein schlüsselfaktor sein -- das ist die menge an co2, die pro energieeinheit emittiert wird. +es stellt sich die frage, ob man das auf null bekommen kann. +wenn sie kohle verbrennen: nein. +wenn sie erdgas verbrennen: nein. +fast jede herstellungsmethode für strom emittiert heutzutage co2, außer die erneuerbaren energien und nuklearenergie. +also, was wir auf einem globalen level machen müssen, ist, ein neues system zu schaffen. +wir brauchen energiewunder. +wenn ich nun den begriff "wunder" benutze, meine ich nicht das unmögliche. +der mikroprozessor ist ein wunder. der pc ist ein wunder. +das internet und dessen dienste ist ein wunder. +die menschen hier haben zu der entwicklung vieler dieser wunder beigetragen. +normalerweise gibt es keine deadline, dass man ein wunder bis zu einem bestimmten datum braucht. +normalerweise steht man quasi nur daneben und manche kommen, andere nicht. +in diesem fall müssen wir aber vollgas geben und ein wunder in sehr kurzer zeit bekommen. +nun, ich fragte mich, wie kann ich das wirklich rüberbringen? +gibt es eine natürliche illustration, eine demonstration, die die vorstellung der menschen hier entfacht? +ich erinnerte mich an letztes jahr, als ich moskitos brachte und irgendwie mochten die leute das. +die idee wurde für sie wirklich greifbar, wissen sie, dass es menschen gibt, die mit moskitos leben. +für energie fiel mir das hier ein. +ich entschied, dass das freilassen von glühwürmchen mein diesjähriger beitrag zur umwelt hier sein würde. +hier sind also ein paar natürliche glühwürmchen. +man hat mir versichert, dass sie nicht beißen. tatsächlich werden sie wohl nicht mal das glas verlassen. +nun, es gibt alle möglichen spielereilösungen wie diese, aber sie bringen alle nicht viel. +wir brauchen lösungen, entweder eine oder mehrere die eine unvorstellbare skalierung und unvorstellbare verlässlichkeit haben. und obwohl es viele richtungen gibt, in denen menschen danach suchen, sehe ich wirklich nur fünf, die diese großen anforderungen leisten können. +ich habe gezeiten, geothermal, fusion und biokraftstoffe ausgelassen. +diese leisten vielleicht einen moderaten beitrag und wenn sie besseres leisten als ich erwarte, wäre das toll, aber meine kernaussage hier ist, dass wir an all jenen fünf arbeiten müssen, und wir können keine von ihnen aufgeben, weil sie uns einschüchtern, denn alle haben signifikante probleme. +schauen wir uns zuerst das verbrennen fossiler brennstoffe an, verbrennung von entweder kohle oder erdgas. +was man dort machen muss, scheint vielleicht einfach, aber das ist es nicht. man müsste all das co2, das nach dem verbrennen aus dem schornstein kommt, einfangen, unter druck verflüssigen und dann irgendwo lagern und hoffen, dass es dort bleibt. +es gibt einige pilotprojekte, die das auf einem 60% - 80% niveau schaffen, aber es auf 100% zu bekommen wird sehr schwierig werden. und eine einigung für die lagerung des co2 zu erzielen, ist eine große herausforderung. aber das größte problem hier ist die lagerzeitfrage. +wer wird es sicherstellen? +wer kann etwas garantieren, was buchstäblich viele milliarden mal größer als jede art von müll, den man sich von nuklear- und anderen dingen vorstellen kann? +das ist eine menge volumen. +das ist also eine harte nuss. +als nächstes: nuklearenergie. +die hat auch drei große probleme. die kosten, vor allem in hochregulierten ländern sind hoch. die frage nach sicherheit, dass man wirklich fühlt, dass nichts schief gehen kann, trotz der menschlichen mitarbeit, dass der treibstoff nicht für waffen verwendet wird. +und was macht man dann mit dem müll? +denn obwohl er nicht sehr groß ist, gibt es eine menge bedenken. +also drei sehr schwierige probleme, die vielleicht lösbar sind, und an denen man deshalb arbeiten sollte. +die letzten drei der fünf habe ich zusammengefasst. +es sind die erneuerbaren energien, wie sie oft genannt werden. +und auch die haben -- obwohl es toll ist, dass sie keinen brennstoff brauchen -- sie haben einige nachteile. +zum einen ist die energiedichte, die diese technologien erzeugen dramatisch geringer als die von kraftwerken. +das sind energiefarmen, man spricht von vielen quadratkilometern, tausendmal mehr fläche als ein normales kraftwerk. +außerdem unterliegen diese quellen unterbrechungen: +die sonne scheint nicht den ganzen tag, sie scheint auch nicht jeden tag und genauso weht auch der wind nicht ständig. +deshalb muss man, wenn man von diesen quellen abhängig ist, einen weg haben, die energie auch in zeiten wenn sie nicht verfügbar ist, zu bekommen. +es gibt hier also große preisherausforderungen. es gibt herausforderungen bei der übertragung. wenn wir beispielsweise sagen, dass die energiequelle außerhalb des landes liegt, brauchen sie nicht nur die technologie, sie müssen auch mit dem risiko umgehen, dass die energie von wo anders herkommt. +und es gibt das lagerungsproblem. +und um die dimension zu zeigen, habe ich mir alle arten von batterien, die hergestellt werden, angeschaut: die für autos, computer, handys, taschenlampen, für alles. und das habe ich mit der menge der elektronischen energie, welche die welt nutzt, verglichen. ich fand heraus, dass alle batterien, die wir jetzt produzieren, weniger als 10 minuten der gesamtenergie lagern könnten. +wir brauchen hier also einen großen durchbruch, etwas, dass um einen faktor 100 besser sein wird, als die herangehensweisen zur zeit. +das ist nicht unmöglich, aber es ist nicht so leicht. +das passiert, wenn man versucht, diese unterbrochenen quellen über sagen wir 20% - 30% des verbrauchs zu bringen. +wenn sie sich um 100% darauf stützen wollen, brauchen sie eine unglaubliche wunderbatterie. +nun, wohin sollen wir gehen: was ist der richtige ansatz? +ein "manhattan projekt"? wie kommen wir ans ziel? +was wir brauchen sind viele firmen, die daran arbeiten. hunderte. +in jeden dieser fünf bereiche brauchen wir mindestens 100 menschen. +bei vielen werden sie sagen: die sind verrückt! das ist gut. +ich glaube, hier in der ted gruppe gibt es viele, die sich dort bereits engagieren. +bill gross hat mehrere firmen, unter anderem eine namens esolar die großartige solarthermaltechnologien hat. +vinod khosla investiert in dutzende firmen die tolle sachen machen und interessante möglichkeiten haben und ich versuche das zu unterstützen. +nathan myhrvold und ich finanzieren eine firma, die, vielleicht überraschenderweise, den nuklearen ansatz verfolgt. +es gibt einige innovationen im nuklearbereich; modular, flüssig. +die entwicklung hat in dieser industrie vor einiger zeit aufgehört, also ist es keine große überraschung, dass einige gute konzepte herumliegen. +das terrapower-konzept bedeutet, dass man anstelle eines teils des urans, dem einen prozent, das u235, wir entschieden, die 99% zu verbrennen, das u238. +das ist eine ziemlich verrückte idee. +aber tatsächlich hatte man darüber schon lange nachgedacht, aber man konnte nie vernünftig simulieren, ob es funktionieren würde, doch seitdem es moderne supercomputer gibt, kann man es simulieren und sehen, dass: ja! mit der richtigen materialienherangehensweise, sieht es so aus, dass es funktioniere. +und weil man diese 99% verbrennt, ist das kostenprofil sehr viel besser. +tatsächlich verbrennt man den müll, und man kann sogar den abfall von heutigen reaktoren als antriebsstoff benutzen. +anstatt sich darüber den kopf zu zerbrechen, verbrennen sie es einfach. eine tolle sache. +das uran wird graduell verbraucht, ein bisschen wie eine kerze. +sie sehen, dass es eine art säule ist, oft als "wandernde welle reaktor" bezeichnet. +das löst wirklich das treibstoffproblem. +hier ist ein bild eines ortes in kentucky. +das ist der abfall, die 99%. man hat den teil, der heute verbrannt wird, herausgenommen also heißt es aufgebrauchtes uran. +das triebe die u.s. für hunderte von jahren an. +und wenn man ozeanwasser günstig und einfach filtriert, bekommt man genügend treibstoff für die restliche lebenszeit des planeten. +wissen sie, es gibt da noch viele herausforderungen, aber es ist ein beispiel von vielen hunderten von konzepten, die wir brauchen, um vorwärts zu kommen. +überlegen wir uns, wie wir unseren erfolg messen sollten. +wie sollte unser zeugnis aussehen? +nun, gehen wir bis ans ziel, das wir erreichen müssen und dann reden wir über den zwischenschritt. +viele sprechen von einer 80% reduktion bis 2050. +es ist wirklich sehr wichtig, dass wir dorthin gelangen. +die restlichen 20% werden in armen ländern erzeugt werden, sowie immer noch etwas landwirtschaft. hoffentlich wird waldrohdung und zement bis dahin sauber sein. +also, um diese 80% zu erreichen, müssen die industriestaaten, inklusive ländern wie china, ihre elektrizitätsgeneration komplett umstellen. +die andere note sagt, ob wir die null-emissionen technologie einsetzen, ob sie in allen entwickelten ländern eingesetzt ist und wir auf dem weg sind, sie zu dem rest zu bekommen. +das ist super wichtig. +das wird ein schlüsselelement dieses zeugnisses. +wenn wir von dort zurückgehen, wie sollte das 2020 zeugnis aussehen? +es sollte wieder die beiden elemente enthalten. +wir sollten die effektivitätsmaßnahmen nutzen, um reduktion auf den weg zu bringen. je weniger wir emittieren, desto geringer wird die co2-summe sein und damit auch die temperatur. +aber eigentlich ist diese note für die dinge die wir unternehmen, die nicht komplett zu den großen reduktionen führen, nur gleich, oder sogar etwas weniger wichtig wie die andere, welche die schnelligkeit der innovation für diese durchbrüche darstellt. +diese durchbrüche müssen wir mit vollgas verfolgen und das können wir messen: in firmenzahlen, in pilotprojekten und regulierungsänderungen. +es gibt viele großartige bücher zu diesem thema. +das al gore buch "wir haben die wahl" und david mckays "sustainable energy without the hot air." +sie gehen es wirklich durch und schaffen einen rahmen, in dem dies breit diskutiert werden kann, denn wir brauchen dafür unterstützung von allen seiten. +es gibt einiges, das zusammenkommen muss. +das ist ein wunsch. +ein sehr konkreter wunsch, dass wir diese technologie erfinden. +wenn sie mir nur einen wunsch für die nächsten 50 jahre gestatten, ich könnte den präsidenten auswählen, einen impfstoff, und das liebe ich, oder ich könnte diesen wunsch wählen, der lautet, halbierter energiepreis ohne co2 wird erfunden. diesen wunsch nähme ich. +dieser hat die größte auswirkung. +wenn wir diesen wunsch nicht kriegen, wird der graben zwischen langfristig und kurzfristig denkenden menschen schrecklich werden, zwischen den usa und china, zwischen armen und reichen ländern. und fast alle leben dieser 2 milliarden werden sehr viel schlechter sein. +was müssen wir also tun? +für welche maßnahmen appelliere ich? +wir müssen uns für mehr forschungsgelder einsetzen. +wenn länder sich in orten wie koppenhagen treffen, sollten sie nicht nur über co2 sprechen. +sie sollten diese innovationsstrategie besprechen und sie wären geschockt von den lächerlich geringen geldern, die für diese innovativen herangehensweisen ausgegeben werden. +wir brauchen marktanreize, co2 steuern, cap & amp; trade etwas, dass ein preissignal schafft. +wir müssen die nachricht verbreiten. +wir müssen dialog rationaler und vollständiger führen und auch die dinge, die von der regierung unternommen werden. +es ist ein wichtiger wunsch, aber ich denke, wir können ihn erfüllen. +vielen dank. +vielen dank. +danke. danke! +vielen dank. nur um terrapower etwas besser zu verstehen -- erstmal, können sie uns eine vorstellung der größenordnung dieser investition geben? +bill gates: um die simulation auf einem supercomputer durchzuführen, alle großen wissenschaftler zu bekommen, was wir gemacht haben, brauchen wir nur einige 10 millionen. und selbst wenn wir unsere materialien in einem russischen reaktor getestet haben, um sicherzustellen, dass es vernünftig funktioniert, ist man nur in den 100en millionen. +der schwierige schritt ist das bauen des ersten reaktors, weitere milliarden zu finden, die regularien und den ort der tatsächlich den ersten davon baut. +sobald der erste fertig ist, wenn er so läuft wie versprochen, dann ist alles ganz klar, denn die wirtschaftlichkeit, die energiedichte ist so anders als bei nuklearenergie, wie wir sie kennen. +um das richtig zu verstehen: das bedeutet tief in den boden zu bauen fast wie eine vertikale säule nuklearen brennstoffs, dieses verbrauchten urans und dann beginnt der prozess oben und arbeitet sich weiter nach unten? +bg: genau. heute müssen sie den reaktor immer neu befüllen, also gibt es viele leute und viele kontrollen, die schief gehen können. dieses ding wo man ihn öffnet und sachen hinein- oder herausbringt. das ist nicht gut! +wenn man aber sehr billigen brennstoff hat, kann man ihn für 60 jahre befüllen -- denken sie an eine säule -- die sie vergraben, ohne die ganzen komplexitäten. +und es sitzt dort und brennt 60 jahre lang und dann ist es fertig. +ein nuklearreaktor, der selbst eine lösung für den müll bietet. +bg: ja. nun, was mit dem müll passiert: man kann ihn sitzen lassen -- es gibt viel weniger müll mit dieser methode -- dann nehmen sie ihn und packen ihn in den nächsten reaktor und verbrennen es weiter. +und wir beginnen, indem wir den müll nehmen, der bereits existiert, der in diesen kühlbecken oder trockenbehältern bei den reaktoren liegt. das ist unser startbrennstoff. +also ist das, was für diese reaktoren ein problem war, das, was wir in unseren füllen und damit wird das müllvolumen dramatisch reduziert während dieses prozesses. +aber während sie mit verschiedenen menschen dieser welt über diese möglichkeiten gesprochen haben, +wo ist das größte interesse, so was wirklich umzusetzen? +bg: nun wir haben uns noch nicht auf einen ort festgelegt und es gibt eine menge interessanter offenlegungsregeln für alles das "nuklear" im namen trägt. es gibt großes interesse und die menschen des unternehmens waren in russland, indien, china... ich war hier und habe den energieminister getroffen und darüber gesprochen, wie dies zur energieagenda passt. +ich bin optimistisch. wissen sie, die franzosen und japaner haben etwas in die richtung gemacht. +dies ist eine variante einer sache, die gemacht wurde. +das ist ein wichtiger schritt vorwärts, aber es ist wie ein schneller reaktor und einige länder haben diese gebaut, deshalb ist jeder, der einen schnellen reaktor umgesetzt hat, ein kandidatat für unseren ersten. +in ihrer vorstellung: zeitrahmen und wahrscheinlichkeit so etwas wirklich ins leben zu rufen? +bg: nun wir brauchen eines dieser skalierbaren, stromgenerierenden dinge, die sehr günstig sind, wir haben 20 jahre zum erfinden und dann 20 jahre zum einsetzen. +das ist quasi die deadline, die uns die umweltmodelle aufgezeigt hat, die wir einhalten müssen. +und, wissen sie, terrapower, wenn alles gut läuft, und das ist ein großer wunsch, könnte das leicht halten. +und glücklicherweise gibt es heute dutzende von firmen, und wir brauchen hunderte, die, genauso, wenn deren ansätze funktionieren, die förderung für ihre piloten funktioniert, dafür mitbieten können. +und es wäre am besten, wenn es mehrere schaffen, denn dann könnte man eine mischung benutzen. +auf jeden fall brauchen wir eine lösung. +betreffend der großen möglichen durchbrüche, ist dies das größte, das sie kennen? +bg: ein energiedurchbruch ist das allerwichtigste. +das wäre es auch ohne die umweltherausforderung gewesen, aber die macht es noch so viel wichtiger. +im nuklearen sektor gibt es andere innovative firmen. +wissen sie, wir kennen deren arbeit nicht so gut wie diese, aber es gibt die modulare methode, das ist ein anderer ansatz. +es gibt einen flüssigen reaktortyp, welches etwas schwierig scheint, aber vielleicht sagen die das über uns. +und somit gibt es verschiedene, aber das schöne daran ist, dass ein uranmolekül eine millionen mal so viel energie hat wie ein, sagen wir, ein kohlemolekül und deshalb, wenn sie mit den problemen umgehen können und die sind hauptsächlich die strahlung, der fußabdruck und die kosten, spielt das potential, also die auswirkungen auf das land und andere dinge, fast in einer eigenen liga. +wenn das nicht klappt, was dann? +müssen wir notfallmaßnahmen einleiten, um zu versuchen, die erdtemperatur stabil zu halten? +bg: wenn man in diese situation kommt, ist es als ob man zu viel gegessen hat, und kurz vor einem herzinfarkt steht. was macht man dann? man braucht vielleicht eine herzoperation oder ähnliches. +es gibt eine forschungsrichtung die sich geoengineering nennt, die sich mit verschiedenen techniken befasst, um die erwärmung zu verzögern, damit wir 20 oder 30 jahre länger bekämen um uns zusammenzuraufen. +das ist nur eine versicherungsmethode. +man hofft, dass wir das nicht brauchen. +manche leute sagen, man sollte gar nicht erst an der versicherung arbeiten weil einen das vielleicht faul macht, sodass man weiter isst, weil man weiß, dass einen die herzoperation retten wird. +ich weiß nicht, ob das klug ist, wenn man sich die wichtigkeit dieses problems vor augen führt, aber es gibt nun einen diskurs in geoengineering darüber, ob man das zur verfügung haben sollte, falls die dinge schneller kommen, oder diese innovation länger braucht, als wir erwarten. +klimaskeptiker: haben sie ein oder zwei sätze für die, um sie vielleicht zu überzeugen? +bg: nun, leider leben die skeptiker in sehr verschiedenen camps. +diejenigen, die wissenschaftliche argumente machen, sind sehr wenig. +sagen sie, dass es negative auswirkungen gibt, die mit den wolken zu tun haben, die dinge verschieben? +es gibt sehr, sehr wenige dinge, die sie überhaupt sagen können, von denen es eine chance in einer millionen gibt. +das hauptproblem hier ist so ähnlich wie bei aids. +man macht den fehler jetzt, und man zahlt dafür sehr viel später. +und deshalb ist die vorstellung, jetzt, wenn man alle möglichen dringenden probleme hat, in etwas zu investieren, von dem man erst später was hat -- und dazu kommt, dass die investition nicht so klar ist. tatsächlich ist der ipcc report nicht unbedingt das schlimmste szenario und es gibt menschen in der reichen welt, die sich ipcc anschauen und sagen, okay, das ist kein großes drama. +die tatsache ist, dass diese unsicherheit uns sorgen machen sollte. +aber mein traum hier ist, dass, wenn man es ökonomisch machen kann, und gleichzeitig das co2 beseitigt, dann sagen auch die skeptiker: "okay, es interessiert mich nicht, dass es kein co2 emittiert, ich wünschte fast, dass es das täte, aber ich werde es wohl akzeptieren, weil es billiger ist als die vorherige methode." +und das wäre ihre antwort auf das björn lomborg argument, dass, wenn man all diese zeit und energie verwendet um das co2 problem zu lösen, all die anderen ziele darunter leiden, die armutsverringerung, die bekämpfung von malaria und so weiter, dass es eine dumme verschwendung von ressourcen ist, geld dafür zu investieren, während es bessere dinge gibt, die wir tun können. +bg: nun, die tatsächlichen ausgaben für die forschung -- sagen wir die u.s. sollten 10 milliarden pro jahr mehr ausgeben als sie heute tun -- das ist nicht so dramatisch. +darunter sollten anderen dinge nicht leiden. +man kommt dann zu großen geldsummen, und hier können vernünftige leute widersprechen, wenn man etwas hat, das nicht ökonomisch ist, und versucht, das zu finanzieren. für mich geschieht hier die meiste verschwendung. +es sei denn, man ist sehr kurz vor einem kostendurchbruch und finanziert nur noch die lernkurve. ich glaube wir sollten mehr dinge versuchen, die das potential haben, sehr viel günstiger zu sein. +falls der abstrich, den man bekommt, ein sehr hoher energiepreis ist, dann können nur die reichen mithalten. +ich meine, jeder von uns hier könnte fünf mal so viel für unsere energie ausgeben ohne seinen lebensstil zu ändern. +für die unteren zwei milliarden aber ist es ein desaster. +und selbst lomborg denkt um. +seine neue masche ist jetzt: "warum wird die forschung nicht mehr besprochen?" +er wird immer noch, wegen seiner früheren geschichten, mit dem skeptiker-camp assoziiert, aber er hat verstanden, dass das eine sehr einsame gruppe ist und deshalb bringt er jetzt das forschungsargument. +und das ist ein gedankengang, den ich für angemessen halte. +die forschung, es ist einfach verrückt, wie wenig die unterstützt wird. +bill, ich glaube ich spreche für fast alle menschen hier, wenn ich sage, ich hoffe wirklich, dass ihr wunsch wahr wird. vielen, vielen dank. +bg: danke. +vor einigen jahren, hier bei ted, stellte peter skillman einen design-wettbewerb namens "die marshmallow-herausforderung" vor. +die idee ist ziemlich einfach. vierer-teams müssen die größtmögliche freistehende struktur mit 20 spaghetti, ca. 1m klebeband, ca. 1m faden und einem marshmallow bauen. +der marshmallow muss oben drauf sein. +und, obwohl es wirklich einfach scheint, ist es tatsächlich richtig schwer, weil es leute drängt sehr schnell zusammenzuarbeiten. +und so dachte ich, dass dies eine interessante idee ist und ich habe es in einen design-workshop verwandelt. +es war ein riesiger erfolg. +seitdem habe ich ungefähr 70 workshops weltweit durchgeführt, mit studenten, entwicklern und architekten, sogar mit ctos der fortune-50-unternehmen und da ist etwas an dieser aufgabe, was tiefe eindrücke in die natur der zusammenarbeit ermöglicht und ich möchte einige davon mit ihnen teilen. +normalerweise starten die meisten leute sich selbst bezüglich der aufgabe zu orientieren. +sie reden darüber, sie überlegen, wie es aussehen wird, sie rangeln um macht, +dann investieren sie ein wenig zeit in planung und organisation. sie skizzieren und legen spaghetti aus. +sie investieren einen großteil ihrer zeit in den zusammenbau ständig wachsender strukturen +und schließlich, kurz bevor sie keine zeit mehr haben, nimmt jemand den marshmallow und sie setzen ihn behutsam auf die spitze, treten einen schritt zurück und "ta-da"! bewundern sie ihre arbeit. +was aber dann, fast immer, passiert ist, dass das "ta-da" zu einem "uh-oh" wird, weil das gewicht des marshmallows bewirkt, dass die ganze sache sich verbiegt und einstürzt. +es gibt eine reihe von leuten, die viel mehr "uh-oh" -momente haben als andere, und unter den schlechtesten sind frische bwl-absolventen. +sie lügen, sie schummeln, sie sind verwirrt und produzieren wirklich dürftige gebilde. +und natürlich gibt es auch teams die viel mehr "ta-da" -gebilde haben und unter den besten sind frische absolventen des kindergartens. +und das ist ziemlich erstaunlich. +wie uns peter erzählte produzieren sie nicht nur die höchsten türme, sondern auch die interessantesten strukturen von allen. +was sie vielleicht fragen werden ist: wie kommt das? warum? was ist mit denen? +und peter erzählt: "keines der kinder investiert zeit darin chef der spaghetti gmbh zu sein". +sie investieren keine zeit in machtkämpfe. +es gibt aber noch einen weiteren grund. +und zwar, dass bwl-studenten trainiert wurden, den einen richtigen plan zu finden, ok! +und ihn dann zu realisieren. +was dann passiert, wenn sie den marshmallow auf die spitze packen, sie haben keine zeit mehr und was passiert? +es ist eine krise. +klingt vertraut, was? +was kindergartenkinder anders machen ist, dass sie mit dem marshmallow beginnen und prototypen bauen, erfolgreiche prototypen, immer mit dem marshmallow an der spitze, so dass sie mehrfach die möglichkeit haben baufällige prototypen zu reparieren. +konstrukteure erkennen diese art der zusammenarbeit als kern eines iterativen vorgangs. +und mit jedem versuch bekommen die kinder unmittelbar feedback was funktioniert und was nicht. +so ist die leistung, mit prototypen zu arbeiten, wesentlich - aber sehen wir einmal, wie verschieden teams agieren. +der durchschnitt für die meisten liegt bei ca. 50cm, bwl-studenten schaffen die hälfte davon, anwälte etwas mehr, aber nicht viel, kindergartenkinder sind besser als die erwachsenen. +wer ist am erfolgreichsten? +architekten und ingenieure, zum glück. +1m ist das höchste, was ich gesehen habe. +und warum? weil sie dreiecke verstehen und sich-selbst-verstärkende geometrische muster sind der schlüssel um stabile strukturen zu bauen. +ceos liegen etwas über durchschnitt. aber hier wird es interessant. +setzt man ein exekutive administrator auf dem team, werden sie signifikant besser. +es ist unglaublich. sie sehen sich um und erkennen "dieses team wird gewinnen." +sie können das vorhersagen. warum geht das? +weil sie spezielle fähigkeiten der prozessbegleitung haben. +sie leiten den prozess, sie verstehen ihn. +und jenes team, das regelt und auf die arbeit achtet wird die leistung des teams signifikant verbessern. +spezialisierte fähigkeiten und prozessfähigkeiten und deren kombination führen zu erfolg. +wenn sie 10 teams haben, die typisch vorgehen, bekommen sie ca. 6, die stabile strukturen haben. +ich versuchte nun etwas spannendes. +ich dachte, bringen wir den pokereinsatz gleich. +also bot ich einen 10000 $preis an software für die gewinner. +was glauben sie passierte mit diesen design-studenten? +was war das ergebnis? +das hier passierte. nicht ein team hatte eine stabile struktur. +falls irgendwer eine 2,5cm hohe konstruktion gebaut hätte, hätte er den preis nach hause getragen. +ist es also nicht interessant, dass hohe wetteinsätze einen starken effekt haben? +wir wiederholten diese übung mit denselben studenten. +was glauben sie passierte nun? +nun verstanden sie den vorteil des "prototyping". +so wurde aus demselben, schlechten team eines unter den besten. +sie produzierten die höchste konstruktion in der geringsten zeit. +es gibt somit tief-greifende lektionen für uns, über die natur von antrieb und erfolg. +sie mögen fragen: warum würde jemand tatsächlich zeit investieren eine marshmallow-challenge zu kreieren? +der grund ist, ich helfe digitale werkzeuge und prozesse erstellen, um teams zu helfen, autos, videospiele und "visual effects" zu erstellen. +und was die marshmallow-challenge tut ist, sie hilft ihnen versteckte annahmen zu identifizieren. +denn offen gesagt, jedes projekt hat seinen eigenen marshmallow. +die herausforderung bietet eine gemeinsame erfahrung, eine gemeinsame sprache bzw. grundhaltung, den richtigen prototyp zu bauen. +und dies ist der wert dieser erfahrung, dieser so einfache übung. +und jene von ihnen, die es interessiert, können marshmallowchallenge.com besuchen. +es ist ein blog, wo man sieht, wie man die marshmallows baut. +es gibt eine schritt-für-schritt-anleitung dort. +sie finden verrückte beispiele aus aller welt, wie leute das system optimieren und raffinieren. +es gibt ebenfalls weltrekorde. +und die basale lektion, glaube ich ist, das konstruktion tatsächlich ein verbindender sport ist. +es verlangt, dass wir alle unsere sinne auf die aufgabe richten und, dass wir unser denken optimal verwenden, wie unsere gefühle und unser tun, in der herausforderung, die vor uns liegt. +und manchmal ist ein kleiner prototyp dieser erfahrung alles, was es braucht, uns von einem "uh-oh" - zu einem "ta-da" -moment zu bringen. +und das kann einen großen unterschied machen. +vielen dank. +tun wir so als hätten wir hier eine maschine, +eine große maschine, eine coole, ted-artige maschine, und das ist eine zeitmaschine. +und jeder in diesem raum muss hinein. +und sie können in die vergangenheit gehen, sie können in die zukunft gehen; sie können nicht im hier und jetzt bleiben, +und ich frage mich, was sie wählen würden, weil ich meinen freunden in letzter zeit häufig diese frage gestellt habe, und sie wollten alle in die vergangenheit gehen. +ich weiß nicht. sie wollten in die zeit zurück, bevor es autos gab oder twitter oder "amerika sucht den superstar". +ich weiß nicht. +ich bin überzeugt, dass man irgendwie zur nostalgie, zu wunschdenken hingezogen ist. +und das verstehe ich. +ich bin nicht teil dieser gruppe, muss ich sagen. +ich will nicht in die vergangenheit, und das nicht, weil ich ein abenteurer bin - +es liegt daran, dass möglichkeiten auf diesem planeten nicht zurück gehen, sie gehen vorwärts. +ich will also in diese maschine, und ich will in die zukunft gehen. +dies ist die großartigste zeit, die es je auf diesem planeten gab, egal, welchen maßstab sie anlegen: gesundheit, reichtum, mobilität, gelegenheiten, sinkende krankheitsraten. +es gab nie zuvor eine zeit wie diese. +meine ur-großeltern starben alle als sie 60 waren. +meine großeltern drängten diese zahl auf 70. +meine eltern sind der 80 auf den fersen. +da sollte also besser eine neun am anfang meiner todeszahl stehen. +aber es geht nicht mal um leute wie uns, denn dies ist eine größere sache als das. +ein kind, das heute in neu-delhi geboren wird kann erwarten, so lange zu leben wie der reichste mann auf der welt vor 100 jahren. +denken sie darüber nach. das ist eine unglaubliche tatsache. +und warum ist das so? +die pocken. die pocken haben milliarden leute auf diesem planeten getötet. +sie haben die demografie der erde auf eine weise neu geformt, wie es kein krieg je geschafft hat. +sie sind weg. sie sind verschwunden. +wir haben sie bezwungen. puff. +in der reichen welt existieren krankheiten, die millionen von uns vor nur einer generation noch bedroht haben, kaum noch. +diphterie, röteln, kinderlähmung... +weiß überhaupt noch jemand, was das ist? +impfstoffe, moderne medizin, unsere fähigkeit, milliarden menschen zu ernähren, das sind erfolge der wissenschaftlichen methode. +und aus meiner sicht ist die wissenschaftliche methode, sachen auszuprobieren, schauen, ob es funktioniert, es ändern, wenn es das nicht tut, eine der großartigsten errungenschaften der menschheit. +das ist also die gute nachricht. +leider ist das schon die ganze gute nachricht, denn es gibt ein paar andere probleme, und sie wurden häufig erwähnt, +und eins davon ist, dass trotz all unserer errungenschaften eine milliarde menschen auf dieser welt jeden tag hungrig zu bett gehen. +diese zahl steigt, und sie steigt sehr schnell, und das ist beschämend. +und nicht nur das, wir haben unsere vorstellungskraft dazu genutzt, diese welt gründlich zu verwüsten. +trinkwasser, urbares land, regenwälder, öl, gas: sie verschwinden, und zwar bald, und falls wir uns nicht aus diesem chaos heraus-innovieren verschwinden wir auch. +die frage ist also: können wir das tun? ich denke schon. +ich glaube es ist klar, dass wir nahrung produzieren können, die milliarden menschen ernähren wird, ohne das land, auf dem sie leben, zu vergewaltigen. +ich denke, wir können diese welt mit energie versorgen, die sie nicht gleichzeitig zerstört. +ich glaube das wirklich, und nein, das ist kein wunschdenken. +aber das hier hält mich nachts wach -- eines der dinge, die mich nachts wach halten. wir haben wissenschaftlichen fortschritt noch nie so dringend gebraucht wie jetzt, noch nie, +und wir waren auch noch nie in der lage, ihn vernünftig einzusetzten, so wie wir es heute können. +wir sind an der schwelle zu erstaunlichen, erstaunlichen ereignissen auf vielen gebieten. und doch denke ich wirklich, dass wir hunderte, 300 jahre vor die aufklärung zurück gehen müssten, um eine zeit zu finden, in der wir fortschritt bekämpft haben, in der wir über diese dinge heftiger getritten haben, an mehr fronten als jetzt. +die leute hüllen sich in ihren glauben, und zwar so eng, dass man sie nicht befreien kann. +nicht mal die wahrheit wird sie befreien. +und hören sie, jeder hat ein recht auf seine meinung; sogar ein recht auf seine meinung zum fortschritt, +aber wissen sie, worauf sie kein recht haben? +sie haben kein recht auf ihre eigenen fakten. 'tschuldigung, haben sie nicht. +und ich habe eine weile gebraucht, um das herauszufinden. +vor ungefähr einem jahrzehnt habe ich einen artikel über impfungen für "the new yorker" geschrieben, einen kleinen artikel. +und ich war erstaunt, auf widerstand zu stoßen, auf widerstand gegenüber dem, was am ende die effektivste maßnahme im gesundheitswesen in der geschichte der menschheit ist. +ich wusste nicht, was ich tun sollte, also tat ich einfach was ich immer tue, ich schrieb einen artikel und fuhr fort. +und bald darauf schrieb ich einen artikel über gentechnisch veränderte nahrungsmittel. +die gleiche sache, nur größer. +die leute spielten verrückt. +also habe ich auch darüber einen artikel geschrieben, und ich konnte nicht verstehen, warum die leute dachten, das wäre "frankenfood", warum sie glaubten, dass moleküle auf eine bestimmte statt eine zufällige art herumzuschieben einen übergriff auf das gebiet der natur war. +aber wissen sie, ich tue was ich tue. ich schrieb den artikel, ich machte weiter. +ich meine, ich bin journalist, +wir tippen, wir reichen ein, wir gehen essen, das ist okay. +aber diese artikel machten mir sorgen, und ich konnte nicht herausfinden, warum, und schließlich fand ich es heraus. +und das liegt daran, dass diese fanatiker, die mich verrückt machten überhaupt gar keine fanatiker waren. +das waren umsichtige leute, gebildete leute, anständige leute. +sie waren genau wie die leute in diesem raum. +und das brachte mich so durcheinander... +aber dann dachte ich, wissen sie was, seien wir ehrlich: +wir sind an einem punkt angelangt, an dem wir nicht das selbe verhältnis zum fortschritt haben wie früher. +wir reden zwiespältig davon. +wir reden ironisch davon, mit kleinen anführungszeichen darum: "fortschritt". +okay, dafür gibt es gründe, und ich denke wir wissen, welche gründe das sind. +wir haben das vertrauen in institutionen, in autorität, und manchmal in die wissenschaft an sich verloren, und es gibt keinen grund, warum das nicht so sein sollte. +man kann einfach ein paar namen nennen und die leute werden verstehen. +tschernobyl, bhopal, die challenger, vioxx, massenvernichtungswaffen, die us-präsidentschaftswahl 2000. +ich meine, wissen sie, sie können ihre eigene liste wählen. +es gibt fragen und probleme mit den leuten, von denen wir glaubten, dass sie immer recht hätten. seien sie also skeptisch. +stellen sie fragen, verlangen sie beweise, verlangen sie belege. +nehmen sie nichts als gegeben hin. +aber jetzt kommt 's: wenn sie beweise bekommen müssen sie diese beweise annehmen, und darin sind wir nicht gut. +und ich kann das aus dem grund sagen, dass wir jetzt in einer epidemie der furcht leben, wie ich sie noch nie gesehen habe und hoffentlich nie wieder sehen werde. +vor ungefähr 12 jahren wurde eine geschichte veröffentlicht, eine schreckliche geschichte, die die autismus-epidemie mit dem masern, mumps, und röteln impfstoff in verbindung brachte. +sehr furchteinflößend. +haufenweise studien wurden durchgeführt um zu sehen, ob das stimmte. +haufenweise studien sollten durchgeführt werden; das ist eine ernste angelegenheit. +die daten kamen herein. +die daten kamen herein aus den usa, aus england, aus schweden, aus kanada, und sie waren alle gleich, keine korrelation, keine verbindung, gar keine. +es macht keinen unterschied. es macht keinen unterschied, weil wir an anekdoten glauben, wir glauben, was wir sehen, was wir zu sehen glauben, was bewirkt, dass wir uns echt fühlen. +wir glauben nicht an ein bündel dokumente von einem regierungsangstellten, der uns daten gibt, und ich verstehe das, ich denke, das tun wir alle. +aber wissen sie was? +das ergebnis davon war katastrophal, +katastrophal wegen dieser tatsache: die usa ist eines der einzigen länder auf der welt, in dem die impfrate für masern sinkt. +das ist skandalös und wir sollten uns schämen. +es ist schrecklich. +was ist passiert, dass wir das tun konnten. +nun, ich verstehe das. das tue ich. +denn hat hier jemand masern? +hat ein einziger im publikum je jemanden an masern sterben sehen? +passiert nicht sehr oft. +passiert in diesem land überhaupt nicht, aber 160.000 mal auf der welt im letzten jahr. +das sind viele tode durch masern, 20 pro stunde. +aber weil das nicht hier passiert ist, können wir es verdrängen, und leute wie jenny mccarthy können herumlaufen und botschaften von angst und analphabetismus von plattformen wie oprah und larry king live predigen. +und das können sie machen, weil sie ursache und korrelation nicht verbinden. +sie verstehen nicht, dass diese dinge gleich zu sein scheinen, aber fast nie das selbe sind. +und das ist etwas, das wir lernen müssen, und zwar sehr schnell. +dieser typ war ein held, jonas salk. +er befreite uns von einer der schlimmsten geißeln der menschheit. +keine angst, keine qualen, kinderlähmung, puff, verschwunden. +der typ in der mitte nicht so sehr. +er heißt paul offit. +er hat gerade mit ein paar anderen leuten einen rotavirus-impfstoff entwickelt. +er kann die leben von 400-, 500.000 kindern pro jahr in den entwicklungsländern retten. +ziemlich gut, nicht? +nun, das ist gut, abgesehen davon, dass paul herumläuft und über impfstoffe spricht und sagt, wie wertvoll sie sind, und dass die leute einfach aufhören sollten zu jammern. +und das sagt er tatsächlich so. +paul ist also ein terrorist. +wenn paul in einer öffentlichen anhörung spricht, kann er nicht ohne bewaffnete wächter aussagen. +er bekommt anrufe zu hause, weil die leute ihm gerne erzählen, dass sie wissen wo seine kinder zur schule gehen. +und warum? weil paul einen impfstoff gemacht hat. +ich brauche das nicht sagen, aber impfstoffe sind unentbehrlich. +nimmt man sie fort, kehren die krankheiten zurück, schreckliche krankheiten, und das passiert gerade. +wir haben in diesem land jetzt masern. +und das wird schlimmer, und ziemlich bald werden kinder wieder daran sterben, denn das ist nur eine frage der zahlen. +und sie werden nicht nur an masern sterben. +was ist mit kinderlähmung? nehmen wir das. warum nicht? +eine kommilitonin von mir hat mir vor ein paar wochen geschrieben und gesagt sie glaubt ich bin ein bisschen zu schrill. +niemand hat das je zuvor gesagt. +sie würde ihr kind nicht gegen kinderlähmung impfen. auf keinen fall. +fein. +warum? weil wir keine kinderlähmung haben. und wissen sie was? +wir hatten in diesem land gestern keine kinderlähmung. +heute, ich weiß nicht, vielleicht stieg heute morgen jemand in lagos in ein flugzeug und fliegt gerade nach los angeles, im moment ist er über ohio. +und in ein paar stunden landet er und mietet ein auto, und er kommt nach long beach, und er wird eines dieser fantastichen ted-dinner heute abend besuchen. +und er weiß nicht, dass er mit einer lähmenden krankheit infiziert ist, und wir wissen das auch nicht, denn so funktioniert die welt nun mal. +das ist der planet, auf dem wir leben. tun sie nicht so, als ob er das nicht ist. +wir lieben es, uns in lügen zu hüllen. wir lieben das. +haben sie heute morgen alle ihre vitamine genommen? +echinacea, ein kleines antioxidantium, das ihnen auf die sprünge hilft. +ich weiß, dass sie das gemacht haben, weil die hälfte der amerikaner das jeden tag macht. +sie nehmen das zeug, und sie nehmen alternative heilmittel, und es macht keinen unterschied, wie häufig wir herausfinden, dass sie nutzlos sind. +die daten belegen das ständig. +sie verdunkeln ihren urin. mehr tun sie fast nie. +das ist okay, sie wollen gerne 28 milliarden dollar für dunklen urin zahlen. +ich stimme ihnen völlig zu. +dunkler urin. dunkel. +warum machen wir das? warum machen wir das? +nun, ich glaube, ich verstehe - wir hassen die pharmaindustrie. +wir hassen eine zu starke regierung. wir haben kein vertrauen ins system. +und das sollten wir auch nicht. unser gesundheitssystem ist mies. +es ist grausam zu millionen von leuten. +es ist absolut erstaunlich kalt und seelentötend selbst zu uns, die es sich leisten können. +wir laufen also davor weg, und wohin laufen wir? +wir laufen in die arme der placebo-industrie. +das ist super. ich liebe die placebo-industrie. +aber wissen sie, das ist wirklich eine ernste angelegenheit, denn das zeug ist mist, und wir geben milliarden dollar dafür aus. +und ich habe alle möglichen kleinen requisiten hier. +keins davon -- gingko, betrug, echinacea, betrug, acai, da weiß ich nicht mal, was das ist, aber wir geben milliarden dollar dafür aus, es ist betrug. +und wissen sie was? wenn ich das sage, schreien mich die leute an und sagen: "was kümmert es dich? lass die leute doch machen, was sie wollen. +so fühlen sie sich gut. " +und wissen sie was? sie haben unrecht. +weil es mir egal ist, ob es der gesundheitsminister ist, der sagt: "hmm, ich werde die belege meiner experten zu mammographie nicht annehmen" oder irgendein krebs-quacksalber, der seinen patienten mit kaffe-einläufen behandeln will. +wenn sie sich auf diesen weg begeben, wo glaube und magie belege und wissenschaft ersetzen, gelangen sie an einen ort, an dem sie nicht sein wollen. +sie gelangen zu thabo mbeki in südafrika. +er brachte 400.000 seiner leute um, weil er darauf bestand, dass rote beete, knoblauch und zitronenöl viel effektiver als antiretrovirale medikamente sind, von denen wir wissen, dass sie den verlauf von aids bremsen können. +hunderttausende unnötiger tode in einem land, das schlimmer als jedes andere von dieser krankheit geplagt wird. +sagen sie mir bitte nicht, dass diese dinge keine konsequenzen haben. +die haben sie. die haben sie immer. +nun, die hirnloseste epidemie, in der wir uns gerade befinden, ist dieser absurde kampf zwischen den befürwortern gentechnisch veränderter nahrungsmittel und der bio-elite. +das ist eine idiotische debatte. sie muss aufhören. +es ist eine debatte über wörter, über metaphern. +das ist ideologie, nicht wissenschaft. +alles, was wir essen, jedes reiskorn, jeder zweig petersilie, jeder rosenkohl, wurde von den menschen verändert. +wissen sie, es gab keine mandarinen im paradies. +es gab keine cantaloupe-melonen. +es gab keine weihnachtsbäume. wir haben das alles gemacht. +wir haben es in den letzten 11.000 jahren gemacht. +und manches davon hat funktioniert und manches nicht. +wir sind losgeworden, was nicht funktioniert hat. +jetzt können wir es genauer machen. und natürlich gibt es risiken. aber wir können etwas wie vitamin a in reis tun, und das zeug kann millionen menschen helfen, millionen menschen, ihr leben zu verlängern. +das wollen sie nicht machen? +ich muss sagen, das verstehe ich nicht. +wir lehnen gentechnisch veränderte nahrung ab. +warum tun wir das? +nun, was ich ständig höre ist: zu viele chemikalien, pestizide, hormone, monokultur, wir wollen keine riesigen felder mit einer sache, das ist falsch. +wir wollen nicht, dass firmen leben patentieren. +wir wollen nicht, dass firmen samen besitzen. +und wissen sie, was meine antwort auf all das ist? +ja, sie haben recht. beheben wir das. +es stimmt, wir haben ein riesiges nahrungsproblem, aber das ist nicht wissenschaft. +das hat mit wissenschaft nichts zu tun. +es ist recht, moral, patentkram. +sie wissen, dass die wissenschaft keine firma ist. +sie ist kein land. +sie ist nicht mal eine idee; sie ist ein prozess. +sie ist ein prozess, und manchmal funktioniert er und manchmal nicht, aber die idee, dass wir der wissenschaft nicht erlauben sollten, ihre arbeit zu tun, weil wir angst haben ist eine wirkliche sackgasse, und sie hält millionen von menschen vom aufblühen ab. +wissen sie, in den nächsten 50 jahren werden wir 70 prozent mehr nahrung anbauen müssen als im moment. 70 prozent. +diese investition in afrika in den letzten 30 jahren. +beschämend. beschämend. +sie brauchen das, und wir geben es ihnen nicht. +und warum? gentechnisch veränderte nahrung. +wir wollen leute nicht ermutigen, dieses verrottete zeug zu essen, wie zum beispiel maniok. +maniok ist etwas, das eine halbe milliarde menschen essen. +es ist etwa wie eine kartoffel. +es ist nur ein bündel kalorien. es ist mies. +es hat keine nährstoffe, es hat kein protein, und wissenschaftler bauen all das gerade darin ein. +und dann könnten die leute das essen und würden nicht blind werden. +sie würden nicht verhungern, und wissen sie was? +das wäre schön. es wäre nicht chez panisse, aber es wäre schön. +und alles, was ich dazu sagen kann ist: warum bekämpfen wir das? +ich meine, fragen wir uns: warum bekämpfen wir das? +weil wir keine gene herumschieben wollen? +es geht nicht darum, gene herumzuschieben. es geht nicht um chemikalien. +es geht nicht um unsere lächerliche leidenschaft für hormone, unser beharren auf größerer nahrung, besserer nahrung, einzigartiger nahrung. +es geht hier nicht um rice krispies, es geht darum, leute am leben zu erhalten, und es wird höchste zeit, zu verstehen, was das bedeutet. +denn wissen sie was? +wenn wir das nicht tun, wenn wir so weiter machen wie bisher machen wir uns an etwas schuldig, an dem wir, glaube ich, nicht schuldig sein wollen, high-tech kolonialismus. +es gibt keine andere beschreibung für das, was hier passiert. +es ist selbstsüchtig, es ist hässlich, es ist unser nicht würdig, und wir müssen das wirklich aufhalten. +nach dieser unglaublich lustigen unterhaltung wollen sie also vielleicht sagen: "willst du immer noch in diese lächerliche zeitmaschine und in die zukunft gehen?" +auf jeden fall. das will ich auf jeden fall. +im moment steckt sie in der gegenwart, aber wir haben eine unglaubliche möglichkeit. +wir können diese zeitmaschine auf alles stellen, was wir wollen. +wir können sie hinbewegen, wo wir sie hinbewegen wollen, und wir werden sie dorthin bewegen, wohin wir wollen. +wir müssen diese unterhaltungen führen, und wir müssen nachdenken, aber wenn wir in die zeitmaschine steigen und in die zukunft gehen werden wir froh sein, das gemacht zu haben. +ich weiß, dass wir es können, und soweit es mich betrifft ist das etwas, was die welt jetzt braucht. +danke. +danke. +seit einiger zeit interessiere ich mich für den placebo-effekt. es mag merkwürdig erscheinen, dass sich ein magier dafür interessiert, es sei denn, sie betrachten es so wie ich, als "eine täuschung, die zu etwas echtem wird, wenn jemand nur fest genug daran glaubt." +mit anderen worten, zuckerpillen haben in einigen studien eine messbare wirkung gezeigt, den placebo-effekt, und zwar nur deswegen, weil die person denkt, was mit ihr geschieht, sei eine pharmazeutische oder eine art von... im schmerzmanagement, zum beispiel, gibt es, wenn der patient nur fest genug daran glaubt, eine messbare wirkung im körper, die man den placebo-effekt nennt. +eine täuschung wird zu etwas echtem, weil jemand es so wahrnimmt. +damit wir uns gegenseitig auch verstehen, möchte ich ihnen jetzt einen elementaren, ganz einfachen zaubertrick zeigen. +und ich werde ihnen zeigen, wie er funktioniert. das ist ein trick, der mindestens seit den 1950ern in jedem zauberbuch für kinder steht. +ich selbst habe ihn vom cub scout magic der pfadfinder in den 1970ern gelernt. +ich werde ihn für sie ausführen und ihn dann erklären. +und dann werde ich erklären, warum ich ihn erkläre. +also, sehen sie, was passiert. +das messer, das sie untersuchen können; meine hand, die sie untersuchen können. +ich werde das messer einfach so in meiner faust halten. +ich schiebe meinen ärmel zurück. +und um sicherzustellen, dass nichts in meinem ärmel verschwindet oder aus ihm herauskommt, werde ich einfach mein handgelenk genau hier zusammendrücken. +auf diese weise können sie sehen, dass sich zu keiner zeit irgendetwas bewegt. solange ich hier zudrücke, kann nichts in meinen ärmel wandern oder herauskommen. +und das ziel dabei ist ganz einfach. +ich werde meine hand öffnen, und hoffentlich, wenn alles gut geht, wird das messer durch meinen bloßen körperlichen magnetismus festgehalten. +es sitzt tatsächlich so fest an seinem platz, dass ich es schütteln kann, ohne dass das messer herunterfällt. +nichts wandert in meinen ärmel oder kommt heraus, keine trickserei. und sie können alles untersuchen. +ta-da! +nun, das ist ein trick, den ich oft kleinen kindern beibringe, die sich für zauberei interessieren, denn man kann dabei sehr viel über täuschung lernen, wenn man genauer hinsieht, obwohl es ein sehr einfach auszuführender trick ist. +vermutlich kennen viele von ihnen hier im saal diesen trick. +er funktioniert folgendermaßen: +ich halte das messer in meiner hand. +ich sage, dass ich mein handgelenk umschließe, um sicherzustellen, dass nichts in meinem ärmel verschwindet oder herauskommt, und das ist eine lüge. +der grund, warum ich mein handgelenk festhalte, ist der, dass darin das eigentliche geheimnis der illusion besteht. +in dem moment nämlich, wo ich meine hand von ihnen wegdrehe, damit sie sie von hinten sehen, bewegt sich dieser finger hier, mein zeigefinger, einfach von dort, wo er war, in eine position, in der er so ausgestreckt ist. +toller trick? +da hinten sitzt jemand, der keine kindheit hatte. +also, er befindet sich hier. genau. +und wenn ich mich umdrehe, ändert der finger seine position. +und jetzt könnte man darüber reden, warum das eine täuschung ist, warum man nicht wahrnimmt, dass hier unten nur drei finger zu sehen sind: weil der verstand und die art, wie er informationen verarbeitet, sie nicht einzeln zählt, eins, zwei, drei, sondern sie als gruppe sieht. +aber darum geht es jetzt hier eigentlich gar nicht. und dann öffne ich meine hand. +natürlich wird es dort festgehalten, aber nicht durch den magnetismus meines körpers, sondern durch einen trick, durch meinen zeigefinger, der jetzt dort ist. +und wenn ich meine hand schließe, passiert dasselbe, indem ich mich zurückdrehe, wird durch diese bewegung verborgen, dass der finger sich wieder zurückbewegt. +ich nehme diese hand weg. und hier ist das messer. +diesen trick können sie ihren freunden und nachbarn vorführen. danke. +nun, was hat das mit dem placebo-effekt zu tun? +vor einem jahr oder so, las ich eine studie, die mich wirklich richtig umgehauen hat. +ich bin kein arzt oder forscher, und deshalb war das für mich eine erstaunliche sache. +es hat sich nämlich folgendes herausgestellt: wenn sie ein placebo in form einer weißen pille anbieten, in der form einer aspirintablette, ist das einfach eine runde, weiße pille, die einen bestimmten messbaren effekt hat. +aber wenn sie die form, in der sie das placebo verabreichen, zum beispiel in eine kleinere pille verändern, und diese blau färben und einen buchstaben darauf prägen, ist sie tatsächlich messbar effektiver. +und das, obwohl keine davon irgendeine pharmazeutische... es sind bloß zuckerpillen. +aber eine weiße pille ist nicht so gut wie eine blaue pille. +was? das ließ mich wirklich ausflippen. +es stellte sich aber heraus, dass das noch nicht alles ist. +wenn man kapseln nimmt, sind die noch wirksamer als tabletten jeder form. +eine farbige kapsel, die an einem ende gelb und am anderen rot ist, ist besser als eine weiße kapsel. +auch die dosierung spielt eine rolle. +eine pille zweimal täglich ist nicht so gut wie drei pillen - ich kann mich jetzt nicht an die genaue statistik erinnern. tut mir leid. +das entscheidende aber ist,... +... dass auch die dosierungen eine rolle spielen. +und die form spielt eine rolle. +und wenn man den ultimativen placebo-effekt haben möchte, muss man zur nadel greifen. +richtig? eine spritze mit einer wirkungslosen - ein paar milliliter einer wirkungslosen substanz, die man einem patienten injiziert. +das erzeugt ein sehr starkes bild im kopf. das ist sehr viel stärker als eine weiße pille. +diese grafik ist wirklich... ich werde sie ihnen ein anderes mal zeigen, wenn wir einen projektor haben. +tatsache also ist, dass die weiße pille nicht so gut wirkt wie die blaue pille, die nicht so gut wirkt wie eine kapsel, die nicht so gut wirkt wie die nadel. +und nichts davon hat irgendeine wirklich pharmazeutische eigenschaft. es ist nur unser glaube daran, der in uns eine stärkere wirkung erzielt. +ich wollte wissen, ob ich diese idee für einen zaubertrick nutzen könnte. +ich nehme etwas, das offensichtlich eine täuschung ist, und lasse es echt aussehen. +wir wissen ja aus jener studie, dass man zur nadel greifen muss, wenn es zur sache gehen soll. +dies ist eine 18 cm lange hutnadel. sie ist sehr, sehr spitz. und ich werde sie zunächst ein kleines bisschen sterilisieren. +das hier ist wirklich mein fleisch. es ist nicht damians spezielles gezüchtetes fleisch. +das hier ist meine haut. das ist kein spezialeffekt aus hollywood. +ich werde nun diese nadel in meine haut stechen und durch sie hindurch treiben, bis sie auf der anderen seite wieder austritt. +falls ihnen übel wird - wenn sie leicht in ohnmacht fallen - ich habe das ein paar freunden letzte nacht im hotelzimmer vorgeführt, und einigen leuten, die ich nicht kannte, und dabei ist eine frau fast ohnmächtig geworden. +ich schlage also vor, wenn ihnen schnell übel wird, dann schauen sie für die nächsten 30 sekunden weg. oder, wissen sie was, ich werde den ersten heiklen teil hier hinten machen. +sie können es gleich sehen, sie können aber auch wegsehen, wenn sie möchten. +also, es geht so, genau hier, wo mein fleisch anfängt, am unteren teil meines arms werde ich einfach einen kleinen einstich machen. +tut mir echt leid. macht sie das verrückt? +und jetzt einfach ein kleines bisschen durch meine haut und auf der anderen seite so wieder heraus. +jetzt sind wir eigentlich in der gleichen situation, die wir beim messertrick hatten. +ungefähr. +aber jetzt können sie meine finger nicht zählen, oder? +also, werde ich sie ihnen zeigen. das ist einer, zwei, drei, vier, fünf. +nun ja, +ich weiß, was die leute denken, wenn sie das sehen. +sie sagen: "okay, der ist bestimmt nicht so blöd und durchsticht sich selbst die haut, nur um uns ein paar minuten lang zu unterhalten." +nun, dann werde ich es ihnen zeigen. +wie sieht das hier aus? ziemlich gut. +ja, ich weiß. +und die leute hinten sagen: "okay. ich habe das nicht richtig gesehen." +die leute in den nebenräumen kommen jetzt rein. +lassen sie es mich ihnen aus der nähe zeigen. +das ist wirklich meine haut. das ist kein spezialeffekt aus hollywood. +das ist mein fleisch, und ich kann das herumdrehen. +tut mir leid. wenn ihnen übel wird, schauen sie weg, schauen sie nicht hin. +die leute hinten oder die, die das später irgendwann einmal auf video sehen, werden sagen, "nun ja, das sieht ja recht eindrucksvoll aus, aber wenn es echt wäre, würde er - sehen sie, hier ist ein loch und dort, wenn es wirklich echt wäre, würde es bluten." +okay, lassen sie mich ein wenig blut für sie herausquetschen. +ja, hier ist es. +normalerweise würde ich jetzt die nadel herausnehmen. +ich würde meinen arm säubern und ihnen zeigen, dass da keine wunden sind. +aber ich denke, in diesem rahmen hier und mit der absicht, aus einer täuschung etwas echtes zu machen, werde ich die nadel einfach da drin lassen und so von der bühne gehen. +wir werden uns in den nächsten tagen noch ein paar mal begegnen. +ich hoffe, sie freuen sich schon darauf. vielen dank. +jeder spricht heutzutage über das glück. +ich habe einige leute die anzahl der bücher zählen lassen, die mit "happiness" im titel in den letzten fünf jahren veröffentlicht wurden und sie gaben nach ungefähr 40 auf, und es gab noch viel mehr. +es gibt eine gewaltige welle des interesses an glück unter forschern. +es gibt sehr viel glücks-coaching. +jeder würde gerne die leute glücklicher machen. +aber trotz all dieser flut von arbeiten, gibt es mehrere kognitive fallen, die es sozusagen fast unmöglich machen, klar über glück nachzudenken. +und mein vortrag heute wird hauptsächlich von diesen kognitiven fallen handeln. +das gilt für laien, die über ihr eigenes glück nachdenken, und es gilt für wissenschaftler, die über glück nachdenken, weil sich herausstellt, dass wir genau so durcheinander sind wie jeder andere. +die erste dieser fallen ist ein widerstreben, komplexität zuzugeben. +es stellt sich heraus, dass das wort glück einfach kein nützliches wort mehr ist, weil wir es auf zu viele unterschiedliche dinge anwenden. +ich denke, es gibt eine bestimmte bedeutung, auf die wir es beschränken könnten, aber im großen und ganzen ist das etwas, das wir aufgeben werden müssen, und wir werden die komplizierte sichtweise annehmen müssen darauf, was wohlbefinden ist. +die zweite falle ist eine verwechslung von erleben und gedächtnis: im grunde besteht sie zwischen glücklich sein in seinem leben und glücklich sein über sein leben oder glücklich mit seinem leben. +und dies sind zwei sehr unterschiedliche konzepte, und sie sind beide zusammengeworfen in der vorstellung vom glück. +und die dritte ist die konzentrations-illusion, und das ist die unglückliche tatsache, dass wir nicht über einen umstand nachdenken können, der wohlbefinden beeinflusst, ohne seine bedeutung zu verzerren. +ich meine, das ist eine echte kognitive falle. +es gibt einfach keinen weg, es richtig hin zu bekommen. +nun würde ich gerne mit einem beispiel anfangen von jemandem, der eine frage-und-antwort-sitzung hatte nach einer meiner vorlesungen, der eine geschichte berichtete. [undeutlich...] er sagte, er hätte eine sinfonie gehört, und es war absolut herrliche musik, und ganz am ende der aufnahme gab es ein fürchterliches kreischendes geräusch. +und dann fügte er hinzu, wirklich ziemlich emotional, das hat die ganze erfahrung ruiniert. +aber das hatte es nicht. +was es ruiniert hatte waren die erinnerungen an die erfahrung. +er hatte die erfahrung gehabt. +er hatte 20 minuten herrlicher musik gehabt. +sie zählten nicht, weil er mit einer erinnerung verblieben war; die erinnerung war ruiniert, und die erinnerung war alles, was er zum behalten bekommen hatte. +was uns das wirklich sagt ist, dass wir über uns und über andere leute nachdenken könnten im sinne von zwei arten des selbst. +es gibt ein erlebendes selbst, das in der gegenwart lebt und die gegenwart kennt, fähig ist, die vergangenheit wieder zu erleben, aber im grunde nur die gegenwart hat. +es ist das erlebende selbst, das der arzt anpricht -- sie wissen, wenn der arzt fragt: "tut es jetzt weh, wenn ich sie hier anfasse?" +und dann gibt es ein erinnerndes selbst, und das erinnernde selbst ist das, das mitzählt und die geschichte unseres lebens aufrecht erhält, und es ist dasjenige, das der arzt anspricht indem er die frage stellt: "wie haben sie sich in letzter zeit gefühlt?" +oder "wie war ihre reise nach albanien?" oder so ähnlich. +dies sind zwei sehr unterschiedliche einheiten, das erlebende selbst und das erinnernde selbst, und die beiden zu verwechseln ist teil des durcheinanders des begriffs vom glück. +nun, das erinnernde selbst ist ein geschichtenerzähler. +und das fängt wirklich mit einer grundlegenden reaktion auf unsere erinnerungen an -- es fängt sofort an. +wir erzählen nicht nur geschichten, wenn wir uns daran machen, geschichten zu erzählen. +unser gedächtnis erzählt uns geschichten, das heißt, was wir von unseren erlebnissen behalten dürfen ist eine geschichte. +und lassen sie micht mit einem beispiel anfangen. +es gibt eine alte studie. +das sind echte patienten, die sich einer schmerzhaften prozedur unterziehen. +ich werde nicht ins detail gehen. sie ist heutzutage nicht mehr schmerzhaft, aber sie war schmerzhaft, als diese studie in den 1990ern durchgeführt wurde. +sie wurden gebeten, alle 60 sekunden über ihre schmerzen zu berichten. +und hier sind zwei patienten. das sind ihre aufzeichnungen. +und sie werden gefragt: "wer von beiden hat mehr gelitten?" +und das ist eine sehr einfache frage. +patient b hat eindeutig mehr gelitten. seine darmspiegelung war länger, und jede minute von schmerz, die patient a hatte hatte patient b, und mehr. +aber nun gibt es eine andere frage: "wie sehr dachten diese patienten, dass sie litten?" +und hier ist eine überraschung: +und die überraschung ist, dass patient a eine viel schlechtere erinnrung an die darmspiegelung hatte als patient b. +die geschichten der darmspiegelungen waren unterschiedlich, und weil ein sehr entscheidender teil der geschichte ist, wie sie endet -- +und keine dieser geschichten ist sehr erbaulich oder großartig -- aber eine von ihnen ist diese deutlich... +aber eine von ihnen ist deutlich schlimmer als die andere. +und die, die schlimmer ist war die, wo der schmerz ganz am ende auf seinem höhepunkt war. es ist eine schlimme geschichte. +woher wissen wir das? +weil wir diese leute nach ihrer darmspiegelung gefragt haben, und auch viel später: "wie schlimm war die ganze sache insgesamt?", +und sie war viel schlimmer für a als für b in der erinnrung. +nun, das ist ein direkter konflikt zwischen dem erlebenden selbst und dem erinnernden selbst. +aus sicht des erlebenden selbst hatte b eindeutig eine schlechtere zeit. +nun, was man mit patient a machen könnte, und wir haben tatsächlich klinische experimente durchgeführt, und es ist gemacht worden, und es funktioniert, man könnte eigentlich die darmspiegelung von patient a verlängern indem man einfach den schlauch drin lässt ohne zu sehr an ihm zu rütteln. +das wird dazu führen, dass der patient leidet, aber nur ein bisschen und viel weniger als vorher. +und wenn man das ein paar minuten lang macht hat man bewirkt, dass das erlebende selbst von patient a schlechter dran ist und man hat bewirkt, dass das erinnernde selbst von patient a viel besser dran ist, denn nun hat man patient a eine bessere geschichte über seine erfahrung gegeben. +wodurch zeichnet sich eine geschichte aus? +und das gilt für die geschichten, die das gedächtnis uns liefert und es gilt auch für die geschichten, die wir erfinden. +wodurch sich eine geschichte auszeichnet sind umbrüche, bedeutende augenblicke und enden. +enden sind sehr, sehr wichtig und in diesem fall dominierte das ende. +nun, das erlebende selbst lebt sein leben kontinuierlich. +es hat augenblicke des erlebens, einen nach dem anderen. +und sie fragen: was passiert mit diesen momenten? +und die antwort ist wirklich einfach. sie sind für immer verloren. +ich meine, die meisten augenblicke unseres lebens -- und ich habe das ausgerechnet -- sie wissen, die psychologische gegenwart gilt als ungefähr drei sekunden lang. was bedeutet, wissen sie, dass es in einem leben ungefähr 600 millionen davon gibt. in einem monat gibt es ungefähr 600.000. die meisten von ihnen hinterlassen keine spur. +die meisten von ihnen werden komplett ignoriert vom erinnernden selbst. +und doch bekommen sie irgendwie den eindruck, dass sie zählen sollten, dass was während dieser augenblicke des erlebens passiert unser leben ist. +es ist die begrenzte ressource, die wir verbrauchen während wir auf dieser welt sind. +und wie wir sie verbrauchen würde scheinbar wichtig sein, aber das ist nicht die geschichte, die das erinnernde selbst für uns behält. +also haben wir das erinnernde selbst und das erlebende selbst, und sie sind wirklich ziemlich verschieden. +der größte unterschied zwischen ihnen ist der umgang mit zeit. +aus sicht des erlebenden selbst, wenn sie einen urlaub haben und die zweite woche genau so gut ist wie die erste, dann ist der zweiwöchige urlaub doppelt so gut wie der einwöchige urlaub. +so funktioniert das überhaupt nicht für das erinnernde selbst. +für das erinnernde selbst ist ein zweiwöchiger urlaub kaum besser als der einwöchige urlaub, weil da keine neuen erinnerungen hinzugefügt werden. +sie haben die geschichte nicht geändert. +und auf diese weise ist zeit eigentlich die kritische variable, die ein erinnerndes selbst unterscheidet von einem erlebenden selbst. zeit hat sehr wenig einfluss auf diese geschichte. +nun, das erinnernde selbst macht mehr, als zu erinnern und geschichten zu erzählen. +es ist eigentlich dasjenige, das entscheidungen trifft, denn wenn sie einen patienten haben, der, sagen wir zwei darmspiegelungen bei zwei unterschiedlichen chirurgen hatte und sich entscheidet, welchen er wählen soll, dann ist der, der wählt der, der die erinnerung hat, die weniger schlimm ist und das ist der chirurg, der ausgewählt werden wird. +das erlebende selbst hat keine stimme in dieser wahl. +eigentlich wählen wir nicht zwischen erlebnissen. wir wählen zwischen erinnerungen an erlebnisse. +und selbst wenn wir an die zukunft denken, denken wir an unsere zukunft normalerweise nicht als erlebnisse. +wir denken über unsere zukunft nach als vorausgesehene erinnerungen. +und im grunde können sie das betrachten, wissen sie, als eine tyrannei des erinnernden selbst, und sie können sich das erinnernde selbst denken als eins, das sozusagen das erlebende selbst schleppt durch erfahrungen, die das erlebende selbst nicht braucht. +ich habe den eindruck, dass wenn wir urlaub machen das sehr häufig der fall ist, das heißt, wir machen urlaub weitestgehend im dienste des erinnernden selbst. +und das ist ein bisschen schwer zu rechtfertigen, denke ich. +ich meine, wie sehr zehren wir von unseren erinnerungen? +das ist eine der erklärungen, die für die dominanz des erinnernden selbst gegeben wird. +und wenn ich darüber nachdenke, denke ich an einen urlaub, den wir vor ein paar jahren in der antarktis gemacht haben, der eindeutig der beste urlaub war, den ich je gehabt hatte, und ich denke relativ oft daran im verhältnis dazu, wie oft ich an andere urlaube denke. +und ich habe wahrscheinlich von meinen erinnerungen an diese dreiwöchige reise, ich würde sagen ungefähr 25 minuten lang in den letzten vier jahren gezehrt. +nun, wenn ich je den ordner geöffnet hätte mit den 600 bildern darin hätte ich eine weitere stunde verbracht. +nun, das sind drei wochen, und das sind höchstens eineinhalb stunden. +da scheint es eine unstimmigkeit zu geben. +nun, ich mag ein bisschen extrem sein, wissen sie, darin, wie wenig appetit ich auf das zehren von erinnerungen habe, aber selbst, wenn sie mehr davon machen gibt es eine echte frage. warum geben wir erinnerungen so viel gewicht im verlgeich zu dem gewicht, das wir erlebnissen geben? +daher möchte ich, dass sie über ein gedankenexperiment nachdenken. +stellen sie sich ihren nächsten urlaub vor, sie wissen, dass am ende des urlaubs alle ihre bilder vernichtet werden und sie bekommen ein amnestisches medikament, so dass sie sich an nichts erinnern werden. +nun, würden sie den gleichen urlaub wählen? +und wenn sie einen anderen urlaub wählen würden, gibt es einen konflikt zwischen ihren beiden arten des selbst und sie müssen darüber nachdenken, wie sie diesen konflikt entscheiden und das ist wirklich überhaupt nicht offensichtlich, denn wenn sie im sinne von zeit denken bekommen sie eine antwort. und wenn sie im sinne von erinnerungen denken könnten sie eine andere antwort bekommen. +warum wir die urlaube aussuchen, die wir aussuchen ist ein problem, das sich uns stellt mit einer wahl zwischen den beiden arten des selbst. +nun, die beiden arten des selbst werfen zwei begriffe vom glück auf. +es gibt tatsächlich zwei konzepte vom glück, die wir anwenden können, eines pro selbst. +sie können also fragen: wie glücklich ist das erlebende selbst? +und dann würden sie fragen: wie glücklich sind die augenblicke im leben des erlebenden selbst? +und sie sind alle -- glück für augenblicke ist ein ziemlich komplizierter prozess. +welches sind die emotionen, die gemessen werden können? +und, nebenbei, wir sind nun imstande eine ziemlich gute vorstellung zu bekommen vom glück des erlebenden selbst über die zeit. +wenn sie nach dem glück des erinnernden selbst fragen ist es eine ganz andere sache. +das handelt nicht davon, wie glücklich eine person lebt. +es handelt davon, wie zufrieden oder erfreut die person ist, wenn diese person über ihr leben nachdenkt. +sehr unterschiedlicher begriff. +jeder, der diese begriffe nicht unterscheidet wird die erforschung des glücks vermasseln, und ich gehöre zu einer menge von forschern über wohlbefinden, die die erforschung des glücks lange vermasselt haben auf genau diese art. +die unterscheidung zwischen dem glück des erlebenden selbst und der zufriedenheit des erinnernden selbst ist in den letzten jahren erkannt worden, und jetzt bemüht man sich, die beiden separat zu messen. +die gallup organization hat eine weltweite umfrage, bei der mehr als einer halben million leute fragen gestellt worden sind darüber, was sie über ihr leben denken und über ihre erlebnisse. und es gab andere bemühungen in der richtung. +in den letzten jahren haben wir also angefangen, über das glück der beiden arten des selbst zu lernen. +und die hauptsächliche lektion, die wir, glaube ich, gelernt haben ist, dass sie wirklich unterschiedlich sind. +sie können wissen, wie zufrieden jemand mit seinem leben ist, und das lehrt sie wirklich nicht viel darüber, wie glücklich er sein leben lebt und umgekehrt. +nur um ihnen einen eindruck von der korrelation zu vermitteln, die korrelation ist ungefähr .5. +was das bedeutet ist, dass wenn sie jemanden treffen würden und man würde ihnen sagen, oh, sein vater ist ein zwei-meter-mann, wie viel würden sie über seine größe wissen? +nun, sie würden etwas über seine größe wissen, aber es gibt viel unsicherheit. +sie haben so viel unsicherheit. +wenn ich ihnen sage, dass jemand sein leben als acht auf einer skala von zehn eingeordnet hat haben sie viel unsicherheit darüber, wie glücklich er ist mit seinem erlebenden selbst. +die korrelation ist also gering. +wir wissen etwas darüber, was die zufriedenheit des glücks-selbst bestimmt. +wir wissen, dass geld sehr wichtig ist, ziele sind sehr wichtig. +wir wissen, dass glück hauptsächlich bedeutet, zufrieden zu sein mit menschen, die wir mögen, zeit zu verbringen mit menschen, die wir mögen. +es gibt andere vergnügen, aber das ist dominant. +wenn sie also das glück der beiden arten des selbst maximieren wollen werden sie am ende sehr unterschiedliche dinge tun. +die schlussfolgerung aus dem, was ich hier gesagt habe ist, dass wir uns glück wirklich nicht vorstellen sollten als einen ersatz für wohlbefinden. +es ist ein komplett anderer begriff. +nun, ganz kurz, ein anderer grund, aus dem wir nicht klar über glück nachdenken können ist, dass wir nicht auf die selben dinge achten wenn wir über das leben nachdenken und wenn wir tatsächlich leben. +wenn sie also die einfache frage stellen, wie glücklich die leute in kalifornien sind werden sie nicht die korrekte antwort bekommen. +wenn sie diese frage stellen denken sie, dass die leute in kalifornien glücklicher sein müssen wenn sie, sagen wir, in ohio leben. +und was passiert ist, dass wenn sie über das leben in kalifornien nachdenken, denken sie an den unterschied zwischen kalifornien und anderen orten, und dieser unterschied besteht, sagen wir, im klima. +nun, es stellt sich heraus, dass klima nicht sehr wichtig für das erlebende selbst ist, und es ist nicht einmal sehr wichtig für das nachdenkliche selbst, das entscheidet, wie glücklich leute sind. +nun aber, weil das nachdenkliche selbst verantwortlich ist, können sie am ende -- einige leute könnten am ende nach kalifornien ziehen. +und es ist sozusagen interessant zu verfolgen, was passiert mit leuten, die nach kalifornien ziehen in der hoffnung, glücklicher zu werden. +nun, ihr erlebendes selbst wird nicht glücklicher werden. +wir wissen das. +aber eine sache wird passieren. sie werden denken, dass sie glücklicher sind, denn wenn sie darüber nachdenken werden sie daran erinnert werden, wie schrecklich das wetter in ohio war. und sie werden spüren, dass sie die richtige entscheidung getroffen haben. +es ist sehr schwierig, klar über wohlbefinden nachzudenken, und ich hoffe, ich habe ihnen einen eindruck davon vermittelt, wie schwierig es ist. +danke. +danke. ich habe eine frage an sie. +vielen dank. +nun, als wir vor ein paar wochen telefoniert haben erwähnten sie mir gegenüber, dass es ein ziemlich interessantes ergebnis gab, das aus dieser gallup umfrage kam. +ist das etwas, woran sie uns teilhaben lassen können, weil sie jetzt ein paar minuten übrig haben? +daniel kahneman: sicher. +i denke, das interessanteste ergebnis, das wir in der gallup umfrage gefunden haben ist eine zahl, die wir absolut nicht zu finden erwartet hatten. +wir fanden das im hinblick auf das glück des erlebenden selbst. +wenn wir uns anschauten, wie gefühle mit dem einkommen variieren. +und es stellt sich heraus, dass unter einem einkommen von 60.000 dollar im jahr, für amerikaner, und das ist eine sehr große stichprobe von amerikanern, ungefähr 600.000, aber es ist eine große repräsentative stichprobe, unter einem einkommen von 600.000 dollar im jahr +60.000. +dk: 60.000. +60.000 dollar im jahr sind die leute unglücklich, und sie werden zunehmend unglücklicher, je ärmer sie werden. +darüber bekommen wir eine absolut flache linie. +ich meine, ich habe selten so flache linien gesehen. +was passiert, ist offensichtlich, dass geld einem kein erlebnis-glück beschafft, aber dass mangel an geld einem sicherlich elend beschafft, und wir können dieses elend sehr, sehr klar messen. +im sinne des anderen selbst, des erinnernden selbst, bekommen sie eine andere geschichte. +je mehr geld man verdient desto zufriedener ist man. +das gilt nicht für emotionen. +aber danny, im gesamten amerikanischen bestreben geht es um leben, freiheit, das streben nach glückseligkeit. +wenn leute diesen befund ernst nehmen würden, ich meine, es scheint alles auf den kopf zu stellen, alles, was wir glauben, zum beispiel in bezug auf steuerpolitik und so weiter. +gibt es eine chance, dass politiker, dass das land generell einen befund wie den ernst nehmen würde und darauf basierend politik machen würde? +dk: wissen sie, ich glaube, dass es anerkennung gibt für die rolle der glücksforschung in der politik. +die anerkennung wird langsam sein in den vereinigten staaten, keine frage, aber im vereinigten königreich passiert sie gerade und in anderen ländern passiert sie gerade. +die leute sind dabei, anzuerkennen, dass sie an glück denken sollten, wenn sie an politik denken. +es wird eine weile dauern, und die leute werden diskutieren, ob sie erlebnis-glück erforschen wollen oder ob sie lebens-bewertung erforschen wollen, also müssen wir diese diskussion ziemlich bald führen. +wie man glück steigern kann geht sehr unterschiedlich abhängig davon, wie sie denken und ob sie an das erinnernde selbst denken oder ob sie an das erlebende selbst denken. +das wird politik beeinflussen, denke ich, in den kommenden jahren. +in den vereinigten staaten strengt man sich an, das erlebnis-glück der bevölkerung zu messen. +das wird, denke ich, in den nächsten ein oder zwei jahrzehnten teil der nationalen statistik sein. +nun, es scheint mir, dieses thema wird, oder sollte wenigstens die interessanteste politische debatte zum verfolgen sein über die nächsten paar jahre. +vielen dank für die erfindung der verhaltensökonomie. +danke, danny kahneman. +ich bin jane mcgonigal. ich entwerfe computerspiele. +ich entwickle jetzt seit 10 jahren online-spiele. und mein ziel für das nächste jahrzehnt ist, es genauso leicht zu machen, die welt in der realität zu retten, wie sie in online-spielen zu retten ist. +ich habe einen plan dafür. ich möchte mehr menschen überzeugen, einschließlich ihnen allen, mehr zeit mit dem spielen größerer und tollerer spiele zu verbringen. +derzeit verbringen wir 3 milliarden stunden pro woche mit online-spielen. +einige von ihnen denken vielleicht: "das ist eine ganze menge zeit für spiele." +vielleicht etwas zu viel zeit, wenn man bedenkt wie viele probleme wir dringend in der realen welt zu lösen haben. +tatsächlich aber, meiner forschung am institut für die zukunft zufolge, ist genau das gegenteil zutreffend. +drei milliarden stunden pro woche sind nicht annähernd genug, um die dringendsten probleme der welt zu lösen. +tatsächlich bin ich überzeugt, dass, wenn wir das nächste jahrhundert auf diesem planeten überleben wollen, wir diese zeit drastisch erhöhen müssen. +ich habe berechnet, dass die benötigte zeit bei 21 milliarden stunden spielzeit pro woche liegt. +das erscheint zuerst vielleicht etwas abwegig, also wiederhole ich es, damit es wirken kann: wenn wir probleme wie hunger, armut, klimawandel, globale konflikte und fettleibigkeit lösen wollen, glaube ich, müssen wir versuchen, spiele online für mindestens 21 milliarden stunden pro woche bis zum ende des nächsten jahrzehnts zu spielen. +nein, ich meine es wirklich ernst. +warum? dieses bild beschreibt ziemlich genau, warum ich glaube, dass spiele so unerlässlich für das überleben der menschlichen spezies in der zukunft sind. ernsthaft. +dies ist ein porträt des fotografen phil toledano. +er wollte die gefühle beim spielen einfangen. also hat er vor den spielern eine kamera aufgebaut. +dies ist einer der klassischen ausdrücke beim spielen. +wenn sie kein spieler sind, entgehen ihnen vielleicht einige der nuancen in diesem bild. +sie sehen wahrscheinlich dieses gespür für dringlichkeit, etwas angst, aber auch äußerste konzentration, ganz vertieft in das lösen eines echt schwierigen problems. +wenn sie auch spielen, sehen sie einige nuancen hier, die nach oben gezogenen augen und der mund sind ein zeichen von optimismus. die augenbrauen zeigen überraschung. +dies ist ein spieler, der am rande eines sogenannten epischen sieges steht. +oh, sie kennen das. ok. prima. also haben wir einige spieler hier. +ein epischer sieg ist ein ergebnis, das so überaus positiv ist, dass sie vorher gar nicht wussten, dass es überhaupt möglich war. +es war beinah jenseits der vorstellungskraft. +und wenn sie es erreichen, sind sie schockiert, dass sie tatsächlich zu so etwas fähig sind. das ist ein epischer sieg. +dieser spieler steht kurz vor einem epischen sieg. +und dies ist es, was wir auf millionen gesichtern von problemlösern auf der ganzen welt sehen müssen, wenn wir die hürden des nächsten jahrhunderts in angriff nehmen. das gesicht derer, die entgegen aller widrigkeiten am rande eines epischen sieges stehen. +tja, leider sehen wir eher dieses gesicht im echten leben, wenn wir schwierigen problemen begegnen. +ich bezeichne es als das "in leben bin ich schlecht" -gesicht. und es ist tatsächlich mein gesicht, sehen sie? ja? ok. +das bin ich, wie ich das "in leben bin ich schlecht" -gesicht mache. +dies ist ein graffiti in meiner ehemaligen heimat in berkeley, kalifornien, wo ich in meiner doktorarbeit untersuchte warum wir in spielen besser sind als im echten leben. +das ist ein problem, das viele spieler haben. +wir denken, dass wir in der realität nicht so gut sind wie in spielen. +und ich meine nicht nur weniger erfolgreich, obwohl das dazu gehört. +wir erreichen in spielwelten mehr. ich meine gut im zusammenhang mit der motivation, etwas bedeutsames zu tun, inspiriert zur zusammenarbeit miteinander. +wenn wir in einer spielwelt sind, glaube ich, dass viele von uns sich in unsere beste version verwandeln, jederzeit und sofort hilfsbereit sind, hartnäckig das problem zu lösen versuchen, so lange wie nötig, es nach dem fehlschlag erneut probieren. +und in der realität, wenn wir versagen, wenn wir auf hindernisse stoßen, fühlen wir uns oft anders. +wir fühlen uns überwältigt. wir fühlen uns besiegt. wir fühlen uns bedroht, vielleicht deprimiert, frustriert oder zynisch. +diese gefühle haben wir nie, wenn wir spiele spielen, in spielen gibt es sie einfach nicht. +und das ist es, was ich als doktorandin untersuchen wollte. +wieso ist es in spielen unmöglich, zu denken, man könnte nicht einfach alles erreichen? +wie können wir diese gefühle aus den spielen in die realität übertragen? +also schaute ich mir spiele wie world of warcraft an, das die ideale umgebung zum gemeinschaftlichen problemlösen bietet. +und ich habe einige dinge festgestellt, die epische siege in online-welten so möglich machen. +also, zuerst, wenn sie in eines dieser online-spiele einsteigen, vor allem bei world of warcraft, gibt es eine menge verschiedener charaktere, die bereit sind, ihnen eine weltrettende mission anzuvertrauen, und zwar sofort. +aber nicht nur irgendeine mission, sondern eine mission, die perfekt zu ihrem aktuellen level im spiel passt, richtig? +also schaffen sie das. +sie bekommen niemals eine aufgabe, die sie nicht lösen können. +aber immer am rand ihrer fähigkeiten, also müssen sie sich anstrengen. aber es gibt keine arbeitslosigkeit in world of warcraft. +man sitzt nicht herum und dreht däumchen. es gibt immer ganz gezielt etwas wichtiges zu tun. +und es gibt haufenweise mitarbeiter. +wohin sie auch gehen, hunderttausende von leuten, die mit ihnen zusammenarbeiten, um ihre epische mission abzuschließen. +das haben wir im wahren leben nicht so einfach, dieses gefühl, dass bei einem fingerschnipsen haufenweise mitarbeiter bereit stehen. +außerdem gibt es diese epische geschichte, diese inspirierende geschichte, warum wir da sind und was wir zu tun haben. +dann kriegen wir dieses ganze positive feedback. +sie haben bestimmt von "level hoch" und "+ 1 stärke" gehört oder "+ 1 intelligenz". +dieses konstante feedback gibt es nicht im wahren leben. +wenn ich diese bühne verlasse, habe ich nicht: + 1 sprechen und + 1 verrückte idee, + 20 verrückte idee. +ich bekomme im wahren leben dieses feedback nicht. +also, das problem der kooperations-online-welten wie world of warcraft ist, dass es so befriedigend ist, jederzeit am rande eines epischen sieges zu stehen, dass wir lieber unsere ganze zeit in diesen spielwelten verbringen. +sie sind einfach besser als die realität. +bis heute haben alle world of warcraft-spieler zusammen 5,93 millionen jahre damit verbracht, die virtuellen probleme von azeroth zu lösen. +das ist nicht unbedingt etwas schlechtes. +es klingt vielleicht übel. +aber um es mal im kontext zu sehen: vor 5,93 millionen jahren begannen unsere ersten primatenvorfahren aufrecht zu gehen. +der erste aufrechte primat also. +ok, also wenn wir darüber reden, wie viel zeit wir derzeit mit spielen verbringen, macht das nur sinn, wann man sich die zeit im hinblick auf die größenordnung der menschlichen entwicklung vor augen hält, was außerordentlich ist. +aber auch angebracht. denn es stellt sich heraus, dass wir, indem wir diese ganze zeit aufs spielen verwenden, tatsächlich das verändern, wozu wir als menschen in der lage sind. +wir entwickeln uns zu gemeinschaftlich denkenden, herzlichen wesen. +das ist die wahrheit. daran glaube ich. +betrachten sie einmal diese interessante statistik, die kürzlich von einem forscher der carnegie mellon university veröffentlicht wurde: der durchschnittliche junge mensch von heute in einem land mit starker spielkultur verbringt 10.000 stunden mit online-spielen bis zum 21. lebensjahr. +also, 10.000 stunden ist eine äußerst interessante zahl, aus 2 gründen: +zuerst einmal, für kinder in den usa sind 10.080 stunden die genaue gesamtzeit, die sie in der schule verbringen, von der 5. klasse bis zum abschluss der high school - wenn man niemals fehlt. +also haben wir hier einen kompletten parallelbildungsweg, auf dem junge menschen genauso lernen, was es bedeutet, ein guter spieler zu sein, wie alles andere, was sie in der schule lernen. +und vielleicht haben einige von ihnen das neue buch von malcolm gladwell, "überflieger", gelesen. +also kennen sie seine theorie des erfolgs, die theorie des erfolgs der 10.000 stunden. +sie basiert auf der großartigen forschung der kognitivwissenschaft, dass, wenn wir 10.000 stunden mit dem mühsamen studium eines beliebigen themas bis zum 21. lebensjahr verbringen, werden wir zu meistern darin. +wir werden so gut darin, was auch immer zu tun, wie die bedeutendsten menschen der welt. +also, was wir hier haben, ist eine komplette generation junger menschen, die meister-spieler sind. +die große frage ist also: "worin genau sind spieler meisterhaft gut?" +denn wenn wir das herausfinden könnten, hätten wir quasi vorher nie da gewesenes menschliches potenzial zur verfügung. +so viele menschen haben wir derzeit in der welt, die mindestens eine stunde pro tag mit online-spielen verbringen. +dies sind unsere meister-spieler. 500 millionen menschen, die außergewöhnlich gut in "etwas" sind. +und im nächsten jahrzehnt haben wir eine weitere milliarde spieler, die außergewöhnlich gut in was auch immer sind. +falls sie es noch nicht gehört haben, +die spieleindustrie entwickelt konsolen, die energie sparen und auf mobilfunknetzen arbeiten, statt dem breitband-internet, damit spieler auf der ganzen welt, besonders in indien, china, brasilien online spielen können. +man erwartet eine zusätzliche milliarde spieler im nächsten jahrzehnt. +damit haben wir insgesamt 1,5 milliarden spieler. +also habe ich angefangen, zu überlegen, was es ist, worin uns diese spiele zu meistern machen. +hier sind die 4 dinge die ich fand. als erstes: dringlichkeits-optimismus. +ok, stellen sie sich das wie extreme selbstmotivierung vor. +dringlichkeits-optimismus ist das verlangen, sofort etwas zu tun, eine hürde zu meistern, zusammen mit dem glauben, dass wir eine begründete hoffnung auf erfolg haben. +spieler glauben immer daran, dass ein epischer sieg möglich ist, und dass es sich immer lohnt, es zu versuchen, und zwar gleich. +spieler sitzen nicht herum. +spieler sind meister im spinnen dichter sozialer netze. +es gibt eine menge interessanter untersuchungen, die zeigen, das wir leute mehr mögen, nachdem wir mit ihnen gespielt haben, selbst wenn sie uns übel besiegt haben. +der grund dafür ist, dass es eine menge vertrauen erfordert, mit jemandem ein spiel zu spielen. +wir vertrauen darauf, dass jemand zeit mit uns verbringt, dass die regeln eingehalten werden, dass wir das gleiche ziel haben und bis zum spielende dabei bleiben. +also ermöglicht das zusammenspielen das wachsen von bindungen, vertrauen und miteinander. +als folge davon bauen wir stärkere soziale beziehungen auf. +glückselige produktivität. fantastisch! +wissen sie, es gibt einen grund, warum der durchschnitts-word of warcraft-spieler 22 stunden pro woche spielt, sozusagen als teilzeitjob. +der grund ist, dass, wenn wir spielen, sind wir tatsächlich glücklicher dabei, hart zu arbeiten, als wenn wir uns entspannen oder nichts tun. +wir wissen, dass wir als menschliche wesen optimal funktionieren, wenn wir harte, bedeutende arbeit erledigen. +und spieler sind immer bereit, hart zu arbeiten, wenn sie die richtige aufgabe erhalten. +und letztendlich, epische bedeutung. +spieler lieben es, teil ehrfurcht gebietender missionen planetarer ausmaße zu werden. +hier eine hintergrundinformation, um das ins rechte licht zu rücken. sie kennen bestimmt alle wikipedia, das größte wiki der welt. +das zweitgrößte wiki der welt, mit fast 80.000 einträgen ist das world of warcraft wiki. +fünf millionen menschen benutzen es jeden monat. +sie haben mehr informationen über world of warcraft im internet zusammengetragen als über irgendein anderes thema in jedem anderen wiki der welt. +sie erschaffen eine epische geschichte. +sie erschaffen eine epische quelle des wissens über die world of warcraft. +ok, das sind also vier superkräfte, die zu einem einzigen ergebnis führen. spieler sind super-mächtige, hoffnungsvolle individuen. +es sind menschen, die glauben, dass sie als einzelne die welt verändern können. +und das einzige problem ist, dass sie glauben, sie können die virtuellen welten ändern, aber nicht die reale. +das ist das problem, das ich zu lösen versuche. +edward castronova ist ein volkswissenschaftler. +seine arbeit ist genial. er untersucht, warum menschen so viel zeit, energie und geld in online-welten verbringen. +und er sagt: "wir werden zeugen von nicht weniger als einer massenemigration in virtuelle welten und online-spielumgebungen." +und das von einem ökonom. also ist er logisch. +und er sagt... +nicht so wie ich... ich entwickle spiele, ich bin etwas überschwänglich. +also er sagt, das ergibt tatsächlich sinn, denn spieler können in online-welten mehr erreichen als im echten leben. +sie können in spielen stärkere soziale bindungen knüpfen als im echten leben. sie bekommen mehr rückmeldung und belohnungen in spielen als im echten leben. +also, er sagt, es ist derzeit vollkommen logisch, dass spieler mehr zeit in der virtuellen welt als in der echten verbringen. +ich stimme erst mal zu, das ist logisch. +aber es ist definitiv keine optimalsituation. +wir müssen anfangen, die echte welt in ein spiel zu verwandeln. +meine inspiration kommt von einem ereignis, das 2.500 jahre zurückliegt. +es gibt diese antiken würfel, aus schafsknöcheln. wissen sie? +vor diesen fantastischen spielecontrollern gab es schafsknöchel. +und das waren sozusagen die ersten von menschen entwickelten spielgeräte. +und wenn sie mit den werken des alten griechischen historikers herodotus vertraut sind, kennen sie vielleicht diese geschichte. die geschichte darüber, wie und warum spiele erfunden wurden. +laut herodotus wurden spiele, genauer würfelspiele, im königreich lydien während einer hungersnot erfunden. +angeblich gab es eine solch große hungersnot, dass der könig von lydien sich zu einer verrückten idee entschloss. +die menschen litten. die menschen kämpften. +es war eine extreme situation. man brauchte eine extreme lösung. +also erfanden sie, laut herodotus, das würfelspiel und vereinbarten eine nationale strategie. an einem tag würde man essen. am nächsten tag würde man spielen. +und sie würden so sehr in das würfelspiel vertieft sein, da spiele so faszinierend sind und uns mit befriedigender, glückseliger produktivität umgeben, dass sie vergessen würden, dass es nichts zu essen gab. +und dann, am nächsten tag würde man spielen. und am nächsten tag würde man essen. +und laut herodotus überlebten sie so 18 jahre lang diese hungersnot, indem sie an einem tag aßen und am nächsten spielten. +genauso, denke ich, setzen wir heute spiele ein. +wir setzen spiele ein, um dem leiden der echten welt zu entkommen. +wir setzen spiele ein, um allem zu entgehen, das in der echten welt nicht funktioniert, allem das im echten leben nicht befriedigend ist, und wir holen uns was wir brauchen aus den spielen. +aber das muss nicht das ende sein. +das ist das spannende. +laut herodotus wurde nach 18 jahren die hungersnot nicht besser. also beschloss der könig, ein letztes würfelspiel anzusetzen. +sie teilten das königreich in zwei hälften. +sie spielten ein würfelspiel und die sieger durften zu einem epischen abenteuer aufbrechen. +sie verließen lydien und machten sich auf die suche nach einer neuen heimat. sie ließen gerade so viele menschen zurück, wie es lebensmittel zum überleben gab und suchten mit dem rest nach einer gegend, in der sie gedeihen konnten. +das klingt verrückt, oder? +aber neueste dna-beweise zeigen, dass die etrusker, die später das römische reich bildeten, die gleiche dna wie die alten lydier aufweisen. +daher kamen wissenschaftler kürzlich zur auffassung, dass herodotus 'verrückte geschichte tatsächlich stimmt. +und geologen fanden beweise einer globalen abkühlung, die fast 20 jahre dauerte, was die hungersnot erklären könnte. +also könnte diese verrückte geschichte stimmen. +vielleicht haben sie tatsächlich ihr volk durch spielen gerettet, indem sie sich 18 jahre lang in spiele geflüchtet haben und dann diese eingebung hatten und so viel über das miteinander spielen lernten, dass sie dadurch die gesamte zivilisation gerettet haben. +also, das können wir auch. +wir spielen seit 1994 warcraft. +das war das erste strategiespiel in echtzeit der world of warcraft-serie. das war vor 16 jahren. +sie spielten 18 jahre lang würfelspiele, wir spielen seit 16 jahren warcraft. +ich behaupte, wir sind bereit für unser eigenes episches spiel. +also, sie schickten die hälfte ihrer zivilisation auf die suche nach einer neuen welt. daher nehme ich meine 21 milliarden spielstunden pro woche. +wir sollten darin übereinkommen, dass die hälfte von uns eine stunde pro tag mit spielen verbringt, bis wir die probleme der echten welt gelöst haben. +ich weiß, sie werden fragen: "wie lösen wir probleme der echten welt in spielen?" und genau dieser frage habe ich meine arbeit in den letzten jahren am institut für die zukunft gewidmet. +wir haben dieses banner in unserem büro in palo alto, es drückt aus wie wir die zukunft verstehen sollten. +wir wollen nicht versuchen, die zukunft vorher zu sagen. +was wir wollen, ist die zukunft zu schaffen. +wir wollen uns das bestmögliche ergebnis vorstellen. und dann menschen dazu ermächtigen, diese vorstellung in die realität umzusetzen. +wir stellen uns epische siege vor und geben menschen die möglichkeiten, sie zu erreichen. +ich zeige ihnen ganz kurz drei spiele, die ich entworfen habe, um zu versuchen, menschen epische siege in ihrer eigenen zukunft zu verschaffen. +das hier ist "welt ohne öl." +das spiel ist von 2007. +es ist ein online-spiel, in dem sie eine ölknappheit überwinden müssen. +die ölknappheit ist erfunden, aber wir haben genügend online-inhalte, damit es für sie realistisch wird und sie ihr echtes leben tatsächlich ohne öl leben. also, wenn sie sich zum spiel anmelden, sagen sie uns, wo sie wohnen. und dann erhalten sie nachrichten-filme in echtzeit, die ihnen zeigen, wie viel öl kostet, was es nicht gibt, wie nahrungsversorgung beeinträchtigt ist, wie transport beeinträchtigt wird, ob schulen geschlossen sind, ob es aufstände gibt. und sie müssen herausfinden, wie sie ihr echtes leben gestalten, wenn es wahr wäre. und wir bitten sie, darüber zu bloggen, videos oder photos einzustellen. +wir haben dieses spiel mit 1.700 spielern in 2007 getestet. und wir haben sie seitdem über die letzten drei jahre begleitet. +und ich kann ihnen sagen, es war eine verändernde erfahrung. +niemand möchte sein leben ändern, weil es gut für die umwelt ist oder weil wir es sollten. +aber wenn sie in einem epischen abenteuer sind und gesagt bekommen: "uns geht das öl aus." +das ist ein faszinierendes abenteuer, auf das man geht. +finden sie heraus, wie sie überleben würden. die meisten unserer spieler haben die im spiel gelernten gewohnheiten beibehalten. +also haben wir uns für das nächste weltrettende spiel ein größeres, höheres ziel gesteckt als nur ölknappheit. +wir haben das spiel "superstruct" am institut für die zukunft entwickelt. +ausgangspunkt ist die berechnung eines supercomputers, dass die menschen nur noch 23 jahre auf dem planeten übrig haben. +dieser supercomputer heißt "globales aussterbungs- sensibilisierungs-system", natürlich. +den aufruf an spieler, sich anzumelden, haben wir fast wie einen "jerry-bruckheimer" -film gestaltet. +sie kennen jerry bruckheimer-filme, wo es das "dream-team" gibt. sie haben den astronauten, den wissenschaftler, den ex-sträfling und nur zusammen können sie die welt retten. +aber in unserem spiel, anstatt von nur 5 leuten, sagen wir, jeder ist im dream-team, und es ist unsere aufgabe, die zukunft für energie, nahrung, gesundheit, sicherheit und die zukunft der sozialen gerechtigkeit zu erschaffen. +8.000 spieler spielten das spiel 8 wochen lang. +sie fanden 500 unglaublich kreative lösungen, die sie nachlesen können, wenn sie "superstruct" googlen. +und das letzte spiel bringen wir am 3. märz heraus. es ist ein spiel in zusammenarbeit mit der weltbank. +wenn sie das spiel abschließen, erhalten sie von der weltbank die auszeichnung "sozialer umgestalter", abschluss 2010. +wir arbeiten mit universitäten in ganz schwarzafrika und laden sie ein, soziales umgestalten zu lernen. +wir haben ein comic dazu. wir haben "level hoch" für regionales verstehen, wissensvernetzung, nachhaltigkeit, vision und einfallsreichtum. +ich möchte sie alle einladen, dieses spiel mit jungen leuten zu teilen, überall auf der welt, vor allem in entwicklungsgebieten, die davon profitieren, sich zusammen ihre eigenen sozialen unternehmungen vorzustellen, um die welt zu retten. +ich komme nun zum ende. +ich möchte sie etwas fragen. +was, glauben sie, passiert als nächstes? +wir haben all diese fantastischen spieler, wir haben spiele, die uns zeigen, was wir tun können, aber wir haben die echte welt noch nicht gerettet. +tja, ich hoffe, dass sie mir darin zustimmen, dass spieler menschliche ressourcen sind, die wir zur arbeit im echten leben einsetzen können, und dass spiele eine große bedeutung für veränderung haben. +wir haben diese ganzen superkräfte, glückselige produktivität, die fähigkeit, enge soziale netze zu knüpfen, dringlichkeits-optimismus und das verlangen nach epischer bedeutung. +ich hoffe wirklich, dass wir zusammen bedeutende spiele spielen, um auf diesem planeten ein weiteres jahrhundert zu überleben. +und ich hoffe, sie werden mit mir solche spielen entwerfen und spielen. +wenn ich ins nächste jahrzehnt vorausschaue, bin ich mir bei zwei dingen sicher: dass wir jede vorstellbare zukunft erschaffen können, und dass wir alle möglichen spiele spielen können. +also sage ich, lasst die weltverändernden spiele beginnen! +dankeschön. +ich würde ihnen gerne etwas erzählen, was mir vor ein paar monaten beim schreiben eines artikels für italian wired aufgefallen ist. +ich habe beim schreiben immer mein synonym-wörterbuch griffbereit, aber ich war mit dem bearbeiten des textes schon fertig, und mir fiel auf, dass ich noch nie in meinem leben nachgeschlagen habe, was das wort "behindert" wirklich bedeutet. +ich lese ihnen den eintrag vor. +"behindert", adjektiv: "verkrüppelt, hilflos, nutzlos, zerstört, abgestorben, verstümmelt, verwundet, zugerichtet, lahm, abgetrennt verwahrlost, ausgedient, geschwächt, impotent, kastriert, gelähmt, gehandicapt senil, altersschwach, aus dem verkehr gezogen, nachgebessert, erledigt, kaputt geborsten, ausgezählt, siehe auch verletzt, nutzlos und schwach. +antonyme: gesund, stark, leistungsfähig. " +ich habe diese liste einem freund laut vorgelesen und musste erstmal lachen, es wirkte so lächerlich, aber ich kam nur bis "zugerichtet" und konnte nicht mehr weitersprechen, und musste aufhören zu lesen und mich erstmal sammeln nach dieser überfallartigen wortflut und dem damit verbundenden emotionalen schock. +natürlich war das ein ausgefranstes, altes synonym-wörterbuch. ich hab mir einfach gedacht, dass die ausgabe schon ziemlich alt sein muss. +aber tatsächlich war es eine ausgabe auf den frühen 80ern, als ich gerade mit der grundschule anfing und damit begann, mein selbstbild außerhalb meines familiären umfelds aufzubauen und zu formen, auch in bezug auf andere kinder und zur übrigen welt um mich herum. +und gott sei dank habe ich damals kein synonym-wörterbuch benutzt. +würde ich diesen eintrag ernst nehmen wäre ich in eine welt geboren, die jemand wie mich als eine person wahrnehmen würde, deren leben in keinster weise positiv verlaufen kann. heute aber werde ich für die chancen und abenteuer, die ich erlebt habe, gefeiert. +also hab ich mir sofort die online-ausgabe von 2009 aufgerufen und erwartet, dass ich hier einen ansprechenderen beitrag finde. +hier ist die aktualisierte version dieses eintrags. +dummerweise ist sie nicht viel besser. +insbesondere erschüttern mich die letzten beiden wörter unter "near antonyms" "ganz" und "gesund". +aber es geht nicht nur um die wörter. +es geht darum, was wir über die menschen denken, die wir mit diesen wörtern beschreiben. +es geht um die werte, die in diesen worten stecken, und wie wir diese werte konstruieren. +unsere sprache beeinflusst unser denken und wie wir die welt und die menschen um uns herum sehen. +viele altertümliche gesellschaften, einschließlich die der griechen und der römer, haben wirklich geglaubt, dass die aussprache eines fluchs eine große kraft hat, weil das, was man laut ausspricht, sich auch manifestieren kann. +also, was wollen wir eigentlich manifestieren – einen behinderten menschen oder einen kraftvollen menschen? +allein schon einen menschen achtlos als kind zu bezeichnen, könnte ausreichen, sie einzuschränken und ihnen vorstellungen überzustülpen. +wäre es nicht schöner, ihnen türen zu öffnen? +ein mensch, der für mich türen geöffnet hat, war mein kinderarzt am a.i. dupont institut in wilmington in delaware. +er heißt dr. pizzutillo. ein italo-amerikaner, dessen name, wie sie sich denken können, die meisten amerikaner nicht korrekt aussprechen konnten. also wurde er immer dr. p. genannt. +und dr. p. trug immer sehr bunte fliegen und war für die arbeit mit kindern einfach wie geschaffen. +ich fand die zeit, die ich in diesem krankenhaus verbracht habe, einfach toll – bis auf meine physiotherapie. +ich musste einzelne übungen scheinbar unendlich oft wiederholen mit diesen dicken, elastischen bändern -- in verschiedenen farben -- das kennen sie, um meine bein-muskeln aufzubauen. und ich habe diese bänder mehr gehasst als alles andere. ich hab sie gehasst. ich habe sie verflucht. ich hab sie gehasst. +und stellen sie sich vor, ich hab sogar schon als fünfjähriges kind mit dr. p. verhandelt und so versucht, diese übungen zu stoppen, natürllich ohne erfolg. +und eines tages hat er mich bei einer meiner übungen beobachtet -- diese übungen waren einfach ermüdend und gnadenlos -- und er sagte zu mir, "wow, aimee, du bist so ein starkes, kraftvolles und junges mädchen, du wirst eines tages eines dieser bänder zerreißen. +und wenn du es schaffst, gebe ich dir hundert dollar. " +das war natürlich nur ein einfacher trick von dr. p., damit ich die übungen mache, die ich nicht machen wollte, mit der aussicht, dass reichste fünfjährige mädchen in der krankenstation im zweiten stock zu werden. aber er hat mich tatsächlich dazu gebracht, meinen täglichen übungs-horror mit neuen augen zu sehen. so wurde daraus ein neues und vielversprechendes erlebnis. +und ich frage mich heute, wie sehr seine vision von mir als starkes und kraftvolles junges mädchen mein selbstbild geformt hat und ich mir so vorstellen konnte, mich als einen von natur aus starken, kraftvollen und atlethischen mensch zu sehen. +das ist nur ein beispiel von vielen, wie erwachsene in machtpositionen die vorstellungskraft eines kindes anregen können. +aber wie die bereits zitierten beispiele aus den synonym-wörterbüchern beweisen, lässt uns unsere sprache keinen raum, sich etwas vorzustellen, was wir uns alle wünschen würden: es jedem einzelnen zu ermöglichen, sich selbst als kraftvollen menschen zu sehen. +unsere sprache hinkt den gesellschaftlichen veränderungen hinterher, die in vielen fällen durch einen technologischen wandel ausgelöst wurden. +vom medizinischen standpunkt aus betrachtet kann man natürlich sagen, dass meine beine, die laser-chirurgie für sehbehinderungen, kniegelenke aus titan und künstliche hüftgelenke für alternde körper, die es menschen erlauben, wirklich alle ihre möglichkeiten zu nutzen und sich über die grenzen, die ihnen ihr natürliches schicksal gesetzt hat, hinaus zu entwickeln, gar nicht zu sprechen von social networking plattformen, menschen ermöglichen sich eine eigene identität geben, sich auf eigene art und weise definieren, und sich damit weltweit an zu gruppen orientieren, die sie sich selbst aussuchen. +vielleicht verdeutlicht also dieser technologische wandel klarer denn je, dass es schon immer eine andere wahrheit gab, nämlich, dass jeder mensch der gesellschaft etwas ganz besonderess und sehr kraftvolles geben kann und dass die menschliche fähigkeit, sich anzupassen, unser größtes plus ist. +die menschliche fähigkeit sich anzupassen - das ist eine interessante geschichte, weil menschen mich immer wieder darum bitten zu erzählen, wie ich mit widrigkeiten umgehe und ich werde ihnen etwas gestehen: dieser satz hat für mich nie gepasst und ich hab mich immer sehr unwohl damit gefühlt, die fragen von menschen dazu zu beantworten, und ich glaube, allmählich verstehe ich, warum. +dieser satz vom umgang mit widrigkeiten lebt von der idee, dass erfolg oder glück davon abhängt, eine herausforderung zu meistern, ohne von dem damit verbundenen erlebnis geprägt zu werden. als ob mein leben so erfolgreich verlaufen wäre, weil ich den möglichen fallen eines lebens mit einer prothese ausweichen konnte, oder wie auch immer menschen mich mit meiner behinderung wahrnehmen. +aber die wahrheit ist, dass wir uns verändern. natürlich sind wir von der herausforderung geprägt, egal ob sie physisch, emotional oder sogar beides ist +und ich behaupte, dass das gut ist. +widrigkeiten sind kein hindernis, das wir umkurven müssen, um mit unserem leben besser klar zu kommen. +widrigkeiten gehören einfach zu unserem leben. +und ich neige dazu, widrigkeiten als meinen schatten zu sehen. +manchmal merke ich, dass er sehr präsent ist, manchmal ist er kaum zu sehen, aber er ist ständig bei mir. +und ich will damit keinesfalls die auswirkung bzw. die schwere des kampfs eines menschen herabsetzen. +es gibt im leben widrigkeiten und herausforderungen, und die sind nur alllzu real und jede person geht damit anders um. aber die frage lautet nicht, ob wir mit widrigkeiten klar kommen oder nicht, sondern wie wir damit klar kommen. +wir sind also nicht nur dafür verantwortlich, die menschen die wir lieben, vor schicksalsschlägen zu bewahren, sondern sie auch darauf vorzubereiten, gut damit klar zu kommen. +und wir erweisen unseren kindern keinen gefallen, wenn wir ihnen das gefühl geben, dass sie sich nicht anpassen können. +man muss zwei dinge klar trennen: zum einen die medizinische tatsache, amputiert zu sein und zum anderen die gesellschaftliche meinung darüber, ob ich behindert bin oder nicht. +und um ehrlich zu sein, die einzige wirkliche und bleibende behinderung, mit der ich mich auseinander setzen musste, ist, dass die welt ständig meint, sie könne mich mit diesen definitionen beschreiben. +in unserem wunsch, die menschen zu schützen, die uns am herzen liegen und ihnen die kalte, harte wahrheit über ihre medizinische prognose mitzuteilen oder sogar eine prognose zur lebensqualität zu stellen, die sie erwartet, müssen wir aufpassen, dass wir nicht den grundstein dafür legen, dass jemand tatsächlich behindert ist. +vielleicht ist das momentane konzept, das nur darauf achtet, was in einem kaputt ist, und wie wir das reparieren, für jeden einzelnen eine größere behinderung als die pathologie an sich. +wenn wir einen menschen nicht ganzheitlich behandeln, und nicht all seine kräfte und möglichkeiten wahrnehmen und anerkennen, schaffen wir zusätzlich zu dem natürlichen kampf, den sie vielleicht führen müssen, eine weitere krankheit. +wir degradieren einen menschen, der für unsere gesellschaft einen wert hat. +also müssen wir über die patologie hinaus schauen und uns auf alle bereich der menschlichen möglichkeiten konzentrieren. +am allerwichtigsten aber ist, dass es zwischen der wahrnehmung unserer unzulänglichkeiten und unserem großartigen erfindergeist, eine verbindung gibt. +wir sollten diese herausfordernden zeiten nicht abwerten oder verleugnen, wir sollten weder versuchen, sie zu vermeiden, noch sollten wir sie unter den teppich kehren, sondern es geht darum, in den widrigkeiten chancen zu erkennen. +es geht mir vielleicht eher darum, klar zu stellen, dass wir widrigkeiten nicht unbedingt überwinden müssen, sondern dass wir dafür offen sind, sie zum umarmen, sie am schopf zu packen um auch mal einen kampf-ausdruck zu verwenden und vielleicht sogar damit zu tanzen. +und vielleicht schaffen wir es, widrigkeiten als etwas natürliches, stimmiges und nützliches zu sehen und fühlen uns so durch ihre präsenz nicht mehr so belastet. +in diesem jahr feiern wir den 200. geburtstag von charles darwin und als er vor 150 jahren über evolution geschrieben hat, hat darwin, in meinen augen, auf etwas sehr wahres im menschlichen charakter hingewiesen. +ich würde es so umschreiben: nicht der stärkste seiner art überlebt, und auch nicht der intelligenteste seiner art, sondern der, der sich veränderungen am besten anpassen kann. +aus konflikten entsteht kreativität. +nicht nur aus darwins werk wissen wir, dass die fähigkeit des menschen, zu überleben und aufzublühen, vom kampf des menschlichen geistes bestimmt ist, sich durch konflikte zu wandeln. +also, nochmals, wandel und anpassung sind die großartigsten fähigkeiten des menschen. +und vielleicht wissen wir erst, aus welchem holz wir geschnitzt sind, wenn wir wirklich geprüft werden. +möglicherweise ist genau das der sinn von widrigkeiten, eine wahrnehmung des ichs, ein gefühl für unsere eigene kraft. +wir können uns so selbst etwas schenken. +wir können widrigkeiten eine neue bedeutung geben, die über schwere zeiten hinaus geht. +vielleicht können wir widrigkeiten als veränderung sehen. +widrigkeiten stehen für eine veränderung, an die wir uns noch nicht angepasst haben. +ich glaube, den größten schaden, den wir uns selbst zugefügt haben, ist zu glauben, dass wir normal sein sollen. +mal ehrlich - wer ist normal? +es gibt kein normal. +es gibt das übliche. das typische. aber nicht das normale. und würden sie diese arme, graue person wirklich kennen lernen wollen, wenn es sie wirklich gäbe? +ich denke, eher nicht. +es wäre toll, wenn wir dieses denkmuster der normalität gegen ein anderes der möglichkeiten oder der stärke, um es sogar noch ein bisschen gefährlicher zu formulieren, austauschen könnten. so können wir die kräfte von sehr vielen kindern freisetzen, und sie dazu einladen, ihre ganz besonderen und wertvollen fähigkeiten in die gesellschaft einzubringen. +anthropolgen haben heraus gefunden, dass wir menschen von den mitgliedern unserer gesellschaft immer eines gefordert haben: nützlich zu sein und einen beitrag zu leisten. +es gibt hinweise darauf, dass schon die neandertaler vor 60.000 jahren ältere menschen und menschen mit schweren körperlichen verletzungen mit getragen haben und das geschah vielleicht, weil die lebenserfahrung im überlebenskampf dieser menschen für die gesellschaft wertvoll war: +sie haben diese menschen nicht als kaputt und nutzlos betrachtet; sie wurden als etwas besonderes und wertvolles behandelt. +vor ein paar jahren ging ich in der stadt, in der ich aufgewachsen war, in einen lebensmittelmarkt in jener "red zone" im nordosten von pennsylvania, und ich stand da vor einem scheffel tomaten. +es war sommer und ich hatte shorts an. +und ich höre, wie ein typ hinter mir sagt, "na wenn das nicht aimee mullins ist." +und ich dreh mich um und sehe diesen älteren mann. ich hatte keine ahnung wer er ist. +und ich meinte "entschuldigung, sir, kennen wir uns? ich kann mich nicht an sie erinnern." +und er sagte: "nun ja, sie dürften sich kaum an mich erinnern. +als ich sie zum ersten mal sah, hab ich sie aus dem bauch ihrer mutter geholt. " +oh, also der. +und natürlich hat es dann aber klick gemacht. +das war dr. kean, ein mann, den ich nur aus erzählungen meiner mutter über diesen tag kannte, weil ich natürlich, ganz typisch, zu meinem geburtstag zwei wochen zu spät kam. +der arzt für pränatale diagnostik meiner mutter war im urlaub, und so kannten meine eltern den mann, der mich zur welt brachte, überhaupt nicht. +und weil ich ohne wadenbeine geboren wurde, und meine füße sich nach ihnen gerichtet hatten und ich nur ein paar zehen an diesem und ein paar zehen am anderen fuß hatte war er der überbringer, dieser fremde musste die schlechten nachrichten überbringen. +er sagte zu mir: "ich musste deinen eltern sagen, dass du nie laufen würdest, und nie so beweglich sein würdest wie andere kinder oder dass du nie ein unabhängiges leben führen könntest, und seitdem haben sie mich einfach lügen gestraft." +wirklich außergewöhnlich fand ich, dass er zeitungsausschnitte meiner gesamten kindheit gesammelt hat, egal, ob ich bei einem buchstabier-wettbewerb in der zweiten klasse gewonnen hatte, ob ich mit den pfadfindern bei der parade zu halloween unterwegs war, egal, ob ich mein stipendium oder einer meiner sportlichen siege errungen hatte, und er verwendete diese ausschnitte, um seine studenten zu unterrichten, medizin-studenten aus der hahnemann medical school und der hershey medical school. +und er nannte diesen teil seines kurses den x faktor, das potenzial des menschlichen willens. +man kann einfach nicht genug betonen, wie entscheidend dieser faktor für die lebensqualität eines menschen sein kann. +und dr. kean erzählte weiter, er sagte: "ich habe gelernt, dass kinder, wenn sie nicht ständig etwas anderes gesagt bekommen, und auch wenn sie nur ein bisschen unterstützung bekommen, wenn man kinder sich selbst überlässt, dann können kinder sehr viel erreichen." +sehen sie, dr. kean hat sein denken verändert. +er hatte verstanden, dass die medizinische diagnose, und wie jemand damit umgeht, zwei unterschiedliche dinge sind. +und auch ich hab mein denken im lauf der zeit geändert, wenn sie mich im alter von 15 jahren gefragt hätten, ob ich meine prothesen gegen beine aus fleisch und knochen getauscht hätte, dann hätte ich keine sekunde gezögert. +ich wollte damals unbedingt normal wirken. +wenn sie mich das heute fragen, bin ich mir nicht so sicher. +und das ist passiert, weil ich etwas mit meinen beinen erlebt habe und nicht trotz dieser erlebnisse. +und vielleicht konnte dieser wandel auch passieren, weil ich so vielen menschen begegnet bin, die mir türen geöffnet haben, anstatt menschen zu begegnen, die mich einschränken oder mir eine vorstellung überstülpen wollten. +sehen sie, es braucht wirklich nur einen menschen, der ihnen demonstriert, wie sie ihre kräfte manifestieren können, und sie sind durch. +wenn sie es jemandem ermöglichen, seine eigenen, inneren kräfte zu aktivieren, – der menschliche geist ist so empfangsbereit – wenn sie das schaffen, und für jemanden in einem entscheidenden moment eine tür öffnen, dann sind sie für diese menschen ein sehr guter lehrer. +sie bringen ihnen bei, sich selbst türen zu öffnen. +die eigentliche bedeutung des worts "educate" wurzelt in dem wort "educe". +es bedeutet, etwas hervorzubringen, dass in einem ist, das potenzial herauszukitzeln. +nochmals: welches potenzial möchten wir denn nun abrufen? +in den 60er jahren wurde in großbritannien eine fallstudie durchgeführt. damals wurden gymnasien in gesamtschulen umgewandelt. +sie nennen das dort "streaming trials" in den usa bezeichnen wir das als "tracking". +die schüler werden nach noten aufgeteilt. +und die a schüler werden mündlich schwerer geprüft, bekommen die besseren lehrer usw. +sie haben dann über einen dreimonatigen zeitraum schülern mit einem "ausreichend" die note "sehr gut" gegeben. es wurde ihnen gesagt, sie seien asse, dass sie sehr schlau wären. und nach diesen drei monaten haben sie wirklich einser geschrieben. +und natürlich zerbricht es einem das herz zu hören, dass umgekehrt den einser-schülern gesagt wurde, sie seien nur ausreichend. +und genauso war es dann nach den drei monaten auch. +aber nur jene, die immer noch in der schule waren – abgesehen von den schülern, die die schule geschmissen hatten. +ganz entscheidend bei dieser studie war, dass die lehrer nicht eingeweiht waren. +die lehrer wussten nicht, dass etwas geändert wurde. +ihnen wurde einfach gesagt, dass seien die einser-schüler und dass sind die schüler mit der note ausreichend. und genauso haben sie ihnen etwas beigebracht und sie behandelt. +die einzige wirkliche behinderung ist ein gebrochener geist ein geist, der gebrochen wurde, hat keine hoffnung mehr. er findet nichts mehr schön. ihm fehlt unsere natürliche, kindliche neugier. und unsere angeborene fähigkeit der imagination. +wenn wir es aber schaffen, den menschlichen geist dabei zu unterstützen, weiterhin zu hoffen, sich selbst und andere menschen um sich herum schön zu finden, neugierig und phantasievoll zu sein dann setzen wir unsere kräfte wirklich positiv ein. +wenn ein geist über diese qualitäten verfügt, können wir eine neue wirklichkeit und neue daseinsformen schaffen. +ich möchte mit einem gedicht enden, das von einem persischen poeten namens hafiz im 14. jahrhundert verfasst wurde und von dem mir mein freund jacques dembois erzählt hat. und das gedicht heißt "der gott, der nur vier worte kennt." "jedes kind kennt gott, nicht den gott der namen, nicht den gott der verbote, sondern den gott, der nur vier worte kennt und diese ständig wiederholt, er sagt immer nur: komm, tanz mit mir." +komm, tanz mit mir. vielen dank. +wie würden sie besser sein wollen, als sie momentan sind? +angenommen, ich sagte dass, durch wenige veränderungen ihrer gene, ein besseres gedächtnis haben könnten -- präziser, genauer und schneller. +oder möchten sie fitter, stärker sein, mehr kraft haben. +möchten sie attraktiver und selbstbewusster werden? +wie wäre es, länger bei guter gesundheit zu leben? +oder vielleicht sind sie einer von denen die sich schon immer nach mehr kreativität sehnten. +welches würden sie am meisten gefallen? +welches würden sie gerne haben wollen, wenn sie nur eines haben könnte? +kreativität. +wie viele leute würden kreativität wählen? +heben sie ihre hände. lassen sie mich sehen. +ein paar. wahrscheinlich etwa so viele wie es kreative leute hier gibt. +das ist sehr gut. +wie viele würden sich für ein gutes gedächtnis entscheiden? +schon ein paar mehr. +wie wäre es mit fitness? +ein paar weniger. +was ist mit langlebigkeit? +ah, die mehrheit. das lsehe ich gerne, als arzt. +wenn sie nur eins davon haben könnten, wäre es eine ganz andere welt. +ist das alles nur einbildung? +oder ist es vielleicht möglich? +die evolution ist ein andauerndes thema hier auf der ted-konferenz gewesen, aber heute möchte ich ihnen die ansicht eines arztes zu dem thema geben. +das große genetiker im 20. jahrhundert, t.g. dobzhansky, der auch ein kommunikant in der russischen orthodoxen kirche war, schrieb einmal einen aufsatz, mit dem titel "nichts in der biologie macht keine sinn außer im lichte der evolution." +nun, wenn sie einer von denen sind, die nicht den beweis für die biologische evolution akzeptieren, dies wäre ein sehr guter zeitpunkt, ihr hörgerät auszuschalten, nehmen sie ihre persönlichen kommunikationsgerät - ich gebe ihnen die erlaubnis - und vielleicht können sie noch einen blick auf kathryn schultz 'buch werfen, das darum handelt sich zu irren, denn nichts im weiteren verlauf dieser rede wird irgendeinen sinn für sie machen. +aber wenn sie biologischen evolution akzeptieren, bedenken sie folgendes: ist es nur über die vergangenheit, oder geht es auch um die zukunft? +ist es für andere geltend oder betrifft es auch uns? +dies ist ein weiterer blick auf den baum des lebens. +in diesem bild, ich habe einen busch als ein zentrum der verzweigungen in alle richtungen gelegt, denn wenn man sich die rändern des baum des lebens anschaut, alle existierenden spezien an den spitzen dieser zweige haben in evolutionären begriffen erfolg gehabt: sie haben überlebt; es hat seiner umgebung fitness und stärke demonstriert. +der menschliche teil dieses busches, weit am ende, ist natürlich das, woran wir am meisten interessiert sind. +wir zweigen von einem gemeinsamen vorfahren zu modernen schimpansen vor ungefähr sechs oder acht millionen jahren. +in diesem zeitraum, gab es vielleicht 20 oder 25 verschiedene spezien von hominiden. +einige sind gekommen und gegangen. +wir sind für rund 130.000 jahren hier gewesen. +es scheint, als wären wir recht abgelegen von den anderen teilen des baumes des lebens, aber eigentlich zum größten teil, sind die grundlegenden mechanismen unsere zellen ziemlich gleich. +ist ihnen klar, dass wir daraus nutzen ziehen können und die mechanismen eines gemeinsamen bakterium requirieren können um das protein des menschlichen insulins zu produzieren, welches verwendet wird um diabetiker zu behandeln? +dies ist nicht wie humaninsulin; dies ist das gleiche protein das ist chemisch ununterscheidbar von dem, was aus der bauchspeicheldrüse kommt. +und wobei wir schon über bakterien sprechen, ist ihnen bewusst, dass jeder von uns in unserem darm mehr bakterien als es zellen im rest unseres körpers führt? +vielleicht 10 mal soviele. +ich meine, denken sie mal, wenn antonio damasio nach ihrem selbstbild fragt, denken sie über die bakterien? +unser darm ist eine wunderbar gastfreundlichen umgebung für diese bakterien. +es ist warm, es dunkel ist, ist es feucht, es ist sehr gemütlich. +und du wirst ihnen alle nährstoffe, die sie sich nur wünschen könnten ohne anstrengung ihrerseits anbieten. +es ist wirklich ein leichter weg für bakterien, mit gelegentlichen unterbrechungen der unbeabsichtigten, jeodch gezwungen stoß zum ausgang. +aber sonst, sind sie eine wunderbare umgebung für diese bakterien, genauso wie sie für ihr leben wichtig sind. +sie helfen bei der verdauung von essentiellen nährstoffen. und sie schützen sie gegen bestimmte krankheiten. +aber was wird in der zukunft kommen? +sind wir in einer art evolutionäres gleichgewicht in form einer spezie? +oder sind wir bestimmt etwas anderes zu werden - etwas, das vielleicht sogar besser an die umwelt angepasst ist? +gehen wir nun einen schritt zurück in die zeit des urknalls vor 14 billion jahren -- die erde, das sonnensystem, vor etwa viereinhalb milliarden jahren - die ersten anzeichen von lebewesen, vielleicht vor drei bis vier millarden jahren auf der erde - die ersten mehr-zelligen organismen, vielleicht so viel als 800 oder einer milliarde jahren - und dann die menschlichen spezies, welche sich in den letzten 130.000 jahre schließlich formt. +in dieser riesigen unvollendeten symphonie des universums, ist das leben auf der erde nur kurz bemessen; das tierreich, wie ein einzelner takt; und des menschlichen lebens, eine kleine notenverzierung. +das waren wir. +dies stellt auch den unterhaltungswert dieser rede dar, deshalb hoffe ich, d ass es ihnen gefallen hat. +nun, als ich ein neuling auf dem college war, hatte ich meine ersten biologiekurse. +ich war fasziniert von der eleganz und schönheit der biologie. +ich verliebte mich in die kraft der evolution, und ich stellte, etwas sehr grundlegendes fest: in den meisten die existenz von leben in einzelligen organismen, teilt sich jede zelle, und all die genetischen information der zelle wird in beiden tochterzellen weiter geführt. +aber zu der zeit, als mehrzelligen organismen auftauchten, begannen sich die dinge zu ändern. +sexuelle fortpflanzung tritt ins bild. +und ganz wichtig: mit der einführung der sexuellen fortpflanzung, das das genom weitergibt, wird der rest des körpers entbehrlich. +in der tat könnte man sagen, dass die unausweichlichkeit des todes unseres körpers in der evolution im gleichen moment eintritt wie die sexuelle fortpflanzung. +jetzt muss ich gestehen, wenn ich ein college-student war, dachte ich, okay, sex / tod, sex / tod, tod für sex - es schien ziemlich vernünftig zu dem zeitpunkt, aber mit jedem jahr, ist es zu meinen zunehmenden zweifeln gekommen. +ich bin dazu gekommen, die gefühle von george burns zu verstehen, der in las vegas seine show in den 90er jahren vorführte. +und eines nachts, ist da ein klopfen an seiner hotelzimmertür. +er öffnet die tür. +vor ihm steht ein wunderschön spärlich bekleidetes showgirl. +sie schaut ihn an und sagt: "ich bin hier für super-sex." +"das ist wunderbar", sagt george, "ich werde die suppe nehmen." +ich kam zu der erkenntnis als arzt dass ich einem ziel hinarbeitete das anders war als das ziel der evolution - nicht zwangsläufig widersprüchlich, nur anders. +ich habe versucht, den körper zu bewahren. +ich wollte uns gesund halten. +ich wollte die gesundheit nach einer krankheit wiederherstellen. +ich wollte, dass wir ein langes und gesundes leben zu führen. +evolution ist alles über die weitergabe des genoms an die nächste generation, anpassung und überleben generation nach generation. +von einem evolutionären standpunkt aus, sind sie und ich wie booster raketen entwickelt, um die genetische fracht in die nächste stufe der umlaufbahn zu schicken, um sich dann ins meer fallen zu lassen. +ich denke, wir würden alle die stimmung, die woody allen zum ausdruck brachte verstehen, als er sagte: "ich möchte nicht unsterblichkeit durch meine arbeit zu erreichen. +ich will es erreichen indem ich nicht sterbe. " +evolution bedeutet nicht zwangsläufig das längste leben zu bevorzugen. +es priviligiert nicht zwangsläufig den größten, den stärksten oder den schnellsten, und nicht einmal den klügsten. +evolution priviligiert die kreaturen, die sich am besten an ihre umwelt anpassen. +es ist einzig der test von überleben und erfolg +auf dem grund des ozeans sind bakterien vorhanden, die thermophil sind und dadurch den heißen dampf überleben andernfalls, wenn fische dort wären, würden es vakuum gekochte fische zur folge haben dennoch haben sie es geschafft dort eine bewohnbare umgebung für sich zu machen. +also, was bedeutet das, wenn wir auf das zurückblicken, was in der evolution geschieht, und wie wir über den platz nachdenken der menschen in der evolution, und vor allem wie wir vorausschauen in die nächste phase, ich würde sagen, dass es eine reihe von möglichkeiten gibt. +die erste ist, dass wir uns nicht weiterentwickeln werden. +wir haben eine art gleichgewicht erreicht. +und die gründe dafür wären, dass es uns erstens durch medizin, gelungen ist, eine menge von genen zu erhalten die ansonsten rausgewählt worden wären und aus der population entfernt worden wären. +und zweitens, wir als eine spezie haben uns unsere umwelt so konfiguriert, dass wir es geschafft haben, dass sie sich an uns anpassen genau sowie wir uns an sie anpassen +und übrigens, wir wandern und zirkulieren und vermischen uns so viel, dass sie nicht länger sagen können, dass isolation notwendig ist, für die evolution, um stattzufinden. +eine zweite möglichkeit ist, dass es eine evolution der traditionellen art sein wird, natürlich, auferlegt von den kräften der natur. +und das argument, hier wäre dass die räder der evolution langsam mahlen aber sie sind unerbittlich. +und so weit die isolation geht, wenn wir als spezies ferne planeten besiedeln, wird es isolierung und die veränderungen der umwelt geben, die evolution auf natürliche weise produzieren könnte. +aber gibt es eine dritte möglichkeit, eine verlockende, faszinierende und erschreckende möglichkeit +ich nenne es neo-evolution - die neue entwicklung die nicht einfach natürlich ist, aber geführt und entschieden von uns als individuen. in den entscheidungen, die wir machen. +nun, wie konnte das geschehen? +wie konnte es möglich sein, dass wir dies tun? +betrachten wir zunächst die realität dass die menschen heute, in manchen kulturen entscheidungen über ihre nachkommen machen. +sie sind, in manchen kulturen, die wahl, um mehr männer als frauen zu haben. +es ist nicht unbedingt gut für die gesellschaft, aber es ist das, was der einzelne und die familie entscheiden. +denken sie also, wenn es nicht nur möglich wäre das geschlecht ihres kindes zu wählen aber auch an dem körper genetische anpassungen vorzunehmen, die krankheiten heilen und vorzubeugen würden. +was wäre, wenn sie die genetischen veränderungen machen könnten, um diabetes oder alzheimer zu beseitigen oder das reduzieren des krebsrisikos oder schlaganfälle zu eliminieren? +würden sie es nicht wollen, diese veränderungen in ihren genen zu machen? +wenn wir vorausblicken, werden diese art von veränderungen zunehmend möglich sein. +das human genome project begann im jahr 1990 und es dauerte 13 jahre. +es kostete 2,7 milliarden dollar. +im folgenden jahr, als es 2004 fertig war, konnten sie das selbe tun für 20 millionen dollar in drein bis vier monaten. +heute können sie eine sequenz der drei milliarden basenpaare des menschlichen genoms zu einem preis von etwa $20.000 und in den raum von etwa einer woche komplettieren. +es wird nicht mehr lange dauern, bis die realität sein wird, dass es die 1.000 $menschlichen genome geben wird, und es wird zunehmend für jedermann verfügbar sein. +vor einer woche, verlieh der national academy of engineering den draper prize für francis arnold und willem stemmer, zwei wissenschaftlern, die unabhängig voneinander techniken entwickelten die den natürlichen prozess der evolution dazu ermutigen, schneller zu arbeiten und zu wünschenswerte proteine zu führen in einer effizienteren weise - welches frances arnold "direkte evolution" nennt. +vor ein paar jahre wurde der lasker-preis dem wissenschaftler shinya yamanaka verliehen für seine forschung in der er eine erwachsene hautzelle nahm, eine fibroblasten, und durch die manipulation von nur vier genen, die zelle induzierte, um sie zu einer pluripotenten stammzelle zurückzuführen - eine zelle potentiell in der lage ist beliebige zelle in deinem körper zu werden. +diese änderungen sind im kommen. +die gleiche technologie, das das menschliche insulin in bakterien produziert kann viren machen, die nicht nur schutz vor sich selbst, aber auch zur immunität gegen andere viren dienen können. +ob sie es glauben oder nicht, es ist eine experimentelle studie in gang mit impfstoff gegen influenza das in den zellen einer tabakpflanze angebaut worden ist. +können sie sich etwas gutes vorstellen, das aus tabak kommt? +dies ist heute alles realität und in der zukunft wird viel mehr möglich sein. +stellen sie sich dann nur zwei andere kleine änderungen vor. +sie können die zellen in ihrem körper ändern, aber was wäre, wenn sie die zellen ihrer nachfahren ändern könnten? +was wäre, wenn sie die spermien und eizellen oder das frisch befruchtete ei verändern könnten, um ihren kindern eine bessere chance für ein gesünderes leben zu geben - beseitigung der diabetes, beseitigen die hämophilie, das risiko von krebs reduzieren? +wer möchte nicht gesündere kinder? +und dann die analytischen technik, der gleiche motor der wissenschaft das die veränderungen ermöglichen kann, um krankheit zu verhindern, könnte uns auch ermöglichen verabschieden super-attribute zu adoptieren, hyper-kapazitäten - das bessere gedächtnis. +warum haben nicht die schlagfertigkeit eines ken jennings hben, vor allem, wenn man es erweitern kann mit der nächsten generation der watson-maschine? +warum nicht die schnellen muskelfasern haben, die es ihnen ermöglichen werden, schneller und länger zu laufen? +warum nicht länger leben? +diese werden unwiderstehlich sein. +und wenn wir an einer stelle sind, an der wir es an die nächste generation weitergeben können, und wir die attribute adoptieren können, die wir wollen, werden wir umgewandelt sein von alt-stil evolution zur neo-evolution. +wir werden einen prozess haben, der in der regel möglicherweise 100.000 jahre erfordert, und wir können es auf tausend jahre komprimieren - und vielleicht sogar auf die nächsten 100 jahren. +dies sind entscheidungen mit denen ihre enkel, oder deren enkel, umgehen werden müssen. +verwenden wir diese entscheidungen eine gesellschaft zu formen, die besser ist, die erfolgreicher ist, die freundlicher ist? +oder werden wir selektiv unterschiedliche attribute wählen, die wir für einige von uns haben wollen und nicht für andere von uns? +werden wir eine gesellschaft formen dielangweiliger und uniformierter ist, oder robuster und vielseitiger? +dies sind die arten von fragen denen wir begegnen werden müssen. +und am tiefsten von allen, werden wir jemals in der lage sein, die weisheit zu entwickeln, und die weisheit meistern, die wir benötigen werden, um diese entscheidungen weise zu treffen? +im guten wie im bösen, und früher als sie vielleicht denken, werden diese entscheidungen an uns liegen. +danke. +ich möchte, dass sie sich jetzt etwas vorstellen, einen tragbaren roboter, der ihnen übermenschliche fähigkeiten verleiht, oder einen anderen, der rollstuhlfahrern dabei hilft, wieder aufzustehen und zu gehen. +wir bei berkeley bionics nennen diese roboter exoskelette. +sie sind nichts anderes als etwas, das sie morgens anlegen und das ihnen zusätzliche stärke verleiht und das ihre geschwindigkeit weiter erhöhen wird und das ihnen dabei helfen wird, beispielsweise ihre balance zu halten. +das ist in der tat die wahre verschmelzung von mensch und maschine. +aber nicht nur das -- damit verschmelzen und vernetzen sie sich mit dem universum und anderen geräten da draußen. +das ist nicht einfach nur eine verrückte idee. +um ihnen jetzt zu zeigen, woran wir arbeiten, beginnen wir damit, über den amerikanischen soldaten zu sprechen, der im durchschnitt ungefähr 100 pfund auf seinem rücken trägt und es besteht die anfrage, dass sie mehr ausrüstung tragen sollen. +natürlich führt dies zu einigen bedeutenden komplikationen -- rückenverletzungen, 30 prozent davon -- chronische rückenverletzungen. +wir dachten uns also, dass wir uns dieser herausforderung annehmen würden und ein exoskelett erschaffen, das dabei helfen würde, mit diesem problem umzugehen. +lassen sie mich ihnen also jetzt hulc vorstellen -- oder den human universal load carrier. +soldat: mit dem hulc-exoskelett kann ich 200 pfund über verschiedenartiges terrain tragen, viele stunden lang. +sein flexibles design ermöglicht es, sich tief zu hocken, zu kriechen und höchst wendige bewegungen auszuführen. +es fühlt, was ich machen möchte, wohin ich gehen will und erhöht dann meine stärke und ausdauer. +wir sind soweit, mit unserem industriepartner dieses gerät vorzustellen, dieses neue exoskelett in diesem jahr. +es ist also wahr. +lassen sie uns nun unseren blick auf die rollstuhlfahrer richten, etwas, für das ich mich besonders leidenschaftlich einsetze. +es gibt 68 millionen menschen, die weltweit geschätzt im rollstuhl sitzen. +das ist ungefähr ein prozent der gesamtbevölkerung. +und das ist in der tat eine konservative schätzung. +wir sprechen hier oft über sehr junge personen mit rückenmarksverletzungen, die in der blütezeit ihres lebens -- 20er, 30er, 40er -- vom schicksal getroffen wurden und der rollstuhl ist die einzige option. +aber es geht auch um die alternde bevölkerung, deren anzahl sich vervielfacht. +und so ziemlich die einzige option -- wenn es um einen hirnschlag geht, oder um andere komplikationen -- ist der rollstuhl. +und so ist es übrigens seit 500 jahren, seit seiner, wie ich sagen muss, sehr erfolgreichen einführung. +wir dachten also, dass wir damit beginnen könnten, ein völlig neues kapitel zu schreiben im bereich mobilität. +lassen sie mich ihnen nun elegs vorstellen, das von amanda boxtel getragen wird, die vor 19 jahren eine rückenmarksverletzung erlitt, die zum ergebnis hat, dass sie nicht mehr laufen konnte seit 19 jahren und bis jetzt. +vielen dank. +wie ich sagte, amanda trägt unser elegs. +es hat sensoren -- +seine vollständig non-invasiven sensoren in den krücken, die signale zurücksenden an unseren onboard-computer, der hier auf ihrem rücken befestigt ist. +hier sind auch batteriepackungen, der motorantrieb befindet sich an ihren hüften, ebenso wie an ihren kniegelenken, die sie vorwärts bewegen in dieser ziemlich geschmeidigen und sehr natürlichen gangart. +ich war 24 jahre alt und in bestform, als ein monströser purzelbaum während ein skiabfahrt mich paralysierte. +im bruchteil einer sekunde verlor ich jedes gefühl und jede bewegung unterhalb meines beckens. +nicht lange danach schritt ein arzt in mein krankenzimmer und er sagte: "amanda, sie werden nie wieder gehen können." +und das war vor 19 jahren. +er stahl jedes fünkchen hoffnung aus meinem bewusstsein. +anpassungsfähige technologien haben es mir seitdem ermöglich, zu lernen, wieder ski zu fahren, zu klettern und sogar mit den händen rad zu fahren. +aber nichts wurde erfunden, das mich wieder gehen lassen würde, bis jetzt. +vielen dank. +wie sie sehen können, haben wir die technologie, wir haben die plattformen, um uns zu treffen und mit ihnen zu diskutieren. +es liegt in unseren händen und wir haben das ganze potenzial hier, um das leben zu ändern von zukünftigen generationen -- nicht nur für die soldaten, oder für amanda hier und alle rollstuhlfahrer, sondern für alle. +vielen dank. +zu hause in new york, bin ich chef der entwicklungsabteilung einer gemeinnützigen organisation namens robin hood. +wenn ich nicht die armut bekämpfe, bekämpfe ich als gehilfe eines feuerwehr-hauptmanns bei einem freiwilligen löschzug das feuer. +nun, in unserer stadt, in der freiwillige eine hochqualifizierte berufsfeuerwehr unterstützten, muss man ziemlich früh an der brandstelle sein, um mitmischen zu können. +ich erinnere mich an mein erstes feuer. +ich war der zweite freiwillige an der brandstelle, ich hatte also recht gute chancen hinein zu können. +aber es war immer noch ein wettrennen gegen die anderen freiwilligen um den verantwortlichen hauptmann zu erreichen und herauszufinden was unsere aufgaben sein würden. +als ich den hauptmann fand, hatte er gerade in eine sehr ernste unterhaltung mit der hausbesitzerin, die sicherlich einen der schlimmsten tage ihres lebens hatte. +es war mitten in der nacht und sie stand im schlafanzug und barfuß unter einem schirm draußen im strömenden regen, während ihr haus in flammen stand. +der andere freiwillige, der knapp vor mir angekommen war -- nennen wir ihn lex luther -- erreichte den hauptmann als erstes und wurde gebeten in das haus zu gehen und den hund der hausbesitzerin zu retten. +den hund! ich war sprachlos vor neid. +da war irgendein anwalt oder vermögensverwalter, der nun für den rest seines lebens, den menschen erzählen konnte, dass er in ein brennendes haus ging um ein lebewesen zu retten, nur weil er fünf sekunden schneller war als ich. +nun, ich war der nächste. +der hauptmann winkte mich zu sich. +er sagte, "bezos, sie müssen in das haus gehen. +sie müssen nach oben gehen, an dem feuer vorbei, und müssen dieser frau ein paar schuhe holen. " +ich schwöre es. +nun, nicht genau das, was ich mir erhofft hatte, doch ich ging los -- die treppen hoch, den flur entlang, an den "echten" feuerwehrmännern vorbei, die zu diesem zeitpunkt mit dem löschen schon so ziemlich fertig waren, in das schlafzimmer um ein paar schuhe zu holen. +ich weiß was sie jetzt denken, aber ich bin kein held. +ich trug meine beute zurück nach unten, wo ich an der haustür meinen erzfeind und den geliebten hund traf. +wir trugen unsere schätze nach draußen zur hausbesitzerin, wo, nicht überraschend, seiner wesentlich mehr aufmerksamkeit bekam als meiner. +einige wochen später, erhielt die feuerwache einen brief der hausbesitzerin, in dem sie sich für den tapferen einsatz bei der rettung ihres hauses bedankte. +eine über allem maßen geschätzte freundlichkeit: jemand hatte ihr sogar ein paar schuhe gebracht. +sowohl in meinem beruf bei robin hood als auch in meinem nebenberuf als freiwilliger feuerwehrmann bin ich zeuge von großzügigkeit und freundlichkeit im großen maßstab, aber ich sehe auch taten der nächstenliebe und des muts von einzelnen. +und wissen sie was ich gelernt habe? +sie sind alle wichtig. +wenn ich mich also in diesem raum umsehe und menschen sehe, die entweder schon einen beachtenswerten erfolg erreicht haben oder auf ihrem weg dorthin sind, möchte ich folgende erinnerung anbieten: warten sie nicht. +warten sie nicht damit, einen unterschied im leben eines anderen zu machen, bis sie ihre erste million erreicht haben. +wenn sie etwas zu geben haben, geben sie es jetzt. +bedienen sie in einer suppenküche, räumen sie einen park in der nachbarschaft auf, +seien sie ein mentor. +nicht jeder tag wird uns eine chance bieten, das leben eines menschen zu retten, aber jeder tag bietet uns die möglichkeit, eins zu verändern. +also legen sie los; retten sie die schuhe. +vielen dank. +bruno guissani: mark, mark, komm zurück. +vielen dank. +ich komme gerade von einer gemeinschaft zurück, die das geheimnis des fortbestands der menschheit kennt. +ein ort, an dem die frauen das zepter führen, mit sex 'hallo' sagen, und das spiel den tag bestimmt -- wo spaß eine ernste angelegenheit ist. +und nein, es ist nicht burning man oder san francisco. +meine damen und herren, ihre verwandtschaft. +dies ist die welt der wilden bonobos im urwald von kongo. +bonobos sind zusammen mit schimpansen unsere nächsten lebenden verwandten. +das bedeutet, wir haben einen gemeinsamen vorfahren, eine evolutionäre großmutter, die vor etwa sechs millionen jahren lebte. +nun, schimpansen sind bekannt für ihre aggressivität. +aber unglücklicherweise haben wir diesen aspekt überbetont in der erzählung der menschlichen evolution. +aber bonobos zeigen uns die andere seite der medaille +während schimpansen von großen, furcht einflößenden kerlen geführt werden, wird die bonobo-gesellschaft von ermächtigten weibchen geführt. +die haben sich da wirklich was ausgedacht, denn das führt zu einer ausgesprochen toleranten gesellschaft, in der tödliche gewalt bislang nicht beobachtet wurde. +aber leider sind bonobos am wenigsten bekannt unter den primaten. +sie leben in den tiefen des kongolesischen urwalds, und sind der beobachtung nur schwer zugänglich. +der kongo ist ein paradox -- ein land außergewöhnlicher artenvielfalt und schönheit, aber auch das herz der dunkelheit selbst -- der schauplatz einer gewalttätigen auseinandersetzung, die seit jahrzehnten wütet und beinah so viele leben gefordert hat wie der erste weltkrieg. +es überrascht nicht, dass diese zerstörung auch das überleben der bonobos gefährdet. +fleischhandel und der rückgang des baumbestandes führen dazu, dass man nicht mal ein stadion mit den verbliebenen bonobos füllen könnte -- und selbst da sind wir nicht sicher, um ehrlich zu sein. +und doch, in diesem land von gewalt und chaos kann man ein verborgenes lachen hören, dass die bäume erschüttert. +wer sind diese verwandten? +wir kennen sie als "liebe statt krieg" -affen, denn sie haben häufigen, auch bisexuellen sex, mit wechselnden partnern, und regeln so konflikte und soziale angelenheiten. +ich sage ja nicht, das wäre die antwort auf alle humanitären probleme -- denn das leben der bonobos besteht aus mehr als dem kama sutra. +bonobos -- wie menschen -- lieben es, ihr leben lang zu spielen. +spiel bedeutet nicht nur kinderspiele. +für uns und sie ist spiel grundlegend für die bindung von beziehungen und die pflege der toleranz. +dabei lernen wir vertrauen und die regeln des spiels. +spiel steigert kreativität und belastbarkeit, und es geht vor allem um die erzeugung von vielfalt -- vielfalt an interaktionen, vielfalt an verhaltensweisen, vielfalt an verbindungen. +und wenn man bonobos beim spiel beobachtet, sieht man die evolutionären ursprünge menschlichen lachens, tanzes und von ritualen. +spiel ist der kitt, der uns beieinanderhält. +nun, ich weiß nicht, wie sie spielen, aber ich möchte ihnen einige einzigartige aufnahmen geradewegs aus der wildnis zeigen. +zuerst ein ballspiel auf bonobo-art -- und ich denke dabei nicht an fussball. +also hier sehen wir ein junges weibchen und männchen in einem verfolgungsspiel. +sehen sie sich an, was sie macht. +das könnte der evolutionäre ursprung sein von: "sie packt ihn bei den eiern." +nur dass ich denke, es gefällt ihm eher, nicht wahr. +ja! +sexspiele sind also verbreitet, sowohl bei bonobos als auch bei menschen. +und dieses video ist wirklich interessant, denn es zeigt -- und dieses video ist wirklich interessant, denn es zeigt den ideenreichtum, mit dem man neue elemente ins spiel bringt -- wie die hoden -- und auch, wie das spiel sowohl vertrauen fordert als auch fördert -- während es gleichzeitig ungeheuren spaß macht. +aber das spiel ist ein formwandler. +spiel ist ein formwandler und es kann viele formen annehmen, von denen manche etwas ruhiger sind, phantasievoll, neugierig -- vielleicht um das erstaunen erneut zu entdecken. +und ich möchte ihnen zeigen, das ist fuku, ein junges weibchen, und sie spielt friedlich mit wasser. +ich denke, genau wie sie spielen wir manchmal allein, und wir loten grenzen unserer inneren und äußeren welten aus. +und es ist diese spielerische neugier die uns forschen lässt, und interagieren. und die unerwarteten verknüpfungen, die wir bilden, sind der wirkliche nährboden der kreativität. +dies ist nur ein kleiner vorgeschmack auf die einblicke, die bonobos uns in unsere vergangenheit und gegenwart gewähren. +aber sie wahren auch ein geheimnis für unsere zukunft, eine zukunft, in der wir uns anpassen müssen an zunehmende herausforderungen, durch größere kreativität und druch verstärkte kooperation. +das geheimnis ist, dass das spiel der schlüssel zu diesen fertigkeiten ist. +mit anderen worten, spiel ist unser anpassungsjoker. +um uns erfolgreich an eine unbeständige welt anzupassen, müssen wir spielen. +aber werden wir das beste aus unserem spieltrieb machen? +spiel ist nicht albern, +sondern essentiell. +für bonobos und menschen gleichermaßen besteht das leben nicht aus zähnen und klauen allein. +gerade wenn es kaum angebracht scheint ist spiel vielleicht am nötigsten. +und daher, meine primatenkameraden, lassen sie uns dieses geschenk der evolution umarmen und gemeinsam spielen, während wir die kreativität die kameradschaft und das staunen wiederentdecken. +danke. +ich möchte, dass sie sich zwei paare vorstellen, mitte 1979, am genau gleichen tag, im genau gleichen moment, jedes zeugt ein baby -- okay. +also zwei paare, jedes zeugt ein baby. +nun möchte ich nicht, dass sie zuviel zeit verwenden sich die zeugung vorzustellen, weil, wenn sie sich die ganze zeit die zeugung vorstellen, werden sie mir nicht zuhören. +stellen sie sich das nur für einen moment vor. +und in diesem szenario stellen sie sich vor, dass in einem fall das sperma ein y chomosom trägt, das auf das x chromosom der eizelle trifft. +und in dem anderen fall, trägt das sperma ein x chromosom, das auf das x chromosom der eizelle trifft. +beide sind überlebensfähig, beide zünden. +wir kommen später noch auf diese leute zurück. +bei den meisten meiner tätigkeiten habe ich zwei hüte auf. +unter einem hut beschäftige ich mich mit der geschichte der anatomie. +ich bin studierte historikerin, und in diesem fall untersuche ich, wie menschen mit anatomie umgingen -- d.h. menschliche körper, tierische körper -- wie sie mit körperflüssigkeiten umgingen, mit körperkonzepten; wie sie über körper gedacht haben. +der andere hut, den ich bei meiner arbeit getragen habe, ist der der aktivistin, als patientinnenanwältin -- oder, wie ich manchmal sage, als ungeduldige anwältin -- von menschen, die patienten von ärzten sind. +in diesem fall habe ich mit menschen gearbeitet, die körpertypen haben, die sozialen normen in frage stellen. +so habe ich zum beispiel mit menschen gearbeitet, die siamesische zwillinge sind, zwei menschen in einem körper. +ich habe mit menschen mit zwergenwuchs gearbeitet -- also menschen, die kleiner als üblich waren. +und sehr oft habe ich mit intersexuellen menschen gearbeitet, deren geschlecht atypisch ist -- also menschen, die nicht die durchschnittlichen männlichen oder weiblichen körpertypen aufweisen. +und als allgemeinen begriff können wir dafür das wort intersexualität verwenden. +intersexualität kommt in vielen verschiedenen formen vor. +ich gebe ihnen nur ein paar beispiele für die möglichen typen von geschlechtsvarianten, die nicht dem männlichen oder weiblichen standard entsprechen. +in einem fall hat man vielleicht jemand mit einer xy chromosomenbasis, und das sry gen des y chomosoms läßt die protogonaden, die wir fötalen stadium alle haben, zu hoden heranwachsen. +und deshalb geben die hoden im fötalen stadium testosteron ab. +aber weil diesem individuum die rezeptoren fehlen, um das testosteron zu erkennen, reagiert der körper nicht auf das testosteron. +und das nennt man androgenrezeptor-defekt. +also viel testosteron, aber keine reaktion darauf. +als konsequenz entwickelt sich der körper mehr dem typisch weiblichen verlauf folgend. +wenn das kind geboren wird, sieht sie aus wie ein mädchen. +sie ist ein mädchen. sie wird als mädchen erzogen. +aber es dauert meistens bis sie die pubertät erreicht und ihre brüste wachsen und sich entwickeln, sie aber nicht ihre periode bekommt, bis jemand darauf kommt, dass hier etwas anders ist. +und sie machen ein paar tests und finden heraus, dass sie anstatt eierstöcken und gebärmutter, in wirklichkeit hoden in sich trägt und, dass sie ein y chromosom hat. +dabei ist es wichtig zu verstehen, dass man diese person für eigentlich männlich halten könnte, aber das sind sie nicht wirklich. +frauen, wie männer, haben in unseren körper etwas, dass man adrenalindrüsen nennt. +sie befinden sich im hinteren teil unseres körpers. +und die nebennieren stellen androgene her, welche virilisierende hormone sind. +die meisten frauen, so wie ich -- ich glaube eine typische frau zu sein -- ich kenne meinen tatsächlichen chromosomenaufbau nicht, aber ich denke, dass ich wahrscheinlich den typischen habe -- die meisten frauen wie ich sprechen tatsächlich auf androgene an. +wir produzieren androgen und wir sprechen auf androgene an. +die folge ist, dass jemand wie ich tatsächlich ein gehirn hat, dass mehr androgenen ausgesetzt war, als eine frau, die mit hoden geboren wurde, und einen androgenrezeptor-defekt hat. +geschlecht ist also wirklich kompliziert; intersexuelle stehen nicht nur in der mitte des spektrums von geschlecht -- in gewisser hinsicht, können sie über die ganze bandbreite verteilt sein, +noch ein beispiel: vor ein paar jahren erhielt ich den anruf eines 19 jährigen mannes, der als junge geboren war, als junge aufgezogen, er hatte eine freundin, hatte sex mit seiner freundin, lebte als mann, und er hatte gerade herausgefunden, dass er eierstöcke und eine gebärmutter hatte. +er hatte eine extreme form einer angeborenen nebennierenrindenhyperblasie. +er hat xx chromosome, und im mutterleib, waren seine nebennieren so stark aktiv, dass sie im wesentlichen eine männliche hormonumgebung erzeugt haben. +und als konsequenz wurden seine genitalien männlich ausgeprägt, sein gehirn war den typischeren männlichen teil des hormonenspektrums ausgesetzt. +und als er geboren wurde, sah er wie ein junge aus - niemand ahnte etwas. +und erst als er 19 jahre alt wurde, bekam er genügend medizinische probleme, tatsächlich davon, weil er innerlich menstruierte, dass die ärzte herausfanden, dass er im inneren weiblich war. +okay, nur noch ein schnelles beispiel für eine variante von intersexualität. +manche menschen mit xx chromosomen, entwickeln etwas, das ovotestis heißt, wobei eierstockgewebe von hodengewebe umhüllt ist. +wir wissen nicht genau, warum das geschieht. +geschlecht kann also in vielen verschiedenen varianten auftreten. +der grund, warum kinder mit dieser art von körper -- sei es zwergenwuchs oder siamesische zwillinge, sei es intersexuell -- von chirurgen oft an die norm angepasst werden, ist nicht, weil dies für ihre körperliche gesundheit von vorteil wäre. +in vielen fällen sind diese menschen vollkommen gesund. +der grund, warum an ihnen oft verschiedene arten chirurgischer eingriffe vorgenommen werden, ist, weil sie unsere sozialen kategorien bedrohen. +typischerweise basiert unser system auf der idee, dass eine bestimmte anatomische ausprägung mit einer bestimmten identität einhergeht. +wir haben also das konzept, dass eine frau zu sein, heißt eine weibliche identität zu haben; eine schwarze person zu sein, heißt, angeblich, eine afrikanische anatomie zu haben im hinblick auf die eigene geschichte. +wir haben also diese schrecklich vereinfachende idee. +und wenn wir mit einem körper konfrontiert sind, der für uns tatsächlich etwas sehr anderes darstellt, verwirrt uns das in hinblick auf diese kategorisierungen. +wir haben also in unserer kultur eine menge romantischer ideen über individualismus. +und unsere nation basiert wirklich auf einem sehr romantischen konzept von individualismus. +nun können sie sich vorstellen, wie verblüffend es dann ist, wenn kinder geboren werden, die zwei personen in einem körper sind, +wo ich in letzter zeit die meiste aufregung erlebt hatte, war die südafrikanische läuferin caster semenya letztes jahr, deren geschlecht bei der leichatlethik weltmeisterschaft in berlin in frage gestellt wurde. +viele journalisten riefen mich mit der frage an: "welchen test werden sie machen, der uns verrät, ob caster semenya weiblich oder männlich ist?" +und ich musste den journalisten erklären, dass es diesen test nicht gibt. +wir wissen jetzt, dass geschlecht kompliziert genug ist, dass wir zugeben müssen, dass die natur für uns keine linie zwischen männlich und weiblich zieht, oder zwischen männlich und intersexuell und weiblich und intersexuell; tastächlich sind wir es, die diese trennlinie als natürlich vorgeben. +wir haben also so eine situation, wo, je weiter unsere wissenschaft fortschreitet, wir uns um so mehr eingestehen müssen, dass diese kategorien, die wir für stabile anatomische kategorien gehalten hatten, welche sehr einfache zuordnungen herstellten um dauerhafte identitätskategorien zu schaffen, viel unschärfer sind, als wir angenommen haben. +und das gilt nicht nur in bezug auf geschlecht. +es gilt auch hinsichtlich rasse, was sich als viel komplizierter herausstellt, als unser terminologie zugelassen hat. +bei unseren betrachtungen geraten wir in alle möglichen unbequemen bereiche. +wir stossen zum beispiel auf die tatsache, dass wir mindestens 95 prozent unserer dna mit schimpansen gemeinsam haben. +was sollen wir mit der tatsache anfangen, dass wir uns von ihnen lediglich durch wenige nukleotide unterscheiden? +während wir unsere wissenschaft immer weiter vorantreiben, kommen wir zunehmend in eine zone des unbehagens, wo wir anerkennen müssen, dass die simplistischen kategorien, die wir hatten vermutlich allzu simpel sind. +wir sehen das in allen möglichen bereichen des menschlichen lebens. +einer der bereiche, in dem wir das zum beipiel sehen, in unserer heutigen kultur, in den heutigen vereinigten staaten, sind die kämpfe über den beginn und das ende des lebens. +wir haben schwierige gespräche darüber, an welchem punkt ein körper zum menschen wird, so daß er eine anderes recht hat als das fötale leben. +wir haben heutzutage sehr schwierige auseinandersetzungen -- vielleicht nicht so öffentlich wie in der medizin -- über die frage, wann jemand tot ist. +unsere vorfahren hatten früher nie so schwer mit der frage zu kämpfen, wann jemand tot war. +sie haben jemand höchstens eine feder unter die nase gehalten, und wenn sie sich bewegte, haben sie sie noch nicht begraben. +wenn sie sich nicht mehr bewegte, hat man sie begraben. +aber heute befinden wir uns in einer situation, wo wir menschen lebenswichtige organe entnehmen und sie anderen menschen verpflanzen wollen. +und als folge verfangen wir uns bei dem kampf mit der wirklich schwierigen frage, wann jemand tot ist. und das bringt uns in eine wirklich schwierige lage, in der wir nicht mehr so einfache kategorien haben wie früher. +nun könnten sie annehmen, dass das ganze zusammenbrechen von kategorien jemand wie mich wirklich glücklich machen würde. +ich bin politisch progressiv, ich verteidige menschen mit ungewöhnlichen körpern, aber ich muss zugeben, es macht mich nervös. +zu begreifen, dass diese kategorien wirklich viel unsicherer sind als wir dachten, macht mich angespannt. +und es macht mich angespannt in bezug auf überlegungen die demokratie betreffend. +um ihnen also von dieser anspannung zu erzählen, muss ich zuerst bekennen, dass ich ein großer fan der gründungsväter bin. +ich weiß, dass sie rassisiten waren, ich weiß, dass sie sexisten waren, aber sie waren großartig. +ich finde, dass sie so tapfer und stark waren, und so radikal, in dem was sie taten dass ich mich alle paar jahre dabei ertappe das schmalzige musical 1776 anzusehen, und es ist nicht wegen der musik, die absolut zu vergessen ist. +es ist wegen dem, was 1776 mit den gründungsvätern geschehen ist. +die gründungsväter waren aus meiner sicht die ursprünglichen anatomischen aktivisten, und zwar deshalb. +was sie zurückwiesen war ein anatomisches konzept, und sie ersetzten es durch ein anderes, das radikal und schön war, und 200 jahre für uns maßgeblich war. +wie sie sich alle erinnern, lehnten unsere gründungsväter das konzept der monarchie ab. und die monarchie basierte im grund genommen auf einem sehr vereinfachten konzept von anatomie. +die herrscher der alten welt hatten kein konzept basierend auf der dna, aber sie hatten ein konzept des geburtsrechts. +sie hatten ein konzept von blauem blut. +sie waren der auffassung, dass leute, die politische macht hatten, diese politische macht haben sollten, aufgrund der vererbten blutlinie vom großvater zum vater zum sohn und so weiter. +die gründungsväter wiesen diese idee zurück und ersetzten sie durch ein neues anatomisches konzept, und dieses konzept sagte, dass alle menschen gleichwertig erschaffen wurden. +sie nivellierten das spielfeld und entschieden, dass anatomisch gesehen, die gemeinsamkeiten zählten, nicht die unterschiede. und das war sehr radikal. +nun machten sie das zum teil, weil sie teil eines aufklärerischen systems waren, in dem zwei dinge gemeinsam heranwuchsen. +die demokratie wuchs heran, aber zur selben zeit wuchs auch die wissenschaft heran. +wenn man sich die geschichte der gründungsväter ansieht, wird deutlich, dass viele von ihnen sehr an wissenschaft interessiert waren, und sie waren an einem konzept einer naturalistischen welt interessiert. +sie gingen weg von erklärungen übernatürlicher art, und wiesen dinge, wie ein übernatürliches konzept von macht, zurück, wo die übertragung auf einem sehr vagen konzepts von geburtsrecht basiert. +sie bewegten sich zu einem naturalistischen konzept hin. +und wenn man sich beispielsweise die unabhängigkeitserklärung ansieht, sprechen sie über natur und den gott der natur. +sie reden nicht von gott und der natur gottes. +sie reden von der macht der natur um uns zu sagen wer wir sind. +und als teil davon verschafften sie uns ein konzept das von anatomischen gemeinsamkeiten handelte. +und damit haben sie auf wirklich wunderbare weise die zukünftige bürgerrechtsbewegung vorbereitet. +sie haben nicht so darüber gedacht, aber was sie für uns getan haben, war großartig. +was geschah also jahre danach? +zum beispiel verwendeten frauen, die das wahlrecht anstrebten, das konzept der gründungsväter, das sagt, dass anatomische gemeinsamkeit wichtiger ist als der anatomische unterschied, und sagten, "dass wir eine gebärmutter und eierstöcke haben ist als unterschied nicht bedeutsam genug, dass wir nicht das wahlrecht haben sollten, das recht auf volle staatsbürgerschaft, das recht eigentum zu besitzen, etc, etc." +und frauen argumentierten das erfolgreich. +als nächstes kam die erfolgreiche bürgerrechtsbewegung, wo wir menschen sahen wie sojourner truth, die darüber spach, "bin ich keine frau?" +wir finden männer in den marschierenden reihen der bürgerechtsbewegung, die sagen, "ich bin ein mann." +wieder, menschen unterschiedlicher hautfarbe, die sich auf anatomische gemeinsamkeiten vor anatomischen unterschieden berufen, wieder, erfolgreich. +wir sehen das gleiche bei der behindertenrechtsbewegung. +natürlich ist das problem, dass, sowie wir beginnen all die gemeinsamkeiten zu betrachten, wir beginnen müssen in frage zu stellen, warum wir bestimmte trennungen aufrechterhalten. +nun, wohlgemerkt, möchte ich bestimmte trennungen aufrechterhalten, anatomisch gesehen, in unserer kultur. +ich möchte zum beispiel einem fisch nicht die gleichen rechte wie einem menschen geben. +ich möchte nicht sagen, dass wir von der anatomie ganz abstand nehmen sollten. +ich möchte nicht sagen, dass 5-jährige das recht haben sollen, ihr einverständnis zu sex oder zum heiraten zu geben. +es gibt also einige anatomische trennungen, die für mich sinn machen, und die wir, denke ich, behalten sollten. +aber die herausforderung ist zu versuchen herauszufinden, welche es sind und warum wir sie behalten, und ob sie sinnvoll sind. +kommen wir also zurück zu diesen zwei wesen die zu beginn des vortrags gezeugt worden sind. +wir haben zwei wesen, beide mitte 1979 am genau gleichen tag gezeugt. +stellen wir uns vor, dass eines von ihnen, maria, drei monate verfrüht geboren wurde, sie ist also am 1 juni 1980 geboren. +heinrich, auf der anderen seite, wird zum geburtstermin geboren, er ist also am 1 märz 1980 geboren, +nur wegen der tatsache, dass maria 3 monate verfrüht geboren wurde, erlangt sie alle möglichen rechte drei monate vor heinrich -- das recht einvernehmlichen sex zu haben, das recht zu wählen, das recht zu trinken. +heinrich muss auf all dies warten, nicht weil er tatsächlich ein anderes biologische alter hat, nur aufgrund des zeitpunktes seiner geburt. +wir finden noch anderen merkwürdigkeiten bezüglich dessen was ihre rechte sind. +heinrich, da man annimmt, dass er männlich ist -- obwohl ich ihnen nicht gesagt habe, dass er der mit xy ist -- da man annimmt, dass er männlich ist, kann er nun eingezogen werden, worüber maria sich keine sorgen machen muss. +maria hingegen, kann nicht in allen bundesstaaten das gleiche recht wahrnehmen, das heinrich in allen staaten hat, und zwar das recht zu heiraten. +heinrich kann in jedem staat eine frau heiraten, aber maria kann heute nur in wenigen staaten eine frau heiraten. +wir haben also diese dauerhaften anatomischen kategorien die in vielerlei hinsicht problematisch und fragwürdig sind. +und für mich stellt sich die frage: was werden wir tun, da unsere wissenschaft solche fortschritte im bereich der anatomie macht, dass wir einen punkt erreichen, an dem wir zugeben müssen, dass eine demokratie, die auf anatomie beruht, auseinanderfallen könnte? +ich möchte die wissenschaft nicht aufgeben, aber gleichzeitig fühlt es sich manchmal so an, als ob die wissenschaft sich selbstständig macht. +wohin gehen wir also? +es scheint als würde unsere kultur eine art pragmatische haltung einnehmen: "gut, wir müssen irgendwo eine linie ziehen, also ziehen wir sie irgendwo." +aber eine menge leute verfangen sich in einer sehr eigenartigen position. +also zum beispiel, hat texas an einem punkt entschieden, dass, einen mann zu heiraten bedeutet, dass man kein y chromosom hat, und eine frau zu heiraten bedeutet, dass man ein y chromosom hat. +nun in der praxis werden menschen nicht auf ihre chromosome getestet. +aber es ist auch sehr bizarr, wegen der geschichte, die ich ihnen anfangs über den androgenrezeptor-defekt erzählt habe. +wenn wir uns einen der gründungsväter der modernen demokratie ansehen, dr. martin luther king, bietet er uns in seiner "ich habe einen traum rede" eine art lösung an. +er sagt, wir sollten menschen nicht nach "ihrer hautfarbe, sondern nach der eigenschaft ihres charakters" beurteilen, und geht so über anatomie hinaus. +und ich möchte sagen, "ja, das klingt wie eine richtig gute idee." +aber wie macht man das in der praxis? +wie beurteilt man menschen aufgrund ihrer charaktereigenschaften? +ich möchte auch darauf hinweisen, dass ich nicht sicher bin, dass wir rechte in bezug auf menschen derart verteilen sollen, weil ich zugeben muss, dass ich eine reihe golden retriever kenne, die wahrscheinlich sozialleistungen eher verdienen als manche menschen, die ich kenne. +ich möchte dazusagen, dass ich wahrscheinlich auch einige helle labradorhunde kenne, die fähiger sind fundiertere, intelligentere und reifere entscheidungen bezüglich ihre sexuellen beziehungen zu treffen als manche 40-jährige, die ich kenne. +wie sollen wir also die frage nach den eigenschaften des charakter operationalisieren? +es stellt sich als wirklich schwierig heraus. +und ein teil von mir fragt sich, was wäre, wenn der inhalt einer persönlichkeit etwas wäre, das in zukunft maschinenlesbar wäre -- mittels fmri sichtbar gemacht werden könnte? +wollen wir wirklich in diese richtung gehen? +ich bin mir nicht sicher, wohin wir gehen. +was ich weiß, ist, dass es wirklich wichtig scheint, über die idee nachzudenken, dass die usa darin führend ist, sich gedanken über fragen der demokratie zu machen. +in unserem bemühen um demokratie haben wir unsere sache richtig gut gemacht, und ich denke, wir würden unsere sache in der zukunft gut machen. +wir haben nicht die situation, wie es zum beispiel im iran der fall ist, wo ein mann, der sich sexuell zu anderen männern hingezogen fühlt, mit dem tod bestraft wird, es sei denn er ist bereit sich einer geschlechtsumwandlung zu unterziehen, in welchem fall er am leben bleiben darf. +zustände dieser art existieren bei uns nicht. +ich bin froh sagen zu können, dass wir diese zustände nicht haben -- ein chirurg mit dem ich vor ein paar jahren sprach, der ein paar siamesische zwillinge mit sich hergebracht hatte, um sie zu trennen, teilweise um sich einen namen zu machen. +aber als ich mit ihn telefonierte, und ihn fragte, warum er diese eingriffe machte -- es waren hoch riskante operationen -- war seine antwort, dass in seinem land, diese kinder sehr schlecht behandelt werden würden, und deshalb musste er es tun. +ich antwortete ihm, "nun haben sie politisches asyl in erwägung gezogen anstatt einer operation um sie zu trennen?" +die vereinigten staaten bieten unglaubliche möglichkeiten, menschen zu erlauben die zu sein, die sie sind, ohne dass sie sich um des staates willen ändern müßten. +deshalb denke ich, müssen wir führend sein. +gut, nur um abzuschließen, möchte ich bemerken, dass ich sehr viel über die väter gesprochen habe. +und ich möchte über die möglichkeiten nachdenken wie demokratie aussehen könnte, oder ausgesehen haben könnte, wenn wir die mütter mehr involviert hätten. +und ich möchte etwas sagen, das für eine feministin etwas radikal ist, und zwar denke ich, dass es verschiedene arten einsichten geben könnte, die von verschiedenen arten der anatomie herrühren, insbesonders wenn menschen ein gruppendenken anwenden. +seit jahren schon, weil ich an intersexualität interessiert war, habe ich mich auch für forschung im bereich der geschlechterdifferenz interessiert. +und eines der dinge, die ich wirklich interessant fand, ist der unterschied zwischen männern und frauen in hinsicht darauf, wie sie denken und in der welt agieren. +was wir aus kulturübergreifenden studien erfahren haben, ist, dass frauen, im durchschnitt -- nicht jede, aber im durchschnitt -- eher dazu neigen komplexen sozialen beziehungen und der fürsorge für menschen, die innerhalb der gruppe verwundbar sind, sehr viel aufmerksamkeit zu geben. +und deshalb, wenn wir darüber nachdenken haben wir eine interessante situation vor uns. +vor jahren, als ich ein aufbaustudium machte, fragte mich einer meiner studienbetreuer, der mein interesse an feminismus kannte -- ich betrachtete mich als feministin, so tue es noch -- eine wirklich eigenartige frage. +er sagte, "sagen sie mir, was am feminismus weiblich ist." +und ich dachte, "nun, das ist die dümmste frage, die ich je gehört habe. +im feminismus geht es darum klischees über geschlecht aufzulösen, deshalb ist am feminismus nichts weiblich. +aber je mehr ich über seine frage nachdachte, um so mehr dachte ich, dass es etwas weibliches im feminismus geben könnte. +das soll heißen, es könnte etwas geben, im durchschnitt, wodurch sich weibliche gehirne von männlichen unterscheiden was uns aufmerksamer für hochkomplexe soziale beziehungen macht, und aufmerksamer dafür für die schutzbedürftige zu sorgen. +wo die gründungsväter also extrem bedacht waren herauszufinden wie individuen vor dem staat geschützt werden konnten, ist es möglich, dass, wenn wir mehr mütter in dieses konzept einbrächten, wir mehr ein konzept bekämmen von, nicht nur wie man schützt, sondern wie wir für einander sorgen können. +und vielleicht ist es das, wohin wir in zukunft gehen müsse, wenn wir demokratie über anatomie hinausführen -- weniger über den individuellen körper nachzudenken was identität betrifft, und mehr über beziehungen nachzudenken. +so dass, wenn wir als volk versuchen eine perfektere verbindung herzustellen, wir darüber nachdenken, was wir für einander tun können. +vielen dank. +ich bin jessi und das hier ist mein koffer. +aber bevor ich ihnen zeige, was ich darin habe, werde ich ein sehr öffentliches geständnis machen, und das ist: ich bin besessen von outfits. +ich liebe es, zu jeder gelegenheit ein anderes farbenfrohes, verrücktes outfit zu finden, zu tragen, und in letzter zeit auch zu fotografieren und zu bloggen. +aber ich kaufe nichts neues. +ich bekomme all meine kleider aus zweiter hand auf flohmärkten und in second-hand-shops. +ooh, danke schön. +second-hand-shopping erlaubt mir, den einfluss meiner garderobe auf die umwelt zu reduzieren und auch den auf meine geldbörse. +ich treffe alle möglichen tollen leute; meine dollars dienen für gewöhnlich einem guten zweck; ich sehe ziemlich einzigartig aus; und es macht einkaufen zu meiner ganz persönlichen schatzsuche. +ich meine, was werde ich heute finden? +wird es meine größe haben? +werde ich die farbe mögen? +wird es weniger als 20 dollar kosten? +wenn alle antworten ja lauten, fühle ich mich, als ob ich gewonnen habe. +ich komme zurück auf meinen koffer, und erzähle ihnen, was ich für diese aufregende woche hier bei ted eingepackt habe. +ich meine, was bringt jemand mit so vielen outfits mit? +ich werde euch also ganz genau zeigen, was ich mitgebracht habe. +ich habe sieben paar unterhosen mitgebracht, und das ist alles. +unterhosen für genau eine woche sind alles, was ich in meinen koffer getan habe. +ich habe gewettet, dass ich alles andere, was ich vielleicht tragen wollte, finden würde, wenn ich erst einmal nach palm springs käme. +und da sie nicht von mir gehört haben als die frau, die hier bei ted in ihrer unterwäsche herumläuft – heißt das, ich habe ein paar sachen gefunden. +und ich möchte ihnen unbedingt meine outfits für diese woche zeigen. +klingt das gut? +während ich das tue, werde ich ihnen auch einige der lektionen mitgeben, die ich, ob sie es glauben oder nicht, aus diesen abenteuern gelernt habe, nichts neues zu tragen. +lassen sie uns mit sonntag beginnen. +ich nenne das den strahlenden tiger. +man muss nicht viel geld ausgeben, um toll auszusehen. +man kann fast immer großartig aussehen für weniger als 50 dollar. +dieses ganze outfit, inklusive der jacke hat mich 55 gekostet, und es war das teuerste stück, dass ich in dieser ganzen woche getragen habe. +montag: farbe ist etwas kraftvolles. +es ist fast physiologisch unmöglich, schlecht gelaunt zu sein, wenn man hellrote hosen trägt. +wenn man glücklich ist, zieht man andere glückliche menschen an. +dienstag: anpassung wird total überbewertet. +ich habe sehr viel zeit meines lebens damit verbracht, zu versuchen, ich selbst zu sein, und mich gleichzeitig anzupassen. +seien sie einfach, wer sie sind. +wenn sie sich mit den richtigen menschen umgeben, werden sie es nicht nur verstehen, sie werden es auch schätzen. +mittwoch: umarmen sie ihr inneres kind. +manchmal sagen mir leute, ich sähe aus, als ob ich 'verkleiden' spiele oder dass ich sie an ihre siebenjährige erinnere. +ich lächle dann gern und sage, "danke schön." +donnerstag: selbstvertrauen ist der schlüssel. +wenn sie denken, sie sehen in etwas gut aus, dann ist es fast sicher so. +und wenn sie denken, dass sie in etwas nicht gut aussehen, haben sie wahrscheinlich auch recht. +ich wuchs mit einer mutter auf, die mich das tag für tag lehrte. +aber erst als ich 30 wurde, habe ich wirklich verstanden, was das bedeutet. +und ich werde das kurz für sie zusammenfassen. +wenn sie glauben, dass sie innen und aussen eine wunderbare person sind, dann gibt es nichts, was sie nicht tragen können. +es gibt also keine entschuldigung für jemanden hier in diesem publikum. +wir sollten in der lage sein, alles zu rocken, was wir wollen. +vielen dank. +freitag: eine universelle wahrheit – fünf wörter: goldene pailleten passen zu allem. +und letztendlich, samstag: einen eigenen, einzigartigen, persönlichen stil zu entwickeln, ist eine tolle art, der welt etwas über einen zu erzählen, ohne dabei ein wort sagen zu müssen. +es wurde mir immer und immer wieder bewiesen, wenn in dieser woche menschen auf mich zu kamen, einfach nur wegen dem, was ich trug. und ich hatte großartige gespräche. +offensichtlich wird das nicht alles in meinen winzigen koffer passen. +bevor ich also heim nach brooklyn gehe, werde ich das alles wieder spenden. +denn die lektion, die ich selber diese woche versuche zu lernen ist, dass es okay ist, los zu lassen. +ich muss diesen dinge nicht emotional anhaften, denn gleich um die ecke wird es immer ein anderes verrücktes, farbenfrohes, strahlendes outfit geben, das nur auf mich wartet, wenn ich ein bisschen lieben im herzen habe und es suche. +ich danke ihnen vielmals. +danke schön. +guten tag, alle zusammen. +ich habe hier etwas, das ich ihnen zeigen möchte. +denken sie sich dies als bildpunkt, als fliegenden bildpunkt. +das ist, was wir in unserem labor, wahrnehmbares design nennen. +lassen sie mich ihnen ein wenig darüber erzählen. +wenn sie nun dieses bild nehmen – ich bin ursprünglich italiener, und jeder junge in italien wächst mit diesem bild in seinem zimmer auf. aber der grund, warum ich ihnen dies zeige ist, das in der formel 1 in den vergangenen jahrzehnten etwas sehr interessantes geschah. +vor einiger zeit war es so, dass wenn sie ein formel 1 rennen gewinnen wollten, dann nahmen sie ihr budget und setzten ihr geld auf einen guten fahrer und ein gutes auto. +und wenn das auto und der fahrer gut genug waren, dann gewannen sie das rennen. +nun heutzutage, benötigen sie, wenn sie ein rennen gewinnen wollen, tatsächlich so etwas wie dieses hier – etwas was das auto in echtzeit überwacht, einige tausend sensoren hat, die informationen aus dem auto, diese informationen an das system weitergeben und sie dann verarbeiten und diese dann nutzen um diesem auto entscheidungen zurück zu senden und dinge in echtzeit verändern während information gesammelt werden. +dies würden sie, in ingenieurteams, eine echtzeit-kontrollsystem nennen. +und im grunde, ist es ein system, das aus zwei teilen besteht – einem spürenden teil und einem reagierendenteil. +was heutzutage interessant ist, ist das echtzeit-kontrollsysteme beginnen in unserem leben aufzutauchen. +unsere städte wurden, in den letzten paar jahren, gerade mit netzwerken und elektronik ausgerüstet. +sie werden zu computer im freien. +und als computer im freien, fangen sie an, auf andere art und weise zu reagieren, sie werden wahrgenommen und angetrieben. +wenn wir städte herrichten, ist das tatsächlich eine große sache. +nur nebenbei möchte ich erwähnen, dass städte nur zwei prozent der erdoberfläche sind, aber 50 prozent der weltweiten bevölkerung dort leben. +sie sind 75 prozent des energiekonsums – verursachen bis zu 80 prozent der co2 emissionen. +wenn wir also etwas mit den städten machen, ist das eine große sache. +über die städte hinaus, zieht all dieses wahrnehmen und antreiben in objekte des täglichen lebens ein. +das ist von einer ausstellung, die paola antonelli für moma später im jahr, während des sommers, organisiert. +es heißt "sprich mit mir." +nun, all unsere objekte, unsere umwelt, fangen an, zu uns zurück zu sprechen. +in einem gewissen sinn, ist es fast so als ob jedes atom da draußen zu beiden wird, einem sensor und einem antreiber. +und das verändert radikal die interaktion, die wir menschen mit unserer umwelt draußen haben. +in gewisser weise, ist es fast als ob der alte traum von michelangelo... +wissen sie, als michelangelo den moses formte, heißt es, dass er am ende den hammer nahm und ihn auf moses warf – tatsächlich können sie immer noch eine kleine stelle untendrunter sehen – und sagte, rief, "perché non parli? warum sprichst du nicht?" +nun, heute, fängt unsere umwelt zum allerersten mal an, uns zu antworten. +ich werde ihnen nur einige beispiele zeigen – nochmal, mit der idee unsere umwelt wahrzunehmen und anzutreiben. +lassen sie uns mit dem wahrnehmen beginnen. +nun das erste projekt, das ich ihnen vorstellen möchte ist in wahrheit eines der ersten unseres labors. +es entstand vor viereinhalb jahren in italien. +und was wir da getan haben, war eigentlich eine damals neue art von netzwerk zu nutzen, das auf der ganzen welt eingesetzt wurde – das ist ein mobiltelefonnetz – und anonyme und aggregierte information aus diesem netzwerk zu nutzen, die ohnehin vom betreiber gesammelt werden, um zu verstehen wie die stadt funktioniert. +der sommer war ein glücklicher sommer – 2006. +es war als italien die fußball-weltmeisterschaft gewann. +einige von ihnen werden sich erinnern, es war als italien gegen frankreich spielte, und dann am ende zidane, der kopfstoß. +und egal, italien hat am ende gewonnen +jetzt sehen sie sich an was an diesem tag passierte, nur beim beobachten der aktivität, die im netzwerk passiert. +hier sehen sie die stadt. +sie sehen in der mitte das kolosseum, den fluß tiber. +am morgen, vor dem spiel. +sie sehen oben die zeitachse. +früher nachmittag, menschen hier und da, die anrufe tätigen und sich bewegen. +das spiel fängt an – schweigen. +frankreich macht ein tor. italien macht ein tor. +halbzeit, die menschen machen einen kurzen anruf, gehen auf toilette. +zweite halbzeit. ende der normalen spielzeit. +erste verlängerung, zweite. +zidane, in einem augenblick der kopfstoß. +italien gewinnt. yeah. +nun, in dieser nacht, gingen alle ins zentrum um zu feiern. +sie sahen den großen ausschlag. +am nächsten tag, gingen alle ins zentrum um das siegerteam und den premierminister zu selben zeit zu treffen. +und dann gingen alle hinunter. +sie sehen das bild des platzes circo massimo, wo, seit der römischen zeit, die menschen zum feiern hingehen – um eine große party zu haben, und sie sehen den ausschlag am ende des tages. +nun, das ist nur ein beispiel, wie wir heute die stadt spüren können, auf eine art und weise wie wir es vor einigen jahren nicht konnten. +noch schnell ein anderes beispiel für spüren: hier geht es nicht um menschen, sondern um dinge, die wir benutzen und konsumieren. +nun, heutzutage wissen wir alles darüber woher unsere sachen kommen. +dies ist eine karte, die ihnen all die chips zeigt, aus denen ein mac computer besteht, wie sie zusammen kamen. +aber wir wissen nur wenig darüber, wo die sachen hingehen. +also haben wir in diesem projekt tatsächlich einige kleine marker entworfen um den müll zu verfolgen während er durch das system geht. +wir haben also mit einigen freiwilligen angefangen, die uns, vor etwas mehr als einem jahr, in seattle geholfen haben, die dinge zu markieren, die sie wegwarfen – verschiedene arten von dingen, wie sie sehen können – dinge, die sie ohnehin wegwerfen würden. +dann haben wir die kleinen chips, die kleinen marken, auf den müll geklebt und angefangen ihn zu verfolgen. +hier sind die ergebnisse, die wir gerade bekommen haben. +von seattle... +nach einer woche. +mit dieser information erkannten wir, dass es eine menge ineffizienzen im system gibt. +wir können die gleichen dinge in der tat mit weniger energie machen. +die daten waren vorher nicht verfügbar. +aber das passieren eine menge unnützer transporte und komplizierter dinge. +die andere sache aber ist, dass wir glauben, dass wenn wir jeden tag sehen, dass die tasse, die wir wegwerfen, nicht einfach verschwindet, dass sie immer noch irgendwo auf dem planeten ist. +und die plastikflasche, die wir jeden tag wegwerfen immer noch da bleibt. +und wenn wir das den menschen zeigen würden, dann können wir eine verhaltensänderung vorantreiben. +das ist also der grund für dieses projekt. +mein kollege an der mit, assaf biderman, könnte ihnen noch viel mehr über das wahrnehmen und die vielen anderen wunderbaren dinge, die man mit wahrnehmen machen kann, erzählen, aber ich möchte gerne auf den zweiten teil zu sprechen kommen, den wir am anfang diskutierten und das ist die betätigung unserer umwelt. +und das erste projekt ist etwas, dass wir vor ein paar jahren in zaragoza, spanien gemacht haben. +es fing mit einer frage des bürgermeisters an, der zu uns kam und sagte, dass spanien und südeuropa eine schöne tradition haben, an öffentlichen orten wasser als teil der architektur zu nutzen. +und die frage war: wie könnte man technologie, neue technologie damit verbinden? +und eine der ideen, die am mit in einem arbeitskreis ermittelt wurden, war, stellen sie sich diese schläuche vor, und ventile, magnetventile, klappen, die sich öffnen und schließen. +sie verursachen so was wie einen wasservorhang mit bildpunkten aus wasser. +wenn diese bildpunkte herunterfallen, können sie darauf schreiben, können sie muster, bilder, text anzeigen. +und sie können sich ihm nähern, und er wird sich öffnen, um sie durchspringen zu lassen, wie sie auf diesem bild sehen können. +nun, wir haben das bürgermeister belloch vorgestellt. +es hat ihm sehr gefallen. +und wir bekamen den auftrag ein gebäude beim eingang der expo zu entwerfen. +wir nannten es den digitalen wasser pavillion. +das ganze gebäude bestand aus wasser. +es gibt keine türen oder fenster, aber wenn sie sich ihm nähern, wird es sich öffnen und sie hinein lassen. +das dach war ebenfalls mit wasser bedeckt. +und wenn es windig ist, wenn sie das spritzen verringern wollen, können sie sogar das dach herunter lassen. +oder sie könnten das gebäude schließen und die ganze architektur wird, wie in diesem fall, wissen sie, dieser tage, wenn sie das dach herunterfahren, bekommen sie bilder von menschen, die da waren und sagen, "sie haben das gebäude zerstört." +nein, sie haben das gebäude nicht zerstört, es ist nur so, dass die architektur beinahe verschwindet. +hier sehen sie, wie das gebäude funktioniert. +sie sehen die person, die sich fragt, was im inneren passiert. +und hier sehen sie mich, als ich versuchte beim testen der sensoren, die das wasser öffneten, nicht nass zu werden. +nun, sollte ich ihnen erzählen, was eines nachts passierte als alle sensoren aufhörten zu funktionieren. +aber eigentlich war es in dieser nacht ein noch größerer spaß. +alle kinder aus zaragoza kamen zu dem gebäude, denn die art wie sie mit dem gebäude spielten war ganz anders. +nicht länger ein gebäude, das sich öffnen würde um sie ein zu lassen, aber ein gebäude, das immer noch pausen und löcher im wasser hatte, man musste jetzt springen ohne nass zu werden. +und das war, für uns, sehr spannend, denn als architekten, ingenieure, als designer, denken wir immer darüber nach, wie die menschen, die dinge nutzen, die wir entwerfen. +aber die realität ist immer unvorhersehbar. +und das ist das schöne daran, dinge zu kreieren, die benutzt werden und mit den menschen interagieren. +hier ist nun ein bild des gebäudes mit den physischen bildpunkten, den bildpunkten aus wasser und die projektionen darauf. +und dies ist es, was uns darauf brachte über das folgende projekt nachzudenken, das ich ihnen jetzt zeige. +stellen sie sich vor diese bildpunkte könnten wirklich anfangen zu fliegen. +stellen sie sich vor, sie könnten kleine hubschrauber haben, die durch die luft fliegen, und jeder von ihnen mit einem kleinen bildpunkt mit wechselndem licht – fast so wie eine wolke die sich durch den raum bewegen kann. +hier ist das video. +stellen sie sich einen hubschrauber vor, wie den, den sie vorhin gesehen haben, der sich mit anderen bewegt, vollkommen synchron. +sie können diese wolke haben. +sie können eine art flexiblen bildschirm oder anzeige haben, wie diese – eine gleichmäßige formation in zwei dimensionen. +oder unregelmäßig aber in drei dimensionen, bei der das, was sich ändert, das licht ist, nicht die position der bildpunkte. +sie können mit verschiedenen arten spielen. +stellen sie sich vor der bildschirm könnte einfach in unterschiedlichen formaten oder größen erscheinen, in unterschiedlichen auflösungen. +aber dann könnte das ganze nur eine 3d wolke aus bildpunkten sein, auf die sie zugehen können und durch die sie sich hindurch bewegen, die sie aus vielen, vielen richtungen betrachten können. +hier sehen sie eine echte flyfire-steuerung, die herabsinkt um wie zuvor ein gleichmäßiges v zu formen. +wenn sie das licht einschalten, sieht es so aus. also genauso, wie wir es vorher gesehen haben. +stellen sie sich vor, dass jedes einzelne von menschen gesteuert wird. +es könnte jeder einzelne bildpunkt einen impuls haben, der von menschen kommt, von den bewegungen der menschen oder dergleichen. +ich möchte ihnen hier etwas zu allererst zeigen. +wir haben mit roberto bolle gearbeitet, einem der besten balletttänzer unserer zeit – dem étoile am metropolitan theater in new york und der scala in mailand – wir haben seine bewegungen in 3d aufgenommen um sie als impuls für das flyfire zu nutzen. +hier sehen sie roberto tanzen. +auf der linken seite sehen sie die bildpunkte, die verschiedenen eingefangenen eindrücke. +es ist gleichzeitig ein echtzeit-3d-scan und eine bewegungsaufnahme. +so dass sie die ganze bewegung nachvollziehen können. +sie können das die ganze zeit machen. +aber dann, wenn wir einmal alle bildpunkte haben, können sie damit spielen und mit farbe bewegung schwerkraft und drehbewegung spielen. +das möchten wir als einen möglichen impuls für das flyfire nutzen. +ich möchte ihnen das neueste projekt zeigen an dem wir arbeiten. +es ist etwas, an dem wir für die olympischen spiele in london arbeiten. +es nennt sich the cloud – die wolke. +die idee ist wiederum, stellen sie sich das vor, das wir wieder die menschen mit einbeziehen um etwas zu tun und die umwelt zu verändern – fast so etwas, wie wir es nennen, wolkenbewegung einzubauen wie man ein scheunentor bewegt, aber mit einer wolke. +stellen sie sich vor, dass jeder eine kleine spende für einen bildpunkt geben kann. +ich denke, dass das bemerkenswerte der der geschehnisse letzten jahre, der letzten jahrzehnte ist, dass wir von einer physikalischen zu einer digitalen welt gewechselt sind. +das hat alles digitalisiert, wissen, und macht es durch das internet zugänglich. +heutzutage, können wir zum ersten mal – und die kampagne obamas hat das gezeigt – können wir von der digitalen welt, von den sich selbstorganisierenden kräften der netzwerke zu der physikalischen welt wechseln. +das kann, in unserem fall sein, dass wir es benutzen um zu designen und ein symbol zu schaffen. +das heißt etwas was in der stadt gebaut ist. +aber morgen kann es, um uns den kommenden herausforderungen zu stellen – denken sie da an den klimawandel oder die co2 emissionen – wie können wir dann von der digitalen welt zur physikalischen wechseln. +die idee ist also, dass wir tatsächlich die menschen mit einbeziehen, in dem sie dinge zusammen, kollektiv tun. +die wolke ist wieder eine wolke aus bildpunkten, in der gleichen weise wie eine wirkliche wolke eine wolke aus partikeln ist. +und diese partikel sind wasser, während unsere wolke eine wolke aus bildpunkten ist. +es ist ein physikalisches gebilde in london, aber mit bildpunkten bedeckt. +sie können sich innen bewegen und verschiedene arten von erfahrungen machen. +sie können es sie tatsächlich von unten ansehen, die wichtigsten momente für olympia 2012 und darüberhinaus teilen, und es als art der verbindung zur gemeinschaft nutzen. +also beides, die physikalische wolke im himmel und etwas an dessen spitze sie hingehen können, wie londons neuer berggipfel. +sie können hineingehen. +und eine art digitaler leuchtturm in der nacht – aber als allerwichtigstes, eine neue art der erfahrung für alle, die an die spitze gehen wollen. +danke. +als künstler ist mir der zusammenhang sehr wichtig. +durch meine arbeit versuche ich auszudrücken, dass menschen nicht von der natur getrennt sind und dass alles miteinander verbunden ist. +das erste mal war ich vor beinah 10 jahren in der antarktis, wo ich meine ersten eisberge sah. +mich ergriff ehrfurcht. +mein herz raste, mir war schwindelig, während ich versuchte, zu fassen was vor mir stand. +die eisberge um mich herum ragten beinah 60 meter aus dem wasser. und ich konnte nur staunen, dass das eine schneeflocke auf einer anderen schneeflocke war, jahr um jahr. +eisberge werden geboren als kalb eines gletschers oder indem sie aus eisschollen heraus brechen. +jeder eisberg hat seine eigene individuelle persönlichkeit. +sie interagieren auf eindeutige weise mit ihrer umgebung und ihren erfahrungen. +manche weigern sich aufzugeben und klammern bis zum bitteren ende, während andere es nicht mehr aushalten und in einem anfall dramatischer leidenschaft zusammenstürzen. +wenn man einen eisberg betrachtet, denkt man leicht dass sie isoliert sind, getrennt und allein, ganz so wie wir menschen uns oft sehen. +aber die wahrheit ist weit davon entfernt. +während ein eisberg schmilzt, atme ich seine vorzeitliche atmosphäre ein. +während der eisberg schmilzt setzt er mineralstoffreiches trinkwasser frei, das viele lebensformen nährt. +ich gehe bei meinen aufnahmen dieser eisberge so vor, als würde ich portraits meiner vorfahren machen, in dem bewusstsein, dass sie in diesen individuellen augenblicken aus diese weise existieren, und niemals wieder so existieren werden. +es ist kein tod, wenn sie schmelzen; es ist kein ende, sondern eine fortführung ihres pfades entlang des lebenszyklus. +ein teil des eises in den eisbergen die ich photographiere ist sehr jung – einige tausend jahre alt. +und ein teil des eises ist mehr als 100.000 jahre alt. +die letzten bilder die ich ihnen gern zeigen möchte, zeigen einen eisberg, den ich in kekertsuatsiak in grönland photographiert habe. +sehr selten wird man tatsächlich zeuge eines rollenden eisbergs. +hier sehen sie es nun. +auf der linken seite sehen sie ein kleines boot. +das ist etwa fünf meter lang. +bitte achten sie auf die form des eisbergs und wo er sich an der wasserlinie befindet. +sie können hier sehen, er beginnt zu rollen, und das boot hat sich zur anderen seite bewegt, der mann steht dort. +das ist die durchschnittliche größe eines grönland-eisbergs. +er ragt etwa 120 fuß aus dem wasser, oder 40 meter. +und dieses video ist in echtzeit. +und einfach so, zeigt ihnen der eisberg eine andere seite seiner persönlichkeit. +ich danke ihnen. +mein leben ist wirklich außerordentlich gesegnet durch die arbeit an einigen erstaunlichen projekten. +aber bei dem coolsten, woran ich je gearbeitet habe, ging es um diesen kerl. +sein name ist tempt. +tempt war einer der führenden graffitikünstler der 80er jahre. +dann, eines tages, kam er vom laufen zurück und sagte "paps, meine beine kribbeln." +und das war der ausbruch des als. +tempt ist heute vollständig gelähmt. +er kann nur noch seine augen verwenden. +ich stand ihm gegenüber. +ich habe eine firma, die design und animationen macht, graffiti ist also zwangsläufig ein komplexer teil dessen, was wir in der kunstwelt bewundern und achten. +wir haben daher beschlossen, tony – tempt – und seine sache zu unterstützen. +ich traf mich mit seinem vater und seinen bruder und sagte: "wir werden euch dieses geld geben, +was werdet ihr damit tun? " +und sein bruder sagte: "ich will nur wieder mit tony reden können. +ich will mich nur wieder mit ihm und ich fragte: "moment mal, ist das nicht – ich hab stephen hawking gesehen – können nicht alle gelähmten menschen mittels dieser geräte kommunizieren?" +und er antwortete: "nein, nur wenn man zur höheren gesellschaftsschicht gehört und eine bemerkenswerte versicherung hat, kann man das wirklich tun. +normalen menschen sind diese geräte nicht zugänglich. " +und ich erwiderte: "wie kommuniziert ihr denn nun?" +hat jemand den film 'schmetterling und taucherglocke "gesehen? +so kommunizieren sie – so laufen ihre finger entlang. +ich staunte: "sehr archaisch, wie kann das sein?" +ich kam also mit dem bedürfnis, einfach nur einen scheck auszustellen und stattdessen stellte ich einen scheck aus, von dem ich nicht die leiseste ahnung hatte, wie ich ihn einlösen sollte. +ich verpflichtete mich an ort und stelle gegenüber seinem bruder und seinem vater – mit den worten: "gut, mein vorschlag ist folgendermaßen: tony wird sprechen, wir werden ihm einen apparat besorgen und wir werden einen weg finden, dass er wieder seine kunst machen kann. +denn es ist eine farce, dass jemand, der all das noch in sich trägt, es nicht kommunizieren kann. " +ich sprach also einige monate später bei einer konferenz. +ich traf diese leute von grl, graffiti research lab und sie haben eine technologie, die es ihnen erlaubt, ein licht auf jede beliebige oberfläche zu projizieren und dann mit einem laserpointer darauf zu zeichnen, der nur die negative fläche registriert. +sie ziehen also umher und machen kunstinstallationen wie diese. +sie sagen, dass alle dinge, die dort oben angezeigt werden, einem lebenszyklus folgen. +es beginnt mit den geschlechtsteilen, dann kommen die schimpfwörter, danach die bush-verleumdungen und zuletzt machen die leute tatsächlich kunst. +aber es gab immer einen lebenszyklus in ihren präsentationen. +ich ging also nach hause und aß mit meiner frau zu abend und erzählte ihr von allem und wir dachten: "nun, sekunde mal, wenn es doch diese technologie gibt, mit der man seine augen nutzen kann, um dinge zu steuern, dann sollten wir einen weg finden, dass tempt einen laser steuern kann, so dass er wieder graffiti machen kann, das wäre doch genial." +das war der beginn der reise. +und etwa zwei jahre später, etwa ein jahr später, nach eine menge organisation und viel hin und her von dingen, haben wir einige sachen erreicht. +erstens, wir haben den versicherungen die türen eingerannt, und haben tatsächlich für tempt einen apparat bekommen, mit dem er kommunizieren kann – eine stephen hawking-maschine. +das war unglaublich. +und er ist wirklich extrem witzig – ich nenne ihn yoda, denn man redet mit ihm, oder bekommt eine e-mail, und denkt sich: "ich bin so unwürdig, dieser kerl ist unglaublich." +außerdem haben wir sieben programmierer aus der ganzen welt eingeflogen – buchstäblich aus allen ecken der welt – zu uns nach hause. +meine frau, meine kinder und ich sind in die garage gezogen, und diese hacker und programmierer und verschwörungstheoretiker und anarchisten haben unser haus übernommen. +viele unserer freunde dachten, dass wir schön dumm seien, das zu tun und dass wir zurückkämen und alle bilder an den wänden wären graffitis gewichen. +aber für über zwei wochen haben wir programmiert, wir gingen zum strandpromenade in venice, meine kinder wurden einbezogen, mein hund auch und wir schufen das hier. +es nennt sich eyewriter und man kann die beschreibung sehen. +das ist eine billige sonnenbrille, die wir an der strandpromenade von venice gekauft haben, etwas kupferdraht und ein paar sachen aus dem baumarkt und dem elektronikhandel. +wir nahmen eine ps3-kamera, haben sie auseinandergebaut, haben sie auf ein led-licht gesetzt und jetzt haben wir ein gerät das frei zugänglich ist – man kann es selbst bauen, wir stellen den code umsonst zur verfügung, die software kann man kostenlos herunterladen. +wir haben also ein gerät erschaffen, das komplett frei von beschränkungen ist. +keine versicherung kann sich querstellen, +auch kein krankenhaus. +jeder gelähmte kann nun tatsächlich allein mit seinen augen kommunizieren oder zeichnen. +danke. +danke euch vielmals, das war unglaublich. +am ende der zwei wochen also gingen wir zurück in tempts zimmer. +ich liebe dieses bild, denn es ist das zimmer von jemand anderem und das ist sein zimmer. +da ist nun all dieser rummel vor der großen enthüllung +und nach über einem jahr der planung, zwei wochen programmierarbeit, nudelparties und durchgemachten nächten, zeichnete tony zum ersten mal wieder nach sieben jahren. +und das ist ein beeindruckendes bild, denn dies ist sein lebenserhaltungssystem, und er sieht über sein lebenserhaltungssystem hinaus. +wir haben sein bett geneigt, damit er nach draußen sehen kann. +wir haben einen projektor aufgestellt gegen eine wand des parkplatztes vor dem krankenhaus. +und er zeichnete wieder zum ersten mal, im beisein seiner familie und freunde – und man kann sich nur vorstellen, was für ein gefühl das auf dem parkplatz war. +lustigerweise mussten wir auch noch in den parkplatz einbrechen, wir fühlten uns also zurecht als ein teil der sprüher-szene. +am ende sandte er uns eine e-mail mit folgendem inhalt: "zum ersten mal seit sieben jahren habe ich etwas gezeichnet. +ich habe das gefühl, ich wurde unter wasser gedrückt und endlich hat jemand nach unten gegriffen und meinen kopf hochgezogen, damit ich atmen kann. " +ist das nicht überwältigend? +das ist so etwas wie unser kampfschrei. +das hält uns bei der stange und lässt uns immer weiter entwickeln. +und wir müssen noch viel an diesem gerät verbessern. +es ist ein erstaunliches gerät, aber es kommt einer zaubertafel gleich. +und jemand, der ein solches künstlerisches potential hat, verdient so viel mehr. +wir sind also dabei, herauszufinden, wie man es besser, schneller und stärker macht. +seit dieser zeit haben wir alle arten von anerkennung erhalten. +wir haben ein paar preise gewonnen. +bedenken sie, es ist kostenlos, niemand von uns verdient daran. +es kommt alles aus unseren eigenen taschen. +die auszeichnungen waren also, "oh, das ist fantastisch." +armstrong twitterte über uns und dann, im dezember, hat uns das time-magazine geehrt, als eine der 50 besten erfindungen 2010, was wirklich klasse war. +das coolste daran ist – und das schließt den ganzen kreis – dass es diesen april, beim geffen moca in der innenstadt von los angeles eine ausstellung geben wird namens "art of the streets" +und dort werden wohl so ziemlich die härtesten vertreter der straßenkunstszene anwesend sein – banksy, shepard fairey, caws – all diese jungs werden dort sein. +tempt wird teil der show sein, was ziemlich abgefahren ist. +im grunde geht mir also darum: wenn du etwas siehst, das unmöglich ist, dann mach es möglich. +alles in diesem raum war unmöglich – diese bühne, dieser computer, dieses mikrofon, der eyewriter – alles war irgendwann unmöglich. +machen sie es möglich – sie alle hier. +ich bin kein programmierer und hatte noch nie etwas mit augenerfassungstechnologie zu tun, aber ich habe einfach etwas erfasst und mich mit erstaunlichen leuten umgeben, damit wir gemeinsam etwas auf die beine stellen konnten. +und diese frage sollte sich jeder von ihnen stellen und zwar an jedem einzelnen tag, an dem ihnen etwas auffällt, das erledigt werden muss. wenn nicht jetzt, wann dann? und wenn nicht ich, wer dann? +ich danke euch. +also, ich schreibe für kinder, und bin wahrscheinlich amerikas meist gelesener kinderbuchautor. +und ich sage den leuten immer dass ich nicht wie ein wissenschaftler daher kommen will. +man kann mich als farmer haben, oder in leder, aber niemand hat jemals farmer gewählt. +heute möchte ich ihnen von kreisen und offenbarungen erzählen. +nun ja, eine erleuchtung ist für gewöhnlich etwas, dass man findet weil man es irgendwo fallen gelassen hat. +man geht um den block und nimmt es als offenbarung war. +das ist ein gemälde eines kreises. +einer meiner freunde hat es gemacht – richard bollingbroke. +es ist die art komplizierter kreis von dem ich ihnen heute erzählen möchte. +mein kreis begann damals in den 60ern an der high school in stow, ohio, wo ich die klassenschwuchtel war. +ich war derjenige, der jede woche in der jungentoilette grün und blau geschlagen wurde, bis eine lehrerin mein leben rettete. +sie rettete mein leben, indem sie mich die toilette im lehrerzimmer benutzen ließ. +das tat sie heimlich, +sie tat es drei jahre lang, +und ich musste weg aus der stadt. +ich hatte einen daumen, ich hatte 85 dollar, und es schlug mich nach san francisco in kalifornien – ich fand einen liebhaber – und damals in den 80ern fand ich es wichtig eine arbeit bei aids-organisationen aufzunehmen. +vor etwa drei oder vier jahren erhielt ich mitten in der nacht einen anruf von dieser lehrerin, frau posten, die sagte, "ich muss sie sehen. +ich bin traurig, dass wir einander niemals als erwachsene kennen gelernt haben. +können sie bitte nach ohio kommen, und bitte kommen sie zusammen mit dem mann, von dem ich weiß, dass sie ihn inzwischen gefunden haben. +und ich sollte erwähnen, dass ich bauspeicheldrüsenkrebs habe, und dass ich möchte, dass sie sich bitte beeilen. " +nun, am nächsten tag waren wir in cleveland. +wir sahen sie an, wir lachten, wir weinten, und wir wussten, dass sie in einem hospiz sein müsste. +wir fanden eins für sie, wir brachten sie hin, und wir kümmerten uns um sie, und wir gaben auf ihre familie acht, weil es nötig war, +es war etwas, dass wir zu tun wussten. +und gerade als die frau, die mich als erwachsenen kennen lernen wollte, mich kennenlernte, verwandelte sie sich in eine kiste voll asche und wurde in meine hände gelegt. +was passiert war, war dass sich der kreis geschlossen hatte, es war ein kreis geworden – und die offenbarung von der ich gesprochen habe zeigte sich. +die offenbarung ist, das tod ein teil des lebens ist. +sie hat mein leben gerettet, und mein partner und ich retteten ihres. +und wissen sie, dieser teil des lebens braucht alles was der rest des lebens braucht. +er braucht wahrheit und schönheit, und ich bin so froh, dass das heute hier so oft erwähnt wurde. +er braucht genauso – er braucht würde, liebe und vergnügen. und es ist an uns, diese dinge zu geben. +vielen dank. +stellen sie sich eine große explosion vor, während sie auf auf 1.000 meter aufsteigen. +stellen sie sich ein flugzeug voll rauch vor. +stellen sie sich ein triebwerk vor, das klack, klack, klack, klack, klack, klack, klack macht. +das klingt angst einflößend. +nun, ich hatte einen einzigartigen platz an diesem tag; ich saß auf 1d. +ich war der einzige, der mit den flugbegleitern sprechen konnte. +ich sah sie also gleich an, und sie sagten: "kein problem, wir haben wohl ein paar vögel erwischt." +der pilot hatte die maschine schon gewendet und wir waren nicht so weit weg. +man konnte manhattan sehen. +zwei minuten später passierten drei dinge gleichzeitig. +der pilot richtete die maschine nach dem hudson river aus. +das ist gewöhnlich nicht die route. +er schaltet die triebwerke ab. +stellen sie sich mal ein geräuschloses flugzeug vor. +und dann sagte er drei worte – die emotionslosesten worte, die ich je gehört habe. +er sagt, "bereitmachen zum aufprall" +ich musste nicht mehr mit dem bordpersonal reden. +ich konnte es in ihren augen sehen, da war schrecken, das leben war zu ende. +ich möchte ihnen jetzt drei dinge mitteilen, die ich an diesem tag über mich gelernt habe. +ich lernte, dass in einem augenblick alles anders ist. +wir haben diesen lebensplan, wir haben diese dinge, die wir im leben machen möchten und ich dachte an all die menschen, denen ich eine hand reichen wollte und es nicht tat, all die zäune, die ich flicken wollte, all die erfahrungen, die ich machen wollte und nie machte. +während ich später darüber nachdachte, fiel mir ein spruch ein, der lautet: "ich sammle schlechte weine". +denn wenn der wein soweit ist und die person ist da, dann öffne ich ihn. +ich will nie mehr etwas verschieben im leben. +und diese dringlichkeit, dieses ziel, hat mein leben wirklich verändert. +die zweite sache, die ich an diesem tag lernte – und das war, als wir die george washington brücke verfehlten, so ziemlich um haaresbreite – da dachte ich, mensch, da ist eine sache, die ich wirklich bereue. +ich hatte ein gutes leben. +in meiner eigenen menschlichkeit und mit meinen fehlern, strebte ich danach, besser zu werden in allem, was ich anpackte. +aber in meiner menschlichkeit habe ich auch meinem ego raum gegeben. +und ich bedauerte die zeit, die ich für bedeutungslose dinge verschwendet hattee, mit menschen, die etwas bedeuten. +und ich dachte an die beziehung mit meiner frau, zu freunden, zu menschen. +und danach, als ich darüber nachdachte, beschloss ich, negative energie aus meinem leben zu verbannen. +es ist nicht perfekt, aber es ist viel besser. +ich habe mich zwei jahre nicht mehr mit meiner frau gestritten. +es fühlt sich großartig an. +ich versuche nicht mehr, recht zu haben; ich entscheide mich dafür, glücklich zu sein. +die dritte sache, die ich lernte – und zwar während die innere uhr beginnnt, "15, 14, 13,..." herunterzuzählen, +man sieht das wasser kommen. +ich sagte, "bitte flieg in die luft." +ich will nicht, dass dieses ding in 20 teile zerbricht, wie man es aus dokumentationen kennt. +während wir abstürzen, hatte ich dieses gefühl, mensch, zu sterben ist nicht furchterregend. +fast so, als würden wir uns unser leben lang darauf vorbereiten. +aber es war sehr traurig. +ich wollte nicht gehen; ich liebe mein leben. +und diese traurigkeit formierte sich wirklich in einem gedanken, nämlich dass ich mir nur eine sache wünsche. +ich wünschte mir nur, ich könnte meine kinder aufwachsen sehen. +etwa einen monat danach besuchte ich einen auftritt meiner tochter – erstklässler, nicht viel künstlerisches talent... +... noch nicht. +und ich feiere, ich weine wie ein kleines kind. +und in der welt ergab alles einen sinn für mich. +mir wurde damals klar, indem ich die punkte miteinander verband, dass es im leben nur darum geht ein großartiger vater zu sein. +mehr als alles, alles andere, ist mein einziges ziel im leben, ein guter vater zu sein. +mir wurde das wunder zuteil, an diesem tag nicht zu sterben. +ich erhielt ein weiteres geschenk, nämlich in die zukunft zu sehen, und zurückzukommen und anders zu leben. +mein aufruf an alle, die heute fliegen, ist: stellen sie sich vor, dasselbe passiert auf ihrem flug – bitte nicht – aber stellen sie es sich vor; und wie würden sie sich ändern? +was würden sie erledigen, das sie aufschieben, weil sie denken, sie wären für immer da? +wie würden sie ihre beziehungen ändern und die negative energie darin? +und mehr als alles andere, sind sie die besten eltern, die sie nur sein können? +danke. +die idee hinter dem stuxnet computer-wurm ist an sich ziemlich simpel. +wir wollen nicht, dass der iran die bombe baut. +der wichtigste posten dort für die entwicklung von atomwaffen ist die uran-anreicherungs-einrichtung in natanz. +die grauen boxen, die sie hier sehen, das sind echtzeit-kontrollsysteme. +wenn es uns nun gelingt, die systeme zu kompromittieren, welche drehzahlen und ventile kontrollieren, dann können wir damit tatsächlich eine menge probleme verursachen mit der zentrifuge. +diese grauen boxen laufen nicht mit windows-software; sie basieren auf einer komplett anderen technologie. +aber wenn wir es schaffen, dass sich ein effektives windows-virus auf einem laptop einnistet, der von einem wartungsingenieur verwendet wird, um diese graue box zu konfigurieren, dann sind wir im geschäft. +und das ist die planung hinter stuxnet. +wir beginnen also mit einem windows-dropper. +die nutzdaten werden in die graue box transferiert, beschädigen die zentrifuge und das iranische kernenergie-programm verzögert sich – auftrag ausgeführt. +das ist ein kinderspiel, oder? +ich möchte ihnen erzählen, wie wir das herausgefunden haben. +als wir unsere forschung zu stuxnet vor sechs monaten begannen, war völlig unbekannt, was der sinn und zweck dieses konstrukts war. +das einzige, was wir wussten ist sehr, sehr kompliziert, was den windows- teil angeht, den dropper- teil, er machte von unzähligen zero- day- schwachstellen gebrauch. +und es schien etwas vorzuhaben, mit diesen grauen boxen, diesen echtzeit- kontrollsystemen. +das erregte unsere aufmerksamkeit und wir begannen ein labor- projekt, in dem wir unsere umgebung mit stuxnet infizierten, und untersuchten dieses konstrukt. +und dann passierte etwas komisches. +stuxnet verhielt sich wie eine laborratte, die unseren käse nicht mochte – schnüffelte dran, aber wollte ihn nicht essen. +das machte in meinen augen keinen sinn. +und nachdem wir mit verschiedenen arten von käse experimentiert hatten, ging mir auf, dass dies ein gezielter angriff ist. +vollständig auf ein bestimmtes ziel gerichtet. +der dropper streift aktiv auf der grauen box umher, wenn eine spezielle konfiguration entdeckt wurde. sogar, wenn das spezielle programm, welches es zu infizieren versucht auf diesem ziel läuft. +und wenn nicht, dann tut stuxnet gar nichts. +also, das weckte wirklich mein interesse und wir begannen damit zu arbeiten, beinahe rund um die uhr, denn ich dachte, nun, wir wissen nicht, was das ziel ist. +es könnte, sagen wir zum beispiel, ein us- amerikanisches kraftwerk, oder eine chemieanlage in deutschland sein. +also sollten wir besser bald herausfinden, was das ziel darstellt. +also extrahierten und dekompilierten wir den angriffs- code und fanden heraus, dass er in zwei digitale sprengköpfe aufstrukturiert ist -- einen kleineren und einen größeren. +und uns fiel auch auf, dass sie sehr professionell konstruiert waren, von leuten, die offensichtlich alle insider- informationen zur verfügung hatten. +sie kannten jegliche bits und bytes, die sie angreifen mussten. +wahrscheinlich kannten sie sogar die schuhgröße des maschinenbedieners. +sie wussten also alles. +und wenn sie schon mitbekommen haben, dass der dropper von stuxnet komplex und high-tech ist, lassen sie mich ihnen sagen: die nutzdaten sind eine wissenschaft für sich. +es ist viel anspruchsvoller als alles, was wir jemals gesehen haben. +hier sehen sie einen ausschnitt aus diesem angriffs- code. +wir sprechen hier von – ungefähr 15.000 zeilen code. +sieht ziemlich so aus, wie altmodische assemblersprache. +und ich will ihnen erzählen, wie wir in der lage waren aus diesem code schlau zu werden. +nach was wir also als erstes suchten, waren systemfunktions- aufrufe, weil wir wissen, was diese bewirken. +und dann suchten wir nach timern und datenstrukturen und versuchten, diese mit der echten welt in verbindung zu bringen -- mit potentiellen zielen in der echten welt. +also brauchten wir theorien über diese ziele, die wir belegen oder widerlegen konnten. +um diese theorien aufzustellen, rufen wir uns in erinnerung, dass es sich definitiv um hochgradige sabotage handelt, es muss sich um ein hochwertiges ziel handeln und sehr wahrscheinlich befindet es sich im iran, weil dort die meisten infektionen gemeldet wurden. +nun, in diesem gebiet gibt es nicht mehrere tausend ziele. +im grunde läuft es hinaus auf das buschehr atomkraftwerk und auf die urananreicherungsanlage in natanz. +also sagte ich zu meinem assistenten, "bring mir eine liste aller experten für zentrifugen und kraftwerke aus unserem kundenstamm." +und ich rief sie an und zapfte ihr wissen an, um ihr fachwissen mit dem zu vergleichen, was wir im code und in den daten herausgefunden hatten. +und das funktionierte sehr gut. +also, es war uns möglich, den kleinen digitalen sprengkopf mit der rotorsteuerung in verbindung zu bringen. +der rotor ist dieser sich bewegende teil innerhalb der zentrifuge, diese schwarze objekt, das sie sehen. +und wenn man die geschwindigkeit dieses rotors manipuliert, dann ist man tatsächlich in der lage den rotor zu knacken und schließlich sogar, die zentrifuge explodieren zu lassen. +was wir auch herausgefunden haben ist, dass das ziel des angriffs tatsächlich war, es langsam und unheimlich geschehen zu lassen -- offensichtlich in dem versuch wartungsingenieure verzweifeln zu lassen, sodass sie nicht in der lage dazu sein würden schnell dahinter zu kommen. +der große digitale sprengkopf -- wir erhielten einen einblick, indem wir uns sehr genau daten und datenstrukturen anschauten. +also zum beispiel die nummer 164 sticht sehr heraus aus diesem code; man kann es nicht übersehen. +ich begann damit, wissenschaftliche literatur durchzuarbeiten, darüber wie diese zentrifugen in natanz gebaut werden und fand heraus, dass sie strukturiert sind in sogenannten kaskaden, und jede kaskade enthält 164 zentrifugen. +also das machte sinn, es passte zusammen. +und es wurde noch besser. +diese zentrifugen in iran sind aufgeteilt in 15 sogenannte ebenen. +und raten sie was wir in dem angriffscode gefunden haben? +eine fast identische struktur. +also nochmal, das passte wirklich gut zusammen. +und dies gab uns große zuversicht für das, das wir hier untersuchten. +nun, verstehen sie mich nicht falsch, das ging nicht einfach so. +diese ergebnisse wurden durch mehrere wochen harter arbeit erreicht. +und oft rannten wir einfach in eine sackgasse und mussten uns neu sammeln. +jedenfalls fanden wir heraus, dass beide digitalen sprengköpfe in wirklichkeit auf ein und das selbe ziel zusteuerten, aber aus verschiedenen richtungen. +der kleine sprengkopf übernimmt eine kaskade, und überdreht die rotoren und verlangsamt sie und der große sprengkopf tritt mit sechs kaskaden in interaktion und manipuliert ventile. +also, im großen und ganzen sind wir sehr zuversichtlich, dass wir tatsächlich bestimmt haben, was das ziel ist. +es ist natanz und es ist nur natanz. +also müssen wir uns keine sorgen machen, dass andere ziele von stuxnet getroffen werden könnten. +hier ist etwas wirklich cooles zeug, das wir entdeckt haben -- hat mich echt aus den socken gehauen. +dort unten ist die graue box, und oben drauf sehen sie die zentrifugen. +nun, was dieses ding bewirkt ist, dass es die eingehenden werte von sensoren abfängt -- also zum beispiel von drucksensoren und vibrationssensoren -- und es stellt legitimen code zur verfügung, der noch während dem angriff, mit falschen eingehenden daten, läuft. +und tatsächlich sind dieses falschen eingehenden daten von stuxnet vorher schon aufgenommen. +also ist es genau so wie in hollywoodfilmen, wo während der verfolgungsjagd die überwachungskamera mit vorher aufgenommenem videoaufnahmen gefüttert wird. +das ist cool, nicht wahr? +die idee hierbei ist offensichtlich nicht nur, die maschinenbediener im kontrollraum überlisten. +tatsächlich ist es noch viel gefährlicher und aggressiver. +die idee ist, ein digitales sicherheitssystem zu überlisten. +wir brauchen digitale sicherheitssysteme dort, wo ein menschlicher maschinenbediener nicht schnell genug reagieren kann. +also in einem kraftwerk zum beispiel, wenn die große dampfturbine zu schnell wird, muss man entlastungsventile innerhalb von millisekunden öffnen. +natürlich kann dies nicht von einem menschlichen maschinenführer erledigt werden. +also an dieser stelle brauchen wir digitale sicherheitssysteme. +und wenn die gefährdet sind, dann können wirklich schlimme dinge geschehen. +das kraftwerk kann explodieren. +und weder die maschinenführer, noch das sicherheitssystem wird es bemerken. +das ist beängstigend. +aber es wird noch schlimmer. +und das was ich jetzt sage ist sehr wichtig. +denken sie darüber nach. dieser angriff ist generisch. +er hat nichts speziell zu tun mit zentrifugen, mit urananreicherung. +also würde er beispielsweise genau so gut funktionieren -- in einem kraftwerk oder in einer automobilfabrik. +es ist generisch. +und man muss nicht -- als der angreifer -- muss man die nutzdaten nicht über einen usb- stick anbringen, wie wir es bei stuxnet gesehen haben. +man könnte auch gewöhnliche wurm- technologie zum verbreiten verwenden. +man muss es nur so weit wie möglich verbreiten. +und wenn man das tut, erhält man schließlich eine cyber- massenvernichtungswaffe. +das ist die konsequenz, der wir uns stellen müssen. +also unglücklicherweise liegt die größte nummer von zielen für solche angriffe nicht im mittleren osten. +sie liegen in den vereinigten staaten, in europa und japan. +also all diese grünen gebiete, dies sind die zielreichsten umgebungen. +wir müssen uns den konsequenzen stellen und wir fangen besser an uns vorzubereiten. +danke. +ich habe eine frage. +ralph, es wurde sehr viel davon berichtet, dass leute vermuten, dass der mossad die hauptorganisation dahinter ist. +ist das auch deine meinung? +okay, du willst das wirklich wissen? +ja. okay. +meiner meinung nach ist der mossad involviert, aber die treibende kraft ist nicht israel. +also die treibende kraft dahinter ist die cyber- supermacht. +es gibt nur eine und das sind die vereinigten staaten -- zum glück, zum glück. +denn andernfalls wäre unser problem sogar noch größer. +danke, dass du uns eine heidenangst eingejagt hast. danke ralph. +ich habe die letzten paar jahre damit verbracht, mich in situationen zu platzieren, die normalerweise sehr schwierig und gleichzeitig irgendwie gefährlich sind. +ich bin ins gefängnis gegangen -- schwierig. +ich habe in einem kohlebergwerk gearbeitet -- gefährlich. +ich habe in kriegsgebieten gefilmt -- schwierig und gefährlich. +und ich habe 30 tage damit verbracht, nichts als dies hier zu essen -- spaßig am anfang, ein bisschen schwierig in der mitte, sehr gefährlich am ende. +eigentlich habe ich mich den größten teil meiner karriere dem anschein nach fürchterlichen situationen ausgesetzt, und das alles nur für den versuch, gesellschaftliche belang so zu untersuchen das sie fesselnd und interessant sind, und hoffentlich auf eine art verständlich, was sie für das publikum unterhaltsam und zugänglich macht. +als ich also wusste, dass ich hierher kommen würde, um in einem tedtalk die welt von branding und sponsoring zu betrachten, wusste ich, dass ich etwas ein wenig anderes machen würde. +einige von ihnen haben vielleicht davon gehört, dass ich vor ein paar wochen eine anzeige bei ebay geschaltet habe. +ich verschickte ein paar facebook-nachrichten, einige twitter-nachrichten, und ich gab leuten die möglichkeit, die namensrechte an meinem tedtalk 2011 zu erstehen. +wirklich, einige glückliche personen und firmen, for-profit und non-profit, erhielten die einmalige gelegenheit -- denn ich bin mir sicher, dass chris anderson das nie wieder zulassen wird -- die namensrechte an dem talk zu kaufen, den sie gerade sehen, der zu dem zeitpunkt weder einen titel hatte noch viel inhalt und nicht viele hinweise darauf gab, was das thema eigentlich sein würde. +was man also bekam, war folgendes: ihr name hier präsentiert: mein tedtalk, von dem sie keine ahnung haben, was das thema sein wird, und der ihnen je nach inhalt schlussendlich um die ohren fliegen könnte, besonders, wenn ich ihre firma für ihre beteiligung dumm dastehen ließe. +aber davon mal abgesehen, ist es eine sehr gute mediale gelegenheit. +wissen sie, wie viele menschen diese tedtalks ansehen? +eine ganze menge. +das ist übrigens nur der arbeitstitel. +trotz dieser warnung also wusste ich, dass irgendjemand die namensrechte kaufen würde. +wenn sie mich dies nun vor einem jahr gefragt hätten, wäre ich nicht in der lage gewesen, ihnen dies mit gewissheit zu sagen. +aber in dem neuen projekt, an dem ich arbeite, mein neuer film, untersuchen wir die welt des marketing, der werbung. +wie ich schon sagte, habe ich mich im laufe der jahre in einige ziemlich schreckliche situationen begeben, aber nichts konnte mich vorbereiten, nichts konnte mir rüsten, auf irgendetwas so schwieriges und so gefährliches wie mit diesen typen in einen raum zu gehen. +wissen sie, ich hatte die idee für einen film. +was ich machen möchte, ist ein film rund um product placement, marketing und werbung, wobei der ganze film finanziert wird durch product placement, marketing und werbung. +und der film wird "the greatest movie ever sold" heißen. +was also in "the greatest movie ever sold" passiert, ist, dass alles, von oben bis unten, vom anfang bis zum ende, vollkommen mit marken versehen ist -- vom titelsponsor, den sie im film sehen werden, das ist die marke x. +nun diese marke, das qualcomm stadion, das staples center... +diese leute werden mit dem film in ewigkeit verbunden sein – für immer. +und so wird der film diese ganze idee untersuchen -- das ist was? in ewigkeit, für immer? +ich bin eine redundante person. +das war mehr zur betonung. +es war "in ewigkeit, für immer." +aber wir werden nicht nur die marke x als titelsponsor haben, sondern wir werden sicher stellen, dass wir jede mögliche kategorie im film verkaufen werden. +so verkaufen wir vielleicht einen schuh und er wird der großartigste schuh, den sie je getragen haben... +das großartigste auto, das sie je gefahren sind, aus "the greatest movie ever sold" das großartigste getränk, das sie je gehabt haben, eine aufmerksamkeit von "the greatest movie ever sold". +die idee ist also, abgesehen davon zu zeigen, dass marken ein teil des lebens sind, eigentlich, sie dazu zu bringen, den film zu finanzieren? +und wir zeigen tatsächlich den ganzen prozess davon, wie es funktioniert. +das ziel des ganzen films ist transparenz. +sie werden die ganze sache im film von statten gehen sehen. +das ist also das ganze konzept, der ganze film, von anfang bis ende. +und ich würde mich freuen, wenn ceg dabei helfen würde, dies zu verwirklichen. +wissen sie, es ist lustig, denn als ich es zuerst gehört habe, es ist der ultimative respekt für das publikum. +ich weiß aber nicht, wie empfänglich leute sein werden. +haben sie eine perspektive -- ich möchte nicht "blickwinkel" benutzen, denn das hat eine negative konnotation -- aber wissen sie, wie sich das entwickeln wird? +wie viel geld wird benötigt, um das zu realisieren? +1,5 millionen. +ich denke, dass es schwer wird, sie zu treffen, aber ich denke, es ist es auf jeden fall wert, einige wirklich bekannte marken anzusprechen. +wer weiß, wenn der film dann raus kommt, sehen wir vielleicht wie eine horde vollidioten aus. +was glauben sie, wie die antwort sein wird? +die antwort wird höchst wahrscheinlich "nein" sein. +aber ist es eine schwierige sache wegen des films oder eine schwierige sache wegen mir? +jk: beides. +... bedeutet also, nicht so optimistisch. +also, mein herr, können sie mir helfen? ich brauche hilfe. +ich kann helfen. +okay. +fantastisch. +wir müssen überlegen, welche marken. +ja. +wenn sie sich die leute anschauen, mit denen sie es zu tun haben... +es gibt einige stellen, an die wir uns wenden können. +stellen sie die kamera aus. +ich dachte, "stellen sie die kamera aus" würde bedeuten, dass wir ein hintergrundgespräch führen wollten. +es stellte sich heraus, dass es in wirklichkeit bedeutete, "wir wollen mit ihrem film nichts zu tun haben." +und einfach so verschwanden all diese firmen, eine nach der anderen. +keine wollte etwas mit dem film zu tun haben. +ich war erstaunt. +sie wollten absolut nichts mit dem projekt zu tun haben. +und ich war verwirrt, denn ich dachte, das ganze konzept, die idee von werbung sei, dein produkt so vielen menschen wie möglich zu präsentieren, es so viele menschen wie möglich sehen lassen. +besonders in der heutigen welt, an dieser schnittstelle von neuen und alten medien und der zerstückelten medienlandschaft -- ist es nicht die idee, in diesem neuen aufregenden vermittlungsinstrument zu sein, dass den massen diese nachricht bringt. +nein, das war, was ich dachte. +aber sehen sie, das problem war, dass meine idee einen fatalen fehler hatte, und das war folgender. +eigentlich nein, das war überhaupt nicht der fehler. +das wäre überhaupt kein problem gewesen. +das wäre okay gewesen. +aber das, wofür dieses bild steht, ist ein problem. +sehen sie, wenn sie transparenz bei der google-suche eingeben ist das -- dies ist eins der ersten bilder, das erscheint. +ich mag wirklich deine art, sergey brin. nun. +das war das problem: transparenz -- frei von täuschung und tücke, einfach zu entdecken und durchschauen; sofort verständlich; charakterisiert von sichtbarkeit und dem zugang zu informationen, besonders, was geschäftspraktiken angeht -- die letzte zeile ist sicherlich das größte problem. +wissen sie, wir hören derzeit eine ganze menge über transparenz. +unsere politiker sagen es, unser präsident sagt es, sogar unsere ceos sagen es. +doch wenn es soweit kommt, dass es umgesetzt werden soll, verändert sich irgendetwas. +aber warum? nun, transparenz ist angst einflößend -- wie dieser merkwürdige bär, der immernoch brüllt. +sie ist unvorhersagbar -- wie diese seltsame landstraße. +und sie ist auch sehr riskant. +was ist sonst noch riskant? +eine ganze schale cool whip essen. +das ist sehr riskant. +als ich also anfing, mit den firmen zu sprechen und ihnen zu erzählen, dass wir diese geschichte erzählen wollten, sagten sie: "nein, wir wollen, dass du eine geschichte erzählst. +wir wollen, dass du eine geschichte erzählst, aber wir wollen nur, dass du unsere geschichte erzählst. " +sehen sie, als ich ein kind war und mein vater mich beim lügen erwischte -- und da sitzt er und schaut mich mit diesem blick an -- würde er sagen, "mein sohn, es gibt bei jeder geschichte drei versionen. +es gibt deine version, es gibt meine version, und es gibt die wahre version. " +sie sehen also, mit diesem film wollten wir die wahre version erzählen. +aber da nur eine firma, eine agentur bereit war, uns zu helfen -- und das auch nur, weil ich john bond und richard kirshenbaum seit jahren kenne -- stellte ich fest, dass ich es allein tun musste, ich musste den mittelsmann umgehen und direkt mit meinem team zu den firmen gehen. +was sie also plötzlich begannen zu verstehen -- oder was ich begann zu verstehen -- war, dass, wenn man beginnt, mit diesen firmen zu sprechen, die idee, wie deine marke verstanden wird, ein umfassendes problem ist. +ich habe freunde, die große, gigantische hollywood-filme machen, und ich habe freunde, die kleine independent-filme wie ich machen. +und meine freunde, die große, gigantische hollywood-filme machen, sagen, dass der grund, warum ihre filme so erfolgreich sind, an den markenpartnern liegt, die sie haben. +und dann sagen meine freunde, die kleine independent-filme machen, "nun, wie sollen wir mit diesen großen, gigantischen hollywood-filmen konkurrieren?" +und der film heißt "the greatest movie ever sold." +wie genau werden wir also ban in dem film sehen? +immer, wenn ich mich auf den weg mache, und immer, wenn ich den medizinschrank öffne, werden sie ban deodorant sehen. +und jedes mal, wenn ich jemanden interviewe, kann ich sagen: "sind sie frisch genug für dieses interview? +sind sie soweit? sie sehen ein wenig nervös aus. +ich möchte ihnen helfen, sich zu beruhigen. +vielleicht sollten sie also vor dem interview ein wenig hiervon auflegen. " +und dann bieten wir einen dieser großartigen düfte an. +entweder "floral fusion" oder einen "paradise winds", sie werden die wahl haben. +wir werden sowohl für männer als auch für frauen ausgerüstet sein -- fest, roll-on, oder einen stick, was auch immer. +das ist die kurzfassung. +nun kann ich alle ihre fragen beantworten und ihnen eine ausfühliche fassung geben. +wir sind eine kleinere marke. +so wie sie über die kleineren filme gesprochen haben, sind wir als marke ein herausforderer. +wir haben also nicht so ein budget wie andere marken. +solche sachen also zu machen -- wissen sie, erinnert leute an ban -- das ist irgendwie, warum wir interessiert sind. +mit welchen worten würden sie ban beschreiben? +ban ist blank. +das ist eine großartige frage. +frau: überlegene technologie. +technologie ist nicht die art, wie man etwas beschreiben sollte, das sich jemand unter die achseln tut. +wir sprechen von kühn, frisch. +ich denke, "frisch" ist ein super wort, dass diese kategorie wirklich zu etwas positivem macht, im gegensatz zu "bekämpft geruch und feuchtigkeit." +es hält dich frisch. +wie können wir sie länger frisch halten -- bessere frische, mehr frische, dreimal frischer. +solche sachen haben eine positivere wirkung. +und das ist ein millionen-konzern. +was ist mit mir? was ist mit dem druchschittstypen? +ich muss mit dem mann auf der straße sprechen, die so sind wie ich, otto-normal-verbraucher. +sie sollen mir etwas über meine marke erzählen. +wie würdet ihr eure marke beschreiben? +hmmm, meine marke? +ich weiß nicht. +ich mag wirklich gern schöne kleidung. +frau: 80er revival trifft auf skaterpunk, außer am waschtag. +nun gut, was ist die marke gerry? +einzigartig. +ich denke, das genre, der stil, den ich habe, ist wohl "dark glamour". +ich mag viele schwarze farben, viele grautöne und so ein zeug. +aber normalerweise habe ich ein accessoire, wie sonnenbrillen, oder ein schmuck und so ein zeugs. +frau: wenn dan eine marke wäre, wäre er wahrscheinlich ein klassisches mercedes cabrio. +mann 2: die marke, die ich bin, ist, würde ich sagen, lässige fliege. +frau 2: teils hippie, teils yogi, teils brooklyn-mädchen -- ich weiß nicht. +mann 3: ich bin der schmusetyp. +ich verkaufe schmusetiere im ganzen land, weltweit. +ich denke also, dass das meine marke ist. +das ist meine marke in meiner kleinen, verzerrten industrie. +mann 4: meine marke ist fedex, weil ich waren ausliefere. +mann 5: marke gescheiteter alkoholsüchtiger schreiberling. +geht das? +anwalt: ich bin eine anwaltsmarke. +ich bin tom. +nun, wir können nicht alle die tom-marke sein, aber ich sehe mich oft an der schnittstelle von dark glamour und lässiger fliege. +und was ist bemerkte, war, dass ich einen experten brauchte. +ich brauchte jemanden, der in meinen kopf eindringen könnte, jemand, der mir wirklich helfen könnte zu verstehen, was man die "markenpersönlichkeit" nennt. +und so fand ich eine firma namens olson zaltman in pittsburg. +sie haben firmen wie nestle, febreze, hallmark geholfen, diese markenpersönlichkeit zu entdecken. +wenn sie es für die tun konnten, konnten sie mir bestimmt auch helfen. +sie haben ihre bilder mitgebracht, ja? +das habe ich. das erste bild ist ein bild meiner familie. +erzählen sie mir einfach ein wenig, wie das mit ihren gedanken und gefühlen über sie selbst verbunden ist. +dies sind die menschen, die meine weltsicht formen. +erzählen sie mir von dieser welt. +md: diese welt? ich denke, die eigene welt ist die welt, in der man lebt -- wie menschen um einen herum, die freunde, die familie, die art, wie man sein leben lebt, die arbeit und so. +all diese dinge stammen und beginnen von einem ort, und für mich stammen und beginnen sie mit meiner familie in west virginia. +was ist das nächste, über das sie sprechen wollen. +das nächste. dies war der schönste tag meines lebens. +in welchem zusammenhang steht das zu den gedanken und gefühlen über sie selbst? +es ist so, wie ich gerne sein möchte. +ich mag dinge, die anders sind. +ich mag dinge, die sonderbar sind. ich mag sonderbare dinge. +erzählen sie mir über die "warum" -phase -- was bringt sie uns? +was ist die machete? in welchem puppenstadium befinden sie sich derzeit? +warum ist es wichtig, neuzustarten? was repräsentiert das rot? +erzählen sie mir ein wenig über diesen teil. +ein bisschen mehr über sie, das nicht sie sind. +welche weiteren metamorphosen haben sie durchlaufen? +... das muss keine angst sein. in welcher art von achterbahn befinden sie sich? +eeeeee! nein, danke ihnen! +vielen dank für ihre geduld. +ja.. nun gut. +ja, ich weiß nicht, was sich daraus ergeben wird. +da gingen ganz schön viele verrückte dinge vor sich. +das erste, was ich sah, war diese idee, dass ihre markenpersönlichekti zwei getrennte, aber sich ergänzende seiten hat -- die morgan spurlock-marke ist eine achtsame / verspielte marke. +die ergänzen sich sehr gut. +und ich denke, es gibt fast einen widerspruch damit. +und ich denke, einige firmen werden sich nur auf eine stärke konzentrieren, anstatt auf beide. +viele firmen neigen dazu -- und das ist die menschliche natur -- sachen zu vermeiden, bei denen sie sich nicht sicher sind, sie werden angst vermeiden, diese elemente, und dass sie diese willkommen heißen, und sie verwandeln sie für sich selbst tatsächlich in etwas positives, und das ist ein geschickter schachzug. +welche anderen marken handeln so? +die erste ist ein klassiker, apple. +und sie können es hier auch sehen, target, wii, mini von mini coopers und jetblue. +nun, es gibt verspielte marken und achtsame marken, diese sachen, die kommen und gehen, aber eine verspielte, achtsame marke ist eine ziemlich starke sache. +eine achtsame, verspielte marke. wie ist ihre marke? +wenn jemand sie bitten würde, ihre markenidentität zu beschreiben, ihre markenpersönlichkeit, wie wäre sie? +sie sie ein up-attribut? sind sie etwas, dass das blut in wallungen bringt? +oder sind sie eher ein down-attribut? +sind sie etwas, das ein wenig ruhiger, reservierter, konservativer ist? +up-attribute sind dinge, die verspielt sind, frisch wie der fresh prince, zeitgemäß, abenteuerlich, ausgefallen und lieblich wie erol flynn, wendig und agil, profan, herrisch, magisch und mystisch wie gandalf. +oder sind sie eher wie ein down-attribut? +sind sie achtsam und mondän wie 007? +sind sie etabliert, traditionell, pflegend, beschützend, mitfühlend wie oprah? +sind sie verlässlich, stabil, familiär, sicher, geborgen, heilig, bedacht und weise wie der dalai lama oder yoda? +im laufe des films hatten wir mehr als 500 firmen, die up und down-firmen waren und die "nein" sagten, weil sie nicht teil des projekts sein wollten. +sie wollten vor allem nichts mit diesem film zu tun haben, weil sie keine kontrolle hatten, keine kontrolle über das fertige produkt. +aber wird fanden 17 markenpartner, die bereit waren, auf diese kontrolle zu verzichten, die mit jemandem geschäfte machen wollten so achtsam und verspielt wie ich, und die uns schließlich dazu befähigten, geschichten zu erzählen, die wir normalerweise nicht hätten erzählen können -- geschichten, die ein werber normalerweise nie unterstützen würde. +sie befähigten uns, die geschichte vom neuromarketing zu erzählen, so wie wir die geschichte in diesem film erzählen, dass man heutzutage mris benutzt, um die lustzentren des hirns anzupeilen, sowohl um werbung als auch filme zu machen. +wir fuhren nach sao paulo, wo außenwerbung verboten worden ist. +in der gesamten stadt findet sich seit fünf jahren keine anzeigentafel, kein poster, keine flyer, nichts. +und wir fuhren in schulbezirke, in denen firmen sich ihren weg bahnen in verarmte schulen, in ganz amerika. +das unglaubliche für mich ist, dass die projekte von denen ich das meiste feedback bekam oder wo ich den größten erfolg hatte, jene sind, wo ich mit dingen direkt interagierte. +und das ist, was diese marken getan haben, +denn sie umgingen den mittelsmann, sie umgingen die agenturen, und sagten, dass die agenturen vielleicht nicht wirklich ihr interesse im sinn haben. +ich werde mit dem künstler direkt verhandeln. +ich werde mit ihm arbeiten und etwas vollkommen anderes schaffen, etwas, dass die leute zum nachdenken bringt, dass unser weltbild herausfordert. +und wie war das für sie? was es erfolgreich? +nun, da der film beim sundance film festival premiere hatte, können wir uns das mal anschauen. +laut burrelles war die premiere im januar, und seitdem -- und das ist nicht einmal die ganze sache -- gab es 900 millionen aufrufe von diesem film. +das umfasst tatsächlich nur einen zeitraum von 2 1 / 2 wochen. +das ist nur online -- keine presse, kein fernsehen. +der film wurde noch nicht ausgeliefert. +es gibt ihn noch nicht einmal online. kein streaming. +er ist noch nicht in anderen ländern raus gekommen. +nun, schließlich hat der film ein sehr großes momentum erlangt. +und das ist nicht schlecht für ein projekt, bei dem fast jede werbeagentur, mit der wir sprachen, ihren kunden empfohlen hat, die finger davon zu lassen. +etwas, woran ich fest glaube, ist, dass wenn man seine chance ergreift, risiken eingeht, dass in diesen risiken möglichkeiten stecken. +ich glaube, wenn man leute davon abhält, dann bringt man sie näher ans versagen. +ich glaube, dass, wenn man seine angestellten trainiert, risiken zu vermeiden, man die ganze firma darauf vorbereitet, einen profit zu erlangen. +ich habe das gefühl, dass wir beim voranschreiten leute ermutigen müssen, risiken einzugehen. +wir müssen leute ermutigen, keine angst zu haben vor möglichkeiten, die sie vielleicht verängstigen. +schließlich, beim voranschreiten sollten wir die angst willkommen heißen. +wir sollten den bär in den käfig stecken. +heißen sie die angst willkommen. heißen sie das risiko willkommen. +jeweils einen großen löffel voll, so heißen wir das risiko willkommen. +und schließlich, sollten wir transparenz willkommen heißen. +heutzutage, mehr als je zuvor, bringt uns ein bisschen ehrlichkeit sehr weit. +und das gesagt, mit ehrlichkeit und transparenz, mein gesamter talk "heißen sie transparenz willkommen" wurde ihnen präsentiert von meinen guten freunden von emc, die $7100 für die namensrechte bei ebay bezahlten. +große daten werden für organisationen auf der ganzen welt in große gelegenheiten verwandelt. +emc präsentiert "heißen sie transparenz willkommen" +vielen dank euch. +nun, morgan, im namen der transparenz dies: was ist nun genau mit den $7100 passiert? +das ist eine großartige frage. +ich habe in meiner tasche einen scheck, ausgestellt auf die oberorganisation der ted-organisation, die sapling-stiftung -- einen scheck in höhe von $7100, um meinen ted-auftritt im nächsten jahr zu finanzieren. +mein name ist amit. +vor 18 monaten machte ich etwas anderes bei google, und ich regte an, etwas mit museen und kunst zu machen. meine chefin, die heute auch ist, gab mir grünes licht. +und es dauerte 18 monate. +eine menge spaßiger verhandlungen und geschichten, das kann ich ihnen sagen, mit 17 sehr interessanten museen aus neun ländern. +aber ich werde mich auf die vorführung konzentrieren. +es gibt eine menge geschichten darüber, warum wir dies getan haben. +ich denke, meine persönliche sicht ist sehr einfach mit dieser folie und ihrem zugriff erklärt. +ich wuchs in indien auf. +mir wurde eine großartige ausbildung zuteil – ich beschwere mich nicht – aber ich hatte zu vielen museen und diesen kunstwerken keinen zugang. +als ich dann reiste, und diese museen zu besuchen, begann ich eine menge zu lernen. +und während ich für google arbeitete, versuchte ich diese sehnsucht – kunst zugänglicher zu machen – mit technologie zusammen zu führen. +wir bildeten dann ein team, eine großartige mannschaft, und wir begannen hiermit. +ich werde wohl mit der demonstration beginnen, und ihnen einige interessante dinge erzählen, die seit dem start passierten. +man geht also einfach zu googleartproject.com. +man kann sich in all diesen museen hier umsehen. +da ist das uffizi, das moma, die hermitage, das rijks, das van gogh. +ich komme sogar in eins meiner liebsten, das metropolitan museum of art in new york. +man kommt auf zwei wegen rein – sehr einfach. +click, und wumms, ist man im diesem museum. +es spielt keine rolle, wo sie sind – bombay, mexico, es macht keinen unterschied. +man geht umher und amüsiert sich. +sie wollen sich im museum orientieren? +öffnen sie die karte, und springen sie mit einem klick. +drin sind sie, sie wollen bis ans ende des gangs. +nur weiter. viel spaß. +stöbern sie. +danke, aber das beste kommt noch. +nun bin ich also vor einem meiner lieblingsbilder, erntearbeiter von pieter breugel in der met. +ich sehe dieses pluszeichen. +wenn das museum uns das bild gegeben hat, klicken sie darauf. +dies ist nun eins der bilder. +das hier sind alle metadaten. +jene von ihnen, die wirklich an kunst interessiert sind, können hier klicken – aber ich klicke das jetzt weg. +dies ist eins der bilder, die wir festgehalten haben mit der sogenannten gigapixel-technologie. +dieses bild zum beispiel hat etwa 10 milliarden bildpunkte, glaube ich. +und eine menge leute fragen mich: "was bekommt man für 10 milliarden bildpunkte?" +das werde ich ihnen jetzt zeigen: +man kann sehr leicht rein und rauszoomen. +sie sehen etwas lustiges hier. +ich liebe diesen kerl; sein ausdruck ist unbezahlbar. +aber dann wollen sie wirklich tief hinein. +und so fing ich an herum zu spielen, und stellte fest, dass dort etwas vor sich geht. +und ich dachte: "moment mal, das klingt interessant." +ich ging nah ran, und bemerkte langsam, das diese kinder tatsächlich etwas schlugen. +ich forschte ein wenig, sprach mit einigen bekannten beim met, und fand tatsächlich heraus, das es sich um ein spiel namens squail handelt, bei dem eine gans am fastnachtsdienstag mit einem stock geschlagen wird. +scheinbar war es recht beliebt. +ich weiß nicht, warum sie es taten, aber ich lernte etwas darüber. +um wirklich nah heran zu gehen, kann man bis zu den rissen gehen. +nur um ihnen den überblick zu geben, zoome ich heraus, damit sie sehen, was man bekommt. +hier waren wir, und dies ist das gemälde. +das beste kommt aber noch – in einer sekunde. +lassen sie uns schnell zum moma springen, wieder in new york. +ein weiteres lieblingsbild von mir, sternennacht. +bei dem vorigen beispiel ging es darum, einzelheiten zu finden, +aber was, wenn man die pinselstriche sehen will? +und was erst, wenn man sehen will wie van gogh dieses meisterwerk denn erschaffen hat? +man zoomed hinein. man kann wirklich hinein gehen. +ich werde in einen meiner lieblingsteile dieses bildes zoomen, bis ich wirklich bei den rissen bin. +das ist sternennacht, wohl niemals zuvor so gesehen. +nun werde ich ihnen meine liebste funktion zeigen. +es gibt noch viele weitere, aber mir fehlt die zeit. +das ist der wirklich coole teil, er heißt sammlungen. +jeder von ihnen, jeder – gleich ob reich oder arm, ob sie ein tolles haus haben – spielt keine rolle. +sie können loslegen und online ihr eigenes museum erschaffen – aus all diesen bildern können sie ihre eigene sammlung anlegen. +ganz einfach, sie gehen hinein – und ich habe dies geschaffen, es heißt die macht des zoom – sie können umherzoomen. +das ist 'die gesandten', in der nationalgallerie. +sie können alles mit anmerkungen versehen, ihren freunden schicken, und so eine unterhaltung beginnen darüber, was sie fühlen, wenn sie diese meisterwerke betrachten. +ich denke, abschließend, ist für mich die hauptsache, dass all die wunderbaren sachen hier nicht von google kommen. +sie kommen meines erachtens nach nicht mal aus den museen. +das sollte ich vielleicht nicht sagen. +sie kommen von den künstlern. +und das war eine erfahrung in demut für mich. +ich meine, ich hoffe dass wir mit diesem digitalen medium der kunst gerecht werden, und sie ordentlich online repräsentieren. +dabei ist die größte frage, die mir neulich gestellt wird: "haben sie das gemacht, um die erfahrung eines museumsbesuchs zu replizieren?" +die antwort darauf ist nein. +es soll die erfahrung ergänzen. +darum geht es. dankeschön. +danke. +dies ist eine darstellung ihres gehirns. ihr gehirn kann in zwei hälften unterteilt werden. +das ist die linke hälfte, die die logische seite ist und dann die rechte hälfte, die die intuitive seite ist. +wenn wir einen maßstab hätten um die aptitute jeder hemisphäre zu messen, könnten wir ihr gehirn darstellen. +zum beispiel, wäre diese jemand, der vollständig logisch ist. +dies wäre jemand, der komplett intuitiv ist. +nun, wo würden sie ihr gehirn auf diesem maßstab positionieren? +einige von uns haben sich vielleicht für eins dieser extreme entschieden, aber ich denke, dass, für die meisten menschen im publikum, ihr gehirn etwa so aussieht -- mit einer hohen aptitute, die gleichzeitig in beiden hemisphären ist. +es ist nicht so, als ob sie beide exklusiv sind oder dergleichen. +sie können logisch und intuitiv sein. +und so sehe ich mich als eine der personen, gemeinsam mit dem meisten anderen experimentellen quantenphysikern, die einen guten anteil logik benötigen um die komplexen ideen zusammen zu fügen. +aber gleichzeitig benötigen wir einen guten anteil intuition um die experimente tatsächlich auszuführen. +wie entwickeln wir diese intuition? nun, wir lieben es mit dingen zu spielen. +wir gehen also raus und spielen damit und schauen dann wie es reagiert. und dann fangen wir dort an unsere intuition zu entwickeln. +im grunde machen sie das gleiche. +also eine der intuitionen die sie über die jahre entwickelt haben, ist vermutlich, dass ein ding zur gleichen zeit nur an einem ort sein kann. +ich meine, es kann seltsam klingen darüber nachzudenken, dass ein ding zur gleichen zeit an zwei verschiedenen orten ist, aber sie wurden mit dieser idee nicht geboren, sie haben sie entwickelt. +ich erinnere mich daran ein kind beim spielen auf einer bodenschwelle zu sehen. +er war noch ein kleinkind und nicht sehr gut darin und er fiel ständig hin. +aber ich wette, dass ihn das spielen mit der bodenschwelle eine sehr wertvolle lektion lehrte, nämlich das große dinge dich nicht einfach vorbei lassen, und dass sie an einer stelle bleiben. +und das ist ein großartiges konzeptionelles modell der welt, so lange sie kein teilchenphysiker sind. +es wäre ein furchtbares modell für einen teilchenphysiker, weil sie nicht mit bodenschwellen spielen, sondern mit diesen kleinen seltsamen teilchen. +und wenn sie mit ihren teilchen spielen, stellen sie alle möglichen seltsamen dinge fest -- wie dass sie direkt durch mauern fliegen, oder dass sie zur gleichen zeit an zwei verschiedenen orten sein können. +und so schrieben sie alle diese beobachtungen auf, und nannten sie die theorie der quantenmechanik. +das war der stand der physik vor einigen jahren; man brauchte quantenmechanik um die kleinen, winzigen teilchen zu beschreiben. +aber man brauchte sie nicht um die großen alltäglichen objekte um uns herum zu beschreiben. +das hat meine intuition nicht gemocht und das vielleicht nur weil ich nicht so oft mit teilchen spiele. +naja, ich spiele manchmal mit ihnen, aber nicht sehr oft. +und ich habe sie noch nie gesehen. +ich meine, niemand hat jemals ein teilchen gesehen. +aber meine logische seite hat es auch nicht gemocht. +denn wenn alle sachen aus teilchen bestehen und all diese teilchen den regeln der quantenmechanik folgen, sollte dann nicht einfach alles den regeln der quantenmechanik folgen? +ich sehe keinen grund, warum das nicht so sein sollte. +ich würde mich also deutliche besser mit der ganzen sache fühlen, wenn wir irgendwie zeigen könnten, dass alltagsgegenstände auch den regeln der quantenmechanik folgen. +also machte ich mich vor ein paar jahren daran, genau das zu tun. +ich erschuf eins. +dies ist das erste objekt, das sie sehen können, das in der quantenmechanischen superposition war. +was wir uns hier also ansehen ist ein winziger computer chip. +und sie können diesen grünen punkt dort in der mitte sehen. +das ist das stück metall über das ich gleich reden werde. +das ist ein bild des objekts. +hier vergrößere ich es etwas. wir schauen genau hier ins zentrum. +und hier ist eine wirklich sehr große nahaufnahme dieses kleinen stücks metall. +was wir uns also ansehen ist ein kleines stück metall es ist wie ein sprungbrett geformt und es steht über der kante über. +ich machte also dieses ding auf ähnliche weise auf die man einen computer chip macht. +ich ging ein einen sauberen raum mit neuen siliziumscheiben, und rackerte für 100 stunden an all den großen geräten. +für das letzte bisschen musste ich meine eigene maschine bauen -- um dieses wie ein swimming pool geformte loch und das ding zu bekommen. +dieses ding hat die hat die fähigkeit in der quantenmechanischen superposition zu sein aber es braucht ein ein wenig hilfe um es zu tun. +schauen sie, lassen sie mich ihnen eine analogie geben. +sie wissen, wie unbehaglich es ist in einem vollen aufzug zu sein? +ich meine, wenn ich alleine im aufzug bin, dann mache ich alle möglichen seltsamen sachen aber dann steigen andere menschen hinzu und ich höre auf all diese dinge zu machen, weil ich sie nicht damit belästigen will, oder, offen gesagt, sie verschrecke. +quantenmechanik sagt also, dass unbewegliche objekte sich genauso fühlen. +die mitfahrer für unbewegliche objekte sind nicht nur menschen, sondern auch das licht, das auf sie scheint und der wind, der an ihnen vorbei fegt und die hitze des raums. +und so wussten wir, dass wenn wir sehen wollten, dass dieses stück metall sich quantenmechanisch verhält, wir die ganzen mitreisenden raus schmeissen mussten. +und das haben wir dann getan. +wir haben das licht ausgeschaltet, legten es in ein vakuum und saugten die ganze luft aus und kühlten es bis fast zum jetzt, ganz alleine im aufzug, war das stück metall frei, sich zu verhalten wie immer es wollte. +also haben wir seine bewegung gemessen. +wir stellten fest, dass es sich wirklich seltsam bewegt. +anstatt, dass es einfach ruhig da liegt, vibrierte es. die art wie es vibrierte war ungefähr so wie dies hier -- wie ein sich ausdehnender und zusammen ziehender blasebalg. +in dem wir ihm einen kleinen schubs gaben, konnten wir es veranlassen zur gleichen zeit zu vibrieren und nicht zu vibrieren -- etwas was nur in der quantenmechanik erlaubt ist. +was ich ihnen gerade erzähle ist also was wahrhaft fantastisches. +was heißt es für ein objekt zur gleichen zeit zu vibrieren und nicht zu vibrieren? +lassen sie uns über die atome nachdenken. +also der erste fall: all die trillionen von atome aus denen das stück metall besteht liegen still da und zur gleichen zeit bewegen sich dieselben atome auf und ab. +nur zu präzisen zeitpunkten stimmen sie überein. +den rest der zeit sind sie delokalisiert. +das heisst, dass jedes atom zur gleichen zeit an zwei unterschiedlichen orten ist, was gleichzeitig heisst, dass das gesamte stück metall an zwei verschiedenen orten ist. +ich denke, dass das richtig cool ist. +wirklich. +das war es wert mich für all diese jahr in dem sauberen raum einzuschliessen. denn, überprüfen sie das, der massstabsunterschied zwischen einem einzelnen atom und diesem stück metall ist ungefähr genauso wie der unterschied zwischen dem stück metall und ihnen. +wenn also ein einzelnes atom zur gleichen zeit an zwei verschiedenen orten sein kann, dieses stück metall an zwei verschiedenen orten sein kann, warum dann nicht auch sie? +ich meine, das ist nur das was meine logische seite sagt. +so, stellen sie sich vor, sie wären zu gleichen zeit an mehreren orten, wie würde sich das anfühlen? +wie würde ihr bewusstsein damit umgehen, dass ihr körper im raum delokalisiert ist? +es gibt einen weiteren aspekt bei der geschichte. +als wir es aufwärmten, das licht anschalteten und die kiste reinschauten, sahen wir, dass das stück metall immer in einem stück da war. +und so musste ich diese neue intuition entwickeln, dass es so aussieht als ob all die objekte im aufzug in wirklichkeit nur quanten objekte sind, die in einem kleinen raum zusammen gefercht sind. +sie hören eine menge gerede darüber, wie quantenmechanik sagt, dass alles mit allem verbunden ist. +nun, das ist nicht ganz richtig; +da ist noch mehr dahinter, es geht noch tiefer. +es ist so, dass diese verbindungen, ihre verbindungen mit all den dingen um sie herum, buchstäblich definieren wer sie sind. und das ist das tiefsinnige und seltsame der quantenmechanik. +vielen dank. +im jahr 2007 habe ich beschlossen, dass wir rekonzeptualisieren sollten wie wir über wirtschaftliche entwicklung denken. +es sollte unser ziel sein, dass, wenn familien darüber nachdenken, wo sie leben und arbeiten wollen, ihnen die möglichkeit gegeben ist, zwischen mindestens einer hand voll verschiedener städte auszuwählen, die alle in konkurrenz um neue bewohner stehen. +im moment befinden wir uns weit entfernt von diesem ziel. +es gibt milliarden von menschen in entwicklungsländern, denen nicht einmal eine einzige stadt zur verfügung steht, die sie willkommen heißen würde. +aber das erstaunliche an städten ist, dass sie so viel mehr wert sind, als es kostet sie zu bauen. +wir könnten die welt also sehr einfach mit duzenden, vielleicht sogar hunderten von neuen städten ausrüsten. +das klingt jetzt vielleicht absurd für sie, sofern sie noch nie über neue städte nachgedacht haben. +tauschen sie doch einfach den bau von wohnungen gegen den von städten aus. +stellen sie sich vor, die hälfte der leute, die in wohnungen leben wollen, täten dies bereits; die andere hälfte aber noch nicht. +sie könnten versuchen die kapazität der bereits existierende wohnungen zu erweitern. +aber wissen sie worauf sie sich da einlassen würden, in diesen wohnungen und deren umgebung herrschen gesetze um beschwerden zu vermeiden und vom ausbau abzulenken. +es stellt sich also als sehr schwer heraus all diesen erweiterungen nachzukommen. +aber man könnte an einen völlig neuen ort gehen, ein komplett neuen wohnblock bauen, vorausgesetzt die gesetze dort würden einen solchen bau unterstützen und ihn nicht behindern. +ich habe also vorgeschlagen, dass regierungen neue flächen schaffen, die genug platz für eine stadt bieten und habe ihnen einen namen gegeben: charter cities. +später habe ich herausgefunden, dass, etwa um die gleiche zeit, javier und octavio über die herausforderung einer reform in honduras nachgedacht haben. +sie wussten, dass jedes jahr ungefähr 75.000 honduraner ihr land verlassen, um in die vereinigten staaten auszuwandern, und sie wollten wissen, was sie tun könnten, um sicher zu stellen, dass diese menschen in ihrem land bleiben können und genau das selbe in honduras tun können. +an dieser stelle hat javier zu octavio gesagt, "was passiert, wenn wir eine unbesiedelte fläche unseres landes nehmen- was, wenn wir sie einfach einer botschaft geben- einen teil der amerikanischen botschaft; einen teil der kanadischen botschaft- und wenn die leute dann arbeiten gehen wollen unter den kanadischen regeln oder denen der vereinigten staaten, können sie dort arbeiten, und können auf der fläche dieser botschaften alles machen, wozu sie normalerweise nach kanada oder amerika gehen müssten?" +im sommer 2009 litt honduras unter einer heftigen verfassungskrise. +bei den nächsten planmäßigen wahlen, gewann pepe lobo in einem umschwung, dessen programm sowohl neuerungen, als auch schlichtung versprach. +er forderte octavio auf, sein stabschef zu werden. +in der zwischenzeit bereitete ich mich auf einen vortrag bei tedglobal vor. +durch verbesserung, ausprobieren und durch die untersuchung von verbrauchern, habe ich versucht dieses komplizierte konzept der charter city auf die wesentlichen elemente zu reduzieren. +der erste punkt, ist die wichtigkeit von gesetzen, gesetze, die bestimmen, dass man bereits existierende wohnungsbesitzer nicht stören darf. +wir schenken neuen technologien große beachtung, aber für den fortschritt bedarf es technologien und gesetzen. und es sind für gewöhnlich gesetze, die uns zurückhalten. +im herbst 2010 schickte ein freund aus guatemala octavio den link zu dem tedtalk. +der wiederum zeigte ihn javier. +die beiden riefen mich an. +und sagten, "lass uns das den vorsitzenden unseres landes präsentieren!" +also trafen wir uns im dezember in dem sitzungssaal eines hotels in miami. +ich habe versucht deutlich zu machen, wie wertvoll städte sind, um wie viel wertvoller sie sind als sie kosten. +und ich habe diese grafik verwendet, um zu zeigen wie wertvoll rohland ist an einem ort wie new york. denken sie daran, dass eine fläche in manchen fällen pro quadratmeter tausende von dollars wert ist. +aber es war eine ziemlich abstrakte diskussion, an an einer stelle als es eine pause gab, hat octavio gesagt, "paul, könnten wir uns vielleicht den tedtalk ansehen." +der tedtalk stellte also in sehr einfacher form dar, dass eine charter city ein ort ist, dessen anfang unbewohntes land ist, ein gründungsvertrag, der die gesetze festlegt, die dort herrschen und den menschen die möglichkeit bietet sich zu entscheiden, entweder unter diesen regeln zu leben oder nicht. +darum wurde ich von dem präsidenten von honduras gebeten, der meinte, dass wir dieses projekt verwirklichen müssen, dass es wichtig ist, und dass dies der weg ist unser land voran zu bringen. +ich wurde gebeten nach tegucigalpa zu kommen und noch einmal am vierten und fünften januar einen vortrag zu halten. +also habe ich einen weiteren mit fakten gefüllten vortrag gehalten, der eine grafik wie dieses beinhaltet hat, die versucht zu verdeutlichen, dass, wenn man viel wert schaffen will in einer stadt, es eine sehr große stadt sein muss. +das ist ein bild der stadt denver, und die skizze stellt den neuen flughafen dar, der in denver gebaut wurde. +alleine dieser flughafen hat eine fläche von 100 quadratkilometern. +ich habe also versucht die honduraner davon zu überzeugen, wenn man eine neue stadt bauen will, man mit einem gebiet von mindestens 1000 quadratkilometern beginnen muss. +das sind mehr als 250 tausend morgen. +höflich haben alle applaudiert. +die gesichter der zuschauer waren sehr ernst und aufmerksam. +der leiter des kongresses kam auf die bühne und hat gesagt, "professor romer, ich danke ihnen herzlich für ihren vortrag, aber könnten wir vielleicht den tedtalk anschauen. +ich habe ihn hier auf meinem laptop. " +ich habe mich also hingesetzt, und sie haben den tedtalk abgespielt. +und ich bin zu der kernaussage gekommen, dass eine neue stadt den menschen neue möglichkeiten bietet. +es gäbe die möglichkeit in einer stadt zu leben, die in honduras wäre, anstatt hunderte von kilometern entfernt im norden. +und eine neue stadt schließt auch neue möglichkeiten für führungskräfte mit ein. +die führungskräfte der regierung in honduras wären auf die hilfe aus partnerländern angewiesen, sie könnten von ihren partnerländern profitieren, die sie bei dem aufstellen der gesetze für diesen charta und bei der durchführung unterstützen würden, dass jeder darauf vertrauen kann, dass der charta wirklich durchgesetzt wird. +und die erkenntnis von präsident lobo, war, dass die gewissheit der durchsetzung über die ich nachgedacht habe als einen weg die ausländischen investoren dazu zu bringen herzukommen und diese stadt zu bauen gleichbedeutend sein könnte für alle parteien in honduras, die seit vielen jahren unter angst und misstrauen leiden. +wir sind in ein gebiet gefahren. +dieses bild ist von diesem ort. +es fasst mühelos tausend quadratkilometer. +und kurz danach, am 19. januar, haben sie bei dem kongress für eine änderung der verfassung gestimmt, um eine verfassungsgemäße regelung zu haben, die für spezielle entwicklungsgebiete zulässig ist. +in einem land, das gerade eine heftige krise hinter sich hat, wurde in dem kongress für diese verfassungsänderung mit 124 zu einer stimme gewählt. +alle parteien, alle fraktionen der gesellschaft, unterstützten dies. +um teil der verfassung zu werden, muss es aber zweimal durch den kongress genehmigt werden. +am 17. februar wurde es zum zweiten mal mit 114 zu einer stimme genehmigt. +unmittelbar nach dieser wahl, zwischen dem 21. und dem 24. februar, reiste eine delegation von ungefähr 30 hunduranern an die zwei orte der welt, die am meisten daran interessiert waren, in das geschäft des städtebaus einzusteigen. +der eine ort ist südkorea. +dies ist ein bild von einem großen, neuen stadtzentrum, das in südkorea gebaut wurde- großer als das stadtzentrum bostons. +alles, was sie auf diesem bild sehen können, wurde innerhalb von vier jahren erbaut, nachdem es vier jahre gedauert hat, die genehmigungen zu erhalten. +der andere ort, der sehr am städtebau interessiert war, ist singapur. +es wurden bereits zwei städte in china erbaut und die dritte ist in vorbereitung. +wenn sie also praktisch gesehen darüber nachdenken, ist es das, wo wir heute stehen. +sie haben bereits ein baugrundstück; und sie erwägen bereits diese fläche für die zweite stadt. +es wird bereits an einem rechtssystem gearbeitet, dass managern erlaubt teilzunehmen, und es wird auch an einem externen rechtssystem gearbeitet. +ein land hat bereits angeboten seinen obersten gerichtshof zur verfügung zu stellen, als gericht für die entgültige berufung des dortigen gerichtlichen systems. +auch städtedesigner und -bauer sind sehr interessiert. +sie bringen sogar finanzierung mit ein. +eine sache, wie sie bereits wissen, wurde schon geklärt, es gibt viele mieter. +es gibt viele betriebe, die sich gerne in amerika ansiedeln würden, besonders an einem ort mit einer freihandelszone, und es gibt viele menschen, die gerne dort wohnen würden. +auf der ganzen welt gibt es 700 millionen menschen, die angeben, dass sie gerne dauerhaft an einem anderen ort leben möchten. +eine millionen menschen verlassen jährlich lateinamerika und wandern in die vereinigten staaten aus. +viele von ihnen sind väter, die gezwungen sind, ihre familien zurückzulassen, um sich arbeit zu suchen- manchmal sind es alleinerziehende mütter, die genug geld verdienen müssen, um sich essen und kleidung leisten zu können. +leider sind es manchmal sogar kinder, die versuchen ihre eltern wieder zu finden, die sie, in manchen fällen, seit einem jahrzehnt nicht mehr gesehen haben. +was ist es also für eine idee, darüber nachzudenken in honduras eine völlig neue stadt zu bauen? +oder sogar duzende von diesen städten zu bauen, oder hunderte auf der ganzen welt verteilt? +was ist es also für eine idee, darauf zu bestehen, dass jede familie eine wahl zwischen mehreren städten hat, die in konkurrenz um neue bewohner stehen? +das ist eine idee, die sich lohnt zu verbreiten. +meine freunde aus honduras haben mich gebeten zu sagen, danke ted. +wissen sie, wie viele entscheidungen sie an einem typischen tag machen? +wissen sie, wie viele entscheidungen sie in einer typischen woche treffen? +ich habe vor kurzem eine umfrage mit über 2.000 amerikanern gemacht und die durchschnittliche anzahl von entscheidungen, die angabegemäß ein typischer amerikaner an einem tag macht ist 70. +zudem wurde kürzlich eine studie mit ceos gemacht, in der sie eine woche lang die ceos beobachteten. +und diese wissenschaftler haben einfach die verschiedenen themen dokumentiert mit denen sich diese ceo beschäftigt haben. und wieviel zeit sie damit verbrachten entscheidungen zu treffen, die mit den themen zusammenhängen. +und sie haben herausgefunden, dass ein durchschnittlicher ceo sich in der woche mit 139 aufgaben beschäftigt. +jedes dieser themen bestand natürlich aus vielen, vielen kleineren entscheidungen. +50 prozent ihrer entscheidungen wurden innerhalb von neun minuten oder weniger getroffen. +nur für ungefähr 12 prozent ihrer entscheidungen benötigten sie eine stunde oder mehr ihrer zeit. +denken sie an ihre eigenen entscheidungen. +wissen sie wie viele entscheidungen sie in der neun minuten kategorie treffen gegenüber derjenigen in der eine stunde kategorie? +wie gut, denken sie, sind sie darin die entscheidungen zu bewältigen? +heute möchte ich über eines der größten entscheidungsprobleme unserer modernen zeit sprechen, das entscheidungsüberlastungsproblem. +ich möchte über das problem reden und über einige mögliche lösungen. +nun, wenn ich über dieses problem rede, werde ich ihnen einige fragen stellen und ich möchte ihre antworten wissen. +wenn ich ihnen eine frage stelle, heben sie, da ich blind bin, nur die hand, wenn sie einige kalorien verbrennen möchten. +ansonsten, bitte ich sie, wenn ich ihnen eine frage stelle, und ihre antwort ja ist, also, meine erste frage für heute lautet: sind sie bereit etwas über das entscheidungsüberlastungsproblem zu hören? +vielen dank. +als ich ein abschlussstudent an der stanford universität war, ging ich zu diesem sehr sehr exklusiven lebensmittelladen; zumindest damals war er wirklich exklusiv. +es war ein laden, der draeger 's hieß. +dieses geschäft, es war fast so wie ein vergnügungspark. +sie hatten 250 verschiedene arten von senf und essig und über 500 verschiedene arten von obst und gemüse und mehr als zwei dutzend verschiedene arten an wasser -- und das war zu einer zeit als wir noch tatsächlich leitungswasser getrunken haben. +ich habe es geliebt zu diesem geschäft zu gehen; aber zu einem zeitpunkt habe ich mich gefragt, naja, wie kommt es, dass du nie etwas kaufst? +hier ist der olivenöl gang. +sie hatten über 75 verschieden sorten olivenöl, inklusive denen, die in kästen eingeschlossen waren, die von tausend jahre alten olivenbäumen kamen. +also entschied ich mich eines tages den filialleiter zu besuchen, und ich fragte den leiter, "funktioniert dieses modell, dass sie den menschen all diese möglichkeiten bieten wirklich?" +und er zeigte auf die busladungen von touristen, die jeden tag kamen und gewöhnlich ihre kameras dabei hatten. +wir entschieden uns ein experiment zu unternehmen und wir wählten marmelade für unser experiment. +hier ist ihr marmeladen gang. +sie hatten 348 verschiedene arten von marmelade. +wir haben eine kleine verkostungsecke direkt am eingang des geschäfts aufgestellt. +wir haben dort sechs verschiedene geschmacksrichtungen marmelade oder 24 verschiedene geschmacksrichtungen marmelade hingestellt, und wir haben uns zwei sachen angeschaut: erstens, ich welchem fall würden mehr menschen stehen bleiben und marmelade probieren? +es sind mehr menschen stehen geblieben, wenn es 24 waren, ungefähr 60 prozent, als wenn es sechs waren, ungefähr 40 prozent. +und danach sahen wir uns an in welchem fall die menschen eher ein glas marmelade kauften. +jetzt sahen wir den umgekehrten effekt. +von den menschen die stehen blieben als es 24 waren, kauften nur drei prozent tatsächlich ein glas marmelade. +von den menschen, die stehen blieben als es sechs waren, nun, jetzt sahen wir, dass 30 prozent von ihnen tatsächlich ein glas marmelade kauften. +nun, wenn sie es ausrechnen, kauften die menschen sechs mal eher ein glas marmelade, wen sie sechs zur auswahl hatten, als wenn sie 24 zur auswahl hatten. +nun, sich zu entscheiden kein glas marmelade zu kaufen ist wahrscheinlich gut für uns -- zumindest ist es gut für unsere taille -- aber es stellt sich heraus, dass das entscheidungsüberlastungsproblem uns auch bei sehr konsequenzreichen entscheidungen beeinflusst. +wir entscheiden uns nicht zu entscheiden, auch wenn es gegen unsere eigenen besten interessen geht. +also zum thema des tages: finanzielles sparen. +ich werde ihnen jetzt eine studie beschreiben, die ich mit gur huberman, emir kamenica, wei jang durchführte, in der wir uns die entscheidungen zu sparplänen für die rente von fast einer million amerikanern von ungefähr 650 plänen in den gesamten vereinigten staaten ansahen. +und was wir uns ansahen, war ob die anzahl der fondsangebote, die ein einem rentensparplan möglich waren, der 401 plan, die wahrscheinlichkeit beeinflusst, ob mehr für morgen gespart wird. +und wir fanden heraus, dass es in der tat einen zusammenhang gab. +so in diesen plänen, wir hatten ungefähr 657 plänen die den menschen irgendetwas zwischen zwei bis 59 verschiedenen fonds anboten. +und was wir herausfanden, war, dass je mehr fonds angeboten wurden, dass, in der tat, die teilnahme rate geringer war. +wenn sie sich jetzt die extreme ansehen, die pläne, die zwei fonds anboten, hatten eine teilnahmerate in den siebzigern -- immer noch nicht so hoch, wie wir es wollen. +in den plänen, die fast 60 fonds anboten, fiel die teilnahmerate jetzt auf ungefähr den sechzigsten prozentanteil. +jetzt stellt sich heraus, dass selbst wenn sie sich entschliessen teilzunehmen, wenn mehr möglichkeiten zur auswahl standen, selbst dann, hat es negative konsequenzen. +so tendierten die menschen, die sich entschieden teilzunehmen, eher dazu, dass je mehr möglichkeiten ihnen zur verfügung standen, desto mehr vermieden sie es aktien und fonds zu wählen. +je mehr möglichkeiten ihnen zur verfügung standen, desto eher steckten sie ihr ganzes geld in reine geldmarktkonten. +keine dieser extremen entscheidungen, gehört zu den entscheidungen, die jemand von menschen empfehlen würde, wenn uns ihr zukünftiges finanzielles wohlergehen wichtig ist. +nun, in den letzten zehn jahren haben wir bei menschen drei wesentliche negative konsequenzen beobachtet, die das anbieten von mehr und mehr auswahlmöglichkeiten mit sich bringt. +sie schieben die entscheidung auf -- schieben sie auf, selbst wenn es gegen ihr eigenes bestes interesse geht. +sie treffen eher schlechtere entscheidungen -- schlechtere finanzielle und schlechtere medizinische entscheidungen. +sie entscheiden sich eher für dinge, die sie selbst weniger zufrieden stellen, selbst, wenn sie es objektive besser machen. +der hauptgrund hierfür ist, dass wir es vielleicht geniessen uns diese riesigen regale voller mayonaise, senf, essig und marmelade anzusehen, aber wir faktisch nicht die vergleiche und abgrenzungen ziehen können und dann tatsächlich etwas aus dem fantastischen angebot wählen können. +was ich ihnen also heute vorschlagen möchte sind vier einfache techniken -- techniken, die wir auf verschiedene arten und an verschiedenen forschungsorten getestet haben -- die sie einfach in ihrem geschäft anwenden können. +als erstes: beschränken. +sie haben es vorher schon mal gehört, aber es war nie wahrer als heute, dass weniger mehr ist. +die menschen sind immer beunruhigt wenn ich sage, "beschränken." +sie machen sich immer sorgen, dass sie regalfläche verlieren. +aber in wahrheit, sehen wir es immer mehr und mehr, dass wenn sie bereit sind sich zu beschränken, und die unwichtigen gleichartigen möglichkeiten los werden, nun, dann gibt es einen anstieg der verkaufszahlen, es werden die kosten gesenkt, & amp; und es gibt eine verbesserung der entscheidungswahrnehmung. +als proctor und gamble die verschiedenen head and shoulders arten von 26 auf 15 reduzierte, erlebten sie einen anstieg der verkaufszahlen um 10 prozent. +als die golden cat corporation ihr 10 am schlechtesten verkauften katzenstreus loswurde, erlebten sie, dass die gewinne um 87 prozent anstiegen -- ein ergebnis von beidem, dem anstieg der verkaufszahlen und der reduzierung von kosten. +wissen sie, der durchschnittliche supermakrt heute, bietet ihnen 45.000 produkte an. +ein typischer walmart bietet ihnen heute 100.000 produkte an. +aber der neuntgrößte supermarkt, der heute neuntgrößte supermarkt der welt ist aldi, und sie bieten ihnen nur 1.400 produkte -- eine art von tomatensauce in dosen. +nun in der welt des sparens, ich glaube eines der besten beispiele, die kürzlich auf den markt gekommen sind, darüber wie man am besten die auswahlmöglichkeiten managt, war etwas, bei dem david laibson sehr stark mitgestaltet hat, es ist ein programm, das bei harvard angeboten wird. +jeder einzelne harvard angestellte nimmt jetzt automatisch an einem lebenszeitfond teil. +denjenigen, die wirklich eine auswahl treffen wollen, werden 20 fonds angeboten, nicht 300 oder mehr fonds. +wissen sie, wie die menschen oft sagen, "ich weiß nicht wie ich es beschränken soll. +es sind alles wichtige möglichkeiten. " +und das erste was ich die angestellten frage ist, "sagen sie mir, wie die möglichkeiten sich von einander unterscheiden. +und wenn ihre angestellten sie nicht auseinanderhalten können, können es ihre kunden auch nicht. " +nun, bevor wir heute mittag angefangen haben, hatte ich ein gespräch mit gary. +und gary sagte, dass er bereit wäre allen menschen in diesem publikum einen all-inklusive bezahlten urlaub zu der schönsten straße der welt anzubieten. +hier ist eine beschreibung der straße. +und ich möchte ihnen die gerne vorlesen. +und jetzt gebe ich ihnen ein paar sekunden um sie zu lesen und danach bitte ich sie zu klatschen, wenn sie bereit sind gary 's angebot anzunehmen. +okay. jeder der bereit ist, gary 's angebot anzunehmen. +sind das alle? +gut, lassen sie mich ihnen etwas mehr davon zeigen. +sie wussten, es war ein trick dabei, oder? +nun, wer ist bereit für diese reise. +ich glaube, ich habe vielleicht mehr hände gehört. +gut. +tatsache ist, das sie objektiv betrachtet, beim ersten mal mehr informationen hatten, als beim zweiten mal, aber ich würde es wagen zu raten, dass sie es beim zweiten mal realer empfanden. +denn die bilder liessen es für sie realer empfinden. +was mich zur zweiten technik bringt, die ihnen hilft mit dem problem der entscheidungsüberlastung umzugehen, es ist die konkretisierung. +es geht dabei darum, dass menschen, um den unterschied zwischen möglichkeiten zu verstehen, verstehen müssen, welche konsequenzen mit den einzelnen möglichkeiten assoziiert sind, und das diese konsequenzen lebhaft und konkret gefühlt werden müssen. +warum geben menschen durchschnittlich 15 bis 30 prozent mehr aus, wenn sie eine ec-karte oder eine kreditkarte benutzen, als bei bargeld? +weil es sich nicht wir wirkliches geld anfühlt. +und es stellt sich heraus, dass wenn man es schafft, dass etwas sich konkret anfühlt, es ein sehr gutes werkzeug ist, damit man die menschen dazu bringt mehr zu sparen. +also haben wir in einer studie, die ich mit shlomo benartzi und alessandro previtero gemacht habe, wir haben eine studie mit den menschen bei ing gemacht -- angestellten, die alle für ing gearbeitet haben -- und diese menschen waren alle in einer versammlung in der sie ihre teilnahme für ihre rentensparplan angemeldet haben. +und während dieser versammlung, wir haben diese versammlung genau so belassen wie sie immer war, nur haben wir eine kleinigkeit hinzugefügt. +die kleinigkeit, die wir hinzu gefügt haben, war, dass wir die menschen gebeten haben, einfach an alle positiven dinge zu denken, die in ihren leben passieren würden, wenn sie geld sparen würden. +in dem wir diese einfache sache taten, gab es einen anstieg der teilnahme um 20 prozent und es gab einen anstieg der anzahl der menschen, die bereit waren zu sparen oder einen anstieg um vier prozent beim betrag, den sie bereit waren für das sparkonto zu zahlen. +die dritte technik: kategorisierung. +wir können besser mit mehr kategorien als mit mehr auswahlmöglichkeiten umgehen. +hier ist zum beispiel, eine studie, die wir in einem zeitschriftengang gemacht haben. +es stellt sich heraus, dass es in den wegmans supermärkten oben und unten im nordost bereich, variiert die anzahl zwischen 331 verschiedenen arten von zeitschriften bis hoch zu 664 zeitschriften hat. +aber wissen sie was? +wenn ich ihnen 600 zeitschriften zeige und sie in 10 kategorien aufteile oder ich ihnen 400 zeitschriften zeige, und diese in 20 kategorien aufteile, dann glauben sie, dass ich ihnen mehr auswahl und eine bessere auswahlerfahrung gegeben habe, als ich ihnen die 400 gegeben hätte gegenüber dem, wenn ich ihnen die 600 gegeben hätte. +denn die kategorien sagen mir, wie ich sie auseinander halten kann. +hier sind zwei verschiedene schmuckauslagen. +eine heißt "jazz" und die andere heißt "swing". +wenn sie denken, dass die linke anzeige swing ist und die anzeige rechts jazz ist, dann klatschen sie in die hände. +okay, es gibt ein paar. +wenn sie denken, dass die auf der linken seite jazz ist und die, auf der rechten seite swing ist, dann klatschen sie bitte. +okay, ein paar mehr. +nun, es stellt sich heraus, dass sie recht haben. +die auf der linken seite ist jazz und die auf der rechten ist swing, aber wissen sie was? +dies ist ein hochgradig unnützes kategorisierungsschema. +die kategorien müssen dem auswähler etwas sagen, nicht dem der die auswahl bereitstellt. +und dieses problem sehen sie oft, wenn sie sich die langen listen all dieser fonds ansehen. +wen wollen sie eigentlich damit informieren? +meine vierte technik: voraussetzung für komplexität. +es stellt sich heraus, dass wir in der tat mit mehr informationen umgehen können als wir denken, wir müssen sie nur vereinfachen. +wir müssen die komplexität langsam steigern. +ich zeige ihnen ein beispiel dessen, was ich meine. +lassen sie uns eine sehr, sehr komplizierte entscheidung nehmen: den kauf eines autos. +hier ist ein deutscher autohersteller, der ihnen die möglichkeit bietet, ihr auto komplett selbst zu konfigurieren. +sie müssen 62 verschiedene entscheidungen treffen um ihr auto komplett zu entwerfen. +jetzt unterscheiden sich diese entscheidungen in der anzahl der auswahlmöglichkeiten, die sie pro entscheidung anbieten. +autofarben, außenfarbe des autos -- ich habe 56 möglichkeiten. +motoren, getriebe -- vier möglichkeiten. +was ich jetzt mache, ist, ich verändere die reihenfolge in der die entscheidungen erscheinen. +die hälfte der kunden geht wird von den vielen möglichkeiten, 56 autofarben zu den geringen möglichkeiten, vier getriebe. +die andere hälfte der kunden geht von den geringen möglichkeiten, vier getriebe, zu den 56 autofarben, viele möglichkeiten. +was schaue ich mir an? +wie interessiert sie sind. +wenn sie dauernd die standardauswahl bei der entscheidung nutzen, heisst das, dass sie überfordert werden, das heisste, ich verliere sie. +was sie herausfinden ist, dass die menschen, die von den vielen zu den geringen auswahlmöglichkteiten gehen immer und immer wieder die standardauswahl wählen. +wir verlieren sie. +gehen sie von den wenig auswahlmöglichkeiten zu den vielen, dann bleiben sie dabei. +es sind dieselben informationen. es ist die gleiche anzahl von möglichkeiten. +das einzige, was ich getan habe, ist die reihenfolge zu verändert in der diese information präsentiert wird. +wenn ich mit dem einfachen anfange, lerne ich wie ich auswähle. +selbst obwohl das getriebe auswählen, mir nichts über meine vorlieben bei der innenausstattung sagt, bereitet es mich immer noch darauf vor auszuwählen. +es versetzt mich auch in aufregung über das große produkt, das ich zusammenstelle, und so bin ich bereit mich dazu motivieren zu lassen mit interesse dabei zu sein. +lassen sie mich zusammenfassen. +ich habe ihnen von vier techniken erzählt, die das problem der entscheidungsüberlastung mildern -- beschränken -- werden sie die überflüssigen alternativen los; konkretisieren -- machen sie es real; kategorisieren -- wir können besser mit mehr kategorien, weniger möglichkeiten umgehen; auf komplexität vorbereiten. +jede dieser techniken, die ich ihnen heute beschreibe ist dazu gedacht, ihnen zu helfen die möglichkeiten zu managen -- gut für sie, sie können sie für sich selbst benutzen, gut für die menschen, denen sie service bieten. +denn ich glaube, dass der schlüssel zur bestmöglichen auswahl ist, dass man bei der auswahl wählerisch ist. +und je mehr wir beim auswählen wählerisch sind, desto besser werden wir in der lage sein, die kunst der entscheidung zu üben. +vielen dank. +hi. ich bin kevin allocca, trends-manager bei youtube. beruflich schaue ich mir youtube-videos an. +das stimmt. +heute wollen wir darüber sprechen, wie videos viral werden, und anschließend, weshalb das überhaupt wichtig ist. +wir alle wollen stars sein - berühmtheiten, sänger, comedians - als ich jung war, schien das so unendlich schwierig. +aber webvideos haben ermöglicht, dass wir alle oder alle unsere kreativen tätigkeiten wahnsinnig berühmt werden können in einem teil der kultur unserer welt. +jeder einzelne von euch könnte über das internet bis nächsten samstag berühmt sein. +aber bei youtube werden mehr als 48 stunden video pro minute hochgeladen. +davon wieder wird nur ein winziger prozentsatz jemals viral und wird tausende male angeschaut und so zum kulturellen moment. +wie funktioniert das also? +drei dinge: tastemaker, teilnahmecommunities und das unerwartete. +na, dann wollen wir mal. +oh mein gott. oh mein gott. +oh mein gott! +woah! +ohhhhh, wowwww! +letztes jahr sendete bear vasquez dieses video, das er vor seinem haus im yosemite nationalpark gefilmt hatte. +2010 war es 23 millionen mal angeschaut worden. +diese grafik zeigt, wie es aussah, als das video letzten sommer zum ersten mal beliebt wurde. +eigentlich wollte bear kein virales video machen. +er wollte einfach nur einen regenbogen teilen, +weil man das eben so macht, wenn man yosemite mountain bear heißt. +er hatte jede menge naturvideos hochgeladen. +und dieses video war tatsächlich bereits im januar gesendet worden. +was ist hier passiert? +da kam jimmy kimmel. +jimmy kimmel sendete den tweet, der das video letzten endes so populär machte. +denn tastemaker wie jimmy kimmel stellen uns neue und interessante dinge vor und zeigen sie einem großen publikum. +it 's friday, friday. gotta get down on friday. everybody' s looking forward to the weekend, weekend. friday, friday. gettin 'down on friday. ihr hättet nicht gedacht, dass wir diese unterhaltung führen würden, ohne über dieses video zu sprechen, hoffe ich. +rebecca blacks "friday" ist eines der populärsten videos des jahres. +es wurde dieses jahr fast 200 millionen mal angeschaut. +so sah die grafik aus. +genau wie bei "double rainbow" scheint es aus den nichts gekommen zu sein. +was ist an diesem tag geschehen? +nun, es war freitag, das stimmt. +wenn ihr 's wissen wollt: diese anderen spitzen sind auch freitage. +aber was ist mit diesem tag, diesem bestimmten freitag? +nun, tosh.0 gabelte es auf, viele blogs fingen an, darüber zu schreiben. +michael j. nelson vom mystery science theater war einer ersten, die bei twitter darüber einen witz machte. +wichtig ist, dass eine einzelperson oder gruppe von tastemakers einen standpunkt einnahm, mit einem großen publikum teilte und damit den prozess beschleunigte. +dann bildete sich diese gemeinschaft von leuten, die diesen großen insiderwitz teilten, und anfingen darüber zu reden und damit zu herumzuspielen. +jetzt gibt es 10.000 parodien von "friday" bei youtube. +bereits in den ersten sieben tagen gab es eine parodie für jeden einzelnen wochentag. +anders als bei der einseitigen unterhaltung des 20. jahrhunderts ist die teilnahme der gemeinschaft unser weg teil dieses phänomens zu werden - entweder indem wir es verbreiten oder etwas neues daraus machen. +"nyan cat" ist animation und musik in endlosschleife. +das ist es, ganz einfach. +dieses jahr wurde es fast 50 millionen mal angeschaut. +und wenn ihr das für verrückt hält, solltet ihr wissen, dass es davon eine dreistundenversion gibt, die vier millionen mal angeschaut wurde. +sogar katzen schauen sich dieses video an. +katzen schauen sich katzen an, die sich dieses video anschauen. +wichtig ist, die kreativität, die in der internetkultur der techies und geeks herrscht. +es gab remixe. +jemand machte eine altmodische version davon. +und dann wurde es international. +eine gesamte remix-gemeinde schoss aus dem boden, die es von einem dummen witz zu etwas machte, an dem wir alle teilnehmen können. +heute finden wir nicht einfach genuss an etwas, wir machen mit. +wer hätte das alles voraussehen können? +wer hätte "double rainbow" oder rebecca black oder "nyan cat" voraussagen können? +welche drehbücher hättet ihr schreiben können, in denen sowas drinsteht? +in einer welt, in der jede minute 2 tage videomaterial hochgeladen wird, kann nur wirklich einzigartiges und unerwartetes hervorstechen wie die erwähnten videos. +ich gebe zu, ich war nicht sonderlich interessiert, als mir ein freund sagte, ich solle mir dieses großartige video ansehen, über einen kerl, der in new york gegen strafzettel für fahrräder protestiert. +ich bekam ich einen strafzettel, weil ich nicht auf dem radweg gefahren bin, aber oft gibt es behinderungen die einen nicht anständig auf dem radweg fahren lassen. +da das völlig überraschend und humorvoll war, wurde casey niestats witzige idee und sein argument 5 millionen mal angeschaut. +dieser ansatz gilt für alles neue, was wir kreativ tun. +und das alles führt uns zu der einen großen frage... +was bedeutet das? +ohhhh. +was bedeutet das? +tastemaker, kreative teilnehmergemeinden, völlig unerwartetes, sind die merkmale einer neuen art von medien und kultur, zu der jeder zugang hat und in der das publikum popularität bestimmt. +wie gesagt, einer der derzeit größten stars – justin bieber – machte seinen anfang bei youtube. +niemand muss euren ideen grünes licht geben. +und heute fühlen wir uns alle auch als eigentümer unserer popkultur. +und das sind nicht die merkmale der alten medien und sie treffen auch kaum auf die medien von heute zu, aber sie werden die unterhaltung der zukunft bestimmen. +vielen dank. +wie kann ich in zehn minuten über die verbundenheit zwischen frauen über drei generationen sprechen, und wie die erstaunliche stärke dieser verbundenheit sich im leben eines vierjährigen mädchens manifestierte, als sie vor über 30 jahren mit ihrer kleinen schwester, ihrer mutter und ihrer großmutter fünf tage und nächte lang zusammengekauert in einem kleinen boot im chinesischen meer saß. eine verbundenheit, die sich im leben dieses kleinen mädchens fest verankerte und nie mehr verschwand – dieses kleinen mädchens, das nun in san francisco lebt und heute vor ihnen spricht? +die geschichte ist noch nicht vorbei. +sie ist ein puzzle, das noch zusammengesetzt wird. +ich möchte ihnen von einigen der puzzlestückchen erzählen. +stellen sie sich das erste stück vor: ein mann, der sein lebenswerk verbrennt. +er ist ein poet, ein schriftsteller, ein mann, dessen ganzes leben von der einfachen hoffnung von einheit und freiheit seiner heimat zusammengehalten wurde. +halten sie ihn sich beim einmarsch der kommunisten in saigon vor augen, wie er sich eingestehen muss, dass sein leben eine einzige verschwendung gewesen war. +die worte, so lange seine freunde, spotteten nun seiner. +er zog sich in die stille zurück. +er starb, gebrochen durch die geschichte. +er ist mein großvater. +ich habe ihn nie persönlich kennengelernt. +aber unsere leben sind so viel mehr als unsere erinnerungen. +meine großmutter hat mich nie sein leben vergessen lassen. +ich musste dafür sorgen, dass es nicht umsonst gewesen war, und es war meine aufgabe, zu lernen, dass die geschichte durchaus versuchte, uns zu zerdrücken, wir es aber überstanden. +das nächste puzzleteil zeigt, wie ein boot im frühen morgenrot leise auf see ausläuft. +meine mutter mai war 18, als ihr vater starb – schon in einer arrangierten ehe, schon mit zwei kleinen mädchen. +für sie hatte das leben ihr eine aufgabe gestellt: die flucht ihrer familie und ein neues leben in australien. +es war völlig ausgeschlossen, dass sie dabei scheitern könnte. +nach einer vierjährigen und filmreifen saga glitt ein boot still auf die see, als fischerboot getarnt. +alle erwachsenen waren sich der risiken bewusst. +die größte angst hatten sie vor piraten, vergewaltigung und tod. +wie die meisten erwachsenen auf dem boot trug meine mutter eine kleine giftflasche bei sich. +bei einer gefangennahme hätten erst meine schwester und ich, dann sie selbst und meine großmutter davon getrunken. +meine ersten erinnerungen sind von diesem boot – das stetige tuckern des motors, das klatschen einer jeden welle auf den bug, der weite und leere horizont. +ich erinnere ich mich nicht an die piraten, die viele male kamen, aber sich von dem todesmut der männer auf unserem boot täuschen ließen, oder an den ausfall des motors, der sechs stunden nicht starten wollte. +aber ich erinnere mich an die lichter der ölplattform vor der malaysischen küste, und an den jungen mann, der zusammenbrach und starb, das ende der reise war zu viel für ihn, und an den geschmack des ersten apfels, den mir einer der männer auf der plattform gab. +kein apfel hat jemals wieder so geschmeckt. +nach drei monaten in einem flüchtlingslager landeten wir in melbourne. +und das nächste puzzlestück handelt von vier frauen in drei generationen, die sich zusammen ein neues leben aufbauen. +wir ließen uns in footscray nieder, einem von der arbeiterklasse bewohnten vorort, dessen bevölkerung aus immigrantenschichten besteht. +anders als in den alteingesessenen mittelklassevororten, deren existenz mir vollkommen unbekannt war, gab es in footscray kein anspruchsdenken. +die gerüche aus den ladentüren kamen aus dem rest der welt. +und die fetzen gebrochenen englischs wurden zwischen menschen ausgetauscht, die eine sache gemeinsam hatten: sie fingen neu an. +meine mutter arbeitete auf farmen, dann an einem fließband in einer autofabrik, sechs tage, doppelte schichten. +es gelang ihr irgendwie die zeit zu finden, sich englisch und it-qualifikationen anzueignen. +wir waren arm. +jeder dollar wurde zugeteilt und wurde in weitere ausbildung für englisch und mathematik gesteckt, egal, worauf wir dafür verzichten mussten. meistens waren das neue sachen, die kamen immer aus zweiter hand. +zwei paar strümpfe für die schule, jedes, um die löcher im anderen zu verdecken. +eine schuluniform bis zu den knöcheln, denn sie musste sechs jahre reichen. +und da waren die seltenen aber schmerzhaften chöre von "schlitzauge" und hier und da wandmalereien: "asiaten, geht nach hause." +nach hause wohin? +etwas versteifte sich in mir. +es gab ein treffen zur versöhnung und eine ruhige stimme sagte: "ich werde dir aus dem weg gehen." +meine mutter, meine schwester und ich schliefen im selben bett. +meine mutter war jede nacht erschöpft, doch wir erzählten einander von unserem tag, und hörten den bewegungen unserer großmutter im haus zu. +meine mutter litt an alpträumen vom boot. +und es war meine aufgabe, jede nacht wach zu bleiben, bis ihre alpträume kamen, damit ich sie aufwecken konnte. +sie eröffnete ein computergeschäft, machte dann eine kosmetikerausbildung und eröffnete noch ein geschäft. +und die frauen kam mit ihren geschichten über männer, die die veränderung nicht ertrugen, wütend und unflexibel, und sorgenerfüllte kinder, gefangen zwischen zwei welten. +darlehen und sponsoren wurden gesucht. +zentren wurden aufgebaut. +ich lebte in parallelwelten. +in einer war ich der klassische asiatische student, der unerbittliche anforderungen an sich selbst stellte. +in der anderen war ich in unsichere leben verwickelt, die tragische narben der gewalt trugen, des drogenmissbrauchs und der isolierung. +aber so viele erhielten über die jahre hilfe. +und wegen dieser hilfe wurde ich in meinem letzten jahr des jurastudiums als junge australierin des jahres auserwählt. +und ich wurde von einem puzzlestück zum nächsten katapultiert, und die ränder passten nicht zusammen. +tan le, anonyme bewohnerin von footscray, war nun tan le, flüchtling und soziale aktivistin, die zu vorträgen an orte eingeladen wurde, von denen sie nie gehört hatte, und in behausungen, deren existenz sie sich nie hätte vorstellen können. +ich war mit der etikette nicht vertraut. +ich wusste nicht, wie man das besteck verwendet. +ich wusste nicht, wie man über wein spricht. +ich wusste nicht, wie man über irgendetwas spricht. +ich wollte in die routine und die bequemlichkeit des lebens eines unbekannten vororts zurück – eine großmutter, eine mutter und zwei töchter, die jeden ihrer tage so abschlossen wie seit zwanzig jahren, indem sie einander die geschichten ihres tages erzählten und einschliefen, wir drei immer noch im selben bett. +ich sagte meiner mutter, ich würde das nicht schaffen. +sie erinnerte mich daran, dass ich nun so alt war wie sie damals, als wir das boot bestiegen hatten. +nein war nie eine möglichkeit gewesen. +"tu es einfach", sagte sie. "und sei nicht, was du nicht bist." +also sprach ich über jugendarbeitslosigkeit und ausbildung, und die vernachlässigung der marginalisierten und entrechteten. +und je offener ich sprach, desto mehr sollte ich erzählen. +ich traf leute in allen lebenslagen, so viele von ihnen taten das, was sie liebten, lebten an den grenzen des möglichen. +und obwohl ich meinen abschluss hatte, erkannte ich, dass ich mich nicht mit einer karriere in jura abfinden könnte. +es musste noch ein anderes puzzlestück geben. +und ich erkannte zur selben zeit, dass es okay ist, ein außenseiter zu sein, ein neuankömmling, neu im bild – und nicht nur okay, sondern etwas, wofür man dankbar sein muss, vielleicht ein geschenk des boots. +denn dazuzugehören kann so leicht zum kollaps der horizonte führen, kann so leicht bedeuten, dass man die annahmen der umgebung akzeptiert. +ich bin nun genügend aus meinem bequemlichkeitsbereich gegangen um zu wissen, dass, ja, die welt auseinanderbricht, aber nicht so, wie man es befürchtet. +möglichkeiten, die nicht erlaubt gewesen wären, wurden ausdrücklich ermutigt. +da gab es eine energie, einen unerbittlichen optimismus, eine seltsame mixtur der demut und des wagnisses. +also folgte ich meinem bauchgefühl. +ich sammelte ein kleines team von leuten um mich, für die die schublade "geht nicht" eine unwiderstehliche herausforderung darstellte. +ein jahr lang hatten wir keinen cent. +am ende eines jeden tags kochte ich einen riesigen topf suppe, den wir uns teilten. +wir arbeiteten bis spät in die nacht. +die meisten unserer ideen waren verrückt, aber es waren ein paar brillante dabei, und wir schafften den durchbruch. +ich traf die entscheidung, in die usa zu ziehen, +nach nur einer reise dorthin. +mein bauchgefühl wieder. +drei monate später war ich umgezogen und das abenteuer ging weiter. +bevor ich den vortrag abschließe, möchte ich ihnen von meiner großmutter erzählen. +sie wuchs zu einer zeit auf, in der konfuzianismus die soziale norm und der lokale mandarin die wichtigste person war. +das leben hatte sich seit jahrhunderten nicht verändert. +ihr vater starb kurz nach ihrer geburt. +ihre mutter zog sie allein auf. +mit 17 wurde sie die zweite frau eines mandarin, dessen mutter sie schlug. +ohne unterstützung ihres mannes sorgte sie für eine sensation, indem sie ihn vor gericht brachte und anklägerin in ihrem eigenen fall war, und eine noch größere sensation, als sie gewann. +"geht nicht" erwies sich als unwahr. +ich duschte gerade in einem hotelzimmer in sydney, als sie starb. 1000 km entfernt in melbourne. +ich schaute durch die duschtrennwand und sah sie auf der anderen seite stehen. +ich wusste, dass sie gekommen war, um sich zu verabschieden. +meine mutter rief mich ein paar minuten danach an. +ein paar tage später gingen wir in einen buddhistischen tempel in footscray und saßen um ihren sarg. +wir erzählten ihr geschichten und versicherten ihr, dass wir noch bei ihr waren. +um mitternacht kam der mönch und sagte, er müsse den sarg schließen. +meine mutter bat uns, ihre hand anzufassen. +sie fragte den mönch: "wieso ist ihre hand so warm und der rest von ihr ist so kalt?" +"weil sie sie seit heute morgen halten", sagte er. +"sie haben sie nicht losgelassen." +wenn es in unserer familie ein band gibt, dann verläuft es durch die frauen. +sieht man, wer wir waren und wie das leben uns geformt hat, können wir nun sehen, dass die männer, die vielleicht in unser leben gekommen wären, uns in die quere gekommen wären. +die niederlage wäre zu einfach gewesen. +jetzt hätte ich gern meine eigenen kinder, und ich denke noch an das boot. +wer würde sich jemals eines wünschen? +ja, ich habe angst vor privilegien, vor leichtigkeit, vor berechtigungsanspruch. +kann ich ihnen einen bug in ihrem leben geben, der mutig jeder welle trotzt, das unbeirrte, stetige tuckern des motors, den weiten horizont, der nichts garantiert? +ich weiß es nicht. +aber wenn ich dies geben könnte und sie sicher durchbringen könnte, würde ich es tun. +außerdem ist tans mutter heute hier in der vierten oder fünften reihe. +ich bin hier, um meine fotografie mit ihnen zu teilen. +ist es überhaupt fotografie? +denn das ist natürlich ein bild, das man mit seiner kamera nicht aufnehmen kann. +trotzdem begann mein interesse an fotografie, als ich meine erste digitalkamera erhielt, im alter von 15 jahren. +ich kombinierte es mit meiner früheren vorliebe fürs zeichnen, aber es war ein bisschen anders, denn beim benutzen der kamera war der prozess vielmehr in der planung. +und wenn man ein bild aufnimmt mit einer kamera, endet der prozess, wenn man auf den auslöser drückt. +für mich schien es bei der fotografie also eher darum zu gehen, am richtigen ort zur richtigen zeit zu sein. +ich glaubte, jeder könne das. +also wollte ich etwas anderes kreieren, etwas, bei dem der prozess beginnt, wenn der auslöser gedrückt wird. +fotos wie dieses: eine baustelle entlang einer viel befahrenen straße. +aber es hat eine unerwartete wendung. +und behaltet trotzdem eine realistische ebene. +oder fotos wie diese – dunkel und farbenfroh zugleich, aber alle mit dem gemeinsamen ziel, eine realistische ebene zu behalten. +wenn ich realität sage, meine ich foto-realität. +denn, natürlich, ist sie nicht etwas, das man wirklich einfangen kann, aber ich möchte es immer so aussehen lassen, als ob sie das hätte können, auf einem foto. +fotos, bei denen man einen kurzen moment nachdenken muss, um den trick herauszufinden. +es geht also eher darum, eine idee einzufangen, als wirklich einen moment. +was aber ist der trick, der es realistisch aussehen lässt? +geht es dabei um die details oder die farben? +geht es um das licht? +was kreiert die illusion? +manchmal ist die perspektive die illusion. +letzten endes aber geht es darum, wie wir die welt interpretieren, und wie sie auf einer zweidimensionalen fläche greifbar gemacht werden kann. +es geht nicht darum, was realistisch ist, sondern was wir für realistisch halten. +ich glaube also, die grundlagen sind sehr einfach. +ich sehe sie als ein puzzle der realität, bei dem man verschiedene stücke nehmen und zusammensetzen kann, um eine alternative realität zu kreieren. +und lassen sie mich ihnen ein einfaches beispiel zeigen. +wir haben hier drei perfekt vorstellbare physische objekte, mit denen wir uns alle identifizieren können in einer dreidimensionalen welt. +aber in einer bestimmten art miteinander kombiniert, können sie etwas kreieren, das immer noch dreidimensional aussieht, als ob es existieren könnte. +aber gleichzeitig wissen wir, dass das nicht möglich ist. +wir überlisten also unsere gehirne, denn unser gehirn akzeptiert ganz einfach nicht, dass es nicht wirklich sinn macht. +und ich sehe denselben prozess im kombinieren von fotos. +es geht wirklich nur darum, verschiedene realitäten zu kombinieren. +die dinge also, die ein bild realistisch aussehen lassen, ich glaube es sind die dinge, über die wir nicht nachdenken, die dinge um uns herum in unserem alltag. +wenn wir aber fotos kombinieren, ist es wirklich wichtig, daran zu denken, denn sonst sehen sie einfach irgendwie falsch aus. +ich würde also sagen, dass es drei einfache regeln zu befolgen gibt, um ein realistisches resultat zu erreichen. +wie sie sehen können, sind das keine drei besonderen bilder. +kombiniert aber können sie etwas besonderes wie das hier kreieren. +die erste regel also lautet, dass kombinierte fotos dieselbe perspektive haben sollten. +zweitens sollten kombinierte fotos dieselbe beleuchtungsart haben. +und diese zwei bilder erfüllen diese beiden anforderungen – aus der selben höhe geschossen und die gleiche beleuchtungsart. +drittens geht es darum, es unmöglich zu machen zu unterscheiden, wo die einzelnen bilder beginnen und enden, indem man sie nahtlos verbindet. +macht es unmöglich zu sagen, wie das foto eigentlich zusammengesetzt wurde. +indem man also farbe, kontrast und helligkeit an den rändern den einzelnen bildern angleicht, fotografische mängel addiert, wie feldtiefe, entsättigte farben und störungen, verwischen wir die grenzen zwischen den verschiedenen bildern und lassen sie wie ein einzelnes foto aussehen, obwohl ein bild grundsätzlich hunderte von ebenen enthalten kann. +hier ist ein anderes beispiel. +man mag denken, dass das nur ein landschaftsbild ist, und der untere teil manipuliert wurde. +dieses bild ist aber in wirklichkeit komplett zusammengesetzt, aus fotos von verschiedenen orten. +ich persönlich finde. dass es einfacher ist, einen ort zu kreieren, als einen ort zu finden, denn man muss keine kompromisse eingehen mit den ideen in seinem kopf. +aber es erfordert viel planung. +und als ich diese idee im winter hatte, wusste ich, dass ich mehrere monate bräuchte, um sie zu planen, die verschiedenen orte zu finden für die stücke des puzzles. +zum beispiel war der fisch auf einem anglerausflug aufgenommen worden. +das ufer stammt von einem anderen ort. +der unterwasser-teil stammt aus einem steinbruch. +und ja, ich habe sogar das haus oben auf der insel rot umgefärbt, um es schwedischer aussehen zu lassen. +um ein realistisches resultat zu erreichen, läuft es von mir aus gesehen also auf planung hinaus. +ich beginne immer mit einem sketch, einer idee. +danach geht es um die kombination der verschiedenen bilder. +und hier ist jedes stück sehr gut geplant. +und wenn man dann gute aufnahmen macht, kann das resultat ziemlich schön sein, und auch ziemlich realistisch. +es sind also alle werkzeuge vorhanden, und die einzige sache, die uns limitiert, ist unsere vorstellungskraft. +vielen dank. +ich würde mich mit ihnen gerne darüber unterhalten, warum so viele elektronische gesundheits-projekte fehlschlagen. +und ich denke, dass der wichtigste punkt dabei ist, dass wir aufgehört haben, mit unseren patienten zu reden. +und eines der dinge, die wir an der radboud-universität eingeführt haben, war, einen haupt-zuhörer anzustellen. +dabei geht sie nicht besonders wissenschaftlich vor – sie stellt eine tasse kaffee oder tee hin und fragt die patienten, familien, verwandten, "wie geht 's? +wie können wir euch helfen? " +und wir denken, wir wollen denken, dass dies eines der hauptprobleme ist, warum alle – vielleicht nur die meisten der elektronischen gesundheits-projekte fehlschlagen: weil wir aufgehört haben zuzuhören. +das hier ist meine wlan-waage. ein sehr einfaches ding. +sie hat einen knopf, an / aus. +und jeden morgen springe ich darauf. +und ja, ich habe eine aufgabe, wie sie vielleicht erkennen. +ich habe meine aufgabe bei 95 kg angesetzt. +es funktioniert ganz einfach: jedes mal, wenn ich auf die waage springe, schickt sie meine daten auch an google health. +und dort werden sie auch von meinem allgemeinarzt abgerufen, damit er erkennen kann, wo mein gewichtsproblem liegt, und zwar nicht nur in dem moment, in dem ich kardiologische unterstützung oder so brauche, sondern auch mit einem blick in die vergangenheit. +es gibt aber noch etwas. +vielleicht ist ihnen das bekannt, ich habe über 4.000 follower auf twitter. +also jeden morgen springe ich auf meine wlan-waage und die leute reden schon mit mir, bevor ich im auto sitze: "zum mittagessen lieber nur ein kleiner salat heute, lucien." +aber das ist das netteste, was passieren kann, weil dies der gruppenzwang ist, gruppenzwang, um patienten zu helfen, denn das könnte gegen fettleibigkeit eingesetzt werden, oder es könnte patienten das rauchen abgewöhnen. +es könnte aber auch dazu verwendet werden, die menschen aus ihren stühlen zu kriegen, und sie dazu zu bringen, gemeinsam irgendeine art spiel zu spielen, um ihre gesundheit besser zu kontrollieren. +ab nächster woche kommt das auf den markt. +es wird dieses kleine blutdruck-messgerät geben, das man an ein iphone oder so anschließt. +und es wird den menschen ermöglichen, von zuhause ihren blutdruck zu messen, ihn an ihren arzt zu schicken und ihn beispielsweise mit anderen zu teilen, für etwas mehr als 100 dollar. +an diesem punkt kommen die patienten ins spiel. sie können nicht nur wieder die kontrolle übernehmen, kapitän auf ihrem eigenen schiff sein, sondern können uns auch beim gesundheitswesen helfen angesichts der herausforderungen, die vor uns liegen, sowie die kostenexplosion des gesundheitswesens, doppelte nachfrage, und so weiter. +machen sie methoden, die leicht zu verwenden sind und fangen sie mit dieser an, patienten im team zu umarmen. +und das können sie durch solche methoden erreichen, aber auch durch crowdsourcing. +und eines der dinge, die wir gemacht haben, möchte ich mit ihnen durch ein kurzes video teilen. +wir haben alle navigationssysteme in unseren autos. +vielleicht sogar in unseren handys. +wir wissen ganz genau, wo sich alle geldautomaten um maastricht herum befinden. +wir wissen noch eins, wo alle tankstellen liegen. +und klar, wir können fastfood-ketten finden. +aber wo wäre der nächste aed, um diesem patienten zu helfen? +wir haben herumgefragt, und niemand wusste es. +niemand wusste, wo der nächste lebensrettende aed in diesem moment zu finden war. +also, was taten wir? wir haben crowdsourcing in den niederlanden durchgeführt. +wir haben eine internetseite errichtet und eine menschenmasse gefragt, "wenn sie einen aed sehen, bitte teilen sie uns mit, wo er ist, wann er auf hat," denn manchmal ist er während geschäftszeiten geschlossen, natürlich. +und über 10.000 aeds wurden schon in den niederlanden gemeldet. +der nächste schritt war, die apps dafür zu finden. +und wir haben eine ipad-app gestaltet. +wir haben eine app für layar entwickelt, erweiterte realität, um diese aeds zu finden. +und falls sie in einer stadt wie maastricht sind und jemand zusammenbricht, können sie ihr iphone benutzen, und innerhalb der nächsten wochen auch ihr microsoft-handy, um den nächsten aed zu finden, der leben retten kann. +und ab heute möchten wir dies nicht nur als aed4u, wie das produkt sich nennt, sondern auch als aed4us einführen. +und wir möchten dies auf eine weltweite ebene bringen. +und wir bitten unsere kollegen auf der ganzen welt, von anderen universitäten, darum, uns dabei zu helfen, sich wie knotenpunkte zu verhalten, um diese aeds auf der ganzen welt zu crowdsourcen. +und wenn sie in urlaub sind und jemand zusammenbricht, sei es ihre eigene verwandtschaft oder irgendjemand anders, können sie so einen aed finden. +das andere ding, worum wir bitten möchten, ist dass firmen auf der ganzen welt uns bei der bestätigung dieser aeds helfen. +diese könnten kurierdienste sein, oder techniker zum beispiel, nur um sicherzustellen, dass der gemeldete aed sich immer noch an seiner stelle befindet. +bitte helfen sie uns dabei und versuchen sie, die gesundheit nicht nur etwas zu verbessern, sondern in die hand zu nehmen. +vielen dank. +heute werde ich von unerwarteten entdeckungen berichten. +ich arbeite in der solartechnologie-branche. +und mein kleines startup möchte, dass wir uns zum umweltschutz zwingen, indem es... +... es dem crowdsourcing beachtung schenkt. +hier ist ein kurzes video über das, was wir tun. +oh. einen moment. +es dauert vielleicht, bis es geladen ist. +nun – wir können das einfach überspringen – ich werde stattdessen einfach das video überspringen... +nein. +das ist nicht... +okay. +solartechnologie ist... +oh, meine zeit ist schon vorbei? +okay. vielen dank. +also vor ein paar jahren habe ich ein programm gestartet um die stars in technik und design dazu zu bekommen, ein jahr auszeit zu nehmen und in einer umgebung zu arbeiten, die so ziemlich alles darstellt, was sie eigentlich hassen, wir haben sie in der regierung arbeiten lassen. +das programm heißt "code for america" und es ist ein bisschen wie das friedenscorps für computerfreaks. +wir wählen jedes jahr einige fellows aus und wir lassen sie mit stadtverwaltungen arbeiten. +anstatt sie in die dritte welt zu schicken, schicken wir sie in rathäuser. +und dort entwickelten sie tolle apps, arbeiteten mit städtischen mitarbeitern. +aber was sie wirklich tun, ist zu zeigen, was heute mit technologie möglich ist. +also treffen sie al. +al ist ein hydrant in der stadt boston. +hier sieht es aus, als ob er nach einem date sucht, aber was er wirklich sucht, ist jemand, der ihn freischaufelt, wenn er eingeschneit ist, weil er weiß, er ist nicht sehr gut in der brandbekämpfung wenn er von einem meter schnee zugedeckt ist. +wie kam er dazu, auf diese besondere art nach hilfe zu suchen? +wir hatten letztes jahr ein team von fellows in boston im zuge das "code for america" programms. +sie waren dort im februar, und es hat letzten februar viel geschneit. +und sie merkten, dass die stadt nie diese hydranten frei schaufelt. +aber ein bestimmter fellow, ein mann namens erik michaels-ober, bemerkte noch etwas anderes und das war, dass die bewohner die bürgersteige frei schaufelten, direkt vor diesen teilen. +also tat er, was jeder gute entwickler tun würde, er schrieb eine app. +es ist eine nette kleine app, wo man einen hydranten adoptieren kann. +du stimmst zu ihn frei zu schaufeln, wenn es schneit. +wenn du das machst, kannst du ihm einen namen geben, und er nannte den ersten al. +wenn du das nicht machst, kann ihn dir jemand wegnehmen. +also gibt es eine nette kleine spieldynamik. +dies ist eine bescheidene kleine app. +es ist wahrscheinlich die kleinste der 21 apps, die die fellows im letzten jahr geschrieben haben. +aber sie tut etwas, was keine andere regierungstechnologie tut. +sie breitet sich rasant aus. +da ist dieser kerl in der i.t. abteilung der stadt honolulu, der gesehen hat, dass er diese app verwenden könnte, nicht für schnee, sondern, damit die bürger tsunami-sirenen adoptieren. +es ist sehr wichtig, dass diese tsunami-sirenen funktionieren, aber die leute stehlen die batterien. +so bekam er die bürger dazu, sie zu überprüfen. +und dann beschloss seattle, die app zu benutzen, um die bürger dazu zu bekommen die verstopften gullys zu reinigen. +und chicago hat sie gerade eingeführt, damit die leute die buergersteige freischaufeln, wenn es schneit. +wir kennen nun neun städte, die planen, diese app zu nutzen. +und sie hat sich reibungslos verbreitet, organisch, natürlich. +wenn du etwas über regierungstechnologie weißt, weißt du, dass es normalerweise nicht so läuft. +die beschaffung von software dauert in der regel ein paar jahre. +wir hatten ein team, das letztes jahr an einem projekt in boston arbeitete, für das drei leute zweieinhalb monate brauchten. +es ging um eine methode, mit der eltern herausfinden können, welche die richtigen öffentlichen schulen für ihre kinder sind. +uns wurde später erzählt, dass wenn es über die normalen kanäle gehen würde, es über zwei jahren gedauert hätte und es hätte über zwei millionen dollar gekostet. +und das ist noch gar nichts. +es gibt momentan ein projekt in der kalifornischen justiz, das die steuerzahler bisher zwei milliarden dollar gekostet hat, und es funktioniert nicht. +und es gibt projekte wie dieses auf jeder ebene der regierung. +also eine app, die in ein paar tagen geschrieben ist, und sich dann von selbt ausbreitet, ist eine art schuss vor den bug auf die institution der regierung. +sie zeigt, wie die regierung besser arbeiten könnte -- nicht mehr wie ein privates unternehmen, wie viele leute denken, dass sie sollte. +und nicht einmal wie ein technik-unternehmen, sondern eher wie das internet selbst. +und das bedeutet freien zugriff, das bedeutet offen und produktiv. +und das ist wichtig. +aber wichtiger an dieser app ist, dass sie eine neue generation repräsentiert, die das problem der regierung anpackt -- nicht als das problem einer verknöcherten institution, sondern als ein problem des kollektiven handelns. +und das ist eine sehr gute neuigkeit, denn es zeigt sich, dass wir sehr gut sind im kollektiven handeln mit digitaler technik. +jetzt gibt es eine große gemeinde von leuten, die die hilfsmittel herstellen, die wir brauchen, um dinge effektiv gemeinsam anzupacken. +es ist nicht nur "code for america" fellows, es gibt hunderte von menschen im ganzen land, die aufstehen und regierungs-apps schreiben, jeden tag in ihren eigenen gemeinden. +sie haben die regierung nicht aufgegeben. +sie sie sind fürchterlich frustriert mit ihr, aber sie beschweren sich nicht darüber, sie reparieren sie. +und diese leute wissen etwas, was wir aus den augen verloren haben. +und das ist dann, wenn du alle deine gefühle über politik und die schlange beim arbeitsamt und all die anderen dinge vergisst, über die wir uns wirklich aufregen, ist regierung, im kern, in den worten von tim o 'reilly, "was wir gemeinsam tun, das wir nicht allein tun können." +heute hat eine menge leute die regierung aufgegeben. +und wenn du einer jener menschen bist, bitte ich dich, dass du darüber nachdenkst, weil sich die dinge ändern. +die politik ändert sich nicht; die regierung ist im wandel. +und weil die regierung letztlich ihre kraft aus uns schöpft -- erinner dich an: "wir das volk?" -- wie wir darüber denken, wird beeinflussen, wie dieser wandel geschieht. +ich wusste nicht sehr viel über regierung, als ich dieses programm startete. +und wie viele leute, dachte ich dass es bei der regierung hauptsächlich darum geht leute in ein amt zu wählen. +nun nach zwei jahren, bin ich zu dem schluss gekommen, dass es vor allem bei kommunen, um beutelratten geht. +das ist das call-center für service und information. +dort kommst du üblicherweise raus, wenn du in deiner stadt 311 anrufst. +wenn du jemals die chance haben solltest, in deinem städtisches call-center zu arbeiten, wie unser fellow scott silverman als teil des programms -- in der tat, tun sie das alle -- wirst du sehen, dass die leute, die regierung wegen vieler verschiedenen probleme anrufen, inklusive, dass eine beutelratte in ihrem haus steckt. +scott bekommt also diesen anfruf. +er tippt "beutelratte" in die offizielle datenbank. +und er hat nicht wirklich eine idee. er fängt mit dem tierfänger an. +und schließlich sagt er: "schauen sie, können sie einfach alle türen in ihrem haus öffnen und sehr laute musik spielen und sehen, ob das vieh abhaut?" +und das funktionierte. applaus für scott. +aber das war nicht das ende der beutelratten. +boston hat nicht nur ein call-center. +es hat eine app, eine web- und handy-app, namens "citizens connect". +wir haben diese app nicht geschrieben. +das ist die arbeit sehr kluger leute im büro der "new urban mechanics" in boston. +eines tages -- das ist ein tatsächlicher bericht - kam dies rein: "beutelratte in meiner mülltonne. kann nicht sagen, ob sie tot ist. +wie bekomme ich sie entfernt? " +aber was mit "citizens connect" passiert ist anders. +scott unterhielt sich von mensch zu mensch. +aber auf "citizens connect" ist alles öffentlich, so dass jeder es sehen kann. +und in diesem fall, sah es ein nachbar. +und der nächste eintrag, den wir bekommen haben lautete, "ich ging dort hinüber, fand die mülltonne hinter dem haus. +beutelratte? ja. lebendig? yap. +drehte die mülltonne auf die seite. ging nach hause. +gute nacht, süße beutelratte. " +ziemlich einfach. +das ist großartig. hier trifft das digitale das physische. +und es ist auch ein gutes beispiel, wie die regierung in das crowdsourcing zu bekommen ist. +aber es ist auch ein großartiges beispiel der regierung als plattform. +und ich meine hier nicht unbedingt eine technische definition der plattform. +ich spreche eher über eine plattform für menschen, sich selbst zu helfen und um anderen zu helfen. +ein bürger half einem anderen bürger, aber die regierung spielte hier eine zentrale rolle. +sie verband diese beiden menschen. +und man hätte sie sie mit staatlichen leistungen verbinden können, wenn diese benötigt worden wären, aber ein nachbar ist eine weit bessere und billigere alternative zu staatlichen dienstleistungen. +wenn ein nachbar dem anderen hilft, stärken wir unsere gemeinden. +rufen wir den tierfänger, kostet es eine menge geld. +eines der wichtigsten dinge ist, dass wir daran denken müssen, ist dass regierung nicht dasselbe ist wie politik. +und die meisten menschen verstehen das aber sie glauben, das eine sei der input des anderen. +dass unser beitrag zum system das wählen ist. +wie oft haben wir einen politischen führer gewählt -- und manchmal haben wir eine menge energie verbraucht, um einen neuen politischen führer zu wählen - und dann lehnen wir uns zurück und wir erwarten, dass die regierung, unsere werte widerspiegelt und unsere bedürfnisse erfüllt, und dann hat sich nicht viel verändert? +das ist, weil die regierung wie ein weiter ozean ist und politik das sind die obersten 15cm. +und was darunter ist, ist das, was wir bürokratie nennen. +und wir benutzen dieses wort mit solcher verachtung. +aber es ist diese verachtung, die diese sache, die wir besitzen, und für die wir bezahlen, etwas sein lässt, das gegen uns arbeitet, etwas anderes, und dann entmachten wir uns selbst. +die leute scheinen zu denken, politik ist sexy. +wenn wir wollen, dass diese institution für uns arbeitet, müssen wir bürokratie sexy machen. +weil das ist, wo die eigentliche regierungsarbeit stattfindet. +wir müssen uns auf die maschinerie der regierung einlassen. +also die occupythesec-bewegung hat es getan. +habt ihr diese jungs gesehen? +es ist eine gruppe besorgter bürger, die einen sehr detaillierten 325-seitigen bericht geschrieben hat, der eine antwort auf das sec-memo über die gesetzesvorlage zur finanz-reform ist. +das ist nicht politisch aktiv sein, das ist bürokratisch aktiv sein. +nun, für diejenigen von uns, die die regierung aufgegeben haben, ist es zeit, dass wir darüber nachdenken, über die welt, die wir unseren kinder hinterlassen wollen. +du musst dir die enormen herausforderungen vorstellen denen sie sich stellen müssen. +glauben wir wirklich, dass wir erreichen, was wir erreichen müssen, ohne die eine institution zu verbessern, die im namen von uns allen handeln kann? +eine regierung ist absolut notwendig, aber die muss effizienter werden. +die gute nachricht ist, dass technologie es möglich macht, die funktion der regierung grundlegend umzudeuten in einer weise, die tatsächlich etwas erreichen kann indem sie die gesellschaft stärkt. +und es gibt eine generation gibt, die mitdem internet aufgewachsen ist, und die weiß, dass es nicht so schwer ist, dinge gemeinsam zu tun, man muss die nur richtig systeme bauen. +nun das durchschnittsalter unserer fellows ist 28, also bin ich, leider, fast eine generation älter als die meisten von ihnen. +dies ist eine generation, die damit aufgewachsen ist, ihre stimme als selbstverständlich zu sehen. +sie kämpfen nicht diesen kampf, den wir alle kämpfen, darum, wer sprechen darf; sie alle dürfen sprechen. +sie können ihre meinung äußern, auf jedem kanal zu jeder zeit, und sie tun es. +also, wenn sie mit dem problem der regierung konfrontiert werden, kümmern sie sich nicht so sehr darum, ihre stimmen zu benutzen. +sie benutzen ihre hände. +sie benutzen ihre hände, um anwendungen zu schreiben, die die arbeit der regierung verbessert. +und diese apps lassen uns unsere hände benutzen, um unsere gemeinden zu verbessern. +das könnte sein, einen hydranten freizuschaufeln, unkraut zu jäten, einen mülleimer mit einer beutelratte umzudrehen. +und sicher, hätten wir diese diese hydranten die ganze zeit freischaufeln können, und viele menschen tun das. +aber diese apps sind wie kleine digitale erinnerungen, dass wir nicht nur konsumenten sind, und wir nicht nur konsumenten der regierung sind, die steuern bezahlen und leistungen empfangen. +wir sind mehr als das, wir sind bürger. +und wir werden die regierung nicht verbessern, bis wir die staatsbürgerschaft verbessern. +also die frage die ich für euch alle hier habe: wenn es um die großen, wichtigen dinge geht, die wir zusammen tun müssen, alle zusammen, werden wir nur eine menge von stimmen sein, oder werden wir auch eine menge von händen sein? +danke. +normalerweise besteht meine rolle darin, den leuten zu erklären wie wundervoll die neuen technologien, welche am aufkommen sind, sein werden. und ich dachte mir, da ich hier unter freunden bin, würde ich euch erzählen was ich wirklich denke. und auch versuchen zurück zu schauen und zu verstehen was hier wirklich vor sich geht, mit diesen unglaublichen sprüngen nach vorne, welche so rasch geschehen, dass wir kaum mithalten können. +ich werde damit beginnen, euch kurz eine einzige, langweilige folie zu zeigen. +... könntest du bitte kurz die folie zeigen. +das ist eine folie, welche ich zufällig aus meinem ordner ausgewählt habe. +es geht mir hier nicht um die details der folie, sondern vielmehr um die generelle form. +diese folie zeigt daten einer analyse von uns über die leistung von risc prozessoren verglichen mit der leistung eines local area networks. +das interessante hier ist, dass diese folie, wie so manch andere, welche wir oft antreffen in unserem feld, eine art gerade auf einer semi-logarithmischen kurve sind. +mit anderen worten: jeder schritt hier entspricht einer potenz in der leistungsskala. +und das ist eine neuheit, dass wir diesen typ skala auf semi-logarithmischen kurven im gebiet der technologie verwenden müssen. +etwas sehr merkwürdiges passiert hier. +dies ist im wesentlichen das, worüber ich hier sprechen werde. +also, wenn du bitte das licht wieder anmachen könntest. +noch etwas heller, weil ich werde gleich etwas auf das papier hier zeichnen. +nun, warum zeichnen wir graphen in der technik auf semi-logarithmischen kurven? +der grund dafür ist, wenn ich es auf eine normale kurve zeichnen würde, wo, sagen wir, das hier die jahre sind, also die zeitachse einer art, und das hier ist ein beliebiges mass der technologie, welches ich mit einem graphen darstellen will, dann wird der graph albern. +die sehen dann so aus. +und das sagt uns nicht viel. +wenn ich nun eine andere technologie aufzeichnen will, sagen wir mal eine transporttechnologie, dann würde das auf der semi-logarithmischen skala sehr unvernünftig daherkommen, in form einer flachen linie. +aber wenn so etwas wie hier passiert, dann ändert dies die qualitativen umstände. +wenn also die transporttechnologie so schnell wie die mikroprozessor-technologie fortschreiten würde, dann könnten wir übermorgen in ein taxi einsteigen und in 30 sekunden wären wir in tokyo. +aber das geht nicht so schnell. +das gab es noch nie zuvor in der geschichte der technologie-entwicklung, diese art von rekursivem wachstum, durch welches sich die grössenordnung alle paar jahre exponentiell erhöht. +die frage die ich euch nun stellen möchte ist, wenn man sich diese exponentiellen kurven anschaut, sieht man, sie gehen nicht für immer weiter. +es ist nicht möglich, dass sich alles für immer und ewig so schnell wie jetzt weiterentwickelt. +es gibt zwei möglichkeiten: +entweder wird daraus eine klassische s-kurve wie hier, bis etwas völlig neues daherkommt, oder es wird das hier geschehen. +das ist es in etwa. +nun, ich bin ja optimist, also denke ich so etwas in der art wie hier wird passieren. +ist das wirklich so, dann bedeutet das, wir sind hier im moment mitten in einem übergang. +wir sind hier auf dieser linie, in einem übergang von der bisherigen welt zu einer neuen art von welt. +die frage die ich also stellen möchte und ich mir auch oft selber stelle, ist wie diese neue welt wohl sein wird? +was ist dieser neue zustand, den die welt langsam annimmt? +denn der übergang scheint sehr, sehr verwirrend zu sein, wenn man sich mitten drin befindet. +als ich noch ein kind war, da war die zukunft irgendwo beim jahr 2000 und die leute sprachen oft darüber, was wohl passieren würde im jahr 2000. +jetzt haben wir hier eine konferenz wo die leute über die zukunft sprechen und man stellt fest, dass die zukunft immer noch beim jahr 2000 liegt. +weiter als das gehen wir nicht. +in anderen worten also ist die zukunft jedes jahr um ein jahr geschrumpft seit ich auf dieser welt bin. +ich denke der grund dafür ist, dass wir merken, dass irgend etwas im gange ist. +der übergang geschieht. wir können es alle fühlen. +und wir wissen, dass es momentan einfach keinen sinn macht zu versuchen 30 oder 50 jahre in die zukunft zu schauen, weil alles so anders sein wird, dass eine einfache hochrechnung von dem was wir jetzt machen schlichtweg keinen sinn macht. +ich möchte nun darüber reden was das sein könnte, dieser übergang in dem wir uns momentan befinden. +um dies zu machen werde ich zuerst über einige andere dinge sprechen, welche wirklich nichts mit technologie oder computer zu tun haben. +denn ich glaube um dies wirklich verstehen zu können, müssen wir einen schritt zurück gehen und uns die sache auf einer längeren zeitskala anschauen. +und zwar möchte ich dies auf der zeitskala des lebens der erde anschauen. +ich glaube das gesamtbild ergibt sinn, wenn man es in einige milliarden-schritte unterteilt. +gehen wir also zurück, und zwar 2,5 milliarden jahre. die erde war ein grosser, steriler steinklumpen mit vielen darauf schwebenden chemikalien. +wenn man sich nun die art und weise betrachtet wie diese chemikalien organisiert waren, dann gibt uns das ein ziemlich gutes bild darüber, wie sie das anstellten. +ich glaube auch es gibt theorien, die zu verstehen beginnen wie alles mit rna angefangen hat, aber ich werde euch eine vereinfachte geschichte davon erzählen welche lautet, dass zu dieser zeit kleine öltröpfchen herumschwebten, welche verschiedene arten von rezepten für chemikalien enthielten. +einige dieser öltröpfchen enthielten eine besondere kombination von chemikalien, welche es ihnen erlaubten andere chemikalien von aussen zu integrieren und somit zu wachsen. +alle die so waren, begannen sich aufzuteilen. +diese kleinen öltröpfchen waren im sinne die primitivste zellenform. +jedoch waren diese öltröpfchen nicht etwa lebendig im heutigen sinne, weil jedes einzelne davon war nur ein kleines, zufälliges rezept von chemikalien. +und jedes mal, wenn es sich teilte, haben sich die darin befindlichen chemikalien zu ungleichen mengen verteilt. +somit war jedes tröpfchen ein wenig anders. +tatsächlich wuchsen die tröpfchen, welche eine für das wachstum optimalere zusammensetzung hatten schneller als andere und integrierten mehr und mehr chemikalien von aussen und teilten sich schneller. +diese neigten also dazu, länger zu überleben und sie vermehrten sich in grösserem ausmass. +das ist also nur eine sehr einfache chemische form von leben, aber interessanter wird es, wenn diese tröpfchen einen trick über abstraktion lernten. +auf irgend eine art, welche wir noch nicht ganz verstehen, haben diese tröpfchen die fähigkeit erlernt, informationen niederzuschreiben. +sie haben gelernt, das rezept der zelle als informationen zu speichern. und zwar in einer bestimmten chemischen form, welche wir dna nennen. +mit anderen worten haben sie in dieser geistlosen, evolutionären art einen weg gefunden, der ihnen erlaubte, niederzuschreiben woraus sie bestanden, so dass diese information gespeichert und kopiert werden konnte. +das erstaunliche daran ist, dass diese art informationen zu speichern über die zeit von 2,5 milliarden jahren, in der sie entstanden ist, gleich blieb. +tatsächlich besteht das rezept für uns, nämlich unsere gene, aus dem exakt selben code und der gleichen schreibweise. +und zwar jedes lebewesen verwendet die exakt gleichen buchstaben und denselben code. +wir sind soweit, dass wir, nur zum vergnügungszweck, selber sache in diesem code schreiben können. +und ich habe hier 100 mikrogramm eines weissen pulvers, welches ich in flughäfen fern von sicherheitspersonal zu halten versuche. +darin befindet sich – was ich gemacht habe ist, ich habe diesen code genommen – der code besteht aus normalen buchstaben, welche wir zum symbolisieren verwenden – und ich habe meine visitenkarte auf ein stück dna geschrieben und habe es 10 ^ 22 mal verstärkt. +wenn also jemand einhundert millionen kopien meiner visitenkarte möchte, ich habe genügend für jedermann in diesem raum und sogar für jedermann auf dieser welt, und es ist genau hier. +wäre ich in wirklichkeit ein egoist gewesen, dann hätte ich sie auf ein virus geschrieben und in den raum freigegeben. +was ist also der nächste schritt? +das niederschreiben der dna war ein interessanter schritt. +und das veranlagten diese zellen – das machte sie glücklich für eine weitere milliarde jahre. +aber dann passierte ein anderer, sehr interessanter schritt, bei dem die dinge komplett anders wurden. nämlich begannen diese zellen zu kommunizieren und informationen auszutauschen, so dass gemeinschaften von zellen entstanden. +ich weiss nicht, ob sie das schon wussten, aber bakterien können tatsächlich ihre dna austauschen. +das ist auch der grund warum zum beispiel die beständigkeit zu antibiotika wächst. +einige bakterien haben herausgefunden, wie sie sich von penicillin fernhalten können und haben diese information zusammen mit anderen bakterien in die dna geschrieben und nun haben wir jede menge bakterien, welche resistent auf penicillin sind, weil die bakterien untereinander kommunizieren. +diese kommunikation erlaubte nun das gründen von gemeinschaften, welche in gewissem sinne im selben boot waren; sie waren synergetisch. +somit haben sie entweder zusammen überlebt, oder sie gingen zusammen unter. das bedeutete, dass wenn eine gemeinschaft erfolgreich war, wurden alle individuen der gemeinschaft öfter wiederholt und von der evolution bevorzugt. +die übergangsstelle ist nun dort, wo diese gemeinschaften so nahe zusammenrückten, dass sie sich entschlossen, das rezept für die ganze gemeinschaft in eine zeichenkette auf die dna zu schreiben. +und die nächste interessante phase dauerte ungefähr eine weitere milliarde jahre. +zu diesem zeitpunkt haben wir mehrzellige gemeinschaften, gemeinschaften von vielen verschiedlichen zellentypen, welche zusammen als einzelner organismus fungieren. +in der tat sind wir auch eine solche mehrzellige gemeinschaft. +wir haben viele zellen, welche nicht mehr auf sich allein gestellt sind. +deine hautzellen sind nutzlos ohne herzzellen, muskelzellen, hirnzellen und so weiter. +diese gemeinschaften begannen also sich weiterzuentwickeln, so dass die ebene, auf welcher die evolution stattfand, nicht länger die einzelne zelle war, sondern die ganze zellengemeinschaft, welche wir organismus nennen. +der nächste schritt geschah nun innerhalb dieser gemeinschaften. +die zellengemeinschaften begannen wieder informationen zu abstrahieren. +und sie entwickelten spezielle strukturen, welche nichts anderes machten, als informationen innerhalb des organismus zu verarbeiten. +und dies sind die neuralen strukturen. +die nervenzellen sind also der informationsverarbeitungsapparat, den diese zellengemeinschaften aufgebaut haben. +sie fingen an spezialisten auszubilden innerhalb der gemeinschaft, spezielle strukturen, welche verantwortlich waren für das lernen, verstehen und das festhalten von information. +und dies war das gehirn und das nervensystem dieser gemeinschaften. +dies gab ihnen einen evolutionären vorteil. +weil zu diesem zeitpunkt ein individuum – lernen passierte nun innerhalb der zeitspanne der lebensdauer eines einzelnen organismus, anstatt über diese evolutionäre zeitspanne. +ein organismus konnte also zum beispiel lernen, eine bestimmte frucht nicht zu essen, weil sie schlecht schmeckte und ihn krank machte, das letzte mal als er sie gegessen hat. +dies konnte nun innerhalb der lebensdauer eines einzelnen organismus geschehen, wohingegen davor hunderttausende von jahren gebraucht wurden, weil diese information evolutionär gelernt werden musste von den individuen, welche wegen dieser frucht starben, da diese informationsverarbeitungsstrukturen noch nicht vorhanden waren. +das nervensystem hat also den evolutionsprozess mithilfe dieser speziellen informationsstrukturen denn die evolution konnte nun innerhalb eines individuums stattfinden. +sie konnte innerhalb eines zeitlichen lernrahmens stattfinden. +was danach passierte, ist, dass die individuellen organismen einen weg fanden, untereinander zu kommunizieren. +mal als beispiel, die raffinierteste uns bekannte version dieser kommunikationsart ist die menschliche sprache. +es ist doch eine recht verblüffende erfindung wenn man darüber nachdenkt. +ich habe hier eine sehr komplizierte, unordentliche und verwirrte idee in meinem kopf. +ich sitze hier und gebe im grunde genommen grunzende töne von mir, in der hoffnung damit eine ähnlich verwirrte idee in eurem kopf zu kreieren, die eine gewisse ähnlichkeit mit meiner ursprünglichen idee hat. +wir nehmen also etwas sehr kompliziertes, wandeln es in töne um, eine sequenz von tönen, und produzieren damit etwas sehr kompliziertes in den köpfen von anderen. +dies erlaubt es uns nun also wieder als einen einheitlichen organismus zu funktionieren. +und was wir tatsächlich gemacht haben, wir, die menschheit, ist, wir haben zu abstrahieren begonnen. +wir durchgehen dieselben stufen, welche mehrzellerorganismen durchgemacht haben – die abstraktion unserer methoden, wie wir daten festhalten, präsentieren, verarbeiten. +die erfindung der sprache beispielsweise war ein kleiner schritt in diese richtung. +telefonie, computer, videobänder, cd-roms und so weiter sind alles unsere spezialisierten mechanismen, die wir in unserer gemeinschaft gebaut haben, um diese informationen handhaben zu können. +und es verbindet uns alle zusammen zu etwas, das viel grösser ist, und auch fähig ist sich schneller weiter zu entwickeln, als wir es bisher waren. +heutzutage kann also evolution in der zeitspanne von mikrosekunden geschehen. +ihr habt auch tys kleines evolutionsbeispiel gesehen wo er ein bisschen evolution im "convolution" programm gezeigt hat, direkt vor euren augen. +nun haben wir also die zeitskalen erneut verschnellert. +die ersten schritte der geschichte, welche ich euch erzählt habe, dauerten eine milliarde jahre pro stück. +die nächsten schritte, wie das nervensystem und das gehirn, dauerten einige hundert millionen jahre. +dann die nächstens schritte, wie sprache und so weiter, dauerten weniger als eine million jahre. +und diese nächsten schritte, wie elektronik, scheinen nur wenige jahrzehnte zu dauern. +der prozess ernährt sich von sich selbst und wird somit, ich glaube, auto-katalytisch ist das wort dafür – wenn etwas seine änderungsgeschwindigkeit verstärkt. +je mehr es sich ändert, desto schneller ändert es sich. +und ich glaube, das ist das, was wir hier sehen in dieser explosionsartigen kurve. +wir sehen den prozess, der sich von sich selbst ernährt. +ich lebe beruflich vom bauen von computern und ich weiss, dass ich den mechanismus, den ich verwende um computer zu bauen, nicht verwenden könnte, ohne die kürzlich gemachten fortschritte in der computertechnologie. +meine aktuelle tätigkeit besteht darin, objekte mit solch einer hohen komplexität zu designen, dass es unmöglich für mich ist, diese im traditionellen sinn zu designen. +ich weiss nicht, was jeder einzelne transistor in der verbindungsmaschine macht. +es hat milliarden von denen. +was ich stattdessen mache, und was auch die designer von thinking machines machen, ist, wir denken auf einer gewissen abstraktionsebene, übergeben diese der maschine und die maschine macht daraus etwas, das unsere fähigkeiten weit übersteigt, besser und schneller als wir es selber jemals machen könnten. +und sie macht es teilweise mit methoden, welche wir bis jetzt nicht einmal richtig verstehen. +eine methode, welche besonders interessant ist, und welche ich in letzter zeit oft verwendet habe, ist die evolution selber. +dabei installieren wir einen evolutionsprozess in der maschine, welcher im mikrosekunden-bereich abläuft. +um ein beispiel zu nennen, in den extremsten fällen, können wir ein programm erstellen, welches sich aus zufälligen instruktionen entwickelt. +wir sagen, "computer, generiere bitte einhundert millionen zufällig ausgewählte sequenzen von instruktionen. +jetzt führe bitte alle diese zufällig gewählten instruktionen aus, führe alle programme aus, und wähle schlussendlich diejenigen, welche meiner vorgaben am nächsten sind. " +also in anderen worten definiere ich zuerst was ich will. +sagen wir mal, ich will nummern sortieren, das wäre ein einfaches beispiel, welches ich schon dafür verwendet habe. +finde also programme, welche am ehesten nummern sortieren können. +natürlich ist die chance bei zufällig gewählten instruktionen sehr klein, dass sie per zufall eben nummern sortieren, also werden wohl keine der instruktionen tatsächlich dies machen. +aber eine von denen mag mit etwas glück zwei nummern in die richtige reihenfolge rücken. +jetzt sage ich, "computer, nimm jetzt diejenigen 10% der sequenzen, welche meinen vorgaben am nächsten gekommen sind. +speichere diese ab, lösche den rest. +jetzt reproduziere alle übriggebliebenen, die die nummern am besten sortiert haben. +und zwar mit einer methode des rekombinierens, analog zur fortpflanzung. " +nimm zwei programme und sie produzieren kinder durch den austausch ihrer subroutinen, und die kinder vererben die merkmale der subroutinen von den zwei programmen. +nun habe ich also eine neue generation von programmen, die durch kombinationen von programmen entstanden, welche etwas näher an die vorgaben gekommen sind als andere. +sag, "bitte wiederhole diesen prozess." +bewerte sie wieder. +führe vielleicht einige mutationen ein. +und versuch das ganze nochmal mit einer anderen generation. +all diese generationen benötigen nur wenige millisekunden +und so kann ich eine evolution über millionen von jahren im computer innerhalb weniger minuten durchlaufen lassen. oder in komplizierteren fällen einige stunden. +schlussendlich erhalte ich programme, die nummern perfekt sortieren können. +tatsache ist, diese programme sind so viel effizienter als jedes programm, das ich je von hand schreiben hätte können. +wenn ich mir dann diese programme anschaue, dann kann ich nicht sagen wie sie funktionieren. +ich habe versucht, sie zu verstehen. +es sind verworrene und merkwürdige programme. +aber sie erledigen den job. +ich weiss und bin mir ganz sicher, dass sie den job erledigen, weil sie aus einer reihe von hunderttausenden programmen kommen, welche den job erledigt haben. +denn ihr leben hing davon ab, ob sie den job richtig machten. +ich sass einmal in einer 747 zusammen mit marvin minsky, ale er eine karte hervorholt und sagt, "oh schau. schau dir das an. +da steht, 'dieses flugzeug besteht aus hunderttausenden kleinteilen, welche zusammen arbeiten um ihren flug sicherer zu machen.' macht dich das nicht zuversichtlicher? " +wir wissen, dass ein entwicklungsprozess nicht optimal ist, wenn er zu kompliziert wird. +also beginnen wir uns auf computer zu verlassen, für einen prozess, welcher sich vom klassischen ingenieurswesen stark unterscheidet. +er erlaubt uns sachen mit einer viel höheren komplexität als es die normalen methoden erlauben würden, zu produzieren. +und dennoch verstehen wir die möglichkeiten davon noch nicht ganz. +gewissermassen überflügelt uns die technik also. +wir benutzen diese programme nun, um die computer viel schneller zu machen, so dass wir fähig sind, diese prozesse noch schneller ausführen zu können. +es entsteht also eine rückkopplung. +es wird schneller und schneller und ich glaube das ist der grund warum es so verwirrend scheint. +weil all diese neuen technologien von heute sich von sich selber ernähren. +wir heben ab. +wir sind an einem punkt angelangt, der analog ist zu damals, als einzeller-organismen sich zu mehrzeller-organismen entwickelt haben. +wir sind also die amöben und wir können noch nicht ganz ausmachen, was zur hölle wir hier eigentlich am kreieren sind. +wir sind mitten in diesem übergangpunkt. +aber ich glaube wirklich, dass nach uns noch etwas kommt. +ich finde es sehr hochmütig von uns zu sagen, dass wir das endprodukt der evolution sind. +und ich glaube wir alle hier sind teil der schöpfung von dem was auch immer als nächstes kommt. +nun, das mittagessen steht bevor und ich denke ich höre hier jetzt auf, bevor ich noch rausgewählt werde. +meine geschichte beginnt genau hier in rajasthan, vor etwa zwei jahren. +ich war unter dem sternenhimmel in der wüste zusammen mit sufi-sänger mukhtiar ali. +wir sprachen darüber, dass sich nichts verändert hat seit der zeit des uralten indischen epos "mahabharata." +wenn wir inder damals reisen wollten, sprangen wir in einen wagen und schwirrten über den himmel. +jetzt machen wir das mit flugzeugen. +damals, als der große indische kriegerprinz arjuna durst hatte, nahm er einen bogen, schoss in den boden und wasser trat hervor. +jetzt machen wir das mit bohrern und maschinen. +wir kamen zu der schlussfolgerung, dass zauber und magie durch maschinen ersetzt wurden. +das machte mich wirklich traurig. +ich bekam etwas angst vor technologie. +es machte mir angst, dass ich die fähigkeit verlieren könnte, den sonnenuntergang genießen können ohne kamera und ohne tweet an meine freunde. +ich fand, dass technologie magie möglich machen sollte und nicht töten. +als ich ein kleines mädchen war, gab mein großvater mir seine kleine silberne taschenuhr. +dieses stück 50 jahre alte technologie wurde das magischste ding für mich. +sie wurde ein goldener zugang zu einer welt voller piraten und verunglückter schiffe und zu bildern in meiner vorstellung. +mir kam es so vor, als hielten uns unsere schicken uhren und kameras davon ab zu träumen. +sie hielten uns davon ab inspiriert zu werden. +und so begab ich mich in die welt der technologie, um zu sehen, wie ich sie dazu benutzen könnte magie zu ermöglichen anstatt zu töten. +mit 16 begann ich bücher zu illustrieren. +als ich das ipad sah, sah ich es als gerät zum geschichtenerzählen, das leser auf der ganzen welt verbinden kann. +es kann wissen, wie wir es halten. +es kann wissen, wo wir sind. +es bring bilder und text zusammen, und animation, geräusche und berührung. +das geschichtenerzählen gebraucht immer mehr sinne. +aber was machen wir damit? +ich gehe jetzt einfach zu khoya, eine interaktive ipad app. +hier steht: "leg deine finger auf jedes licht." +und so -- hier steht: "diese box gehört..." da schreibe ich meinen namen. +und aus mir wird eine figur in dem buch. +hin und wieder fällt ein brief für mich runter -- und das ipad weiß durch gps wo ich wohne -- der ist richtig an mich addressiert. +das kind in mir ist von solchen möglichkeiten wirklich begeistert. +ich habe viel über magie gesprochen. +ich meine damit nicht zauberer und drachen, sondern den zauber der kindheit, jene ideen, die wir alle als kinder hatten. +glühwürmchen in einem glas fand ich immer ganz aufregend. +so muss man hier das ipad kippen und die glühwürmchen rauslassen. +und die beleuchten den weg durch das restliche buch. +eine andere idee, die mich als kind faszinierte ist, dass eine ganze galaxie in einer einzigen murmel stecken kann. +und daher wird hier jedes buch und jede welt eine kleine murmel, die ich hierher ziehe zu dem magischen gerät im gerät. +und dies öffnet eine karte. +fantasybücher hatten schon immer karten, aber diese karten waren statisch. +diese karte wächst und leuchtet und dient zur orientierung im rest des buches. +sie zeigt sich auch an anderen stellen des buches. +ich gehe hier rein. +auch ist es für mich wichtig, etwas zu schaffen, dass indisch ist aber auch sehr zeitgemäß. +dies hier sind die apsaras. +wir haben alle von feen und nymphen gehört, aber wieviele leute außerhalb indiens kennen ihre indischen kollegen, die apsaras? +die armen apsaras waren tausende jahre in indras kammern gefangen, in einem alten muffigen buch. +und wir bringen sie zurück, in einer zeitgenössischen geschichte für kinder. +eine geschichte, die sich mit neuen angelegenheiten auseinandersetzt, wie der umweltkrise. +zum thema umweltkrise, ein großes problem der letzten 10 jahre ist, dass kinder in ihren zimmern sitzen, an ihren computern, ohne rauszugehen. +aber jetzt, mit mobiler technologie, können wir unsere kinder in die natürliche welt mit ihrer technologie mitnehmen. +in einer interaktion des buches wird man auf eine suche geschickt. man muss rausgehen und mit der kamera des ipads bilder natürlicher objekte sammeln. +als kind hatte ich sammlungen von stöckern, steinen, kieseln und muscheln. +irgendwie machen das kinder nicht mehr. +dies kindheitsritual wird zurückgebracht. man muss rausgehen, um in einem kapitel ein foto von einer blume zu machen und zu markieren. +in einem anderen kapitel muss man ein stück baumrinde fotographieren und markieren. +so erschafft man tatsächlich eine digitale sammlung von fotos, die man dann online stellen kann. +ein kind in london zeigt das bild eines fuchses und sagt: "oh, heute habe ich einen fuchs gesehen." +ein kind in indien sagt: "heute habe ich einen affen gesehen." +das schafft eine art soziales netzwerk rund um eine digitale sammlung von fotos, die man tatsächlich aufgenommen hat. +es gibt eine vielzahl von möglichkeiten dabei magie, die welt und technologie miteinander zu verbinden. +im nächsten buch planen wir eine interaktion bei der man das video des ipads benutzt und durch augmented reality eine animation von elfen sieht, die auf einer pflanze vor dem haus erscheinen. +an einer stelle füllt sich der bildschirm mit blättern. +man muss das geräusch des winds machen, sie wegblasen und den rest des buchs lesen. +wir alle bewegen uns auf eine welt zu, in der die naturgewalten der technologie näher kommen und in der magie und technologie sich annähern können. +wir nutzen die energie der sonne. +wir bringen unsere kinder und uns näher an die natürliche welt heran und an den zauber, spaß und die liebe unserer kindheit durch das einfache medium einer geschichte. +vielen dank. +dies ist wirklich eine außerordentliche ehre für mich. +ich verbringe den großteil meiner zeit mit menschen in untersuchungshaft, gefängnissen oder todeszellen. +ich verbringe den großteil meiner zeit mit den sozial schwächsten in den sozialbausiedlungen und an orten, an denen es sehr viel hoffnungslosigkeit gibt. +hier bei ted zu sein, zu sehen und zu hören, wie stimulierend das ist, hat mir sehr viel kraft gegeben. +in der kurzen zeit hier wurde mir eines klar: ted hat eine identität. +man kann hier dinge sagen, die weltweit einfluss haben. +und manchmal, wenn etwas über ted kommt, bekommt es eine bedeutung und kraft, die es sonst nicht hätte. +ich sage das, weil ich glaube, dass identität sehr wichtig ist. +wir haben einige fantastische präsentationen gesehen. +ich glaube, dass wir gelernt haben, dass die worte eines lehrers bedeutung haben, aber das die worte eines engagierten lehrers besonders bedeutungsvoll sind. +als arzt kann man gutes tun. als fürsorglicher arzt aber kann man noch mehr tun. +und deshalb möchte ich über die macht der identität sprechen. +ich habe das übrigens nicht in meiner arbeit als anwalt gelernt. +ich habe das von meiner großmutter gelernt. +ich wurde groß in einer familie, einem traditionellen afroamerikanischen haushalt, der von einer matriarchin dominiert wurde, und diese matriarchin war meine großmutter. +sie war eine taffe, starke frau, sie hatte wirkung. +sie hatte das letzte wort in jedem familienstreit. +sie war auch der ausgangspunkt vieler streitigkeiten in unserer familie. +sie war die tochter einer sklavenfamilie. +ihre eltern wurden in den 1840ern in virginia als sklaven geboren. +sie wurde um 1880 geboren und die erfahrung der sklaverei formte ihr weltbild sehr stark. +meine großmutter war stark, aber sie war auch liebevoll. +wenn ich sie als kleiner junge traf, kam sie auf mich zu und umarmte mich. +sie drückte mich so fest, dass ich kaum atmen konnte. dann ließ sie mich los. +eine oder zwei stunden später, wenn ich ihr begegnete, kam sie auf mich zu und sagte: » bryan, fühlst du noch meine umarmung? « +und wenn ich » nein « sagte, umarmte sie mich wieder. wenn ich » ja « sagte, ließ sie mich in ruhe. +an ihr war etwas, das machte, dass man immer in ihrer nähe sein wollte. +das einzige problem dabei war, dass sie zehn kinder hatte. +meine mutter war das jüngste ihrer zehn kinder. +manchmal, wenn ich zeit mit ihr verbringen wollte, war es schwer, ihre aufmerksamkeit zu erlangen. +meine cousins liefen überall herum. +ich erinnere mich, ich muss acht oder neun gewesen sein, dass ich eines morgens aufwachte und ins wohnzimmer ging. alle meine cousins liefen herum. +meine großmutter saß am ende des zimmers und starrte mich an. +zuerst dachte ich, dass das ein spiel wäre. +ich sah sie an und lächelte, aber sie sah sehr ernst aus. +das ging so 15 oder 20 minuten. dann stand sie auf und kam zu mir herüber. sie nahm mich bei der hand und sagte: » komm, bryan. du und ich, wir müssen reden. « +ich erinnere mich noch daran als ob es gestern war. +ich werde es nie vergessen. +sie nahm mich mit nach draußen und sagte: » bryan, ich werde dir etwas erzählen, aber du musst versprechen, dass du es nicht weitersagst. « +ich sagte: » versprochen, oma. « +sie sagte: » ehrenwort? « ich sagte: » ja. « +sie setzte mich hin und sah mich an. sie sagte: » ich möchte, dass du weißt, dass ich dich beobachtet habe. « +sie sagte: » ich glaube, du bist etwas besonderes. « +sie sagte: » ich glaube, du kannst alles tun, was du tun willst. « +ich werde das nie vergessen. +dann sagte sie: » du musst mir nur drei dinge versprechen, bryan. « +ich sagte: » ok, oma. « +sie sagte: » als erstes versprich mir, dass du deine mama immer lieben wirst. « +sie sagte: » deine mama ist mein baby und du musst mit versprechen, dass du dich immer um sie kümmern wirst. « +ich verehrte meine mutter, also sagte ich: » ja, oma, das werde ich tun. « +dann sagte sie: » als nächstes versprich mir, dass du immer das richtige tun wirst. « auch wenn es schwer fällt, das richtige zu tun. « +ich dachte nach und sagte: » ja, oma. ich verspreche es. « +schließlich sagte sie: » das letzte, was du mir versprechen musst, ist « dass du niemals alkohol trinken wirst. « +nun, ich war neun jahre alt und so sagte ich: » ja, oma. ich verspreche es. « +ich wuchs auf dem land auf, im alten, ländlichen süden und ich habe einen bruder, der ein jahr älter ist und eine ein jahr jüngere schwester. +als ich etwa 14 oder 15 war, kam eines tages mein bruder nach hause und brachte dieses sixpack bier mit schnappte sich meine schwester und mich und ging mit uns in den wald. +wir alberten dort nur so herum wie sonst auch. +dann nahm er einen schluck bier und bot meiner schwester eines an, und sie nahm an, und dann boten sie mir eins an. +ich sagte: » nein, nein, nein. schon ok. macht ihr nur. ich will kein bier. « +mein bruder sagte: » nun mach schon. heute machen wir das, du machst doch auch sonst alles, was wir tun. +ich hatte was, deine schwester hatte was. los, trink ein bier. « +ich sagte: » ich will nicht. macht ihr nur. macht ihr nur. « +mein bruder starrte mich an. +er sagte: » was ist denn los mit dir? nun trink doch was. « +dann sah er mir ins gesicht und sagte: » oh nein, du machst dich doch nicht immer noch verrückt wegen der unterhaltung mit oma? « +ich sagte: » worüber redest du? « +er sagte: » oma erzählt allen enkeln, dass sie was besonderes sind. « +ich war am boden zerstört. +ich werde ihnen etwas gestehen. +ich sollte das vermutlich nicht tun. +das hier wird vielleicht öffentlich übertragen. +ich bin 52 jahre alt und ich gestehe, dass ich noch nie einen tropfen alkohol getrunken habe. +ich sage das nicht, weil ich ich glaube, dass es tugendhaft ist. ich sage das, weil identität macht bedeutet. +wenn wir die richtige art von identität schaffen, können wir den menschen um uns herum dinge sagen, die sie zunächst nicht glauben. +wir können sie dazu bekommen, dinge zu tun, von denen sie dachten, sie könnten es nicht. +natürlich würde meine großmutter all ihren enkeln sagen, sie seien etwas besonderes. +mein großvater war während der prohibition im gefängnis. +meine onkel starben an alkoholinduzierten krankheiten. +und sie glaubte, dass dies die themen seien, um die wir uns kümmern müssten. +ich habe versucht, etwas über unser justizsystem zu sagen. +dieses land ist anders als vor 40 jahren. +1972 waren 300.000 menschen in haftanstalten und im gefängnis. +heute sind es 2,3 millionen. +die vereinigten staaten haben heute die höchste inhaftierungsrate der welt. +sieben millionen menschen sind auf bewährung entlassen oder mit bedingter strafaussetzung. +meiner meinung nach haben masseninhaftierungen unsere welt grundlegend verändert. +in sozial schwachen und schwarzen teilen der bevölkerung herrschen verzweiflung und hoffnungslosigkeit, aufgrund dieser veränderungen. +einer von drei männlichen schwarzen zwischen 18 und 30 ist in haft, im gefängnis, auf bewährung entlassen oder mit bedingter strafaussetzung. +in städtischen gemeinden überall im land – von los angeles über philadelphia, baltimore bis washington – sind 50 bis 60 prozent aller schwarzen jungen männer entweder in haft, im gefängnis, auf bewährung entlassen oder mit bedingter strafaussetzung. +unser system wird aber nicht nur geformt durch fragen, die mit rassenzugehörigkeit zu tun haben, es wird auch durch armut entstellt. +wir haben in diesem land ein justizsystem, das sie viel besser behandelt, wenn sie reich und schuldig sind als arm und unschuldig. +vermögen, nicht verschulden, beeinflusst das ergebnis. +trotzdem scheinen wir damit ganz zufrieden zu sein. +eine politik aus angst und zorn hat uns davon überzeugt, dass diese probleme nicht unsere probleme sind. +wir haben den kontakt verloren. +ich finde das interessant. +es gibt da ein paar hochinteressante entwicklungen. +mein heimatstaat alabama entzieht ihnen dauerhaft das wahlrecht, wenn sie strafrechtlich verurteilt werden. +hier und heute in alabama haben 34 prozent der männlichen schwarzen bevölkerung dauerhaft ihr wahlrecht verloren. +wir prognostizieren, dass in zehn jahren die quote der aberkennung der bürgerlichen ehrenrechte so hoch sein wird wie vor der verabschiedung des wahlrechtsgesetzes. +das schweigen ist ohrenbetäubend. +ich vertrete kinder. +viele meiner mandanten sind sehr jung. +die vereinigten staaten von amerika sind das einzige land in der welt, das dreizehnjährige kinder zum tod im gefängnis verurteilt. +in diesem unserem land gibt es für kinder lebenslängliche haftstrafen ohne bedingte strafaussetzung. +wir haben schon eine menge verfahren laufen. +das einzige land der welt. +ich vertrete menschen in todeszellen. +die frage der todesstrafe ist eine interessante frage. +wir glauben, weil man es uns so beigebracht hat, dass die wahre frage die ist: hat ein mensch verdient, für ein von ihm begangenes verbrechen zu sterben? +das ist eine sehr sensible frage. +man kann aber auch anders darüber denken, abhängig davon, wie wir unsere identität sehen. +die andere sichtweise ist nicht: hat jemand für ein verbrechen den tod verdient, sondern: haben wir es verdient, zu töten? +ich finde das faszinierend. +die todesstrafe in amerika definiert sich durch irrtum. +auf neun menschen, die wir hingerichtet haben, kommt einer, den wir für unschuldig befunden haben, der entlastet und aus der todeszelle entlassen wurde. +eine erstaunliche fehlerquote. einer von neun unschuldig. +ich finde das faszinierend. +wir würden niemals jemanden mit einem flugzeug fliegen lassen, wenn für neun flugzeuge, die abheben, eines abstürzt. +aber irgendwie schaffen wir es, uns von diesem problem abzunabeln. +es ist nicht unser problem. +es ist nicht unsere bürde. +es ist nicht unser kampf. +ich rede viel über diese fragen. +ich rede über rasse und die frage, ob wir das recht haben, zu töten. +und es ist spannend, weil ich meinen schülern afroamerikanische geschichte beibringe. ich rede über sklaverei. +ich rede über terrorismus, die zeit gegen ende der rekonstruktion, bis hin zum beginn des 2. weltkrieges. +wir wissen nicht wirklich sehr viel darüber. +aber für die afroamerikaner in diesem land war es eine zeit des terrors. +in vielen gegenden mussten menschen angst vor lynchmobs haben, +oder vor bomben. +es war die angst vor terror, der ihr leben formte. +diese älteren menschen kommen jetzt zu mir und sagen: » mr, stevenson, sie reden, sie halten vorträge. sie sagen den menschen, dass sie aufhören sollen zu sagen, dass wir es zum ersten mal in der geschichte unserer nation mit terrorismus zu tun haben: nach dem 11. september. « +sie sagen: » nein – sagen sie den menschen, dass wir damit aufgewachsen sind. « +und nach dem terrorismus kamen natürlich die rassentrennung und jahrzehnte der rassistisch motivierten unterwerfung und apartheid. +und dennoch gibt es in unserem land eine dynamik … wir sprechen nicht gerne über unsere probleme. +wir sprechen nicht gerne über unsere geschichte. +und deshalb verstehen wir nicht wirklich, welche bedeutung unsere taten im historischen kontext haben. +wir stoßen ständig aufeinander. +wir schaffen immer neue spannungen und konflikte. +es fällt uns schwer, über rasse zu sprechen, und ich glaube, das liegt daran, dass wir nicht willens sind, uns dem prozess der wahrheit und versöhnung zu nähern. +in südafrika haben die menschen verstanden, dass die rassentrennung nicht zu überwinden ist ohne die bereitschaft zu wahrheit und versöhnung. +selbst nach dem völkermord in ruanda gab es diese bereitschaft, aber nicht in diesem unseren land. +ich habe einige vorträge in deutschland über die todesstrafe gehalten. +es war faszinierend, denn einer der wissenschaftler stand nach meinem vortrag auf und sagte: » wissen sie, es ist zutiefst verstörend, sie so reden zu hören. « +er sagte: » in deutschland gibt es keine todesstrafe. +und natürlich kann es sie in deutschland nie mehr geben. « +es wurde ganz still. dann sagte eine frau: » mit unserer geschichte ist es unmöglich, dass wir uns jemals wieder für das systematische töten von menschen aussprechen. +es wäre gewissenlos von uns, bewusst und gezielt menschen hinzurichten. « +ich dachte darüber nach. +wie es sich anfühlen würde, in einer welt zu leben, in der der deutsche staat menschen hinrichten ließ, besonders, wenn darunter unverhältnismäßig viele juden wären. +es wäre unerträglich. +es wäre gewissenlos. +und dennoch, hier in diesem land, in den staaten des alten südens, richten wir menschen hin – hier ist das risiko, zum tode verurteilt zu werden, elf mal höher, wenn das opfer weiß ist, als wenn es schwarz ist. 22 mal höher, wenn der angeklagte schwarz ist und das opfer weiß – in denselben bundesstaaten, in deren erde die körper gelynchter menschen ruhen. +und dennoch gibt es da diese mentale abkopplung. +ich glaube, unsere identität ist bedroht. +wenn wir uns nicht damit befassen, mit diesen schwierigen themen, dann sind die positiven und wunderbaren dingen ebenfalls betroffen. +wir lieben innovation. +wir lieben technologie und kreativität. +wir lieben unterhaltung. +aber schlussendlich werden diese realitäten überschattet von leid, missbrauch, herabsetzung, ausgrenzung. +mir erscheint es wichtig, beides zu vereinen. +denn wir reden letztlich darüber dass wir mehr hoffnung brauchen, mehr engagement, mehr hingabe, um in einer komplexen welt bestehen zu können. +für mich bedeutet das zeit aufzubringen, nachzudenken und zu reden über die armen, die benachteiligten, die, die niemals bei ted sein werden. +aber nachdenken auf eine art und weise, die in unser eigenes leben integriert ist. +wir alle müssen letzten endes dinge glauben, die wir nicht sehen können. +wir tun das. so rational wir auch sind, so sehr wir intellekt schätzen. +innovation, kreativität, und entwicklung kommen nicht nur aus unseren köpfen. +sie kommen aus ideen, die angetrieben werden durch die überzeugung in unseren herzen. +es ist diese kopf-herz-verbindung, von der ich glaube, dass sie uns antreibt, nicht nur offen zu sein für all die hellen und begeisternden dinge, sondern auch für die dunklen und problematischen. +vaclav havel, der große tschechische politiker, hat einmal gesagt: +» als wir in osteuropa gegen die unterdrückung kämpften, wollten wir alles mögliche. aber was wir am meisten brauchten, war hoffnung, eine geistige orientierung, die bereitschaft, manchmal an hoffnungslosen orten zu sein, und zeuge zu sein. « +diese geistige orientierung ist der kern dessen, wovon ich glaube, dass auch die ted-gemeinschaften sich dafür engagieren müssen. +es gibt keine abgrenzung um technologie und design, die es uns erlaubt, ganz und gar menschlich zu sein, solange wir nicht auch augen und ohren haben für armut, ausgrenzung und ungerechtigkeit. +ich möchte sie warnen. diese art von identität fordert sehr viel mehr von uns, als wenn wir uns nicht darum kümmerten. +sie wird sie zutiefst berühren. +als junger anwalt hatt ich das große privileg, rosa parks zu treffen, +frau parks kam immer wieder mal zurück nach montgomery, wo sie zwei ihrer ältesten freunde traf. diese älteren frauen, johnnie carr, die den montgomery-busboykott organisiert hatte – eine unglaubliche afroamerikanerin – und virginia durr, eine weiße, deren ehemann, clifford durr, dr. king vertrat. +diese frauen trafen sich also und unterhielten sich einfach. +ab und zu rief frau carr mich dann an und sagte: » bryan, frau parks kommt in die stadt. wir wollen uns unterhalten. +wollen sie dazukommen und zuhören? « +und ich sagte: » ja, sehr gerne. « +sie sagte: » und was werden sie tun, wenn sie hier sind? « +ich sagte: » ich werde zuhören. « +und ich ging rüber und hörte einfach nur zu. +es war immer so inspirierend, so beflügelnd. +eines tages saß ich dort und hörte diesen frauen zu, und nach ein paar stunden drehte sich frau parks zu mir um uns sagte: » nun bryan, sagen sie mir, was die › initiative für gleiches recht ‹ ist. +was versuchen sie zu erreichen? « +ich begann mit meinem üblichen vortrag. +ich sagte: » wir versuchen, gegen ungerechtigkeit vorzugehen. +wr wollen menschen helfen, die unschuldig verurteilt wurden. +wir wollen voreingenommenheit und diskriminierung im strafvollzugssystem bekämpfen. +wir wollen lebenslängliche haftstrafen ohne bedingte strafaussetzung für kinder abschaffen. +wir wollen etwas gegen die todesstrafe unternehmen. +wir wollen die anzahl der häftlinge senken. +wir wollen masseninhaftierungen abschaffen. « +ich hielt meinen üblichen vortrag, und danach sah sie mich an und sagte: » mhmm. mhmm. mhmm. « +sie sagte: » das wird sie sehr, sehr müde machen. « +dann lehnte frau carr sich vor zu mir, legte einen finger auf mein gesicht und sagte: » und deshalb müssen sie sehr, sehr tapfer sein. « +und deshalb glaube ich, dass die ted-gemeinschaft tapferer sein sollte. +wir müssen wege finden. uns diesen herausforderungen zu stellen: diesen problemen, diesem leid. +denn letztlich hängt unsere menschlichkeit, von unser aller menschlichkeit ab. +in meiner arbeit habe ich ganz einfache dinge gelernt. +ich habe ein paar ganz einfache dinge gelernt. +dass wir alle mehr sind, als das schlimmste, was wir jemals getan haben. +ich glaube, das gilt für jeden menschen auf dem planeten. +wenn jemand lügt, ist er nicht nur einfach ein lügner. +wenn jemand etwas nimmt, das ihm nicht gehört, ist er nicht nur ein dieb. +selbst wer jemanden tötet, ist nicht nur ein mörder. +und weil das so ist, gibt es eine grundlegende menschliche würde, die das gesetz respektieren muss. +ich glaube auch, dass in vielen teilen dieses landes, und mit sicherheit in vielen teilen der erde, das gegenteil von armut nicht reichtum ist. +ich glaube das nicht. +ich glaube, dass an zu vielen orten das gegenteil von armut gerechtigkeit ist. +und schließlich glaube ich, dass, obwohl sie so dramatisch ist, so schön und inspirierend, und so anregend, wir am ende nicht an unserer technologie gemessen werden, nicht an den dingen, die wir entwickeln, nicht an unserem intellekt und verstand. +schlussendlich wird eine gesellschaft nicht daran gemessen, wie sie ihre reichen und mächtigen und privilegierten behandelt, sondern daran, wie sie mit den armen umgeht, den verurteilten, den inhaftierten. +denn in diesem kontext erst beginnen wir, die wahrhaft erstaunlichen dinge zu begreifen, die uns ausmachen. +manchmal verliere ich das gleichgewicht. eine geschichte zum schluss. +manchmal dränge ich zu sehr. +ich werde müde, wie wir alle. +manchmal eilen diese ideen unserem denken voraus, auf ganz wichtige art und weise. +ich vertrete diese kinder, die zu sehr harten strafen verurteilt wurden. +ich gehe ins untersuchungsgefängnis und besuche einen mandanten, der 13 oder 14 jahre alt sein mag, und der als erwachsener vor gericht stehen soll. +dann frage ich mich: wie konnte das passieren? +wie kann ein richter jemanden in etwas verwandeln, das er nicht ist? +der richter betrachtet ihn als erwachsenen, aber ich sehe ein kind. +eines nachts blieb ich zu lange auf und dachte, meine güte, wenn ein richter uns in etwas anderes verwandeln kann, dann muss er zauberkräfte haben. +genau, bryan, der richter hat zauberkräfte. +du solltest dir auch welche wünschen. +und weil es spät war, und ich nicht mehr richtig denken konnte, fing ich an, an einem antrag zu arbeiten. +ich hatte einen 14jährigen, armen schwarzen jungen als mandanten. +und ich fing an mit diesem antrag. die überschrift lautete: » antrag, meinen armen, 14jährigen schwarzen mandanten wie einen privilegierten, weißen, 75jährigen topmanager zu behandeln. ‌ « +in meinem antrag erklärte ich, dass fehlverhalten der staatsanwaltschaft und der polizei sowie verfahrensfehler zu berücksichtigen seien. +es gab eine verrückte zeile darüber, dass in diesem land nichts mehr rechtens ist, dass es nur noch fehlverhalten gibt. +am nächsten morgen wachte ich auf und wusste nicht mehr, ob ich diesen verrückten antrag nur geträumt oder ihn tatsächlich geschrieben hatte. +und zu meinem entsetzen hatte ich ihn nicht nur geschrieben, sondern auch ans gericht geschickt. +ein paar monate gingen vorüber und ich hatte gerade alles vergessen. +schließlich aber entschied ich mich, mein gott, ich muss ja ins gericht und diesen verrückten fall vortragen. +ich stieg ins auto und war wirklich überwältigt – überwältigt. +ich fuhr also zum gericht. +und ich dachte, das wird so schwer, so schmerzhaft. +schließlich stieg ich aus meinem auto und ging die treppe zum gericht hoch. +als ich die treppe zum gericht hochging. war da ein älterer, schwarzer mann, der hausmeister im gericht. +als er mich sah, kam er zu mir herüber und sagte: » wer sind sie? « +ich sagte: » ich bin anwalt. « er sagte: » sie sind anwalt? « ich sagte: » ja. « +er kam zu mir und umarmte mich. +dann flüsterte er mir ins ohr. +er sagte: » ich bin so stolz auf sie. « +und ich muss sagen, es gab mir kraft. +es berührte etwas ganz tief in mir, identität, die fähigkeit jedes einzelnen, etwas beizutragen zu einer gemeinschaft, zu einer perspektive der hoffnung. +nun, ich betrat den gerichtssaal. +sobald der richter mich sah, +sagte er: » herr stevenson, haben sie diesen verrückten antrag gestellt? « +ich sagte: » ja. « und dann fingen wir an, zu diskutieren. +immer mehr menschen kamen herein, einfach weil sie wütend waren, +dass ich diese verrückten sachen geschrieben hatte. +polizeibeamte kamen herein und stellvertretende staatsanwälte und büroangestellte. +im handumdrehen war der gerichtssaal voller menschen, die wütend waren, dass wir über hautfarbe sprachen, über armut, über ungleichheit. +aus meinem augenwinkel sah ich den hausmeister auf und ab gehen. +er sah immer wieder durch das fenster und konnte das ganze tohuwabohu hören. +er ging auf und ab. +schließlich kam dieser ältere schwarze mann mit einem sehr besorgten gesichtsausruck in den gerichtssaal und setzte sich direkt hinter mich, beinahe auf die verteidigungsbank. +zehn minuten später kündigte der richter eine pause an. +während der pause kam ein polizeibeamter herein, den es störte, dass der hausmeister im gerichtssaal war. +dieser deputy rannte hinüber zu dem älteren schwarzen. +er sagte: » jimmy, was machen sie im gerichtssaal? « +der ältere schwarze mann stand auf. er sah den deputy an, dann sah er mich an, und er sagte: » ich bin hergekommen, um diesem jungen mann zu sagen, verlieren sie das ziel nicht aus den augen. geben sie nicht auf. ‌ « +ich bin zur ted gekommen, weil ich glaube, dass viele von ihnen verstanden haben, dass das moralische pendel des universums weit ausschwingt, aber dass es der gerechtigkeit zuneigt. +dass wir als menschen nicht vollständig entwickelt sind, solange wir uns nicht um menschenrechte und grundwerte kümmern. +dass unser aller überleben mit dem überleben jedes einzelnen verknüpft ist. +dass wir unsere visionen von technologie und gestaltung, von unterhaltung und kreativität verbinden müssen mit menschlichkeit, mitleid und gerechtigkeit. +und vor allem möchte ich jenen von ihnen, die das ebenso sehen, einfach nur sagen: verlieren sie das ziel nicht aus den augen. geben sie nicht auf. +sie haben bei diesem publikum, dieser gemeinschaft einen offensichtlichen wunsch gesehen und gehört, ihnen zu helfen und etwas zu tun. +was können wir noch tun? +bryan stevenson: nun, es gibt überall möglichkeiten. +wenn sie in kalifornien leben, gibt es da in diesem frühling einen volksentscheid, bei dem es darum geht, tatsächlich eine anstrengung zu unternehmen, etwas von dem geldstrom umzuleiten, der sonst in die politik der bestrafung fließt. +hier, in kalifornien zum beispiel wird man in den nächsten fünf jahren eine milliarde dollar für die todesstrafe ausgeben. eine milliarde dollar. +und trotzdem enden 46% aller tötungsdelikte nicht mit einer verhaftung. +56% aller vergewaltigungsfälle kommen nicht vor gericht. +hier gibt es die chance, etwas zu tun. +dieses referendum wird vorschlagen, das geld in mehr sicherheitskräfte und sicherheit zu investieren. +ich glaube, überall gibt es möglichkeiten. +während der letzten drei jahrzehnte ist die verbrechensrate in amerika immens gesunken. +diese tatsache wird oft in einen zusammenhang mit den erhöhten inhaftierungszahlen gestellt. +was würden sie jemandem sagen, der das glaubt? +nun, tatsächlich hat sich die zahl der gewaltverbrechen nicht sehr verändert. +der großteil der masseninhaftierungen in diesem land fand nicht wirklich in der klasse der gewaltverbrechen statt. +es war der fehlgeleitete kreuzzug gegen drogen. +daher kommen die dramatischen hohen zahlen bei den gefängnisinsassen. +wir haben uns hinreißen lassen von der rhetorik der bestrafung. +nun haben wir » drei-verstöße « -gesetze, die menschen für immer hinter gitter bringen, für einen fahrraddiebstahl, für den diebstahl geringfügigen gutes, statt dass man sie zwingt, die sachen den opfern zurückzugeben. +ich glaube, wir müssen mehr tun, um menschen zu helfen, die opfer einer straftat geworden sind, nicht weniger. +und ich glaube, dass unsere jetzige bestrafungsphilosophie niemandem hilft. +ich glaube, das ist es, was wir ändern müssen. +bryan, sie haben hier wirklich eine saite zum schwingen gebracht. +sie sind eine inspirierende persönlichkeit. +danke, dass sie bei ted waren. vielen dank. +sprecher: bin ladens tod bringt ein erhöhtes gefahrenrisiko mit sich. +sprecher 2: hungersnot in somalia. sprecher 3: pfefferspray der polizei. +sprecher 4: bösartige kartelle. sprecher 5: gefährliche kreuzfahrtschiffe. +sprecher 6: gesellschaftlicher verfall. sprecher 7: 65 tote. +sprecher 8: tsunamiwarnung. sprecher 9: cyber-attacken +verschiedene sprecher: drogenkrieg. massenvernichtungswaffen. tornado. +rezession. stillstand. doomsday. ägypten. syrien. +krise. tod. katastrophe. +oh mein gott. +also das sind nur ein paar der clips, die ich über die letzten sechs monate gesammelt habe – es hätten aber auch die letzten sechs tage sein können. oder die letzten sechs jahre. +tatsache ist, dass die medien es bevorzugen, uns negative themen zu zeigen, weil unser verstand genau diesen themen aufmerksamkeit schenkt. +und es gibt auch einen sehr guten grund dafür. +jede sekunde jeden tages fangen unsere sinne viel mehr informationen auf als unser hirn jemals verarbeiten kann. +und weil uns nichts wichtiger ist als unser überleben, ist die erste haltestelle für all die informationen ein teil unseres temporallappens, die amygdala. +die amygdala ist also unser frühwarnsystem, unser gefahrendetektor. +es sortiert und durchkämmt die gesamten informationen auf der suche nach jeglicher andeutung von gefahr in unserer umgebung. +wenn wir also die nachrichten sehen, bevorzugen wir es, nach negativen neuigkeiten ausschau zu halten. +und das alte sprichwort "wenn es blutet, steigt die nachfrage" ist sehr wahr. +nun, mit all unseren digitalen geräten, die uns sieben tage die woche, 24 stunden am tag all diese negativen nachrichten zustellen, ist es kein wunder, dass wir pessimistisch sind. +es ist kein wunder, dass jeder denkt, dass es der welt immer schlechter geht. +aber möglicherweise ist dies nicht der fall. +möglicherweise ist das der wirklichkeit. +vielleicht beschleunigt sich der enorme fortschritt, den wir im letzten jahrhundert durch eine reihe von kräften gemacht haben, sich so stark, dass es uns in den nächsten drei jahrzehnten möglich wird, eine welt des überflusses zu erschaffen. +nun, ich sage nicht, dass wir keine großen probleme haben – klimakrise, artensterben, wasser- und energieprobleme – die haben wir schon. +und als menschen sind wir viel besser darin, probleme auf sehr lange sicht vorauszusehen, aber sie schlussendlich doch zu überwinden. +sehen wir uns doch einmal an, was wir im letzten jahrhundert erreicht haben, damit wir die entwicklung vorhersehen können. +in den letzten 100 jahren hat sich die durchschnittliche lebenserwartung mehr als verdoppelt, das an die inflation angepasste durchschnittseinkommen der weltbevölkerung hat sich verdreifacht. +kindersterblichkeit hat sich um ein zehntel verringert. +dazu kommt, dass die ernährungs-, elektrizitäts- transport- und kommunikationskosten sich um ein vielfaches verringert haben. +steve pinker hat uns gezeigt, dass wir derzeit in einer sehr friedlichen zeit der menschengeschichte leben. +und laut charles kenny ist die alphabetisierungsquote in den vergangenen 130 jahren von 25% auf 80% gestiegen. +wir leben in einer wirklich außergewöhnlichen zeit. +und viele menschen vergessen dies. +und wir erhöhen unsere erwartungen ständig weiter. +tatsächlich haben wir armut neu definiert. +bedenken sie, dass ein großer anteil der amerikaner, die unter der armutsgrenze leben, zugang zu strom, wasser, toiletten, kühlschränken, fernseher, mobiltelefonen, klimaanlagen und autos haben. +die reichsten kapitalisten des letzten jahrhunderts, die imperatoren der erde, hätten sich niemals solche luxusgüter erträumen können. +die grundlage für vieles davon bilden technologien, und diese wachsen expotentiell. +mein guter freund ray kurzweil hat uns gezeigt, dass jedes tool, das zur informationstechnologie wird, auf der kurve von moores gesetz große sprünge macht, und sich der preis-performance-quotient alle 12 bis 24 monate verdoppelt. +darum kostet das mobiltelefon in ihrer tasche circa eine million mal weniger und ist tausendfach schneller als ein supercomputer aus den 70ern. +nun schauen sie sich diese kurve an. +das ist moores gesetz der letzten hundert jahre. +beachten sie zwei dinge an dieser kurve. +erstens, wie geschmeidig sie verläuft – in guten wie in schlechten zeiten, krieg oder frieden, rezession, depression und hochkonjunktur. +das ist das ergebnis von schnelleren computern, die schnellere computer bauen. +sie verlangsamt sich für keines unserer großen probleme. +außerdem, trotz ihres logarithmischen verlaufs auf der linken seite verläuft sie aufwärts. +die wachstumsrate selbst beschleunigt sich also. +und auf dieser kurve, auf dem rücken von moores gesetz, finden wir eine reihe außergewöhnlicher technologien, die allen zur verfügung stehen. +"cloud-computing", etwas, das meine freunde bei autodesk "infinite-computing" nennen, sensoren und netzwerke, roboter, 3d-drucker, die es ermöglichen, die persönliche produktion auf unserem planeten zu demokratisieren, synthetische biologie, treibstoffe, impfungen und nahrung, digitale medizin, nano-materialien und künstliche intelligenz. +wie viele von ihnen haben den sieg von ibms supercomputer watson bei "risiko" gesehen? +das war doch grandios. +ich habe mal die zeitungen durchforstet und nach den besten schlagzeilen gesucht, die ich finden konnte. +ich liebe diese: "watson bezwingt menschlichen gegner." +"risiko" ist kein einfaches spiel. +es geht darum, die nuancen der sprache zu verstehen. +stellen sie sich mal vor, dass diese künstliche intelligenz jedem besitzer eines mobiltelefones zur verfügung stünde. +vor vier jahren starteten ray kurzweil und ich hier bei ted eine neue universität, die "singularity university" heißt. +wir bringen unseren studenten all diese technologien bei, mit besonderem fokus darauf, wie diese genutzt werden können, um die großen herausforderungen der menschheit zu lösen. +und jedes jahr bitten wir die studenten, unternehmen, produkte und dienstleistungen zu schaffen, die innerhalb eines jahrzehnts positiv das leben von millarden von menschen beinflussen können. +denken sie darüber nach, dass eine gruppe von studenten heute das leben von milliarden von menschen beeinflussen kann. +vor 30 jahren hätte sich dies lächerlich angehört. +heute können wir auf dutzende von unternehmen verweisen die genau dies geschafft haben. +wenn ich daran denke, überfluss zu schaffen, dann meine ich nicht ein leben voller luxus für jeden auf diesem planeten; es geht mir darum, ein leben voller möglichkeiten zu schaffen. +es geht darum, aus knappen gütern überfluss zu schaffen. +knappheit ist nämlich kontextbezogen, und technologie ist eine ressourcen befreiende kraft. +hier ist ein beispiel. +dies ist die geschichte von napoleon iii. in der mitte des 18. jahrhunderts. +er ist der typ links. +er hat den könig von siam zum abendessen eingeladen. +napoleons soldaten bekamen silber-besteck, napoleon selbst bekam gold-besteck. +der könig von siam jedoch bekam aluminium-besteck. +aluminium war zu dieser zeit das wertvollste metall auf dem planeten, wertvoller als gold und platin. +dies ist der grund, warum die kuppel des washington-monuments aus aluminium gefertigt wurde. +obwohl aluminium 8,3 prozent der erdmasse einnimmt, kommt es nicht als reines metall vor. +es wird durch sauerstoff und silikate verbunden. +aber dann wurde die technologie der elektrolyse entwickelt und machte aluminiumherstellung so günstig, dass wir es mit unserer wegwerf-mentalität nutzen. +dann lasst uns diese analogie mal in die zukunft projizieren. +wir denken heute an energieknappheit. +meine damen und herren, wir leben auf einem planeten der mit 5.000-mal mehr energie gefüllt ist als wir jährlich verbrauchen. +16 terawatt energie prasseln alle 88 minuten auf die erdoberfläche. +es handelt sich nicht um knappheit, das problem ist zugänglichkeit. +und es gibt gute neuigkeiten. +in diesem jahr hat man es zum ersten mal geschafft, die kosten für solarstrom in indien zu 50 prozent des diesel-stroms zu reduzieren – 8.8 rupien im vergleich zu 17 rupien. +die kosten für solarenergie fielen im letzten jahr um 50 prozent. +letzten monat hat das mit eine studie veröffentlicht, die zeigt, dass bis zum ende dieses jahrzehnts in den sonnigen gegenden der usa solarenergie 6 cent pro kwh, im vergleich zu 15 cent im nationalen durchschnitt kosten wird. +und wenn wir einen energieüberschuss haben, dann werden wir auch wasser im überfluss haben. +sprechen wir über wasser-kriege. +erinnern sie sich daran, als carl sagan das voyager-raumfahrzeug 1990, als es am saturn vorbeigezogen war, zurück in richtung erde drehte? +er nahm ein berühmtes foto auf. wie hieß es? +"a pale blue dot." +weil wir auf einem wasserplaneten leben. +wir leben auf einem planeten, der zu 70 prozent mit wasser bedeckt ist. +ja, es sind 97,5 prozent salzwasser, 2 prozent sind vereist, und wir kämpfen um 0,5 prozent des wassers auf dem planeten, aber hier gibt es auch hoffnung. +und es gibt neue technologien, nicht in 10 oder 20 jahren, sondern jetzt. +es sind neue nanotechnologien auf dem weg, nano-materialien. +und aus einem gespräch heute morgen mit dean kaman, einem der innovatoren des do it yourself, möchte ich etwas mit ihnen teilen – er gab mir die erlaubnis – seine technolgie, die "slingshot" heißt, und von der viele von ihnen vielleicht schon gehört haben. es hat die größe eines kühlschranks im studentenheim. +es kann tausend liter sauberes trinkwasser pro tag aus verschiedenen quellen erzeugen – ob salzwasser, verschmutztes wasser, latrine – und all das für weniger als 2 cent pro liter. +der vorsitzende von coca-cola hat gerade eingewilligt, ein großes test-projekt mit hundert einheiten in entwicklungsländern zu starten. +und wenn alles gut läuft, und ich bin sehr zuversichtlich, dann wird coca-cola diese technologie global in 206 ländern auf dem ganzen planeten anwenden. +dies ist technologieunterstützte innovation, die es heute gibt. +und wir haben dies auch bei mobiltelefonen gesehen. +du meine güte, wir erreichen bald die 70 prozent abdeckungsrate von mobiltelefonen in entwicklungsländern bis zum ende von 2013. +bedenken sie nur, dass ein massai-krieger mit einem handy in der mitte von kenia eine bessere mobil-kommunikation hat als präsident reagan vor 25 jahren. +und wenn sie mit ihrem smartphone auf google suchen, haben sie mehr zugang zu wissen und informationen als präsident clinton vor 15 jahren. +sie leben in einer welt, die informationen und kommunikation im überfluss hat, wie es niemand jemals hätte voraussagen können. +und es kommt noch besser, die dinge, für die sie und ich mehrere tausend dollar ausgegeben haben – gps, hd-video und foto, bibliotheken voller bücher und musik, technologie zur medizinischen diagnostik – werden nun buchstäblich entmaterialisiert und billiger in ihrem handy. +und das beste daran ist möglicherweise, was uns im bereich gesundheit erwartet. +im letzten monat hatte ich das vergnügen, mit der qualcomm-stiftung den so genannten "$10 millionen qualcomm tricorder x prize" anzukündigen. +wir fordern teams auf der ganzen welt heraus, all diese technologien miteinander in einem mobiltelefon so zu verbinden, dass man mit den gerät sprechen kann, da es mit ki ausgerüstet ist, man kann reinhusten oder seine blutwerte testen. +und um zu gewinnen, muss das gerät eine bessere diagnose stellen als ein team hochqualifizierter ärzte. +stellen sie sich dieses gerät vor. mitten in einem entwicklungsland, wo es keine ärzte gibt, jedoch 25 prozent der krankheitslast und 1,3 prozent der mitarbeiter des gesundheitswesens. +wenn dieses gerät einen rna- oder dna-virus sequenziert, der nicht bekannt ist, ruft es die gesundheitsbehörde an und verhindert eine pandemie vor ihrem ausbruch. +aber nun zur größten kraft, die uns zu einer welt des überflusses führen wird. +ich nenne sie "die kommende milliarde". +die weißen linien stehen für bevölkerung. +wir haben gerade die 7-milliarden-marke überschritten. +und nur nebenbei, die größte absicherung gegen eine bevölkerungsexplosion ist eine bessere erziehung und ernährung in der ganzen welt. +2010 hatten wir so gerade unter zwei milliarden menschen online miteinander verbunden. +bis 2020 steigen wir voraussichtlich von zwei auf fünf milliarden internetnutzer. +drei milliarden neue köpfe, von denen wir niemals zuvor gehört haben, werden sich der globalen kommunikation anschließen. +was brauchen diese menschen? +was werden sie konsumieren? was werden sie begehren? +und anstelle von wirtschaftlichem stillstand sehe ich einen der größten wirtschaftlichen anschübe der geschichte. +diese menschen repräsentieren mehrere trillionen dollar, die in die globale wirtschaft fließen werden. +und sie werden durch die nutzung des tricoders gesünder werden, und sie werden besser ausgebildet durch die khan-akademie, und dadurch, dass sie die möglichkeit haben werden, 3d-drucker und "infinite computing" einzusetzen, und so viel produktiver sein als jemals zuvor. +also was können 3 milliarden wachsende, gesunde, gebildete, produktive mitglieder der menschengemeinde uns bringen? +wie wäre es mit einem satz neuer, nie zuvor gehörter stimmen. +wie wäre es damit, den unterdrückten, wo auch immer sie sind, eine stimme zu geben, um auf sich aufmerksam zu machen und veränderung zu erzeugen, zum allerersten mal? +was werden diese drei milliarden menschen mitbringen? +wie wäre es mit beiträgen, die wir nicht einmal vorhersagen können? +eines der dinge, die ich durch den x prize gelernt habe, ist, dass kleine teams, die durch passion und fokus motiviert sind, außergewöhnliche dinge schaffen können, dinge, die große unternehmen und regierungen nur in der vergangenheit schaffen konnten. +ich möchte mit einer geschichte abschließen, die mich wirklich begeistert hat. +es gibt ein programm, das einige vielleicht schon kennen. +es ist ein spiel, das foldit heißt. +es wurde an der universität von washington in seattle entwickelt. +und es ist ein spiel, in dem personen eine sequenz von aminosäuren nehmen können um zu erforschen, wie das protein sich entwickeln wird. +je nach seinem verhalten können wir die struktur und funktion voraussagen. +und dies ist sehr wichtig in der medizinforschung. +bisher war dies ein problem für supercomputer. +und dieses spiel wurde von universitätsprofessoren usw. gespielt. +und es sind mittlerweile hunderte von tausenden von menschen, die das spiel online gespielt haben. +und es zeigte, dass heutzutage die menschliche mustererkennung besser die proteine faltet als die besten supercomputer. +und als diese personen kamen und schauten, wer der beste protein-ordner der welt ist, war dies kein mit-professor, auch kein caltech-student, es war jemand aus england, manchester, eine frau, die tagsüber als assistentin der geschäftsleitung in einer reha-klinik arbeitete und nachts die beste protein-ordnerin der welt war. +meine damen und herren, was mir enormes vertrauen in unsere zukunft gibt, ist die tatsache, dass wir heute mehr macht als individuen haben, um uns den großen herausforderungen unseres planeten zu stellen. +wir haben zugriff auf werkzeuge mit exponentieller technologie. +wir haben die leidenschaft eines diy-innovatoren. +wir haben das kapital der techno-philanthropen. +und wir haben drei milliarden neue köpfe, mit denen wir online arbeiten können um die neuen herausforderungen zu meistern, und um das zu tun, was nötig ist. +wir erwarten ein paar außergewöhnliche jahrzehnte. +danke schön. +ich glaube, dass wir etwas gegen ein verändernswertes stück medizinischer kultur unternehmen müssen. +und ich glaube, dass es mit einem mediziner beginnt und der bin ich. +und vielleicht bin ich schon lange genug im geschäft, als dass ich es mir erlauben kann ein stück meines eigenen falschen prestiges aufzugeben um dies zu ermöglichen. +bevor ich jedoch zum eigentlichen thema meines vortrages komme, lassen sie uns mit ein wenig baseball beginnen. +hey, warum nicht? +wir sind dem saisonende nahe und bewegen uns auf die weltmeisterschaft zu. +wir alle lieben baseball, oder? +baseball ist voll mit tollen statistiken. +und es gibt hunderte von ihnen. +"moneyball" erscheint bald und dreht sich um statistiken und um diese zu nutzen ein großartiges baseball team aufzustellen. +ich werde mich auf eine statistik beziehen von der ich hoffe, dass die meisten von ihnen schon mal gehört haben. +es ist die durchschnittsleistung des schlägers. +wir sprechen von einer 300, wenn ein schläger 300 schlägt. +das bedeutet, dass der spieler sicher 3 von 10 schlägen schlägt. +das heißt den ball ins außenfeld schlagen, er kommt auf, er wird nicht gefangen, und wer den ball versucht hat zur first base zu werfen, hat es nicht rechtzeitig geschafft und der läufer war in sicherheit. +drei aus 10. +wissen sie wie man einen 300ter in major league baseball nennt? +gut, wirklich gut, vielleicht ein all-star. +wissen sie wie man einen 400ter nennt? +das ist jemand der im übrigen sicher 4 aus 10 trifft. +legendär - wie ted williams legendär - der letzte major league baseball spieler der während einer regulären saison über 400 mal traf. +lassen sie uns zurück in meine welt der medizin transferieren, in der ich mich um einiges wohler fühle oder vielleicht auch ein bisschen weniger wohl nach dem ich mit ihnen darüber gesprochen habe. +angenommen sie haben eine blinddarmentzündung und sie werden zu einem operateur überwiesen, dessen durchschnittsleistung 400 in bezug auf blinddarmentzündungen ist. +irgendwie funktioniert das nicht, oder? +angenommen sie leben in einer bestimmten abgelegenen gegend und sie haben einen geliebten menschen mit verstopften herzkranzgefäßen und ihr hausarzt überweist diesen zu einem kardiologen, dessen durchschnittsleistung bei gefäßdarstellung bei 200 liegt. +aber, aber wissen sie was? +sie ist dieses jahr viel besser. sie ist auf dem aufsteigenden ast. +und sie schlägt eine 257. +irgendwie funktioniert das nicht. +aber ich werde ihnen eine frage stellen. +was glauben sie wie die durchschnittsleistung für einen kardiologen oder eine krankenschwester oder einen orthopäden, einen geburtshelfer, einen rettungsassistenten sein sollte? +1.000, sehr gut. +die wahrheit ist, dass niemand in der ganzen medizin weiß, was ein guter chirurg oder arzt oder rettungsassistent sein sollte. +was wir allerdings tun, ist dass wir jeden von ihnen, mich eingeschlossen, in die welt aussenden mit dem anspruch perfekt zu sein. +niemals einen fehler machen, niemand macht sich jedoch über die details gedanken, wie dies bewerkstelligt werden soll. +und das ist die nachricht, die ich im medizinstudium aufnahm. +ich war ein zwanghaft obsessiver student. +in der high school hat mal ein mitschüler gesagt, dass brian goldmann für einen bluttest lernen würde. +und so war es auch. +und ich lernte in meiner kleinen dachstube in der schwestern residenz am toronto general hospital, unweit von hier. +ich lernte alles auswendig. +in meiner anatomievorlesung lernte ich die ursprünge und ausläufer jedes muskels, jeden zweig einer jeden arterie, welchen von der aorta wegführt, obskure und gewöhnliche differentialdiagnosen. +i kannte sogar die differentialdiagnose um renale tubuläre azidose zu klassifizieren. +und die ganz zeit sammelte ich mehr und mehr wissen. +und ich war gut, ich schloss mit cum laude ab. +und ich verließ das medizinstudium mit der eindruck das ich, falls ich alles auswendig kannte und alles wusste, oder zumindest soviel wie möglich, so nahe an vollständigkeit wie möglich, dass ich immun gegen das machen von fehlern sei. +und es klappte für eine zeit lang, bis ich frau drucker traf. +ich residierte an einem lehrkrankenhaus hier in toronto als frau drucker zu mir in die notfallabteilung des krankenhauses gebracht wurde. +zu diesem zeitpunkt war ich der kardiologischen schicht im kardiologischen dienst zugewiesen. +und es war mein auftrag, als das notfallpersonal kardiologischen rat suchte, den notfallpatienten zu untersuchen. +und rückmeldung an meinen oberarzt zu geben. +ich untersuchte frau drucker und sie war in atemnot. +und als ich ihr zuhörte, machte sie keuchende geräusche. +und als ich ihre brust mit dem stethoskope abhörte, konnte ich ein knackendes geräusch auf beiden seiten hören, das sagte mir, dass sie unter kongestiver herzinsuffizienz litt. +das ist ein zustand in dem das herz versagt, anstatt das gesamte blut weiter zu pumpen, setzt sich ein teil des blutes in der lunge fest und füllt diese allmählich, daher kam die kurzatmigkeit. +und das war keine schwer zu stellenden diagnose. +ich stellte sie und machte mich an die behandlung. +ich gab ihr aspirin. ich gab ihr medizin um den druck vom herzen zu nehmen. +ich gab ihr medizin, die wir diuretics nennen, wasser tabletten, so dass sie die flüssigkeit ausschied. +und über einen zeitraum von eineinhalb bis zwei stunden, fing sie an sich besser zu fühlen. +ich fühlte mich richtig gut. +und da machte ich meinen ersten fehler; ich schickte sie nach hause. +eigentlich machte ich zwei fehler. +ich schickte sie nach hause ohne mit meinem oberarzt zu sprechen. +ich nahm nicht den hörer auf und tat, was ich hätten sollen, was ein anruf bei meinem oberarzt gewesen wäre um es mit ihm abzuklären, so dass er eine chance gehabt hätte sich ein eigenes bild zu machen. +und er kannte sie, er wäre in der lage gewesen zusätzliche informationen zu ihr beizusteuern. +vielleicht tat ich es mit gutem grund. +vielleicht wollte ich nicht der hilfsbedürftige arzt sein. +vielleicht wollte ich so erfolgreich und so fähig sein verantwortung zu übernehmen, dass ich so handelte und so wäre ich in der lage für meine patienten zu sorgen ohne ihn kontaktieren zu müssen. +mein zweiter fehler war schlimmer. +dadurch das ich sie nach hause schickte, missachtete ich ein leise stimme in mir, die versuchte mir zu sagen, "goldman, keine gute idee. tue das nicht." +in wirklich fehlte es mir so sehr an selbstsicherheit dass ich die krankenschwester fragte, welche sich um frau drucker kümmerte, "glauben sie das es in ordnung ist, wenn sie nach hause geht?" +und die krankenschwester dachte darüber nach und sagte in faktischer art, "klar, ich denke es wird ihr gut gehen." +ich erinnere mich daran als sei es gestern gewesen. +also unterzeichnete ich die entlassungspapiere und ein krankenwagen und rettungsassistenten kamen und brachten sie nach hause. +und ich begab mich zurück an die arbeit. +den restlichen tag, den abend hatte ich dieses nagende gefühl in meinem magen. +aber ich arbeitete weiter. +und am ende des tages packte ich meine sachen, verlies das krankenhaus und ging zum parkplatz um mit dem auto nach hause zu fahren, als ich etwas tat, das ich sonst nicht machte. +ich ging durch die notfallabteilung auf meinem weg nach hause. +und dort sagte eine anderen krankenschwester, nicht der schwester die nach frau drucker gesehen hatte, sondern einer anderen drei worte zu mir und diese drei worte fürchten die meisten notfallärzte, die ich kenne. +andere mediziner fürchten diese ebenso, aber die notfallmedizin ist ganz besonders, weil wir die patienten nur so flüchtig sehen. +die drei worte lauten: erinnern sie sich? +"erinnern sie sich an den patienten, den sie nach hause sendeten?" +fragte die krankenschwester sachlich. +"also sie ist zurück," sagte sie in dieser bestimmten tonlage. +sie war also zurück. +sie war zurück und im sterben. +ungefähr eine stunde nach dem sie zu hause angekommen war, nachdem ich sie nach hause gesendet hatte, kollabierte sie und die familie rief 911 an. die rettungsassistenten brachten sie zurück auf die notfallstation mit einem blutdruck von 50, das ist ein gefährlicher schockzustand. +sie atmete kaum und war blau angelaufen. +das notfallpersonal zog alle stränge. +sie gaben ihr blutdruckerhöher. +sie schlossen sie an die beatmungsmaschine an. +ich war schockiert und bis ins innere zerrüttet. +und ich durchlebte diese achterbahn, weil sie nach der stabilisation auf die intensivstation kam und ich hoffte, dass sie sich erholen würde. +und nach zwei, drei tagen wurde klar, dass sie nie wieder erwachen würde. +sie hatte einen nicht behandelbaren gehirnschaden erlitten. +ihre familie versammelte sich. +und im verlauf der nächsten acht oder neun tage, ergaben sie sich dem geschehenen. +am neuten tag liesen sie sie gehen -- frau drucker, eine frau, eine mutter und großmutter. +man sagt, dass man die namen derer die versterben nie vergisst. +und das war das erste mal das ich dies selber erfuhr. +die nächsten wochen machte ich mir vorwürfe und ich erfuhr zum ersten mal selber die ungesunde scham, die in unserer medizinischen kultur existiert -- ich fühlte mich alleine, isoliert, nicht die art von gesunder scham, die man verspürt, weil man nicht mit den kollegen darüber sprechen kann. +sie kennen alle die gesunde scham, wenn man ein geheimnis des besten freundes preis gibt, obwohl dieser einen auf verschwiegenheit einschwor und man dann erwischt wird und der beste freund einen damit konfrontiert und mein eine schrecklich diskussion führt, wenn einem am ende jedoch das schlechte gewissen führt und man schwört, dass man einen solchen fehler nie wieder macht. +wenn man wiedergutmachung leistet und den fehler niemals wieder macht. +das ist die art von lehrreicher scham. +die ungesunde art über die ich spreche, ist die, die einen im innersten krank macht. +es ist diejenige, die einem sagt, das nicht das was man gemacht hat schlecht ist, sondern das man selbst schlecht ist. +und das war es, was ich fühlte. +und es war nicht auf grund meines oberarztes, er war sehr lieb. +er sprach mit der familie und ich bin mir sicher, dass er die wogen glättete und sicher stellte, dass ich nicht verklagt würde. +aber ich stellte mir fortan diese fragen. +warum habe ich den oberarzt nicht gefragt? warum sendete ich sie nach hause? +und dann in meinen schlimmsten momenten: wie konnte ich so einen dummen fehler machen? +warum bin ich in die medizin gegangen? +langsam aber sicher legte es sich. +ich begann mich besser zu fühlen. +und dann an einem bewölkten tag, war da ein loch in den wolken und die sonne brach hervor und ich sagte mir vielleicht kann ich mich wieder besser fühlen. +und ich handelte mit mir aus, dass falls ich meine bemühungen zur perfektion verdoppelte und niemals wieder einen fehler beging, dass die stimme verstummen könnte. +und sie tat es. +und ich arbeitete weiter. +und dann passierte es wieder. +zwei jahre später hatte ich dienst in der notfallstation in einem kommunalen krankenhaus nördlich von toronto und ich begutachtete einen 25 jahre alten mann mit gereiztem rachen. +es war viel los und ich in eile. +er zeigte immer hier hin. +ich schaute in den rachen und es war ein klein wenig pink. +und ich gab ihm eine verschreibung für penicillin und schickte ihn fort. +und noch als er aus der tür ging, zeigte er auf seinen rachen. +zwei tage später kam ich zu meinem nächsten notfalldienst und meine chefärztin bat mich auf ein gespräch in ihr büro. +und sie sagte die drei worte: erinnerst du dich? +"erinnerst du dich an den patienten mit dem gereizten rachen?" +es stellte sich heraus dass er eine streptokokken-infektion. +er hatte eine potentiell lebensgefährliche krankheit namens epiglottitis. +sie können das googlen, aber es ist keine infektion des rachens sondern der oberen atemwege und verursacht den verschluss der atemwege. +und glücklicherweise starb er nicht. +er bekam intravenöse antibotica und erholte sich ein paar tage später. +und ich ging wieder durch die selbe tortur von schande und selbstzweifel, fühlte mich befreit und ging züruck an die arbeit bis es wieder und wieder und wieder passierte. +in einer notfallschicht habe ich zwei mal eine blinddarmentzündung übersehen. +da gehört schon einiges dazu, besonders wenn man bedenkt, dass man in einem krankenhaus arbeitet, das zu dieser zeit nur 14 patienten pro nacht hatte. +in beiden fällen schickte ich sie nicht nach hause und es gab wohl auch keine mängel in ihrer behandlung. +bei einem dachte ich er hätte nierensteine. +ich ordnete das röntgen der nieren an. als das ohne befund war, stellte mein kollege bei der wiedervorstellung des patienten eine verhärtung im unteren rechten sektor fest und rief die operateure. +der andere hatte starken durchfall. +ich ordnete fluide an um ihn zu rehydrieren und bat meinen kollegen ihn ebenfalls zu begutachten. +und das tat er und als er eine verhärtung im rechten unteren sektor feststellte, rief er die operateure. +in beiden fällen wurde operierte und es ging ihnen gut. +beide fälle nagten an mir, fraßen mich auf. +und ich wäre glücklich ihnen sagen zu können, dass meine schlimmsten fehler nur in den ersten fünf jahren passierten, was vielen meiner kollegen behaupten, aber totaler unsinn ist. +mancher meiner klöpse passierten in den letzten fünf jahren. +alleine, beschämt und ohne unterstützung. +hier liegt das problem: wenn ich nicht mit meinen fehlern abschließen und über sie reden kann, falls ich die leise stimme, die mir sagt, was wirklich geschah nicht finden kann, wie kann ich es dann mit meinen kollegen teilen? +wie kann ich ihnen meine fehler lehren, so dass sie nicht dieselben begehen? +falls ich in einen raum ginge -- wie jetzt gerade, dann habe ich keine ahnung was ihr über mich denkt. +wann haben sie das letzte mal von jemandem gehört der von fehlschlag über fehlschlag über fehlschlag sprach? +oh ja, sie gehen zu einer cocktail party und da mag man über irgendeinen anderen doktor hören, aber man wird nicht jemanden über die eigenen fehler reden hören. +wenn ich in einen raum voll mit kollegen ginge und um ihre sofortige unterstützung bitten würde und anfinge ihnen zu erzählen, was ich ihnen gerade erzählt habe, würde ich sehr wahrscheinlich nicht das ende der zweiten geschichte erreichen, bevor es ihnen wirklich unangenehm würde, irgend jemand würde einen witz einflechten, sie würden das thema wechseln und den rest vergessen. +und tatsächlich wenn ich oder meinen kollegen wüssten, dass ein orthopäde in meinem krankenhaus jemandem das falsche bein abgenommen hätte, dann glauben sie mir, ich hätte probleme ihm in die augen zu schauen. +das ist das system in dem wir leben. +es ist eine total verleugnung von fehlern. +es ist ein system in dem es zwei grundlegende positionen gibt -- diejenigen, welche fehler machen und diejenigen, welche keine machen. diejenigen, die schlafmangel einschränkt und die ohne einschränkung, die mit schlechten ergebnissen und die mit guten ergebnissen. +es ist fast eine ideologische reaktion so wie antikörper, die einen menschen attackieren. +und es gibt die idee, dass wenn wir diejenigen, die fehler machen aus der medizin verbannen, dass uns ein sicheres system bleibt. +aber es gibt zwei probleme dabei. +in meinen ungefähr 20 jahren des medizinischen sendungsbewusstseins und journalismus, habe ich eine persönliche medizinische studie über medizinische fehler und falsche behandlungen erstellt um so alles mir mögliche für einen meiner ersten artikel, den ich für den toronto star zu meiner show "white coat, black art", schrieb, zu lernen. +und was ich lernte, ist dass fehler absolut unumgänglich sind. +wir arbeiten in einem system in dem jeden tag fehler passieren, in dem ein von 10 medikationen entweder eine falsche oder falsch dosiert ist, in dem krankenhausinfektionen immer und immer zahlreicher werden und verwüstung oder tot verursachen. +in diesem staat sterben etwa 24.000 kanadier an umgänglichen fehlern. +in den vereinigten staaten beziffert das institut für medizin die zahl bei 100.000. +beides sind starke untertreibungen, weil wir das problem nicht so genau betrachten, wie wir es sollten. +und ist ist die crux. +in einem krankenhaussystem in dem das medizinische wissen sich alle zwei bis drei jahre verdoppelt, können wir nicht mithalten. +schlafmangel ist allgegenwärtig. +wir können ihn nicht loswerden. +wir besitzen einen kognitiven fehler, so dass wir einen perfekten krankheitsverlauf für einen patienten mit brustschmerzen nehmen kann. +dann nehme ich den selben patienten mit brustschmerz, mache ihn verschwitzt und geschwätzig und gebe noch einen leicht alkoholisierten atem dazu und plötzlich ist die geschichte durchsetzt mit verachtung. +ich nehme nicht den gleichen verlauf. +ich bin kein roboter; ich mache dinge nicht immer gleich. +und meine patienten sind keine autos; sie berichten mir ihre symptome nicht immer in der gleichen art. +all das zusammengefasst sind fehler unvermeidbar. +wenn man also das system so nimmt, wie ich es gelehrt wurde, und alle fehlerbehafteten gesundheitsexperten aussortiert, dann ist am ende keiner mehr übrig. +und kennen sie die leier über menschen, die nicht über ihre schlimmsten fälle sprechen wollen? +in meiner sendung "white coat, black art." habe ich die angewohnheit zu sagen, "dies ist mein schlimmster fehler" ich würde zu jedem vom rettungsassistenten bis zum chefarzt der kardiologen sagen, "dies ist mein schlimmster fehler" blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, "was ist mit ihrem?" and dann zeige ich mit dem mikrofon zu ihm. +und dann erweitern sich ihre pupillen, sie sind vor den kopf gestoßen, dann schauen sie runter und schlucken schwer, und fangen an ihre geschichten zu erzählen. +sie wollen ihre geschichten erzählen. sie wollen ihre geschichten teilen. +sie wollen in der lage sein sagen zu können, "schau, mache nicht dieselben fehler, die ich fabrizierte." +was sie benötigen ist eine umgebung, welche sie in der lage dazu versetzt. +was sie brauchen ist eine neue medizinische kultur. +und es beginnt mit einem arzt. +der neu definierte arzt ist ein mensch, weiß um seine menschlichkeit, akzeptiert sie, ist nicht stolz darauf fehler zu machen, aber setzt alles daran etwas aus ihnen zu lernen, sodass es weitergegeben werden kann. +sie teilt ihre erfahrungen mit anderen. +sie unterstützt wenn andere von ihren fehlern reden. +und sie zeigt anderen deren fehler auf, nicht um bloßzustellen, sondern in einer liebevollen, unterstützenden art so dass alle davon profitieren. +und sie arbeitet in einer medizinischen kultur, die anerkennt, dass menschen das system mit leben füllen und wenn das so ist, dann machen menschen auch fehler von zeit zu zeit. +so dass das system sich dahin entwickelt backups zu erstellen, welche es einfacher machen fehler aufzuspüren, die menschen unausweichlich machen und es ebenso ermöglicht liebevolle, unterstützenden räume zu schaffen, in denen jeder, der das gesundheitswesen beobachtet, auch tatsächlich dinge ansprechen kann, welche potentielle fehler darstellen und dafür sogar belohnt wird. und das speziell für menschen wie mich, die fehler machen und für die begradigung dieser belohnt werden sollten. +mein name ist brian goldman. +ich bin der neu definierte arzt. +ich bin ein mensch. ich mache fehler. +ich bedaure das. bin aber aber ich versuche best möglich daraus zu lernen, um es andere weiterzugeben. +ich weis nicht was sie von mir halten, aber damit kann ich leben. +lassen sie mich mit drei meiner eigenen worte schließen: i erinnere mich. +ich werde über eine winzige, kleine idee sprechen. +es geht um veränderbare normwerte. +und weil man diese idee in einer minute erklären kann, werde ich ihnen vorher drei geschichten erzählen, um die zeit zu nutzen. +die erste geschichte handelt von charles darwin, einem meiner helden. +sie wissen wohl, dass er 1835 hier war. +sie mögen denken, dass er finken jagte, aber das stimmt nicht. +eigentlich sammelte er fische. +er beschrieb einen davon als sehr "gewöhnlich". +es war ein zackenbarsch. +bis in die 80er jahre hinein, wurde er in großem stil gefischt. +jetzt steht er auf der roten liste gefährdeter arten. +diese geschichte haben wir viele male von den galápagos-inseln oder von anderen orten gehört, sie ist nicht sehr besonders. +dennoch kommen wir immer noch auf die galápagos-inseln. +wir denken immer noch, sie seien ursprünglich. +die broschüren beschreiben sie immer noch als unberührt. +was ist hier passiert? +die zweite geschichte soll ein anderes konzept, die veränderbare taillenweite, verdeutlichen. +denn ich habe es erlebt, als ich 1971 eine lagune in west-afrika studierte. +ich ging dorthin, denn ich wuchs in europa auf und wollte später in afrika arbeiten. +ich dachte, ich könne mich integrieren. +und ich bekam einen schlimmen sonnenbrand und war überzeugt, dass ich wirklich nicht von dort stammte. +es war mein erster sonnenbrand. +wie sie sehen, war die lagune von palmen und von ein paar mangroven umsäumt. +es gab buntbarsche von ca. 20 zentimetern, schwarzkinnmaulbrüter, eine unterart der buntbarsche. +die fischgründe dieser buntbarsche waren sehr ertragreich und die fischer lebten gut davon und verdienten in ghana überdurchschnittlich gut. +als ich 27 jahre später dorthin zurückkehrte, war der fisch auf die hälfte seiner größe geschrumpft. +ausgewachsen maßen sie fünf zentimeter. +sie waren genetisch erdrückt worden. +es waren immer noch fische. +die leute waren immer noch glücklich. +und der fisch hatte auch das glück, noch da zu sein. +es hat sich also nichts verändert, und doch hat sich alles verändert. +meine dritte kleine geschichte erzählt von meiner mittäterschaft bei der einführung der schleppnetzfischerei in südostasien. +in den 70ern – eher zu beginn der 60er – förderte europa viele entwicklungsprojekte. +fischförderung bedeutete ländern, die schon 100 000 fische fingen, den industriellen fischfang dieses ziemlich hässliche schiff heißt mutiara 4. +ich fuhr darauf mit und wir machten erhebungen im ganzen südlichen südchinesischen meer und besonders in der javasee. +wir hatten keine worte für das, was wir dort fingen. +ich weiß jetzt, dass es der grund des meeres war. +90 prozent unseres fangs waren schwämme, andere tiere, die mit dem grund verbunden sind. +der größte teil der fische, die kleinen punkte dort auf den trümmern, den trümmerhaufen, waren korallenriff-fische. +im wesentlichen kam der grund des meeres auf deck und wurde dann zurückgeworfen. +diese bilder sind außergewöhnlich, denn der übergang geht sehr schnell. +innerhalb eines jahres führt man eine erhebung durch und beginnt dann mit dem gewerblichen fischfang. +der grund wird verändert. aus – in diesem fall – einem harten grund oder weichen korallen wird matschiger mist. +das ist eine tote schildkröte. +sie wurden nicht gegessen, man warf sie weg, weil sie tot waren. +einmal fingen wir eine lebend. +sie war noch nicht ertrunken. +dann wollten sie sie töten, denn man konnte sie gut essen. +tatsächlich wird dieser berg von trümmern jedes mal von fischern angesammelt, wenn sie in bereiche fahren, in denen noch nie gefischt wurde. +es wird aber nicht dokumentiert. +wir verändern die welt, aber wir erinnern uns nicht daran. +wir passen unsere normwerte dem neuen level an und rufen uns nicht in erinnerung, was dort war. +wenn man es verallgemeinert, passiert folgendes. +auf der y-achse sind ein paar gute dinge: biodiversität, anzahl der orca, das grün ihres landes, den wasservorrat. +mit der zeit verändert es sich. es verändert sich, denn für die menschen sind ihre taten ganz natürlich. +jede generation betrachtet die bilder, die sie zu beginn ihres bewussten lebens aufnehmen, als standard und wird alles davon ableiten. +der unterschied wird dann als verlust wahrgenommen. +aber sie nehmen die vorangegangenen verluste nicht wahr. +es kann ein reihenfolge von veränderungen geben. +und am ende wollen sie nur die erbärmlichen überreste erhalten. +genau das ist jetzt weitestgehend unser ziel. +wir möchten dinge erhalten, die verschwunden sind oder dinge, die nicht mehr so sind, wie sie waren. +man könnte jetzt denken, dass das problem menschen betraf, die sicherlich, als sie in räuberischen gesellschaften lebten, tiere töteten und denen erst nach ein paar generationen bewusst wurde, was sie getan hatten. +denn offensichtlich wird ein tier, das es sehr häufig gab, erst einmal selten, bevor es ausstirbt. +man verliert also keine häufig vorkommenden tiere. +man verliert immer seltene tiere. +und deshalb wird es nicht als großer verlust wahrgenommen. +mit der zeit konzentrieren wir uns auf die großen tiere und im meer sind das die großen fische. +sie werden seltener, weil wir sie fangen. +mit der zeit bleibt wenig fisch übrig und wir denken, das ist der normwert. +die frage ist, warum die menschen das akzeptieren. +nun, weil sie nicht wissen, dass es einmal anders war. +natürlich werden viele leute, wissenschaftler, bestätigen, dass es wirklich anders war. +sie werden es bestätigen, denn die beweise, wie sie in einer früheren form vorlagen, sind nicht so, wie sie die beweise gerne darlegen würden. +es gibt zum beispiel die anekdote, dass der bericht eines kapitäns soundso, der in dieser gegend große fischvorkommen beobachtete, nicht genutzt werden kann, oder von fischereiwissenschaftlern normalerweise nicht gewertet wird, weil er nicht "wissenschaftlich" ist. +wir haben also die situation, dass die menschen die vergangenheit nicht kennen, obwohl wir in gebildeten gesellschaften leben, weil sie den quellen der vergangenheit nicht trauen. +das zeigt die enorm große rolle, die ein meeresschutzgebiet spielen kann. +denn durch meeresschutzgebiete stellen wir im grunde die vergangenheit wieder her. +wir stellen die vergangenheit wieder her, die die menschen nicht begreifen können, weil sich die normwerte verändert haben und sehr niedrig sind. +damit können die menschen, die ein meeresschutzgebiet sehen und die von dem einblick profitieren, den es ermöglicht, ihre normwerte zurücksetzen. +was ist mit den menschen, denen das nicht möglich ist, weil sie keinen zugang haben – den menschen im mittleren westen zum beispiel? +hier können, denke ich, die kunst und der film vielleicht die lücke füllen, sowie simulationen. +dies ist die simulation der chesapeake bay. +vor langer zeit gab es dort grauwale – vor 500 jahren. +und die farbtöne und -schattierungen erinnern sie vielleicht an "avatar". +wenn sie an "avatar" denken, wenn sie daran denken, warum die menschen davon so berührt wurden – abgesehen von der pocahontas-geschichte, warum waren sie so berührt von der bilderwelt? +weil es etwas wachruft, das in gewisser weise verloren gegangen ist. +meine empfehlung also, die einzige, die ich geben werde, richtet sich an cameron, damit er "avatar ii" unter wasser dreht. +vielen dank. +in den 80er jahren, im kommunistischen ostdeutschland, musste man, wenn man eine schreibmaschine besaß, diese bei der regierung registrieren. +sie mussten auch ein blatt mit beispieltext aus dieser schreibmaschine registrieren. +der grund dafür: die regierung konnte zurückverfolgen, wo ein text herkam. +fanden sie einen artikel mit falschem gedankengut, konnten sie den urheber dieser gedanken aufspüren. +und wir im westen konnten nicht verstehen, wie irgendjemand so etwas tun könnte, und wie sehr das die redefreiheit einschränken würde. +in unseren eigenen ländern würden wir so etwas nie tun. +aber wenn sie heute im jahr 2011 einen neuen farblaserdrucker von den führenden laserdruckerfabrikanten kaufen und eine seite ausdrucken, dann hat diese seite helle gelbe flecke auf jeder seite aufgedruckt, in einem muster, das die seite eindeutig auf sie und ihren drucker rückverfolgen lässt. +das passiert uns heute. +und darüber scheint sich niemand aufzuregen. +und das war ein beispiel, auf welche weise unsere eigenen regierungen die technologie gegen uns, die bürger, einsetzen. +und das ist eine der drei hauptquellen von den heute existierenden online-problemen. +schauen wir uns einmal an, was wirklich auf der welt passiert: wir können die angriffe in kategorien aufteilen. +wir haben drei hauptgruppen. +es gibt online-kriminelle. +zum beispiel hier, das ist herr dimitry golubow aus kiew in der ukraine. +und die motive von online-kriminellen sind sehr leicht zu verstehen. +diese leute verdienen geld. +sie verwenden online-angriffe, um viel geld zu verdienen, einen riesigen haufen geld. +es gibt mehrere bekannte fälle von online-millionären, multimillionären, die ihr geld durch angriffe verdient haben. +das hier ist wladimir tsastsin aus tartu in estland. +das ist alfred gonzalez. +stephen watt. +björn sundin. +das sind matthew anderson, tariq al-daour und so weiter und so fort. +diese leute sind online zu reichtum gekommen, aber sie haben es illegal erworben, indem sie z.b. trojaner eingesetzt haben, um geld aus unseren bankkonten zu klauen, während wir unser online-banking erledigen, oder auch keylogger, die unsere kredikarteninformationen bei der eingabe über die tastatur gesammelt haben, während wir über einen infizierten computer online einkaufen. +der us-amerikanische geheimdienst fror vor zwei monaten das schweizer konto von herrn sam jain hier ein, und auf diesem konto waren 14,9 millionen us-dollar, als es eingefroren wurde. +herr jain selbst ist auf freiem fuß, der aufenthaltsort ist unbekannt. +und ich behaupte, dass es heute wahrscheinlicher ist, dass wir opfer eines online-verbrechens werden, als eines verbrechens in der realen welt. +und es ist sehr offensichtlich, dass dies nur noch schlimmer werden wird. +in der zukunft werden sich die meisten verbrechen online abspielen. +die zweitgrößte angreifergruppe, die wir heute beobachten können, sind nicht durch geld motiviert. +sie sind durch etwas anderes motiviert - proteste etwa, eine meinung, oder durch ihr publikum. +gruppen wie anonymous sind über die letzten 12 monate aufgestiegen und sind zu einem der hauptspieler auf dem feld der online-angriffe geworden. +das sind also die drei hauptangriffsgruppen: kriminelle, die es des geldes wegen tun, hacktivisten wie anonymous, die damit widerstand leisten, aber die letzte gruppe sind nationen, regierungen, die die angriffe leiten. +da liegen uns fälle vor, wie der von diginotar. +es zeigt beispielhaft, was passiert, wenn regierungen ihre eigenen bürger angreifen. +diginotar ist ein vollmachtszertifikat aus den niederlanden – bzw. war es das. +im letzten herbst musste es insolvenz anmelden, denn diginotar war gehackt worden. +jemand war eingebrochen und hatte das system gründlich gehackt. +und letzte woche in einem treffen mit niederländischen regierungsvertretern stellte ich einem der leitenden dieser gruppe die frage, ob er es für möglich hielte, dass aufgrund des diginotar-hacks leute gestorben waren. +und seine antwort war "ja". +nun, wie sterben leute in folge eines solchen hacks? +diginotar ist eine zertifizierungsstelle. +sie verkaufen zertifikate. +was macht man mit zertifikaten? +nun, ein zertifikat benötigt man, wenn man eine webseite mit https, mit ssl-verschlüsselten diensten hat, zum beispiel gmail. +nun verwenden wir alle, oder viele von uns, gmail oder einen ihrer konkurrenten. doch diese dienste sind besonders verbreitet in totalitären staaten wie dem iran, wo dissidenten ausländische anbieter wie gmail verwenden, da sie wissen, dass sie denen mehr vertrauen können als lokalen anbietern und dass sie über ssl-verbindungen verschlüsselt sind, so dass die lokale regierung nicht in ihren gesprächen herumschnüffeln kann. +können sie aber doch, wenn sie sich in eine ausländische +zertifizierungsbehörde hacken und gefälschte zertifikate ausstellen. +und genau das ist im falle von diginotar passiert. +wie verhält es sich mit dem arabischen frühling und den dingen, die zum beispiel in ägypten passiert sind? +nun, in ägypten plünderten die aufständischen im april 2011 das hauptquartier der ägyptischen geheimpolizei. und dabei fanden sie eine menge akten. +in diesen akten befand sich ein ordner namens "finfisher". +und in diesem ordner befanden sich notizen einer in deutschland ansässigen firma, die der ägyptischen regierung ein paar programme verkauft hatten, mit denen sie – in sehr großem rahmen – jegliche kommunikation der ägyptischen bürger abfangen konnten. +sie hatten dieses programm für 280.000 euro an die ägyptische regierung verkauft. +das firmenhauptquartier ist genau hier. +also versorgen westliche regierungen totalitäre regierungen mit hilfsmitteln, damit die gegen ihre eigenen bürger vorgehen können. +aber westliche regierungen helfen sich auch selbst. +zum beispiel in deutschland nur vor ein paar wochen der sogenannte staatstrojaner gefunden. das war ein trojaner, der von deutschen regierungsvertretern verwendet wurde, um ihre eigenen bürger zu bespitzeln. +wenn sie in einem kriminalfall verdächtigt werden, dann wird mit ziemlicher sicherheit ihr telefon angezapft. +aber heute sind wir weit jenseits dessen. +sie zapfen ihre internetverbindung an. +sie verwenden mittel wie den staatstrojaner, um ihren computer mit einem trojaner zu bespielen, der es ihnen erlaubt, ihre gesamte kommunikation zu überwachen, ihre online-diskussionen abzuhören, ihre passwörter zu sammeln. +wenn wir also weiter über solche dinge nachdenken, dann wäre die offensichtliche antwort der leute: "ok, das klingt schlecht, aber es betrifft mich ja nicht, weil ich ein braver bürger bin. +ich muss mir keine sorgen machen! +ich habe nichts zu verstecken. " +und diese argumentation ergibt keinen sinn. +privatsphäre muss gegeben sein. +privatsphäre steht nicht zur debatte. +es ist keine entscheidung zwischen privatsphäre und sicherheit. +es ist eine entscheidung zwischen freiheit und kontrolle. +und während wir heute, im jahr 2011, unseren regierungen vertrauen mögen, ist doch jedes recht, das wir abgeben, für immer abgegeben. +und vertrauen wir, vertrauen wir blind einer jeden zukünftigen regierung, einer regierung, die wir vielleicht in fünfzig jahren haben werden? +das sind die fragen, mit denen wir uns die nächsten 50 jahre beschäftigen müssen. +es mag ihnen seltsam erscheinen, aber ich bin ein großer fan von betonblocksteinen. +die ersten betonblocksteine wurden 1868 hergestellt und entstammten einer einfachen idee: module aus zement mit festgelegten maßen, die zusammenpassen. +betonbausteine wurden sehr schnell die meistgenutzte baueinheit in der welt. +sie versetzten uns in die lage, dinge zu bauen, die größer waren als wir, gebäude, brücken, ein stein nach dem anderen. +im wesentlichen war der betonbaustein zum baustein unserer zeit geworden. +fast hundert jahre später, in 1947, kam lego hiermit heraus. +es wurde der "automatisch verbindende stein" genannt. +und innerhalb weniger jahre, zog lego in jeden haushalt ein. +es wird geschätzt, dass über 400 milliarden steine produziert wurden - oder 75 steine für jede person auf diesem planeten. +sie müssen kein ingenieur sein, um schöne häuser, schöne brücken oder schöne gebäude zu erschaffen. +lego machte es für alle möglich. +lego hat im wesentlichen den betonbaustein, den baustein der welt, genommen und daraus einen baustein für unsere vorstellungskraft gemacht. +in der zwischenzeit wurde im gleichen jahr bei den bell labs die nächste revolution angekündigt, der nächste baustein. +der transistor war eine kleine plastikeinheit, die uns von einer welt der statischen, aufeinandergestapelten bausteine zu einer welt in der alles interaktiv war bringen würde. +wie der betonblock, erlaubt uns der transistor viel größere, komplexere kreisläufe zu bauen, ein stein nach dem anderen. +aber es gibt einen hauptunterschied: der transistor war nur für experten. +ich persönlich akzeptiere das nicht, dass der baustein unserer zeit für experten reserviert ist und daher entschied ich mich, das zu ändern. +vor acht jahren war ich am media lab und ich begann diese idee zu erforschen, wie man die macht der ingenieure in die hand von künstlern und designern legen könnte. +vor einigen jahren fing ich an littlebits zu entwickeln. +lassen sie mich ihnen zeigen, wie sie funktionieren. +littlebits sind elektronische module, die eine spezifische funktion haben. +sie sind vorgefertigt, licht, ton, motor und sensor zu sein. +und das beste daran ist, dass sie sich mit magneten zusammen verbinden. +so können sie sie nicht falsch herum zusammensetzen. +die steine sind farbcodiert. +grün ist ausgabe, blau ist strom, pink ist eingabe und orange ist kabel. +alles, was sie also tun müssen, ist einen blauen und einen grünen miteinander verbinden und sie können ganz schnell größere kreislaufe bauen. +sie fügen einen blauen an einen grünen, und sie können licht machen. +sie können einen schalter dazwischen einfügen und so haben sie einen kleinen dimmer erstellt. +nehmen sie den schalter raus um ein pulsmodul, das hier ist, einzufügen, und sie haben einen kleinen blinker gemacht. +fügen sie diesen buzzer für einen zusätzlichen effekt hinzu und sie haben eine lärmmaschine hergestellt. +ich werde das stoppen. +über das einfache spielen hinaus, ist littlebits tatsächlich ziemlich leistungsstark. +anstatt, dass man programmieren, verdrahten oder löten muss, erlaubt littlebits ihnen mit einfachen, intuitiven gesten zu programmieren. +um also das blinken zu beschleunigen oder zu verlangsamen, drehen sie einfach an diesem knopf und er macht den impuls schneller oder langsamer. +die idee hinter littlebits ist, dass es eine wachsende bibliothek ist. +wir wollen jede einzelne interaktion auf dieser welt in einen gebrauchsfertigen stein bringen. +lichter, töne, solarelemente, motoren -- alles sollte verfügbar sein. +wir haben littlebits an kinder verteilt und sie damit spielen sehen. +und es war eine unglaubliche erfahrung. +das schönste ist, wie sie anfangen die elektronik, die sie im alltag umgibt zu verstehen und die sie nicht in der schule lernen. +wie zum beispiel ein nachtlicht funktioniert, oder warum die türen des aufzugs offenbleiben, oder wie ein ipod auf berührung reagiert. +wir haben littlebits auch zu designschulen gebracht. +wir hatten also zum beispiel designer mit keinerlei erfahrung in elektronischen dingen, die anfingen, mit littlebits als material zu spielen. +hier sehen wir, mit filz, papier und wasserflaschen, wie geordie... +vor einigen wochen haben wir littlebits zu risd gebracht und gaben sie einigen designern, die keinerlei technische erfahrung hatten - nur karton, holz und papier - und sagten ihnen: "macht was." +hier ist ein beispiel eines projektes, das sie machten, eine bewegungsgesteuerte konfetti-kanone. +aber warten sie, dies hier ist wirklich meine lieblings-projekt. +es ist ein hummer aus knete, der angst in der dunkelheit hat. +für diese nicht-ingenieure, wurde littlebits ein weiteres material, elektronik wurde einfach ein weiteres material. +und wir wollen dieses material für alle verfügbar machen. +also ist littlebits open source. +sie können auf die webseite gehen, alle designvorlagen runterladen und sie selbst herstellen. +wir wollen die welt der erschaffer, der erfinder, der mitwirkenden ermutigen, denn diese welt, in der wir leben, diese interaktive welt, gehört uns. +also, ziehen sie los und fangen sie an zu erfinden. +vielen dank. diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/test.bert.en b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/test.bert.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d85f607db21c2b43ebd7bcf29dccc93059f3c6c --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/test.bert.en @@ -0,0 +1,6750 @@ +you know, one of the intense pleasures of travel and one of the delights of ethnographic research is the opportunity to live amongst those who have not forgotten the old ways, who still feel their past in the wind, touch it in stones polished by rain, taste it in the bitter leaves of plants. +just to know that jaguar shamans still journey beyond the milky way, or the myths of the inuit elders still resonate with meaning, or that in the himalaya, the buddhists still pursue the breath of the dharma, is to really remember the central revelation of anthropology, and that is the idea that the world in which we live does not exist in some absolute sense, but is just one model of reality, the consequence of one particular set of adaptive choices that our lineage made, albeit successfully, many generations ago. +and of course, we all share the same adaptive imperatives. +we're all born. we all bring our children into the world. +we go through initiation rites. +we have to deal with the inexorable separation of death, so it shouldn't surprise us that we all sing, we all dance, we all have art. +but what's interesting is the unique cadence of the song, the rhythm of the dance in every culture. +and whether it is the penan in the forests of borneo, or the voodoo acolytes in haiti, or the warriors in the kaisut desert of northern kenya, the curandero in the mountains of the andes, or a caravanserai in the middle of the sahara -- this is incidentally the fellow that i traveled into the desert with a month ago -- or indeed a yak herder in the slopes of qomolangma, everest, the goddess mother of the world. +all of these peoples teach us that there are other ways of being, other ways of thinking, other ways of orienting yourself in the earth. +and this is an idea, if you think about it, can only fill you with hope. +now, together the myriad cultures of the world make up a web of spiritual life and cultural life that envelops the planet, and is as important to the well-being of the planet as indeed is the biological web of life that you know as a biosphere. +and you might think of this cultural web of life as being an ethnosphere, and you might define the ethnosphere as being the sum total of all thoughts and dreams, myths, ideas, inspirations, intuitions brought into being by the human imagination since the dawn of consciousness. +the ethnosphere is humanity's great legacy. +it's the symbol of all that we are and all that we can be as an astonishingly inquisitive species. +and just as the biosphere has been severely eroded, so too is the ethnosphere -- and, if anything, at a far greater rate. +no biologists, for example, would dare suggest that 50 percent of all species or more have been or are on the brink of extinction because it simply is not true, and yet that -- the most apocalyptic scenario in the realm of biological diversity -- scarcely approaches what we know to be the most optimistic scenario in the realm of cultural diversity. +and the great indicator of that, of course, is language loss. +when each of you in this room were born, there were 6,000 languages spoken on the planet. +now, a language is not just a body of vocabulary or a set of grammatical rules. +a language is a flash of the human spirit. +it's a vehicle through which the soul of each particular culture comes into the material world. +every language is an old-growth forest of the mind, a watershed, a thought, an ecosystem of spiritual possibilities. +and of those 6,000 languages, as we sit here today in monterey, fully half are no longer being whispered into the ears of children. +they're no longer being taught to babies, which means, effectively, unless something changes, they're already dead. +what could be more lonely than to be enveloped in silence, to be the last of your people to speak your language, to have no way to pass on the wisdom of the ancestors or anticipate the promise of the children? +and yet, that dreadful fate is indeed the plight of somebody somewhere on earth roughly every two weeks, because every two weeks, some elder dies and carries with him into the grave the last syllables of an ancient tongue. +and i know there's some of you who say, "well, wouldn't it be better, wouldn't the world be a better place if we all just spoke one language?" and i say, "great, let's make that language yoruba. let's make it cantonese. +let's make it kogi. " +and you'll suddenly discover what it would be like to be unable to speak your own language. +and so, what i'd like to do with you today is sort of take you on a journey through the ethnosphere, a brief journey through the ethnosphere, to try to begin to give you a sense of what in fact is being lost. +now, there are many of us who sort of forget that when i say "different ways of being," i really do mean different ways of being. +take, for example, this child of a barasana in the northwest amazon, the people of the anaconda who believe that mythologically they came up the milk river from the east in the belly of sacred snakes. +now, this is a people who cognitively do not distinguish the color blue from the color green because the canopy of the heavens is equated to the canopy of the forest upon which the people depend. +they have a curious language and marriage rule which is called "linguistic exogamy:" you must marry someone who speaks a different language. +and this is all rooted in the mythological past, yet the curious thing is in these long houses, where there are six or seven languages spoken because of intermarriage, you never hear anyone practicing a language. +they simply listen and then begin to speak. +or, one of the most fascinating tribes i ever lived with, the waorani of northeastern ecuador, an astonishing people first contacted peacefully in 1958. +in 1957, five missionaries attempted contact and made a critical mistake. +they dropped from the air 8 x 10 glossy photographs of themselves in what we would say to be friendly gestures, forgetting that these people of the rainforest had never seen anything two-dimensional in their lives. +they picked up these photographs from the forest floor, tried to look behind the face to find the form or the figure, found nothing, and concluded that these were calling cards from the devil, so they speared the five missionaries to death. +but the waorani didn't just spear outsiders. +they speared each other. +54 percent of their mortality was due to them spearing each other. +we traced genealogies back eight generations, and we found two instances of natural death and when we pressured the people a little bit about it, they admitted that one of the fellows had gotten so old that he died getting old, so we speared him anyway. +but at the same time they had a perspicacious knowledge of the forest that was astonishing. +their hunters could smell animal urine at 40 paces and tell you what species left it behind. +in the early '80s, i had a really astonishing assignment when i was asked by my professor at harvard if i was interested in going down to haiti, infiltrating the secret societies which were the foundation of duvalier's strength and tonton macoutes, and securing the poison used to make zombies. +in order to make sense out of sensation, of course, i had to understand something about this remarkable faith of vodoun. and voodoo is not a black magic cult. +on the contrary, it's a complex metaphysical worldview. +it's interesting. +if i asked you to name the great religions of the world, what would you say? +christianity, islam, buddhism, judaism, whatever. +there's always one continent left out, the assumption being that sub-saharan africa had no religious beliefs. well, of course, they did and voodoo is simply the distillation of these very profound religious ideas that came over during the tragic diaspora of the slavery era. +but, what makes voodoo so interesting is that it's this living relationship between the living and the dead. +so, the living give birth to the spirits. +the spirits can be invoked from beneath the great water, responding to the rhythm of the dance to momentarily displace the soul of the living, so that for that brief shining moment, the acolyte becomes the god. +that's why the voodooists like to say that "you white people go to church and speak about god. +we dance in the temple and become god. " +and because you are possessed, you are taken by the spirit -- how can you be harmed? +so you see these astonishing demonstrations: voodoo acolytes in a state of trance handling burning embers with impunity, a rather astonishing demonstration of the ability of the mind to affect the body that bears it when catalyzed in the state of extreme excitation. +now, of all the peoples that i've ever been with, the most extraordinary are the kogi of the sierra nevada de santa marta in northern colombia. +descendants of the ancient tairona civilization which once carpeted the caribbean coastal plain of colombia, in the wake of the conquest, these people retreated into an isolated volcanic massif that soars above the caribbean coastal plain. +in a bloodstained continent, these people alone were never conquered by the spanish. +to this day, they remain ruled by a ritual priesthood but the training for the priesthood is rather extraordinary. +the young acolytes are taken away from their families at the age of three and four, sequestered in a shadowy world of darkness in stone huts at the base of glaciers for 18 years: two nine-year periods deliberately chosen to mimic the nine months of gestation they spend in their natural mother's womb; now they are metaphorically in the womb of the great mother. +and for this entire time, they are inculturated into the values of their society, values that maintain the proposition that their prayers and their prayers alone maintain the cosmic -- or we might say the ecological -- balance. +and at the end of this amazing initiation, one day they're suddenly taken out and for the first time in their lives, at the age of 18, they see a sunrise. and in that crystal moment of awareness of first light as the sun begins to bathe the slopes of the stunningly beautiful landscape, suddenly everything they have learned in the abstract is affirmed in stunning glory. and the priest steps back and says, "you see? it's really as i've told you. +it is that beautiful. it is yours to protect. " +they call themselves the "elder brothers" and they say we, who are the younger brothers, are the ones responsible for destroying the world. +now, this level of intuition becomes very important. +whenever we think of indigenous people and landscape, we either invoke rousseau and the old canard of the "noble savage," which is an idea racist in its simplicity, or alternatively, we invoke thoreau and say these people are closer to the earth than we are. +well, indigenous people are neither sentimental nor weakened by nostalgia. +there's not a lot of room for either in the malarial swamps of the asmat or in the chilling winds of tibet, but they have, nevertheless, through time and ritual, forged a traditional mystique of the earth that is based not on the idea of being self-consciously close to it, but on a far subtler intuition: the idea that the earth itself can only exist because it is breathed into being by human consciousness. +now, what does that mean? +it means that a young kid from the andes who's raised to believe that that mountain is an apu spirit that will direct his or her destiny will be a profoundly different human being and have a different relationship to that resource or that place than a young kid from montana raised to believe that a mountain is a pile of rock ready to be mined. +whether it's the abode of a spirit or a pile of ore is irrelevant. +what's interesting is the metaphor that defines the relationship between the individual and the natural world. +i was raised in the forests of british columbia to believe those forests existed to be cut. +that made me a different human being than my friends amongst the kwagiulth who believe that those forests were the abode of huxwhukw and the crooked beak of heaven and the cannibal spirits that dwelled at the north end of the world, spirits they would have to engage during their hamatsa initiation. +now, if you begin to look at the idea that these cultures could create different realities, you could begin to understand some of their extraordinary discoveries. take this plant here. +it's a photograph i took in the northwest amazon just last april. +this is ayahuasca, which many of you have heard about, the most powerful psychoactive preparation of the shaman's repertoire. +what makes ayahuasca fascinating is not the sheer pharmacological potential of this preparation, but the elaboration of it. it's made really of two different sources: on the one hand, this woody liana which has in it a series of beta-carbolines, harmine, harmaline, mildly hallucinogenic -- to take the vine alone is rather to have sort of blue hazy smoke drift across your consciousness -- but it's mixed with the leaves of a shrub in the coffee family called psychotria viridis. +this plant had in it some very powerful tryptamines, very close to brain serotonin, dimethyltryptamine, 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine. +if you've ever seen the yanomami blowing that snuff up their noses, that substance they make from a different set of species also contains methoxydimethyltryptamine. +to have that powder blown up your nose is rather like being shot out of a rifle barrel lined with baroque paintings and landing on a sea of electricity. +it doesn't create the distortion of reality; it creates the dissolution of reality. +in fact, i used to argue with my professor, richard evan shultes -- who is a man who sparked the psychedelic era with his discovery of the magic mushrooms in mexico in the 1930s -- i used to argue that you couldn't classify these tryptamines as hallucinogenic because by the time you're under the effects there's no one home anymore to experience a hallucination. +but the thing about tryptamines is they cannot be taken orally because they're denatured by an enzyme found naturally in the human gut called monoamine oxidase. +they can only be taken orally if taken in conjunction with some other chemical that denatures the mao. +now, the fascinating things are that the beta-carbolines found within that liana are mao inhibitors of the precise sort necessary to potentiate the tryptamine. so you ask yourself a question. +how, in a flora of 80,000 species of vascular plants, do these people find these two morphologically unrelated plants that when combined in this way, created a kind of biochemical version of the whole being greater than the sum of the parts? +well, we use that great euphemism, "trial and error," which is exposed to be meaningless. +but you ask the indians, and they say, "the plants talk to us." +well, what does that mean? +this tribe, the cofan, has 17 varieties of ayahuasca, all of which they distinguish a great distance in the forest, all of which are referable to our eye as one species. +and then you ask them how they establish their taxonomy and they say, "i thought you knew something about plants. +i mean, don't you know anything? "and i said," no. " +well, it turns out you take each of the 17 varieties in the night of a full moon, and it sings to you in a different key. +now, that's not going to get you a ph.d. at harvard, but it's a lot more interesting than counting stamens. +now -- -- the problem -- the problem is that even those of us sympathetic with the plight of indigenous people view them as quaint and colorful but somehow reduced to the margins of history as the real world, meaning our world, moves on. +well, the truth is the 20th century, 300 years from now, is not going to be remembered for its wars or its technological innovations, but rather as the era in which we stood by and either actively endorsed or passively accepted the massive destruction of both biological and cultural diversity on the planet. now, the problem isn't change. +all cultures through all time have constantly been engaged in a dance with new possibilities of life. +and the problem is not technology itself. +the sioux indians did not stop being sioux when they gave up the bow and arrow any more than an american stopped being an american when he gave up the horse and buggy. +it's not change or technology that threatens the integrity of the ethnosphere. it is power, the crude face of domination. +wherever you look around the world, you discover that these are not cultures destined to fade away; these are dynamic living peoples being driven out of existence by identifiable forces that are beyond their capacity to adapt to: whether it's the egregious deforestation in the homeland of the penan -- a nomadic people from southeast asia, from sarawak -- a people who lived free in the forest until a generation ago, and now have all been reduced to servitude and prostitution on the banks of the rivers, where you can see the river itself is soiled with the silt that seems to be carrying half of borneo away to the south china sea, where the japanese freighters hang light in the horizon ready to fill their holds with raw logs ripped from the forest -- or, in the case of the yanomami, it's the disease entities that have come in, in the wake of the discovery of gold. +or if we go into the mountains of tibet, where i'm doing a lot of research recently, you'll see it's a crude face of political domination. +you know, genocide, the physical extinction of a people is universally condemned, but ethnocide, the destruction of people's way of life, is not only not condemned, it's universally, in many quarters, celebrated as part of a development strategy. +and you cannot understand the pain of tibet until you move through it at the ground level. +i once travelled 6,000 miles from chengdu in western china overland through southeastern tibet to lhasa with a young colleague, and it was only when i got to lhasa that i understood the face behind the statistics you hear about: 6,000 sacred monuments torn apart to dust and ashes, 1.2 million people killed by the cadres during the cultural revolution. +this young man's father had been ascribed to the panchen lama. +that meant he was instantly killed at the time of the chinese invasion. +his uncle fled with his holiness in the diaspora that took the people to nepal. +his mother was incarcerated for the crime of being wealthy. +he was smuggled into the jail at the age of two to hide beneath her skirt tails because she couldn't bear to be without him. +the sister who had done that brave deed was put into an education camp. +one day she inadvertently stepped on an armband of mao, and for that transgression, she was given seven years of hard labor. +the pain of tibet can be impossible to bear, but the redemptive spirit of the people is something to behold. +and in the end, then, it really comes down to a choice: do we want to live in a monochromatic world of monotony or do we want to embrace a polychromatic world of diversity? +margaret mead, the great anthropologist, said, before she died, that her greatest fear was that as we drifted towards this blandly amorphous generic world view not only would we see the entire range of the human imagination reduced to a more narrow modality of thought, but that we would wake from a dream one day having forgotten there were even other possibilities. +and it's humbling to remember that our species has, perhaps, been around for [150,000] years. +the neolithic revolution -- which gave us agriculture, at which time we succumbed to the cult of the seed; the poetry of the shaman was displaced by the prose of the priesthood; we created hierarchy specialization surplus -- is only 10,000 years ago. +the modern industrial world as we know it is barely 300 years old. +now, that shallow history doesn't suggest to me that we have all the answers for all of the challenges that will confront us in the ensuing millennia. +when these myriad cultures of the world are asked the meaning of being human, they respond with 10,000 different voices. +and it's within that song that we will all rediscover the possibility of being what we are: a fully conscious species, fully aware of ensuring that all peoples and all gardens find a way to flourish. and there are great moments of optimism. +this is a photograph i took at the northern tip of baffin island when i went narwhal hunting with some inuit people, and this man, olayuk, told me a marvelous story of his grandfather. +the canadian government has not always been kind to the inuit people, and during the 1950s, to establish our sovereignty, we forced them into settlements. +this old man's grandfather refused to go. +the family, fearful for his life, took away all of his weapons, all of his tools. +now, you must understand that the inuit did not fear the cold; they took advantage of it. +the runners of their sleds were originally made of fish wrapped in caribou hide. +so, this man's grandfather was not intimidated by the arctic night or the blizzard that was blowing. +he simply slipped outside, pulled down his sealskin trousers and defecated into his hand. and as the feces began to freeze, he shaped it into the form of a blade. +he put a spray of saliva on the edge of the shit knife and as it finally froze solid, he butchered a dog with it. +he skinned the dog and improvised a harness, took the ribcage of the dog and improvised a sled, harnessed up an adjacent dog, and disappeared over the ice floes, shit knife in belt. +talk about getting by with nothing. +and this, in many ways -- -- is a symbol of the resilience of the inuit people and of all indigenous people around the world. +the canadian government in april of 1999 gave back to total control of the inuit an area of land larger than california and texas put together. +it's our new homeland. it's called nunavut. +it's an independent territory. they control all mineral resources. +an amazing example of how a nation-state can seek restitution with its people. +and finally, in the end, i think it's pretty obvious at least to all of all us who've traveled in these remote reaches of the planet, to realize that they're not remote at all. +they're homelands of somebody. +they represent branches of the human imagination that go back to the dawn of time. and for all of us, the dreams of these children, like the dreams of our own children, become part of the naked geography of hope. +so, what we're trying to do at the national geographic, finally, is, we believe that politicians will never accomplish anything. +we think that polemics -- -- we think that polemics are not persuasive, but we think that storytelling can change the world, and so we are probably the best storytelling institution in the world. we get 35 million hits on our website every month. +156 nations carry our television channel. +our magazines are read by millions. +and what we're doing is a series of journeys to the ethnosphere where we're going to take our audience to places of such cultural wonder that they cannot help but come away dazzled by what they have seen, and hopefully, therefore, embrace gradually, one by one, the central revelation of anthropology: that this world deserves to exist in a diverse way, that we can find a way to live in a truly multicultural, pluralistic world where all of the wisdom of all peoples can contribute to our collective well-being. +thank you very much. +what i'm going to show you first, as quickly as i can, is some foundational work, some new technology that we brought to microsoft as part of an acquisition almost exactly a year ago. this is seadragon, and it's an environment in which you can either locally or remotely interact with vast amounts of visual data. +we're looking at many, many gigabytes of digital photos here and kind of seamlessly and continuously zooming in, panning through the thing, rearranging it in any way we want. +and it doesn't matter how much information we're looking at, how big these collections are or how big the images are. +most of them are ordinary digital camera photos, but this one, for example, is a scan from the library of congress, and it's in the 300 megapixel range. +it doesn't make any difference because the only thing that ought to limit the performance of a system like this one is the number of pixels on your screen at any given moment. it's also very flexible architecture. +this is an entire book, so this is an example of non-image data. +this is "bleak house" by dickens. every column is a chapter. +to prove to you that it's really text, and not an image, we can do something like so, to really show that this is a real representation of the text; it's not a picture. +maybe this is a kind of an artificial way to read an e-book. +i wouldn't recommend it. +this is a more realistic case. this is an issue of the guardian. +every large image is the beginning of a section. +and this really gives you the joy and the good experience of reading the real paper version of a magazine or a newspaper, which is an inherently multi-scale kind of medium. +we've also done a little something with the corner of this particular issue of the guardian. +we've made up a fake ad that's very high resolution -- much higher than you'd be able to get in an ordinary ad -- and we've embedded extra content. +if you want to see the features of this car, you can see it here. +or other models, or even technical specifications. +and this really gets at some of these ideas about really doing away with those limits on screen real estate. +we hope that this means no more pop-ups and other kind of rubbish like that -- shouldn't be necessary. +of course, mapping is one of those really obvious applications for a technology like this. +and this one i really won't spend any time on, except to say that we have things to contribute to this field as well. +but those are all the roads in the u.s. +superimposed on top of a nasa geospatial image. +so let's pull up, now, something else. +this is actually live on the web now; you can go check it out. +this is a project called photosynth, which really marries two different technologies. +one of them is seadragon and the other is some very beautiful computer vision research done by noah snavely, a graduate student at the university of washington, co-advised by steve seitz at u.w. +and rick szeliski at microsoft research. a very nice collaboration. +and so this is live on the web. it's powered by seadragon. +you can see that when we kind of do these sorts of views, where we can dive through images and have this kind of multi-resolution experience. +but the spatial arrangement of the images here is actually meaningful. +the computer vision algorithms have registered these images together so that they correspond to the real space in which these shots -- all taken near grassi lakes in the canadian rockies -- all these shots were taken. so you see elements here of stabilized slide-show or panoramic imaging, and these things have all been related spatially. +i'm not sure if i have time to show you any other environments. +there are some that are much more spatial. +i would like to jump straight to one of noah's original data-sets -- and this is from an early prototype of photosynth that we first got working in the summer -- to show you what i think is really the punch line behind this technology, the photosynth technology. and it's not necessarily so apparent from looking at the environments that we've put up on the website. +we had to worry about the lawyers and so on. +this is a reconstruction of notre dame cathedral that was done entirely computationally from images scraped from flickr. you just type notre dame into flickr, and you get some pictures of guys in t-shirts, and of the campus and so on. and each of these orange cones represents an image that was discovered to belong to this model. +and so these are all flickr images, and they've all been related spatially in this way. +and we can just navigate in this very simple way. +you know, i never thought that i'd end up working at microsoft. +it's very gratifying to have this kind of reception here. +i guess you can see this is lots of different types of cameras: it's everything from cell phone cameras to professional slrs, quite a large number of them, stitched together in this environment. +and if i can, i'll find some of the sort of weird ones. +so many of them are occluded by faces, and so on. +somewhere in here there are actually a series of photographs -- here we go. +this is actually a poster of notre dame that registered correctly. +we can dive in from the poster to a physical view of this environment. +what the point here really is is that we can do things with the social environment. this is now taking data from everybody -- from the entire collective memory of, visually, of what the earth looks like -- and link all of that together. +all of those photos become linked together, and they make something emergent that's greater than the sum of the parts. +you have a model that emerges of the entire earth. +think of this as the long tail to stephen lawler's virtual earth work. +and this is something that grows in complexity as people use it, and whose benefits become greater to the users as they use it. +their own photos are getting tagged with meta-data that somebody else entered. +if somebody bothered to tag all of these saints and say who they all are, then my photo of notre dame cathedral suddenly gets enriched with all of that data, and i can use it as an entry point to dive into that space, into that meta-verse, using everybody else's photos, and do a kind of a cross-modal and cross-user social experience that way. +and of course, a by-product of all of that is immensely rich virtual models of every interesting part of the earth, collected not just from overhead flights and from satellite images and so on, but from the collective memory. +thank you so much. +do i understand this right? that what your software is going to allow, is that at some point, really within the next few years, all the pictures that are shared by anyone across the world are going to basically link together? +yes. what this is really doing is discovering. +it's creating hyperlinks, if you will, between images. +and it's doing that based on the content inside the images. +and that gets really exciting when you think about the richness of the semantic information that a lot of those images have. +like when you do a web search for images, you type in phrases, and the text on the web page is carrying a lot of information about what that picture is of. +now, what if that picture links to all of your pictures? +then the amount of semantic interconnection and the amount of richness that comes out of that is really huge. it's a classic network effect. +blaise, that is truly incredible. congratulations. +thanks so much. +i'm going to talk to you about some stuff that's in this book of mine that i hope will resonate with other things you've already heard, and i'll try to make some connections myself, in case you miss them. +i want to start with what i call the "official dogma." +the official dogma of what? +the official dogma of all western industrial societies. +and the official dogma runs like this: if we are interested in maximizing the welfare of our citizens, the way to do that is to maximize individual freedom. +the reason for this is both that freedom is in and of itself good, valuable, worthwhile, essential to being human. +and because if people have freedom, then each of us can act on our own to do the things that will maximize our welfare, and no one has to decide on our behalf. +the way to maximize freedom is to maximize choice. +the more choice people have, the more freedom they have, and the more freedom they have, the more welfare they have. +this, i think, is so deeply embedded in the water supply that it wouldn't occur to anyone to question it. +and it's also deeply embedded in our lives. +i'll give you some examples of what modern progress has made possible for us. +this is my supermarket. not such a big one. +i want to say just a word about salad dressing. +175 salad dressings in my supermarket, if you don't count the 10 extra-virgin olive oils and 12 balsamic vinegars you could buy to make a very large number of your own salad dressings, in the off-chance that none of the 175 the store has on offer suit you. +so this is what the supermarket is like. +and then you go to the consumer electronics store to set up a stereo system -- speakers, cd player, tape player, tuner, amplifier -- and in this one single consumer electronics store, there are that many stereo systems. +we can construct six-and-a-half-million different stereo systems out of the components that are on offer in one store. +you've got to admit that's a lot of choice. +in other domains -- the world of communications. +there was a time, when i was a boy, when you could get any kind of telephone service you wanted, as long as it came from ma bell. +you rented your phone. you didn't buy it. +one consequence of that, by the way, is that the phone never broke. +and those days are gone. +we now have an almost unlimited variety of phones, especially in the world of cell phones. +these are cell phones of the future. +my favorite is the middle one -- the mp3 player, nose hair trimmer, and creme brulee torch. +and if by some chance you haven't seen that in your store yet, you can rest assured that one day soon you will. +and what this does is it leads people to walk into their stores asking this question. +and do you know what the answer to this question now is? +the answer is "no." +it is not possible to buy a cell phone that doesn't do too much. +so, in other aspects of life that are much more significant than buying things, the same explosion of choice is true. +health care -- it is no longer the case in the united states that you go to the doctor, and the doctor tells you what to do. +instead, you go to the doctor, and the doctor tells you, "well, we could do a, or we could do b. +a has these benefits, and these risks. +b has these benefits, and these risks. what do you want to do? " +and you say, "doc, what should i do?" +and the doc says, "a has these benefits and risks, and b has these benefits and risks. +what do you want to do? " +and you say, "if you were me, doc, what would you do?" +and the doc says, "but i'm not you." +and the result is -- we call it "patient autonomy," which makes it sound like a good thing, but what it really is is a shifting of the burden and the responsibility for decision-making from somebody who knows something -- namely, the doctor -- to somebody who knows nothing and is almost certainly sick and thus not in the best shape to be making decisions -- namely, the patient. +there's enormous marketing of prescription drugs to people like you and me, which, if you think about it, makes no sense at all, since we can't buy them. +why do they market to us if we can't buy them? +the answer is that they expect us to call our doctors the next morning and ask for our prescriptions to be changed. +something as dramatic as our identity has now become a matter of choice, as this slide is meant to indicate. +we don't inherit an identity; we get to invent it. +and we get to re-invent ourselves as often as we like. +and that means that everyday, when you wake up in the morning, you have to decide what kind of person you want to be. +with respect to marriage and family, there was a time when the default assumption that almost everyone had is that you got married as soon as you could, and then you started having kids as soon as you could. +the only real choice was who, not when, and not what you did after. +nowadays, everything is very much up for grabs. +i teach wonderfully intelligent students, and i assign 20 percent less work than i used to. +and it's not because they're less smart, and it's not because they're less diligent. +it's because they are preoccupied, asking themselves, "should i get married or not? should i get married now? +should i get married later? should i have kids first, or a career first? " +all of these are consuming questions. +and they're going to answer these questions, whether or not it means not doing all the work i assign and not getting a good grade in my courses. +and indeed they should. these are important questions to answer. +work -- we are blessed, as carl was pointing out, with the technology that enables us to work every minute of every day from any place on the planet -- except the randolph hotel. +there is one corner, by the way, that i'm not going to tell anybody about, where the wifi works. +i'm not telling you about it because i want to use it. +so what this means, this incredible freedom of choice we have with respect to work, is that we have to make a decision, again and again and again, about whether we should or shouldn't be working. +we can go to watch our kid play soccer, and we have our cell phone on one hip, and our blackberry on our other hip, and our laptop, presumably, on our laps. +and even if they're all shut off, every minute that we're watching our kid mutilate a soccer game, we are also asking ourselves, "should i answer this cell phone call? +should i respond to this email? should i draft this letter? " +and even if the answer to the question is "no," it's certainly going to make the experience of your kid's soccer game very different than it would've been. +so everywhere we look, big things and small things, material things and lifestyle things, life is a matter of choice. +and the world we used to live in looked like this. +that is to say, there were some choices, but not everything was a matter of choice. +and the world we now live in looks like this. +and the question is, is this good news, or bad news? +and the answer is yes. +we all know what's good about it, so i'm going to talk about what's bad about it. +all of this choice has two effects, two negative effects on people. +one effect, paradoxically, is that it produces paralysis, rather than liberation. +with so many options to choose from, people find it very difficult to choose at all. +i'll give you one very dramatic example of this: a study that was done of investments in voluntary retirement plans. +a colleague of mine got access to investment records from vanguard, the gigantic mutual fund company of about a million employees and about 2,000 different workplaces. +and what she found is that for every 10 mutual funds the employer offered, rate of participation went down two percent. +you offer 50 funds -- 10 percent fewer employees participate than if you only offer five. why? +because with 50 funds to choose from, it's so damn hard to decide which fund to choose that you'll just put it off until tomorrow. +and then tomorrow, and then tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, and of course tomorrow never comes. +understand that not only does this mean that people are going to have to eat dog food when they retire because they don't have enough money put away, it also means that making the decision is so hard that they pass up significant matching money from the employer. +by not participating, they are passing up as much as 5,000 dollars a year from the employer, who would happily match their contribution. +so paralysis is a consequence of having too many choices. +and i think it makes the world look like this. +you really want to get the decision right if it's for all eternity, right? +you don't want to pick the wrong mutual fund, or even the wrong salad dressing. +so that's one effect. the second effect is that even if we manage to overcome the paralysis and make a choice, we end up less satisfied with the result of the choice than we would be if we had fewer options to choose from. +and there are several reasons for this. +one of them is that with a lot of different salad dressings to choose from, if you buy one, and it's not perfect -- and, you know, what salad dressing is? -- it's easy to imagine that you could have made a different choice that would have been better. and what happens is this imagined alternative induces you to regret the decision you made, and this regret subtracts from the satisfaction you get out of the decision you made, even if it was a good decision. +the more options there are, the easier it is to regret anything at all that is disappointing about the option that you chose. +second, what economists call "opportunity costs." +dan gilbert made a big point this morning of talking about how much the way in which we value things depends on what we compare them to. +well, when there are lots of alternatives to consider, it is easy to imagine the attractive features of alternatives that you reject, that make you less satisfied with the alternative that you've chosen. +here's an example. for those of you who aren't new yorkers, i apologize. +but here's what you're supposed to be thinking. +here's this couple on the hamptons. +very expensive real estate. +gorgeous beach. beautiful day. they have it all to themselves. +what could be better? "well, damn it," this guy is thinking, "it's august. +everybody in my manhattan neighborhood is away. +i could be parking right in front of my building. " +and he spends two weeks nagged by the idea that he is missing the opportunity, day after day, to have a great parking space. +opportunity costs subtract from the satisfaction we get out of what we choose, even when what we choose is terrific. +and the more options there are to consider, the more attractive features of these options are going to be reflected by us as opportunity costs. +here's another example. +now this cartoon makes a lot of points. +it makes points about living in the moment as well, and probably about doing things slowly. +but one point it makes is that whenever you're choosing one thing, you're choosing not to do other things. +and those other things may have lots of attractive features, and it's going to make what you're doing less attractive. +third: escalation of expectations. +this hit me when i went to replace my jeans. +i wear jeans almost all the time. +and there was a time when jeans came in one flavor, and you bought them, and they fit like crap, and they were incredibly uncomfortable, and if you wore them long enough and washed them enough times, they started to feel ok. +so i went to replace my jeans after years and years of wearing these old ones, and i said, you know, "i want a pair of jeans. here's my size." +and the shopkeeper said, "do you want slim fit, easy fit, relaxed fit? +you want button fly or zipper fly? you want stonewashed or acid-washed? +do you want them distressed? +you want boot cut, you want tapered, blah blah blah... "on and on he went. +my jaw dropped, and after i recovered, i said, "i want the kind that used to be the only kind." +he had no idea what that was, so i spent an hour trying on all these damn jeans, and i walked out of the store -- truth! -- with the best-fitting jeans i had ever had. +i did better. all this choice made it possible for me to do better. +but i felt worse. +why? i wrote a whole book to try to explain this to myself. +the reason i felt worse is that, with all of these options available, my expectations about how good a pair of jeans should be went up. +i had very low -- i had no particular expectations when they only came in one flavor. +when they came in 100 flavors, damn it, one of them should've been perfect. +and what i got was good, but it wasn't perfect. +and so i compared what i got to what i expected, and what i got was disappointing in comparison to what i expected. +adding options to people's lives can't help but increase the expectations people have about how good those options will be. +and what that's going to produce is less satisfaction with results, even when they're good results. +nobody in the world of marketing knows this, because if they did, you wouldn't all know what this was about. +the truth is more like this. +the reason that everything was better back when everything was worse is that when everything was worse, it was actually possible for people to have experiences that were a pleasant surprise. +nowadays, the world we live in -- we affluent, industrialized citizens, with perfection the expectation -- the best you can ever hope for is that stuff is as good as you expect it to be. +you will never be pleasantly surprised because your expectations, my expectations, have gone through the roof. +the secret to happiness -- this is what you all came for -- the secret to happiness is low expectations. +i want to say -- just a little autobiographical moment -- that i actually am married to a wife, and she's really quite wonderful. +i couldn't have done better. i didn't settle. +but settling isn't always such a bad thing. +finally, one consequence of buying a bad-fitting pair of jeans when there is only one kind to buy is that when you are dissatisfied, and you ask why, who's responsible, the answer is clear: the world is responsible. what could you do? +when there are hundreds of different styles of jeans available, and you buy one that is disappointing, and you ask why, who's responsible? +it is equally clear that the answer to the question is you. +you could have done better. +with a hundred different kinds of jeans on display, there is no excuse for failure. +and so when people make decisions, and even though the results of the decisions are good, they feel disappointed about them; they blame themselves. +clinical depression has exploded in the industrial world in the last generation. +i believe a significant -- not the only, but a significant -- contributor to this explosion of depression, and also suicide, is that people have experiences that are disappointing because their standards are so high, and then when they have to explain these experiences to themselves, they think they're at fault. +and so the net result is that we do better in general, objectively, and we feel worse. +so let me remind you. +this is the official dogma, the one that we all take to be true, and it's all false. it is not true. +there's no question that some choice is better than none, but it doesn't follow from that that more choice is better than some choice. +there's some magical amount. i don't know what it is. +i'm pretty confident that we have long since passed the point where options improve our welfare. +now, as a policy matter -- i'm almost done -- as a policy matter, the thing to think about is this: what enables all of this choice in industrial societies is material affluence. +there are lots of places in the world, and we have heard about several of them, where their problem is not that they have too much choice. +their problem is that they have too little. +so the stuff i'm talking about is the peculiar problem of modern, affluent, western societies. +and what is so frustrating and infuriating is this: steve levitt talked to you yesterday about how these expensive and difficult-to-install child seats don't help. it's a waste of money. +what i'm telling you is that these expensive, complicated choices -- it's not simply that they don't help. +they actually hurt. +they actually make us worse off. +if some of what enables people in our societies to make all of the choices we make were shifted to societies in which people have too few options, not only would those people's lives be improved, but ours would be improved also. +this is what economists call a "pareto-improving move." +income redistribution will make everyone better off -- not just poor people -- because of how all this excess choice plagues us. +so to conclude. you're supposed to read this cartoon, and, being a sophisticated person, say, "ah! what does this fish know? +you know, nothing is possible in this fishbowl. " +impoverished imagination, a myopic view of the world -- and that's the way i read it at first. +the more i thought about it, however, the more i came to the view that this fish knows something. +because the truth of the matter is that if you shatter the fishbowl so that everything is possible, you don't have freedom. you have paralysis. +if you shatter this fishbowl so that everything is possible, you decrease satisfaction. +you increase paralysis, and you decrease satisfaction. +everybody needs a fishbowl. +this one is almost certainly too limited -- perhaps even for the fish, certainly for us. +but the absence of some metaphorical fishbowl is a recipe for misery, and, i suspect, disaster. +thank you very much. +you know, i've talked about some of these projects before -- about the human genome and what that might mean, and discovering new sets of genes. +we're actually starting at a new point: we've been digitizing biology, and now we're trying to go from that digital code into a new phase of biology with designing and synthesizing life. +so, we've always been trying to ask big questions. +"what is life?" is something that i think many biologists have been trying to understand at various levels. +we've tried various approaches, paring it down to minimal components. +we've been digitizing it now for almost 20 years; when we sequenced the human genome, it was going from the analog world of biology into the digital world of the computer. +now we're trying to ask, "can we regenerate life or can we create new life out of this digital universe?" +this is the map of a small organism, mycoplasma genitalium, that has the smallest genome for a species that can self-replicate in the laboratory, and we've been trying to just see if we can come up with an even smaller genome. +we're able to knock out on the order of 100 genes out of the 500 or so that are here. +when we look at its metabolic map, it's relatively simple compared to ours -- trust me, this is simple -- but when we look at all the genes that we can knock out one at a time, it's very unlikely that this would yield a living cell. +so we decided the only way forward was to actually synthesize this chromosome so we could vary the components to ask some of these most fundamental questions. +and so we started down the road of: can we synthesize a chromosome? +can chemistry permit making these really large molecules where we've never been before? +and if we do, can we boot up a chromosome? +a chromosome, by the way, is just a piece of inert chemical material. +so, our pace of digitizing life has been increasing at an exponential pace. +our ability to write the genetic code has been moving pretty slowly but has been increasing, and our latest point would put it on, now, an exponential curve. +we started this over 15 years ago. +it took several stages, in fact, starting with a bioethical review before we did the first experiments. +but it turns out synthesizing dna is very difficult. +there are tens of thousands of machines around the world that make small pieces of dna -- 30 to 50 letters in length -- and it's a degenerate process, so the longer you make the piece, the more errors there are. +so we had to create a new method for putting these little pieces together and correct all the errors. +and this was our first attempt, starting with the digital information of the genome of phi x174. +it's a small virus that kills bacteria. +we designed the pieces, went through our error correction and had a dna molecule of about 5,000 letters. +the exciting phase came when we took this piece of inert chemical and put it in the bacteria, and the bacteria started to read this genetic code, made the viral particles. +the viral particles then were released from the cells and came back and killed the e. coli. +i was talking to the oil industry recently and i said they clearly understood that model. +they laughed more than you guys are. +and so, we think this is a situation where the software can actually build its own hardware in a biological system. +but we wanted to go much larger: we wanted to build the entire bacterial chromosome -- it's over 580,000 letters of genetic code -- so we thought we'd build them in cassettes the size of the viruses so we could actually vary the cassettes to understand what the actual components of a living cell are. +design is critical, and if you're starting with digital information in the computer, that digital information has to be really accurate. +when we first sequenced this genome in 1995, the standard of accuracy was one error per 10,000 base pairs. +we actually found, on resequencing it, 30 errors; had we used that original sequence, it never would have been able to be booted up. +part of the design is designing pieces that are 50 letters long that have to overlap with all the other 50-letter pieces to build smaller subunits we have to design so they can go together. +we design unique elements into this. +you may have read that we put watermarks in. +think of this: we have a four-letter genetic code -- a, c, g and t. +triplets of those letters code for roughly 20 amino acids, such that there's a single letter designation for each of the amino acids. +so we can use the genetic code to write out words, sentences, thoughts. +initially, all we did was autograph it. +some people were disappointed there was not poetry. +we designed these pieces so we can just chew back with enzymes; there are enzymes that repair them and put them together. +and we started making pieces, starting with pieces that were 5,000 to 7,000 letters, put those together to make 24,000-letter pieces, then put sets of those going up to 72,000. +at each stage, we grew up these pieces in abundance so we could sequence them because we're trying to create a process that's extremely robust that you can see in a minute. +we're trying to get to the point of automation. +so, this looks like a basketball playoff. +when we get into these really large pieces over 100,000 base pairs, they won't any longer grow readily in e. coli -- it exhausts all the modern tools of molecular biology -- and so we turned to other mechanisms. +we knew there's a mechanism called homologous recombination that biology uses to repair dna that can put pieces together. +here's an example of it: there's an organism called deinococcus radiodurans that can take three millions rads of radiation. +you can see in the top panel, its chromosome just gets blown apart. +twelve to 24 hours later, it put it back together exactly as it was before. +we have thousands of organisms that can do this. +these organisms can be totally desiccated; they can live in a vacuum. +i am absolutely certain that life can exist in outer space, move around, find a new aqueous environment. +in fact, nasa has shown a lot of this is out there. +here's an actual micrograph of the molecule we built using these processes, actually just using yeast mechanisms with the right design of the pieces we put them in; yeast puts them together automatically. +this is not an electron micrograph; this is just a regular photomicrograph. +it's such a large molecule we can see it with a light microscope. +these are pictures over about a six-second period. +so, this is the publication we had just a short while ago. +this is over 580,000 letters of genetic code; it's the largest molecule ever made by humans of a defined structure. +it's over 300 million molecular weight. +if we printed it out at a 10 font with no spacing, it takes 142 pages just to print this genetic code. +well, how do we boot up a chromosome? how do we activate this? +obviously, with a virus it's pretty simple; it's much more complicated dealing with bacteria. +it's also simpler when you go into eukaryotes like ourselves: you can just pop out the nucleus and pop in another one, and that's what you've all heard about with cloning. +with bacteria and archaea, the chromosome is integrated into the cell, but we recently showed that we can do a complete transplant of a chromosome from one cell to another and activate it. +we purified a chromosome from one microbial species -- roughly, these two are as distant as human and mice -- we added a few extra genes so we could select for this chromosome, we digested it with enzymes to kill all the proteins, and it was pretty stunning when we put this in the cell -- and you'll appreciate our very sophisticated graphics here. +the new chromosome went into the cell. +in fact, we thought this might be as far as it went, but we tried to design the process a little bit further. +this is a major mechanism of evolution right here. +we find all kinds of species that have taken up a second chromosome or a third one from somewhere, adding thousands of new traits in a second to that species. +so, people who think of evolution as just one gene changing at a time have missed much of biology. +there are enzymes called restriction enzymes that actually digest dna. +the chromosome that was in the cell doesn't have one; the chromosome we put in does. +it got expressed and it recognized the other chromosome as foreign material, chewed it up, and so we ended up just with a cell with the new chromosome. +it turned blue because of the genes we put in it. +and with a very short period of time, all the characteristics of one species were lost and it converted totally into the new species based on the new software that we put in the cell. +all the proteins changed, the membranes changed; when we read the genetic code, it's exactly what we had transferred in. +so, this may sound like genomic alchemy, but we can, by moving the software of dna around, change things quite dramatically. +now i've argued, this is not genesis; this is building on three and a half billion years of evolution. +and i've argued that we're about to perhaps create a new version of the cambrian explosion, where there's massive new speciation based on this digital design. +why do this? +i think this is pretty obvious in terms of some of the needs. +we're about to go from six and a half to nine billion people over the next 40 years. +to put it in context for myself: i was born in 1946. +there are now three people on the planet for every one of us that existed in 1946; within 40 years, there'll be four. +we have trouble feeding, providing fresh, clean water, medicines, fuel for the six and a half billion. +it's going to be a stretch to do it for nine. +we use over five billion tons of coal, 30 billion-plus barrels of oil -- that's a hundred million barrels a day. +when we try to think of biological processes or any process to replace that, it's going to be a huge challenge. +then of course, there's all that co2 from this material that ends up in the atmosphere. +we now, from our discovery around the world, have a database with about 20 million genes, and i like to think of these as the design components of the future. +the electronics industry only had a dozen or so components, and look at the diversity that came out of that. +we're limited here primarily by a biological reality and our imagination. +we now have techniques, because of these rapid methods of synthesis, to do what we're calling combinatorial genomics. +we have the ability now to build a large robot that can make a million chromosomes a day. +when you think of processing these 20 million different genes or trying to optimize processes to produce octane or to produce pharmaceuticals, new vaccines, we can just with a small team, do more molecular biology than the last 20 years of all science. +and it's just standard selection: we can select for viability, chemical or fuel production, vaccine production, etc. +this is a screen snapshot of some true design software that we're working on to actually be able to sit down and design species in the computer. +you know, we don't know necessarily what it'll look like: we know exactly what their genetic code looks like. +we're focusing on now fourth-generation fuels. +you've seen recently, corn to ethanol is just a bad experiment. +we have second- and third-generation fuels that will be coming out relatively soon that are sugar, to much higher-value fuels like octane or different types of butanol. +but the only way we think that biology can have a major impact without further increasing the cost of food and limiting its availability is if we start with co2 as its feedstock, and so we're working with designing cells to go down this road. +and we think we'll have the first fourth-generation fuels in about 18 months. +sunlight and co2 is one method... +but in our discovery around the world, we have all kinds of other methods. +this is an organism we described in 1996. +it lives in the deep ocean, about a mile and a half deep, almost at boiling-water temperatures. +it takes co2 to methane using molecular hydrogen as its energy source. +we're looking to see if we can take captured co2, which can easily be piped to sites, convert that co2 back into fuel to drive this process. +so, in a short period of time, we think that we might be able to increase what the basic question is of "what is life?" +we truly, you know, have modest goals of replacing the whole petrol-chemical industry -- yeah. if you can't do that at ted, where can you? -- become a major source of energy... +but also, we're now working on using these same tools to come up with instant sets of vaccines. +you've seen this year with flu; we're always a year behind and a dollar short when it comes to the right vaccine. +i think that can be changed by building combinatorial vaccines in advance. +here's what the future may begin to look like with changing, now, the evolutionary tree, speeding up evolution with synthetic bacteria, archaea and, eventually, eukaryotes. +we're a ways away from improving people: our goal is just to make sure that we have a chance to survive long enough to maybe do that. thank you very much. +last year at ted i gave an introduction to the lhc. +and i promised to come back and give you an update on how that machine worked. +so this is it. and for those of you that weren't there, the lhc is the largest scientific experiment ever attempted -- 27 kilometers in circumference. +its job is to recreate the conditions that were present less than a billionth of a second after the universe began, up to 600 million times a second. +it's nothing if not ambitious. +this is the machine below geneva. +we take the pictures of those mini-big bangs inside detectors. +this is the one i work on. it's called the atlas detector -- 44 meters wide, 22 meters in diameter. +spectacular picture here of atlas under construction so you can see the scale. +on the 10th of september last year we turned the machine on for the first time. +and this picture was taken by atlas. +it caused immense celebration in the control room. +it's a picture of the first beam particle going all the way around the lhc, colliding with a piece of the lhc deliberately, and showering particles into the detector. +in other words, when we saw that picture on september 10th we knew the machine worked, which is a great triumph. +i don't know whether this got the biggest cheer, or this, when someone went onto google and saw the front page was like that. +it means we made cultural impact as well as scientific impact. +about a week later we had a problem with the machine, related actually to these bits of wire here -- these gold wires. +those wires carry 13 thousand amps when the machine is working in full power. +now the engineers amongst you will look at them and say, "no they don't. they're small wires." +they can do that because when they are very cold they are what's called superconducting wire. +so at minus 271 degrees, colder than the space between the stars, those wires can take that current. +in one of the joints between over 9,000 magnets in lhc, there was a manufacturing defect. +so the wire heated up slightly, and its 13,000 amps suddenly encountered electrical resistance. +this was the result. +now that's more impressive when you consider those magnets weigh over 20 tons, and they moved about a foot. +so we damaged about 50 of the magnets. +we had to take them out, which we did. +we reconditioned them all, fixed them. +they're all on their way back underground now. +by the end of march the lhc will be intact again. +we will switch it on, and we expect to take data in june or july, and continue with our quest to find out what the building blocks of the universe are. +now of course, in a way those accidents reignite the debate about the value of science and engineering at the edge. it's easy to refute. +i think that the fact that it's so difficult, the fact that we're overreaching, is the value of things like the lhc. +i will leave the final word to an english scientist, humphrey davy, who, i suspect, when defending his protege's useless experiments -- his protege was michael faraday -- said this, "nothing is so dangerous to the progress of the human mind than to assume that our views of science are ultimate, that there are no mysteries in nature, that our triumphs are complete, and that there are no new worlds to conquer." +thank you. +i am a writer. +writing books is my profession but it's more than that, of course. +it is also my great lifelong love and fascination. +and i don't expect that that's ever going to change. +but, that said, something kind of peculiar has happened recently in my life and in my career, which has caused me to have to recalibrate my whole relationship with this work. +and the peculiar thing is that i recently wrote this book, this memoir called "eat, pray, love" which, decidedly unlike any of my previous books, went out in the world for some reason, and became this big, mega-sensation, international bestseller thing. +the result of which is that everywhere i go now, people treat me like i'm doomed. +seriously -- doomed, doomed! +like, they come up to me now, all worried, and they say, "aren't you afraid -- aren't you afraid you're never going to be able to top that? +aren't you afraid you're going to keep writing for your whole life and you're never again going to create a book that anybody in the world cares about at all, ever again? " +so that's reassuring, you know. +but it would be worse, except for that i happen to remember that over 20 years ago, when i first started telling people -- when i was a teenager -- that i wanted to be a writer, i was met with this same kind of, sort of fear-based reaction. +and people would say, "aren't you afraid you're never going to have any success? +aren't you afraid the humiliation of rejection will kill you? +aren't you afraid that you're going to work your whole life at this craft and nothing's ever going to come of it and you're going to die on a scrap heap of broken dreams with your mouth filled with bitter ash of failure? " +like that, you know. +the answer -- the short answer to all those questions is, "yes." +yes, i'm afraid of all those things. +and i always have been. +and i'm afraid of many, many more things besides that people can't even guess at. +like seaweed, and other things that are scary. +but, when it comes to writing, the thing that i've been sort of thinking about lately, and wondering about lately, is why? +you know, is it rational? +is it logical that anybody should be expected to be afraid of the work that they feel they were put on this earth to do. +you know, and what is it specifically about creative ventures that seems to make us really nervous about each other's mental health in a way that other careers kind of don't do, you know? +like my dad, for example, was a chemical engineer and i don't recall once in his 40 years of chemical engineering anybody asking him if he was afraid to be a chemical engineer, you know? +it didn't -- that chemical engineering block john, how's it going? +it just didn't come up like that, you know? +but to be fair, chemical engineers as a group haven't really earned a reputation over the centuries for being alcoholic manic-depressives. +we writers, we kind of do have that reputation, and not just writers, but creative people across all genres, it seems, have this reputation for being enormously mentally unstable. +and all you have to do is look at the very grim death count in the 20th century alone, of really magnificent creative minds who died young and often at their own hands, you know? +and even the ones who didn't literally commit suicide seem to be really undone by their gifts, you know. +norman mailer, just before he died, last interview, he said "every one of my books has killed me a little more." +an extraordinary statement to make about your life's work, you know. +but we don't even blink when we hear somebody say this because we've heard that kind of stuff for so long and somehow we've completely internalized and accepted collectively this notion that creativity and suffering are somehow inherently linked and that artistry, in the end, will always ultimately lead to anguish. +and the question that i want to ask everybody here today is are you guys all cool with that idea? +are you comfortable with that -- because you look at it even from an inch away and, you know -- i'm not at all comfortable with that assumption. +i think it's odious. +and i also think it's dangerous, and i don't want to see it perpetuated into the next century. +i think it's better if we encourage our great creative minds to live. +and i definitely know that, in my case -- in my situation -- it would be very dangerous for me to start sort of leaking down that dark path of assumption, particularly given the circumstance that i'm in right now in my career. +which is -- you know, like check it out, i'm pretty young, i'm only about 40 years old. +i still have maybe another four decades of work left in me. +and it's exceedingly likely that anything i write from this point forward is going to be judged by the world as the work that came after the freakish success of my last book, right? +i should just put it bluntly, because we're all sort of friends here now -- it's exceedingly likely that my greatest success is behind me. +oh, so jesus, what a thought! +you know that's the kind of thought that could lead a person to start drinking gin at nine o'clock in the morning, and i don't want to go there. +i would prefer to keep doing this work that i love. +and so, the question becomes, how? +and so, it seems to me, upon a lot of reflection, that the way that i have to work now, in order to continue writing, is that i have to create some sort of protective psychological construct, right? +i have to sort of find some way to have a safe distance between me, as i am writing, and my very natural anxiety about what the reaction to that writing is going to be, from now on. +and, as i've been looking over the last year for models for how to do that i've been sort of looking across time, and i've been trying to find other societies to see if they might have had better and saner ideas than we have about how to help creative people, sort of manage the inherent emotional risks of creativity. +and that search has led me to ancient greece and ancient rome. +so stay with me, because it does circle around and back. +but, ancient greece and ancient rome -- people did not happen to believe that creativity came from human beings back then, o.k.? +people believed that creativity was this divine attendant spirit that came to human beings from some distant and unknowable source, for distant and unknowable reasons. +the greeks famously called these divine attendant spirits of creativity "daemons." +socrates, famously, believed that he had a daemon who spoke wisdom to him from afar. +the romans had the same idea, but they called that sort of disembodied creative spirit a genius. +which is great, because the romans did not actually think that a genius was a particularly clever individual. +they believed that a genius was this, sort of magical divine entity, who was believed to literally live in the walls of an artist's studio, kind of like dobby the house elf, and who would come out and sort of invisibly assist the artist with their work and would shape the outcome of that work. +so brilliant -- there it is, right there, that distance that i'm talking about -- that psychological construct to protect you from the results of your work. +and everyone knew that this is how it functioned, right? +so the ancient artist was protected from certain things, like, for example, too much narcissism, right? +if your work was brilliant you couldn't take all the credit for it, everybody knew that you had this disembodied genius who had helped you. +if your work bombed, not entirely your fault, you know? +everyone knew your genius was kind of lame. +and this is how people thought about creativity in the west for a really long time. +and then the renaissance came and everything changed, and we had this big idea, and the big idea was let's put the individual human being at the center of the universe above all gods and mysteries, and there's no more room for mystical creatures who take dictation from the divine. +and it's the beginning of rational humanism, and people started to believe that creativity came completely from the self of the individual. +and for the first time in history, you start to hear people referring to this or that artist as being a genius rather than having a genius. +and i got to tell you, i think that was a huge error. +you know, i think that allowing somebody, one mere person to believe that he or she is like, the vessel, you know, like the font and the essence and the source of all divine, creative, unknowable, eternal mystery is just a smidge too much responsibility to put on one fragile, human psyche. +it's like asking somebody to swallow the sun. +it just completely warps and distorts egos, and it creates all these unmanageable expectations about performance. +and i think the pressure of that has been killing off our artists for the last 500 years. +and, if this is true, and i think it is true, the question becomes, what now? +can we do this differently? +maybe go back to some more ancient understanding about the relationship between humans and the creative mystery. +maybe not. +maybe we can't just erase 500 years of rational humanistic thought in one 18 minute speech. +and there's probably people in this audience who would raise really legitimate scientific suspicions about the notion of, basically fairies who follow people around rubbing fairy juice on their projects and stuff. +i'm not, probably, going to bring you all along with me on this. +but the question that i kind of want to pose is -- you know, why not? +why not think about it this way? +because it makes as much sense as anything else i have ever heard in terms of explaining the utter maddening capriciousness of the creative process. +a process which, as anybody who has ever tried to make something -- which is to say basically everyone here --- knows does not always behave rationally. +and, in fact, can sometimes feel downright paranormal. +i had this encounter recently where i met the extraordinary american poet ruth stone, who's now in her 90s, but she's been a poet her entire life and she told me that when she was growing up in rural virginia, she would be out working in the fields, and she said she would feel and hear a poem coming at her from over the landscape. +and she said it was like a thunderous train of air. +and it would come barreling down at her over the landscape. +and she felt it coming, because it would shake the earth under her feet. +she knew that she had only one thing to do at that point, and that was to, in her words, "run like hell." +and she would run like hell to the house and she would be getting chased by this poem, and the whole deal was that she had to get to a piece of paper and a pencil fast enough so that when it thundered through her, she could collect it and grab it on the page. +and other times she wouldn't be fast enough, so she'd be running and running and running, and she wouldn't get to the house and the poem would barrel through her and she would miss it and she said it would continue on across the landscape, looking, as she put it "for another poet." +and then there were these times -- this is the piece i never forgot -- she said that there were moments where she would almost miss it, right? +so, she's running to the house and she's looking for the paper and the poem passes through her, and she grabs a pencil just as it's going through her, and then she said, it was like she would reach out with her other hand and she would catch it. +she would catch the poem by its tail, and she would pull it backwards into her body as she was transcribing on the page. +and in these instances, the poem would come up on the page perfect and intact but backwards, from the last word to the first. +so when i heard that i was like -- that's uncanny, that's exactly what my creative process is like. +that's not at all what my creative process is -- i'm not the pipeline! +i'm a mule, and the way that i have to work is that i have to get up at the same time every day, and sweat and labor and barrel through it really awkwardly. +but even i, in my mulishness, even i have brushed up against that thing, at times. +and i would imagine that a lot of you have too. +you know, even i have had work or ideas come through me from a source that i honestly cannot identify. +and what is that thing? +and how are we to relate to it in a way that will not make us lose our minds, but, in fact, might actually keep us sane? +and for me, the best contemporary example that i have of how to do that is the musician tom waits, who i got to interview several years ago on a magazine assignment. +and we were talking about this, and you know, tom, for most of his life he was pretty much the embodiment of the tormented contemporary modern artist, trying to control and manage and dominate these sort of uncontrollable creative impulses that were totally internalized. +but then he got older, he got calmer, and one day he was driving down the freeway in los angeles he told me, and this is when it all changed for him. +and he's speeding along, and all of a sudden he hears this little fragment of melody, that comes into his head as inspiration often comes, elusive and tantalizing, and he wants it, you know, it's gorgeous, and he longs for it, but he has no way to get it. +he doesn't have a piece of paper, he doesn't have a pencil, he doesn't have a tape recorder. +so he starts to feel all of that old anxiety start to rise in him like, "i'm going to lose this thing, and then i'm going to be haunted by this song forever. +i'm not good enough, and i can't do it. " +and instead of panicking, he just stopped. +he just stopped that whole mental process and he did something completely novel. +he just looked up at the sky, and he said, "excuse me, can you not see that i'm driving?" +"do i look like i can write down a song right now? +if you really want to exist, come back at a more opportune moment when i can take care of you. +otherwise, go bother somebody else today. +go bother leonard cohen. " +and his whole work process changed after that. +not the work, the work was still oftentimes as dark as ever. +but the process, and the heavy anxiety around it was released when he took the genie, the genius out of him where it was causing nothing but trouble, and released it kind of back where it came from, and realized that this didn't have to be this internalized, tormented thing. +it could be this peculiar, wondrous, bizarre collaboration kind of conversation between tom and the strange, external thing that was not quite tom. +so when i heard that story it started to shift a little bit the way that i worked too, and it already saved me once. +this idea, it saved me when i was in the middle of writing "eat, pray, love," and i fell into one of those, sort of pits of despair that we all fall into when we're working on something and it's not coming and you start to think this is going to be a disaster, this is going to be the worst book ever written. +not just bad, but the worst book ever written. +and i started to think i should just dump this project. +but then i remembered tom talking to the open air and i tried it. +so i just lifted my face up from the manuscript and i directed my comments to an empty corner of the room. +and i said aloud, "listen you, thing, you and i both know that if this book isn't brilliant that is not entirely my fault, right? +because you can see that i am putting everything i have into this, i don't have any more than this. +so if you want it to be better, then you've got to show up and do your part of the deal. +o.k. but if you don't do that, you know what, the hell with it. +i'm going to keep writing anyway because that's my job. +and i would please like the record to reflect today that i showed up for my part of the job. " +because -- in the end it's like this, o.k. -- centuries ago in the deserts of north africa, people used to gather for these moonlight dances of sacred dance and music that would go on for hours and hours, until dawn. +and they were always magnificent, because the dancers were professionals and they were terrific, right? +but every once in a while, very rarely, something would happen, and one of these performers would actually become transcendent. +and i know you know what i'm talking about, because i know you've all seen, at some point in your life, a performance like this. +it was like time would stop, and the dancer would sort of step through some kind of portal and he wasn't doing anything different than he had ever done, 1,000 nights before, but everything would align. +and all of a sudden, he would no longer appear to be merely human. +he would be lit from within, and lit from below and all lit up on fire with divinity. +and when this happened, back then, people knew it for what it was, you know, they called it by its name. +they would put their hands together and they would start to chant, "allah, allah, allah, god, god, god." +that's god, you know. +curious historical footnote -- when the moors invaded southern spain, they took this custom with them and the pronunciation changed over the centuries from "allah, allah, allah," to "ole, ole, ole," which you still hear in bullfights and in flamenco dances. +in spain, when a performer has done something impossible and magic, "allah, ole, ole, allah, magnificent, bravo," incomprehensible, there it is -- a glimpse of god. +which is great, because we need that. +but, the tricky bit comes the next morning, for the dancer himself, when he wakes up and discovers that it's tuesday at 11 a.m., and he's no longer a glimpse of god. +he's just an aging mortal with really bad knees, and maybe he's never going to ascend to that height again. +and maybe nobody will ever chant god's name again as he spins, and what is he then to do with the rest of his life? +this is hard. +this is one of the most painful reconciliations to make in a creative life. +but maybe it doesn't have to be quite so full of anguish if you never happened to believe, in the first place, that the most extraordinary aspects of your being came from you. +but maybe if you just believed that they were on loan to you from some unimaginable source for some exquisite portion of your life to be passed along when you're finished, with somebody else. +and, you know, if we think about it this way it starts to change everything. +this is how i've started to think, and this is certainly how i've been thinking in the last few months as i've been working on the book that will soon be published, as the dangerously, frighteningly over-anticipated follow up to my freakish success. +and what i have to, sort of keep telling myself when i get really psyched out about that, is, don't be afraid. +don't be daunted. +just do your job. +continue to show up for your piece of it, whatever that might be. +if your job is to dance, do your dance. +if the divine, cockeyed genius assigned to your case decides to let some sort of wonderment be glimpsed, for just one moment through your efforts, then "ole!" +and if not, do your dance anyhow. +and "ole!" to you, nonetheless. +i believe this and i feel that we must teach it. +"ole!" to you, nonetheless, just for having the sheer human love and stubbornness to keep showing up. +thank you. +thank you. +ole! +last year i showed these two slides so that demonstrate that the arctic ice cap, which for most of the last three million years has been the size of the lower 48 states, has shrunk by 40 percent. +but this understates the seriousness of this particular problem because it doesn't show the thickness of the ice. +the arctic ice cap is, in a sense, the beating heart of the global climate system. +it expands in winter and contracts in summer. +the next slide i show you will be a rapid fast-forward of what's happened over the last 25 years. +the permanent ice is marked in red. +as you see, it expands to the dark blue -- that's the annual ice in winter, and it contracts in summer. +the so-called permanent ice, five years old or older, you can see is almost like blood, spilling out of the body here. +in 25 years it's gone from this, to this. +this is a problem because the warming heats up the frozen ground around the arctic ocean, where there is a massive amount of frozen carbon which, when it thaws, is turned into methane by microbes. +compared to the total amount of global warming pollution in the atmosphere, that amount could double if we cross this tipping point. +already in some shallow lakes in alaska, methane is actively bubbling up out of the water. +professor katey walter from the university of alaska went out with another team to another shallow lake last winter. +whoa! +she's okay. the question is whether we will be. +and one reason is, this enormous heat sink heats up greenland from the north. +this is an annual melting river. +but the volumes are much larger than ever. +this is the kangerlussuaq river in southwest greenland. +if you want to know how sea level rises from land-base ice melting this is where it reaches the sea. +these flows are increasing very rapidly. +at the other end of the planet, antarctica the largest mass of ice on the planet. +last month scientists reported the entire continent is now in negative ice balance. +and west antarctica cropped up on top some under-sea islands, is particularly rapid in its melting. +that's equal to 20 feet of sea level, as is greenland. +in the himalayas, the third largest mass of ice: at the top you see new lakes, which a few years ago were glaciers. +40 percent of all the people in the world get half of their drinking water from that melting flow. +in the andes, this glacier is the source of drinking water for this city. +the flows have increased. +but when they go away, so does much of the drinking water. +in california there has been a 40 percent decline in the sierra snowpack. +this is hitting the reservoirs. +and the predictions, as you've read, are serious. +this drying around the world has lead to a dramatic increase in fires. +and the disasters around the world have been increasing at an absolutely extraordinary and unprecedented rate. +four times as many in the last 30 years as in the previous 75. +this is a completely unsustainable pattern. +if you look at in the context of history you can see what this is doing. +in the last five years we've added 70 million tons of co2 every 24 hours -- 25 million tons every day to the oceans. +look carefully at the area of the eastern pacific, from the americas, extending westward, and on either side of the indian subcontinent, where there is a radical depletion of oxygen in the oceans. +the biggest single cause of global warming, along with deforestation, which is 20 percent of it, is the burning of fossil fuels. +oil is a problem, and coal is the most serious problem. +the united states is one of the two largest emitters, along with china. +and the proposal has been to build a lot more coal plants. +but we're beginning to see a sea change. +here are the ones that have been cancelled in the last few years with some green alternatives proposed. +however there is a political battle in our country. +and the coal industries and the oil industries spent a quarter of a billion dollars in the last calendar year promoting clean coal, which is an oxymoron. +that image reminded me of something. +around christmas, in my home in tennessee, a billion gallons of coal sludge was spilled. +you probably saw it on the news. +this, all over the country, is the second largest waste stream in america. +this happened around christmas. +one of the coal industry's ads around christmas was this one. +frosty the coal man is a jolly, happy soul. +he's abundant here in america, and he helps our economy grow. +frosty the coal man is getting cleaner everyday. +he's affordable and adorable, and workers keep their pay. +this is the source of much of the coal in west virginia. +the largest mountaintop miner is the head of massey coal. +let me be clear about it. al gore, nancy pelosi, harry reid, they don't know what they're talking about. +so the alliance for climate protection has launched two campaigns. +this is one of them, part of one of them. +at coalergy we view climate change as a very serious threat to our business. +that's why we've made it our primary goal to spend a large sum of money on an advertising effort to help bring out and complicate the truth about coal. +the fact is, coal isn't dirty. +we think it's clean -- smells good, too. +so don't worry about climate change. +leave that up to us. +clean coal -- you've heard a lot about it. +so let's take a tour of this state-of-the-art clean coal facility. +amazing! the machinery is kind of loud. +but that's the sound of clean coal technology. +and while burning coal is one of the leading causes of global warming, the remarkable clean coal technology you see here changes everything. +take a good long look: this is today's clean coal technology. +finally, the positive alternative meshes with our economic challenge and our national security challenge. +america is in crisis -- the economy, national security, the climate crisis. +the thread that links them all: our addiction to carbon based fuels, like dirty coal and foreign oil. +but now there is a bold new solution to get us out of this mess. +repower america with 100 percent clean electricity within 10 years. +a plan to put america back to work, make us more secure, and help stop global warming. +finally, a solution that's big enough to solve our problems. +repower america. find out more. +this is the last one. +it's about repowering america. +one of the fastest ways to cut our dependence on old dirty fuels that are killing our planet. +future's over here. wind, sun, a new energy grid. +new investments to create high-paying jobs. +repower america. it's time to get real. +there is an old african proverb that says, "if you want to go quickly, go alone. +if you want to go far, go together. " +we need to go far, quickly. +thank you very much. +i want to start out by asking you to think back to when you were a kid, playing with blocks. +as you figured out how to reach out and grasp, pick them up and move them around, you were actually learning how to think and solve problems by understanding and manipulating spatial relationships. +spatial reasoning is deeply connected to how we understand a lot of the world around us. +so, as a computer scientist inspired by this utility of our interactions with physical objects -- along with my adviser pattie, and my collaborator jeevan kalanithi -- i started to wonder -- what if when we used a computer, instead of having this one mouse cursor that was a like a digital fingertip moving around a flat desktop, what if we could reach in with both hands and grasp information physically, arranging it the way we wanted? +this question was so compelling that we decided to explore the answer, by building siftables. +in a nutshell, a siftable is an interactive computer the size of a cookie. +they're able to be moved around by hand, they can sense each other, they can sense their motion, and they have a screen and a wireless radio. +most importantly, they're physical, so like the blocks, you can move them just by reaching out and grasping. +and siftables are an example of a new ecosystem of tools for manipulating digital information. +and as these tools become more physical, more aware of their motion, aware of each other, and aware of the nuance of how we move them, we can start to explore some new and fun interaction styles. +so, i'm going to start with some simple examples. +this siftable is configured to show video, and if i tilt it in one direction, it'll roll the video this way; if i tilt it the other way it rolls it backwards. +and these interactive portraits are aware of each other. +so if i put them next to each other, they get interested. +if they get surrounded, they notice that too, they might get a little flustered. +and they can also sense their motion and tilt. +one of the interesting implications on interaction, we started to realize, was that we could use everyday gestures on data, like pouring a color the way we might pour a liquid. +so in this case, we've got three siftables configured to be paint buckets and i can use them to pour color into that central one, where they get mixed. +if we overshoot, we can pour a little bit back. +there are also some neat possibilities for education, like language, math and logic games where we want to give people the ability to try things quickly, and view the results immediately. +so here i'm -- this is a fibonacci sequence that i'm making with a simple equation program. +here we have a word game that's kind of like a mash-up between scrabble and boggle. +basically, in every round you get a randomly assigned letter on each siftable, and as you try to make words it checks against a dictionary. +then, after about 30 seconds, it reshuffles, and you have a new set of letters and new possibilities to try. +thank you. +so these are some kids that came on a field trip to the media lab, and i managed to get them to try it out, and shoot a video. +they really loved it. +and, one of the interesting things about this kind of application is that you don't have to give people many instructions. +all you have to say is, "make words," and they know exactly what to do. +so here's another few people trying it out. +that's our youngest beta tester, down there on the right. +turns out, all he wanted to do was to stack the siftables up. +so to him, they were just blocks. +now, this is an interactive cartoon application. +and we wanted to build a learning tool for language learners. +and this is felix, actually. +and he can bring new characters into the scene, just by lifting the siftables off the table that have that character shown on them. +here, he's bringing the sun out. +the sun is rising. +now he's brought a tractor into the scene. +the orange tractor. +good job! yeah! +so by shaking the siftables and putting them next to each other he can make the characters interact -- woof! +inventing his own narrative. +hello! +it's an open-ended story, and he gets to decide how it unfolds. +fly away, cat. +so, the last example i have time to show you today is a music sequencing and live performance tool that we've built recently, in which siftables act as sounds like lead, bass and drums. +each of these has four different variations, you get to choose which one you want to use. +and you can inject these sounds into a sequence that you can assemble into the pattern that you want. +and you inject it by just bumping up the sound siftable against a sequence siftable. +there are effects that you can control live, like reverb and filter. +you attach it to a particular sound and then tilt to adjust it. +and then, overall effects like tempo and volume that apply to the entire sequence. +so let's have a look. +we'll start by putting a lead into two sequence siftables, arrange them into a series, extend it, add a little more lead. +now i put a bass line in. +now i'll put some percussion in. +and now i'll attach the filter to the drums, so i can control the effect live. +i can speed up the whole sequence by tilting the tempo one way or the other. +and now i'll attach the filter to the bass for some more expression. +i can rearrange the sequence while it plays. +so i don't have to plan it out in advance, but i can improvise, making it longer or shorter as i go. +and now, finally, i can fade the whole sequence out using the volume siftable, tilted to the left. +thank you. +so, as you can see, my passion is for making new human-computer interfaces that are a better match to the ways our brains and bodies work. +and today, i had time to show you one point in this new design space, and a few of the possibilities that we're working to bring out of the laboratory. +so the thought i want to leave you with is that we're on the cusp of this new generation of tools for interacting with digital media that are going to bring information into our world on our terms. +thank you very much. +i look forward to talking with all of you. +yes, hello. +i'm happy to be here. +yes, so, what is biohacking? +i'll have to provide some background information here, biohacking deals with modern molecular biology. +i study molecular biology and have been doing research into biohacking for a few years now, i started doing this because i simply wanted to have more detailed knowledge and especially wanted to put what i'd learned theoretically into practice. +so these were my prime motives. +so it was curiosity and i somehow wanted to get closer to the material, that was it. +i think that molecular biology in general, so generally speaking biotechnology, everything that can be included in that, like synthetic biology, etc. +is of extreme importance today is already extremely important today and will become much more important in the future. +there are controversial topics such as all those genetically modified plants in the fields. +now there's craig venter in the usa who's trying to produce biofuel, biodiesel fuel made from algae. +and then there are things that have already become part of everyday life, although most people are not aware of it, such as washing powder enzymes, which allow us to wash clothes at forty degrees, which are also genetically optimised enzymes. +and the list can go on forever. +and so because of my interest in the in this technology, i went delved into it more. +so what why hacking? +most of us know most people have heard of this in the context of software. +computer hacking, and then in the media it's yes, hackers break into a place and steal data and so on. +that's rather sad for the hacker community, because it doesn't at all fully describe what they actually how it actually all started and what's behind it. +software hackers started building computers in the seventies and eighties and this gave rise to the internet. +and it deals with problem-solving in a playful, creative, original way. +and a problem, so not only a technical problem, it can also be a social problem, it can also just be an access problem that simplifying things, so any way of looking at a problem, of posing a question, asking how you could do something differently or better. +and it was it developed in the area of software, but it's also found in the electronics sector where you also find a whole tinkerer scene, which makes all sorts of crazy things with electrical circuits. +and so now you find it in biology, and i'd like to take a metaphor from synthetic biology, biology is actually an information science because the dna code is an abstract code that yes, it's not exactly like a computer, because it's more dynamic, because it's material, i mean real material, and not just cybernetic. +but it's also a code, and you can program that and so you can also hack into it, that's it, and i thought think it's incredibly fascinating, and i just wanted to really delve into that. +these these networks didn't really take form until two thousand eight. +there's hackteria dot org, which originally comes from switzerland, and it's a network based in europe with a cooperation in india, but it has members and active people all over the world by now. +those are it has a more arty character, so it's many artists and philosophers are working, together with scientists, on examining these technologies and asking questions and processing the knowledge creatively, there are museum exhibitions and, well, all sorts of things. +but the point is to always find a a really loose approach to it, to deal with it playfully. +and then there's do-it-yourself-bio- dot-org, diy bio. +that's a network from the usa, that's more of a kind of a forum, where you where people can meet and discuss things online. +they are geared more towards the technical as well as the business aspects of it, and so you see more, well, practical questions being asked. +based on these networks, which made the whole thing popular, a scene came into being, which i'd like to briefly describe. +this picture on the left is of biocurious, that's a hackerspace, so a kind of school, a private school, a non-profit organisation institution, where anybody can go to. +children, elderly people, all sorts of people go there to simply examine this in a different kind of way, they've set up a laboratory and look at what can be done there, if at laboratory protocols. +here in the bottom left there's a group in indonesia, house of natural fibers it's called, but they've been around for quite some time. +for a longer time than these other two networks. +they look at biological materials in an artistic way and, yes, also electronic tinkering, and combine this in a very outlandish way. +a group from ankara, that i came into contact with a while ago, they have they are a student group that wanted to inform the public more about what what they learn about at university, and they organised these these little actions at street festivals and tried to explain dna to people. +and in this other image at the top i have a lecture in in copenhagen at the medical museion in combination with an exhibition on the topic. +and that's, well that's these are usually really young people, but the only thing that that one that really unites everybody, is this fascination with technology. +and what you can do with it and approaching society very targetedly and asking, right, okay, what do you know, what what do you want to get involved in, are you interested in getting involved in this way? +so, okay, to hack into biology, you need material. +you need biological materials, but you also need tools, and that's a laboratory. +or what you would normally understand to be a laboratory, so some cool machines, extremely expensive ones, extremely distant ones, for professional staff, trained academics with a doctor's degree etc. only. +and our approach was to say, okay, that you don't actually have to do that. +that's not necessary in fact, because every every every coffee machine actually uses more advanced technology than most laboratory devices, that's really true. +and so with this premises with this premises, brian degger in england, for example, tried to set up a mini-laboratory, took a pressure cooker, a hot plate and, yes, soup stock, and bred bacteria with it, working like this. +so anybody who's ever had a soup gone go bad, because they left it standing for too long, has already done this. +i then tried to expand this at my laboratory back home, and so i bought some secondhand equipment on ebay and did a little dna analysis, and tried to do a paternity test, so dna fingerprinting in other words, at home again. +that's not supposed to be a joke, but here in the image below you can see there's the laboratory, in quotation marks, so a closed up garage with all this laboratory equipment that the university got rid of, a group in paris that set something set up something and is very successful with it and does some really interesting things there. i'd like to briefly mention a project. +that here is biocurious, the hackerspace i mentioned just now, this yes, basically a kind of adult education centre for for molecular biology. +and yes, so you can see that it's a relatively relatively heterogeneous thing, so from some people who do it on their own from home, to big i mean, larger organisations, who are doing this more formally in an institutionalised form already. +but always always with this this approach, that it should be simple and accessible. +the first project that we did as an international group, when we became aware of ourselves, you might say, okay we exist as a real “scene ”, and we're online, and we we know the people who are always chatting there and everything. +and then the founder of do-it-yourself-bio dot org came and said: okay +we really need to meet up now, meet up personally, and he organised two events, one in london, in two thousand ten, and shortly after that in the usa, in san francisco. +and, the focus there was on, so okay, who are we, what do we want, what do we also want what do we want to talk about? +and what what are our values and what are what are our objectives, our fundamental principles? +and then we worked on writing up a kind of code of conduct. +that was really intuitive, i mean, everyone expressed their wishes, their and things that move them. +then, in my opinion, a really good code was created. +and that was then it's not binding, but it's yes, i think it has managed to become accepted quite well, people are quite convinced about it, yes. +and then we even tried to bring it back into the academic world, but somehow it wasn't really well received there. +so i think we from the biohacker scene have, in that sense, gone a step further than the the academic world. +yes, what sort of projects do we actually work on? +a project i set up myself with the hackteria network in switzerland, was one in which we wanted to create a so-called optical trap or optical tweezers. +this is when you focus a laser beam on a in a space, and then you can catch little particles in the air with it or in in liquid and then move them in this focus, so, they're then trapped in there, so it's basically like a tractor beam. +that really works, it's done in an academic setting, and then we thought, okay, we might manage that, and took a webcam, dismantled it, took off the lens, turned it around and then we have a microscope, which has a four hundred fold magnification approximately. +you can see this at the bottom. +and then we took apart a dvd burner and took out the burner the laser and then tried to focus on this camera. +and unfortunately that didn't work, but we learned a lot in doing so anyhow. +another project, that came from from the french group in paris, did work, and that's pretty cool. +he took one of these well, one of these one of these devices that measure brain waves, an eeg or something like that, so he was working with neurobiology, his his nickname is sam neurohack. +he then made this this this helmet, and it took place in in cooperation with the museum. +visitors could go into the room, sit down on this chair, and put on this helmet. +their brain waves were then measured, and depending on what they thought about or how they thought, different lights in the roomwent switched on. +was a very a very fancy project. +another thing from the usa that also had to do with paternity test thing, is the the pcr, the polymerase chain reaction, a complicated term. +this is about the copying of genes, replicating genes, dna, fragments, so that you can make them visible. +so when i now that's what the what profilers do at a crime scene, they go there, collect some hair samples, and then they make these implement this method, and then they can say, okay, this hair belongs to this person, like that. +and the machines that do that are rather expensive, the ones you buy commercially, they start at about four thousand euros at the least. +and that's not within the range of amateurs, but it's a really cool technology, which is capable of a lot. +so that's just one application among many that you can use. +and they have there were two two tinkerers who went to work on it and said, okay, we can make this easier and cheaper, and put together this this piece of equipment from open source stuff, so freely available hardware and electronics and they're now the they've now managed to make it ripe for the market and are currently the the cheapest providers of these devices worldwide. +i think the price lies at about six hundred dollars or so. +it's certainly now it's that's still not cheap, but it's certainly within a range that makes it much more accessible. +so that was a very successful hack in my opinion. +a project i recently started was the building of a gene gun. +a gene gun is, well, a kind of air pressure gun, which shoots about this far, two centimetres or so. +you charge gold particles with dna and then put these gold particles into this air pressure gun, and then i shot at onions and made them light up and stuff like that. +so the device you see here didn't work. +but that's my my prototype, which looked pretty wild though, on a branch and that, that thing on it, put the electronics into it and connected pressure to it and that was but the pressure was too high, and the thing broke. +then i took a whipped cream dispenser and connected it to that. +a whipped cream dispenser, when you fill it up with water, it has enough pressure, i think about forty to sixty bar. +and with that you can accelerate the particles strongly enough and then they enter the onions. +and the commercial device for this starts at about fifteen thousand euros or so, whereas whipped cream dispensers cost about fifty euros. +so the it's not as efficient, but it's basically doable. +so that's currently the the core objective of the scene, making the technology more available and increasing the information and comprehensibility, so that that more people can get involved. +because as i said in the beginning, it's an extremely important technology and most people know relatively little about it and also have no chance of educating themselves really well on it. +because if you just read about it in secondary literature, that's not the same as when you've done it yourself or have seen it being done. +and i think technology is becoming increasingly important in our modern societies. +and if, as an informed citizen, you wish to make useful choices in society and want to take part in the discussion, you need access to the knowledge and the technology. +and and you need to do it and understand it if you want to do it and understand it. +and this trades under the names open knowledge and citizen science. +so as a citizen you are put in a position where you can look into these scientific technologies. +and that's that's the core concern of of biohackers. +those are the people who are at least officially registered on the website, the diy-bio-dot-org-website. +there's already a rather impressive number of people worldwide. +and it's also interesting that they're also represented in south-east-asia. +that is i think they are less people have registered than actually exist. +i know of some people who haven't registered. +and they are just the biohackers, individuals. +some of them are also registered together with the hackerspaces, those places. +and that's just the beginning. +like i said, it all just started in two thousand eight. +and hackerspaces, so computer hackerspaces, c-base in berlin was the first, in nineteen ninety-five. +and that's become a gigantic network of very good, well, infrastructure centres, which are being represented all over the world. +and of course we hope that we'll expand in a similar way and also be similarly networked, so that more people can get involved. +and i would like to invite everyone to work on it and event try something yourselves. +it's not that simple, but it's also not impossible, and if you're curious enough and put enough energy into it, you can go far. +thanks for listening. +that was all. +yes, hello. +how do we humans actually function? +this is a question that really moves me as a designer, but is also of relevance in the area of in the research area usability and especially in the area user experience. +there, the focus is on how to approach people in interactive media, so that they can use interactive media and can come to the most satisfying result possible. +i think that interactive media address archaic, cognitive models in us, in other words thought patterns that were programmed into our biological memory a very, very long time ago and can be elicited through interactive media. +and this is really incredible, because people actually believe that this advanced technology which you come into contact with there, that it transports you into the future, but in fact the future is in us, in our archaic roots. +so what are archaic models? +i wrote down four keywords and would like to explain them briefly. +archaic models are models that we adopted in pre-industrial times. +intrinsic to these archaic models is the fact that we have a principally natural relationship with virtuality. +that might sound unusual at first. +i will clarify this in a moment, however, and will attempt to prove by an experiment, that you, too, do have a natural relation to virtuality. +and the second aspect is that since we because of these archaic models, we are certainly able to talk in a very, very visual manner, although we use a codified language today. +and the third area speaks for itself really. +we all know that interactive media is, by definition, non-linear, which involves the negation of linearity, and which of course tells us that we consider linearity normal today. +the fourth point is that we see history as a place where information is passed on. +but how is it with with virtuality, which is actually the most natural thing in the world? +i would like to prove that to you. +how many doors does the house you live in have? +we you wouldn't be able to answer that spontaneously, but the following would happen and is happening at this very moment. +in your mind, you are walking through the house where you live, and are seeing how many doors there are. +that is exactly what you are doing. +you are virtualising the reality without a computer. +fantastic, isn't it? +at the media campus, for example, we are attempting to render virtual reality in our virtual reality laboratory, but we have actually always been capable of this. +and this this ability to virtualise the virtual reality was something that people in pre-industrial times bitterly needed, because they didn't have anything. +they didn't have books, after all. +and they didn't have photolithography. +they didn't have mass media. +the only thing they had was their mind. +and in this mind they had memory. +in this mind knowledge was retrieved, and with the help of these virtual images, the imagination, knowledge was was passed on too. +and that's why it is so strongly rooted in us, this ability to deal with virtuality. +the interesting thing about this is that i can make a short trip. +yes, that's possible. +the interesting thing about this is that at this moment the human was simultaneously the media producer and medium. +now let's take that a step further. +what is the media today? +you will notice that a change has taken place. +but i'll come back to that in a moment. +a crucial tool in information brokerage has always been stories. +shamans, priests, so-called keepers of knowledge, were specially assigned to preserve knowledge in stories. +and today we are still very, very dependent on stories. +according to the author of the book the storytelling animal, jonathan gottschall, we still spend one thousand nine hundred hours a year on the reception of stories. +that means that once a child has reached the the the age of legal majority, it has spent most of its life receiving stories. +now we think that our love of stories is based on the fact that we sat in the lap of our parents. +no, no, that's way off. +that goes back a lot further, to the pre-industrial cultures. +what is particularly impressive in the area of interactive media is the fact that we've anchored the ability to think in a non-linear way in our biological memory. +i brought along an example of the north american tribe of the nootka indians. +they live lived in the coastal region of british columbia. +and as you can see, this is an area that is full of islands and so the people had to somehow navigate through there, from island to island, to find food. +and they did this using so-called lead maps. +perhaps you've heard of that already, if you have any interest in that, in connection with the australian aboriginals. +they have similar principles. +they don't have lead maps, but used so-called songlines, or dreampaths +and the interesting thing about that is that the navigation and the topography of regions could be depicted through songs. +and for them language had inferior importance. +that means they navigated through the use of sound and rhythm. +and these sounds and this rhythm depicted the geology and topography of a region and that of course also made it possible to defragment these songs and rearrange them so that you could move to the left and the right and could also return to the starting point. +why do we no longer sing to get from a to b from above? +at least not to navigate. +what what happened there? +what happened is the the so-called machine age. +before this, we were in the so-called age of feudalism. +then the machine age happened and the book and then we had photolithography. +and what happened is that we transferred the responsibility for our memories and the the production of our individual memories to external media. +to the book and to the image. +the consequence of this is that we've unfortunately lost a good deal of our ability to virtualise. +virtuality has suddenly become something alien to us +and has nothing more to do with reality. +bruce brown, a famous design researcher at brighton university, went so far as to say that mass media and he means books and images, not tv, the internet etc. which is what we would define as mass media today that these mass media have turned our memories to stone and have eroded our ability to virtualise. +let's make a short provisional appraisal. +from the age of feudalism to the to the machine age. +what has an influence on our on our thinking and our ability to remember? +those are the declining influences of the pre-industrial cultures. +and they will they have been increasingly overwritten during the course of the centuries by the influences of the machine age. +that means that instead of having individual memories, we have standardised, widespread patterns of memories, onto which we can attach our personal memories. +we no longer produce. +we have an abstract an abstracted language. +we no longer imagine the thing in images things in images, but codify them through language. +we've got used to things happening in a linear fashion. +and we've accepted linearity as the law and there are only exceptions, such as non-linearity. +what's left is storytelling. +we're still extremely attached to storytelling as a method of information brokerage. +the question is, what will come next? +we had the age of feudalism, we have had the machine age and we are now stepping into the so-called cyber age. +that sounds very spacey and like science fiction, i know. +but the concepts of the cyber age, they are returning these these possibilities to rediscover our abilities. +this is about virtuality, about non-linearity, about storytelling. +i'd like to explain that a little more. +there are technical concepts such as “augmented reality ”. +so if you think of the google glasses for example, then that's one of those concepts that allows us to combine the virtual world with the real world again, and so that means our affinity for virtualisation, of experiencing the virtual as something normal and natural, is being addressed again. +another example is so-called virtual reality as crazy as that may of course sound in the context of my presentation, we are physically moving in non-existent, virtual worlds there, according to the example of the holodeck. +and other another example are the ambient, intelligent systems. +those are spaces that are able to react to a human intelligently. +all that calls for the ability, our fundamental ability to accept virtuality as a real living space. +to finish, i brought along, and i hope the video works, a very, very beautiful project, which are the final bachelor's projects by michael burk, ann-kathrin krenz, joris klause and jan-moritz müller. +the last two mentioned are also present today. +perhaps you could just briefly stand up, so people can talk to you about the project during the break if they want to. +i brought this project along as an example to illustrate how these archaic, cognitive models are being addressed again. +the whole thing is a game, i must add. +which of course very much accommodates for storytelling, and it's a computer game. +and when i say "computer game", you probably are imagining a number of persons people jumping around in front of some game consoles or perhaps you see yourself playing about with a some game console. +in any case, you imagine it happening inside. +this is a game for outside. +and it was expressly designed to enable me to discover the outside world, to rediscover the real world. +and this game connects the virtual world, so the data the data space that we produce, with the real world. +i'm sorry i have to keep this so short. +you can explain this much more elaborately later on, as there's more much more to this. +the point of the game is that i discover a city by looking at which places have been mentioned positively or negatively on twitter. +and so i can have a very different view of the city, a very different impression, because i see negative and positive zones of a city and, in this way, have a very different, virtual map of a very real city. +we can take a look at that now. +ah, what you can see here, sorry, is a short explanation of what we're about to see. +of course this virtual world exists within the walls of our cities, that's obvious. +using a kind of torch, we can make these virtual worlds visible. +right, i'd like to summarise my my presentation by stating that the characteristics and abilities that we acquired during the age of feudalism, and which went a little lost during the machine age, that they can be reactivated with the help of the so-called cyber age and so that we can, in this way, actually go back to our roots rather than the future through complex, technological, new products. +thank you. +yes, i'm very happy to be here. +i was just asked whether this sack is a talking sack and will talk for me. +it won't. +i'll be revealing what's inside of it in a moment. +but for now i'll just keep up the suspense. +yes, children are or should be naturally curious, and so are designers. +i'm a designer from birth, so of course i deal with the subject of curiosity and how curiosity in turn transforms our thinking, and why we perhaps lose our curiosity and need to give it a jolt et cetera. +that's a whole series of things you're concerned with besides your existence as a designer. +when professors become curious, they are often shoved into a research semester. +and that's happened to me these last six months. +a research semester on the topic natural user interface design. +now you'll be asking yourself why all these designers are starting to concern themselves with such natural, archaic prototypes of communication, interaction, etc. +and now i'll hold up one of these little devices, because things are supposed to become increasingly intuitive, increasingly natural, more user friendly, and then you have to look at what we humans consider natural, what we consider user friendly or intuitive. +and against that background, within the area of natural user interface design, so the next generation of the interaction between humans and computers in the i mean in the relationship between humans and computers, i looked into how our tools, or how the computer has successively transformed itself from a calculator to a digital assistant. +so i looked into when things are natural and intuitive. +perhaps we should take another look at this. +why does this happen in the first place? +so if we look at the development of our society, summarised briefly here, we are moving from the third to the fourth social generation, or social form. +from the modern to the computer society. +each society is characterised by one primary medium. +in the beginning there was the tribal society, characterised by language. +that means people related to each other because they spoke the same language, they were able to communicate with each other, move into the same cave or another place together, build cities and villages and basically created this tribal society. +but the primary medium was language, something very natural, and very lively. +it was something you had to learn, as no small child can naturally talk, but we learn it successively and relatively naturally. +that was then replaced by the classical age and the first type of abstraction. +that was a massive outcry at the time, because of course it was when the lively language started to manifest itself in writing, meaning that i took something fluid and alive and started to carve it in stone and so manipulate it. +depending on how and when i carve, a very different kind of coverage comes into being compared to when someone expresses it in a lively form, so to speak. +but gradually the written form became the primary medium, and gained a foothold. +then the next generation came, which is where we're still primarily at. +that's the medium of print with gutenberg and others. +that was also an affront at the time, where the gentry, clergymen and others said: have you gone mad, if the people start to read, they'll want to have something to say and that would be totally fatal of course. +and now we're going into the next generation and the exciting thing about it is that a transition into a new generation only happens every few hundred years and so we're really in this in this phenomenal phase at the moment, the fact that we're experiencing it. +of course it totally confuses us, because on the one hand we're seeing this new media, socil social media, facebook etc. +with its complete transparency, which is the new kind of thinking that clashes with the old kind of thinking: don't say that there's now horse meat in the lasagne and not beef or other phenomena, because i want to cover that up and not confess to it. +and these two worlds, the old and the new ways of thinking, are clashing with each other at the moment. +the exciting thing about this is that when you look at it, this new society, this computer society, you can see that many mechanisms, principles and archaic patterns of thought have been taken from from the tribal society. +but now it's not on the local level, but on the global level. +we've understood that weather is global. +that the theme of ecology is a global theme. +not, if i am environmentally aware here on the local level and the neighbour is less environmentally aware, the whole thing will no longer work. +that means the local village has turned into a global village with the same principles: as natural as possible, as intuitive as possible, but also with complete transparency. +just like when people in the village used to know who is having an affair with whom and when, now it's happening with the extension of ourselves through mobile end devices on a global level. +we're accumulating our knowledge on a global level and we're accumulating it increasingly quicker and better, for example. +just like it used to happen in the village. +against that background i looked into what this means, what is still natural to us, what have we perhaps forgotten, and what is instinctive for us, so what difference does it make? +because people often come and ask, can't you make it more user friendly, so that anybody can use it? +so you have to examine what that means, and not only change it so that it's different, because it needs to be improved too. +and to see when something is intuitive of course and how i, as a designer, can have influence on this and design things in such a way that they are a user friendly, so as intuitive as possible, because then the things are fun and easy to use. +so even while studying, you deal with the topic of perception and perceptual psychology. +and of course that's something where you start and look and say, okay, let me look into the inner self. +and how does it look in there? +and how do we function, when we look in there? +and what does intuitive mean and how do our channels of perception work and how does cognitive processing work? +like steve jobs once said: you need to dig deeper to understand how it works. +so you really have to go into detail, if you want to make something user friendly or intuitively manageable, and what does that mean fundamentally. +and there you see that, that people a our seven senses, most people think we only have five, but today there are seven officially recognised senses, and in the near future the next, the eighth sense will probably be added to it and as an extension of ourselves again. +and to see how we process information, how do we absorb information? +and just to say, what is information? +information is every difference that makes a difference. +many people use the word but don't know what it means in detail. +but i have to have a fundamental understanding, to essentially understand when information becomes information, when data becomes information and when, in turn, information becomes knowledge, so that i know how to later make things as intuitive or naturally manageable as possible. +and of course how design affects perception. +we can see that here, when i design things, then i can design them in a confusing way, as you can see here on the right, where i can't tell which one is salt and which one is pepper, or i can basically design them intuitively, by showing things. +so a lot more naturally, and though they're in a container, i can directly see which one contains salt and which one contains pepper. +and if i say to someone, pass me the salt or the pepper, they'd have to first think about what's in what with the right one. +with the left they'd just intuitively grab it and then pass me the salt, as it hopefully won't be sugar. +but our perception, how it deceives us too. +for example perception in this context. +the right circle looks bigger than the small one, even though it isn't at all, they're actually equally big, and yet our perception changes, depending on the context we place things in. +does anybody know what this is? +come on. +pattern recognition should also work. +here here it's more likely to turn into my glasses. +so it's a circle. +a second circle is starting to correlate or associate a certain similarity. +and if i then place a half oval next to it, we suddenly no longer just see a unit, which is the circle, the circle and, yes, we see a unit, and no longer three parts, one circle, one circle, another. +this is called a law of design or gestalt psychology, which in turn affects our perception. +for the designers it is important, they usually have it in the first term, those great laws of design. +the law of proximity, the law of of continuity, etc. +they are usually forgotten by the third term. +but it's an essential component, if you want to design things as intuitively as possible. +the next phenomenon that is also very interesting is sight. +that might sound mundane at first, but it's exciting, once you take a closer look at it. +so we have our eyes at the front and now you think we see from front to back. +that's wrong. +first you see from back to front. +because you project an assumption that you're seeing something you recognise to the front, such as a circle. +that means we first project what we see before we actually see it, then we bring that to the back into our seeing machine, and then we say, okay, +i have this cognitive feedback, you projected something you want to see. +and that's what's there, and comes back again. +then it goes back to the front, because the back doesn't trust the front and says, now take another look and make sure that what you see is also what you want to see. +and then it goes back to the back and it's not until then that whatever it is is actually seen. +so it's a very, very exciting process, how the sequence of certain things is and the span of milliseconds in which these things happen. +i don't know if any of you know this image. +the same thing that i just described is now happening. +everybody is now trying to recognise something in this pattern. +i don't know who recognises what. +does anyone see anything specific? +a dalmatian, exactly. +once you've seen that that that you can see a dalmatian in this, you know it. +you'll never forget it again, because i'm showing where the dalmatian is. +now you see the dalmatian. +and, what's more, you'll now always see it. +that means i've corrupted you to the effect that you no longer see patterns in it, and i've conditioned you, within a very short time, to keep seeing this dog in this obscure image. +and that's the projection of seeing, feedback, seeing. +now i know it and project the fact that i'm seeing a dalmatian to the front. +then i see the dalmatian. +so these are really exciting processes, which take place accordingly in this, well, it's not really a grey area, but in this rose-tinted area. +does anyone know what three seconds are? +a long time, yes. +that's our present. +so it's always interesting to know as a designer. +if i know something takes three seconds, until i slide from the present into the past so to speak, then i am well capable of bridging waiting times, in that he in that i keep someone occupied for three seconds. +he will have to process that as the present. +then it will turn into the past and, in that way, i can bridge waiting times at the computer for example in a very elegant way, if i know this phenomenon. +what takes twenty-five milliseconds? +yes, milliseconds. +another very exciting phenomenon. +it's the time it takes to fall in love with someone. +that means, attention, now you know that, pay attention to how long you look at someone, because i will not be held responsible for what might happen. +and sixteen milliseconds, also a very exciting phenomenon. +that's the period of time it takes to form most perceptions we have. +that means the first impression comes to us at an extremely high speed, the way we perceive things. +and the way we see things, what we pay attention to and how we guard ourselves against our environment so to speak, so that we can consider it accordingly. +of course designers don't only look at the topic of perceptions and neural processes or cognitive ergonomics, but primarily at the topic of the relationship between man and object of course. +so how do humans deal with certain objects. +on the one hand there are the practical functions in terms of product language, so formal aspects or formal aesthetic aspects. +there are indicator functions, where i know exactly where i have to look. +but there are also symbolic functions; why does someone spend such horrendous sums of money on such a little bag that you can hardly fit anything into, even when it's not very practical? +we're more on the symbolic, on the semantic level there, something we designers are also preoccupied with. +going back to my actual topic natural user interface and the topic that's behind that is usability of course. +usability always means how can i reach a goal as soon as possible or how can a user reach a goal in a certain user context in an as effective, efficient and satisfying way possible. +that's what the norm says. +how can i make something as user friendly as possible? +can i handle it directly or do i need a manual or a correspondent training. +and then it's less usable or user friendly. +making it differently or prettier doesn't mean it's easier to use. +that's something we have to understand. +and if you look at some of the software in those terms, then you'll understand why ninety-nine percent of today's software is less intuitive or not instantaneously usable, including the ipad in many areas or the iphone, although it's already a lot more intuitive than classical software. +intuitive usability didn't start to become an elementary economic factor, an elementary success factor, when apple appeared on the scene, if i wanted to make technological devices usable for people. +why? +because, as a rule, we can reach our goal five times faster on average, for example, through this new type of usability, so natural user interfaces. +you need to imagine that in the following way, if you do something with classical software and take five hours to do it, then you'd only need one hour to do the same thing with this new type of natural software. +that probably doesn't mean that you can go home four hours earlier, but that your employer or whoever will think of something else you can do with those four hours. +but what i want to say is that for us it is of course accordingly an increase in efficiency, to manage to do certain things. +if we go back to the area of software, here you see the first command line interfaces, which were very abstract, and it took months to understand how to handle these systems. +then came the next ones, which already worked with a neural model or mental model, as software ergonomists say, because you'd have a conception of something, a metaphor, a metaphor of a desktop, to make the computer usable. +so no more zeros and ones with cryptic codes, but a metaphor. +that made the whole thing considerably more user friendly, but of course it could still be a lot better. +the next generation of graphic user interfaces already works with behaviour a lot more. +so, as a designer, i design behaviour much more much more often than appearance. +that's also a paradigm shift. +that i can suddenly that the appearance is becoming increasingly irrelevant for success, and usability is becoming an application. +and if i go a step further in these natural user interfaces, where i can control things via voice, speech, touch and gesture rather than a mouse and cursor, then i am even faster and more immediate. +but that also takes me to the question as to at what point things become more intuitive? +if they become more intuitive and then i have to rough-handle my little friend here again and see what that means from the point of view of cognitive ergonomics, when is something really intuitive? +and that's for us humans, something is intuitive when there's an as little as possible a need to think about it. +so apparently humans don't like to think very much, they want to make things relatively simple for themselves. +the less i think about something so to speak, the more intuitive it is. +and what does that mean to a designer? +it means that when we can see that we can transfer existing performance models onto something else, for example the metaphor, then i can make use of that as a designer. +that means i can transfer an intuitive, human performance model onto a software and can so make the software considerably more user friendly. +that poses the question as to what is actually the most intuitive performance scheme that we humans have and now i've already given it away. +it's the so-called osit model. +we all use it, and osit is an acronym that stands for orient, select, inform, transact. +every one of you is doing this the whole time, but you're doing it unconsciously and, well, pretty intuitively and also instinctively in part. +the model already takes shape while you're still in your mother's womb and it's intercultural, so it functions worldwide among young and old, and is used by us the whole time, without most people knowing that this model is present. +osit in itself is used by us fifty to seventy thousand times depending on the activity, it was ascertained that when you sleep it is strained less than in the day. +i can transfer this performance model orient, select, inform, transact to an interaction system. +and this kind of transferal, much like the metaphor of the desktop, but no longer a metaphor of a physical object, but a metaphor of a pattern of action, a principle of action. +and that's on a higher grail of user friendliness than the transferal of a classic metaphor, which is the one of the desktop. +and if i now transfer this, if i let orient take shape as an overview, select as a selection, inform in the case that it comes up close to me, and i can look at in detail, and yes, transact means i can put it somewhere or send someone or do the shopping, etc., +and then i can transfer the whole thing. +i'll try to do that using an example. +everybody was having some cake earlier. +overview: i'm interacting with the object so to speak, can zoom back out, zoom in. +i get the entire overview, can filter this and can say, now show me all the things with chocolate, for example. +and suddenly i have an interface that is considerably more intuitive and natural. +because the fact that i can grab hold of things like these little pieces, that i can touch them and they come to me, is considerably more natural than when i am able to make these things accessible via hierarchically organised websites or other mechanisms so to speak. +imagination is more important than knowledge, and i'd like to close on that sentence a and again give the advice that designers must also think differently to arrive at new solutions, and so i thank you warmly for your attention and please. +i'd like to reintroduce you to a particular aspect of curiosity. +firstly, when you are growing up as a child, as a baby, the thing you are interested in is which what sort of excretions you have, right? and depending on whether your parents have allowed you to more or less play with your potty and stir its contents, your curiosity is of course awakened. +and curiosity can't be learned. +that's why all the people who are here are actually people who have a characteristic that can't be learned. +my objective is to transform this entire discussion about the environment, the end of the world, forty years of the-club-of-rome, into quality. +and there's one central point here. +and that has to do with phosphorus. +give pee a chance. +every day you release + you release in the region of two grams of phosphorus and every day you have to absorb two grams of phosphorus. +otherwise you couldn't have teeth. +and you wouldn't be able to save energy. +you wouldn't be able to have bones. +we'd only be able to float in the earth's seas as amorphous molluscs. +if, in fact, we couldn't absorb and release phosphorus. +incredibly enough, we we are dealing with something here that would be a matter of course, but isn't at all. +because everybody's talking about energy, but nobody's talking about the phosphorus problem. +the phosphorus problem is much more critical. +we are dependent on two countries. +we only have phosphorus for two years and phosphorus mining worldwide is already emitting a lot more uranium into the environment than the amount that is used in all nuclear plants. +in the last twenty years alone, fifteen thousand tonnes of uranium was put onto our fields in germany. +and we absorb all of it. +it causes leukemia in children. +and we think we're protecting the environment when we do a little less damage. +so, for example, protect the environment, drive the car less. +protect the environment, produce less rubbish. +protect the environment, consume less energy. +but that's not protection. +that's like saying, protect your child, hit it three times instead of five. +it's just a little less destruction. +if that's our thinking from from the cradle to the grave, then our our entire planet will become a cemetery sooner or later. +that's why we need to think from cradle to cradle. +and the most important thing is to look at is the soil first of all. +the ground stores over sixty percent of the planet's carbon. +at the moment we're growing corn and losing between eleven and thirty kilograms thirty tonnes per hectare, if you were to calculate it per square metre. +that means we're losing five-thousand times more than what is formed in the soil. +of course we can look at the issue of waste first of all. +and everything is either the packaging or the contents. +in offenbach, for example, twenty percent of the amount of waste produced by households consists of nappies. +and as we get older, the nappies get bigger. ++ that is they're all in the pre-nappy stage, so to speak. +right? +one a baby needs about six-thousand nappies. +we can reduce that by ten percent of course, but what difference would that make? +china can make up for that in one second. +it's entirely insignificant. +so the question is, how should we deal with nappies? +here we have a the proof, by the way, that humans are not pigs. +i'd like to tell you why. +because with pigs, phosphorus is released in their solid components faeces. +with people, it is released in the urine. +yes. +so humans can't be pigs. +that proves it, doesn't it? +traditionally, in the discussion about the environment, there is the belief that there are too many of us on this planet. +and if you deny people the if you deny people their existence, if you say, it would be better if you weren't here at all, people become grabby and hostile. +and so you have someone like al gore, one of our great heroes, saying: there is nothing more important than stabilising the human population. +in israel people say, if you save a human life, you're saving the world. +on our end we say, the more people you get out of the way, the better. +yes. +the first question is, are there really too many of us? +if you look at ants, the weight of ants on the planet, then ants weigh four times as much a people. +i could also mention termites, but in the usa nobody likes termites, although they're vegetarians. +so ants weigh more than we do. +and because they work so much harder physically than we do and only live for three to six months, their weight, their energy consumption amounts to that of thirty billion people. +that means there are not too many of us, we're just too stupid, you see? +and when you see how far removed we are from what we wanted to and could achieve, and how sad we are to be on this planet in the first place, you can understand why offenbach, for example, has a program to be climate neutral by twenty forty, right? +you can only be climate neutral if you don't exist, you see? +that's your only chance. +have you ever seen a climate neutral tree? +have you? +just one single one? +that means our entire intelligence amounts to us wanting to be more stupid than trees, you see? +you see? +there is not one single tree that is carbon neutral. +thankfully, right? +there's no problem with overpopulation among trees. +there are still six hundred billion trees in the amazon forest alone. +of those have you ever heard of overpopulation of trees? +so all of our intelligence amounts to us wanting to be dumber than trees. +and then you see that even something like demeter, the strictest organization for organic yes agriculture, doesn't allow for our own metabolic waste to be returned. +every year we lose about three tonnes of phosphorus, which should really be circulated. +and so there are too many of us. +just because of that. +that means we feel so guilty on this planet, that we say, there is no organic agriculture, no bioland, no nature-et-progrès or whatever they're all called, that permits our own excrement to be put back into the cycle. +isn't that sad? +and that means there are too many of us. +it certainly makes sense to cause less damage when it comes to the use of oil. +but where are we of use? +we try to minimize our ecological footprint, but the point is to have a big footprint that's of use. +we want to be good for society, we want to be good for the economy, but when it comes to the environment, the most honourable thing for us would be to not be here at all, right? +zero emissions, you see? +you can only have zero emissions if you don't exist. +even if you were to shoot yourself now, you'd still have emissions. +so you can't solve that. +we can do it differently. +we can win back our nutrients. +with the agriculture we practice in brazil in which we win back nutrients. +this is a very direct way to get back nutrients in agriculture. +we do it in china for example, where we directly take the waste produced from it. +in in china a a chamber pot is still called a honey pot, you could say, right? +and in our western world we were always too stupid to bring back our nutrients. +this means that the entire history of western civilization is characterized by the city always just taking, and never giving anything back to the farmers. +so the cities had to keep on growing, as the farmers were moving into the cities and the cities had to get their nutrients from increasingly distance places. +that's why all western empires just kept on expanding until they couldn't manage the infrastructure anymore and then they imploded. +you see? +it was different in china. +they managed to have a civilization for five thousand years on end, as they were always able to return the nutrients. +even today, if you get invited to dinner in china, people expect you to stay on after the meal until you need to use the toilet. +because it's unfriendly to go and take the nutrients with you. +you were you were invited to dinner, not to steal nutrients. +that means you can see how to win back nutrients on the internet. +the nice thing about that is that when you do that, so when you practice agriculture, generate biogas, on one hectare of land with five thousand inhabitants in the favelas, a farmer can earn about one thousand five hundred dollars and maintain the plot with it, raise chickens and pigs and ducks and grow vegetables and farm fish. +and the great thing about it is that the crime rate in the favelas goes down by over ninety percent. +so we don't have to keep an eye on the people to make sure they do as little evil as possible. +we can support them in doing good. +that's high-tech agriculture of course, but the plots take care of themselves. +the side product is clean water. +and they're designed in such a way that a farmer can farm them easily. +that means the rate of crime goes down. +and none of these plots, and we've built over one hundred fifty of them in the last twenty years, none of these plots was every sabotaged. +it would be easy to just throw a litre of waste oil onto it and the plot would be ruined for years. +that doesn't happen. +that means we do not need to keep an eye on people so that they do as little evil as possible. +we can support them in doing good. +so we must get the phosphorus back. +and by the way, if you want to get active, write this down, in germany the most suitable purification plant is the one in frankfurt. +unfortunately not the one on offenbach, but perhaps you can give the frankfurters a hand. +because the plant in frankfurt would be the best at winning back phosphorus. +and it must go back. +we can see that phosphorus is really critical. +and we can see that it can be done. +in holland we've been working on this for over three years now. +the dutch government has stated that it will be the first country worldwide to win back phosphorus. +but we need this everywhere. +you see, there are two countries that control almost seventy percent of the phosphorus reservoirs worldwide. +there's the opec, a a bunch of amateurs. +it consists of twenty-six member countries that control forty percent of all the oil deposits. +and oil will be able to be replaced by other energy sources. +but phosphorus will not be able to be replaced. +that's why the point is not to to make what already exists a little less bad, but to do something right. +and it's the first question to ask is what is right. +so it's about effectivity, not efficiency. +in holland it's easier to understand this, because holland built the country on flowers. +you see? +imagine your your wife is sad, because you upset her, and you turn up with fifty roses. +totally inefficient. +but totally effective, right? +or take lipstick. +a woman in germany swallows about six point three kilos of lipstick in her lifetime. +whereas. +and that scientifically speaking, that's not not exactly correct, because because we don't know how much is kissed away. +but i can tell you, even in this light, that lipstick is totally inefficient, but very effective, you see? +a all the beautiful things in life are inefficient. +so that's why we're not talking about resource efficiency, but effectivity. +to ask yourself, what is the right thing to do? +not burning the biosolids a little more, storing them and losing all the materials for the cycles in the incineration plant, but asking oneself, how do you close cycles? +imagine mozart being efficient. +right? +if i invite you over for dinner and i say: yes, we're having a pill with offenbach taste and a glass of water to go with it. +wonderful, right? +that's efficient. +everything that's nice in life is not efficient. +when you fall in love with someone, efficient? +yes? +that means that everything that counts in life is not about saving, avoiding, reducing. +the whole environmental discussion. +we tell people, oh well, you people in the south are not environmentally aware. +no, throwing away is exactly the right thing to do, right? +everywhere where you throw something away, from, well, you create new living potential. +but the wrong things. +if you throw the wrong things away, you have a waste problem. +to what we're thinking from a northern perspective. +every footprint is disadvantageous there. +when you go running, right, every footprint destroys the ground. +because the soil will the moss dies and the the wind and water wash away the soil. +but if you're in italy, every footprint means the water will remain in the field for longer. +so it's about leaving leaving a large footprint, which will turn into wetland. +not guilt management. +we say sustainability in germany. +right? +but if i would ask you, how is your wife? +what would you say? +sustainable. +then i would say, my warm condolences, you see? +that's just about the minimum. +so not saving, abstaining from, avoiding. +every bit of waste is a nutrient. +and a pleasure too, if you look at how people in italy throw out a can of coca-cola from their car window. +that's a funny occurrence, you know. +it's a type of territorial behavior, right? +you can show that you were there. +but with the right design, please. +we've designed an ice cream wrapping, for example, which turns into liquid at room temperature. +you can throw it anywhere you want. +in two hours it's biodegraded, wherever it is. +and it contains seeds of rare plants, so that when you throw it away you're contributing to biodiversity. +that means that in doing so, we are being useful, not harmful. +so two cycles are created. +of course not everything should be compostable. +a tv or a washing machine, those are things you just use, you don't expend them. +only things that are subject to wear and tear, such as shoe soles, brake coverings, car tyres, they have to be made in such a way that they go back into biological systems. +things that are only used go into technical systems. +but today we're just talking about biological systems. +right? +let's take sneakers for example, right? +direct advertising, and not necessarily for the company puma, but to help this company make these products successful. +because we don't we no longer make things free of stuff. +right? +so if i invite you to dinner and say, this is free of chicken, that doesn't help you at all. +no, we define what's inside. +positively. +so not like a detox. +there's nothing poisonous in it. +everything that's inside can be utilized. +these are the first shoes with which you make a jackrabbit start at the pedestrian lights and the rubber sole can go into biological cycles, okay? +it's all compostable all of it. +and if we manage to do it, we'll of course manage to do it for adidas, for nike, for hennes and mauritz and the whole textile industry. +and half of the wastewater problem worldwide is caused by the textile industry. +so you're helping out there, just ask the people. +hey, puma, do you are you really serious? +because they changed their chairman of the board of directors twice now. +and i'm not so sure they're going to stick with it. +so give me a hand here. +it is possible though. +yes. +that which i just presented to you. +it's possible. +today we can make things in such a way that when they show wear and tear, when they break, they can go into biological life cycles. +there are also technical cycles. +there's the a direct returning system for this. +it's the first biological rucksack, truly, that was made to be returned into the life cycle. +that too, so you can get back those things in any shop. +if you think about it, right? +remember those nappies again? +if at the moment they're waste. +these nappies are everywhere practically. +in those countries where people have money. +they're on the rubbish tips, but also elsewhere in the landscape, right? +if we change the plastic, so it can go into biological systems, if we change the water tank, inside, so they can go back to a cellulose base, you'll be able to plant one hundred and fifty trees in israel or tunisia with one baby. +right? +if you just take these these nappies, shred them, sterilize them and take the powder to plant trees with it. +that makes the baby carbon-positive for its whole life, right from the beginning. +so we don't need to be climate neutral, we can be climate-positive. +it's about making a beneficial poop print. +yes, so to speak. +right? +we can do that. +we can re-invent things all over again. +i founded an institute with this in mind. +today, it has many employees and they can all get involved. +there's also an extra association, the cradle-to-cradle-institute, where everybody can get involved. +so no more saving, abstaining from, avoiding, reducing, no more guilt management, but intelligent waste. +does that make you curious? +thank you. +the work of the interpreter. +music as language. +in the description of my presentation, it is written that i, as an interpreter, see myself as a translator, in the english sense of the word. +interpreters are translators of the written notes in resounding music. +everybody who has anything to do with foreign languages knows that a translator can't just simply render a text in another language word for word, but must also understand the deeper meaning of the words and the context in which they appear, so that a meaningful translation can occur. +translating from german into english can already demand more knowledge, especially if it if one has to if it's the translation of literature or even poetry. +what we musicians do with our musical language is very alien to non-professionals. +as an interpreter of a piece of music i only have the musical notes at first. +now you probably think that the composer, when writing down the notes, already includes everything they've thought of. +in reality the notes are very vague and imprecise. +these notes are about as precise or imprecise as the verbal description of a landscape, even if that might seem extremely precise. +because you can't smell the flowers in the verbal description of a landscape, you can't guess the shade of green, you can't hear or feel the whispering of the wind. +this means that the interpreter must translate these imprecise indications in the language of notes into a different, which is to say an audible, concrete, non-verbal musical language. +today i'd like to verbally translate what i usually translate into music, or interpret. +so you could call it the translation of a translation. +that's why i prefer to do it all in german, because if i'd have to translate it into english, that would be like the translation of the translation of the translation. +the so, music functions a lot like spoken language in my opinion. +the annotated notes have the function of the letters of a language. +so it's not enough to just be able to read notes and find the according keys on the piano or the right position on a violin string. +those would just be the letters you learned to write. +you don't recognize the sense behind the letters until you know the language. +so you need at least as much time to learn a music musical language as you do for a spoken language. +there are different grades here, for example if you are just learning it for use at home, whether you only understand it passively or whether you can also actively speak it, all the way to the musical native speaker. +the work of the interpreter starts off much like the work of a theatre director. +once you've selected a piece to play, because you love it, you first look into the background of the composition's creation. +you collect information about the piece in secondary literature. +you read letters, diaries, notes, whether any words or thoughts were expressed by the composer themselves. +you study works that have been composed before or after. +you make comparisons. +the reasons for writing it. +how and what did they feel? +what were their life circumstances, how were the society and the politics of the time? +all that interests me. +you imagine the time by looking at images or reading literature from that period. +after a while, you already have a vast reservoir of knowledge surrounding the composer as an interpreter, and you listen to them regularly, and so it becomes easier and easier to understand and feel with the composer. +the composer increasingly becomes like a friend you're living with. +their desire to write the piece increasingly becomes my own desire to play the piece. +as the note is anything but a precise indication of the desire of a composer, and is, rather, a framework, i will now utilise this framework to fill it with sense and meaning. +then i will say, in my own words, what could be written within this framework. +i play to explain what these tones might have meant. +what they mean to me now, what they meant to the composer at the time and what they might have meant to them now. +every note, every phrase is thus given a sense, because i feel it myself, because it comes from what i've personally experienced. +it has to make sense in the here and now, otherwise i won't convince my audience that this is my desire. +it always makes for a happy concert when i have the fortune to experience the piece anew, even though i've been working on it for so long in advance. +it's like experiencing a happy new day afresh, even though you go through the same rituals, getting up, having breakfast, going to work, i experience the same piece anew again and again. +i'm a day older, the seasons change, my pulse is slower in the evening than it is in the morning, in a concert hall it takes longer for the reverberation to return than it does at home. +i'm aware of the breathing of the audience, consciously or unconsciously. +all this influences me and influences my experience of the composition. +it's also really wonderful when i'm on stage with my musical other half and we're on the same wavelength. +then the same thing happens as when you have a good, stimulating conversation. +you introduce a new idea and this is answered instantaneously with a reaction. +it's exciting, because things happen that we didn't practice and we aren't able to practice. +it's great fun to make music in this way, and you as the audience experienced how music communicates in a lively way. +in this way, every concert is a different concert. +i will never again play as i did in this moment. +i won't be able to play like i do today in twenty years. +i will have more life experience than today and so my musical palette will have many more nuances of color, of emotions and feelings than it does now. +sure, i will have thrown some colors away too, but i will have added new ones to take their place. +i have a nice, concrete example to illustrate this. +it happened at a piano course for music students given by my beloved old teacher professor jürgen ude, a well-known beethoven specialist, concert pianist and longstanding professor at the conservatory here in stuttgart. +i was much too young at the time unfortunately, so he had already retired before i finally started studying. +but i had the good fortune to meet him at a very young age, when i was thirteen, and so i always attended his courses while i was at school. +i was seventeen when i took part in a course of his and played the last of chopin's four ballads, one of his later works. +he asked me what the preamble to this ballad was in my opinion. +it's a solemn part. +and, being young, i said, expectation. +he smiled and said, oh? +that must be our difference in age. +because to me it means memory. +he was over sixty at the time. +well, at seventeen you still have dreams, but no significant memories. +today, i play this piece every few years and it's always transformed for me, even though not a single note has changed. +it's exciting every time, because i read something new in it every time. +another example from a very different field. monet painted his waterlilies an infinite number of times. +it's always the same garden, but at a different time of day, in a different light. +he translated the waterlilies differently, the way he saw them, the effect they had on them at that particular moment. +his personal impressions of the waterlilies. +a piece of music that is interpreted for the umpteenth time is comparable in this way. +now i am also older than chopin when he wrote the piece at thirty-two. +he only lived until the age of thirty-nine. +and it's important to me to always take a look at the notes, even if i think i know them by heart. +to maintain the dialogue, directly with the composer. +because the notes are the only direct connection to him. +especially if he's already dead. +so how do you start speaking the language of music? +like i said, you need about as much time as you do for a spoken language. +usually you first learn to read notes in music lessons. +you practically first learn to read before you speak an a word. +you learn to find the tones on the instrument that go with the notes. +when you then move all your fingers at the right time and in the way the way it is written in the notes, then tones come out, which, together, sound like music. +once it's played free of mistakes, the student gets their next piece to learn, which is slightly harder. +beginners' classes hardly talk about interpretation. +well, so it says presto at the top, so that's a fast piece. +lento, slow. +the loud and soft symbols, f and b, etcetera. +most people here have heard of them. +but even if you implement these indications, it still just remains something technical. +and it still isn't an interpretation. +i'm surprised. +i'm surprised that people often forget something very elementary. +which is that to make music on an instrument one's own musical action and feeling needs to be there in advance. +which is singing. +a child who has not learned to sing, because the parents never showed them how to, will not start singing on its own. +it's like learning to speak. +it's necessary to have one's own experiences and idea of music to then make it resonate through a further possibility, which is an instrument. +people who have never sung consequently never directly felt with their own body what it's like to create a tone. +to form a phrase with one's own breath. +the music instrument is an extension of our own body. +we use our vocal chords to to sing, and our hands and feet to dance. +so the hammerheads in the piano are the extensions of my fingers. +the melody is created through what's being sung and rhythm is created through dance. +the constant flooding of music today is not very beneficial there. +you no longer need to make music yourself when you're bored. +you no longer need to whistle or sing a song. +all one's own music is destroyed because you're constantly being bombarded by music from outside of yourself. +sure there are some of you who will say, yes, but what do you do if if you can't sing? +then i ask you this, can you not sing, a, because you think you can't sing? +or b, because you didn't learn how to sing? +in both cases, it's not too late to start, to find out whether you might not after all be able to sing, or to learn how to properly use these little muscles that attune the vocal chords. +because you can train that. +or c, because you were told that you aren't suitable. +then my question is, how professionally competent was this diagnosis? +did you get a second or third opinion, as people call it so nicely nowadays? +or d, you simply don't like music and therefore want nothing to to do with it. +which i would very much regret, because music is a lovely, communicative thing. +but perhaps someone just needs to change your mind. +well, but this shows you, in any case, nobody has to be hopeless candidate. +but please don't say, i don't understand a thing about classical music. +i can't say whether it's good or bad. +then my answer is, but i'm sure you can say whether you like it or not. +because i don't think anyone will say, i don't know whether i like the taste, because i can't cook. +so, you don't abstain from food just because you can't cook. +so you don't need to abstain from listening to classical music because you don't play an instrument. +listen consciously and say whether you like its taste or not. +whether the music is too peppery or sweet for your taste. +say what you feel. +with time, you will have demands and will want to have more spices in it or will even be able to notice certain fine details. +why do i demand from my audience that they listen actively? +because music is a language and music is there to communicate something. +a work of art that is never looked at will never gather the strength to have an effect. +one should eat the food that is lovingly cooked by a cook, not just look at it or pass on the recipe for it. +so please listen when music is played. +it is not only a nice wallpaper made of noise. +when a child grows up in an environment where the adults actively make music or at least actively listens to music, it's very easy for a music teacher to ask, what color is your flower? +can you play it in blue now? +and the child will play, after thinking for a moment. +and it will sound completely different from before. +that would be the very beginning of their own musical expression. +so the first step towards an interpretation. +and what happens when you play a piece today that was originally written a hundred, two hundred or even three hundred years ago? +instruments have developed. +there was no keyboard instrument such as the piano in bach's time. +it just hadn't been invented. +i think bach would have been very enthusiastic if he'd had the tonal possibilities that today's modern pianos have. +i can make bach's tonal ideas sound on a modern grand piano in such a way that a baroque harpsichord was not able to. +of beethoven we know that he listened more once he'd already gone deaf. +today a modern orchestra can play anything that was rejected as unplayable at the time. +that's why composers depend on us interpreters to reinvent the pieces again and again. +so that what they had only conjured up in their minds becomes listenable. +and also anything they would conjure up in their minds today. +or anything that i imagine because they might have thought. +thank you. +do you know what envy is? +were you ever envious? +and how did you feel? +terrible. +i have a friend who drives a passerati. +when i turn up in my little vw clunker and park next to it, i get this feeling. +something shoots through my head. +i say, ulf, why do you need such a big car? +it will lose half of its value in one year. +and anyway, you work a lot less than i do. +why do i have to get such a small car? +and then it comes to me straight away, it's unfair. +it goes against justice. +and when i say the word justice, this feeling disappears. +our organism has come up with an excellent method to make unpleasant feelings like envy simply disappear. +you can also try it with words like revenge or acquisitiveness and the like. +i would like to explain this mechanism to you today and make it a little more accessible to you, though you're probably quite familiar with it on an unconscious level. +the mechanism comes from the lie. +but don't think of a lie you might have heard when people say, nobody has any intention of building a wall. +and then they start piling up stones so your view is blocked. +a lie like that shows you that the liar himself doesn't believe what he says. +and it's easily proven that he has something entirely different in mind. +he's only deceiving you and not himself. +no, the lie i'm talking about is one where you're deceiving yourself. +you need this lie to keep this sham, this self-deception, upright. +this is harder to check or bring down. +you need time. +an anecdote you might know talks about this time. +the spanish painter pablo picasso once painted a portrait of a woman. +the woman then complained that the portrait didn't look anything like her. +picasso's answer, just wait and see. +it will start to look more and more like you. +at this point and if you're laughing, you'll recognize how important this lie is and how much time you need to experience what artists are very good at telling us. +because artists have a distorted relationship to the lie. +the artist tells you something, and especially this woman, that she can't see if she just looks in the mirror. +the artist is conveying something you can only get to know once you've looked at the work of art again and again. +then that unpleasant feeling that it couldn't look anything like you and will start to look more and more like you. +here you have this mechanism, with which we can use the lie as a grandiose invention to stabilize our living conditions. +and this turns up not only in art, but also in folktales, folktales, in in mythology, in stories. +perhaps you know this idea of the lady who looked at herself in the mirror every day and said, who is the fairest of them all? +one day this mirror says, yes, there is someone fairer than you. +over the hills and all that. +and you also know how much hostility arises from this piece of truth, for the mirror can't lie, from this piece of truth. +but we should just realize that you can't tell a woman that there's a more beautiful one somewhere else. +it's necessary to always use what you would call political correctness here. +we need this lie here, to keep the deception upright, without which we wouldn't be able to go on living. +we don't only have such amazing lies in art and folktales, but also in science. +and here there's this story about the wife of the bishop of worcester. +she heard about this book by charles darwin, the origin of species and the descent of man. +that humans are supposed to have descended from apes and that, yes, there is at least one ancestor shared by both humans and apes. +then she ran ran to her husband and said, surely what charles has written is not true. +that the human descended from apes and we have a shared ancestor. +no, no, that's not possible. +and if it is, we should prevent people from finding out about it. +why do we need to prevent people from finding out something that is true? +because we can't live our lives without this lie. +because we want this self-deception, this feeling of being brilliant, descended from the highest beings, not from that natural level, from something as unpredictable as an organism that exists much like a stone and other such things, that's unbearable for us. +so we can't bear these things. +we have to prevent people from finding about things, especially when they're true. +to show you how slowly this mechanism disappears and to illustrate the traces it leaves, which lead to something other than this grandiose image of ourselves, i would like to share another story with you. +a particularly nice story, in my opinion. +my wife told me it. +one day she came back from her school, she's a teacher, and she told me about one of her pupils. +an autistic pupil. +she likes him a lot, because he has the tendency to be forthright. +and she asked him, so what are your hobbies? +and then he said, well, i'm with the fire brigade. +and because i'm with the fire brigade, i'm interested in pyrotechnical things. +yes, you'll sense it if you're feeling a little nervous at this point, something is not quite right. +i told my wife, whenever a person uses the word because to morally justify something, we should try to replace it with the word although. +you do this and then you'll see the sentence, although i'm with the fire brigade, i'm interested in pyrotechnical things. +you sense that that ‘ s the actual truth behind the sentence. +a young lad like that, he's not interested in putting out fires. +he's interested in setting fires. +but there are no associations to look for where you can learn how to make a fire. +there's only the second best option, which is the fire brigade. +that's where he signed up. +and moreover, you don't tell your teacher that you like to set fires and are happy when the fire flares up. +no, it simply looks a lot better when we show that we're responsible for removing the danger that others create when they set a fire. +here you have this little mechanism. +this this hint at the fact that the boy knew, deep within, that his connection is really with the fire, but that he can't say that out loud. +here you have the censor between the unconscious and the conscious, which switches on immediately before you can do anything about it, and which shapes things you know look very different in such a way that they might sound a lot better for you and others. +in this way certain words come into being that we also use again and again in the language of political correctness. +we know that something else is really true. +but we know that if we were to say that out loud, social relationships will be sensitively disturbed. +we can't just do that. +it is impossible to present such things in a society that is supposed to function. +i'd now like to present to you what we found out at our institute. +according to which logic do we disseminate this deception, this self-deception, this willingness to present a reality that's different from the reality we know is valid in our unconscious minds? +i would like to present to you two, perhaps three examples to illustrate this. +the first example works with the presumption of something many of you know and some of you value, and only very few of you don't need at all. +i'm talking about the soul. +what is the soul? +the soul is something mental, leibniz said. +it does not have a tangible, material nature. +and when you are with people who are firmly convinced that you have a soul, or, you might say, who believe that the soul brought us to life, then imagine something along these lines: the soul is an incorporeal framework around you, and it's not material, and you are just made of flesh and blood, are solid, so to speak, bound to the earth, ephemeral, subject to decay, insignificant, dead really. +and now you see the soul as having something of a cloud like nature, an airy nature, it's called anima in latin, being like a breath of air. +and when this breath of air pours out onto a human, the human is filled with dignity, with mind, with nature that can only live with a soul. +and then it can leave you. +that's how people imagine the soul works. +that it comes to the human from outside. +we are supposed to view it as something that must be present in our lives. +and if you think of this condition, then you'll understand the logic behind the joy we feel when we can improve the world through a lie. +because now you can implement a rule of three. +you'll remember the rule of three from school. +this is a rule of three, which describes a logic to us. +this, by the way, is the most complicated part of my presentation. +you'll need some logic here, but also the willingness to lie. +namely to lie in such a way that you can simply implement this logic in the wrong way. +this rule of three contains three theorems. +the first theorem is, klaus claims there is no soul. +the second theorem is thus, if klaus is right, then he doesn't have a soul. +now we have the third theorem. +i highlighted it here. +a third theorem which will turn up in people who have a strong attachment to the idea of a soul. +they will say, a person who has no soul is dead and can't claim anything. +so you sense it already. +here this logic is expressed in this deceptive discourse. +you see it straight away. +the first two theorems are logically correct. +i can claim anything. +logic does not make any statements about reality. +i can say, the german chancellor is a man. +and if i'm right, then the chancellor is a man. +if i'm not right, then the chancellor is not a man. +logic does not make any statement about what is valid. +i can claim anything. +what is decisive, if i'm right, then it's valid. +so when klaus says, there is no soul. +secondly, if he's right, then he doesn't have a soul. +these things are logically correct. +and now our deceptive consciousness immediately senses, i can do something with this. +so it attaches a third theorem to it, that has nothing to do with the first two theorems and only acts as if the opposite of the first theorem had already been proven and given priority. +because we'd really have to prove whether the soul exists or not. +but with this logic, which just uses the fact that two theorems are logically correct and attaches a third one, which looks like it has something to do with the others, we can save our lie. +so we act as if it were impossible to live without a soul. +and we're very happy about it. +we can apply these things to other examples. +at present at we have a very modern example, which is repeatedly an item in the daily newspapers. +here you have to keep another philosophical theme, a philosophical slow-burner, close to hand. +that has to do with us going back to the fourteenth +century. +there was a scholar called jean buridan, and buridan's ass was named after him. +buridan's ass is an ass that is made purely of nature. +it doesn't have this soul. +it's a natural thing. +and if you put it exactly between two equally big haystacks, it will starve. +because it doesn't know which haystack it should go to first. +so it's right in the middle. +that's how things of nature are imagined. +two equally large forces with opposite signsnatures will cancel each other out. +nothing will happen. +only if you come with a different example, so as soon as you make one haystack bigger than the other, then he doesn't need any sense or anything else. +he'll automatically go to the right thought. +if you imagine this, that in nature you are somehow driven, determined by the larger haystack that immediately attracts you, you will also quickly have the feeling that there must be something like a free will. +and as we're here in frankfurt am main, i'll remind you of the max -planck-institute for brain research. +there's a scholar there, his name is wolf singer, and sometimes people say, wolf singer claims, there is no free will. +now we can come up with the second theorem and say: if wolf singer is right, then he has no free will. +these theorems are absolutely logical and correct. +and now the thing you can almost read daily in the papers is what you find in this third theorem. +it looks something like this, somebody who does not have free will cannot be held responsible responsible for his actions and claims and is thus of unsound mind. +here you have it again. +really, you'd have to prove, first of all, whether there is something like a free will. +but the logic of deception allows us to act as if the first theorem were false from the start, so of course you'd have accept the opposite without any proof. +and now you can simply, if you want to test something for yourself and especially if you want to make people happy, practice this courage to lie. +practice it when you meet a person and then say, there are no predictors. +and don't use the german word for predictors, which would be prophet. +you mustn't say that, because that would be a little politically incorrect. +say, there are no predictors. +you'll immediately hear the following from someone who thinks it's a matter of course that there are predictors, you can't prove that. +and you'll have a problem right away. +because while you are busy telling yourself that you can't prove that there are no predictors, your counterpart will be very happy. +he'll be very happy because he's deceived you. +because he led you down a path he's not on himself. +because this person is not interested in evidence at all. +he's only interested in keeping himself free of the necessity to prove that there are predictors. +so through this mode of passing on the burden of proving something you are experiencing the brilliance of the lie. +and if you have another opportunity to enact this rule of three with another person, do it, because you will make other people happy when, in doing so, you don't remind them of their self-deception. +thank you for your attention. +yes, hello. +i took the liberty i asked lilly, if it would be okay to mention her. +she's one of the organizers of this wonderful event and asked me to hold a presentation and present my idea. +i must honestly say, and you witnessed this, i found it hard to talk about my idea at first. +and she said i should perhaps present my island project, which i will try to present to you. +but of course it's the sum of a whole load of ideas. +i probably belong, are those two friendly girls still here, i probably belong to the generation that created this bad ecological image, because i already started to study engineering at the technical university in karlsruhe in nineteen seventy nine, i think it's called kit today. +and then i went to berlin in the mid-eighties because i wanted to study renewable energies and they didn't have that in karlsruhe. +there was the leopoldshafen nuclear research plant. +they were all called kfas at the time, the place in jülich was also called a kfa. +today they're called project executing organizations. +because a good engineer either built great cars or nuclear plants. +but something stupid like a solar pendulum, which has an output of something like one hundred watt per square metre, that was a toy. +and in berlin there was this crazy engineering collective. +i'm grateful to the person behind premium cola that he rehabilitated that word again, because after the wall came down nobody was allowed to use that word, because everything left-wing was bad. +but it wasn't like that in the eighties. +at that time, there were self-governing companies and one of them was in kreuzberg in mehringhof, where people thought evil took place. +a terrorist place, but it was was called wuseltronik and it made wind and solar power and that's where i started out in the mid-eighties. +and yes, a lot of what is said today really moves me, because many, many nice statements were made, which i also was part of. +i worked in the collective for eleven years, it was based on a grassroots democracy. +we were a group of twenty people. +if one person said no, there was the veto principle, which was totally demoralising, for ten years, i i had grave doubts as to whether i was perhaps really wasting my great engineering degree on something ridiculous, also because all my father's colleagues had told him, you wasted your money on your child. +he's wasting his time on nonsense. +and that was really very, very bitter and then you end up in one of these phases just now you saw that image with don't give up written on it, where i asked myself after ten years, whether the one thousand deutschmark it was at the time, the basic pay, a uniform pay in the collective of course, whether that was really such a great thing. +and then i stuck to it until nineteen ninety six and then i became the co-founder of the company solon together with friends, which then became one of the biggest cell manufacturers in the world together with the spin-off q-cells. +a huge success story, but there too we have the problem of a growing company and then in two thousand and six, we, a small group, decided that we would start small again and go back and would dedicate ourselves to the next topic of the future, which, in my opinion, and in our opinion, and it's crazy again, it starts with people saying, what's this nonsense about, that won't work. i'm talking about storage. +i've brought along a project i'd like to introduce to you. +the title of the presentation was, how to reach one hundred percent renewable energies. +and we started asking with a relatively simple and crazy story where you could implement a reservoir wisely today. +on this island, that's the island graciosa on azores. +yes, here is the data. +four and a half thousand people live there. +they have a renewable energy share of fifteen percent at the moment. +the question is, why don't they have more? +because technologically it's just not possible. +if they use more wind power and start building everywhere, the system will start to fail. +that's what i always tell the politicians, when they look at our plant in berlin-adlershof. +they then also say, why? +we have twenty percent in germany. +that can't be a problem. +but that's not true, we have seven percent in europe and our network is, if you look at it physically, the european one. +if we had twenty percent in europe, we'd immediately have the same problems the people on that island have. +the question is just, calculate that was in two thousand and six, the first contact started with the island, so just work that out. +how big would a battery like that actually have to be to get to twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, maybe even seventy percent renewable energies. +and yes, i'll move on a slide. +the conventional system looks like this all over the world. +by the way, about one hundred gigawatts electrical output on diesel fuel basis is added in the world per year. +that's equivalent to the output of one hundred nuclear power plants, because it is converted particularly quickly. +the world's hunger for energy that we are seeing is relieved with diesel fuel, because you don't need a license for it. +it goes fast. +you put a box like this over there. +and that generally looks like this. +in it, there are always three diesels running, two are always maintained. +yes, that's what a what you see at the bottom is the load. +we were given very accurate data. +and the wind power plant or the solar power plant or whatever it is is generally a back-up system, or a system that can only feed into the network in small quantities. +our objective was to simply say, okay, +the diesel will be the back-up and the wind, the sun will serve the load in such a way that they can form the bigger part. +and if you want to exceed twenty, thirty percent renewable energies, you have to switch off diesel. +that means that at that moment you have to see to it that the renewable energies can take over the entire network. +of course you can only do that if you're being managed here somehow. +nobody on this planet has done that in this way. +it exists on a small scale, so you can use your shaving machine in the car via a small power inverter. +people always ask me, what are you researching in adlershof all the time? +that is doable. +but if you want to hook up several of these power inverters and they are supposed to construct a network, it becomes highly complicated. +and our aim was, we wanted to reach seventy to ninety percent renewable energies and then this remainder is still here, the last remainder, the last ten, twenty percent renewable energies with, that will will be very, very expensive and generating this from batteries won't work either. +that will definitely be an energy carrier which will be hydrogen methane, power to gas you know alr, that's what it will be. +you will then rather have to go to a seasonal reservoir and balance out winter to summer and not only day to night. +we just wanted to know what would happen with a normal, run-of-the-mill electrochemical battery. +how far would you get with that? +and then we tried out a whole load of simulations. +and we simulated wind and sun and the load, and the result, a very exciting result, was that compared to the conventional system, which needs a medium electricity price of about fifty cents per kwh after twenty years, you'd arrive at about forty-four cents. +those were the first calculations six years ago. +and then we said, okay, +that's great, then we have a business model. +we're cheaper than the diesel system, if the price of diesel rises by five percent a year. +and then we started negotiating with the islanders. +what needed to be done? +we negotiated with investors, i looked for new shareholders. +we were only a group of five people at the time, that could that could rebuild the organisation. +and here you have the graphic again. +the brown bit is the conventional system so to speak, the green bit is our system. +the fact that our system has an increase in price is due to the fact that we still use twenty percent diesel fuel and a control of the price increase doesn't break through to the other things. +and the power utility, which which the electric utility on the island, said they think it's great. +they said, we want to support it, but we don't think you can solve the technical problem. +and that's why we decided to build a hall in berlin, where we could precisely reconstruct, so to speak, the electrical ratio of the island on a one to three scale. +that means we first looked for the biggest battery in the world. +here it is. +naturally it's from asia, in this case from japan. +and funnily enough it was developed at the bbc mannheim, called abb today, in the seventies, and was then licensed to the japanese. +it is you can see that it's a very, very big battery. +it has a megawatt output and can keep up that output for six hours and it's the battery that we came up with in the technical simulation. +and then presented. +we also brought one of these diesel aggregates to the hall, in the same size as it is there, for the complete dynamic behavior of this network to actually be, so in the hall it looks like this now, the diesel is behind it, here's the big battery, here are all the converters, with which we simulate the network. +over here we simulate the entire transmission guidance system, the cable's kilometer physics, to illustrate the vibration behavior, so to speak, in the network. +and here can you see the whole thing again. +we can also add a photo voltaic output of two hundred kilowatt + to the network. +we can see it again here we can see the diesel again here, and all the individual aggregates here. +and what we did, the hall was completed in two thousand and nine, and until today, two thousand and twelve, we developed practically everything that could be developed electronically and in terms of software between the individual systems. +so we're not battery manufacturers, but define ourselves as a company that stands between the theme of the battery and the theme of the network and everything else that lies between the two. +you have to be able to cater for the battery of course, and for the network, and that is very complicated. +the nice thing about this topic is that on this island, you can basically anticipate all the problems we will have if we want to increase our share of renewable energies. +so this whole discussion as to how things will be moved, the energy revolution, how to bring that about, on the island, for example, we have twenty-five-thirty percent excess energy, so we have to limit the wind and sun. +of course this lends itself to a smart grid. +smart grids are a hot topic at the moment everywhere. +we can start integrating electro-mobility on the island already, and to ask around whether the load can be managed. +that means that if you're at seventy percent renewable energies, then you won't be able to do that without a reservoir. +you can heed the share by using one of these smart grids, by developing the networks, yes, that should definitely be done, but you'll never be able to do without the reservoir completely. +and that's kind of the message. +that's why many people come and look at it, because you can see what problems will arise. +if we turn off the diesel, then you will no longer have this rotating mass, which causes a certain amount of idleness in the network. +and our european energy grid basically consists of rotating masses of large power plants, where the axle always revolves around the whole of europe. +we look into this network, see the fifty hertz, and if it turns into forty nine point nine hertz, we start to open a few small valves, then a little more steam can enter, and then it goes up again. +that's the system. +and of course that's incredibly slow. +if you put that down somewhere, it takes a while. +the spinning reserve has at least ten seconds to keep the network stable. +and in that time you can react differently. +if you don't have this rotating mass anymore, then you have to replace it with power electronics and electro-chemistry. +and with this battery we can switch it on and off once for two milliseconds. +so you see what enormous potential for speed there is here. +and so the message is this, we have to make do without these rotating masses, if we actually want to reach our goal of twenty, twenty, twenty percent, twenty, thirty, thirty percent etc. +and then we have to decrease our must-run capacities in the network. +must-run simply means the power plant is running too to keep up the frequency. +yes, this is a huge debate at the moment, additional construction of coal-burning power plants, because otherwise we wouldn't have, or gas turbines, because that's not possible. +and we're just trying to demonstrate that we can decrease the capacities, the must-run capacities, by putting electrochemical reservoirs in the network too. +thankfully many studies are being carried out on this topic. +and to this purpose people always come and look at our experimental equipment on the, basically our testing equipment on the island. +and yes, the discussion always revolves around how much of the future you can anticipate. +and many discussions i had in the last six years were similar to the discussion i had in the last thirty years regarding photovoltaics. +you can't do it, it's nonsense, a plaything for kids, we calculated everything, it will never add up. +we have thirty gigawatt of photo-voltaic power in germany. +that's exemplary. +and i simply assume that we'll have the same capacity of electrochemical reservoirs in the whole world for the next thirty years. +it's simple, that's what will happen. +there will be a whole load of resistance and arguments. +the nice thing is that i've experienced that scientists have been joining my side in the last couple of years. +we've been given over ten million funded projects, also to attach a ten-megawatt battery to the german network. +that will take place next april. +so you're noticing a change is taking place, from a defensive attitude to to well, to the idea, one hundred percent renewable energies is right. +and when you have one hundred percent renewable energies, then it's like a self-sufficient system. +up till now the following is always argued in discussions, these islanders are becoming self-sufficient, they have their own little network, which has nothing to do with our joint network. +the the question is simply, if they become completely independent from whatever fossil or nuclear fuels which are drilled out somewhere on the planet and are brought to them, then they're an island. +then they'll only be using what is available in terms of sun and wind where they live. +and that is kind of our vision of sensible energy use and i am grateful to the cradle to cradle institute that they said, use solar power. +and that's what we're doing, and so in this sense we're coming together, also if you look at the presentation by premium cola, that it's okay to be a collective and use solar power. +and yes, well, i'd just like to motivate you, in the sense that it's fine to be a bit crazy and have a vision. +and you really have to stay pretty firm while doing so, but i think it's it's possible. +thank you. +one day, los angeles times columnist steve lopez was walking along the streets of downtown los angeles when he heard beautiful music. +and the source was a man, an african-american man, charming, rugged, homeless, playing a violin that only had two strings. +and i'm telling a story that many of you know, because steve's columns became the basis for a book, which was turned into a movie, with robert downey jr. acting as steve lopez, and jamie foxx as nathaniel anthony ayers, the juilliard-trained double bassist whose promising career was cut short by a tragic affliction with paranoid schizophrenia. +nathaniel dropped out of juilliard, he suffered a complete breakdown, and 30 years later he was living homeless on the streets of skid row in downtown los angeles. +i encourage all of you to read steve's book or to watch the movie to understand not only the beautiful bond that formed between these two men, but how music helped shape that bond, and ultimately was instrumental -- if you'll pardon the pun -- in helping nathaniel get off the streets. +i met mr. ayers in 2008, two years ago, at walt disney concert hall. +he had just heard a performance of beethoven's first and fourth symphonies, and came backstage and introduced himself. +he was speaking in a very jovial and gregarious way about yo-yo ma and hillary clinton and how the dodgers were never going to make the world series, all because of the treacherous first violin passage work in the last movement of beethoven's fourth symphony. +and we got talking about music, and i got an email from steve a few days later saying that nathaniel was interested in a violin lesson with me. +now, i should mention that nathaniel refuses treatment because when he was treated it was with shock therapy and thorazine and handcuffs, and that scar has stayed with him for his entire life. +but as a result now, he is prone to these schizophrenic episodes, the worst of which can manifest themselves as and then disappearing for days, wandering the streets of skid row, exposed to its horrors, with the torment of his own mind unleashed upon him. +and nathaniel was in such a state of agitation when we started our first lesson at walt disney concert hall -- he had a kind of manic glint in his eyes, he was lost. +and he was talking about invisible demons and smoke, and how someone was poisoning him in his sleep. +and i was afraid, not for myself, but i was afraid that i was going to lose him, that he was going to sink into one of his states, and that i would ruin his relationship with the violin if i started talking about scales and arpeggios and other exciting forms of didactic violin pedagogy. +so, i just started playing. +and i played the first movement of the beethoven violin concerto. +and as i played, i understood that there was a profound change occurring in nathaniel's eyes. +it was as if he was in the grip of some invisible pharmaceutical, a chemical reaction, for which my playing the music was its catalyst. +and nathaniel's manic rage was transformed into understanding, a quiet curiosity and grace. +and in a miracle, he lifted his own violin and he started playing, by ear, certain snippets of violin concertos which he then asked me to complete -- mendelssohn, tchaikovsky, sibelius. +and we started talking about music, from bach to beethoven and brahms, bruckner, all the b's, from bartók, all the way up to esa-pekka salonen. +and i understood that he not only had an encyclopedic knowledge of music, but he related to this music at a personal level. +he spoke about it with the kind of passion and understanding that i share with my colleagues in the los angeles philharmonic. +and through playing music and talking about music, this man had transformed from the paranoid, disturbed man that had just come from walking the streets of downtown los angeles to the charming, erudite, brilliant, juilliard-trained musician. +music is medicine. music changes us. +and for nathaniel, music is sanity. +because music allows him to take his thoughts and delusions and shape them through his imagination and his creativity, into reality. +and that is an escape from his tormented state. +and i understood that this was the very essence of art. +this was the very reason why we made music, that we take something that exists within all of us at our very fundamental core, our emotions, and through our artistic lens, through our creativity, we're able to shape those emotions into reality. +and the reality of that expression reaches all of us and moves us, inspires and unites us. +and for nathaniel, music brought him back into a fold of friends. +the redemptive power of music brought him back into a family of musicians that understood him, that recognized his talents and respected him. +and i will always make music with nathaniel, whether we're at walt disney concert hall or on skid row, because he reminds me why i became a musician. +thank you. +bruno giussani: thank you. thanks. +robert gupta. +robert gupta: i'm going to play something that i shamelessly stole from cellists. +so, please forgive me. +so, i've known a lot of fish in my life. +i've loved only two. +that first one, it was more like a passionate affair. +it was a beautiful fish: flavorful, textured, meaty, a bestseller on the menu. +what a fish. +even better, it was farm-raised to the supposed highest standards of sustainability. +so you could feel good about selling it. +i was in a relationship with this beauty for several months. +one day, the head of the company called and asked if i'd speak at an event about the farm's sustainability. +"absolutely," i said. +here was a company trying to solve what's become this unimaginable problem for us chefs: how do we keep fish on our menus? +for the past 50 years, we've been fishing the seas like we clear-cut forests. +it's hard to overstate the destruction. +ninety percent of large fish, the ones we love -- the tunas, the halibuts, the salmons, swordfish -- they've collapsed. +there's almost nothing left. +so, for better or for worse, aquaculture, fish farming, is going to be a part of our future. +a lot of arguments against it: fish farms pollute -- most of them do anyway -- and they're inefficient. take tuna, a major drawback. +it's got a feed conversion ratio of 15 to one. +that means it takes fifteen pounds of wild fish to get you one pound of farm tuna. +not very sustainable. +it doesn't taste very good either. +so here, finally, was a company trying to do it right. +i wanted to support them. +the day before the event, i called the head of p.r. for the company. +let's call him don. +"don," i said, "just to get the facts straight, you guys are famous for farming so far out to sea, you don't pollute." +"that's right," he said. "we're so far out, the waste from our fish gets distributed, not concentrated." +and then he added, "we're basically a world unto ourselves. +that feed conversion ratio? 2.5 to one, "he said. +"best in the business." +2.5 to one, great. +"2.5 what? what are you feeding?" +"sustainable proteins," he said. +"great," i said. got off the phone. +and that night, i was lying in bed, and i thought: what the hell is a sustainable protein? +so the next day, just before the event, i called don. +i said, "don, what are some examples of sustainable proteins?" +he said he didn't know. he would ask around. +well, i got on the phone with a few people in the company; no one could give me a straight answer until finally, i got on the phone with the head biologist. +let's call him don too. +"don," i said, "what are some examples of sustainable proteins?" +well, he mentioned some algaes and some fish meals, and then he said chicken pellets. +i said, "chicken pellets?" +he said, "yeah, feathers, skin, bone meal, scraps, dried and processed into feed." +i said, "what percentage of your feed is chicken?" +thinking, you know, two percent. +"well, it's about 30 percent," he said. +i said, "don, what's sustainable about feeding chicken to fish?" +there was a long pause on the line, and he said, "there's just too much chicken in the world." +i fell out of love with this fish. +no, not because i'm some self-righteous, goody-two shoes foodie. +i actually am. +no, i actually fell out of love with this fish because, i swear to god, after that conversation, the fish tasted like chicken. +this second fish, it's a different kind of love story. +it's the romantic kind, the kind where the more you get to know your fish, you love the fish. +i first ate it at a restaurant in southern spain. +a journalist friend had been talking about this fish for a long time. +she kind of set us up. +it came to the table a bright, almost shimmering, white color. +the chef had overcooked it. +like twice over. +amazingly, it was still delicious. +who can make a fish taste good after it's been overcooked? +i can't, but this guy can. +let's call him miguel -- actually his name is miguel. +and no, he didn't cook the fish, and he's not a chef, at least in the way that you and i understand it. +he's a biologist at veta la palma. +it's a fish farm in the southwestern corner of spain. +it's at the tip of the guadalquivir river. +until the 1980s, the farm was in the hands of the argentinians. +they raised beef cattle on what was essentially wetlands. +they did it by draining the land. +they built this intricate series of canals, and they pushed water off the land and out into the river. +well, they couldn't make it work, not economically. +and ecologically, it was a disaster. +it killed like 90 percent of the birds, which, for this place, is a lot of birds. +and so in 1982, a spanish company with an environmental conscience purchased the land. +what did they do? +they reversed the flow of water. +they literally flipped the switch. +instead of pushing water out, they used the channels to pull water back in. +they flooded the canals. +they created a 27,000-acre fish farm -- bass, mullet, shrimp, eel -- and in the process, miguel and this company completely reversed the ecological destruction. +the farm's incredible. +i mean, you've never seen anything like this. +you stare out at a horizon that is a million miles away, and all you see are flooded canals and this thick, rich marshland. +i was there not long ago with miguel. +he's an amazing guy, like three parts charles darwin and one part crocodile dundee. +okay? there we are slogging through the wetlands, and i'm panting and sweating, got mud up to my knees, and miguel's calmly conducting a biology lecture. +here, he's pointing out a rare black-shouldered kite. +now, he's mentioning the mineral needs of phytoplankton. +and here, here he sees a grouping pattern that reminds him of the tanzanian giraffe. +it turns out, miguel spent the better part of his career in the mikumi national park in africa. +i asked him how he became such an expert on fish. +he said, "fish? i didn't know anything about fish. +i'm an expert in relationships. " +and then he's off, launching into more talk about rare birds and algaes and strange aquatic plants. +and don't get me wrong, that was really fascinating, you know, the biotic community unplugged, kind of thing. +it's great, but i was in love. +and my head was swooning over that overcooked piece of delicious fish i had the night before. +so i interrupted him. i said, "miguel, what makes your fish taste so good?" +he pointed at the algae. +"i know, dude, the algae, the phytoplankton, the relationships: it's amazing. +but what are your fish eating? +what's the feed conversion ratio? " +well, he goes on to tell me it's such a rich system that the fish are eating what they'd be eating in the wild. +the plant biomass, the phytoplankton, the zooplankton, it's what feeds the fish. +the system is so healthy, it's totally self-renewing. +there is no feed. +ever heard of a farm that doesn't feed its animals? +later that day, i was driving around this property with miguel, and i asked him, i said, "for a place that seems so natural, unlike like any farm i'd ever been at, how do you measure success?" +at that moment, it was as if a film director called for a set change. +and we rounded the corner and saw the most amazing sight: thousands and thousands of pink flamingos, a literal pink carpet for as far as you could see. +"that's success," he said. +"look at their bellies, pink. +they're feasting. " +feasting? i was totally confused. +i said, "miguel, aren't they feasting on your fish?" +"yes," he said. +"we lose 20 percent of our fish and fish eggs to birds. +well, last year, this property had 600,000 birds on it, more than 250 different species. +it's become, today, the largest and one of the most important private bird sanctuaries in all of europe. " +i said, "miguel, isn't a thriving bird population like the last thing you want on a fish farm?" +he shook his head, no. +he said, "we farm extensively, not intensively. +this is an ecological network. +the flamingos eat the shrimp. +the shrimp eat the phytoplankton. +so the pinker the belly, the better the system. " +okay, so let's review: a farm that doesn't feed its animals, and a farm that measures its success on the health of its predators. +a fish farm, but also a bird sanctuary. +oh, and by the way, those flamingos, they shouldn't even be there in the first place. +they brood in a town 150 miles away, where the soil conditions are better for building nests. +every morning, they fly 150 miles into the farm. +and every evening, they fly 150 miles back. +they do that because they're able to follow the broken white line of highway a92. +no kidding. +i was imagining a "march of the penguins" thing, so i looked at miguel. +i said, "miguel, do they fly 150 miles to the farm, and then do they fly 150 miles back at night? +do they do that for the children? " +he looked at me like i had just quoted a whitney houston song. +he said, "no; they do it because the food's better." +i didn't mention the skin of my beloved fish, which was delicious -- and i don't like fish skin; i don't like it seared, i don't like it crispy. +it's that acrid, tar-like flavor. +i almost never cook with it. +yet, when i tasted it at that restaurant in southern spain, it tasted not at all like fish skin. +it tasted sweet and clean, like you were taking a bite of the ocean. +i mentioned that to miguel, and he nodded. +he said, "the skin acts like a sponge. +it's the last defense before anything enters the body. +it evolved to soak up impurities. " +and then he added, "but our water has no impurities." +ok. a farm that doesn't feed its fish, a farm that measures its success by the success of its predators. +and then i realized when he says, "a farm that has no impurities," he made a big understatement, because the water that flows through that farm comes in from the guadalquivir river. +it's a river that carries with it all the things that rivers tend to carry these days: chemical contaminants, pesticide runoff. +and when it works its way through the system and leaves, the water is cleaner than when it entered. +the system is so healthy, it purifies the water. +so, not just a farm that doesn't feed its animals, not just a farm that measures its success by the health of its predators, but a farm that's literally a water purification plant -- and not just for those fish, but for you and me as well. +because when that water leaves, it dumps out into the atlantic. +a drop in the ocean, i know, but i'll take it, and so should you, because this love story, however romantic, is also instructive. +you might say it's a recipe for the future of good food, whether we're talking about bass or beef cattle. +what we need now is a radically new conception of agriculture, one in which the food actually tastes good. +but for a lot people, that's a bit too radical. +we're not realists, us foodies; we're lovers. +we love farmers' markets, we love small family farms, we talk about local food, we eat organic. +and when you suggest these are the things that will ensure the future of good food, someone, somewhere stands up and says, "hey guy, i love pink flamingos, but how are you going to feed the world?" +how are you going to feed the world? +can i be honest? +i don't love that question. +no, not because we already produce enough calories to more than feed the world. +one billion people will go hungry today. +one billion -- that's more than ever before -- because of gross inequalities in distribution, not tonnage. +now, i don't love this question because it's determined the logic of our food system for the last 50 years. +feed grain to herbivores, pesticides to monocultures, chemicals to soil, chicken to fish, and all along agribusiness has simply asked, "if we're feeding more people more cheaply, how terrible could that be?" +that's been the motivation, it's been the justification: it's been the business plan of american agriculture. +we should call it what it is: a business in liquidation, a business that's quickly eroding ecological capital that makes that very production possible. +that's not a business, and it isn't agriculture. +our breadbasket is threatened today, not because of diminishing supply, but because of diminishing resources. +not by the latest combine and tractor invention, but by fertile land; not by pumps, but by fresh water; not by chainsaws, but by forests; and not by fishing boats and nets, but by fish in the sea. +want to feed the world? +let's start by asking: how are we going to feed ourselves? +or better: how can we create conditions that enable every community to feed itself? +to do that, don't look at the agribusiness model for the future. +it's really old, and it's tired. +it's high on capital, chemistry and machines, and it's never produced anything really good to eat. +instead, let's look to the ecological model. +that's the one that relies on two billion years of on-the-job experience. +look to miguel, farmers like miguel. +farms that aren't worlds unto themselves; farms that restore instead of deplete; farms that farm extensively instead of just intensively; farmers that are not just producers, but experts in relationships. +because they're the ones that are experts in flavor, too. +and if i'm going to be really honest, they're a better chef than i'll ever be. +you know, i'm okay with that, because if that's the future of good food, it's going to be delicious. +thank you. +if i can leave you with one big idea today, it's that the whole of the data in which we consume is greater that the sum of the parts, and instead of thinking about information overload, what i'd like you to think about is how we can use information so that patterns pop and we can see trends that would otherwise be invisible. +so what we're looking at right here is a typical mortality chart organized by age. +this tool that i'm using here is a little experiment. +it's called pivot, and with pivot what i can do is i can choose to filter in one particular cause of deaths -- say, accidents. +and, right away, i see there's a different pattern that emerges. +this is because, in the mid-area here, people are at their most active, and over here they're at their most frail. +we can step back out again and then reorganize the data by cause of death, seeing that circulatory diseases and cancer are the usual suspects, but not for everyone. +if we go ahead and we filter by age -- say 40 years or less -- we see that accidents are actually the greatest cause that people have to be worried about. +and if you drill into that, it's especially the case for men. +so you get the idea that viewing information, viewing data in this way, is a lot like swimming in a living information info-graphic. +and if we can do this for raw data, why not do it for content as well? +so what we have right here is the cover of every single sports illustrated ever produced. +it's all here; it's all on the web. +you can go back to your rooms and try this after my talk. +with pivot, you can drill into a decade. +you can drill into a particular year. +you can jump right into a specific issue. +so i'm looking at this; i see the athletes that have appeared in this issue, the sports. +i'm a lance armstrong fan, so i'll go ahead and i'll click on that, which reveals, for me, all the issues in which lance armstrong's been a part of. +now, if i want to just kind of take a peek at these, i might think, "well, what about taking a look at all of cycling?" +so i can step back, and expand on that. +and i see greg lemond now. +and so you get the idea that when you navigate over information this way -- going narrower, broader, backing in, backing out -- you're not searching, you're not browsing. +you're doing something that's actually a little bit different. +it's in between, and we think it changes the way information can be used. +so i want to extrapolate on this idea a bit with something that's a little bit crazy. +what we're done here is we've taken every single wikipedia page and we reduced it down to a little summary. +so the summary consists of just a little synopsis and an icon to indicate the topical area that it comes from. +i'm only showing the top 500 most popular wikipedia pages right here. +but even in this limited view, we can do a lot of things. +right away, we get a sense of what are the topical domains that are most popular on wikipedia. +i'm going to go ahead and select government. +now, having selected government, i can now see that the wikipedia categories that most frequently correspond to that are time magazine people of the year. +so this is really important because this is an insight that was not contained within any one wikipedia page. +it's only possible to see that insight when you step back and look at all of them. +looking at one of these particular summaries, i can then drill into the concept of time magazine person of the year, bringing up all of them. +so looking at these people, i can see that the majority come from government; some have come from natural sciences; some, fewer still, have come from business -- there's my boss -- and one has come from music. +and interestingly enough, bono is also a ted prize winner. +so we can go, jump, and take a look at all the ted prize winners. +so you see, we're navigating the web for the first time as if it's actually a web, not from page-to-page, but at a higher level of abstraction. +and so i want to show you one other thing that may catch you a little bit by surprise. +i'm just showing the new york times website here. +so pivot, this application -- i don't want to call it a browser; it's really not a browser, but you can view web pages with it -- and we bring that zoomable technology to every single web page like this. +so i can step back, pop right back into a specific section. +now the reason why this is important is because, by virtue of just viewing web pages in this way, i can look at my entire browsing history in the exact same way. +so i can drill into what i've done over specific time frames. +here, in fact, is the state of all the demo that i just gave. +and i can sort of replay some stuff that i was looking at earlier today. +and, if i want to step back and look at everything, i can slice and dice my history, perhaps by my search history -- here, i was doing some nepotistic searching, looking for bing, over here for live labs pivot. +and from these, i can drill into the web page and just launch them again. +it's one metaphor repurposed multiple times, and in each case it makes the whole greater than the sum of the parts with the data. +so right now, in this world, we think about data as being this curse. +we talk about the curse of information overload. +we talk about drowning in data. +what if we can actually turn that upside down and turn the web upside down, so that instead of navigating from one thing to the next, we get used to the habit of being able to go from many things to many things, and then being able to see the patterns that were otherwise hidden? +if we can do that, then instead of being trapped in data, we might actually extract information. +and, instead of dealing just with information, we can tease out knowledge. +and if we get the knowledge, then maybe even there's wisdom to be found. +so with that, i thank you. +i grew up on a steady diet of science fiction. +in high school, i took a bus to school an hour each way every day. +and i was always absorbed in a book, science fiction book, which took my mind to other worlds, and satisfied, in a narrative form, this insatiable sense of curiosity that i had. +and you know, that curiosity also manifested itself in the fact that whenever i wasn't in school i was out in the woods, hiking and taking "samples" -- frogs and snakes and bugs and pond water -- and bringing it back, looking at it under the microscope. +you know, i was a real science geek. +but it was all about trying to understand the world, understand the limits of possibility. +and my love of science fiction actually seemed mirrored in the world around me, because what was happening, this was in the late '60s, we were going to the moon, we were exploring the deep oceans. +jacques cousteau was coming into our living rooms with his amazing specials that showed us animals and places and a wondrous world that we could never really have previously imagined. +so, that seemed to resonate with the whole science fiction part of it. +and i was an artist. +i could draw. i could paint. +and i found that because there weren't video games and this saturation of cg movies and all of this imagery in the media landscape, i had to create these images in my head. +you know, we all did, as kids having to read a book, and through the author's description, put something on the movie screen in our heads. +and so, my response to this was to paint, to draw alien creatures, alien worlds, robots, spaceships, all that stuff. +i was endlessly getting busted in math class doodling behind the textbook. +that was -- the creativity had to find its outlet somehow. +and an interesting thing happened: the jacques cousteau shows actually got me very excited about the fact that there was an alien world right here on earth. +i might not really go to an alien world on a spaceship someday -- that seemed pretty darn unlikely. +but that was a world i could really go to, right here on earth, that was as rich and exotic as anything that i had imagined from reading these books. +so, i decided i was going to become a scuba diver at the age of 15. +and the only problem with that was that i lived in a little village in canada, 600 miles from the nearest ocean. +but i didn't let that daunt me. +i pestered my father until he finally found a scuba class in buffalo, new york, right across the border from where we live. +and i actually got certified in a pool at a ymca in the dead of winter in buffalo, new york. +and i didn't see the ocean, a real ocean, for another two years, until we moved to california. +since then, in the intervening 40 years, i've spent about 3,000 hours underwater, and 500 hours of that was in submersibles. +and i've learned that that deep-ocean environment, and even the shallow oceans, are so rich with amazing life that really is beyond our imagination. +nature's imagination is so boundless compared to our own meager human imagination. +i still, to this day, stand in absolute awe of what i see when i make these dives. +and my love affair with the ocean is ongoing, and just as strong as it ever was. +but when i chose a career as an adult, it was filmmaking. +and that seemed to be the best way to reconcile this urge i had to tell stories with my urges to create images. +and i was, as a kid, constantly drawing comic books, and so on. +so, filmmaking was the way to put pictures and stories together, and that made sense. +and of course the stories that i chose to tell were science fiction stories: "terminator," "aliens" and "the abyss." +and with "the abyss," i was putting together my love of underwater and diving with filmmaking. +so, you know, merging the two passions. +something interesting came out of "the abyss," which was that to solve a specific narrative problem on that film, which was to create this kind of liquid water creature, we actually embraced computer generated animation, cg. +and this resulted in the first soft-surface character, cg animation that was ever in a movie. +and even though the film didn't make any money -- barely broke even, i should say -- i witnessed something amazing, which is that the audience, the global audience, was mesmerized by this apparent magic. +you know, it's arthur clarke's law that any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic. +they were seeing something magical. +and so that got me very excited. +and i thought, "wow, this is something that needs to be embraced into the cinematic art." +so, with "terminator 2," which was my next film, we took that much farther. +working with ilm, we created the liquid metal dude in that film. the success hung in the balance on whether that effect would work. +and it did, and we created magic again, and we had the same result with an audience -- although we did make a little more money on that one. +so, drawing a line through those two dots of experience came to, "this is going to be a whole new world," this was a whole new world of creativity for film artists. +so, i started a company with stan winston, my good friend stan winston, who is the premier make-up and creature designer at that time, and it was called digital domain. +and the concept of the company was that we would leapfrog past the analog processes of optical printers and so on, and we would go right to digital production. +and we actually did that and it gave us a competitive advantage for a while. +but we found ourselves lagging in the mid '90s in the creature and character design stuff that we had actually founded the company to do. +so, i wrote this piece called "avatar," which was meant to absolutely push the envelope of visual effects, of cg effects, beyond, with realistic human emotive characters generated in cg, and the main characters would all be in cg, and the world would be in cg. +and the envelope pushed back, and i was told by the folks at my company that we weren't going to be able to do this for a while. +so, i shelved it, and i made this other movie about a big ship that sinks. +you know, i went and pitched it to the studio as "'romeo and juliet' on a ship:" it's going to be this epic romance, passionate film. " +secretly, what i wanted to do was i wanted to dive to the real wreck of "titanic." +and that's why i made the movie. +and that's the truth. now, the studio didn't know that. +but i convinced them. i said, "we're going to dive to the wreck. we're going to film it for real. +we'll be using it in the opening of the film. +it will be really important. it will be a great marketing hook. " +and i talked them into funding an expedition. +sounds crazy. but this goes back to that theme about your imagination creating a reality. +because we actually created a reality where six months later, i find myself in a russian submersible two and a half miles down in the north atlantic, looking at the real titanic through a view port. +not a movie, not hd -- for real. +now, that blew my mind. +and it took a lot of preparation, we had to build cameras and lights and all kinds of things. +but, it struck me how much this dive, these deep dives, was like a space mission. +you know, where it was highly technical, and it required enormous planning. +you get in this capsule, you go down to this dark hostile environment where there is no hope of rescue if you can't get back by yourself. +and i thought like, "wow. i'm like, living in a science fiction movie. +this is really cool. " +and so, i really got bitten by the bug of deep-ocean exploration. +of course, the curiosity, the science component of it -- it was everything. it was adventure, it was curiosity, it was imagination. +and it was an experience that hollywood couldn't give me. +because, you know, i could imagine a creature and we could create a visual effect for it. but i couldn't imagine what i was seeing out that window. +as we did some of our subsequent expeditions, i was seeing creatures at hydrothermal vents and sometimes things that i had never seen before, sometimes things that no one had seen before, that actually were not described by science at the time that we saw them and imaged them. +so, i was completely smitten by this, and had to do more. +and so, i actually made a kind of curious decision. +after the success of "titanic," i said, "ok, i'm going to park my day job as a hollywood movie maker, and i'm going to go be a full-time explorer for a while." +and so, we started planning these and we wound up going to the bismark, and exploring it with robotic vehicles. +we went back to the titanic wreck. +we took little bots that we had created that spooled a fiber optic. +and the idea was to go in and do an interior survey of that ship, which had never been done. +nobody had ever looked inside the wreck. they didn't have the means to do it, so we created technology to do it. +so, you know, here i am now, on the deck of titanic, sitting in a submersible, and looking out at planks that look much like this, where i knew that the band had played. +and i'm flying a little robotic vehicle through the corridor of the ship. +when i say, "i'm operating it," but my mind is in the vehicle. +i felt like i was physically present inside the shipwreck of titanic. +and it was the most surreal kind of deja vu experience i've ever had, because i would know before i turned a corner what was going to be there before the lights of the vehicle actually revealed it, because i had walked the set for months when we were making the movie. +and the set was based as an exact replica on the blueprints of the ship. +so, it was this absolutely remarkable experience. +and it really made me realize that the telepresence experience -- that you actually can have these robotic avatars, then your consciousness is injected into the vehicle, into this other form of existence. +it was really, really quite profound. +and it may be a little bit of a glimpse as to what might be happening some decades out as we start to have cyborg bodies for exploration or for other means in many sort of post-human futures that i can imagine, as a science fiction fan. +so, having done these expeditions, and really beginning to appreciate what was down there, such as at the deep ocean vents where we had these amazing, amazing animals -- they're basically aliens right here on earth. +they live in an environment of chemosynthesis. +they don't survive on sunlight-based system the way we do. +and so, you're seeing animals that are living next to a 500-degree-centigrade you think they can't possibly exist. +at the same time i was getting very interested in space science as well -- again, it's the science fiction influence, as a kid. +and i wound up getting involved with the space community, really involved with nasa, sitting on the nasa advisory board, planning actual space missions, going to russia, going through the pre-cosmonaut biomedical protocols, and all these sorts of things, to actually go and fly to the international space station with our 3d camera systems. +and this was fascinating. +but what i wound up doing was bringing space scientists with us into the deep. +and taking them down so that they had access -- astrobiologists, planetary scientists, people who were interested in these extreme environments -- taking them down to the vents, and letting them see, and take samples and test instruments, and so on. +so, here we were making documentary films, but actually doing science, and actually doing space science. +i'd completely closed the loop between being the science fiction fan, you know, as a kid, and doing this stuff for real. +and you know, along the way in this journey of discovery, i learned a lot. +i learned a lot about science. but i also learned a lot now you think director has got to be a leader, leader of, captain of the ship, and all that sort of thing. +i didn't really learn about leadership until i did these expeditions. +because i had to, at a certain point, say, "what am i doing out here? +why am i doing this? what do i get out of it? " +we don't make money at these damn shows. +we barely break even. there is no fame in it. +people sort of think i went away between "titanic" and "avatar" and was buffing my nails someplace, sitting at the beach. +made all these films, made all these documentary films for a very limited audience. +no fame, no glory, no money. what are you doing? +you're doing it for the task itself, for the challenge -- and the ocean is the most challenging environment there is -- for the thrill of discovery, and for that strange bond that happens when a small group of people form a tightly knit team. +because we would do these things with 10, 12 people, working for years at a time, sometimes at sea for two, three months at a time. +and in that bond, you realize that the most important thing is the respect that you have for them and that they have for you, that you've done a task that you can't explain to someone else. +when you come back to the shore and you say, "we had to do this, and the fiber optic, and the attentuation, and the this and the that, all the technology of it, and the difficulty, the human-performance aspects of working at sea," you can't explain it to people. it's that thing that maybe cops have, or people in combat that have gone through something together and they know they can never explain it. +creates a bond, creates a bond of respect. +so, when i came back to make my next movie, which was "avatar," i tried to apply that same principle of leadership, which is that you respect your team, and you earn their respect in return. +and it really changed the dynamic. +so, here i was again with a small team, in uncharted territory, doing "avatar," coming up with new technology that didn't exist before. +tremendously exciting. +tremendously challenging. +and we became a family, over a four-and-half year period. +and it completely changed how i do movies. +so, people have commented on how, "well, you know, you brought back the ocean organisms and put them on the planet of pandora." +to me, it was more of a fundamental way of doing business, the process itself, that changed as a result of that. +so, what can we synthesize out of all this? +you know, what are the lessons learned? +well, i think number one is curiosity. +it's the most powerful thing you own. +imagination is a force that can actually manifest a reality. +and the respect of your team is more important than all the laurels in the world. +i have young filmmakers come up to me and say, "give me some advice for doing this." +and i say, "don't put limitations on yourself. +other people will do that for you -- don't do it to yourself, don't bet against yourself, and take risks. " +nasa has this phrase that they like: "failure is not an option." +but failure has to be an option in art and in exploration, because it's a leap of faith. +and no important endeavor that required innovation was done without risk. +you have to be willing to take those risks. +so, that's the thought i would leave you with, is that in whatever you're doing, failure is an option, but fear is not. thank you. +i'm going to talk today about energy and climate. +and that might seem a bit surprising because my full-time work at the foundation is mostly about vaccines and seeds, about the things that we need to invent and deliver to help the poorest two billion live better lives. +but energy and climate are extremely important to these people -- in fact, more important than to anyone else on the planet. +the climate getting worse means that many years, their crops won't grow: there will be too much rain, not enough rain, things will change in ways that their fragile environment simply can't support. +and that leads to starvation, it leads to uncertainty, it leads to unrest. +so, the climate changes will be terrible for them. +also, the price of energy is very important to them. +in fact, if you could pick just one thing to lower the price of, to reduce poverty, by far you would pick energy. +now, the price of energy has come down over time. +really advanced civilization is based on advances in energy. +the coal revolution fueled the industrial revolution, and, even in the 1900s we've seen a very rapid decline in the price of electricity, and that's why we have refrigerators, air-conditioning, we can make modern materials and do so many things. +and so, we're in a wonderful situation with electricity in the rich world. +but, as we make it cheaper -- and let's go for making it twice as cheap -- we need to meet a new constraint, and that constraint has to do with co2. +co2 is warming the planet, and the equation on co2 is actually a very straightforward one. +if you sum up the co2 that gets emitted, that leads to a temperature increase, and that temperature increase leads to some very negative effects: the effects on the weather; perhaps worse, the indirect effects, in that the natural ecosystems can't adjust to these rapid changes, and so you get ecosystem collapses. +now, the exact amount of how you map from a certain increase of co2 to what temperature will be and where the positive feedbacks are, there's some uncertainty there, but not very much. +and there's certainly uncertainty about how bad those effects will be, but they will be extremely bad. +i asked the top scientists on this several times: do we really have to get down to near zero? +can't we just cut it in half or a quarter? +and the answer is that until we get near to zero, the temperature will continue to rise. +and so that's a big challenge. +it's very different than saying "we're a twelve-foot-high truck trying to get under a ten-foot bridge, and we can just sort of squeeze under." +this is something that has to get to zero. +now, we put out a lot of carbon dioxide every year, over 26 billion tons. +for each american, it's about 20 tons; for people in poor countries, it's less than one ton. +it's an average of about five tons for everyone on the planet. +and, somehow, we have to make changes that will bring that down to zero. +it's been constantly going up. +it's only various economic changes that have even flattened it at all, so we have to go from rapidly rising to falling, and falling all the way to zero. +this equation has four factors, a little bit of multiplication: so, you've got a thing on the left, co2, that you want to get to zero, and that's going to be based on the number of people, the services each person's using on average, the energy on average for each service, and the co2 being put out per unit of energy. +so, let's look at each one of these and see how we can get this down to zero. +probably, one of these numbers is going to have to get pretty near to zero. +now that's back from high school algebra, but let's take a look. +first, we've got population. +the world today has 6.8 billion people. +that's headed up to about nine billion. +now, if we do a really great job on new vaccines, health care, reproductive health services, we could lower that by, perhaps, 10 or 15 percent, but there we see an increase of about 1.3. +the second factor is the services we use. +this encompasses everything: the food we eat, clothing, tv, heating. +these are very good things: getting rid of poverty means providing these services to almost everyone on the planet. +and it's a great thing for this number to go up. +in the rich world, perhaps the top one billion, we probably could cut back and use less, but every year, this number, on average, is going to go up, and so, over all, that will more than double the services delivered per person. +here we have a very basic service: do you have lighting in your house to be able to read your homework? +and, in fact, these kids don't, so they're going out and reading their school work under the street lamps. +now, efficiency, e, the energy for each service, here finally we have some good news. +we have something that's not going up. +through various inventions and new ways of doing lighting, through different types of cars, different ways of building buildings -- there are a lot of services where you can bring some individual services even bring it down by 90 percent. +there are other services like how we make fertilizer, or how we do air transport, where the rooms for improvement are far, far less. +and so, overall here, if we're optimistic, we may get a reduction of a factor of three to even, perhaps, a factor of six. +but for these first three factors now, we've gone from 26 billion to, at best, maybe 13 billion tons, and that just won't cut it. +so let's look at this fourth factor -- this is going to be a key one -- and this is the amount of co2 put out per each unit of energy. +and so the question is: can you actually get that to zero? +if you burn coal, no. +if you burn natural gas, no. +almost every way we make electricity today, except for the emerging renewables and nuclear, puts out co2. +and so, what we're going to have to do at a global scale, is create a new system. +and so, we need energy miracles. +now, when i use the term "miracle," i don't mean something that's impossible. +the microprocessor is a miracle. the personal computer is a miracle. +the internet and its services are a miracle. +so, the people here have participated in the creation of many miracles. +usually, we don't have a deadline, where you have to get the miracle by a certain date. +usually, you just kind of stand by, and some come along, some don't. +this is a case where we actually have to drive at full speed and get a miracle in a pretty tight timeline. +now, i thought, "how could i really capture this? +is there some kind of natural illustration, some demonstration that would grab people's imagination here? " +i thought back to a year ago when i brought mosquitos, and somehow people enjoyed that. +it really got them involved in the idea of, you know, there are people who live with mosquitos. +so, with energy, all i could come up with is this. +i decided that releasing fireflies would be my contribution to the environment here this year. +so here we have some natural fireflies. +i'm told they don't bite; in fact, they might not even leave that jar. +now, there's all sorts of gimmicky solutions like that one, but they don't really add up to much. +we need solutions -- either one or several -- that have unbelievable scale and unbelievable reliability, and, although there's many directions people are seeking, i really only see five that can achieve the big numbers. +i've left out tide, geothermal, fusion, biofuels. +those may make some contribution, and if they can do better than i expect, so much the better, but my key point here is that we're going to have to work on each of these five, and we can't give up any of them because they look daunting, because they all have significant challenges. +let's look first at the burning fossil fuels, either burning coal or burning natural gas. +what you need to do there, seems like it might be simple, but it's not, and that's to take all the co2, after you've burned it, going out the flue, pressurize it, create a liquid, put it somewhere, and hope it stays there. +now we have some pilot things that do this at the 60 to 80 percent level, but getting up to that full percentage, that will be very tricky, and agreeing on where these co2 quantities should be put will be hard, but the toughest one here is this long-term issue. +who's going to be sure? +who's going to guarantee something that is literally billions of times larger than any type of waste you think of in terms of nuclear or other things? +this is a lot of volume. +so that's a tough one. +next would be nuclear. +it also has three big problems: cost, particularly in highly regulated countries, is high; the issue of the safety, really feeling good about nothing could go wrong, that, even though you have these human operators, that the fuel doesn't get used for weapons. +and then what do you do with the waste? +and, although it's not very large, there are a lot of concerns about that. +so three very tough problems that might be solvable, and so, should be worked on. +the last three of the five, i've grouped together. +these are what people often refer to as the renewable sources. +and they actually -- although it's great they don't require fuel -- they have some disadvantages. +one is that the density of energy gathered in these technologies is dramatically less than a power plant. +this is energy farming, so you're talking about many square miles, thousands of time more area than you think of as a normal energy plant. +also, these are intermittent sources. +the sun doesn't shine all day, it doesn't shine every day, and, likewise, the wind doesn't blow all the time. +and so, if you depend on these sources, you have to have some way of getting the energy during those time periods that it's not available. +so, we've got big cost challenges here, we have transmission challenges: for example, say this energy source is outside your country; you not only need the technology, but you have to deal with the risk of the energy coming from elsewhere. +and, finally, this storage problem. +and, to dimensionalize this, i went through and looked at all the types of batteries that get made -- for cars, for computers, for phones, for flashlights, for everything -- and compared that to the amount of electrical energy the world uses, and what i found is that all the batteries we make now could store less than 10 minutes of all the energy. +and so, in fact, we need a big breakthrough here, something that's going to be a factor of 100 better than the approaches we have now. +it's not impossible, but it's not a very easy thing. +now, this shows up when you try to get the intermittent source to be above, say, 20 to 30 percent of what you're using. +if you're counting on it for 100 percent, you need an incredible miracle battery. +now, how we're going to go forward on this -- what's the right approach? +is it a manhattan project? what's the thing that can get us there? +well, we need lots of companies working on this, hundreds. +in each of these five paths, we need at least a hundred people. +and a lot of them, you'll look at and say, "they're crazy." that's good. +and, i think, here in the ted group, we have many people who are already pursuing this. +bill gross has several companies, including one called esolar that has some great solar thermal technologies. +vinod khosla's investing in dozens of companies that are doing great things and have interesting possibilities, and i'm trying to help back that. +nathan myhrvold and i actually are backing a company that, perhaps surprisingly, is actually taking the nuclear approach. +there are some innovations in nuclear: modular, liquid. +and innovation really stopped in this industry quite some ago, so the idea that there's some good ideas laying around is not all that surprising. +the idea of terrapower is that, instead of burning a part of uranium -- the one percent, which is the u235 -- we decided, "let's burn the 99 percent, the u238." +it is kind of a crazy idea. +in fact, people had talked about it for a long time, but they could never simulate properly whether it would work or not, and so it's through the advent of modern supercomputers that now you can simulate and see that, yes, with the right material's approach, this looks like it would work. +and, because you're burning that 99 percent, you have greatly improved cost profile. +you actually burn up the waste, and you can actually use as fuel all the leftover waste from today's reactors. +so, instead of worrying about them, you just take that. it's a great thing. +it breathes this uranium as it goes along, so it's kind of like a candle. +you can see it's a log there, often referred to as a traveling wave reactor. +in terms of fuel, this really solves the problem. +i've got a picture here of a place in kentucky. +this is the leftover, the 99 percent, where they've taken out the part they burn now, so it's called depleted uranium. +that would power the u.s. for hundreds of years. +and, simply by filtering seawater in an inexpensive process, you'd have enough fuel for the entire lifetime of the rest of the planet. +so, you know, it's got lots of challenges ahead, but it is an example of the many hundreds and hundreds of ideas that we need to move forward. +so let's think: how should we measure ourselves? +what should our report card look like? +well, let's go out to where we really need to get, and then look at the intermediate. +for 2050, you've heard many people talk about this 80 percent reduction. +that really is very important, that we get there. +and that 20 percent will be used up by things going on in poor countries, still some agriculture, hopefully we will have cleaned up forestry, cement. +so, to get to that 80 percent, the developed countries, including countries like china, will have had to switch their electricity generation altogether. +so, the other grade is: are we deploying this zero-emission technology, have we deployed it in all the developed countries and we're in the process of getting it elsewhere? +that's super important. +that's a key element of making that report card. +so, backing up from there, what should the 2020 report card look like? +well, again, it should have the two elements. +we should go through these efficiency measures to start getting reductions: the less we emit, the less that sum will be of co2, and, therefore, the less the temperature. +but in some ways, the grade we get there, doing things that don't get us all the way to the big reductions, is only equally, or maybe even slightly less, important than the other, which is the piece of innovation on these breakthroughs. +these breakthroughs, we need to move those at full speed, and we can measure that in terms of companies, pilot projects, regulatory things that have been changed. +there's a lot of great books that have been written about this. +the al gore book, "our choice" and the david mckay book, "sustainable energy without the hot air." +they really go through it and create a framework that this can be discussed broadly, because we need broad backing for this. +there's a lot that has to come together. +so this is a wish. +it's a very concrete wish that we invent this technology. +if you gave me only one wish for the next 50 years -- i could pick who's president, i could pick a vaccine, which is something i love, or i could pick that this thing that's half the cost with no co2 gets invented -- this is the wish i would pick. +this is the one with the greatest impact. +if we don't get this wish, the division between the people who think short term and long term will be terrible, between the u.s. and china, between poor countries and rich, and most of all the lives of those two billion will be far worse. +so, what do we have to do? +what am i appealing to you to step forward and drive? +we need to go for more research funding. +when countries get together in places like copenhagen, they shouldn't just discuss the co2. +they should discuss this innovation agenda, and you'd be stunned at the ridiculously low levels of spending on these innovative approaches. +we do need the market incentives -- co2 tax, cap and trade -- something that gets that price signal out there. +we need to get the message out. +we need to have this dialogue be a more rational, more understandable dialogue, including the steps that the government takes. +this is an important wish, but it is one i think we can achieve. +thank you. +thank you. +thank you. thank you. +thank you. so to understand more about terrapower, right -- i mean, first of all, can you give a sense of what scale of investment this is? +bil gates: to actually do the software, buy the supercomputer, hire all the great scientists, which we've done, that's only tens of millions, and even once we test our materials out in a russian reactor to make sure that our materials work properly, then you'll only be up in the hundreds of millions. +the tough thing is building the pilot reactor; finding the several billion, finding the regulator, the location that will actually build the first one of these. +once you get the first one built, if it works as advertised, then it's just clear as day, because the economics, the energy density, are so different than nuclear as we know it. +and so, to understand it right, this involves building deep into the ground almost like a vertical kind of column of nuclear fuel, of this sort of spent uranium, and then the process starts at the top and kind of works down? +bg: that's right. today, you're always refueling the reactor, so you have lots of people and lots of controls that can go wrong: that thing where you're opening it up and moving things in and out, that's not good. +so, if you have very cheap fuel that you can put 60 years in -- just think of it as a log -- put it down and not have those same complexities. +and it just sits there and burns for the 60 years, and then it's done. +it's a nuclear power plant that is its own waste disposal solution. +bg: yeah. well, what happens with the waste, you can let it sit there -- there's a lot less waste under this approach -- then you can actually take that, and put it into another one and burn that. +and we start off actually by taking the waste that exists today, that's sitting in these cooling pools or dry casking by reactors -- that's our fuel to begin with. +so, the thing that's been a problem from those reactors is actually what gets fed into ours, and you're reducing the volume of the waste quite dramatically as you're going through this process. +i mean, you're talking to different people around the world about the possibilities here. +where is there most interest in actually doing something with this? +bg: well, we haven't picked a particular place, and there's all these interesting disclosure rules about anything that's called "nuclear," so we've got a lot of interest, that people from the company have been in russia, india, china -- i've been back seeing the secretary of energy here, talking about how this fits into the energy agenda. +so i'm optimistic. you know, the french and japanese have done some work. +this is a variant on something that has been done. +it's an important advance, but it's like a fast reactor, and a lot of countries have built them, so anybody who's done a fast reactor is a candidate to be where the first one gets built. +so, in your mind, timescale and likelihood of actually taking something like this live? +bg: well, we need -- for one of these high-scale, electro-generation things that's very cheap, we have 20 years to invent and then 20 years to deploy. +that's sort of the deadline that the environmental models have shown us that we have to meet. +and, you know, terrapower, if things go well -- which is wishing for a lot -- could easily meet that. +and there are, fortunately now, dozens of companies -- we need it to be hundreds -- who, likewise, if their science goes well, if the funding for their pilot plants goes well, that they can compete for this. +and it's best if multiple succeed, because then you could use a mix of these things. +we certainly need one to succeed. +in terms of big-scale possible game changes, is this the biggest that you're aware of out there? +bg: an energy breakthrough is the most important thing. +it would have been, even without the environmental constraint, but the environmental constraint just makes it so much greater. +in the nuclear space, there are other innovators. +you know, we don't know their work as well as we know this one, but the modular people, that's a different approach. +there's a liquid-type reactor, which seems a little hard, but maybe they say that about us. +and so, there are different ones, but the beauty of this is a molecule of uranium has a million times as much energy as a molecule of, say, coal, and so -- if you can deal with the negatives, which are essentially the radiation -- the footprint and cost, the potential, in terms of effect on land and various things, is almost in a class of its own. +if this doesn't work, then what? +do we have to start taking emergency measures to try and keep the temperature of the earth stable? +bg: if you get into that situation, it's like if you've been over-eating, and you're about to have a heart attack: then where do you go? you may need heart surgery or something. +there is a line of research on what's called geoengineering, which are various techniques that would delay the heating to buy us 20 or 30 years to get our act together. +now, that's just an insurance policy. +you hope you don't need to do that. +some people say you shouldn't even work on the insurance policy because it might make you lazy, that you'll keep eating because you know heart surgery will be there to save you. +i'm not sure that's wise, given the importance of the problem, but there's now the geoengineering discussion about -- should that be in the back pocket in case things happen faster, or this innovation goes a lot slower than we expect? +climate skeptics: if you had a sentence or two to say to them, how might you persuade them that they're wrong? +bg: well, unfortunately, the skeptics come in different camps. +the ones who make scientific arguments are very few. +are they saying that there's negative feedback effects that have to do with clouds that offset things? +there are very, very few things that they can even say there's a chance in a million of those things. +the main problem we have here, it's kind of like aids. +you make the mistake now, and you pay for it a lot later. +and so, when you have all sorts of urgent problems, the idea of taking pain now that has to do with a gain later, and a somewhat uncertain pain thing -- in fact, the ipcc report, that's not necessarily the worst case, and there are people in the rich world who look at ipcc and say, "ok, that isn't that big of a deal." +the fact is it's that uncertain part that should move us towards this. +but my dream here is that, if you can make it economic, and meet the co2 constraints, then the skeptics say, "ok, i don't care that it doesn't put out co2, i kind of wish it did put out co2, but i guess i'll accept it because it's cheaper than what's come before." +and so, that would be your response to the bjorn lomborg argument, that basically if you spend all this energy trying to solve the co2 problem, it's going to take away all your other goals of trying to rid the world of poverty and malaria and so forth, it's a stupid waste of the earth's resources to put money towards that when there are better things we can do. +bg: well, the actual spending on the r & amp; d piece -- say the u.s. should spend 10 billion a year more than it is right now -- it's not that dramatic. +it shouldn't take away from other things. +the thing you get into big money on, and this, reasonable people can disagree, is when you have something that's non-economic and you're trying to fund that -- that, to me, mostly is a waste. +unless you're very close and you're just funding the learning curve and it's going to get very cheap, i believe we should try more things that have a potential to be far less expensive. +if the trade-off you get into is, "let's make energy super expensive," then the rich can afford that. +i mean, all of us here could pay five times as much for our energy and not change our lifestyle. +the disaster is for that two billion. +and even lomborg has changed. +his shtick now is, "why isn't the r & amp; d getting more discussed?" +he's still, because of his earlier stuff, still associated with the skeptic camp, but he's realized that's a pretty lonely camp, and so, he's making the r & amp; d point. +and so there is a thread of something that i think is appropriate. +the r & amp; d piece, it's crazy how little it's funded. +well bill, i suspect i speak on the behalf of most people here to say i really hope your wish comes true. thank you so much. +bg: thank you. +several years ago here at ted, peter skillman introduced a design challenge called the marshmallow challenge. +and the idea's pretty simple: teams of four have to build the tallest free-standing structure out of 20 sticks of spaghetti, one yard of tape, one yard of string and a marshmallow. +the marshmallow has to be on top. +and, though it seems really simple, it's actually pretty hard because it forces people to collaborate very quickly. +and so, i thought this was an interesting idea, and i incorporated it into a design workshop. +and it was a huge success. +and since then, i've conducted about 70 design workshops across the world with students and designers and architects, even the ctos of the fortune 50, and there's something about this exercise that reveals very deep lessons about the nature of collaboration, and i'd like to share some of them with you. +so, normally, most people begin by orienting themselves to the task. +they talk about it, they figure out what it's going to look like, they jockey for power. +then they spend some time planning, organizing, they sketch and they lay out spaghetti. +they spend the majority of their time assembling the sticks into ever-growing structures. +and then finally, just as they're running out of time, someone takes out the marshmallow, and then they gingerly put it on top, and then they stand back, and -- ta-da! -- they admire their work. +but what really happens, most of the time, is that the "ta-da" turns into an "uh-oh," because the weight of the marshmallow causes the entire structure to buckle and to collapse. +so there are a number of people who have a lot more "uh-oh" moments than others, and among the worst are recent graduates of business school. +they lie, they cheat, they get distracted and they produce really lame structures. +and of course there are teams that have a lot more "ta-da" structures, and among the best are recent graduates of kindergarten. +and it's pretty amazing. +as peter tells us, not only do they produce the tallest structures, but they're the most interesting structures of them all. +so the question you want to ask is: how come? why? what is it about them? +and peter likes to say that none of the kids spend any time trying to be ceo of spaghetti, inc. right? +they don't spend time jockeying for power. +but there's another reason as well. +and the reason is that business students are trained to find the single right plan, right? +and then they execute on it. +and then what happens is, when they put the marshmallow on the top, they run out of time and what happens? +it's a crisis. +sound familiar? right. +what kindergarteners do differently is that they start with the marshmallow, and they build prototypes, successive prototypes, always keeping the marshmallow on top, so they have multiple times to fix when they build prototypes along the way. +designers recognize this type of collaboration as the essence of the iterative process. +and with each version, kids get instant feedback about what works and what doesn't work. +so the capacity to play in prototype is really essential, but let's look at how different teams perform. +so the average for most people is around 20 inches; business schools students, about half of that; lawyers, a little better, but not much better than that, kindergarteners, better than most adults. +who does the very best? +architects and engineers, thankfully. +thirty-nine inches is the tallest structure i've seen. +and why is it? because they understand triangles and self-reinforcing geometrical patterns are the key to building stable structures. +so ceos, a little bit better than average, but here's where it gets interesting. +if you put you put an executive admin. on the team, they get significantly better. +it's incredible. you know, you look around, you go, "oh, that team's going to win." +you can just tell beforehand. and why is that? +because they have special skills of facilitation. +they manage the process, they understand the process. +and any team who manages and pays close attention to work will significantly improve the team's performance. +specialized skills and facilitation skills are the combination that leads to strong success. +if you have 10 teams that typically perform, you'll get maybe six or so that have standing structures. +and i tried something interesting. +i thought, let's up the ante, once. +so i offered a 10,000 dollar prize of software to the winning team. +so what do you think happened to these design students? +what was the result? +here's what happened: not one team had a standing structure. +if anyone had built, say, a one inch structure, they would have taken home the prize. +so, isn't that interesting? that high stakes have a strong impact. +we did the exercise again with the same students. +what do you think happened then? +so now they understand the value of prototyping. +so the same team went from being the very worst to being among the very best. +they produced the tallest structures in the least amount of time. +so there's deep lessons for us about the nature of incentives and success. +so, you might ask: why would anyone actually spend time writing a marshmallow challenge? +and the reason is, i help create digital tools and processes to help teams build cars and video games and visual effects. +and what the marshmallow challenge does is it helps them identify the hidden assumptions. +because, frankly, every project has its own marshmallow, doesn't it? +the challenge provides a shared experience, a common language, a common stance to build the right prototype. +and so, this is the value of the experience, of this so simple exercise. +and those of you who are interested may want to go to marshmallowchallenge.com. +it's a blog that you can look at how to build the marshmallows. +there's step-by-step instructions on this. +there are crazy examples from around the world of how people tweak and adjust the system. +there's world records that are on this as well. +and the fundamental lesson, i believe, is that design truly is a contact sport. +it demands that we bring all of our senses to the task, and that we apply the very best of our thinking, our feeling and our doing to the challenge that we have at hand. +and sometimes, a little prototype of this experience is all that it takes to turn us from an "uh-oh" moment to a "ta-da" moment. +and that can make a big difference. +thank you very much. +let's pretend right here we have a machine. +a big machine, a cool, ted-ish machine, and it's a time machine. +and everyone in this room has to get into it. +and you can go backwards, you can go forwards; you cannot stay where you are. +and i wonder what you'd choose, because i've been asking my friends this question a lot lately and they all want to go back. +i don't know. they want to go back before there were automobiles or twitter or "american idol." +i don't know. +i'm convinced that there's some sort of pull to nostalgia, to wishful thinking. +and i understand that. +i'm not part of that crowd, i have to say. +i don't want to go back, and it's not because i'm adventurous. +it's because possibilities on this planet, they don't go back, they go forward. +so i want to get in the machine, and i want to go forward. +this is the greatest time there's ever been on this planet by any measure that you wish to choose: health, wealth, mobility, opportunity, declining rates of disease... +there's never been a time like this. +my great-grandparents died, all of them, by the time they were 60. +my grandparents pushed that number to 70. +my parents are closing in on 80. +so there better be a nine at the beginning of my death number. +but it's not even about people like us, because this is a bigger deal than that. +a kid born in new delhi today can expect to live as long as the richest man in the world did 100 years ago. +think about that, it's an incredible fact. +and why is it true? +smallpox. smallpox killed billions of people on this planet. +it reshaped the demography of the globe in a way that no war ever has. +it's gone. it's vanished. +we vanquished it. puff. +in the rich world, diseases that threatened millions of us just a generation ago no longer exist, hardly. +diphtheria, rubella, polio... +does anyone even know what those things are? +vaccines, modern medicine, our ability to feed billions of people, those are triumphs of the scientific method. +and to my mind, the scientific method -- trying stuff out, seeing if it works, changing it when it doesn't -- is one of the great accomplishments of humanity. +so that's the good news. +unfortunately, that's all the good news because there are some other problems, and they've been mentioned many times. +and one of them is that despite all our accomplishments, a billion people go to bed hungry in this world every day. +that number's rising, and it's rising really rapidly, and it's disgraceful. +and not only that, we've used our imagination to thoroughly trash this globe. +potable water, arable land, rainforests, oil, gas: they're going away, and they're going away soon, and unless we innovate our way out of this mess, we're going away too. +so the question is: can we do that? and i think we can. +i think it's clear that we can make food that will feed billions of people without raping the land that they live on. +i think we can power this world with energy that doesn't also destroy it. +i really do believe that, and, no, it ain't wishful thinking. +but here's the thing that keeps me up at night -- one of the things that keeps me up at night: we've never needed progress in science more than we need it right now. never. +and we've also never been in a position to deploy it properly in the way that we can today. +we're on the verge of amazing, amazing events in many fields, and yet i actually think we'd have to go back hundreds, 300 years, before the enlightenment, to find a time when we battled progress, when we fought about these things more vigorously, on more fronts, than we do now. +people wrap themselves in their beliefs, and they do it so tightly that you can't set them free. +not even the truth will set them free. +and, listen, everyone's entitled to their opinion; they're even entitled to their opinion about progress. +but you know what you're not entitled to? +you're not entitled to your own facts. sorry, you're not. +and this took me awhile to figure out. +about a decade ago, i wrote a story about vaccines for the new yorker. a little story. +and i was amazed to find opposition: opposition to what is, after all, the most effective public health measure in human history. +i didn't know what to do, so i just did what i do: i wrote a story and i moved on. +and soon after that, i wrote a story about genetically engineered food. +same thing, only bigger. +people were going crazy. +so i wrote a story about that too, and i couldn't understand why people thought this was "frankenfoods," why they thought moving molecules around in a specific, rather than a haphazard way, was trespassing on nature's ground. +but, you know, i do what i do. i wrote the story, i moved on. +i mean, i'm a journalist. +we type, we file, we go to dinner. it's fine. +but these stories bothered me, and i couldn't figure out why, and eventually i did. +and that's because those fanatics that were driving me crazy weren't actually fanatics at all. +they were thoughtful people, educated people, decent people. +they were exactly like the people in this room. +and it just disturbed me so much. +but then i thought, you know, let's be honest. +we're at a point in this world where we don't have the same relationship to progress that we used to. +we talk about it ambivalently. +we talk about it in ironic terms with little quotes around it: "progress." +okay, there are reasons for that, and i think we know what those reasons are. +we've lost faith in institutions, in authority, and sometimes in science itself, and there's no reason we shouldn't have. +you can just say a few names and people will understand. +chernobyl, bhopal, the challenger, vioxx, weapons of mass destruction, hanging chads. +you know, you can choose your list. +there are questions and problems with the people we used to believe were always right, so be skeptical. +ask questions, demand proof, demand evidence. +don't take anything for granted. +but here's the thing: when you get proof, you need to accept the proof, and we're not that good at doing that. +and the reason that i can say that is because we're now in an epidemic of fear like one i've never seen and hope never to see again. +about 12 years ago, there was a story published, a horrible story, that linked the epidemic of autism to the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine shot. +very scary. +tons of studies were done to see if this was true. +tons of studies should have been done; it's a serious issue. +the data came back. +the data came back from the united states, from england, from sweden, from canada, and it was all the same: no correlation, no connection, none at all. +it doesn't matter. it doesn't matter because we believe anecdotes, we believe what we see, what we think we see, what makes us feel real. +we don't believe a bunch of documents from a government official giving us data, and i do understand that, i think we all do. +but you know what? +the result of that has been disastrous. +disastrous because here's a fact: the united states is one of the only countries in the world where the vaccine rate for measles is going down. +that is disgraceful, and we should be ashamed of ourselves. +it's horrible. +what kind of a thing happened that we could do that? +now, i understand it. i do understand it. +because, did anyone have measles here? +has one person in this audience ever seen someone die of measles? +doesn't happen very much. +doesn't happen in this country at all, but it happened 160,000 times in the world last year. +that's a lot of death of measles -- 20 an hour. +but since it didn't happen here, we can put it out of our minds, and people like jenny mccarthy can go around preaching messages of fear and illiteracy from platforms like "oprah" and "larry king live." +and they can do it because they don't link causation and correlation. +they don't understand that these things seem the same, but they're almost never the same. +and it's something we need to learn, and we need to learn it really soon. +this guy was a hero, jonas salk. +he took one of the worst scourges of mankind away from us. +no fear, no agony. polio -- puff, gone. +that guy in the middle, not so much. +his name is paul offit. +he just developed a rotavirus vaccine with a bunch of other people. +it'll save the lives of 400 to 500,000 kids in the developing world every year. +pretty good, right? +well, it's good, except that paul goes around talking about vaccines and says how valuable they are and that people ought to just stop the whining. +and he actually says it that way. +so, paul's a terrorist. +when paul speaks in a public hearing, he can't testify without armed guards. +he gets called at home because people like to tell him that they remember where his kids go to school. +and why? because paul made a vaccine. +i don't need to say this, but vaccines are essential. +you take them away, disease comes back, horrible diseases. and that's happening. +we have measles in this country now. +and it's getting worse, and pretty soon kids are going to die of it again because it's just a numbers game. +and they're not just going to die of measles. +what about polio? let's have that. why not? +a college classmate of mine wrote me a couple weeks ago and said she thought i was a little strident. +no one's ever said that before. +she wasn't going to vaccinate her kid against polio, no way. +fine. +why? because we don't have polio. and you know what? +we didn't have polio in this country yesterday. +today, i don't know, maybe a guy got on a plane in lagos this morning, and he's flying to lax, right now he's over ohio. +and he's going to land in a couple of hours, he's going to rent a car, and he's going to come to long beach, and he's going to attend one of these fabulous ted dinners tonight. +and he doesn't know that he's infected with a paralytic disease, and we don't either because that's the way the world works. +that's the planet we live on. don't pretend it isn't. +now, we love to wrap ourselves in lies. we love to do it. +everyone take their vitamins this morning? +echinacea, a little antioxidant to get you going. +i know you did because half of americans do every day. +they take the stuff, and they take alternative medicines, and it doesn't matter how often we find out that they're useless. +the data says it all the time. +they darken your urine. they almost never do more than that. +it's okay, you want to pay 28 billion dollars for dark urine? +i'm totally with you. +dark urine. dark. +why do we do that? why do we do that? +well, i think i understand, we hate big pharma. +we hate big government. we don't trust the man. +and we shouldn't: our health care system sucks. +it's cruel to millions of people. +it's absolutely astonishingly cold and soul-bending to those of us who can even afford it. +so we run away from it, and where do we run? +we leap into the arms of big placebo. +that's fantastic. i love big placebo. +but, you know, it's really a serious thing because this stuff is crap, and we spend billions of dollars on it. +and i have all sorts of little props here. +none of it... ginkgo, fraud; echinacea, fraud; acai -- i don't even know what that is but we're spending billions of dollars on it -- it's fraud. +and you know what? when i say this stuff, people scream at me, and they say, "what do you care? let people do what they want to do. +it makes them feel good. " +and you know what? you're wrong. +because i don't care if it's the secretary of hhs who's saying, "hmm, i'm not going to take the evidence of my experts on mammograms," or some cancer quack who wants to treat his patient with coffee enemas. +when you start down the road where belief and magic replace evidence and science, you end up in a place you don't want to be. +you end up in thabo mbeki south africa. +he killed 400,000 of his people by insisting that beetroot, garlic and lemon oil were much more effective than the antiretroviral drugs we know can slow the course of aids. +hundreds of thousands of needless deaths in a country that has been plagued worse than any other by this disease. +please, don't tell me there are no consequences to these things. +there are. there always are. +now, the most mindless epidemic we're in the middle of right now is this absurd battle between proponents of genetically engineered food and the organic elite. +it's an idiotic debate. it has to stop. +it's a debate about words, about metaphors. +it's ideology, it's not science. +every single thing we eat, every grain of rice, every sprig of parsley, every brussels sprout has been modified by man. +you know, there weren't tangerines in the garden of eden. +there wasn't any cantaloupe. +there weren't christmas trees. we made it all. +we made it over the last 11,000 years. +and some of it worked, and some of it didn't. +we got rid of the stuff that didn't. +now we can do it in a more precise way -- and there are risks, absolutely -- but we can put something like vitamin a into rice, and that stuff can help millions of people, millions of people, prolong their lives. +you don't want to do that? +i have to say, i don't understand it. +we object to genetically engineered food. +why do we do that? +well, the things i constantly hear are: too many chemicals, pesticides, hormones, monoculture, we don't want giant fields of the same thing, that's wrong. +we don't companies patenting life. +we don't want companies owning seeds. +and you know what my response to all of that is? +yes, you're right. let's fix it. +it's true, we've got a huge food problem, but this isn't science. +this has nothing to do with science. +it's law, it's morality, it's patent stuff. +you know science isn't a company. +it's not a country. +it's not even an idea; it's a process. +it's a process, and sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't, but the idea that we should not allow science to do its job because we're afraid, is really very deadening, and it's preventing millions of people from prospering. +you know, in the next 50 years we're going to have to grow 70 percent more food than we do right now, 70 percent. +this investment in africa over the last 30 years. +disgraceful. disgraceful. +they need it, and we're not giving it to them. +and why? genetically engineered food. +we don't want to encourage people to eat that rotten stuff, like cassava for instance. +cassava's something that half a billion people eat. +it's kind of like a potato. +it's just a bunch of calories. it sucks. +it doesn't have nutrients, it doesn't have protein, and scientists are engineering all of that into it right now. +and then people would be able to eat it and they'd be able to not go blind. +they wouldn't starve, and you know what? +that would be nice. it wouldn't be chez panisse, but it would be nice. +and all i can say about this is: why are we fighting it? +i mean, let's ask ourselves: why are we fighting it? +because we don't want to move genes around? +this is about moving genes around. it's not about chemicals. +it's not about our ridiculous passion for hormones, our insistence on having bigger food, better food, singular food. +this isn't about rice krispies, this is about keeping people alive, and it's about time we started to understand what that meant. +because, you know something? +if we don't, if we continue to act the way we're acting, we're guilty of something that i don't think we want to be guilty of: high-tech colonialism. +there's no other way to describe what's going on here. +it's selfish, it's ugly, it's beneath us, and we really have to stop it. +so after this amazingly fun conversation, you might want to say, "so, you still want to get in this ridiculous time machine and go forward?" +absolutely. absolutely, i do. +it's stuck in the present right now, but we have an amazing opportunity. +we can set that time machine on anything we want. +we can move it where we want to move it, and we're going to move it where we want to move it. +we have to have these conversations and we have to think, but when we get in the time machine and we go ahead, we're going to be happy we do. +i know that we can, and as far as i'm concerned, that's something the world needs right now. +thank you. +thank you. +for some time i have been interested in the placebo effect, which might seem like an odd thing for a magician to be interested in, unless you think of it in the terms that i do, which is, "something fake is believed in enough by somebody that it becomes something real." +in other words, sugar pills have a measurable effect in certain kinds of studies, the placebo effect, just because the person thinks that what's happening to them is a pharmaceutical or some sort of a -- for pain management, for example, if they believe it enough there is a measurable effect in the body called the placebo effect. +something fake becomes something real because of someone's perception of it. +in order for us to understand each other, i want to start by showing you a rudimentary, very simple magic trick. +and i'm going to show you how it works. this is a trick that's been in every children's magic book since at least the 1950s. +i learned it myself from cub scout magic in the 1970s. +i'll do it for you, and then i'll explain it. +and then i'll explain why i explained it. +so, here's what happens. +the knife, which you can examine; my hand, which you could examine. +i'm just going to hold the knife in my fist like this. +i'll get my sleeve back. +and to make sure nothing goes up or down my sleeve i'm just going to squeeze my wrist right here. +that way you can see that at no time can anything travel, as long as i'm squeezing there nothing can go up or down my sleeve. +and the object of this is quite simple. +i'm going to open my hand, and hopefully, if all is well, my pure animal magnetism will hold the knife. +in fact it's held so tightly in place that i can shake it, and the knife does not come off. +nothing goes up or down my sleeve, no trickery. and you can examine everything. +ta-da! +so, this is a trick that i often teach to young children that are interested in magic, because you can learn a great deal about deception by studying this very -- even though it's a very simple trick methodologically. +probably many of you in the room know this trick. +what happens is this. +i hold the knife in my hand. +i say i'm going to grab hold of my wrist to make sure nothing goes up or down my sleeve, that is a lie. +the reason i'm holding onto my wrist is because that's actually the secret of the illusion. +in a moment when my hand moves from facing you to being away from you, this finger right here, my index finger is just going to shift from where it is, to a position pointing out like this. +nice one. +someone who didn't have a childhood is out there. +so, it goes like this, from here, right. +and as i move around my finger shifts. +and we could talk about why this is deceptive, why you don't notice there are only three fingers down here, because the mind, and the way it processes information, it doesn't count, one, two, three. it groups them. +but that's not really what this is about. right? and then i open my hand up. +obviously it's clinging there, not by animal magnetism, but by chicanery, my index finger being there. +and then when i close my finger, same thing, as i move back, this motion kind of covers the moving back of my finger. +i take this hand away. you give the knife out. +there is a trick you can do for your friends and neighbors. thanks. +now, what does that have to do with the placebo effect? +i read a study a year or so ago that really blew my mind wide open. +i'm not a doctor or a researcher, so this, to me, was an astonishing thing. +it turns out that if you administer a placebo in the form of a white pill, that's like aspirin shaped -- it's just a round white pill -- it has some certain measurable effect. +but if you change the form that you give the placebo in, like you make a smaller pill, and color it blue, and stamp a letter into it, it is actually measurably more effective. +even though neither one of these things has any pharmaceutical -- they're sugar pills. +but a white pill is not as good as a blue pill. +what? that really flipped me out. +turns out though, that that's not even where it stops. +if you have capsules, they're more effective than tablets in any form. +a colored capsule, that's yellow on one end and red on the other is better than a white capsule. +dosage has something to do with this. +one pill twice a day is not as good at three pills -- i don't remember the statistic now. sorry. +but the point is... +... these dosages have something to do with it. +and the form has something to do with it. +and if you want the ultimate in placebo, you've go to the needle. +right? a syringe with some inert -- a couple ccs of some inert something, and you inject this into a patient... +well this is such a powerful image in their mind, it's so much stronger than the white pill. +it's a really, this graph, well i'll show it to you some other time when we have slides. +the point is the white pill is not as good as the blue pill is not as good as the capsule is not as good as the needle. +and none of it has any real pharmaceutical quality, it's only your belief that makes it real in your body and makes a stronger effect. +i wanted to see if i could take that idea and apply it to a magic trick. +and take something that is obviously a fake trick and make it seem real. +and we know from that study that when you want reality, you go to the needle. +this is a seven-inch hatpin. it's very, very sharp, and i'm going to just sterilize it a tiny bit. +this is really my flesh. this is not damian's special-grown flesh. +that's my skin right there. this is not a hollywood special effect. +i'm going to pierce my skin and run this needle through to the other side. +if you're queasy -- if you faint easily -- i was doing this for some friends in the hotel room last night, and some people that i didn't know, and one woman almost passed out. +so, i suggest if you get queasy easy that you look away for about the next 30 -- in fact, you know what, i'll do the first bad part behind it. +you'll get to see, you can look away too if you'd like to. +so, here is what happens, right here, the beginning of my flesh at the lower part of my arm i just make a little pierce. +i'm sorry, man. am i freaking you out? +ok, and then just through my skin a tiny bit, and then out the other side like this. +now, essentially we're in the same position we were in with the knife trick. +sort of. +but you can't count my fingers right now can you? +so, let me show them to you. that's one, two three, four, five. +yes, well... +i know what people think when they see this. +they go, "well, he's certainly not dumb enough to stab himself through the skin to entertain us for a few minutes. +so, let me give you a little peek. +how's that look out there? pretty good. +yeah, i know. +and the people in the back go, "ok, i didn't really see that." +people in the satellite room are starting to move in now. +let me give you good close look at this. +that really is my skin. that is not a hollywood special effect. +that's my flesh, and i can twist that around. +i'm sorry. if you're getting queasy, look away, don't look at the thing. +people in the back or people on video years from now watching this will go, "well yeah, that looks kind of neat in some sort of effect there, but if it were real he would be -- see there's a hole there and a hole there, if it were real he would be bleeding. +well let me work up some blood for you. +yes, there it is. +normally now, i would take the needle out. +i would clean off my arm, and i would show you that there are no wounds. +but i think in this context and with the idea of taking something fake and making it into something real, i'm just going to leave it there, and walk off the stage. +i will be seeing you several times over the next few days. +i hope you're looking forward to that. thank you very much. +everybody talks about happiness these days. +i had somebody count the number of books with "happiness" in the title published in the last five years and they gave up after about 40, and there were many more. +there is a huge wave of interest in happiness, among researchers. +there is a lot of happiness coaching. +everybody would like to make people happier. +but in spite of all this flood of work, there are several cognitive traps that sort of make it almost impossible to think straight about happiness. +and my talk today will be mostly about these cognitive traps. +this applies to laypeople thinking about their own happiness, and it applies to scholars thinking about happiness, because it turns out we're just as messed up as anybody else is. +the first of these traps is a reluctance to admit complexity. +it turns out that the word "happiness" is just not a useful word anymore, because we apply it to too many different things. +i think there is one particular meaning to which we might restrict it, but by and large, this is something that we'll have to give up and we'll have to adopt the more complicated view of what well-being is. +the second trap is a confusion between experience and memory; basically, it's between being happy in your life, and being happy about your life or happy with your life. +and those are two very different concepts, and they're both lumped in the notion of happiness. +and the third is the focusing illusion, and it's the unfortunate fact that we can't think about any circumstance that affects well-being without distorting its importance. +i mean, this is a real cognitive trap. +there's just no way of getting it right. +now, i'd like to start with an example of somebody who had a question-and-answer session after one of my lectures reported a story, and that was a story -- he said he'd been listening to a symphony, and it was absolutely glorious music and at the very end of the recording, there was a dreadful screeching sound. +and then he added, really quite emotionally, it ruined the whole experience. +but it hadn't. +what it had ruined were the memories of the experience. +he had had the experience. +he had had 20 minutes of glorious music. +they counted for nothing because he was left with a memory; the memory was ruined, and the memory was all that he had gotten to keep. +what this is telling us, really, is that we might be thinking of ourselves and of other people in terms of two selves. +there is an experiencing self, who lives in the present and knows the present, is capable of re-living the past, but basically it has only the present. +it's the experiencing self that the doctor approaches -- you know, when the doctor asks, "does it hurt now when i touch you here?" +and then there is a remembering self, and the remembering self is the one that keeps score, and maintains the story of our life, and it's the one that the doctor approaches in asking the question, "how have you been feeling lately?" +or "how was your trip to albania?" or something like that. +those are two very different entities, the experiencing self and the remembering self, and getting confused between them is part of the mess about the notion of happiness. +now, the remembering self is a storyteller. +and that really starts with a basic response of our memories -- it starts immediately. +we don't only tell stories when we set out to tell stories. +our memory tells us stories, that is, what we get to keep from our experiences is a story. +and let me begin with one example. +this is an old study. +those are actual patients undergoing a painful procedure. +i won't go into detail. it's no longer painful these days, but it was painful when this study was run in the 1990s. +they were asked to report on their pain every 60 seconds. +here are two patients, those are their recordings. +and you are asked, "who of them suffered more?" +and it's a very easy question. +clearly, patient b suffered more -- his colonoscopy was longer, and every minute of pain that patient a had, patient b had, and more. +but now there is another question: "how much did these patients think they suffered?" +and here is a surprise. +the surprise is that patient a had a much worse memory of the colonoscopy than patient b. +the stories of the colonoscopies were different, and because a very critical part of the story is how it ends. +and neither of these stories is very inspiring or great -- but one of them is this distinct... +but one of them is distinctly worse than the other. +and the one that is worse is the one where pain was at its peak at the very end; it's a bad story. +how do we know that? +because we asked these people after their colonoscopy, and much later, too, "how bad was the whole thing, in total?" +and it was much worse for a than for b, in memory. +now this is a direct conflict between the experiencing self and the remembering self. +from the point of view of the experiencing self, clearly, b had a worse time. +now, what you could do with patient a, and we actually ran clinical experiments, and it has been done, and it does work -- you could actually extend the colonoscopy of patient a by just keeping the tube in without jiggling it too much. +that will cause the patient to suffer, but just a little and much less than before. +and if you do that for a couple of minutes, you have made the experiencing self of patient a worse off, and you have the remembering self of patient a a lot better off, because now you have endowed patient a with a better story about his experience. +what defines a story? +and that is true of the stories that memory delivers for us, and it's also true of the stories that we make up. +what defines a story are changes, significant moments and endings. +endings are very, very important and, in this case, the ending dominated. +now, the experiencing self lives its life continuously. +it has moments of experience, one after the other. +and you can ask: what happens to these moments? +and the answer is really straightforward: they are lost forever. +i mean, most of the moments of our life -- and i calculated, you know, the psychological present is said to be about three seconds long; that means that, you know, in a life there are about 600 million of them; in a month, there are about 600,000 -- most of them don't leave a trace. +most of them are completely ignored by the remembering self. +and yet, somehow you get the sense that they should count, that what happens during these moments of experience is our life. +it's the finite resource that we're spending while we're on this earth. +and how to spend it would seem to be relevant, but that is not the story that the remembering self keeps for us. +so we have the remembering self and the experiencing self, and they're really quite distinct. +the biggest difference between them is in the handling of time. +from the point of view of the experiencing self, if you have a vacation, and the second week is just as good as the first, then the two-week vacation is twice as good as the one-week vacation. +that's not the way it works at all for the remembering self. +for the remembering self, a two-week vacation is barely better than the one-week vacation because there are no new memories added. +you have not changed the story. +and in this way, time is actually the critical variable that distinguishes a remembering self from an experiencing self; time has very little impact on the story. +now, the remembering self does more than remember and tell stories. +it is actually the one that makes decisions because, if you have a patient who has had, say, two colonoscopies with two different surgeons and is deciding which of them to choose, then the one that chooses is the one that has the memory that is less bad, and that's the surgeon that will be chosen. +the experiencing self has no voice in this choice. +we actually don't choose between experiences, we choose between memories of experiences. +and even when we think about the future, we don't think of our future normally as experiences. +we think of our future as anticipated memories. +and basically you can look at this, you know, as a tyranny of the remembering self, and you can think of the remembering self sort of dragging the experiencing self through experiences that the experiencing self doesn't need. +i have that sense that when we go on vacations this is very frequently the case; that is, we go on vacations, to a very large extent, in the service of our remembering self. +and this is a bit hard to justify i think. +i mean, how much do we consume our memories? +that is one of the explanations that is given for the dominance of the remembering self. +and when i think about that, i think about a vacation we had in antarctica a few years ago, which was clearly the best vacation i've ever had, and i think of it relatively often, relative to how much i think of other vacations. +and i probably have consumed my memories of that three-week trip, i would say, for about 25 minutes in the last four years. +now, if i had ever opened the folder with the 600 pictures in it, i would have spent another hour. +now, that is three weeks, and that is at most an hour and a half. +there seems to be a discrepancy. +now, i may be a bit extreme, you know, in how little appetite i have for consuming memories, but even if you do more of this, there is a genuine question: why do we put so much weight on memory relative to the weight that we put on experiences? +so i want you to think about a thought experiment. +imagine that for your next vacation, you know that at the end of the vacation all your pictures will be destroyed, and you'll get an amnesic drug so that you won't remember anything. +now, would you choose the same vacation? +and if you would choose a different vacation, there is a conflict between your two selves, and you need to think about how to adjudicate that conflict, and it's actually not at all obvious, because if you think in terms of time, then you get one answer, and if you think in terms of memories, you might get another answer. +why do we pick the vacations we do is a problem that confronts us with a choice between the two selves. +now, the two selves bring up two notions of happiness. +there are really two concepts of happiness that we can apply, one per self. +so you can ask: how happy is the experiencing self? +and then you would ask: how happy are the moments in the experiencing self's life? +and they're all -- happiness for moments is a fairly complicated process. +what are the emotions that can be measured? +and, by the way, now we are capable of getting a pretty good idea of the happiness of the experiencing self over time. +if you ask for the happiness of the remembering self, it's a completely different thing. +this is not about how happily a person lives. +it is about how satisfied or pleased the person is when that person thinks about her life. +very different notion. +anyone who doesn't distinguish those notions is going to mess up the study of happiness, and i belong to a crowd of students of well-being, who've been messing up the study of happiness for a long time in precisely this way. +the distinction between the happiness of the experiencing self and the satisfaction of the remembering self has been recognized in recent years, and there are now efforts to measure the two separately. +the gallup organization has a world poll where more than half a million people have been asked questions about what they think of their life and about their experiences, and there have been other efforts along those lines. +so in recent years, we have begun to learn about the happiness of the two selves. +and the main lesson i think that we have learned is they are really different. +you can know how satisfied somebody is with their life, and that really doesn't teach you much about how happily they're living their life, and vice versa. +just to give you a sense of the correlation, the correlation is about .5. +what that means is if you met somebody, and you were told, "oh his father is six feet tall," how much would you know about his height? +well, you would know something about his height, but there's a lot of uncertainty. +you have that much uncertainty. +if i tell you that somebody ranked their life eight on a scale of ten, you have a lot of uncertainty about how happy they are with their experiencing self. +so the correlation is low. +we know something about what controls satisfaction of the happiness self. +we know that money is very important, goals are very important. +we know that happiness is mainly being satisfied with people that we like, spending time with people that we like. +there are other pleasures, but this is dominant. +so if you want to maximize the happiness of the two selves, you are going to end up doing very different things. +the bottom line of what i've said here is that we really should not think of happiness as a substitute for well-being. +it is a completely different notion. +now, very quickly, another reason we cannot think straight about happiness is that we do not attend to the same things when we think about life, and we actually live. +so, if you ask the simple question of how happy people are in california, you are not going to get to the correct answer. +when you ask that question, you think people must be happier in california if, say, you live in ohio. +and what happens is when you think about living in california, you are thinking of the contrast between california and other places, and that contrast, say, is in climate. +well, it turns out that climate is not very important to the experiencing self and it's not even very important to the reflective self that decides how happy people are. +but now, because the reflective self is in charge, you may end up -- some people may end up moving to california. +and it's sort of interesting to trace what is going to happen to people who move to california in the hope of getting happier. +well, their experiencing self is not going to get happier. +we know that. +but one thing will happen: they will think they are happier, because, when they think about it, they'll be reminded of how horrible the weather was in ohio, and they will feel they made the right decision. +it is very difficult to think straight about well-being, and i hope i have given you a sense of how difficult it is. +thank you. +thank you. i've got a question for you. +thank you so much. +now, when we were on the phone a few weeks ago, you mentioned to me that there was quite an interesting result came out of that gallup survey. +is that something you can share since you do have a few moments left now? +daniel kahneman: sure. +i think the most interesting result that we found in the gallup survey is a number, which we absolutely did not expect to find. +we found that with respect to the happiness of the experiencing self. +when we looked at how feelings, vary with income. +and it turns out that, below an income of 60,000 dollars a year, for americans -- and that's a very large sample of americans, like 600,000, so it's a large representative sample -- below an income of 600,000 dollars a year... +60,000. +dk: 60,000. +60,000 dollars a year, people are unhappy, and they get progressively unhappier the poorer they get. +above that, we get an absolutely flat line. +i mean i've rarely seen lines so flat. +clearly, what is happening is money does not buy you experiential happiness, but lack of money certainly buys you misery, and we can measure that misery very, very clearly. +in terms of the other self, the remembering self, you get a different story. +the more money you earn, the more satisfied you are. +that does not hold for emotions. +but danny, the whole american endeavor is about life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness. +if people took seriously that finding, i mean, it seems to turn upside down everything we believe about, like for example, taxation policy and so forth. +is there any chance that politicians, that the country generally, would take a finding like that seriously and run public policy based on it? +dk: you know i think that there is recognition of the role of happiness research in public policy. +the recognition is going to be slow in the united states, no question about that, but in the u.k., it is happening, and in other countries it is happening. +people are recognizing that they ought to be thinking of happiness when they think of public policy. +it's going to take a while, and people are going to debate whether they want to study experience happiness, or whether they want to study life evaluation, so we need to have that debate fairly soon. +how to enhance happiness goes very different ways depending on how you think, and whether you think of the remembering self or you think of the experiencing self. +this is going to influence policy, i think, in years to come. +in the united states, efforts are being made to measure the experience happiness of the population. +this is going to be, i think, within the next decade or two, part of national statistics. +well, it seems to me that this issue will -- or at least should be -- the most interesting policy discussion to track over the next few years. +thank you so much for inventing behavioral economics. +thank you, danny kahneman. +i'm jane mcgonigal. i'm a game designer. +i've been making games online now for 10 years, and my goal for the next decade is to try to make it as easy to save the world in real life as it is to save the world in online games. +now, i have a plan for this, and it entails convincing more people, including all of you, to spend more time playing bigger and better games. +right now we spend three billion hours a week playing online games. +some of you might be thinking, "that's a lot of time to spend playing games. +maybe too much time, considering how many urgent problems we have to solve in the real world. " +but actually, according to my research at the institute for the future, it's actually the opposite is true. +three billion hours a week is not nearly enough game play to solve the world's most urgent problems. +in fact, i believe that if we want to survive the next century on this planet, we need to increase that total dramatically. +i've calculated the total we need at 21 billion hours of game play every week. +so, that's probably a bit of a counterintuitive idea, so i'll say it again, let it sink in: if we want to solve problems like hunger, poverty, climate change, global conflict, obesity, i believe that we need to aspire to play games online for at least 21 billion hours a week, by the end of the next decade. +no. i'm serious. i am. +here's why. this picture pretty much sums up why i think games are so essential to the future survival of the human species. truly. +this is a portrait by a photographer named phil toledano. +he wanted to capture the emotion of gaming, so he set up a camera in front of gamers while they were playing. +and this is a classic gaming emotion. +now, if you're not a gamer, you might miss some of the nuance in this photo. +you probably see the sense of urgency, a little bit of fear, but intense concentration, deep, deep focus on tackling a really difficult problem. +if you are a gamer, you will notice a few nuances here: the crinkle of the eyes up, and around the mouth is a sign of optimism, and the eyebrows up is surprise. +this is a gamer who is on the verge of something called an epic win. +oh, you've heard of that. ok, good, so we have some gamers among us. +an epic win is an outcome that is so extraordinarily positive you had no idea it was even possible until you achieved it. +it was almost beyond the threshold of imagination. +and when you get there you are shocked to discover what you are truly capable of. that is an epic win. +this is a gamer on the verge of an epic win. +and this is the face that we need to see on millions of problem-solvers all over the world as we try to tackle the obstacles of the next century -- the face of someone who, against all odds is on the verge of an epic win. +now, unfortunately this is more of the face that we see in everyday life now as we try to tackle urgent problems. +this is what i call the "i'm not good at life" face, and this is actually me making it. can you see? yes. good. +this is actually me making the "i'm not good at life" face. +this is a piece of graffiti in my old neighborhood in berkeley, california, where i did my phd on why we're better in games than we are in real life. +and this is a problem that a lot of gamers have. +we feel that we are not as good in reality as we are in games. +and i don't mean just good as in successful, although that's part of it. +we do achieve more in game worlds. but i also mean good as in motivated to do something that matters, inspired to collaborate and to cooperate. +and when we're in game worlds i believe that many of us become the best version of ourselves, the most likely to help at a moment's notice, the most likely to stick with a problem as long at it takes, to get up after failure and try again. +and in real life, when we face failure, when we confront obstacles, we often don't feel that way. +we feel overcome, we feel overwhelmed, we feel anxious, maybe depressed, frustrated or cynical. +we never have those feelings when we're playing games, they just don't exist in games. +so, that's what i wanted to study when i was a graduate student. +what about games makes it impossible to feel that we can't achieve everything? +how can we take those feelings from games and apply them to real-world work? +so, i looked at games like world of warcraft, which is really the ideal collaborative problem-solving environment. +and i started to notice a few things that make epic wins so possible in online worlds. +so, the first thing is whenever you show up in one of these online games, especially in world of warcraft, there are lots and lots of different characters who are willing to trust you with a world-saving mission, right away. +but not just any mission, it's a mission that is perfectly matched with your current level in the game. right? +so, you can do it. +they never give you a challenge that you can't achieve. +but it is on the verge of what you're capable of. so, you have to try hard, but there's no unemployment in world of warcraft. +there is no sitting around wringing your hands, there's always something specific and important to be done. +and there are also tons of collaborators. +everywhere you go, hundreds of thousands of people ready to work with you to achieve your epic mission. +that's not something that we have in real life that easily, this sense that at our fingertips are tons of collaborators. +and also there is this epic story, this inspiring story of why we're there, and what we're doing. +and then we get all this positive feedback. +you guys have heard of leveling up and plus-one strength, and plus-one intelligence. +we don't get that kind of constant feedback in real life. +when i get off this stage i'm not going to have plus-one speaking, and plus-one crazy idea, plus-20 crazy idea. +i don't get that feedback in real life. +now, the problem with collaborative online environments like world of warcraft is that it's so satisfying to be on the verge of an epic win all the time that we decide to spend all our time in these game worlds. +it's just better than reality. +so, so far, collectively all the world of warcraft gamers have spent 5.93 million years solving the virtual problems of azeroth. +now, that's not necessarily a bad thing. +it might sound like it's a bad thing. +but to put that in context: 5.93 million years ago was when our earliest primate human ancestors stood up. +that was the first upright primate. +okay, so when we talk about how much time we're currently investing in playing games, the only way it makes sense to even think about it is to talk about time at the magnitude of human evolution, which is an extraordinary thing. +but it's also apt. because it turns out that by spending all this time playing games, we're actually changing what we are capable of as human beings. +we are evolving to be a more collaborative and hearty species. +this is true. i believe this. +so, consider this really interesting statistic; it was recently published by a researcher at carnegie mellon university: the average young person today in a country with a strong gamer culture will have spent 10,000 hours playing online games by the age of 21. +now 10,000 hours is a really interesting number for two reasons. +first of all, for children in the united states 10,080 hours is the exact amount of time you will spend in school from fifth grade to high school graduation if you have perfect attendance. +so, we have an entire parallel track of education going on where young people are learning as much about what it takes to be a good gamer as they are learning about everything else in school. +and some of you have probably read malcolm gladwell's new book "outliers." +so, you would have heard of his theory of success, the 10,000 hour theory of success. +it's based on this great cognitive science research that if we can master 10,000 hours of effortful study at anything by the age of 21, we will be virtuosos at it. +we will be as good at whatever we do as the greatest people in the world. +and so, now what we're looking at is an entire generation of young people who are virtuoso gamers. +so, the big question is, "what exactly are gamers getting so good at?" +because if we could figure that out, we would have a virtually unprecedented human resource on our hands. +this is how many people we now have in the world who spend at least an hour a day playing online games. +these are our virtuoso gamers, 500 million people who are extraordinarily good at something. +and in the next decade we're going to have another billion gamers who are extraordinarily good at whatever that is. +if you don't know it already, this is coming. +the game industry is developing consoles that are low energy and that work with the wireless phone networks instead of broadband internet so that gamers all over the world, particularly in india, china, brazil, can get online. +they expect one billion more gamers in the next decade. +it will bring us up to 1.5 billion gamers. +so, i've started to think about what these games are making us virtuosos at. +here are the four things i came up with. the first is urgent optimism. +ok, think of this as extreme self-motivation. +urgent optimism is the desire to act immediately to tackle an obstacle, combined with the belief that we have a reasonable hope of success. +gamers always believe that an epic win is possible, and that it is always worth trying, and trying now. +gamers don't sit around. +gamers are virtuosos at weaving a tight social fabric. +there's a lot of interesting research that shows that we like people better after we play a game with them, even if they've beaten us badly. +and the reason is, it takes a lot of trust to play a game with someone. +we trust that they will spend their time with us, that they will play by the same rules, value the same goal, they'll stay with the game until it's over. +and so, playing a game together actually builds up bonds and trust and cooperation. +and we actually build stronger social relationships as a result. +blissful productivity. i love it. +you know there's a reason why the average world of warcraft gamer plays for 22 hours a week, kind of a half-time job. +it's because we know, when we're playing a game, that we're actually happier working hard than we are relaxing, or hanging out. +we know that we are optimized, as human beings, to do hard meaningful work. +and gamers are willing to work hard all the time, if they're given the right work. +finally: epic meaning. +gamers love to be attached to awe-inspiring missions to human planetary-scale stories. +so, just one bit of trivia that helps put that into perspective: so, you all know wikipedia, biggest wiki in the world. +second biggest wiki in the world, with nearly 80,000 articles, is the world of warcraft wiki. +five million people use it every month. +they have compiled more information about world of warcraft on the internet than any other topic covered on any other wiki in the world. +they are building an epic story. +they are building an epic knowledge resource about the world of warcraft. +okay, so these are four superpowers that add up to one thing: gamers are super-empowered, hopeful individuals. +these are people who believe that they are individually capable of changing the world. +and the only problem is that they believe that they are capable of changing virtual worlds and not the real world. +that's the problem that i'm trying to solve. +there's an economist named edward castronova. +his work is brilliant. he looks at why people are investing so much time and energy and money in online worlds. +and he says, "we're witnessing what amounts to no less than a mass exodus to virtual worlds and online game environments." +and he's an economist. so, he's rational. +and he says... +not like me -- i'm a game designer; i'm exuberant. +but he says that this makes perfect sense, because gamers can achieve more in online worlds than they can in real life. +they can have stronger social relationships in games than they can have in real life; they get better feedback and feel more rewarded in games than they do in real life. +so, he says for now it makes perfect sense for gamers to spend more time in virtual worlds than the real world. +now, i also agree that that is rational, for now. +but it is not, by any means, an optimal situation. +we have to start making the real world more like a game. +so, i take my inspiration from something that happened 2,500 years ago. +these are ancient dice, made out of sheep's knuckles. right? +before we had awesome game controllers, we had sheep's knuckles. +and these represent the first game equipment designed by human beings. +and if you're familiar with the work of the ancient greek historian herodotus, you might know this history, which is the history of who invented games and why. +herodotus says that games, particularly dice games, were invented in the kingdom of lydia during a time of famine. +apparently, there was such a severe famine that the king of lydia decided that they had to do something crazy. +people were suffering. people were fighting. +it was an extreme situation, they needed an extreme solution. +so, according to herodotus, they invented dice games and they set up a kingdom-wide policy: on one day, everybody would eat, and on the next day, everybody would play games. +and they would be so immersed in playing the dice games because games are so engaging, and immerse us in such satisfying blissful productivity, they would ignore the fact that they had no food to eat. +and then on the next day, they would play games; and on the next day, they would eat. +and according to herodotus, they passed 18 years this way, surviving through a famine by eating on one day and playing games on the next. +now, this is exactly, i think, how we're using games today. +we're using games to escape real-world suffering. +we're using games to get away from everything that's broken in the real environment, everything that's not satisfying about real life, and we're getting what we need from games. +but it doesn't have to end there. +this is really exciting. +according to herodotus, after 18 years the famine wasn't getting better, so the king decided they would play one final dice game. +they divided the entire kingdom in half. +they played one dice game, and the winners of that game got to go on an epic adventure. +they would leave lydia, and they would go out in search of a new place to live, leaving behind just enough people to survive on the resources that were available, and hopefully to take their civilization somewhere else where they could thrive. +now, this sounds crazy, right? +but recently, dna evidence has shown that the etruscans, who then led to the roman empire, actually share the same dna as the ancient lydians. +and so, recently, scientists have suggested that herodotus' crazy story is actually true. +and geologists have found evidence of a global cooling that lasted for nearly 20 years that could have explained the famine. +so, this crazy story might be true. +they might have actually saved their culture by playing games, escaping to games for 18 years, and then been so inspired, and knew so much about how to come together with games, that they actually saved the entire civilization that way. +okay, we can do that. +we've been playing warcraft since 1994. +that was the first real-time strategy game from the world of warcraft series. that was 16 years ago. +they played dice games for 18 years, we've been playing warcraft for 16 years. +i say we are ready for our own epic game. +now, they had half the civilization go off in search of a new world, so that's where i get my 21 billion hours a week of game-play from. +let's get half of us to agree to spend an hour a day playing games, until we solve real-world problems. +now, i know you're asking, "how are we going to solve real world problems in games?" well, that's what i have devoted my work to over the past few years, at the institute for the future. +we have this banner in our offices in palo alto, and it expresses our view of how we should try to relate to the future. +we do not want to try to predict the future. +what we want to do is make the future. +we want to imagine the best-case scenario outcome, and then we want to empower people to make that outcome a reality. +we want to imagine epic wins, and then give people the means to achieve the epic win. +i'm just going to very briefly show you three games that i've made that are an attempt to give people the means to create epic wins in their own futures. +so, this is world without oil. +we made this game in 2007. +this is an online game in which you try to survive an oil shortage. +the oil shortage is fictional, but we put enough online content out there for you to believe that it's real, and to live your real life as if we've run out of oil. so when you come to the game, you sign up, you tell us where you live, and then we give you real-time news, videos, data feeds that show you exactly how much oil costs, what's not available, how food supply is being affected, how transportation is being affected, if schools are closed, if there is rioting, and you have to figure out how you would live your real life as if this were true. and then we ask you to blog about it, to post videos, to post photos. +we piloted this game with 1,700 players in 2007, and we've tracked them for the three years since. +and i can tell you that this is a transformative experience. +nobody wants to change how they live just because it's good for the world, or because we're supposed to. +but if you immerse them in an epic adventure and tell them, "we've run out of oil. +this is an amazing story and adventure for you to go on. +challenge yourself to see how you would survive, "most of our players have kept up the habits that they learned in this game. +so, for the next world-saving game, we decided to aim higher: bigger problem than just peak oil. +we did a game called superstruct at the institute for the future. +and the premise was a supercomputer has calculated that humans have only 23 years left on the planet. +this supercomputer was called the global extinction awareness system, of course. +we asked people to come online almost like a jerry bruckheimer movie. +you know jerry bruckheimer movies, you form a dream team -- you've got the astronaut, the scientist, the ex-convict, and they all have something to do to save the world. +but in our game, instead of just having five people on the dream team, we said, "everybody's on the dream team, and it's your job to invent the future of energy, the future of food, the future of health, the future of security and the future of the social safety net." +we had 8,000 people play that game for eight weeks. +they came up with 500 insanely creative solutions that you can go online, if you google "superstruct," and see. +so, finally, the last game, we're launching it march 3rd. this is a game done with the world bank institute. +if you complete the game you will be certified by the world bank institute, as a social innovator, class of 2010. +working with universities all over sub-saharan africa, and we are inviting them to learn social innovation skills. +we've got a graphic novel, we've got leveling up in skills like local insight, knowledge networking, sustainability, vision and resourcefulness. +i would like to invite all of you to please share this game with young people, anywhere in the world, particularly in developing areas, who might benefit from coming together to try to start to imagine their own social enterprises to save the world. +so, i'm going to wrap up now. +i want to ask a question. +what do you think happens next? +we've got all these amazing gamers, we've got these games that are kind of pilots of what we might do, but none of them have saved the real world yet. +well i hope that you will agree with me that gamers are a human resource that we can use to do real-world work, that games are a powerful platform for change. +we have all these amazing superpowers: blissful productivity, the ability to weave a tight social fabric, this feeling of urgent optimism and the desire for epic meaning. +i really hope that we can come together to play games that matter, to survive on this planet for another century. +and that's my hope, that you will join me in making and playing games like this. +when i look forward to the next decade, i know two things for sure: that we can make any future we can imagine, and we can play any games we want. +so, i say: let the world-changing games begin. +thank you. +i'd like to share with you a discovery that i made a few months ago while writing an article for italian wired. +i always keep my thesaurus handy whenever i'm writing anything, but i'd already finished editing the piece, and i realized that i had never once in my life looked up the word "disabled" to see what i'd find. +let me read you the entry. +"disabled, adjective: crippled, helpless, useless, wrecked, stalled, maimed, wounded, mangled, lame, mutilated, run-down, worn-out, weakened, impotent, castrated, paralyzed, handicapped, senile, decrepit, laid-up, done-up, done-for, done-in cracked-up, counted-out; see also hurt, useless and weak. +antonyms, healthy, strong, capable. " +i was reading this list out loud to a friend and at first was laughing, it was so ludicrous, but i'd just gotten past "mangled," and my voice broke, and i had to stop and collect myself from the emotional shock and impact that the assault from these words unleashed. +you know, of course, this is my raggedy old thesaurus so i'm thinking this must be an ancient print date, right? +but, in fact, the print date was the early 1980s, when i would have been starting primary school and forming an understanding of myself outside the family unit and as related to the other kids and the world around me. +and, needless to say, thank god i wasn't using a thesaurus back then. +i mean, from this entry, it would seem that i was born into a world that perceived someone like me to have nothing positive whatsoever going for them, when in fact, today i'm celebrated for the opportunities and adventures my life has procured. +so, i immediately went to look up the 2009 online edition, expecting to find a revision worth noting. +here's the updated version of this entry. +unfortunately, it's not much better. +i find the last two words under "near antonyms," particularly unsettling: "whole" and "wholesome." +so, it's not just about the words. +it's what we believe about people when we name them with these words. +it's about the values behind the words, and how we construct those values. +our language affects our thinking and how we view the world and how we view other people. +in fact, many ancient societies, including the greeks and the romans, believed that to utter a curse verbally was so powerful, because to say the thing out loud brought it into existence. +so, what reality do we want to call into existence: a person who is limited, or a person who's empowered? +by casually doing something as simple as naming a person, a child, we might be putting lids and casting shadows on their power. +wouldn't we want to open doors for them instead? +one such person who opened doors for me was my childhood doctor at the a.i. dupont institute in wilmington, delaware. +his name was dr. pizzutillo, an italian american, whose name, apparently, was too difficult for most americans to pronounce, so he went by dr. p. +and dr. p always wore really colorful bow ties and had the very perfect disposition to work with children. +i loved almost everything about my time spent at this hospital, with the exception of my physical therapy sessions. +i had to do what seemed like innumerable repetitions of exercises with these thick, elastic bands -- different colors, you know -- to help build up my leg muscles, and i hated these bands more than anything -- i hated them, had names for them. i hated them. +and, you know, i was already bargaining, as a five year-old child, with dr. p to try to get out of doing these exercises, unsuccessfully, of course. +and, one day, he came in to my session -- exhaustive and unforgiving, these sessions -- and he said to me, "wow. aimee, you are such a strong and powerful little girl, i think you're going to break one of those bands. +when you do break it, i'm going to give you a hundred bucks. " +now, of course, this was a simple ploy on dr. p's part to get me to do the exercises i didn't want to do before the prospect of being the richest five-year-old in the second floor ward, but what he effectively did for me was reshape an awful daily occurrence into a new and promising experience for me. +and i have to wonder today to what extent his vision and his declaration of me as a strong and powerful little girl shaped my own view of myself as an inherently strong, powerful and athletic person well into the future. +this is an example of how adults in positions of power can ignite the power of a child. +but, in the previous instances of those thesaurus entries, our language isn't allowing us to evolve into the reality that we would all want, the possibility of an individual to see themselves as capable. +our language hasn't caught up with the changes in our society, many of which have been brought about by technology. +certainly, from a medical standpoint, my legs, laser surgery for vision impairment, titanium knees and hip replacements for aging bodies that are allowing people to more fully engage with their abilities, and move beyond the limits that nature has imposed on them -- not to mention social networking platforms allow people to self-identify, to claim their own descriptions of themselves, so they can go align with global groups of their own choosing. +so, perhaps technology is revealing more clearly to us now what has always been a truth: that everyone has something rare and powerful to offer our society, and that the human ability to adapt is our greatest asset. +the human ability to adapt, it's an interesting thing, because people have continually wanted to talk to me about overcoming adversity, and i'm going to make an admission: this phrase never sat right with me, and i always felt uneasy trying to answer people's questions about it, and i think i'm starting to figure out why. +implicit in this phrase of "overcoming adversity" is the idea that success, or happiness, is about emerging on the other side of a challenging experience unscathed or unmarked by the experience, as if my successes in life have come about from an ability to sidestep or circumnavigate the presumed pitfalls of a life with prosthetics, or what other people perceive as my disability. +but, in fact, we are changed. we are marked, of course, by a challenge, whether physically, emotionally or both. +and i'm going to suggest that this is a good thing. +adversity isn't an obstacle that we need to get around in order to resume living our life. +it's part of our life. +and i tend to think of it like my shadow. +sometimes i see a lot of it, sometimes there's very little, but it's always with me. +and, certainly, i'm not trying to diminish the impact, the weight, of a person's struggle. +there is adversity and challenge in life, and it's all very real and relative to every single person, but the question isn't whether or not you're going to meet adversity, but how you're going to meet it. +so, our responsibility is not simply shielding those we care for from adversity, but preparing them to meet it well. +and we do a disservice to our kids when we make them feel that they're not equipped to adapt. +there's an important difference and distinction between the objective medical fact of my being an amputee and the subjective societal opinion of whether or not i'm disabled. +and, truthfully, the only real and consistent disability i've had to confront is the world ever thinking that i could be described by those definitions. +in our desire to protect those we care about by giving them the cold, hard truth about their medical prognosis, or, indeed, a prognosis on the expected quality of their life, we have to make sure that we don't put the first brick in a wall that will actually disable someone. +perhaps the existing model of only looking at what is broken in you and how do we fix it, serves to be more disabling to the individual than the pathology itself. +by not treating the wholeness of a person, by not acknowledging their potency, we are creating another ill on top of whatever natural struggle they might have. +we are effectively grading someone's worth to our community. +so we need to see through the pathology and into the range of human capability. +and, most importantly, there's a partnership between those perceived deficiencies and our greatest creative ability. +so it's not about devaluing, or negating, these more trying times as something we want to avoid or sweep under the rug, but instead to find those opportunities wrapped in the adversity. +so maybe the idea i want to put out there is not so much overcoming adversity as it is opening ourselves up to it, embracing it, grappling with it, to use a wrestling term, maybe even dancing with it. +and, perhaps, if we see adversity as natural, consistent and useful, we're less burdened by the presence of it. +this year we celebrate the 200th birthday of charles darwin, and it was 150 years ago, when writing about evolution, that darwin illustrated, i think, a truth about the human character. +to paraphrase: it's not the strongest of the species that survives, nor is it the most intelligent that survives; it is the one that is most adaptable to change. +conflict is the genesis of creation. +from darwin's work, amongst others, we can recognize that the human ability to survive and flourish is driven by the struggle of the human spirit through conflict into transformation. +so, again, transformation, adaptation, is our greatest human skill. +and, perhaps, until we're tested, we don't know what we're made of. +maybe that's what adversity gives us: a sense of self, a sense of our own power. +so, we can give ourselves a gift. +we can re-imagine adversity as something more than just tough times. +maybe we can see it as change. +adversity is just change that we haven't adapted ourselves to yet. +i think the greatest adversity that we've created for ourselves is this idea of normalcy. +now, who's normal? +there's no normal. +there's common, there's typical. there's no normal, and would you want to meet that poor, beige person if they existed? +i don't think so. +if we can change this paradigm from one of achieving normalcy to one of possibility -- or potency, to be even a little bit more dangerous -- we can release the power of so many more children, and invite them to engage their rare and valuable abilities with the community. +anthropologists tell us that the one thing we as humans have always required of our community members is to be of use, to be able to contribute. +there's evidence that neanderthals, 60,000 years ago, carried their elderly and those with serious physical injury, and perhaps it's because the life experience of survival of these people proved of value to the community. +they didn't view these people as broken and useless; they were seen as rare and valuable. +a few years ago, i was in a food market in the town where i grew up in that red zone in northeastern pennsylvania, and i was standing over a bushel of tomatoes. +it was summertime: i had shorts on. +i hear this guy, his voice behind me say, "well, if it isn't aimee mullins." +and i turn around, and it's this older man. i have no idea who he is. +and i said, "i'm sorry, sir, have we met? i don't remember meeting you." +he said, "well, you wouldn't remember meeting me. +i mean, when we met i was delivering you from your mother's womb. " +oh, that guy. +and, but of course, actually, it did click. +this man was dr. kean, a man that i had only known about through my mother's stories of that day, because, of course, typical fashion, i arrived late for my birthday by two weeks. +and so my mother's prenatal physician had gone on vacation, so the man who delivered me was a complete stranger to my parents. +and, because i was born without the fibula bones, and had feet turned in, and a few toes in this foot and a few toes in that, he had to be the bearer -- this stranger had to be the bearer of bad news. +he said to me, "i had to give this prognosis to your parents that you would never walk, and you would never have the kind of mobility that other kids have or any kind of life of independence, and you've been making liar out of me ever since." +the extraordinary thing is that he said he had saved newspaper clippings throughout my whole childhood, whether winning a second grade spelling bee, marching with the girl scouts, you know, the halloween parade, winning my college scholarship, or any of my sports victories, and he was using it, and integrating it into teaching resident students, med students from hahnemann medical school and hershey medical school. +and he called this part of the course the x factor, the potential of the human will. +no prognosis can account for how powerful this could be as a determinant in the quality of someone's life. +and dr. kean went on to tell me, he said, "in my experience, unless repeatedly told otherwise, and even if given a modicum of support, if left to their own devices, a child will achieve." +see, dr. kean made that shift in thinking. +he understood that there's a difference between the medical condition and what someone might do with it. +and there's been a shift in my thinking over time, in that, if you had asked me at 15 years old, if i would have traded prosthetics for flesh-and-bone legs, i wouldn't have hesitated for a second. +i aspired to that kind of normalcy back then. +but if you ask me today, i'm not so sure. +and it's because of the experiences i've had with them, not in spite of the experiences i've had with them. +and perhaps this shift in me has happened because i've been exposed to more people who have opened doors for me than those who have put lids and cast shadows on me. +see, all you really need is one person to show you the epiphany of your own power, and you're off. +if you can hand somebody the key to their own power -- the human spirit is so receptive -- if you can do that and open a door for someone at a crucial moment, you are educating them in the best sense. +you're teaching them to open doors for themselves. +in fact, the exact meaning of the word "educate" comes from the root word "educe." +it means "to bring forth what is within, to bring out potential." +so again, which potential do we want to bring out? +there was a case study done in 1960s britain, when they were moving from grammar schools to comprehensive schools. +it's called the streaming trials. we call it "tracking" here in the states. +it's separating students from a, b, c, d and so on. +and the "a students" get the tougher curriculum, the best teachers, etc. +well, they took, over a three-month period, d-level students, gave them a's, told them they were "a's," told them they were bright, and at the end of this three-month period, they were performing at a-level. +and, of course, the heartbreaking, flip side of this study, is that they took the "a students" and told them they were "d's." +and that's what happened at the end of that three-month period. +those who were still around in school, besides the people who had dropped out. +a crucial part of this case study was that the teachers were duped too. +the teachers didn't know a switch had been made. +they were simply told, "these are the 'a-students,' these are the 'd-students.'" and that's how they went about teaching them and treating them. +so, i think that the only true disability is a crushed spirit, a spirit that's been crushed doesn't have hope, it doesn't see beauty, it no longer has our natural, childlike curiosity and our innate ability to imagine. +if instead, we can bolster a human spirit to keep hope, to see beauty in themselves and others, to be curious and imaginative, then we are truly using our power well. +when a spirit has those qualities, we are able to create new realities and new ways of being. +i'd like to leave you with a poem by a fourteenth-century persian poet named hafiz that my friend, jacques dembois told me about, and the poem is called "the god who only knows four words": "every child has known god, not the god of names, not the god of don'ts, but the god who only knows four words and keeps repeating them, saying, 'come dance with me. +come, dance with me. come, dance with me. '"thank you. +how would you like to be better than you are? +suppose i said that, with just a few changes in your genes, you could get a better memory -- more precise, more accurate and quicker. +or maybe you'd like to be more fit, stronger, with more stamina. +would you like to be more attractive and self-confident? +how about living longer with good health? +or perhaps you're one of those who's always yearned for more creativity. +which one would you like the most? +which would you like, if you could have just one? +creativity. +how many people would choose creativity? +raise your hands. let me see. +a few. probably about as many as there are creative people here. +that's very good. +how many would opt for memory? +quite a few more. +how about fitness? +a few less. +what about longevity? +ah, the majority. that makes me feel very good as a doctor. +if you could have any one of these, it would be a very different world. +is it just imaginary? +or, is it, perhaps, possible? +evolution has been a perennial topic here at the ted conference, but i want to give you today one doctor's take on the subject. +the great 20th-century geneticist, t.g. dobzhansky, who was also a communicant in the russian orthodox church, once wrote an essay that he titled "nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." +now if you are one of those who does not accept the evidence for biological evolution, this would be a very good time to turn off your hearing aid, take out your personal communications device -- i give you permission -- and perhaps take another look at kathryn schultz's book on being wrong, because nothing in the rest of this talk is going to make any sense whatsoever to you. +but if you do accept biological evolution, consider this: is it just about the past, or is it about the future? +does it apply to others, or does it apply to us? +this is another look at the tree of life. +in this picture, i've put a bush with a center branching out in all directions, because if you look at the edges of the tree of life, every existing species at the tips of those branches has succeeded in evolutionary terms: it has survived; it has demonstrated a fitness to its environment. +the human part of this branch, way out on one end, is, of course, the one that we are most interested in. +we branch off of a common ancestor to modern chimpanzees about six or eight million years ago. +in the interval, there have been perhaps 20 or 25 different species of hominids. +some have come and gone. +we have been here for about 130,000 years. +it may seem like we're quite remote from other parts of this tree of life, but actually, for the most part, the basic machinery of our cells is pretty much the same. +do you realize that we can take advantage and commandeer the machinery of a common bacterium to produce the protein of human insulin used to treat diabetics? +this is not like human insulin; this is the same protein that is chemically indistinguishable from what comes out of your pancreas. +and speaking of bacteria, do you realize that each of us carries in our gut more bacteria than there are cells in the rest of our body? +maybe 10 times more. +i mean think of it, when antonio damasio asks about your self-image, do you think about the bacteria? +our gut is a wonderfully hospitable environment for those bacteria. +it's warm, it's dark, it's moist, it's very cozy. +and you're going to provide all the nutrition that they could possibly want with no effort on their part. +it's really like an easy street for bacteria, with the occasional interruption of the unintended forced rush to the exit. +but otherwise, you are a wonderful environment for those bacteria, just as they are essential to your life. +they help in the digestion of essential nutrients, and they protect you against certain diseases. +but what will come in the future? +are we at some kind of evolutionary equipoise as a species? +or, are we destined to become something different -- something, perhaps, even better adapted to the environment? +now let's take a step back in time to the big bang, 14 billion years ago -- the earth, the solar system, about four and a half billion years -- the first signs of proto-life, maybe three to four billion years ago on earth -- the first multi-celled organisms, perhaps as much as 800 or a billion years ago -- and then the human species, finally emerging in the last 130,000 years. +in this vast unfinished symphony of the universe, life on earth is like a brief measure; the animal kingdom, like a single measure; and human life, a small grace note. +that was us. +that also constitutes the entertainment portion of this talk, so i hope you enjoyed it. +now when i was a freshman in college, i took my first biology class. +i was fascinated by the elegance and beauty of biology. +i became enamored of the power of evolution, and i realized something very fundamental: in most of the existence of life in single-celled organisms, each cell simply divides, and all of the genetic energy of that cell is carried on in both daughter cells. +but at the time multi-celled organisms come online, things start to change. +sexual reproduction enters the picture. +and very importantly, with the introduction of sexual reproduction that passes on the genome, the rest of the body becomes expendable. +in fact, you could say that the inevitability of the death of our bodies enters in evolutionary time at the same moment as sexual reproduction. +now i have to confess, when i was a college undergraduate, i thought, okay, sex / death, sex / death, death for sex -- it seemed pretty reasonable at the time, but with each passing year, i've come to have increasing doubts. +i've come to understand the sentiments of george burns, who was performing still in las vegas well into his 90s. +and one night, there's a knock at his hotel room door. +he answers the door. +standing before him is a gorgeous, scantily clad showgirl. +she looks at him and says, "i'm here for super sex." +"that's fine," says george, "i'll take the soup." +i came to realize, as a physician, that i was working toward a goal which was different from the goal of evolution -- not necessarily contradictory, just different. +i was trying to preserve the body. +i wanted to keep us healthy. +i wanted to restore health from disease. +i wanted us to live long and healthy lives. +evolution is all about passing on the genome to the next generation, adapting and surviving through generation after generation. +from an evolutionary point of view, you and i are like the booster rockets designed to send the genetic payload into the next level of orbit and then drop off into the sea. +i think we would all understand the sentiment that woody allen expressed when he said, "i don't want to achieve immortality through my work. +i want to achieve it through not dying. " +evolution does not necessarily favor the longest-lived. +it doesn't necessarily favor the biggest or the strongest or the fastest, and not even the smartest. +evolution favors those creatures best adapted to their environment. +that is the sole test of survival and success. +at the bottom of the ocean, bacteria that are thermophilic and can survive at the steam vent heat that would otherwise produce, if fish were there, sous-vide cooked fish, nevertheless, have managed to make that a hospitable environment for them. +so what does this mean, as we look back at what has happened in evolution, and as we think about the place again of humans in evolution, and particularly as we look ahead to the next phase, i would say that there are a number of possibilities. +the first is that we will not evolve. +we have reached a kind of equipoise. +and the reasoning behind that would be, first, we have, through medicine, managed to preserve a lot of genes that would otherwise be selected out and be removed from the population. +and secondly, we as a species have so configured our environment that we have managed to make it adapt to us as well as we adapt to it. +and by the way, we immigrate and circulate and intermix so much that you can't any longer have the isolation that is necessary for evolution to take place. +a second possibility is that there will be evolution of the traditional kind, natural, imposed by the forces of nature. +and the argument here would be that the wheels of evolution grind slowly, but they are inexorable. +and as far as isolation goes, when we as a species do colonize distant planets, there will be the isolation and the environmental changes that could produce evolution in the natural way. +but there's a third possibility, an enticing, intriguing and frightening possibility. +i call it neo-evolution -- the new evolution that is not simply natural, but guided and chosen by us as individuals in the choices that we will make. +now how could this come about? +how could it be possible that we would do this? +consider, first, the reality that people today, in some cultures, are making choices about their offspring. +they're, in some cultures, choosing to have more males than females. +it's not necessarily good for the society, but it's what the individual and the family are choosing. +think also, if it were possible ever for you to choose, not simply to choose the sex of your child, but for you in your body to make the genetic adjustments that would cure or prevent diseases. +what if you could make the genetic changes to eliminate diabetes or alzheimer's or reduce the risk of cancer or eliminate stroke? +wouldn't you want to make those changes in your genes? +if we look ahead, these kind of changes are going to be increasingly possible. +the human genome project started in 1990, and it took 13 years. +it cost 2.7 billion dollars. +the year after it was finished in 2004, you could do the same job for 20 million dollars in three to four months. +today, you can have a complete sequence of the three billion base pairs in the human genome at a cost of about 20,000 dollars and in the space of about a week. +it won't be very long before the reality will be the 1,000-dollar human genome, and it will be increasingly available for everyone. +just a week ago, the national academy of engineering awarded its draper prize to francis arnold and willem stemmer, two scientists who independently developed techniques to encourage the natural process of evolution to work faster and to lead to desirable proteins in a more efficient way -- what frances arnold calls "directed evolution." +a couple of years ago, the lasker prize was awarded to the scientist shinya yamanaka for his research in which he took an adult skin cell, a fibroblast, and by manipulating just four genes, he induced that cell to revert to a pluripotential stem cell -- a cell potentially capable of becoming any cell in your body. +these changes are coming. +the same technology that has produced the human insulin in bacteria can make viruses that will not only protect you against themselves, but induce immunity against other viruses. +believe it or not, there's an experimental trial going on with vaccine against influenza that has been grown in the cells of a tobacco plant. +can you imagine something good coming out of tobacco? +these are all reality today, and [in] the future, will be evermore possible. +imagine then just two other little changes. +you can change the cells in your body, but what if you could change the cells in your offspring? +what if you could change the sperm and the ova, or change the newly fertilized egg, and give your offspring a better chance at a healthier life -- eliminate the diabetes, eliminate the hemophilia, reduce the risk of cancer? +who doesn't want healthier children? +and then, that same analytic technology, that same engine of science that can produce the changes to prevent disease, will also enable us to adopt super-attributes, hyper-capacities -- that better memory. +why not have the quick wit of a ken jennings, especially if you can augment it with the next generation of the watson machine? +why not have the quick twitch muscle that will enable you to run faster and longer? +why not live longer? +these will be irresistible. +and when we are at a position where we can pass it on to the next generation, and we can adopt the attributes we want, we will have converted old-style evolution into neo-evolution. +we'll take a process that normally might require 100,000 years, and we can compress it down to a thousand years -- and maybe even in the next 100 years. +these are choices that your grandchildren, or their grandchildren, are going to have before them. +will we use these choices to make a society that is better, that is more successful, that is kinder? +or, will we selectively choose different attributes that we want for some of us and not for others of us? +will we make a society that is more boring and more uniform, or more robust and more versatile? +these are the kinds of questions that we will have to face. +and most profoundly of all, will we ever be able to develop the wisdom, and to inherit the wisdom, that we'll need to make these choices wisely? +for better or worse, and sooner than you may think, these choices will be up to us. +thank you. +i want you now to imagine a wearable robot that gives you superhuman abilities, or another one that takes wheelchair users up standing and walking again. +we at berkeley bionics call these robots exoskeletons. +these are nothing else than something that you put on in the morning, and it will give you extra strength, and it will further enhance your speed, and it will help you, for instance, to manage your balance. +it is actually the true integration of the man and the machine. +but not only that -- it will integrate and network you to the universe and other devices out there. +this is just not some blue sky thinking. +to show you now what we are working on by starting out talking about the american soldier, that on average does carry about 100 lbs. on their backs, and they are being asked to carry more equipment. +obviously, this is resulting in some major complications -- back injuries, 30 percent of them -- chronic back injuries. +so we thought we would look at this challenge and create an exoskeleton that would help deal with this issue. +so let me now introduce to you hulc -- or the human universal load carrier. +with the hulc exoskeleton, i can carry 200 lbs. over varied terrain for many hours. +its flexible design allows for deep squats, crawls and high-agility movements. +it senses what i want to do, where i want to go, and then augments my strength and endurance. +we are ready with our industry partner to introduce this device, this new exoskeleton this year. +so this is for real. +now let's turn our heads towards the wheelchair users, something that i'm particularly passionate about. +there are 68 million people estimated to be in wheelchairs worldwide. +this is about one percent of the total population. +and that's actually a conservative estimate. +we are talking here about, oftentimes, very young individuals with spinal cord injuries, that in the prime of their life -- 20s, 30s, 40s -- hit a wall and the wheelchair's the only option. +but it is also the aging population that is multiplying in numbers. +and the only option, pretty much -- when it's stroke or other complications -- is the wheelchair. +and that is actually for the last 500 years, since its very successful introduction, i must say. +so we thought we would start writing a brand new chapter of mobility. +let me now introduce you to elegs that is worn by amanda boxtel that 19 years ago was spinal cord injured, and as a result of that she has not been able to walk for 19 years until now. +thank you. +amanda is wearing our elegs set. +it has sensors. +it's completely non-invasive, sensors in the crutches that send signals back to our onboard computer that is sitting here at her back. +there are battery packs here as well that power motors that are sitting at her hips, as well as her knee joints, that move her forward in this kind of smooth and very natural gait. +i was 24 years old and at the top of my game when a freak summersault while downhill skiing paralyzed me. +in a split second, i lost all sensation and movement below my pelvis. +not long afterwards, a doctor strode into my hospital room, and he said, "amanda, you'll never walk again." +and that was 19 yeas ago. +he robbed every ounce of hope from my being. +adaptive technology has since enabled me to learn how to downhill ski again, to rock climb and even handcycle. +but nothing has been invented that enables me to walk, until now. +thank you. +as you can see, we have the technology, we have the platforms to sit down and have discussions with you. +it's in our hands, and we have all the potential here to change the lives of future generations -- not only for the soldiers, or for amanda here and all the wheelchair users, but for everyone. +thanks. +back in new york, i am the head of development for a non-profit called robin hood. +when i'm not fighting poverty, i'm fighting fires as the assistant captain of a volunteer fire company. +now in our town, where the volunteers supplement a highly skilled career staff, you have to get to the fire scene pretty early to get in on any action. +i remember my first fire. +i was the second volunteer on the scene, so there was a pretty good chance i was going to get in. +but still it was a real footrace against the other volunteers to get to the captain in charge to find out what our assignments would be. +when i found the captain, he was having a very engaging conversation with the homeowner, who was surely having one of the worst days of her life. +here it was, the middle of the night, she was standing outside in the pouring rain, under an umbrella, in her pajamas, barefoot, while her house was in flames. +the other volunteer who had arrived just before me -- let's call him lex luther -- got to the captain first and was asked to go inside and save the homeowner's dog. +the dog! i was stunned with jealousy. +here was some lawyer or money manager who, for the rest of his life, gets to tell people that he went into a burning building to save a living creature, just because he beat me by five seconds. +well, i was next. +the captain waved me over. +he said, "bezos, i need you to go into the house. +i need you to go upstairs, past the fire, and i need you to get this woman a pair of shoes. " +i swear. +so, not exactly what i was hoping for, but off i went -- up the stairs, down the hall, past the 'real' firefighters, who were pretty much done putting out the fire at this point, into the master bedroom to get a pair of shoes. +now i know what you're thinking, but i'm no hero. +i carried my payload back downstairs where i met my nemesis and the precious dog by the front door. +we took our treasures outside to the homeowner, where, not surprisingly, his received much more attention than did mine. +a few weeks later, the department received a letter from the homeowner thanking us for the valiant effort displayed in saving her home. +the act of kindness she noted above all others: someone had even gotten her a pair of shoes. +in both my vocation at robin hood and my avocation as a volunteer firefighter, i am witness to acts of generosity and kindness on a monumental scale, but i'm also witness to acts of grace and courage on an individual basis. +and you know what i've learned? +they all matter. +so as i look around this room at people who either have achieved, or are on their way to achieving, remarkable levels of success, i would offer this reminder: don't wait. +don't wait until you make your first million to make a difference in somebody's life. +if you have something to give, give it now. +serve food at a soup kitchen. clean up a neighborhood park. +be a mentor. +not every day is going to offer us a chance to save somebody's life, but every day offers us an opportunity to affect one. +so get in the game. save the shoes. +thank you. +mark, mark, come back. +thank you. +i just came back from a community that holds the secret to human survival. +it's a place where women run the show, have sex to say hello, and play rules the day -- where fun is serious business. +and no, this isn't burning man or san francisco. +ladies and gentlemen, meet your cousins. +this is the world of wild bonobos in the jungles of congo. +bonobos are, together with chimpanzees, your living closest relative. +that means we all share a common ancestor, an evolutionary grandmother, who lived around six million years ago. +now, chimpanzees are well-known for their aggression. +but unfortunately, we have made too much of an emphasis of this aspect in our narratives of human evolution. +but bonobos show us the other side of the coin. +while chimpanzees are dominated by big, scary guys, bonobo society is run by empowered females. +these guys have really worked something out, since this leads to a highly tolerant society where fatal violence has not been observed yet. +but unfortunately, bonobos are the least understood of the great apes. +they live in the depths of the congolese jungle, and it has been very difficult to study them. +the congo is a paradox -- a land of extraordinary biodiversity and beauty, but also the heart of darkness itself -- the scene of a violent conflict that has raged for decades and claimed nearly as many lives as the first world war. +not surprisingly, this destruction also endangers bonobo survival. +bushmeat trades and forest loss means we couldn't fill a small stadium with all the bonobos that are left in the world -- and we're not even sure of that to be honest. +yet, in this land of violence and chaos, you can hear hidden laughter swaying the trees. +who are these cousins? +we know them as the "make love, not war" apes since they have frequent, promiscuous and bisexual sex to manage conflict and solve social issues. +now, i'm not saying this is the solution to all of humanity's problems -- since there's more to bonobo life than the kama sutra. +bonobos, like humans, love to play throughout their entire lives. +play is not just child's games. +for us and them, play is foundational for bonding relationships and fostering tolerance. +it's where we learn to trust and where we learn about the rules of the game. +play increases creativity and resilience, and it's all about the generation of diversity -- diversity of interactions, diversity of behaviors, diversity of connections. +and when you watch bonobo play, you're seeing the very evolutionary roots of human laughter, dance and ritual. +play is the glue that binds us together. +now, i don't know how you play, but i want to show you a couple of unique clips fresh from the wild. +first, it's a ball game bonobo-style -- and i do not mean football. +so here, we have a young female and a male engaged in a chase game. +have a look what she's doing. +it might be the evolutionary origin of the phrase, "she's got him by the balls." +only i think that he's rather loving it here, right? +yeah. +so sex play is common in both bonobos and humans. +and this video is really interesting because it shows -- this video's really interesting because it shows the inventiveness of bringing unusual elements into play -- such as testicles -- and also how play both requires trust and fosters trust -- while at the same time being tremendous fun. +but play's a shapeshifter. +play's a shapeshifter, and it can take many forms, some of which are more quiet, imaginative, curious -- maybe where wonder is discovered anew. +and i want you to see, this is fuku, a young female, and she is quietly playing with water. +i think, like her, we sometimes play alone, and we explore the boundaries of our inner and our outer worlds. +and it's that playful curiosity that drives us to explore, drives us to interact, and then the unexpected connections we form are the real hotbed for creativity. +so these are just small tasters into the insights that bonobo give us to our past and present. +but they also hold a secret for our future, a future where we need to adapt to an increasingly challenging world through greater creativity and greater cooperation. +the secret is that play is the key to these capacities. +in other words, play is our adaptive wildcard. +in order to adapt successfully to a changing world, we need to play. +but will we make the most of our playfulness? +play is not frivolous. +play's essential. +for bonobos and humans alike, life is not just red in tooth and claw. +in times when it seems least appropriate to play, it might be the times when it is most urgent. +and so, my fellow primates, let us embrace this gift from evolution and play together, as we rediscover creativity, fellowship and wonder. +thank you. +i want you to imagine two couples in the middle of 1979 on the exact same day, at the exact same moment, each conceiving a baby -- okay? +so two couples each conceiving one baby. +now i don't want you to spend too much time imagining the conception, because if you spend all that time imagining that conception, you're not going to listen to me. +so just imagine that for a moment. +and in this scenario, i want to imagine that, in one case, the sperm is carrying a y chromosome, meeting that x chromosome of the egg. +and in the other case, the sperm is carrying an x chromosome, meeting the x chromosome of the egg. +both are viable; both take off. +we'll come back to these people later. +so i wear two hats in most of what i do. +as the one hat, i do history of anatomy. +i'm a historian by training, and what i study in that case is the way that people have dealt with anatomy -- meaning human bodies, animal bodies -- how they dealt with bodily fluids, concepts of bodies; how have they thought about bodies. +the other hat that i've worn in my work is as an activist, as a patient advocate -- or, as i sometimes say, as an impatient advocate -- for people who are patients of doctors. +in that case, what i've worked with is people who have body types that challenge social norms. +so some of what i've worked on, for example, is people who are conjoined twins -- two people within one body. +some of what i've worked on is people who have dwarfism -- so people who are much shorter than typical. +and a lot of what i've worked on is people who have atypical sex -- so people who don't have the standard male or the standard female body types. +and as a general term, we can use the term intersex for this. +intersex comes in a lot of different forms. +i'll just give you a few examples of the types of ways you can have sex that isn't standard for male or female. +so in one instance, you can have somebody who has an xy chromosomal basis, and that sry gene on the y chromosome tells the proto-gonads, which we all have in the fetal life, to become testes. +and so in the fetal life the testes are pumping out testosterone. +but because this individual lacks receptors to hear that testosterone, the body doesn't react to the testosterone. +and this is a syndrome called androgen insensitivity syndrome. +so lots of levels of testosterone, but no reaction to it. +as a consequence, the body develops more along the female typical path. +when the child is born, she looks like a girl. +she is a girl. she is raised as a girl. +and it's often not until she hits puberty and she's growing and developing breasts, but she's not getting her period, that somebody figures out something's up here. +and they do some tests and figure out that, instead of having ovaries inside and a uterus, she actually has testes inside, and she has a y chromosome. +now what's important to understand is you may think of this person as really being male, but they're really not. +females, like males, have in our bodies something called the adrenal glands. +they're in the back of our body. +and the adrenal glands make androgens, which are a masculinizing hormone. +most females like me -- i believe myself to be a typical female -- i don't actually know my chromosomal make-up but i think i'm probably typical -- most females like me are actually androgen-sensitive. +we're making androgen, and we're responding to androgens. +the consequence is that somebody like me has actually had a brain exposed to more androgens than the woman born with testes who has androgen insensitivity syndrome. +so sex is really complicated; it's not just that intersex people are in the middle of all the sex spectrum -- in some ways, they can be all over the place. +another example: a few years ago i got a call from a man who was 19 years old, who was born a boy, raised a boy, had a girlfriend, had sex with his girlfriend, had a life as a guy and had just found out that he had ovaries and a uterus inside. +what he had was an extreme form of a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia. +he had xx chromosomes, and in the womb, his adrenal glands were in such high gear that it created, essentially, a masculine hormonal environment. +and as a consequence, his genitals were masculinzed, his brain was subject to the more typical masculine component of hormones. +and he was born looking like a boy -- nobody suspected anything. +and it was only when he had reached the age of 19 that he began to have enough medical problems actually from menstruating internally, that doctors figured out that, in fact, he was female internally. +okay, so just one more quick example of a way you can have intersex. +some people who have xx chromosomes develop what are called ovotestis, which is when you have ovarian tissue with testicular tissue wrapped around it. +and we're not exactly sure why that happens. +so sex can come in lots of different varieties. +the reason that children with these kinds of bodies -- whether it's dwarfism, or it's conjoined twinning, or it's an intersex type -- are often normalized by surgeons is not because it actually leaves them better off in terms of physical health. +in many cases, people are actually perfectly healthy. +the reason they're often subject to various kinds of surgeries is because they threaten our social categories. +or system has been based typically on the idea that a particular kind of anatomy comes with a particular identity. +so we have the concept that what it means to be a woman is to have a female identity; what it means to be a black person is, allegedly, is to have an african anatomy in terms of your history. +and so we have this terribly simplistic idea. +and when we're faced with a body that actually presents us something quite different, it startles us in terms of those categorizations. +so we have a lot of very romantic ideas in our culture about individualism. +and our nation's really founded on a very romantic concept of individualism. +well you can imagine how startling then it is when you have children that are born who are two people inside of one body. +where i ran into the most heat from this most recently was last year the south african runner, caster semenya, had her sex called into question at the international games in berlin. +i had a lot of journalists calling me, asking me, "which is the test they're going to run that will tell us whether or not caster semenya is male or female?" +and i had to explain to the journalists there isn't such a test. +in fact, we now know that sex is complicated enough that we have to admit nature doesn't draw the line for us between male and female, or between male and intersex and female and intersex; we actually draw that line on nature. +so what we have is a sort of situation where the farther our science goes, the more we have to admit to ourselves that these categories that we thought of as stable anatomical categories that mapped very simply to stable identity categories are a lot more fuzzy than we thought. +and it's not just in terms of sex. +it's also in terms of race, which turns out to be vastly more complicated than our terminology has allowed. +as we look, we get into all sorts of uncomfortable areas. +we look, for example, about the fact that we share at least 95 percent of our dna with chimpanzees. +what are we to make of the fact that we differ from them only really by a few nucleotides? +and as we get farther and farther with our science, we get more and more into a discomforted zone where we have to acknowledge that the simplistic categories we've had are probably overly simplistic. +so we're seeing this in all sorts of places in human life. +one of the places we're seeing it, for example, in our culture today, in the united states today, is battles over the beginning of life and the end of life. +we have difficult conversations about at what point we decide a body becomes a human, such that it has a different right than a fetal life. +we have very difficult conversations nowadays -- probably not out in the open as much as within medicine -- about the question of when somebody's dead. +in the past, our ancestors never had to struggle so much with this question of when somebody was dead. +at most, they'd stick a feather on somebody's nose, and if it twitched, they didn't bury them yet. +if it stopped twitching, you bury them. +but today, we have a situation where we want to take vital organs out of beings and give them to other beings. +and as a consequence, we're stuck with having to struggle with this really difficult question about who's dead, and this leads us to a really difficult situation where we don't have such simple categories as we've had before. +now you might think that all this breaking-down of categories would make somebody like me really happy. +i'm a political progressive, i defend people with unusual bodies, but i have to admit to you that it makes me nervous. +understanding that these categories are really much more unstable than we thought makes me tense. +and it makes me tense from the point of view of thinking about democracy. +so in order to tell you about that tension, i have to first admit to you that i'm a huge fan of the founding fathers. +i know they were racists, i know they were sexist, but they were great. +i mean, they were so brave and so bold and so radical in what they did that i find myself watching that cheesy musical "1776" every few years, and it's not because of the music, which is totally forgettable. +it's because of what happened in 1776 with the founding fathers. +the founding fathers were, for my point of view, the original anatomical activists, and this is why. +what they rejected was an anatomical concept and replaced it with another one that was radical and beautiful and held us for 200 years. +so as you all recall, what our founding fathers were rejecting was a concept of monarchy, and the monarchy was basically based on a very simplistic concept of anatomy. +the monarchs of the old world didn't have a concept of dna, but they did have a concept of birthright. +they had a concept of blue blood. +they had the idea that the people who would be in political power should be in political power because of the blood being passed down from grandfather to father to son and so forth. +the founding fathers rejected that idea, and they replaced it with a new anatomical concept, and that concept was all men are created equal. +they leveled that playing field and decided the anatomy that mattered was the commonality of anatomy, not the difference in anatomy, and that was a really radical thing to do. +now they were doing it in part because they were part of an enlightenment system where two things were growing up together. +and that was democracy growing up, but it was also science growing up at the same time. +and it's really clear, if you look at the history of the founding fathers, a lot of them were very interested in science, and they were interested in a concept of a naturalistic world. +they were moving away from supernatural explanations, and they were rejecting things like a supernatural concept of power, where it transmitted because of a very vague concept of birthright. +they were moving towards a naturalistic concept. +and if you look, for example, in the declaration of independence, they talk about nature and nature's god. +they don't talk about god and god's nature. +they're talking about the power of nature to tell us who we are. +so as part of that, they were coming to us with a concept that was about anatomical commonality. +and in doing so, they were really setting up in a beautiful way the civil rights movement of the future. +they didn't think of it that way, but they did it for us, and it was great. +so what happened years afterward? +what happened was women, for example, who wanted the right to vote, took the founding fathers' concept of anatomical commonality being more important than anatomical difference and said, "the fact that we have a uterus and ovaries is not significant enough in terms of a difference to mean that we shouldn't have the right to vote, the right to full citizenship, the right to own property, etc., etc." +and women successfully argued that. +next came the successful civil rights movement, where we found people like sojourner truth talking about, "ain't i a woman?" +we find men on the marching lines of the civil rights movement saying, "i am a man." +again, people of color appealing to a commonality of anatomy over a difference of anatomy, again, successfully. +we see the same thing with the disability rights movement. +the problem is, of course, that, as we begin to look at all that commonality, we have to begin to question why we maintain certain divisions. +now mind you, i want to maintain some divisions, anatomically, in our culture. +for example, i don't want to give a fish the same rights as a human. +i don't want to say we give up entirely on anatomy. +i don't want to say five-year-olds should be allowed to consent to sex or consent to marry. +so there are some anatomical divisions that make sense to me and that i think we should retain. +but the challenge is trying to figure out which ones they are and why do we retain them and do they have meaning. +so let's go back to those two beings conceived at the beginning of this talk. +we have two beings, both conceived in the middle of 1979 on the exact same day. +let's imagine one of them, mary, is born three months prematurely, so she's born on june 1, 1980. +henry, by contrast, is born at term, so he's born on march 1, 1980. +simply by virtue of the fact that mary was born prematurely three months, she comes into all sorts of rights three months earlier than henry does -- the right to consent to sex, the right to vote, the right to drink. +henry has to wait for all of that, not because he's actually any different in age, biologically, except in terms of when he was born. +we find other kinds of weirdness in terms of what their rights are. +henry, by virtue of being assumed to be male -- although i haven't told you that he's the xy one -- by virtue of being assumed to be male is now liable to be drafted, which mary does not need to worry about. +mary, meanwhile, cannot in all the states have the same right that henry has in all the states, namely, the right to marry. +henry can marry in every state a woman, but mary can only marry today in a few states a woman. +so we have these anatomical categories that persist that are in many ways problematic and questionable. +and the question to me becomes: what do we do, as our science gets to be so good in looking at anatomy, that we reach the point where we have to admit that a democracy that's been based on anatomy might start falling apart? +i don't want to give up the science, but at the same time it kind of feels sometimes like the science is coming out from under us. +so where do we go? +it seems like what happens in our culture is a sort of pragmatic attitude: "well, we have to draw the line somewhere, so we will draw the line somewhere." +but a lot of people get stuck in a very strange position. +so for example, texas has at one point decided that what it means to marry a man is to mean that you don't have a y chromosome, and what it means to marry a woman means you do have a y chromosome. +now in practice they don't actually test people for their chromosomes. +but this is also very bizarre, because of the story i told you at the beginning about androgen insensitivity syndrome. +if we look at one of the founding fathers of modern democracy, dr. martin luther king, he offers us something of a solution in his "i have a dream" speech. +he says we should judge people "based not on the color of their skin, but on the content of their character," moving beyond anatomy. +and i want to say, "yeah, that sounds like a really good idea." +but in practice, how do you do it? +how do you judge people based on the content of character? +i also want to point out that i'm not sure that is how we should distribute rights in terms of humans, because, i have to admit, that there are some golden retrievers i know that are probably more deserving of social services than some humans i know. +i also want to say there are probably also some yellow labradors that i know that are more capable of informed, intelligent, mature decisions about sexual relations than some 40-year-olds that i know. +so how do we operationalize the question of content of character? +it turns out to be really difficult. +and part of me also wonders, what if content of character turns out to be something that's scannable in the future -- able to be seen with an fmri? +do we really want to go there? +i'm not sure where we go. +what i do know is that it seems to be really important to think about the idea of the united states being in the lead of thinking about this issue of democracy. +we've done a really good job struggling with democracy, and i think we would do a good job in the future. +we don't have a situation that iran has, for example, where a man who's sexually attracted to other men is liable to be murdered, unless he's willing to submit to a sex change, in which case he's allowed to live. +we don't have that kind of situation. +i'm glad to say we don't have the kind of situation with -- a surgeon i talked to a few years ago who had brought over a set of conjoined twins in order to separate them, partly to make a name for himself. +but when i was on the phone with him, asking why he was going to do this surgery -- this was a very high-risk surgery -- his answer was that, in this other nation, these children were going to be treated very badly, and so he had to do this. +my response to him was, "well, have you considered political asylum instead of a separation surgery?" +the united states has offered tremendous possibility for allowing people to be the way they are, without having them have to be changed for the sake of the state. +so i think we have to be in the lead. +well, just to close, i want to suggest to you that i've been talking a lot about the fathers. +and i want to think about the possibilities of what democracy might look like, or might have looked like, if we had more involved the mothers. +and i want to say something a little bit radical for a feminist, and that is that i think that there may be different kinds of insights that can come from different kinds of anatomies, particularly when we have people thinking in groups. +now for years, because i've been interested in intersex, i've also been interested in sex difference research. +and one of the things that i've been really interested in is looking at the differences between males and females in terms of the way they think and operate in the world. +and what we know from cross-cultural studies is that females, on average -- not everyone, but on average -- are more inclined to be very attentive to complex social relations and to taking care of people who are basically vulnerable within the group. +and so if we think about that, we have an interesting situation on our hands. +years ago, when i was in graduate school, one of my graduate advisers who knew i was interested in feminism -- i considered myself a feminist, as i still do -- asked a really strange question. +he said, "tell me what's feminine about feminism." +and i thought, "well that's the dumbest question i've ever heard. +feminism is all about undoing stereotypes about gender, so there's nothing feminine about feminism. " +but the more i thought about his question, the more i thought there might be something feminine about feminism. +that is to say, there might be something, on average, different about female brains from male brains that makes us more attentive to deeply complex social relationships and more attentive to taking care of the vulnerable. +so whereas the fathers were extremely attentive to figuring out how to protect individuals from the state, it's possible that if we injected more mothers into this concept, what we would have is more of a concept of, not just how to protect, but how to care for each other. +and maybe that's where we need to go in the future, when we take democracy beyond anatomy, is to think less about the individual body, in terms of the identity, and think more about those relationships. +so that as we the people try to create a more perfect union, we're thinking about what we do for each other. +thank you. +i'm jessi, and this is my suitcase. +but before i show you what i've got inside, i'm going to make a very public confession, and that is, i'm outfit-obsessed. +i love finding, wearing, and more recently, photographing and blogging a different, colorful, crazy outfit for every single occasion. +but i don't buy anything new. +i get all my clothes secondhand from flea markets and thrift stores. +aww, thank you. +secondhand shopping allows me to reduce the impact my wardrobe has on the environment and on my wallet. +i get to meet all kinds of great people; my dollars usually go to a good cause; i look pretty unique; and it makes shopping like my own personal treasure hunt. +i mean, what am i going to find today? +is it going to be my size? +will i like the color? +will it be under $20? +if all the answers are yes, i feel as though i've won. +i want to get back to my suitcase and tell you what i packed for this exciting week here at ted. +i mean, what does somebody with all these outfits bring with her? +so i'm going to show you exactly what i brought. +i brought seven pairs of underpants and that's it. +exactly one week's worth of undies is all i put in my suitcase. +i was betting that i'd be able to find everything else i could possible want to wear once i got here to palm springs. +and since you don't know me as the woman walking around ted in her underwear -- that means i found a few things. +and i'd really love to show you my week's worth of outfits right now. +does that sound good? +so as i do this, i'm also going to tell you a few of the life lessons that, believe it or not, i have picked up in these adventures wearing nothing new. +so let's start with sunday. +i call this "shiny tiger." +you do not have to spend a lot of money to look great. +you can almost always look phenomenal for under $50. +this whole outfit, including the jacket, cost me $55, and it was the most expensive thing that i wore the entire week. +monday: color is powerful. +it is almost physiologically impossible to be in a bad mood when you're wearing bright red pants. +if you are happy, you are going to attract other happy people to you. +tuesday: fitting in is way overrated. +i've spent a whole lot of my life trying to be myself and at the same time fit in. +just be who you are. +if you are surrounding yourself with the right people, they will not only get it, they will appreciate it. +wednesday: embrace your inner child. +sometimes people tell me that i look like i'm playing dress-up, or that i remind them of their seven-year-old. +i like to smile and say, "thank you." +thursday: confidence is key. +if you think you look good in something, you almost certainly do. +and if you don't think you look good in something, you're also probably right. +i grew up with a mom who taught me this day-in and day-out. +but it wasn't until i turned 30 that i really got what this meant. +and i'm going to break it down for you for just a second. +if you believe you're a beautiful person inside and out, there is no look that you can't pull off. +so there is no excuse for any of us here in this audience. +we should be able to rock anything we want to rock. +thank you. +friday: a universal truth -- five words for you: gold sequins go with everything. +and finally, saturday: developing your own unique personal style is a really great way to tell the world something about you without having to say a word. +it's been proven to me time and time again as people have walked up to me this week simply because of what i'm wearing, and we've had great conversations. +so obviously this is not all going to fit back in my tiny suitcase. +so before i go home to brooklyn, i'm going to donate everything back. +because the lesson i'm trying to learn myself this week is that it's okay to let go. +i don't need to get emotionally attached to these things because around the corner, there is always going to be another crazy, colorful, shiny outfit just waiting for me, if i put a little love in my heart and look. +thank you very much. +thank you. +good afternoon, everybody. +i've got something to show you. +think about this as a pixel, a flying pixel. +this is what we call, in our lab, sensible design. +let me tell you a bit about it. +now if you take this picture -- i'm italian originally, and every boy in italy grows up with this picture on the wall of his bedroom -- but the reason i'm showing you this is that something very interesting happened in formula 1 racing over the past couple of decades. +now some time ago, if you wanted to win a formula 1 race, you take a budget, and you bet your budget on a good driver and a good car. +and if the car and the driver were good enough, then you'd win the race. +now today, if you want to win the race, actually you need also something like this -- something that monitors the car in real time, has a few thousand sensors collecting information from the car, transmitting this information into the system, and then processing it and using it in order to go back to the car with decisions and changing things in real time as information is collected. +this is what, in engineering terms, you would call a real time control system. +and basically, it's a system made of two components -- a sensing and an actuating component. +what is interesting today is that real time control systems are starting to enter into our lives. +our cities, over the past few years, just have been blanketed with networks, electronics. +they're becoming like computers in open air. +and, as computers in open air, they're starting to respond in a different way to be able to be sensed and to be actuated. +if we fix cities, actually it's a big deal. +just as an aside, i wanted to mention, cities are only two percent of the earth's crust, but they are 50 percent of the world's population. +they are 75 percent of the energy consumption -- up to 80 percent of co2 emissions. +so if we're able to do something with cities, that's a big deal. +beyond cities, all of this sensing and actuating is entering our everyday objects. +that's from an exhibition that paola antonelli is organizing at moma later this year, during the summer. +it's called "talk to me." +well our objects, our environment is starting to talk back to us. +in a certain sense, it's almost as if every atom out there were becoming both a sensor and an actuator. +and that is radically changing the interaction we have as humans with the environment out there. +in a certain sense, it's almost as if the old dream of michelangelo... +you know, when michelangelo sculpted the moses, at the end it said that he took the hammer, threw it at the moses -- actually you can still see a small chip underneath -- and said, shouted, "perché non parli? why don't you talk?" +well today, for the first time, our environment is starting to talk back to us. +and i'll show just a few examples -- again, with this idea of sensing our environment and actuating it. +let's starting with sensing. +well, the first project i wanted to share with you is actually one of the first projects by our lab. +it was four and a half years ago in italy. +and what we did there was actually use a new type of network at the time that had been deployed all across the world -- that's a cellphone network -- and use anonymous and aggregated information from that network, that's collected anyway by the operator, in order to understand how the city works. +the summer was a lucky summer -- 2006. +it's when italy won the soccer world cup. +some of you might remember, it was italy and france playing, and then zidane at the end, the headbutt. +and anyway, italy won at the end. +now look at what happened that day just by monitoring activity happening on the network. +here you see the city. +you see the colosseum in the middle, the river tiber. +it's morning, before the match. +you see the timeline on the top. +early afternoon, people here and there, making calls and moving. +the match begins -- silence. +france scores. italy scores. +halftime, people make a quick call and go to the bathroom. +second half. end of normal time. +first overtime, second. +zidane, the headbutt in a moment. +italy wins. yeah. +well, that night, everybody went to celebrate in the center. +you saw the big peak. +the following day, again everybody went to the center to meet the winning team and the prime minister at the time. +and then everybody moved down. +you see the image of the place called circo massimo, where, since roman times, people go to celebrate, to have a big party, and you see the peak at the end of the day. +well, that's just one example of how we can sense the city today in a way that we couldn't have done just a few years ago. +another quick example about sensing: it's not about people, but about things we use and consume. +well today, we know everything about where our objects come from. +this is a map that shows you all the chips that form a mac computer, how they came together. +but we know very little about where things go. +so in this project, we actually developed some small tags to track trash as it moves through the system. +so we actually started with a number of volunteers who helped us in seattle, just over a year ago, to tag what they were throwing away -- different types of things, as you can see here -- things they would throw away anyway. +then we put a little chip, little tag, onto the trash and then started following it. +here are the results we just obtained. +from seattle... +after one week. +with this information we realized there's a lot of inefficiencies in the system. +we can actually do the same thing with much less energy. +this data was not available before. +but there's a lot of wasted transportation and convoluted things happening. +but the other thing is that we believe that if we see every day that the cup we're throwing away, it doesn't disappear, it's still somewhere on the planet. +and the plastic bottle we're throwing away every day still stays there. +and if we show that to people, then we can also promote some behavioral change. +so that was the reason for the project. +my colleague at mit, assaf biderman, he could tell you much more about sensing and many other wonderful things we can do with sensing, but i wanted to go to the second part we discussed at the beginning, and that's actuating our environment. +and the first project is something we did a couple of years ago in zaragoza, spain. +it started with a question by the mayor of the city, who came to us saying that spain and southern europe have a beautiful tradition of using water in public space, in architecture. +and the question was: how could technology, new technology, be added to that? +and one of the ideas that was developed at mit in a workshop was, imagine this pipe, and you've got valves, solenoid valves, taps, opening and closing. +you create like a water curtain with pixels made of water. +if those pixels fall, you can write on it, you can show patterns, images, text. +and even you can approach it, and it will open up to let you jump through, as you see in this image. +well, we presented this to mayor belloch. +he liked it very much. +and we got a commission to design a building at the entrance of the expo. +we called it digital water pavilion. +the whole building is made of water. +there's no doors or windows, but when you approach it, it will open up to let you in. +the roof also is covered with water. +and if there's a bit of wind, if you want to minimize splashing, you can actually lower the roof. +or you could close the building, and the whole architecture will disappear, you know, these days, you always get images during the winter, when they take the roof down, of people who have been there and said, "they demolished the building." +no, they didn't demolish it, just when it goes down, the architecture almost disappears. +here's the building working. +you see the person puzzled about what was going on inside. +and here was myself trying not to get wet, testing the sensors that open the water. +well, i should tell you now what happened one night when all of the sensors stopped working. +but actually that night, it was even more fun. +all the kids from zaragoza came to the building, because the way of engaging with the building became something different. +not anymore a building that would open up to let you in, but a building that would still make cuts and holes through the water, and you had to jump without getting wet. +and that was, for us, was very interesting, because, as architects, as engineers, as designers, we always think about how people will use the things we design. +but then reality's always unpredictable. +and that's the beauty of doing things that are used and interact with people. +here is an image then of the building with the physical pixels, the pixels made of water, and then projections on them. +and this is what led us to think about the following project i'll show you now. +that's, imagine those pixels could actually start flying. +imagine you could have small helicopters that move in the air, and then each of them with a small pixel in changing lights -- almost as a cloud that can move in space. +here is the video. +so imagine one helicopter, like the one we saw before, moving with others, in synchrony. +so you can have this cloud. +you can have a kind of flexible screen or display, like this -- a regular configuration in two dimensions. +or in regular, but in three dimensions, where the thing that changes is the light, not the pixels' position. +you can play with a different type. +imagine your screen could just appear in different scales or sizes, different types of resolution. +but then the whole thing can be just a 3d cloud of pixels that you can approach and move through it and see from many, many directions. +here is the real flyfire control and going down to form the regular grid as before. +when you turn on the light, actually you see this. so the same as we saw before. +and imagine each of them then controlled by people. +you can have each pixel having an input that comes from people, from people's movement, or so and so. +i want to show you something here for the first time. +we've been working with roberto bolle, one of today's top ballet dancers -- the étoile at metropolitan in new york and la scala in milan -- and actually captured his movement in 3d in order to use it as an input for flyfire. +and here you can see roberto dancing. +you see on the left the pixels, the different resolutions being captured. +it's both 3d scanning in real time and motion capture. +so you can reconstruct a whole movement. +you can go all the way through. +but then, once we have the pixels, then you can play with them and play with color and movement and gravity and rotation. +so we want to use this as one of the possible inputs for flyfire. +i wanted to show you the last project we are working on. +it's something we're working on for the london olympics. +it's called the cloud. +and the idea here is, imagine, again, we can involve people in doing something and changing our environment -- almost to impart what we call cloud raising -- like barn raising, but with a cloud. +imagine you can have everybody make a small donation for one pixel. +and i think what is remarkable that has happened over the past couple of years is that, over the past couple of decades, we went from the physical world to the digital one. +this has been digitizing everything, knowledge, and making that accessible through the internet. +now today, for the first time -- and the obama campaign showed us this -- we can go from the digital world, from the self-organizing power of networks, to the physical one. +this can be, in our case, we want to use it for designing and doing a symbol. +that means something built in a city. +but tomorrow it can be, in order to tackle today's pressing challenges -- think about climate change or co2 emissions -- how we can go from the digital world to the physical one. +so the idea that we can actually involve people in doing this thing together, collectively. +the cloud is a cloud, again, made of pixels, in the same way as the real cloud is a cloud made of particles. +and those particles are water, where our cloud is a cloud of pixels. +it's a physical structure in london, but covered with pixels. +you can move inside, have different types of experiences. +you can actually see from underneath, sharing the main moments for the olympics in 2012 and beyond, and really using it as a way to connect with the community. +so both the physical cloud in the sky and something you can go to the top [of], like london's new mountaintop. +you can enter inside it. +and a kind of new digital beacon for the night -- but most importantly, a new type of experience for anybody who will go to the top. +thank you. +as an artist, connection is very important to me. +through my work i'm trying to articulate that humans are not separate from nature and that everything is interconnected. +i first went to antarctica almost 10 years ago, where i saw my first icebergs. +i was in awe. +my heart beat fast, my head was dizzy, trying to comprehend what it was that stood in front of me. +the icebergs around me were almost 200 feet out of the water, and i could only help but wonder that this was one snowflake on top of another snowflake, year after year. +icebergs are born when they calve off of glaciers or break off of ice shelves. +each iceberg has its own individual personality. +they have a distinct way of interacting with their environment and their experiences. +some refuse to give up and hold on to the bitter end, while others can't take it anymore and crumble in a fit of dramatic passion. +it's easy to think, when you look at an iceberg, that they're isolated, that they're separate and alone, much like we as humans sometimes view ourselves. +but the reality is far from it. +as an iceberg melts, i am breathing in its ancient atmosphere. +as the iceberg melts, it is releasing mineral-rich fresh water that nourishes many forms of life. +i approach photographing these icebergs as if i'm making portraits of my ancestors, knowing that in these individual moments they exist in that way and will never exist that way again. +it is not a death when they melt; it is not an end, but a continuation of their path through the cycle of life. +some of the ice in the icebergs that i photograph is very young -- a couple thousand years old. +and some of the ice is over 100,000 years old. +the last pictures i'd like to show you are of an iceberg that i photographed in qeqetarsuaq, greenland. +it's a very rare occasion that you get to actually witness an iceberg rolling. +so here it is. +you can see on the left side a small boat. +that's about a 15-foot boat. +and i'd like you to pay attention to the shape of the iceberg and where it is at the waterline. +you can see here, it begins to roll, and the boat has moved to the other side, and the man is standing there. +this is an average-size greenlandic iceberg. +it's about 120 feet above the water, or 40 meters. +and this video is real time. +and just like that, the iceberg shows you a different side of its personality. +thank you. +i have had the distinct blessing in my life to have worked on a bunch of amazing projects. +but the coolest i ever worked on was around this guy. +this guy's name is tempt. +tempt was one of the foremost graffiti artists in the 80s. +and he came up home from a run one day and said, "dad, my legs are tingling." +and that was the onset of als. +so tempt is now completely paralyzed. +he only has use of his eyes. +i was exposed to him. +i have a company that does design and animation, so obviously graffiti is definitely an intricate part of what we admire and respect in the art world. +and so we decided that we were going to sponsor tony, tempt, and his cause. +so i went and met with his brother and father and said, "we're going to give you this money. +what are you going to do with it? " +and his brother said, "i just want to be able to talk to tony again. +i just want to be able to communicate with him and i said, "wait a second, isn't that -- i've seen stephen hawking -- don't all paralyzed people have the ability to communicate via these devices?" +and he said, "no, unless you're in the upper echelon and you've got really amazing insurance, you can't actually do that. +these devices aren't accessible to people. " +and i said, "well, how do you actually communicate?" +has everyone seen the movie "the diving bell and the butterfly?" +that's how they communicate -- so run their finger along. +i said, "that's archaic. how can that be?" +so i showed up with the desire to just write a check, and instead, i wrote a check that i had no freaking idea how i was going to cash. +i committed to his brother and his father right then and there -- i'm like, "all right, here's the deal: tony's going to speak, we're going to get him a machine, and we're going to figure out a way for him to do his art again. +because it's a travesty that someone who still has all of that in him isn't able to communicate it. " +so i spoke at a conference a couple months after that. +i met these guys called grl, graffiti research lab, and they have a technology that allows them to project a light onto any surface and then, with a laser pointer, draw on it, and it just registers the negative space. +so they go around and do art installations like this. +all the things that go up there, they said there's a life cycle. +first it starts with the sexual organs, then it starts with cuss words, then it was bush slanders and then people actually got to art. +but there was always a life cycle to their presentations. +so i went home and was having dinner with my wife and was telling her about this, and we were like, "well wait a second. if we know that this technology exists where you can use your eyes to control things, why don't we figure out a way for tempt to control a laser and he could do graf again? well that would be awesome." +so that started the journey. +and about two years later, about a year later, after a bunch of organization and a bunch of moving things around, we'd accomplished a couple things. +one, we battered down the doors of the insurance companies, and we actually got tempt a machine that let him communicate -- a stephen hawking machine. +which was awesome. +and he's seriously one of the funniest -- i call him yoda, because you talk to the guy, you get an email from him, and you're like, "i'm not worthy. this guy's so amazing." +the other thing we did is we flew seven programmers from all over the world -- literally every corner of the world -- into our house. +my wife and kids and i moved to our back garage, and these hackers and programmers and conspiracy theorists and anarchists took over our house. +a lot of our friends thought we were absolutely stupid to do that and that we were going to come back and all the pictures on the wall would be removed and graf on the walls. +but for over two weeks, we programmed, we went to the venice boardwalk, my kids got involved, my dog got involved, and we created this. +this is called the eyewriter, and you can see the description. +this is a cheap pair of sunglasses that we bought at the venice beach boardwalk, some copper wire and some stuff from home depot and radio shack. +we took a ps3 camera, hacked it open, mounted it to an led light, and now there's a device that is free -- you build this yourself, we publish the code for free, you download the software for free. +and now we've created a device that has absolutely no limitations. +there's no insurance company that can say "no." +there's no hospital that can say "no." +anybody who's paralyzed now has access to actually draw or communicate using only their eyes. +thank you. +thank you guys very much. that was awesome. +so at the end of the two weeks, we went back to tempt's room. +i love this picture, because this is someone else's room and that's his room. +so there's all this hustle and bustle going on for the big unveiling. +and after over a year of planning, two weeks of programming, carb-fest and all-night sessions, tony drew again for the first time in seven years. +and this is an amazing picture, because this is his life support system, and he's looking over his life support system. +we kicked his bed so that he could see out. +and we set up a projector on a wall out in the parking lot outside of his hospital. +and he drew again for the first time, in front of his family and friends -- and you can only imagine what the feeling in the parking lot was. +the funny thing was, we had to break into the parking lot too, so we totally felt like we were legit in the whole graf scene too. +so at the end of this, he sent us an email, and this is what the email said: "that was the first time i've drawn anything for seven years. +i feel like i had been held underwater, and someone finally reached down and pulled my head up so i could breathe. " +isn't that awesome? +so that's kind of our battle cry. +that's what keeps us going and keeps us developing. +and we've got such a long way to go with this. +this is an amazing device, but it's the equivalent of an etch a sketch. +and someone who has that kind of artistic potential deserves so much more. +so we're in the process of trying to figure out how to make it better, faster, stronger. +since that time, we've had all kinds of acknowledgment. +we've won a bunch of awards. +remember, it's free; none of us are making any money on this thing. +it's all coming out of our own pockets. +so the awards were like, "oh, this is fantastic." +armstrong twittered about us, and then in december, time magazine honored us as one of the top 50 inventions of 2010, which was really cool. +the coolest thing about this -- and this is what's completing the whole circle -- is that in april of this year, at the geffen moca in downtown los angeles, there's going to be an exhibition called "art of the streets." +and "art of the streets" is going to have pretty much the bad-asses of the street art scene -- banksy, shepard fairey, kaws -- all of these guys will be there. +tempt's going to be in the show, which is pretty awesome. +so basically this is my point: if you see something that's not possible, make it possible. +everything in this room wasn't possible -- this stage, this computer, this mic, the eyewriter -- wasn't possible at one point. +make it possible, everyone in this room. +i'm not a programmer, never done anything with ocular recognition technology, but i just recognized something and associated myself with amazing people so that we could make something happen. +and this is the question i want everyone to ask yourself every single day when you come up with something you feel that needs to be done: if not now, then when? and if not me, then who? +thank you guys. +you know, what i do is write for children, and i'm probably america's most widely read children's author, in fact. +and i always tell people that i don't want to show up looking like a scientist. +you can have me as a farmer, or in leathers, and no one has ever chose farmer. +i'm here today to talk to you about circles and epiphanies. +and you know, an epiphany is usually something you find that you dropped someplace. +you've just got to go around the block to see it as an epiphany. +that's a painting of a circle. +a friend of mine did that -- richard bollingbroke. +it's the kind of complicated circle that i'm going to tell you about. +my circle began back in the '60s in high school in stow, ohio where i was the class queer. +i was the guy beaten up bloody every week in the boys' room, until one teacher saved my life. +she saved my life by letting me go to the bathroom in the teachers' lounge. +she did it in secret. +she did it for three years. +and i had to get out of town. +i had a thumb, i had 85 dollars, and i ended up in san francisco, california -- met a lover -- and back in the '80s, found it necessary to begin work on aids organizations. +about three or four years ago, i got a phone call in the middle of the night from that teacher, mrs. posten, who said, "i need to see you. +i'm disappointed that we never got to know each other as adults. +could you please come to ohio, and please bring that man that i know you have found by now. +and i should mention that i have pancreatic cancer, and i'd like you to please be quick about this. " +well, the next day we were in cleveland. +we took a look at her, we laughed, we cried, and we knew that she needed to be in a hospice. +we found her one, we got her there, and we took care of her and watched over her family, because it was necessary. +it's something we knew how to do. +and just as the woman who wanted to know me as an adult got to know me, she turned into a box of ashes and was placed in my hands. +and what had happened was the circle had closed, it had become a circle -- and that epiphany i talked about presented itself. +the epiphany is that death is a part of life. +she saved my life; i and my partner saved hers. +and you know, that part of life needs everything that the rest of life does. +it needs truth and beauty, and i'm so happy it's been mentioned so much here today. +it also needs -- it needs dignity, love and pleasure, and it's our job to hand those things out. +thank you. +imagine a big explosion as you climb through 3,000 ft. +imagine a plane full of smoke. +imagine an engine going clack, clack, clack, clack, clack, clack, clack. +it sounds scary. +well i had a unique seat that day. i was sitting in 1d. +i was the only one who could talk to the flight attendants. +so i looked at them right away, and they said, "no problem. we probably hit some birds." +the pilot had already turned the plane around, and we weren't that far. +you could see manhattan. +two minutes later, three things happened at the same time. +the pilot lines up the plane with the hudson river. +that's usually not the route. +he turns off the engines. +now imagine being in a plane with no sound. +and then he says three words -- the most unemotional three words i've ever heard. +he says, "brace for impact." +i didn't have to talk to the flight attendant anymore. +i could see in her eyes, it was terror. life was over. +now i want to share with you three things i learned about myself that day. +i learned that it all changes in an instant. +we have this bucket list, we have these things we want to do in life, and i thought about all the people i wanted to reach out to that i didn't, all the fences i wanted to mend, all the experiences i wanted to have and i never did. +as i thought about that later on, i came up with a saying, which is, "i collect bad wines." +because if the wine is ready and the person is there, i'm opening it. +i no longer want to postpone anything in life. +and that urgency, that purpose, has really changed my life. +the second thing i learned that day -- and this is as we clear the george washington bridge, which was by not a lot -- i thought about, wow, i really feel one real regret. +i've lived a good life. +in my own humanity and mistakes, i've tried to get better at everything i tried. +but in my humanity, i also allow my ego to get in. +and i regretted the time i wasted on things that did not matter with people that matter. +and i thought about my relationship with my wife, with my friends, with people. +and after, as i reflected on that, i decided to eliminate negative energy from my life. +it's not perfect, but it's a lot better. +i've not had a fight with my wife in two years. +it feels great. +i no longer try to be right; i choose to be happy. +the third thing i learned -- and this is as your mental clock starts going, "15, 14, 13." +you can see the water coming. +i'm saying, "please blow up." +i don't want this thing to break in 20 pieces like you've seen in those documentaries. +and as we're coming down, i had a sense of, wow, dying is not scary. +it's almost like we've been preparing for it our whole lives. +but it was very sad. +i didn't want to go; i love my life. +and that sadness really framed in one thought, which is, i only wish for one thing. +i only wish i could see my kids grow up. +about a month later, i was at a performance by my daughter -- first-grader, not much artistic talent... +... yet. +and i'm bawling, i'm crying, like a little kid. +and it made all the sense in the world to me. +i realized at that point, by connecting those two dots, that the only thing that matters in my life is being a great dad. +above all, above all, the only goal i have in life is to be a good dad. +i was given the gift of a miracle, of not dying that day. +i was given another gift, which was to be able to see into the future and come back and live differently. +i challenge you guys that are flying today, imagine the same thing happens on your plane -- and please don't -- but imagine, and how would you change? +what would you get done that you're waiting to get done because you think you'll be here forever? +how would you change your relationships and the negative energy in them? +and more than anything, are you being the best parent you can? +thank you. +the idea behind the stuxnet computer worm is actually quite simple. +we don't want iran to get the bomb. +their major asset for developing nuclear weapons is the natanz uranium enrichment facility. +the gray boxes that you see, these are real-time control systems. +now if we manage to compromise these systems that control drive speeds and valves, we can actually cause a lot of problems with the centrifuge. +the gray boxes don't run windows software; they are a completely different technology. +but if we manage to place a good windows virus on a notebook that is used by a maintenance engineer to configure this gray box, then we are in business. +and this is the plot behind stuxnet. +so we start with a windows dropper. +the payload goes onto the gray box, damages the centrifuge, and the iranian nuclear program is delayed -- mission accomplished. +that's easy, huh? +i want to tell you how we found that out. +when we started our research on stuxnet six months ago, it was completely unknown what the purpose of this thing was. +the only thing that was known is it's very, very complex on the windows part, the dropper part, used multiple zero-day vulnerabilities. +and it seemed to want to do something with these gray boxes, these real-time control systems. +so that got our attention, and we started a lab project where we infected our environment with stuxnet and checked this thing out. +and then some very funny things happened. +stuxnet behaved like a lab rat that didn't like our cheese -- sniffed, but didn't want to eat. +didn't make sense to me. +and after we experimented with different flavors of cheese, i realized, well, this is a directed attack. +it's completely directed. +the dropper is prowling actively on the gray box if a specific configuration is found, and even if the actual program code that it's trying to infect is actually running on that target. +and if not, stuxnet does nothing. +so that really got my attention, and we started to work on this nearly around the clock, because i thought, "well, we don't know what the target is. +it could be, let's say for example, a u.s. power plant, or a chemical plant in germany. +so we better find out what the target is soon. " +so we extracted and decompiled the attack code, and we discovered that it's structured in two digital bombs -- a smaller one and a bigger one. +and we also saw that they are very professionally engineered by people who obviously had all insider information. +they knew all the bits and bites that they had to attack. +they probably even know the shoe size of the operator. +so they know everything. +and if you have heard that the dropper of stuxnet is complex and high-tech, let me tell you this: the payload is rocket science. +it's way above everything that we have ever seen before. +here you see a sample of this actual attack code. +we are talking about -- around about 15,000 lines of code. +looks pretty much like old-style assembly language. +and i want to tell you how we were able to make sense out of this code. +so what we were looking for is, first of all, system function calls, because we know what they do. +and then we were looking for timers and data structures and trying to relate them to the real world -- to potential real world targets. +so we do need target theories that we can prove or disprove. +in order to get target theories, we remember that it's definitely hardcore sabotage, it must be a high-value target and it is most likely located in iran, because that's where most of the infections had been reported. +now you don't find several thousand targets in that area. +it basically boils down to the bushehr nuclear power plant and to the natanz fuel enrichment plant. +so i told my assistant, "get me a list of all centrifuge and power plant experts from our client base." +and i phoned them up and picked their brain in an effort to match their expertise with what we found in code and data. +and that worked pretty well. +so we were able to associate the small digital warhead with the rotor control. +the rotor is that moving part within the centrifuge, that black object that you see. +and if you manipulate the speed of this rotor, you are actually able to crack the rotor and eventually even have the centrifuge explode. +what we also saw is that the goal of the attack was really to do it slowly and creepy -- obviously in an effort to drive maintenance engineers crazy, that they would not be able to figure this out quickly. +the big digital warhead -- we had a shot at this by looking very closely at data and data structures. +so for example, the number 164 really stands out in that code; you can't overlook it. +i started to research scientific literature on how these centrifuges are actually built in natanz and found they are structured in what is called a cascade, and each cascade holds 164 centrifuges. +so that made sense, that was a match. +and it even got better. +these centrifuges in iran are subdivided into 15, what is called, stages. +and guess what we found in the attack code? +an almost identical structure. +so again, that was a real good match. +and this gave us very high confidence for what we were looking at. +now don't get me wrong here, it didn't go like this. +these results have been obtained over several weeks of really hard labor. +and we often went into just a dead end and had to recover. +anyway, so we figured out that both digital warheads were actually aiming at one and the same target, but from different angles. +the small warhead is taking one cascade, and spinning up the rotors and slowing them down, and the big warhead is talking to six cascades and manipulating valves. +so in all, we are very confident that we have actually determined what the target is. +it is natanz, and it is only natanz. +so we don't have to worry that other targets might be hit by stuxnet. +here's some very cool stuff that we saw -- really knocked my socks off. +down there is the gray box, and on the top you see the centrifuges. +now what this thing does is it intercepts the input values from sensors -- so for example, from pressure sensors and vibration sensors -- and it provides legitimate program code, which is still running during the attack, with fake input data. +and as a matter of fact, this fake input data is actually prerecorded by stuxnet. +so it's just like from the hollywood movies where during the heist, the observation camera is fed with prerecorded video. +that's cool, huh? +the idea here is obviously not only to fool the operators in the control room. +it actually is much more dangerous and aggressive. +the idea is to circumvent a digital safety system. +we need digital safety systems where a human operator could not act quick enough. +so for example, in a power plant, when your big steam turbine gets too over speed, you must open relief valves within a millisecond. +obviously, this cannot be done by a human operator. +so this is where we need digital safety systems. +and when they are compromised, then real bad things can happen. +your plant can blow up. +and neither your operators nor your safety system will notice it. +that's scary. +but it gets worse. +and this is very important, what i'm going to say. +think about this: this attack is generic. +it doesn't have anything to do, in specifics, with centrifuges, with uranium enrichment. +so it would work as well, for example, in a power plant or in an automobile factory. +it is generic. +and you don't have -- as an attacker -- you don't have to deliver this payload by a usb stick, as we saw it in the case of stuxnet. +you could also use conventional worm technology for spreading. +just spread it as wide as possible. +and if you do that, what you end up with is a cyber weapon of mass destruction. +that's the consequence that we have to face. +so unfortunately, the biggest number of targets for such attacks are not in the middle east. +they're in the united states and europe and in japan. +so all of the green areas, these are your target-rich environments. +we have to face the consequences, and we better start to prepare right now. +thanks. +i've got a question. +ralph, it's been quite widely reported that people assume that mossad is the main entity behind this. +is that your opinion? +okay, you really want to hear that? +yeah. okay. +my opinion is that the mossad is involved, but that the leading force is not israel. +so the leading force behind that is the cyber superpower. +there is only one, and that's the united states -- fortunately, fortunately. +because otherwise, our problems would even be bigger. +thank you for scaring the living daylights out of us. thank you, ralph. +i have spent the past few years putting myself into situations that are usually very difficult and at the same time somewhat dangerous. +i went to prison -- difficult. +i worked in a coal mine -- dangerous. +i filmed in war zones -- difficult and dangerous. +and i spent 30 days eating nothing but this -- fun in the beginning, little difficult in the middle, very dangerous in the end. +in fact, most of my career, i've been immersing myself into seemingly horrible situations for the whole goal of trying to examine societal issues in a way that make them engaging, that make them interesting, that hopefully break them down in a way that make them entertaining and accessible to an audience. +so when i knew i was coming here to do a ted talk that was going to look at the world of branding and sponsorship, i knew i would want to do something a little different. +so as some of you may or may not have heard, a couple weeks ago, i took out an ad on ebay. +i sent out some facebook messages, some twitter messages, and i gave people the opportunity to buy the naming rights to my 2011 ted talk. +that's right, some lucky individual, corporation, for-profit or non-profit, was going to get the once-in-a-lifetime opportunity -- because i'm sure chris anderson will never let it happen again -- to buy the naming rights to the talk you're watching right now, that at the time didn't have a title, didn't really have a lot of content and didn't really give much hint as to what the subject matter would actually be. +so what you were getting was this: your name here presents: my ted talk that you have no idea what the subject is and, depending on the content, could ultimately blow up in your face, especially if i make you or your company look stupid for doing it. +but that being said, it's a very good media opportunity. +you know how many people watch these ted talks? +it's a lot. +that's just a working title, by the way. +so even with that caveat, i knew that someone would buy the naming rights. +now if you'd have asked me that a year ago, i wouldn't have been able to tell you that with any certainty. +but in the new project that i'm working on, my new film, we examine the world of marketing, advertising. +and as i said earlier, i put myself in some pretty horrible situations over the years, but nothing could prepare me, nothing could ready me, for anything as difficult or as dangerous as going into the rooms with these guys. +you see, i had this idea for a movie. +what i want to do is make a film all about product placement, marketing and advertising, where the entire film is funded by product placement, marketing and advertising. +so the movie will be called "the greatest movie ever sold." +so what happens in "the greatest movie ever sold," is that everything from top to bottom, from start to finish, is branded from beginning to end -- from the above-the-title sponsor that you'll see in the movie, which is brand x. +now this brand, the qualcomm stadium, the staples center... +these people will be married to the film in perpetuity -- forever. +and so the film explores this whole idea -- it's what? in perpetuity, forever? +i'm a redundant person. +that was more for emphasis. +it was, "in perpetuity. forever." +but not only are we going to have the brand x title sponsor, but we're going to make sure we sell out every category we can in the film. +so maybe we sell a shoe and it becomes the greatest shoe you ever wore... +the greatest car you ever drove from "the greatest movie ever sold," the greatest drink you've ever had, courtesy of "the greatest movie ever sold." +so the idea is, beyond just showing that brands are a part of your life, but actually get them to finance the film? +and actually we show the whole process of how does it work. +the goal of this whole film is transparency. +you're going to see the whole thing take place in this movie. +so that's the whole concept, the whole film, start to finish. +and i would love for ceg to help make it happen. +you know it's funny, because when i first hear it, it is the ultimate respect for an audience. +i don't know how receptive people are going to be to it, though. +do you have a perspective -- i don't want to use "angle" because that has a negative connotation -- but do you know how this is going to play out? +how much money does it take to do this? +1.5 million. +i think that you're going to have a hard time meeting with them, but i think it's certainly worth pursuing a couple big, really obvious brands. +who knows, maybe by the time your film comes out, we look like a bunch of blithering idiots. +what do you think the response is going to be? +the responses mostly will be "no." +but is it a tough sell because of the film or a tough sell because of me? +jk: both. +... meaning not so optimistic. +so, sir, can you help me? i need help. +i can help you. +okay. +awesome. +we've gotta figure out which brands. +yeah. +when you look at the people you deal with.. +we've got some places we can go. +turn the camera off. +i thought "turn the camera off" meant, "let's have an off-the-record conversation." +turns out it really means, "we want nothing to do with your movie." +and just like that, one by one, all of these companies suddenly disappeared. +none of them wanted anything to do with this movie. +i was amazed. +they wanted absolutely nothing to do with this project. +and i was blown away, because i thought the whole concept, the idea of advertising, was to get your product out in front of as many people as possible, to get as many people to see it as possible. +especially in today's world, this intersection of new media and old media and the fractured media landscape, isn't the idea to get that new buzz-worthy delivery vehicle that's going to get that message to the masses? +no, that's what i thought. +but the problem was, you see, my idea had one fatal flaw, and that flaw was this. +actually no, that was not the flaw whatsoever. +that wouldn't have been a problem at all. +this would have been fine. +but what this image represents was the problem. +see, when you do a google image search for transparency, this is --- this is one of the first images that comes up. +so i like the way you roll, sergey brin. no. +this is was the problem: transparency -- free from pretense or deceit; easily detected or seen through; readily understood; characterized by visibility or accessibility of information, especially concerning business practices -- that last line being probably the biggest problem. +you see, we hear a lot about transparency these days. +our politicians say it, our president says it, even our ceo's say it. +but suddenly when it comes down to becoming a reality, something suddenly changes. +but why? well, transparency is scary -- like that odd, still-screaming bear. +it's unpredictable -- like this odd country road. +and it's also very risky. +what else is risky? +eating an entire bowl of cool whip. +that's very risky. +now when i started talking to companies and telling them that we wanted to tell this story, and they said, "no, we want you to tell a story. +we want you to tell a story, but we just want to tell our story. " +see, when i was a kid and my father would catch me in some sort of a lie -- and there he is giving me the look he often gave me -- he would say, "son, there's three sides to every story. +there's your story, there's my story and there's the real story. " +now you see, with this film, we wanted to tell the real story. +but with only one company, one agency willing to help me -- and that's only because i knew john bond and richard kirshenbaum for years -- i realized that i would have to go on my own, i'd have to cut out the middleman and go to the companies myself with all of my team. +so what you suddenly started to realize -- or what i started to realize -- is that when you started having conversations with these companies, the idea of understanding your brand is a universal problem. +i have friends who make great big, giant hollywood films, and i have friends who make little independent films like i make. +and the friends of mine who make big, giant hollywood movies say the reason their films are so successful is because of the brand partners that they have. +and then my friends who make small independent films say, "well, how are we supposed to compete with these big, giant hollywood movies?" +and the movie is called "the greatest movie ever sold." +so how specifically will we see ban in the film? +any time i'm ready to go, any time i open up my medicine cabinet, you will see ban deodorant. +while anytime i do an interview with someone, i can say, "are you fresh enough for this interview? +are you ready? you look a little nervous. +i want to help you calm down. +so maybe you should put some one before the interview. " +so we'll offer one of these fabulous scents. +whether it's a "floral fusion" or a "paradise winds," they'll have their chance. +we will have them geared for both male or female -- solid, roll-on or stick, whatever it may be. +that's the two-cent tour. +so now i can answer any of your questions and give you the five-cent tour. +we are a smaller brand. +much like you talked about being a smaller movie, we're very much a challenger brand. +so we don't have the budgets that other brands have. +so doing things like this -- you know, remind people about ban -- is kind of why were interested in it. +what are the words that you would use to describe ban? +ban is blank. +that's a great question. +superior technology. +technology's not the way you want to describe something somebody's putting in their armpit. +we talk about bold, fresh. +i think "fresh" is a great word that really spins this category into the positive, versus "fights odor and wetness." +it keeps you fresh. +how do we keep you fresher longer -- better freshness, more freshness, three times fresher. +things like that that are more of that positive benefit. +and that's a multi-million dollar corporation. +what about me? what about a regular guy? +i need to go talk to the man on the street, the people who are like me, the regular joes. +they need to tell me about my brand. +how would you guys describe your brand? +um, my brand? +i don't know. +i like really nice clothes. +80's revival meets skater-punk, unless it's laundry day. +all right, what is brand gerry? +unique. +i guess what kind of genre, style i am would be like dark glamor. +i like a lot of black colors, a lot of grays and stuff like that. +but usually i have an accessory, like sunglasses, or i like crystal and things like that too. +if dan were a brand, he might be a classic convertible mercedes benz. +the brand that i am is, i would call it casual fly. +part hippie, part yogi, part brooklyn girl -- i don't know. +i'm the pet guy. +i sell pet toys all over the country, all over the world. +so i guess that's my brand. +in my warped little industry, that's my brand. +my brand is fedex because i deliver the goods. +failed writer-alcoholic brand. +is that something? +i'm a lawyer brand. +i'm tom. +well we can't all be brand tom, but i do often find myself at the intersection of dark glamor and casual fly. +and what i realized is i needed an expert. +i needed somebody who could get inside my head, somebody who could really help me understand what they call your "brand personality." +and so i found a company called olson zaltman in pittsburg. +they've helped companies like nestle, febreze, hallmark discover that brand personality. +if they could do it for them, surely they could do it for me. +you brought your pictures, right? +i did. the very first picture is a picture of my family. +so tell me a little bit how it relates to your thoughts and feelings about who you are. +these are the people who shape the way i look at the world. +tell me about this world. +this world? i think your world is the world that you live in -- like people who are around you, your friends, your family, the way you live your life, the job you do. +all those things stemmed and started from one place, and for me they stemmed and started with my family in west virginia. +what's the next one you want to talk about? +the next one: this was the best day ever. +how does this relate to your thoughts and feelings about who you are? +it's like, who do i want to be? +i like things that are different. +i like things that are weird. i like weird things. +tell me about the "why" phase -- what does that do for us? +what is the machete? what pupa stage are you in now? +why is it important to reboot? what does the red represent? +tell me a little bit about that part. +... a little more about you that is not who you are. +what are some other metamorphoses that you've had? +... doesn't have to be fear. what kind of roller coaster are you on? +eeeeee! no, thank you. +thanks for you patience. +yeah. all right. +yeah, i don't know what's going to come of this. +there was a whole lot of crazy going on in there. +the first thing we saw was this idea that you had two distinct, but complementary sides to your brand personality -- the morgan spurlock brand is a mindful / play brand. +those are juxtaposed very nicely together. +and i think there's almost a paradox with those. +and i think some companies will just focus on one of their strengths or the other instead of focusing on both. +most companies tend to -- and it's human nature -- to avoid things that they're not sure of, avoid fear, those elements, and you really embrace those, and you actually turn them into positives for you, and it's a neat thing to see. +what other brands are like that? +the first on here is the classic, apple. +and you can see here too, target, wii, mini from the mini coopers, and jetblue. +now there's playful brands and mindful brands, those things that have come and gone, but a playful, mindful brand is a pretty powerful thing. +a playful, mindful brand. what is your brand? +if somebody asked you to describe your brand identity, your brand personality, what would you be? +are you an up attribute? are you something that gets the blood flowing? +or are you more of a down attribute? +are you something that's a little more calm, reserved, conservative? +up attributes are things like being playful, being fresh like the fresh prince, contemporary, adventurous, edgy or daring like errol flynn, nimble or agile, profane, domineering, magical or mystical like gandalf. +or are you more of a down attribute? +are you mindful, sophisticated like 007? +are you established, traditional, nurturing, protective, empathetic like the oprah? +are you reliable, stable, familiar, safe, secure, sacred, contemplative or wise like the dalai lama or yoda? +over the course of this film, we had 500-plus companies who were up and down companies saying, "no," they didn't want any part of this project. +they wanted nothing to do with this film, mainly because they would have no control, they would have no control over the final product. +but we did get 17 brand partners who were willing to relinquish that control, who wanted to be in business with someone as mindful and as playful as myself and who ultimately empowered us to tell stories that normally we wouldn't be able to tell -- stories that an advertiser would normally never get behind. +they enabled us to tell the story about neuromarketing, as we got into telling the story in this film about how now they're using mri's to target the desire centers of your brain for both commercials as well as movie marketing. +we went to san paulo where they have banned outdoor advertising. +in the entire city for the past five years, there's no billboards, there's no posters, there's no fliers, nothing. +and we went to school districts where now companies are making their way into cash-strapped schools all across america. +what's incredible for me is the projects that i've gotten the most feedback out of, or i've had the most success in, are ones where i've interacted with things directly. +and that's what these brands did. +they cut out the middleman, they cut out their agencies and said, "maybe these agencies don't have my best interest in mind. +i'm going to deal directly with the artist. +i'm going to work with him to create something different, something that's going to get people thinking, that's going to challenge the way we look at the world. " +and how has that been for them? has it been successful? +well, since the film premiered at the sundance film festival, let's take a look. +according to burrelles, the movie premiered in january, and since then -- and this isn't even the whole thing -- we've had 900 million media impressions for this film. +that's literally covering just like a two and a half-week period. +that's only online -- no print, no tv. +the film hasn't even been distributed yet. +it's not even online. it's not even streaming. +it's not even been out into other foreign countries yet. +so ultimately, this film has already started to gain a lot of momentum. +and not bad for a project that almost every ad agency we talked to advised their clients not to take part. +what i always believe is that if you take chances, if you take risks, that in those risks will come opportunity. +i believe that when you push people away from that, you're pushing them more towards failure. +i believe that when you train your employees to be risk averse, then you're preparing your whole company to be reward challenged. +i feel like that what has to happen moving forward is we need to encourage people to take risks. +we need to encourage people to not be afraid of opportunities that may scare them. +ultimately, moving forward, i think we have to embrace fear. +we've got to put that bear in a cage. +embrace fear. embrace risk. +one big spoonful at a time, we have to embrace risk. +and ultimately, we have to embrace transparency. +today, more than ever, a little honesty is going to go a long way. +and that being said, through honesty and transparency, my entire talk, "embrace transparency," has been brought to you by my good friends at emc, who for $7,100 bought the naming rights on ebay. +turning big data into big opportunity for organizations all over the world. +emc presents: "embrace transparency." +thank you very much, guys. +so, morgan, in the name of transparency, what exactly happened to that $7,100? +that is a fantastic question. +i have in my pocket a check made out to the parent organization to the ted organization, the sapling foundation -- a check for $7,100 to be applied toward my attendance for next year's ted. +my name is amit. +and 18 months ago, i had another job at google, and i pitched this idea of doing something with museums and art to my boss who's actually here, and she allowed me to do it. +and it took 18 months. +a lot of fun, negotiations and stories, i can tell you, with 17 very interesting museums from nine countries. +but i'm going to focus on the demo. +there are a lot of stories about why we did this. +i think my personal story is explained very simply on the slide, and it's access. +and i grew up in india. +i had a great education -- i'm not complaining -- but i didn't have access to a lot of these museums and these artworks. +and so when i started traveling and going to these museums, i started learning a lot. +and while working at google, i tried to put this desire to make it more accessible with technology together. +so we formed a team, a great team of people, and we started doing this. +i'm going to probably get into the demo and then tell you a couple of the interesting things we've had since launch. +so, simple: you come to googleartproject.com. +you look around at all these museums here. +you've got the uffizi, you've got the moma, the hermitage, the rijks, the van gogh. +i'm going to actually get to one of my favorites, the metropolitan museum of art in new york. +two ways of going in -- very simple. +click and, bang, you're in this museum. +it doesn't matter where you are -- bombay, mexico, it doesn't really matter. +you move around, you have fun. +you want to navigate around the museum? +open the plan up, and, in one click, jump. +you're in there, you want to go to the end of the corridor. +keep going. have fun. +explore. +thanks. i haven't come to the best part. +so now i'm in front of one of my favorite paintings, "the harvesters" by pieter bruegel at the met. +i see this plus sign. +if the museum has given us the image, you click on it. +now this is one of the images. +so this is all of the meta-data information. +for those of you who are truly interested in art, you can click this -- but i'm going to click this off right now. +and this is one of these images that we captured in what we call gigapixel technology. +so this image, for example, has close to, i think, around 10 billion pixels. +and i get a lot of people asking me: "what do you get for 10 billion pixels?" +so i'm going to try and show you what you really get for 10 billion pixels. +you can zoom around very simply. +you see some fun stuff happening here. +i love this guy; his expression is priceless. +but then you really want to go deep. +and so i started playing around, and i found something going on over here. +and i was like, "hold on. that sounds interesting." +went in, and i started noticing that these kids were actually beating something. +i did a little research, spoke to a couple of my contacts at the met, and actually found out that this is a game called squall, which involves beating a goose with a stick on shrove tuesday. +and apparently it was quite popular. +i don't know why they did it, but i learned something about it. +now just to get really deep in, you can really get to the cracks. +now just to give you some perspective, i'm going to zoom out so you really see what you get. +here is where we were, and this is the painting. +the best is yet to come -- so in a second. +so now let's just quickly jump into the moma, again in new york. +so another one of my favorites, "the starry night." +now the example i showed you was all about finding details. +but what if you want to see brush strokes? +and what if you want to see how van gogh actually created this masterpiece? +you zoom in. you really go in. +i'm going to go to one of my favorite parts in this painting, and i'm really going to get to the cracks. +this is "the starry night," i think, never seen like this before. +i'm going to show you my other favorite feature. +there's a lot of other stuff here, but i don't have time. +this is the real cool part. it's called collections. +any one of you, anybody -- doesn't matter if you're rich, if you're poor, if you have a fancy house -- doesn't matter. +you can go and create your own museum online -- create your own collection across all these images. +very simply, you go in -- and i've created this, called the power of zoom -- you can just zoom around. +this is "the ambassadors," based in the national gallery. +you can annotate the stuff, send it to your friends and really get a conversation going about what you're feeling when you go through these masterpieces. +so i think, in conclusion, for me, the main thing is that all the amazing stuff here does not really come from google. +it doesn't, in my opinion, even come from the museums. +i probably shouldn't say that. +it really comes from these artists. +and that's been my humbling experience in this. +i mean, i hope in this digital medium that we do justice to their artwork and represent it properly online. +and the biggest question i get asked nowadays is, "did you do this to replicate the experience of going to a museum?" +and the answer is no. +it's to supplement the experience. +and that's it. thank you. +thank you. +this is a representation of your brain, and your brain can be broken into two parts. +there's the left half, which is the logical side, and then the right half, which is the intuitive. +and so if we had a scale to measure the aptitude of each hemisphere, then we can plot our brain. +and for example, this would be somebody who's completely logical. +this would be someone who's entirely intuitive. +so where would you put your brain on this scale? +some of us may have opted for one of these extremes, but i think for most people in the audience, your brain is something like this -- with a high aptitude in both hemispheres at the same time. +it's not like they're mutually exclusive or anything. +you can be logical and intuitive. +and so i consider myself one of these people, along with most of the other experimental quantum physicists, who need a good deal of logic to string together these complex ideas. +but at the same time, we need a good deal of intuition to actually make the experiments work. +how do we develop this intuition? well we like to play with stuff. +so we go out and play with it, and then we see how it acts, and then we develop our intuition from there. +and really you do the same thing. +so some intuition that you may have developed over the years is that one thing is only in one place at a time. +i mean, it can sound weird to think about one thing being in two different places at the same time, but you weren't born with this notion, you developed it. +and i remember watching a kid playing on a car stop. +he was just a toddler and he wasn't very good at it, and he kept falling over. +but i bet playing with this car stop taught him a really valuable lesson, and that's that large things don't let you get right past them, and that they stay in one place. +and so this is a great conceptual model to have of the world, unless you're a particle physicist. +it'd be a terrible model for a particle physicist, because they don't play with car stops, they play with these little weird particles. +and when they play with their particles, they find they do all sorts of really weird things -- like they can fly right through walls, or they can be in two different places at the same time. +and so they wrote down all these observations, and they called it the theory of quantum mechanics. +and so that's where physics was at a few years ago; you needed quantum mechanics to describe little, tiny particles. +but you didn't need it to describe the large, everyday objects around us. +this didn't really sit well with my intuition, and maybe it's just because i don't play with particles very often. +well, i play with them sometimes, but not very often. +and i've never seen them. +i mean, nobody's ever seen a particle. +but it didn't sit well with my logical side either. +because if everything is made up of little particles and all the little particles follow quantum mechanics, then shouldn't everything just follow quantum mechanics? +i don't see any reason why it shouldn't. +and so i'd feel a lot better about the whole thing if we could somehow show that an everyday object also follows quantum mechanics. +so a few years ago, i set off to do just that. +so i made one. +this is the first object that you can see that has been in a mechanical quantum superposition. +so what we're looking at here is a tiny computer chip. +and you can sort of see this green dot right in the middle. +and that's this piece of metal i'm going to be talking about in a minute. +this is a photograph of the object. +and here i'll zoom in a little bit. we're looking right there in the center. +and then here's a really, really big close-up of the little piece of metal. +so what we're looking at is a little chunk of metal, and it's shaped like a diving board, and it's sticking out over a ledge. +and so i made this thing in nearly the same way as you make a computer chip. +i went into a clean room with a fresh silicon wafer, and then i just cranked away at all the big machines for about 100 hours. +for the last stuff, i had to build my own machine -- to make this swimming pool-shaped hole underneath the device. +this device has the ability to be in a quantum superposition, but it needs a little help to do it. +here, let me give you an analogy. +you know how uncomfortable it is to be in a crowded elevator? +i mean, when i'm in an elevator all alone, i do all sorts of weird things, but then other people get on board and i stop doing those things because i don't want to bother them, or, frankly, scare them. +so quantum mechanics says that inanimate objects feel the same way. +the fellow passengers for inanimate objects are not just people, but it's also the light shining on it and the wind blowing past it and the heat of the room. +and so we knew, if we wanted to see this piece of metal behave quantum mechanically, we're going to have to kick out all the other passengers. +and so that's what we did. +we turned off the lights, and then we put it in a vacuum and sucked out all the air, and then we cooled it down now, all alone in the elevator, the little chunk of metal is free to act however it wanted. +and so we measured its motion. +we found it was moving in really weird ways. +instead of just sitting perfectly still, it was vibrating, and the way it was vibrating was breathing something like this -- like expanding and contracting bellows. +and by giving it a gentle nudge, we were able to make it both vibrate and not vibrate at the same time -- something that's only allowed with quantum mechanics. +so what i'm telling you here is something truly fantastic. +what does it mean for one thing to be both vibrating and not vibrating at the same time? +so let's think about the atoms. +so in one case: all the trillions of atoms that make up that chunk of metal are sitting still and at the same time those same atoms are moving up and down. +now it's only at precise times when they align. +the rest of the time they're delocalized. +that means that every atom is in two different places at the same time, which in turn means the entire chunk of metal is in two different places. +i think this is really cool. +really. +it was worth locking myself in a clean room to do this for all those years because, check this out, the difference in scale between a single atom and that chunk of metal is about the same as the difference between that chunk of metal and you. +so if a single atom can be in two different places at the same time, that chunk of metal can be in two different places, then why not you? +i mean, this is just my logical side talking. +so imagine if you're in multiple places at the same time, what would that be like? +how would your consciousness handle your body being delocalized in space? +there's one more part to the story. +it's when we warmed it up, and we turned on the lights and looked inside the box, we saw that the piece metal was still there in one piece. +and so i had to develop this new intuition, that it seems like all the objects in the elevator are really just quantum objects just crammed into a tiny space. +you hear a lot of talk about how quantum mechanics says that everything is all interconnected. +well, that's not quite right. +it's more than that; it's deeper. +it's that those connections, your connections to all the things around you, literally define who you are, and that's the profound weirdness of quantum mechanics. +thank you. +in 2007, i decided that we needed to reconceptualize how we thought about economic development. +our new goal should be that when every family thinks about where they want to live and work, they should be able to choose between at least a handful of different cities that were all competing to attract new residents. +now we're a long way away from that goal right now. +there are billions of people in developing countries who don't have even a single city that would be willing to welcome them. +but the amazing thing about cities is they're worth so much more than it costs to build them. +so we could easily supply the world with dozens, maybe hundreds, of new cities. +now this might sound preposterous to you if you've never thought about new cities. +but just substitute apartment building for cities. +imagine half the people who wanted to be in apartments already had them; the other half aren't there yet. +you could try and expand the capacity by doing additions on all the existing apartments. +but you know what you'd run into is those apartments and the surrounding areas have rules to avoid discomfort and the distractions of construction. +so it's extremely hard to do all of those additions. +but you could go out someplace brand new, build a brand new apartment building, as long as the rules there were ones that facilitated construction rather than getting in the way. +so i proposed that governments create new reform zones big enough to hold cities and gave them a name: charter cities. +later i learned that at about this same time, javier and octavio were thinking about the challenge of reform in honduras. +they knew that about 75,000 hondurans every year would leave to go to the united states, and they wanted to ask, what could they do to make sure that those people could stay and do the same things in honduras. +at one point, javier said to octavio, "what if we took some of our empty land -- what if we just gave it to an embassy -- give some to the u.s. embassy; give some to the canadian embassy -- and then if people want to go work under the rules of canada or under the rules of the united states, they can go get jobs, do everything they do on those embassy grounds that they would otherwise have to go to canada or the u.s. to do?" +in the summer of 2009, honduras went through a wrenching constitutional crisis. +at the next regularly scheduled election, pepe lobo won in a landslide on a platform that promised reform, but reconciliation as well. +he asked octavio to be his chief of staff. +meanwhile, i was getting ready to give a talk at tedglobal. +through a process of refinement, trial and error, a lot of user testing, i tried to boil this complicated concept of charter city down to the bare essentials. +the first point was the importance of rules, like those rules that say you can't come in and disturb all the existing apartment holders. +we pay a lot of attention to new technologies, but it takes technologies and rules to get progress, and it's usually the rules that hold us back. +in the fall of 2010, a friend from guatemala sent octavio a link to the tedtalk. +he showed it to javier. +they called me. +they said, "let's present this to the leaders of our country." +so in december we met in miami, in a hotel conference room. +i tried to explain this point about how valuable cities are, how much more valuable they are than they cost. +and i used this slide showing how valuable the raw land is in a place like new york city: notice, land that's worth thousands of dollars, in some cases, per square meter. +but it was a fairly abstract discussion, and at some point when there was a pause, octavio said, "paul, maybe we could watch the tedtalk." +so the tedtalk laid out in very simple terms, a charter city is a place where you start with uninhabited land, a charter that specifies the rules that will apply there and then a chance for people to opt in, to go live under those rules or not. +so i was asked by the president of honduras who said that we need to do this project, this is important, this could be the way forward for our country. +i was asked to come to tegucigalpa and talk again on january fourth and fifth. +so i presented another fact-filled lecture that included a slide like this, which tried to make the point that, if you want to create a lot of value in a city, it has to be very big. +this is a picture of denver, and the outline is the new airport that was built in denver. +this airport alone covers more than 100 square kilometers. +so i was trying to persuade the hondurans, if you build a new city, you've got to start with a site that's at least 1,000 square kilometers. +that's more than 250 hundred-thousand acres. +everybody applauded politely. +the faces in the audience were very serious and attentive. +the leader of the congress came up on stage and said, "professor romer, thank you very much for your lecture, but maybe we could watch the tedtalk. +i've got it here on my laptop. " +so i sat down, and they played the tedtalk. +and it got to the essence, which is that a new city could offer new choices for people. +there would be a choice of a city which you could go to which could be in honduras, instead of hundreds of miles away in the north. +and it also involved new choices for leaders. +because the leaders in the government there in honduras would need help from partner countries, who could benefit from partner countries who help them set up the rules in this charter and the enforcement, so everybody can trust that the charter really will be enforced. +and the insight of president lobo was that that assurance of enforcement that i was thinking about as a way to get the foreign investors to come in and build the city could be equally important for all the different parties in honduras who had suffered for so many years from fear and distrust. +we went and looked at a site. +this picture's from there. +it easily could hold a thousand square kilometers. +and shortly thereafter, on january 19th, they voted in the congress to amend their constitution to have a constitutional provision that allows for special development regions. +in a country which had just gone through this wrenching crisis, the vote in the congress in favor of this constitutional amendment was 124 to one. +all parties, all factions in society, backed this. +to be part of the constitution, you actually have to pass it twice in the congress. +on february 17th they passed it again with another vote of 114 to one. +immediately after that vote, on february 21st to the 24th, a delegation of about 30 hondurans went to the two places in the world that are most interested in getting into the city building business. +one is south korea. +this is a picture of a big, new city center that's being built in south korea -- bigger than downtown boston. +everything you see there was built in four years, after they spent four years getting the permits. +the other place that's very interested in city building is singapore. +they've actually built two cities already in china and are preparing the third. +so if you think about this practically, here's where we are. +they've got a site; they're already thinking about this site for the second city. +they're putting in place a legal system that could allow for managers to come in, and also an external legal system. +one country has already volunteered to let its supreme court be the court of final appeal for the new judicial system there. +there's designers and builders of cities who are very interested. +they even can bring with them some financing. +but the one thing you know they've already solved is that there's lots of tenants. +there's lots of businesses that would like to locate in the americas, especially in a place with a free trade zone, and there's lots of people who'd like to go there. +around the world, there's 700 million people who say they'd like to move permanently someplace else right now. +there's a million a year who leave latin america to go to the united states. +many of these are a father who has to leave his family behind to go get a job -- sometimes a single mother who has to get enough money to even pay for food or clothing. +sadly, sometimes there are even children who are trying to get reunited with their parents that they haven't seen, in some cases, for a decade. +so what kind of an idea is it to think about building a brand new city in honduras? +or to build a dozen of these, or a hundred of these, around the world? +what kind of an idea is it to think about insisting that every family have a choice of several cities that are competing to attract new residents? +this is an idea worth spreading. +and my friends from honduras asked me to say thank you, ted. +do you know how many choices you make in a typical day? +do you know how many choices you make in typical week? +i recently did a survey with over 2,000 americans, and the average number of choices that the typical american reports making is about 70 in a typical day. +there was also recently a study done with ceos in which they followed ceos around for a whole week. +and these scientists simply documented all the various tasks that these ceos engaged in and how much time they spent engaging in making decisions related to these tasks. +and they found that the average ceo engaged in about 139 tasks in a week. +each task was made up of many, many, many sub-choices of course. +50 percent of their decisions were made in nine minutes or less. +only about 12 percent of the decisions did they make an hour or more of their time. +think about your own choices. +do you know how many choices make it into your nine minute category versus your one hour category? +how well do you think you're doing at managing those choices? +today i want to talk about one of the biggest modern day choosing problems that we have, which is the choice overload problem. +i want to talk about the problem and some potential solutions. +now as i talk about this problem, i'm going to have some questions for you and i'm going to want to know your answers. +so when i ask you a question, since i'm blind, only raise your hand if you want to burn off some calories. +otherwise, when i ask you a question, and if your answer is yes, so for my first question for you today: are you guys ready to hear about the choice overload problem? +thank you. +so when i was a graduate student at stanford university, i used to go to this very, very upscale grocery store; at least at that time it was truly upscale. +it was a store called draeger's. +now this store, it was almost like going to an amusement park. +they had 250 different kinds of mustards and vinegars and over 500 different kinds of fruits and vegetables and more than two dozen different kinds of bottled water -- and this was during a time when we actually used to drink tap water. +i used to love going to this store, but on one occasion i asked myself, well how come you never buy anything? +here's their olive oil aisle. +they had over 75 different kinds of olive oil, including those that were in a locked case that came from thousand-year-old olive trees. +so i one day decided to pay a visit to the manager, and i asked the manager, "is this model of offering people all this choice really working?" +and he pointed to the busloads of tourists that would show up everyday, with cameras ready usually. +we decided to do a little experiment, and we picked jam for our experiment. +here's their jam aisle. +they had 348 different kinds of jam. +we set up a little tasting booth right near the entrance of the store. +we there put out six different flavors of jam or 24 different flavors of jam, and we looked at two things: first, in which case were people more likely to stop, sample some jam? +more people stopped when there were 24, about 60 percent, than when there were six, about 40 percent. +the next thing we looked at is in which case were people more likely to buy a jar of jam. +now we see the opposite effect. +of the people who stopped when there were 24, only three percent of them actually bought a jar of jam. +of the people who stopped when there were six, well now we saw that 30 percent of them actually bought a jar of jam. +now if you do the math, people were at least six times more likely to buy a jar of jam if they encountered six than if they encountered 24. +now choosing not to buy a jar of jam is probably good for us -- at least it's good for our waistlines -- but it turns out that this choice overload problem affects us even in very consequential decisions. +we choose not to choose, even when it goes against our best self-interests. +so now for the topic of today: financial savings. +now i'm going to describe to you a study i did with gur huberman, emir kamenica, wei jang where we looked at the retirement savings decisions of nearly a million americans from about 650 plans all in the u.s. +and what we looked at was whether the number of fund offerings available in a retirement savings plan, the 401 plan, does that affect people's likelihood to save more for tomorrow. +and what we found was that indeed there was a correlation. +so in these plans, we had about 657 plans that ranged from offering people anywhere from two to 59 different fund offerings. +and what we found was that, the more funds offered, indeed, there was less participation rate. +so if you look at the extremes, those plans that offered you two funds, participation rates were around in the mid-70s -- still not as high as we want it to be. +in those plans that offered nearly 60 funds, participation rates have now dropped to about the 60th percentile. +now it turns out that even if you do choose to participate when there are more choices present, even then, it has negative consequences. +so for those people who did choose to participate, the more choices available, the more likely people were to completely avoid stocks or equity funds. +the more choices available, the more likely they were to put all their money in pure money market accounts. +now neither of these extreme decisions are the kinds of decisions that any of us would recommend for people when you're considering their future financial well-being. +well, over the past decade, we have observed three main negative consequences to offering people more and more choices. +they're more likely to delay choosing -- procrastinate even when it goes against their best self-interest. +they're more likely to make worse choices -- worse financial choices, medical choices. +they're more likely to choose things that make them less satisfied, even when they do objectively better. +the main reason for this is because, we might enjoy gazing at those giant walls of mayonnaises, mustards, vinegars, jams, but we can't actually do the math of comparing and contrasting and actually picking from that stunning display. +so what i want to propose to you today are four simple techniques -- techniques that we have tested in one way or another in different research venues -- that you can easily apply in your businesses. +the first: cut. +you've heard it said before, but it's never been more true than today, that less is more. +people are always upset when i say, "cut." +they're always worried they're going to lose shelf space. +but in fact, what we're seeing more and more is that if you are willing to cut, get rid of those extraneous redundant options, well there's an increase in sales, there's a lowering of costs, there is an improvement of the choosing experience. +when proctor & amp; gamble went from 26 different kinds of head & amp; shoulders to 15, they saw an increase in sales by 10 percent. +when the golden cat corporation got rid of their 10 worst-selling cat litter products, they saw an increase in profits by 87 percent -- a function of both increase in sales and lowering of costs. +you know, the average grocery store today offers you 45,000 products. +the typical walmart today offers you 100,000 products. +but the ninth largest retailer, the ninth biggest retailer in the world today is aldi, and it offers you only 1,400 products -- one kind of canned tomato sauce. +now in the financial savings world, i think one of the best examples that has recently come out on how to best manage the choice offerings has actually been something that david laibson was heavily involved in designing, which was the program that they have at harvard. +every single harvard employee is now automatically enrolled in a lifecycle fund. +for those people who actually want to choose, they're given 20 funds, not 300 or more funds. +you know, often, people say, "i don't know how to cut. +they're all important choices. " +and the first thing i do is i ask the employees, "tell me how these choices are different from one another. +and if your employees can't tell them apart, neither can your consumers. " +now before we started our session this afternoon, i had a chat with gary. +and gary said that he would be willing to offer people in this audience an all-expenses-paid free vacation to the most beautiful road in the world. +here's a description of the road. +and i'd like you to read it. +and now i'll give you a few seconds to read it and then i want you to clap your hands if you're ready to take gary up on his offer. +okay. anybody who's ready to take him up on his offer. +is that all? +all right, let me show you some more about this. +you guys knew there was a trick, didn't you. +now who's ready to go on this trip. +i think i might have actually heard more hands. +all right. +now in fact, you had objectively more information the first time around than the second time around, but i would venture to guess that you felt that it was more real the second time around. +because the pictures made it feel more real to you. +which brings me to the second technique for handling the choice overload problem, which is concretization. +that in order for people to understand the differences between the choices, they have to be able to understand the consequences associated with each choice, and that the consequences need to be felt in a vivid sort of way, in a very concrete way. +why do people spend an average of 15 to 30 percent more when they use an atm card or a credit card as opposed to cash? +because it doesn't feel like real money. +and it turns out that making it feel more concrete can actually be a very positive tool to use in getting people to save more. +so a study that i did with shlomo benartzi and alessandro previtero, we did a study with people at ing -- employees that are all working at ing -- and now these people were all in a session where they're doing enrollment for their 401 plan. +and during that session, we kept the session exactly the way it used to be, but we added one little thing. +the one little thing we added was we asked people to just think about all the positive things that would happen in your life if you saved more. +by doing that simple thing, there was an increase in enrollment by 20 percent and there was an increase in the amount of people willing to save or the amount that they were willing to put down into their savings account by four percent. +the third technique: categorization. +we can handle more categories than we can handle choices. +so for example, here's a study we did in a magazine aisle. +it turns out that in wegmans grocery stores up and down the northeast corridor, the magazine aisles range anywhere from 331 different kinds of magazines all the way up to 664. +but you know what? +if i show you 600 magazines and i divide them up into 10 categories, versus i show you 400 magazines and divide them up into 20 categories, you believe that i have given you more choice and a better choosing experience if i gave you the 400 than if i gave you the 600. +because the categories tell me how to tell them apart. +here are two different jewelry displays. +one is called "jazz" and the other one is called "swing." +if you think the display on the left is swing and the display on the right is jazz, clap your hands. +okay, there's some. +if you think the one on the left is jazz and the one on the right is swing, clap your hands. +okay, a bit more. +now it turns out you're right. +the one on the left is jazz and the one on the right is swing, but you know what? +this is a highly useless categorization scheme. +the categories need to say something to the chooser, not the choice-maker. +and you often see that problem when it comes down to those long lists of all these funds. +who are they actually supposed to be informing? +my fourth technique: condition for complexity. +it turns out we can actually handle a lot more information than we think we can, we've just got to take it a little easier. +we have to gradually increase the complexity. +i'm going to show you one example of what i'm talking about. +let's take a very, very complicated decision: buying a car. +here's a german car manufacturer that gives you the opportunity to completely custom make your car. +you've got to make 60 different decisions, completely make up your car. +now these decisions vary in the number of choices that they offer per decision. +car colors, exterior car colors -- i've got 56 choices. +engines, gearshift -- four choices. +so now what i'm going to do is i'm going to vary the order in which these decisions appear. +so half of the customers are going to go from high choice, 56 car colors, to low choice, four gearshifts. +the other half of the customers are going to go from low choice, four gearshifts, to 56 car colors, high choice. +what am i going to look at? +how engaged you are. +if you keep hitting the default button per decision, that means you're getting overwhelmed, that means i'm losing you. +what you find is the people who go from high choice to low choice, they're hitting that default button over and over and over again. +we're losing them. +they go from low choice to high choice, they're hanging in there. +it's the same information. it's the same number of choices. +the only thing that i have done is i have varied the order in which that information is presented. +if i start you off easy, i learn how to choose. +even though choosing gearshift doesn't tell me anything about my preferences for interior decor, it still prepares me for how to choose. +it also gets me excited about this big product that i'm putting together, so i'm more willing to be motivated to be engaged. +so let me recap. +i have talked about four techniques for mitigating the problem of choice overload -- cut -- get rid of the extraneous alternatives; concretize -- make it real; categorize -- we can handle more categories, less choices; condition for complexity. +all of these techniques that i'm describing to you today are designed to help you manage your choices -- better for you, you can use them on yourself, better for the people that you are serving. +because i believe that the key to getting the most from choice is to be choosy about choosing. +and the more we're able to be choosy about choosing the better we will be able to practice the art of choosing. +thank you very much. +hi. i'm kevin allocca, i'm the trends manager at youtube, and i professionally watch youtube videos. +it's true. +so we're going to talk a little bit today about how videos go viral and then why that even matters. +we all want to be stars -- celebrities, singers, comedians -- and when i was younger, that seemed so very, very hard to do. +but now web video has made it so that any of us or any of the creative things that we do can become completely famous in a part of our world's culture. +any one of you could be famous on the internet by next saturday. +but there are over 48 hours of video uploaded to youtube every minute. +and of that, only a tiny percentage ever goes viral and gets tons of views and becomes a cultural moment. +so how does it happen? +three things: tastemakers, communities of participation and unexpectedness. +all right, let's go. +oh, my god. oh, my god. +oh, my god! +wooo! +ohhhhh, wowwww! +last year, bear vasquez posted this video that he had shot outside his home in yosemite national park. +in 2010, it was viewed 23 million times. +this is a chart of what it looked like when it first became popular last summer. +but he didn't actually set out to make a viral video, bear. +he just wanted to share a rainbow. +because that's what you do when your name is yosemite mountain bear. +and he had posted lots of nature videos in fact. +and this video had actually been posted all the way back in january. +so what happened here? +jimmy kimmel actually. +jimmy kimmel posted this tweet that would eventually propel the video to be as popular as it would become. +because tastemakers like jimmy kimmel introduce us to new and interesting things and bring them to a larger audience. +it's friday, friday. gotta get down on friday. everybody's looking forward to the weekend, weekend. friday, friday. gettin 'down on friday. so you didn't think that we could actually have this conversation without talking about this video i hope. +rebecca black's "friday" is one of the most popular videos of the year. +it's been seen nearly 200 million times this year. +this is a chart of what it looked like. +and similar to "double rainbow," it seems to have just sprouted up out of nowhere. +so what happened on this day? +well it was a friday, this is true. +and if you're wondering about those other spikes, those are also fridays. +but what about this day, this one particular friday? +well tosh.0 picked it up, a lot of blogs starting writing about. +michael j. nelson from mystery science theater was one of the first people to post a joke about the video on twitter. +but what's important is that an individual or a group of tastemakers took a point of view and they shared that with a larger audience, accelerating the process. +and so then this community formed of people who shared this big inside joke and they started talking about it and doing things with it. +and now there are 10,000 parodies of "friday" on youtube. +even in the first seven days, there was one parody for every other day of the week. +unlike the one-way entertainment of the 20th century, this community participation is how we become a part of the phenomenon -- either by spreading it or by doing something new with it. +so "nyan cat" is a looped animation with looped music. +it's this, just like this. +it's been viewed nearly 50 million times this year. +and if you think that that is weird, you should know that there is a three-hour version of this that's been viewed four million times. +even cats were watching this video. +cats were watching other cats watch this video. +but what's important here is the creativity that it inspired amongst this techie, geeky internet culture. +there were remixes. +someone made an old timey version. +and then it went international. +an entire remix community sprouted up that brought it from being just a stupid joke to something that we can all actually be a part of. +because we don't just enjoy now, we participate. +and who could have predicted any of this? +who could have predicted "double rainbow" or rebecca black or "nyan cat?" +what scripts could you have written that would have contained this in it? +in a world where over two days of video get uploaded every minute, only that which is truly unique and unexpected can stand out in the way that these things have. +when a friend of mine told me that i needed to see this great video about a guy protesting bicycle fines in new york city, i admit i wasn't very interested. +so i got a ticket for not riding in the bike lane, but often there are obstructions that keep you from properly riding in the bike lane. +by being totally surprising and humorous, casey niestat got his funny idea and point seen five million times. +and so this approach holds for anything new that we do creatively. +and so it all brings us to one big question... +what does this mean? +ohhhh. +what does it mean? +tastemakers, creative participating communities, complete unexpectedness, these are characteristics of a new kind of media and a new kind of culture where anyone has access and the audience defines the popularity. +i mean, as mentioned earlier, one of the biggest stars in the world right now, justin bieber, got his start on youtube. +no one has to green-light your idea. +and we all now feel some ownership in our own pop culture. +and these are not characteristics of old media, and they're barely true of the media of today, but they will define the entertainment of the future. +thank you. +how can i speak in 10 minutes about the bonds of women over three generations, about how the astonishing strength of those bonds took hold in the life of a four-year-old girl huddled with her young sister, her mother and her grandmother for five days and nights in a small boat in the china sea more than 30 years ago, bonds that took hold in the life of that small girl and never let go -- that small girl now living in san francisco and speaking to you today? +this is not a finished story. +it is a jigsaw puzzle still being put together. +let me tell you about some of the pieces. +imagine the first piece: a man burning his life's work. +he is a poet, a playwright, a man whose whole life had been balanced on the single hope of his country's unity and freedom. +imagine him as the communists enter saigon, confronting the fact that his life had been a complete waste. +words, for so long his friends, now mocked him. +he retreated into silence. +he died broken by history. +he is my grandfather. +i never knew him in real life. +but our lives are much more than our memories. +my grandmother never let me forget his life. +my duty was not to allow it to have been in vain, and my lesson was to learn that, yes, history tried to crush us, but we endured. +the next piece of the jigsaw is of a boat in the early dawn slipping silently out to sea. +my mother, mai, was 18 when her father died -- already in an arranged marriage, already with two small girls. +for her, life had distilled itself into one task: the escape of her family and a new life in australia. +it was inconceivable to her that she would not succeed. +so after a four-year saga that defies fiction, a boat slipped out to sea disguised as a fishing vessel. +all the adults knew the risks. +the greatest fear was of pirates, rape and death. +like most adults on the boat, my mother carried a small bottle of poison. +if we were captured, first my sister and i, then she and my grandmother would drink. +my first memories are from the boat -- the steady beat of the engine, the bow dipping into each wave, the vast and empty horizon. +i don't remember the pirates who came many times, but were bluffed by the bravado of the men on our boat, or the engine dying and failing to start for six hours. +but i do remember the lights on the oil rig off the malaysian coast and the young man who collapsed and died, the journey's end too much for him, and the first apple i tasted, given to me by the men on the rig. +no apple has ever tasted the same. +after three months in a refugee camp, we landed in melbourne. +and the next piece of the jigsaw is about four women across three generations shaping a new life together. +we settled in footscray, a working-class suburb whose demographic is layers of immigrants. +unlike the settled middle-class suburbs, whose existence i was oblivious of, there was no sense of entitlement in footscray. +the smells from shop doors were from the rest of the world. +and the snippets of halting english were exchanged between people who had one thing in common, they were starting again. +my mother worked on farms, then on a car assembly line, working six days, double shifts. +somehow she found time to study english and gain it qualifications. +we were poor. +all the dollars were allocated and extra tuition in english and mathematics was budgeted for regardless of what missed out, which was usually new clothes; they were always secondhand. +two pairs of stockings for school, each to hide the holes in the other. +a school uniform down to the ankles, because it had to last for six years. +and there were rare but searing chants of "slit-eye" and the occasional graffiti: "asian, go home." +go home to where? +something stiffened inside me. +there was a gathering of resolve and a quiet voice saying, "i will bypass you." +my mother, my sister and i slept in the same bed. +my mother was exhausted each night, but we told one another about our day and listened to the movements of my grandmother around the house. +my mother suffered from nightmares all about the boat. +and my job was to stay awake until her nightmares came so i could wake her. +she opened a computer store then studied to be a beautician and opened another business. +and the women came with their stories about men who could not make the transition, angry and inflexible, and troubled children caught between two worlds. +grants and sponsors were sought. +centers were established. +i lived in parallel worlds. +in one, i was the classic asian student, relentless in the demands that i made on myself. +in the other, i was enmeshed in lives that were precarious, tragically scarred by violence, drug abuse and isolation. +but so many over the years were helped. +and for that work, when i was a final year law student, i was chosen as the young australian of the year. +and i was catapulted from one piece of the jigsaw to another, and their edges didn't fit. +tan le, anonymous footscray resident, was now tan le, refugee and social activist, invited to speak in venues she had never heard of and into homes whose existence she could never have imagined. +i didn't know the protocols. +i didn't know how to use the cutlery. +i didn't know how to talk about wine. +i didn't know how to talk about anything. +i wanted to retreat to the routines and comfort of life in an unsung suburb -- a grandmother, a mother and two daughters ending each day as they had for almost 20 years, telling one another the story of their day and falling asleep, the three of us still in the same bed. +i told my mother i couldn't do it. +she reminded me that i was now the same age she had been when we boarded the boat. +no had never been an option. +"just do it," she said, "and don't be what you're not." +so i spoke out on youth unemployment and education and the neglect of the marginalized and the disenfranchised. +and the more candidly i spoke, the more i was asked to speak. +i met people from all walks of life, so many of them doing the thing they loved, living on the frontiers of possibility. +and even though i finished my degree, i realized i could not settle into a career in law. +there had to be another piece of the jigsaw. +and i realized at the same time that it is okay to be an outsider, a recent arrival, new on the scene -- and not just okay, but something to be thankful for, perhaps a gift from the boat. +because being an insider can so easily mean collapsing the horizons, can so easily mean accepting the presumptions of your province. +i have stepped outside my comfort zone enough now to know that, yes, the world does fall apart, but not in the way that you fear. +possibilities that would not have been allowed were outrageously encouraged. +there was an energy there, an implacable optimism, a strange mixture of humility and daring. +so i followed my hunches. +i gathered around me a small team of people for whom the label "it can't be done" was an irresistible challenge. +for a year we were penniless. +at the end of each day, i made a huge pot of soup which we all shared. +we worked well into each night. +most of our ideas were crazy, but a few were brilliant, and we broke through. +i made the decision to move to the u.s. +after only one trip. +my hunches again. +three months later i had relocated, and the adventure has continued. +before i close though, let me tell you about my grandmother. +she grew up at a time when confucianism was the social norm and the local mandarin was the person who mattered. +life hadn't changed for centuries. +her father died soon after she was born. +her mother raised her alone. +at 17 she became the second wife of a mandarin whose mother beat her. +with no support from her husband, she caused a sensation by taking him to court and prosecuting her own case, and a far greater sensation when she won. +"it can't be done" was shown to be wrong. +i was taking a shower in a hotel room in sydney the moment she died 600 miles away in melbourne. +i looked through the shower screen and saw her standing on the other side. +i knew she had come to say goodbye. +my mother phoned minutes later. +a few days later, we went to a buddhist temple in footscray and sat around her casket. +we told her stories and assured her that we were still with her. +at midnight the monk came and told us he had to close the casket. +my mother asked us to feel her hand. +she asked the monk, "why is it that her hand is so warm and the rest of her is so cold?" +"because you have been holding it since this morning," he said. +"you have not let it go." +if there is a sinew in our family, it runs through the women. +given who we were and how life had shaped us, we can now see that the men who might have come into our lives would have thwarted us. +defeat would have come too easily. +now i would like to have my own children, and i wonder about the boat. +who could ever wish it on their own? +yet i am afraid of privilege, of ease, of entitlement. +can i give them a bow in their lives, dipping bravely into each wave, the unperturbed and steady beat of the engine, the vast horizon that guarantees nothing? +i don't know. +but if i could give it and still see them safely through, i would. +and also, tan's mother is here today in the fourth or fifth row. +i'm here to share my photography. +or is it photography? +because, of course, this is a photograph that you can't take with your camera. +yet, my interest in photography started as i got my first digital camera at the age of 15. +it mixed with my earlier passion for drawing, but it was a bit different, because using the camera, the process was in the planning instead. +and when you take a photograph with a camera, the process ends when you press the trigger. +so to me it felt like photography was more about being at the right place and the right time. +i felt like anyone could do that. +so i wanted to create something different, something where the process starts when you press the trigger. +photos like this: construction going on along a busy road. +but it has an unexpected twist. +and despite that, it retains a level of realism. +or photos like these -- both dark and colorful, but all with a common goal of retaining the level of realism. +when i say realism, i mean photo-realism. +because, of course, it's not something you can capture really, but i always want it to look like it could have been captured somehow as a photograph. +photos where you will need a brief moment to think to figure out the trick. +so it's more about capturing an idea than about capturing a moment really. +but what's the trick that makes it look realistic? +is it something about the details or the colors? +is it something about the light? +what creates the illusion? +sometimes the perspective is the illusion. +but in the end, it comes down to how we interpret the world and how it can be realized on a two-dimensional surface. +it's not really what is realistic, it's what we think looks realistic really. +so i think the basics are quite simple. +i just see it as a puzzle of reality where you can take different pieces of reality and put it together to create alternate reality. +and let me show you a simple example. +here we have three perfectly imaginable physical objects, something we all can relate to living in a three-dimensional world. +but combined in a certain way, they can create something that still looks three-dimensional, like it could exist. +but at the same time, we know it can't. +so we trick our brains, because our brain simply doesn't accept the fact that it doesn't really make sense. +and i see the same process with combining photographs. +it's just really about combining different realities. +so the things that make a photograph look realistic, i think it's the things that we don't even think about, the things all around us in our daily lives. +but when combining photographs, this is really important to consider, because otherwise it just looks wrong somehow. +so i would like to say that there are three simple rules to follow to achieve a realistic result. +as you can see, these images aren't really special. +but combined, they can create something like this. +so the first rule is that photos combined should have the same perspective. +secondly, photos combined should have the same type of light. +and these two images both fulfill these two requirements -- shot at the same height and in the same type of light. +the third one is about making it impossible to distinguish where the different images begin and end by making it seamless. +make it impossible to say how the image actually was composed. +so by matching color, contrast and brightness in the borders between the different images, adding photographic defects like depth of field, desaturated colors and noise, we erase the borders between the different images and make it look like one single image, despite the fact that one image can contain hundreds of layers basically. +so here's another example. +one might think that this is just an image of a landscape and the lower part is what's manipulated. +but this image is actually entirely composed of photographs from different locations. +i personally think that it's easier to actually create a place than to find a place, because then you don't need to compromise with the ideas in your head. +but it does require a lot of planning. +and getting this idea during winter, i knew that i had several months to plan it, to find the different locations for the pieces of the puzzle basically. +so for example, the fish was captured on a fishing trip. +the shores are from a different location. +the underwater part was captured in a stone pit. +and yeah, i even turned the house on top of the island red to make it look more swedish. +so to achieve a realistic result, i think it comes down to planning. +it always starts with a sketch, an idea. +then it's about combining the different photographs. +and here every piece is very well planned. +and if you do a good job capturing the photos, the result can be quite beautiful and also quite realistic. +so all the tools are out there, and the only thing that limits us is our imagination. +thank you. +i would like to talk to you about why many e-health projects fail. +and i really think that the most important thing of it is that we stopped listening to patients. +and one of the things we did at radboud university is we appointed a chief listening officer. +not in a very scientific way -- she puts up a little cup of coffee or cup of tea and asks patients, family, relatives, "what's up? +how could we help you? " +and we think, we like to think, that this is one of the major problems why all -- maybe not all -- but most of the e-health projects fail, since we stopped listening. +this is my wifi scale. it's a very simple thing. +it's got one knob, on / off. +and every morning i hop on it. +and yes, i've got a challenge, as you might see. +and i put my challenge on 95 kg. +but the thing is that it's made this simple that whenever i hop on, it sends my data through google health as well. +and it's collected by my general practitioner as well, so he can see what's my problem in weight, not on the very moment that i need cardiologic support or something like it, but also looking backward. +but there's another thing. +as some of you might know, i've got more than 4,000 followers on twitter. +so every morning i hop on my wifi scale and before i'm in my car, people start talking to me, "i think you need a light lunch today, lucien." +but that's the nicest thing that could happen, since this is peer pressure, peer pressure used to help patients -- since this could be used for obesity, it could be used to stop smoking in patients. +but on the other hand, it also could be used to get people from out of their chairs and try to work together in some kind of gaming activity to get more control of their health. +as of next week, it will soon be available. +there will be this little blood pressure meter connected to an iphone or something or other. +and people will be able, from their homes, to take their blood pressure, send it into their doctor and eventually share it with others, for instance, for over a hundred dollars. +and this is the point where patients get into position and can collect, not only their own control again, be captain of their own ship, but also can help us in health care due to the challenges that we face, like health care cost explosion, doubled demand and things like that. +make techniques that are easy to use and start with this to embrace patients in the team. +and you can do this with techniques like this, but also by crowd-sourcing. +and one of the things we did i would like to share with you introduced by a little video. +we've all got navigation controls in our car. +we maybe even [have] it in our cellphone. +we know perfectly where all the atms are about the city of maastricht. +the other thing is we know where all the gas stations are. +and sure, we could find fast food chains. +but where would be the nearest aed to help this patient? +we asked around and nobody knew. +nobody knew where the nearest life-saving aed was to be obtained right now. +so what we did, we crowdsourced the netherlands. +we set up a website and asked the crowd, "if you see an aed, please submit it, tell us where it is, tell us when it's open," since sometimes in office hours sometimes it's closed, of course. +and over 10,000 aeds already in the netherlands already have been submitted. +the next step we took was to find the applications for it. +and we built an ipad application. +we made an application for layar, augmented reality, to find these aeds. +and whenever you are in a city like maastricht and somebody collapses, you can use your iphone, and within the next weeks also run your microsoft cellphone, to find the nearest aed which can save lives. +and as of today, we would like to introduce this, not only as aed4eu, which is what the product is called, but also aed4us. +and we would like to start this on a worldwide level. +and [we're] asking all of our colleagues in the rest of the world, colleague universities, to help us to find and work and act like a hub to crowd-source all these aeds all around the world. +that whenever you're on holiday and somebody collapses, might it be your own relative or someone just in front of you, you can find this. +the other thing we would like to ask is of companies also all over the world that will be able to help us validate these aeds. +these might be courier services or cable guys for instance, just to see whether the aed that's submitted still is in place. +so please help us on this one and try to make not only health a little bit better, but take control of it. +thank you. +today i'm going to talk about unexpected discoveries. +now i work in the solar technology industry. +and my small startup is looking to force ourselves into the environment by paying attention to... +... paying attention to crowd-sourcing. +it's just a quick video of what we do. +huh. hang on a moment. +it might take a moment to load. +we'll just -- we can just skip -- i'll just skip through the video instead... +no. +this is not... +okay. +solar technology is... +oh, that's all my time? +okay. thank you very much. +so a couple of years ago i started a program to try to get the rockstar tech and design people to take a year off and work in the one environment that represents pretty much everything they're supposed to hate; we have them work in government. +the program is called code for america, and it's a little bit like a peace corps for geeks. +we select a few fellows every year and we have them work with city governments. +instead of sending them off into the third world, we send them into the wilds of city hall. +and there they make great apps, they work with city staffers. +but really what they're doing is they're showing what's possible with technology today. +so meet al. +al is a fire hydrant in the city of boston. +here it kind of looks like he's looking for a date, but what he's really looking for is for someone to shovel him out when he gets snowed in, because he knows he's not very good at fighting fires when he's covered in four feet of snow. +now how did he come to be looking for help in this very unique manner? +we had a team of fellows in boston last year through the code for america program. +they were there in february, and it snowed a lot in february last year. +and they noticed that the city never gets to digging out these fire hydrants. +but one fellow in particular, a guy named erik michaels-ober, noticed something else, and that's that citizens are shoveling out sidewalks right in front of these things. +so he did what any good developer would do, he wrote an app. +it's a cute little app where you can adopt a fire hydrant. +so you agree to dig it out when it snows. +if you do, you get to name it, and he called the first one al. +and if you don't, someone can steal it from you. +so it's got cute little game dynamics on it. +this is a modest little app. +it's probably the smallest of the 21 apps that the fellows wrote last year. +but it's doing something that no other government technology does. +it's spreading virally. +there's a guy in the i.t. department of the city of honolulu who saw this app and realized that he could use it, not for snow, but to get citizens to adopt tsunami sirens. +it's very important that these tsunami sirens work, but people steal the batteries out of them. +so he's getting citizens to check on them. +and then seattle decided to use it to get citizens to clear out clogged storm drains. +and chicago just rolled it out to get people to sign up to shovel sidewalks when it snows. +so we now know of nine cities that are planning to use this. +and this has spread just frictionlessly, organically, naturally. +if you know anything about government technology, you know that this isn't how it normally goes. +procuring software usually takes a couple of years. +we had a team that worked on a project in boston last year that took three people about two and a half months. +it was a way that parents could figure out which were the right public schools for their kids. +we were told afterward that if that had gone through normal channels, it would have taken at least two years and it would have cost about two million dollars. +and that's nothing. +there is one project in the california court system right now that so far cost taxpayers two billion dollars, and it doesn't work. +and there are projects like this at every level of government. +so an app that takes a couple of days to write and then spreads virally, that's sort of a shot across the bow to the institution of government. +it suggests how government could work better -- not more like a private company, as many people think it should. +and not even like a tech company, but more like the internet itself. +and that means permissionless, it means open, it means generative. +and that's important. +but what's more important about this app is that it represents how a new generation is tackling the problem of government -- not as the problem of an ossified institution, but as a problem of collective action. +and that's great news, because, it turns out, we're very good at collective action with digital technology. +now there's a very large community of people that are building the tools that we need to do things together effectively. +it's not just code for america fellows, there are hundreds of people all over the country that are standing and writing civic apps every day in their own communities. +they haven't given up on government. +they are frustrated as hell with it, but they're not complaining about it, they're fixing it. +and these folks know something that we've lost sight of. +and that's that when you strip away all your feelings about politics and the line at the dmv and all those other things that we're really mad about, government is, at its core, in the words of tim o'reilly, "what we do together that we can't do alone." +now a lot of people have given up on government. +and if you're one of those people, i would ask that you reconsider, because things are changing. +politics is not changing; government is changing. +and because government ultimately derives its power from us -- remember "we the people?" -- how we think about it is going to effect how that change happens. +now i didn't know very much about government when i started this program. +and like a lot of people, i thought government was basically about getting people elected to office. +well after two years, i've come to the conclusion that, especially local government, is about opossums. +this is the call center for the services and information line. +it's generally where you will get if you call 311 in your city. +if you should ever have the chance to staff your city's call center, as our fellow scott silverman did as part of the program -- in fact, they all do that -- you will find that people call government with a very wide range of issues, including having an opossum stuck in your house. +so scott gets this call. +he types "opossum" into this official knowledge base. +he doesn't really come up with anything. he starts with animal control. +and finally, he says, "look, can you just open all the doors to your house and play music really loud and see if the thing leaves?" +so that worked. so booya for scott. +but that wasn't the end of the opossums. +boston doesn't just have a call center. +it has an app, a web and mobile app, called citizens connect. +now we didn't write this app. +this is the work of the very smart people at the office of new urban mechanics in boston. +so one day -- this is an actual report -- this came in: "opossum in my trashcan. can't tell if it's dead. +how do i get this removed? " +but what happens with citizens connect is different. +so scott was speaking person-to-person. +but on citizens connect everything is public, so everybody can see this. +and in this case, a neighbor saw it. +and the next report we got said, "i walked over to this location, found the trashcan behind the house. +opossum? check. living? yep. +turned trashcan on its side. walked home. +goodnight sweet opossum. " +pretty simple. +so this is great. this is the digital meeting the physical. +and it's also a great example of government getting in on the crowd-sourcing game. +but it's also a great example of government as a platform. +and i don't mean necessarily a technological definition of platform here. +i'm just talking about a platform for people to help themselves and to help others. +so one citizen helped another citizen, but government played a key role here. +it connected those two people. +and it could have connected them with government services if they'd been needed, but a neighbor is a far better and cheaper alternative to government services. +when one neighbor helps another, we strengthen our communities. +we call animal control, it just costs a lot of money. +now one of the important things we need to think about government is that it's not the same thing as politics. +and most people get that, but they think that one is the input to the other. +that our input to the system of government is voting. +now how many times have we elected a political leader -- and sometimes we spend a lot of energy getting a new political leader elected -- and then we sit back and we expect government to reflect our values and meet our needs, and then not that much changes? +that's because government is like a vast ocean and politics is the six-inch layer on top. +and what's under that is what we call bureaucracy. +and we say that word with such contempt. +but it's that contempt that keeps this thing that we own and we pay for as something that's working against us, this other thing, and then we're disempowering ourselves. +people seem to think politics is sexy. +if we want this institution to work for us, we're going to have to make bureaucracy sexy. +because that's where the real work of government happens. +we have to engage with the machinery of government. +so that's occupythesec movement has done. +have you seen these guys? +it's a group of concerned citizens that have written a very detailed 325-page report that's a response to the sec's request for comment on the financial reform bill. +that's not being politically active, that's being bureaucratically active. +now for those of us who've given up on government, it's time that we asked ourselves about the world that we want to leave for our children. +you have to see the enormous challenges that they're going to face. +do we really think we're going to get where we need to go without fixing the one institution that can act on behalf of all of us? +we can't do without government, but we do need it to be more effective. +the good news is that technology is making it possible to fundamentally reframe the function of government in a way that can actually scale by strengthening civil society. +and there's a generation out there that's grown up on the internet, and they know that it's not that hard to do things together, you just have to architect the systems the right way. +now the average age of our fellows is 28, so i am, begrudgingly, almost a generation older than most of them. +this is a generation that's grown up taking their voices pretty much for granted. +they're not fighting that battle that we're all fighting about who gets to speak; they all get to speak. +they can express their opinion on any channel at any time, and they do. +so when they're faced with the problem of government, they don't care as much about using their voices. +they're using their hands. +they're using their hands to write applications that make government work better. +and those applications let us use our hands to make our communities better. +that could be shoveling out a hydrant, pulling a weed, turning over a garbage can with an opossum in it. +and certainly, we could have been shoveling out those fire hydrants all along, and many people do. +but these apps are like little digital reminders that we're not just consumers, and we're not just consumers of government, putting in our taxes and getting back services. +we're more than that, we're citizens. +and we're not going to fix government until we fix citizenship. +so the question i have for all of you here: when it comes to the big, important things that we need to do together, all of us together, are we just going to be a crowd of voices, or are we also going to be a crowd of hands? +thank you. +because i usually take the role of trying to explain to people how wonderful the new technologies that are coming along are going to be, and i thought that, since i was among friends here, i would tell you what i really think and try to look back and try to understand what is really going on here with these amazing jumps in technology that seem so fast that we can barely keep on top of it. +so i'm going to start out by showing just one very boring technology slide. +and then, so if you can just turn on the slide that's on. +this is just a random slide that i picked out of my file. +what i want to show you is not so much the details of the slide, but the general form of it. +this happens to be a slide of some analysis that we were doing about the power of risc microprocessors versus the power of local area networks. +and the interesting thing about it is that this slide, like so many technology slides that we're used to, is a sort of a straight line on a semi-log curve. +in other words, every step here represents an order of magnitude in performance scale. +and this is a new thing that we talk about technology on semi-log curves. +something really weird is going on here. +and that's basically what i'm going to be talking about. +so, if you could bring up the lights. +if you could bring up the lights higher, because i'm just going to use a piece of paper here. +now why do we draw technology curves in semi-log curves? +well the answer is, if i drew it on a normal curve where, let's say, this is years, this is time of some sort, and this is whatever measure of the technology that i'm trying to graph, the graphs look sort of silly. +they sort of go like this. +and they don't tell us much. +now if i graph, for instance, some other technology, say transportation technology, on a semi-log curve, it would look very stupid, it would look like a flat line. +but when something like this happens, things are qualitatively changing. +so if transportation technology was moving along as fast as microprocessor technology, then the day after tomorrow, i would be able to get in a taxi cab and be in tokyo in 30 seconds. +it's not moving like that. +and there's nothing precedented in the history of technology development of this kind of self-feeding growth where you go by orders of magnitude every few years. +now the question that i'd like to ask is, if you look at these exponential curves, they don't go on forever. +things just can't possibly keep changing as fast as they are. +one of two things is going to happen. +either it's going to turn into a sort of classical s-curve like this, until something totally different comes along, or maybe it's going to do this. +that's about all it can do. +now i'm an optimist, so i sort of think it's probably going to do something like that. +if so, that means that what we're in the middle of right now is a transition. +we're sort of on this line in a transition from the way the world used to be to some new way that the world is. +and so what i'm trying to ask, what i've been asking myself, is what's this new way that the world is? +what's that new state that the world is heading toward? +because the transition seems very, very confusing when we're right in the middle of it. +now when i was a kid growing up, the future was kind of the year 2000, and people used to talk about what would happen in the year 2000. +now here's a conference in which people talk about the future, and you notice that the future is still at about the year 2000. +it's about as far as we go out. +so in other words, the future has kind of been shrinking one year per year for my whole lifetime. +now i think that the reason is because we all feel that something's happening there. +that transition is happening. we can all sense it. +and we know that it just doesn't make too much sense to think out 30, 50 years because everything's going to be so different that a simple extrapolation of what we're doing just doesn't make any sense at all. +so what i would like to talk about is what that could be, what that transition could be that we're going through. +now in order to do that i'm going to have to talk about a bunch of stuff that really has nothing to do with technology and computers. +because i think the only way to understand this is to really step back and take a long time scale look at things. +so the time scale that i would like to look at this on is the time scale of life on earth. +so i think this picture makes sense if you look at it a few billion years at a time. +so if you go back about two and a half billion years, the earth was this big, sterile hunk of rock with a lot of chemicals floating around on it. +and if you look at the way that the chemicals got organized, we begin to get a pretty good idea of how they do it. +and i think that there's theories that are beginning to understand about how it started with rna, but i'm going to tell a sort of simple story of it, which is that, at that time, there were little drops of oil floating around with all kinds of different recipes of chemicals in them. +and some of those drops of oil had a particular combination of chemicals in them which caused them to incorporate chemicals from the outside and grow the drops of oil. +and those that were like that started to split and divide. +and those were the most primitive forms of cells in a sense, those little drops of oil. +but now those drops of oil weren't really alive, as we say it now, because every one of them was a little random recipe of chemicals. +and every time it divided, they got sort of unequal division of the chemicals within them. +and so every drop was a little bit different. +in fact, the drops that were different in a way that caused them to be better at incorporating chemicals around them, grew more and incorporated more chemicals and divided more. +so those tended to live longer, get expressed more. +now that's sort of just a very simple chemical form of life, but when things got interesting was when these drops learned a trick about abstraction. +somehow by ways that we don't quite understand, these little drops learned to write down information. +they learned to record the information that was the recipe of the cell onto a particular kind of chemical called dna. +so in other words, they worked out, in this mindless sort of evolutionary way, a form of writing that let them write down what they were, so that that way of writing it down could get copied. +the amazing thing is that that way of writing seems to have stayed steady since it evolved two and a half billion years ago. +in fact the recipe for us, our genes, is exactly that same code and that same way of writing. +in fact, every living creature is written in exactly the same set of letters and the same code. +in fact, one of the things that i did just for amusement purposes is we can now write things in this code. +and i've got here a little 100 micrograms of white powder, which i try not to let the security people see at airports. +but this has in it -- what i did is i took this code -- the code has standard letters that we use for symbolizing it -- and i wrote my business card onto a piece of dna and amplified it 10 to the 22 times. +so if anyone would like a hundred million copies of my business card, i have plenty for everyone in the room, and, in fact, everyone in the world, and it's right here. +if i had really been a egotist, i would have put it into a virus and released it in the room. +so what was the next step? +writing down the dna was an interesting step. +and that caused these cells -- that kept them happy for another billion years. +but then there was another really interesting step where things became completely different, which is these cells started exchanging and communicating information, so that they began to get communities of cells. +i don't know if you know this, but bacteria can actually exchange dna. +now that's why, for instance, antibiotic resistance has evolved. +some bacteria figured out how to stay away from penicillin, and it went around sort of creating its little dna information with other bacteria, and now we have a lot of bacteria that are resistant to penicillin, because bacteria communicate. +now what this communication allowed was communities to form that, in some sense, were in the same boat together; they were synergistic. +so they survived or they failed together, which means that if a community was very successful, all the individuals in that community were repeated more and they were favored by evolution. +now the transition point happened when these communities got so close that, in fact, they got together and decided to write down the whole recipe for the community together on one string of dna. +and so the next stage that's interesting in life took about another billion years. +and at that stage, we have multi-cellular communities, communities of lots of different types of cells, working together as a single organism. +and in fact, we're such a multi-cellular community. +we have lots of cells that are not out for themselves anymore. +your skin cell is really useless without a heart cell, muscle cell, a brain cell and so on. +so these communities began to evolve so that the interesting level on which evolution was taking place was no longer a cell, but a community which we call an organism. +now the next step that happened is within these communities. +these communities of cells, again, began to abstract information. +and they began building very special structures that did nothing but process information within the community. +and those are the neural structures. +so neurons are the information processing apparatus that those communities of cells built up. +and in fact, they began to get specialists in the community and special structures that were responsible for recording, understanding, learning information. +and that was the brains and the nervous system of those communities. +and that gave them an evolutionary advantage. +because at that point, an individual -- learning could happen within the time span of a single organism, instead of over this evolutionary time span. +so an organism could, for instance, learn not to eat a certain kind of fruit because it tasted bad and it got sick last time it ate it. +that could happen within the lifetime of a single organism, whereas before they'd built these special information processing structures, that would have had to be learned evolutionarily over hundreds of thousands of years by the individuals dying off that ate that kind of fruit. +so that nervous system, the fact that they built these special information structures, because evolution could now happen within an individual. +it could happen in learning time scales. +but then what happened was the individuals worked out, of course, tricks of communicating. +and for example, the most sophisticated version that we're aware of is human language. +it's really a pretty amazing invention if you think about it. +here i have a very complicated, messy, confused idea in my head. +i'm sitting here making grunting sounds basically, and hopefully constructing a similar messy, confused idea in your head that bears some analogy to it. +but we're taking something very complicated, turning it into sound, sequences of sounds, and producing something very complicated in your brain. +so this allows us now to begin to start functioning as a single organism. +and so, in fact, what we've done is we, humanity, have started abstracting out. +we're going through the same levels that multi-cellular organisms have gone through -- abstracting out our methods of recording, presenting, processing information. +so for example, the invention of language was a tiny step in that direction. +telephony, computers, videotapes, cd-roms and so on are all our specialized mechanisms that we've now built within our society for handling that information. +and it all connects us together into something that is much bigger and much faster and able to evolve than what we were before. +so now, evolution can take place on a scale of microseconds. +and you saw ty's little evolutionary example where he sort of did a little bit of evolution on the convolution program right before your eyes. +so now we've speeded up the time scales once again. +so the first steps of the story that i told you about took a billion years a piece. +and the next steps, like nervous systems and brains, took a few hundred million years. +then the next steps, like language and so on, took less than a million years. +and these next steps, like electronics, seem to be taking only a few decades. +the process is feeding on itself and becoming, i guess, autocatalytic is the word for it -- when something reinforces its rate of change. +the more it changes, the faster it changes. +and i think that that's what we're seeing here in this explosion of curve. +we're seeing this process feeding back on itself. +now i design computers for a living, and i know that the mechanisms that i use to design computers would be impossible without recent advances in computers. +so right now, what i do is i design objects at such complexity that it's really impossible for me to design them in the traditional sense. +i don't know what every transistor in the connection machine does. +there are billions of them. +instead, what i do and what the designers at thinking machines do is we think at some level of abstraction and then we hand it to the machine and the machine takes it beyond what we could ever do, much farther and faster than we could ever do. +and in fact, sometimes it takes it by methods that we don't quite even understand. +one method that's particularly interesting that i've been using a lot lately is evolution itself. +so what we do is we put inside the machine a process of evolution that takes place on the microsecond time scale. +so for example, in the most extreme cases, we can actually evolve a program by starting out with random sequences of instructions. +say, "computer, would you please make a hundred million random sequences of instructions. +now would you please run all of those random sequences of instructions, run all of those programs, and pick out the ones that came closest to doing what i wanted. " +so in other words, i define what i wanted. +let's say i want to sort numbers, as a simple example i've done it with. +so find the programs that come closest to sorting numbers. +so of course, random sequences of instructions are very unlikely to sort numbers, so none of them will really do it. +but one of them, by luck, may put two numbers in the right order. +and i say, "computer, would you please now take the 10 percent of those random sequences that did the best job. +save those. kill off the rest. +and now let's reproduce the ones that sorted numbers the best. +and let's reproduce them by a process of recombination analogous to sex. " +take two programs and they produce children by exchanging their subroutines, and the children inherit the traits of the subroutines of the two programs. +so i've got now a new generation of programs that are produced by combinations of the programs that did a little bit better job. +say, "please repeat that process." +score them again. +introduce some mutations perhaps. +and try that again and do that for another generation. +well every one of those generations just takes a few milliseconds. +so i can do the equivalent of millions of years of evolution on that within the computer in a few minutes, or in the complicated cases, in a few hours. +at the end of that, i end up with programs that are absolutely perfect at sorting numbers. +in fact, they are programs that are much more efficient than programs i could have ever written by hand. +now if i look at those programs, i can't tell you how they work. +i've tried looking at them and telling you how they work. +they're obscure, weird programs. +but they do the job. +and in fact, i know, i'm very confident that they do the job because they come from a line of hundreds of thousands of programs that did the job. +in fact, their life depended on doing the job. +i was riding in a 747 with marvin minsky once, and he pulls out this card and says, "oh look. look at this. +it says, 'this plane has hundreds of thousands of tiny parts working together to make you a safe flight.' doesn't that make you feel confident? " +in fact, we know that the engineering process doesn't work very well when it gets complicated. +so we're beginning to depend on computers to do a process that's very different than engineering. +and it lets us produce things of much more complexity than normal engineering lets us produce. +and yet, we don't quite understand the options of it. +so in a sense, it's getting ahead of us. +we're now using those programs to make much faster computers so that we'll be able to run this process much faster. +so it's feeding back on itself. +the thing is becoming faster and that's why i think it seems so confusing. +because all of these technologies are feeding back on themselves. +we're taking off. +and what we are is we're at a point in time which is analogous to when single-celled organisms were turning into multi-celled organisms. +so we're the amoebas and we can't quite figure out what the hell this thing is we're creating. +we're right at that point of transition. +but i think that there really is something coming along after us. +i think it's very haughty of us to think that we're the end product of evolution. +and i think all of us here are a part of producing whatever that next thing is. +so lunch is coming along, and i think i will stop at that point, before i get selected out. +my story begins right here actually in rajasthan about two years ago. +i was in the desert, under the starry skies with the sufi singer mukhtiar ali. +and we were in conversation about how nothing had changed since the time of the ancient indian epic "the mahabharata." +so back in the day, when us indians wanted to travel we'd jump into a chariot and we'd zoom across the sky. +now we do the same with airplanes. +back then, when arjuna, the great indian warrior prince, when he was thirsty, he'd take out a bow, he'd shoot it into the ground and water would come out. +now we do the same with drills and machines. +the conclusion that we came to was that magic had been replaced by machinery. +and this made me really sad. +i found myself becoming a little bit of a technophobe. +i was terrified by this idea that i would lose the ability to enjoy and appreciate the sunset without having my camera on me, without tweeting it to my friends. +and it felt like technology should enable magic, not kill it. +when i was a little girl, my grandfather gave me his little silver pocket watch. +and this piece of 50-year-old technology became the most magical thing to me. +it became a gilded gateway into a world full of pirates and shipwrecks and images in my imagination. +so i felt like our cellphones and our fancy watches and our cameras had stopped us from dreaming. +they stopped us from being inspired. +and so i jumped in, i jumped into this world of technology, to see how i could use it to enable magic as opposed to kill it. +i've been illustrating books since i was 16. +and so when i saw the ipad, i saw it as a storytelling device that could connect readers all over the world. +it can know how we're holding it. +it can know where we are. +it brings together image and text and animation and sound and touch. +storytelling is becoming more and more multi-sensorial. +but what are we doing with it? +so i'm actually just going to go in and launch khoya, an interactive app for the ipad. +so it says, "place your fingers upon each light." +and so -- it says, "this box belongs to..." and so i type in my name. +and actually i become a character in the book. +at various points, a little letter drops down to me -- and the ipad knows where you live because of gps -- which is actually addressed to me. +the child in me is really excited by these kinds of possibilities. +now i've been talking a lot about magic. +and i don't mean wizards and dragons, i mean the kind of childhood magic, those ideas that we all harbored as children. +this idea of fireflies in a jar, for some reason, was always really exciting to me. +and so over here you need to tilt your ipad, take the fireflies out. +and they actually illuminate your way through the rest of the book. +another idea that really fascinated me as a child was that an entire galaxy could be contained within a single marble. +and so over here, each book and each world becomes a little marble that i drag in to this magical device within the device. +and it opens up a map. +all along, all fantasy books have always had maps, but these maps have been static. +this is a map that grows and glows and becomes your navigation for the rest of the book. +it reveals itself to you at certain points in the book as well. +so i'm just going to enter in. +another thing that's actually really important to me is creating content that is indian and yet very contemporary. +over here, these are the apsaras. +so we've all heard about fairies and we've all heard about nymphs, but how many people outside of india know about their indian counterparts, the apsaras? +these poor apsaras have been trapped inside indra's chambers for thousands of years in an old and musty book. +and so we're bringing them back in a contemporary story for children. +and a story that actually deals with new issues like the environmental crisis. +speaking of the environmental crisis, i think a big problem has been in the last 10 years is that children have been locked inside their rooms, glued to their pcs, they haven't been able to get out. +but now with mobile technology, we can actually take our children outside into the natural world with their technology. +one of the interactions in the book is that you're sent off on this quest where you need to go outside, take out your camera on the ipad and collect pictures of different natural objects. +when i was a child, i had multiple collections of sticks and stones and pebbles and shells. +and somehow kids don't do that anymore. +so in bringing back this childhood ritual, you need to go out and, in one chapter, take a picture of a flower and then tag it. +in another chapter, you need to take a picture of a piece of bark and then tag that. +and what happens is that you actually create a digital collection of photographs that you can then put up online. +a child in london puts up a picture of a fox and says, "oh, i saw a fox today." +a child in india says, "i saw a monkey today." +and it creates this kind of social network around a collection of digital photographs that you've actually taken. +in the possibilities of linking together magic, the earth and technology, there are multiple possibilities. +in the next book, we plan on having an interaction where you take your ipad out with the video on and through augmented reality, you see this layer of animated pixies appear on a houseplant that's outside your house. +at one point, your screen is filled up with leaves. +and so you need to make the sound of wind and blow them away and read the rest of the book. +we're moving, we're all moving here, to a world where the forces of nature come closer together to technology, and magic and technology can come closer together. +we're harnessing energy from the sun. +we're bringing our children and ourselves closer to the natural world and that magic and joy and childhood love that we had through the simple medium of a story. +thank you. +well this is a really extraordinary honor for me. +i spend most of my time in jails, in prisons, on death row. +i spend most of my time in very low-income communities in the projects and places where there's a great deal of hopelessness. +and being here at ted and seeing the stimulation, hearing it, has been very, very energizing to me. +and one of the things that's emerged in my short time here is that ted has an identity. +and you can actually say things here that have impacts around the world. +and sometimes when it comes through ted, it has meaning and power that it doesn't have when it doesn't. +and i mention that because i think identity is really important. +and we've had some fantastic presentations. +and i think what we've learned is that, if you're a teacher your words can be meaningful, but if you're a compassionate teacher, they can be especially meaningful. +if you're a doctor you can do some good things, but if you're a caring doctor you can do some other things. +and so i want to talk about the power of identity. +and i didn't learn about this actually practicing law and doing the work that i do. +i actually learned about this from my grandmother. +i grew up in a house that was the traditional african american home that was dominated by a matriarch, and that matriarch was my grandmother. +she was tough, she was strong, she was powerful. +she was the end of every argument in our family. +she was the beginning of a lot of arguments in our family. +she was the daughter of people who were actually enslaved. +her parents were born in slavery in virginia in the 1840's. +she was born in the 1880's and the experience of slavery very much shaped the way she saw the world. +and my grandmother was tough, but she was also loving. +when i would see her as a little boy, she'd come up to me and she'd give me these hugs. +and she'd squeeze me so tight i could barely breathe and then she'd let me go. +and an hour or two later, if i saw her, she'd come over to me and she'd say, "bryan, do you still feel me hugging you?" +and if i said, "no," she'd assault me again, and if i said, "yes," she'd leave me alone. +and she just had this quality that you always wanted to be near her. +and the only challenge was that she had 10 children. +my mom was the youngest of her 10 kids. +and sometimes when i would go and spend time with her, it would be difficult to get her time and attention. +my cousins would be running around everywhere. +and i remember, when i was about eight or nine years old, waking up one morning, going into the living room, and all of my cousins were running around. +and my grandmother was sitting across the room staring at me. +and at first i thought we were playing a game. +and i would look at her and i'd smile, but she was very serious. +and after about 15 or 20 minutes of this, she got up and she came across the room and she took me by the hand and she said, "come on, bryan. you and i are going to have a talk." +and i remember this just like it happened yesterday. +i never will forget it. +she took me out back and she said, "bryan, i'm going to tell you something, but you don't tell anybody what i tell you." +i said, "okay, mama." +she said, "now you make sure you don't do that." i said, "sure." +then she sat me down and she looked at me and she said, "i want you to know i've been watching you." +and she said, "i think you're special." +she said, "i think you can do anything you want to do." +i will never forget it. +and then she said, "i just need you to promise me three things, bryan." +i said, "okay, mama." +she said, "the first thing i want you to promise me is that you'll always love your mom." +she said, "that's my baby girl, and you have to promise me now you'll always take care of her." +well i adored my mom, so i said, "yes, mama. i'll do that." +then she said, "the second thing i want you to promise me is that you'll always do the right thing even when the right thing is the hard thing." +and i thought about it and i said, "yes, mama. i'll do that." +then finally she said, "the third thing i want you to promise me is that you'll never drink alcohol." +well i was nine years old, so i said, "yes, mama. i'll do that." +i grew up in the country in the rural south, and i have a brother a year older than me and a sister a year younger. +when i was about 14 or 15, one day my brother came home and he had this six-pack of beer -- i don't know where he got it -- and he grabbed me and my sister and we went out in the woods. +and we were kind of just out there doing the stuff we crazily did. +and he had a sip of this beer and he gave some to my sister and she had some, and they offered it to me. +i said, "no, no, no. that's okay. you all go ahead. i'm not going to have any beer." +my brother said, "come on. we're doing this today; you always do what we do. +i had some, your sister had some. have some beer. " +i said, "no, i don't feel right about that. y'all go ahead. y'all go ahead." +and then my brother started staring at me. +he said, "what's wrong with you? have some beer." +then he looked at me real hard and he said, "oh, i hope you're not still hung up on that conversation mama had with you." +i said, "well, what are you talking about?" +he said, "oh, mama tells all the grandkids that they're special." +i was devastated. +and i'm going to admit something to you. +i'm going to tell you something i probably shouldn't. +i know this might be broadcast broadly. +but i'm 52 years old, and i'm going to admit to you that i've never had a drop of alcohol. +i don't say that because i think that's virtuous; i say that because there is power in identity. +when we create the right kind of identity, we can say things to the world around us that they don't actually believe makes sense. +we can get them to do things that they don't think they can do. +when i thought about my grandmother, of course she would think all her grandkids were special. +my grandfather was in prison during prohibition. +my male uncles died of alcohol-related diseases. +and these were the things she thought we needed to commit to. +well i've been trying to say something about our criminal justice system. +this country is very different today than it was 40 years ago. +in 1972, there were 300,000 people in jails and prisons. +today, there are 2.3 million. +the united states now has the highest rate of incarceration in the world. +we have seven million people on probation and parole. +and mass incarceration, in my judgment, has fundamentally changed our world. +in poor communities, in communities of color there is this despair, there is this hopelessness, that is being shaped by these outcomes. +one out of three black men between the ages of 18 and 30 is in jail, in prison, on probation or parole. +in urban communities across this country -- los angeles, philadelphia, baltimore, washington -- 50 to 60 percent of all young men of color are in jail or prison or on probation or parole. +our system isn't just being shaped in these ways that seem to be distorting around race, they're also distorted by poverty. +we have a system of justice in this country that treats you much better if you're rich and guilty than if you're poor and innocent. +wealth, not culpability, shapes outcomes. +and yet, we seem to be very comfortable. +the politics of fear and anger have made us believe that these are problems that are not our problems. +we've been disconnected. +it's interesting to me. +we're looking at some very interesting developments in our work. +my state of alabama, like a number of states, actually permanently disenfranchises you if you have a criminal conviction. +right now in alabama 34 percent of the black male population has permanently lost the right to vote. +we're actually projecting in another 10 years the level of disenfranchisement will be as high as it's been since prior to the passage of the voting rights act. +and there is this stunning silence. +i represent children. +a lot of my clients are very young. +the united states is the only country in the world where we sentence 13-year-old children to die in prison. +we have life imprisonment without parole for kids in this country. +and we're actually doing some litigation. +the only country in the world. +i represent people on death row. +it's interesting, this question of the death penalty. +in many ways, we've been taught to think that the real question is, do people deserve to die for the crimes they've committed? +and that's a very sensible question. +but there's another way of thinking about where we are in our identity. +the other way of thinking about it is not, do people deserve to die for the crimes they commit, but do we deserve to kill? +i mean, it's fascinating. +death penalty in america is defined by error. +for every nine people who have been executed, we've actually identified one innocent person who's been exonerated and released from death row. +a kind of astonishing error rate -- one out of nine people innocent. +i mean, it's fascinating. +in aviation, we would never let people fly on airplanes if for every nine planes that took off one would crash. +but somehow we can insulate ourselves from this problem. +it's not our problem. +it's not our burden. +it's not our struggle. +i talk a lot about these issues. +i talk about race and this question of whether we deserve to kill. +and it's interesting, when i teach my students about african american history, i tell them about slavery. +i tell them about terrorism, the era that began at the end of reconstruction that went on to world war ii. +we don't really know very much about it. +but for african americans in this country, that was an era defined by terror. +in many communities, people had to worry about being lynched. +they had to worry about being bombed. +it was the threat of terror that shaped their lives. +and these older people come up to me now and they say, "mr. stevenson, you give talks, you make speeches, you tell people to stop saying we're dealing with terrorism for the first time in our nation's history after 9 / 11." +they tell me to say, "no, tell them that we grew up with that." +and that era of terrorism, of course, was followed by segregation and decades of racial subordination and apartheid. +and yet, we have in this country this dynamic where we really don't like to talk about our problems. +we don't like to talk about our history. +and because of that, we really haven't understood what it's meant to do the things we've done historically. +we're constantly running into each other. +we're constantly creating tensions and conflicts. +we have a hard time talking about race, and i believe it's because we are unwilling to commit ourselves to a process of truth and reconciliation. +in south africa, people understood that we couldn't overcome apartheid without a commitment to truth and reconciliation. +in rwanda, even after the genocide, there was this commitment, but in this country we haven't done that. +i was giving some lectures in germany about the death penalty. +it was fascinating because one of the scholars stood up after the presentation and said, "well you know it's deeply troubling to hear what you're talking about." +he said, "we don't have the death penalty in germany. +and of course, we can never have the death penalty in germany. " +and the room got very quiet, and this woman said, "there's no way, with our history, we could ever engage in the systematic killing of human beings. +it would be unconscionable for us to, in an intentional and deliberate way, set about executing people. " +and i thought about that. +what would it feel like to be living in a world where the nation state of germany was executing people, especially if they were disproportionately jewish? +i couldn't bear it. +it would be unconscionable. +and yet, in this country, in the states of the old south, we execute people -- where you're 11 times more likely to get the death penalty if the victim is white than if the victim is black, 22 times more likely to get it if the defendant is black and the victim is white -- in the very states where there are buried in the ground the bodies of people who were lynched. +and yet, there is this disconnect. +well i believe that our identity is at risk. +that when we actually don't care about these difficult things, the positive and wonderful things are nonetheless implicated. +we love innovation. +we love technology. we love creativity. +we love entertainment. +but ultimately, those realities are shadowed by suffering, abuse, degradation, marginalization. +and for me, it becomes necessary to integrate the two. +because ultimately we are talking about a need to be more hopeful, more committed, more dedicated to the basic challenges of living in a complex world. +and for me that means spending time thinking and talking about the poor, the disadvantaged, those who will never get to ted. +but thinking about them in a way that is integrated in our own lives. +you know ultimately, we all have to believe things we haven't seen. +we do. as rational as we are, as committed to intellect as we are. +innovation, creativity, development comes not from the ideas in our mind alone. +they come from the ideas in our mind that are also fueled by some conviction in our heart. +and it's that mind-heart connection that i believe compels us to not just be attentive to all the bright and dazzly things, but also the dark and difficult things. +vaclav havel, the great czech leader, talked about this. +he said, "when we were in eastern europe and dealing with oppression, we wanted all kinds of things, but mostly what we needed was hope, an orientation of the spirit, a willingness to sometimes be in hopeless places and be a witness." +well that orientation of the spirit is very much at the core of what i believe even ted communities have to be engaged in. +there is no disconnect around technology and design that will allow us to be fully human until we pay attention to suffering, to poverty, to exclusion, to unfairness, to injustice. +now i will warn you that this kind of identity is a much more challenging identity than ones that don't pay attention to this. +it will get to you. +i had the great privilege, when i was a young lawyer, of meeting rosa parks. +and ms. parks used to come back to montgomery every now and then, and she would get together with two of her dearest friends, these older women, johnnie carr who was the organizer of the montgomery bus boycott -- amazing african american woman -- and virginia durr, a white woman, whose husband, clifford durr, represented dr. king. +and these women would get together and just talk. +and every now and then ms. carr would call me, and she'd say, "bryan, ms. parks is coming to town. we're going to get together and talk. +do you want to come over and listen? " +and i'd say, "yes, ma'am, i do." +and she'd say, "well what are you going to do when you get here?" +i said, "i'm going to listen." +and i'd go over there and i would, i would just listen. +it would be so energizing and so empowering. +and one time i was over there listening to these women talk, and after a couple of hours ms. parks turned to me and she said, "now bryan, tell me what the equal justice initiative is. +tell me what you're trying to do. " +and i began giving her my rap. +i said, "well we're trying to challenge injustice. +we're trying to help people who have been wrongly convicted. +we're trying to confront bias and discrimination in the administration of criminal justice. +we're trying to end life without parole sentences for children. +we're trying to do something about the death penalty. +we're trying to reduce the prison population. +we're trying to end mass incarceration. " +i gave her my whole rap, and when i finished she looked at me and she said, "mmm mmm mmm." +she said, "that's going to make you tired, tired, tired." +and that's when ms. carr leaned forward, she put her finger in my face, she said, "that's why you've got to be brave, brave, brave." +and i actually believe that the ted community needs to be more courageous. +we need to find ways to embrace these challenges, these problems, the suffering. +because ultimately, our humanity depends on everyone's humanity. +i've learned very simple things doing the work that i do. +it's just taught me very simple things. +that each of us is more than the worst thing we've ever done. +i believe that for every person on the planet. +i think if somebody tells a lie, they're not just a liar. +i think if somebody takes something that doesn't belong to them, they're not just a thief. +i think even if you kill someone, you're not just a killer. +and because of that there's this basic human dignity that must be respected by law. +i also believe that in many parts of this country, and certainly in many parts of this globe, that the opposite of poverty is not wealth. +i don't believe that. +i actually think, in too many places, the opposite of poverty is justice. +and finally, i believe that, despite the fact that it is so dramatic and so beautiful and so inspiring and so stimulating, we will ultimately not be judged by our technology, we won't be judged by our design, we won't be judged by our intellect and reason. +ultimately, you judge the character of a society, not by how they treat their rich and the powerful and the privileged, but by how they treat the poor, the condemned, the incarcerated. +because it's in that nexus that we actually begin to understand truly profound things about who we are. +i sometimes get out of balance. i'll end with this story. +i sometimes push too hard. +i do get tired, as we all do. +sometimes those ideas get ahead of our thinking in ways that are important. +and i've been representing these kids who have been sentenced to do these very harsh sentences. +and i go to the jail and i see my client who's 13 and 14, and he's been certified to stand trial as an adult. +i start thinking, well, how did that happen? +how can a judge turn you into something that you're not? +and the judge has certified him as an adult, but i see this kid. +and i was up too late one night and i starting thinking, well gosh, if the judge can turn you into something that you're not, the judge must have magic power. +yeah, bryan, the judge has some magic power. +you should ask for some of that. +and because i was up too late, wasn't thinking real straight, i started working on a motion. +and i had a client who was 14 years old, a young, poor black kid. +and i started working on this motion, and the head of the motion was: "motion to try my poor, 14-year-old black male client like a privileged, white 75-year-old corporate executive." +and i put in my motion that there was prosecutorial misconduct and police misconduct and judicial misconduct. +there was a crazy line in there about how there's no conduct in this county, it's all misconduct. +and the next morning, i woke up and i thought, now did i dream that crazy motion, or did i actually write it? +and to my horror, not only had i written it, but i had sent it to court. +a couple months went by, and i had just forgotten all about it. +and i finally decided, oh gosh, i've got to go to the court and do this crazy case. +and i got into my car and i was feeling really overwhelmed -- overwhelmed. +and i got in my car and i went to this courthouse. +and i was thinking, this is going to be so difficult, so painful. +and i finally got out of the car and i started walking up to the courthouse. +and as i was walking up the steps of this courthouse, there was an older black man who was the janitor in this courthouse. +when this man saw me, he came over to me and he said, "who are you?" +i said, "i'm a lawyer." he said, "you're a lawyer?" i said, "yes, sir." +and this man came over to me and he hugged me. +and he whispered in my ear. +he said, "i'm so proud of you." +and i have to tell you, it was energizing. +it connected deeply with something in me about identity, about the capacity of every person to contribute to a community, to a perspective that is hopeful. +well i went into the courtroom. +and as soon as i walked inside, the judge saw me coming in. +he said, "mr. stevenson, did you write this crazy motion?" +i said, "yes, sir. i did." and we started arguing. +and people started coming in because they were just outraged. +i had written these crazy things. +and police officers were coming in and assistant prosecutors and clerk workers. +and before i knew it, the courtroom was filled with people angry that we were talking about race, that we were talking about poverty, that we were talking about inequality. +and out of the corner of my eye, i could see this janitor pacing back and forth. +and he kept looking through the window, and he could hear all of this holler. +he kept pacing back and forth. +and finally, this older black man with this very worried look on his face came into the courtroom and sat down behind me, almost at counsel table. +about 10 minutes later the judge said we would take a break. +and during the break there was a deputy sheriff who was offended that the janitor had come into court. +and this deputy jumped up and he ran over to this older black man. +he said, "jimmy, what are you doing in this courtroom?" +and this older black man stood up and he looked at that deputy and he looked at me and he said, "i came into this courtroom to tell this young man, keep your eyes on the prize, hold on." +i've come to ted because i believe that many of you understand that the moral arc of the universe is long, but it bends toward justice. +that we cannot be full evolved human beings until we care about human rights and basic dignity. +that all of our survival is tied to the survival of everyone. +that our visions of technology and design and entertainment and creativity have to be married with visions of humanity, compassion and justice. +and more than anything, for those of you who share that, i've simply come to tell you to keep your eyes on the prize, hold on. +so you heard and saw an obvious desire by this audience, this community, to help you on your way and to do something on this issue. +other than writing a check, what could we do? +well there are opportunities all around us. +if you live in the state of california, for example, there's a referendum coming up this spring where actually there's going to be an effort to redirect some of the money we spend on the politics of punishment. +for example, here in california we're going to spend one billion dollars on the death penalty in the next five years -- one billion dollars. +and yet, 46 percent of all homicide cases don't result in arrest. +56 percent of all rape cases don't result. +so there's an opportunity to change that. +and this referendum would propose having those dollars go to law enforcement and safety. +and i think that opportunity exists all around us. +there's been this huge decline in crime in america over the last three decades. +and part of the narrative of that is sometimes that it's about increased incarceration rates. +what would you say to someone who believed that? +well actually the violent crime rate has remained relatively stable. +the great increase in mass incarceration in this country wasn't really in violent crime categories. +it was this misguided war on drugs. +that's where the dramatic increases have come in our prison population. +and we got carried away with the rhetoric of punishment. +and so we have three strikes laws that put people in prison forever for stealing a bicycle, for low-level property crimes, rather than making them give those resources back to the people who they victimized. +i believe we need to do more to help people who are victimized by crime, not do less. +and i think our current punishment philosophy does nothing for no one. +and i think that's the orientation that we have to change. +bryan, you've struck a massive chord here. +you're an inspiring person. +thank you so much for coming to ted. thank you. +threats, in the wake of bin laden's death, have spiked. +famine in somalia. police pepper spray. +vicious cartels. announcer five: caustic cruise lines. +societal decay. 65 dead. +tsunami warning. cyber-attacks. +drug war. mass destruction. tornado. +recession. default. doomsday. egypt. syria. +crisis. death. disaster. +oh, my god. +so those are just a few of the clips i collected over the last six months -- could have easily been the last six days or the last six years. +the point is that the news media preferentially feeds us negative stories because that's what our minds pay attention to. +and there's a very good reason for that. +every second of every day, our senses bring in way too much data than we can possibly process in our brains. +and because nothing is more important to us than survival, the first stop of all of that data is an ancient sliver of the temporal lobe called the amygdala. +now the amygdala is our early warning detector, our danger detector. +it sorts and scours through all of the information looking for anything in the environment that might harm us. +so given a dozen news stories, we will preferentially look at the negative news. +and that old newspaper saying, "if it bleeds it leads," is very true. +so given all of our digital devices that are bringing all the negative news to us seven days a week, 24 hours a day, it's no wonder that we're pessimistic. +it's no wonder that people think that the world is getting worse. +but perhaps that's not the case. +perhaps instead, of what's really going on. +perhaps the tremendous progress we've made over the last century by a series of forces are, in fact, accelerating to a point that we have the potential in the next three decades to create a world of abundance. +now i'm not saying we don't have our set of problems -- climate crisis, species extinction, water and energy shortage -- we surely do. +and as humans, we are far better at seeing the problems way in advance, but ultimately we knock them down. +so let's look at what this last century has been to see where we're going. +over the last hundred years, the average human lifespan has more than doubled, average per capita income adjusted for inflation around the world has tripled. +childhood mortality has come down a factor of 10. +add to that the cost of food, electricity, transportation, communication have dropped 10 to 1,000-fold. +steve pinker has showed us that, in fact, we're living during the most peaceful time ever in human history. +and charles kenny that global literacy has gone from 25 percent to over 80 percent in the last 130 years. +we truly are living in an extraordinary time. +and many people forget this. +and we keep setting our expectations higher and higher. +in fact, we redefine what poverty means. +think of this, in america today, the majority of people under the poverty line still have electricity, water, toilets, refrigerators, television, mobile phones, air conditioning and cars. +the wealthiest robber barons of the last century, the emperors on this planet, could have never dreamed of such luxuries. +underpinning much of this is technology, and of late, exponentially growing technologies. +my good friend ray kurzweil showed that any tool that becomes an information technology jumps on this curve, on moore's law, and experiences price performance doubling every 12 to 24 months. +that's why the cellphone in your pocket is literally a million times cheaper and a thousand times faster than a supercomputer of the '70s. +now look at this curve. +this is moore's law over the last hundred years. +i want you to notice two things from this curve. +number one, how smooth it is -- through good time and bad time, war time and peace time, recession, depression and boom time. +this is the result of faster computers being used to build faster computers. +it doesn't slow for any of our grand challenges. +and also, even though it's plotted on a log curve on the left, it's curving upwards. +the rate at which the technology is getting faster is itself getting faster. +and on this curve, riding on moore's law, are a set of extraordinarily powerful technologies available to all of us. +cloud computing, what my friends at autodesk call infinite computing; sensors and networks; robotics; 3d printing, which is the ability to democratize and distribute personalized production around the planet; synthetic biology; fuels, vaccines and foods; digital medicine; nanomaterials; and a.i. +i mean, how many of you saw the winning of jeopardy by ibm's watson? +i mean, that was epic. +in fact, i scoured the headlines looking for the best headline in a newspaper i could. +and i love this: "watson vanquishes human opponents." +jeopardy's not an easy game. +it's about the nuance of human language. +and imagine if you would a.i. 's like this on the cloud available to every person with a cellphone. +four years ago here at ted, ray kurzweil and i started a new university called singularity university. +and we teach our students all of these technologies, and particularly how they can be used to solve humanity's grand challenges. +and every year we ask them to start a company or a product or a service that can affect positively the lives of a billion people within a decade. +think about that, the fact that, literally, a group of students can touch the lives of a billion people today. +30 years ago that would have sounded ludicrous. +today we can point at dozens of companies that have done just that. +when i think about creating abundance, it's not about creating a life of luxury for everybody on this planet; it's about creating a life of possibility. +it is about taking that which was scarce and making it abundant. +you see, scarcity is contextual, and technology is a resource-liberating force. +let me give you an example. +so this is a story of napoleon iii in the mid-1800s. +he's the dude on the left. +he invited over to dinner the king of siam. +all of napoleon's troops were fed with silver utensils, napoleon himself with gold utensils. +but the king of siam, he was fed with aluminum utensils. +you see, aluminum was the most valuable metal on the planet, worth more than gold and platinum. +it's the reason that the tip of the washington monument is made of aluminum. +you see, even though aluminum is 8.3 percent of the earth by mass, it doesn't come as a pure metal. +it's all bound by oxygen and silicates. +but then the technology of electrolysis came along and literally made aluminum so cheap that we use it with throw-away mentality. +so let's project this analogy going forward. +we think about energy scarcity. +ladies and gentlemen, we are on a planet that is bathed with 5,000 times more energy than we use in a year. +16 terawatts of energy hits the earth's surface every 88 minutes. +it's not about being scarce, it's about accessibility. +and there's good news here. +for the first time, this year the cost of solar-generated electricity is 50 percent that of diesel-generated electricity in india -- 8.8 rupees versus 17 rupees. +the cost of solar dropped 50 percent last year. +last month, mit put out a study showing that by the end of this decade, in the sunny parts of the united states, solar electricity will be six cents a kilowatt hour compared to 15 cents as a national average. +and if we have abundant energy, we also have abundant water. +now we talk about water wars. +do you remember when carl sagan turned the voyager spacecraft back towards the earth, in 1990 after it just passed saturn? +he took a famous photo. what was it called? +"a pale blue dot." +because we live on a water planet. +we live on a planet 70 percent covered by water. +yes, 97.5 percent is saltwater, two percent is ice, and we fight over a half a percent of the water on this planet, but here too there is hope. +and there is technology coming online, not 10, 20 years from now, right now. +there's nanotechnology coming on, nanomaterials. +and the conversation i had with dean kamen this morning, one of the great diy innovators, i'd like to share with you -- he gave me permission to do so -- his technology called slingshot that many of you may have heard of, it is the size of a small dorm room refrigerator. +it's able to generate a thousand liters of clean drinking water a day out of any source -- saltwater, polluted water, latrine -- at less than two cents a liter. +the chairman of coca-cola has just agreed to do a major test of hundreds of units of this in the developing world. +and if that pans out, which i have every confidence it will, coca-cola will deploy this globally to 206 countries around the planet. +this is the kind of innovation, empowered by this technology, that exists today. +and we've seen this in cellphones. +my goodness, we're going to hit 70 percent penetration of cellphones in the developing world by the end of 2013. +think about it, that a masai warrior on a cellphone in the middle of kenya has better mobile comm than president reagan did 25 years ago. +and if they're on a smartphone on google, they've got access to more knowledge and information than president clinton did 15 years ago. +they're living in a world of information and communication abundance that no one could have ever predicted. +better than that, the things that you and i spent tens and hundreds of thousands of dollars for -- gps, hd video and still images, libraries of books and music, medical diagnostic technology -- are now literally dematerializing and demonetizing into your cellphone. +probably the best part of it is what's coming down the pike in health. +last month, i had the pleasure of announcing with qualcomm foundation something called the $10 million qualcomm tricorder x prize. +we're challenging teams around the world to basically combine these technologies into a mobile device that you can speak to, because it's got a.i., you can cough on it, you can do a finger blood prick. +and to win, it needs to be able to diagnose you better than a team of board-certified doctors. +so literally, imagine this device in the middle of the developing world where there are no doctors, 25 percent of the disease burden and 1.3 percent of the health care workers. +when this device sequences an rna or dna virus that it doesn't recognize, it calls the cdc and prevents the pandemic from happening in the first place. +but here, here is the biggest force for bringing about a world of abundance. +i call it the rising billion. +so the white lines here are population. +we just passed the seven billion mark on earth. +and by the way, the biggest protection against a population explosion is making the world educated and healthy. +in 2010, we had just short of two billion people online, connected. +by 2020, that's going from two billion to five billion internet users. +three billion new minds who have never been heard from before are connecting to the global conversation. +what will these people want? +what will they consume? what will they desire? +and rather than having economic shutdown, we're about to have the biggest economic injection ever. +these people represent tens of trillions of dollars injected into the global economy. +and they will get healthier by using the tricorder, and they'll become better educated by using the khan academy, and by literally being able to use 3d printing and infinite computing [become] more productive than ever before. +so what could three billion rising, healthy, educated, productive members of humanity bring to us? +how about a set of voices that have never been heard from before. +what about giving the oppressed, wherever they might be, the voice to be heard and the voice to act for the first time ever? +what will these three billion people bring? +what about contributions we can't even predict? +the one thing i've learned at the x prize is that small teams driven by their passion with a clear focus can do extraordinary things, things that large corporations and governments could only do in the past. +let me share and close with a story that really got me excited. +there is a program that some of you might have heard of. +it's a game called foldit. +it came out of the university of washington in seattle. +and this is a game where individuals can actually take a sequence of amino acids and figure out how the protein is going to fold. +and how it folds dictates its structure and its functionality. +and it's very important for research in medicine. +and up until now, it's been a supercomputer problem. +and this game has been played by university professors and so forth. +and it's literally, hundreds of thousands of people came online and started playing it. +and it showed that, in fact, today, the human pattern recognition machinery is better at folding proteins than the best computers. +and when these individuals went and looked at who was the best protein folder in the world, it wasn't an mit professor, it wasn't a caltech student, it was a person from england, from manchester, a woman who, during the day, was an executive assistant at a rehab clinic and, at night, was the world's best protein folder. +ladies and gentlemen, what gives me tremendous confidence in the future is the fact that we are now more empowered as individuals to take on the grand challenges of this planet. +we have the tools with this exponential technology. +we have the passion of the diy innovator. +we have the capital of the techno-philanthropist. +and we have three billion new minds coming online to work with us to solve the grand challenges, to do that which we must do. +we are living into extraordinary decades ahead. +thank you. +i think we have to do something about a piece of the culture of medicine that has to change. +and i think it starts with one physician, and that's me. +and maybe i've been around long enough that i can afford to give away some of my false prestige to be able to do that. +before i actually begin the meat of my talk, let's begin with a bit of baseball. +hey, why not? +we're near the end, we're getting close to the world series. +we all love baseball, don't we? +baseball is filled with some amazing statistics. +and there's hundreds of them. +"moneyball" is about to come out, and it's all about statistics and using statistics to build a great baseball team. +i'm going to focus on one stat that i hope a lot of you have heard of. +it's called batting average. +so we talk about a 300, a batter who bats 300. +that means that ballplayer batted safely, hit safely three times out of 10 at bats. +that means hit the ball into the outfield, it dropped, it didn't get caught, and whoever tried to throw it to first base didn't get there in time and the runner was safe. +three times out of 10. +do you know what they call a 300 hitter in major league baseball? +good, really good, maybe an all-star. +do you know what they call a 400 baseball hitter? +that's somebody who hit, by the way, four times safely out of every 10. +legendary -- as in ted williams legendary -- the last major league baseball player to hit over 400 during a regular season. +now let's take this back into my world of medicine where i'm a lot more comfortable, or perhaps a bit less comfortable after what i'm going to talk to you about. +suppose you have appendicitis and you're referred to a surgeon who's batting 400 on appendectomies. +somehow this isn't working out, is it? +now suppose you live in a certain part of a certain remote place and you have a loved one who has blockages in two coronary arteries and your family doctor refers that loved one to a cardiologist who's batting 200 on angioplasties. +but, but, you know what? +she's doing a lot better this year. she's on the comeback trail. +and she's hitting a 257. +somehow this isn't working. +but i'm going to ask you a question. +what do you think a batting average for a cardiac surgeon or a nurse practitioner or an orthopedic surgeon, an obgyn, a paramedic is supposed to be? +1,000, very good. +now truth of the matter is, nobody knows in all of medicine what a good surgeon or physician or paramedic is supposed to bat. +what we do though is we send each one of them, including myself, out into the world with the admonition, be perfect. +never ever, ever make a mistake, but you worry about the details, about how that's going to happen. +and that was the message that i absorbed when i was in med school. +i was an obsessive compulsive student. +in high school, a classmate once said that brian goldman would study for a blood test. +and so i did. +and i studied in my little garret at the nurses' residence at toronto general hospital, not far from here. +and i memorized everything. +i memorized in my anatomy class the origins and exertions of every muscle, every branch of every artery that came off the aorta, differential diagnoses obscure and common. +i even knew the differential diagnosis in how to classify renal tubular acidosis. +and all the while, i was amassing more and more knowledge. +and i did well, i graduated with honors, cum laude. +and i came out of medical school with the impression that if i memorized everything and knew everything, or as much as possible, as close to everything as possible, that it would immunize me against making mistakes. +and it worked for a while, until i met mrs. drucker. +i was a resident at a teaching hospital here in toronto when mrs. drucker was brought to the emergency department of the hospital where i was working. +at the time i was assigned to the cardiology service on a cardiology rotation. +and it was my job, when the emergency staff called for a cardiology consult, to see that patient in emerg. +and to report back to my attending. +and i saw mrs. drucker, and she was breathless. +and when i listened to her, she was making a wheezy sound. +and when i listened to her chest with a stethoscope, i could hear crackly sounds on both sides that told me that she was in congestive heart failure. +this is a condition in which the heart fails, and instead of being able to pump all the blood forward, some of the blood backs up into the lung, the lungs fill up with blood, and that's why you have shortness of breath. +and that wasn't a difficult diagnosis to make. +i made it and i set to work treating her. +i gave her aspirin. i gave her medications to relieve the strain on her heart. +i gave her medications that we call diuretics, water pills, to get her to pee out the access fluid. +and over the course of the next hour and a half or two, she started to feel better. +and i felt really good. +and that's when i made my first mistake; i sent her home. +actually, i made two more mistakes. +i sent her home without speaking to my attending. +i didn't pick up the phone and do what i was supposed to do, which was call my attending and run the story by him so he would have a chance to see her for himself. +and he knew her, he would have been able to furnish additional information about her. +maybe i did it for a good reason. +maybe i didn't want to be a high-maintenance resident. +maybe i wanted to be so successful and so able to take responsibility that i would do so and i would be able to take care of my attending's patients without even having to contact him. +the second mistake that i made was worse. +in sending her home, i disregarded a little voice deep down inside that was trying to tell me, "goldman, not a good idea. don't do this." +in fact, so lacking in confidence was i that i actually asked the nurse who was looking after mrs. drucker, "do you think it's okay if she goes home?" +and the nurse thought about it and said very matter-of-factly, "yeah, i think she'll do okay." +i can remember that like it was yesterday. +so i signed the discharge papers, and an ambulance came, paramedics came to take her home. +and i went back to my work on the wards. +all the rest of that day, that afternoon, i had this kind of gnawing feeling inside my stomach. +but i carried on with my work. +and at the end of the day, i packed up to leave the hospital and walked to the parking lot to take my car and drive home when i did something that i don't usually do. +i walked through the emergency department on my way home. +and it was there that another nurse, not the nurse who was looking after mrs. drucker before, but another nurse, said three words to me that are the three words that most emergency physicians i know dread. +others in medicine dread them as well, but there's something particular about emergency medicine because we see patients so fleetingly. +the three words are: do you remember? +"do you remember that patient you sent home?" +the other nurse asked matter-of-factly. +"well she's back," in just that tone of voice. +well she was back all right. +she was back and near death. +about an hour after she had arrived home, after i'd sent her home, she collapsed and her family called 911 and the paramedics brought her back to the emergency department where she had a blood pressure of 50, which is in severe shock. +and she was barely breathing and she was blue. +and the emerg. staff pulled out all the stops. +they gave her medications to raise her blood pressure. +they put her on a ventilator. +and i was shocked and shaken to the core. +and i went through this roller coaster, because after they stabilized her, she went to the intensive care unit, and i hoped against hope that she would recover. +and over the next two or three days, it was clear that she was never going to wake up. +she had irreversible brain damage. +and the family gathered. +and over the course of the next eight or nine days, they resigned themselves to what was happening. +and at about the nine day mark, they let her go -- mrs. drucker, a wife, a mother and a grandmother. +they say you never forget the names of those who die. +and that was my first time to be acquainted with that. +over the next few weeks, i beat myself up and i experienced for the first time the unhealthy shame that exists in our culture of medicine -- where i felt alone, isolated, not feeling the healthy kind of shame that you feel, because you can't talk about it with your colleagues. +you know that healthy kind, when you betray a secret that a best friend made you promise never to reveal and then you get busted and then your best friend confronts you and you have terrible discussions, but at the end of it all that sick feeling guides you and you say, i'll never make that mistake again. +and you make amends and you never make that mistake again. +that's the kind of shame that is a teacher. +the unhealthy shame i'm talking about is the one that makes you so sick inside. +it's the one that says, not that what you did was bad, but that you are bad. +and it was what i was feeling. +and it wasn't because of my attending; he was a doll. +he talked to the family, and i'm quite sure that he smoothed things over and made sure that i didn't get sued. +and i kept asking myself these questions. +why didn't i ask my attending? why did i send her home? +and then at my worst moments: why did i make such a stupid mistake? +why did i go into medicine? +slowly but surely, it lifted. +i began to feel a bit better. +and on a cloudy day, there was a crack in the clouds and the sun started to come out and i wondered, maybe i could feel better again. +and i made myself a bargain that if only i redouble my efforts to be perfect and never make another mistake again, please make the voices stop. +and they did. +and i went back to work. +and then it happened again. +two years later i was an attending in the emergency department at a community hospital just north of toronto, and i saw a 25 year-old man with a sore throat. +it was busy, i was in a bit of a hurry. +he kept pointing here. +i looked at his throat, it was a little bit pink. +and i gave him a prescription for penicillin and sent him on his way. +and even as he was walking out the door, he was still sort of pointing to his throat. +and two days later i came to do my next emergency shift, and that's when my chief asked to speak to me quietly in her office. +and she said the three words: do you remember? +"do you remember that patient you saw with the sore throat?" +well it turns out, he didn't have a strep throat. +he had a potentially life-threatening condition called epiglottitis. +you can google it, but it's an infection, not of the throat, but of the upper airway, and it can actually cause the airway to close. +and fortunately he didn't die. +he was placed on intravenous antibiotics and he recovered after a few days. +and i went through the same period of shame and recriminations and felt cleansed and went back to work, until it happened again and again and again. +twice in one emergency shift, i missed appendicitis. +now that takes some doing, especially when you work in a hospital that at the time saw but 14 people a night. +now in both cases, i didn't send them home and i don't think there was any gap in their care. +one i thought had a kidney stone. +i ordered a kidney x-ray. when it turned out to be normal, my colleague who was doing a reassessment of the patient noticed some tenderness in the right lower quadrant and called the surgeons. +the other one had a lot of diarrhea. +i ordered some fluids to rehydrate him and asked my colleague to reassess him. +and he did and when he noticed some tenderness in the right lower quadrant, called the surgeons. +in both cases, they had their operations and they did okay. +but each time, they were gnawing at me, eating at me. +and i'd like to be able to say to you that my worst mistakes only happened in the first five years of practice as many of my colleagues say, which is total b.s. +some of my doozies have been in the last five years. +alone, ashamed and unsupported. +here's the problem: if i can't come clean and talk about my mistakes, if i can't find the still-small voice that tells me what really happened, how can i share it with my colleagues? +how can i teach them about what i did so that they don't do the same thing? +if i were to walk into a room -- like right now, i have no idea what you think of me. +when was the last time you heard somebody talk about failure after failure after failure? +oh yeah, you go to a cocktail party and you might hear about some other doctor, but you're not going to hear somebody talking about their own mistakes. +if i were to walk into a room filled with my colleages and ask for their support right now and start to tell what i've just told you right now, i probably wouldn't get through two of those stories before they would start to get really uncomfortable, somebody would crack a joke, they'd change the subject and we would move on. +and in fact, if i knew and my colleagues knew that one of my orthopedic colleagues took off the wrong leg in my hospital, believe me, i'd have trouble making eye contact with that person. +that's the system that we have. +it's a complete denial of mistakes. +it's a system in which there are two kinds of physicians -- those who make mistakes and those who don't, those who can't handle sleep deprivation and those who can, those who have lousy outcomes and those who have great outcomes. +and it's almost like an ideological reaction, like the antibodies begin to attack that person. +and we have this idea that if we drive the people who make mistakes out of medicine, what will we be left with, but a safe system. +but there are two problems with that. +in my 20 years or so of medical broadcasting and journalism, i've made a personal study of medical malpractice and medical errors to learn everything i can, from one of the first articles i wrote for the toronto star to my show "white coat, black art." +and what i've learned is that errors are absolutely ubiquitous. +we work in a system where errors happen every day, where one in 10 medications are either the wrong medication given in hospital or at the wrong dosage, where hospital-acquired infections are getting more and more numerous, causing havoc and death. +in this country, as many as 24,000 canadians die of preventable medical errors. +in the united states, the institute of medicine pegged it at 100,000. +in both cases, these are gross underestimates, because we really aren't ferreting out the problem as we should. +and here's the thing. +in a hospital system where medical knowledge is doubling every two or three years, we can't keep up with it. +sleep deprivation is absolutely pervasive. +we can't get rid of it. +we have our cognitive biases, so that i can take a perfect history on a patient with chest pain. +now take the same patient with chest pain, make them moist and garrulous and put a little bit of alcohol on their breath, and suddenly my history is laced with contempt. +i don't take the same history. +i'm not a robot; i don't do things the same way each time. +and my patients aren't cars; they don't tell me their symptoms in the same way each time. +given all of that, mistakes are inevitable. +so if you take the system, as i was taught, and weed out all the error-prone health professionals, well there won't be anybody left. +and you know that business about people not wanting to talk about their worst cases? +on my show, on "white coat, black art," i made it a habit of saying, "here's my worst mistake," i would say to everybody from paramedics to the chief of cardiac surgery, "here's my worst mistake," blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, "what about yours?" and i would point the microphone towards them. +and their pupils would dilate, they would recoil, then they would look down and swallow hard and start to tell me their stories. +they want to tell their stories. they want to share their stories. +they want to be able to say, "look, don't make the same mistake i did." +what they need is an environment to be able to do that. +what they need is a redefined medical culture. +and it starts with one physician at a time. +the redefined physician is human, knows she's human, accepts it, isn't proud of making mistakes, but strives to learn one thing from what happened that she can teach to somebody else. +she shares her experience with others. +she's supportive when other people talk about their mistakes. +and she points out other people's mistakes, not in a gotcha way, but in a loving, supportive way so that everybody can benefit. +and she works in a culture of medicine that acknowledges that human beings run the system, and when human beings run the system, they will make mistakes from time to time. +so the system is evolving to create backups that make it easier to detect those mistakes that humans inevitably make and also fosters in a loving, supportive way places where everybody who is observing in the health care system can actually point out things that could be potential mistakes and is rewarded for doing so, and especially people like me, when we do make mistakes, we're rewarded for coming clean. +my name is brian goldman. +i am a redefined physician. +i'm human. i make mistakes. +i'm sorry about that, but i strive to learn one thing that i can pass on to other people. +i still don't know what you think of me, but i can live with that. +and let me close with three words of my own: i do remember. +i'm going to speak about a tiny, little idea. +and this is about shifting baseline. +and because the idea can be explained in one minute, i will tell you three stories before to fill in the time. +and the first story is about charles darwin, one of my heroes. +and he was here, as you well know, in '35. +and you'd think he was chasing finches, but he wasn't. +he was actually collecting fish. +and he described one of them as very "common." +this was the sailfin grouper. +a big fishery was run on it until the '80s. +now the fish is on the iucn red list. +now this story, we have heard it lots of times on galapagos and other places, so there is nothing particular about it. +but the point is, we still come to galapagos. +we still think it is pristine. +the brochures still say it is untouched. +so what happens here? +the second story, also to illustrate another concept, is called shifting waistline. +because i was there in '71, studying a lagoon in west africa. +i was there because i grew up in europe and i wanted later to work in africa. +and i thought i could blend in. +and i got a big sunburn, and i was convinced that i was really not from there. +this was my first sunburn. +and the lagoon was surrounded by palm trees, as you can see, and a few mangrove. +and it had tilapia about 20 centimeters, a species of tilapia called blackchin tilapia. +and the fisheries for this tilapia sustained lots of fish and they had a good time and they earned more than average in ghana. +when i went there 27 years later, the fish had shrunk to half of their size. +they were maturing at five centimeters. +they had been pushed genetically. +there were still fishes. +they were still kind of happy. +and the fish also were happy to be there. +so nothing has changed, but everything has changed. +my third little story is that i was an accomplice in the introduction of trawling in southeast asia. +in the '70s -- well, beginning in the' 60s -- europe did lots of development projects. +fish development meant imposing on countries that had already 100,000 fishers and this boat, quite ugly, is called the mutiara 4. +and i went sailing on it, and we did surveys throughout the southern south china sea and especially the java sea. +and what we caught, we didn't have words for it. +what we caught, i know now, is the bottom of the sea. +and 90 percent of our catch were sponges, other animals that are fixed on the bottom. +and actually most of the fish, they are a little spot on the debris, the piles of debris, were coral reef fish. +essentially the bottom of the sea came onto the deck and then was thrown down. +and these pictures are extraordinary because this transition is very rapid. +within a year, you do a survey and then commercial fishing begins. +the bottom is transformed from, in this case, a hard bottom or soft coral into a muddy mess. +this is a dead turtle. +they were not eaten, they were thrown away because they were dead. +and one time we caught a live one. +it was not drowned yet. +and then they wanted to kill it because it was good to eat. +this mountain of debris is actually collected by fishers every time they go into an area that's never been fished. +but it's not documented. +we transform the world, but we don't remember it. +we adjust our baseline to the new level, and we don't recall what was there. +if you generalize this, something like this happens. +you have on the y axis some good thing: biodiversity, numbers of orca, the greenness of your country, the water supply. +and over time it changes -- it changes because people do things, or naturally. +every generation will use the images that they got at the beginning of their conscious lives as a standard and will extrapolate forward. +and the difference then, they perceive as a loss. +but they don't perceive what happened before as a loss. +you can have a succession of changes. +at the end you want to sustain miserable leftovers. +and that, to a large extent, is what we want to do now. +we want to sustain things that are gone or things that are not the way they were. +now one should think this problem affected people certainly when in predatory societies, they killed animals and they didn't know they had done so after a few generations. +because, obviously, an animal that is very abundant, before it gets extinct, it becomes rare. +so you don't lose abundant animals. +you always lose rare animals. +and therefore they're not perceived as a big loss. +over time, we concentrate on large animals, and in a sea that means the big fish. +they become rarer because we fish them. +over time we have a few fish left and we think this is the baseline. +and the question is, why do people accept this? +well because they don't know that it was different. +and in fact, lots of people, scientists, will contest that it was really different. +and they will contest this because the evidence presented in an earlier mode is not in the way they would like the evidence presented. +for example, the anecdote that some present, as captain so-and-so observed lots of fish in this area cannot be used or is usually not utilized by fishery scientists, because it's not "scientific." +so you have a situation where people don't know the past, even though we live in literate societies, because they don't trust the sources of the past. +and hence, the enormous role that a marine protected area can play. +because with marine protected areas, we actually recreate the past. +we recreate the past that people cannot conceive because the baseline has shifted and is extremely low. +that is for people who can see a marine protected area and who can benefit from the insight that it provides, which enables them to reset their baseline. +how about the people who can't do that because they have no access -- the people in the midwest for example? +there i think that the arts and film can perhaps fill the gap, and simulation. +this is a simulation of chesapeake bay. +there were gray whales in chesapeake bay a long time ago -- 500 years ago. +and you will have noticed that the hues and tones are like "avatar." +and if you think about "avatar," if you think of why people were so touched by it -- never mind the pocahontas story -- why so touched by the imagery? +because it evokes something that in a sense has been lost. +and so my recommendation, it's the only one i will provide, is for cameron to do "avatar ii" underwater. +thank you very much. +in the 1980s in the communist eastern germany, if you owned a typewriter, you had to register it with the government. +you had to register a sample sheet of text out of the typewriter. +and this was done so the government could track where text was coming from. +if they found a paper which had the wrong kind of thought, they could track down who created that thought. +and we in the west couldn't understand how anybody could do this, how much this would restrict freedom of speech. +we would never do that in our own countries. +but today in 2011, if you go and buy a color laser printer from any major laser printer manufacturer and print a page, that page will end up having slight yellow dots printed on every single page in a pattern which makes the page unique to you and to your printer. +this is happening to us today. +and nobody seems to be making a fuss about it. +and this is an example of the ways that our own governments are using technology against us, the citizens. +and this is one of the main three sources of online problems today. +if we take a look at what's really happening in the online world, we can group the attacks based on the attackers. +we have three main groups. +we have online criminals. +like here, we have mr. dimitry golubov from the city of kiev in ukraine. +and the motives of online criminals are very easy to understand. +these guys make money. +they use online attacks to make lots of money, and lots and lots of it. +we actually have several cases of millionaires online, multimillionaires, who made money with their attacks. +here's vladimir tsastsin form tartu in estonia. +this is alfred gonzalez. +this is stephen watt. +this is bjorn sundin. +this is matthew anderson, tariq al-daour and so on and so on. +these guys make their fortunes online, but they make it through the illegal means of using things like banking trojans to steal money from our bank accounts while we do online banking, or with keyloggers to collect our credit card information while we are doing online shopping from an infected computer. +the u.s. secret service, two months ago, froze the swiss bank account of mr. sam jain right here, and that bank account had 14.9 million u.s. dollars on it when it was frozen. +mr. jain himself is on the loose; nobody knows where he is. +and i claim it's already today that it's more likely for any of us to become the victim of a crime online than here in the real world. +and it's very obvious that this is only going to get worse. +in the future, the majority of crime will be happening online. +the second major group of attackers that we are watching today are not motivated by money. +they're motivated by something else -- motivated by protests, motivated by an opinion, motivated by the laughs. +groups like anonymous have risen up over the last 12 months and have become a major player in the field of online attacks. +so those are the three main attackers: criminals who do it for the money, hacktivists like anonymous doing it for the protest, but then the last group are nation states, governments doing the attacks. +and then we look at cases like what happened in diginotar. +this is a prime example of what happens when governments attack against their own citizens. +diginotar is a certificate authority from the netherlands -- or actually, it was. +it was running into bankruptcy last fall because they were hacked into. +somebody broke in and they hacked it thoroughly. +and i asked last week in a meeting with dutch government representatives, i asked one of the leaders of the team whether he found plausible that people died because of the diginotar hack. +and his answer was yes. +so how do people die as the result of a hack like this? +well diginotar is a c.a. +they sell certificates. +what do you do with certificates? +well you need a certificate if you have a website that has https, ssl encrypted services, services like gmail. +now we all, or a big part of us, use gmail or one of their competitors, but these services are especially popular in totalitarian states like iran, where dissidents use foreign services like gmail because they know they are more trustworthy than the local services and they are encrypted over ssl connections, so the local government can't snoop on their discussions. +except they can if they hack into a foreign c.a. +and issue rogue certificates. +and this is exactly what happened with the case of diginotar. +what about arab spring and things that have been happening, for example, in egypt? +well in egypt, the rioters looted the headquarters of the egyptian secret police in april 2011, and when they were looting the building they found lots of papers. +among those papers, was this binder entitled "finfisher." +and within that binder were notes from a company based in germany which had sold the egyptian government a set of tools for intercepting -- and in very large scale -- all the communication of the citizens of the country. +they had sold this tool for 280,000 euros to the egyptian government. +the company headquarters are right here. +so western governments are providing totalitarian governments with tools to do this against their own citizens. +but western governments are doing it to themselves as well. +for example, in germany, just a couple of weeks ago the so-called state trojan was found, which was a trojan used by german government officials to investigate their own citizens. +if you are a suspect in a criminal case, well it's pretty obvious, your phone will be tapped. +but today, it goes beyond that. +they will tap your internet connection. +they will even use tools like state trojan to infect your computer with a trojan, which enables them to watch all your communication, to listen to your online discussions, to collect your passwords. +now when we think deeper about things like these, the obvious response from people should be that, "okay, that sounds bad, but that doesn't really affect me because i'm a legal citizen. +why should i worry? +because i have nothing to hide. " +and this is an argument, which doesn't make sense. +privacy is implied. +privacy is not up for discussion. +this is not a question between privacy against security. +it's a question of freedom against control. +and while we might trust our governments right now, right here in 2011, any right we give away will be given away for good. +and do we trust, do we blindly trust, any future government, a government we might have 50 years from now? +and these are the questions that we have to worry about for the next 50 years. +this may sound strange, but i'm a big fan of the concrete block. +the first concrete blocks were manufactured in 1868 with a very simple idea: modules made of cement of a fixed measurement that fit together. +very quickly concrete blocks became the most-used construction unit in the world. +they enabled us to to build things that were larger than us, buildings, bridges, one brick at a time. +essentially concrete blocks had become the building block of our time. +almost a hundred years later in 1947, lego came up with this. +it was called the automatic binding brick. +and in a few short years, lego bricks took place in every household. +it's estimated that over 400 billion bricks have been produced -- or 75 bricks for every person on the planet. +you don't have to be an engineer to make beautiful houses, beautiful bridges, beautiful buildings. +lego made it accessible. +lego has essentially taken the concrete block, the building block of the world, and made it into the building block of our imagination. +meanwhile the exact same year, at bell labs the next revolution was about to be announced, the next building block. +the transistor was a small plastic unit that would take us from a world of static bricks piled on top of each other to a world where everything was interactive. +like the concrete block, the transistor allows you to build much larger, more complex circuits, one brick at a time. +but there's a main difference: the transistor was only for experts. +i personally don't accept this, that the building block of our time is reserved for experts, so i decided to change that. +eight years ago when i was at the media lab, i started exploring this idea of how to put the power of engineers in the hands of artists and designers. +a few years ago i started developing littlebits. +let me show you how they work. +littlebits are electronic modules with each one specific function. +they're pre-engineered to be light, sound, motors and sensors. +and the best part about it is they snap together with magnets. +so you can't put them the wrong way. +the bricks are color-coded. +green is output, blue is power, pink is input and orange is wire. +so all you need to do is snap a blue to a green and very quickly you can start making larger circuits. +you put a blue to a green, you can make light. +you can put a knob in between and now you've made a little dimmer. +switch out the knob for a pulse module, which is here, and now you've made a little blinker. +add this buzzer for some extra punch and you've created a noise machine. +i'm going to stop that. +so beyond simple play, littlebits are actually pretty powerful. +instead of having to program, to wire, to solder, littlebits allow you to program using very simple intuitive gestures. +so to make this blink faster or slower, you would just turn this knob and basically make it pulse faster or slower. +the idea behind littlebits is that it's a growing library. +we want to make every single interaction in the world into a ready-to-use brick. +lights, sounds, solar panels, motors -- everything should be accessible. +we've been giving littlebits to kids and seeing them play with them. +and it's been an incredible experience. +the nicest thing is how they start to understand the electronics around them from everyday that they don't learn at schools. +for example, how a nightlight works, or why an elevator door stays open, or how an ipod responds to touch. +we've also been taking littlebits to design schools. +so for example, we've had designers with no experience with electronics whatsoever start to play with littlebits as a material. +here you see, with felt and paper water bottles, we have geordie making... +a few weeks ago we took littlebits to risd and gave them to some designers with no experience in engineering whatsoever -- just cardboard, wood and paper -- and told them "make something." +here's an example of a project they made, a motion-activated confetti canon ball. +but wait, this is actually my favorite project. +it's a lobster made of playdough that's afraid of the dark. +to these non-engineers, littlebits became another material, electronics became just another material. +and we want to make this material accessible to everyone. +so littlebits is open-source. +you can go on the website, download all the design files, make them yourself. +we want to encourage a world of creators, of inventors, of contributors, because this world that we live in, this interactive world, is ours. +so go ahead and start inventing. +thank you. diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/test.de b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/test.de new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b6e0a264eefb7fb1deeb89d3831944fefac2e24 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/test.de @@ -0,0 +1,6750 @@ +wissen sie , eines der großen vern@@ ü@@ gen beim reisen und eine der freu@@ den bei der eth@@ no@@ graph@@ ischen forschung ist , gemeinsam mit den menschen zu leben , die sich noch an die alten tage erinnern können . die ihre vergangenheit noch immer im wind spüren , sie auf vom regen ge@@ gl@@ ä@@ t@@ teten st@@ einen berü@@ hren , sie in den bit@@ teren blä@@ ttern der pflanzen schme@@ cken . +einfach das wissen , dass ja@@ gu@@ ar-@@ sch@@ am@@ an@@ en noch immer jen@@ seits der mil@@ ch@@ straße reisen oder die bedeutung der my@@ then der äl@@ testen der in@@ u@@ it noch voller bedeutung sind , oder dass im hi@@ mal@@ a@@ ya die budd@@ hi@@ sten noch immer den at@@ em des d@@ har@@ ma verfolgen , bedeutet , sich die zentr@@ ale offen@@ bar@@ ung der anthropo@@ log@@ ie ins ge@@ däch@@ tnis zu rufen , das ist der gedanke , dass die welt , in der wir leben , nicht in einem absol@@ uten sinn existiert , sondern nur als ein modell der realität , als eine folge einer gruppe von bestimmten möglichkeiten der anpas@@ sung die unsere a@@ hnen , wen@@ n@@ gleich erfolgreich , vor vielen generationen wähl@@ ten . +und natürlich teilen wir alle diesel@@ ben anpas@@ s@@ ungs@@ notwen@@ dig@@ keiten . +wir werden alle geboren . wir bringen kinder zur welt . +wir durch@@ laufen initi@@ a@@ tions@@ ritu@@ ale . +wir müssen uns mit der un@@ auf@@ hal@@ ts@@ am@@ en tren@@ nung durch den tod aus@@ einander@@ setzen und somit sollte es uns nicht überra@@ schen , dass wir alle singen , tan@@ zen und und kunst hervor@@ bringen . +aber interessant ist der einzigarti@@ ge ton@@ fall des lie@@ des , der rhyth@@ mus des tan@@ zes in jeder kultur . +dabei spielt es keine rolle , ob es sich um die pen@@ an in den wäl@@ dern von bor@@ ne@@ o handelt , oder die vo@@ o@@ do@@ o-@@ ak@@ oly@@ then in haiti , oder die krie@@ ger in der ka@@ is@@ u@@ t-@@ wüste von nord@@ ken@@ ia , die cur@@ ander@@ os in den an@@ den , oder eine kar@@ a@@ wan@@ ser@@ ei mitten in der sahar@@ a . dies ist zufällig der kol@@ lege , mit dem ich vor einem monat in die wüste gerei@@ st bin . oder selbst ein y@@ ak@@ -@@ hir@@ te an den hängen des q@@ om@@ ol@@ ang@@ ma , ever@@ est , der got@@ t@@ mutter der welt . +all diese menschen lehren uns , dass es noch andere exi@@ sten@@ z@@ möglichkeiten , andere denk@@ weisen , andere wege zur orienti@@ erung auf der erde gibt . +und das ist eine vorstellung , die , wenn man darüber nach@@ denkt , einen nur mit hoffnung erfü@@ llen kann . +zusammen bilden die un@@ zä@@ h@@ li@@ gen kulturen der welt ein netz aus spiritu@@ el@@ lem und kultur@@ el@@ lem leben , das die erde um@@ hü@@ llt und für das wohl der erde genauso wichtig ist , wie das biolog@@ ische lebens@@ netz , das man als bio@@ sphäre kennt . +man kann sich dieses kultur@@ elle lebens@@ netz als eine eth@@ no@@ sphäre vorstellen . eth@@ no@@ sphäre kann dabei als die gesam@@ t@@ sum@@ me aller gedanken und träume , my@@ then ideen , inspi@@ ra@@ tionen und intui@@ tionen , die von der menschlichen vorstell@@ ungskraft seit den an@@ fän@@ gen des bewusst@@ s@@ eins hervor@@ gebracht wurden , defin@@ iert werden . +die eth@@ no@@ sphäre ist das großartige ver@@ mäch@@ tnis der menschheit . +sie ist das symbol all dessen , was wir sind und wo@@ zu wir als erstaunlich wis@@ s@@ be@@ gi@@ er@@ ige spezies fähig sind . +und genauso wie die bio@@ sphäre stark abge@@ tragen wurde , geschah dies mit der eth@@ no@@ sphäre -- nur mit noch größ@@ erer geschwindigkeit . +kein bi@@ ologe würde zum beispiel wagen zu behaup@@ ten , dass 50 % oder mehr aller arten kurz vor dem aus@@ sterben sind , da es einfach nicht stimmt . und doch , dieses -- das apo@@ kal@@ yp@@ ti@@ sch@@ ste s@@ zen@@ ari@@ um auf dem gebiet der biolog@@ ischen vielfalt -- entspricht kaum dem , was uns als optimi@@ st@@ isch@@ stes s@@ zen@@ ari@@ um auf dem gebiet der kultur@@ ellen vielfalt bekannt ist . +und der entscheiden@@ de indi@@ kat@@ or dafür ist das aus@@ sterben der sprachen . +als jeder von ihnen in diesem raum geboren wurde , wurden auf der erde 6@@ 000 sprachen gesprochen . +nun ist eine sprache nicht nur die gesam@@ theit des vo@@ kab@@ ul@@ ars oder eine reihe von gra@@ m@@ mati@@ kre@@ geln . +eine sprache ist ausdruck des menschlichen gei@@ stes . +sie ist ein mittel , mit der die se@@ ele einer bestimmten kultur zugang zu der materi@@ ellen welt findet . +jede sprache ist wie ein alt@@ be@@ ste@@ hen@@ der wald des gei@@ stes , ein wen@@ de@@ punkt , ein gedanke , ein öko@@ system spiritu@@ eller möglichkeiten . +und von diesen 6@@ 000 sprachen werden heute , während wir hier in mon@@ ter@@ ey sitzen , genau die hälfte nicht mehr in die o@@ hren von kindern ge@@ flü@@ stert . +sie werden klein@@ kindern nicht mehr bei@@ gebracht . das heißt , wenn nichts unter@@ nom@@ men wird , sind sie tatsächlich bereits tot . +was könnte ein@@ samer sein , als vom schwei@@ gen um@@ hü@@ llt zu sein , einer der letzten d@@ eines vol@@ kes zu sein , die deine sprache sprechen , keine möglichkeit zu haben , die wei@@ sheit der vorfahren weiter@@ zu@@ geben , oder die hoffnung kinder zu erwarten ? +und doch wider@@ fährt dieses schreck@@ liche schick@@ sal tatsächlich jemandem irgendwo auf der erde , ca. aller zwei wochen , denn aller zwei wochen , stir@@ bt ein äl@@ ter@@ er mensch und nimmt die letzten sil@@ ben einer alten sprache mit sich ins gra@@ b . +und ich weiß , dass einige von ihnen sagen : " ist es nicht besser so ? " wäre die welt nicht ein besser@@ er ort , wenn wir alle nur eine sprache sprechen würden ? " und ich sage : " gut , lass diese sprache yor@@ u@@ ba sein . lass sie kan@@ ton@@ es@@ isch sein . +lass sie kog@@ i sein . " +und dann würden sie plötzlich erkennen , wie es wäre , wenn sie ihre eigene sprache nicht sprechen könnten . +deshalb möchte ich sie heute gewis@@ ser@@ maßen auf eine reise durch die eth@@ no@@ sphäre mit@@ nehmen , eine kurze reise durch die eth@@ no@@ sphäre , um zu versuchen , ihnen verständlich zu machen , was tatsächlich verloren gegangen ist . +nun gibt es einige unter uns , die gewis@@ ser@@ maßen vergessen , dass ich , wenn ich sage " verschiedene möglichkeiten des s@@ eins , " wirklich verschiedene möglichkeiten des s@@ eins meine . +nehmen sie zum beispiel dieses kind der bar@@ as@@ ana im nord@@ westen des ama@@ zon@@ as , das volk der an@@ a@@ kon@@ da , glauben , dass sie my@@ th@@ olog@@ isch den mil@@ ch@@ fluss vom osten her im b@@ auch von heili@@ gen sch@@ langen her@@ auf@@ kamen . +das ist ein volk , welches nicht kogni@@ tiv zwischen den farben blau und grün unterschei@@ det , da das hi@@ mm@@ el@@ sz@@ elt dem wald , von dem die menschen abhän@@ gen , gleich@@ gestellt ist . +sie haben eine eigen@@ artige sprache und eine heirat@@ s@@ vor@@ schrift die l@@ ingu@@ i@@ stische ex@@ og@@ am@@ ie genannt wird : man muss jemanden hei@@ raten , der eine andere sprache spricht . +all dies wurz@@ elt in der my@@ th@@ ologischen vergangenheit . das eigen@@ artige an diesen großen häusern , in denen aufgrund der mis@@ che@@ hen sechs oder sieben sprachen gesprochen werden , ist jedoch , dass man niemals jemanden hört , der eine sprache lernt . +sie hören nur zu und beginnen dann zu sprechen . +oder , einer der faszinier@@ end@@ sten stä@@ mme , mit denen ich jemals gelebt habe , die wa@@ or@@ an@@ i im nor@@ do@@ sten von ecu@@ ad@@ or , ein erstaun@@ liches volk , das erst@@ mals im jahr 195@@ 8 frie@@ dlich konta@@ kti@@ ert wurde . +im jahr 195@@ 7 versuchten fünf mis@@ sion@@ are kontakt auf@@ zunehmen und machten einen schwer@@ wie@@ genden fehler . +sie war@@ fen gl@@ än@@ z@@ ende fotos von sich aus der luft her@@ ab , was wir als freund@@ liche ge@@ ste bewer@@ ten würden . dabei ver@@ ga@@ ßen sie , dass diese menschen aus dem regen@@ wald in ihrem leben noch niemals etwas zwei@@ dimension@@ ales gesehen hatten . +sie ho@@ ben diese fotografi@@ en vom wal@@ d@@ boden auf , versuchten hinter das gesicht oder die figu@@ r zu sehen , fanden nichts und schluss@@ fol@@ ger@@ ten , dass dies vis@@ it@@ en@@ karten des teu@@ f@@ els seien und tö@@ teten die fünf mis@@ sion@@ are mit dem spe@@ er . +aber die wa@@ or@@ an@@ i tö@@ teten nicht nur außen@@ steh@@ ende mit dem spe@@ er . +sie durch@@ bo@@ hr@@ ten sich gegensei@@ tig . +5@@ 4 % der todes@@ fälle gesch@@ a@@ hen durch durch@@ bo@@ hr@@ ungen . +wir ver@@ fol@@ gten die gene@@ a@@ ologie acht generationen zurück und fanden zwei fälle eines natürlichen to@@ des und als wir die menschen mit nach@@ druck etwas darüber aus@@ fragten , gaben sie zu , dass einer der leute so alt geworden war , dass er aufgrund seines al@@ ters starb und wir tö@@ teten ihn trotzdem mit dem spe@@ er . +aber gleichzeitig hatten sie eine kl@@ are kenn@@ tnis des wal@@ des , die erstaunlich war . +ihre jä@@ ger konnten den ur@@ in eines tier@@ es aus 40 schri@@ tten entfern@@ ung rie@@ chen und bestimmen , zu welcher tier@@ art dieser ge@@ hörte . +in den frühen 8@@ 0@@ iger jahren bekam ich eine wirklich erstaunliche aufgabe , als mich mein professor in harvard fragte , ob ich daran interessiert wäre , nach haiti zu gehen und die gehei@@ men gesellschaften zu in@@ fil@@ tri@@ eren , die das fundam@@ ent der stärke von du@@ v@@ ali@@ er und ton@@ ton ma@@ cou@@ tes waren und das gift , das dafür benutzt wurde , um z@@ om@@ bi@@ es zu machen , sicher@@ zustellen . +um dieser sen@@ sation einen sinn zu geben musste ich natürlich etwas über diesen bemerkens@@ werten glauben des vo@@ dou@@ n wissen und vo@@ o@@ do@@ o is kein kul@@ t der schwarzen mag@@ ie . +im gegenteil , es handelt sich um eine komplexe meta@@ phy@@ sische welt@@ sicht . +es ist interessant . +wenn ich sie fragen würde , die großen wel@@ tre@@ li@@ gi@@ onen aufzu@@ zählen , was würden sie sagen ? +christ@@ ent@@ um , islam , budd@@ h@@ ismus , ju@@ da@@ ismus oder was auch immer . +ein kontin@@ ent wird immer aus@@ gelassen , denn die vermu@@ tung war , dass es in schwarz@@ afrika keinen religiö@@ sen glauben gebe . natürlich gab es einen und vo@@ o@@ do@@ o ist einfach das über@@ blei@@ b@@ sel dieser sehr tief@@ geh@@ enden religiö@@ sen gedanken , die während der trag@@ ischen di@@ as@@ por@@ a der skla@@ ver@@ ei@@ zeit her@@ über@@ kamen . +aber was vo@@ o@@ do@@ o so interessant macht , ist diese leben@@ dige beziehung zwischen den lebenden und den toten . +die lebenden geb@@ ären die gei@@ ster . +die gei@@ ster können von unter dem großen wasser her@@ auf@@ besch@@ wör@@ t werden , antworten auf den rhyth@@ mus des tan@@ zes , um die se@@ ele des lebenden vor@@ über@@ geh@@ end zu ver@@ drän@@ gen , so dass der ak@@ oly@@ th für einen kurzen gl@@ än@@ z@@ enden moment zum gott wird . +des@@ hab sagen die vo@@ o@@ do@@ o@@ i@@ sten gerne , " ihr weißen geht in die kirche und spre@@ cht über gott . +wir tan@@ zen im tem@@ pel und werden zu gott . " +und weil du bes@@ essen bist , wirst du von dem geist ein@@ genommen . wie kann dir schaden zu@@ gefü@@ gt werden ? +sehen sie diese erstaun@@ lichen demon@@ stra@@ tionen : vo@@ o@@ do@@ o-@@ ak@@ oly@@ then in einem tran@@ ce@@ zustand , die glü@@ h@@ ende ko@@ hle ohne ver@@ bren@@ nung an@@ fas@@ send , eine erstaunliche veran@@ schau@@ lich@@ ung der fähigkeit des gei@@ stes den körper so zu beeinflussen , dass dieser es aus@@ hält , wenn er in einen zustand der extre@@ men er@@ re@@ gung ver@@ setzt wird . +nun , von allen menschen , die ich getroffen habe , waren die kog@@ i aus der si@@ er@@ ra ne@@ v@@ ada de s@@ ant@@ a mar@@ ta in nord@@ kol@@ um@@ bi@@ en , die außergewöhn@@ lichsten . +nach@@ kommen der alten ty@@ ran@@ n@@ ischen zivilisation , die die kari@@ b@@ ische kü@@ sten@@ ebene von kol@@ um@@ bi@@ en bevölk@@ erten und in folge der er@@ ober@@ ung zog sich dieses volk in ein is@@ oli@@ ertes vul@@ kan@@ isches massi@@ v zurück , das über der kari@@ b@@ ischen kü@@ sten@@ ebene auf@@ steigt . +in einem blut@@ be@@ fle@@ ckten kontin@@ ent , waren diese menschen die einzigen , die nie von den sp@@ ani@@ ern er@@ ob@@ ert wurden . +bis zum heutigen tag , werden sie von einer ritu@@ ellen p@@ rie@@ ster@@ schaft regi@@ ert . die ausbildung zur p@@ rie@@ ster@@ schaft ist jedoch sehr außergewöhn@@ lich . +die jungen ak@@ oly@@ then werden im alter von drei und vier jahren von ihren familien ge@@ trennt und in einer sch@@ atten@@ ha@@ ften welt der fin@@ stern@@ is , in stein@@ hü@@ tten am fu@@ ße der g@@ let@@ scher für 18 jahre ab@@ gesch@@ ot@@ tet . zwei zei@@ träume von jewei@@ ls neun jahren , ab@@ sichtlich gewä@@ hlt , um die neun monate der schwan@@ ger@@ schaft nachzu@@ a@@ hmen , die sie im scho@@ ß ihrer lei@@ b@@ lichen mutter verbra@@ chten , verbringen sie nun me@@ tam@@ or@@ ph@@ or@@ isch im scho@@ ß der großen mutter . +und während dieser ganzen zeit , werden sie kultur@@ ell in die werte ihrer gesellschaft einge@@ führt . werte , die die behaup@@ tung auf@@ rech@@ ter@@ halten , dass ihre ge@@ be@@ te und nur ihre ge@@ be@@ te , die ko@@ sm@@ ische -- oder wir könnten sagen das ök@@ ologische -- gleich@@ gewicht auf@@ rech@@ ter@@ halten . +am ende dieser erstaun@@ lichen initi@@ ation werden sie eines tages plötzlich nach draußen genommen und zum ersten mal in ihrem leben , im alter von 18 jahren , sehen sie einen sonnen@@ auf@@ gang . und in diesem kri@@ st@@ all@@ kl@@ aren moment des bewusst@@ s@@ eins des ersten lich@@ ts , wenn die sonne beginnt auf die hän@@ ge der erstaunlich schönen landschaft zu stra@@ hlen , wird plötzlich alles , was sie im abstra@@ kten gelernt haben in erstaun@@ licher pra@@ cht bestä@@ tigt . und der p@@ rie@@ ster tritt zurück und sagt , " se@@ ht ihr ? es ist wirklich , wie ich euch erzählt habe . +es ist so wunderbar . ihr mü@@ sst es besch@@ ü@@ tzen . " +sie nennen sich die äl@@ teren brü@@ der und sagen , dass wir , die wir die jün@@ g@@ eren brü@@ der sind , für die zerstör@@ ung der welt verantwortlich sind . +nun diese ebene der intuition wird sehr wichtig . +immer wenn wir an ein@@ geb@@ or@@ ene und landschaft denken , besch@@ wör@@ en wir entweder r@@ ous@@ se@@ au und das alte gerü@@ cht des no@@ bl@@ en wil@@ den her@@ auf , welches in seiner ver@@ einfa@@ chung ein ras@@ si@@ st@@ ischer gedanke ist oder ander@@ erseits th@@ ore@@ au und sagen , diese menschen sind mehr mit der natur verbunden , als wir . +also , ein@@ geb@@ or@@ ene sind weder sen@@ ti@@ mental , noch werden sie von der no@@ st@@ alg@@ ie gesch@@ wä@@ cht . +es bleibt nicht viel platz dafür in den malari@@ a@@ ver@@ se@@ u@@ chten sü@@ mp@@ fen von as@@ m@@ at oder den k@@ alten winden von ti@@ bet , sie haben jedoch trotzdem , durch zeit und ritual einen geheim@@ nis@@ vollen ni@@ m@@ bus der erde ge@@ for@@ mt , der nicht auf der idee beru@@ ht , ihr bewusst nahe zu sein , sondern auf einer weit sub@@ ti@@ l@@ eren intuition , der idee , dass die erde an sich nur existieren kann , weil sie in das menschliche bewusstsein hin@@ einge@@ at@@ met wird . +nun , was bedeutet das ? +es bedeutet , dass ein kleines kind aus den an@@ den , das in dem glauben auf@@ wächst , dass der berg ein a@@ pu@@ -@@ geist ist , der sein oder ihr schick@@ sal bestimmen , wird ein ganz anderer mensch werden , und eine andere beziehung zu dieser res@@ source oder diesem ort haben , als ein kleines kind aus mon@@ tan@@ a , das in dem glauben auf@@ wächst , dass ein berg ein haufen steine ist , der abge@@ tragen werden kann . +ob er ein auf@@ enth@@ al@@ ts@@ ort eines gei@@ stes oder ein haufen er@@ z ist , ist ir@@ relevant . +das interessante ist die metapher , welche die beziehung zwischen dem individu@@ um und der natur defin@@ iert . +ich wuchs in den wäl@@ dern von bri@@ tisch kol@@ um@@ bi@@ en auf und glaub@@ te , dass diese wäl@@ der dazu da sind , ger@@ o@@ det zu werden . +das machte mich zu einem anderen menschen als meine freunde unter den k@@ wa@@ ki@@ u@@ t@@ l , die glauben , dass diese wäl@@ der der auf@@ enth@@ al@@ ts@@ ort von hu@@ ku@@ k und dem ge@@ bo@@ genen hi@@ mm@@ el@@ s@@ schn@@ ab@@ el und den kan@@ ni@@ bal@@ ischen gei@@ ster sind , die am nor@@ den@@ de der welt wo@@ hnen , gei@@ ster , die sie an ihrer ha@@ mat@@ sa@@ -@@ initi@@ ation beteili@@ gen würden . +nun , wenn man beginnt , die idee zu betrachten , dass diese kulturen verschiedene real@@ itäten kreieren können , kann man einige ihrer außergewöhn@@ lichen entdeck@@ ungen verstehen . z.b. diese pflan@@ ze hier . +es ist ein foto , das ich erst letzten apri@@ l im nord@@ westen des ama@@ zon@@ as auf@@ nahm . +dies ist ay@@ a@@ hu@@ as@@ ca , von der viele von ihnen gehört haben , das stär@@ k@@ ste psycho@@ ak@@ tive prä@@ par@@ at aus dem re@@ per@@ toi@@ re des sch@@ am@@ an@@ en . +was ay@@ a@@ hu@@ as@@ ca so faszinier@@ end macht , ist nicht nur das pharma@@ k@@ ologische potential dieses prä@@ par@@ ats , sondern dessen ver@@ arbei@@ tung . es wird wirklich aus zwei verschiedenen quellen hergestellt . auf der einen seite , gibt es diese hö@@ l@@ z@@ ern@@ e li@@ an@@ e , die eine reihe von be@@ ta@@ k@@ arb@@ ol@@ inen , har@@ m@@ in , har@@ mo@@ lin , leicht hallu@@ zin@@ o@@ gen , bir@@ gt . diese kle@@ tter@@ pflan@@ ze allein ein@@ zunehmen ist ungefähr so als ob sich ein blau@@ er tr@@ über r@@ auch auf ihr bewusstsein legt , es wird jedoch mit den blä@@ ttern eines str@@ au@@ chs aus der familie der ka@@ ffe@@ e@@ pflanzen mit dem namen psych@@ ot@@ ri@@ a vi@@ ri@@ d@@ is ver@@ mis@@ cht . +diese pflan@@ ze enth@@ ält einige sehr starke tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ine die dem ser@@ ot@@ on@@ in , di@@ meth@@ yl@@ tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ in-@@ 5 und metho@@ x@@ y@@ di@@ meth@@ yl@@ tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ in sehr ähnlich sind . +falls sie schon einmal die y@@ an@@ o@@ mam@@ i gesehen haben , wie sie dieses zeug sch@@ nu@@ pfen , diese substan@@ z , die sie aus verschiedenen arten herstellen enth@@ ält ebenfalls metho@@ x@@ y@@ di@@ meth@@ yl@@ tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ in . +dieses pu@@ der zu sch@@ nu@@ pfen ist ungefähr so wie aus einem gewe@@ hr@@ lauf besch@@ o@@ ssen zu werden , ges@@ ä@@ um@@ t von b@@ aro@@ cken gemäl@@ den und der land@@ ung auf einem meer von elektrizität . +es wird keine ver@@ zer@@ r@@ ung der realität erzeugt , sondern die auf@@ lösung der realität . +ich habe sogar mit meinem professor , richard ev@@ an sh@@ ul@@ tes , der mann , der die psy@@ che@@ deli@@ sche ä@@ re@@ a mit der entdeckung der mag@@ ischen pil@@ ze in mexiko in den 3@@ 0@@ iger jahren ein@@ gelei@@ tet hat , darüber disku@@ tiert . ich behaup@@ tete , dass man diese tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ine nicht als hallu@@ zin@@ o@@ gen ein@@ ord@@ nen konnte , da in dem moment in dem man die auswirkungen spür@@ t , man nicht mehr da ist , um eine hallu@@ zin@@ ation zu erfahren . +aber die sache mit tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ inen ist die , dass sie nicht oral ein@@ genommen werden können , da sie durch ein im menschlichen dar@@ m natürlich vor@@ kommen@@ des enzy@@ m mit namen mon@@ o@@ am@@ in-@@ o@@ xi@@ d@@ ase , den@@ at@@ u@@ ri@@ ert werden . +sie können nur in verbindung mit einigen anderen chemikalien oral ein@@ genommen werden , die die ma@@ o den@@ at@@ u@@ ri@@ eren . +nun das faszinier@@ ende ist , dass die be@@ ta@@ k@@ arb@@ ol@@ ine , die in der li@@ an@@ e enth@@ alten sind , ma@@ o-@@ in@@ hi@@ bit@@ oren von genau der art sind , die notwendig ist , um die tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ine zu poten@@ zieren . fragen sie sich also selbst . +wie können diese menschen aus einer fl@@ or@@ a von 8@@ 0.000 arten ad@@ str@@ in@@ gi@@ er@@ ender pflanzen diese zwei mor@@ ph@@ olog@@ isch nicht verwand@@ ten pflanzen finden , die , wenn auf diese weise kombin@@ iert , eine art von bio@@ chem@@ ischer version schaffen , so dass das ganze größer als die sum@@ me seiner teile ist ? +wir verwenden diesen großartigen eu@@ p@@ he@@ mis@@ mus , versuch und fehler , was sich als bedeu@@ tungs@@ los heraus@@ stellt . +aber fragt man die indi@@ aner sagen sie : " die pflan@@ ze spricht zu uns . " +also , was bedeutet das ? +dieser stam@@ m , die co@@ fan , haben 17 vari@@ anten an ay@@ a@@ hu@@ as@@ ca , die sie alle bei großer entfern@@ ung im wald erkennen , die für unsere augen als eine art erscheinen . +und dann fragt man sie , wie sie ihre tax@@ on@@ om@@ ie be@@ gründen und sie sagen : " ich dachte du verste@@ h@@ st etwas von pflanzen . +ich meine , weißt du überhaupt nichts ? " und ich sagte : " nein . " +also , es stellt sich heraus , dass man jede der 17 vari@@ anten bei voll@@ mond mit@@ nimmt und sie singen zu einem in einer verschiedenen ton@@ lage . +nun , das bringt ihnen keinen dok@@ tor@@ titel in harvard , aber es ist viel interessan@@ ter als stam@@ ina zu zählen . +nun , das proble@@ m@@ - das problem ist , dass selbst diejenigen unter uns , die sym@@ path@@ ie für die schwier@@ ige lage der ein@@ geb@@ or@@ enen haben , sie als or@@ g@@ ini@@ ell und far@@ ben@@ fro@@ h ansehen , sie jedoch irgendwie auf die vergangenheit beschrän@@ ken , während die re@@ ale welt , d.@@ h@@ . unsere welt , fort@@ schrei@@ tet . +also , tatsache ist , dass man sich an das 20. jahrhundert , in 300 jahren nicht für seine kriege oder techn@@ ischen innova@@ tionen erinnern wird , sondern viel@@ mehr als an eine är@@ a , in der wir zu@@ gegen waren und die massive zerstör@@ ung der biolog@@ ischen und kultur@@ ellen vielfalt auf der erde entweder aktiv unterstü@@ tz@@ ten oder passi@@ v akzep@@ ti@@ erten . also das problem ist nicht die veränderung . +alle kulturen haben sich immer wieder an dem tanz mit neuen leben@@ möglichkeiten beteili@@ gt . +und das problem ist nicht die technologie an sich . +die si@@ ou@@ x-@@ indi@@ aner hörten nicht weniger auf si@@ ou@@ x zu sein , als sie bogen und pf@@ eil aufgaben , als die amerikaner auf@@ hörten amerikaner zu sein , als sie pfer@@ d und pfer@@ de@@ wagen aufgaben . +nicht veränderung und technologie bedro@@ hen die integri@@ tät der eth@@ no@@ sphäre . es ist macht . das hä@@ ss@@ liche gesicht der herr@@ schaft . +und wo auch immer man sich in der welt um@@ sieht , man wird entdecken , dass diese kulturen nicht dem unter@@ gang ge@@ wei@@ ht sind . dies sind dynam@@ isch leben@@ de völ@@ ker , deren exi@@ stenz durch erkenn@@ bare kräfte ver@@ drän@@ gt wird die über ihre ka@@ pa@@ zität der anpas@@ sung hin@@ aus@@ gehen . ob es sich dabei um die unge@@ heu@@ er@@ liche ab@@ hol@@ zung im hei@@ mat@@ land der pen@@ an handelt , einem no@@ ma@@ den@@ volk aus sü@@ do@@ st@@ asien , von sar@@ a@@ wa@@ k , einem volk , das vor einer generation frei in dem wald lebte , und jetzt zu k@@ ne@@ cht@@ schaft und pro@@ stit@@ ution am fl@@ us@@ su@@ fer er@@ niedri@@ gt wurde , von wo sie sehen können , dass selbst der fluss mit dem schl@@ am@@ m verschmu@@ tzt wird , der fast halb bor@@ ne@@ o in das süd@@ chines@@ ische meer weg@@ zu@@ schwe@@ mmen scheint . von wo die japan@@ ischen fra@@ chter am horizon@@ t zu sehen sind , die bereit sind , ihre schi@@ ff@@ s@@ räume mit ro@@ hen baum@@ stä@@ mmen zu füllen , die sie dem wald ent@@ ris@@ sen haben . oder wie im fall der y@@ an@@ o@@ mam@@ i , wo es krank@@ heit@@ str@@ ä@@ ger sind , die während des gol@@ dr@@ au@@ sch@@ s ein@@ geschle@@ ppt wurden . +oder wenn wir in die ber@@ ge von ti@@ bet gehen , wo ich neu@@ er@@ lich viel for@@ sche , wird man das hä@@ ss@@ liche gesicht der politischen domin@@ anz sehen . +wissen sie , der geno@@ zi@@ d , das phy@@ ische aus@@ sterben von menschen wird allge@@ mein verur@@ teilt , aber der eth@@ no@@ zi@@ d , die zerstör@@ ung der lebens@@ weise der menschen , wird nicht nur nicht verur@@ teilt , sondern allge@@ mein und viel@@ er@@ or@@ ts als teil einer entwicklungs@@ strategie ge@@ fei@@ ert . +und sie können das leiden ti@@ be@@ ts nicht verstehen , wenn sie es nicht auf unter@@ ster ebene erlebt haben . +ich rei@@ ste einmal mit einem jungen kollegen 6@@ 000 meilen von ch@@ eng@@ du in west@@ china über@@ land durch sü@@ do@@ st-@@ ti@@ bet nach l@@ has@@ a und erst als ich nach l@@ has@@ a kam sah ich das gesicht hinter den statistiken von denen man hört . 6@@ 000 heili@@ ge mon@@ u@@ mente , die in schu@@ tt und a@@ sche verwandelt wurden . 1,@@ 2 millionen menschen , die während der kultur@@ revolution von den ka@@ dern er@@ mor@@ det wurden . +der vater dieses jungen man@@ ns wurde als an@@ hän@@ ger des pan@@ chen lam@@ a identi@@ fiziert . +das bedeu@@ tete , dass er während der chines@@ ischen invasi@@ on sofort um@@ gebracht wurde . +sein on@@ kel flo@@ h mit ihrer heili@@ gkeit in die di@@ as@@ por@@ a , die leute nach ne@@ p@@ al brachte . +seine mutter wurde ein@@ ges@@ per@@ rt , als be@@ stra@@ fung für -- für das verbrechen wohl@@ hab@@ end zu sein . +er wurde im alter von zwei jahren in das gefängnis gesch@@ mu@@ g@@ gel@@ t , um sich unter ihrem rock@@ zi@@ p@@ fel zu verste@@ cken , da sie ohne ihn nicht leben konnte . +die schwester , die diese ta@@ pf@@ ere tat beg@@ ing , wurde in ein er@@ zieh@@ ungs@@ lager gebracht . +eines tages tr@@ at sie aus ver@@ sehen auf ein arm@@ band ma@@ os und für diese über@@ tre@@ tung musste sie für sieben jahre in ein schwer@@ es arbeits@@ lager . +das leiden ti@@ be@@ ts kann uner@@ trä@@ glich sein , aber der er@@ lö@@ sende geist der menschen ist etwas un@@ ver@@ ges@@ s@@ liches . +und am ende stehen wir wirklich vor einer wahl . möchten wir in einer mon@@ o@@ chro@@ mati@@ schen welt der mon@@ ot@@ onie oder in einer poly@@ chro@@ mati@@ schen welt der vielfalt leben ? +mar@@ gar@@ et me@@ ad , die große anthropo@@ log@@ in sagte bevor sie starb , dass es ihre größte angst ist , dass während wir uns in richtung einer fa@@ den , gest@@ alt@@ losen , gener@@ ischen welt@@ sicht bewegen , wir nicht nur die gesamte band@@ breite der menschlichen vorstell@@ ungskraft auf eine einge@@ en@@ gte denk@@ weise redu@@ ziert sehen würden , sondern dass wir eines tages aus einem traum auf@@ wachen , und vergessen haben , dass es jemals anderen möglichkeiten gab . +und es ist de@@ mü@@ ti@@ gend daran zu denken , dass unsere gat@@ tung vielleicht seit 6@@ 0@@ 0.000 jahren existiert . +die ne@@ oli@@ th@@ ische revolution , die uns die landwirtschaft brachte , und uns in diesem moment dem kul@@ t des sa@@ at@@ kor@@ ns unter@@ war@@ f , die po@@ es@@ ie des sch@@ am@@ an@@ en durch die pro@@ sa der p@@ rie@@ ster@@ schaft er@@ setzte und hier@@ arch@@ ie , spezi@@ alisierung und über@@ sch@@ uss schu@@ f -- fand vor lediglich 10.000 jahren statt . +die moderne industri@@ elle welt wie wir sie kennen ist kaum 300 jahre alt . +nun , diese ober@@ fl@@ äch@@ liche geschichte sagt mir nicht , dass wir alle antworten auf die herausforderungen haben , denen wir in den kommen@@ den jahr@@ tausenden gegenüber stehen . +wenn wir diese un@@ zä@@ h@@ li@@ gen welt@@ kulturen nach der bedeutung des mensch@@ s@@ eins fragen , antworten sie mit 10.000 verschiedenen stimmen . +und in diesem lied werden wir die möglichkeit wieder@@ entdecken , das zu sein , was wir sind : menschen mit vol@@ lem bewusstsein , die sich der wichti@@ gkeit bewusst sind , dass allen menschen und g@@ är@@ ten ein raum ge@@ d@@ ei@@ hen zu können zu@@ gesi@@ ch@@ ert werden muss . und es gibt großartige momente des optimis@@ mus . +hier ist ein foto , das ich am n@@ ör@@ dlichen ende der ba@@ ff@@ in-@@ inseln auf@@ nahm , als ich mit in@@ u@@ its auf die nar@@ wh@@ al-@@ ja@@ g@@ d ging . und dieser mann , ol@@ a@@ ya , erzählte mir eine wunderbare geschichte seines groß@@ vat@@ ers . +die kan@@ ad@@ ische regierung ist nicht immer sehr gut mit den in@@ u@@ it um@@ gegangen und während der 50@@ iger jahre im zu@@ ge der et@@ abli@@ erung unserer herr@@ schaft , wurden sie ge@@ zw@@ ungen , in sie@@ d@@ lungen zu ziehen . +der groß@@ vater dieses alten man@@ nes wei@@ ger@@ te sich . +die familie , die angst um sein leben hatte , nahm ihm alle waffen und alle werkzeuge ab . +nun müssen sie wissen , dass die in@@ u@@ it keine angst vor der k@@ äl@@ te haben . sie nutz@@ ten sie zu ihrem vorteil . +die glei@@ t@@ schi@@ enen ihrer schli@@ tten wurden ursprün@@ glich aus fisch , der in kari@@ bu@@ -@@ haut einge@@ wick@@ elt wurde , hergestellt . +der groß@@ vater des man@@ nes für@@ chtete sich nicht vor der arkti@@ schen nacht oder dem we@@ h@@ enden stur@@ m . +er schl@@ ü@@ pf@@ te nach draußen , ließ seine ho@@ sen aus see@@ hund@@ s@@ fell her@@ unter und de@@ fä@@ ki@@ erte in seine hand . und als die fä@@ kalien zu fri@@ eren begannen , form@@ te er sie in die form eines mess@@ ers . +er sprü@@ hte spei@@ ch@@ el auf die seiten des fä@@ k@@ ali@@ en-@@ mess@@ ers und als es vollständig ge@@ fr@@ oren war , ersta@@ ch er einen hund damit . +er enth@@ äu@@ tete den hund und impro@@ visi@@ erte ein gesch@@ ir@@ r , nahm das skelet@@ t des hun@@ des und impro@@ visi@@ erte einen schli@@ tten , span@@ nte einen anderen hund an und ent@@ schw@@ and über die eis@@ sch@@ oll@@ en mit dem fä@@ k@@ ali@@ en-@@ messer am g@@ ür@@ tel . +so kann man aus nichts etwas machen . +und dies ist auf viel@@ erle@@ i weisen ein symbol für den wider@@ stand der in@@ u@@ it und aller ein@@ geb@@ or@@ enen auf der welt . +die kan@@ ad@@ ische regierung gab den in@@ u@@ it im apri@@ l 199@@ 9 die voll@@ stän@@ dige kontrolle über ein gebiet zurück , das größer ist als kalifornien und texas zusammen . +es ist unser neues hei@@ mat@@ land und heißt n@@ un@@ a@@ v@@ ut . +es ist ein unabhängi@@ ges gebiet . sie kontrollieren alle miner@@ al@@ vor@@ kommen . +ein erstaun@@ liches beispiel , wie eine nation , ein staat , die wieder@@ gu@@ t@@ mach@@ ung mit seinen ein@@ wohn@@ ern suchen und erreichen kann . +und letztendlich , glaube ich , ist es ziemlich offensichtlich , zumindest für diejenigen von uns , die zu diesen entfern@@ ten zielen der erde gerei@@ st sind , zu erkennen , dass sie überhaupt nicht entfernt sind . +sie sind die hei@@ mat@@ länder von jemandem . +sie re@@ präsentieren teile der menschlichen vorstell@@ ungskraft , die in vergan@@ gene zeiten zurück@@ reichen . und für alle von uns , werden die träume dieser kinder , wie die träume unserer eigenen kinder teil der geogra@@ ph@@ ie der hoffnung . +was wir bei national geographic letztendlich versuchen , ist dass wir glauben , dass politiker niemals etwas erreichen . +wir glauben , dass po@@ le@@ mi@@ k -- wir glauben , dass po@@ le@@ mi@@ k nicht überzeu@@ gend ist , aber wir glauben , dass geschi@@ chten@@ erzählen die welt verändern kann und somit sind wir wahrscheinlich die beste institution für geschi@@ chten@@ erzählen in der welt . unsere website erhält 35 millionen hits jeden monat . +15@@ 6 nationen senden unseren fernseh@@ kan@@ al . +unsere zeit@@ schriften werden von millionen gelesen . +und wir unternehmen eine reihe von reisen in die eth@@ no@@ sphäre , auf denen wir unser publikum zu orten von solch kultur@@ ellen w@@ un@@ dern mit@@ nehmen , dass sie von dem gese@@ h@@ enen geb@@ len@@ det wer@@ den@@ . und hoffentlich , werden sie einer nach dem anderen die zentr@@ ale offen@@ bar@@ ung der anthropo@@ log@@ ie annehmen : dass diese welt es verdi@@ ent hat , auf verschiedene weisen zu existieren , dass wir eine lebens@@ möglichkeit in einer wirklich multi@@ kultur@@ ellen pl@@ ur@@ ali@@ stischen welt finden können , bei der die wei@@ sheit von allen menschen zu unserem gemein@@ samen wohl@@ befinden bei@@ tragen kann . +vielen dank . +was ich ihnen zuerst , so schnell wie möglich , zeigen werde , ist die grundlegende arbeit , eine neue technologie , die wir microsoft als teil einer über@@ nahme vor genau einem jahr , über@@ geben haben . das ist se@@ ad@@ ra@@ g@@ on . und es ist eine umgebung , in der sie entweder lok@@ al oder entfernt mit riesigen mengen von visu@@ ellen daten umgehen können . +wir sehen viele , viele gi@@ gab@@ y@@ tes an digitalen fotos hier , die man nah@@ t@@ los und fort@@ während heran@@ holen , sch@@ wen@@ ken , auf je@@ gliche weise neu ar@@ ran@@ gieren kann . +und es ist egal , wie viele informationen wir betrachten , wie groß diese samm@@ lungen sind oder wie groß die bilder sind . +die meisten von ihnen sind digitale photos einer kamera , aber dieses hier ist zum beispiel ein scan von der kon@@ gr@@ ess@@ bibliothe@@ k und es ist in einem bereich von 300 me@@ g@@ ap@@ i@@ x@@ eln . +es macht keinen unterschied , denn das einzige , was die leistung eines systems wie diesem ein@@ schrän@@ ken kann , ist die anzahl an pi@@ x@@ eln auf ihrem bildschirm in jedem moment . es hat auch eine sehr flexi@@ ble architektur . +dies ist ein ganzes buch , ein beispiel für nicht@@ bil@@ d-@@ daten . +das ist b@@ lea@@ k house von di@@ ck@@ ens . jede sp@@ alte ist ein kapit@@ el . +um zu beweisen , dass es sich wirklich um einen text und nicht um ein bild handelt , können wir etwas wie das tun , um wirklich zu zeigen , dass diese eine echte re@@ präsentation des tex@@ ts und kein bild ist . +vielleicht ist dies eine künst@@ liche art , ein e-@@ buch zu lesen . +ich würde es nicht emp@@ fehlen . +dies ist ein reali@@ st@@ is@@ cher@@ er fall . dies ist eine aus@@ gabe von the guar@@ di@@ an . +jedes große bild ist der beginn eines ab@@ schni@@ t@@ ts . +und das gibt ihnen wirklich das verg@@ nü@@ gen und die gute erfahrung eine echte papi@@ er@@ aus@@ gabe einer zeit@@ schrift oder einer zeitung zu lesen , was an sich eine art medium mit mehr@@ eren größ@@ enor@@ dn@@ ungen ist . +wir haben auch etwas an der ecke dieser speziellen aus@@ gabe des the guar@@ di@@ an gemacht . +wir haben eine falsche an@@ zeige mit sehr ho@@ her resol@@ ution entworfen , die viel höher als bei einer normalen an@@ zeige ist und wir haben zusätz@@ lichen inhalt hinzu@@ gefü@@ gt . +wenn sie die funk@@ tionen dieses autos sehen möchten , können sie sie hier sehen . +oder andere modelle , oder sogar techn@@ ische spezi@@ fi@@ ka@@ tionen . +und dies grei@@ ft wirklich diese ideen auf , diese beschrän@@ kungen für den verfüg@@ baren platz auf dem bildschirm abzu@@ schaffen . +wir hoffen , dass das keine po@@ p-@@ u@@ ps und anderen uns@@ inn mehr bedeutet - das sollte nicht notwendig sein . +natürlich ist das ma@@ pping eine der wirklich offen@@ sicht@@ lichen anwen@@ dungen für eine technologie wie diese . +und ich möchte hier wirklich nicht viel zeit verbringen , außer zu sagen , dass wir auch zu diesem bereich bei@@ tragen werden . +aber dies sind alle straßen in den u.@@ s@@ .@@ a . +über@@ einander@@ gel@@ ag@@ ert oben auf dem er@@ dr@@ ä@@ um@@ lichen bild der nasa . +lassen sie uns jetzt etwas anderes heraus@@ holen . +das ist jetzt sogar live im internet . sie können es nach@@ prü@@ fen . +dies ist ein projekt mit dem namen photo@@ syn@@ th , das wirklich zwei verschiedene technologien miteinander verbindet . +die eine ist se@@ ad@@ ra@@ g@@ on und die andere ist eine sehr gute forschung über computer@@ vision , die von no@@ ah sna@@ vely , einem universi@@ tä@@ ts@@ studenten der universität washington , unter der ber@@ at@@ ung von steve sei@@ tz an der u@@ w +und ri@@ ck s@@ ze@@ li@@ sk@@ i von microsoft forschung durchgeführt wurde . eine sehr gute zusammenarbeit . +also dies ist live im internet . es wird von se@@ ad@@ ra@@ g@@ on ange@@ trieben . +sie können das sehen , wenn wir diese art von an@@ sichten kreieren , bei denen wir durch bilder durch@@ dr@@ ingen können und diese erfahrung der mehr@@ fa@@ chen resol@@ ution machen . +aber die rä@@ um@@ liche an@@ ordnung der bilder ist hier in der tat von bedeutung . +die computer@@ visi@@ on-@@ algorith@@ men haben diese bilder zusammen fest@@ gehalten damit sie dem echten raum , in dem diese aufnahmen , die alle in der nähe der gras@@ s@@ i la@@ kes in den kan@@ ad@@ ischen rock@@ ies gemacht wurden , ent@@ sprechen . sie sehen hier elemente von stabili@@ si@@ erten di@@ as oder pan@@ or@@ am@@ ischer bild@@ ver@@ arbei@@ tung und diese dinge wurden alle rä@@ um@@ lich in beziehung zu@@ einander gesetzt . +ich weiß nicht genau , ob ich noch zeit habe ihnen andere umgeb@@ ungen zu zeigen . +es gibt welche , die viel rä@@ um@@ licher sind . +ich würde gerne ger@@ ade@@ wegs einen der origin@@ alen daten@@ sätze von no@@ ah zeigen und das ist von einem frühen protot@@ y@@ p von photo@@ syn@@ th an dem wir erst@@ mals im sommer gearbeitet haben , um ihnen das zu zeigen , wovon ich glaube , dass es wirklich die poin@@ te hinter dieser technologie , der photo@@ syn@@ th-@@ technologie ist . und dies ist nicht unbedingt so offensichtlich , wenn man die umgeb@@ ungen betrachtet , die wir auf der website haben . +wir mussten uns wegen der an@@ wäl@@ te us@@ w. sorgen machen . +dies ist eine re@@ kon@@ struk@@ tion der ka@@ the@@ dr@@ ale not@@ re d@@ ame , die aus@@ schließlich im computer mit bildern von fli@@ ck@@ r erfol@@ gte . geben sie einfach not@@ re d@@ ame in fli@@ ck@@ r ein und sie werden bilder von männern in t-@@ shir@@ ts und auf dem universi@@ tä@@ ts@@ gel@@ ände us@@ w. erhalten . jede dieser or@@ ange@@ far@@ benen ke@@ gel re@@ präsentiert ein bild , das als zu diesem modell ge@@ hör@@ end entdeckt wurde . +somit sind dies alles fli@@ ck@@ r@@ -@@ bilder , und sie alle stehen rä@@ um@@ lich auf diese weise in beziehung zu@@ einander . +und wir können auf diese sehr einfache weise navi@@ gieren . +. wissen sie , ich habe nie ge@@ glaubt , dass ich letztendlich bei microsoft arbeiten werde . +ich bin sehr dank@@ bar für den emp@@ fang hier . +. ich vermu@@ te , sie können sehen , dass dies viele verschiedene arten von k@@ ameras sind : alles ist dabei , von der hand@@ y-@@ kamera zu profession@@ ellen sl@@ rs , eine ziemlich große anzahl von ihnen , die alle in dieser umgebung zusammenge@@ fli@@ ckt wurden . +und wenn möglich , werde ich einige der selts@@ am@@ en finden . +viele von ihnen sind von gesi@@ chtern ver@@ deckt us@@ w . +irgendwo hier sind eine reihe von fotografi@@ en - hier sind sie . +dies ist tatsächlich ein poster von not@@ re d@@ ame , das richtig aufge@@ zeichnet wurde . +wir können von dem poster zu einer phy@@ sischen ansicht dieser umgebung wechseln . +der punkt ist hier , dass wir dinge mit der sozialen umgebung an@@ stellen können . es werden jetzt daten von allen gesam@@ melt -- von dem gesamten kolle@@ ktiven spei@@ cher davon , wie , visu@@ ell die erde aussieht -- und alles wird miteinander verbunden . +all diese fotos werden miteinander verbunden und es entsteht etwas , das größer ist als die sum@@ me der teile . +sie erhalten ein modell , das aus der ganzen erde entsteht . +betrachten sie dies als die fort@@ setzung der arbeit von ste@@ phen law@@ l@@ ers an virtual earth . +und das ist etwas , das durch die komplexität , mit der die menschen es verwenden , wächst und dessen nutzen für den benutz@@ er mit der anwendung immer größer wird . +ihre eigenen fotos werden mit meta@@ daten bes@@ chil@@ der@@ t , die eine andere person einge@@ geben hat . +wenn sich jemand die mü@@ he gemacht hat und all diese heili@@ gen besch@@ ri@@ f@@ tet hat und mit@@ teilt , wer sie alle sind , dann wird mein foto von der not@@ re dam@@ e-@@ ka@@ the@@ dr@@ ale plötzlich mit all diesen daten an@@ gerei@@ ch@@ ert und ich kann sie als aus@@ gan@@ g@@ spun@@ kt benutzen , um in diesen raum zu tauchen , in diese meta@@ verse , die fotos von anderen personen benutzen und somit eine art von über@@ grei@@ fen@@ der mod@@ aler sozi@@ aler erfahrung mit der nutzung von anderen an@@ bie@@ tern machen . +und natürlich , neben@@ produkt all dessen sind die im@@ men@@ s reichen virtu@@ ellen modelle von jedem interessan@@ ten teil der erde , die nicht nur durch über@@ flü@@ ge oder satelli@@ ten@@ bilder und so weiter erhalten wurden , sondern durch kolle@@ ktive spei@@ cher . +vielen dank . +. verste@@ he ich sie richtig ? ihre software ermöglicht , dass zu einem bestimmten zeitpunkt , innerhalb der nächsten jahre , alle bilder , die von jemandem in der welt gemeinsam benutzt werden im prinzip miteinander verknü@@ pft werden ? +ja . sie macht nichts anderes als entdecken . +wenn sie wollen erstellt sie hyper@@ links zwischen den bildern . +und sie tut dies aufgrund des in@@ hal@@ ts in den bildern . +und das ist wirklich aufregend , wenn sie an die fü@@ lle der se@@ man@@ tischen informationen denken , die viele dieser bilder besitzen . +wie wenn sie eine web@@ suche für bilder vor@@ nehmen , wo sie sätze ein@@ geben und der text der website enth@@ ält viele informationen darüber , welches bild das ist . +aber wie wäre es , wenn das bild sie mit all ihren bildern verknü@@ pft ? +dann ist der um@@ fang der se@@ man@@ tischen qu@@ er@@ verbindung und die fü@@ lle , die sich daraus er@@ gibt , wirklich enor@@ m . es ist ein klas@@ s@@ ischer netz@@ wer@@ ke@@ ffe@@ kt . +bla@@ ise , das ist wirklich unglaublich . herz@@ lichen glück@@ wunsch . +haben sie vielen dank . +ich werde ihnen einige dinge aus meinem buch erzählen die , wie ich hoffe , im ein@@ klang mit anderen dingen sind die sie bereits gehört haben . und ich werde versuchen selbst ein paar verbindungen zu erstellen , falls ihnen diese nicht aufge@@ fallen sind . +ich möchte mit dem beginnen , was ich " offi@@ zi@@ elles do@@ g@@ ma " nenne . +das offi@@ zi@@ elle do@@ g@@ ma von was ? +der offi@@ zi@@ elle glau@@ ben@@ s@@ satz von allen westlichen industri@@ alisi@@ erten gesellschaften . +das offi@@ zi@@ elle do@@ g@@ ma funktioniert so : wenn unser ziel das ma@@ xi@@ mieren des gemein@@ wohl@@ s unserer bürger ist , geht dies vor allem durch die ma@@ xi@@ mi@@ erung der freiheit des einzelnen . +der grund hier@@ für ist , dass freiheit in sich selbst gut ist , wert@@ voll , sinn@@ voll , eine un@@ ver@@ zi@@ cht@@ bare voraus@@ setzung für das menschliche . +wenn menschen freiheit haben , dann handelt jeder von uns für sich selbst um die dinge zu tun , die unser gemein@@ wohl ma@@ xi@@ mieren und niemand hat für uns zu entscheiden . +der weg freiheit zu ma@@ xi@@ mieren ist wahl zu ma@@ xi@@ mieren . +je mehr wahl@@ möglichkeiten menschen haben , desto mehr freiheit haben sie . und je mehr freiheit sie haben , desto mehr gemein@@ wohl haben sie . +dies ist , denke ich , so tief in unserer wasser@@ versorgung ver@@ ank@@ ert , dass es k@@ einem in dem sinn kommen würde es zu hinter@@ fragen . +und es ist auch tief in unseren leben ver@@ wurz@@ elt . +ich werde ihnen einige beispiele dafür geben , was uns modernen fortschritt ermöglicht . +dies ist mein super@@ markt . kein großer . +ich möchte nur kurz etwas über sal@@ at@@ d@@ res@@ sing sagen . +es gibt 17@@ 5 d@@ res@@ s@@ ings in meinem super@@ markt , wenn sie die 10 verschiedenen extra oli@@ ven@@ ö@@ le nicht mit@@ zählen und 12 bal@@ sam@@ i@@ co-@@ essi@@ g die sie kaufen könnten um eine große anzahl an eigenen sal@@ at des@@ s@@ ings herzustellen , in dem un@@ wahrschein@@ lichen fall , dass keine der 17@@ 5 in dem laden für sie richtig ist . +das ist also , wie der super@@ markt ist . +und dann gehen sie zu dem ver@@ brau@@ cher@@ -@@ elektr@@ oni@@ k geschäft um eine stere@@ o@@ anlage zusammen@@ zustellen -- lau@@ t@@ sprecher , c@@ d-@@ player , ein k@@ asse@@ tt@@ en-@@ player , radio , ver@@ stärker . und in diesem einen elektr@@ oni@@ k geschäft gibt es so viele stere@@ o an@@ lagen . +wir können 6@@ .@@ 5 millionen unterschiedliche stere@@ o an@@ lagen zusammen@@ stellen aus den kompon@@ enten , die in diesem einen geschäft angeb@@ oten werden . +sie müssen zu@@ geben , dass das eine große aus@@ wahl ist . +in anderen bereichen - die welt der kommunikation . +es gab eine zeit , als ich ein junge war , da konnte man jeden telefon an@@ bie@@ ter haben den man wollte , solange er von ma bell kam . +sie haben ihr telefon ge@@ mie@@ tet . sie haben es nicht ge@@ kauft . ™ +eine folge dessen war , dass das telefon niemals kapu@@ tt war . +diese tage sind vorbei . +wir haben jetzt fast eine un@@ end@@ liche aus@@ wahl an telef@@ onen , besonders in der welt der mobil@@ telef@@ one . +dies sind die mobil@@ telef@@ one der zukunft . +mein favor@@ it ist der in der mitte -- mp@@ 3@@ -@@ play@@ er@@ - , nas@@ en-@@ ha@@ ar-@@ tri@@ mmer und cr@@ è@@ me br@@ û@@ l@@ é@@ e fac@@ kel . +und sollten sie das bis jetzt noch nicht in ihrem geschäft gesehen haben , können sie sicher sein , dass sie es bald werden . +und was es tut ist es bringt menschen dazu in die geschäf@@ te zu laufen und diese frage zu stellen . +wissen sie jetzt was die antwort auf diese frage ist ? +die antwort ist " nein . " +es ist nicht möglich ein mobil@@ telefon zu kaufen , das nicht zu viel tut . +in anderen aspe@@ kten des lebens , die sehr viel bedeu@@ ts@@ am@@ er als das kaufen von gegen@@ ständen sind , trifft die selbe explosion der aus@@ wahl@@ möglichkeiten zu . +gesundheitswesen -- es ist nicht länger der fall in den vereinigten staaten das sie zum do@@ ktor gehen und der do@@ ktor sagt ihnen was zu tun ist . +stattdessen gehen sie zum do@@ ktor und der do@@ ktor sagt ihnen : wir könnten a machen oder wir könnten b machen . +a hat diese vor@@ teile und risiken . +b hat diese vor@@ teile und risiken . was wollen sie tun ? +und sie sagen , " do@@ ktor , was soll ich tun ? " +der do@@ ktor sagt , a hat diese vor@@ teile und risiken und b hat jene vor@@ teile und risiken . +was wollen sie tun ? +und wenn sie sagen , " wenn sie ich wären , do@@ ktor , was würden sie tun ? " +der do@@ ktor sagt , " aber ich bin nicht sie . " +das ergebnis ist -- wir nennen es " patienten autonom@@ ie " . das klingt wie eine gute sache , aber in der realität ist eine verschie@@ bung der last der verantwortung für das treffen von entscheidungen von jemandem der etwas weiß -- nam@@ entlich der do@@ ktor -- zu jemandem der nichts weiß und höch@@ st@@ wahrscheinlich krank ist und deshalb nicht in der besten ver@@ fassung ist eine entscheidung zu treffen -- nam@@ entlich der patient . +es gibt ein enor@@ mes marketing für ver@@ schreib@@ ung@@ sp@@ f@@ lich@@ tige medikamente für leute wie sie und mich , das , wenn sie darüber nachdenken , überhaupt keinen sinn macht , weil wir sie nicht kaufen . +warum wer@@ ben sie um uns , wenn wir nicht kaufen können ? +die antwort ist : sie erwarten von uns den do@@ ktor am nächsten morgen an@@ zur@@ u@@ fen und um eine änder@@ ung der ver@@ schrei@@ bung zu bitten . +etwas so tief@@ grei@@ fen@@ des wie unsere identität ist nun eine frage der wahl , wie diese folie zeigen soll . +wir er@@ ben keine identität , wir erfinden sie . +und wir erfinden uns so oft neu wie wir möchten . +das heißt , dass jeden tag , wenn sie am morgen auf@@ wachen , sie entscheiden müssen , was für eine art von person sie sein möchten . +in bezug auf e@@ he und familie , gab es eine zeit , in der die standar@@ d-@@ annahme war , dass fast jeder eine hatte und das sie so schnell heirat@@ e@@ ten wie sie konnten , und dann so schnell kinder bekamen wie sie konnten . +die einzige wahre wahl war " wer " , nicht wann , und nicht was sie danach taten . +heutzutage ist alles einfach zu haben . +ich unter@@ ri@@ chte wunderbare intelligen@@ te studenten , und ich gebe ihnen 20 prozent weniger arbeit als ich früher tat . +und das nicht weil sie weniger schla@@ u sind , und nicht weil sie weniger sor@@ g@@ fäl@@ tig sind . +es ist weil sie mit anderen dingen beschäftigt sind , sie fragen sich selbst , " soll ich hei@@ raten oder nicht ? soll ich jetzt hei@@ raten ? +soll ich später hei@@ raten ? soll ich erst kinder haben , oder erst karriere machen ? " +die sind alles ein@@ neh@@ men@@ de fragen . +und sie werden diese fragen beantworten unabhängig davon , ob das bedeutet all die aufgaben zu machen die ich ihnen zu@@ weise und keine gute note in meinem kurs zu kriegen . +und in der tat sollten sie das tun . dies sind wichtige zu be@@ antwor@@ ten@@ de fragen . +arbeit -- wir sind gese@@ g@@ net , wie car@@ l ver@@ deut@@ licht hat , mit der technology die uns ermöglicht jede minute von jedem tag von jedem platz auf dem planeten zu arbeiten -- bis auf das rand@@ ol@@ ph hotel . +es gibt übrigens eine ecke , von der ich k@@ einem erzählen werde , an der das wir@@ el@@ ess@@ lan funktioniert . +ich werde es ihnen nicht erzählen , weil ich es benutzen will . +also was es bedeutet , diese unglaubliche freiheit der wahl wir haben in bezug auf arbeit entscheidungen zu treffen , wieder und wieder und wieder , ob wir arbeiten sollten oder nicht arbeiten sollten . +wir können unseren kindern beim fuß@@ ball spielen zu@@ schauen , und wir haben unser handy an der einen hü@@ fte , und unseren black@@ ber@@ ry an anderen hü@@ fte , und unseren laptop vermutlich auf unserem scho@@ ß . +und auch wenn sie alle ab@@ gesch@@ altet sind , jede minute in der wir unserem kind beim ver@@ stü@@ mm@@ eln eines fuß@@ ball@@ spiel@@ s zu@@ gu@@ cken fragen wir uns auch , " sollte ich diesen an@@ ruf annehmen ? +sollte ich auf diese e-@@ mail antworten ? sollte ich diesen brief schreiben ? " +und auch wenn die antwort zu der frage " nein , " ist wird es sicherlich ihre erfahrung des f@@ uss@@ ball@@ spiel@@ s ihres kin@@ des prä@@ gen sehr anders als es gewesen wäre . +überall wo wir hin@@ sehen , große dinge und kleine dinge , materi@@ elle dinge und lebens@@ stil , leben ist eine frage der wahl . +und die welt in der wir lebten sah so aus . +damit will ich sagen , es gab einige wahl@@ möglichkeiten , aber nicht alles war eine frage der wahl . +und die welt in der wir jetzt leben sieht so aus . +und die frage ist , sind das gute oder schlechte nachrichten ? +die antwort ist " ja " . +wir wissen alle was gut daran ist , also werde ich darüber was schlecht daran ist . +all diese aus@@ wahl@@ möglichkeiten haben zwei effe@@ kte , zwei negative effe@@ kte auf menschen . +ein effekt , parado@@ x@@ er weise , ist , dass er lä@@ hmt statt zu be@@ freien . +mit so vielen op@@ tionen aus den man wählen kann , fällt es menschen sehr schwer sich überhaupt zu entscheiden . +ich werde ihnen ein weiteres dra@@ st@@ isches beispiel dafür geben , eine studie über investi@@ tionen in freiwilli@@ ge alter@@ s@@ vor@@ sorge . +eine kol@@ leg@@ in von mir hatte zu@@ griff auf investi@@ tion@@ s-@@ ak@@ ten von van@@ gu@@ ard , der gigan@@ tischen f@@ on@@ d@@ gesellschaft von ungefähr einer millionen mit@@ arbei@@ tern und ca. 2000 unterschiedlichen arbeitsp@@ lä@@ tzen . +und was sie fand war pro 10 invest@@ ment@@ f@@ on@@ ds die der arbeit@@ geber an@@ bot , nahm die teil@@ nahme um 2 prozent ab . +sie bieten 50 invest@@ ment@@ f@@ on@@ ds an -- 10 prozent weniger mitarbeiter nehmen teil als wenn sie nur 5 an@@ bieten würde . warum ? +weil es 50 invest@@ ment@@ f@@ on@@ ds sind , die zur aus@@ wahl stehen , ist es so schwer zu entscheiden welchen man wählen soll , dass sie es auf morgen auf@@ schie@@ ben . +und dann morgen , und dann morgen , und morgen , und morgen , und morgen kommt natürlich nie . +verstehen sie , dass das nicht nur heißt , das menschen hun@@ de@@ fu@@ tter essen müssen wenn sie in den ru@@ he@@ stand gehen , weil sie nicht genug geld zum zurück@@ legen haben , es bedeutet auch , das entscheidungen treffen so schwer ist , dass sie große investi@@ tions@@ ange@@ bo@@ te ihrer arbeit@@ geber ver@@ passen . +durch die nicht teil@@ nahme geben sie bis zu 5@@ 000 us $ pro jahr auf von dem arbeits@@ geber , der glücklich gewesen wäre ihren bei@@ trag zu ver@@ me@@ hren . +lä@@ h@@ mung ist eine folge von zu vielen wahl@@ möglichkeiten . +und ich denke es sor@@ gt dafür , dass die welt so aussieht . +sie wollen die entscheidung wirklich richtig treffen , wenn es für alle ewi@@ gkeit ist , richtig ? +sie wollen nicht den fal@@ schen investment f@@ ond wählen , oder gar das falsche sal@@ at@@ d@@ res@@ sing . +also das ist der eine effekt . der andere effekt ist , dass selbst wenn wir die lä@@ h@@ mung über@@ winden und eine entscheidung treffen , enden wir weniger zu@@ frieden mit dem ergebnis der aus@@ wahl , als , wenn wir die möglichkeit gehabt hätten uns zwischen weniger möglichkeiten zu entscheiden . +und es gibt mehrere gründe für dies . +einer von ihnen ist bedingt durch die große aus@@ wahl unterschied@@ licher sal@@ at@@ d@@ res@@ s@@ ings , wenn sie eines kaufen , und es ist nicht perfekt -- und , welches sal@@ at@@ d@@ res@@ sing ist schon perfekt ? es ist einfach sich vorzustellen , dass sie eine andere entscheidung hätten treffen können die besser gewesen wäre . und was passiert ist diese bil@@ dlich vorge@@ stellte alternative führt dazu , dass sie die entscheidung ber@@ eu@@ en , und dieses ber@@ eu@@ en wirkt nega@@ tiv auf die zu@@ frieden@@ heit , die sie von ihrer ge@@ machten entscheidung hatten , auch , wenn es eine gute entscheidung war . +je mehr möglichkeiten es gibt , desto einfacher ist es überhaupt nichts zu ber@@ eu@@ en das ist ent@@ täusch@@ end für die wahl die sie treffen . +zweitens , was ökon@@ omen op@@ per@@ tun@@ itä@@ t@@ sk@@ osten nennen . +dan gil@@ bert hat einen großen punkt heute morgen gemacht indem er erzählte wie sehr die art in der wir dinge bewer@@ ten , davon abhän@@ gt zu was wir es vergleichen . +gut , wenn es sehr viele alterna@@ tiven zu bedenken gibt , ist es einfach sich attra@@ ktive eigenschaften vorzustellen von alterna@@ tiven , die sie aus@@ schließen , das macht sie weniger zu@@ frieden mit den alterna@@ tiven , die sie gewä@@ hlt haben . +hier ist ein beispiel . für die von ihnen , die keine new yor@@ ker sind , entschul@@ dige ich mich . +aber hier ist , was sie hätten denken sollen . +hier ist ein paar auf den ham@@ p@@ tons . +sehr teure im@@ mobili@@ en . +wunder@@ schö@@ ner strand . toll@@ er tag . sie haben es alles für sich selbst . +was könnte besser sein ? " verdam@@ mt " der mann denkt , " es ist aug@@ ust . +jeder in meiner manhat@@ ten@@ er nachbar@@ schaft ist weg . +ich könnte direkt vor meinem haus par@@ ken . " +und er ver@@ bringt 2 wochen von dem gedanken ver@@ folgt das er die möglichkeit ver@@ passt hat , tag über tag , einen toll@@ en par@@ k@@ platz zu haben . +op@@ per@@ tun@@ itä@@ t@@ sk@@ osten sen@@ ken die zu@@ frieden@@ heit , die wir durch unsere aus@@ wahl erhalten , auch , wenn das was wir aus@@ ges@@ u@@ cht haben fantastisch ist . +und je mehr möglichkeiten es zur aus@@ wahl gibt , desto mehr attra@@ ktive eigenschaften dieser aus@@ wahl werden in den op@@ per@@ tun@@ itä@@ t@@ sk@@ osten ber@@ ück@@ sichti@@ gt . +hier ist ein weiteres beispiel . +nun , dieser carto@@ on macht einige aus@@ sagen . +er macht eine aus@@ sage darüber im jetzt zu leben und vielleicht auch darüber dinge langsam zu tun . +aber ein wichtiger punkt , den er macht ist : immer wen sie sich für eine sache entscheiden , entscheiden sie sich andere dinge nicht zu tun . +und diese anderen dinge mögen viele attra@@ ktive eigenschaften haben , und es wird , was sie tun werden weniger an@@ zieh@@ end machen . +dritt@@ ens : es@@ kal@@ ation der erwar@@ tungen . +dies hat mich getroffen , als ich meine je@@ ans au@@ stau@@ schen wollte . +ich tra@@ ge je@@ ans , fast die ganze zeit . +und es gab eine zeit in der es nur je@@ ans einer art gab , und sie haben sie ge@@ kauft , und sie haben schlecht ge@@ passt , sie waren unglaublich un@@ kom@@ fort@@ ab@@ el und wenn sie sie lange genug ge@@ tragen und oft genug ge@@ wa@@ schen hatten , haben sie angefangen sich " ok " anzu@@ fühlen . +also ging um neue je@@ ans zu kaufen nach vielen jahren des tra@@ gens der alten , und ich sagte , " ich hätte gerne ein paar je@@ ans , hier ist meine größe . " +und der verk@@ äu@@ fer sagte , " wollen sie sch@@ lan@@ ke , leicht an@@ lie@@ gende oder weite ? +wollen sie kn@@ ö@@ pfe oder rei@@ ß@@ ver@@ schluss ? stein oder sä@@ ure ge@@ wa@@ schen ? +wollen sie je@@ ans mit lö@@ chern ? +möchten sie unten weit gesch@@ ni@@ tten , ke@@ ge@@ lig , bla@@ h bla@@ h bla@@ h ... " und so weiter erzählte er . +mein k@@ ie@@ fer war unten und nachdem ich mich er@@ hol@@ te sagte ich , " i hätte gerne die art , die früher die einzige art war . " +er hatte keine ahnung was das war , also verbrachte ich eine stunde damit alle diese verdam@@ m@@ ten je@@ ans anzu@@ probieren , und ver@@ lies das geschäft -- und ich sage die wahrheit -- mit den best pas@@ senden je@@ ans , die ich je hatte . +ich hatte es besser . all diese aus@@ wahl ermög@@ li@@ chte es mir es besser zu haben . +aber ich fühlte mich schle@@ chter . +warum ? ich schrieb ein ganzes buch um zu versuchen es mir selbst zu erklären . +der grund dafür , dass ich mich schle@@ chter fühlte war , mit all diesen verfüg@@ baren möglichkeiten , meine erwar@@ tungen dafür , was für ein gutes paar je@@ ans aus@@ macht , gingen hoch . +ich hatte sehr niedri@@ ge erwar@@ tungen . ich hatte keine kon@@ kre@@ ten erwar@@ tungen , als es sie nur in einer art gab . +als sie in 100 arten kamen , verdam@@ mt , eine von ihnen hätte perfekt sein sollen , +und was ich bekam war gut , aber es war nicht perfekt . +und so ver@@ glich ich was ich bekommen hatte zu dem was ich erwar@@ tete , und was ich hatte war ent@@ täusch@@ end in vergleich zu dem was ich erwar@@ tete . +das hinzu@@ fügen von möglichkeiten in das leben der menschen erhö@@ ht zwan@@ gs@@ läu@@ fi@@ g die erwar@@ tungen die menschen haben darüber wie gut diese möglichkeiten sein werden . +und dies führt zu weniger zu@@ frieden@@ heit mit den ergeb@@ nissen , auch wenn die ergebnisse gut sind . +niemand in der welt des market@@ ings weiß dies . weil , wenn sie es würden , w@@ üs@@ sten sie alle nicht wor@@ um es hier geht . +die wahrheit ist mehr wie das hier . +der grund ist , das früher alles besser war als alles schle@@ chter war , als alles schle@@ chter war , war es für die menschen möglich erfahrungen zu machen die eine angeneh@@ me überrasch@@ ung waren . +heutzutage , in der welt in der wir leben -- wir wohl@@ hab@@ enden , industri@@ alisi@@ erten bürger , mit perfe@@ ktion als erwar@@ tung -- das beste für das man je hoffen kann ist das dinge so gut sind wie man es von ihnen erwartet . +sie werden nie angeneh@@ m überrasch@@ t@@ . weil ihre erwar@@ tungen , meine erwar@@ tungen , haus@@ hoch sind . +das geheimnis zur glück@@ lichkeit -- das ist wofür sie alle gekommen sind -- das geheimnis zur glück@@ lichkeit sind niedri@@ ge erwar@@ tungen . +ich möchte sagen -- ein kur@@ zer auto@@ bi@@ ograph@@ ischer moment -- das ich mit einer frau ver@@ heirat@@ et bin , und sie ist wirklich sehr wunderbar . +i hätte es nicht besser machen können . ich habe mich nicht nieder@@ gelassen . +aber nieder@@ lassen ist nicht immer so eine schlechte sache . +letztendlich , eine folge des kauf@@ ens einer schlecht sitz@@ enden je@@ ans wenn es nur eine art zu kaufen gibt ist , dass wenn sie un@@ zu@@ frieden sind , und sie sich fragen warum , wer verantwortlich ist , die antwort klar ist . die welt ist verantwortlich . was hätten sie tun können ? +wenn hunderte von verschiedenen arten von je@@ ans verfügbar sind , und sie kaufen eine die ent@@ täusch@@ end ist , und sie fragen warum , wer ist verantwortlich ? +ist es ebenso klar , dass die antwort auf die frage ist : sie . +sie hätten es besser tun können . +mit 100 unterschiedlichen arten von je@@ ans im sch@@ auf@@ en@@ ster , gibt es keine entschul@@ digung für fehler . +und so , wenn menschen entscheidungen treffen , und auch wenn die ergebnisse der entscheidungen gut sind , fühlen sie sich ent@@ täu@@ scht darüber , sie besch@@ ul@@ digen sich selbst . +klin@@ ische depres@@ sionen explo@@ di@@ erten in der industri@@ ellen welt in der letzten generation . +ich glaube ein signi@@ fi@@ kan@@ ter -- nicht der einzige , aber ein signi@@ fi@@ kan@@ ter bei@@ trä@@ ger zu dieser explosion der depression , und auch selbst@@ mor@@ d , ist , dass menschen erfahren haben die ent@@ täusch@@ end sind weil ihre standards so hoch sind . und dann , wenn sie sich diese erfahrungen selbst erklären müssen , denken sie es wäre ihre schu@@ ld . +und so ist das bil@@ an@@ zer@@ geb@@ nis , dass es uns gener@@ ell besser geht , obje@@ ktiv , und wir uns schle@@ chter fühlen . +also lassen sie mich sie erinnern . +dies ist das offi@@ zi@@ elle do@@ g@@ ma , das eine das wir alle für richtig halten , komplett falsch ist . es ist nicht wahr . +es gibt keine frage , das etwas aus@@ wahl besser ist als keine , aber es folgt nicht , das mehr aus@@ wahl besser ist als etwas aus@@ wahl . +es gibt eine mag@@ ische menge . ich weiß nicht was es ist . +ich bin mir ziemlich sicher , dass wir diesen punkt lange ver@@ passt haben an dem aus@@ wahl unser gemein@@ wohl verbessert . +jetzt , als eine grund@@ satz frage -- ich bin fast fertig -- als eine grund@@ satz frage , die sache über die nachzudenken ist . das was all diese aus@@ wahl ermöglicht in den industri@@ alisi@@ erten gesellschaften , ist der material rei@@ cht@@ um . +es gibt viele plä@@ tze in der welt , und wir haben von vielen von ihnen gehört , deren problem nicht die zu große aus@@ wahl ist . +ihr problem ist , dass sie zu wenig haben . +also die dinge über die ich rede sind ein sonder@@ bares problem der modernen , reichen , westlichen gesellschaften . +und was ist so fru@@ stri@@ er@@ end und är@@ ger@@ lich ist : steve le@@ vi@@ tt hat ihnen gestern darüber erzählt wie diese te@@ ur@@ er und schwer zu instal@@ li@@ erenden kinder@@ si@@ tze nicht helfen . es ist eine versch@@ wen@@ dung von geld . +was ich ihnen erzähle ist , dass diese te@@ uren , kompli@@ zierten entscheidungen -- es ist nicht einfach , das sie nicht helfen . +sie tun sogar we@@ h . +sie sorgen dafür das wir schle@@ chter da stehen . +wenn etwas von dem was den menschen unserer gesellschaft ermöglicht so entscheidungen zu treffen zu den gesellschaften in denen menschen zu wenig aus@@ wahl haben ver@@ scho@@ ben würde , würde nicht nur das leben der menschen verbessert , sondern unseres würde auch verbessert werden . +ökon@@ omen nennen dies eine par@@ e@@ to-@@ verbesser@@ ung@@ s bewer@@ bung . +ein@@ kommen@@ sum@@ verteilung wird dafür sorgen , dass es allen besser geht -- nicht nur den armen -- weil all diese große aus@@ wahl uns pla@@ gt . +ab@@ schließ@@ end , lesen sie bitte diesen carto@@ on , und , eine hoch@@ entwickelte person , sagt , " ah ! was weiß dieser fisch ? +sie wissen es nichts möglich in diesem gold@@ fisch@@ glas . " +ver@@ arm@@ ten ph@@ ant@@ as@@ ie , eine kurz@@ sichti@@ ge sicht der welt -- und dass ist die art wie ich es zuerst gelesen habe . +je mehr ich aber darüber nach@@ dachte , desto mehr kam ich zu der ansicht , das der fisch etwas weiß . +denn die wahrheit ist , dass wenn sie das gold@@ fisch@@ glas zer@@ brechen , so dass alles möglich ist , haben sie keine freiheit . sie haben lä@@ h@@ mung . +wenn sie das gold@@ fisch@@ glas zer@@ brechen , so dass alles möglich ist , sen@@ ken sie die zu@@ frieden@@ heit . +sie stei@@ gern die lä@@ h@@ mung und sen@@ ken die zu@@ frieden@@ heit . +jeder braucht ein gold@@ fisch@@ glas . +dies ist fast mit voll@@ kommen@@ er sicherheit zu begren@@ zt -- möglicherweise auch für den fisch , defini@@ tiv für uns . +aber das ab@@ han@@ den sein von einem metaph@@ or@@ ischen gold@@ fisch@@ glas ist ein re@@ zept für el@@ end , und , ich vermu@@ te , katastrophe . +danke ihnen viel@@ mals . +sie wissen , ich habe über einige dieser projekte bereits zuvor gesprochen , über das menschliche genom und was das bedeuten könnte , und über die entdeckung neuer gruppen von genen . +tatsächlich starten wir von einem neuen punkt : wir haben die biologie digit@@ alisiert und jetzt versuchen wir vom digitalen code in eine neue phase der biologie zu gelangen indem wir neues leben gestalten und aufbauen . +wir haben immer versucht bedeuten@@ de fragen zu stellen . +was ist leben ? es ist etwas , wovon ich glaube , dass viele bi@@ ologen versucht haben zu verstehen und das auf unterschiedlichen ebenen . +wir haben verschiedene ans@@ ä@@ tze versucht um es bis auf die minim@@ alen kompon@@ enten zu ver@@ einfachen . +wir haben nahe@@ zu 20 jahre digit@@ alisiert . als wir das human@@ genom sequen@@ ziert haben voll@@ zog sich der wechsel von der anal@@ o@@ gen welt der biologie zur digitalen welt der computer . +nun versuchen wir zu fragen , ob wir leben re@@ gener@@ ieren können oder ob wir neues leben erstellen können , aus diesem digitalen universum ? +das ist die karte eines kleinen organis@@ mus , my@@ cop@@ las@@ ma gei@@ tal@@ ium , der das klein@@ ste genom einer spezies besit@@ zt die sich selbst im labor repli@@ zieren kann . und wir haben versucht ob wir das mit einem noch klein@@ eren genom erreichen können . +wir haben es geschafft auf ungefähr ein@@ hundert gene zu ver@@ zi@@ chten von den 500 oder so , die hier sind . +aber wenn wir uns diese me@@ tab@@ oli@@ sche karte ansehen , die sehr sim@@ pel ist , im vergleich zu unserer . vertrauen sie mir , das ist sim@@ pel . aber wenn wir uns alle diese gene ansehen die wir eines nach dem anderen elimin@@ ieren können ist es sehr un@@ wahrscheinlich dass dies zu einer lebenden zelle führen würde . +daher haben wir uns entsch@@ lossen , dass es der einzige weg nach vorne ist dieses chromo@@ so@@ m tatsächlich zu syn@@ the@@ ti@@ sieren was uns erlaubt die einzelnen kompon@@ enten zu vari@@ ieren und somit einige dieser fundament@@ alen fragen zu stellen . +und so fingen wir an mit der frage , können wir ein chromo@@ so@@ m syn@@ the@@ ti@@ sieren ? +ermöglicht es die chemie diese wirklich großen moleküle zu erstellen was noch nie zuvor gemacht wurde ? +und , wenn wir das können , können wir das chromo@@ so@@ m starten ? +ein chromo@@ so@@ m ist so neben@@ bei nur ein stück in@@ ertes chem@@ isches material . +unsere schritte bei der digit@@ alisierung des lebens waren exponenti@@ ell . +unsere fähigkeit gene@@ tischen code zu schreiben hat sich sehr langsam entwickelt aber trotzdem gest@@ eig@@ ert . und unser letz@@ ter punkt würde jetzt auf eine exponenti@@ elle kur@@ ve setzen . +wir haben vor 15 jahren damit begonnen . +es dau@@ erte tatsächlich einige jahre beginn@@ end mit einem bio@@ eth@@ ischen re@@ view bevor wir die ersten experimente machten . +wie sich heraus@@ stellte ist dna-@@ syn@@ the@@ ti@@ si@@ erung sehr schwierig . +es gibt zehn@@ tausende maschinen rund um die welt die kleine stücke von dna herstellen können , 30 bis 50 buchstab@@ en lang aber es ist ein de@@ gener@@ a@@ tiver prozess , also je länger man ein stück macht , um@@ so mehr fehler passieren . +also mussten wir eine neue methode entwickeln mit der wir diese kleinen stücke zusammen@@ setzen und die fehler kor@@ ri@@ gieren konnten . +das war unser erster versuch , beginn@@ end mit der digitalen information , des genom@@ s ph@@ i x 17@@ 4 . +es ist ein kleiner virus der bakterien tötet . +wir er@@ stellten kleine stücke , machten eine fehl@@ er@@ korre@@ k@@ tur und hatten ein dna molekül von ungefähr 5.000 buchstab@@ en . +die span@@ n@@ ende phase kam als wir dieses stück in@@ erte chemi@@ kal@@ ie nahmen und in ein bakteri@@ um gaben , und das bakteri@@ um begann den gene@@ tischen code zu lesen und machte vir@@ ale parti@@ kel . +die vir@@ alen parti@@ kel wurden dann von den zellen frei@@ gegeben und kamen zurück und tö@@ teten e@@ . col@@ i . +kürzlich habe ich mit der ö@@ lin@@ du@@ str@@ ie gesprochen und sie sagten dass sie dieses modell genau ver@@ st@@ ün@@ den . +sie la@@ chten mehr als ihr es hier tut . +so denken wir , dass das eine situation ist in der software tatsächlich die eigene hard@@ ware bauen kann in einem biolog@@ ischen system . +aber wir wollten noch viel weiter gehen . wir wollten ein gesam@@ tes bakteri@@ elles chromo@@ so@@ m bauen . es hat mehr als 5@@ 8@@ 0.000 buchstab@@ en gene@@ tischen code . so dachten wir uns , wir bauen es in k@@ asse@@ tten von der größe des virus wom@@ it wir die größe der k@@ asse@@ tten vari@@ ieren konnten um zu verstehen was die einzelnen kompon@@ enten einer lebenden zelle sind . +design ist der schlüssel , und wenn man mit digit@@ aler information im computer starten will muss diese digitale information wirklich fehl@@ er@@ frei sein . +als wir das genom erst@@ mals 199@@ 5 sequen@@ ziert haben war die fehl@@ er@@ rate bei einem fehler pro 10.000 bas@@ en@@ pa@@ are . +wir fanden beim res@@ equ@@ en@@ zieren 30 fehler . wenn wir die origin@@ ale sequenz verwendet hätten wäre es nie möglich gewesen hoch@@ zu@@ fahren . +ein teil des designs ist es , stücke zu erstellen die 50 buchstab@@ en lang sind und die mit anderen 5@@ 0-@@ buchstab@@ en st@@ ücken über@@ la@@ ppen müssen , um klein@@ ere sub-@@ ein@@ heiten zu bauen damit diese zusammen@@ passen . +wir haben einzigarti@@ ge elemente hier ein@@ gebaut . +sie haben vielleicht gehört dass wir water@@ zeichen ein@@ gebaut haben . +denken sie darüber nach : wir haben einen 4@@ -@@ buchstab@@ en code : a , c , g und t . +tri@@ ple@@ ts dieser buchstab@@ en -- diese buchstab@@ en ko@@ dieren ungefähr 20 amin@@ o@@ sä@@ uren ; und hier gibt es eine einzelne bestimm@@ ung für jede dieser amin@@ o@@ sä@@ uren . +also können wir den gene@@ tischen code verwenden um unsere wörter zu schreiben , sätze , gedanken . +an@@ fan@@ gs haben wir nur unter@@ sch@@ rieben . +manche menschen waren ent@@ täu@@ scht dass es keine po@@ es@@ ie war . +wir haben die stücke so konstru@@ iert dass wir sie einfach mit enzy@@ men zer@@ legen konnten . es gibt enzy@@ me die diese repar@@ ieren und wieder zusammen@@ fügen . +und wir haben angefangen stücke zu erstellen , beginn@@ end mit st@@ ücken die fünf@@ - bis sie@@ b@@ ent@@ aus@@ end buchstab@@ en enth@@ i@@ elten , fü@@ gten diese an@@ einander um 24@@ .@@ 00@@ 0-@@ buchstab@@ en-@@ stücke zu machen um diese wieder zusammenzu@@ fügen , bis zu 7@@ 2@@ .000 . +in jedem schritt haben wir diese stücke im über@@ sch@@ uss produziert damit wir sie sequen@@ zieren konnten , weil wir versuchten einen sehr ro@@ bu@@ sten prozess zu kreieren was sie in einer minute sehen werden . +wir haben versucht zum punkt der auto@@ ma@@ tion zu gelangen . +also , das sieht aus wie ein bas@@ ket@@ ball@@ -@@ pla@@ yo@@ ff . +wenn wir zu diesen richtig großen st@@ ücken gelangen -- mit über 10@@ 0.000 bas@@ en@@ pa@@ aren -- dann werden diese nicht einfach in e@@ . col@@ i wachsen . es über@@ steigt alle möglichkeiten der modernen molekul@@ ar@@ biologie . und so wand@@ ten wir uns anderen mechanis@@ men zu . +wir wussten von einem mechan@@ ismus der hom@@ ologe re@@ kombination genannt wird , den die biologie verwendet um dna zu repar@@ ieren , die solche stücke zusammen@@ fügen kann . +hier ist ein beispiel davon . es gibt einen organis@@ mus namens d@@ ein@@ o@@ co@@ c@@ c@@ us radi@@ o@@ dur@@ ans der drei millionen rad an strahlung über@@ steht . +sie sehen im ob@@ eren feld , dass sein chromo@@ so@@ m einfach aus@@ einander fällt . +12 bis 24 stunden später , hat sich alles wieder so zusammen@@ gefü@@ gt wie es war . +wir haben tausende organismen die das tun können . +diese organismen können total ausge@@ tro@@ ck@@ net werden , sie können sogar im v@@ aku@@ um leben . +ich bin absolut sicher dass leben im wel@@ traum existieren und sich bewegen kann , auf der suche nach a@@ qua@@ tischen bedingungen . +tatsächlich , die nasa hat gezeigt dass es viel@@ es davon dort draußen gibt . +hier ist eine gefü@@ ge@@ aufnahme von dem molekül das wir hergestellt haben indem wir diese proz@@ esse benutzt haben - tatsächlich haben wir nur he@@ fe@@ -@@ mechanis@@ men verwendet mit dem richtigen design der stücke haben wir sie einge@@ passt . he@@ fe fü@@ gt diese dann auto@@ matisch zusammen . +das ist keine elektron@@ en@@ mikrosk@@ op@@ aufnahme es ist eine regul@@ äre mikrosk@@ op@@ aufnahme . +es ist so ein großes molekül , dass wir es sogar mit dem licht@@ mikrosk@@ op sehen können . +das sind aufnahmen über eine dau@@ er von 6 sekunden . +das ist die publik@@ ation die wir erst kürzlich fertig gestellt haben . +das sind über 5@@ 8@@ 0.000 buchstab@@ en an gene@@ ti@@ sch@@ em code . es ist das größte molekül mit defini@@ erter struktur das jemals von menschen erschaffen wurde . +es hat ein molekul@@ ar@@ gewicht von über 300 millionen . +wenn wir es mit einer schrift@@ größe von 10 und ohne ab@@ stände aus@@ dru@@ cken würden würde es 14@@ 2 seiten um@@ fassen , nur um diesen gene@@ tischen code auszu@@ dru@@ cken . +nun , wie starten wir ein chromo@@ so@@ m ? wie aktivi@@ eren wir es ? +offensichtlich ist , dass es mit einem virus sehr sim@@ pel ist . es ist viel kompli@@ zier@@ ter mit bakterien umzu@@ gehen . +es ist ebenso einfacher wenn man es in eu@@ kar@@ y@@ on@@ ten wie wir es sind tut : man nimmt einfach den nu@@ kle@@ us raus und gibt einen anderen hinein , und das ist genau das was sie alle über das kl@@ onen gehört haben . +bei arch@@ a@@ e@@ bakterien ist das chromo@@ so@@ m in die zelle integri@@ ert aber erst kürzlich haben wir gezeigt , dass man eine komple@@ tte transplan@@ tation eines chromo@@ som@@ s von einer zelle zur anderen vor@@ nehmen kann und diese aktivi@@ eren kann . +wir rein@@ ig@@ ten das chromo@@ so@@ m einer mikro@@ ben@@ spezies . gro@@ b gesagt , sind diese beiden so@@ weit von@@ einander entfernt wie menschen und mä@@ use . wir gaben einige extra@@ -@@ gene dazu damit wir dieses chromo@@ so@@ m aus@@ wählen konnten . wir zer@@ setzten es mit enzy@@ men um alle prot@@ eine zu zerstören . und es war sehr erstaunlich als wir es in eine zelle gaben -- und sie werden unsere sehr aus@@ gerei@@ ften graphi@@ ken hier schätzen -- +das neue chromo@@ so@@ m ging in die zelle . +tatsächlich dachten wir , dass hier das ende ist , aber wir haben versucht den prozess etwas weiter zu bringen . +das ist der haupt@@ mechan@@ ismus der evolution hier . +wir finden alle arten von spezies hier die ein zwei@@ tes chromo@@ so@@ m aufgenommen haben oder ein dritt@@ es von irgend@@ woher , jedes mal tausende charak@@ teri@@ sti@@ ken in nur einer sekunde zu einer spezies hinzu@@ fü@@ gend . +menschen also , die sich evolution vorstellen als ein gen das zu einem zeitpunkt geändert wird haben viel von der biologie ver@@ passt . +es gibt enzy@@ me die restri@@ k@@ tion@@ sen@@ zy@@ me genannt werden die tatsächlich dna ver@@ d@@ auen . +das chromo@@ so@@ m das in der zelle war hat k@@ eines ; die chromo@@ som@@ en die wir ein@@ gefü@@ gt haben schon . +es wurde in der zelle ex@@ pri@@ miert und erkannte das andere chromo@@ so@@ m als frem@@ des material ver@@ dau@@ te es und so hatten wir am ende nur eine zelle mit einem neuen chromo@@ so@@ m . +es ver@@ fä@@ r@@ b@@ te sich blau wegen der gene die wir ein@@ gefü@@ gt hatten . +und nach einer sehr kurzen zeit hatte es alle charak@@ teri@@ sti@@ ka der spezies verloren und kon@@ verti@@ erte komplett in eine neue spezies basier@@ end auf der neuen software die wir in die zelle gegeben haben . +alle prot@@ eine änder@@ ten sich die mem@@ bran@@ en änder@@ ten sich -- als wir den gene@@ tischen code las@@ en , war es genau das was wir trans@@ fer@@ iert haben . +es mag wie genom@@ ische al@@ ch@@ im@@ ie kl@@ ingen , aber wir können , indem wir die soft@@ war@@ e-@@ dna verschie@@ ben , dinge ziemlich dra@@ matisch verändern . +nun habe ich argu@@ men@@ tiert , dass dies nicht die gen@@ es@@ is ist -- das basiert auf 3@@ ,@@ 5 milliarden jahren evolution +und ich habe argu@@ men@@ tiert dass wir möglicherweise dabei sind eine neue form der kam@@ br@@ ischen explosion zu erschaffen in der es massive neue ar@@ ten@@ bildung basier@@ end auf diesem digitalen design geben könnte . +warum sollten wir das tun ? +ich denke es ist ziemlich offensichtlich im hin@@ blick auf was wir brauchen . +wir sind dabei von se@@ chs@@ einhalb zu neun milliarden menschen in den nächsten 40 jahre anzu@@ wachsen . +um es in meinen zusammenhang zu stellen : ich wurde im jahr 194@@ 6 geboren . +heute sind drei menschen auf diesem planeten für jeden der im jahr 194@@ 6 existiert hat ; innerhalb von 40 jahren werden es vier sein . +wir haben probleme mit nahrungs@@ mitteln , mit fr@@ is@@ chem und sau@@ ber@@ em wasser , medizin , treib@@ stoff für 6@@ ,@@ 5 milliarden menschen . +es wird eine herausforderung das für 9 anzu@@ bieten . +wir brauchen über fünf milliarden ton@@ nen ko@@ hle , 3@@ 0-@@ plus milliarden fä@@ sser öl . das sind hundert millionen fä@@ sser am tag . +wenn wir über biolog@@ ische proz@@ esse nachdenken oder irgend@@ einen prozess um das zu ersetzen , wird es eine riesige herausforderung . +dann , natürlich , gibt es das ganze co2 von diesem material das in der atmosphäre lan@@ det . +wir haben nun , aus unseren entdeck@@ ungen aus der ganzen welt , eine daten@@ bank mit ungefähr 20 millionen genen , und ich möchte daran glauben dass diese die desig@@ n@@ kompon@@ enten der zukunft sind . +die elektr@@ oni@@ kin@@ du@@ str@@ ie hatte ein dutz@@ end kompon@@ enten und sehen sie sich die vielfalt an die daraus entstand . +wir stoßen hier in erster linie an die grenzen der biolog@@ ischen realität und an jene unserer vorstellung . +wir haben heute technologien aufgrund dieser schn@@ ellen syn@@ thes@@ e@@ methoden , um das zu tun was wir kombin@@ at@@ or@@ ische gene@@ tik nennen . +wir haben nun die möglichkeit einen großen roboter zu bauen der millionen von chromo@@ som@@ en am tag herstellen kann . +wenn sie sich vorstellen diese 20 millionen unterschiedlichen gene herzustellen oder diese proz@@ esse zu opti@@ mieren um ok@@ tan herzustellen oder medikamente neue impf@@ stoffe , wir können mit einem nur kleinen team mehr molekul@@ ar@@ biologie verändern als die letzten 20 jahre wissenschaft . +und es ist nur nur@@ male sele@@ ktion . wir können nach lebens@@ fähigkeit sele@@ kti@@ eren , produktion von chemikalien oder treib@@ stoff@@ produktion impf@@ stoff@@ produktion und so weiter . +das ist eine aufnahme von wirk@@ licher desig@@ n-@@ software an der wir arbeiten , mit der man sich tatsächlich hin@@ setzen und neue spezies am computer desig@@ nen ken@@ n +wissen sie , wir wissen nicht unbedingt wie es aussehen wird . wir wissen ex@@ akt wie deren gene@@ tischer code aussehen wird . +wir konzentrieren uns nun auf treib@@ stoffe der vi@@ erten generation . +sie haben kürzlich ma@@ is zu eth@@ an@@ ol gesehen was einfach ein schle@@ chtes experiment ist . +wir haben treib@@ stoffe der zwei@@ ten@@ - und dritten generation die relativ bald heraus@@ kommen werden die viel hö@@ here zu@@ cker@@ wer@@ ti@@ gkeiten haben werden , wie ok@@ tan oder unterschiedliche arten von bu@@ tan@@ ol . +aber , wie wir denken , die einzige art damit biologie einen großen einfluss ohne weitere stei@@ gerung der kosten auf nahrungs@@ mittel oder der ein@@ schrän@@ kung von deren verfüg@@ barkeit haben wird ist , wenn wir co2 als aus@@ gan@@ gs@@ material sehen , und daher arbeiten wir an zellen die diesen weg gehen , +und wir denken dass wir die ersten mit treib@@ stoffen der vi@@ erten generation sein werden , und das in etwa 18 monaten . +sonnen@@ licht und co2 sind eine methode -- +-- aber in unserer entdeckung der welt , haben wir alle arten unterschied@@ licher methoden . +das ist ein organis@@ mus den wir 199@@ 6 besch@@ rieben haben . +er lebt in der tief@@ see , ungefähr ein@@ -@@ einhalb meilen tief , bei nahe@@ zu ko@@ ch@@ enden wasser@@ temper@@ aturen . +es wand@@ elt co2 in me@@ than um unter der verwen@@ dung von wasser@@ stoff als energi@@ equ@@ elle . +wir untersuchen ob wir gesp@@ ei@@ cher@@ tes co2 verwenden können , welches einfach zu produk@@ tion@@ sp@@ lä@@ tzen gebracht werden könnte , kon@@ ver@@ tieren das co2 in treib@@ stoff , um diesen prozess anzu@@ treiben . +innerhalb einer kurzen zeit@@ span@@ ne glauben wir , wir könnten in der lage sein eine der grundle@@ genden fragen des lebens zu lösen . +wissen sie , wir haben wirklich -- moder@@ ate ziele wie dem er@@ satz der gesamten pe@@ tro@@ chem@@ ischen industrie . genau . wenn man das nicht bei ted tun könnte , wo sonst ? eine haupt@@ quelle der energie zu werden . +aber genauso arbeiten wir momentan daran , die gleichen ans@@ ä@@ tze für die entwicklung von impf@@ stoffen einzu@@ setzen . +sie haben es dieses jahr mit der gri@@ ppe gesehen , wir sind immer ein jahr hinten dran und haben einen dollar zu wenig , wenn es um den richtigen impf@@ stoff geht . +ich denke , dass das geändert werden kann indem man re@@ kombin@@ an@@ te impf@@ stoffe im vor@@ hinein erstellt . +das ist es , wie die zukunft möglicherweise aussehen könnte mit änder@@ ungen , kann heute der evol@@ u@@ tions@@ baum beschle@@ uni@@ gt werden mit syn@@ the@@ tischen bakterien , arch@@ a@@ en , und event@@ u@@ ell eu@@ kar@@ y@@ on@@ ten . +wir sind licht@@ jahre davon entfernt menschen zu verbessern . unser ziel ist es lediglich , dass wir eine chance haben lange genug zu überleben um das möglicherweise zu tun . vielen dank ! +auf der letzten ted konferenz gab ich eine ein@@ führung zum l@@ h@@ c . +und ich ver@@ sprach zurück zu kommen , um ihnen zu erklären wie die maschine funktioniert . +nun ist es also so@@ weit . und für alle jene die damals nicht da waren , der l@@ h@@ c ist das größte wissenschaftliche experiment welches je ange@@ gangen wurde -- 27 kilometer im durch@@ messer . +seine aufgabe ist es , die bedingungen zu erschaffen , welche weniger als eine milliar@@ d@@ ste@@ l sekunde nach beginn des universums existi@@ erten -- und das bis zu 600 millionen mal innerhalb einer sekunde . +es ist einfach nur atem@@ ber@@ au@@ b@@ end ehr@@ gei@@ zig . +dies ist die maschine unter@@ halb von gen@@ f . +wir nehmen bilder dieser mini@@ -@@ ur@@ kn@@ alle in dete@@ ktoren auf . +an diesem arbeite ich . er nennt sich at@@ las dete@@ ktor -- 4@@ 4 meter in der breite , 22 meter im durch@@ messer . +hier ein spek@@ ta@@ kul@@ är@@ es bild des at@@ las in der kon@@ struk@@ tion damit sie die größ@@ en@@ verhäl@@ tnisse sehen . +am 10@@ . september le@@ tzen jahres lief die maschine zum ersten mal an . +und dieses bild wurde von at@@ las aufgenommen . +es verursa@@ chte im@@ men@@ sen ju@@ bel im kontro@@ ll@@ raum . +es ist ein bild des ersten stra@@ hlen@@ parti@@ k@@ els welches die gesamte st@@ rec@@ ke um den l@@ h@@ c zurück@@ legte , dann ab@@ sichtlich mit einem teil des l@@ h@@ c kol@@ li@@ di@@ erte , um einen regen von parti@@ keln auf den dete@@ ktor pr@@ as@@ seln zu lassen . +in anderen worten , als wir dieses bild am 10@@ . september sahen , wussten wir , dass die maschine funktioniert , was ein großer tri@@ um@@ ph ist . +ich weiss nicht , ob dies den größten ju@@ bel er@@ zeu@@ gte , oder dies , als jemand die google seite besu@@ chte und die star@@ ts@@ ei@@ te so vor@@ fand . +es bedeutet , dass wir einen kultur@@ ellen einfluss neben dem wissenschaftlichen errei@@ chten . +ungefähr eine woche später gab es ein problem mit der maschine welches mit diesen dr@@ ä@@ h@@ ten hier zu tun hatte -- diese gol@@ denen dr@@ ä@@ hte hier +diese dr@@ ä@@ hte leiten 13@@ -@@ tausend am@@ p@@ ere wenn die maschine auf hoch@@ leistung läuft . +nun , die ingenie@@ ure unter ihnen werden sie betrachten und sagen , " nein das tun sie nicht . das sind kleine dr@@ ä@@ hte . " +sie können das leisten , weil wenn man sie sehr weit ab@@ kü@@ hlt , werden sie zu sogenan@@ nten su@@ pr@@ al@@ ei@@ tern . +bei min@@ us 2@@ 7@@ 1 grad also , k@@ älter als der raum zwischen den ster@@ nen , können diese dr@@ ä@@ hte die span@@ nung aus@@ halten . +in einer der verbindungen , zwischen über ne@@ un@@ tausend magne@@ ten im l@@ h@@ c , gab es einen manu@@ fa@@ k@@ tur@@ de@@ fe@@ kt . +dadurch er@@ hit@@ zen sich die dr@@ ä@@ hte gering@@ fü@@ gi@@ g und 13@@ -@@ tausend am@@ p@@ ere begeg@@ neten plötzlich elektr@@ is@@ chem wider@@ stand . +dies war das ergebnis . +nun , das alles ist noch beeindruck@@ ender wenn sie sich vorstellen , dass die magne@@ ten über 20 ton@@ nen wie@@ gen und sich um ca. 30 c@@ m ver@@ scho@@ ben . +wir besch@@ ä@@ di@@ gten also ungefähr 50 der magne@@ ten +und mussten sie entfernen , was wir auch taten . +wir kon@@ di@@ tion@@ ierten sie neu , repar@@ ierten sie . +sie sind nun alle wieder auf ihrem weg zurück . +gegen ende mär@@ z wird der l@@ h@@ c wieder funktion@@ s@@ fähig sein . +wir werden ihn an@@ schalten , und erwarten erste daten im jun@@ i oder j@@ ul@@ i sammeln zu können , und setzen unsere reise fort , um herauszufinden was die bau@@ steine des universums sind . +nun , natürlich , auf eine art ent@@ fa@@ chen solche un@@ fälle erneu@@ t die debat@@ te um den wert von wissenschaft und ingenie@@ ur@@ sk@@ un@@ st an solchen grenzen . es ist leicht , so etwas abzu@@ le@@ hnen . +ich denke die tatsache , dass es so schwer ist , die tatsache , dass wir über unsere grenzen hinaus greifen , bildet den wert von dingen wie dem l@@ h@@ c . +ich werde meine ab@@ schließ@@ enden worte einem engli@@ schen wissenschaftler über@@ lassen . hum@@ ph@@ re@@ y da@@ vy , der , wie ich vermu@@ te , als er die nutz@@ losen experimente seines lehr@@ l@@ ings vertei@@ di@@ gte , sein lehr@@ ling war michael far@@ a@@ day , folgendes sagte : " nichts ist so gefährlich für die entwicklung des menschlichen gei@@ stes , als an@@ zunehmen , dass unsere wissenschaftlichen vorstellungen end@@ gü@@ l@@ tig sind , dass es keine myster@@ ien in der natur gibt , dass unsere tri@@ um@@ p@@ he voll@@ zä@@ h@@ lig sind , und dass es keine neuen wel@@ ten zu er@@ ober@@ n gibt . " +vielen dank . +ich bin schrift@@ stell@@ erin . +bücher zu schreiben ist mein beru@@ f , aber es ist natürlich mehr als das . +es ist auch meine große , lebens@@ lange liebe und faszin@@ ation . +und ich erwar@@ te nicht , dass sich das je ändern wird . +allerdings ist kürz@@ liche etwas eigen@@ arti@@ ges in meinem leben und meiner karriere geschehen , das mich dazu gebracht hat , meinen bezug zu dieser arbeit komplett zu über@@ denken . +dieses eigen@@ artige ereig@@ nis war , dass ich kürzlich ein buch geschrieben habe – eine bi@@ ogra@@ fie namens „ eat , pra@@ y , love “ – , das , entschieden anders als alle meine vorher@@ igen bücher aus irgend@@ welchen gründen in die welt hin@@ aus@@ ging und ein großes me@@ ga@@ -@@ ereig@@ nis , internation@@ ales best@@ s@@ ell@@ er-@@ ding wurde . +das ergebnis ist , dass ich , egal wohin ich komme , behandelt werde als wäre ich dem unter@@ gang ge@@ wei@@ ht . +ernsthaf@@ t – dem unter@@ gang ge@@ wei@@ ht ! +zum beispiel kommen sie ganz besor@@ gt auf mich zu und sagen : " für@@ chten sie nicht , dass sie diesen erfolg niemals über@@ treffen werden ? +haben sie keine angst davor , dass sie ihr ganzes leben weiter@@ schreiben und nie wieder ein buch erschaffen , das irgend@@ jemanden in der welt interessiert ? nie wieder ? “ +okay , das macht wirklich mut . +es wäre allerdings schlimmer , wenn ich mich nicht daran erinnern würde , dass ich vor über 20 jahren , als ich als teenager zum ersten mal davon erzählte , dass ich schrift@@ stell@@ erin sein wollte , mit der gleichen art von ang@@ st@@ bes@@ e@@ tz@@ ter reaktion konfron@@ tiert worden bin . +die leute sagten : „ hast du keine angst , niemals erfolg zu haben ? +hast du keine angst , dass dich die de@@ mü@@ tigung einer ab@@ sage um@@ bringt ? +hast du keine angst , dass du diesem hand@@ werk dein leben lang nach@@ geh@@ st und daraus nie etwas entsteht und dass du auf einem sch@@ ro@@ t@@ th@@ aufen ge@@ plat@@ z@@ ter träume sterben wirst – dein mund gefü@@ llt mit der bit@@ teren a@@ sche des ver@@ sa@@ gens ? “ +so ungefähr , sie wissen schon . +die antwort – die kurze antwort auf all diese fragen ist : „ ja . “ +ja , ich habe angst vor all diesen dingen . +und die hatte ich immer . +und ich habe vor noch viel mehr dingen angst , die niemand er@@ a@@ hnen würde . +wie al@@ gen – und andere furcht@@ einfl@@ ö@@ ß@@ ende dinge . +aber , wenn es ums schreiben geht denke ich seit kurzem darüber nach und frage mich : warum ? +ist das vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tig ? +ist es log@@ isch , dass von jemandem erwartet werden sollte , dass er angst davor hat , die arbeit zu tun zu der er sich beru@@ fen fühlt ? +und was genau ist mit den krea@@ tiven unterneh@@ m@@ ungen los , dass sie uns un@@ sicher über den gegensei@@ tigen gei@@ st@@ es@@ zustand machen – in einer art , wie es andere beru@@ fe nicht tun ? +mein vater , zum beispiel , war chemi@@ ker und ich kann mich an keine situation in seinen 40 jahren als chemi@@ ker erinnern , in der er gefragt wurde , ob er angst hätte , chemi@@ ker zu sein . +mit d@@ einer chemi@@ ker@@ -@@ block@@ ade , john – wie geht ' s dir damit ? +es kam einfach nicht vor , wissen sie ? +aber um fair zu sein – die gruppe der chemi@@ ker haben über die jahrhunder@@ te nicht den ruf von al@@ ko@@ hol@@ sü@@ chti@@ gen man@@ isch@@ -@@ depres@@ sive menschen erhalten . +wir schrift@@ steller scheinen aber diese art von ruf zu haben . aber nicht nur die schrift@@ steller , sondern die krea@@ tiven aller gen@@ r@@ es , scheinen diesen ruf zu haben , mental unge@@ heu@@ er inst@@ ab@@ il zu sein . +alles , was sie tun müssen , ist , sich die bit@@ teren todes@@ zahlen von wirklich großartigen kö@@ pfen allein aus dem 20. jahrhundert anzu@@ sehen , die j@@ ung und oft von eigen@@ er hand star@@ ben . +und selbst diejenigen , die nicht tatsächlich su@@ i@@ zi@@ d beg@@ ingen , schi@@ enen von ihren tal@@ enten wirklich ver@@ nach@@ lässi@@ gt worden zu sein . +nor@@ man ma@@ il@@ er sagte kurz vor seinem tod in seinem letzten interview : „ jedes meiner bücher hat mich ein bisschen weiter getötet . “ +eine außer@@ ord@@ ent@@ liche aus@@ sage , die sie über ihr lebens@@ werk machen können . +aber wir zu@@ cken nicht einmal , wenn wir jemanden so etwas sagen hören , weil wir diese art von aus@@ sagen seit so langer zeit kennen . irgendwie haben wir die auff@@ as@@ sung so ver@@ inner@@ licht und kolle@@ ktiv akzep@@ tiert , dass kreativität und leid irgendwie natürlich zusammen@@ gehören und dass kunst – am ende – immer zur se@@ el@@ en@@ qu@@ al führt . +die frage , die ich heute jedem hier stellen möchte ist : ist diese idee für sie völlig in ordnung ? +fühlen sie sich damit wohl ? denn mit nur einem z@@ enti@@ meter ab@@ stand betrachtet ... ich fühle mich mit dieser auff@@ as@@ sung überhaupt nicht wohl . +ich finde sie ab@@ sch@@ eu@@ lich . +und ich finde sie gefährlich . und ich will nicht zu@@ sehen , wie sie ins nächste jahrhundert über@@ nom@@ men wird . +ich finde es besser , wenn wir unsere großen krea@@ tiven er@@ m@@ unter@@ n zu leben . +und ich weiß defini@@ tiv , dass es für mich – in meiner situation – sehr gefährlich wäre , anzu@@ fangen , diesen dunkl@@ en p@@ fa@@ d der vermu@@ tung sozusagen herunter@@ zu@@ si@@ ck@@ ern – besonders in dem um@@ stand , in dem ich mich in meiner karriere gerade be@@ finde . +das heißt – sehen sie : ich bin ziemlich j@@ ung . ich bin nur ca. 40 jahre alt . +ich habe vielleicht noch weitere 40 arbeits@@ jahre in mir . +und es ist äußerst wahrscheinlich , dass alles , was ich von jetzt an schreiben werde von der welt als die arbeit bewer@@ tet wird , die nach dem abge@@ fahr@@ enen erfolg meines letzten bu@@ ches kam , richtig ? +ich sage es ger@@ ade@@ heraus , denn wir sind hier ja jetzt alle irgendwie freunde – es ist hö@@ chst wahrscheinlich , dass mein größ@@ ter erfolg hinter mir liegt . +oh , jes@@ us , was für ein gedanke ! +das sind die art von gedanken , die jemanden dazu bringen können , um 9 uhr morgens anzu@@ fangen , g@@ in zu trinken . und das will ich nicht . +ich würde lieber weiterhin diese arbeit tun , die ich liebe . +also ist die frage : wie ? +nach einiger zeit des refle@@ kti@@ er@@ ens scheint mir , dass ich , um weiterhin schreiben zu können , eine art von schü@@ tz@@ en@@ dem psych@@ ologischen konstru@@ kt entwerfen muss . +irgendwie muss ich von nun an einen weg finden , beim schreiben eine sich@@ ere di@@ stan@@ z zu wahren zwischen mir und meiner sehr natürlichen be@@ kle@@ mm@@ ung darüber , wie die reaktion auf das gesch@@ rie@@ bene sein wird . +während ich im vergan@@ genen jahr nach mod@@ ellen dafür ges@@ u@@ cht habe , um das zu tun , habe ich auch in der vergangenheit ges@@ u@@ cht und ich habe versucht , andere gesellschaften zu finden , um zu sehen , ob sie event@@ u@@ ell bessere oder vern@@ ün@@ f@@ ti@@ gere ideen darüber hatten als wir , wie man krea@@ tiven helfen kann , mit den emotion@@ alen risiken umzu@@ gehen , die mit kreativität verbunden sind . +diese suche führte mich ins alte g@@ rie@@ chen@@ land und das alte ro@@ m . +bitte folgen sie mir , denn der kreis wird sich wieder schließen . +aber im alten g@@ rie@@ chen@@ land und ro@@ m haben die menschen nicht ge@@ glaubt , dass kreativität von menschen kommt , okay ? +sie glaub@@ ten , dass kreativität eine art gö@@ tt@@ licher di@@ ener@@ -@@ geist war , der aus einer entfern@@ ten , un@@ bekannten quelle zu den menschen kommt – aus un@@ erklär@@ lichen , un@@ bekannten gründen . +die g@@ rie@@ chen nan@@ nten diese gö@@ tt@@ lichen di@@ ener@@ -@@ gei@@ ster der kreativität „ dä@@ mon@@ en “ . +von so@@ kr@@ ates ist bekannt , dass er daran glaub@@ te , er hätte einen dä@@ mon , der ihm wei@@ sh@@ ei@@ ten aus weiter fern@@ e mit@@ teil@@ te . +die rö@@ mer hatten die gleiche idee , nan@@ nten diese art von körper@@ lo@@ se@@ m krea@@ tiv@@ em geist ein „ gen@@ ie “ . +das ist großartig . die rö@@ mer dachten nicht wirklich , dass ein gen@@ ie ein besonders klu@@ ges individu@@ um war . +sie glaub@@ ten , dass ein gen@@ ie diese art mag@@ isches gö@@ tt@@ liches wesen war , von dem ge@@ glaubt wurde , dass es sp@@ rich@@ wör@@ tlich in den w@@ än@@ den eines künstler@@ at@@ eli@@ ers lebt – ungefähr so wie do@@ bby , der haus@@ el@@ f – der raus@@ kä@@ me und dem künstler bei der arbeit gewis@@ ser@@ maßen unsicht@@ bar assi@@ sti@@ erte und das ergebnis der arbeit gestalten würde . +das ist brilliant – da ist es , da ist die di@@ stan@@ z , von der ich sprach – das psych@@ ologische konstru@@ kt , die dich von den folgen d@@ einer arbeit schützen . +und jeder wusste , dass es so funktion@@ ierte , richtig ? +der künstler des alter@@ tu@@ ms war vor gewissen dingen geschü@@ tzt , wie , zum beispiel , zu viel nar@@ z@@ is@@ s@@ mus , richtig ? +wenn deine arbeit brilliant war kon@@ n@@ test du nicht alles ansehen für dich ver@@ bu@@ chen . jeder wusste , dass du dieses körper@@ lose gen@@ ie hat@@ test , das dir ge@@ holfen hat . +wenn deine arbeit flo@@ pp@@ te – nicht gän@@ z@@ lich dein fehler , oder ? +jeder wusste , dein gen@@ ie war etwas la@@ h@@ m . +so haben die menschen im westen wirklich lange zeit über kreativität gedacht . +und dann kam die ren@@ a@@ is@@ s@@ ance und alles änder@@ te sich . wir hatten diese große idee . und diese große idee war : lasst uns das menschliche individu@@ um ins zentrum des universums stellen – über alle gö@@ tter und myster@@ ien . und es gibt keinen raum mehr für my@@ stische kre@@ aturen , die be@@ fe@@ hle vom gö@@ tt@@ lichen annehmen . +es ist der beginn des ration@@ alen human@@ ismus und die menschen begannen zu glaube , dass kreativität komplett vom eigenen individu@@ um kam . +zum ersten mal in der geschichte hört man menschen diesen oder j@@ enen künstler ein gen@@ ie nennen – anstelle davon , dass er ein gen@@ ie hat . +ich muss ihnen sagen : ich denke , das war ein großer fehler . +wissen sie ? ich denke , einer blo@@ ßen person zu erlauben , dass er denkt , er oder sie sei wie das gefä@@ ß , wie das be@@ cken und die essen@@ z und die quelle allen gö@@ tt@@ lichen , krea@@ tiven , un@@ bekann@@ tem , un@@ end@@ lichen myster@@ i@@ ums ist ein klein bisschen zu viel verantwortung , um sie einer fra@@ gil@@ en , menschlichen psy@@ che aufzu@@ bür@@ den . +es ist wie jemanden zu bitten , die sonne zu schlu@@ cken . +das ent@@ stellt und ver@@ zer@@ rt ganze e@@ gos und es erzeugt all diese un@@ errei@@ ch@@ baren erwar@@ tungen an den erfolg . +ich denke , dass dieser erfol@@ g@@ s-@@ druck unsere künstler der letzten 500 jahre ver@@ ni@@ chtet hat . +und , wenn das stimmt , – und ich denke , es stimmt – ist die frage : +können wir es ändern ? +vielleicht zu einem alter@@ tü@@ m@@ lichen verständnis über die beziehung zwischen menschen und dem myster@@ ium des krea@@ tiven zurückzu@@ kehren . +vielleicht nicht . +vielleicht können wir das ge@@ dan@@ ken@@ gut aus 500 jahren ration@@ alen human@@ ismus nicht einfach in einem 18@@ -@@ min@@ ü@@ tigen vortrag aus@@ lö@@ schen . +und es gibt sicherlich menschen in diesem publikum , die wirklich ber@@ e@@ chti@@ gte wissenschaftliche zwei@@ fel an@@ mel@@ den würden über die vorstellung von – grundsätzlich – fe@@ en , die menschen nach@@ folgen und fe@@ en@@ zau@@ ber auf ihre projekte us@@ w. anwenden . +ich werde wahrscheinlich nicht alle von ihnen auf diese reise mit@@ nehmen können . +aber die frage , die ich auf@@ werfen will ist : warum nicht ? +warum nicht so darüber denken ? +denn es macht genauso viel sinn wie alles andere , von dem ich gehört habe , wenn es darum ging , die absolut verrückt mach@@ ende laun@@ en@@ haf@@ tigkeit des krea@@ tiven proz@@ esses zu erklären . +ein prozess , der sich – wie jeder weiß , der es je versucht hat , etwas zu machen – also in anderen worten : eigentlich jeder hier – nicht immer vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tig ver@@ hält . +in der tat kann er sich manchmal ger@@ ade@@ zu par@@ an@@ or@@ mal an@@ fühlen . +ich hatte kürzlich eine solche begeg@@ nung als ich die außer@@ ord@@ ent@@ liche amerikanische di@@ chter@@ in ru@@ th stone traf , die nun über 90 ist , die aber ihr ganzes leben lang di@@ chter@@ in war . sie erzählte mir , dass sie als sie im d@@ ör@@ f@@ lichen virg@@ ini@@ a auf@@ wuchs draußen auf den fel@@ dern arbeitete . sie sagte , sie würde fühlen und hören können wie ein ge@@ dicht über die landschaft auf sie zu@@ kä@@ me . +sie sagte es wäre wie ein don@@ n@@ ern@@ der zug aus luft , +der über das land auf sie zu@@ rollen würde . +sie fühlte , wenn es kam , denn es würde die erde unter ihren fü@@ ßen zum be@@ ben bringen . +sie wusste , dass sie in einem solchen moment nur eines tun konnte . und das war – in ihren worten – „ rennen wie der teu@@ fel “ . +sie ran@@ nte wie der teu@@ fel zum haus während sie von diesem ge@@ dicht ver@@ folgt wurde . es ging einzi@@ g darum , dass sie schnell genug zu einem blatt papier und einem sti@@ ft gelangen musste , damit sie es , wenn es durch sie hin@@ durch don@@ n@@ erte , ein@@ fangen und auf dem blatt fes@@ th@@ alten konnte . +bei anderen malen war sie nicht schnell genug . sie ran@@ nte und ran@@ nte und ran@@ nte , aber sie errei@@ chte das haus nicht und das ge@@ dicht roll@@ te durch sie hin@@ durch und sie ver@@ pas@@ ste es . sie sagte es würde weiter über land ziehen und – wie sie sagte – „ nach einem anderen di@@ chter suchen “ . +und dann gab es diese momente – den teil werde ich nie vergessen – sie sagte , dass es augen@@ bli@@ cke gab in denen sie es fast ver@@ pas@@ ste . +also : sie ren@@ nt zum haus und sucht nach dem papier und das ge@@ dicht fährt durch sie hin@@ durch und sie grei@@ ft einen sti@@ ft gerade als es durch sie hin@@ durch@@ geht und dann – sagte sie – war es so als würde mit ihrer anderen hand danach greifen und es zu pac@@ ken kriegen . +sie er@@ wi@@ schte das ge@@ dicht an seinem schwan@@ z und zog es zurück in ihren körper und über@@ nahm es auf das blatt papier . +bei diesen gele@@ gen@@ heiten kam das ge@@ dicht ein@@ wand@@ frei und in@@ ta@@ kt auf dem papier an – aber rück@@ wärts – vom letzten wort zum ersten . +als ich das hörte dachte ich „ das ist un@@ hei@@ mlich – das ist genau , wie mein krea@@ tiver prozess ab@@ läuft . “ +das ist überhaupt nicht wie mein krea@@ tiver prozess – ich bin nicht der kan@@ al ! +ich bin ein mau@@ l@@ tier . um arbeiten zu können muss ich jeden tag zur gleichen zeit auf@@ stehen und schwi@@ tzen , mich ab@@ mü@@ hen und wirklich un@@ angeneh@@ m durch@@ qu@@ äl@@ en . +aber selbst ich in meiner mau@@ l@@ tier@@ art habe manchmal dieses ding gest@@ rei@@ ft . +und ich schä@@ tze , dass viele von ihnen das auch getan haben . +selbst ich hatte arbeiten oder ideen , die aus einer quelle durch mich hin@@ durch@@ kamen , die ich wirklich nicht identi@@ fizieren kann . +was ist das für ein ding ? +und wie treten wir damit in beziehung ohne darüber unseren verstand zu verlieren , sondern uns im gegenteil sogar bei gei@@ sti@@ ger gesundheit zu halten ? +für mich ist das beste leben@@ de beispiel , wie man dies schaffen kann der musi@@ ker tom wa@@ its . ich dur@@ fte ihn vor einigen jahren für ein maga@@ zin intervie@@ wen . +wir sprachen dabei über dieses thema . und wissen sie was ? die meiste zeit seines lebens war tom die ver@@ körper@@ ung des ge@@ p@@ ein@@ ig@@ ten modernen künst@@ l@@ ers , der versuchte , diese un@@ kontrolli@@ er@@ baren krea@@ tiven impul@@ se , die in ihm wohn@@ ten , zu be@@ herr@@ schen und mit ihnen zu@@ rech@@ tzu@@ kommen . +aber dann wurde er älter und ruhi@@ ger . er erzählte mir , dass er eines tages auf einer schnell@@ straße in los angeles fuhr . und da änder@@ te sich alles für ihn . +er fuhr mit ho@@ her geschwindigkeit als er plötzlich ein kleines frag@@ ment einer mel@@ o@@ die hört , die , wie es bei inspi@@ ra@@ tionen oft ist , für ihn qu@@ äl@@ end schwer greif@@ bar ist . und er will sie haben . sie ist pra@@ cht@@ voll . er le@@ ch@@ zt danach , aber er kann sie nicht fassen . +er hat kein stück papier , er hat keinen sti@@ ft , er hat keinen k@@ asse@@ tt@@ en@@ re@@ kor@@ der . +er beginnt also , diese alte be@@ kle@@ mm@@ ung in ihm auf@@ steigen , wie z.b. „ ich werde dieses ding verlieren und werde von diesem song auf ewi@@ g ver@@ folgt werden . +ich bin nicht gut genug , ich scha@@ ffe es nicht . “ +aber anstatt in p@@ ani@@ k zu ger@@ aten , hörte er einfach auf . +er be@@ en@@ dete den ganzen ge@@ dan@@ ken@@ gang und tat etwas komplett neues . +er bli@@ ckte einfach in den himmel und sagte : „ entschul@@ digung , kannst du nicht sehen , dass ich auto fahr@@ e ? “ +„ sehe ich so aus als könnte ich gerade einen song auf@@ schreiben ? +wenn du wirklich existieren willst , kom@@ m zu einem gün@@ sti@@ g@@ eren moment wieder , wenn ich mich um dich kümmern kann . +wenn nicht , qu@@ ä@@ le heute jemand anderen . +ge@@ h und qu@@ ä@@ le leon@@ ard co@@ hen . “ +sein gan@@ zer arbeit@@ spro@@ z@@ ess hat sich danach geändert . +nicht die arbeit selbst . die war weiterhin oft so dun@@ kel wie e@@ h und je . +aber der prozess und die sch@@ were be@@ kle@@ mm@@ ung , die ihn um@@ gibt , war aufge@@ ho@@ ben als er das gen@@ ie aus sich heraus nahm , wo er nichts als är@@ ger verursa@@ chte und ihn dahin zurück@@ ließ wo er sozusagen her@@ kam . er erkannte , dass es kein ver@@ inner@@ lich@@ tes , qu@@ äl@@ endes ding sein musste . +es konnte eine eigent@@ ü@@ m@@ liche , wunder@@ same , bizar@@ re zusammenarbeit geben , eine art kon@@ ver@@ sation zwischen tom und dem frem@@ dar@@ tigen , äuß@@ er@@ lichen ding , das nicht ganz tom war . +als ich diese geschichte gehört habe veränderte es auch ein bisschen die art , wie ich arbeitete und es hat mich schon einmal ger@@ et@@ tet . +diese idee re@@ t@@ tete mich als ich mitten im schreib@@ prozess von „ eat , pra@@ y , love “ war . ich fiel in eine dieser gr@@ u@@ ben des zwei@@ f@@ els in die wir alle fallen , wenn wir an etwas arbeiten und es nicht kla@@ ppt . du fäng@@ st an zu denken , dass es ein des@@ aster wird . das wird das schle@@ ch@@ teste buch , das je geschrieben wurde . +nicht nur schlecht , sondern des schle@@ ch@@ teste aller zeiten . +ich begann zu denken , ich sollte das projekt einfach ein@@ stam@@ pfen . +aber dann erinn@@ erte ich mich daran , wie tom in den freien himmel gesprochen hatte und ich versuchte es . +ich ho@@ b also meinen blick vom man@@ us@@ kri@@ pt und sprach meinen komment@@ ar in richtung einer le@@ eren ecke des rau@@ ms . +ich sprach laut : „ hö@@ r zu , du ding , du und ich wissen beide , wenn dieses buch nicht bri@@ ll@@ ant ist , dass es nicht komplett meine schu@@ ld ist , richtig ? +denn du sie@@ h@@ st ja , dass ich alles , was ich habe , investi@@ ere . ich habe nicht mehr als das . +wenn du es also besser haben willst , musst du hier auf@@ kreu@@ zen und deinen anteil der ab@@ mach@@ ung ein@@ halten . +okay . aber , wenn du das nicht t@@ ust ... weißt du was , dann zum teu@@ fel damit . +ich werde trotzdem weiter schreiben , denn das ist mein job . +und ich möchte bitte zu proto@@ kol@@ l geben , dass ich heute für meinen teil des jobs hier war . “ +denn ... ... am ende ist es wie folgt . vor jahrhunder@@ ten haben sich in den wü@@ sten nor@@ dafri@@ kas menschen zu mon@@ d@@ schein@@ fe@@ sten mit heili@@ gen t@@ än@@ zen und musik ver@@ samm@@ elt , die stun@@ den@@ lang abge@@ halten wurden – bis zur mor@@ gend@@ ä@@ m@@ mer@@ ung . +diese fe@@ ste waren immer großartig , denn die t@@ än@@ zer waren profession@@ ell und sie waren fantastisch . +aber hin und wieder , sehr selten , passierte etwas besonder@@ es . einer der dar@@ steller wurde tatsächlich über@@ welt@@ lich . +und ich weiß , dass sie wissen , was ich meine , denn ich weiß , dass sie alle in ihrem leben schon einmal eine solche dar@@ bie@@ tung gesehen haben . +es war als würde die zeit still@@ stehen und der t@@ än@@ zer durch eine art p@@ for@@ te treten . er tat nichts anders als er es je zuvor getan hat – 1.000 nä@@ chte zuvor . aber alles fü@@ gte sich zusammen . +und ganz plötzlich er@@ schien er nicht mehr länger rein mensch@@ lich . +er wurde von innen er@@ hell@@ t und von unten er@@ hell@@ t und alles er@@ hell@@ te sich durch ein gö@@ tt@@ liches feuer . +als so etwas damals geschah , wussten die leute was das war . sie nan@@ nten es bei seinem namen . +sie le@@ gten die hände zusammen und begannen zu singen : „ al@@ la@@ h , al@@ la@@ h , al@@ la@@ h , gott , gott , gott . “ +das ist gott , wissen sie ? +interessante histor@@ ische fuß@@ note : als die mo@@ hren süd@@ sp@@ ani@@ en er@@ ober@@ ten brachten sie diesen brauch mit . die aus@@ sprache änder@@ te sich im laufe der jahrhunder@@ te von „ al@@ la@@ h , al@@ la@@ h , al@@ la@@ h “ zu „ ol@@ é , ol@@ é , ol@@ é “ , das man immer noch bei sti@@ er@@ kämpfen und fl@@ am@@ en@@ co-@@ t@@ än@@ zen hört . +wenn ein dar@@ steller in sp@@ ani@@ en etwas un@@ mög@@ liches , etwas mag@@ isches getan hat : „ al@@ la@@ h , ol@@ é , ol@@ é , al@@ la@@ h , großartig , bra@@ vo “ un@@ fas@@ s@@ bar , da ist es : ein flü@@ chti@@ ger blick auf gott . +und das ist großartig , denn wir brauchen das . +aber , der kni@@ ff@@ lige teil folgt am nächsten morgen , wenn der t@@ än@@ zer selbst auf@@ wa@@ cht und erkennt , dass es 11 uhr an einem dien@@ stag ist – und er nicht länger ein fün@@ k@@ chen von gott in sich trägt . +er ist lediglich ein alter@@ n@@ der sterb@@ licher mit schmer@@ z@@ enden k@@ nien . und vielleicht wird er nie wieder zu diesen hö@@ hen auf@@ steigen . +und vielleicht wird nie wieder jemand got@@ tes namen rufen , wenn er sich dreht . aber was soll er dann mit dem rest seines lebens anfangen ? +das ist schwer . +das ist eine der schmer@@ z@@ haf@@ testen korre@@ k@@ turen eines krea@@ tiven lebens . +aber vielleicht muss es nicht ganz so voller p@@ ein sein , wenn sie von anfang an nicht ge@@ glaubt haben , dass die außergewöhn@@ lichsten aspe@@ kte ihres das@@ eins von ihnen kä@@ men . +wenn sie vielleicht nur glauben , dass sie eine lei@@ h@@ gabe sind – von einer un@@ vorstell@@ baren quelle für eine er@@ les@@ ene zeit ihres lebens , die an jemand anderen weiter@@ gegeben wird , wenn sie fertig damit sind . +wenn wir anfangen , so darüber nachdenken , ändert das alles . +so habe ich angefangen zu denken und so denke ich mit sicherheit in den vergan@@ genen monaten , während ich an dem buch arbeitete , das bald erscheinen wird – als der gefähr@@ liche , be@@ än@@ g@@ sti@@ gende , stark erwar@@ tete nach@@ fol@@ ger meines abge@@ fahr@@ enen erfol@@ gs . +was ich mir ständig selbst sagen muss , wenn ich darüber verrückt werde , ist : hab keine angst . +sei nicht ent@@ mu@@ tigt . +mache einfach deinen job . +sei weiterhin für deinen bei@@ trag da , was auch immer er sein mö@@ ge . +wenn dein job das tan@@ zen ist , tan@@ ze . +wenn sich das du@@ mme gö@@ tt@@ liche gen@@ ie , das dir zur seite gestellt ist , entschei@@ det , für einen kurzen moment einen h@@ auch von wunder durch deine an@@ streng@@ ung zu zeigen , dann „ ol@@ é ! “ +und wenn nicht , tan@@ ze dennoch deinen tanz . +und „ ol@@ é ! “ für dich trotz alle@@ dem . +ich glaube daran und ich habe das gefühl , wir sollten das lehren . +„ ol@@ é ! “ für dich trotz alle@@ dem , einfach dafür , dass du die blo@@ ße menschliche liebe und den eigen@@ sinn hast , dafür da zu sein . +danke . +danke . +ol@@ é ! +letztes jahr habe ich diese beiden fo@@ li@@ en gezeigt , um zu veran@@ schau@@ lichen , dass die arkti@@ sche ei@@ sk@@ app@@ e , die für an@@ näher@@ n@@ d drei millionen jahre die grö@@ sse der unter@@ en 4@@ 8 staaten hatte , um 40 prozent gesch@@ ru@@ mp@@ ft ist . +aber dies drückt nicht stark genug die ernsthaf@@ tigkeit dieses speziellen problems aus , da es nicht die di@@ cke des ei@@ ses zeigt . +in gewis@@ se@@ m sinne ist die arkti@@ sche ei@@ sk@@ app@@ e das schla@@ gende herz unseres globalen klima@@ systems . +sie wächst im winter und sch@@ ru@@ mp@@ ft im sommer . +die nächste folie , die ich ihnen zeige , ist eine zei@@ traff@@ er@@ aufnahme was in den letzten 25 jahren passiert ist . +das dau@@ er@@ eis ist mit rot marki@@ ert . +wie sie sehen , wächst es auf das dunkel@@ blau marki@@ erte . dies ist das jähr@@ liche eis im winter ; und es sch@@ ru@@ mp@@ ft im sommer . +das sogenan@@ nte dau@@ er@@ eis , fünf jahre alt oder älter , ist beinahe wie blut , welches aus dem körper hier heraus@@ fli@@ es@@ st . +in 25 jahren wird es von hier nach hier versch@@ wunden sein . +dies ist ein problem , da die er@@ wärmung den ge@@ fr@@ or@@ enen grund um den arkti@@ schen ozean auf@@ t@@ aut , in dem es grosse mengen an ge@@ fr@@ or@@ en@@ em kohlen@@ stoff gibt , welcher , wenn er auf@@ t@@ aut , von mikro@@ ben zu me@@ than um@@ gesetzt wird . +ver@@ glichen mit dem gesamten betra@@ g an klima@@ veränder@@ nden stoffen in der atmosphäre , könnte sich dieser betra@@ g ver@@ dopp@@ eln , wenn wir diesen kri@@ tischen punkt über@@ schrei@@ ten . +schon heute spru@@ d@@ elt in einigen fla@@ chen seen in al@@ as@@ ka me@@ than von selbst aus dem wasser . +professor kat@@ ey wal@@ ter der universität in al@@ as@@ ka ist mit einer weiteren arbeits@@ gruppe zu einem anderen fla@@ chen see letzten winter gerei@@ st . +wow ! +ihr geht es gut . die frage ist , wie wird es uns er@@ gehen . +und ein grund ist , dieser enorme wär@@ mes@@ p@@ ei@@ cher er@@ wär@@ mt grö@@ n@@ land aus dem norden . +dies ist ein jähr@@ licher tau@@ wasser@@ fluss . +aber die volu@@ men sind wesentlich grö@@ sser als je zuvor . +dies ist der kan@@ ger@@ l@@ us@@ su@@ a@@ q fluss in süd@@ west grö@@ n@@ land . +wenn sie wissen möchten , wie der meeres@@ spiegel durch land@@ eis@@ sch@@ mel@@ ze steigt hier fli@@ es@@ st sie ins meer . +diese flüs@@ se nehmen rapi@@ de zu . +am anderen ende des planeten , die ant@@ arkti@@ s , die grö@@ s@@ ste eis@@ masse auf dem planeten . +letzten monat mel@@ deten forscher , dass der gesamte kontin@@ ent nun eine negative eis@@ bil@@ anz hat . +und die west@@ ant@@ arkti@@ s , die über ein paar unter@@ wasser@@ inseln aufge@@ taucht ist , ist besonders stark im sch@@ mel@@ zen . +dies entspricht 20 fuß meeres@@ höhe , so wie grö@@ n@@ land . +im hi@@ mal@@ a@@ ya , der dritt@@ grö@@ s@@ sten eis@@ masse , sehen sie oben neue seen , die vor ein paar jahren g@@ let@@ scher waren . +40 prozent aller menschen auf der welt bekommen die hälfte ihres trin@@ k@@ was@@ s@@ ers aus diesem sch@@ mel@@ z@@ wasser . +in den an@@ den ist dieser g@@ let@@ scher die trin@@ k@@ wasser@@ quelle für diese stadt . +die wasser@@ mengen haben sich ver@@ grö@@ ss@@ ert . +aber wenn sie ver@@ sie@@ gen , wird auch das meiste trin@@ k@@ wasser weg@@ fallen . +in kalifornien wurde eine 40 proz@@ enti@@ ge verring@@ erung der sch@@ nee@@ de@@ cke der si@@ er@@ ra gesehen . +dies betrifft die spei@@ cher@@ be@@ cken . +und die vorhersagen , wie sie sie gelesen haben , sind ernst . +diese au@@ stro@@ ck@@ nung in der ganzen welt führt zu einer dra@@ mati@@ schen stei@@ gerung an feu@@ ern . +und die katastrop@@ hen überall auf der welt haben in einem wirklich aus@@ ser@@ ord@@ ent@@ lichen und vorher nie da@@ gew@@ es@@ enen aus@@ mass zu@@ genommen . +vier@@ mal so viele in den letzten 30 jahren wie in den vorher@@ ge@@ gan@@ genen 75 . +dies ist ein vollkommen un@@ hal@@ t@@ bares entwicklungs@@ muster . +wenn sie dies im histor@@ ischen zusammenhang betrachten , können sie sehen , was es an@@ richtet . +in den letzten 5 jahren haben wir 70 millionen ton@@ nen an co2 produziert alle 24 stunden -- 25 millionen ton@@ nen jeden tag in die ozean@@ e . +schauen sie sich den bereich des ö@@ st@@ lichen pazi@@ fi@@ k genau an , vom amerikanischen kontin@@ ent west@@ lich und bei@@ der@@ seits des in@@ dischen sub@@ kontin@@ ents , wo es einen dra@@ stischen rück@@ gang des sauer@@ stoff@@ s in den me@@ eren gibt . +der grö@@ s@@ ste einzelne faktor für die globale er@@ wärmung , neben ab@@ hol@@ zung , welches 20 prozent aus@@ macht , ist das ver@@ bren@@ nen von fossi@@ len brenn@@ stoffen . +öl ist ein problem , und ko@@ hle ist das gleich@@ wohl grö@@ s@@ ste problem . +die vereinigten staaten sind eine der beiden grö@@ s@@ sten verschmu@@ tz@@ er , zusammen mit china . +und der vor@@ schlag war , viele weitere ko@@ h@@ le@@ fabri@@ ken zu bauen . +aber wir beginnen , eine veränderung zu sehen . +hier sind die , die in den letzten jahren ge@@ stri@@ chen wurden , mit einigen grünen alterna@@ tiven , die vor@@ geschlagen wurden . +trotz@@ dessen gibt es eine politische aus@@ einander@@ setzung in unserem land . +und die ko@@ hl@@ ein@@ du@@ stri@@ en und ö@@ lin@@ du@@ stri@@ en haben eine vier@@ tel@@ milliarde dollar letztes kal@@ en@@ dar@@ jahr ausge@@ geben , um sau@@ b@@ ere ko@@ hle zu bewer@@ ben , was an sich schon ein wider@@ spruch in sich ist . +dieses bild erinn@@ erte mich an etwas . +um weih@@ na@@ chten herum lie@@ fen , bei mir zu hause in ten@@ nes@@ see , eine milliarde ton@@ nen ko@@ hl@@ es@@ ch@@ lam@@ m aus . +sie haben es war@@ schein@@ lich in den nachrichten gesehen . +dies ist in unserem ganzen land der zwei@@ t@@ grö@@ s@@ ste ab@@ fall@@ fluss ameri@@ kas . +dies passierte um weih@@ na@@ chten . +einer der wer@@ bes@@ po@@ ts der ko@@ hl@@ ein@@ du@@ str@@ ie um weih@@ na@@ chten war dieser . +fro@@ sty der kohlen@@ mann ist ein verg@@ nü@@ g@@ ter , fr@@ ö@@ h@@ licher bur@@ sche . +ihn gibt es in hü@@ lle und fü@@ lle in amerika , und er hilft unserer wirtschaft zu wachsen . +fro@@ sty , der kohlen@@ mann wird jeden tag sau@@ ber@@ er . +er ist be@@ zahl@@ bar und lie@@ ben@@ s@@ wert , und arbeiter bleiben in lo@@ hn und brot . +dies ist die quelle der meisten ko@@ hle in west virg@@ ini@@ a . +der mäch@@ ti@@ gste berg@@ arbeiter ist der leiter von mas@@ sey coal . +lassen sie mich eines ganz klar sagen . al gore , nan@@ cy p@@ el@@ o@@ s@@ i , har@@ ry rei@@ d , sie wissen nicht , wovon sie reden . +also hat die alli@@ anz für klima@@ schutz zwei kam@@ pag@@ nen ins leben geru@@ fen . +dies ist eine , ein teil von ihr . +bei der co@@ al@@ er@@ g@@ y sehen wir klima@@ veränderung als eine ern@@ ste gefahr für unser geschäft . +deshalb haben wir es uns zum ober@@ sten zei@@ l gesetzt , eine betr@@ äch@@ t@@ liche geld@@ sum@@ me auszu@@ geben um eine wer@@ be@@ ak@@ tion auf den weg zu bringen , um die wahrheit über ko@@ hle . +tatsache ist , ko@@ hle ist nicht dre@@ ck@@ ig . +wir glauben , sie ist sau@@ ber -- und rie@@ cht auch noch gut +also , machen sie sich keine sorgen um die klima@@ veränderung . +über@@ lassen sie das ruhi@@ g uns . +sau@@ e@@ ber ko@@ hle , sie haben viel davon gehört . +also lassen sie uns eine tour dieser modernen , sau@@ b@@ eren ko@@ h@@ le@@ fabrik machen . +fantastisch ! diese maschine ist ziemlich laut . +aber es ist der klang der sau@@ b@@ eren ko@@ h@@ le@@ technologie . +und trotzdem das ver@@ bren@@ nen von ko@@ hle einer der haupt@@ gründe für die globale er@@ wärmung ist , die bemerkens@@ wert sau@@ b@@ ere ko@@ h@@ le@@ technologie , die sie hier sehen , ändert alles . +schauen sie es sich genau an , dies ist die heu@@ tige , sau@@ b@@ ere ko@@ h@@ le@@ technologie . +endlich ver@@ mis@@ cht sich die positive alternative mit unserer wirtschaftlichen herausforderung und unserer herausforderung der nation@@ alen sicherheit . +amerika ist in einer krise , die wirtschaft , die nation@@ ale sicherheit , die klima@@ krise . +der rote fa@@ den , der diese alle verbindet , ist unsere abhängi@@ gkeit von kohlen@@ stoff@@ -@@ basier@@ enden kraft@@ stoffen wie dre@@ ck@@ ige ko@@ hle und aus@@ län@@ dis@@ ches öl . +aber nun gibt es eine mu@@ tige , neue lösung , um uns aus dieser miss@@ lichen lage zu be@@ freien . +versor@@ ge amerika mit 100 prozent sau@@ ber@@ er elektrizität neu , innerhalb der nächsten 10 jahre +ein plan , amerika zurück zur arbeit zu bringen , uns sicher@@ er zu machen und zu helfen , die globale er@@ wärmung zu stopp@@ en . +endlich , eine lösung , die groß genug ist , unsere probleme zu lösen . +versor@@ ge amerika neu . finden sie mehr heraus . +dies ist die letzte . +es geht um eine neu@@ versorgung von amerika . +einer der schnell@@ sten wege , unsere abhängi@@ gkeit von alten , dre@@ ck@@ igen kraft@@ stoffen , die unsere welt er@@ sti@@ cken , zu reduzieren . +die zukunft ist hier . wind , sonne und ein neues energi@@ es@@ y@@ stem . +neue investi@@ tionen , um gut be@@ za@@ hlte arbeitsp@@ lä@@ tze zu schaffen . +versor@@ ge amerika neu . es ist zeit , realität zu akzeptieren . +es gibt ein al@@ tes afrikan@@ isches sp@@ rich@@ wort : " wenn du schnell sein mö@@ cht@@ est , ge@@ h alleine . +wenn du weit kommen mö@@ cht@@ est , ge@@ h zusammen . " +wir müssen weit kommen , und zwar schnell . +vielen dank . +ich möchte damit beginnen sie zu bitten , an die zeit ihrer kindheit zurückzu@@ denken , als sie mit bau@@ kl@@ ö@@ tzen spiel@@ ten . +während sie erkan@@ nten , wie man die hände aus@@ stre@@ ckt und zu@@ grei@@ ft , die kl@@ ö@@ tze auf@@ nimmt und bewegt , lern@@ ten sie tatsächlich , zu überlegen und probleme durch das verstehen und verändern rä@@ um@@ licher zusammen@@ hän@@ ge zu lösen . +das rä@@ um@@ liche denken ist en@@ g damit verbunden , wie wir einen großteil unserer umgebung verstehen . +als informa@@ tiker - inspiriert von der art unserer interak@@ tion mit re@@ alen obje@@ kten - zusammen mit meinem fach@@ ber@@ ater pat@@ ti und meinem kollegen je@@ ev@@ an kal@@ ani@@ th@@ i , begann ich mich zu w@@ un@@ dern : was wäre , wenn wir computer nutzen würden , die anstelle eines m@@ aus@@ -@@ zei@@ gers , der sich wie eine digitale finger@@ spitze auf einer fla@@ chen arbeits@@ fläche bewegt ... ... was wäre , wenn wir mit beiden händen ein@@ greifen könnten und daten phy@@ s@@ isch er@@ greifen und sie so an@@ ord@@ nen könnten , wie wir es wollen ? +diese frage war so er@@ greif@@ end , dass wir uns zur er@@ forschung der antwort entschieden und si@@ ft@@ ables entwickelten . +kurz gesagt , ein si@@ ft@@ able ist ein interak@@ tiver computer in der größe eines ke@@ k@@ ses . +sie können mit der hand bewegt werden , sie können sich gegensei@@ tig wahr@@ nehmen , sie können ihre bewegungen er@@ fassen und sie haben einen bildschirm und einen funk@@ em@@ pf@@ än@@ ger . +viel wichtiger : sind sind körper@@ lich , wes@@ halb man sie wie bau@@ kl@@ ö@@ tze lediglich durch das aus@@ stre@@ cken der hände und zu@@ greifen bewegen kann . +und die si@@ ft@@ ables sind ein beispiel einer neuen generation von hilfs@@ mitteln zur manipu@@ lation digit@@ aler daten . +und wenn diese hilfs@@ mittel körper@@ licher werden und ein bewusstsein für ihre bewegungen entwickeln , sich gegensei@@ tig erkennen und die fein@@ heiten unseres um@@ gan@@ gs mit ihnen wahr@@ nehmen , dann können wir mit der er@@ forschung neuer und unter@@ hal@@ ts@@ am@@ er interak@@ tions@@ arten beginnen . +ich fan@@ ge mit einigen einfachen bei@@ spielen an . +dieser si@@ ft@@ able ist für die video@@ wieder@@ gabe kon@@ figu@@ ri@@ ert und wenn ich ihn in eine richtung ki@@ ppe , wird das video vor@@ wärts ab@@ gespielt ; wenn ich ihn in die andere richtung ki@@ ppe , läuft es rück@@ wärts . +und diese interak@@ tiven portra@@ its nehmen sich gegensei@@ tig wahr . +wenn ich sie also neben@@ einander lege , we@@ ckt das ihr interesse . +wenn sie von@@ ein@@ a@@ der um@@ geben sind , bemerken sie das auch und können etwas ner@@ vö@@ s werden . +und sie fühlen ebenso ihre bewegungen und n@@ eig@@ ung . +eine interessante folge der interak@@ tionen , die wir zu erkennen begannen , war , dass wir all@@ tä@@ gliche ge@@ sten auf daten anwenden könnten , wie etwa farben so zu schü@@ tten , wie man dies mit flüs@@ sig@@ keiten tut . +in diesem fall haben wir drei si@@ ft@@ ables als f@@ arb@@ tö@@ pfe kon@@ figu@@ ri@@ ert und ich kann sie nutzen , um farbe in den in der mitte zu gi@@ e@@ ßen , wo sie dann ver@@ mis@@ cht werden . +wenn wir es über@@ treiben , können wir ein wenig zurück@@ schü@@ tten . +es gibt außerdem auch einige ne@@ tte möglichkeiten in der bildung wie sprachen , mathematik oder logi@@ k@@ spiele , wo wir den leuten die möglichkeit des schn@@ ellen au@@ spro@@ bi@@ er@@ ens geben und die ergebnisse sofort sehen wollen . +hier bin ich ... das ist eine fi@@ bon@@ acci@@ -@@ folge , die ich mit einem einfachen gleich@@ ungspro@@ gramm er@@ stelle . +das ist ein spiel mit wör@@ tern , das eine art mis@@ chung aus sc@@ rab@@ ble und bo@@ g@@ gle ist . +grundsätzlich bekommt man jede r@@ unde auf jeden si@@ ft@@ able zufällig zu@@ gewi@@ es@@ ene buchstab@@ en und während man versucht , wörter zu bilden , werden diese über ein wör@@ ter@@ buch ge@@ prü@@ ft . +dann , nach ungefähr 30 sekunden , wird wieder ge@@ mis@@ cht und man hat eine neue buchstab@@ en@@ kombination und neue möglichkeiten auszu@@ probieren . +vielen dank . +das sind einige kinder die auf einem aus@@ flug zum media lab kamen . ich konnte sie dazu bewegen , es auszu@@ probieren und habe ein video davon aufgenommen . +sie haben es wirklich ge@@ liebt . +ein interessan@@ ter um@@ stand bei dieser art von anwen@@ dungen ist , dass man den leuten nicht viele an@@ wei@@ sungen geben muss . +alles was man sagen muss ist " bildet wörter " und sie wissen genau , was zu tun ist . +hier sind noch ein paar leute , die es testen . +das ist unser jün@@ g@@ ster be@@ ta@@ -@@ te@@ ster dort unten rechts . +es stellte sich heraus , dass er die si@@ ft@@ ables nur sta@@ p@@ eln wollte . +also für ihn waren sie nur bau@@ kl@@ ö@@ tze . +dies ist eine interak@@ tive tri@@ ck@@ fil@@ man@@ wen@@ dung . +wir wollten ein lern@@ mittel für sprach@@ lern@@ er entwickeln . +das ist fe@@ li@@ x . +er kann neue charak@@ tere in die sz@@ ene bringen , indem er den si@@ ft@@ able vom tisch auf@@ he@@ bt , der diese figu@@ r zeigt . +hier lässt er die sonne auf@@ gehen . +die sonne geht auf +jetzt holt er einen tra@@ ktor in die sz@@ ene . +der or@@ an@@ gene tra@@ ktor . +gute arbeit ! ja ! +indem er die si@@ ft@@ ables schü@@ tt@@ elt und sie neben@@ einander legt kann er die charak@@ tere interagieren lassen ... +... seine eigene geschichte erfinden . +hallo ! +es ist eine geschichte mit offen@@ em ende und er kann entscheiden , wie sie sich entwickelt . +flie@@ gende kat@@ ze . +das letzte beispiel , für das ich heute zeit habe , es zu zeigen , ist ein musi@@ k-@@ sequen@@ cer für li@@ ve-@@ auf@@ tri@@ tte , das wir kürzlich entwickelt haben und in dem si@@ ft@@ ables als tö@@ ne , wie führ@@ ungs@@ stimme , b@@ ass und schlag@@ zeug agieren . +jedes hat vier verschiedene vari@@ ationen ; man kann aus@@ wählen , welche man nutzen möchte . +und man kann diese tö@@ ne in die sequenz ein@@ spei@@ sen , die man wiederum in belie@@ bi@@ gen mu@@ stern an@@ ord@@ nen kann . +und man spei@@ st sie ein , indem man einfach einen ton@@ -@@ si@@ ft@@ able an einen sequen@@ z@@ -@@ si@@ ft@@ able hält . +dort sind effe@@ kte , die man live verändern kann , wie z.b. hall und filter . +man verbindet ihn mit einem bestimmten ton und nei@@ gt ihn dann zum ein@@ stellen . +und dann noch über@@ ge@@ ord@@ nete effe@@ kte wie temp@@ o und lau@@ t@@ stärke , die man auf die gesamte sequenz anwen@@ det . +also schauen wir mal . +wir beginnen , in dem wir die führ@@ ungs@@ stimme in zwei sequen@@ z@@ -@@ si@@ ft@@ able ein@@ spei@@ sen und diese in einer reihe an@@ ord@@ nen , sie erweitern und ein bisschen mehr der stimme hinzu@@ fügen . +jetzt fü@@ ge ich einen b@@ ass hin@@ zu . +jetzt werde ich noch etwas schlag@@ zeug dazu tun . +und jetzt verbin@@ de ich den filter mit dem schlag@@ zeug , damit ich den effekt live steuern kann . +ich kann die ganze sequenz beschle@@ uni@@ gen , indem ich das temp@@ o in die eine oder andere richtung ki@@ ppe . +und jetzt verbin@@ de ich den filter noch mit dem b@@ ass ; für etwas mehr ausdruck . +ich kann die sequenz während sie ab@@ läuft um@@ stellen . +dadurch muss ich sie nicht im vor@@ feld plan@@ en , sondern kann impro@@ visi@@ eren ; sie währ@@ end@@ dessen ver@@ län@@ gern oder verk@@ ür@@ zen . +und ab@@ schließ@@ end kann ich die ganze sequenz aus@@ bl@@ enden , indem ich den lau@@ t@@ stär@@ ke@@ -@@ si@@ ft@@ able nach links nei@@ ge . +vielen dank . +wie sie also sehen können , liegt meine begei@@ ster@@ ung darin , neue mensch@@ -@@ computer@@ -@@ schnitt@@ stellen zu entwickeln , die besser zu dem passen , wie unsere gehirne und körper arbeiten . +und heute hatte ich zeit , ihnen einen teil dieser neuen desig@@ n-@@ welt und einige der möglichkeiten dessen zu zeigen , wor@@ an wir in unserem labor arbeiten . +der gedanke , den ich ihnen mit auf den weg geben möchte , ist dass wir an der sch@@ welle zu dieser neuen generation von wer@@ zeugen zur interak@@ tion mit digitalen medien stehen , die informationen in unsere welt bringen , die unseren an@@ forder@@ ungen entspricht . +vielen dank , +ich fre@@ ue mich auf die gesprä@@ che mit ihnen allen ! +ja , guten tag . +ich fre@@ ue mich , dass ich da bin . +ja , also , was soll bio@@ ha@@ cking sein ? +ich muss dazu erst mal ein bisschen aus@@ holen , und zwar beschäftigt sich bio@@ ha@@ cking eben mit der modernen molekul@@ ar@@ biologie . +ich studi@@ ere molekul@@ ar@@ biologie und beschäf@@ tige mich eben jetzt seit ein paar jahren mit dem bio@@ ha@@ cking , und das habe ich angefangen , weil ich einfach genauer wissen wollte und es vor allem auch selbst machen wollte , was ich so im studi@@ um theore@@ tisch gelernt habe . +so , das war meine pri@@ mä@@ re motivation . +also es war eine neugi@@ er und ich wollte irgendwie näher ran an die materie , so . +ich denke , dass die molekul@@ ar@@ biologie im allgemeinen jetzt , also ganz allge@@ mein gesprochen , biot@@ echn@@ ologie , alles , was man dazu zä@@ hlt , syn@@ the@@ tische biologie und so weiter , +extrem wichtig ist , jetzt schon extrem wichtig ist und noch viel , viel wichtiger werden wird in zukunft . +da gibt es so um@@ stri@@ tt@@ ene sachen wie diese ganzen gent@@ echn@@ isch veränder@@ ten pflanzen auf den ä@@ ck@@ ern . +es gibt jetzt cra@@ ig vent@@ er in den u.@@ s@@ .@@ a , der versucht bio@@ fuel herzustellen , also ben@@ zin aus al@@ gen . +unter dann gibt es auch schon sachen , die total im all@@ tag ange@@ kommen sind , was den meisten leuten aber gar nicht bewusst ist , zum beispiel wa@@ sch@@ mittel@@ enzy@@ me , die uns erlauben , mit vier@@ zig grad wä@@ sche zu wa@@ schen , sind auch gent@@ echn@@ isch optimi@@ erte enzy@@ me . +und die liste kann man end@@ los fort@@ setzen . +und also aus dem interesse daran , an dieser an dieser technologie , bin ich eben da weiter weiter r@@ einge@@ gangen . +so was warum jetzt ha@@ cken ? +die meisten kennen die meisten leute kennen das aus dem soft@@ war@@ e@@ bereich . +computer ha@@ cken , und dann wird es in den medien immer so , ja , die ha@@ cker brechen irgendwo ein und kl@@ auen daten und so weiter . +das ist ja irgendwie für die ha@@ cker@@ sz@@ ene sehr trauri@@ g , weil das gar nicht das trifft , was sie eigentlich wie das eigentlich angefangen hat und was eigentlich da@@ hinter steht . +und zwar haben die soft@@ war@@ e-@@ ha@@ cker , in den sie@@ b@@ zi@@ ger , ach@@ tz@@ i@@ ger@@ jahren mit computer@@ ba@@ st@@ eln angefangen und daraus ist auch das internet entstanden . +und es geht darum , mit auf eine spiel@@ er@@ ische , kre@@ ative , origin@@ elle art , ein problem zu lösen . +und problem , das ist nicht nur ein techn@@ isches problem , es kann auch ein gesellschaft@@ liches problem sein , es kann auch einfach ein zu@@ gan@@ g@@ spro@@ ble@@ m sein , was wie dinge ver@@ einfachen , also eine belie@@ bi@@ ge proble@@ m@@ stellung , eine frage aufzu@@ werfen , und wie kann man das anders oder wie kann man das besser machen . +und es wurde eben es ist halt mit software groß@@ geworden , aber es gibt es auch im elektr@@ oni@@ k@@ bereich , da gibt es auch eine ganze ba@@ st@@ ler@@ sz@@ ene , die mit elektr@@ oni@@ k@@ schalt@@ krei@@ sen alle möglichen abge@@ fahr@@ enen sachen machen . +und jetzt eben halt auch in richtung biologie , und da möchte ich diese metapher , die halt aus der syn@@ the@@ tischen biologie kommt , nehmen , dass biologie eigentlich eine informa@@ tions@@ wissenschaft ist , weil , der d.@@ n@@ .@@ a code ist ein abstra@@ k@@ ter code , der ja , es ist nicht ganz gleich wie computer , weil es dynam@@ ischer ist , weil es materie , also echte materie ist , und nicht nur cy@@ ber . +aber es ist auch ein code , und den kann man auch program@@ mieren und ent@@ sprech@@ end kann man ihn auch ha@@ cken , so , und das fand ich finde ich unglaublich faszinier@@ end , und da wollte ich einfach viel tief@@ er mit ein@@ steigen . +das hat eigentlich erst zwei@@ tausend acht wirklich form angenommen , diese diese netzwerke . +da gibt es ha@@ ck@@ teri@@ a do@@ t or@@ g , das ist ursprün@@ glich aus der schwei@@ z , das ist mit europa und mit einer ko@@ operation in indien basier@@ tes netzwerk , das aber mittler@@ weile mitglieder oder ak@@ tive leute überall auf der welt hat . +das sind das hat eine mehr künstler@@ ische aus@@ richtung , also da geht ' s sind viele künstler und philosop@@ hen und in zusammenarbeit mit wissenschaft@@ lern damit beschäftigt , eben sich mit diesen technologien aus@@ einander@@ zu@@ setzen und fragen zu stellen und das krea@@ tiv zu ver@@ arbeiten , da gibt es muse@@ um@@ s@@ aus@@ stellungen und ja , alles mögliche . +aber es geht eigentlich immer darum , so einen so einen lo@@ ck@@ eren zugang zu finden , so einen spiel@@ er@@ ischen um@@ gang zu haben damit . +und dann gibt es do@@ -@@ it@@ -@@ your@@ self-@@ bi@@ o do@@ t or@@ g , d.@@ i@@ .@@ y@@ .@@ bi@@ o . +das ist aus den u.@@ s@@ .@@ a ein netzwerk , das ist eigentlich mehr so eine art for@@ um , wo sich wo man sich halt trifft und online disku@@ tiert . +die sind ein bisschen techn@@ ischer aus@@ geri@@ chtet und auch ein bisschen busin@@ ess@@ mäß@@ iger unter@@ wegs , da werden dann auch so , ja an@@ gewand@@ te fragen gestellt . +und ausge@@ h@@ end von diesen netz@@ werken , die das ganze popul@@ ä@@ r gemacht haben , hat sich halt so eine sz@@ ene entwickelt , die ich kurz mal por@@ trä@@ tieren möchte . +hier im bild links oben sieht man bio@@ curious , das ist ein ha@@ cker@@ space , also im prinzip eine art schule , so eine private schule , gemein@@ nütz@@ ige ver@@ ein ein@@ richtung , wo jeder hin@@ kommen kann . +kinder , alte , alle möglichen leute gehen dahin , um sich einfach damit aus@@ einander@@ zu@@ setzen , sie haben ein labor ein@@ geri@@ chtet und schauen sich an was kann man machen , wenn diese labor@@ proto@@ kol@@ le an . +hier links unten ist eine gruppe in in@@ don@@ es@@ ien , hou@@ se-@@ of-@@ natur@@ al-@@ fi@@ bers heißt die , die gibt es aber schon ziemlich lange . +schon länger als diese anderen beiden netzwerke . +die beschäftigen sich auch in so einem künstler@@ ischen aspekt mit biolog@@ ischen materialien und , ja , auch elektr@@ oni@@ k@@ ba@@ st@@ el@@ ei@@ en , und kombin@@ ieren das auf ziemlich abge@@ fahr@@ e art . +eine gruppe aus ank@@ ar@@ a , die ich vor einer weile mal ken@@ nen@@ gelernt habe , die haben das ist eine stud@@ ent@@ en@@ gruppe , die halt gerne der öffentlichkeit mehr vermitteln wollte , was was sie in der un@@ i lernen , und die haben so so auf straßen@@ fe@@ sten kleine ak@@ tionen gemacht und leuten versucht zu erklären , was d.@@ n@@ .@@ a ist . +und ich habe oben in auf dem anderen bild eine vor@@ les@@ ung in in kop@@ en@@ ha@@ gen im medizin@@ ischen museum in kombination mit einer ausstellung zum thema . +und das ist , ja das ist das sind meistens recht junge leute , aber das einzige , was was einen was eigentlich alle verein@@ t , ist diese faszin@@ ation an der technologie . +und was man damit machen kann und eben auch ganz ge@@ zi@@ elt auf die gesellschaft damit zu@@ zu@@ gehen und zu fragen , so , okay , was wisst ihr , was was woll@@ t ihr mit@@ machen , habt ihr interesse daran , euch damit so einzu@@ bringen ? +so , o@@ .@@ k , um jetzt biologie zu ha@@ cken , braucht man ja irgendwie material . +man braucht natürlich biolog@@ ische materialien , und man braucht aber auch werkzeuge , und das ist dann ein labor . +bezieh@@ ungs@@ weise , was man normalerweise unter einem labor versteht , das sind so irgendwie abge@@ fahr@@ ene maschinen , extrem teuer , extrem di@@ stan@@ ziert , nur für fach@@ personal , ausge@@ bil@@ dete ak@@ ade@@ mi@@ ker mit dok@@ tor@@ titel und so weiter . +und unser ansatz war eben halt zu sagen , o@@ .@@ k , dass eigentlich muss man das nicht machen . +das ist eigentlich nicht notwendig , weil jede jede jeder ka@@ ffe@@ e@@ autom@@ at hat eigentlich höher entwickelte technologie als die meisten labor@@ geräte , das ist wirklich so . +und s o mit dieser prä@@ mis@@ se mit dieser prä@@ mis@@ se hat dann zum beispiel brian de@@ g@@ ger in england versucht , ein minim@@ all@@ ab@@ or zusammen@@ zustellen , hat dann so einen dam@@ pf@@ druck@@ ko@@ cht@@ op@@ f genommen , eine hei@@ z@@ plat@@ te und , ja , so supp@@ en@@ brü@@ he , und hat sich damit dann bakterien ge@@ zü@@ chtet , funktioniert . +also jedem , dem schon einmal eine su@@ ppe ver@@ gam@@ melt ist , die er zu lange stehen gelassen hat , auch schon mal gemacht . +ich habe das dann in meinem labor da@@ heim versucht , ein bisschen auszu@@ weiten , und habe mir dann halt so secon@@ d-@@ hand@@ -@@ equipment auf e@@ bay ge@@ kauft und ein bisschen d.@@ n@@ .@@ a analyse gemacht , versucht , einen vat@@ er@@ schaft@@ st@@ est , also so so / d.@@ n@@ .@@ a finger@@ prin@@ ting , noch mal zu machen da@@ heim . +das sollte jetzt eigentlich gar kein witz sein , aber . +hier unten in dem bild sieht man ist das labor , in an@@ führ@@ ungs@@ stri@@ chen , also ist so eine zuge@@ stellte garage mit auch so allem möglichen labor@@ gerü@@ m@@ pel , den die un@@ i ausge@@ mi@@ stet hat , eine gruppe in paris , die sich da was was ein@@ geri@@ chtet hat und ziemlich erfolgreich damit ist und auch ziemlich interessante sachen macht , da will ich auch noch ein projekt kurz an@@ schneiden . +und das hier ist bio@@ curious , der eben auch erwä@@ hnte ha@@ cker@@ space , dieses ja , so eine art vol@@ k@@ sho@@ ch@@ schule im prinzip für für molekul@@ are biologie . +und ja , also , man sieht , es ist relativ relativ he@@ ter@@ o@@ gen , also das gibt es halt von leuten , die das alleine da@@ heim machen , bis hin zu großen also größeren organisationen , die halt das mehr for@@ mal auch schon in institu@@ tion@@ alisi@@ erter form schon be@@ treiben . +aber eben immer immer der der ansatz , dass es halt einfach und zugänglich sein soll . +das erste projekt , das wir als internationale gruppe gemacht haben , als wir uns quasi unserer selbst bewusst wurden , o@@ .@@ k , es gibt uns jetzt hier als wirkliche sz@@ ene auch , und wir sind online , und wir wir kennen so die leute , die da immer ch@@ atten und so . +und dann kam eben von der do@@ -@@ it@@ -@@ your@@ self-@@ bi@@ o or@@ g webseite der grün@@ der , und hat gesagt o@@ .@@ k , wir müssen uns jetzt auch mal wirklich treffen , auch real treffen , und hat dann zwei veran@@ stal@@ tungen organisi@@ ert , eine in london , zwei@@ tausend zehn , und kurz darauf in den u.@@ s@@ .@@ a , in san francisco . +und , da ging es dann auch darum , ja o@@ .@@ k , wer sind wir , was wollen wir , was wollen wir auch was wollen wir mit@@ teilen ? +und was was sind unsere werte und was sind was ist unsere ziel@@ setzung , unsere grundlage ? +und da haben wir dann so einen co@@ de-@@ of-@@ condu@@ ct ausge@@ arbeitet . +das war recht intui@@ tiv , also jeder hat einfach so seine wün@@ sche , seine und das , was ihn halt bewegt , ausge@@ drückt , dann . +da kam , meiner meinung nach , ein ganz guter code zu@@ stan@@ de . +und den haben wir dann der ist nicht verbin@@ dlich , aber das ist halt ja , ich denke schon , hat sich relativ gut durch@@ gesetzt , die leute sind da recht überzeugt von so . +und wir haben dann sogar versucht , das auch in die ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ische welt wieder zurückzu@@ bringen , aber dort ist es irgendwie nicht so ange@@ kommen . +also ich glaube , wir aus der bio@@ ha@@ cker@@ sz@@ ene sind in der hinsicht sogar schon einen schritt weiter als die die ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ische welt . +ja , was für projekte machen wir jetzt eigentlich so ? +ein projekt , das ich mit dem ha@@ ck@@ teri@@ a-@@ netzwerk in der schwei@@ z selbst gemacht habe , war , dass wir eine sogenan@@ nte op@@ tische f@@ alle oder op@@ tische pin@@ z@@ ette ba@@ st@@ eln wollten . +das ist , wenn man einen las@@ er@@ stra@@ hl fo@@ kus@@ siert , auf einen im raum , dann kann man damit kleine parti@@ kel ein@@ fangen in der luft oder in in der flüs@@ sigkeit und dann in diesem fo@@ kus bewegen , also , der ist dann da einge@@ fangen , also wie so ein wie so ein tra@@ k@@ tor@@ be@@ am@@ stra@@ hl im prinzip . +das funktioniert wirklich , das wird im ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ischen setting gemacht , und wir haben dann gedacht , o@@ .@@ k , das kriegen wir vielleicht auch hin , haben dann eine web@@ c@@ am genommen , die auf@@ gesch@@ rau@@ bt , die lin@@ se ab@@ gemacht , umge@@ dreht , dann hat man ein mikrosk@@ op , das vergröß@@ ert etwa vier@@ hunder@@ t@@ fa@@ ch . +das sieht man da unten . +und dann haben wir einen d.@@ v@@ .@@ d bren@@ ner aus@@ einander@@ gesch@@ rau@@ bt und den bren@@ ner den las@@ er r@@ ausge@@ holt und dann versucht , auf diese kamera da zu fo@@ kus@@ sieren . +und das hat leider nicht ge@@ kla@@ ppt , aber wir haben trotzdem viel dabei gelernt . +so ein anderes projekt , das aus von der franzö@@ sischen gruppe da aus paris , das hat ge@@ kla@@ ppt , das ist ziemlich cool . +und zwar hat er so ein na ja , so ein so ein hirn@@ well@@ en@@ mess@@ gerät , so e@@ .@@ e@@ .@@ g oder so etwas , also er hat sich mit neuro@@ biologie beschäftigt , sein sein ni@@ ck@@ name ist sam neuro@@ ha@@ ck . +er hat sich dann dieses diesen diesen hel@@ m da geb@@ ast@@ elt , und in in der ko@@ operation mit dem museum ist das gel@@ aufen . +da konnten dann die besu@@ cher in den raum rein@@ gehen , sich auf diesen stuhl setzen , sich diesen hel@@ m auf@@ setzen . +dann wurden ihre gehirn@@ wellen ge@@ messen , und je nachdem , was sie gedacht haben oder wie sie gedacht haben , ist sind dann verschiedene lich@@ ter im raum ange@@ gangen . +war ein ziemlich ziemlich schick@@ es projekt . +ein anderes ding aus den usa , das eben auch mit dieser vat@@ er@@ schaft@@ ste@@ st@@ geschichte da zu tun hat , ist die die p@@ .@@ c@@ .@@ r , das ist die poly@@ mer@@ as@@ e-@@ ket@@ ten@@ reaktion , kompli@@ zier@@ tes wort . +also es geht darum , eben gene zu kop@@ ieren , zu ver@@ me@@ hren , d.@@ n@@ .@@ a , frag@@ mente zu ver@@ me@@ hren , damit man sie sicht@@ bar machen kann . +also wenn ich jetzt das machen die die pro@@ fil@@ er am tat@@ ort , gehen dann hin , sammeln da irgend@@ welche ha@@ ar@@ proben , und dann machen die diese wenden dann diese methode an , und dann können sie sagen , o@@ .@@ k , dieses ha@@ ar gehört zu diesem menschen , so . +und die maschinen , die so etwas machen , die sind ziemlich teuer so , die man kom@@ mer@@ zi@@ ell kauft , die billi@@ gsten gehen so bei vier@@ tausend eur@@ o los . +und das ist halt nicht im ho@@ b@@ by@@ bereich , aber es ist eine wirklich coo@@ le technologie , die auch sehr viel kann . +also das ist nur eine anwendung von vielen , die man damit machen kann . +und die haben da haben sich so zwei zwei ba@@ st@@ ler ran@@ gesetzt und gesagt , o@@ .@@ k , das machen wir einfacher und billi@@ ger , und haben dann eben aus open source , also frei verfüg@@ barer hard@@ ware , elektr@@ oni@@ k@@ sachen , sich diese dieses gerät zusammen@@ geb@@ ast@@ elt und sind jetzt die haben das sogar zur mark@@ trei@@ fe gebracht und sind jetzt die der billi@@ gste an@@ bie@@ ter von diesen gerä@@ ten weltweit . +ich glaube , irgendwie so se@@ ch@@ sh@@ under@@ t dollar oder so etwas . +aber auf jeden fall ist es jetzt es ist immer noch nicht billi@@ g , aber es ist auf jeden fall in einem rahmen , wo es doch deutlich verfüg@@ barer wird . +also es ist meiner meinung nach ein sehr gel@@ un@@ gen@@ er ha@@ ck . +ein projekt , das ich letz@@ tens angefangen hatte , war eine gen@@ e-@@ gun zu bauen . +gen@@ e-@@ gun ist , ja , wie so eine art luft@@ druck@@ pi@@ sto@@ le , die schie@@ ßt etwa so weit , zwei z@@ enti@@ meter oder so . +man l@@ äd@@ t d.@@ n@@ .@@ a auf gold@@ parti@@ kel und die gold@@ parti@@ kel dann in diese luft@@ druck@@ pi@@ sto@@ le , und dann ich habe die dann auf z@@ wie@@ b@@ eln gesch@@ o@@ ssen und habe die dann zum leu@@ chten gebracht damit so . +also das gerät , das man da sieht , das hat nicht funktioniert . +aber das ist so mein so mein protot@@ y@@ p , der aber ziemlich abge@@ fahren aus@@ gesehen hat , so auf so einem ast , das ding dr@@ auf , elektr@@ oni@@ k dr@@ auf und druck an@@ geschlossen , und das war aber der druck war zu hoch , das ding ist kapu@@ tt gegangen . +und dann habe ich einen sa@@ hn@@ es@@ pen@@ der genommen und das daran an@@ geschlossen . +ein sa@@ hn@@ es@@ pen@@ der , wenn man den voll macht mit wasser , hat der genug druck , also ich glaube , so vier@@ zig bis se@@ ch@@ tz@@ ig bar etwa dr@@ auf . +und damit kann man dann die parti@@ kel stark genug beschle@@ uni@@ gen und dann gehen die auch in die z@@ wie@@ bel rein . +und das kom@@ mer@@ zi@@ elle gerät kostet etwa fünf@@ zehn@@ tausend eur@@ o auf@@ wärts oder so etwas , sa@@ hn@@ es@@ pen@@ der so um die fünf@@ zig . +also die es hat nicht die gleiche effizi@@ enz , aber es ist im prinzip halt mach@@ bar . +so und das ist halt im moment auch das das kern@@ an@@ liegen der sz@@ ene eben , diese verfüg@@ barkeit von technologie zu erhö@@ hen und auch die information und die verstän@@ d@@ lichkeit zu vergröß@@ ern , dass dass mehr leute sich da enga@@ gieren können . +weil , wie am anfang gesagt , es ist eine extrem wichtige technologie , und die meisten leute haben relativ wenig ahnung davon und auch auch keine chance , sich da wirklich gut zu bilden . +weil , wenn man nur darüber li@@ est , aus se@@ k@@ und@@ är@@ liter@@ atur , das ist nicht das gleiche , wie wenn man es selber einmal gemacht oder gesehen hat . +und ich denke , technologie wird immer wichtiger in unseren modernen gesellschaften . +und wenn man als infor@@ mier@@ ter bürger auch sinn@@ volle entscheidungen in der gesellschaft treffen können will und mit@@ reden können will , dann braucht man den zugang zum wissen und zur technologie . +und und man muss es auch machen und verstehen , um es machen und verstehen zu können . +und das fir@@ miert dann unter den schlag@@ worten open knowledge und citi@@ zen science . +also dass eben man als bürger in die lage ver@@ setzt wird , eben sich mit diesen wissenschaftlichen technologien aus@@ einander@@ zu@@ setzen . +und das ist das das kern@@ an@@ liegen von von den bio@@ ha@@ ck@@ ern . +das sind die leute , die sich zumindest offi@@ zi@@ ell einge@@ tragen haben auf der webseite , d.@@ i@@ .@@ y@@ .@@ bio@@ -@@ d@@ ot@@ -@@ or@@ g webseite . +das ist schon eine relativ be@@ acht@@ liche anzahl von leuten weltweit . +und interessant ist auch , dass sie auch in sü@@ do@@ st@@ asien ver@@ treten sind . +das ist ich glaube , die sind da da sind weniger leute einge@@ tragen , als tatsächlich existieren . +also ich weiß von einigen , die sich nicht einge@@ tragen haben . +und das sind jetzt nur die bio@@ ha@@ cker , die individu@@ ellen leute . +teil@@ weise auch mit diesen ha@@ cker@@ spaces , also diesen orten zusammen dort einge@@ tragen . +und das ist aber ganz im anfang . +wie gesagt , zwei@@ taus@@ en@@ dacht hat es erst angefangen . +und ha@@ cker@@ spaces , also die computer@@ ha@@ cker@@ spaces , da der c@@ -@@ base in ber@@ lin war der erste , ne@@ un@@ zehn@@ hunder@@ t@@ fün@@ fund@@ ne@@ un@@ zig . +und das ist mittler@@ weile ein gigan@@ ti@@ sches netzwerk an sehr guten , ja , infra@@ struk@@ tur@@ zentr@@ en geworden , die überall auf der welt ver@@ treten sind . +und wir hoffen natürlich , dass wir halt uns dann ähnlich auch aus@@ brei@@ ten und dann auch ähnlich gut verne@@ tzt sind , so dass halt auch mehr dran leute invol@@ viert werden können . +und ich würde jeden einmal ein@@ laden , sich damit zu be@@ fassen und auch mal selber was auszu@@ probieren . +es ist zwar jetzt nicht so sim@@ pel , aber es ist auch nicht unmöglich , wenn man da genug neugi@@ er hat und genug energie rein@@ steckt , dann kommt man da auch weit . +vielen dank für@@ s zuhören . +das war ' s . +ja , hallo . +wie funktionieren wir menschen eigentlich ? +das ist eine frage , die mich sehr bewegt als desig@@ ner@@ in , aber auch im bereich im forschungs@@ bereich us@@ ability und vor allen dingen im bereich user experience . +da geht es darum , wie man menschen in interak@@ tiven medien begeg@@ net , damit sie diese interak@@ tiven medien benutzen können und damit sie ein möglich@@ st be@@ frie@@ di@@ gendes erleb@@ nis erzeugen . +ich glaube nämlich , dass die interak@@ tiven medien in uns arch@@ a@@ ische , kogni@@ tive modelle ad@@ res@@ sieren , also denk@@ muster , die in unserem biolog@@ ischen ge@@ däch@@ tnis vor sehr , sehr langer zeit ein@@ program@@ miert worden sind und dass wir die eben gerade durch interak@@ tive medien wieder hervor@@ rufen können . +und das ist sehr erstaunlich , weil man ja eigentlich glaubt , dass diese hoch@@ technologie , der man da begeg@@ net , dass die einen ja eigentlich in die zukunft bringt , aber tatsächlich ist es so , dass die zukunft genau bei uns ist , bei unseren arch@@ a@@ ischen wurz@@ eln . +was sind denn jetzt eigentlich arch@@ a@@ ische modelle ? +ich habe mal vier sti@@ ch@@ worte auf@@ geschrieben und möchte die gerne kurz erklären . +zu arch@@ a@@ ischen kogni@@ tiven mod@@ ellen und zwar sind das die modelle , die wir in den vor@@ industri@@ ellen zeiten uns ange@@ eig@@ net haben . +zu diesen arch@@ a@@ ischen mod@@ ellen gehört , dass wir ein prinzipi@@ ell natür@@ liches verhältnis zur virtu@@ alität haben . +das klingt prinzipi@@ ell erst@@ mal ungewöhn@@ lich . +ich werde darauf aber gleich nochmal ein@@ gehen und werde ihnen per versuch beweisen , dass auch sie ein natür@@ liches verhältnis zur virtu@@ alität haben . +der zweite aspekt ist , dass wir seit aufgrund dieser arch@@ a@@ ischen mod@@ ellen durch@@ aus in der lage sind sehr , sehr bil@@ dlich zu sprechen , obwohl wir heutzutage eine ko@@ di@@ fi@@ zierte sprache benutzen . +und der dritte bereich , der erklärt sich eigentlich von selbst . +wir wissen alle , dass die interak@@ tiven medien per definition non@@ lin@@ ear sind , was die vern@@ ein@@ ung der lin@@ ear@@ ität beinhaltet , und was uns natürlich sagt , dass wir die lin@@ ear@@ ität heute als normal emp@@ finden . +der vi@@ erte punkt ist , dass die geschichte für uns ein ort der informa@@ tions@@ weiter@@ gabe ist . +wie ist das jetzt mit der mit der virtu@@ alität , die eigentlich die natür@@ lich@@ ste sache der welt ist . +ich will ihnen das gerne mal beweisen . +wie@@ viele tür@@ en hat das haus , in dem sie wo@@ hnen ? +das werden wir sie mir nicht sofort spon@@ tan beantworten können , aber es wird folgendes passieren und passiert gerade im moment . +sie gehen im gei@@ ste durch dieses haus , in dem@@ n sie wo@@ hnen , und schauen sich an , wie viele tür@@ en da sind . +und genau das ist , was sie machen . +sie virtu@@ alisieren die realität und zwar ganz ohne computer . +fantastisch , oder ? +und da geben wir uns mü@@ he am medi@@ en-@@ cam@@ pus beispielsweise die virtu@@ elle realität in unserem v@@ .@@ r@@ .@@ -@@ labor dar@@ zustellen , dabei können wir das eigentlich die ganze zeit schon . +und diese dieses vermögen die virtu@@ elle die realität zu virtu@@ alisieren , die haben die menschen in den vor@@ industri@@ ellen zeiten auch bit@@ ter nötig gehabt , denn die hatten ja gar nichts . +die hatten ja keine bücher . +oder die hatten keine keine fot@@ oli@@ to@@ gra@@ fie . +sie hatten keine massen@@ medien . +das einzige , was die hatten , war ihr kopf . +und in diesem kopf spielte sich die erinn@@ erung ab . +in diesem kopf wurde wissen ab@@ geru@@ fen und mi@@ th@@ ilfe dieser virtu@@ ellen bilder , der imagination , wurden eben wurde wissen auch weiter@@ gegeben . +und deswegen ist es auch so stark in uns ver@@ wurz@@ elt , dass wir mit der virtu@@ alität so gut umgehen können . +das interessante daran ist , wenn ich mal einen kleinen aus@@ flug machen darf . +ja , das geht . +das interessante daran ist , dass zu dieser zeit der mensch gleichzeitig medien@@ produ@@ z@@ ent und medium selber war . +wenn sie jetzt mal ein stück@@ chen weiter denken . +was sind heute medien ? +dann werden sie bemerken , dass es eine veränderung gegeben hat . +aber darauf komme ich gleich nochmal zu sprechen . +wesent@@ liches werkzeug der informa@@ tions@@ ver@@ mitt@@ lung sind seit je@@ her geschichten gewesen . +sch@@ am@@ an@@ en , p@@ rie@@ ster , sogenan@@ nte wissen@@ s@@ wä@@ chter , waren dafür extra ab@@ gestellt , um wissen in geschichten zu be@@ wahren . +und auch heute hängen wir noch sehr , sehr stark an geschichten . +dem autor des bu@@ ches the story@@ telling animal , jon@@ a@@ than got@@ tsch@@ all , zu@@ folge verb@@ ingen wir immer noch jähr@@ lich ein@@ taus@@ end@@ ne@@ un@@ hundert stunden mit der re@@ zep@@ tion von geschichten . +das bedeutet für ein kind , das es bis zum erreichen des der der groß@@ jähri@@ gkeit die meiste zeit seines lebens mit der re@@ zep@@ tion von geschichten verbracht hat . +jetzt denken wir , unsere liebe zu geschichten hängt daran , dass wir als kind auf dem scho@@ ß unserer eltern ges@@ essen haben . +nein , nein , weit ge@@ fe@@ hlt . +das geht viel weiter zurück , in die kulturen der vor@@ industri@@ ellen zeiten . +für mich aber im bereich der interak@@ tiven medien als besonders beeindruck@@ end ist an sich , dass wir per se in unserem biolog@@ ischen ge@@ däch@@ tnis ver@@ ank@@ ert haben , die fähigkeit non@@ lin@@ ear zu denken . +ich habe ihnen ein beispiel mit@@ gebracht von dem nor@@ dameri@@ kan@@ ischen stam@@ m der no@@ ot@@ ka@@ -@@ indi@@ aner . +und die leben lebten in der kü@@ sten@@ region von british colum@@ bia . +und wie sie sehen können , ist das ein sehr in@@ sel@@ rei@@ ches gebiet und man musste da irgendwie navi@@ gieren , von insel zu insel kommen , um sich nahrung zu besch@@ affen . +und die haben das mit so genan@@ nten le@@ ad@@ -@@ land@@ karten gemacht . +das kennen sie vielleicht auch schon , wenn sie sich dafür ein bisschen interessieren , von den austr@@ al@@ ischen ur@@ ein@@ wohn@@ ern . +die haben ähnliche prinzipien . +die haben keine le@@ ad@@ -@@ land@@ karten , sondern die haben die so gen@@ nan@@ ten son@@ gl@@ ines benutzt oder auch trau@@ mp@@ fa@@ de . +und was das interessante daran ist , dass die navi@@ gation und die to@@ po@@ graph@@ ie von regionen über lieder abge@@ bildet werden konnte . +wobei denen die sprache unter@@ ge@@ ord@@ net von unter@@ ge@@ ord@@ ne@@ tem ran@@ g war . +das heißt , man navi@@ gi@@ erte über kl@@ änge und über rhyth@@ mus . +und diese kl@@ änge und dieser rhyth@@ mus haben die ge@@ ologie , die to@@ po@@ graph@@ ie einer region dar@@ gestellt und das hat natürlich auch ermöglicht , dass man diese lieder de@@ frag@@ men@@ tieren konnte und anders zusammen@@ setzen und sich so nach links , nach rechts und auch wieder zum aus@@ gan@@ g@@ sort zurück bewegen konnte . +warum singen wir aber nicht mehr , um von oben von a nach b zu kommen ? +jedenfalls nicht , um zu navi@@ gieren . +was was ist da eigentlich passiert ? +passiert ist das das so gen@@ nan@@ te masch@@ in@@ en@@ zeitalter . +wir haben uns vorher im so genan@@ nten vog@@ t-@@ zeitalter bewegt . +passiert ist das masch@@ in@@ en@@ zeitalter und passiert ist das buch und passiert ist die ist die fot@@ oli@@ to@@ gra@@ fie . +und zwar genau das ist passiert , dass wir die verantwortung für unsere erinn@@ erungen und die die eigene produktion unserer individu@@ ellen erinn@@ erungen ver@@ la@@ g@@ ert haben auf ex@@ ter@@ ne medien . +auf das buch und auf das bild . +somit haben wir leider got@@ tes ein stück weit verl@@ ernt zu virtu@@ alisieren . +virtu@@ alität ist plötzlich frem@@ d für uns frem@@ d geworden , und hat mit der realität nichts mehr zu tun . +bru@@ ce brown , ein bekann@@ ter desig@@ n@@ forscher an der bri@@ gh@@ ton@@ -@@ university , ist so weit gegangen zu sagen , dass diese massen@@ medien , er mein@@ t das buch und das bild , also nicht das fernsehen , das internet us@@ w. und so weiter , was wir als massen@@ medien heute be@@ zeichnen , dass diese massen@@ medien unserer erinn@@ erungen ver@@ stein@@ ert haben und unsere fähigkeit zu virtu@@ alisieren er@@ u@@ diert haben . +machen wir eine kleine zwischen@@ bil@@ anz . +vom vog@@ t-@@ zeitalter zum zum masch@@ in@@ en@@ zeitalter . +was hat einfl@@ üs@@ se auf unsere auf unser denken und auf unser erinn@@ erungs@@ vermögen ? +dann sind das verb@@ las@@ senden einfl@@ üs@@ se der vor@@ industri@@ ellen kulturen . +und die werden sind im laufe der jahrhunder@@ te mehr und mehr über@@ sch@@ rieben worden durch die einfl@@ üs@@ se des masch@@ in@@ en@@ zeital@@ ters . +das heißt , statt uns individu@@ ell zu erinnern haben wir standar@@ dis@@ ierte , weit verbrei@@ tete , in ma@@ ssen verbrei@@ tete muster von erinn@@ erungen , an die wir unsere persönlichen erinn@@ erungen hängen können . +wir produzieren nicht mehr selbst . +wir haben eine abstra@@ kte eine abstra@@ k@@ ta@@ hi@@ erte sprache . +wir stellen uns die sache nicht mehr in bildern die dinge nicht mehr in bildern vor , sondern wir ko@@ di@@ fizieren sie dich unsere sprache . +wir haben uns daran gewöhn@@ t , dass dinge lin@@ ear passieren . +und wir haben die lin@@ ear@@ ität als gesetz akzep@@ tiert und es gibt nur noch aus@@ nahmen , wie beispielsweise die non-@@ lin@@ ear@@ ität . +was uns geb@@ lieben ist , ist das story@@ telling . +noch immer sind wir dem story@@ telling als informa@@ tions@@ ver@@ mitt@@ lung sehr , sehr stark ver@@ haf@@ tet . +die frage ist , was kommt jetzt ? +wir hatten das vo@@ gt -@@ zeitalter , wir hab hatten das masch@@ in@@ en@@ zeitalter und wir beschrei@@ ten nun das so genan@@ nte cyber@@ -@@ zeitalter . +das hört sich sehr spac@@ ig an und hört sich sehr nach sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fi@@ ction an , ich weiß . +aber diese konzep@@ te des cyber@@ -@@ zeital@@ ters , die bringen uns diese diese möglichkeiten wieder zurück unsere fähigkeiten wieder zu entdecken . +da geht es um virtu@@ alität , es geht um non-@@ lin@@ ear@@ ität , es geht um story@@ telling . +ich will das kurz mal ein bisschen erklären . +es gibt techn@@ ische konzep@@ te wie beispielsweise die aug@@ mented reality , das heißt die erweiter@@ te realität . +also wenn sie sich mal google glas@@ ses beispielsweise an@@ gu@@ cken , dann dann ist so ein konzept , was uns die virtu@@ elle welt mit der re@@ alen welt wieder kombin@@ ieren lässt , das heißt unsere aff@@ in@@ ität zur virtu@@ alisierung , das virtu@@ elle als etwas normal@@ es , natür@@ liches zu emp@@ finden , wird wieder an@@ gesprochen . +ein anderes beispiel ist die so genan@@ nte virtu@@ elle realität . +so verrückt das natürlich im zusammenhang meines vor@@ tra@@ ges kl@@ ingen mag , da bewegen wir uns körper@@ lich in nicht exist@@ enten , virtu@@ ellen wel@@ ten , ganz nach dem vor@@ bild des h@@ olo@@ de@@ cks . +und andere ein anderes beispiel sind die ambi@@ enten , intelligen@@ ten systeme . +das sind räume , die intelligent auf einen menschen reagieren können . +all das braucht die fähigkeit , unsere grundsä@@ tz@@ liche fähigkeit , virtu@@ alität als einen re@@ alen lebens@@ raum zu akzeptieren . +ich habe im abschluss und ich hoffe , das video funktioniert , ein sehr , sehr schönes projekt mit@@ gebracht , das ist die b@@ ach@@ el@@ or@@ arbeit von michael bur@@ k , an@@ n-@@ ka@@ thr@@ in kr@@ enz , j@@ or@@ is kl@@ ause und jan@@ -@@ mor@@ it@@ z mü@@ ll@@ er . +und die beiden letz@@ teren sind auch heute hier . +vielleicht könnt ihr kurz mal auf@@ stehen , damit sie sich in der pause mit den beiden über das projekt unter@@ halten können . +und dieses projekt habe ich als beispiel mit@@ gebracht , wie wieder an dieser arch@@ a@@ ischen , kogni@@ tiven modelle ad@@ res@@ siert wird . +das ganze ist ein spiel , muss ich dazu sagen . +was dem story@@ telling natürlich extrem ent@@ gegen@@ kommt und es ist ein computer@@ spiel . +und wenn ich sage computer@@ spiel , dann haben sie sehr wahrscheinlich vor augen , dass irgend@@ welche leuten leute vor irgend@@ welchen kon@@ sol@@ en herum@@ happ@@ eln oder dass sie mit den mit irgend@@ einer kon@@ so@@ le in der hand spielen . +auf jeden fall , dass sie das drin tun . +das ist ein spiel für draußen . +und das ist ge@@ zi@@ elt dazu gedacht , dass ich die außen@@ welt entde@@ cke , also dass ich die re@@ ale welt wieder entde@@ cke . +und dieses spiel verbindet die virtu@@ elle welt , also die daten den daten@@ raum , den wir produzieren , mit der re@@ alen welt . +ich entschul@@ dige mich , dass ich so stark ab@@ kür@@ zen muss . +ihr könnt das dann gleich viel besser erklären , da steckt noch mehr viel mehr da@@ hinter . +und zwar geht es darum , dass ich eine stadt entde@@ cke , indem ich schaue , an welchen orten posi@@ tiv oder nega@@ tiv ge@@ twi@@ tter@@ t wurde . +und so er@@ halte ich von der stadt einen ganz anderen an@@ blick , einen ganz anderen eindruck , nämlich ich sehe negative und positive z@@ onen einer stadt und er@@ halte so auf diese art und weise eine ganz andere , virtu@@ elle land@@ karte von einer sehr re@@ alen stadt . +und das können wir uns jetzt gerne mal an@@ gu@@ cken . +ah , was man hier sehen kann , entschul@@ digung , ist noch eine kleine erklärung von dem , was sie gleich sehen . +natürlich wohn@@ t diese virtu@@ elle welt in den mau@@ ern unserer städte , ist ja klar . +und mit einer art ta@@ schen@@ lam@@ pe können wir diese virtu@@ ellen wel@@ ten sicht@@ bar machen . +so , ich wür@@ d das gerne mal zusammen@@ fassen mein meinen talk und zwar in dem sinne , dass die eigenschaften und die fähigkeiten , die wir aus dem vo@@ gt -@@ zeitalter er@@ wor@@ ben haben , und die uns so ein bisschen ver@@ schü@@ tt gegangen sind im masch@@ in@@ en@@ zeitalter , dass die mit hilfe des so genan@@ nten cy@@ ber -@@ zeital@@ ters wieder aktivi@@ ert werden können und dass wir auf diese art und weise über komplexe , technolog@@ ische , neue produkte tatsächlich nicht in die zukunft , sondern eigentlich zu uns zurück zu unseren wurz@@ eln kommen . +vielen dank . +ja , ich fre@@ ue mich sehr , bei ihnen sein zu dürfen . +ich bin eben schon gefragt worden , ob dieser s@@ ack da ein spre@@ chen@@ der s@@ ack ist und meiner statt sprechen wird . +das wird er nicht machen . +ich werde auch gleich auf@@ lösen , was da drin ist . +aber bisher mache ich es erst noch ' n bisschen neugi@@ er@@ ig . +ja , kinder sind von natur aus neugi@@ er@@ ig oder sollten neugi@@ er@@ ig sein , designer auch . +ich bin gest@@ alter von haus aus , also beschäf@@ tige ich mich natürlich auch mit dem thema der neugi@@ er und wie verändert die neugi@@ er auch wieder unser denken , und warum verlieren wir vielleicht auch neugi@@ er und müssen ' s wieder neu an@@ stoßen us@@ w und so weiter . +das ist eine ganze reihe an dingen , mit denen man sich neben dem eigent@@ lichen das@@ ein als gest@@ alter beschäftigt . +wenn profess@@ oren neugi@@ er@@ ig werden , dann werden sie häufig in so ' n forschungs@@ se@@ me@@ ster rein@@ gesch@@ oben . +und das ist auch das , was ich im letzten hal@@ ben jahr hatte . +ein forschungs@@ se@@ me@@ ster zum thema natural user interface design . +jetzt werden sie sich fragen , warum fangen die ganzen gest@@ alter an sich mit so natürlichen , arch@@ a@@ ischen ur@@ formen der kommunikation , interak@@ tion us@@ w und so weiter zu beschäftigen . +und da halte ich nur eines von diesen kleinen gerä@@ ten hoch , weil die dinge sollen immer intui@@ tiver , immer natür@@ licher , benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ licher werden und da muss man halt schauen , was ist eigentlich für uns menschen natürlich , was ist benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ lich oder intui@@ tiv . +und vor dem hintergrund habe ich mich in dem bereich natural user interface design , also die nächste generation im um@@ gang mensch computer in der also in der beziehung des mensch computers damit beschäftigt , wie sich unsere werkzeuge oder wie sich der computer vom rech@@ ner su@@ k@@ z@@ essi@@ ve zum digitalen assi@@ st@@ enten verändert . +also hab ich mich damit beschäftigt , wann ist was natürlich oder intui@@ tiv . +müssen vielleicht auch nochmal ein blick da@@ hinter . +warum passiert das überhaupt ? +also wenn wir uns mal die entwicklung unserer gesellschaft anschauen , hier kurz dar@@ gestellt , dann bewegen wir uns jetzt von der dritten in die vi@@ erte gesell@@ schafts@@ generation oder gesell@@ schafts@@ form . +also von der modernen in die computer@@ gesellschaft . +jede gesellschaft ist ge@@ prä@@ gt durch ein pri@@ mär@@ medium . +am anfang die stam@@ mes@@ gesellschaft durch die sprache . +das heißt , man hat sich gefunden , dadurch dass man eine gemeinsame sprache gesprochen hat , konnte man miteinander kommunizieren , ist in die gleiche hö@@ hle gezogen oder in andere bereiche , hat städte ge@@ bildet oder d@@ ör@@ fer und hat so ' nen stam@@ mes@@ gesellschaft sozusagen krei@@ ert . +das pri@@ mär@@ medium war aber die sprache , etwas sehr natür@@ liches , etwas sehr leben@@ di@@ ges . +musste man zwar auch lernen , also kein klein@@ kind kann von natur auf sprechen , aber wir lernen es su@@ k@@ z@@ essi@@ ve und verhäl@@ t@@ nis@@ mäßig natürlich . +das wurde dann ab@@ gelöst durch die anti@@ ke gesellschaft und die erste form der abstra@@ ktion . +das war damals ein ries@@ en-@@ auf@@ schre@@ i , weil man natürlich die leben@@ dige sprache an@@ fing zu mani@@ festi@@ eren in form von schrift , das heißt was , was flu@@ id und leben@@ dig ist , fang ich an und mei@@ ß@@ ele es in stein und damit manipu@@ li@@ ere ich es auch . +je nachdem wie ich mei@@ ß@@ el und wann ich mei@@ ß@@ el , ist es natürlich eine ganz andere beri@@ chter@@ stat@@ tung , als wenn es einer leben@@ dig sozusagen von sich gibt . +aber su@@ k@@ z@@ essi@@ ve zog dann eben diese schrift als pri@@ mär@@ medium , er@@ hielt einzu@@ g . +dann kam die nächste generation , in der wir heute eigentlich noch pri@@ mä@@ r leben . +das ist eben die durch druck und print ge@@ prä@@ gte schrift mit gu@@ ten@@ berg und anderen . +damals war ' s genauso ein aff@@ r@@ on@@ t , wo a@@ del , kl@@ er@@ us und andere gesagt haben : sei@@ d ihr eigentlich wahn@@ sinni@@ g , wenn das volk an@@ fängt zu lesen , dann wollen die nach@@ her noch mit@@ reden und das ist natürlich total f@@ at@@ al . +und jetzt kommen wir in die nächste generation und das span@@ n@@ ende ist , so ein gener@@ a@@ tions@@ wechsel ist nur alle paar hundert jahre und wir sind im moment wirklich in dieser in dieser phän@@ omen@@ alen phase , dass wir sowas mit@@ machen . +das verwir@@ rt uns natürlich total , weil wir sehen auf der einen seite die neuen medien , soci@@ l social media , facebook us@@ w und so weiter . +mit der tot@@ alen transpar@@ enz , was das neue denken ist , was auf das alte denken kn@@ all@@ t , sa@@ g ja nicht , dass in der las@@ ag@@ ne pfer@@ de@@ fleisch und kein rin@@ d@@ fleisch mehr ist oder andere phän@@ om@@ ene , nämlich ich will das gerade eben ver@@ tu@@ schen und will das gar k@@ und@@ tun . +und diese beiden wel@@ ten kn@@ allen gerade auf@@ einander , neues und al@@ tes denken . +das span@@ n@@ ende daran ist , wenn man das an@@ gu@@ ckt , diese neue gesellschaft , diese computer@@ gesellschaft , ent@@ le@@ hnt sich sehr viel@@ er mechanis@@ men , prinzipien und arch@@ a@@ ischer denk@@ muster aus dem aus der stam@@ mes@@ gesellschaft . +jetzt aber nicht mehr auf lo@@ kal@@ er ebene , sondern auf glob@@ aler ebene . +wir haben verstanden , dass das we@@ tter global ist . +dass das thema ök@@ ologie ein glob@@ ales ist . +nicht , wenn ich hier lok@@ al ök@@ olog@@ isch denke und der nach@@ bar denkt weniger ök@@ olog@@ isch , dann funktioniert das ganze nicht mehr . +das heißt , aus dem lokalen dorf ist eigentlich ein glob@@ ales dorf geworden mit den gleichen prinzipien , möglich@@ st natürlich , möglich@@ st intui@@ tiv , aber auch die tot@@ ale transpar@@ enz . +so wie man damals im dorf wusste , wer hat was mit w@@ em und wann , so passiert das heutzutage über diese erweiter@@ ung unserer selbst durch diese mobil@@ en end@@ geräte auf glob@@ aler ebene . +sei es , dass wir wissen global an@@ häu@@ fen und immer schneller und immer besser an@@ häu@@ fen . +so wie es früher eben ent@@ sprech@@ end auf dem dorf passierte . +vor dem hintergrund habe ich mich eben damit beschäftigt zu gu@@ cken , was heißt es denn eigentlich , was ist für uns noch natürlich , was haben wir vielleicht auch verl@@ ernt , was ist für uns aber auch instin@@ ktiv , also was macht den unterschied aus ? +weil häufig kommen nämlich leute , können sie ' s nicht benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ lich machen , damit jeder damit umgehen kann . +also muss man sich damit beschäftigen , was heißt denn das , und nicht nur einfach es verändern , dass es anders ist , sondern es soll ja auch besser werden . +und wann ist natürlich auch etwas intui@@ tiv und wie kann ich als gest@@ alter darauf einfluss nehmen und eben ent@@ sprech@@ end die dinge so gestalten , dass sie a benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ lich , also möglich@@ st intui@@ tiv sind , weil dann machen sie spaß und sind einfach zu benutzen . +man beschäftigt sich dann , auch schon während des studi@@ ums , mit dem thema der wahrnehmung und der wahrneh@@ m@@ ung@@ sp@@ sy@@ ch@@ ologie . +und das ist natürlich auch was , wo man dann an@@ fängt und gu@@ ckt und sagt , okay , jetzt schaue ich einfach mal in das innere selbst hinein . +und wie sieht ' s denn eigentlich da drin aus ? +also wie funktionieren wir , wenn wir da rein@@ gu@@ cken ? +und was bedeutet denn eigentlich natürlich , intui@@ tiv und wie funktionieren unsere kan@@ ä@@ le der wahrnehmung und wie funktioniert die kogni@@ tive ver@@ arbei@@ tung ? +weil steve jobs hat mal gesagt , you need to dig deeper to understand how it works . +also man muss wirklich im detail gu@@ cken , wenn ich etwas benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ lich oder intui@@ tiv hand@@ hab@@ bar machen möchte , was heißt das im kern . +und da sieht man schon , dass man a unsere sieben sinne , die meisten denken wir haben nur fünf , mittler@@ weile sind ' s sogar schon sieben an@@ erkannte , da kommt sicherlich in na@@ her zukunft noch der nächste , a@@ chte sinn hin@@ zu , und als erweiter@@ ung auch wieder unserer selbst . +und zu schauen , wie ver@@ arbeiten wir informationen , wie nehmen wir informationen auf ? +alleine zu sagen , was ist denn information ? +information ist jeder unterschied , der einen unterschied aus@@ macht . +viele benutzen das wort , wissen aber gar nicht , was es dann en detail bedeutet . +aber ich muss im kern verstehen , im wesen verstehen , wann wird information zu information , wann werden aus daten information und aus information wiederum wissen , damit ich weiß , wie ich nach@@ her dinge auch möglich@@ st intui@@ tiv oder natürlich hand@@ hab@@ bar machen kann . +und natürlich auch , wie nimmt gestal@@ tung einfluss auf die wahrnehmung . +wir sehen das hier , wenn ich dinge gest@@ alte , dann kann ich sie verwir@@ r@@ end gestalten wie auf der rechten seite , wo ich nicht weiß , was ist sal@@ z und p@@ fe@@ ffer , oder ich kann sie quasi intui@@ tiv gestalten , indem ich dinge zeige . +also sehr viel natür@@ licher , zwar in einem gefä@@ ß , aber ich sehe sozusagen direkt , wo ist sal@@ z und p@@ fe@@ ffer drin . +und wenn ich jemandem sage , gi@@ b mir mal sal@@ z oder p@@ fe@@ ffer , dann wird er beim rechten erst@@ mal überlegen , wo ist was drin . +und beim linken einfach intui@@ tiv zu@@ greifen und mir dann hoffentlich , dass kein zu@@ cker drin ist , das sal@@ z eben ent@@ sprech@@ end geben . +aber auch unsere wahrnehmung selbst , wie täu@@ scht sie uns denn auch . +zum beispiel diese wahrnehmung im kontext . +der rechte kreis sieht größer aus als der kleine , obwohl das gar nicht der fall ist , sondern sie sind eben ent@@ sprech@@ end gleich groß , und trotzdem verändert sich unsere wahrnehmung , je nachdem in welchem kontext wir dinge rein@@ stellen . +weiß jemand , was das ist ? +come on . +pattern recogni@@ tion sollte noch funktionieren . +da da wird ' s schon eher zu meiner bri@@ lle . +also es ist ' n kreis . +ein zwei@@ ter kreis fängt schon an , gewisse ähn@@ lichkeit zu kor@@ reli@@ eren oder zu as@@ sozi@@ ieren . +und wenn ich dann halt noch einen hal@@ bo@@ val da@@ zu@@ se@@ tze , dann sehen wir auf einmal nicht mehr nur noch eine einheit , nämlich kreis , kreis und , doch wir sehen eine einheit , wir sehen nicht mehr drei teile , ein kreis , ein kreis , ein anderes . +sowas nennt man gest@@ alt@@ gesetz oder eben gest@@ alt@@ psych@@ ologie , die uns auch eben wiederum in der wahrnehmung beeinflusst . +wichtig für die gest@@ alter , die haben das meistens im ersten se@@ me@@ ster , die toll@@ en gest@@ alt@@ gesetze . +gest@@ alt@@ gesetz der nähe , gest@@ alt@@ gesetz der der kontin@@ u@@ ität und so weiter . +häufig im dritten dann schon wieder vergessen . +aber das ist ein essen@@ zi@@ ell wichti@@ ges bestand@@ teil , wenn man dinge eben ent@@ sprech@@ end auch möglich@@ st intui@@ tiv gestalten möchte . +das nächste phänomen , was auch sehr interessant ist das des seh@@ ens . +klingt erst@@ mal ganz ban@@ al , ist aber ent@@ sprech@@ end span@@ n@@ end , wenn man sich damit näher beschäftigt . +also wir haben vorne die augen und jetzt denken sie , wir sehen von vorne nach hinten . +das ist falsch . +sie sehen erst@@ mal von hinten nach vorne . +nämlich sie pro@@ j@@ ie@@ zieren eine annahme nach vorne , dass sie etwas sehen , was sie wieder@@ erkennen , beispiel@@ weise kreis . +das heißt , wir pro@@ j@@ ie@@ zieren erst unser sehen , bevor wir es dann sehen , das wieder nach hinten in unseren se@@ he@@ appar@@ at rein@@ bringen , um zu sagen , okay , +ich hab da so ' ne kogni@@ tive rück@@ kop@@ p@@ el@@ ung , du hast was pro@@ j@@ ie@@ ziert , was du sehen mö@@ cht@@ est . +das ist dann auch da , das kommt dann wieder zurück . +dann geht ' s wieder nach vorne , weil das hinten tr@@ aut dem vorne nicht und sagt , jetzt gu@@ cke doch wirklich nochmal bitte nach und sicher dich ab , ob das , was du sie@@ h@@ st , auch das ist , was du sehen mö@@ cht@@ est . +und dann geht ' s wieder nach hinten und dann wird ' s eigentlich erst gesehen . +also ein ganz , ganz span@@ nen@@ der prozess , wie gewisse dinge ab@@ laufen und in was für milli@@ se@@ kun@@ den-@@ bereichen diese dinge passieren . +ich weiß nicht , wer von ihnen dieses bild kennt . +da passiert genau das gleiche , was ich eben besch@@ rieben habe . +jetzt versucht jeder aus diesem muster etwas zu erkennen . +ich weiß nicht , wer was erkennt . +sieht jemand etwas bestimm@@ tes ? +ein d@@ al@@ ma@@ tin@@ er , genau . +wenn ich das einmal gesehen habe , dass das dass da ein d@@ al@@ ma@@ tin@@ er drin ist , dann wissen sie das . +sie werden ' s nie mehr vergessen , weil ich zeige ihnen , wo der d@@ al@@ ma@@ tin@@ er ist . +jetzt sehen sie den d@@ al@@ ma@@ tin@@ er . +und weiter , jetzt sehen sie ihn immer . +das heißt , ich habe sie jetzt eigentlich da@@ hin@@ geh@@ end ver@@ dor@@ ben , dass sie nicht mehr kein muster da@@ drin erkennen , sondern ich habe sie kon@@ di@@ tion@@ iert innerhalb kür@@ ze@@ ster zeit , immer wieder diesen hund in diesem ver@@ wor@@ r@@ enen bild zu sehen . +und das ist diese proje@@ ktion des seh@@ ens , rück@@ kop@@ pl@@ ung , sehen . +jetzt weiß ich ' s und jetzt pro@@ j@@ ie@@ zi@@ ere ich nach vorne , dass ich den d@@ al@@ ma@@ tin@@ er sehe . +ich sehe den d@@ al@@ ma@@ tin@@ er . +also ganz , ganz span@@ n@@ ende proz@@ esse , die dann in dieser , ja , gra@@ u ist sie ja eigentlich nicht , aber hier eben in dieser ro@@ san@@ en masse eben ent@@ sprech@@ end ab@@ laufen . +weiß jemand , was drei sekunden sind ? +lang , ja . +das ist unsere gegenwart . +also , es ist auch immer interessant zu wissen als designer . +wenn ich weiß , etwas dauert drei sekunden , bis ich sozusagen aus der gegenwart in die vergan@@ gen@@ heits@@ schlei@@ fe , dann kann ich eben auch sehr gut war@@ te@@ zeiten über@@ br@@ ücken , in dem ich ihn indem ich jemand immer mit drei sekunden beschäf@@ tige . +das muss er erst ver@@ arbeiten als gegenwart . +dann wander@@ t es in die vergangenheit und somit kann ich sehr elegan@@ t war@@ te@@ zeiten zum beispiel am computer über@@ br@@ ücken , wenn ich dieses phänomen kenne . +was dauert fün@@ fund@@ zwan@@ zig milli@@ sekunden ? +ja , milli@@ sekunden . +auch ein ganz span@@ nen@@ des phänomen . +das ist der zei@@ traum , in dem man sich ver@@ liebt . +das bedeutet , a@@ chtung , wenn sie das jetzt wissen , achten sie dr@@ auf , wen sie wie lange anschauen , weil ich über@@ nehme da keine gewä@@ hr für , was dann eben ent@@ sprech@@ end passieren kann . +und se@@ ch@@ zehn milli@@ sekunden , auch ein ganz span@@ nen@@ des phänomen . +das ist der zei@@ traum der meisten wahrneh@@ m@@ ungen , die wir haben . +das heißt , dieser erste eindruck passiert in einer ras@@ ant schn@@ ellen geschwindigkeit , wie wir dinge wahr@@ nehmen . +und wie wir dinge auch sehen , auf was wir achten und wie wir uns sozusagen auch gegen unserer umwelt ab@@ si@@ chern , damit wir das ent@@ sprech@@ end überlegen können . +natürlich beschäftigen sich die gest@@ alter nicht nur mit dem thema wahrneh@@ m@@ ungen und neur@@ on@@ ale ver@@ arbei@@ tungen oder kogni@@ tion@@ ser@@ gon@@ om@@ ie , sondern pri@@ mä@@ r natürlich mit dem thema der mensch@@ -@@ obje@@ k@@ t-@@ beziehung . +also wie geht ein mensch mit gewissen dingen ent@@ sprech@@ end um . +da gibt es einmal produ@@ kt@@ sprach@@ lich die prakti@@ schen funk@@ tionen , also so form@@ ale aspe@@ kte oder for@@ mal@@ äs@@ the@@ tische aspe@@ kte . +es gibt an@@ zeich@@ en-@@ funk@@ tionen , wo ich genau weiß , wo muss ich eigentlich greifen . +es gibt aber auch symbo@@ li@@ sche funk@@ tionen , warum gibt jemand für so ein kleines tä@@ sch@@ chen , wo so@@ wieso kaum was rein@@ passt , so hor@@ r@@ ende sum@@ men an geld aus , obwohl es gar nicht so praktisch ist ? +da sind wir eher auf der symbo@@ li@@ schen , auf der bedeu@@ t@@ ung@@ se@@ bene , mit denen wir uns als gest@@ alter natürlich auch beschäftigen . +zurück zu meinem eigent@@ lichen thema natural user interface und dem thema , was natürlich auch da@@ hinter@@ liegt , ist us@@ ability . +us@@ ability bedeutet immer , wie kann ich möglich@@ st schnell ein gewis@@ ses ziel erreichen oder wie kann ein nutz@@ er in einem bestimmten nutz@@ ungs@@ kontext möglich@@ st effektiv , effizi@@ ent und zu@@ frieden@@ stell@@ end ein ziel erreichen . +so sagt ' s eher die nor@@ m dazu . +wie kann ich etwas möglich@@ st benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ lich machen ? +kann ich das direkt be@@ dienen oder brauche ich ' n hand@@ buch oder brauche ich ' ne ent@@ sprech@@ ende schul@@ ung dafür . +und weniger us@@ able oder benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ lich ist es . +dass ich das nur anders gest@@ alte und schö@@ ner mache , heißt nicht , dass es besser hand@@ hab@@ bar ist . +das muss man auch verstehen . +und wenn man sich dann teil@@ weise die software , die wir eben gesehen haben , darauf an@@ schaut , dann wird man auch verstehen , warum ne@@ un@@ und@@ ne@@ un@@ zig prozent unserer heutigen software wenig intui@@ tiv oder nicht auf an@@ hie@@ b nutz@@ bar ist , das i@@ -@@ pad in vielen bereichen oder i@@ -@@ phone ent@@ sprech@@ end ein@@ geschlossen , obwohl ' s schon wesentlich intui@@ tiver ist als klas@@ sische software . +dabei ist intui@@ tive benutz@@ barkeit nicht erst seit apple ein element@@ ar@@ er wirtschafts@@ faktor , nen element@@ ar@@ er erfol@@ gs@@ faktor , wenn ich eben technolog@@ ische geräte dem menschen nutz@@ bar machen möchte . +warum ? +weil in der regel wir durch diese neue art der nutz@@ barkeit , also der natürlichen user í@@ n@@ ter@@ faces , beispielsweise fünf@@ mal schneller im durch@@ schnitt an unserem ziel sind . +sie müssen sich das so vorstellen , dass sie , wenn sie etwas der klas@@ sischen so@@ f@@ tr@@ ware machen , fünf stunden brauchen und mit dieser neuen art der natürlichen software nur noch eine stunde . +das heißt nicht , dass sie dann wahrscheinlich vier stunden eher nach hause gehen dürfen , sondern ihr arbeit@@ geber oder irgend@@ jemandem fällt dann schon ein , wie er sie mit den vier stunden ent@@ sprech@@ end beschäftigt . +ich will aber sagen , dass es für uns natürlich eine ent@@ sprech@@ ende leistungs@@ stei@@ gerung ist , auch gewissen dinge zu er@@ zielen . +wenn wir uns dann nochmal in den bereich der software be@@ geben , hier so die ersten comm@@ and line inter@@ faces , die sehr abstra@@ kt waren , wo man monate ge@@ braucht hat , um mit diesen systemen umzu@@ gehen . +dann kamen die nächsten , die jetzt schon mit ' ne@@ m neur@@ on@@ alen modell oder ment@@ alen modell wie die software e@@ er@@ gon@@ omen sagen , gearbeitet haben , nämlich man hätte eine vorstellung von etwas , die metapher , die metapher eines des@@ k@@ top , um den computer nutz@@ bar zu machen . +also nicht mehr nu@@ llen und ein@@ sen oder kr@@ yp@@ tische co@@ des , sondern eben eine metapher . +das machte das ganze schon wesentlich benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ licher , aber es geht natürlich auch noch viel besser . +die nächste generation der graph@@ ischen benutz@@ ung@@ so@@ ber@@ flächen arbeitet schon sehr viel mehr mit verhalten . +also da gest@@ alte ich als gest@@ alter sehr viel häufi@@ ger das verhalten als das aussehen . +das ist auch so ein paradig@@ men@@ wechsel . +dass ich auf einmal dass das aussehen immer un@@ wichtiger für den erfolg , gerade die us@@ ability eine app@@ lik@@ ation wird . +und wenn ich dann noch einen schritt weiter@@ gehe in diese natural user inter@@ faces , wo ich per stimme , per sprache , per touch , per ge@@ ste und nicht mehr per maus und cur@@ sor die dinge steuern muss , dann bin ich noch schneller und noch un@@ mittel@@ barer . +das führt mich aber auch wieder zu dem punkt , ab wann werden die dinge denn eigentlich intui@@ tiver ? +wenn sie intui@@ tiver werden und dann muss ich wieder meinen kleinen freund hier stra@@ pa@@ zieren und gu@@ cken , was bedeutet das denn eben aus sicht der kogni@@ tion@@ ser@@ gon@@ om@@ ie , wann ist jetzt wirklich etwas auch intui@@ tiv ? +und das ist für uns menschen ist immer etwas intui@@ tiv , wenn ich möglich@@ st wenig darüber nachdenken muss . +also schein@@ bar möchte er nicht gerne denken , sondern es sich verhäl@@ t@@ nis@@ mäßig einfach machen . +je weniger ich sozusagen darüber nach@@ denke , desto intui@@ tiver ist es . +und was bedeutet das für den designer ? +das heißt , wenn wir anschauen , dass wir existi@@ erende hand@@ l@@ ungs@@ modelle von einem auf etwas anderes übertragen können , zum beispiel die metapher , dann kann ich mir das zun@@ u@@ tze machen als gest@@ alter . +das heißt , ich kann eben so ein intui@@ tives , menschliches hand@@ l@@ ungs@@ modell auf eine software übertragen und damit die software wesentlich benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ licher machen . +stellt sich natürlich die frage , was ist eigentlich so das intui@@ tiv@@ ste hand@@ l@@ ungs@@ sch@@ em@@ a von uns menschen und jetzt habe ich ' s schon ver@@ raten . +das ist das sogenan@@ nte o@@ si@@ t-@@ modell . +das benutzt jeder von uns und o@@ sit ist ein ak@@ r@@ ony@@ m und steht für orienti@@ eren , sele@@ kti@@ eren , infor@@ mieren , tran@@ sa@@ gieren . +das macht jeder von ihnen die ganze zeit , aber er macht ' s un@@ bewusst und ja quasi intui@@ tiv oder teil@@ weise auch instin@@ ktiv . +das modell wird schon au@@ spr@@ ä@@ gt im mutter@@ lei@@ b und ist inter@@ kultur@@ ell , also es funktioniert weltweit bei j@@ ung und alt , und wird von uns die ganze zeit benutzt , ohne dass die meisten bisher wussten , dass dieses modell vorhanden ist . +o@@ sit o@@ sit an sich wird ungefähr fünf@@ zig bis sie@@ b@@ zi@@ g@@ tausend mal von uns je nach aktivität , also im schla@@ f hat man fest@@ gestellt , dass es dann weniger häufig stra@@ pa@@ ziert wird als am tag . +ich kann jetzt eben dieses ment@@ ale hand@@ l@@ ungs@@ modell orienti@@ eren , sele@@ kti@@ eren , infor@@ mieren , tran@@ sa@@ gieren übertragen auf ein interak@@ tions@@ system . +und durch diese art der über@@ tra@@ gung , ähnlich wie mit der metapher des des@@ k@@ tops , jetzt aber nicht mehr eine metapher eines phy@@ sischen obje@@ ktes , sondern eine metapher eines hand@@ l@@ ungs@@ mu@@ sters , eines hand@@ l@@ ung@@ spr@@ in@@ zi@@ ps . +und das ist auf einem hö@@ h@@ eren gra@@ l der benutz@@ ungs@@ freund@@ lichkeit als das der über@@ tra@@ gung einer klas@@ sischen metapher , nämlich der des des@@ k@@ tops . +und wenn ich das jetzt über@@ tra@@ ge , zum beispiel in dem ich orienti@@ eren als über@@ sicht au@@ spr@@ ä@@ ge , sele@@ kti@@ eren als aus@@ wahl , infor@@ mieren in dem f@@ alle , es kommt groß auf mich zu , ich kann ' s mir im detail an@@ gu@@ cken , und ja , tran@@ sa@@ gieren heißt , ich kann das auch irgendwo hin@@ werfen oder jemandem schicken oder ein@@ kaufen und so weiter , +dann kann ich das ganze übertragen . +ich versuche das mal anhand eines beispiel@@ s . +eben hat ja jeder schon ku@@ chen ge@@ gessen . +über@@ sicht : jetzt inter@@ agi@@ ere ich sozusagen mit dem objekt , kann wieder raus@@ zo@@ omen , rein@@ zo@@ omen . +ich kriege den gesamten über@@ blick , kann jetzt hier@@ auf fil@@ tern und kann sagen , zei@@ g mir nur alle sache mit scho@@ kol@@ ade beispielsweise . +und habe auf einmal ein interface , was wesentlich intui@@ tiver und sehr viel natür@@ licher ist . +weil , dass ich die dinge wie die stück@@ chen greifen kann , tou@@ chen kann und sie kommen auf mich zu , ist wesentlich natür@@ licher als wenn über hier@@ arch@@ isch organisi@@ erte web@@ seiten oder andere mechanis@@ men sozusagen diese dinge zugänglich machen kann . +imagination is more important than knowledge , und mit diesem satz möchte ich auch gerne schließen , a und nochmal den hin@@ weis zu geben , auch designer müssen anders denken , um auf neue lösungen zu kommen , und in diesem sinne danke ich ihnen recht herz@@ lich für ihre aufmerksamkeit und bitte . +ich möchte ihnen zu einem ganz bestimmten aspekt von neugi@@ erde ver@@ helfen . +das erste , wenn sie als kind groß werden , als baby , ist , dass sie sich dr@@ um kümmern was welche aus@@ schei@@ dungen sie so haben , ja ? und je nachdem , ob ihre eltern ihnen erlaubt haben , mehr oder weniger im tö@@ pf@@ chen zu spielen und zu rü@@ hren , desto mehr , sozusagen , wird ihre neugi@@ erde natürlich gewe@@ ckt dabei . +und die neugi@@ erde lässt sich nicht lernen . +darum sind alle , die hier sind und neugi@@ er@@ ig sind , in der tat leute , die eine eigen@@ schaft haben , die man nicht lernen kann . +mir geht es jetzt darum , praktisch diese ganze umwelt@@ diskussion , welt@@ unter@@ gang , vier@@ zig jahre clu@@ b@@ -@@ of-@@ ro@@ me , in qualität umzu@@ setzen . +und da gibt es einen zentr@@ alen punkt dabei . +und der hängt an phosp@@ h@@ or . +give pe@@ e a chance . +jeden tag geben sie + geben sie größ@@ enor@@ dnung etwa zwei gramm phosp@@ h@@ or ab und jeden tag müssen sie zwei gramm phosp@@ h@@ or auf@@ nehmen . +sonst können sie keine zä@@ hne haben . +sie können keine energie spei@@ chern . +sie können keine knochen haben . +wir könnten nur als am@@ or@@ p@@ he m@@ oll@@ us@@ ken durch die welt@@ me@@ ere glei@@ ten . +wenn wir in der tat kein phosp@@ h@@ or auf@@ nehmen und ab@@ geben . +erstaun@@ licherweise ist es so , dass wir wir uns hier ja mit etwas beschäftigen , was eigentlich ' ne selbst@@ verstän@@ d@@ lichkeit wäre , aber gar nicht so ist . +denn alle reden über energie , aber niemand re@@ det über das phosp@@ hor@@ -@@ problem . +das phosp@@ hor@@ -@@ problem ist viel kri@@ tischer . +wir hängen von zwei ländern ab . +wir haben nur für zwei jahre phosp@@ h@@ or und schon jetzt wird durch den phosp@@ hor@@ -@@ berg@@ bau weltweit viel mehr ur@@ an in die umwelt gebracht , als in allen atom@@ an@@ lagen verwendet wird . +allein in den letzten zwan@@ zig jahren sind fünf@@ zehn@@ tausend ton@@ nen ur@@ an auf unseren fel@@ dern in deutsch@@ land verteilt worden . +und das nehmen wir alles auf . +es macht leu@@ kä@@ mie bei kindern . +und wir denken , wir würden die umwelt schützen , wenn wir ein bisschen weniger sch@@ äd@@ lich sind . +also , zum beispiel , schü@@ tz die umwelt , fahr weniger auto . +schü@@ tz die umwelt , mach weniger müll . +schü@@ tz die umwelt , ver@@ brauche weniger energie . +das ist aber kein schutz . +das ist so , wie wenn ich sagen würde , schü@@ tz dein kind , schlag es nur drei@@ mal anstatt fünf@@ mal . +das ist nur ein bisschen weniger zerstör@@ ung . +wenn wir so von von der wie@@ ge bis zur ba@@ hre denken , dann wird unsere unsere ganze erde früher oder später ein frie@@ d@@ h@@ of . +darum eben von der wie@@ ge zur wie@@ ge zu denken . +und das wichtigste dabei ist , uns den boden anzu@@ schauen , als aller@@ erstes . +im boden ist über se@@ ch@@ zig prozent des kohlen@@ stoff@@ s gesp@@ ei@@ ch@@ ert . +im moment bauen wir ma@@ is an und verlieren zwischen el@@ f und drei@@ ß@@ ig kil@@ ogra@@ mm drei@@ ß@@ ig ton@@ nen pro he@@ kt@@ ar , oder auf den quad@@ rat@@ meter auch umzu@@ rech@@ nen . +das heißt , wir verlieren im boden etwa fün@@ ft@@ aus@@ end mal mehr , als neu ge@@ bildet wird . +wir können uns natürlich erst@@ mal das mü@@ ll@@ problem an@@ gu@@ cken . +und alles ist ja ver@@ pac@@ kung oder inhalt . +in offen@@ b@@ ach zum beispiel sind am haus@@ müll zwan@@ zig prozent des der mü@@ ll@@ menge in@@ zwischen wind@@ eln . +und weil wir älter werden , davon werden die wind@@ eln größer . +das ist sie sind sozusagen alle in der vor@@ win@@ del@@ phase . +ja ? +ein ein baby braucht etwa se@@ ch@@ st@@ aus@@ end wind@@ eln . +wir könnten das natürlich um zehn prozent reduzieren , aber was macht das ? +das wird in china in einer sekunde ausge@@ glichen . +das ist völlig bel@@ an@@ glo@@ s . +die frage ist also , wie gehen wir mit diesen wind@@ eln um ? +hier ein der beweis übrigens dazu , dass männer keine schw@@ eine sind . +will ich ihnen sagen . +weil der phosp@@ h@@ or wird bei den schw@@ einen über die fe@@ sten bestand@@ teile ex@@ kre@@ mente ab@@ gegeben . +bei den menschen über den ur@@ in . +ja . +damit können also männer keine schw@@ eine sein . +weil das ist damit ja bele@@ gt , oder ? +tradition@@ ell denken wir in der umwelt@@ diskussion , wir sind zu viele auf der welt . +und wenn man den menschen die wenn man den menschen es ab@@ spricht zu existieren , wenn man sagt , das wäre besser , du wär@@ st gar nicht da , dann werden sie ra@@ ff@@ gi@@ er@@ ig und fein@@ d@@ se@@ lig . +und so sagt jemand wie al gore , einer unserer großen helden , es gibt nichts wichti@@ ger@@ es , als die menschliche bevölkerung zu stabili@@ sieren . +in israel sagt man , wenn du ein menschen@@ leben rett@@ est , rett@@ est du die erde . +hier sagt es , je mehr du um@@ br@@ ing@@ st , desto besser . +ja . +die erste frage ist , sind wir wirklich zu viele ? +wenn man sich die ameisen an@@ schaut , das gewicht der ameisen auf der erde , dann wie@@ gen die ameisen etwa vier@@ mal mehr als wir menschen . +ich könnte mir auch ter@@ mi@@ ten her@@ nehmen , aber in den usa mag niemand ter@@ mi@@ ten , in so weit gesehen , obwohl sie vege@@ t@@ ari@@ er sind . +das heißt , die ameisen wie@@ gen viel mehr als wir . +und weil sie körper@@ lich viel här@@ ter arbeiten als wir und weil sie nur drei bis sechs monate leben , ent@@ sprechen sie in ihrem gewicht , im energi@@ ever@@ brauch etwas drei@@ ß@@ ig milliarden menschen . +das heißt , wir sind nicht zu viele , wir sind zu bl@@ ö@@ de , ja ? +und wo sie sehen wie weit wir davon weg sind , was wir wirklich erreichen wollten und könnten , und wie trauri@@ ge wir sind , dass wir überhaupt auf der erde sind , können sie daran sehen , dass zum beispiel offen@@ b@@ ach ein programm hat , bis zwan@@ zig vier@@ zig möchte man hier kli@@ man@@ eu@@ tra@@ l sein , ja ? +sie können nur kli@@ man@@ eu@@ tra@@ l sein , wenn sie nicht existieren , ja ? +die einzige chance . +haben sie schon einmal einen kli@@ man@@ eu@@ tr@@ alen baum gesehen ? +ja ? +einen einzigen ? +das heißt , unsere ganze intelligenz bedeutet , dass wir d@@ ü@@ mmer als bäume sein wollen , ja ? +ja ? +kein baum ist kohlen@@ stoff@@ neu@@ tra@@ l . +zum glück nicht , ja ? +es gibt kein über@@ bevölker@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ m an b@@ äumen . +es gibt allein im ama@@ zon@@ as@@ gebiet immer noch se@@ ch@@ sh@@ under@@ t milliarden bäume . +davon haben sie schon mal etwas von über@@ bevölker@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ men von b@@ äumen gehört ? +das heißt , alle unsere intelligenz bedeutet , dass wir d@@ ü@@ mmer als bäume sein wollen . +und wo sie sehen , selbst bei etwas wie de@@ meter , die stri@@ k@@ teste bio@@ - ja landwirtschaft , erlaubt nicht , dass unsere eigenen stoff@@ wechsel@@ produkte zurück@@ gehen . +jedes jahr verlieren wir so drei millionen ton@@ nen phosp@@ h@@ or , die wirklich in krei@@ s@@ läu@@ fe zurück@@ gehen müssten . +und damit sind wir zu viele . +allein darüber . +das heißt wir fühlen uns so schul@@ dig auf der erde , dass wir sagen . es gibt keinen bio@@ -@@ land@@ bau , kein bi@@ ol@@ and , kein natu@@ re-@@ et@@ -@@ pro@@ gr@@ è@@ s und wie sie alle heißen , die erlauben , dass unsere eigenen ex@@ kre@@ mente zurück@@ gehen . +ist das nicht trauri@@ g ? +damit sind wir zu viele . +es ist sicher sinn@@ voll , weniger sch@@ äd@@ lich zu sein , was öl@@ ver@@ brauch an@@ geht . +aber wo sind wir nützlich ? +wir versuchen , unseren ök@@ ologischen fuß@@ ab@@ druck zu mini@@ mieren , aber es geht doch darum , einen großen fuß@@ ab@@ druck zu haben , der nützlich ist . +wir wollen gut für die gesellschaft sein , wir wollen gut für die wirtschaft sein , aber wenn es um die umwelt geht , ist das höch@@ ste , nicht da zu sein , ja ? +nu@@ l@@ le@@ mis@@ sionen , ja ? +sie können nur nu@@ l@@ le@@ mis@@ sionen haben , wenn sie nicht da sind . +selbst wenn sie sich jetzt er@@ schie@@ ßen würden , hätten sie emis@@ sionen . +also sie können das gar nicht lösen . +wir können es anders . +wir können unsere nähr@@ stoffe zurück@@ gewinnen . +wir machen in brasili@@ en landwirtschaft in der von wo wir die nähr@@ stoffe zurück@@ gewinnen . +ganz direkt können wir auf diese art und weise nähr@@ stoffe in landwirtschaft zurück@@ kriegen . +wir machen das in china zum beispiel , wo wir direkt die ab@@ fälle davon nehmen . +in in china heißt ein ein nach@@ tt@@ op@@ f heute noch hon@@ ig@@ tö@@ pf@@ chen , sozusagen , ja ? +und in unserer westlichen welt waren wir immer zu du@@ mm , unsere nähr@@ stoffe zurückzu@@ bringen . +das heißt , die ganze west@@ liche zivili@@ sa@@ tions@@ geschichte zeichnet sich dadurch aus , dass die stadt immer nur genommen hat , aber den bauern nie etwas zurück@@ gegeben hat . +dadurch mussten die städte immer mehr wachsen , weil die bauern in die städte gingen und die städte mussten immer weiter weg ihre nähr@@ stoffe holen . +darum alle westlichen reiche sind immer expan@@ diert , bis sie die infrastruktur nicht mehr geschafft haben und dann sind sie im@@ plo@@ diert . +ja ? +in china war es anders . +man hat bru@@ ch@@ los zivilisation über fün@@ ft@@ aus@@ end jahre geschafft , weil man immer in der lage war , die nähr@@ stoffe zurückzu@@ bringen . +selbst heute noch , wenn sie zum essen ein@@ geladen sind in china erwartet man nach dem essen , dass sie solange bleiben , bis sie die toile@@ tte auf@@ suchen . +weil es ist un@@ freund@@ lich , zu gehen und die nähr@@ stoffe mit@@ zunehmen . +man hat sie zu man hat sie zum essen ein@@ geladen , nicht zum nähr@@ stoff@@ die@@ b@@ sta@@ hl . +das heißt , sie können im internet sehen , wie man die nähr@@ stoffe zurück@@ gewinnen kann . +das eigentlich schöne dabei ist , wenn man das tut , also landwirtschaft macht , bi@@ og@@ as erzeugt , auf einem he@@ kt@@ ar land mit fün@@ ft@@ aus@@ end ein@@ wohn@@ ern in fa@@ vel@@ as , kann damit ein bau@@ er etwa ein@@ taus@@ end@@ fünf@@ hundert dollar er@@ wirt@@ schaften und die anlage damit warten , hü@@ hn@@ er und schw@@ ein zü@@ chten und enten und gemü@@ se und fische . +und das tolle dabei ist , dass die ver@@ bre@@ chen@@ s@@ rate in den fa@@ vel@@ as um über ne@@ un@@ zig prozent zurück@@ geht . +wir müssen also nicht die leute kontrollieren , möglich@@ st wenig schlecht zu sein . +wir können sie unterstützen , gut zu sein . +das ist natürlich high-@@ tech@@ -@@ landwirtschaft , aber die an@@ lagen tragen sich selber . +das neben@@ produkt ist sau@@ ber@@ es wasser . +und sie sind so gestal@@ tet , durch das design , das ein bau@@ er sie einfach be@@ wirt@@ schaften kann . +das heißt , damit gehen die ver@@ bre@@ chen@@ s@@ raten zurück . +und keine von diesen an@@ lagen , wir haben jetzt über hunder@@ t@@ fün@@ zig gebaut in den letzten zwan@@ zig jahren , keine von diesen an@@ lagen wurde jemals s@@ abo@@ tiert . +sie könnten so leicht einfach einen li@@ ter al@@ tö@@ l rein@@ werfen und dann würde die anlage über jahre ru@@ in@@ iert sein . +findet nicht statt . +das heißt , wir müssen nicht die menschen kontrollieren , möglich@@ st wenig schlecht zu sein . +wir können sie unterstützen , gut zu sein . +das heißt , wir müssen phosp@@ h@@ or zurück@@ kriegen . +und übrigens , wenn sie was tun wollen daraus , schreiben sie sich auf , in deutsch@@ land am besten ge@@ eig@@ net von allen klär@@ an@@ lagen ist die in frank@@ fur@@ t . +leider die nicht in offen@@ b@@ ach , aber vielleicht können sie den frank@@ fur@@ tern ja mal ein bisschen helfen dabei . +denn die frank@@ fur@@ ter anlage könnte am besten den phosp@@ h@@ or zurück@@ gewinnen . +und der muss zurück . +wir sehen das dazu , dass phosp@@ h@@ or wirklich kri@@ tisch ist . +und wir sehen , dass es durch@@ aus gel@@ ingt . +wir haben in h@@ oll@@ and uns jetzt über drei jahre eingesetzt . +die h@@ oll@@ än@@ dische regierung hat erklärt , sie werden das erste land weltweit sein , was phosp@@ h@@ or zurück@@ gewinn@@ t . +aber wir brauchen das ins@@ gesam@@ t . +verstehen sie , es gibt zwei länder , die kontrollieren fast sie@@ b@@ zig prozent der phosp@@ hor@@ vor@@ kommen weltweit . +da ist die op@@ e@@ c ein ein haufen von wa@@ is@@ en@@ kn@@ ab@@ en . +das sind se@@ chs@@ und@@ zwan@@ zig länder , die vier@@ zig prozent der öl@@ vor@@ rä@@ te kontrollieren . +und das öl werden wir ersetzen können durch andere energie@@ trä@@ ger . +aber den phosp@@ h@@ or wird man nicht ersetzen können . +darum geht es nicht darum , das be@@ steh@@ ende ein bisschen weniger schlecht zu zu machen , sondern es geht darum , etwas richtig zu machen . +und ist vor allem erst@@ mal zu fragen , was das richtige ist . +das heißt , es geht um effe@@ k@@ tivität , nicht um effizi@@ enz . +in h@@ oll@@ and versteht man das natürlich lei@@ chter , weil in h@@ oll@@ and ist das land auf blu@@ men aufgebaut . +ja ? +stellen sie sich vor , wenn zum beispiel ihre ihre frau trauri@@ g ist , wenn sie wenn sie sie ge@@ är@@ g@@ ert haben , und sie kommen mit fünf@@ zig ro@@ sen . +völlig in@@ effizi@@ ent . +aber ganz und gar effektiv , ja ? +oder nehmen sie einen li@@ pp@@ en@@ sti@@ ft . +eine frau in deutsch@@ land is@@ st etwa sechs kom@@ ma drei kil@@ ogra@@ mm während ihres lebens . +dabei . +das ist wissenschaft@@ lich nicht nicht genau korre@@ kt , weil weil wir nicht wissen , wie viel weg@@ ge@@ kü@@ sst wird dabei . +aber ein li@@ pp@@ en@@ sti@@ ft , selbst bei dieser bele@@ u@@ chtung , kann ich ihnen sagen , ist völlig in@@ effizi@@ ent , aber ganz und gar effektiv , ja ? +ein alles , was im leben schön ist , ist nicht effizi@@ ent . +darum eben nicht ressour@@ cen@@ effizi@@ enz , sondern effe@@ k@@ tivität . +zu fragen , was ist das richtige ? +nicht , den klär@@ schl@@ am@@ m noch ein bisschen besser zu ver@@ bren@@ nen und ihn damit abzu@@ la@@ gern und in der ver@@ brenn@@ ungs@@ anlage die ganzen materialien für krei@@ s@@ läu@@ fe zu verlieren , sondern zuerst mal zu fragen , wie schlie@@ ßt man krei@@ s@@ läu@@ fe ? +stellen sie sich mo@@ z@@ art effizi@@ ent vor . +ja ? +wenn ich sie zum ab@@ en@@ dessen ein@@ la@@ de und sage , ja , es gibt eine tab@@ le@@ tte mit offen@@ b@@ ach@@ -@@ geschma@@ ck und ein glas wasser dazu . +wunderbar , ' ne ? +das ist effizi@@ ent . +alles , was im leben schön ist , ist nicht effizi@@ ent . +wenn sie sich in jemand ver@@ lieben , effizi@@ ent ? +ja ? +das heißt , alles , was im leben zä@@ hlt , ist geht ' s nicht darum zu sparen , zu vermeiden , zu reduzieren . +die ganze umwelt@@ diskussion . +wir sagen den leuten , ach ja , ihr habt ja kein umwelt@@ bewusstsein im sü@@ den . +nein , das weg@@ werfen ist genau das richtige , ja ? +an jeder stelle , wo man weg@@ wir@@ ft , von , ja , schafft man wieder lebens@@ möglichkeiten . +aber die fal@@ schen dinge . +wenn man die fal@@ schen dinge weg@@ wir@@ ft , hat man ein mü@@ ll@@ problem . +in wie wir denken von norden her . +dort ist jeder fuß@@ ab@@ druck nach@@ teili@@ g . +wenn sie laufen , ja , zerstört jeder fuß@@ ab@@ druck den boden . +weil eben der boden wird die mo@@ o@@ se sterben ab und der der wind und das wasser wä@@ scht den boden weg . +wenn sie aber in it@@ alien sind , bedeutet jeder fuß@@ ab@@ druck , dass das wasser länger in der wi@@ ese stehen bleibt . +also , es geht darum , einen großen fuß@@ ab@@ druck zu zu schaffen , der ein feu@@ cht@@ gebiet wird . +nicht schul@@ d@@ management . +wir sagen in deutsch@@ land nachhal@@ tigkeit . +ja ? +aber wenn ich sie frage , wie geht ' s ihnen so mit ihrer frau ? +was sagen sie dann ? +nachhal@@ tig . +dann sage ich , herz@@ liches bei@@ leid , ja ? +das ist ja gerade das minim@@ um . +also nicht sparen , ver@@ zi@@ chten , vermeiden . +jeder ab@@ fall ist nähr@@ stoff . +und es ist eine l@@ ust , wenn sie in it@@ alien sehen , wie die leute im hohen bogen so ' ne col@@ a@@ do@@ se aus dem auto raus@@ sch@@ mei@@ ßen , dazu . +denn wissen sie , das ist ein lu@@ st@@ voller vor@@ gang . +es ist ' ne form von re@@ vier@@ verhalten , ja ? +sie können zeigen , ich war da . +aber mit dem richtigen design , bitte schön . +wir haben zum beispiel eine ei@@ scre@@ me@@ ver@@ pac@@ kung entwickelt , die ist bei raum@@ temperatur ' ne flüs@@ sigkeit . +die können sie weg@@ sch@@ mei@@ ßen , wo sie gehen und stehen . +in zwei stunden baut sie sich überall ab . +und sie enth@@ ält samen von sel@@ ten@@ en pflanzen , sodass sie durch das weg@@ werfen zur ar@@ ten@@ vielfalt bei@@ tragen . +das heißt , wir sind nützlich , nicht weniger sch@@ äd@@ lich dabei . +es entstehen also zwei krei@@ s@@ läu@@ fe . +nicht alles soll natürlich kom@@ po@@ sti@@ er@@ bar sein . +ein fern@@ se@@ her oder eine wa@@ sch@@ maschine , die nutzen sie ja nur , die ver@@ brauchen sie nicht . +nur die dinge , die versch@@ lei@@ ßen , wie schu@@ h@@ sol@@ en , wie bre@@ m@@ s@@ bel@@ ä@@ ge , wie autor@@ ei@@ fen , die müssen so sein , dass sie in biolog@@ ische systeme gehen . +die dinge , die nur genutzt werden , gehen in techn@@ ische systeme . +aber heute reden wir nur über die biolog@@ ischen systeme . +ja ? +zum beispiel der s@@ ne@@ ak@@ er , ja ? +ganz dire@@ kte werbung , und zwar nicht für die firma pu@@ ma per se , sondern dafür , dass sie jetzt diesem diesem unternehmen helfen , diese produkte erfolgreich zu machen . +denn wir nicht wir machen nicht die dinge mehr frei von . +ja ? +also , wenn ich sie ein@@ la@@ de zum essen und sage , das ist frei von hä@@ hn@@ chen , dann hilft ihnen das gar nichts . +nein , wir legen fest , was drin ist . +posi@@ tiv . +also nicht wie de@@ to@@ x . +nicht gif@@ tiges drin . +sondern alles , was drin ist , ist nützlich . +das sind die ersten schuhe , mit denen sie den ka@@ v@@ ali@@ er@@ start an der fuß@@ gän@@ ger@@ am@@ pel hin@@ legen können und der gu@@ mm@@ i in biolog@@ ische krei@@ s@@ läu@@ fe gehen kann , ja ? +alles davon ist kom@@ po@@ sti@@ er@@ bar davon . +und wenn es uns gel@@ ingt , gel@@ ingt es uns natürlich für adi@@ das , für ni@@ ke , für hen@@ nes und mau@@ ri@@ tz und die ganze tex@@ ti@@ lin@@ du@@ str@@ ie mit . +und das ist die hälfte aller ab@@ wasser@@ probleme weltweit , die durch die tex@@ ti@@ lin@@ du@@ str@@ ie verursacht werden . +darum helfen sie da mit , fragen sie bei den leuten mal nach . +hey , pu@@ ma , macht sei@@ d ihr wirklich ernsthaf@@ t ? +weil die haben jetzt schon zwei@@ mal den vor@@ stand@@ s@@ vor@@ sitz@@ enden ge@@ wechsel@@ t . +und ich bin mir nicht so sicher , ob sie wirklich dab@@ ei@@ bleiben . +also , helfen sie mir mal ein bisschen dabei . +aber es geht . +ja . +das , was gerade dar@@ gestellt worden ist . +das geht . +wir können die dinge jetzt so machen , dass sie , wenn sie versch@@ lei@@ ßen , wenn sie kapu@@ tt@@ gehen , können sie in biolog@@ ische krei@@ s@@ läu@@ fe . +techn@@ ische krei@@ s@@ läu@@ fe gibt ' s genauso . +es gibt hier@@ für den ein dire@@ ktes rück@@ nam@@ es@@ y@@ stem . +das ist der erste ök@@ ologische ru@@ ck@@ s@@ ack , tatsächlich , der dafür gemacht ist , in den krei@@ sl@@ auf zurückzu@@ gehen . +auch das , also in jedem laden kann man die dinge zurück@@ kriegen . +wenn sie auf das kommen , ja ? +erinnern sie sich an die win@@ del noch mal ? +wenn im moment ist das müll . +überall liegen diese wind@@ eln r@@ um , nahe@@ zu . +in den ländern , wo die leute zu geld kommen . +da vor@@ n auf den de@@ po@@ nien , aber auch sonst in der landschaft , ja ? +wenn wir den kunst@@ stoff ändern , so dass er in biolog@@ ische systeme gehen kann , wenn wir die wasser@@ spei@@ cher ändern , dr@@ innen , dass sie eben auf zell@@ u@@ lo@@ se@@ basis zurück können , dann können sie mit einem baby in israel oder in tun@@ es@@ ien hunder@@ t@@ fünf@@ zig bäume pflanzen . +ja ? +allein wenn sie diese diese win@@ del nehmen , sie zer@@ klein@@ ern , ster@@ ili@@ sieren und das pul@@ ver nehmen , um damit bäume zu pflanzen . +damit ist das baby kohlen@@ stoff@@ posi@@ tiv für das ganze leben , schon von anfang an . +also , wir brauchen nicht kli@@ man@@ eu@@ tra@@ l sein , wir können klima@@ posi@@ tiv sein . +es geht sozusagen um ein bene@@ ficial po@@ op print . +ja , sozusagen . +ja ? +das können wir machen . +wir können alles noch mal neu erfinden . +ich hab dazu ein institu@@ t gegründet . +in@@ zwischen arbeiten dort ganz viele leute mit und sie können alle sich enga@@ gieren . +es gibt extra einen ver@@ ein dazu , cra@@ d@@ le-@@ to-@@ cra@@ d@@ le-@@ ver@@ ein , wo jeder mit@@ machen kann . +also nicht mehr sparen , ver@@ zi@@ chten , vermeiden , reduzieren , kein schul@@ d@@ management , sondern intelligen@@ te versch@@ wen@@ dung . +macht sie das neugi@@ er@@ ig ? +danke schön . +die arbeit des interpre@@ ten . +musik als sprache . +in der beschrei@@ bung zu meiner rede steht geschrieben , dass ich als interpre@@ tin , mich als über@@ setz@@ erin , also im engli@@ schen wor@@ ts@@ inn , verste@@ he . +interpre@@ ten sind über@@ setz@@ er der gesch@@ rie@@ benen noten in klin@@ gende musik . +dass man als über@@ setz@@ er nicht bloß wort für wort den text in eine andere sprache über@@ trägt , sondern auch den tief@@ eren sinn der wörter und wor@@ tz@@ us@@ am@@ men@@ hang verstehen muss , damit es eine sinn@@ volle über@@ setzung er@@ gibt , weiß jeder , der es mit frem@@ d@@ sprachen zu tun hat . +schon aus dem deut@@ schen ins engli@@ sche zu über@@ setzen , kann mehr wissen er@@ for@@ dern , zu@@ mal es wenn man wenn es dann um di@@ chtung oder gar um po@@ es@@ ie geht . +ganz frem@@ d ist es aber für la@@ ien , was wir musi@@ ker mit unserer musik@@ sprache tun . +als interpre@@ tin eines musik@@ stück@@ es habe ich zunächst nur die gesch@@ rie@@ benen noten . +sie denken sicher , dass der kompon@@ ist in die noten genau alles hinein@@ geschrieben hat , was er sich da er@@ dacht hat . +in wirklichkeit sind die noten sehr v@@ age und un@@ genau . +diese noten sind ungefähr genauso genau oder un@@ genau , wie eine verb@@ ale , wenn auch sehr schein@@ bar pen@@ i@@ bel@@ st genau@@ e , beschrei@@ bung einer landschaft . +denn in dieser verb@@ alen land@@ schafts@@ beschrei@@ bung ist der du@@ ft der blu@@ men nicht zu rie@@ chen , der grad des grün@@ s nur zu er@@ a@@ hnen , das sä@@ us@@ eln des win@@ des nicht zu hören , nicht zu spüren . +das heißt , der interpre@@ t muss diese un@@ gen@@ auen ang@@ ab@@ en der not@@ en@@ sprache in eine andere , nämlich hör@@ bare , kon@@ kre@@ te , non@@ verb@@ ale musik@@ sprache über@@ setzen . +heute möchte ich ihnen das , was ich sonst musi@@ kal@@ isch über@@ se@@ tze , also interpre@@ tiere , noch einmal in eine verb@@ ale sprache über@@ setzen . +praktisch also eine über@@ setzung der über@@ setzung . +deshalb zie@@ he ich es vor , das ganze lieber auf deu@@ ts@@ ch zu tun , denn wenn ich es auch noch einmal ins engli@@ sche über@@ setzen müsste , wäre es für mich gleich@@ bedeu@@ tend mit über@@ setzung der über@@ setzung der über@@ setzung . +die also , die musik funktioniert also für mich so ähnlich wie die gespro@@ ch@@ ene sprache . +die no@@ ti@@ erten noten haben dabei die funktion der buchstab@@ en einer schrift . +es genü@@ gt also nicht , nur noten lesen zu lernen und die dazu ent@@ sprech@@ enden ta@@ sten auf dem kla@@ vier oder die richtige stelle auf einer viol@@ in@@ sa@@ ite zu drücken . +das wären nämlich nur die buchstab@@ en , die man gelernt hat , zu malen . +den sinn der buchstab@@ en erkennt man erst , wenn man die sprache dazu kann . +fol@@ glich braucht man für den lern@@ prozess der musik musik@@ sprache mindestens genauso lang wie für die gespro@@ ch@@ ene sprache . +da gibt es zwar dann auch ab@@ stu@@ f@@ ungen , ob man es für den h@@ ausge@@ brauch lernt , nur passi@@ v versteht oder man auch aktiv sprechen kann , bis zu dem musi@@ kal@@ ischen mutter@@ sprach@@ ler . +die arbeit des interpre@@ ten fängt ähnlich an wie die eines the@@ at@@ er@@ reg@@ is@@ se@@ urs . +nachdem man zunächst sich ein stück aus@@ ges@@ u@@ cht hat zu spielen , weil man davon begeistert ist , forsch@@ t man erst@@ mal nach hinter@@ gründen der ent@@ ste@@ hung der kom@@ position . +man samm@@ elt informationen über das stück in der se@@ k@@ und@@ är@@ liter@@ atur . +man li@@ est in den brie@@ fen , ta@@ geb@@ ü@@ chern , no@@ ti@@ zen , oder ob es worte , gedanken vom kom@@ po@@ ni@@ sten selbst gibt . +man studi@@ ert die werke , die er vorher und nach@@ her kom@@ po@@ ni@@ ert hat . +man stellt ver@@ gleiche an . +die beweg@@ gründe , es zu schreiben . +wie und was hat er emp@@ funden ? +wie waren seine leben@@ sum@@ stände , wie die der gesellschaft und der politik ? +das alles interessiert mich . +man denkt sich in diese zeit hinein , indem man zum beispiel auch zeit@@ gen@@ ö@@ ss@@ ische bilder an@@ schaut oder liter@@ atur li@@ est . +mit der zeit hat man aber auch als interpre@@ t schon ein rei@@ ches wissen um den kom@@ po@@ ni@@ sten , den man ö@@ f@@ ters spielt , und es fällt einem immer lei@@ chter , sich in ihn hin@@ einzu@@ denken und zu fühlen . +der kompon@@ ist wird immer mehr zum freund , mit dem man zusammen lebt . +sein an@@ liegen , das stück zu schreiben , wird immer mehr und mehr zu meinem persönlichen an@@ liegen , es zu spielen . +da nun die noten alles andere als eine genau@@ e auf@@ zeich@@ nung des an@@ lie@@ gens des kom@@ po@@ ni@@ sten dar@@ stellt , sondern nur ein gerü@@ st , wen@@ de ich nun dieses gerü@@ st an , um es wieder mit sinn und bedeutung zu be@@ füllen . +ich sage dann mit meinen eigenen worten , was zwischen diesem gerü@@ st geschrieben sein könnte . +ich spiele erklär@@ end , was diese tö@@ ne zu bedeuten haben könnten . +jetzt für mich und für den kom@@ po@@ ni@@ sten damals und was sie jetzt für ihn heute bedeuten könnten . +jeder ton , jede phr@@ ase bekommt damit einen sinn , weil ich es selbst emp@@ finde , weil es aus meinem jetzt persönlich gele@@ b@@ ten ent@@ spr@@ ingt . +es muss für mich im hier und jetzt stim@@ mi@@ g sein , sonst kann ich mein publikum nicht davon überzeugen , dass das mein an@@ liegen ist . +es ist immer wieder ein sehr glück@@ liches konz@@ ert , wenn ich das erleb@@ nis haben darf , das stück , dass ich so lange im voraus er@@ arbeitet hab , wie neu zu erleben . +wie man einen glück@@ lichen neuen tag immer wieder neu erlebt , obwohl immer mit den gleichen ritu@@ alen des lebens , auf@@ stehen , früh@@ st@@ ücken , zur arbeit gehen , so erle@@ be auch ich das gleiche stück immer wieder auf@@ s neue . +ich bin wieder einen tag älter geworden , die jahr@@ es@@ zeiten wechseln , mein pul@@ s geht ab@@ ends lang@@ samer als am morgen , in einem kon@@ zer@@ t@@ saal dauert es länger , dass der sch@@ all wieder zurück@@ kommt als zu hause . +ich nehme das atmen des publik@@ ums wahr , bewusst oder un@@ bewusst . +all das beeinflusst mich und all das beeinflusst auch mein erleb@@ nis mit der kom@@ position . +ganz wunderbar ist auch , wenn ich mit einem du@@ o-@@ partner auf der bühne stehe und wir haben die gleiche well@@ en@@ län@@ ge . +dann passiert das gleiche wie in einem guten , an@@ gere@@ gten gespräch . +man bringt eine neue idee hinein und so@@ gleich wird diese be@@ antwor@@ tet mit einer reaktion . +es ist span@@ n@@ end , denn dann passieren dinge , die wir so nicht ge@@ pro@@ bt haben und was man auch so nicht proben kann . +es macht großen spaß , auf diese weise musik zu machen , und sie als das publikum haben dann erlebt , wie die musik leben@@ dig kommuni@@ ziert . +so ist jedes konz@@ ert ein anderes konz@@ ert . +ich werde niemals mehr so spielen , wie in diesem moment . +ich kann heute nicht so spielen wie in zwan@@ zig jahren . +da werde ich mehr lebenser@@ fahr@@ ung haben als heute und werde deshalb auf meine pal@@ ette der musik@@ kl@@ änge noch viel mehr f@@ arb@@ nu@@ an@@ cen , an emotionen und empfin@@ dungen haben als heute . +sicher , ich werde dann einige f@@ arb@@ tö@@ pfe auch raus@@ gesch@@ mis@@ sen haben , aber dafür neue da@@ zu@@ bekommen . +habe ein ne@@ tt@@ es kon@@ kre@@ tes beispiel dazu . +es war auf einem kla@@ vier@@ kur@@ su@@ s für musik@@ studenten bei meinem ge@@ lieb@@ ten alten lehrer , professor j@@ ür@@ gen u@@ de , ein bekann@@ ter bee@@ tho@@ ven@@ -@@ spezi@@ alist , kon@@ zer@@ t@@ pian@@ ist und lang@@ jähri@@ ger professor der musik@@ hoch@@ schule hier in stu@@ tt@@ g@@ art . +leider war ich noch viel zu j@@ ung , sodass er schon emer@@ i@@ tiert war , als ich endlich an@@ fing zu studieren . +aber ich hatte das große glück , ihn sehr früh , mit drei@@ zehn jahren , ken@@ nen@@ zu@@ lernen und so war ich schon zu meiner schul@@ zeit auf seinen kur@@ sen . +ich war damals sie@@ b@@ zehn , als ich auf einem seiner kur@@ se wieder einmal teil@@ nahm und spielte die letzte von den vier bal@@ laden von ch@@ op@@ in , einem spä@@ t@@ werk . +er fragte mich , was die ein@@ lei@@ tung dieser bal@@ la@@ de für mich sei . +das ist so ein ge@@ tra@@ genes teil . +und in meiner jugend@@ lichkeit sagte ich , erwar@@ tung . +da sch@@ m@@ un@@ zel@@ te er und mein@@ te , so ? +das muss der alter@@ s@@ unterschied sein . +denn für mich bedeutet sie erinn@@ erung . +er war schon über se@@ ch@@ zig . +t@@ ja , mit sie@@ b@@ zehn hat man eben noch träume , aber keine bedeuten@@ den erinn@@ erungen . +ich spiele heute das stück alle paar jahre wieder und immer hat es sich für mich gewand@@ elt , obwohl sich keine einzige note geändert hat . +jedes mal ist es span@@ n@@ end , denn immer wieder l@@ ese ich etwas neues heraus . +ein beispiel dazu aus einem ganz anderen bereich . mon@@ et hat die se@@ ero@@ sen x-@@ mal ge@@ mal@@ t . +es ist immer der gleiche garten , aber zu verschieden@@ er ta@@ ges@@ zeit , bei verschieden@@ em licht . +er hat die se@@ ero@@ sen verschie@@ d@@ entlich über@@ setzt , so wie er sie gesehen hat , so wie sie in diesem moment auf ihn wirk@@ ten . +seine persönlichen impres@@ sionen der se@@ ero@@ sen . +die x-@@ mali@@ ge interpretation eines stück@@ es ist diesem ver@@ gleich@@ bar . +in@@ zwischen bin ich zu@@ dem schon älter als ch@@ op@@ in mit zwei@@ und@@ drei@@ ß@@ ig jahren , als er das stück schrieb . +er hat ja nur ne@@ un@@ und@@ drei@@ ß@@ ig jahre gelebt . +und es ist mir wichtig , immer wieder in die noten zu schauen , auch wenn ich meine , sie aus@@ wen@@ dig zu können . +um zwi@@ es@@ pra@@ che zu halten , direkt mit dem kom@@ po@@ ni@@ sten . +denn die noten sind die einzige verbindung direkt zu ihm . +vor allem , wenn er schon gestorben ist . +nun , wie fängt man an , die sprache der musik zu sprechen ? +ich sagte ja schon , man braucht dafür ungefähr genauso lang wie für die gespro@@ ch@@ ene sprache . +oft ist der musik@@ unterricht ja so , dass man erst die noten lesen lernt . +man lernt praktisch zuerst das lesen , bevor man nur ein nur ein wort spricht . +man lernt , die tö@@ ne zu den noten auf dem instrument zu finden . +wenn dann alle finger rech@@ tz@@ ei@@ tig und richtig so wie wie es in den noten steht sich bewegen , kommen dann tö@@ ne heraus , die zusammen so kl@@ ingen wie musik . +wenn das fehl@@ er@@ frei geschieht , bekommt der schüler das näch@@ st@@ schwier@@ ige stück auf . +über interpretation wird kaum im an@@ fän@@ ger@@ unterricht gesprochen . +na gut , da steht dann vorne pre@@ st@@ o , das ist ein schn@@ elles stück . +len@@ to , langsam . +laut und lei@@ se@@ zeichen , f und b , et ce@@ ter@@ a . +das kennen die meisten hier . +aber auch wenn man diese ang@@ ab@@ en um@@ setzt , bleibt es immer noch bloß etwas techn@@ isches . +und noch ist es immer keine interpretation . +ich w@@ und@@ ere mich . +ich w@@ und@@ ere mich , dass man oft etwas ganz element@@ ar@@ es verg@@ is@@ st . +nämlich , dass , um musik auf dem instrument zu machen , das eigene musi@@ kal@@ ische tun und fühlen schon vorher vorhanden sein sollte . +nämlich das singen . +ein kind , das das singen nicht gelernt hat , weil es die eltern nicht vor@@ gemacht haben , wird es von selbst auch nicht tun . +das ist wie beim spre@@ chen@@ lernen . +es ist notwendig , seine eigenen erleb@@ nisse und idee der musik zu haben , um es dann über eine weitere möglichkeit , also über ein instrument , zum kl@@ ingen zu bringen . +menschen , die nie ges@@ ungen haben , haben fol@@ glich nie un@@ mittel@@ bar mit dem eigenen körper gesp@@ ür@@ t , wie es ist , einen ton zu bilden . +eine phr@@ ase mit seinem eigenen at@@ em zu gestalten . +das musi@@ kin@@ stru@@ ment ist nämlich die erweiter@@ ung unseres körpers . +unserer stimm@@ b@@ än@@ der zu zum singen , unserer hände und fü@@ ße zum tan@@ zen . +so sind die ham@@ mer@@ kö@@ pfe im kla@@ vier die fort@@ setzung meiner finger . +die mel@@ o@@ die entsteht aus dem ges@@ un@@ genen und der rhyth@@ mus aus dem tanz . +die dau@@ ern@@ de beri@@ es@@ el@@ ung heutzutage mit musik ist da nicht förder@@ lich . +man braucht ja nicht mehr selbst musik zu machen , wenn es einem langwei@@ lig wird . +nicht mehr nötig , ein lie@@ d@@ chen zu pfei@@ fen oder zu singen . +jede eigene musik wird platt@@ gemacht , wenn man dau@@ ern@@ d von außen mit musik besch@@ all@@ t wird . +sicher , es gibt dann manche unter ihnen , die sagen , ja , aber was macht man , wenn wenn ich eben nicht singen kann ? +das frage ich , können sie nicht singen , a , weil sie glauben , dass sie nicht singen können ? +oder b , weil sie nicht gelernt haben , zu singen ? +bei beiden ist es nicht zu sp@@ ät damit anzu@@ fangen , um herauszufinden , ob sie es nicht doch können , oder zu lernen , wie man diese kleinen mus@@ keln , die die stimm@@ b@@ än@@ der ein@@ stellen , richtig benutzt . +das kann man nämlich tra@@ inieren . +oder c , weil man es ihnen besch@@ ein@@ i@@ gt hat , dass sie un@@ tau@@ glich sind . +da frage ich , wie fach@@ lich kom@@ pe@@ tent war diese diagno@@ se ? +haben sie schon eine zwei@@ t@@ - oder dritt@@ meinung ge@@ holt , wie man es heutzutage schön sagt ? +oder d , sie mögen halt keine musik und wollen deshalb damit auch ni@@ x zu zu tun haben . +was ich dann aber schon be@@ dauern würde , weil musik ist ja eine schöne , kommuni@@ ka@@ tive sache . +aber vielleicht kann man sie ja auch noch um@@ stimmen . +na ja , also sie sehen , auf alle fälle muss niemand ein aus@@ sicht@@ slo@@ ser kan@@ di@@ d@@ at sein . +aber sagen sie auch bitte nicht , ich verste@@ he nichts von der klas@@ sischen musik . +ich kann nicht sagen , ob es gut oder schlecht ist . +da antwor@@ te ich , aber sicher können sie doch sagen , ob es ihnen gefällt oder nicht . +denn ich glaube nicht , es sagt jemand , ich weiß nicht , ob ' s mir schme@@ ckt , weil ich nicht kochen kann . +also , sie ver@@ zi@@ chten ja nicht auf@@ s essen , nur weil sie nicht kochen können . +also müssen sie auch nicht auf klas@@ sische musik ver@@ zi@@ chten , weil sie kein instrument spielen . +hören sie bewusst zu und sagen sie , ob es ihnen schme@@ ckt oder nicht . +ob die musik ihnen zu ge@@ p@@ fe@@ ff@@ ert oder zu sü@@ ß ist . +sagen sie das , was sie emp@@ finden . +mit der zeit bekommen sie auch an@@ sprü@@ che und wollen etwas mehr ge@@ wür@@ ze da drin@@ haben oder schme@@ cken sogar f@@ eine unterschiede heraus . +warum for@@ dere ich jetzt von meinem publikum , dass es auch aktiv zu@@ hört ? +weil die musik eine sprache ist und eine sprache ist zum kommunizieren da . +ein kunst@@ werk , das man nie an@@ schaut , hat keine kraft zu wirken . +das essen , das von einer kö@@ ch@@ in oder einem ko@@ ch lie@@ be@@ voll ge@@ ko@@ cht wurde , muss ge@@ gessen werden und nicht nur an@@ gesch@@ aut oder re@@ zep@@ te ausge@@ tau@@ scht . +also hören sie bitte zu , wenn eine musik gespielt wird . +sie ist nicht nur eine ne@@ tte geräu@@ sch@@ ta@@ pe@@ te . +wenn in einer umgebung , wo die erwachsenen aktiv musik machen oder zumindest aktiv musik hören , ein kind auf@@ wächst , dann ist es ganz leicht für einen musik@@ lehrer , zu fragen , welche farbe hat deine blu@@ me ? +kannst du sie mir jetzt auch in blau spielen ? +und das kind spielt , nach einer ge@@ denk@@ pause , statt vorher eine rote jetzt eine blau@@ e blu@@ me . +und dies klingt ganz anders als vorher . +das war dann der aller@@ erste anfang eines eigenen musi@@ kal@@ ischen aus@@ dru@@ cks . +also der erste schritt zu einer interpretation . +und was passiert , wenn man ein stück heute spielt , das ursprün@@ glich vor hundert , vor zwei@@ hundert oder gar vor drei@@ hundert jahren geschrieben worden ist ? +in@@ zwischen haben sich die instru@@ mente fort@@ entwickelt . +es gab zur zeit b@@ ach@@ s als instrument noch gar kein kla@@ vier . +es war einfach noch nicht erfunden . +ich denke , dass der b@@ ach begeistert gewesen wäre , wenn er die kl@@ ang@@ lichen möglichkeiten der heutigen modernen kla@@ vi@@ ere gehabt hätte . +ich kann heute die kl@@ ang@@ vorstellungen , die der b@@ ach gehabt hat , auf dem modernen flü@@ gel zum kl@@ ingen bringen , was ein b@@ aro@@ ck@@ es c@@ em@@ bal@@ o nicht kann . +auch von bee@@ tho@@ ven weiß man , dass er mehr hörte , als er schon tau@@ b geworden war . +heute ist ein moder@@ nes orche@@ ster in der lage , alles zu spielen , was ein orche@@ ster von damals als un@@ spiel@@ bar ab@@ gele@@ hnt hat . +deshalb sind die kom@@ po@@ ni@@ sten auf uns interpre@@ ten ange@@ wiesen , die die stücke wieder neu erfinden . +damit sie hör@@ bar werden , was sie sich nur im gei@@ ste er@@ dacht haben . +und auch , was sie sich heute im gei@@ ste denken würden . +oder das , was ich mir heute vor@@ st@@ ell , weil was sie sich gedacht haben könnten . +danke schön . +wissen sie , was nei@@ d ist ? +waren sie schon einmal nei@@ dis@@ ch ? +und wie fühlte sich das an ? +besch@@ issen . +ich hab einen freund , der fährt einen pas@@ ser@@ at@@ i . +wenn ich dann komme , mit meinem kleinen v w pi@@ es@@ el und mich dan@@ eben stelle , kommt dieses gefühl auf . +mir schie@@ ßt etwas durch den kopf . +ich sage , ul@@ f , wo@@ zu brau@@ chst du so ' n großes auto ? +das ver@@ liert ja schon im ersten jahr die hälfte seines wer@@ tes . +und überhaupt , du arbei@@ test ja viel weniger als ich . +wieso muss ich mir so ' n kleines auto leisten ? +und dann fällt mir sofort ein , das ist un@@ gere@@ cht . +es ist gegen die gerechtigkeit . +und wie ich das wort gerechtigkeit sage , ist dieses un@@ angeneh@@ me gefühl weg . +unser organis@@ mus hat eine großartige methode erfunden , um solche un@@ an@@ gene@@ hmen gefühle wie nei@@ d einfach zum verschwinden zu bringen . +sie können das auch probieren mit worten wie ra@@ che oder gewinn@@ sucht oder ähn@@ lichem . +ich möchte ihnen mit diesem mechan@@ ismus heute etwas erklären oder etwas näher@@ bringen , was ihnen un@@ bewusst wahrscheinlich vertraut ist . +der mechan@@ ismus stammt aus der lü@@ ge . +aber denken sie dabei nicht an die lü@@ ge , wie sie sie vielleicht gehört haben , wenn menschen sagen , niemand hat die absicht eine mau@@ er zu er@@ richten . +und dann steine auf@@ tür@@ mt , damit er ihnen die sicht ver@@ sper@@ rt . +an einer solchen lü@@ ge sehen sie , dass der lü@@ g@@ ner selbst nicht glaubt , was er sagt . +es lässt sich über@@ dies leicht überprü@@ fen , dass er ganz anderes im sinn hat . +er täu@@ scht ja nur sie und nicht sich selbst . +nein , die lü@@ ge , über die ich spreche , die hat damit zu tun , dass sie sich selber täu@@ schen . +sie brauchen diese lü@@ ge , um eine lebens@@ lü@@ ge , um eine selbst@@ täusch@@ ung auf@@ recht zu erhalten . +die können sie weniger leicht , ja , nach@@ prü@@ fen oder auch zum ein@@ stur@@ z bringen . +sie brauchen zeit . +von dieser zeit spricht eine an@@ ek@@ do@@ te , die sie vielleicht kennen . +der span@@ ische mal@@ er p@@ ab@@ l@@ o pic@@ as@@ so hat einmal eine frau portra@@ i@@ tiert . +diese frau hat sich an@@ schließ@@ end besch@@ wert , das portra@@ it würde ihr gar nicht ähnlich sehen . +pic@@ as@@ so antwor@@ tet , warten sie nur . +es wird ihnen immer ähn@@ licher . +an dieser stelle und wenn sie lachen , erkennen sie , wie wichtig diese lü@@ ge ist und wie viel zeit sie brauchen , um etwas zu erfahren , was künstler sehr gut uns mit@@ teilen können . +denn künstler haben ein gest@@ ör@@ tes verhältnis zur lü@@ ge . +der künstler teilt ihnen etwas mit , und vor allem dieser d@@ ame , was sie nicht sieht , wenn sie einfach nur in den spiegel schaut . +der künstler teilt ihnen in einem solchen portra@@ it etwas mit , wom@@ it sie erst vertraut werden , wenn sie sich dieses kunst@@ werk immer wieder anschauen . +dann versch@@ win@@ det dieses un@@ angeneh@@ me gefühl , es könnte ihnen ja gar nicht ähnlich sehen und es wird ihnen immer ähn@@ licher . +hier haben sie diesen mechan@@ ismus , mit dem wir die lü@@ ge als eine großartige erfindung zur stabili@@ si@@ erung unserer lebens@@ verhäl@@ tnisse nutzen können . +und nicht nur in der kunst , auch im vol@@ k@@ sm@@ är@@ chen , in der in der my@@ th@@ ologie , in geschichten taucht es wieder auf . +sie kennen vielleicht diese idee von der d@@ ame , die jeden morgen in den spiegel schaute und ihn fragte , wer ist denn die schön@@ ste im ganzen land ? +eines tages sagt dieser spiegel , ja , da gibt es eine schön@@ ere . +hinter den sieben ber@@ gen und so weiter . +und sie wissen auch , wie viel fein@@ d@@ se@@ li@@ gkeit aus dieser wahren aus@@ kunft , auch der spiegel kann nicht lü@@ gen , aus dieser wahren aus@@ kunft ent@@ spr@@ ingt . +aber wir sollten einfach uns vertraut machen damit , dass man einer frau nicht sagen kann , dass es eine schön@@ ere irgendwo anders gibt . +hier ist es nötig , das , was wir unter poli@@ tically cor@@ rec@@ t@@ ness verstehen , immer wieder anzu@@ bringen . +wir brauchen an dieser stelle diese lü@@ ge , die uns die täusch@@ ung auf@@ rech@@ ter@@ hält , ohne die wir gar nicht weiter@@ leben können . +wir haben nicht nur in der kunst , in der vol@@ k@@ sm@@ är@@ chen@@ di@@ chtung , sondern auch in der wissenschaft solche großartigen lü@@ gen . +und da gibt es diese geschichte von der frau des bis@@ cho@@ fs von wor@@ che@@ ster . +sie hörte von diesem buch von charles darwin , die ent@@ ste@@ hung der arten und die ab@@ stam@@ mung des menschen . +dass der mensch vom affen ab@@ stam@@ men sollte und , ja , es zumindest einen gemein@@ samen vorfahren gäbe zwischen menschen und affen . +und dann ren@@ nte sie ran@@ nte sie zu ihrem mann und sagte , das ist doch wohl nicht wahr , was charles da schreibt . +der mensch soll vom affen ab@@ stam@@ men oder einen gemein@@ samen vorfahren haben . +nein , nein , das geht nicht . +und wenn es wahr ist , dann müssen wir verhindern , dass die menschen kenn@@ tnis davon er@@ langen . +warum müssen wir verhindern , dass menschen kenn@@ tnis von etwas er@@ langen , wenn es wahr ist ? +weil wir ohne diese lebens@@ lü@@ ge nicht leben können . +weil wir diese selbst@@ täusch@@ ung , dieses gefühl , großartig zu sein , ab@@ stam@@ mung von den höch@@ sten wesen , nicht von einer solchen natu@@ re@@ bene , von so etwas un@@ berech@@ en@@ bar@@ em wie einem organis@@ mus , der noch dazu existiert , einem stein ver@@ gleich@@ bar und sonst welchen dingen , das ist für uns un@@ aus@@ hal@@ t@@ bar . +also , wir können diese dinge gar nicht er@@ tragen . +wir müssen verhindern , dass die menschen kenn@@ tnis er@@ langen von dingen , vor allem dann , wenn sie wahr sind . +damit sie sehen , wie langsam dieser mechan@@ ismus sich auf@@ lö@@ st und wie die sp@@ uren aussehen , die er hinter@@ lässt , die auf etwas anderes führen als auf dieses großartige bild von uns selbst , will ich ihnen eine weitere geschichte näher@@ bringen . +eine besonders schöne geschichte , wie ich meine . +meine frau hat sie mir erzählt . +sie kam eines tages von der schule , sie ist lehr@@ erin , und sie erzählte von einem schüler . +ein au@@ ti@@ st@@ ischer schüler . +sie mag ihn besonders gern , weil er eine n@@ eig@@ ung zur auf@@ richti@@ gkeit hat . +und sie fragte ihn , was sind denn deine ho@@ b@@ b@@ ys ? +und da sagt er , na ja , ich bin bei der feuer@@ we@@ hr . +und weil ich bei der feuer@@ we@@ hr bin , interessi@@ ere ich mich für py@@ ro@@ techn@@ ische dinge . +ja , sie spüren es schon , wenn sie hei@@ ter sind an dieser stelle . da stimmt etwas nicht . +ich habe meiner frau gesagt , immer wenn ein mensch in einer moral@@ ischen recht@@ ferti@@ gung das wör@@ t@@ chen weil verwendet , sollten wir versuchen , es durch das wör@@ t@@ chen obwohl zu ersetzen . +machen sie das einmal und dann erfahren sie den satz . +obwohl ich bei der feuer@@ we@@ hr bin , interessi@@ ere ich mich für py@@ ro@@ techn@@ ische dinge . +sie spüren , das ist die eigent@@ liche wahrheit hinter der aus@@ kunft . +so ein kleiner bu@@ b , der interessiert sich doch nicht für@@ s feuer@@ lö@@ schen . +der interessiert sich für@@ s feuer@@ machen . +aber es gibt keine ver@@ eine , nach denen wir uns um@@ schauen können , wo man lernt , wie man feuer macht . +es gibt nur das zwei@@ t@@ beste , eben die feuer@@ we@@ hr . +da hat er sich ange@@ mel@@ det . +und über@@ dies , man sagt auch seiner lehr@@ erin nicht , dass man gerne br@@ ände irgendwo legt und sich freu@@ t , wenn das feuer nach@@ her hoch@@ lo@@ der@@ t . +nein , es sieht einfach viel besser aus , wenn wir zeigen , dass wir dafür zu@@ ständig sind , die gefahren zu bes@@ ei@@ tigen , die andere erst schaffen , wenn sie eben feuer legen . +hier haben sie diesen kleinen mechan@@ ismus . +diese diesen ver@@ weis darauf , dass im inn@@ ersten der bu@@ b schon wusste , dass er eigentlich mit dem feuer verwand@@ t ist , aber dass er das nicht laut sagen kann . +hier haben sie diesen zen@@ sor zwischen dem un@@ bewus@@ sten und dem bewus@@ sten , der sofort an@@ spr@@ ingt , ohne dass sie etwas dagegen tun können , und die dinge , von denen sie wissen , dass sie ganz anders aussehen , so gestal@@ tet , dass sie viel besser für sie und andere kl@@ ingen können . +so entstehen dann einfach solche wörter , die wir auch in der sprache des politi@@ sch korre@@ kten sprech@@ ens immer wieder verwenden . +eigentlich wissen wir , dass etwas anderes der fall ist . +aber wir wissen , wenn wir das aus@@ sprechen , sind die sozialen verhäl@@ tnisse sehr empfin@@ dlich gest@@ ör@@ t . +wir können das nicht einfach machen . +es ist unmöglich , solche dinge in einer gesellschaft , die funktionieren soll , zu präsentieren . +ich möchte ihnen nun dar@@ legen , was wir in meinem institu@@ t herausgefunden haben . +nach welcher logi@@ k diese täusch@@ ung , diese selbst@@ täusch@@ ung , die berei@@ t@@ schaft , eine andere wirklichkeit als die , von der wir eigentlich schon im un@@ bewus@@ sten wissen , dass sie gü@@ l@@ tig ist , nach außen zu verbreiten . +hier@@ zu will ich ihnen zwei , vielleicht auch drei beispiele präsentieren . +das erste beispiel setzt voraus , was viele von ihnen kennen und manche von ihnen schätzen , ganz wenige nur überhaupt nicht benötigen . +ich meine die se@@ ele . +was ist die se@@ ele ? +die se@@ ele ist so etwas gei@@ sti@@ ges , sagt etwa lei@@ b@@ ni@@ z . +sie ist etwas , was nicht von stop@@ p stoff@@ licher , materi@@ eller natur ist . +und wenn sie menschen vor sich haben , die der fe@@ sten überzeu@@ gung sind , dass sie eine se@@ ele besitzen , oder man kann auch sagen , die glauben , dass sie von der se@@ ele zum leben er@@ we@@ ckt worden sind , dann stellen die sich das so ungefähr vor , als wäre die se@@ ele so ein gei@@ sti@@ ger rahmen über sie , nicht aus materie , sie selber nur aus fleisch und blut , etwas stein@@ ern@@ es sozusagen , an die erde geb@@ un@@ den@@ es , ver@@ gän@@ g@@ liches , ver@@ wes@@ bares , un@@ wichti@@ ges , ja tot@@ es . +und von dieser se@@ ele denken sie nun , dass sie irgendwie in dieser wol@@ ki@@ gen natur , in dieser lu@@ f@@ tigen natur , anim@@ a heißt es im lat@@ ein@@ ischen , der lu@@ f@@ th@@ auch , prä@@ sent sei . +und wenn sich dieser lu@@ f@@ th@@ auch dann über den menschen er@@ gi@@ e@@ ßt , dann ist er an@@ gefü@@ llt mit würde , mit geist , mit natur , die nur leben kann , ja eben mit se@@ ele . +und dann kann er eben da@@ von@@ laufen . +das ist so die vorstellung , wie die se@@ ele wirkt . +sie soll also von außen zum menschen hinzu@@ kommen . +wir sollen sie also als etwas wahr@@ nehmen , was unbedingt für unser leben prä@@ sent sein soll . +und wenn sie diese voraus@@ setzung vor augen haben , dann verstehen sie die logi@@ k , mit der wir dieses glück erleben , durch eine lü@@ ge unsere welt verbessern zu können . +denn jetzt können sie einen drei@@ satz anwenden . +drei@@ satz kennen sie noch aus der schule . +das ist jetzt hier ein drei@@ satz , der uns eine logi@@ k beschrei@@ bt . +das ist übrigens der schwier@@ ig@@ ste teil in meinem vortrag . +hier brauchen sie etwas logi@@ k , aber auch die berei@@ t@@ schaft zu lü@@ gen . +nämlich so zu lü@@ gen , dass sie diese logi@@ k einfach falsch anwenden können . +in diesem drei@@ satz kommen drei sätze vor . +der erste satz lautet , kl@@ aus behaup@@ tet , es gibt keine se@@ ele . +der zweite satz lautet also , wenn kl@@ aus recht hat , dann hat er keine se@@ ele . +nun gibt es einen dritten satz . +ich hab ihn hier besonders hervor@@ ge@@ ho@@ ben . +ein dri@@ tter satz , der sofort auf@@ taucht bei menschen , die ein star@@ kes gefühl für eine se@@ ele haben . +die sagen , wer keine se@@ ele hat , der ist tot und kann gar nichts behaup@@ ten . +und hier spüren sie ' s schon . +hier kommt diese logi@@ k in diesem , ja , in dieser täusch@@ enden rede zum ausdruck . +sie sehen es sofort . +die ersten beiden sätze , die sind log@@ isch korre@@ kt . +ich kann nämlich alles behaup@@ ten . +die logi@@ k macht keine aus@@ sagen über die realität . +ich kann sagen , die kan@@ z@@ ler@@ in ist ein mann . +und wenn ich recht habe , dann ist die kan@@ z@@ ler@@ in ein mann . +wenn ich nicht recht habe , dann ist die kan@@ z@@ ler@@ in kein mann . +die logi@@ k macht keine aus@@ sage darüber , was gilt . +ich kann alles behaup@@ ten . +aber entscheiden@@ d ist , wenn ich recht habe , dann gilt es eben . +also wenn kl@@ aus sagt , es gibt keine se@@ ele . +zweitens , wenn er recht hat , dann hat er keine se@@ ele . +diese dinge sind log@@ isch korre@@ kt . +und jetzt spür@@ t unser täu@@ schen@@ des bewusstsein sofort , daraus kann man etwas machen . +es hängt einen dritten satz an , der gar nichts mit den ersten beiden sä@@ tzen zu tun hat und der so tut , als wäre das gegenteil des ersten sat@@ zes schon be@@ wiesen und voraus@@ gesetzt . +denn eigentlich müssten wir ja beweisen , ob es die se@@ ele gibt oder nicht . +aber mit dieser logi@@ k , die es einfach nutzt , dass zwei sätze log@@ isch korre@@ kt sind , und einen dritten da@@ zu@@ hängt , der so aussieht , als hätte er etwas damit zu tun , damit können wir unsere lebens@@ lü@@ ge retten . +also , wir tun so , als wäre es eigentlich unmöglich , ohne eine se@@ ele leben zu können . +und wir sind sehr glücklich darüber . +wir können diese dinge an verschiedenen bei@@ spielen fort@@ führen . +in der gegenwart auf etwa haben wir ein ganz moder@@ nes beispiel , das immer wieder die ta@@ ges@@ zeit@@ ungen fü@@ llt . +hier@@ zu müssen sie sich ein weiteres philosoph@@ isches thema , ein dau@@ er@@ bren@@ ner aus der philosoph@@ ie , prä@@ sent halten . +das hat damit zu tun , dass wir zurück@@ gehen in das vier@@ zehn@@ te jahrhundert . +da gab es einen gele@@ hr@@ ten , der hie@@ ß jo@@ han@@ nes bu@@ ri@@ dan@@ us und nach dem ist der bu@@ ri@@ dan@@ sche es@@ el ben@@ an@@ nt . +der bu@@ ri@@ dan@@ sche es@@ el ist ein es@@ el , der aus r@@ einer natur besteht . +der hat nicht diese se@@ ele . +das ist so ein natur@@ ding . +und wenn sie den ex@@ akt in der mitte zwischen zwei gleich@@ großen heu@@ ha@@ fen plat@@ zieren , dann ver@@ h@@ ung@@ ert er . +denn er weiß nicht , zu welchem heu@@ haufen er zuerst gehen soll . +er steht also genau in der mitte . +so sind die natur@@ dinge vor@@ gestellt . +gleich@@ große kräfte mit gegen@@ sä@@ tz@@ lichem vor@@ zei@@ gen@@ zeichen lösen einander auf . +da passiert überhaupt nichts . +nur wenn sie dann ein anderes beispiel bringen , also wenn sie sofort den einen heu@@ haufen größer macht , dann braucht er auch keine vern@@ un@@ ft und gar nichts dazu . +auto@@ matisch läuft er zum richtigen gedanken . +wenn sie diese vorstellung haben , dass man also in der natur irgendwie ge@@ trieben wird , determin@@ iert wird , von den größeren haufen , die einen sofort an@@ ziehen , dann haben sie auch schnell das gefühl , dass es so etwas wie einen freien willen geben muss . +und wenn wir auch schon hier in frank@@ fur@@ t am main sind , dann erinnere ich an das ma@@ x-@@ plan@@ ck@@ -@@ institu@@ t für hirn@@ forschung . +da gibt es einen gele@@ hr@@ ten , der heißt wol@@ f sing@@ er , und von ihm sagt man manchmal , wol@@ f sing@@ er behaup@@ tet , es gibt keine will@@ ens@@ freiheit . +jetzt können wir wieder den zweiten satz bilden und können sagen , wenn wol@@ f sing@@ er recht hat , dann hat er keine will@@ ens@@ freiheit . +diese sätze sind absolut log@@ isch und korre@@ kt . +und was wir nun fast täglich in der ta@@ ges@@ zeitung lesen können , das finden sie in diesem dritten satz . +der sieht etwa so aus , wer keine will@@ ens@@ freiheit hat , kann auch nicht für seine handlungen und be@@ haupt@@ ungen zur verantwortung gezogen werden gezogen werden und er ist daher un@@ zu@@ rech@@ nungs@@ fähig . +auch hier haben sie es wieder . +eigentlich müsste man ja erst@@ mal beweisen , ob es so etwas wie will@@ ens@@ freiheit gibt . +aber die logi@@ k der täusch@@ ung erlaubt es uns , so zu tun , als wäre der erste satz von vor@@ n@@ her@@ ein falsch , als müsste man selbstverständlich das gegenteil ohne beweis annehmen . +und jetzt können sie einfach , wenn sie selber irgendetwas machen wollen , wenn sie selber irgendetwas testen wollen und vor allem , wenn sie menschen glücklich machen wollen , diesen mut zur lü@@ ge üben . +üben sie das zum beispiel , wenn sie mal einem menschen begeg@@ nen , dem sie dann sagen können , es gibt keine vorher@@ sa@@ ger . +und bitte verwenden sie nicht das deut@@ sche wort für vorher@@ sa@@ ger , das heißt prop@@ he@@ t . +das dürfen sie nicht nennen , das wäre dann schon wieder ein bisschen politi@@ sch in@@ korre@@ kt . +sagen sie , es gibt keine vorher@@ sa@@ ger . +sofort werden sie einer , für den es selbstverständlich solche vorher@@ sa@@ ger gibt , erfahren , das kannst du nicht beweisen . +und schon haben sie ein problem . +denn während sie damit beschäftigt sind , sich klar@@ zu@@ machen , dass sie nicht beweisen können , dass es keine vorher@@ sa@@ ger gibt , ist der mann ganz glücklich . +er ist ganz glücklich darüber , weil er sie ge@@ täu@@ scht hat . +weil er sie auf eine fä@@ hr@@ te geführt hat , auf der er sich selber gar nicht auf@@ hält . +denn eigentlich ist dieser mensch gar nicht an beweisen interessiert . +er ist nur daran interessiert , sich selber frei@@ zu@@ halten vor der notwen@@ digkeit , beweisen zu müssen , dass es vorher@@ sa@@ ger gibt . +also , in der art der verschie@@ bung der be@@ wei@@ s@@ last erleben sie die großarti@@ gkeit der lü@@ ge . +und wenn sie wieder einmal so eine möglichkeit haben , diesen drei@@ satz zu spüren bei anderen menschen , tun sie es , denn sie werden andere glücklich machen , wenn sie sie auf diese weise nicht an ihre selbst@@ lü@@ ge erinnern . +ich danke ihnen für ihre aufmerksamkeit . +ja , guten tag . +ich hab mir erlaubt ich habe li@@ l@@ ly gefragt , ob ich sie erwä@@ hnen darf . +sie ist eine der veran@@ st@@ alter@@ innen hier von dieser großartigen veran@@ stal@@ tung und hat mich gefragt , ob ich hier einen vortrag halten wol@@ le und meine idee prei@@ s@@ geben . +ich muss ehrlich sagen , du hast es ja mit@@ ge@@ krie@@ gt , es fiel mir an@@ fan@@ gs schwer von meiner idee zu reden . +und ich mö@@ ge doch vielleicht mein in@@ sel@@ projekt vorstellen , dass ich versuche euch vorzustellen . +aber es ist natürlich die sum@@ me ganz , ganz viel@@ er ideen . +ich ge@@ höre wahrscheinlich , sind die beiden ne@@ tten mädchen noch da , ich ge@@ höre wahrscheinlich zu der generation , die für dieses schlechte ö@@ ko image ges@@ or@@ gt hat , weil ich ne@@ un@@ zehn@@ hunder@@ t@@ ne@@ un@@ und@@ sie@@ b@@ zig schon angefangen habe masch@@ in@@ en@@ bau zu studieren in kar@@ l@@ s@@ ru@@ he , techn@@ ische hoch@@ schule , heute heißt sie , glaube ich , k@@ it . +und mich hat ' s dann mitte der ach@@ tz@@ iger jahre nach ber@@ lin ver@@ schlagen , weil ich erneu@@ er@@ bare energi@@ en machen wollte und das gab ' s in kar@@ l@@ s@@ ru@@ he nicht . +da gab ' s die kern@@ forschungs@@ anlage le@@ o@@ pol@@ d@@ sha@@ fen . +die hie@@ ßen damals alle k@@ f@@ a , auch die j@@ ü@@ lich hie@@ ß k@@ f@@ a . +die heißen heute proje@@ kt@@ trä@@ ger . +weil ein guter ingenie@@ ur hat entweder tolle autos gebaut oder atom@@ kraft@@ an@@ lagen . +aber sowas do@@ o@@ f@@ es wie ' n solar@@ pen@@ del , aus dem irgendwie hundert watt aus dem quad@@ rat@@ meter heraus@@ kommt , das war ein spiel@@ zeug . +und in ber@@ lin gab es ein verrück@@ tes ingenie@@ ur@@ kolle@@ ktiv . +ich bin dem pre@@ mi@@ um@@ -@@ kol@@ a-@@ mensch dank@@ bar , dass dass er das wort nochmal wieder re@@ hab@@ ili@@ tiert hat , weil nach dem mau@@ er@@ fall dur@@ fte man das wort gar nicht mehr benutzen , weil alles lin@@ ke war ja schlecht . +allerdings war das in den a@@ chti@@ zi@@ ger jahren nicht so . +da war es eben so , dass es selbst@@ verwal@@ tete alterna@@ tiv@@ be@@ trie@@ be gab und einer davon saß eben in kreu@@ z@@ berg im mehr@@ ing@@ h@@ of , wo man das bö@@ se vermu@@ tete . +ort des terror@@ is@@ mus@@ ses , aber das war hie@@ ß wus@@ el@@ tr@@ oni@@ k und hat wind@@ - und sonnen@@ energie gemacht und da habe ich mitte der ach@@ tz@@ iger angefangen . +und ja , viel@@ es von dem , was heute gesagt wurde , berührt mich sehr , weil viele , viele schöne äuß@@ erungen dabei waren , die ich auch durch@@ lebt habe . +ich habe el@@ f jahre in dem kolle@@ ktiv gearbeitet , das war bas@@ is@@ demokra@@ tisch . +wir waren zwan@@ zig leute . +wenn einer nein gesagt hat , war das v@@ et@@ op@@ rin@@ zi@@ p , das hat einen völlig zer@@ m@@ ür@@ bt . ich habe zehn jahre lang ich habe schwer daran ge@@ zwei@@ felt , ob ich mein toll@@ es ingenie@@ ur@@ studi@@ um vielleicht wirklich an eine sch@@ wach@@ sinni@@ ge sache versch@@ wen@@ de , weil auch alle kollegen meines vat@@ ers immer ihm zu@@ gere@@ det haben , du hast das geld zum fenster raus@@ gesch@@ mis@@ sen bei d@@ einem kind . +es beschäftigt sich mit sch@@ wach@@ sinn . +und das war wirklich sehr , sehr bit@@ ter und man kommt dann auch in so ' ne phase hinein , eben tau@@ chte das eine bild auf durch@@ halten , wo ich mich gefragt habe nach zehn jahren , tausend d-@@ mark waren das ja damals noch , grund@@ lo@@ hn , ein@@ heits@@ lo@@ hn im kolle@@ ktiv natürlich , ob das wirklich so das tolle sein soll . +und ich hab ' s dann bis se@@ chs@@ und@@ ne@@ un@@ zig ausge@@ halten und dann haben wir zusammen mit freunden bin ich mit@@ be@@ grün@@ der der firma sol@@ on geworden , die dann zusammen mit dem sp@@ in-@@ off q@@ -@@ cells einer der größten zell@@ en@@ her@@ steller der welt wurde . +eine ries@@ ener@@ fol@@ gs@@ geschichte , aber auch da haben wir natürlich wieder das problem eines wachsen@@ den unterneh@@ men@@ s und wir haben dann zwei@@ taus@@ end@@ sechs , eine kleine gruppe , beschlossen , dass wir wieder klein anfangen und zurück@@ gehen und uns dem nächsten thema der zukunft wid@@ men und das heißt meines er@@ ach@@ tens und unseres er@@ ach@@ tens , es ist wieder gleich verrückt , das fängt wieder damit an , dass die leute sagen , was soll der qu@@ at@@ sch , das geht alles nicht , wir reden von spei@@ chern . +und da habe ich euch ein projekt mit@@ gebracht , das ich euch jetzt mal vorstellen will . +und der titel des vor@@ tra@@ ges war , ja wie man zu hundert prozent erneu@@ er@@ bare kommt . +und wir haben eben einfach mit einer relativ einfach@@ -@@ verrück@@ ten geschichte angefangen zu fragen , wo könnte man denn einen spei@@ cher sinn@@ voll heute schon einsetzen . +auf dieser insel , das ist die insel gra@@ ci@@ o@@ sa auf den a@@ z@@ oren . +ja , das sind so die daten . +da leben vier@@ einhalb tausend menschen . +die haben heute einen erneu@@ er@@ baren energie@@ anteil von fünf@@ zehn prozent . +und die frage ist , warum haben sie nicht mehr ? +das geht einfach technolog@@ isch nicht . +wenn sie mehr wind@@ kraft einander zu@@ bauen , fängt das system an zu schei@@ tern . +das erzähle ich auch immer den politi@@ kern , wenn sie in ber@@ lin@@ -@@ ad@@ ler@@ sh@@ of unsere anlage bes@@ i@@ chti@@ gen . +die sagen dann immer , wieso ? +wir haben doch schon zwan@@ zig prozent in deutsch@@ land . +kann doch gar kein problem sein . +stimmt aber nicht , wir haben in europa sieben prozent und unser netz ist physi@@ kal@@ isch gesehen das europä@@ ische . +wenn wir in europa zwan@@ zig prozent hätten , dann hätten wir schon die gleichen probleme , die die leute auf dieser insel da haben . +die frage war einfach , rech@@ net das war zwei@@ taus@@ end@@ 2006 , haben die ersten konta@@ kte mit der insel angefangen , rech@@ ne doch einfach mal durch . +wie groß müsste denn eigentlich so eine bat@@ terie sein , damit man so eine insel auf zwan@@ zig , drei@@ ß@@ ig , vier@@ zig , fünf@@ zig , vielleicht sogar sie@@ b@@ zig prozent erneu@@ er@@ bare bringt . +und ja , ich gehe nochmal eine slide weiter . +das kon@@ ven@@ tion@@ elle system sieht überall auf der welt so aus . +übrigens werden pro jahr etwa hundert gi@@ ga@@ watt elektr@@ ische leistung auf diesel@@ basis zu@@ gebaut auf der welt . +das entspricht der leistung von hundert atom@@ kraft@@ werken , weil das geht besonders schnell überall . +der energie@@ hunger der welt , der statt@@ findet , wird mit dies@@ el gelö@@ scht , weil man da keine geneh@@ mi@@ gung braucht . +das geht schnell . +man stellt so ' ne ki@@ ste hin . +und dann sieht es in der regel so aus . +in dem verl@@ aufen immer drei von den dies@@ eln , zwei werden immer ge@@ war@@ tet . +ja , so sieht ein das da unten ist eben die last . +wir haben auch sehr genau@@ e daten bekommen . +und die wind@@ kraft@@ anlage oder die solar@@ anlage oder was immer es auch ist , ist in der regel ein back@@ -up system bezieh@@ ungs@@ weise ein system , was nur in kleinen mengen hier ein@@ spei@@ sen kann . +unser ziel war es einfach zu sagen , okay , +der dies@@ el wird back@@ -up und die wind , sonne be@@ dienen die last so , dass sie den größeren anteil ab@@ bilden können . +und wenn sie über zwan@@ zig , drei@@ ß@@ ig prozent erneu@@ er@@ baren energi@@ en gehen wollen , also energie pro jahr , nicht die leistung im moment , dann müssen sie den dies@@ el aus@@ schalten . +das heißt , in dem moment müssen sie dafür sorgen , dass die erneu@@ er@@ baren energi@@ en sozusagen das gesamte netz übernehmen können . +das können sie natürlich nur , wenn sie in irgend@@ einer art und weise hier ge@@ man@@ agt werden . +das hat so noch niemand auf der welt gemacht . +das gibt ' s im kleinen stil , also sie können auch im auto ihren r@@ asi@@ erer über einen kleinen wechsel@@ ri@@ chter be@@ dienen . +die leute fragen mich immer , was forsch@@ t ihr denn eigentlich da in ad@@ ler@@ sh@@ of ? +das geht doch schon . +wenn sie aber mehrere von diesen wechsel@@ rich@@ tern zusam@@ mensch@@ alten wollen und die sollen ein netz aufbauen , dann wird das äußerst kompliziert . +und unser ziel war eben , wir wollten auf sie@@ b@@ zig bis ne@@ un@@ zig prozent erneu@@ er@@ bare kommen und dann bleibt hier noch dieser rest , der letzte rest , die letzten zehn , zwan@@ zig prozent erneu@@ er@@ bare mit , das wird wird sehr , sehr teuer und das wird auch nicht funktionieren , dass man das aus bat@@ teri@@ en macht . +das wird auf jeden fall ein energie@@ trä@@ ger sein , der dann , wasser@@ stoff , me@@ than , power to gas kennen sie oder sch , das wird es dann sein . +sie müssen dann eher auf einen sa@@ is@@ on@@ al@@ spei@@ cher gehen und w@@ inter@@ -@@ sommer und nicht nur ta@@ g-@@ nacht aus@@ gleichen . +wir wollten einfach mal wissen , was ist denn mit einer normalen , stin@@ k@@ normalen elektro@@ chem@@ ischen bat@@ terie . +wie weit kommt man denn da überhaupt ? +und haben dann eine ganze menge von simu@@ la@@ tionen ange@@ stellt . +und haben wind und sonne und die last durch@@ simu@@ liert und kamen zu dem ergebnis , ein ganz span@@ nen@@ des ergebnis , dass man gegenüber dem kon@@ ven@@ tion@@ ellen system , das nach zwan@@ zig jahren einen mittleren stro@@ mp@@ rei@@ s von ungefähr fünf@@ zig cent pro kil@@ o@@ wat@@ t@@ stunde benötigt , etwa bei vier@@ und@@ vier@@ zig cent raus@@ kommt . +das waren die aller@@ ersten berech@@ nungen vor sechs jahren . +und dann haben wir gesagt , okay , +ist ja toll , dann haben wir ein geschäfts@@ modell . +wir sind billi@@ ger wie das diesel@@ -@@ system , wenn der diesel@@ preis fünf prozent pro jahr steigt . +und dann haben wir angefangen mit den insu@@ lan@@ ern zu ver@@ handeln . +was müsste alles getan werden ? +haben mit inv@@ e@@ stor@@ en ver@@ handelt , ich habe neue gesell@@ schaf@@ ter ges@@ u@@ cht . +wir waren ja damals erst fünf leute , um eine um die gesellschaft wieder neu aufzubauen . +und hier nochmal die dar@@ stellung . +das bra@@ une ist sozusagen das kon@@ ven@@ tion@@ elle system , das grüne ist unser system . +dass unser system auch einen prei@@ san@@ stieg hat , liegt daran , dass wir ja noch zwan@@ zig prozent mit dies@@ el machen und auch eine prei@@ s@@ stei@@ gerung auf die anderen sachen nicht durch@@ schlagen . +und die power@@ -@@ u@@ tili@@ ty , die die das elektri@@ z@@ itä@@ ts@@ versor@@ g@@ ungs@@ unternehmen auf der insel , hat gemein@@ t , das finden wir ganz toll . +wollen wir auch unterstützen , aber wir glauben euch nicht , dass ihr das techn@@ ische problem lösen könnt . +und deswegen haben wir uns entsch@@ lossen in ber@@ lin eine hal@@ le zu bauen , in der wir sozusagen die elektr@@ ischen verhäl@@ tnisse der insel im maßstab eins zu drei ganz genau ab@@ bilden können . +das heißt , wir haben dann erst@@ mal ges@@ u@@ cht , die größte bat@@ terie der welt zu finden . +hier ist sie . +die kommt natur@@ ge@@ mä@@ ß aus asien , in dem f@@ alle aus japan . +und wi@@ tz@@ i@@ ger@@ weise ist sie in den sie@@ b@@ zi@@ ger jahren bei b@@ b@@ c man@@ n@@ heim , heute ab@@ b , entwickelt worden und wurde dann aus@@ li@@ zen@@ siert an die japan@@ er . +sie ist man kann sehen , es ist eine sehr , sehr große bat@@ terie . +sie hat einen me@@ ga@@ watt leistung und kann sechs stunden lang diese leistung bringen und das ist die bat@@ terie , die wir sozusagen simu@@ la@@ tion@@ stech@@ n@@ isch raus@@ bekommen haben . +und haben sie dann auf@@ gestellt . +wir haben auch einen dieser diesel@@ -@@ ag@@ gre@@ gate in der gleichen größe , wie er dort steht , in die hal@@ le gebracht , um tatsächlich das komple@@ tte dynam@@ ische verhalten von diesem netz , also in der hal@@ le sieht es jetzt so aus , da hinten steht der dies@@ el , hier steht die große bat@@ terie , hier sind die ganzen um@@ ri@@ chter , mit denen wir das netz simu@@ lieren . +hier drüben simu@@ lieren wir das ganze über@@ trag@@ ungs@@ lei@@ t@@ ung@@ system , die kilome@@ ter-@@ physik der kab@@ el , um sozusagen das schw@@ ing@@ ungs@@ verhalten im netz abzu@@ bilden . +und hier kann man nochmal das ganze sehen . +wir können auch zwei@@ hundert kil@@ o@@ watt photo@@ vol@@ ta@@ ik auf das netz auf@@ schalten . +hier sehen wir das nochmal hier sehen wir nochmal den dies@@ el , hier nochmal die ganzen , einzelnen ag@@ gre@@ gate . +und was wir gemacht haben , seit zwei@@ taus@@ end@@ neun war die hal@@ le dann fertig , bis heute zwei@@ taus@@ end@@ zw@@ öl@@ f quasi alles , was hier zwischen den einzelnen system an elektr@@ oni@@ k , an software zu entwickeln war , haben wir gemacht . +wir sind also keine bat@@ ter@@ ie@@ her@@ steller , sondern wir definieren uns als firma , die nur zwischen dem thema bat@@ terie und dem thema netz steht und alles da@@ zwischen . +man muss natürlich zur bat@@ terie hin kommunizieren , man muss auch hin ins netz kommunizieren können , und das ist sehr kompliziert . +das schöne ist an dem thema , dass man auf dieser insel im grunde genommen heute alles das vor@@ weg@@ nehmen kann an problemen , das wir bekommen werden , wenn wir unseren anteil von erneu@@ er@@ baren erhö@@ hen wollen . +also diese ganze diskussion , wie wird im moment hin@@ - und her@@ bewegt , energie@@ wen@@ de , wie das gehen soll , auf der insel haben wir zum beispiel für fün@@ fund@@ zwan@@ zig bis drei@@ ß@@ ig prozent ex@@ z@@ essen@@ er@@ gie , also wir mü@@ d@@ sen den wind und die sonne ab@@ regeln . +natür@@ licht bietet sich dann smar@@ t-@@ grid an . +also smar@@ t-@@ grid , ein riesen@@ thema überall . +wir können auf der insel schon mal damit anfangen , elektro@@ mobili@@ tät zu integri@@ eren , ru@@ m@@ zu@@ fragen , kann man denn die last mana@@ gen . +das heißt , wenn man bei sie@@ b@@ zig prozent erneu@@ er@@ bare ist , dann wird man das nicht ohne spei@@ cher machen können . +man kann durch ' n smar@@ t-@@ grid , man kann durch aus@@ bau der ne@@ tze , ja , das sollte man auf jeden fall auch tun , den anteil er@@ hören , aber man wird niemals auf spei@@ cher komplett ver@@ zi@@ chten können . +und das ist so ' n bi@@ ß@@ chen die botschaft . +deswegen kommen auch viele leute und schauen sich das dort an , eben weil man sehen kann , welche probleme man bekommt . +wenn wir den dies@@ el ab@@ schalten , dann hat man eben nicht mehr diese ro@@ tier@@ ende masse , die eine gewisse trä@@ gh@@ eit im netz verursacht . +und unser europä@@ isches verb@@ und@@ netz besteht im grunde genommen nur aus lau@@ ter ro@@ tier@@ enden ma@@ ssen von großen kraft@@ werken , wo sich immer die welle überall um ganz europa glei@@ cht dreht . +wir schauen in dieses netz hinein , sehen die fünf@@ zig her@@ tz , und wenn es ne@@ un@@ und@@ vier@@ zig kom@@ ma neun her@@ tz wird , fangen wir ein paar venti@@ l@@ chen aufzu@@ machen , dann geht wieder ein bi@@ ß@@ chen mer@@ h dam@@ pf rein , dann kommen wir wieder hoch . +das ist das system . +und natürlich ist das unglaublich träge . +wenn sie das irgendwo r@@ unter@@ rei@@ ßen , dann dauert ' s ' ne weile . +das sp@@ inning reser@@ ve hat mindestens zehn sekunden , um das netz stab@@ il zu halten . +und in der zeit können sie wieder anderes reagieren . +wenn sie das nicht mehr haben , diese ro@@ tier@@ ende masse , dann müssen sie das mit leist@@ ung@@ sele@@ k@@ tr@@ oni@@ k und elektro@@ chemie ersetzen . +und wir können mit dieser großen bat@@ terie zwei milli@@ sekunden einmal rein@@ -@@ raus@@ schalten . +da sieht man dann schon , welche enor@@ men geschwindi@@ g@@ keits@@ möglichkeiten da gibt . +und die botschaft ist nun , wir müssen auf diese ro@@ tier@@ enden ma@@ ssen ver@@ zi@@ chten , wenn wir sozusagen unsere ziele zwan@@ zig , zwan@@ zig , zwan@@ zig prozent , zwan@@ zig , drei@@ ß@@ ig , drei@@ ß@@ ig prozent und so weiter , wenn wir die überhaupt erreichen wollen , +dann müssen wir unsere mu@@ st-@@ run ka@@ pa@@ z@@ itäten im netz ab@@ bauen . +mu@@ st-@@ run heißt einfach , das kraft@@ werk läuft mit , um die frequ@@ enz zu halten . +ja , das ist ja eine riesen@@ debat@@ te im moment , zu@@ bau vom ko@@ h@@ le@@ kraft@@ werken , weil wir sonst keine , oder ga@@ stur@@ bin@@ en , weil das nicht geht . +und wir versuchen einfach klar@@ zu@@ machen , dass man die ka@@ pa@@ z@@ itäten , die mu@@ st-@@ run ka@@ pa@@ z@@ itäten , ab@@ bauen kann , indem man auch elektro@@ chem@@ ische spei@@ cher ins netz bringt . +dazu gibt es glücklicherweise jetzt auch eine ganze menge studien . +und zu diesem zweck kommen die leute dann immer und schauen sich unseren versu@@ chs@@ stand auf der , quasi unseren in@@ sel@@ te@@ st@@ stand an . +und ja , die diskussion geht immer um die frage , wie weit kann man dort ein stück weit zukunft vor@@ weg@@ nehmen . +und viele diskus@@ sionen , die ich in den letzten sechs jahren hatte , waren ähnlich wie die diskussion , die ich in den letzten drei@@ ß@@ ig jahren hatte zum thema photo@@ vol@@ ta@@ ik . +geht nicht , ist sch@@ wach@@ sinn , kinder@@ spiel@@ kra@@ m , haben wir alles ger@@ ech@@ net , rech@@ net sich nie . +wir haben heute drei@@ ß@@ ig gi@@ ga@@ watt photo@@ vol@@ ta@@ ik in deutsch@@ land . +das ist vor@@ bil@@ dlich . +und ich gehe einfach davon aus , dass wir in den nächsten drei@@ ß@@ ig jahren die gleiche ka@@ pa@@ zität an elektro@@ chem@@ ischen spei@@ chern auf der ganzen welt haben werden . +ganz einfach , so wird es kommen . +da wird es so eine ganze menge von wider@@ ständen geben und strei@@ ter@@ ei@@ en . +das schöne ist , dass ich quasi jetzt in den letzten beiden jahren erlebt habe , dass die wissenschaftler sich auf meine seite stellen . +wir haben mittler@@ weile über zehn millionen förder@@ projekte bekommen , auch um ' ne zehn@@ -@@ me@@ ga@@ wat@@ t-@@ bat@@ terie jetzt ans deut@@ sche netz zu kle@@ mmen . +das wird im nächsten apri@@ l statt@@ finden . +also von daher mer@@ kt man auch da , dass da ein wandel da ist und erst von dieser ab@@ we@@ hr@@ haltung hin zu ja , zu der vorstellung , hundert prozent erneu@@ er@@ bare stimmt ja . +und wenn man hundert prozent erneu@@ er@@ bare hat , dann ist das ja wie ein au@@ tar@@ kes system . +bisher wird in diskus@@ sionen immer versucht , diese insu@@ lan@@ er , die machen sich au@@ tar@@ k , die haben ein eigenes kleines netz , das hat ja mit unserem verb@@ und nichts zu tun . +die die frage ist doch ganz einfach , wenn sie sich vollkommen unabhängig machen von irgend@@ welchen fossi@@ len oder ur@@ an@@ en energi@@ er@@ trä@@ gern , die irgendwo auf der welt r@@ ausge@@ bo@@ hrt werden und zu ihnen hin@@ gebracht werden , dann sind sie ja eine insel . +dann ver@@ brauchen sie nur noch das , was an sonne und wind da vorhanden ist , wo sie leben . +und das ist so ein bisschen unsere vision von einer vern@@ ü@@ f@@ tigen energi@@ ever@@ sor@@ gung und ich bin cra@@ d@@ le-@@ to-@@ cra@@ d@@ le auch dank@@ bar , dass sie gesagt haben , sonnen@@ energie nutzen . +und das ist ja das , was wir tun , und in@@ so@@ fern kommen so , auch der vortrag von pre@@ mi@@ um kol@@ a , dass man wieder ein kolle@@ ktiv sein darf und sonnen@@ energie nutzen , hier ein bi@@ ß@@ chen zusammen . +und ja gut , ich möchte euch einfach dann ermu@@ tigen , in dem sinne , dass man ruhi@@ g ein bisschen verrückt sein kann und auch eine vision haben darf . +und man muss wirklich ziemlich zä@@ h bleiben dabei , aber ich denke , dass dass es geht . +vielen dank . +als steve lo@@ pe@@ z , kol@@ um@@ n@@ ist der los angeles times , eines tages durch die straßen im zentrum von los angeles ging , hörte er eine wunder@@ volle musik . +sie kam von einem mann , einem af@@ ro@@ -@@ amerikaner , sym@@ path@@ isch , ra@@ u , ob@@ da@@ ch@@ los , der auf einer gei@@ ge spielte , die nur noch zwei sa@@ i@@ ten hatte . +viele von ihnen werden die geschichte kennen , denn aus ste@@ ves artikel darüber wurde später ein buch , das wiederum ver@@ fil@@ mt wurde , mit robert dow@@ ney j@@ uni@@ or als steve lo@@ pe@@ z und jam@@ ie fo@@ x@@ x als na@@ than@@ iel anth@@ ony a@@ yers , dem kon@@ tr@@ ab@@ assi@@ sten , der am ju@@ il@@ li@@ ar@@ d-@@ konser@@ vat@@ ori@@ um studi@@ erte und dessen viel@@ ver@@ sprech@@ ende karriere trag@@ is@@ cher@@ weise früh durch seine par@@ an@@ o@@ i@@ de schizophren@@ ie be@@ endet wurde . +na@@ than@@ iel ver@@ ließ ju@@ il@@ li@@ ard , er@@ li@@ tt einen nerven@@ zusammen@@ bruch und 30 jahre später lebte er als ob@@ da@@ ch@@ lo@@ ser auf den straßen von sk@@ id row im zentrum von los angeles . +ich emp@@ fe@@ hle ihnen allen , ste@@ ves buch zu lesen oder sich den film anzu@@ sehen , damit sie nicht nur die wunderbare verb@@ un@@ den@@ heit verstehen , die zwischen diesen beiden männern entstanden ist , sondern auch , wie die musik diese verbindung herstellen half und wie sie schließlich das instrument war , wenn dieses wor@@ t@@ spiel erlaubt ist , das mi@@ th@@ al@@ f , na@@ than@@ iel weg von der straße zu kriegen . +ich traf m@@ r a@@ yers im jahre 2008 , vor zwei jahren , in der wal@@ t dis@@ ney conc@@ ert hall . +er hatte gerade eine vor@@ führung von bee@@ tho@@ v@@ ens erster und vier@@ ter sin@@ f@@ onie gehört und kam hinter die bühne , um sich mir vorzustellen . +er sprach in einem sehr hei@@ teren und ges@@ elli@@ gen ton über yo@@ -@@ yo ma und h@@ ill@@ ary clin@@ ton und darüber , wie die do@@ d@@ gers es nie in die baseball world series schaffen würden . und das alles wegen der t@@ ück@@ ischen pas@@ sage der ersten gei@@ ge im letzten satz von bee@@ tho@@ v@@ ens vier@@ ter sin@@ f@@ onie . +wir kamen auf@@ s thema musik zu sprechen . und ein paar tage später bekam ich eine e-@@ mail , in der stand , dass na@@ than@@ iel sich für g@@ eigen@@ unterricht bei mir interessi@@ erte . +ich muss noch erwä@@ hnen , dass na@@ than@@ iel eine medizinische behandlung ab@@ le@@ hnte , denn er war bereits mit elektro@@ scho@@ cks und mit th@@ or@@ a@@ zin und hand@@ sch@@ ellen behandelt worden , ein trau@@ ma , das ihn sein ganzes leben ver@@ folgt hat . +als folge davon ist er jetzt besonders an@@ fä@@ llig für diese schizop@@ hr@@ enen ph@@ as@@ en . die sind manchmal so schli@@ mm , und er ta@@ gel@@ ang versch@@ win@@ det , in den straßen von sk@@ id row herum@@ wander@@ t , immer diesem hor@@ ror und den fol@@ ter@@ qu@@ alen seines eigenen gei@@ stes aus@@ gesetzt . +und in genau so einem rei@@ z@@ sta@@ dium be@@ fand sich na@@ than@@ iel , als wir mit unserer ersten unter@@ richt@@ s@@ stunde in der wal@@ t dis@@ ney conc@@ ert hall begannen . er hatte dieses ir@@ re fl@@ ack@@ ern in seinen augen und wirk@@ te völlig verloren . +er sprach über unsicht@@ bare dä@@ mon@@ en und r@@ auch und darüber , wie ihn jemand im schla@@ f ver@@ gi@@ ften wollte . +ich hatte angst , nicht mein@@ et@@ wegen , sondern ich hatte angst , dass ich ihn verlieren könnte , dass er in einen seiner zu@@ stände ver@@ sin@@ ken könnte und dass ich ihm seine beziehung zur gei@@ ge zerstören könnte , wenn ich an@@ fing , über ton@@ lei@@ tern und ar@@ pe@@ g@@ gi@@ os und andere aufre@@ gende formen der di@@ da@@ kti@@ schen g@@ eigen@@ pä@@ da@@ go@@ gi@@ k zu reden . +ich fing also einfach an zu spielen . +ich spielte den ersten satz von bee@@ tho@@ v@@ ens viol@@ in@@ konz@@ ert . +und während ich spielte , fiel mir auf , dass in na@@ th@@ ani@@ els augen eine voll@@ kommen@@ e veränderung vor sich ging . +es war , als ob er unter dem einfluss einer unsicht@@ baren ar@@ z@@ ne@@ i stand , eine chem@@ ische reaktion , dessen kat@@ aly@@ s@@ ator mein spiel war . +na@@ th@@ ani@@ els man@@ ischer z@@ or@@ n verwand@@ elte sich in verständnis , in eine ruhi@@ ge neugi@@ er und an@@ mut . +und wie durch ein wunder nahm er seine gei@@ ge und begann , nach ge@@ hö@@ r einige aus@@ schni@@ tte von viol@@ in@@ kon@@ zer@@ ten zu spielen und bat mich dann , sie zu ende zu spielen : men@@ del@@ s@@ sohn , t@@ scha@@ i@@ ko@@ w@@ sk@@ i , si@@ be@@ li@@ us . +wir fingen dann an , über musik zu sprechen , angefangen von b@@ ach über bee@@ tho@@ ven , bra@@ h@@ ms , bru@@ ck@@ ner und all die anderen bs , von bar@@ t@@ ó@@ k bis hin zu es@@ a-@@ pe@@ k@@ ka sal@@ onen . +und mir wurde klar , dass er nicht nur ein enzy@@ klo@@ pä@@ dis@@ ches wissen über musik bes@@ a@@ ß , sondern ihn mit ihr auch eine en@@ ge persönliche beziehung verb@@ and . +er sprach von ihr mit einer leidenschaft und einem verständnis , das ich sonst nur von meinen kollegen in der phil@@ harmon@@ ie von los angeles kenne . +indem er musik spielte und über musik sprach , war aus diesem par@@ an@@ o@@ i@@ den , verwir@@ r@@ ten mann , der eben noch durch die straßen von los angeles gezogen war , ein lie@@ ben@@ s@@ wer@@ ter , ge@@ bil@@ de@@ ter , ausge@@ zeich@@ ne@@ ter , in ju@@ il@@ li@@ ard ausge@@ bil@@ de@@ ter musi@@ ker geworden . +musik ist medizin . musik verändert uns . +für na@@ than@@ iel bedeutet musik se@@ eli@@ sche gesundheit . +denn die musik erlaubt es ihm , seine gedanken und wahn@@ vorstellungen mit hilfe seiner vorstell@@ ungskraft und kreativität in etwas re@@ ales umzu@@ formen . +und so ent@@ flie@@ ht er seinen qu@@ äl@@ enden zu@@ ständen . +ich verstand , dass genau dies das wesen der kunst ist . +genau dies ist der grund , warum wir musik machen : damit wir etwas , das in uns allen , tief im inneren steckt , unsere gefühle , durch unsere künstler@@ ische lin@@ se , durch unsere kreativität zur wirklichkeit formen können . +und die wirklichkeit jen@@ es aus@@ dru@@ cks erreicht uns alle , und bewegt , inspiriert und verein@@ t uns . +was na@@ than@@ iel an@@ ging , so brachte ihn die musik zurück in eine gemeinschaft von freunden . +die er@@ lö@@ sende kraft der musik brachte ihn zurück in eine familie von musi@@ kern , die ihn verstand , die sein talent erkannte und ihn ach@@ tete . +und ich werde immer wieder mit na@@ than@@ iel musi@@ zieren , egal ob in der wal@@ t dis@@ ney conc@@ ert hall oder in sk@@ id row , denn er erinnert mich daran , warum ich musi@@ ker geworden bin . +vielen dank . +br@@ un@@ o gi@@ us@@ san@@ i : vielen dank . danke . +robert gu@@ p@@ ta . +robert gu@@ p@@ ta : ich möchte etwas spielen , das ich un@@ versch@@ ä@@ m@@ ter@@ weise den c@@ elli@@ sten ge@@ sto@@ hlen habe . +ich hoffe , sie ver@@ zei@@ hen mir . +also ich habe in meinem leben viele fische ge@@ kan@@ nt . +ich habe nur zwei ge@@ liebt . +dieser erste , das war mehr wie eine leiden@@ schaft@@ liche aff@@ äre . +es war ein schö@@ ner fisch , wohl@@ schme@@ ck@@ end , gute kon@@ si@@ stenz , ge@@ hal@@ t@@ voll , ein best@@ s@@ eller auf der spei@@ se@@ karte . +was für ein fisch . +noch besser , er wurde in a@@ qu@@ ak@@ ul@@ tur nach den angeb@@ lich höch@@ sten standards der nachhal@@ tigkeit ge@@ zü@@ chtet . +man konnte sich also wohl dabei fühlen , ihn zu verkaufen . +ich hatte mit dieser schönheit eine beziehung über mehrere monate . +eines tages rief der che@@ f der firma an und fragte , ob ich bei einer veran@@ stal@@ tung vor@@ tragen könnte über die nachhal@@ tigkeit der farm . +" natürlich " , sagte ich . +hier war eine firma , die zu lösen versuchte , was dieses un@@ vorstell@@ bare problem für unsere kö@@ che geworden ist . wie behalten wir fisch auf unseren spei@@ se@@ karten ? +in den letzten 50 jahren haben wir die me@@ ere ge@@ fis@@ cht wie wir wäl@@ der ka@@ hl geschlagen haben . +es ist schwer , die zerstör@@ ung zu über@@ bewer@@ ten . +90 prozent der großen fische , der , die wir lieben , die th@@ un@@ fische , die hei@@ l@@ bu@@ tte , die la@@ ch@@ se , schwer@@ t@@ fisch , sie sind zusammen@@ gebro@@ chen . +es ist fast nichts mehr übrig . +also wird wohl oder ü@@ bel a@@ qu@@ ak@@ ul@@ tur , fis@@ chan@@ bau , ein teil unserer zukunft sein . +viele argu@@ mente dagegen . fisch@@ zu@@ cht@@ an@@ lagen verschmu@@ tzen die umwelt , die meisten von ihnen jedenfalls , und sie sind in@@ effizi@@ ent , nehmen wir th@@ un@@ fisch . ein großer nach@@ teil . +er hat eine fu@@ tter@@ ver@@ wer@@ tung von 15 zu eins . +das heißt , 15 pfund wild@@ fisch sind nötig , damit man ein pfund zu@@ cht@@ -@@ th@@ un@@ fisch bekommt . +nicht sehr nachhal@@ tig . +schme@@ ckt auch nicht sehr gut . +also hier war endlich eine firma , die versuchte , es richtig zu machen . +ich wollte sie unterstü@@ tz@@ ten . +am tag vor der veran@@ stal@@ tung rief ich den che@@ f der öffent@@ lich@@ keits@@ arbeit für die firma an . +nennen wir ihn don . +" don " , sagte ich , " nur um die fa@@ kten richtig zu haben , ihr sei@@ d berü@@ hmt dafür , so weit draußen im meer anzu@@ bauen , dass ihr die umwelt nicht verschmu@@ tzt . " +" das stimmt " , sagte er . " wir sind so weit draußen , dass der ab@@ fall von unserem fisch verteilt wird , nicht konzentri@@ ert . " +und dann fü@@ gte er hin@@ zu , " wir sind im grunde eine eigene welt . +diese fu@@ tter@@ ver@@ wer@@ tung von 2.@@ 5 zu 1 " , sagte er . +" die beste in der bran@@ che . " +2.@@ 5 zu eins , großartig . +" 2.@@ 5 zu eins was ? was fü@@ tter@@ t ihr ? " +" nachhal@@ tige prot@@ eine " , sagte er . +" großartig " , sagte ich . legte auf . +und an diesem abend lag ich im bett und dachte : was zur hö@@ lle ist ein nachhal@@ tiges protein ? +also rief ich am nächsten tag , kurz vor der veran@@ stal@@ tung , don an . +ich sagte : " don , was zum beispiel sind nachhal@@ tige prot@@ eine ? " +er sagte , er wis@@ se das nicht . er werde nach@@ fragen . +nun , ich telef@@ oni@@ erte mit ein paar leuten in der firma . niemand konnte mir eine ord@@ ent@@ liche antwort geben . bis ich endlich mit dem lei@@ ten@@ den bi@@ ologen telef@@ oni@@ erte . +nennen wir ihn ebenfalls don . +" don " , sagte ich , " was zum beispiel sind nachhal@@ tige prot@@ eine ? " +nun , er erwä@@ hnte einige al@@ gen und einige fisch@@ me@@ hle , und dann sagte er , hü@@ hn@@ ch@@ en-@@ p@@ el@@ lets . +ich sagte : " hü@@ hn@@ ch@@ en-@@ p@@ el@@ lets ? " +er sagte : " ja , fe@@ dern , haut , kno@@ chen@@ me@@ hl , re@@ ste , ge@@ tro@@ ck@@ net und zu fu@@ tter ver@@ arbeitet . " +ich sagte : " wie viel prozent e@@ ures fu@@ t@@ ters ist hü@@ hn@@ chen ? " , +in der annahme von vielleicht zwei prozent . +" nun , das sind ungefähr 30 prozent " , sagte er . +ich sagte : " don , was ist nachhal@@ tig daran , hü@@ hn@@ chen an fische zu verfü@@ ttern ? " +es gab eine lange pause in der lei@@ tung und er sagte : " es gibt einfach zu viel hü@@ hn@@ chen auf der welt . " +ich ent@@ liebte mich von diesem fisch . +nein , nicht , weil ich ein selbst@@ gere@@ chter genie@@ ß@@ er und gu@@ t@@ mensch bin . +das bin ich sogar . +nein , ich habe mi@@ cht tatsächlich von diesem fisch ent@@ liebt , weil , ich schw@@ ö@@ re bei gott , der fisch nach dieser unterhaltung nach hü@@ hn@@ chen gesch@@ me@@ ckt hat . +dieser zweite fisch , das ist eine andere art von lie@@ bes@@ geschichte . +es ist die roman@@ tische art , die art , bei der man , je besser man seinen fisch kennen lernt , man den fisch um@@ so mehr liebt . +ich habe ihn zuerst in einem restaurant in süd@@ sp@@ ani@@ en ge@@ gessen . +eine be@@ fre@@ un@@ dete journ@@ ali@@ stin hatte seit lan@@ gem von diesem fisch gesprochen . +sie hat uns gewis@@ ser@@ maßen verk@@ upp@@ elt . +er kam auf den tisch mit einer h@@ ellen , fast sch@@ imm@@ ern@@ den weißen farbe . +der ko@@ ch hatte ihn ver@@ ko@@ cht . +halt zwei@@ mal . +erstaun@@ licherweise war er immer noch kö@@ st@@ lich . +wer kann einen fisch so gut schme@@ cken lassen , nachdem er ver@@ ko@@ cht wurde ? +ich kann es nicht , aber dieser typ kann es . +nennen wir ihn mi@@ gu@@ el . tatsächlich heißt er mi@@ gu@@ el . +und nein , er hat den fisch nicht ge@@ ko@@ cht und er ist kein ko@@ ch . zumindest auf die art , die sie und ich darunter verstehen . +er ist ein bi@@ ologe bei v@@ et@@ a la pal@@ ma . +das ist eine fisch@@ aufzu@@ cht in der süd@@ westlichen ecke sp@@ ani@@ ens . +sie ist nahe der mü@@ n@@ dung des fl@@ us@@ ses gu@@ ad@@ al@@ qui@@ vi@@ r . +bis in die 198@@ 0er war die farm in den händen von ar@@ gent@@ ini@@ ern . +sie zü@@ chteten flei@@ sch@@ rin@@ der auf dem , was im grunde feu@@ cht@@ gebiete waren . +sie machten das , indem sie das land ent@@ wä@@ s@@ ser@@ ten . +sie bauten diese kompli@@ zierte folge von kan@@ äl@@ en , und sie drän@@ gten wasser aus dem land heraus und hinaus in den fluss . +nun , sie konnten nicht be@@ wirken , dass das kla@@ pp@@ te , nicht wirtschaft@@ lich . +und ök@@ olog@@ isch war es eine katastrophe . +es brachte ungefähr 90 prozent der vögel um , was für diesen ort viele vögel sind . +und so hat 198@@ 2 eine span@@ ische firma mit umwelt@@ bewusstsein das land ge@@ kauft . +was haben sie gemacht ? +sie haben den fluss des was@@ s@@ ers umge@@ kehrt . +sie haben buchstäblich den he@@ bel um@@ gelegt . +anstatt das wasser herauszu@@ drän@@ gen benutz@@ ten sie die kan@@ ä@@ le , um das wasser wieder her@@ einzu@@ ziehen . +sie flu@@ teten die kan@@ ä@@ le . +sie schu@@ fen eine 1@@ 1.000 he@@ kt@@ ar fisch@@ aufzu@@ cht -- bar@@ sch , meer@@ ä@@ sche , gar@@ n@@ ele , a@@ al -- und dabei haben mi@@ gu@@ el und seine firma die ök@@ ologische zerstör@@ ung komplett umge@@ kehrt . +die farm ist unglaublich . +ich meine , sie haben so etwas noch nie gesehen . +sie star@@ ren heraus auf den horizon@@ t , der eine million meilen entfernt ist , und alles was sie sehen sind ge@@ flu@@ tete kan@@ ä@@ le und diese dichte , ü@@ pp@@ ige mar@@ sch . +ich war dort vor gar nicht langer zeit mit mi@@ gu@@ el . +er ist ein unglaub@@ licher kerl , drei teile charles darwin und ein teil " ein kro@@ ko@@ di@@ l zum kü@@ ssen " . +okay ? da waren wir und kämp@@ ften uns durch die feu@@ cht@@ gebiete und ich ke@@ u@@ che und schwi@@ tze , habe ma@@ ts@@ ch bis zu meinen k@@ nien , und mi@@ gu@@ el hält in ru@@ he eine bi@@ ologi@@ e@@ vor@@ les@@ ung . +hier he@@ bt er einen sel@@ ten@@ en glei@@ ta@@ ar her@@ vor . +nun erwähnt er die miner@@ al@@ bedürfnisse von phy@@ top@@ lan@@ k@@ ton . +und hier , hier sieht er ein muster von b@@ ün@@ deln , das ihn an die t@@ ans@@ an@@ ische gi@@ ra@@ ffe erinnert . +es stellt sich heraus , dass mi@@ gu@@ el den größten teil seiner karriere im mi@@ k@@ um@@ i national@@ park in afrika verbracht hat . +ich fragte ihn , wie er zu so einem fisch@@ -@@ experten geworden ist . +er sagte : " fisch ? ich weiß nichts über fisch . +ich bin ein exper@@ te für beziehungen . " +und dann geht er und stür@@ zt sich in mehr gere@@ de von sel@@ ten@@ en vö@@ geln und al@@ gen und selts@@ am@@ en wasser@@ pflanzen . +und verstehen sie mich nicht falsch , das war wirklich faszinier@@ end , wissen sie , die bio@@ tische gemeinschaft un@@ pl@@ ug@@ ged , so in der art . +es ist großartig , aber ich war ver@@ liebt . +und mein kopf wurde schwa@@ ch über dieses ver@@ ko@@ chte stück kö@@ st@@ lichen fis@@ chs , das ich am vor@@ abend hatte . +also habe ich ihn unter@@ bro@@ chen . ich sagte : " mi@@ gu@@ el , wie kommt es , dass dein fisch so gut schme@@ ckt ? " +er zeigte auf die al@@ gen . +" ich weiß , junge , die al@@ gen , der phy@@ top@@ lan@@ k@@ ton , die beziehungen , das ist unglaublich . +aber was essen deine fische ? +wie ist die fu@@ tter@@ ver@@ wer@@ tung ? " +nun , er fährt fort mir zu erzählen , dass es so ein reich@@ hal@@ tiges system ist , dass die fische essen , was sie in der wil@@ dnis essen würden . +die pflan@@ z@@ liche bio@@ masse , den phy@@ top@@ lan@@ k@@ ton , den zo@@ op@@ lan@@ k@@ ton , das ist es , was die fische fü@@ tter@@ t . +das system ist so gesund , es ist völlig selb@@ ster@@ neu@@ ern@@ d . +es gibt kein fu@@ tter . +je von einer farm gehört , die ihre tiere nicht fü@@ tter@@ t ? +später am tag fuhr ich auf diesem grund@@ stück mit mi@@ gu@@ el herum und ich fragte ihn , ich sagte : " für einen ort , der so natürlich zu sein scheint " , anders als jede farm , auf der ich je gewesen war , " wie mis@@ st du erfolg ? " +in dem moment war es , als ob ein film@@ reg@@ is@@ se@@ ur einen bü@@ hn@@ en@@ wechsel ver@@ lan@@ gt hätte . +und wir bogen um die ecke und uns bot sich der unglaub@@ lich@@ ste an@@ blick , tausende und ab@@ er@@ tausende pin@@ ker fl@@ amin@@ gos , ein buchstäblich pin@@ ker te@@ pp@@ ich so weit das auge reicht . +" das ist erfolg " , sagte er . +" schau dir ihre b@@ äu@@ che an , p@@ ink . +sie schle@@ mmen . " +schle@@ mmen ? ich war völlig verwir@@ rt . +ich sagte : " mi@@ gu@@ el , schle@@ mmen sie nicht deinen fisch ? " +" ja " , sagte er . +" wir verlieren 20 prozent von unserem fisch und fisch@@ ei@@ ern an die vögel . +nun , letztes jahr waren auf diesem grund@@ stück 6@@ 0@@ 0.000 vögel , mehr als 250 unterschiedliche arten . +es ist heute das größte und eines der wichtigsten priv@@ aten vog@@ el@@ reser@@ v@@ ate in ganz europa geworden . +ich sagte : " mi@@ gu@@ el , ist ein gut ge@@ d@@ ei@@ hen@@ der vog@@ el@@ bestand nicht das letzte , das man auf einer fisch@@ aufzu@@ cht haben möchte ? " +er schü@@ tt@@ elte seinen kopf , nein . +er sagte : " wir bauen exten@@ si@@ v an , nicht intensi@@ v . +das hier ist ein ök@@ olog@@ isches netzwerk . +die fl@@ amin@@ gos fres@@ sen die gar@@ nel@@ en . +die gar@@ nel@@ en fres@@ sen den phy@@ top@@ lan@@ k@@ ton . +je pin@@ ker also der b@@ auch desto besser das system . " +okay , lassen sie uns das über@@ denken . eine farm , die ihre tiere nicht fü@@ tter@@ t und eine farm , die ihren erfolg an der gesundheit ihrer r@@ äu@@ ber mis@@ st . +eine fisch@@ aufzu@@ cht , aber auch ein vog@@ el@@ reser@@ v@@ at . +oh , und neben@@ bei sollten diese fl@@ amin@@ gos von vor@@ n@@ her@@ ein nicht einmal da sein . +sie brü@@ ten in einer stadt 2@@ 40 kilometer entfernt , wo die bo@@ den@@ besch@@ aff@@ enheit besser ist für den ne@@ st@@ bau . +jeden morgen fliegen sie 2@@ 40 kilometer zur farm . +und jeden abend fliegen sie 2@@ 40 kilometer zurück . +sie machen das , weil sie der ge@@ stri@@ ch@@ elten weißen linie der land@@ straße a@@ 9@@ 2 folgen können . +im ernst . +ich hatte mir eine art reise der pingu@@ ine vor@@ gestellt , also schaute ich mi@@ gu@@ el an . +ich sagte : " mi@@ gu@@ el , fliegen sie 2@@ 40 kilometer zu der farm und fliegen sie dann 2@@ 40 kilometer zurück am abend ? +machen sie das für die kinder ? " +er schaute mich an , als hätte ich gerade ein lied von whit@@ ney hou@@ ston zi@@ tiert . +er sagte : " nein . sie machen das , weil das essen besser ist . " +ich habe nicht die haut meines ge@@ lieb@@ ten fis@@ ches erwähnt , die kö@@ st@@ lich war , und ich mag keine fisch@@ haut . ich mag sie nicht sau@@ tiert . ich mag sie nicht kn@@ us@@ pri@@ g . +es ist dieser bei@@ ß@@ ende , ver@@ ko@@ hlte geschma@@ ck . +ich ko@@ che fast nie damit . +und doch , als ich sie in diesem restaurant in süd@@ sp@@ ani@@ en pro@@ biert habe hat sie überhaupt nicht nach fisch@@ haut gesch@@ me@@ ckt . +sie schme@@ ckte sü@@ ß und rein , als ob man einen bis@@ sen vom ozean nehmen würde . +ich erwä@@ hnte das gegenüber mi@@ gu@@ el und er ni@@ ckte . +er sagte : " die haut wirkt wie ein schw@@ am@@ m . +sie ist die letzte ab@@ we@@ hr , bevor etwas in den körper ein@@ tritt . +sie hat sich im laufe der evolution entwickelt , um un@@ rein@@ heiten auf@@ zus@@ augen . " +und dann fü@@ gte er hin@@ zu : " aber unser wasser hat keine un@@ rein@@ heiten . " +okay . eine farm , die ihre fische nicht fü@@ tter@@ t . eine farm , die ihren erfolg mis@@ st am erfolg ihrer r@@ äu@@ ber . +und dann wurde mir klar , wenn er sagt , eine farm , die keine un@@ rein@@ heiten hat , unter@@ treibt er gewal@@ tig , denn das wasser , das durch diese farm flie@@ ßt kommt aus dem fluss gu@@ ad@@ al@@ qui@@ vi@@ r her@@ ein . +es ist ein fluss , der all die dinge mit sich führt , von denen flüs@@ se heutzutage dazu nei@@ gen , sie mit sich zu führen , chem@@ ische sch@@ ad@@ stoffe , ab@@ fluss von sch@@ äd@@ l@@ ings@@ be@@ kämp@@ f@@ ungs@@ mitteln . +und wenn es sich durch das system ge@@ kämp@@ ft hat und dieses ver@@ lässt ist das wasser sau@@ ber@@ er , als wie es her@@ einge@@ kommen ist . +das system ist so gesund , es rein@@ i@@ gt das wasser . +also nicht nur eine farm , die ihre tiere nicht fü@@ tter@@ t , nicht nur eine farm , die ihren erfolg an der gesundheit ihrer r@@ äu@@ ber mis@@ st , sondern eine farm , die buchstäblich eine wasser@@ -@@ auf@@ berei@@ tungs@@ anlage ist , und nicht nur für diese fische , sondern auch für dich und mich . +denn wenn das wasser heraus@@ flie@@ ßt , ver@@ sin@@ kt es im atlan@@ tik . +ein tro@@ pfen im ozean , ich weiß , aber ich nehme ihn , und das sollten sie auch tun , denn diese lie@@ bes@@ geschichte , wie roman@@ tisch auch immer , ist auch auf@@ schluss@@ reich . +man könnte sagen , dass sie ein re@@ zept ist für die zukunft guter lebens@@ mittel , ob wir von bar@@ sch oder flei@@ sch@@ rin@@ dern sprechen . +was wir jetzt brauchen , ist ein radik@@ al neues konzept von landwirtschaft , von einer , in der lebens@@ mittel tatsächlich gut schme@@ cken . +aber für viele leute ist das ein bisschen zu radik@@ al . +wir sind keine reali@@ sten , wir genie@@ ß@@ er . wir sind lieb@@ hab@@ er . +wir lieben wo@@ chen@@ märkte . wir lieben kleine familien@@ be@@ trie@@ be . wir reden über regi@@ on@@ ale lebens@@ mittel . wir essen bi@@ o . +und wenn sie behaup@@ ten , dass das die dinge sind , die die zukunft guter lebens@@ mittel versi@@ chern steht jemand irgendwo auf und sagt : " hey leute , ich liebe pin@@ ke fl@@ amin@@ gos , aber wie werden sie die welt ernä@@ hren ? +wie werden sie die welt ernä@@ hren ? " +darf ich ehrlich sein ? +ich mag diese frage nicht . +nein , nicht , weil wir schon genug kal@@ orien produzieren , um die welt mehr als nur zu ernä@@ hren . +eine milliarde menschen werden heute hun@@ gern . +eine milliarde -- das ist mehr als je zuvor -- aufgrund kr@@ as@@ ser un@@ gleich@@ heiten in der verteilung , nicht der gesam@@ t@@ produktion . +nun , ich mag diese frage nicht , weil sie die logi@@ k unseres nahrungs@@ systems die letzten 50 jahre über bestimmt hat . +fü@@ tt@@ ere ge@@ trei@@ de an pflan@@ zen@@ fres@@ ser , sch@@ äd@@ l@@ ings@@ be@@ kämp@@ f@@ ungs@@ mittel an mon@@ o@@ kulturen , chemikalien an die erde , hü@@ hn@@ chen an fische , und die ganze zeit hat die a@@ gr@@ ar@@ industrie einfach gefragt : " wenn wir mehr leute billi@@ ger ernä@@ hren , wie schrecklich kann das schon sein ? " +das war der beweg@@ grund . es war die recht@@ ferti@@ gung . es war der geschä@@ ft@@ sp@@ lan der amerikanischen landwirtschaft . +wir sollten sie nennen , was sie ist , ein ge@@ wer@@ be in ab@@ wick@@ lung , ein ge@@ wer@@ be , das schnell ök@@ olog@@ isches kapital auff@@ ris@@ st , das genau diese produktion ermöglicht . +das ist kein ge@@ wer@@ be , und es ist nicht landwirtschaft . +unsere kor@@ n@@ kam@@ mer ist heute bedro@@ ht , nicht aufgrund ab@@ neh@@ men@@ der zu@@ fuhr , sondern aufgrund ab@@ neh@@ men@@ der ressourcen , +nicht durch die neu@@ e@@ sten mä@@ h@@ d@@ res@@ cher@@ - und tra@@ k@@ tor@@ -@@ erfin@@ dungen , sondern durch fru@@ cht@@ bares land , nicht durch pump@@ en , sondern durch fr@@ isches wasser , nicht durch ket@@ ten@@ sä@@ gen , sondern durch wäl@@ der , und nicht durch fis@@ cher@@ boo@@ te und ne@@ tze , sondern durch fische im meer . +sie wollen die welt ernä@@ hren ? +lassen sie uns anfangen mit der frage : wie werden wir uns selbst ernä@@ hren ? +oder besser , wie können wir bedingungen schaffen , die jede gemeinschaft be@@ fähi@@ gen , sich selbst zu ernä@@ hren ? +um das zu tun , schauen sie nicht auf das a@@ gr@@ ar@@ indu@@ st@@ rie@@ -@@ modell für die zukunft . +es ist wirklich alt , und es ist erle@@ digt . +kapital , chemie und maschinen stehen darin o@@ ben@@ an und es hat nie etwas wirklich gutes zum essen produziert . +schauen wir uns stattdessen das ök@@ ologische modell an . +das ist das , das auf zwei milliarden jahre arbeit@@ ser@@ fahr@@ ung zurück@@ grei@@ ft . +schauen sie sich mi@@ gu@@ el an , bauern wie mi@@ gu@@ el , +be@@ trie@@ be , die nicht wel@@ ten für sich sind , be@@ trie@@ be , die wieder@@ herstellen anstatt aufzu@@ brauchen , be@@ trie@@ be , die exten@@ si@@ v an@@ bauen anstatt nur intensi@@ v , bauern , die nicht nur er@@ zeu@@ ger sind , sondern experten für beziehungen , +denn sie sind diejenigen , die auch experten für geschma@@ ck sind . +und wenn ich wirklich ehrlich bin sind sie ein besser@@ er ko@@ ch als ich es je sein werde . +wissen sie , das ist mir recht , denn wenn das die zukunft guter lebens@@ mittel ist , wird sie kö@@ st@@ lich sein . +danke . +falls ich ihnen heute eine sache näher@@ bringen möchte ist es , dass die gesam@@ theit der daten , die wir konsu@@ mieren , größer ist als die sum@@ me ihrer einzel@@ teile und anstatt dabei an informa@@ tions@@ über@@ la@@ dung zu denken möchte ich , dass sie darüber nachdenken wie wir information so nutzen können , dass sich muster er@@ geben und wir so trends erkennen , die an@@ son@@ sten nicht sicht@@ bar geworden wären . +so , was wir hier sehen ist ein typ@@ isches ster@@ be@@ diagramm nach alter ange@@ ord@@ net . +das programm , das ich hier benu@@ tze , ist ein kleines experiment . +es heißt pi@@ vo@@ t und was ich mit pi@@ vo@@ t machen kann ist , dass ich nach einer bestimmten todes@@ ur@@ sache fil@@ tern kann , sagen wir un@@ fälle . +und sofort sehe ich ein anderes muster , das sich er@@ gibt . +und zwar , weil im mittel@@ bereich hier die menschen am ak@@ tiv@@ sten sind und sie hier drüben am geb@@ rech@@ lichsten sind . +wir können einen schritt weiter raus@@ gehen und ord@@ nen die daten dann neu und sehen , dass krei@@ s@@ lauf@@ erkrank@@ ungen und krebs die üb@@ lichen ver@@ däch@@ tigen sind , jedoch nicht für jeden . +wenn wir nun weiter@@ gehen und nach alter sor@@ tieren , sagen wir 40 jahre oder jün@@ ger sehen wir , dass un@@ fälle sogar die haup@@ tur@@ sache ist über die sich die menschen sorgen machen sollten . +und wer weiter@@ forsch@@ t sieht , dass ist dies besonders bei männern zu@@ trifft . +sie erkennen also , dass das ansehen von informationen und daten in dieser weise sehr an schwimmen in einer leben@@ digen informa@@ tions@@ grafik erinnert . +und wenn wir dies für roh@@ daten machen können warum nicht auch für in@@ halte selbst ? +was wir nun hier haben sind die ti@@ tel@@ bilder jeder einzelnen " spor@@ ts illu@@ strated " , die jemals ge@@ dru@@ ckt wurden . +es ist alles hier . es ist alles online . +sie können es gerne nach meinem vortrag in ihren z@@ imm@@ ern testen . +mit pi@@ vo@@ t können sie ein@@ tauchen in ein jahrzehnt . +sie können ein@@ tauchen in ein bestimm@@ tes jahr . +sie können direkt zu einer bestimmten aus@@ gabe springen . +wenn ich nun hier schaue , sehe ich die ath@@ le@@ ten , die in dieser aus@@ gabe erscheinen und die s@@ port@@ arten . +ich bin ein lan@@ ce arm@@ strong fan , also kli@@ cke ich hier@@ hin wo@@ durch sich mir alle aus@@ gaben zeigen in denen lan@@ ce arm@@ strong erwähnt wird . +jetzt , wenn ich nur einen grö@@ b@@ eren über@@ blick bekommen möchte , könnte ich denken " ok , was wenn ich mir alles mit dem thema fahr@@ rad@@ fahren an@@ sehe ? " +also gehe ich einen schritt zurück und er@@ weitere die sicht@@ weise . +nun sehe ich gre@@ g le@@ mond . +und so bekommt man eine idee davon , dass wenn man auf diese art informationen durch@@ sucht , ge@@ ziel@@ ter , brei@@ ter , rein@@ zo@@ omen , raus@@ zo@@ omen , dann sucht man nicht oder sur@@ ft nicht einfach nur . +man macht etwas , das eigentlich ein wenig anders ist . +es ist etwas da@@ zwischen und wir denken es ändert die art und weise wie informationen genutzt werden können . +ich möchte diese idee nun ein bisschen weiter aus@@ führen mit etwa was ein bisschen verrückt ist . +was wir hier gemacht haben ist , wir haben jede einzelne wiki@@ pe@@ di@@ as@@ ei@@ te genommen und sie auf eine kleine zusammen@@ fassung redu@@ ziert . +die zusammen@@ fassung enth@@ ält eine kurze über@@ sicht und ein symbol für den bereich aus dem sie kommt . +ich zeige nur mal die top 500 der popul@@ är@@ sten wiki@@ pe@@ di@@ as@@ ei@@ ten . +aber sogar in dieser ein@@ gesch@@ rän@@ kten ansicht können wir eine menge dinge tun . +sofort bekommen wir einen eindruck über die themen , die auf wikipedia am popul@@ är@@ sten sind . +ich werde nun das thema ' regierung ' wählen . +nun , nachdem ich ' regierung ' gewä@@ hlt habe erken@@ ne ich , dass die wiki@@ pe@@ di@@ ak@@ at@@ eg@@ orien , die sich am meisten damit decken time maga@@ zin@@ es " menschen des jahres " sind . +dies ist wirklich wichtig , da dies eine erkenntnis ist , die nicht in einer einzelnen wiki@@ pe@@ di@@ as@@ ei@@ te steckt . +das ist nur zu erkennen wenn man einen schritt zurück@@ geht und das ganze betrachtet . +schau@@ end auf eine bestimmte dieser zusammen@@ fas@@ sungen kann ich dann in das thema time maga@@ zin@@ es " menschen des jahres " hinein gehen , und alle zusammen sehen . +wenn ich nun all diese personen betra@@ chte erken@@ ne ich , dass die mehr@@ heit davon regi@@ erungs@@ be@@ am@@ te sind . manche kommen aus der wissenschaft . manche , noch weniger , kommen aus der wirtschaft . hier ist mein che@@ f . und einer kommt aus dem musik@@ bereich . +und interessan@@ ter@@ weise ist bon@@ o auch ein ted prize gewinn@@ er . +so können wir nun springen und einen blick auf alle ted prize gewinn@@ er werfen . +man sieht , wir sur@@ fen im netz das erste mal als ob es auch wirklich ein netz ist , nicht nur von seite zu seite , sondern viel abstra@@ k@@ ter . +und so möchte ich ihnen was anderes zeigen was eine kleine überrasch@@ ung sein könnte . +ich zeige ihnen hier einfach nur die new york times website . +pi@@ vo@@ t , diese anwendung -- ich möchte es nicht einen brow@@ ser nennen ; es ist wirklich kein brow@@ ser , aber man kann web@@ seiten damit ansehen -- und wir bringen diese zo@@ om@@ -@@ technologie zu jeder einzelnen webseite wie dieser . +ich kann also einen schritt zurück@@ gehen , und direkt zu einer spezi@@ fischen se@@ ktion springen . +das ist deshalb wichtig , weil man nur durch das anschauen von web@@ seiten in dieser art und weise , den ganzen internet@@ -@@ verl@@ auf auf die gleiche art und weise betrachten kann . +ich kann also in meinen verl@@ auf hinein@@ zo@@ omen in einem bestimmten zei@@ tra@@ hmen . +hier ist der stand der gesamten demon@@ stration , die ich bis hier@@ hin gehalten habe . +und ich kann sozusagen alles , was ich heute bisher angesehen habe , wieder zurück@@ holen . +und , wenn ich wieder einen schritt r@@ ausge@@ he und auf alles schaue , kann ich meinen verl@@ auf neu an@@ ord@@ nen vielleicht nach meiner su@@ ch@@ -@@ vergangenheit . hier , habe ich nach ' ne@@ po@@ ti@@ stisch ' ges@@ u@@ cht , hier nach bing , oder hier nach live lab@@ s pi@@ vo@@ t . +und von hier kann ich in die seite hinein@@ gehen und sie wieder auf@@ rufen . +es ist eine metapher , die immer wieder verwendet wird , und jedes mal macht es das gesam@@ t@@ bild größer als die sum@@ me der dat@@ ent@@ ei@@ le . +im moment , in dieser welt , denken wir , dass daten ein flu@@ ch sind . +wir reden von dem flu@@ ch des informa@@ tions@@ über@@ fl@@ us@@ ses . +wir reden vom " er@@ trinken in informationen " . +was , wenn wir diese situation um@@ drehen könnten und das internet auf den kopf stellen , so dass wir anstatt immer von einem zum anderen zu gehen , beginnen von vielen dingen zu vielen dingen gehen zu können , und dadurch muster erkennen , welche an@@ son@@ sten ver@@ bor@@ gen geb@@ lieben wären ? +falls wir dies tun können , dann wird diese bis@@ her@@ ige daten@@ f@@ alle , vielleicht eine neue quelle sinn@@ voller informationen . +und , anstatt sich einfach nur in informationen zu bewegen , können wir wissen daraus bekommen . +und wenn wir wissen erfahren , dann können wir vielleicht sogar wei@@ sh@@ ei@@ ten daraus ziehen . +damit höre ich auf , vielen dank . +ich wuchs mit einer ge@@ hö@@ ri@@ gen por@@ tion science fi@@ ction auf . +in meiner schul@@ zeit fuhr ich mit dem bus zur schule , jeden tag eine stunde pro st@@ rec@@ ke . +und meine n@@ ase ste@@ ckte immer in einem buch , einem sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fic@@ tion@@ -@@ buch , das meine gedanken in andere wel@@ ten ent@@ führte und auf erzähl@@ er@@ ische weise meine tief in mir sitz@@ ende , uner@@ sä@@ tt@@ liche neugi@@ er be@@ frie@@ di@@ gte . +diese neugi@@ er zeigte sich auch darin , dass ich immer , wenn ich nicht in der schule war , durch die wäl@@ der stre@@ un@@ te , wander@@ te und " proben " sam@@ mel@@ te , fr@@ ö@@ sche und sch@@ langen und k@@ äf@@ er und tei@@ ch@@ wasser , alles nach hause brachte und unter dem mikrosk@@ op betra@@ chtete . +ich war total wissen@@ schafts@@ begeistert , wissen sie . +es ging dabei immer um den versuch , die welt zu verstehen und die grenzen des möglichen auszu@@ l@@ oten . +und meine liebe zu science fi@@ ction schien sich in meiner umgebung wider@@ zus@@ pie@@ geln , denn damals , in den spä@@ ten 6@@ 0ern , flo@@ gen wir zum mond und erforsch@@ ten die tief@@ see . +jac@@ ques cou@@ ste@@ au kam in unsere wohn@@ zimmer mit seinen faszinier@@ enden sen@@ dungen , die uns tiere und orte und eine welt voller wunder zeigten , die wir uns vorher nie hätten vorstellen können . +das hat dann wohl ganz gut zu jen@@ er sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fic@@ tion@@ -@@ rolle ge@@ passt . +und ich war künstler . +ich konnte zeichnen . ich konnte malen . +und da es weder video@@ spiele noch diese über@@ sä@@ t@@ tigung mit computer@@ gener@@ ierten fil@@ men noch die ganze bild@@ sprache in der medien@@ landschaft gab , musste ich die bilder in meinem kopf erschaffen . +das mussten wir damals alle . wenn wir als kinder ein buch las@@ en , nahmen wir die beschrei@@ bung des au@@ tors und pro@@ ji@@ zierten sie auf die l@@ ein@@ wand in unseren kö@@ pfen . +meine reaktion darauf war das zeichnen und malen von außer@@ ir@@ dischen , außer@@ ir@@ dischen wel@@ ten , robot@@ ern , raum@@ schi@@ ffen und all so was . +im mathe@@ unterricht wurde ich ständig vom lehrer er@@ wi@@ scht , wie ich , hinter@@ m lehr@@ buch verste@@ ckt , herum@@ mal@@ te . +die kreativität musste halt irgendwie raus . +und dabei geschah etwas interessan@@ tes . was mich nämlich an jac@@ ques cou@@ ste@@ aus sen@@ dungen fasz@@ ini@@ erte , war der gedanke an eine uns völlig un@@ bekannte welt hier auf unserer erde selbst . +sicherlich würde ich ja niemals eine außer@@ ir@@ dische welt mit einem raum@@ schiff erreichen . das schien mir ziemlich un@@ wahrscheinlich . +aber hier war eine welt , die ich tatsächlich be@@ treten konnte , hier auf der erde , und sie war genauso faszinier@@ end und ex@@ o@@ tisch wie all das , was ich mir immer vor@@ gestellt hatte , als ich diese bücher gelesen hatte . +also beschloss ich , als ich 15 war , tau@@ cher zu werden . +das einzige problem dabei war , dass ich in einem kleinen dorf in kanada lebte , 1 000 km vom nächsten ozean entfernt . +davon ließ ich mich aber nicht ent@@ mu@@ tigen . +ich nerv@@ te meinen vater , bis er endlich eine tau@@ ch@@ schule in bu@@ ff@@ al@@ o , new york , aus@@ fin@@ dig gemacht hatte , genau auf der anderen seite der grenze , wo wir lebten . +ich machte meinen tau@@ ch@@ sch@@ ein in einem pool der y@@ m@@ ca mitten im winter in bu@@ ff@@ al@@ o , new york . +den ozean aber , einen echten ozean , bekam ich erst zwei jahre später zu gesicht , als wir nach kalifornien zogen . +seitdem , in den 40 jahren , die in@@ zwischen ver@@ stri@@ chen sind , habe ich ungefähr 3 000 stunden unter wasser verbracht . 500 stunden davon in tau@@ ch@@ bo@@ oten . +und ich habe gelernt , dass die welt der tief@@ see , selbst in den fla@@ ch@@ eren ozean@@ en , so reich an faszinier@@ en@@ dem leben ist , wie wir es uns wirklich kaum vorstellen können . +die ph@@ ant@@ as@@ ie der natur kennt keine grenzen , ganz im gegensatz zu unserer eigenen , kl@@ ä@@ glichen menschlichen vorstell@@ ungskraft . +bis zum heutigen tage emp@@ finde ich tief@@ ste ehr@@ fur@@ cht für das , was ich auf meinen tau@@ ch@@ gän@@ gen sehe . +und meine liebe zum ozean hält an , mit der@@ selben intensi@@ tät wie e@@ h und je . +als ich mir dann als erwachsen@@ er einen beru@@ f aus@@ su@@ chte , war es das fil@@ me@@ machen . +das schien die beste möglichkeit , meinen inneren dr@@ ang , geschichten zu erzählen , mit meinem bedürf@@ nis , bilder zu erschaffen , zu ver@@ einen . +als kind zeich@@ nete ich ständig com@@ ic@@ bücher und so . +also waren filme der weg , bilder und geschichten zusammenzu@@ führen . das pas@@ ste zusammen . +natürlich waren die geschichten , die ich mir aus@@ su@@ chte , aus dem sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fic@@ tion@@ -@@ bereich : " ter@@ min@@ ator " , " ali@@ ens " , und " ab@@ y@@ ss " . +bei " ab@@ y@@ ss " konnte ich meine vor@@ liebe für die unter@@ wasser@@ welt und das tauchen mit dem fil@@ me@@ machen verbinden . +also ver@@ flo@@ chten sich quasi meine beiden leiden@@ schaften . +etwas interessan@@ tes passierte bei " ab@@ y@@ ss " : um ein erzähl@@ er@@ isches problem in diesem film zu lösen - und zwar mussten wir so eine art flüs@@ si@@ ges wasser@@ wesen erschaffen - , gri@@ ffen wir auf computer@@ gener@@ ierte anima@@ tion , c@@ g , zurück . +was dabei heraus@@ kam , war die erste computer@@ gener@@ ierte soft@@ -@@ sur@@ fac@@ e-@@ figu@@ r , die je in einem film zu sehen war . +der film brachte zwar kein geld ein , genau gesagt spielte er gerade mal seine produk@@ tion@@ sk@@ osten ein , doch bemer@@ kte ich etwas faszinier@@ endes : das publikum auf der ganzen welt war wie h@@ yp@@ no@@ ti@@ siert vom zau@@ ber , der davon aus@@ ging . +laut ar@@ th@@ ur c@@ lar@@ ke ' s gesetz sind bekann@@ tlich fort@@ gesch@@ ri@@ tt@@ liche technologie und zauber@@ ei nicht mehr von@@ einander zu unterscheiden . +sie sahen also etwas mag@@ isches . +und das fand ich unge@@ heu@@ er span@@ n@@ end . +und ich dachte mir : " wow , das muss unbedingt in die film@@ kunst ein@@ be@@ zogen werden . " +also gingen wir in " ter@@ min@@ ator 2 " , meinem nächsten film , noch viel weiter . +zusammen mit il@@ m er@@ schu@@ fen wir dort den typen aus flüs@@ si@@ gem met@@ all . der erfolg hing ganz davon ab , wie dieser effekt an@@ kommen würde . +und es funktion@@ ierte . wieder hatten wir etwas mag@@ isches geschaffen . und die wirkung im publikum war dieselbe . allerdings haben wir mit dem film schon ein bisschen mehr geld ein@@ gespielt . +von diesen beiden erfahrungen ausge@@ h@@ end , war eine ganz neue welt erreicht , eine ganz neue welt der kreativität für film@@ schaff@@ ende . +also grün@@ dete ich eine firma , zusammen mit meinem guten freund stan win@@ ston , der zu jen@@ er zeit der beste ma@@ ke@@ -@@ up@@ - und cre@@ at@@ u@@ re-@@ designer war . sie hie@@ ß " digital do@@ main " . +die gr@@ un@@ di@@ de@@ e dieser firma war es , die phase analog@@ er proz@@ esse mit op@@ tischen druck@@ ern et@@ c. zu über@@ springen und gleich mit digitalen produk@@ tionen zu beginnen . +das taten wir dann auch und ver@@ schaff@@ ten uns so eine zeit@@ lang einen wettbewer@@ bs@@ vorteil . +aber mitte der 9@@ 0er jahre mer@@ kten wir doch , dass wir im cre@@ at@@ u@@ re@@ - und charac@@ ter-@@ design - wofür wir die firma ja eigentlich gegründet hatten - zu langsam vor@@ an@@ kamen . +ich hatte dieses stück " a@@ vat@@ ar " geschrieben , das die mess@@ lat@@ te in sachen visu@@ eller effe@@ kte und computer@@ gener@@ ier@@ ter effe@@ kte in ganz neue hö@@ hen schie@@ ben sollte , mit reali@@ stischen menschlichen , aus@@ druck@@ s@@ vollen charak@@ teren , die mittel@@ s c@@ g hergestellt worden waren . und die haupt@@ fig@@ uren sollten alle c@@ g sein . und die welt sollte c@@ g sein . +aber die mess@@ lat@@ te drück@@ te ganz schön zurück . und die leute in meiner firma sagten mir , dass wir vor@@ läu@@ fi@@ g noch nicht in der lage seien , das zu schaffen . +also ver@@ scho@@ b ich das und machte diesen anderen film über das große schiff , das unter@@ geht . +dem film@@ studio habe ich das als " ro@@ me@@ o und juli@@ a auf einem schiff " verkauft . es wurde ein lie@@ bes@@ film ep@@ ischen aus@@ maß@@ es , ein leiden@@ schaft@@ licher film . +ins@@ gehei@@ m aber wollte ich eigentlich zum echten wra@@ ck der ti@@ tan@@ ic hin@@ ab@@ tauchen . +darum habe ich den film gemacht . +das ist die wahrheit . das studio wusste das aber nicht . +ich habe sie aber überzeugt , indem ich sagte : " wir tauchen zu dem wra@@ ck . wir fil@@ men das echte wra@@ ck . +wir werden es in der er@@ öff@@ nungs@@ sequenz des films zeigen . +das ist unge@@ heu@@ er wichtig . es ist ein guter auf@@ hän@@ ger für@@ s marketing . " +und ich über@@ re@@ dete sie , eine expedi@@ tion zu finan@@ zieren . +klingt verrückt . aber das geht wieder darauf zurück , dass die eigene vorstell@@ ungskraft eine realität schaffen kann . +wir schu@@ fen dann tatsächlich sechs monate später eine realität , in der ich mich in einem rus@@ sischen tau@@ ch@@ boot wieder@@ fand , vier kilometer unter der oberfläche des nor@@ dat@@ lan@@ tik , und mir die echte ti@@ tan@@ ic durch ein bu@@ ll@@ auge an@@ schaute . +das war kein film , kein h@@ d , das war echt . +also , das hat mich wirklich um@@ geh@@ auen . +und die vorberei@@ tungen dazu waren enor@@ m . wir mussten k@@ ameras und schein@@ wer@@ fer und alles mögliche bauen . +und mir fiel auf , wie sehr diese tief@@ se@@ et@@ au@@ ch@@ gän@@ ge , einer wel@@ trau@@ m@@ mission ähn@@ elten . +na ja , sie waren auch hoch@@ techn@@ isch und be@@ dur@@ ften um@@ fan@@ grei@@ cher plan@@ ung . +man steigt in diese kap@@ sel , dann schwe@@ bt man in diese dunkle , fein@@ d@@ se@@ lige umgebung hin@@ unter , wo keine hoffnung auf rett@@ ung besteht , wenn man es nicht selbst zurück schafft . +und ich dachte mir , " wow , das ist genauso , als wäre ich in einem sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fic@@ tion@@ -@@ film . +das ist echt cool . " +ich war regel@@ recht bes@@ essen vom erforschen der tief@@ see . +jedenfalls von dem teil , der mit neugi@@ er und wissenschaft zu tun hat . es war alles . es war ab@@ ent@@ euer , es war neugi@@ er . es war vorstell@@ ungskraft . +und es war eine erfahrung , die mir hollywood nicht geben konnte . +denn , wissen sie , ich konnte mir ein wesen vorstellen , für das wir dann einen visu@@ ellen effekt gestalten konnten . aber ich konnte mir nicht das vorstellen , was ich außerhalb des fen@@ sters sehen würde . +bei einigen der fol@@ genden expedi@@ tionen habe ich wesen in ther@@ mal@@ quellen gesehen , und manchmal dinge , die ich noch nie vorher gesehen hatte , manchmal auch dinge , die überhaupt noch niemand zuvor gesehen hatte und für die die wissenschaft zum zeitpunkt , als wir sie sahen , noch gar keine worte gefunden hatte . +das hat mich also richtig umge@@ worfen , und ich wollte mehr . +und so traf ich dann eine etwas ungewöhn@@ liche entscheidung . +nach dem erfolg von " ti@@ tan@@ ic " sagte ich mir , " okay , ich will meinen haupt@@ beru@@ f als fil@@ me@@ macher in hollywood auf eis legen und werde für eine weile voll@@ zeit@@ -@@ forscher . " +und dann begannen wir , wir tau@@ chten zur " bis@@ mar@@ ck " , und erforsch@@ ten sie mit robot@@ erfahr@@ zeugen . +wir kehr@@ ten zum wra@@ ck der ti@@ tan@@ ic zurück . +wir nahmen kleine roboter , die wir gebaut hatten , die ein fi@@ ber@@ glas@@ kab@@ el ab@@ wick@@ elten . +unsere absicht war , hin@@ einzu@@ tauchen und sich das innere des schi@@ ff@@ s anzu@@ sehen , was nie zuvor getan worden war . +niemand hatte je das innere des wra@@ cks er@@ kun@@ det . man hatte noch keine mittel dafür . also entwickelten wir die nö@@ tige technologie . +na und da si@@ tze ich nun , auf dem de@@ ck der ti@@ tan@@ ic , in einem tau@@ ch@@ boot , und sehe plan@@ ken , die diesen bre@@ ttern hier ziemlich ähn@@ eln und von denen ich weiß , dass ein@@ st die band dort gespielt hat . +und ich flie@@ ge mit einem kleinen robot@@ erfahr@@ zeug durch die gän@@ ge des schi@@ ff@@ s . +ich be@@ di@@ ene es zwar eigentlich nur , aber mein bewusstsein ist innerhalb des fahr@@ zeu@@ gs . +es fühlte sich an , als wäre ich körper@@ lich innerhalb des schi@@ ff@@ s@@ wra@@ cks der ti@@ tan@@ ic an@@ wes@@ end . +das war die sur@@ real@@ ste form eines d@@ é@@ j@@ à@@ -@@ v@@ u , die ich je erlebt habe . denn bevor ich jewei@@ ls um eine ecke bo@@ g , wusste ich immer schon , was gleich im licht@@ ke@@ gel des fahr@@ zeu@@ gs auf@@ tauchen würde , da ich mon@@ at@@ el@@ ang über@@ s film@@ set gel@@ aufen war , als wir den film dre@@ h@@ ten . +das set war nämlich eine genau@@ e kop@@ ie der bau@@ pl@@ äne des schi@@ ff@@ s . +das war also eine hö@@ chst merk@@ wür@@ dige erfahrung . +sie machte mir dieses tele@@ präsen@@ z@@ -@@ erleb@@ nis bewusst , dass man solch robot@@ er@@ hafte a@@ vat@@ are verwenden und so das eigene bewusstsein in das fahr@@ zeug , in diese andere form der exi@@ stenz ver@@ legen kann . +es war wirklich unge@@ heu@@ er tief@@ greif@@ end +und vielleicht auch ein kleiner aus@@ blick auf das , was vielleicht in einigen jahrzehn@@ ten passieren könnte , wenn man cy@@ bor@@ g-@@ körper hat , um etwas zu erforschen oder andere dinge zu tun , in allen möglichen post-@@ human@@ en zu@@ kun@@ f@@ ts@@ zen@@ ari@@ os , die ich mir als sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fic@@ tion@@ -@@ fan vorstellen kann . +nach diesen expedi@@ tionen begannen wir das , was wir da unten gesehen hatten , wirklich schätzen zu lernen , zum beispiel diese tief@@ se@@ equ@@ ellen , wo wir diese unglaublich verblüff@@ enden tiere sahen . das sind quasi außer@@ ir@@ dische , aber hier auf er@@ den . +sie leben mit hilfe von che@@ mo@@ syn@@ these . +sie existieren nicht in einem auf sonnen@@ licht bas@@ ierten system , wie wir das tun . +und so sieht man tiere , die direkt neben einer 500 grad cel@@ si@@ us heißen dass sie dort überleben können . +zur selben zeit interessi@@ erte ich mich außerdem sehr für wel@@ trau@@ m@@ wissenschaft , das war wieder der sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fic@@ tion@@ -@@ einfluss aus meiner kindheit . +und so lan@@ dete ich bei den leuten , die sich für den wel@@ traum interessieren und die mit der nasa zu tun haben und im nas@@ a-@@ sach@@ verstän@@ di@@ gen@@ rat sitzen und richtige wel@@ trau@@ m@@ mis@@ sionen plan@@ en . sie fahren nach rus@@ s@@ land , durch@@ laufen vor der mission das bi@@ ome@@ di@@ zin@@ ische proto@@ kol@@ l sam@@ t allem dr@@ um und dran , fliegen dann zur internationalen wel@@ trau@@ m@@ station und nehmen unsere 3@@ d-@@ k@@ amer@@ as@@ y@@ ste@@ me mit . +das war faszinier@@ end . +aber am ende lief es darauf hinaus , dass ich wel@@ trau@@ m@@ wissenschaftler mit uns in die tief@@ see nahm . +ich nahm sie mit und ver@@ schaf@@ tte ihnen zugang zu der welt da unten : astro@@ bi@@ ologen , planet@@ en@@ wissenschaftler , leute , die sich für solche extre@@ men situationen interessi@@ erten . ich nahm sie zu den quellen mit , damit sie sich um@@ schauen , proben nehmen und instru@@ mente testen konnten und so weiter . +wir dre@@ h@@ ten zwar dok@@ um@@ ent@@ ar@@ filme , be@@ trieben aber eigentlich wissenschaft , genauer gesagt : wel@@ trau@@ m@@ wissenschaft . +so sch@@ loss sich der kreis zwischen meiner exi@@ stenz als sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fic@@ tion@@ -@@ fan , damals als kind , und der um@@ setzung in die realität . +im laufe dieser entdeck@@ ungs@@ reise habe ich eine menge gelernt . +ich habe eine menge über wissenschaft gelernt . aber ich jetzt denken sie sicherlich , ein reg@@ is@@ se@@ ur muss auch führen können , ein führer sein wie ein schi@@ ff@@ sk@@ ap@@ itä@@ n oder so . +ich verstand aber nicht viel von führung , bevor ich diese expedi@@ tionen an@@ tr@@ at . +denn an einem bestimmten punkt musste ich mir sagen : " was mache ich eigentlich hier ? +wieso mache ich das ? was kommt dabei heraus ? " +diese bl@@ ö@@ den filme bringen uns kein geld ein . +wir spielen mal gerade die produk@@ tion@@ sk@@ osten ein . von ru@@ h@@ m keine sp@@ ur . +alle denken , ich sei zwischen " ti@@ tan@@ ic " und " a@@ vat@@ ar " da@@ von@@ gel@@ aufen und hätte mir irgendwo die nä@@ gel auf einem hand@@ tu@@ ch am strand ge@@ fei@@ lt . +ich habe alle diese filme , diese dok@@ um@@ ent@@ ar@@ filme , für ein sehr kleines publikum gemacht . +kein ru@@ h@@ m , keine ehr@@ e , kein geld . was mach@@ st du nur ? +du mach@@ st es um der aufgabe willen , um der herausforderung willen - und der ozean ist die herausforder@@ n@@ d@@ ste umgebung , die es gibt . du mach@@ st es des entdeck@@ er@@ rau@@ sches wegen , und wegen der selts@@ am@@ en verbindung , die entsteht , wenn eine kleine gruppe von leuten ein team bildet . +denn wir haben all dies mit nur 10 bis 12 leuten gemacht , die jahr@@ el@@ ang un@@ unter@@ bro@@ chen zusammen@@ gearbeitet haben . manchmal waren wir 2 bis 3 monate hinter@@ einander auf see . +und in dieser gemeinschaft erkennt man , dass die wichtigste sache die a@@ chtung ist , die man vor einander hat , weil man eine aufgabe be@@ wäl@@ tigt hat , die man k@@ einem anderem erklären kann . +wenn man an land zurück@@ kehrt und sich sagt , " wir mussten es tun , das fi@@ ber@@ glas , die sch@@ all@@ schwä@@ chung , und das ganz dru@@ m@@ herum , die ganze technik , und die schwierigkeiten , das menschliche leistungs@@ vermögen , wenn man auf see arbeitet " , dann kann man das anderen einfach nicht erklären . das ist wie bei poli@@ zi@@ sten oder bei soldaten , die etwas gemeinsam durch@@ gemacht haben und wissen , dass sie es nie jemanden erklären können . +da entsteht eine verbindung , ein gegensei@@ tiger respe@@ kt . +als ich also zurück@@ kam , um meinen nächsten film " a@@ vat@@ ar " zu drehen , versuchte ich den@@ selben führ@@ ungs@@ stil anzu@@ wenden , nämlich dass man sein team respe@@ kti@@ ert und sich im gegen@@ zug dessen respe@@ kt verdi@@ ent . +dadurch wurde die dynam@@ ik wirklich verändert . +da stand ich also wieder mit einem kleinen team auf un@@ bekann@@ tem ter@@ rain . wir dre@@ h@@ ten " a@@ vat@@ ar " mit einer neuen technik , die es vorher noch nicht gab . +unge@@ heu@@ er aufregend . +eine unge@@ he@@ ure herausforderung . +und wir wurden für einen zei@@ traum von vier@@ einhalb jahren zu einer richtigen familie . +dadurch veränderte sich meine art , filme zu machen , komplett . +es gab leute , die mein@@ ten , wir hätten diese ozean@@ wesen ja wirklich gut nach@@ gemacht und auf den planeten p@@ and@@ or@@ a transpor@@ tiert . +für mich war es mehr eine prinzipi@@ elle art , meinen job zu tun , der eigent@@ liche prozess , der sich im ergebnis geändert hat . +was können wir also aus all dem schließen ? +welche le@@ ktionen haben wir gelernt ? +ich glaube , an erster stelle steht die neugi@@ er . +es ist die mäch@@ ti@@ gste menschliche eigen@@ schaft . +unsere vorstell@@ ungskraft ist eine kraft , die sogar eine realität schaffen kann . +und die a@@ chtung d@@ eines teams ist wichtiger als aller l@@ or@@ be@@ er dieser welt . +zu mir kommen junge fil@@ me@@ macher , die sagen : " geben sie mir einen rat , wie ich so etwas machen kann . " +und ich sage : " schrän@@ ke dich nicht selbst ein . +das besor@@ gen schon andere für dich . tu es nicht dir selbst an , we@@ tte nicht gegen sich selbst . sondern ni@@ mm risiken auf dich . " +die nasa hat so einen lieblings@@ satz : " schei@@ tern ist keine alternative . " +aber in der kunst und beim erforschen muss schei@@ tern eine alternative sein , denn dort gar@@ anti@@ ert es einen vertrau@@ ens@@ vor@@ sch@@ uss . +kein wichti@@ ges unter@@ fangen , das innovation ver@@ lan@@ gte , wurde je ohne risiko ange@@ gangen . +man muss bereit sein , solche risiken auf sich zu nehmen . +das ist der gedanke , den ich ihnen gern mit auf den weg geben möchte . schei@@ tern ist durch@@ aus eine alternative , angst aber ist keine . danke . +heute spreche ich zu ihnen über energie und kli@@ ma . +und das überrascht vielleicht etwas , weil sich meine voll@@ zeit@@ beschäf@@ tigung bei der stif@@ tung hauptsächlich um impf@@ stoffe und sa@@ at@@ gut dreht , um die dinge , die wir erfinden und liefern müssen um den ärm@@ sten 2 milliarden ein besser@@ es leben zu ermöglichen . +aber energie und kli@@ ma sind extrem wichtig für diese menschen , genau genommen sogar wichtiger als für jeden anderen auf dem planeten . +klima@@ ver@@ schle@@ chter@@ ung bedeutet , dass deren sa@@ aten über viele jahre nicht wachsen werden . es wir zu viel oder zu wenig reg@@ nen . die dinge werden sich so ändern , wie es ihre fra@@ gi@@ le umwelt nicht aus@@ halten kann . +das führt zu hun@@ ger@@ sterben . es führt zu un@@ sicherheit . es führt zu un@@ ru@@ hen . +also , wird eine klima@@ veränderung furcht@@ bar für sie werden . +außerdem ist der energi@@ ep@@ rei@@ s für sie sehr wichtig . +tatsache ist , dass , wenn sie nur von einer sache den preis verring@@ ern könnten , zur ar@@ mu@@ ts@@ verring@@ erung wäre energie bei wei@@ tem am effe@@ kti@@ v@@ sten . +nun , der energi@@ ep@@ rei@@ s ist über die zeit gefallen . +tatsächlich basiert die fort@@ schritt@@ s@@ gesellschaft auf energie@@ fort@@ schri@@ tten . +die ko@@ hl@@ er@@ evolution trieb die industri@@ elle revolution an und selbst im 20. jahrhundert gab es einen rapi@@ den fall im elektri@@ z@@ itä@@ t@@ sp@@ rei@@ s und deshalb haben wir kühl@@ schrän@@ ke , klima@@ an@@ lagen , wir können moderne materialien herstellen und so viele dinge tun . +wir befinden uns also in einer wunder@@ baren situation mit strom in der reichen welt . +aber , wenn wir den preis verring@@ ern -- lassen wir uns den preis hal@@ bieren -- treffen wir auf eine neue barri@@ ere und diese barri@@ ere hängt mit co2 zusammen . +co2 er@@ wär@@ mt den planeten und die gleich@@ ung für co2 ist eigentlich ziemlich klar . +sie sum@@ mieren das ausge@@ sto@@ ß@@ ene co2 , welches zur temper@@ atur@@ erhö@@ hung führt und diese temper@@ atur@@ erhö@@ hung hat einige sehr negative folgen . effe@@ kte auf das we@@ tter und vielleicht schlimmer , die indi@@ re@@ kte folge , dass die natürlichen öko@@ systeme sich solch rapi@@ den veränderungen nicht an@@ passen können und somit ganze systeme zusammen@@ fallen . +nun , der ex@@ ak@@ te zusammenhang zwischen einem co@@ 2-@@ an@@ stieg und der dadurch resul@@ tier@@ ende temper@@ atur@@ veränderung und wo deren weitere folgen liegen , da gibt es einige un@@ klar@@ heiten , aber nicht sehr viele . +und es gibt sicher un@@ klar@@ heit darüber , wie schli@@ mm diese folgen werden . aber sie werden extrem schli@@ mm sein ! +ich habe die top@@ -@@ wissenschaftler mehr@@ mals gefragt : " müssen wir wirklich runter auf nahe null kommen ? +reicht nicht die hälfte oder ein viertel ? " +die antwort ist : bis wir nahe null kommen , wird die temperatur weiter steigen . +deshalb ist es eine große herausforderung . +es ist ganz anders als zu sagen , wir haben ein 3@@ ,@@ 5 m hohen l@@ k@@ w , der unter einer 3 m brücke her muss . den kann man dann quasi darunter her qu@@ et@@ schen . +das hier muss ganz nach unten , auf null . +nun , wir stoßen jedes jahr eine menge kohlen@@ stoff@@ di@@ ox@@ id aus , über 26 milliarden ton@@ nen . +jeder amerikaner etwa 20 ton@@ nen . menschen aus armen ländern , weniger als eine . +im durch@@ schnitt sind es etwa 5 ton@@ nen für jeden auf dem planeten . +und irgendwie müssen wir veränderungen hervor@@ bringen , die das auf null sen@@ ken . +es ist bisher kon@@ stant gest@@ ie@@ gen . +nur verschiedene ökonom@@ ische veränderungen haben es überhaupt beeinflusst und wir müssen von rapi@@ dem an@@ stieg zu verring@@ erung gehen und zu einer verring@@ erung bis auf null . +diese gleich@@ ung hat vier faktoren . ein bisschen multi@@ pli@@ kation . sie haben dieses ding links - co2 - , das sie richtung null bringen wollen und das wird von der anzahl der menschen abhän@@ gen , von den dien@@ sten , die jeder mensch im durch@@ schnitt nutzt , der durchschnitt@@ lichen energie für jeden dienst und dem co2 , das pro energie@@ einheit em@@ it@@ tiert wird . +lassen sie uns also jeden faktor ein@@ z@@ eln anschauen und überlegen wir , wie wir das auf null bekommen . +wahrscheinlich muss eine dieser zahlen sehr nah an null kommen . +nun das ist grundlegende al@@ ge@@ br@@ a , aber gehen wir es mal durch . +zuerst haben wir die bevölkerung . +heute leben 6@@ ,@@ 8 milliarden menschen , +und es schrei@@ tet auf 9 milliarden zu@@ . die sich auf 9 milliarden zu bewegen . +wenn wir sehr erfolgreich mit neuen impf@@ stoffen , der gesundheits@@ vor@@ sor@@ gung und re@@ produk@@ tions@@ medizin sind könnten wir das wohl um 10 % bis 15 % sen@@ ken , aber zur zeit sehen wir eine st@@ eig@@ ung um 1,@@ 3 . +der zweite faktor sind die dien@@ ste , die wir nutzen . +das um@@ fasst alles , die nahrung , die wir essen , klei@@ dung , fernsehen , hei@@ zung . +das sind sehr gute dinge und ar@@ mu@@ ts@@ verring@@ erung bedeutet , diese dien@@ ste fast jedem auf dem planeten zugänglich zu machen . +es ist toll , dass diese nummer steigt . +in der reichen welt , in der ob@@ eren milliarde , könnten wir wohl ab@@ stri@@ che machen und weniger nutzen , aber im durch@@ schnitt wird diese zahl jedes jahr steigen und sich somit ins@@ gesam@@ t mehr als ver@@ dopp@@ eln , die zahl der dien@@ ste die pro person berei@@ t@@ gestellt werden . +hier sehen wir einen sehr grundle@@ genden dienst . gibt es zu hause licht , damit man die haus@@ aufgaben lesen kann ? +und diese schüler haben es nicht , also gehen sie heraus und lesen ihre schul@@ aufgaben unter dem straßen@@ licht . +nun , bei effe@@ k@@ tivität , dem e , die energie pro dienst , gibt es endlich gute nachrichten . +wir haben etwas , das nicht steigt , +aufgrund verschieden@@ er erfol@@ ge im licht@@ sektor , durch andere au@@ tot@@ yp@@ en , durch neue methoden im häus@@ er@@ bau , es gibt viele dien@@ ste , deren energie@@ auf@@ wand manche einzelne dien@@ ste lassen sich um 90 % reduzieren . +in anderen dien@@ sten , wie der herstellung von dün@@ ge@@ mitteln , 10@@ 5 00 : 0@@ 5 : 5@@ 6@@ ,000 -- & gt ; 00 : 0@@ 5 : 5@@ 8@@ ,000 oder dem luft@@ verkehr oder luft@@ verkehr , ist der spiel@@ raum für verbesser@@ ungen sehr viel kleiner . +ins@@ gesam@@ t , wenn wir optimi@@ stisch sind , bekommen wir vielleicht eine redu@@ zi@@ erung um einen faktor 3 oder vielleicht sogar um einen faktor 6 . +aber bei den ersten drei faktoren , sind wir jetzt von 26 milliarden auf vielleicht aller@@ be@@ stes 13 milliarden ton@@ nen gegangen . und das reicht einfach nicht aus ! +sehen wir uns also den vi@@ erten faktor an -- und dieser wird ein schlüssel@@ faktor sein -- das ist die menge an co2 , die pro energie@@ einheit em@@ it@@ tiert wird . +es stellt sich die frage , ob man das auf null bekommen kann . +wenn sie ko@@ hle ver@@ bren@@ nen : nein . +wenn sie erd@@ gas ver@@ bren@@ nen : nein . +fast jede her@@ stell@@ ungs@@ methode für strom em@@ it@@ tiert heutzutage co2 , außer die erneu@@ er@@ baren energi@@ en und nu@@ k@@ lear@@ energie . +also , was wir auf einem globalen level machen müssen , ist , ein neues system zu schaffen . +wir brauchen energie@@ wunder . +wenn ich nun den begriff " wunder " benu@@ tze , meine ich nicht das un@@ mögliche . +der mikro@@ proz@@ ess@@ or ist ein wunder . der p@@ c ist ein wunder . +das internet und dessen dien@@ ste ist ein wunder . +die menschen hier haben zu der entwicklung viel@@ er dieser wunder bei@@ ge@@ tragen . +normalerweise gibt es keine de@@ ad@@ line , dass man ein wunder bis zu einem bestimmten dat@@ um braucht . +normalerweise steht man quasi nur dan@@ eben und manche kommen , andere nicht . +in diesem fall müssen wir aber voll@@ gas geben und ein wunder in sehr kur@@ zer zeit bekommen . +nun , ich fragte mich , wie kann ich das wirklich r@@ über@@ bringen ? +gibt es eine natürliche illu@@ stration , eine demon@@ stration , die die vorstellung der menschen hier ent@@ fa@@ cht ? +ich erinn@@ erte mich an letztes jahr , als ich mo@@ sk@@ it@@ os brachte und irgendwie mo@@ chten die leute das . +die idee wurde für sie wirklich greif@@ bar , wissen sie , dass es menschen gibt , die mit mo@@ sk@@ it@@ os leben . +für energie fiel mir das hier ein . +ich entschied , dass das frei@@ lassen von glü@@ h@@ wür@@ m@@ chen mein dies@@ jähri@@ ger bei@@ trag zur umwelt hier sein würde . +hier sind also ein paar natürliche glü@@ h@@ wür@@ m@@ chen . +man hat mir ver@@ sich@@ ert , dass sie nicht bei@@ ßen . tatsächlich werden sie wohl nicht mal das glas verlassen . +nun , es gibt alle möglichen spiel@@ er@@ ei@@ lösungen wie diese , aber sie bringen alle nicht viel . +wir brauchen lösungen , entweder eine oder mehrere die eine un@@ vorstell@@ bare sk@@ ali@@ erung und un@@ vorstell@@ bare ver@@ lä@@ ss@@ lichkeit haben . und obwohl es viele richtungen gibt , in denen menschen danach suchen , sehe ich wirklich nur fünf , die diese großen an@@ forder@@ ungen leisten können . +ich habe ge@@ zeiten , ge@@ other@@ mal , fusion und bio@@ kraft@@ stoffe aus@@ gelassen . +diese leisten vielleicht einen moder@@ aten bei@@ trag und wenn sie besser@@ es leisten als ich erwar@@ te , wäre das toll , aber meine kern@@ aus@@ sage hier ist , dass wir an all j@@ enen fünf arbeiten müssen , und wir können keine von ihnen auf@@ geben , weil sie uns ein@@ schü@@ chtern , denn alle haben signi@@ fi@@ kan@@ te probleme . +schauen wir uns zuerst das ver@@ bren@@ nen fossi@@ ler brenn@@ stoffe an , ver@@ bren@@ nung von entweder ko@@ hle oder erd@@ gas . +was man dort machen muss , scheint vielleicht einfach , aber das ist es nicht . man müsste all das co2 , das nach dem ver@@ bren@@ nen aus dem sch@@ or@@ n@@ stein kommt , ein@@ fangen , unter druck ver@@ flüs@@ si@@ gen und dann irgendwo la@@ gern und hoffen , dass es dort bleibt . +es gibt einige pil@@ ot@@ projekte , die das auf einem 60 % - 80 % nive@@ au schaffen , aber es auf 100 % zu bekommen wird sehr schwierig werden . und eine ein@@ ig@@ ung für die la@@ gerung des co2 zu er@@ zielen , ist eine große herausforderung . aber das größte problem hier ist die la@@ ger@@ zeit@@ frage . +wer wird es sicher@@ stellen ? +wer kann etwas gar@@ an@@ tieren , was buchstäblich viele milliarden mal größer als jede art von müll , den man sich von nu@@ k@@ lear@@ - und anderen dingen vorstellen kann ? +das ist eine menge volu@@ men . +das ist also eine har@@ te n@@ uss . +als nächstes : nu@@ k@@ lear@@ energie . +die hat auch drei große probleme . die kosten , vor allem in hoch@@ regu@@ li@@ erten ländern sind hoch . die frage nach sicherheit , dass man wirklich fühlt , dass nichts schie@@ f gehen kann , trotz der menschlichen mit@@ arbeit , dass der treib@@ stoff nicht für waffen verwendet wird . +und was macht man dann mit dem müll ? +denn obwohl er nicht sehr groß ist , gibt es eine menge bedenken . +also drei sehr schwier@@ ige probleme , die vielleicht lö@@ s@@ bar sind , und an denen man deshalb arbeiten sollte . +die letzten drei der fünf habe ich zusammenge@@ fasst . +es sind die erneu@@ er@@ baren energi@@ en , wie sie oft genannt werden . +und auch die haben -- obwohl es toll ist , dass sie keinen brenn@@ stoff brauchen -- sie haben einige nach@@ teile . +zum einen ist die energi@@ edi@@ chte , die diese technologien erzeugen dra@@ matisch ger@@ inger als die von kraft@@ werken . +das sind energi@@ ef@@ armen , man spricht von vielen quad@@ rat@@ kilome@@ tern , taus@@ end@@ mal mehr fläche als ein normal@@ es kraft@@ werk . +außerdem unter@@ liegen diese quellen unter@@ brech@@ ungen : +die sonne scheint nicht den ganzen tag , sie scheint auch nicht jeden tag und genauso we@@ ht auch der wind nicht ständig . +deshalb muss man , wenn man von diesen quellen abhängig ist , einen weg haben , die energie auch in zeiten wenn sie nicht verfügbar ist , zu bekommen . +es gibt hier also große prei@@ s@@ herausforderungen . es gibt herausforderungen bei der über@@ tra@@ gung . wenn wir beispielsweise sagen , dass die energi@@ equ@@ elle außerhalb des landes liegt , brauchen sie nicht nur die technologie , sie müssen auch mit dem risiko umgehen , dass die energie von wo anders her@@ kommt . +und es gibt das la@@ ger@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ m . +und um die dimension zu zeigen , habe ich mir alle arten von bat@@ teri@@ en , die hergestellt werden , an@@ gesch@@ aut : die für autos , computer , hand@@ ys , ta@@ schen@@ lam@@ pen , für alles . und das habe ich mit der menge der elektron@@ ischen energie , welche die welt nutzt , ver@@ glichen . ich fand heraus , dass alle bat@@ teri@@ en , die wir jetzt produzieren , weniger als 10 minuten der gesam@@ ten@@ er@@ gie la@@ gern könnten . +wir brauchen hier also einen großen durch@@ bruch , etwas , dass um einen faktor 100 besser sein wird , als die her@@ ange@@ hen@@ s@@ weisen zur zeit . +das ist nicht unmöglich , aber es ist nicht so leicht . +das passiert , wenn man versucht , diese unter@@ bro@@ ch@@ enen quellen über sagen wir 20 % - 30 % des ver@@ brau@@ chs zu bringen . +wenn sie sich um 100 % darauf stü@@ tzen wollen , brauchen sie eine unglaubliche wunder@@ bat@@ terie . +nun , wohin sollen wir gehen : was ist der richtige ansatz ? +ein " manhattan projekt " ? wie kommen wir ans ziel ? +was wir brauchen sind viele firmen , die daran arbeiten . hunderte . +in jeden dieser fünf bereiche brauchen wir mindestens 100 menschen . +bei vielen werden sie sagen : die sind verrückt ! das ist gut . +ich glaube , hier in der ted gruppe gibt es viele , die sich dort bereits enga@@ gieren . +bill gro@@ ss hat mehrere firmen , unter anderem eine namens es@@ ol@@ ar die großartige solar@@ ther@@ mal@@ technologien hat . +vin@@ od k@@ ho@@ s@@ la investi@@ ert in dutz@@ ende firmen die tolle sachen machen und interessante möglichkeiten haben und ich versuche das zu unterstützen . +na@@ than my@@ hr@@ v@@ old und ich finan@@ zieren eine firma , die , vielleicht überra@@ schen@@ der@@ weise , den nu@@ k@@ lear@@ en ansatz ver@@ folgt . +es gibt einige innova@@ tionen im nu@@ k@@ lear@@ bereich ; mod@@ ular , flüs@@ si@@ g . +die entwicklung hat in dieser industrie vor einiger zeit auf@@ gehört , also ist es keine große überrasch@@ ung , dass einige gute konzep@@ te herum@@ liegen . +das ter@@ ra@@ power@@ -@@ konzept bedeutet , dass man anstelle eines teil@@ s des ur@@ ans , dem einen prozent , das u@@ 2@@ 35 , wir entschieden , die 99 % zu ver@@ bren@@ nen , das u@@ 2@@ 3@@ 8 . +das ist eine ziemlich verrück@@ te idee . +aber tatsächlich hatte man darüber schon lange nach@@ gedacht , aber man konnte nie vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tig simu@@ lieren , ob es funktionieren würde , doch seitdem es moderne super@@ computer gibt , kann man es simu@@ lieren und sehen , dass : ja ! mit der richtigen materi@@ ali@@ en@@ her@@ ange@@ hen@@ sweise , sieht es so aus , dass es funktion@@ i@@ ere . +und weil man diese 99 % ver@@ bren@@ nt , ist das kosten@@ profi@@ l sehr viel besser . +tatsächlich ver@@ bren@@ nt man den müll , und man kann sogar den ab@@ fall von heutigen reak@@ toren als an@@ trie@@ bs@@ stoff benutzen . +anstatt sich darüber den kopf zu zer@@ brechen , ver@@ bren@@ nen sie es einfach . eine tolle sache . +das ur@@ an wird gradu@@ ell ver@@ braucht , ein bisschen wie eine ker@@ ze . +sie sehen , dass es eine art säu@@ le ist , oft als " wander@@ nde welle reak@@ tor " be@@ zeichnet . +das lö@@ st wirklich das treib@@ stoff@@ problem . +hier ist ein bild eines or@@ tes in k@@ ent@@ u@@ cky . +das ist der ab@@ fall , die 99 % . man hat den teil , der heute ver@@ bran@@ nt wird , heraus@@ genommen also heißt es aufge@@ brau@@ chtes ur@@ an . +das trie@@ be die u.s. für hunderte von jahren an . +und wenn man ozean@@ wasser gün@@ stig und einfach fil@@ tri@@ ert , bekommt man genü@@ gend treib@@ stoff für die rest@@ liche lebens@@ zeit des planeten . +wissen sie , es gibt da noch viele herausforderungen , aber es ist ein beispiel von vielen hunder@@ ten von konzep@@ ten , die wir brauchen , um vor@@ wärts zu kommen . +überlegen wir uns , wie wir unseren erfolg messen sollten . +wie sollte unser zeug@@ nis aussehen ? +nun , gehen wir bis ans ziel , das wir erreichen müssen und dann reden wir über den zwischen@@ schritt . +viele sprechen von einer 80 % redu@@ ktion bis 20@@ 50 . +es ist wirklich sehr wichtig , dass wir dorthin gelangen . +die rest@@ lichen 20 % werden in armen ländern erzeugt werden , sowie immer noch etwas landwirtschaft . hoffentlich wird wal@@ dro@@ h@@ dung und z@@ ement bis dahin sau@@ ber sein . +also , um diese 80 % zu erreichen , müssen die indu@@ st@@ rie@@ staaten , in@@ klu@@ sive ländern wie china , ihre elektri@@ z@@ itä@@ ts@@ generation komplett um@@ stellen . +die andere note sagt , ob wir die nu@@ ll@@ -@@ emis@@ sionen technologie einsetzen , ob sie in allen entwickelten ländern eingesetzt ist und wir auf dem weg sind , sie zu dem rest zu bekommen . +das ist super wichtig . +das wird ein schlüssel@@ element dieses zeug@@ nis@@ ses . +wenn wir von dort zurück@@ gehen , wie sollte das 20@@ 20 zeug@@ nis aussehen ? +es sollte wieder die beiden elemente enth@@ alten . +wir sollten die effe@@ k@@ tivi@@ tä@@ ts@@ maß@@ nahmen nutzen , um redu@@ ktion auf den weg zu bringen . je weniger wir em@@ it@@ tieren , desto ger@@ inger wird die co@@ 2-@@ sum@@ me sein und damit auch die temperatur . +aber eigentlich ist diese note für die dinge die wir unternehmen , die nicht komplett zu den großen redu@@ ktionen führen , nur gleich , oder sogar etwas weniger wichtig wie die andere , welche die schn@@ elli@@ gkeit der innovation für diese durch@@ brü@@ che dar@@ stellt . +diese durch@@ brü@@ che müssen wir mit voll@@ gas verfolgen und das können wir messen : in fir@@ men@@ zahlen , in pil@@ ot@@ proje@@ kten und regu@@ li@@ erungs@@ änder@@ ungen . +es gibt viele großartige bücher zu diesem thema . +das al gore buch " wir haben die wahl " und david m@@ ck@@ a@@ ys " sustainable energy without the hot air . " +sie gehen es wirklich durch und schaffen einen rahmen , in dem dies br@@ eit disku@@ tiert werden kann , denn wir brauchen dafür unterstützung von allen seiten . +es gibt einiges , das zusammen@@ kommen muss . +das ist ein wunsch . +ein sehr kon@@ kre@@ ter wunsch , dass wir diese technologie erfinden . +wenn sie mir nur einen wunsch für die nächsten 50 jahre ge@@ stat@@ ten , ich könnte den präsi@@ denten aus@@ wählen , einen impf@@ stoff , und das liebe ich , oder ich könnte diesen wunsch wählen , der lautet , hal@@ bi@@ erter energi@@ ep@@ rei@@ s ohne co2 wird er@@ fun@@ den@@ . diesen wunsch nä@@ h@@ me ich . +dieser hat die größte aus@@ wirkung . +wenn wir diesen wunsch nicht kriegen , wird der graben zwischen langfri@@ stig und kurz@@ fri@@ stig den@@ ken@@ den menschen schrecklich werden , zwischen den usa und china , zwischen armen und reichen län@@ der@@ n. und fast alle leben dieser 2 milliarden werden sehr viel schle@@ chter sein . +was müssen wir also tun ? +für welche maß@@ nahmen app@@ elli@@ ere ich ? +wir müssen uns für mehr forschungs@@ gel@@ der einsetzen . +wenn länder sich in orten wie kop@@ pen@@ ha@@ gen treffen , sollten sie nicht nur über co2 sprechen . +sie sollten diese innova@@ tions@@ strategie bes@@ pre@@ chen und sie wären gesch@@ o@@ ckt von den läch@@ er@@ lich ger@@ ingen gel@@ dern , die für diese innova@@ tiven her@@ ange@@ hen@@ s@@ weisen ausge@@ geben werden . +wir brauchen mark@@ tan@@ rei@@ ze , co2 steuern , ca@@ p & amp ; trade etwas , dass ein prei@@ s@@ signal schafft . +wir müssen die nachricht verbreiten . +wir müssen dialo@@ g ration@@ aler und voll@@ stän@@ di@@ ger führen und auch die dinge , die von der regierung unter@@ nom@@ men werden . +es ist ein wichtiger wunsch , aber ich denke , wir können ihn erfü@@ llen . +vielen dank . +vielen dank . +danke . danke ! +vielen dank . nur um ter@@ ra@@ power etwas besser zu verstehen -- erst@@ mal , können sie uns eine vorstellung der größ@@ enor@@ dnung dieser investi@@ tion geben ? +bill gates : um die simulation auf einem super@@ computer durch@@ zu@@ führen , alle großen wissenschaftler zu bekommen , was wir gemacht haben , brauchen wir nur einige 10 millionen . und selbst wenn wir unsere materialien in einem rus@@ sischen reak@@ tor ge@@ te@@ stet haben , um sicher@@ zustellen , dass es vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tig funktioniert , ist man nur in den 10@@ 0@@ en millionen . +der schwier@@ ige schritt ist das bauen des ersten reak@@ tors , weitere milliarden zu finden , die regul@@ ari@@ en und den ort der tatsächlich den ersten davon baut . +sobald der erste fertig ist , wenn er so läuft wie ver@@ spro@@ chen , dann ist alles ganz klar , denn die wirtschaft@@ lichkeit , die energi@@ edi@@ chte ist so anders als bei nu@@ k@@ lear@@ energie , wie wir sie kennen . +um das richtig zu verstehen : das bedeutet tief in den boden zu bauen fast wie eine verti@@ k@@ ale säu@@ le nu@@ k@@ lear@@ en brenn@@ stoff@@ s , dieses ver@@ brauchten ur@@ ans und dann beginnt der prozess oben und arbeitet sich weiter nach unten ? +b@@ g : genau . heute müssen sie den reak@@ tor immer neu be@@ füllen , also gibt es viele leute und viele kontro@@ llen , die schie@@ f gehen können . dieses ding wo man ihn öffnet und sachen hinein@@ - oder heraus@@ bringt . das ist nicht gut ! +wenn man aber sehr billi@@ gen brenn@@ stoff hat , kann man ihn für 60 jahre be@@ füllen -- denken sie an eine säu@@ le -- die sie ver@@ graben , ohne die ganzen komplex@@ itäten . +und es sitzt dort und bren@@ nt 60 jahre lang und dann ist es fertig . +ein nu@@ k@@ lear@@ reak@@ tor , der selbst eine lösung für den müll bietet . +b@@ g : ja . nun , was mit dem müll passiert : man kann ihn sitzen lassen -- es gibt viel weniger müll mit dieser methode -- dann nehmen sie ihn und pac@@ ken ihn in den nächsten reak@@ tor und ver@@ bren@@ nen es weiter . +und wir beginnen , indem wir den müll nehmen , der bereits existiert , der in diesen kühl@@ be@@ cken oder tro@@ cken@@ be@@ häl@@ tern bei den reak@@ toren liegt . das ist unser star@@ t@@ brenn@@ stoff . +also ist das , was für diese reak@@ toren ein problem war , das , was wir in unseren füllen und damit wird das mü@@ ll@@ volu@@ men dra@@ matisch redu@@ ziert während dieses proz@@ esses . +aber während sie mit verschiedenen menschen dieser welt über diese möglichkeiten gesprochen haben , +wo ist das größte interesse , so was wirklich umzu@@ setzen ? +b@@ g : nun wir haben uns noch nicht auf einen ort fest@@ gelegt und es gibt eine menge interessan@@ ter offen@@ leg@@ ungs@@ regeln für alles das " nu@@ kle@@ ar " im namen trägt . es gibt großes interesse und die menschen des unterneh@@ men@@ s waren in rus@@ s@@ land , indien , china ... ich war hier und habe den energi@@ em@@ ini@@ ster getroffen und darüber gesprochen , wie dies zur energie@@ agenda passt . +ich bin optimi@@ stisch . wissen sie , die fran@@ zo@@ sen und japan@@ er haben etwas in die richtung gemacht . +dies ist eine vari@@ an@@ te einer sache , die gemacht wurde . +das ist ein wichtiger schritt vor@@ wärts , aber es ist wie ein schneller reak@@ tor und einige länder haben diese gebaut , deshalb ist jeder , der einen schn@@ ellen reak@@ tor um@@ gesetzt hat , ein kan@@ di@@ dat@@ at für unseren ersten . +in ihrer vorstellung : zei@@ tra@@ hmen und wahrscheinlichkeit so etwas wirklich ins leben zu rufen ? +b@@ g : nun wir brauchen eines dieser sk@@ ali@@ er@@ baren , strom@@ gener@@ ier@@ enden dinge , die sehr gün@@ stig sind , wir haben 20 jahre zum erfinden und dann 20 jahre zum einsetzen . +das ist quasi die de@@ ad@@ line , die uns die umwelt@@ modelle aufge@@ zeigt hat , die wir ein@@ halten müssen . +und , wissen sie , ter@@ ra@@ power , wenn alles gut läuft , und das ist ein großer wunsch , könnte das leicht halten . +und glücklicherweise gibt es heute dutz@@ ende von firmen , und wir brauchen hunderte , die , genauso , wenn deren ans@@ ä@@ tze funktionieren , die förder@@ ung für ihre pil@@ oten funktioniert , dafür mit@@ bieten können . +und es wäre am besten , wenn es mehrere schaffen , denn dann könnte man eine mis@@ chung benutzen . +auf jeden fall brauchen wir eine lösung . +be@@ tre@@ ff@@ end der großen möglichen durch@@ brü@@ che , ist dies das größte , das sie kennen ? +b@@ g : ein energie@@ durch@@ bruch ist das aller@@ wichtigste . +das wäre es auch ohne die um@@ wel@@ ther@@ aus@@ forder@@ ung gewesen , aber die macht es noch so viel wichtiger . +im nu@@ k@@ lear@@ en sektor gibt es andere innovative firmen . +wissen sie , wir kennen deren arbeit nicht so gut wie diese , aber es gibt die mod@@ ul@@ are methode , das ist ein anderer ansatz . +es gibt einen flüs@@ si@@ gen reak@@ tor@@ typ , welches etwas schwierig scheint , aber vielleicht sagen die das über uns . +und somit gibt es verschiedene , aber das schöne daran ist , dass ein ur@@ an@@ molekül eine millionen mal so viel energie hat wie ein , sagen wir , ein ko@@ h@@ le@@ molekül und deshalb , wenn sie mit den problemen umgehen können und die sind hauptsächlich die strahlung , der fuß@@ ab@@ druck und die kosten , spielt das potential , also die auswirkungen auf das land und andere dinge , fast in einer eigenen li@@ ga . +wenn das nicht kla@@ ppt , was dann ? +müssen wir not@@ fall@@ maß@@ nahmen ein@@ leiten , um zu versuchen , die erd@@ temperatur stab@@ il zu halten ? +b@@ g : wenn man in diese situation kommt , ist es als ob man zu viel ge@@ gessen hat , und kurz vor einem her@@ zin@@ far@@ kt steht . was macht man dann ? man braucht vielleicht eine herz@@ operation oder ähn@@ liches . +es gibt eine forschungs@@ richtung die sich ge@@ o@@ engineering nennt , die sich mit verschiedenen techni@@ ken be@@ fasst , um die er@@ wärmung zu ver@@ zö@@ gern , damit wir 20 oder 30 jahre länger be@@ kä@@ men um uns zusammen@@ zur@@ aufen . +das ist nur eine ver@@ sicher@@ ungs@@ methode . +man hoff@@ t , dass wir das nicht brauchen . +manche leute sagen , man sollte gar nicht erst an der ver@@ sich@@ erung arbeiten weil einen das vielleicht fau@@ l macht , sodass man weiter is@@ st , weil man weiß , dass einen die herz@@ operation retten wird . +ich weiß nicht , ob das klu@@ g ist , wenn man sich die wichti@@ gkeit dieses problems vor augen führt , aber es gibt nun einen dis@@ kurs in ge@@ o@@ engineering darüber , ob man das zur verfügung haben sollte , falls die dinge schneller kommen , oder diese innovation länger braucht , als wir erwarten . +kli@@ mas@@ ke@@ p@@ tiker : haben sie ein oder zwei sätze für die , um sie vielleicht zu überzeugen ? +b@@ g : nun , leider leben die skep@@ tiker in sehr verschiedenen cam@@ ps . +diejenigen , die wissenschaftliche argu@@ mente machen , sind sehr wenig . +sagen sie , dass es negative auswirkungen gibt , die mit den wol@@ ken zu tun haben , die dinge verschie@@ ben ? +es gibt sehr , sehr wenige dinge , die sie überhaupt sagen können , von denen es eine chance in einer millionen gibt . +das haupt@@ problem hier ist so ähnlich wie bei aids . +man macht den fehler jetzt , und man zahlt dafür sehr viel später . +und deshalb ist die vorstellung , jetzt , wenn man alle möglichen drin@@ genden probleme hat , in etwas zu investieren , von dem man erst später was hat -- und dazu kommt , dass die investi@@ tion nicht so klar ist . tatsächlich ist der i@@ p@@ c@@ c report nicht unbedingt das schlimm@@ ste s@@ zen@@ ari@@ o und es gibt menschen in der reichen welt , die sich i@@ p@@ c@@ c anschauen und sagen , okay , das ist kein großes dra@@ ma . +die tatsache ist , dass diese un@@ sicherheit uns sorgen machen sollte . +aber mein traum hier ist , dass , wenn man es ökonom@@ isch machen kann , und gleichzeitig das co2 bes@@ ei@@ tigt , dann sagen auch die skep@@ tiker : " okay , es interessiert mich nicht , dass es kein co2 em@@ it@@ tiert , ich wün@@ schte fast , dass es das tä@@ te , aber ich werde es wohl akzeptieren , weil es billi@@ ger ist als die vorher@@ ige methode . " +und das wäre ihre antwort auf das b@@ j@@ ör@@ n l@@ om@@ bor@@ g argument , dass , wenn man all diese zeit und energie verwendet um das co2 problem zu lösen , all die anderen ziele darunter leiden , die ar@@ mu@@ ts@@ verring@@ erung , die be@@ kämp@@ fung von malaria und so weiter , dass es eine du@@ mme versch@@ wen@@ dung von ressourcen ist , geld dafür zu investieren , während es bessere dinge gibt , die wir tun können . +b@@ g : nun , die tats@@ äch@@ lichen aus@@ gaben für die forschung -- sagen wir die u.s. sollten 10 milliarden pro jahr mehr ausgeben als sie heute tun -- das ist nicht so dra@@ matisch . +darunter sollten anderen dinge nicht leiden . +man kommt dann zu großen geld@@ sum@@ men , und hier können vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tige leute wider@@ sprechen , wenn man etwas hat , das nicht ökonom@@ isch ist , und versucht , das zu finan@@ zieren . für mich geschieht hier die meiste versch@@ wen@@ dung . +es sei denn , man ist sehr kurz vor einem kosten@@ durch@@ bruch und finan@@ ziert nur noch die lern@@ kur@@ ve . ich glaube wir sollten mehr dinge versuchen , die das potential haben , sehr viel gün@@ sti@@ ger zu sein . +falls der ab@@ str@@ ich , den man bekommt , ein sehr ho@@ her energi@@ ep@@ rei@@ s ist , dann können nur die reichen mi@@ th@@ alten . +ich meine , jeder von uns hier könnte fünf mal so viel für unsere energie ausgeben ohne seinen lebens@@ stil zu ändern . +für die unter@@ en zwei milliarden aber ist es ein des@@ aster . +und selbst l@@ om@@ bor@@ g denkt um . +seine neue ma@@ sche ist jetzt : " warum wird die forschung nicht mehr bes@@ pro@@ chen ? " +er wird immer noch , wegen seiner früh@@ eren geschichten , mit dem skep@@ ti@@ ker@@ -@@ camp as@@ sozi@@ iert , aber er hat verstanden , dass das eine sehr ein@@ same gruppe ist und deshalb bringt er jetzt das forschungs@@ argument . +und das ist ein ge@@ dan@@ ken@@ gang , den ich für ange@@ messen halte . +die forschung , es ist einfach verrückt , wie wenig die unterstützt wird . +bill , ich glaube ich spreche für fast alle menschen hier , wenn ich sage , ich hoffe wirklich , dass ihr wunsch wahr wird . vielen , vielen dank . +b@@ g : danke . +vor einigen jahren , hier bei ted , stellte peter sk@@ ill@@ man einen desig@@ n-@@ wettbewerb namens " die mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low-@@ herausforderung " vor . +die idee ist ziemlich einfach . vier@@ er-@@ teams müssen die größ@@ t@@ mögliche frei@@ steh@@ ende struktur mit 20 sp@@ ag@@ he@@ tt@@ i , ca. 1@@ m kle@@ be@@ band , ca. 1@@ m fa@@ den und einem mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low bauen . +der mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low muss oben dr@@ auf sein . +und , obwohl es wirklich einfach scheint , ist es tatsächlich richtig schwer , weil es leute drän@@ gt sehr schnell zusammenzu@@ arbeiten . +und so dachte ich , dass dies eine interessante idee ist und ich habe es in einen desig@@ n-@@ work@@ shop verwandelt . +es war ein ries@@ iger erfolg . +seitdem habe ich ungefähr 70 work@@ sh@@ ops weltweit durchgeführt , mit studenten , entwickl@@ ern und architekten , sogar mit c@@ to@@ s der fortun@@ e-@@ 5@@ 0-@@ unternehmen und da ist etwas an dieser aufgabe , was tiefe ein@@ drü@@ cke in die natur der zusammenarbeit ermöglicht und ich möchte einige davon mit ihnen teilen . +normalerweise starten die meisten leute sich selbst bezüglich der aufgabe zu orienti@@ eren . +sie reden darüber , sie überlegen , wie es aussehen wird , sie ran@@ geln um macht , +dann investieren sie ein wenig zeit in plan@@ ung und organisation . sie ski@@ z@@ zieren und legen sp@@ ag@@ he@@ tt@@ i aus . +sie investieren einen großteil ihrer zeit in den zusammen@@ bau ständig wachsen@@ der strukturen +und schließlich , kurz bevor sie keine zeit mehr haben , nimmt jemand den mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low und sie setzen ihn be@@ hu@@ tsam auf die spitze , treten einen schritt zurück und " ta@@ -@@ da " ! be@@ w@@ un@@ dern sie ihre arbeit . +was aber dann , fast immer , passiert ist , dass das " ta@@ -@@ da " zu einem " u@@ h-@@ oh " wird , weil das gewicht des mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ lo@@ ws be@@ wirkt , dass die ganze sache sich verb@@ ie@@ gt und ein@@ stür@@ zt . +es gibt eine reihe von leuten , die viel mehr " u@@ h-@@ oh " -@@ momente haben als andere , und unter den schle@@ ch@@ testen sind fr@@ ische b@@ w@@ l-@@ absol@@ ven@@ ten . +sie lü@@ gen , sie sch@@ um@@ m@@ eln , sie sind verwir@@ rt und produzieren wirklich dür@@ f@@ tige ge@@ bil@@ de . +und natürlich gibt es auch teams die viel mehr " ta@@ -@@ da " -@@ ge@@ bil@@ de haben und unter den besten sind fr@@ ische absol@@ ven@@ ten des kinder@@ gar@@ tens . +und das ist ziemlich erstaunlich . +wie uns peter erzählte produzieren sie nicht nur die höch@@ sten tür@@ me , sondern auch die interessan@@ testen strukturen von allen . +was sie vielleicht fragen werden ist : wie kommt das ? warum ? was ist mit denen ? +und peter erzählt : " k@@ eines der kinder investi@@ ert zeit darin che@@ f der sp@@ ag@@ he@@ tt@@ i g@@ m@@ b@@ h zu sein " . +sie investieren keine zeit in ma@@ cht@@ kämp@@ fe . +es gibt aber noch einen weiteren grund . +und zwar , dass b@@ w@@ l-@@ studenten train@@ iert wurden , den einen richtigen plan zu finden , ok ! +und ihn dann zu re@@ alisieren . +was dann passiert , wenn sie den mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low auf die spitze pac@@ ken , sie haben keine zeit mehr und was passiert ? +es ist eine krise . +klingt vertraut , was ? +was kinder@@ gar@@ ten@@ kinder anders machen ist , dass sie mit dem mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low beginnen und prototyp@@ en bauen , erfolgrei@@ che prototyp@@ en , immer mit dem mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low an der spitze , so dass sie mehr@@ fa@@ ch die möglichkeit haben b@@ auf@@ ä@@ lli@@ ge prototyp@@ en zu repar@@ ieren . +kon@@ struk@@ teure erkennen diese art der zusammenarbeit als kern eines i@@ ter@@ a@@ tiven vor@@ gan@@ gs . +und mit jedem versuch bekommen die kinder un@@ mittel@@ bar feedback was funktioniert und was nicht . +so ist die leistung , mit prototyp@@ en zu arbeiten , wesentlich - aber sehen wir einmal , wie verschie@@ den teams agieren . +der durch@@ schnitt für die meisten liegt bei ca. 50@@ c@@ m , b@@ w@@ l-@@ studenten schaffen die hälfte davon , an@@ wäl@@ te etwas mehr , aber nicht viel , kinder@@ gar@@ ten@@ kinder sind besser als die erwachsenen . +wer ist am erfolgrei@@ ch@@ sten ? +architekten und ingenie@@ ure , zum glück . +1@@ m ist das höch@@ ste , was ich gesehen habe . +und warum ? weil sie drei@@ ecke verstehen und sich@@ -@@ selbst@@ -@@ ver@@ stär@@ ken@@ de geome@@ tr@@ ische muster sind der schlüssel um stab@@ i@@ le strukturen zu bauen . +ce@@ os liegen etwas über durch@@ schnitt . aber hier wird es interessant . +setzt man ein ex@@ e@@ ku@@ tive admini@@ str@@ ator auf dem team , werden sie signi@@ fi@@ k@@ ant besser . +es ist unglaublich . sie sehen sich um und erkennen " dieses team wird gewinnen . " +sie können das vorhersagen . warum geht das ? +weil sie spezi@@ elle fähigkeiten der proz@@ ess@@ beglei@@ tung haben . +sie leiten den prozess , sie verstehen ihn . +und jen@@ es team , das regel@@ t und auf die arbeit ach@@ tet wird die leistung des teams signi@@ fi@@ k@@ ant verbessern . +spezi@@ alisi@@ erte fähigkeiten und proz@@ ess@@ fähigkeiten und deren kombination führen zu erfolg . +wenn sie 10 teams haben , die typ@@ isch vor@@ gehen , bekommen sie ca. 6 , die stab@@ i@@ le strukturen haben . +ich versuchte nun etwas span@@ nen@@ des . +ich dachte , bringen wir den po@@ ker@@ einsatz gleich . +also bot ich einen 10@@ 000 $ preis an software für die gewinn@@ er . +was glauben sie passierte mit diesen desig@@ n-@@ studenten ? +was war das ergebnis ? +das hier passierte . nicht ein team hatte eine stab@@ i@@ le struktur . +falls irgend@@ wer eine 2,@@ 5@@ c@@ m hohe kon@@ struk@@ tion gebaut hätte , hätte er den preis nach hause ge@@ tragen . +ist es also nicht interessant , dass hohe wett@@ ein@@ sätze einen star@@ ken effekt haben ? +wir wieder@@ hol@@ ten diese üb@@ ung mit den@@ selben studenten . +was glauben sie passierte nun ? +nun verstanden sie den vorteil des " prototyp@@ ing " . +so wurde aus dem@@ selben , schlechten team eines unter den besten . +sie produ@@ zierten die höch@@ ste kon@@ struk@@ tion in der gering@@ sten zeit . +es gibt somit tief@@ -@@ greif@@ ende le@@ ktionen für uns , über die natur von an@@ trieb und erfolg . +sie mögen fragen : warum würde jemand tatsächlich zeit investieren eine mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low-@@ challenge zu kreieren ? +der grund ist , ich hel@@ fe digitale werkzeuge und proz@@ esse erstellen , um teams zu helfen , autos , video@@ spiele und " visual effects " zu erstellen . +und was die mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low-@@ challenge tut ist , sie hilft ihnen verste@@ ckte an@@ nahmen zu identi@@ fizieren . +denn offen gesagt , jedes projekt hat seinen eigenen mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low . +die herausforderung bietet eine gemeinsame erfahrung , eine gemeinsame sprache b@@ zw@@ . grund@@ haltung , den richtigen protot@@ y@@ p zu bauen . +und dies ist der wert dieser erfahrung , dieser so einfache üb@@ ung . +und jene von ihnen , die es interessiert , können mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ lo@@ w@@ challen@@ ge@@ .com besuchen . +es ist ein blog , wo man sieht , wie man die mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ lo@@ ws baut . +es gibt eine schritt@@ -@@ für@@ -@@ schritt@@ -@@ an@@ lei@@ tung dort . +sie finden verrück@@ te beispiele aus aller welt , wie leute das system opti@@ mieren und ra@@ ff@@ inieren . +es gibt ebenfalls wel@@ tre@@ kor@@ de . +und die bas@@ ale lektion , glaube ich ist , das kon@@ struk@@ tion tatsächlich ein verbin@@ den@@ der sport ist . +es ver@@ lan@@ gt , dass wir alle unsere sinne auf die aufgabe richten und , dass wir unser denken opti@@ mal verwenden , wie unsere gefühle und unser tun , in der herausforderung , die vor uns liegt . +und manchmal ist ein kleiner protot@@ y@@ p dieser erfahrung alles , was es braucht , uns von einem " u@@ h-@@ oh " - zu einem " ta@@ -@@ da " -@@ moment zu bringen . +und das kann einen großen unterschied machen . +vielen dank . +tun wir so als hätten wir hier eine maschine , +eine große maschine , eine coo@@ le , ted-@@ artige maschine , und das ist eine zeit@@ maschine . +und jeder in diesem raum muss hinein . +und sie können in die vergangenheit gehen , sie können in die zukunft gehen ; sie können nicht im hier und jetzt bleiben , +und ich frage mich , was sie wählen würden , weil ich meinen freunden in letz@@ ter zeit häufig diese frage gestellt habe , und sie wollten alle in die vergangenheit gehen . +ich weiß nicht . sie wollten in die zeit zurück , bevor es autos gab oder twitter oder " amerika sucht den super@@ star " . +ich weiß nicht . +ich bin überzeugt , dass man irgendwie zur no@@ st@@ alg@@ ie , zu w@@ un@@ sch@@ denken hin@@ gezogen ist . +und das verste@@ he ich . +ich bin nicht teil dieser gruppe , muss ich sagen . +ich will nicht in die vergangenheit , und das nicht , weil ich ein ab@@ ent@@ eur@@ er bin - +es liegt daran , dass möglichkeiten auf diesem planeten nicht zurück gehen , sie gehen vor@@ wärts . +ich will also in diese maschine , und ich will in die zukunft gehen . +dies ist die großarti@@ gste zeit , die es je auf diesem planeten gab , egal , welchen maßstab sie an@@ legen : gesundheit , rei@@ cht@@ um , mobili@@ tät , gele@@ gen@@ heiten , sin@@ ken@@ de krank@@ heits@@ raten . +es gab nie zuvor eine zeit wie diese . +meine ur@@ -@@ groß@@ eltern star@@ ben alle als sie 60 waren . +meine groß@@ eltern drän@@ gten diese zahl auf 70 . +meine eltern sind der 80 auf den fer@@ sen . +da sollte also besser eine neun am anfang meiner todes@@ zahl stehen . +aber es geht nicht mal um leute wie uns , denn dies ist eine größere sache als das . +ein kind , das heute in neu@@ -@@ del@@ hi geboren wird kann erwarten , so lange zu leben wie der reich@@ ste mann auf der welt vor 100 jahren . +denken sie darüber nach . das ist eine unglaubliche tatsache . +und warum ist das so ? +die po@@ cken . die po@@ cken haben milliarden leute auf diesem planeten getötet . +sie haben die demo@@ gra@@ fie der erde auf eine weise neu ge@@ for@@ mt , wie es kein krieg je geschafft hat . +sie sind weg . sie sind versch@@ wunden . +wir haben sie be@@ zw@@ ungen . pu@@ ff . +in der reichen welt existieren krankheiten , die millionen von uns vor nur einer generation noch bedro@@ ht haben , kaum noch . +di@@ ph@@ terie , rö@@ tel@@ n , kinder@@ lä@@ h@@ mung ... +weiß überhaupt noch jemand , was das ist ? +impf@@ stoffe , moderne medizin , unsere fähigkeit , milliarden menschen zu ernä@@ hren , das sind erfol@@ ge der wissenschaftlichen methode . +und aus meiner sicht ist die wissenschaftliche methode , sachen auszu@@ probieren , schauen , ob es funktioniert , es ändern , wenn es das nicht tut , eine der großarti@@ gsten er@@ run@@ gen@@ schaften der menschheit . +das ist also die gute nachricht . +leider ist das schon die ganze gute nachricht , denn es gibt ein paar andere probleme , und sie wurden häufig erwähnt , +und eins davon ist , dass trotz all unserer er@@ run@@ gen@@ schaften eine milliarde menschen auf dieser welt jeden tag h@@ ung@@ ri@@ g zu bett gehen . +diese zahl steigt , und sie steigt sehr schnell , und das ist besch@@ ä@@ men@@ d . +und nicht nur das , wir haben unsere vorstell@@ ungskraft dazu genutzt , diese welt grün@@ dlich zu ver@@ wü@@ sten . +trin@@ k@@ wasser , ur@@ bares land , regen@@ wäl@@ der , öl , gas : sie verschwinden , und zwar bald , und falls wir uns nicht aus diesem chaos heraus@@ -@@ inno@@ vi@@ eren verschwinden wir auch . +die frage ist also : können wir das tun ? ich denke schon . +ich glaube es ist klar , dass wir nahrung produzieren können , die milliarden menschen ernä@@ hren wird , ohne das land , auf dem sie leben , zu ver@@ gewal@@ tigen . +ich denke , wir können diese welt mit energie ver@@ sorgen , die sie nicht gleichzeitig zerstört . +ich glaube das wirklich , und nein , das ist kein w@@ un@@ sch@@ denken . +aber das hier hält mich nachts wa@@ ch -- eines der dinge , die mich nachts wa@@ ch halten . wir haben wissenschaftlichen fortschritt noch nie so drin@@ gend ge@@ braucht wie jetzt , noch nie , +und wir waren auch noch nie in der lage , ihn vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tig einzu@@ setzten , so wie wir es heute können . +wir sind an der sch@@ welle zu erstaun@@ lichen , erstaun@@ lichen ereig@@ nissen auf vielen gebieten . und doch denke ich wirklich , dass wir hunderte , 300 jahre vor die auf@@ klär@@ ung zurück gehen müssten , um eine zeit zu finden , in der wir fortschritt be@@ kämp@@ ft haben , in der wir über diese dinge he@@ f@@ tiger ge@@ tri@@ tten haben , an mehr fron@@ ten als jetzt . +die leute hü@@ llen sich in ihren glauben , und zwar so en@@ g , dass man sie nicht be@@ freien kann . +nicht mal die wahrheit wird sie be@@ freien . +und hören sie , jeder hat ein recht auf seine meinung ; sogar ein recht auf seine meinung zum fortschritt , +aber wissen sie , wor@@ auf sie kein recht haben ? +sie haben kein recht auf ihre eigenen fa@@ kten . ' t@@ schul@@ digung , haben sie nicht . +und ich habe eine weile ge@@ braucht , um das herauszufinden . +vor ungefähr einem jahrzehnt habe ich einen artikel über impf@@ ungen für " the new yor@@ ker " geschrieben , einen kleinen artikel . +und ich war ersta@@ unt , auf wider@@ stand zu stoßen , auf wider@@ stand gegenüber dem , was am ende die effe@@ kti@@ v@@ ste maß@@ nahme im gesundheitswesen in der geschichte der menschheit ist . +ich wusste nicht , was ich tun sollte , also tat ich einfach was ich immer tue , ich schrieb einen artikel und fuhr fort . +und bald darauf schrieb ich einen artikel über gent@@ echn@@ isch veränderte nahrungs@@ mittel . +die gleiche sache , nur größer . +die leute spiel@@ ten verrückt . +also habe ich auch darüber einen artikel geschrieben , und ich konnte nicht verstehen , warum die leute dachten , das wäre " fran@@ ken@@ food " , warum sie glaub@@ ten , dass moleküle auf eine bestimmte statt eine zufä@@ lli@@ ge art herum@@ zu@@ schie@@ ben einen über@@ griff auf das gebiet der natur war . +aber wissen sie , ich tue was ich tue . ich schrieb den artikel , ich machte weiter . +ich meine , ich bin journalist , +wir ti@@ ppen , wir reichen ein , wir gehen essen , das ist okay . +aber diese artikel machten mir sorgen , und ich konnte nicht herausfinden , warum , und schließlich fand ich es heraus . +und das liegt daran , dass diese fan@@ a@@ tiker , die mich verrückt machten überhaupt gar keine fan@@ a@@ tiker waren . +das waren um@@ sichti@@ ge leute , ge@@ bil@@ dete leute , an@@ stän@@ dige leute . +sie waren genau wie die leute in diesem raum . +und das brachte mich so durch@@ einander ... +aber dann dachte ich , wissen sie was , seien wir ehrlich : +wir sind an einem punkt an@@ gelan@@ gt , an dem wir nicht das selbe verhältnis zum fortschritt haben wie früher . +wir reden zwi@@ es@@ p@@ äl@@ tig davon . +wir reden ir@@ on@@ isch davon , mit kleinen an@@ führ@@ ungs@@ zeichen darum : " fortschritt " . +okay , dafür gibt es gründe , und ich denke wir wissen , welche gründe das sind . +wir haben das vertrauen in institutionen , in autor@@ ität , und manchmal in die wissenschaft an sich verloren , und es gibt keinen grund , warum das nicht so sein sollte . +man kann einfach ein paar namen nennen und die leute werden verstehen . +tsch@@ er@@ no@@ by@@ l , b@@ hop@@ al , die challen@@ ger , vi@@ ox@@ x , massen@@ ver@@ nicht@@ ungs@@ waffen , die us-@@ präsi@@ dent@@ schafts@@ wahl 2000 . +ich meine , wissen sie , sie können ihre eigene liste wählen . +es gibt fragen und probleme mit den leuten , von denen wir glaub@@ ten , dass sie immer recht hätten . seien sie also skep@@ tisch . +stellen sie fragen , verlangen sie beweise , verlangen sie bele@@ ge . +nehmen sie nichts als gegeben hin . +aber jetzt kommt ' s : wenn sie beweise bekommen müssen sie diese beweise annehmen , und darin sind wir nicht gut . +und ich kann das aus dem grund sagen , dass wir jetzt in einer epide@@ mie der fur@@ cht leben , wie ich sie noch nie gesehen habe und hoffentlich nie wieder sehen werde . +vor ungefähr 12 jahren wurde eine geschichte veröffentlicht , eine schreck@@ liche geschichte , die die autis@@ mus@@ -@@ epide@@ mie mit dem mas@@ ern , mu@@ mp@@ s , und rö@@ tel@@ n impf@@ stoff in verbindung brachte . +sehr furcht@@ einfl@@ ö@@ ß@@ end . +h@@ auf@@ en@@ weise studien wurden durchgeführt um zu sehen , ob das stimm@@ te . +h@@ auf@@ en@@ weise studien sollten durchgeführt werden ; das ist eine ern@@ ste an@@ gelegenheit . +die daten kamen her@@ ein . +die daten kamen her@@ ein aus den usa , aus england , aus schwe@@ den , aus kanada , und sie waren alle gleich , keine kor@@ relation , keine verbindung , gar keine . +es macht keinen unterschied . es macht keinen unterschied , weil wir an an@@ ek@@ d@@ oten glauben , wir glauben , was wir sehen , was wir zu sehen glauben , was be@@ wirkt , dass wir uns echt fühlen . +wir glauben nicht an ein b@@ ün@@ del doku@@ mente von einem regi@@ erungs@@ ang@@ stellten , der uns daten gibt , und ich verste@@ he das , ich denke , das tun wir alle . +aber wissen sie was ? +das ergebnis davon war katastrop@@ ha@@ l , +katastrop@@ ha@@ l wegen dieser tatsache : die usa ist eines der einzigen länder auf der welt , in dem die imp@@ fra@@ te für mas@@ ern sin@@ kt . +das ist sk@@ and@@ al@@ ö@@ s und wir sollten uns schä@@ men . +es ist schrecklich . +was ist passiert , dass wir das tun konnten . +nun , ich verste@@ he das . das tue ich . +denn hat hier jemand mas@@ ern ? +hat ein einzi@@ ger im publikum je jemanden an mas@@ ern sterben sehen ? +passiert nicht sehr oft . +passiert in diesem land überhaupt nicht , aber 16@@ 0.000 mal auf der welt im letzten jahr . +das sind viele to@@ de durch mas@@ ern , 20 pro stunde . +aber weil das nicht hier passiert ist , können wir es ver@@ drän@@ gen , und leute wie jen@@ ny mc@@ car@@ thy können herum@@ laufen und bot@@ schaften von angst und anal@@ p@@ hab@@ e@@ tis@@ mus von platt@@ formen wie op@@ ra@@ h und lar@@ ry king live pre@@ digen . +und das können sie machen , weil sie ur@@ sache und kor@@ relation nicht verbinden . +sie verstehen nicht , dass diese dinge gleich zu sein scheinen , aber fast nie das selbe sind . +und das ist etwas , das wir lernen müssen , und zwar sehr schnell . +dieser typ war ein held , jon@@ as sal@@ k . +er be@@ frei@@ te uns von einer der schlimm@@ sten gei@@ ß@@ eln der menschheit . +keine angst , keine qu@@ alen , kinder@@ lä@@ h@@ mung , pu@@ ff , versch@@ wunden . +der typ in der mitte nicht so sehr . +er heißt paul off@@ it . +er hat gerade mit ein paar anderen leuten einen ro@@ ta@@ vir@@ us-@@ impf@@ stoff entwickelt . +er kann die leben von 4@@ 00@@ - , 50@@ 0.000 kindern pro jahr in den entwicklungsländern retten . +ziemlich gut , nicht ? +nun , das ist gut , ab@@ gesehen davon , dass paul herum@@ läuft und über impf@@ stoffe spricht und sagt , wie wert@@ voll sie sind , und dass die leute einfach aufhören sollten zu jam@@ mern . +und das sagt er tatsächlich so . +paul ist also ein terror@@ ist . +wenn paul in einer öffentlichen an@@ hör@@ ung spricht , kann er nicht ohne be@@ waff@@ nete wä@@ chter aus@@ sagen . +er bekommt an@@ ru@@ fe zu hause , weil die leute ihm gerne erzählen , dass sie wissen wo seine kinder zur schule gehen . +und warum ? weil paul einen impf@@ stoff gemacht hat . +ich brauche das nicht sagen , aber impf@@ stoffe sind un@@ ent@@ be@@ hr@@ lich . +nimmt man sie fort , kehren die krankheiten zurück , schreck@@ liche krankheiten , und das passiert gerade . +wir haben in diesem land jetzt mas@@ ern . +und das wird schlimmer , und ziemlich bald werden kinder wieder daran sterben , denn das ist nur eine frage der zahlen . +und sie werden nicht nur an mas@@ ern sterben . +was ist mit kinder@@ lä@@ h@@ mung ? nehmen wir das . warum nicht ? +eine kom@@ mili@@ ton@@ in von mir hat mir vor ein paar wochen geschrieben und gesagt sie glaubt ich bin ein bisschen zu schri@@ ll . +niemand hat das je zuvor gesagt . +sie würde ihr kind nicht gegen kinder@@ lä@@ h@@ mung imp@@ fen . auf keinen fall . +f@@ ein . +warum ? weil wir keine kinder@@ lä@@ h@@ mung haben . und wissen sie was ? +wir hatten in diesem land gestern keine kinder@@ lä@@ h@@ mung . +heute , ich weiß nicht , vielleicht stieg heute morgen jemand in la@@ gos in ein flugzeug und flie@@ gt gerade nach los angeles , im moment ist er über o@@ hi@@ o . +und in ein paar stunden lan@@ det er und mie@@ tet ein auto , und er kommt nach long beach , und er wird eines dieser fanta@@ sti@@ chen ted-@@ dinner heute abend besuchen . +und er weiß nicht , dass er mit einer lä@@ hmen@@ den krankheit in@@ fiziert ist , und wir wissen das auch nicht , denn so funktioniert die welt nun mal . +das ist der planet , auf dem wir leben . tun sie nicht so , als ob er das nicht ist . +wir lieben es , uns in lü@@ gen zu hü@@ llen . wir lieben das . +haben sie heute morgen alle ihre vi@@ tam@@ ine genommen ? +e@@ chin@@ ac@@ e@@ a , ein kleines anti@@ o@@ xi@@ dan@@ ti@@ um , das ihnen auf die spr@@ ün@@ ge hilft . +ich weiß , dass sie das gemacht haben , weil die hälfte der amerikaner das jeden tag macht . +sie nehmen das zeug , und sie nehmen alternative hei@@ l@@ mittel , und es macht keinen unterschied , wie häufig wir herausfinden , dass sie nutz@@ los sind . +die daten bele@@ gen das ständig . +sie ver@@ dun@@ keln ihren ur@@ in . mehr tun sie fast nie . +das ist okay , sie wollen gerne 28 milliarden dollar für dunkl@@ en ur@@ in zahlen . +ich stimme ihnen völlig zu . +dunkl@@ er ur@@ in . dun@@ kel . +warum machen wir das ? warum machen wir das ? +nun , ich glaube , ich verste@@ he - wir has@@ sen die pharma@@ industrie . +wir has@@ sen eine zu starke regierung . wir haben kein vertrauen ins system . +und das sollten wir auch nicht . unser gesundheits@@ system ist mi@@ es . +es ist grau@@ sam zu millionen von leuten . +es ist absolut erstaunlich k@@ alt und se@@ el@@ ent@@ ö@@ tend selbst zu uns , die es sich leisten können . +wir laufen also davor weg , und wohin laufen wir ? +wir laufen in die arme der plac@@ e@@ bo@@ -@@ industrie . +das ist super . ich liebe die plac@@ e@@ bo@@ -@@ industrie . +aber wissen sie , das ist wirklich eine ern@@ ste an@@ gelegenheit , denn das zeug ist m@@ ist , und wir geben milliarden dollar dafür aus . +und ich habe alle möglichen kleinen requ@@ isi@@ ten hier . +k@@ eins davon -- g@@ ing@@ ko , be@@ trug , e@@ chin@@ ac@@ e@@ a , be@@ trug , ac@@ ai , da weiß ich nicht mal , was das ist , aber wir geben milliarden dollar dafür aus , es ist be@@ trug . +und wissen sie was ? wenn ich das sage , schrei@@ en mich die leute an und sagen : " was kümm@@ ert es dich ? lass die leute doch machen , was sie wollen . +so fühlen sie sich gut . " +und wissen sie was ? sie haben un@@ recht . +weil es mir egal ist , ob es der gesundheits@@ minister ist , der sagt : " h@@ mm , ich werde die bele@@ ge meiner experten zu mammo@@ graph@@ ie nicht annehmen " oder irgend@@ ein kre@@ b@@ s-@@ qu@@ ack@@ sal@@ ber , der seinen patienten mit ka@@ ff@@ e-@@ ein@@ läu@@ fen behandeln will . +wenn sie sich auf diesen weg be@@ geben , wo glaube und mag@@ ie bele@@ ge und wissenschaft ersetzen , gelangen sie an einen ort , an dem sie nicht sein wollen . +sie gelangen zu th@@ ab@@ o m@@ be@@ ki in südafri@@ ka . +er brachte 40@@ 0.000 seiner leute um , weil er darauf bestand , dass rote bee@@ te , kno@@ bl@@ auch und zit@@ r@@ on@@ en@@ öl viel effe@@ kti@@ ver als anti@@ retro@@ vir@@ ale medikamente sind , von denen wir wissen , dass sie den verl@@ auf von aids bre@@ m@@ sen können . +hunder@@ tt@@ aus@@ ende un@@ nö@@ tiger to@@ de in einem land , das schlimmer als jedes andere von dieser krankheit ge@@ pla@@ gt wird . +sagen sie mir bitte nicht , dass diese dinge keine kon@@ sequenzen haben . +die haben sie . die haben sie immer . +nun , die hirn@@ lo@@ se@@ ste epide@@ mie , in der wir uns gerade befinden , ist dieser ab@@ sur@@ de kampf zwischen den be@@ für@@ wor@@ tern gent@@ echn@@ isch veränder@@ ter nahrungs@@ mittel und der bio@@ -@@ eli@@ te . +das ist eine i@@ dio@@ tische debat@@ te . sie muss aufhören . +es ist eine debat@@ te über wörter , über meta@@ pher@@ n . +das ist ide@@ ologie , nicht wissenschaft . +alles , was wir essen , jedes rei@@ sk@@ or@@ n , jeder zwei@@ g pe@@ ter@@ sil@@ ie , jeder ro@@ sen@@ ko@@ hl , wurde von den menschen verändert . +wissen sie , es gab keine mand@@ ar@@ inen im para@@ dies . +es gab keine can@@ tal@@ ou@@ pe@@ -@@ mel@@ onen . +es gab keine weih@@ na@@ chts@@ bäume . wir haben das alles gemacht . +wir haben es in den letzten 1@@ 1.000 jahren gemacht . +und man@@ ches davon hat funktioniert und man@@ ches nicht . +wir sind los@@ geworden , was nicht funktioniert hat . +jetzt können wir es genauer machen . und natürlich gibt es risiken . aber wir können etwas wie vi@@ tam@@ in a in rei@@ s tun , und das zeug kann millionen menschen helfen , millionen menschen , ihr leben zu ver@@ län@@ gern . +das wollen sie nicht machen ? +ich muss sagen , das verste@@ he ich nicht . +wir le@@ hnen gent@@ echn@@ isch veränderte nahrung ab . +warum tun wir das ? +nun , was ich ständig höre ist : zu viele chemikalien , pe@@ sti@@ zi@@ de , hor@@ m@@ one , mon@@ o@@ kultur , wir wollen keine riesigen felder mit einer sache , das ist falsch . +wir wollen nicht , dass firmen leben pat@@ enti@@ eren . +wir wollen nicht , dass firmen samen besitzen . +und wissen sie , was meine antwort auf all das ist ? +ja , sie haben recht . be@@ heben wir das . +es stimmt , wir haben ein ries@@ iges nahr@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ m , aber das ist nicht wissenschaft . +das hat mit wissenschaft nichts zu tun . +es ist recht , moral , pat@@ ent@@ kra@@ m . +sie wissen , dass die wissenschaft keine firma ist . +sie ist kein land . +sie ist nicht mal eine idee ; sie ist ein prozess . +sie ist ein prozess , und manchmal funktioniert er und manchmal nicht , aber die idee , dass wir der wissenschaft nicht erlauben sollten , ihre arbeit zu tun , weil wir angst haben ist eine wirkliche s@@ ack@@ gas@@ se , und sie hält millionen von menschen vom auf@@ blü@@ hen ab . +wissen sie , in den nächsten 50 jahren werden wir 70 prozent mehr nahrung an@@ bauen müssen als im moment . 70 prozent . +diese investi@@ tion in afrika in den letzten 30 jahren . +besch@@ ä@@ men@@ d . besch@@ ä@@ men@@ d . +sie brauchen das , und wir geben es ihnen nicht . +und warum ? gent@@ echn@@ isch veränderte nahrung . +wir wollen leute nicht ermu@@ tigen , dieses ver@@ ro@@ t@@ tete zeug zu essen , wie zum beispiel mani@@ ok . +mani@@ ok ist etwas , das eine halbe milliarde menschen essen . +es ist etwa wie eine kar@@ to@@ ff@@ el . +es ist nur ein b@@ ün@@ del kal@@ orien . es ist mi@@ es . +es hat keine nähr@@ stoffe , es hat kein protein , und wissenschaftler bauen all das gerade darin ein . +und dann könnten die leute das essen und würden nicht blind werden . +sie würden nicht ver@@ hun@@ gern , und wissen sie was ? +das wäre schön . es wäre nicht che@@ z pan@@ is@@ se , aber es wäre schön . +und alles , was ich dazu sagen kann ist : warum be@@ kämpfen wir das ? +ich meine , fragen wir uns : warum be@@ kämpfen wir das ? +weil wir keine gene herum@@ schie@@ ben wollen ? +es geht nicht darum , gene herum@@ zu@@ schie@@ ben . es geht nicht um chemikalien . +es geht nicht um unsere läch@@ er@@ liche leidenschaft für hor@@ m@@ one , unser be@@ har@@ ren auf größ@@ erer nahrung , besser@@ er nahrung , einzigarti@@ ger nahrung . +es geht hier nicht um ri@@ ce kr@@ is@@ pi@@ es , es geht darum , leute am leben zu erhalten , und es wird höch@@ ste zeit , zu verstehen , was das bedeutet . +denn wissen sie was ? +wenn wir das nicht tun , wenn wir so weiter machen wie bisher machen wir uns an etwas schul@@ dig , an dem wir , glaube ich , nicht schul@@ dig sein wollen , high-@@ tech kol@@ oni@@ alismus . +es gibt keine andere beschrei@@ bung für das , was hier passiert . +es ist selbst@@ sü@@ chti@@ g , es ist hä@@ ss@@ lich , es ist unser nicht wür@@ dig , und wir müssen das wirklich auf@@ halten . +nach dieser unglaublich lu@@ stigen unterhaltung wollen sie also vielleicht sagen : " willst du immer noch in diese läch@@ er@@ liche zeit@@ maschine und in die zukunft gehen ? " +auf jeden fall . das will ich auf jeden fall . +im moment steckt sie in der gegenwart , aber wir haben eine unglaubliche möglichkeit . +wir können diese zeit@@ maschine auf alles stellen , was wir wollen . +wir können sie hin@@ bewegen , wo wir sie hin@@ bewegen wollen , und wir werden sie dorthin bewegen , wohin wir wollen . +wir müssen diese unter@@ hal@@ tungen führen , und wir müssen nachdenken , aber wenn wir in die zeit@@ maschine steigen und in die zukunft gehen werden wir fro@@ h sein , das gemacht zu haben . +ich weiß , dass wir es können , und so@@ weit es mich betrifft ist das etwas , was die welt jetzt braucht . +danke . +danke . +seit einiger zeit interessi@@ ere ich mich für den plac@@ e@@ bo@@ -@@ effekt . es mag merk@@ wür@@ dig erscheinen , dass sich ein ma@@ gi@@ er dafür interessiert , es sei denn , sie betrachten es so wie ich , als " eine täusch@@ ung , die zu etwas ech@@ tem wird , wenn jemand nur fest genug daran glaubt . " +mit anderen worten , zu@@ cker@@ p@@ ill@@ en haben in einigen studien eine mess@@ bare wirkung gezeigt , den plac@@ e@@ bo@@ -@@ effekt , und zwar nur deswegen , weil die person denkt , was mit ihr geschieht , sei eine pharma@@ zeu@@ tische oder eine art von ... im schmer@@ z@@ management , zum beispiel , gibt es , wenn der patient nur fest genug daran glaubt , eine mess@@ bare wirkung im körper , die man den plac@@ e@@ bo@@ -@@ effekt nennt . +eine täusch@@ ung wird zu etwas ech@@ tem , weil jemand es so wahr@@ nimmt . +damit wir uns gegensei@@ tig auch verstehen , möchte ich ihnen jetzt einen element@@ aren , ganz einfachen zauber@@ trick zeigen . +und ich werde ihnen zeigen , wie er funktioniert . das ist ein trick , der mindestens seit den 195@@ 0ern in jedem zauber@@ buch für kinder steht . +ich selbst habe ihn vom cu@@ b sc@@ out magic der p@@ fa@@ d@@ fin@@ der in den 197@@ 0ern gelernt . +ich werde ihn für sie aus@@ führen und ihn dann erklären . +und dann werde ich erklären , warum ich ihn er@@ kl@@ äre . +also , sehen sie , was passiert . +das messer , das sie untersuchen können ; meine hand , die sie untersuchen können . +ich werde das messer einfach so in meiner fau@@ st halten . +ich schie@@ be meinen är@@ mel zurück . +und um sicher@@ zustellen , dass nichts in meinem är@@ mel versch@@ win@@ det oder aus ihm heraus@@ kommt , werde ich einfach mein hand@@ gelen@@ k genau hier zusammen@@ drücken . +auf diese weise können sie sehen , dass sich zu keiner zeit irgendetwas bewegt . solange ich hier zu@@ drü@@ cke , kann nichts in meinen är@@ mel wander@@ n oder heraus@@ kommen . +und das ziel dabei ist ganz einfach . +ich werde meine hand öffnen , und hoffentlich , wenn alles gut geht , wird das messer durch meinen blo@@ ßen körper@@ lichen magne@@ tis@@ mus fest@@ gehalten . +es sitzt tatsächlich so fest an seinem platz , dass ich es schü@@ tt@@ eln kann , ohne dass das messer herunter@@ fällt . +nichts wander@@ t in meinen är@@ mel oder kommt heraus , keine tri@@ ck@@ ser@@ ei . und sie können alles untersuchen . +ta@@ -@@ da ! +nun , das ist ein trick , den ich oft kleinen kindern bei@@ br@@ inge , die sich für zauber@@ ei interessieren , denn man kann dabei sehr viel über täusch@@ ung lernen , wenn man genauer hin@@ sieht , obwohl es ein sehr einfach auszu@@ führ@@ ender trick ist . +vermutlich kennen viele von ihnen hier im saal diesen trick . +er funktioniert fol@@ gen@@ der@@ maßen : +ich halte das messer in meiner hand . +ich sage , dass ich mein hand@@ gelen@@ k um@@ schlie@@ ße , um sicher@@ zustellen , dass nichts in meinem är@@ mel versch@@ win@@ det oder heraus@@ kommt , und das ist eine lü@@ ge . +der grund , warum ich mein hand@@ gelen@@ k fes@@ th@@ alte , ist der , dass darin das eigent@@ liche geheimnis der illusion besteht . +in dem moment nämlich , wo ich meine hand von ihnen weg@@ dre@@ he , damit sie sie von hinten sehen , bewegt sich dieser finger hier , mein zei@@ ge@@ finger , einfach von dort , wo er war , in eine position , in der er so ausge@@ stre@@ ckt ist . +toll@@ er trick ? +da hinten sitzt jemand , der keine kindheit hatte . +also , er befindet sich hier . genau . +und wenn ich mich um@@ dre@@ he , ändert der finger seine position . +und jetzt könnte man darüber reden , warum das eine täusch@@ ung ist , warum man nicht wahr@@ nimmt , dass hier unten nur drei finger zu sehen sind : weil der verstand und die art , wie er informationen ver@@ arbeitet , sie nicht ein@@ z@@ eln zä@@ hlt , eins , zwei , drei , sondern sie als gruppe sieht . +aber darum geht es jetzt hier eigentlich gar nicht . und dann öff@@ ne ich meine hand . +natürlich wird es dort fest@@ gehalten , aber nicht durch den magne@@ tis@@ mus meines körpers , sondern durch einen trick , durch meinen zei@@ ge@@ finger , der jetzt dort ist . +und wenn ich meine hand schlie@@ ße , passiert dasselbe , indem ich mich zurück@@ dre@@ he , wird durch diese bewegung ver@@ bor@@ gen , dass der finger sich wieder zurück@@ bewegt . +ich nehme diese hand weg . und hier ist das messer . +diesen trick können sie ihren freunden und nachbarn vor@@ führen . danke . +nun , was hat das mit dem plac@@ e@@ bo@@ -@@ effekt zu tun ? +vor einem jahr oder so , las ich eine studie , die mich wirklich richtig um@@ geh@@ auen hat . +ich bin kein arzt oder forscher , und deshalb war das für mich eine erstaunliche sache . +es hat sich nämlich folgendes heraus@@ gestellt : wenn sie ein plac@@ e@@ bo in form einer weißen pil@@ le an@@ bieten , in der form einer as@@ pir@@ in@@ tab@@ le@@ tte , ist das einfach eine r@@ unde , weiße pil@@ le , die einen bestimmten mess@@ baren effekt hat . +aber wenn sie die form , in der sie das plac@@ e@@ bo verab@@ reichen , zum beispiel in eine klein@@ ere pil@@ le verändern , und diese blau fä@@ r@@ ben und einen buchstab@@ en darauf prä@@ gen , ist sie tatsächlich mess@@ bar effe@@ kti@@ ver . +und das , obwohl keine davon irgend@@ eine pharma@@ zeu@@ tische ... es sind bloß zu@@ cker@@ p@@ ill@@ en . +aber eine weiße pil@@ le ist nicht so gut wie eine blau@@ e pil@@ le . +was ? das ließ mich wirklich aus@@ fli@@ ppen . +es stellte sich aber heraus , dass das noch nicht alles ist . +wenn man kap@@ seln nimmt , sind die noch wirk@@ samer als tab@@ le@@ tten jeder form . +eine far@@ bi@@ ge kap@@ sel , die an einem ende gel@@ b und am anderen rot ist , ist besser als eine weiße kap@@ sel . +auch die do@@ si@@ erung spielt eine rolle . +eine pil@@ le zwei@@ mal täglich ist nicht so gut wie drei p@@ ill@@ en - ich kann mich jetzt nicht an die genau@@ e statisti@@ k erinnern . tut mir leid . +das entscheiden@@ de aber ist , ... +... dass auch die do@@ si@@ erungen eine rolle spielen . +und die form spielt eine rolle . +und wenn man den ulti@@ mati@@ ven plac@@ e@@ bo@@ -@@ effekt haben möchte , muss man zur na@@ del greifen . +richtig ? eine sp@@ ri@@ tze mit einer wirk@@ ungs@@ losen - ein paar milli@@ li@@ ter einer wirk@@ ungs@@ losen substan@@ z , die man einem patienten in@@ ji@@ ziert . +das erzeugt ein sehr star@@ kes bild im kopf . das ist sehr viel stärker als eine weiße pil@@ le . +diese grafik ist wirklich ... ich werde sie ihnen ein anderes mal zeigen , wenn wir einen proje@@ ktor haben . +tatsache also ist , dass die weiße pil@@ le nicht so gut wirkt wie die blau@@ e pil@@ le , die nicht so gut wirkt wie eine kap@@ sel , die nicht so gut wirkt wie die na@@ del . +und nichts davon hat irgend@@ eine wirklich pharma@@ zeu@@ tische eigen@@ schaft . es ist nur unser glaube daran , der in uns eine stär@@ k@@ ere wirkung er@@ zi@@ elt . +ich wollte wissen , ob ich diese idee für einen zauber@@ trick nutzen könnte . +ich nehme etwas , das offensichtlich eine täusch@@ ung ist , und lasse es echt aussehen . +wir wissen ja aus jen@@ er studie , dass man zur na@@ del greifen muss , wenn es zur sache gehen soll . +dies ist eine 18 c@@ m lange hu@@ t@@ na@@ del . sie ist sehr , sehr spit@@ z . und ich werde sie zunächst ein kleines bisschen ster@@ ili@@ sieren . +das hier ist wirklich mein fleisch . es ist nicht dam@@ i@@ ans spezi@@ elles ge@@ zü@@ ch@@ te@@ tes fleisch . +das hier ist meine haut . das ist kein spezi@@ al@@ effekt aus hollywood . +ich werde nun diese na@@ del in meine haut ste@@ chen und durch sie hin@@ durch treiben , bis sie auf der anderen seite wieder au@@ stri@@ tt . +falls ihnen ü@@ bel wird - wenn sie leicht in o@@ hn@@ macht fallen - ich habe das ein paar freunden letzte nacht im hot@@ el@@ zimmer vor@@ geführt , und einigen leuten , die ich nicht kan@@ nte , und dabei ist eine frau fast o@@ hn@@ mäch@@ tig geworden . +ich schla@@ ge also vor , wenn ihnen schnell ü@@ bel wird , dann schauen sie für die nächsten 30 sekunden weg . oder , wissen sie was , ich werde den ersten hei@@ kl@@ en teil hier hinten machen . +sie können es gleich sehen , sie können aber auch weg@@ sehen , wenn sie möchten . +also , es geht so , genau hier , wo mein fleisch an@@ fängt , am unter@@ en teil meines arms werde ich einfach einen kleinen ein@@ st@@ ich machen . +tut mir echt leid . macht sie das verrückt ? +und jetzt einfach ein kleines bisschen durch meine haut und auf der anderen seite so wieder heraus . +jetzt sind wir eigentlich in der gleichen situation , die wir beim mes@@ ser@@ trick hatten . +ungefähr . +aber jetzt können sie meine finger nicht zählen , oder ? +also , werde ich sie ihnen zeigen . das ist einer , zwei , drei , vier , fünf . +nun ja , +ich weiß , was die leute denken , wenn sie das sehen . +sie sagen : " okay , der ist bestimmt nicht so bl@@ ö@@ d und durch@@ sti@@ cht sich selbst die haut , nur um uns ein paar minuten lang zu unter@@ halten . " +nun , dann werde ich es ihnen zeigen . +wie sieht das hier aus ? ziemlich gut . +ja , ich weiß . +und die leute hinten sagen : " okay . ich habe das nicht richtig gesehen . " +die leute in den neben@@ r@@ äumen kommen jetzt rein . +lassen sie es mich ihnen aus der nähe zeigen . +das ist wirklich meine haut . das ist kein spezi@@ al@@ effekt aus hollywood . +das ist mein fleisch , und ich kann das herum@@ drehen . +tut mir leid . wenn ihnen ü@@ bel wird , schauen sie weg , schauen sie nicht hin . +die leute hinten oder die , die das später irgendwann einmal auf video sehen , werden sagen , " nun ja , das sieht ja recht ein@@ druck@@ s@@ voll aus , aber wenn es echt wäre , würde er - sehen sie , hier ist ein loch und dort , wenn es wirklich echt wäre , würde es blu@@ ten . " +okay , lassen sie mich ein wenig blut für sie heraus@@ qu@@ et@@ schen . +ja , hier ist es . +normalerweise würde ich jetzt die na@@ del heraus@@ nehmen . +ich würde meinen arm säu@@ ber@@ n und ihnen zeigen , dass da keine wunden sind . +aber ich denke , in diesem rahmen hier und mit der absicht , aus einer täusch@@ ung etwas e@@ chtes zu machen , werde ich die na@@ del einfach da drin lassen und so von der bühne gehen . +wir werden uns in den nächsten tagen noch ein paar mal begeg@@ nen . +ich hoffe , sie freu@@ en sich schon darauf . vielen dank . +jeder spricht heutzutage über das glück . +ich habe einige leute die anzahl der bücher zählen lassen , die mit " happiness " im titel in den letzten fünf jahren veröffentlicht wurden und sie gaben nach ungefähr 40 auf , und es gab noch viel mehr . +es gibt eine gewal@@ tige welle des interess@@ es an glück unter forsch@@ ern . +es gibt sehr viel glück@@ s-@@ co@@ ach@@ ing . +jeder würde gerne die leute glück@@ licher machen . +aber trotz all dieser flu@@ t von arbeiten , gibt es mehrere kogni@@ tive fallen , die es sozusagen fast unmöglich machen , klar über glück nachzudenken . +und mein vortrag heute wird hauptsächlich von diesen kogni@@ tiven fallen handeln . +das gilt für la@@ ien , die über ihr eigenes glück nachdenken , und es gilt für wissenschaftler , die über glück nachdenken , weil sich heraus@@ stellt , dass wir genau so durch@@ einander sind wie jeder andere . +die erste dieser fallen ist ein wider@@ streben , komplexität zu@@ zu@@ geben . +es stellt sich heraus , dass das wort glück einfach kein nütz@@ liches wort mehr ist , weil wir es auf zu viele unterschiedliche dinge anwenden . +ich denke , es gibt eine bestimmte bedeutung , auf die wir es beschrän@@ ken könnten , aber im großen und ganzen ist das etwas , das wir auf@@ geben werden müssen , und wir werden die kompli@@ zierte sicht@@ weise annehmen müssen darauf , was wohl@@ befinden ist . +die zweite f@@ alle ist eine ver@@ wech@@ s@@ lung von erleben und ge@@ däch@@ tnis : im grunde besteht sie zwischen glücklich sein in seinem leben und glücklich sein über sein leben oder glücklich mit seinem leben . +und dies sind zwei sehr unterschiedliche konzep@@ te , und sie sind beide zusammenge@@ worfen in der vorstellung vom glück . +und die dritte ist die konzent@@ ration@@ s-@@ illusion , und das ist die un@@ glück@@ liche tatsache , dass wir nicht über einen um@@ stand nachdenken können , der wohl@@ befinden beeinflusst , ohne seine bedeutung zu ver@@ zer@@ ren . +ich meine , das ist eine echte kogni@@ tive f@@ alle . +es gibt einfach keinen weg , es richtig hin zu bekommen . +nun würde ich gerne mit einem beispiel anfangen von jemandem , der eine fra@@ ge-@@ und@@ -@@ antwor@@ t-@@ si@@ tzung hatte nach einer meiner vor@@ les@@ ungen , der eine geschichte beri@@ chtete . [ un@@ deutlich ... ] er sagte , er hätte eine sin@@ f@@ onie gehört , und es war absolut herr@@ liche musik , und ganz am ende der aufnahme gab es ein für@@ chter@@ liches krei@@ schen@@ des gerä@@ usch . +und dann fü@@ gte er hin@@ zu , wirklich ziemlich emotional , das hat die ganze erfahrung ru@@ in@@ iert . +aber das hatte es nicht . +was es ru@@ in@@ iert hatte waren die erinn@@ erungen an die erfahrung . +er hatte die erfahrung gehabt . +er hatte 20 minuten herr@@ licher musik gehabt . +sie zä@@ hl@@ ten nicht , weil er mit einer erinn@@ erung verb@@ lieben war ; die erinn@@ erung war ru@@ in@@ iert , und die erinn@@ erung war alles , was er zum behalten bekommen hatte . +was uns das wirklich sagt ist , dass wir über uns und über andere leute nachdenken könnten im sinne von zwei arten des selbst . +es gibt ein er@@ leben@@ des selbst , das in der gegenwart lebt und die gegenwart kennt , fähig ist , die vergangenheit wieder zu erleben , aber im grunde nur die gegenwart hat . +es ist das er@@ leben@@ de selbst , das der arzt an@@ pri@@ cht -- sie wissen , wenn der arzt fragt : " tut es jetzt we@@ h , wenn ich sie hier an@@ fas@@ se ? " +und dann gibt es ein erinn@@ ern@@ des selbst , und das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst ist das , das mit@@ zä@@ hlt und die geschichte unseres lebens auf@@ recht erhält , und es ist das@@ jen@@ ige , das der arzt an@@ spricht indem er die frage stellt : " wie haben sie sich in letz@@ ter zeit gefü@@ hlt ? " +oder " wie war ihre reise nach al@@ b@@ ani@@ en ? " oder so ähnlich . +dies sind zwei sehr unterschiedliche ein@@ heiten , das er@@ leben@@ de selbst und das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst , und die beiden zu ver@@ wechseln ist teil des durch@@ ein@@ anders des begri@@ ff@@ s vom glück . +nun , das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst ist ein geschi@@ chten@@ erzähl@@ er . +und das fängt wirklich mit einer grundle@@ genden reaktion auf unsere erinn@@ erungen an -- es fängt sofort an . +wir erzählen nicht nur geschichten , wenn wir uns daran machen , geschichten zu erzählen . +unser ge@@ däch@@ tnis erzählt uns geschichten , das heißt , was wir von unseren erleb@@ nissen behalten dürfen ist eine geschichte . +und lassen sie mi@@ cht mit einem beispiel anfangen . +es gibt eine alte studie . +das sind echte patienten , die sich einer schmer@@ z@@ ha@@ ften pro@@ ze@@ du@@ r unter@@ ziehen . +ich werde nicht ins detail gehen . sie ist heutzutage nicht mehr schmer@@ z@@ haft , aber sie war schmer@@ z@@ haft , als diese studie in den 199@@ 0ern durchgeführt wurde . +sie wurden gebeten , alle 60 sekunden über ihre schmerzen zu berichten . +und hier sind zwei patienten . das sind ihre auf@@ zeichnungen . +und sie werden gefragt : " wer von beiden hat mehr ge@@ li@@ tten ? " +und das ist eine sehr einfache frage . +patient b hat eindeu@@ tig mehr ge@@ li@@ tten . seine dar@@ m@@ spiegel@@ ung war länger , und jede minute von schmerz , die patient a hatte hatte patient b , und mehr . +aber nun gibt es eine andere frage : " wie sehr dachten diese patienten , dass sie li@@ tten ? " +und hier ist eine überrasch@@ ung : +und die überrasch@@ ung ist , dass patient a eine viel schle@@ cht@@ ere erinn@@ r@@ ung an die dar@@ m@@ spiegel@@ ung hatte als patient b . +die geschichten der dar@@ m@@ spiegel@@ ungen waren unterschie@@ dlich , und weil ein sehr entscheiden@@ der teil der geschichte ist , wie sie endet -- +und keine dieser geschichten ist sehr er@@ bau@@ lich oder großartig -- aber eine von ihnen ist diese deutlich ... +aber eine von ihnen ist deutlich schlimmer als die andere . +und die , die schlimmer ist war die , wo der schmerz ganz am ende auf seinem hö@@ he@@ punkt war . es ist eine schli@@ mme geschichte . +woher wissen wir das ? +weil wir diese leute nach ihrer dar@@ m@@ spiegel@@ ung gefragt haben , und auch viel später : " wie schli@@ mm war die ganze sache ins@@ gesam@@ t ? " , +und sie war viel schlimmer für a als für b in der erinn@@ r@@ ung . +nun , das ist ein dire@@ k@@ ter konflikt zwischen dem er@@ lebenden selbst und dem erinn@@ ern@@ den selbst . +aus sicht des er@@ lebenden selbst hatte b eindeu@@ tig eine schle@@ cht@@ ere zeit . +nun , was man mit patient a machen könnte , und wir haben tatsächlich klin@@ ische experimente durchgeführt , und es ist gemacht worden , und es funktioniert , man könnte eigentlich die dar@@ m@@ spiegel@@ ung von patient a ver@@ län@@ gern indem man einfach den schl@@ auch drin lässt ohne zu sehr an ihm zu rü@@ tt@@ eln . +das wird dazu führen , dass der patient lei@@ det , aber nur ein bisschen und viel weniger als vorher . +und wenn man das ein paar minuten lang macht hat man be@@ wirkt , dass das er@@ leben@@ de selbst von patient a schle@@ chter dran ist und man hat be@@ wirkt , dass das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst von patient a viel besser dran ist , denn nun hat man patient a eine bessere geschichte über seine erfahrung gegeben . +wo@@ durch zeichnet sich eine geschichte aus ? +und das gilt für die geschichten , die das ge@@ däch@@ tnis uns liefert und es gilt auch für die geschichten , die wir erfinden . +wo@@ durch sich eine geschichte aus@@ zeichnet sind um@@ brü@@ che , bedeuten@@ de augen@@ bli@@ cke und enden . +enden sind sehr , sehr wichtig und in diesem fall dom@@ ini@@ erte das ende . +nun , das er@@ leben@@ de selbst lebt sein leben kontin@@ u@@ ier@@ lich . +es hat augen@@ bli@@ cke des er@@ lebens , einen nach dem anderen . +und sie fragen : was passiert mit diesen mom@@ enten ? +und die antwort ist wirklich einfach . sie sind für immer verloren . +ich meine , die meisten augen@@ bli@@ cke unseres lebens -- und ich habe das aus@@ ger@@ ech@@ net -- sie wissen , die psych@@ ologische gegenwart gilt als ungefähr drei sekunden lang . was bedeutet , wissen sie , dass es in einem leben ungefähr 600 millionen davon gibt . in einem monat gibt es ungefähr 6@@ 0@@ 0.000 . die meisten von ihnen hinter@@ lassen keine sp@@ ur . +die meisten von ihnen werden komplett ignor@@ iert vom erinn@@ ern@@ den selbst . +und doch bekommen sie irgendwie den eindruck , dass sie zählen sollten , dass was während dieser augen@@ bli@@ cke des er@@ lebens passiert unser leben ist . +es ist die begren@@ zte res@@ source , die wir ver@@ brauchen während wir auf dieser welt sind . +und wie wir sie ver@@ brauchen würde schein@@ bar wichtig sein , aber das ist nicht die geschichte , die das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst für uns be@@ hält . +also haben wir das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst und das er@@ leben@@ de selbst , und sie sind wirklich ziemlich verschie@@ den . +der größte unterschied zwischen ihnen ist der um@@ gang mit zeit . +aus sicht des er@@ lebenden selbst , wenn sie einen ur@@ lau@@ b haben und die zweite woche genau so gut ist wie die erste , dann ist der zwei@@ w@@ ö@@ ch@@ ige ur@@ lau@@ b doppelt so gut wie der ein@@ w@@ ö@@ ch@@ ige ur@@ lau@@ b . +so funktioniert das überhaupt nicht für das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst . +für das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst ist ein zwei@@ w@@ ö@@ ch@@ iger ur@@ lau@@ b kaum besser als der ein@@ w@@ ö@@ ch@@ ige ur@@ lau@@ b , weil da keine neuen erinn@@ erungen hinzu@@ gefü@@ gt werden . +sie haben die geschichte nicht geändert . +und auf diese weise ist zeit eigentlich die kri@@ tische vari@@ able , die ein erinn@@ ern@@ des selbst unterschei@@ det von einem er@@ lebenden selbst . zeit hat sehr wenig einfluss auf diese geschichte . +nun , das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst macht mehr , als zu erinnern und geschichten zu erzählen . +es ist eigentlich das@@ jen@@ ige , das entscheidungen trifft , denn wenn sie einen patienten haben , der , sagen wir zwei dar@@ m@@ spiegel@@ ungen bei zwei unterschiedlichen chirur@@ gen hatte und sich entschei@@ det , welchen er wählen soll , dann ist der , der wä@@ hlt der , der die erinn@@ erung hat , die weniger schli@@ mm ist und das ist der chirur@@ g , der ausge@@ wä@@ hlt werden wird . +das er@@ leben@@ de selbst hat keine stimme in dieser wahl . +eigentlich wählen wir nicht zwischen erleb@@ nissen . wir wählen zwischen erinn@@ erungen an erleb@@ nisse . +und selbst wenn wir an die zukunft denken , denken wir an unsere zukunft normalerweise nicht als erleb@@ nisse . +wir denken über unsere zukunft nach als voraus@@ gese@@ h@@ ene erinn@@ erungen . +und im grunde können sie das betrachten , wissen sie , als eine ty@@ ran@@ ne@@ i des erinn@@ ern@@ den selbst , und sie können sich das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst denken als eins , das sozusagen das er@@ leben@@ de selbst schle@@ ppt durch erfahrungen , die das er@@ leben@@ de selbst nicht braucht . +ich habe den eindruck , dass wenn wir ur@@ lau@@ b machen das sehr häufig der fall ist , das heißt , wir machen ur@@ lau@@ b wei@@ te@@ st@@ geh@@ end im dien@@ ste des erinn@@ ern@@ den selbst . +und das ist ein bisschen schwer zu recht@@ fer@@ tigen , denke ich . +ich meine , wie sehr ze@@ hren wir von unseren erinn@@ erungen ? +das ist eine der erklär@@ ungen , die für die domin@@ anz des erinn@@ ern@@ den selbst gegeben wird . +und wenn ich darüber nach@@ denke , denke ich an einen ur@@ lau@@ b , den wir vor ein paar jahren in der ant@@ arkti@@ s gemacht haben , der eindeu@@ tig der beste ur@@ lau@@ b war , den ich je gehabt hatte , und ich denke relativ oft daran im verhältnis dazu , wie oft ich an andere ur@@ lau@@ be denke . +und ich habe wahrscheinlich von meinen erinn@@ erungen an diese drei@@ w@@ ö@@ ch@@ ige reise , ich würde sagen ungefähr 25 minuten lang in den letzten vier jahren ge@@ ze@@ hrt . +nun , wenn ich je den ord@@ ner ge@@ öffnet hätte mit den 600 bildern darin hätte ich eine weitere stunde verbracht . +nun , das sind drei wochen , und das sind höch@@ stens ein@@ einhalb stunden . +da scheint es eine un@@ stim@@ mi@@ gkeit zu geben . +nun , ich mag ein bisschen extrem sein , wissen sie , darin , wie wenig appe@@ ti@@ t ich auf das ze@@ hren von erinn@@ erungen habe , aber selbst , wenn sie mehr davon machen gibt es eine echte frage . warum geben wir erinn@@ erungen so viel gewicht im verl@@ gei@@ ch zu dem gewicht , das wir erleb@@ nissen geben ? +daher möchte ich , dass sie über ein ge@@ dan@@ ken@@ experiment nachdenken . +stellen sie sich ihren nächsten ur@@ lau@@ b vor , sie wissen , dass am ende des ur@@ lau@@ bs alle ihre bilder ver@@ ni@@ chtet werden und sie bekommen ein am@@ ne@@ st@@ isches medikament , so dass sie sich an nichts erinnern werden . +nun , würden sie den gleichen ur@@ lau@@ b wählen ? +und wenn sie einen anderen ur@@ lau@@ b wählen würden , gibt es einen konflikt zwischen ihren beiden arten des selbst und sie müssen darüber nachdenken , wie sie diesen konflikt entscheiden und das ist wirklich überhaupt nicht offensichtlich , denn wenn sie im sinne von zeit denken bekommen sie eine antwort . und wenn sie im sinne von erinn@@ erungen denken könnten sie eine andere antwort bekommen . +warum wir die ur@@ lau@@ be aus@@ suchen , die wir aus@@ suchen ist ein problem , das sich uns stellt mit einer wahl zwischen den beiden arten des selbst . +nun , die beiden arten des selbst werfen zwei begri@@ ffe vom glück auf . +es gibt tatsächlich zwei konzep@@ te vom glück , die wir anwenden können , eines pro selbst . +sie können also fragen : wie glücklich ist das er@@ leben@@ de selbst ? +und dann würden sie fragen : wie glücklich sind die augen@@ bli@@ cke im leben des er@@ lebenden selbst ? +und sie sind alle -- glück für augen@@ bli@@ cke ist ein ziemlich kompli@@ zier@@ ter prozess . +welches sind die emotionen , die ge@@ messen werden können ? +und , neben@@ bei , wir sind nun im@@ stan@@ de eine ziemlich gute vorstellung zu bekommen vom glück des er@@ lebenden selbst über die zeit . +wenn sie nach dem glück des erinn@@ ern@@ den selbst fragen ist es eine ganz andere sache . +das handelt nicht davon , wie glücklich eine person lebt . +es handelt davon , wie zu@@ frieden oder er@@ freu@@ t die person ist , wenn diese person über ihr leben nach@@ denkt . +sehr unterschied@@ licher begriff . +jeder , der diese begri@@ ffe nicht unterschei@@ det wird die er@@ forschung des glück@@ s ver@@ mas@@ seln , und ich ge@@ höre zu einer menge von forsch@@ ern über wohl@@ befinden , die die er@@ forschung des glück@@ s lange ver@@ mas@@ sel@@ t haben auf genau diese art . +die unterschei@@ dung zwischen dem glück des er@@ lebenden selbst und der zu@@ frieden@@ heit des erinn@@ ern@@ den selbst ist in den letzten jahren erkannt worden , und jetzt bemü@@ ht man sich , die beiden separ@@ at zu messen . +die gall@@ up organization hat eine welt@@ weite um@@ frage , bei der mehr als einer hal@@ ben million leute fragen gestellt worden sind darüber , was sie über ihr leben denken und über ihre erleb@@ nisse . und es gab andere bemü@@ h@@ ungen in der richtung . +in den letzten jahren haben wir also angefangen , über das glück der beiden arten des selbst zu lernen . +und die haupts@@ äch@@ liche lektion , die wir , glaube ich , gelernt haben ist , dass sie wirklich unterschie@@ dlich sind . +sie können wissen , wie zu@@ frieden jemand mit seinem leben ist , und das lehr@@ t sie wirklich nicht viel darüber , wie glücklich er sein leben lebt und umge@@ kehrt . +nur um ihnen einen eindruck von der kor@@ relation zu vermitteln , die kor@@ relation ist ungefähr .@@ 5 . +was das bedeutet ist , dass wenn sie jemanden treffen würden und man würde ihnen sagen , oh , sein vater ist ein zwei@@ -@@ me@@ ter-@@ mann , wie viel würden sie über seine größe wissen ? +nun , sie würden etwas über seine größe wissen , aber es gibt viel un@@ sicherheit . +sie haben so viel un@@ sicherheit . +wenn ich ihnen sage , dass jemand sein leben als acht auf einer sk@@ ala von zehn einge@@ ord@@ net hat haben sie viel un@@ sicherheit darüber , wie glücklich er ist mit seinem er@@ lebenden selbst . +die kor@@ relation ist also ger@@ ing . +wir wissen etwas darüber , was die zu@@ frieden@@ heit des glück@@ s-@@ selbst bestimmt . +wir wissen , dass geld sehr wichtig ist , ziele sind sehr wichtig . +wir wissen , dass glück hauptsächlich bedeutet , zu@@ frieden zu sein mit menschen , die wir mögen , zeit zu verbringen mit menschen , die wir mögen . +es gibt andere verg@@ nü@@ gen , aber das ist domin@@ ant . +wenn sie also das glück der beiden arten des selbst ma@@ xi@@ mieren wollen werden sie am ende sehr unterschiedliche dinge tun . +die schluss@@ fol@@ gerung aus dem , was ich hier gesagt habe ist , dass wir uns glück wirklich nicht vorstellen sollten als einen er@@ satz für wohl@@ befinden . +es ist ein komplett anderer begriff . +nun , ganz kurz , ein anderer grund , aus dem wir nicht klar über glück nachdenken können ist , dass wir nicht auf die selben dinge achten wenn wir über das leben nachdenken und wenn wir tatsächlich leben . +wenn sie also die einfache frage stellen , wie glücklich die leute in kalifornien sind werden sie nicht die korre@@ kte antwort bekommen . +wenn sie diese frage stellen denken sie , dass die leute in kalifornien glück@@ licher sein müssen wenn sie , sagen wir , in o@@ hi@@ o leben . +und was passiert ist , dass wenn sie über das leben in kalifornien nachdenken , denken sie an den unterschied zwischen kalifornien und anderen orten , und dieser unterschied besteht , sagen wir , im kli@@ ma . +nun , es stellt sich heraus , dass kli@@ ma nicht sehr wichtig für das er@@ leben@@ de selbst ist , und es ist nicht einmal sehr wichtig für das nach@@ denk@@ liche selbst , das entschei@@ det , wie glücklich leute sind . +nun aber , weil das nach@@ denk@@ liche selbst verantwortlich ist , können sie am ende -- einige leute könnten am ende nach kalifornien ziehen . +und es ist sozusagen interessant zu verfolgen , was passiert mit leuten , die nach kalifornien ziehen in der hoffnung , glück@@ licher zu werden . +nun , ihr er@@ leben@@ des selbst wird nicht glück@@ licher werden . +wir wissen das . +aber eine sache wird passieren . sie werden denken , dass sie glück@@ licher sind , denn wenn sie darüber nachdenken werden sie daran erinnert werden , wie schrecklich das we@@ tter in o@@ hi@@ o war . und sie werden spüren , dass sie die richtige entscheidung getroffen haben . +es ist sehr schwierig , klar über wohl@@ befinden nachzudenken , und ich hoffe , ich habe ihnen einen eindruck davon ver@@ mittel@@ t , wie schwierig es ist . +danke . +danke . ich habe eine frage an sie . +vielen dank . +nun , als wir vor ein paar wochen telefon@@ iert haben erwä@@ hn@@ ten sie mir gegenüber , dass es ein ziemlich interessan@@ tes ergebnis gab , das aus dieser gall@@ up um@@ frage kam . +ist das etwas , wor@@ an sie uns teil@@ haben lassen können , weil sie jetzt ein paar minuten übrig haben ? +dan@@ iel ka@@ h@@ ne@@ man : sicher . +i denke , das interessan@@ teste ergebnis , das wir in der gall@@ up um@@ frage gefunden haben ist eine zahl , die wir absolut nicht zu finden erwartet hatten . +wir fanden das im hin@@ blick auf das glück des er@@ lebenden selbst . +wenn wir uns an@@ schauten , wie gefühle mit dem einkommen vari@@ ieren . +und es stellt sich heraus , dass unter einem einkommen von 6@@ 0.000 dollar im jahr , für amerikaner , und das ist eine sehr große sti@@ ch@@ probe von amerikan@@ ern , ungefähr 6@@ 0@@ 0.000 , aber es ist eine große re@@ präsent@@ ative sti@@ ch@@ probe , unter einem einkommen von 6@@ 0@@ 0.000 dollar im jahr +6@@ 0.000 . +d@@ k : 6@@ 0.000 . +6@@ 0.000 dollar im jahr sind die leute un@@ glücklich , und sie werden zunehmen@@ d un@@ glück@@ licher , je är@@ mer sie werden . +darüber bekommen wir eine absolut fla@@ che linie . +ich meine , ich habe selten so fla@@ che linien gesehen . +was passiert , ist offensichtlich , dass geld einem kein erleb@@ nis@@ -@@ glück besch@@ aff@@ t , aber dass man@@ gel an geld einem sicherlich el@@ end besch@@ aff@@ t , und wir können dieses el@@ end sehr , sehr klar messen . +im sinne des anderen selbst , des erinn@@ ern@@ den selbst , bekommen sie eine andere geschichte . +je mehr geld man verdi@@ ent desto zu@@ frieden@@ er ist man . +das gilt nicht für emotionen . +aber dan@@ ny , im gesamten amerikanischen be@@ streben geht es um leben , freiheit , das streben nach glück@@ se@@ li@@ gkeit . +wenn leute diesen be@@ fund ernst nehmen würden , ich meine , es scheint alles auf den kopf zu stellen , alles , was wir glauben , zum beispiel in bezug auf steu@@ er@@ politik und so weiter . +gibt es eine chance , dass politiker , dass das land gener@@ ell einen be@@ fund wie den ernst nehmen würde und darauf basier@@ end politik machen würde ? +d@@ k : wissen sie , ich glaube , dass es an@@ erken@@ nung gibt für die rolle der glück@@ s@@ forschung in der politik . +die an@@ erken@@ nung wird langsam sein in den vereinigten staaten , keine frage , aber im vereinigten köni@@ grei@@ ch passiert sie gerade und in anderen ländern passiert sie gerade . +die leute sind dabei , anzu@@ erkennen , dass sie an glück denken sollten , wenn sie an politik denken . +es wird eine weile dauern , und die leute werden disku@@ tieren , ob sie erleb@@ nis@@ -@@ glück erforschen wollen oder ob sie lebens@@ -@@ bewer@@ tung erforschen wollen , also müssen wir diese diskussion ziemlich bald führen . +wie man glück stei@@ gern kann geht sehr unterschie@@ dlich abhängig davon , wie sie denken und ob sie an das erinn@@ ern@@ de selbst denken oder ob sie an das er@@ leben@@ de selbst denken . +das wird politik beeinflussen , denke ich , in den kommen@@ den jahren . +in den vereinigten staaten str@@ en@@ gt man sich an , das erleb@@ nis@@ -@@ glück der bevölkerung zu messen . +das wird , denke ich , in den nächsten ein oder zwei jahrzehn@@ ten teil der nation@@ alen statisti@@ k sein . +nun , es scheint mir , dieses thema wird , oder sollte wenig@@ stens die interessan@@ teste politische debat@@ te zum verfolgen sein über die nächsten paar jahre . +vielen dank für die erfindung der verhaltens@@ ökonom@@ ie . +danke , dan@@ ny ka@@ h@@ ne@@ man . +ich bin jan@@ e mc@@ gon@@ ig@@ al . ich ent@@ wer@@ fe computer@@ spiele . +ich entwick@@ le jetzt seit 10 jahren online-@@ spiele . und mein ziel für das nächste jahrzehnt ist , es genauso leicht zu machen , die welt in der realität zu retten , wie sie in online-@@ spielen zu retten ist . +ich habe einen plan dafür . ich möchte mehr menschen überzeugen , ein@@ schließlich ihnen allen , mehr zeit mit dem spielen größ@@ erer und toll@@ erer spiele zu verbringen . +derzeit verbringen wir 3 milliarden stunden pro woche mit online-@@ spielen . +einige von ihnen denken vielleicht : " das ist eine ganze menge zeit für spiele . " +vielleicht etwas zu viel zeit , wenn man be@@ denkt wie viele probleme wir drin@@ gend in der re@@ alen welt zu lösen haben . +tatsächlich aber , meiner forschung am institu@@ t für die zukunft zu@@ folge , ist genau das gegenteil zu@@ tre@@ ff@@ end . +drei milliarden stunden pro woche sind nicht an@@ näher@@ n@@ d genug , um die drin@@ gend@@ sten probleme der welt zu lösen . +tatsächlich bin ich überzeugt , dass , wenn wir das nächste jahrhundert auf diesem planeten überleben wollen , wir diese zeit dra@@ stisch erhö@@ hen müssen . +ich habe berech@@ net , dass die benö@@ tigte zeit bei 21 milliarden stunden spiel@@ zeit pro woche liegt . +das erscheint zuerst vielleicht etwas ab@@ we@@ gi@@ g , also wieder@@ hole ich es , damit es wirken kann : wenn wir probleme wie hunger , armut , klimawandel , globale konfli@@ kte und fett@@ lei@@ bi@@ gkeit lösen wollen , glaube ich , müssen wir versuchen , spiele online für mindestens 21 milliarden stunden pro woche bis zum ende des nächsten jahrzehn@@ ts zu spielen . +nein , ich meine es wirklich ernst . +warum ? dieses bild beschrei@@ bt ziemlich genau , warum ich glaube , dass spiele so uner@@ lä@@ ss@@ lich für das überleben der menschlichen spezies in der zukunft sind . ernsthaf@@ t . +dies ist ein por@@ tr@@ ät des fotogra@@ fen phi@@ l to@@ le@@ dan@@ o . +er wollte die gefühle beim spielen ein@@ fangen . also hat er vor den spiel@@ ern eine kamera aufgebaut . +dies ist einer der klas@@ sischen aus@@ drü@@ cke beim spielen . +wenn sie kein spieler sind , ent@@ gehen ihnen vielleicht einige der nu@@ an@@ cen in diesem bild . +sie sehen wahrscheinlich dieses gesp@@ ü@@ r für dr@@ ing@@ lichkeit , etwas angst , aber auch äuß@@ erste konzent@@ ration , ganz ver@@ tie@@ ft in das lösen eines echt schwier@@ igen problems . +wenn sie auch spielen , sehen sie einige nu@@ an@@ cen hier , die nach oben ge@@ zo@@ genen augen und der mund sind ein zeichen von optimis@@ mus . die augen@@ br@@ auen zeigen überrasch@@ ung . +dies ist ein spieler , der am ran@@ de eines sogenan@@ nten ep@@ ischen sie@@ ges steht . +oh , sie kennen das . ok . pri@@ ma . also haben wir einige spieler hier . +ein ep@@ ischer sie@@ g ist ein ergebnis , das so über@@ aus posi@@ tiv ist , dass sie vorher gar nicht wussten , dass es überhaupt möglich war . +es war bein@@ ah jen@@ seits der vorstell@@ ungskraft . +und wenn sie es erreichen , sind sie scho@@ ck@@ iert , dass sie tatsächlich zu so etwas fähig sind . das ist ein ep@@ ischer sie@@ g . +dieser spieler steht kurz vor einem ep@@ ischen sie@@ g . +und dies ist es , was wir auf millionen gesi@@ chtern von proble@@ m@@ lö@@ s@@ ern auf der ganzen welt sehen müssen , wenn wir die h@@ ür@@ den des nächsten jahrhunderts in ang@@ riff nehmen . das gesicht derer , die ent@@ gegen aller wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten am ran@@ de eines ep@@ ischen sie@@ ges stehen . +t@@ ja , leider sehen wir eher dieses gesicht im echten leben , wenn wir schwier@@ igen problemen begeg@@ nen . +ich be@@ zeich@@ ne es als das " in leben bin ich schlecht " -@@ gesicht . und es ist tatsächlich mein gesicht , sehen sie ? ja ? ok . +das bin ich , wie ich das " in leben bin ich schlecht " -@@ gesicht mache . +dies ist ein gra@@ ff@@ iti in meiner ehe@@ mali@@ gen heim@@ at in ber@@ k@@ ele@@ y , kalifornien , wo ich in meiner dok@@ tor@@ arbeit untersu@@ chte warum wir in spielen besser sind als im echten leben . +das ist ein problem , das viele spieler haben . +wir denken , dass wir in der realität nicht so gut sind wie in spielen . +und ich meine nicht nur weniger erfolgreich , obwohl das dazu gehört . +wir erreichen in spiel@@ wel@@ ten mehr . ich meine gut im zusammenhang mit der motivation , etwas bedeu@@ ts@@ ames zu tun , inspiriert zur zusammenarbeit miteinander . +wenn wir in einer spiel@@ welt sind , glaube ich , dass viele von uns sich in unsere beste version verwandeln , je@@ derzeit und sofort hilfs@@ bereit sind , har@@ t@@ nä@@ ck@@ ig das problem zu lösen versuchen , so lange wie nötig , es nach dem fehl@@ schlag erneu@@ t probieren . +und in der realität , wenn wir versagen , wenn wir auf hinder@@ nisse stoßen , fühlen wir uns oft anders . +wir fühlen uns über@@ wäl@@ tigt . wir fühlen uns bes@@ ie@@ gt . wir fühlen uns bedro@@ ht , vielleicht de@@ pri@@ miert , fru@@ stri@@ ert oder zy@@ n@@ isch . +diese gefühle haben wir nie , wenn wir spiele spielen , in spielen gibt es sie einfach nicht . +und das ist es , was ich als dok@@ tor@@ and@@ in untersuchen wollte . +wieso ist es in spielen unmöglich , zu denken , man könnte nicht einfach alles erreichen ? +wie können wir diese gefühle aus den spielen in die realität übertragen ? +also schaute ich mir spiele wie world of war@@ craft an , das die ide@@ ale umgebung zum gemein@@ schaft@@ lichen proble@@ m@@ lösen bietet . +und ich habe einige dinge fest@@ gestellt , die ep@@ ische sie@@ ge in online-@@ wel@@ ten so möglich machen . +also , zuerst , wenn sie in eines dieser online-@@ spiele ein@@ steigen , vor allem bei world of war@@ craft , gibt es eine menge verschieden@@ er charak@@ tere , die bereit sind , ihnen eine wel@@ tre@@ tt@@ ende mission anzu@@ vertrauen , und zwar sofort . +aber nicht nur irgend@@ eine mission , sondern eine mission , die perfekt zu ihrem aktu@@ ellen level im spiel passt , richtig ? +also schaffen sie das . +sie bekommen niemals eine aufgabe , die sie nicht lösen können . +aber immer am rand ihrer fähigkeiten , also müssen sie sich an@@ str@@ en@@ gen . aber es gibt keine arbeits@@ lo@@ sigkeit in world of war@@ craft . +man sitzt nicht herum und dreht dä@@ um@@ chen . es gibt immer ganz ge@@ zi@@ elt etwas wichti@@ ges zu tun . +und es gibt h@@ auf@@ en@@ weise mitarbeiter . +wohin sie auch gehen , hunder@@ tt@@ aus@@ ende von leuten , die mit ihnen zusammen@@ arbeiten , um ihre ep@@ ische mission abzu@@ schließen . +das haben wir im wahren leben nicht so einfach , dieses gefühl , dass bei einem finger@@ schni@@ p@@ sen h@@ auf@@ en@@ weise mitarbeiter bereit stehen . +außerdem gibt es diese ep@@ ische geschichte , diese inspiri@@ erende geschichte , warum wir da sind und was wir zu tun haben . +dann kriegen wir dieses ganze positive feedback . +sie haben bestimmt von " level hoch " und " + 1 stärke " gehört oder " + 1 intelligenz " . +dieses kon@@ stan@@ te feedback gibt es nicht im wahren leben . +wenn ich diese bühne ver@@ lasse , habe ich nicht : + 1 sprechen und + 1 verrück@@ te idee , + 20 verrück@@ te idee . +ich be@@ komme im wahren leben dieses feedback nicht . +also , das problem der ko@@ oper@@ a@@ tion@@ s-@@ online-@@ wel@@ ten wie world of war@@ craft ist , dass es so be@@ frie@@ di@@ gend ist , je@@ derzeit am ran@@ de eines ep@@ ischen sie@@ ges zu stehen , dass wir lieber unsere ganze zeit in diesen spiel@@ wel@@ ten verbringen . +sie sind einfach besser als die realität . +bis heute haben alle world of war@@ cra@@ ft@@ -@@ spieler zusammen 5@@ ,@@ 9@@ 3 millionen jahre damit verbracht , die virtu@@ ellen probleme von a@@ zer@@ oth zu lösen . +das ist nicht unbedingt etwas schle@@ chtes . +es klingt vielleicht ü@@ bel . +aber um es mal im kontext zu sehen : vor 5@@ ,@@ 9@@ 3 millionen jahren begannen unsere ersten pri@@ ma@@ ten@@ vorfahren auf@@ recht zu gehen . +der erste aufre@@ chte pri@@ m@@ at also . +ok , also wenn wir darüber reden , wie viel zeit wir derzeit mit spielen verbringen , macht das nur sinn , wann man sich die zeit im hin@@ blick auf die größ@@ enor@@ dnung der menschlichen entwicklung vor augen hält , was außer@@ ord@@ entlich ist . +aber auch an@@ gebracht . denn es stellt sich heraus , dass wir , indem wir diese ganze zeit auf@@ s spielen verwenden , tatsächlich das verändern , wo@@ zu wir als menschen in der lage sind . +wir entwickeln uns zu gemein@@ schaft@@ lich den@@ ken@@ den , herz@@ lichen wesen . +das ist die wahrheit . daran glaube ich . +betrachten sie einmal diese interessante statisti@@ k , die kürzlich von einem forscher der car@@ ne@@ gie m@@ ell@@ on university veröffentlicht wurde : der durchschnittliche junge mensch von heute in einem land mit star@@ ker spiel@@ kultur ver@@ bringt 10.000 stunden mit online-@@ spielen bis zum 21. lebens@@ jahr . +also , 10.000 stunden ist eine äußerst interessante zahl , aus 2 gründen : +zuerst einmal , für kinder in den usa sind 10@@ .@@ 0@@ 80 stunden die genau@@ e gesam@@ tz@@ eit , die sie in der schule verbringen , von der 5@@ . klasse bis zum abschluss der high school - wenn man niemals fe@@ hlt . +also haben wir hier einen komple@@ tten par@@ all@@ el@@ bildungs@@ weg , auf dem junge menschen genauso lernen , was es bedeutet , ein guter spieler zu sein , wie alles andere , was sie in der schule lernen . +und vielleicht haben einige von ihnen das neue buch von mal@@ col@@ m gla@@ d@@ well , " über@@ flie@@ ger " , gelesen . +also kennen sie seine theorie des erfol@@ gs , die theorie des erfol@@ gs der 10.000 stunden . +sie basiert auf der großartigen forschung der kogni@@ tiv@@ wissenschaft , dass , wenn wir 10.000 stunden mit dem mü@@ h@@ samen studi@@ um eines belie@@ bi@@ gen them@@ as bis zum 21. lebens@@ jahr verbringen , werden wir zu mei@@ stern darin . +wir werden so gut darin , was auch immer zu tun , wie die bedeuten@@ d@@ sten menschen der welt . +also , was wir hier haben , ist eine komple@@ tte generation junger menschen , die mei@@ ster@@ -@@ spieler sind . +die große frage ist also : " wor@@ in genau sind spieler mei@@ ster@@ haft gut ? " +denn wenn wir das herausfinden könnten , hätten wir quasi vorher nie da gew@@ es@@ en@@ es menschliches potenzi@@ al zur verfügung . +so viele menschen haben wir derzeit in der welt , die mindestens eine stunde pro tag mit online-@@ spielen verbringen . +dies sind unsere mei@@ ster@@ -@@ spieler . 500 millionen menschen , die außergewöhn@@ lich gut in " etwas " sind . +und im nächsten jahrzehnt haben wir eine weitere milliarde spieler , die außergewöhn@@ lich gut in was auch immer sind . +falls sie es noch nicht gehört haben , +die spiel@@ ein@@ du@@ str@@ ie entwickelt kon@@ sol@@ en , die energie sparen und auf mobil@@ funk@@ ne@@ tzen arbeiten , statt dem brei@@ t@@ band@@ -@@ internet , damit spieler auf der ganzen welt , besonders in indien , china , brasili@@ en online spielen können . +man erwartet eine zusätz@@ liche milliarde spieler im nächsten jahrzehnt . +damit haben wir ins@@ gesam@@ t 1,@@ 5 milliarden spieler . +also habe ich angefangen , zu überlegen , was es ist , wor@@ in uns diese spiele zu mei@@ stern machen . +hier sind die 4 dinge die ich fand . als erstes : dr@@ ing@@ lich@@ keits@@ -@@ optimis@@ mus . +ok , stellen sie sich das wie extreme selbst@@ motivi@@ erung vor . +dr@@ ing@@ lich@@ keits@@ -@@ optimis@@ mus ist das verlangen , sofort etwas zu tun , eine h@@ ür@@ de zu mei@@ stern , zusammen mit dem glauben , dass wir eine be@@ grün@@ dete hoffnung auf erfolg haben . +spieler glauben immer daran , dass ein ep@@ ischer sie@@ g möglich ist , und dass es sich immer lo@@ hnt , es zu versuchen , und zwar gleich . +spieler sitzen nicht herum . +spieler sind meister im sp@@ innen di@@ chter sozi@@ aler ne@@ tze . +es gibt eine menge interessan@@ ter untersu@@ chungen , die zeigen , das wir leute mehr mögen , nachdem wir mit ihnen gespielt haben , selbst wenn sie uns ü@@ bel bes@@ ie@@ gt haben . +der grund dafür ist , dass es eine menge vertrauen er@@ fordert , mit jemandem ein spiel zu spielen . +wir vertrauen darauf , dass jemand zeit mit uns ver@@ bringt , dass die regeln einge@@ halten werden , dass wir das gleiche ziel haben und bis zum spiel@@ ende dabei bleiben . +also ermöglicht das zusammen@@ spielen das wachsen von bin@@ dungen , vertrauen und miteinander . +als folge davon bauen wir stär@@ k@@ ere soziale beziehungen auf . +glück@@ se@@ lige produk@@ tivität . fantastisch ! +wissen sie , es gibt einen grund , warum der durchschnitt@@ s-@@ word of war@@ cra@@ ft@@ -@@ spieler 22 stunden pro woche spielt , sozusagen als teil@@ zeit@@ job . +der grund ist , dass , wenn wir spielen , sind wir tatsächlich glück@@ licher dabei , hart zu arbeiten , als wenn wir uns ent@@ span@@ nen oder nichts tun . +wir wissen , dass wir als menschliche wesen opti@@ mal funktionieren , wenn wir har@@ te , bedeuten@@ de arbeit erle@@ digen . +und spieler sind immer bereit , hart zu arbeiten , wenn sie die richtige aufgabe erhalten . +und letztendlich , ep@@ ische bedeutung . +spieler lieben es , teil ehr@@ fur@@ cht gebie@@ ten@@ der mis@@ sionen planet@@ ar@@ er aus@@ ma@@ ße zu werden . +hier eine hinter@@ gr@@ un@@ din@@ forma@@ tion , um das ins rechte licht zu rücken . sie kennen bestimmt alle wikipedia , das größte wi@@ ki der welt . +das zwei@@ t@@ größte wi@@ ki der welt , mit fast 8@@ 0.000 ein@@ trä@@ gen ist das world of war@@ craft wi@@ ki . +fünf millionen menschen benutzen es jeden monat . +sie haben mehr informationen über world of war@@ craft im internet zusammenge@@ tragen als über irgend@@ ein anderes thema in jedem anderen wi@@ ki der welt . +sie erschaffen eine ep@@ ische geschichte . +sie erschaffen eine ep@@ ische quelle des wissen@@ s über die world of war@@ craft . +ok , das sind also vier super@@ kräfte , die zu einem einzigen ergebnis führen . spieler sind super@@ -@@ mäch@@ tige , hoff@@ nungs@@ volle individuen . +es sind menschen , die glauben , dass sie als einzelne die welt verändern können . +und das einzige problem ist , dass sie glauben , sie können die virtu@@ ellen wel@@ ten ändern , aber nicht die re@@ ale . +das ist das problem , das ich zu lösen versuche . +ed@@ ward ca@@ stron@@ o@@ va ist ein vol@@ ks@@ wissenschaftler . +seine arbeit ist geni@@ al . er untersucht , warum menschen so viel zeit , energie und geld in online-@@ wel@@ ten verbringen . +und er sagt : " wir werden zeugen von nicht weniger als einer massen@@ e@@ migra@@ tion in virtu@@ elle wel@@ ten und online-@@ spiel@@ umgeb@@ ungen . " +und das von einem ökon@@ om . also ist er log@@ isch . +und er sagt ... +nicht so wie ich ... ich entwick@@ le spiele , ich bin etwas über@@ schw@@ än@@ glich . +also er sagt , das er@@ gibt tatsächlich sinn , denn spieler können in online-@@ wel@@ ten mehr erreichen als im echten leben . +sie können in spielen stär@@ k@@ ere soziale bin@@ dungen k@@ nü@@ pfen als im echten leben . sie bekommen mehr rück@@ mel@@ dung und belo@@ hn@@ ungen in spielen als im echten leben . +also , er sagt , es ist derzeit vollkommen log@@ isch , dass spieler mehr zeit in der virtu@@ ellen welt als in der echten verbringen . +ich stimme erst mal zu , das ist log@@ isch . +aber es ist defini@@ tiv keine opti@@ mal@@ situation . +wir müssen anfangen , die echte welt in ein spiel zu verwandeln . +meine inspiration kommt von einem ereig@@ nis , das 2.@@ 500 jahre zurück@@ liegt . +es gibt diese anti@@ ken wür@@ fel , aus schaf@@ sk@@ nö@@ ch@@ eln . wissen sie ? +vor diesen fanta@@ stischen spi@@ ele@@ controll@@ ern gab es schaf@@ sk@@ nö@@ ch@@ el . +und das waren sozusagen die ersten von menschen entwickelten spiel@@ geräte . +und wenn sie mit den werken des alten g@@ rie@@ ch@@ ischen histor@@ i@@ kers her@@ od@@ ot@@ us vertraut sind , kennen sie vielleicht diese geschichte . die geschichte darüber , wie und warum spiele erfunden wurden . +laut her@@ od@@ ot@@ us wurden spiele , genauer wür@@ fel@@ spiele , im köni@@ grei@@ ch ly@@ di@@ en während einer hun@@ ger@@ s@@ not erfunden . +angeb@@ lich gab es eine solch große hun@@ ger@@ s@@ not , dass der köni@@ g von ly@@ di@@ en sich zu einer verrück@@ ten idee entsch@@ loss . +die menschen li@@ tten . die menschen kämp@@ ften . +es war eine extreme situation . man brauchte eine extreme lösung . +also er@@ fanden sie , laut her@@ od@@ ot@@ us , das wür@@ fel@@ spiel und verein@@ bar@@ ten eine nation@@ ale strategie . an einem tag würde man essen . am nächsten tag würde man spielen . +und sie würden so sehr in das wür@@ fel@@ spiel ver@@ tie@@ ft sein , da spiele so faszinier@@ end sind und uns mit be@@ frie@@ di@@ gender , glück@@ se@@ li@@ ger produk@@ tivität um@@ geben , dass sie vergessen würden , dass es nichts zu essen gab . +und dann , am nächsten tag würde man spielen . und am nächsten tag würde man essen . +und laut her@@ od@@ ot@@ us über@@ lebten sie so 18 jahre lang diese hun@@ ger@@ s@@ not , indem sie an einem tag a@@ ßen und am nächsten spiel@@ ten . +genauso , denke ich , setzen wir heute spiele ein . +wir setzen spiele ein , um dem leiden der echten welt zu ent@@ kommen . +wir setzen spiele ein , um allem zu ent@@ gehen , das in der echten welt nicht funktioniert , allem das im echten leben nicht be@@ frie@@ di@@ gend ist , und wir holen uns was wir brauchen aus den spielen . +aber das muss nicht das ende sein . +das ist das span@@ n@@ ende . +laut her@@ od@@ ot@@ us wurde nach 18 jahren die hun@@ ger@@ s@@ not nicht besser . also beschloss der köni@@ g , ein letztes wür@@ fel@@ spiel anzu@@ setzen . +sie teil@@ ten das köni@@ grei@@ ch in zwei häl@@ ften . +sie spiel@@ ten ein wür@@ fel@@ spiel und die sie@@ ger dur@@ ften zu einem ep@@ ischen ab@@ ent@@ euer auf@@ brechen . +sie ver@@ ließen ly@@ di@@ en und machten sich auf die suche nach einer neuen heim@@ at . sie ließen gerade so viele menschen zurück , wie es lebens@@ mittel zum überleben gab und su@@ chten mit dem rest nach einer gegend , in der sie ge@@ d@@ ei@@ hen konnten . +das klingt verrückt , oder ? +aber neu@@ e@@ ste dna-@@ beweise zeigen , dass die e@@ tr@@ us@@ ker , die später das rö@@ m@@ ische reich bil@@ deten , die gleiche dna wie die alten ly@@ di@@ er auf@@ weisen . +daher kamen wissenschaftler kürzlich zur auff@@ as@@ sung , dass her@@ od@@ ot@@ us ' verrück@@ te geschichte tatsächlich stimmt . +und ge@@ ologen fanden beweise einer globalen ab@@ kühl@@ ung , die fast 20 jahre dau@@ erte , was die hun@@ ger@@ s@@ not erklären könnte . +also könnte diese verrück@@ te geschichte stimmen . +vielleicht haben sie tatsächlich ihr volk durch spielen ger@@ et@@ tet , indem sie sich 18 jahre lang in spiele ge@@ flü@@ chtet haben und dann diese ein@@ geb@@ ung hatten und so viel über das miteinander spielen lern@@ ten , dass sie dadurch die gesamte zivilisation ger@@ et@@ tet haben . +also , das können wir auch . +wir spielen seit 199@@ 4 war@@ craft . +das war das erste strategi@@ es@@ p@@ iel in echtz@@ eit der world of war@@ cra@@ ft@@ -@@ serie . das war vor 16 jahren . +sie spiel@@ ten 18 jahre lang wür@@ fel@@ spiele , wir spielen seit 16 jahren war@@ craft . +ich behaup@@ te , wir sind bereit für unser eigenes ep@@ isches spiel . +also , sie schi@@ ckten die hälfte ihrer zivilisation auf die suche nach einer neuen welt . daher nehme ich meine 21 milliarden spiel@@ stunden pro woche . +wir sollten darin über@@ einkommen , dass die hälfte von uns eine stunde pro tag mit spielen ver@@ bringt , bis wir die probleme der echten welt gelöst haben . +ich weiß , sie werden fragen : " wie lösen wir probleme der echten welt in spielen ? " und genau dieser frage habe ich meine arbeit in den letzten jahren am institu@@ t für die zukunft gewi@@ d@@ met . +wir haben dieses ban@@ ner in unserem büro in pal@@ o al@@ to , es drückt aus wie wir die zukunft verstehen sollten . +wir wollen nicht versuchen , die zukunft vorher zu sagen . +was wir wollen , ist die zukunft zu schaffen . +wir wollen uns das best@@ mögliche ergebnis vorstellen . und dann menschen dazu er@@ mäch@@ tigen , diese vorstellung in die realität umzu@@ setzen . +wir stellen uns ep@@ ische sie@@ ge vor und geben menschen die möglichkeiten , sie zu erreichen . +ich zeige ihnen ganz kurz drei spiele , die ich entworfen habe , um zu versuchen , menschen ep@@ ische sie@@ ge in ihrer eigenen zukunft zu ver@@ schaffen . +das hier ist " welt ohne öl . " +das spiel ist von 2007 . +es ist ein online-@@ spiel , in dem sie eine öl@@ k@@ na@@ pp@@ heit über@@ winden müssen . +die öl@@ k@@ na@@ pp@@ heit ist erfunden , aber wir haben genü@@ gend online-@@ in@@ halte , damit es für sie reali@@ stisch wird und sie ihr e@@ chtes leben tatsächlich ohne öl leben . also , wenn sie sich zum spiel an@@ mel@@ den , sagen sie uns , wo sie wo@@ hnen . und dann erhalten sie nach@@ rich@@ ten@@ -@@ filme in echtz@@ eit , die ihnen zeigen , wie viel öl kostet , was es nicht gibt , wie nahrungs@@ versorgung beein@@ tr@@ äch@@ tigt ist , wie transport beein@@ tr@@ äch@@ tigt wird , ob schulen geschlossen sind , ob es auf@@ stände gibt . und sie müssen herausfinden , wie sie ihr e@@ chtes leben gestalten , wenn es wahr wäre . und wir bitten sie , darüber zu blog@@ gen , videos oder photos ein@@ zustellen . +wir haben dieses spiel mit 1.@@ 700 spiel@@ ern in 2007 ge@@ te@@ stet . und wir haben sie seitdem über die letzten drei jahre beglei@@ tet . +und ich kann ihnen sagen , es war eine veränder@@ nde erfahrung . +niemand möchte sein leben ändern , weil es gut für die umwelt ist oder weil wir es sollten . +aber wenn sie in einem ep@@ ischen ab@@ ent@@ euer sind und gesagt bekommen : " uns geht das öl aus . " +das ist ein faszinier@@ endes ab@@ ent@@ euer , auf das man geht . +finden sie heraus , wie sie überleben würden . die meisten unserer spieler haben die im spiel gel@@ ern@@ ten gewohn@@ heiten bei@@ behalten . +also haben wir uns für das nächste wel@@ tre@@ tt@@ ende spiel ein größ@@ eres , hö@@ her@@ es ziel ge@@ steckt als nur öl@@ k@@ na@@ pp@@ heit . +wir haben das spiel " super@@ stru@@ ct " am institu@@ t für die zukunft entwickelt . +aus@@ gan@@ g@@ spun@@ kt ist die berech@@ nung eines super@@ computers , dass die menschen nur noch 23 jahre auf dem planeten übrig haben . +dieser super@@ computer heißt " glob@@ ales aus@@ sterb@@ ungs@@ - sensi@@ bili@@ si@@ erungs@@ -@@ system " , natürlich . +den auf@@ ruf an spieler , sich anzu@@ mel@@ den , haben wir fast wie einen " jer@@ r@@ y-@@ bru@@ ck@@ hei@@ mer " -@@ film gestal@@ tet . +sie kennen jer@@ ry bru@@ ck@@ hei@@ mer@@ -@@ filme , wo es das " dre@@ am@@ -@@ team " gibt . sie haben den astron@@ au@@ ten , den wissenschaftler , den ex@@ -@@ str@@ ä@@ fl@@ ing und nur zusammen können sie die welt retten . +aber in unserem spiel , anstatt von nur 5 leuten , sagen wir , jeder ist im dre@@ am@@ -@@ team , und es ist unsere aufgabe , die zukunft für energie , nahrung , gesundheit , sicherheit und die zukunft der sozialen gerechtigkeit zu erschaffen . +8@@ .000 spieler spiel@@ ten das spiel 8 wochen lang . +sie fanden 500 unglaublich kre@@ ative lösungen , die sie nach@@ lesen können , wenn sie " super@@ stru@@ ct " goo@@ gl@@ en . +und das letzte spiel bringen wir am 3@@ . mär@@ z heraus . es ist ein spiel in zusammenarbeit mit der welt@@ bank . +wenn sie das spiel ab@@ schließen , erhalten sie von der welt@@ bank die aus@@ zeich@@ nung " sozi@@ aler um@@ gest@@ alter " , abschluss 2010 . +wir arbeiten mit universi@@ täten in ganz schwarz@@ afrika und laden sie ein , sozi@@ ales um@@ gestalten zu lernen . +wir haben ein com@@ ic dazu . wir haben " level hoch " für regi@@ on@@ ales verstehen , wissen@@ s@@ verne@@ tzung , nachhal@@ tigkeit , vision und ein@@ fall@@ s@@ rei@@ cht@@ um . +ich möchte sie alle ein@@ laden , dieses spiel mit jungen leuten zu teilen , überall auf der welt , vor allem in entwicklungs@@ gebieten , die davon profi@@ tieren , sich zusammen ihre eigenen sozialen unterneh@@ m@@ ungen vorzustellen , um die welt zu retten . +ich komme nun zum ende . +ich möchte sie etwas fragen . +was , glauben sie , passiert als nächstes ? +wir haben all diese fanta@@ stischen spieler , wir haben spiele , die uns zeigen , was wir tun können , aber wir haben die echte welt noch nicht ger@@ et@@ tet . +t@@ ja , ich hoffe , dass sie mir darin zu@@ stimmen , dass spieler menschliche ressourcen sind , die wir zur arbeit im echten leben einsetzen können , und dass spiele eine große bedeutung für veränderung haben . +wir haben diese ganzen super@@ kräfte , glück@@ se@@ lige produk@@ tivität , die fähigkeit , en@@ ge soziale ne@@ tze zu k@@ nü@@ pfen , dr@@ ing@@ lich@@ keits@@ -@@ optimis@@ mus und das verlangen nach ep@@ ischer bedeutung . +ich hoffe wirklich , dass wir zusammen bedeuten@@ de spiele spielen , um auf diesem planeten ein weiteres jahrhundert zu überleben . +und ich hoffe , sie werden mit mir solche spielen entwerfen und spielen . +wenn ich ins nächste jahrzehnt voraus@@ schaue , bin ich mir bei zwei dingen sicher : dass wir jede vorstell@@ bare zukunft erschaffen können , und dass wir alle möglichen spiele spielen können . +also sage ich , lasst die welt@@ veränder@@ nden spiele beginnen ! +dank@@ es@@ ch@@ ö@@ n . +ich würde ihnen gerne etwas erzählen , was mir vor ein paar monaten beim schreiben eines arti@@ k@@ els für itali@@ an wired aufge@@ fallen ist . +ich habe beim schreiben immer mein syn@@ ony@@ m-@@ wör@@ ter@@ buch gri@@ ff@@ bereit , aber ich war mit dem be@@ arbeiten des tex@@ tes schon fertig , und mir fiel auf , dass ich noch nie in meinem leben nach@@ geschlagen habe , was das wort " behinder@@ t " wirklich bedeutet . +ich l@@ ese ihnen den ein@@ trag vor . +" behinder@@ t " , ad@@ je@@ ktiv : " ver@@ kr@@ ü@@ pp@@ elt , hil@@ flo@@ s , nutz@@ los , zerstört , abge@@ storben , ver@@ stü@@ mm@@ elt , ver@@ w@@ un@@ det , zu@@ geri@@ chtet , la@@ h@@ m , abge@@ trennt ver@@ wahr@@ lost , ausge@@ dient , gesch@@ wä@@ cht , im@@ po@@ tent , ka@@ stri@@ ert , gel@@ ä@@ hmt , ge@@ han@@ di@@ cap@@ t sen@@ il , alter@@ s@@ schwa@@ ch , aus dem verkehr gezogen , nach@@ ge@@ bess@@ ert , erle@@ digt , kapu@@ tt geb@@ or@@ sten , ausge@@ zä@@ hlt , sie@@ he auch ver@@ letzt , nutz@@ los und schwa@@ ch . +ant@@ ony@@ me : gesund , stark , leistungs@@ fähig . " +ich habe diese liste einem freund laut vor@@ gelesen und musste erst@@ mal lachen , es wirk@@ te so läch@@ er@@ lich , aber ich kam nur bis " zu@@ geri@@ chtet " und konnte nicht mehr weiter@@ sprechen , und musste aufhören zu lesen und mich erst@@ mal sammeln nach dieser über@@ fall@@ arti@@ gen wor@@ t@@ flu@@ t und dem damit verb@@ un@@ den@@ den emotion@@ alen scho@@ ck . +natürlich war das ein ausge@@ fran@@ stes , al@@ tes syn@@ ony@@ m-@@ wör@@ ter@@ buch . ich hab mir einfach gedacht , dass die aus@@ gabe schon ziemlich alt sein muss . +aber tatsächlich war es eine aus@@ gabe auf den frühen 8@@ 0ern , als ich gerade mit der grund@@ schule an@@ fing und damit begann , mein selbst@@ bild außerhalb meines famili@@ ären um@@ fel@@ ds aufzubauen und zu formen , auch in bezug auf andere kinder und zur übri@@ gen welt um mich herum . +und gott sei dank habe ich damals kein syn@@ ony@@ m-@@ wör@@ ter@@ buch benutzt . +würde ich diesen ein@@ trag ernst nehmen wäre ich in eine welt geboren , die jemand wie mich als eine person wahr@@ nehmen würde , deren leben in k@@ ein@@ ster weise posi@@ tiv verl@@ aufen kann . heute aber werde ich für die chan@@ cen und ab@@ ent@@ euer , die ich erlebt habe , ge@@ fei@@ ert . +also hab ich mir sofort die online-@@ aus@@ gabe von 2009 auf@@ geru@@ fen und erwartet , dass ich hier einen an@@ spre@@ chen@@ deren bei@@ trag finde . +hier ist die aktu@@ alisi@@ erte version dieses ein@@ tra@@ gs . +du@@ m@@ mer@@ weise ist sie nicht viel besser . +insbesondere er@@ schü@@ ttern mich die letzten beiden wörter unter " near ant@@ ony@@ ms " " ganz " und " gesund " . +aber es geht nicht nur um die wörter . +es geht darum , was wir über die menschen denken , die wir mit diesen wör@@ tern beschreiben . +es geht um die werte , die in diesen worten stecken , und wie wir diese werte konstru@@ ieren . +unsere sprache beeinflusst unser denken und wie wir die welt und die menschen um uns herum sehen . +viele alter@@ tü@@ m@@ liche gesellschaften , ein@@ schließlich die der g@@ rie@@ chen und der rö@@ mer , haben wirklich ge@@ glaubt , dass die aus@@ sprache eines flu@@ chs eine große kraft hat , weil das , was man laut aus@@ spricht , sich auch mani@@ festi@@ eren kann . +also , was wollen wir eigentlich mani@@ festi@@ eren – einen behinder@@ ten menschen oder einen kraft@@ vollen menschen ? +allein schon einen menschen acht@@ los als kind zu be@@ zeichnen , könnte aus@@ reichen , sie einzu@@ schrän@@ ken und ihnen vorstellungen über@@ zu@@ stü@@ l@@ pen . +wäre es nicht schö@@ ner , ihnen tür@@ en zu öffnen ? +ein mensch , der für mich tür@@ en ge@@ öffnet hat , war mein kinder@@ arzt am a@@ .@@ i@@ . du@@ po@@ nt institu@@ t in wil@@ m@@ ing@@ ton in del@@ aware . +er heißt dr. pi@@ z@@ zu@@ ti@@ ll@@ o . ein it@@ al@@ o-@@ amerikaner , dessen name , wie sie sich denken können , die meisten amerikaner nicht korre@@ kt aus@@ sprechen konnten . also wurde er immer dr. p@@ . genannt . +und dr. p@@ . trug immer sehr bun@@ te fliegen und war für die arbeit mit kindern einfach wie geschaffen . +ich fand die zeit , die ich in diesem krankenhaus verbracht habe , einfach toll – bis auf meine physi@@ o@@ therapie . +ich musste einzelne üb@@ ungen schein@@ bar un@@ endlich oft wieder@@ holen mit diesen di@@ cken , el@@ ast@@ ischen b@@ ändern -- in verschiedenen farben -- das kennen sie , um meine bein@@ -@@ mus@@ keln aufzubauen . und ich habe diese b@@ än@@ der mehr ge@@ has@@ st als alles andere . ich hab sie ge@@ has@@ st . ich habe sie ver@@ flu@@ cht . ich hab sie ge@@ has@@ st . +und stellen sie sich vor , ich hab sogar schon als fünf@@ jähri@@ ges kind mit dr. p@@ . ver@@ handelt und so versucht , diese üb@@ ungen zu stopp@@ en , natür@@ l@@ lich ohne erfolg . +und eines tages hat er mich bei einer meiner üb@@ ungen beobachtet -- diese üb@@ ungen waren einfach er@@ mü@@ den@@ d und g@@ na@@ den@@ los -- und er sagte zu mir , " wow , ai@@ mee , du bist so ein star@@ kes , kraft@@ voll@@ es und jung@@ es mädchen , du wirst eines tages eines dieser b@@ än@@ der zer@@ rei@@ ßen . +und wenn du es schaff@@ st , gebe ich dir hundert dollar . " +das war natürlich nur ein einfacher trick von dr. p@@ . , damit ich die üb@@ ungen mache , die ich nicht machen wollte , mit der aus@@ sicht , dass reich@@ ste fünf@@ jährige mädchen in der kranken@@ station im zweiten stock zu werden . aber er hat mich tatsächlich dazu gebracht , meinen tä@@ glichen üb@@ ungs@@ -@@ hor@@ ror mit neuen augen zu sehen . so wurde daraus ein neues und viel@@ ver@@ spre@@ chen@@ des erleb@@ nis . +und ich frage mich heute , wie sehr seine vision von mir als star@@ kes und kraft@@ voll@@ es jung@@ es mädchen mein selbst@@ bild ge@@ for@@ mt hat und ich mir so vorstellen konnte , mich als einen von natur aus star@@ ken , kraft@@ vollen und at@@ le@@ th@@ ischen mensch zu sehen . +das ist nur ein beispiel von vielen , wie erwachsene in ma@@ cht@@ posi@@ tionen die vorstell@@ ungskraft eines kin@@ des an@@ regen können . +aber wie die bereits zi@@ ti@@ erten beispiele aus den syn@@ ony@@ m-@@ wör@@ ter@@ büchern beweisen , lässt uns unsere sprache keinen raum , sich etwas vorzustellen , was wir uns alle wün@@ schen würden : es jedem einzelnen zu ermöglichen , sich selbst als kraft@@ vollen menschen zu sehen . +unsere sprache hin@@ kt den gesellschaft@@ lichen veränderungen hinter@@ her , die in vielen fällen durch einen technolog@@ ischen wandel aus@@ gelöst wurden . +vom medizin@@ ischen stand@@ punkt aus betrachtet kann man natürlich sagen , dass meine beine , die las@@ er-@@ chirur@@ gie für seh@@ behinder@@ ungen , k@@ nie@@ gelen@@ ke aus ti@@ tan und künst@@ liche hü@@ ft@@ gelen@@ ke für alter@@ nde körper , die es menschen erlauben , wirklich alle ihre möglichkeiten zu nutzen und sich über die grenzen , die ihnen ihr natür@@ liches schick@@ sal gesetzt hat , hinaus zu entwickeln , gar nicht zu sprechen von social net@@ working platt@@ formen , menschen ermöglichen sich eine eigene identität geben , sich auf eigene art und weise definieren , und sich damit weltweit an zu gruppen orienti@@ eren , die sie sich selbst aus@@ suchen . +vielleicht ver@@ deut@@ licht also dieser technolog@@ ische wandel klar@@ er denn je , dass es schon immer eine andere wahrheit gab , nämlich , dass jeder mensch der gesellschaft etwas ganz besonder@@ ess und sehr kraft@@ voll@@ es geben kann und dass die menschliche fähigkeit , sich anzu@@ passen , unser größ@@ tes plus ist . +die menschliche fähigkeit sich anzu@@ passen - das ist eine interessante geschichte , weil menschen mich immer wieder darum bitten zu erzählen , wie ich mit wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten um@@ gehe und ich werde ihnen etwas ge@@ stehen : dieser satz hat für mich nie ge@@ passt und ich hab mich immer sehr un@@ wohl damit gefü@@ hlt , die fragen von menschen dazu zu beantworten , und ich glaube , all@@ mä@@ h@@ lich verste@@ he ich , warum . +dieser satz vom um@@ gang mit wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten lebt von der idee , dass erfolg oder glück davon abhän@@ gt , eine herausforderung zu mei@@ stern , ohne von dem damit verb@@ un@@ denen erleb@@ nis ge@@ prä@@ gt zu werden . als ob mein leben so erfolgreich verl@@ aufen wäre , weil ich den möglichen fallen eines lebens mit einer pro@@ these aus@@ wei@@ chen konnte , oder wie auch immer menschen mich mit meiner behinder@@ ung wahr@@ nehmen . +aber die wahrheit ist , dass wir uns verändern . natürlich sind wir von der herausforderung ge@@ prä@@ gt , egal ob sie phy@@ s@@ isch , emotional oder sogar bei@@ des ist +und ich behaup@@ te , dass das gut ist . +wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten sind kein hinder@@ nis , das wir um@@ kur@@ ven müssen , um mit unserem leben besser klar zu kommen . +wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten gehören einfach zu unserem leben . +und ich nei@@ ge dazu , wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten als meinen sch@@ atten zu sehen . +manchmal mer@@ ke ich , dass er sehr prä@@ sent ist , manchmal ist er kaum zu sehen , aber er ist ständig bei mir . +und ich will damit k@@ ein@@ es@@ falls die aus@@ wirkung b@@ zw@@ . die sch@@ were des kam@@ pf@@ s eines menschen her@@ ab@@ setzen . +es gibt im leben wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten und herausforderungen , und die sind nur all@@ l@@ zu real und jede person geht damit anders um . aber die frage lautet nicht , ob wir mit wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten klar kommen oder nicht , sondern wie wir damit klar kommen . +wir sind also nicht nur dafür verantwortlich , die menschen die wir lieben , vor schick@@ sal@@ s@@ schlä@@ gen zu be@@ wahren , sondern sie auch darauf vorzu@@ berei@@ ten , gut damit klar zu kommen . +und wir er@@ weisen unseren kindern keinen gefallen , wenn wir ihnen das gefühl geben , dass sie sich nicht an@@ passen können . +man muss zwei dinge klar tren@@ nen : zum einen die medizinische tatsache , am@@ pu@@ tiert zu sein und zum anderen die gesellschaft@@ liche meinung darüber , ob ich behinder@@ t bin oder nicht . +und um ehrlich zu sein , die einzige wirkliche und blei@@ bende behinder@@ ung , mit der ich mich aus@@ einander setzen musste , ist , dass die welt ständig mein@@ t , sie kön@@ ne mich mit diesen defini@@ tionen beschreiben . +in unserem wunsch , die menschen zu schützen , die uns am herzen liegen und ihnen die kal@@ te , har@@ te wahrheit über ihre medizinische pro@@ g@@ nose mit@@ zu@@ teilen oder sogar eine pro@@ g@@ nose zur lebens@@ qualität zu stellen , die sie erwartet , müssen wir auf@@ passen , dass wir nicht den grund@@ stein dafür legen , dass jemand tatsächlich behinder@@ t ist . +vielleicht ist das moment@@ an@@ e konzept , das nur darauf ach@@ tet , was in einem kapu@@ tt ist , und wie wir das repar@@ ieren , für jeden einzelnen eine größere behinder@@ ung als die path@@ ologie an sich . +wenn wir einen menschen nicht gan@@ zhei@@ tlich behandeln , und nicht all seine kräfte und möglichkeiten wahr@@ nehmen und an@@ erkennen , schaffen wir zusä@@ tzlich zu dem natürlichen kampf , den sie vielleicht führen müssen , eine weitere krankheit . +wir de@@ gra@@ dieren einen menschen , der für unsere gesellschaft einen wert hat . +also müssen wir über die pat@@ ologie hinaus schauen und uns auf alle bereich der menschlichen möglichkeiten konzentrieren . +am aller@@ wichtigsten aber ist , dass es zwischen der wahrnehmung unserer un@@ zu@@ län@@ g@@ lichkeiten und unserem großartigen erfin@@ der@@ geist , eine verbindung gibt . +wir sollten diese herausforder@@ nden zeiten nicht ab@@ werten oder ver@@ leu@@ g@@ nen , wir sollten weder versuchen , sie zu vermeiden , noch sollten wir sie unter den te@@ pp@@ ich kehren , sondern es geht darum , in den wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten chan@@ cen zu erkennen . +es geht mir vielleicht eher darum , klar zu stellen , dass wir wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten nicht unbedingt über@@ winden müssen , sondern dass wir dafür offen sind , sie zum um@@ armen , sie am sch@@ op@@ f zu pac@@ ken um auch mal einen kam@@ pf@@ -@@ ausdruck zu verwenden und vielleicht sogar damit zu tan@@ zen . +und vielleicht schaffen wir es , wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten als etwas natür@@ liches , stim@@ mi@@ ges und nütz@@ liches zu sehen und fühlen uns so durch ihre präsen@@ z nicht mehr so bel@@ a@@ stet . +in diesem jahr fei@@ ern wir den 200 . geburt@@ stag von charles darwin und als er vor 150 jahren über evolution geschrieben hat , hat darwin , in meinen augen , auf etwas sehr wahr@@ es im menschlichen charakter hin@@ gewi@@ esen . +ich würde es so um@@ schreiben : nicht der stär@@ k@@ ste seiner art über@@ lebt , und auch nicht der intelli@@ gent@@ e@@ ste seiner art , sondern der , der sich veränderungen am besten an@@ passen kann . +aus konfli@@ kten entsteht kreativität . +nicht nur aus dar@@ w@@ ins werk wissen wir , dass die fähigkeit des menschen , zu überleben und aufzu@@ blü@@ hen , vom kampf des menschlichen gei@@ stes bestimmt ist , sich durch konfli@@ kte zu wand@@ eln . +also , no@@ ch@@ mals , wandel und anpas@@ sung sind die großarti@@ gsten fähigkeiten des menschen . +und vielleicht wissen wir erst , aus welchem holz wir gesch@@ ni@@ tzt sind , wenn wir wirklich ge@@ prü@@ ft werden . +möglicherweise ist genau das der sinn von wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten , eine wahrnehmung des i@@ chs , ein gefühl für unsere eigene kraft . +wir können uns so selbst etwas schen@@ ken . +wir können wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten eine neue bedeutung geben , die über sch@@ were zeiten hinaus geht . +vielleicht können wir wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten als veränderung sehen . +wi@@ dri@@ gkeiten stehen für eine veränderung , an die wir uns noch nicht ange@@ passt haben . +ich glaube , den größten schaden , den wir uns selbst zu@@ gefü@@ gt haben , ist zu glauben , dass wir normal sein sollen . +mal ehrlich - wer ist normal ? +es gibt kein normal . +es gibt das üb@@ liche . das typ@@ ische . aber nicht das normale . und würden sie diese arme , grau@@ e person wirklich kennen lernen wollen , wenn es sie wirklich gäbe ? +ich denke , eher nicht . +es wäre toll , wenn wir dieses denk@@ muster der normal@@ ität gegen ein anderes der möglichkeiten oder der stärke , um es sogar noch ein bisschen gefähr@@ licher zu for@@ mu@@ lieren , au@@ stau@@ schen könnten . so können wir die kräfte von sehr vielen kindern frei@@ setzen , und sie dazu ein@@ laden , ihre ganz besonder@@ en und wert@@ vollen fähigkeiten in die gesellschaft einzu@@ bringen . +anthro@@ pol@@ gen haben heraus gefunden , dass wir menschen von den mitg@@ lie@@ dern unserer gesellschaft immer eines ge@@ fordert haben : nützlich zu sein und einen bei@@ trag zu leisten . +es gibt hin@@ weise darauf , dass schon die ne@@ ander@@ tal@@ er vor 6@@ 0.000 jahren äl@@ tere menschen und menschen mit schwer@@ en körper@@ lichen verletz@@ ungen mit ge@@ tragen haben und das geschah vielleicht , weil die lebenser@@ fahr@@ ung im über@@ leben@@ sk@@ am@@ pf dieser menschen für die gesellschaft wert@@ voll war : +sie haben diese menschen nicht als kapu@@ tt und nutz@@ los betrachtet ; sie wurden als etwas besonder@@ es und wert@@ voll@@ es behandelt . +vor ein paar jahren ging ich in der stadt , in der ich aufge@@ wachsen war , in einen lebens@@ mittel@@ markt in jen@@ er " red zone " im nor@@ do@@ sten von pen@@ n@@ syl@@ v@@ ania , und ich stand da vor einem sch@@ eff@@ el to@@ ma@@ ten . +es war sommer und ich hatte shor@@ ts an . +und ich höre , wie ein typ hinter mir sagt , " na wenn das nicht ai@@ mee mul@@ lin@@ s ist . " +und ich dre@@ h mich um und sehe diesen äl@@ teren mann . ich hatte keine ahnung wer er ist . +und ich mein@@ te " entschul@@ digung , sir , kennen wir uns ? ich kann mich nicht an sie erinnern . " +und er sagte : " nun ja , sie dür@@ ften sich kaum an mich erinnern . +als ich sie zum ersten mal sah , hab ich sie aus dem b@@ auch ihrer mutter ge@@ holt . " +oh , also der . +und natürlich hat es dann aber kli@@ ck gemacht . +das war dr. ke@@ an , ein mann , den ich nur aus erzähl@@ ungen meiner mutter über diesen tag kan@@ nte , weil ich natürlich , ganz typ@@ isch , zu meinem geburt@@ stag zwei wochen zu sp@@ ät kam . +der arzt für pr@@ än@@ at@@ ale diagno@@ sti@@ k meiner mutter war im ur@@ lau@@ b , und so kan@@ nten meine eltern den mann , der mich zur welt brachte , überhaupt nicht . +und weil ich ohne wa@@ den@@ beine geboren wurde , und meine fü@@ ße sich nach ihnen geri@@ chtet hatten und ich nur ein paar ze@@ hen an diesem und ein paar ze@@ hen am anderen fuß hatte war er der über@@ br@@ inger , dieser frem@@ de musste die schlechten nachrichten über@@ bringen . +er sagte zu mir : " ich musste deinen eltern sagen , dass du nie laufen wür@@ dest , und nie so bewe@@ glich sein wür@@ dest wie andere kinder oder dass du nie ein unabhängi@@ ges leben führen kön@@ n@@ test , und seitdem haben sie mich einfach lü@@ gen ge@@ stra@@ ft . " +wirklich außergewöhn@@ lich fand ich , dass er zeit@@ ungs@@ aus@@ schni@@ tte meiner gesamten kindheit gesam@@ melt hat , egal , ob ich bei einem buchstab@@ ier@@ -@@ wettbewerb in der zweiten klasse gewonnen hatte , ob ich mit den p@@ fa@@ d@@ fin@@ dern bei der par@@ ade zu hal@@ lo@@ ween unter@@ wegs war , egal , ob ich mein sti@@ pen@@ dium oder einer meiner s@@ port@@ lichen sie@@ ge er@@ r@@ ungen hatte , und er verwen@@ dete diese aus@@ schni@@ tte , um seine studenten zu unterrichten , medizin@@ -@@ studenten aus der ha@@ h@@ ne@@ mann medical school und der her@@ s@@ hey medical school . +und er nannte diesen teil seines kur@@ ses den x faktor , das potenzi@@ al des menschlichen will@@ ens . +man kann einfach nicht genug bet@@ onen , wie entscheiden@@ d dieser faktor für die lebens@@ qualität eines menschen sein kann . +und dr. ke@@ an erzählte weiter , er sagte : " ich habe gelernt , dass kinder , wenn sie nicht ständig etwas anderes gesagt bekommen , und auch wenn sie nur ein bisschen unterstützung bekommen , wenn man kinder sich selbst über@@ lässt , dann können kinder sehr viel erreichen . " +sehen sie , dr. ke@@ an hat sein denken verändert . +er hatte verstanden , dass die medizinische diagno@@ se , und wie jemand damit um@@ geht , zwei unterschiedliche dinge sind . +und auch ich hab mein denken im lauf der zeit geändert , wenn sie mich im alter von 15 jahren gefragt hätten , ob ich meine pro@@ th@@ esen gegen beine aus fleisch und knochen ge@@ tau@@ scht hätte , dann hätte ich keine sekunde ge@@ zö@@ g@@ ert . +ich wollte damals unbedingt normal wirken . +wenn sie mich das heute fragen , bin ich mir nicht so sicher . +und das ist passiert , weil ich etwas mit meinen b@@ einen erlebt habe und nicht trotz dieser erleb@@ nisse . +und vielleicht konnte dieser wandel auch passieren , weil ich so vielen menschen begeg@@ net bin , die mir tür@@ en ge@@ öffnet haben , anstatt menschen zu begeg@@ nen , die mich ein@@ schrän@@ ken oder mir eine vorstellung über@@ stü@@ l@@ pen wollten . +sehen sie , es braucht wirklich nur einen menschen , der ihnen demon@@ stri@@ ert , wie sie ihre kräfte mani@@ festi@@ eren können , und sie sind durch . +wenn sie es jemandem ermöglichen , seine eigenen , inneren kräfte zu aktivi@@ eren , – der menschliche geist ist so emp@@ fan@@ gs@@ bereit – wenn sie das schaffen , und für jemanden in einem entscheiden@@ den moment eine tür öffnen , dann sind sie für diese menschen ein sehr guter lehrer . +sie bringen ihnen bei , sich selbst tür@@ en zu öffnen . +die eigent@@ liche bedeutung des wor@@ ts " educ@@ ate " wurz@@ elt in dem wort " edu@@ ce " . +es bedeutet , etwas hervor@@ zubringen , dass in einem ist , das potenzi@@ al herauszu@@ kit@@ z@@ eln . +no@@ ch@@ mals : welches potenzi@@ al möchten wir denn nun ab@@ rufen ? +in den 6@@ 0er jahren wurde in großbritannien eine fall@@ studie durchgeführt . damals wurden gy@@ m@@ n@@ asien in gesam@@ t@@ schulen um@@ gewand@@ elt . +sie nennen das dort " stre@@ aming trials " in den usa be@@ zeichnen wir das als " tracking " . +die schüler werden nach noten aufge@@ teilt . +und die a schüler werden mü@@ n@@ dlich schwer@@ er ge@@ prü@@ ft , bekommen die besseren lehrer us@@ w . +sie haben dann über einen drei@@ mon@@ a@@ tigen zei@@ traum schü@@ lern mit einem " aus@@ reich@@ end " die note " sehr gut " gegeben . es wurde ihnen gesagt , sie seien asse , dass sie sehr schla@@ u wären . und nach diesen drei monaten haben sie wirklich ein@@ ser geschrieben . +und natürlich zer@@ bri@@ cht es einem das herz zu hören , dass umge@@ kehrt den ein@@ ser@@ -@@ schü@@ lern gesagt wurde , sie seien nur aus@@ reich@@ end . +und genauso war es dann nach den drei monaten auch . +aber nur jene , die immer noch in der schule waren – ab@@ gesehen von den schü@@ lern , die die schule gesch@@ mis@@ sen hatten . +ganz entscheiden@@ d bei dieser studie war , dass die lehrer nicht einge@@ wei@@ ht waren . +die lehrer wussten nicht , dass etwas geändert wurde . +ihnen wurde einfach gesagt , dass seien die ein@@ ser@@ -@@ schüler und dass sind die schüler mit der note aus@@ reich@@ end . und genauso haben sie ihnen etwas bei@@ gebracht und sie behandelt . +die einzige wirkliche behinder@@ ung ist ein gebro@@ chen@@ er geist ein geist , der gebro@@ chen wurde , hat keine hoffnung mehr . er findet nichts mehr schön@@ . ihm fe@@ hlt unsere natürliche , kind@@ liche neugi@@ er@@ . und unsere angeb@@ or@@ ene fähigkeit der imagination . +wenn wir es aber schaffen , den menschlichen geist dabei zu unterstützen , weiterhin zu hoffen , sich selbst und andere menschen um sich herum schön zu finden , neugi@@ er@@ ig und ph@@ ant@@ as@@ ie@@ voll zu sein dann setzen wir unsere kräfte wirklich posi@@ tiv ein . +wenn ein geist über diese qu@@ al@@ itäten verfü@@ gt , können wir eine neue wirklichkeit und neue das@@ ein@@ s@@ formen schaffen . +ich möchte mit einem ge@@ dicht enden , das von einem pers@@ ischen poe@@ ten namens ha@@ fi@@ z im 14@@ . jahrhundert ver@@ fasst wurde und von dem mir mein freund jac@@ ques dem@@ bo@@ is erzählt hat . und das ge@@ dicht heißt " der gott , der nur vier worte kennt . " " jedes kind kennt gott , nicht den gott der namen , nicht den gott der ver@@ bo@@ te , sondern den gott , der nur vier worte kennt und diese ständig wieder@@ holt , er sagt immer nur : kom@@ m , tanz mit mir . " +kom@@ m , tanz mit mir . vielen dank . +wie würden sie besser sein wollen , als sie momentan sind ? +angenommen , ich sagte dass , durch wenige veränderungen ihrer gene , ein besser@@ es ge@@ däch@@ tnis haben könnten -- prä@@ z@@ is@@ er , genauer und schneller . +oder möchten sie fit@@ ter , stärker sein , mehr kraft haben . +möchten sie attra@@ kti@@ ver und selbst@@ bewus@@ ster werden ? +wie wäre es , länger bei guter gesundheit zu leben ? +oder vielleicht sind sie einer von denen die sich schon immer nach mehr kreativität se@@ hn@@ ten . +welches würden sie am meisten gefallen ? +welches würden sie gerne haben wollen , wenn sie nur eines haben könnte ? +kreativität . +wie viele leute würden kreativität wählen ? +heben sie ihre hände . lassen sie mich sehen . +ein paar . wahrscheinlich etwa so viele wie es kre@@ ative leute hier gibt . +das ist sehr gut . +wie viele würden sich für ein gutes ge@@ däch@@ tnis entscheiden ? +schon ein paar mehr . +wie wäre es mit fit@@ ness ? +ein paar weniger . +was ist mit lang@@ le@@ bi@@ gkeit ? +ah , die mehr@@ heit . das l@@ sehe ich gerne , als arzt . +wenn sie nur eins davon haben könnten , wäre es eine ganz andere welt . +ist das alles nur ein@@ bildung ? +oder ist es vielleicht möglich ? +die evolution ist ein and@@ au@@ ern@@ des thema hier auf der ted-@@ konferenz gewesen , aber heute möchte ich ihnen die ansicht eines ar@@ z@@ tes zu dem thema geben . +das große gene@@ tiker im 20. jahrhundert , t@@ .@@ g@@ . do@@ b@@ z@@ han@@ sky , der auch ein kommuni@@ k@@ ant in der rus@@ sischen or@@ tho@@ do@@ x@@ en kirche war , schrieb einmal einen auf@@ satz , mit dem titel " nichts in der biologie macht keine sinn außer im li@@ chte der evolution . " +nun , wenn sie einer von denen sind , die nicht den beweis für die biolog@@ ische evolution akzeptieren , dies wäre ein sehr guter zeitpunkt , ihr hör@@ gerät auszu@@ schalten , nehmen sie ihre persönlichen kommuni@@ ka@@ tions@@ gerät - ich gebe ihnen die erlaub@@ nis - und vielleicht können sie noch einen blick auf ka@@ thr@@ yn schul@@ tz ' buch werfen , das darum handelt sich zu ir@@ ren , denn nichts im weiteren verl@@ auf dieser rede wird irgend@@ einen sinn für sie machen . +aber wenn sie biolog@@ ischen evolution akzeptieren , bedenken sie folgendes : ist es nur über die vergangenheit , oder geht es auch um die zukunft ? +ist es für andere gel@@ tend oder betrifft es auch uns ? +dies ist ein weiter@@ er blick auf den baum des lebens . +in diesem bild , ich habe einen bus@@ ch als ein zentrum der verzwei@@ g@@ ungen in alle richtungen gelegt , denn wenn man sich die r@@ ändern des baum des lebens an@@ schaut , alle existi@@ erenden spezi@@ en an den spit@@ zen dieser zwei@@ ge haben in evolution@@ ären begri@@ ffen erfolg gehabt : sie haben über@@ lebt ; es hat seiner umgebung fit@@ ness und stärke demon@@ stri@@ ert . +der menschliche teil dieses bu@@ sches , weit am ende , ist natürlich das , wor@@ an wir am meisten interessiert sind . +wir zwei@@ gen von einem gemein@@ samen vorfahren zu modernen schimpansen vor ungefähr sechs oder acht millionen jahren . +in diesem zei@@ traum , gab es vielleicht 20 oder 25 verschiedene spezi@@ en von hom@@ ini@@ den . +einige sind gekommen und gegangen . +wir sind für rund 13@@ 0.000 jahren hier gewesen . +es scheint , als wären wir recht ab@@ gele@@ gen von den anderen teilen des bau@@ mes des lebens , aber eigentlich zum größten teil , sind die grundle@@ genden mechanis@@ men unsere zellen ziemlich gleich . +ist ihnen klar , dass wir daraus nutzen ziehen können und die mechanis@@ men eines gemein@@ samen bakteri@@ um requi@@ ri@@ eren können um das protein des menschlichen insu@@ lin@@ s zu produzieren , welches verwendet wird um diab@@ e@@ tiker zu behandeln ? +dies ist nicht wie human@@ insu@@ lin ; dies ist das gleiche protein das ist chem@@ isch un@@ unterschei@@ d@@ bar von dem , was aus der bau@@ ch@@ spei@@ ch@@ el@@ drü@@ se kommt . +und wobei wir schon über bakterien sprechen , ist ihnen bewusst , dass jeder von uns in unserem dar@@ m mehr bakterien als es zellen im rest unseres körpers führt ? +vielleicht 10 mal so@@ viele . +ich meine , denken sie mal , wenn ant@@ oni@@ o dama@@ si@@ o nach ihrem selbst@@ bild fragt , denken sie über die bakterien ? +unser dar@@ m ist eine wunderbar ga@@ st@@ freund@@ lichen umgebung für diese bakterien . +es ist warm , es dun@@ kel ist , ist es feu@@ cht , es ist sehr gemü@@ tlich . +und du wirst ihnen alle nähr@@ stoffe , die sie sich nur wün@@ schen könnten ohne an@@ streng@@ ung ihr@@ erseits an@@ bieten . +es ist wirklich ein lei@@ chter weg für bakterien , mit gel@@ eg@@ ent@@ lichen unter@@ brech@@ ungen der unbe@@ ab@@ sichti@@ gten , je@@ od@@ ch ge@@ zw@@ ungen sto@@ ß zum aus@@ gang . +aber sonst , sind sie eine wunderbare umgebung für diese bakterien , genauso wie sie für ihr leben wichtig sind . +sie helfen bei der ver@@ dau@@ ung von essen@@ ti@@ ellen nähr@@ stoffen . und sie schützen sie gegen bestimmte krankheiten . +aber was wird in der zukunft kommen ? +sind wir in einer art evolution@@ är@@ es gleich@@ gewicht in form einer spe@@ z@@ ie ? +oder sind wir bestimmt etwas anderes zu werden - etwas , das vielleicht sogar besser an die umwelt ange@@ passt ist ? +gehen wir nun einen schritt zurück in die zeit des ur@@ kn@@ alls vor 14 billion jahren -- die erde , das sonnen@@ system , vor etwa vier@@ einhalb milliarden jahren - die ersten an@@ zeichen von lebewesen , vielleicht vor drei bis vier mil@@ lar@@ den jahren auf der erde - die ersten mehr@@ -@@ zel@@ li@@ gen organismen , vielleicht so viel als 800 oder einer milliarde jahren - und dann die menschlichen spezies , welche sich in den letzten 13@@ 0.000 jahre schließlich for@@ mt . +in dieser riesigen un@@ voll@@ en@@ deten sym@@ ph@@ onie des universums , ist das leben auf der erde nur kurz be@@ messen ; das ti@@ errei@@ ch , wie ein einzel@@ ner ta@@ kt ; und des menschlichen lebens , eine kleine not@@ en@@ ver@@ zi@@ erung . +das waren wir . +dies stellt auch den unter@@ hal@@ tungs@@ wert dieser rede dar , deshalb hoffe ich , d ass es ihnen gefallen hat . +nun , als ich ein ne@@ ul@@ ing auf dem college war , hatte ich meine ersten bi@@ ologi@@ e@@ kur@@ se . +ich war faszin@@ iert von der ele@@ ganz und schönheit der biologie . +ich ver@@ liebte mich in die kraft der evolution , und ich stellte , etwas sehr grundle@@ gendes fest : in den meisten die exi@@ stenz von leben in einzel@@ li@@ gen organismen , teilt sich jede zelle , und all die gene@@ tischen information der zelle wird in beiden to@@ chter@@ zellen weiter geführt . +aber zu der zeit , als mehr@@ zel@@ li@@ gen organismen auf@@ tau@@ chten , begannen sich die dinge zu ändern . +sexu@@ elle fort@@ pflan@@ zung tritt ins bild . +und ganz wichtig : mit der ein@@ führung der sexu@@ ellen fort@@ pflan@@ zung , das das genom weiter@@ gibt , wird der rest des körpers ent@@ be@@ hr@@ lich . +in der tat könnte man sagen , dass die un@@ aus@@ wei@@ ch@@ lichkeit des to@@ des unseres körpers in der evolution im gleichen moment ein@@ tritt wie die sexu@@ elle fort@@ pflan@@ zung . +jetzt muss ich ge@@ stehen , wenn ich ein colle@@ ge-@@ student war , dachte ich , okay , sex / tod , sex / tod , tod für sex - es schien ziemlich vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tig zu dem zeitpunkt , aber mit jedem jahr , ist es zu meinen zunehmen@@ den zwei@@ f@@ eln gekommen . +ich bin dazu gekommen , die gefühle von george bur@@ ns zu verstehen , der in las v@@ eg@@ as seine show in den 9@@ 0er jahren vor@@ führte . +und eines nachts , ist da ein klo@@ pfen an seiner hot@@ el@@ z@@ immer@@ tür . +er öffnet die tür . +vor ihm steht ein wunder@@ schön sp@@ är@@ lich be@@ klei@@ de@@ tes sho@@ w@@ girl . +sie schaut ihn an und sagt : " ich bin hier für super@@ -@@ sex . " +" das ist wunderbar " , sagt george , " ich werde die su@@ ppe nehmen . " +ich kam zu der erkenntnis als arzt dass ich einem ziel hin@@ arbeitete das anders war als das ziel der evolution - nicht zwan@@ gs@@ läu@@ fi@@ g wider@@ sprü@@ ch@@ lich , nur anders . +ich habe versucht , den körper zu be@@ wahren . +ich wollte uns gesund halten . +ich wollte die gesundheit nach einer krankheit wieder@@ herstellen . +ich wollte , dass wir ein lan@@ ges und ges@@ un@@ des leben zu führen . +evolution ist alles über die weiter@@ gabe des genom@@ s an die nächste generation , anpas@@ sung und überleben generation nach generation . +von einem evolution@@ ären stand@@ punkt aus , sind sie und ich wie boo@@ ster ra@@ ke@@ ten entwickelt , um die gene@@ tische fra@@ cht in die nächste stufe der um@@ lauf@@ bahn zu schicken , um sich dann ins meer fallen zu lassen . +ich denke , wir würden alle die stimmung , die woo@@ dy allen zum ausdruck brachte verstehen , als er sagte : " ich möchte nicht un@@ sterb@@ lichkeit durch meine arbeit zu erreichen . +ich will es erreichen indem ich nicht ster@@ be . " +evolution bedeutet nicht zwan@@ gs@@ läu@@ fi@@ g das län@@ gste leben zu be@@ vorzu@@ gen . +es pri@@ vili@@ gi@@ ert nicht zwan@@ gs@@ läu@@ fi@@ g den größten , den stär@@ k@@ sten oder den schnell@@ sten , und nicht einmal den kl@@ ü@@ gsten . +evolution pri@@ vili@@ gi@@ ert die kre@@ aturen , die sich am besten an ihre umwelt an@@ passen . +es ist einzi@@ g der test von überleben und erfolg +auf dem grund des oze@@ ans sind bakterien vorhanden , die ther@@ m@@ op@@ hi@@ l sind und dadurch den heißen dam@@ pf überleben ander@@ n@@ falls , wenn fische dort wären , würden es v@@ aku@@ um ge@@ ko@@ chte fische zur folge haben dennoch haben sie es geschafft dort eine be@@ wohn@@ bare umgebung für sich zu machen . +also , was bedeutet das , wenn wir auf das zurück@@ bli@@ cken , was in der evolution geschieht , und wie wir über den platz nachdenken der menschen in der evolution , und vor allem wie wir voraus@@ schauen in die nächste phase , ich würde sagen , dass es eine reihe von möglichkeiten gibt . +die erste ist , dass wir uns nicht weiter@@ entwickeln werden . +wir haben eine art gleich@@ gewicht erreicht . +und die gründe dafür wären , dass es uns erstens durch medizin , gel@@ ungen ist , eine menge von genen zu erhalten die an@@ son@@ sten r@@ ausge@@ wä@@ hlt worden wären und aus der population entfernt worden wären . +und zweitens , wir als eine spe@@ z@@ ie haben uns unsere umwelt so kon@@ figu@@ ri@@ ert , dass wir es geschafft haben , dass sie sich an uns an@@ passen genau sowie wir uns an sie an@@ passen +und übrigens , wir wander@@ n und zir@@ ku@@ lieren und ver@@ mischen uns so viel , dass sie nicht länger sagen können , dass isol@@ ation notwendig ist , für die evolution , um stat@@ tzu@@ finden . +eine zweite möglichkeit ist , dass es eine evolution der traditionellen art sein wird , natürlich , auf@@ erle@@ gt von den krä@@ ften der natur . +und das argument , hier wäre dass die rä@@ der der evolution langsam ma@@ hlen aber sie sind uner@@ bit@@ tlich . +und so weit die isol@@ ation geht , wenn wir als spezies fern@@ e planeten bes@@ ie@@ deln , wird es is@@ oli@@ erung und die veränderungen der umwelt geben , die evolution auf natürliche weise produzieren könnte . +aber gibt es eine dritte möglichkeit , eine ver@@ lo@@ ck@@ ende , faszinier@@ ende und er@@ schreck@@ ende möglichkeit +ich nenne es ne@@ o-@@ evolution - die neue entwicklung die nicht einfach natürlich ist , aber geführt und entschieden von uns als individu@@ en@@ . in den entscheidungen , die wir machen . +nun , wie konnte das geschehen ? +wie konnte es möglich sein , dass wir dies tun ? +betrachten wir zunächst die realität dass die menschen heute , in man@@ chen kulturen entscheidungen über ihre nach@@ kommen machen . +sie sind , in man@@ chen kulturen , die wahl , um mehr männer als frauen zu haben . +es ist nicht unbedingt gut für die gesellschaft , aber es ist das , was der einzelne und die familie entscheiden . +denken sie also , wenn es nicht nur möglich wäre das geschle@@ cht ihres kin@@ des zu wählen aber auch an dem körper gene@@ tische anpas@@ sungen vor@@ zunehmen , die krankheiten hei@@ len und vorzu@@ beu@@ gen würden . +was wäre , wenn sie die gene@@ tischen veränderungen machen könnten , um diabetes oder alzheimer zu bes@@ ei@@ tigen oder das reduzieren des krebs@@ risi@@ ko@@ s oder schla@@ gan@@ fälle zu elimin@@ ieren ? +würden sie es nicht wollen , diese veränderungen in ihren genen zu machen ? +wenn wir voraus@@ bli@@ cken , werden diese art von veränderungen zunehmen@@ d möglich sein . +das human genome project begann im jahr 199@@ 0 und es dau@@ erte 13 jahre . +es ko@@ ste@@ te 2,@@ 7 milliarden dollar . +im fol@@ genden jahr , als es 2004 fertig war , konnten sie das selbe tun für 20 millionen dollar in dr@@ ein bis vier monaten . +heute können sie eine sequenz der drei milliarden bas@@ en@@ pa@@ are des menschlichen genom@@ s zu einem preis von etwa $ 20@@ .000 und in den raum von etwa einer woche komple@@ t@@ tieren . +es wird nicht mehr lange dauern , bis die realität sein wird , dass es die 1.000 $ menschlichen genome geben wird , und es wird zunehmen@@ d für je@@ der@@ mann verfügbar sein . +vor einer woche , ver@@ lie@@ h der national acade@@ my of engineering den dra@@ per prize für fran@@ c@@ is ar@@ n@@ old und wil@@ lem ste@@ mmer , zwei wissenschaft@@ lern , die unabhängig von@@ einander techni@@ ken entwickelten die den natürlichen prozess der evolution dazu ermu@@ tigen , schneller zu arbeiten und zu wün@@ schen@@ s@@ werte prot@@ eine zu führen in einer effizi@@ enter@@ en weise - welches fran@@ ces ar@@ n@@ old " dire@@ kte evolution " nennt . +vor ein paar jahre wurde der las@@ ker@@ -@@ preis dem wissenschaftler sh@@ in@@ ya y@@ am@@ an@@ ak@@ a ver@@ lie@@ hen für seine forschung in der er eine erwachsene hau@@ tz@@ elle nahm , eine fi@@ bro@@ bla@@ sten , und durch die manipu@@ lation von nur vier genen , die zelle indu@@ zierte , um sie zu einer plu@@ ri@@ poten@@ ten stamm@@ zelle zurückzu@@ führen - eine zelle poten@@ ti@@ ell in der lage ist belie@@ bi@@ ge zelle in d@@ einem körper zu werden . +diese änder@@ ungen sind im kommen . +die gleiche technologie , das das menschliche insu@@ lin in bakterien produziert kann viren machen , die nicht nur schutz vor sich selbst , aber auch zur imm@@ un@@ ität gegen andere viren dienen können . +ob sie es glauben oder nicht , es ist eine experiment@@ elle studie in gang mit impf@@ stoff gegen influ@@ enz@@ a das in den zellen einer tab@@ ak@@ pflan@@ ze an@@ gebaut worden ist . +können sie sich etwas gutes vorstellen , das aus tab@@ ak kommt ? +dies ist heute alles realität und in der zukunft wird viel mehr möglich sein . +stellen sie sich dann nur zwei andere kleine änder@@ ungen vor . +sie können die zellen in ihrem körper ändern , aber was wäre , wenn sie die zellen ihrer nach@@ fahren ändern könnten ? +was wäre , wenn sie die sper@@ mi@@ en und ei@@ zellen oder das fr@@ isch be@@ fru@@ chtete ei verändern könnten , um ihren kindern eine bessere chance für ein ges@@ ün@@ der@@ es leben zu geben - bes@@ ei@@ tigung der diabetes , bes@@ ei@@ tigen die hä@@ m@@ op@@ hil@@ ie , das risiko von krebs reduzieren ? +wer möchte nicht ges@@ ün@@ dere kinder ? +und dann die analy@@ tischen technik , der gleiche motor der wissenschaft das die veränderungen ermöglichen kann , um krankheit zu verhindern , könnte uns auch ermöglichen verab@@ schieden super@@ -@@ at@@ tribu@@ te zu adop@@ tieren , hyper@@ -@@ ka@@ pa@@ z@@ itäten - das bessere ge@@ däch@@ tnis . +warum haben nicht die schlag@@ ferti@@ gkeit eines ken jen@@ n@@ ings h@@ ben , vor allem , wenn man es erweitern kann mit der nächsten generation der wat@@ son@@ -@@ maschine ? +warum nicht die schn@@ ellen mus@@ kel@@ fas@@ ern haben , die es ihnen ermöglichen werden , schneller und länger zu laufen ? +warum nicht länger leben ? +diese werden un@@ wider@@ steh@@ lich sein . +und wenn wir an einer stelle sind , an der wir es an die nächste generation weiter@@ geben können , und wir die at@@ tribu@@ te adop@@ tieren können , die wir wollen , werden wir um@@ gewand@@ elt sein von al@@ t-@@ stil evolution zur ne@@ o-@@ evolution . +wir werden einen prozess haben , der in der regel möglicherweise 10@@ 0.000 jahre er@@ fordert , und wir können es auf tausend jahre kom@@ pri@@ mieren - und vielleicht sogar auf die nächsten 100 jahren . +dies sind entscheidungen mit denen ihre en@@ kel , oder deren en@@ kel , umgehen werden müssen . +verwenden wir diese entscheidungen eine gesellschaft zu formen , die besser ist , die erfolgrei@@ cher ist , die freund@@ licher ist ? +oder werden wir sele@@ ktiv unterschiedliche at@@ tribu@@ te wählen , die wir für einige von uns haben wollen und nicht für andere von uns ? +werden wir eine gesellschaft formen di@@ el@@ ang@@ wei@@ li@@ ger und uni@@ for@@ mier@@ ter ist , oder ro@@ bu@@ ster und viel@@ sei@@ tiger ? +dies sind die arten von fragen denen wir begeg@@ nen werden müssen . +und am tief@@ sten von allen , werden wir jemals in der lage sein , die wei@@ sheit zu entwickeln , und die wei@@ sheit mei@@ stern , die wir benötigen werden , um diese entscheidungen weise zu treffen ? +im guten wie im bö@@ sen , und früher als sie vielleicht denken , werden diese entscheidungen an uns liegen . +danke . +ich möchte , dass sie sich jetzt etwas vorstellen , einen trag@@ baren roboter , der ihnen über@@ menschliche fähigkeiten ver@@ lei@@ ht , oder einen anderen , der roll@@ stu@@ hl@@ fahr@@ ern dabei hilft , wieder aufzu@@ stehen und zu gehen . +wir bei ber@@ k@@ ele@@ y bi@@ on@@ ics nennen diese roboter ex@@ o@@ skelet@@ te . +sie sind nichts anderes als etwas , das sie morgens an@@ legen und das ihnen zusätz@@ liche stärke ver@@ lei@@ ht und das ihre geschwindigkeit weiter erhö@@ hen wird und das ihnen dabei helfen wird , beispielsweise ihre balance zu halten . +das ist in der tat die wahre versch@@ mel@@ zung von mensch und maschine . +aber nicht nur das -- damit versch@@ mel@@ zen und verne@@ tzen sie sich mit dem universum und anderen gerä@@ ten da draußen . +das ist nicht einfach nur eine verrück@@ te idee . +um ihnen jetzt zu zeigen , wor@@ an wir arbeiten , beginnen wir damit , über den amerikanischen soldaten zu sprechen , der im durch@@ schnitt ungefähr 100 pfund auf seinem rücken trägt und es besteht die an@@ frage , dass sie mehr aus@@ rü@@ stung tragen sollen . +natürlich führt dies zu einigen bedeuten@@ den kompli@@ ka@@ tionen -- rück@@ en@@ verletz@@ ungen , 30 prozent davon -- chron@@ ische rück@@ en@@ verletz@@ ungen . +wir dachten uns also , dass wir uns dieser herausforderung annehmen würden und ein ex@@ o@@ skelet@@ t erschaffen , das dabei helfen würde , mit diesem problem umzu@@ gehen . +lassen sie mich ihnen also jetzt h@@ ul@@ c vorstellen -- oder den human universal load car@@ rier . +sol@@ d@@ at : mit dem h@@ ul@@ c@@ -@@ ex@@ o@@ skelet@@ t kann ich 200 pfund über verschieden@@ arti@@ ges ter@@ rain tragen , viele stunden lang . +sein flexi@@ bles design ermöglicht es , sich tief zu ho@@ cken , zu krie@@ chen und hö@@ chst wen@@ dige bewegungen auszu@@ führen . +es fühlt , was ich machen möchte , wohin ich gehen will und erhö@@ ht dann meine stärke und aus@@ dau@@ er . +wir sind so@@ weit , mit unserem indu@@ st@@ rie@@ partner dieses gerät vorzustellen , dieses neue ex@@ o@@ skelet@@ t in diesem jahr . +es ist also wahr . +lassen sie uns nun unseren blick auf die roll@@ stu@@ hl@@ fahrer richten , etwas , für das ich mich besonders leiden@@ schaft@@ lich ein@@ se@@ tze . +es gibt 6@@ 8 millionen menschen , die weltweit geschä@@ tzt im roll@@ stuhl sitzen . +das ist ungefähr ein prozent der gesam@@ t@@ bevölkerung . +und das ist in der tat eine konser@@ va@@ tive schä@@ tzung . +wir sprechen hier oft über sehr junge personen mit rück@@ en@@ mark@@ s@@ verletz@@ ungen , die in der blü@@ te@@ zeit ihres lebens -- 20@@ er , 3@@ 0er , 4@@ 0er -- vom schick@@ sal getroffen wurden und der roll@@ stuhl ist die einzige option . +aber es geht auch um die alter@@ nde bevölkerung , deren anzahl sich ver@@ viel@@ fa@@ cht . +und so ziemlich die einzige option -- wenn es um einen hirn@@ schlag geht , oder um andere kompli@@ ka@@ tionen -- ist der roll@@ stuhl . +und so ist es übrigens seit 500 jahren , seit seiner , wie ich sagen muss , sehr erfolgrei@@ chen ein@@ führung . +wir dachten also , dass wir damit beginnen könnten , ein völlig neues kapit@@ el zu schreiben im bereich mobili@@ tät . +lassen sie mich ihnen nun ele@@ gs vorstellen , das von am@@ anda bo@@ x@@ tel ge@@ tragen wird , die vor 19 jahren eine rück@@ en@@ mark@@ s@@ verletz@@ ung er@@ li@@ tt , die zum ergebnis hat , dass sie nicht mehr laufen konnte seit 19 jahren und bis jetzt . +vielen dank . +wie ich sagte , am@@ anda trägt unser ele@@ gs . +es hat sensor@@ en -- +seine vollständig non-@@ invasi@@ ven sensor@@ en in den kr@@ ücken , die signale zurück@@ senden an unseren on@@ bo@@ ar@@ d-@@ computer , der hier auf ihrem rücken be@@ festi@@ gt ist . +hier sind auch bat@@ ter@@ ie@@ pac@@ kungen , der motor@@ an@@ trieb befindet sich an ihren hü@@ ften , ebenso wie an ihren k@@ nie@@ gelen@@ ken , die sie vor@@ wärts bewegen in dieser ziemlich gesch@@ mei@@ digen und sehr natürlichen gan@@ g@@ art . +ich war 24 jahre alt und in best@@ form , als ein mon@@ strö@@ ser pur@@ zel@@ baum während ein ski@@ ab@@ fahrt mich paraly@@ si@@ erte . +im bru@@ ch@@ teil einer sekunde verl@@ or ich jedes gefühl und jede bewegung unter@@ halb meines be@@ ck@@ ens . +nicht lange danach schritt ein arzt in mein kranken@@ zimmer und er sagte : " am@@ anda , sie werden nie wieder gehen können . " +und das war vor 19 jahren . +er sta@@ hl jedes fün@@ k@@ chen hoffnung aus meinem bewusstsein . +anpas@@ s@@ ungs@@ fähi@@ ge technologien haben es mir seitdem er@@ möglich , zu lernen , wieder sk@@ i zu fahren , zu kle@@ ttern und sogar mit den händen rad zu fahren . +aber nichts wurde erfunden , das mich wieder gehen lassen würde , bis jetzt . +vielen dank . +wie sie sehen können , haben wir die technologie , wir haben die platt@@ formen , um uns zu treffen und mit ihnen zu disku@@ tieren . +es liegt in unseren händen und wir haben das ganze potenzi@@ al hier , um das leben zu ändern von zukünf@@ tigen generationen -- nicht nur für die soldaten , oder für am@@ anda hier und alle roll@@ stu@@ hl@@ fahrer , sondern für alle . +vielen dank . +zu hause in new york , bin ich che@@ f der entwicklungs@@ ab@@ teilung einer gemein@@ nütz@@ igen organisation namens ro@@ bin hood . +wenn ich nicht die armut be@@ kämp@@ fe , be@@ kämp@@ fe ich als ge@@ hilfe eines feuer@@ we@@ hr@@ -@@ haupt@@ man@@ ns bei einem freiwilli@@ gen lö@@ sch@@ zug das feuer . +nun , in unserer stadt , in der freiwilli@@ ge eine hoch@@ quali@@ fi@@ zierte beru@@ fs@@ feuer@@ we@@ hr unterstü@@ tz@@ ten , muss man ziemlich früh an der brand@@ stelle sein , um mit@@ mischen zu können . +ich erinnere mich an mein erstes feuer . +ich war der zweite freiwilli@@ ge an der brand@@ stelle , ich hatte also recht gute chan@@ cen hinein zu können . +aber es war immer noch ein we@@ t@@ tren@@ nen gegen die anderen freiwilli@@ gen um den verantwor@@ tlichen haupt@@ mann zu erreichen und herauszufinden was unsere aufgaben sein würden . +als ich den haupt@@ mann fand , hatte er gerade in eine sehr ern@@ ste unterhaltung mit der haus@@ besit@@ zer@@ in , die sicherlich einen der schlimm@@ sten tage ihres lebens hatte . +es war mitten in der nacht und sie stand im schla@@ fan@@ zug und bar@@ fuß unter einem schirm draußen im strö@@ men@@ den regen , während ihr haus in fl@@ am@@ men stand . +der andere freiwilli@@ ge , der k@@ nap@@ p vor mir ange@@ kommen war -- nennen wir ihn le@@ x lu@@ ther -- errei@@ chte den haupt@@ mann als erstes und wurde gebeten in das haus zu gehen und den hund der haus@@ besit@@ zer@@ in zu retten . +den hund ! ich war sprach@@ los vor nei@@ d . +da war irgend@@ ein an@@ wal@@ t oder ver@@ mö@@ gen@@ s@@ verwal@@ ter , der nun für den rest seines lebens , den menschen erzählen konnte , dass er in ein bren@@ nen@@ des haus ging um ein lebewesen zu retten , nur weil er fünf sekunden schneller war als ich . +nun , ich war der nächste . +der haupt@@ mann win@@ kte mich zu sich . +er sagte , " be@@ z@@ os , sie müssen in das haus gehen . +sie müssen nach oben gehen , an dem feuer vorbei , und müssen dieser frau ein paar schuhe holen . " +ich schw@@ ö@@ re es . +nun , nicht genau das , was ich mir er@@ hoff@@ t hatte , doch ich ging los -- die tre@@ ppen hoch , den flu@@ r entlang , an den " echten " feuer@@ we@@ hr@@ männern vorbei , die zu diesem zeitpunkt mit dem lö@@ schen schon so ziemlich fertig waren , in das schla@@ f@@ zimmer um ein paar schuhe zu holen . +ich weiß was sie jetzt denken , aber ich bin kein held . +ich trug meine be@@ ute zurück nach unten , wo ich an der hau@@ stü@@ r meinen er@@ z@@ fein@@ d und den ge@@ lieb@@ ten hund traf . +wir tru@@ gen unsere schä@@ tze nach draußen zur haus@@ besit@@ zer@@ in , wo , nicht überrasch@@ end , seiner wesentlich mehr aufmerksamkeit bekam als meiner . +einige wochen später , er@@ hielt die feuer@@ wa@@ che einen brief der haus@@ besit@@ zer@@ in , in dem sie sich für den ta@@ pf@@ eren einsatz bei der rett@@ ung ihres haus@@ es be@@ dan@@ kte . +eine über allem maßen geschä@@ tz@@ te freund@@ lichkeit : jemand hatte ihr sogar ein paar schuhe gebracht . +sowohl in meinem beru@@ f bei ro@@ bin hood als auch in meinem neben@@ beru@@ f als freiwilli@@ ger feuer@@ we@@ hr@@ mann bin ich zeuge von groß@@ zü@@ gi@@ gkeit und freund@@ lichkeit im großen maßstab , aber ich sehe auch taten der näch@@ sten@@ liebe und des mu@@ ts von einzelnen . +und wissen sie was ich gelernt habe ? +sie sind alle wichtig . +wenn ich mich also in diesem raum um@@ sehe und menschen sehe , die entweder schon einen be@@ ach@@ ten@@ s@@ werten erfolg erreicht haben oder auf ihrem weg dorthin sind , möchte ich folgende erinn@@ erung an@@ bieten : warten sie nicht . +warten sie nicht damit , einen unterschied im leben eines anderen zu machen , bis sie ihre erste million erreicht haben . +wenn sie etwas zu geben haben , geben sie es jetzt . +be@@ dienen sie in einer supp@@ en@@ kü@@ che , r@@ äumen sie einen park in der nachbar@@ schaft auf , +seien sie ein ment@@ or . +nicht jeder tag wird uns eine chance bieten , das leben eines menschen zu retten , aber jeder tag bietet uns die möglichkeit , eins zu verändern . +also legen sie los ; retten sie die schuhe . +vielen dank . +br@@ un@@ o gu@@ is@@ san@@ i : mark , mark , kom@@ m zurück . +vielen dank . +ich komme gerade von einer gemeinschaft zurück , die das geheimnis des fort@@ be@@ stands der menschheit kennt . +ein ort , an dem die frauen das zep@@ ter führen , mit sex ' hallo ' sagen , und das spiel den tag bestimmt -- wo spaß eine ern@@ ste an@@ gelegenheit ist . +und nein , es ist nicht burning man oder san francisco . +meine damen und herren , ihre verwand@@ t@@ schaft . +dies ist die welt der wil@@ den bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s im ur@@ wald von kon@@ go . +bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s sind zusammen mit schimpansen unsere nächsten lebenden verwand@@ ten . +das bedeutet , wir haben einen gemein@@ samen vorfahren , eine evolution@@ äre großmutter , die vor etwa sechs millionen jahren lebte . +nun , schimpansen sind bekannt für ihre ag@@ gressi@@ vi@@ tät . +aber un@@ glücklicherweise haben wir diesen aspekt über@@ bet@@ on@@ t in der erzähl@@ ung der menschlichen evolution . +aber bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s zeigen uns die andere seite der me@@ da@@ ille +während schimpansen von großen , fur@@ cht einfl@@ ö@@ ß@@ enden ker@@ len geführt werden , wird die bon@@ o@@ bo@@ -@@ gesellschaft von er@@ mäch@@ ti@@ gten weib@@ chen geführt . +die haben sich da wirklich was ausge@@ dacht , denn das führt zu einer aus@@ gesprochen toler@@ anten gesellschaft , in der tö@@ dliche gewalt bis@@ lang nicht beobachtet wurde . +aber leider sind bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s am wenig@@ sten bekannt unter den pri@@ ma@@ ten . +sie leben in den tie@@ fen des kon@@ gol@@ es@@ ischen ur@@ wal@@ ds , und sind der beob@@ a@@ chtung nur schwer zugänglich . +der kon@@ go ist ein parado@@ x -- ein land außergewöhn@@ licher ar@@ ten@@ vielfalt und schönheit , aber auch das herz der dunkel@@ heit selbst -- der schau@@ platz einer gewal@@ tt@@ ä@@ tigen aus@@ einander@@ setzung , die seit jahrzehn@@ ten wü@@ tet und bein@@ ah so viele leben ge@@ fordert hat wie der erste welt@@ krieg . +es überrascht nicht , dass diese zerstör@@ ung auch das überleben der bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s gefähr@@ det . +flei@@ sch@@ handel und der rück@@ gang des baum@@ bestand@@ es führen dazu , dass man nicht mal ein sta@@ di@@ on mit den verb@@ lie@@ benen bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s füllen könnte -- und selbst da sind wir nicht sicher , um ehrlich zu sein . +und doch , in diesem land von gewalt und chaos kann man ein ver@@ bor@@ genes lachen hören , dass die bäume er@@ schü@@ tter@@ t . +wer sind diese verwand@@ ten ? +wir kennen sie als " liebe statt krieg " -@@ affen , denn sie haben häufi@@ gen , auch bis@@ ex@@ u@@ ellen sex , mit wechsel@@ nden part@@ nern , und regeln so konfli@@ kte und soziale angel@@ en@@ heiten . +ich sage ja nicht , das wäre die antwort auf alle human@@ it@@ ären probleme -- denn das leben der bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s besteht aus mehr als dem kam@@ a su@@ tra . +bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s -- wie menschen -- lieben es , ihr leben lang zu spielen . +spiel bedeutet nicht nur kinder@@ spiele . +für uns und sie ist spiel grundle@@ gend für die bin@@ dung von beziehungen und die pf@@ lege der toler@@ anz . +dabei lernen wir vertrauen und die regeln des spiel@@ s . +spiel st@@ eig@@ ert kreativität und belast@@ barkeit , und es geht vor allem um die er@@ zeu@@ gung von vielfalt -- vielfalt an interak@@ tionen , vielfalt an verhaltens@@ weisen , vielfalt an verbindungen . +und wenn man bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s beim spiel beobachtet , sieht man die evolution@@ ären ursprün@@ ge menschlichen la@@ ch@@ ens , tan@@ zes und von ritu@@ alen . +spiel ist der kit@@ t , der uns bei@@ einander@@ hält . +nun , ich weiß nicht , wie sie spielen , aber ich möchte ihnen einige einzigarti@@ ge aufnahmen ger@@ ade@@ wegs aus der wil@@ dnis zeigen . +zuerst ein ball@@ spiel auf bon@@ o@@ bo@@ -@@ art -- und ich denke dabei nicht an f@@ uss@@ ball . +also hier sehen wir ein jung@@ es weib@@ chen und männ@@ chen in einem ver@@ fol@@ g@@ ungs@@ spiel . +sehen sie sich an , was sie macht . +das könnte der evolution@@ äre urspr@@ ung sein von : " sie pac@@ kt ihn bei den ei@@ ern . " +nur dass ich denke , es gefällt ihm eher , nicht wahr . +ja ! +sex@@ spiele sind also verbreitet , sowohl bei bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s als auch bei menschen . +und dieses video ist wirklich interessant , denn es zeigt -- und dieses video ist wirklich interessant , denn es zeigt den ide@@ en@@ rei@@ cht@@ um , mit dem man neue elemente ins spiel bringt -- wie die ho@@ den -- und auch , wie das spiel sowohl vertrauen fordert als auch förder@@ t -- während es gleichzeitig unge@@ he@@ uren spaß macht . +aber das spiel ist ein form@@ wand@@ ler . +spiel ist ein form@@ wand@@ ler und es kann viele formen annehmen , von denen manche etwas ruhi@@ ger sind , ph@@ ant@@ as@@ ie@@ voll , neugi@@ er@@ ig -- vielleicht um das erstaun@@ en erneu@@ t zu entdecken . +und ich möchte ihnen zeigen , das ist fu@@ k@@ u , ein jung@@ es weib@@ chen , und sie spielt frie@@ dlich mit wasser . +ich denke , genau wie sie spielen wir manchmal allein , und wir l@@ oten grenzen unserer inneren und äuß@@ eren wel@@ ten aus . +und es ist diese spiel@@ er@@ ische neugi@@ er die uns forschen lässt , und interagieren . und die un@@ erwar@@ teten verknü@@ pf@@ ungen , die wir bilden , sind der wirkliche nähr@@ boden der kreativität . +dies ist nur ein kleiner vor@@ geschma@@ ck auf die ein@@ bli@@ cke , die bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s uns in unsere vergangenheit und gegenwart ge@@ währ@@ en . +aber sie wahren auch ein geheimnis für unsere zukunft , eine zukunft , in der wir uns an@@ passen müssen an zunehmen@@ de herausforderungen , durch größere kreativität und dru@@ ch ver@@ stär@@ kte ko@@ operation . +das geheimnis ist , dass das spiel der schlüssel zu diesen ferti@@ gkeiten ist . +mit anderen worten , spiel ist unser anpas@@ s@@ ungs@@ jo@@ ker . +um uns erfolgreich an eine unbe@@ stän@@ dige welt anzu@@ passen , müssen wir spielen . +aber werden wir das beste aus unserem spiel@@ trieb machen ? +spiel ist nicht al@@ ber@@ n , +sondern essen@@ ti@@ ell . +für bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s und menschen glei@@ cher@@ maßen besteht das leben nicht aus zä@@ hnen und kl@@ auen allein . +gerade wenn es kaum an@@ gebracht scheint ist spiel vielleicht am nö@@ ti@@ gsten . +und daher , meine pri@@ ma@@ ten@@ k@@ amer@@ aden , lassen sie uns dieses geschen@@ k der evolution um@@ armen und gemeinsam spielen , während wir die kreativität die k@@ amer@@ ad@@ schaft und das sta@@ un@@ en wieder@@ entdecken . +danke . +ich möchte , dass sie sich zwei pa@@ are vorstellen , mitte 197@@ 9 , am genau gleichen tag , im genau gleichen moment , jedes zeugt ein baby -- okay . +also zwei pa@@ are , jedes zeugt ein baby . +nun möchte ich nicht , dass sie zu@@ viel zeit verwenden sich die zeu@@ gung vorzustellen , weil , wenn sie sich die ganze zeit die zeu@@ gung vorstellen , werden sie mir nicht zuhören . +stellen sie sich das nur für einen moment vor . +und in diesem s@@ zen@@ ari@@ o stellen sie sich vor , dass in einem fall das sper@@ ma ein y ch@@ om@@ o@@ so@@ m trägt , das auf das x chromo@@ so@@ m der ei@@ zelle trifft . +und in dem anderen fall , trägt das sper@@ ma ein x chromo@@ so@@ m , das auf das x chromo@@ so@@ m der ei@@ zelle trifft . +beide sind über@@ lebens@@ fähig , beide z@@ ün@@ den . +wir kommen später noch auf diese leute zurück . +bei den meisten meiner tä@@ ti@@ gkeiten habe ich zwei hü@@ te auf . +unter einem hu@@ t beschäf@@ tige ich mich mit der geschichte der an@@ atom@@ ie . +ich bin studi@@ erte histor@@ i@@ ker@@ in , und in diesem fall untersu@@ che ich , wie menschen mit an@@ atom@@ ie um@@ gingen -- d.@@ h@@ . menschliche körper , tier@@ ische körper -- wie sie mit körper@@ flüs@@ sig@@ keiten um@@ gingen , mit körper@@ konzep@@ ten ; wie sie über körper gedacht haben . +der andere hu@@ t , den ich bei meiner arbeit ge@@ tragen habe , ist der der aktivi@@ stin , als pati@@ ent@@ innen@@ an@@ wäl@@ tin -- oder , wie ich manchmal sage , als unge@@ dul@@ dige an@@ wäl@@ tin -- von menschen , die patienten von är@@ zten sind . +in diesem fall habe ich mit menschen gearbeitet , die körper@@ typen haben , die sozialen nor@@ men in frage stellen . +so habe ich zum beispiel mit menschen gearbeitet , die si@@ am@@ es@@ ische zwi@@ l@@ linge sind , zwei menschen in einem körper . +ich habe mit menschen mit z@@ wer@@ gen@@ wuchs gearbeitet -- also menschen , die kleiner als üb@@ lich waren . +und sehr oft habe ich mit inter@@ sexu@@ ellen menschen gearbeitet , deren geschle@@ cht at@@ yp@@ isch ist -- also menschen , die nicht die durchschnitt@@ lichen männ@@ lichen oder weib@@ lichen körper@@ typen auf@@ weisen . +und als allgemeinen begriff können wir dafür das wort inter@@ sexu@@ alität verwenden . +inter@@ sexu@@ alität kommt in vielen verschiedenen formen vor . +ich gebe ihnen nur ein paar beispiele für die möglichen typen von geschle@@ chts@@ vari@@ anten , die nicht dem männ@@ lichen oder weib@@ lichen standard ent@@ sprechen . +in einem fall hat man vielleicht jemand mit einer x@@ y chromo@@ som@@ en@@ basis , und das s@@ ry gen des y ch@@ om@@ o@@ som@@ s lä@@ ßt die proto@@ gon@@ aden , die wir f@@ ö@@ tal@@ en sta@@ dium alle haben , zu ho@@ den heran@@ wachsen . +und deshalb geben die ho@@ den im f@@ ö@@ tal@@ en sta@@ dium te@@ sto@@ ster@@ on ab . +aber weil diesem individu@@ um die re@@ zep@@ toren fehlen , um das te@@ sto@@ ster@@ on zu erkennen , re@@ agi@@ ert der körper nicht auf das te@@ sto@@ ster@@ on . +und das nennt man and@@ ro@@ gen@@ re@@ zep@@ tor@@ -@@ de@@ fe@@ kt . +also viel te@@ sto@@ ster@@ on , aber keine reaktion darauf . +als kon@@ sequenz entwickelt sich der körper mehr dem typ@@ isch weib@@ lichen verl@@ auf fol@@ gend . +wenn das kind geboren wird , sieht sie aus wie ein mädchen . +sie ist ein mädchen . sie wird als mädchen er@@ zogen . +aber es dauert meistens bis sie die pu@@ ber@@ tät erreicht und ihre brü@@ ste wachsen und sich entwickeln , sie aber nicht ihre peri@@ o@@ de bekommt , bis jemand darauf kommt , dass hier etwas anders ist . +und sie machen ein paar tests und finden heraus , dass sie anstatt ei@@ er@@ stö@@ cken und geb@@ är@@ mutter , in wirklichkeit ho@@ den in sich trägt und , dass sie ein y chromo@@ so@@ m hat . +dabei ist es wichtig zu verstehen , dass man diese person für eigentlich männ@@ lich halten könnte , aber das sind sie nicht wirklich . +frauen , wie männer , haben in unseren körper etwas , dass man ad@@ ren@@ al@@ in@@ drü@@ sen nennt . +sie befinden sich im hinter@@ en teil unseres körpers . +und die neben@@ ni@@ eren stellen and@@ ro@@ gene her , welche vi@@ ri@@ li@@ si@@ erende hor@@ m@@ one sind . +die meisten frauen , so wie ich -- ich glaube eine typ@@ ische frau zu sein -- ich kenne meinen tats@@ äch@@ lichen chromo@@ som@@ en@@ aufbau nicht , aber ich denke , dass ich wahrscheinlich den typ@@ ischen habe -- die meisten frauen wie ich sprechen tatsächlich auf and@@ ro@@ gene an . +wir produzieren and@@ ro@@ gen und wir sprechen auf and@@ ro@@ gene an . +die folge ist , dass jemand wie ich tatsächlich ein gehirn hat , dass mehr and@@ ro@@ genen aus@@ gesetzt war , als eine frau , die mit ho@@ den geboren wurde , und einen and@@ ro@@ gen@@ re@@ zep@@ tor@@ -@@ de@@ fe@@ kt hat . +geschle@@ cht ist also wirklich kompliziert ; inter@@ sexu@@ elle stehen nicht nur in der mitte des spek@@ tr@@ ums von geschle@@ cht -- in gewis@@ ser hinsicht , können sie über die ganze band@@ breite verteilt sein , +noch ein beispiel : vor ein paar jahren er@@ hielt ich den an@@ ruf eines 19 jährigen man@@ nes , der als junge geboren war , als junge aufge@@ zogen , er hatte eine freundin , hatte sex mit seiner freundin , lebte als mann , und er hatte gerade herausgefunden , dass er ei@@ er@@ stö@@ cke und eine geb@@ är@@ mutter hatte . +er hatte eine extreme form einer angeb@@ or@@ enen neben@@ ni@@ er@@ en@@ rin@@ den@@ hyper@@ blas@@ ie . +er hat x@@ x chromo@@ some , und im mutter@@ lei@@ b , waren seine neben@@ ni@@ eren so stark aktiv , dass sie im wesentlichen eine männ@@ liche hor@@ mon@@ umgebung erzeugt haben . +und als kon@@ sequenz wurden seine gen@@ it@@ alien männ@@ lich ausge@@ prä@@ gt , sein gehirn war den typ@@ isch@@ eren männ@@ lichen teil des hor@@ mon@@ en@@ spek@@ tr@@ ums aus@@ gesetzt . +und als er geboren wurde , sah er wie ein junge aus - niemand a@@ hnte etwas . +und erst als er 19 jahre alt wurde , bekam er genü@@ gend medizinische probleme , tatsächlich davon , weil er inner@@ lich men@@ stru@@ ierte , dass die ärzte heraus@@ fanden , dass er im inneren wei@@ blich war . +okay , nur noch ein schn@@ elles beispiel für eine vari@@ an@@ te von inter@@ sexu@@ alität . +manche menschen mit x@@ x chromo@@ som@@ en , entwickeln etwas , das o@@ vot@@ est@@ is heißt , wobei ei@@ er@@ stock@@ gewebe von ho@@ den@@ gewebe um@@ hü@@ llt ist . +wir wissen nicht genau , warum das geschieht . +geschle@@ cht kann also in vielen verschiedenen vari@@ anten auf@@ treten . +der grund , warum kinder mit dieser art von körper -- sei es z@@ wer@@ gen@@ wuchs oder si@@ am@@ es@@ ische zwi@@ l@@ linge , sei es inter@@ sexu@@ ell -- von chirur@@ gen oft an die nor@@ m ange@@ passt werden , ist nicht , weil dies für ihre körper@@ liche gesundheit von vorteil wäre . +in vielen fällen sind diese menschen vollkommen gesund . +der grund , warum an ihnen oft verschiedene arten chirur@@ g@@ ischer ein@@ gri@@ ffe vor@@ genommen werden , ist , weil sie unsere sozialen kat@@ eg@@ orien bedro@@ hen . +typ@@ is@@ cher@@ weise basiert unser system auf der idee , dass eine bestimmte an@@ atom@@ ische au@@ spr@@ ä@@ gung mit einer bestimmten identität ein@@ her@@ geht . +wir haben also das konzept , dass eine frau zu sein , heißt eine weib@@ liche identität zu haben ; eine schwarze person zu sein , heißt , angeb@@ lich , eine afrikan@@ ische an@@ atom@@ ie zu haben im hin@@ blick auf die eigene geschichte . +wir haben also diese schrecklich ver@@ einfach@@ ende idee . +und wenn wir mit einem körper konfron@@ tiert sind , der für uns tatsächlich etwas sehr anderes dar@@ stellt , verwir@@ rt uns das in hin@@ blick auf diese kat@@ eg@@ or@@ isi@@ erungen . +wir haben also in unserer kultur eine menge roman@@ tischer ideen über individu@@ alismus . +und unsere nation basiert wirklich auf einem sehr roman@@ tischen konzept von individu@@ alismus . +nun können sie sich vorstellen , wie verblüff@@ end es dann ist , wenn kinder geboren werden , die zwei personen in einem körper sind , +wo ich in letz@@ ter zeit die meiste aufre@@ gung erlebt hatte , war die südafri@@ kan@@ ische läu@@ fer@@ in ca@@ ster se@@ men@@ ya letztes jahr , deren geschle@@ cht bei der lei@@ ch@@ at@@ le@@ thi@@ k welt@@ mei@@ ster@@ schaft in ber@@ lin in frage gestellt wurde . +viele journ@@ alisten rie@@ fen mich mit der frage an : " welchen test werden sie machen , der uns ver@@ r@@ ät , ob ca@@ ster se@@ men@@ ya wei@@ blich oder männ@@ lich ist ? " +und ich musste den journ@@ alisten erklären , dass es diesen test nicht gibt . +wir wissen jetzt , dass geschle@@ cht kompliziert genug ist , dass wir zu@@ geben müssen , dass die natur für uns keine linie zwischen männ@@ lich und wei@@ blich zieht , oder zwischen männ@@ lich und inter@@ sexu@@ ell und wei@@ blich und inter@@ sexu@@ ell ; ta@@ st@@ ächlich sind wir es , die diese tren@@ n@@ linie als natürlich vor@@ geben . +wir haben also so eine situation , wo , je weiter unsere wissenschaft fort@@ schrei@@ tet , wir uns um so mehr einge@@ stehen müssen , dass diese kat@@ eg@@ orien , die wir für stab@@ i@@ le an@@ atom@@ ische kat@@ eg@@ orien gehalten hatten , welche sehr einfache zu@@ or@@ dn@@ ungen her@@ stellten um dau@@ er@@ hafte identi@@ tä@@ t@@ sk@@ at@@ eg@@ orien zu schaffen , viel un@@ sch@@ är@@ fer sind , als wir angenommen haben . +und das gilt nicht nur in bezug auf geschle@@ cht . +es gilt auch hin@@ sichtlich ras@@ se , was sich als viel kompli@@ zier@@ ter heraus@@ stellt , als unser ter@@ min@@ ologie zu@@ gelassen hat . +bei unseren betra@@ cht@@ ungen ger@@ aten wir in alle möglichen unbe@@ que@@ men bereiche . +wir sto@@ ssen zum beispiel auf die tatsache , dass wir mindestens 95 prozent unserer dna mit schimpansen gemeinsam haben . +was sollen wir mit der tatsache anfangen , dass wir uns von ihnen lediglich durch wenige nu@@ kle@@ o@@ ti@@ de unterscheiden ? +während wir unsere wissenschaft immer weiter vor@@ an@@ treiben , kommen wir zunehmen@@ d in eine zone des un@@ beha@@ gens , wo wir an@@ erkennen müssen , dass die simpli@@ stischen kat@@ eg@@ orien , die wir hatten vermutlich all@@ zu sim@@ pel sind . +wir sehen das in allen möglichen bereichen des menschlichen lebens . +einer der bereiche , in dem wir das zum bei@@ p@@ iel sehen , in unserer heutigen kultur , in den heutigen vereinigten staaten , sind die kämp@@ fe über den beginn und das ende des lebens . +wir haben schwier@@ ige gesprä@@ che darüber , an welchem punkt ein körper zum menschen wird , so daß er eine anderes recht hat als das f@@ ö@@ tale leben . +wir haben heutzutage sehr schwier@@ ige aus@@ einander@@ setz@@ ungen -- vielleicht nicht so öff@@ entlich wie in der medizin -- über die frage , wann jemand tot ist . +unsere vorfahren hatten früher nie so schwer mit der frage zu kämpfen , wann jemand tot war . +sie haben jemand höch@@ stens eine fe@@ der unter die n@@ ase gehalten , und wenn sie sich bewe@@ gte , haben sie sie noch nicht be@@ graben . +wenn sie sich nicht mehr bewe@@ gte , hat man sie be@@ graben . +aber heute befinden wir uns in einer situation , wo wir menschen lebens@@ wichtige organ@@ e ent@@ nehmen und sie anderen menschen ver@@ pflanzen wollen . +und als folge ver@@ fangen wir uns bei dem kampf mit der wirklich schwier@@ igen frage , wann jemand tot ist . und das bringt uns in eine wirklich schwier@@ ige lage , in der wir nicht mehr so einfache kat@@ eg@@ orien haben wie früher . +nun könnten sie annehmen , dass das ganze zusammen@@ brechen von kat@@ eg@@ orien jemand wie mich wirklich glücklich machen würde . +ich bin politi@@ sch pro@@ gressi@@ v , ich vertei@@ dige menschen mit ungewöhn@@ lichen körper@@ n , aber ich muss zu@@ geben , es macht mich ner@@ vö@@ s . +zu be@@ greifen , dass diese kat@@ eg@@ orien wirklich viel un@@ sicher@@ er sind als wir dachten , macht mich an@@ ges@@ pan@@ nt . +und es macht mich an@@ ges@@ pan@@ nt in bezug auf über@@ leg@@ ungen die demokratie be@@ tre@@ ff@@ end . +um ihnen also von dieser an@@ span@@ nung zu erzählen , muss ich zuerst be@@ kennen , dass ich ein großer fan der grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ ter bin . +ich weiß , dass sie ras@@ s@@ isi@@ ten waren , ich weiß , dass sie se@@ xi@@ sten waren , aber sie waren großartig . +ich finde , dass sie so ta@@ pf@@ er und stark waren , und so radik@@ al , in dem was sie taten dass ich mich alle paar jahre dabei er@@ ta@@ ppe das sch@@ mal@@ zi@@ ge musical 17@@ 7@@ 6 anzu@@ sehen , und es ist nicht wegen der musik , die absolut zu vergessen ist . +es ist wegen dem , was 17@@ 7@@ 6 mit den grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ tern geschehen ist . +die grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ ter waren aus meiner sicht die ursprün@@ glichen an@@ atom@@ ischen aktivi@@ sten , und zwar deshalb . +was sie zurück@@ wiesen war ein an@@ atom@@ isches konzept , und sie er@@ setzten es durch ein anderes , das radik@@ al und schön war , und 200 jahre für uns maß@@ geb@@ lich war . +wie sie sich alle erinnern , le@@ hn@@ ten unsere grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ ter das konzept der mon@@ arch@@ ie ab . und die mon@@ arch@@ ie bas@@ ierte im grund genommen auf einem sehr ver@@ einfa@@ chten konzept von an@@ atom@@ ie . +die herr@@ scher der alten welt hatten kein konzept basier@@ end auf der dna , aber sie hatten ein konzept des gebur@@ ts@@ rechts . +sie hatten ein konzept von blau@@ em blut . +sie waren der auff@@ as@@ sung , dass leute , die politische macht hatten , diese politische macht haben sollten , aufgrund der ver@@ er@@ b@@ ten blut@@ linie vom groß@@ vater zum vater zum sohn und so weiter . +die grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ ter wiesen diese idee zurück und er@@ setzten sie durch ein neues an@@ atom@@ isches konzept , und dieses konzept sagte , dass alle menschen gleich@@ wer@@ tig erschaffen wurden . +sie ni@@ vel@@ li@@ erten das spiel@@ feld und entschieden , dass an@@ atom@@ isch gesehen , die gemein@@ sam@@ keiten zä@@ hl@@ ten , nicht die unterschiede . und das war sehr radik@@ al . +nun machten sie das zum teil , weil sie teil eines auf@@ klär@@ er@@ ischen systems waren , in dem zwei dinge gemeinsam heran@@ wu@@ ch@@ sen . +die demokratie wuchs her@@ an , aber zur selben zeit wuchs auch die wissenschaft her@@ an . +wenn man sich die geschichte der grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ ter an@@ sieht , wird deutlich , dass viele von ihnen sehr an wissenschaft interessiert waren , und sie waren an einem konzept einer natur@@ ali@@ stischen welt interessiert . +sie gingen weg von erklär@@ ungen über@@ natür@@ licher art , und wiesen dinge , wie ein über@@ natür@@ liches konzept von macht , zurück , wo die über@@ tra@@ gung auf einem sehr va@@ gen konzep@@ ts von gebur@@ ts@@ recht basiert . +sie bewe@@ gten sich zu einem natur@@ ali@@ stischen konzept hin . +und wenn man sich beispielsweise die unabhängi@@ g@@ kei@@ t@@ ser@@ klär@@ ung an@@ sieht , sprechen sie über natur und den gott der natur . +sie reden nicht von gott und der natur got@@ tes . +sie reden von der macht der natur um uns zu sagen wer wir sind . +und als teil davon ver@@ schaff@@ ten sie uns ein konzept das von an@@ atom@@ ischen gemein@@ sam@@ keiten hand@@ elte . +und damit haben sie auf wirklich wunderbare weise die zukünf@@ tige bürger@@ rechts@@ bewegung vorberei@@ tet . +sie haben nicht so darüber gedacht , aber was sie für uns getan haben , war großartig . +was geschah also jahre danach ? +zum beispiel verwen@@ deten frauen , die das wahl@@ recht an@@ stre@@ b@@ ten , das konzept der grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ ter , das sagt , dass an@@ atom@@ ische gemein@@ samkeit wichtiger ist als der an@@ atom@@ ische unterschied , und sagten , " dass wir eine geb@@ är@@ mutter und ei@@ er@@ stö@@ cke haben ist als unterschied nicht bedeu@@ tsam genug , dass wir nicht das wahl@@ recht haben sollten , das recht auf volle staat@@ s@@ bürger@@ schaft , das recht eigent@@ um zu besitzen , etc , et@@ c. " +und frauen argu@@ men@@ ti@@ erten das erfolgreich . +als nächstes kam die erfolgrei@@ che bürger@@ rechts@@ bewegung , wo wir menschen sahen wie so@@ jour@@ ner truth , die darüber sp@@ ach , " bin ich keine frau ? " +wir finden männer in den mar@@ schi@@ erenden rei@@ hen der bür@@ gere@@ chts@@ bewegung , die sagen , " ich bin ein mann . " +wieder , menschen unterschied@@ licher hau@@ t@@ farbe , die sich auf an@@ atom@@ ische gemein@@ sam@@ keiten vor an@@ atom@@ ischen unterschie@@ den beru@@ fen , wieder , erfolgreich . +wir sehen das gleiche bei der behinder@@ ten@@ rechts@@ bewegung . +natürlich ist das problem , dass , sowie wir beginnen all die gemein@@ sam@@ keiten zu betrachten , wir beginnen müssen in frage zu stellen , warum wir bestimmte tren@@ nungen auf@@ rech@@ ter@@ halten . +nun , wohl@@ ge@@ mer@@ kt , möchte ich bestimmte tren@@ nungen auf@@ rech@@ ter@@ halten , an@@ atom@@ isch gesehen , in unserer kultur . +ich möchte zum beispiel einem fisch nicht die gleichen rechte wie einem menschen geben . +ich möchte nicht sagen , dass wir von der an@@ atom@@ ie ganz ab@@ stand nehmen sollten . +ich möchte nicht sagen , dass 5@@ -@@ jährige das recht haben sollen , ihr ein@@ verständnis zu sex oder zum hei@@ raten zu geben . +es gibt also einige an@@ atom@@ ische tren@@ nungen , die für mich sinn machen , und die wir , denke ich , behalten sollten . +aber die herausforderung ist zu versuchen herauszufinden , welche es sind und warum wir sie behalten , und ob sie sinn@@ voll sind . +kommen wir also zurück zu diesen zwei wesen die zu beginn des vor@@ tra@@ gs ge@@ zeugt worden sind . +wir haben zwei wesen , beide mitte 197@@ 9 am genau gleichen tag ge@@ zeugt . +stellen wir uns vor , dass eines von ihnen , mar@@ ia , drei monate ver@@ frü@@ ht geboren wurde , sie ist also am 1 jun@@ i 19@@ 80 geboren . +h@@ ein@@ rich , auf der anderen seite , wird zum geburt@@ ster@@ m@@ in geboren , er ist also am 1 mär@@ z 19@@ 80 geboren , +nur wegen der tatsache , dass mar@@ ia 3 monate ver@@ frü@@ ht geboren wurde , er@@ lan@@ gt sie alle möglichen rechte drei monate vor h@@ ein@@ rich -- das recht ein@@ ver@@ neh@@ m@@ lichen sex zu haben , das recht zu wählen , das recht zu trinken . +h@@ ein@@ rich muss auf all dies warten , nicht weil er tatsächlich ein anderes biolog@@ ische alter hat , nur aufgrund des zeit@@ pun@@ ktes seiner geburt . +wir finden noch anderen merk@@ wür@@ dig@@ keiten bezüglich dessen was ihre rechte sind . +h@@ ein@@ rich , da man an@@ nimmt , dass er männ@@ lich ist -- obwohl ich ihnen nicht gesagt habe , dass er der mit x@@ y ist -- da man an@@ nimmt , dass er männ@@ lich ist , kann er nun einge@@ zogen werden , worüber mar@@ ia sich keine sorgen machen muss . +mar@@ ia hin@@ gegen , kann nicht in allen bun@@ des@@ staaten das gleiche recht wahr@@ nehmen , das h@@ ein@@ rich in allen staaten hat , und zwar das recht zu hei@@ raten . +h@@ ein@@ rich kann in jedem staat eine frau hei@@ raten , aber mar@@ ia kann heute nur in wenigen staaten eine frau hei@@ raten . +wir haben also diese dau@@ er@@ ha@@ ften an@@ atom@@ ischen kat@@ eg@@ orien die in viel@@ erle@@ i hinsicht proble@@ matisch und frag@@ wür@@ dig sind . +und für mich stellt sich die frage : was werden wir tun , da unsere wissenschaft solche fort@@ schritte im bereich der an@@ atom@@ ie macht , dass wir einen punkt erreichen , an dem wir zu@@ geben müssen , dass eine demokratie , die auf an@@ atom@@ ie beru@@ ht , aus@@ einander@@ fallen könnte ? +ich möchte die wissenschaft nicht auf@@ geben , aber gleichzeitig fühlt es sich manchmal so an , als ob die wissenschaft sich selbst@@ ständig macht . +wohin gehen wir also ? +es scheint als würde unsere kultur eine art pra@@ g@@ mati@@ sche haltung ein@@ nehmen : " gut , wir müssen irgendwo eine linie ziehen , also ziehen wir sie irgendwo . " +aber eine menge leute ver@@ fangen sich in einer sehr eigen@@ arti@@ gen position . +also zum beispiel , hat texas an einem punkt entschieden , dass , einen mann zu hei@@ raten bedeutet , dass man kein y chromo@@ so@@ m hat , und eine frau zu hei@@ raten bedeutet , dass man ein y chromo@@ so@@ m hat . +nun in der pra@@ x@@ is werden menschen nicht auf ihre chromo@@ some ge@@ te@@ stet . +aber es ist auch sehr bizar@@ r , wegen der geschichte , die ich ihnen an@@ fan@@ gs über den and@@ ro@@ gen@@ re@@ zep@@ tor@@ -@@ de@@ fe@@ kt erzählt habe . +wenn wir uns einen der grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ ter der modernen demokratie ansehen , dr. martin lu@@ ther king , bietet er uns in seiner " ich habe einen traum rede " eine art lösung an . +er sagt , wir sollten menschen nicht nach " ihrer hau@@ t@@ farbe , sondern nach der eigen@@ schaft ihres charak@@ ters " be@@ ur@@ teilen , und geht so über an@@ atom@@ ie hinaus . +und ich möchte sagen , " ja , das klingt wie eine richtig gute idee . " +aber wie macht man das in der pra@@ x@@ is ? +wie be@@ ur@@ teilt man menschen aufgrund ihrer charak@@ ter@@ eigenschaften ? +ich möchte auch darauf hin@@ weisen , dass ich nicht sicher bin , dass wir rechte in bezug auf menschen der@@ art ver@@ teilen sollen , weil ich zu@@ geben muss , dass ich eine reihe golden re@@ tri@@ ever kenne , die wahrscheinlich sozi@@ all@@ ei@@ st@@ ungen eher verdienen als manche menschen , die ich kenne . +ich möchte da@@ zusagen , dass ich wahrscheinlich auch einige hel@@ le lab@@ ra@@ dor@@ h@@ unde kenne , die fähi@@ ger sind fun@@ di@@ er@@ tere , intelli@@ gent@@ ere und rei@@ f@@ ere entscheidungen bezüglich ihre sexu@@ ellen beziehungen zu treffen als manche 4@@ 0-@@ jährige , die ich kenne . +wie sollen wir also die frage nach den eigenschaften des charakter oper@@ a@@ tion@@ alisieren ? +es stellt sich als wirklich schwierig heraus . +und ein teil von mir fragt sich , was wäre , wenn der inhalt einer persön@@ lichkeit etwas wäre , das in zukunft masch@@ in@@ en@@ les@@ bar wäre -- mittel@@ s f@@ mr@@ i sicht@@ bar gemacht werden könnte ? +wollen wir wirklich in diese richtung gehen ? +ich bin mir nicht sicher , wohin wir gehen . +was ich weiß , ist , dass es wirklich wichtig scheint , über die idee nachzudenken , dass die usa darin führ@@ end ist , sich gedanken über fragen der demokratie zu machen . +in unserem bemü@@ hen um demokratie haben wir unsere sache richtig gut gemacht , und ich denke , wir würden unsere sache in der zukunft gut machen . +wir haben nicht die situation , wie es zum beispiel im iran der fall ist , wo ein mann , der sich sexu@@ ell zu anderen männern hin@@ gezogen fühlt , mit dem tod be@@ stra@@ ft wird , es sei denn er ist bereit sich einer geschle@@ cht@@ sum@@ wand@@ lung zu unter@@ ziehen , in welchem fall er am leben bleiben darf . +zu@@ stände dieser art existieren bei uns nicht . +ich bin fro@@ h sagen zu können , dass wir diese zu@@ stände nicht haben -- ein chirur@@ g mit dem ich vor ein paar jahren sprach , der ein paar si@@ am@@ es@@ ische zwi@@ l@@ linge mit sich her@@ gebracht hatte , um sie zu tren@@ nen , teil@@ weise um sich einen namen zu machen . +aber als ich mit ihn telef@@ oni@@ erte , und ihn fragte , warum er diese ein@@ gri@@ ffe machte -- es waren hoch ris@@ kan@@ te oper@@ ationen -- war seine antwort , dass in seinem land , diese kinder sehr schlecht behandelt werden würden , und deshalb musste er es tun . +ich antwor@@ tete ihm , " nun haben sie politi@@ sches as@@ y@@ l in erwä@@ gung gezogen anstatt einer operation um sie zu tren@@ nen ? " +die vereinigten staaten bieten unglaubliche möglichkeiten , menschen zu erlauben die zu sein , die sie sind , ohne dass sie sich um des sta@@ ates willen ändern mü@@ ß@@ ten . +deshalb denke ich , müssen wir führ@@ end sein . +gut , nur um abzu@@ schließen , möchte ich bemerken , dass ich sehr viel über die v@@ ä@@ ter gesprochen habe . +und ich möchte über die möglichkeiten nachdenken wie demokratie aussehen könnte , oder aus@@ gesehen haben könnte , wenn wir die mütter mehr invol@@ viert hätten . +und ich möchte etwas sagen , das für eine fe@@ mini@@ stin etwas radik@@ al ist , und zwar denke ich , dass es verschiedene arten ein@@ sichten geben könnte , die von verschiedenen arten der an@@ atom@@ ie herr@@ ü@@ hren , ins@@ besonders wenn menschen ein grupp@@ en@@ denken anwenden . +seit jahren schon , weil ich an inter@@ sexu@@ alität interessiert war , habe ich mich auch für forschung im bereich der geschle@@ chter@@ differ@@ enz interessiert . +und eines der dinge , die ich wirklich interessant fand , ist der unterschied zwischen männern und frauen in hinsicht darauf , wie sie denken und in der welt agieren . +was wir aus kultur@@ über@@ greif@@ enden studien erfahren haben , ist , dass frauen , im durch@@ schnitt -- nicht jede , aber im durch@@ schnitt -- eher dazu nei@@ gen komplex@@ en sozialen beziehungen und der für@@ sorge für menschen , die innerhalb der gruppe ver@@ w@@ und@@ bar sind , sehr viel aufmerksamkeit zu geben . +und deshalb , wenn wir darüber nachdenken haben wir eine interessante situation vor uns . +vor jahren , als ich ein auf@@ bau@@ studi@@ um machte , fragte mich einer meiner studi@@ en@@ be@@ tre@@ u@@ er , der mein interesse an fe@@ min@@ ismus kan@@ nte -- ich betra@@ chtete mich als fe@@ mini@@ stin , so tue es noch -- eine wirklich eigen@@ artige frage . +er sagte , " sagen sie mir , was am fe@@ min@@ ismus wei@@ blich ist . " +und ich dachte , " nun , das ist die d@@ ü@@ mm@@ ste frage , die ich je gehört habe . +im fe@@ min@@ ismus geht es darum kli@@ sche@@ es über geschle@@ cht aufzu@@ lösen , deshalb ist am fe@@ min@@ ismus nichts wei@@ blich . +aber je mehr ich über seine frage nach@@ dachte , um so mehr dachte ich , dass es etwas weib@@ liches im fe@@ min@@ ismus geben könnte . +das soll heißen , es könnte etwas geben , im durch@@ schnitt , wo@@ durch sich weib@@ liche gehirne von männ@@ lichen unterscheiden was uns aufmerk@@ samer für hoch@@ komplexe soziale beziehungen macht , und aufmerk@@ samer dafür für die schutz@@ bedürf@@ tige zu sorgen . +wo die grün@@ dungs@@ v@@ ä@@ ter also extrem be@@ dacht waren herauszufinden wie individuen vor dem staat geschü@@ tzt werden konnten , ist es möglich , dass , wenn wir mehr mütter in dieses konzept ein@@ br@@ ä@@ chten , wir mehr ein konzept be@@ kä@@ mmen von , nicht nur wie man schü@@ tzt , sondern wie wir für einander sorgen können . +und vielleicht ist es das , wohin wir in zukunft gehen mü@@ sse , wenn wir demokratie über an@@ atom@@ ie hin@@ aus@@ führen -- weniger über den individu@@ ellen körper nachzudenken was identität betrifft , und mehr über beziehungen nachzudenken . +so dass , wenn wir als volk versuchen eine perfe@@ k@@ tere verbindung herzustellen , wir darüber nachdenken , was wir für einander tun können . +vielen dank . +ich bin j@@ ess@@ i und das hier ist mein ko@@ ffer . +aber bevor ich ihnen zeige , was ich darin habe , werde ich ein sehr öffent@@ liches ge@@ stän@@ dnis machen , und das ist : ich bin bes@@ essen von out@@ f@@ its . +ich liebe es , zu jeder gelegenheit ein anderes far@@ ben@@ fro@@ hes , verrück@@ tes out@@ fit zu finden , zu tragen , und in letz@@ ter zeit auch zu fotografi@@ eren und zu blog@@ gen . +aber ich kauf@@ e nichts neues . +ich be@@ komme all meine klei@@ der aus zwei@@ ter hand auf flo@@ h@@ mär@@ kten und in secon@@ d-@@ hand@@ -@@ sh@@ ops . +o@@ oh , danke schön . +secon@@ d-@@ hand@@ -@@ sh@@ opp@@ ing erlaubt mir , den einfluss meiner gar@@ der@@ o@@ be auf die umwelt zu reduzieren und auch den auf meine geld@@ b@@ ör@@ se . +ich tre@@ ffe alle möglichen toll@@ en leute ; meine dollars dienen für gewöhn@@ lich einem guten zweck ; ich sehe ziemlich einzigarti@@ g aus ; und es macht ein@@ kaufen zu meiner ganz persönlichen sch@@ at@@ z@@ suche . +ich meine , was werde ich heute finden ? +wird es meine größe haben ? +werde ich die farbe mögen ? +wird es weniger als 20 dollar kosten ? +wenn alle antworten ja lau@@ ten , fühle ich mich , als ob ich gewonnen habe . +ich komme zurück auf meinen ko@@ ffer , und erzähle ihnen , was ich für diese aufre@@ gende woche hier bei ted einge@@ pac@@ kt habe . +ich meine , was bringt jemand mit so vielen out@@ f@@ its mit ? +ich werde euch also ganz genau zeigen , was ich mit@@ gebracht habe . +ich habe sieben paar unter@@ ho@@ sen mit@@ gebracht , und das ist alles . +unter@@ ho@@ sen für genau eine woche sind alles , was ich in meinen ko@@ ffer getan habe . +ich habe gewe@@ t@@ tet , dass ich alles andere , was ich vielleicht tragen wollte , finden würde , wenn ich erst einmal nach pal@@ m spr@@ ings kä@@ me . +und da sie nicht von mir gehört haben als die frau , die hier bei ted in ihrer unter@@ wä@@ sche herum@@ läuft – heißt das , ich habe ein paar sachen gefunden . +und ich möchte ihnen unbedingt meine out@@ f@@ its für diese woche zeigen . +klingt das gut ? +während ich das tue , werde ich ihnen auch einige der le@@ ktionen mit@@ geben , die ich , ob sie es glauben oder nicht , aus diesen ab@@ ent@@ eu@@ ern gelernt habe , nichts neues zu tragen . +lassen sie uns mit son@@ n@@ tag beginnen . +ich nenne das den strahl@@ enden tiger . +man muss nicht viel geld ausgeben , um toll auszu@@ sehen . +man kann fast immer großartig aussehen für weniger als 50 dollar . +dieses ganze out@@ fit , in@@ klu@@ sive der jac@@ ke hat mich 5@@ 5 ge@@ kostet , und es war das teu@@ erste stück , dass ich in dieser ganzen woche ge@@ tragen habe . +mon@@ tag : farbe ist etwas kraft@@ voll@@ es . +es ist fast physi@@ olog@@ isch unmöglich , schlecht gel@@ a@@ unt zu sein , wenn man hell@@ rote ho@@ sen trägt . +wenn man glücklich ist , zieht man andere glück@@ liche menschen an . +dien@@ stag : anpas@@ sung wird total über@@ bewer@@ tet . +ich habe sehr viel zeit meines lebens damit verbracht , zu versuchen , ich selbst zu sein , und mich gleichzeitig anzu@@ passen . +seien sie einfach , wer sie sind . +wenn sie sich mit den richtigen menschen um@@ geben , werden sie es nicht nur verstehen , sie werden es auch schätzen . +mitt@@ wo@@ ch : um@@ armen sie ihr inner@@ es kind . +manchmal sagen mir leute , ich sä@@ he aus , als ob ich ' ver@@ klei@@ den ' spiele oder dass ich sie an ihre sie@@ ben@@ jährige erinnere . +ich läch@@ le dann gern und sage , " danke schön . " +don@@ ner@@ stag : selbst@@ vertrauen ist der schlüssel . +wenn sie denken , sie sehen in etwas gut aus , dann ist es fast sicher so . +und wenn sie denken , dass sie in etwas nicht gut aussehen , haben sie wahrscheinlich auch recht . +ich wuchs mit einer mutter auf , die mich das tag für tag lehr@@ te . +aber erst als ich 30 wurde , habe ich wirklich verstanden , was das bedeutet . +und ich werde das kurz für sie zusammen@@ fassen . +wenn sie glauben , dass sie innen und aus@@ sen eine wunderbare person sind , dann gibt es nichts , was sie nicht tragen können . +es gibt also keine entschul@@ digung für jemanden hier in diesem publikum . +wir sollten in der lage sein , alles zu ro@@ cken , was wir wollen . +vielen dank . +frei@@ tag : eine univer@@ sel@@ le wahrheit – fünf wörter : gol@@ dene pa@@ il@@ le@@ ten passen zu allem . +und letztendlich , sam@@ stag : einen eigenen , einzigarti@@ gen , persönlichen stil zu entwickeln , ist eine tolle art , der welt etwas über einen zu erzählen , ohne dabei ein wort sagen zu müssen . +es wurde mir immer und immer wieder be@@ wiesen , wenn in dieser woche menschen auf mich zu kamen , einfach nur wegen dem , was ich trug . und ich hatte großartige gesprä@@ che . +offensichtlich wird das nicht alles in meinen winzi@@ gen ko@@ ffer passen . +bevor ich also heim nach broo@@ kl@@ yn gehe , werde ich das alles wieder sp@@ enden . +denn die lektion , die ich selber diese woche versuche zu lernen ist , dass es okay ist , los zu lassen . +ich muss diesen dinge nicht emotional an@@ ha@@ ften , denn gleich um die ecke wird es immer ein anderes verrück@@ tes , far@@ ben@@ fro@@ hes , stra@@ hlen@@ des out@@ fit geben , das nur auf mich war@@ tet , wenn ich ein bisschen lieben im herzen habe und es suche . +ich danke ihnen viel@@ mals . +danke schön . +guten tag , alle zusammen . +ich habe hier etwas , das ich ihnen zeigen möchte . +denken sie sich dies als bild@@ punkt , als flie@@ genden bild@@ punkt . +das ist , was wir in unserem labor , wahrneh@@ m@@ bares design nennen . +lassen sie mich ihnen ein wenig darüber erzählen . +wenn sie nun dieses bild nehmen – ich bin ursprün@@ glich itali@@ en@@ er , und jeder junge in it@@ alien wächst mit diesem bild in seinem zimmer auf . aber der grund , warum ich ihnen dies zeige ist , das in der for@@ mel 1 in den vergan@@ genen jahrzehn@@ ten etwas sehr interessan@@ tes geschah . +vor einiger zeit war es so , dass wenn sie ein for@@ mel 1 rennen gewinnen wollten , dann nahmen sie ihr budget und setzten ihr geld auf einen guten fahrer und ein gutes auto . +und wenn das auto und der fahrer gut genug waren , dann gew@@ an@@ nen sie das rennen . +nun heutzutage , benötigen sie , wenn sie ein rennen gewinnen wollen , tatsächlich so etwas wie dieses hier – etwas was das auto in echtz@@ eit über@@ wa@@ cht , einige tausend sensor@@ en hat , die informationen aus dem auto , diese informationen an das system weiter@@ geben und sie dann ver@@ arbeiten und diese dann nutzen um diesem auto entscheidungen zurück zu senden und dinge in echtz@@ eit verändern während information gesam@@ melt werden . +dies würden sie , in ingenie@@ ur@@ teams , eine echtz@@ ei@@ t-@@ kontro@@ ll@@ system nennen . +und im grunde , ist es ein system , das aus zwei teilen besteht – einem spür@@ enden teil und einem re@@ agi@@ er@@ end@@ ent@@ eil . +was heutzutage interessant ist , ist das echtz@@ ei@@ t-@@ kontro@@ ll@@ systeme beginnen in unserem leben aufzu@@ tauchen . +unsere städte wurden , in den letzten paar jahren , gerade mit netz@@ werken und elektr@@ oni@@ k aus@@ gerü@@ stet . +sie werden zu computer im freien . +und als computer im freien , fangen sie an , auf andere art und weise zu reagieren , sie werden wahr@@ genommen und ange@@ trieben . +wenn wir städte her@@ richten , ist das tatsächlich eine große sache . +nur neben@@ bei möchte ich erwä@@ hnen , dass städte nur zwei prozent der er@@ do@@ ber@@ fläche sind , aber 50 prozent der welt@@ weiten bevölkerung dort leben . +sie sind 75 prozent des energie@@ konsu@@ ms – verur@@ sachen bis zu 80 prozent der co2 emis@@ sionen . +wenn wir also etwas mit den städten machen , ist das eine große sache . +über die städte hinaus , zieht all dieses wahr@@ nehmen und an@@ treiben in objekte des tä@@ glichen lebens ein . +das ist von einer ausstellung , die pa@@ ol@@ a ant@@ on@@ ell@@ i für mom@@ a später im jahr , während des som@@ mers , organisi@@ ert . +es heißt " spr@@ ich mit mir . " +nun , all unsere objekte , unsere umwelt , fangen an , zu uns zurück zu sprechen . +in einem gewissen sinn , ist es fast so als ob jedes at@@ om da draußen zu beiden wird , einem sen@@ sor und einem an@@ trei@@ ber . +und das verändert radik@@ al die interak@@ tion , die wir menschen mit unserer umwelt draußen haben . +in gewis@@ ser weise , ist es fast als ob der alte traum von mich@@ el@@ angel@@ o ... +wissen sie , als mich@@ el@@ angel@@ o den mo@@ ses form@@ te , heißt es , dass er am ende den ham@@ mer nahm und ihn auf mo@@ ses war@@ f – tatsächlich können sie immer noch eine kleine stelle un@@ ten@@ dr@@ unter sehen – und sagte , rief , " per@@ ch@@ é n@@ on par@@ l@@ i ? warum sp@@ rich@@ st du nicht ? " +nun , heute , fängt unsere umwelt zum aller@@ ersten mal an , uns zu antworten . +ich werde ihnen nur einige beispiele zeigen – nochmal , mit der idee unsere umwelt wahr@@ zunehmen und anzu@@ treiben . +lassen sie uns mit dem wahr@@ nehmen beginnen . +nun das erste projekt , das ich ihnen vorstellen möchte ist in wahrheit eines der ersten unseres lab@@ ors . +es entstand vor vier@@ einhalb jahren in it@@ alien . +und was wir da getan haben , war eigentlich eine damals neue art von netzwerk zu nutzen , das auf der ganzen welt eingesetzt wurde – das ist ein mobil@@ telefon@@ netz – und anony@@ me und ag@@ gre@@ gi@@ erte information aus diesem netzwerk zu nutzen , die o@@ h@@ ne@@ hin vom be@@ trei@@ ber gesam@@ melt werden , um zu verstehen wie die stadt funktioniert . +der sommer war ein glück@@ licher sommer – 2006 . +es war als it@@ alien die fuß@@ ball@@ -@@ welt@@ mei@@ ster@@ schaft gew@@ ann . +einige von ihnen werden sich erinnern , es war als it@@ alien gegen frank@@ reich spielte , und dann am ende zi@@ dan@@ e , der kopf@@ sto@@ ß . +und egal , it@@ alien hat am ende gewonnen +jetzt sehen sie sich an was an diesem tag passierte , nur beim beobachten der aktivität , die im netzwerk passiert . +hier sehen sie die stadt . +sie sehen in der mitte das k@@ olo@@ s@@ se@@ um , den flu@@ ß ti@@ ber . +am morgen , vor dem spiel . +sie sehen oben die zei@@ ta@@ ch@@ se . +früher nach@@ mit@@ tag , menschen hier und da , die an@@ ru@@ fe tä@@ tigen und sich bewegen . +das spiel fängt an – schwei@@ gen . +frank@@ reich macht ein tor . it@@ alien macht ein tor . +halb@@ zeit , die menschen machen einen kurzen an@@ ruf , gehen auf toile@@ tte . +zweite halb@@ zeit . ende der normalen spiel@@ zeit . +erste ver@@ län@@ gerung , zweite . +zi@@ dan@@ e , in einem augenblick der kopf@@ sto@@ ß . +it@@ alien gewinn@@ t . yeah . +nun , in dieser nacht , gingen alle ins zentrum um zu fei@@ ern . +sie sahen den großen aus@@ schlag . +am nächsten tag , gingen alle ins zentrum um das sie@@ ger@@ team und den pre@@ mier@@ minister zu selben zeit zu treffen . +und dann gingen alle hin@@ unter . +sie sehen das bild des plat@@ zes cir@@ co mas@@ sim@@ o , wo , seit der rö@@ mischen zeit , die menschen zum fei@@ ern hin@@ gehen – um eine große party zu haben , und sie sehen den aus@@ schlag am ende des tages . +nun , das ist nur ein beispiel , wie wir heute die stadt spüren können , auf eine art und weise wie wir es vor einigen jahren nicht konnten . +noch schnell ein anderes beispiel für spüren : hier geht es nicht um menschen , sondern um dinge , die wir benutzen und konsu@@ mieren . +nun , heutzutage wissen wir alles darüber woher unsere sachen kommen . +dies ist eine karte , die ihnen all die chi@@ ps zeigt , aus denen ein ma@@ c computer besteht , wie sie zusammen kamen . +aber wir wissen nur wenig darüber , wo die sachen hin@@ gehen . +also haben wir in diesem projekt tatsächlich einige kleine mar@@ ker entworfen um den müll zu verfolgen während er durch das system geht . +wir haben also mit einigen freiwilli@@ gen angefangen , die uns , vor etwas mehr als einem jahr , in se@@ attle ge@@ holfen haben , die dinge zu marki@@ eren , die sie weg@@ war@@ fen – verschiedene arten von dingen , wie sie sehen können – dinge , die sie o@@ h@@ ne@@ hin weg@@ werfen würden . +dann haben wir die kleinen chi@@ ps , die kleinen mar@@ ken , auf den müll ge@@ k@@ lebt und angefangen ihn zu verfolgen . +hier sind die ergebnisse , die wir gerade bekommen haben . +von se@@ attle ... +nach einer woche . +mit dieser information erkan@@ nten wir , dass es eine menge in@@ effizi@@ en@@ zen im system gibt . +wir können die gleichen dinge in der tat mit weniger energie machen . +die daten waren vorher nicht verfügbar . +aber das passieren eine menge un@@ nütz@@ er transpor@@ te und kompli@@ zier@@ ter dinge . +die andere sache aber ist , dass wir glauben , dass wenn wir jeden tag sehen , dass die tas@@ se , die wir weg@@ werfen , nicht einfach versch@@ win@@ det , dass sie immer noch irgendwo auf dem planeten ist . +und die plasti@@ k@@ fla@@ sche , die wir jeden tag weg@@ werfen immer noch da bleibt . +und wenn wir das den menschen zeigen würden , dann können wir eine verhaltens@@ änder@@ ung vor@@ an@@ treiben . +das ist also der grund für dieses projekt . +mein kol@@ lege an der mit , as@@ sa@@ f bi@@ der@@ man , könnte ihnen noch viel mehr über das wahr@@ nehmen und die vielen anderen wunder@@ baren dinge , die man mit wahr@@ nehmen machen kann , erzählen , aber ich möchte gerne auf den zweiten teil zu sprechen kommen , den wir am anfang disku@@ ti@@ erten und das ist die bet@@ ä@@ tigung unserer umwelt . +und das erste projekt ist etwas , dass wir vor ein paar jahren in zar@@ a@@ go@@ za , sp@@ ani@@ en gemacht haben . +es fing mit einer frage des bürger@@ mei@@ sters an , der zu uns kam und sagte , dass sp@@ ani@@ en und sü@@ deu@@ rop@@ a eine schöne tradition haben , an öffentlichen orten wasser als teil der architektur zu nutzen . +und die frage war : wie könnte man technologie , neue technologie damit verbinden ? +und eine der ideen , die am mit in einem arbeit@@ sk@@ rei@@ s er@@ mittel@@ t wurden , war , stellen sie sich diese schl@@ äu@@ che vor , und venti@@ le , mag@@ net@@ venti@@ le , kla@@ ppen , die sich öffnen und schließen . +sie verur@@ sachen so was wie einen wasser@@ vor@@ hang mit bild@@ pun@@ kten aus wasser . +wenn diese bild@@ punkte herunter@@ fallen , können sie darauf schreiben , können sie muster , bilder , text an@@ zeigen . +und sie können sich ihm näher@@ n , und er wird sich öffnen , um sie durch@@ springen zu lassen , wie sie auf diesem bild sehen können . +nun , wir haben das bürger@@ meister bel@@ loch vor@@ gestellt . +es hat ihm sehr gefallen . +und wir bekamen den auf@@ trag ein gebäude beim ein@@ gang der exp@@ o zu entwerfen . +wir nan@@ nten es den digitalen wasser pa@@ vil@@ li@@ on . +das ganze gebäude bestand aus wasser . +es gibt keine tür@@ en oder fenster , aber wenn sie sich ihm näher@@ n , wird es sich öffnen und sie hinein lassen . +das dach war ebenfalls mit wasser be@@ deckt . +und wenn es w@@ indi@@ g ist , wenn sie das sp@@ ri@@ tzen verring@@ ern wollen , können sie sogar das dach her@@ unter lassen . +oder sie könnten das gebäude schließen und die ganze architektur wird , wie in diesem fall , wissen sie , dieser tage , wenn sie das dach herunter@@ fahren , bekommen sie bilder von menschen , die da waren und sagen , " sie haben das gebäude zerstört . " +nein , sie haben das gebäude nicht zerstört , es ist nur so , dass die architektur beinahe versch@@ win@@ det . +hier sehen sie , wie das gebäude funktioniert . +sie sehen die person , die sich fragt , was im inneren passiert . +und hier sehen sie mich , als ich versuchte beim testen der sensor@@ en , die das wasser öff@@ neten , nicht n@@ ass zu werden . +nun , sollte ich ihnen erzählen , was eines nachts passierte als alle sensor@@ en auf@@ hörten zu funktionieren . +aber eigentlich war es in dieser nacht ein noch größ@@ erer spaß . +alle kinder aus zar@@ a@@ go@@ za kamen zu dem gebäude , denn die art wie sie mit dem gebäude spiel@@ ten war ganz anders . +nicht länger ein gebäude , das sich öffnen würde um sie ein zu lassen , aber ein gebäude , das immer noch pau@@ sen und löcher im wasser hatte , man musste jetzt springen ohne n@@ ass zu werden . +und das war , für uns , sehr span@@ n@@ end , denn als architekten , ingenie@@ ure , als designer , denken wir immer darüber nach , wie die menschen , die dinge nutzen , die wir entwerfen . +aber die realität ist immer un@@ vorher@@ seh@@ bar . +und das ist das schöne daran , dinge zu kreieren , die benutzt werden und mit den menschen interagieren . +hier ist nun ein bild des gebäu@@ des mit den phy@@ sischen bild@@ pun@@ kten , den bild@@ pun@@ kten aus wasser und die proje@@ ktionen darauf . +und dies ist es , was uns darauf brachte über das folgende projekt nachzudenken , das ich ihnen jetzt zeige . +stellen sie sich vor diese bild@@ punkte könnten wirklich anfangen zu fliegen . +stellen sie sich vor , sie könnten kleine hu@@ b@@ sch@@ rau@@ ber haben , die durch die luft fliegen , und jeder von ihnen mit einem kleinen bild@@ punkt mit wechsel@@ n@@ dem licht – fast so wie eine wol@@ ke die sich durch den raum bewegen kann . +hier ist das video . +stellen sie sich einen hu@@ b@@ sch@@ rau@@ ber vor , wie den , den sie vor@@ hin gesehen haben , der sich mit anderen bewegt , vollkommen syn@@ chr@@ on . +sie können diese wol@@ ke haben . +sie können eine art flexi@@ bl@@ en bildschirm oder an@@ zeige haben , wie diese – eine gleich@@ mäß@@ ige forma@@ tion in zwei dimensionen . +oder un@@ regel@@ mäßig aber in drei dimensionen , bei der das , was sich ändert , das licht ist , nicht die position der bild@@ punkte . +sie können mit verschiedenen arten spielen . +stellen sie sich vor der bildschirm könnte einfach in unterschiedlichen forma@@ ten oder grö@@ ßen erscheinen , in unterschiedlichen auf@@ lösungen . +aber dann könnte das ganze nur eine 3d wol@@ ke aus bild@@ pun@@ kten sein , auf die sie zu@@ gehen können und durch die sie sich hin@@ durch bewegen , die sie aus vielen , vielen richtungen betrachten können . +hier sehen sie eine echte fl@@ y@@ fi@@ re-@@ steu@@ erung , die her@@ ab@@ sin@@ kt um wie zuvor ein gleich@@ mäß@@ iges v zu formen . +wenn sie das licht ein@@ schalten , sieht es so aus . also genauso , wie wir es vorher gesehen haben . +stellen sie sich vor , dass jedes einzelne von menschen ge@@ steu@@ ert wird . +es könnte jeder einzelne bild@@ punkt einen impul@@ s haben , der von menschen kommt , von den bewegungen der menschen oder der@@ gleichen . +ich möchte ihnen hier etwas zu aller@@ erst zeigen . +wir haben mit ro@@ ber@@ to bol@@ le gearbeitet , einem der besten bal@@ le@@ tt@@ t@@ än@@ zer unserer zeit – dem é@@ toi@@ le am me@@ tro@@ poli@@ tan theater in new york und der sc@@ ala in ma@@ il@@ and – wir haben seine bewegungen in 3d aufgenommen um sie als impul@@ s für das fl@@ y@@ fire zu nutzen . +hier sehen sie ro@@ ber@@ to tan@@ zen . +auf der linken seite sehen sie die bild@@ punkte , die verschiedenen einge@@ fan@@ genen ein@@ drü@@ cke . +es ist gleichzeitig ein echtz@@ ei@@ t-@@ 3@@ d-@@ scan und eine beweg@@ ungs@@ aufnahme . +so dass sie die ganze bewegung nach@@ voll@@ ziehen können . +sie können das die ganze zeit machen . +aber dann , wenn wir einmal alle bild@@ punkte haben , können sie damit spielen und mit farbe bewegung schwer@@ kraft und dre@@ h@@ bewegung spielen . +das möchten wir als einen möglichen impul@@ s für das fl@@ y@@ fire nutzen . +ich möchte ihnen das neu@@ e@@ ste projekt zeigen an dem wir arbeiten . +es ist etwas , an dem wir für die olymp@@ ischen spiele in london arbeiten . +es nennt sich the cloud – die wol@@ ke . +die idee ist wiederum , stellen sie sich das vor , das wir wieder die menschen mit ein@@ beziehen um etwas zu tun und die umwelt zu verändern – fast so etwas , wie wir es nennen , wol@@ ken@@ bewegung einzu@@ bauen wie man ein sche@@ un@@ ent@@ or bewegt , aber mit einer wol@@ ke . +stellen sie sich vor , dass jeder eine kleine sp@@ ende für einen bild@@ punkt geben kann . +ich denke , dass das bemerkens@@ werte der der gesch@@ e@@ hn@@ is@@ se letzten jahre , der letzten jahrzehn@@ te ist , dass wir von einer physi@@ kal@@ ischen zu einer digitalen welt ge@@ wechsel@@ t sind . +das hat alles digit@@ alisiert , wissen , und macht es durch das internet zugänglich . +heutzutage , können wir zum ersten mal – und die kampagne ob@@ am@@ as hat das gezeigt – können wir von der digitalen welt , von den sich selb@@ stor@@ gan@@ isi@@ erenden krä@@ ften der netzwerke zu der physi@@ kal@@ ischen welt wechseln . +das kann , in unserem fall sein , dass wir es benutzen um zu desig@@ nen und ein symbol zu schaffen . +das heißt etwas was in der stadt gebaut ist . +aber morgen kann es , um uns den kommen@@ den herausforderungen zu stellen – denken sie da an den klimawandel oder die co2 emis@@ sionen – wie können wir dann von der digitalen welt zur physi@@ kal@@ ischen wechseln . +die idee ist also , dass wir tatsächlich die menschen mit ein@@ beziehen , in dem sie dinge zusammen , kolle@@ ktiv tun . +die wol@@ ke ist wieder eine wol@@ ke aus bild@@ pun@@ kten , in der gleichen weise wie eine wirkliche wol@@ ke eine wol@@ ke aus parti@@ keln ist . +und diese parti@@ kel sind wasser , während unsere wol@@ ke eine wol@@ ke aus bild@@ pun@@ kten ist . +es ist ein physi@@ kal@@ isches ge@@ bil@@ de in london , aber mit bild@@ pun@@ kten be@@ deckt . +sie können sich innen bewegen und verschiedene arten von erfahrungen machen . +sie können es sie tatsächlich von unten ansehen , die wichtigsten momente für olymp@@ ia 20@@ 12 und dar@@ über@@ hinaus teilen , und es als art der verbindung zur gemeinschaft nutzen . +also bei@@ des , die physi@@ kal@@ ische wol@@ ke im himmel und etwas an dessen spitze sie hin@@ gehen können , wie lon@@ d@@ ons neuer berg@@ gi@@ p@@ fel . +sie können hinein@@ gehen . +und eine art digit@@ aler leu@@ ch@@ tt@@ ur@@ m in der nacht – aber als aller@@ wichtig@@ stes , eine neue art der erfahrung für alle , die an die spitze gehen wollen . +danke . +als künstler ist mir der zusammenhang sehr wichtig . +durch meine arbeit versuche ich auszu@@ drücken , dass menschen nicht von der natur ge@@ trennt sind und dass alles miteinander verbunden ist . +das erste mal war ich vor bein@@ ah 10 jahren in der ant@@ arkti@@ s , wo ich meine ersten eis@@ ber@@ ge sah . +mich er@@ griff ehr@@ fur@@ cht . +mein herz ra@@ ste , mir war sch@@ win@@ deli@@ g , während ich versuchte , zu fassen was vor mir stand . +die eis@@ ber@@ ge um mich herum ra@@ gten bein@@ ah 60 meter aus dem wasser . und ich konnte nur sta@@ un@@ en , dass das eine sch@@ ne@@ ef@@ lo@@ cke auf einer anderen sch@@ ne@@ ef@@ lo@@ cke war , jahr um jahr . +eis@@ ber@@ ge werden geboren als kal@@ b eines g@@ le@@ tsch@@ ers oder indem sie aus eis@@ sch@@ oll@@ en heraus brechen . +jeder eis@@ berg hat seine eigene individu@@ elle persön@@ lichkeit . +sie interagieren auf eindeu@@ tige weise mit ihrer umgebung und ihren erfahrungen . +manche wei@@ gern sich aufzu@@ geben und kl@@ am@@ mern bis zum bit@@ teren ende , während andere es nicht mehr aus@@ halten und in einem an@@ fall dra@@ mati@@ scher leidenschaft zusammen@@ stür@@ zen . +wenn man einen eis@@ berg betrachtet , denkt man leicht dass sie iso@@ liert sind , ge@@ trennt und allein , ganz so wie wir menschen uns oft sehen . +aber die wahrheit ist weit davon entfernt . +während ein eis@@ berg sch@@ mil@@ zt , at@@ me ich seine vor@@ zeit@@ liche atmosphäre ein . +während der eis@@ berg sch@@ mil@@ zt setzt er miner@@ al@@ stoff@@ rei@@ ches trin@@ k@@ wasser frei , das viele lebens@@ formen nä@@ hrt . +ich gehe bei meinen aufnahmen dieser eis@@ ber@@ ge so vor , als würde ich portra@@ its meiner vorfahren machen , in dem bewusstsein , dass sie in diesen individu@@ ellen augen@@ bli@@ cken aus diese weise existieren , und niemals wieder so existieren werden . +es ist kein tod , wenn sie sch@@ mel@@ zen ; es ist kein ende , sondern eine fort@@ führung ihres p@@ fa@@ des entlang des lebens@@ zy@@ kl@@ us . +ein teil des ei@@ ses in den eis@@ ber@@ gen die ich photogra@@ phi@@ ere ist sehr j@@ ung – einige tausend jahre alt . +und ein teil des ei@@ ses ist mehr als 10@@ 0.000 jahre alt . +die letzten bilder die ich ihnen gern zeigen möchte , zeigen einen eis@@ berg , den ich in ke@@ ker@@ t@@ su@@ at@@ si@@ ak in grö@@ n@@ land photogra@@ phi@@ ert habe . +sehr selten wird man tatsächlich zeuge eines roll@@ enden eis@@ ber@@ gs . +hier sehen sie es nun . +auf der linken seite sehen sie ein kleines boot . +das ist etwa fünf meter lang . +bitte achten sie auf die form des eis@@ ber@@ gs und wo er sich an der wasser@@ linie befindet . +sie können hier sehen , er beginnt zu rollen , und das boot hat sich zur anderen seite bewegt , der mann steht dort . +das ist die durchschnittliche größe eines grö@@ n@@ land@@ -@@ eis@@ ber@@ gs . +er ra@@ gt etwa 120 fuß aus dem wasser , oder 40 meter . +und dieses video ist in echtz@@ eit . +und einfach so , zeigt ihnen der eis@@ berg eine andere seite seiner persön@@ lichkeit . +ich danke ihnen . +mein leben ist wirklich außer@@ ord@@ entlich gese@@ g@@ net durch die arbeit an einigen erstaun@@ lichen proje@@ kten . +aber bei dem cool@@ sten , wor@@ an ich je gearbeitet habe , ging es um diesen kerl . +sein name ist temp@@ t . +temp@@ t war einer der führ@@ enden gra@@ ff@@ i@@ ti@@ künstler der 8@@ 0er jahre . +dann , eines tages , kam er vom laufen zurück und sagte " pa@@ ps , meine beine kri@@ b@@ b@@ eln . " +und das war der aus@@ bruch des als . +temp@@ t ist heute vollständig gel@@ ä@@ hmt . +er kann nur noch seine augen verwenden . +ich stand ihm gegenüber . +ich habe eine firma , die design und anima@@ tionen macht , gra@@ ff@@ iti ist also zwan@@ gs@@ läu@@ fi@@ g ein komplex@@ er teil dessen , was wir in der kunst@@ welt be@@ w@@ un@@ dern und achten . +wir haben daher beschlossen , tony – temp@@ t – und seine sache zu unterstützen . +ich traf mich mit seinem vater und seinen bruder und sagte : " wir werden euch dieses geld geben , +was wer@@ det ihr damit tun ? " +und sein bruder sagte : " ich will nur wieder mit tony reden können . +ich will mich nur wieder mit ihm und ich fragte : " moment mal , ist das nicht – ich hab ste@@ phen haw@@ king gesehen – können nicht alle gel@@ ä@@ hm@@ ten menschen mittel@@ s dieser geräte kommunizieren ? " +und er antwor@@ tete : " nein , nur wenn man zur hö@@ h@@ eren gesell@@ schafts@@ schicht gehört und eine bemerkens@@ werte ver@@ sich@@ erung hat , kann man das wirklich tun . +normalen menschen sind diese geräte nicht zugänglich . " +und ich er@@ wider@@ te : " wie kommuni@@ ziert ihr denn nun ? " +hat jemand den film ' schme@@ tter@@ ling und tau@@ cher@@ glo@@ cke " gesehen ? +so kommunizieren sie – so laufen ihre finger entlang . +ich sta@@ un@@ te : " sehr arch@@ a@@ isch , wie kann das sein ? " +ich kam also mit dem bedürf@@ nis , einfach nur einen sche@@ ck auszu@@ stellen und stattdessen stellte ich einen sche@@ ck aus , von dem ich nicht die lei@@ se@@ ste ahnung hatte , wie ich ihn ein@@ lösen sollte . +ich verpflich@@ tete mich an ort und stelle gegenüber seinem bruder und seinem vater – mit den worten : " gut , mein vor@@ schlag ist fol@@ gen@@ der@@ maßen : tony wird sprechen , wir werden ihm einen appar@@ at besor@@ gen und wir werden einen weg finden , dass er wieder seine kunst machen kann . +denn es ist eine far@@ ce , dass jemand , der all das noch in sich trägt , es nicht kommunizieren kann . " +ich sprach also einige monate später bei einer konferenz . +ich traf diese leute von gr@@ l , gra@@ ff@@ iti research lab und sie haben eine technologie , die es ihnen erlaubt , ein licht auf jede belie@@ bi@@ ge oberfläche zu pro@@ ji@@ zieren und dann mit einem las@@ er@@ poin@@ ter darauf zu zeichnen , der nur die negative fläche regi@@ stri@@ ert . +sie ziehen also um@@ her und machen kunst@@ instal@@ la@@ tionen wie diese . +sie sagen , dass alle dinge , die dort oben ange@@ zeigt werden , einem lebens@@ zy@@ kl@@ us folgen . +es beginnt mit den geschle@@ cht@@ stei@@ len , dann kommen die sch@@ impf@@ wörter , danach die bus@@ h-@@ ver@@ le@@ um@@ dungen und zu@@ letzt machen die leute tatsächlich kunst . +aber es gab immer einen lebens@@ zy@@ kl@@ us in ihren präsent@@ ationen . +ich ging also nach hause und a@@ ß mit meiner frau zu abend und erzählte ihr von allem und wir dachten : " nun , sekunde mal , wenn es doch diese technologie gibt , mit der man seine augen nutzen kann , um dinge zu steuern , dann sollten wir einen weg finden , dass temp@@ t einen las@@ er steuern kann , so dass er wieder gra@@ ff@@ iti machen kann , das wäre doch geni@@ al . " +das war der beginn der reise . +und etwa zwei jahre später , etwa ein jahr später , nach eine menge organisation und viel hin und her von dingen , haben wir einige sachen erreicht . +erstens , wir haben den ver@@ sicher@@ ungen die tür@@ en ein@@ ger@@ an@@ nt , und haben tatsächlich für temp@@ t einen appar@@ at bekommen , mit dem er kommunizieren kann – eine ste@@ phen haw@@ k@@ ing-@@ maschine . +das war unglaublich . +und er ist wirklich extrem wi@@ tz@@ ig – ich nenne ihn yo@@ da , denn man re@@ det mit ihm , oder bekommt eine e-@@ mail , und denkt sich : " ich bin so un@@ wür@@ dig , dieser kerl ist unglaublich . " +außerdem haben wir sieben program@@ mier@@ er aus der ganzen welt einge@@ flo@@ gen – buchstäblich aus allen e@@ cken der welt – zu uns nach hause . +meine frau , meine kinder und ich sind in die garage gezogen , und diese ha@@ cker und program@@ mier@@ er und versch@@ wör@@ ungs@@ theore@@ tiker und an@@ archi@@ sten haben unser haus über@@ nom@@ men . +viele unserer freunde dachten , dass wir schön du@@ mm seien , das zu tun und dass wir zurück@@ kä@@ men und alle bilder an den w@@ än@@ den wären gra@@ ff@@ i@@ tis gewi@@ chen . +aber für über zwei wochen haben wir program@@ miert , wir gingen zum str@@ and@@ pro@@ men@@ ade in ven@@ ice , meine kinder wurden ein@@ be@@ zogen , mein hund auch und wir schu@@ fen das hier . +es nennt sich e@@ ye@@ writer und man kann die beschrei@@ bung sehen . +das ist eine billi@@ ge sonnen@@ bri@@ lle , die wir an der str@@ and@@ pro@@ men@@ ade von ven@@ ice ge@@ kauft haben , etwas ku@@ pfer@@ dra@@ ht und ein paar sachen aus dem bau@@ markt und dem elektr@@ oni@@ k@@ handel . +wir nahmen eine p@@ s@@ 3@@ -@@ kamera , haben sie aus@@ einander@@ gebaut , haben sie auf ein le@@ d-@@ licht gesetzt und jetzt haben wir ein gerät das frei zugänglich ist – man kann es selbst bauen , wir stellen den code um@@ sonst zur verfügung , die software kann man kosten@@ los herunter@@ laden . +wir haben also ein gerät erschaffen , das komplett frei von beschrän@@ kungen ist . +keine ver@@ sich@@ erung kann sich qu@@ erstellen , +auch kein krankenhaus . +jeder gel@@ ä@@ hm@@ te kann nun tatsächlich allein mit seinen augen kommunizieren oder zeichnen . +danke . +danke euch viel@@ mals , das war unglaublich . +am ende der zwei wochen also gingen wir zurück in temp@@ ts zimmer . +ich liebe dieses bild , denn es ist das zimmer von jemand anderem und das ist sein zimmer . +da ist nun all dieser ru@@ m@@ mel vor der großen enth@@ ü@@ ll@@ ung +und nach über einem jahr der plan@@ ung , zwei wochen program@@ mier@@ arbeit , nu@@ del@@ par@@ ties und durch@@ ge@@ machten nä@@ chten , zeich@@ nete tony zum ersten mal wieder nach sieben jahren . +und das ist ein beeindruck@@ endes bild , denn dies ist sein lebenser@@ hal@@ tungs@@ system , und er sieht über sein lebenser@@ hal@@ tungs@@ system hinaus . +wir haben sein bett gen@@ ei@@ gt , damit er nach draußen sehen kann . +wir haben einen proje@@ ktor auf@@ gestellt gegen eine wand des par@@ k@@ plat@@ z@@ tes vor dem krankenhaus . +und er zeich@@ nete wieder zum ersten mal , im bei@@ sein seiner familie und freunde – und man kann sich nur vorstellen , was für ein gefühl das auf dem par@@ k@@ platz war . +lu@@ sti@@ ger@@ weise mussten wir auch noch in den par@@ k@@ platz ein@@ brechen , wir fühl@@ ten uns also zu@@ recht als ein teil der sprü@@ her@@ -@@ sz@@ ene . +am ende sand@@ te er uns eine e-@@ mail mit fol@@ gen@@ dem inhalt : " zum ersten mal seit sieben jahren habe ich etwas ge@@ zeichnet . +ich habe das gefühl , ich wurde unter wasser ge@@ drückt und endlich hat jemand nach unten ge@@ gri@@ ffen und meinen kopf hoch@@ gezogen , damit ich atmen kann . " +ist das nicht über@@ wäl@@ ti@@ gend ? +das ist so etwas wie unser kam@@ pf@@ schre@@ i . +das hält uns bei der stan@@ ge und lässt uns immer weiter entwickeln . +und wir müssen noch viel an diesem gerät verbessern . +es ist ein erstaun@@ liches gerät , aber es kommt einer zauber@@ ta@@ fel gleich . +und jemand , der ein sol@@ ches künstler@@ isches potential hat , verdi@@ ent so viel mehr . +wir sind also dabei , herauszufinden , wie man es besser , schneller und stärker macht . +seit dieser zeit haben wir alle arten von an@@ erken@@ nung erhalten . +wir haben ein paar prei@@ se gewonnen . +bedenken sie , es ist kosten@@ los , niemand von uns verdi@@ ent daran . +es kommt alles aus unseren eigenen ta@@ schen . +die aus@@ zeichnungen waren also , " oh , das ist fantastisch . " +arm@@ strong twi@@ tter@@ te über uns und dann , im de@@ z@@ ember , hat uns das ti@@ me@@ -@@ magazine ge@@ e@@ hrt , als eine der 50 besten erfin@@ dungen 2010 , was wirklich klasse war . +das cool@@ ste daran ist – und das schlie@@ ßt den ganzen kreis – dass es diesen apri@@ l , beim ge@@ ffen mo@@ ca in der innen@@ stadt von los angeles eine ausstellung geben wird namens " art of the streets " +und dort werden wohl so ziemlich die här@@ testen ver@@ tre@@ ter der straßen@@ kunst@@ sz@@ ene an@@ wes@@ end sein – bank@@ sy , she@@ par@@ d fa@@ i@@ re@@ y , ca@@ ws – all diese jungs werden dort sein . +temp@@ t wird teil der show sein , was ziemlich abge@@ fahren ist . +im grunde geht mir also darum : wenn du etwas sie@@ h@@ st , das unmöglich ist , dann mach es möglich . +alles in diesem raum war unmöglich – diese bühne , dieser computer , dieses mikro@@ f@@ on , der e@@ ye@@ writer – alles war irgendwann unmöglich . +machen sie es möglich – sie alle hier . +ich bin kein program@@ mier@@ er und hatte noch nie etwas mit au@@ gener@@ fas@@ s@@ ung@@ stech@@ n@@ ologie zu tun , aber ich habe einfach etwas er@@ fasst und mich mit erstaun@@ lichen leuten um@@ geben , damit wir gemeinsam etwas auf die beine stellen konnten . +und diese frage sollte sich jeder von ihnen stellen und zwar an jedem einzelnen tag , an dem ihnen etwas auff@@ ä@@ llt , das erle@@ digt werden muss . wenn nicht jetzt , wann dann ? und wenn nicht ich , wer dann ? +ich danke euch . +also , ich schrei@@ be für kinder , und bin wahrscheinlich ameri@@ kas meist gel@@ es@@ en@@ er kinder@@ buch@@ autor . +und ich sage den leuten immer dass ich nicht wie ein wissenschaftler daher kommen will . +man kann mich als farmer haben , oder in le@@ der , aber niemand hat jemals farmer gewä@@ hlt . +heute möchte ich ihnen von krei@@ sen und offen@@ bar@@ ungen erzählen . +nun ja , eine er@@ leu@@ chtung ist für gewöhn@@ lich etwas , dass man findet weil man es irgendwo fallen gelassen hat . +man geht um den block und nimmt es als offen@@ bar@@ ung war . +das ist ein gemäl@@ de eines krei@@ ses . +einer meiner freunde hat es gemacht – richard b@@ oll@@ ing@@ broke . +es ist die art kompli@@ zier@@ ter kreis von dem ich ihnen heute erzählen möchte . +mein kreis begann damals in den 6@@ 0ern an der high school in sto@@ w , o@@ hi@@ o , wo ich die klassen@@ schw@@ u@@ ch@@ tel war . +ich war der@@ jen@@ ige , der jede woche in der jung@@ ent@@ o@@ i@@ le@@ tte grün und blau geschlagen wurde , bis eine lehr@@ erin mein leben re@@ t@@ tete . +sie re@@ t@@ tete mein leben , indem sie mich die toile@@ tte im lehr@@ er@@ zimmer benutzen ließ . +das tat sie hei@@ mlich , +sie tat es drei jahre lang , +und ich musste weg aus der stadt . +ich hatte einen dau@@ men , ich hatte 85 dollar , und es schlu@@ g mich nach san francisco in kalifornien – ich fand einen lieb@@ hab@@ er – und damals in den 8@@ 0ern fand ich es wichtig eine arbeit bei ai@@ d@@ s-@@ organisationen auf@@ zunehmen . +vor etwa drei oder vier jahren er@@ hielt ich mitten in der nacht einen an@@ ruf von dieser lehr@@ erin , frau po@@ sten , die sagte , " ich muss sie sehen . +ich bin trauri@@ g , dass wir einander niemals als erwachsene kennen gelernt haben . +können sie bitte nach o@@ hi@@ o kommen , und bitte kommen sie zusammen mit dem mann , von dem ich weiß , dass sie ihn in@@ zwischen gefunden haben . +und ich sollte erwä@@ hnen , dass ich bau@@ spei@@ ch@@ el@@ drü@@ sen@@ krebs habe , und dass ich möchte , dass sie sich bitte be@@ ei@@ len . " +nun , am nächsten tag waren wir in cle@@ vel@@ and . +wir sahen sie an , wir la@@ chten , wir wein@@ ten , und wir wussten , dass sie in einem ho@@ spi@@ z sein müsste . +wir fanden eins für sie , wir brachten sie hin , und wir kü@@ m@@ mer@@ ten uns um sie , und wir gaben auf ihre familie acht , weil es nötig war , +es war etwas , dass wir zu tun wussten . +und gerade als die frau , die mich als erwachsenen kennen lernen wollte , mich ken@@ nen@@ lernte , verwand@@ elte sie sich in eine ki@@ ste voll a@@ sche und wurde in meine hände gelegt . +was passiert war , war dass sich der kreis geschlossen hatte , es war ein kreis geworden – und die offen@@ bar@@ ung von der ich gesprochen habe zeigte sich . +die offen@@ bar@@ ung ist , das tod ein teil des lebens ist . +sie hat mein leben ger@@ et@@ tet , und mein partner und ich re@@ t@@ teten ihres . +und wissen sie , dieser teil des lebens braucht alles was der rest des lebens braucht . +er braucht wahrheit und schönheit , und ich bin so fro@@ h , dass das heute hier so oft erwähnt wurde . +er braucht genauso – er braucht würde , liebe und verg@@ nü@@ gen . und es ist an uns , diese dinge zu geben . +vielen dank . +stellen sie sich eine große explosion vor , während sie auf auf 1.000 meter auf@@ steigen . +stellen sie sich ein flugzeug voll r@@ auch vor . +stellen sie sich ein trie@@ b@@ werk vor , das kl@@ ack , kl@@ ack , kl@@ ack , kl@@ ack , kl@@ ack , kl@@ ack , kl@@ ack macht . +das klingt angst einfl@@ ö@@ ß@@ end . +nun , ich hatte einen einzigarti@@ gen platz an diesem tag ; ich saß auf 1@@ d . +ich war der einzige , der mit den flug@@ beglei@@ tern sprechen konnte . +ich sah sie also gleich an , und sie sagten : " kein problem , wir haben wohl ein paar vögel er@@ wi@@ scht . " +der pilot hatte die maschine schon ge@@ wen@@ det und wir waren nicht so weit weg . +man konnte manhattan sehen . +zwei minuten später passi@@ erten drei dinge gleichzeitig . +der pilot rich@@ tete die maschine nach dem hu@@ d@@ son river aus . +das ist gewöhn@@ lich nicht die rou@@ te . +er sch@@ altet die trie@@ b@@ werke ab . +stellen sie sich mal ein geräu@@ sch@@ lo@@ ses flugzeug vor . +und dann sagte er drei worte – die emo@@ tions@@ lo@@ se@@ sten worte , die ich je gehört habe . +er sagt , " berei@@ t@@ machen zum auf@@ pr@@ all " +ich musste nicht mehr mit dem bor@@ d@@ personal reden . +ich konnte es in ihren augen sehen , da war schre@@ cken , das leben war zu ende . +ich möchte ihnen jetzt drei dinge mit@@ teilen , die ich an diesem tag über mich gelernt habe . +ich lernte , dass in einem augenblick alles anders ist . +wir haben diesen leben@@ sp@@ lan , wir haben diese dinge , die wir im leben machen möchten und ich dachte an all die menschen , denen ich eine hand reichen wollte und es nicht tat , all die zä@@ une , die ich fli@@ cken wollte , all die erfahrungen , die ich machen wollte und nie machte . +während ich später darüber nach@@ dachte , fiel mir ein spruch ein , der lautet : " ich samm@@ le schlechte w@@ eine " . +denn wenn der w@@ ein so@@ weit ist und die person ist da , dann öff@@ ne ich ihn . +ich will nie mehr etwas verschie@@ ben im leben . +und diese dr@@ ing@@ lichkeit , dieses ziel , hat mein leben wirklich verändert . +die zweite sache , die ich an diesem tag lernte – und das war , als wir die george washington brücke ver@@ fehl@@ ten , so ziemlich um ha@@ ar@@ es@@ breite – da dachte ich , mensch , da ist eine sache , die ich wirklich ber@@ eu@@ e . +ich hatte ein gutes leben . +in meiner eigenen mensch@@ lichkeit und mit meinen fehl@@ ern , stre@@ b@@ te ich danach , besser zu werden in allem , was ich an@@ pac@@ kte . +aber in meiner mensch@@ lichkeit habe ich auch meinem e@@ go raum gegeben . +und ich be@@ dau@@ erte die zeit , die ich für bedeu@@ tungs@@ lose dinge versch@@ wen@@ det hat@@ tee , mit menschen , die etwas bedeuten . +und ich dachte an die beziehung mit meiner frau , zu freunden , zu menschen . +und danach , als ich darüber nach@@ dachte , beschloss ich , negative energie aus meinem leben zu ver@@ ban@@ nen . +es ist nicht perfekt , aber es ist viel besser . +ich habe mich zwei jahre nicht mehr mit meiner frau ge@@ stri@@ tten . +es fühlt sich großartig an . +ich versuche nicht mehr , recht zu haben ; ich entschei@@ de mich dafür , glücklich zu sein . +die dritte sache , die ich lernte – und zwar während die innere uhr beginn@@ nt , " 15 , 14 , 13 , ... " herunter@@ zu@@ zählen , +man sieht das wasser kommen . +ich sagte , " bitte flie@@ g in die luft . " +ich will nicht , dass dieses ding in 20 teile zer@@ bri@@ cht , wie man es aus dok@@ um@@ ent@@ ationen kennt . +während wir ab@@ stür@@ zen , hatte ich dieses gefühl , mensch , zu sterben ist nicht fur@@ chter@@ re@@ gend . +fast so , als würden wir uns unser leben lang darauf vorberei@@ ten . +aber es war sehr trauri@@ g . +ich wollte nicht gehen ; ich liebe mein leben . +und diese trauri@@ gkeit for@@ mi@@ erte sich wirklich in einem gedanken , nämlich dass ich mir nur eine sache wün@@ sche . +ich wün@@ schte mir nur , ich könnte meine kinder auf@@ wachsen sehen . +etwa einen monat danach besu@@ chte ich einen auf@@ tritt meiner tochter – erst@@ kl@@ ä@@ ss@@ ler , nicht viel künstler@@ isches talent ... +... noch nicht . +und ich fei@@ ere , ich w@@ eine wie ein kleines kind . +und in der welt er@@ gab alles einen sinn für mich . +mir wurde damals klar , indem ich die punkte miteinander verb@@ and , dass es im leben nur darum geht ein großarti@@ ger vater zu sein . +mehr als alles , alles andere , ist mein einzi@@ ges ziel im leben , ein guter vater zu sein . +mir wurde das wunder zu@@ teil , an diesem tag nicht zu sterben . +ich er@@ hielt ein weiteres geschen@@ k , nämlich in die zukunft zu sehen , und zurückzu@@ kommen und anders zu leben . +mein auf@@ ruf an alle , die heute fliegen , ist : stellen sie sich vor , dasselbe passiert auf ihrem flug – bitte nicht – aber stellen sie es sich vor ; und wie würden sie sich ändern ? +was würden sie erle@@ digen , das sie auf@@ schie@@ ben , weil sie denken , sie wären für immer da ? +wie würden sie ihre beziehungen ändern und die negative energie darin ? +und mehr als alles andere , sind sie die besten eltern , die sie nur sein können ? +danke . +die idee hinter dem stu@@ x@@ net computer@@ -@@ wur@@ m ist an sich ziemlich sim@@ pel . +wir wollen nicht , dass der iran die bom@@ be baut . +der wichtigste po@@ sten dort für die entwicklung von atom@@ waffen ist die ur@@ an-@@ anrei@@ cher@@ ungs@@ -@@ ein@@ richtung in nat@@ anz . +die gr@@ auen bo@@ x@@ en , die sie hier sehen , das sind echtz@@ ei@@ t-@@ kontro@@ ll@@ systeme . +wenn es uns nun gel@@ ingt , die systeme zu kom@@ pro@@ mit@@ tieren , welche dre@@ h@@ zahlen und venti@@ le kontrollieren , dann können wir damit tatsächlich eine menge probleme verur@@ sachen mit der zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge . +diese gr@@ auen bo@@ x@@ en laufen nicht mit win@@ dow@@ s-@@ software ; sie bas@@ ieren auf einer komplett anderen technologie . +aber wenn wir es schaffen , dass sich ein effe@@ kti@@ ves win@@ dow@@ s-@@ virus auf einem laptop ein@@ ni@@ stet , der von einem war@@ tungs@@ ingenie@@ ur verwendet wird , um diese grau@@ e box zu kon@@ figu@@ ri@@ eren , dann sind wir im geschäft . +und das ist die plan@@ ung hinter stu@@ x@@ net . +wir beginnen also mit einem win@@ dow@@ s-@@ dro@@ pp@@ er . +die nutz@@ daten werden in die grau@@ e box trans@@ fer@@ iert , besch@@ ä@@ digen die zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge und das ir@@ an@@ ische kern@@ energi@@ e-@@ programm ver@@ zö@@ g@@ ert sich – auf@@ trag ausge@@ führt . +das ist ein kinder@@ spiel , oder ? +ich möchte ihnen erzählen , wie wir das herausgefunden haben . +als wir unsere forschung zu stu@@ x@@ net vor sechs monaten begannen , war völlig un@@ bekannt , was der sinn und zweck dieses kon@@ struk@@ ts war . +das einzige , was wir wussten ist sehr , sehr kompliziert , was den win@@ dow@@ s@@ - teil an@@ geht , den dro@@ p@@ per@@ - teil , er machte von un@@ zä@@ h@@ li@@ gen zer@@ o@@ - da@@ y@@ - sch@@ wach@@ stellen ge@@ brauch . +und es schien etwas vorzu@@ haben , mit diesen gr@@ auen bo@@ x@@ en , diesen echtz@@ ei@@ t@@ - kontro@@ ll@@ systemen . +das er@@ re@@ gte unsere aufmerksamkeit und wir begannen ein labor@@ - projekt , in dem wir unsere umgebung mit stu@@ x@@ net in@@ fi@@ zierten , und untersu@@ chten dieses konstru@@ kt . +und dann passierte etwas kom@@ isches . +stu@@ x@@ net ver@@ hielt sich wie eine labor@@ rat@@ te , die unseren kä@@ se nicht mo@@ chte – schn@@ ü@@ ff@@ elte dran , aber wollte ihn nicht essen . +das machte in meinen augen keinen sinn . +und nachdem wir mit verschiedenen arten von kä@@ se experim@@ enti@@ ert hatten , ging mir auf , dass dies ein ge@@ ziel@@ ter ang@@ riff ist . +vollständig auf ein bestimm@@ tes ziel geri@@ chtet . +der dro@@ pp@@ er strei@@ ft aktiv auf der gr@@ auen box um@@ her , wenn eine spezi@@ elle kon@@ figu@@ ration entdeckt wurde . sogar , wenn das spezi@@ elle programm , welches es zu in@@ fizieren versucht auf diesem ziel läuft . +und wenn nicht , dann tut stu@@ x@@ net gar nichts . +also , das we@@ ckte wirklich mein interesse und wir begannen damit zu arbeiten , beinahe rund um die uhr , denn ich dachte , nun , wir wissen nicht , was das ziel ist . +es könnte , sagen wir zum beispiel , ein us@@ - amerikan@@ isches kraft@@ werk , oder eine chemi@@ e@@ anlage in deutsch@@ land sein . +also sollten wir besser bald herausfinden , was das ziel dar@@ stellt . +also extra@@ hi@@ erten und de@@ kom@@ pi@@ li@@ erten wir den ang@@ ri@@ ff@@ s@@ - code und fanden heraus , dass er in zwei digitale spr@@ eng@@ kö@@ pfe auf@@ struk@@ tu@@ ri@@ ert ist -- einen klein@@ eren und einen größeren . +und uns fiel auch auf , dass sie sehr profession@@ ell konstru@@ iert waren , von leuten , die offensichtlich alle insi@@ der@@ - informationen zur verfügung hatten . +sie kan@@ nten je@@ gliche bits und by@@ tes , die sie an@@ greifen mussten . +wahrscheinlich kan@@ nten sie sogar die schu@@ h@@ größe des masch@@ in@@ en@@ be@@ dien@@ ers . +sie wussten also alles . +und wenn sie schon mit@@ bekommen haben , dass der dro@@ pp@@ er von stu@@ x@@ net komplex und high-@@ tech ist , lassen sie mich ihnen sagen : die nutz@@ daten sind eine wissenschaft für sich . +es ist viel an@@ spru@@ chs@@ voller als alles , was wir jemals gesehen haben . +hier sehen sie einen aus@@ schnitt aus diesem ang@@ ri@@ ff@@ s@@ - code . +wir sprechen hier von – ungefähr 15@@ .000 zei@@ len code . +sieht ziemlich so aus , wie alt@@ mo@@ dische assem@@ bl@@ er@@ sprache . +und ich will ihnen erzählen , wie wir in der lage waren aus diesem code schla@@ u zu werden . +nach was wir also als erstes su@@ chten , waren syste@@ m@@ funktion@@ s@@ - auf@@ ru@@ fe , weil wir wissen , was diese be@@ wirken . +und dann su@@ chten wir nach ti@@ mern und daten@@ strukturen und versuchten , diese mit der echten welt in verbindung zu bringen -- mit poten@@ ti@@ ellen zielen in der echten welt . +also brauchten wir the@@ orien über diese ziele , die wir bele@@ gen oder wider@@ legen konnten . +um diese the@@ orien auf@@ zustellen , rufen wir uns in erinn@@ erung , dass es sich defini@@ tiv um hoch@@ gra@@ dige s@@ ab@@ ot@@ age handelt , es muss sich um ein hoch@@ wer@@ tiges ziel handeln und sehr wahrscheinlich befindet es sich im iran , weil dort die meisten infe@@ ktionen ge@@ mel@@ det wurden . +nun , in diesem gebiet gibt es nicht mehrere tausend ziele . +im grunde läuft es hinaus auf das bu@@ sche@@ hr atom@@ kraft@@ werk und auf die ur@@ an@@ anrei@@ cher@@ ungs@@ anlage in nat@@ anz . +also sagte ich zu meinem assi@@ st@@ enten , " bring mir eine liste aller experten für zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ gen und kraft@@ werke aus unserem kun@@ den@@ stam@@ m . " +und ich rief sie an und z@@ ap@@ fte ihr wissen an , um ihr fach@@ wissen mit dem zu vergleichen , was wir im code und in den daten herausgefunden hatten . +und das funktion@@ ierte sehr gut . +also , es war uns möglich , den kleinen digitalen spr@@ eng@@ kopf mit der ro@@ tor@@ steu@@ erung in verbindung zu bringen . +der ro@@ tor ist dieser sich bewe@@ gende teil innerhalb der zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge , diese schwarze objekt , das sie sehen . +und wenn man die geschwindigkeit dieses ro@@ tors manipu@@ liert , dann ist man tatsächlich in der lage den ro@@ tor zu kn@@ ac@@ ken und schließlich sogar , die zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge explo@@ dieren zu lassen . +was wir auch herausgefunden haben ist , dass das ziel des ang@@ ri@@ ff@@ s tatsächlich war , es langsam und un@@ hei@@ mlich geschehen zu lassen -- offensichtlich in dem versuch war@@ tungs@@ ingenie@@ ure verzwei@@ f@@ eln zu lassen , sodass sie nicht in der lage dazu sein würden schnell da@@ hinter zu kommen . +der große digitale spr@@ eng@@ kopf -- wir er@@ hielten einen ein@@ blick , indem wir uns sehr genau daten und daten@@ strukturen an@@ schauten . +also zum beispiel die nummer 16@@ 4 sti@@ cht sehr heraus aus diesem code ; man kann es nicht über@@ sehen . +ich begann damit , wissenschaftliche liter@@ atur durch@@ zu@@ arbeiten , darüber wie diese zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ gen in nat@@ anz gebaut werden und fand heraus , dass sie struk@@ tu@@ ri@@ ert sind in sogenan@@ nten k@@ as@@ ka@@ den , und jede k@@ as@@ ka@@ de enth@@ ält 16@@ 4 zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ gen . +also das machte sinn , es pas@@ ste zusammen . +und es wurde noch besser . +diese zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ gen in iran sind aufge@@ teilt in 15 sogenan@@ nte ebenen . +und raten sie was wir in dem ang@@ ri@@ ff@@ s@@ code gefunden haben ? +eine fast identi@@ sche struktur . +also nochmal , das pas@@ ste wirklich gut zusammen . +und dies gab uns große zu@@ ver@@ sicht für das , das wir hier untersu@@ chten . +nun , verstehen sie mich nicht falsch , das ging nicht einfach so . +diese ergebnisse wurden durch mehrere wochen har@@ ter arbeit erreicht . +und oft ran@@ nten wir einfach in eine s@@ ack@@ gas@@ se und mussten uns neu sammeln . +jedenfalls fanden wir heraus , dass beide digitalen spr@@ eng@@ kö@@ pfe in wirklichkeit auf ein und das selbe ziel zu@@ steu@@ erten , aber aus verschiedenen richtungen . +der kleine spr@@ eng@@ kopf über@@ nimmt eine k@@ as@@ ka@@ de , und über@@ dreht die ro@@ toren und ver@@ lang@@ sam@@ t sie und der große spr@@ eng@@ kopf tritt mit sechs k@@ as@@ ka@@ den in interak@@ tion und manipu@@ liert venti@@ le . +also , im großen und ganzen sind wir sehr zu@@ ver@@ sichtlich , dass wir tatsächlich bestimmt haben , was das ziel ist . +es ist nat@@ anz und es ist nur nat@@ anz . +also müssen wir uns keine sorgen machen , dass andere ziele von stu@@ x@@ net getroffen werden könnten . +hier ist etwas wirklich cool@@ es zeug , das wir entdeckt haben -- hat mich echt aus den so@@ cken geh@@ auen . +dort unten ist die grau@@ e box , und oben dr@@ auf sehen sie die zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ gen . +nun , was dieses ding be@@ wirkt ist , dass es die einge@@ h@@ enden werte von sensor@@ en ab@@ fängt -- also zum beispiel von druck@@ sensor@@ en und vi@@ bra@@ tions@@ sensor@@ en -- und es stellt legi@@ ti@@ men code zur verfügung , der noch während dem ang@@ riff , mit fal@@ schen einge@@ h@@ enden daten , läuft . +und tatsächlich sind dieses fal@@ schen einge@@ h@@ enden daten von stu@@ x@@ net vorher schon aufgenommen . +also ist es genau so wie in h@@ olly@@ wo@@ od@@ fil@@ men , wo während der ver@@ fol@@ g@@ ungs@@ ja@@ g@@ d die über@@ wach@@ ungsk@@ amera mit vorher auf@@ genom@@ men@@ em video@@ aufnahmen gefü@@ tter@@ t wird . +das ist cool , nicht wahr ? +die idee hier@@ bei ist offensichtlich nicht nur , die masch@@ in@@ en@@ be@@ dien@@ er im kontro@@ ll@@ raum über@@ listen . +tatsächlich ist es noch viel gefähr@@ licher und ag@@ gressi@@ ver . +die idee ist , ein digit@@ ales sicherheits@@ system zu über@@ listen . +wir brauchen digitale sicherheits@@ systeme dort , wo ein menschlicher masch@@ in@@ en@@ be@@ dien@@ er nicht schnell genug reagieren kann . +also in einem kraft@@ werk zum beispiel , wenn die große dam@@ pf@@ tur@@ bine zu schnell wird , muss man ent@@ la@@ st@@ ungs@@ venti@@ le innerhalb von milli@@ sekunden öffnen . +natürlich kann dies nicht von einem menschlichen masch@@ in@@ en@@ führer erle@@ digt werden . +also an dieser stelle brauchen wir digitale sicherheits@@ systeme . +und wenn die gefähr@@ det sind , dann können wirklich schli@@ mme dinge geschehen . +das kraft@@ werk kann explo@@ dieren . +und weder die masch@@ in@@ en@@ führer , noch das sicherheits@@ system wird es bemerken . +das ist be@@ än@@ g@@ sti@@ gend . +aber es wird noch schlimmer . +und das was ich jetzt sage ist sehr wichtig . +denken sie darüber nach . dieser ang@@ riff ist gener@@ isch . +er hat nichts spezi@@ ell zu tun mit zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ gen , mit ur@@ an@@ an@@ reich@@ erung . +also würde er beispielsweise genau so gut funktionieren -- in einem kraft@@ werk oder in einer automo@@ bil@@ fabrik . +es ist gener@@ isch . +und man muss nicht -- als der an@@ grei@@ fer -- muss man die nutz@@ daten nicht über einen us@@ b@@ - stick an@@ bringen , wie wir es bei stu@@ x@@ net gesehen haben . +man könnte auch gewöhn@@ liche wur@@ m@@ - technologie zum verbreiten verwenden . +man muss es nur so weit wie möglich verbreiten . +und wenn man das tut , erhält man schließlich eine cyber@@ - massen@@ ver@@ nicht@@ ungs@@ wa@@ ffe . +das ist die kon@@ sequenz , der wir uns stellen müssen . +also un@@ glücklicherweise liegt die größte nummer von zielen für solche ang@@ ri@@ ffe nicht im mittleren osten . +sie liegen in den vereinigten staaten , in europa und japan . +also all diese grünen gebiete , dies sind die ziel@@ reich@@ sten umgeb@@ ungen . +wir müssen uns den kon@@ sequenzen stellen und wir fangen besser an uns vorzu@@ berei@@ ten . +danke . +ich habe eine frage . +r@@ al@@ ph , es wurde sehr viel davon beri@@ chtet , dass leute vermu@@ ten , dass der mo@@ s@@ sad die haupt@@ organisation da@@ hinter ist . +ist das auch deine meinung ? +okay , du willst das wirklich wissen ? +ja . okay . +meiner meinung nach ist der mo@@ s@@ sad invol@@ viert , aber die trei@@ bende kraft ist nicht israel . +also die trei@@ bende kraft da@@ hinter ist die cyber@@ - super@@ macht . +es gibt nur eine und das sind die vereinigten staaten -- zum glück , zum glück . +denn ander@@ n@@ falls wäre unser problem sogar noch größer . +danke , dass du uns eine hei@@ den@@ angst einge@@ ja@@ gt hast . danke r@@ al@@ ph . +ich habe die letzten paar jahre damit verbracht , mich in situationen zu plat@@ zieren , die normalerweise sehr schwierig und gleichzeitig irgendwie gefährlich sind . +ich bin ins gefängnis gegangen -- schwierig . +ich habe in einem ko@@ h@@ le@@ berg@@ werk gearbeitet -- gefährlich . +ich habe in kriegs@@ gebieten ge@@ fil@@ mt -- schwierig und gefährlich . +und ich habe 30 tage damit verbracht , nichts als dies hier zu essen -- spa@@ ß@@ ig am anfang , ein bisschen schwierig in der mitte , sehr gefährlich am ende . +eigentlich habe ich mich den größten teil meiner karriere dem an@@ sch@@ ein nach für@@ chter@@ lichen situationen aus@@ gesetzt , und das alles nur für den versuch , gesellschaft@@ liche bel@@ ang so zu untersuchen das sie fes@@ sel@@ n@@ d und interessant sind , und hoffentlich auf eine art verständlich , was sie für das publikum unter@@ hal@@ tsam und zugänglich macht . +als ich also wusste , dass ich hierher kommen würde , um in einem ted@@ talk die welt von brand@@ ing und spon@@ sor@@ ing zu betrachten , wusste ich , dass ich etwas ein wenig anderes machen würde . +einige von ihnen haben vielleicht davon gehört , dass ich vor ein paar wochen eine an@@ zeige bei e@@ bay gesch@@ altet habe . +ich ver@@ schi@@ ckte ein paar face@@ boo@@ k-@@ nachrichten , einige twi@@ tter@@ -@@ nachrichten , und ich gab leuten die möglichkeit , die nam@@ ens@@ rechte an meinem ted@@ talk 2011 zu er@@ stehen . +wirklich , einige glück@@ liche personen und firmen , for@@ -@@ profit und non-@@ profit , er@@ hielten die ein@@ mali@@ ge gelegenheit -- denn ich bin mir sicher , dass chris ander@@ son das nie wieder zu@@ lassen wird -- die nam@@ ens@@ rechte an dem talk zu kaufen , den sie gerade sehen , der zu dem zeitpunkt weder einen titel hatte noch viel inhalt und nicht viele hin@@ weise darauf gab , was das thema eigentlich sein würde . +was man also bekam , war folgendes : ihr name hier präsentiert : mein ted@@ talk , von dem sie keine ahnung haben , was das thema sein wird , und der ihnen je nach inhalt schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich um die o@@ hren fliegen könnte , besonders , wenn ich ihre firma für ihre beteili@@ gung du@@ mm da@@ stehen lie@@ ße . +aber davon mal ab@@ gesehen , ist es eine sehr gute medi@@ ale gelegenheit . +wissen sie , wie viele menschen diese ted@@ talks ansehen ? +eine ganze menge . +das ist übrigens nur der arbeit@@ stit@@ el . +trotz dieser war@@ nung also wusste ich , dass irgend@@ jemand die nam@@ ens@@ rechte kaufen würde . +wenn sie mich dies nun vor einem jahr gefragt hätten , wäre ich nicht in der lage gewesen , ihnen dies mit gewis@@ sheit zu sagen . +aber in dem neuen projekt , an dem ich arbeite , mein neuer film , untersuchen wir die welt des marketing , der werbung . +wie ich schon sagte , habe ich mich im laufe der jahre in einige ziemlich schreck@@ liche situationen be@@ geben , aber nichts konnte mich vorberei@@ ten , nichts konnte mir rü@@ sten , auf irgendetwas so schwier@@ iges und so gefähr@@ liches wie mit diesen typen in einen raum zu gehen . +wissen sie , ich hatte die idee für einen film . +was ich machen möchte , ist ein film rund um product plac@@ ement , marketing und werbung , wobei der ganze film finan@@ ziert wird durch product plac@@ ement , marketing und werbung . +und der film wird " the greatest movie ever sold " heißen . +was also in " the greatest movie ever sold " passiert , ist , dass alles , von oben bis unten , vom anfang bis zum ende , vollkommen mit mar@@ ken ver@@ sehen ist -- vom ti@@ tel@@ spon@@ sor , den sie im film sehen werden , das ist die mar@@ ke x . +nun diese mar@@ ke , das qu@@ al@@ com@@ m sta@@ di@@ on , das sta@@ ples center ... +diese leute werden mit dem film in ewi@@ gkeit verbunden sein – für immer . +und so wird der film diese ganze idee untersuchen -- das ist was ? in ewi@@ gkeit , für immer ? +ich bin eine red@@ und@@ an@@ te person . +das war mehr zur bet@@ on@@ ung . +es war " in ewi@@ gkeit , für immer . " +aber wir werden nicht nur die mar@@ ke x als ti@@ tel@@ spon@@ sor haben , sondern wir werden sicher stellen , dass wir jede mögliche kat@@ eg@@ or@@ ie im film verkaufen werden . +so verkaufen wir vielleicht einen schu@@ h und er wird der großarti@@ gste schu@@ h , den sie je ge@@ tragen haben ... +das großarti@@ gste auto , das sie je gefahren sind , aus " the greatest movie ever sold " das großarti@@ gste ge@@ tr@@ än@@ k , das sie je gehabt haben , eine aufmerksamkeit von " the greatest movie ever sold " . +die idee ist also , ab@@ gesehen davon zu zeigen , dass mar@@ ken ein teil des lebens sind , eigentlich , sie dazu zu bringen , den film zu finan@@ zieren ? +und wir zeigen tatsächlich den ganzen prozess davon , wie es funktioniert . +das ziel des ganzen films ist transpar@@ enz . +sie werden die ganze sache im film von stat@@ ten gehen sehen . +das ist also das ganze konzept , der ganze film , von anfang bis ende . +und ich würde mich freu@@ en , wenn ce@@ g dabei helfen würde , dies zu ver@@ wirklichen . +wissen sie , es ist lustig , denn als ich es zuerst gehört habe , es ist der ultima@@ tive respe@@ kt für das publikum . +ich weiß aber nicht , wie em@@ pf@@ än@@ glich leute sein werden . +haben sie eine perspektive -- ich möchte nicht " blick@@ winkel " benutzen , denn das hat eine negative kon@@ not@@ ation -- aber wissen sie , wie sich das entwickeln wird ? +wie viel geld wird benötigt , um das zu re@@ alisieren ? +1,@@ 5 millionen . +ich denke , dass es schwer wird , sie zu treffen , aber ich denke , es ist es auf jeden fall wert , einige wirklich bekannte mar@@ ken an@@ zus@@ pre@@ chen . +wer weiß , wenn der film dann raus kommt , sehen wir vielleicht wie eine hor@@ de vol@@ li@@ di@@ oten aus . +was glauben sie , wie die antwort sein wird ? +die antwort wird hö@@ chst wahrscheinlich " nein " sein . +aber ist es eine schwier@@ ige sache wegen des films oder eine schwier@@ ige sache wegen mir ? +j@@ k : bei@@ des . +... bedeutet also , nicht so optimi@@ stisch . +also , mein herr , können sie mir helfen ? ich brauche hilfe . +ich kann helfen . +okay . +fantastisch . +wir müssen überlegen , welche mar@@ ken . +ja . +wenn sie sich die leute anschauen , mit denen sie es zu tun haben ... +es gibt einige stellen , an die wir uns wenden können . +stellen sie die kamera aus . +ich dachte , " stellen sie die kamera aus " würde bedeuten , dass wir ein hinter@@ grund@@ gespräch führen wollten . +es stellte sich heraus , dass es in wirklichkeit bedeu@@ tete , " wir wollen mit ihrem film nichts zu tun haben . " +und einfach so versch@@ wan@@ den all diese firmen , eine nach der anderen . +keine wollte etwas mit dem film zu tun haben . +ich war ersta@@ unt . +sie wollten absolut nichts mit dem projekt zu tun haben . +und ich war verwir@@ rt , denn ich dachte , das ganze konzept , die idee von werbung sei , dein produkt so vielen menschen wie möglich zu präsentieren , es so viele menschen wie möglich sehen lassen . +besonders in der heutigen welt , an dieser schnitt@@ stelle von neuen und alten medien und der zer@@ stück@@ elten medien@@ landschaft -- ist es nicht die idee , in diesem neuen aufre@@ genden ver@@ mittl@@ ungs@@ instrument zu sein , dass den ma@@ ssen diese nachricht bringt . +nein , das war , was ich dachte . +aber sehen sie , das problem war , dass meine idee einen f@@ at@@ alen fehler hatte , und das war fol@@ gender . +eigentlich nein , das war überhaupt nicht der fehler . +das wäre überhaupt kein problem gewesen . +das wäre okay gewesen . +aber das , wofür dieses bild steht , ist ein problem . +sehen sie , wenn sie transpar@@ enz bei der goog@@ le-@@ suche ein@@ geben ist das -- dies ist eins der ersten bilder , das erscheint . +ich mag wirklich deine art , ser@@ ge@@ y br@@ in . nun . +das war das problem : transpar@@ enz -- frei von täusch@@ ung und tü@@ cke , einfach zu entdecken und durch@@ schauen ; sofort verständlich ; charak@@ ter@@ isi@@ ert von sicht@@ barkeit und dem zugang zu informationen , besonders , was geschä@@ ft@@ spra@@ kti@@ ken an@@ geht -- die letzte zei@@ le ist sicherlich das größte problem . +wissen sie , wir hören derzeit eine ganze menge über transpar@@ enz . +unsere politiker sagen es , unser präsident sagt es , sogar unsere ce@@ os sagen es . +doch wenn es so@@ weit kommt , dass es um@@ gesetzt werden soll , verändert sich irgendetwas . +aber warum ? nun , transpar@@ enz ist angst einfl@@ ö@@ ß@@ end -- wie dieser merk@@ wür@@ dige bä@@ r , der immer@@ noch brü@@ llt . +sie ist un@@ vorher@@ sa@@ g@@ bar -- wie diese selts@@ ame land@@ straße . +und sie ist auch sehr ris@@ k@@ ant . +was ist sonst noch ris@@ k@@ ant ? +eine ganze sch@@ ale cool whi@@ p essen . +das ist sehr ris@@ k@@ ant . +als ich also an@@ fing , mit den firmen zu sprechen und ihnen zu erzählen , dass wir diese geschichte erzählen wollten , sagten sie : " nein , wir wollen , dass du eine geschichte erzähl@@ st . +wir wollen , dass du eine geschichte erzähl@@ st , aber wir wollen nur , dass du unsere geschichte erzähl@@ st . " +sehen sie , als ich ein kind war und mein vater mich beim lü@@ gen er@@ wi@@ schte -- und da sitzt er und schaut mich mit diesem blick an -- würde er sagen , " mein sohn , es gibt bei jeder geschichte drei ver@@ sionen . +es gibt deine version , es gibt meine version , und es gibt die wahre version . " +sie sehen also , mit diesem film wollten wir die wahre version erzählen . +aber da nur eine firma , eine ag@@ ent@@ ur bereit war , uns zu helfen -- und das auch nur , weil ich john bon@@ d und richard kir@@ sh@@ en@@ baum seit jahren kenne -- stellte ich fest , dass ich es allein tun musste , ich musste den mittel@@ sm@@ ann umgehen und direkt mit meinem team zu den firmen gehen . +was sie also plötzlich begannen zu verstehen -- oder was ich begann zu verstehen -- war , dass , wenn man beginnt , mit diesen firmen zu sprechen , die idee , wie deine mar@@ ke verstanden wird , ein um@@ fas@@ sen@@ des problem ist . +ich habe freunde , die große , gigan@@ tische h@@ olly@@ woo@@ d-@@ filme machen , und ich habe freunde , die kleine indepen@@ dent@@ -@@ filme wie ich machen . +und meine freunde , die große , gigan@@ tische h@@ olly@@ woo@@ d-@@ filme machen , sagen , dass der grund , warum ihre filme so erfolgreich sind , an den mar@@ ken@@ part@@ nern liegt , die sie haben . +und dann sagen meine freunde , die kleine indepen@@ dent@@ -@@ filme machen , " nun , wie sollen wir mit diesen großen , gigan@@ tischen h@@ olly@@ woo@@ d-@@ fil@@ men konkur@@ ri@@ eren ? " +und der film heißt " the greatest movie ever sold . " +wie genau werden wir also ban in dem film sehen ? +immer , wenn ich mich auf den weg mache , und immer , wenn ich den medizin@@ sch@@ r@@ ank öff@@ ne , werden sie ban de@@ o@@ dor@@ ant sehen . +und jedes mal , wenn ich jemanden intervie@@ we , kann ich sagen : " sind sie fr@@ isch genug für dieses interview ? +sind sie so@@ weit ? sie sehen ein wenig ner@@ vö@@ s aus . +ich möchte ihnen helfen , sich zu beru@@ hi@@ gen . +vielleicht sollten sie also vor dem interview ein wenig hier@@ von auf@@ legen . " +und dann bieten wir einen dieser großartigen d@@ ü@@ fte an . +entweder " fl@@ oral fusion " oder einen " par@@ ad@@ ise win@@ ds " , sie werden die wahl haben . +wir werden sowohl für männer als auch für frauen aus@@ gerü@@ stet sein -- fest , roll@@ -@@ on , oder einen stick , was auch immer . +das ist die kurz@@ fassung . +nun kann ich alle ihre fragen beantworten und ihnen eine aus@@ fü@@ h@@ liche fassung geben . +wir sind eine klein@@ ere mar@@ ke . +so wie sie über die klein@@ eren filme gesprochen haben , sind wir als mar@@ ke ein herausforder@@ er . +wir haben also nicht so ein budget wie andere mar@@ ken . +solche sachen also zu machen -- wissen sie , erinnert leute an ban -- das ist irgendwie , warum wir interessiert sind . +mit welchen worten würden sie ban beschreiben ? +ban ist blan@@ k . +das ist eine großartige frage . +frau : über@@ le@@ gene technologie . +technologie ist nicht die art , wie man etwas beschreiben sollte , das sich jemand unter die ach@@ seln tut . +wir sprechen von kü@@ hn , fr@@ isch . +ich denke , " fr@@ isch " ist ein super wort , dass diese kat@@ eg@@ or@@ ie wirklich zu etwas posi@@ tiv@@ em macht , im gegensatz zu " be@@ kämp@@ ft geru@@ ch und feu@@ chtigkeit . " +es hält dich fr@@ isch . +wie können wir sie länger fr@@ isch halten -- bessere fr@@ ische , mehr fr@@ ische , drei@@ mal fr@@ ischer . +solche sachen haben eine posi@@ ti@@ ver@@ e wirkung . +und das ist ein milli@@ on@@ en-@@ konz@@ ern . +was ist mit mir ? was ist mit dem dru@@ ch@@ sch@@ it@@ t@@ st@@ yp@@ en ? +ich muss mit dem mann auf der straße sprechen , die so sind wie ich , ot@@ to-@@ normal@@ -@@ ver@@ brau@@ cher . +sie sollen mir etwas über meine mar@@ ke erzählen . +wie wür@@ det ihr eure mar@@ ke beschreiben ? +h@@ mm@@ m , meine mar@@ ke ? +ich weiß nicht . +ich mag wirklich gern schöne klei@@ dung . +frau : 8@@ 0er re@@ vi@@ val trifft auf sk@@ at@@ er@@ pun@@ k , außer am wa@@ sch@@ tag . +nun gut , was ist die mar@@ ke ger@@ ry ? +einzigarti@@ g . +ich denke , das gen@@ re , der stil , den ich habe , ist wohl " dark glamour " . +ich mag viele schwarze farben , viele grau@@ tö@@ ne und so ein zeug . +aber normalerweise habe ich ein acc@@ es@@ so@@ ire , wie sonnen@@ bri@@ llen , oder ein schmu@@ ck und so ein zeu@@ gs . +frau : wenn dan eine mar@@ ke wäre , wäre er wahrscheinlich ein klas@@ s@@ isches mer@@ ce@@ des cab@@ rio . +mann 2 : die mar@@ ke , die ich bin , ist , würde ich sagen , lässi@@ ge flie@@ ge . +frau 2 : teil@@ s hi@@ pp@@ ie , teil@@ s yo@@ g@@ i , teil@@ s broo@@ kl@@ y@@ n-@@ mädchen -- ich weiß nicht . +mann 3 : ich bin der sch@@ muse@@ typ . +ich verkauf@@ e sch@@ muse@@ tiere im ganzen land , weltweit . +ich denke also , dass das meine mar@@ ke ist . +das ist meine mar@@ ke in meiner kleinen , ver@@ zer@@ r@@ ten industrie . +mann 4 : meine mar@@ ke ist fe@@ de@@ x , weil ich waren aus@@ lie@@ f@@ ere . +mann 5 : mar@@ ke gesch@@ ei@@ te@@ ter al@@ ko@@ hol@@ sü@@ chti@@ ger schrei@@ ber@@ ling . +geht das ? +an@@ wal@@ t : ich bin eine an@@ wal@@ ts@@ mar@@ ke . +ich bin tom . +nun , wir können nicht alle die tom@@ -@@ mar@@ ke sein , aber ich sehe mich oft an der schnitt@@ stelle von dark glamour und lässi@@ ger flie@@ ge . +und was ist bemer@@ kte , war , dass ich einen experten brauchte . +ich brauchte jemanden , der in meinen kopf ein@@ dr@@ ingen könnte , jemand , der mir wirklich helfen könnte zu verstehen , was man die " mar@@ ken@@ persön@@ lichkeit " nennt . +und so fand ich eine firma namens ol@@ son z@@ alt@@ man in pit@@ ts@@ bur@@ g . +sie haben firmen wie ne@@ st@@ le , fe@@ bre@@ ze , hall@@ mark ge@@ holfen , diese mar@@ ken@@ persön@@ lichkeit zu entdecken . +wenn sie es für die tun konnten , konnten sie mir bestimmt auch helfen . +sie haben ihre bilder mit@@ gebracht , ja ? +das habe ich . das erste bild ist ein bild meiner familie . +erzählen sie mir einfach ein wenig , wie das mit ihren gedanken und gefü@@ hlen über sie selbst verbunden ist . +dies sind die menschen , die meine welt@@ sicht formen . +erzählen sie mir von dieser welt . +m@@ d : diese welt ? ich denke , die eigene welt ist die welt , in der man lebt -- wie menschen um einen herum , die freunde , die familie , die art , wie man sein leben lebt , die arbeit und so . +all diese dinge stam@@ men und beginnen von einem ort , und für mich stam@@ men und beginnen sie mit meiner familie in west virg@@ ini@@ a . +was ist das nächste , über das sie sprechen wollen . +das nächste . dies war der schön@@ ste tag meines lebens . +in welchem zusammenhang steht das zu den gedanken und gefü@@ hlen über sie selbst ? +es ist so , wie ich gerne sein möchte . +ich mag dinge , die anders sind . +ich mag dinge , die sonder@@ bar sind . ich mag sonder@@ bare dinge . +erzählen sie mir über die " warum " -@@ phase -- was bringt sie uns ? +was ist die ma@@ che@@ te ? in welchem pu@@ pp@@ en@@ sta@@ dium befinden sie sich derzeit ? +warum ist es wichtig , neu@@ zu@@ starten ? was re@@ präsentiert das rot ? +erzählen sie mir ein wenig über diesen teil . +ein bisschen mehr über sie , das nicht sie sind . +welche weiteren me@@ tam@@ or@@ pho@@ sen haben sie durch@@ laufen ? +... das muss keine angst sein . in welcher art von ach@@ ter@@ bahn befinden sie sich ? +ee@@ ee@@ e@@ e ! nein , danke ihnen ! +vielen dank für ihre ge@@ du@@ ld . +ja . . nun gut . +ja , ich weiß nicht , was sich daraus er@@ geben wird . +da gingen ganz schön viele verrück@@ te dinge vor sich . +das erste , was ich sah , war diese idee , dass ihre mar@@ ken@@ persön@@ lich@@ e@@ kt@@ i zwei ge@@ tren@@ nte , aber sich er@@ gän@@ z@@ ende seiten hat -- die mor@@ gan sp@@ ur@@ lo@@ ck@@ -@@ mar@@ ke ist eine acht@@ same / ver@@ spielte mar@@ ke . +die er@@ gän@@ zen sich sehr gut . +und ich denke , es gibt fast einen wider@@ spruch damit . +und ich denke , einige firmen werden sich nur auf eine stärke konzentrieren , anstatt auf beide . +viele firmen nei@@ gen dazu -- und das ist die menschliche natur -- sachen zu vermeiden , bei denen sie sich nicht sicher sind , sie werden angst vermeiden , diese elemente , und dass sie diese will@@ kommen heißen , und sie verwandeln sie für sich selbst tatsächlich in etwas posi@@ tives , und das ist ein geschi@@ ck@@ ter sch@@ ach@@ zug . +welche anderen mar@@ ken handeln so ? +die erste ist ein klas@@ si@@ ker , apple . +und sie können es hier auch sehen , target , wi@@ i , min@@ i von min@@ i co@@ op@@ ers und je@@ t@@ blue . +nun , es gibt ver@@ spielte mar@@ ken und acht@@ same mar@@ ken , diese sachen , die kommen und gehen , aber eine ver@@ spielte , acht@@ same mar@@ ke ist eine ziemlich starke sache . +eine acht@@ same , ver@@ spielte mar@@ ke . wie ist ihre mar@@ ke ? +wenn jemand sie bitten würde , ihre mar@@ ken@@ identität zu beschreiben , ihre mar@@ ken@@ persön@@ lichkeit , wie wäre sie ? +sie sie ein up@@ -@@ at@@ tri@@ but ? sind sie etwas , dass das blut in w@@ all@@ ungen bringt ? +oder sind sie eher ein down@@ -@@ at@@ tri@@ but ? +sind sie etwas , das ein wenig ruhi@@ ger , reser@@ vier@@ ter , konser@@ va@@ tiver ist ? +up@@ -@@ at@@ tribu@@ te sind dinge , die ver@@ spielt sind , fr@@ isch wie der fresh prin@@ ce , zeit@@ ge@@ mä@@ ß , ab@@ ent@@ eu@@ er@@ lich , ausge@@ fallen und lieb@@ lich wie er@@ ol fl@@ yn@@ n , wen@@ dig und agi@@ l , prof@@ an , herr@@ isch , mag@@ isch und my@@ stisch wie gand@@ al@@ f . +oder sind sie eher wie ein down@@ -@@ at@@ tri@@ but ? +sind sie acht@@ sam und mon@@ dä@@ n wie 00@@ 7 ? +sind sie et@@ ab@@ liert , tradition@@ ell , pfle@@ gend , besch@@ ü@@ tz@@ end , mit@@ fühl@@ end wie op@@ ra@@ h ? +sind sie ver@@ lä@@ ss@@ lich , stab@@ il , famili@@ ä@@ r , sicher , geb@@ or@@ gen , heili@@ g , be@@ dacht und weise wie der d@@ al@@ ai lam@@ a oder yo@@ da ? +im laufe des films hatten wir mehr als 500 firmen , die up und down@@ -@@ firmen waren und die " nein " sagten , weil sie nicht teil des proje@@ kts sein wollten . +sie wollten vor allem nichts mit diesem film zu tun haben , weil sie keine kontrolle hatten , keine kontrolle über das fer@@ tige produkt . +aber wird fanden 17 mar@@ ken@@ partner , die bereit waren , auf diese kontrolle zu ver@@ zi@@ chten , die mit jemandem geschäf@@ te machen wollten so acht@@ sam und ver@@ spielt wie ich , und die uns schließlich dazu be@@ fähi@@ gten , geschichten zu erzählen , die wir normalerweise nicht hätten erzählen können -- geschichten , die ein wer@@ ber normalerweise nie unterstützen würde . +sie be@@ fähi@@ gten uns , die geschichte vom neuro@@ marketing zu erzählen , so wie wir die geschichte in diesem film erzählen , dass man heutzutage mr@@ is benutzt , um die lu@@ st@@ zentr@@ en des hir@@ ns anzu@@ p@@ ei@@ len , sowohl um werbung als auch filme zu machen . +wir fu@@ hren nach sa@@ o pau@@ l@@ o , wo außen@@ werbung ver@@ bot@@ en worden ist . +in der gesamten stadt findet sich seit fünf jahren keine an@@ zei@@ gent@@ af@@ el , kein poster , keine fl@@ yer , nichts . +und wir fu@@ hren in schul@@ be@@ zir@@ ke , in denen firmen sich ihren weg ba@@ hnen in ver@@ arm@@ te schulen , in ganz amerika . +das unglaubliche für mich ist , dass die projekte von denen ich das meiste feedback bekam oder wo ich den größten erfolg hatte , jene sind , wo ich mit dingen direkt inter@@ agi@@ erte . +und das ist , was diese mar@@ ken getan haben , +denn sie um@@ gingen den mittel@@ sm@@ ann , sie um@@ gingen die ag@@ ent@@ uren , und sagten , dass die ag@@ ent@@ uren vielleicht nicht wirklich ihr interesse im sinn haben . +ich werde mit dem künstler direkt ver@@ handeln . +ich werde mit ihm arbeiten und etwas vollkommen anderes schaffen , etwas , dass die leute zum nachdenken bringt , dass unser welt@@ bild herausforder@@ t . +und wie war das für sie ? was es erfolgreich ? +nun , da der film beim s@@ und@@ ance film festi@@ val pre@@ mi@@ ere hatte , können wir uns das mal anschauen . +laut bur@@ r@@ elles war die pre@@ mi@@ ere im janu@@ ar , und seitdem -- und das ist nicht einmal die ganze sache -- gab es 9@@ 00 millionen auf@@ ru@@ fe von diesem film . +das um@@ fasst tatsächlich nur einen zei@@ traum von 2 1 / 2 wochen . +das ist nur online -- keine presse , kein fernsehen . +der film wurde noch nicht ausge@@ liefert . +es gibt ihn noch nicht einmal online . kein stre@@ aming . +er ist noch nicht in anderen ländern raus gekommen . +nun , schließlich hat der film ein sehr großes moment@@ um er@@ lan@@ gt . +und das ist nicht schlecht für ein projekt , bei dem fast jede wer@@ be@@ ag@@ ent@@ ur , mit der wir sprachen , ihren kunden emp@@ fo@@ hlen hat , die finger davon zu lassen . +etwas , wor@@ an ich fest glaube , ist , dass wenn man seine chance er@@ grei@@ ft , risiken ein@@ geht , dass in diesen risiken möglichkeiten stecken . +ich glaube , wenn man leute davon ab@@ hält , dann bringt man sie näher ans versagen . +ich glaube , dass , wenn man seine ange@@ stellten train@@ iert , risiken zu vermeiden , man die ganze firma darauf vorberei@@ tet , einen profit zu er@@ langen . +ich habe das gefühl , dass wir beim vor@@ an@@ schrei@@ ten leute ermu@@ tigen müssen , risiken einzu@@ gehen . +wir müssen leute ermu@@ tigen , keine angst zu haben vor möglichkeiten , die sie vielleicht verän@@ g@@ stigen . +schließlich , beim vor@@ an@@ schrei@@ ten sollten wir die angst will@@ kommen heißen . +wir sollten den bä@@ r in den kä@@ fi@@ g stecken . +heißen sie die angst will@@ kommen . heißen sie das risiko will@@ kommen . +jewei@@ ls einen großen lö@@ ff@@ el voll , so heißen wir das risiko will@@ kommen . +und schließlich , sollten wir transpar@@ enz will@@ kommen heißen . +heutzutage , mehr als je zuvor , bringt uns ein bisschen ehr@@ lichkeit sehr weit . +und das gesagt , mit ehr@@ lichkeit und transpar@@ enz , mein gesam@@ ter talk " heißen sie transpar@@ enz will@@ kommen " wurde ihnen präsentiert von meinen guten freunden von em@@ c , die $ 7@@ 100 für die nam@@ ens@@ rechte bei e@@ bay be@@ zahl@@ ten . +große daten werden für organisationen auf der ganzen welt in große gele@@ gen@@ heiten verwandelt . +em@@ c präsentiert " heißen sie transpar@@ enz will@@ kommen " +vielen dank euch . +nun , mor@@ gan , im namen der transpar@@ enz dies : was ist nun genau mit den $ 7@@ 100 passiert ? +das ist eine großartige frage . +ich habe in meiner tasche einen sche@@ ck , ausge@@ stellt auf die ober@@ organisation der ted-@@ organisation , die sa@@ pl@@ ing-@@ stif@@ tung -- einen sche@@ ck in höhe von $ 7@@ 100 , um meinen ted-@@ auf@@ tritt im nächsten jahr zu finan@@ zieren . +mein name ist am@@ it . +vor 18 monaten machte ich etwas anderes bei google , und ich re@@ gte an , etwas mit mu@@ seen und kunst zu machen . meine che@@ f@@ in , die heute auch ist , gab mir grün@@ es licht . +und es dau@@ erte 18 monate . +eine menge spa@@ ß@@ iger ver@@ handlungen und geschichten , das kann ich ihnen sagen , mit 17 sehr interessan@@ ten mu@@ seen aus neun ländern . +aber ich werde mich auf die vor@@ führung konzentrieren . +es gibt eine menge geschichten darüber , warum wir dies getan haben . +ich denke , meine persönliche sicht ist sehr einfach mit dieser folie und ihrem zu@@ griff erklärt . +ich wuchs in indien auf . +mir wurde eine großartige ausbildung zu@@ teil – ich besch@@ were mich nicht – aber ich hatte zu vielen mu@@ seen und diesen kunst@@ werken keinen zugang . +als ich dann rei@@ ste , und diese mu@@ seen zu besuchen , begann ich eine menge zu lernen . +und während ich für google arbeitete , versuchte ich diese se@@ hn@@ sucht – kunst zugän@@ g@@ licher zu machen – mit technologie zusammen zu führen . +wir bil@@ deten dann ein team , eine großartige man@@ n@@ schaft , und wir begannen hier@@ mit . +ich werde wohl mit der demon@@ stration beginnen , und ihnen einige interessante dinge erzählen , die seit dem start passi@@ erten . +man geht also einfach zu goog@@ lear@@ t@@ proje@@ ct@@ .com . +man kann sich in all diesen mu@@ seen hier um@@ sehen . +da ist das u@@ ff@@ i@@ z@@ i , das mom@@ a , die her@@ mit@@ age , das ri@@ j@@ ks , das van go@@ gh . +ich komme sogar in eins meiner lieb@@ sten , das me@@ tro@@ poli@@ tan museum of art in new york . +man kommt auf zwei wegen rein – sehr einfach . +click , und w@@ um@@ ms , ist man im diesem museum . +es spielt keine rolle , wo sie sind – bom@@ bay , mexico , es macht keinen unterschied . +man geht um@@ her und am@@ ü@@ siert sich . +sie wollen sich im museum orienti@@ eren ? +öffnen sie die karte , und springen sie mit einem kli@@ ck . +drin sind sie , sie wollen bis ans ende des gan@@ gs . +nur weiter . viel spaß . +stö@@ ber@@ n sie . +danke , aber das beste kommt noch . +nun bin ich also vor einem meiner lieblings@@ bilder , ern@@ te@@ arbeiter von pie@@ ter bre@@ u@@ gel in der met . +ich sehe dieses pl@@ us@@ zeichen . +wenn das museum uns das bild gegeben hat , kli@@ cken sie darauf . +dies ist nun eins der bilder . +das hier sind alle meta@@ daten . +jene von ihnen , die wirklich an kunst interessiert sind , können hier kli@@ cken – aber ich kli@@ cke das jetzt weg . +dies ist eins der bilder , die wir fest@@ gehalten haben mit der sogenan@@ nten gi@@ g@@ ap@@ i@@ x@@ el@@ -@@ technologie . +dieses bild zum beispiel hat etwa 10 milliarden bild@@ punkte , glaube ich . +und eine menge leute fragen mich : " was bekommt man für 10 milliarden bild@@ punkte ? " +das werde ich ihnen jetzt zeigen : +man kann sehr leicht rein und raus@@ zo@@ omen . +sie sehen etwas lu@@ sti@@ ges hier . +ich liebe diesen kerl ; sein ausdruck ist unbe@@ zahl@@ bar . +aber dann wollen sie wirklich tief hinein . +und so fing ich an herum zu spielen , und stellte fest , dass dort etwas vor sich geht . +und ich dachte : " moment mal , das klingt interessant . " +ich ging nah ran , und bemer@@ kte langsam , das diese kinder tatsächlich etwas schlu@@ gen . +ich forsch@@ te ein wenig , sprach mit einigen bekannten beim met , und fand tatsächlich heraus , das es sich um ein spiel namens squ@@ a@@ il handelt , bei dem eine gan@@ s am fa@@ st@@ na@@ chts@@ dien@@ stag mit einem stock geschlagen wird . +schein@@ bar war es recht belie@@ bt . +ich weiß nicht , warum sie es taten , aber ich lernte etwas darüber . +um wirklich nah her@@ an zu gehen , kann man bis zu den ris@@ sen gehen . +nur um ihnen den über@@ blick zu geben , zo@@ ome ich heraus , damit sie sehen , was man bekommt . +hier waren wir , und dies ist das gemäl@@ de . +das beste kommt aber noch – in einer sekunde . +lassen sie uns schnell zum mom@@ a springen , wieder in new york . +ein weiteres lieblings@@ bild von mir , stern@@ en@@ nacht . +bei dem vor@@ igen beispiel ging es darum , einzel@@ heiten zu finden , +aber was , wenn man die pin@@ sel@@ stri@@ che sehen will ? +und was erst , wenn man sehen will wie van go@@ gh dieses mei@@ ster@@ werk denn erschaffen hat ? +man zo@@ om@@ ed hinein . man kann wirklich hinein gehen . +ich werde in einen meiner liebl@@ ing@@ stei@@ le dieses bil@@ des zo@@ omen , bis ich wirklich bei den ris@@ sen bin . +das ist stern@@ en@@ nacht , wohl niemals zuvor so gesehen . +nun werde ich ihnen meine lieb@@ ste funktion zeigen . +es gibt noch viele weitere , aber mir fe@@ hlt die zeit . +das ist der wirklich coo@@ le teil , er heißt samm@@ lungen . +jeder von ihnen , jeder – gleich ob reich oder arm , ob sie ein toll@@ es haus haben – spielt keine rolle . +sie können los@@ legen und online ihr eigenes museum erschaffen – aus all diesen bildern können sie ihre eigene samm@@ lung an@@ legen . +ganz einfach , sie gehen hinein – und ich habe dies geschaffen , es heißt die macht des zo@@ om – sie können um@@ her@@ zo@@ omen . +das ist ' die ges@@ and@@ ten ' , in der nation@@ alg@@ aller@@ ie . +sie können alles mit an@@ merk@@ ungen ver@@ sehen , ihren freunden schicken , und so eine unterhaltung beginnen darüber , was sie fühlen , wenn sie diese mei@@ ster@@ werke betrachten . +ich denke , ab@@ schließ@@ end , ist für mich die haupt@@ sache , dass all die wunder@@ baren sachen hier nicht von google kommen . +sie kommen meines er@@ ach@@ tens nach nicht mal aus den mu@@ seen . +das sollte ich vielleicht nicht sagen . +sie kommen von den künst@@ lern . +und das war eine erfahrung in de@@ mut für mich . +ich meine , ich hoffe dass wir mit diesem digitalen medium der kunst gere@@ cht werden , und sie ord@@ entlich online re@@ präsentieren . +dabei ist die größte frage , die mir neu@@ lich gestellt wird : " haben sie das gemacht , um die erfahrung eines muse@@ um@@ s@@ besu@@ chs zu repli@@ zieren ? " +die antwort darauf ist nein . +es soll die erfahrung er@@ gän@@ zen . +darum geht es . dank@@ es@@ ch@@ ö@@ n . +danke . +dies ist eine dar@@ stellung ihres gehirns . ihr gehirn kann in zwei häl@@ ften unter@@ teilt werden . +das ist die lin@@ ke hälfte , die die log@@ ische seite ist und dann die rechte hälfte , die die intui@@ tive seite ist . +wenn wir einen maßstab hätten um die ap@@ ti@@ tu@@ te jeder he@@ mis@@ ph@@ äre zu messen , könnten wir ihr gehirn darstellen . +zum beispiel , wäre diese jemand , der vollständig log@@ isch ist . +dies wäre jemand , der komplett intui@@ tiv ist . +nun , wo würden sie ihr gehirn auf diesem maßstab posi@@ tion@@ ieren ? +einige von uns haben sich vielleicht für eins dieser extreme entschieden , aber ich denke , dass , für die meisten menschen im publikum , ihr gehirn etwa so aussieht -- mit einer hohen ap@@ ti@@ tu@@ te , die gleichzeitig in beiden he@@ mis@@ ph@@ ären ist . +es ist nicht so , als ob sie beide ex@@ klu@@ si@@ v sind oder der@@ gleichen . +sie können log@@ isch und intui@@ tiv sein . +und so sehe ich mich als eine der personen , gemeinsam mit dem meisten anderen experiment@@ ellen qu@@ anten@@ physi@@ kern , die einen guten anteil logi@@ k benötigen um die komplex@@ en ideen zusammen zu fügen . +aber gleichzeitig benötigen wir einen guten anteil intuition um die experimente tatsächlich auszu@@ führen . +wie entwickeln wir diese intuition ? nun , wir lieben es mit dingen zu spielen . +wir gehen also raus und spielen damit und schauen dann wie es re@@ agi@@ ert . und dann fangen wir dort an unsere intuition zu entwickeln . +im grunde machen sie das gleiche . +also eine der intui@@ tionen die sie über die jahre entwickelt haben , ist vermutlich , dass ein ding zur gleichen zeit nur an einem ort sein kann . +ich meine , es kann seltsam kl@@ ingen darüber nachzudenken , dass ein ding zur gleichen zeit an zwei verschiedenen orten ist , aber sie wurden mit dieser idee nicht geboren , sie haben sie entwickelt . +ich erinnere mich daran ein kind beim spielen auf einer bo@@ den@@ sch@@ welle zu sehen . +er war noch ein klein@@ kind und nicht sehr gut darin und er fiel ständig hin . +aber ich we@@ tte , dass ihn das spielen mit der bo@@ den@@ sch@@ welle eine sehr wert@@ volle lektion lehr@@ te , nämlich das große dinge dich nicht einfach vorbei lassen , und dass sie an einer stelle bleiben . +und das ist ein großarti@@ ges konzep@@ tion@@ elles modell der welt , so lange sie kein teil@@ chen@@ physiker sind . +es wäre ein furcht@@ bares modell für einen teil@@ chen@@ physiker , weil sie nicht mit bo@@ den@@ schw@@ ellen spielen , sondern mit diesen kleinen selts@@ am@@ en teilchen . +und wenn sie mit ihren teilchen spielen , stellen sie alle möglichen selts@@ am@@ en dinge fest -- wie dass sie direkt durch mau@@ ern fliegen , oder dass sie zur gleichen zeit an zwei verschiedenen orten sein können . +und so sch@@ rieben sie alle diese beob@@ acht@@ ungen auf , und nan@@ nten sie die theorie der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik . +das war der stand der physik vor einigen jahren ; man brauchte qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik um die kleinen , winzi@@ gen teilchen zu beschreiben . +aber man brauchte sie nicht um die großen all@@ tä@@ glichen objekte um uns herum zu beschreiben . +das hat meine intuition nicht ge@@ mo@@ cht und das vielleicht nur weil ich nicht so oft mit teilchen spiele . +naja , ich spiele manchmal mit ihnen , aber nicht sehr oft . +und ich habe sie noch nie gesehen . +ich meine , niemand hat jemals ein teilchen gesehen . +aber meine log@@ ische seite hat es auch nicht ge@@ mo@@ cht . +denn wenn alle sachen aus teilchen bestehen und all diese teilchen den regeln der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik folgen , sollte dann nicht einfach alles den regeln der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik folgen ? +ich sehe keinen grund , warum das nicht so sein sollte . +ich würde mich also deut@@ liche besser mit der ganzen sache fühlen , wenn wir irgendwie zeigen könnten , dass all@@ ta@@ gs@@ gegen@@ stände auch den regeln der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik folgen . +also machte ich mich vor ein paar jahren daran , genau das zu tun . +ich er@@ schu@@ f eins . +dies ist das erste objekt , das sie sehen können , das in der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ischen super@@ position war . +was wir uns hier also ansehen ist ein winzi@@ ger computer chip . +und sie können diesen grünen punkt dort in der mitte sehen . +das ist das stück met@@ all über das ich gleich reden werde . +das ist ein bild des obje@@ kts . +hier ver@@ größere ich es etwas . wir schauen genau hier ins zentrum . +und hier ist eine wirklich sehr große nah@@ aufnahme dieses kleinen stück@@ s met@@ all . +was wir uns also ansehen ist ein kleines stück met@@ all es ist wie ein spr@@ ung@@ bre@@ tt ge@@ for@@ mt und es steht über der kan@@ te über . +ich machte also dieses ding auf ähnliche weise auf die man einen computer chip macht . +ich ging ein einen sau@@ b@@ eren raum mit neuen si@@ li@@ zi@@ um@@ schei@@ ben , und ra@@ ck@@ erte für 100 stunden an all den großen gerä@@ ten . +für das letzte bisschen musste ich meine eigene maschine bauen -- um dieses wie ein swi@@ mming pool ge@@ form@@ te loch und das ding zu bekommen . +dieses ding hat die hat die fähigkeit in der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ischen super@@ position zu sein aber es braucht ein ein wenig hilfe um es zu tun . +schauen sie , lassen sie mich ihnen eine analog@@ ie geben . +sie wissen , wie un@@ beha@@ glich es ist in einem vollen aufzu@@ g zu sein ? +ich meine , wenn ich alleine im aufzu@@ g bin , dann mache ich alle möglichen selts@@ am@@ en sachen aber dann steigen andere menschen hin@@ zu und ich höre auf all diese dinge zu machen , weil ich sie nicht damit bel@@ ä@@ stigen will , oder , offen gesagt , sie versch@@ rec@@ ke . +qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik sagt also , dass un@@ beweg@@ liche objekte sich genauso fühlen . +die mit@@ fahrer für un@@ beweg@@ liche objekte sind nicht nur menschen , sondern auch das licht , das auf sie scheint und der wind , der an ihnen vorbei fe@@ gt und die hit@@ ze des rau@@ ms . +und so wussten wir , dass wenn wir sehen wollten , dass dieses stück met@@ all sich qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ isch ver@@ hält , wir die ganzen mit@@ rei@@ senden raus sch@@ mei@@ ssen mussten . +und das haben wir dann getan . +wir haben das licht aus@@ gesch@@ altet , le@@ gten es in ein v@@ aku@@ um und sau@@ gten die ganze luft aus und kühl@@ ten es bis fast zum jetzt , ganz alleine im aufzu@@ g , war das stück met@@ all frei , sich zu verhalten wie immer es wollte . +also haben wir seine bewegung ge@@ messen . +wir stellten fest , dass es sich wirklich seltsam bewegt . +anstatt , dass es einfach ruhi@@ g da liegt , vi@@ bri@@ erte es . die art wie es vi@@ bri@@ erte war ungefähr so wie dies hier -- wie ein sich aus@@ de@@ hn@@ ender und zusammen zieh@@ ender blas@@ e@@ bal@@ g . +in dem wir ihm einen kleinen schu@@ bs gaben , konnten wir es veran@@ lassen zur gleichen zeit zu vi@@ bri@@ eren und nicht zu vi@@ bri@@ eren -- etwas was nur in der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik erlaubt ist . +was ich ihnen gerade erzähle ist also was wahr@@ haft fanta@@ st@@ isches . +was heißt es für ein objekt zur gleichen zeit zu vi@@ bri@@ eren und nicht zu vi@@ bri@@ eren ? +lassen sie uns über die atom@@ e nachdenken . +also der erste fall : all die trilli@@ onen von atom@@ e aus denen das stück met@@ all besteht liegen still da und zur gleichen zeit bewegen sich diesel@@ ben atom@@ e auf und ab . +nur zu prä@@ z@@ is@@ en zeit@@ pun@@ kten stimmen sie über@@ ein . +den rest der zeit sind sie del@@ ok@@ alisiert . +das heisst , dass jedes at@@ om zur gleichen zeit an zwei unterschiedlichen orten ist , was gleichzeitig heisst , dass das gesamte stück met@@ all an zwei verschiedenen orten ist . +ich denke , dass das richtig cool ist . +wirklich . +das war es wert mich für all diese jahr in dem sau@@ b@@ eren raum einzu@@ schli@@ essen . denn , überprü@@ fen sie das , der mas@@ s@@ stab@@ s@@ unterschied zwischen einem einzelnen at@@ om und diesem stück met@@ all ist ungefähr genauso wie der unterschied zwischen dem stück met@@ all und ihnen . +wenn also ein einzel@@ nes at@@ om zur gleichen zeit an zwei verschiedenen orten sein kann , dieses stück met@@ all an zwei verschiedenen orten sein kann , warum dann nicht auch sie ? +ich meine , das ist nur das was meine log@@ ische seite sagt . +so , stellen sie sich vor , sie wären zu gleichen zeit an mehr@@ eren orten , wie würde sich das an@@ fühlen ? +wie würde ihr bewusstsein damit umgehen , dass ihr körper im raum del@@ ok@@ alisiert ist ? +es gibt einen weiteren aspekt bei der geschichte . +als wir es auf@@ wär@@ m@@ ten , das licht an@@ sch@@ al@@ teten und die ki@@ ste rein@@ schauten , sahen wir , dass das stück met@@ all immer in einem stück da war . +und so musste ich diese neue intuition entwickeln , dass es so aussieht als ob all die objekte im aufzu@@ g in wirklichkeit nur qu@@ anten objekte sind , die in einem kleinen raum zusammen ge@@ fer@@ cht sind . +sie hören eine menge gere@@ de darüber , wie qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik sagt , dass alles mit allem verbunden ist . +nun , das ist nicht ganz richtig ; +da ist noch mehr da@@ hinter , es geht noch tief@@ er . +es ist so , dass diese verbindungen , ihre verbindungen mit all den dingen um sie herum , buchstäblich definieren wer sie sind . und das ist das tief@@ sinni@@ ge und selts@@ ame der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik . +vielen dank . +im jahr 2007 habe ich beschlossen , dass wir re@@ konzep@@ tu@@ alisieren sollten wie wir über wirtschaftliche entwicklung denken . +es sollte unser ziel sein , dass , wenn familien darüber nachdenken , wo sie leben und arbeiten wollen , ihnen die möglichkeit gegeben ist , zwischen mindestens einer hand voll verschieden@@ er städte auszu@@ wählen , die alle in konkur@@ ren@@ z um neue be@@ wohner stehen . +im moment befinden wir uns weit entfernt von diesem ziel . +es gibt milliarden von menschen in entwicklungsländern , denen nicht einmal eine einzige stadt zur verfügung steht , die sie will@@ kommen heißen würde . +aber das erstaunliche an städten ist , dass sie so viel mehr wert sind , als es kostet sie zu bauen . +wir könnten die welt also sehr einfach mit du@@ z@@ enden , vielleicht sogar hunder@@ ten von neuen städten aus@@ rü@@ sten . +das klingt jetzt vielleicht ab@@ sur@@ d für sie , so@@ fern sie noch nie über neue städte nach@@ gedacht haben . +tau@@ schen sie doch einfach den bau von wohn@@ ungen gegen den von städten aus . +stellen sie sich vor , die hälfte der leute , die in wohn@@ ungen leben wollen , täten dies bereits ; die andere hälfte aber noch nicht . +sie könnten versuchen die ka@@ pa@@ zität der bereits existi@@ erende wohn@@ ungen zu erweitern . +aber wissen sie wor@@ auf sie sich da ein@@ lassen würden , in diesen wohn@@ ungen und deren umgebung herr@@ schen gesetze um besch@@ werden zu vermeiden und vom aus@@ bau abzu@@ len@@ ken . +es stellt sich also als sehr schwer heraus all diesen erweiter@@ ungen nachzu@@ kommen . +aber man könnte an einen völlig neuen ort gehen , ein komplett neuen wohn@@ block bauen , voraus@@ gesetzt die gesetze dort würden einen solchen bau unterstützen und ihn nicht be@@ hindern . +ich habe also vor@@ geschlagen , dass regierungen neue flächen schaffen , die genug platz für eine stadt bieten und habe ihnen einen namen gegeben : char@@ ter cities . +später habe ich herausgefunden , dass , etwa um die gleiche zeit , ja@@ vier und oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o über die herausforderung einer re@@ form in hon@@ dur@@ as nach@@ gedacht haben . +sie wussten , dass jedes jahr ungefähr 7@@ 5.000 hon@@ dur@@ aner ihr land verlassen , um in die vereinigten staaten auszu@@ wander@@ n , und sie wollten wissen , was sie tun könnten , um sicher zu stellen , dass diese menschen in ihrem land bleiben können und genau das selbe in hon@@ dur@@ as tun können . +an dieser stelle hat ja@@ vier zu oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o gesagt , " was passiert , wenn wir eine un@@ bes@@ ie@@ del@@ te fläche unseres landes neh@@ men@@ - was , wenn wir sie einfach einer botschaft ge@@ ben@@ - einen teil der amerikanischen botschaft ; einen teil der kan@@ ad@@ ischen bot@@ schaft@@ - und wenn die leute dann arbeiten gehen wollen unter den kan@@ ad@@ ischen regeln oder denen der vereinigten staaten , können sie dort arbeiten , und können auf der fläche dieser bot@@ schaften alles machen , wo@@ zu sie normalerweise nach kanada oder amerika gehen müssten ? " +im sommer 2009 li@@ tt hon@@ dur@@ as unter einer he@@ f@@ tigen ver@@ fas@@ s@@ ungsk@@ rise . +bei den nächsten plan@@ mäß@@ igen wa@@ hlen , gew@@ ann pe@@ pe lo@@ bo in einem um@@ schw@@ ung , dessen programm sowohl neu@@ erungen , als auch sch@@ lich@@ tung ver@@ sprach . +er forder@@ te oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o auf , sein stab@@ sche@@ f zu werden . +in der zwischen@@ zeit berei@@ tete ich mich auf einen vortrag bei ted@@ global vor . +durch verbesser@@ ung , au@@ spro@@ bieren und durch die untersuchung von ver@@ brau@@ chern , habe ich versucht dieses kompli@@ zierte konzept der char@@ ter city auf die wesentlichen elemente zu reduzieren . +der erste punkt , ist die wichti@@ gkeit von gese@@ tzen , gesetze , die bestimmen , dass man bereits existi@@ erende wohn@@ ungs@@ besit@@ zer nicht stör@@ en darf . +wir schen@@ ken neuen technologien große be@@ a@@ chtung , aber für den fortschritt bedarf es technologien und gese@@ tzen . und es sind für gewöhn@@ lich gesetze , die uns zurück@@ halten . +im her@@ b@@ st 2010 schi@@ ckte ein freund aus gu@@ atem@@ ala oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o den link zu dem ted@@ talk . +der wiederum zeigte ihn ja@@ vier . +die beiden rie@@ fen mich an . +und sagten , " lass uns das den vor@@ sitz@@ enden unseres landes präsentieren ! " +also tra@@ fen wir uns im de@@ z@@ ember in dem sitz@@ ungs@@ saal eines hot@@ els in mi@@ ami . +ich habe versucht deutlich zu machen , wie wert@@ voll städte sind , um wie viel wert@@ voller sie sind als sie kosten . +und ich habe diese grafik verwendet , um zu zeigen wie wert@@ voll ro@@ hl@@ and ist an einem ort wie new york . denken sie daran , dass eine fläche in man@@ chen fällen pro quad@@ rat@@ meter tausende von dollars wert ist . +aber es war eine ziemlich abstra@@ kte diskussion , an an einer stelle als es eine pause gab , hat oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o gesagt , " paul , könnten wir uns vielleicht den ted@@ talk ansehen . " +der ted@@ talk stellte also in sehr einfacher form dar , dass eine char@@ ter city ein ort ist , dessen anfang unbe@@ wohn@@ tes land ist , ein grün@@ dungs@@ ver@@ trag , der die gesetze fest@@ legt , die dort herr@@ schen und den menschen die möglichkeit bietet sich zu entscheiden , entweder unter diesen regeln zu leben oder nicht . +darum wurde ich von dem präsi@@ denten von hon@@ dur@@ as gebeten , der mein@@ te , dass wir dieses projekt ver@@ wirklichen müssen , dass es wichtig ist , und dass dies der weg ist unser land vor@@ an zu bringen . +ich wurde gebeten nach te@@ gu@@ ci@@ gal@@ pa zu kommen und noch einmal am vi@@ erten und fün@@ ften janu@@ ar einen vortrag zu halten . +also habe ich einen weiteren mit fa@@ kten gefü@@ ll@@ ten vortrag gehalten , der eine grafik wie dieses beinhaltet hat , die versucht zu ver@@ deut@@ lichen , dass , wenn man viel wert schaffen will in einer stadt , es eine sehr große stadt sein muss . +das ist ein bild der stadt den@@ ver , und die ski@@ z@@ ze stellt den neuen flug@@ ha@@ fen dar , der in den@@ ver gebaut wurde . +alleine dieser flug@@ ha@@ fen hat eine fläche von 100 quad@@ rat@@ kilome@@ tern . +ich habe also versucht die hon@@ dur@@ aner davon zu überzeugen , wenn man eine neue stadt bauen will , man mit einem gebiet von mindestens 1@@ 000 quad@@ rat@@ kilome@@ tern beginnen muss . +das sind mehr als 250 tausend morgen . +hö@@ f@@ lich haben alle appl@@ audi@@ ert . +die gesichter der zuschau@@ er waren sehr ernst und aufmerk@@ sam . +der leiter des kon@@ gr@@ esses kam auf die bühne und hat gesagt , " professor ro@@ mer , ich danke ihnen herz@@ lich für ihren vortrag , aber könnten wir vielleicht den ted@@ talk anschauen . +ich habe ihn hier auf meinem laptop . " +ich habe mich also hin@@ gesetzt , und sie haben den ted@@ talk ab@@ gespielt . +und ich bin zu der kern@@ aus@@ sage gekommen , dass eine neue stadt den menschen neue möglichkeiten bietet . +es gäbe die möglichkeit in einer stadt zu leben , die in hon@@ dur@@ as wäre , anstatt hunderte von kilome@@ tern entfernt im norden . +und eine neue stadt schlie@@ ßt auch neue möglichkeiten für führ@@ ungsk@@ r@@ äf@@ te mit ein . +die führ@@ ungsk@@ r@@ äf@@ te der regierung in hon@@ dur@@ as wären auf die hilfe aus partner@@ ländern ange@@ wiesen , sie könnten von ihren partner@@ ländern profi@@ tieren , die sie bei dem auf@@ stellen der gesetze für diesen char@@ ta und bei der durch@@ führung unterstützen würden , dass jeder darauf vertrauen kann , dass der char@@ ta wirklich durch@@ gesetzt wird . +und die erkenntnis von präsident lo@@ bo , war , dass die gewis@@ sheit der durch@@ setzung über die ich nach@@ gedacht habe als einen weg die aus@@ län@@ dischen inv@@ e@@ stor@@ en dazu zu bringen her@@ zu@@ kommen und diese stadt zu bauen gleich@@ bedeu@@ tend sein könnte für alle par@@ tei@@ en in hon@@ dur@@ as , die seit vielen jahren unter angst und mis@@ str@@ auen leiden . +wir sind in ein gebiet gefahren . +dieses bild ist von diesem ort . +es fasst mü@@ hel@@ os tausend quad@@ rat@@ kilometer . +und kurz danach , am 19@@ . janu@@ ar , haben sie bei dem kon@@ gress für eine änder@@ ung der ver@@ fassung ge@@ stimmt , um eine ver@@ fas@@ s@@ ungs@@ ge@@ mä@@ ße regel@@ ung zu haben , die für spezi@@ elle entwicklungs@@ gebiete zu@@ lässi@@ g ist . +in einem land , das gerade eine he@@ f@@ tige krise hinter sich hat , wurde in dem kon@@ gress für diese ver@@ fas@@ s@@ ungs@@ änder@@ ung mit 1@@ 24 zu einer stimme gewä@@ hlt . +alle par@@ tei@@ en , alle fra@@ ktionen der gesellschaft , unterstü@@ tz@@ ten dies . +um teil der ver@@ fassung zu werden , muss es aber zwei@@ mal durch den kon@@ gress geneh@@ mi@@ gt werden . +am 17@@ . febru@@ ar wurde es zum zweiten mal mit 1@@ 14 zu einer stimme geneh@@ mi@@ gt . +un@@ mittel@@ bar nach dieser wahl , zwischen dem 21. und dem 24@@ . febru@@ ar , rei@@ ste eine d@@ ele@@ gation von ungefähr 30 hun@@ dur@@ an@@ ern an die zwei orte der welt , die am meisten daran interessiert waren , in das geschäft des städ@@ te@@ b@@ aus einzu@@ steigen . +der eine ort ist süd@@ korea . +dies ist ein bild von einem großen , neuen stad@@ tz@@ ent@@ r@@ um , das in süd@@ korea gebaut wur@@ de@@ - großer als das stad@@ tz@@ ent@@ r@@ um bo@@ st@@ ons . +alles , was sie auf diesem bild sehen können , wurde innerhalb von vier jahren er@@ baut , nachdem es vier jahre ge@@ dauert hat , die geneh@@ mi@@ g@@ ungen zu erhalten . +der andere ort , der sehr am städ@@ te@@ bau interessiert war , ist sing@@ a@@ pu@@ r . +es wurden bereits zwei städte in china er@@ baut und die dritte ist in vorberei@@ tung . +wenn sie also praktisch gesehen darüber nachdenken , ist es das , wo wir heute stehen . +sie haben bereits ein bau@@ grund@@ stück ; und sie erwä@@ gen bereits diese fläche für die zweite stadt . +es wird bereits an einem rechts@@ system gearbeitet , dass mana@@ gern erlaubt teil@@ zunehmen , und es wird auch an einem ex@@ ter@@ nen rechts@@ system gearbeitet . +ein land hat bereits angeb@@ oten seinen ober@@ sten geri@@ cht@@ sh@@ of zur verfügung zu stellen , als geri@@ cht für die ent@@ gü@@ l@@ tige beru@@ fung des dor@@ tigen geri@@ cht@@ lichen systems . +auch städ@@ te@@ designer und -@@ bau@@ er sind sehr interessiert . +sie bringen sogar finanzi@@ erung mit ein . +eine sache , wie sie bereits wissen , wurde schon ge@@ klär@@ t , es gibt viele mie@@ ter . +es gibt viele be@@ trie@@ be , die sich gerne in amerika an@@ sie@@ deln würden , besonders an einem ort mit einer frei@@ hand@@ el@@ s@@ zone , und es gibt viele menschen , die gerne dort wo@@ hnen würden . +auf der ganzen welt gibt es 700 millionen menschen , die an@@ geben , dass sie gerne dau@@ er@@ haft an einem anderen ort leben möchten . +eine millionen menschen verlassen jähr@@ lich lat@@ ein@@ amerika und wander@@ n in die vereinigten staaten aus . +viele von ihnen sind v@@ ä@@ ter , die ge@@ zw@@ ungen sind , ihre familien zurückzu@@ lassen , um sich arbeit zu su@@ chen@@ - manchmal sind es all@@ ein@@ er@@ zieh@@ ende mütter , die genug geld verdienen müssen , um sich essen und klei@@ dung leisten zu können . +leider sind es manchmal sogar kinder , die versuchen ihre eltern wieder zu finden , die sie , in man@@ chen fällen , seit einem jahrzehnt nicht mehr gesehen haben . +was ist es also für eine idee , darüber nachzudenken in hon@@ dur@@ as eine völlig neue stadt zu bauen ? +oder sogar du@@ z@@ ende von diesen städten zu bauen , oder hunderte auf der ganzen welt verteilt ? +was ist es also für eine idee , darauf zu bestehen , dass jede familie eine wahl zwischen mehr@@ eren städten hat , die in konkur@@ ren@@ z um neue be@@ wohner stehen ? +das ist eine idee , die sich lo@@ hnt zu verbreiten . +meine freunde aus hon@@ dur@@ as haben mich gebeten zu sagen , danke ted . +wissen sie , wie viele entscheidungen sie an einem typ@@ ischen tag machen ? +wissen sie , wie viele entscheidungen sie in einer typ@@ ischen woche treffen ? +ich habe vor kurzem eine um@@ frage mit über 2@@ .000 amerikan@@ ern gemacht und die durchschnittliche anzahl von entscheidungen , die ang@@ ab@@ e@@ ge@@ mä@@ ß ein typ@@ ischer amerikaner an einem tag macht ist 70 . +zu@@ dem wurde kürzlich eine studie mit ce@@ os gemacht , in der sie eine woche lang die ce@@ os beobach@@ teten . +und diese wissenschaftler haben einfach die verschiedenen themen doku@@ men@@ tiert mit denen sich diese ce@@ o beschäftigt hab@@ en@@ . und wieviel zeit sie damit verbra@@ chten entscheidungen zu treffen , die mit den themen zusammen@@ hängen . +und sie haben herausgefunden , dass ein durchschnitt@@ licher ce@@ o sich in der woche mit 13@@ 9 aufgaben beschäftigt . +jedes dieser themen bestand natürlich aus vielen , vielen klein@@ eren entscheidungen . +50 prozent ihrer entscheidungen wurden innerhalb von neun minuten oder weniger getroffen . +nur für ungefähr 12 prozent ihrer entscheidungen benö@@ ti@@ gten sie eine stunde oder mehr ihrer zeit . +denken sie an ihre eigenen entscheidungen . +wissen sie wie viele entscheidungen sie in der neun minuten kat@@ eg@@ or@@ ie treffen gegenüber der@@ jenigen in der eine stunde kat@@ eg@@ or@@ ie ? +wie gut , denken sie , sind sie darin die entscheidungen zu be@@ wäl@@ tigen ? +heute möchte ich über eines der größten entschei@@ d@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ me unserer modernen zeit sprechen , das entschei@@ dungs@@ über@@ la@@ st@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ m . +ich möchte über das problem reden und über einige mögliche lösungen . +nun , wenn ich über dieses problem rede , werde ich ihnen einige fragen stellen und ich möchte ihre antworten wissen . +wenn ich ihnen eine frage stelle , heben sie , da ich blind bin , nur die hand , wenn sie einige kal@@ orien ver@@ bren@@ nen möchten . +an@@ son@@ sten , bitte ich sie , wenn ich ihnen eine frage stelle , und ihre antwort ja ist , also , meine erste frage für heute lautet : sind sie bereit etwas über das entschei@@ dungs@@ über@@ la@@ st@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ m zu hören ? +vielen dank . +als ich ein ab@@ schluss@@ student an der stanford universität war , ging ich zu diesem sehr sehr ex@@ klu@@ si@@ ven lebens@@ mitt@@ ell@@ aden ; zumindest damals war er wirklich ex@@ klu@@ si@@ v . +es war ein laden , der dra@@ e@@ ger ' s hie@@ ß . +dieses geschäft , es war fast so wie ein verg@@ nü@@ g@@ ung@@ spar@@ k . +sie hatten 250 verschiedene arten von sen@@ f und essi@@ g und über 500 verschiedene arten von ob@@ st und gemü@@ se und mehr als zwei dutz@@ end verschiedene arten an wasser -- und das war zu einer zeit als wir noch tatsächlich lei@@ tungs@@ wasser ge@@ tr@@ un@@ ken haben . +ich habe es ge@@ liebt zu diesem geschäft zu gehen ; aber zu einem zeitpunkt habe ich mich gefragt , naja , wie kommt es , dass du nie etwas kauf@@ st ? +hier ist der oli@@ ven@@ öl gang . +sie hatten über 75 verschie@@ den sor@@ ten oli@@ ven@@ öl , in@@ klu@@ sive denen , die in kä@@ sten ein@@ geschlossen waren , die von tausend jahre alten oli@@ ven@@ b@@ äumen kamen . +also entschied ich mich eines tages den fi@@ li@@ all@@ ei@@ ter zu besuchen , und ich fragte den leiter , " funktioniert dieses modell , dass sie den menschen all diese möglichkeiten bieten wirklich ? " +und er zeigte auf die bus@@ la@@ dungen von tou@@ ri@@ sten , die jeden tag kamen und gewöhn@@ lich ihre k@@ ameras dabei hatten . +wir entschieden uns ein experiment zu unternehmen und wir wähl@@ ten mar@@ mel@@ ade für unser experiment . +hier ist ihr mar@@ mel@@ aden gang . +sie hatten 3@@ 4@@ 8 verschiedene arten von mar@@ mel@@ ade . +wir haben eine kleine ver@@ ko@@ st@@ ung@@ se@@ cke direkt am ein@@ gang des geschäf@@ ts auf@@ gestellt . +wir haben dort sechs verschiedene geschma@@ ck@@ s@@ richtungen mar@@ mel@@ ade oder 24 verschiedene geschma@@ ck@@ s@@ richtungen mar@@ mel@@ ade hin@@ gestellt , und wir haben uns zwei sachen an@@ gesch@@ aut : erstens , ich welchem fall würden mehr menschen stehen bleiben und mar@@ mel@@ ade probieren ? +es sind mehr menschen stehen geb@@ lieben , wenn es 24 waren , ungefähr 60 prozent , als wenn es sechs waren , ungefähr 40 prozent . +und danach sahen wir uns an in welchem fall die menschen eher ein glas mar@@ mel@@ ade kauf@@ ten . +jetzt sahen wir den umge@@ kehr@@ ten effekt . +von den menschen die stehen b@@ lieben als es 24 waren , kauf@@ ten nur drei prozent tatsächlich ein glas mar@@ mel@@ ade . +von den menschen , die stehen b@@ lieben als es sechs waren , nun , jetzt sahen wir , dass 30 prozent von ihnen tatsächlich ein glas mar@@ mel@@ ade kauf@@ ten . +nun , wenn sie es aus@@ rech@@ nen , kauf@@ ten die menschen sechs mal eher ein glas mar@@ mel@@ ade , wen sie sechs zur aus@@ wahl hatten , als wenn sie 24 zur aus@@ wahl hatten . +nun , sich zu entscheiden kein glas mar@@ mel@@ ade zu kaufen ist wahrscheinlich gut für uns -- zumindest ist es gut für unsere ta@@ ille -- aber es stellt sich heraus , dass das entschei@@ dungs@@ über@@ la@@ st@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ m uns auch bei sehr kon@@ sequen@@ z@@ reichen entscheidungen beeinflusst . +wir entscheiden uns nicht zu entscheiden , auch wenn es gegen unsere eigenen besten inter@@ essen geht . +also zum thema des tages : finanzi@@ elles sparen . +ich werde ihnen jetzt eine studie beschreiben , die ich mit gu@@ r hu@@ ber@@ man , e@@ mir kam@@ en@@ ic@@ a , we@@ i j@@ ang durch@@ führte , in der wir uns die entscheidungen zu spar@@ plä@@ nen für die r@@ ente von fast einer million amerikan@@ ern von ungefähr 6@@ 50 plä@@ nen in den gesamten vereinigten staaten an@@ sahen . +und was wir uns an@@ sahen , war ob die anzahl der f@@ on@@ d@@ s@@ ange@@ bo@@ te , die ein einem r@@ ent@@ en@@ spar@@ plan möglich waren , der 40@@ 1 plan , die wahrscheinlichkeit beeinflusst , ob mehr für morgen ges@@ part wird . +und wir fanden heraus , dass es in der tat einen zusammenhang gab . +so in diesen plä@@ nen , wir hatten ungefähr 6@@ 5@@ 7 plä@@ nen die den menschen irgendetwas zwischen zwei bis 5@@ 9 verschiedenen f@@ on@@ ds an@@ bot@@ en . +und was wir heraus@@ fanden , war , dass je mehr f@@ on@@ ds angeb@@ oten wurden , dass , in der tat , die teil@@ nahme rate ger@@ inger war . +wenn sie sich jetzt die extreme ansehen , die pl@@ äne , die zwei f@@ on@@ ds an@@ bot@@ en , hatten eine teil@@ nah@@ mer@@ ate in den sie@@ b@@ zi@@ gern -- immer noch nicht so hoch , wie wir es wollen . +in den plä@@ nen , die fast 60 f@@ on@@ ds an@@ bot@@ en , fiel die teil@@ nah@@ mer@@ ate jetzt auf ungefähr den se@@ ch@@ zi@@ gsten proz@@ ent@@ anteil . +jetzt stellt sich heraus , dass selbst wenn sie sich ent@@ schli@@ essen teil@@ zunehmen , wenn mehr möglichkeiten zur aus@@ wahl standen , selbst dann , hat es negative kon@@ sequenzen . +so ten@@ di@@ erten die menschen , die sich entschieden teil@@ zunehmen , eher dazu , dass je mehr möglichkeiten ihnen zur verfügung standen , desto mehr ver@@ mie@@ den sie es ak@@ ti@@ en und f@@ on@@ ds zu wählen . +je mehr möglichkeiten ihnen zur verfügung standen , desto eher ste@@ ckten sie ihr ganzes geld in r@@ eine geld@@ markt@@ kon@@ ten . +keine dieser extre@@ men entscheidungen , gehört zu den entscheidungen , die jemand von menschen emp@@ fehlen würde , wenn uns ihr zukünf@@ tiges finanzi@@ elles wohl@@ er@@ gehen wichtig ist . +nun , in den letzten zehn jahren haben wir bei menschen drei wesent@@ liche negative kon@@ sequenzen beobachtet , die das an@@ bieten von mehr und mehr aus@@ wahl@@ möglichkeiten mit sich bringt . +sie schie@@ ben die entscheidung auf -- schie@@ ben sie auf , selbst wenn es gegen ihr eigenes be@@ stes interesse geht . +sie treffen eher schle@@ cht@@ ere entscheidungen -- schle@@ cht@@ ere finanzi@@ elle und schle@@ cht@@ ere medizinische entscheidungen . +sie entscheiden sich eher für dinge , die sie selbst weniger zu@@ frieden stellen , selbst , wenn sie es obje@@ ktive besser machen . +der haupt@@ grund hier@@ für ist , dass wir es vielleicht geni@@ essen uns diese riesigen reg@@ ale voller may@@ on@@ a@@ ise , sen@@ f , essi@@ g und mar@@ mel@@ ade anzu@@ sehen , aber wir fa@@ kti@@ sch nicht die ver@@ gleiche und ab@@ gren@@ z@@ ungen ziehen können und dann tatsächlich etwas aus dem fanta@@ stischen ange@@ bot wählen können . +was ich ihnen also heute vor@@ schlagen möchte sind vier einfache techni@@ ken -- techni@@ ken , die wir auf verschiedene arten und an verschiedenen forschungs@@ orten ge@@ te@@ stet haben -- die sie einfach in ihrem geschäft anwenden können . +als erstes : beschrän@@ ken . +sie haben es vorher schon mal gehört , aber es war nie wahr@@ er als heute , dass weniger mehr ist . +die menschen sind immer be@@ un@@ ruhi@@ gt wenn ich sage , " beschrän@@ ken . " +sie machen sich immer sorgen , dass sie re@@ gal@@ fläche verlieren . +aber in wahrheit , sehen wir es immer mehr und mehr , dass wenn sie bereit sind sich zu beschrän@@ ken , und die un@@ wichtigen gleich@@ arti@@ gen möglichkeiten los werden , nun , dann gibt es einen an@@ stieg der verkauf@@ s@@ zahlen , es werden die kosten ges@@ en@@ kt , & amp ; und es gibt eine verbesser@@ ung der entschei@@ dungs@@ wahrnehmung . +als pro@@ ctor und gam@@ ble die verschiedenen head and shoul@@ ders arten von 26 auf 15 redu@@ zierte , erleb@@ ten sie einen an@@ stieg der verkauf@@ s@@ zahlen um 10 prozent . +als die golden c@@ at corpo@@ ration ihr 10 am schle@@ ch@@ testen verkauf@@ ten kat@@ zen@@ stre@@ us los@@ wurde , erleb@@ ten sie , dass die gewinn@@ e um 8@@ 7 prozent an@@ stie@@ gen -- ein ergebnis von bei@@ dem , dem an@@ stieg der verkauf@@ s@@ zahlen und der redu@@ zi@@ erung von kosten . +wissen sie , der durchschnittliche super@@ ma@@ kr@@ t heute , bietet ihnen 4@@ 5.000 produkte an . +ein typ@@ ischer wal@@ m@@ art bietet ihnen heute 10@@ 0.000 produkte an . +aber der ne@@ un@@ t@@ größte super@@ markt , der heute ne@@ un@@ t@@ größte super@@ markt der welt ist al@@ di , und sie bieten ihnen nur 1.@@ 400 produkte -- eine art von to@@ ma@@ ten@@ sau@@ ce in do@@ sen . +nun in der welt des spar@@ ens , ich glaube eines der besten beispiele , die kürzlich auf den markt gekommen sind , darüber wie man am besten die aus@@ wahl@@ möglichkeiten man@@ agt , war etwas , bei dem david la@@ ib@@ son sehr stark mit@@ gestal@@ tet hat , es ist ein programm , das bei harvard angeb@@ oten wird . +jeder einzelne harvard ange@@ stellte nimmt jetzt auto@@ matisch an einem lebens@@ zeit@@ f@@ ond teil . +den@@ jenigen , die wirklich eine aus@@ wahl treffen wollen , werden 20 f@@ on@@ ds angeb@@ oten , nicht 300 oder mehr f@@ on@@ ds . +wissen sie , wie die menschen oft sagen , " ich weiß nicht wie ich es beschrän@@ ken soll . +es sind alles wichtige möglichkeiten . " +und das erste was ich die ange@@ stellten frage ist , " sagen sie mir , wie die möglichkeiten sich von einander unterscheiden . +und wenn ihre ange@@ stellten sie nicht aus@@ einander@@ halten können , können es ihre kunden auch nicht . " +nun , bevor wir heute mit@@ tag angefangen haben , hatte ich ein gespräch mit g@@ ary . +und g@@ ary sagte , dass er bereit wäre allen menschen in diesem publikum einen all@@ -@@ in@@ klu@@ sive be@@ zahl@@ ten ur@@ lau@@ b zu der schön@@ sten straße der welt anzu@@ bieten . +hier ist eine beschrei@@ bung der straße . +und ich möchte ihnen die gerne vor@@ lesen . +und jetzt gebe ich ihnen ein paar sekunden um sie zu lesen und danach bitte ich sie zu kl@@ at@@ schen , wenn sie bereit sind g@@ ary ' s ange@@ bot an@@ zunehmen . +okay . jeder der bereit ist , g@@ ary ' s ange@@ bot an@@ zunehmen . +sind das alle ? +gut , lassen sie mich ihnen etwas mehr davon zeigen . +sie wussten , es war ein trick dabei , oder ? +nun , wer ist bereit für diese reise . +ich glaube , ich habe vielleicht mehr hände gehört . +gut . +tatsache ist , das sie obje@@ ktiv betrachtet , beim ersten mal mehr informationen hatten , als beim zweiten mal , aber ich würde es wagen zu raten , dass sie es beim zweiten mal re@@ aler emp@@ fanden . +denn die bilder li@@ essen es für sie re@@ aler emp@@ finden . +was mich zur zweiten technik bringt , die ihnen hilft mit dem problem der entschei@@ dungs@@ über@@ la@@ stung umzu@@ gehen , es ist die kon@@ kre@@ ti@@ si@@ erung . +es geht dabei darum , dass menschen , um den unterschied zwischen möglichkeiten zu verstehen , verstehen müssen , welche kon@@ sequenzen mit den einzelnen möglichkeiten as@@ sozi@@ iert sind , und das diese kon@@ sequenzen leb@@ haft und kon@@ kre@@ t gefü@@ hlt werden müssen . +warum geben menschen durchschnitt@@ lich 15 bis 30 prozent mehr aus , wenn sie eine ec@@ -@@ karte oder eine kre@@ di@@ t@@ karte benutzen , als bei bar@@ geld ? +weil es sich nicht wir wirk@@ liches geld an@@ fühlt . +und es stellt sich heraus , dass wenn man es schafft , dass etwas sich kon@@ kre@@ t an@@ fühlt , es ein sehr gutes werkzeug ist , damit man die menschen dazu bringt mehr zu sparen . +also haben wir in einer studie , die ich mit s@@ hl@@ om@@ o ben@@ ar@@ tz@@ i und al@@ ess@@ and@@ r@@ o previ@@ ter@@ o gemacht habe , wir haben eine studie mit den menschen bei ing gemacht -- ange@@ stellten , die alle für ing gearbeitet haben -- und diese menschen waren alle in einer ver@@ samm@@ lung in der sie ihre teil@@ nahme für ihre r@@ ent@@ en@@ spar@@ plan ange@@ mel@@ det haben . +und während dieser ver@@ samm@@ lung , wir haben diese ver@@ samm@@ lung genau so bel@@ assen wie sie immer war , nur haben wir eine klein@@ igkeit hinzu@@ gefü@@ gt . +die klein@@ igkeit , die wir hin@@ zu gefü@@ gt haben , war , dass wir die menschen gebeten haben , einfach an alle posi@@ tiven dinge zu denken , die in ihren leben passieren würden , wenn sie geld sparen würden . +in dem wir diese einfache sache taten , gab es einen an@@ stieg der teil@@ nahme um 20 prozent und es gab einen an@@ stieg der anzahl der menschen , die bereit waren zu sparen oder einen an@@ stieg um vier prozent beim betra@@ g , den sie bereit waren für das spar@@ kon@@ to zu zahlen . +die dritte technik : kat@@ eg@@ or@@ isi@@ erung . +wir können besser mit mehr kat@@ eg@@ orien als mit mehr aus@@ wahl@@ möglichkeiten umgehen . +hier ist zum beispiel , eine studie , die wir in einem zeit@@ schri@@ f@@ ten@@ gang gemacht haben . +es stellt sich heraus , dass es in den weg@@ man@@ s super@@ mär@@ kten oben und unten im nor@@ do@@ st bereich , vari@@ iert die anzahl zwischen 3@@ 3@@ 1 verschiedenen arten von zeit@@ schriften bis hoch zu 6@@ 6@@ 4 zeit@@ schriften hat . +aber wissen sie was ? +wenn ich ihnen 600 zeit@@ schriften zeige und sie in 10 kat@@ eg@@ orien auf@@ teile oder ich ihnen 400 zeit@@ schriften zeige , und diese in 20 kat@@ eg@@ orien auf@@ teile , dann glauben sie , dass ich ihnen mehr aus@@ wahl und eine bessere aus@@ wahl@@ erfahrung gegeben habe , als ich ihnen die 400 gegeben hätte gegenüber dem , wenn ich ihnen die 600 gegeben hätte . +denn die kat@@ eg@@ orien sagen mir , wie ich sie aus@@ einander halten kann . +hier sind zwei verschiedene schmu@@ ck@@ aus@@ lagen . +eine heißt " ja@@ zz " und die andere heißt " s@@ wing " . +wenn sie denken , dass die lin@@ ke an@@ zeige s@@ wing ist und die an@@ zeige rechts ja@@ zz ist , dann kl@@ at@@ schen sie in die hände . +okay , es gibt ein paar . +wenn sie denken , dass die auf der linken seite ja@@ zz ist und die , auf der rechten seite s@@ wing ist , dann kl@@ at@@ schen sie bitte . +okay , ein paar mehr . +nun , es stellt sich heraus , dass sie recht haben . +die auf der linken seite ist ja@@ zz und die auf der rechten ist s@@ wing , aber wissen sie was ? +dies ist ein hoch@@ gra@@ dig un@@ nütz@@ es kat@@ eg@@ or@@ isi@@ erungs@@ sch@@ em@@ a . +die kat@@ eg@@ orien müssen dem aus@@ wähl@@ er etwas sagen , nicht dem der die aus@@ wahl berei@@ t@@ stellt . +und dieses problem sehen sie oft , wenn sie sich die langen listen all dieser f@@ on@@ ds ansehen . +wen wollen sie eigentlich damit infor@@ mieren ? +meine vi@@ erte technik : voraus@@ setzung für komplexität . +es stellt sich heraus , dass wir in der tat mit mehr informationen umgehen können als wir denken , wir müssen sie nur ver@@ einfachen . +wir müssen die komplexität langsam stei@@ gern . +ich zeige ihnen ein beispiel dessen , was ich meine . +lassen sie uns eine sehr , sehr kompli@@ zierte entscheidung nehmen : den k@@ auf eines autos . +hier ist ein deut@@ scher auto@@ her@@ steller , der ihnen die möglichkeit bietet , ihr auto komplett selbst zu kon@@ figu@@ ri@@ eren . +sie müssen 6@@ 2 verschiedene entscheidungen treffen um ihr auto komplett zu entwerfen . +jetzt unterscheiden sich diese entscheidungen in der anzahl der aus@@ wahl@@ möglichkeiten , die sie pro entscheidung an@@ bieten . +auto@@ farben , außen@@ farbe des autos -- ich habe 5@@ 6 möglichkeiten . +mot@@ oren , ge@@ trie@@ be -- vier möglichkeiten . +was ich jetzt mache , ist , ich verän@@ dere die rei@@ hen@@ folge in der die entscheidungen erscheinen . +die hälfte der kunden geht wird von den vielen möglichkeiten , 5@@ 6 auto@@ farben zu den ger@@ ingen möglichkeiten , vier ge@@ trie@@ be . +die andere hälfte der kunden geht von den ger@@ ingen möglichkeiten , vier ge@@ trie@@ be , zu den 5@@ 6 auto@@ farben , viele möglichkeiten . +was schaue ich mir an ? +wie interessiert sie sind . +wenn sie dau@@ ern@@ d die standar@@ d@@ aus@@ wahl bei der entscheidung nutzen , heisst das , dass sie über@@ fordert werden , das hei@@ s@@ ste , ich ver@@ li@@ ere sie . +was sie herausfinden ist , dass die menschen , die von den vielen zu den ger@@ ingen aus@@ wahl@@ möglich@@ k@@ tei@@ ten gehen immer und immer wieder die standar@@ d@@ aus@@ wahl wählen . +wir verlieren sie . +gehen sie von den wenig aus@@ wahl@@ möglichkeiten zu den vielen , dann bleiben sie dabei . +es sind diesel@@ ben informationen . es ist die gleiche anzahl von möglichkeiten . +das einzige , was ich getan habe , ist die rei@@ hen@@ folge zu verändert in der diese information präsentiert wird . +wenn ich mit dem einfachen an@@ fan@@ ge , lern@@ e ich wie ich aus@@ wä@@ hle . +selbst obwohl das ge@@ trie@@ be aus@@ wählen , mir nichts über meine vor@@ lieben bei der innen@@ aus@@ stat@@ tung sagt , berei@@ tet es mich immer noch darauf vor auszu@@ wählen . +es ver@@ setzt mich auch in aufre@@ gung über das große produkt , das ich zusammen@@ stelle , und so bin ich bereit mich dazu motivi@@ eren zu lassen mit interesse dabei zu sein . +lassen sie mich zusammen@@ fassen . +ich habe ihnen von vier techni@@ ken erzählt , die das problem der entschei@@ dungs@@ über@@ la@@ stung mil@@ dern -- beschrän@@ ken -- werden sie die über@@ flüs@@ si@@ gen alterna@@ tiven los ; kon@@ kre@@ ti@@ sieren -- machen sie es real ; kat@@ eg@@ or@@ isi@@ eren -- wir können besser mit mehr kat@@ eg@@ orien , weniger möglichkeiten umgehen ; auf komplexität vorberei@@ ten . +jede dieser techni@@ ken , die ich ihnen heute beschrei@@ be ist dazu gedacht , ihnen zu helfen die möglichkeiten zu mana@@ gen -- gut für sie , sie können sie für sich selbst benutzen , gut für die menschen , denen sie service bieten . +denn ich glaube , dass der schlüssel zur best@@ möglichen aus@@ wahl ist , dass man bei der aus@@ wahl wähl@@ er@@ isch ist . +und je mehr wir beim aus@@ wählen wähl@@ er@@ isch sind , desto besser werden wir in der lage sein , die kunst der entscheidung zu üben . +vielen dank . +hi . ich bin kev@@ in allo@@ c@@ ca , tr@@ end@@ s-@@ man@@ ager bei youtube . beru@@ f@@ lich schaue ich mir you@@ tu@@ be@@ -@@ videos an . +das stimmt . +heute wollen wir darüber sprechen , wie videos vi@@ ral werden , und an@@ schließ@@ end , wes@@ halb das überhaupt wichtig ist . +wir alle wollen stars sein - berühm@@ thei@@ ten , s@@ än@@ ger , com@@ edi@@ ans - als ich j@@ ung war , schien das so un@@ endlich schwierig . +aber web@@ videos haben ermöglicht , dass wir alle oder alle unsere krea@@ tiven tä@@ ti@@ gkeiten wahn@@ sinni@@ g berü@@ hmt werden können in einem teil der kultur unserer welt . +jeder einzelne von euch könnte über das internet bis nächsten sam@@ stag berü@@ hmt sein . +aber bei youtube werden mehr als 4@@ 8 stunden video pro minute hoch@@ geladen . +davon wieder wird nur ein winzi@@ ger proz@@ ent@@ satz jemals vi@@ ral und wird tausende male an@@ gesch@@ aut und so zum kultur@@ ellen moment . +wie funktioniert das also ? +drei dinge : ta@@ ste@@ maker , teil@@ nah@@ me@@ communities und das un@@ erwar@@ tete . +na , dann wollen wir mal . +oh mein gott . oh mein gott . +oh mein gott ! +wo@@ ah ! +o@@ h@@ h@@ h@@ h@@ h , wo@@ w@@ w@@ w@@ w ! +letztes jahr sen@@ dete bear vas@@ que@@ z dieses video , das er vor seinem haus im yo@@ se@@ mi@@ te national@@ park ge@@ fil@@ mt hatte . +2010 war es 23 millionen mal an@@ gesch@@ aut worden . +diese grafik zeigt , wie es aus@@ sah , als das video letzten sommer zum ersten mal belie@@ bt wurde . +eigentlich wollte bear kein vir@@ ales video machen . +er wollte einfach nur einen regen@@ bogen teilen , +weil man das eben so macht , wenn man yo@@ se@@ mi@@ te mountain bear heißt . +er hatte jede menge natur@@ videos hoch@@ geladen . +und dieses video war tatsächlich bereits im janu@@ ar ges@@ endet worden . +was ist hier passiert ? +da kam j@@ im@@ my k@@ im@@ mel . +j@@ im@@ my k@@ im@@ mel sen@@ dete den t@@ we@@ et , der das video letzten endes so popul@@ ä@@ r machte . +denn ta@@ ste@@ maker wie j@@ im@@ my k@@ im@@ mel stellen uns neue und interessante dinge vor und zeigen sie einem großen publikum . +it ' s fri@@ day , fri@@ day . got@@ ta get down on fri@@ day . everybody ' s looking forward to the wee@@ k@@ end , wee@@ k@@ end . fri@@ day , fri@@ day . ge@@ t@@ tin ' down on fri@@ day . ihr hä@@ t@@ tet nicht gedacht , dass wir diese unterhaltung führen würden , ohne über dieses video zu sprechen , hoffe ich . +re@@ bec@@ ca bl@@ ac@@ ks " fri@@ day " ist eines der popul@@ är@@ sten videos des jahres . +es wurde dieses jahr fast 200 millionen mal an@@ gesch@@ aut . +so sah die grafik aus . +genau wie bei " double rain@@ bo@@ w " scheint es aus den nichts gekommen zu sein . +was ist an diesem tag geschehen ? +nun , es war frei@@ tag , das stimmt . +wenn ihr ' s wissen woll@@ t : diese anderen spit@@ zen sind auch frei@@ tage . +aber was ist mit diesem tag , diesem bestimmten frei@@ tag ? +nun , to@@ sh@@ .@@ 0 gab@@ elte es auf , viele blogs fingen an , darüber zu schreiben . +michael j@@ . nel@@ son vom myster@@ y science theater war einer ersten , die bei twitter darüber einen witz machte . +wichtig ist , dass eine einzel@@ person oder gruppe von ta@@ ste@@ makers einen stand@@ punkt ein@@ nahm , mit einem großen publikum teil@@ te und damit den prozess beschle@@ un@@ ig@@ te . +dann bil@@ dete sich diese gemeinschaft von leuten , die diesen großen insi@@ der@@ witz teil@@ ten , und an@@ fingen darüber zu reden und damit zu herum@@ zus@@ pi@@ el@@ en . +jetzt gibt es 10.000 par@@ o@@ di@@ en von " fri@@ day " bei youtube . +bereits in den ersten sieben tagen gab es eine par@@ o@@ die für jeden einzelnen wo@@ ch@@ ent@@ a@@ g . +anders als bei der ein@@ sei@@ tigen unterhaltung des 20. jahrhunderts ist die teil@@ nahme der gemeinschaft unser weg teil dieses phän@@ om@@ ens zu werden - entweder indem wir es verbreiten oder etwas neues daraus machen . +" n@@ y@@ an c@@ at " ist anima@@ tion und musik in end@@ los@@ schlei@@ fe . +das ist es , ganz einfach . +dieses jahr wurde es fast 50 millionen mal an@@ gesch@@ aut . +und wenn ihr das für verrückt hält , soll@@ tet ihr wissen , dass es davon eine drei@@ stun@@ den@@ version gibt , die vier millionen mal an@@ gesch@@ aut wurde . +sogar kat@@ zen schauen sich dieses video an . +kat@@ zen schauen sich kat@@ zen an , die sich dieses video anschauen . +wichtig ist , die kreativität , die in der internet@@ kultur der tech@@ ies und ge@@ e@@ ks herr@@ scht . +es gab re@@ mix@@ e . +jemand machte eine alt@@ mo@@ dische version davon . +und dann wurde es international . +eine gesamte re@@ mi@@ x-@@ gemeinde scho@@ ss aus dem boden , die es von einem du@@ mmen witz zu etwas machte , an dem wir alle teil@@ nehmen können . +heute finden wir nicht einfach gen@@ uss an etwas , wir machen mit . +wer hätte das alles vor@@ aussehen können ? +wer hätte " double rain@@ bo@@ w " oder re@@ bec@@ ca black oder " n@@ y@@ an c@@ at " voraus@@ sagen können ? +welche dre@@ h@@ bücher hä@@ t@@ tet ihr schreiben können , in denen sowas drin@@ steht ? +in einer welt , in der jede minute 2 tage video@@ material hoch@@ geladen wird , kann nur wirklich einzigarti@@ ges und un@@ erwar@@ te@@ tes hervor@@ ste@@ chen wie die erwä@@ hn@@ ten videos . +ich gebe zu , ich war nicht sonder@@ lich interessiert , als mir ein freund sagte , ich sol@@ le mir dieses großartige video ansehen , über einen kerl , der in new york gegen stra@@ f@@ z@@ et@@ tel für fahr@@ rä@@ der prote@@ sti@@ ert . +ich bekam ich einen stra@@ f@@ z@@ et@@ tel , weil ich nicht auf dem rad@@ weg gefahren bin , aber oft gibt es behinder@@ ungen die einen nicht an@@ ständig auf dem rad@@ weg fahren lassen . +da das völlig überrasch@@ end und hu@@ mor@@ voll war , wurde cas@@ ey nie@@ stat@@ s wi@@ tz@@ ige idee und sein argument 5 millionen mal an@@ gesch@@ aut . +dieser ansatz gilt für alles neue , was wir krea@@ tiv tun . +und das alles führt uns zu der einen großen frage ... +was bedeutet das ? +o@@ h@@ h@@ h@@ h . +was bedeutet das ? +ta@@ ste@@ maker , kre@@ ative teilneh@@ mer@@ gemeinden , völlig un@@ erwar@@ te@@ tes , sind die merk@@ male einer neuen art von medien und kultur , zu der jeder zugang hat und in der das publikum popul@@ ar@@ ität bestimmt . +wie gesagt , einer der derzeit größten stars – ju@@ stin bie@@ ber – machte seinen anfang bei youtube . +niemand muss e@@ uren ideen grün@@ es licht geben . +und heute fühlen wir uns alle auch als eigent@@ ü@@ mer unserer po@@ p@@ kultur . +und das sind nicht die merk@@ male der alten medien und sie treffen auch kaum auf die medien von heute zu , aber sie werden die unterhaltung der zukunft bestimmen . +vielen dank . +wie kann ich in zehn minuten über die verb@@ un@@ den@@ heit zwischen frauen über drei generationen sprechen , und wie die erstaunliche stärke dieser verb@@ un@@ den@@ heit sich im leben eines vier@@ jährigen mäd@@ ch@@ ens mani@@ festi@@ erte , als sie vor über 30 jahren mit ihrer kleinen schwester , ihrer mutter und ihrer großmutter fünf tage und nä@@ chte lang zusammenge@@ k@@ au@@ ert in einem kleinen boot im chines@@ ischen meer saß . eine verb@@ un@@ den@@ heit , die sich im leben dieses kleinen mäd@@ ch@@ ens fest ver@@ ank@@ erte und nie mehr versch@@ wand – dieses kleinen mäd@@ ch@@ ens , das nun in san francisco lebt und heute vor ihnen spricht ? +die geschichte ist noch nicht vorbei . +sie ist ein puzz@@ le , das noch zusammen@@ gesetzt wird . +ich möchte ihnen von einigen der puzz@@ le@@ stück@@ chen erzählen . +stellen sie sich das erste stück vor : ein mann , der sein lebens@@ werk ver@@ bren@@ nt . +er ist ein po@@ et , ein schrift@@ steller , ein mann , dessen ganzes leben von der einfachen hoffnung von einheit und freiheit seiner heim@@ at zusammen@@ gehalten wurde . +halten sie ihn sich beim ein@@ mar@@ sch der kommuni@@ sten in sa@@ ig@@ on vor augen , wie er sich einge@@ stehen muss , dass sein leben eine einzige versch@@ wen@@ dung gewesen war . +die worte , so lange seine freunde , spo@@ t@@ teten nun seiner . +er zog sich in die st@@ ille zurück . +er starb , gebro@@ chen durch die geschichte . +er ist mein groß@@ vater . +ich habe ihn nie persönlich ken@@ nen@@ gelernt . +aber unsere leben sind so viel mehr als unsere erinn@@ erungen . +meine großmutter hat mich nie sein leben vergessen lassen . +ich musste dafür sorgen , dass es nicht um@@ sonst gewesen war , und es war meine aufgabe , zu lernen , dass die geschichte durch@@ aus versuchte , uns zu zer@@ drücken , wir es aber über@@ standen . +das nächste puzz@@ le@@ teil zeigt , wie ein boot im frühen mor@@ gen@@ rot lei@@ se auf see aus@@ läuft . +meine mutter ma@@ i war 18 , als ihr vater starb – schon in einer ar@@ ran@@ gi@@ erten e@@ he , schon mit zwei kleinen mädchen . +für sie hatte das leben ihr eine aufgabe gestellt : die flu@@ cht ihrer familie und ein neues leben in australien . +es war völlig aus@@ geschlossen , dass sie dabei schei@@ tern könnte . +nach einer vier@@ jährigen und film@@ rei@@ fen sa@@ ga gli@@ tt ein boot still auf die see , als fis@@ cher@@ boot ge@@ tar@@ nt . +alle erwachsenen waren sich der risiken bewusst . +die größte angst hatten sie vor pir@@ aten , ver@@ gewal@@ tigung und tod . +wie die meisten erwachsenen auf dem boot trug meine mutter eine kleine gi@@ ft@@ fla@@ sche bei sich . +bei einer ge@@ fan@@ gen@@ nahme hätten erst meine schwester und ich , dann sie selbst und meine großmutter davon ge@@ tr@@ un@@ ken . +meine ersten erinn@@ erungen sind von diesem boot – das ste@@ tige tu@@ ck@@ ern des mot@@ ors , das kl@@ at@@ schen einer jeden welle auf den bu@@ g , der weite und le@@ ere horizon@@ t . +ich erinnere ich mich nicht an die pir@@ aten , die viele male kamen , aber sich von dem todes@@ mut der männer auf unserem boot täu@@ schen ließen , oder an den aus@@ fall des mot@@ ors , der sechs stunden nicht starten wollte . +aber ich erinnere mich an die lich@@ ter der öl@@ platt@@ form vor der mal@@ ay@@ sischen küste , und an den jungen mann , der zusammen@@ brach und starb , das ende der reise war zu viel für ihn , und an den geschma@@ ck des ersten ap@@ f@@ els , den mir einer der männer auf der platt@@ form gab . +kein ap@@ fel hat jemals wieder so gesch@@ me@@ ckt . +nach drei monaten in einem flü@@ cht@@ l@@ ing@@ sla@@ ger lan@@ deten wir in mel@@ b@@ our@@ ne . +und das nächste puzz@@ le@@ stück handelt von vier frauen in drei generationen , die sich zusammen ein neues leben aufbauen . +wir ließen uns in foot@@ sc@@ ray nie@@ der , einem von der arbei@@ ter@@ klasse be@@ wohn@@ ten vor@@ ort , dessen bevölkerung aus im@@ mi@@ gran@@ ten@@ schi@@ chten besteht . +anders als in den alt@@ ein@@ ges@@ essen@@ en mittel@@ klas@@ se@@ vor@@ orten , deren exi@@ stenz mir vollkommen un@@ bekannt war , gab es in foot@@ sc@@ ray kein an@@ spru@@ chs@@ denken . +die gerü@@ che aus den la@@ dent@@ ür@@ en kamen aus dem rest der welt . +und die fe@@ tzen gebro@@ ch@@ enen engli@@ sch@@ s wurden zwischen menschen ausge@@ tau@@ scht , die eine sache gemeinsam hatten : sie fingen neu an . +meine mutter arbeitete auf far@@ men , dann an einem flie@@ ß@@ band in einer auto@@ fabrik , sechs tage , dopp@@ elte schi@@ chten . +es gel@@ ang ihr irgendwie die zeit zu finden , sich englisch und it@@ -@@ quali@@ fi@@ ka@@ tionen anzu@@ eig@@ nen . +wir waren arm . +jeder dollar wurde zuge@@ teilt und wurde in weitere ausbildung für englisch und mathematik ge@@ steckt , egal , wor@@ auf wir dafür ver@@ zi@@ chten mussten . meistens waren das neue sachen , die kamen immer aus zwei@@ ter hand . +zwei paar str@@ ü@@ mp@@ fe für die schule , jedes , um die löcher im anderen zu ver@@ decken . +eine schul@@ uni@@ form bis zu den kn@@ ö@@ ch@@ eln , denn sie musste sechs jahre reichen . +und da waren die sel@@ ten@@ en aber schmer@@ z@@ ha@@ ften ch@@ ö@@ re von " schli@@ tz@@ auge " und hier und da wand@@ mal@@ er@@ ei@@ en : " asi@@ aten , geht nach hause . " +nach hause wohin ? +etwas ver@@ stei@@ fte sich in mir . +es gab ein treffen zur ver@@ s@@ öhn@@ ung und eine ruhi@@ ge stimme sagte : " ich werde dir aus dem weg gehen . " +meine mutter , meine schwester und ich schlie@@ fen im selben bett . +meine mutter war jede nacht er@@ schö@@ pft , doch wir erzähl@@ ten einander von unserem tag , und hörten den bewegungen unserer großmutter im haus zu . +meine mutter li@@ tt an alp@@ tr@@ äumen vom boot . +und es war meine aufgabe , jede nacht wa@@ ch zu bleiben , bis ihre alp@@ träume kamen , damit ich sie auf@@ we@@ cken konnte . +sie er@@ öff@@ nete ein computer@@ geschäft , machte dann eine ko@@ s@@ me@@ ti@@ ker@@ ausbildung und er@@ öff@@ nete noch ein geschäft . +und die frauen kam mit ihren geschichten über männer , die die veränderung nicht er@@ tru@@ gen , wü@@ tend und un@@ flexi@@ bel , und sor@@ gener@@ fü@@ ll@@ te kinder , ge@@ fangen zwischen zwei wel@@ ten . +dar@@ le@@ hen und spon@@ sor@@ en wurden ges@@ u@@ cht . +zentr@@ en wurden aufgebaut . +ich lebte in par@@ all@@ el@@ wel@@ ten . +in einer war ich der klas@@ sische asi@@ a@@ tische student , der uner@@ bit@@ t@@ liche an@@ forder@@ ungen an sich selbst stellte . +in der anderen war ich in un@@ sich@@ ere leben ver@@ wick@@ elt , die trag@@ ische nar@@ ben der gewalt tru@@ gen , des dro@@ gen@@ miss@@ brau@@ chs und der is@@ oli@@ erung . +aber so viele er@@ hielten über die jahre hilfe . +und wegen dieser hilfe wurde ich in meinem letzten jahr des ju@@ ra@@ studi@@ ums als junge austr@@ ali@@ erin des jahres aus@@ erwä@@ hlt . +und ich wurde von einem puzz@@ le@@ stück zum nächsten kat@@ ap@@ ul@@ tiert , und die rän@@ der pas@@ sten nicht zusammen . +tan le , anony@@ me be@@ wohn@@ erin von foot@@ sc@@ ray , war nun tan le , flü@@ cht@@ ling und soziale aktivi@@ stin , die zu vor@@ trä@@ gen an orte ein@@ geladen wurde , von denen sie nie gehört hatte , und in beh@@ aus@@ ungen , deren exi@@ stenz sie sich nie hätte vorstellen können . +ich war mit der e@@ ti@@ ket@@ te nicht vertraut . +ich wusste nicht , wie man das be@@ ste@@ ck verwendet . +ich wusste nicht , wie man über w@@ ein spricht . +ich wusste nicht , wie man über irgendetwas spricht . +ich wollte in die r@@ out@@ ine und die be@@ qu@@ em@@ lichkeit des lebens eines un@@ bekannten vor@@ or@@ ts zurück – eine großmutter , eine mutter und zwei tö@@ chter , die jeden ihrer tage so ab@@ sch@@ lossen wie seit zwan@@ zig jahren , indem sie einander die geschichten ihres tages erzähl@@ ten und ein@@ schlie@@ fen , wir drei immer noch im selben bett . +ich sagte meiner mutter , ich würde das nicht schaffen . +sie erinn@@ erte mich daran , dass ich nun so alt war wie sie damals , als wir das boot be@@ stie@@ gen hatten . +nein war nie eine möglichkeit gewesen . +" tu es einfach " , sagte sie . " und sei nicht , was du nicht bist . " +also sprach ich über ju@@ gen@@ dar@@ bei@@ ts@@ lo@@ sigkeit und ausbildung , und die ver@@ nach@@ lässi@@ gung der mar@@ g@@ in@@ alisi@@ erten und ent@@ rech@@ teten . +und je offen@@ er ich sprach , desto mehr sollte ich erzählen . +ich traf leute in allen lebens@@ lagen , so viele von ihnen taten das , was sie lieb@@ ten , lebten an den grenzen des möglichen . +und obwohl ich meinen abschluss hatte , erkannte ich , dass ich mich nicht mit einer karriere in j@@ ur@@ a ab@@ finden könnte . +es musste noch ein anderes puzz@@ le@@ stück geben . +und ich erkannte zur selben zeit , dass es okay ist , ein außen@@ sei@@ ter zu sein , ein neu@@ an@@ kö@@ mm@@ ling , neu im bild – und nicht nur okay , sondern etwas , wofür man dank@@ bar sein muss , vielleicht ein geschen@@ k des bo@@ ots . +denn da@@ zu@@ zu@@ gehören kann so leicht zum kol@@ la@@ ps der horizon@@ te führen , kann so leicht bedeuten , dass man die an@@ nahmen der umgebung akzep@@ tiert . +ich bin nun genü@@ gend aus meinem be@@ qu@@ em@@ lich@@ keits@@ bereich gegangen um zu wissen , dass , ja , die welt aus@@ einander@@ bri@@ cht , aber nicht so , wie man es be@@ für@@ chtet . +möglichkeiten , die nicht erlaubt gewesen wären , wurden aus@@ drück@@ lich ermu@@ tigt . +da gab es eine energie , einen uner@@ bit@@ tlichen optimis@@ mus , eine selts@@ ame mix@@ tur der de@@ mut und des wa@@ g@@ nis@@ ses . +also fol@@ gte ich meinem bau@@ ch@@ gefühl . +ich sam@@ mel@@ te ein kleines team von leuten um mich , für die die schu@@ bla@@ de " geht nicht " eine un@@ wider@@ steh@@ liche herausforderung dar@@ stellte . +ein jahr lang hatten wir keinen cent . +am ende eines jeden ta@@ gs ko@@ chte ich einen riesigen top@@ f su@@ ppe , den wir uns teil@@ ten . +wir arbeiteten bis sp@@ ät in die nacht . +die meisten unserer ideen waren verrückt , aber es waren ein paar bri@@ llan@@ te dabei , und wir schaff@@ ten den durch@@ bruch . +ich traf die entscheidung , in die usa zu ziehen , +nach nur einer reise dorthin . +mein bau@@ ch@@ gefühl wieder . +drei monate später war ich um@@ gezogen und das ab@@ ent@@ euer ging weiter . +bevor ich den vortrag ab@@ schlie@@ ße , möchte ich ihnen von meiner großmutter erzählen . +sie wuchs zu einer zeit auf , in der kon@@ fu@@ zi@@ an@@ ismus die soziale nor@@ m und der lok@@ ale mand@@ ar@@ in die wichtigste person war . +das leben hatte sich seit jahrhunder@@ ten nicht verändert . +ihr vater starb kurz nach ihrer geburt . +ihre mutter zog sie allein auf . +mit 17 wurde sie die zweite frau eines mand@@ ar@@ in , dessen mutter sie schlu@@ g . +ohne unterstützung ihres man@@ nes sor@@ gte sie für eine sen@@ sation , indem sie ihn vor geri@@ cht brachte und an@@ kl@@ ä@@ ger@@ in in ihrem eigenen fall war , und eine noch größere sen@@ sation , als sie gew@@ ann . +" geht nicht " er@@ wi@@ es sich als un@@ wahr . +ich du@@ schte gerade in einem hot@@ el@@ zimmer in sy@@ d@@ ney , als sie starb . 1@@ 000 km entfernt in mel@@ b@@ our@@ ne . +ich schaute durch die du@@ sch@@ tren@@ n@@ wand und sah sie auf der anderen seite stehen . +ich wusste , dass sie gekommen war , um sich zu verab@@ schieden . +meine mutter rief mich ein paar minuten danach an . +ein paar tage später gingen wir in einen budd@@ hi@@ stischen tem@@ pel in foot@@ sc@@ ray und sa@@ ßen um ihren sar@@ g . +wir erzähl@@ ten ihr geschichten und ver@@ sicher@@ ten ihr , dass wir noch bei ihr waren . +um mit@@ ter@@ nacht kam der mö@@ n@@ ch und sagte , er mü@@ sse den sar@@ g schließen . +meine mutter bat uns , ihre hand anzu@@ fassen . +sie fragte den mö@@ n@@ ch : " wieso ist ihre hand so warm und der rest von ihr ist so k@@ alt ? " +" weil sie sie seit heute morgen halten " , sagte er . +" sie haben sie nicht los@@ gelassen . " +wenn es in unserer familie ein band gibt , dann verl@@ äu@@ ft es durch die frauen . +sieht man , wer wir waren und wie das leben uns ge@@ for@@ mt hat , können wir nun sehen , dass die männer , die vielleicht in unser leben gekommen wären , uns in die qu@@ ere gekommen wären . +die nieder@@ lage wäre zu einfach gewesen . +jetzt hätte ich gern meine eigenen kinder , und ich denke noch an das boot . +wer würde sich jemals eines wün@@ schen ? +ja , ich habe angst vor privi@@ legi@@ en , vor lei@@ chtigkeit , vor ber@@ e@@ chti@@ g@@ ungs@@ an@@ spruch . +kann ich ihnen einen bu@@ g in ihrem leben geben , der mu@@ tig jeder welle tro@@ tzt , das un@@ bei@@ r@@ r@@ te , ste@@ tige tu@@ ck@@ ern des mot@@ ors , den weiten horizon@@ t , der nichts gar@@ anti@@ ert ? +ich weiß es nicht . +aber wenn ich dies geben könnte und sie sicher durch@@ bringen könnte , würde ich es tun . +außerdem ist t@@ ans mutter heute hier in der vi@@ erten oder fün@@ ften reihe . +ich bin hier , um meine fotogra@@ fie mit ihnen zu teilen . +ist es überhaupt fotogra@@ fie ? +denn das ist natürlich ein bild , das man mit seiner kamera nicht auf@@ nehmen kann . +trotzdem begann mein interesse an fotogra@@ fie , als ich meine erste digit@@ al@@ kamera er@@ hielt , im alter von 15 jahren . +ich kombin@@ ierte es mit meiner früh@@ eren vor@@ liebe für@@ s zeichnen , aber es war ein bisschen anders , denn beim benutzen der kamera war der prozess viel@@ mehr in der plan@@ ung . +und wenn man ein bild auf@@ nimmt mit einer kamera , endet der prozess , wenn man auf den aus@@ lö@@ ser drückt . +für mich schien es bei der fotogra@@ fie also eher darum zu gehen , am richtigen ort zur richtigen zeit zu sein . +ich glaub@@ te , jeder kön@@ ne das . +also wollte ich etwas anderes kreieren , etwas , bei dem der prozess beginnt , wenn der aus@@ lö@@ ser ge@@ drückt wird . +fotos wie dieses : eine bau@@ stelle entlang einer viel be@@ fahr@@ enen straße . +aber es hat eine un@@ erwar@@ tete wen@@ dung . +und be@@ hal@@ tet trotzdem eine reali@@ stische ebene . +oder fotos wie diese – dun@@ kel und far@@ ben@@ fro@@ h zu@@ gleich , aber alle mit dem gemein@@ samen ziel , eine reali@@ stische ebene zu behalten . +wenn ich realität sage , meine ich fot@@ o-@@ realität . +denn , natürlich , ist sie nicht etwas , das man wirklich ein@@ fangen kann , aber ich möchte es immer so aussehen lassen , als ob sie das hätte können , auf einem foto . +fotos , bei denen man einen kurzen moment nachdenken muss , um den trick herauszufinden . +es geht also eher darum , eine idee einzu@@ fangen , als wirklich einen moment . +was aber ist der trick , der es reali@@ stisch aussehen lässt ? +geht es dabei um die details oder die farben ? +geht es um das licht ? +was krei@@ ert die illusion ? +manchmal ist die perspektive die illusion . +letzten endes aber geht es darum , wie wir die welt interpre@@ tieren , und wie sie auf einer zwei@@ dimension@@ alen fläche greif@@ bar gemacht werden kann . +es geht nicht darum , was reali@@ stisch ist , sondern was wir für reali@@ stisch halten . +ich glaube also , die grund@@ lagen sind sehr einfach . +ich sehe sie als ein puzz@@ le der realität , bei dem man verschiedene stücke nehmen und zusammen@@ setzen kann , um eine alternative realität zu kreieren . +und lassen sie mich ihnen ein einfaches beispiel zeigen . +wir haben hier drei perfekt vorstell@@ bare phy@@ sische objekte , mit denen wir uns alle identi@@ fizieren können in einer drei@@ dimension@@ alen welt . +aber in einer bestimmten art miteinander kombin@@ iert , können sie etwas kreieren , das immer noch drei@@ dimensional aussieht , als ob es existieren könnte . +aber gleichzeitig wissen wir , dass das nicht möglich ist . +wir über@@ listen also unsere gehirne , denn unser gehirn akzep@@ tiert ganz einfach nicht , dass es nicht wirklich sinn macht . +und ich sehe den@@ selben prozess im kombin@@ ieren von fotos . +es geht wirklich nur darum , verschiedene real@@ itäten zu kombin@@ ieren . +die dinge also , die ein bild reali@@ stisch aussehen lassen , ich glaube es sind die dinge , über die wir nicht nachdenken , die dinge um uns herum in unserem all@@ tag . +wenn wir aber fotos kombin@@ ieren , ist es wirklich wichtig , daran zu denken , denn sonst sehen sie einfach irgendwie falsch aus . +ich würde also sagen , dass es drei einfache regeln zu be@@ folgen gibt , um ein reali@@ st@@ isches resultat zu erreichen . +wie sie sehen können , sind das keine drei besonder@@ en bilder . +kombin@@ iert aber können sie etwas besonder@@ es wie das hier kreieren . +die erste regel also lautet , dass kombin@@ ierte fotos dieselbe perspektive haben sollten . +zweitens sollten kombin@@ ierte fotos dieselbe bele@@ u@@ cht@@ ungs@@ art haben . +und diese zwei bilder erfü@@ llen diese beiden an@@ forder@@ ungen – aus der selben höhe gesch@@ o@@ ssen und die gleiche bele@@ u@@ cht@@ ungs@@ art . +dritt@@ ens geht es darum , es unmöglich zu machen zu unterscheiden , wo die einzelnen bilder beginnen und enden , indem man sie nah@@ t@@ los verbindet . +macht es unmöglich zu sagen , wie das foto eigentlich zusammen@@ gesetzt wurde . +indem man also farbe , kon@@ tr@@ ast und hel@@ li@@ gkeit an den r@@ ändern den einzelnen bildern an@@ glei@@ cht , fotogra@@ fische män@@ gel addi@@ ert , wie fel@@ d@@ tiefe , ent@@ sä@@ t@@ tigte farben und stör@@ ungen , ver@@ wi@@ schen wir die grenzen zwischen den verschiedenen bildern und lassen sie wie ein einzel@@ nes foto aussehen , obwohl ein bild grundsätzlich hunderte von ebenen enth@@ alten kann . +hier ist ein anderes beispiel . +man mag denken , dass das nur ein land@@ schafts@@ bild ist , und der un@@ tere teil manipu@@ liert wurde . +dieses bild ist aber in wirklichkeit komplett zusammen@@ gesetzt , aus fotos von verschiedenen orten . +ich persönlich fin@@ de@@ . dass es einfacher ist , einen ort zu kreieren , als einen ort zu finden , denn man muss keine kom@@ promis@@ se ein@@ gehen mit den ideen in seinem kopf . +aber es er@@ fordert viel plan@@ ung . +und als ich diese idee im winter hatte , wusste ich , dass ich mehrere monate br@@ äu@@ chte , um sie zu plan@@ en , die verschiedenen orte zu finden für die stücke des puzz@@ les . +zum beispiel war der fisch auf einem an@@ gl@@ er@@ aus@@ flug aufgenommen worden . +das u@@ fer stammt von einem anderen ort . +der unter@@ wasser@@ -@@ teil stammt aus einem stein@@ bruch . +und ja , ich habe sogar das haus oben auf der insel rot um@@ gefä@@ r@@ bt , um es schwe@@ dis@@ cher aussehen zu lassen . +um ein reali@@ st@@ isches resultat zu erreichen , läuft es von mir aus gesehen also auf plan@@ ung hinaus . +ich beginn@@ e immer mit einem sk@@ et@@ ch , einer idee . +danach geht es um die kombination der verschiedenen bilder . +und hier ist jedes stück sehr gut ge@@ plant . +und wenn man dann gute aufnahmen macht , kann das resultat ziemlich schön sein , und auch ziemlich reali@@ stisch . +es sind also alle werkzeuge vorhanden , und die einzige sache , die uns li@@ mi@@ tiert , ist unsere vorstell@@ ungskraft . +vielen dank . +ich würde mich mit ihnen gerne darüber unter@@ halten , warum so viele elektron@@ ische gesundheits@@ -@@ projekte fehl@@ schlagen . +und ich denke , dass der wichtigste punkt dabei ist , dass wir auf@@ gehört haben , mit unseren patienten zu reden . +und eines der dinge , die wir an der rad@@ b@@ ou@@ d-@@ universität einge@@ führt haben , war , einen haup@@ t-@@ zu@@ hör@@ er anzu@@ stellen . +dabei geht sie nicht besonders wissenschaft@@ lich vor – sie stellt eine tas@@ se kaffee oder tee hin und fragt die patienten , familien , verwand@@ ten , " wie geht ' s ? +wie können wir euch helfen ? " +und wir denken , wir wollen denken , dass dies eines der haupt@@ probleme ist , warum alle – vielleicht nur die meisten der elektron@@ ischen gesundheits@@ -@@ projekte fehl@@ schlagen : weil wir auf@@ gehört haben zu@@ zuhören . +das hier ist meine w@@ lan@@ -@@ wa@@ age . ein sehr einfaches ding . +sie hat einen kno@@ pf , an / aus . +und jeden morgen spr@@ inge ich darauf . +und ja , ich habe eine aufgabe , wie sie vielleicht erkennen . +ich habe meine aufgabe bei 95 k@@ g an@@ gesetzt . +es funktioniert ganz einfach : jedes mal , wenn ich auf die wa@@ age spr@@ inge , schi@@ ckt sie meine daten auch an google health . +und dort werden sie auch von meinem all@@ gemein@@ arzt ab@@ geru@@ fen , damit er erkennen kann , wo mein gewi@@ cht@@ spro@@ ble@@ m liegt , und zwar nicht nur in dem moment , in dem ich kar@@ di@@ ologische unterstützung oder so brauche , sondern auch mit einem blick in die vergangenheit . +es gibt aber noch etwas . +vielleicht ist ihnen das bekannt , ich habe über 4@@ .000 follo@@ wer auf twitter . +also jeden morgen spr@@ inge ich auf meine w@@ lan@@ -@@ wa@@ age und die leute reden schon mit mir , bevor ich im auto si@@ tze : " zum mitta@@ gessen lieber nur ein kleiner sal@@ at heute , lu@@ ci@@ en . " +aber das ist das net@@ teste , was passieren kann , weil dies der grupp@@ en@@ zwan@@ g ist , grupp@@ en@@ zwan@@ g , um patienten zu helfen , denn das könnte gegen fett@@ lei@@ bi@@ gkeit eingesetzt werden , oder es könnte patienten das rau@@ chen ab@@ gew@@ ö@@ hnen . +es könnte aber auch dazu verwendet werden , die menschen aus ihren stü@@ hlen zu kriegen , und sie dazu zu bringen , gemeinsam irgend@@ eine art spiel zu spielen , um ihre gesundheit besser zu kontrollieren . +ab näch@@ ster woche kommt das auf den markt . +es wird dieses kleine blut@@ druck@@ -@@ mess@@ gerät geben , das man an ein iphone oder so an@@ schlie@@ ßt . +und es wird den menschen ermöglichen , von zuhause ihren blut@@ druck zu messen , ihn an ihren arzt zu schicken und ihn beispielsweise mit anderen zu teilen , für etwas mehr als 100 dollar . +an diesem punkt kommen die patienten ins spiel . sie können nicht nur wieder die kontrolle übernehmen , kapit@@ ä@@ n auf ihrem eigenen schiff sein , sondern können uns auch beim gesundheitswesen helfen an@@ gesi@@ chts der herausforderungen , die vor uns liegen , sowie die kosten@@ explosion des gesundheits@@ wes@@ ens , dopp@@ elte nach@@ frage , und so weiter . +machen sie methoden , die leicht zu verwenden sind und fangen sie mit dieser an , patienten im team zu um@@ armen . +und das können sie durch solche methoden erreichen , aber auch durch crow@@ d@@ sour@@ cing . +und eines der dinge , die wir gemacht haben , möchte ich mit ihnen durch ein kur@@ zes video teilen . +wir haben alle navi@@ ga@@ tions@@ systeme in unseren autos . +vielleicht sogar in unseren hand@@ ys . +wir wissen ganz genau , wo sich alle geld@@ auto@@ ma@@ ten um ma@@ a@@ stri@@ cht herum befinden . +wir wissen noch eins , wo alle t@@ ank@@ stellen liegen . +und klar , wir können fa@@ st@@ fo@@ o@@ d-@@ ket@@ ten finden . +aber wo wäre der nächste a@@ ed , um diesem patienten zu helfen ? +wir haben herum@@ gefragt , und niemand wusste es . +niemand wusste , wo der nächste lebens@@ rett@@ ende a@@ ed in diesem moment zu finden war . +also , was taten wir ? wir haben crow@@ d@@ sour@@ cing in den nieder@@ landen durchgeführt . +wir haben eine inter@@ ne@@ ts@@ ei@@ te er@@ richtet und eine menschen@@ masse gefragt , " wenn sie einen a@@ ed sehen , bitte teilen sie uns mit , wo er ist , wann er auf hat , " denn manchmal ist er während geschäfts@@ zeiten geschlossen , natürlich . +und über 10.000 a@@ e@@ ds wurden schon in den nieder@@ landen ge@@ mel@@ det . +der nächste schritt war , die app@@ s dafür zu finden . +und wir haben eine i@@ pa@@ d-@@ ap@@ p gestal@@ tet . +wir haben eine ap@@ p für la@@ y@@ ar entwickelt , erweiter@@ te realität , um diese a@@ e@@ ds zu finden . +und falls sie in einer stadt wie ma@@ a@@ stri@@ cht sind und jemand zusammen@@ bri@@ cht , können sie ihr iphone benutzen , und innerhalb der nächsten wochen auch ihr micro@@ soft@@ -@@ handy , um den nächsten a@@ ed zu finden , der leben retten kann . +und ab heute möchten wir dies nicht nur als a@@ ed@@ 4@@ u , wie das produkt sich nennt , sondern auch als a@@ ed@@ 4@@ us ein@@ führen . +und wir möchten dies auf eine welt@@ weite ebene bringen . +und wir bitten unsere kollegen auf der ganzen welt , von anderen universi@@ täten , darum , uns dabei zu helfen , sich wie k@@ not@@ en@@ punkte zu verhalten , um diese a@@ e@@ ds auf der ganzen welt zu crow@@ d@@ sour@@ cen . +und wenn sie in ur@@ lau@@ b sind und jemand zusammen@@ bri@@ cht , sei es ihre eigene verwand@@ t@@ schaft oder irgend@@ jemand anders , können sie so einen a@@ ed finden . +das andere ding , wor@@ um wir bitten möchten , ist dass firmen auf der ganzen welt uns bei der bestä@@ tigung dieser a@@ e@@ ds helfen . +diese könnten ku@@ ri@@ er@@ dien@@ ste sein , oder techni@@ ker zum beispiel , nur um sicher@@ zustellen , dass der ge@@ mel@@ dete a@@ ed sich immer noch an seiner stelle befindet . +bitte helfen sie uns dabei und versuchen sie , die gesundheit nicht nur etwas zu verbessern , sondern in die hand zu nehmen . +vielen dank . +heute werde ich von un@@ erwar@@ teten entdeck@@ ungen berichten . +ich arbeite in der solar@@ technologi@@ e-@@ bran@@ che . +und mein kleines star@@ tu@@ p möchte , dass wir uns zum umwelt@@ schutz zw@@ ingen , indem es ... +... es dem crow@@ d@@ sour@@ cing be@@ a@@ chtung schen@@ kt . +hier ist ein kur@@ zes video über das , was wir tun . +oh . einen moment . +es dauert vielleicht , bis es geladen ist . +nun – wir können das einfach über@@ springen – ich werde stattdessen einfach das video über@@ springen ... +nein . +das ist nicht ... +okay . +solar@@ technologie ist ... +oh , meine zeit ist schon vorbei ? +okay . vielen dank . +also vor ein paar jahren habe ich ein programm ge@@ star@@ tet um die stars in technik und design dazu zu bekommen , ein jahr aus@@ zeit zu nehmen und in einer umgebung zu arbeiten , die so ziemlich alles dar@@ stellt , was sie eigentlich has@@ sen , wir haben sie in der regierung arbeiten lassen . +das programm heißt " code for america " und es ist ein bisschen wie das frieden@@ sc@@ or@@ ps für computer@@ fre@@ a@@ ks . +wir wählen jedes jahr einige fel@@ lo@@ ws aus und wir lassen sie mit stad@@ t@@ verwal@@ tungen arbeiten . +anstatt sie in die dritte welt zu schicken , schicken wir sie in ra@@ th@@ ä@@ user . +und dort entwickelten sie tolle app@@ s , arbeiteten mit städ@@ tischen mit@@ arbei@@ tern . +aber was sie wirklich tun , ist zu zeigen , was heute mit technologie möglich ist . +also treffen sie al . +al ist ein hy@@ dr@@ ant in der stadt boston . +hier sieht es aus , als ob er nach einem date sucht , aber was er wirklich sucht , ist jemand , der ihn frei@@ sch@@ auf@@ elt , wenn er ein@@ gesch@@ n@@ eit ist , weil er weiß , er ist nicht sehr gut in der brand@@ be@@ kämp@@ fung wenn er von einem meter sch@@ nee zuge@@ deckt ist . +wie kam er dazu , auf diese besondere art nach hilfe zu suchen ? +wir hatten letztes jahr ein team von fel@@ lo@@ ws in boston im zu@@ ge das " code for america " program@@ ms . +sie waren dort im febru@@ ar , und es hat letzten febru@@ ar viel gesch@@ n@@ eit . +und sie mer@@ kten , dass die stadt nie diese hy@@ dr@@ anten frei sch@@ auf@@ elt . +aber ein bestimm@@ ter fellow , ein mann namens er@@ ik micha@@ el@@ s-@@ ob@@ er , bemer@@ kte noch etwas anderes und das war , dass die be@@ wohner die bürger@@ stei@@ ge frei sch@@ auf@@ elten , direkt vor diesen teilen . +also tat er , was jeder gute entwick@@ ler tun würde , er schrieb eine ap@@ p . +es ist eine ne@@ tte kleine ap@@ p , wo man einen hy@@ dr@@ anten adop@@ tieren kann . +du stimm@@ st zu ihn frei zu sch@@ auf@@ eln , wenn es schn@@ eit . +wenn du das mach@@ st , kannst du ihm einen namen geben , und er nannte den ersten al . +wenn du das nicht mach@@ st , kann ihn dir jemand weg@@ nehmen . +also gibt es eine ne@@ tte kleine spiel@@ dynam@@ ik . +dies ist eine beschei@@ dene kleine ap@@ p . +es ist wahrscheinlich die klein@@ ste der 21 app@@ s , die die fel@@ lo@@ ws im letzten jahr geschrieben haben . +aber sie tut etwas , was keine andere regi@@ er@@ ung@@ stech@@ n@@ ologie tut . +sie brei@@ tet sich ras@@ ant aus . +da ist dieser kerl in der i@@ .@@ t@@ . ab@@ teilung der stadt hon@@ ol@@ ul@@ u , der gesehen hat , dass er diese ap@@ p verwenden könnte , nicht für sch@@ nee , sondern , damit die bürger tsun@@ am@@ i@@ -@@ si@@ r@@ enen adop@@ tieren . +es ist sehr wichtig , dass diese tsun@@ am@@ i@@ -@@ si@@ r@@ enen funktionieren , aber die leute ste@@ hlen die bat@@ teri@@ en . +so bekam er die bürger dazu , sie zu überprü@@ fen . +und dann beschloss se@@ attle , die ap@@ p zu benutzen , um die bürger dazu zu bekommen die ver@@ stop@@ ften gul@@ l@@ ys zu r@@ einigen . +und chicago hat sie gerade einge@@ führt , damit die leute die bu@@ er@@ ger@@ stei@@ ge frei@@ sch@@ auf@@ eln , wenn es schn@@ eit . +wir kennen nun neun städte , die plan@@ en , diese ap@@ p zu nutzen . +und sie hat sich rei@@ b@@ ungs@@ los verbreitet , organ@@ isch , natürlich . +wenn du etwas über regi@@ er@@ ung@@ stech@@ n@@ ologie weißt , weißt du , dass es normalerweise nicht so läuft . +die besch@@ aff@@ ung von software dauert in der regel ein paar jahre . +wir hatten ein team , das letztes jahr an einem projekt in boston arbeitete , für das drei leute zwei@@ einhalb monate brauchten . +es ging um eine methode , mit der eltern herausfinden können , welche die richtigen öffentlichen schulen für ihre kinder sind . +uns wurde später erzählt , dass wenn es über die normalen kan@@ ä@@ le gehen würde , es über zwei jahren ge@@ dauert hätte und es hätte über zwei millionen dollar ge@@ kostet . +und das ist noch gar nichts . +es gibt momentan ein projekt in der kalifor@@ n@@ ischen justi@@ z , das die steu@@ er@@ zahl@@ er bisher zwei milliarden dollar ge@@ kostet hat , und es funktioniert nicht . +und es gibt projekte wie dieses auf jeder ebene der regierung . +also eine ap@@ p , die in ein paar tagen geschrieben ist , und sich dann von sel@@ bt aus@@ brei@@ tet , ist eine art sch@@ uss vor den bu@@ g auf die institution der regierung . +sie zeigt , wie die regierung besser arbeiten könnte -- nicht mehr wie ein priv@@ ates unternehmen , wie viele leute denken , dass sie sollte . +und nicht einmal wie ein techni@@ k-@@ unternehmen , sondern eher wie das internet selbst . +und das bedeutet freien zu@@ griff , das bedeutet offen und produ@@ ktiv . +und das ist wichtig . +aber wichtiger an dieser ap@@ p ist , dass sie eine neue generation re@@ präsentiert , die das problem der regierung an@@ pac@@ kt -- nicht als das problem einer verk@@ nö@@ cher@@ ten institution , sondern als ein problem des kolle@@ ktiven hand@@ el@@ ns . +und das ist eine sehr gute neu@@ igkeit , denn es zeigt sich , dass wir sehr gut sind im kolle@@ ktiven handeln mit digit@@ aler technik . +jetzt gibt es eine große gemeinde von leuten , die die hilfs@@ mittel herstellen , die wir brauchen , um dinge effektiv gemeinsam anzu@@ pac@@ ken . +es ist nicht nur " code for america " fel@@ lo@@ ws , es gibt hunderte von menschen im ganzen land , die auf@@ stehen und regi@@ erungs@@ -@@ app@@ s schreiben , jeden tag in ihren eigenen gemeinden . +sie haben die regierung nicht aufge@@ geben . +sie sie sind für@@ chter@@ lich fru@@ stri@@ ert mit ihr , aber sie besch@@ weren sich nicht darüber , sie repar@@ ieren sie . +und diese leute wissen etwas , was wir aus den augen verloren haben . +und das ist dann , wenn du alle deine gefühle über politik und die sch@@ lange beim arbeits@@ am@@ t und all die anderen dinge verg@@ is@@ st , über die wir uns wirklich aufre@@ gen , ist regierung , im kern , in den worten von tim o ' rei@@ l@@ ly , " was wir gemeinsam tun , das wir nicht allein tun können . " +heute hat eine menge leute die regierung aufge@@ geben . +und wenn du einer jen@@ er menschen bist , bitte ich dich , dass du darüber nach@@ denk@@ st , weil sich die dinge ändern . +die politik ändert sich nicht ; die regierung ist im wandel . +und weil die regierung letz@@ tlich ihre kraft aus uns schö@@ pft -- erinn@@ er dich an : " wir das volk ? " -- wie wir darüber denken , wird beeinflussen , wie dieser wandel geschieht . +ich wusste nicht sehr viel über regierung , als ich dieses programm star@@ tete . +und wie viele leute , dachte ich dass es bei der regierung hauptsächlich darum geht leute in ein am@@ t zu wählen . +nun nach zwei jahren , bin ich zu dem schluss gekommen , dass es vor allem bei komm@@ un@@ en , um beu@@ tel@@ rat@@ ten geht . +das ist das call@@ -@@ center für service und information . +dort komm@@ st du üb@@ licherweise raus , wenn du in d@@ einer stadt 3@@ 11 an@@ ru@@ f@@ st . +wenn du jemals die chance haben soll@@ test , in d@@ einem städ@@ ti@@ sches call@@ -@@ center zu arbeiten , wie unser fellow scot@@ t sil@@ ver@@ man als teil des program@@ ms -- in der tat , tun sie das alle -- wirst du sehen , dass die leute , die regierung wegen viel@@ er verschiedenen probleme an@@ rufen , in@@ klu@@ sive , dass eine beu@@ tel@@ rat@@ te in ihrem haus steckt . +scot@@ t bekommt also diesen an@@ fru@@ f . +er ti@@ ppt " beu@@ tel@@ rat@@ te " in die offi@@ zi@@ elle daten@@ bank . +und er hat nicht wirklich eine idee . er fängt mit dem tier@@ fän@@ ger an . +und schließlich sagt er : " schauen sie , können sie einfach alle tür@@ en in ihrem haus öffnen und sehr lau@@ te musik spielen und sehen , ob das vie@@ h ab@@ haut ? " +und das funktion@@ ierte . appl@@ aus für scot@@ t . +aber das war nicht das ende der beu@@ tel@@ rat@@ ten . +boston hat nicht nur ein call@@ -@@ center . +es hat eine ap@@ p , eine web@@ - und hand@@ y-@@ ap@@ p , namens " citizens connect " . +wir haben diese ap@@ p nicht geschrieben . +das ist die arbeit sehr klu@@ ger leute im büro der " new urban mechan@@ ics " in boston . +eines tages -- das ist ein tats@@ äch@@ licher beri@@ cht - kam dies rein : " beu@@ tel@@ rat@@ te in meiner mü@@ ll@@ ton@@ ne . kann nicht sagen , ob sie tot ist . +wie be@@ komme ich sie entfernt ? " +aber was mit " citizens connect " passiert ist anders . +scot@@ t unter@@ hielt sich von mensch zu mensch . +aber auf " citizens connect " ist alles öff@@ entlich , so dass jeder es sehen kann . +und in diesem fall , sah es ein nach@@ bar . +und der nächste ein@@ trag , den wir bekommen haben lau@@ tete , " ich ging dort hin@@ über , fand die mü@@ ll@@ ton@@ ne hinter dem haus . +beu@@ tel@@ rat@@ te ? ja . leben@@ dig ? y@@ ap . +dre@@ hte die mü@@ ll@@ ton@@ ne auf die seite . ging nach hause . +gute nacht , sü@@ ße beu@@ tel@@ rat@@ te . " +ziemlich einfach . +das ist großartig . hier trifft das digitale das phy@@ sische . +und es ist auch ein gutes beispiel , wie die regierung in das crow@@ d@@ sour@@ cing zu bekommen ist . +aber es ist auch ein großarti@@ ges beispiel der regierung als platt@@ form . +und ich meine hier nicht unbedingt eine techn@@ ische definition der platt@@ form . +ich spreche eher über eine platt@@ form für menschen , sich selbst zu helfen und um anderen zu helfen . +ein bürger half einem anderen bürger , aber die regierung spielte hier eine zentr@@ ale rolle . +sie verb@@ and diese beiden menschen . +und man hätte sie sie mit staat@@ lichen leistungen verbinden können , wenn diese benötigt worden wären , aber ein nach@@ bar ist eine weit bessere und billi@@ gere alternative zu staat@@ lichen dienst@@ leistungen . +wenn ein nach@@ bar dem anderen hilft , stärken wir unsere gemeinden . +rufen wir den tier@@ fän@@ ger , kostet es eine menge geld . +eines der wichtigsten dinge ist , dass wir daran denken müssen , ist dass regierung nicht dasselbe ist wie politik . +und die meisten menschen verstehen das aber sie glauben , das eine sei der input des anderen . +dass unser bei@@ trag zum system das wählen ist . +wie oft haben wir einen politischen führer gewä@@ hlt -- und manchmal haben wir eine menge energie ver@@ braucht , um einen neuen politischen führer zu wählen - und dann le@@ hnen wir uns zurück und wir erwarten , dass die regierung , unsere werte wider@@ spiegel@@ t und unsere bedürfnisse erfü@@ llt , und dann hat sich nicht viel verändert ? +das ist , weil die regierung wie ein weiter ozean ist und politik das sind die ober@@ sten 15@@ c@@ m . +und was darunter ist , ist das , was wir büro@@ kratie nennen . +und wir benutzen dieses wort mit solcher ver@@ a@@ chtung . +aber es ist diese ver@@ a@@ chtung , die diese sache , die wir besitzen , und für die wir bezahlen , etwas sein lässt , das gegen uns arbeitet , etwas anderes , und dann ent@@ machten wir uns selbst . +die leute scheinen zu denken , politik ist sex@@ y . +wenn wir wollen , dass diese institution für uns arbeitet , müssen wir büro@@ kratie sex@@ y machen . +weil das ist , wo die eigent@@ liche regi@@ erungs@@ arbeit statt@@ findet . +wir müssen uns auf die masch@@ in@@ er@@ ie der regierung ein@@ lassen . +also die occu@@ py@@ thes@@ ec@@ -@@ bewegung hat es getan . +habt ihr diese jungs gesehen ? +es ist eine gruppe besor@@ g@@ ter bürger , die einen sehr deta@@ il@@ li@@ erten 3@@ 25@@ -@@ sei@@ tigen beri@@ cht geschrieben hat , der eine antwort auf das sec@@ -@@ mem@@ o über die gesetz@@ es@@ vor@@ lage zur finanz@@ -@@ re@@ form ist . +das ist nicht politi@@ sch aktiv sein , das ist büro@@ kra@@ tisch aktiv sein . +nun , für diejenigen von uns , die die regierung aufge@@ geben haben , ist es zeit , dass wir darüber nachdenken , über die welt , die wir unseren kinder hinter@@ lassen wollen . +du musst dir die enor@@ men herausforderungen vorstellen denen sie sich stellen müssen . +glauben wir wirklich , dass wir erreichen , was wir erreichen müssen , ohne die eine institution zu verbessern , die im namen von uns allen handeln kann ? +eine regierung ist absolut notwendig , aber die muss effizi@@ enter werden . +die gute nachricht ist , dass technologie es möglich macht , die funktion der regierung grundle@@ gend umzu@@ deu@@ ten in einer weise , die tatsächlich etwas erreichen kann indem sie die gesellschaft stär@@ kt . +und es gibt eine generation gibt , die mit@@ dem internet aufge@@ wachsen ist , und die weiß , dass es nicht so schwer ist , dinge gemeinsam zu tun , man muss die nur richtig systeme bauen . +nun das durchschnitt@@ sal@@ ter unserer fel@@ lo@@ ws ist 28 , also bin ich , leider , fast eine generation älter als die meisten von ihnen . +dies ist eine generation , die damit aufge@@ wachsen ist , ihre stimme als selbstverständlich zu sehen . +sie kämpfen nicht diesen kampf , den wir alle kämpfen , darum , wer sprechen darf ; sie alle dürfen sprechen . +sie können ihre meinung äuß@@ ern , auf jedem kan@@ al zu jeder zeit , und sie tun es . +also , wenn sie mit dem problem der regierung konfron@@ tiert werden , kümmern sie sich nicht so sehr darum , ihre stimmen zu benutzen . +sie benutzen ihre hände . +sie benutzen ihre hände , um anwen@@ dungen zu schreiben , die die arbeit der regierung verbessert . +und diese app@@ s lassen uns unsere hände benutzen , um unsere gemeinden zu verbessern . +das könnte sein , einen hy@@ dr@@ anten frei@@ zu@@ sch@@ auf@@ eln , un@@ kr@@ aut zu jä@@ ten , einen mü@@ l@@ lei@@ mer mit einer beu@@ tel@@ rat@@ te umzu@@ drehen . +und sicher , hätten wir diese diese hy@@ dr@@ anten die ganze zeit frei@@ sch@@ auf@@ eln können , und viele menschen tun das . +aber diese app@@ s sind wie kleine digitale erinn@@ erungen , dass wir nicht nur konsu@@ menten sind , und wir nicht nur konsu@@ menten der regierung sind , die steuern bezahlen und leistungen emp@@ fangen . +wir sind mehr als das , wir sind bürger . +und wir werden die regierung nicht verbessern , bis wir die staat@@ s@@ bürger@@ schaft verbessern . +also die frage die ich für euch alle hier habe : wenn es um die großen , wichtigen dinge geht , die wir zusammen tun müssen , alle zusammen , werden wir nur eine menge von stimmen sein , oder werden wir auch eine menge von händen sein ? +danke . +normalerweise besteht meine rolle darin , den leuten zu erklären wie wunder@@ voll die neuen technologien , welche am auf@@ kommen sind , sein werden . und ich dachte mir , da ich hier unter freunden bin , würde ich euch erzählen was ich wirklich denke . und auch versuchen zurück zu schauen und zu verstehen was hier wirklich vor sich geht , mit diesen unglaublichen spr@@ ün@@ gen nach vorne , welche so ras@@ ch geschehen , dass wir kaum mi@@ th@@ alten können . +ich werde damit beginnen , euch kurz eine einzige , langwei@@ lige folie zu zeigen . +... kön@@ n@@ test du bitte kurz die folie zeigen . +das ist eine folie , welche ich zufällig aus meinem ord@@ ner ausge@@ wä@@ hlt habe . +es geht mir hier nicht um die details der folie , sondern viel@@ mehr um die gener@@ elle form . +diese folie zeigt daten einer analyse von uns über die leistung von ris@@ c proz@@ ess@@ oren ver@@ glichen mit der leistung eines local area networks . +das interessante hier ist , dass diese folie , wie so man@@ ch andere , welche wir oft an@@ treffen in unserem feld , eine art gerade auf einer se@@ mi@@ -@@ log@@ ari@@ th@@ mischen kur@@ ve sind . +mit anderen worten : jeder schritt hier entspricht einer poten@@ z in der leistungs@@ sk@@ ala . +und das ist eine neu@@ heit , dass wir diesen typ sk@@ ala auf se@@ mi@@ -@@ log@@ ari@@ th@@ mischen kur@@ ven im gebiet der technologie verwenden müssen . +etwas sehr merk@@ wür@@ di@@ ges passiert hier . +dies ist im wesentlichen das , worüber ich hier sprechen werde . +also , wenn du bitte das licht wieder an@@ machen kön@@ n@@ test . +noch etwas h@@ eller , weil ich werde gleich etwas auf das papier hier zeichnen . +nun , warum zeichnen wir gra@@ phen in der technik auf se@@ mi@@ -@@ log@@ ari@@ th@@ mischen kur@@ ven ? +der grund dafür ist , wenn ich es auf eine normale kur@@ ve zeichnen würde , wo , sagen wir , das hier die jahre sind , also die zei@@ ta@@ ch@@ se einer art , und das hier ist ein belie@@ bi@@ ges mass der technologie , welches ich mit einem gra@@ phen darstellen will , dann wird der graph al@@ ber@@ n . +die sehen dann so aus . +und das sagt uns nicht viel . +wenn ich nun eine andere technologie auf@@ zeichnen will , sagen wir mal eine trans@@ port@@ technologie , dann würde das auf der se@@ mi@@ -@@ log@@ ari@@ th@@ mischen sk@@ ala sehr un@@ vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tig da@@ her@@ kommen , in form einer fla@@ chen linie . +aber wenn so etwas wie hier passiert , dann ändert dies die qu@@ al@@ it@@ a@@ tiven um@@ stände . +wenn also die trans@@ port@@ technologie so schnell wie die mikro@@ proz@@ ess@@ or@@ -@@ technologie fort@@ schrei@@ ten würde , dann könnten wir über@@ morgen in ein tax@@ i ein@@ steigen und in 30 sekunden wären wir in to@@ k@@ yo . +aber das geht nicht so schnell . +das gab es noch nie zuvor in der geschichte der technologi@@ e-@@ entwicklung , diese art von re@@ kur@@ si@@ v@@ em wachstum , durch welches sich die grö@@ s@@ sen@@ ordnung alle paar jahre exponenti@@ ell erhö@@ ht . +die frage die ich euch nun stellen möchte ist , wenn man sich diese exponenti@@ ellen kur@@ ven an@@ schaut , sieht man , sie gehen nicht für immer weiter . +es ist nicht möglich , dass sich alles für immer und ewi@@ g so schnell wie jetzt weiter@@ entwickelt . +es gibt zwei möglichkeiten : +entweder wird daraus eine klas@@ sische s-@@ kur@@ ve wie hier , bis etwas völlig neues da@@ her@@ kommt , oder es wird das hier geschehen . +das ist es in etwa . +nun , ich bin ja opti@@ m@@ ist , also denke ich so etwas in der art wie hier wird passieren . +ist das wirklich so , dann bedeutet das , wir sind hier im moment mitten in einem über@@ gang . +wir sind hier auf dieser linie , in einem über@@ gang von der bis@@ her@@ igen welt zu einer neuen art von welt . +die frage die ich also stellen möchte und ich mir auch oft selber stelle , ist wie diese neue welt wohl sein wird ? +was ist dieser neue zustand , den die welt langsam an@@ nimmt ? +denn der über@@ gang scheint sehr , sehr verwir@@ r@@ end zu sein , wenn man sich mitten drin befindet . +als ich noch ein kind war , da war die zukunft irgendwo beim jahr 2000 und die leute sprachen oft darüber , was wohl passieren würde im jahr 2000 . +jetzt haben wir hier eine konferenz wo die leute über die zukunft sprechen und man stellt fest , dass die zukunft immer noch beim jahr 2000 liegt . +weiter als das gehen wir nicht . +in anderen worten also ist die zukunft jedes jahr um ein jahr gesch@@ ru@@ mp@@ ft seit ich auf dieser welt bin . +ich denke der grund dafür ist , dass wir mer@@ ken , dass ir@@ gend etwas im gan@@ ge ist . +der über@@ gang geschieht . wir können es alle fühlen . +und wir wissen , dass es momentan einfach keinen sinn macht zu versuchen 30 oder 50 jahre in die zukunft zu schauen , weil alles so anders sein wird , dass eine einfache hoch@@ rech@@ nung von dem was wir jetzt machen sch@@ licht@@ weg keinen sinn macht . +ich möchte nun darüber reden was das sein könnte , dieser über@@ gang in dem wir uns momentan befinden . +um dies zu machen werde ich zuerst über einige andere dinge sprechen , welche wirklich nichts mit technologie oder computer zu tun haben . +denn ich glaube um dies wirklich verstehen zu können , müssen wir einen schritt zurück gehen und uns die sache auf einer län@@ g@@ eren zeit@@ sk@@ ala anschauen . +und zwar möchte ich dies auf der zeit@@ sk@@ ala des lebens der erde anschauen . +ich glaube das gesam@@ t@@ bild er@@ gibt sinn , wenn man es in einige milliar@@ den-@@ schritte unter@@ teilt . +gehen wir also zurück , und zwar 2,@@ 5 milliarden jahre . die erde war ein gro@@ sser , ster@@ il@@ er stein@@ kl@@ um@@ pen mit vielen darauf schwe@@ ben@@ den chemikalien . +wenn man sich nun die art und weise betrachtet wie diese chemikalien organisi@@ ert waren , dann gibt uns das ein ziemlich gutes bild darüber , wie sie das an@@ stellten . +ich glaube auch es gibt the@@ orien , die zu verstehen beginnen wie alles mit r@@ na angefangen hat , aber ich werde euch eine ver@@ einfa@@ chte geschichte davon erzählen welche lautet , dass zu dieser zeit kleine öl@@ tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen herum@@ sch@@ web@@ ten , welche verschiedene arten von re@@ zep@@ ten für chemikalien enth@@ i@@ elten . +einige dieser öl@@ tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen enth@@ i@@ elten eine besondere kombination von chemikalien , welche es ihnen erlaub@@ ten andere chemikalien von aus@@ sen zu integri@@ eren und somit zu wachsen . +alle die so waren , begannen sich aufzu@@ teilen . +diese kleinen öl@@ tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen waren im sinne die primi@@ tiv@@ ste zell@@ en@@ form . +jedoch waren diese öl@@ tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen nicht etwa leben@@ dig im heutigen sinne , weil jedes einzelne davon war nur ein kleines , zufä@@ lli@@ ges re@@ zept von chemikalien . +und jedes mal , wenn es sich teil@@ te , haben sich die darin be@@ fin@@ dlichen chemikalien zu un@@ gleichen mengen verteilt . +somit war jedes tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen ein wenig anders . +tatsächlich wu@@ ch@@ sen die tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen , welche eine für das wachstum opti@@ mal@@ ere zusammen@@ setzung hatten schneller als andere und integri@@ erten mehr und mehr chemikalien von aus@@ sen und teil@@ ten sich schneller . +diese n@@ eig@@ ten also dazu , länger zu überleben und sie ver@@ mehr@@ ten sich in grö@@ s@@ ser@@ em aus@@ mass . +das ist also nur eine sehr einfache chem@@ ische form von leben , aber interessan@@ ter wird es , wenn diese tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen einen trick über abstra@@ ktion lern@@ ten . +auf ir@@ gend eine art , welche wir noch nicht ganz verstehen , haben diese tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen die fähigkeit er@@ lernt , informationen nieder@@ zu@@ schreiben . +sie haben gelernt , das re@@ zept der zelle als informationen zu spei@@ chern . und zwar in einer bestimmten chem@@ ischen form , welche wir dna nennen . +mit anderen worten haben sie in dieser gei@@ st@@ losen , evolution@@ ären art einen weg gefunden , der ihnen erlaub@@ te , nieder@@ zu@@ schreiben wor@@ aus sie be@@ standen , so dass diese information gesp@@ ei@@ ch@@ ert und kop@@ iert werden konnte . +das erstaunliche daran ist , dass diese art informationen zu spei@@ chern über die zeit von 2,@@ 5 milliarden jahren , in der sie entstanden ist , gleich blieb . +tatsächlich besteht das re@@ zept für uns , nämlich unsere gene , aus dem ex@@ akt selben code und der gleichen schreib@@ weise . +und zwar jedes lebewesen verwendet die ex@@ akt gleichen buchstab@@ en und den@@ selben code . +wir sind so@@ weit , dass wir , nur zum verg@@ nü@@ g@@ ungs@@ zweck , selber sache in diesem code schreiben können . +und ich habe hier 100 mikro@@ gramm eines wei@@ ssen pul@@ vers , welches ich in flu@@ gh@@ ä@@ fen fern von sicher@@ heit@@ sper@@ son@@ al zu halten versuche . +darin befindet sich – was ich gemacht habe ist , ich habe diesen code genommen – der code besteht aus normalen buchstab@@ en , welche wir zum symbo@@ li@@ sieren verwenden – und ich habe meine vis@@ it@@ en@@ karte auf ein stück dna geschrieben und habe es 10 ^ 22 mal ver@@ stär@@ kt . +wenn also jemand ein@@ hundert millionen kop@@ ien meiner vis@@ it@@ en@@ karte möchte , ich habe genü@@ gend für je@@ der@@ mann in diesem raum und sogar für je@@ der@@ mann auf dieser welt , und es ist genau hier . +wäre ich in wirklichkeit ein e@@ go@@ ist gewesen , dann hätte ich sie auf ein virus geschrieben und in den raum frei@@ gegeben . +was ist also der nächste schritt ? +das nieder@@ schreiben der dna war ein interessan@@ ter schritt . +und das veran@@ la@@ gten diese zellen – das machte sie glücklich für eine weitere milliarde jahre . +aber dann passierte ein anderer , sehr interessan@@ ter schritt , bei dem die dinge komplett anders wurden . nämlich begannen diese zellen zu kommunizieren und informationen auszu@@ tau@@ schen , so dass gemeinschaften von zellen entstanden . +ich weiss nicht , ob sie das schon wussten , aber bakterien können tatsächlich ihre dna au@@ stau@@ schen . +das ist auch der grund warum zum beispiel die be@@ stän@@ digkeit zu antibio@@ ti@@ ka wächst . +einige bakterien haben herausgefunden , wie sie sich von pen@@ ic@@ il@@ lin fern@@ halten können und haben diese information zusammen mit anderen bakterien in die dna geschrieben und nun haben wir jede menge bakterien , welche resi@@ stent auf pen@@ ic@@ il@@ lin sind , weil die bakterien unter@@ einander kommunizieren . +diese kommunikation erlaub@@ te nun das gründen von gemeinschaften , welche in gewis@@ se@@ m sinne im selben boot waren ; sie waren sy@@ ner@@ ge@@ tisch . +somit haben sie entweder zusammen über@@ lebt , oder sie gingen zusammen unter . das bedeu@@ tete , dass wenn eine gemeinschaft erfolgreich war , wurden alle individuen der gemeinschaft ö@@ f@@ ter wieder@@ holt und von der evolution be@@ vorzu@@ gt . +die über@@ gan@@ gs@@ stelle ist nun dort , wo diese gemeinschaften so nahe zusammen@@ rück@@ ten , dass sie sich entsch@@ lossen , das re@@ zept für die ganze gemeinschaft in eine zeich@@ en@@ ket@@ te auf die dna zu schreiben . +und die nächste interessante phase dau@@ erte ungefähr eine weitere milliarde jahre . +zu diesem zeitpunkt haben wir mehr@@ zel@@ lige gemeinschaften , gemeinschaften von vielen verschie@@ dlichen zell@@ ent@@ yp@@ en , welche zusammen als einzel@@ ner organis@@ mus fun@@ gieren . +in der tat sind wir auch eine solche mehr@@ zel@@ lige gemeinschaft . +wir haben viele zellen , welche nicht mehr auf sich allein gestellt sind . +deine hau@@ tz@@ ellen sind nutz@@ los ohne herz@@ zellen , mus@@ kel@@ zellen , hirn@@ zellen und so weiter . +diese gemeinschaften begannen also sich weiter@@ zu@@ entwickeln , so dass die ebene , auf welcher die evolution statt@@ fand , nicht länger die einzelne zelle war , sondern die ganze zell@@ en@@ gemeinschaft , welche wir organis@@ mus nennen . +der nächste schritt geschah nun innerhalb dieser gemeinschaften . +die zell@@ en@@ gemeinschaften begannen wieder informationen zu abstra@@ hi@@ eren . +und sie entwickelten spezi@@ elle strukturen , welche nichts anderes machten , als informationen innerhalb des organis@@ mus zu ver@@ arbeiten . +und dies sind die neur@@ alen strukturen . +die nerven@@ zellen sind also der informa@@ tions@@ ver@@ arbeit@@ ung@@ sa@@ pp@@ ar@@ at , den diese zell@@ en@@ gemeinschaften aufgebaut haben . +sie fingen an spezi@@ alisten auszu@@ bilden innerhalb der gemeinschaft , spezi@@ elle strukturen , welche verantwortlich waren für das lernen , verstehen und das fes@@ th@@ alten von information . +und dies war das gehirn und das nerven@@ system dieser gemeinschaften . +dies gab ihnen einen evolution@@ ären vorteil . +weil zu diesem zeitpunkt ein individu@@ um – lernen passierte nun innerhalb der zeit@@ span@@ ne der lebens@@ dau@@ er eines einzelnen organis@@ mus , anstatt über diese evolution@@ äre zeit@@ span@@ ne . +ein organis@@ mus konnte also zum beispiel lernen , eine bestimmte fru@@ cht nicht zu essen , weil sie schlecht schme@@ ckte und ihn krank machte , das letzte mal als er sie ge@@ gessen hat . +dies konnte nun innerhalb der lebens@@ dau@@ er eines einzelnen organis@@ mus geschehen , wo@@ hin@@ gegen davor hunder@@ tt@@ aus@@ ende von jahren ge@@ braucht wurden , weil diese information evolution@@ ä@@ r gelernt werden musste von den individuen , welche wegen dieser fru@@ cht star@@ ben , da diese informa@@ tions@@ ver@@ arbei@@ tungs@@ strukturen noch nicht vorhanden waren . +das nerven@@ system hat also den evolution@@ spro@@ z@@ ess mi@@ th@@ ilfe dieser speziellen informa@@ tions@@ strukturen denn die evolution konnte nun innerhalb eines individu@@ ums statt@@ finden . +sie konnte innerhalb eines zeit@@ lichen lern@@ ra@@ hmen@@ s statt@@ finden . +was danach passierte , ist , dass die individu@@ ellen organismen einen weg fanden , unter@@ einander zu kommunizieren . +mal als beispiel , die ra@@ ff@@ inier@@ teste uns bekannte version dieser kommuni@@ ka@@ tions@@ art ist die menschliche sprache . +es ist doch eine recht verblüff@@ ende erfindung wenn man darüber nach@@ denkt . +ich habe hier eine sehr kompli@@ zierte , un@@ ord@@ ent@@ liche und verwir@@ r@@ te idee in meinem kopf . +ich si@@ tze hier und gebe im grunde genommen gr@@ un@@ z@@ ende tö@@ ne von mir , in der hoffnung damit eine ähnlich verwir@@ r@@ te idee in eu@@ rem kopf zu kreieren , die eine gewisse ähn@@ lichkeit mit meiner ursprün@@ glichen idee hat . +wir nehmen also etwas sehr kompli@@ zier@@ tes , wand@@ eln es in tö@@ ne um , eine sequenz von tö@@ nen , und produzieren damit etwas sehr kompli@@ zier@@ tes in den kö@@ pfen von anderen . +dies erlaubt es uns nun also wieder als einen ein@@ heit@@ lichen organis@@ mus zu funktionieren . +und was wir tatsächlich gemacht haben , wir , die menschheit , ist , wir haben zu abstra@@ hi@@ eren begonnen . +wir durch@@ gehen diesel@@ ben stu@@ fen , welche mehr@@ zell@@ er@@ organismen durch@@ gemacht haben – die abstra@@ ktion unserer methoden , wie wir daten fes@@ th@@ alten , präsentieren , ver@@ arbeiten . +die erfindung der sprache beispielsweise war ein kleiner schritt in diese richtung . +telef@@ onie , computer , vide@@ ob@@ än@@ der , c@@ d-@@ ro@@ ms und so weiter sind alles unsere spezi@@ alisi@@ erten mechanis@@ men , die wir in unserer gemeinschaft gebaut haben , um diese informationen hand@@ haben zu können . +und es verbindet uns alle zusammen zu etwas , das viel grö@@ sser ist , und auch fähig ist sich schneller weiter zu entwickeln , als wir es bisher waren . +heutzutage kann also evolution in der zeit@@ span@@ ne von mikro@@ sekunden geschehen . +ihr habt auch t@@ ys kleines evol@@ u@@ tions@@ beispiel gesehen wo er ein bisschen evolution im " con@@ vol@@ ution " programm gezeigt hat , direkt vor e@@ uren augen . +nun haben wir also die zeit@@ sk@@ alen erneu@@ t ver@@ schnell@@ ert . +die ersten schritte der geschichte , welche ich euch erzählt habe , dau@@ erten eine milliarde jahre pro stück . +die nächsten schritte , wie das nerven@@ system und das gehirn , dau@@ erten einige hundert millionen jahre . +dann die näch@@ stens schritte , wie sprache und so weiter , dau@@ erten weniger als eine million jahre . +und diese nächsten schritte , wie elektr@@ oni@@ k , scheinen nur wenige jahrzehn@@ te zu dauern . +der prozess ernä@@ hrt sich von sich selbst und wird somit , ich glaube , auto@@ -@@ kat@@ aly@@ tisch ist das wort dafür – wenn etwas seine änder@@ ungs@@ geschwindigkeit ver@@ stär@@ kt . +je mehr es sich ändert , desto schneller ändert es sich . +und ich glaube , das ist das , was wir hier sehen in dieser explo@@ sion@@ s@@ arti@@ gen kur@@ ve . +wir sehen den prozess , der sich von sich selbst ernä@@ hrt . +ich le@@ be beru@@ f@@ lich vom bauen von compu@@ tern und ich weiss , dass ich den mechan@@ ismus , den ich verwen@@ de um computer zu bauen , nicht verwenden könnte , ohne die kürzlich ge@@ machten fort@@ schritte in der computer@@ technologie . +meine aktu@@ elle tä@@ tigkeit besteht darin , objekte mit solch einer hohen komplexität zu desig@@ nen , dass es unmöglich für mich ist , diese im traditionellen sinn zu desig@@ nen . +ich weiss nicht , was jeder einzelne transi@@ st@@ or in der verbin@@ dungs@@ maschine macht . +es hat milliarden von denen . +was ich stattdessen mache , und was auch die designer von thinking machines machen , ist , wir denken auf einer gewissen abstra@@ k@@ tion@@ se@@ bene , über@@ geben diese der maschine und die maschine macht daraus etwas , das unsere fähigkeiten weit über@@ steigt , besser und schneller als wir es selber jemals machen könnten . +und sie macht es teil@@ weise mit methoden , welche wir bis jetzt nicht einmal richtig verstehen . +eine methode , welche besonders interessant ist , und welche ich in letz@@ ter zeit oft verwendet habe , ist die evolution selber . +dabei instal@@ lieren wir einen evolution@@ spro@@ z@@ ess in der maschine , welcher im mikro@@ se@@ kun@@ den-@@ bereich ab@@ läuft . +um ein beispiel zu nennen , in den extrem@@ sten fällen , können wir ein programm erstellen , welches sich aus zufä@@ lli@@ gen in@@ struk@@ tionen entwickelt . +wir sagen , " computer , gener@@ i@@ ere bitte ein@@ hundert millionen zufällig ausge@@ wä@@ hlte sequenzen von in@@ struk@@ tionen . +jetzt führ@@ e bitte alle diese zufällig gewä@@ hl@@ ten in@@ struk@@ tionen aus , führ@@ e alle programme aus , und wä@@ hle schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich diejenigen , welche meiner vor@@ gaben am nächsten sind . " +also in anderen worten defini@@ ere ich zuerst was ich will . +sagen wir mal , ich will nu@@ mm@@ ern sor@@ tieren , das wäre ein einfaches beispiel , welches ich schon dafür verwendet habe . +finde also programme , welche am ehe@@ sten nu@@ mm@@ ern sor@@ tieren können . +natürlich ist die chance bei zufällig gewä@@ hl@@ ten in@@ struk@@ tionen sehr klein , dass sie per zu@@ fall eben nu@@ mm@@ ern sor@@ tieren , also werden wohl keine der in@@ struk@@ tionen tatsächlich dies machen . +aber eine von denen mag mit etwas glück zwei nu@@ mm@@ ern in die richtige rei@@ hen@@ folge rücken . +jetzt sage ich , " computer , ni@@ mm jetzt diejenigen 10 % der sequenzen , welche meinen vor@@ gaben am nächsten gekommen sind . +spei@@ ch@@ ere diese ab , lö@@ sche den rest . +jetzt re@@ produ@@ zi@@ ere alle übri@@ g@@ geb@@ lie@@ benen , die die nu@@ mm@@ ern am besten sor@@ tiert haben . +und zwar mit einer methode des re@@ kombin@@ ier@@ ens , anal@@ o@@ g zur fort@@ pflan@@ zung . " +ni@@ mm zwei programme und sie produzieren kinder durch den au@@ st@@ aus@@ ch ihrer su@@ br@@ ou@@ tin@@ en , und die kinder ver@@ er@@ ben die merk@@ male der su@@ br@@ ou@@ tin@@ en von den zwei program@@ men . +nun habe ich also eine neue generation von program@@ men , die durch kombin@@ ationen von program@@ men entstanden , welche etwas näher an die vor@@ gaben gekommen sind als andere . +sa@@ g , " bitte wieder@@ hole diesen prozess . " +bewer@@ te sie wieder . +führ@@ e vielleicht einige mu@@ ta@@ tionen ein . +und versuch das ganze nochmal mit einer anderen generation . +all diese generationen benötigen nur wenige milli@@ sekunden +und so kann ich eine evolution über millionen von jahren im computer innerhalb weniger minuten durch@@ laufen lassen . oder in kompli@@ zier@@ teren fällen einige stunden . +schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich er@@ halte ich programme , die nu@@ mm@@ ern perfekt sor@@ tieren können . +tatsache ist , diese programme sind so viel effizi@@ enter als jedes programm , das ich je von hand schreiben hätte können . +wenn ich mir dann diese programme an@@ schaue , dann kann ich nicht sagen wie sie funktionieren . +ich habe versucht , sie zu verstehen . +es sind ver@@ wor@@ r@@ ene und merk@@ wür@@ dige programme . +aber sie erle@@ digen den job . +ich weiss und bin mir ganz sicher , dass sie den job erle@@ digen , weil sie aus einer reihe von hunder@@ tt@@ aus@@ enden program@@ men kommen , welche den job erle@@ digt haben . +denn ihr leben hing davon ab , ob sie den job richtig machten . +ich s@@ ass einmal in einer 7@@ 4@@ 7 zusammen mit mar@@ v@@ in min@@ sky , ale er eine karte hervor@@ holt und sagt , " oh schau . schau dir das an . +da steht , ' dieses flugzeug besteht aus hunder@@ tt@@ aus@@ enden klein@@ teilen , welche zusammen arbeiten um ihren flug sicher@@ er zu machen . ' macht dich das nicht zu@@ ver@@ sicht@@ licher ? " +wir wissen , dass ein entwickl@@ ungspro@@ z@@ ess nicht opti@@ mal ist , wenn er zu kompliziert wird . +also beginnen wir uns auf computer zu verlassen , für einen prozess , welcher sich vom klas@@ sischen ingenie@@ ur@@ s@@ wesen stark unterschei@@ det . +er erlaubt uns sachen mit einer viel hö@@ h@@ eren komplexität als es die normalen methoden erlauben würden , zu produzieren . +und dennoch verstehen wir die möglichkeiten davon noch nicht ganz . +gewis@@ ser@@ ma@@ ssen über@@ flü@@ gel@@ t uns die technik also . +wir benutzen diese programme nun , um die computer viel schneller zu machen , so dass wir fähig sind , diese proz@@ esse noch schneller aus@@ führen zu können . +es entsteht also eine rück@@ kop@@ pl@@ ung . +es wird schneller und schneller und ich glaube das ist der grund warum es so verwir@@ r@@ end scheint . +weil all diese neuen technologien von heute sich von sich selber ernä@@ hren . +wir heben ab . +wir sind an einem punkt an@@ gelan@@ gt , der anal@@ o@@ g ist zu damals , als ein@@ zell@@ er-@@ organismen sich zu mehr@@ zell@@ er-@@ organismen entwickelt haben . +wir sind also die am@@ ö@@ ben und wir können noch nicht ganz aus@@ machen , was zur hö@@ lle wir hier eigentlich am kreieren sind . +wir sind mitten in diesem über@@ gan@@ g@@ punkt . +aber ich glaube wirklich , dass nach uns noch etwas kommt . +ich finde es sehr hoch@@ mü@@ tig von uns zu sagen , dass wir das end@@ produkt der evolution sind . +und ich glaube wir alle hier sind teil der schöpf@@ ung von dem was auch immer als nächstes kommt . +nun , das mitta@@ gessen steht bevor und ich denke ich höre hier jetzt auf , bevor ich noch r@@ ausge@@ wä@@ hlt werde . +meine geschichte beginnt genau hier in ra@@ j@@ as@@ than , vor etwa zwei jahren . +ich war unter dem stern@@ en@@ himmel in der wüste zusammen mit su@@ fi@@ -@@ s@@ än@@ ger mu@@ k@@ h@@ ti@@ ar al@@ i . +wir sprachen darüber , dass sich nichts verändert hat seit der zeit des ur@@ alten in@@ dischen e@@ po@@ s " ma@@ hab@@ har@@ at@@ a . " +wenn wir in@@ der damals reisen wollten , spr@@ an@@ gen wir in einen wagen und sch@@ wir@@ r@@ ten über den himmel . +jetzt machen wir das mit flug@@ zeugen . +damals , als der große in@@ dische krie@@ ger@@ prin@@ z ar@@ jun@@ a dur@@ st hatte , nahm er einen bogen , scho@@ ss in den boden und wasser tr@@ at her@@ vor . +jetzt machen wir das mit bo@@ hr@@ ern und maschinen . +wir kamen zu der schluss@@ fol@@ gerung , dass zau@@ ber und mag@@ ie durch maschinen er@@ setzt wurden . +das machte mich wirklich trauri@@ g . +ich bekam etwas angst vor technologie . +es machte mir angst , dass ich die fähigkeit verlieren könnte , den sonnen@@ unter@@ gang genie@@ ßen können ohne kamera und ohne t@@ we@@ et an meine freunde . +ich fand , dass technologie mag@@ ie möglich machen sollte und nicht töten . +als ich ein kleines mädchen war , gab mein groß@@ vater mir seine kleine sil@@ ber@@ ne ta@@ schen@@ uhr . +dieses stück 50 jahre alte technologie wurde das mag@@ isch@@ ste ding für mich . +sie wurde ein gol@@ den@@ er zugang zu einer welt voller pir@@ aten und ver@@ un@@ glück@@ ter schi@@ ffe und zu bildern in meiner vorstellung . +mir kam es so vor , als hielten uns unsere schicken u@@ hren und k@@ ameras davon ab zu tr@@ äumen . +sie hielten uns davon ab inspiriert zu werden . +und so be@@ gab ich mich in die welt der technologie , um zu sehen , wie ich sie dazu benutzen könnte mag@@ ie zu ermöglichen anstatt zu töten . +mit 16 begann ich bücher zu illu@@ stri@@ eren . +als ich das i@@ pad sah , sah ich es als gerät zum geschi@@ chten@@ erzählen , das les@@ er auf der ganzen welt verbinden kann . +es kann wissen , wie wir es halten . +es kann wissen , wo wir sind . +es bring bilder und text zusammen , und anima@@ tion , geräusche und berühr@@ ung . +das geschi@@ chten@@ erzählen ge@@ braucht immer mehr sinne . +aber was machen wir damit ? +ich gehe jetzt einfach zu k@@ ho@@ ya , eine interak@@ tive i@@ pad ap@@ p . +hier steht : " leg deine finger auf jedes licht . " +und so -- hier steht : " diese box gehört ... " da schrei@@ be ich meinen namen . +und aus mir wird eine figu@@ r in dem buch . +hin und wieder fällt ein brief für mich runter -- und das i@@ pad weiß durch gps wo ich wo@@ hne -- der ist richtig an mich add@@ res@@ siert . +das kind in mir ist von solchen möglichkeiten wirklich begeistert . +ich habe viel über mag@@ ie gesprochen . +ich meine damit nicht zauber@@ er und dra@@ chen , sondern den zau@@ ber der kindheit , jene ideen , die wir alle als kinder hatten . +glü@@ h@@ wür@@ m@@ chen in einem glas fand ich immer ganz aufregend . +so muss man hier das i@@ pad ki@@ ppen und die glü@@ h@@ wür@@ m@@ chen raus@@ lassen . +und die bele@@ u@@ chten den weg durch das rest@@ liche buch . +eine andere idee , die mich als kind fasz@@ ini@@ erte ist , dass eine ganze galaxie in einer einzigen mur@@ mel stecken kann . +und daher wird hier jedes buch und jede welt eine kleine mur@@ mel , die ich hierher zie@@ he zu dem mag@@ ischen gerät im gerät . +und dies öffnet eine karte . +fan@@ tas@@ y@@ bücher hatten schon immer karten , aber diese karten waren sta@@ tisch . +diese karte wächst und leu@@ chtet und dient zur orienti@@ erung im rest des bu@@ ches . +sie zeigt sich auch an anderen stellen des bu@@ ches . +ich gehe hier rein . +auch ist es für mich wichtig , etwas zu schaffen , dass in@@ dis@@ ch ist aber auch sehr zeit@@ ge@@ mä@@ ß . +dies hier sind die ap@@ sar@@ as . +wir haben alle von fe@@ en und n@@ y@@ mp@@ hen gehört , aber wie@@ viele leute außerhalb indi@@ ens kennen ihre in@@ dischen kollegen , die ap@@ sar@@ as ? +die armen ap@@ sar@@ as waren tausende jahre in in@@ dr@@ as kam@@ mern ge@@ fangen , in einem alten mu@@ ff@@ igen buch . +und wir bringen sie zurück , in einer zeit@@ gen@@ ö@@ ss@@ ischen geschichte für kinder . +eine geschichte , die sich mit neuen an@@ gele@@ gen@@ heiten aus@@ einander@@ setzt , wie der umwelt@@ krise . +zum thema umwelt@@ krise , ein großes problem der letzten 10 jahre ist , dass kinder in ihren z@@ imm@@ ern sitzen , an ihren compu@@ tern , ohne r@@ auszu@@ gehen . +aber jetzt , mit mobil@@ er technologie , können wir unsere kinder in die natürliche welt mit ihrer technologie mit@@ nehmen . +in einer interak@@ tion des bu@@ ches wird man auf eine suche geschickt . man muss raus@@ gehen und mit der kamera des i@@ pa@@ ds bilder natür@@ licher objekte sammeln . +als kind hatte ich samm@@ lungen von stö@@ ck@@ ern , st@@ einen , ki@@ es@@ eln und mu@@ sch@@ eln . +irgendwie machen das kinder nicht mehr . +dies kind@@ heits@@ ritual wird zurück@@ gebracht . man muss raus@@ gehen , um in einem kapit@@ el ein foto von einer blu@@ me zu machen und zu marki@@ eren . +in einem anderen kapit@@ el muss man ein stück bau@@ mr@@ in@@ de fotogra@@ phi@@ eren und marki@@ eren . +so er@@ schafft man tatsächlich eine digitale samm@@ lung von fotos , die man dann online stellen kann . +ein kind in london zeigt das bild eines fu@@ ch@@ ses und sagt : " oh , heute habe ich einen fu@@ chs gesehen . " +ein kind in indien sagt : " heute habe ich einen affen gesehen . " +das schafft eine art sozi@@ ales netzwerk rund um eine digitale samm@@ lung von fotos , die man tatsächlich aufgenommen hat . +es gibt eine viel@@ zahl von möglichkeiten dabei mag@@ ie , die welt und technologie miteinander zu verbinden . +im nächsten buch plan@@ en wir eine interak@@ tion bei der man das video des i@@ pa@@ ds benutzt und durch aug@@ mented reality eine anima@@ tion von el@@ fen sieht , die auf einer pflan@@ ze vor dem haus erscheinen . +an einer stelle fü@@ llt sich der bildschirm mit blä@@ ttern . +man muss das gerä@@ usch des win@@ ds machen , sie weg@@ blas@@ en und den rest des bu@@ chs lesen . +wir alle bewegen uns auf eine welt zu , in der die natur@@ gew@@ alten der technologie näher kommen und in der mag@@ ie und technologie sich an@@ näher@@ n können . +wir nutzen die energie der sonne . +wir bringen unsere kinder und uns näher an die natürliche welt her@@ an und an den zau@@ ber , spaß und die liebe unserer kindheit durch das einfache medium einer geschichte . +vielen dank . +dies ist wirklich eine außer@@ ord@@ ent@@ liche ehr@@ e für mich . +ich ver@@ br@@ inge den großteil meiner zeit mit menschen in untersu@@ ch@@ ungs@@ haft , gefäng@@ nissen oder todes@@ zellen . +ich ver@@ br@@ inge den großteil meiner zeit mit den sozi@@ al schwä@@ ch@@ sten in den sozial@@ bau@@ sie@@ d@@ lungen und an orten , an denen es sehr viel hoff@@ nungs@@ lo@@ sigkeit gibt . +hier bei ted zu sein , zu sehen und zu hören , wie stimu@@ li@@ er@@ end das ist , hat mir sehr viel kraft gegeben . +in der kurzen zeit hier wurde mir eines klar : ted hat eine identität . +man kann hier dinge sagen , die weltweit einfluss haben . +und manchmal , wenn etwas über ted kommt , bekommt es eine bedeutung und kraft , die es sonst nicht hätte . +ich sage das , weil ich glaube , dass identität sehr wichtig ist . +wir haben einige fanta@@ stische präsent@@ ationen gesehen . +ich glaube , dass wir gelernt haben , dass die worte eines lehr@@ ers bedeutung haben , aber das die worte eines enga@@ gi@@ erten lehr@@ ers besonders bedeu@@ tungs@@ voll sind . +als arzt kann man gutes tun . als für@@ sor@@ g@@ licher arzt aber kann man noch mehr tun . +und deshalb möchte ich über die macht der identität sprechen . +ich habe das übrigens nicht in meiner arbeit als an@@ wal@@ t gelernt . +ich habe das von meiner großmutter gelernt . +ich wurde groß in einer familie , einem traditionellen af@@ ro@@ amerikanischen haus@@ halt , der von einer matri@@ arch@@ in domin@@ iert wurde , und diese matri@@ arch@@ in war meine großmutter . +sie war eine ta@@ ffe , starke frau , sie hatte wirkung . +sie hatte das letzte wort in jedem familien@@ str@@ eit . +sie war auch der aus@@ gan@@ g@@ spun@@ kt viel@@ er strei@@ ti@@ gkeiten in unserer familie . +sie war die tochter einer skla@@ ven@@ familie . +ihre eltern wurden in den 18@@ 4@@ 0ern in virg@@ ini@@ a als skla@@ ven geboren . +sie wurde um 18@@ 80 geboren und die erfahrung der skla@@ ver@@ ei form@@ te ihr welt@@ bild sehr stark . +meine großmutter war stark , aber sie war auch lie@@ be@@ voll . +wenn ich sie als kleiner junge traf , kam sie auf mich zu und um@@ arm@@ te mich . +sie drück@@ te mich so fest , dass ich kaum atmen konnte . dann ließ sie mich los . +eine oder zwei stunden später , wenn ich ihr begeg@@ nete , kam sie auf mich zu und sagte : » br@@ y@@ an , fühl@@ st du noch meine um@@ ar@@ mung ? « +und wenn ich » nein « sagte , um@@ arm@@ te sie mich wieder . wenn ich » ja « sagte , ließ sie mich in ru@@ he . +an ihr war etwas , das machte , dass man immer in ihrer nähe sein wollte . +das einzige problem dabei war , dass sie zehn kinder hatte . +meine mutter war das jün@@ gste ihrer zehn kinder . +manchmal , wenn ich zeit mit ihr verbringen wollte , war es schwer , ihre aufmerksamkeit zu er@@ langen . +meine cou@@ s@@ ins lie@@ fen überall herum . +ich erinnere mich , ich muss acht oder neun gewesen sein , dass ich eines morgens auf@@ wa@@ chte und ins wohn@@ zimmer ging . alle meine cou@@ s@@ ins lie@@ fen herum . +meine großmutter saß am ende des z@@ imm@@ ers und star@@ r@@ te mich an . +zuerst dachte ich , dass das ein spiel wäre . +ich sah sie an und läch@@ elte , aber sie sah sehr ernst aus . +das ging so 15 oder 20 minuten . dann stand sie auf und kam zu mir her@@ über . sie nahm mich bei der hand und sagte : » kom@@ m , br@@ y@@ an . du und ich , wir müssen reden . « +ich erinnere mich noch daran als ob es gestern war . +ich werde es nie vergessen . +sie nahm mich mit nach draußen und sagte : » br@@ y@@ an , ich werde dir etwas erzählen , aber du musst ver@@ sprechen , dass du es nicht weiter@@ sa@@ gst . « +ich sagte : » ver@@ spro@@ chen , om@@ a . « +sie sagte : » ehr@@ en@@ wort ? « ich sagte : » ja . « +sie setzte mich hin und sah mich an . sie sagte : » ich möchte , dass du weißt , dass ich dich beobachtet habe . « +sie sagte : » ich glaube , du bist etwas besonder@@ es . « +sie sagte : » ich glaube , du kannst alles tun , was du tun willst . « +ich werde das nie vergessen . +dann sagte sie : » du musst mir nur drei dinge ver@@ sprechen , br@@ y@@ an . « +ich sagte : » ok , om@@ a . « +sie sagte : » als erstes ver@@ spr@@ ich mir , dass du deine mama immer lieben wirst . « +sie sagte : » deine mama ist mein baby und du musst mit ver@@ sprechen , dass du dich immer um sie kümmern wirst . « +ich ver@@ ehr@@ te meine mutter , also sagte ich : » ja , om@@ a , das werde ich tun . « +dann sagte sie : » als nächstes ver@@ spr@@ ich mir , dass du immer das richtige tun wirst . « auch wenn es schwer fällt , das richtige zu tun . « +ich dachte nach und sagte : » ja , om@@ a . ich ver@@ spreche es . « +schließlich sagte sie : » das letzte , was du mir ver@@ sprechen musst , ist « dass du niemals al@@ ko@@ hol trinken wirst . « +nun , ich war neun jahre alt und so sagte ich : » ja , om@@ a . ich ver@@ spreche es . « +ich wuchs auf dem land auf , im alten , län@@ dlichen sü@@ den und ich habe einen bruder , der ein jahr älter ist und eine ein jahr jün@@ gere schwester . +als ich etwa 14 oder 15 war , kam eines tages mein bruder nach hause und brachte dieses six@@ pack bi@@ er mit sch@@ na@@ pp@@ te sich meine schwester und mich und ging mit uns in den wald . +wir al@@ ber@@ ten dort nur so herum wie sonst auch . +dann nahm er einen schlu@@ ck bi@@ er und bot meiner schwester eines an , und sie nahm an , und dann bot@@ en sie mir eins an . +ich sagte : » nein , nein , nein . schon ok . macht ihr nur . ich will kein bi@@ er . « +mein bruder sagte : » nun mach schon . heute machen wir das , du mach@@ st doch auch sonst alles , was wir tun . +ich hatte was , deine schwester hatte was . los , trin@@ k ein bi@@ er . « +ich sagte : » ich will nicht . macht ihr nur . macht ihr nur . « +mein bruder star@@ r@@ te mich an . +er sagte : » was ist denn los mit dir ? nun trin@@ k doch was . « +dann sah er mir ins gesicht und sagte : » oh nein , du mach@@ st dich doch nicht immer noch verrückt wegen der unterhaltung mit om@@ a ? « +ich sagte : » worüber re@@ dest du ? « +er sagte : » om@@ a erzählt allen en@@ keln , dass sie was besonder@@ es sind . « +ich war am boden zerstört . +ich werde ihnen etwas ge@@ stehen . +ich sollte das vermutlich nicht tun . +das hier wird vielleicht öff@@ entlich übertragen . +ich bin 5@@ 2 jahre alt und ich ge@@ stehe , dass ich noch nie einen tro@@ pfen al@@ ko@@ hol ge@@ tr@@ un@@ ken habe . +ich sage das nicht , weil ich ich glaube , dass es tu@@ gend@@ haft ist . ich sage das , weil identität macht bedeutet . +wenn wir die richtige art von identität schaffen , können wir den menschen um uns herum dinge sagen , die sie zunächst nicht glauben . +wir können sie dazu bekommen , dinge zu tun , von denen sie dachten , sie könnten es nicht . +natürlich würde meine großmutter all ihren en@@ keln sagen , sie seien etwas besonder@@ es . +mein groß@@ vater war während der pro@@ hi@@ bi@@ tion im gefängnis . +meine on@@ kel star@@ ben an al@@ ko@@ hol@@ indu@@ zierten krankheiten . +und sie glaub@@ te , dass dies die themen seien , um die wir uns kümmern müssten . +ich habe versucht , etwas über unser justi@@ z@@ system zu sagen . +dieses land ist anders als vor 40 jahren . +197@@ 2 waren 3@@ 0@@ 0.000 menschen in ha@@ ft@@ an@@ st@@ alten und im gefängnis . +heute sind es 2,@@ 3 millionen . +die vereinigten staaten haben heute die höch@@ ste in@@ haf@@ tier@@ ungs@@ rate der welt . +sieben millionen menschen sind auf be@@ währ@@ ung ent@@ lassen oder mit beding@@ ter stra@@ f@@ aus@@ setzung . +meiner meinung nach haben massen@@ in@@ haf@@ ti@@ erungen unsere welt grundle@@ gend verändert . +in sozi@@ al sch@@ wachen und schwarzen teilen der bevölkerung herr@@ schen verzwei@@ fl@@ ung und hoff@@ nungs@@ lo@@ sigkeit , aufgrund dieser veränderungen . +einer von drei männ@@ lichen schwarzen zwischen 18 und 30 ist in haft , im gefängnis , auf be@@ währ@@ ung ent@@ lassen oder mit beding@@ ter stra@@ f@@ aus@@ setzung . +in städ@@ tischen gemeinden überall im land – von los angeles über phil@@ ad@@ el@@ phi@@ a , bal@@ ti@@ more bis washington – sind 50 bis 60 prozent aller schwarzen jungen männer entweder in haft , im gefängnis , auf be@@ währ@@ ung ent@@ lassen oder mit beding@@ ter stra@@ f@@ aus@@ setzung . +unser system wird aber nicht nur ge@@ for@@ mt durch fragen , die mit ras@@ sen@@ zuge@@ hö@@ ri@@ gkeit zu tun haben , es wird auch durch armut ent@@ stellt . +wir haben in diesem land ein justi@@ z@@ system , das sie viel besser behandelt , wenn sie reich und schul@@ dig sind als arm und un@@ schul@@ dig . +vermögen , nicht ver@@ schul@@ den , beeinflusst das ergebnis . +trotzdem scheinen wir damit ganz zu@@ frieden zu sein . +eine politik aus angst und z@@ or@@ n hat uns davon überzeugt , dass diese probleme nicht unsere probleme sind . +wir haben den kontakt verloren . +ich finde das interessant . +es gibt da ein paar hoch@@ interessante entwickl@@ ungen . +mein hei@@ mat@@ staat al@@ ab@@ ama ent@@ zieht ihnen dau@@ er@@ haft das wahl@@ recht , wenn sie stra@@ fre@@ cht@@ lich verur@@ teilt werden . +hier und heute in al@@ ab@@ ama haben 3@@ 4 prozent der männ@@ lichen schwarzen bevölkerung dau@@ er@@ haft ihr wahl@@ recht verloren . +wir pro@@ g@@ no@@ sti@@ zieren , dass in zehn jahren die quote der ab@@ erken@@ nung der bürger@@ lichen ehr@@ en@@ rechte so hoch sein wird wie vor der verab@@ schie@@ dung des wahl@@ rechts@@ gesetz@@ es . +das schwei@@ gen ist o@@ hren@@ bet@@ äu@@ b@@ end . +ich ver@@ tre@@ te kinder . +viele meiner mand@@ anten sind sehr j@@ ung . +die vereinigten staaten von amerika sind das einzige land in der welt , das drei@@ zehn@@ jährige kinder zum tod im gefängnis verur@@ teilt . +in diesem unserem land gibt es für kinder lebens@@ län@@ gliche ha@@ ft@@ stra@@ fen ohne beding@@ te stra@@ f@@ aus@@ setzung . +wir haben schon eine menge verfahren laufen . +das einzige land der welt . +ich ver@@ tre@@ te menschen in todes@@ zellen . +die frage der todes@@ stra@@ fe ist eine interessante frage . +wir glauben , weil man es uns so bei@@ gebracht hat , dass die wahre frage die ist : hat ein mensch verdi@@ ent , für ein von ihm began@@ genes verbrechen zu sterben ? +das ist eine sehr sensi@@ ble frage . +man kann aber auch anders darüber denken , abhängig davon , wie wir unsere identität sehen . +die andere sicht@@ weise ist nicht : hat jemand für ein verbrechen den tod verdi@@ ent , sondern : haben wir es verdi@@ ent , zu töten ? +ich finde das faszinier@@ end . +die todes@@ stra@@ fe in amerika defin@@ iert sich durch ir@@ r@@ t@@ um . +auf neun menschen , die wir hing@@ eri@@ chtet haben , kommt einer , den wir für un@@ schul@@ dig be@@ funden haben , der ent@@ la@@ stet und aus der todes@@ zelle ent@@ lassen wurde . +eine erstaunliche fehl@@ er@@ quote . einer von neun un@@ schul@@ dig . +ich finde das faszinier@@ end . +wir würden niemals jemanden mit einem flugzeug fliegen lassen , wenn für neun flug@@ zeuge , die ab@@ heben , eines ab@@ stür@@ zt . +aber irgendwie schaffen wir es , uns von diesem problem ab@@ zun@@ ab@@ eln . +es ist nicht unser problem . +es ist nicht unsere bür@@ de . +es ist nicht unser kampf . +ich rede viel über diese fragen . +ich rede über ras@@ se und die frage , ob wir das recht haben , zu töten . +und es ist span@@ n@@ end , weil ich meinen schü@@ lern af@@ ro@@ amerikanische geschichte bei@@ br@@ inge . ich rede über skla@@ ver@@ ei . +ich rede über terror@@ ismus , die zeit gegen ende der re@@ kon@@ struk@@ tion , bis hin zum beginn des 2@@ . welt@@ krie@@ ges . +wir wissen nicht wirklich sehr viel darüber . +aber für die af@@ ro@@ amerikaner in diesem land war es eine zeit des terr@@ ors . +in vielen gegen@@ den mussten menschen angst vor ly@@ n@@ ch@@ mo@@ bs haben , +oder vor bom@@ ben . +es war die angst vor ter@@ ror , der ihr leben form@@ te . +diese äl@@ teren menschen kommen jetzt zu mir und sagen : » m@@ r , ste@@ ven@@ son , sie reden , sie halten vor@@ träge . sie sagen den menschen , dass sie aufhören sollen zu sagen , dass wir es zum ersten mal in der geschichte unserer nation mit terror@@ ismus zu tun haben : nach dem 1@@ 1. september . « +sie sagen : » nein – sagen sie den menschen , dass wir damit aufge@@ wachsen sind . « +und nach dem terror@@ ismus kamen natürlich die ras@@ sent@@ ren@@ nung und jahrzehn@@ te der ras@@ si@@ stisch motivi@@ erten unter@@ wer@@ fung und a@@ par@@ thei@@ d . +und dennoch gibt es in unserem land eine dynam@@ ik … wir sprechen nicht gerne über unsere probleme . +wir sprechen nicht gerne über unsere geschichte . +und deshalb verstehen wir nicht wirklich , welche bedeutung unsere taten im histor@@ ischen kontext haben . +wir stoßen ständig auf@@ einander . +wir schaffen immer neue span@@ nungen und konfli@@ kte . +es fällt uns schwer , über ras@@ se zu sprechen , und ich glaube , das liegt daran , dass wir nicht will@@ ens sind , uns dem prozess der wahrheit und ver@@ s@@ öhn@@ ung zu näher@@ n . +in südafri@@ ka haben die menschen verstanden , dass die ras@@ sent@@ ren@@ nung nicht zu über@@ winden ist ohne die berei@@ t@@ schaft zu wahrheit und ver@@ s@@ öhn@@ ung . +selbst nach dem völ@@ ker@@ mor@@ d in ru@@ anda gab es diese berei@@ t@@ schaft , aber nicht in diesem unseren land . +ich habe einige vor@@ träge in deutsch@@ land über die todes@@ stra@@ fe gehalten . +es war faszinier@@ end , denn einer der wissenschaftler stand nach meinem vortrag auf und sagte : » wissen sie , es ist zu@@ tief@@ st ver@@ stör@@ end , sie so reden zu hören . « +er sagte : » in deutsch@@ land gibt es keine todes@@ stra@@ fe . +und natürlich kann es sie in deutsch@@ land nie mehr geben . « +es wurde ganz still . dann sagte eine frau : » mit unserer geschichte ist es unmöglich , dass wir uns jemals wieder für das syste@@ mati@@ sche töten von menschen aus@@ sprechen . +es wäre ge@@ wissen@@ los von uns , bewusst und ge@@ zi@@ elt menschen hinzu@@ richten . « +ich dachte darüber nach . +wie es sich an@@ fühlen würde , in einer welt zu leben , in der der deut@@ sche staat menschen hin@@ richten ließ , besonders , wenn darunter un@@ verhäl@@ t@@ nis@@ mäßig viele ju@@ den wären . +es wäre uner@@ trä@@ glich . +es wäre ge@@ wissen@@ los . +und dennoch , hier in diesem land , in den staaten des alten sü@@ dens , richten wir menschen hin – hier ist das risiko , zum to@@ de verur@@ teilt zu werden , el@@ f mal höher , wenn das opfer weiß ist , als wenn es schwar@@ z ist . 22 mal höher , wenn der ange@@ kla@@ gte schwar@@ z ist und das opfer weiß – in den@@ selben bun@@ des@@ staaten , in deren erde die körper gel@@ yn@@ chter menschen ru@@ hen . +und dennoch gibt es da diese ment@@ ale ab@@ kop@@ pl@@ ung . +ich glaube , unsere identität ist bedro@@ ht . +wenn wir uns nicht damit be@@ fassen , mit diesen schwier@@ igen themen , dann sind die posi@@ tiven und wunder@@ baren dingen ebenfalls be@@ troffen . +wir lieben innovation . +wir lieben technologie und kreativität . +wir lieben unterhaltung . +aber schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich werden diese real@@ itäten über@@ sch@@ at@@ tet von leid , miss@@ brauch , her@@ ab@@ setzung , aus@@ gren@@ zung . +mir erscheint es wichtig , bei@@ des zu ver@@ einen . +denn wir reden letz@@ tlich darüber dass wir mehr hoffnung brauchen , mehr engagement , mehr hing@@ ab@@ e , um in einer komplex@@ en welt bestehen zu können . +für mich bedeutet das zeit aufzu@@ bringen , nachzudenken und zu reden über die armen , die ben@@ ach@@ teili@@ gten , die , die niemals bei ted sein werden . +aber nachdenken auf eine art und weise , die in unser eigenes leben integri@@ ert ist . +wir alle müssen letzten endes dinge glauben , die wir nicht sehen können . +wir tun das . so rational wir auch sind , so sehr wir intelle@@ kt schätzen . +innovation , kreativität , und entwicklung kommen nicht nur aus unseren kö@@ pfen . +sie kommen aus ideen , die ange@@ trieben werden durch die überzeu@@ gung in unseren herzen . +es ist diese kop@@ f-@@ herz@@ -@@ verbindung , von der ich glaube , dass sie uns an@@ treibt , nicht nur offen zu sein für all die h@@ ellen und begei@@ stern@@ den dinge , sondern auch für die dunkl@@ en und proble@@ mati@@ schen . +vac@@ la@@ v ha@@ vel , der große tsch@@ ech@@ ische politiker , hat einmal gesagt : +» als wir in o@@ steu@@ rop@@ a gegen die unter@@ drück@@ ung kämp@@ ften , wollten wir alles mögliche . aber was wir am meisten brauchten , war hoffnung , eine gei@@ stige orienti@@ erung , die berei@@ t@@ schaft , manchmal an hoff@@ nungs@@ losen orten zu sein , und zeuge zu sein . « +diese gei@@ stige orienti@@ erung ist der kern dessen , wovon ich glaube , dass auch die ted-@@ gemeinschaften sich dafür enga@@ gieren müssen . +es gibt keine ab@@ gren@@ zung um technologie und design , die es uns erlaubt , ganz und gar mensch@@ lich zu sein , solange wir nicht auch augen und o@@ hren haben für armut , aus@@ gren@@ zung und un@@ gerechtigkeit . +ich möchte sie war@@ nen . diese art von identität fordert sehr viel mehr von uns , als wenn wir uns nicht darum kü@@ m@@ mer@@ ten . +sie wird sie zu@@ tief@@ st berü@@ hren . +als junger an@@ wal@@ t hat@@ t ich das große privi@@ leg , ro@@ sa par@@ ks zu treffen , +frau par@@ ks kam immer wieder mal zurück nach mon@@ t@@ g@@ om@@ ery , wo sie zwei ihrer äl@@ testen freunde tra@@ f@@ . diese äl@@ teren frauen , john@@ nie car@@ r , die den mon@@ t@@ g@@ om@@ er@@ y-@@ bus@@ bo@@ y@@ k@@ ot@@ t organisi@@ ert hatte – eine unglaubliche af@@ ro@@ amerikan@@ erin – und virg@@ ini@@ a dur@@ r , eine weiße , deren ehe@@ mann , cli@@ ff@@ ord dur@@ r , dr. king vertr@@ at . +diese frauen tra@@ fen sich also und unter@@ hielten sich einfach . +ab und zu rief frau car@@ r mich dann an und sagte : » br@@ y@@ an , frau par@@ ks kommt in die stadt . wir wollen uns unter@@ halten . +wollen sie da@@ zu@@ kommen und zuhören ? « +und ich sagte : » ja , sehr gerne . « +sie sagte : » und was werden sie tun , wenn sie hier sind ? « +ich sagte : » ich werde zuhören . « +und ich ging r@@ über und hörte einfach nur zu . +es war immer so inspiri@@ er@@ end , so be@@ flü@@ gel@@ n@@ d . +eines tages saß ich dort und hörte diesen frauen zu , und nach ein paar stunden dre@@ hte sich frau par@@ ks zu mir um uns sagte : » nun br@@ y@@ an , sagen sie mir , was die › initiative für glei@@ ches recht ‹ ist . +was versuchen sie zu erreichen ? « +ich begann mit meinem üb@@ lichen vortrag . +ich sagte : » wir versuchen , gegen un@@ gerechtigkeit vorzu@@ gehen . +w@@ r wollen menschen helfen , die un@@ schul@@ dig verur@@ teilt wurden . +wir wollen vor@@ ein@@ genom@@ men@@ heit und dis@@ kri@@ mini@@ erung im stra@@ f@@ voll@@ zu@@ gs@@ system be@@ kämpfen . +wir wollen lebens@@ län@@ gliche ha@@ ft@@ stra@@ fen ohne beding@@ te stra@@ f@@ aus@@ setzung für kinder ab@@ schaffen . +wir wollen etwas gegen die todes@@ stra@@ fe unternehmen . +wir wollen die anzahl der hä@@ ft@@ linge sen@@ ken . +wir wollen massen@@ in@@ haf@@ ti@@ erungen ab@@ schaffen . « +ich hielt meinen üb@@ lichen vortrag , und danach sah sie mich an und sagte : » m@@ h@@ mm . m@@ h@@ mm . m@@ h@@ mm . « +sie sagte : » das wird sie sehr , sehr mü@@ de machen . « +dann le@@ hnte frau car@@ r sich vor zu mir , legte einen finger auf mein gesicht und sagte : » und deshalb müssen sie sehr , sehr ta@@ pf@@ er sein . « +und deshalb glaube ich , dass die ted-@@ gemeinschaft ta@@ pfer@@ er sein sollte . +wir müssen wege fin@@ den@@ . uns diesen herausforderungen zu stellen : diesen problemen , diesem leid . +denn letz@@ tlich hängt unsere mensch@@ lichkeit , von unser aller mensch@@ lichkeit ab . +in meiner arbeit habe ich ganz einfache dinge gelernt . +ich habe ein paar ganz einfache dinge gelernt . +dass wir alle mehr sind , als das schlimm@@ ste , was wir jemals getan haben . +ich glaube , das gilt für jeden menschen auf dem planeten . +wenn jemand lü@@ gt , ist er nicht nur einfach ein lü@@ g@@ ner . +wenn jemand etwas nimmt , das ihm nicht gehört , ist er nicht nur ein die@@ b . +selbst wer jemanden tötet , ist nicht nur ein mö@@ r@@ der . +und weil das so ist , gibt es eine grundlegende menschliche würde , die das gesetz respe@@ kti@@ eren muss . +ich glaube auch , dass in vielen teilen dieses landes , und mit sicherheit in vielen teilen der erde , das gegenteil von armut nicht rei@@ cht@@ um ist . +ich glaube das nicht . +ich glaube , dass an zu vielen orten das gegenteil von armut gerechtigkeit ist . +und schließlich glaube ich , dass , obwohl sie so dra@@ matisch ist , so schön und inspiri@@ er@@ end , und so an@@ re@@ gend , wir am ende nicht an unserer technologie ge@@ messen werden , nicht an den dingen , die wir entwickeln , nicht an unserem intelle@@ kt und verstand . +schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich wird eine gesellschaft nicht daran ge@@ messen , wie sie ihre reichen und mäch@@ tigen und privi@@ legi@@ erten behandelt , sondern daran , wie sie mit den armen um@@ geht , den verur@@ teil@@ ten , den in@@ haf@@ ti@@ erten . +denn in diesem kontext erst beginnen wir , die wahr@@ haft erstaun@@ lichen dinge zu be@@ greifen , die uns aus@@ machen . +manchmal ver@@ li@@ ere ich das gleich@@ gewicht . eine geschichte zum schluss . +manchmal drän@@ ge ich zu sehr . +ich werde mü@@ de , wie wir alle . +manchmal ei@@ len diese ideen unserem denken voraus , auf ganz wichtige art und weise . +ich ver@@ tre@@ te diese kinder , die zu sehr har@@ ten stra@@ fen verur@@ teilt wurden . +ich gehe ins untersu@@ ch@@ ungs@@ gefängnis und besu@@ che einen mand@@ anten , der 13 oder 14 jahre alt sein mag , und der als erwachsen@@ er vor geri@@ cht stehen soll . +dann frage ich mich : wie konnte das passieren ? +wie kann ein ri@@ chter jemanden in etwas verwandeln , das er nicht ist ? +der ri@@ chter betrachtet ihn als erwachsenen , aber ich sehe ein kind . +eines nachts blieb ich zu lange auf und dachte , meine gü@@ te , wenn ein ri@@ chter uns in etwas anderes verwandeln kann , dann muss er zauber@@ kräfte haben . +genau , br@@ y@@ an , der ri@@ chter hat zauber@@ kräfte . +du soll@@ test dir auch welche wün@@ schen . +und weil es sp@@ ät war , und ich nicht mehr richtig denken konnte , fing ich an , an einem an@@ trag zu arbeiten . +ich hatte einen 14@@ jährigen , armen schwarzen jungen als mand@@ anten . +und ich fing an mit diesem an@@ trag . die über@@ schrift lau@@ tete : » an@@ trag , meinen armen , 14@@ jährigen schwarzen mand@@ anten wie einen privi@@ legi@@ erten , weißen , 7@@ 5@@ jährigen top@@ man@@ ager zu behandeln . ‌ « +in meinem an@@ trag erklär@@ te ich , dass fehl@@ verhalten der staat@@ san@@ wal@@ t@@ schaft und der polizei sowie ver@@ fahr@@ ens@@ fehler zu ber@@ ück@@ sichti@@ gen seien . +es gab eine verrück@@ te zei@@ le darüber , dass in diesem land nichts mehr rech@@ tens ist , dass es nur noch fehl@@ verhalten gibt . +am nächsten morgen wa@@ chte ich auf und wusste nicht mehr , ob ich diesen verrück@@ ten an@@ trag nur ge@@ trä@@ um@@ t oder ihn tatsächlich geschrieben hatte . +und zu meinem ent@@ setzen hatte ich ihn nicht nur geschrieben , sondern auch ans geri@@ cht geschickt . +ein paar monate gingen vor@@ über und ich hatte gerade alles vergessen . +schließlich aber entschied ich mich , mein gott , ich muss ja ins geri@@ cht und diesen verrück@@ ten fall vor@@ tragen . +ich stieg ins auto und war wirklich über@@ wäl@@ tigt – über@@ wäl@@ tigt . +ich fuhr also zum geri@@ cht . +und ich dachte , das wird so schwer , so schmer@@ z@@ haft . +schließlich stieg ich aus meinem auto und ging die tre@@ ppe zum geri@@ cht hoch . +als ich die tre@@ ppe zum geri@@ cht hoch@@ g@@ ing@@ . war da ein äl@@ ter@@ er , schwar@@ zer mann , der haus@@ meister im geri@@ cht . +als er mich sah , kam er zu mir her@@ über und sagte : » wer sind sie ? « +ich sagte : » ich bin an@@ wal@@ t . « er sagte : » sie sind an@@ wal@@ t ? « ich sagte : » ja . « +er kam zu mir und um@@ arm@@ te mich . +dann flü@@ ster@@ te er mir ins o@@ hr . +er sagte : » ich bin so stolz auf sie . « +und ich muss sagen , es gab mir kraft . +es berühr@@ te etwas ganz tief in mir , identität , die fähigkeit jedes einzelnen , etwas bei@@ zu@@ tragen zu einer gemeinschaft , zu einer perspektive der hoffnung . +nun , ich betr@@ at den geri@@ chts@@ saal . +sobald der ri@@ chter mich sah , +sagte er : » herr ste@@ ven@@ son , haben sie diesen verrück@@ ten an@@ trag gestellt ? « +ich sagte : » ja . « und dann fingen wir an , zu disku@@ tieren . +immer mehr menschen kamen her@@ ein , einfach weil sie wü@@ tend waren , +dass ich diese verrück@@ ten sachen geschrieben hatte . +poli@@ zei@@ be@@ am@@ te kamen her@@ ein und stell@@ ver@@ tre@@ ten@@ de staat@@ san@@ wäl@@ te und büro@@ ange@@ stellte . +im hand@@ um@@ drehen war der geri@@ chts@@ saal voller menschen , die wü@@ tend waren , dass wir über hau@@ t@@ farbe sprachen , über armut , über un@@ gleichheit . +aus meinem augen@@ winkel sah ich den haus@@ meister auf und ab gehen . +er sah immer wieder durch das fenster und konnte das ganze to@@ hu@@ w@@ abo@@ h@@ u hören . +er ging auf und ab . +schließlich kam dieser äl@@ tere schwarze mann mit einem sehr besor@@ gten gesi@@ chts@@ aus@@ ru@@ ck in den geri@@ chts@@ saal und setzte sich direkt hinter mich , beinahe auf die vertei@@ dig@@ ungs@@ bank . +zehn minuten später kün@@ di@@ gte der ri@@ chter eine pause an . +während der pause kam ein poli@@ zei@@ be@@ am@@ ter her@@ ein , den es stör@@ te , dass der haus@@ meister im geri@@ chts@@ saal war . +dieser de@@ pu@@ ty ran@@ nte hin@@ über zu dem äl@@ teren schwarzen . +er sagte : » j@@ im@@ my , was machen sie im geri@@ chts@@ saal ? « +der äl@@ tere schwarze mann stand auf . er sah den de@@ pu@@ ty an , dann sah er mich an , und er sagte : » ich bin her@@ gekommen , um diesem jungen mann zu sagen , verlieren sie das ziel nicht aus den augen . geben sie nicht auf . ‌ « +ich bin zur ted gekommen , weil ich glaube , dass viele von ihnen verstanden haben , dass das moralische pen@@ del des universums weit aus@@ schw@@ ingt , aber dass es der gerechtigkeit zun@@ ei@@ gt . +dass wir als menschen nicht vollständig entwickelt sind , solange wir uns nicht um menschen@@ rechte und grund@@ werte kümmern . +dass unser aller überleben mit dem überleben jedes einzelnen verknü@@ pft ist . +dass wir unsere visi@@ onen von technologie und gestal@@ tung , von unterhaltung und kreativität verbinden müssen mit mensch@@ lichkeit , mit@@ leid und gerechtigkeit . +und vor allem möchte ich j@@ enen von ihnen , die das ebenso sehen , einfach nur sagen : verlieren sie das ziel nicht aus den augen . geben sie nicht auf . +sie haben bei diesem publikum , dieser gemeinschaft einen offen@@ sicht@@ lichen wunsch gesehen und gehört , ihnen zu helfen und etwas zu tun . +was können wir noch tun ? +br@@ y@@ an ste@@ ven@@ son : nun , es gibt überall möglichkeiten . +wenn sie in kalifornien leben , gibt es da in diesem frü@@ hl@@ ing einen vol@@ ks@@ entschei@@ d , bei dem es darum geht , tatsächlich eine an@@ streng@@ ung zu unternehmen , etwas von dem geld@@ strom umzu@@ leiten , der sonst in die politik der be@@ stra@@ fung flie@@ ßt . +hier , in kalifornien zum beispiel wird man in den nächsten fünf jahren eine milliarde dollar für die todes@@ stra@@ fe ausge@@ ben@@ . eine milliarde dollar . +und trotzdem enden 4@@ 6 % aller tö@@ tungs@@ deli@@ kte nicht mit einer ver@@ haf@@ tung . +5@@ 6 % aller ver@@ gewal@@ tig@@ ungs@@ fälle kommen nicht vor geri@@ cht . +hier gibt es die chance , etwas zu tun . +dieses refer@@ end@@ um wird vor@@ schlagen , das geld in mehr sicher@@ heit@@ sk@@ r@@ äf@@ te und sicherheit zu investieren . +ich glaube , überall gibt es möglichkeiten . +während der letzten drei jahrzehn@@ te ist die ver@@ bre@@ chen@@ s@@ rate in amerika im@@ men@@ s ges@@ un@@ ken . +diese tatsache wird oft in einen zusammenhang mit den erhö@@ h@@ ten in@@ haf@@ tier@@ ungs@@ zahlen gestellt . +was würden sie jemandem sagen , der das glaubt ? +nun , tatsächlich hat sich die zahl der gewal@@ t@@ verbrechen nicht sehr verändert . +der großteil der massen@@ in@@ haf@@ ti@@ erungen in diesem land fand nicht wirklich in der klasse der gewal@@ t@@ verbrechen statt . +es war der fehl@@ gelei@@ tete kreu@@ z@@ zug gegen dro@@ gen . +daher kommen die dra@@ mati@@ schen hohen zahlen bei den gefäng@@ nis@@ ins@@ assen . +wir haben uns hin@@ rei@@ ßen lassen von der r@@ he@@ tor@@ ik der be@@ stra@@ fung . +nun haben wir » drei@@ -@@ ver@@ stö@@ ße « -@@ gesetze , die menschen für immer hinter git@@ ter bringen , für einen fahr@@ rad@@ die@@ b@@ sta@@ hl , für den die@@ b@@ sta@@ hl gering@@ fü@@ gi@@ gen gutes , statt dass man sie zw@@ ingt , die sachen den op@@ fern zurückzu@@ geben . +ich glaube , wir müssen mehr tun , um menschen zu helfen , die opfer einer stra@@ ft@@ at geworden sind , nicht weniger . +und ich glaube , dass unsere je@@ tz@@ ige be@@ stra@@ f@@ ung@@ sp@@ hil@@ osop@@ h@@ ie nieman@@ dem hilft . +ich glaube , das ist es , was wir ändern müssen . +br@@ y@@ an , sie haben hier wirklich eine sa@@ ite zum schw@@ ingen gebracht . +sie sind eine inspiri@@ erende persön@@ lichkeit . +danke , dass sie bei ted waren . vielen dank . +sprecher : bin la@@ dens tod bringt ein erhö@@ h@@ tes ge@@ fahr@@ en@@ risiko mit sich . +sprecher 2 : hun@@ ger@@ s@@ not in som@@ alia . sprecher 3 : p@@ fe@@ ff@@ er@@ spra@@ y der polizei . +sprecher 4 : bö@@ s@@ artige kar@@ tel@@ le . sprecher 5 : gefähr@@ liche kreu@@ z@@ fahr@@ t@@ schi@@ ffe . +sprecher 6 : gesellschaft@@ licher ver@@ fall . sprecher 7 : 65 to@@ te . +sprecher 8 : tsun@@ am@@ i@@ war@@ nung . sprecher 9 : cyber@@ -@@ attac@@ ken +verschiedene sprecher : dro@@ gen@@ krieg . massen@@ ver@@ nicht@@ ungs@@ waffen . tor@@ na@@ do . +re@@ z@@ ession . still@@ stand . do@@ om@@ s@@ day . ägyp@@ ten . sy@@ ri@@ en . +krise . tod . katastrophe . +oh mein gott . +also das sind nur ein paar der cli@@ ps , die ich über die letzten sechs monate gesam@@ melt habe – es hätten aber auch die letzten sechs tage sein können . oder die letzten sechs jahre . +tatsache ist , dass die medien es be@@ vorzu@@ gen , uns negative themen zu zeigen , weil unser verstand genau diesen themen aufmerksamkeit schen@@ kt . +und es gibt auch einen sehr guten grund dafür . +jede sekunde jeden tages fangen unsere sinne viel mehr informationen auf als unser hir@@ n jemals ver@@ arbeiten kann . +und weil uns nichts wichtiger ist als unser überleben , ist die erste hal@@ te@@ stelle für all die informationen ein teil unseres tempor@@ al@@ la@@ pp@@ ens , die am@@ y@@ g@@ d@@ ala . +die am@@ y@@ g@@ d@@ ala ist also unser früh@@ war@@ n@@ system , unser ge@@ fahr@@ en@@ dete@@ ktor . +es sor@@ tiert und durch@@ kä@@ mmt die gesamten informationen auf der suche nach je@@ g@@ licher an@@ deu@@ tung von gefahr in unserer umgebung . +wenn wir also die nachrichten sehen , be@@ vorzu@@ gen wir es , nach nega@@ tiven neu@@ igkeiten aus@@ schau zu halten . +und das alte sp@@ rich@@ wort " wenn es blu@@ tet , steigt die nach@@ frage " ist sehr wahr . +nun , mit all unseren digitalen gerä@@ ten , die uns sieben tage die woche , 24 stunden am tag all diese nega@@ tiven nachrichten zustellen , ist es kein wunder , dass wir p@@ essi@@ mi@@ stisch sind . +es ist kein wunder , dass jeder denkt , dass es der welt immer schle@@ chter geht . +aber möglicherweise ist dies nicht der fall . +möglicherweise ist das der wirklichkeit . +vielleicht beschle@@ uni@@ gt sich der enorme fortschritt , den wir im letzten jahrhundert durch eine reihe von krä@@ ften gemacht haben , sich so stark , dass es uns in den nächsten drei jahrzehn@@ ten möglich wird , eine welt des über@@ fl@@ us@@ ses zu erschaffen . +nun , ich sage nicht , dass wir keine großen probleme haben – klima@@ krise , ar@@ ten@@ sterben , wasser@@ - und energie@@ probleme – die haben wir schon . +und als menschen sind wir viel besser darin , probleme auf sehr lange sicht vor@@ auszu@@ sehen , aber sie schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich doch zu über@@ winden . +sehen wir uns doch einmal an , was wir im letzten jahrhundert erreicht haben , damit wir die entwicklung vorher@@ sehen können . +in den letzten 100 jahren hat sich die durchschnittliche lebenser@@ war@@ tung mehr als ver@@ doppelt , das an die inf@@ lation ange@@ pas@@ ste durchschnitt@@ s@@ einkommen der welt@@ bevölkerung hat sich ver@@ drei@@ fa@@ cht . +kinder@@ sterb@@ lichkeit hat sich um ein zehn@@ tel verring@@ ert . +dazu kommt , dass die ernähr@@ ungs@@ - , elektri@@ z@@ itä@@ ts@@ - trans@@ port@@ - und kommuni@@ ka@@ tion@@ sk@@ osten sich um ein viel@@ fa@@ ches verring@@ ert haben . +steve pin@@ ker hat uns gezeigt , dass wir derzeit in einer sehr frie@@ dlichen zeit der menschen@@ geschichte leben . +und laut charles ken@@ ny ist die alp@@ hab@@ e@@ ti@@ si@@ erungs@@ quote in den vergan@@ genen 1@@ 30 jahren von 25 % auf 80 % gest@@ ie@@ gen . +wir leben in einer wirklich außergewöhn@@ lichen zeit . +und viele menschen vergessen dies . +und wir erhö@@ hen unsere erwar@@ tungen ständig weiter . +tatsächlich haben wir armut neu defin@@ iert . +bedenken sie , dass ein großer anteil der amerikaner , die unter der ar@@ mu@@ ts@@ grenze leben , zugang zu strom , wasser , toile@@ tten , kühl@@ schrän@@ ken , fern@@ se@@ her , mobil@@ telef@@ onen , klima@@ an@@ lagen und autos haben . +die reich@@ sten kapit@@ alisten des letzten jahrhunderts , die im@@ per@@ at@@ oren der erde , hätten sich niemals solche lux@@ us@@ gü@@ ter er@@ tr@@ äumen können . +die grundlage für viel@@ es davon bilden technologien , und diese wachsen ex@@ poten@@ ti@@ ell . +mein guter freund ray kurz@@ weil hat uns gezeigt , dass jedes tool , das zur informa@@ tion@@ stech@@ n@@ ologie wird , auf der kur@@ ve von mo@@ or@@ es gesetz große spr@@ ün@@ ge macht , und sich der prei@@ s-@@ performan@@ ce-@@ qu@@ o@@ ti@@ ent alle 12 bis 24 monate ver@@ doppelt . +darum kostet das mobil@@ telefon in ihrer tasche cir@@ ca eine million mal weniger und ist taus@@ end@@ fa@@ ch schneller als ein super@@ computer aus den 7@@ 0ern . +nun schauen sie sich diese kur@@ ve an . +das ist mo@@ or@@ es gesetz der letzten hundert jahre . +be@@ achten sie zwei dinge an dieser kur@@ ve . +erstens , wie gesch@@ mei@@ dig sie verl@@ äu@@ ft – in guten wie in schlechten zeiten , krieg oder frieden , re@@ z@@ ession , depression und hoch@@ kon@@ jun@@ k@@ tur . +das ist das ergebnis von schnell@@ eren compu@@ tern , die schnell@@ ere computer bauen . +sie ver@@ lang@@ sam@@ t sich für k@@ eines unserer großen probleme . +außerdem , trotz ihres log@@ ari@@ th@@ mischen verl@@ auf@@ s auf der linken seite verl@@ äu@@ ft sie auf@@ wärts . +die wachst@@ um@@ s@@ rate selbst beschle@@ uni@@ gt sich also . +und auf dieser kur@@ ve , auf dem rücken von mo@@ or@@ es gesetz , finden wir eine reihe außergewöhn@@ licher technologien , die allen zur verfügung stehen . +" clou@@ d-@@ computing " , etwas , das meine freunde bei auto@@ des@@ k " infin@@ it@@ e-@@ computing " nennen , sensor@@ en und netzwerke , roboter , 3@@ d-@@ dru@@ cker , die es ermöglichen , die persönliche produktion auf unserem planeten zu demokra@@ ti@@ sieren , syn@@ the@@ tische biologie , treib@@ stoffe , impf@@ ungen und nahrung , digitale medizin , nan@@ o-@@ materialien und künst@@ liche intelligenz . +wie viele von ihnen haben den sie@@ g von ib@@ ms super@@ computer wat@@ son bei " risiko " gesehen ? +das war doch gran@@ di@@ os . +ich habe mal die zeit@@ ungen durch@@ for@@ stet und nach den besten schlag@@ zei@@ len ges@@ u@@ cht , die ich finden konnte . +ich liebe diese : " wat@@ son be@@ zw@@ ingt menschlichen geg@@ ner . " +" risiko " ist kein einfaches spiel . +es geht darum , die nu@@ an@@ cen der sprache zu verstehen . +stellen sie sich mal vor , dass diese künst@@ liche intelligenz jedem besit@@ zer eines mobil@@ telef@@ ones zur verfügung st@@ ün@@ de . +vor vier jahren star@@ teten ray kurz@@ weil und ich hier bei ted eine neue universität , die " sing@@ ul@@ ar@@ ity university " heißt . +wir bringen unseren studenten all diese technologien bei , mit besonder@@ em fo@@ kus darauf , wie diese genutzt werden können , um die großen herausforderungen der menschheit zu lösen . +und jedes jahr bitten wir die studenten , unternehmen , produkte und dienst@@ leistungen zu schaffen , die innerhalb eines jahrzehn@@ ts posi@@ tiv das leben von mil@@ lar@@ den von menschen bein@@ fl@@ us@@ sen können . +denken sie darüber nach , dass eine gruppe von studenten heute das leben von milliarden von menschen beeinflussen kann . +vor 30 jahren hätte sich dies läch@@ er@@ lich ange@@ hört . +heute können wir auf dutz@@ ende von unternehmen ver@@ weisen die genau dies geschafft haben . +wenn ich daran denke , über@@ fluss zu schaffen , dann meine ich nicht ein leben voller lux@@ us für jeden auf diesem planeten ; es geht mir darum , ein leben voller möglichkeiten zu schaffen . +es geht darum , aus k@@ na@@ ppen gü@@ tern über@@ fluss zu schaffen . +k@@ na@@ pp@@ heit ist nämlich kon@@ text@@ be@@ zogen , und technologie ist eine ressourcen be@@ frei@@ ende kraft . +hier ist ein beispiel . +dies ist die geschichte von na@@ po@@ le@@ on i@@ i@@ i@@ . in der mitte des 18@@ . jahrhunderts . +er ist der typ links . +er hat den köni@@ g von si@@ am zum ab@@ en@@ dessen ein@@ geladen . +na@@ po@@ le@@ ons soldaten bekamen sil@@ ber@@ -@@ be@@ ste@@ ck , na@@ po@@ le@@ on selbst bekam gol@@ d-@@ be@@ ste@@ ck . +der köni@@ g von si@@ am jedoch bekam al@@ um@@ ini@@ um@@ -@@ be@@ ste@@ ck . +al@@ um@@ ini@@ um war zu dieser zeit das wert@@ voll@@ ste met@@ all auf dem planeten , wert@@ voller als gold und pla@@ tin . +dies ist der grund , warum die ku@@ p@@ pel des washing@@ ton@@ -@@ mon@@ um@@ ents aus al@@ um@@ ini@@ um ge@@ fer@@ tigt wurde . +obwohl al@@ um@@ ini@@ um 8@@ ,@@ 3 prozent der erd@@ masse ein@@ nimmt , kommt es nicht als r@@ eines met@@ all vor . +es wird durch sauerstoff und si@@ lik@@ ate verbunden . +aber dann wurde die technologie der elektro@@ ly@@ se entwickelt und machte al@@ um@@ ini@@ um@@ herstellung so gün@@ stig , dass wir es mit unserer weg@@ wer@@ f-@@ ment@@ alität nutzen . +dann lasst uns diese analog@@ ie mal in die zukunft pro@@ ji@@ zieren . +wir denken heute an energie@@ k@@ na@@ pp@@ heit . +meine damen und herren , wir leben auf einem planeten der mit 5@@ .@@ 00@@ 0-@@ mal mehr energie gefü@@ llt ist als wir jähr@@ lich ver@@ brauchen . +16 ter@@ a@@ watt energie pr@@ as@@ seln alle 8@@ 8 minuten auf die er@@ do@@ ber@@ fläche . +es handelt sich nicht um k@@ na@@ pp@@ heit , das problem ist zugän@@ g@@ lichkeit . +und es gibt gute neu@@ igkeiten . +in diesem jahr hat man es zum ersten mal geschafft , die kosten für solar@@ strom in indien zu 50 prozent des diesel@@ -@@ stro@@ ms zu reduzieren – 8@@ .@@ 8 ru@@ pi@@ en im vergleich zu 17 ru@@ pi@@ en . +die kosten für solar@@ energie fiel@@ en im letzten jahr um 50 prozent . +letzten monat hat das mit eine studie veröffentlicht , die zeigt , dass bis zum ende dieses jahrzehn@@ ts in den son@@ ni@@ gen gegen@@ den der usa solar@@ energie 6 cent pro k@@ w@@ h , im vergleich zu 15 cent im nation@@ alen durch@@ schnitt kosten wird . +und wenn wir einen energie@@ über@@ sch@@ uss haben , dann werden wir auch wasser im über@@ fluss haben . +sprechen wir über wasser@@ -@@ kriege . +erinnern sie sich daran , als car@@ l sa@@ gan das vo@@ y@@ a@@ ger@@ -@@ raum@@ fahr@@ zeug 199@@ 0 , als es am saturn vorbei@@ gezogen war , zurück in richtung erde dre@@ hte ? +er nahm ein berühm@@ tes foto auf . wie hie@@ ß es ? +" a p@@ ale blue do@@ t . " +weil wir auf einem wasser@@ planeten leben . +wir leben auf einem planeten , der zu 70 prozent mit wasser be@@ deckt ist . +ja , es sind 9@@ 7@@ ,@@ 5 prozent sal@@ z@@ wasser , 2 prozent sind ver@@ ei@@ st , und wir kämpfen um 0@@ ,@@ 5 prozent des was@@ s@@ ers auf dem planeten , aber hier gibt es auch hoffnung . +und es gibt neue technologien , nicht in 10 oder 20 jahren , sondern jetzt . +es sind neue nan@@ ot@@ echn@@ ologi@@ en auf dem weg , nan@@ o-@@ materialien . +und aus einem gespräch heute morgen mit de@@ an ka@@ man , einem der inno@@ vat@@ oren des do it yourself , möchte ich etwas mit ihnen teilen – er gab mir die erlaub@@ nis – seine techn@@ ol@@ gie , die " sl@@ ing@@ shot " heißt , und von der viele von ihnen vielleicht schon gehört haben . es hat die größe eines kühl@@ sch@@ ran@@ ks im stud@@ ent@@ en@@ heim . +es kann tausend li@@ ter sau@@ ber@@ es trin@@ k@@ wasser pro tag aus verschiedenen quellen erzeugen – ob sal@@ z@@ wasser , verschmu@@ tz@@ tes wasser , lat@@ r@@ ine – und all das für weniger als 2 cent pro li@@ ter . +der vor@@ sitz@@ ende von co@@ ca@@ -@@ col@@ a hat gerade einge@@ willi@@ gt , ein großes te@@ st-@@ projekt mit hundert ein@@ heiten in entwicklungsländern zu starten . +und wenn alles gut läuft , und ich bin sehr zu@@ ver@@ sichtlich , dann wird co@@ ca@@ -@@ col@@ a diese technologie global in 20@@ 6 ländern auf dem ganzen planeten anwenden . +dies ist technologi@@ e@@ unterstü@@ tz@@ te innovation , die es heute gibt . +und wir haben dies auch bei mobil@@ telef@@ onen gesehen . +du meine gü@@ te , wir erreichen bald die 70 prozent ab@@ de@@ ck@@ ungs@@ rate von mobil@@ telef@@ onen in entwicklungsländern bis zum ende von 20@@ 13 . +bedenken sie nur , dass ein mas@@ sa@@ i@@ -@@ krie@@ ger mit einem handy in der mitte von ken@@ ia eine bessere mobil@@ -@@ kommunikation hat als präsident re@@ ag@@ an vor 25 jahren . +und wenn sie mit ihrem smar@@ t@@ phone auf google suchen , haben sie mehr zugang zu wissen und informationen als präsident clin@@ ton vor 15 jahren . +sie leben in einer welt , die informationen und kommunikation im über@@ fluss hat , wie es niemand jemals hätte voraus@@ sagen können . +und es kommt noch besser , die dinge , für die sie und ich mehrere tausend dollar ausge@@ geben haben – gps , h@@ d-@@ video und foto , bibliothe@@ ken voller bücher und musik , technologie zur medizin@@ ischen diagno@@ sti@@ k – werden nun buchstäblich ent@@ materi@@ alisiert und billi@@ ger in ihrem handy . +und das beste daran ist möglicherweise , was uns im bereich gesundheit erwartet . +im letzten monat hatte ich das verg@@ nü@@ gen , mit der qu@@ al@@ comm@@ -@@ stif@@ tung den so genan@@ nten " $ 10 millionen qu@@ al@@ com@@ m tri@@ cor@@ der x prize " anzu@@ kün@@ digen . +wir for@@ dern teams auf der ganzen welt heraus , all diese technologien miteinander in einem mobil@@ telefon so zu verbinden , dass man mit den gerät sprechen kann , da es mit ki aus@@ gerü@@ stet ist , man kann rein@@ hu@@ sten oder seine blut@@ werte testen . +und um zu gewinnen , muss das gerät eine bessere diagno@@ se stellen als ein team hoch@@ quali@@ fi@@ zier@@ ter ärzte . +stellen sie sich dieses gerät vor . mitten in einem entwicklungs@@ land , wo es keine ärzte gibt , jedoch 25 prozent der krank@@ heits@@ last und 1,@@ 3 prozent der mitarbeiter des gesundheits@@ wes@@ ens . +wenn dieses gerät einen r@@ na@@ - oder dna-@@ virus sequen@@ ziert , der nicht bekannt ist , ru@@ ft es die gesundheits@@ behör@@ de an und ver@@ hinder@@ t eine pan@@ dem@@ ie vor ihrem aus@@ bruch . +aber nun zur größten kraft , die uns zu einer welt des über@@ fl@@ us@@ ses führen wird . +ich nenne sie " die kommen@@ de milliarde " . +die weißen linien stehen für bevölkerung . +wir haben gerade die 7@@ -@@ milliar@@ den-@@ mar@@ ke über@@ schri@@ tten . +und nur neben@@ bei , die größte ab@@ sich@@ erung gegen eine bevölker@@ ung@@ sex@@ plo@@ sion ist eine bessere er@@ zieh@@ ung und ernährung in der ganzen welt . +2010 hatten wir so gerade unter zwei milliarden menschen online miteinander verbunden . +bis 20@@ 20 steigen wir voraus@@ sichtlich von zwei auf fünf milliarden internet@@ nutz@@ er . +drei milliarden neue kö@@ pfe , von denen wir niemals zuvor gehört haben , werden sich der globalen kommunikation an@@ schließen . +was brauchen diese menschen ? +was werden sie konsu@@ mieren ? was werden sie be@@ ge@@ hren ? +und anstelle von wirtschaft@@ lichem still@@ stand sehe ich einen der größten wirtschaftlichen an@@ schü@@ be der geschichte . +diese menschen re@@ präsentieren mehrere trilli@@ onen dollar , die in die globale wirtschaft flie@@ ßen werden . +und sie werden durch die nutzung des tri@@ co@@ ders ges@@ ün@@ der werden , und sie werden besser ausge@@ bildet durch die k@@ han@@ -@@ ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ie , und dadurch , dass sie die möglichkeit haben werden , 3@@ d-@@ dru@@ cker und " infin@@ ite computing " einzu@@ setzen , und so viel produ@@ kti@@ ver sein als jemals zuvor . +also was können 3 milliarden wachsen@@ de , ges@@ unde , ge@@ bil@@ dete , produ@@ ktive mitglieder der menschen@@ gemeinde uns bringen ? +wie wäre es mit einem satz neuer , nie zuvor ge@@ hör@@ ter stimmen . +wie wäre es damit , den unter@@ drück@@ ten , wo auch immer sie sind , eine stimme zu geben , um auf sich aufmerk@@ sam zu machen und veränderung zu erzeugen , zum aller@@ ersten mal ? +was werden diese drei milliarden menschen mit@@ bringen ? +wie wäre es mit bei@@ trä@@ gen , die wir nicht einmal vorhersagen können ? +eines der dinge , die ich durch den x prize gelernt habe , ist , dass kleine teams , die durch passion und fo@@ kus motivi@@ ert sind , außergewöhn@@ liche dinge schaffen können , dinge , die große unternehmen und regierungen nur in der vergangenheit schaffen konnten . +ich möchte mit einer geschichte ab@@ schließen , die mich wirklich begeistert hat . +es gibt ein programm , das einige vielleicht schon kennen . +es ist ein spiel , das fol@@ dit heißt . +es wurde an der universität von washington in se@@ attle entwickelt . +und es ist ein spiel , in dem personen eine sequenz von amin@@ o@@ sä@@ uren nehmen können um zu erforschen , wie das protein sich entwickeln wird . +je nach seinem verhalten können wir die struktur und funktion voraus@@ sagen . +und dies ist sehr wichtig in der medizin@@ forschung . +bisher war dies ein problem für super@@ computer . +und dieses spiel wurde von universi@@ tä@@ t@@ spro@@ f@@ ess@@ oren us@@ w. gespielt . +und es sind mittler@@ weile hunderte von tausenden von menschen , die das spiel online gespielt haben . +und es zeigte , dass heutzutage die menschliche mu@@ ster@@ erken@@ nung besser die prot@@ eine fal@@ tet als die besten super@@ computer . +und als diese personen kamen und schauten , wer der beste prot@@ ein@@ -@@ ord@@ ner der welt ist , war dies kein mit@@ -@@ professor , auch kein cal@@ tech@@ -@@ student , es war jemand aus england , man@@ che@@ ster , eine frau , die ta@@ gs@@ über als assi@@ st@@ enti@@ n der geschäfts@@ lei@@ tung in einer re@@ ha@@ -@@ klini@@ k arbeitete und nachts die beste prot@@ ein@@ -@@ or@@ dn@@ erin der welt war . +meine damen und herren , was mir enor@@ mes vertrauen in unsere zukunft gibt , ist die tatsache , dass wir heute mehr macht als individuen haben , um uns den großen herausforderungen unseres planeten zu stellen . +wir haben zu@@ griff auf werkzeuge mit exponenti@@ eller technologie . +wir haben die leidenschaft eines di@@ y-@@ inno@@ vat@@ oren . +wir haben das kapital der tech@@ no@@ -@@ phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ en . +und wir haben drei milliarden neue kö@@ pfe , mit denen wir online arbeiten können um die neuen herausforderungen zu mei@@ stern , und um das zu tun , was nötig ist . +wir erwarten ein paar außergewöhn@@ liche jahrzehn@@ te . +danke schön . +ich glaube , dass wir etwas gegen ein veränder@@ n@@ s@@ wer@@ tes stück medizin@@ ischer kultur unternehmen müssen . +und ich glaube , dass es mit einem medizin@@ er beginnt und der bin ich . +und vielleicht bin ich schon lange genug im geschäft , als dass ich es mir erlauben kann ein stück meines eigenen fal@@ schen pre@@ sti@@ ges aufzu@@ geben um dies zu ermöglichen . +bevor ich jedoch zum eigent@@ lichen thema meines vor@@ tra@@ ges komme , lassen sie uns mit ein wenig baseball beginnen . +hey , warum nicht ? +wir sind dem sa@@ is@@ on@@ ende nahe und bewegen uns auf die welt@@ mei@@ ster@@ schaft zu . +wir alle lieben baseball , oder ? +baseball ist voll mit toll@@ en statistiken . +und es gibt hunderte von ihnen . +" mon@@ e@@ y@@ ball " erscheint bald und dreht sich um statistiken und um diese zu nutzen ein großarti@@ ges baseball team auf@@ zustellen . +ich werde mich auf eine statisti@@ k beziehen von der ich hoffe , dass die meisten von ihnen schon mal gehört haben . +es ist die durchschnitt@@ s@@ leistung des schlä@@ gers . +wir sprechen von einer 300 , wenn ein schlä@@ ger 300 schlägt . +das bedeutet , dass der spieler sicher 3 von 10 schlä@@ gen schlägt . +das heißt den ball ins außen@@ feld schlagen , er kommt auf , er wird nicht ge@@ fangen , und wer den ball versucht hat zur first base zu werfen , hat es nicht rech@@ tz@@ ei@@ tig geschafft und der läu@@ fer war in sicherheit . +drei aus 10 . +wissen sie wie man einen 3@@ 00@@ ter in major lea@@ gue baseball nennt ? +gut , wirklich gut , vielleicht ein all@@ -@@ star . +wissen sie wie man einen 4@@ 00@@ ter nennt ? +das ist jemand der im übri@@ gen sicher 4 aus 10 trifft . +le@@ gend@@ ä@@ r - wie ted willi@@ ams le@@ gend@@ ä@@ r - der letzte major lea@@ gue baseball spieler der während einer regul@@ ären sa@@ ison über 400 mal traf . +lassen sie uns zurück in meine welt der medizin trans@@ fer@@ ieren , in der ich mich um einiges wohl@@ er fühle oder vielleicht auch ein bisschen weniger wohl nach dem ich mit ihnen darüber gesprochen habe . +angenommen sie haben eine blin@@ d@@ dar@@ ment@@ z@@ ün@@ dung und sie werden zu einem oper@@ at@@ eu@@ r über@@ wiesen , dessen durchschnitt@@ s@@ leistung 400 in bezug auf blin@@ d@@ dar@@ ment@@ z@@ ün@@ dungen ist . +irgendwie funktioniert das nicht , oder ? +angenommen sie leben in einer bestimmten ab@@ gele@@ genen gegend und sie haben einen ge@@ lieb@@ ten menschen mit ver@@ stop@@ ften herz@@ kran@@ z@@ gefä@@ ßen und ihr haus@@ arzt über@@ wei@@ st diesen zu einem kar@@ di@@ ologen , dessen durchschnitt@@ s@@ leistung bei gefä@@ ß@@ dar@@ stellung bei 200 liegt . +aber , aber wissen sie was ? +sie ist dieses jahr viel besser . sie ist auf dem auf@@ st@@ eigen@@ den ast . +und sie schlägt eine 25@@ 7 . +irgendwie funktioniert das nicht . +aber ich werde ihnen eine frage stellen . +was glauben sie wie die durchschnitt@@ s@@ leistung für einen kar@@ di@@ ologen oder eine kranken@@ schwester oder einen or@@ th@@ op@@ ä@@ den , einen geburt@@ shel@@ fer , einen rett@@ ungs@@ assi@@ st@@ enten sein sollte ? +1.000 , sehr gut . +die wahrheit ist , dass niemand in der ganzen medizin weiß , was ein guter chirur@@ g oder arzt oder rett@@ ungs@@ assi@@ stent sein sollte . +was wir allerdings tun , ist dass wir jeden von ihnen , mich ein@@ geschlossen , in die welt aus@@ senden mit dem an@@ spruch perfekt zu sein . +niemals einen fehler machen , niemand macht sich jedoch über die details gedanken , wie dies be@@ werk@@ st@@ elli@@ gt werden soll . +und das ist die nachricht , die ich im medizin@@ studi@@ um auf@@ nahm . +ich war ein zwan@@ g@@ haft obs@@ essi@@ ver student . +in der high school hat mal ein mit@@ schüler gesagt , dass brian gold@@ mann für einen blu@@ tt@@ est lernen würde . +und so war es auch . +und ich lernte in meiner kleinen da@@ ch@@ stu@@ be in der sch@@ western res@@ iden@@ z am tor@@ onto general hospital , un@@ weit von hier . +ich lernte alles aus@@ wen@@ dig . +in meiner an@@ atom@@ ie@@ vor@@ les@@ ung lernte ich die ursprün@@ ge und aus@@ läu@@ fer jedes mus@@ k@@ els , jeden zwei@@ g einer jeden ar@@ terie , welchen von der a@@ or@@ ta weg@@ führt , ob@@ sk@@ ure und gewöhn@@ liche differ@@ enti@@ al@@ diagno@@ sen . +i kan@@ nte sogar die differ@@ enti@@ al@@ diagno@@ se um ren@@ ale tu@@ bu@@ lä@@ re a@@ zi@@ do@@ se zu klas@@ si@@ fizieren . +und die ganz zeit sam@@ mel@@ te ich mehr und mehr wissen . +und ich war gut , ich sch@@ loss mit c@@ um lau@@ de ab . +und ich ver@@ ließ das medizin@@ studi@@ um mit der eindruck das ich , falls ich alles aus@@ wen@@ dig kan@@ nte und alles wusste , oder zumindest soviel wie möglich , so nahe an voll@@ stän@@ digkeit wie möglich , dass ich im@@ mu@@ n gegen das machen von fehl@@ ern sei . +und es kla@@ pp@@ te für eine zeit lang , bis ich frau dru@@ cker traf . +ich resi@@ di@@ erte an einem lehr@@ krankenhaus hier in tor@@ onto als frau dru@@ cker zu mir in die not@@ fall@@ ab@@ teilung des kranken@@ haus@@ es gebracht wurde . +zu diesem zeitpunkt war ich der kar@@ di@@ ologischen schicht im kar@@ di@@ ologischen dienst zu@@ gewi@@ esen . +und es war mein auf@@ trag , als das not@@ fall@@ personal kar@@ di@@ ologischen rat su@@ chte , den not@@ fall@@ patienten zu untersuchen . +und rück@@ mel@@ dung an meinen ober@@ arzt zu geben . +ich untersu@@ chte frau dru@@ cker und sie war in atem@@ not . +und als ich ihr zu@@ hörte , machte sie ke@@ u@@ ch@@ ende geräusche . +und als ich ihre br@@ ust mit dem ste@@ tho@@ sk@@ op@@ e ab@@ hörte , konnte ich ein kn@@ ac@@ ken@@ des gerä@@ usch auf beiden seiten hören , das sagte mir , dass sie unter kon@@ ge@@ sti@@ ver her@@ zin@@ suff@@ i@@ zi@@ enz li@@ tt . +das ist ein zustand in dem das herz ver@@ sagt , anstatt das gesamte blut weiter zu pump@@ en , setzt sich ein teil des blu@@ tes in der lun@@ ge fest und fü@@ llt diese all@@ mä@@ h@@ lich , daher kam die kurz@@ at@@ mi@@ gkeit . +und das war keine schwer zu stell@@ enden diagno@@ se . +ich stellte sie und machte mich an die behandlung . +ich gab ihr as@@ pir@@ in . ich gab ihr medizin um den druck vom herzen zu nehmen . +ich gab ihr medizin , die wir di@@ u@@ re@@ tics nennen , wasser tab@@ le@@ tten , so dass sie die flüs@@ sigkeit aus@@ schied . +und über einen zei@@ traum von ein@@ einhalb bis zwei stunden , fing sie an sich besser zu fühlen . +ich fühlte mich richtig gut . +und da machte ich meinen ersten fehler ; ich schi@@ ckte sie nach hause . +eigentlich machte ich zwei fehler . +ich schi@@ ckte sie nach hause ohne mit meinem ober@@ arzt zu sprechen . +ich nahm nicht den hör@@ er auf und tat , was ich hätten sollen , was ein an@@ ruf bei meinem ober@@ arzt gewesen wäre um es mit ihm abzu@@ klär@@ en , so dass er eine chance gehabt hätte sich ein eigenes bild zu machen . +und er kan@@ nte sie , er wäre in der lage gewesen zusätz@@ liche informationen zu ihr bei@@ zu@@ steuern . +vielleicht tat ich es mit gu@@ tem grund . +vielleicht wollte ich nicht der hilfs@@ bedürf@@ tige arzt sein . +vielleicht wollte ich so erfolgreich und so fähig sein verantwortung zu übernehmen , dass ich so hand@@ elte und so wäre ich in der lage für meine patienten zu sorgen ohne ihn konta@@ kti@@ eren zu müssen . +mein zwei@@ ter fehler war schlimmer . +dadurch das ich sie nach hause schi@@ ckte , mis@@ sach@@ tete ich ein lei@@ se stimme in mir , die versuchte mir zu sagen , " gold@@ man , keine gute idee . tue das nicht . " +in wirklich fehl@@ te es mir so sehr an selbst@@ sicherheit dass ich die kranken@@ schwester fragte , welche sich um frau dru@@ cker kü@@ m@@ mer@@ te , " glauben sie das es in ordnung ist , wenn sie nach hause geht ? " +und die kranken@@ schwester dachte darüber nach und sagte in fa@@ kti@@ scher art , " klar , ich denke es wird ihr gut gehen . " +ich erinnere mich daran als sei es gestern gewesen . +also unter@@ zeich@@ nete ich die ent@@ las@@ s@@ ung@@ sp@@ ap@@ i@@ ere und ein kranken@@ wagen und rett@@ ungs@@ assi@@ st@@ enten kamen und brachten sie nach hause . +und ich be@@ gab mich zurück an die arbeit . +den rest@@ lichen tag , den abend hatte ich dieses na@@ gende gefühl in meinem ma@@ gen . +aber ich arbeitete weiter . +und am ende des tages pac@@ kte ich meine sachen , ver@@ lies das krankenhaus und ging zum par@@ k@@ platz um mit dem auto nach hause zu fahren , als ich etwas tat , das ich sonst nicht machte . +ich ging durch die not@@ fall@@ ab@@ teilung auf meinem weg nach hause . +und dort sagte eine anderen kranken@@ schwester , nicht der schwester die nach frau dru@@ cker gesehen hatte , sondern einer anderen drei worte zu mir und diese drei worte für@@ chten die meisten not@@ fall@@ ärzte , die ich kenne . +andere medizin@@ er für@@ chten diese ebenso , aber die not@@ fall@@ medizin ist ganz besonders , weil wir die patienten nur so flü@@ chti@@ g sehen . +die drei worte lau@@ ten : erinnern sie sich ? +" erinnern sie sich an den patienten , den sie nach hause sen@@ deten ? " +fragte die kranken@@ schwester sach@@ lich . +" also sie ist zurück , " sagte sie in dieser bestimmten ton@@ lage . +sie war also zurück . +sie war zurück und im sterben . +ungefähr eine stunde nach dem sie zu hause ange@@ kommen war , nachdem ich sie nach hause ges@@ endet hatte , koll@@ ab@@ ierte sie und die familie rief 9@@ 11 an . die rett@@ ungs@@ assi@@ st@@ enten brachten sie zurück auf die not@@ fall@@ station mit einem blut@@ druck von 50 , das ist ein gefähr@@ licher scho@@ ck@@ zustand . +sie at@@ me@@ te kaum und war blau angel@@ aufen . +das not@@ fall@@ personal zog alle str@@ änge . +sie gaben ihr blut@@ druck@@ erhö@@ her . +sie sch@@ lossen sie an die be@@ at@@ m@@ ungs@@ maschine an . +ich war scho@@ ck@@ iert und bis ins innere zer@@ rü@@ t@@ tet . +und ich durch@@ lebte diese ach@@ ter@@ bahn , weil sie nach der stabili@@ sation auf die intensi@@ v@@ station kam und ich hoff@@ te , dass sie sich er@@ holen würde . +und nach zwei , drei tagen wurde klar , dass sie nie wieder er@@ wachen würde . +sie hatte einen nicht behand@@ el@@ baren gehirn@@ schaden er@@ li@@ tten . +ihre familie ver@@ sam@@ mel@@ te sich . +und im verl@@ auf der nächsten acht oder neun tage , er@@ gaben sie sich dem gesch@@ e@@ h@@ enen . +am neu@@ ten tag li@@ esen sie sie gehen -- frau dru@@ cker , eine frau , eine mutter und großmutter . +man sagt , dass man die namen derer die ver@@ sterben nie verg@@ is@@ st . +und das war das erste mal das ich dies selber er@@ fuhr . +die nächsten wochen machte ich mir vor@@ wür@@ fe und ich er@@ fuhr zum ersten mal selber die un@@ ges@@ unde sch@@ am , die in unserer medizin@@ ischen kultur existiert -- ich fühlte mich alleine , iso@@ liert , nicht die art von ges@@ under sch@@ am , die man ver@@ spür@@ t , weil man nicht mit den kollegen darüber sprechen kann . +sie kennen alle die ges@@ unde sch@@ am , wenn man ein geheimnis des besten fre@@ un@@ des preis gibt , obwohl dieser einen auf versch@@ wie@@ genheit ein@@ schw@@ or und man dann er@@ wi@@ scht wird und der beste freund einen damit konfron@@ tiert und mein eine schrecklich diskussion führt , wenn einem am ende jedoch das schlechte gewissen führt und man schw@@ ör@@ t , dass man einen solchen fehler nie wieder macht . +wenn man wieder@@ gu@@ t@@ mach@@ ung lei@@ stet und den fehler niemals wieder macht . +das ist die art von lehr@@ rei@@ cher sch@@ am . +die un@@ ges@@ unde art über die ich spreche , ist die , die einen im inn@@ ersten krank macht . +es ist die@@ jen@@ ige , die einem sagt , das nicht das was man gemacht hat schlecht ist , sondern das man selbst schlecht ist . +und das war es , was ich fühlte . +und es war nicht auf grund meines ober@@ ar@@ z@@ tes , er war sehr lieb . +er sprach mit der familie und ich bin mir sicher , dass er die wo@@ gen gl@@ ä@@ t@@ tete und sicher stellte , dass ich nicht verk@@ la@@ gt würde . +aber ich stellte mir fort@@ an diese fragen . +warum habe ich den ober@@ arzt nicht gefragt ? warum sen@@ dete ich sie nach hause ? +und dann in meinen schlimm@@ sten mom@@ enten : wie konnte ich so einen du@@ mmen fehler machen ? +warum bin ich in die medizin gegangen ? +langsam aber sicher legte es sich . +ich begann mich besser zu fühlen . +und dann an einem be@@ w@@ öl@@ kten tag , war da ein loch in den wol@@ ken und die sonne brach her@@ vor und ich sagte mir vielleicht kann ich mich wieder besser fühlen . +und ich hand@@ elte mit mir aus , dass falls ich meine bemü@@ h@@ ungen zur perfe@@ ktion ver@@ dopp@@ elte und niemals wieder einen fehler beg@@ ing , dass die stimme ver@@ st@@ um@@ men könnte . +und sie tat es . +und ich arbeitete weiter . +und dann passierte es wieder . +zwei jahre später hatte ich dienst in der not@@ fall@@ station in einem komm@@ un@@ alen krankenhaus n@@ ör@@ dlich von tor@@ onto und ich be@@ gu@@ ta@@ chtete einen 25 jahre alten mann mit gerei@@ z@@ tem ra@@ chen . +es war viel los und ich in ei@@ le . +er zeigte immer hier hin . +ich schaute in den ra@@ chen und es war ein klein wenig p@@ ink . +und ich gab ihm eine ver@@ schrei@@ bung für pen@@ ic@@ il@@ lin und schi@@ ckte ihn fort . +und noch als er aus der tür ging , zeigte er auf seinen ra@@ chen . +zwei tage später kam ich zu meinem nächsten not@@ fall@@ dienst und meine che@@ fä@@ r@@ z@@ tin bat mich auf ein gespräch in ihr büro . +und sie sagte die drei worte : erinn@@ erst du dich ? +" erinn@@ erst du dich an den patienten mit dem gerei@@ zten ra@@ chen ? " +es stellte sich heraus dass er eine stre@@ p@@ to@@ ko@@ k@@ ken@@ -@@ infe@@ ktion . +er hatte eine poten@@ ti@@ ell lebens@@ gefähr@@ liche krankheit namens epi@@ gl@@ ot@@ ti@@ tis . +sie können das goo@@ gl@@ en , aber es ist keine infe@@ ktion des ra@@ ch@@ ens sondern der ob@@ eren atem@@ wege und verursacht den ver@@ schluss der atem@@ wege . +und glücklicherweise starb er nicht . +er bekam in@@ tra@@ ven@@ ö@@ se anti@@ bo@@ tic@@ a und er@@ hol@@ te sich ein paar tage später . +und ich ging wieder durch die selbe tor@@ tur von sch@@ an@@ de und selbst@@ zwei@@ fel , fühlte mich be@@ fr@@ eit und ging zü@@ ru@@ ck an die arbeit bis es wieder und wieder und wieder passierte . +in einer not@@ fall@@ schicht habe ich zwei mal eine blin@@ d@@ dar@@ ment@@ z@@ ün@@ dung über@@ sehen . +da gehört schon einiges dazu , besonders wenn man be@@ denkt , dass man in einem krankenhaus arbeitet , das zu dieser zeit nur 14 patienten pro nacht hatte . +in beiden fällen schi@@ ckte ich sie nicht nach hause und es gab wohl auch keine män@@ gel in ihrer behandlung . +bei einem dachte ich er hätte ni@@ er@@ en@@ steine . +ich ord@@ nete das r@@ ön@@ t@@ gen der ni@@ eren an . als das ohne be@@ fund war , stellte mein kol@@ lege bei der wieder@@ vorstellung des patienten eine ver@@ här@@ tung im unter@@ en rechten sektor fest und rief die oper@@ ate@@ ure . +der andere hatte star@@ ken durch@@ fall . +ich ord@@ nete flu@@ i@@ de an um ihn zu re@@ hy@@ dri@@ eren und bat meinen kollegen ihn ebenfalls zu be@@ gu@@ ta@@ chten . +und das tat er und als er eine ver@@ här@@ tung im rechten unter@@ en sektor fest@@ stellte , rief er die oper@@ ate@@ ure . +in beiden fällen wurde oper@@ ierte und es ging ihnen gut . +beide fälle na@@ gten an mir , fra@@ ßen mich auf . +und ich wäre glücklich ihnen sagen zu können , dass meine schlimm@@ sten fehler nur in den ersten fünf jahren passi@@ erten , was vielen meiner kollegen behaup@@ ten , aber tot@@ aler uns@@ inn ist . +man@@ cher meiner kl@@ ö@@ p@@ se passi@@ erten in den letzten fünf jahren . +alleine , besch@@ ä@@ mt und ohne unterstützung . +hier liegt das problem : wenn ich nicht mit meinen fehl@@ ern ab@@ schließen und über sie reden kann , falls ich die lei@@ se stimme , die mir sagt , was wirklich geschah nicht finden kann , wie kann ich es dann mit meinen kollegen teilen ? +wie kann ich ihnen meine fehler lehren , so dass sie nicht diesel@@ ben be@@ gehen ? +falls ich in einen raum g@@ inge -- wie jetzt gerade , dann habe ich keine ahnung was ihr über mich denkt . +wann haben sie das letzte mal von jemandem gehört der von fehl@@ schlag über fehl@@ schlag über fehl@@ schlag sprach ? +oh ja , sie gehen zu einer cock@@ tail party und da mag man über irgend@@ einen anderen do@@ ktor hören , aber man wird nicht jemanden über die eigenen fehler reden hören . +wenn ich in einen raum voll mit kollegen g@@ inge und um ihre so@@ for@@ tige unterstützung bitten würde und an@@ fin@@ ge ihnen zu erzählen , was ich ihnen gerade erzählt habe , würde ich sehr wahrscheinlich nicht das ende der zweiten geschichte erreichen , bevor es ihnen wirklich un@@ angeneh@@ m würde , ir@@ gend jemand würde einen witz ein@@ fle@@ chten , sie würden das thema wechseln und den rest vergessen . +und tatsächlich wenn ich oder meinen kollegen w@@ üs@@ sten , dass ein or@@ th@@ op@@ ä@@ de in meinem krankenhaus jemandem das falsche bein ab@@ genommen hätte , dann glauben sie mir , ich hätte probleme ihm in die augen zu schauen . +das ist das system in dem wir leben . +es ist eine total ver@@ leu@@ g@@ nung von fehl@@ ern . +es ist ein system in dem es zwei grundlegende posi@@ tionen gibt -- diejenigen , welche fehler machen und diejenigen , welche keine machen . diejenigen , die schla@@ f@@ man@@ gel ein@@ schrän@@ kt und die ohne ein@@ schrän@@ kung , die mit schlechten ergeb@@ nissen und die mit guten ergeb@@ nissen . +es ist fast eine ide@@ ologische reaktion so wie anti@@ körper , die einen menschen attac@@ ki@@ eren . +und es gibt die idee , dass wenn wir diejenigen , die fehler machen aus der medizin ver@@ ban@@ nen , dass uns ein sicher@@ es system bleibt . +aber es gibt zwei probleme dabei . +in meinen ungefähr 20 jahren des medizin@@ ischen sen@@ dungs@@ bewusst@@ s@@ eins und journ@@ alismus , habe ich eine persönliche medizinische studie über medizinische fehler und falsche behand@@ lungen erstellt um so alles mir mögliche für einen meiner ersten artikel , den ich für den tor@@ onto star zu meiner show " white co@@ at , black art " , schrieb , zu lernen . +und was ich lernte , ist dass fehler absolut un@@ um@@ gän@@ glich sind . +wir arbeiten in einem system in dem jeden tag fehler passieren , in dem ein von 10 medi@@ ka@@ tionen entweder eine falsche oder falsch do@@ siert ist , in dem kranken@@ haus@@ infe@@ ktionen immer und immer zahl@@ rei@@ cher werden und ver@@ wü@@ stung oder tot verur@@ sachen . +in diesem staat sterben etwa 24@@ .000 kan@@ adi@@ er an um@@ gän@@ glichen fehl@@ ern . +in den vereinigten staaten be@@ zi@@ ff@@ ert das institu@@ t für medizin die zahl bei 10@@ 0.000 . +bei@@ des sind starke unter@@ treib@@ ungen , weil wir das problem nicht so genau betrachten , wie wir es sollten . +und ist ist die cru@@ x . +in einem kranken@@ haus@@ system in dem das medizinische wissen sich alle zwei bis drei jahre ver@@ doppelt , können wir nicht mi@@ th@@ alten . +schla@@ f@@ man@@ gel ist all@@ gegenwär@@ tig . +wir können ihn nicht los@@ werden . +wir besitzen einen kogni@@ tiven fehler , so dass wir einen perfe@@ kten krank@@ heits@@ verl@@ auf für einen patienten mit brust@@ schmerzen nehmen kann . +dann nehme ich den selben patienten mit brust@@ schmerz , mache ihn ver@@ schwi@@ tzt und gesch@@ wä@@ tz@@ ig und gebe noch einen leicht al@@ ko@@ ho@@ li@@ si@@ erten at@@ em dazu und plötzlich ist die geschichte durch@@ setzt mit ver@@ a@@ chtung . +ich nehme nicht den gleichen verl@@ auf . +ich bin kein roboter ; ich mache dinge nicht immer gleich . +und meine patienten sind keine autos ; sie berichten mir ihre symptom@@ e nicht immer in der gleichen art . +all das zusammenge@@ fasst sind fehler un@@ vermei@@ d@@ bar . +wenn man also das system so nimmt , wie ich es gele@@ hrt wurde , und alle fehl@@ er@@ beha@@ f@@ teten gesund@@ heit@@ sex@@ per@@ ten aus@@ sor@@ tiert , dann ist am ende keiner mehr übrig . +und kennen sie die lei@@ er über menschen , die nicht über ihre schlimm@@ sten fälle sprechen wollen ? +in meiner sen@@ dung " white co@@ at , black art@@ . " habe ich die ange@@ wohn@@ heit zu sagen , " dies ist mein schlimm@@ ster fehler " ich würde zu jedem vom rett@@ ungs@@ assi@@ st@@ enten bis zum che@@ far@@ zt der kar@@ di@@ ologen sagen , " dies ist mein schlimm@@ ster fehler " bla@@ h , bla@@ h , bla@@ h , bla@@ h , bla@@ h , " was ist mit ihrem ? " and dann zeige ich mit dem mikro@@ f@@ on zu ihm . +und dann erweitern sich ihre pu@@ p@@ ill@@ en , sie sind vor den kopf ge@@ stoßen , dann schauen sie runter und schlu@@ cken schwer , und fangen an ihre geschichten zu erzählen . +sie wollen ihre geschichten erzählen . sie wollen ihre geschichten teilen . +sie wollen in der lage sein sagen zu können , " schau , mache nicht diesel@@ ben fehler , die ich fabri@@ zierte . " +was sie benötigen ist eine umgebung , welche sie in der lage dazu ver@@ setzt . +was sie brauchen ist eine neue medizinische kultur . +und es beginnt mit einem arzt . +der neu defini@@ erte arzt ist ein mensch , weiß um seine mensch@@ lichkeit , akzep@@ tiert sie , ist nicht stolz darauf fehler zu machen , aber setzt alles daran etwas aus ihnen zu lernen , sodass es weiter@@ gegeben werden kann . +sie teilt ihre erfahrungen mit anderen . +sie unterstützt wenn andere von ihren fehl@@ ern reden . +und sie zeigt anderen deren fehler auf , nicht um blo@@ ß@@ zustellen , sondern in einer lie@@ be@@ vollen , unterstü@@ tz@@ enden art so dass alle davon profi@@ tieren . +und sie arbeitet in einer medizin@@ ischen kultur , die an@@ erkennt , dass menschen das system mit leben füllen und wenn das so ist , dann machen menschen auch fehler von zeit zu zeit . +so dass das system sich dahin entwickelt bac@@ ku@@ ps zu erstellen , welche es einfacher machen fehler auf@@ zus@@ p@@ ür@@ en , die menschen un@@ aus@@ wei@@ ch@@ lich machen und es ebenso ermöglicht lie@@ be@@ volle , unterstü@@ tz@@ enden räume zu schaffen , in denen jeder , der das gesundheitswesen beobachtet , auch tatsächlich dinge an@@ sprechen kann , welche poten@@ ti@@ elle fehler darstellen und dafür sogar belo@@ hnt wird . und das spezi@@ ell für menschen wie mich , die fehler machen und für die be@@ gra@@ digung dieser belo@@ hnt werden sollten . +mein name ist brian gold@@ man . +ich bin der neu defini@@ erte arzt . +ich bin ein mensch . ich mache fehler . +ich be@@ dau@@ re das@@ . bin aber aber ich versuche best möglich daraus zu lernen , um es andere weiter@@ zu@@ geben . +ich weis nicht was sie von mir halten , aber damit kann ich leben . +lassen sie mich mit drei meiner eigenen worte schließen : i erinnere mich . +ich werde über eine winzi@@ ge , kleine idee sprechen . +es geht um veränder@@ bare norm@@ werte . +und weil man diese idee in einer minute erklären kann , werde ich ihnen vorher drei geschichten erzählen , um die zeit zu nutzen . +die erste geschichte handelt von charles darwin , einem meiner helden . +sie wissen wohl , dass er 18@@ 35 hier war . +sie mögen denken , dass er fin@@ ken ja@@ gte , aber das stimmt nicht . +eigentlich sam@@ mel@@ te er fische . +er besch@@ rieb einen davon als sehr " gewöhn@@ lich " . +es war ein z@@ ac@@ ken@@ bar@@ sch . +bis in die 8@@ 0er jahre hinein , wurde er in groß@@ em stil ge@@ fis@@ cht . +jetzt steht er auf der roten liste gefähr@@ de@@ ter arten . +diese geschichte haben wir viele male von den gal@@ á@@ pa@@ go@@ s-@@ inseln oder von anderen orten gehört , sie ist nicht sehr besonders . +dennoch kommen wir immer noch auf die gal@@ á@@ pa@@ go@@ s-@@ inseln . +wir denken immer noch , sie seien ursprün@@ glich . +die bro@@ sch@@ ür@@ en beschreiben sie immer noch als un@@ berührt . +was ist hier passiert ? +die zweite geschichte soll ein anderes konzept , die veränder@@ bare ta@@ ill@@ en@@ weite , ver@@ deut@@ lichen . +denn ich habe es erlebt , als ich 197@@ 1 eine la@@ g@@ une in west@@ -@@ afrika studi@@ erte . +ich ging dorthin , denn ich wuchs in europa auf und wollte später in afrika arbeiten . +ich dachte , ich kön@@ ne mich integri@@ eren . +und ich bekam einen schli@@ mmen sonnen@@ brand und war überzeugt , dass ich wirklich nicht von dort stamm@@ te . +es war mein erster sonnen@@ brand . +wie sie sehen , war die la@@ g@@ une von pal@@ men und von ein paar man@@ gro@@ ven um@@ sä@@ um@@ t . +es gab bun@@ t@@ bar@@ sche von ca. 20 z@@ enti@@ me@@ tern , schwarz@@ k@@ inn@@ mau@@ l@@ brü@@ ter , eine unter@@ art der bun@@ t@@ bar@@ sche . +die fisch@@ gründe dieser bun@@ t@@ bar@@ sche waren sehr er@@ tra@@ grei@@ ch und die fis@@ cher lebten gut davon und verdi@@ enten in ghana über@@ durchschnitt@@ lich gut . +als ich 27 jahre später dorthin zurück@@ kehr@@ te , war der fisch auf die hälfte seiner größe gesch@@ ru@@ mp@@ ft . +ausge@@ wachsen maßen sie fünf z@@ enti@@ meter . +sie waren gene@@ tisch er@@ drückt worden . +es waren immer noch fische . +die leute waren immer noch glücklich . +und der fisch hatte auch das glück , noch da zu sein . +es hat sich also nichts verändert , und doch hat sich alles verändert . +meine dritte kleine geschichte erzählt von meiner mit@@ tä@@ ter@@ schaft bei der ein@@ führung der schle@@ pp@@ netz@@ fis@@ cher@@ ei in sü@@ do@@ st@@ asien . +in den 7@@ 0ern – eher zu beginn der 6@@ 0er – förder@@ te europa viele entwickl@@ ungspro@@ je@@ kte . +fisch@@ förder@@ ung bedeu@@ tete ländern , die schon 100 000 fische fingen , den industri@@ ellen fisch@@ fang dieses ziemlich hä@@ ss@@ liche schiff heißt mu@@ ti@@ ar@@ a 4 . +ich fuhr darauf mit und wir machten er@@ he@@ b@@ ungen im ganzen sü@@ dlichen süd@@ chines@@ ischen meer und besonders in der ja@@ vas@@ e@@ e . +wir hatten keine worte für das , was wir dort fingen . +ich weiß jetzt , dass es der grund des meer@@ es war . +90 prozent unseres fan@@ gs waren schwä@@ mme , andere tiere , die mit dem grund verbunden sind . +der größte teil der fische , die kleinen punkte dort auf den tr@@ ü@@ mm@@ ern , den tr@@ ü@@ m@@ mer@@ haufen , waren kor@@ allen@@ ri@@ ff@@ -@@ fische . +im wesentlichen kam der grund des meer@@ es auf de@@ ck und wurde dann zurück@@ ge@@ worfen . +diese bilder sind außergewöhn@@ lich , denn der über@@ gang geht sehr schnell . +innerhalb eines jahres führt man eine er@@ he@@ bung durch und beginnt dann mit dem ge@@ wer@@ b@@ lichen fisch@@ fang . +der grund wird verändert . aus – in diesem fall – einem har@@ ten grund oder wei@@ chen kor@@ allen wird mat@@ sch@@ iger m@@ ist . +das ist eine to@@ te schil@@ d@@ kr@@ ö@@ te . +sie wurden nicht ge@@ gessen , man war@@ f sie weg , weil sie tot waren . +einmal fingen wir eine leb@@ end . +sie war noch nicht er@@ tr@@ un@@ ken . +dann wollten sie sie töten , denn man konnte sie gut essen . +tatsächlich wird dieser berg von tr@@ ü@@ mm@@ ern jedes mal von fis@@ chern an@@ gesam@@ melt , wenn sie in bereiche fahren , in denen noch nie ge@@ fis@@ cht wurde . +es wird aber nicht doku@@ men@@ tiert . +wir verändern die welt , aber wir erinnern uns nicht daran . +wir passen unsere norm@@ werte dem neuen level an und rufen uns nicht in erinn@@ erung , was dort war . +wenn man es ver@@ all@@ gemein@@ ert , passiert folgendes . +auf der y-@@ achse sind ein paar gute dinge : bio@@ diver@@ si@@ tät , anzahl der or@@ ca , das grün ihres landes , den wasser@@ vor@@ rat . +mit der zeit verändert es sich . es verändert sich , denn für die menschen sind ihre taten ganz natürlich . +jede generation betrachtet die bilder , die sie zu beginn ihres bewus@@ sten lebens auf@@ nehmen , als standard und wird alles davon ab@@ leiten . +der unterschied wird dann als verlust wahr@@ genommen . +aber sie nehmen die vor@@ ange@@ gan@@ genen ver@@ lu@@ ste nicht wahr . +es kann ein rei@@ hen@@ folge von veränderungen geben . +und am ende wollen sie nur die er@@ b@@ ärm@@ lichen über@@ re@@ ste erhalten . +genau das ist jetzt wei@@ te@@ st@@ geh@@ end unser ziel . +wir möchten dinge erhalten , die versch@@ wunden sind oder dinge , die nicht mehr so sind , wie sie waren . +man könnte jetzt denken , dass das problem menschen betra@@ f , die sicherlich , als sie in r@@ äu@@ ber@@ ischen gesellschaften lebten , tiere tö@@ teten und denen erst nach ein paar generationen bewusst wurde , was sie getan hatten . +denn offensichtlich wird ein tier , das es sehr häufig gab , erst einmal selten , bevor es aus@@ stir@@ bt . +man ver@@ liert also keine häufig vor@@ kommen@@ den tiere . +man ver@@ liert immer sel@@ ten@@ e tiere . +und deshalb wird es nicht als großer verlust wahr@@ genommen . +mit der zeit konzentrieren wir uns auf die großen tiere und im meer sind das die großen fische . +sie werden sel@@ ten@@ er , weil wir sie fangen . +mit der zeit bleibt wenig fisch übrig und wir denken , das ist der norm@@ wert . +die frage ist , warum die menschen das akzeptieren . +nun , weil sie nicht wissen , dass es einmal anders war . +natürlich werden viele leute , wissenschaftler , bestä@@ tigen , dass es wirklich anders war . +sie werden es bestä@@ tigen , denn die beweise , wie sie in einer früh@@ eren form vor@@ lagen , sind nicht so , wie sie die beweise gerne dar@@ legen würden . +es gibt zum beispiel die an@@ ek@@ do@@ te , dass der beri@@ cht eines kapit@@ än@@ s so@@ und@@ so , der in dieser gegend große fisch@@ vor@@ kommen beobach@@ tete , nicht genutzt werden kann , oder von fis@@ cher@@ ei@@ wissenschaft@@ lern normalerweise nicht ge@@ wer@@ tet wird , weil er nicht " wissenschaft@@ lich " ist . +wir haben also die situation , dass die menschen die vergangenheit nicht kennen , obwohl wir in ge@@ bil@@ deten gesellschaften leben , weil sie den quellen der vergangenheit nicht tr@@ auen . +das zeigt die enor@@ m große rolle , die ein meeres@@ schutz@@ gebiet spielen kann . +denn durch meeres@@ schutz@@ gebiete stellen wir im grunde die vergangenheit wieder her . +wir stellen die vergangenheit wieder her , die die menschen nicht be@@ greifen können , weil sich die norm@@ werte verändert haben und sehr niedri@@ g sind . +damit können die menschen , die ein meeres@@ schutz@@ gebiet sehen und die von dem ein@@ blick profi@@ tieren , den es ermöglicht , ihre norm@@ werte zurück@@ setzen . +was ist mit den menschen , denen das nicht möglich ist , weil sie keinen zugang haben – den menschen im mittleren westen zum beispiel ? +hier können , denke ich , die kunst und der film vielleicht die lü@@ cke füllen , sowie simu@@ la@@ tionen . +dies ist die simulation der ch@@ es@@ a@@ pe@@ a@@ ke bay . +vor langer zeit gab es dort grau@@ w@@ ale – vor 500 jahren . +und die f@@ arb@@ tö@@ ne und -@@ sch@@ at@@ ti@@ erungen erinnern sie vielleicht an " a@@ vat@@ ar " . +wenn sie an " a@@ vat@@ ar " denken , wenn sie daran denken , warum die menschen davon so berührt wurden – ab@@ gesehen von der po@@ ca@@ hon@@ tas@@ -@@ geschichte , warum waren sie so berührt von der bil@@ der@@ welt ? +weil es etwas wach@@ ru@@ ft , das in gewis@@ ser weise verloren gegangen ist . +meine emp@@ fehl@@ ung also , die einzige , die ich geben werde , richtet sich an c@@ amer@@ on , damit er " a@@ vat@@ ar ii " unter wasser dreht . +vielen dank . +in den 8@@ 0er jahren , im kommuni@@ stischen ost@@ deutsch@@ land , musste man , wenn man eine schreib@@ maschine bes@@ a@@ ß , diese bei der regierung regi@@ stri@@ eren . +sie mussten auch ein blatt mit beispiel@@ text aus dieser schreib@@ maschine regi@@ stri@@ eren . +der grund dafür : die regierung konnte zurück@@ verfolgen , wo ein text her@@ kam . +fanden sie einen artikel mit fal@@ sch@@ em ge@@ dan@@ ken@@ gut , konnten sie den ur@@ he@@ ber dieser gedanken auf@@ spüren . +und wir im westen konnten nicht verstehen , wie irgend@@ jemand so etwas tun könnte , und wie sehr das die re@@ de@@ freiheit ein@@ schrän@@ ken würde . +in unseren eigenen ländern würden wir so etwas nie tun . +aber wenn sie heute im jahr 2011 einen neuen f@@ arb@@ las@@ er@@ dru@@ cker von den führ@@ enden las@@ er@@ druck@@ er@@ fabri@@ kan@@ ten kaufen und eine seite aus@@ dru@@ cken , dann hat diese seite hel@@ le gel@@ be fle@@ cke auf jeder seite aufge@@ dru@@ ckt , in einem muster , das die seite eindeu@@ tig auf sie und ihren dru@@ cker rück@@ verfolgen lässt . +das passiert uns heute . +und darüber scheint sich niemand aufzu@@ regen . +und das war ein beispiel , auf welche weise unsere eigenen regierungen die technologie gegen uns , die bürger , einsetzen . +und das ist eine der drei haupt@@ quellen von den heute existi@@ erenden online-@@ problemen . +schauen wir uns einmal an , was wirklich auf der welt passiert : wir können die ang@@ ri@@ ffe in kat@@ eg@@ orien auf@@ teilen . +wir haben drei haupt@@ gruppen . +es gibt online-@@ krimin@@ elle . +zum beispiel hier , das ist herr di@@ mit@@ ry gol@@ u@@ bo@@ w aus k@@ ie@@ w in der u@@ kra@@ ine . +und die mo@@ tive von online-@@ krimin@@ ellen sind sehr leicht zu verstehen . +diese leute verdienen geld . +sie verwenden online-@@ ang@@ ri@@ ffe , um viel geld zu verdienen , einen riesigen haufen geld . +es gibt mehrere bekannte fälle von online-@@ milli@@ on@@ ären , multi@@ milli@@ on@@ ären , die ihr geld durch ang@@ ri@@ ffe verdi@@ ent haben . +das hier ist w@@ la@@ di@@ mir t@@ sa@@ st@@ sin aus tar@@ tu in est@@ land . +das ist al@@ fre@@ d gon@@ z@@ ale@@ z . +ste@@ phen watt . +b@@ j@@ ör@@ n s@@ und@@ in . +das sind mat@@ the@@ w ander@@ son , t@@ ari@@ q al-@@ da@@ our und so weiter und so fort . +diese leute sind online zu rei@@ cht@@ um gekommen , aber sie haben es illegal er@@ wor@@ ben , indem sie z.b. tro@@ jan@@ er eingesetzt haben , um geld aus unseren bank@@ kon@@ ten zu kl@@ auen , während wir unser online-@@ ban@@ king erle@@ digen , oder auch key@@ log@@ ger , die unsere kre@@ di@@ kar@@ ten@@ informationen bei der ein@@ gabe über die ta@@ stat@@ ur gesam@@ melt haben , während wir über einen in@@ fi@@ zierten computer online ein@@ kaufen . +der us-@@ amerikanische geheim@@ dienst fro@@ r vor zwei monaten das schwei@@ zer kon@@ to von herr@@ n sam ja@@ in hier ein , und auf diesem kon@@ to waren 14@@ ,@@ 9 millionen us-@@ dollar , als es einge@@ fr@@ oren wurde . +herr ja@@ in selbst ist auf frei@@ em fuß , der auf@@ enth@@ al@@ ts@@ ort ist un@@ bekannt . +und ich behaup@@ te , dass es heute wahrschein@@ licher ist , dass wir opfer eines online-@@ ver@@ brech@@ ens werden , als eines ver@@ brech@@ ens in der re@@ alen welt . +und es ist sehr offensichtlich , dass dies nur noch schlimmer werden wird . +in der zukunft werden sich die meisten verbrechen online ab@@ spielen . +die zwei@@ t@@ größte an@@ grei@@ fer@@ gruppe , die wir heute beobachten können , sind nicht durch geld motivi@@ ert . +sie sind durch etwas anderes motivi@@ ert - prote@@ ste etwa , eine meinung , oder durch ihr publikum . +gruppen wie anony@@ mous sind über die letzten 12 monate auf@@ gest@@ ie@@ gen und sind zu einem der haupt@@ spieler auf dem feld der online-@@ ang@@ ri@@ ffe geworden . +das sind also die drei haup@@ tan@@ gri@@ ff@@ s@@ gruppen : krimin@@ elle , die es des gel@@ des wegen tun , ha@@ ck@@ tivi@@ sten wie anony@@ mous , die damit wider@@ stand leisten , aber die letzte gruppe sind nationen , regierungen , die die ang@@ ri@@ ffe leiten . +da liegen uns fälle vor , wie der von dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar . +es zeigt beispiel@@ haft , was passiert , wenn regierungen ihre eigenen bürger an@@ greifen . +dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar ist ein voll@@ ma@@ chts@@ zer@@ ti@@ fi@@ k@@ at aus den nieder@@ landen – b@@ zw@@ . war es das . +im letzten her@@ b@@ st musste es in@@ sol@@ ven@@ z an@@ mel@@ den , denn dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar war ge@@ ha@@ ckt worden . +jemand war ein@@ gebro@@ chen und hatte das system grün@@ dlich ge@@ ha@@ ckt . +und letzte woche in einem treffen mit nieder@@ län@@ dischen regi@@ erungs@@ ver@@ tre@@ tern stellte ich einem der lei@@ ten@@ den dieser gruppe die frage , ob er es für möglich hi@@ elte , dass aufgrund des dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar-@@ ha@@ cks leute gestorben waren . +und seine antwort war " ja " . +nun , wie sterben leute in folge eines solchen ha@@ cks ? +dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar ist eine zer@@ ti@@ fi@@ zier@@ ungs@@ stelle . +sie verkaufen zer@@ ti@@ fi@@ k@@ ate . +was macht man mit zer@@ ti@@ fi@@ k@@ aten ? +nun , ein zer@@ ti@@ fi@@ k@@ at benötigt man , wenn man eine webseite mit h@@ tt@@ ps , mit ss@@ l-@@ ver@@ schlüssel@@ ten dien@@ sten hat , zum beispiel g@@ mail . +nun verwenden wir alle , oder viele von uns , g@@ mail oder einen ihrer konkur@@ r@@ enten . doch diese dien@@ ste sind besonders verbreitet in tot@@ al@@ it@@ ären staaten wie dem iran , wo dis@@ si@@ denten aus@@ län@@ dische an@@ bie@@ ter wie g@@ mail verwenden , da sie wissen , dass sie denen mehr vertrauen können als lokalen an@@ bie@@ tern und dass sie über ss@@ l-@@ verbindungen ver@@ schlüssel@@ t sind , so dass die lok@@ ale regierung nicht in ihren gesprä@@ chen herum@@ schn@@ ü@@ ff@@ eln kann . +können sie aber doch , wenn sie sich in eine aus@@ län@@ dische +zer@@ ti@@ fi@@ zier@@ ungs@@ behör@@ de ha@@ cken und gefä@@ l@@ schte zer@@ ti@@ fi@@ k@@ ate aus@@ stellen . +und genau das ist im f@@ alle von dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar passiert . +wie ver@@ hält es sich mit dem arab@@ ischen frü@@ hl@@ ing und den dingen , die zum beispiel in ägyp@@ ten passiert sind ? +nun , in ägyp@@ ten pl@@ ün@@ der@@ ten die auf@@ stän@@ dischen im apri@@ l 2011 das haupt@@ qu@@ arti@@ er der ägyp@@ tischen geheim@@ polizei . und dabei fanden sie eine menge ak@@ ten . +in diesen ak@@ ten be@@ fand sich ein ord@@ ner namens " fin@@ fis@@ her " . +und in diesem ord@@ ner be@@ fanden sich no@@ ti@@ zen einer in deutsch@@ land ans@@ ä@@ ssi@@ gen firma , die der ägyp@@ tischen regierung ein paar programme verkauft hatten , mit denen sie – in sehr groß@@ em rahmen – je@@ gliche kommunikation der ägyp@@ tischen bürger ab@@ fangen konnten . +sie hatten dieses programm für 2@@ 8@@ 0.000 eur@@ o an die ägyp@@ tische regierung verkauft . +das fir@@ men@@ haupt@@ qu@@ arti@@ er ist genau hier . +also ver@@ sorgen west@@ liche regierungen tot@@ al@@ itä@@ re regierungen mit hilfs@@ mitteln , damit die gegen ihre eigenen bürger vor@@ gehen können . +aber west@@ liche regierungen helfen sich auch selbst . +zum beispiel in deutsch@@ land nur vor ein paar wochen der sogenan@@ nte staat@@ stro@@ jan@@ er gefunden . das war ein tro@@ jan@@ er , der von deut@@ schen regi@@ erungs@@ ver@@ tre@@ tern verwendet wurde , um ihre eigenen bürger zu bes@@ pit@@ z@@ eln . +wenn sie in einem krimin@@ al@@ fall ver@@ däch@@ tigt werden , dann wird mit zie@@ m@@ licher sicherheit ihr telefon ange@@ z@@ ap@@ ft . +aber heute sind wir weit jen@@ seits dessen . +sie z@@ ap@@ fen ihre internet@@ verbindung an . +sie verwenden mittel wie den staat@@ stro@@ jan@@ er , um ihren computer mit einem tro@@ jan@@ er zu bes@@ pi@@ el@@ en , der es ihnen erlaubt , ihre gesamte kommunikation zu über@@ wachen , ihre online-@@ diskus@@ sionen abzu@@ hören , ihre pas@@ s@@ wörter zu sammeln . +wenn wir also weiter über solche dinge nachdenken , dann wäre die offen@@ sicht@@ liche antwort der leute : " ok , das klingt schlecht , aber es betrifft mich ja nicht , weil ich ein bra@@ ver bürger bin . +ich muss mir keine sorgen machen ! +ich habe nichts zu verste@@ cken . " +und diese argu@@ ment@@ ation er@@ gibt keinen sinn . +privat@@ sphäre muss gegeben sein . +privat@@ sphäre steht nicht zur debat@@ te . +es ist keine entscheidung zwischen privat@@ sphäre und sicherheit . +es ist eine entscheidung zwischen freiheit und kontrolle . +und während wir heute , im jahr 2011 , unseren regierungen vertrauen mögen , ist doch jedes recht , das wir ab@@ geben , für immer ab@@ gegeben . +und vertrauen wir , vertrauen wir blind einer jeden zukünf@@ tigen regierung , einer regierung , die wir vielleicht in fünf@@ zig jahren haben werden ? +das sind die fragen , mit denen wir uns die nächsten 50 jahre beschäftigen müssen . +es mag ihnen seltsam erscheinen , aber ich bin ein großer fan von bet@@ on@@ block@@ st@@ einen . +die ersten bet@@ on@@ block@@ steine wurden 18@@ 6@@ 8 hergestellt und ent@@ stamm@@ ten einer einfachen idee : mo@@ du@@ le aus z@@ ement mit fest@@ gele@@ gten maßen , die zusammen@@ passen . +bet@@ on@@ bau@@ steine wurden sehr schnell die mei@@ st@@ genu@@ tz@@ te bau@@ einheit in der welt . +sie ver@@ setzten uns in die lage , dinge zu bauen , die größer waren als wir , gebäude , br@@ ücken , ein stein nach dem anderen . +im wesentlichen war der bet@@ on@@ bau@@ stein zum bau@@ stein unserer zeit geworden . +fast hundert jahre später , in 194@@ 7 , kam le@@ go hier@@ mit heraus . +es wurde der " auto@@ matisch verbin@@ den@@ de stein " genannt . +und innerhalb weniger jahre , zog le@@ go in jeden haus@@ halt ein . +es wird geschä@@ tzt , dass über 400 milliarden steine produziert wurden - oder 75 steine für jede person auf diesem planeten . +sie müssen kein ingenie@@ ur sein , um schöne häuser , schöne br@@ ücken oder schöne gebäude zu erschaffen . +le@@ go machte es für alle möglich . +le@@ go hat im wesentlichen den bet@@ on@@ bau@@ stein , den bau@@ stein der welt , genommen und daraus einen bau@@ stein für unsere vorstell@@ ungskraft gemacht . +in der zwischen@@ zeit wurde im gleichen jahr bei den bell lab@@ s die nächste revolution ange@@ kün@@ digt , der nächste bau@@ stein . +der transi@@ st@@ or war eine kleine plasti@@ k@@ einheit , die uns von einer welt der sta@@ tischen , auf@@ einander@@ ge@@ sta@@ p@@ elten bau@@ steine zu einer welt in der alles interak@@ tiv war bringen würde . +wie der bet@@ on@@ block , erlaubt uns der transi@@ st@@ or viel größere , komplex@@ ere krei@@ s@@ läu@@ fe zu bauen , ein stein nach dem anderen . +aber es gibt einen haupt@@ unterschied : der transi@@ st@@ or war nur für experten . +ich persönlich akzep@@ tiere das nicht , dass der bau@@ stein unserer zeit für experten reser@@ viert ist und daher entschied ich mich , das zu ändern . +vor acht jahren war ich am media lab und ich begann diese idee zu erforschen , wie man die macht der ingenie@@ ure in die hand von künst@@ lern und desig@@ nern legen könnte . +vor einigen jahren fing ich an li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its zu entwickeln . +lassen sie mich ihnen zeigen , wie sie funktionieren . +li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its sind elektron@@ ische mo@@ du@@ le , die eine spezi@@ fische funktion haben . +sie sind vorge@@ fer@@ tigt , licht , ton , motor und sen@@ sor zu sein . +und das beste daran ist , dass sie sich mit magne@@ ten zusammen verbinden . +so können sie sie nicht falsch herum zusammen@@ setzen . +die steine sind f@@ arb@@ co@@ diert . +grün ist aus@@ gabe , blau ist strom , p@@ ink ist ein@@ gabe und orange ist kab@@ el . +alles , was sie also tun müssen , ist einen blauen und einen grünen miteinander verbinden und sie können ganz schnell größere krei@@ s@@ laufe bauen . +sie fügen einen blauen an einen grünen , und sie können licht machen . +sie können einen sch@@ alter da@@ zwischen ein@@ fügen und so haben sie einen kleinen di@@ mmer erstellt . +nehmen sie den sch@@ alter raus um ein pul@@ smo@@ du@@ l , das hier ist , einzu@@ fügen , und sie haben einen kleinen blin@@ ker gemacht . +fügen sie diesen bu@@ zz@@ er für einen zusätz@@ lichen effekt hin@@ zu und sie haben eine l@@ ärm@@ maschine hergestellt . +ich werde das stopp@@ en . +über das einfache spielen hinaus , ist li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its tatsächlich ziemlich leistungs@@ stark . +anstatt , dass man program@@ mieren , ver@@ dra@@ h@@ ten oder lö@@ ten muss , erlaubt li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its ihnen mit einfachen , intui@@ tiven ge@@ sten zu program@@ mieren . +um also das blin@@ ken zu beschle@@ uni@@ gen oder zu ver@@ lang@@ samen , drehen sie einfach an diesem kno@@ pf und er macht den impul@@ s schneller oder lang@@ samer . +die idee hinter li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its ist , dass es eine wachsen@@ de bibliothe@@ k ist . +wir wollen jede einzelne interak@@ tion auf dieser welt in einen ge@@ brau@@ chs@@ fer@@ tigen stein bringen . +lich@@ ter , tö@@ ne , solar@@ elemente , mot@@ oren -- alles sollte verfügbar sein . +wir haben li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its an kinder verteilt und sie damit spielen sehen . +und es war eine unglaubliche erfahrung . +das schön@@ ste ist , wie sie anfangen die elektr@@ oni@@ k , die sie im all@@ tag um@@ gibt zu verstehen und die sie nicht in der schule lernen . +wie zum beispiel ein na@@ cht@@ licht funktioniert , oder warum die tür@@ en des aufzu@@ gs offen@@ bleiben , oder wie ein ipo@@ d auf berühr@@ ung re@@ agi@@ ert . +wir haben li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its auch zu desig@@ n@@ schulen gebracht . +wir hatten also zum beispiel designer mit k@@ ein@@ erle@@ i erfahrung in elektron@@ ischen dingen , die an@@ fingen , mit li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its als material zu spielen . +hier sehen wir , mit fil@@ z , papier und wasser@@ fla@@ schen , wie geor@@ die ... +vor einigen wochen haben wir li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its zu ris@@ d gebracht und gaben sie einigen desig@@ nern , die k@@ ein@@ erle@@ i techn@@ ische erfahrung hatten - nur kar@@ ton , holz und papier - und sagten ihnen : " macht was . " +hier ist ein beispiel eines proje@@ ktes , das sie machten , eine beweg@@ ungs@@ ge@@ steu@@ erte kon@@ fe@@ t@@ ti@@ -@@ kan@@ one . +aber warten sie , dies hier ist wirklich meine liebl@@ ing@@ s-@@ projekt . +es ist ein hum@@ mer aus k@@ nete , der angst in der dunkel@@ heit hat . +für diese nicht-@@ ingenie@@ ure , wurde li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its ein weiteres material , elektr@@ oni@@ k wurde einfach ein weiteres material . +und wir wollen dieses material für alle verfügbar machen . +also ist li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its open source . +sie können auf die webseite gehen , alle desig@@ n@@ vor@@ lagen r@@ unter@@ laden und sie selbst herstellen . +wir wollen die welt der er@@ schaff@@ er , der erfin@@ der , der mit@@ wirk@@ enden ermu@@ tigen , denn diese welt , in der wir leben , diese interak@@ tive welt , gehört uns . +also , ziehen sie los und fangen sie an zu erfinden . +vielen dank . diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/test.en b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/test.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5577f36086d6fa75da29975d6e96df3221bab3c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/test.en @@ -0,0 +1,6750 @@ +you know , one of the inten@@ se pleas@@ ures of travel and one of the deli@@ ghts of eth@@ no@@ graphic research is the opportunity to live am@@ on@@ gst those who have not for@@ gotten the old ways , who still feel their past in the wind , touch it in st@@ ones poli@@ shed by rain , taste it in the bit@@ ter leaves of plants . +just to know that ja@@ gu@@ ar sh@@ am@@ ans still journey beyond the mil@@ ky way , or the my@@ ths of the in@@ u@@ it el@@ ders still res@@ on@@ ate with meaning , or that in the hi@@ mal@@ a@@ ya , the budd@@ hi@@ sts still pur@@ sue the breath of the d@@ har@@ ma , is to really remember the central re@@ vel@@ ation of anthropo@@ log@@ y , and that is the idea that the world in which we live does not exist in some absolute sense , but is just one model of reality , the con@@ sequence of one particular set of adap@@ tive choices that our lin@@ e@@ age made , al@@ b@@ eit success@@ fully , many generations ago . +and of course , we all share the same adap@@ tive im@@ per@@ a@@ tives . +we 're all born . we all bring our children into the world . +we go through initi@@ ation ri@@ tes . +we have to deal with the in@@ ex@@ or@@ able separ@@ ation of death , so it shouldn 't surprise us that we all sing , we all dance , we all have art . +but what 's interesting is the unique ca@@ dence of the song , the rhyth@@ m of the dance in every culture . +and whether it is the pen@@ an in the fore@@ sts of bor@@ ne@@ o , or the vo@@ o@@ do@@ o ac@@ oly@@ tes in haiti , or the war@@ ri@@ ors in the ka@@ is@@ ut desert of northern kenya , the cur@@ ander@@ o in the mountains of the and@@ es , or a car@@ a@@ van@@ ser@@ ai in the middle of the sahar@@ a -- this is inci@@ dent@@ ally the fellow that i travel@@ ed into the desert with a month ago -- or indeed a y@@ ak her@@ der in the slo@@ pes of q@@ om@@ ol@@ ang@@ ma , ever@@ est , the go@@ dd@@ ess mother of the world . +all of these peop@@ les teach us that there are other ways of being , other ways of thinking , other ways of ori@@ enting yourself in the earth . +and this is an idea , if you think about it , can only fill you with hope . +now , together the my@@ ri@@ ad cultures of the world make up a web of spi@@ ritual life and cultural life that en@@ vel@@ ops the planet , and is as important to the well-@@ being of the planet as indeed is the biological web of life that you know as a bio@@ sphere . +and you might think of this cultural web of life as being an eth@@ no@@ sphere , and you might define the eth@@ no@@ sphere as being the sum total of all thoughts and dreams , my@@ ths , ideas , inspi@@ ra@@ tions , intui@@ tions brought into being by the human imagination since the da@@ wn of consciousness . +the eth@@ no@@ sphere is humanity 's great leg@@ acy . +it 's the symbol of all that we are and all that we can be as an ast@@ on@@ ish@@ ingly in@@ qu@@ isi@@ tive species . +and just as the bio@@ sphere has been sever@@ ely ero@@ ded , so too is the eth@@ no@@ sphere -- and , if anything , at a far greater rate . +no bi@@ ologists , for example , would d@@ are suggest that 50 percent of all species or more have been or are on the br@@ ink of extin@@ ction because it simply is not true , and yet that -- the most apo@@ cal@@ yp@@ tic scen@@ ari@@ o in the real@@ m of biological diversity -- sc@@ arc@@ ely approach@@ es what we know to be the most optimi@@ stic scen@@ ari@@ o in the real@@ m of cultural diversity . +and the great indi@@ c@@ ator of that , of course , is language loss . +when each of you in this room were born , there were 6@@ ,000 languages spo@@ ken on the planet . +now , a language is not just a body of vo@@ cab@@ ul@@ ary or a set of gra@@ m@@ ma@@ tical rules . +a language is a flas@@ h of the human spirit . +it 's a vehicle through which the sou@@ l of each particular culture comes into the material world . +every language is an ol@@ d-@@ growth forest of the mind , a water@@ shed , a thought , an ecosystem of spi@@ ritual possibilities . +and of those 6@@ ,000 languages , as we sit here today in mon@@ ter@@ ey , fully half are no longer being wh@@ is@@ per@@ ed into the e@@ ars of children . +they 're no longer being taught to babies , which means , effectively , unless something changes , they 're already dead . +what could be more lon@@ ely than to be en@@ vel@@ op@@ ed in sil@@ ence , to be the last of your people to speak your language , to have no way to pass on the wisdom of the ancestors or anti@@ ci@@ pa@@ te the promise of the children ? +and yet , that dre@@ ad@@ ful fa@@ te is indeed the p@@ light of somebody somewhere on earth roughly every two weeks , because every two weeks , some el@@ der dies and car@@ ries with him into the gra@@ ve the last sy@@ ll@@ ables of an ancient ton@@ gue . +and i know there 's some of you who say , " well , wouldn 't it be better , wouldn 't the world be a better place if we all just spoke one language ? " and i say , " great , let 's make that language yor@@ u@@ ba . let 's make it c@@ ant@@ on@@ ese . +let 's make it kog@@ i . " +and you 'll suddenly discover what it would be like to be un@@ able to speak your own language . +and so , what i 'd like to do with you today is sort of take you on a journey through the eth@@ no@@ sphere , a brief journey through the eth@@ no@@ sphere , to try to begin to give you a sense of what in fact is being lost . +now , there are many of us who sort of forget that when i say " different ways of being , " i really do mean different ways of being . +take , for example , this child of a bar@@ as@@ ana in the nor@@ th@@ west ama@@ zon , the people of the an@@ ac@@ on@@ da who believe that my@@ th@@ ologi@@ cally they came up the milk river from the east in the bel@@ ly of sac@@ red sna@@ kes . +now , this is a people who cogni@@ tively do not dist@@ ingu@@ ish the color blue from the color green because the can@@ op@@ y of the hea@@ v@@ ens is equ@@ ated to the can@@ op@@ y of the forest upon which the people dep@@ end . +they have a curious language and marriage rule which is called " l@@ ingu@@ i@@ stic ex@@ og@@ am@@ y : " you must mar@@ ry someone who spea@@ ks a different language . +and this is all ro@@ ot@@ ed in the my@@ th@@ ological past , yet the curious thing is in these long houses , where there are six or seven languages spo@@ ken because of inter@@ marriage , you never hear anyone practic@@ ing a language . +they simply listen and then begin to speak . +or , one of the most fascinating tri@@ bes i ever lived with , the wa@@ or@@ an@@ i of nor@@ the@@ astern ecu@@ ad@@ or , an ast@@ on@@ ishing people first cont@@ ac@@ ted pe@@ ac@@ efully in 195@@ 8 . +in 195@@ 7 , five mis@@ sion@@ aries attemp@@ ted contact and made a critical mistake . +they dro@@ pped from the air 8 x 10 glo@@ ss@@ y photographs of themselves in what we would say to be friend@@ ly gest@@ ures , for@@ getting that these people of the rain@@ forest had never seen anything two-@@ dimensional in their lives . +they picked up these photographs from the forest floor , tried to look behind the face to find the form or the figure , found nothing , and conclu@@ ded that these were calling cards from the de@@ vil , so they spe@@ ared the five mis@@ sion@@ aries to death . +but the wa@@ or@@ an@@ i didn 't just spe@@ ar out@@ si@@ ders . +they spe@@ ared each other . +5@@ 4 percent of their mortality was due to them spe@@ aring each other . +we tra@@ ced gene@@ alo@@ gi@@ es back eight generations , and we found two in@@ stances of natural death and when we pres@@ su@@ red the people a little bit about it , they ad@@ mit@@ ted that one of the fel@@ lo@@ ws had gotten so old that he died getting old , so we spe@@ ared him anyway . +but at the same time they had a per@@ sp@@ ic@@ aci@@ ous knowledge of the forest that was ast@@ on@@ ishing . +their h@@ unter@@ s could smell animal ur@@ ine at 40 pac@@ es and tell you what species left it behind . +in the early ' 8@@ 0s , i had a really ast@@ on@@ ishing as@@ sign@@ ment when i was asked by my professor at harvard if i was interested in going down to haiti , in@@ fil@@ tr@@ ating the secret societies which were the foundation of du@@ v@@ ali@@ er 's strength and ton@@ ton ma@@ cou@@ tes , and se@@ cur@@ ing the po@@ ison used to make z@@ om@@ bi@@ es . +in order to make sense out of sen@@ sation , of course , i had to understand something about this remarkable faith of vo@@ dou@@ n . and vo@@ o@@ do@@ o is not a black magic cul@@ t . +on the contr@@ ary , it 's a complex meta@@ physical world@@ view . +it 's interesting . +if i asked you to name the great religi@@ ons of the world , what would you say ? +chri@@ sti@@ an@@ ity , islam , budd@@ h@@ ism , ju@@ da@@ ism , whatever . +there 's always one continent left out , the assu@@ mption being that sub-@@ sahar@@ an africa had no religious belie@@ fs . well , of course , they did and vo@@ o@@ do@@ o is simply the dist@@ il@@ lation of these very profound religious ideas that came over during the tra@@ gic di@@ as@@ por@@ a of the sla@@ very era . +but , what makes vo@@ o@@ do@@ o so interesting is that it 's this living relationship between the living and the dead . +so , the living give birth to the spi@@ ri@@ ts . +the spi@@ ri@@ ts can be inv@@ o@@ ked from bene@@ ath the great water , respon@@ ding to the rhyth@@ m of the dance to moment@@ arily dis@@ place the sou@@ l of the living , so that for that brief sh@@ ining moment , the ac@@ oly@@ te becomes the god . +that 's why the vo@@ o@@ do@@ o@@ ists like to say that " you white people go to church and speak about god . +we dance in the temp@@ le and become god . " +and because you are pos@@ s@@ essed , you are taken by the spirit -- how can you be har@@ med ? +so you see these ast@@ on@@ ishing demon@@ stra@@ tions : vo@@ o@@ do@@ o ac@@ oly@@ tes in a state of tr@@ ance hand@@ ling burning em@@ bers with im@@ pun@@ ity , a rather ast@@ on@@ ishing demon@@ stration of the ability of the mind to affect the body that be@@ ars it when cat@@ aly@@ zed in the state of extreme exc@@ it@@ ation . +now , of all the peop@@ les that i 've ever been with , the most extraordinary are the kog@@ i of the si@@ er@@ ra ne@@ v@@ ada de s@@ ant@@ a mar@@ ta in northern col@@ om@@ bia . +des@@ cen@@ dan@@ ts of the ancient ta@@ ir@@ on@@ a civilization which once car@@ pe@@ ted the car@@ ib@@ be@@ an co@@ ast@@ al pla@@ in of col@@ om@@ bia , in the wake of the con@@ qu@@ est , these people re@@ treated into an isol@@ ated vol@@ can@@ ic massi@@ f that so@@ ars above the car@@ ib@@ be@@ an co@@ ast@@ al pla@@ in . +in a b@@ loo@@ d@@ sta@@ ined continent , these people alone were never con@@ qu@@ ered by the span@@ ish . +to this day , they re@@ main rul@@ ed by a ritual pri@@ es@@ tho@@ od but the training for the pri@@ es@@ tho@@ od is rather extraordinary . +the young ac@@ oly@@ tes are taken away from their families at the age of three and four , sequ@@ e@@ ster@@ ed in a sha@@ dow@@ y world of dar@@ k@@ ness in stone hu@@ ts at the base of gl@@ aci@@ ers for 18 years : two nin@@ e-@@ year peri@@ ods deli@@ ber@@ ately cho@@ sen to mi@@ mic the nine months of gest@@ ation they spend in their natural mother 's wom@@ b ; now they are metaph@@ or@@ ically in the wom@@ b of the great mother . +and for this entire time , they are in@@ cul@@ tur@@ ated into the values of their society , values that main@@ tain the pro@@ position that their pra@@ yers and their pra@@ yers alone main@@ tain the co@@ s@@ mic -- or we might say the e@@ col@@ o@@ gical -- balance . +and at the end of this amazing initi@@ ation , one day they 're suddenly taken out and for the first time in their lives , at the age of 18 , they see a sun@@ rise . and in that cr@@ y@@ st@@ al moment of awareness of first light as the sun begins to ba@@ the the slo@@ pes of the stun@@ n@@ ingly beautiful landscape , suddenly everything they have learned in the abstra@@ ct is aff@@ ir@@ med in stun@@ ning gl@@ ory . and the pri@@ est steps back and says , " you see ? it 's really as i 've told you . +it is that beautiful . it is y@@ ours to protect . " +they call themselves the " el@@ der brothers " and they say we , who are the yo@@ unger brothers , are the ones responsible for destro@@ ying the world . +now , this level of intuition becomes very important . +whenever we think of indi@@ gen@@ ous people and landscape , we either inv@@ o@@ ke r@@ ous@@ se@@ au and the old can@@ ard of the " no@@ ble sav@@ age , " which is an idea ra@@ c@@ ist in its simpli@@ city , or alterna@@ tively , we inv@@ o@@ ke th@@ ore@@ au and say these people are closer to the earth than we are . +well , indi@@ gen@@ ous people are nei@@ ther sen@@ ti@@ mental nor we@@ ak@@ en@@ ed by no@@ stal@@ gi@@ a . +there 's not a lot of room for either in the malari@@ al s@@ w@@ am@@ ps of the as@@ m@@ at or in the chil@@ ling win@@ ds of ti@@ bet , but they have , ne@@ ver@@ th@@ eless , through time and ritual , for@@ ged a traditional my@@ sti@@ que of the earth that is based not on the idea of being self-@@ consci@@ ously close to it , but on a far sub@@ t@@ ler intuition : the idea that the earth itself can only exist because it is brea@@ th@@ ed into being by human consciousness . +now , what does that mean ? +it means that a young kid from the and@@ es who 's raised to believe that that mountain is an ap@@ u spirit that will direct his or her dest@@ in@@ y will be a pro@@ fo@@ und@@ ly different human being and have a different relationship to that resource or that place than a young kid from mon@@ tan@@ a raised to believe that a mountain is a pi@@ le of rock ready to be min@@ ed . +whether it 's the abo@@ de of a spirit or a pi@@ le of ore is ir@@ relevant . +what 's interesting is the metaphor that defin@@ es the relationship between the individual and the natural world . +i was raised in the fore@@ sts of british colum@@ bia to believe those fore@@ sts exi@@ sted to be cut . +that made me a different human being than my friends am@@ on@@ gst the k@@ wa@@ gi@@ ul@@ th who believe that those fore@@ sts were the abo@@ de of hu@@ x@@ wh@@ u@@ k@@ w and the cro@@ o@@ ked be@@ ak of hea@@ ven and the can@@ ni@@ b@@ al spi@@ ri@@ ts that d@@ well@@ ed at the north end of the world , spi@@ ri@@ ts they would have to engage during their ha@@ ma@@ ts@@ a initi@@ ation . +now , if you begin to look at the idea that these cultures could create different reali@@ ties , you could begin to understand some of their extraordinary disco@@ ver@@ ies . take this plant here . +it 's a photograph i took in the nor@@ th@@ west ama@@ zon just last apri@@ l . +this is ay@@ a@@ hu@@ as@@ ca , which many of you have heard about , the most powerful psycho@@ active prepar@@ ation of the sha@@ man 's re@@ per@@ toi@@ re . +what makes ay@@ a@@ hu@@ as@@ ca fascinating is not the she@@ er pharma@@ col@@ o@@ gical potential of this prepar@@ ation , but the el@@ abor@@ ation of it . it 's made really of two different sources : on the one hand , this woo@@ dy li@@ ana which has in it a series of be@@ ta@@ -@@ carb@@ ol@@ ines , har@@ mine , har@@ mal@@ ine , mil@@ dly hallu@@ cin@@ ogen@@ ic -- to take the v@@ ine alone is rather to have sort of blue ha@@ zy smo@@ ke dri@@ ft across your consciousness -- but it 's mix@@ ed with the leaves of a s@@ hr@@ u@@ b in the coffee family called psych@@ ot@@ ri@@ a vi@@ ri@@ d@@ is . +this plant had in it some very powerful tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ines , very close to brain ser@@ ot@@ on@@ in , di@@ meth@@ yl@@ tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ine , 5@@ -@@ metho@@ x@@ y@@ di@@ meth@@ yl@@ tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ine . +if you 've ever seen the y@@ an@@ o@@ mam@@ i blo@@ wing that s@@ nu@@ ff up their no@@ ses , that sub@@ stance they make from a different set of species also con@@ tains metho@@ x@@ y@@ di@@ meth@@ yl@@ tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ine . +to have that po@@ w@@ der blo@@ wn up your nose is rather like being shot out of a ri@@ f@@ le bar@@ re@@ l lin@@ ed with b@@ aro@@ que pain@@ t@@ ings and land@@ ing on a sea of electricity . +it doesn 't create the di@@ stor@@ tion of reality ; it creates the dis@@ solution of reality . +in fact , i used to argue with my professor , richard ev@@ an sh@@ ul@@ tes -- who is a man who spar@@ ked the psy@@ che@@ deli@@ c era with his discovery of the magic mush@@ rooms in mexico in the 193@@ 0s -- i used to argue that you couldn 't classi@@ fy these tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ines as hallu@@ cin@@ ogen@@ ic because by the time you 're under the effects there 's no one home anymore to experience a hallu@@ cin@@ ation . +but the thing about tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ines is they cannot be taken or@@ ally because they 're den@@ at@@ u@@ red by an enzy@@ me found naturally in the human gut called mon@@ o@@ am@@ ine o@@ xi@@ d@@ ase . +they can only be taken or@@ ally if taken in con@@ jun@@ ction with some other chemical that den@@ atures the ma@@ o . +now , the fascinating things are that the be@@ ta@@ -@@ carb@@ ol@@ ines found within that li@@ ana are ma@@ o in@@ hi@@ bit@@ ors of the pre@@ cise sort necessary to poten@@ ti@@ ate the tr@@ yp@@ tam@@ ine . so you ask yourself a question . +how , in a fl@@ or@@ a of 8@@ 0,000 species of vas@@ cular plants , do these people find these two mor@@ ph@@ ologi@@ cally un@@ related plants that when combin@@ ed in this way , created a kind of bio@@ chemical version of the whole being greater than the sum of the parts ? +well , we use that great eu@@ p@@ he@@ mis@@ m , " trial and er@@ ror , " which is ex@@ posed to be meaning@@ less . +but you ask the indi@@ ans , and they say , " the plants talk to us . " +well , what does that mean ? +this tri@@ be , the co@@ fan , has 17 var@@ ie@@ ties of ay@@ a@@ hu@@ as@@ ca , all of which they dist@@ ingu@@ ish a great distance in the forest , all of which are refer@@ able to our eye as one species . +and then you ask them how they establi@@ sh their tax@@ on@@ om@@ y and they say , " i thought you knew something about plants . +i mean , don 't you know anything ? " and i said , " no . " +well , it turns out you take each of the 17 var@@ ie@@ ties in the night of a full moon , and it s@@ ings to you in a different key . +now , that 's not going to get you a ph@@ .@@ d. at harvard , but it 's a lot more interesting than coun@@ ting stam@@ ens . +now -- -- the problem -- the problem is that even those of us sym@@ pa@@ thetic with the p@@ light of indi@@ gen@@ ous people view them as qua@@ int and color@@ ful but somehow re@@ duced to the mar@@ g@@ ins of history as the real world , meaning our world , moves on . +well , the truth is the 20th century , 300 years from now , is not going to be remem@@ ber@@ ed for its wars or its technologi@@ cal innova@@ tions , but rather as the era in which we stood by and either ac@@ tively end@@ or@@ sed or passi@@ vely accep@@ ted the massive destruction of both biological and cultural diversity on the planet . now , the problem isn 't change . +all cultures through all time have constantly been enga@@ ged in a dance with new possibilities of life . +and the problem is not technology itself . +the si@@ ou@@ x indi@@ ans did not stop being si@@ ou@@ x when they gave up the bo@@ w and ar@@ row any more than an american stopped being an american when he gave up the horse and bu@@ g@@ g@@ y . +it 's not change or technology that thre@@ at@@ ens the integri@@ ty of the eth@@ no@@ sphere . it is power , the cru@@ de face of dom@@ ination . +wher@@ ever you look around the world , you discover that these are not cultures dest@@ ined to fa@@ de away ; these are dynamic living peop@@ les being driven out of existence by identi@@ fi@@ able forces that are beyond their capacity to ada@@ pt to : whether it 's the e@@ gre@@ gi@@ ous de@@ for@@ est@@ ation in the hom@@ eland of the pen@@ an -- a no@@ ma@@ di@@ c people from sou@@ the@@ ast asia , from sar@@ a@@ wa@@ k -- a people who lived free in the forest until a generation ago , and now have all been re@@ duced to ser@@ vi@@ tude and pro@@ stit@@ ution on the ban@@ ks of the ri@@ vers , where you can see the river itself is so@@ iled with the si@@ lt that seems to be carrying half of bor@@ ne@@ o away to the south china sea , where the japanese frei@@ gh@@ ters hang light in the hori@@ zon ready to fill their hol@@ ds with ra@@ w lo@@ gs ri@@ pped from the forest -- or , in the case of the y@@ an@@ o@@ mam@@ i , it 's the disease enti@@ ties that have come in , in the wake of the discovery of gold . +or if we go into the mountains of ti@@ bet , where i 'm doing a lot of research recently , you 'll see it 's a cru@@ de face of political dom@@ ination . +you know , geno@@ cide , the physical extin@@ ction of a people is univer@@ s@@ ally con@@ dem@@ ned , but eth@@ no@@ cide , the destruction of people 's way of life , is not only not con@@ dem@@ ned , it 's univer@@ s@@ ally , in many quar@@ ters , cele@@ br@@ ated as part of a development strategy . +and you cannot understand the pain of ti@@ bet until you move through it at the ground level . +i once tra@@ v@@ ell@@ ed 6@@ ,000 miles from ch@@ eng@@ du in western china over@@ land through sou@@ the@@ astern ti@@ bet to l@@ has@@ a with a young collea@@ gue , and it was only when i got to l@@ has@@ a that i understood the face behind the statistics you hear about : 6@@ ,000 sac@@ red mon@@ um@@ ents tor@@ n apart to d@@ ust and as@@ hes , 1.@@ 2 million people killed by the c@@ ad@@ r@@ es during the cultural revolution . +this young man 's father had been as@@ cri@@ bed to the pan@@ chen lam@@ a . +that meant he was inst@@ antly killed at the time of the chinese invasi@@ on . +his un@@ cle fl@@ ed with his hol@@ iness in the di@@ as@@ por@@ a that took the people to ne@@ p@@ al . +his mother was in@@ car@@ cer@@ ated for the crime of being weal@@ thy . +he was s@@ mu@@ g@@ gl@@ ed into the ja@@ il at the age of two to hi@@ de bene@@ ath her sk@@ ir@@ t ta@@ ils because she couldn 't bear to be without him . +the sister who had done that bra@@ ve de@@ ed was put into an education camp . +one day she in@@ ad@@ ver@@ t@@ ently ste@@ pped on an arm@@ band of ma@@ o , and for that trans@@ gr@@ ession , she was given seven years of hard labor . +the pain of ti@@ bet can be impossible to bear , but the re@@ de@@ mp@@ tive spirit of the people is something to beh@@ old . +and in the end , then , it really comes down to a choice : do we want to live in a mon@@ o@@ chro@@ matic world of mon@@ ot@@ ony or do we want to embra@@ ce a poly@@ chro@@ matic world of diversity ? +mar@@ gar@@ et me@@ ad , the great anthropo@@ log@@ ist , said , before she died , that her greatest fear was that as we dri@@ f@@ ted towards this bl@@ and@@ ly am@@ or@@ ph@@ ous gener@@ ic world view not only would we see the entire range of the human imagination re@@ duced to a more nar@@ row mod@@ ality of thought , but that we would wake from a dream one day having for@@ gotten there were even other possibilities . +and it 's hum@@ bling to remember that our species has , perhaps , been around for [ 15@@ 0,000 ] years . +the ne@@ oli@@ th@@ ic revolution -- which gave us agriculture , at which time we suc@@ cum@@ bed to the cul@@ t of the se@@ ed ; the poetry of the sha@@ man was dis@@ placed by the pro@@ se of the pri@@ es@@ tho@@ od ; we created hier@@ arch@@ y speci@@ alization sur@@ plus -- is only 10,000 years ago . +the modern industrial world as we know it is bar@@ ely 300 years old . +now , that s@@ hal@@ low history doesn 't suggest to me that we have all the answers for all of the challenges that will con@@ front us in the en@@ su@@ ing mil@@ len@@ nia . +when these my@@ ri@@ ad cultures of the world are asked the meaning of being human , they respond with 10,000 different voices . +and it 's within that song that we will all re@@ discover the possibility of being what we are : a fully conscious species , fully aware of en@@ sur@@ ing that all peop@@ les and all gar@@ dens find a way to fl@@ our@@ ish . and there are great moments of optimis@@ m . +this is a photograph i took at the northern ti@@ p of ba@@ ff@@ in island when i went nar@@ wh@@ al hun@@ ting with some in@@ u@@ it people , and this man , ol@@ ay@@ u@@ k , told me a mar@@ vel@@ ous story of his grand@@ father . +the can@@ adi@@ an government has not always been kind to the in@@ u@@ it people , and during the 195@@ 0s , to establi@@ sh our so@@ ver@@ eig@@ n@@ ty , we forced them into sett@@ le@@ ments . +this old man 's grand@@ father re@@ f@@ used to go . +the family , fe@@ ar@@ ful for his life , took away all of his weapons , all of his tools . +now , you must understand that the in@@ u@@ it did not fear the cold ; they took advantage of it . +the run@@ ners of their sle@@ ds were origin@@ ally made of fish wra@@ pped in car@@ i@@ bo@@ u hi@@ de . +so , this man 's grand@@ father was not inti@@ mid@@ ated by the arc@@ tic night or the bli@@ zz@@ ard that was blo@@ wing . +he simply sli@@ pped outside , pulled down his se@@ al@@ skin tr@@ ous@@ ers and de@@ fe@@ cated into his hand . and as the fe@@ ces began to free@@ ze , he sha@@ ped it into the form of a bla@@ de . +he put a spra@@ y of s@@ ali@@ va on the edge of the sh@@ it kni@@ fe and as it finally fro@@ ze soli@@ d , he bu@@ t@@ cher@@ ed a dog with it . +he sk@@ inn@@ ed the dog and impro@@ vis@@ ed a har@@ ness , took the ri@@ b@@ c@@ age of the dog and impro@@ vis@@ ed a s@@ led , har@@ n@@ essed up an ad@@ jac@@ ent dog , and disappe@@ ared over the ice flo@@ es , sh@@ it kni@@ fe in b@@ elt . +talk about getting by with nothing . +and this , in many ways -- -- is a symbol of the resili@@ ence of the in@@ u@@ it people and of all indi@@ gen@@ ous people around the world . +the can@@ adi@@ an government in apri@@ l of 199@@ 9 gave back to total control of the in@@ u@@ it an area of land larger than california and texas put together . +it 's our new hom@@ eland . it 's called n@@ un@@ a@@ v@@ ut . +it 's an independent terri@@ tory . they control all miner@@ al resources . +an amazing example of how a nation@@ -@@ state can se@@ ek re@@ stit@@ ution with its people . +and finally , in the end , i think it 's pretty obvious at least to all of all us who 've travel@@ ed in these remote reach@@ es of the planet , to realize that they 're not remote at all . +they 're hom@@ el@@ ands of somebody . +they represent bran@@ ches of the human imagination that go back to the da@@ wn of time . and for all of us , the dreams of these children , like the dreams of our own children , become part of the na@@ ked geogra@@ ph@@ y of hope . +so , what we 're trying to do at the national geographic , finally , is , we believe that politicians will never ac@@ compli@@ sh anything . +we think that po@@ le@@ mi@@ cs -- -- we think that po@@ le@@ mi@@ cs are not per@@ su@@ asi@@ ve , but we think that story@@ telling can change the world , and so we are probably the best story@@ telling institution in the world . we get 35 million hits on our website every month . +15@@ 6 nations carry our television chan@@ nel . +our maga@@ zin@@ es are read by millions . +and what we 're doing is a series of jour@@ ne@@ ys to the eth@@ no@@ sphere where we 're going to take our audience to places of such cultural wonder that they cannot help but come away da@@ zz@@ led by what they have seen , and hopefully , therefore , embra@@ ce gradu@@ ally , one by one , the central re@@ vel@@ ation of anthropo@@ log@@ y : that this world deser@@ ves to exist in a diver@@ se way , that we can find a way to live in a truly mul@@ tic@@ ul@@ tural , pl@@ ur@@ ali@@ stic world where all of the wisdom of all peop@@ les can contribu@@ te to our collective well-@@ being . +thank you very much . +what i 'm going to show you first , as quickly as i can , is some foun@@ da@@ tional work , some new technology that we brought to microsoft as part of an ac@@ qu@@ isi@@ tion almost exactly a year ago . this is se@@ ad@@ ra@@ g@@ on , and it 's an environment in which you can either lo@@ cally or re@@ mot@@ ely interact with vast amo@@ unts of visual data . +we 're looking at many , many gi@@ gab@@ y@@ tes of digital photos here and kind of se@@ am@@ less@@ ly and continu@@ ously zo@@ om@@ ing in , pan@@ ning through the thing , re@@ ar@@ ran@@ ging it in any way we want . +and it doesn 't matter how much information we 're looking at , how big these colle@@ ctions are or how big the images are . +most of them are ordinary digital camera photos , but this one , for example , is a scan from the library of con@@ gress , and it 's in the 300 me@@ g@@ ap@@ i@@ x@@ el range . +it doesn 't make any difference because the only thing that ought to li@@ mit the performance of a system like this one is the number of pi@@ x@@ els on your screen at any given moment . it 's also very flexi@@ ble architecture . +this is an entire book , so this is an example of non-@@ image data . +this is " b@@ lea@@ k house " by di@@ ck@@ ens . every colum@@ n is a chap@@ ter . +to prove to you that it 's really text , and not an image , we can do something like so , to really show that this is a real repres@@ entation of the text ; it 's not a picture . +maybe this is a kind of an artificial way to read an e-@@ book . +i wouldn 't re@@ com@@ men@@ d it . +this is a more reali@@ stic case . this is an issue of the guar@@ di@@ an . +every large image is the beginning of a section . +and this really gives you the joy and the good experience of reading the real paper version of a magazine or a newspaper , which is an in@@ her@@ ently multi-@@ scale kind of medium . +we 've also done a little something with the corner of this particular issue of the guar@@ di@@ an . +we 've made up a fa@@ ke ad that 's very high resol@@ ution -- much higher than you 'd be able to get in an ordinary ad -- and we 've em@@ bed@@ ded extra content . +if you want to see the fe@@ atures of this car , you can see it here . +or other models , or even technical speci@@ fi@@ cations . +and this really gets at some of these ideas about really doing away with those limit@@ s on screen real e@@ state . +we hope that this means no more po@@ p-@@ u@@ ps and other kind of ru@@ b@@ bis@@ h like that -- shouldn 't be necessary . +of course , ma@@ pping is one of those really obvious appli@@ cations for a technology like this . +and this one i really won 't spend any time on , except to say that we have things to contribu@@ te to this field as well . +but those are all the roads in the u.@@ s . +super@@ im@@ posed on top of a nasa ge@@ o@@ spa@@ tial image . +so let 's pull up , now , something else . +this is actually live on the web now ; you can go check it out . +this is a project called photo@@ syn@@ th , which really mar@@ ries two different technologies . +one of them is se@@ ad@@ ra@@ g@@ on and the other is some very beautiful computer vision research done by no@@ ah sna@@ vely , a graduate student at the university of washington , co-@@ ad@@ vis@@ ed by steve sei@@ tz at u.@@ w . +and ri@@ ck s@@ ze@@ li@@ sk@@ i at microsoft research . a very nice collaboration . +and so this is live on the web . it 's powered by se@@ ad@@ ra@@ g@@ on . +you can see that when we kind of do these sorts of vie@@ ws , where we can di@@ ve through images and have this kind of multi-@@ resol@@ ution experience . +but the spa@@ tial arr@@ ange@@ ment of the images here is actually meaning@@ ful . +the computer vision algorith@@ ms have regi@@ ster@@ ed these images together so that they cor@@ respond to the real space in which these sh@@ ots -- all taken near gras@@ s@@ i la@@ kes in the can@@ adi@@ an rock@@ ies -- all these sh@@ ots were taken . so you see elements here of stabili@@ zed sli@@ de-@@ show or pan@@ or@@ am@@ ic ima@@ ging , and these things have all been related spa@@ tially . +i 'm not sure if i have time to show you any other environments . +there are some that are much more spa@@ tial . +i would like to jump straight to one of no@@ ah 's original dat@@ a-@@ sets -- and this is from an early prototyp@@ e of photo@@ syn@@ th that we first got working in the summer -- to show you what i think is really the pun@@ ch line behind this technology , the photo@@ syn@@ th technology . and it 's not necessarily so appar@@ ent from looking at the environments that we 've put up on the website . +we had to worry about the law@@ yers and so on . +this is a re@@ construction of not@@ re d@@ ame ca@@ the@@ d@@ ral that was done entirely compu@@ ta@@ tion@@ ally from images sc@@ ra@@ ped from fli@@ ck@@ r . you just type not@@ re d@@ ame into fli@@ ck@@ r , and you get some pictures of guys in t-@@ shir@@ ts , and of the cam@@ pus and so on . and each of these orange con@@ es represents an image that was discovered to bel@@ ong to this model . +and so these are all fli@@ ck@@ r images , and they 've all been related spa@@ tially in this way . +and we can just navi@@ gate in this very simple way . +you know , i never thought that i 'd end up working at microsoft . +it 's very gra@@ ti@@ fying to have this kind of re@@ ception here . +i guess you can see this is lots of different types of c@@ ameras : it 's everything from cell phone c@@ ameras to professional sl@@ rs , quite a large number of them , stit@@ ched together in this environment . +and if i can , i 'll find some of the sort of weird ones . +so many of them are oc@@ clu@@ ded by faces , and so on . +somewhere in here there are actually a series of photographs -- here we go . +this is actually a poster of not@@ re d@@ ame that regi@@ ster@@ ed cor@@ rec@@ tly . +we can di@@ ve in from the poster to a physical view of this environment . +what the point here really is is that we can do things with the social environment . this is now taking data from everybody -- from the entire collective memory of , visu@@ ally , of what the earth looks like -- and link all of that together . +all of those photos become lin@@ ked together , and they make something emer@@ gent that 's greater than the sum of the parts . +you have a model that emer@@ ges of the entire earth . +think of this as the long tail to ste@@ phen law@@ ler 's virtual earth work . +and this is something that gro@@ ws in complexity as people use it , and whose benefits become greater to the users as they use it . +their own photos are getting tag@@ ged with meta@@ -@@ data that somebody else enter@@ ed . +if somebody bo@@ ther@@ ed to tag all of these sa@@ in@@ ts and say who they all are , then my photo of not@@ re d@@ ame ca@@ the@@ d@@ ral suddenly gets en@@ rich@@ ed with all of that data , and i can use it as an ent@@ ry point to di@@ ve into that space , into that meta@@ -@@ verse , using everybody else 's photos , and do a kind of a cros@@ s-@@ mod@@ al and cros@@ s-@@ user social experience that way . +and of course , a b@@ y-@@ product of all of that is im@@ men@@ sely rich virtual models of every interesting part of the earth , colle@@ cted not just from over@@ head fli@@ ghts and from satelli@@ te images and so on , but from the collective memory . +thank you so much . +do i understand this right ? that what your software is going to allow , is that at some point , really within the next few years , all the pictures that are shared by anyone across the world are going to basically link together ? +yes . what this is really doing is disco@@ vering . +it 's creating hyper@@ links , if you will , between images . +and it 's doing that based on the content inside the images . +and that gets really exciting when you think about the rich@@ ness of the se@@ man@@ tic information that a lot of those images have . +like when you do a web search for images , you type in phr@@ ases , and the text on the web page is carrying a lot of information about what that picture is of . +now , what if that picture links to all of your pictures ? +then the amount of se@@ man@@ tic inter@@ connection and the amount of rich@@ ness that comes out of that is really huge . it 's a classi@@ c network effect . +bla@@ ise , that is truly incredible . con@@ gr@@ at@@ u@@ lations . +thanks so much . +i 'm going to talk to you about some stuff that 's in this book of mine that i hope will res@@ on@@ ate with other things you 've already heard , and i 'll try to make some connections myself , in case you miss them . +i want to start with what i call the " offi@@ cial do@@ g@@ ma . " +the offi@@ cial do@@ g@@ ma of what ? +the offi@@ cial do@@ g@@ ma of all western industrial societies . +and the offi@@ cial do@@ g@@ ma runs like this : if we are interested in ma@@ xi@@ mi@@ zing the wel@@ f@@ are of our citizens , the way to do that is to ma@@ xi@@ mi@@ ze individual freedom . +the reason for this is both that freedom is in and of itself good , valuable , wor@@ th@@ while , essential to being human . +and because if people have freedom , then each of us can act on our own to do the things that will ma@@ xi@@ mi@@ ze our wel@@ f@@ are , and no one has to decide on our be@@ half . +the way to ma@@ xi@@ mi@@ ze freedom is to ma@@ xi@@ mi@@ ze choice . +the more choice people have , the more freedom they have , and the more freedom they have , the more wel@@ f@@ are they have . +this , i think , is so deeply em@@ bed@@ ded in the water supply that it wouldn 't occu@@ r to anyone to question it . +and it 's also deeply em@@ bed@@ ded in our lives . +i 'll give you some examples of what modern progress has made possible for us . +this is my super@@ market . not such a big one . +i want to say just a word about sal@@ ad d@@ res@@ sing . +17@@ 5 sal@@ ad d@@ res@@ s@@ ings in my super@@ market , if you don 't count the 10 extra@@ -@@ virg@@ in o@@ live o@@ ils and 12 bal@@ sam@@ ic vin@@ eg@@ ars you could buy to make a very large number of your own sal@@ ad d@@ res@@ s@@ ings , in the off@@ -@@ chance that none of the 17@@ 5 the store has on offer suit you . +so this is what the super@@ market is like . +and then you go to the consumer electr@@ on@@ ics store to set up a stere@@ o system -- speak@@ ers , c@@ d player , ta@@ pe player , tun@@ er , am@@ pli@@ fi@@ er -- and in this one single consumer electr@@ on@@ ics store , there are that many stere@@ o systems . +we can constru@@ ct si@@ x-@@ and-@@ a-@@ hal@@ f-@@ million different stere@@ o systems out of the components that are on offer in one store . +you 've got to ad@@ mit that 's a lot of choice . +in other do@@ ma@@ ins -- the world of communic@@ ations . +there was a time , when i was a boy , when you could get any kind of tele@@ phone service you wanted , as long as it came from ma bell . +you r@@ ented your phone . you didn 't buy it . +one con@@ sequence of that , by the way , is that the phone never broke . +and those days are gone . +we now have an almost un@@ limited variety of phones , especially in the world of cell phones . +these are cell phones of the future . +my favorite is the middle one -- the mp@@ 3 player , nose hair tri@@ mmer , and cre@@ me bru@@ lee tor@@ ch . +and if by some chance you haven 't seen that in your store yet , you can rest assu@@ red that one day soon you will . +and what this does is it leads people to walk into their stor@@ es asking this question . +and do you know what the answer to this question now is ? +the answer is " no . " +it is not possible to buy a cell phone that doesn 't do too much . +so , in other aspe@@ cts of life that are much more significant than buying things , the same explosion of choice is true . +health care -- it is no longer the case in the united states that you go to the doctor , and the doctor tells you what to do . +instead , you go to the doctor , and the doctor tells you , " well , we could do a , or we could do b . +a has these benefits , and these risks . +b has these benefits , and these risks . what do you want to do ? " +and you say , " do@@ c , what should i do ? " +and the do@@ c says , " a has these benefits and risks , and b has these benefits and risks . +what do you want to do ? " +and you say , " if you were me , do@@ c , what would you do ? " +and the do@@ c says , " but i 'm not you . " +and the result is -- we call it " patient autonom@@ y , " which makes it sound like a good thing , but what it really is is a shif@@ ting of the bur@@ den and the responsibility for decisi@@ on-@@ making from somebody who knows something -- nam@@ ely , the doctor -- to somebody who knows nothing and is almost certainly sick and th@@ us not in the best shape to be making decisions -- nam@@ ely , the patient . +there 's enormous marketing of pres@@ cri@@ ption drugs to people like you and me , which , if you think about it , makes no sense at all , since we can 't buy them . +why do they market to us if we can 't buy them ? +the answer is that they expect us to call our doctors the next morning and ask for our pres@@ cri@@ p@@ tions to be changed . +something as dra@@ matic as our identity has now become a matter of choice , as this slide is meant to indi@@ cate . +we don 't in@@ her@@ it an identity ; we get to inv@@ ent it . +and we get to re-@@ inv@@ ent ourselves as often as we like . +and that means that everyday , when you wake up in the morning , you have to decide what kind of person you want to be . +with respect to marriage and family , there was a time when the de@@ fau@@ lt assu@@ mption that almost everyone had is that you got married as soon as you could , and then you started having kids as soon as you could . +the only real choice was who , not when , and not what you did after . +no@@ wa@@ days , everything is very much up for grab@@ s . +i teach wonder@@ fully intelligent students , and i as@@ sign 20 percent less work than i used to . +and it 's not because they 're less smart , and it 's not because they 're less di@@ li@@ gent . +it 's because they are pre@@ occu@@ pi@@ ed , asking themselves , " should i get married or not ? should i get married now ? +should i get married later ? should i have kids first , or a career first ? " +all of these are consum@@ ing questions . +and they 're going to answer these questions , whether or not it means not doing all the work i as@@ sign and not getting a good grade in my cour@@ ses . +and indeed they should . these are important questions to answer . +work -- we are bl@@ essed , as car@@ l was poin@@ ting out , with the technology that en@@ ables us to work every minute of every day from any place on the planet -- except the rand@@ ol@@ ph hotel . +there is one corner , by the way , that i 'm not going to tell anybody about , where the wi@@ f@@ i works . +i 'm not telling you about it because i want to use it . +so what this means , this incredible freedom of choice we have with respect to work , is that we have to make a decision , again and again and again , about whether we should or shouldn 't be working . +we can go to watch our kid play soc@@ cer , and we have our cell phone on one hi@@ p , and our black@@ ber@@ ry on our other hi@@ p , and our laptop , pres@@ u@@ ma@@ bly , on our la@@ ps . +and even if they 're all shu@@ t off , every minute that we 're watching our kid mu@@ ti@@ late a soc@@ cer game , we are also asking ourselves , " should i answer this cell phone call ? +should i respond to this email ? should i dra@@ ft this letter ? " +and even if the answer to the question is " no , " it 's certainly going to make the experience of your kid 's soc@@ cer game very different than it would 've been . +so everywhere we look , big things and small things , material things and lifest@@ yle things , life is a matter of choice . +and the world we used to live in looked like this . +that is to say , there were some choices , but not everything was a matter of choice . +and the world we now live in looks like this . +and the question is , is this good news , or bad news ? +and the answer is yes . +we all know what 's good about it , so i 'm going to talk about what 's bad about it . +all of this choice has two effects , two negative effects on people . +one effect , parado@@ x@@ ically , is that it produ@@ ces paraly@@ sis , rather than liber@@ ation . +with so many op@@ tions to choose from , people find it very difficult to choose at all . +i 'll give you one very dra@@ matic example of this : a study that was done of invest@@ ments in volun@@ t@@ ary reti@@ re@@ ment plans . +a collea@@ gue of mine got access to investment recor@@ ds from van@@ gu@@ ard , the gigan@@ tic mu@@ tual fund company of about a million employees and about 2,000 different work@@ places . +and what she found is that for every 10 mu@@ tual fun@@ ds the emplo@@ yer off@@ ered , rate of participa@@ tion went down two percent . +you offer 50 fun@@ ds -- 10 percent fewer employees participa@@ te than if you only offer five . why ? +because with 50 fun@@ ds to choose from , it 's so dam@@ n hard to decide which fund to choose that you 'll just put it off until tomorrow . +and then tomorrow , and then tomorrow , and tomorrow , and tomorrow , and of course tomorrow never comes . +understand that not only does this mean that people are going to have to eat dog food when they reti@@ re because they don 't have enough money put away , it also means that making the decision is so hard that they pass up significant mat@@ ching money from the emplo@@ yer . +by not partici@@ p@@ ating , they are pas@@ sing up as much as 5,000 dollars a year from the emplo@@ yer , who would happ@@ ily match their contribu@@ tion . +so paraly@@ sis is a con@@ sequence of having too many choices . +and i think it makes the world look like this . +you really want to get the decision right if it 's for all e@@ ter@@ ni@@ ty , right ? +you don 't want to pick the wrong mu@@ tual fund , or even the wrong sal@@ ad d@@ res@@ sing . +so that 's one effect . the second effect is that even if we manage to over@@ come the paraly@@ sis and make a choice , we end up less satis@@ fied with the result of the choice than we would be if we had fewer op@@ tions to choose from . +and there are several reasons for this . +one of them is that with a lot of different sal@@ ad d@@ res@@ s@@ ings to choose from , if you buy one , and it 's not perfect -- and , you know , what sal@@ ad d@@ res@@ sing is ? -- it 's easy to imagine that you could have made a different choice that would have been better . and what happens is this imag@@ ined alternative indu@@ ces you to re@@ gre@@ t the decision you made , and this re@@ gre@@ t sub@@ tra@@ cts from the satis@@ fac@@ tion you get out of the decision you made , even if it was a good decision . +the more op@@ tions there are , the easier it is to re@@ gre@@ t anything at all that is dis@@ ap@@ poin@@ ting about the option that you cho@@ se . +second , what econom@@ ists call " opportunity costs . " +dan gil@@ bert made a big point this morning of talking about how much the way in which we value things depen@@ ds on what we compare them to . +well , when there are lots of alterna@@ tives to consider , it is easy to imagine the attra@@ ctive fe@@ atures of alterna@@ tives that you re@@ je@@ ct , that make you less satis@@ fied with the alternative that you 've cho@@ sen . +here 's an example . for those of you who aren 't new yor@@ kers , i apo@@ logi@@ ze . +but here 's what you 're supposed to be thinking . +here 's this couple on the ham@@ p@@ tons . +very expensive real e@@ state . +gor@@ ge@@ ous beach . beautiful day . they have it all to themselves . +what could be better ? " well , dam@@ n it , " this guy is thinking , " it 's aug@@ ust . +everybody in my manhattan neighborhood is away . +i could be par@@ king right in front of my building . " +and he sp@@ ends two weeks na@@ g@@ ged by the idea that he is missing the opportunity , day after day , to have a great par@@ king space . +opportunity costs sub@@ tra@@ ct from the satis@@ fac@@ tion we get out of what we choose , even when what we choose is terri@@ fic . +and the more op@@ tions there are to consider , the more attra@@ ctive fe@@ atures of these op@@ tions are going to be refle@@ cted by us as opportunity costs . +here 's another example . +now this carto@@ on makes a lot of points . +it makes points about living in the moment as well , and probably about doing things slowly . +but one point it makes is that whenever you 're choo@@ sing one thing , you 're choo@@ sing not to do other things . +and those other things may have lots of attra@@ ctive fe@@ atures , and it 's going to make what you 're doing less attra@@ ctive . +third : es@@ cal@@ ation of expec@@ tations . +this hit me when i went to replace my je@@ ans . +i wear je@@ ans almost all the time . +and there was a time when je@@ ans came in one fla@@ vor , and you bought them , and they fit like cra@@ p , and they were incredibly un@@ comfortable , and if you wor@@ e them long enough and was@@ hed them enough times , they started to feel ok . +so i went to replace my je@@ ans after years and years of wearing these old ones , and i said , you know , " i want a pair of je@@ ans . here 's my size . " +and the sh@@ op@@ kee@@ per said , " do you want sli@@ m fit , easy fit , rela@@ x@@ ed fit ? +you want butt@@ on fly or zi@@ pp@@ er fly ? you want st@@ one@@ was@@ hed or aci@@ d-@@ was@@ hed ? +do you want them dist@@ ressed ? +you want boot cut , you want ta@@ per@@ ed , bla@@ h bla@@ h bla@@ h ... " on and on he went . +my ja@@ w dro@@ pped , and after i re@@ covered , i said , " i want the kind that used to be the only kind . " +he had no idea what that was , so i spent an hour trying on all these dam@@ n je@@ ans , and i walked out of the store -- truth ! -- with the be@@ st-@@ fit@@ ting je@@ ans i had ever had . +i did better . all this choice made it possible for me to do better . +but i felt worse . +why ? i wrote a whole book to try to explain this to myself . +the reason i felt worse is that , with all of these op@@ tions available , my expec@@ tations about how good a pair of je@@ ans should be went up . +i had very low -- i had no particular expec@@ tations when they only came in one fla@@ vor . +when they came in 100 fla@@ vor@@ s , dam@@ n it , one of them should 've been perfect . +and what i got was good , but it wasn 't perfect . +and so i compared what i got to what i expected , and what i got was dis@@ ap@@ poin@@ ting in compar@@ ison to what i expected . +ad@@ ding op@@ tions to people 's lives can 't help but increase the expec@@ tations people have about how good those op@@ tions will be . +and what that 's going to produce is less satis@@ fac@@ tion with results , even when they 're good results . +nobody in the world of marketing knows this , because if they did , you wouldn 't all know what this was about . +the truth is more like this . +the reason that everything was better back when everything was worse is that when everything was worse , it was actually possible for people to have experiences that were a pleas@@ ant surprise . +no@@ wa@@ days , the world we live in -- we aff@@ lu@@ ent , industri@@ alized citizens , with perfe@@ ction the expec@@ tation -- the best you can ever hope for is that stuff is as good as you expect it to be . +you will never be pleas@@ antly surprised because your expec@@ tations , my expec@@ tations , have gone through the roof . +the secret to happiness -- this is what you all came for -- the secret to happiness is low expec@@ tations . +i want to say -- just a little auto@@ bi@@ ogra@@ phi@@ cal moment -- that i actually am married to a wife , and she 's really quite wonderful . +i couldn 't have done better . i didn 't se@@ ttle . +but sett@@ ling isn 't always such a bad thing . +finally , one con@@ sequence of buying a b@@ ad@@ -@@ fit@@ ting pair of je@@ ans when there is only one kind to buy is that when you are dis@@ satis@@ fied , and you ask why , who 's responsible , the answer is clear : the world is responsible . what could you do ? +when there are hundreds of different sty@@ les of je@@ ans available , and you buy one that is dis@@ ap@@ poin@@ ting , and you ask why , who 's responsible ? +it is equ@@ ally clear that the answer to the question is you . +you could have done better . +with a hundred different kinds of je@@ ans on display , there is no exc@@ use for failure . +and so when people make decisions , and even though the results of the decisions are good , they feel dis@@ ap@@ poin@@ ted about them ; they bl@@ ame themselves . +clinical depression has explo@@ ded in the industrial world in the last generation . +i believe a significant -- not the only , but a significant -- contribu@@ tor to this explosion of depression , and also su@@ i@@ cide , is that people have experiences that are dis@@ ap@@ poin@@ ting because their standards are so high , and then when they have to explain these experiences to themselves , they think they 're at fau@@ lt . +and so the net result is that we do better in general , obje@@ c@@ tively , and we feel worse . +so let me re@@ mind you . +this is the offi@@ cial do@@ g@@ ma , the one that we all take to be true , and it 's all fal@@ se . it is not true . +there 's no question that some choice is better than none , but it doesn 't follow from that that more choice is better than some choice . +there 's some ma@@ gical amount . i don 't know what it is . +i 'm pretty confi@@ dent that we have long since passed the point where op@@ tions improve our wel@@ f@@ are . +now , as a policy matter -- i 'm almost done -- as a policy matter , the thing to think about is this : what en@@ ables all of this choice in industrial societies is material aff@@ lu@@ ence . +there are lots of places in the world , and we have heard about several of them , where their problem is not that they have too much choice . +their problem is that they have too little . +so the stuff i 'm talking about is the pe@@ cu@@ li@@ ar problem of modern , aff@@ lu@@ ent , western societies . +and what is so fru@@ str@@ ating and in@@ fu@@ ri@@ ating is this : steve le@@ vi@@ tt talked to you yesterday about how these expensive and diffic@@ ul@@ t-@@ to-@@ inst@@ all child se@@ ats don 't help . it 's a waste of money . +what i 'm telling you is that these expensive , complicated choices -- it 's not simply that they don 't help . +they actually hurt . +they actually make us worse off . +if some of what en@@ ables people in our societies to make all of the choices we make were shif@@ ted to societies in which people have too few op@@ tions , not only would those people 's lives be impro@@ ved , but ours would be impro@@ ved also . +this is what econom@@ ists call a " par@@ e@@ to-@@ impro@@ ving move . " +income re@@ distribution will make everyone better off -- not just poor people -- because of how all this ex@@ cess choice pla@@ gues us . +so to conclu@@ de . you 're supposed to read this carto@@ on , and , being a sophisti@@ cated person , say , " ah ! what does this fish know ? +you know , nothing is possible in this fis@@ h@@ bow@@ l . " +im@@ pover@@ ished imagination , a m@@ yo@@ pi@@ c view of the world -- and that 's the way i read it at first . +the more i thought about it , however , the more i came to the view that this fish knows something . +because the truth of the matter is that if you sh@@ at@@ ter the fis@@ h@@ bow@@ l so that everything is possible , you don 't have freedom . you have paraly@@ sis . +if you sh@@ at@@ ter this fis@@ h@@ bow@@ l so that everything is possible , you de@@ cre@@ ase satis@@ fac@@ tion . +you increase paraly@@ sis , and you de@@ cre@@ ase satis@@ fac@@ tion . +everybody needs a fis@@ h@@ bow@@ l . +this one is almost certainly too limited -- perhaps even for the fish , certainly for us . +but the ab@@ sen@@ ce of some metaph@@ or@@ ical fis@@ h@@ bow@@ l is a reci@@ pe for mis@@ ery , and , i sus@@ pe@@ ct , disaster . +thank you very much . +you know , i 've talked about some of these projects before -- about the human genome and what that might mean , and disco@@ vering new sets of genes . +we 're actually starting at a new point : we 've been di@@ gi@@ ti@@ zing biology , and now we 're trying to go from that digital code into a new phase of biology with designing and syn@@ thes@@ i@@ zing life . +so , we 've always been trying to ask big questions . +" what is life ? " is something that i think many bi@@ ologists have been trying to understand at various levels . +we 've tried various approach@@ es , par@@ ing it down to mini@@ mal components . +we 've been di@@ gi@@ ti@@ zing it now for almost 20 years ; when we sequen@@ ced the human genome , it was going from the anal@@ o@@ g world of biology into the digital world of the computer . +now we 're trying to ask , " can we re@@ generate life or can we create new life out of this digital universe ? " +this is the map of a small organis@@ m , my@@ cop@@ las@@ ma gen@@ itali@@ um , that has the small@@ est genome for a species that can self-@@ repli@@ cate in the laboratory , and we 've been trying to just see if we can come up with an even smaller genome . +we 're able to kno@@ ck out on the order of 100 genes out of the 500 or so that are here . +when we look at its me@@ tab@@ oli@@ c map , it 's relatively simple compared to ours -- trust me , this is simple -- but when we look at all the genes that we can kno@@ ck out one at a time , it 's very un@@ likely that this would y@@ i@@ el@@ d a living cell . +so we decided the only way forward was to actually syn@@ thes@@ ize this chromo@@ some so we could v@@ ary the components to ask some of these most fundamental questions . +and so we started down the road of : can we syn@@ thes@@ ize a chromo@@ some ? +can chemistry per@@ mit making these really large molecules where we 've never been before ? +and if we do , can we boot up a chromo@@ some ? +a chromo@@ some , by the way , is just a piece of in@@ ert chemical material . +so , our p@@ ace of di@@ gi@@ ti@@ zing life has been increasing at an exponenti@@ al p@@ ace . +our ability to write the genetic code has been moving pretty slowly but has been increasing , and our lat@@ est point would put it on , now , an exponenti@@ al cur@@ ve . +we started this over 15 years ago . +it took several st@@ ages , in fact , starting with a bio@@ eth@@ ical re@@ view before we did the first experiments . +but it turns out syn@@ thes@@ i@@ zing dna is very difficult . +there are tens of thousands of machines around the world that make small pieces of dna -- 30 to 50 letters in l@@ ength -- and it 's a de@@ generate process , so the longer you make the piece , the more er@@ r@@ ors there are . +so we had to create a new method for putting these little pieces together and cor@@ rect all the er@@ r@@ ors . +and this was our first attemp@@ t , starting with the digital information of the genome of ph@@ i x@@ 17@@ 4 . +it 's a small virus that kill@@ s bacteria . +we designed the pieces , went through our er@@ ror cor@@ rec@@ tion and had a dna molecule of about 5,000 letters . +the exciting phase came when we took this piece of in@@ ert chemical and put it in the bacteria , and the bacteria started to read this genetic code , made the vi@@ ral particles . +the vi@@ ral particles then were rele@@ ased from the cells and came back and killed the e@@ . col@@ i . +i was talking to the oil industry recently and i said they clearly understood that model . +they laugh@@ ed more than you guys are . +and so , we think this is a situation where the software can actually build its own hard@@ ware in a biological system . +but we wanted to go much larger : we wanted to build the entire bacteri@@ al chromo@@ some -- it 's over 5@@ 8@@ 0,000 letters of genetic code -- so we thought we 'd build them in c@@ asse@@ tt@@ es the size of the viruses so we could actually v@@ ary the c@@ asse@@ tt@@ es to understand what the actual components of a living cell are . +design is critical , and if you 're starting with digital information in the computer , that digital information has to be really accu@@ rate . +when we first sequen@@ ced this genome in 199@@ 5 , the standard of accu@@ ra@@ cy was one er@@ ror per 10,000 base pa@@ irs . +we actually found , on res@@ equ@@ en@@ cing it , 30 er@@ r@@ ors ; had we used that original sequence , it never would have been able to be bo@@ ot@@ ed up . +part of the design is designing pieces that are 50 letters long that have to over@@ la@@ p with all the other 5@@ 0-@@ letter pieces to build smaller sub@@ un@@ its we have to design so they can go together . +we design unique elements into this . +you may have read that we put water@@ mar@@ ks in . +think of this : we have a four@@ -@@ letter genetic code -- a , c , g and t . +tri@@ ple@@ ts of those letters code for roughly 20 amin@@ o aci@@ ds , such that there 's a single letter desig@@ nation for each of the amin@@ o aci@@ ds . +so we can use the genetic code to write out words , sent@@ ences , thoughts . +ini@@ tially , all we did was auto@@ graph it . +some people were dis@@ ap@@ poin@@ ted there was not poetry . +we designed these pieces so we can just che@@ w back with enzy@@ mes ; there are enzy@@ mes that re@@ pair them and put them together . +and we started making pieces , starting with pieces that were 5,000 to 7@@ ,000 letters , put those together to make 24@@ ,@@ 00@@ 0-@@ letter pieces , then put sets of those going up to 7@@ 2,000 . +at each stage , we grew up these pieces in ab@@ und@@ ance so we could sequence them because we 're trying to create a process that 's extremely rob@@ ust that you can see in a minute . +we 're trying to get to the point of auto@@ ma@@ tion . +so , this looks like a bas@@ ket@@ ball pla@@ yo@@ ff . +when we get into these really large pieces over 100,000 base pa@@ irs , they won 't any longer grow re@@ adi@@ ly in e@@ . col@@ i -- it ex@@ hau@@ sts all the modern tools of molecular biology -- and so we turned to other mechanis@@ ms . +we knew there 's a mechan@@ ism called hom@@ olog@@ ous re@@ combin@@ ation that biology uses to re@@ pair dna that can put pieces together . +here 's an example of it : there 's an organis@@ m called d@@ ein@@ o@@ co@@ c@@ c@@ us radi@@ o@@ dur@@ ans that can take three millions ra@@ ds of radiation . +you can see in the top pan@@ el , its chromo@@ some just gets blo@@ wn apart . +t@@ wel@@ ve to 24 hours later , it put it back together exactly as it was before . +we have thousands of organisms that can do this . +these organisms can be totally des@@ ic@@ cated ; they can live in a vac@@ u@@ um . +i am absolutely certain that life can exist in ou@@ ter space , move around , find a new a@@ que@@ ous environment . +in fact , nasa has shown a lot of this is out there . +here 's an actual micro@@ graph of the molecule we built using these processes , actually just using ye@@ ast mechanis@@ ms with the right design of the pieces we put them in ; ye@@ ast puts them together auto@@ matically . +this is not an electr@@ on micro@@ graph ; this is just a regular phot@@ om@@ ic@@ ro@@ graph . +it 's such a large molecule we can see it with a light microscop@@ e . +these are pictures over about a si@@ x-@@ second period . +so , this is the publi@@ cation we had just a short while ago . +this is over 5@@ 8@@ 0,000 letters of genetic code ; it 's the largest molecule ever made by humans of a defined structure . +it 's over 300 million molecular weight . +if we prin@@ ted it out at a 10 f@@ on@@ t with no spac@@ ing , it takes 14@@ 2 pages just to print this genetic code . +well , how do we boot up a chromo@@ some ? how do we activ@@ ate this ? +obviously , with a virus it 's pretty simple ; it 's much more complicated dealing with bacteria . +it 's also simpl@@ er when you go into eu@@ kar@@ y@@ ot@@ es like ourselves : you can just pop out the nu@@ cle@@ us and pop in another one , and that 's what you 've all heard about with c@@ lon@@ ing . +with bacteria and arch@@ a@@ e@@ a , the chromo@@ some is integr@@ ated into the cell , but we recently showed that we can do a complete transp@@ l@@ ant of a chromo@@ some from one cell to another and activ@@ ate it . +we pu@@ ri@@ fied a chromo@@ some from one micro@@ bi@@ al species -- roughly , these two are as dist@@ ant as human and mi@@ ce -- we ad@@ ded a few extra genes so we could sele@@ ct for this chromo@@ some , we di@@ gest@@ ed it with enzy@@ mes to kill all the proteins , and it was pretty stun@@ ning when we put this in the cell -- and you 'll appreci@@ ate our very sophisti@@ cated graphi@@ cs here . +the new chromo@@ some went into the cell . +in fact , we thought this might be as far as it went , but we tried to design the process a little bit further . +this is a major mechan@@ ism of evolution right here . +we find all kinds of species that have taken up a second chromo@@ some or a third one from somewhere , ad@@ ding thousands of new tra@@ its in a second to that species . +so , people who think of evolution as just one gene changing at a time have mis@@ sed much of biology . +there are enzy@@ mes called restri@@ ction enzy@@ mes that actually di@@ gest dna . +the chromo@@ some that was in the cell doesn 't have one ; the chromo@@ some we put in does . +it got expres@@ sed and it recogni@@ zed the other chromo@@ some as foreign material , che@@ wed it up , and so we ended up just with a cell with the new chromo@@ some . +it turned blue because of the genes we put in it . +and with a very short period of time , all the characteri@@ stics of one species were lost and it conver@@ ted totally into the new species based on the new software that we put in the cell . +all the proteins changed , the mem@@ bran@@ es changed ; when we read the genetic code , it 's exactly what we had trans@@ fer@@ red in . +so , this may sound like genom@@ ic al@@ che@@ my , but we can , by moving the software of dna around , change things quite dra@@ matically . +now i 've argu@@ ed , this is not gen@@ es@@ is ; this is building on three and a half billion years of evolution . +and i 've argu@@ ed that we 're about to perhaps create a new version of the cam@@ brian explosion , where there 's massive new speci@@ ation based on this digital design . +why do this ? +i think this is pretty obvious in terms of some of the needs . +we 're about to go from six and a half to nine billion people over the next 40 years . +to put it in context for myself : i was born in 194@@ 6 . +there are now three people on the planet for every one of us that exi@@ sted in 194@@ 6 ; within 40 years , there 'll be four . +we have trouble fe@@ eding , provi@@ ding fresh , clean water , medi@@ cin@@ es , fuel for the six and a half billion . +it 's going to be a stre@@ tch to do it for nine . +we use over five billion tons of coal , 30 billi@@ on-@@ plus bar@@ rel@@ s of oil -- that 's a hundred million bar@@ rel@@ s a day . +when we try to think of biological processes or any process to replace that , it 's going to be a huge challenge . +then of course , there 's all that co2 from this material that ends up in the atmosphere . +we now , from our discovery around the world , have a dat@@ ab@@ ase with about 20 million genes , and i like to think of these as the design components of the future . +the electr@@ on@@ ics industry only had a do@@ zen or so components , and look at the diversity that came out of that . +we 're limited here pri@@ mar@@ ily by a biological reality and our imagination . +we now have techniques , because of these ra@@ pid metho@@ ds of syn@@ thesis , to do what we 're calling combin@@ at@@ ori@@ al genom@@ ics . +we have the ability now to build a large robot that can make a million chromo@@ som@@ es a day . +when you think of process@@ ing these 20 million different genes or trying to optimi@@ ze processes to produce oc@@ tan@@ e or to produce pharma@@ ce@@ u@@ tic@@ als , new vac@@ cin@@ es , we can just with a small team , do more molecular biology than the last 20 years of all science . +and it 's just standard sele@@ ction : we can sele@@ ct for vi@@ ability , chemical or fuel production , v@@ acc@@ ine production , etc . +this is a screen s@@ nap@@ shot of some true design software that we 're working on to actually be able to sit down and design species in the computer . +you know , we don 't know necessarily what it 'll look like : we know exactly what their genetic code looks like . +we 're foc@@ using on now four@@ th-@@ generation fu@@ els . +you 've seen recently , cor@@ n to eth@@ an@@ ol is just a bad experiment . +we have secon@@ d@@ - and thir@@ d-@@ generation fu@@ els that will be coming out relatively soon that are sugar , to much hig@@ her@@ -@@ value fu@@ els like oc@@ tan@@ e or different types of bu@@ tan@@ ol . +but the only way we think that biology can have a major impact without further increasing the cost of food and limit@@ ing its avail@@ ability is if we start with co2 as its feed@@ stock , and so we 're working with designing cells to go down this road . +and we think we 'll have the first four@@ th-@@ generation fu@@ els in about 18 months . +sun@@ light and co2 is one method ... +but in our discovery around the world , we have all kinds of other metho@@ ds . +this is an organis@@ m we described in 199@@ 6 . +it lives in the deep ocean , about a mile and a half deep , almost at bo@@ il@@ ing-@@ water temper@@ atures . +it takes co2 to me@@ than@@ e using molecular hydro@@ gen as its energy source . +we 're looking to see if we can take cap@@ tured co2 , which can easily be pi@@ ped to sites , conver@@ t that co2 back into fuel to drive this process . +so , in a short period of time , we think that we might be able to increase what the basic question is of " what is life ? " +we truly , you know , have mo@@ dest goals of re@@ plac@@ ing the whole pe@@ tro@@ l-@@ chemical industry -- yeah . if you can 't do that at ted , where can you ? -- become a major source of energy ... +but also , we 're now working on using these same tools to come up with inst@@ ant sets of vac@@ cin@@ es . +you 've seen this year with flu ; we 're always a year behind and a dollar short when it comes to the right v@@ acc@@ ine . +i think that can be changed by building combin@@ at@@ ori@@ al vac@@ cin@@ es in ad@@ v@@ ance . +here 's what the future may begin to look like with changing , now , the evolutionary tree , spee@@ ding up evolution with syn@@ thetic bacteria , arch@@ a@@ e@@ a and , eventually , eu@@ kar@@ y@@ ot@@ es . +we 're a ways away from impro@@ ving people : our goal is just to make sure that we have a chance to survive long enough to maybe do that . thank you very much . +last year at ted i gave an introdu@@ ction to the l@@ h@@ c . +and i promis@@ ed to come back and give you an up@@ date on how that machine worked . +so this is it . and for those of you that weren 't there , the l@@ h@@ c is the largest scientific experiment ever attemp@@ ted -- 27 kilometers in circum@@ ference . +its job is to re@@ create the conditions that were present less than a billi@@ on@@ th of a second after the universe began , up to 600 million times a second . +it 's nothing if not ambi@@ tious . +this is the machine below gen@@ ev@@ a . +we take the pictures of those mini@@ -@@ big ban@@ gs inside dete@@ c@@ tors . +this is the one i work on . it 's called the at@@ las dete@@ ctor -- 4@@ 4 meters wide , 22 meters in diam@@ e@@ ter . +spec@@ tac@@ ular picture here of at@@ las under construction so you can see the scale . +on the 10@@ th of september last year we turned the machine on for the first time . +and this picture was taken by at@@ las . +it caused im@@ men@@ se celebra@@ tion in the control room . +it 's a picture of the first be@@ am partic@@ le going all the way around the l@@ h@@ c , colli@@ ding with a piece of the l@@ h@@ c deli@@ ber@@ ately , and sho@@ wer@@ ing particles into the dete@@ ctor . +in other words , when we saw that picture on september 10@@ th we knew the machine worked , which is a great tri@@ um@@ ph . +i don 't know whether this got the biggest che@@ er , or this , when someone went onto google and saw the front page was like that . +it means we made cultural impact as well as scientific impact . +about a week later we had a problem with the machine , related actually to these bits of wire here -- these gold wir@@ es . +those wir@@ es carry 13 thousand am@@ ps when the machine is working in full power . +now the engineers am@@ on@@ gst you will look at them and say , " no they don 't . they 're small wir@@ es . " +they can do that because when they are very cold they are what 's called super@@ conduc@@ ting wire . +so at min@@ us 2@@ 7@@ 1 degrees , col@@ der than the space between the stars , those wir@@ es can take that current . +in one of the jo@@ in@@ ts between over 9@@ ,000 magne@@ ts in l@@ h@@ c , there was a manufacturing de@@ fe@@ ct . +so the wire he@@ ated up slightly , and its 1@@ 3,000 am@@ ps suddenly en@@ counter@@ ed electrical resi@@ stance . +this was the result . +now that 's more impres@@ sive when you consider those magne@@ ts wei@@ gh over 20 tons , and they moved about a foot . +so we dama@@ ged about 50 of the magne@@ ts . +we had to take them out , which we did . +we re@@ condi@@ tioned them all , fix@@ ed them . +they 're all on their way back under@@ ground now . +by the end of mar@@ ch the l@@ h@@ c will be in@@ t@@ act again . +we will switch it on , and we expect to take data in jun@@ e or ju@@ ly , and continue with our qu@@ est to find out what the building blocks of the universe are . +now of course , in a way those acci@@ dents rei@@ gni@@ te the debate about the value of science and engineering at the edge . it 's easy to re@@ f@@ ute . +i think that the fact that it 's so difficult , the fact that we 're over@@ reach@@ ing , is the value of things like the l@@ h@@ c . +i will leave the final word to an english scientist , hum@@ ph@@ re@@ y da@@ vy , who , i sus@@ pe@@ ct , when defen@@ ding his prote@@ ge 's us@@ eless experiments -- his prote@@ ge was michael far@@ a@@ day -- said this , " nothing is so dangerous to the progress of the human mind than to assu@@ me that our vie@@ ws of science are ulti@@ mate , that there are no myster@@ ies in nature , that our tri@@ um@@ ph@@ s are complete , and that there are no new worl@@ ds to con@@ qu@@ er . " +thank you . +i am a writer . +writing books is my prof@@ ession but it 's more than that , of course . +it is also my great li@@ fel@@ ong love and fascin@@ ation . +and i don 't expect that that 's ever going to change . +but , that said , something kind of pe@@ cu@@ li@@ ar has happened recently in my life and in my career , which has caused me to have to rec@@ ali@@ bra@@ te my whole relationship with this work . +and the pe@@ cu@@ li@@ ar thing is that i recently wrote this book , this me@@ mo@@ ir called " eat , pra@@ y , love " which , deci@@ de@@ dly unlike any of my previous books , went out in the world for some reason , and became this big , me@@ ga@@ -@@ sen@@ sation , international best@@ s@@ eller thing . +the result of which is that everywhere i go now , people treat me like i 'm do@@ om@@ ed . +seriously -- do@@ om@@ ed , do@@ om@@ ed ! +like , they come up to me now , all worried , and they say , " aren 't you afraid -- aren 't you afraid you 're never going to be able to top that ? +aren 't you afraid you 're going to keep writing for your whole life and you 're never again going to create a book that anybody in the world car@@ es about at all , ever again ? " +so that 's reas@@ sur@@ ing , you know . +but it would be worse , except for that i happen to remember that over 20 years ago , when i first started telling people -- when i was a teenager -- that i wanted to be a writer , i was met with this same kind of , sort of fe@@ ar-@@ based reaction . +and people would say , " aren 't you afraid you 're never going to have any success ? +aren 't you afraid the hu@@ mili@@ ation of re@@ je@@ ction will kill you ? +aren 't you afraid that you 're going to work your whole life at this craft and nothing 's ever going to come of it and you 're going to die on a sc@@ ra@@ p hea@@ p of broken dreams with your mouth filled with bit@@ ter ash of failure ? " +like that , you know . +the answer -- the short answer to all those questions is , " yes . " +yes , i 'm afraid of all those things . +and i always have been . +and i 'm afraid of many , many more things bes@@ i@@ des that people can 't even guess at . +like se@@ a@@ we@@ ed , and other things that are sc@@ ary . +but , when it comes to writing , the thing that i 've been sort of thinking about l@@ ately , and wondering about l@@ ately , is why ? +you know , is it rational ? +is it logi@@ cal that anybody should be expected to be afraid of the work that they feel they were put on this earth to do . +you know , and what is it specifically about creative vent@@ ures that seems to make us really nervous about each other 's mental health in a way that other care@@ ers kind of don 't do , you know ? +like my dad , for example , was a chemical engineer and i don 't rec@@ all once in his 40 years of chemical engineering anybody asking him if he was afraid to be a chemical engineer , you know ? +it didn 't -- that chemical engineering block john , how 's it going ? +it just didn 't come up like that , you know ? +but to be fair , chemical engineers as a group haven 't really ear@@ ned a repu@@ tation over the cent@@ u@@ ries for being al@@ co@@ ho@@ lic man@@ ic@@ -@@ depres@@ si@@ ves . +we wri@@ ters , we kind of do have that repu@@ tation , and not just wri@@ ters , but creative people across all gen@@ r@@ es , it seems , have this repu@@ tation for being enor@@ m@@ ously ment@@ ally un@@ stable . +and all you have to do is look at the very gri@@ m death count in the 20th century alone , of really magni@@ fi@@ cent creative minds who died young and often at their own hands , you know ? +and even the ones who didn 't literally com@@ mit su@@ i@@ cide seem to be really und@@ one by their gif@@ ts , you know . +nor@@ man ma@@ il@@ er , just before he died , last interview , he said " every one of my books has killed me a little more . " +an extraordinary stat@@ ement to make about your life 's work , you know . +but we don 't even blin@@ k when we hear somebody say this because we 've heard that kind of stuff for so long and somehow we 've completely intern@@ alized and accep@@ ted colle@@ c@@ tively this notion that creativity and suffering are somehow in@@ her@@ ently lin@@ ked and that arti@@ stry , in the end , will always ultimately lead to an@@ gu@@ ish . +and the question that i want to ask everybody here today is are you guys all cool with that idea ? +are you comfortable with that -- because you look at it even from an in@@ ch away and , you know -- i 'm not at all comfortable with that assu@@ mption . +i think it 's o@@ di@@ ous . +and i also think it 's dangerous , and i don 't want to see it per@@ pe@@ tu@@ ated into the next century . +i think it 's better if we encoura@@ ge our great creative minds to live . +and i definitely know that , in my case -- in my situation -- it would be very dangerous for me to start sort of lea@@ king down that dark path of assu@@ mption , particularly given the circum@@ stance that i 'm in right now in my career . +which is -- you know , like check it out , i 'm pretty young , i 'm only about 40 years old . +i still have maybe another four decades of work left in me . +and it 's ex@@ ce@@ ed@@ ingly likely that anything i write from this point forward is going to be jud@@ ged by the world as the work that came after the fre@@ ak@@ ish success of my last book , right ? +i should just put it bl@@ un@@ tly , because we 're all sort of friends here now -- it 's ex@@ ce@@ ed@@ ingly likely that my greatest success is behind me . +oh , so jes@@ us , what a thought ! +you know that 's the kind of thought that could lead a person to start drin@@ king g@@ in at nine o '@@ clock in the morning , and i don 't want to go there . +i would pre@@ fer to keep doing this work that i love . +and so , the question becomes , how ? +and so , it seems to me , upon a lot of refle@@ ction , that the way that i have to work now , in order to continue writing , is that i have to create some sort of prote@@ ctive psych@@ ological constru@@ ct , right ? +i have to sort of find some way to have a safe distance between me , as i am writing , and my very natural an@@ x@@ iety about what the reaction to that writing is going to be , from now on . +and , as i 've been looking over the last year for models for how to do that i 've been sort of looking across time , and i 've been trying to find other societies to see if they might have had better and san@@ er ideas than we have about how to help creative people , sort of manage the in@@ her@@ ent emotional risks of creativity . +and that search has led me to ancient gre@@ e@@ ce and ancient ro@@ me . +so stay with me , because it does circle around and back . +but , ancient gre@@ e@@ ce and ancient ro@@ me -- people did not happen to believe that creativity came from human beings back then , o@@ .@@ k. ? +people believed that creativity was this di@@ v@@ ine atten@@ d@@ ant spirit that came to human beings from some dist@@ ant and un@@ know@@ able source , for dist@@ ant and un@@ know@@ able reasons . +the gre@@ e@@ ks fam@@ ously called these di@@ v@@ ine atten@@ d@@ ant spi@@ ri@@ ts of creativity " da@@ em@@ ons . " +soc@@ rates , fam@@ ously , believed that he had a da@@ em@@ on who spoke wisdom to him from af@@ ar . +the roman@@ s had the same idea , but they called that sort of dis@@ em@@ bo@@ died creative spirit a geni@@ us . +which is great , because the roman@@ s did not actually think that a geni@@ us was a particularly clever individual . +they believed that a geni@@ us was this , sort of ma@@ gical di@@ v@@ ine enti@@ ty , who was believed to literally live in the walls of an artist 's studio , kind of like do@@ bby the house el@@ f , and who would come out and sort of invisi@@ bly as@@ s@@ ist the artist with their work and would shape the out@@ come of that work . +so brilliant -- there it is , right there , that distance that i 'm talking about -- that psych@@ ological constru@@ ct to protect you from the results of your work . +and everyone knew that this is how it func@@ tioned , right ? +so the ancient artist was prote@@ cted from certain things , like , for example , too much nar@@ cis@@ s@@ ism , right ? +if your work was brilliant you couldn 't take all the credit for it , everybody knew that you had this dis@@ em@@ bo@@ died geni@@ us who had helped you . +if your work bom@@ bed , not entirely your fau@@ lt , you know ? +everyone knew your geni@@ us was kind of l@@ ame . +and this is how people thought about creativity in the west for a really long time . +and then the ren@@ a@@ is@@ s@@ ance came and everything changed , and we had this big idea , and the big idea was let 's put the individual human being at the center of the universe above all go@@ ds and myster@@ ies , and there 's no more room for my@@ sti@@ cal creatures who take dic@@ tation from the di@@ v@@ ine . +and it 's the beginning of rational human@@ ism , and people started to believe that creativity came completely from the self of the individual . +and for the first time in history , you start to hear people refer@@ ring to this or that artist as being a geni@@ us rather than having a geni@@ us . +and i got to tell you , i think that was a huge er@@ ror . +you know , i think that allo@@ wing somebody , one m@@ ere person to believe that he or she is like , the ves@@ sel , you know , like the f@@ on@@ t and the essen@@ ce and the source of all di@@ v@@ ine , creative , un@@ know@@ able , e@@ ternal myster@@ y is just a s@@ mi@@ dge too much responsibility to put on one fra@@ gi@@ le , human psy@@ che . +it 's like asking somebody to s@@ wal@@ low the sun . +it just completely war@@ ps and di@@ stor@@ ts e@@ gos , and it creates all these un@@ mana@@ ge@@ able expec@@ tations about performance . +and i think the pressure of that has been killing off our artists for the last 500 years . +and , if this is true , and i think it is true , the question becomes , what now ? +can we do this differently ? +maybe go back to some more ancient understanding about the relationship between humans and the creative myster@@ y . +maybe not . +maybe we can 't just er@@ ase 500 years of rational human@@ i@@ stic thought in one 18 minute speech . +and there 's probably people in this audience who would raise really legi@@ ti@@ mate scientific sus@@ pi@@ ci@@ ons about the notion of , basically fa@@ i@@ ries who follow people around ru@@ b@@ bing fair@@ y ju@@ ice on their projects and stuff . +i 'm not , probably , going to bring you all along with me on this . +but the question that i kind of want to pose is -- you know , why not ? +why not think about it this way ? +because it makes as much sense as anything else i have ever heard in terms of expla@@ ining the u@@ tter ma@@ d@@ den@@ ing cap@@ ri@@ ci@@ ousness of the creative process . +a process which , as anybody who has ever tried to make something -- which is to say basically everyone here -@@ -- knows does not always be@@ have ration@@ ally . +and , in fact , can sometimes feel down@@ right par@@ an@@ or@@ mal . +i had this en@@ counter recently where i met the extraordinary american po@@ et ru@@ th stone , who 's now in her 9@@ 0s , but she 's been a po@@ et her entire life and she told me that when she was growing up in rural virg@@ ini@@ a , she would be out working in the fields , and she said she would feel and hear a po@@ em coming at her from over the landscape . +and she said it was like a th@@ under@@ ous train of air . +and it would come bar@@ rel@@ ing down at her over the landscape . +and she felt it coming , because it would sha@@ ke the earth under her feet . +she knew that she had only one thing to do at that point , and that was to , in her words , " run like hell . " +and she would run like hell to the house and she would be getting ch@@ ased by this po@@ em , and the whole deal was that she had to get to a piece of paper and a pen@@ cil fast enough so that when it th@@ under@@ ed through her , she could collect it and gra@@ b it on the page . +and other times she wouldn 't be fast enough , so she 'd be running and running and running , and she wouldn 't get to the house and the po@@ em would bar@@ re@@ l through her and she would miss it and she said it would continue on across the landscape , looking , as she put it " for another po@@ et . " +and then there were these times -- this is the piece i never for@@ got -- she said that there were moments where she would almost miss it , right ? +so , she 's running to the house and she 's looking for the paper and the po@@ em pas@@ ses through her , and she grab@@ s a pen@@ cil just as it 's going through her , and then she said , it was like she would reach out with her other hand and she would catch it . +she would catch the po@@ em by its tail , and she would pull it back@@ wards into her body as she was tran@@ scri@@ bing on the page . +and in these in@@ stances , the po@@ em would come up on the page perfect and in@@ t@@ act but back@@ wards , from the last word to the first . +so when i heard that i was like -- that 's un@@ can@@ ny , that 's exactly what my creative process is like . +that 's not at all what my creative process is -- i 'm not the pi@@ p@@ eline ! +i 'm a mu@@ le , and the way that i have to work is that i have to get up at the same time every day , and swe@@ at and labor and bar@@ re@@ l through it really aw@@ k@@ war@@ dly . +but even i , in my mu@@ li@@ sh@@ ness , even i have br@@ us@@ hed up against that thing , at times . +and i would imagine that a lot of you have too . +you know , even i have had work or ideas come through me from a source that i hon@@ est@@ ly cannot identify . +and what is that thing ? +and how are we to rel@@ ate to it in a way that will not make us lose our minds , but , in fact , might actually keep us san@@ e ? +and for me , the best con@@ temporary example that i have of how to do that is the musi@@ cian tom wa@@ its , who i got to interview several years ago on a magazine as@@ sign@@ ment . +and we were talking about this , and you know , tom , for most of his life he was pretty much the em@@ bo@@ di@@ ment of the tor@@ mented con@@ temporary modern artist , trying to control and manage and domin@@ ate these sort of un@@ controll@@ able creative impul@@ ses that were totally intern@@ alized . +but then he got older , he got cal@@ mer , and one day he was driving down the free@@ way in los angeles he told me , and this is when it all changed for him . +and he 's spee@@ ding along , and all of a sudden he he@@ ars this little frag@@ ment of mel@@ o@@ dy , that comes into his head as inspiration often comes , el@@ u@@ sive and tan@@ tali@@ zing , and he wants it , you know , it 's gor@@ ge@@ ous , and he lon@@ gs for it , but he has no way to get it . +he doesn 't have a piece of paper , he doesn 't have a pen@@ cil , he doesn 't have a ta@@ pe rec@@ order . +so he starts to feel all of that old an@@ x@@ iety start to rise in him like , " i 'm going to lose this thing , and then i 'm going to be ha@@ un@@ ted by this song forever . +i 'm not good enough , and i can 't do it . " +and instead of p@@ ani@@ cking , he just stopped . +he just stopped that whole mental process and he did something completely novel . +he just looked up at the sky , and he said , " exc@@ use me , can you not see that i 'm driving ? " +" do i look like i can write down a song right now ? +if you really want to exist , come back at a more opport@@ une moment when i can take care of you . +otherwise , go bo@@ ther somebody else today . +go bo@@ ther leon@@ ard co@@ hen . " +and his whole work process changed after that . +not the work , the work was still o@@ f@@ ten@@ times as dark as ever . +but the process , and the heavy an@@ x@@ iety around it was rele@@ ased when he took the gen@@ ie , the geni@@ us out of him where it was caus@@ ing nothing but trouble , and rele@@ ased it kind of back where it came from , and realized that this didn 't have to be this intern@@ alized , tor@@ mented thing . +it could be this pe@@ cu@@ li@@ ar , won@@ dr@@ ous , bizar@@ re collaboration kind of conversation between tom and the strange , ex@@ ternal thing that was not quite tom . +so when i heard that story it started to shift a little bit the way that i worked too , and it already saved me once . +this idea , it saved me when i was in the middle of writing " eat , pra@@ y , love , " and i fell into one of those , sort of p@@ its of des@@ pair that we all fall into when we 're working on something and it 's not coming and you start to think this is going to be a disaster , this is going to be the worst book ever written . +not just bad , but the worst book ever written . +and i started to think i should just du@@ mp this project . +but then i remem@@ ber@@ ed tom talking to the open air and i tried it . +so i just li@@ f@@ ted my face up from the man@@ us@@ cri@@ pt and i direc@@ ted my comm@@ ents to an empty corner of the room . +and i said al@@ oud , " listen you , thing , you and i both know that if this book isn 't brilliant that is not entirely my fau@@ lt , right ? +because you can see that i am putting everything i have into this , i don 't have any more than this . +so if you want it to be better , then you 've got to show up and do your part of the deal . +o@@ .@@ k. but if you don 't do that , you know what , the hell with it . +i 'm going to keep writing anyway because that 's my job . +and i would please like the record to refle@@ ct today that i showed up for my part of the job . " +because -- in the end it 's like this , o@@ .@@ k. -- cent@@ u@@ ries ago in the deser@@ ts of north africa , people used to ga@@ ther for these mo@@ on@@ light dan@@ ces of sac@@ red dance and music that would go on for hours and hours , until da@@ wn . +and they were always magni@@ fi@@ cent , because the dan@@ cers were profession@@ als and they were terri@@ fic , right ? +but every once in a while , very r@@ ar@@ ely , something would happen , and one of these per@@ form@@ ers would actually become tran@@ scen@@ dent . +and i know you know what i 'm talking about , because i know you 've all seen , at some point in your life , a performance like this . +it was like time would stop , and the dan@@ cer would sort of step through some kind of port@@ al and he wasn 't doing anything different than he had ever done , 1,000 ni@@ ghts before , but everything would al@@ ig@@ n . +and all of a sudden , he would no longer appear to be mer@@ ely human . +he would be li@@ t from within , and li@@ t from below and all li@@ t up on fire with di@@ vin@@ ity . +and when this happened , back then , people knew it for what it was , you know , they called it by its name . +they would put their hands together and they would start to ch@@ ant , " al@@ la@@ h , al@@ la@@ h , al@@ la@@ h , god , god , god . " +that 's god , you know . +curious histor@@ ical foot@@ note -- when the mo@@ ors inv@@ aded southern spa@@ in , they took this cu@@ sto@@ m with them and the pr@@ on@@ un@@ ci@@ ation changed over the cent@@ u@@ ries from " al@@ la@@ h , al@@ la@@ h , al@@ la@@ h , " to " o@@ le , o@@ le , o@@ le , " which you still hear in bu@@ ll@@ fi@@ ghts and in fl@@ am@@ en@@ co dan@@ ces . +in spa@@ in , when a perfor@@ mer has done something impossible and magic , " al@@ la@@ h , o@@ le , o@@ le , al@@ la@@ h , magni@@ fi@@ cent , bra@@ vo , " in@@ com@@ pre@@ hen@@ si@@ ble , there it is -- a gli@@ mp@@ se of god . +which is great , because we need that . +but , the tri@@ cky bit comes the next morning , for the dan@@ cer himself , when he wa@@ kes up and disco@@ vers that it 's tu@@ es@@ day at 11 a@@ .@@ m@@ . , and he 's no longer a gli@@ mp@@ se of god . +he 's just an aging mor@@ tal with really bad k@@ ne@@ es , and maybe he 's never going to as@@ c@@ end to that hei@@ ght again . +and maybe nobody will ever ch@@ ant god 's name again as he sp@@ ins , and what is he then to do with the rest of his life ? +this is hard . +this is one of the most pain@@ ful re@@ con@@ ci@@ li@@ ations to make in a creative life . +but maybe it doesn 't have to be quite so full of an@@ gu@@ ish if you never happened to believe , in the first place , that the most extraordinary aspe@@ cts of your being came from you . +but maybe if you just believed that they were on lo@@ an to you from some uni@@ mag@@ in@@ able source for some ex@@ qu@@ isi@@ te por@@ tion of your life to be passed along when you 're finished , with somebody else . +and , you know , if we think about it this way it starts to change everything . +this is how i 've started to think , and this is certainly how i 've been thinking in the last few months as i 've been working on the book that will soon be published , as the danger@@ ously , fri@@ gh@@ ten@@ ingly over@@ -@@ anti@@ ci@@ p@@ ated follow up to my fre@@ ak@@ ish success . +and what i have to , sort of keep telling myself when i get really psych@@ ed out about that , is , don 't be afraid . +don 't be da@@ un@@ ted . +just do your job . +continue to show up for your piece of it , whatever that might be . +if your job is to dance , do your dance . +if the di@@ v@@ ine , cock@@ e@@ yed geni@@ us as@@ sig@@ ned to your case deci@@ des to let some sort of wonder@@ ment be gli@@ mp@@ sed , for just one moment through your eff@@ or@@ ts , then " o@@ le ! " +and if not , do your dance any@@ how . +and " o@@ le ! " to you , non@@ eth@@ eless . +i believe this and i feel that we must teach it . +" o@@ le ! " to you , non@@ eth@@ eless , just for having the she@@ er human love and stu@@ b@@ bor@@ n@@ ness to keep showing up . +thank you . +thank you . +o@@ le ! +last year i showed these two sli@@ des so that demon@@ strate that the arc@@ tic ice ca@@ p , which for most of the last three million years has been the size of the lower 4@@ 8 states , has s@@ hr@@ un@@ k by 40 percent . +but this under@@ states the seri@@ ousness of this particular problem because it doesn 't show the thi@@ ck@@ ness of the ice . +the arc@@ tic ice ca@@ p is , in a sense , the be@@ ating heart of the global climate system . +it exp@@ ands in winter and contra@@ cts in summer . +the next slide i show you will be a ra@@ pid fa@@ st-@@ forward of what 's happened over the last 25 years . +the perman@@ ent ice is mar@@ ked in red . +as you see , it exp@@ ands to the dark blue -- that 's the an@@ nu@@ al ice in winter , and it contra@@ cts in summer . +the so-@@ called perman@@ ent ice , five years old or older , you can see is almost like blood , sp@@ ill@@ ing out of the body here . +in 25 years it 's gone from this , to this . +this is a problem because the warming he@@ ats up the fro@@ zen ground around the arc@@ tic ocean , where there is a massive amount of fro@@ zen carbon which , when it th@@ a@@ ws , is turned into me@@ than@@ e by micro@@ bes . +compared to the total amount of global warming pollution in the atmosphere , that amount could double if we cross this ti@@ pping point . +already in some s@@ hal@@ low la@@ kes in al@@ as@@ ka , me@@ than@@ e is ac@@ tively bub@@ bling up out of the water . +professor kat@@ ey wal@@ ter from the university of al@@ as@@ ka went out with another team to another s@@ hal@@ low la@@ ke last winter . +who@@ a ! +she 's okay . the question is whether we will be . +and one reason is , this enormous heat sin@@ k he@@ ats up green@@ land from the north . +this is an an@@ nu@@ al mel@@ ting river . +but the vol@@ um@@ es are much larger than ever . +this is the kan@@ ger@@ l@@ us@@ su@@ a@@ q river in sou@@ th@@ west green@@ land . +if you want to know how sea level ris@@ es from land@@ -@@ base ice mel@@ ting this is where it reach@@ es the sea . +these flo@@ ws are increasing very rapi@@ dly . +at the other end of the planet , ant@@ arc@@ tic@@ a the largest mass of ice on the planet . +last month scientists repor@@ ted the entire continent is now in negative ice balance . +and west ant@@ arc@@ tic@@ a cro@@ pped up on top some under@@ -@@ sea is@@ lands , is particularly ra@@ pid in its mel@@ ting . +that 's equal to 20 feet of sea level , as is green@@ land . +in the hi@@ mal@@ ay@@ as , the third largest mass of ice : at the top you see new la@@ kes , which a few years ago were gl@@ aci@@ ers . +40 percent of all the people in the world get half of their drin@@ king water from that mel@@ ting flow . +in the and@@ es , this gl@@ aci@@ er is the source of drin@@ king water for this city . +the flo@@ ws have increas@@ ed . +but when they go away , so does much of the drin@@ king water . +in california there has been a 40 percent dec@@ line in the si@@ er@@ ra s@@ no@@ w@@ pack . +this is hit@@ ting the reser@@ vo@@ irs . +and the predic@@ tions , as you 've read , are serious . +this dr@@ ying around the world has lead to a dra@@ matic increase in fir@@ es . +and the dis@@ ast@@ ers around the world have been increasing at an absolutely extraordinary and un@@ pre@@ ce@@ d@@ ented rate . +four times as many in the last 30 years as in the previous 75 . +this is a completely un@@ sustainable pattern . +if you look at in the context of history you can see what this is doing . +in the last five years we 've ad@@ ded 70 million tons of co2 every 24 hours -- 25 million tons every day to the oceans . +look carefully at the area of the eastern pacific , from the americ@@ as , exten@@ ding west@@ ward , and on either side of the indian sub@@ continent , where there is a radical de@@ ple@@ tion of oxygen in the oceans . +the biggest single cause of global warming , along with de@@ for@@ est@@ ation , which is 20 percent of it , is the burning of fossil fu@@ els . +oil is a problem , and coal is the most serious problem . +the united states is one of the two largest em@@ it@@ ters , along with china . +and the pro@@ pos@@ al has been to build a lot more coal plants . +but we 're beginning to see a sea change . +here are the ones that have been can@@ cell@@ ed in the last few years with some green alterna@@ tives pro@@ posed . +however there is a political battle in our country . +and the coal industri@@ es and the oil industri@@ es spent a quar@@ ter of a billion dollars in the last cal@@ end@@ ar year pro@@ mot@@ ing clean coal , which is an oxy@@ mor@@ on . +that image remin@@ ded me of something . +around christ@@ mas , in my home in ten@@ nes@@ see , a billion gall@@ ons of coal s@@ lu@@ dge was sp@@ ill@@ ed . +you probably saw it on the news . +this , all over the country , is the second largest waste stream in america . +this happened around christ@@ mas . +one of the coal industry 's ads around christ@@ mas was this one . +fro@@ sty the coal man is a j@@ ol@@ ly , happy sou@@ l . +he 's ab@@ und@@ ant here in america , and he helps our economy grow . +fro@@ sty the coal man is getting cle@@ aner everyday . +he 's aff@@ ord@@ able and ad@@ or@@ able , and workers keep their pay . +this is the source of much of the coal in west virg@@ ini@@ a . +the largest moun@@ tain@@ top min@@ er is the head of mas@@ sey coal . +let me be clear about it . al gore , nan@@ cy p@@ el@@ o@@ s@@ i , har@@ ry rei@@ d , they don 't know what they 're talking about . +so the alli@@ ance for climate protection has launched two campaig@@ ns . +this is one of them , part of one of them . +at co@@ al@@ er@@ g@@ y we view climate change as a very serious threat to our business . +that 's why we 've made it our primary goal to spend a large sum of money on an adverti@@ sing effort to help bring out and complic@@ ate the truth about coal . +the fact is , coal isn 't dir@@ ty . +we think it 's clean -- sm@@ ells good , too . +so don 't worry about climate change . +leave that up to us . +clean coal -- you 've heard a lot about it . +so let 's take a tour of this stat@@ e-@@ of-@@ the-@@ art clean coal facili@@ ty . +amazing ! the machin@@ ery is kind of l@@ oud . +but that 's the sound of clean coal technology . +and while burning coal is one of the leading causes of global warming , the remarkable clean coal technology you see here changes everything . +take a good long look : this is today 's clean coal technology . +finally , the positive alternative mes@@ hes with our economic challenge and our national security challenge . +america is in crisis -- the economy , national security , the climate crisis . +the thre@@ ad that links them all : our addi@@ ction to carbon based fu@@ els , like dir@@ ty coal and foreign oil . +but now there is a b@@ old new solution to get us out of this m@@ ess . +re@@ power america with 100 percent clean electricity within 10 years . +a plan to put america back to work , make us more sec@@ ure , and help stop global warming . +finally , a solution that 's big enough to solve our problems . +re@@ power america . find out more . +this is the last one . +it 's about re@@ power@@ ing america . +one of the fa@@ st@@ est ways to cut our depen@@ dence on old dir@@ ty fu@@ els that are killing our planet . +future 's over here . wind , sun , a new energy grid . +new invest@@ ments to create high-@@ paying jobs . +re@@ power america . it 's time to get real . +there is an old african pro@@ ver@@ b that says , " if you want to go quickly , go alone . +if you want to go far , go together . " +we need to go far , quickly . +thank you very much . +i want to start out by asking you to think back to when you were a kid , playing with blocks . +as you figured out how to reach out and gras@@ p , pick them up and move them around , you were actually learning how to think and solve problems by understanding and mani@@ pul@@ ating spa@@ tial relationships . +spa@@ tial reas@@ oning is deeply connected to how we understand a lot of the world around us . +so , as a computer scientist inspired by this u@@ tili@@ ty of our inter@@ actions with physical objects -- along with my ad@@ vis@@ er pat@@ tie , and my collabor@@ ator je@@ ev@@ an kal@@ ani@@ th@@ i -- i started to wonder -- what if when we used a computer , instead of having this one mouse cur@@ sor that was a like a digital finger@@ ti@@ p moving around a flat des@@ k@@ top , what if we could reach in with both hands and gras@@ p information physi@@ cally , ar@@ ran@@ ging it the way we wanted ? +this question was so comp@@ elling that we decided to explore the answer , by building si@@ ft@@ ables . +in a nu@@ t@@ sh@@ ell , a si@@ ft@@ able is an inter@@ active computer the size of a coo@@ k@@ ie . +they 're able to be moved around by hand , they can sense each other , they can sense their motion , and they have a screen and a wir@@ eless radio . +most importantly , they 're physical , so like the blocks , you can move them just by reach@@ ing out and gras@@ ping . +and si@@ ft@@ ables are an example of a new ecosystem of tools for mani@@ pul@@ ating digital information . +and as these tools become more physical , more aware of their motion , aware of each other , and aware of the nu@@ ance of how we move them , we can start to explore some new and fun interaction sty@@ les . +so , i 'm going to start with some simple examples . +this si@@ ft@@ able is con@@ figured to show video , and if i ti@@ lt it in one direction , it 'll roll the video this way ; if i ti@@ lt it the other way it roll@@ s it back@@ wards . +and these inter@@ active portra@@ its are aware of each other . +so if i put them next to each other , they get interested . +if they get surro@@ unded , they notice that too , they might get a little flu@@ ster@@ ed . +and they can also sense their motion and ti@@ lt . +one of the interesting impli@@ cations on interaction , we started to realize , was that we could use everyday gest@@ ures on data , like po@@ uring a color the way we might po@@ ur a liquid . +so in this case , we 've got three si@@ ft@@ ables con@@ figured to be paint bu@@ ckets and i can use them to po@@ ur color into that central one , where they get mix@@ ed . +if we over@@ sho@@ ot , we can po@@ ur a little bit back . +there are also some ne@@ at possibilities for education , like language , math and lo@@ gic games where we want to give people the ability to try things quickly , and view the results immediately . +so here i 'm -- this is a fi@@ bon@@ acc@@ i sequence that i 'm making with a simple equ@@ ation program . +here we have a word game that 's kind of like a ma@@ sh@@ -up between sc@@ rab@@ ble and bo@@ g@@ gle . +basically , in every round you get a rand@@ om@@ ly as@@ sig@@ ned letter on each si@@ ft@@ able , and as you try to make words it che@@ cks against a dic@@ tion@@ ary . +then , after about 30 seconds , it res@@ hu@@ ff@@ les , and you have a new set of letters and new possibilities to try . +thank you . +so these are some kids that came on a field trip to the media lab , and i managed to get them to try it out , and sho@@ ot a video . +they really loved it . +and , one of the interesting things about this kind of app@@ lic@@ ation is that you don 't have to give people many in@@ struc@@ tions . +all you have to say is , " make words , " and they know exactly what to do . +so here 's another few people trying it out . +that 's our yo@@ un@@ gest bet@@ a te@@ ster , down there on the right . +turns out , all he wanted to do was to st@@ ack the si@@ ft@@ ables up . +so to him , they were just blocks . +now , this is an inter@@ active carto@@ on app@@ lic@@ ation . +and we wanted to build a learning tool for language lear@@ ners . +and this is fe@@ li@@ x , actually . +and he can bring new characters into the scene , just by li@@ f@@ ting the si@@ ft@@ ables off the table that have that character shown on them . +here , he 's bringing the sun out . +the sun is ris@@ ing . +now he 's brought a tra@@ ctor into the scene . +the orange tra@@ ctor . +good job ! yeah ! +so by sha@@ king the si@@ ft@@ ables and putting them next to each other he can make the characters interact -- wo@@ of ! +inv@@ enting his own narra@@ tive . +hell@@ o ! +it 's an open-@@ ended story , and he gets to decide how it un@@ fol@@ ds . +fly away , c@@ at . +so , the last example i have time to show you today is a music sequen@@ cing and live performance tool that we 've built recently , in which si@@ ft@@ ables act as sounds like lead , b@@ ass and dru@@ ms . +each of these has four different vari@@ ations , you get to choose which one you want to use . +and you can inje@@ ct these sounds into a sequence that you can assem@@ ble into the pattern that you want . +and you inje@@ ct it by just bu@@ mp@@ ing up the sound si@@ ft@@ able against a sequence si@@ ft@@ able . +there are effects that you can control live , like rever@@ b and filter . +you atta@@ ch it to a particular sound and then ti@@ lt to ad@@ just it . +and then , over@@ all effects like temp@@ o and volu@@ me that apply to the entire sequence . +so let 's have a look . +we 'll start by putting a lead into two sequence si@@ ft@@ ables , ar@@ range them into a series , ex@@ tend it , add a little more lead . +now i put a b@@ ass line in . +now i 'll put some per@@ c@@ us@@ sion in . +and now i 'll atta@@ ch the filter to the dru@@ ms , so i can control the effect live . +i can speed up the whole sequence by ti@@ l@@ ting the temp@@ o one way or the other . +and now i 'll atta@@ ch the filter to the b@@ ass for some more expression . +i can re@@ ar@@ range the sequence while it plays . +so i don 't have to plan it out in ad@@ v@@ ance , but i can impro@@ v@@ ise , making it longer or shor@@ ter as i go . +and now , finally , i can fa@@ de the whole sequence out using the volu@@ me si@@ ft@@ able , ti@@ l@@ ted to the left . +thank you . +so , as you can see , my passion is for making new human@@ -@@ computer inter@@ faces that are a better match to the ways our brains and bodies work . +and today , i had time to show you one point in this new design space , and a few of the possibilities that we 're working to bring out of the laboratory . +so the thought i want to leave you with is that we 're on the c@@ us@@ p of this new generation of tools for inter@@ acting with digital media that are going to bring information into our world on our terms . +thank you very much . +i look forward to talking with all of you . +yes , hell@@ o . +i 'm happy to be here . +yes , so , what is bio@@ ha@@ cking ? +i 'll have to provide some background information here , bio@@ ha@@ cking de@@ als with modern molecular biology . +i study molecular biology and have been doing research into bio@@ ha@@ cking for a few years now , i started doing this because i simply wanted to have more deta@@ iled knowledge and especially wanted to put what i 'd learned theore@@ tically into practice . +so these were my prime mo@@ tives . +so it was curi@@ osity and i somehow wanted to get closer to the material , that was it . +i think that molecular biology in general , so generally speaking biot@@ echn@@ ology , everything that can be inclu@@ ded in that , like syn@@ thetic biology , etc . +is of extreme importance today is already extremely important today and will become much more important in the future . +there are contro@@ versi@@ al top@@ ics such as all those gene@@ tically modi@@ fied plants in the fields . +now there 's cra@@ ig vent@@ er in the usa who 's trying to produce bio@@ fuel , bio@@ dies@@ el fuel made from al@@ ga@@ e . +and then there are things that have already become part of everyday life , although most people are not aware of it , such as was@@ hing po@@ w@@ der enzy@@ mes , which allow us to was@@ h clo@@ th@@ es at for@@ ty degrees , which are also gene@@ tically optimis@@ ed enzy@@ mes . +and the list can go on forever . +and so because of my interest in the in this technology , i went del@@ ved into it more . +so what why ha@@ cking ? +most of us know most people have heard of this in the context of software . +computer ha@@ cking , and then in the media it 's yes , ha@@ ck@@ ers break into a place and ste@@ al data and so on . +that 's rather sad for the ha@@ cker community , because it doesn 't at all fully describe what they actually how it actually all started and what 's behind it . +software ha@@ ck@@ ers started building computers in the se@@ venti@@ es and ei@@ gh@@ ties and this gave rise to the internet . +and it de@@ als with proble@@ m-@@ solving in a play@@ ful , creative , original way . +and a problem , so not only a technical problem , it can also be a social problem , it can also just be an access problem that simpli@@ fying things , so any way of looking at a problem , of pos@@ ing a question , asking how you could do something differently or better . +and it was it developed in the area of software , but it 's also found in the electr@@ on@@ ics sector where you also find a whole tin@@ ker@@ er scene , which makes all sorts of crazy things with electrical circu@@ its . +and so now you find it in biology , and i 'd like to take a metaphor from syn@@ thetic biology , biology is actually an information science because the dna code is an abstra@@ ct code that yes , it 's not exactly like a computer , because it 's more dynamic , because it 's material , i mean real material , and not just cyber@@ ne@@ tic . +but it 's also a code , and you can program that and so you can also ha@@ ck into it , that 's it , and i thought think it 's incredibly fascinating , and i just wanted to really del@@ ve into that . +these these networks didn 't really take form until two thousand eight . +there 's ha@@ ck@@ teri@@ a do@@ t or@@ g , which origin@@ ally comes from swi@@ tz@@ er@@ land , and it 's a network based in europe with a co@@ operation in india , but it has members and active people all over the world by now . +those are it has a more ar@@ ty character , so it 's many artists and philosop@@ her@@ s are working , together with scientists , on exam@@ ining these technologies and asking questions and process@@ ing the knowledge crea@@ tively , there are museum exhi@@ bi@@ tions and , well , all sorts of things . +but the point is to always find a a really loo@@ se approach to it , to deal with it play@@ fully . +and then there 's do@@ -@@ it@@ -@@ your@@ self-@@ bio@@ - d@@ ot@@ -@@ or@@ g , di@@ y bi@@ o . +that 's a network from the usa , that 's more of a kind of a for@@ um , where you where people can meet and disc@@ uss things online . +they are ge@@ ared more towards the technical as well as the business aspe@@ cts of it , and so you see more , well , practical questions being asked . +based on these networks , which made the whole thing popular , a scene came into being , which i 'd like to brie@@ fly describe . +this picture on the left is of bio@@ curious , that 's a ha@@ cker@@ space , so a kind of school , a private school , a non-@@ profit organisation institution , where anybody can go to . +children , el@@ der@@ ly people , all sorts of people go there to simply exam@@ ine this in a different kind of way , they 've set up a laboratory and look at what can be done there , if at laboratory proto@@ col@@ s . +here in the bottom left there 's a group in in@@ don@@ es@@ ia , house of natural fi@@ bers it 's called , but they 've been around for quite some time . +for a longer time than these other two networks . +they look at biological materials in an arti@@ stic way and , yes , also electr@@ onic tin@@ ker@@ ing , and com@@ bine this in a very out@@ land@@ ish way . +a group from ank@@ ar@@ a , that i came into contact with a while ago , they have they are a student group that wanted to in@@ form the public more about what what they learn about at university , and they organis@@ ed these these little actions at street festi@@ v@@ als and tried to explain dna to people . +and in this other image at the top i have a lec@@ ture in in cop@@ en@@ ha@@ gen at the medical mus@@ ei@@ on in combin@@ ation with an exhi@@ bi@@ tion on the top@@ ic . +and that 's , well that 's these are usually really young people , but the only thing that that one that really un@@ ites everybody , is this fascin@@ ation with technology . +and what you can do with it and approach@@ ing society very tar@@ ge@@ ted@@ ly and asking , right , okay , what do you know , what what do you want to get involved in , are you interested in getting involved in this way ? +so , okay , to ha@@ ck into biology , you need material . +you need biological materials , but you also need tools , and that 's a laboratory . +or what you would normally understand to be a laboratory , so some cool machines , extremely expensive ones , extremely dist@@ ant ones , for professional staf@@ f , trained acade@@ mi@@ cs with a doctor 's degree et@@ c. only . +and our approach was to say , okay , that you don 't actually have to do that . +that 's not necessary in fact , because every every every coffee machine actually uses more advanced technology than most laboratory devices , that 's really true . +and so with this pre@@ mis@@ es with this pre@@ mis@@ es , brian de@@ g@@ ger in england , for example , tried to set up a mini@@ -@@ laboratory , took a pressure coo@@ ker , a hot pla@@ te and , yes , sou@@ p stock , and b@@ red bacteria with it , working like this . +so anybody who 's ever had a sou@@ p gone go bad , because they left it standing for too long , has already done this . +i then tried to exp@@ and this at my laboratory back home , and so i bought some secon@@ d@@ hand equipment on e@@ bay and did a little dna analysis , and tried to do a pat@@ er@@ ni@@ ty test , so dna finger@@ prin@@ ting in other words , at home again . +that 's not supposed to be a jo@@ ke , but here in the image below you can see there 's the laboratory , in quot@@ ation mar@@ ks , so a closed up garage with all this laboratory equipment that the university got rid of , a group in paris that set something set up something and is very successful with it and does some really interesting things there . i 'd like to brie@@ fly mention a project . +that here is bio@@ curious , the ha@@ cker@@ space i mentioned just now , this yes , basically a kind of adult education cent@@ re for for molecular biology . +and yes , so you can see that it 's a relatively relatively he@@ ter@@ o@@ gene@@ ous thing , so from some people who do it on their own from home , to big i mean , larger organis@@ ations , who are doing this more form@@ ally in an institu@@ tion@@ al@@ is@@ ed form already . +but always always with this this approach , that it should be simple and acc@@ essi@@ ble . +the first project that we did as an international group , when we became aware of ourselves , you might say , okay we exist as a real “ scene ” , and we 're online , and we we know the people who are always ch@@ at@@ ting there and everything . +and then the fo@@ under of do@@ -@@ it@@ -@@ your@@ self-@@ bi@@ o do@@ t or@@ g came and said : okay +we really need to meet up now , meet up personally , and he organis@@ ed two events , one in london , in two thousand ten , and shor@@ tly after that in the usa , in san francisco . +and , the focus there was on , so okay , who are we , what do we want , what do we also want what do we want to talk about ? +and what what are our values and what are what are our obje@@ c@@ tives , our fundamental principles ? +and then we worked on writing up a kind of code of condu@@ ct . +that was really intui@@ tive , i mean , everyone expres@@ sed their wi@@ sh@@ es , their and things that move them . +then , in my opini@@ on , a really good code was created . +and that was then it 's not bin@@ ding , but it 's yes , i think it has managed to become accep@@ ted quite well , people are quite convinced about it , yes . +and then we even tried to bring it back into the acade@@ mic world , but somehow it wasn 't really well received there . +so i think we from the bio@@ ha@@ cker scene have , in that sense , gone a step further than the the acade@@ mic world . +yes , what sort of projects do we actually work on ? +a project i set up myself with the ha@@ ck@@ teri@@ a network in swi@@ tz@@ er@@ land , was one in which we wanted to create a so-@@ called op@@ tical tra@@ p or op@@ tical t@@ wee@@ z@@ ers . +this is when you focus a las@@ er be@@ am on a in a space , and then you can catch little particles in the air with it or in in liquid and then move them in this focus , so , they 're then tra@@ pped in there , so it 's basically like a tra@@ ctor be@@ am . +that really works , it 's done in an acade@@ mic setting , and then we thought , okay , we might manage that , and took a web@@ c@@ am , dis@@ man@@ t@@ led it , took off the l@@ ens , turned it around and then we have a microscop@@ e , which has a four hundred fold magni@@ fication appro@@ x@@ ima@@ tely . +you can see this at the bottom . +and then we took apart a d@@ v@@ d bur@@ ner and took out the bur@@ ner the las@@ er and then tried to focus on this camera . +and unfortunately that didn 't work , but we learned a lot in doing so any@@ how . +another project , that came from from the french group in paris , did work , and that 's pretty cool . +he took one of these well , one of these one of these devices that measure brain waves , an ee@@ g or something like that , so he was working with neuro@@ biology , his his ni@@ ck@@ name is sam neuro@@ ha@@ ck . +he then made this this this hel@@ met , and it took place in in co@@ operation with the museum . +vis@@ it@@ ors could go into the room , sit down on this chair , and put on this hel@@ met . +their brain waves were then measu@@ red , and depen@@ ding on what they thought about or how they thought , different lights in the ro@@ om@@ went swi@@ t@@ ched on . +was a very a very fan@@ cy project . +another thing from the usa that also had to do with pat@@ er@@ ni@@ ty test thing , is the the p@@ c@@ r , the poly@@ mer@@ ase chain reaction , a complicated term . +this is about the cop@@ ying of genes , repli@@ c@@ ating genes , dna , frag@@ ments , so that you can make them visible . +so when i now that 's what the what pro@@ fil@@ ers do at a crime scene , they go there , collect some hair sam@@ ples , and then they make these imple@@ ment this method , and then they can say , okay , this hair bel@@ on@@ gs to this person , like that . +and the machines that do that are rather expensive , the ones you buy commer@@ cially , they start at about four thousand euro@@ s at the least . +and that 's not within the range of ama@@ te@@ urs , but it 's a really cool technology , which is capable of a lot . +so that 's just one app@@ lic@@ ation among many that you can use . +and they have there were two two tin@@ ker@@ ers who went to work on it and said , okay , we can make this easier and che@@ aper , and put together this this piece of equipment from open source stuff , so fre@@ ely available hard@@ ware and electr@@ on@@ ics and they 're now the they 've now managed to make it ri@@ pe for the market and are currently the the che@@ ap@@ est provi@@ ders of these devices worldwide . +i think the price lies at about six hundred dollars or so . +it 's certainly now it 's that 's still not cheap , but it 's certainly within a range that makes it much more acc@@ essi@@ ble . +so that was a very successful ha@@ ck in my opini@@ on . +a project i recently started was the building of a gene gun . +a gene gun is , well , a kind of air pressure gun , which sho@@ ots about this far , two centi@@ me@@ tr@@ es or so . +you charge gold particles with dna and then put these gold particles into this air pressure gun , and then i shot at oni@@ ons and made them light up and stuff like that . +so the device you see here didn 't work . +but that 's my my prototyp@@ e , which looked pretty wild though , on a bran@@ ch and that , that thing on it , put the electr@@ on@@ ics into it and connected pressure to it and that was but the pressure was too high , and the thing broke . +then i took a whi@@ pped cre@@ am dis@@ pen@@ ser and connected it to that . +a whi@@ pped cre@@ am dis@@ pen@@ ser , when you fill it up with water , it has enough pressure , i think about for@@ ty to six@@ ty bar . +and with that you can acceler@@ ate the particles stron@@ g@@ ly enough and then they enter the oni@@ ons . +and the commercial device for this starts at about fif@@ te@@ en thousand euro@@ s or so , whereas whi@@ pped cre@@ am dis@@ pen@@ s@@ ers cost about fif@@ ty euro@@ s . +so the it 's not as efficient , but it 's basically do@@ able . +so that 's currently the the core obje@@ ctive of the scene , making the technology more available and increasing the information and com@@ pre@@ hen@@ si@@ bility , so that that more people can get involved . +because as i said in the beginning , it 's an extremely important technology and most people know relatively little about it and also have no chance of educ@@ ating themselves really well on it . +because if you just read about it in secon@@ dar@@ y liter@@ ature , that 's not the same as when you 've done it yourself or have seen it being done . +and i think technology is becoming increasingly important in our modern societies . +and if , as an in@@ formed citi@@ zen , you wish to make useful choices in society and want to take part in the discussion , you need access to the knowledge and the technology . +and and you need to do it and understand it if you want to do it and understand it . +and this tra@@ des under the names open knowledge and citi@@ zen science . +so as a citi@@ zen you are put in a position where you can look into these scientific technologies . +and that 's that 's the core conc@@ ern of of bio@@ ha@@ ck@@ ers . +those are the people who are at least offi@@ cially regi@@ ster@@ ed on the website , the di@@ y-@@ bio@@ -@@ d@@ ot@@ -@@ or@@ g-@@ website . +there 's already a rather impres@@ sive number of people worldwide . +and it 's also interesting that they 're also repres@@ ented in sou@@ th-@@ e@@ ast@@ -@@ asia . +that is i think they are less people have regi@@ ster@@ ed than actually exist . +i know of some people who haven 't regi@@ ster@@ ed . +and they are just the bio@@ ha@@ ck@@ ers , individuals . +some of them are also regi@@ ster@@ ed together with the ha@@ cker@@ spaces , those places . +and that 's just the beginning . +like i said , it all just started in two thousand eight . +and ha@@ cker@@ spaces , so computer ha@@ cker@@ spaces , c@@ -@@ base in ber@@ lin was the first , in n@@ ine@@ te@@ en nin@@ et@@ y-@@ five . +and that 's become a gigan@@ tic network of very good , well , infrastructure cent@@ r@@ es , which are being repres@@ ented all over the world . +and of course we hope that we 'll exp@@ and in a similar way and also be simil@@ arly net@@ worked , so that more people can get involved . +and i would like to invi@@ te everyone to work on it and event try something y@@ ourselves . +it 's not that simple , but it 's also not impossible , and if you 're curious enough and put enough energy into it , you can go far . +thanks for listening . +that was all . +yes , hell@@ o . +how do we humans actually function ? +this is a question that really moves me as a designer , but is also of relev@@ ance in the area of in the research area us@@ ability and especially in the area user experience . +there , the focus is on how to approach people in inter@@ active media , so that they can use inter@@ active media and can come to the most satis@@ fying result possible . +i think that inter@@ active media address arch@@ a@@ ic , cognitive models in us , in other words thought patterns that were progra@@ mm@@ ed into our biological memory a very , very long time ago and can be e@@ lic@@ ited through inter@@ active media . +and this is really incredible , because people actually believe that this advanced technology which you come into contact with there , that it transpor@@ ts you into the future , but in fact the future is in us , in our arch@@ a@@ ic roots . +so what are arch@@ a@@ ic models ? +i wrote down four key@@ words and would like to explain them brie@@ fly . +arch@@ a@@ ic models are models that we adop@@ ted in pre-@@ industrial times . +in@@ trin@@ si@@ c to these arch@@ a@@ ic models is the fact that we have a princi@@ p@@ ally natural relationship with virtu@@ ality . +that might sound unusual at first . +i will cl@@ ari@@ fy this in a moment , however , and will attemp@@ t to prove by an experiment , that you , too , do have a natural relation to virtu@@ ality . +and the second aspe@@ ct is that since we because of these arch@@ a@@ ic models , we are certainly able to talk in a very , very visual man@@ ner , although we use a co@@ di@@ fied language today . +and the third area spea@@ ks for itself really . +we all know that inter@@ active media is , by definition , non-@@ lin@@ ear , which invol@@ ves the ne@@ gation of lin@@ ear@@ ity , and which of course tells us that we consider lin@@ ear@@ ity normal today . +the fourth point is that we see history as a place where information is passed on . +but how is it with with virtu@@ ality , which is actually the most natural thing in the world ? +i would like to prove that to you . +how many do@@ ors does the house you live in have ? +we you wouldn 't be able to answer that spon@@ tane@@ ously , but the following would happen and is happening at this very moment . +in your mind , you are walking through the house where you live , and are seeing how many do@@ ors there are . +that is exactly what you are doing . +you are virtu@@ al@@ is@@ ing the reality without a computer . +fantastic , isn 't it ? +at the media cam@@ pus , for example , we are attemp@@ ting to ren@@ der virtual reality in our virtual reality laboratory , but we have actually always been capable of this . +and this this ability to virtu@@ al@@ ise the virtual reality was something that people in pre-@@ industrial times bit@@ ter@@ ly needed , because they didn 't have anything . +they didn 't have books , after all . +and they didn 't have phot@@ oli@@ th@@ ograph@@ y . +they didn 't have mass media . +the only thing they had was their mind . +and in this mind they had memory . +in this mind knowledge was re@@ tri@@ ev@@ ed , and with the help of these virtual images , the imagination , knowledge was was passed on too . +and that 's why it is so stron@@ g@@ ly ro@@ ot@@ ed in us , this ability to deal with virtu@@ ality . +the interesting thing about this is that i can make a short trip . +yes , that 's possible . +the interesting thing about this is that at this moment the human was simul@@ tane@@ ously the media produ@@ cer and medium . +now let 's take that a step further . +what is the media today ? +you will notice that a change has taken place . +but i 'll come back to that in a moment . +a cru@@ cial tool in information bro@@ ker@@ age has always been stories . +sh@@ am@@ ans , p@@ rie@@ sts , so-@@ called kee@@ pers of knowledge , were speci@@ ally as@@ sig@@ ned to preser@@ ve knowledge in stories . +and today we are still very , very depen@@ dent on stories . +according to the auth@@ or of the book the story@@ telling animal , jon@@ a@@ than got@@ tsch@@ all , we still spend one thousand nine hundred hours a year on the re@@ ception of stories . +that means that once a child has reach@@ ed the the the age of legal majority , it has spent most of its life recei@@ ving stories . +now we think that our love of stories is based on the fact that we sat in the la@@ p of our parents . +no , no , that 's way off . +that goes back a lot further , to the pre-@@ industrial cultures . +what is particularly impres@@ sive in the area of inter@@ active media is the fact that we 've an@@ ch@@ or@@ ed the ability to think in a non-@@ lin@@ ear way in our biological memory . +i brought along an example of the north american tri@@ be of the no@@ ot@@ ka indi@@ ans . +they live lived in the co@@ ast@@ al region of british colum@@ bia . +and as you can see , this is an area that is full of is@@ lands and so the people had to somehow navi@@ gate through there , from island to island , to find food . +and they did this using so-@@ called lead maps . +perhaps you 've heard of that already , if you have any interest in that , in connection with the austr@@ ali@@ an ab@@ origin@@ als . +they have similar principles . +they don 't have lead maps , but used so-@@ called son@@ gl@@ ines , or dre@@ am@@ pa@@ ths +and the interesting thing about that is that the navi@@ gation and the to@@ po@@ graph@@ y of regi@@ ons could be de@@ pic@@ ted through songs . +and for them language had in@@ fer@@ ior importance . +that means they navi@@ g@@ ated through the use of sound and rhyth@@ m . +and these sounds and this rhyth@@ m de@@ pic@@ ted the ge@@ ology and to@@ po@@ graph@@ y of a region and that of course also made it possible to de@@ frag@@ ment these songs and re@@ ar@@ range them so that you could move to the left and the right and could also return to the starting point . +why do we no longer sing to get from a to b from above ? +at least not to navi@@ gate . +what what happened there ? +what happened is the the so-@@ called machine age . +before this , we were in the so-@@ called age of feu@@ d@@ alism . +then the machine age happened and the book and then we had phot@@ oli@@ th@@ ograph@@ y . +and what happened is that we trans@@ fer@@ red the responsibility for our memor@@ ies and the the production of our individual memor@@ ies to ex@@ ternal media . +to the book and to the image . +the con@@ sequence of this is that we 've unfortunately lost a good deal of our ability to virtu@@ al@@ ise . +virtu@@ ality has suddenly become something alien to us +and has nothing more to do with reality . +bru@@ ce brown , a famous design resear@@ cher at bri@@ gh@@ ton university , went so far as to say that mass media and he means books and images , not tv , the internet et@@ c. which is what we would define as mass media today that these mass media have turned our memor@@ ies to stone and have ero@@ ded our ability to virtu@@ al@@ ise . +let 's make a short pro@@ visi@@ onal app@@ rais@@ al . +from the age of feu@@ d@@ alism to the to the machine age . +what has an influence on our on our thinking and our ability to remember ? +those are the dec@@ lin@@ ing influ@@ ences of the pre-@@ industrial cultures . +and they will they have been increasingly over@@ written during the course of the cent@@ u@@ ries by the influ@@ ences of the machine age . +that means that instead of having individual memor@@ ies , we have standar@@ dis@@ ed , wi@@ des@@ pre@@ ad patterns of memor@@ ies , onto which we can atta@@ ch our personal memor@@ ies . +we no longer produce . +we have an abstra@@ ct an abstra@@ cted language . +we no longer imagine the thing in images things in images , but co@@ di@@ fy them through language . +we 've got used to things happening in a lin@@ ear fashion . +and we 've accep@@ ted lin@@ ear@@ ity as the law and there are only ex@@ cep@@ tions , such as non-@@ lin@@ ear@@ ity . +what 's left is story@@ telling . +we 're still extremely atta@@ ched to story@@ telling as a method of information bro@@ ker@@ age . +the question is , what will come next ? +we had the age of feu@@ d@@ alism , we have had the machine age and we are now ste@@ pping into the so-@@ called cy@@ ber age . +that sounds very spac@@ ey and like science fi@@ ction , i know . +but the concep@@ ts of the cy@@ ber age , they are re@@ turning these these possibilities to re@@ discover our abilities . +this is about virtu@@ ality , about non-@@ lin@@ ear@@ ity , about story@@ telling . +i 'd like to explain that a little more . +there are technical concep@@ ts such as “ aug@@ mented reality ” . +so if you think of the google glas@@ ses for example , then that 's one of those concep@@ ts that allows us to com@@ bine the virtual world with the real world again , and so that means our aff@@ in@@ ity for virtu@@ al@@ is@@ ation , of experi@@ en@@ cing the virtual as something normal and natural , is being add@@ ressed again . +another example is so-@@ called virtual reality as crazy as that may of course sound in the context of my pres@@ entation , we are physi@@ cally moving in non-@@ exist@@ ent , virtual worl@@ ds there , according to the example of the h@@ olo@@ de@@ ck . +and other another example are the ambi@@ ent , intelligent systems . +those are spaces that are able to re@@ act to a human intelli@@ g@@ ently . +all that calls for the ability , our fundamental ability to accept virtu@@ ality as a real living space . +to finish , i brought along , and i hope the video works , a very , very beautiful project , which are the final b@@ ach@@ el@@ or 's projects by michael bur@@ k , an@@ n-@@ ka@@ thr@@ in kr@@ enz , j@@ or@@ is kl@@ ause and jan@@ -@@ mor@@ it@@ z mü@@ ll@@ er . +the last two mentioned are also present today . +perhaps you could just brie@@ fly stand up , so people can talk to you about the project during the break if they want to . +i brought this project along as an example to illu@@ strate how these arch@@ a@@ ic , cognitive models are being add@@ ressed again . +the whole thing is a game , i must add . +which of course very much ac@@ com@@ mo@@ dat@@ es for story@@ telling , and it 's a computer game . +and when i say " computer game " , you probably are imag@@ ining a number of person@@ s people jum@@ ping around in front of some game con@@ sol@@ es or perhaps you see yourself playing about with a some game con@@ so@@ le . +in any case , you imagine it happening inside . +this is a game for outside . +and it was expres@@ s@@ ly designed to en@@ able me to discover the outside world , to re@@ discover the real world . +and this game conne@@ cts the virtual world , so the data the data space that we produce , with the real world . +i 'm sorry i have to keep this so short . +you can explain this much more el@@ abor@@ ately later on , as there 's more much more to this . +the point of the game is that i discover a city by looking at which places have been mentioned posi@@ tively or nega@@ tively on twitter . +and so i can have a very different view of the city , a very different impres@@ sion , because i see negative and positive z@@ ones of a city and , in this way , have a very different , virtual map of a very real city . +we can take a look at that now . +ah , what you can see here , sorry , is a short explan@@ ation of what we 're about to see . +of course this virtual world exists within the walls of our cities , that 's obvious . +using a kind of tor@@ ch , we can make these virtual worl@@ ds visible . +right , i 'd like to sum@@ mar@@ ise my my pres@@ entation by stat@@ ing that the characteri@@ stics and abilities that we ac@@ qui@@ red during the age of feu@@ d@@ alism , and which went a little lost during the machine age , that they can be re@@ activ@@ ated with the help of the so-@@ called cy@@ ber age and so that we can , in this way , actually go back to our roots rather than the future through complex , technologi@@ cal , new products . +thank you . +yes , i 'm very happy to be here . +i was just asked whether this s@@ ack is a talking s@@ ack and will talk for me . +it won 't . +i 'll be reve@@ aling what 's inside of it in a moment . +but for now i 'll just keep up the sus@@ pen@@ se . +yes , children are or should be naturally curious , and so are designers . +i 'm a designer from birth , so of course i deal with the subject of curi@@ osity and how curi@@ osity in turn trans@@ forms our thinking , and why we perhaps lose our curi@@ osity and need to give it a j@@ ol@@ t et ce@@ ter@@ a . +that 's a whole series of things you 're concerned with bes@@ i@@ des your existence as a designer . +when profess@@ ors become curious , they are often sho@@ ved into a research se@@ me@@ ster . +and that 's happened to me these last six months . +a research se@@ me@@ ster on the top@@ ic natural user interface design . +now you 'll be asking yourself why all these designers are starting to conc@@ ern themselves with such natural , arch@@ a@@ ic prototyp@@ es of communication , interaction , etc . +and now i 'll hold up one of these little devices , because things are supposed to become increasingly intui@@ tive , increasingly natural , more user friend@@ ly , and then you have to look at what we humans consider natural , what we consider user friend@@ ly or intui@@ tive . +and against that background , within the area of natural user interface design , so the next generation of the interaction between humans and computers in the i mean in the relationship between humans and computers , i looked into how our tools , or how the computer has suc@@ c@@ essi@@ vely trans@@ formed itself from a calcul@@ ator to a digital assi@@ stant . +so i looked into when things are natural and intui@@ tive . +perhaps we should take another look at this . +why does this happen in the first place ? +so if we look at the development of our society , sum@@ mar@@ is@@ ed brie@@ fly here , we are moving from the third to the fourth social generation , or social form . +from the modern to the computer society . +each society is charac@@ ter@@ is@@ ed by one primary medium . +in the beginning there was the tri@@ b@@ al society , charac@@ ter@@ is@@ ed by language . +that means people related to each other because they spoke the same language , they were able to communicate with each other , move into the same ca@@ ve or another place together , build cities and villa@@ ges and basically created this tri@@ b@@ al society . +but the primary medium was language , something very natural , and very li@@ vely . +it was something you had to learn , as no small child can naturally talk , but we learn it suc@@ c@@ essi@@ vely and relatively naturally . +that was then re@@ placed by the classi@@ cal age and the first type of abstra@@ ction . +that was a massive out@@ c@@ ry at the time , because of course it was when the li@@ vely language started to mani@@ fest itself in writing , meaning that i took something flu@@ id and alive and started to car@@ ve it in stone and so manipu@@ late it . +depen@@ ding on how and when i car@@ ve , a very different kind of co@@ verage comes into being compared to when someone expres@@ ses it in a li@@ vely form , so to speak . +but gradu@@ ally the written form became the primary medium , and ga@@ ined a fo@@ o@@ th@@ old . +then the next generation came , which is where we 're still pri@@ mar@@ ily at . +that 's the medium of print with gu@@ ten@@ berg and others . +that was also an aff@@ r@@ on@@ t at the time , where the gent@@ ry , c@@ ler@@ gy@@ men and others said : have you gone mad , if the people start to read , they 'll want to have something to say and that would be totally f@@ at@@ al of course . +and now we 're going into the next generation and the exciting thing about it is that a transition into a new generation only happens every few hundred years and so we 're really in this in this phenomen@@ al phase at the moment , the fact that we 're experi@@ en@@ cing it . +of course it totally conf@@ uses us , because on the one hand we 're seeing this new media , soci@@ l social media , facebook etc . +with its complete transpar@@ ency , which is the new kind of thinking that clas@@ hes with the old kind of thinking : don 't say that there 's now horse meat in the las@@ ag@@ ne and not bee@@ f or other phenomen@@ a , because i want to cover that up and not conf@@ ess to it . +and these two worl@@ ds , the old and the new ways of thinking , are clas@@ hing with each other at the moment . +the exciting thing about this is that when you look at it , this new society , this computer society , you can see that many mechanis@@ ms , principles and arch@@ a@@ ic patterns of thought have been taken from from the tri@@ b@@ al society . +but now it 's not on the local level , but on the global level . +we 've understood that weather is global . +that the theme of ec@@ ology is a global theme . +not , if i am environ@@ ment@@ ally aware here on the local level and the neighb@@ our is less environ@@ ment@@ ally aware , the whole thing will no longer work . +that means the local village has turned into a global village with the same principles : as natural as possible , as intui@@ tive as possible , but also with complete transpar@@ ency . +just like when people in the village used to know who is having an aff@@ air with whom and when , now it 's happening with the exten@@ sion of ourselves through mobile end devices on a global level . +we 're acc@@ um@@ ul@@ ating our knowledge on a global level and we 're acc@@ um@@ ul@@ ating it increasingly quick@@ er and better , for example . +just like it used to happen in the village . +against that background i looked into what this means , what is still natural to us , what have we perhaps for@@ gotten , and what is instin@@ ctive for us , so what difference does it make ? +because people often come and ask , can 't you make it more user friend@@ ly , so that anybody can use it ? +so you have to exam@@ ine what that means , and not only change it so that it 's different , because it needs to be impro@@ ved too . +and to see when something is intui@@ tive of course and how i , as a designer , can have influence on this and design things in such a way that they are a user friend@@ ly , so as intui@@ tive as possible , because then the things are fun and easy to use . +so even while studying , you deal with the top@@ ic of perception and per@@ cep@@ tual psychology . +and of course that 's something where you start and look and say , okay , let me look into the inner self . +and how does it look in there ? +and how do we function , when we look in there ? +and what does intui@@ tive mean and how do our chan@@ n@@ els of perception work and how does cognitive process@@ ing work ? +like steve jobs once said : you need to dig deeper to understand how it works . +so you really have to go into detail , if you want to make something user friend@@ ly or intui@@ tively mana@@ ge@@ able , and what does that mean fundament@@ ally . +and there you see that , that people a our seven senses , most people think we only have five , but today there are seven offi@@ cially re@@ co@@ g@@ nis@@ ed senses , and in the near future the next , the ei@@ gh@@ th sense will probably be ad@@ ded to it and as an exten@@ sion of ourselves again . +and to see how we process information , how do we absor@@ b information ? +and just to say , what is information ? +information is every difference that makes a difference . +many people use the word but don 't know what it means in detail . +but i have to have a fundamental understanding , to essentially understand when information becomes information , when data becomes information and when , in turn , information becomes knowledge , so that i know how to later make things as intui@@ tive or naturally mana@@ ge@@ able as possible . +and of course how design affec@@ ts perception . +we can see that here , when i design things , then i can design them in a conf@@ using way , as you can see here on the right , where i can 't tell which one is s@@ alt and which one is pe@@ pp@@ er , or i can basically design them intui@@ tively , by showing things . +so a lot more naturally , and though they 're in a contain@@ er , i can directly see which one con@@ tains s@@ alt and which one con@@ tains pe@@ pp@@ er . +and if i say to someone , pass me the s@@ alt or the pe@@ pp@@ er , they 'd have to first think about what 's in what with the right one . +with the left they 'd just intui@@ tively gra@@ b it and then pass me the s@@ alt , as it hopefully won 't be sugar . +but our perception , how it dec@@ ei@@ ves us too . +for example perception in this context . +the right circle looks bigger than the small one , even though it isn 't at all , they 're actually equ@@ ally big , and yet our perception changes , depen@@ ding on the context we place things in . +does anybody know what this is ? +come on . +pattern recogni@@ tion should also work . +here here it 's more likely to turn into my glas@@ ses . +so it 's a circle . +a second circle is starting to cor@@ rel@@ ate or associ@@ ate a certain simil@@ ar@@ ity . +and if i then place a half o@@ val next to it , we suddenly no longer just see a unit , which is the circle , the circle and , yes , we see a unit , and no longer three parts , one circle , one circle , another . +this is called a law of design or gest@@ alt psychology , which in turn affec@@ ts our perception . +for the designers it is important , they usually have it in the first term , those great laws of design . +the law of pro@@ x@@ im@@ ity , the law of of continu@@ ity , etc . +they are usually for@@ gotten by the third term . +but it 's an essential compon@@ ent , if you want to design things as intui@@ tively as possible . +the next phenomenon that is also very interesting is sight . +that might sound m@@ und@@ an@@ e at first , but it 's exciting , once you take a closer look at it . +so we have our eyes at the front and now you think we see from front to back . +that 's wrong . +first you see from back to front . +because you project an assu@@ mption that you 're seeing something you re@@ co@@ g@@ n@@ ise to the front , such as a circle . +that means we first project what we see before we actually see it , then we bring that to the back into our seeing machine , and then we say , okay , +i have this cognitive feedback , you proje@@ cted something you want to see . +and that 's what 's there , and comes back again . +then it goes back to the front , because the back doesn 't trust the front and says , now take another look and make sure that what you see is also what you want to see . +and then it goes back to the back and it 's not until then that whatever it is is actually seen . +so it 's a very , very exciting process , how the sequence of certain things is and the sp@@ an of milli@@ seconds in which these things happen . +i don 't know if any of you know this image . +the same thing that i just described is now happening . +everybody is now trying to re@@ co@@ g@@ n@@ ise something in this pattern . +i don 't know who re@@ co@@ g@@ nis@@ es what . +does anyone see anything specific ? +a d@@ al@@ mati@@ an , exactly . +once you 've seen that that that you can see a d@@ al@@ mati@@ an in this , you know it . +you 'll never forget it again , because i 'm showing where the d@@ al@@ mati@@ an is . +now you see the d@@ al@@ mati@@ an . +and , what 's more , you 'll now always see it . +that means i 've cor@@ rup@@ ted you to the effect that you no longer see patterns in it , and i 've condi@@ tioned you , within a very short time , to keep seeing this dog in this ob@@ sc@@ ure image . +and that 's the proje@@ ction of seeing , feedback , seeing . +now i know it and project the fact that i 'm seeing a d@@ al@@ mati@@ an to the front . +then i see the d@@ al@@ mati@@ an . +so these are really exciting processes , which take place accor@@ d@@ ingly in this , well , it 's not really a gre@@ y area , but in this ro@@ se-@@ tin@@ ted area . +does anyone know what three seconds are ? +a long time , yes . +that 's our present . +so it 's always interesting to know as a designer . +if i know something takes three seconds , until i slide from the present into the past so to speak , then i am well capable of bri@@ d@@ ging waiting times , in that he in that i keep someone occu@@ pi@@ ed for three seconds . +he will have to process that as the present . +then it will turn into the past and , in that way , i can bridge waiting times at the computer for example in a very elegan@@ t way , if i know this phenomenon . +what takes tw@@ ent@@ y-@@ five milli@@ seconds ? +yes , milli@@ seconds . +another very exciting phenomenon . +it 's the time it takes to fall in love with someone . +that means , attention , now you know that , pay attention to how long you look at someone , because i will not be held responsible for what might happen . +and six@@ te@@ en milli@@ seconds , also a very exciting phenomenon . +that 's the period of time it takes to form most per@@ cep@@ tions we have . +that means the first impres@@ sion comes to us at an extremely high speed , the way we percei@@ ve things . +and the way we see things , what we pay attention to and how we gu@@ ard ourselves against our environment so to speak , so that we can consider it accor@@ d@@ ingly . +of course designers don 't only look at the top@@ ic of per@@ cep@@ tions and neu@@ ral processes or cognitive er@@ gon@@ om@@ ics , but pri@@ mar@@ ily at the top@@ ic of the relationship between man and object of course . +so how do humans deal with certain objects . +on the one hand there are the practical fun@@ ctions in terms of product language , so for@@ mal aspe@@ cts or for@@ mal a@@ es@@ thetic aspe@@ cts . +there are indi@@ c@@ ator fun@@ ctions , where i know exactly where i have to look . +but there are also symbo@@ lic fun@@ ctions ; why does someone spend such hor@@ r@@ end@@ ous su@@ ms of money on such a little bag that you can har@@ dly fit anything into , even when it 's not very practical ? +we 're more on the symbo@@ lic , on the se@@ man@@ tic level there , something we designers are also pre@@ occu@@ pi@@ ed with . +going back to my actual top@@ ic natural user interface and the top@@ ic that 's behind that is us@@ ability of course . +us@@ ability always means how can i reach a goal as soon as possible or how can a user reach a goal in a certain user context in an as effective , efficient and satis@@ fying way possible . +that 's what the nor@@ m says . +how can i make something as user friend@@ ly as possible ? +can i hand@@ le it directly or do i need a man@@ ual or a cor@@ respon@@ dent training . +and then it 's less us@@ able or user friend@@ ly . +making it differently or pre@@ t@@ tier doesn 't mean it 's easier to use . +that 's something we have to understand . +and if you look at some of the software in those terms , then you 'll understand why nin@@ et@@ y-@@ nine percent of today 's software is less intui@@ tive or not inst@@ ant@@ an@@ e@@ ously us@@ able , including the i@@ pad in many areas or the iphone , although it 's already a lot more intui@@ tive than classi@@ cal software . +intui@@ tive us@@ ability didn 't start to become an element@@ ary economic factor , an element@@ ary success factor , when apple appe@@ ared on the scene , if i wanted to make technologi@@ cal devices us@@ able for people . +why ? +because , as a rule , we can reach our goal five times faster on average , for example , through this new type of us@@ ability , so natural user inter@@ faces . +you need to imagine that in the following way , if you do something with classi@@ cal software and take five hours to do it , then you 'd only need one hour to do the same thing with this new type of natural software . +that probably doesn 't mean that you can go home four hours earlier , but that your emplo@@ yer or who@@ ever will think of something else you can do with those four hours . +but what i want to say is that for us it is of course accor@@ d@@ ingly an increase in efficiency , to manage to do certain things . +if we go back to the area of software , here you see the first comm@@ and line inter@@ faces , which were very abstra@@ ct , and it took months to understand how to hand@@ le these systems . +then came the next ones , which already worked with a neu@@ ral model or mental model , as software er@@ gon@@ om@@ ists say , because you 'd have a con@@ ception of something , a metaphor , a metaphor of a des@@ k@@ top , to make the computer us@@ able . +so no more zer@@ os and ones with cr@@ yp@@ tic co@@ des , but a metaphor . +that made the whole thing consi@@ der@@ ably more user friend@@ ly , but of course it could still be a lot better . +the next generation of graphic user inter@@ faces already works with behavi@@ our a lot more . +so , as a designer , i design behavi@@ our much more much more often than appe@@ ar@@ ance . +that 's also a paradig@@ m shift . +that i can suddenly that the appe@@ ar@@ ance is becoming increasingly ir@@ relevant for success , and us@@ ability is becoming an app@@ lic@@ ation . +and if i go a step further in these natural user inter@@ faces , where i can control things via voice , speech , touch and gest@@ ure rather than a mouse and cur@@ sor , then i am even faster and more immedi@@ ate . +but that also takes me to the question as to at what point things become more intui@@ tive ? +if they become more intui@@ tive and then i have to rough@@ -@@ hand@@ le my little friend here again and see what that means from the point of view of cognitive er@@ gon@@ om@@ ics , when is something really intui@@ tive ? +and that 's for us humans , something is intui@@ tive when there 's an as little as possible a need to think about it . +so appar@@ ently humans don 't like to think very much , they want to make things relatively simple for themselves . +the less i think about something so to speak , the more intui@@ tive it is . +and what does that mean to a designer ? +it means that when we can see that we can trans@@ fer exi@@ sting performance models onto something else , for example the metaphor , then i can make use of that as a designer . +that means i can trans@@ fer an intui@@ tive , human performance model onto a software and can so make the software consi@@ der@@ ably more user friend@@ ly . +that pos@@ es the question as to what is actually the most intui@@ tive performance sche@@ me that we humans have and now i 've already given it away . +it 's the so-@@ called o@@ sit model . +we all use it , and o@@ sit is an ac@@ r@@ ony@@ m that stands for ori@@ ent , sele@@ ct , in@@ form , trans@@ act . +every one of you is doing this the whole time , but you 're doing it un@@ consci@@ ously and , well , pretty intui@@ tively and also instin@@ c@@ tively in part . +the model already takes shape while you 're still in your mother 's wom@@ b and it 's inter@@ cultural , so it fun@@ ctions worldwide among young and old , and is used by us the whole time , without most people knowing that this model is present . +o@@ sit in itself is used by us fif@@ ty to se@@ vent@@ y thousand times depen@@ ding on the activity , it was as@@ certain@@ ed that when you sleep it is stra@@ ined less than in the day . +i can trans@@ fer this performance model ori@@ ent , sele@@ ct , in@@ form , trans@@ act to an interaction system . +and this kind of trans@@ fer@@ al , much like the metaphor of the des@@ k@@ top , but no longer a metaphor of a physical object , but a metaphor of a pattern of action , a principle of action . +and that 's on a higher gra@@ il of user friend@@ lin@@ ess than the trans@@ fer@@ al of a classi@@ c metaphor , which is the one of the des@@ k@@ top . +and if i now trans@@ fer this , if i let ori@@ ent take shape as an over@@ view , sele@@ ct as a sele@@ ction , in@@ form in the case that it comes up close to me , and i can look at in detail , and yes , trans@@ act means i can put it somewhere or send someone or do the sh@@ opp@@ ing , etc . , +and then i can trans@@ fer the whole thing . +i 'll try to do that using an example . +everybody was having some ca@@ ke earlier . +over@@ view : i 'm inter@@ acting with the object so to speak , can zo@@ om back out , zo@@ om in . +i get the entire over@@ view , can filter this and can say , now show me all the things with cho@@ col@@ ate , for example . +and suddenly i have an interface that is consi@@ der@@ ably more intui@@ tive and natural . +because the fact that i can gra@@ b hold of things like these little pieces , that i can touch them and they come to me , is consi@@ der@@ ably more natural than when i am able to make these things acc@@ essi@@ ble via hier@@ arch@@ ically organis@@ ed web@@ sites or other mechanis@@ ms so to speak . +imagination is more important than knowledge , and i 'd like to close on that sentence a and again give the ad@@ vice that designers must also think differently to arri@@ ve at new solutions , and so i thank you war@@ m@@ ly for your attention and please . +i 'd like to rein@@ tro@@ du@@ ce you to a particular aspe@@ ct of curi@@ osity . +fir@@ stly , when you are growing up as a child , as a baby , the thing you are interested in is which what sort of ex@@ cre@@ tions you have , right ? and depen@@ ding on whether your parents have allowed you to more or less play with your po@@ tty and sti@@ r its cont@@ ents , your curi@@ osity is of course a@@ wa@@ ken@@ ed . +and curi@@ osity can 't be learned . +that 's why all the people who are here are actually people who have a characteri@@ stic that can 't be learned . +my obje@@ ctive is to transform this entire discussion about the environment , the end of the world , for@@ ty years of the-@@ clu@@ b@@ -@@ of-@@ ro@@ me , into quality . +and there 's one central point here . +and that has to do with phosp@@ hor@@ us . +give pe@@ e a chance . +every day you rele@@ ase + you rele@@ ase in the region of two gra@@ ms of phosp@@ hor@@ us and every day you have to absor@@ b two gra@@ ms of phosp@@ hor@@ us . +otherwise you couldn 't have teeth . +and you wouldn 't be able to save energy . +you wouldn 't be able to have b@@ ones . +we 'd only be able to flo@@ at in the earth 's se@@ as as am@@ or@@ ph@@ ous m@@ oll@@ us@@ cs . +if , in fact , we couldn 't absor@@ b and rele@@ ase phosp@@ hor@@ us . +incredibly enough , we we are dealing with something here that would be a matter of course , but isn 't at all . +because everybody 's talking about energy , but nobody 's talking about the phosp@@ hor@@ us problem . +the phosp@@ hor@@ us problem is much more critical . +we are depen@@ dent on two countries . +we only have phosp@@ hor@@ us for two years and phosp@@ hor@@ us min@@ ing worldwide is already em@@ it@@ ting a lot more ur@@ ani@@ um into the environment than the amount that is used in all nuclear plants . +in the last tw@@ ent@@ y years alone , fif@@ te@@ en thousand ton@@ nes of ur@@ ani@@ um was put onto our fields in germany . +and we absor@@ b all of it . +it causes leu@@ ke@@ mi@@ a in children . +and we think we 're prote@@ cting the environment when we do a little less damage . +so , for example , protect the environment , drive the car less . +protect the environment , produce less ru@@ b@@ bis@@ h . +protect the environment , consu@@ me less energy . +but that 's not protection . +that 's like saying , protect your child , hit it three times instead of five . +it 's just a little less destruction . +if that 's our thinking from from the cra@@ d@@ le to the gra@@ ve , then our our entire planet will become a ce@@ me@@ tery so@@ on@@ er or later . +that 's why we need to think from cra@@ d@@ le to cra@@ d@@ le . +and the most important thing is to look at is the soil first of all . +the ground stor@@ es over six@@ ty percent of the planet 's carbon . +at the moment we 're growing cor@@ n and losing between el@@ even and thir@@ ty kil@@ ogra@@ ms thir@@ ty ton@@ nes per he@@ ct@@ are , if you were to calcu@@ late it per square me@@ tr@@ e . +that means we 're losing five-@@ thousand times more than what is formed in the soil . +of course we can look at the issue of waste first of all . +and everything is either the pac@@ k@@ aging or the cont@@ ents . +in offen@@ b@@ ach , for example , tw@@ ent@@ y percent of the amount of waste produced by hou@@ se@@ hol@@ ds consi@@ sts of na@@ pp@@ ies . +and as we get older , the na@@ pp@@ ies get bigger . ++ that is they 're all in the pre-@@ na@@ pp@@ y stage , so to speak . +right ? +one a baby needs about si@@ x-@@ thousand na@@ pp@@ ies . +we can reduce that by ten percent of course , but what difference would that make ? +china can make up for that in one second . +it 's entirely in@@ significant . +so the question is , how should we deal with na@@ pp@@ ies ? +here we have a the pro@@ of , by the way , that humans are not pig@@ s . +i 'd like to tell you why . +because with pig@@ s , phosp@@ hor@@ us is rele@@ ased in their soli@@ d components fa@@ e@@ ces . +with people , it is rele@@ ased in the ur@@ ine . +yes . +so humans can 't be pig@@ s . +that pro@@ ves it , doesn 't it ? +tradition@@ ally , in the discussion about the environment , there is the belief that there are too many of us on this planet . +and if you den@@ y people the if you den@@ y people their existence , if you say , it would be better if you weren 't here at all , people become grab@@ by and ho@@ sti@@ le . +and so you have someone like al gore , one of our great hero@@ es , saying : there is nothing more important than stabili@@ sing the human population . +in israel people say , if you save a human life , you 're saving the world . +on our end we say , the more people you get out of the way , the better . +yes . +the first question is , are there really too many of us ? +if you look at ants , the weight of ants on the planet , then ants wei@@ gh four times as much a people . +i could also mention ter@@ mit@@ es , but in the usa nobody li@@ kes ter@@ mit@@ es , although they 're vege@@ t@@ ari@@ ans . +so ants wei@@ gh more than we do . +and because they work so much harder physi@@ cally than we do and only live for three to six months , their weight , their energy consumption amo@@ unts to that of thir@@ ty billion people . +that means there are not too many of us , we 're just too stupid , you see ? +and when you see how far re@@ moved we are from what we wanted to and could achieve , and how sad we are to be on this planet in the first place , you can understand why offen@@ b@@ ach , for example , has a program to be climate neu@@ tra@@ l by tw@@ ent@@ y for@@ ty , right ? +you can only be climate neu@@ tra@@ l if you don 't exist , you see ? +that 's your only chance . +have you ever seen a climate neu@@ tra@@ l tree ? +have you ? +just one single one ? +that means our entire intelligence amo@@ unts to us wan@@ ting to be more stupid than trees , you see ? +you see ? +there is not one single tree that is carbon neu@@ tra@@ l . +th@@ ank@@ fully , right ? +there 's no problem with over@@ population among trees . +there are still six hundred billion trees in the ama@@ zon forest alone . +of those have you ever heard of over@@ population of trees ? +so all of our intelligence amo@@ unts to us wan@@ ting to be du@@ mber than trees . +and then you see that even something like de@@ meter , the stri@@ c@@ test organization for organic yes agriculture , doesn 't allow for our own me@@ tab@@ oli@@ c waste to be re@@ turned . +every year we lose about three ton@@ nes of phosp@@ hor@@ us , which should really be cir@@ cul@@ ated . +and so there are too many of us . +just because of that . +that means we feel so gu@@ il@@ ty on this planet , that we say , there is no organic agriculture , no bi@@ ol@@ and , no natu@@ re-@@ et@@ -@@ pro@@ gr@@ è@@ s or whatever they 're all called , that per@@ mit@@ s our own ex@@ cre@@ ment to be put back into the cycle . +isn 't that sad ? +and that means there are too many of us . +it certainly makes sense to cause less damage when it comes to the use of oil . +but where are we of use ? +we try to mini@@ mi@@ ze our e@@ col@@ o@@ gical foot@@ print , but the point is to have a big foot@@ print that 's of use . +we want to be good for society , we want to be good for the economy , but when it comes to the environment , the most hon@@ our@@ able thing for us would be to not be here at all , right ? +zero emissions , you see ? +you can only have zero emissions if you don 't exist . +even if you were to sho@@ ot yourself now , you 'd still have emissions . +so you can 't solve that . +we can do it differently . +we can win back our nutri@@ ents . +with the agriculture we practice in brazil in which we win back nutri@@ ents . +this is a very direct way to get back nutri@@ ents in agriculture . +we do it in china for example , where we directly take the waste produced from it . +in in china a a cham@@ ber po@@ t is still called a hon@@ ey po@@ t , you could say , right ? +and in our western world we were always too stupid to bring back our nutri@@ ents . +this means that the entire history of western civilization is characteri@@ zed by the city always just taking , and never giving anything back to the farmers . +so the cities had to keep on growing , as the farmers were moving into the cities and the cities had to get their nutri@@ ents from increasingly distance places . +that 's why all western emp@@ ires just kept on exp@@ and@@ ing until they couldn 't manage the infrastructure anymore and then they im@@ plo@@ ded . +you see ? +it was different in china . +they managed to have a civilization for five thousand years on end , as they were always able to return the nutri@@ ents . +even today , if you get invited to dinner in china , people expect you to stay on after the me@@ al until you need to use the toi@@ let . +because it 's un@@ friend@@ ly to go and take the nutri@@ ents with you . +you were you were invited to dinner , not to ste@@ al nutri@@ ents . +that means you can see how to win back nutri@@ ents on the internet . +the nice thing about that is that when you do that , so when you practice agriculture , generate bi@@ og@@ as , on one he@@ ct@@ are of land with five thousand in@@ habit@@ ants in the fa@@ vel@@ as , a farmer can ear@@ n about one thousand five hundred dollars and main@@ tain the p@@ lot with it , raise chi@@ ck@@ ens and pig@@ s and du@@ cks and grow vege@@ tables and farm fish . +and the great thing about it is that the crime rate in the fa@@ vel@@ as goes down by over nin@@ et@@ y percent . +so we don 't have to keep an eye on the people to make sure they do as little evil as possible . +we can support them in doing good . +that 's high-@@ tech agriculture of course , but the pl@@ ots take care of themselves . +the side product is clean water . +and they 're designed in such a way that a farmer can farm them easily . +that means the rate of crime goes down . +and none of these pl@@ ots , and we 've built over one hundred fif@@ ty of them in the last tw@@ ent@@ y years , none of these pl@@ ots was every s@@ ab@@ ot@@ a@@ ged . +it would be easy to just throw a li@@ tr@@ e of waste oil onto it and the p@@ lot would be ru@@ ined for years . +that doesn 't happen . +that means we do not need to keep an eye on people so that they do as little evil as possible . +we can support them in doing good . +so we must get the phosp@@ hor@@ us back . +and by the way , if you want to get active , write this down , in germany the most su@@ it@@ able pu@@ ri@@ fication plant is the one in frank@@ fur@@ t . +unfortunately not the one on offen@@ b@@ ach , but perhaps you can give the frank@@ fur@@ ters a hand . +because the plant in frank@@ fur@@ t would be the best at w@@ inning back phosp@@ hor@@ us . +and it must go back . +we can see that phosp@@ hor@@ us is really critical . +and we can see that it can be done . +in h@@ oll@@ and we 've been working on this for over three years now . +the du@@ tch government has st@@ ated that it will be the first country worldwide to win back phosp@@ hor@@ us . +but we need this everywhere . +you see , there are two countries that control almost se@@ vent@@ y percent of the phosp@@ hor@@ us reser@@ vo@@ irs worldwide . +there 's the op@@ e@@ c , a a bunch of ama@@ te@@ urs . +it consi@@ sts of tw@@ ent@@ y-@@ six member countries that control for@@ ty percent of all the oil de@@ pos@@ its . +and oil will be able to be re@@ placed by other energy sources . +but phosp@@ hor@@ us will not be able to be re@@ placed . +that 's why the point is not to to make what already exists a little less bad , but to do something right . +and it 's the first question to ask is what is right . +so it 's about effec@@ tivity , not efficiency . +in h@@ oll@@ and it 's easier to understand this , because h@@ oll@@ and built the country on flo@@ wers . +you see ? +imagine your your wife is sad , because you up@@ set her , and you turn up with fif@@ ty ro@@ ses . +totally in@@ efficient . +but totally effective , right ? +or take li@@ p@@ stick . +a woman in germany s@@ wal@@ lo@@ ws about six point three kil@@ os of li@@ p@@ stick in her lifetime . +whereas . +and that scienti@@ fically speaking , that 's not not exactly cor@@ rect , because because we don 't know how much is k@@ is@@ sed away . +but i can tell you , even in this light , that li@@ p@@ stick is totally in@@ efficient , but very effective , you see ? +a all the beautiful things in life are in@@ efficient . +so that 's why we 're not talking about resource efficiency , but effec@@ tivity . +to ask yourself , what is the right thing to do ? +not burning the bio@@ soli@@ ds a little more , stor@@ ing them and losing all the materials for the cy@@ cles in the in@@ cin@@ er@@ ation plant , but asking on@@ es@@ el@@ f , how do you close cy@@ cles ? +imagine mo@@ z@@ art being efficient . +right ? +if i invi@@ te you over for dinner and i say : yes , we 're having a p@@ ill with offen@@ b@@ ach taste and a glass of water to go with it . +wonderful , right ? +that 's efficient . +everything that 's nice in life is not efficient . +when you fall in love with someone , efficient ? +yes ? +that means that everything that coun@@ ts in life is not about saving , avo@@ i@@ ding , re@@ duc@@ ing . +the whole environmental discussion . +we tell people , oh well , you people in the south are not environ@@ ment@@ ally aware . +no , thro@@ wing away is exactly the right thing to do , right ? +everywhere where you throw something away , from , well , you create new living potential . +but the wrong things . +if you throw the wrong things away , you have a waste problem . +to what we 're thinking from a northern perspective . +every foot@@ print is dis@@ advan@@ ta@@ ge@@ ous there . +when you go running , right , every foot@@ print destro@@ ys the ground . +because the soil will the mo@@ ss dies and the the wind and water was@@ h away the soil . +but if you 're in it@@ al@@ y , every foot@@ print means the water will re@@ main in the field for longer . +so it 's about leaving leaving a large foot@@ print , which will turn into we@@ t@@ land . +not gu@@ il@@ t management . +we say sustain@@ ability in germany . +right ? +but if i would ask you , how is your wife ? +what would you say ? +sustainable . +then i would say , my warm con@@ dol@@ ences , you see ? +that 's just about the minim@@ um . +so not saving , ab@@ sta@@ ining from , avo@@ i@@ ding . +every bit of waste is a nutri@@ ent . +and a pleasure too , if you look at how people in it@@ al@@ y throw out a can of co@@ ca@@ -@@ col@@ a from their car window . +that 's a funny oc@@ curr@@ ence , you know . +it 's a type of terri@@ tor@@ ial behavior , right ? +you can show that you were there . +but with the right design , please . +we 've designed an ice cre@@ am wra@@ pping , for example , which turns into liquid at room temperature . +you can throw it anywhere you want . +in two hours it 's bio@@ de@@ gra@@ ded , wher@@ ever it is . +and it con@@ tains see@@ ds of rare plants , so that when you throw it away you 're contribu@@ ting to bio@@ diversity . +that means that in doing so , we are being useful , not har@@ m@@ ful . +so two cy@@ cles are created . +of course not everything should be com@@ post@@ able . +a tv or a was@@ hing machine , those are things you just use , you don 't exp@@ end them . +only things that are subject to wear and te@@ ar , such as sho@@ e sol@@ es , bra@@ ke co@@ ver@@ ings , car ty@@ r@@ es , they have to be made in such a way that they go back into biological systems . +things that are only used go into technical systems . +but today we 're just talking about biological systems . +right ? +let 's take s@@ ne@@ ak@@ ers for example , right ? +direct adverti@@ sing , and not necessarily for the company pu@@ ma , but to help this company make these products successful . +because we don 't we no longer make things free of stuff . +right ? +so if i invi@@ te you to dinner and say , this is free of chicken , that doesn 't help you at all . +no , we define what 's inside . +posi@@ tively . +so not like a de@@ to@@ x . +there 's nothing po@@ is@@ on@@ ous in it . +everything that 's inside can be u@@ tili@@ zed . +these are the first shoes with which you make a jac@@ kr@@ ab@@ bit start at the pe@@ de@@ stri@@ an lights and the ru@@ b@@ ber so@@ le can go into biological cy@@ cles , okay ? +it 's all com@@ post@@ able all of it . +and if we manage to do it , we 'll of course manage to do it for adi@@ das , for ni@@ ke , for hen@@ nes and mau@@ ri@@ tz and the whole tex@@ ti@@ le industry . +and half of the wa@@ ste@@ water problem worldwide is caused by the tex@@ ti@@ le industry . +so you 're helping out there , just ask the people . +hey , pu@@ ma , do you are you really serious ? +because they changed their cha@@ ir@@ man of the board of direc@@ tors twice now . +and i 'm not so sure they 're going to stick with it . +so give me a hand here . +it is possible though . +yes . +that which i just pres@@ ented to you . +it 's possible . +today we can make things in such a way that when they show wear and te@@ ar , when they break , they can go into biological life cy@@ cles . +there are also technical cy@@ cles . +there 's the a direct re@@ turning system for this . +it 's the first biological ru@@ ck@@ s@@ ack , truly , that was made to be re@@ turned into the life cycle . +that too , so you can get back those things in any shop . +if you think about it , right ? +remember those na@@ pp@@ ies again ? +if at the moment they 're waste . +these na@@ pp@@ ies are everywhere prac@@ tically . +in those countries where people have money . +they 're on the ru@@ b@@ bis@@ h ti@@ ps , but also el@@ se@@ where in the landscape , right ? +if we change the plastic , so it can go into biological systems , if we change the water t@@ ank , inside , so they can go back to a cell@@ u@@ lose base , you 'll be able to plant one hundred and fif@@ ty trees in israel or tun@@ isi@@ a with one baby . +right ? +if you just take these these na@@ pp@@ ies , sh@@ red them , ster@@ ili@@ ze them and take the po@@ w@@ der to plant trees with it . +that makes the baby carb@@ on-@@ positive for its whole life , right from the beginning . +so we don 't need to be climate neu@@ tra@@ l , we can be cli@@ ma@@ te@@ -@@ positive . +it 's about making a bene@@ ficial po@@ op print . +yes , so to speak . +right ? +we can do that . +we can re-@@ inv@@ ent things all over again . +i fo@@ unded an institute with this in mind . +today , it has many employees and they can all get involved . +there 's also an extra associ@@ ation , the cra@@ d@@ le-@@ to-@@ cra@@ d@@ le-@@ institute , where everybody can get involved . +so no more saving , ab@@ sta@@ ining from , avo@@ i@@ ding , re@@ duc@@ ing , no more gu@@ il@@ t management , but intelligent waste . +does that make you curious ? +thank you . +the work of the interpre@@ ter . +music as language . +in the descri@@ ption of my pres@@ entation , it is written that i , as an interpre@@ ter , see myself as a transl@@ ator , in the english sense of the word . +interpre@@ ters are trans@@ lat@@ ors of the written notes in res@@ o@@ unding music . +everybody who has anything to do with foreign languages knows that a transl@@ ator can 't just simply ren@@ der a text in another language word for word , but must also understand the deeper meaning of the words and the context in which they appear , so that a meaning@@ ful trans@@ lation can occu@@ r . +transl@@ ating from ger@@ man into english can already demand more knowledge , especially if it if one has to if it 's the trans@@ lation of liter@@ ature or even poetry . +what we musi@@ cians do with our musical language is very alien to non-@@ profession@@ als . +as an interpre@@ ter of a piece of music i only have the musical notes at first . +now you probably think that the com@@ pos@@ er , when writing down the notes , already inclu@@ des everything they 've thought of . +in reality the notes are very va@@ gue and im@@ pre@@ cise . +these notes are about as pre@@ cise or im@@ pre@@ cise as the verb@@ al descri@@ ption of a landscape , even if that might seem extremely pre@@ cise . +because you can 't smell the flo@@ wers in the verb@@ al descri@@ ption of a landscape , you can 't guess the sha@@ de of green , you can 't hear or feel the wh@@ is@@ per@@ ing of the wind . +this means that the interpre@@ ter must trans@@ late these im@@ pre@@ cise indi@@ cations in the language of notes into a different , which is to say an audi@@ ble , con@@ cre@@ te , non-@@ verb@@ al musical language . +today i 'd like to verb@@ ally trans@@ late what i usually trans@@ late into music , or interpre@@ t . +so you could call it the trans@@ lation of a trans@@ lation . +that 's why i pre@@ fer to do it all in ger@@ man , because if i 'd have to trans@@ late it into english , that would be like the trans@@ lation of the trans@@ lation of the trans@@ lation . +the so , music fun@@ ctions a lot like spo@@ ken language in my opini@@ on . +the an@@ not@@ ated notes have the function of the letters of a language . +so it 's not enough to just be able to read notes and find the according keys on the piano or the right position on a vi@@ o@@ lin string . +those would just be the letters you learned to write . +you don 't recognize the sense behind the letters until you know the language . +so you need at least as much time to learn a music musical language as you do for a spo@@ ken language . +there are different gra@@ des here , for example if you are just learning it for use at home , whether you only understand it passi@@ vely or whether you can also ac@@ tively speak it , all the way to the musical na@@ tive speak@@ er . +the work of the interpre@@ ter starts off much like the work of a the@@ at@@ re director . +once you 've sel@@ ec@@ ted a piece to play , because you love it , you first look into the background of the com@@ position 's creation . +you collect information about the piece in secon@@ dar@@ y liter@@ ature . +you read letters , di@@ aries , notes , whether any words or thoughts were expres@@ sed by the com@@ pos@@ er themselves . +you study works that have been com@@ posed before or after . +you make compar@@ is@@ ons . +the reasons for writing it . +how and what did they feel ? +what were their life circum@@ stances , how were the society and the politics of the time ? +all that interests me . +you imagine the time by looking at images or reading liter@@ ature from that period . +after a while , you already have a vast reser@@ vo@@ ir of knowledge surro@@ unding the com@@ pos@@ er as an interpre@@ ter , and you listen to them regul@@ arly , and so it becomes easier and easier to understand and feel with the com@@ pos@@ er . +the com@@ pos@@ er increasingly becomes like a friend you 're living with . +their desire to write the piece increasingly becomes my own desire to play the piece . +as the note is anything but a pre@@ cise indi@@ cation of the desire of a com@@ pos@@ er , and is , rather , a frame@@ work , i will now u@@ tili@@ se this frame@@ work to fill it with sense and meaning . +then i will say , in my own words , what could be written within this frame@@ work . +i play to explain what these t@@ ones might have meant . +what they mean to me now , what they meant to the com@@ pos@@ er at the time and what they might have meant to them now . +every note , every phr@@ ase is th@@ us given a sense , because i feel it myself , because it comes from what i 've personally experienced . +it has to make sense in the here and now , otherwise i won 't convince my audience that this is my desire . +it always makes for a happy conc@@ ert when i have the fortun@@ e to experience the piece an@@ e@@ w , even though i 've been working on it for so long in ad@@ v@@ ance . +it 's like experi@@ en@@ cing a happy new day af@@ res@@ h , even though you go through the same ritu@@ als , getting up , having break@@ fast , going to work , i experience the same piece an@@ e@@ w again and again . +i 'm a day older , the seas@@ ons change , my pul@@ se is slo@@ wer in the ev@@ ening than it is in the morning , in a conc@@ ert hall it takes longer for the rever@@ ber@@ ation to return than it does at home . +i 'm aware of the brea@@ thing of the audience , consci@@ ously or un@@ consci@@ ously . +all this influ@@ ences me and influ@@ ences my experience of the com@@ position . +it 's also really wonderful when i 'm on stage with my musical other half and we 're on the same wa@@ vel@@ ength . +then the same thing happens as when you have a good , stimul@@ ating conversation . +you introdu@@ ce a new idea and this is ans@@ wer@@ ed inst@@ ant@@ an@@ e@@ ously with a reaction . +it 's exciting , because things happen that we didn 't practice and we aren 't able to practice . +it 's great fun to make music in this way , and you as the audience experienced how music communic@@ ates in a li@@ vely way . +in this way , every conc@@ ert is a different conc@@ ert . +i will never again play as i did in this moment . +i won 't be able to play like i do today in tw@@ ent@@ y years . +i will have more life experience than today and so my musical pal@@ ette will have many more nu@@ an@@ ces of color , of emotions and feelings than it does now . +sure , i will have thro@@ wn some colors away too , but i will have ad@@ ded new ones to take their place . +i have a nice , con@@ cre@@ te example to illu@@ strate this . +it happened at a piano course for music students given by my belo@@ ved old teacher professor j@@ ür@@ gen u@@ de , a well-@@ known bee@@ tho@@ ven speci@@ alist , conc@@ ert pian@@ ist and lon@@ g@@ standing professor at the conser@@ v@@ atory here in stu@@ tt@@ g@@ art . +i was much too young at the time unfortunately , so he had already reti@@ red before i finally started studying . +but i had the good fortun@@ e to meet him at a very young age , when i was thir@@ te@@ en , and so i always atten@@ ded his cour@@ ses while i was at school . +i was se@@ vent@@ e@@ en when i took part in a course of his and played the last of ch@@ op@@ in 's four bal@@ la@@ ds , one of his later works . +he asked me what the pre@@ am@@ ble to this bal@@ la@@ d was in my opini@@ on . +it 's a so@@ le@@ m@@ n part . +and , being young , i said , expec@@ tation . +he s@@ mil@@ ed and said , oh ? +that must be our difference in age . +because to me it means memory . +he was over six@@ ty at the time . +well , at se@@ vent@@ e@@ en you still have dreams , but no significant memor@@ ies . +today , i play this piece every few years and it 's always trans@@ formed for me , even though not a single note has changed . +it 's exciting every time , because i read something new in it every time . +another example from a very different field . mon@@ et pain@@ ted his water@@ li@@ lies an infin@@ ite number of times . +it 's always the same garden , but at a different time of day , in a different light . +he transl@@ ated the water@@ li@@ lies differently , the way he saw them , the effect they had on them at that particular moment . +his personal impres@@ sions of the water@@ li@@ lies . +a piece of music that is interpre@@ ted for the um@@ p@@ te@@ ent@@ h time is compar@@ able in this way . +now i am also older than ch@@ op@@ in when he wrote the piece at thir@@ t@@ y-@@ two . +he only lived until the age of thir@@ t@@ y-@@ nine . +and it 's important to me to always take a look at the notes , even if i think i know them by heart . +to main@@ tain the dialo@@ gue , directly with the com@@ pos@@ er . +because the notes are the only direct connection to him . +especially if he 's already dead . +so how do you start speaking the language of music ? +like i said , you need about as much time as you do for a spo@@ ken language . +usually you first learn to read notes in music lessons . +you prac@@ tically first learn to read before you speak an a word . +you learn to find the t@@ ones on the instrument that go with the notes . +when you then move all your fing@@ ers at the right time and in the way the way it is written in the notes , then t@@ ones come out , which , together , sound like music . +once it 's played free of mistakes , the student gets their next piece to learn , which is slightly harder . +beginn@@ ers ' clas@@ ses har@@ dly talk about interpretation . +well , so it says pre@@ st@@ o at the top , so that 's a fast piece . +len@@ to , slow . +the l@@ oud and soft sym@@ b@@ ols , f and b , et@@ ce@@ ter@@ a . +most people here have heard of them . +but even if you imple@@ ment these indi@@ cations , it still just rema@@ ins something technical . +and it still isn 't an interpretation . +i 'm surprised . +i 'm surprised that people often forget something very element@@ ary . +which is that to make music on an instrument one 's own musical action and feeling needs to be there in ad@@ v@@ ance . +which is sing@@ ing . +a child who has not learned to sing , because the parents never showed them how to , will not start sing@@ ing on its own . +it 's like learning to speak . +it 's necessary to have one 's own experiences and idea of music to then make it res@@ on@@ ate through a further possibility , which is an instrument . +people who have never sung con@@ sequ@@ ently never directly felt with their own body what it 's like to create a t@@ one . +to form a phr@@ ase with one 's own breath . +the music instrument is an exten@@ sion of our own body . +we use our vo@@ cal ch@@ or@@ ds to to sing , and our hands and feet to dance . +so the ham@@ mer@@ heads in the piano are the exten@@ sions of my fing@@ ers . +the mel@@ o@@ dy is created through what 's being sung and rhyth@@ m is created through dance . +the const@@ ant f@@ loo@@ ding of music today is not very bene@@ ficial there . +you no longer need to make music yourself when you 're bor@@ ed . +you no longer need to whi@@ st@@ le or sing a song . +all one 's own music is destro@@ yed because you 're constantly being bom@@ bar@@ ded by music from outside of yourself . +sure there are some of you who will say , yes , but what do you do if if you can 't sing ? +then i ask you this , can you not sing , a , because you think you can 't sing ? +or b , because you didn 't learn how to sing ? +in both cases , it 's not too late to start , to find out whether you might not after all be able to sing , or to learn how to proper@@ ly use these little mus@@ cles that att@@ une the vo@@ cal ch@@ or@@ ds . +because you can train that . +or c , because you were told that you aren 't su@@ it@@ able . +then my question is , how profession@@ ally compe@@ tent was this diagno@@ sis ? +did you get a second or third opini@@ on , as people call it so ni@@ c@@ ely no@@ wa@@ days ? +or d , you simply don 't like music and therefore want nothing to to do with it . +which i would very much re@@ gre@@ t , because music is a lo@@ vely , communic@@ ative thing . +but perhaps someone just needs to change your mind . +well , but this shows you , in any case , nobody has to be hop@@ eless can@@ di@@ date . +but please don 't say , i don 't understand a thing about classi@@ cal music . +i can 't say whether it 's good or bad . +then my answer is , but i 'm sure you can say whether you like it or not . +because i don 't think anyone will say , i don 't know whether i like the taste , because i can 't co@@ ok . +so , you don 't ab@@ sta@@ in from food just because you can 't co@@ ok . +so you don 't need to ab@@ sta@@ in from listening to classi@@ cal music because you don 't play an instrument . +listen consci@@ ously and say whether you like its taste or not . +whether the music is too pe@@ p@@ per@@ y or swe@@ et for your taste . +say what you feel . +with time , you will have dem@@ ands and will want to have more sp@@ ices in it or will even be able to notice certain fine details . +why do i demand from my audience that they listen ac@@ tively ? +because music is a language and music is there to communicate something . +a work of art that is never looked at will never ga@@ ther the strength to have an effect . +one should eat the food that is lo@@ v@@ ingly coo@@ ked by a co@@ ok , not just look at it or pass on the reci@@ pe for it . +so please listen when music is played . +it is not only a nice w@@ all@@ paper made of noise . +when a child gro@@ ws up in an environment where the adults ac@@ tively make music or at least ac@@ tively li@@ stens to music , it 's very easy for a music teacher to ask , what color is your flo@@ wer ? +can you play it in blue now ? +and the child will play , after thinking for a moment . +and it will sound completely different from before . +that would be the very beginning of their own musical expression . +so the first step towards an interpretation . +and what happens when you play a piece today that was origin@@ ally written a hundred , two hundred or even three hundred years ago ? +instru@@ ments have developed . +there was no key@@ board instrument such as the piano in b@@ ach 's time . +it just hadn 't been invented . +i think b@@ ach would have been very enth@@ usi@@ a@@ stic if he 'd had the ton@@ al possibilities that today 's modern pian@@ os have . +i can make b@@ ach 's ton@@ al ideas sound on a modern grand piano in such a way that a b@@ aro@@ que har@@ p@@ sich@@ ord was not able to . +of bee@@ tho@@ ven we know that he listen@@ ed more once he 'd already gone dea@@ f . +today a modern orche@@ str@@ a can play anything that was re@@ je@@ cted as un@@ play@@ able at the time . +that 's why com@@ pos@@ ers dep@@ end on us interpre@@ ters to rein@@ vent the pieces again and again . +so that what they had only con@@ ju@@ red up in their minds becomes listen@@ able . +and also anything they would con@@ j@@ ure up in their minds today . +or anything that i imagine because they might have thought . +thank you . +do you know what en@@ vy is ? +were you ever en@@ vi@@ ous ? +and how did you feel ? +terrible . +i have a friend who dri@@ ves a pas@@ ser@@ at@@ i . +when i turn up in my little v@@ w cl@@ un@@ ker and park next to it , i get this feeling . +something sho@@ ots through my head . +i say , ul@@ f , why do you need such a big car ? +it will lose half of its value in one year . +and anyway , you work a lot less than i do . +why do i have to get such a small car ? +and then it comes to me straight away , it 's un@@ fair . +it goes against justice . +and when i say the word justice , this feeling disappe@@ ars . +our organis@@ m has come up with an exc@@ ell@@ ent method to make un@@ pleas@@ ant feelings like en@@ vy simply disappe@@ ar . +you can also try it with words like re@@ ven@@ ge or ac@@ qu@@ isi@@ ti@@ ven@@ ess and the like . +i would like to explain this mechan@@ ism to you today and make it a little more acc@@ essi@@ ble to you , though you 're probably quite familiar with it on an un@@ conscious level . +the mechan@@ ism comes from the lie . +but don 't think of a lie you might have heard when people say , nobody has any inten@@ tion of building a wall . +and then they start pil@@ ing up st@@ ones so your view is blo@@ cked . +a lie like that shows you that the li@@ ar himself doesn 't believe what he says . +and it 's easily pro@@ ven that he has something entirely different in mind . +he 's only dec@@ ei@@ ving you and not himself . +no , the lie i 'm talking about is one where you 're dec@@ ei@@ ving yourself . +you need this lie to keep this sha@@ m , this self-@@ de@@ ception , up@@ right . +this is harder to check or bring down . +you need time . +an an@@ ec@@ do@@ te you might know talks about this time . +the span@@ ish pain@@ ter p@@ ab@@ l@@ o pic@@ as@@ so once pain@@ ted a portra@@ it of a woman . +the woman then com@@ pla@@ ined that the portra@@ it didn 't look anything like her . +pic@@ as@@ so 's answer , just wait and see . +it will start to look more and more like you . +at this point and if you 're laugh@@ ing , you 'll recognize how important this lie is and how much time you need to experience what artists are very good at telling us . +because artists have a di@@ stor@@ ted relationship to the lie . +the artist tells you something , and especially this woman , that she can 't see if she just looks in the mirror . +the artist is con@@ ve@@ ying something you can only get to know once you 've looked at the work of art again and again . +then that un@@ pleas@@ ant feeling that it couldn 't look anything like you and will start to look more and more like you . +here you have this mechan@@ ism , with which we can use the lie as a gran@@ dio@@ se invention to stabili@@ ze our living conditions . +and this turns up not only in art , but also in fol@@ k@@ tal@@ es , fol@@ k@@ tal@@ es , in in my@@ th@@ ology , in stories . +perhaps you know this idea of the lady who looked at her@@ self in the mirror every day and said , who is the fa@@ i@@ rest of them all ? +one day this mirror says , yes , there is someone fair@@ er than you . +over the h@@ ills and all that . +and you also know how much ho@@ sti@@ li@@ ty ar@@ is@@ es from this piece of truth , for the mirror can 't lie , from this piece of truth . +but we should just realize that you can 't tell a woman that there 's a more beautiful one somewhere else . +it 's necessary to always use what you would call political cor@@ rec@@ t@@ ness here . +we need this lie here , to keep the de@@ ception up@@ right , without which we wouldn 't be able to go on living . +we don 't only have such amazing lies in art and fol@@ k@@ tal@@ es , but also in science . +and here there 's this story about the wife of the bis@@ ho@@ p of wor@@ ce@@ ster . +she heard about this book by charles darwin , the orig@@ in of species and the des@@ cent of man . +that humans are supposed to have des@@ cen@@ ded from ap@@ es and that , yes , there is at least one ance@@ st@@ or shared by both humans and ap@@ es . +then she ran ran to her husband and said , sur@@ ely what charles has written is not true . +that the human des@@ cen@@ ded from ap@@ es and we have a shared ance@@ st@@ or . +no , no , that 's not possible . +and if it is , we should prevent people from finding out about it . +why do we need to prevent people from finding out something that is true ? +because we can 't live our lives without this lie . +because we want this self-@@ de@@ ception , this feeling of being brilliant , des@@ cen@@ ded from the highest beings , not from that natural level , from something as un@@ predic@@ table as an organis@@ m that exists much like a stone and other such things , that 's unbe@@ ar@@ able for us . +so we can 't bear these things . +we have to prevent people from finding about things , especially when they 're true . +to show you how slowly this mechan@@ ism disappe@@ ars and to illu@@ strate the tra@@ ces it leaves , which lead to something other than this gran@@ dio@@ se image of ourselves , i would like to share another story with you . +a particularly nice story , in my opini@@ on . +my wife told me it . +one day she came back from her school , she 's a teacher , and she told me about one of her pu@@ p@@ ils . +an au@@ ti@@ stic pu@@ pi@@ l . +she li@@ kes him a lot , because he has the tenden@@ cy to be for@@ th@@ right . +and she asked him , so what are your ho@@ b@@ bi@@ es ? +and then he said , well , i 'm with the fire bri@@ ga@@ de . +and because i 'm with the fire bri@@ ga@@ de , i 'm interested in py@@ ro@@ technical things . +yes , you 'll sense it if you 're feeling a little nervous at this point , something is not quite right . +i told my wife , whenever a person uses the word because to mor@@ ally justi@@ fy something , we should try to replace it with the word although . +you do this and then you 'll see the sentence , although i 'm with the fire bri@@ ga@@ de , i 'm interested in py@@ ro@@ technical things . +you sense that that ‘ s the actual truth behind the sentence . +a young la@@ d like that , he 's not interested in putting out fir@@ es . +he 's interested in setting fir@@ es . +but there are no associ@@ ations to look for where you can learn how to make a fire . +there 's only the second best option , which is the fire bri@@ ga@@ de . +that 's where he sig@@ ned up . +and mor@@ e@@ over , you don 't tell your teacher that you like to set fir@@ es and are happy when the fire fl@@ ar@@ es up . +no , it simply looks a lot better when we show that we 're responsible for re@@ moving the dan@@ ger that others create when they set a fire . +here you have this little mechan@@ ism . +this this hin@@ t at the fact that the boy knew , deep within , that his connection is really with the fire , but that he can 't say that out l@@ oud . +here you have the cen@@ sor between the un@@ conscious and the conscious , which swi@@ t@@ ches on immediately before you can do anything about it , and which shapes things you know look very different in such a way that they might sound a lot better for you and others . +in this way certain words come into being that we also use again and again in the language of political cor@@ rec@@ t@@ ness . +we know that something else is really true . +but we know that if we were to say that out l@@ oud , social relationships will be sensi@@ tively dist@@ ur@@ bed . +we can 't just do that . +it is impossible to present such things in a society that is supposed to function . +i 'd now like to present to you what we found out at our institute . +according to which lo@@ gic do we dis@@ se@@ min@@ ate this de@@ ception , this self-@@ de@@ ception , this will@@ ing@@ ness to present a reality that 's different from the reality we know is val@@ id in our un@@ conscious minds ? +i would like to present to you two , perhaps three examples to illu@@ strate this . +the first example works with the pres@@ um@@ ption of something many of you know and some of you value , and only very few of you don 't need at all . +i 'm talking about the sou@@ l . +what is the sou@@ l ? +the sou@@ l is something mental , lei@@ b@@ ni@@ z said . +it does not have a tan@@ gi@@ ble , material nature . +and when you are with people who are fir@@ m@@ ly convinced that you have a sou@@ l , or , you might say , who believe that the sou@@ l brought us to life , then imagine something along these lines : the sou@@ l is an in@@ corpo@@ real frame@@ work around you , and it 's not material , and you are just made of fl@@ es@@ h and blood , are soli@@ d , so to speak , bo@@ und to the earth , ep@@ he@@ mer@@ al , subject to deca@@ y , in@@ significant , dead really . +and now you see the sou@@ l as having something of a cloud like nature , an air@@ y nature , it 's called anim@@ a in la@@ tin , being like a breath of air . +and when this breath of air po@@ urs out onto a human , the human is filled with dig@@ ni@@ ty , with mind , with nature that can only live with a sou@@ l . +and then it can leave you . +that 's how people imagine the sou@@ l works . +that it comes to the human from outside . +we are supposed to view it as something that must be present in our lives . +and if you think of this condition , then you 'll understand the lo@@ gic behind the joy we feel when we can improve the world through a lie . +because now you can imple@@ ment a rule of three . +you 'll remember the rule of three from school . +this is a rule of three , which descri@@ bes a lo@@ gic to us . +this , by the way , is the most complicated part of my pres@@ entation . +you 'll need some lo@@ gic here , but also the will@@ ing@@ ness to lie . +nam@@ ely to lie in such a way that you can simply imple@@ ment this lo@@ gic in the wrong way . +this rule of three con@@ tains three theor@@ em@@ s . +the first theor@@ em is , kl@@ aus cla@@ ims there is no sou@@ l . +the second theor@@ em is th@@ us , if kl@@ aus is right , then he doesn 't have a sou@@ l . +now we have the third theor@@ em . +i high@@ ligh@@ ted it here . +a third theor@@ em which will turn up in people who have a strong atta@@ ch@@ ment to the idea of a sou@@ l . +they will say , a person who has no sou@@ l is dead and can 't cla@@ im anything . +so you sense it already . +here this lo@@ gic is expres@@ sed in this de@@ cep@@ tive dis@@ course . +you see it straight away . +the first two theor@@ em@@ s are logi@@ cally cor@@ rect . +i can cla@@ im anything . +lo@@ gic does not make any stat@@ ements about reality . +i can say , the ger@@ man chan@@ cell@@ or is a man . +and if i 'm right , then the chan@@ cell@@ or is a man . +if i 'm not right , then the chan@@ cell@@ or is not a man . +lo@@ gic does not make any stat@@ ement about what is val@@ id . +i can cla@@ im anything . +what is decisi@@ ve , if i 'm right , then it 's val@@ id . +so when kl@@ aus says , there is no sou@@ l . +secon@@ dly , if he 's right , then he doesn 't have a sou@@ l . +these things are logi@@ cally cor@@ rect . +and now our de@@ cep@@ tive consciousness immediately senses , i can do something with this . +so it atta@@ ches a third theor@@ em to it , that has nothing to do with the first two theor@@ em@@ s and only acts as if the opposite of the first theor@@ em had already been pro@@ ven and given pri@@ ority . +because we 'd really have to prove whether the sou@@ l exists or not . +but with this lo@@ gic , which just uses the fact that two theor@@ em@@ s are logi@@ cally cor@@ rect and atta@@ ches a third one , which looks like it has something to do with the others , we can save our lie . +so we act as if it were impossible to live without a sou@@ l . +and we 're very happy about it . +we can apply these things to other examples . +at present at we have a very modern example , which is repe@@ at@@ ed@@ ly an it@@ em in the daily new@@ spa@@ pers . +here you have to keep another philosop@@ hi@@ cal theme , a philosop@@ hi@@ cal slo@@ w-@@ bur@@ ner , close to hand . +that has to do with us going back to the four@@ te@@ ent@@ h +century . +there was a sch@@ ol@@ ar called je@@ an bu@@ ri@@ dan , and bu@@ ri@@ dan 's ass was named after him . +bu@@ ri@@ dan 's ass is an ass that is made pur@@ ely of nature . +it doesn 't have this sou@@ l . +it 's a natural thing . +and if you put it exactly between two equ@@ ally big ha@@ y@@ stac@@ ks , it will star@@ ve . +because it doesn 't know which ha@@ y@@ st@@ ack it should go to first . +so it 's right in the middle . +that 's how things of nature are imag@@ ined . +two equ@@ ally large forces with opposite sign@@ s@@ natur@@ es will can@@ c@@ el each other out . +nothing will happen . +only if you come with a different example , so as soon as you make one ha@@ y@@ st@@ ack bigger than the other , then he doesn 't need any sense or anything else . +he 'll auto@@ matically go to the right thought . +if you imagine this , that in nature you are somehow driven , determin@@ ed by the larger ha@@ y@@ st@@ ack that immediately attra@@ cts you , you will also quickly have the feeling that there must be something like a free will . +and as we 're here in frank@@ fur@@ t am main , i 'll re@@ mind you of the ma@@ x -@@ plan@@ ck@@ -@@ institute for brain research . +there 's a sch@@ ol@@ ar there , his name is wol@@ f sing@@ er , and sometimes people say , wol@@ f sing@@ er cla@@ ims , there is no free will . +now we can come up with the second theor@@ em and say : if wol@@ f sing@@ er is right , then he has no free will . +these theor@@ em@@ s are absolutely logi@@ cal and cor@@ rect . +and now the thing you can almost read daily in the pa@@ pers is what you find in this third theor@@ em . +it looks something like this , somebody who does not have free will cannot be held responsible responsible for his actions and cla@@ ims and is th@@ us of un@@ sound mind . +here you have it again . +really , you 'd have to prove , first of all , whether there is something like a free will . +but the lo@@ gic of de@@ ception allows us to act as if the first theor@@ em were fal@@ se from the start , so of course you 'd have accept the opposite without any pro@@ of . +and now you can simply , if you want to test something for yourself and especially if you want to make people happy , practice this coura@@ ge to lie . +practice it when you meet a person and then say , there are no predic@@ tors . +and don 't use the ger@@ man word for predic@@ tors , which would be prop@@ he@@ t . +you mu@@ st@@ n 't say that , because that would be a little poli@@ tically in@@ cor@@ rect . +say , there are no predic@@ tors . +you 'll immediately hear the following from someone who thinks it 's a matter of course that there are predic@@ tors , you can 't prove that . +and you 'll have a problem right away . +because while you are bus@@ y telling yourself that you can 't prove that there are no predic@@ tors , your counter@@ part will be very happy . +he 'll be very happy because he 's dec@@ ei@@ ved you . +because he led you down a path he 's not on himself . +because this person is not interested in evidence at all . +he 's only interested in keeping himself free of the ne@@ c@@ essi@@ ty to prove that there are predic@@ tors . +so through this mode of pas@@ sing on the bur@@ den of pro@@ ving something you are experi@@ en@@ cing the brilli@@ ance of the lie . +and if you have another opportunity to en@@ act this rule of three with another person , do it , because you will make other people happy when , in doing so , you don 't re@@ mind them of their self-@@ de@@ ception . +thank you for your attention . +yes , hell@@ o . +i took the liber@@ ty i asked li@@ l@@ ly , if it would be okay to mention her . +she 's one of the organi@@ z@@ ers of this wonderful event and asked me to hold a pres@@ entation and present my idea . +i must hon@@ est@@ ly say , and you wit@@ n@@ essed this , i found it hard to talk about my idea at first . +and she said i should perhaps present my island project , which i will try to present to you . +but of course it 's the sum of a whole load of ideas . +i probably bel@@ ong , are those two friend@@ ly girls still here , i probably bel@@ ong to the generation that created this bad e@@ col@@ o@@ gical image , because i already started to study engineering at the technical university in kar@@ l@@ s@@ ru@@ he in n@@ ine@@ te@@ en se@@ vent@@ y nine , i think it 's called k@@ it today . +and then i went to ber@@ lin in the mi@@ d-@@ ei@@ gh@@ ties because i wanted to study rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es and they didn 't have that in kar@@ l@@ s@@ ru@@ he . +there was the le@@ o@@ pol@@ d@@ sha@@ fen nuclear research plant . +they were all called k@@ f@@ as at the time , the place in j@@ ü@@ lich was also called a k@@ f@@ a . +today they 're called project ex@@ ecu@@ ting organizations . +because a good engineer either built great cars or nuclear plants . +but something stupid like a solar pen@@ dul@@ um , which has an out@@ put of something like one hundred watt per square me@@ tr@@ e , that was a to@@ y . +and in ber@@ lin there was this crazy engineering collective . +i 'm gr@@ ate@@ ful to the person behind pre@@ mi@@ um col@@ a that he re@@ hab@@ ili@@ t@@ ated that word again , because after the wall came down nobody was allowed to use that word , because everything le@@ ft@@ -@@ wing was bad . +but it wasn 't like that in the ei@@ gh@@ ties . +at that time , there were self-@@ gover@@ ning companies and one of them was in kreu@@ z@@ berg in mehr@@ ing@@ h@@ of , where people thought evil took place . +a terror@@ ist place , but it was was called wus@@ el@@ tr@@ oni@@ k and it made wind and solar power and that 's where i started out in the mi@@ d-@@ ei@@ gh@@ ties . +and yes , a lot of what is said today really moves me , because many , many nice stat@@ ements were made , which i also was part of . +i worked in the collective for el@@ even years , it was based on a gras@@ s@@ roots democracy . +we were a group of tw@@ ent@@ y people . +if one person said no , there was the ve@@ to principle , which was totally de@@ moral@@ is@@ ing , for ten years , i i had gra@@ ve dou@@ b@@ ts as to whether i was perhaps really wa@@ sting my great engineering degree on something ridi@@ cul@@ ous , also because all my father 's colleagues had told him , you wa@@ sted your money on your child . +he 's wa@@ sting his time on non@@ sense . +and that was really very , very bit@@ ter and then you end up in one of these ph@@ ases just now you saw that image with don 't give up written on it , where i asked myself after ten years , whether the one thousand deutsch@@ mark it was at the time , the basic pay , a uni@@ form pay in the collective of course , whether that was really such a great thing . +and then i stuck to it until n@@ ine@@ te@@ en nin@@ et@@ y six and then i became the co-@@ fo@@ under of the company sol@@ on together with friends , which then became one of the biggest cell manufac@@ tur@@ ers in the world together with the sp@@ in-@@ off q@@ -@@ cells . +a huge success story , but there too we have the problem of a growing company and then in two thousand and six , we , a small group , decided that we would start small again and go back and would de@@ dic@@ ate ourselves to the next top@@ ic of the future , which , in my opini@@ on , and in our opini@@ on , and it 's crazy again , it starts with people saying , what 's this non@@ sense about , that won 't work . i 'm talking about stor@@ age . +i 've brought along a project i 'd like to introdu@@ ce to you . +the ti@@ tle of the pres@@ entation was , how to reach one hundred percent rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es . +and we started asking with a relatively simple and crazy story where you could imple@@ ment a reser@@ vo@@ ir wi@@ sely today . +on this island , that 's the island gra@@ ci@@ o@@ sa on a@@ z@@ or@@ es . +yes , here is the data . +four and a half thousand people live there . +they have a rene@@ w@@ able energy share of fif@@ te@@ en percent at the moment . +the question is , why don 't they have more ? +because technologi@@ cally it 's just not possible . +if they use more wind power and start building everywhere , the system will start to fail . +that 's what i always tell the politicians , when they look at our plant in ber@@ lin@@ -@@ ad@@ ler@@ sh@@ of . +they then also say , why ? +we have tw@@ ent@@ y percent in germany . +that can 't be a problem . +but that 's not true , we have seven percent in europe and our network is , if you look at it physi@@ cally , the european one . +if we had tw@@ ent@@ y percent in europe , we 'd immediately have the same problems the people on that island have . +the question is just , calcu@@ late that was in two thousand and six , the first contact started with the island , so just work that out . +how big would a battery like that actually have to be to get to tw@@ ent@@ y , thir@@ ty , for@@ ty , fif@@ ty , maybe even se@@ vent@@ y percent rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es . +and yes , i 'll move on a slide . +the conven@@ tional system looks like this all over the world . +by the way , about one hundred gi@@ ga@@ wat@@ ts electrical out@@ put on dies@@ el fuel basis is ad@@ ded in the world per year . +that 's equivalent to the out@@ put of one hundred nuclear power plants , because it is conver@@ ted particularly quickly . +the world 's hunger for energy that we are seeing is re@@ lie@@ ved with dies@@ el fuel , because you don 't need a licen@@ se for it . +it goes fast . +you put a box like this over there . +and that generally looks like this . +in it , there are always three dies@@ els running , two are always main@@ tain@@ ed . +yes , that 's what a what you see at the bottom is the load . +we were given very accu@@ rate data . +and the wind power plant or the solar power plant or whatever it is is generally a back@@ -up system , or a system that can only feed into the network in small quanti@@ ties . +our obje@@ ctive was to simply say , okay , +the dies@@ el will be the back@@ -up and the wind , the sun will serve the load in such a way that they can form the bigger part . +and if you want to ex@@ ce@@ ed tw@@ ent@@ y , thir@@ ty percent rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es , you have to switch off dies@@ el . +that means that at that moment you have to see to it that the rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es can take over the entire network . +of course you can only do that if you 're being managed here somehow . +nobody on this planet has done that in this way . +it exists on a small scale , so you can use your sha@@ ving machine in the car via a small power in@@ ver@@ ter . +people always ask me , what are you resear@@ ching in ad@@ ler@@ sh@@ of all the time ? +that is do@@ able . +but if you want to ho@@ ok up several of these power in@@ ver@@ ters and they are supposed to constru@@ ct a network , it becomes highly complicated . +and our a@@ im was , we wanted to reach se@@ vent@@ y to nin@@ et@@ y percent rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es and then this re@@ main@@ der is still here , the last re@@ main@@ der , the last ten , tw@@ ent@@ y percent rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es with , that will will be very , very expensive and gener@@ ating this from bat@@ ter@@ ies won 't work either . +that will definitely be an energy car@@ rier which will be hydro@@ gen me@@ than@@ e , power to gas you know al@@ r , that 's what it will be . +you will then rather have to go to a seas@@ onal reser@@ vo@@ ir and balance out winter to summer and not only day to night . +we just wanted to know what would happen with a normal , run@@ -@@ of-@@ the-@@ mil@@ l electro@@ chemical battery . +how far would you get with that ? +and then we tried out a whole load of simu@@ lations . +and we simul@@ ated wind and sun and the load , and the result , a very exciting result , was that compared to the conven@@ tional system , which needs a medium electricity price of about fif@@ ty cents per k@@ w@@ h after tw@@ ent@@ y years , you 'd arri@@ ve at about fort@@ y-@@ four cents . +those were the first calcu@@ lations six years ago . +and then we said , okay , +that 's great , then we have a business model . +we 're che@@ aper than the dies@@ el system , if the price of dies@@ el ris@@ es by five percent a year . +and then we started negoti@@ ating with the is@@ lan@@ ders . +what needed to be done ? +we negoti@@ ated with inv@@ e@@ stors , i looked for new sh@@ are@@ hol@@ ders . +we were only a group of five people at the time , that could that could re@@ build the organisation . +and here you have the graphic again . +the brown bit is the conven@@ tional system so to speak , the green bit is our system . +the fact that our system has an increase in price is due to the fact that we still use tw@@ ent@@ y percent dies@@ el fuel and a control of the price increase doesn 't break through to the other things . +and the power u@@ tili@@ ty , which which the electric u@@ tili@@ ty on the island , said they think it 's great . +they said , we want to support it , but we don 't think you can solve the technical problem . +and that 's why we decided to build a hall in ber@@ lin , where we could pre@@ cis@@ ely re@@ constru@@ ct , so to speak , the electrical ra@@ ti@@ o of the island on a one to three scale . +that means we first looked for the biggest battery in the world . +here it is . +naturally it 's from asia , in this case from japan . +and fun@@ ni@@ ly enough it was developed at the b@@ b@@ c man@@ n@@ heim , called ab@@ b today , in the se@@ venti@@ es , and was then licen@@ sed to the japanese . +it is you can see that it 's a very , very big battery . +it has a me@@ ga@@ watt out@@ put and can keep up that out@@ put for six hours and it 's the battery that we came up with in the technical simulation . +and then pres@@ ented . +we also brought one of these dies@@ el ag@@ gre@@ gates to the hall , in the same size as it is there , for the complete dynamic behavior of this network to actually be , so in the hall it looks like this now , the dies@@ el is behind it , here 's the big battery , here are all the conver@@ ters , with which we simu@@ late the network . +over here we simu@@ late the entire trans@@ mission gui@@ dance system , the c@@ able 's kilometer physics , to illu@@ strate the vi@@ bra@@ tion behavior , so to speak , in the network . +and here can you see the whole thing again . +we can also add a photo vol@@ ta@@ ic out@@ put of two hundred kil@@ o@@ watt + to the network . +we can see it again here we can see the dies@@ el again here , and all the individual ag@@ gre@@ gates here . +and what we did , the hall was comple@@ ted in two thousand and nine , and until today , two thousand and t@@ wel@@ ve , we developed prac@@ tically everything that could be developed electr@@ on@@ ically and in terms of software between the individual systems . +so we 're not battery manufac@@ tur@@ ers , but define ourselves as a company that stands between the theme of the battery and the theme of the network and everything else that lies between the two . +you have to be able to c@@ ater for the battery of course , and for the network , and that is very complicated . +the nice thing about this top@@ ic is that on this island , you can basically anti@@ ci@@ pa@@ te all the problems we will have if we want to increase our share of rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es . +so this whole discussion as to how things will be moved , the energy revolution , how to bring that about , on the island , for example , we have tw@@ ent@@ y-@@ five-@@ thir@@ ty percent ex@@ cess energy , so we have to li@@ mit the wind and sun . +of course this l@@ ends itself to a smart grid . +smart gri@@ ds are a hot top@@ ic at the moment everywhere . +we can start integr@@ ating electro@@ -@@ mo@@ bility on the island already , and to ask around whether the load can be managed . +that means that if you 're at se@@ vent@@ y percent rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es , then you won 't be able to do that without a reser@@ vo@@ ir . +you can he@@ ed the share by using one of these smart gri@@ ds , by developing the networks , yes , that should definitely be done , but you 'll never be able to do without the reser@@ vo@@ ir completely . +and that 's kind of the message . +that 's why many people come and look at it , because you can see what problems will ar@@ ise . +if we turn off the dies@@ el , then you will no longer have this ro@@ tat@@ ing mass , which causes a certain amount of i@@ d@@ len@@ ess in the network . +and our european energy grid basically consi@@ sts of ro@@ tat@@ ing mas@@ ses of large power plants , where the ax@@ le always revol@@ ves around the whole of europe . +we look into this network , see the fif@@ ty her@@ tz , and if it turns into for@@ ty nine point nine her@@ tz , we start to open a few small val@@ ves , then a little more ste@@ am can enter , and then it goes up again . +that 's the system . +and of course that 's incredibly slow . +if you put that down somewhere , it takes a while . +the sp@@ inning reser@@ ve has at least ten seconds to keep the network stable . +and in that time you can re@@ act differently . +if you don 't have this ro@@ tat@@ ing mass anymore , then you have to replace it with power electr@@ on@@ ics and electro@@ -@@ chemistry . +and with this battery we can switch it on and off once for two milli@@ seconds . +so you see what enormous potential for speed there is here . +and so the message is this , we have to make do without these ro@@ tat@@ ing mas@@ ses , if we actually want to reach our goal of tw@@ ent@@ y , tw@@ ent@@ y , tw@@ ent@@ y percent , tw@@ ent@@ y , thir@@ ty , thir@@ ty percent etc . +and then we have to de@@ cre@@ ase our mu@@ st-@@ run capac@@ i@@ ties in the network . +mu@@ st-@@ run simply means the power plant is running too to keep up the frequ@@ ency . +yes , this is a huge debate at the moment , addi@@ tional construction of co@@ al-@@ burning power plants , because otherwise we wouldn 't have , or gas tur@@ bin@@ es , because that 's not possible . +and we 're just trying to demon@@ strate that we can de@@ cre@@ ase the capac@@ i@@ ties , the mu@@ st-@@ run capac@@ i@@ ties , by putting electro@@ chemical reser@@ vo@@ irs in the network too . +th@@ ank@@ fully many studies are being car@@ ried out on this top@@ ic . +and to this purpose people always come and look at our experiment@@ al equipment on the , basically our testing equipment on the island . +and yes , the discussion always revol@@ ves around how much of the future you can anti@@ ci@@ pa@@ te . +and many discus@@ sions i had in the last six years were similar to the discussion i had in the last thir@@ ty years re@@ gar@@ ding photo@@ vol@@ ta@@ ics . +you can 't do it , it 's non@@ sense , a play@@ thing for kids , we calcul@@ ated everything , it will never add up . +we have thir@@ ty gi@@ ga@@ watt of phot@@ o-@@ vol@@ ta@@ ic power in germany . +that 's ex@@ em@@ pl@@ ary . +and i simply assu@@ me that we 'll have the same capacity of electro@@ chemical reser@@ vo@@ irs in the whole world for the next thir@@ ty years . +it 's simple , that 's what will happen . +there will be a whole load of resi@@ stance and argu@@ ments . +the nice thing is that i 've experienced that scientists have been jo@@ ining my side in the last couple of years . +we 've been given over ten million fund@@ ed projects , also to atta@@ ch a ten@@ -@@ me@@ ga@@ watt battery to the ger@@ man network . +that will take place next apri@@ l . +so you 're notic@@ ing a change is taking place , from a defen@@ sive at@@ titude to to well , to the idea , one hundred percent rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es is right . +and when you have one hundred percent rene@@ w@@ able energi@@ es , then it 's like a self-@@ suff@@ i@@ cient system . +up ti@@ ll now the following is always argu@@ ed in discus@@ sions , these is@@ lan@@ ders are becoming self-@@ suff@@ i@@ cient , they have their own little network , which has nothing to do with our jo@@ int network . +the the question is simply , if they become completely independent from whatever fossil or nuclear fu@@ els which are dri@@ ll@@ ed out somewhere on the planet and are brought to them , then they 're an island . +then they 'll only be using what is available in terms of sun and wind where they live . +and that is kind of our vision of sensi@@ ble energy use and i am gr@@ ate@@ ful to the cra@@ d@@ le to cra@@ d@@ le institute that they said , use solar power . +and that 's what we 're doing , and so in this sense we 're coming together , also if you look at the pres@@ entation by pre@@ mi@@ um col@@ a , that it 's okay to be a collective and use solar power . +and yes , well , i 'd just like to motiv@@ ate you , in the sense that it 's fine to be a bit crazy and have a vision . +and you really have to stay pretty fir@@ m while doing so , but i think it 's it 's possible . +thank you . +one day , los angeles times colum@@ n@@ ist steve lo@@ pe@@ z was walking along the streets of down@@ town los angeles when he heard beautiful music . +and the source was a man , an afri@@ can@@ -@@ american man , char@@ ming , ru@@ g@@ ged , hom@@ eless , playing a vi@@ o@@ lin that only had two str@@ ings . +and i 'm telling a story that many of you know , because steve 's colum@@ ns became the basis for a book , which was turned into a movie , with robert dow@@ ney j@@ r@@ . acting as steve lo@@ pe@@ z , and jam@@ ie fo@@ x@@ x as na@@ than@@ iel anth@@ ony a@@ yers , the ju@@ il@@ li@@ ar@@ d-@@ trained double bas@@ s@@ ist whose promis@@ ing career was cut short by a tra@@ gic aff@@ li@@ ction with par@@ an@@ o@@ id schizophren@@ ia . +na@@ than@@ iel dro@@ pped out of ju@@ il@@ li@@ ard , he suff@@ ered a complete break@@ down , and 30 years later he was living hom@@ eless on the streets of sk@@ id row in down@@ town los angeles . +i encoura@@ ge all of you to read steve 's book or to watch the movie to understand not only the beautiful bon@@ d that formed between these two men , but how music helped shape that bon@@ d , and ultimately was instru@@ mental -- if you 'll par@@ don the pu@@ n -- in helping na@@ than@@ iel get off the streets . +i met mr. a@@ yers in 2008 , two years ago , at wal@@ t dis@@ ney conc@@ ert hall . +he had just heard a performance of bee@@ tho@@ ven 's first and fourth sym@@ ph@@ on@@ ies , and came back@@ stage and introduced himself . +he was speaking in a very jo@@ vi@@ al and gre@@ g@@ ari@@ ous way about yo@@ -@@ yo ma and h@@ ill@@ ary clin@@ ton and how the do@@ d@@ gers were never going to make the world series , all because of the tre@@ ach@@ er@@ ous first vi@@ o@@ lin pas@@ sage work in the last movement of bee@@ tho@@ ven 's fourth sym@@ ph@@ ony . +and we got talking about music , and i got an email from steve a few days later saying that na@@ than@@ iel was interested in a vi@@ o@@ lin lesson with me . +now , i should mention that na@@ than@@ iel re@@ f@@ uses treatment because when he was treated it was with sho@@ ck therapy and th@@ or@@ a@@ zine and hand@@ cu@@ ff@@ s , and that sc@@ ar has sta@@ yed with him for his entire life . +but as a result now , he is pr@@ one to these schizophren@@ ic ep@@ iso@@ des , the worst of which can mani@@ fest themselves as and then disappe@@ aring for days , wander@@ ing the streets of sk@@ id row , ex@@ posed to its hor@@ r@@ ors , with the tor@@ ment of his own mind un@@ le@@ as@@ hed upon him . +and na@@ than@@ iel was in such a state of ag@@ it@@ ation when we started our first lesson at wal@@ t dis@@ ney conc@@ ert hall -- he had a kind of man@@ ic gl@@ int in his eyes , he was lost . +and he was talking about invisible demon@@ s and smo@@ ke , and how someone was po@@ is@@ oning him in his sleep . +and i was afraid , not for myself , but i was afraid that i was going to lose him , that he was going to sin@@ k into one of his states , and that i would ru@@ in his relationship with the vi@@ o@@ lin if i started talking about sc@@ ales and ar@@ pe@@ g@@ gi@@ os and other exciting forms of di@@ d@@ ac@@ tic vi@@ o@@ lin pe@@ da@@ go@@ g@@ y . +so , i just started playing . +and i played the first movement of the bee@@ tho@@ ven vi@@ o@@ lin con@@ cer@@ to . +and as i played , i understood that there was a profound change oc@@ curr@@ ing in na@@ than@@ iel 's eyes . +it was as if he was in the gri@@ p of some invisible pharma@@ ce@@ u@@ tical , a chemical reaction , for which my playing the music was its cat@@ aly@@ st . +and na@@ than@@ iel 's man@@ ic ra@@ ge was trans@@ formed into understanding , a quie@@ t curi@@ osity and gra@@ ce . +and in a mira@@ cle , he li@@ f@@ ted his own vi@@ o@@ lin and he started playing , by ear , certain s@@ ni@@ p@@ pe@@ ts of vi@@ o@@ lin con@@ cer@@ to@@ s which he then asked me to complete -- men@@ del@@ s@@ sohn , t@@ cha@@ i@@ ko@@ v@@ sky , si@@ be@@ li@@ us . +and we started talking about music , from b@@ ach to bee@@ tho@@ ven and bra@@ h@@ ms , bru@@ ck@@ ner , all the b 's , from bar@@ t@@ ó@@ k , all the way up to es@@ a-@@ pe@@ k@@ ka sal@@ onen . +and i understood that he not only had an en@@ cy@@ clo@@ pe@@ di@@ c knowledge of music , but he related to this music at a personal level . +he spoke about it with the kind of passion and understanding that i share with my colleagues in the los angeles phil@@ harmon@@ ic . +and through playing music and talking about music , this man had trans@@ formed from the par@@ an@@ o@@ id , dist@@ ur@@ bed man that had just come from walking the streets of down@@ town los angeles to the char@@ ming , er@@ u@@ di@@ te , brilliant , ju@@ il@@ li@@ ar@@ d-@@ trained musi@@ cian . +music is medicine . music changes us . +and for na@@ than@@ iel , music is san@@ ity . +because music allows him to take his thoughts and del@@ u@@ sions and shape them through his imagination and his creativity , into reality . +and that is an es@@ cape from his tor@@ mented state . +and i understood that this was the very essen@@ ce of art . +this was the very reason why we made music , that we take something that exists within all of us at our very fundamental core , our emotions , and through our arti@@ stic l@@ ens , through our creativity , we 're able to shape those emotions into reality . +and the reality of that expression reach@@ es all of us and moves us , in@@ spir@@ es and un@@ ites us . +and for na@@ than@@ iel , music brought him back into a fold of friends . +the re@@ de@@ mp@@ tive power of music brought him back into a family of musi@@ cians that understood him , that recogni@@ zed his tal@@ ents and respe@@ cted him . +and i will always make music with na@@ than@@ iel , whether we 're at wal@@ t dis@@ ney conc@@ ert hall or on sk@@ id row , because he re@@ minds me why i became a musi@@ cian . +thank you . +br@@ un@@ o gi@@ us@@ san@@ i : thank you . thanks . +robert gu@@ p@@ ta . +robert gu@@ p@@ ta : i 'm going to play something that i sh@@ am@@ el@@ ess@@ ly sto@@ le from c@@ elli@@ sts . +so , please for@@ give me . +so , i 've known a lot of fish in my life . +i 've loved only two . +that first one , it was more like a passionate aff@@ air . +it was a beautiful fish : fla@@ vor@@ ful , tex@@ tured , me@@ at@@ y , a best@@ s@@ eller on the men@@ u . +what a fish . +even better , it was far@@ m-@@ raised to the supposed highest standards of sustain@@ ability . +so you could feel good about selling it . +i was in a relationship with this beauty for several months . +one day , the head of the company called and asked if i 'd speak at an event about the farm 's sustain@@ ability . +" absolutely , " i said . +here was a company trying to solve what 's become this uni@@ mag@@ in@@ able problem for us che@@ fs : how do we keep fish on our men@@ us ? +for the past 50 years , we 've been fishing the se@@ as like we clear@@ -@@ cut fore@@ sts . +it 's hard to over@@ state the destruction . +nin@@ et@@ y percent of large fish , the ones we love -- the tun@@ as , the hal@@ i@@ bu@@ ts , the sal@@ mon@@ s , s@@ wor@@ d@@ fish -- they 've collap@@ sed . +there 's almost nothing left . +so , for better or for worse , a@@ qu@@ ac@@ ul@@ ture , fish far@@ ming , is going to be a part of our future . +a lot of argu@@ ments against it : fish far@@ ms po@@ ll@@ ute -- most of them do anyway -- and they 're in@@ efficient . take tun@@ a , a major dra@@ w@@ back . +it 's got a feed con@@ version ra@@ ti@@ o of 15 to one . +that means it takes fif@@ te@@ en pounds of wild fish to get you one po@@ und of farm tun@@ a . +not very sustainable . +it doesn 't taste very good either . +so here , finally , was a company trying to do it right . +i wanted to support them . +the day before the event , i called the head of p@@ .@@ r@@ . for the company . +let 's call him don . +" don , " i said , " just to get the facts straight , you guys are famous for far@@ ming so far out to sea , you don 't po@@ ll@@ ute . " +" that 's right , " he said . " we 're so far out , the waste from our fish gets distribu@@ ted , not concent@@ r@@ ated . " +and then he ad@@ ded , " we 're basically a world un@@ to ourselves . +that feed con@@ version ra@@ ti@@ o ? 2.@@ 5 to one , " he said . +" best in the business . " +2.@@ 5 to one , great . +" 2.@@ 5 what ? what are you fe@@ eding ? " +" sustainable proteins , " he said . +" great , " i said . got off the phone . +and that night , i was lying in bed , and i thought : what the hell is a sustainable protein ? +so the next day , just before the event , i called don . +i said , " don , what are some examples of sustainable proteins ? " +he said he didn 't know . he would ask around . +well , i got on the phone with a few people in the company ; no one could give me a straight answer until finally , i got on the phone with the head biolog@@ ist . +let 's call him don too . +" don , " i said , " what are some examples of sustainable proteins ? " +well , he mentioned some al@@ ga@@ es and some fish me@@ als , and then he said chicken p@@ el@@ lets . +i said , " chicken p@@ el@@ lets ? " +he said , " yeah , fe@@ a@@ thers , skin , bone me@@ al , sc@@ ra@@ ps , dri@@ ed and process@@ ed into feed . " +i said , " what percentage of your feed is chicken ? " +thinking , you know , two percent . +" well , it 's about 30 percent , " he said . +i said , " don , what 's sustainable about fe@@ eding chicken to fish ? " +there was a long pause on the line , and he said , " there 's just too much chicken in the world . " +i fell out of love with this fish . +no , not because i 'm some self-@@ ri@@ gh@@ te@@ ous , go@@ od@@ y-@@ two shoes fo@@ o@@ die . +i actually am . +no , i actually fell out of love with this fish because , i swe@@ ar to god , after that conversation , the fish ta@@ sted like chicken . +this second fish , it 's a different kind of love story . +it 's the roman@@ tic kind , the kind where the more you get to know your fish , you love the fish . +i first ate it at a restaurant in southern spa@@ in . +a journalist friend had been talking about this fish for a long time . +she kind of set us up . +it came to the table a bright , almost shi@@ m@@ mer@@ ing , white color . +the che@@ f had over@@ coo@@ ked it . +like twice over . +ama@@ z@@ ingly , it was still deli@@ cious . +who can make a fish taste good after it 's been over@@ coo@@ ked ? +i can 't , but this guy can . +let 's call him mi@@ gu@@ el -- actually his name is mi@@ gu@@ el . +and no , he didn 't co@@ ok the fish , and he 's not a che@@ f , at least in the way that you and i understand it . +he 's a biolog@@ ist at v@@ et@@ a la pal@@ ma . +it 's a fish farm in the sou@@ th@@ western corner of spa@@ in . +it 's at the ti@@ p of the gu@@ ad@@ al@@ qui@@ vi@@ r river . +until the 198@@ 0s , the farm was in the hands of the ar@@ gent@@ ini@@ ans . +they raised bee@@ f c@@ attle on what was essentially we@@ t@@ lands . +they did it by dra@@ ining the land . +they built this intri@@ cate series of can@@ als , and they pus@@ hed water off the land and out into the river . +well , they couldn 't make it work , not econom@@ ically . +and e@@ col@@ o@@ gi@@ cally , it was a disaster . +it killed like 90 percent of the birds , which , for this place , is a lot of birds . +and so in 198@@ 2 , a span@@ ish company with an environmental con@@ science pur@@ ch@@ ased the land . +what did they do ? +they rever@@ sed the flow of water . +they literally fli@@ pped the switch . +instead of pus@@ hing water out , they used the chan@@ n@@ els to pull water back in . +they f@@ loo@@ ded the can@@ als . +they created a 2@@ 7@@ ,@@ 00@@ 0-@@ ac@@ re fish farm -- b@@ ass , mul@@ let , sh@@ ri@@ mp , e@@ el -- and in the process , mi@@ gu@@ el and this company completely rever@@ sed the e@@ col@@ o@@ gical destruction . +the farm 's incredible . +i mean , you 've never seen anything like this . +you st@@ are out at a hori@@ zon that is a million miles away , and all you see are f@@ loo@@ ded can@@ als and this thi@@ ck , rich mar@@ s@@ hl@@ and . +i was there not long ago with mi@@ gu@@ el . +he 's an amazing guy , like three parts charles darwin and one part cro@@ co@@ di@@ le dun@@ de@@ e . +okay ? there we are slo@@ g@@ ging through the we@@ t@@ lands , and i 'm pan@@ ting and swe@@ ating , got mu@@ d up to my k@@ ne@@ es , and mi@@ gu@@ el 's cal@@ m@@ ly conduc@@ ting a biology lec@@ ture . +here , he 's poin@@ ting out a rare black@@ -@@ shoul@@ dered ki@@ te . +now , he 's men@@ tion@@ ing the miner@@ al needs of phy@@ top@@ lan@@ k@@ ton . +and here , here he sees a grou@@ ping pattern that re@@ minds him of the tanz@@ ani@@ an gi@@ ra@@ ffe . +it turns out , mi@@ gu@@ el spent the better part of his career in the mi@@ k@@ um@@ i national park in africa . +i asked him how he became such an exper@@ t on fish . +he said , " fish ? i didn 't know anything about fish . +i 'm an exper@@ t in relationships . " +and then he 's off , laun@@ ching into more talk about rare birds and al@@ ga@@ es and strange a@@ qua@@ tic plants . +and don 't get me wrong , that was really fascinating , you know , the bio@@ tic community un@@ pl@@ ug@@ ged , kind of thing . +it 's great , but i was in love . +and my head was s@@ wo@@ oning over that over@@ coo@@ ked piece of deli@@ cious fish i had the night before . +so i inter@@ rup@@ ted him . i said , " mi@@ gu@@ el , what makes your fish taste so good ? " +he poin@@ ted at the al@@ ga@@ e . +" i know , du@@ de , the al@@ ga@@ e , the phy@@ top@@ lan@@ k@@ ton , the relationships : it 's amazing . +but what are your fish eating ? +what 's the feed con@@ version ra@@ ti@@ o ? " +well , he goes on to tell me it 's such a rich system that the fish are eating what they 'd be eating in the wild . +the plant bio@@ mass , the phy@@ top@@ lan@@ k@@ ton , the zo@@ op@@ lan@@ k@@ ton , it 's what fe@@ e@@ ds the fish . +the system is so healthy , it 's totally self-@@ rene@@ wing . +there is no feed . +ever heard of a farm that doesn 't feed its animals ? +later that day , i was driving around this property with mi@@ gu@@ el , and i asked him , i said , " for a place that seems so natural , unlike like any farm i 'd ever been at , how do you measure success ? " +at that moment , it was as if a film director called for a set change . +and we ro@@ unded the corner and saw the most amazing sight : thousands and thousands of p@@ ink fl@@ amin@@ gos , a liter@@ al p@@ ink car@@ pet for as far as you could see . +" that 's success , " he said . +" look at their bel@@ lies , p@@ ink . +they 're fe@@ ast@@ ing . " +fe@@ ast@@ ing ? i was totally conf@@ used . +i said , " mi@@ gu@@ el , aren 't they fe@@ ast@@ ing on your fish ? " +" yes , " he said . +" we lose 20 percent of our fish and fish eg@@ gs to birds . +well , last year , this property had 6@@ 0@@ 0,000 birds on it , more than 250 different species . +it 's become , today , the largest and one of the most important private bird san@@ c@@ tu@@ aries in all of europe . " +i said , " mi@@ gu@@ el , isn 't a thri@@ ving bird population like the last thing you want on a fish farm ? " +he sho@@ ok his head , no . +he said , " we farm exten@@ si@@ vely , not intensi@@ vely . +this is an e@@ col@@ o@@ gical network . +the fl@@ amin@@ gos eat the sh@@ ri@@ mp . +the sh@@ ri@@ mp eat the phy@@ top@@ lan@@ k@@ ton . +so the pin@@ ker the bel@@ ly , the better the system . " +okay , so let 's re@@ view : a farm that doesn 't feed its animals , and a farm that meas@@ ures its success on the health of its predat@@ ors . +a fish farm , but also a bird san@@ c@@ tu@@ ary . +oh , and by the way , those fl@@ amin@@ gos , they shouldn 't even be there in the first place . +they bro@@ od in a town 150 miles away , where the soil conditions are better for building ne@@ sts . +every morning , they fly 150 miles into the farm . +and every ev@@ ening , they fly 150 miles back . +they do that because they 're able to follow the broken white line of high@@ way a@@ 9@@ 2 . +no kid@@ ding . +i was imag@@ ining a " mar@@ ch of the penguins " thing , so i looked at mi@@ gu@@ el . +i said , " mi@@ gu@@ el , do they fly 150 miles to the farm , and then do they fly 150 miles back at night ? +do they do that for the children ? " +he looked at me like i had just quot@@ ed a whit@@ ney hou@@ ston song . +he said , " no ; they do it because the food 's better . " +i didn 't mention the skin of my belo@@ ved fish , which was deli@@ cious -- and i don 't like fish skin ; i don 't like it se@@ ared , i don 't like it cris@@ p@@ y . +it 's that ac@@ rid , t@@ ar-@@ like fla@@ vor . +i almost never co@@ ok with it . +yet , when i ta@@ sted it at that restaurant in southern spa@@ in , it ta@@ sted not at all like fish skin . +it ta@@ sted swe@@ et and clean , like you were taking a bi@@ te of the ocean . +i mentioned that to mi@@ gu@@ el , and he no@@ d@@ ded . +he said , " the skin acts like a spon@@ ge . +it 's the last defen@@ se before anything en@@ ters the body . +it evolved to so@@ ak up im@@ pu@@ ri@@ ties . " +and then he ad@@ ded , " but our water has no im@@ pu@@ ri@@ ties . " +ok . a farm that doesn 't feed its fish , a farm that meas@@ ures its success by the success of its predat@@ ors . +and then i realized when he says , " a farm that has no im@@ pu@@ ri@@ ties , " he made a big under@@ stat@@ ement , because the water that flo@@ ws through that farm comes in from the gu@@ ad@@ al@@ qui@@ vi@@ r river . +it 's a river that car@@ ries with it all the things that ri@@ vers tend to carry these days : chemical cont@@ amin@@ ants , pe@@ sti@@ cide run@@ off . +and when it works its way through the system and leaves , the water is cle@@ aner than when it enter@@ ed . +the system is so healthy , it pu@@ ri@@ fi@@ es the water . +so , not just a farm that doesn 't feed its animals , not just a farm that meas@@ ures its success by the health of its predat@@ ors , but a farm that 's literally a water pu@@ ri@@ fication plant -- and not just for those fish , but for you and me as well . +because when that water leaves , it du@@ mp@@ s out into the atlan@@ tic . +a drop in the ocean , i know , but i 'll take it , and so should you , because this love story , however roman@@ tic , is also in@@ struc@@ tive . +you might say it 's a reci@@ pe for the future of good food , whether we 're talking about b@@ ass or bee@@ f c@@ attle . +what we need now is a radi@@ cally new con@@ ception of agriculture , one in which the food actually ta@@ stes good . +but for a lot people , that 's a bit too radical . +we 're not reali@@ sts , us fo@@ o@@ dies ; we 're lo@@ vers . +we love farmers ' markets , we love small family far@@ ms , we talk about local food , we eat organic . +and when you suggest these are the things that will en@@ sure the future of good food , someone , somewhere stands up and says , " hey guy , i love p@@ ink fl@@ amin@@ gos , but how are you going to feed the world ? " +how are you going to feed the world ? +can i be honest ? +i don 't love that question . +no , not because we already produce enough cal@@ ories to more than feed the world . +one billion people will go hun@@ gry today . +one billion -- that 's more than ever before -- because of gro@@ ss ine@@ quali@@ ties in distribution , not ton@@ na@@ ge . +now , i don 't love this question because it 's determin@@ ed the lo@@ gic of our food system for the last 50 years . +feed grain to her@@ bi@@ vor@@ es , pe@@ sti@@ ci@@ des to mon@@ o@@ cultures , chemicals to soil , chicken to fish , and all along agri@@ business has simply asked , " if we 're fe@@ eding more people more che@@ ap@@ ly , how terrible could that be ? " +that 's been the motivation , it 's been the justi@@ fication : it 's been the business plan of american agriculture . +we should call it what it is : a business in li@@ qui@@ dation , a business that 's quickly ero@@ ding e@@ col@@ o@@ gical capital that makes that very production possible . +that 's not a business , and it isn 't agriculture . +our bre@@ ad@@ bas@@ ket is thre@@ at@@ en@@ ed today , not because of di@@ min@@ ishing supply , but because of di@@ min@@ ishing resources . +not by the lat@@ est com@@ bine and tra@@ ctor invention , but by ferti@@ le land ; not by pump@@ s , but by fresh water ; not by cha@@ in@@ sa@@ ws , but by fore@@ sts ; and not by fishing bo@@ ats and nets , but by fish in the sea . +want to feed the world ? +let 's start by asking : how are we going to feed ourselves ? +or better : how can we create conditions that en@@ able every community to feed itself ? +to do that , don 't look at the agri@@ business model for the future . +it 's really old , and it 's ti@@ red . +it 's high on capital , chemistry and machines , and it 's never produced anything really good to eat . +instead , let 's look to the e@@ col@@ o@@ gical model . +that 's the one that reli@@ es on two billion years of on-@@ the-@@ job experience . +look to mi@@ gu@@ el , farmers like mi@@ gu@@ el . +far@@ ms that aren 't worl@@ ds un@@ to themselves ; far@@ ms that re@@ store instead of de@@ ple@@ te ; far@@ ms that farm exten@@ si@@ vely instead of just intensi@@ vely ; farmers that are not just produ@@ cers , but experts in relationships . +because they 're the ones that are experts in fla@@ vor , too . +and if i 'm going to be really honest , they 're a better che@@ f than i 'll ever be . +you know , i 'm okay with that , because if that 's the future of good food , it 's going to be deli@@ cious . +thank you . +if i can leave you with one big idea today , it 's that the whole of the data in which we consu@@ me is greater that the sum of the parts , and instead of thinking about information over@@ load , what i 'd like you to think about is how we can use information so that patterns pop and we can see trends that would otherwise be invisible . +so what we 're looking at right here is a typical mortality ch@@ art organized by age . +this tool that i 'm using here is a little experiment . +it 's called pi@@ vo@@ t , and with pi@@ vo@@ t what i can do is i can choose to filter in one particular cause of dea@@ ths -- say , acci@@ dents . +and , right away , i see there 's a different pattern that emer@@ ges . +this is because , in the mi@@ d-@@ area here , people are at their most active , and over here they 're at their most fra@@ il . +we can step back out again and then re@@ organi@@ ze the data by cause of death , seeing that cir@@ cul@@ atory diseases and cancer are the usual sus@@ pe@@ cts , but not for everyone . +if we go ahead and we filter by age -- say 40 years or less -- we see that acci@@ dents are actually the greatest cause that people have to be worried about . +and if you dri@@ ll into that , it 's especially the case for men . +so you get the idea that vie@@ wing information , vie@@ wing data in this way , is a lot like swi@@ mming in a living information in@@ fo@@ -@@ graphic . +and if we can do this for ra@@ w data , why not do it for content as well ? +so what we have right here is the cover of every single spor@@ ts illu@@ strated ever produced . +it 's all here ; it 's all on the web . +you can go back to your rooms and try this after my talk . +with pi@@ vo@@ t , you can dri@@ ll into a decade . +you can dri@@ ll into a particular year . +you can jump right into a specific issue . +so i 'm looking at this ; i see the ath@@ le@@ tes that have appe@@ ared in this issue , the spor@@ ts . +i 'm a lan@@ ce arm@@ strong fan , so i 'll go ahead and i 'll click on that , which reve@@ als , for me , all the issues in which lan@@ ce arm@@ strong 's been a part of . +now , if i want to just kind of take a pe@@ ek at these , i might think , " well , what about taking a look at all of cy@@ cl@@ ing ? " +so i can step back , and exp@@ and on that . +and i see gre@@ g le@@ mond now . +and so you get the idea that when you navi@@ gate over information this way -- going nar@@ ro@@ wer , bro@@ a@@ der , bac@@ king in , bac@@ king out -- you 're not se@@ arch@@ ing , you 're not brow@@ sing . +you 're doing something that 's actually a little bit different . +it 's in between , and we think it changes the way information can be used . +so i want to extra@@ po@@ late on this idea a bit with something that 's a little bit crazy . +what we 're done here is we 've taken every single wikipedia page and we re@@ duced it down to a little sum@@ mary . +so the sum@@ mary consi@@ sts of just a little sy@@ no@@ p@@ sis and an ic@@ on to indi@@ cate the top@@ ical area that it comes from . +i 'm only showing the top 500 most popular wikipedia pages right here . +but even in this limited view , we can do a lot of things . +right away , we get a sense of what are the top@@ ical do@@ ma@@ ins that are most popular on wikipedia . +i 'm going to go ahead and sele@@ ct government . +now , having sel@@ ec@@ ted government , i can now see that the wikipedia categ@@ ories that most frequ@@ ently cor@@ respond to that are time magazine people of the year . +so this is really important because this is an insi@@ ght that was not contain@@ ed within any one wikipedia page . +it 's only possible to see that insi@@ ght when you step back and look at all of them . +looking at one of these particular sum@@ mar@@ ies , i can then dri@@ ll into the concept of time magazine person of the year , bringing up all of them . +so looking at these people , i can see that the majority come from government ; some have come from natural sci@@ ences ; some , fewer still , have come from business -- there 's my bo@@ ss -- and one has come from music . +and interest@@ ingly enough , bon@@ o is also a ted prize w@@ inner . +so we can go , jump , and take a look at all the ted prize w@@ inn@@ ers . +so you see , we 're navi@@ g@@ ating the web for the first time as if it 's actually a web , not from pa@@ ge-@@ to-@@ page , but at a higher level of abstra@@ ction . +and so i want to show you one other thing that may catch you a little bit by surprise . +i 'm just showing the new york times website here . +so pi@@ vo@@ t , this app@@ lic@@ ation -- i don 't want to call it a brow@@ ser ; it 's really not a brow@@ ser , but you can view web pages with it -- and we bring that zo@@ o@@ ma@@ ble technology to every single web page like this . +so i can step back , pop right back into a specific section . +now the reason why this is important is because , by virtu@@ e of just vie@@ wing web pages in this way , i can look at my entire brow@@ sing history in the ex@@ act same way . +so i can dri@@ ll into what i 've done over specific time fra@@ mes . +here , in fact , is the state of all the dem@@ o that i just gave . +and i can sort of re@@ play some stuff that i was looking at earlier today . +and , if i want to step back and look at everything , i can sli@@ ce and di@@ ce my history , perhaps by my search history -- here , i was doing some ne@@ po@@ ti@@ stic se@@ arch@@ ing , looking for bing , over here for live lab@@ s pi@@ vo@@ t . +and from these , i can dri@@ ll into the web page and just laun@@ ch them again . +it 's one metaphor re@@ pur@@ posed multiple times , and in each case it makes the whole greater than the sum of the parts with the data . +so right now , in this world , we think about data as being this cur@@ se . +we talk about the cur@@ se of information over@@ load . +we talk about dro@@ w@@ ning in data . +what if we can actually turn that up@@ side down and turn the web up@@ side down , so that instead of navi@@ g@@ ating from one thing to the next , we get used to the hab@@ it of being able to go from many things to many things , and then being able to see the patterns that were otherwise hidden ? +if we can do that , then instead of being tra@@ pped in data , we might actually extra@@ ct information . +and , instead of dealing just with information , we can te@@ ase out knowledge . +and if we get the knowledge , then maybe even there 's wisdom to be found . +so with that , i thank you . +i grew up on a ste@@ ad@@ y diet of science fi@@ ction . +in high school , i took a bus to school an hour each way every day . +and i was always absor@@ bed in a book , science fi@@ ction book , which took my mind to other worl@@ ds , and satis@@ fied , in a narra@@ tive form , this in@@ sa@@ ti@@ able sense of curi@@ osity that i had . +and you know , that curi@@ osity also mani@@ fest@@ ed itself in the fact that whenever i wasn 't in school i was out in the wo@@ ods , hi@@ king and taking " sam@@ ples " -- fro@@ gs and sna@@ kes and bu@@ gs and pon@@ d water -- and bringing it back , looking at it under the microscop@@ e . +you know , i was a real science ge@@ ek . +but it was all about trying to understand the world , understand the limit@@ s of possibility . +and my love of science fi@@ ction actually seemed mir@@ r@@ or@@ ed in the world around me , because what was happening , this was in the late ' 6@@ 0s , we were going to the moon , we were explor@@ ing the deep oceans . +jac@@ ques cou@@ ste@@ au was coming into our living rooms with his amazing speci@@ als that showed us animals and places and a won@@ dr@@ ous world that we could never really have previ@@ ously imag@@ ined . +so , that seemed to res@@ on@@ ate with the whole science fi@@ ction part of it . +and i was an artist . +i could draw . i could paint . +and i found that because there weren 't video games and this sat@@ u@@ ration of c@@ g movies and all of this ima@@ gery in the media landscape , i had to create these images in my head . +you know , we all did , as kids having to read a book , and through the auth@@ or 's descri@@ ption , put something on the movie screen in our heads . +and so , my response to this was to paint , to draw alien creatures , alien worl@@ ds , robots , spac@@ es@@ hi@@ ps , all that stuff . +i was end@@ less@@ ly getting bu@@ sted in math class do@@ od@@ ling behind the text@@ book . +that was -- the creativity had to find its out@@ let somehow . +and an interesting thing happened : the jac@@ ques cou@@ ste@@ au shows actually got me very excited about the fact that there was an alien world right here on earth . +i might not really go to an alien world on a spac@@ es@@ hi@@ p some@@ day -- that seemed pretty dar@@ n un@@ likely . +but that was a world i could really go to , right here on earth , that was as rich and ex@@ o@@ tic as anything that i had imag@@ ined from reading these books . +so , i decided i was going to become a sc@@ u@@ ba di@@ ver at the age of 15 . +and the only problem with that was that i lived in a little village in canada , 600 miles from the ne@@ ar@@ est ocean . +but i didn 't let that da@@ unt me . +i pe@@ ster@@ ed my father until he finally found a sc@@ u@@ ba class in bu@@ ff@@ al@@ o , new york , right across the bor@@ der from where we live . +and i actually got cer@@ ti@@ fied in a pool at a y@@ m@@ ca in the dead of winter in bu@@ ff@@ al@@ o , new york . +and i didn 't see the ocean , a real ocean , for another two years , until we moved to california . +since then , in the interven@@ ing 40 years , i 've spent about 3,000 hours under@@ water , and 500 hours of that was in sub@@ mer@@ si@@ bles . +and i 've learned that that deep@@ -@@ ocean environment , and even the s@@ hal@@ low oceans , are so rich with amazing life that really is beyond our imagination . +nature 's imagination is so bo@@ und@@ less compared to our own me@@ ager human imagination . +i still , to this day , stand in absolute a@@ we of what i see when i make these di@@ ves . +and my love aff@@ air with the ocean is on@@ going , and just as strong as it ever was . +but when i cho@@ se a career as an adult , it was film@@ making . +and that seemed to be the best way to re@@ con@@ ci@@ le this ur@@ ge i had to tell stories with my ur@@ ges to create images . +and i was , as a kid , constantly drawing com@@ ic books , and so on . +so , film@@ making was the way to put pictures and stories together , and that made sense . +and of course the stories that i cho@@ se to tell were science fi@@ ction stories : " ter@@ min@@ ator , " " ali@@ ens " and " the ab@@ y@@ ss . " +and with " the ab@@ y@@ ss , " i was putting together my love of under@@ water and di@@ ving with film@@ making . +so , you know , mer@@ ging the two passi@@ ons . +something interesting came out of " the ab@@ y@@ ss , " which was that to solve a specific narra@@ tive problem on that film , which was to create this kind of liquid water cre@@ ature , we actually embra@@ ced computer gener@@ ated anima@@ tion , c@@ g . +and this resul@@ ted in the first soft@@ -@@ surface character , c@@ g anima@@ tion that was ever in a movie . +and even though the film didn 't make any money -- bar@@ ely broke even , i should say -- i wit@@ n@@ essed something amazing , which is that the audience , the global audience , was mes@@ mer@@ i@@ zed by this appar@@ ent magic . +you know , it 's ar@@ th@@ ur c@@ lar@@ ke 's law that any suff@@ i@@ ci@@ ently advanced technology is indi@@ st@@ ingu@@ is@@ hab@@ le from magic . +they were seeing something ma@@ gical . +and so that got me very excited . +and i thought , " wow , this is something that needs to be embra@@ ced into the c@@ ine@@ matic art . " +so , with " ter@@ min@@ ator 2 , " which was my next film , we took that much far@@ ther . +working with il@@ m , we created the liquid metal du@@ de in that film . the success hung in the balance on whether that effect would work . +and it did , and we created magic again , and we had the same result with an audience -- although we did make a little more money on that one . +so , drawing a line through those two dots of experience came to , " this is going to be a whole new world , " this was a whole new world of creativity for film artists . +so , i started a company with stan win@@ ston , my good friend stan win@@ ston , who is the pre@@ mi@@ er ma@@ ke@@ -up and cre@@ ature designer at that time , and it was called digital do@@ main . +and the concept of the company was that we would le@@ ap@@ fro@@ g past the anal@@ o@@ g processes of op@@ tical pr@@ inter@@ s and so on , and we would go right to digital production . +and we actually did that and it gave us a competi@@ tive advantage for a while . +but we found ourselves la@@ g@@ ging in the mi@@ d ' 9@@ 0s in the cre@@ ature and character design stuff that we had actually fo@@ unded the company to do . +so , i wrote this piece called " a@@ vat@@ ar , " which was meant to absolutely push the en@@ vel@@ op@@ e of visual effects , of c@@ g effects , beyond , with reali@@ stic human emo@@ tive characters gener@@ ated in c@@ g , and the main characters would all be in c@@ g , and the world would be in c@@ g . +and the en@@ vel@@ op@@ e pus@@ hed back , and i was told by the folks at my company that we weren 't going to be able to do this for a while . +so , i shel@@ ved it , and i made this other movie about a big ship that sin@@ ks . +you know , i went and pit@@ ched it to the studio as " ' ro@@ me@@ o and ju@@ lie@@ t ' on a ship : " it 's going to be this epi@@ c roman@@ ce , passionate film . " +secre@@ tly , what i wanted to do was i wanted to di@@ ve to the real w@@ re@@ ck of " ti@@ tan@@ ic . " +and that 's why i made the movie . +and that 's the truth . now , the studio didn 't know that . +but i convinced them . i said , " we 're going to di@@ ve to the w@@ re@@ ck . we 're going to film it for real . +we 'll be using it in the opening of the film . +it will be really important . it will be a great marketing ho@@ ok . " +and i talked them into fund@@ ing an expedi@@ tion . +sounds crazy . but this goes back to that theme about your imagination creating a reality . +because we actually created a reality where six months later , i find myself in a russi@@ an sub@@ mer@@ si@@ ble two and a half miles down in the north atlan@@ tic , looking at the real ti@@ tan@@ ic through a view port . +not a movie , not h@@ d -- for real . +now , that ble@@ w my mind . +and it took a lot of prepar@@ ation , we had to build c@@ ameras and lights and all kinds of things . +but , it stru@@ ck me how much this di@@ ve , these deep di@@ ves , was like a space mission . +you know , where it was highly technical , and it requi@@ red enormous planning . +you get in this cap@@ su@@ le , you go down to this dark ho@@ sti@@ le environment where there is no hope of res@@ cu@@ e if you can 't get back by yourself . +and i thought like , " wow . i 'm like , living in a science fi@@ ction movie . +this is really cool . " +and so , i really got bitten by the bu@@ g of deep@@ -@@ ocean exploration . +of course , the curi@@ osity , the science compon@@ ent of it -- it was everything . it was ad@@ vent@@ ure , it was curi@@ osity , it was imagination . +and it was an experience that hollywood couldn 't give me . +because , you know , i could imagine a cre@@ ature and we could create a visual effect for it . but i couldn 't imagine what i was seeing out that window . +as we did some of our sub@@ sequ@@ ent expedi@@ tions , i was seeing creatures at hydro@@ ther@@ mal v@@ ents and sometimes things that i had never seen before , sometimes things that no one had seen before , that actually were not described by science at the time that we saw them and ima@@ ged them . +so , i was completely s@@ mitten by this , and had to do more . +and so , i actually made a kind of curious decision . +after the success of " ti@@ tan@@ ic , " i said , " ok , i 'm going to park my day job as a hollywood movie maker , and i 'm going to go be a ful@@ l-@@ time explor@@ er for a while . " +and so , we started planning these and we wo@@ und up going to the bis@@ mark , and explor@@ ing it with robo@@ tic vehi@@ cles . +we went back to the ti@@ tan@@ ic w@@ re@@ ck . +we took little bot@@ s that we had created that spo@@ ol@@ ed a fi@@ ber op@@ tic . +and the idea was to go in and do an inter@@ ior survey of that ship , which had never been done . +nobody had ever looked inside the w@@ re@@ ck . they didn 't have the means to do it , so we created technology to do it . +so , you know , here i am now , on the de@@ ck of ti@@ tan@@ ic , sitting in a sub@@ mer@@ si@@ ble , and looking out at plan@@ ks that look much like this , where i knew that the band had played . +and i 'm flying a little robo@@ tic vehicle through the cor@@ ri@@ d@@ or of the ship . +when i say , " i 'm operating it , " but my mind is in the vehicle . +i felt like i was physi@@ cally present inside the shi@@ p@@ w@@ re@@ ck of ti@@ tan@@ ic . +and it was the most sur@@ real kind of de@@ ja v@@ u experience i 've ever had , because i would know before i turned a corner what was going to be there before the lights of the vehicle actually reve@@ aled it , because i had walked the set for months when we were making the movie . +and the set was based as an ex@@ act repli@@ ca on the blu@@ e@@ prin@@ ts of the ship . +so , it was this absolutely remarkable experience . +and it really made me realize that the tele@@ pres@@ ence experience -- that you actually can have these robo@@ tic a@@ vat@@ ars , then your consciousness is inje@@ cted into the vehicle , into this other form of existence . +it was really , really quite profound . +and it may be a little bit of a gli@@ mp@@ se as to what might be happening some decades out as we start to have cy@@ bor@@ g bodies for exploration or for other means in many sort of post-@@ human fu@@ tures that i can imagine , as a science fi@@ ction fan . +so , having done these expedi@@ tions , and really beginning to appreci@@ ate what was down there , such as at the deep ocean v@@ ents where we had these amazing , amazing animals -- they 're basically ali@@ ens right here on earth . +they live in an environment of che@@ mo@@ syn@@ thesis . +they don 't survive on sun@@ ligh@@ t-@@ based system the way we do . +and so , you 're seeing animals that are living next to a 50@@ 0-@@ degre@@ e-@@ centi@@ grade you think they can 't possibly exist . +at the same time i was getting very interested in space science as well -- again , it 's the science fi@@ ction influence , as a kid . +and i wo@@ und up getting involved with the space community , really involved with nasa , sitting on the nasa ad@@ vis@@ ory board , planning actual space mis@@ sions , going to russi@@ a , going through the pre-@@ co@@ s@@ mon@@ aut bi@@ ome@@ di@@ cal proto@@ col@@ s , and all these sorts of things , to actually go and fly to the international space station with our 3d camera systems . +and this was fascinating . +but what i wo@@ und up doing was bringing space scientists with us into the deep . +and taking them down so that they had access -- astro@@ bi@@ ologists , planet@@ ary scientists , people who were interested in these extreme environments -- taking them down to the v@@ ents , and le@@ tting them see , and take sam@@ ples and test instru@@ ments , and so on . +so , here we were making docum@@ ent@@ ary films , but actually doing science , and actually doing space science . +i 'd completely closed the loo@@ p between being the science fi@@ ction fan , you know , as a kid , and doing this stuff for real . +and you know , along the way in this journey of discovery , i learned a lot . +i learned a lot about science . but i also learned a lot now you think director has got to be a leader , leader of , cap@@ tain of the ship , and all that sort of thing . +i didn 't really learn about leadership until i did these expedi@@ tions . +because i had to , at a certain point , say , " what am i doing out here ? +why am i doing this ? what do i get out of it ? " +we don 't make money at these dam@@ n shows . +we bar@@ ely break even . there is no f@@ ame in it . +people sort of think i went away between " ti@@ tan@@ ic " and " a@@ vat@@ ar " and was bu@@ ff@@ ing my na@@ ils some@@ place , sitting at the beach . +made all these films , made all these docum@@ ent@@ ary films for a very limited audience . +no f@@ ame , no gl@@ ory , no money . what are you doing ? +you 're doing it for the task itself , for the challenge -- and the ocean is the most challen@@ ging environment there is -- for the thri@@ ll of discovery , and for that strange bon@@ d that happens when a small group of people form a ti@@ ghtly kn@@ it team . +because we would do these things with 10 , 12 people , working for years at a time , sometimes at sea for two , three months at a time . +and in that bon@@ d , you realize that the most important thing is the respect that you have for them and that they have for you , that you 've done a task that you can 't explain to someone else . +when you come back to the sh@@ ore and you say , " we had to do this , and the fi@@ ber op@@ tic , and the att@@ ent@@ u@@ ation , and the this and the that , all the technology of it , and the diffic@@ ul@@ ty , the human@@ -@@ performance aspe@@ cts of working at sea , " you can 't explain it to people . it 's that thing that maybe cop@@ s have , or people in com@@ bat that have gone through something together and they know they can never explain it . +creates a bon@@ d , creates a bon@@ d of respect . +so , when i came back to make my next movie , which was " a@@ vat@@ ar , " i tried to apply that same principle of leadership , which is that you respect your team , and you ear@@ n their respect in return . +and it really changed the dynamic . +so , here i was again with a small team , in un@@ char@@ ted terri@@ tory , doing " a@@ vat@@ ar , " coming up with new technology that didn 't exist before . +tremend@@ ously exciting . +tremend@@ ously challen@@ ging . +and we became a family , over a four@@ -@@ and-@@ half year period . +and it completely changed how i do movies . +so , people have comm@@ ented on how , " well , you know , you brought back the ocean organisms and put them on the planet of p@@ and@@ or@@ a . " +to me , it was more of a fundamental way of doing business , the process itself , that changed as a result of that . +so , what can we syn@@ thes@@ ize out of all this ? +you know , what are the lessons learned ? +well , i think number one is curi@@ osity . +it 's the most powerful thing you own . +imagination is a force that can actually mani@@ fest a reality . +and the respect of your team is more important than all the lau@@ rel@@ s in the world . +i have young film@@ makers come up to me and say , " give me some ad@@ vice for doing this . " +and i say , " don 't put limit@@ ations on yourself . +other people will do that for you -- don 't do it to yourself , don 't bet against yourself , and take risks . " +nasa has this phr@@ ase that they like : " failure is not an option . " +but failure has to be an option in art and in exploration , because it 's a lea@@ p of faith . +and no important en@@ dea@@ vor that requi@@ red innovation was done without risk . +you have to be willing to take those risks . +so , that 's the thought i would leave you with , is that in whatever you 're doing , failure is an option , but fear is not . thank you . +i 'm going to talk today about energy and climate . +and that might seem a bit surprising because my ful@@ l-@@ time work at the foundation is mostly about vac@@ cin@@ es and see@@ ds , about the things that we need to inv@@ ent and deliver to help the poor@@ est two billion live better lives . +but energy and climate are extremely important to these people -- in fact , more important than to anyone else on the planet . +the climate getting worse means that many years , their cro@@ ps won 't grow : there will be too much rain , not enough rain , things will change in ways that their fra@@ gi@@ le environment simply can 't support . +and that leads to star@@ vation , it leads to un@@ certain@@ ty , it leads to un@@ rest . +so , the climate changes will be terrible for them . +also , the price of energy is very important to them . +in fact , if you could pick just one thing to lower the price of , to reduce poverty , by far you would pick energy . +now , the price of energy has come down over time . +really advanced civilization is based on advan@@ ces in energy . +the coal revolution fu@@ el@@ ed the industrial revolution , and , even in the 19@@ 0@@ 0s we 've seen a very ra@@ pid dec@@ line in the price of electricity , and that 's why we have re@@ fri@@ ger@@ ators , air@@ -@@ condi@@ tion@@ ing , we can make modern materials and do so many things . +and so , we 're in a wonderful situation with electricity in the rich world . +but , as we make it che@@ aper -- and let 's go for making it twice as cheap -- we need to meet a new con@@ stra@@ int , and that con@@ stra@@ int has to do with co2 . +co2 is warming the planet , and the equ@@ ation on co2 is actually a very stra@@ ig@@ ht@@ forward one . +if you sum up the co2 that gets em@@ it@@ ted , that leads to a temperature increase , and that temperature increase leads to some very negative effects : the effects on the weather ; perhaps worse , the indi@@ rect effects , in that the natural eco@@ systems can 't ad@@ just to these ra@@ pid changes , and so you get ecosystem collap@@ ses . +now , the ex@@ act amount of how you map from a certain increase of co2 to what temperature will be and where the positive feed@@ bac@@ ks are , there 's some un@@ certain@@ ty there , but not very much . +and there 's certainly un@@ certain@@ ty about how bad those effects will be , but they will be extremely bad . +i asked the top scientists on this several times : do we really have to get down to near zero ? +can 't we just cut it in half or a quar@@ ter ? +and the answer is that until we get near to zero , the temperature will continue to rise . +and so that 's a big challenge . +it 's very different than saying " we 're a t@@ wel@@ ve-@@ foot@@ -@@ high tru@@ ck trying to get under a ten@@ -@@ foot bridge , and we can just sort of squ@@ ee@@ ze under . " +this is something that has to get to zero . +now , we put out a lot of carbon dio@@ xide every year , over 26 billion tons . +for each american , it 's about 20 tons ; for people in poor countries , it 's less than one ton . +it 's an average of about five tons for everyone on the planet . +and , somehow , we have to make changes that will bring that down to zero . +it 's been constantly going up . +it 's only various economic changes that have even fl@@ atten@@ ed it at all , so we have to go from rapi@@ dly ris@@ ing to fall@@ ing , and fall@@ ing all the way to zero . +this equ@@ ation has four fac@@ tors , a little bit of multi@@ pli@@ cation : so , you 've got a thing on the left , co2 , that you want to get to zero , and that 's going to be based on the number of people , the services each person 's using on average , the energy on average for each service , and the co2 being put out per unit of energy . +so , let 's look at each one of these and see how we can get this down to zero . +probably , one of these numbers is going to have to get pretty near to zero . +now that 's back from high school al@@ ge@@ br@@ a , but let 's take a look . +first , we 've got population . +the world today has 6@@ .@@ 8 billion people . +that 's head@@ ed up to about nine billion . +now , if we do a really great job on new vac@@ cin@@ es , health care , re@@ productive health services , we could lower that by , perhaps , 10 or 15 percent , but there we see an increase of about 1.@@ 3 . +the second factor is the services we use . +this en@@ com@@ pas@@ ses everything : the food we eat , clo@@ thing , tv , he@@ ating . +these are very good things : getting rid of poverty means provi@@ ding these services to almost everyone on the planet . +and it 's a great thing for this number to go up . +in the rich world , perhaps the top one billion , we probably could cut back and use less , but every year , this number , on average , is going to go up , and so , over all , that will more than double the services deli@@ vered per person . +here we have a very basic service : do you have ligh@@ ting in your house to be able to read your home@@ work ? +and , in fact , these kids don 't , so they 're going out and reading their school work under the street lam@@ ps . +now , efficiency , e , the energy for each service , here finally we have some good news . +we have something that 's not going up . +through various inven@@ tions and new ways of doing ligh@@ ting , through different types of cars , different ways of building buildings -- there are a lot of services where you can bring some individual services even bring it down by 90 percent . +there are other services like how we make ferti@@ li@@ zer , or how we do air transport , where the rooms for impro@@ vement are far , far less . +and so , over@@ all here , if we 're optimi@@ stic , we may get a redu@@ ction of a factor of three to even , perhaps , a factor of six . +but for these first three fac@@ tors now , we 've gone from 26 billion to , at best , maybe 13 billion tons , and that just won 't cut it . +so let 's look at this fourth factor -- this is going to be a key one -- and this is the amount of co2 put out per each unit of energy . +and so the question is : can you actually get that to zero ? +if you burn coal , no . +if you burn natural gas , no . +almost every way we make electricity today , except for the emerging rene@@ w@@ ables and nuclear , puts out co2 . +and so , what we 're going to have to do at a global scale , is create a new system . +and so , we need energy mira@@ cles . +now , when i use the term " mira@@ cle , " i don 't mean something that 's impossible . +the micro@@ process@@ or is a mira@@ cle . the personal computer is a mira@@ cle . +the internet and its services are a mira@@ cle . +so , the people here have partici@@ p@@ ated in the creation of many mira@@ cles . +usually , we don 't have a de@@ ad@@ line , where you have to get the mira@@ cle by a certain date . +usually , you just kind of stand by , and some come along , some don 't . +this is a case where we actually have to drive at full speed and get a mira@@ cle in a pretty ti@@ ght ti@@ mel@@ ine . +now , i thought , " how could i really capture this ? +is there some kind of natural illu@@ stration , some demon@@ stration that would gra@@ b people 's imagination here ? " +i thought back to a year ago when i brought mo@@ squ@@ it@@ os , and somehow people enjo@@ yed that . +it really got them involved in the idea of , you know , there are people who live with mo@@ squ@@ it@@ os . +so , with energy , all i could come up with is this . +i decided that rele@@ asing fire@@ flies would be my contribu@@ tion to the environment here this year . +so here we have some natural fire@@ flies . +i 'm told they don 't bi@@ te ; in fact , they might not even leave that j@@ ar . +now , there 's all sorts of gi@@ m@@ mi@@ cky solutions like that one , but they don 't really add up to much . +we need solutions -- either one or several -- that have un@@ belie@@ vable scale and un@@ belie@@ vable reli@@ ability , and , although there 's many direc@@ tions people are see@@ king , i really only see five that can achieve the big numbers . +i 've left out ti@@ de , ge@@ other@@ mal , fusion , bio@@ fu@@ els . +those may make some contribu@@ tion , and if they can do better than i expect , so much the better , but my key point here is that we 're going to have to work on each of these five , and we can 't give up any of them because they look da@@ un@@ ting , because they all have significant challenges . +let 's look first at the burning fossil fu@@ els , either burning coal or burning natural gas . +what you need to do there , seems like it might be simple , but it 's not , and that 's to take all the co2 , after you 've bur@@ ned it , going out the flu@@ e , pres@@ su@@ ri@@ ze it , create a liquid , put it somewhere , and hope it sta@@ ys there . +now we have some pilot things that do this at the 60 to 80 percent level , but getting up to that full percentage , that will be very tri@@ cky , and agre@@ eing on where these co2 quanti@@ ties should be put will be hard , but the tou@@ gh@@ est one here is this long-term issue . +who 's going to be sure ? +who 's going to guar@@ an@@ tee something that is literally billions of times larger than any type of waste you think of in terms of nuclear or other things ? +this is a lot of volu@@ me . +so that 's a tough one . +next would be nuclear . +it also has three big problems : cost , particularly in highly regul@@ ated countries , is high ; the issue of the safety , really feeling good about nothing could go wrong , that , even though you have these human oper@@ ators , that the fuel doesn 't get used for weapons . +and then what do you do with the waste ? +and , although it 's not very large , there are a lot of concern@@ s about that . +so three very tough problems that might be sol@@ vable , and so , should be worked on . +the last three of the five , i 've grou@@ ped together . +these are what people often re@@ fer to as the rene@@ w@@ able sources . +and they actually -- although it 's great they don 't require fuel -- they have some dis@@ advan@@ tages . +one is that the den@@ sity of energy gather@@ ed in these technologies is dra@@ matically less than a power plant . +this is energy far@@ ming , so you 're talking about many square miles , thousands of time more area than you think of as a normal energy plant . +also , these are inter@@ mitt@@ ent sources . +the sun doesn 't sh@@ ine all day , it doesn 't sh@@ ine every day , and , li@@ ke@@ wise , the wind doesn 't b@@ low all the time . +and so , if you dep@@ end on these sources , you have to have some way of getting the energy during those time peri@@ ods that it 's not available . +so , we 've got big cost challenges here , we have trans@@ mission challenges : for example , say this energy source is outside your country ; you not only need the technology , but you have to deal with the risk of the energy coming from el@@ se@@ where . +and , finally , this stor@@ age problem . +and , to dimension@@ alize this , i went through and looked at all the types of bat@@ ter@@ ies that get made -- for cars , for computers , for phones , for flas@@ h@@ lights , for everything -- and compared that to the amount of electrical energy the world uses , and what i found is that all the bat@@ ter@@ ies we make now could store less than 10 minutes of all the energy . +and so , in fact , we need a big break@@ through here , something that 's going to be a factor of 100 better than the approach@@ es we have now . +it 's not impossible , but it 's not a very easy thing . +now , this shows up when you try to get the inter@@ mitt@@ ent source to be above , say , 20 to 30 percent of what you 're using . +if you 're coun@@ ting on it for 100 percent , you need an incredible mira@@ cle battery . +now , how we 're going to go forward on this -- what 's the right approach ? +is it a manhattan project ? what 's the thing that can get us there ? +well , we need lots of companies working on this , hundreds . +in each of these five pa@@ ths , we need at least a hundred people . +and a lot of them , you 'll look at and say , " they 're crazy . " that 's good . +and , i think , here in the ted group , we have many people who are already pur@@ su@@ ing this . +bill gro@@ ss has several companies , including one called es@@ ol@@ ar that has some great solar ther@@ mal technologies . +vin@@ od k@@ ho@@ s@@ la 's invest@@ ing in do@@ zens of companies that are doing great things and have interesting possibilities , and i 'm trying to help back that . +na@@ than my@@ hr@@ v@@ old and i actually are bac@@ king a company that , perhaps surpris@@ ingly , is actually taking the nuclear approach . +there are some innova@@ tions in nuclear : mod@@ ular , liquid . +and innovation really stopped in this industry quite some ago , so the idea that there 's some good ideas la@@ ying around is not all that surprising . +the idea of ter@@ ra@@ power is that , instead of burning a part of ur@@ ani@@ um -- the one percent , which is the u@@ 2@@ 35 -- we decided , " let 's burn the 99 percent , the u@@ 2@@ 3@@ 8 . " +it is kind of a crazy idea . +in fact , people had talked about it for a long time , but they could never simu@@ late proper@@ ly whether it would work or not , and so it 's through the ad@@ vent of modern super@@ computers that now you can simu@@ late and see that , yes , with the right material 's approach , this looks like it would work . +and , because you 're burning that 99 percent , you have great@@ ly impro@@ ved cost profi@@ le . +you actually burn up the waste , and you can actually use as fuel all the le@@ f@@ to@@ ver waste from today 's re@@ ac@@ tors . +so , instead of wor@@ rying about them , you just take that . it 's a great thing . +it brea@@ th@@ es this ur@@ ani@@ um as it goes along , so it 's kind of like a c@@ and@@ le . +you can see it 's a lo@@ g there , often refer@@ red to as a travel@@ ing wave re@@ actor . +in terms of fuel , this really sol@@ ves the problem . +i 've got a picture here of a place in k@@ ent@@ u@@ cky . +this is the le@@ f@@ to@@ ver , the 99 percent , where they 've taken out the part they burn now , so it 's called de@@ ple@@ ted ur@@ ani@@ um . +that would power the u.s. for hundreds of years . +and , simply by fil@@ ter@@ ing se@@ a@@ water in an in@@ expensive process , you 'd have enough fuel for the entire lifetime of the rest of the planet . +so , you know , it 's got lots of challenges ahead , but it is an example of the many hundreds and hundreds of ideas that we need to move forward . +so let 's think : how should we measure ourselves ? +what should our report card look like ? +well , let 's go out to where we really need to get , and then look at the inter@@ medi@@ ate . +for 20@@ 50 , you 've heard many people talk about this 80 percent redu@@ ction . +that really is very important , that we get there . +and that 20 percent will be used up by things going on in poor countries , still some agriculture , hopefully we will have cle@@ an@@ ed up fore@@ stry , c@@ ement . +so , to get to that 80 percent , the developed countries , including countries like china , will have had to switch their electricity generation al@@ together . +so , the other grade is : are we de@@ plo@@ ying this zer@@ o-@@ emis@@ sion technology , have we de@@ plo@@ yed it in all the developed countries and we 're in the process of getting it el@@ se@@ where ? +that 's super important . +that 's a key element of making that report card . +so , bac@@ king up from there , what should the 20@@ 20 report card look like ? +well , again , it should have the two elements . +we should go through these efficiency meas@@ ures to start getting re@@ duc@@ tions : the less we e@@ mit , the less that sum will be of co2 , and , therefore , the less the temperature . +but in some ways , the grade we get there , doing things that don 't get us all the way to the big re@@ duc@@ tions , is only equ@@ ally , or maybe even slightly less , important than the other , which is the piece of innovation on these break@@ through@@ s . +these break@@ through@@ s , we need to move those at full speed , and we can measure that in terms of companies , pilot projects , regul@@ atory things that have been changed . +there 's a lot of great books that have been written about this . +the al gore book , " our choice " and the david m@@ ck@@ ay book , " sustainable energy without the hot air . " +they really go through it and create a frame@@ work that this can be discus@@ sed broad@@ ly , because we need bro@@ ad bac@@ king for this . +there 's a lot that has to come together . +so this is a wish . +it 's a very con@@ cre@@ te wish that we inv@@ ent this technology . +if you gave me only one wish for the next 50 years -- i could pick who 's president , i could pick a v@@ acc@@ ine , which is something i love , or i could pick that this thing that 's half the cost with no co2 gets invented -- this is the wish i would pick . +this is the one with the greatest impact . +if we don 't get this wish , the di@@ vision between the people who think short term and long term will be terrible , between the u.s. and china , between poor countries and rich , and most of all the lives of those two billion will be far worse . +so , what do we have to do ? +what am i appe@@ aling to you to step forward and drive ? +we need to go for more research fund@@ ing . +when countries get together in places like cop@@ en@@ ha@@ gen , they shouldn 't just disc@@ uss the co2 . +they should disc@@ uss this innovation agenda , and you 'd be stun@@ ned at the ridi@@ cul@@ ously low levels of spending on these innovative approach@@ es . +we do need the market in@@ centi@@ ves -- co2 ta@@ x , ca@@ p and trade -- something that gets that price signal out there . +we need to get the message out . +we need to have this dialo@@ gue be a more rational , more under@@ stand@@ able dialo@@ gue , including the steps that the government takes . +this is an important wish , but it is one i think we can achieve . +thank you . +thank you . +thank you . thank you . +thank you . so to understand more about ter@@ ra@@ power , right -- i mean , first of all , can you give a sense of what scale of investment this is ? +bi@@ l gates : to actually do the software , buy the super@@ computer , hi@@ re all the great scientists , which we 've done , that 's only tens of millions , and even once we test our materials out in a russi@@ an re@@ actor to make sure that our materials work proper@@ ly , then you 'll only be up in the hundreds of millions . +the tough thing is building the pilot re@@ actor ; finding the several billion , finding the regul@@ ator , the location that will actually build the first one of these . +once you get the first one built , if it works as adverti@@ sed , then it 's just clear as day , because the economics , the energy den@@ sity , are so different than nuclear as we know it . +and so , to understand it right , this invol@@ ves building deep into the ground almost like a ver@@ tical kind of colum@@ n of nuclear fuel , of this sort of spent ur@@ ani@@ um , and then the process starts at the top and kind of works down ? +b@@ g : that 's right . today , you 're always re@@ fu@@ el@@ ing the re@@ actor , so you have lots of people and lots of contro@@ ls that can go wrong : that thing where you 're opening it up and moving things in and out , that 's not good . +so , if you have very cheap fuel that you can put 60 years in -- just think of it as a lo@@ g -- put it down and not have those same comple@@ xi@@ ties . +and it just si@@ ts there and bur@@ ns for the 60 years , and then it 's done . +it 's a nuclear power plant that is its own waste dis@@ pos@@ al solution . +b@@ g : yeah . well , what happens with the waste , you can let it sit there -- there 's a lot less waste under this approach -- then you can actually take that , and put it into another one and burn that . +and we start off actually by taking the waste that exists today , that 's sitting in these cool@@ ing po@@ ols or dry c@@ asking by re@@ ac@@ tors -- that 's our fuel to begin with . +so , the thing that 's been a problem from those re@@ ac@@ tors is actually what gets f@@ ed into ours , and you 're re@@ duc@@ ing the volu@@ me of the waste quite dra@@ matically as you 're going through this process . +i mean , you 're talking to different people around the world about the possibilities here . +where is there most interest in actually doing something with this ? +b@@ g : well , we haven 't picked a particular place , and there 's all these interesting dis@@ clo@@ sure rules about anything that 's called " nuclear , " so we 've got a lot of interest , that people from the company have been in russi@@ a , india , china -- i 've been back seeing the secre@@ t@@ ary of energy here , talking about how this f@@ its into the energy agenda . +so i 'm optimi@@ stic . you know , the french and japanese have done some work . +this is a vari@@ ant on something that has been done . +it 's an important ad@@ v@@ ance , but it 's like a fast re@@ actor , and a lot of countries have built them , so anybody who 's done a fast re@@ actor is a can@@ di@@ date to be where the first one gets built . +so , in your mind , ti@@ mes@@ c@@ ale and li@@ ke@@ li@@ hood of actually taking something like this live ? +b@@ g : well , we need -- for one of these high-@@ scale , electro@@ -@@ generation things that 's very cheap , we have 20 years to inv@@ ent and then 20 years to de@@ plo@@ y . +that 's sort of the de@@ ad@@ line that the environmental models have shown us that we have to meet . +and , you know , ter@@ ra@@ power , if things go well -- which is wi@@ sh@@ ing for a lot -- could easily meet that . +and there are , fortunately now , do@@ zens of companies -- we need it to be hundreds -- who , li@@ ke@@ wise , if their science goes well , if the fund@@ ing for their pilot plants goes well , that they can compe@@ te for this . +and it 's best if multiple succe@@ ed , because then you could use a mix of these things . +we certainly need one to succe@@ ed . +in terms of big@@ -@@ scale possible game changes , is this the biggest that you 're aware of out there ? +b@@ g : an energy break@@ through is the most important thing . +it would have been , even without the environmental con@@ stra@@ int , but the environmental con@@ stra@@ int just makes it so much greater . +in the nuclear space , there are other inno@@ v@@ ators . +you know , we don 't know their work as well as we know this one , but the mod@@ ular people , that 's a different approach . +there 's a li@@ qui@@ d-@@ type re@@ actor , which seems a little hard , but maybe they say that about us . +and so , there are different ones , but the beauty of this is a molecule of ur@@ ani@@ um has a million times as much energy as a molecule of , say , coal , and so -- if you can deal with the nega@@ tives , which are essentially the radiation -- the foot@@ print and cost , the potential , in terms of effect on land and various things , is almost in a class of its own . +if this doesn 't work , then what ? +do we have to start taking emergen@@ cy meas@@ ures to try and keep the temperature of the earth stable ? +b@@ g : if you get into that situation , it 's like if you 've been over@@ -@@ eating , and you 're about to have a heart attack : then where do you go ? you may need heart surgery or something . +there is a line of research on what 's called ge@@ o@@ engineering , which are various techniques that would del@@ ay the he@@ ating to buy us 20 or 30 years to get our act together . +now , that 's just an in@@ sur@@ ance policy . +you hope you don 't need to do that . +some people say you shouldn 't even work on the in@@ sur@@ ance policy because it might make you la@@ zy , that you 'll keep eating because you know heart surgery will be there to save you . +i 'm not sure that 's wise , given the importance of the problem , but there 's now the ge@@ o@@ engineering discussion about -- should that be in the back po@@ cket in case things happen faster , or this innovation goes a lot slo@@ wer than we expect ? +climate skep@@ tics : if you had a sentence or two to say to them , how might you per@@ su@@ ade them that they 're wrong ? +b@@ g : well , unfortunately , the skep@@ tics come in different cam@@ ps . +the ones who make scientific argu@@ ments are very few . +are they saying that there 's negative feedback effects that have to do with clou@@ ds that off@@ set things ? +there are very , very few things that they can even say there 's a chance in a million of those things . +the main problem we have here , it 's kind of like aids . +you make the mistake now , and you pay for it a lot later . +and so , when you have all sorts of ur@@ gent problems , the idea of taking pain now that has to do with a gain later , and a some@@ what un@@ certain pain thing -- in fact , the i@@ p@@ c@@ c report , that 's not necessarily the worst case , and there are people in the rich world who look at i@@ p@@ c@@ c and say , " ok , that isn 't that big of a deal . " +the fact is it 's that un@@ certain part that should move us towards this . +but my dream here is that , if you can make it economic , and meet the co2 con@@ stra@@ in@@ ts , then the skep@@ tics say , " ok , i don 't care that it doesn 't put out co2 , i kind of wish it did put out co2 , but i guess i 'll accept it because it 's che@@ aper than what 's come before . " +and so , that would be your response to the b@@ j@@ or@@ n l@@ om@@ bor@@ g argument , that basically if you spend all this energy trying to solve the co2 problem , it 's going to take away all your other goals of trying to rid the world of poverty and malaria and so forth , it 's a stupid waste of the earth 's resources to put money towards that when there are better things we can do . +b@@ g : well , the actual spending on the r & amp ; d piece -- say the u.s. should spend 10 billion a year more than it is right now -- it 's not that dra@@ matic . +it shouldn 't take away from other things . +the thing you get into big money on , and this , reas@@ on@@ able people can dis@@ agree , is when you have something that 's non-@@ economic and you 're trying to fund that -- that , to me , mostly is a waste . +unless you 're very close and you 're just fund@@ ing the learning cur@@ ve and it 's going to get very cheap , i believe we should try more things that have a potential to be far less expensive . +if the tra@@ de-@@ off you get into is , " let 's make energy super expensive , " then the rich can afford that . +i mean , all of us here could pay five times as much for our energy and not change our lifest@@ yle . +the disaster is for that two billion . +and even l@@ om@@ bor@@ g has changed . +his sh@@ ti@@ ck now is , " why isn 't the r & amp ; d getting more discus@@ sed ? " +he 's still , because of his earlier stuff , still associated with the skep@@ tic camp , but he 's realized that 's a pretty lon@@ ely camp , and so , he 's making the r & amp ; d point . +and so there is a thre@@ ad of something that i think is appropriate . +the r & amp ; d piece , it 's crazy how little it 's fund@@ ed . +well bill , i sus@@ pe@@ ct i speak on the be@@ half of most people here to say i really hope your wish comes true . thank you so much . +b@@ g : thank you . +several years ago here at ted , peter sk@@ ill@@ man introduced a design challenge called the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low challenge . +and the idea 's pretty simple : teams of four have to build the t@@ all@@ est fre@@ e-@@ standing structure out of 20 sti@@ cks of sp@@ ag@@ he@@ tt@@ i , one y@@ ard of ta@@ pe , one y@@ ard of string and a mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low . +the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low has to be on top . +and , though it seems really simple , it 's actually pretty hard because it forces people to collabor@@ ate very quickly . +and so , i thought this was an interesting idea , and i in@@ cor@@ por@@ ated it into a design work@@ shop . +and it was a huge success . +and since then , i 've condu@@ cted about 70 design work@@ sh@@ ops across the world with students and designers and architec@@ ts , even the c@@ to@@ s of the fortun@@ e 50 , and there 's something about this exercise that reve@@ als very deep lessons about the nature of collaboration , and i 'd like to share some of them with you . +so , normally , most people begin by ori@@ enting themselves to the task . +they talk about it , they figure out what it 's going to look like , they jo@@ ck@@ ey for power . +then they spend some time planning , organi@@ zing , they sk@@ et@@ ch and they lay out sp@@ ag@@ he@@ tt@@ i . +they spend the majority of their time assem@@ bling the sti@@ cks into ever@@ -@@ growing structures . +and then finally , just as they 're running out of time , someone takes out the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low , and then they g@@ ing@@ er@@ ly put it on top , and then they stand back , and -- ta@@ -@@ da ! -- they ad@@ mi@@ re their work . +but what really happens , most of the time , is that the " ta@@ -@@ da " turns into an " u@@ h-@@ oh , " because the weight of the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low causes the entire structure to bu@@ ck@@ le and to collapse . +so there are a number of people who have a lot more " u@@ h-@@ oh " moments than others , and among the worst are recent gradu@@ ates of business school . +they lie , they che@@ at , they get di@@ stra@@ cted and they produce really l@@ ame structures . +and of course there are teams that have a lot more " ta@@ -@@ da " structures , and among the best are recent gradu@@ ates of kinder@@ garten . +and it 's pretty amazing . +as peter tells us , not only do they produce the t@@ all@@ est structures , but they 're the most interesting structures of them all . +so the question you want to ask is : how come ? why ? what is it about them ? +and peter li@@ kes to say that none of the kids spend any time trying to be ce@@ o of sp@@ ag@@ he@@ tt@@ i , in@@ c . right ? +they don 't spend time jo@@ ck@@ e@@ ying for power . +but there 's another reason as well . +and the reason is that business students are trained to find the single right plan , right ? +and then they ex@@ ec@@ ute on it . +and then what happens is , when they put the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low on the top , they run out of time and what happens ? +it 's a crisis . +sound familiar ? right . +what kinder@@ gar@@ ten@@ ers do differently is that they start with the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low , and they build prototyp@@ es , suc@@ c@@ essi@@ ve prototyp@@ es , always keeping the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low on top , so they have multiple times to fix when they build prototyp@@ es along the way . +designers recognize this type of collaboration as the essen@@ ce of the i@@ ter@@ ative process . +and with each version , kids get inst@@ ant feedback about what works and what doesn 't work . +so the capacity to play in prototyp@@ e is really essential , but let 's look at how different teams per@@ form . +so the average for most people is around 20 in@@ ches ; business schools students , about half of that ; law@@ yers , a little better , but not much better than that , kinder@@ gar@@ ten@@ ers , better than most adults . +who does the very best ? +architec@@ ts and engineers , th@@ ank@@ fully . +thir@@ t@@ y-@@ nine in@@ ches is the t@@ all@@ est structure i 've seen . +and why is it ? because they understand tri@@ an@@ gles and self-@@ rein@@ for@@ cing ge@@ om@@ et@@ ri@@ cal patterns are the key to building stable structures . +so ce@@ os , a little bit better than average , but here 's where it gets interesting . +if you put you put an ex@@ ecu@@ tive ad@@ min@@ . on the team , they get signific@@ antly better . +it 's incredible . you know , you look around , you go , " oh , that team 's going to win . " +you can just tell be@@ fore@@ hand . and why is that ? +because they have special skills of facili@@ tation . +they manage the process , they understand the process . +and any team who man@@ ages and pa@@ ys close attention to work will signific@@ antly improve the team 's performance . +speci@@ alized skills and facili@@ tation skills are the combin@@ ation that leads to strong success . +if you have 10 teams that typically per@@ form , you 'll get maybe six or so that have standing structures . +and i tried something interesting . +i thought , let 's up the an@@ te , once . +so i off@@ ered a 10,000 dollar prize of software to the w@@ inning team . +so what do you think happened to these design students ? +what was the result ? +here 's what happened : not one team had a standing structure . +if anyone had built , say , a one in@@ ch structure , they would have taken home the prize . +so , isn 't that interesting ? that high sta@@ kes have a strong impact . +we did the exercise again with the same students . +what do you think happened then ? +so now they understand the value of prototyp@@ ing . +so the same team went from being the very worst to being among the very best . +they produced the t@@ all@@ est structures in the least amount of time . +so there 's deep lessons for us about the nature of in@@ centi@@ ves and success . +so , you might ask : why would anyone actually spend time writing a mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low challenge ? +and the reason is , i help create digital tools and processes to help teams build cars and video games and visual effects . +and what the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low challenge does is it helps them identify the hidden assu@@ mp@@ tions . +because , frank@@ ly , every project has its own mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low , doesn 't it ? +the challenge provi@@ des a shared experience , a common language , a common stance to build the right prototyp@@ e . +and so , this is the value of the experience , of this so simple exercise . +and those of you who are interested may want to go to mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ lo@@ w@@ challen@@ ge@@ .com . +it 's a blog that you can look at how to build the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ lo@@ ws . +there 's ste@@ p-@@ b@@ y-@@ step in@@ struc@@ tions on this . +there are crazy examples from around the world of how people t@@ we@@ ak and ad@@ just the system . +there 's world recor@@ ds that are on this as well . +and the fundamental lesson , i believe , is that design truly is a contact sport . +it dem@@ ands that we bring all of our senses to the task , and that we apply the very best of our thinking , our feeling and our doing to the challenge that we have at hand . +and sometimes , a little prototyp@@ e of this experience is all that it takes to turn us from an " u@@ h-@@ oh " moment to a " ta@@ -@@ da " moment . +and that can make a big difference . +thank you very much . +let 's pre@@ tend right here we have a machine . +a big machine , a cool , ted-@@ ish machine , and it 's a time machine . +and everyone in this room has to get into it . +and you can go back@@ wards , you can go for@@ wards ; you cannot stay where you are . +and i wonder what you 'd choose , because i 've been asking my friends this question a lot l@@ ately and they all want to go back . +i don 't know . they want to go back before there were automo@@ bil@@ es or twitter or " american i@@ do@@ l . " +i don 't know . +i 'm convinced that there 's some sort of pull to no@@ stal@@ gi@@ a , to wi@@ sh@@ ful thinking . +and i understand that . +i 'm not part of that crowd , i have to say . +i don 't want to go back , and it 's not because i 'm ad@@ vent@@ ur@@ ous . +it 's because possibilities on this planet , they don 't go back , they go forward . +so i want to get in the machine , and i want to go forward . +this is the greatest time there 's ever been on this planet by any measure that you wish to choose : health , wealth , mo@@ bility , opportunity , dec@@ lin@@ ing rates of disease ... +there 's never been a time like this . +my great@@ -@@ grand@@ parents died , all of them , by the time they were 60 . +my grand@@ parents pus@@ hed that number to 70 . +my parents are clo@@ sing in on 80 . +so there better be a nine at the beginning of my death number . +but it 's not even about people like us , because this is a bigger deal than that . +a kid born in new del@@ hi today can expect to live as long as the rich@@ est man in the world did 100 years ago . +think about that , it 's an incredible fact . +and why is it true ? +small@@ po@@ x . small@@ po@@ x killed billions of people on this planet . +it res@@ ha@@ ped the demo@@ graph@@ y of the glo@@ be in a way that no war ever has . +it 's gone . it 's van@@ ished . +we van@@ qu@@ ished it . pu@@ ff . +in the rich world , diseases that thre@@ at@@ en@@ ed millions of us just a generation ago no longer exist , har@@ dly . +di@@ ph@@ ther@@ ia , ru@@ b@@ ell@@ a , polio ... +does anyone even know what those things are ? +vac@@ cin@@ es , modern medicine , our ability to feed billions of people , those are tri@@ um@@ ph@@ s of the scientific method . +and to my mind , the scientific method -- trying stuff out , seeing if it works , changing it when it doesn 't -- is one of the great ac@@ compli@@ sh@@ ments of humanity . +so that 's the good news . +unfortunately , that 's all the good news because there are some other problems , and they 've been mentioned many times . +and one of them is that despite all our ac@@ compli@@ sh@@ ments , a billion people go to bed hun@@ gry in this world every day . +that number 's ris@@ ing , and it 's ris@@ ing really rapi@@ dly , and it 's dis@@ gra@@ ce@@ ful . +and not only that , we 've used our imagination to th@@ or@@ ough@@ ly tr@@ ash this glo@@ be . +po@@ table water , ar@@ able land , rain@@ fore@@ sts , oil , gas : they 're going away , and they 're going away soon , and unless we inno@@ v@@ ate our way out of this m@@ ess , we 're going away too . +so the question is : can we do that ? and i think we can . +i think it 's clear that we can make food that will feed billions of people without ra@@ ping the land that they live on . +i think we can power this world with energy that doesn 't also destro@@ y it . +i really do believe that , and , no , it a@@ in 't wi@@ sh@@ ful thinking . +but here 's the thing that kee@@ ps me up at night -- one of the things that kee@@ ps me up at night : we 've never needed progress in science more than we need it right now . never . +and we 've also never been in a position to de@@ plo@@ y it proper@@ ly in the way that we can today . +we 're on the ver@@ ge of amazing , amazing events in many fields , and yet i actually think we 'd have to go back hundreds , 300 years , before the en@@ ligh@@ ten@@ ment , to find a time when we bat@@ t@@ led progress , when we f@@ ought about these things more vi@@ gor@@ ously , on more fron@@ ts , than we do now . +people wra@@ p themselves in their belie@@ fs , and they do it so ti@@ ghtly that you can 't set them free . +not even the truth will set them free . +and , listen , everyone 's enti@@ t@@ led to their opini@@ on ; they 're even enti@@ t@@ led to their opini@@ on about progress . +but you know what you 're not enti@@ t@@ led to ? +you 're not enti@@ t@@ led to your own facts . sorry , you 're not . +and this took me a@@ while to figure out . +about a decade ago , i wrote a story about vac@@ cin@@ es for the new yor@@ ker . a little story . +and i was ama@@ zed to find op@@ position : op@@ position to what is , after all , the most effective public health measure in human history . +i didn 't know what to do , so i just did what i do : i wrote a story and i moved on . +and soon after that , i wrote a story about gene@@ tically engine@@ ered food . +same thing , only bigger . +people were going crazy . +so i wrote a story about that too , and i couldn 't understand why people thought this was " fran@@ ken@@ fo@@ ods , " why they thought moving molecules around in a specific , rather than a ha@@ p@@ ha@@ z@@ ard way , was tr@@ es@@ pas@@ sing on nature 's ground . +but , you know , i do what i do . i wrote the story , i moved on . +i mean , i 'm a journalist . +we type , we fi@@ le , we go to dinner . it 's fine . +but these stories bo@@ ther@@ ed me , and i couldn 't figure out why , and eventually i did . +and that 's because those fan@@ a@@ tics that were driving me crazy weren 't actually fan@@ a@@ tics at all . +they were thou@@ ght@@ ful people , educ@@ ated people , de@@ cent people . +they were exactly like the people in this room . +and it just dist@@ ur@@ bed me so much . +but then i thought , you know , let 's be honest . +we 're at a point in this world where we don 't have the same relationship to progress that we used to . +we talk about it ambi@@ val@@ ently . +we talk about it in ir@@ onic terms with little quot@@ es around it : " progress . " +okay , there are reasons for that , and i think we know what those reasons are . +we 've lost faith in institutions , in auth@@ ority , and sometimes in science itself , and there 's no reason we shouldn 't have . +you can just say a few names and people will understand . +cher@@ no@@ by@@ l , b@@ hop@@ al , the challen@@ ger , vi@@ ox@@ x , weapons of mass destruction , han@@ ging cha@@ ds . +you know , you can choose your list . +there are questions and problems with the people we used to believe were always right , so be skep@@ tical . +ask questions , demand pro@@ of , demand evidence . +don 't take anything for gran@@ ted . +but here 's the thing : when you get pro@@ of , you need to accept the pro@@ of , and we 're not that good at doing that . +and the reason that i can say that is because we 're now in an epidemic of fear like one i 've never seen and hope never to see again . +about 12 years ago , there was a story published , a horri@@ ble story , that lin@@ ked the epidemic of autis@@ m to the meas@@ les , mu@@ mp@@ s and ru@@ b@@ ell@@ a v@@ acc@@ ine shot . +very sc@@ ary . +tons of studies were done to see if this was true . +tons of studies should have been done ; it 's a serious issue . +the data came back . +the data came back from the united states , from england , from swe@@ den , from canada , and it was all the same : no cor@@ relation , no connection , none at all . +it doesn 't matter . it doesn 't matter because we believe an@@ ec@@ d@@ ot@@ es , we believe what we see , what we think we see , what makes us feel real . +we don 't believe a bunch of docum@@ ents from a government offi@@ cial giving us data , and i do understand that , i think we all do . +but you know what ? +the result of that has been dis@@ a@@ str@@ ous . +dis@@ a@@ str@@ ous because here 's a fact : the united states is one of the only countries in the world where the v@@ acc@@ ine rate for meas@@ les is going down . +that is dis@@ gra@@ ce@@ ful , and we should be as@@ ham@@ ed of ourselves . +it 's horri@@ ble . +what kind of a thing happened that we could do that ? +now , i understand it . i do understand it . +because , did anyone have meas@@ les here ? +has one person in this audience ever seen someone die of meas@@ les ? +doesn 't happen very much . +doesn 't happen in this country at all , but it happened 16@@ 0,000 times in the world last year . +that 's a lot of death of meas@@ les -- 20 an hour . +but since it didn 't happen here , we can put it out of our minds , and people like jen@@ ny mc@@ car@@ thy can go around pre@@ ach@@ ing mes@@ sages of fear and il@@ liter@@ acy from plat@@ forms like " op@@ ra@@ h " and " lar@@ ry king live . " +and they can do it because they don 't link cau@@ sation and cor@@ relation . +they don 't understand that these things seem the same , but they 're almost never the same . +and it 's something we need to learn , and we need to learn it really soon . +this guy was a hero , jon@@ as sal@@ k . +he took one of the worst sc@@ our@@ ges of man@@ kind away from us . +no fear , no ag@@ ony . polio -- pu@@ ff , gone . +that guy in the middle , not so much . +his name is paul off@@ it . +he just developed a ro@@ ta@@ virus v@@ acc@@ ine with a bunch of other people . +it 'll save the lives of 400 to 50@@ 0,000 kids in the developing world every year . +pretty good , right ? +well , it 's good , except that paul goes around talking about vac@@ cin@@ es and says how valuable they are and that people ought to just stop the wh@@ ining . +and he actually says it that way . +so , paul 's a terror@@ ist . +when paul spea@@ ks in a public hearing , he can 't te@@ sti@@ fy without ar@@ med gu@@ ards . +he gets called at home because people like to tell him that they remember where his kids go to school . +and why ? because paul made a v@@ acc@@ ine . +i don 't need to say this , but vac@@ cin@@ es are essential . +you take them away , disease comes back , horri@@ ble diseases . and that 's happening . +we have meas@@ les in this country now . +and it 's getting worse , and pretty soon kids are going to die of it again because it 's just a numbers game . +and they 're not just going to die of meas@@ les . +what about polio ? let 's have that . why not ? +a college class@@ mate of mine wrote me a couple weeks ago and said she thought i was a little stri@@ dent . +no one 's ever said that before . +she wasn 't going to vac@@ cin@@ ate her kid against polio , no way . +fine . +why ? because we don 't have polio . and you know what ? +we didn 't have polio in this country yesterday . +today , i don 't know , maybe a guy got on a plane in la@@ gos this morning , and he 's flying to la@@ x , right now he 's over o@@ hi@@ o . +and he 's going to land in a couple of hours , he 's going to r@@ ent a car , and he 's going to come to long beach , and he 's going to att@@ end one of these fab@@ ul@@ ous ted din@@ ners ton@@ ight . +and he doesn 't know that he 's infe@@ cted with a paraly@@ tic disease , and we don 't either because that 's the way the world works . +that 's the planet we live on . don 't pre@@ tend it isn 't . +now , we love to wra@@ p ourselves in lies . we love to do it . +everyone take their vi@@ tam@@ ins this morning ? +e@@ chin@@ ac@@ e@@ a , a little anti@@ o@@ xi@@ d@@ ant to get you going . +i know you did because half of americans do every day . +they take the stuff , and they take alternative medi@@ cin@@ es , and it doesn 't matter how often we find out that they 're us@@ eless . +the data says it all the time . +they dar@@ ken your ur@@ ine . they almost never do more than that . +it 's okay , you want to pay 28 billion dollars for dark ur@@ ine ? +i 'm totally with you . +dark ur@@ ine . dark . +why do we do that ? why do we do that ? +well , i think i understand , we hate big phar@@ ma . +we hate big government . we don 't trust the man . +and we shouldn 't : our health care system su@@ cks . +it 's cru@@ el to millions of people . +it 's absolutely ast@@ on@@ ish@@ ingly cold and sou@@ l-@@ ben@@ ding to those of us who can even afford it . +so we run away from it , and where do we run ? +we lea@@ p into the arms of big plac@@ e@@ bo . +that 's fantastic . i love big plac@@ e@@ bo . +but , you know , it 's really a serious thing because this stuff is cra@@ p , and we spend billions of dollars on it . +and i have all sorts of little pro@@ ps here . +none of it ... g@@ in@@ k@@ go , fr@@ au@@ d ; e@@ chin@@ ac@@ e@@ a , fr@@ au@@ d ; ac@@ ai -- i don 't even know what that is but we 're spending billions of dollars on it -- it 's fr@@ au@@ d . +and you know what ? when i say this stuff , people scre@@ am at me , and they say , " what do you care ? let people do what they want to do . +it makes them feel good . " +and you know what ? you 're wrong . +because i don 't care if it 's the secre@@ t@@ ary of h@@ h@@ s who 's saying , " h@@ mm , i 'm not going to take the evidence of my experts on mammo@@ gra@@ ms , " or some cancer qu@@ ack who wants to treat his patient with coffee en@@ em@@ as . +when you start down the road where belief and magic replace evidence and science , you end up in a place you don 't want to be . +you end up in th@@ ab@@ o m@@ be@@ ki south africa . +he killed 40@@ 0,000 of his people by insi@@ sting that be@@ et@@ ro@@ ot , gar@@ lic and le@@ mon oil were much more effective than the anti@@ retro@@ vi@@ ral drugs we know can slow the course of aids . +hundreds of thousands of need@@ less dea@@ ths in a country that has been pla@@ gu@@ ed worse than any other by this disease . +please , don 't tell me there are no consequences to these things . +there are . there always are . +now , the most min@@ d@@ less epidemic we 're in the middle of right now is this ab@@ sur@@ d battle between pro@@ pon@@ ents of gene@@ tically engine@@ ered food and the organic eli@@ te . +it 's an i@@ dio@@ tic debate . it has to stop . +it 's a debate about words , about metaph@@ ors . +it 's ide@@ ology , it 's not science . +every single thing we eat , every grain of ri@@ ce , every sp@@ ri@@ g of par@@ s@@ ley , every br@@ us@@ sel@@ s spr@@ out has been modi@@ fied by man . +you know , there weren 't tan@@ ger@@ ines in the garden of e@@ den . +there wasn 't any can@@ tal@@ ou@@ pe . +there weren 't christ@@ mas trees . we made it all . +we made it over the last 1@@ 1,000 years . +and some of it worked , and some of it didn 't . +we got rid of the stuff that didn 't . +now we can do it in a more pre@@ cise way -- and there are risks , absolutely -- but we can put something like vi@@ tam@@ in a into ri@@ ce , and that stuff can help millions of people , millions of people , pro@@ long their lives . +you don 't want to do that ? +i have to say , i don 't understand it . +we object to gene@@ tically engine@@ ered food . +why do we do that ? +well , the things i constantly hear are : too many chemicals , pe@@ sti@@ ci@@ des , hor@@ mon@@ es , mon@@ o@@ culture , we don 't want giant fields of the same thing , that 's wrong . +we don 't companies pat@@ enting life . +we don 't want companies ow@@ ning see@@ ds . +and you know what my response to all of that is ? +yes , you 're right . let 's fix it . +it 's true , we 've got a huge food problem , but this isn 't science . +this has nothing to do with science . +it 's law , it 's mor@@ ality , it 's patent stuff . +you know science isn 't a company . +it 's not a country . +it 's not even an idea ; it 's a process . +it 's a process , and sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn 't , but the idea that we should not allow science to do its job because we 're afraid , is really very dea@@ den@@ ing , and it 's pre@@ vent@@ ing millions of people from pro@@ sp@@ ering . +you know , in the next 50 years we 're going to have to grow 70 percent more food than we do right now , 70 percent . +this investment in africa over the last 30 years . +dis@@ gra@@ ce@@ ful . dis@@ gra@@ ce@@ ful . +they need it , and we 're not giving it to them . +and why ? gene@@ tically engine@@ ered food . +we don 't want to encoura@@ ge people to eat that ro@@ tten stuff , like cas@@ sa@@ va for instance . +cas@@ sa@@ va 's something that half a billion people eat . +it 's kind of like a po@@ ta@@ to . +it 's just a bunch of cal@@ ories . it su@@ cks . +it doesn 't have nutri@@ ents , it doesn 't have protein , and scientists are engineering all of that into it right now . +and then people would be able to eat it and they 'd be able to not go blind . +they wouldn 't star@@ ve , and you know what ? +that would be nice . it wouldn 't be che@@ z pan@@ is@@ se , but it would be nice . +and all i can say about this is : why are we fighting it ? +i mean , let 's ask ourselves : why are we fighting it ? +because we don 't want to move genes around ? +this is about moving genes around . it 's not about chemicals . +it 's not about our ridi@@ cul@@ ous passion for hor@@ mon@@ es , our insi@@ st@@ ence on having bigger food , better food , sing@@ ular food . +this isn 't about ri@@ ce kr@@ is@@ pi@@ es , this is about keeping people alive , and it 's about time we started to understand what that meant . +because , you know something ? +if we don 't , if we continue to act the way we 're acting , we 're gu@@ il@@ ty of something that i don 't think we want to be gu@@ il@@ ty of : high-@@ tech col@@ oni@@ alism . +there 's no other way to describe what 's going on here . +it 's sel@@ fish , it 's ug@@ ly , it 's bene@@ ath us , and we really have to stop it . +so after this ama@@ z@@ ingly fun conversation , you might want to say , " so , you still want to get in this ridi@@ cul@@ ous time machine and go forward ? " +absolutely . absolutely , i do . +it 's stuck in the present right now , but we have an amazing opportunity . +we can set that time machine on anything we want . +we can move it where we want to move it , and we 're going to move it where we want to move it . +we have to have these conver@@ sa@@ tions and we have to think , but when we get in the time machine and we go ahead , we 're going to be happy we do . +i know that we can , and as far as i 'm concerned , that 's something the world needs right now . +thank you . +thank you . +for some time i have been interested in the plac@@ e@@ bo effect , which might seem like an od@@ d thing for a ma@@ gi@@ cian to be interested in , unless you think of it in the terms that i do , which is , " something fa@@ ke is believed in enough by somebody that it becomes something real . " +in other words , sugar p@@ ills have a meas@@ ur@@ able effect in certain kinds of studies , the plac@@ e@@ bo effect , just because the person thinks that what 's happening to them is a pharma@@ ce@@ u@@ tical or some sort of a -- for pain management , for example , if they believe it enough there is a meas@@ ur@@ able effect in the body called the plac@@ e@@ bo effect . +something fa@@ ke becomes something real because of someone 's perception of it . +in order for us to understand each other , i want to start by showing you a ru@@ di@@ ment@@ ary , very simple magic trick . +and i 'm going to show you how it works . this is a trick that 's been in every children 's magic book since at least the 195@@ 0s . +i learned it myself from cu@@ b sc@@ out magic in the 197@@ 0s . +i 'll do it for you , and then i 'll explain it . +and then i 'll explain why i expla@@ ined it . +so , here 's what happens . +the kni@@ fe , which you can exam@@ ine ; my hand , which you could exam@@ ine . +i 'm just going to hold the kni@@ fe in my f@@ ist like this . +i 'll get my sle@@ e@@ ve back . +and to make sure nothing goes up or down my sle@@ e@@ ve i 'm just going to squ@@ ee@@ ze my wr@@ ist right here . +that way you can see that at no time can anything travel , as long as i 'm squ@@ ee@@ zing there nothing can go up or down my sle@@ e@@ ve . +and the object of this is quite simple . +i 'm going to open my hand , and hopefully , if all is well , my p@@ ure animal magne@@ tis@@ m will hold the kni@@ fe . +in fact it 's held so ti@@ ghtly in place that i can sha@@ ke it , and the kni@@ fe does not come off . +nothing goes up or down my sle@@ e@@ ve , no tri@@ cker@@ y . and you can exam@@ ine everything . +ta@@ -@@ da ! +so , this is a trick that i often teach to young children that are interested in magic , because you can learn a great deal about de@@ ception by studying this very -- even though it 's a very simple trick metho@@ d@@ ologi@@ cally . +probably many of you in the room know this trick . +what happens is this . +i hold the kni@@ fe in my hand . +i say i 'm going to gra@@ b hold of my wr@@ ist to make sure nothing goes up or down my sle@@ e@@ ve , that is a lie . +the reason i 'm holding onto my wr@@ ist is because that 's actually the secret of the illusion . +in a moment when my hand moves from facing you to being away from you , this finger right here , my inde@@ x finger is just going to shift from where it is , to a position poin@@ ting out like this . +nice one . +someone who didn 't have a childhood is out there . +so , it goes like this , from here , right . +and as i move around my finger shif@@ ts . +and we could talk about why this is de@@ cep@@ tive , why you don 't notice there are only three fing@@ ers down here , because the mind , and the way it processes information , it doesn 't count , one , two , three . it groups them . +but that 's not really what this is about . right ? and then i open my hand up . +obviously it 's cl@@ inging there , not by animal magne@@ tis@@ m , but by chic@@ an@@ ery , my inde@@ x finger being there . +and then when i close my finger , same thing , as i move back , this motion kind of co@@ vers the moving back of my finger . +i take this hand away . you give the kni@@ fe out . +there is a trick you can do for your friends and neighb@@ ors . thanks . +now , what does that have to do with the plac@@ e@@ bo effect ? +i read a study a year or so ago that really ble@@ w my mind wide open . +i 'm not a doctor or a resear@@ cher , so this , to me , was an ast@@ on@@ ishing thing . +it turns out that if you ad@@ minister a plac@@ e@@ bo in the form of a white p@@ ill , that 's like as@@ pir@@ in sha@@ ped -- it 's just a round white p@@ ill -- it has some certain meas@@ ur@@ able effect . +but if you change the form that you give the plac@@ e@@ bo in , like you make a smaller p@@ ill , and color it blue , and stam@@ p a letter into it , it is actually meas@@ ur@@ ably more effective . +even though nei@@ ther one of these things has any pharma@@ ce@@ u@@ tical -- they 're sugar p@@ ills . +but a white p@@ ill is not as good as a blue p@@ ill . +what ? that really fli@@ pped me out . +turns out though , that that 's not even where it st@@ ops . +if you have cap@@ su@@ les , they 're more effective than tab@@ lets in any form . +a color@@ ed cap@@ su@@ le , that 's yellow on one end and red on the other is better than a white cap@@ su@@ le . +do@@ sage has something to do with this . +one p@@ ill twice a day is not as good at three p@@ ills -- i don 't remember the stati@@ stic now . sorry . +but the point is ... +... these do@@ sages have something to do with it . +and the form has something to do with it . +and if you want the ulti@@ mate in plac@@ e@@ bo , you 've go to the need@@ le . +right ? a sy@@ r@@ inge with some in@@ ert -- a couple c@@ cs of some in@@ ert something , and you inje@@ ct this into a patient ... +well this is such a powerful image in their mind , it 's so much stron@@ ger than the white p@@ ill . +it 's a really , this graph , well i 'll show it to you some other time when we have sli@@ des . +the point is the white p@@ ill is not as good as the blue p@@ ill is not as good as the cap@@ su@@ le is not as good as the need@@ le . +and none of it has any real pharma@@ ce@@ u@@ tical quality , it 's only your belief that makes it real in your body and makes a stron@@ ger effect . +i wanted to see if i could take that idea and apply it to a magic trick . +and take something that is obviously a fa@@ ke trick and make it seem real . +and we know from that study that when you want reality , you go to the need@@ le . +this is a se@@ ven@@ -@@ in@@ ch hat@@ p@@ in . it 's very , very shar@@ p , and i 'm going to just ster@@ ili@@ ze it a tiny bit . +this is really my fl@@ es@@ h . this is not dam@@ ian 's speci@@ al-@@ grown fl@@ es@@ h . +that 's my skin right there . this is not a hollywood special effect . +i 'm going to pi@@ er@@ ce my skin and run this need@@ le through to the other side . +if you 're qu@@ easy -- if you fa@@ int easily -- i was doing this for some friends in the hotel room last night , and some people that i didn 't know , and one woman almost passed out . +so , i suggest if you get qu@@ easy easy that you look away for about the next 30 -- in fact , you know what , i 'll do the first bad part behind it . +you 'll get to see , you can look away too if you 'd like to . +so , here is what happens , right here , the beginning of my fl@@ es@@ h at the lower part of my arm i just make a little pi@@ er@@ ce . +i 'm sorry , man . am i fre@@ a@@ king you out ? +ok , and then just through my skin a tiny bit , and then out the other side like this . +now , essentially we 're in the same position we were in with the kni@@ fe trick . +sort of . +but you can 't count my fing@@ ers right now can you ? +so , let me show them to you . that 's one , two three , four , five . +yes , well ... +i know what people think when they see this . +they go , " well , he 's certainly not du@@ m@@ b enough to stab himself through the skin to enter@@ tain us for a few minutes . +so , let me give you a little pe@@ ek . +how 's that look out there ? pretty good . +yeah , i know . +and the people in the back go , " ok , i didn 't really see that . " +people in the satelli@@ te room are starting to move in now . +let me give you good close look at this . +that really is my skin . that is not a hollywood special effect . +that 's my fl@@ es@@ h , and i can twi@@ st that around . +i 'm sorry . if you 're getting qu@@ easy , look away , don 't look at the thing . +people in the back or people on video years from now watching this will go , " well yeah , that looks kind of ne@@ at in some sort of effect there , but if it were real he would be -- see there 's a hole there and a hole there , if it were real he would be ble@@ eding . +well let me work up some blood for you . +yes , there it is . +normally now , i would take the need@@ le out . +i would clean off my arm , and i would show you that there are no wo@@ unds . +but i think in this context and with the idea of taking something fa@@ ke and making it into something real , i 'm just going to leave it there , and walk off the stage . +i will be seeing you several times over the next few days . +i hope you 're looking forward to that . thank you very much . +everybody talks about happiness these days . +i had somebody count the number of books with " happiness " in the ti@@ tle published in the last five years and they gave up after about 40 , and there were many more . +there is a huge wave of interest in happiness , among researchers . +there is a lot of happiness co@@ ach@@ ing . +everybody would like to make people happ@@ ier . +but in spi@@ te of all this flo@@ od of work , there are several cognitive tra@@ ps that sort of make it almost impossible to think straight about happiness . +and my talk today will be mostly about these cognitive tra@@ ps . +this app@@ lies to la@@ y@@ people thinking about their own happiness , and it app@@ lies to sch@@ ol@@ ars thinking about happiness , because it turns out we 're just as mess@@ ed up as anybody else is . +the first of these tra@@ ps is a rel@@ u@@ c@@ tan@@ ce to ad@@ mit complexity . +it turns out that the word " happiness " is just not a useful word anymore , because we apply it to too many different things . +i think there is one particular meaning to which we might restri@@ ct it , but by and large , this is something that we 'll have to give up and we 'll have to adop@@ t the more complicated view of what well-@@ being is . +the second tra@@ p is a con@@ fusion between experience and memory ; basically , it 's between being happy in your life , and being happy about your life or happy with your life . +and those are two very different concep@@ ts , and they 're both l@@ um@@ ped in the notion of happiness . +and the third is the foc@@ using illusion , and it 's the un@@ fortun@@ ate fact that we can 't think about any circum@@ stance that affec@@ ts well-@@ being without di@@ stor@@ ting its importance . +i mean , this is a real cognitive tra@@ p . +there 's just no way of getting it right . +now , i 'd like to start with an example of somebody who had a questi@@ on-@@ and-@@ answer s@@ ession after one of my lec@@ tures repor@@ ted a story , and that was a story -- he said he 'd been listening to a sym@@ ph@@ ony , and it was absolutely gl@@ ori@@ ous music and at the very end of the recor@@ ding , there was a dre@@ ad@@ ful scre@@ ech@@ ing sound . +and then he ad@@ ded , really quite emotion@@ ally , it ru@@ ined the whole experience . +but it hadn 't . +what it had ru@@ ined were the memor@@ ies of the experience . +he had had the experience . +he had had 20 minutes of gl@@ ori@@ ous music . +they coun@@ ted for nothing because he was left with a memory ; the memory was ru@@ ined , and the memory was all that he had gotten to keep . +what this is telling us , really , is that we might be thinking of ourselves and of other people in terms of two selves . +there is an experi@@ en@@ cing self , who lives in the present and knows the present , is capable of re-@@ living the past , but basically it has only the present . +it 's the experi@@ en@@ cing self that the doctor approach@@ es -- you know , when the doctor as@@ ks , " does it hurt now when i touch you here ? " +and then there is a remem@@ ber@@ ing self , and the remem@@ ber@@ ing self is the one that kee@@ ps sc@@ ore , and main@@ tains the story of our life , and it 's the one that the doctor approach@@ es in asking the question , " how have you been feeling l@@ ately ? " +or " how was your trip to al@@ b@@ ania ? " or something like that . +those are two very different enti@@ ties , the experi@@ en@@ cing self and the remem@@ ber@@ ing self , and getting conf@@ used between them is part of the m@@ ess about the notion of happiness . +now , the remem@@ ber@@ ing self is a story@@ t@@ eller . +and that really starts with a basic response of our memor@@ ies -- it starts immediately . +we don 't only tell stories when we set out to tell stories . +our memory tells us stories , that is , what we get to keep from our experiences is a story . +and let me begin with one example . +this is an old study . +those are actual patients under@@ going a pain@@ ful proce@@ d@@ ure . +i won 't go into detail . it 's no longer pain@@ ful these days , but it was pain@@ ful when this study was run in the 199@@ 0s . +they were asked to report on their pain every 60 seconds . +here are two patients , those are their recor@@ dings . +and you are asked , " who of them suff@@ ered more ? " +and it 's a very easy question . +clearly , patient b suff@@ ered more -- his col@@ on@@ o@@ scop@@ y was longer , and every minute of pain that patient a had , patient b had , and more . +but now there is another question : " how much did these patients think they suff@@ ered ? " +and here is a surprise . +the surprise is that patient a had a much worse memory of the col@@ on@@ o@@ scop@@ y than patient b . +the stories of the col@@ on@@ o@@ scop@@ ies were different , and because a very critical part of the story is how it ends . +and nei@@ ther of these stories is very in@@ spir@@ ing or great -- but one of them is this distin@@ ct ... +but one of them is distin@@ ctly worse than the other . +and the one that is worse is the one where pain was at its peak at the very end ; it 's a bad story . +how do we know that ? +because we asked these people after their col@@ on@@ o@@ scop@@ y , and much later , too , " how bad was the whole thing , in total ? " +and it was much worse for a than for b , in memory . +now this is a direct conflict between the experi@@ en@@ cing self and the remem@@ ber@@ ing self . +from the point of view of the experi@@ en@@ cing self , clearly , b had a worse time . +now , what you could do with patient a , and we actually ran clinical experiments , and it has been done , and it does work -- you could actually ex@@ tend the col@@ on@@ o@@ scop@@ y of patient a by just keeping the tube in without j@@ ig@@ gling it too much . +that will cause the patient to suff@@ er , but just a little and much less than before . +and if you do that for a couple of minutes , you have made the experi@@ en@@ cing self of patient a worse off , and you have the remem@@ ber@@ ing self of patient a a lot better off , because now you have en@@ do@@ wed patient a with a better story about his experience . +what defin@@ es a story ? +and that is true of the stories that memory deli@@ vers for us , and it 's also true of the stories that we make up . +what defin@@ es a story are changes , significant moments and end@@ ings . +end@@ ings are very , very important and , in this case , the en@@ ding domin@@ ated . +now , the experi@@ en@@ cing self lives its life continu@@ ously . +it has moments of experience , one after the other . +and you can ask : what happens to these moments ? +and the answer is really stra@@ ig@@ ht@@ forward : they are lost forever . +i mean , most of the moments of our life -- and i calcul@@ ated , you know , the psych@@ ological present is said to be about three seconds long ; that means that , you know , in a life there are about 600 million of them ; in a month , there are about 6@@ 0@@ 0,000 -- most of them don 't leave a tra@@ ce . +most of them are completely ignor@@ ed by the remem@@ ber@@ ing self . +and yet , somehow you get the sense that they should count , that what happens during these moments of experience is our life . +it 's the fin@@ ite resource that we 're spending while we 're on this earth . +and how to spend it would seem to be relevant , but that is not the story that the remem@@ ber@@ ing self kee@@ ps for us . +so we have the remem@@ ber@@ ing self and the experi@@ en@@ cing self , and they 're really quite distin@@ ct . +the biggest difference between them is in the hand@@ ling of time . +from the point of view of the experi@@ en@@ cing self , if you have a vac@@ ation , and the second week is just as good as the first , then the two-@@ week vac@@ ation is twice as good as the one-@@ week vac@@ ation . +that 's not the way it works at all for the remem@@ ber@@ ing self . +for the remem@@ ber@@ ing self , a two-@@ week vac@@ ation is bar@@ ely better than the one-@@ week vac@@ ation because there are no new memor@@ ies ad@@ ded . +you have not changed the story . +and in this way , time is actually the critical vari@@ able that dist@@ ingu@@ ish@@ es a remem@@ ber@@ ing self from an experi@@ en@@ cing self ; time has very little impact on the story . +now , the remem@@ ber@@ ing self does more than remember and tell stories . +it is actually the one that makes decisions because , if you have a patient who has had , say , two col@@ on@@ o@@ scop@@ ies with two different surge@@ ons and is deci@@ ding which of them to choose , then the one that choo@@ ses is the one that has the memory that is less bad , and that 's the surge@@ on that will be cho@@ sen . +the experi@@ en@@ cing self has no voice in this choice . +we actually don 't choose between experiences , we choose between memor@@ ies of experiences . +and even when we think about the future , we don 't think of our future normally as experiences . +we think of our future as anti@@ ci@@ p@@ ated memor@@ ies . +and basically you can look at this , you know , as a ty@@ ran@@ ny of the remem@@ ber@@ ing self , and you can think of the remem@@ ber@@ ing self sort of dra@@ g@@ ging the experi@@ en@@ cing self through experiences that the experi@@ en@@ cing self doesn 't need . +i have that sense that when we go on vac@@ ations this is very frequ@@ ently the case ; that is , we go on vac@@ ations , to a very large ex@@ tent , in the service of our remem@@ ber@@ ing self . +and this is a bit hard to justi@@ fy i think . +i mean , how much do we consu@@ me our memor@@ ies ? +that is one of the explan@@ ations that is given for the domin@@ ance of the remem@@ ber@@ ing self . +and when i think about that , i think about a vac@@ ation we had in ant@@ arc@@ tic@@ a a few years ago , which was clearly the best vac@@ ation i 've ever had , and i think of it relatively often , relative to how much i think of other vac@@ ations . +and i probably have consum@@ ed my memor@@ ies of that three-@@ week trip , i would say , for about 25 minutes in the last four years . +now , if i had ever opened the fol@@ der with the 600 pictures in it , i would have spent another hour . +now , that is three weeks , and that is at most an hour and a half . +there seems to be a dis@@ cre@@ pan@@ cy . +now , i may be a bit extreme , you know , in how little appe@@ ti@@ te i have for consum@@ ing memor@@ ies , but even if you do more of this , there is a genu@@ ine question : why do we put so much weight on memory relative to the weight that we put on experiences ? +so i want you to think about a thought experiment . +imagine that for your next vac@@ ation , you know that at the end of the vac@@ ation all your pictures will be destro@@ yed , and you 'll get an am@@ nes@@ ic drug so that you won 't remember anything . +now , would you choose the same vac@@ ation ? +and if you would choose a different vac@@ ation , there is a conflict between your two selves , and you need to think about how to ad@@ ju@@ dic@@ ate that conflict , and it 's actually not at all obvious , because if you think in terms of time , then you get one answer , and if you think in terms of memor@@ ies , you might get another answer . +why do we pick the vac@@ ations we do is a problem that con@@ fron@@ ts us with a choice between the two selves . +now , the two selves bring up two no@@ tions of happiness . +there are really two concep@@ ts of happiness that we can apply , one per self . +so you can ask : how happy is the experi@@ en@@ cing self ? +and then you would ask : how happy are the moments in the experi@@ en@@ cing self 's life ? +and they 're all -- happiness for moments is a fairly complicated process . +what are the emotions that can be measu@@ red ? +and , by the way , now we are capable of getting a pretty good idea of the happiness of the experi@@ en@@ cing self over time . +if you ask for the happiness of the remem@@ ber@@ ing self , it 's a completely different thing . +this is not about how happ@@ ily a person lives . +it is about how satis@@ fied or pleas@@ ed the person is when that person thinks about her life . +very different notion . +anyone who doesn 't dist@@ ingu@@ ish those no@@ tions is going to m@@ ess up the study of happiness , and i bel@@ ong to a crowd of students of well-@@ being , who 've been mess@@ ing up the study of happiness for a long time in pre@@ cis@@ ely this way . +the distin@@ ction between the happiness of the experi@@ en@@ cing self and the satis@@ fac@@ tion of the remem@@ ber@@ ing self has been recogni@@ zed in recent years , and there are now eff@@ or@@ ts to measure the two separ@@ ately . +the gall@@ up organization has a world po@@ ll where more than half a million people have been asked questions about what they think of their life and about their experiences , and there have been other eff@@ or@@ ts along those lines . +so in recent years , we have be@@ gun to learn about the happiness of the two selves . +and the main lesson i think that we have learned is they are really different . +you can know how satis@@ fied somebody is with their life , and that really doesn 't teach you much about how happ@@ ily they 're living their life , and vice ver@@ sa . +just to give you a sense of the cor@@ relation , the cor@@ relation is about .@@ 5 . +what that means is if you met somebody , and you were told , " oh his father is six feet t@@ all , " how much would you know about his hei@@ ght ? +well , you would know something about his hei@@ ght , but there 's a lot of un@@ certain@@ ty . +you have that much un@@ certain@@ ty . +if i tell you that somebody ran@@ ked their life eight on a scale of ten , you have a lot of un@@ certain@@ ty about how happy they are with their experi@@ en@@ cing self . +so the cor@@ relation is low . +we know something about what contro@@ ls satis@@ fac@@ tion of the happiness self . +we know that money is very important , goals are very important . +we know that happiness is main@@ ly being satis@@ fied with people that we like , spending time with people that we like . +there are other pleas@@ ures , but this is domin@@ ant . +so if you want to ma@@ xi@@ mi@@ ze the happiness of the two selves , you are going to end up doing very different things . +the bottom line of what i 've said here is that we really should not think of happiness as a sub@@ stit@@ ute for well-@@ being . +it is a completely different notion . +now , very quickly , another reason we cannot think straight about happiness is that we do not att@@ end to the same things when we think about life , and we actually live . +so , if you ask the simple question of how happy people are in california , you are not going to get to the cor@@ rect answer . +when you ask that question , you think people must be happ@@ ier in california if , say , you live in o@@ hi@@ o . +and what happens is when you think about living in california , you are thinking of the contr@@ ast between california and other places , and that contr@@ ast , say , is in climate . +well , it turns out that climate is not very important to the experi@@ en@@ cing self and it 's not even very important to the refle@@ ctive self that deci@@ des how happy people are . +but now , because the refle@@ ctive self is in charge , you may end up -- some people may end up moving to california . +and it 's sort of interesting to tra@@ ce what is going to happen to people who move to california in the hope of getting happ@@ ier . +well , their experi@@ en@@ cing self is not going to get happ@@ ier . +we know that . +but one thing will happen : they will think they are happ@@ ier , because , when they think about it , they 'll be remin@@ ded of how horri@@ ble the weather was in o@@ hi@@ o , and they will feel they made the right decision . +it is very difficult to think straight about well-@@ being , and i hope i have given you a sense of how difficult it is . +thank you . +thank you . i 've got a question for you . +thank you so much . +now , when we were on the phone a few weeks ago , you mentioned to me that there was quite an interesting result came out of that gall@@ up survey . +is that something you can share since you do have a few moments left now ? +dan@@ iel ka@@ h@@ ne@@ man : sure . +i think the most interesting result that we found in the gall@@ up survey is a number , which we absolutely did not expect to find . +we found that with respect to the happiness of the experi@@ en@@ cing self . +when we looked at how feelings , v@@ ary with income . +and it turns out that , below an income of 6@@ 0,000 dollars a year , for americans -- and that 's a very large sam@@ ple of americans , like 6@@ 0@@ 0,000 , so it 's a large repres@@ ent@@ ative sam@@ ple -- below an income of 6@@ 0@@ 0,000 dollars a year ... +6@@ 0,000 . +d@@ k : 6@@ 0,000 . +6@@ 0,000 dollars a year , people are un@@ happy , and they get pro@@ gressi@@ vely un@@ happ@@ ier the poor@@ er they get . +above that , we get an absolutely flat line . +i mean i 've r@@ ar@@ ely seen lines so flat . +clearly , what is happening is money does not buy you experi@@ enti@@ al happiness , but lack of money certainly bu@@ ys you mis@@ ery , and we can measure that mis@@ ery very , very clearly . +in terms of the other self , the remem@@ ber@@ ing self , you get a different story . +the more money you ear@@ n , the more satis@@ fied you are . +that does not hold for emotions . +but dan@@ ny , the whole american en@@ dea@@ vor is about life , liber@@ ty , the pur@@ suit of happiness . +if people took seriously that finding , i mean , it seems to turn up@@ side down everything we believe about , like for example , tax@@ ation policy and so forth . +is there any chance that politicians , that the country generally , would take a finding like that seriously and run public policy based on it ? +d@@ k : you know i think that there is recogni@@ tion of the role of happiness research in public policy . +the recogni@@ tion is going to be slow in the united states , no question about that , but in the u.k. , it is happening , and in other countries it is happening . +people are recogni@@ zing that they ought to be thinking of happiness when they think of public policy . +it 's going to take a while , and people are going to debate whether they want to study experience happiness , or whether they want to study life ev@@ al@@ u@@ ation , so we need to have that debate fairly soon . +how to en@@ h@@ ance happiness goes very different ways depen@@ ding on how you think , and whether you think of the remem@@ ber@@ ing self or you think of the experi@@ en@@ cing self . +this is going to influence policy , i think , in years to come . +in the united states , eff@@ or@@ ts are being made to measure the experience happiness of the population . +this is going to be , i think , within the next decade or two , part of national statistics . +well , it seems to me that this issue will -- or at least should be -- the most interesting policy discussion to track over the next few years . +thank you so much for inv@@ enting behavi@@ oral economics . +thank you , dan@@ ny ka@@ h@@ ne@@ man . +i 'm jan@@ e mc@@ gon@@ ig@@ al . i 'm a game designer . +i 've been making games online now for 10 years , and my goal for the next decade is to try to make it as easy to save the world in real life as it is to save the world in online games . +now , i have a plan for this , and it ent@@ a@@ ils convin@@ cing more people , including all of you , to spend more time playing bigger and better games . +right now we spend three billion hours a week playing online games . +some of you might be thinking , " that 's a lot of time to spend playing games . +maybe too much time , consi@@ der@@ ing how many ur@@ gent problems we have to solve in the real world . " +but actually , according to my research at the institute for the future , it 's actually the opposite is true . +three billion hours a week is not nearly enough game play to solve the world 's most ur@@ gent problems . +in fact , i believe that if we want to survive the next century on this planet , we need to increase that total dra@@ matically . +i 've calcul@@ ated the total we need at 21 billion hours of game play every week . +so , that 's probably a bit of a counter@@ intui@@ tive idea , so i 'll say it again , let it sin@@ k in : if we want to solve problems like hunger , poverty , climate change , global conflict , o@@ bes@@ ity , i believe that we need to as@@ pi@@ re to play games online for at least 21 billion hours a week , by the end of the next decade . +no . i 'm serious . i am . +here 's why . this picture pretty much su@@ ms up why i think games are so essential to the future survival of the human species . truly . +this is a portra@@ it by a photograph@@ er named phi@@ l to@@ le@@ dan@@ o . +he wanted to capture the emotion of gam@@ ing , so he set up a camera in front of gam@@ ers while they were playing . +and this is a classi@@ c gam@@ ing emotion . +now , if you 're not a gam@@ er , you might miss some of the nu@@ ance in this photo . +you probably see the sense of ur@@ gen@@ cy , a little bit of fear , but inten@@ se concent@@ ration , deep , deep focus on tac@@ kl@@ ing a really difficult problem . +if you are a gam@@ er , you will notice a few nu@@ an@@ ces here : the cr@@ in@@ kle of the eyes up , and around the mouth is a sign of optimis@@ m , and the e@@ ye@@ bro@@ ws up is surprise . +this is a gam@@ er who is on the ver@@ ge of something called an epi@@ c win . +oh , you 've heard of that . ok , good , so we have some gam@@ ers among us . +an epi@@ c win is an out@@ come that is so extra@@ ordin@@ arily positive you had no idea it was even possible until you achie@@ ved it . +it was almost beyond the th@@ res@@ hold of imagination . +and when you get there you are sho@@ cked to discover what you are truly capable of . that is an epi@@ c win . +this is a gam@@ er on the ver@@ ge of an epi@@ c win . +and this is the face that we need to see on millions of proble@@ m-@@ sol@@ vers all over the world as we try to t@@ ack@@ le the ob@@ stac@@ les of the next century -- the face of someone who , against all od@@ ds is on the ver@@ ge of an epi@@ c win . +now , unfortunately this is more of the face that we see in everyday life now as we try to t@@ ack@@ le ur@@ gent problems . +this is what i call the " i 'm not good at life " face , and this is actually me making it . can you see ? yes . good . +this is actually me making the " i 'm not good at life " face . +this is a piece of gra@@ ff@@ iti in my old neighborhood in ber@@ k@@ ele@@ y , california , where i did my ph@@ d on why we 're better in games than we are in real life . +and this is a problem that a lot of gam@@ ers have . +we feel that we are not as good in reality as we are in games . +and i don 't mean just good as in successful , although that 's part of it . +we do achieve more in game worl@@ ds . but i also mean good as in motiv@@ ated to do something that matters , inspired to collabor@@ ate and to co@@ operate . +and when we 're in game worl@@ ds i believe that many of us become the best version of ourselves , the most likely to help at a moment 's notice , the most likely to stick with a problem as long at it takes , to get up after failure and try again . +and in real life , when we face failure , when we con@@ front ob@@ stac@@ les , we often don 't feel that way . +we feel over@@ come , we feel over@@ wh@@ el@@ med , we feel an@@ xi@@ ous , maybe depres@@ sed , fru@@ strated or cy@@ ni@@ cal . +we never have those feelings when we 're playing games , they just don 't exist in games . +so , that 's what i wanted to study when i was a graduate student . +what about games makes it impossible to feel that we can 't achieve everything ? +how can we take those feelings from games and apply them to re@@ al-@@ world work ? +so , i looked at games like world of war@@ craft , which is really the ide@@ al collabor@@ ative proble@@ m-@@ solving environment . +and i started to notice a few things that make epi@@ c w@@ ins so possible in online worl@@ ds . +so , the first thing is whenever you show up in one of these online games , especially in world of war@@ craft , there are lots and lots of different characters who are willing to trust you with a worl@@ d-@@ saving mission , right away . +but not just any mission , it 's a mission that is perfectly mat@@ ched with your current level in the game . right ? +so , you can do it . +they never give you a challenge that you can 't achieve . +but it is on the ver@@ ge of what you 're capable of . so , you have to try hard , but there 's no un@@ emplo@@ y@@ ment in world of war@@ craft . +there is no sitting around wr@@ inging your hands , there 's always something specific and important to be done . +and there are also tons of collabor@@ ators . +everywhere you go , hundreds of thousands of people ready to work with you to achieve your epi@@ c mission . +that 's not something that we have in real life that easily , this sense that at our finger@@ ti@@ ps are tons of collabor@@ ators . +and also there is this epi@@ c story , this in@@ spir@@ ing story of why we 're there , and what we 're doing . +and then we get all this positive feedback . +you guys have heard of le@@ vel@@ ing up and pl@@ us-@@ one strength , and pl@@ us-@@ one intelligence . +we don 't get that kind of const@@ ant feedback in real life . +when i get off this stage i 'm not going to have pl@@ us-@@ one speaking , and pl@@ us-@@ one crazy idea , pl@@ us-@@ 20 crazy idea . +i don 't get that feedback in real life . +now , the problem with collabor@@ ative online environments like world of war@@ craft is that it 's so satis@@ fying to be on the ver@@ ge of an epi@@ c win all the time that we decide to spend all our time in these game worl@@ ds . +it 's just better than reality . +so , so far , colle@@ c@@ tively all the world of war@@ craft gam@@ ers have spent 5@@ .@@ 9@@ 3 million years solving the virtual problems of a@@ zer@@ oth . +now , that 's not necessarily a bad thing . +it might sound like it 's a bad thing . +but to put that in context : 5@@ .@@ 9@@ 3 million years ago was when our earli@@ est pri@@ mate human ancestors stood up . +that was the first up@@ right pri@@ mate . +okay , so when we talk about how much time we 're currently invest@@ ing in playing games , the only way it makes sense to even think about it is to talk about time at the magni@@ tude of human evolution , which is an extraordinary thing . +but it 's also ap@@ t . because it turns out that by spending all this time playing games , we 're actually changing what we are capable of as human beings . +we are evol@@ ving to be a more collabor@@ ative and he@@ ar@@ ty species . +this is true . i believe this . +so , consider this really interesting stati@@ stic ; it was recently published by a resear@@ cher at car@@ ne@@ gie m@@ ell@@ on university : the average young person today in a country with a strong gam@@ er culture will have spent 10,000 hours playing online games by the age of 21 . +now 10,000 hours is a really interesting number for two reasons . +first of all , for children in the united states 10@@ ,@@ 0@@ 80 hours is the ex@@ act amount of time you will spend in school from fif@@ th grade to high school gradu@@ ation if you have perfect atten@@ dance . +so , we have an entire par@@ alle@@ l track of education going on where young people are learning as much about what it takes to be a good gam@@ er as they are learning about everything else in school . +and some of you have probably read mal@@ col@@ m gla@@ d@@ well 's new book " out@@ li@@ ers . " +so , you would have heard of his theory of success , the 10,000 hour theory of success . +it 's based on this great cognitive science research that if we can master 10,000 hours of eff@@ or@@ t@@ ful study at anything by the age of 21 , we will be virtu@@ o@@ so@@ s at it . +we will be as good at whatever we do as the greatest people in the world . +and so , now what we 're looking at is an entire generation of young people who are virtu@@ o@@ so gam@@ ers . +so , the big question is , " what exactly are gam@@ ers getting so good at ? " +because if we could figure that out , we would have a virtu@@ ally un@@ pre@@ ce@@ d@@ ented human resource on our hands . +this is how many people we now have in the world who spend at least an hour a day playing online games . +these are our virtu@@ o@@ so gam@@ ers , 500 million people who are extra@@ ordin@@ arily good at something . +and in the next decade we 're going to have another billion gam@@ ers who are extra@@ ordin@@ arily good at whatever that is . +if you don 't know it already , this is coming . +the game industry is developing con@@ sol@@ es that are low energy and that work with the wir@@ eless phone networks instead of broad@@ band internet so that gam@@ ers all over the world , particularly in india , china , brazil , can get online . +they expect one billion more gam@@ ers in the next decade . +it will bring us up to 1.@@ 5 billion gam@@ ers . +so , i 've started to think about what these games are making us virtu@@ o@@ so@@ s at . +here are the four things i came up with . the first is ur@@ gent optimis@@ m . +ok , think of this as extreme self-@@ motivation . +ur@@ gent optimis@@ m is the desire to act immediately to t@@ ack@@ le an ob@@ stac@@ le , combin@@ ed with the belief that we have a reas@@ on@@ able hope of success . +gam@@ ers always believe that an epi@@ c win is possible , and that it is always worth trying , and trying now . +gam@@ ers don 't sit around . +gam@@ ers are virtu@@ o@@ so@@ s at wea@@ ving a ti@@ ght social fabri@@ c . +there 's a lot of interesting research that shows that we like people better after we play a game with them , even if they 've be@@ aten us b@@ ad@@ ly . +and the reason is , it takes a lot of trust to play a game with someone . +we trust that they will spend their time with us , that they will play by the same rules , value the same goal , they 'll stay with the game until it 's over . +and so , playing a game together actually buil@@ ds up bon@@ ds and trust and co@@ operation . +and we actually build stron@@ ger social relationships as a result . +bli@@ ss@@ ful produ@@ c@@ tivity . i love it . +you know there 's a reason why the average world of war@@ craft gam@@ er plays for 22 hours a week , kind of a hal@@ f-@@ time job . +it 's because we know , when we 're playing a game , that we 're actually happ@@ ier working hard than we are rela@@ x@@ ing , or han@@ ging out . +we know that we are optimi@@ zed , as human beings , to do hard meaning@@ ful work . +and gam@@ ers are willing to work hard all the time , if they 're given the right work . +finally : epi@@ c meaning . +gam@@ ers love to be atta@@ ched to a@@ we@@ -@@ in@@ spir@@ ing mis@@ sions to human planet@@ ar@@ y-@@ scale stories . +so , just one bit of tri@@ via that helps put that into perspective : so , you all know wikipedia , biggest wi@@ ki in the world . +second biggest wi@@ ki in the world , with nearly 8@@ 0,000 artic@@ les , is the world of war@@ craft wi@@ ki . +five million people use it every month . +they have comp@@ iled more information about world of war@@ craft on the internet than any other top@@ ic covered on any other wi@@ ki in the world . +they are building an epi@@ c story . +they are building an epi@@ c knowledge resource about the world of war@@ craft . +okay , so these are four super@@ power@@ s that add up to one thing : gam@@ ers are super@@ -@@ em@@ powered , hop@@ e@@ ful individuals . +these are people who believe that they are individu@@ ally capable of changing the world . +and the only problem is that they believe that they are capable of changing virtual worl@@ ds and not the real world . +that 's the problem that i 'm trying to solve . +there 's an econom@@ ist named ed@@ ward ca@@ stron@@ o@@ va . +his work is brilliant . he looks at why people are invest@@ ing so much time and energy and money in online worl@@ ds . +and he says , " we 're wit@@ n@@ ess@@ ing what amo@@ unts to no less than a mass ex@@ o@@ du@@ s to virtual worl@@ ds and online game environments . " +and he 's an econom@@ ist . so , he 's rational . +and he says ... +not like me -- i 'm a game designer ; i 'm ex@@ u@@ ber@@ ant . +but he says that this makes perfect sense , because gam@@ ers can achieve more in online worl@@ ds than they can in real life . +they can have stron@@ ger social relationships in games than they can have in real life ; they get better feedback and feel more re@@ war@@ ded in games than they do in real life . +so , he says for now it makes perfect sense for gam@@ ers to spend more time in virtual worl@@ ds than the real world . +now , i also agree that that is rational , for now . +but it is not , by any means , an opti@@ mal situation . +we have to start making the real world more like a game . +so , i take my inspiration from something that happened 2,@@ 500 years ago . +these are ancient di@@ ce , made out of she@@ ep 's k@@ nu@@ ck@@ les . right ? +before we had a@@ wes@@ ome game controll@@ ers , we had she@@ ep 's k@@ nu@@ ck@@ les . +and these represent the first game equipment designed by human beings . +and if you 're familiar with the work of the ancient gre@@ ek histor@@ ian her@@ od@@ ot@@ us , you might know this history , which is the history of who invented games and why . +her@@ od@@ ot@@ us says that games , particularly di@@ ce games , were invented in the king@@ dom of ly@@ dia during a time of fam@@ ine . +appar@@ ently , there was such a sever@@ e fam@@ ine that the king of ly@@ dia decided that they had to do something crazy . +people were suffering . people were fighting . +it was an extreme situation , they needed an extreme solution . +so , according to her@@ od@@ ot@@ us , they invented di@@ ce games and they set up a king@@ dom@@ -@@ wide policy : on one day , everybody would eat , and on the next day , everybody would play games . +and they would be so immer@@ sed in playing the di@@ ce games because games are so eng@@ aging , and immer@@ se us in such satis@@ fying bli@@ ss@@ ful produ@@ c@@ tivity , they would ignor@@ e the fact that they had no food to eat . +and then on the next day , they would play games ; and on the next day , they would eat . +and according to her@@ od@@ ot@@ us , they passed 18 years this way , survi@@ ving through a fam@@ ine by eating on one day and playing games on the next . +now , this is exactly , i think , how we 're using games today . +we 're using games to es@@ cape re@@ al-@@ world suffering . +we 're using games to get away from everything that 's broken in the real environment , everything that 's not satis@@ fying about real life , and we 're getting what we need from games . +but it doesn 't have to end there . +this is really exciting . +according to her@@ od@@ ot@@ us , after 18 years the fam@@ ine wasn 't getting better , so the king decided they would play one final di@@ ce game . +they divi@@ ded the entire king@@ dom in half . +they played one di@@ ce game , and the w@@ inn@@ ers of that game got to go on an epi@@ c ad@@ vent@@ ure . +they would leave ly@@ dia , and they would go out in search of a new place to live , leaving behind just enough people to survive on the resources that were available , and hopefully to take their civilization somewhere else where they could thri@@ ve . +now , this sounds crazy , right ? +but recently , dna evidence has shown that the e@@ tr@@ us@@ cans , who then led to the ro@@ man em@@ pi@@ re , actually share the same dna as the ancient ly@@ di@@ ans . +and so , recently , scientists have suggest@@ ed that her@@ od@@ ot@@ us ' crazy story is actually true . +and ge@@ ologists have found evidence of a global cool@@ ing that la@@ sted for nearly 20 years that could have expla@@ ined the fam@@ ine . +so , this crazy story might be true . +they might have actually saved their culture by playing games , es@@ cap@@ ing to games for 18 years , and then been so inspired , and knew so much about how to come together with games , that they actually saved the entire civilization that way . +okay , we can do that . +we 've been playing war@@ craft since 199@@ 4 . +that was the first re@@ al-@@ time strategy game from the world of war@@ craft series . that was 16 years ago . +they played di@@ ce games for 18 years , we 've been playing war@@ craft for 16 years . +i say we are ready for our own epi@@ c game . +now , they had half the civilization go off in search of a new world , so that 's where i get my 21 billion hours a week of gam@@ e-@@ play from . +let 's get half of us to agree to spend an hour a day playing games , until we solve re@@ al-@@ world problems . +now , i know you 're asking , " how are we going to solve real world problems in games ? " well , that 's what i have de@@ vot@@ ed my work to over the past few years , at the institute for the future . +we have this ban@@ ner in our off@@ ices in pal@@ o al@@ to , and it expres@@ ses our view of how we should try to rel@@ ate to the future . +we do not want to try to predict the future . +what we want to do is make the future . +we want to imagine the be@@ st-@@ case scen@@ ari@@ o out@@ come , and then we want to em@@ power people to make that out@@ come a reality . +we want to imagine epi@@ c w@@ ins , and then give people the means to achieve the epi@@ c win . +i 'm just going to very brie@@ fly show you three games that i 've made that are an attemp@@ t to give people the means to create epi@@ c w@@ ins in their own fu@@ tures . +so , this is world without oil . +we made this game in 2007 . +this is an online game in which you try to survive an oil shor@@ tage . +the oil shor@@ tage is fic@@ tional , but we put enough online content out there for you to believe that it 's real , and to live your real life as if we 've run out of oil . so when you come to the game , you sign up , you tell us where you live , and then we give you re@@ al-@@ time news , videos , data fe@@ e@@ ds that show you exactly how much oil costs , what 's not available , how food supply is being affected , how transpor@@ tation is being affected , if schools are closed , if there is ri@@ ot@@ ing , and you have to figure out how you would live your real life as if this were true . and then we ask you to blog about it , to post videos , to post photos . +we pil@@ ot@@ ed this game with 1,@@ 700 players in 2007 , and we 've tra@@ cked them for the three years since . +and i can tell you that this is a transforma@@ tive experience . +nobody wants to change how they live just because it 's good for the world , or because we 're supposed to . +but if you immer@@ se them in an epi@@ c ad@@ vent@@ ure and tell them , " we 've run out of oil . +this is an amazing story and ad@@ vent@@ ure for you to go on . +challenge yourself to see how you would survive , " most of our players have kept up the hab@@ its that they learned in this game . +so , for the next worl@@ d-@@ saving game , we decided to a@@ im higher : bigger problem than just peak oil . +we did a game called super@@ stru@@ ct at the institute for the future . +and the pre@@ mis@@ e was a super@@ computer has calcul@@ ated that humans have only 23 years left on the planet . +this super@@ computer was called the global extin@@ ction awareness system , of course . +we asked people to come online almost like a jer@@ ry bru@@ ck@@ hei@@ mer movie . +you know jer@@ ry bru@@ ck@@ hei@@ mer movies , you form a dream team -- you 've got the astron@@ aut , the scientist , the ex@@ -@@ con@@ vi@@ ct , and they all have something to do to save the world . +but in our game , instead of just having five people on the dream team , we said , " everybody 's on the dream team , and it 's your job to inv@@ ent the future of energy , the future of food , the future of health , the future of security and the future of the social safety net . " +we had 8@@ ,000 people play that game for eight weeks . +they came up with 500 in@@ san@@ ely creative solutions that you can go online , if you google " super@@ stru@@ ct , " and see . +so , finally , the last game , we 're laun@@ ching it mar@@ ch 3@@ rd . this is a game done with the world bank institute . +if you complete the game you will be cer@@ ti@@ fied by the world bank institute , as a social inno@@ v@@ ator , class of 2010 . +working with universi@@ ties all over sub-@@ sahar@@ an africa , and we are invi@@ ting them to learn social innovation skills . +we 've got a graphic novel , we 've got le@@ vel@@ ing up in skills like local insi@@ ght , knowledge net@@ working , sustain@@ ability , vision and resour@@ ce@@ ful@@ ness . +i would like to invi@@ te all of you to please share this game with young people , anywhere in the world , particularly in developing areas , who might benefit from coming together to try to start to imagine their own social enter@@ pris@@ es to save the world . +so , i 'm going to wra@@ p up now . +i want to ask a question . +what do you think happens next ? +we 've got all these amazing gam@@ ers , we 've got these games that are kind of pil@@ ots of what we might do , but none of them have saved the real world yet . +well i hope that you will agree with me that gam@@ ers are a human resource that we can use to do re@@ al-@@ world work , that games are a powerful platform for change . +we have all these amazing super@@ power@@ s : bli@@ ss@@ ful produ@@ c@@ tivity , the ability to wea@@ ve a ti@@ ght social fabri@@ c , this feeling of ur@@ gent optimis@@ m and the desire for epi@@ c meaning . +i really hope that we can come together to play games that matter , to survive on this planet for another century . +and that 's my hope , that you will join me in making and playing games like this . +when i look forward to the next decade , i know two things for sure : that we can make any future we can imagine , and we can play any games we want . +so , i say : let the worl@@ d-@@ changing games begin . +thank you . +i 'd like to share with you a discovery that i made a few months ago while writing an article for itali@@ an wired . +i always keep my thes@@ au@@ rus handy whenever i 'm writing anything , but i 'd already finished edi@@ ting the piece , and i realized that i had never once in my life looked up the word " dis@@ ab@@ led " to see what i 'd find . +let me read you the ent@@ ry . +" dis@@ ab@@ led , ad@@ je@@ ctive : cri@@ p@@ pl@@ ed , hel@@ pl@@ ess , us@@ eless , w@@ re@@ cked , st@@ all@@ ed , ma@@ im@@ ed , wo@@ unded , man@@ gl@@ ed , l@@ ame , mu@@ ti@@ l@@ ated , run@@ -@@ down , wor@@ n-@@ out , we@@ ak@@ en@@ ed , im@@ po@@ tent , ca@@ strated , paraly@@ zed , han@@ di@@ ca@@ pped , sen@@ i@@ le , de@@ cre@@ p@@ it , la@@ i@@ d-@@ up , don@@ e-@@ up , don@@ e-@@ for , don@@ e-@@ in cra@@ ck@@ e@@ d-@@ up , coun@@ ted-@@ out ; see also hurt , us@@ eless and we@@ ak . +ant@@ ony@@ ms , healthy , strong , capable . " +i was reading this list out l@@ oud to a friend and at first was laugh@@ ing , it was so lu@@ di@@ cr@@ ous , but i 'd just gotten past " man@@ gl@@ ed , " and my voice broke , and i had to stop and collect myself from the emotional sho@@ ck and impact that the as@@ sau@@ lt from these words un@@ le@@ as@@ hed . +you know , of course , this is my ra@@ g@@ ge@@ dy old thes@@ au@@ rus so i 'm thinking this must be an ancient print date , right ? +but , in fact , the print date was the early 198@@ 0s , when i would have been starting primary school and forming an understanding of myself outside the family unit and as related to the other kids and the world around me . +and , need@@ less to say , thank god i wasn 't using a thes@@ au@@ rus back then . +i mean , from this ent@@ ry , it would seem that i was born into a world that percei@@ ved someone like me to have nothing positive what@@ so@@ ever going for them , when in fact , today i 'm cele@@ br@@ ated for the opportunities and ad@@ vent@@ ures my life has pro@@ cu@@ red . +so , i immediately went to look up the 2009 online edi@@ tion , expe@@ cting to find a re@@ vision worth not@@ ing . +here 's the up@@ d@@ ated version of this ent@@ ry . +unfortunately , it 's not much better . +i find the last two words under " near ant@@ ony@@ ms , " particularly un@@ sett@@ ling : " whole " and " wh@@ oles@@ ome . " +so , it 's not just about the words . +it 's what we believe about people when we name them with these words . +it 's about the values behind the words , and how we constru@@ ct those values . +our language affec@@ ts our thinking and how we view the world and how we view other people . +in fact , many ancient societies , including the gre@@ e@@ ks and the roman@@ s , believed that to u@@ tter a cur@@ se verb@@ ally was so powerful , because to say the thing out l@@ oud brought it into existence . +so , what reality do we want to call into existence : a person who is limited , or a person who 's em@@ powered ? +by cas@@ ually doing something as simple as nam@@ ing a person , a child , we might be putting li@@ ds and ca@@ sting sha@@ do@@ ws on their power . +wouldn 't we want to open do@@ ors for them instead ? +one such person who opened do@@ ors for me was my childhood doctor at the a@@ .@@ i@@ . du@@ po@@ nt institute in wil@@ m@@ ing@@ ton , del@@ aware . +his name was dr. pi@@ z@@ zu@@ ti@@ ll@@ o , an itali@@ an american , whose name , appar@@ ently , was too difficult for most americans to pr@@ on@@ o@@ un@@ ce , so he went by dr. p . +and dr. p always wor@@ e really color@@ ful bo@@ w ties and had the very perfect dis@@ position to work with children . +i loved almost everything about my time spent at this hospital , with the ex@@ ception of my physical therapy s@@ essi@@ ons . +i had to do what seemed like in@@ nu@@ mer@@ able repe@@ ti@@ tions of exer@@ cis@@ es with these thi@@ ck , el@@ a@@ stic b@@ ands -- different colors , you know -- to help build up my leg mus@@ cles , and i hat@@ ed these b@@ ands more than anything -- i hat@@ ed them , had names for them . i hat@@ ed them . +and , you know , i was already bar@@ ga@@ ining , as a five year-old child , with dr. p to try to get out of doing these exer@@ cis@@ es , un@@ success@@ fully , of course . +and , one day , he came in to my s@@ ession -- ex@@ hau@@ sti@@ ve and un@@ for@@ giving , these s@@ essi@@ ons -- and he said to me , " wow . ai@@ mee , you are such a strong and powerful little girl , i think you 're going to break one of those b@@ ands . +when you do break it , i 'm going to give you a hundred bucks . " +now , of course , this was a simple plo@@ y on dr. p 's part to get me to do the exer@@ cis@@ es i didn 't want to do before the pro@@ spe@@ ct of being the rich@@ est five-@@ year-old in the second floor ward , but what he effectively did for me was res@@ ha@@ pe an awful daily oc@@ curr@@ ence into a new and promis@@ ing experience for me . +and i have to wonder today to what ex@@ tent his vision and his dec@@ lar@@ ation of me as a strong and powerful little girl sha@@ ped my own view of myself as an in@@ her@@ ently strong , powerful and ath@@ le@@ tic person well into the future . +this is an example of how adults in posi@@ tions of power can ig@@ ni@@ te the power of a child . +but , in the previous in@@ stances of those thes@@ au@@ rus ent@@ ries , our language isn 't allo@@ wing us to evol@@ ve into the reality that we would all want , the possibility of an individual to see themselves as capable . +our language hasn 't caught up with the changes in our society , many of which have been brought about by technology . +certainly , from a medical stand@@ point , my legs , las@@ er surgery for vision im@@ pa@@ ir@@ ment , ti@@ tan@@ ium k@@ ne@@ es and hi@@ p re@@ plac@@ ements for aging bodies that are allo@@ wing people to more fully engage with their abilities , and move beyond the limit@@ s that nature has im@@ posed on them -- not to mention social net@@ working plat@@ forms allow people to self-@@ identify , to cla@@ im their own descri@@ p@@ tions of themselves , so they can go al@@ ig@@ n with global groups of their own choo@@ sing . +so , perhaps technology is reve@@ aling more clearly to us now what has always been a truth : that everyone has something rare and powerful to offer our society , and that the human ability to ada@@ pt is our greatest as@@ set . +the human ability to ada@@ pt , it 's an interesting thing , because people have contin@@ ually wanted to talk to me about over@@ coming ad@@ ver@@ sity , and i 'm going to make an ad@@ mission : this phr@@ ase never sat right with me , and i always felt un@@ easy trying to answer people 's questions about it , and i think i 'm starting to figure out why . +impli@@ c@@ it in this phr@@ ase of " over@@ coming ad@@ ver@@ sity " is the idea that success , or happiness , is about emerging on the other side of a challen@@ ging experience uns@@ ca@@ th@@ ed or un@@ mar@@ ked by the experience , as if my success@@ es in life have come about from an ability to si@@ de@@ step or circum@@ navi@@ gate the pres@@ um@@ ed pit@@ falls of a life with pro@@ s@@ the@@ tics , or what other people percei@@ ve as my dis@@ ability . +but , in fact , we are changed . we are mar@@ ked , of course , by a challenge , whether physi@@ cally , emotion@@ ally or both . +and i 'm going to suggest that this is a good thing . +ad@@ ver@@ sity isn 't an ob@@ stac@@ le that we need to get around in order to res@@ u@@ me living our life . +it 's part of our life . +and i tend to think of it like my sha@@ dow . +sometimes i see a lot of it , sometimes there 's very little , but it 's always with me . +and , certainly , i 'm not trying to di@@ min@@ ish the impact , the weight , of a person 's struggle . +there is ad@@ ver@@ sity and challenge in life , and it 's all very real and relative to every single person , but the question isn 't whether or not you 're going to meet ad@@ ver@@ sity , but how you 're going to meet it . +so , our responsibility is not simply shi@@ el@@ ding those we care for from ad@@ ver@@ sity , but prepar@@ ing them to meet it well . +and we do a dis@@ service to our kids when we make them feel that they 're not equi@@ pped to ada@@ pt . +there 's an important difference and distin@@ ction between the obje@@ ctive medical fact of my being an am@@ pu@@ tee and the subje@@ ctive socie@@ tal opini@@ on of whether or not i 'm dis@@ ab@@ led . +and , tru@@ th@@ fully , the only real and consi@@ stent dis@@ ability i 've had to con@@ front is the world ever thinking that i could be described by those defini@@ tions . +in our desire to protect those we care about by giving them the cold , hard truth about their medical pro@@ g@@ no@@ sis , or , indeed , a pro@@ g@@ no@@ sis on the expected quality of their life , we have to make sure that we don 't put the first bri@@ ck in a wall that will actually dis@@ able someone . +perhaps the exi@@ sting model of only looking at what is broken in you and how do we fix it , ser@@ ves to be more dis@@ ab@@ ling to the individual than the path@@ ology itself . +by not tre@@ ating the wh@@ ol@@ eness of a person , by not ac@@ knowle@@ d@@ ging their poten@@ cy , we are creating another ill on top of whatever natural struggle they might have . +we are effectively gra@@ ding someone 's worth to our community . +so we need to see through the path@@ ology and into the range of human cap@@ ability . +and , most importantly , there 's a partner@@ ship between those percei@@ ved de@@ fi@@ ci@@ en@@ cies and our greatest creative ability . +so it 's not about de@@ valu@@ ing , or ne@@ g@@ ating , these more trying times as something we want to avoid or swe@@ ep under the ru@@ g , but instead to find those opportunities wra@@ pped in the ad@@ ver@@ sity . +so maybe the idea i want to put out there is not so much over@@ coming ad@@ ver@@ sity as it is opening ourselves up to it , embra@@ cing it , gra@@ p@@ pl@@ ing with it , to use a w@@ rest@@ ling term , maybe even dan@@ cing with it . +and , perhaps , if we see ad@@ ver@@ sity as natural , consi@@ stent and useful , we 're less bur@@ den@@ ed by the pres@@ ence of it . +this year we celebra@@ te the 200@@ th birthday of charles darwin , and it was 150 years ago , when writing about evolution , that darwin illu@@ strated , i think , a truth about the human character . +to par@@ ap@@ hr@@ ase : it 's not the stron@@ gest of the species that survi@@ ves , nor is it the most intelligent that survi@@ ves ; it is the one that is most adap@@ table to change . +conflict is the gen@@ es@@ is of creation . +from darwin 's work , am@@ on@@ gst others , we can recognize that the human ability to survive and fl@@ our@@ ish is driven by the struggle of the human spirit through conflict into transformation . +so , again , transformation , adap@@ tation , is our greatest human sk@@ ill . +and , perhaps , until we 're te@@ sted , we don 't know what we 're made of . +maybe that 's what ad@@ ver@@ sity gives us : a sense of self , a sense of our own power . +so , we can give ourselves a gift . +we can re-@@ imagine ad@@ ver@@ sity as something more than just tough times . +maybe we can see it as change . +ad@@ ver@@ sity is just change that we haven 't adap@@ ted ourselves to yet . +i think the greatest ad@@ ver@@ sity that we 've created for ourselves is this idea of normal@@ cy . +now , who 's normal ? +there 's no normal . +there 's common , there 's typical . there 's no normal , and would you want to meet that poor , bei@@ ge person if they exi@@ sted ? +i don 't think so . +if we can change this paradig@@ m from one of achie@@ ving normal@@ cy to one of possibility -- or poten@@ cy , to be even a little bit more dangerous -- we can rele@@ ase the power of so many more children , and invi@@ te them to engage their rare and valuable abilities with the community . +anthropo@@ logi@@ sts tell us that the one thing we as humans have always requi@@ red of our community members is to be of use , to be able to contribu@@ te . +there 's evidence that ne@@ anderth@@ als , 6@@ 0,000 years ago , car@@ ried their el@@ der@@ ly and those with serious physical in@@ j@@ ury , and perhaps it 's because the life experience of survival of these people pro@@ ved of value to the community . +they didn 't view these people as broken and us@@ eless ; they were seen as rare and valuable . +a few years ago , i was in a food market in the town where i grew up in that red zone in nor@@ the@@ astern pen@@ n@@ syl@@ v@@ ania , and i was standing over a bus@@ he@@ l of to@@ ma@@ to@@ es . +it was sum@@ mer@@ time : i had shor@@ ts on . +i hear this guy , his voice behind me say , " well , if it isn 't ai@@ mee mul@@ lin@@ s . " +and i turn around , and it 's this older man . i have no idea who he is . +and i said , " i 'm sorry , sir , have we met ? i don 't remember meeting you . " +he said , " well , you wouldn 't remember meeting me . +i mean , when we met i was deli@@ vering you from your mother 's wom@@ b . " +oh , that guy . +and , but of course , actually , it did click . +this man was dr. ke@@ an , a man that i had only known about through my mother 's stories of that day , because , of course , typical fashion , i arrived late for my birthday by two weeks . +and so my mother 's pr@@ en@@ at@@ al physi@@ cian had gone on vac@@ ation , so the man who deli@@ vered me was a complete stran@@ ger to my parents . +and , because i was born without the fi@@ bu@@ la b@@ ones , and had feet turned in , and a few to@@ es in this foot and a few to@@ es in that , he had to be the be@@ ar@@ er -- this stran@@ ger had to be the be@@ ar@@ er of bad news . +he said to me , " i had to give this pro@@ g@@ no@@ sis to your parents that you would never walk , and you would never have the kind of mo@@ bility that other kids have or any kind of life of indepen@@ dence , and you 've been making li@@ ar out of me ever since . " +the extraordinary thing is that he said he had saved newspaper cli@@ pp@@ ings throughout my whole childhood , whether w@@ inning a second grade sp@@ elling be@@ e , mar@@ ching with the girl sc@@ ou@@ ts , you know , the hal@@ lo@@ ween par@@ ade , w@@ inning my college sch@@ ol@@ ar@@ ship , or any of my spor@@ ts vic@@ tor@@ ies , and he was using it , and integr@@ ating it into teaching resi@@ dent students , med students from ha@@ h@@ ne@@ mann medical school and her@@ s@@ hey medical school . +and he called this part of the course the x factor , the potential of the human will . +no pro@@ g@@ no@@ sis can account for how powerful this could be as a determin@@ ant in the quality of someone 's life . +and dr. ke@@ an went on to tell me , he said , " in my experience , unless repe@@ at@@ ed@@ ly told otherwise , and even if given a mo@@ dic@@ um of support , if left to their own devices , a child will achieve . " +see , dr. ke@@ an made that shift in thinking . +he understood that there 's a difference between the medical condition and what someone might do with it . +and there 's been a shift in my thinking over time , in that , if you had asked me at 15 years old , if i would have tra@@ ded pro@@ s@@ the@@ tics for fl@@ es@@ h-@@ and-@@ bone legs , i wouldn 't have h@@ es@@ it@@ ated for a second . +i as@@ pi@@ red to that kind of normal@@ cy back then . +but if you ask me today , i 'm not so sure . +and it 's because of the experiences i 've had with them , not in spi@@ te of the experiences i 've had with them . +and perhaps this shift in me has happened because i 've been ex@@ posed to more people who have opened do@@ ors for me than those who have put li@@ ds and cast sha@@ do@@ ws on me . +see , all you really need is one person to show you the epi@@ ph@@ any of your own power , and you 're off . +if you can hand somebody the key to their own power -- the human spirit is so re@@ cep@@ tive -- if you can do that and open a door for someone at a cru@@ cial moment , you are educ@@ ating them in the best sense . +you 're teaching them to open do@@ ors for themselves . +in fact , the ex@@ act meaning of the word " educ@@ ate " comes from the ro@@ ot word " edu@@ ce . " +it means " to bring forth what is within , to bring out potential . " +so again , which potential do we want to bring out ? +there was a case study done in 196@@ 0s britain , when they were moving from gra@@ m@@ ma@@ r schools to com@@ pre@@ hen@@ sive schools . +it 's called the stre@@ aming trials . we call it " tracking " here in the states . +it 's separ@@ ating students from a , b , c , d and so on . +and the " a students " get the tou@@ g@@ her cur@@ ri@@ cul@@ um , the best teachers , etc . +well , they took , over a three-@@ month period , d-@@ level students , gave them a 's , told them they were " a 's , " told them they were bright , and at the end of this three-@@ month period , they were per@@ forming at a-@@ level . +and , of course , the he@@ art@@ breaking , fli@@ p side of this study , is that they took the " a students " and told them they were " d 's . " +and that 's what happened at the end of that three-@@ month period . +those who were still around in school , bes@@ i@@ des the people who had dro@@ pped out . +a cru@@ cial part of this case study was that the teachers were du@@ ped too . +the teachers didn 't know a switch had been made . +they were simply told , " these are the ' a-@@ students , ' these are the ' d-@@ students . ' " and that 's how they went about teaching them and tre@@ ating them . +so , i think that the only true dis@@ ability is a cr@@ us@@ hed spirit , a spirit that 's been cr@@ us@@ hed doesn 't have hope , it doesn 't see beauty , it no longer has our natural , child@@ like curi@@ osity and our in@@ na@@ te ability to imagine . +if instead , we can bol@@ ster a human spirit to keep hope , to see beauty in themselves and others , to be curious and imag@@ in@@ ative , then we are truly using our power well . +when a spirit has those quali@@ ties , we are able to create new reali@@ ties and new ways of being . +i 'd like to leave you with a po@@ em by a four@@ te@@ enth@@ -@@ century per@@ si@@ an po@@ et named ha@@ fi@@ z that my friend , jac@@ ques dem@@ bo@@ is told me about , and the po@@ em is called " the god who only knows four words " : " every child has known god , not the god of names , not the god of don '@@ ts , but the god who only knows four words and kee@@ ps repe@@ ating them , saying , ' come dance with me . +come , dance with me . come , dance with me . ' " thank you . +how would you like to be better than you are ? +suppose i said that , with just a few changes in your genes , you could get a better memory -- more pre@@ cise , more accu@@ rate and quick@@ er . +or maybe you 'd like to be more fit , stron@@ ger , with more stam@@ ina . +would you like to be more attra@@ ctive and self-@@ confi@@ dent ? +how about living longer with good health ? +or perhaps you 're one of those who 's always ye@@ ar@@ ned for more creativity . +which one would you like the most ? +which would you like , if you could have just one ? +creativity . +how many people would choose creativity ? +raise your hands . let me see . +a few . probably about as many as there are creative people here . +that 's very good . +how many would op@@ t for memory ? +quite a few more . +how about fit@@ ness ? +a few less . +what about lon@@ ge@@ vi@@ ty ? +ah , the majority . that makes me feel very good as a doctor . +if you could have any one of these , it would be a very different world . +is it just imag@@ in@@ ary ? +or , is it , perhaps , possible ? +evolution has been a per@@ en@@ ni@@ al top@@ ic here at the ted conference , but i want to give you today one doctor 's take on the subject . +the great 20@@ th-@@ century gene@@ tic@@ ist , t@@ .@@ g@@ . do@@ b@@ z@@ han@@ sky , who was also a communic@@ ant in the russi@@ an or@@ tho@@ do@@ x church , once wrote an es@@ say that he ti@@ t@@ led " nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution . " +now if you are one of those who does not accept the evidence for biological evolution , this would be a very good time to turn off your hearing aid , take out your personal communic@@ ations device -- i give you per@@ mission -- and perhaps take another look at ka@@ thr@@ yn schul@@ tz 's book on being wrong , because nothing in the rest of this talk is going to make any sense what@@ so@@ ever to you . +but if you do accept biological evolution , consider this : is it just about the past , or is it about the future ? +does it apply to others , or does it apply to us ? +this is another look at the tree of life . +in this picture , i 've put a bush with a center bran@@ ching out in all direc@@ tions , because if you look at the ed@@ ges of the tree of life , every exi@@ sting species at the ti@@ ps of those bran@@ ches has succe@@ e@@ ded in evolutionary terms : it has survi@@ ved ; it has demon@@ strated a fit@@ ness to its environment . +the human part of this bran@@ ch , way out on one end , is , of course , the one that we are most interested in . +we bran@@ ch off of a common ance@@ st@@ or to modern chimpanze@@ es about six or eight million years ago . +in the inter@@ val , there have been perhaps 20 or 25 different species of hom@@ ini@@ ds . +some have come and gone . +we have been here for about 13@@ 0,000 years . +it may seem like we 're quite remote from other parts of this tree of life , but actually , for the most part , the basic machin@@ ery of our cells is pretty much the same . +do you realize that we can take advantage and com@@ man@@ de@@ er the machin@@ ery of a common bacteri@@ um to produce the protein of human insu@@ lin used to treat diab@@ e@@ tics ? +this is not like human insu@@ lin ; this is the same protein that is chemi@@ cally indi@@ st@@ ingu@@ is@@ hab@@ le from what comes out of your pan@@ cre@@ as . +and speaking of bacteria , do you realize that each of us car@@ ries in our gut more bacteria than there are cells in the rest of our body ? +maybe 10 times more . +i mean think of it , when ant@@ oni@@ o dama@@ si@@ o as@@ ks about your self-@@ image , do you think about the bacteria ? +our gut is a wonder@@ fully hospit@@ able environment for those bacteria . +it 's warm , it 's dark , it 's mo@@ ist , it 's very co@@ zy . +and you 're going to provide all the nutri@@ tion that they could possibly want with no effort on their part . +it 's really like an easy street for bacteria , with the occasi@@ onal inter@@ ruption of the un@@ inten@@ ded forced rus@@ h to the ex@@ it . +but otherwise , you are a wonderful environment for those bacteria , just as they are essential to your life . +they help in the di@@ ge@@ sti@@ on of essential nutri@@ ents , and they protect you against certain diseases . +but what will come in the future ? +are we at some kind of evolutionary equi@@ po@@ ise as a species ? +or , are we dest@@ ined to become something different -- something , perhaps , even better adap@@ ted to the environment ? +now let 's take a step back in time to the big bang , 14 billion years ago -- the earth , the solar system , about four and a half billion years -- the first sig@@ ns of pro@@ to-@@ life , maybe three to four billion years ago on earth -- the first multi-@@ cell@@ ed organisms , perhaps as much as 800 or a billion years ago -- and then the human species , finally emerging in the last 13@@ 0,000 years . +in this vast un@@ finished sym@@ ph@@ ony of the universe , life on earth is like a brief measure ; the animal king@@ dom , like a single measure ; and human life , a small gra@@ ce note . +that was us . +that also const@@ it@@ utes the entertain@@ ment por@@ tion of this talk , so i hope you enjo@@ yed it . +now when i was a fres@@ h@@ man in college , i took my first biology class . +i was fascin@@ ated by the elegan@@ ce and beauty of biology . +i became en@@ am@@ or@@ ed of the power of evolution , and i realized something very fundamental : in most of the existence of life in sing@@ le-@@ cell@@ ed organisms , each cell simply divi@@ des , and all of the genetic energy of that cell is car@@ ried on in both daughter cells . +but at the time multi-@@ cell@@ ed organisms come online , things start to change . +sexual re@@ production en@@ ters the picture . +and very importantly , with the introdu@@ ction of sexual re@@ production that pas@@ ses on the genome , the rest of the body becomes expen@@ d@@ able . +in fact , you could say that the inevi@@ t@@ ability of the death of our bodies en@@ ters in evolutionary time at the same moment as sexual re@@ production . +now i have to conf@@ ess , when i was a college under@@ graduate , i thought , okay , sex / death , sex / death , death for sex -- it seemed pretty reas@@ on@@ able at the time , but with each pas@@ sing year , i 've come to have increasing dou@@ b@@ ts . +i 've come to understand the sen@@ ti@@ ments of george bur@@ ns , who was per@@ forming still in las v@@ eg@@ as well into his 9@@ 0s . +and one night , there 's a kno@@ ck at his hotel room door . +he answers the door . +standing before him is a gor@@ ge@@ ous , sc@@ anti@@ ly cla@@ d sho@@ w@@ girl . +she looks at him and says , " i 'm here for super sex . " +" that 's fine , " says george , " i 'll take the sou@@ p . " +i came to realize , as a physi@@ cian , that i was working toward a goal which was different from the goal of evolution -- not necessarily con@@ tradi@@ c@@ tory , just different . +i was trying to preser@@ ve the body . +i wanted to keep us healthy . +i wanted to re@@ store health from disease . +i wanted us to live long and healthy lives . +evolution is all about pas@@ sing on the genome to the next generation , adap@@ ting and survi@@ ving through generation after generation . +from an evolutionary point of view , you and i are like the boo@@ ster rock@@ ets designed to send the genetic pay@@ load into the next level of orbit and then drop off into the sea . +i think we would all understand the sen@@ ti@@ ment that woo@@ dy allen expres@@ sed when he said , " i don 't want to achieve im@@ mortality through my work . +i want to achieve it through not dying . " +evolution does not necessarily fa@@ vor the lon@@ gest@@ -@@ lived . +it doesn 't necessarily fa@@ vor the biggest or the stron@@ gest or the fa@@ st@@ est , and not even the smar@@ test . +evolution favor@@ s those creatures best adap@@ ted to their environment . +that is the so@@ le test of survival and success . +at the bottom of the ocean , bacteria that are ther@@ m@@ op@@ hi@@ lic and can survive at the ste@@ am vent heat that would otherwise produce , if fish were there , s@@ ous@@ -@@ vi@@ de coo@@ ked fish , ne@@ ver@@ th@@ eless , have managed to make that a hospit@@ able environment for them . +so what does this mean , as we look back at what has happened in evolution , and as we think about the place again of humans in evolution , and particularly as we look ahead to the next phase , i would say that there are a number of possibilities . +the first is that we will not evol@@ ve . +we have reach@@ ed a kind of equi@@ po@@ ise . +and the reas@@ oning behind that would be , first , we have , through medicine , managed to preser@@ ve a lot of genes that would otherwise be sel@@ ec@@ ted out and be re@@ moved from the population . +and secon@@ dly , we as a species have so con@@ figured our environment that we have managed to make it ada@@ pt to us as well as we ada@@ pt to it . +and by the way , we im@@ migra@@ te and circu@@ late and inter@@ mix so much that you can 't any longer have the isol@@ ation that is necessary for evolution to take place . +a second possibility is that there will be evolution of the traditional kind , natural , im@@ posed by the forces of nature . +and the argument here would be that the whe@@ els of evolution gr@@ ind slowly , but they are in@@ ex@@ or@@ able . +and as far as isol@@ ation goes , when we as a species do col@@ oni@@ ze dist@@ ant planets , there will be the isol@@ ation and the environmental changes that could produce evolution in the natural way . +but there 's a third possibility , an en@@ tic@@ ing , intri@@ gu@@ ing and fri@@ gh@@ ten@@ ing possibility . +i call it ne@@ o-@@ evolution -- the new evolution that is not simply natural , but gui@@ ded and cho@@ sen by us as individuals in the choices that we will make . +now how could this come about ? +how could it be possible that we would do this ? +consider , first , the reality that people today , in some cultures , are making choices about their off@@ spring . +they 're , in some cultures , choo@@ sing to have more males than fe@@ males . +it 's not necessarily good for the society , but it 's what the individual and the family are choo@@ sing . +think also , if it were possible ever for you to choose , not simply to choose the sex of your child , but for you in your body to make the genetic ad@@ ju@@ st@@ ments that would cure or prevent diseases . +what if you could make the genetic changes to elimin@@ ate diabetes or alzheimer 's or reduce the risk of cancer or elimin@@ ate stro@@ ke ? +wouldn 't you want to make those changes in your genes ? +if we look ahead , these kind of changes are going to be increasingly possible . +the human genome project started in 199@@ 0 , and it took 13 years . +it cost 2.@@ 7 billion dollars . +the year after it was finished in 2004 , you could do the same job for 20 million dollars in three to four months . +today , you can have a complete sequence of the three billion base pa@@ irs in the human genome at a cost of about 20@@ ,000 dollars and in the space of about a week . +it won 't be very long before the reality will be the 1,@@ 00@@ 0-@@ dollar human genome , and it will be increasingly available for everyone . +just a week ago , the national acade@@ my of engineering awar@@ ded its dra@@ per prize to fran@@ c@@ is ar@@ n@@ old and wil@@ lem ste@@ mmer , two scientists who indepen@@ d@@ ently developed techniques to encoura@@ ge the natural process of evolution to work faster and to lead to des@@ ir@@ able proteins in a more efficient way -- what fran@@ ces ar@@ n@@ old calls " direc@@ ted evolution . " +a couple of years ago , the las@@ ker prize was awar@@ ded to the scientist sh@@ in@@ ya y@@ am@@ an@@ ak@@ a for his research in which he took an adult skin cell , a fi@@ bro@@ bl@@ ast , and by mani@@ pul@@ ating just four genes , he in@@ duced that cell to rever@@ t to a plu@@ ri@@ potential stem cell -- a cell poten@@ tially capable of becoming any cell in your body . +these changes are coming . +the same technology that has produced the human insu@@ lin in bacteria can make viruses that will not only protect you against themselves , but indu@@ ce imm@@ unity against other viruses . +believe it or not , there 's an experiment@@ al trial going on with v@@ acc@@ ine against influ@@ enz@@ a that has been grown in the cells of a to@@ bac@@ co plant . +can you imagine something good coming out of to@@ bac@@ co ? +these are all reality today , and [ in ] the future , will be ever@@ more possible . +imagine then just two other little changes . +you can change the cells in your body , but what if you could change the cells in your off@@ spring ? +what if you could change the sper@@ m and the o@@ va , or change the new@@ ly ferti@@ li@@ zed eg@@ g , and give your off@@ spring a better chance at a heal@@ thi@@ er life -- elimin@@ ate the diabetes , elimin@@ ate the he@@ m@@ op@@ hi@@ li@@ a , reduce the risk of cancer ? +who doesn 't want heal@@ thi@@ er children ? +and then , that same analy@@ tic technology , that same engine of science that can produce the changes to prevent disease , will also en@@ able us to adop@@ t super@@ -@@ at@@ tribu@@ tes , hyper@@ -@@ capac@@ i@@ ties -- that better memory . +why not have the quick wi@@ t of a ken jen@@ n@@ ings , especially if you can aug@@ ment it with the next generation of the wat@@ son machine ? +why not have the quick twi@@ tch muscle that will en@@ able you to run faster and longer ? +why not live longer ? +these will be ir@@ resi@@ sti@@ ble . +and when we are at a position where we can pass it on to the next generation , and we can adop@@ t the at@@ tribu@@ tes we want , we will have conver@@ ted ol@@ d-@@ style evolution into ne@@ o-@@ evolution . +we 'll take a process that normally might require 100,000 years , and we can com@@ press it down to a thousand years -- and maybe even in the next 100 years . +these are choices that your grand@@ children , or their grand@@ children , are going to have before them . +will we use these choices to make a society that is better , that is more successful , that is kinder ? +or , will we sel@@ ec@@ tively choose different at@@ tribu@@ tes that we want for some of us and not for others of us ? +will we make a society that is more bor@@ ing and more uni@@ form , or more rob@@ ust and more ver@@ sa@@ ti@@ le ? +these are the kinds of questions that we will have to face . +and most pro@@ fo@@ und@@ ly of all , will we ever be able to develop the wisdom , and to in@@ her@@ it the wisdom , that we 'll need to make these choices wi@@ sely ? +for better or worse , and so@@ on@@ er than you may think , these choices will be up to us . +thank you . +i want you now to imagine a we@@ ar@@ able robot that gives you super@@ human abilities , or another one that takes wheel@@ chair users up standing and walking again . +we at ber@@ k@@ ele@@ y bi@@ on@@ ics call these robots ex@@ o@@ skelet@@ ons . +these are nothing else than something that you put on in the morning , and it will give you extra strength , and it will further en@@ h@@ ance your speed , and it will help you , for instance , to manage your balance . +it is actually the true integra@@ tion of the man and the machine . +but not only that -- it will integra@@ te and network you to the universe and other devices out there . +this is just not some blue sky thinking . +to show you now what we are working on by starting out talking about the american soldi@@ er , that on average does carry about 100 l@@ b@@ s. on their bac@@ ks , and they are being asked to carry more equipment . +obviously , this is resul@@ ting in some major compli@@ cations -- back in@@ ju@@ ries , 30 percent of them -- chr@@ onic back in@@ ju@@ ries . +so we thought we would look at this challenge and create an ex@@ o@@ skelet@@ on that would help deal with this issue . +so let me now introdu@@ ce to you h@@ ul@@ c -- or the human universal load car@@ rier . +with the h@@ ul@@ c ex@@ o@@ skelet@@ on , i can carry 200 l@@ b@@ s. over vari@@ ed ter@@ rain for many hours . +its flexi@@ ble design allows for deep squ@@ ats , cra@@ w@@ ls and high-@@ agi@@ li@@ ty mov@@ ements . +it senses what i want to do , where i want to go , and then aug@@ ments my strength and en@@ dur@@ ance . +we are ready with our industry partner to introdu@@ ce this device , this new ex@@ o@@ skelet@@ on this year . +so this is for real . +now let 's turn our heads towards the wheel@@ chair users , something that i 'm particularly passionate about . +there are 6@@ 8 million people esti@@ ma@@ ted to be in wheel@@ cha@@ irs worldwide . +this is about one percent of the total population . +and that 's actually a conser@@ va@@ tive esti@@ mate . +we are talking here about , o@@ f@@ ten@@ times , very young individuals with spin@@ al cor@@ d in@@ ju@@ ries , that in the prime of their life -- 20@@ s , 3@@ 0s , 4@@ 0s -- hit a wall and the wheel@@ chair 's the only option . +but it is also the aging population that is multi@@ pl@@ ying in numbers . +and the only option , pretty much -- when it 's stro@@ ke or other compli@@ cations -- is the wheel@@ chair . +and that is actually for the last 500 years , since its very successful introdu@@ ction , i must say . +so we thought we would start writing a brand new chap@@ ter of mo@@ bility . +let me now introdu@@ ce you to ele@@ gs that is wor@@ n by am@@ anda bo@@ x@@ tel that 19 years ago was spin@@ al cor@@ d in@@ ju@@ red , and as a result of that she has not been able to walk for 19 years until now . +thank you . +am@@ anda is wearing our ele@@ gs set . +it has sensor@@ s . +it 's completely non-@@ invasi@@ ve , sensor@@ s in the cru@@ t@@ ches that send signals back to our on@@ board computer that is sitting here at her back . +there are battery pac@@ ks here as well that power mot@@ ors that are sitting at her hi@@ ps , as well as her k@@ nee jo@@ in@@ ts , that move her forward in this kind of smo@@ oth and very natural ga@@ it . +i was 24 years old and at the top of my game when a fre@@ ak sum@@ mer@@ sau@@ lt while down@@ h@@ ill ski@@ ing paraly@@ zed me . +in a spli@@ t second , i lost all sen@@ sation and movement below my p@@ el@@ v@@ is . +not long after@@ wards , a doctor stro@@ de into my hospital room , and he said , " am@@ anda , you 'll never walk again . " +and that was 19 ye@@ as ago . +he rob@@ bed every o@@ un@@ ce of hope from my being . +adap@@ tive technology has since en@@ ab@@ led me to learn how to down@@ h@@ ill sk@@ i again , to rock clim@@ b and even hand@@ cycle . +but nothing has been invented that en@@ ables me to walk , until now . +thank you . +as you can see , we have the technology , we have the plat@@ forms to sit down and have discus@@ sions with you . +it 's in our hands , and we have all the potential here to change the lives of future generations -- not only for the soldiers , or for am@@ anda here and all the wheel@@ chair users , but for everyone . +thanks . +back in new york , i am the head of development for a non-@@ profit called ro@@ bin hood . +when i 'm not fighting poverty , i 'm fighting fir@@ es as the assi@@ stant cap@@ tain of a volunte@@ er fire company . +now in our town , where the volunte@@ ers supp@@ le@@ ment a highly sk@@ ill@@ ed career staf@@ f , you have to get to the fire scene pretty early to get in on any action . +i remember my first fire . +i was the second volunte@@ er on the scene , so there was a pretty good chance i was going to get in . +but still it was a real foot@@ race against the other volunte@@ ers to get to the cap@@ tain in charge to find out what our as@@ sign@@ ments would be . +when i found the cap@@ tain , he was having a very eng@@ aging conversation with the home@@ ow@@ ner , who was sur@@ ely having one of the worst days of her life . +here it was , the middle of the night , she was standing outside in the po@@ uring rain , under an um@@ br@@ ell@@ a , in her pa@@ jam@@ as , bar@@ e@@ foot , while her house was in fl@@ ames . +the other volunte@@ er who had arrived just before me -- let 's call him le@@ x lu@@ ther -- got to the cap@@ tain first and was asked to go inside and save the home@@ ow@@ ner 's dog . +the dog ! i was stun@@ ned with je@@ al@@ ous@@ y . +here was some law@@ yer or money man@@ ager who , for the rest of his life , gets to tell people that he went into a burning building to save a living cre@@ ature , just because he beat me by five seconds . +well , i was next . +the cap@@ tain wa@@ ved me over . +he said , " be@@ z@@ os , i need you to go into the house . +i need you to go up@@ sta@@ irs , past the fire , and i need you to get this woman a pair of shoes . " +i swe@@ ar . +so , not exactly what i was hop@@ ing for , but off i went -- up the sta@@ irs , down the hall , past the ' real ' fire@@ figh@@ ters , who were pretty much done putting out the fire at this point , into the master bedro@@ om to get a pair of shoes . +now i know what you 're thinking , but i 'm no hero . +i car@@ ried my pay@@ load back down@@ sta@@ irs where i met my ne@@ mes@@ is and the pre@@ cious dog by the front door . +we took our tre@@ as@@ ures outside to the home@@ ow@@ ner , where , not surpris@@ ingly , his received much more attention than did mine . +a few weeks later , the department received a letter from the home@@ ow@@ ner than@@ king us for the v@@ ali@@ ant effort dis@@ played in saving her home . +the act of kin@@ dness she not@@ ed above all others : someone had even gotten her a pair of shoes . +in both my vo@@ cation at ro@@ bin hood and my avo@@ cation as a volunte@@ er fire@@ fi@@ ghter , i am wit@@ ness to acts of gener@@ osity and kin@@ dness on a mon@@ um@@ ent@@ al scale , but i 'm also wit@@ ness to acts of gra@@ ce and coura@@ ge on an individual basis . +and you know what i 've learned ? +they all matter . +so as i look around this room at people who either have achie@@ ved , or are on their way to achie@@ ving , remarkable levels of success , i would offer this remin@@ der : don 't wait . +don 't wait until you make your first million to make a difference in somebody 's life . +if you have something to give , give it now . +serve food at a sou@@ p kitchen . clean up a neighborhood park . +be a ment@@ or . +not every day is going to offer us a chance to save somebody 's life , but every day off@@ ers us an opportunity to affect one . +so get in the game . save the shoes . +thank you . +mark , mark , come back . +thank you . +i just came back from a community that hol@@ ds the secret to human survival . +it 's a place where women run the show , have sex to say hell@@ o , and play rules the day -- where fun is serious business . +and no , this isn 't burning man or san francisco . +ladies and gentle@@ men , meet your cou@@ s@@ ins . +this is the world of wild bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s in the jun@@ gles of con@@ go . +bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s are , together with chimpanze@@ es , your living clo@@ s@@ est relative . +that means we all share a common ance@@ st@@ or , an evolutionary grandmother , who lived around six million years ago . +now , chimpanze@@ es are well-@@ known for their ag@@ gr@@ ession . +but unfortunately , we have made too much of an em@@ ph@@ as@@ is of this aspe@@ ct in our narra@@ tives of human evolution . +but bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s show us the other side of the co@@ in . +while chimpanze@@ es are domin@@ ated by big , sc@@ ary guys , bon@@ ob@@ o society is run by em@@ powered fe@@ males . +these guys have really worked something out , since this leads to a highly toler@@ ant society where f@@ at@@ al violence has not been obser@@ ved yet . +but unfortunately , bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s are the least understood of the great ap@@ es . +they live in the dep@@ ths of the con@@ gol@@ ese jung@@ le , and it has been very difficult to study them . +the con@@ go is a parado@@ x -- a land of extraordinary bio@@ diversity and beauty , but also the heart of dar@@ k@@ ness itself -- the scene of a violent conflict that has ra@@ ged for decades and cla@@ im@@ ed nearly as many lives as the first world war . +not surpris@@ ingly , this destruction also en@@ dan@@ gers bon@@ ob@@ o survival . +bus@@ h@@ meat tra@@ des and forest loss means we couldn 't fill a small sta@@ dium with all the bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s that are left in the world -- and we 're not even sure of that to be honest . +yet , in this land of violence and chaos , you can hear hidden lau@@ ghter swa@@ ying the trees . +who are these cou@@ s@@ ins ? +we know them as the " make love , not war " ap@@ es since they have frequ@@ ent , promis@@ cu@@ ous and bis@@ ex@@ ual sex to manage conflict and solve social issues . +now , i 'm not saying this is the solution to all of humanity 's problems -- since there 's more to bon@@ ob@@ o life than the kam@@ a su@@ tra . +bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s , like humans , love to play throughout their entire lives . +play is not just child 's games . +for us and them , play is foun@@ da@@ tional for bon@@ ding relationships and fo@@ ster@@ ing toler@@ ance . +it 's where we learn to trust and where we learn about the rules of the game . +play incre@@ ases creativity and resili@@ ence , and it 's all about the generation of diversity -- diversity of inter@@ actions , diversity of behaviors , diversity of connections . +and when you watch bon@@ ob@@ o play , you 're seeing the very evolutionary roots of human lau@@ ghter , dance and ritual . +play is the gl@@ ue that bin@@ ds us together . +now , i don 't know how you play , but i want to show you a couple of unique cli@@ ps fresh from the wild . +first , it 's a ball game bon@@ o@@ bo@@ -@@ style -- and i do not mean foot@@ ball . +so here , we have a young female and a male enga@@ ged in a ch@@ ase game . +have a look what she 's doing . +it might be the evolutionary orig@@ in of the phr@@ ase , " she 's got him by the ball@@ s . " +only i think that he 's rather lo@@ ving it here , right ? +yeah . +so sex play is common in both bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s and humans . +and this video is really interesting because it shows -- this video 's really interesting because it shows the inv@@ enti@@ ven@@ ess of bringing unusual elements into play -- such as te@@ sti@@ cles -- and also how play both requires trust and fo@@ sters trust -- while at the same time being tremendous fun . +but play 's a sha@@ p@@ es@@ hi@@ f@@ ter . +play 's a sha@@ p@@ es@@ hi@@ f@@ ter , and it can take many forms , some of which are more quie@@ t , imag@@ in@@ ative , curious -- maybe where wonder is discovered an@@ e@@ w . +and i want you to see , this is fu@@ k@@ u , a young female , and she is quie@@ tly playing with water . +i think , like her , we sometimes play alone , and we explore the boundar@@ ies of our inner and our ou@@ ter worl@@ ds . +and it 's that play@@ ful curi@@ osity that dri@@ ves us to explore , dri@@ ves us to interact , and then the un@@ expected connections we form are the real hot@@ bed for creativity . +so these are just small ta@@ sters into the insi@@ ghts that bon@@ ob@@ o give us to our past and present . +but they also hold a secret for our future , a future where we need to ada@@ pt to an increasingly challen@@ ging world through greater creativity and greater co@@ operation . +the secret is that play is the key to these capac@@ i@@ ties . +in other words , play is our adap@@ tive wild@@ card . +in order to ada@@ pt success@@ fully to a changing world , we need to play . +but will we make the most of our play@@ ful@@ ness ? +play is not fri@@ vol@@ ous . +play 's essential . +for bon@@ o@@ bo@@ s and humans ali@@ ke , life is not just red in to@@ oth and cla@@ w . +in times when it seems least appropriate to play , it might be the times when it is most ur@@ gent . +and so , my fellow pri@@ mates , let us embra@@ ce this gift from evolution and play together , as we re@@ discover creativity , fel@@ lo@@ w@@ ship and wonder . +thank you . +i want you to imagine two cou@@ ples in the middle of 197@@ 9 on the ex@@ act same day , at the ex@@ act same moment , each conc@@ ei@@ ving a baby -- okay ? +so two cou@@ ples each conc@@ ei@@ ving one baby . +now i don 't want you to spend too much time imag@@ ining the con@@ ception , because if you spend all that time imag@@ ining that con@@ ception , you 're not going to listen to me . +so just imagine that for a moment . +and in this scen@@ ari@@ o , i want to imagine that , in one case , the sper@@ m is carrying a y chromo@@ some , meeting that x chromo@@ some of the eg@@ g . +and in the other case , the sper@@ m is carrying an x chromo@@ some , meeting the x chromo@@ some of the eg@@ g . +both are vi@@ able ; both take off . +we 'll come back to these people later . +so i wear two hat@@ s in most of what i do . +as the one hat , i do history of an@@ atom@@ y . +i 'm a histor@@ ian by training , and what i study in that case is the way that people have de@@ alt with an@@ atom@@ y -- meaning human bodies , animal bodies -- how they de@@ alt with bo@@ di@@ ly flu@@ ids , concep@@ ts of bodies ; how have they thought about bodies . +the other hat that i 've wor@@ n in my work is as an activ@@ ist , as a patient ad@@ vo@@ cate -- or , as i sometimes say , as an im@@ patient ad@@ vo@@ cate -- for people who are patients of doctors . +in that case , what i 've worked with is people who have body types that challenge social nor@@ ms . +so some of what i 've worked on , for example , is people who are con@@ jo@@ ined tw@@ ins -- two people within one body . +some of what i 've worked on is people who have d@@ war@@ fis@@ m -- so people who are much shor@@ ter than typical . +and a lot of what i 've worked on is people who have at@@ yp@@ ical sex -- so people who don 't have the standard male or the standard female body types . +and as a general term , we can use the term inter@@ sex for this . +inter@@ sex comes in a lot of different forms . +i 'll just give you a few examples of the types of ways you can have sex that isn 't standard for male or female . +so in one instance , you can have somebody who has an x@@ y chromo@@ so@@ mal basis , and that s@@ ry gene on the y chromo@@ some tells the pro@@ to-@@ gon@@ ads , which we all have in the fe@@ tal life , to become te@@ stes . +and so in the fe@@ tal life the te@@ stes are pump@@ ing out te@@ sto@@ ster@@ one . +but because this individual l@@ ac@@ ks re@@ cep@@ tors to hear that te@@ sto@@ ster@@ one , the body doesn 't re@@ act to the te@@ sto@@ ster@@ one . +and this is a syndro@@ me called and@@ ro@@ gen in@@ sensi@@ tivity syndro@@ me . +so lots of levels of te@@ sto@@ ster@@ one , but no reaction to it . +as a con@@ sequence , the body develop@@ s more along the female typical path . +when the child is born , she looks like a girl . +she is a girl . she is raised as a girl . +and it 's often not until she hits pu@@ ber@@ ty and she 's growing and developing brea@@ sts , but she 's not getting her period , that somebody fig@@ ures out something 's up here . +and they do some tests and figure out that , instead of having o@@ var@@ ies inside and a u@@ ter@@ us , she actually has te@@ stes inside , and she has a y chromo@@ some . +now what 's important to understand is you may think of this person as really being male , but they 're really not . +fe@@ males , like males , have in our bodies something called the ad@@ ren@@ al gl@@ ands . +they 're in the back of our body . +and the ad@@ ren@@ al gl@@ ands make and@@ ro@@ gens , which are a ma@@ sc@@ ul@@ ini@@ zing hor@@ m@@ one . +most fe@@ males like me -- i believe myself to be a typical female -- i don 't actually know my chromo@@ so@@ mal ma@@ ke@@ -up but i think i 'm probably typical -- most fe@@ males like me are actually and@@ ro@@ gen@@ -@@ sensitive . +we 're making and@@ ro@@ gen , and we 're respon@@ ding to and@@ ro@@ gens . +the con@@ sequence is that somebody like me has actually had a brain ex@@ posed to more and@@ ro@@ gens than the woman born with te@@ stes who has and@@ ro@@ gen in@@ sensi@@ tivity syndro@@ me . +so sex is really complicated ; it 's not just that inter@@ sex people are in the middle of all the sex spectrum -- in some ways , they can be all over the place . +another example : a few years ago i got a call from a man who was 19 years old , who was born a boy , raised a boy , had a gir@@ l@@ friend , had sex with his gir@@ l@@ friend , had a life as a guy and had just found out that he had o@@ var@@ ies and a u@@ ter@@ us inside . +what he had was an extreme form of a condition called con@@ gen@@ ital ad@@ ren@@ al hyper@@ pl@@ asia . +he had x@@ x chromo@@ som@@ es , and in the wom@@ b , his ad@@ ren@@ al gl@@ ands were in such high ge@@ ar that it created , essentially , a ma@@ sc@@ ul@@ ine hor@@ mon@@ al environment . +and as a con@@ sequence , his gen@@ it@@ als were ma@@ sc@@ ul@@ in@@ zed , his brain was subject to the more typical ma@@ sc@@ ul@@ ine compon@@ ent of hor@@ mon@@ es . +and he was born looking like a boy -- nobody sus@@ pe@@ cted anything . +and it was only when he had reach@@ ed the age of 19 that he began to have enough medical problems actually from men@@ stru@@ ating intern@@ ally , that doctors figured out that , in fact , he was female intern@@ ally . +okay , so just one more quick example of a way you can have inter@@ sex . +some people who have x@@ x chromo@@ som@@ es develop what are called o@@ vot@@ est@@ is , which is when you have o@@ vari@@ an tissue with te@@ sti@@ cular tissue wra@@ pped around it . +and we 're not exactly sure why that happens . +so sex can come in lots of different var@@ ie@@ ties . +the reason that children with these kinds of bodies -- whether it 's d@@ war@@ fis@@ m , or it 's con@@ jo@@ ined tw@@ inning , or it 's an inter@@ sex type -- are often norm@@ alized by surge@@ ons is not because it actually leaves them better off in terms of physical health . +in many cases , people are actually perfectly healthy . +the reason they 're often subject to various kinds of sur@@ ger@@ ies is because they thre@@ aten our social categ@@ ories . +or system has been based typically on the idea that a particular kind of an@@ atom@@ y comes with a particular identity . +so we have the concept that what it means to be a woman is to have a female identity ; what it means to be a black person is , alle@@ ge@@ dly , is to have an african an@@ atom@@ y in terms of your history . +and so we have this terri@@ bly simpli@@ stic idea . +and when we 're fac@@ ed with a body that actually pres@@ ents us something quite different , it star@@ tles us in terms of those categ@@ ori@@ zations . +so we have a lot of very roman@@ tic ideas in our culture about individu@@ alism . +and our nation 's really fo@@ unded on a very roman@@ tic concept of individu@@ alism . +well you can imagine how star@@ t@@ ling then it is when you have children that are born who are two people inside of one body . +where i ran into the most heat from this most recently was last year the south african run@@ ner , ca@@ ster se@@ men@@ ya , had her sex called into question at the international games in ber@@ lin . +i had a lot of journ@@ alists calling me , asking me , " which is the test they 're going to run that will tell us whether or not ca@@ ster se@@ men@@ ya is male or female ? " +and i had to explain to the journ@@ alists there isn 't such a test . +in fact , we now know that sex is complicated enough that we have to ad@@ mit nature doesn 't draw the line for us between male and female , or between male and inter@@ sex and female and inter@@ sex ; we actually draw that line on nature . +so what we have is a sort of situation where the far@@ ther our science goes , the more we have to ad@@ mit to ourselves that these categ@@ ories that we thought of as stable an@@ atom@@ ical categ@@ ories that ma@@ pped very simply to stable identity categ@@ ories are a lot more fu@@ zz@@ y than we thought . +and it 's not just in terms of sex . +it 's also in terms of race , which turns out to be va@@ stly more complicated than our ter@@ min@@ ology has allowed . +as we look , we get into all sorts of un@@ comfortable areas . +we look , for example , about the fact that we share at least 95 percent of our dna with chimpanze@@ es . +what are we to make of the fact that we diff@@ er from them only really by a few nu@@ cle@@ o@@ ti@@ des ? +and as we get far@@ ther and far@@ ther with our science , we get more and more into a dis@@ com@@ for@@ ted zone where we have to ac@@ knowledge that the simpli@@ stic categ@@ ories we 've had are probably over@@ ly simpli@@ stic . +so we 're seeing this in all sorts of places in human life . +one of the places we 're seeing it , for example , in our culture today , in the united states today , is bat@@ tles over the beginning of life and the end of life . +we have difficult conver@@ sa@@ tions about at what point we decide a body becomes a human , such that it has a different right than a fe@@ tal life . +we have very difficult conver@@ sa@@ tions no@@ wa@@ days -- probably not out in the open as much as within medicine -- about the question of when somebody 's dead . +in the past , our ancestors never had to struggle so much with this question of when somebody was dead . +at most , they 'd stick a fe@@ a@@ ther on somebody 's nose , and if it twi@@ t@@ ched , they didn 't bur@@ y them yet . +if it stopped twi@@ t@@ ching , you bur@@ y them . +but today , we have a situation where we want to take vi@@ tal organs out of beings and give them to other beings . +and as a con@@ sequence , we 're stuck with having to struggle with this really difficult question about who 's dead , and this leads us to a really difficult situation where we don 't have such simple categ@@ ories as we 've had before . +now you might think that all this break@@ ing-@@ down of categ@@ ories would make somebody like me really happy . +i 'm a political pro@@ gressi@@ ve , i de@@ f@@ end people with unusual bodies , but i have to ad@@ mit to you that it makes me nervous . +understanding that these categ@@ ories are really much more un@@ stable than we thought makes me ten@@ se . +and it makes me ten@@ se from the point of view of thinking about democracy . +so in order to tell you about that ten@@ sion , i have to first ad@@ mit to you that i 'm a huge fan of the fo@@ unding fa@@ thers . +i know they were ra@@ ci@@ sts , i know they were sex@@ ist , but they were great . +i mean , they were so bra@@ ve and so b@@ old and so radical in what they did that i find myself watching that che@@ es@@ y musical " 17@@ 7@@ 6 " every few years , and it 's not because of the music , which is totally for@@ ge@@ tt@@ able . +it 's because of what happened in 17@@ 7@@ 6 with the fo@@ unding fa@@ thers . +the fo@@ unding fa@@ thers were , for my point of view , the original an@@ atom@@ ical activi@@ sts , and this is why . +what they re@@ je@@ cted was an an@@ atom@@ ical concept and re@@ placed it with another one that was radical and beautiful and held us for 200 years . +so as you all rec@@ all , what our fo@@ unding fa@@ thers were re@@ je@@ cting was a concept of mon@@ arch@@ y , and the mon@@ arch@@ y was basically based on a very simpli@@ stic concept of an@@ atom@@ y . +the mon@@ arch@@ s of the old world didn 't have a concept of dna , but they did have a concept of birth@@ right . +they had a concept of blue blood . +they had the idea that the people who would be in political power should be in political power because of the blood being passed down from grand@@ father to father to son and so forth . +the fo@@ unding fa@@ thers re@@ je@@ cted that idea , and they re@@ placed it with a new an@@ atom@@ ical concept , and that concept was all men are created equal . +they le@@ vel@@ ed that playing field and decided the an@@ atom@@ y that ma@@ tter@@ ed was the common@@ ality of an@@ atom@@ y , not the difference in an@@ atom@@ y , and that was a really radical thing to do . +now they were doing it in part because they were part of an en@@ ligh@@ ten@@ ment system where two things were growing up together . +and that was democracy growing up , but it was also science growing up at the same time . +and it 's really clear , if you look at the history of the fo@@ unding fa@@ thers , a lot of them were very interested in science , and they were interested in a concept of a natur@@ ali@@ stic world . +they were moving away from super@@ natural explan@@ ations , and they were re@@ je@@ cting things like a super@@ natural concept of power , where it trans@@ mit@@ ted because of a very va@@ gue concept of birth@@ right . +they were moving towards a natur@@ ali@@ stic concept . +and if you look , for example , in the dec@@ lar@@ ation of indepen@@ dence , they talk about nature and nature 's god . +they don 't talk about god and god 's nature . +they 're talking about the power of nature to tell us who we are . +so as part of that , they were coming to us with a concept that was about an@@ atom@@ ical common@@ ality . +and in doing so , they were really setting up in a beautiful way the civil rights movement of the future . +they didn 't think of it that way , but they did it for us , and it was great . +so what happened years after@@ ward ? +what happened was women , for example , who wanted the right to vote , took the fo@@ unding fa@@ thers ' concept of an@@ atom@@ ical common@@ ality being more important than an@@ atom@@ ical difference and said , " the fact that we have a u@@ ter@@ us and o@@ var@@ ies is not significant enough in terms of a difference to mean that we shouldn 't have the right to vote , the right to full citi@@ zen@@ ship , the right to own property , etc . , etc . " +and women success@@ fully argu@@ ed that . +next came the successful civil rights movement , where we found people like so@@ jour@@ ner truth talking about , " a@@ in 't i a woman ? " +we find men on the mar@@ ching lines of the civil rights movement saying , " i am a man . " +again , people of color appe@@ aling to a common@@ ality of an@@ atom@@ y over a difference of an@@ atom@@ y , again , success@@ fully . +we see the same thing with the dis@@ ability rights movement . +the problem is , of course , that , as we begin to look at all that common@@ ality , we have to begin to question why we main@@ tain certain di@@ visi@@ ons . +now mind you , i want to main@@ tain some di@@ visi@@ ons , an@@ atom@@ ically , in our culture . +for example , i don 't want to give a fish the same rights as a human . +i don 't want to say we give up entirely on an@@ atom@@ y . +i don 't want to say five-@@ year-@@ ol@@ ds should be allowed to con@@ sent to sex or con@@ sent to mar@@ ry . +so there are some an@@ atom@@ ical di@@ visi@@ ons that make sense to me and that i think we should re@@ tain . +but the challenge is trying to figure out which ones they are and why do we re@@ tain them and do they have meaning . +so let 's go back to those two beings conc@@ ei@@ ved at the beginning of this talk . +we have two beings , both conc@@ ei@@ ved in the middle of 197@@ 9 on the ex@@ act same day . +let 's imagine one of them , mary , is born three months pre@@ ma@@ tur@@ ely , so she 's born on jun@@ e 1 , 19@@ 80 . +henry , by contr@@ ast , is born at term , so he 's born on mar@@ ch 1 , 19@@ 80 . +simply by virtu@@ e of the fact that mary was born pre@@ ma@@ tur@@ ely three months , she comes into all sorts of rights three months earlier than henry does -- the right to con@@ sent to sex , the right to vote , the right to drink . +henry has to wait for all of that , not because he 's actually any different in age , bi@@ ologi@@ cally , except in terms of when he was born . +we find other kinds of wei@@ r@@ dness in terms of what their rights are . +henry , by virtu@@ e of being as@@ sum@@ ed to be male -- although i haven 't told you that he 's the x@@ y one -- by virtu@@ e of being as@@ sum@@ ed to be male is now li@@ able to be dra@@ f@@ ted , which mary does not need to worry about . +mary , mean@@ while , cannot in all the states have the same right that henry has in all the states , nam@@ ely , the right to mar@@ ry . +henry can mar@@ ry in every state a woman , but mary can only mar@@ ry today in a few states a woman . +so we have these an@@ atom@@ ical categ@@ ories that pers@@ ist that are in many ways proble@@ matic and questi@@ on@@ able . +and the question to me becomes : what do we do , as our science gets to be so good in looking at an@@ atom@@ y , that we reach the point where we have to ad@@ mit that a democracy that 's been based on an@@ atom@@ y might start fall@@ ing apart ? +i don 't want to give up the science , but at the same time it kind of feels sometimes like the science is coming out from under us . +so where do we go ? +it seems like what happens in our culture is a sort of pra@@ g@@ matic at@@ titude : " well , we have to draw the line somewhere , so we will draw the line somewhere . " +but a lot of people get stuck in a very strange position . +so for example , texas has at one point decided that what it means to mar@@ ry a man is to mean that you don 't have a y chromo@@ some , and what it means to mar@@ ry a woman means you do have a y chromo@@ some . +now in practice they don 't actually test people for their chromo@@ som@@ es . +but this is also very bizar@@ re , because of the story i told you at the beginning about and@@ ro@@ gen in@@ sensi@@ tivity syndro@@ me . +if we look at one of the fo@@ unding fa@@ thers of modern democracy , dr. martin lu@@ ther king , he off@@ ers us something of a solution in his " i have a dream " speech . +he says we should ju@@ dge people " based not on the color of their skin , but on the content of their character , " moving beyond an@@ atom@@ y . +and i want to say , " yeah , that sounds like a really good idea . " +but in practice , how do you do it ? +how do you ju@@ dge people based on the content of character ? +i also want to point out that i 'm not sure that is how we should distribu@@ te rights in terms of humans , because , i have to ad@@ mit , that there are some golden re@@ tri@@ ever@@ s i know that are probably more deser@@ ving of social services than some humans i know . +i also want to say there are probably also some yellow lab@@ rad@@ ors that i know that are more capable of in@@ formed , intelligent , ma@@ ture decisions about sexual rela@@ tions than some 4@@ 0-@@ year-@@ ol@@ ds that i know . +so how do we oper@@ a@@ tion@@ alize the question of content of character ? +it turns out to be really difficult . +and part of me also wonder@@ s , what if content of character turns out to be something that 's scan@@ n@@ able in the future -- able to be seen with an f@@ mr@@ i ? +do we really want to go there ? +i 'm not sure where we go . +what i do know is that it seems to be really important to think about the idea of the united states being in the lead of thinking about this issue of democracy . +we 've done a really good job strug@@ gling with democracy , and i think we would do a good job in the future . +we don 't have a situation that iran has , for example , where a man who 's sex@@ ually attra@@ cted to other men is li@@ able to be mur@@ dered , unless he 's willing to sub@@ mit to a sex change , in which case he 's allowed to live . +we don 't have that kind of situation . +i 'm gla@@ d to say we don 't have the kind of situation with -- a surge@@ on i talked to a few years ago who had brought over a set of con@@ jo@@ ined tw@@ ins in order to separate them , par@@ tly to make a name for himself . +but when i was on the phone with him , asking why he was going to do this surgery -- this was a very high-@@ risk surgery -- his answer was that , in this other nation , these children were going to be treated very b@@ ad@@ ly , and so he had to do this . +my response to him was , " well , have you considered political as@@ yl@@ um instead of a separ@@ ation surgery ? " +the united states has off@@ ered tremendous possibility for allo@@ wing people to be the way they are , without having them have to be changed for the sa@@ ke of the state . +so i think we have to be in the lead . +well , just to close , i want to suggest to you that i 've been talking a lot about the fa@@ thers . +and i want to think about the possibilities of what democracy might look like , or might have looked like , if we had more involved the mothers . +and i want to say something a little bit radical for a fe@@ min@@ ist , and that is that i think that there may be different kinds of insi@@ ghts that can come from different kinds of an@@ atom@@ ies , particularly when we have people thinking in groups . +now for years , because i 've been interested in inter@@ sex , i 've also been interested in sex difference research . +and one of the things that i 've been really interested in is looking at the differences between males and fe@@ males in terms of the way they think and operate in the world . +and what we know from cros@@ s-@@ cultural studies is that fe@@ males , on average -- not everyone , but on average -- are more in@@ clin@@ ed to be very atten@@ tive to complex social rela@@ tions and to taking care of people who are basically vulnerable within the group . +and so if we think about that , we have an interesting situation on our hands . +years ago , when i was in graduate school , one of my graduate ad@@ vis@@ ers who knew i was interested in fe@@ min@@ ism -- i considered myself a fe@@ min@@ ist , as i still do -- asked a really strange question . +he said , " tell me what 's fe@@ min@@ ine about fe@@ min@@ ism . " +and i thought , " well that 's the du@@ m@@ best question i 've ever heard . +fe@@ min@@ ism is all about un@@ doing stere@@ ot@@ yp@@ es about gender , so there 's nothing fe@@ min@@ ine about fe@@ min@@ ism . " +but the more i thought about his question , the more i thought there might be something fe@@ min@@ ine about fe@@ min@@ ism . +that is to say , there might be something , on average , different about female brains from male brains that makes us more atten@@ tive to deeply complex social relationships and more atten@@ tive to taking care of the vulnerable . +so whereas the fa@@ thers were extremely atten@@ tive to fig@@ uring out how to protect individuals from the state , it 's possible that if we inje@@ cted more mothers into this concept , what we would have is more of a concept of , not just how to protect , but how to care for each other . +and maybe that 's where we need to go in the future , when we take democracy beyond an@@ atom@@ y , is to think less about the individual body , in terms of the identity , and think more about those relationships . +so that as we the people try to create a more perfect union , we 're thinking about what we do for each other . +thank you . +i 'm j@@ ess@@ i , and this is my su@@ it@@ case . +but before i show you what i 've got inside , i 'm going to make a very public conf@@ ession , and that is , i 'm out@@ fit@@ -@@ obs@@ essed . +i love finding , wearing , and more recently , photograph@@ ing and blog@@ ging a different , color@@ ful , crazy out@@ fit for every single occasi@@ on . +but i don 't buy anything new . +i get all my clo@@ th@@ es secon@@ d@@ hand from fle@@ a markets and thri@@ ft stor@@ es . +aw@@ w , thank you . +secon@@ d@@ hand sh@@ opp@@ ing allows me to reduce the impact my war@@ dro@@ be has on the environment and on my wal@@ let . +i get to meet all kinds of great people ; my dollars usually go to a good cause ; i look pretty unique ; and it makes sh@@ opp@@ ing like my own personal tre@@ as@@ ure h@@ unt . +i mean , what am i going to find today ? +is it going to be my size ? +will i like the color ? +will it be under $ 20 ? +if all the answers are yes , i feel as though i 've won . +i want to get back to my su@@ it@@ case and tell you what i pac@@ ked for this exciting week here at ted . +i mean , what does somebody with all these out@@ f@@ its bring with her ? +so i 'm going to show you exactly what i brought . +i brought seven pa@@ irs of under@@ pants and that 's it . +exactly one week 's worth of un@@ dies is all i put in my su@@ it@@ case . +i was be@@ tting that i 'd be able to find everything else i could possible want to wear once i got here to pal@@ m spr@@ ings . +and since you don 't know me as the woman walking around ted in her under@@ wear -- that means i found a few things . +and i 'd really love to show you my week 's worth of out@@ f@@ its right now . +does that sound good ? +so as i do this , i 'm also going to tell you a few of the life lessons that , believe it or not , i have picked up in these ad@@ vent@@ ures wearing nothing new . +so let 's start with sun@@ day . +i call this " sh@@ in@@ y tiger . " +you do not have to spend a lot of money to look great . +you can almost always look phenomen@@ al for under $ 50 . +this whole out@@ fit , including the jac@@ ket , cost me $ 5@@ 5 , and it was the most expensive thing that i wor@@ e the entire week . +mon@@ day : color is powerful . +it is almost physi@@ ologi@@ cally impossible to be in a bad mo@@ od when you 're wearing bright red pants . +if you are happy , you are going to attra@@ ct other happy people to you . +tu@@ es@@ day : fit@@ ting in is way over@@ r@@ ated . +i 've spent a whole lot of my life trying to be myself and at the same time fit in . +just be who you are . +if you are surro@@ unding yourself with the right people , they will not only get it , they will appreci@@ ate it . +we@@ dn@@ es@@ day : embra@@ ce your inner child . +sometimes people tell me that i look like i 'm playing d@@ res@@ s-@@ up , or that i re@@ mind them of their se@@ ven@@ -year-old . +i like to s@@ mile and say , " thank you . " +th@@ ur@@ s@@ day : confidence is key . +if you think you look good in something , you almost certainly do . +and if you don 't think you look good in something , you 're also probably right . +i grew up with a mom who taught me this da@@ y-@@ in and da@@ y-@@ out . +but it wasn 't until i turned 30 that i really got what this meant . +and i 'm going to break it down for you for just a second . +if you believe you 're a beautiful person inside and out , there is no look that you can 't pull off . +so there is no exc@@ use for any of us here in this audience . +we should be able to rock anything we want to rock . +thank you . +fri@@ day : a universal truth -- five words for you : gold sequ@@ ins go with everything . +and finally , satur@@ day : developing your own unique personal style is a really great way to tell the world something about you without having to say a word . +it 's been pro@@ ven to me time and time again as people have walked up to me this week simply because of what i 'm wearing , and we 've had great conver@@ sa@@ tions . +so obviously this is not all going to fit back in my tiny su@@ it@@ case . +so before i go home to broo@@ kl@@ yn , i 'm going to don@@ ate everything back . +because the lesson i 'm trying to learn myself this week is that it 's okay to let go . +i don 't need to get emotion@@ ally atta@@ ched to these things because around the corner , there is always going to be another crazy , color@@ ful , sh@@ in@@ y out@@ fit just waiting for me , if i put a little love in my heart and look . +thank you very much . +thank you . +good after@@ noon , everybody . +i 've got something to show you . +think about this as a pi@@ x@@ el , a flying pi@@ x@@ el . +this is what we call , in our lab , sensi@@ ble design . +let me tell you a bit about it . +now if you take this picture -- i 'm itali@@ an origin@@ ally , and every boy in it@@ al@@ y gro@@ ws up with this picture on the wall of his bedro@@ om -- but the reason i 'm showing you this is that something very interesting happened in for@@ mul@@ a 1 ra@@ cing over the past couple of decades . +now some time ago , if you wanted to win a for@@ mul@@ a 1 race , you take a budget , and you bet your budget on a good driver and a good car . +and if the car and the driver were good enough , then you 'd win the race . +now today , if you want to win the race , actually you need also something like this -- something that monit@@ ors the car in real time , has a few thousand sensor@@ s colle@@ cting information from the car , trans@@ mit@@ ting this information into the system , and then process@@ ing it and using it in order to go back to the car with decisions and changing things in real time as information is colle@@ cted . +this is what , in engineering terms , you would call a real time control system . +and basically , it 's a system made of two components -- a sen@@ sing and an actu@@ ating compon@@ ent . +what is interesting today is that real time control systems are starting to enter into our lives . +our cities , over the past few years , just have been blan@@ ket@@ ed with networks , electr@@ on@@ ics . +they 're becoming like computers in open air . +and , as computers in open air , they 're starting to respond in a different way to be able to be sen@@ sed and to be actu@@ ated . +if we fix cities , actually it 's a big deal . +just as an asi@@ de , i wanted to mention , cities are only two percent of the earth 's cr@@ ust , but they are 50 percent of the world 's population . +they are 75 percent of the energy consumption -- up to 80 percent of co2 emissions . +so if we 're able to do something with cities , that 's a big deal . +beyond cities , all of this sen@@ sing and actu@@ ating is enter@@ ing our everyday objects . +that 's from an exhi@@ bi@@ tion that pa@@ ol@@ a ant@@ on@@ ell@@ i is organi@@ zing at mom@@ a later this year , during the summer . +it 's called " talk to me . " +well our objects , our environment is starting to talk back to us . +in a certain sense , it 's almost as if every at@@ om out there were becoming both a sen@@ sor and an actu@@ ator . +and that is radi@@ cally changing the interaction we have as humans with the environment out there . +in a certain sense , it 's almost as if the old dream of mich@@ el@@ angel@@ o ... +you know , when mich@@ el@@ angel@@ o sculp@@ ted the mo@@ ses , at the end it said that he took the ham@@ mer , thre@@ w it at the mo@@ ses -- actually you can still see a small chip underneath -- and said , shou@@ ted , " per@@ ch@@ é n@@ on par@@ l@@ i ? why don 't you talk ? " +well today , for the first time , our environment is starting to talk back to us . +and i 'll show just a few examples -- again , with this idea of sen@@ sing our environment and actu@@ ating it . +let 's starting with sen@@ sing . +well , the first project i wanted to share with you is actually one of the first projects by our lab . +it was four and a half years ago in it@@ al@@ y . +and what we did there was actually use a new type of network at the time that had been de@@ plo@@ yed all across the world -- that 's a cell@@ phone network -- and use anony@@ mous and ag@@ gre@@ g@@ ated information from that network , that 's colle@@ cted anyway by the oper@@ ator , in order to understand how the city works . +the summer was a lucky summer -- 2006 . +it 's when it@@ al@@ y won the soc@@ cer world c@@ up . +some of you might remember , it was it@@ al@@ y and fr@@ ance playing , and then zi@@ dan@@ e at the end , the head@@ bu@@ tt . +and anyway , it@@ al@@ y won at the end . +now look at what happened that day just by monit@@ or@@ ing activity happening on the network . +here you see the city . +you see the col@@ o@@ s@@ se@@ um in the middle , the river ti@@ ber . +it 's morning , before the match . +you see the ti@@ mel@@ ine on the top . +early after@@ noon , people here and there , making calls and moving . +the match begins -- sil@@ ence . +fr@@ ance sc@@ or@@ es . it@@ al@@ y sc@@ or@@ es . +hal@@ f@@ time , people make a quick call and go to the ba@@ th@@ room . +second half . end of normal time . +first over@@ time , second . +zi@@ dan@@ e , the head@@ bu@@ tt in a moment . +it@@ al@@ y w@@ ins . yeah . +well , that night , everybody went to celebra@@ te in the center . +you saw the big peak . +the following day , again everybody went to the center to meet the w@@ inning team and the prime minister at the time . +and then everybody moved down . +you see the image of the place called cir@@ co mas@@ sim@@ o , where , since ro@@ man times , people go to celebra@@ te , to have a big party , and you see the peak at the end of the day . +well , that 's just one example of how we can sense the city today in a way that we couldn 't have done just a few years ago . +another quick example about sen@@ sing : it 's not about people , but about things we use and consu@@ me . +well today , we know everything about where our objects come from . +this is a map that shows you all the chi@@ ps that form a ma@@ c computer , how they came together . +but we know very little about where things go . +so in this project , we actually developed some small ta@@ gs to track tr@@ ash as it moves through the system . +so we actually started with a number of volunte@@ ers who helped us in se@@ attle , just over a year ago , to tag what they were thro@@ wing away -- different types of things , as you can see here -- things they would throw away anyway . +then we put a little chip , little tag , onto the tr@@ ash and then started following it . +here are the results we just ob@@ tain@@ ed . +from se@@ attle ... +after one week . +with this information we realized there 's a lot of in@@ effici@@ en@@ cies in the system . +we can actually do the same thing with much less energy . +this data was not available before . +but there 's a lot of wa@@ sted transpor@@ tation and con@@ volu@@ ted things happening . +but the other thing is that we believe that if we see every day that the c@@ up we 're thro@@ wing away , it doesn 't disappe@@ ar , it 's still somewhere on the planet . +and the plastic bottle we 're thro@@ wing away every day still sta@@ ys there . +and if we show that to people , then we can also pro@@ mote some behavi@@ oral change . +so that was the reason for the project . +my collea@@ gue at mit , as@@ sa@@ f bi@@ der@@ man , he could tell you much more about sen@@ sing and many other wonderful things we can do with sen@@ sing , but i wanted to go to the second part we discus@@ sed at the beginning , and that 's actu@@ ating our environment . +and the first project is something we did a couple of years ago in zar@@ a@@ go@@ za , spa@@ in . +it started with a question by the ma@@ yo@@ r of the city , who came to us saying that spa@@ in and southern europe have a beautiful tradition of using water in public space , in architecture . +and the question was : how could technology , new technology , be ad@@ ded to that ? +and one of the ideas that was developed at mit in a work@@ shop was , imagine this pi@@ pe , and you 've got val@@ ves , sol@@ en@@ o@@ id val@@ ves , ta@@ ps , opening and clo@@ sing . +you create like a water cur@@ tain with pi@@ x@@ els made of water . +if those pi@@ x@@ els fall , you can write on it , you can show patterns , images , text . +and even you can approach it , and it will open up to let you jump through , as you see in this image . +well , we pres@@ ented this to ma@@ yo@@ r bel@@ loch . +he liked it very much . +and we got a com@@ mission to design a building at the ent@@ r@@ ance of the exp@@ o . +we called it digital water pa@@ vili@@ on . +the whole building is made of water . +there 's no do@@ ors or windows , but when you approach it , it will open up to let you in . +the roof also is covered with water . +and if there 's a bit of wind , if you want to mini@@ mi@@ ze sp@@ las@@ hing , you can actually lower the roof . +or you could close the building , and the whole architecture will disappe@@ ar , you know , these days , you always get images during the winter , when they take the roof down , of people who have been there and said , " they demo@@ li@@ shed the building . " +no , they didn 't demo@@ li@@ sh it , just when it goes down , the architecture almost disappe@@ ars . +here 's the building working . +you see the person puzz@@ led about what was going on inside . +and here was myself trying not to get we@@ t , testing the sensor@@ s that open the water . +well , i should tell you now what happened one night when all of the sensor@@ s stopped working . +but actually that night , it was even more fun . +all the kids from zar@@ a@@ go@@ za came to the building , because the way of eng@@ aging with the building became something different . +not anymore a building that would open up to let you in , but a building that would still make cu@@ ts and holes through the water , and you had to jump without getting we@@ t . +and that was , for us , was very interesting , because , as architec@@ ts , as engineers , as designers , we always think about how people will use the things we design . +but then reality 's always un@@ predic@@ table . +and that 's the beauty of doing things that are used and interact with people . +here is an image then of the building with the physical pi@@ x@@ els , the pi@@ x@@ els made of water , and then proje@@ ctions on them . +and this is what led us to think about the following project i 'll show you now . +that 's , imagine those pi@@ x@@ els could actually start flying . +imagine you could have small heli@@ cop@@ ters that move in the air , and then each of them with a small pi@@ x@@ el in changing lights -- almost as a cloud that can move in space . +here is the video . +so imagine one heli@@ cop@@ ter , like the one we saw before , moving with others , in syn@@ chr@@ ony . +so you can have this cloud . +you can have a kind of flexi@@ ble screen or display , like this -- a regular con@@ figu@@ ration in two dimensions . +or in regular , but in three dimensions , where the thing that changes is the light , not the pi@@ x@@ els ' position . +you can play with a different type . +imagine your screen could just appear in different sc@@ ales or si@@ zes , different types of resol@@ ution . +but then the whole thing can be just a 3d cloud of pi@@ x@@ els that you can approach and move through it and see from many , many direc@@ tions . +here is the real fl@@ y@@ fire control and going down to form the regular grid as before . +when you turn on the light , actually you see this . so the same as we saw before . +and imagine each of them then controlled by people . +you can have each pi@@ x@@ el having an input that comes from people , from people 's movement , or so and so . +i want to show you something here for the first time . +we 've been working with ro@@ ber@@ to bol@@ le , one of today 's top bal@@ let dan@@ cers -- the é@@ toi@@ le at me@@ tro@@ poli@@ tan in new york and la sc@@ ala in mil@@ an -- and actually cap@@ tured his movement in 3d in order to use it as an input for fl@@ y@@ fire . +and here you can see ro@@ ber@@ to dan@@ cing . +you see on the left the pi@@ x@@ els , the different resol@@ u@@ tions being cap@@ tured . +it 's both 3d scan@@ ning in real time and motion capture . +so you can re@@ constru@@ ct a whole movement . +you can go all the way through . +but then , once we have the pi@@ x@@ els , then you can play with them and play with color and movement and gravity and ro@@ tation . +so we want to use this as one of the possible in@@ puts for fl@@ y@@ fire . +i wanted to show you the last project we are working on . +it 's something we 're working on for the london olymp@@ ics . +it 's called the cloud . +and the idea here is , imagine , again , we can invol@@ ve people in doing something and changing our environment -- almost to im@@ part what we call cloud raising -- like bar@@ n raising , but with a cloud . +imagine you can have everybody make a small don@@ ation for one pi@@ x@@ el . +and i think what is remarkable that has happened over the past couple of years is that , over the past couple of decades , we went from the physical world to the digital one . +this has been di@@ gi@@ ti@@ zing everything , knowledge , and making that acc@@ essi@@ ble through the internet . +now today , for the first time -- and the obama campaign showed us this -- we can go from the digital world , from the self-@@ organi@@ zing power of networks , to the physical one . +this can be , in our case , we want to use it for designing and doing a symbol . +that means something built in a city . +but tomorrow it can be , in order to t@@ ack@@ le today 's pres@@ sing challenges -- think about climate change or co2 emissions -- how we can go from the digital world to the physical one . +so the idea that we can actually invol@@ ve people in doing this thing together , colle@@ c@@ tively . +the cloud is a cloud , again , made of pi@@ x@@ els , in the same way as the real cloud is a cloud made of particles . +and those particles are water , where our cloud is a cloud of pi@@ x@@ els . +it 's a physical structure in london , but covered with pi@@ x@@ els . +you can move inside , have different types of experiences . +you can actually see from underneath , sharing the main moments for the olymp@@ ics in 20@@ 12 and beyond , and really using it as a way to connect with the community . +so both the physical cloud in the sky and something you can go to the top [ of ] , like london 's new moun@@ tain@@ top . +you can enter inside it . +and a kind of new digital be@@ ac@@ on for the night -- but most importantly , a new type of experience for anybody who will go to the top . +thank you . +as an artist , connection is very important to me . +through my work i 'm trying to artic@@ u@@ late that humans are not separate from nature and that everything is inter@@ connected . +i first went to ant@@ arc@@ tic@@ a almost 10 years ago , where i saw my first ic@@ e@@ ber@@ gs . +i was in a@@ we . +my heart beat fast , my head was di@@ zz@@ y , trying to com@@ pre@@ h@@ end what it was that stood in front of me . +the ic@@ e@@ ber@@ gs around me were almost 200 feet out of the water , and i could only help but wonder that this was one s@@ no@@ w@@ fla@@ ke on top of another s@@ no@@ w@@ fla@@ ke , year after year . +ic@@ e@@ ber@@ gs are born when they cal@@ ve off of gl@@ aci@@ ers or break off of ice shel@@ ves . +each ic@@ e@@ berg has its own individual person@@ ality . +they have a distin@@ ct way of inter@@ acting with their environment and their experiences . +some re@@ f@@ use to give up and hold on to the bit@@ ter end , while others can 't take it anymore and cru@@ m@@ ble in a fit of dra@@ matic passion . +it 's easy to think , when you look at an ic@@ e@@ berg , that they 're isol@@ ated , that they 're separate and alone , much like we as humans sometimes view ourselves . +but the reality is far from it . +as an ic@@ e@@ berg mel@@ ts , i am brea@@ thing in its ancient atmosphere . +as the ic@@ e@@ berg mel@@ ts , it is rele@@ asing miner@@ al-@@ rich fresh water that n@@ our@@ ish@@ es many forms of life . +i approach photograph@@ ing these ic@@ e@@ ber@@ gs as if i 'm making portra@@ its of my ancestors , knowing that in these individual moments they exist in that way and will never exist that way again . +it is not a death when they melt ; it is not an end , but a continu@@ ation of their path through the cycle of life . +some of the ice in the ic@@ e@@ ber@@ gs that i photograph is very young -- a couple thousand years old . +and some of the ice is over 100,000 years old . +the last pictures i 'd like to show you are of an ic@@ e@@ berg that i photograph@@ ed in q@@ e@@ q@@ et@@ ar@@ su@@ a@@ q , green@@ land . +it 's a very rare occasi@@ on that you get to actually wit@@ ness an ic@@ e@@ berg roll@@ ing . +so here it is . +you can see on the left side a small boat . +that 's about a 15@@ -@@ foot boat . +and i 'd like you to pay attention to the shape of the ic@@ e@@ berg and where it is at the water@@ line . +you can see here , it begins to roll , and the boat has moved to the other side , and the man is standing there . +this is an a@@ ver@@ a@@ ge-@@ size green@@ lan@@ di@@ c ic@@ e@@ berg . +it 's about 120 feet above the water , or 40 meters . +and this video is real time . +and just like that , the ic@@ e@@ berg shows you a different side of its person@@ ality . +thank you . +i have had the distin@@ ct bl@@ ess@@ ing in my life to have worked on a bunch of amazing projects . +but the cool@@ est i ever worked on was around this guy . +this guy 's name is temp@@ t . +temp@@ t was one of the fore@@ most gra@@ ff@@ iti artists in the 8@@ 0s . +and he came up home from a run one day and said , " dad , my legs are t@@ ing@@ ling . " +and that was the on@@ set of als . +so temp@@ t is now completely paraly@@ zed . +he only has use of his eyes . +i was ex@@ posed to him . +i have a company that does design and anima@@ tion , so obviously gra@@ ff@@ iti is definitely an intri@@ cate part of what we ad@@ mi@@ re and respect in the art world . +and so we decided that we were going to spon@@ sor tony , temp@@ t , and his cause . +so i went and met with his brother and father and said , " we 're going to give you this money . +what are you going to do with it ? " +and his brother said , " i just want to be able to talk to tony again . +i just want to be able to communicate with him and i said , " wait a second , isn 't that -- i 've seen ste@@ phen haw@@ king -- don 't all paraly@@ zed people have the ability to communicate via these devices ? " +and he said , " no , unless you 're in the upp@@ er ech@@ el@@ on and you 've got really amazing in@@ sur@@ ance , you can 't actually do that . +these devices aren 't acc@@ essi@@ ble to people . " +and i said , " well , how do you actually communicate ? " +has everyone seen the movie " the di@@ ving bell and the bu@@ tter@@ fly ? " +that 's how they communicate -- so run their finger along . +i said , " that 's arch@@ a@@ ic . how can that be ? " +so i showed up with the desire to just write a check , and instead , i wrote a check that i had no fre@@ a@@ king idea how i was going to c@@ ash . +i commit@@ ted to his brother and his father right then and there -- i 'm like , " all right , here 's the deal : tony 's going to speak , we 're going to get him a machine , and we 're going to figure out a way for him to do his art again . +because it 's a tra@@ v@@ est@@ y that someone who still has all of that in him isn 't able to communicate it . " +so i spoke at a conference a couple months after that . +i met these guys called gr@@ l , gra@@ ff@@ iti research lab , and they have a technology that allows them to project a light onto any surface and then , with a las@@ er poin@@ ter , draw on it , and it just regi@@ sters the negative space . +so they go around and do art instal@@ lations like this . +all the things that go up there , they said there 's a life cycle . +first it starts with the sexual organs , then it starts with c@@ uss words , then it was bush s@@ lan@@ ders and then people actually got to art . +but there was always a life cycle to their pres@@ ent@@ ations . +so i went home and was having dinner with my wife and was telling her about this , and we were like , " well wait a second . if we know that this technology exists where you can use your eyes to control things , why don 't we figure out a way for temp@@ t to control a las@@ er and he could do gra@@ f again ? well that would be a@@ wes@@ ome . " +so that started the journey . +and about two years later , about a year later , after a bunch of organization and a bunch of moving things around , we 'd ac@@ compli@@ shed a couple things . +one , we bat@@ ter@@ ed down the do@@ ors of the in@@ sur@@ ance companies , and we actually got temp@@ t a machine that let him communicate -- a ste@@ phen haw@@ king machine . +which was a@@ wes@@ ome . +and he 's seriously one of the fun@@ ni@@ est -- i call him yo@@ da , because you talk to the guy , you get an email from him , and you 're like , " i 'm not wor@@ thy . this guy 's so amazing . " +the other thing we did is we fle@@ w seven progra@@ mm@@ ers from all over the world -- literally every corner of the world -- into our house . +my wife and kids and i moved to our back garage , and these ha@@ ck@@ ers and progra@@ mm@@ ers and con@@ spi@@ ra@@ cy the@@ ori@@ sts and an@@ archi@@ sts took over our house . +a lot of our friends thought we were absolutely stupid to do that and that we were going to come back and all the pictures on the wall would be re@@ moved and gra@@ f on the walls . +but for over two weeks , we progra@@ mm@@ ed , we went to the ven@@ ice bo@@ ar@@ d@@ walk , my kids got involved , my dog got involved , and we created this . +this is called the e@@ ye@@ writer , and you can see the descri@@ ption . +this is a cheap pair of sun@@ glas@@ ses that we bought at the ven@@ ice beach bo@@ ar@@ d@@ walk , some cop@@ per wire and some stuff from home de@@ po@@ t and radio sha@@ ck . +we took a p@@ s@@ 3 camera , ha@@ cked it open , moun@@ ted it to an led light , and now there 's a device that is free -- you build this yourself , we publi@@ sh the code for free , you down@@ load the software for free . +and now we 've created a device that has absolutely no limit@@ ations . +there 's no in@@ sur@@ ance company that can say " no . " +there 's no hospital that can say " no . " +anybody who 's paraly@@ zed now has access to actually draw or communicate using only their eyes . +thank you . +thank you guys very much . that was a@@ wes@@ ome . +so at the end of the two weeks , we went back to temp@@ t 's room . +i love this picture , because this is someone else 's room and that 's his room . +so there 's all this hu@@ st@@ le and bu@@ st@@ le going on for the big un@@ v@@ ei@@ ling . +and after over a year of planning , two weeks of progra@@ mming , carb@@ -@@ fest and all@@ -@@ night s@@ essi@@ ons , tony dre@@ w again for the first time in seven years . +and this is an amazing picture , because this is his life support system , and he 's looking over his life support system . +we ki@@ cked his bed so that he could see out . +and we set up a proje@@ ctor on a wall out in the par@@ king lot outside of his hospital . +and he dre@@ w again for the first time , in front of his family and friends -- and you can only imagine what the feeling in the par@@ king lot was . +the funny thing was , we had to break into the par@@ king lot too , so we totally felt like we were leg@@ it in the whole gra@@ f scene too . +so at the end of this , he sent us an email , and this is what the email said : " that was the first time i 've dra@@ wn anything for seven years . +i feel like i had been held under@@ water , and someone finally reach@@ ed down and pulled my head up so i could brea@@ the . " +isn 't that a@@ wes@@ ome ? +so that 's kind of our battle c@@ ry . +that 's what kee@@ ps us going and kee@@ ps us developing . +and we 've got such a long way to go with this . +this is an amazing device , but it 's the equivalent of an et@@ ch a sk@@ et@@ ch . +and someone who has that kind of arti@@ stic potential deser@@ ves so much more . +so we 're in the process of trying to figure out how to make it better , faster , stron@@ ger . +since that time , we 've had all kinds of ac@@ knowle@@ d@@ gment . +we 've won a bunch of a@@ wards . +remember , it 's free ; none of us are making any money on this thing . +it 's all coming out of our own po@@ ckets . +so the a@@ wards were like , " oh , this is fantastic . " +arm@@ strong twi@@ tter@@ ed about us , and then in dec@@ ember , time magazine hon@@ or@@ ed us as one of the top 50 inven@@ tions of 2010 , which was really cool . +the cool@@ est thing about this -- and this is what 's comple@@ ting the whole circle -- is that in apri@@ l of this year , at the ge@@ ffen mo@@ ca in down@@ town los angeles , there 's going to be an exhi@@ bi@@ tion called " art of the streets . " +and " art of the streets " is going to have pretty much the b@@ ad@@ -@@ as@@ ses of the street art scene -- bank@@ sy , she@@ par@@ d fa@@ i@@ re@@ y , ka@@ ws -- all of these guys will be there . +temp@@ t 's going to be in the show , which is pretty a@@ wes@@ ome . +so basically this is my point : if you see something that 's not possible , make it possible . +everything in this room wasn 't possible -- this stage , this computer , this mic , the e@@ ye@@ writer -- wasn 't possible at one point . +make it possible , everyone in this room . +i 'm not a program@@ mer , never done anything with o@@ cular recogni@@ tion technology , but i just recogni@@ zed something and associated myself with amazing people so that we could make something happen . +and this is the question i want everyone to ask yourself every single day when you come up with something you feel that needs to be done : if not now , then when ? and if not me , then who ? +thank you guys . +you know , what i do is write for children , and i 'm probably america 's most wid@@ ely read children 's auth@@ or , in fact . +and i always tell people that i don 't want to show up looking like a scientist . +you can have me as a farmer , or in lea@@ thers , and no one has ever cho@@ se farmer . +i 'm here today to talk to you about cir@@ cles and epi@@ phan@@ ies . +and you know , an epi@@ ph@@ any is usually something you find that you dro@@ pped some@@ place . +you 've just got to go around the block to see it as an epi@@ ph@@ any . +that 's a painting of a circle . +a friend of mine did that -- richard b@@ oll@@ ing@@ broke . +it 's the kind of complicated circle that i 'm going to tell you about . +my circle began back in the ' 6@@ 0s in high school in sto@@ w , o@@ hi@@ o where i was the class que@@ er . +i was the guy be@@ aten up b@@ loo@@ dy every week in the boys ' room , until one teacher saved my life . +she saved my life by le@@ tting me go to the ba@@ th@@ room in the teachers ' lo@@ un@@ ge . +she did it in secret . +she did it for three years . +and i had to get out of town . +i had a th@@ um@@ b , i had 85 dollars , and i ended up in san francisco , california -- met a lo@@ ver -- and back in the ' 8@@ 0s , found it necessary to begin work on aids organizations . +about three or four years ago , i got a phone call in the middle of the night from that teacher , mr@@ s. po@@ sten , who said , " i need to see you . +i 'm dis@@ ap@@ poin@@ ted that we never got to know each other as adults . +could you please come to o@@ hi@@ o , and please bring that man that i know you have found by now . +and i should mention that i have pan@@ crea@@ tic cancer , and i 'd like you to please be quick about this . " +well , the next day we were in cle@@ vel@@ and . +we took a look at her , we laugh@@ ed , we cri@@ ed , and we knew that she needed to be in a ho@@ spi@@ ce . +we found her one , we got her there , and we took care of her and watched over her family , because it was necessary . +it 's something we knew how to do . +and just as the woman who wanted to know me as an adult got to know me , she turned into a box of as@@ hes and was placed in my hands . +and what had happened was the circle had closed , it had become a circle -- and that epi@@ ph@@ any i talked about pres@@ ented itself . +the epi@@ ph@@ any is that death is a part of life . +she saved my life ; i and my partner saved her@@ s . +and you know , that part of life needs everything that the rest of life does . +it needs truth and beauty , and i 'm so happy it 's been mentioned so much here today . +it also needs -- it needs dig@@ ni@@ ty , love and pleasure , and it 's our job to hand those things out . +thank you . +imagine a big explosion as you clim@@ b through 3,000 ft . +imagine a plane full of smo@@ ke . +imagine an engine going cl@@ ack , cl@@ ack , cl@@ ack , cl@@ ack , cl@@ ack , cl@@ ack , cl@@ ack . +it sounds sc@@ ary . +well i had a unique seat that day . i was sitting in 1@@ d . +i was the only one who could talk to the flight atten@@ dan@@ ts . +so i looked at them right away , and they said , " no problem . we probably hit some birds . " +the pilot had already turned the plane around , and we weren 't that far . +you could see manhattan . +two minutes later , three things happened at the same time . +the pilot lines up the plane with the hu@@ d@@ son river . +that 's usually not the rou@@ te . +he turns off the eng@@ ines . +now imagine being in a plane with no sound . +and then he says three words -- the most un@@ emotional three words i 've ever heard . +he says , " bra@@ ce for impact . " +i didn 't have to talk to the flight atten@@ d@@ ant anymore . +i could see in her eyes , it was ter@@ ror . life was over . +now i want to share with you three things i learned about myself that day . +i learned that it all changes in an inst@@ ant . +we have this bu@@ cket list , we have these things we want to do in life , and i thought about all the people i wanted to reach out to that i didn 't , all the f@@ ences i wanted to men@@ d , all the experiences i wanted to have and i never did . +as i thought about that later on , i came up with a saying , which is , " i collect bad win@@ es . " +because if the wine is ready and the person is there , i 'm opening it . +i no longer want to post@@ po@@ ne anything in life . +and that ur@@ gen@@ cy , that purpose , has really changed my life . +the second thing i learned that day -- and this is as we clear the george washington bridge , which was by not a lot -- i thought about , wow , i really feel one real re@@ gre@@ t . +i 've lived a good life . +in my own humanity and mistakes , i 've tried to get better at everything i tried . +but in my humanity , i also allow my e@@ go to get in . +and i re@@ gre@@ tt@@ ed the time i wa@@ sted on things that did not matter with people that matter . +and i thought about my relationship with my wife , with my friends , with people . +and after , as i refle@@ cted on that , i decided to elimin@@ ate negative energy from my life . +it 's not perfect , but it 's a lot better . +i 've not had a fight with my wife in two years . +it feels great . +i no longer try to be right ; i choose to be happy . +the third thing i learned -- and this is as your mental clock starts going , " 15 , 14 , 13 . " +you can see the water coming . +i 'm saying , " please b@@ low up . " +i don 't want this thing to break in 20 pieces like you 've seen in those docum@@ ent@@ aries . +and as we 're coming down , i had a sense of , wow , dying is not sc@@ ary . +it 's almost like we 've been prepar@@ ing for it our whole lives . +but it was very sad . +i didn 't want to go ; i love my life . +and that sa@@ dness really fra@@ med in one thought , which is , i only wish for one thing . +i only wish i could see my kids grow up . +about a month later , i was at a performance by my daughter -- fir@@ st-@@ gra@@ der , not much arti@@ stic talent ... +... yet . +and i 'm ba@@ w@@ ling , i 'm cr@@ ying , like a little kid . +and it made all the sense in the world to me . +i realized at that point , by conne@@ cting those two dots , that the only thing that matters in my life is being a great dad . +above all , above all , the only goal i have in life is to be a good dad . +i was given the gift of a mira@@ cle , of not dying that day . +i was given another gift , which was to be able to see into the future and come back and live differently . +i challenge you guys that are flying today , imagine the same thing happens on your plane -- and please don 't -- but imagine , and how would you change ? +what would you get done that you 're waiting to get done because you think you 'll be here forever ? +how would you change your relationships and the negative energy in them ? +and more than anything , are you being the best par@@ ent you can ? +thank you . +the idea behind the stu@@ x@@ net computer wor@@ m is actually quite simple . +we don 't want iran to get the bom@@ b . +their major as@@ set for developing nuclear weapons is the nat@@ anz ur@@ ani@@ um en@@ rich@@ ment facili@@ ty . +the gra@@ y bo@@ xes that you see , these are re@@ al-@@ time control systems . +now if we manage to com@@ promise these systems that control drive spee@@ ds and val@@ ves , we can actually cause a lot of problems with the cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge . +the gra@@ y bo@@ xes don 't run windows software ; they are a completely different technology . +but if we manage to place a good windows virus on a not@@ e@@ book that is used by a ma@@ inten@@ ance engineer to con@@ figure this gra@@ y box , then we are in business . +and this is the p@@ lot behind stu@@ x@@ net . +so we start with a windows dro@@ pp@@ er . +the pay@@ load goes onto the gra@@ y box , dama@@ ges the cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge , and the ir@@ ani@@ an nuclear program is del@@ a@@ yed -- mission ac@@ compli@@ shed . +that 's easy , hu@@ h ? +i want to tell you how we found that out . +when we started our research on stu@@ x@@ net six months ago , it was completely un@@ known what the purpose of this thing was . +the only thing that was known is it 's very , very complex on the windows part , the dro@@ pp@@ er part , used multiple zer@@ o-@@ day vulner@@ abilities . +and it seemed to want to do something with these gra@@ y bo@@ xes , these re@@ al-@@ time control systems . +so that got our attention , and we started a lab project where we infe@@ cted our environment with stu@@ x@@ net and che@@ cked this thing out . +and then some very funny things happened . +stu@@ x@@ net beha@@ ved like a lab rat that didn 't like our che@@ ese -- s@@ ni@@ ff@@ ed , but didn 't want to eat . +didn 't make sense to me . +and after we experim@@ ented with different fla@@ vor@@ s of che@@ ese , i realized , well , this is a direc@@ ted attack . +it 's completely direc@@ ted . +the dro@@ pp@@ er is pro@@ w@@ ling ac@@ tively on the gra@@ y box if a specific con@@ figu@@ ration is found , and even if the actual program code that it 's trying to infe@@ ct is actually running on that target . +and if not , stu@@ x@@ net does nothing . +so that really got my attention , and we started to work on this nearly around the clock , because i thought , " well , we don 't know what the target is . +it could be , let 's say for example , a u.s. power plant , or a chemical plant in germany . +so we better find out what the target is soon . " +so we extra@@ cted and de@@ comp@@ iled the attack code , and we discovered that it 's struc@@ tured in two digital bom@@ bs -- a smaller one and a bigger one . +and we also saw that they are very profession@@ ally engine@@ ered by people who obviously had all insi@@ der information . +they knew all the bits and bit@@ es that they had to attack . +they probably even know the sho@@ e size of the oper@@ ator . +so they know everything . +and if you have heard that the dro@@ pp@@ er of stu@@ x@@ net is complex and high-@@ tech , let me tell you this : the pay@@ load is ro@@ cket science . +it 's way above everything that we have ever seen before . +here you see a sam@@ ple of this actual attack code . +we are talking about -- around about 15@@ ,000 lines of code . +looks pretty much like ol@@ d-@@ style assem@@ bly language . +and i want to tell you how we were able to make sense out of this code . +so what we were looking for is , first of all , system function calls , because we know what they do . +and then we were looking for ti@@ mers and data structures and trying to rel@@ ate them to the real world -- to potential real world tar@@ gets . +so we do need target theor@@ ies that we can prove or dis@@ prove . +in order to get target theor@@ ies , we remember that it 's definitely hard@@ core s@@ ab@@ ot@@ age , it must be a high-@@ value target and it is most likely lo@@ cated in iran , because that 's where most of the infe@@ ctions had been repor@@ ted . +now you don 't find several thousand tar@@ gets in that area . +it basically bo@@ ils down to the bus@@ he@@ hr nuclear power plant and to the nat@@ anz fuel en@@ rich@@ ment plant . +so i told my assi@@ stant , " get me a list of all cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge and power plant experts from our cli@@ ent base . " +and i ph@@ oned them up and picked their brain in an effort to match their exper@@ ti@@ se with what we found in code and data . +and that worked pretty well . +so we were able to associ@@ ate the small digital war@@ head with the ro@@ tor control . +the ro@@ tor is that moving part within the cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge , that black object that you see . +and if you manipu@@ late the speed of this ro@@ tor , you are actually able to cra@@ ck the ro@@ tor and eventually even have the cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ge explo@@ de . +what we also saw is that the goal of the attack was really to do it slowly and cre@@ ep@@ y -- obviously in an effort to drive ma@@ inten@@ ance engineers crazy , that they would not be able to figure this out quickly . +the big digital war@@ head -- we had a shot at this by looking very clo@@ sely at data and data structures . +so for example , the number 16@@ 4 really stands out in that code ; you can 't over@@ look it . +i started to research scientific liter@@ ature on how these cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ges are actually built in nat@@ anz and found they are struc@@ tured in what is called a cas@@ ca@@ de , and each cas@@ ca@@ de hol@@ ds 16@@ 4 cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ges . +so that made sense , that was a match . +and it even got better . +these cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ges in iran are sub@@ divi@@ ded into 15 , what is called , st@@ ages . +and guess what we found in the attack code ? +an almost iden@@ tical structure . +so again , that was a real good match . +and this gave us very high confidence for what we were looking at . +now don 't get me wrong here , it didn 't go like this . +these results have been ob@@ tain@@ ed over several weeks of really hard labor . +and we often went into just a dead end and had to re@@ cover . +anyway , so we figured out that both digital war@@ heads were actually a@@ im@@ ing at one and the same target , but from different an@@ gles . +the small war@@ head is taking one cas@@ ca@@ de , and sp@@ inning up the ro@@ tors and slo@@ wing them down , and the big war@@ head is talking to six cas@@ ca@@ des and mani@@ pul@@ ating val@@ ves . +so in all , we are very confi@@ dent that we have actually determin@@ ed what the target is . +it is nat@@ anz , and it is only nat@@ anz . +so we don 't have to worry that other tar@@ gets might be hit by stu@@ x@@ net . +here 's some very cool stuff that we saw -- really kno@@ cked my so@@ cks off . +down there is the gra@@ y box , and on the top you see the cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ges . +now what this thing does is it inter@@ cep@@ ts the input values from sensor@@ s -- so for example , from pressure sensor@@ s and vi@@ bra@@ tion sensor@@ s -- and it provi@@ des legi@@ ti@@ mate program code , which is still running during the attack , with fa@@ ke input data . +and as a matter of fact , this fa@@ ke input data is actually pr@@ er@@ e@@ cor@@ ded by stu@@ x@@ net . +so it 's just like from the hollywood movies where during the hei@@ st , the obser@@ vation camera is f@@ ed with pr@@ er@@ e@@ cor@@ ded video . +that 's cool , hu@@ h ? +the idea here is obviously not only to fo@@ ol the oper@@ ators in the control room . +it actually is much more dangerous and ag@@ gressi@@ ve . +the idea is to circum@@ vent a digital safety system . +we need digital safety systems where a human oper@@ ator could not act quick enough . +so for example , in a power plant , when your big ste@@ am tur@@ bine gets too over speed , you must open re@@ lief val@@ ves within a milli@@ second . +obviously , this cannot be done by a human oper@@ ator . +so this is where we need digital safety systems . +and when they are com@@ promis@@ ed , then real bad things can happen . +your plant can b@@ low up . +and nei@@ ther your oper@@ ators nor your safety system will notice it . +that 's sc@@ ary . +but it gets worse . +and this is very important , what i 'm going to say . +think about this : this attack is gener@@ ic . +it doesn 't have anything to do , in speci@@ fi@@ cs , with cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ges , with ur@@ ani@@ um en@@ rich@@ ment . +so it would work as well , for example , in a power plant or in an automo@@ bile factory . +it is gener@@ ic . +and you don 't have -- as an attac@@ ker -- you don 't have to deliver this pay@@ load by a us@@ b stick , as we saw it in the case of stu@@ x@@ net . +you could also use conven@@ tional wor@@ m technology for spre@@ ading . +just spread it as wide as possible . +and if you do that , what you end up with is a cy@@ ber wea@@ pon of mass destruction . +that 's the con@@ sequence that we have to face . +so unfortunately , the biggest number of tar@@ gets for such attac@@ ks are not in the middle east . +they 're in the united states and europe and in japan . +so all of the green areas , these are your tar@@ ge@@ t-@@ rich environments . +we have to face the consequences , and we better start to pre@@ p@@ are right now . +thanks . +i 've got a question . +r@@ al@@ ph , it 's been quite wid@@ ely repor@@ ted that people assu@@ me that mo@@ s@@ sad is the main enti@@ ty behind this . +is that your opini@@ on ? +okay , you really want to hear that ? +yeah . okay . +my opini@@ on is that the mo@@ s@@ sad is involved , but that the leading force is not israel . +so the leading force behind that is the cy@@ ber super@@ power . +there is only one , and that 's the united states -- fortunately , fortunately . +because otherwise , our problems would even be bigger . +thank you for sc@@ aring the living da@@ y@@ lights out of us . thank you , r@@ al@@ ph . +i have spent the past few years putting myself into situations that are usually very difficult and at the same time some@@ what dangerous . +i went to prison -- difficult . +i worked in a coal mine -- dangerous . +i fil@@ med in war z@@ ones -- difficult and dangerous . +and i spent 30 days eating nothing but this -- fun in the beginning , little difficult in the middle , very dangerous in the end . +in fact , most of my career , i 've been immer@@ sing myself into seem@@ ingly horri@@ ble situations for the whole goal of trying to exam@@ ine socie@@ tal issues in a way that make them eng@@ aging , that make them interesting , that hopefully break them down in a way that make them entertain@@ ing and acc@@ essi@@ ble to an audience . +so when i knew i was coming here to do a ted talk that was going to look at the world of brand@@ ing and spon@@ sor@@ ship , i knew i would want to do something a little different . +so as some of you may or may not have heard , a couple weeks ago , i took out an ad on e@@ bay . +i sent out some facebook mes@@ sages , some twitter mes@@ sages , and i gave people the opportunity to buy the nam@@ ing rights to my 2011 ted talk . +that 's right , some lucky individual , corpo@@ ration , for@@ -@@ profit or non-@@ profit , was going to get the on@@ ce-@@ in-@@ a-@@ lifetime opportunity -- because i 'm sure chris ander@@ son will never let it happen again -- to buy the nam@@ ing rights to the talk you 're watching right now , that at the time didn 't have a ti@@ tle , didn 't really have a lot of content and didn 't really give much hin@@ t as to what the subject matter would actually be . +so what you were getting was this : your name here pres@@ ents : my ted talk that you have no idea what the subject is and , depen@@ ding on the content , could ultimately b@@ low up in your face , especially if i make you or your company look stupid for doing it . +but that being said , it 's a very good media opportunity . +you know how many people watch these ted talks ? +it 's a lot . +that 's just a working ti@@ tle , by the way . +so even with that ca@@ ve@@ at , i knew that someone would buy the nam@@ ing rights . +now if you 'd have asked me that a year ago , i wouldn 't have been able to tell you that with any certain@@ ty . +but in the new project that i 'm working on , my new film , we exam@@ ine the world of marketing , adverti@@ sing . +and as i said earlier , i put myself in some pretty horri@@ ble situations over the years , but nothing could pre@@ p@@ are me , nothing could ready me , for anything as difficult or as dangerous as going into the rooms with these guys . +you see , i had this idea for a movie . +what i want to do is make a film all about product plac@@ ement , marketing and adverti@@ sing , where the entire film is fund@@ ed by product plac@@ ement , marketing and adverti@@ sing . +so the movie will be called " the greatest movie ever sold . " +so what happens in " the greatest movie ever sold , " is that everything from top to bottom , from start to finish , is brand@@ ed from beginning to end -- from the abo@@ ve-@@ the-@@ ti@@ tle spon@@ sor that you 'll see in the movie , which is brand x . +now this brand , the qu@@ al@@ com@@ m sta@@ dium , the sta@@ ples center ... +these people will be married to the film in per@@ pe@@ tu@@ ity -- forever . +and so the film explor@@ es this whole idea -- it 's what ? in per@@ pe@@ tu@@ ity , forever ? +i 'm a red@@ und@@ ant person . +that was more for em@@ ph@@ as@@ is . +it was , " in per@@ pe@@ tu@@ ity . forever . " +but not only are we going to have the brand x ti@@ tle spon@@ sor , but we 're going to make sure we sell out every categ@@ ory we can in the film . +so maybe we sell a sho@@ e and it becomes the greatest sho@@ e you ever wor@@ e ... +the greatest car you ever dro@@ ve from " the greatest movie ever sold , " the greatest drink you 've ever had , cour@@ tes@@ y of " the greatest movie ever sold . " +so the idea is , beyond just showing that br@@ ands are a part of your life , but actually get them to fin@@ ance the film ? +and actually we show the whole process of how does it work . +the goal of this whole film is transpar@@ ency . +you 're going to see the whole thing take place in this movie . +so that 's the whole concept , the whole film , start to finish . +and i would love for ce@@ g to help make it happen . +you know it 's funny , because when i first hear it , it is the ulti@@ mate respect for an audience . +i don 't know how re@@ cep@@ tive people are going to be to it , though . +do you have a perspective -- i don 't want to use " angle " because that has a negative con@@ not@@ ation -- but do you know how this is going to play out ? +how much money does it take to do this ? +1.@@ 5 million . +i think that you 're going to have a hard time meeting with them , but i think it 's certainly worth pur@@ su@@ ing a couple big , really obvious br@@ ands . +who knows , maybe by the time your film comes out , we look like a bunch of bli@@ ther@@ ing i@@ di@@ ots . +what do you think the response is going to be ? +the respon@@ ses mostly will be " no . " +but is it a tough sell because of the film or a tough sell because of me ? +j@@ k : both . +... meaning not so optimi@@ stic . +so , sir , can you help me ? i need help . +i can help you . +okay . +a@@ wes@@ ome . +we 've got@@ ta figure out which br@@ ands . +yeah . +when you look at the people you deal with .. +we 've got some places we can go . +turn the camera off . +i thought " turn the camera off " meant , " let 's have an off@@ -@@ the-@@ record conversation . " +turns out it really means , " we want nothing to do with your movie . " +and just like that , one by one , all of these companies suddenly disappe@@ ared . +none of them wanted anything to do with this movie . +i was ama@@ zed . +they wanted absolutely nothing to do with this project . +and i was blo@@ wn away , because i thought the whole concept , the idea of adverti@@ sing , was to get your product out in front of as many people as possible , to get as many people to see it as possible . +especially in today 's world , this inter@@ section of new media and old media and the fra@@ c@@ tured media landscape , isn 't the idea to get that new bu@@ zz@@ -@@ wor@@ thy deli@@ very vehicle that 's going to get that message to the mas@@ ses ? +no , that 's what i thought . +but the problem was , you see , my idea had one f@@ at@@ al fla@@ w , and that fla@@ w was this . +actually no , that was not the fla@@ w what@@ so@@ ever . +that wouldn 't have been a problem at all . +this would have been fine . +but what this image represents was the problem . +see , when you do a google image search for transpar@@ ency , this is -@@ -- this is one of the first images that comes up . +so i like the way you roll , ser@@ ge@@ y br@@ in . no . +this is was the problem : transpar@@ ency -- free from pre@@ ten@@ se or dec@@ eit ; easily dete@@ cted or seen through ; re@@ adi@@ ly understood ; characteri@@ zed by visi@@ bility or acc@@ essi@@ bility of information , especially concern@@ ing business practic@@ es -- that last line being probably the biggest problem . +you see , we hear a lot about transpar@@ ency these days . +our politicians say it , our president says it , even our ce@@ o 's say it . +but suddenly when it comes down to becoming a reality , something suddenly changes . +but why ? well , transpar@@ ency is sc@@ ary -- like that od@@ d , still@@ -@@ scre@@ aming bear . +it 's un@@ predic@@ table -- like this od@@ d country road . +and it 's also very ris@@ ky . +what else is ris@@ ky ? +eating an entire bow@@ l of cool whi@@ p . +that 's very ris@@ ky . +now when i started talking to companies and telling them that we wanted to tell this story , and they said , " no , we want you to tell a story . +we want you to tell a story , but we just want to tell our story . " +see , when i was a kid and my father would catch me in some sort of a lie -- and there he is giving me the look he often gave me -- he would say , " son , there 's three sides to every story . +there 's your story , there 's my story and there 's the real story . " +now you see , with this film , we wanted to tell the real story . +but with only one company , one agen@@ cy willing to help me -- and that 's only because i knew john bon@@ d and richard kir@@ sh@@ en@@ baum for years -- i realized that i would have to go on my own , i 'd have to cut out the midd@@ le@@ man and go to the companies myself with all of my team . +so what you suddenly started to realize -- or what i started to realize -- is that when you started having conver@@ sa@@ tions with these companies , the idea of understanding your brand is a universal problem . +i have friends who make great big , giant hollywood films , and i have friends who make little independent films like i make . +and the friends of mine who make big , giant hollywood movies say the reason their films are so successful is because of the brand part@@ ners that they have . +and then my friends who make small independent films say , " well , how are we supposed to compe@@ te with these big , giant hollywood movies ? " +and the movie is called " the greatest movie ever sold . " +so how specifically will we see ban in the film ? +any time i 'm ready to go , any time i open up my medicine cab@@ in@@ et , you will see ban de@@ o@@ dor@@ ant . +while any@@ time i do an interview with someone , i can say , " are you fresh enough for this interview ? +are you ready ? you look a little nervous . +i want to help you cal@@ m down . +so maybe you should put some one before the interview . " +so we 'll offer one of these fab@@ ul@@ ous sc@@ ents . +whether it 's a " fl@@ oral fusion " or a " par@@ ad@@ ise win@@ ds , " they 'll have their chance . +we will have them ge@@ ared for both male or female -- soli@@ d , roll@@ -@@ on or stick , whatever it may be . +that 's the two-@@ cent tour . +so now i can answer any of your questions and give you the five-@@ cent tour . +we are a smaller brand . +much like you talked about being a smaller movie , we 're very much a challen@@ ger brand . +so we don 't have the bud@@ gets that other br@@ ands have . +so doing things like this -- you know , re@@ mind people about ban -- is kind of why were interested in it . +what are the words that you would use to describe ban ? +ban is blan@@ k . +that 's a great question . +super@@ ior technology . +technology 's not the way you want to describe something somebody 's putting in their ar@@ mp@@ it . +we talk about b@@ old , fresh . +i think " fresh " is a great word that really sp@@ ins this categ@@ ory into the positive , versus " fi@@ ghts od@@ or and we@@ t@@ ness . " +it kee@@ ps you fresh . +how do we keep you fres@@ her longer -- better fres@@ hn@@ ess , more fres@@ hn@@ ess , three times fres@@ her . +things like that that are more of that positive benefit . +and that 's a multi-@@ million dollar corpo@@ ration . +what about me ? what about a regular guy ? +i need to go talk to the man on the street , the people who are like me , the regular jo@@ es . +they need to tell me about my brand . +how would you guys describe your brand ? +um , my brand ? +i don 't know . +i like really nice clo@@ th@@ es . +80 's re@@ vi@@ val me@@ ets sk@@ at@@ er-@@ pun@@ k , unless it 's laun@@ dry day . +all right , what is brand ger@@ ry ? +unique . +i guess what kind of gen@@ re , style i am would be like dark glam@@ or . +i like a lot of black colors , a lot of gra@@ ys and stuff like that . +but usually i have an ac@@ cess@@ ory , like sun@@ glas@@ ses , or i like cr@@ y@@ st@@ al and things like that too . +if dan were a brand , he might be a classi@@ c conver@@ ti@@ ble mer@@ ce@@ des ben@@ z . +the brand that i am is , i would call it cas@@ ual fly . +part hi@@ pp@@ ie , part yo@@ g@@ i , part broo@@ kl@@ yn girl -- i don 't know . +i 'm the pet guy . +i sell pet to@@ ys all over the country , all over the world . +so i guess that 's my brand . +in my war@@ ped little industry , that 's my brand . +my brand is fe@@ de@@ x because i deliver the goods . +failed wri@@ ter-@@ al@@ co@@ ho@@ lic brand . +is that something ? +i 'm a law@@ yer brand . +i 'm tom . +well we can 't all be brand tom , but i do often find myself at the inter@@ section of dark glam@@ or and cas@@ ual fly . +and what i realized is i needed an exper@@ t . +i needed somebody who could get inside my head , somebody who could really help me understand what they call your " brand person@@ ality . " +and so i found a company called ol@@ son z@@ alt@@ man in pit@@ ts@@ bur@@ g . +they 've helped companies like ne@@ st@@ le , fe@@ bre@@ ze , hall@@ mark discover that brand person@@ ality . +if they could do it for them , sur@@ ely they could do it for me . +you brought your pictures , right ? +i did . the very first picture is a picture of my family . +so tell me a little bit how it rel@@ ates to your thoughts and feelings about who you are . +these are the people who shape the way i look at the world . +tell me about this world . +this world ? i think your world is the world that you live in -- like people who are around you , your friends , your family , the way you live your life , the job you do . +all those things ste@@ mm@@ ed and started from one place , and for me they ste@@ mm@@ ed and started with my family in west virg@@ ini@@ a . +what 's the next one you want to talk about ? +the next one : this was the best day ever . +how does this rel@@ ate to your thoughts and feelings about who you are ? +it 's like , who do i want to be ? +i like things that are different . +i like things that are weird . i like weird things . +tell me about the " why " phase -- what does that do for us ? +what is the ma@@ che@@ te ? what pu@@ pa stage are you in now ? +why is it important to re@@ boot ? what does the red represent ? +tell me a little bit about that part . +... a little more about you that is not who you are . +what are some other me@@ tam@@ or@@ pho@@ ses that you 've had ? +... doesn 't have to be fear . what kind of roll@@ er co@@ aster are you on ? +ee@@ ee@@ e@@ e ! no , thank you . +thanks for you pati@@ ence . +yeah . all right . +yeah , i don 't know what 's going to come of this . +there was a whole lot of crazy going on in there . +the first thing we saw was this idea that you had two distin@@ ct , but comple@@ ment@@ ary sides to your brand person@@ ality -- the mor@@ gan sp@@ ur@@ lock brand is a min@@ d@@ ful / play brand . +those are ju@@ x@@ ta@@ posed very ni@@ c@@ ely together . +and i think there 's almost a parado@@ x with those . +and i think some companies will just focus on one of their streng@@ ths or the other instead of foc@@ using on both . +most companies tend to -- and it 's human nature -- to avoid things that they 're not sure of , avoid fear , those elements , and you really embra@@ ce those , and you actually turn them into posi@@ tives for you , and it 's a ne@@ at thing to see . +what other br@@ ands are like that ? +the first on here is the classi@@ c , apple . +and you can see here too , target , wi@@ i , min@@ i from the min@@ i co@@ op@@ ers , and je@@ t@@ blue . +now there 's play@@ ful br@@ ands and min@@ d@@ ful br@@ ands , those things that have come and gone , but a play@@ ful , min@@ d@@ ful brand is a pretty powerful thing . +a play@@ ful , min@@ d@@ ful brand . what is your brand ? +if somebody asked you to describe your brand identity , your brand person@@ ality , what would you be ? +are you an up at@@ tribu@@ te ? are you something that gets the blood flo@@ wing ? +or are you more of a down at@@ tribu@@ te ? +are you something that 's a little more cal@@ m , reser@@ ved , conser@@ va@@ tive ? +up at@@ tribu@@ tes are things like being play@@ ful , being fresh like the fresh prin@@ ce , con@@ temporary , ad@@ vent@@ ur@@ ous , ed@@ g@@ y or dar@@ ing like er@@ ro@@ l fl@@ yn@@ n , ni@@ m@@ ble or agi@@ le , pro@@ fan@@ e , dom@@ ine@@ ering , ma@@ gical or my@@ sti@@ cal like gand@@ al@@ f . +or are you more of a down at@@ tribu@@ te ? +are you min@@ d@@ ful , sophisti@@ cated like 00@@ 7 ? +are you establi@@ shed , traditional , nur@@ turing , prote@@ ctive , em@@ pa@@ thetic like the op@@ ra@@ h ? +are you reli@@ able , stable , familiar , safe , sec@@ ure , sac@@ red , con@@ temp@@ la@@ tive or wise like the d@@ al@@ ai lam@@ a or yo@@ da ? +over the course of this film , we had 50@@ 0-@@ plus companies who were up and down companies saying , " no , " they didn 't want any part of this project . +they wanted nothing to do with this film , main@@ ly because they would have no control , they would have no control over the final product . +but we did get 17 brand part@@ ners who were willing to rel@@ in@@ qu@@ ish that control , who wanted to be in business with someone as min@@ d@@ ful and as play@@ ful as myself and who ultimately em@@ powered us to tell stories that normally we wouldn 't be able to tell -- stories that an adverti@@ ser would normally never get behind . +they en@@ ab@@ led us to tell the story about neuro@@ marketing , as we got into telling the story in this film about how now they 're using mr@@ i 's to target the desire centers of your brain for both commer@@ ci@@ als as well as movie marketing . +we went to san pau@@ l@@ o where they have ban@@ ned out@@ door adverti@@ sing . +in the entire city for the past five years , there 's no bil@@ l@@ bo@@ ards , there 's no po@@ sters , there 's no fli@@ ers , nothing . +and we went to school distri@@ cts where now companies are making their way into cas@@ h-@@ stra@@ pped schools all across america . +what 's incredible for me is the projects that i 've gotten the most feedback out of , or i 've had the most success in , are ones where i 've inter@@ ac@@ ted with things directly . +and that 's what these br@@ ands did . +they cut out the midd@@ le@@ man , they cut out their agen@@ cies and said , " maybe these agen@@ cies don 't have my best interest in mind . +i 'm going to deal directly with the artist . +i 'm going to work with him to create something different , something that 's going to get people thinking , that 's going to challenge the way we look at the world . " +and how has that been for them ? has it been successful ? +well , since the film pre@@ mi@@ ered at the s@@ und@@ ance film festi@@ val , let 's take a look . +according to bur@@ r@@ elles , the movie pre@@ mi@@ ered in janu@@ ary , and since then -- and this isn 't even the whole thing -- we 've had 9@@ 00 million media impres@@ sions for this film . +that 's literally co@@ vering just like a two and a hal@@ f-@@ week period . +that 's only online -- no print , no tv . +the film hasn 't even been distribu@@ ted yet . +it 's not even online . it 's not even stre@@ aming . +it 's not even been out into other foreign countries yet . +so ultimately , this film has already started to gain a lot of moment@@ um . +and not bad for a project that almost every ad agen@@ cy we talked to ad@@ vis@@ ed their cli@@ ents not to take part . +what i always believe is that if you take chan@@ ces , if you take risks , that in those risks will come opportunity . +i believe that when you push people away from that , you 're pus@@ hing them more towards failure . +i believe that when you train your employees to be risk a@@ verse , then you 're prepar@@ ing your whole company to be reward challen@@ ged . +i feel like that what has to happen moving forward is we need to encoura@@ ge people to take risks . +we need to encoura@@ ge people to not be afraid of opportunities that may sc@@ are them . +ultimately , moving forward , i think we have to embra@@ ce fear . +we 've got to put that bear in a c@@ age . +embra@@ ce fear . embra@@ ce risk . +one big spo@@ on@@ ful at a time , we have to embra@@ ce risk . +and ultimately , we have to embra@@ ce transpar@@ ency . +today , more than ever , a little hon@@ est@@ y is going to go a long way . +and that being said , through hon@@ est@@ y and transpar@@ ency , my entire talk , " embra@@ ce transpar@@ ency , " has been brought to you by my good friends at em@@ c , who for $ 7@@ ,@@ 100 bought the nam@@ ing rights on e@@ bay . +turning big data into big opportunity for organizations all over the world . +em@@ c pres@@ ents : " embra@@ ce transpar@@ ency . " +thank you very much , guys . +so , mor@@ gan , in the name of transpar@@ ency , what exactly happened to that $ 7@@ ,@@ 100 ? +that is a fantastic question . +i have in my po@@ cket a check made out to the par@@ ent organization to the ted organization , the sa@@ pl@@ ing foundation -- a check for $ 7@@ ,@@ 100 to be applied toward my atten@@ dance for next year 's ted . +my name is am@@ it . +and 18 months ago , i had another job at google , and i pit@@ ched this idea of doing something with muse@@ ums and art to my bo@@ ss who 's actually here , and she allowed me to do it . +and it took 18 months . +a lot of fun , negoti@@ ations and stories , i can tell you , with 17 very interesting muse@@ ums from nine countries . +but i 'm going to focus on the dem@@ o . +there are a lot of stories about why we did this . +i think my personal story is expla@@ ined very simply on the slide , and it 's access . +and i grew up in india . +i had a great education -- i 'm not com@@ pla@@ ining -- but i didn 't have access to a lot of these muse@@ ums and these art@@ works . +and so when i started travel@@ ing and going to these muse@@ ums , i started learning a lot . +and while working at google , i tried to put this desire to make it more acc@@ essi@@ ble with technology together . +so we formed a team , a great team of people , and we started doing this . +i 'm going to probably get into the dem@@ o and then tell you a couple of the interesting things we 've had since laun@@ ch . +so , simple : you come to goog@@ lear@@ t@@ proje@@ ct@@ .com . +you look around at all these muse@@ ums here . +you 've got the u@@ ff@@ i@@ z@@ i , you 've got the mom@@ a , the her@@ mit@@ age , the ri@@ j@@ ks , the van go@@ gh . +i 'm going to actually get to one of my favor@@ ites , the me@@ tro@@ poli@@ tan museum of art in new york . +two ways of going in -- very simple . +click and , bang , you 're in this museum . +it doesn 't matter where you are -- bom@@ bay , mexico , it doesn 't really matter . +you move around , you have fun . +you want to navi@@ gate around the museum ? +open the plan up , and , in one click , jump . +you 're in there , you want to go to the end of the cor@@ ri@@ d@@ or . +keep going . have fun . +explore . +thanks . i haven 't come to the best part . +so now i 'm in front of one of my favorite pain@@ t@@ ings , " the harv@@ est@@ ers " by pie@@ ter bru@@ e@@ gel at the met . +i see this plus sign . +if the museum has given us the image , you click on it . +now this is one of the images . +so this is all of the meta@@ -@@ data information . +for those of you who are truly interested in art , you can click this -- but i 'm going to click this off right now . +and this is one of these images that we cap@@ tured in what we call gi@@ g@@ ap@@ i@@ x@@ el technology . +so this image , for example , has close to , i think , around 10 billion pi@@ x@@ els . +and i get a lot of people asking me : " what do you get for 10 billion pi@@ x@@ els ? " +so i 'm going to try and show you what you really get for 10 billion pi@@ x@@ els . +you can zo@@ om around very simply . +you see some fun stuff happening here . +i love this guy ; his expression is pri@@ c@@ eless . +but then you really want to go deep . +and so i started playing around , and i found something going on over here . +and i was like , " hold on . that sounds interesting . " +went in , and i started notic@@ ing that these kids were actually be@@ ating something . +i did a little research , spoke to a couple of my cont@@ acts at the met , and actually found out that this is a game called squ@@ all , which invol@@ ves be@@ ating a goo@@ se with a stick on sh@@ ro@@ ve tu@@ es@@ day . +and appar@@ ently it was quite popular . +i don 't know why they did it , but i learned something about it . +now just to get really deep in , you can really get to the cra@@ cks . +now just to give you some perspective , i 'm going to zo@@ om out so you really see what you get . +here is where we were , and this is the painting . +the best is yet to come -- so in a second . +so now let 's just quickly jump into the mom@@ a , again in new york . +so another one of my favor@@ ites , " the star@@ ry night . " +now the example i showed you was all about finding details . +but what if you want to see br@@ ush stro@@ kes ? +and what if you want to see how van go@@ gh actually created this ma@@ ster@@ piece ? +you zo@@ om in . you really go in . +i 'm going to go to one of my favorite parts in this painting , and i 'm really going to get to the cra@@ cks . +this is " the star@@ ry night , " i think , never seen like this before . +i 'm going to show you my other favorite fe@@ ature . +there 's a lot of other stuff here , but i don 't have time . +this is the real cool part . it 's called colle@@ ctions . +any one of you , anybody -- doesn 't matter if you 're rich , if you 're poor , if you have a fan@@ cy house -- doesn 't matter . +you can go and create your own museum online -- create your own colle@@ ction across all these images . +very simply , you go in -- and i 've created this , called the power of zo@@ om -- you can just zo@@ om around . +this is " the am@@ bas@@ sa@@ d@@ ors , " based in the national g@@ aller@@ y . +you can an@@ not@@ ate the stuff , send it to your friends and really get a conversation going about what you 're feeling when you go through these ma@@ ster@@ pieces . +so i think , in conclu@@ sion , for me , the main thing is that all the amazing stuff here does not really come from google . +it doesn 't , in my opini@@ on , even come from the muse@@ ums . +i probably shouldn 't say that . +it really comes from these artists . +and that 's been my hum@@ bling experience in this . +i mean , i hope in this digital medium that we do justice to their art@@ work and represent it proper@@ ly online . +and the biggest question i get asked no@@ wa@@ days is , " did you do this to repli@@ cate the experience of going to a museum ? " +and the answer is no . +it 's to supp@@ le@@ ment the experience . +and that 's it . thank you . +thank you . +this is a repres@@ entation of your brain , and your brain can be broken into two parts . +there 's the left half , which is the logi@@ cal side , and then the right half , which is the intui@@ tive . +and so if we had a scale to measure the ap@@ titude of each he@@ mis@@ ph@@ ere , then we can p@@ lot our brain . +and for example , this would be somebody who 's completely logi@@ cal . +this would be someone who 's entirely intui@@ tive . +so where would you put your brain on this scale ? +some of us may have op@@ ted for one of these extre@@ mes , but i think for most people in the audience , your brain is something like this -- with a high ap@@ titude in both he@@ mis@@ pher@@ es at the same time . +it 's not like they 're mu@@ tu@@ ally ex@@ clu@@ sive or anything . +you can be logi@@ cal and intui@@ tive . +and so i consider myself one of these people , along with most of the other experiment@@ al quant@@ um physi@@ ci@@ sts , who need a good deal of lo@@ gic to string together these complex ideas . +but at the same time , we need a good deal of intuition to actually make the experiments work . +how do we develop this intuition ? well we like to play with stuff . +so we go out and play with it , and then we see how it acts , and then we develop our intuition from there . +and really you do the same thing . +so some intuition that you may have developed over the years is that one thing is only in one place at a time . +i mean , it can sound weird to think about one thing being in two different places at the same time , but you weren 't born with this notion , you developed it . +and i remember watching a kid playing on a car stop . +he was just a to@@ dd@@ ler and he wasn 't very good at it , and he kept fall@@ ing over . +but i bet playing with this car stop taught him a really valuable lesson , and that 's that large things don 't let you get right past them , and that they stay in one place . +and so this is a great concep@@ tual model to have of the world , unless you 're a partic@@ le physi@@ c@@ ist . +it 'd be a terrible model for a partic@@ le physi@@ c@@ ist , because they don 't play with car st@@ ops , they play with these little weird particles . +and when they play with their particles , they find they do all sorts of really weird things -- like they can fly right through walls , or they can be in two different places at the same time . +and so they wrote down all these obser@@ va@@ tions , and they called it the theory of quant@@ um mechan@@ ics . +and so that 's where physics was at a few years ago ; you needed quant@@ um mechan@@ ics to describe little , tiny particles . +but you didn 't need it to describe the large , everyday objects around us . +this didn 't really sit well with my intuition , and maybe it 's just because i don 't play with particles very often . +well , i play with them sometimes , but not very often . +and i 've never seen them . +i mean , nobody 's ever seen a partic@@ le . +but it didn 't sit well with my logi@@ cal side either . +because if everything is made up of little particles and all the little particles follow quant@@ um mechan@@ ics , then shouldn 't everything just follow quant@@ um mechan@@ ics ? +i don 't see any reason why it shouldn 't . +and so i 'd feel a lot better about the whole thing if we could somehow show that an everyday object also follo@@ ws quant@@ um mechan@@ ics . +so a few years ago , i set off to do just that . +so i made one . +this is the first object that you can see that has been in a mechan@@ ical quant@@ um super@@ position . +so what we 're looking at here is a tiny computer chip . +and you can sort of see this green do@@ t right in the middle . +and that 's this piece of metal i 'm going to be talking about in a minute . +this is a photograph of the object . +and here i 'll zo@@ om in a little bit . we 're looking right there in the center . +and then here 's a really , really big clo@@ se@@ -up of the little piece of metal . +so what we 're looking at is a little ch@@ un@@ k of metal , and it 's sha@@ ped like a di@@ ving board , and it 's sti@@ cking out over a le@@ dge . +and so i made this thing in nearly the same way as you make a computer chip . +i went into a clean room with a fresh silicon wa@@ fer , and then i just c@@ ran@@ ked away at all the big machines for about 100 hours . +for the last stuff , i had to build my own machine -- to make this swi@@ mming po@@ ol@@ -@@ sha@@ ped hole underneath the device . +this device has the ability to be in a quant@@ um super@@ position , but it needs a little help to do it . +here , let me give you an analog@@ y . +you know how un@@ comfortable it is to be in a crow@@ ded el@@ ev@@ ator ? +i mean , when i 'm in an el@@ ev@@ ator all alone , i do all sorts of weird things , but then other people get on board and i stop doing those things because i don 't want to bo@@ ther them , or , frank@@ ly , sc@@ are them . +so quant@@ um mechan@@ ics says that in@@ anima@@ te objects feel the same way . +the fellow pas@@ sen@@ gers for in@@ anima@@ te objects are not just people , but it 's also the light sh@@ ining on it and the wind blo@@ wing past it and the heat of the room . +and so we knew , if we wanted to see this piece of metal be@@ have quant@@ um mechan@@ ically , we 're going to have to ki@@ ck out all the other pas@@ sen@@ gers . +and so that 's what we did . +we turned off the lights , and then we put it in a vac@@ u@@ um and su@@ cked out all the air , and then we cool@@ ed it down now , all alone in the el@@ ev@@ ator , the little ch@@ un@@ k of metal is free to act however it wanted . +and so we measu@@ red its motion . +we found it was moving in really weird ways . +instead of just sitting perfectly still , it was vi@@ br@@ ating , and the way it was vi@@ br@@ ating was brea@@ thing something like this -- like exp@@ and@@ ing and contra@@ cting bel@@ lo@@ ws . +and by giving it a gent@@ le nu@@ dge , we were able to make it both vi@@ bra@@ te and not vi@@ bra@@ te at the same time -- something that 's only allowed with quant@@ um mechan@@ ics . +so what i 'm telling you here is something truly fantastic . +what does it mean for one thing to be both vi@@ br@@ ating and not vi@@ br@@ ating at the same time ? +so let 's think about the atoms . +so in one case : all the trilli@@ ons of atoms that make up that ch@@ un@@ k of metal are sitting still and at the same time those same atoms are moving up and down . +now it 's only at pre@@ cise times when they al@@ ig@@ n . +the rest of the time they 're del@@ oc@@ alized . +that means that every at@@ om is in two different places at the same time , which in turn means the entire ch@@ un@@ k of metal is in two different places . +i think this is really cool . +really . +it was worth lo@@ cking myself in a clean room to do this for all those years because , check this out , the difference in scale between a single at@@ om and that ch@@ un@@ k of metal is about the same as the difference between that ch@@ un@@ k of metal and you . +so if a single at@@ om can be in two different places at the same time , that ch@@ un@@ k of metal can be in two different places , then why not you ? +i mean , this is just my logi@@ cal side talking . +so imagine if you 're in multiple places at the same time , what would that be like ? +how would your consciousness hand@@ le your body being del@@ oc@@ alized in space ? +there 's one more part to the story . +it 's when we war@@ med it up , and we turned on the lights and looked inside the box , we saw that the piece metal was still there in one piece . +and so i had to develop this new intuition , that it seems like all the objects in the el@@ ev@@ ator are really just quant@@ um objects just cra@@ mm@@ ed into a tiny space . +you hear a lot of talk about how quant@@ um mechan@@ ics says that everything is all inter@@ connected . +well , that 's not quite right . +it 's more than that ; it 's deeper . +it 's that those connections , your connections to all the things around you , literally define who you are , and that 's the profound wei@@ r@@ dness of quant@@ um mechan@@ ics . +thank you . +in 2007 , i decided that we needed to re@@ concep@@ tu@@ alize how we thought about economic development . +our new goal should be that when every family thinks about where they want to live and work , they should be able to choose between at least a hand@@ ful of different cities that were all compe@@ ting to attra@@ ct new resi@@ dents . +now we 're a long way away from that goal right now . +there are billions of people in developing countries who don 't have even a single city that would be willing to wel@@ come them . +but the amazing thing about cities is they 're worth so much more than it costs to build them . +so we could easily supply the world with do@@ zens , maybe hundreds , of new cities . +now this might sound pre@@ po@@ ster@@ ous to you if you 've never thought about new cities . +but just sub@@ stit@@ ute a@@ partment building for cities . +imagine half the people who wanted to be in a@@ part@@ ments already had them ; the other half aren 't there yet . +you could try and exp@@ and the capacity by doing addi@@ tions on all the exi@@ sting a@@ part@@ ments . +but you know what you 'd run into is those a@@ part@@ ments and the surro@@ unding areas have rules to avoid dis@@ comfort and the di@@ stra@@ ctions of construction . +so it 's extremely hard to do all of those addi@@ tions . +but you could go out some@@ place brand new , build a brand new a@@ partment building , as long as the rules there were ones that facili@@ t@@ ated construction rather than getting in the way . +so i pro@@ posed that governments create new re@@ form z@@ ones big enough to hold cities and gave them a name : char@@ ter cities . +later i learned that at about this same time , ja@@ vier and oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o were thinking about the challenge of re@@ form in hon@@ dur@@ as . +they knew that about 7@@ 5,000 hon@@ dur@@ ans every year would leave to go to the united states , and they wanted to ask , what could they do to make sure that those people could stay and do the same things in hon@@ dur@@ as . +at one point , ja@@ vier said to oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o , " what if we took some of our empty land -- what if we just gave it to an em@@ bas@@ sy -- give some to the u.s. em@@ bas@@ sy ; give some to the can@@ adi@@ an em@@ bas@@ sy -- and then if people want to go work under the rules of canada or under the rules of the united states , they can go get jobs , do everything they do on those em@@ bas@@ sy gro@@ unds that they would otherwise have to go to canada or the u.s. to do ? " +in the summer of 2009 , hon@@ dur@@ as went through a wr@@ en@@ ching const@@ it@@ u@@ tional crisis . +at the next regul@@ arly sch@@ ed@@ ul@@ ed ele@@ ction , pe@@ pe lo@@ bo won in a land@@ slide on a platform that promis@@ ed re@@ form , but re@@ con@@ ci@@ li@@ ation as well . +he asked oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o to be his ch@@ ie@@ f of staf@@ f . +mean@@ while , i was getting ready to give a talk at ted@@ global . +through a process of re@@ fin@@ ement , trial and er@@ ror , a lot of user testing , i tried to bo@@ il this complicated concept of char@@ ter city down to the bare essen@@ ti@@ als . +the first point was the importance of rules , like those rules that say you can 't come in and dist@@ ur@@ b all the exi@@ sting a@@ partment hol@@ ders . +we pay a lot of attention to new technologies , but it takes technologies and rules to get progress , and it 's usually the rules that hold us back . +in the fall of 2010 , a friend from gu@@ atem@@ ala sent oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o a link to the ted@@ talk . +he showed it to ja@@ vier . +they called me . +they said , " let 's present this to the leaders of our country . " +so in dec@@ ember we met in mi@@ ami , in a hotel conference room . +i tried to explain this point about how valuable cities are , how much more valuable they are than they cost . +and i used this slide showing how valuable the ra@@ w land is in a place like new york city : notice , land that 's worth thousands of dollars , in some cases , per square meter . +but it was a fairly abstra@@ ct discussion , and at some point when there was a pause , oc@@ ta@@ vi@@ o said , " paul , maybe we could watch the ted@@ talk . " +so the ted@@ talk la@@ id out in very simple terms , a char@@ ter city is a place where you start with un@@ in@@ hab@@ ited land , a char@@ ter that speci@@ fi@@ es the rules that will apply there and then a chance for people to op@@ t in , to go live under those rules or not . +so i was asked by the president of hon@@ dur@@ as who said that we need to do this project , this is important , this could be the way forward for our country . +i was asked to come to te@@ gu@@ ci@@ gal@@ pa and talk again on janu@@ ary fourth and fif@@ th . +so i pres@@ ented another fac@@ t-@@ filled lec@@ ture that inclu@@ ded a slide like this , which tried to make the point that , if you want to create a lot of value in a city , it has to be very big . +this is a picture of den@@ ver , and the out@@ line is the new air@@ port that was built in den@@ ver . +this air@@ port alone co@@ vers more than 100 square kilometers . +so i was trying to per@@ su@@ ade the hon@@ dur@@ ans , if you build a new city , you 've got to start with a site that 's at least 1,000 square kilometers . +that 's more than 250 hundre@@ d-@@ thousand ac@@ r@@ es . +everybody appl@@ au@@ ded poli@@ tely . +the faces in the audience were very serious and atten@@ tive . +the leader of the con@@ gress came up on stage and said , " professor ro@@ mer , thank you very much for your lec@@ ture , but maybe we could watch the ted@@ talk . +i 've got it here on my laptop . " +so i sat down , and they played the ted@@ talk . +and it got to the essen@@ ce , which is that a new city could offer new choices for people . +there would be a choice of a city which you could go to which could be in hon@@ dur@@ as , instead of hundreds of miles away in the north . +and it also involved new choices for leaders . +because the leaders in the government there in hon@@ dur@@ as would need help from partner countries , who could benefit from partner countries who help them set up the rules in this char@@ ter and the en@@ for@@ c@@ ement , so everybody can trust that the char@@ ter really will be en@@ forced . +and the insi@@ ght of president lo@@ bo was that that as@@ sur@@ ance of en@@ for@@ c@@ ement that i was thinking about as a way to get the foreign inv@@ e@@ stors to come in and build the city could be equ@@ ally important for all the different par@@ ties in hon@@ dur@@ as who had suff@@ ered for so many years from fear and di@@ str@@ ust . +we went and looked at a site . +this picture 's from there . +it easily could hold a thousand square kilometers . +and shor@@ tly there@@ after , on janu@@ ary 19@@ th , they vot@@ ed in the con@@ gress to am@@ end their const@@ it@@ ution to have a const@@ it@@ u@@ tional pro@@ vision that allows for special development regi@@ ons . +in a country which had just gone through this wr@@ en@@ ching crisis , the vote in the con@@ gress in fa@@ vor of this const@@ it@@ u@@ tional am@@ end@@ ment was 1@@ 24 to one . +all par@@ ties , all fac@@ tions in society , bac@@ ked this . +to be part of the const@@ it@@ ution , you actually have to pass it twice in the con@@ gress . +on febru@@ ary 17@@ th they passed it again with another vote of 1@@ 14 to one . +immediately after that vote , on febru@@ ary 21@@ st to the 24@@ th , a d@@ ele@@ gation of about 30 hon@@ dur@@ ans went to the two places in the world that are most interested in getting into the city building business . +one is south korea . +this is a picture of a big , new city center that 's being built in south korea -- bigger than down@@ town boston . +everything you see there was built in four years , after they spent four years getting the per@@ mit@@ s . +the other place that 's very interested in city building is sing@@ apo@@ re . +they 've actually built two cities already in china and are prepar@@ ing the third . +so if you think about this prac@@ tically , here 's where we are . +they 've got a site ; they 're already thinking about this site for the second city . +they 're putting in place a legal system that could allow for mana@@ gers to come in , and also an ex@@ ternal legal system . +one country has already volunte@@ ered to let its su@@ pre@@ me court be the court of final appe@@ al for the new ju@@ di@@ cial system there . +there 's designers and buil@@ ders of cities who are very interested . +they even can bring with them some finan@@ cing . +but the one thing you know they 've already solved is that there 's lots of ten@@ ants . +there 's lots of businesses that would like to lo@@ cate in the americ@@ as , especially in a place with a free trade zone , and there 's lots of people who 'd like to go there . +around the world , there 's 700 million people who say they 'd like to move perman@@ ently some@@ place else right now . +there 's a million a year who leave la@@ tin america to go to the united states . +many of these are a father who has to leave his family behind to go get a job -- sometimes a single mother who has to get enough money to even pay for food or clo@@ thing . +sa@@ dly , sometimes there are even children who are trying to get re@@ united with their parents that they haven 't seen , in some cases , for a decade . +so what kind of an idea is it to think about building a brand new city in hon@@ dur@@ as ? +or to build a do@@ zen of these , or a hundred of these , around the world ? +what kind of an idea is it to think about insi@@ sting that every family have a choice of several cities that are compe@@ ting to attra@@ ct new resi@@ dents ? +this is an idea worth spre@@ ading . +and my friends from hon@@ dur@@ as asked me to say thank you , ted . +do you know how many choices you make in a typical day ? +do you know how many choices you make in typical week ? +i recently did a survey with over 2,000 americans , and the average number of choices that the typical american repor@@ ts making is about 70 in a typical day . +there was also recently a study done with ce@@ os in which they followed ce@@ os around for a whole week . +and these scientists simply docum@@ ented all the various tas@@ ks that these ce@@ os enga@@ ged in and how much time they spent eng@@ aging in making decisions related to these tas@@ ks . +and they found that the average ce@@ o enga@@ ged in about 13@@ 9 tas@@ ks in a week . +each task was made up of many , many , many sub-@@ choices of course . +50 percent of their decisions were made in nine minutes or less . +only about 12 percent of the decisions did they make an hour or more of their time . +think about your own choices . +do you know how many choices make it into your nine minute categ@@ ory versus your one hour categ@@ ory ? +how well do you think you 're doing at man@@ aging those choices ? +today i want to talk about one of the biggest modern day choo@@ sing problems that we have , which is the choice over@@ load problem . +i want to talk about the problem and some potential solutions . +now as i talk about this problem , i 'm going to have some questions for you and i 'm going to want to know your answers . +so when i ask you a question , since i 'm blind , only raise your hand if you want to burn off some cal@@ ories . +otherwise , when i ask you a question , and if your answer is yes , so for my first question for you today : are you guys ready to hear about the choice over@@ load problem ? +thank you . +so when i was a graduate student at stanford university , i used to go to this very , very up@@ scale gro@@ cer@@ y store ; at least at that time it was truly up@@ scale . +it was a store called dra@@ e@@ ger 's . +now this store , it was almost like going to an am@@ use@@ ment park . +they had 250 different kinds of mu@@ star@@ ds and vin@@ eg@@ ars and over 500 different kinds of fru@@ its and vege@@ tables and more than two do@@ zen different kinds of bot@@ t@@ led water -- and this was during a time when we actually used to drink ta@@ p water . +i used to love going to this store , but on one occasi@@ on i asked myself , well how come you never buy anything ? +here 's their o@@ live oil a@@ is@@ le . +they had over 75 different kinds of o@@ live oil , including those that were in a lo@@ cked case that came from thou@@ sand@@ -year-old o@@ live trees . +so i one day decided to pay a visit to the man@@ ager , and i asked the man@@ ager , " is this model of off@@ ering people all this choice really working ? " +and he poin@@ ted to the bus@@ lo@@ ads of tou@@ ri@@ sts that would show up everyday , with c@@ ameras ready usually . +we decided to do a little experiment , and we picked ja@@ m for our experiment . +here 's their ja@@ m a@@ is@@ le . +they had 3@@ 4@@ 8 different kinds of ja@@ m . +we set up a little ta@@ sting bo@@ oth right near the ent@@ r@@ ance of the store . +we there put out six different fla@@ vor@@ s of ja@@ m or 24 different fla@@ vor@@ s of ja@@ m , and we looked at two things : first , in which case were people more likely to stop , sam@@ ple some ja@@ m ? +more people stopped when there were 24 , about 60 percent , than when there were six , about 40 percent . +the next thing we looked at is in which case were people more likely to buy a j@@ ar of ja@@ m . +now we see the opposite effect . +of the people who stopped when there were 24 , only three percent of them actually bought a j@@ ar of ja@@ m . +of the people who stopped when there were six , well now we saw that 30 percent of them actually bought a j@@ ar of ja@@ m . +now if you do the math , people were at least six times more likely to buy a j@@ ar of ja@@ m if they en@@ counter@@ ed six than if they en@@ counter@@ ed 24 . +now choo@@ sing not to buy a j@@ ar of ja@@ m is probably good for us -- at least it 's good for our wa@@ i@@ st@@ lines -- but it turns out that this choice over@@ load problem affec@@ ts us even in very con@@ sequ@@ enti@@ al decisions . +we choose not to choose , even when it goes against our best self-@@ interests . +so now for the top@@ ic of today : financial sav@@ ings . +now i 'm going to describe to you a study i did with gu@@ r hu@@ ber@@ man , e@@ mir kam@@ en@@ ic@@ a , we@@ i j@@ ang where we looked at the reti@@ re@@ ment sav@@ ings decisions of nearly a million americans from about 6@@ 50 plans all in the u.@@ s . +and what we looked at was whether the number of fund off@@ er@@ ings available in a reti@@ re@@ ment sav@@ ings plan , the 40@@ 1 plan , does that affect people 's li@@ ke@@ li@@ hood to save more for tomorrow . +and what we found was that indeed there was a cor@@ relation . +so in these plans , we had about 6@@ 5@@ 7 plans that ran@@ ged from off@@ ering people anywhere from two to 5@@ 9 different fund off@@ er@@ ings . +and what we found was that , the more fun@@ ds off@@ ered , indeed , there was less participa@@ tion rate . +so if you look at the extre@@ mes , those plans that off@@ ered you two fun@@ ds , participa@@ tion rates were around in the mi@@ d-@@ 7@@ 0s -- still not as high as we want it to be . +in those plans that off@@ ered nearly 60 fun@@ ds , participa@@ tion rates have now dro@@ pped to about the 6@@ 0@@ th per@@ centi@@ le . +now it turns out that even if you do choose to participa@@ te when there are more choices present , even then , it has negative consequences . +so for those people who did choose to participa@@ te , the more choices available , the more likely people were to completely avoid sto@@ cks or equ@@ ity fun@@ ds . +the more choices available , the more likely they were to put all their money in p@@ ure money market accoun@@ ts . +now nei@@ ther of these extreme decisions are the kinds of decisions that any of us would re@@ com@@ men@@ d for people when you 're consi@@ der@@ ing their future financial well-@@ being . +well , over the past decade , we have obser@@ ved three main negative consequences to off@@ ering people more and more choices . +they 're more likely to del@@ ay choo@@ sing -- pro@@ cra@@ stin@@ ate even when it goes against their best self-@@ interest . +they 're more likely to make worse choices -- worse financial choices , medical choices . +they 're more likely to choose things that make them less satis@@ fied , even when they do obje@@ c@@ tively better . +the main reason for this is because , we might enjoy ga@@ zing at those giant walls of may@@ on@@ na@@ is@@ es , mu@@ star@@ ds , vin@@ eg@@ ars , j@@ ams , but we can 't actually do the math of compar@@ ing and contra@@ sting and actually pi@@ cking from that stun@@ ning display . +so what i want to pro@@ pose to you today are four simple techniques -- techniques that we have te@@ sted in one way or another in different research ven@@ u@@ es -- that you can easily apply in your businesses . +the first : cut . +you 've heard it said before , but it 's never been more true than today , that less is more . +people are always up@@ set when i say , " cut . " +they 're always worried they 're going to lose shel@@ f space . +but in fact , what we 're seeing more and more is that if you are willing to cut , get rid of those ex@@ tran@@ e@@ ous red@@ und@@ ant op@@ tions , well there 's an increase in sal@@ es , there 's a lo@@ wer@@ ing of costs , there is an impro@@ vement of the choo@@ sing experience . +when pro@@ ctor & amp ; gam@@ ble went from 26 different kinds of head & amp ; shoul@@ ders to 15 , they saw an increase in sal@@ es by 10 percent . +when the golden c@@ at corpo@@ ration got rid of their 10 wor@@ st-@@ selling c@@ at li@@ tter products , they saw an increase in prof@@ its by 8@@ 7 percent -- a function of both increase in sal@@ es and lo@@ wer@@ ing of costs . +you know , the average gro@@ cer@@ y store today off@@ ers you 4@@ 5,000 products . +the typical wal@@ m@@ art today off@@ ers you 100,000 products . +but the nin@@ th largest re@@ ta@@ il@@ er , the nin@@ th biggest re@@ ta@@ il@@ er in the world today is al@@ di , and it off@@ ers you only 1,@@ 400 products -- one kind of can@@ ned to@@ ma@@ to sau@@ ce . +now in the financial sav@@ ings world , i think one of the best examples that has recently come out on how to best manage the choice off@@ er@@ ings has actually been something that david la@@ ib@@ son was hea@@ vi@@ ly involved in designing , which was the program that they have at harvard . +every single harvard employe@@ e is now auto@@ matically en@@ roll@@ ed in a life@@ cycle fund . +for those people who actually want to choose , they 're given 20 fun@@ ds , not 300 or more fun@@ ds . +you know , often , people say , " i don 't know how to cut . +they 're all important choices . " +and the first thing i do is i ask the employees , " tell me how these choices are different from one another . +and if your employees can 't tell them apart , nei@@ ther can your consum@@ ers . " +now before we started our s@@ ession this after@@ noon , i had a ch@@ at with g@@ ary . +and g@@ ary said that he would be willing to offer people in this audience an all@@ -@@ expen@@ s@@ es@@ -@@ paid free vac@@ ation to the most beautiful road in the world . +here 's a descri@@ ption of the road . +and i 'd like you to read it . +and now i 'll give you a few seconds to read it and then i want you to cla@@ p your hands if you 're ready to take g@@ ary up on his offer . +okay . anybody who 's ready to take him up on his offer . +is that all ? +all right , let me show you some more about this . +you guys knew there was a trick , didn 't you . +now who 's ready to go on this trip . +i think i might have actually heard more hands . +all right . +now in fact , you had obje@@ c@@ tively more information the first time around than the second time around , but i would vent@@ ure to guess that you felt that it was more real the second time around . +because the pictures made it feel more real to you . +which brings me to the second techni@@ que for hand@@ ling the choice over@@ load problem , which is con@@ cre@@ ti@@ zation . +that in order for people to understand the differences between the choices , they have to be able to understand the consequences associated with each choice , and that the consequences need to be felt in a vi@@ vid sort of way , in a very con@@ cre@@ te way . +why do people spend an average of 15 to 30 percent more when they use an at@@ m card or a credit card as op@@ posed to c@@ ash ? +because it doesn 't feel like real money . +and it turns out that making it feel more con@@ cre@@ te can actually be a very positive tool to use in getting people to save more . +so a study that i did with s@@ hl@@ om@@ o ben@@ ar@@ tz@@ i and al@@ ess@@ and@@ r@@ o previ@@ ter@@ o , we did a study with people at ing -- employees that are all working at ing -- and now these people were all in a s@@ ession where they 're doing en@@ roll@@ ment for their 40@@ 1 plan . +and during that s@@ ession , we kept the s@@ ession exactly the way it used to be , but we ad@@ ded one little thing . +the one little thing we ad@@ ded was we asked people to just think about all the positive things that would happen in your life if you saved more . +by doing that simple thing , there was an increase in en@@ roll@@ ment by 20 percent and there was an increase in the amount of people willing to save or the amount that they were willing to put down into their sav@@ ings account by four percent . +the third techni@@ que : categ@@ ori@@ zation . +we can hand@@ le more categ@@ ories than we can hand@@ le choices . +so for example , here 's a study we did in a magazine a@@ is@@ le . +it turns out that in weg@@ man@@ s gro@@ cer@@ y stor@@ es up and down the nor@@ the@@ ast cor@@ ri@@ d@@ or , the magazine a@@ is@@ les range anywhere from 3@@ 3@@ 1 different kinds of maga@@ zin@@ es all the way up to 6@@ 6@@ 4 . +but you know what ? +if i show you 600 maga@@ zin@@ es and i divi@@ de them up into 10 categ@@ ories , versus i show you 400 maga@@ zin@@ es and divi@@ de them up into 20 categ@@ ories , you believe that i have given you more choice and a better choo@@ sing experience if i gave you the 400 than if i gave you the 600 . +because the categ@@ ories tell me how to tell them apart . +here are two different je@@ wel@@ ry dis@@ plays . +one is called " ja@@ zz " and the other one is called " s@@ wing . " +if you think the display on the left is s@@ wing and the display on the right is ja@@ zz , cla@@ p your hands . +okay , there 's some . +if you think the one on the left is ja@@ zz and the one on the right is s@@ wing , cla@@ p your hands . +okay , a bit more . +now it turns out you 're right . +the one on the left is ja@@ zz and the one on the right is s@@ wing , but you know what ? +this is a highly us@@ eless categ@@ ori@@ zation sche@@ me . +the categ@@ ories need to say something to the choo@@ ser , not the cho@@ ic@@ e-@@ maker . +and you often see that problem when it comes down to those long li@@ sts of all these fun@@ ds . +who are they actually supposed to be in@@ forming ? +my fourth techni@@ que : condition for complexity . +it turns out we can actually hand@@ le a lot more information than we think we can , we 've just got to take it a little easier . +we have to gradu@@ ally increase the complexity . +i 'm going to show you one example of what i 'm talking about . +let 's take a very , very complicated decision : buying a car . +here 's a ger@@ man car manufac@@ tur@@ er that gives you the opportunity to completely cu@@ sto@@ m make your car . +you 've got to make 60 different decisions , completely make up your car . +now these decisions v@@ ary in the number of choices that they offer per decision . +car colors , ex@@ teri@@ or car colors -- i 've got 5@@ 6 choices . +eng@@ ines , ge@@ ar@@ shift -- four choices . +so now what i 'm going to do is i 'm going to v@@ ary the order in which these decisions appear . +so half of the custom@@ ers are going to go from high choice , 5@@ 6 car colors , to low choice , four ge@@ ar@@ shif@@ ts . +the other half of the custom@@ ers are going to go from low choice , four ge@@ ar@@ shif@@ ts , to 5@@ 6 car colors , high choice . +what am i going to look at ? +how enga@@ ged you are . +if you keep hit@@ ting the de@@ fau@@ lt butt@@ on per decision , that means you 're getting over@@ wh@@ el@@ med , that means i 'm losing you . +what you find is the people who go from high choice to low choice , they 're hit@@ ting that de@@ fau@@ lt butt@@ on over and over and over again . +we 're losing them . +they go from low choice to high choice , they 're han@@ ging in there . +it 's the same information . it 's the same number of choices . +the only thing that i have done is i have vari@@ ed the order in which that information is pres@@ ented . +if i start you off easy , i learn how to choose . +even though choo@@ sing ge@@ ar@@ shift doesn 't tell me anything about my pre@@ fer@@ ences for inter@@ ior dec@@ or , it still prepar@@ es me for how to choose . +it also gets me excited about this big product that i 'm putting together , so i 'm more willing to be motiv@@ ated to be enga@@ ged . +so let me rec@@ ap . +i have talked about four techniques for mi@@ tig@@ ating the problem of choice over@@ load -- cut -- get rid of the ex@@ tran@@ e@@ ous alterna@@ tives ; con@@ cre@@ ti@@ ze -- make it real ; categ@@ ori@@ ze -- we can hand@@ le more categ@@ ories , less choices ; condition for complexity . +all of these techniques that i 'm descri@@ bing to you today are designed to help you manage your choices -- better for you , you can use them on yourself , better for the people that you are ser@@ ving . +because i believe that the key to getting the most from choice is to be choo@@ sy about choo@@ sing . +and the more we 're able to be choo@@ sy about choo@@ sing the better we will be able to practice the art of choo@@ sing . +thank you very much . +hi . i 'm kev@@ in allo@@ c@@ ca , i 'm the trends man@@ ager at youtube , and i profession@@ ally watch youtube videos . +it 's true . +so we 're going to talk a little bit today about how videos go vi@@ ral and then why that even matters . +we all want to be stars -- cele@@ bri@@ ties , sing@@ ers , com@@ edi@@ ans -- and when i was yo@@ unger , that seemed so very , very hard to do . +but now web video has made it so that any of us or any of the creative things that we do can become completely famous in a part of our world 's culture . +any one of you could be famous on the internet by next satur@@ day . +but there are over 4@@ 8 hours of video u@@ plo@@ aded to youtube every minute . +and of that , only a tiny percentage ever goes vi@@ ral and gets tons of vie@@ ws and becomes a cultural moment . +so how does it happen ? +three things : ta@@ ste@@ makers , communities of participa@@ tion and un@@ expec@@ te@@ dness . +all right , let 's go . +oh , my god . oh , my god . +oh , my god ! +woo@@ o ! +o@@ h@@ h@@ h@@ h@@ h , wo@@ w@@ w@@ w@@ w ! +last year , bear vas@@ que@@ z po@@ sted this video that he had shot outside his home in yo@@ se@@ mi@@ te national park . +in 2010 , it was vie@@ wed 23 million times . +this is a ch@@ art of what it looked like when it first became popular last summer . +but he didn 't actually set out to make a vi@@ ral video , bear . +he just wanted to share a rain@@ bo@@ w . +because that 's what you do when your name is yo@@ se@@ mi@@ te mountain bear . +and he had po@@ sted lots of nature videos in fact . +and this video had actually been po@@ sted all the way back in janu@@ ary . +so what happened here ? +j@@ im@@ my k@@ im@@ mel actually . +j@@ im@@ my k@@ im@@ mel po@@ sted this t@@ we@@ et that would eventually pro@@ pel the video to be as popular as it would become . +because ta@@ ste@@ makers like j@@ im@@ my k@@ im@@ mel introdu@@ ce us to new and interesting things and bring them to a larger audience . +it 's fri@@ day , fri@@ day . got@@ ta get down on fri@@ day . everybody 's looking forward to the wee@@ k@@ end , wee@@ k@@ end . fri@@ day , fri@@ day . ge@@ t@@ tin ' down on fri@@ day . so you didn 't think that we could actually have this conversation without talking about this video i hope . +re@@ bec@@ ca black 's " fri@@ day " is one of the most popular videos of the year . +it 's been seen nearly 200 million times this year . +this is a ch@@ art of what it looked like . +and similar to " double rain@@ bo@@ w , " it seems to have just spr@@ ou@@ ted up out of no@@ where . +so what happened on this day ? +well it was a fri@@ day , this is true . +and if you 're wondering about those other spi@@ kes , those are also fri@@ days . +but what about this day , this one particular fri@@ day ? +well to@@ sh@@ .@@ 0 picked it up , a lot of blogs starting writing about . +michael j@@ . nel@@ son from myster@@ y science theater was one of the first people to post a jo@@ ke about the video on twitter . +but what 's important is that an individual or a group of ta@@ ste@@ makers took a point of view and they shared that with a larger audience , acceler@@ ating the process . +and so then this community formed of people who shared this big inside jo@@ ke and they started talking about it and doing things with it . +and now there are 10,000 par@@ o@@ dies of " fri@@ day " on youtube . +even in the first seven days , there was one par@@ o@@ dy for every other day of the week . +unlike the one-@@ way entertain@@ ment of the 20th century , this community participa@@ tion is how we become a part of the phenomenon -- either by spre@@ ading it or by doing something new with it . +so " n@@ y@@ an c@@ at " is a lo@@ op@@ ed anima@@ tion with lo@@ op@@ ed music . +it 's this , just like this . +it 's been vie@@ wed nearly 50 million times this year . +and if you think that that is weird , you should know that there is a three-@@ hour version of this that 's been vie@@ wed four million times . +even cat@@ s were watching this video . +cat@@ s were watching other cat@@ s watch this video . +but what 's important here is the creativity that it inspired am@@ on@@ gst this tech@@ ie , ge@@ e@@ ky internet culture . +there were re@@ mix@@ es . +someone made an old ti@@ me@@ y version . +and then it went international . +an entire re@@ mix community spr@@ ou@@ ted up that brought it from being just a stupid jo@@ ke to something that we can all actually be a part of . +because we don 't just enjoy now , we participa@@ te . +and who could have predi@@ cted any of this ? +who could have predi@@ cted " double rain@@ bo@@ w " or re@@ bec@@ ca black or " n@@ y@@ an c@@ at ? " +what scri@@ p@@ ts could you have written that would have contain@@ ed this in it ? +in a world where over two days of video get u@@ plo@@ aded every minute , only that which is truly unique and un@@ expected can stand out in the way that these things have . +when a friend of mine told me that i needed to see this great video about a guy prote@@ sting bi@@ cycle fin@@ es in new york city , i ad@@ mit i wasn 't very interested . +so i got a ti@@ cket for not ri@@ ding in the bi@@ ke lan@@ e , but often there are ob@@ struc@@ tions that keep you from proper@@ ly ri@@ ding in the bi@@ ke lan@@ e . +by being totally surprising and hu@@ mor@@ ous , cas@@ ey ni@@ est@@ at got his funny idea and point seen five million times . +and so this approach hol@@ ds for anything new that we do crea@@ tively . +and so it all brings us to one big question ... +what does this mean ? +o@@ h@@ h@@ h@@ h . +what does it mean ? +ta@@ ste@@ makers , creative partici@@ p@@ ating communities , complete un@@ expec@@ te@@ dness , these are characteri@@ stics of a new kind of media and a new kind of culture where anyone has access and the audience defin@@ es the popul@@ ar@@ ity . +i mean , as mentioned earlier , one of the biggest stars in the world right now , ju@@ stin bie@@ ber , got his start on youtube . +no one has to gre@@ en-@@ light your idea . +and we all now feel some ow@@ ner@@ ship in our own pop culture . +and these are not characteri@@ stics of old media , and they 're bar@@ ely true of the media of today , but they will define the entertain@@ ment of the future . +thank you . +how can i speak in 10 minutes about the bon@@ ds of women over three generations , about how the ast@@ on@@ ishing strength of those bon@@ ds took hold in the life of a four@@ -year-old girl hu@@ dd@@ led with her young sister , her mother and her grandmother for five days and ni@@ ghts in a small boat in the china sea more than 30 years ago , bon@@ ds that took hold in the life of that small girl and never let go -- that small girl now living in san francisco and speaking to you today ? +this is not a finished story . +it is a j@@ ig@@ saw puzz@@ le still being put together . +let me tell you about some of the pieces . +imagine the first piece : a man burning his life 's work . +he is a po@@ et , a play@@ w@@ right , a man whose whole life had been bal@@ an@@ ced on the single hope of his country 's unity and freedom . +imagine him as the comm@@ uni@@ sts enter sa@@ ig@@ on , con@@ fron@@ ting the fact that his life had been a complete waste . +words , for so long his friends , now mo@@ cked him . +he re@@ treated into sil@@ ence . +he died broken by history . +he is my grand@@ father . +i never knew him in real life . +but our lives are much more than our memor@@ ies . +my grandmother never let me forget his life . +my du@@ ty was not to allow it to have been in va@@ in , and my lesson was to learn that , yes , history tried to cr@@ ush us , but we en@@ du@@ red . +the next piece of the j@@ ig@@ saw is of a boat in the early da@@ wn sli@@ pping sil@@ ently out to sea . +my mother , ma@@ i , was 18 when her father died -- already in an ar@@ ran@@ ged marriage , already with two small girls . +for her , life had dist@@ ill@@ ed itself into one task : the es@@ cape of her family and a new life in australia . +it was in@@ conc@@ ei@@ vable to her that she would not succe@@ ed . +so after a four@@ -@@ year sa@@ ga that de@@ fi@@ es fi@@ ction , a boat sli@@ pped out to sea dis@@ gu@@ is@@ ed as a fishing ves@@ sel . +all the adults knew the risks . +the greatest fear was of pir@@ ates , ra@@ pe and death . +like most adults on the boat , my mother car@@ ried a small bottle of po@@ ison . +if we were cap@@ tured , first my sister and i , then she and my grandmother would drink . +my first memor@@ ies are from the boat -- the ste@@ ad@@ y beat of the engine , the bo@@ w di@@ pping into each wave , the vast and empty hori@@ zon . +i don 't remember the pir@@ ates who came many times , but were blu@@ ff@@ ed by the bra@@ va@@ do of the men on our boat , or the engine dying and fail@@ ing to start for six hours . +but i do remember the lights on the oil ri@@ g off the mal@@ ay@@ si@@ an coast and the young man who collap@@ sed and died , the journey 's end too much for him , and the first apple i ta@@ sted , given to me by the men on the ri@@ g . +no apple has ever ta@@ sted the same . +after three months in a re@@ fu@@ ge@@ e camp , we land@@ ed in mel@@ b@@ our@@ ne . +and the next piece of the j@@ ig@@ saw is about four women across three generations sha@@ ping a new life together . +we sett@@ led in foot@@ sc@@ ray , a work@@ ing-@@ class sub@@ ur@@ b whose demo@@ graphic is la@@ yers of im@@ migr@@ ants . +unlike the sett@@ led midd@@ le-@@ class sub@@ ur@@ bs , whose existence i was ob@@ li@@ vi@@ ous of , there was no sense of enti@@ t@@ le@@ ment in foot@@ sc@@ ray . +the sm@@ ells from shop do@@ ors were from the rest of the world . +and the s@@ ni@@ p@@ pe@@ ts of hal@@ ting english were ex@@ changed between people who had one thing in common , they were starting again . +my mother worked on far@@ ms , then on a car assem@@ bly line , working six days , double shif@@ ts . +somehow she found time to study english and gain it quali@@ fi@@ cations . +we were poor . +all the dollars were allo@@ cated and extra tu@@ i@@ tion in english and mathematics was bud@@ ge@@ ted for re@@ gar@@ d@@ less of what mis@@ sed out , which was usually new clo@@ th@@ es ; they were always secon@@ d@@ hand . +two pa@@ irs of stock@@ ings for school , each to hi@@ de the holes in the other . +a school uni@@ form down to the an@@ kl@@ es , because it had to last for six years . +and there were rare but se@@ aring chan@@ ts of " sli@@ t-@@ eye " and the occasi@@ onal gra@@ ff@@ iti : " asi@@ an , go home . " +go home to where ? +something sti@@ ff@@ en@@ ed inside me . +there was a gather@@ ing of resol@@ ve and a quie@@ t voice saying , " i will b@@ yp@@ ass you . " +my mother , my sister and i sle@@ pt in the same bed . +my mother was ex@@ hau@@ sted each night , but we told one another about our day and listen@@ ed to the mov@@ ements of my grandmother around the house . +my mother suff@@ ered from ni@@ ght@@ mar@@ es all about the boat . +and my job was to stay a@@ wake until her ni@@ ght@@ mar@@ es came so i could wake her . +she opened a computer store then studied to be a beauti@@ cian and opened another business . +and the women came with their stories about men who could not make the transition , an@@ gry and in@@ flexi@@ ble , and trou@@ bled children caught between two worl@@ ds . +gr@@ ants and spon@@ sor@@ s were sou@@ ght . +centers were establi@@ shed . +i lived in par@@ alle@@ l worl@@ ds . +in one , i was the classi@@ c asi@@ an student , rel@@ ent@@ less in the dem@@ ands that i made on myself . +in the other , i was en@@ mes@@ hed in lives that were pre@@ car@@ i@@ ous , tra@@ gi@@ cally sc@@ ar@@ red by violence , drug ab@@ use and isol@@ ation . +but so many over the years were helped . +and for that work , when i was a final year law student , i was cho@@ sen as the young austr@@ ali@@ an of the year . +and i was cat@@ ap@@ ul@@ ted from one piece of the j@@ ig@@ saw to another , and their ed@@ ges didn 't fit . +tan le , anony@@ mous foot@@ sc@@ ray resi@@ dent , was now tan le , re@@ fu@@ ge@@ e and social activ@@ ist , invited to speak in ven@@ u@@ es she had never heard of and into homes whose existence she could never have imag@@ ined . +i didn 't know the proto@@ col@@ s . +i didn 't know how to use the cu@@ t@@ ler@@ y . +i didn 't know how to talk about wine . +i didn 't know how to talk about anything . +i wanted to re@@ treat to the rou@@ tin@@ es and comfort of life in an uns@@ ung sub@@ ur@@ b -- a grandmother , a mother and two dau@@ gh@@ ters en@@ ding each day as they had for almost 20 years , telling one another the story of their day and fall@@ ing as@@ le@@ ep , the three of us still in the same bed . +i told my mother i couldn 't do it . +she remin@@ ded me that i was now the same age she had been when we bo@@ ar@@ ded the boat . +no had never been an option . +" just do it , " she said , " and don 't be what you 're not . " +so i spoke out on you@@ th un@@ emplo@@ y@@ ment and education and the ne@@ g@@ le@@ ct of the mar@@ g@@ in@@ alized and the dis@@ en@@ fran@@ ch@@ is@@ ed . +and the more can@@ di@@ dly i spoke , the more i was asked to speak . +i met people from all wal@@ ks of life , so many of them doing the thing they loved , living on the fron@@ ti@@ ers of possibility . +and even though i finished my degree , i realized i could not se@@ ttle into a career in law . +there had to be another piece of the j@@ ig@@ saw . +and i realized at the same time that it is okay to be an out@@ si@@ der , a recent arri@@ val , new on the scene -- and not just okay , but something to be th@@ ank@@ ful for , perhaps a gift from the boat . +because being an insi@@ der can so easily mean collap@@ sing the hori@@ z@@ ons , can so easily mean accep@@ ting the pres@@ um@@ p@@ tions of your pro@@ vin@@ ce . +i have ste@@ pped outside my comfort zone enough now to know that , yes , the world does fall apart , but not in the way that you fear . +possibilities that would not have been allowed were ou@@ trage@@ ously encoura@@ ged . +there was an energy there , an im@@ plac@@ able optimis@@ m , a strange mix@@ ture of hu@@ mili@@ ty and dar@@ ing . +so i followed my hun@@ ches . +i gather@@ ed around me a small team of people for whom the lab@@ el " it can 't be done " was an ir@@ resi@@ sti@@ ble challenge . +for a year we were pen@@ ni@@ less . +at the end of each day , i made a huge po@@ t of sou@@ p which we all shared . +we worked well into each night . +most of our ideas were crazy , but a few were brilliant , and we broke through . +i made the decision to move to the u.@@ s . +after only one trip . +my hun@@ ches again . +three months later i had rel@@ oc@@ ated , and the ad@@ vent@@ ure has continu@@ ed . +before i close though , let me tell you about my grandmother . +she grew up at a time when con@@ fu@@ ci@@ an@@ ism was the social nor@@ m and the local mand@@ ar@@ in was the person who ma@@ tter@@ ed . +life hadn 't changed for cent@@ u@@ ries . +her father died soon after she was born . +her mother raised her alone . +at 17 she became the second wife of a mand@@ ar@@ in whose mother beat her . +with no support from her husband , she caused a sen@@ sation by taking him to court and pro@@ se@@ cu@@ ting her own case , and a far greater sen@@ sation when she won . +" it can 't be done " was shown to be wrong . +i was taking a sho@@ wer in a hotel room in sy@@ d@@ ney the moment she died 600 miles away in mel@@ b@@ our@@ ne . +i looked through the sho@@ wer screen and saw her standing on the other side . +i knew she had come to say go@@ od@@ b@@ ye . +my mother ph@@ oned minutes later . +a few days later , we went to a budd@@ h@@ ist temp@@ le in foot@@ sc@@ ray and sat around her cas@@ ket . +we told her stories and assu@@ red her that we were still with her . +at mid@@ night the mon@@ k came and told us he had to close the cas@@ ket . +my mother asked us to feel her hand . +she asked the mon@@ k , " why is it that her hand is so warm and the rest of her is so cold ? " +" because you have been holding it since this morning , " he said . +" you have not let it go . " +if there is a sin@@ e@@ w in our family , it runs through the women . +given who we were and how life had sha@@ ped us , we can now see that the men who might have come into our lives would have th@@ war@@ ted us . +de@@ fe@@ at would have come too easily . +now i would like to have my own children , and i wonder about the boat . +who could ever wish it on their own ? +yet i am afraid of privi@@ lege , of e@@ ase , of enti@@ t@@ le@@ ment . +can i give them a bo@@ w in their lives , di@@ pping bra@@ vely into each wave , the un@@ per@@ tur@@ bed and ste@@ ad@@ y beat of the engine , the vast hori@@ zon that guar@@ an@@ te@@ es nothing ? +i don 't know . +but if i could give it and still see them sa@@ f@@ ely through , i would . +and also , tan 's mother is here today in the fourth or fif@@ th row . +i 'm here to share my photograph@@ y . +or is it photograph@@ y ? +because , of course , this is a photograph that you can 't take with your camera . +yet , my interest in photograph@@ y started as i got my first digital camera at the age of 15 . +it mix@@ ed with my earlier passion for drawing , but it was a bit different , because using the camera , the process was in the planning instead . +and when you take a photograph with a camera , the process ends when you press the tri@@ g@@ ger . +so to me it felt like photograph@@ y was more about being at the right place and the right time . +i felt like anyone could do that . +so i wanted to create something different , something where the process starts when you press the tri@@ g@@ ger . +photos like this : construction going on along a bus@@ y road . +but it has an un@@ expected twi@@ st . +and despite that , it re@@ tains a level of re@@ alism . +or photos like these -- both dark and color@@ ful , but all with a common goal of re@@ tain@@ ing the level of re@@ alism . +when i say re@@ alism , i mean phot@@ o-@@ re@@ alism . +because , of course , it 's not something you can capture really , but i always want it to look like it could have been cap@@ tured somehow as a photograph . +photos where you will need a brief moment to think to figure out the trick . +so it 's more about cap@@ turing an idea than about cap@@ turing a moment really . +but what 's the trick that makes it look reali@@ stic ? +is it something about the details or the colors ? +is it something about the light ? +what creates the illusion ? +sometimes the perspective is the illusion . +but in the end , it comes down to how we interpre@@ t the world and how it can be realized on a two-@@ dimensional surface . +it 's not really what is reali@@ stic , it 's what we think looks reali@@ stic really . +so i think the bas@@ ics are quite simple . +i just see it as a puzz@@ le of reality where you can take different pieces of reality and put it together to create alterna@@ te reality . +and let me show you a simple example . +here we have three perfectly imag@@ in@@ able physical objects , something we all can rel@@ ate to living in a three-@@ dimensional world . +but combin@@ ed in a certain way , they can create something that still looks three-@@ dimensional , like it could exist . +but at the same time , we know it can 't . +so we trick our brains , because our brain simply doesn 't accept the fact that it doesn 't really make sense . +and i see the same process with combin@@ ing photographs . +it 's just really about combin@@ ing different reali@@ ties . +so the things that make a photograph look reali@@ stic , i think it 's the things that we don 't even think about , the things all around us in our daily lives . +but when combin@@ ing photographs , this is really important to consider , because otherwise it just looks wrong somehow . +so i would like to say that there are three simple rules to follow to achieve a reali@@ stic result . +as you can see , these images aren 't really special . +but combin@@ ed , they can create something like this . +so the first rule is that photos combin@@ ed should have the same perspective . +secon@@ dly , photos combin@@ ed should have the same type of light . +and these two images both ful@@ fill these two requi@@ re@@ ments -- shot at the same hei@@ ght and in the same type of light . +the third one is about making it impossible to dist@@ ingu@@ ish where the different images begin and end by making it se@@ am@@ less . +make it impossible to say how the image actually was com@@ posed . +so by mat@@ ching color , contr@@ ast and bri@@ ght@@ ness in the bor@@ ders between the different images , ad@@ ding photogra@@ phic de@@ fe@@ cts like dep@@ th of field , des@@ atur@@ ated colors and noise , we er@@ ase the bor@@ ders between the different images and make it look like one single image , despite the fact that one image can con@@ tain hundreds of la@@ yers basically . +so here 's another example . +one might think that this is just an image of a landscape and the lower part is what 's mani@@ pul@@ ated . +but this image is actually entirely com@@ posed of photographs from different lo@@ cations . +i personally think that it 's easier to actually create a place than to find a place , because then you don 't need to com@@ promise with the ideas in your head . +but it does require a lot of planning . +and getting this idea during winter , i knew that i had several months to plan it , to find the different lo@@ cations for the pieces of the puzz@@ le basically . +so for example , the fish was cap@@ tured on a fishing trip . +the shor@@ es are from a different location . +the under@@ water part was cap@@ tured in a stone p@@ it . +and yeah , i even turned the house on top of the island red to make it look more swe@@ dis@@ h . +so to achieve a reali@@ stic result , i think it comes down to planning . +it always starts with a sk@@ et@@ ch , an idea . +then it 's about combin@@ ing the different photographs . +and here every piece is very well plan@@ ned . +and if you do a good job cap@@ turing the photos , the result can be quite beautiful and also quite reali@@ stic . +so all the tools are out there , and the only thing that limit@@ s us is our imagination . +thank you . +i would like to talk to you about why many e-@@ health projects fail . +and i really think that the most important thing of it is that we stopped listening to patients . +and one of the things we did at rad@@ b@@ oud university is we ap@@ poin@@ ted a ch@@ ie@@ f listening off@@ ic@@ er . +not in a very scientific way -- she puts up a little c@@ up of coffee or c@@ up of te@@ a and as@@ ks patients , family , rela@@ tives , " what 's up ? +how could we help you ? " +and we think , we like to think , that this is one of the major problems why all -- maybe not all -- but most of the e-@@ health projects fail , since we stopped listening . +this is my wi@@ f@@ i scale . it 's a very simple thing . +it 's got one kno@@ b , on / off . +and every morning i ho@@ p on it . +and yes , i 've got a challenge , as you might see . +and i put my challenge on 95 k@@ g . +but the thing is that it 's made this simple that whenever i ho@@ p on , it sen@@ ds my data through google health as well . +and it 's colle@@ cted by my general prac@@ ti@@ tion@@ er as well , so he can see what 's my problem in weight , not on the very moment that i need car@@ di@@ ologi@@ c support or something like it , but also looking back@@ ward . +but there 's another thing . +as some of you might know , i 've got more than 4@@ ,000 follo@@ wers on twitter . +so every morning i ho@@ p on my wi@@ f@@ i scale and before i 'm in my car , people start talking to me , " i think you need a light lunch today , lu@@ ci@@ en . " +but that 's the ni@@ c@@ est thing that could happen , since this is pe@@ er pressure , pe@@ er pressure used to help patients -- since this could be used for o@@ bes@@ ity , it could be used to stop smo@@ king in patients . +but on the other hand , it also could be used to get people from out of their cha@@ irs and try to work together in some kind of gam@@ ing activity to get more control of their health . +as of next week , it will soon be available . +there will be this little blood pressure meter connected to an iphone or something or other . +and people will be able , from their homes , to take their blood pressure , send it into their doctor and eventually share it with others , for instance , for over a hundred dollars . +and this is the point where patients get into position and can collect , not only their own control again , be cap@@ tain of their own ship , but also can help us in health care due to the challenges that we face , like health care cost explosion , dou@@ bled demand and things like that . +make techniques that are easy to use and start with this to embra@@ ce patients in the team . +and you can do this with techniques like this , but also by crow@@ d-@@ sour@@ cing . +and one of the things we did i would like to share with you introduced by a little video . +we 've all got navi@@ gation contro@@ ls in our car . +we maybe even [ have ] it in our cell@@ phone . +we know perfectly where all the at@@ ms are about the city of ma@@ a@@ stri@@ cht . +the other thing is we know where all the gas sta@@ tions are . +and sure , we could find fast food cha@@ ins . +but where would be the ne@@ ar@@ est a@@ ed to help this patient ? +we asked around and nobody knew . +nobody knew where the ne@@ ar@@ est life@@ -@@ saving a@@ ed was to be ob@@ tain@@ ed right now . +so what we did , we crow@@ d@@ sour@@ ced the ne@@ ther@@ lands . +we set up a website and asked the crowd , " if you see an a@@ ed , please sub@@ mit it , tell us where it is , tell us when it 's open , " since sometimes in office hours sometimes it 's closed , of course . +and over 10,000 a@@ e@@ ds already in the ne@@ ther@@ lands already have been sub@@ mit@@ ted . +the next step we took was to find the appli@@ cations for it . +and we built an i@@ pad app@@ lic@@ ation . +we made an app@@ lic@@ ation for la@@ y@@ ar , aug@@ mented reality , to find these a@@ e@@ ds . +and whenever you are in a city like ma@@ a@@ stri@@ cht and somebody collap@@ ses , you can use your iphone , and within the next weeks also run your microsoft cell@@ phone , to find the ne@@ ar@@ est a@@ ed which can save lives . +and as of today , we would like to introdu@@ ce this , not only as a@@ ed@@ 4@@ e@@ u , which is what the product is called , but also a@@ ed@@ 4@@ us . +and we would like to start this on a worldwide level . +and [ we 're ] asking all of our colleagues in the rest of the world , collea@@ gue universi@@ ties , to help us to find and work and act like a hu@@ b to crow@@ d-@@ source all these a@@ e@@ ds all around the world . +that whenever you 're on ho@@ li@@ day and somebody collap@@ ses , might it be your own relative or someone just in front of you , you can find this . +the other thing we would like to ask is of companies also all over the world that will be able to help us v@@ ali@@ date these a@@ e@@ ds . +these might be cou@@ rier services or c@@ able guys for instance , just to see whether the a@@ ed that 's sub@@ mit@@ ted still is in place . +so please help us on this one and try to make not only health a little bit better , but take control of it . +thank you . +today i 'm going to talk about un@@ expected disco@@ ver@@ ies . +now i work in the solar technology industry . +and my small star@@ tu@@ p is looking to force ourselves into the environment by paying attention to ... +... paying attention to crow@@ d-@@ sour@@ cing . +it 's just a quick video of what we do . +hu@@ h . hang on a moment . +it might take a moment to load . +we 'll just -- we can just ski@@ p -- i 'll just ski@@ p through the video instead ... +no . +this is not ... +okay . +solar technology is ... +oh , that 's all my time ? +okay . thank you very much . +so a couple of years ago i started a program to try to get the rock@@ star tech and design people to take a year off and work in the one environment that represents pretty much everything they 're supposed to hate ; we have them work in government . +the program is called code for america , and it 's a little bit like a peace cor@@ ps for ge@@ e@@ ks . +we sele@@ ct a few fel@@ lo@@ ws every year and we have them work with city governments . +instead of sending them off into the third world , we send them into the wil@@ ds of city hall . +and there they make great app@@ s , they work with city sta@@ ff@@ ers . +but really what they 're doing is they 're showing what 's possible with technology today . +so meet al . +al is a fire hy@@ dr@@ ant in the city of boston . +here it kind of looks like he 's looking for a date , but what he 's really looking for is for someone to sho@@ vel him out when he gets s@@ no@@ wed in , because he knows he 's not very good at fighting fir@@ es when he 's covered in four feet of s@@ now . +now how did he come to be looking for help in this very unique man@@ ner ? +we had a team of fel@@ lo@@ ws in boston last year through the code for america program . +they were there in febru@@ ary , and it s@@ no@@ wed a lot in febru@@ ary last year . +and they noticed that the city never gets to dig@@ ging out these fire hy@@ dr@@ ants . +but one fellow in particular , a guy named er@@ ik micha@@ el@@ s-@@ ob@@ er , noticed something else , and that 's that citizens are sho@@ vel@@ ing out si@@ de@@ wal@@ ks right in front of these things . +so he did what any good develop@@ er would do , he wrote an ap@@ p . +it 's a c@@ ute little ap@@ p where you can adop@@ t a fire hy@@ dr@@ ant . +so you agree to dig it out when it s@@ no@@ ws . +if you do , you get to name it , and he called the first one al . +and if you don 't , someone can ste@@ al it from you . +so it 's got c@@ ute little game dynam@@ ics on it . +this is a mo@@ dest little ap@@ p . +it 's probably the small@@ est of the 21 app@@ s that the fel@@ lo@@ ws wrote last year . +but it 's doing something that no other government technology does . +it 's spre@@ ading vir@@ ally . +there 's a guy in the i@@ .@@ t@@ . department of the city of hon@@ ol@@ ul@@ u who saw this ap@@ p and realized that he could use it , not for s@@ now , but to get citizens to adop@@ t tsun@@ ami si@@ r@@ ens . +it 's very important that these tsun@@ ami si@@ r@@ ens work , but people ste@@ al the bat@@ ter@@ ies out of them . +so he 's getting citizens to check on them . +and then se@@ attle decided to use it to get citizens to clear out clo@@ g@@ ged stor@@ m dra@@ ins . +and chicago just roll@@ ed it out to get people to sign up to sho@@ vel si@@ de@@ wal@@ ks when it s@@ no@@ ws . +so we now know of nine cities that are planning to use this . +and this has spread just fri@@ c@@ tion@@ less@@ ly , organ@@ ically , naturally . +if you know anything about government technology , you know that this isn 't how it normally goes . +pro@@ cur@@ ing software usually takes a couple of years . +we had a team that worked on a project in boston last year that took three people about two and a half months . +it was a way that parents could figure out which were the right public schools for their kids . +we were told after@@ ward that if that had gone through normal chan@@ n@@ els , it would have taken at least two years and it would have cost about two million dollars . +and that 's nothing . +there is one project in the california court system right now that so far cost tax@@ pa@@ yers two billion dollars , and it doesn 't work . +and there are projects like this at every level of government . +so an ap@@ p that takes a couple of days to write and then spre@@ ads vir@@ ally , that 's sort of a shot across the bo@@ w to the institution of government . +it suggests how government could work better -- not more like a private company , as many people think it should . +and not even like a tech company , but more like the internet itself . +and that means per@@ mis@@ sion@@ less , it means open , it means gener@@ ative . +and that 's important . +but what 's more important about this ap@@ p is that it represents how a new generation is tac@@ kl@@ ing the problem of government -- not as the problem of an o@@ ssi@@ fied institution , but as a problem of collective action . +and that 's great news , because , it turns out , we 're very good at collective action with digital technology . +now there 's a very large community of people that are building the tools that we need to do things together effectively . +it 's not just code for america fel@@ lo@@ ws , there are hundreds of people all over the country that are standing and writing ci@@ vi@@ c app@@ s every day in their own communities . +they haven 't given up on government . +they are fru@@ strated as hell with it , but they 're not com@@ pla@@ ining about it , they 're fix@@ ing it . +and these folks know something that we 've lost sight of . +and that 's that when you stri@@ p away all your feelings about politics and the line at the d@@ m@@ v and all those other things that we 're really mad about , government is , at its core , in the words of tim o '@@ rei@@ l@@ ly , " what we do together that we can 't do alone . " +now a lot of people have given up on government . +and if you 're one of those people , i would ask that you re@@ consider , because things are changing . +politics is not changing ; government is changing . +and because government ultimately der@@ i@@ ves its power from us -- remember " we the people ? " -- how we think about it is going to effect how that change happens . +now i didn 't know very much about government when i started this program . +and like a lot of people , i thought government was basically about getting people ele@@ cted to office . +well after two years , i 've come to the conclu@@ sion that , especially local government , is about o@@ pos@@ su@@ ms . +this is the call center for the services and information line . +it 's generally where you will get if you call 3@@ 11 in your city . +if you should ever have the chance to staf@@ f your city 's call center , as our fellow scot@@ t sil@@ ver@@ man did as part of the program -- in fact , they all do that -- you will find that people call government with a very wide range of issues , including having an o@@ pos@@ sum stuck in your house . +so scot@@ t gets this call . +he types " o@@ pos@@ sum " into this offi@@ cial knowledge base . +he doesn 't really come up with anything . he starts with animal control . +and finally , he says , " look , can you just open all the do@@ ors to your house and play music really l@@ oud and see if the thing leaves ? " +so that worked . so boo@@ ya for scot@@ t . +but that wasn 't the end of the o@@ pos@@ su@@ ms . +boston doesn 't just have a call center . +it has an ap@@ p , a web and mobile ap@@ p , called citizens connect . +now we didn 't write this ap@@ p . +this is the work of the very smart people at the office of new urban mechan@@ ics in boston . +so one day -- this is an actual report -- this came in : " o@@ pos@@ sum in my tr@@ as@@ h@@ can . can 't tell if it 's dead . +how do i get this re@@ moved ? " +but what happens with citizens connect is different . +so scot@@ t was speaking person@@ -@@ to-@@ person . +but on citizens connect everything is public , so everybody can see this . +and in this case , a neighb@@ or saw it . +and the next report we got said , " i walked over to this location , found the tr@@ as@@ h@@ can behind the house . +o@@ pos@@ sum ? check . living ? ye@@ p . +turned tr@@ as@@ h@@ can on its side . walked home . +go@@ od@@ night swe@@ et o@@ pos@@ sum . " +pretty simple . +so this is great . this is the digital meeting the physical . +and it 's also a great example of government getting in on the crow@@ d-@@ sour@@ cing game . +but it 's also a great example of government as a platform . +and i don 't mean necessarily a technologi@@ cal definition of platform here . +i 'm just talking about a platform for people to help themselves and to help others . +so one citi@@ zen helped another citi@@ zen , but government played a key role here . +it connected those two people . +and it could have connected them with government services if they 'd been needed , but a neighb@@ or is a far better and che@@ aper alternative to government services . +when one neighb@@ or helps another , we streng@@ then our communities . +we call animal control , it just costs a lot of money . +now one of the important things we need to think about government is that it 's not the same thing as politics . +and most people get that , but they think that one is the input to the other . +that our input to the system of government is vot@@ ing . +now how many times have we ele@@ cted a political leader -- and sometimes we spend a lot of energy getting a new political leader ele@@ cted -- and then we sit back and we expect government to refle@@ ct our values and meet our needs , and then not that much changes ? +that 's because government is like a vast ocean and politics is the si@@ x-@@ in@@ ch layer on top . +and what 's under that is what we call bu@@ re@@ au@@ cra@@ cy . +and we say that word with such con@@ temp@@ t . +but it 's that con@@ temp@@ t that kee@@ ps this thing that we own and we pay for as something that 's working against us , this other thing , and then we 're dis@@ em@@ power@@ ing ourselves . +people seem to think politics is sex@@ y . +if we want this institution to work for us , we 're going to have to make bu@@ re@@ au@@ cra@@ cy sex@@ y . +because that 's where the real work of government happens . +we have to engage with the machin@@ ery of government . +so that 's occu@@ py@@ thes@@ e@@ c movement has done . +have you seen these guys ? +it 's a group of concerned citizens that have written a very deta@@ iled 3@@ 25@@ -@@ page report that 's a response to the se@@ c 's requ@@ est for com@@ ment on the financial re@@ form bill . +that 's not being poli@@ tically active , that 's being bu@@ re@@ au@@ cra@@ tically active . +now for those of us who 've given up on government , it 's time that we asked ourselves about the world that we want to leave for our children . +you have to see the enormous challenges that they 're going to face . +do we really think we 're going to get where we need to go without fix@@ ing the one institution that can act on be@@ half of all of us ? +we can 't do without government , but we do need it to be more effective . +the good news is that technology is making it possible to fundament@@ ally re@@ frame the function of government in a way that can actually scale by streng@@ th@@ ening civil society . +and there 's a generation out there that 's grown up on the internet , and they know that it 's not that hard to do things together , you just have to architect the systems the right way . +now the average age of our fel@@ lo@@ ws is 28 , so i am , be@@ gr@@ u@@ d@@ g@@ ingly , almost a generation older than most of them . +this is a generation that 's grown up taking their voices pretty much for gran@@ ted . +they 're not fighting that battle that we 're all fighting about who gets to speak ; they all get to speak . +they can express their opini@@ on on any chan@@ nel at any time , and they do . +so when they 're fac@@ ed with the problem of government , they don 't care as much about using their voices . +they 're using their hands . +they 're using their hands to write appli@@ cations that make government work better . +and those appli@@ cations let us use our hands to make our communities better . +that could be sho@@ vel@@ ing out a hy@@ dr@@ ant , pul@@ ling a we@@ ed , turning over a g@@ arb@@ age can with an o@@ pos@@ sum in it . +and certainly , we could have been sho@@ vel@@ ing out those fire hy@@ dr@@ ants all along , and many people do . +but these app@@ s are like little digital remin@@ ders that we 're not just consum@@ ers , and we 're not just consum@@ ers of government , putting in our ta@@ xes and getting back services . +we 're more than that , we 're citizens . +and we 're not going to fix government until we fix citi@@ zen@@ ship . +so the question i have for all of you here : when it comes to the big , important things that we need to do together , all of us together , are we just going to be a crowd of voices , or are we also going to be a crowd of hands ? +thank you . +because i usually take the role of trying to explain to people how wonderful the new technologies that are coming along are going to be , and i thought that , since i was among friends here , i would tell you what i really think and try to look back and try to understand what is really going on here with these amazing jum@@ ps in technology that seem so fast that we can bar@@ ely keep on top of it . +so i 'm going to start out by showing just one very bor@@ ing technology slide . +and then , so if you can just turn on the slide that 's on . +this is just a random slide that i picked out of my fi@@ le . +what i want to show you is not so much the details of the slide , but the general form of it . +this happens to be a slide of some analysis that we were doing about the power of ris@@ c micro@@ process@@ ors versus the power of local area networks . +and the interesting thing about it is that this slide , like so many technology sli@@ des that we 're used to , is a sort of a straight line on a se@@ mi@@ -@@ lo@@ g cur@@ ve . +in other words , every step here represents an order of magni@@ tude in performance scale . +and this is a new thing that we talk about technology on se@@ mi@@ -@@ lo@@ g cur@@ ves . +something really weird is going on here . +and that 's basically what i 'm going to be talking about . +so , if you could bring up the lights . +if you could bring up the lights higher , because i 'm just going to use a piece of paper here . +now why do we draw technology cur@@ ves in se@@ mi@@ -@@ lo@@ g cur@@ ves ? +well the answer is , if i dre@@ w it on a normal cur@@ ve where , let 's say , this is years , this is time of some sort , and this is whatever measure of the technology that i 'm trying to graph , the graph@@ s look sort of sil@@ ly . +they sort of go like this . +and they don 't tell us much . +now if i graph , for instance , some other technology , say transpor@@ tation technology , on a se@@ mi@@ -@@ lo@@ g cur@@ ve , it would look very stupid , it would look like a flat line . +but when something like this happens , things are qu@@ al@@ it@@ a@@ tively changing . +so if transpor@@ tation technology was moving along as fast as micro@@ process@@ or technology , then the day after tomorrow , i would be able to get in a tax@@ i ca@@ b and be in to@@ k@@ yo in 30 seconds . +it 's not moving like that . +and there 's nothing pre@@ ce@@ d@@ ented in the history of technology development of this kind of self-@@ fe@@ eding growth where you go by orders of magni@@ tude every few years . +now the question that i 'd like to ask is , if you look at these exponenti@@ al cur@@ ves , they don 't go on forever . +things just can 't possibly keep changing as fast as they are . +one of two things is going to happen . +either it 's going to turn into a sort of classi@@ cal s-@@ cur@@ ve like this , until something totally different comes along , or maybe it 's going to do this . +that 's about all it can do . +now i 'm an opti@@ m@@ ist , so i sort of think it 's probably going to do something like that . +if so , that means that what we 're in the middle of right now is a transition . +we 're sort of on this line in a transition from the way the world used to be to some new way that the world is . +and so what i 'm trying to ask , what i 've been asking myself , is what 's this new way that the world is ? +what 's that new state that the world is head@@ ing toward ? +because the transition seems very , very conf@@ using when we 're right in the middle of it . +now when i was a kid growing up , the future was kind of the year 2000 , and people used to talk about what would happen in the year 2000 . +now here 's a conference in which people talk about the future , and you notice that the future is still at about the year 2000 . +it 's about as far as we go out . +so in other words , the future has kind of been s@@ hr@@ in@@ king one year per year for my whole lifetime . +now i think that the reason is because we all feel that something 's happening there . +that transition is happening . we can all sense it . +and we know that it just doesn 't make too much sense to think out 30 , 50 years because everything 's going to be so different that a simple extra@@ po@@ lation of what we 're doing just doesn 't make any sense at all . +so what i would like to talk about is what that could be , what that transition could be that we 're going through . +now in order to do that i 'm going to have to talk about a bunch of stuff that really has nothing to do with technology and computers . +because i think the only way to understand this is to really step back and take a long time scale look at things . +so the time scale that i would like to look at this on is the time scale of life on earth . +so i think this picture makes sense if you look at it a few billion years at a time . +so if you go back about two and a half billion years , the earth was this big , ster@@ i@@ le hun@@ k of rock with a lot of chemicals flo@@ ating around on it . +and if you look at the way that the chemicals got organized , we begin to get a pretty good idea of how they do it . +and i think that there 's theor@@ ies that are beginning to understand about how it started with r@@ na , but i 'm going to tell a sort of simple story of it , which is that , at that time , there were little dro@@ ps of oil flo@@ ating around with all kinds of different reci@@ pes of chemicals in them . +and some of those dro@@ ps of oil had a particular combin@@ ation of chemicals in them which caused them to in@@ corpo@@ rate chemicals from the outside and grow the dro@@ ps of oil . +and those that were like that started to spli@@ t and divi@@ de . +and those were the most primi@@ tive forms of cells in a sense , those little dro@@ ps of oil . +but now those dro@@ ps of oil weren 't really alive , as we say it now , because every one of them was a little random reci@@ pe of chemicals . +and every time it divi@@ ded , they got sort of un@@ equal di@@ vision of the chemicals within them . +and so every drop was a little bit different . +in fact , the dro@@ ps that were different in a way that caused them to be better at in@@ cor@@ por@@ ating chemicals around them , grew more and in@@ cor@@ por@@ ated more chemicals and divi@@ ded more . +so those ten@@ ded to live longer , get expres@@ sed more . +now that 's sort of just a very simple chemical form of life , but when things got interesting was when these dro@@ ps learned a trick about abstra@@ ction . +somehow by ways that we don 't quite understand , these little dro@@ ps learned to write down information . +they learned to record the information that was the reci@@ pe of the cell onto a particular kind of chemical called dna . +so in other words , they worked out , in this min@@ d@@ less sort of evolutionary way , a form of writing that let them write down what they were , so that that way of writing it down could get cop@@ i@@ ed . +the amazing thing is that that way of writing seems to have sta@@ yed ste@@ ad@@ y since it evolved two and a half billion years ago . +in fact the reci@@ pe for us , our genes , is exactly that same code and that same way of writing . +in fact , every living cre@@ ature is written in exactly the same set of letters and the same code . +in fact , one of the things that i did just for am@@ use@@ ment pur@@ pos@@ es is we can now write things in this code . +and i 've got here a little 100 micro@@ gra@@ ms of white po@@ w@@ der , which i try not to let the security people see at air@@ por@@ ts . +but this has in it -- what i did is i took this code -- the code has standard letters that we use for symbo@@ li@@ zing it -- and i wrote my business card onto a piece of dna and am@@ pli@@ fied it 10 to the 22 times . +so if anyone would like a hundred million cop@@ ies of my business card , i have pl@@ ent@@ y for everyone in the room , and , in fact , everyone in the world , and it 's right here . +if i had really been a e@@ goti@@ st , i would have put it into a virus and rele@@ ased it in the room . +so what was the next step ? +writing down the dna was an interesting step . +and that caused these cells -- that kept them happy for another billion years . +but then there was another really interesting step where things became completely different , which is these cells started ex@@ changing and communic@@ ating information , so that they began to get communities of cells . +i don 't know if you know this , but bacteria can actually exchange dna . +now that 's why , for instance , antibio@@ tic resi@@ stance has evolved . +some bacteria figured out how to stay away from pen@@ ic@@ il@@ lin , and it went around sort of creating its little dna information with other bacteria , and now we have a lot of bacteria that are resi@@ stant to pen@@ ic@@ il@@ lin , because bacteria communicate . +now what this communication allowed was communities to form that , in some sense , were in the same boat together ; they were sy@@ ner@@ gi@@ stic . +so they survi@@ ved or they failed together , which means that if a community was very successful , all the individuals in that community were repe@@ ated more and they were favor@@ ed by evolution . +now the transition point happened when these communities got so close that , in fact , they got together and decided to write down the whole reci@@ pe for the community together on one string of dna . +and so the next stage that 's interesting in life took about another billion years . +and at that stage , we have multi-@@ cell@@ ular communities , communities of lots of different types of cells , working together as a single organis@@ m . +and in fact , we 're such a multi-@@ cell@@ ular community . +we have lots of cells that are not out for themselves anymore . +your skin cell is really us@@ eless without a heart cell , muscle cell , a brain cell and so on . +so these communities began to evol@@ ve so that the interesting level on which evolution was taking place was no longer a cell , but a community which we call an organis@@ m . +now the next step that happened is within these communities . +these communities of cells , again , began to abstra@@ ct information . +and they began building very special structures that did nothing but process information within the community . +and those are the neu@@ ral structures . +so neurons are the information process@@ ing appar@@ at@@ us that those communities of cells built up . +and in fact , they began to get speci@@ alists in the community and special structures that were responsible for recor@@ ding , understanding , learning information . +and that was the brains and the nervous system of those communities . +and that gave them an evolutionary advantage . +because at that point , an individual -- learning could happen within the time sp@@ an of a single organis@@ m , instead of over this evolutionary time sp@@ an . +so an organis@@ m could , for instance , learn not to eat a certain kind of fru@@ it because it ta@@ sted bad and it got sick last time it ate it . +that could happen within the lifetime of a single organis@@ m , whereas before they 'd built these special information process@@ ing structures , that would have had to be learned evolution@@ arily over hundreds of thousands of years by the individuals dying off that ate that kind of fru@@ it . +so that nervous system , the fact that they built these special information structures , because evolution could now happen within an individual . +it could happen in learning time sc@@ ales . +but then what happened was the individuals worked out , of course , tricks of communic@@ ating . +and for example , the most sophisti@@ cated version that we 're aware of is human language . +it 's really a pretty amazing invention if you think about it . +here i have a very complicated , mess@@ y , conf@@ used idea in my head . +i 'm sitting here making gr@@ un@@ ting sounds basically , and hopefully con@@ struc@@ ting a similar mess@@ y , conf@@ used idea in your head that be@@ ars some analog@@ y to it . +but we 're taking something very complicated , turning it into sound , sequences of sounds , and producing something very complicated in your brain . +so this allows us now to begin to start func@@ tion@@ ing as a single organis@@ m . +and so , in fact , what we 've done is we , humanity , have started abstra@@ cting out . +we 're going through the same levels that multi-@@ cell@@ ular organisms have gone through -- abstra@@ cting out our metho@@ ds of recor@@ ding , pres@@ enting , process@@ ing information . +so for example , the invention of language was a tiny step in that direction . +tele@@ ph@@ ony , computers , vide@@ ot@@ ap@@ es , c@@ d-@@ ro@@ ms and so on are all our speci@@ alized mechanis@@ ms that we 've now built within our society for hand@@ ling that information . +and it all conne@@ cts us together into something that is much bigger and much faster and able to evol@@ ve than what we were before . +so now , evolution can take place on a scale of micro@@ seconds . +and you saw ty 's little evolutionary example where he sort of did a little bit of evolution on the con@@ vol@@ ution program right before your eyes . +so now we 've spee@@ ded up the time sc@@ ales once again . +so the first steps of the story that i told you about took a billion years a piece . +and the next steps , like nervous systems and brains , took a few hundred million years . +then the next steps , like language and so on , took less than a million years . +and these next steps , like electr@@ on@@ ics , seem to be taking only a few decades . +the process is fe@@ eding on itself and becoming , i guess , auto@@ cat@@ aly@@ tic is the word for it -- when something rein@@ forces its rate of change . +the more it changes , the faster it changes . +and i think that that 's what we 're seeing here in this explosion of cur@@ ve . +we 're seeing this process fe@@ eding back on itself . +now i design computers for a living , and i know that the mechanis@@ ms that i use to design computers would be impossible without recent advan@@ ces in computers . +so right now , what i do is i design objects at such complexity that it 's really impossible for me to design them in the traditional sense . +i don 't know what every transi@@ st@@ or in the connection machine does . +there are billions of them . +instead , what i do and what the designers at thinking machines do is we think at some level of abstra@@ ction and then we hand it to the machine and the machine takes it beyond what we could ever do , much far@@ ther and faster than we could ever do . +and in fact , sometimes it takes it by metho@@ ds that we don 't quite even understand . +one method that 's particularly interesting that i 've been using a lot l@@ ately is evolution itself . +so what we do is we put inside the machine a process of evolution that takes place on the micro@@ second time scale . +so for example , in the most extreme cases , we can actually evol@@ ve a program by starting out with random sequences of in@@ struc@@ tions . +say , " computer , would you please make a hundred million random sequences of in@@ struc@@ tions . +now would you please run all of those random sequences of in@@ struc@@ tions , run all of those programs , and pick out the ones that came clo@@ s@@ est to doing what i wanted . " +so in other words , i define what i wanted . +let 's say i want to sort numbers , as a simple example i 've done it with . +so find the programs that come clo@@ s@@ est to sor@@ ting numbers . +so of course , random sequences of in@@ struc@@ tions are very un@@ likely to sort numbers , so none of them will really do it . +but one of them , by lu@@ ck , may put two numbers in the right order . +and i say , " computer , would you please now take the 10 percent of those random sequences that did the best job . +save those . kill off the rest . +and now let 's re@@ produce the ones that sor@@ ted numbers the best . +and let 's re@@ produce them by a process of re@@ combin@@ ation analog@@ ous to sex . " +take two programs and they produce children by ex@@ changing their su@@ br@@ ou@@ tin@@ es , and the children in@@ her@@ it the tra@@ its of the su@@ br@@ ou@@ tin@@ es of the two programs . +so i 've got now a new generation of programs that are produced by combin@@ ations of the programs that did a little bit better job . +say , " please repe@@ at that process . " +sc@@ ore them again . +introdu@@ ce some mu@@ tations perhaps . +and try that again and do that for another generation . +well every one of those generations just takes a few milli@@ seconds . +so i can do the equivalent of millions of years of evolution on that within the computer in a few minutes , or in the complicated cases , in a few hours . +at the end of that , i end up with programs that are absolutely perfect at sor@@ ting numbers . +in fact , they are programs that are much more efficient than programs i could have ever written by hand . +now if i look at those programs , i can 't tell you how they work . +i 've tried looking at them and telling you how they work . +they 're ob@@ sc@@ ure , weird programs . +but they do the job . +and in fact , i know , i 'm very confi@@ dent that they do the job because they come from a line of hundreds of thousands of programs that did the job . +in fact , their life depen@@ ded on doing the job . +i was ri@@ ding in a 7@@ 4@@ 7 with mar@@ v@@ in min@@ sky once , and he pul@@ ls out this card and says , " oh look . look at this . +it says , ' this plane has hundreds of thousands of tiny parts working together to make you a safe flight . ' doesn 't that make you feel confi@@ dent ? " +in fact , we know that the engineering process doesn 't work very well when it gets complicated . +so we 're beginning to dep@@ end on computers to do a process that 's very different than engineering . +and it lets us produce things of much more complexity than normal engineering lets us produce . +and yet , we don 't quite understand the op@@ tions of it . +so in a sense , it 's getting ahead of us . +we 're now using those programs to make much faster computers so that we 'll be able to run this process much faster . +so it 's fe@@ eding back on itself . +the thing is becoming faster and that 's why i think it seems so conf@@ using . +because all of these technologies are fe@@ eding back on themselves . +we 're taking off . +and what we are is we 're at a point in time which is analog@@ ous to when sing@@ le-@@ cell@@ ed organisms were turning into multi-@@ cell@@ ed organisms . +so we 're the amo@@ e@@ b@@ as and we can 't quite figure out what the hell this thing is we 're creating . +we 're right at that point of transition . +but i think that there really is something coming along after us . +i think it 's very hau@@ gh@@ ty of us to think that we 're the end product of evolution . +and i think all of us here are a part of producing whatever that next thing is . +so lunch is coming along , and i think i will stop at that point , before i get sel@@ ec@@ ted out . +my story begins right here actually in ra@@ j@@ as@@ than about two years ago . +i was in the desert , under the star@@ ry sk@@ ies with the su@@ f@@ i sing@@ er mu@@ k@@ h@@ ti@@ ar al@@ i . +and we were in conversation about how nothing had changed since the time of the ancient indian epi@@ c " the ma@@ hab@@ har@@ at@@ a . " +so back in the day , when us indi@@ ans wanted to travel we 'd jump into a ch@@ ari@@ ot and we 'd zo@@ om across the sky . +now we do the same with air@@ planes . +back then , when ar@@ jun@@ a , the great indian war@@ ri@@ or prin@@ ce , when he was thir@@ sty , he 'd take out a bo@@ w , he 'd sho@@ ot it into the ground and water would come out . +now we do the same with dri@@ ll@@ s and machines . +the conclu@@ sion that we came to was that magic had been re@@ placed by machin@@ ery . +and this made me really sad . +i found myself becoming a little bit of a tech@@ no@@ pho@@ be . +i was terri@@ fied by this idea that i would lose the ability to enjoy and appreci@@ ate the sun@@ set without having my camera on me , without t@@ we@@ eting it to my friends . +and it felt like technology should en@@ able magic , not kill it . +when i was a little girl , my grand@@ father gave me his little sil@@ ver po@@ cket watch . +and this piece of 5@@ 0-@@ year-old technology became the most ma@@ gical thing to me . +it became a gil@@ ded g@@ ate@@ way into a world full of pir@@ ates and shi@@ p@@ w@@ re@@ cks and images in my imagination . +so i felt like our cell@@ phones and our fan@@ cy wat@@ ches and our c@@ ameras had stopped us from dre@@ aming . +they stopped us from being inspired . +and so i jum@@ ped in , i jum@@ ped into this world of technology , to see how i could use it to en@@ able magic as op@@ posed to kill it . +i 've been illu@@ str@@ ating books since i was 16 . +and so when i saw the i@@ pad , i saw it as a story@@ telling device that could connect re@@ a@@ ders all over the world . +it can know how we 're holding it . +it can know where we are . +it brings together image and text and anima@@ tion and sound and touch . +story@@ telling is becoming more and more multi-@@ sensor@@ ial . +but what are we doing with it ? +so i 'm actually just going to go in and laun@@ ch k@@ ho@@ ya , an inter@@ active ap@@ p for the i@@ pad . +so it says , " place your fing@@ ers upon each light . " +and so -- it says , " this box bel@@ on@@ gs to ... " and so i type in my name . +and actually i become a character in the book . +at various points , a little letter dro@@ ps down to me -- and the i@@ pad knows where you live because of gps -- which is actually add@@ ressed to me . +the child in me is really excited by these kinds of possibilities . +now i 've been talking a lot about magic . +and i don 't mean wi@@ z@@ ards and dra@@ g@@ ons , i mean the kind of childhood magic , those ideas that we all h@@ arb@@ or@@ ed as children . +this idea of fire@@ flies in a j@@ ar , for some reason , was always really exciting to me . +and so over here you need to ti@@ lt your i@@ pad , take the fire@@ flies out . +and they actually ill@@ umin@@ ate your way through the rest of the book . +another idea that really fascin@@ ated me as a child was that an entire galaxy could be contain@@ ed within a single mar@@ ble . +and so over here , each book and each world becomes a little mar@@ ble that i dra@@ g in to this ma@@ gical device within the device . +and it op@@ ens up a map . +all along , all fan@@ t@@ asy books have always had maps , but these maps have been sta@@ tic . +this is a map that gro@@ ws and glo@@ ws and becomes your navi@@ gation for the rest of the book . +it reve@@ als itself to you at certain points in the book as well . +so i 'm just going to enter in . +another thing that 's actually really important to me is creating content that is indian and yet very con@@ temporary . +over here , these are the ap@@ sar@@ as . +so we 've all heard about fa@@ i@@ ries and we 've all heard about n@@ y@@ m@@ ph@@ s , but how many people outside of india know about their indian counter@@ parts , the ap@@ sar@@ as ? +these poor ap@@ sar@@ as have been tra@@ pped inside in@@ dr@@ a 's cham@@ bers for thousands of years in an old and mu@@ sty book . +and so we 're bringing them back in a con@@ temporary story for children . +and a story that actually de@@ als with new issues like the environmental crisis . +speaking of the environmental crisis , i think a big problem has been in the last 10 years is that children have been lo@@ cked inside their rooms , gl@@ u@@ ed to their p@@ cs , they haven 't been able to get out . +but now with mobile technology , we can actually take our children outside into the natural world with their technology . +one of the inter@@ actions in the book is that you 're sent off on this qu@@ est where you need to go outside , take out your camera on the i@@ pad and collect pictures of different natural objects . +when i was a child , i had multiple colle@@ ctions of sti@@ cks and st@@ ones and pe@@ b@@ bles and sh@@ ells . +and somehow kids don 't do that anymore . +so in bringing back this childhood ritual , you need to go out and , in one chap@@ ter , take a picture of a flo@@ wer and then tag it . +in another chap@@ ter , you need to take a picture of a piece of bar@@ k and then tag that . +and what happens is that you actually create a digital colle@@ ction of photographs that you can then put up online . +a child in london puts up a picture of a fo@@ x and says , " oh , i saw a fo@@ x today . " +a child in india says , " i saw a mon@@ key today . " +and it creates this kind of social network around a colle@@ ction of digital photographs that you 've actually taken . +in the possibilities of lin@@ king together magic , the earth and technology , there are multiple possibilities . +in the next book , we plan on having an interaction where you take your i@@ pad out with the video on and through aug@@ mented reality , you see this layer of anima@@ ted pi@@ x@@ ies appear on a hou@@ se@@ plant that 's outside your house . +at one point , your screen is filled up with leaves . +and so you need to make the sound of wind and b@@ low them away and read the rest of the book . +we 're moving , we 're all moving here , to a world where the forces of nature come closer together to technology , and magic and technology can come closer together . +we 're har@@ n@@ ess@@ ing energy from the sun . +we 're bringing our children and ourselves closer to the natural world and that magic and joy and childhood love that we had through the simple medium of a story . +thank you . +well this is a really extraordinary honor for me . +i spend most of my time in ja@@ ils , in pris@@ ons , on death row . +i spend most of my time in very low-@@ income communities in the projects and places where there 's a great deal of hop@@ el@@ ess@@ ness . +and being here at ted and seeing the stimu@@ lation , hearing it , has been very , very energi@@ zing to me . +and one of the things that 's emer@@ ged in my short time here is that ted has an identity . +and you can actually say things here that have im@@ pac@@ ts around the world . +and sometimes when it comes through ted , it has meaning and power that it doesn 't have when it doesn 't . +and i mention that because i think identity is really important . +and we 've had some fantastic pres@@ ent@@ ations . +and i think what we 've learned is that , if you 're a teacher your words can be meaning@@ ful , but if you 're a com@@ passionate teacher , they can be especially meaning@@ ful . +if you 're a doctor you can do some good things , but if you 're a car@@ ing doctor you can do some other things . +and so i want to talk about the power of identity . +and i didn 't learn about this actually practic@@ ing law and doing the work that i do . +i actually learned about this from my grandmother . +i grew up in a house that was the traditional african american home that was domin@@ ated by a matri@@ ar@@ ch , and that matri@@ ar@@ ch was my grandmother . +she was tough , she was strong , she was powerful . +she was the end of every argument in our family . +she was the beginning of a lot of argu@@ ments in our family . +she was the daughter of people who were actually en@@ sla@@ ved . +her parents were born in sla@@ very in virg@@ ini@@ a in the 18@@ 40 's . +she was born in the 18@@ 80 's and the experience of sla@@ very very much sha@@ ped the way she saw the world . +and my grandmother was tough , but she was also lo@@ ving . +when i would see her as a little boy , she 'd come up to me and she 'd give me these hu@@ gs . +and she 'd squ@@ ee@@ ze me so ti@@ ght i could bar@@ ely brea@@ the and then she 'd let me go . +and an hour or two later , if i saw her , she 'd come over to me and she 'd say , " br@@ y@@ an , do you still feel me hu@@ g@@ ging you ? " +and if i said , " no , " she 'd as@@ sau@@ lt me again , and if i said , " yes , " she 'd leave me alone . +and she just had this quality that you always wanted to be near her . +and the only challenge was that she had 10 children . +my mom was the yo@@ un@@ gest of her 10 kids . +and sometimes when i would go and spend time with her , it would be difficult to get her time and attention . +my cou@@ s@@ ins would be running around everywhere . +and i remember , when i was about eight or nine years old , wa@@ king up one morning , going into the living room , and all of my cou@@ s@@ ins were running around . +and my grandmother was sitting across the room star@@ ing at me . +and at first i thought we were playing a game . +and i would look at her and i 'd s@@ mile , but she was very serious . +and after about 15 or 20 minutes of this , she got up and she came across the room and she took me by the hand and she said , " come on , br@@ y@@ an . you and i are going to have a talk . " +and i remember this just like it happened yesterday . +i never will forget it . +she took me out back and she said , " br@@ y@@ an , i 'm going to tell you something , but you don 't tell anybody what i tell you . " +i said , " okay , mama . " +she said , " now you make sure you don 't do that . " i said , " sure . " +then she sat me down and she looked at me and she said , " i want you to know i 've been watching you . " +and she said , " i think you 're special . " +she said , " i think you can do anything you want to do . " +i will never forget it . +and then she said , " i just need you to promise me three things , br@@ y@@ an . " +i said , " okay , mama . " +she said , " the first thing i want you to promise me is that you 'll always love your mom . " +she said , " that 's my baby girl , and you have to promise me now you 'll always take care of her . " +well i ad@@ or@@ ed my mom , so i said , " yes , mama . i 'll do that . " +then she said , " the second thing i want you to promise me is that you 'll always do the right thing even when the right thing is the hard thing . " +and i thought about it and i said , " yes , mama . i 'll do that . " +then finally she said , " the third thing i want you to promise me is that you 'll never drink al@@ co@@ hol . " +well i was nine years old , so i said , " yes , mama . i 'll do that . " +i grew up in the country in the rural south , and i have a brother a year older than me and a sister a year yo@@ unger . +when i was about 14 or 15 , one day my brother came home and he had this si@@ x-@@ pack of be@@ er -- i don 't know where he got it -- and he grab@@ bed me and my sister and we went out in the wo@@ ods . +and we were kind of just out there doing the stuff we cra@@ zi@@ ly did . +and he had a si@@ p of this be@@ er and he gave some to my sister and she had some , and they off@@ ered it to me . +i said , " no , no , no . that 's okay . you all go ahead . i 'm not going to have any be@@ er . " +my brother said , " come on . we 're doing this today ; you always do what we do . +i had some , your sister had some . have some be@@ er . " +i said , " no , i don 't feel right about that . y '@@ all go ahead . y '@@ all go ahead . " +and then my brother started star@@ ing at me . +he said , " what 's wrong with you ? have some be@@ er . " +then he looked at me real hard and he said , " oh , i hope you 're not still hung up on that conversation mama had with you . " +i said , " well , what are you talking about ? " +he said , " oh , mama tells all the grand@@ kids that they 're special . " +i was de@@ va@@ st@@ ated . +and i 'm going to ad@@ mit something to you . +i 'm going to tell you something i probably shouldn 't . +i know this might be broad@@ cast broad@@ ly . +but i 'm 5@@ 2 years old , and i 'm going to ad@@ mit to you that i 've never had a drop of al@@ co@@ hol . +i don 't say that because i think that 's virtu@@ ous ; i say that because there is power in identity . +when we create the right kind of identity , we can say things to the world around us that they don 't actually believe makes sense . +we can get them to do things that they don 't think they can do . +when i thought about my grandmother , of course she would think all her grand@@ kids were special . +my grand@@ father was in prison during pro@@ hi@@ bi@@ tion . +my male un@@ cles died of al@@ co@@ hol@@ -@@ related diseases . +and these were the things she thought we needed to com@@ mit to . +well i 've been trying to say something about our crimin@@ al justice system . +this country is very different today than it was 40 years ago . +in 197@@ 2 , there were 3@@ 0@@ 0,000 people in ja@@ ils and pris@@ ons . +today , there are 2.@@ 3 million . +the united states now has the highest rate of in@@ car@@ cer@@ ation in the world . +we have seven million people on prob@@ ation and par@@ o@@ le . +and mass in@@ car@@ cer@@ ation , in my jud@@ gment , has fundament@@ ally changed our world . +in poor communities , in communities of color there is this des@@ pair , there is this hop@@ el@@ ess@@ ness , that is being sha@@ ped by these out@@ comes . +one out of three black men between the ages of 18 and 30 is in ja@@ il , in prison , on prob@@ ation or par@@ o@@ le . +in urban communities across this country -- los angeles , phil@@ ad@@ el@@ phi@@ a , bal@@ ti@@ more , washington -- 50 to 60 percent of all young men of color are in ja@@ il or prison or on prob@@ ation or par@@ o@@ le . +our system isn 't just being sha@@ ped in these ways that seem to be di@@ stor@@ ting around race , they 're also di@@ stor@@ ted by poverty . +we have a system of justice in this country that tre@@ ats you much better if you 're rich and gu@@ il@@ ty than if you 're poor and inno@@ cent . +wealth , not cul@@ p@@ ability , shapes out@@ comes . +and yet , we seem to be very comfortable . +the politics of fear and an@@ ger have made us believe that these are problems that are not our problems . +we 've been dis@@ connected . +it 's interesting to me . +we 're looking at some very interesting develop@@ ments in our work . +my state of al@@ ab@@ ama , like a number of states , actually perman@@ ently dis@@ en@@ fran@@ ch@@ is@@ es you if you have a crimin@@ al con@@ vi@@ ction . +right now in al@@ ab@@ ama 3@@ 4 percent of the black male population has perman@@ ently lost the right to vote . +we 're actually proje@@ cting in another 10 years the level of dis@@ en@@ fran@@ ch@@ is@@ ement will be as high as it 's been since pri@@ or to the pas@@ sage of the vot@@ ing rights act . +and there is this stun@@ ning sil@@ ence . +i represent children . +a lot of my cli@@ ents are very young . +the united states is the only country in the world where we sentence 13@@ -year-old children to die in prison . +we have life im@@ pris@@ on@@ ment without par@@ o@@ le for kids in this country . +and we 're actually doing some li@@ ti@@ gation . +the only country in the world . +i represent people on death row . +it 's interesting , this question of the death pen@@ al@@ ty . +in many ways , we 've been taught to think that the real question is , do people deser@@ ve to die for the cri@@ mes they 've commit@@ ted ? +and that 's a very sensi@@ ble question . +but there 's another way of thinking about where we are in our identity . +the other way of thinking about it is not , do people deser@@ ve to die for the cri@@ mes they com@@ mit , but do we deser@@ ve to kill ? +i mean , it 's fascinating . +death pen@@ al@@ ty in america is defined by er@@ ror . +for every nine people who have been ex@@ ecu@@ ted , we 've actually identi@@ fied one inno@@ cent person who 's been ex@@ on@@ er@@ ated and rele@@ ased from death row . +a kind of ast@@ on@@ ishing er@@ ror rate -- one out of nine people inno@@ cent . +i mean , it 's fascinating . +in a@@ vi@@ ation , we would never let people fly on air@@ planes if for every nine planes that took off one would crash . +but somehow we can insu@@ late ourselves from this problem . +it 's not our problem . +it 's not our bur@@ den . +it 's not our struggle . +i talk a lot about these issues . +i talk about race and this question of whether we deser@@ ve to kill . +and it 's interesting , when i teach my students about african american history , i tell them about sla@@ very . +i tell them about terror@@ ism , the era that began at the end of re@@ construction that went on to world war ii . +we don 't really know very much about it . +but for african americans in this country , that was an era defined by ter@@ ror . +in many communities , people had to worry about being ly@@ n@@ ched . +they had to worry about being bom@@ bed . +it was the threat of ter@@ ror that sha@@ ped their lives . +and these older people come up to me now and they say , " mr. ste@@ ven@@ son , you give talks , you make spee@@ ches , you tell people to stop saying we 're dealing with terror@@ ism for the first time in our nation 's history after 9 / 11 . " +they tell me to say , " no , tell them that we grew up with that . " +and that era of terror@@ ism , of course , was followed by se@@ gre@@ gation and decades of ra@@ cial sub@@ ordin@@ ation and a@@ par@@ thei@@ d . +and yet , we have in this country this dynamic where we really don 't like to talk about our problems . +we don 't like to talk about our history . +and because of that , we really haven 't understood what it 's meant to do the things we 've done histor@@ ically . +we 're constantly running into each other . +we 're constantly creating ten@@ sions and confli@@ cts . +we have a hard time talking about race , and i believe it 's because we are un@@ willing to com@@ mit ourselves to a process of truth and re@@ con@@ ci@@ li@@ ation . +in south africa , people understood that we couldn 't over@@ come a@@ par@@ thei@@ d without a commit@@ ment to truth and re@@ con@@ ci@@ li@@ ation . +in r@@ wand@@ a , even after the geno@@ cide , there was this commit@@ ment , but in this country we haven 't done that . +i was giving some lec@@ tures in germany about the death pen@@ al@@ ty . +it was fascinating because one of the sch@@ ol@@ ars stood up after the pres@@ entation and said , " well you know it 's deeply trou@@ bling to hear what you 're talking about . " +he said , " we don 't have the death pen@@ al@@ ty in germany . +and of course , we can never have the death pen@@ al@@ ty in germany . " +and the room got very quie@@ t , and this woman said , " there 's no way , with our history , we could ever engage in the syste@@ matic killing of human beings . +it would be un@@ consci@@ on@@ able for us to , in an inten@@ tional and deli@@ ber@@ ate way , set about ex@@ ecu@@ ting people . " +and i thought about that . +what would it feel like to be living in a world where the nation state of germany was ex@@ ecu@@ ting people , especially if they were dis@@ propor@@ tion@@ ately je@@ wish ? +i couldn 't bear it . +it would be un@@ consci@@ on@@ able . +and yet , in this country , in the states of the old south , we ex@@ ec@@ ute people -- where you 're 11 times more likely to get the death pen@@ al@@ ty if the vic@@ tim is white than if the vic@@ tim is black , 22 times more likely to get it if the de@@ f@@ end@@ ant is black and the vic@@ tim is white -- in the very states where there are bu@@ ried in the ground the bodies of people who were ly@@ n@@ ched . +and yet , there is this dis@@ connect . +well i believe that our identity is at risk . +that when we actually don 't care about these difficult things , the positive and wonderful things are non@@ eth@@ eless impli@@ cated . +we love innovation . +we love technology . we love creativity . +we love entertain@@ ment . +but ultimately , those reali@@ ties are sha@@ do@@ wed by suffering , ab@@ use , de@@ gra@@ dation , mar@@ g@@ in@@ alization . +and for me , it becomes necessary to integra@@ te the two . +because ultimately we are talking about a need to be more hop@@ e@@ ful , more commit@@ ted , more de@@ dic@@ ated to the basic challenges of living in a complex world . +and for me that means spending time thinking and talking about the poor , the dis@@ advan@@ ta@@ ged , those who will never get to ted . +but thinking about them in a way that is integr@@ ated in our own lives . +you know ultimately , we all have to believe things we haven 't seen . +we do . as rational as we are , as commit@@ ted to intelle@@ ct as we are . +innovation , creativity , development comes not from the ideas in our mind alone . +they come from the ideas in our mind that are also fu@@ el@@ ed by some con@@ vi@@ ction in our heart . +and it 's that min@@ d-@@ heart connection that i believe comp@@ els us to not just be atten@@ tive to all the bright and da@@ zz@@ ly things , but also the dark and difficult things . +vac@@ la@@ v ha@@ vel , the great c@@ ze@@ ch leader , talked about this . +he said , " when we were in eastern europe and dealing with op@@ pres@@ sion , we wanted all kinds of things , but mostly what we needed was hope , an ori@@ entation of the spirit , a will@@ ing@@ ness to sometimes be in hop@@ eless places and be a wit@@ ness . " +well that ori@@ entation of the spirit is very much at the core of what i believe even ted communities have to be enga@@ ged in . +there is no dis@@ connect around technology and design that will allow us to be fully human until we pay attention to suffering , to poverty , to ex@@ clu@@ sion , to un@@ fair@@ ness , to in@@ justice . +now i will war@@ n you that this kind of identity is a much more challen@@ ging identity than ones that don 't pay attention to this . +it will get to you . +i had the great privi@@ lege , when i was a young law@@ yer , of meeting ro@@ sa par@@ ks . +and m@@ s. par@@ ks used to come back to mon@@ t@@ g@@ om@@ ery every now and then , and she would get together with two of her de@@ ar@@ est friends , these older women , john@@ nie car@@ r who was the organi@@ zer of the mon@@ t@@ g@@ om@@ ery bus bo@@ y@@ c@@ ot@@ t -- amazing african american woman -- and virg@@ ini@@ a dur@@ r , a white woman , whose husband , cli@@ ff@@ ord dur@@ r , repres@@ ented dr. king . +and these women would get together and just talk . +and every now and then m@@ s. car@@ r would call me , and she 'd say , " br@@ y@@ an , m@@ s. par@@ ks is coming to town . we 're going to get together and talk . +do you want to come over and listen ? " +and i 'd say , " yes , ma '@@ am , i do . " +and she 'd say , " well what are you going to do when you get here ? " +i said , " i 'm going to listen . " +and i 'd go over there and i would , i would just listen . +it would be so energi@@ zing and so em@@ power@@ ing . +and one time i was over there listening to these women talk , and after a couple of hours m@@ s. par@@ ks turned to me and she said , " now br@@ y@@ an , tell me what the equal justice initiative is . +tell me what you 're trying to do . " +and i began giving her my ra@@ p . +i said , " well we 're trying to challenge in@@ justice . +we 're trying to help people who have been wr@@ on@@ g@@ ly con@@ vi@@ cted . +we 're trying to con@@ front bi@@ as and dis@@ crimin@@ ation in the admini@@ stration of crimin@@ al justice . +we 're trying to end life without par@@ o@@ le sent@@ ences for children . +we 're trying to do something about the death pen@@ al@@ ty . +we 're trying to reduce the prison population . +we 're trying to end mass in@@ car@@ cer@@ ation . " +i gave her my whole ra@@ p , and when i finished she looked at me and she said , " mm@@ m mm@@ m mm@@ m . " +she said , " that 's going to make you ti@@ red , ti@@ red , ti@@ red . " +and that 's when m@@ s. car@@ r le@@ an@@ ed forward , she put her finger in my face , she said , " that 's why you 've got to be bra@@ ve , bra@@ ve , bra@@ ve . " +and i actually believe that the ted community needs to be more coura@@ ge@@ ous . +we need to find ways to embra@@ ce these challenges , these problems , the suffering . +because ultimately , our humanity depen@@ ds on everyone 's humanity . +i 've learned very simple things doing the work that i do . +it 's just taught me very simple things . +that each of us is more than the worst thing we 've ever done . +i believe that for every person on the planet . +i think if somebody tells a lie , they 're not just a li@@ ar . +i think if somebody takes something that doesn 't bel@@ ong to them , they 're not just a th@@ ie@@ f . +i think even if you kill someone , you 're not just a kil@@ ler . +and because of that there 's this basic human dig@@ ni@@ ty that must be respe@@ cted by law . +i also believe that in many parts of this country , and certainly in many parts of this glo@@ be , that the opposite of poverty is not wealth . +i don 't believe that . +i actually think , in too many places , the opposite of poverty is justice . +and finally , i believe that , despite the fact that it is so dra@@ matic and so beautiful and so in@@ spir@@ ing and so stimul@@ ating , we will ultimately not be jud@@ ged by our technology , we won 't be jud@@ ged by our design , we won 't be jud@@ ged by our intelle@@ ct and reason . +ultimately , you ju@@ dge the character of a society , not by how they treat their rich and the powerful and the privi@@ le@@ ged , but by how they treat the poor , the con@@ dem@@ ned , the in@@ car@@ cer@@ ated . +because it 's in that ne@@ x@@ us that we actually begin to understand truly profound things about who we are . +i sometimes get out of balance . i 'll end with this story . +i sometimes push too hard . +i do get ti@@ red , as we all do . +sometimes those ideas get ahead of our thinking in ways that are important . +and i 've been repres@@ enting these kids who have been sent@@ enced to do these very har@@ sh sent@@ ences . +and i go to the ja@@ il and i see my cli@@ ent who 's 13 and 14 , and he 's been cer@@ ti@@ fied to stand trial as an adult . +i start thinking , well , how did that happen ? +how can a ju@@ dge turn you into something that you 're not ? +and the ju@@ dge has cer@@ ti@@ fied him as an adult , but i see this kid . +and i was up too late one night and i starting thinking , well go@@ sh , if the ju@@ dge can turn you into something that you 're not , the ju@@ dge must have magic power . +yeah , br@@ y@@ an , the ju@@ dge has some magic power . +you should ask for some of that . +and because i was up too late , wasn 't thinking real straight , i started working on a motion . +and i had a cli@@ ent who was 14 years old , a young , poor black kid . +and i started working on this motion , and the head of the motion was : " motion to try my poor , 14@@ -year-old black male cli@@ ent like a privi@@ le@@ ged , white 7@@ 5@@ -year-old corpo@@ rate ex@@ ecu@@ tive . " +and i put in my motion that there was pro@@ se@@ cu@@ tor@@ ial mis@@ condu@@ ct and police mis@@ condu@@ ct and ju@@ di@@ cial mis@@ condu@@ ct . +there was a crazy line in there about how there 's no condu@@ ct in this coun@@ ty , it 's all mis@@ condu@@ ct . +and the next morning , i wo@@ ke up and i thought , now did i dream that crazy motion , or did i actually write it ? +and to my hor@@ ror , not only had i written it , but i had sent it to court . +a couple months went by , and i had just for@@ gotten all about it . +and i finally decided , oh go@@ sh , i 've got to go to the court and do this crazy case . +and i got into my car and i was feeling really over@@ wh@@ el@@ med -- over@@ wh@@ el@@ med . +and i got in my car and i went to this cour@@ thou@@ se . +and i was thinking , this is going to be so difficult , so pain@@ ful . +and i finally got out of the car and i started walking up to the cour@@ thou@@ se . +and as i was walking up the steps of this cour@@ thou@@ se , there was an older black man who was the jan@@ it@@ or in this cour@@ thou@@ se . +when this man saw me , he came over to me and he said , " who are you ? " +i said , " i 'm a law@@ yer . " he said , " you 're a law@@ yer ? " i said , " yes , sir . " +and this man came over to me and he hu@@ g@@ ged me . +and he wh@@ is@@ per@@ ed in my ear . +he said , " i 'm so proud of you . " +and i have to tell you , it was energi@@ zing . +it connected deeply with something in me about identity , about the capacity of every person to contribu@@ te to a community , to a perspective that is hop@@ e@@ ful . +well i went into the cour@@ tro@@ om . +and as soon as i walked inside , the ju@@ dge saw me coming in . +he said , " mr. ste@@ ven@@ son , did you write this crazy motion ? " +i said , " yes , sir . i did . " and we started argu@@ ing . +and people started coming in because they were just ou@@ tra@@ ged . +i had written these crazy things . +and police off@@ ic@@ ers were coming in and assi@@ stant pro@@ se@@ cu@@ tors and c@@ ler@@ k workers . +and before i knew it , the cour@@ tro@@ om was filled with people an@@ gry that we were talking about race , that we were talking about poverty , that we were talking about ine@@ quality . +and out of the corner of my eye , i could see this jan@@ it@@ or pac@@ ing back and forth . +and he kept looking through the window , and he could hear all of this h@@ oll@@ er . +he kept pac@@ ing back and forth . +and finally , this older black man with this very worried look on his face came into the cour@@ tro@@ om and sat down behind me , almost at coun@@ sel table . +about 10 minutes later the ju@@ dge said we would take a break . +and during the break there was a de@@ pu@@ ty s@@ her@@ i@@ ff who was offen@@ ded that the jan@@ it@@ or had come into court . +and this de@@ pu@@ ty jum@@ ped up and he ran over to this older black man . +he said , " j@@ im@@ my , what are you doing in this cour@@ tro@@ om ? " +and this older black man stood up and he looked at that de@@ pu@@ ty and he looked at me and he said , " i came into this cour@@ tro@@ om to tell this young man , keep your eyes on the prize , hold on . " +i 've come to ted because i believe that many of you understand that the moral ar@@ c of the universe is long , but it ben@@ ds toward justice . +that we cannot be full evolved human beings until we care about human rights and basic dig@@ ni@@ ty . +that all of our survival is ti@@ ed to the survival of everyone . +that our visi@@ ons of technology and design and entertain@@ ment and creativity have to be married with visi@@ ons of humanity , compassion and justice . +and more than anything , for those of you who share that , i 've simply come to tell you to keep your eyes on the prize , hold on . +so you heard and saw an obvious desire by this audience , this community , to help you on your way and to do something on this issue . +other than writing a check , what could we do ? +well there are opportunities all around us . +if you live in the state of california , for example , there 's a refer@@ end@@ um coming up this spring where actually there 's going to be an effort to re@@ direct some of the money we spend on the politics of pun@@ ish@@ ment . +for example , here in california we 're going to spend one billion dollars on the death pen@@ al@@ ty in the next five years -- one billion dollars . +and yet , 4@@ 6 percent of all hom@@ i@@ cide cases don 't result in ar@@ rest . +5@@ 6 percent of all ra@@ pe cases don 't result . +so there 's an opportunity to change that . +and this refer@@ end@@ um would pro@@ pose having those dollars go to law en@@ for@@ c@@ ement and safety . +and i think that opportunity exists all around us . +there 's been this huge dec@@ line in crime in america over the last three decades . +and part of the narra@@ tive of that is sometimes that it 's about increas@@ ed in@@ car@@ cer@@ ation rates . +what would you say to someone who believed that ? +well actually the violent crime rate has rema@@ ined relatively stable . +the great increase in mass in@@ car@@ cer@@ ation in this country wasn 't really in violent crime categ@@ ories . +it was this mis@@ gui@@ ded war on drugs . +that 's where the dra@@ matic incre@@ ases have come in our prison population . +and we got car@@ ried away with the r@@ he@@ tor@@ ic of pun@@ ish@@ ment . +and so we have three stri@@ kes laws that put people in prison forever for ste@@ aling a bi@@ cycle , for low-@@ level property cri@@ mes , rather than making them give those resources back to the people who they vic@@ ti@@ mi@@ zed . +i believe we need to do more to help people who are vic@@ ti@@ mi@@ zed by crime , not do less . +and i think our current pun@@ ish@@ ment philosoph@@ y does nothing for no one . +and i think that 's the ori@@ entation that we have to change . +br@@ y@@ an , you 've stru@@ ck a massive ch@@ ord here . +you 're an in@@ spir@@ ing person . +thank you so much for coming to ted . thank you . +thre@@ ats , in the wake of bin laden 's death , have spi@@ ked . +fam@@ ine in som@@ alia . police pe@@ pp@@ er spra@@ y . +vi@@ cious car@@ tel@@ s . announ@@ cer five : cau@@ stic cru@@ ise lines . +socie@@ tal deca@@ y . 65 dead . +tsun@@ ami war@@ ning . cyber@@ -@@ attac@@ ks . +drug war . mass destruction . tor@@ na@@ do . +rec@@ ession . de@@ fau@@ lt . do@@ om@@ s@@ day . eg@@ y@@ pt . sy@@ ri@@ a . +crisis . death . disaster . +oh , my god . +so those are just a few of the cli@@ ps i colle@@ cted over the last six months -- could have easily been the last six days or the last six years . +the point is that the news media pre@@ fer@@ enti@@ ally fe@@ e@@ ds us negative stories because that 's what our minds pay attention to . +and there 's a very good reason for that . +every second of every day , our senses bring in way too much data than we can possibly process in our brains . +and because nothing is more important to us than survival , the first stop of all of that data is an ancient sli@@ ver of the tem@@ po@@ ral lo@@ be called the am@@ y@@ g@@ d@@ ala . +now the am@@ y@@ g@@ d@@ ala is our early war@@ ning dete@@ ctor , our dan@@ ger dete@@ ctor . +it sorts and sc@@ ours through all of the information looking for anything in the environment that might har@@ m us . +so given a do@@ zen news stories , we will pre@@ fer@@ enti@@ ally look at the negative news . +and that old newspaper saying , " if it ble@@ e@@ ds it leads , " is very true . +so given all of our digital devices that are bringing all the negative news to us seven days a week , 24 hours a day , it 's no wonder that we 're p@@ essi@@ mi@@ stic . +it 's no wonder that people think that the world is getting worse . +but perhaps that 's not the case . +perhaps instead , of what 's really going on . +perhaps the tremendous progress we 've made over the last century by a series of forces are , in fact , acceler@@ ating to a point that we have the potential in the next three decades to create a world of ab@@ und@@ ance . +now i 'm not saying we don 't have our set of problems -- climate crisis , species extin@@ ction , water and energy shor@@ tage -- we sur@@ ely do . +and as humans , we are far better at seeing the problems way in ad@@ v@@ ance , but ultimately we kno@@ ck them down . +so let 's look at what this last century has been to see where we 're going . +over the last hundred years , the average human li@@ fes@@ pan has more than dou@@ bled , average per capit@@ a income ad@@ ju@@ sted for inf@@ lation around the world has tri@@ pl@@ ed . +childhood mortality has come down a factor of 10 . +add to that the cost of food , electricity , transpor@@ tation , communication have dro@@ pped 10 to 1,@@ 00@@ 0-@@ fold . +steve pin@@ ker has showed us that , in fact , we 're living during the most pe@@ ac@@ e@@ ful time ever in human history . +and charles ken@@ ny that global liter@@ acy has gone from 25 percent to over 80 percent in the last 1@@ 30 years . +we truly are living in an extraordinary time . +and many people forget this . +and we keep setting our expec@@ tations higher and higher . +in fact , we re@@ define what poverty means . +think of this , in america today , the majority of people under the poverty line still have electricity , water , toi@@ lets , re@@ fri@@ ger@@ ators , television , mobile phones , air condi@@ tion@@ ing and cars . +the weal@@ thi@@ est rob@@ ber bar@@ ons of the last century , the em@@ per@@ ors on this planet , could have never dre@@ am@@ ed of such lux@@ u@@ ries . +under@@ p@@ inning much of this is technology , and of late , exponenti@@ ally growing technologies . +my good friend ray kurz@@ weil showed that any tool that becomes an information technology jum@@ ps on this cur@@ ve , on mo@@ ore 's law , and experiences price performance dou@@ bling every 12 to 24 months . +that 's why the cell@@ phone in your po@@ cket is literally a million times che@@ aper and a thousand times faster than a super@@ computer of the ' 7@@ 0s . +now look at this cur@@ ve . +this is mo@@ ore 's law over the last hundred years . +i want you to notice two things from this cur@@ ve . +number one , how smo@@ oth it is -- through good time and bad time , war time and peace time , rec@@ ession , depression and bo@@ om time . +this is the result of faster computers being used to build faster computers . +it doesn 't slow for any of our grand challenges . +and also , even though it 's pl@@ ot@@ ted on a lo@@ g cur@@ ve on the left , it 's cur@@ ving up@@ wards . +the rate at which the technology is getting faster is itself getting faster . +and on this cur@@ ve , ri@@ ding on mo@@ ore 's law , are a set of extra@@ ordin@@ arily powerful technologies available to all of us . +cloud computing , what my friends at auto@@ des@@ k call infin@@ ite computing ; sensor@@ s and networks ; robo@@ tics ; 3d prin@@ ting , which is the ability to democra@@ ti@@ ze and distribu@@ te person@@ alized production around the planet ; syn@@ thetic biology ; fu@@ els , vac@@ cin@@ es and fo@@ ods ; digital medicine ; nan@@ o@@ materials ; and a@@ .@@ i . +i mean , how many of you saw the w@@ inning of je@@ op@@ ar@@ dy by ib@@ m 's wat@@ son ? +i mean , that was epi@@ c . +in fact , i sc@@ ou@@ red the head@@ lines looking for the best head@@ line in a newspaper i could . +and i love this : " wat@@ son van@@ qu@@ ish@@ es human op@@ pon@@ ents . " +je@@ op@@ ar@@ dy 's not an easy game . +it 's about the nu@@ ance of human language . +and imagine if you would a@@ .@@ i@@ . ' s like this on the cloud available to every person with a cell@@ phone . +four years ago here at ted , ray kurz@@ weil and i started a new university called sing@@ ul@@ ar@@ ity university . +and we teach our students all of these technologies , and particularly how they can be used to solve humanity 's grand challenges . +and every year we ask them to start a company or a product or a service that can affect posi@@ tively the lives of a billion people within a decade . +think about that , the fact that , literally , a group of students can touch the lives of a billion people today . +30 years ago that would have so@@ unded lu@@ di@@ cr@@ ous . +today we can point at do@@ zens of companies that have done just that . +when i think about creating ab@@ und@@ ance , it 's not about creating a life of lux@@ ury for everybody on this planet ; it 's about creating a life of possibility . +it is about taking that which was sc@@ ar@@ ce and making it ab@@ und@@ ant . +you see , sc@@ ar@@ city is con@@ tex@@ tual , and technology is a resour@@ ce-@@ liber@@ ating force . +let me give you an example . +so this is a story of na@@ po@@ le@@ on i@@ ii in the mi@@ d-@@ 18@@ 0@@ 0s . +he 's the du@@ de on the left . +he invited over to dinner the king of si@@ am . +all of na@@ po@@ le@@ on 's tro@@ ops were f@@ ed with sil@@ ver u@@ ten@@ si@@ ls , na@@ po@@ le@@ on himself with gold u@@ ten@@ si@@ ls . +but the king of si@@ am , he was f@@ ed with al@@ umin@@ um u@@ ten@@ si@@ ls . +you see , al@@ umin@@ um was the most valuable metal on the planet , worth more than gold and plat@@ in@@ um . +it 's the reason that the ti@@ p of the washington mon@@ um@@ ent is made of al@@ umin@@ um . +you see , even though al@@ umin@@ um is 8@@ .@@ 3 percent of the earth by mass , it doesn 't come as a p@@ ure metal . +it 's all bo@@ und by oxygen and silic@@ ates . +but then the technology of electro@@ ly@@ sis came along and literally made al@@ umin@@ um so cheap that we use it with thro@@ w-@@ away ment@@ ality . +so let 's project this analog@@ y going forward . +we think about energy sc@@ ar@@ city . +ladies and gentle@@ men , we are on a planet that is ba@@ th@@ ed with 5,000 times more energy than we use in a year . +16 ter@@ a@@ wat@@ ts of energy hits the earth 's surface every 8@@ 8 minutes . +it 's not about being sc@@ ar@@ ce , it 's about acc@@ essi@@ bility . +and there 's good news here . +for the first time , this year the cost of sol@@ ar-@@ gener@@ ated electricity is 50 percent that of diesel@@ -@@ gener@@ ated electricity in india -- 8@@ .@@ 8 ru@@ pe@@ es versus 17 ru@@ pe@@ es . +the cost of solar dro@@ pped 50 percent last year . +last month , mit put out a study showing that by the end of this decade , in the sun@@ ny parts of the united states , solar electricity will be six cents a kil@@ o@@ watt hour compared to 15 cents as a national average . +and if we have ab@@ und@@ ant energy , we also have ab@@ und@@ ant water . +now we talk about water wars . +do you remember when car@@ l sa@@ gan turned the vo@@ y@@ ager spac@@ ec@@ raft back towards the earth , in 199@@ 0 after it just passed saturn ? +he took a famous photo . what was it called ? +" a p@@ ale blue do@@ t . " +because we live on a water planet . +we live on a planet 70 percent covered by water . +yes , 9@@ 7@@ .@@ 5 percent is sal@@ t@@ water , two percent is ice , and we fight over a half a percent of the water on this planet , but here too there is hope . +and there is technology coming online , not 10 , 20 years from now , right now . +there 's nan@@ ot@@ echn@@ ology coming on , nan@@ o@@ materials . +and the conversation i had with de@@ an kamen this morning , one of the great di@@ y inno@@ v@@ ators , i 'd like to share with you -- he gave me per@@ mission to do so -- his technology called sl@@ ing@@ shot that many of you may have heard of , it is the size of a small dor@@ m room re@@ fri@@ ger@@ ator . +it 's able to generate a thousand li@@ ters of clean drin@@ king water a day out of any source -- sal@@ t@@ water , pollu@@ ted water , lat@@ r@@ ine -- at less than two cents a li@@ ter . +the cha@@ ir@@ man of co@@ ca@@ -@@ col@@ a has just agre@@ ed to do a major test of hundreds of un@@ its of this in the developing world . +and if that p@@ ans out , which i have every confidence it will , co@@ ca@@ -@@ col@@ a will de@@ plo@@ y this glob@@ ally to 20@@ 6 countries around the planet . +this is the kind of innovation , em@@ powered by this technology , that exists today . +and we 've seen this in cell@@ phones . +my goo@@ dness , we 're going to hit 70 percent pen@@ et@@ ration of cell@@ phones in the developing world by the end of 20@@ 13 . +think about it , that a ma@@ sa@@ i war@@ ri@@ or on a cell@@ phone in the middle of kenya has better mobile com@@ m than president re@@ ag@@ an did 25 years ago . +and if they 're on a smar@@ t@@ phone on google , they 've got access to more knowledge and information than president clin@@ ton did 15 years ago . +they 're living in a world of information and communication ab@@ und@@ ance that no one could have ever predi@@ cted . +better than that , the things that you and i spent tens and hundreds of thousands of dollars for -- gps , h@@ d video and still images , libr@@ aries of books and music , medical diagno@@ stic technology -- are now literally de@@ materi@@ ali@@ zing and demon@@ e@@ ti@@ zing into your cell@@ phone . +probably the best part of it is what 's coming down the pi@@ ke in health . +last month , i had the pleasure of announ@@ cing with qu@@ al@@ com@@ m foundation something called the $ 10 million qu@@ al@@ com@@ m tri@@ cor@@ der x prize . +we 're challen@@ ging teams around the world to basically com@@ bine these technologies into a mobile device that you can speak to , because it 's got a@@ .@@ i@@ . , you can c@@ ough on it , you can do a finger blood pri@@ ck . +and to win , it needs to be able to diagno@@ se you better than a team of bo@@ ar@@ d-@@ cer@@ ti@@ fied doctors . +so literally , imagine this device in the middle of the developing world where there are no doctors , 25 percent of the disease bur@@ den and 1.@@ 3 percent of the health care workers . +when this device sequences an r@@ na or dna virus that it doesn 't recognize , it calls the c@@ d@@ c and pre@@ v@@ ents the pan@@ de@@ mic from happening in the first place . +but here , here is the biggest force for bringing about a world of ab@@ und@@ ance . +i call it the ris@@ ing billion . +so the white lines here are population . +we just passed the seven billion mark on earth . +and by the way , the biggest protection against a population explosion is making the world educ@@ ated and healthy . +in 2010 , we had just short of two billion people online , connected . +by 20@@ 20 , that 's going from two billion to five billion internet users . +three billion new minds who have never been heard from before are conne@@ cting to the global conversation . +what will these people want ? +what will they consu@@ me ? what will they desire ? +and rather than having economic shu@@ t@@ down , we 're about to have the biggest economic inje@@ ction ever . +these people represent tens of trilli@@ ons of dollars inje@@ cted into the global economy . +and they will get heal@@ thi@@ er by using the tri@@ cor@@ der , and they 'll become better educ@@ ated by using the k@@ han acade@@ my , and by literally being able to use 3d prin@@ ting and infin@@ ite computing [ become ] more productive than ever before . +so what could three billion ris@@ ing , healthy , educ@@ ated , productive members of humanity bring to us ? +how about a set of voices that have never been heard from before . +what about giving the op@@ pres@@ sed , wher@@ ever they might be , the voice to be heard and the voice to act for the first time ever ? +what will these three billion people bring ? +what about contribu@@ tions we can 't even predict ? +the one thing i 've learned at the x prize is that small teams driven by their passion with a clear focus can do extraordinary things , things that large corpo@@ ra@@ tions and governments could only do in the past . +let me share and close with a story that really got me excited . +there is a program that some of you might have heard of . +it 's a game called fol@@ dit . +it came out of the university of washington in se@@ attle . +and this is a game where individuals can actually take a sequence of amin@@ o aci@@ ds and figure out how the protein is going to fold . +and how it fol@@ ds dic@@ tat@@ es its structure and its func@@ tion@@ ality . +and it 's very important for research in medicine . +and up until now , it 's been a super@@ computer problem . +and this game has been played by university profess@@ ors and so forth . +and it 's literally , hundreds of thousands of people came online and started playing it . +and it showed that , in fact , today , the human pattern recogni@@ tion machin@@ ery is better at fol@@ ding proteins than the best computers . +and when these individuals went and looked at who was the best protein fol@@ der in the world , it wasn 't an mit professor , it wasn 't a cal@@ tech student , it was a person from england , from man@@ che@@ ster , a woman who , during the day , was an ex@@ ecu@@ tive assi@@ stant at a re@@ hab clin@@ ic and , at night , was the world 's best protein fol@@ der . +ladies and gentle@@ men , what gives me tremendous confidence in the future is the fact that we are now more em@@ powered as individuals to take on the grand challenges of this planet . +we have the tools with this exponenti@@ al technology . +we have the passion of the di@@ y inno@@ v@@ ator . +we have the capital of the tech@@ no@@ -@@ phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ ist . +and we have three billion new minds coming online to work with us to solve the grand challenges , to do that which we must do . +we are living into extraordinary decades ahead . +thank you . +i think we have to do something about a piece of the culture of medicine that has to change . +and i think it starts with one physi@@ cian , and that 's me . +and maybe i 've been around long enough that i can afford to give away some of my fal@@ se pre@@ stige to be able to do that . +before i actually begin the meat of my talk , let 's begin with a bit of baseball . +hey , why not ? +we 're near the end , we 're getting close to the world series . +we all love baseball , don 't we ? +baseball is filled with some amazing statistics . +and there 's hundreds of them . +" mon@@ e@@ y@@ ball " is about to come out , and it 's all about statistics and using statistics to build a great baseball team . +i 'm going to focus on one st@@ at that i hope a lot of you have heard of . +it 's called bat@@ ting average . +so we talk about a 300 , a bat@@ ter who bat@@ s 300 . +that means that ball@@ player bat@@ ted sa@@ f@@ ely , hit sa@@ f@@ ely three times out of 10 at bat@@ s . +that means hit the ball into the out@@ field , it dro@@ pped , it didn 't get caught , and who@@ ever tried to throw it to first base didn 't get there in time and the run@@ ner was safe . +three times out of 10 . +do you know what they call a 300 hit@@ ter in major lea@@ gue baseball ? +good , really good , maybe an all@@ -@@ star . +do you know what they call a 400 baseball hit@@ ter ? +that 's somebody who hit , by the way , four times sa@@ f@@ ely out of every 10 . +le@@ gen@@ dar@@ y -- as in ted willi@@ ams le@@ gen@@ dar@@ y -- the last major lea@@ gue baseball player to hit over 400 during a regular seas@@ on . +now let 's take this back into my world of medicine where i 'm a lot more comfortable , or perhaps a bit less comfortable after what i 'm going to talk to you about . +suppose you have app@@ en@@ di@@ citi@@ s and you 're refer@@ red to a surge@@ on who 's bat@@ ting 400 on app@@ en@@ dec@@ tom@@ ies . +somehow this isn 't working out , is it ? +now suppose you live in a certain part of a certain remote place and you have a loved one who has block@@ ages in two cor@@ on@@ ary ar@@ ter@@ ies and your family doctor re@@ f@@ ers that loved one to a car@@ di@@ ologist who 's bat@@ ting 200 on angi@@ op@@ la@@ sti@@ es . +but , but , you know what ? +she 's doing a lot better this year . she 's on the com@@ e@@ back tra@@ il . +and she 's hit@@ ting a 25@@ 7 . +somehow this isn 't working . +but i 'm going to ask you a question . +what do you think a bat@@ ting average for a car@@ di@@ a@@ c surge@@ on or a nur@@ se prac@@ ti@@ tion@@ er or an or@@ th@@ op@@ edi@@ c surge@@ on , an ob@@ gy@@ n , a par@@ am@@ edi@@ c is supposed to be ? +1,000 , very good . +now truth of the matter is , nobody knows in all of medicine what a good surge@@ on or physi@@ cian or par@@ am@@ edi@@ c is supposed to bat . +what we do though is we send each one of them , including myself , out into the world with the ad@@ mon@@ i@@ tion , be perfect . +never ever , ever make a mistake , but you worry about the details , about how that 's going to happen . +and that was the message that i absor@@ bed when i was in med school . +i was an obs@@ essi@@ ve comp@@ ul@@ sive student . +in high school , a class@@ mate once said that brian gold@@ man would study for a blood test . +and so i did . +and i studied in my little gar@@ re@@ t at the nur@@ ses ' res@@ iden@@ ce at tor@@ onto general hospital , not far from here . +and i memor@@ i@@ zed everything . +i memor@@ i@@ zed in my an@@ atom@@ y class the orig@@ ins and exer@@ tions of every muscle , every bran@@ ch of every ar@@ tery that came off the a@@ or@@ ta , differ@@ enti@@ al diagno@@ ses ob@@ sc@@ ure and common . +i even knew the differ@@ enti@@ al diagno@@ sis in how to classi@@ fy ren@@ al tu@@ bul@@ ar aci@@ do@@ sis . +and all the while , i was a@@ mas@@ sing more and more knowledge . +and i did well , i gradu@@ ated with hon@@ ors , c@@ um lau@@ de . +and i came out of medical school with the impres@@ sion that if i memor@@ i@@ zed everything and knew everything , or as much as possible , as close to everything as possible , that it would imm@@ uni@@ ze me against making mistakes . +and it worked for a while , until i met mr@@ s. dru@@ cker . +i was a resi@@ dent at a teaching hospital here in tor@@ onto when mr@@ s. dru@@ cker was brought to the emergen@@ cy department of the hospital where i was working . +at the time i was as@@ sig@@ ned to the car@@ di@@ ology service on a car@@ di@@ ology ro@@ tation . +and it was my job , when the emergen@@ cy staf@@ f called for a car@@ di@@ ology consu@@ lt , to see that patient in emer@@ g . +and to report back to my atten@@ ding . +and i saw mr@@ s. dru@@ cker , and she was brea@@ th@@ less . +and when i listen@@ ed to her , she was making a whe@@ e@@ zy sound . +and when i listen@@ ed to her ch@@ est with a ste@@ tho@@ scop@@ e , i could hear cra@@ ck@@ ly sounds on both sides that told me that she was in con@@ ge@@ sti@@ ve heart failure . +this is a condition in which the heart fa@@ ils , and instead of being able to pu@@ mp all the blood forward , some of the blood bac@@ ks up into the lung , the l@@ ung@@ s fill up with blood , and that 's why you have shor@@ t@@ ness of breath . +and that wasn 't a difficult diagno@@ sis to make . +i made it and i set to work tre@@ ating her . +i gave her as@@ pir@@ in . i gave her medi@@ cations to re@@ lie@@ ve the stra@@ in on her heart . +i gave her medi@@ cations that we call di@@ u@@ re@@ tics , water p@@ ills , to get her to pe@@ e out the access flu@@ id . +and over the course of the next hour and a half or two , she started to feel better . +and i felt really good . +and that 's when i made my first mistake ; i sent her home . +actually , i made two more mistakes . +i sent her home without speaking to my atten@@ ding . +i didn 't pick up the phone and do what i was supposed to do , which was call my atten@@ ding and run the story by him so he would have a chance to see her for himself . +and he knew her , he would have been able to fur@@ nis@@ h addi@@ tional information about her . +maybe i did it for a good reason . +maybe i didn 't want to be a high-@@ ma@@ inten@@ ance resi@@ dent . +maybe i wanted to be so successful and so able to take responsibility that i would do so and i would be able to take care of my atten@@ ding 's patients without even having to contact him . +the second mistake that i made was worse . +in sending her home , i dis@@ re@@ gar@@ ded a little voice deep down inside that was trying to tell me , " gold@@ man , not a good idea . don 't do this . " +in fact , so l@@ ac@@ king in confidence was i that i actually asked the nur@@ se who was looking after mr@@ s. dru@@ cker , " do you think it 's okay if she goes home ? " +and the nur@@ se thought about it and said very ma@@ tter@@ -@@ of-@@ fac@@ tly , " yeah , i think she 'll do okay . " +i can remember that like it was yesterday . +so i sig@@ ned the dis@@ charge pa@@ pers , and an am@@ bu@@ lan@@ ce came , par@@ am@@ edi@@ cs came to take her home . +and i went back to my work on the wards . +all the rest of that day , that after@@ noon , i had this kind of g@@ na@@ wing feeling inside my sto@@ mach . +but i car@@ ried on with my work . +and at the end of the day , i pac@@ ked up to leave the hospital and walked to the par@@ king lot to take my car and drive home when i did something that i don 't usually do . +i walked through the emergen@@ cy department on my way home . +and it was there that another nur@@ se , not the nur@@ se who was looking after mr@@ s. dru@@ cker before , but another nur@@ se , said three words to me that are the three words that most emergen@@ cy physi@@ cians i know dre@@ ad . +others in medicine dre@@ ad them as well , but there 's something particular about emergen@@ cy medicine because we see patients so fle@@ et@@ ingly . +the three words are : do you remember ? +" do you remember that patient you sent home ? " +the other nur@@ se asked ma@@ tter@@ -@@ of-@@ fac@@ tly . +" well she 's back , " in just that t@@ one of voice . +well she was back all right . +she was back and near death . +about an hour after she had arrived home , after i 'd sent her home , she collap@@ sed and her family called 9@@ 11 and the par@@ am@@ edi@@ cs brought her back to the emergen@@ cy department where she had a blood pressure of 50 , which is in sever@@ e sho@@ ck . +and she was bar@@ ely brea@@ thing and she was blue . +and the emer@@ g@@ . staf@@ f pulled out all the st@@ ops . +they gave her medi@@ cations to raise her blood pressure . +they put her on a venti@@ l@@ ator . +and i was sho@@ cked and sha@@ ken to the core . +and i went through this roll@@ er co@@ aster , because after they stabili@@ zed her , she went to the inten@@ sive care unit , and i hop@@ ed against hope that she would re@@ cover . +and over the next two or three days , it was clear that she was never going to wake up . +she had ir@@ rever@@ si@@ ble brain damage . +and the family gather@@ ed . +and over the course of the next eight or nine days , they res@@ ig@@ ned themselves to what was happening . +and at about the nine day mark , they let her go -- mr@@ s. dru@@ cker , a wife , a mother and a grandmother . +they say you never forget the names of those who die . +and that was my first time to be ac@@ qua@@ in@@ ted with that . +over the next few weeks , i beat myself up and i experienced for the first time the un@@ healthy sh@@ ame that exists in our culture of medicine -- where i felt alone , isol@@ ated , not feeling the healthy kind of sh@@ ame that you feel , because you can 't talk about it with your colleagues . +you know that healthy kind , when you betra@@ y a secret that a best friend made you promise never to reve@@ al and then you get bu@@ sted and then your best friend con@@ fron@@ ts you and you have terrible discus@@ sions , but at the end of it all that sick feeling gui@@ des you and you say , i 'll never make that mistake again . +and you make am@@ ends and you never make that mistake again . +that 's the kind of sh@@ ame that is a teacher . +the un@@ healthy sh@@ ame i 'm talking about is the one that makes you so sick inside . +it 's the one that says , not that what you did was bad , but that you are bad . +and it was what i was feeling . +and it wasn 't because of my atten@@ ding ; he was a dol@@ l . +he talked to the family , and i 'm quite sure that he smo@@ o@@ th@@ ed things over and made sure that i didn 't get su@@ ed . +and i kept asking myself these questions . +why didn 't i ask my atten@@ ding ? why did i send her home ? +and then at my worst moments : why did i make such a stupid mistake ? +why did i go into medicine ? +slowly but sur@@ ely , it li@@ f@@ ted . +i began to feel a bit better . +and on a clou@@ dy day , there was a cra@@ ck in the clou@@ ds and the sun started to come out and i wonder@@ ed , maybe i could feel better again . +and i made myself a bar@@ gain that if only i re@@ double my eff@@ or@@ ts to be perfect and never make another mistake again , please make the voices stop . +and they did . +and i went back to work . +and then it happened again . +two years later i was an atten@@ ding in the emergen@@ cy department at a community hospital just north of tor@@ onto , and i saw a 25 year-old man with a sor@@ e thro@@ at . +it was bus@@ y , i was in a bit of a hur@@ ry . +he kept poin@@ ting here . +i looked at his thro@@ at , it was a little bit p@@ ink . +and i gave him a pres@@ cri@@ ption for pen@@ ic@@ il@@ lin and sent him on his way . +and even as he was walking out the door , he was still sort of poin@@ ting to his thro@@ at . +and two days later i came to do my next emergen@@ cy shift , and that 's when my ch@@ ie@@ f asked to speak to me quie@@ tly in her office . +and she said the three words : do you remember ? +" do you remember that patient you saw with the sor@@ e thro@@ at ? " +well it turns out , he didn 't have a stre@@ p thro@@ at . +he had a poten@@ tially life@@ -@@ thre@@ at@@ ening condition called epi@@ gl@@ ot@@ ti@@ tis . +you can google it , but it 's an infe@@ ction , not of the thro@@ at , but of the upp@@ er air@@ way , and it can actually cause the air@@ way to close . +and fortunately he didn 't die . +he was placed on in@@ tra@@ ven@@ ous antibio@@ tics and he re@@ covered after a few days . +and i went through the same period of sh@@ ame and rec@@ ri@@ min@@ ations and felt cle@@ ans@@ ed and went back to work , until it happened again and again and again . +twice in one emergen@@ cy shift , i mis@@ sed app@@ en@@ di@@ citi@@ s . +now that takes some doing , especially when you work in a hospital that at the time saw but 14 people a night . +now in both cases , i didn 't send them home and i don 't think there was any gap in their care . +one i thought had a kid@@ ney stone . +i or@@ dered a kid@@ ney x-@@ ray . when it turned out to be normal , my collea@@ gue who was doing a reas@@ s@@ ess@@ ment of the patient noticed some ten@@ der@@ ness in the right lower quad@@ rant and called the surge@@ ons . +the other one had a lot of di@@ arr@@ he@@ a . +i or@@ dered some flu@@ ids to re@@ hy@@ dra@@ te him and asked my collea@@ gue to reas@@ s@@ ess him . +and he did and when he noticed some ten@@ der@@ ness in the right lower quad@@ rant , called the surge@@ ons . +in both cases , they had their oper@@ ations and they did okay . +but each time , they were g@@ na@@ wing at me , eating at me . +and i 'd like to be able to say to you that my worst mistakes only happened in the first five years of practice as many of my colleagues say , which is total b@@ .@@ s . +some of my do@@ o@@ zi@@ es have been in the last five years . +alone , as@@ ham@@ ed and un@@ suppor@@ ted . +here 's the problem : if i can 't come clean and talk about my mistakes , if i can 't find the still@@ -@@ small voice that tells me what really happened , how can i share it with my colleagues ? +how can i teach them about what i did so that they don 't do the same thing ? +if i were to walk into a room -- like right now , i have no idea what you think of me . +when was the last time you heard somebody talk about failure after failure after failure ? +oh yeah , you go to a cock@@ tail party and you might hear about some other doctor , but you 're not going to hear somebody talking about their own mistakes . +if i were to walk into a room filled with my colle@@ ages and ask for their support right now and start to tell what i 've just told you right now , i probably wouldn 't get through two of those stories before they would start to get really un@@ comfortable , somebody would cra@@ ck a jo@@ ke , they 'd change the subject and we would move on . +and in fact , if i knew and my colleagues knew that one of my or@@ th@@ op@@ edi@@ c colleagues took off the wrong leg in my hospital , believe me , i 'd have trouble making eye contact with that person . +that 's the system that we have . +it 's a complete den@@ ial of mistakes . +it 's a system in which there are two kinds of physi@@ cians -- those who make mistakes and those who don 't , those who can 't hand@@ le sleep de@@ pri@@ vation and those who can , those who have l@@ ous@@ y out@@ comes and those who have great out@@ comes . +and it 's almost like an ide@@ ological reaction , like the anti@@ bodies begin to attack that person . +and we have this idea that if we drive the people who make mistakes out of medicine , what will we be left with , but a safe system . +but there are two problems with that . +in my 20 years or so of medical broad@@ ca@@ sting and journ@@ alism , i 've made a personal study of medical mal@@ practice and medical er@@ r@@ ors to learn everything i can , from one of the first artic@@ les i wrote for the tor@@ onto star to my show " white co@@ at , black art . " +and what i 've learned is that er@@ r@@ ors are absolutely u@@ bi@@ qu@@ it@@ ous . +we work in a system where er@@ r@@ ors happen every day , where one in 10 medi@@ cations are either the wrong medic@@ ation given in hospital or at the wrong do@@ sage , where hospit@@ al-@@ ac@@ qui@@ red infe@@ ctions are getting more and more nu@@ mer@@ ous , caus@@ ing ha@@ vo@@ c and death . +in this country , as many as 24@@ ,000 can@@ adi@@ ans die of pre@@ vent@@ able medical er@@ r@@ ors . +in the united states , the institute of medicine pe@@ g@@ ged it at 100,000 . +in both cases , these are gro@@ ss under@@ esti@@ mates , because we really aren 't fer@@ re@@ ting out the problem as we should . +and here 's the thing . +in a hospital system where medical knowledge is dou@@ bling every two or three years , we can 't keep up with it . +sleep de@@ pri@@ vation is absolutely per@@ v@@ asi@@ ve . +we can 't get rid of it . +we have our cognitive bi@@ ases , so that i can take a perfect history on a patient with ch@@ est pain . +now take the same patient with ch@@ est pain , make them mo@@ ist and gar@@ rul@@ ous and put a little bit of al@@ co@@ hol on their breath , and suddenly my history is l@@ ac@@ ed with con@@ temp@@ t . +i don 't take the same history . +i 'm not a robot ; i don 't do things the same way each time . +and my patients aren 't cars ; they don 't tell me their symptom@@ s in the same way each time . +given all of that , mistakes are inevi@@ table . +so if you take the system , as i was taught , and we@@ ed out all the er@@ r@@ or@@ -@@ pr@@ one health profession@@ als , well there won 't be anybody left . +and you know that business about people not wan@@ ting to talk about their worst cases ? +on my show , on " white co@@ at , black art , " i made it a hab@@ it of saying , " here 's my worst mistake , " i would say to everybody from par@@ am@@ edi@@ cs to the ch@@ ie@@ f of car@@ di@@ a@@ c surgery , " here 's my worst mistake , " bla@@ h , bla@@ h , bla@@ h , bla@@ h , bla@@ h , " what about y@@ ours ? " and i would point the micro@@ phone towards them . +and their pu@@ p@@ ils would di@@ late , they would re@@ co@@ il , then they would look down and s@@ wal@@ low hard and start to tell me their stories . +they want to tell their stories . they want to share their stories . +they want to be able to say , " look , don 't make the same mistake i did . " +what they need is an environment to be able to do that . +what they need is a re@@ defined medical culture . +and it starts with one physi@@ cian at a time . +the re@@ defined physi@@ cian is human , knows she 's human , accep@@ ts it , isn 't proud of making mistakes , but stri@@ ves to learn one thing from what happened that she can teach to somebody else . +she shares her experience with others . +she 's suppor@@ tive when other people talk about their mistakes . +and she points out other people 's mistakes , not in a got@@ ch@@ a way , but in a lo@@ ving , suppor@@ tive way so that everybody can benefit . +and she works in a culture of medicine that ac@@ knowle@@ d@@ ges that human beings run the system , and when human beings run the system , they will make mistakes from time to time . +so the system is evol@@ ving to create bac@@ ku@@ ps that make it easier to dete@@ ct those mistakes that humans inevi@@ t@@ ably make and also fo@@ sters in a lo@@ ving , suppor@@ tive way places where everybody who is obser@@ ving in the health care system can actually point out things that could be potential mistakes and is re@@ war@@ ded for doing so , and especially people like me , when we do make mistakes , we 're re@@ war@@ ded for coming clean . +my name is brian gold@@ man . +i am a re@@ defined physi@@ cian . +i 'm human . i make mistakes . +i 'm sorry about that , but i stri@@ ve to learn one thing that i can pass on to other people . +i still don 't know what you think of me , but i can live with that . +and let me close with three words of my own : i do remember . +i 'm going to speak about a tiny , little idea . +and this is about shif@@ ting bas@@ eline . +and because the idea can be expla@@ ined in one minute , i will tell you three stories before to fill in the time . +and the first story is about charles darwin , one of my hero@@ es . +and he was here , as you well know , in ' 35 . +and you 'd think he was ch@@ asing fin@@ ches , but he wasn 't . +he was actually colle@@ cting fish . +and he described one of them as very " common . " +this was the sa@@ il@@ f@@ in grou@@ per . +a big fis@@ her@@ y was run on it until the ' 8@@ 0s . +now the fish is on the i@@ u@@ c@@ n red list . +now this story , we have heard it lots of times on gala@@ pa@@ gos and other places , so there is nothing particular about it . +but the point is , we still come to gala@@ pa@@ gos . +we still think it is pri@@ st@@ ine . +the bro@@ ch@@ ures still say it is un@@ tou@@ ched . +so what happens here ? +the second story , also to illu@@ strate another concept , is called shif@@ ting wa@@ i@@ st@@ line . +because i was there in ' 7@@ 1 , studying a la@@ go@@ on in west africa . +i was there because i grew up in europe and i wanted later to work in africa . +and i thought i could bl@@ end in . +and i got a big sun@@ burn , and i was convinced that i was really not from there . +this was my first sun@@ burn . +and the la@@ go@@ on was surro@@ unded by pal@@ m trees , as you can see , and a few man@@ gro@@ ve . +and it had ti@@ la@@ pi@@ a about 20 centi@@ meters , a species of ti@@ la@@ pi@@ a called black@@ ch@@ in ti@@ la@@ pi@@ a . +and the fis@@ her@@ ies for this ti@@ la@@ pi@@ a susta@@ ined lots of fish and they had a good time and they ear@@ ned more than average in ghana . +when i went there 27 years later , the fish had s@@ hr@@ un@@ k to half of their size . +they were ma@@ turing at five centi@@ meters . +they had been pus@@ hed gene@@ tically . +there were still fis@@ hes . +they were still kind of happy . +and the fish also were happy to be there . +so nothing has changed , but everything has changed . +my third little story is that i was an ac@@ compli@@ ce in the introdu@@ ction of tra@@ w@@ ling in sou@@ the@@ ast asia . +in the ' 7@@ 0s -- well , beginning in the ' 6@@ 0s -- europe did lots of development projects . +fish development meant im@@ pos@@ ing on countries that had already 100,000 fis@@ her@@ s and this boat , quite ug@@ ly , is called the mu@@ ti@@ ar@@ a 4 . +and i went sa@@ il@@ ing on it , and we did sur@@ ve@@ ys throughout the southern south china sea and especially the ja@@ va sea . +and what we caught , we didn 't have words for it . +what we caught , i know now , is the bottom of the sea . +and 90 percent of our catch were spon@@ ges , other animals that are fix@@ ed on the bottom . +and actually most of the fish , they are a little spot on the de@@ br@@ is , the pil@@ es of de@@ br@@ is , were coral re@@ e@@ f fish . +essentially the bottom of the sea came onto the de@@ ck and then was thro@@ wn down . +and these pictures are extraordinary because this transition is very ra@@ pid . +within a year , you do a survey and then commercial fishing begins . +the bottom is trans@@ formed from , in this case , a hard bottom or soft coral into a mu@@ d@@ dy m@@ ess . +this is a dead tur@@ tle . +they were not e@@ aten , they were thro@@ wn away because they were dead . +and one time we caught a live one . +it was not dro@@ w@@ ned yet . +and then they wanted to kill it because it was good to eat . +this mountain of de@@ br@@ is is actually colle@@ cted by fis@@ her@@ s every time they go into an area that 's never been fis@@ hed . +but it 's not docum@@ ented . +we transform the world , but we don 't remember it . +we ad@@ just our bas@@ eline to the new level , and we don 't rec@@ all what was there . +if you gener@@ alize this , something like this happens . +you have on the y axis some good thing : bio@@ diversity , numbers of or@@ ca , the green@@ ness of your country , the water supply . +and over time it changes -- it changes because people do things , or naturally . +every generation will use the images that they got at the beginning of their conscious lives as a standard and will extra@@ po@@ late forward . +and the difference then , they percei@@ ve as a loss . +but they don 't percei@@ ve what happened before as a loss . +you can have a suc@@ c@@ ession of changes . +at the end you want to susta@@ in mis@@ er@@ able le@@ f@@ to@@ vers . +and that , to a large ex@@ tent , is what we want to do now . +we want to susta@@ in things that are gone or things that are not the way they were . +now one should think this problem affected people certainly when in predat@@ ory societies , they killed animals and they didn 't know they had done so after a few generations . +because , obviously , an animal that is very ab@@ und@@ ant , before it gets extin@@ ct , it becomes rare . +so you don 't lose ab@@ und@@ ant animals . +you always lose rare animals . +and therefore they 're not percei@@ ved as a big loss . +over time , we concent@@ rate on large animals , and in a sea that means the big fish . +they become r@@ ar@@ er because we fish them . +over time we have a few fish left and we think this is the bas@@ eline . +and the question is , why do people accept this ? +well because they don 't know that it was different . +and in fact , lots of people , scientists , will con@@ test that it was really different . +and they will con@@ test this because the evidence pres@@ ented in an earlier mode is not in the way they would like the evidence pres@@ ented . +for example , the an@@ ec@@ do@@ te that some present , as cap@@ tain so-@@ and-@@ so obser@@ ved lots of fish in this area cannot be used or is usually not u@@ tili@@ zed by fis@@ her@@ y scientists , because it 's not " scientific . " +so you have a situation where people don 't know the past , even though we live in liter@@ ate societies , because they don 't trust the sources of the past . +and h@@ ence , the enormous role that a marine prote@@ cted area can play . +because with marine prote@@ cted areas , we actually re@@ create the past . +we re@@ create the past that people cannot conc@@ ei@@ ve because the bas@@ eline has shif@@ ted and is extremely low . +that is for people who can see a marine prote@@ cted area and who can benefit from the insi@@ ght that it provi@@ des , which en@@ ables them to res@@ et their bas@@ eline . +how about the people who can 't do that because they have no access -- the people in the mid@@ west for example ? +there i think that the arts and film can perhaps fill the gap , and simulation . +this is a simulation of ch@@ es@@ a@@ pe@@ a@@ ke bay . +there were gra@@ y wh@@ ales in ch@@ es@@ a@@ pe@@ a@@ ke bay a long time ago -- 500 years ago . +and you will have noticed that the hu@@ es and t@@ ones are like " a@@ vat@@ ar . " +and if you think about " a@@ vat@@ ar , " if you think of why people were so tou@@ ched by it -- never mind the po@@ ca@@ hon@@ t@@ as story -- why so tou@@ ched by the ima@@ gery ? +because it ev@@ o@@ kes something that in a sense has been lost . +and so my re@@ com@@ men@@ dation , it 's the only one i will provide , is for c@@ amer@@ on to do " a@@ vat@@ ar ii " under@@ water . +thank you very much . +in the 198@@ 0s in the commun@@ ist eastern germany , if you ow@@ ned a ty@@ pe@@ writer , you had to regi@@ ster it with the government . +you had to regi@@ ster a sam@@ ple she@@ et of text out of the ty@@ pe@@ writer . +and this was done so the government could track where text was coming from . +if they found a paper which had the wrong kind of thought , they could track down who created that thought . +and we in the west couldn 't understand how anybody could do this , how much this would restri@@ ct freedom of speech . +we would never do that in our own countries . +but today in 2011 , if you go and buy a color las@@ er prin@@ ter from any major las@@ er prin@@ ter manufac@@ tur@@ er and print a page , that page will end up having s@@ light yellow dots prin@@ ted on every single page in a pattern which makes the page unique to you and to your prin@@ ter . +this is happening to us today . +and nobody seems to be making a f@@ uss about it . +and this is an example of the ways that our own governments are using technology against us , the citizens . +and this is one of the main three sources of online problems today . +if we take a look at what 's really happening in the online world , we can group the attac@@ ks based on the attac@@ kers . +we have three main groups . +we have online crimin@@ als . +like here , we have mr. di@@ mit@@ ry gol@@ u@@ bo@@ v from the city of k@@ ie@@ v in u@@ kra@@ ine . +and the mo@@ tives of online crimin@@ als are very easy to understand . +these guys make money . +they use online attac@@ ks to make lots of money , and lots and lots of it . +we actually have several cases of milli@@ on@@ air@@ es online , multi@@ milli@@ on@@ air@@ es , who made money with their attac@@ ks . +here 's v@@ la@@ di@@ mir t@@ sa@@ st@@ sin form tar@@ tu in est@@ on@@ ia . +this is al@@ fre@@ d gon@@ z@@ ale@@ z . +this is ste@@ phen watt . +this is b@@ j@@ or@@ n s@@ und@@ in . +this is mat@@ the@@ w ander@@ son , t@@ ari@@ q al-@@ da@@ our and so on and so on . +these guys make their fortun@@ es online , but they make it through the illegal means of using things like ban@@ king tro@@ j@@ ans to ste@@ al money from our bank accoun@@ ts while we do online ban@@ king , or with key@@ log@@ gers to collect our credit card information while we are doing online sh@@ opp@@ ing from an infe@@ cted computer . +the u.s. secret service , two months ago , fro@@ ze the s@@ wis@@ s bank account of mr. sam ja@@ in right here , and that bank account had 14@@ .@@ 9 million u.s. dollars on it when it was fro@@ zen . +mr. ja@@ in himself is on the loo@@ se ; nobody knows where he is . +and i cla@@ im it 's already today that it 's more likely for any of us to become the vic@@ tim of a crime online than here in the real world . +and it 's very obvious that this is only going to get worse . +in the future , the majority of crime will be happening online . +the second major group of attac@@ kers that we are watching today are not motiv@@ ated by money . +they 're motiv@@ ated by something else -- motiv@@ ated by prote@@ sts , motiv@@ ated by an opini@@ on , motiv@@ ated by the laugh@@ s . +groups like anony@@ mous have ris@@ en up over the last 12 months and have become a major player in the field of online attac@@ ks . +so those are the three main attac@@ kers : crimin@@ als who do it for the money , ha@@ ck@@ tivi@@ sts like anony@@ mous doing it for the pro@@ test , but then the last group are nation states , governments doing the attac@@ ks . +and then we look at cases like what happened in dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar . +this is a prime example of what happens when governments attack against their own citizens . +dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar is a cer@@ ti@@ fic@@ ate auth@@ ority from the ne@@ ther@@ lands -- or actually , it was . +it was running into bank@@ rup@@ t@@ cy last fall because they were ha@@ cked into . +somebody broke in and they ha@@ cked it th@@ or@@ ough@@ ly . +and i asked last week in a meeting with du@@ tch government repres@@ ent@@ a@@ tives , i asked one of the leaders of the team whether he found pl@@ au@@ si@@ ble that people died because of the dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar ha@@ ck . +and his answer was yes . +so how do people die as the result of a ha@@ ck like this ? +well dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar is a c@@ .@@ a . +they sell cer@@ ti@@ fic@@ ates . +what do you do with cer@@ ti@@ fic@@ ates ? +well you need a cer@@ ti@@ fic@@ ate if you have a website that has h@@ tt@@ ps , ss@@ l en@@ cr@@ yp@@ ted services , services like g@@ mail . +now we all , or a big part of us , use g@@ mail or one of their competi@@ tors , but these services are especially popular in tot@@ al@@ it@@ arian states like iran , where dis@@ si@@ dents use foreign services like g@@ mail because they know they are more tru@@ st@@ wor@@ thy than the local services and they are en@@ cr@@ yp@@ ted over ss@@ l connections , so the local government can 't s@@ no@@ op on their discus@@ sions . +except they can if they ha@@ ck into a foreign c@@ .@@ a . +and issue ro@@ gue cer@@ ti@@ fic@@ ates . +and this is exactly what happened with the case of dig@@ in@@ ot@@ ar . +what about arab spring and things that have been happening , for example , in eg@@ y@@ pt ? +well in eg@@ y@@ pt , the ri@@ ot@@ ers lo@@ ot@@ ed the head@@ quar@@ ters of the eg@@ yp@@ ti@@ an secret police in apri@@ l 2011 , and when they were lo@@ ot@@ ing the building they found lots of pa@@ pers . +among those pa@@ pers , was this bin@@ der enti@@ t@@ led " fin@@ fis@@ her . " +and within that bin@@ der were notes from a company based in germany which had sold the eg@@ yp@@ ti@@ an government a set of tools for inter@@ cep@@ ting -- and in very large scale -- all the communication of the citizens of the country . +they had sold this tool for 2@@ 8@@ 0,000 euro@@ s to the eg@@ yp@@ ti@@ an government . +the company head@@ quar@@ ters are right here . +so western governments are provi@@ ding tot@@ al@@ it@@ arian governments with tools to do this against their own citizens . +but western governments are doing it to themselves as well . +for example , in germany , just a couple of weeks ago the so-@@ called state tro@@ j@@ an was found , which was a tro@@ j@@ an used by ger@@ man government offi@@ ci@@ als to investi@@ gate their own citizens . +if you are a sus@@ pe@@ ct in a crimin@@ al case , well it 's pretty obvious , your phone will be ta@@ pped . +but today , it goes beyond that . +they will ta@@ p your internet connection . +they will even use tools like state tro@@ j@@ an to infe@@ ct your computer with a tro@@ j@@ an , which en@@ ables them to watch all your communication , to listen to your online discus@@ sions , to collect your pas@@ s@@ words . +now when we think deeper about things like these , the obvious response from people should be that , " okay , that sounds bad , but that doesn 't really affect me because i 'm a legal citi@@ zen . +why should i worry ? +because i have nothing to hi@@ de . " +and this is an argument , which doesn 't make sense . +priv@@ acy is impli@@ ed . +priv@@ acy is not up for discussion . +this is not a question between priv@@ acy against security . +it 's a question of freedom against control . +and while we might trust our governments right now , right here in 2011 , any right we give away will be given away for good . +and do we trust , do we blin@@ dly trust , any future government , a government we might have 50 years from now ? +and these are the questions that we have to worry about for the next 50 years . +this may sound strange , but i 'm a big fan of the con@@ cre@@ te block . +the first con@@ cre@@ te blocks were manu@@ f@@ actu@@ red in 18@@ 6@@ 8 with a very simple idea : mod@@ ul@@ es made of c@@ ement of a fix@@ ed measu@@ re@@ ment that fit together . +very quickly con@@ cre@@ te blocks became the mo@@ st-@@ used construction unit in the world . +they en@@ ab@@ led us to to build things that were larger than us , buildings , bri@@ d@@ ges , one bri@@ ck at a time . +essentially con@@ cre@@ te blocks had become the building block of our time . +almost a hundred years later in 194@@ 7 , le@@ go came up with this . +it was called the auto@@ matic bin@@ ding bri@@ ck . +and in a few short years , le@@ go bri@@ cks took place in every hou@@ se@@ hold . +it 's esti@@ ma@@ ted that over 400 billion bri@@ cks have been produced -- or 75 bri@@ cks for every person on the planet . +you don 't have to be an engineer to make beautiful houses , beautiful bri@@ d@@ ges , beautiful buildings . +le@@ go made it acc@@ essi@@ ble . +le@@ go has essentially taken the con@@ cre@@ te block , the building block of the world , and made it into the building block of our imagination . +mean@@ while the ex@@ act same year , at bell lab@@ s the next revolution was about to be announ@@ ced , the next building block . +the transi@@ st@@ or was a small plastic unit that would take us from a world of sta@@ tic bri@@ cks pil@@ ed on top of each other to a world where everything was inter@@ active . +like the con@@ cre@@ te block , the transi@@ st@@ or allows you to build much larger , more complex circu@@ its , one bri@@ ck at a time . +but there 's a main difference : the transi@@ st@@ or was only for experts . +i personally don 't accept this , that the building block of our time is reser@@ ved for experts , so i decided to change that . +eight years ago when i was at the media lab , i started explor@@ ing this idea of how to put the power of engineers in the hands of artists and designers . +a few years ago i started developing li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its . +let me show you how they work . +li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its are electr@@ onic mod@@ ul@@ es with each one specific function . +they 're pre-@@ engine@@ ered to be light , sound , mot@@ ors and sensor@@ s . +and the best part about it is they sna@@ p together with magne@@ ts . +so you can 't put them the wrong way . +the bri@@ cks are color@@ -@@ co@@ ded . +green is out@@ put , blue is power , p@@ ink is input and orange is wire . +so all you need to do is sna@@ p a blue to a green and very quickly you can start making larger circu@@ its . +you put a blue to a green , you can make light . +you can put a kno@@ b in between and now you 've made a little di@@ mmer . +switch out the kno@@ b for a pul@@ se mo@@ du@@ le , which is here , and now you 've made a little blin@@ ker . +add this bu@@ zz@@ er for some extra pun@@ ch and you 've created a noise machine . +i 'm going to stop that . +so beyond simple play , li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its are actually pretty powerful . +instead of having to program , to wire , to sol@@ der , li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its allow you to program using very simple intui@@ tive gest@@ ures . +so to make this blin@@ k faster or slo@@ wer , you would just turn this kno@@ b and basically make it pul@@ se faster or slo@@ wer . +the idea behind li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its is that it 's a growing library . +we want to make every single interaction in the world into a read@@ y-@@ to-@@ use bri@@ ck . +lights , sounds , solar pan@@ els , mot@@ ors -- everything should be acc@@ essi@@ ble . +we 've been giving li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its to kids and seeing them play with them . +and it 's been an incredible experience . +the ni@@ c@@ est thing is how they start to understand the electr@@ on@@ ics around them from everyday that they don 't learn at schools . +for example , how a ni@@ ght@@ light works , or why an el@@ ev@@ ator door sta@@ ys open , or how an ipo@@ d respon@@ ds to touch . +we 've also been taking li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its to design schools . +so for example , we 've had designers with no experience with electr@@ on@@ ics what@@ so@@ ever start to play with li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its as a material . +here you see , with felt and paper water bot@@ tles , we have geor@@ die making ... +a few weeks ago we took li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its to ris@@ d and gave them to some designers with no experience in engineering what@@ so@@ ever -- just car@@ d@@ board , wood and paper -- and told them " make something . " +here 's an example of a project they made , a mo@@ tion@@ -@@ activ@@ ated con@@ fett@@ i can@@ on ball . +but wait , this is actually my favorite project . +it 's a lo@@ b@@ ster made of play@@ d@@ ough that 's afraid of the dark . +to these non-@@ engineers , li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its became another material , electr@@ on@@ ics became just another material . +and we want to make this material acc@@ essi@@ ble to everyone . +so li@@ tt@@ leb@@ its is open-@@ source . +you can go on the website , down@@ load all the design fil@@ es , make them yourself . +we want to encoura@@ ge a world of cre@@ ators , of inv@@ ent@@ ors , of contribu@@ tors , because this world that we live in , this inter@@ active world , is ours . +so go ahead and start inv@@ enting . +thank you . diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/speech_recognition/__init__.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/speech_recognition/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/speech_recognition/asr_test_base.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/speech_recognition/asr_test_base.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7482858ffc509ba9963d8175340565562601dce0 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/speech_recognition/asr_test_base.py @@ -0,0 +1,557 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 + +import argparse +import os +import unittest +from inspect import currentframe, getframeinfo + +import numpy as np +import torch +from fairseq.data import data_utils as fairseq_data_utils +from fairseq.data.dictionary import Dictionary +from fairseq.models import ( + BaseFairseqModel, + FairseqDecoder, + FairseqEncoder, + FairseqEncoderDecoderModel, + FairseqEncoderModel, + FairseqModel, +) +from fairseq.tasks.fairseq_task import FairseqTask +from examples.speech_recognition.data.data_utils import lengths_to_encoder_padding_mask + + +DEFAULT_TEST_VOCAB_SIZE = 100 + + +# /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// +# utility function to setup dummy dict/task/input +# /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// + + +def get_dummy_dictionary(vocab_size=DEFAULT_TEST_VOCAB_SIZE): + dummy_dict = Dictionary() + # add dummy symbol to satisfy vocab size + for id, _ in enumerate(range(vocab_size)): + dummy_dict.add_symbol("{}".format(id), 1000) + return dummy_dict + + +class DummyTask(FairseqTask): + def __init__(self, args): + super().__init__(args) + self.dictionary = get_dummy_dictionary() + if getattr(self.args, "ctc", False): + self.dictionary.add_symbol("") + self.tgt_dict = self.dictionary + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary + + +def get_dummy_task_and_parser(): + """ + to build a fariseq model, we need some dummy parse and task. This function + is used to create dummy task and parser to faciliate model/criterion test + + Note: we use FbSpeechRecognitionTask as the dummy task. You may want + to use other task by providing another function + """ + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="test_dummy_s2s_task", argument_default=argparse.SUPPRESS + ) + DummyTask.add_args(parser) + args = parser.parse_args([]) + task = DummyTask.setup_task(args) + return task, parser + + +def get_dummy_input(T=100, D=80, B=5, K=100): + forward_input = {} + # T max sequence length + # D feature vector dimension + # B batch size + # K target dimension size + feature = torch.randn(B, T, D) + # this (B, T, D) layout is just a convention, you can override it by + # write your own _prepare_forward_input function + src_lengths = torch.from_numpy( + np.random.randint(low=1, high=T, size=B, dtype=np.int64) + ) + src_lengths[0] = T # make sure the maximum length matches + prev_output_tokens = [] + for b in range(B): + token_length = np.random.randint(low=1, high=src_lengths[b].item() + 1) + tokens = np.random.randint(low=0, high=K, size=token_length, dtype=np.int64) + prev_output_tokens.append(torch.from_numpy(tokens)) + + prev_output_tokens = fairseq_data_utils.collate_tokens( + prev_output_tokens, + pad_idx=1, + eos_idx=2, + left_pad=False, + move_eos_to_beginning=False, + ) + src_lengths, sorted_order = src_lengths.sort(descending=True) + forward_input["src_tokens"] = feature.index_select(0, sorted_order) + forward_input["src_lengths"] = src_lengths + forward_input["prev_output_tokens"] = prev_output_tokens + + return forward_input + + +def get_dummy_encoder_output(encoder_out_shape=(100, 80, 5)): + """ + This only provides an example to generate dummy encoder output + """ + (T, B, D) = encoder_out_shape + encoder_out = {} + + encoder_out["encoder_out"] = torch.from_numpy( + np.random.randn(*encoder_out_shape).astype(np.float32) + ) + seq_lengths = torch.from_numpy(np.random.randint(low=1, high=T, size=B)) + # some dummy mask + encoder_out["encoder_padding_mask"] = torch.arange(T).view(1, T).expand( + B, -1 + ) >= seq_lengths.view(B, 1).expand(-1, T) + encoder_out["encoder_padding_mask"].t_() + + # encoer_padding_mask is (T, B) tensor, with (t, b)-th element indicate + # whether encoder_out[t, b] is valid (=0) or not (=1) + return encoder_out + + +def _current_postion_info(): + cf = currentframe() + frameinfo = " (at {}:{})".format( + os.path.basename(getframeinfo(cf).filename), cf.f_back.f_lineno + ) + return frameinfo + + +def check_encoder_output(encoder_output, batch_size=None): + """we expect encoder_output to be a dict with the following + key/value pairs: + - encoder_out: a Torch.Tensor + - encoder_padding_mask: a binary Torch.Tensor + """ + if not isinstance(encoder_output, dict): + msg = ( + "FairseqEncoderModel.forward(...) must be a dict" + _current_postion_info() + ) + return False, msg + + if "encoder_out" not in encoder_output: + msg = ( + "FairseqEncoderModel.forward(...) must contain encoder_out" + + _current_postion_info() + ) + return False, msg + + if "encoder_padding_mask" not in encoder_output: + msg = ( + "FairseqEncoderModel.forward(...) must contain encoder_padding_mask" + + _current_postion_info() + ) + return False, msg + + if not isinstance(encoder_output["encoder_out"], torch.Tensor): + msg = "encoder_out must be a torch.Tensor" + _current_postion_info() + return False, msg + + if encoder_output["encoder_out"].dtype != torch.float32: + msg = "encoder_out must have float32 dtype" + _current_postion_info() + return False, msg + + mask = encoder_output["encoder_padding_mask"] + if mask is not None: + if not isinstance(mask, torch.Tensor): + msg = ( + "encoder_padding_mask must be a torch.Tensor" + _current_postion_info() + ) + return False, msg + if ( + mask.dtype != torch.uint8 + and (not hasattr(torch, 'bool') or mask.dtype != torch.bool) + ): + msg = ( + "encoder_padding_mask must have dtype of uint8" + + _current_postion_info() + ) + return False, msg + + if mask.dim() != 2: + msg = ( + "we expect encoder_padding_mask to be a 2-d tensor, in shape (T, B)" + + _current_postion_info() + ) + return False, msg + + if batch_size is not None and mask.size(1) != batch_size: + msg = ( + "we expect encoder_padding_mask to be a 2-d tensor, with size(1)" + + " being the batch size" + + _current_postion_info() + ) + return False, msg + return True, None + + +def check_decoder_output(decoder_output): + """we expect output from a decoder is a tuple with the following constraint: + - the first element is a torch.Tensor + - the second element can be anything (reserved for future use) + """ + if not isinstance(decoder_output, tuple): + msg = "FariseqDecoder output must be a tuple" + _current_postion_info() + return False, msg + + if len(decoder_output) != 2: + msg = "FairseqDecoder output must be 2-elem tuple" + _current_postion_info() + return False, msg + + if not isinstance(decoder_output[0], torch.Tensor): + msg = ( + "FariseqDecoder output[0] must be a torch.Tensor" + _current_postion_info() + ) + return False, msg + + return True, None + + +# /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// +# Base Test class +# /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// + + +class TestBaseFairseqModelBase(unittest.TestCase): + """ + This class is used to facilitate writing unittest for any class derived from + `BaseFairseqModel`. + """ + + @classmethod + def setUpClass(cls): + if cls is TestBaseFairseqModelBase: + raise unittest.SkipTest("Skipping test case in base") + super().setUpClass() + + def setUpModel(self, model): + self.assertTrue(isinstance(model, BaseFairseqModel)) + self.model = model + + def setupInput(self): + pass + + def setUp(self): + self.model = None + self.forward_input = None + pass + + +class TestFairseqEncoderDecoderModelBase(TestBaseFairseqModelBase): + """ + base code to test FairseqEncoderDecoderModel (formally known as + `FairseqModel`) must be derived from this base class + """ + + @classmethod + def setUpClass(cls): + if cls is TestFairseqEncoderDecoderModelBase: + raise unittest.SkipTest("Skipping test case in base") + super().setUpClass() + + def setUpModel(self, model_cls, extra_args_setters=None): + self.assertTrue( + issubclass(model_cls, (FairseqEncoderDecoderModel, FairseqModel)), + msg="This class only tests for FairseqModel subclasses", + ) + + task, parser = get_dummy_task_and_parser() + model_cls.add_args(parser) + + args = parser.parse_args([]) + if extra_args_setters is not None: + for args_setter in extra_args_setters: + args_setter(args) + model = model_cls.build_model(args, task) + self.model = model + + def setUpInput(self, input=None): + self.forward_input = get_dummy_input() if input is None else input + + def setUp(self): + super().setUp() + + def test_forward(self): + if self.model and self.forward_input: + forward_output = self.model.forward(**self.forward_input) + # for FairseqEncoderDecoderModel, forward returns a tuple of two + # elements, the first one is a Torch.Tensor + succ, msg = check_decoder_output(forward_output) + if not succ: + self.assertTrue(succ, msg=msg) + self.forward_output = forward_output + + def test_get_normalized_probs(self): + if self.model and self.forward_input: + forward_output = self.model.forward(**self.forward_input) + logprob = self.model.get_normalized_probs(forward_output, log_probs=True) + prob = self.model.get_normalized_probs(forward_output, log_probs=False) + + # in order for different models/criterion to play with each other + # we need to know whether the logprob or prob output is batch_first + # or not. We assume an additional attribute will be attached to logprob + # or prob. If you find your code failed here, simply override + # FairseqModel.get_normalized_probs, see example at + # https://fburl.com/batch_first_example + self.assertTrue(hasattr(logprob, "batch_first")) + self.assertTrue(hasattr(prob, "batch_first")) + + self.assertTrue(torch.is_tensor(logprob)) + self.assertTrue(torch.is_tensor(prob)) + + +class TestFairseqEncoderModelBase(TestBaseFairseqModelBase): + """ + base class to test FairseqEncoderModel + """ + + @classmethod + def setUpClass(cls): + if cls is TestFairseqEncoderModelBase: + raise unittest.SkipTest("Skipping test case in base") + super().setUpClass() + + def setUpModel(self, model_cls, extra_args_setters=None): + self.assertTrue( + issubclass(model_cls, FairseqEncoderModel), + msg="This class is only used for testing FairseqEncoderModel", + ) + task, parser = get_dummy_task_and_parser() + model_cls.add_args(parser) + args = parser.parse_args([]) + if extra_args_setters is not None: + for args_setter in extra_args_setters: + args_setter(args) + + model = model_cls.build_model(args, task) + self.model = model + + def setUpInput(self, input=None): + self.forward_input = get_dummy_input() if input is None else input + # get_dummy_input() is originally for s2s, here we delete extra dict + # items, so it can be used for EncoderModel / Encoder as well + self.forward_input.pop("prev_output_tokens", None) + + def setUp(self): + super().setUp() + + def test_forward(self): + if self.forward_input and self.model: + bsz = self.forward_input["src_tokens"].size(0) + forward_output = self.model.forward(**self.forward_input) + + # we expect forward_output to be a dict with the following + # key/value pairs: + # - encoder_out: a Torch.Tensor + # - encoder_padding_mask: a binary Torch.Tensor + succ, msg = check_encoder_output(forward_output, batch_size=bsz) + if not succ: + self.assertTrue(succ, msg=msg) + self.forward_output = forward_output + + def test_get_normalized_probs(self): + if self.model and self.forward_input: + forward_output = self.model.forward(**self.forward_input) + logprob = self.model.get_normalized_probs(forward_output, log_probs=True) + prob = self.model.get_normalized_probs(forward_output, log_probs=False) + + # in order for different models/criterion to play with each other + # we need to know whether the logprob or prob output is batch_first + # or not. We assume an additional attribute will be attached to logprob + # or prob. If you find your code failed here, simply override + # FairseqModel.get_normalized_probs, see example at + # https://fburl.com/batch_first_example + self.assertTrue(hasattr(logprob, "batch_first")) + self.assertTrue(hasattr(prob, "batch_first")) + + self.assertTrue(torch.is_tensor(logprob)) + self.assertTrue(torch.is_tensor(prob)) + + +class TestFairseqEncoderBase(unittest.TestCase): + """ + base class to test FairseqEncoder + """ + + @classmethod + def setUpClass(cls): + if cls is TestFairseqEncoderBase: + raise unittest.SkipTest("Skipping test case in base") + super().setUpClass() + + def setUpEncoder(self, encoder): + self.assertTrue( + isinstance(encoder, FairseqEncoder), + msg="This class is only used for test FairseqEncoder", + ) + self.encoder = encoder + + def setUpInput(self, input=None): + self.forward_input = get_dummy_input() if input is None else input + # get_dummy_input() is originally for s2s, here we delete extra dict + # items, so it can be used for EncoderModel / Encoder as well + self.forward_input.pop("prev_output_tokens", None) + + def setUp(self): + self.encoder = None + self.forward_input = None + + def test_forward(self): + if self.encoder and self.forward_input: + bsz = self.forward_input["src_tokens"].size(0) + + forward_output = self.encoder.forward(**self.forward_input) + succ, msg = check_encoder_output(forward_output, batch_size=bsz) + if not succ: + self.assertTrue(succ, msg=msg) + self.forward_output = forward_output + + +class TestFairseqDecoderBase(unittest.TestCase): + """ + base class to test FairseqDecoder + """ + + @classmethod + def setUpClass(cls): + if cls is TestFairseqDecoderBase: + raise unittest.SkipTest("Skipping test case in base") + super().setUpClass() + + def setUpDecoder(self, decoder): + self.assertTrue( + isinstance(decoder, FairseqDecoder), + msg="This class is only used for test FairseqDecoder", + ) + self.decoder = decoder + + def setUpInput(self, input=None): + self.forward_input = get_dummy_encoder_output() if input is None else input + + def setUpPrevOutputTokens(self, tokens=None): + if tokens is None: + self.encoder_input = get_dummy_input() + self.prev_output_tokens = self.encoder_input["prev_output_tokens"] + else: + self.prev_output_tokens = tokens + + def setUp(self): + self.decoder = None + self.forward_input = None + self.prev_output_tokens = None + + def test_forward(self): + if ( + self.decoder is not None + and self.forward_input is not None + and self.prev_output_tokens is not None + ): + forward_output = self.decoder.forward( + prev_output_tokens=self.prev_output_tokens, + encoder_out=self.forward_input, + ) + succ, msg = check_decoder_output(forward_output) + if not succ: + self.assertTrue(succ, msg=msg) + self.forward_input = forward_output + + +class DummyEncoderModel(FairseqEncoderModel): + def __init__(self, encoder): + super().__init__(encoder) + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + return cls(DummyEncoder()) + + def get_logits(self, net_output): + # Inverse of sigmoid to use with BinaryCrossEntropyWithLogitsCriterion as + # F.binary_cross_entropy_with_logits combines sigmoid and CE + return torch.log( + torch.div(net_output["encoder_out"], 1 - net_output["encoder_out"]) + ) + + def get_normalized_probs(self, net_output, log_probs, sample=None): + lprobs = super().get_normalized_probs(net_output, log_probs, sample=sample) + lprobs.batch_first = True + return lprobs + + +class DummyEncoder(FairseqEncoder): + def __init__(self): + super().__init__(None) + + def forward(self, src_tokens, src_lengths): + mask, max_len = lengths_to_encoder_padding_mask(src_lengths) + return {"encoder_out": src_tokens, "encoder_padding_mask": mask} + + +class CrossEntropyCriterionTestBase(unittest.TestCase): + @classmethod + def setUpClass(cls): + if cls is CrossEntropyCriterionTestBase: + raise unittest.SkipTest("Skipping base class test case") + super().setUpClass() + + def setUpArgs(self): + args = argparse.Namespace() + args.sentence_avg = False + args.threshold = 0.1 # to use with BinaryCrossEntropyWithLogitsCriterion + return args + + def setUp(self): + args = self.setUpArgs() + self.model = DummyEncoderModel(encoder=DummyEncoder()) + self.criterion = self.criterion_cls.build_criterion(args=args, task=DummyTask(args)) + + def get_src_tokens(self, correct_prediction, aggregate): + """ + correct_prediction: True if the net_output (src_tokens) should + predict the correct target + aggregate: True if the criterion expects net_output (src_tokens) + aggregated across time axis + """ + predicted_idx = 0 if correct_prediction else 1 + if aggregate: + src_tokens = torch.zeros((2, 2), dtype=torch.float) + for b in range(2): + src_tokens[b][predicted_idx] = 1.0 + else: + src_tokens = torch.zeros((2, 10, 2), dtype=torch.float) + for b in range(2): + for t in range(10): + src_tokens[b][t][predicted_idx] = 1.0 + return src_tokens + + def get_target(self, soft_target): + if soft_target: + target = torch.zeros((2, 2), dtype=torch.float) + for b in range(2): + target[b][0] = 1.0 + else: + target = torch.zeros((2, 10), dtype=torch.long) + return target + + def get_test_sample(self, correct, soft_target, aggregate): + src_tokens = self.get_src_tokens(correct, aggregate) + target = self.get_target(soft_target) + L = src_tokens.size(1) + return { + "net_input": {"src_tokens": src_tokens, "src_lengths": torch.tensor([L])}, + "target": target, + "ntokens": src_tokens.size(0) * src_tokens.size(1), + } diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/speech_recognition/test_collaters.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/speech_recognition/test_collaters.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a5029a48faea2426d7a0277655a2c7c08c1d16c --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/speech_recognition/test_collaters.py @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import unittest + +import numpy as np +import torch +from examples.speech_recognition.data.collaters import Seq2SeqCollater + + +class TestSeq2SeqCollator(unittest.TestCase): + def test_collate(self): + + eos_idx = 1 + pad_idx = 0 + collater = Seq2SeqCollater( + feature_index=0, label_index=1, pad_index=pad_idx, eos_index=eos_idx + ) + + # 2 frames in the first sample and 3 frames in the second one + frames1 = np.array([[7, 8], [9, 10]]) + frames2 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]) + target1 = np.array([4, 2, 3, eos_idx]) + target2 = np.array([3, 2, eos_idx]) + sample1 = {"id": 0, "data": [frames1, target1]} + sample2 = {"id": 1, "data": [frames2, target2]} + batch = collater.collate([sample1, sample2]) + + # collate sort inputs by frame's length before creating the batch + self.assertTensorEqual(batch["id"], torch.tensor([1, 0])) + self.assertEqual(batch["ntokens"], 7) + self.assertTensorEqual( + batch["net_input"]["src_tokens"], + torch.tensor( + [[[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]], [[7, 8], [9, 10], [pad_idx, pad_idx]]] + ), + ) + self.assertTensorEqual( + batch["net_input"]["prev_output_tokens"], + torch.tensor([[eos_idx, 3, 2, pad_idx], [eos_idx, 4, 2, 3]]), + ) + self.assertTensorEqual(batch["net_input"]["src_lengths"], torch.tensor([3, 2])) + self.assertTensorEqual( + batch["target"], + torch.tensor([[3, 2, eos_idx, pad_idx], [4, 2, 3, eos_idx]]), + ) + self.assertEqual(batch["nsentences"], 2) + + def assertTensorEqual(self, t1, t2): + self.assertEqual(t1.size(), t2.size(), "size mismatch") + self.assertEqual(t1.ne(t2).long().sum(), 0) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/speech_recognition/test_cross_entropy.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/speech_recognition/test_cross_entropy.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..508d490e01f2871cb9dcaecdf0572b471523e8ba --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/speech_recognition/test_cross_entropy.py @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from examples.speech_recognition.criterions.cross_entropy_acc import CrossEntropyWithAccCriterion +from .asr_test_base import CrossEntropyCriterionTestBase + + +class CrossEntropyWithAccCriterionTest(CrossEntropyCriterionTestBase): + def setUp(self): + self.criterion_cls = CrossEntropyWithAccCriterion + super().setUp() + + def test_cross_entropy_all_correct(self): + sample = self.get_test_sample(correct=True, soft_target=False, aggregate=False) + loss, sample_size, logging_output = self.criterion( + self.model, sample, "sum", log_probs=True + ) + assert logging_output["correct"] == 20 + assert logging_output["total"] == 20 + assert logging_output["sample_size"] == 20 + assert logging_output["ntokens"] == 20 + + def test_cross_entropy_all_wrong(self): + sample = self.get_test_sample(correct=False, soft_target=False, aggregate=False) + loss, sample_size, logging_output = self.criterion( + self.model, sample, "sum", log_probs=True + ) + assert logging_output["correct"] == 0 + assert logging_output["total"] == 20 + assert logging_output["sample_size"] == 20 + assert logging_output["ntokens"] == 20 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/speech_recognition/test_vggtransformer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/speech_recognition/test_vggtransformer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4dc73b8c7379970dc0bcc16fcb088a64a1bd7e3b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/speech_recognition/test_vggtransformer.py @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 + +# import models/encoder/decoder to be tested +from examples.speech_recognition.models.vggtransformer import ( + TransformerDecoder, + VGGTransformerEncoder, + VGGTransformerModel, + vggtransformer_1, + vggtransformer_2, + vggtransformer_base, +) + +# import base test class +from .asr_test_base import ( + DEFAULT_TEST_VOCAB_SIZE, + TestFairseqDecoderBase, + TestFairseqEncoderBase, + TestFairseqEncoderDecoderModelBase, + get_dummy_dictionary, + get_dummy_encoder_output, + get_dummy_input, +) + + +class VGGTransformerModelTest_mid(TestFairseqEncoderDecoderModelBase): + def setUp(self): + def override_config(args): + """ + vggtrasformer_1 use 14 layers of transformer, + for testing purpose, it is too expensive. For fast turn-around + test, reduce the number of layers to 3. + """ + args.transformer_enc_config = ( + "((1024, 16, 4096, True, 0.15, 0.15, 0.15),) * 3" + ) + + super().setUp() + extra_args_setter = [vggtransformer_1, override_config] + + self.setUpModel(VGGTransformerModel, extra_args_setter) + self.setUpInput(get_dummy_input(T=50, D=80, B=5, K=DEFAULT_TEST_VOCAB_SIZE)) + + +class VGGTransformerModelTest_big(TestFairseqEncoderDecoderModelBase): + def setUp(self): + def override_config(args): + """ + vggtrasformer_2 use 16 layers of transformer, + for testing purpose, it is too expensive. For fast turn-around + test, reduce the number of layers to 3. + """ + args.transformer_enc_config = ( + "((1024, 16, 4096, True, 0.15, 0.15, 0.15),) * 3" + ) + + super().setUp() + extra_args_setter = [vggtransformer_2, override_config] + + self.setUpModel(VGGTransformerModel, extra_args_setter) + self.setUpInput(get_dummy_input(T=50, D=80, B=5, K=DEFAULT_TEST_VOCAB_SIZE)) + + +class VGGTransformerModelTest_base(TestFairseqEncoderDecoderModelBase): + def setUp(self): + def override_config(args): + """ + vggtrasformer_base use 12 layers of transformer, + for testing purpose, it is too expensive. For fast turn-around + test, reduce the number of layers to 3. + """ + args.transformer_enc_config = ( + "((512, 8, 2048, True, 0.15, 0.15, 0.15),) * 3" + ) + + super().setUp() + extra_args_setter = [vggtransformer_base, override_config] + + self.setUpModel(VGGTransformerModel, extra_args_setter) + self.setUpInput(get_dummy_input(T=50, D=80, B=5, K=DEFAULT_TEST_VOCAB_SIZE)) + + +class VGGTransformerEncoderTest(TestFairseqEncoderBase): + def setUp(self): + super().setUp() + + self.setUpInput(get_dummy_input(T=50, D=80, B=5)) + + def test_forward(self): + print("1. test standard vggtransformer") + self.setUpEncoder(VGGTransformerEncoder(input_feat_per_channel=80)) + super().test_forward() + print("2. test vggtransformer with limited right context") + self.setUpEncoder( + VGGTransformerEncoder( + input_feat_per_channel=80, transformer_context=(-1, 5) + ) + ) + super().test_forward() + print("3. test vggtransformer with limited left context") + self.setUpEncoder( + VGGTransformerEncoder( + input_feat_per_channel=80, transformer_context=(5, -1) + ) + ) + super().test_forward() + print("4. test vggtransformer with limited right context and sampling") + self.setUpEncoder( + VGGTransformerEncoder( + input_feat_per_channel=80, + transformer_context=(-1, 12), + transformer_sampling=(2, 2), + ) + ) + super().test_forward() + print("5. test vggtransformer with windowed context and sampling") + self.setUpEncoder( + VGGTransformerEncoder( + input_feat_per_channel=80, + transformer_context=(12, 12), + transformer_sampling=(2, 2), + ) + ) + + +class TransformerDecoderTest(TestFairseqDecoderBase): + def setUp(self): + super().setUp() + + dict = get_dummy_dictionary(vocab_size=DEFAULT_TEST_VOCAB_SIZE) + decoder = TransformerDecoder(dict) + dummy_encoder_output = get_dummy_encoder_output(encoder_out_shape=(50, 5, 256)) + + self.setUpDecoder(decoder) + self.setUpInput(dummy_encoder_output) + self.setUpPrevOutputTokens() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_average_checkpoints.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_average_checkpoints.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ed298c3c98a919bc48ac121e1d196cb76edd4c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_average_checkpoints.py @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import collections +import os +import tempfile +import unittest +import shutil + +import numpy as np +import torch +from torch import nn + + +from scripts.average_checkpoints import average_checkpoints + + +class ModelWithSharedParameter(nn.Module): + def __init__(self): + super(ModelWithSharedParameter, self).__init__() + self.embedding = nn.Embedding(1000, 200) + self.FC1 = nn.Linear(200, 200) + self.FC2 = nn.Linear(200, 200) + # tie weight in FC2 to FC1 + self.FC2.weight = nn.Parameter(self.FC1.weight) + self.FC2.bias = nn.Parameter(self.FC1.bias) + + self.relu = nn.ReLU() + + def forward(self, input): + return self.FC2(self.ReLU(self.FC1(input))) + self.FC1(input) + + +class TestAverageCheckpoints(unittest.TestCase): + def test_average_checkpoints(self): + params_0 = collections.OrderedDict( + [ + ('a', torch.DoubleTensor([100.0])), + ('b', torch.FloatTensor([[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]])), + ('c', torch.IntTensor([7, 8, 9])), + ] + ) + params_1 = collections.OrderedDict( + [ + ('a', torch.DoubleTensor([1.0])), + ('b', torch.FloatTensor([[1.0, 1.0, 1.0], [1.0, 1.0, 1.0]])), + ('c', torch.IntTensor([2, 2, 2])), + ] + ) + params_avg = collections.OrderedDict( + [ + ('a', torch.DoubleTensor([50.5])), + ('b', torch.FloatTensor([[1.0, 1.5, 2.0], [2.5, 3.0, 3.5]])), + # We expect truncation for integer division + ('c', torch.IntTensor([4, 5, 5])), + ] + ) + + fd_0, path_0 = tempfile.mkstemp() + fd_1, path_1 = tempfile.mkstemp() + torch.save(collections.OrderedDict([('model', params_0)]), path_0) + torch.save(collections.OrderedDict([('model', params_1)]), path_1) + + output = average_checkpoints([path_0, path_1])['model'] + + os.close(fd_0) + os.remove(path_0) + os.close(fd_1) + os.remove(path_1) + + for (k_expected, v_expected), (k_out, v_out) in zip( + params_avg.items(), output.items()): + self.assertEqual( + k_expected, k_out, 'Key mismatch - expected {} but found {}. ' + '(Expected list of keys: {} vs actual list of keys: {})'.format( + k_expected, k_out, params_avg.keys(), output.keys() + ) + ) + np.testing.assert_allclose( + v_expected.numpy(), + v_out.numpy(), + err_msg='Tensor value mismatch for key {}'.format(k_expected) + ) + + def test_average_checkpoints_with_shared_parameters(self): + + def _construct_model_with_shared_parameters(path, value): + m = ModelWithSharedParameter() + nn.init.constant_(m.FC1.weight, value) + torch.save( + {'model': m.state_dict()}, + path + ) + return m + + tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp() + paths = [] + path = os.path.join(tmpdir, "m1.pt") + m1 = _construct_model_with_shared_parameters(path, 1.0) + paths.append(path) + + path = os.path.join(tmpdir, "m2.pt") + m2 = _construct_model_with_shared_parameters(path, 2.0) + paths.append(path) + + path = os.path.join(tmpdir, "m3.pt") + m3 = _construct_model_with_shared_parameters(path, 3.0) + paths.append(path) + + new_model = average_checkpoints(paths) + self.assertTrue( + torch.equal( + new_model['model']['embedding.weight'], + (m1.embedding.weight + + m2.embedding.weight + + m3.embedding.weight) / 3.0 + ) + ) + + self.assertTrue( + torch.equal( + new_model['model']['FC1.weight'], + (m1.FC1.weight + + m2.FC1.weight + + m3.FC1.weight) / 3.0 + ) + ) + + self.assertTrue( + torch.equal( + new_model['model']['FC2.weight'], + (m1.FC2.weight + + m2.FC2.weight + + m3.FC2.weight) / 3.0 + ) + ) + shutil.rmtree(tmpdir) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_backtranslation_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_backtranslation_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..23ae333761a78d76b129b58af8bb9ac30139731e --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_backtranslation_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import unittest + +import torch + +from fairseq.data import ( + BacktranslationDataset, + LanguagePairDataset, + TransformEosDataset, +) +from fairseq.sequence_generator import SequenceGenerator + +import tests.utils as test_utils + + +class TestBacktranslationDataset(unittest.TestCase): + + def setUp(self): + self.tgt_dict, self.w1, self.w2, self.src_tokens, self.src_lengths, self.model = ( + test_utils.sequence_generator_setup() + ) + + dummy_src_samples = self.src_tokens + + self.tgt_dataset = test_utils.TestDataset(data=dummy_src_samples) + self.cuda = torch.cuda.is_available() + + def _backtranslation_dataset_helper( + self, remove_eos_from_input_src, remove_eos_from_output_src, + ): + tgt_dataset = LanguagePairDataset( + src=self.tgt_dataset, + src_sizes=self.tgt_dataset.sizes, + src_dict=self.tgt_dict, + tgt=None, + tgt_sizes=None, + tgt_dict=None, + ) + + generator = SequenceGenerator( + [self.model], + tgt_dict=self.tgt_dict, + max_len_a=0, + max_len_b=200, + beam_size=2, + unk_penalty=0, + ) + + backtranslation_dataset = BacktranslationDataset( + tgt_dataset=TransformEosDataset( + dataset=tgt_dataset, + eos=self.tgt_dict.eos(), + # remove eos from the input src + remove_eos_from_src=remove_eos_from_input_src, + ), + src_dict=self.tgt_dict, + backtranslation_fn=( + lambda sample: generator.generate([self.model], sample) + ), + output_collater=TransformEosDataset( + dataset=tgt_dataset, + eos=self.tgt_dict.eos(), + # if we remove eos from the input src, then we need to add it + # back to the output tgt + append_eos_to_tgt=remove_eos_from_input_src, + remove_eos_from_src=remove_eos_from_output_src, + ).collater, + cuda=self.cuda, + ) + dataloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader( + backtranslation_dataset, + batch_size=2, + collate_fn=backtranslation_dataset.collater, + ) + backtranslation_batch_result = next(iter(dataloader)) + + eos, pad, w1, w2 = self.tgt_dict.eos(), self.tgt_dict.pad(), self.w1, self.w2 + + # Note that we sort by src_lengths and add left padding, so actually + # ids will look like: [1, 0] + expected_src = torch.LongTensor([[w1, w2, w1, eos], [pad, pad, w1, eos]]) + if remove_eos_from_output_src: + expected_src = expected_src[:, :-1] + expected_tgt = torch.LongTensor([[w1, w2, eos], [w1, w2, eos]]) + generated_src = backtranslation_batch_result["net_input"]["src_tokens"] + tgt_tokens = backtranslation_batch_result["target"] + + self.assertTensorEqual(expected_src, generated_src) + self.assertTensorEqual(expected_tgt, tgt_tokens) + + def test_backtranslation_dataset_no_eos_in_output_src(self): + self._backtranslation_dataset_helper( + remove_eos_from_input_src=False, remove_eos_from_output_src=True, + ) + + def test_backtranslation_dataset_with_eos_in_output_src(self): + self._backtranslation_dataset_helper( + remove_eos_from_input_src=False, remove_eos_from_output_src=False, + ) + + def test_backtranslation_dataset_no_eos_in_input_src(self): + self._backtranslation_dataset_helper( + remove_eos_from_input_src=True, remove_eos_from_output_src=False, + ) + + def assertTensorEqual(self, t1, t2): + self.assertEqual(t1.size(), t2.size(), "size mismatch") + self.assertEqual(t1.ne(t2).long().sum(), 0) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_binaries.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_binaries.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5412f01922117a7d7f8422cf047457bc0cf8a41f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_binaries.py @@ -0,0 +1,1205 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import contextlib +from io import StringIO +import logging +import os +import random +import sys +import tempfile +import unittest + +import torch + +from fairseq import options +from fairseq_cli import preprocess +from fairseq_cli import train +from fairseq_cli import generate +from fairseq_cli import interactive +from fairseq_cli import eval_lm +from fairseq_cli import validate + + +class TestTranslation(unittest.TestCase): + + def setUp(self): + logging.disable(logging.CRITICAL) + + def tearDown(self): + logging.disable(logging.NOTSET) + + def test_fconv(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_fconv') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'fconv_iwslt_de_en') + generate_main(data_dir) + + def test_raw(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_fconv_raw') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir, ['--dataset-impl', 'raw']) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'fconv_iwslt_de_en', ['--dataset-impl', 'raw']) + generate_main(data_dir, ['--dataset-impl', 'raw']) + + @unittest.skipIf(not torch.cuda.is_available(), 'test requires a GPU') + def test_fp16(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_fp16') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'fconv_iwslt_de_en', ['--fp16']) + generate_main(data_dir) + + @unittest.skipIf(not torch.cuda.is_available(), 'test requires a GPU') + def test_memory_efficient_fp16(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_memory_efficient_fp16') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'fconv_iwslt_de_en', ['--memory-efficient-fp16']) + generate_main(data_dir) + + def test_update_freq(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_update_freq') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'fconv_iwslt_de_en', ['--update-freq', '3']) + generate_main(data_dir) + + def test_max_positions(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_max_positions') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + with self.assertRaises(Exception) as context: + train_translation_model( + data_dir, 'fconv_iwslt_de_en', ['--max-target-positions', '5'], + ) + self.assertTrue( + 'skip this example with --skip-invalid-size-inputs-valid-test' in str(context.exception) + ) + train_translation_model( + data_dir, 'fconv_iwslt_de_en', + ['--max-target-positions', '5', '--skip-invalid-size-inputs-valid-test'], + ) + with self.assertRaises(Exception) as context: + generate_main(data_dir) + generate_main(data_dir, ['--skip-invalid-size-inputs-valid-test']) + + def test_generation(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_sampling') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'fconv_iwslt_de_en') + generate_main(data_dir, [ + '--sampling', + '--temperature', '2', + '--beam', '2', + '--nbest', '2', + ]) + generate_main(data_dir, [ + '--sampling', + '--sampling-topk', '3', + '--beam', '2', + '--nbest', '2', + ]) + generate_main(data_dir, [ + '--sampling', + '--sampling-topp', '0.2', + '--beam', '2', + '--nbest', '2', + ]) + generate_main(data_dir, [ + '--diversity-rate', '0.5', + '--beam', '6', + ]) + with self.assertRaises(ValueError): + generate_main(data_dir, [ + '--diverse-beam-groups', '4', + '--match-source-len', + ]) + generate_main(data_dir, ['--prefix-size', '2']) + + def test_eval_bleu(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_eval_bleu') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'fconv_iwslt_de_en', [ + '--eval-bleu', + '--eval-bleu-print-samples', + '--eval-bleu-remove-bpe', + '--eval-bleu-detok', 'space', + '--eval-bleu-args', '{"beam": 4, "min_len": 10}', + ]) + + def test_lstm(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_lstm') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'lstm_wiseman_iwslt_de_en', [ + '--encoder-layers', '2', + '--decoder-layers', '2', + '--encoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--decoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--decoder-out-embed-dim', '8', + ]) + generate_main(data_dir) + + def test_lstm_bidirectional(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_lstm_bidirectional') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'lstm', [ + '--encoder-layers', '2', + '--encoder-bidirectional', + '--encoder-hidden-size', '16', + '--encoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--decoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--decoder-out-embed-dim', '8', + '--decoder-layers', '2', + ]) + generate_main(data_dir) + + def test_transformer(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_transformer') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'transformer_iwslt_de_en', [ + '--encoder-layers', '2', + '--decoder-layers', '2', + '--encoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--decoder-embed-dim', '8', + ], run_validation=True) + generate_main(data_dir) + + @unittest.skipIf(not torch.cuda.is_available(), 'test requires a GPU') + def test_transformer_fp16(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_transformer') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'transformer_iwslt_de_en', [ + '--encoder-layers', '2', + '--decoder-layers', '2', + '--encoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--decoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--fp16', + ], run_validation=True) + generate_main(data_dir) + + def test_multilingual_transformer(self): + # test with all combinations of encoder/decoder lang tokens + encoder_langtok_flags = [[], ['--encoder-langtok', 'src'], ['--encoder-langtok', 'tgt']] + decoder_langtok_flags = [[], ['--decoder-langtok']] + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + for i in range(len(encoder_langtok_flags)): + for j in range(len(decoder_langtok_flags)): + enc_ltok_flag = encoder_langtok_flags[i] + dec_ltok_flag = decoder_langtok_flags[j] + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(f'test_multilingual_transformer_{i}_{j}') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + train_translation_model( + data_dir, + arch='multilingual_transformer', + task='multilingual_translation', + extra_flags=[ + '--encoder-layers', '2', + '--decoder-layers', '2', + '--encoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--decoder-embed-dim', '8', + ] + enc_ltok_flag + dec_ltok_flag, + lang_flags=['--lang-pairs', 'in-out,out-in'], + run_validation=True, + extra_valid_flags=enc_ltok_flag + dec_ltok_flag, + ) + generate_main( + data_dir, + extra_flags=[ + '--task', 'multilingual_translation', + '--lang-pairs', 'in-out,out-in', + '--source-lang', 'in', + '--target-lang', 'out', + ] + enc_ltok_flag + dec_ltok_flag, + ) + + def test_transformer_cross_self_attention(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_transformer_cross_self_attention') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'transformer_iwslt_de_en', [ + '--encoder-layers', '2', + '--decoder-layers', '2', + '--encoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--decoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--decoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--no-cross-attention', + '--cross-self-attention', + '--layer-wise-attention', + ], run_validation=True) + generate_main(data_dir, extra_flags=[]) + + def test_lightconv(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_lightconv') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'lightconv_iwslt_de_en', [ + '--encoder-conv-type', 'lightweight', + '--decoder-conv-type', 'lightweight', + '--encoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--decoder-embed-dim', '8', + ]) + generate_main(data_dir) + + def test_dynamicconv(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_dynamicconv') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'lightconv_iwslt_de_en', [ + '--encoder-conv-type', 'dynamic', + '--decoder-conv-type', 'dynamic', + '--encoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--decoder-embed-dim', '8', + ]) + generate_main(data_dir) + + def test_cmlm_transformer(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_cmlm_transformer') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir, ['--joined-dictionary']) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'cmlm_transformer', [ + '--apply-bert-init', + '--criterion', 'nat_loss', + '--noise', 'full_mask', + '--pred-length-offset', + '--length-loss-factor', '0.1' + ], task='translation_lev') + generate_main(data_dir, [ + '--task', 'translation_lev', + '--iter-decode-max-iter', '9', + '--iter-decode-eos-penalty', '0', + '--print-step', + ]) + + @unittest.skipIf(not torch.cuda.is_available(), 'test requires a GPU') + def test_levenshtein_transformer(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_levenshtein_transformer') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir, ['--joined-dictionary']) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'levenshtein_transformer', [ + '--apply-bert-init', '--early-exit', '6,6,6', + '--criterion', 'nat_loss' + ], task='translation_lev') + generate_main(data_dir, [ + '--task', 'translation_lev', + '--iter-decode-max-iter', '9', + '--iter-decode-eos-penalty', '0', + '--print-step', + ]) + + def test_nonautoregressive_transformer(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_nonautoregressive_transformer') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir, ['--joined-dictionary']) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'nonautoregressive_transformer', [ + '--apply-bert-init', '--src-embedding-copy', '--criterion', + 'nat_loss', '--noise', 'full_mask', '--pred-length-offset', + '--length-loss-factor', '0.1' + ], task='translation_lev') + generate_main(data_dir, [ + '--task', 'translation_lev', + '--iter-decode-max-iter', '0', + '--iter-decode-eos-penalty', '0', + '--print-step', + ]) + + # def test_nat_crf_transformer(self): + # with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + # with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_nat_crf_transformer') as data_dir: + # create_dummy_data(data_dir) + # preprocess_translation_data(data_dir, ['--joined-dictionary']) + # train_translation_model(data_dir, 'nacrf_transformer', [ + # '--apply-bert-init', '--criterion', + # 'nat_loss', '--noise', 'full_mask', '--pred-length-offset', + # '--length-loss-factor', '0.1', + # '--word-ins-loss-factor', '0.5', + # '--crf-lowrank-approx', '1', + # '--crf-beam-approx', '1' + # ], task='translation_lev') + # generate_main(data_dir, [ + # '--task', 'translation_lev', + # '--iter-decode-max-iter', '0', + # '--iter-decode-eos-penalty', '0', + # '--print-step', + # ]) + + def test_iterative_nonautoregressive_transformer(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_iterative_nonautoregressive_transformer') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir, ['--joined-dictionary']) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'iterative_nonautoregressive_transformer', [ + '--apply-bert-init', '--src-embedding-copy', '--criterion', + 'nat_loss', '--noise', 'full_mask', '--stochastic-approx', + '--dae-ratio', '0.5', '--train-step', '3' + ], task='translation_lev') + generate_main(data_dir, [ + '--task', 'translation_lev', + '--iter-decode-max-iter', '9', + '--iter-decode-eos-penalty', '0', + '--print-step', + ]) + + def test_insertion_transformer(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_insertion_transformer') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir, ['--joined-dictionary']) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'insertion_transformer', [ + '--apply-bert-init', '--criterion', 'nat_loss', '--noise', + 'random_mask' + ], task='translation_lev') + generate_main(data_dir, [ + '--task', 'translation_lev', + '--iter-decode-max-iter', '9', + '--iter-decode-eos-penalty', '0', + '--print-step', + ]) + + def test_mixture_of_experts(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_moe') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'transformer_iwslt_de_en', [ + '--task', 'translation_moe', + '--user-dir', 'examples/translation_moe/src', + '--method', 'hMoElp', + '--mean-pool-gating-network', + '--num-experts', '3', + '--encoder-layers', '2', + '--decoder-layers', '2', + '--encoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--decoder-embed-dim', '8', + ]) + generate_main(data_dir, [ + '--task', 'translation_moe', + '--user-dir', 'examples/translation_moe/src', + '--method', 'hMoElp', + '--mean-pool-gating-network', + '--num-experts', '3', + '--gen-expert', '0' + ]) + + def test_alignment(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_alignment') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir, alignment=True) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir, ['--align-suffix', 'align']) + train_translation_model( + data_dir, + 'transformer_align', + [ + '--encoder-layers', '2', + '--decoder-layers', '2', + '--encoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--decoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--load-alignments', + '--alignment-layer', '1', + '--criterion', 'label_smoothed_cross_entropy_with_alignment' + ], + run_validation=True, + ) + generate_main(data_dir) + + +class TestStories(unittest.TestCase): + + def setUp(self): + logging.disable(logging.CRITICAL) + + def tearDown(self): + logging.disable(logging.NOTSET) + + def test_fconv_self_att_wp(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_fconv_self_att_wp') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + config = [ + '--encoder-layers', '[(128, 3)] * 2', + '--decoder-layers', '[(128, 3)] * 2', + '--decoder-attention', 'True', + '--encoder-attention', 'False', + '--gated-attention', 'True', + '--self-attention', 'True', + '--project-input', 'True', + '--encoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--decoder-embed-dim', '8', + '--decoder-out-embed-dim', '8', + '--multihead-self-attention-nheads', '2' + ] + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'fconv_self_att_wp', config) + generate_main(data_dir) + + # fusion model + os.rename(os.path.join(data_dir, 'checkpoint_last.pt'), os.path.join(data_dir, 'pretrained.pt')) + config.extend([ + '--pretrained', 'True', + '--pretrained-checkpoint', os.path.join(data_dir, 'pretrained.pt'), + '--save-dir', os.path.join(data_dir, 'fusion_model'), + ]) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'fconv_self_att_wp', config) + + +class TestLanguageModeling(unittest.TestCase): + + def setUp(self): + logging.disable(logging.CRITICAL) + + def tearDown(self): + logging.disable(logging.NOTSET) + + def test_fconv_lm(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_fconv_lm') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_lm_data(data_dir) + train_language_model(data_dir, 'fconv_lm', [ + '--decoder-layers', '[(850, 3)] * 2 + [(1024,4)]', + '--decoder-embed-dim', '280', + '--optimizer', 'nag', + '--lr', '0.1', + ]) + eval_lm_main(data_dir) + + def test_transformer_lm(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_transformer_lm') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_lm_data(data_dir) + train_language_model( + data_dir, 'transformer_lm', ['--add-bos-token'], run_validation=True, + ) + eval_lm_main(data_dir) + generate_main(data_dir, [ + '--task', 'language_modeling', + '--sample-break-mode', 'eos', + '--tokens-per-sample', '500', + ]) + + def test_lightconv_lm(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_lightconv_lm') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_lm_data(data_dir) + train_language_model( + data_dir, 'lightconv_lm', ['--add-bos-token'], run_validation=True, + ) + eval_lm_main(data_dir) + generate_main(data_dir, [ + '--task', 'language_modeling', + '--sample-break-mode', 'eos', + '--tokens-per-sample', '500', + ]) + + def test_lstm_lm(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_lstm_lm') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_lm_data(data_dir) + train_language_model( + data_dir, 'lstm_lm', ['--add-bos-token'], run_validation=True, + ) + eval_lm_main(data_dir) + generate_main(data_dir, [ + '--task', 'language_modeling', + '--sample-break-mode', 'eos', + '--tokens-per-sample', '500', + ]) + + +class TestMaskedLanguageModel(unittest.TestCase): + + def setUp(self): + logging.disable(logging.CRITICAL) + + def tearDown(self): + logging.disable(logging.NOTSET) + + def test_legacy_masked_lm(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory("test_legacy_mlm") as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_lm_data(data_dir) + train_legacy_masked_language_model(data_dir, "masked_lm") + + def test_roberta_masked_lm(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory("test_roberta_mlm") as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_lm_data(data_dir) + train_masked_lm(data_dir, "roberta_base") + + def test_roberta_sentence_prediction(self): + num_classes = 3 + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory("test_roberta_head") as data_dir: + create_dummy_roberta_head_data(data_dir, num_classes=num_classes) + preprocess_lm_data(os.path.join(data_dir, 'input0')) + preprocess_lm_data(os.path.join(data_dir, 'label')) + train_roberta_head(data_dir, "roberta_base", num_classes=num_classes) + + def test_roberta_regression_single(self): + num_classes = 1 + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory("test_roberta_regression_single") as data_dir: + create_dummy_roberta_head_data(data_dir, num_classes=num_classes, regression=True) + preprocess_lm_data(os.path.join(data_dir, 'input0')) + train_roberta_head(data_dir, "roberta_base", num_classes=num_classes, extra_flags=['--regression-target']) + + def test_roberta_regression_multiple(self): + num_classes = 3 + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory("test_roberta_regression_multiple") as data_dir: + create_dummy_roberta_head_data(data_dir, num_classes=num_classes, regression=True) + preprocess_lm_data(os.path.join(data_dir, 'input0')) + train_roberta_head(data_dir, "roberta_base", num_classes=num_classes, extra_flags=['--regression-target']) + + def _test_pretrained_masked_lm_for_translation(self, learned_pos_emb, encoder_only): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory("test_mlm") as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_lm_data(data_dir) + train_legacy_masked_language_model( + data_dir, + arch="masked_lm", + extra_args=('--encoder-learned-pos',) if learned_pos_emb else () + ) + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory( + "test_mlm_translation" + ) as translation_dir: + create_dummy_data(translation_dir) + preprocess_translation_data( + translation_dir, extra_flags=["--joined-dictionary"] + ) + # Train transformer with data_dir/checkpoint_last.pt + train_translation_model( + translation_dir, + arch="transformer_from_pretrained_xlm", + extra_flags=[ + "--decoder-layers", + "1", + "--decoder-embed-dim", + "32", + "--decoder-attention-heads", + "1", + "--decoder-ffn-embed-dim", + "32", + "--encoder-layers", + "1", + "--encoder-embed-dim", + "32", + "--encoder-attention-heads", + "1", + "--encoder-ffn-embed-dim", + "32", + "--pretrained-xlm-checkpoint", + "{}/checkpoint_last.pt".format(data_dir), + "--activation-fn", + "gelu", + "--max-source-positions", + "500", + "--max-target-positions", + "500", + ] + ( + ["--encoder-learned-pos", "--decoder-learned-pos"] + if learned_pos_emb else [] + ) + (['--init-encoder-only'] if encoder_only else []), + task="translation_from_pretrained_xlm", + ) + + def test_pretrained_masked_lm_for_translation_learned_pos_emb(self): + self._test_pretrained_masked_lm_for_translation(True, False) + + def test_pretrained_masked_lm_for_translation_sinusoidal_pos_emb(self): + self._test_pretrained_masked_lm_for_translation(False, False) + + def test_pretrained_masked_lm_for_translation_encoder_only(self): + self._test_pretrained_masked_lm_for_translation(True, True) + + +def train_legacy_masked_language_model(data_dir, arch, extra_args=()): + train_parser = options.get_training_parser() + # TODO: langs should be in and out right? + train_args = options.parse_args_and_arch( + train_parser, + [ + "--task", + "cross_lingual_lm", + data_dir, + "--arch", + arch, + # Optimizer args + "--optimizer", + "adam", + "--lr-scheduler", + "reduce_lr_on_plateau", + "--lr-shrink", + "0.5", + "--lr", + "0.0001", + "--min-lr", + "1e-09", + # dropout, attention args + "--dropout", + "0.1", + "--attention-dropout", + "0.1", + # MLM args + "--criterion", + "legacy_masked_lm_loss", + "--masked-lm-only", + "--monolingual-langs", + "in,out", + "--num-segment", + "5", + # Transformer args: use a small transformer model for fast training + "--encoder-layers", + "1", + "--encoder-embed-dim", + "32", + "--encoder-attention-heads", + "1", + "--encoder-ffn-embed-dim", + "32", + # Other training args + "--max-tokens", + "500", + "--tokens-per-sample", + "500", + "--save-dir", + data_dir, + "--max-epoch", + "1", + "--no-progress-bar", + "--distributed-world-size", + "1", + "--dataset-impl", + "raw", + ] + list(extra_args), + ) + train.main(train_args) + + +class TestQuantization(unittest.TestCase): + def setUp(self): + logging.disable(logging.CRITICAL) + + def tearDown(self): + logging.disable(logging.NOTSET) + + @unittest.skipIf(not torch.cuda.is_available(), 'test requires a GPU') + def test_quantization(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_quantization') as data_dir: + create_dummy_data(data_dir) + preprocess_lm_data(data_dir) + # tests both scalar and iterative PQ quantization + quantize_language_model(data_dir, 'transformer_lm') + + +class TestOptimizers(unittest.TestCase): + + def setUp(self): + logging.disable(logging.CRITICAL) + + def tearDown(self): + logging.disable(logging.NOTSET) + + def test_optimizers(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_optimizers') as data_dir: + # Use just a bit of data and tiny model to keep this test runtime reasonable + create_dummy_data(data_dir, num_examples=10, maxlen=5) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + optimizers = ['adafactor', 'adam', 'nag', 'adagrad', 'sgd', 'adadelta'] + last_checkpoint = os.path.join(data_dir, 'checkpoint_last.pt') + for optimizer in optimizers: + if os.path.exists(last_checkpoint): + os.remove(last_checkpoint) + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'lstm', [ + '--required-batch-size-multiple', '1', + '--encoder-layers', '1', + '--encoder-hidden-size', '32', + '--decoder-layers', '1', + '--optimizer', optimizer, + ]) + generate_main(data_dir) + + @unittest.skipIf(not torch.cuda.is_available(), 'test requires a GPU') + def test_flat_grads(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory('test_flat_grads') as data_dir: + # Use just a bit of data and tiny model to keep this test runtime reasonable + create_dummy_data(data_dir, num_examples=10, maxlen=5) + preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError): + # adafactor isn't compatible with flat grads, which + # are used by default with --fp16 + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'lstm', [ + '--required-batch-size-multiple', '1', + '--encoder-layers', '1', + '--encoder-hidden-size', '32', + '--decoder-layers', '1', + '--optimizer', 'adafactor', + '--fp16', + ]) + # but it should pass once we set --fp16-no-flatten-grads + train_translation_model(data_dir, 'lstm', [ + '--required-batch-size-multiple', '1', + '--encoder-layers', '1', + '--encoder-hidden-size', '32', + '--decoder-layers', '1', + '--optimizer', 'adafactor', + '--fp16', + '--fp16-no-flatten-grads', + ]) + + +def create_dummy_data(data_dir, num_examples=100, maxlen=20, alignment=False): + def _create_dummy_data(filename): + data = torch.rand(num_examples * maxlen) + data = 97 + torch.floor(26 * data).int() + with open(os.path.join(data_dir, filename), 'w') as h: + offset = 0 + for _ in range(num_examples): + ex_len = random.randint(1, maxlen) + ex_str = ' '.join(map(chr, data[offset:offset+ex_len])) + print(ex_str, file=h) + offset += ex_len + + def _create_dummy_alignment_data(filename_src, filename_tgt, filename): + with open(os.path.join(data_dir, filename_src), 'r') as src_f, \ + open(os.path.join(data_dir, filename_tgt), 'r') as tgt_f, \ + open(os.path.join(data_dir, filename), 'w') as h: + for src, tgt in zip(src_f, tgt_f): + src_len = len(src.split()) + tgt_len = len(tgt.split()) + avg_len = (src_len + tgt_len) // 2 + num_alignments = random.randint(avg_len // 2, 2 * avg_len) + src_indices = torch.floor(torch.rand(num_alignments) * src_len).int() + tgt_indices = torch.floor(torch.rand(num_alignments) * tgt_len).int() + ex_str = ' '.join(["{}-{}".format(src, tgt) for src, tgt in zip(src_indices, tgt_indices)]) + print(ex_str, file=h) + + _create_dummy_data('train.in') + _create_dummy_data('train.out') + _create_dummy_data('valid.in') + _create_dummy_data('valid.out') + _create_dummy_data('test.in') + _create_dummy_data('test.out') + + if alignment: + _create_dummy_alignment_data('train.in', 'train.out', 'train.align') + _create_dummy_alignment_data('valid.in', 'valid.out', 'valid.align') + _create_dummy_alignment_data('test.in', 'test.out', 'test.align') + + +def create_dummy_roberta_head_data(data_dir, num_examples=100, maxlen=10, num_classes=2, regression=False): + input_dir = 'input0' + def _create_dummy_data(filename): + random_data = torch.rand(num_examples * maxlen) + input_data = 97 + torch.floor(26 * random_data).int() + if regression: + output_data = torch.rand((num_examples, num_classes)) + else: + output_data = 1 + torch.floor(num_classes * torch.rand(num_examples)).int() + with open(os.path.join(data_dir, input_dir, filename+'.out'), 'w') as f_in: + label_filename = filename+'.label' if regression else filename+'.out' + with open(os.path.join(data_dir, 'label', label_filename), 'w') as f_out: + offset = 0 + for i in range(num_examples): + # write example input + ex_len = random.randint(1, maxlen) + ex_str = ' '.join(map(chr, input_data[offset:offset+ex_len])) + print(ex_str, file=f_in) + # write example label + if regression: + class_str = ' '.join(map(str, output_data[i].numpy())) + print(class_str, file=f_out) + else: + class_str = 'class{}'.format(output_data[i]) + print(class_str, file=f_out) + offset += ex_len + + os.mkdir(os.path.join(data_dir, input_dir)) + os.mkdir(os.path.join(data_dir, 'label')) + _create_dummy_data('train') + _create_dummy_data('valid') + _create_dummy_data('test') + + +def preprocess_translation_data(data_dir, extra_flags=None): + preprocess_parser = options.get_preprocessing_parser() + preprocess_args = preprocess_parser.parse_args( + [ + '--source-lang', 'in', + '--target-lang', 'out', + '--trainpref', os.path.join(data_dir, 'train'), + '--validpref', os.path.join(data_dir, 'valid'), + '--testpref', os.path.join(data_dir, 'test'), + '--thresholdtgt', '0', + '--thresholdsrc', '0', + '--destdir', data_dir, + ] + (extra_flags or []), + ) + preprocess.main(preprocess_args) + + +def train_translation_model(data_dir, arch, extra_flags=None, task='translation', run_validation=False, + lang_flags=None, extra_valid_flags=None): + if lang_flags is None: + lang_flags = [ + '--source-lang', 'in', + '--target-lang', 'out', + ] + train_parser = options.get_training_parser() + train_args = options.parse_args_and_arch( + train_parser, + [ + '--task', task, + data_dir, + '--save-dir', data_dir, + '--arch', arch, + '--lr', '0.05', + '--max-tokens', '500', + '--max-epoch', '1', + '--no-progress-bar', + '--distributed-world-size', '1', + '--num-workers', 0, + ] + lang_flags + (extra_flags or []), + ) + train.main(train_args) + + if run_validation: + # test validation + validate_parser = options.get_validation_parser() + validate_args = options.parse_args_and_arch( + validate_parser, + [ + '--task', task, + data_dir, + '--path', os.path.join(data_dir, 'checkpoint_last.pt'), + '--valid-subset', 'valid', + '--max-tokens', '500', + '--no-progress-bar', + ] + lang_flags + (extra_valid_flags or []) + ) + validate.main(validate_args) + + +def generate_main(data_dir, extra_flags=None): + if extra_flags is None: + extra_flags = [ + '--print-alignment', + ] + generate_parser = options.get_generation_parser() + generate_args = options.parse_args_and_arch( + generate_parser, + [ + data_dir, + '--path', os.path.join(data_dir, 'checkpoint_last.pt'), + '--beam', '3', + '--batch-size', '64', + '--max-len-b', '5', + '--gen-subset', 'valid', + '--no-progress-bar', + ] + (extra_flags or []), + ) + + # evaluate model in batch mode + generate.main(generate_args) + + # evaluate model interactively + generate_args.buffer_size = 0 + generate_args.input = '-' + generate_args.max_sentences = None + orig_stdin = sys.stdin + sys.stdin = StringIO('h e l l o\n') + interactive.main(generate_args) + sys.stdin = orig_stdin + + +def preprocess_lm_data(data_dir): + preprocess_parser = options.get_preprocessing_parser() + preprocess_args = preprocess_parser.parse_args([ + '--only-source', + '--trainpref', os.path.join(data_dir, 'train.out'), + '--validpref', os.path.join(data_dir, 'valid.out'), + '--testpref', os.path.join(data_dir, 'test.out'), + '--destdir', data_dir, + ]) + preprocess.main(preprocess_args) + + +def train_masked_lm(data_dir, arch, extra_flags=None): + train_parser = options.get_training_parser() + train_args = options.parse_args_and_arch( + train_parser, + [ + '--task', 'masked_lm', + data_dir, + '--arch', arch, + '--optimizer', 'adam', + '--lr', '0.0001', + '--criterion', 'masked_lm', + '--max-sentences', '500', + '--save-dir', data_dir, + '--max-epoch', '1', + '--no-progress-bar', + '--distributed-world-size', '1', + '--ddp-backend', 'no_c10d', + '--num-workers', 0, + ] + (extra_flags or []), + ) + train.main(train_args) + + +def train_roberta_head(data_dir, arch, num_classes=2, extra_flags=None): + train_parser = options.get_training_parser() + train_args = options.parse_args_and_arch( + train_parser, + [ + '--task', 'sentence_prediction', + data_dir, + '--arch', arch, + '--num-classes', str(num_classes), + '--optimizer', 'adam', + '--lr', '0.0001', + '--criterion', 'sentence_prediction', + '--max-tokens', '500', + '--max-positions', '500', + '--max-sentences', '500', + '--save-dir', data_dir, + '--max-epoch', '1', + '--no-progress-bar', + '--distributed-world-size', '1', + '--ddp-backend', 'no_c10d', + '--num-workers', 0, + ] + (extra_flags or []), + ) + train.main(train_args) + + +def train_language_model(data_dir, arch, extra_flags=None, run_validation=False): + train_parser = options.get_training_parser() + train_args = options.parse_args_and_arch( + train_parser, + [ + '--task', 'language_modeling', + data_dir, + '--arch', arch, + '--optimizer', 'adam', + '--lr', '0.0001', + '--criterion', 'adaptive_loss', + '--adaptive-softmax-cutoff', '5,10,15', + '--max-tokens', '500', + '--tokens-per-sample', '500', + '--save-dir', data_dir, + '--max-epoch', '1', + '--no-progress-bar', + '--distributed-world-size', '1', + '--ddp-backend', 'no_c10d', + ] + (extra_flags or []), + ) + train.main(train_args) + + if run_validation: + # test validation + validate_parser = options.get_validation_parser() + validate_args = options.parse_args_and_arch( + validate_parser, + [ + '--task', 'language_modeling', + data_dir, + '--path', os.path.join(data_dir, 'checkpoint_last.pt'), + '--valid-subset', 'valid', + '--max-tokens', '500', + '--no-progress-bar', + ] + ) + validate.main(validate_args) + + +def eval_lm_main(data_dir): + eval_lm_parser = options.get_eval_lm_parser() + eval_lm_args = options.parse_args_and_arch( + eval_lm_parser, + [ + data_dir, + '--path', os.path.join(data_dir, 'checkpoint_last.pt'), + '--no-progress-bar', + ], + ) + eval_lm.main(eval_lm_args) + + +def train_masked_language_model(data_dir, arch, extra_args=()): + train_parser = options.get_training_parser() + # TODO: langs should be in and out right? + train_args = options.parse_args_and_arch( + train_parser, + [ + "--task", + "cross_lingual_lm", + data_dir, + "--arch", + arch, + # Optimizer args + "--optimizer", + "adam", + "--lr-scheduler", + "reduce_lr_on_plateau", + "--lr-shrink", + "0.5", + "--lr", + "0.0001", + "--min-lr", + "1e-09", + # dropout, attention args + "--dropout", + "0.1", + "--attention-dropout", + "0.1", + # MLM args + "--criterion", + "masked_lm_loss", + "--masked-lm-only", + "--monolingual-langs", + "in,out", + "--num-segment", + "5", + # Transformer args: use a small transformer model for fast training + "--encoder-layers", + "1", + "--encoder-embed-dim", + "32", + "--encoder-attention-heads", + "1", + "--encoder-ffn-embed-dim", + "32", + # Other training args + "--max-tokens", + "500", + "--tokens-per-sample", + "500", + "--save-dir", + data_dir, + "--max-epoch", + "1", + "--no-progress-bar", + "--distributed-world-size", + "1", + "--dataset-impl", + "raw", + ] + list(extra_args), + ) + train.main(train_args) + + +def quantize_language_model(data_dir, arch, extra_flags=None, run_validation=False): + train_parser = options.get_training_parser() + train_args = options.parse_args_and_arch( + train_parser, + [ + '--task', 'language_modeling', + data_dir, + '--arch', arch, + '--optimizer', 'adam', + '--lr', '0.0001', + '--criterion', 'adaptive_loss', + '--adaptive-softmax-cutoff', '5,10,15', + '--max-tokens', '500', + '--tokens-per-sample', '500', + '--save-dir', data_dir, + '--max-epoch', '1', + '--no-progress-bar', + '--distributed-world-size', '1', + '--ddp-backend', 'no_c10d', + '--num-workers', 0, + ] + (extra_flags or []), + ) + train.main(train_args) + + # try scalar quantization + scalar_quant_train_parser = options.get_training_parser() + scalar_quant_train_args = options.parse_args_and_arch( + scalar_quant_train_parser, + [ + '--task', 'language_modeling', + data_dir, + '--arch', arch, + '--optimizer', 'adam', + '--lr', '0.0001', + '--criterion', 'adaptive_loss', + '--adaptive-softmax-cutoff', '5,10,15', + '--max-tokens', '500', + '--tokens-per-sample', '500', + '--save-dir', data_dir, + '--max-update', '3', + '--no-progress-bar', + '--distributed-world-size', '1', + '--ddp-backend', 'no_c10d', + '--num-workers', 0, + '--quant-noise-scalar', '0.5', + ] + (extra_flags or []), + ) + train.main(scalar_quant_train_args) + + # try iterative PQ quantization + quantize_parser = options.get_training_parser() + quantize_args = options.parse_args_and_arch( + quantize_parser, + [ + '--task', 'language_modeling', + data_dir, + '--arch', arch, + '--optimizer', 'adam', + '--lr', '0.0001', + '--criterion', 'adaptive_loss', + '--adaptive-softmax-cutoff', '5,10,15', + '--max-tokens', '50', + '--tokens-per-sample', '50', + '--max-update', '6', + '--no-progress-bar', + '--distributed-world-size', '1', + '--ddp-backend', 'no_c10d', + '--num-workers', 0, + '--restore-file', os.path.join(data_dir, 'checkpoint_last.pt'), + '--reset-optimizer', + '--quantization-config-path', os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'transformer_quantization_config.yaml'), + ] + (extra_flags or []), + ) + train.main(quantize_args) + +if __name__ == '__main__': + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_bmuf.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_bmuf.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..30563bdb508d5ec4ced1fd2a69c5e562703fd4c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_bmuf.py @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import argparse +from multiprocessing import Manager +import random +import unittest + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn + +from fairseq import distributed_utils, optim + + +class Model(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, input_size, output_size): + super(Model, self).__init__() + self.fc = nn.Linear(input_size, output_size) + + def forward(self, input): + output = self.fc(input) + return output + + +def setup_model_loss_criterion(args, rank, is_cuda): + """ + setup model, criterion and optimizer based on input args + """ + args.distributed_rank = rank + if args.distributed_world_size > 1: + distributed_utils.distributed_init(args) + torch.manual_seed(1) + model = Model(args.input_size, args.nb_classes) + loss_fn = nn.CrossEntropyLoss() + if is_cuda: + model = model.cuda() + loss_fn = loss_fn.cuda() + + optimizer = optim.sgd.SGD(args, model.parameters()) + optimizer = optim.FairseqBMUF(args, optimizer) + + return model, loss_fn, optimizer + + +def train_step(input, target, model, loss_fn, optimizer, **unused): + """Do forward, backward and parameter update.""" + model.train() + output = model(input) + loss = loss_fn(output, target) + optimizer.backward(loss) + optimizer.step() + + +def single_gpu_training(args, rank, iterations, shared_results): + + is_cuda = torch.cuda.is_available() + if is_cuda: + torch.cuda.set_device(rank) + + model, loss_fn, optimizer = setup_model_loss_criterion(args, rank, is_cuda) + + for _ in range(iterations): + input = torch.randn(1, args.input_size) + target = torch.empty(args.batch_size, dtype=torch.long).random_(args.nb_classes) + + if is_cuda: + input = input.cuda() + target = target.cuda() + train_step(input, target, model, loss_fn, optimizer) + + results = [] + for param in model.parameters(): + if len(results) == 0: + results = param.flatten().cpu().data + else: + results = torch.cat((results, param.flatten().cpu().data), 0) + + shared_results[rank] = results + + +def setup_args(): + args = argparse.Namespace() + args.global_sync_iter = 20 + args.block_momentum = 0.875 + args.block_lr = 0.5 + args.input_size = 5 + args.nb_classes = 2 + args.batch_size = 1 + args.lr = [1e-3] + args.momentum = 0 + args.weight_decay = 0 + args.warmup_iterations = 0 + args.use_nbm = True + args.average_sync = True + args.global_sync_iter = 1 + args.model_parallel_size = 1 + args.distributed_backend = "gloo" + + args.distributed_world_size = 2 + port = random.randint(10000, 20000) + args.distributed_init_method = "tcp://localhost:{port}".format(port=port) + args.distributed_init_host = "localhost" + args.distributed_port = port + 1 + args.local_world_size = args.distributed_world_size + return args + + +@unittest.skipIf(torch.cuda.device_count() < 2, "test requires 2 GPUs") +class TestBMUF(unittest.TestCase): + def bmuf_process(self, args, iterations): + processes = [] + results = Manager().dict() + ctx = torch.multiprocessing.get_context("spawn") + for rank in range(args.distributed_world_size): + p = ctx.Process( + target=single_gpu_training, args=(args, rank, iterations, results) + ) + p.start() + processes.append(p) + + for p in processes: + p.join() + return results + + def test_bmuf_sync(self): + # Train model for 1 iteration and do bmuf sync without doing warmup + args = setup_args() + iterations = 1 + results = self.bmuf_process(args, iterations) + # Make sure params in both machines are same + assert len(results) == 2 + self.assertAlmostEqual(results[0], results[1]) + + def test_warmup_sync(self): + # Train model for 20 iteration and do warmup sync without doing bmuf sync + args = setup_args() + args.warmup_iterations = 20 + iterations = 20 + results = self.bmuf_process(args, iterations) + # Make sure params in both machines are same + assert len(results) == 2 + self.assertAlmostEqual(results[0], results[1]) + + def test_warmup_sync_bmuf_sync(self): + # Train model for 25 iteration and do warmup sync after 20 iteration + # and bmuf sync after 25 iteration + args = setup_args() + args.warmup_iterations = 20 + args.global_sync_iter = 5 + iterations = 25 + results = self.bmuf_process(args, iterations) + # Make sure params in both machines are same + assert len(results) == 2 + self.assertAlmostEqual(results[0], results[1]) + + def test_single_gpu_bmuf(self): + # Train model for 5 iterations and use GPU 1 + args = setup_args() + args.distributed_world_size = 1 + args.warmup_iterations = 5 + iterations = 20 + results = self.bmuf_process(args, iterations) + assert len(results) == 1 + + def assertAlmostEqual(self, t1, t2): + self.assertEqual(t1.size(), t2.size(), "size mismatch") + self.assertLess((t1 - t2).abs().max(), 1e-4) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_character_token_embedder.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_character_token_embedder.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..81042c2a3fac3335e019f455f80da850cf58fb95 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_character_token_embedder.py @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import unittest + +from fairseq.data import Dictionary +from fairseq.modules import CharacterTokenEmbedder + + +class TestCharacterTokenEmbedder(unittest.TestCase): + def test_character_token_embedder(self): + vocab = Dictionary() + vocab.add_symbol('hello') + vocab.add_symbol('there') + + embedder = CharacterTokenEmbedder(vocab, [(2, 16), (4, 32), (8, 64), (16, 2)], 64, 5, 2) + + test_sents = [['hello', 'unk', 'there'], ['there'], ['hello', 'there']] + max_len = max(len(s) for s in test_sents) + input = torch.LongTensor(len(test_sents), max_len + 2).fill_(vocab.pad()) + for i in range(len(test_sents)): + input[i][0] = vocab.eos() + for j in range(len(test_sents[i])): + input[i][j + 1] = vocab.index(test_sents[i][j]) + input[i][j + 2] = vocab.eos() + embs = embedder(input) + + assert embs.size() == (len(test_sents), max_len + 2, 5) + self.assertAlmostEqual(embs[0][0], embs[1][0]) + self.assertAlmostEqual(embs[0][0], embs[0][-1]) + self.assertAlmostEqual(embs[0][1], embs[2][1]) + self.assertAlmostEqual(embs[0][3], embs[1][1]) + + embs.sum().backward() + assert embedder.char_embeddings.weight.grad is not None + + def assertAlmostEqual(self, t1, t2): + self.assertEqual(t1.size(), t2.size(), "size mismatch") + self.assertLess((t1 - t2).abs().max(), 1e-6) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_concat_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_concat_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dbdb2ac51823807dcf72d224c10b7797235c8b4a --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_concat_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import unittest + +import torch +from fairseq.data import LanguagePairDataset, TokenBlockDataset +from fairseq.data.concat_dataset import ConcatDataset +from tests.test_train import mock_dict + + +class TestConcatDataset(unittest.TestCase): + def setUp(self): + d = mock_dict() + tokens_1 = torch.LongTensor([1]).view(1, -1) + tokens_ds1 = TokenBlockDataset( + tokens_1, + sizes=[tokens_1.size(-1)], + block_size=1, + pad=0, + eos=1, + include_targets=False, + ) + self.dataset_1 = LanguagePairDataset( + tokens_ds1, tokens_ds1.sizes, d, shuffle=False + ) + tokens_2 = torch.LongTensor([2]).view(1, -1) + tokens_ds2 = TokenBlockDataset( + tokens_2, + sizes=[tokens_2.size(-1)], + block_size=1, + pad=0, + eos=1, + include_targets=False, + ) + self.dataset_2 = LanguagePairDataset( + tokens_ds2, tokens_ds2.sizes, d, shuffle=False + ) + + def test_concat_dataset_basics(self): + d = ConcatDataset( + [self.dataset_1, self.dataset_2] + ) + assert(len(d) == 2) + assert(d[0]['source'][0] == 1) + assert(d[1]['source'][0] == 2) + + d = ConcatDataset( + [self.dataset_1, self.dataset_2], sample_ratios=[1, 2] + ) + assert(len(d) == 3) + assert(d[0]['source'][0] == 1) + assert(d[1]['source'][0] == 2) + assert(d[2]['source'][0] == 2) + + d = ConcatDataset( + [self.dataset_1, self.dataset_2], sample_ratios=[2, 1] + ) + assert(len(d) == 3) + assert(d[0]['source'][0] == 1) + assert(d[1]['source'][0] == 1) + assert(d[2]['source'][0] == 2) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_convtbc.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_convtbc.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc2ac0b5dceace4a031d23e294240c40027ebee3 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_convtbc.py @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import unittest +from fairseq.modules import ConvTBC +import torch.nn as nn + + +class TestConvTBC(unittest.TestCase): + + def test_convtbc(self): + # ksz, in_channels, out_channels + conv_tbc = ConvTBC(4, 5, kernel_size=3, padding=1) + # out_channels, in_channels, ksz + conv1d = nn.Conv1d(4, 5, kernel_size=3, padding=1) + + conv_tbc.weight.data.copy_(conv1d.weight.data.transpose(0, 2)) + conv_tbc.bias.data.copy_(conv1d.bias.data) + + input_tbc = torch.randn(7, 2, 4, requires_grad=True) + input1d = input_tbc.data.transpose(0, 1).transpose(1, 2) + input1d.requires_grad = True + + output_tbc = conv_tbc(input_tbc) + output1d = conv1d(input1d) + + self.assertAlmostEqual(output_tbc.data.transpose(0, 1).transpose(1, 2), output1d.data) + + grad_tbc = torch.randn(output_tbc.size()) + grad1d = grad_tbc.transpose(0, 1).transpose(1, 2).contiguous() + + output_tbc.backward(grad_tbc) + output1d.backward(grad1d) + + self.assertAlmostEqual(conv_tbc.weight.grad.data.transpose(0, 2), conv1d.weight.grad.data) + self.assertAlmostEqual(conv_tbc.bias.grad.data, conv1d.bias.grad.data) + self.assertAlmostEqual(input_tbc.grad.data.transpose(0, 1).transpose(1, 2), input1d.grad.data) + + def assertAlmostEqual(self, t1, t2): + self.assertEqual(t1.size(), t2.size(), "size mismatch") + self.assertLess((t1 - t2).abs().max(), 1e-4) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_dictionary.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_dictionary.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d9a1ec72c8e38c7df82bb5f0849c99628fe053c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_dictionary.py @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import io +import tempfile +import unittest + +import torch + +from fairseq.data import Dictionary + + +class TestDictionary(unittest.TestCase): + + def test_finalize(self): + txt = [ + 'A B C D', + 'B C D', + 'C D', + 'D', + ] + ref_ids1 = list(map(torch.IntTensor, [ + [4, 5, 6, 7, 2], + [5, 6, 7, 2], + [6, 7, 2], + [7, 2], + ])) + ref_ids2 = list(map(torch.IntTensor, [ + [7, 6, 5, 4, 2], + [6, 5, 4, 2], + [5, 4, 2], + [4, 2], + ])) + + # build dictionary + d = Dictionary() + for line in txt: + d.encode_line(line, add_if_not_exist=True) + + def get_ids(dictionary): + ids = [] + for line in txt: + ids.append(dictionary.encode_line(line, add_if_not_exist=False)) + return ids + + def assertMatch(ids, ref_ids): + for toks, ref_toks in zip(ids, ref_ids): + self.assertEqual(toks.size(), ref_toks.size()) + self.assertEqual(0, (toks != ref_toks).sum().item()) + + ids = get_ids(d) + assertMatch(ids, ref_ids1) + + # check finalized dictionary + d.finalize() + finalized_ids = get_ids(d) + assertMatch(finalized_ids, ref_ids2) + + # write to disk and reload + with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as tmp_dict: + d.save(tmp_dict.name) + d = Dictionary.load(tmp_dict.name) + reload_ids = get_ids(d) + assertMatch(reload_ids, ref_ids2) + assertMatch(finalized_ids, reload_ids) + + def test_overwrite(self): + # for example, Camembert overwrites , and + dict_file = io.StringIO( + " 999 #fairseq:overwrite\n" + " 999 #fairseq:overwrite\n" + " 999 #fairseq:overwrite\n" + ", 999\n" + "▁de 999\n" + ) + d = Dictionary() + d.add_from_file(dict_file) + self.assertEqual(d.index(''), 1) + self.assertEqual(d.index('foo'), 3) + self.assertEqual(d.index(''), 4) + self.assertEqual(d.index(''), 5) + self.assertEqual(d.index(''), 6) + self.assertEqual(d.index(','), 7) + self.assertEqual(d.index('▁de'), 8) + + def test_no_overwrite(self): + # for example, Camembert overwrites , and + dict_file = io.StringIO( + " 999\n" + " 999\n" + " 999\n" + ", 999\n" + "▁de 999\n" + ) + d = Dictionary() + with self.assertRaisesRegex(RuntimeError, 'Duplicate'): + d.add_from_file(dict_file) + + def test_space(self): + # for example, character models treat space as a symbol + dict_file = io.StringIO( + " 999\n" + "a 999\n" + "b 999\n" + ) + d = Dictionary() + d.add_from_file(dict_file) + self.assertEqual(d.index(' '), 4) + self.assertEqual(d.index('a'), 5) + self.assertEqual(d.index('b'), 6) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_export.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_export.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b0e7fcf1dd045a9bf022b3c47475daa8d0326ca --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_export.py @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import argparse +import tempfile +import unittest + +import torch +from fairseq.data.dictionary import Dictionary +from fairseq.models.transformer import TransformerModel +from fairseq.modules import multihead_attention, sinusoidal_positional_embedding +from fairseq.tasks.fairseq_task import FairseqTask + + +DEFAULT_TEST_VOCAB_SIZE = 100 + + +class DummyTask(FairseqTask): + def __init__(self, args): + super().__init__(args) + self.dictionary = get_dummy_dictionary() + if getattr(self.args, "ctc", False): + self.dictionary.add_symbol("") + self.src_dict = self.dictionary + self.tgt_dict = self.dictionary + + @property + def source_dictionary(self): + return self.src_dict + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary + + +def get_dummy_dictionary(vocab_size=DEFAULT_TEST_VOCAB_SIZE): + dummy_dict = Dictionary() + # add dummy symbol to satisfy vocab size + for id, _ in enumerate(range(vocab_size)): + dummy_dict.add_symbol("{}".format(id), 1000) + return dummy_dict + + +def get_dummy_task_and_parser(): + """ + Return a dummy task and argument parser, which can be used to + create a model/criterion. + """ + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="test_dummy_s2s_task", argument_default=argparse.SUPPRESS + ) + DummyTask.add_args(parser) + args = parser.parse_args([]) + task = DummyTask.setup_task(args) + return task, parser + + +def _test_save_and_load(scripted_module): + with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as f: + scripted_module.save(f.name) + torch.jit.load(f.name) + + +class TestExportModels(unittest.TestCase): + def test_export_multihead_attention(self): + module = multihead_attention.MultiheadAttention(embed_dim=8, num_heads=2) + scripted = torch.jit.script(module) + _test_save_and_load(scripted) + + def test_incremental_state_multihead_attention(self): + module1 = multihead_attention.MultiheadAttention(embed_dim=8, num_heads=2) + module1 = torch.jit.script(module1) + module2 = multihead_attention.MultiheadAttention(embed_dim=8, num_heads=2) + module2 = torch.jit.script(module2) + + state = {} + state = module1.set_incremental_state(state, "key", {"a": torch.tensor([1])}) + state = module2.set_incremental_state(state, "key", {"a": torch.tensor([2])}) + v1 = module1.get_incremental_state(state, "key")["a"] + v2 = module2.get_incremental_state(state, "key")["a"] + + self.assertEqual(v1, 1) + self.assertEqual(v2, 2) + + def test_positional_embedding(self): + module = sinusoidal_positional_embedding.SinusoidalPositionalEmbedding( + embedding_dim=8, padding_idx=1 + ) + scripted = torch.jit.script(module) + _test_save_and_load(scripted) + + @unittest.skipIf( + torch.__version__ < "1.6.0", "Targeting OSS scriptability for the 1.6 release" + ) + def test_export_transformer(self): + task, parser = get_dummy_task_and_parser() + TransformerModel.add_args(parser) + args = parser.parse_args([]) + model = TransformerModel.build_model(args, task) + scripted = torch.jit.script(model) + _test_save_and_load(scripted) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_file_io.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_file_io.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ffcc6a3eef591cba73de053101db7bab5e00ec30 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_file_io.py @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import sys +import tempfile +import os +import shutil + +from typing import Optional + +import unittest +from unittest.mock import MagicMock + + +class TestFileIO(unittest.TestCase): + + _tmpdir: Optional[str] = None + _tmpfile: Optional[str] = None + _tmpfile_contents = "Hello, World" + + @classmethod + def setUpClass(cls) -> None: + cls._tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp() + with open(os.path.join(cls._tmpdir, "test.txt"), "w") as f: + cls._tmpfile = f.name + f.write(cls._tmpfile_contents) + f.flush() + + @classmethod + def tearDownClass(cls) -> None: + # Cleanup temp working dir. + if cls._tmpdir is not None: + shutil.rmtree(cls._tmpdir) # type: ignore + + def test_file_io(self): + from fairseq.file_io import PathManager + with PathManager.open(os.path.join(self._tmpdir, "test.txt"), "r") as f: + s = f.read() + self.assertEqual(s, self._tmpfile_contents) + + def test_file_io_oss(self): + # Mock fvcore to simulate oss environment. + sys.modules['fvcore'] = MagicMock() + from fairseq.file_io import PathManager + with PathManager.open(os.path.join(self._tmpdir, "test.txt"), "r") as f: + s = f.read() + self.assertEqual(s, self._tmpfile_contents) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_iterators.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_iterators.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2751d2b17583dc01384d2ab0a3cfae8c4d7f93b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_iterators.py @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import unittest + +from fairseq.data import iterators + + +class TestIterators(unittest.TestCase): + + def test_counting_iterator(self): + x = list(range(10)) + itr = iterators.CountingIterator(x) + self.assertTrue(itr.has_next()) + self.assertEqual(next(itr), 0) + self.assertEqual(next(itr), 1) + itr.skip(3) + self.assertEqual(next(itr), 5) + itr.skip(3) + self.assertEqual(next(itr), 9) + self.assertFalse(itr.has_next()) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_label_smoothing.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_label_smoothing.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8432d3c7bf948a5c487a40a52feabbaab9a0079f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_label_smoothing.py @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import argparse +import copy +import unittest + +import torch + +from fairseq.criterions.cross_entropy import CrossEntropyCriterion +from fairseq.criterions.label_smoothed_cross_entropy import LabelSmoothedCrossEntropyCriterion + +import tests.utils as test_utils + + +class TestLabelSmoothing(unittest.TestCase): + + def setUp(self): + # build dictionary + self.d = test_utils.dummy_dictionary(3) + vocab = len(self.d) + self.assertEqual(vocab, 4 + 3) # 4 special + 3 tokens + self.assertEqual(self.d.pad(), 1) + self.assertEqual(self.d.eos(), 2) + self.assertEqual(self.d.unk(), 3) + pad, eos, unk, w1, w2, w3 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 # noqa: F841 + + # build dataset + self.data = [ + # the first batch item has padding + {'source': torch.LongTensor([w1, eos]), 'target': torch.LongTensor([w1, eos])}, + {'source': torch.LongTensor([w1, eos]), 'target': torch.LongTensor([w1, w1, eos])}, + ] + self.sample = next(test_utils.dummy_dataloader(self.data)) + + # build model + self.args = argparse.Namespace() + self.args.sentence_avg = False + self.args.probs = torch.FloatTensor([ + # pad eos unk w1 w2 w3 + [0.05, 0.05, 0.1, 0.05, 0.3, 0.4, 0.05], + [0.05, 0.10, 0.2, 0.05, 0.2, 0.3, 0.10], + [0.05, 0.15, 0.3, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.15], + ]).unsqueeze(0).expand(2, 3, 7) # add batch dimension + self.task = test_utils.TestTranslationTask.setup_task(self.args, self.d, self.d) + self.model = self.task.build_model(self.args) + + def test_nll_loss(self): + self.args.label_smoothing = 0.1 + nll_crit = CrossEntropyCriterion.build_criterion(self.args, self.task) + smooth_crit = LabelSmoothedCrossEntropyCriterion.build_criterion(self.args, self.task) + nll_loss, nll_sample_size, nll_logging_output = nll_crit(self.model, self.sample) + smooth_loss, smooth_sample_size, smooth_logging_output = smooth_crit(self.model, self.sample) + self.assertLess(abs(nll_loss - nll_logging_output['loss']), 1e-6) + self.assertLess(abs(nll_loss - smooth_logging_output['nll_loss']), 1e-6) + + def test_padding(self): + self.args.label_smoothing = 0.1 + crit = LabelSmoothedCrossEntropyCriterion.build_criterion(self.args, self.task) + loss, _, logging_output = crit(self.model, self.sample) + + def get_one_no_padding(idx): + # create a new sample with just a single batch item so that there's + # no padding + sample1 = next(test_utils.dummy_dataloader([self.data[idx]])) + args1 = copy.copy(self.args) + args1.probs = args1.probs[idx, :, :].unsqueeze(0) + model1 = self.task.build_model(args1) + loss1, _, _ = crit(model1, sample1) + return loss1 + + loss1 = get_one_no_padding(0) + loss2 = get_one_no_padding(1) + self.assertAlmostEqual(loss, loss1 + loss2) + + def test_reduction(self): + self.args.label_smoothing = 0.1 + crit = LabelSmoothedCrossEntropyCriterion.build_criterion(self.args, self.task) + loss, _, logging_output = crit(self.model, self.sample, reduce=True) + unreduced_loss, _, _ = crit(self.model, self.sample, reduce=False) + self.assertAlmostEqual(loss, unreduced_loss.sum()) + + def test_zero_eps(self): + self.args.label_smoothing = 0.0 + nll_crit = CrossEntropyCriterion.build_criterion(self.args, self.task) + smooth_crit = LabelSmoothedCrossEntropyCriterion.build_criterion(self.args, self.task) + nll_loss, nll_sample_size, nll_logging_output = nll_crit(self.model, self.sample) + smooth_loss, smooth_sample_size, smooth_logging_output = smooth_crit(self.model, self.sample) + self.assertAlmostEqual(nll_loss, smooth_loss) + + def assertAlmostEqual(self, t1, t2): + self.assertEqual(t1.size(), t2.size(), "size mismatch") + self.assertLess((t1 - t2).abs().max(), 1e-6) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_lstm_jitable.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_lstm_jitable.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..117c4776999a43d44475b9c8b71f23188def606b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_lstm_jitable.py @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import argparse +import tempfile +import unittest + +import torch +from fairseq.data.dictionary import Dictionary +from fairseq.models.lstm import LSTMModel +from fairseq.tasks.fairseq_task import FairseqTask + + +DEFAULT_TEST_VOCAB_SIZE = 100 + + +class DummyTask(FairseqTask): + def __init__(self, args): + super().__init__(args) + self.dictionary = get_dummy_dictionary() + if getattr(self.args, "ctc", False): + self.dictionary.add_symbol("") + self.src_dict = self.dictionary + self.tgt_dict = self.dictionary + + @property + def source_dictionary(self): + return self.src_dict + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary + + +def get_dummy_dictionary(vocab_size=DEFAULT_TEST_VOCAB_SIZE): + dummy_dict = Dictionary() + # add dummy symbol to satisfy vocab size + for id, _ in enumerate(range(vocab_size)): + dummy_dict.add_symbol("{}".format(id), 1000) + return dummy_dict + + +def get_dummy_task_and_parser(): + """ + to build a fariseq model, we need some dummy parse and task. This function + is used to create dummy task and parser to faciliate model/criterion test + + Note: we use FbSpeechRecognitionTask as the dummy task. You may want + to use other task by providing another function + """ + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="test_dummy_s2s_task", argument_default=argparse.SUPPRESS + ) + DummyTask.add_args(parser) + args = parser.parse_args([]) + task = DummyTask.setup_task(args) + return task, parser + + +class TestJitLSTMModel(unittest.TestCase): + def _test_save_and_load(self, scripted_module): + with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as f: + scripted_module.save(f.name) + torch.jit.load(f.name) + + def assertTensorEqual(self, t1, t2): + self.assertEqual(t1.size(), t2.size(), "size mismatch") + self.assertEqual(t1.ne(t2).long().sum(), 0) + + @unittest.skipIf( + torch.__version__ < "1.6.0", "Targeting OSS scriptability for the 1.6 release" + ) + def test_jit_and_export_lstm(self): + task, parser = get_dummy_task_and_parser() + LSTMModel.add_args(parser) + args = parser.parse_args([]) + args.criterion = "" + model = LSTMModel.build_model(args, task) + scripted_model = torch.jit.script(model) + self._test_save_and_load(scripted_model) + + @unittest.skipIf( + torch.__version__ < "1.6.0", "Targeting OSS scriptability for the 1.6 release" + ) + def test_assert_jit_vs_nonjit_(self): + task, parser = get_dummy_task_and_parser() + LSTMModel.add_args(parser) + args = parser.parse_args([]) + args.criterion = "" + model = LSTMModel.build_model(args, task) + model.eval() + scripted_model = torch.jit.script(model) + scripted_model.eval() + idx = len(task.source_dictionary) + iter = 100 + # Inject random input and check output + seq_len_tensor = torch.randint(1, 10, (iter, )) + num_samples_tensor = torch.randint(1, 10, (iter, )) + for i in range(iter): + seq_len = seq_len_tensor[i] + num_samples = num_samples_tensor[i] + src_token = torch.randint(0, idx, (num_samples, seq_len)), + src_lengths = torch.randint(1, seq_len+1, (num_samples,)) + src_lengths, _ = torch.sort(src_lengths, descending=True) + # Force the first sample to have seq_len + src_lengths[0] = seq_len + prev_output_token = torch.randint(0, idx, (num_samples, 1)), + result = model(src_token[0], src_lengths, prev_output_token[0], None) + scripted_result = scripted_model(src_token[0], src_lengths, prev_output_token[0], None) + self.assertTensorEqual(result[0], scripted_result[0]) + self.assertTensorEqual(result[1], scripted_result[1]) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_memory_efficient_fp16.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_memory_efficient_fp16.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd2b8faeb47a91992bd41e30b7f6e3f8b47e83a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_memory_efficient_fp16.py @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import argparse +import logging +import unittest + +import torch + +from fairseq.optim.adam import FairseqAdam +from fairseq.optim.fp16_optimizer import MemoryEfficientFP16Optimizer + + +@unittest.skipIf(not torch.cuda.is_available(), 'test requires a GPU') +class TestMemoryEfficientFP16(unittest.TestCase): + + def setUp(self): + logging.disable(logging.CRITICAL) + + def tearDown(self): + logging.disable(logging.NOTSET) + + def test_load_state_dict(self): + # define simple FP16 model + model = torch.nn.Linear(5, 5).cuda().half() + params = list(model.parameters()) + + # initialize memory efficient FP16 optimizer + optimizer = FairseqAdam( + argparse.Namespace( + lr=[0.00001], + adam_betas='(0.9, 0.999)', + adam_eps=1e-8, + weight_decay=0.0, + ), + params, + ) + me_optimizer = MemoryEfficientFP16Optimizer( + argparse.Namespace( + fp16_init_scale=1, + fp16_scale_window=1, + fp16_scale_tolerance=1, + threshold_loss_scale=1, + min_loss_scale=1e-4, + ), + params, + optimizer, + ) + + # optimizer state is created in the first step + loss = model(torch.rand(5).cuda().half()).sum() + me_optimizer.backward(loss) + me_optimizer.step() + + # reload state + state = me_optimizer.state_dict() + me_optimizer.load_state_dict(state) + for k, v in me_optimizer.optimizer.state.items(): + self.assertTrue(k.dtype == torch.float16) + for v_i in v.values(): + if torch.is_tensor(v_i): + self.assertTrue(v_i.dtype == torch.float32) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_metrics.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_metrics.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..060291808e37d9b69597522519fdf25d4b13d3e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_metrics.py @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import unittest +import uuid + +from fairseq import metrics + + +class TestMetrics(unittest.TestCase): + + def test_nesting(self): + with metrics.aggregate() as a: + metrics.log_scalar('loss', 1) + with metrics.aggregate() as b: + metrics.log_scalar('loss', 2) + + self.assertEqual(a.get_smoothed_values()['loss'], 1.5) + self.assertEqual(b.get_smoothed_values()['loss'], 2) + + def test_new_root(self): + with metrics.aggregate() as a: + metrics.log_scalar('loss', 1) + with metrics.aggregate(new_root=True) as b: + metrics.log_scalar('loss', 2) + + self.assertEqual(a.get_smoothed_values()['loss'], 1) + self.assertEqual(b.get_smoothed_values()['loss'], 2) + + def test_nested_new_root(self): + with metrics.aggregate() as layer1: + metrics.log_scalar('loss', 1) + with metrics.aggregate(new_root=True) as layer2: + metrics.log_scalar('loss', 2) + with metrics.aggregate() as layer3: + metrics.log_scalar('loss', 3) + with metrics.aggregate(new_root=True) as layer4: + metrics.log_scalar('loss', 4) + metrics.log_scalar('loss', 1.5) + + self.assertEqual(layer4.get_smoothed_values()['loss'], 4) + self.assertEqual(layer3.get_smoothed_values()['loss'], 3) + self.assertEqual(layer2.get_smoothed_values()['loss'], 2.5) + self.assertEqual(layer1.get_smoothed_values()['loss'], 1.25) + + def test_named(self): + name = str(uuid.uuid4()) + metrics.reset_meters(name) + + with metrics.aggregate(name): + metrics.log_scalar('loss', 1) + + metrics.log_scalar('loss', 3) + + with metrics.aggregate(name): + metrics.log_scalar('loss', 2) + + self.assertEqual(metrics.get_smoothed_values(name)['loss'], 1.5) + + def test_nested_duplicate_names(self): + name = str(uuid.uuid4()) + metrics.reset_meters(name) + + with metrics.aggregate(name): + metrics.log_scalar('loss', 1) + with metrics.aggregate() as other: + with metrics.aggregate(name): + metrics.log_scalar('loss', 2) + metrics.log_scalar('loss', 6) + + self.assertEqual(metrics.get_smoothed_values(name)['loss'], 3) + self.assertEqual(other.get_smoothed_values()['loss'], 2) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_multi_corpus_sampled_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_multi_corpus_sampled_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05b20328c5605178767d138cc75e070824679842 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_multi_corpus_sampled_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import unittest +from collections import OrderedDict + +import numpy as np +import torch +from fairseq.data import LanguagePairDataset, TokenBlockDataset +from fairseq.data.multi_corpus_sampled_dataset import MultiCorpusSampledDataset +from tests.test_train import mock_dict + + +class TestMultiCorpusSampledDataset(unittest.TestCase): + def setUp(self): + d = mock_dict() + tokens_1 = torch.LongTensor([1]).view(1, -1) + tokens_ds1 = TokenBlockDataset( + tokens_1, + sizes=[tokens_1.size(-1)], + block_size=1, + pad=0, + eos=1, + include_targets=False, + ) + self.dataset_1 = LanguagePairDataset( + tokens_ds1, tokens_ds1.sizes, d, shuffle=False + ) + tokens_2 = torch.LongTensor([2]).view(1, -1) + tokens_ds2 = TokenBlockDataset( + tokens_2, + sizes=[tokens_2.size(-1)], + block_size=1, + pad=0, + eos=1, + include_targets=False, + ) + self.dataset_2 = LanguagePairDataset( + tokens_ds2, tokens_ds2.sizes, d, shuffle=False + ) + + def _test_sample_helper( + self, + expected_sample_from_first_ds_percentage, + num_samples=1000, + sampling_func=None, + ): + # To make sure test is not flaky + np.random.seed(0) + if sampling_func is None: + m = MultiCorpusSampledDataset( + OrderedDict({0: self.dataset_1, 1: self.dataset_2}), + ) + else: + m = MultiCorpusSampledDataset( + OrderedDict({0: self.dataset_1, 1: self.dataset_2}), + sampling_func=sampling_func, + ) + m.ordered_indices() + count_sample_from_first_dataset = 0 + for _ in range(num_samples): + if m.collater([m[0], m[1]])["net_input"]["src_tokens"][0] == 1: + count_sample_from_first_dataset += 1 + sample_from_first_ds_percentage = ( + 1.0 * count_sample_from_first_dataset / num_samples + ) + self.assertLess( + abs( + sample_from_first_ds_percentage + - expected_sample_from_first_ds_percentage + ), + 0.01, + ) + + def test_multi_corpus_sampled_dataset_uniform_sample(self): + self._test_sample_helper(expected_sample_from_first_ds_percentage=0.5) + + def test_multi_corpus_sampled_dataset_weighted_sample(self): + def naive_weighted_sample(weights): + def f(l): + v = np.random.random() + agg = 0 + for i, weight in enumerate(weights): + agg += weight + if agg > v: + return i + + return f + + self._test_sample_helper( + expected_sample_from_first_ds_percentage=0.9, + sampling_func=naive_weighted_sample(weights=[0.9, 0.1]), + ) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_multihead_attention.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_multihead_attention.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..324d8e3eb52baeec93edff5c558077810dd68585 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_multihead_attention.py @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import unittest +from fairseq.modules.multihead_attention import MultiheadAttention + + +class TestMultiheadAttention(unittest.TestCase): + def test_append_prev_key_padding_mask(self): + bsz = 1 + src_len = 4 + + cases = [ + # no padding mask + (None, None, None), + # current padding mask only + ( + torch.tensor([[1]]).bool(), + None, + torch.tensor([[0, 0, 0, 1]]).bool(), + ), + # previous padding mask only + ( + None, + torch.tensor([[0, 1, 0]]).bool(), + torch.tensor([[0, 1, 0, 0]]).bool(), + ), + # both padding masks + ( + torch.tensor([[1]]).bool(), + torch.tensor([[0, 1, 0]]).bool(), + torch.tensor([[0, 1, 0, 1]]).bool(), + ), + ] + for c in cases: + key_padding_mask = MultiheadAttention._append_prev_key_padding_mask( + c[0], + c[1], + batch_size=bsz, + src_len=src_len, + static_kv=False, + ) + + if key_padding_mask is not None: + self.assertTrue( + torch.all(torch.eq(key_padding_mask, c[2])), + f'Unexpected resultant key padding mask: {key_padding_mask}' + f' given current: {c[0]} and previous: {c[1]}', + ) + self.assertEqual(key_padding_mask.size(0), bsz) + self.assertEqual(key_padding_mask.size(1), src_len) + else: + self.assertIsNone(c[2]) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_noising.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_noising.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da792a18261a985ab8d31fc9d1ddc6e6ede5aab0 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_noising.py @@ -0,0 +1,526 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import unittest +from typing import Dict, List + +import tests.utils as test_utils +import torch +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.data import ( + Dictionary, + LanguagePairDataset, + TransformEosDataset, + data_utils, + noising, +) + + +class TestDataNoising(unittest.TestCase): + def _get_test_data_with_bpe_cont_marker(self, append_eos=True): + """ + Args: + append_eos: if True, each input sentence in the source tokens tensor + will have an EOS appended to the end. + + Returns: + vocabs: BPE vocab with continuation markers as suffixes to denote + non-end of word tokens. This is the standard BPE format used in + fairseq's preprocessing. + x: input tensor containing numberized source tokens, with EOS at the + end if append_eos is true + src_lengths: and source lengths. + """ + vocab = Dictionary() + vocab.add_symbol("he@@") + vocab.add_symbol("llo") + vocab.add_symbol("how") + vocab.add_symbol("are") + vocab.add_symbol("y@@") + vocab.add_symbol("ou") + vocab.add_symbol("n@@") + vocab.add_symbol("ew") + vocab.add_symbol("or@@") + vocab.add_symbol("k") + + src_tokens = [ + ["he@@", "llo", "n@@", "ew", "y@@", "or@@", "k"], + ["how", "are", "y@@", "ou"], + ] + x, src_lengths = x, src_lengths = self._convert_src_tokens_to_tensor( + vocab=vocab, src_tokens=src_tokens, append_eos=append_eos + ) + return vocab, x, src_lengths + + def _get_test_data_with_bpe_end_marker(self, append_eos=True): + """ + Args: + append_eos: if True, each input sentence in the source tokens tensor + will have an EOS appended to the end. + + Returns: + vocabs: BPE vocab with end-of-word markers as suffixes to denote + tokens at the end of a word. This is an alternative to fairseq's + standard preprocessing framework and is not generally supported + within fairseq. + x: input tensor containing numberized source tokens, with EOS at the + end if append_eos is true + src_lengths: and source lengths. + """ + vocab = Dictionary() + vocab.add_symbol("he") + vocab.add_symbol("llo_EOW") + vocab.add_symbol("how_EOW") + vocab.add_symbol("are_EOW") + vocab.add_symbol("y") + vocab.add_symbol("ou_EOW") + vocab.add_symbol("n") + vocab.add_symbol("ew_EOW") + vocab.add_symbol("or") + vocab.add_symbol("k_EOW") + + src_tokens = [ + ["he", "llo_EOW", "n", "ew_EOW", "y", "or", "k_EOW"], + ["how_EOW", "are_EOW", "y", "ou_EOW"], + ] + x, src_lengths = x, src_lengths = self._convert_src_tokens_to_tensor( + vocab=vocab, src_tokens=src_tokens, append_eos=append_eos + ) + return vocab, x, src_lengths + + def _get_test_data_with_word_vocab(self, append_eos=True): + """ + Args: + append_eos: if True, each input sentence in the source tokens tensor + will have an EOS appended to the end. + + Returns: + vocabs: word vocab + x: input tensor containing numberized source tokens, with EOS at the + end if append_eos is true + src_lengths: and source lengths. + """ + vocab = Dictionary() + + vocab.add_symbol("hello") + vocab.add_symbol("how") + vocab.add_symbol("are") + vocab.add_symbol("you") + vocab.add_symbol("new") + vocab.add_symbol("york") + src_tokens = [ + ["hello", "new", "york", "you"], + ["how", "are", "you", "new", "york"], + ] + x, src_lengths = self._convert_src_tokens_to_tensor( + vocab=vocab, src_tokens=src_tokens, append_eos=append_eos + ) + return vocab, x, src_lengths + + def _convert_src_tokens_to_tensor( + self, vocab: Dictionary, src_tokens: List[List[str]], append_eos: bool + ): + src_len = [len(x) for x in src_tokens] + # If we have to append EOS, we include EOS in counting src length + if append_eos: + src_len = [length + 1 for length in src_len] + + x = torch.LongTensor(len(src_tokens), max(src_len)).fill_(vocab.pad()) + for i in range(len(src_tokens)): + for j in range(len(src_tokens[i])): + x[i][j] = vocab.index(src_tokens[i][j]) + if append_eos: + x[i][j + 1] = vocab.eos() + + x = x.transpose(1, 0) + return x, torch.LongTensor(src_len) + + def assert_eos_at_end(self, x, x_len, eos): + """Asserts last token of every sentence in x is EOS """ + for i in range(len(x_len)): + self.assertEqual( + x[x_len[i] - 1][i], + eos, + ( + "Expected eos (token id {eos}) at the end of sentence {i} " + "but got {other} instead" + ).format(i=i, eos=eos, other=x[i][-1]), + ) + + def assert_word_dropout_correct(self, x, x_noised, x_len, l_noised): + # Expect only the first word (2 bpe tokens) of the first example + # was dropped out + self.assertEqual(x_len[0] - 2, l_noised[0]) + for i in range(l_noised[0]): + self.assertEqual(x_noised[i][0], x[i + 2][0]) + + def test_word_dropout_with_eos(self): + vocab, x, x_len = self._get_test_data_with_bpe_cont_marker(append_eos=True) + + with data_utils.numpy_seed(1234): + noising_gen = noising.WordDropout(vocab) + x_noised, l_noised = noising_gen.noising(x, x_len, 0.2) + self.assert_word_dropout_correct( + x=x, x_noised=x_noised, x_len=x_len, l_noised=l_noised + ) + self.assert_eos_at_end(x=x_noised, x_len=l_noised, eos=vocab.eos()) + + def assert_word_blanking_correct(self, x, x_noised, x_len, l_noised, unk): + # Expect only the first word (2 bpe tokens) of the first example + # was blanked out + self.assertEqual(x_len[0], l_noised[0]) + for i in range(l_noised[0]): + if i < 2: + self.assertEqual(x_noised[i][0], unk) + else: + self.assertEqual(x_noised[i][0], x[i][0]) + + def test_word_blank_with_eos(self): + vocab, x, x_len = self._get_test_data_with_bpe_cont_marker(append_eos=True) + + with data_utils.numpy_seed(1234): + noising_gen = noising.WordDropout(vocab) + x_noised, l_noised = noising_gen.noising(x, x_len, 0.2, vocab.unk()) + self.assert_word_blanking_correct( + x=x, x_noised=x_noised, x_len=x_len, l_noised=l_noised, unk=vocab.unk() + ) + self.assert_eos_at_end(x=x_noised, x_len=l_noised, eos=vocab.eos()) + + def generate_unchanged_shuffle_map(self, length): + return {i: i for i in range(length)} + + def assert_word_shuffle_matches_expected( + self, + x, + x_len, + max_shuffle_distance: int, + vocab: Dictionary, + expected_shufle_maps: List[Dict[int, int]], + expect_eos_at_end: bool, + bpe_end_marker=None, + ): + """ + This verifies that with a given x, x_len, max_shuffle_distance, and + vocab, we get the expected shuffle result. + + Args: + x: Tensor of shape (T x B) = (sequence_length, batch_size) + x_len: Tensor of length B = batch_size + max_shuffle_distance: arg to pass to noising + expected_shuffle_maps: List[mapping] where mapping is a + Dict[old_index, new_index], mapping x's elements from their + old positions in x to their new positions in x. + expect_eos_at_end: if True, check the output to make sure there is + an EOS at the end. + bpe_end_marker: str denoting the BPE end token. If this is not None, we + set the BPE cont token to None in the noising classes. + """ + bpe_cont_marker = None + if bpe_end_marker is None: + bpe_cont_marker = "@@" + + with data_utils.numpy_seed(1234): + word_shuffle = noising.WordShuffle( + vocab, bpe_cont_marker=bpe_cont_marker, bpe_end_marker=bpe_end_marker + ) + x_noised, l_noised = word_shuffle.noising( + x, x_len, max_shuffle_distance=max_shuffle_distance + ) + + # For every example, we have a different expected shuffle map. We check + # that each example is shuffled as expected according to each + # corresponding shuffle map. + for i in range(len(expected_shufle_maps)): + shuffle_map = expected_shufle_maps[i] + for k, v in shuffle_map.items(): + self.assertEqual(x[k][i], x_noised[v][i]) + + # Shuffling should not affect the length of each example + for pre_shuffle_length, post_shuffle_length in zip(x_len, l_noised): + self.assertEqual(pre_shuffle_length, post_shuffle_length) + if expect_eos_at_end: + self.assert_eos_at_end(x=x_noised, x_len=l_noised, eos=vocab.eos()) + + def test_word_shuffle_with_eos(self): + vocab, x, x_len = self._get_test_data_with_bpe_cont_marker(append_eos=True) + + # Assert word shuffle with max shuffle distance 0 causes input to be + # unchanged + self.assert_word_shuffle_matches_expected( + x=x, + x_len=x_len, + max_shuffle_distance=0, + vocab=vocab, + expected_shufle_maps=[ + self.generate_unchanged_shuffle_map(example_len) + for example_len in x_len + ], + expect_eos_at_end=True, + ) + + # Assert word shuffle with max shuffle distance 3 matches our expected + # shuffle order + self.assert_word_shuffle_matches_expected( + x=x, + x_len=x_len, + vocab=vocab, + max_shuffle_distance=3, + expected_shufle_maps=[ + self.generate_unchanged_shuffle_map(x_len[0]), + {0: 0, 1: 3, 2: 1, 3: 2}, + ], + expect_eos_at_end=True, + ) + + def test_word_shuffle_with_eos_nonbpe(self): + """The purpose of this is to test shuffling logic with word vocabs""" + vocab, x, x_len = self._get_test_data_with_word_vocab(append_eos=True) + + # Assert word shuffle with max shuffle distance 0 causes input to be + # unchanged + self.assert_word_shuffle_matches_expected( + x=x, + x_len=x_len, + max_shuffle_distance=0, + vocab=vocab, + expected_shufle_maps=[ + self.generate_unchanged_shuffle_map(example_len) + for example_len in x_len + ], + expect_eos_at_end=True, + ) + + # Assert word shuffle with max shuffle distance 3 matches our expected + # shuffle order + self.assert_word_shuffle_matches_expected( + x=x, + x_len=x_len, + vocab=vocab, + max_shuffle_distance=3, + expected_shufle_maps=[ + {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 3, 3: 2}, + {0: 0, 1: 2, 2: 1, 3: 3, 4: 4}, + ], + expect_eos_at_end=True, + ) + + def test_word_shuffle_without_eos(self): + """Same result as word shuffle with eos except no EOS at end""" + vocab, x, x_len = self._get_test_data_with_bpe_cont_marker(append_eos=False) + + # Assert word shuffle with max shuffle distance 0 causes input to be + # unchanged + self.assert_word_shuffle_matches_expected( + x=x, + x_len=x_len, + max_shuffle_distance=0, + vocab=vocab, + expected_shufle_maps=[ + self.generate_unchanged_shuffle_map(example_len) + for example_len in x_len + ], + expect_eos_at_end=False, + ) + + # Assert word shuffle with max shuffle distance 3 matches our expected + # shuffle order + self.assert_word_shuffle_matches_expected( + x=x, + x_len=x_len, + vocab=vocab, + max_shuffle_distance=3, + expected_shufle_maps=[ + self.generate_unchanged_shuffle_map(x_len[0]), + {0: 0, 1: 3, 2: 1, 3: 2}, + ], + expect_eos_at_end=False, + ) + + def test_word_shuffle_without_eos_with_bpe_end_marker(self): + """Same result as word shuffle without eos except using BPE end token""" + vocab, x, x_len = self._get_test_data_with_bpe_end_marker(append_eos=False) + + # Assert word shuffle with max shuffle distance 0 causes input to be + # unchanged + self.assert_word_shuffle_matches_expected( + x=x, + x_len=x_len, + max_shuffle_distance=0, + vocab=vocab, + expected_shufle_maps=[ + self.generate_unchanged_shuffle_map(example_len) + for example_len in x_len + ], + expect_eos_at_end=False, + bpe_end_marker="_EOW", + ) + + # Assert word shuffle with max shuffle distance 3 matches our expected + # shuffle order + self.assert_word_shuffle_matches_expected( + x=x, + x_len=x_len, + vocab=vocab, + max_shuffle_distance=3, + expected_shufle_maps=[ + self.generate_unchanged_shuffle_map(x_len[0]), + {0: 0, 1: 3, 2: 1, 3: 2}, + ], + expect_eos_at_end=False, + bpe_end_marker="_EOW", + ) + + def assert_no_eos_at_end(self, x, x_len, eos): + """Asserts that the last token of each sentence in x is not EOS """ + for i in range(len(x_len)): + self.assertNotEqual( + x[x_len[i] - 1][i], + eos, + "Expected no eos (token id {eos}) at the end of sentence {i}.".format( + eos=eos, i=i + ), + ) + + def test_word_dropout_without_eos(self): + """Same result as word dropout with eos except no EOS at end""" + vocab, x, x_len = self._get_test_data_with_bpe_cont_marker(append_eos=False) + + with data_utils.numpy_seed(1234): + noising_gen = noising.WordDropout(vocab) + x_noised, l_noised = noising_gen.noising(x, x_len, 0.2) + self.assert_word_dropout_correct( + x=x, x_noised=x_noised, x_len=x_len, l_noised=l_noised + ) + self.assert_no_eos_at_end(x=x_noised, x_len=l_noised, eos=vocab.eos()) + + def test_word_blank_without_eos(self): + """Same result as word blank with eos except no EOS at end""" + vocab, x, x_len = self._get_test_data_with_bpe_cont_marker(append_eos=False) + + with data_utils.numpy_seed(1234): + noising_gen = noising.WordDropout(vocab) + x_noised, l_noised = noising_gen.noising(x, x_len, 0.2, vocab.unk()) + self.assert_word_blanking_correct( + x=x, x_noised=x_noised, x_len=x_len, l_noised=l_noised, unk=vocab.unk() + ) + self.assert_no_eos_at_end(x=x_noised, x_len=l_noised, eos=vocab.eos()) + + def _get_noising_dataset_batch( + self, src_tokens_no_pad, src_dict, append_eos_to_tgt=False, + ): + """ + Constructs a NoisingDataset and the corresponding + ``LanguagePairDataset(NoisingDataset(src), src)``. If + *append_eos_to_tgt* is True, wrap the source dataset in + :class:`TransformEosDataset` to append EOS to the clean source when + using it as the target. + """ + src_dataset = test_utils.TestDataset(data=src_tokens_no_pad) + + noising_dataset = noising.NoisingDataset( + src_dataset=src_dataset, + src_dict=src_dict, + seed=1234, + max_word_shuffle_distance=3, + word_dropout_prob=0.2, + word_blanking_prob=0.2, + noising_class=noising.UnsupervisedMTNoising, + ) + tgt = src_dataset + language_pair_dataset = LanguagePairDataset( + src=noising_dataset, tgt=tgt, src_sizes=None, src_dict=src_dict + ) + language_pair_dataset = TransformEosDataset( + language_pair_dataset, src_dict.eos(), + append_eos_to_tgt=append_eos_to_tgt, + ) + + dataloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader( + dataset=language_pair_dataset, + batch_size=2, + collate_fn=language_pair_dataset.collater, + ) + denoising_batch_result = next(iter(dataloader)) + return denoising_batch_result + + def test_noising_dataset_with_eos(self): + src_dict, src_tokens, _ = self._get_test_data_with_bpe_cont_marker( + append_eos=True + ) + + # Format data for src_dataset + src_tokens = torch.t(src_tokens) + src_tokens_no_pad = [] + for src_sentence in src_tokens: + src_tokens_no_pad.append( + utils.strip_pad(tensor=src_sentence, pad=src_dict.pad()) + ) + denoising_batch_result = self._get_noising_dataset_batch( + src_tokens_no_pad=src_tokens_no_pad, src_dict=src_dict + ) + + eos, pad = src_dict.eos(), src_dict.pad() + + # Generated noisy source as source + expected_src = torch.LongTensor( + [[4, 5, 10, 11, 8, 12, 13, eos], [pad, pad, pad, 6, 8, 9, 7, eos]] + ) + # Original clean source as target (right-padded) + expected_tgt = torch.LongTensor( + [[4, 5, 10, 11, 8, 12, 13, eos], [6, 7, 8, 9, eos, pad, pad, pad]] + ) + generated_src = denoising_batch_result["net_input"]["src_tokens"] + tgt_tokens = denoising_batch_result["target"] + + self.assertTensorEqual(expected_src, generated_src) + self.assertTensorEqual(expected_tgt, tgt_tokens) + + def test_noising_dataset_without_eos(self): + """ + Similar to test noising dataset with eos except that we have to set + *append_eos_to_tgt* to ``True``. + """ + + src_dict, src_tokens, _ = self._get_test_data_with_bpe_cont_marker( + append_eos=False + ) + + # Format data for src_dataset + src_tokens = torch.t(src_tokens) + src_tokens_no_pad = [] + for src_sentence in src_tokens: + src_tokens_no_pad.append( + utils.strip_pad(tensor=src_sentence, pad=src_dict.pad()) + ) + denoising_batch_result = self._get_noising_dataset_batch( + src_tokens_no_pad=src_tokens_no_pad, + src_dict=src_dict, + append_eos_to_tgt=True, + ) + + eos, pad = src_dict.eos(), src_dict.pad() + + # Generated noisy source as source + expected_src = torch.LongTensor( + [[4, 5, 10, 11, 8, 12, 13], [pad, pad, pad, 6, 8, 9, 7]] + ) + # Original clean source as target (right-padded) + expected_tgt = torch.LongTensor( + [[4, 5, 10, 11, 8, 12, 13, eos], [6, 7, 8, 9, eos, pad, pad, pad]] + ) + + generated_src = denoising_batch_result["net_input"]["src_tokens"] + tgt_tokens = denoising_batch_result["target"] + + self.assertTensorEqual(expected_src, generated_src) + self.assertTensorEqual(expected_tgt, tgt_tokens) + + def assertTensorEqual(self, t1, t2): + self.assertEqual(t1.size(), t2.size(), "size mismatch") + self.assertEqual(t1.ne(t2).long().sum(), 0) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_reproducibility.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_reproducibility.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80f2948250fff17da416b243d54a308ba238b111 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_reproducibility.py @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import contextlib +from io import StringIO +import json +import os +import tempfile +import unittest + +import torch + +from . import test_binaries + + +class TestReproducibility(unittest.TestCase): + + def _test_reproducibility( + self, + name, + extra_flags=None, + delta=0.0001, + resume_checkpoint='checkpoint1.pt', + max_epoch=3, + ): + def get_last_log_stats_containing_string(log_records, search_string): + for log_record in logs.records[::-1]: + if search_string in log_record.msg: + return json.loads(log_record.msg) + + if extra_flags is None: + extra_flags = [] + + with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(name) as data_dir: + with self.assertLogs() as logs: + test_binaries.create_dummy_data(data_dir) + test_binaries.preprocess_translation_data(data_dir) + + # train epochs 1 and 2 together + with self.assertLogs() as logs: + test_binaries.train_translation_model( + data_dir, 'fconv_iwslt_de_en', [ + '--dropout', '0.0', + '--log-format', 'json', + '--log-interval', '1', + '--max-epoch', str(max_epoch), + ] + extra_flags, + ) + train_log = get_last_log_stats_containing_string(logs.records, 'train_loss') + valid_log = get_last_log_stats_containing_string(logs.records, 'valid_loss') + + # train epoch 2, resuming from previous checkpoint 1 + os.rename( + os.path.join(data_dir, resume_checkpoint), + os.path.join(data_dir, 'checkpoint_last.pt'), + ) + with self.assertLogs() as logs: + test_binaries.train_translation_model( + data_dir, 'fconv_iwslt_de_en', [ + '--dropout', '0.0', + '--log-format', 'json', + '--log-interval', '1', + '--max-epoch', str(max_epoch), + ] + extra_flags, + ) + train_res_log = get_last_log_stats_containing_string(logs.records, 'train_loss') + valid_res_log = get_last_log_stats_containing_string(logs.records, 'valid_loss') + + for k in ['train_loss', 'train_ppl', 'train_num_updates', 'train_gnorm']: + self.assertAlmostEqual(float(train_log[k]), float(train_res_log[k]), delta=delta) + for k in ['valid_loss', 'valid_ppl', 'valid_num_updates', 'valid_best_loss']: + self.assertAlmostEqual(float(valid_log[k]), float(valid_res_log[k]), delta=delta) + + def test_reproducibility(self): + self._test_reproducibility('test_reproducibility') + + @unittest.skipIf(not torch.cuda.is_available(), 'test requires a GPU') + def test_reproducibility_fp16(self): + self._test_reproducibility('test_reproducibility_fp16', [ + '--fp16', + '--fp16-init-scale', '4096', + ], delta=0.011) + + @unittest.skipIf(not torch.cuda.is_available(), 'test requires a GPU') + def test_reproducibility_memory_efficient_fp16(self): + self._test_reproducibility('test_reproducibility_memory_efficient_fp16', [ + '--memory-efficient-fp16', + '--fp16-init-scale', '4096', + ]) + + def test_mid_epoch_reproducibility(self): + self._test_reproducibility( + 'test_mid_epoch_reproducibility', + ['--save-interval-updates', '3'], + resume_checkpoint='checkpoint_1_3.pt', + max_epoch=1, + ) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_resampling_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_resampling_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d142f5a8df0fc325025c95b36b0d69271107dff --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_resampling_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import collections +import unittest + +import numpy as np + +from fairseq.data import ListDataset, ResamplingDataset + + +class TestResamplingDataset(unittest.TestCase): + def setUp(self): + self.strings = ["ab", "c", "def", "ghij"] + self.weights = [4.0, 2.0, 7.0, 1.5] + self.size_ratio = 2 + self.dataset = ListDataset( + self.strings, np.array([len(s) for s in self.strings]) + ) + + def _test_common(self, resampling_dataset, iters): + assert len(self.dataset) == len(self.strings) == len(self.weights) + assert len(resampling_dataset) == self.size_ratio * len(self.strings) + + results = {"ordered_by_size": True, "max_distribution_diff": 0.0} + + totalfreqs = 0 + freqs = collections.defaultdict(int) + + for epoch_num in range(iters): + resampling_dataset.set_epoch(epoch_num) + + indices = resampling_dataset.ordered_indices() + assert len(indices) == len(resampling_dataset) + + prev_size = -1 + + for i in indices: + cur_size = resampling_dataset.size(i) + # Make sure indices map to same sequences within an epoch + assert resampling_dataset[i] == resampling_dataset[i] + + # Make sure length of sequence is correct + assert cur_size == len(resampling_dataset[i]) + + freqs[resampling_dataset[i]] += 1 + totalfreqs += 1 + + if prev_size > cur_size: + results["ordered_by_size"] = False + + prev_size = cur_size + + assert set(freqs.keys()) == set(self.strings) + for s, weight in zip(self.strings, self.weights): + freq = freqs[s] / totalfreqs + expected_freq = weight / sum(self.weights) + results["max_distribution_diff"] = max( + results["max_distribution_diff"], abs(expected_freq - freq) + ) + + return results + + def test_resampling_dataset_batch_by_size_false(self): + resampling_dataset = ResamplingDataset( + self.dataset, + self.weights, + size_ratio=self.size_ratio, + batch_by_size=False, + seed=0, + ) + + results = self._test_common(resampling_dataset, iters=1000) + + # For batch_by_size = False, the batches should be returned in + # arbitrary order of size. + assert not results["ordered_by_size"] + + # Allow tolerance in distribution error of 2%. + assert results["max_distribution_diff"] < 0.02 + + def test_resampling_dataset_batch_by_size_true(self): + resampling_dataset = ResamplingDataset( + self.dataset, + self.weights, + size_ratio=self.size_ratio, + batch_by_size=True, + seed=0, + ) + + results = self._test_common(resampling_dataset, iters=1000) + + # For batch_by_size = True, the batches should be returned in + # increasing order of size. + assert results["ordered_by_size"] + + # Allow tolerance in distribution error of 2%. + assert results["max_distribution_diff"] < 0.02 + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_sequence_generator.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_sequence_generator.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1c3a3f5adcefc69df875643fe62dba9ac4cf821 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_sequence_generator.py @@ -0,0 +1,578 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import argparse +import tempfile +import unittest + +import tests.utils as test_utils +import torch +from fairseq import search +from fairseq.data.dictionary import Dictionary + +from fairseq.models.transformer import TransformerModel +from fairseq.sequence_generator import SequenceGenerator, EnsembleModel +from fairseq.tasks.fairseq_task import FairseqTask + + +DEFAULT_TEST_VOCAB_SIZE = 100 + + +class DummyTask(FairseqTask): + def __init__(self, args): + super().__init__(args) + self.dictionary = get_dummy_dictionary() + if getattr(self.args, "ctc", False): + self.dictionary.add_symbol("") + self.src_dict = self.dictionary + self.tgt_dict = self.dictionary + + @property + def source_dictionary(self): + return self.src_dict + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + return self.dictionary + + +def get_dummy_dictionary(vocab_size=DEFAULT_TEST_VOCAB_SIZE): + dummy_dict = Dictionary() + # add dummy symbol to satisfy vocab size + for id, _ in enumerate(range(vocab_size)): + dummy_dict.add_symbol("{}".format(id), 1000) + return dummy_dict + + +def get_dummy_task_and_parser(): + """ + to build a fariseq model, we need some dummy parse and task. This function + is used to create dummy task and parser to faciliate model/criterion test + + Note: we use FbSpeechRecognitionTask as the dummy task. You may want + to use other task by providing another function + """ + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="test_dummy_s2s_task", argument_default=argparse.SUPPRESS + ) + DummyTask.add_args(parser) + args = parser.parse_args([]) + task = DummyTask.setup_task(args) + return task, parser + + +class TestJitSequenceGeneratorBase(unittest.TestCase): + def setUp(self): + self.task, self.parser = get_dummy_task_and_parser() + eos = self.task.tgt_dict.eos() + src_tokens = torch.randint(3, 50, (2, 10)).long() + src_tokens = torch.cat((src_tokens, torch.LongTensor([[eos], [eos]])), -1) + src_lengths = torch.LongTensor([2, 10]) + self.sample = { + "net_input": {"src_tokens": src_tokens, "src_lengths": src_lengths} + } + TransformerModel.add_args(self.parser) + args = self.parser.parse_args([]) + args.encoder_layers = 2 + args.decoder_layers = 1 + self.transformer_model = TransformerModel.build_model(args, self.task) + + def assertOutputEqual(self, hypo, pos_probs): + pos_scores = torch.FloatTensor(pos_probs).log() + self.assertTensorSizeEqual(hypo["positional_scores"], pos_scores) + self.assertTensorSizeEqual(pos_scores.numel(), hypo["tokens"].numel()) + + def assertTensorSizeEqual(self, t1, t2): + self.assertEqual(t1.size(), t2.size(), "size mismatch") + + def assertAlmostEqual(self, t1, t2): + self.assertEqual(t1.size(), t2.size(), "size mismatch") + self.assertLess((t1 - t2).abs().max(), 1e-4) + + def assertTensorEqual(self, t1, t2): + self.assertEqual(t1.size(), t2.size(), "size mismatch") + self.assertEqual(t1.ne(t2).long().sum(), 0) + + def assertHypoEqual(self, h1, h2): + "Check two hypos are equal" + self.assertTensorEqual(h1["tokens"], h2["tokens"]) + self.assertAlmostEqual(h1["positional_scores"], h2["positional_scores"]) + self.assertLess(abs(h1["score"] - h2["score"]), 1e-6) + self.assertAlmostEqual(h1["attention"], h2["attention"]) + + def _test_save_and_load(self, scripted_module): + with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as f: + scripted_module.save(f.name) + torch.jit.load(f.name) + + +class TestJitSequeneceGenerator(TestJitSequenceGeneratorBase): + + @unittest.skipIf( + torch.__version__ < "1.6.0", "Targeting OSS scriptability for the 1.6 release" + ) + def test_export_transformer(self): + model = self.transformer_model + torch.jit.script(model) + + @unittest.skipIf( + torch.__version__ < "1.6.0", "Targeting OSS scriptability for the 1.6 release" + ) + def test_ensemble_sequence_generator(self): + model = self.transformer_model + generator = SequenceGenerator( + [model], self.task.tgt_dict, beam_size=2, no_repeat_ngram_size=2 + ) + scripted_model = torch.jit.script(generator) + self._test_save_and_load(scripted_model) + + +class TestJitEnsemble(TestJitSequenceGeneratorBase): + + @unittest.skipIf( + torch.__version__ < "1.6.0", "Targeting OSS scriptability for the 1.6 release" + ) + def test_export_ensemble_model(self): + model = self.transformer_model + ensemble_models = EnsembleModel([model]) + torch.jit.script(ensemble_models) + + +class TestExportSearch(unittest.TestCase): + def setUp(self): + task, _ = get_dummy_task_and_parser() + self.tgt_dict = task.tgt_dict + self.min_top1_prob = 0.4 + + def test_export_diverse_bs(self): + search_strategy = search.DiverseBeamSearch( + self.tgt_dict, num_groups=2, diversity_strength=0.0 + ) + torch.jit.script(search_strategy) + + def test_export_sampling(self): + low_sampling_topp = self.min_top1_prob / 2.0 + search_strategy = search.Sampling( + self.tgt_dict, sampling_topp=low_sampling_topp + ) + torch.jit.script(search_strategy) + + def test_export_diverse_siblings_search(self): + search_strategy = search.DiverseSiblingsSearch( + self.tgt_dict, diversity_rate=0.5 + ) + torch.jit.script(search_strategy) + + +class TestSequenceGeneratorBase(unittest.TestCase): + def assertHypoTokens(self, hypo, tokens): + self.assertTensorEqual(hypo["tokens"], torch.LongTensor(tokens)) + + def assertHypoScore(self, hypo, pos_probs, normalized=True, lenpen=1.0): + pos_scores = torch.FloatTensor(pos_probs).log() + self.assertAlmostEqual(hypo["positional_scores"], pos_scores) + self.assertEqual(pos_scores.numel(), hypo["tokens"].numel()) + score = pos_scores.sum() + if normalized: + score /= pos_scores.numel() ** lenpen + self.assertLess(abs(score - hypo["score"]), 1e-6) + + def assertAlmostEqual(self, t1, t2): + self.assertEqual(t1.size(), t2.size(), "size mismatch") + self.assertLess((t1 - t2).abs().max(), 1e-4) + + def assertTensorEqual(self, t1, t2): + self.assertEqual(t1.size(), t2.size(), "size mismatch") + self.assertEqual(t1.ne(t2).long().sum(), 0) + + +class TestSequeneceGenerator(TestSequenceGeneratorBase): + def setUp(self): + self.tgt_dict, self.w1, self.w2, src_tokens, src_lengths, self.model = ( + test_utils.sequence_generator_setup() + ) + self.sample = { + "net_input": {"src_tokens": src_tokens, "src_lengths": src_lengths} + } + + def test_with_normalization(self): + generator = SequenceGenerator([self.model], self.tgt_dict, beam_size=2) + hypos = generator.forward(self.sample) + eos, w1, w2 = self.tgt_dict.eos(), self.w1, self.w2 + # sentence 1, beam 1 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[0][0], [w1, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[0][0], [0.9, 1.0]) + # sentence 1, beam 2 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[0][1], [w2, w1, w2, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[0][1], [0.1, 0.9, 0.9, 1.0]) + # sentence 2, beam 1 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[1][0], [w1, w2, w1, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[1][0], [0.7, 0.4, 0.4, 1.0]) + # sentence 2, beam 2 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[1][1], [w1, w2, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[1][1], [0.7, 0.4, 0.6]) + + def test_without_normalization(self): + # Sentence 1: unchanged from the normalized case + # Sentence 2: beams swap order + generator = SequenceGenerator( + [self.model], self.tgt_dict, beam_size=2, normalize_scores=False + ) + hypos = generator.forward(self.sample) + eos, w1, w2 = self.tgt_dict.eos(), self.w1, self.w2 + # sentence 1, beam 1 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[0][0], [w1, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[0][0], [0.9, 1.0], normalized=False) + # sentence 1, beam 2 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[0][1], [w2, w1, w2, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[0][1], [0.1, 0.9, 0.9, 1.0], normalized=False) + # sentence 2, beam 1 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[1][0], [w1, w2, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[1][0], [0.7, 0.4, 0.6], normalized=False) + # sentence 2, beam 2 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[1][1], [w1, w2, w1, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[1][1], [0.7, 0.4, 0.4, 1.0], normalized=False) + + def test_with_lenpen_favoring_short_hypos(self): + lenpen = 0.6 + generator = SequenceGenerator( + [self.model], self.tgt_dict, beam_size=2, len_penalty=lenpen + ) + hypos = generator.forward(self.sample) + eos, w1, w2 = self.tgt_dict.eos(), self.w1, self.w2 + # sentence 1, beam 1 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[0][0], [w1, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[0][0], [0.9, 1.0], lenpen=lenpen) + # sentence 1, beam 2 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[0][1], [w2, w1, w2, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[0][1], [0.1, 0.9, 0.9, 1.0], lenpen=lenpen) + # sentence 2, beam 1 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[1][0], [w1, w2, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[1][0], [0.7, 0.4, 0.6], lenpen=lenpen) + # sentence 2, beam 2 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[1][1], [w1, w2, w1, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[1][1], [0.7, 0.4, 0.4, 1.0], lenpen=lenpen) + + def test_with_lenpen_favoring_long_hypos(self): + lenpen = 5.0 + generator = SequenceGenerator( + [self.model], self.tgt_dict, beam_size=2, len_penalty=lenpen + ) + hypos = generator.forward(self.sample) + eos, w1, w2 = self.tgt_dict.eos(), self.w1, self.w2 + # sentence 1, beam 1 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[0][0], [w2, w1, w2, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[0][0], [0.1, 0.9, 0.9, 1.0], lenpen=lenpen) + # sentence 1, beam 2 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[0][1], [w1, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[0][1], [0.9, 1.0], lenpen=lenpen) + # sentence 2, beam 1 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[1][0], [w1, w2, w1, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[1][0], [0.7, 0.4, 0.4, 1.0], lenpen=lenpen) + # sentence 2, beam 2 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[1][1], [w1, w2, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[1][1], [0.7, 0.4, 0.6], lenpen=lenpen) + + def test_maxlen(self): + generator = SequenceGenerator([self.model], self.tgt_dict, beam_size=2, max_len_b=2) + hypos = generator.forward(self.sample) + eos, w1, w2 = self.tgt_dict.eos(), self.w1, self.w2 + # sentence 1, beam 1 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[0][0], [w1, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[0][0], [0.9, 1.0]) + # sentence 1, beam 2 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[0][1], [w2, w2, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[0][1], [0.1, 0.1, 0.6]) + # sentence 2, beam 1 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[1][0], [w1, w2, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[1][0], [0.7, 0.4, 0.6]) + # sentence 2, beam 2 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[1][1], [w2, w2, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[1][1], [0.3, 0.9, 0.01]) + + def test_encoder_with_different_output_len(self): + args = self.model.encoder.args + task = test_utils.TestTranslationTask.setup_task(args, self.tgt_dict, self.tgt_dict) + reshaping_model = test_utils.TestReshapingModel.build_model(args, task) + generator = SequenceGenerator([reshaping_model], self.tgt_dict, beam_size=2, max_len_b=2) + hypos = generator.forward(self.sample) + for sent in [0, 1]: + for beam in [0, 1]: + assert hypos[sent][beam]['attention'] is not None + + +class TestDiverseBeamSearch(TestSequenceGeneratorBase): + + def setUp(self): + # construct dummy dictionary + d = test_utils.dummy_dictionary(vocab_size=2) + self.assertEqual(d.pad(), 1) + self.assertEqual(d.eos(), 2) + self.assertEqual(d.unk(), 3) + self.eos = d.eos() + self.w1 = 4 + self.w2 = 5 + + # construct source data + self.src_tokens = torch.LongTensor([ + [self.w1, self.w2, self.eos], + [self.w1, self.w2, self.eos], + ]) + self.src_lengths = torch.LongTensor([2, 2]) + + args = argparse.Namespace() + unk = 0. + args.beam_probs = [ + # step 0: + torch.FloatTensor([ + # eos w1 w2 + # sentence 1: + [0.0, unk, 0.9, 0.1], # beam 1 + [0.0, unk, 0.9, 0.1], # beam 2 + # sentence 2: + [0.0, unk, 0.7, 0.3], + [0.0, unk, 0.7, 0.3], + ]), + # step 1: + torch.FloatTensor([ + # eos w1 w2 + # sentence 1: + [0.0, unk, 0.6, 0.4], + [0.0, unk, 0.6, 0.4], + # sentence 2: + [0.25, unk, 0.35, 0.4], + [0.25, unk, 0.35, 0.4], + ]), + # step 2: + torch.FloatTensor([ + # eos w1 w2 + # sentence 1: + [1.0, unk, 0.0, 0.0], + [1.0, unk, 0.0, 0.0], + # sentence 2: + [0.9, unk, 0.1, 0.0], + [0.9, unk, 0.1, 0.0], + ]), + ] + + task = test_utils.TestTranslationTask.setup_task(args, d, d) + self.model = task.build_model(args) + self.tgt_dict = task.target_dictionary + + def test_diverse_beam_search(self): + search_strategy = search.DiverseBeamSearch(self.tgt_dict, num_groups=2, diversity_strength=0.) + generator = SequenceGenerator( + [self.model], self.tgt_dict, beam_size=2, search_strategy=search_strategy, + ) + sample = {'net_input': {'src_tokens': self.src_tokens, 'src_lengths': self.src_lengths}} + hypos = generator.forward(sample) + eos, w1, w2 = self.eos, self.w1, self.w2 + # sentence 1, beam 1 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[0][0], [w1, w1, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[0][0], [0.9, 0.6, 1.0]) + # sentence 1, beam 2 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[0][1], [w1, w1, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[0][1], [0.9, 0.6, 1.0]) + # sentence 2, beam 1 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[1][0], [w1, w2, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[1][0], [0.7, 0.4, 0.9]) + # sentence 2, beam 2 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[1][1], [w1, w2, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[1][1], [0.7, 0.4, 0.9]) + + +class TestDiverseSiblingsSearch(TestDiverseBeamSearch): + def assertHypoScore( + self, hypo, pos_probs, sibling_rank, diversity_rate, normalized=True, lenpen=1.0 + ): + pos_scores = torch.FloatTensor(pos_probs).log() + pos_scores.sub_(torch.Tensor(sibling_rank) * diversity_rate) + self.assertAlmostEqual(hypo["positional_scores"], pos_scores) + self.assertEqual(pos_scores.numel(), hypo["tokens"].numel()) + score = pos_scores.sum() + if normalized: + score /= pos_scores.numel() ** lenpen + self.assertLess(abs(score - hypo["score"]), 1e-6) + + def test_diverse_beam_search(self): + search_strategy = search.DiverseSiblingsSearch( + self.tgt_dict, diversity_rate=0.5 + ) + generator = SequenceGenerator( + [self.model], self.tgt_dict, beam_size=2, search_strategy=search_strategy + ) + sample = { + "net_input": { + "src_tokens": self.src_tokens, + "src_lengths": self.src_lengths, + } + } + hypos = generator.forward(sample) + eos, w1, w2 = self.eos, self.w1, self.w2 + # sentence 1, beam 1 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[0][0], [w1, w1, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[0][0], [0.9, 0.6, 1.0], [0, 1, 1], 0.5) + # sentence 1, beam 2 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[0][1], [w1, w2, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[0][1], [0.9, 0.4, 1.0], [0, 2, 1], 0.5) + # sentence 2, beam 1 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[1][0], [w1, w2, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[1][0], [0.7, 0.4, 0.9], [0, 1, 1], 0.5) + # sentence 2, beam 2 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[1][1], [w1, w1, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[1][1], [0.7, 0.35, 0.9], [0, 2, 1], 0.5) + + +class TestTopPSamplingSearch(TestSequenceGeneratorBase): + + def setUp(self): + # construct dummy dictionary + d = test_utils.dummy_dictionary(vocab_size=2) + self.assertEqual(d.pad(), 1) + self.assertEqual(d.eos(), 2) + self.assertEqual(d.unk(), 3) + self.eos = d.eos() + self.w1 = 4 + self.w2 = 5 + + # construct source data + self.src_tokens = torch.LongTensor([ + [self.w1, self.w2, self.eos], + [self.w1, self.w2, self.eos], + ]) + self.src_lengths = torch.LongTensor([2, 2]) + + args = argparse.Namespace() + unk = 0. + # The minimal probability of top 2 tokens. + self.min_top2_prob = 0.75 + # The minimal probability of the top 1 token. + self.min_top1_prob = 0.4 + + w1_prob = self.min_top1_prob + w2_prob = self.min_top2_prob - self.min_top1_prob + eos_prob = 1 - self.min_top2_prob + + args.beam_probs = [ + # step 0: + torch.FloatTensor([ + # eos w1 w2 + [0.0, unk, 1.0, 0.0], + [0.0, unk, 1.0, 0.0], + [0.0, unk, 1.0, 0.0], + [0.0, unk, 1.0, 0.0], + ]), + # step 1: + torch.FloatTensor([ + # eos w1 w2 + [eos_prob, unk, w1_prob, w2_prob], + [eos_prob, unk, w1_prob, w2_prob], + [eos_prob, unk, w1_prob, w2_prob], + [eos_prob, unk, w1_prob, w2_prob], + ]), + # step 2: + torch.FloatTensor([ + # eos w1 w2 + [1.0, unk, 0.0, 0.0], + [1.0, unk, 0.0, 0.0], + [1.0, unk, 0.0, 0.0], + [1.0, unk, 0.0, 0.0], + ]), + ] + + task = test_utils.TestTranslationTask.setup_task(args, d, d) + self.model = task.build_model(args) + self.tgt_dict = task.target_dictionary + + def test_topp_sampling_search_low_prob(self): + # Given a prob low enough to top-P sampling, we expect only the top + # 1 token to be sampled, which always results in the same output. + low_sampling_topp = self.min_top1_prob/2.0 + search_strategy = search.Sampling(self.tgt_dict, sampling_topp=low_sampling_topp) + generator = SequenceGenerator( + [self.model], self.tgt_dict, beam_size=2, search_strategy=search_strategy) + sample = { + 'net_input': { + 'src_tokens': self.src_tokens, + 'src_lengths': self.src_lengths + } + } + hypos = generator.forward(sample) + eos, w1 = self.eos, self.w1 + # sentence 1, beam 1 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[0][0], [w1, w1, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[0][0], [1.0, 0.4, 1.0]) + # sentence 1, beam 2 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[0][1], [w1, w1, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[0][1], [1.0, 0.4, 1.0]) + # sentence 2, beam 1 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[1][0], [w1, w1, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[1][0], [1.0, 0.4, 1.0]) + # sentence 2, beam 2 + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos[1][1], [w1, w1, eos]) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos[1][1], [1.0, 0.4, 1.0]) + + def test_topp_sampling_search_high_prob(self): + # Given a prob high enough to top-P sampling, any of the top 2 + # tokens could be sampled. This can cause different outputs. + high_sampling_topp = (self.min_top1_prob+self.min_top2_prob)/2.0 + search_strategy = search.Sampling(self.tgt_dict, sampling_topp=high_sampling_topp) + generator = SequenceGenerator( + [self.model], self.tgt_dict, beam_size=2, search_strategy=search_strategy) + sample = { + 'net_input': { + 'src_tokens': self.src_tokens, + 'src_lengths': self.src_lengths + } + } + hypos = generator.forward(sample) + eos, w1, w2 = self.eos, self.w1, self.w2 + # sentence 1, beam 1 + self.assertTrue(self.hypoTokens(hypos[0][0], [w1, w1, eos]) or + self.hypoTokens(hypos[0][0], [w1, w2, eos])) + self.assertTrue(self.hypoScore(hypos[0][0], [1.0, 0.4, 1.0]) or + self.hypoScore(hypos[0][0], [1.0, 0.35, 1.0])) + + # sentence 1, beam 2 + self.assertTrue(self.hypoTokens(hypos[0][1], [w1, w1, eos]) or + self.hypoTokens(hypos[0][1], [w1, w2, eos])) + self.assertTrue(self.hypoScore(hypos[0][1], [1.0, 0.4, 1.0]) or + self.hypoScore(hypos[0][1], [1.0, 0.35, 1.0])) + + # sentence 2, beam 1 + self.assertTrue(self.hypoTokens(hypos[1][0], [w1, w1, eos]) or + self.hypoTokens(hypos[1][0], [w1, w2, eos])) + self.assertTrue(self.hypoScore(hypos[1][0], [1.0, 0.4, 1.0]) or + self.hypoScore(hypos[1][0], [1.0, 0.35, 1.0])) + + # sentence 2, beam 2 + self.assertTrue(self.hypoTokens(hypos[1][1], [w1, w1, eos]) or + self.hypoTokens(hypos[1][1], [w1, w2, eos])) + self.assertTrue(self.hypoScore(hypos[1][1], [1.0, 0.4, 1.0]) or + self.hypoScore(hypos[1][1], [1.0, 0.35, 1.0])) + + def hypoTokens(self, hypo, tokens): + return self.tensorEqual(hypo['tokens'], torch.LongTensor(tokens)) + + def hypoScore(self, hypo, pos_probs, normalized=True, lenpen=1.): + pos_scores = torch.FloatTensor(pos_probs).log() + if not self.almostEqual(hypo['positional_scores'], pos_scores): + return False + if pos_scores.numel() != hypo['tokens'].numel(): + return False + score = pos_scores.sum() + if normalized: + score /= pos_scores.numel() ** lenpen + return abs(score - hypo['score']) < 1e-6 + + def almostEqual(self, t1, t2): + return t1.size() == t2.size() and (t1 - t2).abs().max() < 1e-4 + + def tensorEqual(self, t1, t2): + return t1.size() == t2.size() and t1.ne(t2).long().sum() == 0 + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_sequence_scorer.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_sequence_scorer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7c2a53a90e241149f4f7fa325edc1c70ec43575 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_sequence_scorer.py @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import argparse +import unittest + +import torch + +from fairseq.sequence_scorer import SequenceScorer + +import tests.utils as test_utils + + +class TestSequenceScorer(unittest.TestCase): + + def test_sequence_scorer(self): + # construct dummy dictionary + d = test_utils.dummy_dictionary(vocab_size=2) + self.assertEqual(d.pad(), 1) + self.assertEqual(d.eos(), 2) + self.assertEqual(d.unk(), 3) + eos = d.eos() + w1 = 4 + w2 = 5 + + # construct dataloader + data = [ + { + 'source': torch.LongTensor([w1, w2, eos]), + 'target': torch.LongTensor([w1, w2, w1, eos]), + }, + { + 'source': torch.LongTensor([w2, eos]), + 'target': torch.LongTensor([w2, w1, eos]), + }, + { + 'source': torch.LongTensor([w2, eos]), + 'target': torch.LongTensor([w2, eos]), + }, + ] + data_itr = test_utils.dummy_dataloader(data) + + # specify expected output probabilities + args = argparse.Namespace() + unk = 0. + args.beam_probs = [ + # step 0: + torch.FloatTensor([ + # eos w1 w2 + [0.0, unk, 0.6, 0.4], # sentence 1 + [0.0, unk, 0.4, 0.6], # sentence 2 + [0.0, unk, 0.7, 0.3], # sentence 3 + ]), + # step 1: + torch.FloatTensor([ + # eos w1 w2 + [0.0, unk, 0.2, 0.7], # sentence 1 + [0.0, unk, 0.8, 0.2], # sentence 2 + [0.7, unk, 0.1, 0.2], # sentence 3 + ]), + # step 2: + torch.FloatTensor([ + # eos w1 w2 + [0.10, unk, 0.50, 0.4], # sentence 1 + [0.15, unk, 0.15, 0.7], # sentence 2 + [0.00, unk, 0.00, 0.0], # sentence 3 + ]), + # step 3: + torch.FloatTensor([ + # eos w1 w2 + [0.9, unk, 0.05, 0.05], # sentence 1 + [0.0, unk, 0.00, 0.0], # sentence 2 + [0.0, unk, 0.00, 0.0], # sentence 3 + ]), + ] + expected_scores = [ + [0.6, 0.7, 0.5, 0.9], # sentence 1 + [0.6, 0.8, 0.15], # sentence 2 + [0.3, 0.7], # sentence 3 + ] + + task = test_utils.TestTranslationTask.setup_task(args, d, d) + model = task.build_model(args) + scorer = SequenceScorer(task.target_dictionary) + for sample in data_itr: + hypos = task.inference_step(scorer, [model], sample) + for id, hypos_id in zip(sample['id'].tolist(), hypos): + self.assertHypoTokens(hypos_id[0], data[id]['target']) + self.assertHypoScore(hypos_id[0], expected_scores[id]) + + def assertHypoTokens(self, hypo, tokens): + self.assertTensorEqual(hypo['tokens'], torch.LongTensor(tokens)) + + def assertHypoScore(self, hypo, pos_probs, normalized=True, lenpen=1.): + pos_scores = torch.FloatTensor(pos_probs).log() + self.assertAlmostEqual(hypo['positional_scores'], pos_scores) + self.assertEqual(pos_scores.numel(), hypo['tokens'].numel()) + score = pos_scores.sum() + if normalized: + score /= pos_scores.numel()**lenpen + self.assertLess(abs(score - hypo['score']), 1e-6) + + def assertAlmostEqual(self, t1, t2): + self.assertEqual(t1.size(), t2.size(), "size mismatch") + self.assertLess((t1 - t2).abs().max(), 1e-4) + + def assertTensorEqual(self, t1, t2): + self.assertEqual(t1.size(), t2.size(), "size mismatch") + self.assertEqual(t1.ne(t2).long().sum(), 0) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_sparse_multihead_attention.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_sparse_multihead_attention.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eaf9742cdf97d2719ec90e83f93ba2e1667bf220 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_sparse_multihead_attention.py @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import torch +import unittest +from fairseq.modules.sparse_multihead_attention import SparseMultiheadAttention + + +class TestSparseMultiheadAttention(unittest.TestCase): + def test_sparse_multihead_attention(self): + attn_weights = torch.randn(1, 8, 8) + bidirectional_sparse_mask = torch.tensor([ + [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, float('-inf'), float('-inf'), 0], + [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, float('-inf'), float('-inf'), 0], + [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, float('-inf'), float('-inf'), 0], + [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, float('-inf'), float('-inf'), 0], + [float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf'), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], + [float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf'), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], + [float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf'), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], + [float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf'), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] + ]) + + bidirectional_attention = SparseMultiheadAttention(16, 1, stride=4, expressivity=1, is_bidirectional=True) + bidirectional_attention_sparse_mask = bidirectional_attention.buffered_sparse_mask(attn_weights, 8, 8) + torch.all(torch.eq(bidirectional_attention_sparse_mask, bidirectional_sparse_mask)) + + sparse_mask = torch.tensor([ + [0, float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf'), + float('-inf'), float('-inf')], + [0, 0, float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf')], + [0, 0, 0, float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf')], + [0, 0, 0, 0, float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf')], + [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf')], + [float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf'), 0, 0, 0, float('-inf'), float('-inf')], + [float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf'), 0, 0, 0, 0, float('-inf')], + [float('-inf'), float('-inf'), float('-inf'), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], + ]) + + attention = SparseMultiheadAttention(16, 1, stride=4, expressivity=1, is_bidirectional=False) + attention_sparse_mask = attention.buffered_sparse_mask(attn_weights, 8, 8) + + torch.all(torch.eq(attention_sparse_mask, sparse_mask)) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_token_block_dataset.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_token_block_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..41abb194dad3f8ae32fae3d83d903ff29d7475db --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_token_block_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import unittest + +import torch + +from fairseq.data import TokenBlockDataset + +import tests.utils as test_utils + + +class TestTokenBlockDataset(unittest.TestCase): + + def _build_dataset(self, data, **kwargs): + sizes = [len(x) for x in data] + underlying_ds = test_utils.TestDataset(data) + return TokenBlockDataset(underlying_ds, sizes, **kwargs) + + def test_eos_break_mode(self): + data = [ + torch.tensor([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], dtype=torch.long), + torch.tensor([1], dtype=torch.long), + torch.tensor([8, 7, 6, 1], dtype=torch.long), + ] + ds = self._build_dataset(data, block_size=None, pad=0, eos=1, break_mode='eos') + self.assertEqual(ds[0].tolist(), [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]) + self.assertEqual(ds[1].tolist(), [1]) + self.assertEqual(ds[2].tolist(), [8, 7, 6, 1]) + + data = [ + torch.tensor([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], dtype=torch.long), + torch.tensor([8, 7, 6, 1], dtype=torch.long), + torch.tensor([1], dtype=torch.long), + ] + ds = self._build_dataset(data, block_size=None, pad=0, eos=1, break_mode='eos') + self.assertEqual(ds[0].tolist(), [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]) + self.assertEqual(ds[1].tolist(), [8, 7, 6, 1]) + self.assertEqual(ds[2].tolist(), [1]) + + def test_block_break_mode(self): + data = [ + torch.tensor([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], dtype=torch.long), + torch.tensor([8, 7, 6, 1], dtype=torch.long), + torch.tensor([9, 1], dtype=torch.long), + ] + ds = self._build_dataset(data, block_size=3, pad=0, eos=1, break_mode='none') + self.assertEqual(ds[0].tolist(), [5, 4, 3]) + self.assertEqual(ds[1].tolist(), [2, 1, 8]) + self.assertEqual(ds[2].tolist(), [7, 6, 1]) + self.assertEqual(ds[3].tolist(), [9, 1]) + + def test_complete_break_mode(self): + data = [ + torch.tensor([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], dtype=torch.long), + torch.tensor([8, 7, 6, 1], dtype=torch.long), + torch.tensor([9, 1], dtype=torch.long), + ] + ds = self._build_dataset(data, block_size=6, pad=0, eos=1, break_mode='complete') + self.assertEqual(ds[0].tolist(), [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]) + self.assertEqual(ds[1].tolist(), [8, 7, 6, 1, 9, 1]) + + data = [ + torch.tensor([4, 3, 2, 1], dtype=torch.long), + torch.tensor([5, 1], dtype=torch.long), + torch.tensor([1], dtype=torch.long), + torch.tensor([6, 1], dtype=torch.long), + ] + ds = self._build_dataset(data, block_size=3, pad=0, eos=1, break_mode='complete') + self.assertEqual(ds[0].tolist(), [4, 3, 2, 1]) + self.assertEqual(ds[1].tolist(), [5, 1, 1]) + self.assertEqual(ds[2].tolist(), [6, 1]) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_train.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_train.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..734d0e8601593c392d37507458e7fe2a951a6150 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_train.py @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import contextlib +from io import StringIO +import unittest +from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch + +import torch + +from fairseq import data, checkpoint_utils + + +def mock_trainer(epoch, num_updates, iterations_in_epoch): + trainer = MagicMock() + trainer.load_checkpoint.return_value = { + 'train_iterator': { + 'epoch': epoch, + 'iterations_in_epoch': iterations_in_epoch, + 'shuffle': False, + }, + } + trainer.get_num_updates.return_value = num_updates + return trainer + + +def mock_dict(): + d = MagicMock() + d.pad.return_value = 1 + d.eos.return_value = 2 + d.unk.return_value = 3 + return d + + +def get_trainer_and_epoch_itr(epoch, epoch_size, num_updates, iterations_in_epoch): + tokens = torch.LongTensor(list(range(epoch_size))).view(1, -1) + tokens_ds = data.TokenBlockDataset( + tokens, sizes=[tokens.size(-1)], block_size=1, pad=0, eos=1, include_targets=False, + ) + trainer = mock_trainer(epoch, num_updates, iterations_in_epoch) + dataset = data.LanguagePairDataset(tokens_ds, tokens_ds.sizes, mock_dict(), shuffle=False) + epoch_itr = data.EpochBatchIterator( + dataset=dataset, + collate_fn=dataset.collater, + batch_sampler=[[i] for i in range(epoch_size)], + ) + return trainer, epoch_itr + + +class TestLoadCheckpoint(unittest.TestCase): + + def setUp(self): + self.args_mock = MagicMock() + self.args_mock.optimizer_overrides = '{}' + self.args_mock.reset_dataloader = False + self.args_mock.reset_meters = False + self.args_mock.reset_optimizer = False + self.patches = { + 'os.makedirs': MagicMock(), + 'os.path.join': MagicMock(), + 'os.path.isfile': MagicMock(return_value=True), + 'os.path.isabs': MagicMock(return_value=False), + } + self.applied_patches = [patch(p, d) for p, d in self.patches.items()] + [p.start() for p in self.applied_patches] + + def test_load_partial_checkpoint(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + trainer, epoch_itr = get_trainer_and_epoch_itr(2, 150, 200, 50) + trainer.get_train_iterator = MagicMock(return_value=epoch_itr) + + _, epoch_itr = checkpoint_utils.load_checkpoint(self.args_mock, trainer) + + self.assertEqual(epoch_itr.epoch, 2) + self.assertEqual(epoch_itr.iterations_in_epoch, 50) + + itr = epoch_itr.next_epoch_itr(shuffle=False) + self.assertEqual(epoch_itr.epoch, 2) + self.assertEqual(epoch_itr.iterations_in_epoch, 50) + + self.assertEqual(next(itr)['net_input']['src_tokens'][0].item(), 50) + self.assertEqual(epoch_itr.iterations_in_epoch, 51) + + for _ in range(150 - 52): + next(itr) + self.assertEqual(epoch_itr.iterations_in_epoch, 149) + self.assertTrue(itr.has_next()) + next(itr) + self.assertFalse(itr.has_next()) + + itr = epoch_itr.next_epoch_itr(shuffle=False) + self.assertTrue(itr.has_next()) + self.assertEqual(epoch_itr.epoch, 3) + self.assertEqual(epoch_itr.iterations_in_epoch, 0) + + def test_load_full_checkpoint(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + trainer, epoch_itr = get_trainer_and_epoch_itr(2, 150, 300, 150) + trainer.get_train_iterator = MagicMock(return_value=epoch_itr) + + _, epoch_itr = checkpoint_utils.load_checkpoint(self.args_mock, trainer) + itr = epoch_itr.next_epoch_itr(shuffle=False) + + self.assertEqual(epoch_itr.epoch, 3) + self.assertEqual(epoch_itr.iterations_in_epoch, 0) + self.assertEqual(next(itr)['net_input']['src_tokens'][0].item(), 0) + + def test_load_no_checkpoint(self): + with contextlib.redirect_stdout(StringIO()): + trainer, epoch_itr = get_trainer_and_epoch_itr(1, 150, 0, 0) + trainer.get_train_iterator = MagicMock(return_value=epoch_itr) + self.patches['os.path.isfile'].return_value = False + + _, epoch_itr = checkpoint_utils.load_checkpoint(self.args_mock, trainer) + itr = epoch_itr.next_epoch_itr(shuffle=False) + + self.assertEqual(epoch_itr.epoch, 1) + self.assertEqual(epoch_itr.iterations_in_epoch, 0) + self.assertEqual(next(itr)['net_input']['src_tokens'][0].item(), 0) + + def tearDown(self): + patch.stopall() + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d070a475822b927c3f9bab79e2e4ecd5867c787 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/test_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import unittest + +import torch + +from fairseq import utils + + +class TestUtils(unittest.TestCase): + + def test_convert_padding_direction(self): + pad = 1 + left_pad = torch.LongTensor([ + [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], + [1, 7, 8, 9, 10], + [1, 1, 1, 11, 12], + ]) + right_pad = torch.LongTensor([ + [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], + [7, 8, 9, 10, 1], + [11, 12, 1, 1, 1], + ]) + + self.assertAlmostEqual( + right_pad, + utils.convert_padding_direction( + left_pad, + pad, + left_to_right=True, + ), + ) + self.assertAlmostEqual( + left_pad, + utils.convert_padding_direction( + right_pad, + pad, + right_to_left=True, + ), + ) + + def test_make_positions(self): + pad = 1 + left_pad_input = torch.LongTensor([ + [9, 9, 9, 9, 9], + [1, 9, 9, 9, 9], + [1, 1, 1, 9, 9], + ]) + left_pad_output = torch.LongTensor([ + [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], + [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], + [1, 1, 1, 2, 3], + ]) + right_pad_input = torch.LongTensor([ + [9, 9, 9, 9, 9], + [9, 9, 9, 9, 1], + [9, 9, 1, 1, 1], + ]) + right_pad_output = torch.LongTensor([ + [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], + [2, 3, 4, 5, 1], + [2, 3, 1, 1, 1], + ]) + + self.assertAlmostEqual( + left_pad_output, + utils.make_positions(left_pad_input, pad), + ) + self.assertAlmostEqual( + right_pad_output, + utils.make_positions(right_pad_input, pad), + ) + + def test_clip_grad_norm_(self): + params = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(5)).requires_grad_(False) + grad_norm = utils.clip_grad_norm_(params, 1.0) + self.assertTrue(torch.is_tensor(grad_norm)) + self.assertEqual(grad_norm, 0.0) + + params = [torch.nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(5)) for i in range(3)] + for p in params: + p.grad = torch.full((5,), fill_value=2) + grad_norm = utils.clip_grad_norm_(params, 1.0) + exp_grad_norm = torch.full((15,), fill_value=2).norm() + self.assertTrue(torch.is_tensor(grad_norm)) + self.assertEqual(grad_norm, exp_grad_norm) + + grad_norm = utils.clip_grad_norm_(params, 1.0) + self.assertAlmostEqual(grad_norm, torch.tensor(1.0)) + + def test_resolve_max_positions_with_tuple(self): + resolved = utils.resolve_max_positions(None, (2000, 100, 2000), 12000) + self.assertEqual(resolved, (2000, 100, 2000)) + + def assertAlmostEqual(self, t1, t2): + self.assertEqual(t1.size(), t2.size(), "size mismatch") + self.assertLess(utils.item((t1 - t2).abs().max()), 1e-4) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + unittest.main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/transformer_quantization_config.yaml b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/transformer_quantization_config.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de31d8116ced675b81eb74119642217d768e7736 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/transformer_quantization_config.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +# This file defines example configuration arguments for quantizing +# a transformer model with product quantization + +n_centroids: + Linear: + key: in_features + value: {"*": 8} + Embedding: + key: embedding_dim + value: {"*": 8} + +block_sizes: + Linear: + key: fuzzy_name + value: {fc: 8, attn: 4, emb: 4} + Embedding: + key: fuzzy_name + value: {emb: 8} + +layers_to_quantize: + - decoder\\.layers\\.\d+\\.fc[12] + - decoder\\.embed_tokens\\.embeddings\\.[012]\\.[01] + - decoder\\.layers\\.\d+\\.self_attn\\.(k_proj|v_proj|q_proj|out_proj) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/utils.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2e25f6f6318d606abc069be7c9ccfb03f6eb73c --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/tests/utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,294 @@ +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +import argparse +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F + +from fairseq import utils +from fairseq.data import Dictionary +from fairseq.data.language_pair_dataset import collate +from fairseq.models import ( + FairseqEncoder, + FairseqEncoderDecoderModel, + FairseqIncrementalDecoder, +) +from fairseq.models.fairseq_encoder import EncoderOut +from fairseq.tasks import FairseqTask + + +def dummy_dictionary(vocab_size, prefix='token_'): + d = Dictionary() + for i in range(vocab_size): + token = prefix + str(i) + d.add_symbol(token) + d.finalize(padding_factor=1) # don't add extra padding symbols + return d + + +def dummy_dataloader( + samples, + padding_idx=1, + eos_idx=2, + batch_size=None, +): + if batch_size is None: + batch_size = len(samples) + + # add any missing data to samples + for i, sample in enumerate(samples): + if 'id' not in sample: + sample['id'] = i + + # create dataloader + dataset = TestDataset(samples) + dataloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader( + dataset, + batch_size=batch_size, + collate_fn=(lambda samples: collate(samples, padding_idx, eos_idx)), + ) + return iter(dataloader) + + +def sequence_generator_setup(): + # construct dummy dictionary + d = dummy_dictionary(vocab_size=2) + + eos = d.eos() + w1 = 4 + w2 = 5 + + # construct source data + src_tokens = torch.LongTensor([[w1, w2, eos], [w1, w2, eos]]) + src_lengths = torch.LongTensor([2, 2]) + + args = argparse.Namespace() + unk = 0. + args.beam_probs = [ + # step 0: + torch.FloatTensor([ + # eos w1 w2 + # sentence 1: + [0.0, unk, 0.9, 0.1], # beam 1 + [0.0, unk, 0.9, 0.1], # beam 2 + # sentence 2: + [0.0, unk, 0.7, 0.3], + [0.0, unk, 0.7, 0.3], + ]), + # step 1: + torch.FloatTensor([ + # eos w1 w2 prefix + # sentence 1: + [1.0, unk, 0.0, 0.0], # w1: 0.9 (emit: w1 : 0.9*1.0) + [0.0, unk, 0.9, 0.1], # w2: 0.1 + # sentence 2: + [0.25, unk, 0.35, 0.4], # w1: 0.7 (don't emit: w1 : 0.7*0.25) + [0.00, unk, 0.10, 0.9], # w2: 0.3 + ]), + # step 2: + torch.FloatTensor([ + # eos w1 w2 prefix + # sentence 1: + [0.0, unk, 0.1, 0.9], # w2 w1: 0.1*0.9 + [0.6, unk, 0.2, 0.2], # w2 w2: 0.1*0.1 (emit: w2 w2 : 0.1*0.1*0.6) + # sentence 2: + [0.60, unk, 0.4, 0.00], # w1 w2: 0.7*0.4 (emit: w1 w2 : 0.7*0.4*0.6) + [0.01, unk, 0.0, 0.99], # w2 w2: 0.3*0.9 + ]), + # step 3: + torch.FloatTensor([ + # eos w1 w2 prefix + # sentence 1: + [1.0, unk, 0.0, 0.0], # w2 w1 w2: 0.1*0.9*0.9 (emit: w2 w1 w2 : 0.1*0.9*0.9*1.0) + [1.0, unk, 0.0, 0.0], # w2 w1 w1: 0.1*0.9*0.1 (emit: w2 w1 w1 : 0.1*0.9*0.1*1.0) + # sentence 2: + [0.1, unk, 0.5, 0.4], # w2 w2 w2: 0.3*0.9*0.99 (emit: w2 w2 w2 : 0.3*0.9*0.99*0.1) + [1.0, unk, 0.0, 0.0], # w1 w2 w1: 0.7*0.4*0.4 (emit: w1 w2 w1 : 0.7*0.4*0.4*1.0) + ]), + ] + + task = TestTranslationTask.setup_task(args, d, d) + model = task.build_model(args) + tgt_dict = task.target_dictionary + + return tgt_dict, w1, w2, src_tokens, src_lengths, model + + +class TestDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset): + + def __init__(self, data): + super().__init__() + self.data = data + self.sizes = None + + def __getitem__(self, index): + return self.data[index] + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.data) + + +class TestTranslationTask(FairseqTask): + + def __init__(self, args, src_dict, tgt_dict, model): + super().__init__(args) + self.src_dict = src_dict + self.tgt_dict = tgt_dict + self.model = model + + @classmethod + def setup_task(cls, args, src_dict=None, tgt_dict=None, model=None): + return cls(args, src_dict, tgt_dict, model) + + def build_model(self, args): + return TestModel.build_model(args, self) + + @property + def source_dictionary(self): + return self.src_dict + + @property + def target_dictionary(self): + return self.tgt_dict + + +class TestModel(FairseqEncoderDecoderModel): + def __init__(self, encoder, decoder): + super().__init__(encoder, decoder) + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + encoder = TestEncoder(args, task.source_dictionary) + decoder = TestIncrementalDecoder(args, task.target_dictionary) + return cls(encoder, decoder) + + +class TestEncoder(FairseqEncoder): + def __init__(self, args, dictionary): + super().__init__(dictionary) + self.args = args + + def forward(self, src_tokens, src_lengths=None, **kwargs): + return EncoderOut( + encoder_out=src_tokens, + encoder_padding_mask=None, + encoder_embedding=None, + encoder_states=None, + src_tokens=None, + src_lengths=None, + ) + + def reorder_encoder_out(self, encoder_out, new_order): + return EncoderOut( + encoder_out=encoder_out.encoder_out.index_select(0, new_order), + encoder_padding_mask=None, + encoder_embedding=None, + encoder_states=None, + src_tokens=None, + src_lengths=None, + ) + + +class TestIncrementalDecoder(FairseqIncrementalDecoder): + def __init__(self, args, dictionary): + super().__init__(dictionary) + assert hasattr(args, 'beam_probs') or hasattr(args, 'probs') + args.max_decoder_positions = getattr(args, 'max_decoder_positions', 100) + self.args = args + + def forward(self, prev_output_tokens, encoder_out=None, incremental_state=None): + if incremental_state is not None: + prev_output_tokens = prev_output_tokens[:, -1:] + bbsz = prev_output_tokens.size(0) + vocab = len(self.dictionary) + src_len = encoder_out.encoder_out.size(1) + tgt_len = prev_output_tokens.size(1) + + # determine number of steps + if incremental_state is not None: + # cache step number + step = utils.get_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, 'step') + if step is None: + step = 0 + utils.set_incremental_state(self, incremental_state, 'step', step + 1) + steps = [step] + else: + steps = list(range(tgt_len)) + + # define output in terms of raw probs + if hasattr(self.args, 'probs'): + assert self.args.probs.dim() == 3, \ + 'expected probs to have size bsz*steps*vocab' + probs = self.args.probs.index_select(1, torch.LongTensor(steps)) + else: + probs = torch.FloatTensor(bbsz, len(steps), vocab).zero_() + for i, step in enumerate(steps): + # args.beam_probs gives the probability for every vocab element, + # starting with eos, then unknown, and then the rest of the vocab + if step < len(self.args.beam_probs): + probs[:, i, self.dictionary.eos():] = self.args.beam_probs[step] + else: + probs[:, i, self.dictionary.eos()] = 1.0 + + # random attention + attn = torch.rand(bbsz, tgt_len, src_len) + + dev = prev_output_tokens.device + return probs.to(dev), {"attn": [attn.to(dev)]} + + def get_normalized_probs(self, net_output, log_probs, _): + # the decoder returns probabilities directly + probs = net_output[0] + if log_probs: + return probs.log() + else: + return probs + + def max_positions(self): + return self.args.max_decoder_positions + + +class TestReshapingEncoder(FairseqEncoder): + def __init__(self, args, dictionary): + super().__init__(dictionary) + self.args = args + + def forward(self, src_tokens, src_lengths=None, **kwargs): + b_sz, t_sz = src_tokens.shape + padding_needed = t_sz % 2 + x = src_tokens + if padding_needed > 0: + padding_needed = 2 - padding_needed + x = F.pad(x, (0, padding_needed)) + + return EncoderOut( + encoder_out=x.view(b_sz, -1, 2), + encoder_padding_mask=None, + encoder_embedding=None, + encoder_states=None, + src_tokens=None, + src_lengths=None, + ) + + def reorder_encoder_out(self, encoder_out, new_order): + return EncoderOut( + encoder_out=encoder_out.encoder_out.index_select(0, new_order), + encoder_padding_mask=None, + encoder_embedding=None, + encoder_states=None, + src_tokens=None, + src_lengths=None, + ) + + +class TestReshapingModel(FairseqEncoderDecoderModel): + def __init__(self, encoder, decoder): + super().__init__(encoder, decoder) + + @classmethod + def build_model(cls, args, task): + encoder = TestReshapingEncoder(args, task.source_dictionary) + decoder = TestIncrementalDecoder(args, task.target_dictionary) + return cls(encoder, decoder) diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.bert.de b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.bert.de new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62f93b2a999ddfa08bd3a78ec940d8082a534060 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.bert.de @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:3f7bdf80da00d62c2da66db756044863b1fe6ade164567415349be6a495f689c +size 17243183 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.bert.en b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.bert.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d93c63c858247b020aff8fada616e306edd5d4fc --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.bert.en @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:b26f54498498d74826ef69e3b92a6fa6c40652a6e2fa9907991e0133824fca52 +size 15438492 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.de b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.de new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..065ec262677b4dc7a7f49ea86a6c8b9ee3eb31d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.de @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:ee3b8a10af452e33f9a16c1b2b926205eec760ff03e7b91be9cba2324f5aebdd +size 20170842 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.en b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bec2979a53879b4ff9ae4dda06da2110bb219b83 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.en @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:f49f86eedfa758689abe5fd7052e84c5f4466f45d57257103ba4fc494a633557 +size 17980010 diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e7d1115fdda71ab6b055779578c1f2e77e916e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/train.py @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 -u +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq_cli.train import cli_main + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + cli_main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/valid.bert.de b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/valid.bert.de new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..efbb5c5474c07151872861615182beba5df7fa3e --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/valid.bert.de @@ -0,0 +1,7283 @@ +es ist diese pyramide. +durch die muttermilch. +es enthielt das zwei-, drei-, bis 400-fache des grenzwerts an schadstoffen der laut epa erlaubt war. +oft ist es abwasser, was uns verstopft. +was macht man, wenn man solch eine unterbrechung im fluss hat? +stephen palumbi: der spur des quecksilbers folgen +sie wären unter meinem niveau. +aber wir hatten damals nicht gemerkt, dass wir einen dritten brauchten, denn der hals war von innen nicht lenkbar, wenn das pferd gleichzeitig laufen sollte. +jetzt würden wir euch gerne joey vorstellen. +und mikey kann mit seinen fingern den schweif bewegen, von rechts nach links und von oben nach unten mit der anderen hand. +mikey brett - craig - leo zem joaquin und ich. +im winter schläft man viel. man genießt das familienleben im hause. +während eine globale philanthropie-industrie im entstehen ist, und genau dies geschieht derzeit, sollte man beobachten, welche bestrebungen es gibt, diese alten voraussetzungen über den haufen zu werfen. damit die philanthropie offen und groß und schnell und vernetzt sein wird, auf lange sicht. +nun, nicht alle diese versuche, großes aus liebe zu tun, funktionieren gut. +ich reiße die vierte und fünfte kategorie nur kurz an; es sind innovation, wettbewerb und soziale investition. +es könnte sein, dass die vor uns liegende soziale singularität diejenige ist, vor der wir uns am meisten fürchten. ein zusammentreffen von katastrophen, von umweltzerstörung, von massenvernichtungswaffen, von pandemien, von armut. +ich glaube, dass es neue, verborgene spannungen gibt die sich tatsächlich zwischen menschen und einrichtungen abspielen -- solche einrichtungen, die menschen in ihrem täglichen leben nutzen: schulen, krankenhäuser, arbeitsplätze, betriebe, büros, usw. +der erste herr ist ein bäcker. +also denken sie an diese drei situationen, von denen ich ihnen erzählt habe: fabrik, migration, büro. +sie lebten oberhalb der geschäfte, in denen sie arbeiteten. +wie viele haben sich jemals hinter das steuer eines autos gesetzt, obwohl man am besten nicht hätte fahren sollen. +eines der dinge, die wir im labor entwickelt haben – wir haben mehrere fahrzeuge entwickelt – ist, wie wir glauben, das erste autonome driftauto der welt. +es ist klar, dass wir nicht einfach ein paar elektroden auf seinem kopf anbringen und genau verstehen, was alle seine gedanken auf der strecke sind. +sehen sie die mentale belastung und wie er lenkt. +also, heute werde ich ihnen von ein paar menschen erzählen, die nie aus ihrer heimatstadt weggezogen sind. +deswegen hat vor ein paar jahren das l.a. county beschlossen, 2,5 milliarden dollar auszugeben, um die städtischen schulen zu reparieren. +ich meine, ihre heimatstadt heißt wortwörtlich whitesville, west virginia, +diese drei leute wissen alle, wie man produktiv dollars durch unsere lokalen wirtschaftssysteme leitet, um bestehenden bedarf zu befriedigen, derzeitige soziale probleme zu reduzieren und zukünftige probleme zu verhindern. +unsere gemeinden, ländliche und städtische, bedienen den operativen teil der infrastruktur – sachen wie müllbeseitigung, energiebedarf, genauso wie die sozialen kosten von arbeitslosigkeit, drop-out-raten, inhaftiergungs-raten und die folgen von verschiedenen kosten des gesundheitswesens. +und das buch ließ mich jene theorie überdenken, denn, ich muss erklären, was ich damit meine. +und ich denke ehrlich gesagt, zu beginn waren meine programme ihrer zeit ein wenig voraus. +und meine frage ist, wie haben wir es so weit gebracht? +ich besuchte gehörlosenvereine. +und trotzdem versucht niemand alles daran zu setzen, dass die nächste generation von kindern afro-amerikanischer oder asiatischer eltern mit cremefarbener haut und blondem haar auf die welt kommt. +und am ende schaffte er es auf ein bildungsniveau, das niemand in seiner familie je zuvor in erwägung gezogen hatte. +unter den menschen mit down-syndrom finden sich heute schauspieler, schriftsteller, und einige, die im erwachsenenalter ganz selbständig leben können. +oft ist die frage, die wir uns als eltern stellen müssen, was wir an unseren kindern anerkennen, und was wir an ihnen heilen. +und letztendlich denke ich, dass genauso wie wir flammfeste schlafanzüge in einem inferno testen, um sicherzustellen, dass sie nicht feuer fangen, wenn unser kind über den herd langt, auch diese geschichten von familien, die diese extremen unterschiede zu überwinden haben, die universelle erfahrung des elternseins widerspiegeln, welche immer darauf hinausläuft, dass man manchmal dein kind ansiehst und sich fragt: "von welchem planeten kommst du?" +und er hatte einen sehr großen kopf, was, wie sie meinte, auf einen wasserkopf hinweisen könnte. +ich komme aus einer privilegierten familie. ich habe viel glück gehabt. +ich habe noch nie das bild gezeigt und ich werde wahrscheinlich verklagt. +der punkt ist, es wird sehr aufwändig zu programmieren sein. +man will ein separates ding wie den stromadapter. +wenn man in der wüste ist, können diese miteinander kommunizieren, bis zu ungefähr zwei kilometer reichweite. +nicht etwas, um was man beneidet wird oder das man machen möchte. +es geht nicht darum, 100 oder 1000 zu kaufen. ich lade sie ein, das zu machen und 10.000 wären sogar besser. +und es gibt tage – ich weiß ja nicht, wie es ihnen so geht – aber es gibt tage, an denen ich es greifbar fühlen kann, wie sehr ich für ziemlich alles in meinem leben auf andere leute angewiesen bin. +jetzt haben wir auf dieser webseite tatsächlich 18.000 menschen. +wir bauen auf innovationen von generationen vor uns auf. +aber denken sie daran, dort ist griechenland heute. +wenn sie sich die wirtschaft aus diesen beiden unterschiedlichen winkeln betrachten, verstehen sie, weshalb diese krise so schwierig ist, je schlimmer die krise wird, je höher die einsätze werden, um so mehr glaubt jede seite, allein die antwort zu kennen, und dass die andere seite alles nur ruinieren wird. +das sind 20% des haushalts und das ist ein ungleich schwieriges thema. +der satz, den man als doktorand, postdoc oder professor, als 38-jähriger wirtschaftsprofessor sagt, ist: "ich bin empiriker, +wir wissen wie es ist, wenn diese leute im fernsehen, im kongress herumbrüllen, dass das ende der welt naht, wenn wir uns ihrer meinung nicht völlig anschließen, denn das geschieht mit dem dollar, seit es den dollar gibt. +und er sagte zu dem mann, "warum haben sie da auf der rückseite dinge hingeschrieben, die niemand jemals sehen wird?" +nun, ich dachte, das ist nicht gut genug. +die verdrahtung von unserem system der sinne zu diesen teilen ist kürzer als jene teile, die durch den denkapparat durch müssen, den kortex. +wo fühlen sie das? +und auch triumph, dieses gefühl der transzendenz, dieses "das wusste ich gar nicht. ah, das ist etwas neues." +also werde ich ihnen jetzt schamlos etwas enthüllen, was für mich sehr schön ist. +und ich kann ihnen nicht sagen, wie schwierig es ist, diesen gewölbten kühler zu machen. +niemand wird diese gebrochenen linien und die änderungen bemerken. +aber was ich jetzt tun muss, wenn ich wieder fühle, was ich tun muss, ist, in der lage zu sein, genügend dieser enzyme von diesen auslösern zu senden, früh genug im prozess, dass sie bei ihnen ankommen, nicht durch ihr denken, sondern durch ihr fühlen. +keien zeit. hier steht, ich habe noch zwei minuten, also können wir das nicht machen. +also ich finde das zu simpel. +wir haben ziemlich schlecht säkularisiert, würde ich sagen. +wir brauchen daten, keine hilfe. +man muss die lektion zehnmal am tag wiederholen. +das wird daran deutlich, wie religionen rituale um wichtige gefühle erschaffen. +und wenn sie uns eine lehre erteilen wollen, tun sie das über den körper. +doch dieses gefühl der verwirrung ist elementar in der zeitgenössischen kunst. +die menschen in der modernen, säkularen welt, die sich für spirituelle belange interessieren, für belange des bewusstseins, für die höheren, seelischen problematiken, sind ziemlich oft isolierte wesen. +wenn sie die welt verändern wollen, müssen sie gruppen bilden, kollaborieren. +und dann sage ich: "na klar." und sie sagen: "also sind sie irgendwie religiös?" +weil man sich zu 90% einig war, weil man eine ähnliche sicht auf so viele dinge hat, und man an der stelle höflich anderer meinung ist. +so führte er mich von orten wie chile – der atacama wüste in chile – nach sibirien, in unterirdische minen, in den japanischen alpen, in nordamerika, bis nach antarktika und sogar zum südpol. +man braucht so etwas wie zig megatonnen an wasser – beinahe eine gigatonne an wasser – um eine chance zu haben, das neutrino zu erwischen. +die toiletten dort sind wörtlich löcher im boden, bedeckt von einer bretterbude. +hier landen wir auf dem ross festlandsockel in antarktika. +der stoff alleine wiegt zwei tonnen. +anil ananthaswamy: was extreme astrophysik erfordert +zuerst müssen wir das problem von der technischen seite angehen. wie groß ist es? +ein buchmobil -- die größe eines lieferwagens mit satellitenschüssel, drucker, buchbinder und schneidmaschine, und die kinder machen ihre eigenen bücher. +wir haben so einen. er ist echt cool. +aber wir dachten, ok, wenn wir 's schon machen müssen, dann in der bibliothek. +das getty bringt gerade seine bücher zur ucla wo wir eins dieser scan-center haben, um die von autorenrechten freien bücher zu scannen, was toll ist. +es kostet ca. 10 dollar pro stück, um eine platte online zu stellen, wenn man in großen mengen arbeitet. +wir streben langfristige dinge an, und auch wiederverwertbare dinge, für neue filme was echt spass machen kann. +man bekommt eine vorstellung davon, wo dinge herkommen. +stellen sie sich vor, wie es eingepackt aussieht. +es sah im verpackten zustand ungefähr so aus - nicht besonders schön. +und ehrlich gesagt, ich stoße auf große vorurteile, +aber das sind grundsätzlich nach außen verlagerte mägen und lungen. +also fungi und myzel sondern kohlendioxid in form von kalziumoxalaten ab. +das myzel, unter entsprechenden umständen, produziert einen pilz -- der mit solcher kraft hochschiesst, dass er asphalt aufbrechen kann. +und ich zeige ihnen eine graphik. +es gibt einen sicherheitsprüfungsbericht, den sie lesen können -- er ist geprüft durch dod, wenn sie "stamets" und "pocken" googeln. +so, ist das haus nicht mehr für die invasion geeignet. +zu viel abhebung von der kohlenstoffbank, und diese population verschwindet. +wir hatten unseren eigenen miniregenwald, einen privatstrand mit korallenriff. +also gingen acht von uns hinein, vier männer und vier frauen. +wir hörten auf, unseren boden zu bewässern, soweit es ging. +aber auf der anderen seite war dies für die wissenschaft gold wert. denn wir konnten dieses schmuckstück wirklich als wissenschaftliches instrument einsetzen und nachsehen und auch herausfinden, wo diese sieben tonnen sauerstoff hin sind. +ich hatte mir mein ganzes essen selbst angebaut. +und das kam alles hiervon, shrimp-farmen. +bei so einer riesigen aufgabe. " +und wenn sie aus den augen verlieren, wo sie sich in ihrer biosphäre befinden, oder nicht die verbindung erkennen, die zwischen ihnen und der biosphäre besteht, schlage ich vor: atmen sie tief durch. +die ursache unserer sorgen liegt in der komplexität, die die wissenschaft uns beschert hat. +wir haben nun behandlungen für fast alle der zehntausende von krankheiten gefunden, die ein mensch haben kann. +es gibt noch ein anzeichen dafür, dass wir boxencrews brauchen, und das sind die unübersichtlichen kosten unserer pflege. +fertigkeit nummer eins ist die fähigkeit, erfolg zu erkennen und die fertigkeit, versagen zu erkennen. +wir konnten den hauptsicherheitsingenieur von boeing zur hilfe überreden. +der widerstand ist groß, denn diese werkzeuge zwingen uns zu der erkenntnis, dass wir kein system sind, dass wir uns mit einem anderen wertesatz verhalten müssen. +und die meisten dieser verluste haben uns bekannte ursachen. +wenn man nicht nur eine königin möchte, kann man auch ein drei-pfund-paket bienen kaufen, es kommt per post, und die leute in der post sind immer ziemlich besorgt, wenn sie, na ja, wenn sie ihr drei-pfund-paket bienen bekommen. +aber wenn man 50-80 prozent der kolonien verliert, dann kann man nicht drei jahre hintereinander überleben. und das bereitet uns große sorgen, dass wir diesen bereich unserer wirtschaft verlieren. +und bienen sind sehr treu. +und natürlich sind bienen nicht der einzig wichtige faktor hier. +ich möchte aber auch einige der hier gehörten ideen unterstreichen, denn eine wiese zu haben oder in ihrer nähe zu leben ist ein veränderndes erlebnis. +nun, ich pfeife eigentlich seit ich vier bin - so ungefähr seitdem. +mir ist das gesicht runtergefallen. +und zunächst möchte ich mit ihnen ihr pfeifen üben. +einige davon sind sehr einfach. +und sie sind auch in der lage, ein so wunderbares und komplexes verhalten zu zeigen, das nur mit dem begriff intelligenz beschrieben werden kann. +sehen sie sich diese junge bohne an, die sich bewegt, um das licht immer einzufangen. +wie ist es möglich, das alles ohne gehirn zu tun? +und warum sind sie sich so ähnlich? +danke. +sie werden einer nach dem anderen in diesen wagen einsteigen. +und auch in 50 anderen städten weltweit haben leute mitgemacht. +und weil es im union square park war, genau neben einer u-bahn-station, waren da am ende hunderte von menschen, die anhielten und aufschauten und zusahen bei dem, was wir da taten. +sie tragen entweder gelbe oder schwarze hemden. +er hat 2000 high-fives verteilt an diesem tag und er wusch seine hände davor und danach und wurde nicht krank. +dass man nicht wusste, wo hilfe gebraucht wurde, ließ in allen fällen hilfe gerade dort knapp werden, wo sie am meisten gebraucht wurde. +unser ziel für das nächste jahr ist die marktreife der wasserkanarie und der freie zugang zur hardware, damit jeder zur entwicklung und evaluation beitragen kann, damit wir dieses problem gemeinsam anpacken können. +nun warum spreche ich über kühe? +was ich vorschlage ist, so wie wir lesen, schreiben, arithmetik und amerikanische geschichte fordern, so sollten wir einen lehrplan über die fakten aller religionen dieser welt haben — über ihre geschichte, über ihr kredo, über ihre texte, ihre musik, ihre symbole, ihre verbote, ihre bedürfnisse. +alles was ich sage ist — fakten. nur fakten. +außer, natürlich, es war nicht die cleverness der schafe. +die lektion die wir davon lernen ist: man muss keinen geist haben um nutznießer zu sein. +und wie können wir das bewerkstelligen? +ich rede auch über das christentum. +ja. +aber ich wünschte es wäre besser. +und hier denke ich, "moment mal." +diese, aus "leben mit visionen" — "die bibel muss der maßgebende standard für mein leben werden, der kompass der mir die richtung zeigt, der ratgeber auf den ich höre um weise entscheidungen zu treffen und der maßstab nach dem ich alles bewerte." +nun wollen wir uns wirklich darauf festlegen all die anderen religionen zu verschlingen wenn deren heiligen bücher ihnen sagt, "hört nicht auf die andere seite, dies ist nur der teufel der spricht!" +ohren sind nicht zum hören da, sondern zum zuhören. +es sieht dann so aus. +wenn sie jemanden, der laut zu ihnen spricht, nicht mehr verstehen können, ist es zu laut eingestellt, +als erstes, hören sie bewußt zu. +besonders meine einstellung zu menschgemachten gegenständen, über die jemand sagt, sie funktionieren auf diese weise nun, ich kann sagen, dass sie ein bisschen anders funktionieren. +kinder haben weniger probleme damit. ich sah es bei meinem eigenen sohn, als ich ihm dieses buch gab. +man kann die klavierschaltung von dem bleistift nehmen. +wir dachten daher: "wir müssen ein video darüber rausbringen." +okay, einen moment, das hier ist gut. +es sind genaugenommen 7 milliarden händepaare, die alle ihrer eigenen leidenschaft folgen, und alle als teil einen mosaiks zusammenkommen und diese welt zu erschaffen – in ihren hinterhöfen und in ihren küchen. +aber sie erreichen uns nicht direkt durch licht. +aber einstein hielt schwarze löcher zeitlebens für eine mathematische kuriosität. +es wäre schlecht, wenn wir versuchten, unsere triebwerke zu zünden und zu flüchten, denn das könnten wir nicht, genauso wenig, wie das licht entkommen kann. +dies hier ist von meiner arbeitsgruppe – ein etwas weniger glamouröses computermodell. +aber mit großer wahrscheinlichkeit sind gerade irgendwo im universum zwei schwarze löcher miteinander verschmolzen. +galaxien bilden sich und generationen von sternen werden in diesen galaxien geboren. und um einen dieser sterne, wenigstens einen einzigen, kreist ein bewohnbarer planet. +wir müssen uns also fragen: wenn es ein multiversum gibt, existieren dann in einem anderen fragment dieses multiversums lebewesen? +von 100 inhaftierten, die entlassen werden, werden 60 wieder rückfällig. +nun, die sache hat vor- und nachteile. +von der tatsache, dass sie nur ein publikum bedienen, hauptsächlich die westliche kultur. +ich gehe überallhin und tue so, als sei es der iran. +jetzt kommt die grüne bewegung, der sommer 2009, als mein film herauskam – die aufstände beginnen in den straßen von teheran. +es kann es sich nicht leisten, diese pflegende person in frage zu stellen. +eine person gewinnt. +ich werde dazu später kommen. +sie können mitgefühl nicht kontrollieren ohne unbegrenzt zu werden, und niemand kann unbegrenzt werden. entweder sie sind es oder sie sind es nicht. basta. +sie handeln mitfühlend. +wenn dich das nicht von den socken haut, dann hast du keine gefühle. +lassen sie uns hier kurz innehalten. +es ist gut um schüler zu motivieren. +im herkömmlichen klassenzimmer hat man ein paar hausaufgaben, hausaufgaben, vortrag, hausaufgaben, vortrag und dann eine momentaufnahme in der prüfung. +sie können jetzt direkt auf die seite gehen. es ist alles frei. wir versuchen nichts zu verkaufen. +rot bedeutet, dass sie festhängen. +und wir sehen das immer um immer wieder. +ich mache immer noch die ganzen videos, aber wir haben ein brilliantes team, das sich um die software kümmert. +sie sagen buchstäblich, "hey, das ist nett, aber..." wie die kurve über den fokus, viele lehrer sagten, "ich habe das gefühl das viele kinder hin und her springen und sich nicht auf ein thema konzentrieren." +aber es gibt auch halluzinationen. und halluzinationen sind völlig anders. +ich sehe viele kinder. sie gehen treppen auf und ab. +ich sagte, "es gibt eine besondere form visueller halluzinationen, die mit nachlassender sehfähigkeit oder blindheit einhergehen." +das erste, was er sah, war ein schwebendes taschentuch. +und er drehte sich um. und dann teilte er sich in sechs identische männer in gestreiften hemden, die auf sie zu kamen. +aber höchstens ein prozent gibt das zu. weil sie angst haben, dass man sie für verrückt hält oder sowas. +wenn die leute diese einfachen geometrische halluzinationen haben, ist die primäre visuelle rinde aktiv. +nur wenn man sehbehindert oder blind ist wird der prozess unterbrochen. +und ich bin tatsächlich selbst ein bisschen sehbehindert. +aber wenn ich von diesen tauchgängen zurückkomme und versuche meine erfahrungen zu teilen, finde ich nicht die richtigen worte. +es war unglaublich. +es sieht aus wie aus einem dr. seuss comicbuch - alle möglichen arten von lebewesen. +wir filmen es mit einem von mir entwickelten kamerasystem namens "eye in the sea", das infrarotlicht verwendet, das für die meisten tiere unsichtbar ist, um sie nicht zu beeinflussen. +und es sieht so aus, als ob er versucht die elektronische qualle zu fressen. +edith widder: die bizarre und wunderbare welt der biolumineszenz +das sind flüssigkeiten im blut, zum großteil ist das wasser, aber da sind auch antikörper, zucker, hormone und so weiter. +das ist eine genaue darstellung und hat das ungefähre tempo des originalvorgangs in ihrem körper. +ein teil der dna geht auf die eine seite, die andere seite bekommt das dna-gegenstück – beides sind identische kopien. +es spürt, wenn die zelle bereit ist, wenn die chromosomen ihre position eingenommen haben. +die menschheit befindet sich vollkommen im technisch-wissenschaftlichen zeitalter. +während meiner 41 jahre als lehrer der biologie in harvard war ich betrübt durch die vielzahl an vielversprechenden studenten, die sich von einer wissenschaftlichen karriere abwandten oder sogar von freiwilligen modulen der wissenschaft, weil sie angst vorm versagen hatten. +bewerten sie chancen danach, wie wenig andere studenten und forscher daran arbeiten. +oder es ist größer: was ist die bedeutung von dunkler materie bei der ausbreitung des universums? +menschen haben viel, viel länger gelebt als die ungefähr 10.000 jahre sesshafter und ackerbautreibender kultur. in kleinen familiengruppen, erlegten nomadische jäger kaninchen, um nahrung zu sammeln. +in jüngerer zeit hat sich diese macht von den arbeitsplätzen gelöst. und sehr, sehr schnell werden wir einen signifikanten anteil, wenn nicht die mehrheit, der menschheit mit supercomputern herumlaufen sehen, verbunden mit geschwindigkeiten, die größer sind als was wir heute unter breitband verstehen. +er verwendete das beispiel einer gemeinsam genutzten weidefläche, auf der jede person, indem sie einfach ihre eigene herde zu maximieren versuchte, zur übergrasung und dem raubbau der ressource beitrug. +toyota, anstatt seine zulieferer gegeneinander auszuspielen, behandelt diese wie ein netzwerk und trainiert sie, um besser zu produzieren, obwohl sie sie ebenfalls darin trainieren, besser für ihre wettbewerber zu produzieren. +welche formen des leidens könnten gelindert werden, welche formen von reichtum könnten geschaffen werden, wenn wir ein wenig mehr über kooperation wüssten? +ich zeige ihnen jetzt eine witzige anwendung, an der wir zusammen mit unseren freunden von flickr arbeiten. +ja, ja, zurück in die ecke. zurück in die ecke. +blaise aguera y arcas demonstriert augmented-reality-landkarten +es war eine vorbereitung für eine fusion und akquisition. +und wenn sie sich an die geschichte von sisyphos erinnern, er wurde von den göttern damit bestraft, den selben felsen einen hügel emporzurollen. und als er fast am ende war, rollte der felsen wieder runter und er musste erneut anfangen. +was ist passiert? +ich sagte: "wie viele von ihnen gehen nun eher nach hause als sonst"? +sie nehmen also ein blatt und legen es zur seite. +nun möchte ich ihnen gern etwas über positive motivation zeigen. +sie mussten die milch abmessen und hinzufügen, dann mischen. +oben auf dem blatt gab es kleine diagramme, wie sie origami falten müssen. +übrigens, dies sind meine kinder, welche natürlich wunderbar sind und so weiter. +eigentlich sind wir ja aus kambodscha. +so wie auf diesem bild sieht pursat aus. +für uns bedeutete er die freiheit. +eines tages erzählte mir ein » meine zukunft sieht nicht rosig aus, aber ich wünsche mir eine rosige zukunft für meinen sohn. « +der schlüssel hier ist als mitgefühl. +wir überarbeiteten den aspekt der psychischen gesundheit innerhalb der medizinischen grundversorgung, indem wir psychosoziale pflege und psychosoziale beratung zum system hinzufügten. +als die jungianerin inge missmahl afghanistan besuchte, sah sie die inneren wunden des krieges – weit verbreitete verzweiflung, traumata und depression. trotz allem gab es in diesem land mit seinen 30 millionen einwohnern nur zwei dutzend psychiater. missmahl spricht über ihre arbeit, mit der sie dazu beiträgt, das psychosoziale beratungssystem des landes aufzubauen, wodurch nicht nur die individuelle heilung, sondern vielleicht auch die nationale heilung gefördert wird. +das trifft auf europäische bio-brennstoffe zu. +oben links haben wir kanada und australien, mit enormen landflächen, sehr hohem pro-kopf-verbrauch, 200 oder 300 glühbirnen pro person, und sehr kleiner bevölkerungsdichte. +wind-energie produziert etwas mehr, 2,5 watt pro quadratmeter, doch das ist gerade mal doppelt so viel wie 1,25 watt pro quadratmeter. das heißt also, wollte man buchstäblich den gesamten energiebedarf in jeglicher form mit wind-farmen decken, so müsste man das halbe vereinigte königreich damit übersäen. +dasselbe gilt allerdings auch für erneuerbare energien. +als nächstes haben wir den heizhebel. +wenn sie auf 16 glühbirnen kommen wollen, denken sie daran, der heutige verbrauch liegt bei 125 glühbirnen. +er nannte vier große weltorchester und das fünfte war das venezuela jugend symphonie orchester. +die struktur von el sistema basiert auf einem neuen und flexiblen führungsstil, angepasst an die besonderheiten jeder gemeinde und region, und kümmert sich heute um 300 000 kinder der unter- und mittelschicht in ganz venezuela. +von der minute an, in der ein kind gelehrt wird, ein instrument zu spielen, ist es nicht mehr arm. +denken sie mal darüber nach. ich werde jetzt dreimal unterschiedlich einen anruf annehmen. +verhaltensmarker sind wichtig. +das ist dieses jahr passiert. sie ging in den frühruhestand. +wir sind besessen von diesem denken. +klassisch. hüftfrakturen führen oft zur einweisung eines senioren. +die entdeckung der verhaltensmarker und verhaltensänderungen sind bahnbrechend wie die entdeckung des mikroskops denn wir sammeln datenströme, die vorher undenkbar waren. +es ist machbar. wir sollten es aus wirtschaftlichen gründen tun, wir sollten es aus moralischen gründen tun, und wir sollten es für lebensqualität tun. +es wird 30.000 neue infizierte internetseiten geben. +das ist der marktführer in der verbreitung von schadprogrammen das black hole exploit pack, das für fast ein drittel der verbreitung von schadprogrammen in den letzten paar quartalen verantwortlich ist. +das ist das ausschreiben des schadcodes, und sie werden einige sekunden später auf der linken seite sehen, wie auf dem bildschirm des angreifers ein interessanter neuer text erscheint. +wirklich frech hierbei ist, dass es den angreifern nicht nur den zugriff auf ihre daten verschafft, sondern wenn der scan beendet ist, wird es sie anweisen, das produkt zu registrieren, um diese unechten viren zu beseitigen. +ein bisschen weiter des suchens und hier ist unser cyberkrimineller. +okay? sie können eine liste von wlan-netzweken sehen. +beachten sie, dass sich technologie mit einer erstaunlichen geschwindigkeit verändert und dass 250.000 verschiedene schadprogramme sich auch sehr schnell verändern. +ich war nicht sehr gut im lesen von dingen. +sie alle kennen die geschichte, ja? +das war schon nicht schlecht. +das war unglaublich. +"sie können das einen dinosaurier nennen, aber sehen sie sich den velociraptor an: der ist cool." +und es wird offensichtlich jede menge geld damit gemacht. +und er war einverstanden. +und ehrlich gesagt glaube ich, wenn kfc-gründer colonel sanders es vorsichtig formulieren würde, könnte er mit einem extrastück werben. +dies basiert auf ernährungsumfragen, auf übergewichtsraten und vielen weiteren faktoren, die uns einen ziemlich guten eindruck davon verschaffen, was tatsächlich von den menschen konsumiert wird. +sie sind das, was wir jedes jahr weltweit auf unseren feldern haben. +geht man einen schritt weiter, kommt man zu den bauern, die manchmal ein drittel oder mehr ihrer ernte aufgrund kosmetischer defekte wegwerfen. +der mittlere auf meinem küchentisch. kein großer unterschied. +westliche länder werfen fast die hälfte ihres essens fort und zwar nicht, weil es nicht essbar ist, sondern weil es nicht appetitlich aussieht. tristram stuart konfrontiert uns mit der schockierenden masse verschwendeter nahrung und appelliert an einen verantwortungsvolleren umgang mit den ressourcen unsere erde. +und all das ist übrigens die arbeit von der international astronomical union. +also, wir werden eines tages zum mars fliegen, und wenn wir das tun, wird das unfair sein gegenüber den leuten, die da leben, mit solch lächerlichen namen leben zu müssen. +"hör zu, ich geh zurück zur moor-nixe. kannst du mich später nochmal anrufen? +wir haben namen für orte, wo es gar keine leute gibt. +blauschimmelkäse, ranch, essig und öl, thousand island und haus. +aha, das ist isaac auf einer vietnamesischen briefmarke. +er ist total düster. da lehnen kleine kinder an seinem bein, kleine geister fliegen umher. wir müssen das zeug korrigieren, schnell, meine damen und herren. +primzahlen, gauss, einer meiner favoriten. +jede spitze ergibt 37. +sie erscheinen irgendwie nicht sexy und elegant, die sind versteckt. +danke. +es war unglaublich erfolgreich. +vielmehr dachte sie, sie sei gar nicht mit dem internet verbunden. aber für irgendjemand war es möglich, ein usb-laufwerk reinzuschmuggeln und software geriet hinein, die diese zentrifugen damals veranlasste sich selbst zu zerstören. +wenn sie einen experten über das internet sprechen hören, dass es dies und das kann oder machen wird, sollten sie dem mit derselben skepsis gegenübertreten wie sie der meinung eines wirtschaftswissenschaftlers über die wirtschaft gegenübertreten würden, oder einem meteorologen übers wetter oder so. +guten tag. +die militärischen technologien sind also in der lage, den lauf der welt zu beeinflussen, den weltrieden zu schaffen oder zu zerstören, und da liegt das problem mit den cyberwaffen. +heute treten wir in eine multipolare welt ein und die koordination wird viel komplizierter, wir haben das übrigens mit kopenhagen gesehen, +vor diesem tag sah ich das meer so: +wo wir gerade über dinosaurier sprechen, haie sind eigentlich die gleichen fische wie vor über 300 millionen jahren. +natürlich schießen seegurken ihre fäden aus ihrer rückseite was, wenn ihr mich fragt, sie noch weit interessanter als superheldin macht. +und irgendwie schafft er es, einen zu finden, aber großartige navigationsfähigkeiten ergeben schlechte flirtmöglichkeiten. +ich konnte sie darin einfach nicht unterbringen. +sherman ist im haihimmel. +sie bekommen so ganz viele sachen. +im amerikanischen kernland kann man sich maximal 30 km von einer gut instand gehaltenen strasse entfernen. +die tahltan fordern die errichtung eines stammeserbe-reservats, welches das größte schutzgebiet in british columbia ergeben soll. +multiplizieren sie 22 mit 47, achten sie darauf dass sie 1.034 erhalten, oder die rechner funktionieren nicht. haben sie alle 1.034? 1.034? +529. +722 ist 500 -- oh, das ist eine schwierigere. +währenddessen, lassen sie mich den ersten teil meiner show mit etwas schwierigerem abschließen. +ok, sechs davon. +publikum: februar. +welches jahr willst du chris? +publikum: 6. 6. +also, 57 mal 68 ist 3.400, plus 476 ist 3.876, das ist 38.760 plus 171, 38.760 plus 171 ist 38.931. +das dritte mal ist man einfach nur ein techniker. +es vollzieht sich ein wandel, und das was sich wandelt, ist nicht software. +hat fotos von mir gesammelt, wie mütter das so machen. +und ich werde kurz sagen was ich tun werde. was ich tun werde -- ich hoffe sie können erkennen das dort eine deformierte sinuskurve ist, eine fast dreieckige welle auf diesem hewlett-packard-oszilloskop. +aber ihr werdet achtklässleralgebra brauchen, und wir werden ernsthafte experimente machen. +jetzt weiß ich die frequenz. +ich gehe über die ferien nach hause. auf dem campus gab es ausschreitungen. +ich komme oben an, und dort ist ein gewölbe. +ich bin hier, um ihnen etwas besseres vorzuschlagen, nämlich dass weniger vielleicht mehr ist. +zweitens lautet unser neues mantra: klein ist sexy. +vielleicht, nur vielleicht, wäre weniger mehr. +und dieses unveränderliche verhalten - was fest verkabelt und vorprogrammiert ist und normalerweise mit einer mahlzeit endet -- das ändert sich. +wenn man diese beiden mit einem ekg verdrahtet, sieht man, dass die rechten gehirnhälften von beiden sich aufeinander einspielen, so dass wir die freudige entwicklung dieser frühesten spielmotive und der physiologie davon langsam anfangen zu verstehen. +das war zufällig ok - er ist ein anatomisch interessierter kleiner junge, und das hier ist seine mutter. in anderen situationen wäre das nicht ganz so gut. +sie hatten mir eine große beihilfe gegeben, als ich noch akademiemitglied zur untersuchung von fahrern unter alkoholeinfluss war, und ich malte mir gute chancen aus. und als ich dann eine halbe stunde mit reden über spiele verbracht hatte, war es klar, dass sie nicht das gefühl hatten, dass spielen etwas ernstes sei. +und wenn sie mal über ein leben ohne spiel nachdenken -- ohne humor, ohne flirt, ohne filme, ohne spiele, ohne phantasie -- und, und, und. +er fand heraus, dass er, wenn er den spielplatz aus dem fenster betrachtete, hinter das er gesperrt war, etwas anderes fühlte. +er ist charakterisiert durch ein gefühl von energetischer fokussierung, völlige vereinnahmung und erfolg beim tun. +es ist unfassbar wichtig für lernen und gehirnausbildung. +wir beschlossen, etwas ein bisschen anders zu machen und wandelten geschmacksrichtungen um, die sehr vertraut waren – in diesem fall wir nehmen also einen karottenkuchen, stecken ihn in einen mixer, und haben dann eine art karottenkuchen-saft, und der kam dann in einen ballon, gefroren in flüssigem stickstoff, um diese hohles netz aus karottenkuchen-eis sag ich mal, und arrangiert sieht es dann aus, sehen sie, als ob jupitermonde um ihren teller schwebten. +hc: nachdem chris und ich uns also etwa einen tag lang angestarrt hatten, entwickelten wir etwas, das der hamburger-frikadelle ziemlich nah kam, und wie sie sehen können, formt es sich grundsätzlich auch wie hackfleisch. +hc: hier treten wir also in die zukunft und machen einen grossen sprung. +weshalb also hören wir nicht mehr über die welt? +wo ist die kunst? es gibt produktivität, es gibt sport. +und die andere heißt taketa. welche ist welche? +im internet gibt es die videos in voller länge, falls sie interessiert sind. +aber wenn ich sehr nahe rangehe und direkt in die kamera starre, sieht man diese schönen klaren augen. +ich würde ihnen gerne snout zeigen, der … der gedanke hinter diesem projekt ist es, einen roboter zu bauen, der aussieht, als wäre er immer überrascht, dich zu sehen. +wenn sich das virus zu diesem zeitpunkt schon in tausenden einzelpersonen befand, wieso haben wir bis 1984 gebraucht um das virus zu entdecken? +: erzaehler: tief in einer entlegenen region von cameroon verfolgen zwei jaeger ihre beute. +sie werden ihnen auch die frage stellen, dass wenn wir wussten, dass dies der weg war, auf dem hiv in die menschliche bevoelkerung kam und andere krankheiten das potenzial hatten auf diese weise einzutreten, warum haben wir verhalten wie dieses weiterhin erlaubt? +paul arbeitete jahrelang im kameruner nationalen radio und fernsehen und er sprach ueber gesundheitsrisiken. er war ein gesundheitskorrespondent. +und seien wir mal ehrlich, jeder neue retrovirus in der menschlichen bevoelkerung -- ist etwas was wir kennen sollten. +und wegen diesem vortrag bekamen wir einen großen artikel in der new york times, der zu noch mehr presse führte, zu mehr aufmerksamkeit, und ich mich dazu entschloss ceo dieses unternehmens zu werden -- wobei ich nur ein berater war, venture capital aufbrachte und den einstellungsvorgang vorantrieb. +und in manchen fällen twittern sie aus nicht-öffentlichen sitzungen mit dem präsidenten. +user haben zehntausende von dollar über twitter gesammelt innerhalb von tagen und für unterschiedlichste gelegenheiten. +meine mutter sagt, dass ich mit zwei jahren zu lesen angefangen habe; ich denke allerdings, dass vier wohl eher der wahrheit entspricht. +meine mutter war verwaltungsangestellte. +ich muss erwähnen, dass ich mich, bevor ich in die usa kam, nie bewusst als afrikanerin identifiziert hatte. +das politische klima in den usa war damals angespannt. und es gab andauernde einwanderungsdebatten. +als ich vor ein paar jahren lernte, dass autoren mit einer unglücklichen kindheit aufwarten müssen, um erfolgreich sein zu können, begann ich darüber nachzudenken, wie ich schlimme dinge erfinden könnte, die meine eltern mir angetan hatten. +nun, in der gängigen meinung lasen nigerianer keine literatur. +sie gab ihnen ein buch über das leben im süden, das sie hinter sich gelassen hatten. "sie saßen herum, lasen das buch, hörten mir zu, wie ich aus dem buch vorlas, und ein stück vom paradies wurde zurückerobert." +sie waren buchstäblich platt. +nun, weil die zeit hier begrenzt ist, möchte ich mich einfach auf drei strategien konzentrieren. +wir müssen grundsätzlich neu definieren wer experten sind. +ich suche nach einem dritten weg: ich bereite mich darauf vor, alzheimer zu bekommen. +werde ich tabellen und grafiken bekommen, die ich ausmalen darf? +alanna shaikh: wie ich mich auf alzheimer vorbereite +das netz hat zwei komponenten. +genau genommen, ist die batterie nicht mit dem tank gleichzusetzen. +und diese preise basieren auf sauberen elektronen. +und dann kündigte ich und gründete "better place". +und als wir über größere skalierbarkeit nachdachten, fragten wir uns, wo liegt das problem um die usa abzudecken? +es geht wieder abwärts. es wird aufwärts und dann wieder abwärts gehen. +was hat das mit der automobilindustrie zu tun? +wenn man ein großes problem lösen will, muss man sich stets zwei zahlen vor augen halten. +wir müssen die richtige moralische entscheidung treffen. +sie sehen uns als unruhestifter und sie können verstehen warum. +komplexität ist das problem, das jede theorie in der biologie lösen muss, und man kann es nicht lösen, indem man eine macht postuliert, die noch viel komplexer ist, und damit das problem einfach verschärft. +nun, hier ist eine typische wissenschaftliche fachzeitschrift, die "quarterly review of biology" +und wie auch immer wir den atheismus definieren, er ist bestimmt die art wissenschaftlicher meinung, die eine person haben kann, ohne als ein unpatriotischer, nichtwählbarer nicht-bürger verunglimpft zu werden. +1998 befragten larson und witham die besten amerikanischen wissenschaftler, solche, die durch die wahl in die national academy of sciences geehrt wurden. und innerhalb dieser erlesenen gruppe sank der glaube an einen persönlichen gott auf erschütternde sieben prozent. +darwin sagte: "ich war nie ein atheist im dem sinne, dass ich die existenz eines gottes bestreite. +nichtsdestotrotz, wenn wir wollen, dass diejenigen sich der öffentlichkeit zeigen, die tief im innern atheisten sind, dann müssen wir uns etwas besseres auf die fahnen schreiben, als zahnfee- oder teekesselagnostiker. +we brauchen einen anti-templeton, der hervortritt. +dieses bild suggeriert einen radikalen wandel in der weise wie information produziert und austausch genutzt wird. es ist nicht weniger kapitalintensiv geworden, es bedarf nicht weniger geld; aber der besitz von kapital, der weg wie sich kapitalisierung vollzieht, ist radikal dezentral. jeder von uns, in diesen fortgeschrittenen wirtschaften, hat eines hiervon, oder etwas ähnliches: einen computer. +die zentrale innovation ist, dass anstatt unsere angestellte sagen was das relevanteste ist wir nach draußen gehen und zählen was ihr macht, leute da draußen im netz, aus irgendeinem grund - stolz, vergnügen - links erstellten und aneinander binden. wir zählen und addieren dies. +und wenn essen nicht offensichtlich ist, dann nehmen sie sex. +aber - und dies ist der schatten - es ist bedroht, genauso wie es selber droht - und zwar von den etablierten industriesystemen. +aufgrund einiger pannen gelang es ihm jedoch, als frau verkleidet von london nach nigeria zu fliehen, wo laut unserer verfassung diejenigen, die das amt eines gouverneurs oder präsidenten innehaben - so wie in vielen anderen ländern auch - immunität genießen und nicht strafrechtlich verfolgt werden können. aber es passierte folgendes: die leute waren so aufgebracht über diese machenschaften, dass das parlament in der lage war, ihn wegen amtsvergehen anzuklagen und ihn seines amtes zu entheben. +wir sind dankbar, aber wir wissen, dass wir unser schicksal selbst in die hand nehmen können, wenn wir zu reformen bereit sind. +und in meinen ersten drei amtsjahren als finanzministerin machten sie durchschnittlich 360 millionen dollar gewinn im jahr. +und was noch wichtiger ist, weil wir vom öl wegkommen und uns breiter aufstellen wollen - es gibt so viele möglichkeiten in diesem einen großen land, so wie in vielen ländern in afrika - was bemwerkenswert war, ist, dass ein großer teil dieses wachstums nicht allein vom ölsektor kam, sondern aus anderen bereichen, die nichts mit öl zu tun hatten. +nicht alle davon sind perfekt oder werden es sein, aber es zeigt sich eine sehr deutliche entwicklung. +also macht sie zum beispiel eine kleine latzhose aus kord, und arbeitet afrikanische materialien ein. ihre designs sind sehr originell, und in der zwischenzeit hat sie sogar eine bestellung von wal mart erhalten hat. +jedes jahr sterben 36.000 menschen in den usa pro saison an der grippe. +für die meisten krankheitserreger hat das gut funktioniert, halbwegs gut für schlaue bazillen wie die grippe, aber überhaupt nicht für hiv, für das menschen keine natürliche immunität haben. +und was die antikörper nutzen ist ein griff, um im grunde das virus zu greifen und auszuschalten. +viele dachten, dass es einfach unmöglich wäre, einen aids-impfstoff zu machen, aber heute sprechen die indizien eine andere sprache. +was sie auf längere sicht tun können, ist diese werkzeuge der retro-vaccinology zu nutzen, um einen vorbeugenden grippeimpfstoff zu machen. +zum glück leben wir in einer zeit atemberaubenden biomedizinischen fortschritts. +indien, mexico und andere machen bereits experimentelle grippe-impfstoffe, und das könnten die ersten orte sein, in denen diese impfstoffe benutzt werden. +sb: weißt du, jeder sagt es sind 10 jahre, aber es waren alle 10 jahre 10 jahre. +sie sind nicht wirklich ein durch armut unterdrücktes volk. +ich möchte auch den ted fellows meinen respekt bezeugen - june arunga, james shikwati, andrew und den anderen ted fellows. +wussten sie, dass 40 prozent des wohlstandes, der in afrika entsteht, nicht in afrika investiert wird? +ich bin mitglied in einem internet-diskussionsforum einem afrikanischen internet-diskussionsforum und ich fragte sie: "seit 1960 hatten wir genau 204 afrikanische staatschefs, seit 1960." +das ist nicht schaffung von reichtum - das ist umverteilung von reichtum. +wenn man in ihre traditionellen systeme schaut, kategorisieren die afrikaner ihre staaten in zwei verschiedenen typen. +und wenn sie die ernte einfahren, verkaufen sie den überschuss auf märkten. +ein größeres boot bedeutet, dass mehr fisch gefangen und eingebracht wird. +und ich war sicher, dass es großartig für die demokratie sein würde und für unsere gesellschaft. +scott 's ergebnisse waren voll davon. +und die herausforderung für algorithmische filter, diese personalisierten filter, ist, dass sie diese balance umkippen, weil sie vor allem danach gehen, worauf man zuerst klickt. +es soll uns an neue ideen heranführen und an neue leute und fremde perspektiven. +sie sagte: "ja, das ist ex-vizepräsident al gore und seine frau tipper." +erst in den letzten beiden tagen hatten wir neue januar-temperaturrekorde. +viele von uns hier haben diese entscheidung getroffen, und es ist wirklich nicht schwer. +helfen sie bei der groß angelegten meinungskampagne, die im frühling beginnt. +und all das verbrennen von oel, kohle und gas, alle fossilen brennstoffe, haben die atmosphaere gewaltig veraendert. +wenn sie den strand entlang gehen, sehen sie ueberall oel. +also das ist der golf von mexiko, ein funkelnder ort voller fische. +er erzaehlte ted, dass am letzten tag, als er auf see ging, ploetzlich ein grosser tuemmler an seinem boot auftauchte und oel aus seinem blasloch bliess. +wir fangen mit etwas an, das von anfang an viele belastungen und und probleme mit sich brachte. +hier sind krabbenkutter im einsatz. +es hat sich herausgestellt dass -- sie koennen dieses zeichen an fast allen kommerziell genutzen wasserfahrzeugen in den usa sehen -- und sie wissen, dass, wenn sie ein paar liter oel verschuetten wuerden, sie jede menge aerger am hals haetten. +hier gibt es sicherlich einen gemeinsamen tenor, aus all diesen geschehnissen den einen moment zu machen. +naja, ich baute einen fusionsreaktor, als ich 14 jahre alt war. +taylor wilson: jap, ich habe einen kernfusionsreaktor gebaut. +alle: ich bin mein connectome. +sie können sie sofort erkennen an ihren fantastischen formen. +wir färben jede nervenzelle in einer unterschiedlichen farbe und wenn wir alle bilder betrachten finden wir die synapsen und beachten wir die farben der beiden beteiligten nervenzellen, +aber darf ich? +und es gibt eine menge hinweise dass in neuronale aktivität unsere gedanken, gefühle und wahrnehmung sowie unsere geistige erfahrung verschlüsselt ist. +lasst uns versuchen erinnerungen aus einem connectome auszulesen. +wenn sie an "ich bin mein connectome" glauben, dann müssen sie meiner meinung nach auch die idee akzeptieren, dass der tod die zerstörung des connectomes ist. +zach kaplan: keith und ich leiten ein forschungsteam. +denn die art und weise, wie er sein konzept präsentierte – sein ansatz war ganz anders als der unsrige. er präsentierte einem die dinge, als stünden sie jetzt gleich zum verkauf. +nun, ich werde den physikalischen teil nicht genauer erklären, aber alles, was sie wissen müssen, ist dass je schneller der magnet fällt, desto größer ist die bremskraft. +zk: ich möchte nur, dass sie alle wissen, dass diese vorführung von target unterstützt wird. +während er das tat, bemerkte er eine unerwartete sache. +eine verpackung, welche die farbe ändert, wenn ihre milch schlecht geworden ist. +zach kaplan und keith schacht demonstrieren spielzeug aus der zukunft +kann man auch ohne foie gras ein menü kochen, das lecker schmeckt? +"spanischer koch beschuldigt..." -- und die franzosen beschuldigten ihn. +ihn verbindet eine liebe mit --- er ist eins mit --- er ist der gänseflüsterer. +obwohl sie in einen garten eden gesperrt waren, mit feigen und allem möglichen anderen. +sein größtes hindernis war eigentlich der markt, der heute hellgelbe foie gras verlangt. +und er greift meinen arm und den des übersetzers schiebt uns unter einen busch und sagt "guckt mal". +sie brauchen sonst nichts weiter. " +aber ich kann dinge schmecken. +ich war sehr bewegt. +er probierte es und hat sich darin verliebt. +wenn die menschen verschwänden, würde dasselbe leben aufblühen. " +aber nun brauchen wir ein neues feuer, das uns sicher, gesund und beständig macht. +ich wiederhole das nochmal: +amerika könnte diese nächste automobil-revolution anführen. +wir können smarte it-lösungen nutzen, um den transit zu verbessern und carsharing und fahrgemeinschaften zu ermöglichen. +das meiste davon geht heute verloren und die technologie zum einsparen verbessert sich schneller als wir sie bisher installieren. +nun, von der verbrannten kohle im kraftwerk durch all diese verluste zusammengenommen, kommt nur ein zehntel der treibstoffenergie am ende des rohres als durchlauf an. +und wenn eine große anlage abschaltet, verliert man 1.000 megawatt in millisekunden, oft für wochen oder monate, oft ohne vorwarnung. +1976, zum beispiel, bestanden die regierung und die industrie darauf, dass die energiemenge, die für einen dollar des bip benötigt wird, niemals sinken könnte. +danke. +drittens leitete das engagement in entwicklungsländern eine kleine elitäre gruppe von regierungsmitgliedern mit wenig kontakt zur bevölkerung, den begünstigten der entwicklungshilfe. +auf dieser karte moldawiens zeigt grün bezirke, die wenig geld für schulen ausgeben, aber gute bildungs-resultate erzielen und rot zeigt das gegenteil. +wir werden sehen, dass auch diese kinder eine reale chance haben, ihre armut zu überwinden. +wenn wir die zahnbürste nehmen – ich denke nicht an die zahnbürste. +danach werden wir zum fisch, danach zum frosch, danach werden wir zum affen, danach werden wir, was wir heute sind: ein super-affe, und das lustige ist, dass unser heutiger zustand als super-affe nur die halbe geschichte ist. +wenn sie so gehen, ist das ok, es ist ok, sie können gehen, aber vielleicht können sie nicht sehen, wenn sie so mit den augen gehen, oh, da ist ein loch. +wenn man so guckt, schaut man in die vergangenheit oder in sich selbst hinein, wenn man sehr beweglich ist. +deshalb müssen wir uns anpassen. +wir können unseren kindern sagen: ok, fertig, das war unsere geschichte. das ist vorbei. +nicht krumm stehen, keine hosen auf kniehöhe, nichts davon. +der ausbilder brüllt sie an und befiehlt ihnen, alle möglichen schrecklichen dinge zu tun. +nein, er beginnt erstmals, wenn ein kind in den armen seiner mutter zu ihr aufschaut und sagt: "oh, das muss meine mutter sein. +das letzte kapitel meines buches heißt "das geschenk eines guten starts." +geben wir ihn in die armee. wir werden ihn nie wieder sehen. " +such dir einen job und zieh aus. +"es ist alles gut." +ich bin marketer und als marketer weiß ich, dass ich nie wirklich kontrolle hatte. +hulu, netflix und andere firmen haben offene urlaubsregelungen. +die zeiten, in denen ein mensch, ein unternehmen oder eine marke genau über ihren ruf kontrollieren konnten, sind vorbei – online-tratsch und viele nennungen bedeuten, dass man, wenn man wichtig ist, ständig im gespräch ist, über das man selbst nicht die kontrolle hat. tim leberecht präsentiert drei vorschläge, diesen kontrollverlust zu akzeptieren und es sogar auf ihn anzulegen – und ihn als anstoß zu nutzen, sich wieder zu seinen eigenen werten zu bekennen. +sie wollen die menschen in angst leben lassen. +aber die menschen haben es nicht verstanden. +sie haben sie angegriffen. +ernsthaft, diese veränderungen die ich auf dem platz erlebte, ich dachte es wären 12 jahre vergangen. +ich fühle, dass ich würde habe die ich für so viele jahre verloren hatte. " +also analysierten wir die babys mit einer technik die wir überall anwenden und mit den lauten jeder sprache. +die statistiken, die von den babys aufgenommen wurden ändern ihre gehirne; sie werden von den "bürgern der welt" zu den kulturgebundenen zuhörern die wir sind. +was auch immer wir ihnen vorsetzen, sie werden statistiken anfertigen. +indem wir kinderhirne untersuchen werden wir grundlegende erkenntnisse darüber sammeln, was es heißt, ein mensch zu sein. und während wir das tun, können wir vielleicht unseren eigenen verstand öffnen, um für das leben zu lernen. +aber ich muss ihnen dazu eine witzige geschichte erzählen. +was hier passiert als die wasserfarbe in die struktur floss, ist, dass die wasserfarben sich nicht mit dem ferrofluid vermischten. +ich könnte es noch einmal tun, um es nochmal zu zeigen, aber einige werden dann sagen, dass es eine völlige verschwendung des whiskeys wäre und ich es lieber trinken sollte. +in diesem hospiz befanden sich 31 männer und frauen, die im sterben lagen. +und meine familie brachte diese frau herein, deren mutter eine sklavin gewesen war, damit sie sich um mich kümmerte. +und sie wissen, wir haben eine gesellschaft, eine welt, die starr vor angst ist. +aber man braucht auch eine weiche vorderseite - die fähigkeit, für die welt, wie sie ist, offen zu sein, ein ungeschütztes herz. +mögen wir diese fähigkeit verwirklichen für alle frauen überall auf der welt. +es ist also keine überraschung, dass wenn man aufeinanderfolgende fibonacci-zahlen addiert, die nächste fibonacci-zahl erhält. stimmt 's? +darunter setzen wir ein 2x2-quadrat, und daneben ein 3x3-quadrat, darunter ein 5x5-quadrat, und dann ein 8x8-quadrat, erschaffen ein riesiges rechteck. stimmt 's? +nun, wie ihr wisst hat man es als iran-amerikaner hat man es mit ganz eigenen schwierigkeiten zu tun. +und da begann ich auszurasten, da ich keine ahnung hatte was mein großvater alles für mist verbockt hatte. +lachen das interessante ist, dass der muslimischer pakistaner, er versaut den ruf aller muslimen, pakistaner und menschen aus dem mittleren osten. und das auf der ganzen welt. +und er antwortet: "ich fahre zu zara. es ist drei meilen entfernt. +ich dachte mir: das wird mein fahrer sein. +marco tempest: wenn man ihn nach täuschung fragte, sagte er: ansager: magie ist der einzig ehrbare beruf. +wo ist die königin? +ich werde ihnen demonstrieren, wie eng terrorismus mit unserem täglichen leben verbunden ist. +zu der zeit, als ich die roten brigaden interviewte, entdeckte ich außerdem, dass deren leben nicht von ideologie und politik bestimmt war, sondern von wirtschaftlichen zwängen. +also beschloss ich, die ökonomie des terrors zu untersuchen. +diese dinge veränderten sich naürlich gewaltig mit der globalisierung und liberalisierung. +dann schaute ich mir das geldvolumen der usa näher an, und dieses geldvolumen der usa ist genau die menge an dollar, die die us-notenbank jedes jahr druckt, um die steigende nachfrage nach geld was natürlich das wachstum der wirtschaft widerspiegelt. +der euro war damals eine sehr junge währung und bot gute geschäftsbedingungen, natürlich auch für investoren. +das hat mir eine ganz besondere beziehung zum ozean verschafft. +ich wollte ein leben leben, auf das ich stolz sein konnte. +ich glaube, ich war in meinem ganzen leben noch nie so glücklich gewesen. +in der ganzen zeit, in der ich auf see bin, sehe ich normalerweise niemanden. +schrecklich, wirklich schrecklich. +als sie die öffneten fanden sie heraus, dass ihr magen voller plastik war. +ich traf sogar eine von ihnen und sie war ungefähr genau so groß wie ich. +und es ist sehr schwer, glücklich zu sein auf einem planeten, der von hunger und dürre zerstört ist. +wie dem auch sei, heute werden wir ein wenig über architektur sprechen, zum thema kreation und optimismus. +es ist zu spät. das ist vorbei. +können die lichter bitte einen moment lang ausgeschaltet werden? +und was der erbauer bekommen wird, ist jeder einzelne individuelle teil, der außerhalb maßgeschneidert angefertigt wurde und auf einem lastwagen geliefert wurde zur baustelle, zu diesem erbauer, mit einem set dieser anleitungshandbücher. +sie wurden gebeten, diese brücke innerhalb von sechs wochen zu designen, zu ersetzen, sie zu bauen, inklusive aller angefertigten teile. +das rosa mexicano-restaurant, in dem er uns an die strände von akapulko bringt, oben an der upper west side, mit dieser wand voller felsentaucher, die – da sehen sie es, genau so. +glauben sie mir. unter dem bett ist kein gutes versteck. +sie haben mich gefragt, was ich werden wollte, und sagten mir dann, was ich nicht sein soll. +für sich selbst einzustehen muss nicht bedeuten, gewalt anzunehmen. +also wuchsen wir auf in dem glauben, dass uns nie jemand lieben würde, dass wir für immer einsam sein würden, niemand uns je das gefühl gebe, dass die sonne etwas ist, das sie uns in ihrem schuppen gebastelt hatten. +wir waren freaks -- hummerhandjungen und bärtige damen, kuriositäten, die mit depression und einsamkeit jonglierten, die bei solitaire und flaschendrehen versuchten, ihre eigenen verletzungen zu küssen und zu heilen, aber nachts, während die anderen schliefen, liefen wir weiter auf dem seil. +die zukunft diktiert, dass es keine zeit gibt, bis auf den zusammenbruch der empfindung des erinnerungsspiegels, in dem wir leben. +wie ich also vor dem letzten stück gesagt habe, fühlen sie sich nicht, als lebten wir auf einer kugel, sondern auf einer unendlichen ebene, welche die illusion erweckt, sie zum ausgangspunkt zurückzuführen. +in ontario rückt die taiga in richtung süden zur nordküste des oberen sees. +nun können sie genau dieses denken auch hier anwenden. +und die schlammbecken sind bis zu 36 km ² groß. +das ist einer der gründe, warum kanada, ursprünglich ein held des klimawandels – wir waren einer der ersten unterzeichner des kyoto-protokolls. +und die welt braucht ganz sicher kein wachsen und vermehren der größten toxischen stauanlagen, die weiterhin die gemeinden stromabwärts bedrohen. +bharti versucht dieses alltagsklischee aufzudecken, indem sie es gewissermaßen explodieren lässt und neu interpretiert. +er erschafft diese aufwendigen gemälde, die von hieronymus bosch und den kashmiri-textilien seiner jugend inspiriert sind. +ich bin ökologe und untersuche komplexität. ich mag komplexität. +und jetzt nehmen wir ein, zwei, drei stufen weiter weg von diesem punkt ins blickfeld und blenden drei viertel des diagramms außerhalb jenes einflussbereichs aus. +so schlug ich in meinem ersten tedtalk vor, dass wir als planet 21 milliarden stunden pro woche mit videospielen verbringen sollten. +über sie können wir mit den leuten in unserem sozialen netzwerk in kontakt bleiben, von denen wir uns sonst entfremden würden, wenn wir keine spiele zusammen spielten. +mein gehirn sagte mir: "jane, du möchtest sterben." +selbst todkranke leute mit als oder ähnlichem spielten es. +traumatische ereignisse können scheinbar unsere fähigkeit erschließen, ein leben mit weniger reue zu leben. +los! +okay, und noch eine letzte auswahlaufgabe: schütteln sie sechs sekunden lang die hand von jemandem oder senden sie jemandem ein kleines dankeschön in einer sms, e-mail, facebook oder twitter. los! +clever, oder? +das stück auf der rechten seite ist teil einer installation, die ungefähr dreieinhalb meter lang ist. +zu diesem zeitpunkt hatte das projekt eine eigene virale dimension angenommen, die vollkommen über unsere vorstellungskraft hinausging. +zuerst versuchte sie es mit stricken. +mathematiker haben diese frage beantwortet. +es ist ungefähr so: stellen sie sich vor, wir wären ausschließlich euklidischen flächen begegnet. +und das stimmt. aber es steckt noch mehr dahinter. +er glaubte, dass der kristall das modell aller arten der darstellung war. +so lässt sich dann also eine funktion auf eine struktur abbilden, um herauszufinden, welche schaltvorgänge ablaufen, um diese funktion hervorzurufen. +wenn sie nun einen schlag auf den kopf bekommen, der den kortex beschädigt und ihren verborgenen sexualtrieb wieder freisetzt, der an die oberfläche flammt, fühlen sie sich plötzlich und unerklärlicherweise sexuell von ihrer mutter erregt. +zum glück, denn wir können zwei elektroden in ihren handflächen anbringen und die veränderung des hautwiderstands durch die transpiration messen. +über das telefon gibt es diese wahnvorstellung nicht. +sie sagen: "herr doktor, mein phantom-körperglied ist gelähmt. +vielleicht kann man dadurch den phantomschmerz, die verkrampfung im phantom-körperglied lösen. +und er sagte: "oh mein gott, mein phantom-arm bewegt sich wieder. ich kann es nicht glauben! +und ich sagte -- ich machte mir sorgen und sagte: "mein gott!" ich meine, ich habe das körperbild dieses mannes verändert. was ist mit menschlichen versuchspersonen, der ethik und alledem? +bedenken sie bitte, dass diese personen ansonsten völlig normal sind. +nun überlegen sie -- wie kommt das zustande? +hier haben wir also das marsianische alphabet. +das ist wie ein gut gehütetes geheimnis. +und ich denke, wenn wir kultur betrachten, kommen wir auch irgendwie zu einem verständnis dafür, wie wir so wurden, wie wir sind. +und außerdem sind sie in der lage, über lange strecken aufrecht zu gehen. +du bist glücklich. +er kann jetzt durch zähes tierfell schneiden. +ss: das sind ihre symbole auf dem tastatur. +dieses umfeld bringt unerwartetes potential zu tage in kanzi und panbanisha. +wir lernen, wie wir mit ihnen kommunizieren können, in sehr hoch-frequenten tönen. +jeder ist eine sonne mit einer gruppe von planeten, die sie umkreisen. +in der jüngsten vergangenheit haben wir gelernt, dass die galaxien durch die gravitation der so genannten dunklen materie zusammengehalten werden: partikel in riesigen schwärmen, viel kleiner als atomkerne. +das geometrische mittel zwischen der masse eines protons und der masse der sonne beträgt 50 kilogramm. was im bereich des faktors 2 der masse von jeder person hier liegen sollte. +zudem hat ein wissenschaftler, wenn er oder sie eine entdeckung macht, normalerweise keine ahnung, welche anwendungen daraus hervorgehen könnten. +aber selbst aus dieser besonderen kosmischen perspektive ist unser jahrhundert wirklich eine ganz große besonderheit, das erste, in dem menschen sich und ihren heimatplaneten ändern können. +diese durch menschen verursachten änderungen, in weniger als einem millionstel teil der abgelaufenen erdgeschichte mit scheinbar unkontrollierter geschwindigkeit? +interessant an dem artikel war, dass leser des artikels anfingen, kommentare zum artikel zu schreiben. +also bekamen einige leute die notiz und fünf dollar. +sie sind außerdem ziemlich vermögend und wohlhabend und all so was. +absolut nett, das zu tun. +ich könnte gemein sein und es ihnen nicht sagen, aber tatsächlich ist es die zentralafrikanische republik. +und ich weiß, dass sie jetzt alle an völkerball-teams denken. +michael norton: wie man sich glück kauft +trotz der sehr klaren anti-israel-ideologie des neuen regimes war eine zusammenarbeit geopolitisch gesehen weiterhin logisch und bestand fort, da immer noch gemeinsame gefahren bestanden. +die bush-regierung antwortete nicht einmal. +der ruf nach "rohdaten jetzt!" +wie kann man solche sachen benutzen? +jetzt haben wir direkt eine echtzeit-karte, welche zeigt wo flüchtlingslager sind und schnell wurde es die beste karte, die man benutzen konnte, wenn man notstandsarbeit in port au-prince machte. +wir haben also zweifellos eine demokratie, aber sie hängt sowohl von den lesters als auch von der bevölkerung ab. +es gibt reiche und arme, schwarze und weiße lesters, nicht viele weibliche lesters, aber lassen wir das erstmal beiseite. +dieses system will den status quo beibehalten, auch den status quo einer invasiven regierung. +es geht also nicht darum, dass mein thema das wichtigste ist. das ist es nicht. +es ist lösbar, nicht als demokrat, nicht als republikaner, +eine regierung, die nur von der bevölkerung abhängt. +es löste den wettlauf ins weltall aus. +ich wurde eingewiesen in eine nervenklinik, und in einer nervenklinik macht jeder seine eigene ein-mann-show. +nun, kürzlich gab es fortschritte auf diesem gebiet. +das ist ein raum voller intelligenter, höchst sensibler menschen. +ich zeige ihnen ein computermodell von iain couzin, einem forscher in oxford, das zeigt, wie schwärme funktionieren. +informationen können mit diesem mechanismus in kürzester zeit über mehr als einen halben kilometer gesendet werden. +man glaubte den frühen reisenden aus dem westen – wie sir francis drake – lange nicht, wenn sie aus thailand zurück kamen und von diesem unglaublichen spektakel berichteten. +hier habe ich zwei leere wasserflaschen. +und das ist jetzt vielleicht ein bisschen verrückt, aber diese weitverbreitete tendenz zur spontanen ordnung hat manchmal unerwartete konsequenzen. +interviewer: also ungefähr so viel? oh ja. +ingenieur: absolut. interviewer: sie dachten bestimmt "oh, mist." +also lässt mich der simulator schon genau so laufen, wie unsere zeugen auf der echten brücke liefen. +davon liest man nicht täglich in den zeitungen. +also ich möchte euch die gute nachricht mitteilen, dass es den fowler apfel noch gibt. +kurz gesagt, die antwortet lautet dass in der zukunft in vielen ländern die kältesten anbauzeiten wärmer sein werden als alles, was diese pflanzen bisher erlebt haben. +wir haben eine große menge an biologischer vielfalt zusammengetragen und aufbewahrt, landwirtschaftliche vielfalt, meistens in der form von saatgut, die wir in samenbanken aufbewahren, eine art von gefrierschrank. +wenn man die eingangstür aufmacht, dann sieht man das hier. es ist ziemlich einfach. es ist ein loch im boden. +die landwirtschaft verbraucht 70 prozent der frischwasservorräte der erde. +denn es ist höchste zeit, über eine unbequeme wahrheit zu sprechen, eine wahrheit, die zwar jedermann angeht, über die aber niemand zu sprechen wagt. +noch ein vorteil von wi-fi. gestern haben wir ja etwas über die vorteile von wi-fi gehört. +zuallererst möchte ich sagen: houston, wir haben ein problem. +in der raumfahrt ist das überhaupt nicht passiert. +drei jahre, und heute können wir das nicht mehr. +und es wird suborbital sein. und der grund, warum es suborbital sein muss ist, dass es keine ausreichenden sicherheitslösungen gibt, um mit passagieren in den orbit zu fliegen. die regierungen machen das -- drei regierungen machen das seit 45 jahren, und trotzdem sind vier prozent der menschen, die die atmosphäre verlassen haben, gestorben. +diese leute nehmen ihr geld und investieren in eine interessante sache, und ich finde das viel besser, als wenn man es in ein besseres handy oder sowas steckt -- aber sie investieren in sehr [unklar] gebiete, und dadurch bekommen wir diese möglichkeiten, und das wird uns zu der nächsten wirklich großen sache führen und uns ermöglichen, zu erforschen. und ich glaube, irgendwann werden wir dadurch kolonien gründen und unser aussterben verhindern können. +100 millionen dollar -- hey, ich kann zum mond fliegen. +die technologische revolution öffnet die welt. +was ist denn nun offenheit? +er sah talent anders. +die dritte bedeutung und das dazugehörige prinzip von offenheit ist teilen. +die revolution wurde nicht von sozialen medien geschaffen sondern von einer neuen generation junger leute, die arbeit und hoffnung wollten und die nicht mehr wie untertanen behandelt werden wollten. +menschen wussten nichts von dingen. +es beschützt die vögel. +also warum sollten wir uns um blutgefässe gedanken machen? +so lassen sie uns anfangen. +im effekt, wenn wir krebs-patienten mit der anti-angiogenetischen therapie behandeln; hier ein experimentelles medikament für ein gliom - was eine art von hirntumor ist; können sie sehen, dass dramatische änderungen eintreten wenn der tumor ausgehungert wird. +und tatsächlich, die ersten behandlungsmethoden, für menschen sowie auch hunde, werden bereits verfügbar. +der aktive wirkstoff ist resveratrol. er ist auch in rotwein zu finden. +nun, ich habe ihnen ein paar labordaten gezeigt, und nun ist die eigentliche frage: wie steht die beweislage für menschen, dass bestimmte lebensmittelsorten essen, die angiogenese in krebs verringern? +das wirklich interessante daran ist, dass wir diese fettleibigen mäuse nicht mehr gewicht verlieren lassen können, als was für eine maus an gewicht normal ist. +ich habe die letzten 20 jahre lang rätsel entworfen +und das ging immer weiter, bis ich mich entschieden habe, es in vollzeit zu tun. +m.c. escher hat das in einigen seiner wundervollen drucke ausgenutzt. +zuerst sollten wir die vasenillusion etwas vereinfachen, dann kriegen wir das hier rechts. +was muss der erste zug sein? +man braucht aber ein wenig geduld. +wieso? naja, unsere generation wird langsam alt, wir baby boomer essen gesundes essen und trainieren. aber was ist mit unserem geist? +das sind seine haare. man hat jede menge figur-grund-rätsel hier. +ich denke, dass die ganze welt im wesentlichen dazu erzogen wurde kein mädchen zu sein. +und ihre geschichten waren so voll horror, und so überwältigend, und so von der anderen seite des menschlichen seins, dass ich, ehrlich gesagt, am boden zerstört war. +wie ich sagte, bin ich in viele länder gereist, und ich habe gesehen, wenn wir mit dem mädchen in uns machen was wir machen, dann ist es offensichtlich erschreckend darüber nachzudenken, was wir den mädchen auf der welt antun. +ich kenne zum beispiel ein 14-jähriges mädchen in den niederlanden, die darauf besteht mit einem boot auf sich selbst gestellt um die welt zu segeln. +sie lehrte mädchen wie eine gesunde vagina aussieht, und wie eine verstümmelte vagina aussieht. +und als sie zum haus kam, wurde sie begrüßt. +es ist ganz schlecht. meine brüder bekommen alles. " +ich juble, weil es noch immer in meinem körper ist. +ich danke ihnen vielmals. +ins gefängnis geschickt, beharrte er eisern auf seiner unschuld, und bleibt seit 21 jahren konsequent dabei. +das ist die sicht direkt über die straße von dort aus, wo sie standen. +einige der teenager sagten aus, der wagen sei tatsächlich fünf meter entfernt gewesen, als der schuss fiel. +und was zeigt dieses beispiel — was davon ist wichtig für uns im gedächtnis zu behalten? +und das machte ihn verrückt. wirklich. er ließ sich einweisen. +die natur hat also selbstähnliche strukturen. +ich bemerkte, dass die linie etwa dort ist, wo das einzige quadratische gebäude im dorf ist. +zuallererst stimme ich mudimbes wunderbarem buch "die erfindung afrikas" zu, dass afrika eine erfindung des frühen kolonialismus und dann der gegenbewegungen ist. +hier ist ein wunderbares fraktal. +einer von ihnen sagte: "komm her. ich denke, ich kann dir helfen." +lassen sie mich also mit einigen worten über die anwendungen enden, die wir dafür gefunden haben. +wenn wir diese art arbeit besser verrichten wollen, müssen wir nur nach afrika blicken, um diese robusten, selbstorganisierenden algorithmen zu finden. +um sieben uhr an einem sonntagabend in hidden springs, idaho, versammeln sich die sechs mitglieder der familie starr zum höhepunkt ihrer woche: der familienbesprechung. +er hatte dreißig jahre des "harvard business review" gelesen, bis er 1986 über einen artikel stolperte, der "das neue neue produktentwicklungsspiel" hieß. +er sagte: "man kann die kraft hiervon gar nicht hoch genug einschätzen." +wir hatten das gefühl, die verkabelung zu verlegen, die erst viele jahre später ihre welt erhellen würde. +dann machen wir eben ein familienfrühstück oder ein gemeinsames nachtessen. +also sagten wir: "wir brauchen eine belohnung und eine strafe. okay?" +jim collins, der autor von "der weg zu den besten", erzählte mir, dass erfolgreiche organisationen aller art zwei dinge gemeinsam haben: sie bewahren den kern, sie fördern den fortschritt. +forscher der emory-universität führten mit kindern einen einfachen wissenstest durch. +diese geschichte verkörpert für mich die abschließende lektion, die ich gelernt habe: glück ist nicht etwas, das wir finden, es ist etwas, das wir machen. +eine imprägnierte windschutzscheibe erhöht das auf 110 °. +und ich zeige ihnen noch eine letzte demonstration, aber zuerst möchte ich mich bedanken, und: immer schön klein denken. +und das kam daher, dass oprah zwei ganze wochen lang werbung für den film "the secret" gemacht hat. +sobald ein wort erwähnt wurde, erschien sofort ein bild davon vor seinem inneren auge. +ein welttelegraphiezentrum – man stelle sich nachrichten, botschaften, geräusche, bilder vor, die an jeden punkt der welt geliefert werden, unmittelbar und drahtlos. +es gibt sie schon seit ca. 7.000 jahren. +wieder bohren wir löcher in der größe eines 10-cent-stücks in den schädel und legen eine elektrode hinein. diese befindet sich dann vollständig unter der haut, verbunden mit einem schrittmacher in der brust. mit einer fernbedienung ähnlich der für einen fernseher können wir regulieren, wie viel strom wir in diese gehirnareale abgeben wollen. +da ist er. +wir pflanzten also depressiven patienten elektroden ein. +und in der tat, oben können sie die blauen felder vor dem eingriff sehen, die weniger glukose als normal verbrauchen, besonders hier in den scheitel-und schläfenlappen. +das mache ich die ganze zeit, und es ist einfach unglaublich. +und sie können durch ein feder-masse-system modelliert werden. wir nennen das so, weil wir biomechaniker sind. es ist eigentlich ein pogo-stab. +dies ist eine zusammenarbeit mit stanford. +wir konnten nicht glauben, dass es das tun konnte. es zeigt uns, dass, wenn man einen roboter mit sehr einfachen, federnden beinen bauen könnte, man ihn so wendig machen könnte, wie alles was bisher gebaut worden ist. +wenn wir jetzt ein stück klebeband hätten, würden wir es auf diese art ablösen. +aber das ist das, worauf wir im moment beschränkt sind. +gerade kürzlich ist uns ein durchbruch gelungen, wo wir jetzt glauben, dass wir den ersten synthetischen, selbstreinigenden trockenkleber erzeugen können. viele firmen sind darin interessiert. +wir haben auch ein anderes problem, denn frauen sind mit härteren entscheidungen konfrontiert, die zwischen beruflichem erfolg und persönlicher verwirklichung liegen. +ich habe nicht die richtige antwort; +er liest eines der 12 bücher und geht zu ein paar vorlesungen, spaziert zu unserem zimmer ein paar tage vor der prüfung für eine nachhilfestunde. +aber es ist nicht so einfach. +und sie sagte: "ich habe heute etwas gelernt. +botschaft nummer drei: gehe nicht, bevor du gehst. +sie bewegen sich einfach nicht. +wenn menschen ihre medikamente nicht nehmen, oder wenn sie die anweisungen ihres arztes nicht befolgen. dies sind verhaltensprobleme. +sie würden zahnersatz bekommen, mit dem man aber keine maiskolben essen könnte, sie würden den rest ihres lebens von brei leben müssen. +so formulieren wir noch immer unsere botschaften, wenn es um gesundheit geht. +wir sollten vermutlich langsamer werden, und wir sollten das vermutlich genau jetzt tun. +er wurde entwickelt von ein paar forschern an der dartmouth medical school, lisa schwartz und steven woloshin. +und das ist, was ich ihnen jetzt zeigen möchte. +wir dachten, ein patient würde den zusammenhang auch gerne verstehen. +aber wir nutzen sie nicht. die zahlen liegen nur so herum. +ich möchte ein gutes wort für die natur einlegen, denn wir haben in den vergangenen tagen nicht viel über sie gesprochen. +die hummel hat hier überhaupt nicht das sagen. +uff... mini-me. +die andere anwendung hat praktischen wert. +er wartet drei tage, und dann holten wir sein sogenanntes "eimobil" raus. +und die arten im boden machen sich ans werk, kauen diese wurzeln gut durch, zersetzen sie - die regenwürmer, pilze, bakterien - und das resultat ist neuer boden. +und nun sage ich, dass ich eine schicht der spiele an der weltspitze bauen will, doch das ist nicht ganz wahr, denn es ist bereits in der entwicklung; es passiert schon. +und wenn sie damit glücklich sind, fantastisch. +also die erste ist -- die bedeutendste termin dynamik auf der welt -- ist etwas, genannt "happy hour", +sie sollten punkte dafür kriegen, das termingerecht zu tun. +wieso geht man von einer a zu einer f oder von b zu einer c? +und wir haben eine fortschrittsdynamik eingeführt, durch das besuchen derselben plätze wieder und wieder, durch das absolvieren von herausforderungen, durch die kontaktaufnahme mit geschäften, bewegen sie einen grünen balken von der linken ecke des bildschirms hin zur rechten ecke des bildschirms und sie bekommen letztendlich belohnungen. +die nächste dekade ist die dekade der spiele. +man sieht also: hier sind wir in den vereinigten staaten und die punkte erscheinen rot. +wenn wir jetzt bitte zu den dias wechseln könnten -- ok, da sind sie. +sie schalten google werbung und wir geben ihnen die werbeeinnahmen, damit sie die organisationen davon in kenntnis setzen können. +man sieht, auch wenn die usa immer noch die mehrheit ausmacht hier -- auch wenn sie übrigens, wenn man nach den suchanfragen geht, nur 30 prozent des verkehrs ausmachen. aber es geht schon bis nach japan, und england und europa, und auch in all die restlichen länder. +ich denke, dass normalerweise wenn firmen grösser werden, sie es sehr schwierig finden, trotzdem noch kleine, innovative projekte anzugehen. +bei froogle können sie nach einkaufsinformationen suchen, und mit blogger können sie dinge veröffentlichen. +aber die idee dahinter ist, wie in einer zeitung zum beispiel, zeigen wir entsprechende anzeigen. +also "releated searches", hier. sie können es nicht so gut sehen, aber wir haben beschlossen, dass wir diese funktion in unsere adsense anzeigen reintun und sie heisst "related searches." +dieses recht alte foto hier zeigt das erste projekt, an dem ich beruflich je gearbeitet habe. vor etwa 25 jahren. +und das zu bewerkstelligen bedeutete, die flachsten strecken zu kreieren, die je verwirklicht worden waren, was bedeutete, dass lange hochbrücken über flusstäler gebaut werden mussten - das hier ist die hochbrücke über die themse bei maidenhead - und lange tunnel, wie den bei box in wiltshire. +was macht technologie nützlich und anwendbar? +und anstatt die großangelegten, von westlichen produzenten benutzten maschinen zu installieren, benutzten sie kostengünstige cad / cam originaltechnologie. +heute haben die industriellen systeme der zeit brunels ausgedient und sind in der tat teil des gegenwärtigen problems geworden. +für mich zeigt dieses projekt, wie weit wir gehen können, ausgehend von diesen recht kleinen dingen, an denen ich zu beginn meiner karriere gearbeitet habe. +als antwort gab er mir eine noch höflichere version der selben erklärung. +menschen müssen für sich selbst entscheiden und auf eigene faust agieren, egal was andere menschen wollen oder raten. +die annahme, daß wir immer dann am besten sind wenn das individuum selbst wählt trifft nur dann zu wenn dieses individuum klar von anderen abgegrenzt ist. +natürlich wissen sie und ich, daß coca cola die bessere wahl ist. +sie ist kein hinweis auf freiheit sondern auf erstickung an unbedeutenden details +in frankreich entschieden die ärzte ob und wann die lebenserhaltenden systeme abgeschaltet würden während in den usa die endgültige entscheidung bei den eltern verblieb. +aber die geschichtsbücher und die täglichen nachrichten sagen uns, daß es nicht immer in dieser art funktioniert. +und so war ich einmal in einem schönheitssalon und ich versuchte mich zwischen sehr leichten nuancen von pink zu entscheiden. +sheena iyengar erforscht wie wir entscheidungen treffen - und was wir uns nach getroffener entscheidungen fühlen. bei tedglobal spricht sie sowohl über triviale entscheidungen als auch über tiefgreifende und erzählt von ihren bahnbrechenden forschungen, die einige überraschende verhaltensweisen bei unseren entscheidungen entdecken. +das machte mich so froh, dass ich einfach mit dem roboter weiterspielte. hier kann man also sehen, dass der roboter das steuer vorn hat. +ich habe also als premiere auf der ted-bühne protei nummer acht mitgebracht. das ist nicht der letzte, aber man kann daran gut dinge demonstrieren. +das hier ist ein stolzes protei-mitglied aus korea, und auf der rechten seite sehen wir ein vielmastendesign, das von einem team in mexiko vorgeschlagen wurde. +als senior fellow cesar harada von den katastrophalen folgen der bp-ölpest im golf von mexiko im jahr 2010 hörte, schmiss er seinen traumjob und zog nach new orleans, um eine effizientere methode zu entwickeln, das öl zu binden. er entwarf ein höchst manövrierfähiges, flexibles boot, das riesige flächen schnell säubern kann. aber anstatt daraus profit zu machen, entschied er sich für eine offene entwicklung. +ph: die beziehung zwischen der tv-industrie und den it-industrie hat sich circa seit dem 30. geburtstag beider verschlechtert. +ich meine, wie hat sich ein gerät, das für die buchhaltung und die artillerie gebaut wurde, in ein medium entwickelt? +die atombombe betritt die bühne. +und dann würden die 92 kernkraftwerke, die die energie bereitstellen würden, den rest von los angeles auffüllen. +dann nehmt ihr es und klebt es an den bildschirm eures fernsehers, und reibt von innen nach außen darüber, genau so. +wenn sie das wort blogosphäre oder das heutige internet ersetzen, dann ist es sehr richtig, dass seine auffassung jetzt wohl sehr aufschlussreich ist. hören wir mal rein. +und in diesen gärprozess kommt der mikroprozessor. +diese methode erlaubt es, vorgefertigte videodisc-materialien so zu nutzen, wie es am besten zu ihren spezifischen interessen und bedürfnissen passt. +1939 stellte die rundfunkgesellschaft der usa das fernsehen vor. +es ist ein kunde, es ist ein publikum, es ist eine person, die sich beteiligt. +stimme 2: es ist vorbei mit der nachbarschaft. +und so ist bei jeder ankunft eines neuen mediums das alte medium der inhalt, und es ist sehr beobachtbar, sehr bemerkenswert, aber das echte aufmischen und massieren wird von dem neuen medium getan, und es wird ignoriert. +ich lief durch amsterdams straßen und mir wurde klar, dass das wichtige in amsterdam sich nicht in den designer-läden abspielte, sondern draußen auf der straße, und vielleicht erklärt es sich von selbst, aber es ist eine stadt, die nicht vom modernismus überrumpelt worden ist, sondern sich ihre architektur und ihren charakter bewahrt hat, in der fahrräder eine wichtige rolle dabei spielen, wie die leute sich fortbewegen, und in der die rechte der fußgänger geschützt werden. +es lenkt die aufmerksamkeit auf sich; es ist sehr emotionell; es erwidert den blick wie eine skulptur es manchmal tut. +die niederländer sind auch gut, aber die italiener sind gut. +ich glaube, dass muster die fähigkeit haben, einige der bösartigsten kräfte der gesellschaft auszuradieren, wie z. b. schlechte manieren im restaurant, aber im ernst, was man dadurch sieht, ist, wie die aggressivität der industrialisierten welt diese – gewissermaßen – riesigen massen von dingen produziert hat – monokulturen, und ich glaube, dass die erhaltung der kulturellen vielfalt sehr wichtig für uns ist. +rob forbes, gründer von design within reach, zeigt eine galerie von schnappschüssen, die seine art, die welt zu betrachten, illustrieren. charmante gegenüberstellungen, gefundene kunst, urbane muster – diese präsentation wird ihnen die augen für die welt um sie herum öffnen. +also bastelte ich modellflieger. +und in den folgenden 25 jahren, lebte ich in italien, lebte in amerika, teilte ich sorgsam teile dieser romantik an jeden aus, der dafür zahlte. dieser sinn, dieses ästhetische gefühl, für das erlebnis, das sich um ein designobjekt dreht. +und genauso arbeite ich jetzt. +er griff hinab. er zog einen hebel. und der stuhl fuhr hinunter. +würde jeder einmal seine hand unter dem hinterteil platzieren und sein steißbein erspüren. +idealerweise gehört die kopfstütze in den schädelbereich, genau hier. +stellen sie sich vor, sie fahren in den urlaub. +das ist zwei tage her. +offensichtlich muss das produkt, das wir wollen, harmlos für menschen sein. +ein einzelnes weibchen kann bis zu 100 eier am stück legen, bis zu 500 in ihrem leben. +frachtkosten sind also nicht unser größtes problem. +ich wachte in einem krankenhaus auf, auf der intensivstation wo ich mich von einer notfalloperation erholte. +es ist also nicht so leicht zu antworten, wenn sie jemand fragt, "wo wohnen sie, wo arbeiten sie und wo verbringen sie ihre ganze zeit? +ich kann mich nicht erinnern, dass mich jemals ein arzt gefragt hat: "wo haben sie bisher gewohnt?" +und alle diese schwarzen punkte sind orte, an denen giftgase freigesetzt werden, die von der epa überwacht werden. +und ich finde, er lag richtig damit, vor fast einem jahrzehnt. +ich bin der orangen-kaiser. ich bin der orangen-kaiser. " +ich möchte mit einer frage beginnen: wem ist das blaualgenproblem ein begriff? +grundlage der zellmembranen ist phosphor: phospholipide. +bestimmt denken sie jetzt: "was für eine verwendung." +was sollen wir tun? wir stehen vor einem dilemma. +und mit der zeit hat sich der pilz entwickelt und angepasst, selbst die winzigste phosphorspur aufzuspüren und einzusetzen, sie der pflanze zugänglich zu machen. +mykorrhiza wurde nur in einem der felder eingesetzt. +beispiele wie christopher wrens kings cross: sie sehen, dass die strukturellen kräfte des gewölbes als linien ausgedrückt werden. man kann also den ausdruck der strukturellen kraft und form tatsächlich sehen. +nun, typischerweise denken sie, dass alle gleich sind: die stühle, auf denen sie sitzen, haben alle die gleichen maße. +und hier haben wir die 500 wohnungen in kleine nachbarschaften aufgebrochen und diese nachbarschaften differenziert. +auf diesem weg konnten wir ein paar hundert dollar für diese werkzeuge bezahlen, und hatten eine unglaubliche vielfalt an komponenten. +zum schluss möchte ich ihnen noch einige effekte durch digitale herstellung zeigen. +gehen wir auf unserer weltreise weiter richtung süden, können wir zum bolivianischen rand des amazons gehen, hier auch im jahr 1975, und wenn sie sehr genau hinsehen, da geht eine kleine weiße linie mittendurch, wie ein gesteinsriss, und da draußen ist ein einsamer bauer, in der mitte des uralten dschungels. +tja, der colorado river an einem typischen tag, wissen sie, keine flut, keine dürren ein ganz durchschnittlicher tag, so sieht der fluss dann aus. +sagen wir es mal so. +und dennoch reden wir bis jetzt wenig darüber. +in den grünen bereichen, sind die erträge von mais — einfach nur als beispiel — schon sehr hoch, wahrscheinlich die höchsten, die man weltweit für dieses klima und diesen boden findet. aber die braunen bereiche zeigen regionen, die nur 20 oder 30 prozent dessen erzielen, was sie erbringen sollten. +wir müssen uns der anderen unangenehmen wahrheit stellen. eine globale krise der landwirtschaft. +und nichts, was wir tun ist wichtiger für unser überleben +ich hatte als antwort erwartet: » von hier, der lagune, oder irgendwo aus afrika. «, aber sie werden sich freuen, sie sagte er käme von hier, aus der nordsee. +enorm. aber das sollte eine fußnote haben, die besagt, dass zwei drittel der arbeiter auf der welt davon ausgeschlossen sind. +die gehen an eddy in lagos. +erstens müsste man verstehen, dass man dies als kooperative sehen könnte, eine idee des brasilianischen rechtswissenschaftlers roberto magabeira unger. +es gibt auch kinder die ohne arme geboren werden, genannt "angeborenes gliedmaßenfehlen". +es sind verschiedene auf dem markt, hier sehen sie ein paar. +stellen sie sich vor, jemand hat seinen ganzen arm verloren, wir haben noch vier große nerven die den arm entlang gehen. +ich fordere jeden im raum auf seine brust so zu bewegen. +sie sehen ihn mit dem originalgerät auf der linken seite nach 8 monaten gebrauch. auf der rechten seite zwei monate. +ich konnte sie allein durch gedanken verwenden. +ak: nun ich habe den ellenbogen der hoch und runter geht. +hier benutzt amanda einen arm der deka-forschungsgruppe. +aber schauen sie sich all die elektroden drumherum an. +todd kuiken: eine armprothese die fühlt +forschung ist in afrika auch viel leichter durchzuführen aufgrund der weit verbreiteten armut, endemien und mangelhaften gesundheitswesens. +öffentliche verantwortung muss durch transparenz und unabhängige prüfungen gegebenenfalls durch ngos und internationale organisationen gefördert werden. +heute gibt es dort um die tausend lkws, busse und pkws. +und, was noch wichtiger ist, sie sind gut gekleidet. +an den blauen und grünen stellen ist das wasser sehr kalt. +wir arbeiten also an diesem pinguin-projekt, die wildlife conservation society hat mir geld gegeben, genauso wie viele einzelpersonen in den letzten 27 jahren, sodass wir in der lage sind, diese karten zu produzieren. +weil wir das problem zwar in der provinz chubut gelöst haben, eine art bundesstaat von argentinien, in dem punta tombo liegt – das sind etwa 1.000 km küste – aber wir haben das problem nicht in nordargentinien, uruguay und brasilien gelöst. +turbo ist nie gefüttert worden. +hier ist ein weibchen, das es eilig hat. +für sie spielen nationen, länder, grenzen noch eine große rolle, oftmals eine gewalttätige. +wie sie auf dieser karte sehen können, ist russland immer noch das größte land der erde. +sie richten ihre eigenen märkte und krankenhäuser ein. +ganz besonders fokussiert es sich auf japan, korea und australien, länder, die enge verbündete der usa sind. +wie können wir also anfangen, über die grenzen in dieser gegend der welt anders zu denken? +was würde es? ich glaube, dass infrastruktur das problem lösen könnte. +und ich kann ihnen versichern, es ist ihnen ebenso wichtig wie es kolonialisten und imperialisten wichtig gewesen wäre. +im jahr 2005, traten 15 neue länder der eu bei +die post-koloniale entropie die rund um den globus vor sich geht, beschleunigt sich und ich erwarte mehr solcher veränderungen auf der karte sobald staaten auseinanderfallen. +viele menschen meinen, dass die grenzen heute keine rolle mehr spielen. parag khanna sagt, dass sie es doch tun. mit karten von heute und damals erklärt khanna die hauptursachen der weltweiten grenzkonflikte und bietet für jeden einzelnen eine einfache und doch intelligente lösung an. +und als nächstes seht ihr den langlebigen mutanten, wenn er noch jung ist. +so ist es. und du würdest es nie wissen. +nun habt ihr sich alle zumindest von insulin gehört. +es ist also wirklich interessant, und es ergibt einen gewissen sinn, da sie noch immer jung sind, also warum würden sie krankheiten bekommen, bevor sie alt würden? +so funktioniert es. das ist der grund, warum wir keine lange lebensspanne sehen, bis wir einen daf-2 mutanten haben. +und das ist der fall auf der ganzen welt, wie man an den sternen erkennen kann. +obwohl du nach einem medikament suchst, dass das altern verhindern kann, in alten männern wie mir, was du nun ziemlich gut im laboratorium machen könntest, wenn du ethisch dazu befugt wärst, ist es, menschliches leben von grund auf zu kreieren mit modifizierten genen, welche es dazu befähigen würde, viel länger zu leben? +wenn man vögel anschaut, welche eine lange zeit leben können, zellen von den vögeln tendieren resistenter gegenüber umweltbedingtem stress zu sein, wie höheren temperaturen oder hydrogen peroxid, solchen dingen. +wie sie sehen, ist es unmöglich zu lesen. +hier ist ein weiterer guter artikel über eine neue kampagne gegen die privatisierung von durchfahrtsstraßen ohne irgendeine kontaktinformation zur kampagne. +das führt und zum letzten punkt, nämlich zu unseren wahlen. +ich sehe schon, da kommt noch viel arbeit auf mich zu. +um unsere unwissenheit zu überwinden, was die rolle der gerhirnchemie betrifft, ist es hilfreich – wie wir biologen sagen – mit "vorführmodellen" zu arbeiten, tiere wie fruchtfliegen und labormäuse, an denen wir leistungsfähige genetische techniken ausprobieren können, um molekularisch in der lage zu sein, spezifische neuronenarten genau zu identifizieren, wie ihr heute morgen schon bei dem vortrag von allan jones gehört habt. +wertigkeit bedeutet, gut oder schlecht, positiv oder negativ. +man kann eine fliege trainieren, einen geruch nicht anzufliegen, wie ihr hier in blau seht, wenn ihr diesen geruch mit einem schock verbindet. +moderne psychopharmaka behandeln die chemie des gesamten gehirns, aber neurobiologe david anderson glaubt an eine differenziertere vorstellung davon, wie das gehirn funktioniert. er beleuchtet neue forschungsergebnisse, die zu einer gezielten psychiatrischen medikamentierung führen könnte –, die besser funktionieren und nebenwirkungen vermeiden. wie macht er das? für den anfang macht er eine reihe von fruchtfliegen wütend. +also machten wir ein experiment, dafür setzten wir einen nackten freiwilligen in einen großen käfig und in diesen käfig gaben wir mücken, um zu sehen, welche körperstellen sie bei der person stechen. +das problem dabei ist, dass in der gesamten landschaft diese wasserlachen mit den larven, überall verteilt sind, was es für einen kontrolleur sehr schwierig macht, all die brutstätten zu finden und mit insektiziden zu behandeln. +los geht 's. +aber nicht alle patienten auf der warteliste für spenderorgane haben so viel glück. +und in meinen gedanken realisierte ich als chirurgische pionierin, dass der zweck meiner einflussreichen position sicher war, meine stimme zu erheben für die, die keinen einfluss haben. +und stellen sie sich vor, forscher auf der ganzen welt und in den laboratorien sind rasend dabei alternde erwachsene stammzellen umzuwandeln – alternde erwachsene stammzellen von ihnen und mir – sie sind rasend dabei diese zellen umzuprogrammieren zurück in nützlichere ips zellen. +stammzellen können genutzt werden um wachstumsfaktoren zu übermitteln für die reparatur eines beschädigten herzmuskels oder um differenziert zu werden zu herzmuskelzellen um die herzfunktion wieder herzustellen. +und hier sind die ergebnisse dieses wundervollen projektes es ist "das system" in venezuela. +was geschieht also, wenn so was nicht passiert? +aber hier sehen sie, was wirklich los ist. +ja. +und zum wohle ihrer beziehung möchte ich sie ermutigen, mir das nachzumachen. +aber wir wissen nicht wo, da wir nicht wissen, wie wir das muster lesen sollen. +erstens ist es eindeutig eine unblutige, drahtlose form der kommunikation. +sie kennen diese zellen, denn es sind diejenigen, die sie frustrieren, wenn sie versuchen eine fliege totzuschlagen. +immer dann, wenn eine fliege die mitte der kammer erreicht, dort wo die beiden gerüche sich treffen, muss sie eine entscheidung treffen. +immer wenn sie zum mittelpunkt kommt, bleibt sie stehen, untersucht sorgfältig die schnittstelle der gerüche, als ob sie die umgebung ausschnüffeln würde, und dann dreht sie um. +der andere teil der guten nachrichten, zumindest für den wissenschaftler, ist, dass noch vieles verbleibt, um entdeckt zu werden. +es verlässt sich auch auf passive patienten, die dinge einfach hinnehmen und keine fragen stellen. +thomas batiuk: hallo, eric! +die ersten beiden haben sie gerade in meinem gespräch mit dr. batiuk gesehen. +später im studium bekam ich angst vor herzbeschwerden, als ich wegen der niere in behandlung war. plötzlich sagen sie: "oh, wir glauben, sie haben ein herzproblem." +diese populationsstudien haben tonnenweise wundermittel hervorgebracht, die millionen menschenleben gerettet haben. das problem ist aber, dass uns das gesundheitswesen als durchschnitt behandelt, nicht als einzigartige individuen. letzten endes ist aber der patient nicht dasselbe wie die population, die untersucht wird. das führt zum rätselraten. +"danke" klingt so abgedroschen, aber ich danke ihnen von ganzem herzen, dass sie mir das leben gerettet haben. +hier sehen sie kellar autumn, meinen ehemaligen doktoranden, der jetzt professor am lewis & amp; clark college ist, wie er sprichwörtlich seinen erstgeborenen hergibt, um diesen test machen zu können. +oh. eine weitere sache, auf die ich hinweisen wollte. sehen sie sich stickybot an. +und als ich mich daran machte, dies zu erforschen, wurde mir klar, dass wir bei einem der großartigen ted-vorträge der vergangenheit, von nathan, über einen aktiven schwanz gesprochen haben. +für diejenigen von ihnen, die sich an den physikunterricht erinnern: das ist eine drehung bei einem anfangsdrehimpuls von null. aber das ist wie bei katzen. +man kann also so manövrieren. +aber wenn es dichter an den baum herankommt, achten sie auf die nahaufnahme und versuchen sie zu erkennen, wie es landet. +also werde ich ihm am ende ein wenig zeit widmen. +das problem ist, dass es sehr komplizierte kräfte im klimasystem gibt. +das war - das ist südlich des südlichen polarkreis. +die planung des projekts beanspruchte ca. 10 jahre. +wir haben die temperatur im letzten jahrhundert um genau diesen betrag erhöht. +und wuchs 600 jahre lang. +die korallen reichen hunderte bis tausende jahre zurück. +als letztes werde ich noch kurz über die versauerung der meere sprechen. +das bedeutet, dass all die organismen, die in den meeren leben, sich bei konstanten niedrigeren co2-werten als heute das ist der grund, warum sie sich an die schnelle versauerung die im moment stattfindet nicht anpassen können. +die idee geht in etwa so: stellen sie sich vor, der raum ist der träger für alles was da ist. +er sagte: wenn ich eine weitere kraft beschreiben will, brauche ich vielleicht eine weitere dimension. +jemand von ihnen wird das mal ändern aber alles nicht flache auf dem schirm ist eine neue dimension es wird kleiner, kleiner, kleiner bis zu den mikroskopischen tiefen des raumes selbst. die idee ist: man könnte weitere aufgerollte dimensionen haben hier ist ein kleiner umriss eines kreises - so klein, dass wir sie nicht sehen. +dieses "andere" ist dieses tanzende energie-filament. +diese frage lautet: wenn wir uns die welt ansehen, wie es die forscher in den letzten 100 jahren getan haben, scheint es 20 zahlen zu geben, die unser universum fundamental beschreiben. +und wenn sie sehen, wie diese kleinen kerlchen herum vibrieren, - sie werden gleich hier sein - sehen sie, wie die art ihrer schwingung abhängt von der geometrie der extra-dimensionen. +und jetzt kommt die stringtheorie daher und sagt: ja, gravitation, quantenmechanik, elektromagnetismus passen alle zusammen in ein paket, aber nur, wenn das universum mehr dimensionen hat, als die, die wir sehen, +worüber ich sprechen will ist nicht, dass zusammenhang alles ist, sondern warum zusammenhang alles ist. +die links kommt von einer orangenen fläche, unter direktem licht, nach rechts gedreht, durch ein bläuliches medium betrachtet. +wenn sie also bitte das licht hier hin richten könnten. +aber ich werde nichts an diesen boxen verändern, außer ihrer bedeutung. +bewegen sie ihre augen, blinzeln sie, schließen sie vielleicht ein auge. +sie landen auf der blume, stecken ihre zunge hinein, auch rüssel genannt, und dann trinken sie das zuckerwasser. +und sie sehen: hier ist eine schwache linie, die durch das bild hindurchgeht. +was ich jetzt machen möchte: ich setze die mittleren neun flächen unter gelbe beleuchtung, einfach, indem ich einen filter hinter sie lege. +wenn wir sicherheit aus wirtschaftlicher sicht betrachten ist es ein kompromiss. +ich denke, dass ist eine grundlegend interessante frage. +sie können sich also vorstellen, wie das funktioniert. +es gibt kein richtiges wort für die dinge, die uns sicherheit geben, aber uns nicht sicherheit fühlen lassen. +ich habe gefühl und realität +ich bin in new york city geboren. +intuitiv ist nur ein anderes wort für vertraut. +ein beispiel, ein tolles beispiel, ist die gefahr des rauchens. +starke gefühle können ein modell schaffen. +ich meine richtig schwer, information scheint unsere beste hoffnung zu sein. +ich sagte: "das ist irgendwie klasse. +schafften es nicht. konnten nicht warten. +und lassen sie mich ihnen zeigen was passierte. +joachim de posaga sagt, esse das marshmallow nicht +das war nach dem 11. september, die stadt machte harte zeiten durch. +wir haben indes mit dem bau von abschnitt zwei begonnen. +ich zeige ihnen hier eine folie, die ich zeige ihnen hier eine folie, die das konfliktwesen von 1946 +mein land verlässt sich auf seine sicherheit durch militärische bündnisse. ganz klar. +was ich meine, ist, man muss nicht neutral sein, um zu reden. +das ist, meines erachtens, falsch. +was können wir also daraus lernen? +das müssen wir unbedingt begreifen, da wegen technologie und globalisierung die gesellschaft von der basis auf funktioniert. +ich sagte, "nein, es ist – es ist pinguinscheiße." +und vor kurzem war ich auf der osterinsel, die ein unglaublich schöner und geheimnisvoller ort ist, denn egal, wo sie auf der osterinsel hingehen, treffen sie auf diese statuen, moai genannt. +wie lange haben sie in welcher position gestanden? +so, dieses gerät ist eine optische tarnkappe. +lebensmittel werden mit einer schleuderkraft bearbeitet, die etwa 50.000-mal stärker ist als die normale erdanziehungskraft, und, meine güte, wie sie die hühnerbrühe klärt! +ich meine, können sie sich das vorstellen? e.t. telefoniert nach hause und ich bin nicht da? das wäre schrecklich! +nun, so sieht ein tyrannosaurus rex in meinem wohnzimmer aus. +also, es gibt mehr und mehr aktivität neben dem boot, und plötzlich ruft jemand, "was ist das da im wasser?" +nachdem ich das erklärt habe, wird etwas darauf basieren das, wie ich glaube, eine andere idee sein wird darüber, wie wir die krebsbehandlung in angriff nehmen können +was sie also sagen können, ist, dass sie den unterschied zwischen einer asiatischen person und einer europäischen person erkennen können, indem sie auf ihre inhaltsstoffe schauen. +aber manchmal können sie viel mehr nützliche dinge damit lernen. +ich meine, ich sehe täglich patienten sterben weil wir nicht wissen, was in ihnen vor sich geht. +das ist also die hanschrift, in der wir versuchen muster zu erkennen. +das problem ist, dass es bei krebs nichts zusätzliches gibt dass in ihnen ist. +ihr haus ist also ständig mit lecks beschäftigt. aber es repariert sie. es trocknet sie aus und so weiter. +ich danke ihnen vielmals. +am 4. februar veröffentlichten wir es auf unserer webseite. vorm "super tuesday". +stufe eins ist eine gruppe, in der menschen systematisch die verbindungen von funktionierenden stämmen kappen, und sich dann zusammenfinden mit gleichgesinnten menschen. +wenn sie so sprächen, stellen sie sich vor, was sie zustande brächten. +hier ist die größte herausforderung für innovation. +es gibt noch eine weitere stufe. +wir sind toll! wer ist nicht toll? england! " +einer der menschen, die wir interviewt haben, war frank jorden, der ehemalige bürgermeister von san fransisco. vorher war er der polizeichef in san fransisco. +so ziemlich alle anderen, die umfragen machen. +ich werde ein paar comic-strips vorlesen. +daher lassen sie das licht überall im haus an. +erst im 14. jahrhundert erkannte ein italienischer maler den schoß als griechischen tempel, gepolstert mit fleisch und stoff. +aprikosenhälften wie ohren der cherubim. +und es ist zu zerebral, um mut und herzen zu animieren und verhalten, wenns hart auf hart kommt. +und in diesem licht betrachtet, für religiöse menschen, bringt mitgefühl uns auch in den bereich des mysteriums -- es ermuntert uns zu sehen, nicht nur schönheit, sondern vielleicht auch nach gottes antlitz zu schauen im moment des leidens, im gesicht eines fremden, im gesicht eines strahlenden religiös andersdenkenden. +jean vanier sagt, dass seine arbeit, wie die arbeit anderer menschen -- seiner großartigen, geliebten, verstorbenen freundin mutter teresa -- nie vorrangig dazu da ist, um die welt zu verändern; sie ist vorrangig dazu da, um uns selbst zu verändern. +aber er beobachtete, wie physiker und chemiker lieferanten von massenvernichtungswaffen wurden, zu beginn des 20. jahrhunderts. +rachel naomi remen ist eine bessere ärztin, wegen ihres lebenslangen kampfes mit der crohn-krankheit. +aber ich sang das motto. ich sang es mit allen anderen. +sie unterscheidet sich von schüchternheit. +es stellt sich heraus, dass dem eine eigene kraft innewohnt, denn die leute spüren, dass diese anführer am steuer waren, nicht weil sie gerne andere leiten, und nicht weil sie es genießen, gesehen zu werden, sie waren da, weil sie keine andere wahl hatten, weil sie dazu getrieben waren, das zu tun, was sie für richtig hielten. +das ist nicht überraschend, wenn man sich die erkenntnisse zeitgenössischer psychologie anschaut. +und in ihnen sind die vorbilder ganz großartige verkäufer. +und selbst wenn er nicht auf dem podium stand, wenn man ihm nur kurz hallo sagen wollte, beendete er oft das gespräch vorzeitig, aus sorge, dass er der anderen person zeit wegnahm. +dies ist auch für extrovertierte kinder besonders wichtig. +und danach komme ich zurück zum anfang und erzähle ihnen ein wenig mehr - hoffentlich überzeuge ich sie - darüber, dass ich glaube, dass es in der heutigen welt wirklich sehr wichtig für führungskräfte ist, nicht nur eine idee davon zu haben, was für ihre firma wichtig ist, sondern auch eine leidenschaft für etwas zu haben, das bedeutsam ist. +eine unserer leidenschaften in unserer firma ist es also, und jetzt eine meiner persönlichen leidenschaften, im stande zu sein, richtig hart daran zu arbeiten, technologien nützlich, erreichbar und erschwinglich zu machen. +in der tat glauben wir, dass es machbar ist, 100 prozent zu erreichen, sogar vor 2015. in anderen teilen der schwellenländer, wie zum beispiel indien und china, gab es gute fortschritte - die stabil waren, gut waren. aber in nicht so entwickelten gegenden, wie afrika, lateinamerika und anderen regionen dieser welt, war die entwicklung eher langsam. ich habe erst vor kurzem südafrika besucht. +was ich damit meine, ist, dass in einigen teilen der welt die regierung eine schlüsselrolle spielt bei der entwicklung von technologien. +ein beispiel davon ist das projekt "one laptop per child". +und du musst ein besserer ehemann sein als ich, weil du so fortschritte machst. "und langsam begann das, was er sagte, sinn zu machen. +ich kenne viele leute, die sehr schlau sind und trotzdem sagen: "warum kann ich meine problem nicht lösen?" +ich gründete sie 1980 zusammen mit einer anderen familie. +und ich fragte. "glauben sie nicht, dass der mensch die verantwortung hat, die welt für die nächste generation ein bisschen besser zu machen? +ich besitze immer noch kein gästehaus. +es geht nur darum, immer mehr zu haben. +wenn man dieses gebet liest, dann hört sich das unglaublich selbstsüchtig und egozentrisch an. +denn sie leben 13 meilen weiter oben in santa ana. +aber er vollbringt keine wunder, nur um anzugeben. +letztes jahr wurde ich zu einem spiel der nba all-stars eingeladen. +wenn sie dazu bestimmt sind, geschäfte zu machen, dann machen sie geschäfte. +und ich sage nicht, dass sie die schule in der dritten oder vierten klasse verlassen -- sie gehen nie dort hin. +seine mutter hatte die grundschule nicht besucht. +und irgendwo in der mitte von south dakota wende ich mich zu meiner freundin und stelle ihr eine frage, die mich schon 2.000 meilen lang beschäftigt hat. +und schließlich möchte ich sie überzeugen, dass es möglich ist dieses gefühl hinter sich zu lassen, und dass dies, wenn sie es können, der größte moralische, intellektuelle und kreative sprung ist, den sie machen können. +aber es gibt noch einen zweiten grund, warum wir in diesem gefühl gefangen sind – und dieser ist kulturell. +nun, die falsche seite ihres körpers ist verbunden, weil der chirurg eine große operation an ihrem linken, anstatt an ihrem rechten bein durchgeführt hat. +das wunder ihres geists ist nicht, dass sie die welt sehen können, wie sie ist. +wenn es um unsere geschichten geht, lieben wir es, uns zu irren. +und für mich heißt das, wenn sie wirklich die verwunderung wiederentdecken wollen, müssen sie heraustreten aus ihrem kleinen, in angst erstarrten raum der richtigkeit und sich gegenseitig anschauen und in die weite und komplexität und in das rätsel des universums hinausblicken und in der lage sein, zu sagen, "wow, ich habe keine ahnung. +eine der ironien dieser zeit ist, dass wir über ein system diskutieren, dass wir nicht verstehen. wir wissen nicht einmal was öl ist. wir wissen nicht wo öl herkommt. ich meine, in der tat ist es immer noch eine quelle für debatten, was dieser schwarze strom aus materie ist und woher er kommt. die beste erklärung und eine der besten vermutungen zu diesem thema ist, dass diese materie aus dieser materie entsteht. dass diese pflanzen sonnenlicht absorbieren, unter druck für jahrmillionen verrotten und das ergebnis sind diese schwarzen flüsse. +was das ist? das ist die erste transplantation nackter dns, bei der man das dns betriebssystem aus einer zelle nimmt und in eine andere zelle einbettet und die zelle anschließend als neue art hochstartet. das war vor einem monat. sie werden im nächsten monat sachen sehen, die genau so wichtig sein werden wie dieses zeug. +ich habe das hotel gekauft drei monate nachdem vivian dort anfing zu arbeiten, +aber aufgrund meiner verwirrten geistesverfassung landete ich relativ schnell bei den selbsthilfe-büchern. +sie waren sich dem immateriellen am oberen ende der pyramide nicht einmal bewusst. +als ich also zeit mit führungskräften in der big-bewegung verbrachte, begann ich erst richtig zu verstehen, worum es ihnen ging. +wenn man es im wörterbuch nachschlägt, wird "jagen" tatsächlich häufig als "einen feind verfolgen" definiert. +und wir stellen 10 einfache fragen -- das ist die einfachheit. +was wir als führungskräfte wirklich lernen müssen, ist dass wir die qualtität der produktion beeinflussen können, indem wir die richtigen bedingungen schaffen, damit unsere angestellten ihre berufung leben können. +bl: in ordnung. eins, zwei, drei. +unter deck sagt euch das innenohr, ihr bewegt euch. aber die augen bewegen sich im einklang mit dem boot, und sagen: "ich stehe still." +ab hier möchte ich die bühne mit jemand ganz besonderem teilen. +bl: "kannst du mir helfen, henry?" welcher gute wissenschaftler sagt das? +also baten wir larry und natalie hempel, eine erläuterung für wissenschaftler über die aufgestellten ergebnisse zu verfassen. diese reichten wir mitsamt der empfehlungen bei "biology letters" ein. +bl: das ist der inbegriff von technik. in ordnung. +das ist furchtbar, das ganze öl im wasser. +und fühlen uns gut dabei. +biomimikry, eine aufkommende wissenschaft, hat sich als wertvolle idee von sozialer gerechtigkeit entpuppt. +kalifornien hat eine der höchsten raten an verteilten gefängnisstrafen unter allen 50 bundesstaaten. +das war eine anstrengende und furchteinflößende sache für ein junges kind. +auf dem highway ist es schon schlimm genug, wie wird das erst dort oben? " +es wird keinen piloten geben -- und ich weiß, den piloten hier im publikum wird das nicht gefallen -- das hat mir schon viel kritik von denen eingebracht, die da oben selbst rumfliegen wollen. +wunderbarer motor. +23% sagen "ja, so bald wie möglich." +kabel sind "beschissen" -- wirklich. +was dr. soljacic herausfand, war, wie man zwischen diesen spulen in einem transformator eine größere distanz als die größe der transformatoren selbst ermöglichen kann und all dies mit hilfe dieser technologie, die einem opernsänger, der ein glass am anderen ende eines zimmers zerspringen lässt, nicht unähnlich ist. +und dann schließlich auch elektrofahrzeuge. +stellen sie sich vor, sie kaufen sich eins von diesen dingern und wollen ihn an die wand hängen. +und nokia haben wir ebenfalls. +was passiert also mit all diesen giftstoffen, wenn wir sterben? +wir wollen sie essen, nicht von ihr gegessen werden. +ich danke ihnen. +wir reisten meinem beruf hinterher und es schien nichts zu geben, was wir nicht tun konnten. +sie sind exotisch. sie sind experimentell. +was nehmen wir von dieser erfahrung mit? +es ist alles so eindeutig, aber sie verdrängen es. " +das hospiz war für menschen, die im sterben lagen, aber terence war noch nicht so weit. +sie ist teil unserer menschlichen dna und vielleicht ist es zeit, dass unser gesundheitssystem – ärzte, patienten, versicherungsgesellschaften, wir – anfängt, auf die kraft dieser hoffnung zu zählen. +nun, wir sammeln daten: aufgenommen von satelliten, von flugzeugen, von fahrzeugen, von menschen. +dieser prozess ist ein sehr berechenbarer prozess +mircosofts stephen lawler bietet uns mit einer kurzen rundreise durch virtual earth, bei der er sich mit erstaunlicher geschwindigkeit auf, ab und durch dessen hyperreale stadtlandschaften bewegt, ein beachtliches meisterwerk, das zur fokussierung erstaunliche mengen von daten benötigt. +man braucht auch staatsbesitz besonders an grundstücken, um die infrastrukturen schnell aufzubauen und auszuweiten. +hier hören sie eine wenig bekannte tatsache über die beiden länder. +in diesem vergleich kommt demokratie im hinblick auf wirtschaftswachstum sehr gut weg. +hier sehen sie die daten der weltentwicklungsindikatoren in den frühen 1990ern. +diese beiden bilder zeigen kleiderfabriken in der guangdong-provinz und in indien. +dennoch hat sich das system in eine liberalere richtung bewegt, in eine demokratischere richtung. +ich glaube, dass politische reformen für china zum weiteren wachstum unabdingbar sind. +ich habe in den letzten fünf jahren viel zeit damit verbracht, über kaffeehäuser nachzudenken, weil ich auf der suche nach der antwort auf die frage war, wo gute ideen herkommen. +sie stellten fest, dass sie nicht viele dvrs haben sie haben nur wenige mikrowellen, aber sie leisten eine gute arbeit, um ihre autos auf der straße zu halten. +so sollte ihr büro aussehen, das ist ein teil meines anliegens. +und darwin behielt diese reichhaltigen notizbücher, in denen er jede kleine idee, die er hatte, jedes kleine gefühl aufschrieb. +sie erkundigen sich bei ihren kollegen, aber jeder sagte: "nein, ich habe nicht daran gedacht es zu tun. +geht das auch andersherum? +diese bewegung ist besonders auffallend in den usa und großbritannien, aber sie ist ein globales phänomen. +wir leben also im zeitalter der anschwellenden einkommens-ungleichheit, vor allem an der spitze. +wir haben superstar-banker. +und wiederum ist dies nicht rein theoretisch. +die dystopie, die mich beängstigt, ist ein universum, in dem ein paar genies dinge wie google erfinden und der rest von uns dafür bezahlt wird, sie zu massieren. +hier sehen sie einige davon. +einer von 100. +und dies ist der größte wachstumsbereich von allen, und mindestens 6 von 10 menschen in diesem raum werden auf diese weise sterben, nämlich am schwinden der leistungsfähigkeit gekoppelt mit steigender gebrechlichkeit; und gebrechlichkeit gehört zum altern. steigende gebrechlichkeit ist aktuell die häufigste todesursache. die letzten jahre oder das letzte lebensjahr geht leider mit großen beeinträchtigungen einher. +beteiligen wir uns alle viel mehr daran, so wie jason das aufgezeigt hat. +es entzieht der euthanasie ihre sauerstoffversorgung. +meine familie war auf reisen und wir waren gerade im grand canyon. +und darüber möchte ich heute eigentlich zu ihnen sprechen - über krebs. +das hat also meine sicht auf den krebs wirklich verändert. +tumorzellen können durch die adern reisen. +wäre es also möglich, dass die tumorzellen in das skelettmuskelgewebe gehen, dass aber, sobald sie in kontakt innerhalb des skelettmuskelgewebes sind, myod auf diese tumorzellen wirkt und sie in skelettmuskelzellen verwandelt? +diese großfmutter hatte nie zugelassen, dass westliche ihrer enkelin nahekommen. +merken sie sich dieses bild, denn ich werde ihnen ein anderes bild später zeigen. hier sehen sie, wie sehr sie ihrer großmutter ähnelt, obwohl sie gleichzeitig auch so westlich aussieht. +und ich sagte: "ich bin 28 jahre alt, ich lebe in hotels und ich bin nicht verheiratet". +also ging in zurück nach korea, in das dorf von hyun sook, doch sie war weg. +umso mehr ich mit ihm reden wollte, desto unfreundlicher wurde er. +ich glaube einfach nur - von dem bisschen, was ich über die situation weiß -, dass sie eine kleine chance hat, das leben zu leben, dass sie ihr wahrscheinlich wünschen. " +und er sagte: "am 2. tag, an dem sie hier war, stellte sie eine liste auf mit allen namen der älteren und der jüngeren kinder. +als wir in der 3. nacht gerade vom essen kamen, von dem sie die bilder gesehen haben, sagte der rezeptionist zu uns: "es gibt keine freien zimmer mehr auf ihrer etage, aber 5 etagen tiefer ist noch eins frei, wenn sie möchten" +und das ganze zimmer füllte sich mit rauch innerhalb von 2 sekunden. +ich erinnere mich - natasha wollte nicht, dass wir die tür aufmachten -, ich habe versucht nicht die tür zu öffnen, weil wir solange gebraucht hatten, uns zu verbarrikadieren. +das ist ein tri-star, und sie haben natasha wirklich im notsitz sitzen lassen. +gene hat sogar in der küche fliesen gelegt, die eine geschichte erzählen: es war einmal ein schönes mädchen, das von den hügeln koreas kam, um für immer glücklich in atlanta zu leben. +vielen dank an euch alle. " +viel ist passiert in den letzten jahren. lassen sie uns mit den planeten beginnen. +genau genommen sah, selbst in der antike, das sonnensystem in gewisser weise so aus wie in diesem diagramm dargestellt. +die meisten von diesen planeten sind kandidaten. +also lautet die frage: ist dieses chemische phänomen universell, oder ist es etwas, dass vom jeweiligen planeten abhängt? +dieses verständnis von chemie kann uns, in unserem alltag, helfen. +können sie sich vorstellen wie klein sie ist? +lasst uns diese neue revolution beginnen, anknüpfend an der alten, mit synthetischer biologie als den weg, sowohl unsere umwelt als auch unsere zukunft zu transformieren. +dann begann uganda abzusinken, während simbabwe nach oben schoss, und einige jahre später hatte südafrika einen schrecklichen anstieg des hiv-vorkommens. +nicht die medikamente selber, sondern die behandlung und die pflege, die damit verbunden ist. +es gibt eine menge, von dem wir dachten, dass jetzt, gute forschung von afrikanischen einrichtungen und forschern zusammen mit den internationalen forschern, zeigen, dass das nicht der fall ist. +unaids haben endlich gute daten zur verfügung gestellt zur verbreitung von hiv. +hans rosling enthüllt duch neue datenvisualisierungen die komplizierten risikofaktoren einer der tödlichsten krankheiten der welt: hiv / aids. er zeigt, dass der schlüssel zur überwindung der epidemie in der übertragungsverhinderung liegt und nicht in der behandlung durch medikamente. +es basiert auf der kaufkraftparität. +wir wissen, dies ist falsch, denn wir haben zwei bedeutende natürliche experimente im 20. jahrhundert durchgeführt, um zu sehen, ob geografie ausschlaggebender ist als institutionen. +nennen wir sie die killer applikationen. +derweil gab es keine wissenschaftliche revolution irgendwo anders. +das ist die konsumgesellschaft, und es treibt das wirtschaftswachstum stärker an als der technologische wandel an sich. +und die gesellschaft kann diese einrichtungen übernehmen, und wenn sie das tun, werden sie das erreichen, was der westen nach 1500 erreichte -- nur schneller. +das ist so wahr. +und das scheint alles zu sein, worüber wir uns derzeit sorgen. +was dieses diagramm veranschaulicht, ist dass es spinnen seit fast 380 millionen jahren gibt. +man kann diese in sieben kategorien zusammenfassen. +deshalb habe ich die glycine wieder grün und die alanine rot eingefärbt, und die serine – das ist der buchstabe s – lila. und ihr seht, dass die obere einheit fast vollständig aus grün und rot zusammengestzt werden kann, während die untere einheit einen substantiellen anteil lila aufweist. +was ihr in diesem festigkeitsdiagramm seht, ist, je weiter oben der schwarze punkt auf dem diagramm ist, desto fester. +um die werke einer spinne namens charlotte zu zitieren, seide ist großartig. +flickr ist ein internetdienst, der jedem erlaubt fotos hochzuladen, um sie anderen über das web zur verfügung zu stellen, und so weiter. +bedenken sie, wir haben nicht alle, die ein foto besitzen. +und das schlimmste sind die zahlen am unteren rand, denn ungefähr 10 fotos pro fotograf ist eine lüge. +das hier ist die mathematik der 80 zu 20 regel, ok? +also, wenn man institutionen verhinderer nennt, und ihnen sagt, dass es andere koordiantionsmöglichkeiten gibt zeigen sie ein verhalten, das ähnlichkeit hat mit den kübler-ross stufen lachen der reaktionen auf die diagnose eines baldigen todes: leugnung, zorn, verhandeln, akzeptanz. +die erfinder wissen nicht, was die erfindung ist. +da gibt es menschen in den staaten, die krampfhaft versuchen herauszufinden, ob blogger journalisten sind oder nicht. +sie wurde erstellt, indem man deren kommunikationsmuster, der gebrauch vieler dieser werkzeuge, analysierte. zweifellos leisten die geheimdienste der welt heute die gleiche arbeit für die angriffe in der letzten woche. +ein bäcker, und ein guter bäcker vor allem, weiss, wie man den eingeschlossenen zucker in der stärke hervorbringt. +das ist die herausforderung. ok, nun, lassen sie uns die reise des weizens anschauen und diese 12 zustände betrachten. +es dauert einen moment, aber es ist bezeichnend. +und dann haben wir ebene 12, in den büchern steht "verpacken" aber meine lehrlinge nennen sie "essen". +er ist nicht nur getötet worden, sondern jeden potenzials zum schaffen zukünftigen lebens beraubt. +bakterien da drin verarbeiten dieselben zucker und verwandeln sie in säuren. +es wird als symbol für transformatin genutzt. +und das meine ich im ernst, ich denke nur, wir sollten das mal klarstellen und weitermachen. +sie sind alle auf meinem instrument montiert. +es ist ein haufen verrückter piktografischer notation. +sehen wir uns noch einen clip an. +ich bin zu dem entschluss gekommen, dass das am ende die falsche frage ist, dass das nicht die bedeutende frage ist. +so tat sie zur hälfte so, als ob sie die kräcker mochte und nicht den brokkoli – so wie ein baby oder jede andere normale person. +wenn wir uns die vielen, vielen verschiedenen tierarten ansehen, nicht nur uns primaten, sondern auch andere säugetiere, vögel, sogar beuteltiere wie känguruhs und wombats einschliessen, zeigt sich, dass es eine beziehung gibt zwischen der länge der kindheit einer gattung und der grösse ihrer gehirne im vergleich zu ihren körpern, und wie schlau und flexibel sie sind. +und mindestens bis sie 23 sind, stecken wir ihnen noch immer diese würmer in diese kleinen offenen münder. +dann testen sie diese neue hypothese, und so weiter und so fort. +die erste ist, wieder, denken sie daran, das sind vierjährige. +oh. +und wir wissen sogar etwas über die weise, wie unser gehirn das tut. +alison gopnik: was denken babys? +der einzige weg, das zu umgehen, ist einen wirklich menschlichen körper zu simulieren und den teil des gehirns zu simulieren, der diesen körper kontrolliert. +der algorithmus wählt diese wenigen dann aus, reproduziert sie mit mutation und rekombination, wie bei unserer fortpflanzung. +das ganze mag ziemlich belanglos wirken, aber in wirklichkeit ist es sehr wichtig, weil es sowas zurzeit in keiner interaktiven oder virtuellen welt gibt. +und nun fällt er zu boden. +also wollten sie eine digitale version eines stuntmans und wir haben die letzten paar monate daran gearbeitet. +zurzeit würde es wahrscheinlich einige tage dauern, sowas von hand zu animieren. +wir können mittlerweile so viele sachen damit veranstalten. +eigentlich haben wir schon einen überraschenden tänzer, der das letzte ist, was ich euch heute zeigen werde. +es ist ein kinderbuch fürs ipad. +ich erinnere mich, dass wir heftig weinten, als die kleinen ziegen, mit denen wir im sommer gespielt hatten, zu biryani wurden. +und dieses argument ist, dass wir nur kreativität lehren können, wenn wir kindern so früh wie irgend möglich perspektiven beibringen. +und sie werden dafür bezahlt. sie können darüber nachdenken, wenn sie wollen. +was gemacht wird. +einfach eine textverarbeitung, die nur eine textverarbeitung ist. +überall gibt es diese assistenten. +auch palm ist – besonders in frühen tagen – toll darin. +ich schreib programme die zur heutigen welt passen. +ich habe ein vermögen drüben bei pixar gemacht. +bei meinem letzten beispiel – einen großen teil meiner arbeit mache ich mit spracherkennungs-software, und sie müssen leise sein, denn die software ist unruhig. okay. +dp: ich danke ihnen vielmals. +und die gefahr besteht darin, dass sie eine pandemie hervorrufen können. +und ich würde sagen, wir können die grundregel nicht aufgeben, asymmetrische bedrohungen zu bekämpfen, was wir aufgrund der geschehnisse anscheinend gerade tun, die leute an der macht tun dies, denn das hieße, die eine sache aufzugeben, die zivilisation ausmacht. +in kürze werden wir noch viel mehr darüber von al gore hören. +es geht ziemlich wunderlich zu in so einem nanoröhrchen. +wir brauchen neue antivirale wirkstoffe und cocktails. wir brauchen neue impfstoffe. +und schließlich müssen wir etwas tun, das nicht sehr -- es ist fast inakzeptabel, das zu erwähnen -- also... wir müssen beginnen, unsere zukunft zu gestalten. +es ist an der zeit, den wandel zu einer sonnensystem-besuchenden zivilisation und spezies zu vollziehen. +wie schwer wird es sein, leben auf dem mars zu finden? +ich denke, es existiert und wir müssen danach suchen, und es ist unter der oberfläche. +es ist ein sehr einfacher trick, aber ich mache ihn immer, wenn ich einen fensterplatz habe. +in dieser höhle sind große abschnitte von diesem roten material hier bedeckt und auch von diesen riesigen selenitkristallen, die sie hier herunterhängen sehen. +um diese unterirdischen umgebungen, an denen wir interessiert sind, zu betreten, gilt unser interesse der entwicklung von unterstützenden werkzeugen. +wir sprechen also über so was wie aufblasbare röhren, die sich der komplexen topologischen form im inneren einer höhle anpassen, und von vor ort aufgeschäumten luftschleusen, um mit der topologie fertigzuwerden, sowie verschiedene methoden, um atemgase aus dem inneren material dieser körper zu erhalten. +wenn man aber jemandem von seinem ziel erzählt und dessen zustimmung erfährt, tritt das ein, was psychologen eine "soziale realität" nennen. +and so ist es auch bei archimedes, dem großen griechischen mathematiker. +fälschungen wurden darüber gemalt und es litt unter starkem schimmelbefall. +das heißt, bevor wir anfangen konnten, den archimdes zu digitalisieren, mussten wir das buch auseinander nehmen. +und so sieht das aus. +aber indem die elektronen mit lichtgeschwindigkeit herum fliegen, geben sie röntgenstrahlung ab. +das war eine schlechte idee, denn philipp von mazedonien hatte einen sohn namens alexander der große, und sie verloren die schlacht von chaironeia. +denn im moment schränken institutionen ihre daten mit urheberrechtsbeschränkungen und dergleichen mehr ein. +wie liest man ein zweitausend jahre altes manuskript, welches ausradiert, zerschnitten, überschrieben und übermalt wurde? mit einem mächtigen teilchenbeschleuniger natürlich! handschriften-konservator william noel erzählt die faszinierende geschichte des archimedes-palimpsests, einem byzantinischen gebetbuch, welches bisher unbekannte originaltexte des griechischen mathematikers archimdes und anderen enthält. +es gibt nur wenige orte in den usa, wo man echtes kobe probieren kann, und einer davon ist wolfgang puck 's restaurant, cut, in los angeles. +sie haben mir jedoch eine rundführung gegeben. +ich habe das in einem blindversuch, zusammen mit 20 anderen leuten, gegen fünf andere olivenöle ausprobiert. +und um das auszuprobieren - ich konnte keinen sponsor finden, aber ich ging in den manhattan showroom des herstellers, toto, und die haben dort toiletten, abseits des ausstellungsraumes, welche man benutzen kann, was ich getan habe. +die meisten autos, die ich fahre, fangen an zu rattern, wenn ich mich 80 meilen pro stunde nähere. +es waren drei tage, vier mahlzeiten +und im besonderen, denke ich, dass wir etwas über das lernen lernen können. +es ist aus dem spiel world of warcraft mit mehr als 10 millionen spieler weltweit, einer davon bin ich, ein anderer ist meine frau. +wenn man nun ein spiel wie warcraft betrachtet, kann man es, wenn man will, als eine große kistenöffnungs-unternehmung sehen. +nein, wir wollen jeweils nur ein oder zwei monster auf dem bildschirm haben. +zweitens, mehrere lang- und kurzfristige ziele -- 5.000 kuchen - langweilig, 15 kuchen - interessant. +dies bedeutet, dass wir lernen vorhersagen können, wir können verstärktes engagement vorhersagen, diese fenster, diese zeitfenster, in denen lernen auf einem erhöhten niveau stattfindet. +ich beginne mit der geschäftswelt. +durch diese arbeit hoffe ich, die evolutionäre anfälligkeit unserer körper besser zu verstehen, damit wir unsere gesundheit in zukunft verbessern und besser bewahren können. +frühere studien konzentrierten sich vor allem auf die mikroskopie. +so nahm ich einen job im united nations food progamme an, um diese sicherheitsaspekte durch ernährungssicherung anzugehen. +unglücklicherweise ist fettleibigkeit nicht nur ein amerikanisches problem. +da ist diese große, konzentrierte landwirtschaft, die zu dem geführt hat, was wir in amerika essen. und es ist wirklich so seit ungefähr 1980, nach der ölkrise, als, sie wissen, massenzusammenschlüsse, massenexodus von kleinen farmern in diesem land. +ikonen wie michael pollan und jamie oliver in seinem ted-wunsch haben beide diese letzten drei jahrzehnte als unglaublich bedeutend für die veränderung unseres ernährungssystems thematisiert. +dies ist ein bauhelm, den ich vor zwei jahren bekommen habe. das war bei einem der größten projekte, an denen ich und meine firma je beteiligt waren. +aber ich werde mich auf den beginn des prozesses beschränken, auf drei sehr pedantische aussagen. +wenn wir so gut sind, in dem, was wir tun, sollten wir dann nicht in der lage sein, eine architektonische manifestation zu schaffen, die absolut reibungslos durch die kunden- und projektseitigen engpässe gleitet? +die architektonische umsetzung war, ehlich gesagt, simpel. +sie gehen hinunter in die lobby, gehen durch die lobby mit all den kleinen dingern, die da herunterhängen, egal ob sie sie mögen oder nicht, gehen die treppe hoch in den zuschauerraum. +die lösung für die balkone war etwas, das wir alle als anzeigetafel-hub kennen. +dieses gebäude kann sich in kurzer zeit in ein ebenerdiges gebäude verwandeln, so dass es vermietet werden kann. +zur erinnerung, dass dies ein beispiel ist dafür, dass architektur tatsächlich etwas erreicht hat. +und ich war begeistert von dieser idee, kleine einblicke in das leben anderer gewinnen zu können, +"ich finde es klasse, dass sie es geschafft haben, das meiste zu bewahren, was einen dazu bringt, sich mit der natur verbunden zu fühlen - schmetterlinge, von menschenhand geschaffene wälder, kalksteinhöhlen und hey, sogar eine riesige python." +dies hier sind einige neuere projekte, die offiziell noch nicht einmal gestartet worden sind. +daran sind wir gewöhnt. +dieses diagramm, das ich hier unten anklicke, soll dem medizinischen diagramm eines herzschlags ähneln und die aufregenden momente aufzeigen mit hohen leveln von adrenalin. +eine wirklich glückliche person hielt dann also zehn ballons und eine wirklich unglückliche seele einen ballon. +er hatte eine erstaunliche anzahl von haaren, die aus einem muttermal auf der linken seite seines gesichts wuchsen, was sehr großes glück bedeutet, wie mir gesagt wurde. +eines der heikelsten politischen themen in bhutan ist die verwendung von billiger indischer arbeitskraft, dass arbeiter aus indien eingeführt werden, um die straßen zu bauen, und dass diese leute dann wieder heim geschickt werden, sobald die straßen gebaut sind. +frau: aber ich würde vielleicht 40 bis 50 vorziehen. +und es kommt ihnen nie in den sinn, dass sie einmal eine straße entlang gehen, und nur, weil sie auf der einen oder der anderen straßenseite gehen, sich ihr leben für immer ändert. +und – – die schwester bekommt einen lachanfall und ich bewege meinen kopf und versuche, die leute zu erkennen und mich überkommt diese bizarre erinnerung, wie ich im college geld sammelte für die opfer der flutkatastrophe in bangladesh, und dann gucke ich nach oben, und mein narkosearzt stülpt mir die maske über und ich denke mir: » er sieht bangladeschisch aus « – – und ich habe nur diese beiden dinge und ich denke mir: » das könnte irgendwie hinhauen. « +ed gavagan: eine geschichte von knoten und chirurgen +mit der zeit ist es nur natürlich, dass sprechen und schreiben zu einem teil ineinander übergegangen sind. +das sehen wir in dieser getippten sprache. +bedenken sie, wie das wort "yo" benutzt wird, wenn jugendliche heute sprechen. +"viele kennen das alphabet oder das einmaleins nicht, schreiben nicht grammatikalisch korrekt –" so etwas haben wir schon früher gehört, nicht erst 1956. 1917, ein lehrer aus connecticut. +das dritte wäre, mir eine sammlung von texten zeigen zu lassen, die 16-jährige mädchen geschrieben haben, denn ich würde wissen wollen, wie sich diese sprache seit unserer zeit verändert hat. im idealfall würde ich das an sie und mich heute zurückschicken, damit wir dieses sprachliche wunder untersuchen könnten, das sich gerade vor uns abspielt. +golan levin über software kunst +es ist höchst unwahrscheinlich, dass die taliban je das land übernehmen könnten -- höchst unwahrscheinlich, dass sie kabul erobern könnten. +und das gleiche gilt für die truppen. +und doch hat ihnen niemand zugehört. +traurigerweise hatten unsere auslandsdienste, die vereinten nationen, die militärs in diesen ländern nur eine sehr wage vorstellung davon, was vor sich geht. +aber sie müssen sich den kontext ansehen. +es macht das versagen unsichtbar, undenkbar und unvermeidbar. +das problem, über das ich heute mit ihnen sprechen möchte, ist die frage davon, wie man medizinische versorgung gewährt in einer welt, die von kosten bestimmt wird. +so wirkt eine hydrophile oberfläche. +ungefähr die hälfte von ihnen, die frauen sind, haben vielleicht irgendwann einmal einen schwangerschaftstest gemacht. +es gibt hier eine sehr wichtige angelegenheit, da es ein drucker ist, ein farbdrucker, er druckt farben. das ist was farbdrucker tun. +so, sie nehmen den tropfen blut, ohne weitere verarbeitung. sie bringen ihn in ein kleines gerät. das gerät filtert die blutzellen heraus, und lässt das serum durch, und sie erhalten eine reihe von farben dort unten. +und die antwort ist natürlich, "sie tun es nicht". +und wir schickten es aus und es kam postwendend zurück. +traditionelle labortests für die diagnose von krankheiten können zu teuer und zu umständlich sein für die regionen, die sie am meisten benötigen. george whitesides 'raffinierte lösung in diesem talk von tedxboston ist ein todsicheres instrument, das mit fast null kosten hergestellt werden kann. +und wir glauben, dass solche leute wahrscheinlich nicht für menschen stimmen wollen, die so aussehen und barack obama heißen. +dementsprechend können wir uns einige verschiedene variablen ansehen. +aber im vergleich von demokraten und republikanern lässt sich kein großer unterschied feststellen, basierend darauf, wer die nachbarn sind. +und man kann viel mit seinen nachbarn interagieren, mit menschen, die man mag, mit menschen, die man vielleicht gar nicht kennt. +als arzt praktiziere ich auf dem neuesten technischen stand. +"sehen sie, als sie" guten morgen "sagte, habe ich ihren akzent von fife erkannt. +innerhalb von ein paar jahren im späten 19. und frühen 20. jahrhundert löste plötzlich der arzt, der versuchte, eine diagnose zu stellen, den barbier ab. +zwischen der wahrnehmung des patienten und der der ärzte im hinblick auf die bestmögliche medizinische versorgung besteht ein echter widerspruch. +für sie war das die art aufmerksamkeit, die sie brauchte. +die gute nachricht: kein krebs, keine tuberkulose. es ist nicht kokzidioidomykose oder eine andere obskure pilzinfektion. +ich würde den brustkorb abklopfen, mir das herz anhören. +die moderne medizin läuft gefahr ein mächtiges, altmodisches werkzeug zu verlieren: die menschliche berührung. arzt und autor abraham verghese beschreibt unsere seltsame neue welt, in der patienten bloße datenpunkte sind, und fordert eine rückehr zu der traditionellen köperlichen untersuchung. +und die antwort ist, wenn man genug davon öffnet – ja. +und in all den fällen müssen wir fragen – – welche ist die wahrscheinlichere erklärung? +bei galileo zum beispiel: er hatte zwei probleme, wenn er den saturn betrachtet hatte. +wir können alle möglichen gesichter sehen. +ich nehme an, dass man nur ein wunder pro gebäude haben kann. +es war 2005 in den top 5: "nine million bicycles". +herzkrankheiten bringen immer noch mehr menschen um - nicht nur in amerika, sondern auf der ganzen welt - als alles andere zusammen. dabei sind sie bei fast allen menschen vermeidbar. +und dabei ließen sich viele dieser probleme verhindern, wenn diese babys nur warm genug gehalten würden. +und so hoffen wir, innerhalb der nächsten 5 jahre fast eine million babys retten zu können. +was tun wir für unseren lebensunterhalt? +danach ging er nach north carolina und hat es nochmal gemacht. +um dieses prinzip kann man eine gesamte industrie aufbauen. +leute in weißen hüten, die boote segeln. +einige leute werden versuchen, andere für ihr team zu motivieren. +jemand steht auf und sagt: "das ist wichtig. +"was würde passieren, wenn ich für jedes gekaufte paar dieser schuhe, genau das gleiche paar jemandem gebe, der gar keine schuhe besitzt?" +führer sein, gibt einem charisma. +er müsste preiswert, schnell, einfach, sensitiv und spezifisch sein und minimalinvasiv. +man braucht etwas wasser, gibt die nanoröhren hinein, und die antikörper, und mischt das ganze, nimmt etwas papier, taucht es hinein und trocknet es, und schon kann man krebs aufspüren. +in den nächsten zwei bis fünf jahren könnte dieser detektor die überlebensraten bei bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs von mickrigen 5,5 prozent auf fast 100 prozent anheben, und ähnlich auch bei eierstock- und lungenkrebs. +meine erfahrungen mit der islamischen welt sind jedoch ganz anders. +es gibt z. b. die figur noora. +und warum führt sex zu babys, und warum bedeuten babys in beziehungen eine erotische katastrophe? +welche beziehung besteht zwischen liebe und verlangen? +und in diesem raum zwischen mir und dem anderen entsteht die erotische anziehung, die bewegung zum anderen hin. +ist es ein ort, wo sie infantile wünsche ausdrücken können? +das wird nichts bewirken. das steht keiner am empfang. +kind nummer 2 kehrt zurück, guckt aber immer über seine schulter. +es geht um fokus und präsenz. +wir sind zurechtgekommen, aber manchmal schien es, daß diese hallen für die musik die ich machte oder gemacht hatte nicht ganz passend waren. +die räume sind kleiner, mit noch weniger hall, also kann er ziemlich verspielte musik schreiben, die sehr komplex ist -- und es funktioniert. +da konnte jetzt extreme dynamik eingesetzt werden die es in mancher der anderen musikarten einfach nicht gab. +andere sänger nach sinatra gingen sogar einen schritt weiter. +und in mancher hinsicht passt die musik, die sie für diese orte schrieben einfach perfekt. +da hab ich mir gedacht: also, wenn das ein schöpfungsmodell ist, wenn wir musik machen die in erster linie die form für diesen zusammenhang erfüllt, und wenn wir kunst machen, die an wänden von kunstgaleriern und museen hängt, und wenn wir programme schreiben, die zu existierenden betriebssystemen passt, ist es das, worum es geht? +es war für mich eine so aufschlussreiche erfahrung, sie darüber reden zu hören, welch neue welt dank technologie und wissenschaft entstehen wird. +es ist nicht das erste mal, dass wir eine technische revolution erleben. +und trotzdem sagt er: "gott heilt meine seele." +es gibt leute, die nutzen die technischen fortschritte, zum beispiel die des internets, von denen wir heute abend gehört haben, und verwandeln sie in etwas schädliches. +daher kannte ich also dobrynin sehr gut, und ich sagte, "ich werde heute abend neben frau gorbatschow sitzen. +unerträgliche psychische belastungen drücken uns nieder. +es ist für sie schwer zu verstehen, dass sie sterben werden. +ich habe viele vorträge in deutschland und in frankreich und in anderen teilen der welt gehalten. in 105 ländern durfte ich bereits reden halten. +im wesentlichen sagte er folgendes: "wenn du auf gott setzt und dich seiner liebe öffnest, verlierst du nichts, selbst dann nicht, wenn du dich irrst. +ich konnte die sache nicht in ein labor bringen und damit versuche anstellen. +das leben ist ein recht, nichts nebensächliches oder zufälliges. +haben sie sie? +ich mache meine erfahrungen exponentiell. +resolutionen, rauch, +die frau des häuptlings hatte ein kleines mädchen, die hauptfarbe ähnlich hell wie meine, und ganz dreckig. +sie ist extrem sportlich. +bis jetzt haben wir mit über 300 gearbeitet. +ich werde es also tun. +ich möchte 20 jahre von nun an zurückblicken und sehen, dass da noch ein liberianisches mädchen, ein ghanaisches, nigerianisches, äthiopisches mädchen auf dieser ted-bühne steht. +lg: gern geschehen. +licklider erkannte, computer können die notwendige routinearbeit tun, um einsichten und entscheidungen vorzubereiten. +jede interaktion wird von immer mehr sensoren aufgezeichnet: ihr telefon, ihre kreditkarte, ihr computer. es sind viele daten und wir bekommen dadurch die gelegenheit, unser dasein genauer zu verstehen. +sie hatten ihre familien im golf, der levante und nordafrika zurück gelassen, um sich al-qaida im irak anzuschließen. +das menschliche ziel war hier, camps für umsiedlung zu identifizieren, basierend auf vorrangigem bedarf. +und die realität der gesellschaft, in der wir leben, ist die, dass es tausende und abertausende von menschen da draußen gibt, die ihr leben im stummen schrei der verzweiflung leben, dabei lange, harte stunden in verhassten jobs arbeiten, um dinge kaufen können, die sie nicht brauchen, um menschen zu beeindrucken, die sie nicht mögen. +zur mittagszeit sport mit einem freund. +also ich will ja nicht spotten, aber ein fitter bürohamster mit 10-stunden-tag zu sein, ist nicht ausgeglichener, sondern nur angepasster. +und das ist meiner ansicht nach eine idee, die verbreitung verdient. +als schwarze in amerika ist es für mich, im vergleich zu einem weißen, zweimal so wahrscheinlich in einer gegend zu leben, in der die luftverschmutzung für mich das größte gesundheitsrisiko darstellt. +aber warum ist unsere lage so anders? +wer erzielt einen gewinn? gibt es irgendeine rechtfertigung dafür, was die lokale kommune erdulden muss? +und sie schaffen wohnraum für unsere kleinen freunde! +und wir arbeiten mit einem übergreifenden städtischen planungsdefizit. +für seine brillanten anstrengungen wurde er fast angeklagt. +verschwenden sie nicht zusätzlich zu den 90 prozent an energie, die wir täglich verschwenden und woran uns herr gore erinnert hat, auch noch unsere energie, intelligenz und hart erworbene erfahrung. +sie schrieb mir zurück und sagte: "ich bin so stolz, einen sohn zu haben, der eine software entwickelt hat, die es diesen kindern ermöglichte, ihren müttern muttertagskarten zu machen." +es scheint als springe jeder auf diesen trend auf. +und wenn ich meine hand bewege, kann ich die ballons zerplatzen lassen oder ich kann den käfer bewegen. +also zeigte ich es ihm. +es macht wiederum sinn, über eine analogie mit sprache nachzudenken. +das hat mit automobilen überhaupt nichts zu tun. +hierüber möchte ich sprechen. +unser interesse ist es, schönheit zu finden, die mehr als nur ästhetisch ist, sondern tatsächlich eine wahrheit. +alles klar? eine sache zum thema kunst: kunst ist entdeckung und kunst ist es, sich selbst durch seine kunst zu entdecken. richtig? +hoffentlich würden wir den kunden in seinem inneren verstehen, dort wo er zu hause ist, indem wir mit ihm in amerika leben. und so -- schickten wir das team los, und dann passierte tatsächlich etwas anderes. sie machten sich auf ihre eigene reise. +die ingenieure flogen herüber, und die designer trafen sich mit ihnen und sie stellten ihre präsentation zusammen. +über so was kann man sich aber auch aufregen, oder? +chris bangle sagt, großartige autos sind kunst +während meiner ausbildung in klinischer medizin, hämatologie, onkologie, und stammzelltransplantation, hatten wir statt dessen durch die regulation der fda [us-arzneimittelzulassungsbehörde] nur substanzen wie arsen, thalidomid und ein chemisches derivat von senfgas. +tatsächlich vergaßen sie, dass sie krebszellen waren und wurden zu normalen zellen. +und das war leider erfolgreich. +der erste ist dieser: wenn etwas an dieser forschung einzigartig ist, ist es weniger die wissenschaft als eher die strategie – für uns war dies ein soziales experiment, in dem wir herausfinden wollten was passiert, wenn wir in den frühesten phasen der chemischen forschung so offen und ehrlich wie möglich wären. +eins, was sie mit einem bild wie diesem machen können, ist, es einfach zu bewundern. +denn wenn das der fall gewesen wäre, wären sie unter der gravitationskraft kollabiert zu einem riesigen schwarzen loch. +das ist unsere aufgabe als kosmologen. +und nach einstein treibt diese energie das universum an. +die konsequenz wurde von boltzmann im 19. jahrhundert untersucht. +das ist die region, in dem die entropie niedrig ist. +aber wir wissen jetzt genug über die zukunft des universums, dass wir sehr viel mehr sagen können. +oder vielleicht ist der urknall nicht der beginn des universums. +ich hatte niemals ein internet gesehen. +ich fühlte mich sehr wohl auf dem gymnasium. also war ich entschlossen alles mögliche zu tun um bildung zu erhalten. +gott segne sie. +egal welche bewegung ich in meiner echten welt machte wurde nur mithilfe meines kleinen gerätes in der digitalen welt repliziert. vor acht jahren, im jahre 2000. +ich nahm das sehr wörtlich, ich nahm meinen fahrradhelm, und setzte ihn ein wenig schieff auf, das der projektor gut daraufpasste. +die kamera versteht interessanterweise nicht nur meine bewegungen, sondern ist auch fähig zu verstehen welche dinge ich in meiner hand halte. +und warum nur comuter? wir können einfach mit papieren spielen. +pm: es gibt sehr viel energie heir. sehr viel zu lernen. +es war eine große herausforderung. +falls sie keine freiräume haben, müssen sie dorthin gehen und freiräume schaffen. +man kann gute haltestellen bauen. +der erste: man kann einen, nennen wir es teufelskreis in einen virtuellen kreis ändern. +sie können sich vorstellen, wie zufrieden die menschen mit mir sind wenn sie diese szenen sehen. +ich teile ihnen nun die vorfälle des tages mit. +das ist großartig, das bedeutet, es gibt bald 10 milliarden köpfe, die miteinander arbeiten, 10 milliarden talente zusammen. +inka-skulpturen werden als schätze betrachtet in britischen museen, während shakespeare übersetzt ist in jede wichtige sprache der erde. +übrigens hatte darin selbst keinen zweifel daran, dass das pfauenrad für die pfauenhennen schön ist. +wunderschöne muschelhalsketten, die wie etwas aussehen, was sie auf einer ausstellung des kunsthandwerks finden würden, ebenso ockergelbe körperfarbe sind gefunden worden, die ungefähr 100.000 jahre alt sind. +ja, frisur -- darauf bestehe ich. +wir haben schon ein automatisches fahrzeug. +das system ist ebenfalls schlau genug um den sichersten weg zu berechnen um das auto zu bedienen. +daher, handelt es sich in der tat um einen multidimensionalen nutzer-interface. +sie müssen irre sein. " +ich verließ gerade ein seminar, als es anfing. ich summte vor mich hin, fummelte an meiner tasche herum, so wie ich es schon hundertmal gemacht hatte, als ich plötzlich eine stimme hörte, die ruhig bemerkte: "sie geht aus dem raum." +zu diesem zeitpunkt begannen die ereignisse sich zu überschlagen. +ich sagte immer, dass diese menschen mich gerettet haben, aber jetzt weiß ich, dass sie etwas viel wichtigeres getan haben als sie mich dazu befähigten, mich selbst zu retten, und, ganz entscheidend, halfen sie mir etwas zu verstehen, das ich immer vermutet hatte, nämlich dass meine stimmen eine sinnvolle reaktion auf traumatische lebensereignisse, besonders kindheitserlebnisse, waren, und daher nicht meine feinde, sondern eine erkenntnisquelle für unlösbare emotionale probleme waren. +um chavez zu paraphrasieren: wenn der soziale wandel beginnt, kann er nicht mehr aufgehalten werden. +an was sie sich erinnern ist, natürlich, der wichtige sieg: dass die briten geschlagen waren, und wir gesiegt hatten, und das der staat geboren war. +und das macht es zu einem außerordentlich spannenden ort für untersuchungen. +aber besser - was viel wichtiger ist ist, dass sie sonnenlicht bündeln müssten. +man sieht das rote leuchten in ihren augen, was die reflektion der taschenlampe ist. +sie sehen aus wie, vielleicht wie sonnenblumen. +ich war ein teenager und mit 15 oder 16 wollen wir, wie alle teenager, nehme ich an, einfach nur das machen, was uns gefällt und woran wir glauben. +und das ermöglicht es mir, diskret auf die uhr zu schauen, hier, ohne den arm zu anzuwinkeln. +ich meine, überlegen sie mal: die sorgfalt, mit der wir sonnenbrillen aussuchen oder schmuck oder accessoires, ist wirklich wichtig, also wenn es nicht schön ist, gehört es nicht in dein gesicht. +also nannten wir es y water. das ist also ein weiteres beispiel, bei dem alles zusammen in einem raum passiert: das dreidimensionale design, die ideen, die entwicklung der marke, es ist alles eng miteinander verwoben. +tatsächlich können sie sehen, dass jedes logo ein bisschen anders ist. +und wenn jemand fragt, weshalb sie ein kondom dabei haben, können sie einfach sagen, ihnen gefällt das design. +die erste hälfte wird von den sängern hier auf der bühne aufgeführt. +und was, wenn überhaupt, haben männer damit zu tun? +mein vater, der in drei kriegen gekämpft hatte, konnte seine eigene schwester nicht vor diesem leid bewahren. +"er war geschmeichelt. +ich sehe traditionelle musik als eine art rebellion, in der menschen wirklich eine stimme haben, besonders in den traditionellen liedern aus anderen teilen der früheren republik von jugoslawien. +aber nein, für den protest, kleideten sie sich alle in weiß, ohne makeup. +frauen, wie sakena und leah und layma haben mich bescheiden gemacht, mich verändert und erkennen lassen, dass ich nicht so schnell annahmen irgendeiner art treffen sollte. +wir können gesellschaften entmilitarisieren und die mittel stattdessen in reservoire wahrer sicherheit gießen. +und ich dachte: "tja, ich bin kein stratege und auch kein spezialist. ich bin nur ein geschichtenerzähler." +was könnte das bedeuten? +sie waren während des betens zusammen. +und da gibt es zwei wichtige botschaften, oder zwei lektionen, die man dieser realität entnehmen kann. +und die religionspolizei zwingt die angebliche islamische lebensweise jedem bürger auf, mit gewalt – z.b. werden frauen gezwungen, ihre köpfe zu bedecken – den hidschab zu tragen, die islamische kopfbedeckung. +es ist unser glaube und wir werden ihm treu bleiben. ". +und ich denke das ist eine frage, die vorsichitg diskutiert werden muss. +das ist eine erfahrung, die nicht jede muslimische nation im mittleren osten bis vor kurzem hatte. +mustafa akyol: glaube gegenüber tradition im islam +es lichtet den wald und macht die einzelnen bäume sichtbar. +eine antikörper-färbung wie diese hier kann genutzt werden, um diese art von fragen zu verstehen. +darfur mag sich aus den schlagzeilen verabschiedet haben, aber die tötungen und die vertreibungen dort dauern ebenfalls an und das schiere menschliche elend, das daraus hervorgeht ist sehr schwer zu ergründen. +somit ist die tatsache, dass die zahl ziviler getöteter, auch wenn jeder getötete, verkrüppelte, vergewaltigte, gefolterte zivilist einer zu viel ist, heute sichtbar geringer ist als noch vor einem jahrzehnt. eine gute nachricht. +aber andererseits ist nord irland ein sehr einzigartiges beispiel oder trifft diese erklärung nur allgemein für demokratische und entwicklungsländer zu? +sowohl erfolge als auch misserfolge lehren uns einige sehr wichtige dinge die wir im hinterkopf behalten müssen wenn wir wollen, dass das mit den guten nachrichten so weiter geht. +als national geographic-fotograf habe ich sie schon für viele porträtiert. +morast und mineralien werden zu nährboden, auf dem bakterien gedeihen. +an land ging es neue wege: kieferknochen wuchsen zuerst, später zähne. +das aussterben einer art kann sich langsam vollziehen, aber manchmal auch sehr schnell. +und wo es das nicht tut, wie im grönländischen winter, ist der mars nicht weit. +in australien ist "mo" der jargon für schnurrbart. also haben wir den november in "movember" umgetauft und ein paar einfache regeln aufgestellt, die bis heute gelten. +und wir blieben beharrlich und brachten 450 männer dazu, sich schnurrbärte wachsen zu lassen und zusammen sammelten wir 54 000 dollar und spendeten jeden cent an die prostate cancer foundation of australia und das war damals die größte einzelspende, die sie jemals erhalten hatten. +wir haben also folgendes gemacht: wir haben etwas von dem geld genommen, das wir in australien gesammelt hatten, um die kampagne in dieses land zu bringen, in die usa und nach england, und wir haben das gemacht, weil wir wussten, dass, wenn es erfolgreich wäre, wir unendlich viel mehr geld weltweit sammeln könnten als nur in australien. und das geld treibt die forschung an und diese forschung wird uns ein heilmittel bringen. +wir stiegen also in ein taxi und dies ist unser taxifahrer und ich saß auf dem rücksitz und er drehte sich um und sagte: "wo wollt ihr hin?" +deshalb haben wir beschlossen wohltätigkeit neu zu definieren. wir müssen die art und weise der tätigkeit dieser leute neu definieren. wie machen wir das? +er konnte sehen was seinem wald passierte, seiner umwelt, weil sein großvater ihn unter seine fittiche nahm als er gerade einmal zwei jahre alt war und begann ihn über den wald und den weg des lebens seiner leute zu lehren. +er würde ihnen sagen, wie er es mir erzählt hat, er sagte: "ich fragte mich: was taten meine großeltern und urgroßeltern um den wald für mich zu schützen? +wir müssen uns ändern. +sogar dies war nicht genug. +würde er ihnen sagen: "ich bin ein sammler und ich kuratiere ein museum." +sie haben einen sinn für großen zusammenhänge ihrer zeit und ihre kleine rolle darin. +er umflog sie zum ersten mal, er umflog sie zum zweiten mal, er umflog sie zum dritten mal. +an den ufern eines flusses namens indus, im heutigen pakistan. +du solltest nicht sisyphos sein, der bei tage einen fels einen berg hinaufrollt, nur um ihn am nächsten morgen wieder heruntergerollt aufzufinden. +sehen sie, die inder kannten auch einen fluss, der das land der lebenden vom land der toten trennt. +der nenner im leben des gymnsophen war "unendlich". +es gibt keinen dirigenten. +und immer sah ich die verzweiflung bei meinen amerikanischen und europäischen kollegen, wenn sie es mit indien zu tun hatten. +also ist nichts richtig oder falsch an dem, was man in deinem leben tut. +und wenn sie also das nächste mal jemandem begegnen, einem fremden, dann habe ich eine bitte: verstehen sie, dass sie in einer subjektiven wahrheit leben, und der andere auch. +sie haben angst, dass wenn sie ihre leidenschaft suchen und diese nicht finden, sie sich wie ein idiot fühlen würden. also machen sie ausflüchte, warum sie nicht nach ihrer leidenschaft ausschau halten. +wissen sie was? hier ist ein kleines geheimnis. +sie brauchen 20 interessen und eins davon, eins davon wird sie packen, eins davon wird sie fesseln, mehr als alles andere und dann haben sie womöglich ihre größte liebe im vergleich zu allen anderen dingen gefunden, die sie interessieren, und das ist leidenschaft. +was soll ich ihnen darauf sagen? +"schau mal. ich hatte auch mal einen traum, aber –" "aber." +und das ist der grund, weshalb sie keine großartige karriere haben werden, es sei denn – 'es sei denn', die aufrüttelndsten aller wörter – 'es sei denn'. +sie erinnern sich vielleicht an den aufschrei vor einem jahr, als eine arbeitsgruppe der amerikanischen vorsorgedienste die literatur über mammografieuntersuchungen überprüfte und eine richtlinie gegen mammographieuntersuchungen erließ für frauen zwischen vierzig und fünfzig. +deshalb ist es einfach, diesen tumor im oberen teil dieser brust mit viel fettgewebe zu sehen. +früher oder später müssen wir die tatsache akzeptieren, dass innovationen im gesundheitswesen nicht immer viel mehr kosten können. +da waren wir also, ein kernphysiker, eine internistin, kurz darauf ergänzt durch carrie hruska, eine biomedizin-ingenieurin und zwei radiologen. wir versuchten, uns mit der etablierten welt der mammographie anzulegen, mit hilfe einer maschine, die von klebeband zusammengehalten wurde. +hier ist ein beispiel aus dieser studie. +wir müssen noch die studie mit der geringen strahlungsdosis beenden und dann müssen unsere ergebnisse von anderen institutionen wiederholt werden. das könnte fünf jahre oder länger dauern. +die babys, mit denen wir schwanger waren, als meine patientin mir damals diese frage stellte, sind jetzt beide in der mittelstufe, so lange haben die antworten darauf gebraucht. +ich kann mir ihre finanzbelege ansehen. +oder sollten wir seine privatsphäre respektieren, seine würde schützen und ihn in ruhe lassen? +was ist ein moralisches betriebssystem? +ich gehe hin und her, ich komme nirgends an. +wenn man so darüber nachdenkt, hat man einen moralischen massstab nach plato. +nicht, weil es vorhin geklingelt hat, ich nehme es, weil ich eine kleine berechnung gemacht habe. +was ist die formel ' +oder habe ich wie kant meine vernunft benutzt, um herauszufinden, was intrinsisch richtig ist? " +dum ta da da dum dum ta da da dum ihr musikerfreund wird sie stoppen und sagen, "weisst du, diese titelmusik für eure datenrevolution, das ist eine oper, das ist wagner. +er ist unsere unsichtbare wirklichkeit. +und dieses rauschen ist das neutralste. +definitiv nicht perfekt. als würdet ihr es wahrscheinlich an diesem punkt ausmachen. +ihr müsst wissen: heutzutage wird etwa eine von zwei tabletten jeder arznei falsch eingenommen. +ich habe es entworfen, um kindern mit der behandlung zu helfen. +große tragödie also. +denn in den wurzeln der pflanze ist sie nicht sehr effektiv. +jetzt können wir lokales essen genießen. +wenn man den medienberichten glaubt, war das leben eines drogendealers in der blütezeit der crack-epidemie sehr glamourös, zumindest nach den worten von virginia postrel. +laut malcolm gladwell war [das kokain-derivat] crack die gehaltvollere version von tomatensuppe für die innenstadt. +er war ein wirklich interessanter anblick. +er ging zurück in den zweiten stock und sagte: "hey jungs. +die gruppe, die ich näher betrachten möchte, sind jedoch die leute ganz unten, das fußvolk. +in unserer gang – und das war zugegebenerweise nicht die standardsituation – es herrschte gerade intensive gewalt – viele bandenkriege – und diese gang wurde tatsächlich ziemlich erfolgreich. aber es gab dafür einen preis. +aber die regeln änderten sich, und sie wurden nie zum partner erhoben. +die worte eines bandenmitglieds drücken das sehr schön aus. +danach begann ich mit skydiving. +2005 folgte mein base-jump von eiger, mönch und jungfrau, drei sehr berühmten bergen in der schweiz. +ich kenne zwar schon die antwort darauf, aber: wie landen sie? +und sagen sie dann jemals: "nein, das werde ich nicht tun"? +ich denke, es gibt eine sozilalisierende dimension in diesem verschieben der grenze. +geht es darum bei kunst? +so dass sich mit der bewegung ihrer beine die farbe ihres horizonts verändern wird. +und "ha-ha, da ist ein bild und hier bin ich. und was soll das ganze?" +in den spektakulären großprojekten, für die er berühmt ist, erschafft olafur eliasson kunst aus einer palette von raum, distanz, farbe und licht. dieser mit vortrag voller ideen beginnt mit einem experiment zur natur der wahrnehmung. +ich vermute, dass das eine menge tiere verscheucht. +wir brauchen eine organisation wie die nasa für ozeanforschung, denn wir müssen unsere lebenserhaltungssysteme hier auf der erde schützen und erforschen. +als die 10 jahre alt war, 1927, veröffentlichte sie ihren ersten gedichtband mit dem titel "the janitor 's boy" +mir gefror mein blut als ich das las weil ich eine einfache musik geschrieben hatte 130 jahre nachdem er diesem brief schrieb.. +natalie merchant singt von ihrem neuen album "leave your sleep". die texte aus fast vergessenen dichtungen aus dem 19. jahrhundert paaren sich mit ihrer unverwechselbaren stimme zu einem auftritt, der das publikum begeisterte. +ihr körper unterscheidet sich grundlegend von unserem. +als erwachsener, als ich über die erstaunlichen erkenntnisse von penny patterson und koko, sue savage-rumbaugh mit kanzi und panbanisha, irene pepperberg und alex, den papagei, hörte, begeisterte ich mich dafür. +so sah es aus, als es anfing und man kann es als internet der weißen männer mittleren alters bezeichnen, überwiegend weiße männer mittleren alters. +bei mir sind 8 große tümmler: die 20-jährige chesapeake, unser erster hier geborener delphin, ihre 4 jahre alte tochter bayley und ihre halbschwester, die 11 jahre alte maya. +nur der kongress kann diese zahl wertschätzen. +das bedeutet, dass das, was wir gerade über diese interaktionen mit anderen arten lernen, uns letztendlich beibringt, wie wir vielleicht mit aliens von einem anderen planeten interagieren. +nun, vielen dank euch allen, dass ihr dabei wart. +und nun sprachen menschen aus dem iran mit mir. +es gibt dort grafikdesigner. wirklich? +diese ganze liste an facebookseiten, der gleichen botschaft gewidmet; menschen, die einander ihre liebe senden. +erinnern sie sich an das bild vom anfang? +ich werde einfach ein bild davon machen und ich werde es auf facebook hochladen mit etwas wie "israelis für den frieden". +wie sie sehen, entwickelt sich ein projekt durch eine folge von generationen von designmeetings. +aber dann trafen wir einen chinesischen unternehmer, der unser design gesehen hatte und sagte: "wow, das ist das chinesische zeichen für das wort ‚ volk '". offenbar schreibt man so also "volk", wie in "volksrepublik china". +china wird durch den drachen symbolisiert, +sondern bieten an es auszuprobieren. +wenn sie trotzdem nach kopenhagen kommen, werden sie wohl eine installation des chinesischen künstlers ai weiwei sehen, +wenn man jetzt vom parkhaus durch die gänge geht, ist es fast wie eine reise durch ein paralleluniversum aus bunten autos und farben zu dieser urbane oase in südlage. +unser grundgedanke war, die sieben wichtigsten berge aserbaidschans als muster zu nehmen, und sie in urbane architektonische strukturen umzusetzen, die von menschen bewohnt werden können. +und ich muss sagen, bevor ich weiter mache, bitte ich jeden von ihnen es zu versuchen und stift und papier herauszuholen weil ich sie tatsächlich darum bitten werde, mir zu helfen, einen blick darauf zu werfen, wie wir das machen. +weil wir probleme nicht lösen können. +was ich also beabsichtige ist, wirklich zu sagen, dass wir für eine sehr lange zeit, eine situation gehabt haben, in der wir eine anzahl der auswahlmöglichkeiten gehabt haben. +und dann fragen sie, warum ökonomen? +aber es besagt, dass das was wir dagegen machen können sehr wenig ist, zu sehr hohen kosten. +die neuerkrankungen an malaria belaufen sich auf einige millionen infizierte pro jahr. +also nochmal, auf was wir uns konzentrieren, ist prävention eher als behandlung, zunächst einmal. +natürlich liegt das hauptsächlich daran, dass der klimawandel so gute bilder hat. +die einzigen zwei bedingungen waren, dass sie an der universität studieren, und dass sie englisch sprechen. +im letzten jahrhundert hat die kombination aus liberaler demokratie und privatem kapitalismus den vereinigten staaten und der westlichen welt zu rasantem wirtschaftswachstum verholfen. +denken sie einmal darüber nach, ob das von china repräsentierte system nicht das ist, welches bei den menschen in entwicklungsländern immer mehr zu dem system wird, das es anzustreben gilt, da sie immer mehr davon überzeugt sind, dass durch dieses system ihr lebensstandard innerhalb kürzester zeit am besten und schnellsten verbessert werden kann. +ich stehe auch hier, um ihnen zu sagen, dass sich gerade einiges verändert im hinblick auf chinas haltung zur demokratie. +aber ich glaube, dass die usa und die europäischen staaten, um ihren weltweiten einfluss zu behalten, vielleicht darüber nachdenken müssen, kurzfristig zu kooperieren, um konkurrieren zu können und dadurch müssen sie sich vielleicht aggressiver auf die wirtschaftlichen erfolge konzentrieren, um dazu beizutragen, eine mittelschicht zu schaffen und somit die regierung zur verantwortung ziehen zu können und die demokratie zu bilden, die wir wirklich wollen. +auf die gleiche weise können wir das wirtschaftswachstum ankurbeln. +heißt also, wenn man im besten klima lebt, in san diego in den usa oder im schlechtesten klima, in buffalo, new york, wird man gleich glücklich an beiden orten sein. +wenn wir also eben diese sehr wichtigen entscheidungen aufgrund sehr komischer gründe machen, bleibt es doch statistisch erwiesen, dass mehr georges in georgia leben und mehr dennises zahnarzt werden und dass mehr paulas mit paul verheiratet sind als statistisch nötig. +und ich weiß natürlich dinge, als designer, über typografie, auch wenn wir nicht sonderlich erfolgreich mit diesen tieren gearbeitet haben. +nach etwa drei tagen zeigen sich blasen an der oberfläche der flüssigkeit. +mit indigo ensteht ein schutz vor mikroben. +suzanne, ganz kurz, was du anhast, trägst du nicht zufällig? +bao yongxiu: "meine mutter sagt mir, ich solle heimkommen und heiraten, aber wenn ich jetzt heirate, bevor ich mich ganz entwickelt habe, kann ich nur einen gewöhnlichen arbeiter heiraten. deshalb habe ich keine eile." +in vielen artikeln wird ausgerechnet: wie lange muss ein arbeiter arbeiten, um so viel geld zu verdienen, dass er sich das kaufen kann, was er herstellt? +ein andermal, nachdem min die handtaschenfabrik bereits verlassen hatte, kam ihre jüngere schwester zu besuch und brachte zwei der bekannten coach-handtaschen mit. +danke. +im jahr 2009 gab es 500 bombenexplosionen in pakistan. +stufe zwei: sie lehren den kindern den koran, welcher das heiligste buch des islam ist, auf arabisch; eine sprache, die diese kinder nicht verstehen und nicht sprechen können. +dieser junge heißt messoud. +wir haben die cassini raumsonde nun mehrmals über diesen mond geflogen. wir sind näher und tiefer in diese ströme geflogen, in die dichteren regionen dieser ströme, so, dass wir jetzt einige sehr präzise, vielseitige messwerte erhalten konnten. +gegenüber dieser weite erscheinen wir immer irgendwie klein. +diese verbindung ist eindeutig ein materieller prozess. +sie suchten nach bis jetzt unerschlossenen orten und das bedeutete in erster linie nord und süd, hauptsächlich diese kabel nach afrika. +danke sehr. +das material, das abgelegt wird, kommt zunächst entweder in flüssiger form oder als puder heraus. +die details, die man heute machen kann, sind erstaunlich. +aber dies auf herkömmliche art herzustellen, ist schwierig. +sie können es einfach direkt vor ort herstellen. +statt ein produkt um die welt zu schicken, schicken wir daten über das internet. +firmen wollen unterschiedliche dinge. +aber es waren nicht nur wir. sogar in der muslimischen welt wurde seine definition von dschihad aufgegriffen. +was heißt das für uns im westen? +aber das ist immer noch kein grund für uns, uns abzuwenden, weil wir diesen film schon aus afghanistan kennen. +al jazeera brachte ihnen informationen, zeigte ihnen was im namen ihrer religion gesagt und getan wurde, deckte die heucheleien von osama bin laden und al-qaida auf, und gab ihnen die informationen, die den menschen erlaubte, ihre eigenen schlüsse zu ziehen. +vielen dank. +die freundlichkeit und güte in ihrem gesicht nahmen mich sofort für sie ein, und ich bat sie, mir ihre geschichte zu erzählen. +sie lebt mit all dieser unsicherheit und tatsächlich wurde sie im januar, während der stammeskrawalle, aus ihrem heim vertrieben und musste eine neue hütte finden, in der sie fortan leben konnte. +ich glaube wirklich, dass dort die würde ihre wurzeln hat. +nebenbei bemerkt, das geheimnis ist, nicht zu bett zu gehen, ehe man seine wörter für diesen tag zusammen hat. +ich hatte gerade trigonometrie in der schule belegt und lernte dort über parabeln, und ihre fähigkeit, lichtstrahlen in einem punkt zu konzentrieren. +ich bin froh, dass sie vorhin schon gehört haben, dass batterien im vergleich zu öl einen unglaublich viel weniger effektiven energiespeicher darstellen. +man nimmt ein problem, welches nicht durch eine durch und durch mathematische antwort lösbar ist, und stellt ein evolutionäres system für vielfache rateversuche auf, fügt sex hinzu - was bedeuten soll, dass man die hälfte einer ersten und die hälfte einer zweiten lösung nimmt und daraus neue mutationen erstellt - und nutzt dann die natürliche selektion, um die nicht so guten lösungen abzutöten. +was sie hier sehen sind 12 separate blätter, die mit individuellen mikroprozessoren bewegt werden könnten, die nur etwa einen dollar kosten würden. +und sobald man mobilität hat, kann man viele motoren produzieren, da man mehr einheiten benötigt, im gegensatz zu dampfschiffen oder großen fabriken, für die nicht so viele einheiten notwendig sind, also war dies der motortyp der aus der massenproduktion nutzen zog, was alle anderen motoren nicht taten. +das bewegt man dann hoch und runter durch ein kleines bisschen energie, aber nun schiebt man die luft nur herunter zum heißen und hoch zum kalten ende, herunter zum heißen ende und hoch zum kalten. +nun setzen wir die zwei dinge zusammen. +dies ist der erste test im freien und jedes der blätter sucht jetzt also individuell nach dem besten winkel. +es ist unglaublich, wie groß das potential für solarenergie dort ist und ich bin sehr begeistert, mehr über wege zu reden, wie wir darauf hin arbeiten können. +bill gross über revolutionäre ideen für das finden neuer formen von energiegewinnung +aber trotzdem sehen wir uns die teile an. +und aus diesem feldzug werden wir wahrscheinlich ein paar dutzend artikel über ein paar dutzend prozesse oder moleküle bekommen. +und das war ja auch gut so, dass man die sache unterstützt hat. +also, aus unverständnis können tolle sachen entstehen -- -- von denen ich dann ein bild male, das schließlich in meinem werk landen wird. +ich arbeite für den new yorker und ich mache titelseiten, und dann kam der 11. september und das war, ähm, ein völliges ende der welt wie wir sie kannten. +und "würde" ist der liebhaber von coco chanel und "sollte" ist edith sitwell, und könnte ist ein august sander modell. +und dann gibt es keinen ausgestopften spinoza, aber dafür einen ausgestopften pavlov 'schen hund, und ich habe ihn im hygiene-museum in st. petersburg in russland besucht. +ich habe in der post eine schachtel erhalten und die war in zeitungspapier eingewickelt und in dieser zeitung war das bild dieses mannes und er war tot. +so, und dieses lied handelt davon wie elendig alle sind denn, nun ja, wir kommen aus russland. +maira kalman, die bebilderte frau +aber trotzdem, konnte ich in meinem herzen keine wirkliche trennung spüren, die liebe, die ich für diese menschen empfinde, war einfach größer. +wir klettern also auf einen baum, und einige dinge, die wir dabei machen um auf den baum zu klettern untergraben tatsächlich die wurzeln des baumes. +kochen, putzen, einkaufen, bauen. aber sie sind nicht hier. +wir hofften, dass sie eine art bösen, spinnenartigen gang haben würde, aber stattdessen entwickelte sie diese ziemlich lahme art der vorwärtsbewegung. +der hurrikan katrina hat uns gezeigt, dass wir uns nicht vollständig darauf verlassen können, das die regierung jederzeit bereit und in der lage ist, zu handeln. +alle gesichtsmasken werden beispielsweise in china hergestellt. +wenn sie jetzt eine pandemische bedrohung hinzufügen, haben sie ein grosses problem. +lassen sie uns überlegen: sollen wir veranlassen, dass alle haustiere drin bleiben? +bei der sars-epidemie in hongkong haben wir festgestellt, dass die meisten übertragungen stattfanden, weil die leute ihre masken nicht richtig auszogen. +jede stadt, jeder bezirk ergriff eigene maßnahmen. +die studie des medizinischen instituts bemängelt, dass die masken nicht rezykliert werden können. +im endeffekt schwächt sich das virus vielleicht ab ist für die menschheit nicht mehr tödlich und findet andere wirte. +im hinblick darauf, wo wir in der wissenschaft mit dns-identifikation usw. stehen, ist das nicht mehr so weit entfernt. +wir haben nie auch nur annähernd so etwas gesehen. " +es ist wirklich gut steuerbar. es gibt eine tragbare fernbedienung, mit der sie beschleunigen können, bremsen, in den rückwärtsgang wechseln, auch mit bremsfunktion. +okay, ich habe geschummelt, das waren nur 20 sekunden. +aber in amerika sind keulen ein synonym für golfschläger. +ich fand zwei bäume – aber nicht irgendwelche bäume, bäume mit charakter – und dann ein sehr langes seil. +das murmeln der stadt löst sich in einer windbö auf, deren eisige kraft ich nicht mehr fühle. +sie wissen das, oder? +ich zaubere die taube herbei. +ich möchte, dass sie für eine sekunde nur diese fantastische menschliche symphonie erleben. +und ich würde sie gerne hoch ins blätterdach mitnehmen, nicht indem ich sie alle in seile und klettergurte stecke, sondern indem ich ihnen einen sehr kurzen clip aus einem film von national geographic namens "heroes of the high frontier" zeige. +wir haben ablösungsexperimente gemacht, bei denen wir matten von epiphyten entfernt und uns die rate der wiederbesiedlung angesehen haben. +wir beraten uns mit den medien über baumkronen-fragen; wir haben einen baumkronen-newsletter; wir haben mailinglisten. +ich habe die wirkung von dukes song auf die urbane jugend gesehen – eine zielgruppe, an die ich als professorin mittleren alters nicht hoffen kann, heranzukommen – in bezug darauf, sie von der wichtigkeit der naturlandschaften zu überzeugen. +ich habe meine wissenschaftlichen kollegen und fachleute für nachhaltigkeit mit in die gefängnisse genommen. +vor langer, langer zeit war die welt einmal eine große, schwer gestörte familie. +wir bewegen uns in richtung demokratisierung der information, und ich arbeite schon eine ganze weile auf diesem gebiet. +das ist open source und kann in jedem land benutzt werden, in dem es ein informationsfreiheitsgesetz gibt. +skeptisch, weil man alles hinterfragen sollte: +sie beobachten uns alle. sie haben im keller ein spionagezentrum gebaut, wo sie mit algorithmen die störenfriede unter uns finden wollen, und wem das nicht passt, der wird wegen terrorismus festgenommen. +wenn man an ein korallenriff denkt, stellen sich die meisten leute dies vor: all diese großen, harten, kunstvollen korallen und viele bunte fischlein und so. +lösen sich mit der zeit im blut und den geweben, und reichern sich darin an. +und diese ausrüstung haben wir für einen 90-m-tauchgang verwendet. +beim atmen produzieren wir ja kohlendioxid, und dieses kohlendioxid muss aus dem system gefiltert werden. +und ich könnte den ganzen tag darüber reden – fragen sie meine frau – aber ich möchte zu etwas anderem kommen, das irgendwie noch interessanter ist. +wir sehen auch haie, viel mehr haie als ich erwartet hätte. +ich weiß ja nicht, ob sie "us news and world report" lesen – ich habe die aktuelle ausgabe. +und der hier ist interessant. +ich zeige ihnen dieses bild nicht, weil ich ihnen einen dämpfer verpassen will, sondern um ihnen meine lebensphilosophie deutlich zu machen, und zwar, dass wir alle zwei ziele haben. +trotz der tatsache, dass alle dieser störungen im gehirn entstehen, werden die meisten dieser störungen ausschließlich auf basis von beobachtbarem verhalten diagnostiziert. +die forschung zeigt, dass 50 prozent der kinder, fast 50 prozent der kinder, die mit autismus diagnostiziert werden, tatsächlich an versteckten hirnkrämpfen leiden. +sie tauchen nicht mehrmals auf, sodass er tatsächlich wie ein reisebericht ist. +richard saul wurman: ich weiß noch, wie er am penn-college eine rede hielt. +louis kahn, ja! +ihnen konnte er wahrscheinlich nicht die richtige art von liebe geben, aber uns, unserem volk hat er die richtige art von liebe gegeben, das ist wichtig. +was wäre, wenn sie auch zum nachthimmel hinaufsehen, zu denselben sternen, aber von der anderen seite? +welche linie zeigt die zahl an? +in den jack-hügeln in westaustralien werden zirkone abgebaut, diese zirkone aus den jack-hügeln westaustraliens erzählen uns von einer zeit ein paar hundert millionen jahre nach dem planetenursprung, in der es reichlich wasser und vielleicht sogar leben gab. +drake entdeckte zwar keine außerirdische intelligenz, doch lernte er eine wertvolle lektion von einem vorbeifliegenden flugzeug: terrestrische technologie kann mit der suche nach außerirdischer technologie interferieren. +wenn das also richtig ist, wieso konnten wir nur vier der 151 menschen überzeugen? +kommen sie mit zum entlegensten teil der welt, zur antarktis. die höchste, trockenste, windigste, und kälteste region der erde - noch trockener als die sahara und teilweise kälter als der mars. +unter der oberfläche aber herrscht rund um ein 6 millionen euro teures bohraggregat der bohrer taucht regelmäßig, wie ein instrument der biopsie, hunderte meter tief in das eis ein, um gase und isotope zur analyse aus dem innersten zu extrahieren. +kennen wir denn nicht bereits die konsequenzen eines klimawandels auf unsere alteingesessene zivilisation? +das alte problem beim thema klimaschutz ist, daß er teuer ist, andernfalls haetten wir schon laengst mit dem klimaschutz angefangen. +auch kommt aus europa und korea ernstzunehmende konkurrenz gefolgt von china, das bald einer der wichtigsten nettoexporteure fuer autos sein wird. +finazieren laesst es sich ueber den privaten kapitalmarkt. +das ist nicht besonders erbauend nach mehr als einem jahrhundert hingebungsvoller ingenieurarbeit. +jedes dieser teile wird von einem einzigen, recht billigen duesenset geformt anstelle von vier teueren, die man zum stampfen von stahl benoetigt. +zum beispiel koennen foerderprogramme, die eine mischung aus gebuehren und verguetungen sind, fuer alle beliebigen fahrzeugklassen den preis fuer ineffiziente autos erhoehen und dementsprechend eine verguetung fuer effiziente fahrzeuge zahlen. +und den uebergang zu effizienteren fahrzeugen beschleunigen. +es geht dabei immerhin um sechs milliarden dollar. +im oktober brachten wir zwei titel auf den markt – "rockett 's new school", was der ersten teil einer serie von produkten über eine figur namens rockett, die ihren ersten schultag beginnt, in der achten klasse, an einem ganz neuen ort, völlig ohne vorgeschichte. das erlaubt es den mädchen erlaubt, mit fragen zu spielen wie: "wie werde ich sein, wenn ich älter bin?", +wenn man ein mädchen wäre und wirklich abenteuerlustig und wirklich wild, würde man denken, dass spiele für mädchen irgendwie lahm sind. +bl: ich spule vor zum moment der entscheidung, denn ich weiß, dass ich nicht viel zeit habe. +brenda laurel über die produktion von videospielen für mädchen +ich brauche auch alkohol und morphium, denn nur so kann ich arbeiten. " +viele soziologen wie veblen und wolfe würden behaupten, dass wir ursprünge so wichtig nehmen, weil wir snobs sind, weil wir auf status fokussiert sind. +es gibt inzwischen dutzende, vielleicht hunderte von studien, die zeigen, dass wenn man glaubt, dass man das teure zeug trinkt, es einem besser schmeckt. +menschen haben ihre geliebten umgebracht im glauben, dass sie einen betrüger ermordeten. +dann fragten wir sie, "wieviel würden sie für george clooneys pullover bezahlen?" +sie mögen es einfach nicht. +wie viele von ihnen wissen, ist das die komposition, wo der pianist auf seiner bank sitzt, das piano öffnet und da sitzt und vier minuten 33 sekunden gar nichts tut – diese zeit der stille. +paul bloom: der ursprung der freude +was ich ihnen also zeigen werde, sind alle wichtigen dinge, alle hauptmerkmale meiner disziplin – beweisbezogene medizin. +"ein glas rotwein am tag könnte brustkrebs verhindern helfen." +die behauptung war, dass fischölkapseln schulleistungen und -verhalten von durchschnittskindern verbessern. +zwei zuckerpillen pro tag besiegt eine zuckerpille pro tag. +und wieder: das ist keine irrsinnige dosis, keine illegale dosis, aber ganz nah an der höchstgrenze vom normalen. +sie können hier sehen, dass die kleinen negativen versuche, die unten links sein sollten, verschwunden sind. +wir haben die daten bereits, die zeigen, dass es die dauer ihrer grippe um ein paar stunden verkürzt. +und sehr bald hätten sie begonnen, diese kohle abzutransportieren, tonne um tonne, zugwagon um zugwagon, bootsladung um bootsladung, zurück nach china und überall in die welt. +können sie sich vorstellen, wie sie sich fühlen würden, wenn sie an meiner stelle wären? +es geht nur ums öl; sie wissen das, alle wissen das. +da ist diese sache, die militarisierung der welt, und die stammt direkt aus der mitte der vereinigten staaten. +und was sehen sie? sie sind christen. +und dieses wort, george bush hat diesen krieg einen kreuzzug genannt. +das musst du sehen -- bibel trainingslager. +natürlich, haben sie das alles falsch verstanden. +und ich möchte, dass sie sie sich als chinesische frau vorstellen, die eine chinesische flagge erhält, weil ihr geliebter in amerika gestorben ist, während des kohleaufstands. +können sie ihre wut fühlen, ihre angst, ihren zorn über das, was in ihrem land passiert? +und plötzlich, ohne dass sie es merken, sehen sie die welt anders. +mauern der kommunikation sind -- das muss ich ihnen sicher nicht sagen -- mit dem internet eingestürzt. +mehr als je zuvor sind es ideen dieser art, die an vorderster wirtschaftlicher front wachstum antreiben. +und das bedeutet einen größeren antrieb für forschung und entwicklung, was jedem in der welt zugute kommt. +ich denke da an den großen indischen mathematiker ramanujan. +20. jahrhundert: ein wenig über zwei prozent. +als ich meine notizen angefertigt hatte, stand der ölpreis bei 140 dollar pro fass. +wenn wir alle insekten auf diesem planeten ausrotteten, nur sie – was wir übrigens intensiv versuchen – würde der rest des lebens und der menschheit zum großteil vom land verschwinden. +60.000 arten sind der wissenschaft bekannt, aber ihre existenz wird auf mehr als 1,5 millionen geschätzt. +was werden wir finden, wenn wir das leben endlich ernsthaft kartieren können? +durch menschen verursachte klimaänderungen – halten wir sie nicht auf – könnten in den nächsten fünf dekaden ein viertel der noch lebenden arten ausrotten. +alle schlüsselinformationen über das leben auf erden werden jedem auf anfrage zugänglich, egal wo auf der welt. +sie wurde kommerziell gejagt. +bedauern, wut, trauer. +nur einige dinge sind rein für die schuppenhalstaube spezifisch. +alberto arbeitete am pyrenäensteinbock in spanien. +nun, vögel sind ziemlich gut programmiert, das meiste ist schon in ihrer dns enthalten. aber zur ergänzung schlug ben vor, brieftauben zu verwenden, um den jungen wandertauben das schwärmen zu zeigen, und wie sie ihre alten brutplätze und futterplätze finden. +ein weiteres interessantes projekt, das noch etwas unterstützung braucht, ist das der breitmaulnashörner. +das wird unbeabsichtigte konsequenzen haben. +er betrieb und arbeitete in einer fabrik. +ich habe das buch gerne gemacht, weil ich es liebte, meine fantasie spielen zu lassen, und das ist schreiben. +ich zeichnete lustige bilder meiner lehrer und reichte sie herum. +ich wollte nur eine videokamera. +ich richtete ein studio ein und versuchte, meine arbeit zu veröffentlichen. +mrs. alisch drängte sich in der schlange vor und sagte: "ich hab ihm lesen beigebracht!" +ich sagte: "mrs. alisch, wie geht es ihnen?" +als ich meinen todkranken vater im krankenhaus besuchte, fragte ich mich, wie kann man an einem ort, der so klingt, überhaupt gesund werden? +das wird sehr stark von der resonanzzeit beeinflusst, wie viel hall ein raum hat. +was kostet es, ein klassenzimmer auf 0,4 sekunden nachhallzeit aufzurüsten? +ich liebe diese formulierung. +in "upwake" tragen gebäude anzüge, zero steppt auf einem gigantischen keyboard, klont sich mit einem scanner, zähmt und peitscht die computermäuse, segelt von einem stück papier hinweg in die traumlandschaft, und reist ins weltall. +aber die lehrer sind danach zu mir gekommen und sagten, dass sie die kinder noch nie so konzentriert gesehen hatten. +sie ist bewegung und gefühl. +in den niederlanden, wo ich herkomme, sieht man so gut wie nie schweine, was seltsam ist, weil wir bei einer bevölkerung von 16 millionen leuten 12 millionen schweine haben. +und in käsekuchen und vielen anderen arten von desserts, wie zum beispiel schokomousse, tiramisu oder vanillepudding, in allen produkten, die im supermarkt gekühlt gelagert werden ist gelatine um sie gut aussehen zu lassen. +und sie gefragt, ob sie mir eine kugel schicken können. +christien meindertsma, autorin von "pig 05049" recherchiert das erstaunliche nachleben eines gewöhnlichen schweines, dessen teile ihren weg in mindestens 185 nicht-fleischliche produkte finden, von gewehrkugeln bis zu künstlichen herzen. +sagen sie einem kind, dass ihnen etwas leid tut, und es wird schockiert sein. +ich werde noch viele dinge erreichen, menschen beeindrucken und es weit bringen. " +werden sie alle ihre schüler lieben? natürlich nicht. +das ist ein model wie sich sprache entwickelt: nämlich durch die regeln einer akademie. +es ist nützlich zu wissen, weil sprache unendlich ist und man nicht einfach die sätze nachplappern kann, die man hört. +man kann das als die sprache der gedanken sehen, oder "mentalese". +ich bin mir sicher, dass die meisten von ihnen den film "fargo" gesehen haben. +in einer beziehung, kann der übergang von freundschaft zu sex zu verschiedenen formen des unbehagens führen, und genauso kann sex am arbeitsplatz, bei dem wir den konflikt zwischen einer dominanten und einer sexuellen beziehung als "sexuelle belästigung" bezeichnen. +sie bekommen das beste aus beiden welten. +bei solchen streitereien gewinne ich immer, weil ich die tricks kenne. +nun haben wir diese modelle – streit als krieg, streit als argumentation und streit als auftritt. +oh, und noch etwas, als lehrer stört mich das besonders: wenn streit krieg bedeutet, dann gibt es eine implizite gleichung vom lernen mit verlieren. +was wir brauchen, sind neue ausgangsstrategien für streitgespräche. +warum streiten wir? um unser gegenüber auszustechen, ihm das gegenteil zu beweisen und vor allem zu gewinnen!... oder doch nicht? philosoph daniel h. cohen zeigt uns, wie die weit verbreitste art des streitens – ein krieg, in dem einer gewinnen und einer verlieren muss – sich die wahren vorteile einer aktiven meinungsverschiedenheit entgehen lässt. +damit ist gemeint, etwas zu lernen, eine idee von einem organismus zu lernen und dann anzuwenden. +über die welt der natur zu lernen ist eine sache, von der welt der natur zu lernen – das legte den schalter um. +das leben kann sich das nicht leisten. wie stellt das leben dinge her? +stellen sie sich vor, alle unsere harten materialien so zu erzeugen. +die macht der form: hier ist ein wal und auf seinen flossen sehen wir kleine knötchen. diese kleinen erhebungen erhöhen die effizienz, zum beispiel an einer flugzeugkante um ungefähr 32 prozent. +aber wir verwenden sie alle – sogar die giftigen. +ok, das ist die folie zum thema "heilung". +im großen und kleinen formt die geschichte der opfer, wie wir frauen sehen. +warum sind sie so leidenschaftlich? " +mikrofinanzierung ist ein kraftvolles mittel zu wirtschaftlicher unabhängigkeit und selbstachtung, aber wir müssen über mikro-hoffnungen und mikro-ambitionen für frauen hinausgehen, weil sie für sich viel größere hoffnungen hegen. +wissen sie warum? +und als ich mich an der business school bewarb und sicher war, ich könnte es nicht schaffen, niemand, den ich kannte, hatte das geschafft, ging ich zu meiner tante, die jahre der misshandlung durch ihren ehemann überlebt hatte und aus ihrer ehe mit nichts als ihrer würde entkommen war. +aber es war ein kleines bisschen langweilig. +aber die art, wie menschen die geschichten erzählen, hat sich immer mit reiner, beständiger neuheit weiterentwickelt. +jetzt ist alles möglich. +trotzdem konzentriert sich die ganze presse ausgerechnet darauf. +vor etwa zehn jahren war ich mit einem meiner freunde auf einer cocktailparty, und wie wir so da saßen, beschwerte er sich über die krähen, von denen es in seinem garten wimmelte und die dort eine riesenschweinerei anrichteten. +und in diesem ganzen gebiet brüten sie selten mehr als fünf kilometer von menschen entfernt. +wir stellen also immer mehr fest, dass krähen wirklich, wirklich intelligent sind. +in wirklichkeit ist das ein alter hut für krähen. +wenn sie sich richtig daran gewöhnt haben, machen wir mit den krähen weiter, die zurückkommen. +ich denke, dass man krähen beibringen kann, andere dinge zu tun. +die firmenleitung nahm unseren stapel, unsere liste von anreizen, und verließ das zimmer für 17 minuten, und sagte beim zurückkommen: "wow, das ist das großzügigste, was eine gemeinde je gemacht hat, um die jobs hierzubehalten. +nur die hälfte der staaten nimmt teil. +jede region hat etwas anzubieten und so ein wettbewerb respektiert die staaten und den föderalismus. +wenn sie es noch nicht bemerkt haben, unser medienklima stellt im allgemeinen ein sehr verzerrtes spiegelbild unseres lebens und unserer geschlechterrollen dar. und ich denke, dass sich das ändern wird. +wenn sie ihren klickstrom aufzeichnen -- und sie wissen, dass sie das tun -- dann fällt es ihnen wirklich schwer, ihr alter, geschlecht und einkommen zu bestimmen. +die unterhaltungsmedien der zukunft, die wir sehen werden, werden sehr von daten gesteuert sein und sie werden auf den informationen basieren, die wir von den gemeinschaften mit dem selben geschmack online ermitteln werden, wo die frauen die wirkliche antriebskraft sind. +der vogel erhebt sich in die lüfte, und schon hört man die worte: "juanito, juanito, viente a comer mi hijo!" +sie sollten vielleicht ihren blick abwenden, denn das ist ein molch, der gerade seine gliedmaße regeneriert. händeschütteln überträgt mehr bakterien als küssen. +auf dem linken bild können sie die hand sehen. das ist der große pfeil. und den penis rechts. die hand noch abwartend. +ich sagte: "könnten sie es auch hier an ort und stelle machen?" +ich habe dann tatsächlich vorgeschlagen... es gibt da eine wissenschaftlerin an der universität von alabama, die den orgasmus erforscht. +damals haben die ärzte den männern routinemäßig erklärt, wie wichtig es sei, ihre frauen zu befriedigen. +der britische sexologe roy levin vermutete nun, dass das vielleicht der grund sei, weshalb männer sich zu solch enthusiastischen und refelmäßigen onanierern entwickelt haben. +und ich sagte: "warum stimuliert ihr nicht einfach die klitoris des schweins? +und die frau hatte damit sex. +und doch, obwohl für john alles richtig gut lief, hatte er probleme, kämpfte er mit abhängigkeit und schwerer depression. +nun, ich weiß, dass das lächerlich erscheint. +ziehen den knoten fest. +und es schien mir, dass es sogar ihm wirklich schlecht dabei ging, sich jeden tag diese unorganisierten roten quadrate anzusehen. +wir sind nur glücklich, wenn dinge in ordnung sind. +das können wir auch in diesem nächsten bild sehr klar sehen. +und ich denke das ganze passt viel besser zusammen, wenn sie es so machen. +aber nach einer weile entschied ich mich einfach ganz zurück zu gehen und die farbe wieder in die dosen zu packen +und ich fing an mehr ordnung in einige flaggen zu bringen. +als wir aufwuchsen, hatte er eine dixieland-jazzband, und er spielte immer gerne louis-armstrong-melodien nach. +und mütter schnappen nach ihren kindern, damit sie mir ausweichen, und sie sagen, "nicht hinstarren!" +ganz recht, ganz recht; ich bin kein opfer mehr. +absicht ist wie ein wesentlicher bestandteil der menschheit. +daran liegt vielleicht das problem. +man versuchte, eine antwort auf die folgende frage zu finden: was würden die menschen tun, nun, da sie nicht länger einfach ums überleben kämpften? +ich war in einem rollstuhl; ich sah einem plünderer nicht ähnlich. +wir müssen folgendes unseren leben abverlangen, unseren objekten, unseren dingen, unseren umständen: mit absicht leben. +ich hatte nicht einmal eine genaue adresse, aber ich wusste, dass er abed hieß. ich wusste, dass er in einer stadt mit 15.000 einwohnern namens kfar kara lebte, und ich wusste, dass er 21 jahre zuvor, außerhalb dieser heiligen stadt, mir das genick gebrochen hatte. +aber abed fuhr nicht langsamer und auf dieser kopie brach mein genick erneut und wieder blieb ich mit meiner wut zurück. +waren wir alle ein ergebnis der dinge, die uns angetan wurden, dinge, die für uns getan wurden, die untreue eines elternteiles oder eines ehegatten, vererbtes geld? +und als ich dort saß und darüber nachdachte, was ich sagen sollte, näherte sich eine frau in einem schwarzen kopftuch und einem schwarzen gewand. +nein, ich war ruhig, weil ich nicht für die wahrheit gekommen war. +"ehm, abed", sagte ich, "ich dachte, du hättest schon einige probleme bezüglich des fahrens vor dem unfall gehabt." +ja, kontrast. +ich habe den kopf gebaut. sie haben den körper gefertigt. +und er sieht mehrere menschen in einer szene, erinnert sich daran wo einzelne personen sind und schaut, sich erinnernd, von person zu person. +jemand lud mich zu einem treffen ein, konnte mich aber nicht in einem konferenzraum empfangen und sagte: "morgen muss ich meine hunde ausführen. wollen sie nicht mitkommen?" +ich habe dazu eine kleine berechnung gemacht. +zum beispiel dank pinks vortrag über motivation, der war sehr gut, falls sie ihn nicht gesehen haben: "lass karotte fallen. lass stock fallen. bring bedeutung." +die benutzten die sechs wörter, um mir unverschämte antworten zu geben, und fragten mich, ob ich kürzlich zu oft auf google gewesen sei. +und ich würde dafür nur $99.50 bezahlen – bliebe damit sogar unter einhundert dollar. +okay, teil eins beginnt im jahr 1929, als der großartige astronom edwin hubble feststellte, dass sich die fernen galaxien alle von uns wegbewegten, und damit etablierte, dass sich der raum selbst dehnt, sich ausweitet. +in der relevanten einheit ausgedrückt, ist sie spektakulär klein. +teilchenmassen, die stärke der kräfte, und am wichtigsten, die menge dunkler energie würden bestimmt von diesen zusätzlichen dimensionen. +und jene galaxien, die viel weniger dunkle energie haben, kollabieren so schnell in sich selbst, dass sich ebenfalls keine galaxien bilden. +denn ein solcher mechanismus wurde bereits gefunden, von kosmologen, die versuchen, den urknall zu verstehen. +wir haben gelernt, dass unser universum nicht statisch ist, dass der weltraum sich ausweitet, dass die expansion schneller wird und dass es vielleicht andere universen gibt, durch sorgfältige untersuchung von schwachen winzigen punkten sternenlicht, das zu uns kommt aus fernen galaxien. +wir verstehen, wie man die mikrowellenhintergrundstrahlung interpretieren muss, die vor 13,72 milliarden jahren hinterlassen wurde – und doch können wir berechnen, wie sie aussehen sollte und es passt. +sie werden milo gleich zum ersten mal treffen. +man kann sich zurücklehnen, und dann verändert die kamera ihre perspektive, je nachdem, in welche richtung man blickt. +milo: ich frage mich, wie tief es wohl ist. +um das zu realisieren, brauchten wir einen versuchsaufbau, wie bei einem zaubertrick. +du hast mein zimmer aufgeräumt. +und auf einmal sah sie einen panzer, der die hauptstraße von sarajevo hinunterwalzte und alles aus seinem weg schob. +ich glaube, dass es dort eine geschichte gibt, die erzählt werden muss. +und das ist eigentlich mein motiv. +alles was ich tun kann ist hoffen, nicht auf entscheidungsträger und politiker, denn so gerne ich den glauben hätte, dass sie meine worte lesen und etwas tun, ich täusche mich nicht selbst. +genau das taten wir vor 10 jahren. +spulen sie bloß 10 jahre vor. +so schnell wie wir unsere computer neu einstellen können, verlagert sich die gehirnaktivität um dieses neue werkzeug abzubilden, als wenn es ein körperteil des primaten wäre. +ich war fünf jahre alt und ich habe nie verstanden, warum die nasa nicht captain kirk und spock für den job angeheuerte hat; schließlich waren sie sehr erfahren – aber das als kind zu sehen, ließ mich, wie meine großmutter mir oft sagte, glauben, dass "das unmögliche nur das mögliche ist, um dessen verwirklichung sich noch niemand genügend bemüht hat." +warum sollten wir das geld auf dich verschwenden? " +damit komme ich zum ersten der zwei hauptthemen von "die hälfte des himmels." +in indien, im ersten lebensjahr, zwischen null und eins, überleben mädchen und jungen etwa im gleichen verhältnis. weil sie die brust bekommen, und die brust söhne nicht bevorzugt. +wie würden also einige der konkreten herausforderungen aussehen? +das heißt, sie war inkontinent; sie konnte ihre ausscheidung nicht kontrollieren. +als sie ihre zweite tochter bekam, sagte ihre schwiegermutter zu ihrem sohn, "ich glaube, du suchst dir besser eine zweite frau. +die zwillinge begannen milch zu geben. +wir glauben auch, dass einzelne einen unterschied machen können, und auch sollten, weil einzelne gemeinsam eine bewegung gründen helfen können. +sheryl wudunns buch "die hälfte des himmels" untersucht die unterdrückung von frauen auf der ganzen welt. ihre geschichten schockieren. nur wenn frauen in entwicklungsländern den gleichen zugang zu erziehung und wirtschaftlichen möglichkeiten haben, werden wir alle unsere menschlichen resourcen ausschöpfen. +warum nicht? ich meine, wir machen das doch so. +diese kumulative kulturelle adaption, wie die anthropologen diese akkumulation von ideen nennen, ist verantwortlich für alles um sie herum in ihrem geschäftigen und turbulenten täglichen leben. +die andere möglichkeit, die wir wählen konnten, war ein kommunikationssystem zu entwickeln, dass es uns erlauben würde, ideen auszustauschen und mit anderen zu kooperieren. +und deshalb war unsere gattung in der ganzen welt erfolgreich, während der rest der tiere im zoos hinter gittern sitzt und verkümmert. +das gilt auch für einige abgelegene ozeanische inseln. +wenn man es so betrachtet, kennt die natur keine anderen verhältnisse, in denen funktional ähnliche charaktermerkmale koexistieren. +der biologe mark pagel stellt eine faszinierende theorie vor, die erklären soll, warum die menschen unser komplexes sprachensystem entwickelten. seiner meinung nach ist sprache teil einer "sozialen technologie", die den frühen menschlichen stämmen ein neues, machtvolles instrument zur verfügung stellte: die kooperation. +und was mich am meisten interessiert, ist der unsichtbare raum zwischen einem text und dem zugehörigen bild, und wie das bild durch den text verändert wird, und der text durch das bild. +dies ist der einzige staatlich finanzierte stelle in den usa, in der legal cannabis angebaut wird, für die wissenschaftliche forschung. +das ist der todesstern. +bei den menschen auf diesen bildern war der hauptgrund ihrer falschen verurteilung eine falsche identifizierung. +schließlich hat er 18 ½ jahre einer verurteilung zu 80 jahren für vergewaltigung und raub abgesessen. +allein letztes jahr [2011] wurden 99 katastrophen bei der federal emergency agency verzeichnet, von joplin, missouri und tuscaloosa, alabama, bis zu den waldbränden im zentrum von texas vor kurzem. +meine erste idee war, einfach zur bundes- und landesregierung zu gehen und zu sagen: "da, nehmt es, kostet nix." +unsere schule zeigte "bill nye the science guy". +wir haben dawn im orbit um vesta, und hier drüben ist new horizons, gerade zu pluto unterwegs. +ich muss hier auf etwas hinweisen. +wenn das stimmt, wie gut sind wir bei der mehrung unseres glücks? +auch reagieren menschen stärker auf einen verlust als dass sie sich über einen gewinn freuen. +einmal verschwundene symptome neigen zur rückkehr – weil kein gefühl für die andere hälfte besteht, für vergnügen, glück, mitfühlen, dankbarkeit, die positiven emotionen. +sie wollte nicht essen. sie wollte nicht schlafen. sie wollte keinen sex. +selbst studien zum thema kooperation zeigen, dass kooperation zwischen individuen die belohnungszentren im gehirn aufleuchten lässt. +ich übernehme das kommando durch physische fähigkeiten und behalte es in dem ich auf meine brust klopfe und sie gesten der unterwerfung machen. +ich möchte mit einigen zitaten schließen. +warum sollte man ratten wählen? +sobald das tier folgendes weiß: klick, futter, klick, futter, klick, futter -- also, dass klick futter bedeutet -- bringen wir es in einen käfig mit einem loch. im grunde lernt das tier seine nase in das loch zu stecken, unter dem der geruch des zielobjekts platziert wurde. es macht das fünf sekunden lang -- fünf sekunden ist eine lange zeit für eine ratte. +das heißt, wenn man t.b. hat, ist die wahrscheinlichkeit, nicht diagnostiziert zu werden, größer, aber man stirbt an sekundären infektionen der t.b. usw. +und indem wir die proben dann nochmals den ratten gaben und diese resultate zurückspielten, konnten wir die aufdeckungsraten um über 30 prozent steigern. +und das ist wahrhaftig die verblüffendste sache der welt. +nun, was ist die bedeutung dieser spiegelneuronen? +mit anderen worten, wenn jemand mich berührt, meine hand, feuert ein neuron im sensorischen cortex in der sensorischen region des gehirns. +sie ergibt sich aus unserem verständnis der grundlegenden neurologie. +also, das sind 20 mikrometer im durchschnitt, dieses pollenkorn da. +das ist das bein einer biene, das mit den pollen einer malvenpflanze verklebt ist. +vier verschiedene lebensräume scheinen ähnlich zu sein, aber sie haben sehr unterschiedliche pollensignaturen. +es ist mit sicherheit das, was ich während meiner ausbildung lernte. +jetzt haben wir effektive therapien. +im angesicht einer großen kontroverse die initiative für frauengesundheit ein. +einige frauen haben solche herzanfälle, aber eine großzahl der frauen haben diese art von herzanfall, wo es zur erosion kommt, nicht komplett von einem gerinsel blockiert, symptome sind unterschwellig, ekg-befunde unterscheiden sich -- weibliches muster. +welche schlussfolgerungen können wir nun ziehen? +und diese kleinen roten kästchen sind todesfälle. +es sterben immer noch zwei bis dreimal soviel frauen wie männer. +wenn wir also so gut wie beim brustkrebs sein können und frauen diesen neuen auftrag geben, haben wir eine menge leben zu retten. +wir ahmen dies im labor nach, indem wir die zellkultur-systeme mit elektroden ausstatten. +und im fall unserer darmflora sind diese zellen vielleicht nicht mal menschlisch. +es gibt aber auch einen wissenschaftlichen grund für dieses projekt. nämlich die daten dieser natürlichen langzeitstudie zu verwenden, um den prozess zu verstehen mit dem ein kind seine sprache lernt. dieses kind, mein sohn. +diese einfache grafik ist folgendermaßen zu interpretieren: vertikal ist angegeben, wie komplex die sprache der bezugsperson ist basierend auf der länge der sätze. +jetzt stoppen wir den dreißig minuten langen film, wir verwandeln die zeit in die vertikale achse und öffnen die sicht auf die interaktionsspuren, die wir hinterlassen haben. +dies wurde meine bevorzugte art jeden erdenklichen bereich auf film zu bannen. +und hier sind wieder mehrere zehnmillionen verbindungen die dieses geflecht eines sozialen netzes ergeben und aufzeigen, wie sie mit dem inhalt der sendungen korrelieren. +ich fuhr weiter und reflektierte, "ist es nicht total faszinierend, diese ganze datensammlung, all diese aufnahmen werde ich dir und deiner schwester übergeben," die zwei jahre später zur welt kam. "und ihr zwei könnt zurückgehen und die momente wiedererleben wie ihr euch mit eurem biologischen erinnerungsvermögen wohl nie so gut daran erinnern könntet. +der mit-forscher deb roy wollte herausfinden, wie sein neugeborener sohn die sprache lernt - dafür stattete er sein haus mit videokameras aus, um jeden moment des lebens seines sohnes einzufangen. danach parste er 90.000 stunden heimvideo, um zu beobachten, wie aus "gaaa" langsam "wasser" wurde. eine erstaunliche, datenreiche forschungsarbeit mit weitreichenden konsequenzen für unser lernen. +ein zweiter gehirnteil nennt sich dorsaler fluss. +wir erzeugen bedeutung durch sehen, durch einen akt visueller abfrage. +zweitens, sie interaktiv zu gestalten. +das ist ein wäsche-schacht, und das hier ist eine schuhleiste. +aber ich bekomme viele toiletten, und wenn man eine toilette mit einem hammer auseinander nimmt, dann bekommt man schiefe fließen. +aber das hier haben sie noch nie zuvor gesehen. +darin sagt er, dass jede kultur dazu tendiert, zwischen zwei perspektiven hin und her zu pendeln. +und wenn etwas nicht dem standard entspricht, dann heißt es gleich: "oops, müll. oops irgendwas. oops, schief." +das problem ist, dass wir uns das nicht leisten können. +alles was wir tun müssten, ist, was eine firma mit kohlensäurehaltigem pflaumensaft gemacht hat. +das verschärft und führt dieses modell weiter. +das bedeutet, unser obdach ist eine ware geworden +in diesem unterhaltsamen und aufschlussreichen vortrag von tedxhouston führt uns bauherr dan phillips durch ein dutzend häuser, die er in texas aus recyclierten und rückgewonnenen materialien gebaut hat. herausragende low-tech designdetails werden ihre eigene kreativität beflügeln! +und ich glaube, der grund, warum das so interessant für sie wäre ist, dass das bewusstsein so interessant ist. +es gibt keine drastischere und plötzlicher auftretende lücke zwischen dem potentiellen und dem tatsächlichen verstand als eine schwere kopfverletzung. +aber wenn sie in das auge des bewusstseins sehen, das einzelne auge, das sie sehen, bin ich, wie ich herunter schaue, aber lassen sie mich erklären, wie ich mich zu diesem zeitpunkt fühlte. +die globale perspektive zeigt, dass bis zu 30 prozent aller schulkinder unter lernschwächen leiden, die sich nicht von selbst bessern, aber mit angemessener behandlung, ausfindig gemacht und gezielt behandelt werden können um das akademische versagen zu verhindern. +die antwort ist "ja", und zum ersten mal ist es mein großes vergnügen, zwei beispiele mit ihnen zu teilen. +stellen sie sich vor, wie das blut durch ihren körper fließt -- sagte man mir am ucla medical center -- als ein einziges geschlossenes system. +es geht also da rein und bleibt da. +und so saß ich in diesem restaurant, wartete auf den mann, der da kommen sollte der natürlich ein paar schwierigkeiten haben würde... +und wenn sie schneller laufen, wenn ich schneller laufe, dann merkt es das verkürzte zeitintervall, was das intervall ist zwischen zwei fersenhebungen. +ich führte an unserer universität für medizin, dem karolinska-institut, einen kurs namens "weltgesundheit" im grundstudium ein. wenn man aber so eine gelegenheit bekommt, wird man etwas nervös. ich sagte mir, die studenten, die zu uns kommen, haben den besten abschluss, den man im schwedischen hochschulsystem bekommen kann. vielleicht wissen sie schon alles, was ich ihnen lehren möchte. deshalb habe ich +was hat sich seit 1962 geändert? sehen wir uns die veränderungen an. +wo sind die verschiedenen länder? ich kann ihnen afrika zeigen. +nachbarstaaten. jemen, bürgerkrieg. vereinigte arabische emirate, geld, das +alles auf der welt ist in afrika vorhanden. und sie können nicht einen universalen zugang zu hiv-medikamenten für dieses quintil hier oben mit derselben strategie wie für hier unten diskutieren. die verbesserung in der welt, muss ganz im zusammenhang diskutiert werden und ist auf regionaler ebene nicht relevant. wir müssen ausführlicher vorgehen. +und er ist ein ziemlich schlauer kerl, oder? +aber es langweilt mich ein bisschen. +ich hatte ein ziemlich schönes leben in indiana. +und sicherlich waren weder crick noch ich chemiker, also versuchten wir ein modell zu bauen. und er wusste es, francis kannte wilkins. +und ich las es und es war -- es war einfach mist. +und wir wussten, dass wir recht hatten. +aber das hier ist das einzige -- nein, wir wurden nur zweimal fotografiert. +wir haben also mit brustkrebs angefangen, weil es da viel geld dafür gibt, keine regierungsgelder. +waren diese anderen auch verrückt und wir wussten es nur nicht? +durchschnittlich kostet die verteidigung in einem solchen fall zwei millionen dollar und dauert 18 monate, wenn sie gewinnen. +was habe ich von diesem fall gelernt? nun, drei dinge. +aufpassen: patentverletzung mittels mobilgerät – definiert als nicht stationärer computer. +es war ein gewaltiger erfolg. +sie lachten gemeinsam. +nun, ich wette, in diesem publikum denken sie an einige wirklich unglaubliche technologien, an dinge, von denen ich noch nicht einmal gehört habe, da bin ich mir sicher. +bruce aylward: oops. jon, polio ist beinahe ausgerottet. +was wir also suchen, ist eine permanente lösung. +er verschlechtert sich so schnell in den tropen, dass wir einen speziellen impfschutz-monitor auf jede einzelne ampulle anbringen mussten, so dass sofort angezeigt wird, wenn der impfstoff zuviel hitze ausgesetzt ist, und wir können sagen, dass der impfstoff sich nicht für kinder eignet – er ist nicht potent; er wird sie nicht schützen. +während weniger jahre hat jedes land, das mit der ausrottung von polio begonnen hatte, schnell alle drei ihrer polioviren ausgerottet, mit der ausnahme der vier länder, die sie hier sehen. +er wohnt dort in einem familienhaus mit acht brüdern und schwestern. +und damit begann eine unglaubliche zusammenarbeit mit der industrie. und innerhalb von sechs monaten, haben wir einen neuen polioimpfstoff getestet der vor genau zwei jahren die letzten beiden poliotypen auf der welt anvisierte. +sie ist bereit, diese mit bettnetzen auszustatten, mit anderen dingen. +und ist es einfach, das geld zu beschaffen? +und sie nahm uns mit auf eine reise und zeigte und etwas sehr besonderes — ihre tochter, acht tage alt. +dj: nun mal zu einem der großen themen, natürlich weiß jeder, dass katzen wasser hassen. und das war daher eine echte entdeckung für uns. +bj: wie dereck schon sagte, wir müssen mit extremen arbeiten — extreme temperaturen, mitten in der nacht raus. +es war phänomenal und wie waren dankbar, dass sie uns in diesem ausmaß vertraut. +aber ich muss es euch erzählen — jeder fragt immer "was ist mit dem babypavian passiert?" +und das ist wahrscheinlich so, weil wir es noch nicht so gesehen haben wie wir das heute machen. +mein titel: "sonderbarer als wir annehmen können: das fremdartige an der wissenschaft." +die wissenschaft lehrt uns, wider alle intuition, dass vermeintlich feste gegenstände, wie kristalle oder felsen, in wirklichkeit fast vollständig aus leerem raum bestehen. +hätten wir uns in einem vakuum entwickelt, würden wir erwarten, dass sie gleichzeitig auf dem boden aufprallen würden. wären wir bakterien, immerzu von den thermischen bewegungen der moleküle herumgeschubst, wäre das anders, aber wir mittel-weltler sind zu groß, als dass wir die brownsche bewegung spüren könnten. +was wir von der wirklichen welt sehen ist nicht die unbeschönigte wahrheit, sondern ein modell der welt, gesteuert und geregelt durch die sinneseindrücke, aber so konstruiert, dass es dabei hilft, sich in der realen welt zurechtzufinden. +wunder sind lediglich äußerst unwahrscheinliche ereignisse. +wir wären anders, unser charakter wäre anders, wenn unsere neuro-anantomie und unsere physiologische chemie anders wären. +ich ging an die notre-dame-universität und machte abschlüsse in rechnungswesen und deutsch. ein studienjahr verbrachte ich in österreich. +wir alle haben behinderungen in irgendeiner form. +können sie uns zeigen, was für ein guter pilot sie sind? +der nächste, der hier weitermachte und dieses feld erforschte, war ein herr namens hans jenny in den 1970ern. +und auf der rechten seite sieht man eine cymatisch erschaffene schneeflocke. +ihre bilder wurden teil unseres kollektiven bewusstseins, und weil sich das bewusstsein zu einem gemeinsamen gewissen entwickelte, wurde ein umdenken nicht nur möglich, sondern auch unvermeidlich. +und dadurch ist er extrem gefährdet. +und sie haben nicht unbedingt den eindruck, dass twitter tatsächlich von vielen brasilianern bevölkert wird. +es ist die wirtschaft der bewegung von diesen schweren, langsamen atomen über große distanzen, was sehr schwierig ist. +man schaut sich an, wie globale fluglinien agieren, und man erkennt plötzlich, dass die welt nicht annähernd flach ist. +schaut man sich die new york times an oder andere medieneliten, bekommt man einen überblick von sehr wohlhabenden nationen und die, in die wir einmarschiert sind. +ich denke auch nicht, dass nur wir alleine dieses problem wirklich lösen können. +es gibt derzeit eine gruppe in china namens yeeyan. +sie muss nicht nur die israelischen und palästinensischen mitwirkenden daran hindern, sich gegenseitig umzubringen, sie muss zudem herausfinden, was uns interessieren könnte im hinblick auf den mittleren osten. +er kennt eine welt, und findet einen weg, dies einer anderen welt zu kommunizieren, denn er hat zu beiden tiefe verbindungen. +wir müssen unsere einwanderungspolitik in ordnung bringen. +in afghanistan etwa hatten wir nicht nur eine oder zwei wahlen. wir haben drei wahlen durchlaufen, für das amt des präsidenten und das parlament. und was finden wir vor? +es geht nicht darum, dass sie frieden nach innen und außen garantiert. +die öffentlichkeit verliert ihren glauben an die demokratie, sagt der britische parlamentsabgeordnete rory stewart. die neuen demokratien im irak und in afghanistan sind durch und durch korrupt. gleichzeitig halten 84 prozent der briten die politik für kaputt. in diesem vortrag ruft stewart dazu auf, die demokratie wieder aufzubauen, angefangen bei der erkenntnis, warum demokratie wichtig ist – nicht als mittel zum zweck, sondern als ideal. +die kurze antwort ist, in wirklichkeit sind sie aus japan. +das ist eine plakatwand, auf der steht: "willkommen zu dem geburtsort von general tso." +lassen sie uns in die mitte der 1800er zurückspringen, als die chinesen erstmals nach amerika kamen. +zum beispiel gibt es französisches chinesisches essen, wo froschbeine mit salz und pfeffer serviert werden. +okay, vielleicht hatte es etwas mit den mustern auf den kleinen papierstücken zu tun -- wissen sie, zum beispiel war es ein diamant oder diagonal +also sind ich, genral tsos hühnchen und dieses logo allesamt über das karma verwandt. +schließlich fand, ungefähr im 16ten jahrhundert, ein physikus, dessen name theophrastus bombastus auricularis von hohenheim, genannt paracelsus, war, ein name den wahrscheinlich ein paar leute hier kennen, -- -- der gute alte paracelsus, dass er das ausmaß der krämpfe vorhersagen konnte, indem er eine abgemessene menge an kampfer nutzte, um die krämpfe auszulösen. +er hatte einen kleinen rückfall, sie gaben ihm eine reihe von behandlungen und er war praktisch geheilt. +es hatte etwas damit zu tun, in einer familie aufgezogen zu werden, in der niemand englisch sprach, niemand englisch lesen oder schreiben konnte. +und sie versuchten alles, was sie hatten. +nun, er sagte, "können wir nicht eine reihe von elektroschocktherapien versuchen?" +und es wurde besser und besser und innerhalb von drei oder vier monaten wurde ich von diesem krankenhaus entlassen und ich schloß mich einer gruppe chirurgen an, in der ich mit leuten arbeiten konnte, in der gemeinde, nicht in new haven, aber ziemlich nahe dran. +also ist einer der gründe warum ich heute hier her gekommen bin um darüber zu sprechen, -- ehrlich gesagt, egoistischerweise -- mich selbst von dieser last zu befreien und es bekannt zu machen, dass es kein unbeschwerter geist war, der alle diese bücher geschrieben hat. +ich glaube, dass sich das konzept einer globalen bürgerschaft einfach aus leuten, die über kontinente hinweg miteinander reden, entwickeln wird. +das bemerkenswerte daran ist, dass in amerika die bürgerrechte in den 1960gern erreicht wurden. +ich glaube, dass das vielleicht viele menschen frustriert, auch leute hier im publikum, wo wir diese art der sprache, über die sie hier reden, lieben. +wir hatten hier einen redner, der genau das sagte, und hinterher ein schwert schluckte. das war ganz schön dramatisch. +das schwierige an euopa ist, dass es sehr lange dauert, wenn 27 leute bei einer konferenz sprechen. +der sekretär der vereinten nationen ging zu gott "wann werden unsere internationalen institutionen funktionieren?" +die frage ist, wie man etwas neu erfindet, das es seit ungefähr 5000 jahren gibt. +das bemerkenswerteste ist aber, dass meine hand lange genug ruhig geblieben ist. +hier seht ihr ein bild eines gewebeschnitts. +einige der besten neuerungen und entwicklungen auf dieser welt entstehen oft an der schnittstelle von zwei fachgebieten. +wenn ihnen das thema oder der auftritt nicht gefällt, dann können sie rot hochhalten. +data: ein paar jäger aus new jersey sind draußen im wald. +das ist tatsächlich das erste mal, dass wir live-feedback aus dem publikum für einen auftritt verwendet haben. +was können wir zusammen tun, von dem wir beide profitieren? « +fremdheit bestimmt den abgleich von nähe und distanz, der mich die menschen finden lässt, die ich gerade jetzt brauche, das maß an vertrautheit, an entdeckung und an inspiration, die ich in genau diesem augenblick brauche. +für ihn begann tatsächlich alles während des zweiten weltkriegs, als er sich im alter von 17 jahren in einem laboratorium von falschen papieren wiederfand. +ich wurde in algerien geboren. +also musste mein vater im alter von 14 jahren arbeiten. +aber das war nur ein anfang. +und er erklärte mir, dass ich übrigens auch einen bruder hätte, und als ich sie das erste mal sah, war ich wohl etwa 3 oder 4 jahre alt und sie waren 30 jahre älter als ich. +und europa wurde auch nicht ausgespart. +das ist die schlechte nachricht, aber vielleicht überraschend für sie, es ist auch teil der guten nachricht. +noch nie haben wir, wie in den letzten 50 jahren, solch einen deutlichen rückgang gesehen in ökosystemfunktionen und -leistungen des planeten, von denen eine die fähigkeit ist, das klima langfristig zu regulieren, in unseren wäldern, landschaften und artenvielfalt. +nur am rande, sie wissen dass die einzige rote flagge, die hier aufgetaucht ist, ein u-boot eines hier ungenannten landes war, das eine rote fahne am grunde der arktik angebracht hatte, um die ölreserven zu kontrollieren. +was sie hier in schwarzen linien sehen, ist der sichere raum, die quantifizierten grenzen, vorgeschlagen von dieser analyse. +mit der erkenntnis von tourbetreibern, fischern, der australian great barrier reef authority und wissenschaftlern, dass das great barrier reef verdammt ist under dem derzeitigen kontrollregime. +der schlüssel zu all dem, der rote faden, ist eine veränderung der denkweise, weg von einer situation, in der wir uns einfach auf eine dunkle zukunft zu bewegen, wo wir stattdessen unsere zukunft [unklar] und wir sagen "was sind die bedingungen auf diesem planeten? +obwohl es tatsächlich wahr ist, wissen sie; der grund wieso ich zu ihnen spreche ist, weil ich in brasilien geboren wurde. +aber ich war weniger am whiskey-verkauf interessiert, als vielmehr am eis-verkauf. +"die schnecke". +das ist "6,500 yards," nach carot. "9,000 yards," nach gerhard richter. +wenn sie die dna daraus ermitteln, bekommen sie eine großartige verteilerliste. +ein kleiderbügel. +und wir können die folgen solcher mutationen sehen, wenn wir dna sequenzen vergleichen, unsere hier im raum zum beispiel. +und später, vor etwa 100.000 bis 50.000 jahren, verließen sie afrika, um den rest der welt zu kolonialisieren. +und da ist noch etwas an diesen eigenschaften, die wir aneinander beobachten, das man, wie ich denke, berücksichtigen sollte. und zwar, dass sie eigentlich nur an der oberfläche unseres körpers zu finden sind. +statistisch gesehen gibt es keinen unterschied, wie oft der neanderthaler mit dem einen oder dem anderen afrikaner übereinstimmt. +er traf auf neanderthaler, vermischte sich und verbreitete sich weiter auf der welt. irgendwo in südostasien traf er auf den denisova-menschen, vermischte sich und breitete sich weiter in den pazifikraum aus. +nachhaltigkeit ist ziemlich wichtig für uns, was sowohl soziale, als auch ökologische und ökonomische werte umfassen sollte. +lassen sie uns die alte mit der neuen welt vergleichen. +es gibt soziale bereiche innerhalb des flugzeugs die man in einen ort verwandeln könnte, wo man virtuel golf spielen kann. +dies sind überlebenstechniken, +das ist unsere körperweisheit. es ist nicht durch unsere sprache vermittelt. unser körper weiß es schlicht und wir wissen das schon lange. +um uns herum gibt es millionen menschen mit autismus. +das ist schwierig, deshalb mussten wir die technologien entwickeln. wir mussten uns im grunde in einen körper hineinversetzen. +es ist fast, als ob dieser stimulus, sie, sie haben keinen einfluss darauf, was passiert, als sie durch ihr tägliches leben steuern. +die frühzeitige diagnose von störungsbildern des autistischen spektrums kann das leben aller betroffenen verbessern, aber das komplexe ursachengeflecht macht es unglaublich schwierig, sie vorherzusehen. bei tedxpeachtree beschreibt ami klin eine neue methode der frühzeitigen erkennung, die eye-tracking-technologien nutzt, um die fähigkeiten der sozialen interaktion bei babys zu beurteilen und das risiko, dass sie autismus entwickeln, verlässlich zu messen. +wenn du zur sprungreihe a oder d gehörst, stehst du auf. +du wirst auf dem boden aufschlagen. +ich bin mit traditionellen geschichten über führung groß geworden. robert e. lee, john buford in der schlacht von gettysburg. +und was noch wichtiger ist: die truppe, die ich führte, war verteilt über mehr als 20 länder. +ich fragte sie: "wo waren sie am 11. september?" +ich habe gelernt, dass sie die sehnen sind, die die truppe zusammenhalten. +und wenn du eine führungspersönlichkeit bist, dann brauchen dich die leute, die sich auf dich verlassen, auf den beinen. +dann bestimmte sie für diese werke rassenidentitäten, sie sagte mir im grunde, dass das werk rechts, offensichtlich, von einem schwarten künstler gemacht wurde, das werk links, klar von einem weißen künstler, obwohl in wahrheit, das gegenteil der fall war. bob colescott, afroamerikanischer künstler, leon golub, ein weißer künstler. +was es heißen könnte, dieser moment, für kulturelle bewegungen überall, das "mich, wir" scheint unglaublich vorherwissend absolut wichtig. +so, was entdecke ich, wenn ich kunstwerke angucke? +sie haben es von disney.com heruntergeladen, oder einer dieser websites, 14 tage nachdem ein computer in ihrem dorf aufgestellt wurde. +das ist ein 15 jähriger junge. +ich versammelte 26 kinder. +aber 30 prozent ist noch keine bestandene prüfung. +ich gab ihnen sechs gcse fragen. +du kannst mich nicht fangen. +sie gaben es in google ein, übersetzten es auf italienisch, kamen zum italienischen google zurück. +["oedipus rex"] ["the lion king"] ["titus"] ["frida"] ["the magic flute"] ["across the universe"] julie taymor: danke. vielen dank. +im nächsten moment, direkt nachdem sie fertig und in den schatten verschwunden waren, kam ein junger mann mit einer gaslaterne, hängte sie an einen baum und befestigte einen vorhang. +ich liebe diese offenbare wahrheit am theater. +ariel: "ich kam an bord des königlichen schiffes, und sezte [...] jede cajüte in schreken." +wie sie so an der bühnenkante ist, laufen oben zwei bühnenarbeiter ganz in schwarz mit gießkannen entlang und fangen an, wasser auf die sandburg zu gießen. die sandburg beginnt zu tropfen und einzusinken, aber bevor sie das tut, sieht das publikum die schwarz gekleideten bühnenarbeiter. +was zur hölle machen wir da oben auf der bühne? +julie taymor: spider-man, der könig der löwen und das leben am rande des kreativen abgrunds. +ihr entscheidet. das ist eure bäckerei, eure straße, euer land, nicht meins. " +und so existiert, auf der mikro-ebene, eine rolle für diese kombination von investition und philanthropie. +und was geduldiges kapital gefühlsmäßig bedeutet, habe ich im lauf des letzten monats begriffen. denn die firma war buchstäblich zehn tage vom nachweis entfernt, dass ihr produkt den internationalen standards genügte, die man braucht, um coartem herzustellen, als sie in die schlimmste liquditätskrise ihrer geschichte geriet. +in unserem ersten jahr, das erste netz lief im oktober 2003 vom band, +sie war wie einer diesen frauen, d hinter den nähmaschinen sitzen, ziemlich ähnlich. +bei unseren ersten gesprächen mit ok go - der name des lieds ist "this too shall pass" - waren wir ganz begeistert, weil sie ihr interesse dafür ausdrückten, eine maschine zu errichten, mit der sie tanzen konnten. +die maschine selbst würde die musik starten. +ganz egal, was für eine temperatur herrscht, oder was in ihrem weg liegt, sie rollt so ziemlich dorthin, wo sie hinsoll. +und nun möchten sie ihr musikvideo vorstellen. hier sind ok go. +wir bauten also sehr anspruchsvolle radioantennen, bloß um an beiden wänden nach einem luftspalt zu suchen. +wir dachten an eine anwendung zur vergrößerung mit dem tablet. lassen sie mich zeigen, was wir simulieren könnten, was wir tun könnten, jeder von uns in einem museum. +und je später es versagt, desto schlimmer die auswirkungen. +diese krankheit liegt bei mir in der familie und wir hoffen wirklich, dass solche zellen uns dabei helfen werden, eine heilmethode zu finden. +darin versuche ich zu zeigen – leider kommen die farben nicht gut heraus – dass mir diese kleine fünfzigjährige zeitblase, in der sie sich befinden, sorgen macht. man neight dazu sich für die letzte und die zukünftige generation zu interessieren – eltern, kinder – dinge, die man in den nächsten jahrzehnten ändern kann – und sie bewegen sich innerhalb dieser fünzigjährigen zeitblase. wenn sie sich die bevölkerungskurve ansehen, stellen sie fest, dass sich in diesen 50 jahren die menschliche bevölkerung auf der erde mehr als verdoppelt, und wir sind dreieinhalb mal so viele menschen als zur zeit meiner geburt. wenn sie jetzt ein baby bekommen, bis zum zeitpunkt, zu dem das kind aus der schule kommt, werden mehr menschen dazu gekommen sein als es bei meiner geburt gab. +ihre ur-ur-großeltern sind mit muskelkraft ausgekommen, und dennoch glauben wir, dass für unseren lebensstil großartige energie notwendig ist. und mit all der wunderbaren existierenden technologie können wir größere effizienz erreichen, wie z.b. mit umweltschutz, recycling usw. +es ist teil eines langfristigen von nasa in auftrag gegebenen programms. +in ordnung. +von diesen sätzen inspiriert, entschied ich mich den malerpinsel selbst in die hand zu nehmen. +vielen dank. +"so, als würde man ein stück toast durch einen basketballkorb werfen, oder?" +er hat es uns vor über tausend jahren bewiesen. +er bewies, dass sie eine primzahl war, mit nichts als einer feder, tinte, papier und seinem intellekt. +es bedarf ihn nach seiner schätzung etwa "drei jahre an sonntagen". +wegen curtis cooper wissen wir, dass die derzeit längste bekannte primzahl 2 ^ 57 885 161 ist. +wir leben in einem zeitalter, in dem einige der größten durchbrüche nicht in laboren oder den hallen der akademischen welt erreicht werden, sondern auf laptops, desktop-computern, in den handflächen der menschen, die einfach nur bei der suche behilflich sein wollen. +und so herrlich an dieser entdeckung war, dass peter higgs und sein team vor 50 jahren eine der tiefgründigsten aller fragen betrachtet hatten: wie kommt es, dass die dinge, aus denen wir bestehen, keine masse haben? +in meiner kindheit in tasmanien war es immer sehr aufregend, wenn wir einen tasmanischen teufel in freier wildbahn zu sehen bekamen. +wissenschaftler in der ganzen welt sind von diesem krebs fasziniert, diesem ansteckenden krebs, der sich in der population der tasmanischen teufel ausbreitet. +er ist ein tasmanischer teufel, den wir mit einem großen tumor im gesicht fanden. +der hund gehört zu einer familie in mombasa in kenia. +auch wenn es unter einigen umständen passieren kann. +wenn wir verheiratet sind, haben wir eher kinder. +die meisten von uns haben uns für die meisten dieser fähigkeiten überdurchschnittlich eingeordnet. +nummer zwei: unabhängig vom endergebnis macht uns allein die vorfreude schon glücklich. +sie erwarten also, dass die zukunft schlechter sein wird, als sie tatsächlich ist. +aber wenn jemand zuerst sagte: "die wahrscheinlichkeit einer krebserkrankung bei mir liegt bei 10%", und wir sagten: "tut uns ja leid, +er schickt gerade einen kleinen magnetischen impuls durch den schädel unseres untersuchungsteilnehmers, in ihren gyrus frontalis inferior. +ich bin überzeugt, dass es so eine lösung gibt. +eigentlich müsste es heißen, die erholung oder rückkehr asiens. +aber denken sie darüber nach, wie sich das auf unsere traditionelle denkweise auswirkt. +die tektonischen platten der weltpolitik sind verschoben worden. +sie wissen es richtet sich nach der wirtschaftlichen stärke gemessen am bruttoinlandsprodukt. +und wie ich schon vorher erwähnte china hat noch nicht die usa überholt +doch ich meine jetzt nicht unverbesserlich optimistisch darüber zu sein +und machen damit die hälfte aller bürgerkriege aus. +und warum ist es so schwierig zu beginn? +die geldgeber müssen sich daher langfristig, mindestens für 10 jahre, engagieren. +leider, wenn man sich auf die bedürfnisse konzentriert, erhält man keine zielführende agenda. weil die bedürfnisse auf allen seiten so gross sind in dieser situation. die möglichkeiten von veränderung sind jedoch beschränkt. +aber es gibt einen bereich, der nicht mit dem internationalen handel verknüpft ist und eine menge jobs schaffen kann. und der auf jeden fall ein vernünftiger sektor nach einem konflikt ist. und das ist die baubranche. +die planungs- und regelungsverantwortung bleibt beim ministerium. für die versorgung der bevölkerung wird verwendet was auch immer funktioniert: kirchen, hilfsorganisationen, lokale organisationen, lokale strukturen. egal was, hauptsache es funktioniert. +was ist das ziel? +es gibt wichtige konsequenzen der verteilung, jedoch andere, als man erwarten würde. +wir brauchen bessere planung und systeme zur evakuierung. +das macht sinn, oder? es gibt freifläche, die flugzeuge können starten und landen, ohne sich um lärmemission oder ausweichen vor hohen gebäuden zu sorgen. +es gibt keine schnellen lösungen. +l: am wichtigsten... s: am wichtigsten... +jw: ist englischmanie also gut oder schlecht? +das wirft alle möglichen fragen auf. +und er fragte diese bestimmte person, was krähe und fische gemeinsam haben. +sie waren nicht bereit, sich darauf einzulassen. +um 1900 übten 3% der amerikaner berufe aus, die kognitiv anspruchsvoll waren. +nun ist im letzten jahrhundert in entwickelten ländern wie amerika die moraldebatte eskaliert, weil wir das hypothetische ernst nehmen und auch allgemeinbegriffe ernst nehmen, und nach logischen verbindungen suchen. +man muss sagen, nun, für die dunkelheit der haut, sollte man nicht einfach leiden müssen. +ein weg mit dem entwicklungsgrad der modernen welt umzugehen, könnte politik sein, und leider können sie humane moralprinzipien haben, sie können klassifizieren, logik auf abstraktionen anwenden, aber wenn sie die geschichte und andere länder nicht kennen, können sie keine politik machen. +ich bin ein grundschullehrer und möchte ihnen eine geschichte meiner schulleiterin erzählen. +es hätte zahnmedizin sein können, aber das wort "experimentell" war drin und für sowas musste ich mich entscheiden. +es ist eine geschichte, die ein beleg für die lehre und lehrpersonen ist. +und deshalb lebt diese geste meiner mutter weiter durch viele generationen. +ich biete ihnen den posten an, sie können ihn ablehnen. und dann wählen sie ihr kabinett aus. +schauen sie, herr hunter macht dies weil er sagt, seine generation habe viel mist gebaut, und er möchte uns erklären, wie man dieses probleme löst. +das ist ein weltfriedens-spiel. was ist mit dir los? +"lasst uns diese mama den brief lesen. +sie ist über meinen freund brennan. +er läutet noch einmal die glocke. er sagt: "wir legen" – und es bleiben nur noch 12 sekunden zeit – "wir legen jetzt alles geld aller nationen zusammen. +in indien hatten wir die naxalitenbewegung, die [unklar] bewegung. +wenn sie ein fahrrad aufpumpen, verwenden sie etwas davon. +man macht immer ein dreieckiges dach. +also das ist eine kleine pumpe mit der man einen ballon aufpumpen kann. +aber es ist ein großer spaß für kinder. +ich stecke einfach das hinein. +sie sind miteinander verschmolzen, also kann man sie nicht trennen. +es gibt keine patente. jeder kann es machen. +sie heißt: "die geschichte des kapitänhuts". +das schiff sinkt und der kapitän hat alles verloren, bis auf eine schwimmweste. +also werde ich über einige projekte reden die diese ideen verfolgt haben. +wir neigen dazu ressourcen zu nutzen indem wir sie extrahieren, wir verwandeln sie in kurzlebige produkte und dann entsorgen wir sie. +und wir werden auch einen coffeshop haben, und die mahlabfälle davon können als substrat für den anbau von pilzen verwendet werden. +also ein beeindruckendes beispiel an anpassung an eine umgebung stark begrenzter ressourcen - und in diesem sinne sehr relevant für die arten der herausforderung vor denen wir über die nächsten paar jahre, nächsten paar jahrzehnte stehen werden. +der plan würde also wie folgt aussehen: +sie sind nicht nur möglich, sie sind entscheidend. +und wenn ich kinder im alter von 35 bekommen will, hieße das, dass ich bereits fünf jahre zuvor mit all dem hätte anfangen müssen. +da gab es nur einen kleinen haken. +und sie sagen dann: "hör auf dich zu beschweren." +denn meine hobbys sind eigentlich auch nur so etwas wie neue arbeitsprojekte, die ich ins leben gerufen habe. +sie sagte, sie sei "albern, nett und freundlich". +erinnern sie sich? ich spreche fließend japanisch und kenne mich mit javascript aus und das ist okay so. +anscheinend habe ich ein tolles leben, aber -- -- die frage ist, was bedeutet das nun für sie? +ich weiß, dass die meisten von ihnen die erfahrung gemacht haben, nach hause zu kommen und ihre kinder spielen solche spiele. +stellen sie sich vor, sie fahren durch den nebel. es macht einen unterschied, ob sie das auto vor sich sehen und den unfall so vermeiden, oder ob sie einen unfall haben. +aber ein paar kinder sind traurig und blau, weil sie ihren mantel vergessen haben. +das ist ein multimedia-tasker. +lassen sie mich diesen schritt erläutern mit einer aufgabe, die sich mentale rotation nennt. +daphne bavelier: das gehirn über computerspiele +sie bekommen etwas leicht komplizierteres, +nun, das hat große auswirkungen auf die grenzen der wissenschaft, auf berechenbarkeit und steuerbarkeit von dingen wie biologischen prozessen oder einsparungen, auf intelligenz im universum, auf fragen, wie die willensfreiheit und auf das erschaffen von technologien. +probieren wir also eine frage zu stellen, die sich mit der gesundheit beschäftigt. +ich bin also ziemlich zufrieden mit all dem. +die idee ist es dann, dass wolfram alpha imstande ist, herauszufinden welche präzisen teile von code das machen kann, wonach gefragt wird und dann beispiele zeigt, aus welchen dann gewählt werden kann, um größere und größere, präzisere programme zu erstellen. +aber in zumindest einer große klasse von fällen, kann man davon ausgehen, dass das universum, eine art netzwerk ist, welches sich, wenn es groß genug ist, wie ein unendlicher raum verhält, ziemlich genau so als würde man eine menge moleküle haben, die sich wie eine flüssigkeit verhalten. +das war beeindruckend. +es gibt sehr wenige ärzte, und offengestanden, haben diese länder nicht die mittel, die gebraucht werden, um mit solchen epidemien fertig zu werden. +und das in nur vier stunden, 50 mal schneller als bei derzeitigem stand der technik, zu kosten, die ein fünftel bis ein fünfhundertstel der kosten derzeitiger möglichkeiten sind. +sondern weil meiner mutter eine ausbildung verwehrt worden war und sie erinnerte meine geschwister und mich ständig daran, dass sie nicht möchte, dass wir ein leben wie das ihre leben. +das hieß, mein traum, lehrerin zu werden, würde nicht in erfüllung gehen. +ich hatte einerseits auch glück, dass meine mutter etwas tat, was die meisten frauen nicht tun. +ein junge hätte gehen sollen. das können wir nicht machen. " +ich erfuhr, dass sie nicht aufgrund ihres geschlechts missbraucht werden durfte. +und ja, sie war zu alt für die vierte klasse. +und wir werden in einer friedlichen welt leben. vielen dank. +wir haben 50 jahre gebraucht um eine jährliche sparrate von fast 10 prozent zu erreichen. 50 jahre. +wir beginnen also, mit geld zu bezahlen, dass wir wirklich haben. +wir werden vier wertewandel ansprechen, die wir sehen und die neues verbraucherverhalten antreiben, die neue management-prinzipien nahelegen. +ein weiteres kurzes beispiel für diese art der veränderung ist der aufstieg von zynga. +aber sie sprechen auch davon, dass ihre vorständsmitglieder, all deren spesenabrechnungen werden ins firmennetz gestellt, sodass jeder sie sehen kann. +ein weiteres großartiges beispiel ist fidelity. +traditionell wäre ein boykott, richtig? +sie ist für die verbraucher enorm mächtig gewesen. +ich kenne eine frau die das gut kann. +geht nach hause zu eurem mann - was braucht er? +als ich aufwuchs konnte ich tatsächlich zwei unterschiedlich arten des frauseins beobachten. +wir neigen zur gruppenbildung basierend auf gemeinsamkeiten und dann erschaffen wir klischees über andere gruppen von menschen. +in diesen tagen schwänzte ich oft die schule und träumte davon, zur see zu fahren. +für mich, wie für millionen anderer menschen auf der welt heutzutage, ist englisch eine erworbene sprache. +viele autoren spüren diesen druck, aber nicht-westliche autoren spüren ihn stärker. +aber es gab zeiten, da wollte ich beide seiten daran erinnern, dass es sich um fiktion handelte. +bücher haben das introvertierte, schüchterne kind gerettet, das ich war -- das ich einmal war. +audre lorde sagte einmal: "die weißen väter lehrten uns zu sagen: 'ich denke, also bin ich.'" sie schlug vor: "ich fühle, also bin ich frei." +ich denke, dass diese eher die grundbausteine jeglicher kreativität sind. +nun belaufen sich die amerikanischen urheberrechte und patentgesetze gegensätzlich zu dieser auffassung, dass wir auf den werken anderer aufbauen. +das ist alles, was es dazu zu sagen gibt. apple hat dies patentiert. +er nimmt ein lied namens "blind willie mctell" auf, benannt nach dem blues sänger, und das lied ist eine reise durch die vergangenheit, durch eine viel dunklere zeit, aber einer einfacheren, einer zeit, in der musiker wie willie mctell nur wenige illusionen von dem hatten, was sie taten. +gucken sie einfach auf die karte von google hier. da ist block 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. +und eines der ersten opfer schwieriger wirtschaftszeiten sind wohl öffentliche ausgaben jeder art, aber in der schusslinie stehen zur zeit sicherlich die öffentlichen ausgaben für wissenschaft, und besonders für wissenschaft die von neugier und forschergeist getrieben wird. +er hat etwa 500 km durchmesser. +unter dem eis also gibt es ein meer an flüssigkeit um den ganzen mond herum. +so, das hier sich praktisch nach nichts aus. +und eine der erstaunlichen vorhersagen der quantenmechanik, nur durch die betrachtung des aufbaus von atomen -- die gleiche theorie die transistoren beschreibt -- ist dass es keine sterne im universum geben kann, die das ende ihres lebens erreicht haben, die größer als ziemlich genau 1,4 sonnenmassen sind. +sie entstanden in sternen wie diesem, eingeschlossen und dann ans universum zurückgegeben, in explosionen wie dieser, um sich erneut zu verdichten und planeten zu bilden, sterne, neue sonnensysteme, und wahrhaftig, menschen wie uns. +sie besuchte jedoch jupiter, saturn, uranus und neptun. +danke ihnen. +die roten punkte, die sie sehen, sind seiten, die verhaltens-tracking anwenden, die ich nicht aufgerufen habe, aber die mir trotzdem folgen. +aus einem einfachen grund – das ist ein riesengeschäft. +danke, dass ihr gekommen seid. +du läufst, um uns ein schlechtes gewissen zu machen. " +ich war 27. ich dachte, ich wüsste alles. +und sie sagten: "machen sie sich darüber keine sorgen." +es war ein diskussionskurs und wir hatten eine diskussion. +mein vater sagte: "das war nummer 1." und ich hörte damit immer noch nicht auf. +ich lief durch el dorado -- eine gefängnisstadt in venezuela, ein berühmtes gefängnis, oder wohl eher ein berüchtigtes -- und ich weiß nicht, was mit geritten hat, denn so etwas sah mir nicht ähnlich. +aber ich wusste, dass ich mich ändern musste. +aber sogar als kind konnte ich die last in ihren herzen spüren. +diese hoffnung hielt mich am leben. +mein vater hatte sich große mühe gegeben, mich zum lernen zu motivieren, doch es hatte nicht geholfen. +in nordkorea erschuf ich sie mir selbst. +ich möchte dir nur sagen, dass ich dich vermisse und dass ich dich liebe, und bitte komm zu mir zurück und bleib am leben. +man bat mich, ein gebäude zu entwerfen, denn thema der expo waren umweltprobleme. +das ist die verantwortung der architekten. +ich begann nach kobe zu pendeln und traf mich mit dem verein der vietnamesen. +meine japanischen studenten arbeiteten mit chinesischen studenten zusammen. +dazu benutzte ich frachtcontainer und studenten halfen dabei, möbel zu bauen, um sie wohnlich zu machen. alles entspricht dem budget der regierung. die fläche, die das haus einnimmt, ist die gleiche, aber es ist viel wohnlicher. +und für mich verschmolzen diese beiden rollen in meinem buch "origins". +nun, warum sollte dieses fötale lernen von nutzen sein? +und noch etwas anderes passiert oft. +wenn nahrung knapp ist leiten sie die nährstoffe zum wichtigsten organ, dem gehirn, und weg von anderen organen wie herz und leber. +man kann ptsd aber auch mit anderen augen sehen. +dieses vertrauen in das fiktive ist für jede art theatralik essenziell. +die zuschauer werden auf mutmaßungen hingeleitet, welche ganz logisch sind, jedoch nicht mit dem übereinstimmen, was vor ihren augen geschieht. " +und wenn es eine gute geschichte ist, bringt sie uns vielleicht sogar zum lächeln. +ich fordere also eine neue berufsbezeichnung -- ich komme später darauf zurück -- und vielleicht die aufnahme eines neuen wortes in die englische sprache. +aber ich war vor kurzem auf einem ted event und esther duflo, wahrscheinlich eine der führenden expertinnen in der effektiven beseitigung von hunger in der dritten welt, sprach dort. +eines davon war auch, auch wenn es von der logik her eine gute idee ist, einen lift zu haben ohne hoch-und runtertasten, wenn er nur 2 stockwerke bedient, ist dies verdammt angst einjagend. +denn wenn der vorstand alle davon überzeugt, dass der erfolg eines unternehmens fast gänzlich von den entscheidungen des vorstands abhängt, erscheint der gehaltsunterschied etwas mehr gerechtfertigt, als wenn man zugibt, dass ein großer teil des unternehmenserfolgs eigentlich woanders liegt, in kleinen teilen der taktischen aktivität. +das erste, was ich möchte ist ein wettbewerb - an alle, die dies als film sehen - um einen namen zu finden, für diese sache unten rechts. +ich werde das medium, durch das diese musik kanalisiert wird und während diesem vorgang – wenn alles stimmt – wird die musik transformiert und ich auch. +das sind etwa 10 dollar an zusätzlicher hardware wenn man bereits eine nintendo wii hat. +aber ich lernte auch schnell, dass jesus sagte, und ich umschreibe das, dass immer arme unter uns sein werden. +um die wahrheit zu sagen, ich gab zwar, aber nicht aus aufrichtiger hoffnung und dem reiz zu helfen oder aus großzügigkeit. +zum ersten mal seit langem wollte ich die menschen treffen, ich wollte diese unternehmer treffen, und selbst sehen wie sie lebten. +ich dachte nur, dass geld es schon richten würde. +weil, wenn dies passiert, denke ich, dass wir uns frei fühlen können um offener, gerechter und kreativer zu sein, um miteinander zu handeln und einander zu helfen. +mit diesem wissen hat dieser bestimmte vorfall zu den dingen geführt, die ich gerade bearbeite. +dies ist, woran ich gerade arbeite. +es gibt nichts größeres oder älteres als das universum. +das universum kann sich plötzlich aus dem nichts heraus selbst erschaffen. +wir begeben uns jedoch in einen zunehmend gefährlichen abschnitt unserer geschichte. +ich bin designer und pädagoge. +anders gesagt, ich suche nach aliens. wenn ich das auf einer cocktailparty erzähle, sehen sie mich meist mit leicht amüsiertem gesichtsausdruck an. +das ist eine verbesserungsrate, die auf ihrem schulzeugnis gut aussehen würde, oder? +das ist nicht so schlecht, selbst bei zwei dutzend jahren. entweder sie öffnen ihren browser und es wird von einem signal berichtet, oder sie bekommen eine tasse kaffee. +es würde seinen alltag verändern, nicht wahr? +diese art ideen haben keine wirkliche gültigkeit – dass sie den wissenschaftlern nicht vertrauen können. +das erlaubt einem in vorleistung zu treten, indem man dieses thema als verbindung zur wissenschaft nutzt, denn seti umfasst verschiedene disziplinen, natürlich biologie und astronomie, aber auch geologie, chemie und weitere wissenschaftliche disziplinen können sich alle unter dem vorwand "wir suchen nach e.t." verstecken. +ich möchte ihnen nur sagen, dass mein job ein privileg ist, weil wir in einer besonderen zeit leben. +nachdem ich von ted eingeladen wurde, habe ich einige nachforschungen angestellt, so machen wir anthropologen das halt, um etwas über meinen gastgeber herauszufinden. +man findet elefanten, nashörner, affen, schweine usw. +es war, als würde das kind nach 3,3 millionen jahren noch einmal geboren, aber der geburtsvorgang dauerte sehr lang. +was wissen wir eigentlich über unsere vorfahren? +was sagt uns das? " +es ist wichtig, eine positivere sicht auf uns selbst zu fördern. +müllverklappung zum beispiel, etwas wovon man glaubt, es würde sich von selbst erledigen, doch die gesetze, die regeln wie schiffe müll abladen dürfen werden immer schwächer, je weiter man sich von der küste entfernt. +aber in der sargasso-see sammeln sich nicht nur sargassum-algen an, sondern auch plastik aus der gesamten region. +wir nähern uns jetzt der küste, das hier ist auf den galapagos-inseln. +und wenn wir sagen "ja, wir brauchen mehr. es muss weiter gehen." +kristina gjerde: gesetze schaffen für die hohe see +und es ist fokus. norman jewison sagte mir: "ich glaube es hat damit zu tun, sich auf eine sache zu fokussieren." +was macht menschen erfolgreich? ist es schläue? ist es glück? weder noch. analytiker richard st. john verdichtet jahre von interviews in eine sehr sehenswerte dreiminütige präsentation über die echten erfolgsgeheimnisse. +tod: geh auf ifidie.net, ehe es zu spät ist. +und dieser mann, archie cochrane, ist kriegsgefangener und arzt, und er hat ein problem. +die ergebnisse notiert er sorgfältig in einem heft. +und mit den milliarden der zukunft, über die wir immer hören, ist diese welt einfach zu komplex, um sie einfach so verstehen zu können. +es gibt dort 100,000. das würde einen tag lang dauern. +mir ist klar, dass das zweideutig ist. +sogar dieses problem war zu kompliziert. +das passierte nicht, weil ein unglaublich schlauer mensch das sagen hatte. +das ist so ungemütlich. +soll ich den versuch sofort abbrechen, oder sollen wir warten, bis wir resultate haben? " +aber die fehler gingen in eine gute richtung. +es wird aufhören, weil uns die ressourcen ausgehen. +dieses argument finde ich faszinierend, als könnten wir die physikalischen gesetze ein bisschen biegen, damit sie uns ins spiel passen. +ich akzeptiere, wo wir sind. +stellen sie sich vor, unsere hochangepasste, bedarfssynchrone nahrungsindustrie und unser extrem belastetes landwirtschaftssystem versagen und die regale im supermarkt leeren sich. +denken sie an krieg. +wir müssen handeln, als hinge unsere zukunft davon ab. +zusätzlich will ich versuchen ein gefühl dafür zu vermitteln, wie der ultimative neustart aussieht. +und wir glaubten, wir können diese schulden auf unsere kinder ablegen, aber stellt euch vor +alles andere ist verplant. +das ist die finanzkrise. +studenten wollten wissen in welcher stufe der entwicklung sich die zelle befindet. +das sollte nichts erstaunliches sein oder? +alles was wir bekommen haben ist roomba. +zwei bis drei jahre nachdem sie so gut hören können wie du und ich werden sie vielleicht hören können wie fledermäuse singen oder wie wale reden oder wie hunde reden und andere arten von tonalskalen. +ich glaube wir werden vom homo sapiens zum homo evolutis gehen. +und die menschen dachten: "du hast recht. +in jedem autounfall, in dem mindestens eine person stirbt, gibt es informationen über alle beteiligten. +schauen wir uns unfälle aus der letzten zeit an "– der ganze datensatz besteht aus circa 30 jahren daten –" dann sieht man es nicht. die neuen kindersitze sind viel besser. " +ich zeige ihnen nun, was passiert. +es gibt noch mehr beweise, also kann man sagen – ein wissenschaftler kritisierte mich, er sagte: "nie werden sie eine studie mit n = 4 veröffentlichen können", und meinte die vier unfälle. +und danach kamen die meisten leute tatsächlich nicht zurück, denn es funktionierte. aber ab und an gab es einen patienten, der sich noch für krank hielt, und er kam wieder. und mein vater hatte noch einen topf. +in 5.000 tagen sind all diese dinge gekommen. +ich habe also versucht maß zu nehmen. +im jahre 2040 wird die prozessorleistung dieser maschine die gesamte prozessleistung der menschheit übertreffen in reinen bits und so. und das ist glaube ich wo ray kurzwell und andere dieses kleine diagram herbekommen, das wir alle übertreten. +jetzt ist es nicht so - wenn man eine tabelle und dinge bei der arbeit macht, ein word dokument, sind sie nicht teil des webs aber sie werden es sein. sie werden teil der maschine. +mcluhan sagte: "maschinen sind erweiterungen der menschlichen sinne." +so ist jede idee prinzipiell unterstützt, oder jeder teil, jedes wort - wird vom ganzen web gestützt. +wir haben diese datenbank von dingen. +aber ich antizipiere wir tun es im guten sinne. +meine reise um heute hierherzukommen begann 1974. +und so beschloß ich ein buch, meine memoiren, über diese dekade meines lebens zu schreiben. +alles was ich tun muss, ist, in demut folgen. +und ich ordne sie. und, nun ja, es ist auch etwas anders, da ein architekt im vergleich zu, sagen wir, einer tanzgruppe letztendlich eine vermittlung zwischen der eigenen privaten welt ist, der welten der eigenen konzepte, der ideen, der sehnsüchte, der erfindungen, mit der beziehung zur außenwelt und den ganzen einschränkungen, den neinsagern. +und es hatte mit der vorstellung zu tun, einen kilometer zu gehen, jeden kilometer ein objekt der begierde zu beobachten, und dieses dann darin zu platzieren. +und dann beginnen die breiteren ideen der stadtentwicklung direkten einfluss auf die architektur zu haben, auf die elemente, die das breitere schema bilden, die gebäude selbst, und uns zu leiten. +es ist transparent, und ich denke, es ermöglicht uns, was immer das interessanteste an einem gebäude ist, nämlich die tatsächlichen konstruktionsprozesse zu verstehen. +wir könnten über die beziehung sprechen, in einem biologischeren sinn über die beziehung von gebäude und boden. +sie haben 22 satelliten, die in einer höhe von etwa 100 meilen herumflitzen, und das grundstück ist rot. +dann kommen wir zu diesem bild. +bitte auch auf der empore. +sie wissen, unser gehirn entspricht 2-3% unseres gewichts braucht aber tatsächlich 25% der gesamten energie. +sie können weiter erfinden und entwickeln. +bauchgefühl, das ist es, was wir benutzen. " +es ist dieses hirn, das diesen reflex auslöst. +damit würden wir etwas erzeugen, dass wir alle gerne hätten: ein gleichgewicht zwischen hunger und sättigung. +man kann diese kunstwerke betrachten und natürlich die komplexe soziale organisation der menschen, die sie geschaffen haben, sehen. +10.000 quadratkilometer, zehntausende von inseln wie juwelen über die südsee verstreut. +die dritte edle wahrheit besagt: ignoranz kann bewältigt werden. +dann tanzt man die rituellen tänze, die den kreuzen macht geben. +sie konsumieren mehr cocablätter als jede andere bevölkerungsgruppe, täglich ein halbes pfund pro person. +dieser kleine junge wird die heiligen felder, die die hütte der männer eingrenzen, erst verlassen, wenn er seine initiationsreise antritt. +so ist nun ihr gesamtes jahr halbiert. +der anthropologe wade davis betrachtet das weltweite netz aus glaube und ritual, das uns zu menschen macht. er zeigt uns atemberaubende bilder und erzählt von den elder brothers, einer gruppe von indianern aus der sierra nevada, deren spirituelle praktiken die welt im gleichgewicht halten. +heute nutzen wir nur einen einzigen rohstoff, petroleum, um unsere häuser zu heizen, unsere autos anzutreiben und um die meisten materialien, die sie um sich herum sehen, herzustellen. +der erste besteht darin, einen rohstoff zu wählen, vorzugsweise einen, der regional, also in ihrer umgebung vorhanden ist – zur lokalen herstellung also. +es dauert in wirklichkeit länger. es dauert fünf tage. +guten tag. +aber in dem moment, in dem sie auf die äußere umgebung trifft, und ihre temperatur um auch nur den bruchteil eines grades steigt, wird sie sofort wieder zu normaler materie. +aber was von außen so langsam und anmutig erscheint, ist eigentlich eher chaos im inneren, weil die zellen ihre form mit einem skelett aus starren proteinfasern halten und diese fasern ständig zerfallen. +als test schlage ich vor, dass wir mit amerikanischen tänzern beginnen. +wenn man sie fragt, "was machen sie beruflich?" – sagen sie: "ich bin statistiker." +sie denken jetzt, ich werde ihnen einige fragen stellen. +was wir also machen wollen, ist die durchschnittliche anzahl der würfe, bis wir kopf-zahl-kopf sehen, vergleichen mit der durchschnittlichen anzahl würfe, bis kopf-zahl-zahl kommt. +wenn zahl kommt – nun ja, dann räumen sie einigermaßen enttäuscht die gläser und den sekt wieder weg. +aber es stellt sich heraus, der schlüssel zu informationen aus modernen experimentellen technologien liegt in ziemlich ausgeklügelten – es wird sie erleichtern, dass ich meinen lebensunterhalt mit etwas nützlichem verdiene, raffinierter als die kopf-zahl-kopf-geschichte – nämlich ziemlich abgefahrene computer- und mathematische modelle und moderne statistische verfahren. +dann ist die antwort natürlich 99 prozent. +eine erklärung ist, das die person nicht infiziert ist – das ist überwiegend wahrscheinlich, wenn man jemanden zufällig auswählt – aber der test liegt falsch, was unwahrscheinlich ist. +uns unbekannte umweltfaktoren könnten eine rolle spielen, und das gilt sehr wahrscheinlich auch für genetische faktoren, deren wir uns nicht bewusst sind. +es hängt zusammen mit der abwägung der kraft anderer beweise gegen sie und den statistischen beweisen. +das ist eine ingenieuraufgabe. " +ein paar freunde und ich haben herausgefunden, wie es zu machen ist. +es gibt 10 milliarden steckdosen allein in nordamerika. +also möchte ich ihnen heute meine persönliche sicht auf diese zensur in den letzten jahren geben. +sie wollen einerseits den wunsch der leute nach einem sozialen netzwerk befriedigen, was sehr wichtig ist. die leute lieben soziale netzwerke. +und danach, in diesem jahr, wurde der eisenbahnminister entlassen und zu 10 jahren haft verurteilt. +der kommentarbereich macht das chinesische weibo mehr zu einem facebook als zu twitter, dem original. +man kann zum beispiel nicht den namen des präsidenten schreiben, hu jintao, und auch nicht den namen der stadt chongqing. und bis vor kurzem konnte man die nachnamen der höchsten beamten nicht suchen. +also wollten sie einen vorwand... öffentliche meinung ist ein sehr guter vorwand, ihn zu bestrafen. +was auch die zukunft bringt, wir sollten die [katze] bekämpfen. +musik sind akkustische vibrationen in der luft, kleine energiewellen, die unser trommelfell zum schwingen bringen. +nun hat sich die behandlung von hörschäden in den letzten 200 jahren stark entwickelt. +mädchen: holly. +wenn wir also ein perfektes cochleaimplantat entwerfen wollten, würden wir versuchen, zu erreichen, dass es musik übertragen kann. +patienten mit cochlearen implantaten können diese beiden instrumente nicht unterscheiden. +was suggeriert, dass selbst wenn man das gehör verliert, die fähigkeit des gehirns, musik zu verarbeiten, bleibt +er studiert jetzt medizin an der yale university, und erwägt es, chirurg zu werden -- einer der ersten tauben menschen, die eine chirurgische karriere anstreben. +wenn ich mich umsehe, in diesem tedxamsterdam auditorium, sehe ich ein besonderes publikum. +waffen sind nicht teil unseres lebens. +wenn er zielte, verfehlte er nie. +trotz der bilder, die täglich in den nachrichten gezeigt werden, sind kriege zwischen industriestaaten sind nicht mehr alltäglich. +die armee verfügt über ein staatliches gewaltmonopol. +ich hoffe, sie respektieren meine soldaten, diese soldatin mit diesem gewähr. +und das interessante dabei ist, dass bei einer veränderung der sequenz auch die dreidimensionale struktur verändert wird. +wir möchten technologische artefakte bauen können, die für die welt von nutzen sein könnten. wir möchten lernen, wie man biologische artefakte baut, z.b. menschen, wale und bäume. +plant und was passiert dann? +frauen sind viel mehr in balance, weil sie nicht diese ansicht teilen, dass sie 100 klimmzüge schaffen können. +doch wir haben das potenzial, krankheit und armut zu bezwingen, und ich werde über diese aspekte sprechen, falls wir den willen dazu haben. +ich werde ihnen an ein paar beispielen zeigen, wie überzeugend dieses phänomen ist. +es gibt eine grundlegende, profunde beschleunigung des evolutionären prozesses. +man könnte denken, das ist das ergebnis eines laborversuchs, aber dies ist das ergebnis von weltweitem, chaotischem verhalten – länder beschuldigen sich gegenseitig der produkt-subventionierung, börsengänge, insolvenzen, marketingprogramme. +wir verstehen die software-programme, die unsere körper steuern. +dies sind einige designs aus eric drexlers buch – wir zeigen gerade, dass sie machbar sind, mit super-computer-simulationen, es gibt tatsächlich forscher, die molekülgroße robotor angefertigt haben. +doug hofstadter fragt sich, nun, vielleicht ist unsere intelligenz einfach nicht groß genug, um unsere intelligenz zu verstehen, und wenn wir klüger wären, dann wäre unser gehirn noch komplizierter, und wir könnten nie mithalten. +dann vereinen computer die scharfsinnige fähigkeit der muster-erkennung der menschlichen intelligenz mit den bereichen, in denen die maschinen uns bereits überlegen sind, was das analytische denken betrifft und die fähigkeit sich milliarden von fakten akkurat zu merken. +erfinder, unternehmer und visionär ray kurzweil erklärt ausgiebig und mit fundierten details, warum wir in den 2020ern das menschliche gehirn entschlüsselt haben werden und unser bewusstsein von nanorobotern gesteuert sein wird. +so wie fox mulder in der serie "akte x", der an ufos glauben möchte? nun, das wollen wir alle. und der grund für alles das ist die glaubensmaschine in unseren gehirnen. +sie wurden aus dem genpool entfernt. +weil hier nichts drin ist. naja, angeblich ist hier nichts. +eine erhöhtes dopamin bewirkte, dass probanden mehr muster sehen als diejenigen, die kein dopamin bekamen. +der andere auch, aber er sieht vielleicht zu viele muster. +nun, hier die unmögliche lattenkiste des verstorbenen, großartigen jerry andrus in 3d, mit jerry mitten in der unmöglichen kiste stehend. +insbesondere wenn die auf dem kopf stehen. sie benutzen hier ihre allgemeine gesichtskennungssoftware. +einige verschwörungen sind real. +und das wäre der test für lippenbalsame, die wir hier drüben haben. +ich liebe bäume und ich bin ein glückspilz, denn wir leben in der nähe eines wundervollen baumgartens und oft gehe ich sonntags mit meiner frau und unserem vierjährigen dorthin, um in den bäumen herumzuklettern und verstecken zu spielen. +aber später begannen die regierungssoldaten, uns zu misshandeln. +wer dieser mann auch ist und was immer er getan hat, dies ist sicherlich eine grausame und ungewöhnliche bestrafung. +man fragt sich, was sie mit diesem material machen? +wir haben also die sonne mit einem brett verdunkelt und dann mit hilfe eines spiegels an eine andere stelle verschoben. +wenn sie auf die kotpille klettern, streichen sie sich hin und wieder übers gesicht. +das hier nennt man stelzen. es ist ein temperaturverhalten, das wir menschen beim überqueren des strandes zeigen. wir springen auf ein handtuch, das jemandem gehört – "entschuldigung, ihr handtuch, ich weiß." – und dann hopst man auf das nächste, damit man sich nicht die füße verbrennt. +hier ist unser durchtriebener versuchsleiter. +es ist ein etwa 2,5 meter langes metallrohr, mit etwa 100 löchern darauf, an der seite ist der lautsprecher, und hier ist ein schlauch, durch den es mit einer propangasflasche verbunden ist. +man sieht, dass die skater häufiger hier üben. die hindernisse sind einfacher. +machmal gibt es einen kleinen extra applaus für stars und dann, glaube ich, holt sogar bill gates einmal nervös luft, und dann beginnt der vortrag. +ihm wird der satz "weil er da ist." zugeschrieben. +ich sah niemanden. das foto entstand neben dem helikopter. +es ist wohl das kühnste unterfangen des goldenen zeitalters der erforschung, und es schien mir höchste zeit, nach alldem was wir im vergangenen jahrhundert entdeckt haben, von skorbut zu solarkollektoren, dass jemand die aufgabe vollendet. +also ist der ganze zweck der präsentation der, die kapitalgeber zu überzeugen, dass sie der unternehmer sind, in den sie investieren und eine menge geld damit machen werden. +und neben der erfahrung, ein unternehmen zu gründen oder etwas zu leiten – das muss kein unternehmen sein. +es gibt keine finanziell unterstützte unternehmung, in der es keine probleme gab. +von da aus nehmen sie sie mit – auf einem soliden, ordentlichen pfad nach oben. direkt von anfang zum ende. +"wir haben keinen wettbewerb. es gibt niemanden, der jemals so ein gerät hergestellt hat." +sie achten auf ihn! das ist steve jobs. +sie geben mir ihr schnelles 15- oder 30-sekunden-intro, erreichen meine aufmerksamkeit. +es gab noch nie eine firma, die keine wettbewerber hat. +das ist die rakete. +nr. 3: die handouts, die sie geben ist nicht ihre präsentation. +man kann es bei ted verwenden. +sie sind die im längen erfolgreichste ordnung auf diesem planeten. +aber "anteilnehmende magie" führt mich zu einer seite mit anteilnehmender magie und voodoopuppen. +wenn ich auf die seite über juri gagarin klicke, komme ich zu diesem überraschend kleinen typen, der ungeheuer heldenhaft ist. +revolution meiner meinung nach ist ein radikaler und durchgreifender wandel in denken und verhalten -- wie wir denken und wie wir uns verhalten. +letzten. +es ist bekannt, dass die art und weise, wie wir wissen gebrauchen, generieren und nutzen, ist von unserem sozial- und istitutionalkontext betroffen, der was uns bei dem kommunismus gelehrt hat? +dieses system ist kaputt. +und sie können sagen, "das ist unsinn, steve. eine dumme idee. +je mehr sie spielen, desto grösser ist ihr gehirn. +das ist keine fiktion, kein märchen, keine phantasie; es ist unempfindliche, scharfe wissenschaft. +zum beispiel, es stimuliert kreativität. +erstens - spielen ist universal. +es ist mir egal, ob es mountainbike ist, oder ein buch zu lesen, oder ein spiel zu spielen, +nicht akzeptabel. nepriemliv. +all diese arbeiten entstanden in den letzten 75 jahren. +meine arbeit führte mich in viele länder und zeigte mir einen großen teil der welt. +aber jeder mitarbeiter der fabrik verbrachte einige zeit in der kunstabteilung. +ich wurde ziemlich früh bei diesen säuberungsaktionen verhaftet und verbrachte 16 monate in einem russischen gefängnis. +das war schlimm! mensch, ich war -- ich huste. ich war krank. +idee über frauen. +eindeutig ein sehr nachhaltiger moment, und er veränderte unser leben in vielerlei hinsicht. +es schien uns, dass die erwartungen, die wir hatten, rein gar nichts mit unseren wirklichen erfahrungen zu tun hatten. deshalb entschlossen wir uns, eltern die wahrheit zu sagen. +aber was ich in dem moment für dieses kind empfand war tiefe zuneigung und nichts im vergleich zu dem, was ich jetzt, fünf jahre später, empfinde. +man darf nicht darüber sprechen, wie einsam einen das elterndasein machen kann. +und wir waren dankbar dafür, dass ich noch einmal schwanger wurde. bald darauf erfuhr ich, dass es ein junge werden würde. und dann, als ich im fünften monat war, erfuhren wir, dass wir unser kind verloren hatten. +als ich ungefähr dreiviertel durch war, war da eine grafik rechts -- auf der rechten seite -- die wir hier "die erschreckendste grafik, die man sich für frischgebackene eltern vorstellen kann" genannt haben. +av: ja, und dann hat man sein erstes kind. und man unterwirft sich wieder diesen höhe- und tiefpunkten -- zu den höhepunkten gehören erste schritte, das erste lächeln, wenn dein kind dir das erste mal vorliest -- zu den tiefpunkten gehört regelmäßig unser zuhause zwischen 6 und 7 uhr abends. +der kern von all dem heute ist hoffentlich nicht nur ehrlichkeit um der ehrlichkeit willen, sondern die hoffnung, dass wir offen und ehrlich über diese erfahrungen reden, um gemeinsam die zufriedenheitskurve ein wenig nach oben zu biegen. +und das ist eine sache, die ihr klavierlehrer ihnen beibringt, aber es gab nie eine wissenschaft über solche dinge. +und dann hörten sie das original. +ihre augen sind mit etwas farbe und bewegung schon ganz glücklich. +sie wollen es in verschiedenen räumen hören. +john walker lässt große auftritte wieder aufleben +und wenn menschen die möglichkeit sich nützlich zu machen verwehrt wird, dann halten sie sich auch bald selbst für nutzlos. +ein paar davon. das hier ist attila die henne. +wir wissen, dass sich unsere gesellschaften radikal verändern müssen. +wieder andere sind ziemlich strukturell, etwa anleihen, die eine wirkung im sozialen bereich haben: man sammelt gelder, die investiert werden, um jugendliche von kriminalität fernzuhalten, oder um alten menschen zu helfen, gesund zu bleiben und krankenhausaufenthalte zu vermeiden. die rückzahlung bemisst sich am erfolg der projekte, in die man investiert hat. +dann vertrieb die monarchie ihren große herausforderin, die massendemokratie, die als gut gemeintes, aber zum scheitern verurteiltes experiment betrachtet wurde, genauso, wie der kapitalismus den sozialismus vertrieben hat. +trotz all dieser gemeinsamkeiten sehen wir große unterschiede im sparverhalten. +warum? weil ich darüber nachdenken muss, wie ich "es wird regnen" oder "es regnet bald" ausdrücken möchte. +nun, ich habe auf die linguistische literatur zurückgegriffen. +die umfrage dauert länger als einen tag. +es ist das gegenwärtige vergnügen im tausch für künftige schmerzen. +natürlich von ihren großeltern und sogar ihren urgroßeltern. +bräuchte er die selbe sprache wie zum beispiel ein anwalt? +wir brauchen sie heute mehr als je zuvor. +sie führten ein expermient durch, das mit genetik zu tun hatte und den vorderen und hinteren gliedmaßen von tieren. +patricia ryan: bestehen sie nicht auf englisch! +es stellte sich heraus, dass unsere abgabe der flugzeuge an das museum viel mehr wert war als die schulden, also musste ich für fünf, sechs jahre nur ein drittel einkommenssteuern zahlen. +und dann, welche weltbevölkerung würde ein gleichgewicht herstellen, das weiterexistieren könnte, bis 2050, 2100, 2150? +der himmel verdunkelt sich, die außentemperatur fällt unter -73 ° c, die etappe mit der risikoreichsten umgebung hat helios ohne weiteres überstanden, außer dass sie von speziell entworfenen datenaufzeichnern und ihren sensoren aufgenommen wurde. +tm: oh, 10, 11. +diese täuschung bildet eine art gefängnis für uns, das uns auf unsere persönlichen begierden und auf die liebe zu einigen wenigen, uns nahe stehenden personen beschränkt. +er hatte einen klumpen eisen bei sich, +wenigstens könnte ich diese wunde reinigen und waschen. " +und maitreya sagt: "ich war mit dir. was denkst du, wer für dich die nadeln gemacht hat und die nester und das tropfen auf die felsen, herr dummbatz?" +ich wurde wütend. brüder können streiten. eltern und kinder können streiten. +die mutter ist in spirituellen traditionen das sinnbild allen altruismus für menschliche wesen. +und so seht ihr die lebewesen in ihrem potentiellen glück. +und hier könnt ihr echte barmherzigkeit für sie empfinden. +also, praktiziert barmherzigkeit, lest die schrift, verbreitet es, und entwickelt es in euch selbst. +doch es gibt eine weitere kategorie einfacher dinge, die auch sehr wichtig sind. +wir haben viele interessante informationen darüber, was komplexität ist. +alle von uns interessieren uns auf eine weise für dieses ding, das wir einen bill gates nennen. +nun, wenn sie diese null und eins des binären darstellen möchten, benötigen sie ein gerät. +gut, lassen sie mich abschliessen mit vier generellen bemerkungen, einem beispiel und zwei aphorismen. +und ich möchte sie nicht mit details aufhalten, doch in der unteren rechten ecke sehen sie ein beispiel dafür, was wir haben dafür. +doch es macht die feststellung, die auf eine weise unterscheidet zwischen der realen welt der menschen, die dinge herstellen, und der welt der menschen, die über dinge nachdenken, was die intellektuelle herausforderung beinhaltet zu fragen: wir machen wir dinge so einfach als möglich, so günstig als möglich, so funktionell als möglich und so frei verknüpfbar als möglich? +also besorgten sie sich die rahmen dieser großen räder, montierten die gangschaltungen von rennrädern an und die bremsen von motorrädern und somit mixten eine vielzahl von zutaten zusammen. +die ideen kommen aus richtung der verbraucher, und oft sind sie jenen der produzenten voraus. +das klingt wie der große bringe; das machen wir. +nun, stellen sie sich eine welt vor welche in zwei hälften geteilt ist. +oder die gastkommentarseite, wo sie, wenn sie den editor kannten, mit ihm in der schule waren, mit seiner frau geschlafen hatten, einen artikel für die gastkommentarseite schreiben konnten. +ich aß zu abend mit diesem kerl namens timothy chen. +angenommen sie führen ein spieleunternehmen, mit einer million spielern in ihrem spiel, dann braucht nur 1 prozent von jenen als mit-entwickler agieren, welche ideen beisteuern und sie haben eine entwicklungsteam von 10.000 leuten. +dies hier war ein muttertagsgeschenk. +ich bekam hunderte remixe - ganz unterschiedliche ansätze. +und darum geht es, nicht wahr: etwas spüren und gespürt werden. +aufnahme: okay, es geht um folgendes. +er sagte: "ich bin wie batman angezogen, um meine anonymität zu wahren." +die eine person hat sehr detaillierte angaben gemacht, die andere nicht. +jetzt gerade fühlt es sich an, als ob ich vergessen hätte, das licht anzumachen und was gestern noch so gut aussah ist heute trüb und grau und es sieht so aus, als ob die welt sich weiter dreht während ich mich nicht bewege oder vielleicht drehe ich mich ja, keine ahnung und dann sagt du hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen atme einfach durch und jetzt sing diesen text hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen atme einfach durch jetzt alle zusammen hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen atme einfach durch hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen atme einfach durch hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen atme einfach durch vielen dank. +das ist also das muster, das jeder von ihnen aufwies, aber sie waren alle auch ein wenig verschieden. +aber dann sagte meine mutter zu mir: "ich habe gehört, dass du herumreist und über psychopathische mörder sprichst. +unsere enkel jedoch werden wohl davon irgendwie betroffen sein. +wir stellen innerhalb des detektors die bedingungen nach, wie sie weniger als eine milliardstel-sekunde nach der entstehung des universums herrschten – und das bis zu 600 millionen mal pro sekunde. das sind gewaltige zahlen. +stellen sie sich eine schneeflocke in ihrer hand vor. sie betrachten sie und sie ist ein unglaublich kompliziertes, schönes objekt. aber wenn sie sie erwärmen, zerfließt sie zu einem wassertropfen und sie können sehen, dass sie in wirklichkeit bloß aus h2o bestand, aus wasser. +was er damit eigentlich sagen wollte, ist, dass wir hier im grunde briefmarken gesammelt haben. +all diese ungemein detaillierten berechnungen, die wir mit dieser wunderbaren gleichung durchführen können, wären nicht möglich, ohne eine zusätzliche information. +das ist die eine sache. +etwa nach der ersten milliardstel-sekunde setzte das higgs-feld ein und die quarks und gluonen und elektronen aus denen wir bestehen, erhielten masse. +ich freue mich bereits sehr und kann es kaum erwarten, dass er eingeschaltet wird. +also von papua neu guinea bis hollywood, bis zur modernen kunst in beijing, lächeln wir häufig um glück und zufriedenheit auszudrücken. +lächeln reduziert der spiegel von stress steigernden hormone wie kortisol, adrenaline und dopamin. es erhöht der menge von stimmungserhellender hormone wie endorphine und reduziert den blutdruck. +aber ich sagte ihm nein, es täte mir leid, kompromisse sind gleich der farbe grau und wir hatten genug grau für den rest unseres lebens. +und das war kein fehlgeleitetes gefühl. +wir stellten die bürger an erste stelle, nicht die beamten. +efcharisto und kalinichta. +hungrige und verletzte menschen signalisierten ihre not, signalisierten ihre hilfebedürftigkeit. +technologie ist veränderlich. +und es verleiht den gemeinden nicht nur macht, sondern, viel wichtiger, es bleibt in den gemeinden, wo es gebraucht wird, um langfristige gesundheitsrichtlinien zu erstellen. +wegen eines stromausfalls war die halbe stadt dunkel, und ich lebte auf der dunkeln seite +aber in der geschichte geht es nicht um diese kapitel, +ihr letzter job, ihre letztjährige reservierung im restaurant, ihre früheren freunde stehen auf einer ebene mit den aktuellen freunde, weil das internet auch archiviert und die vergangenheit verzerrt. +wir als individuen, die im digitalen jetzt leben und einen grossen teil unserer wachen momente darin verbringen, stehen vor der herausforderung, in diesen beiden zeitströmen, die parallel und fast simultan fließen, zu leben. +ich wollte kochen lernen, und sie ließ mich in der küche einen ganzen monat lang schneiden und hacken. +aber wenn ihr so seid wie ich, ist meine menschlichkeit eher ein fenster. +ich war sieben. +und in der nächsten pflanzzeit ließen sie bei den klageliedern so viele namen der toten weg, wie es der zahl der menschen entsprach, die geboren worden waren. +ich habe eine sehr lange zeit geweint. +er war besessen. +es sind einige davon in diesem raum, fantastische menschen, die uns allen den spiegel für unsere eigene menschlichkeit vorhalten. +wenn sie da näher heranzoomen, schauen sie so aus. +und wenn das so ist – und besonders wegen der tatsache, dass wir fast ausgerottet wurden. +vor ca. 10.000 jahren am schwarzen meer hatten wir also eine mutation in einem gen, die blaue augen erzeugt hat. +drei verschiedene optionen. +man kann ihnen proteine hinzufügen, die aufleuchten, wenn man sie anleuchtet. +aber wir sollten die frage stellen, ob wir gerade eine rasche evolution des gehirns und der art, wie wir daten verarbeiten, beobachten. +im laufe der menschlichen evolution haben mehrere menschenarten gleichzeitig existiert. stecken wir vielleicht gerade auf halbem wege in einer höherentwicklung? juan enriqez fegt beim tedxsummit durch zeit und raum, um uns in die gegenwart zu bringen – und zeigt, wie technologie beweise offenbart, die vermuten lassen, dass gerade eine rasante evolution im gange sein könnte. +und sobald das passiert, entsteht ein moment, das den roboter kippt. +man kann sie in gebäude wie dieses schicken um als erste nach eindringlingen zu suchen, vielleicht nach biochemischen lecks zu suchen, oder gaslecks. +der roboter ist offensichtlich in der lage, jede bahnkurve auszuführen. +wenn wir also einen roboter haben, der von seinen nachbarn umgeben ist – schauen wir uns roboter i und j an – was wir von den robotern wollen, ist, dass sie den abstand zwischen sich überwachen, während sie in der formation fliegen. +das ist die arbeit von quentin lindsey, der ein doktorand ist. +und auf diese weise erstellt er die karte. +wir haben uns zusammen entwickelt, denn wir hängen von der bestäubung durch bienen ab und sie liefern uns auch einen rohstoff. +bei diesen zahlen stellten wir einen nicht sehr eingängigen trend fest. schauen wir uns die erste statistik hier an: überwinterungswahrscheinlichkeit. +im jahr 1968 bedeckt sie fast ganz asien. +und alle stöhnten auf und so taten wir das. +ich möchte sie ermuntern, ihren horizont zu erweitern. +eines ist ein handelsübliches, weißes fertig abgepacktes brot aus dem supermarkt, das man, wie ich erfuhr, wonderbread nennt. +aber irgendwie haben wir im laufe der letzten paar jahrhunderte oder auch nur jahrzehnte angefangen, das bild einer mythischen, ländlichen, landwirtschaftlichen vergangenheit zu pflegen. +und wie sie sehen trifft das auf alle länder zu, einschließlich der sogenannten entwicklungsländer. +die kosten waren enorm -- wasserverschmutzung, all die dinge, die sie kennen, zerstörung unserer lebensräume. +tatsächlich wollen wir nicht, dass diese arme frau das land so bearbeiten muss. +aber ja, es gibt ein paar lösungen. +ich möchte fischteiche auf parkplätzen und in kellern sehen. +wir müssen bewirken, dass sie stolz darauf sind, bauern zu sein, weil sie uns ermöglichen, zu überleben. +mit einer körperlichen behinderung zu leben, ist nirgends auf der welt einfach, aber wenn man in einem land wie den vereinigten saaten lebt, erleichtern einem gewisse hilfsmittel das leben. +es ist der fahrer, der seine hände an den hebeln auf- und abbewegt. der mechanismus kann also sehr einfach gehalten werden und aus fahrradteilen gebaut werden, die man überall auf der welt bekommt. +dann kann man auch den endnutzer mit in den designprozess einbeziehen, nicht nur nach seinen bedürfnissen fragen, sondern danach, wie man das seiner meinung nach erreichen kann. +das ziel meiner rede heute ist es, ihr gedächtnis unauslöschlich mit diesen charismatischen und majestätischen wesen zu prägen. +sie haben sie nicht getötet, sondern uns gerufen, um sie zu fangen. +und nun ist die kobra ein neues symbol. +es ist einfach unglaublich, mehrere gangesgaviale zu sehen, die sich am fluss sonnen. +und sobald ein gift in der nahrungskette ist, ist alles davon betroffen, auch wir. +so viel also zu politischem willen. +rm: ja, das ist das erste mal, dass wir überhaupt davon erfahren haben. +und das ist keine diät. +jetzt dachte ich, wenn man gute wissenschaft macht, ändert das die medizinische behandlung. das war aber ein bisschen naiv. +schauen sie sich doch die anzahl der verkauften viagra-rezepte an. +aber das problem ist, man wird hungrig, das ist nur schwer zu ignorieren. +so wird auch die gefahr der verbreitetsten krebsarten reduziert, wie brust-, prostata- und darmkrebs. +als wir uns ihre psa-level anschauten – das ist ein anzeiger für prostatakrebs – dann wurden diese in der kontrollgruppe schlechter, aber in der experimentellen gruppe wurden sie besser, und diese unterschiede waren höchst bemerkenswert. +es war eine randomisierte kontrollstudie, die in "the lancet" veröffentlicht wurde. +bb: ich wurde alt geboren. +die menschliche form, in besonders der menschliche kopf, werden als heiliger gral der filmindustrie betrachtet. +und so wurde wir in 2004 beauftragt probeaufnahmen von benjamin zu machen. +und wir mussten uns sicher sein, dass brads eigenheiten, seine speziellen macken und feinheiten, die ihn machen, wer er ist, in dem prozess erhalten bleiben würden, so dass sie im digitalen benjamin aufscheinen würden. +wir begannen in anderen bereichen zu recherchieren, +es war in diesem moment, in dem wir uns klar wurden, dass es tatsächlich funktionieren würde. +und weil der gipsabdruck, die büste von benjamin, von brad gemacht wurde, konnten wir die daten von brad im alter von 44 jahren auf brad im alter von 87 übertragen. +und dies ist der "dead head", der "tote kopf". +wir stellten im prinzip eine digitale marionette her, die brad pitt mithilfe seines eigenes gesichtes betätigen konnte. +die bärenjungen wurden von überall aus dem land eingesammelt und verkauft und gehandelt. +und als die sache erst einmal begonnen hatte, gab es kein zurück mehr. +und die wunderschönen bären können natürlich wieder in freier wildbahn leben. +wir waren in der wüste, im wadi rum, in einem kleinen jeep. +richard und ich unterhielten uns also und ich sagte: "weißt du, vielleicht sollte ich ein kamel mitbringen. +aber nicht sehr groß – zebras zum beispiel haben riesige ohren, die sehr beweglich sind, so dass sie beide umdrehen können. +hier kann man sehen, dass es vibrieren wird. +wenn der arme alte suki einen partner sucht, was würde suki tun, um ihn zu finden? +ich bin für die ewigkeit gebaut. +und ich glaube, wenn man sich die tierwelt anschaut, ist das eine der bemerkenswertesten sachen. +als ich zum höchsten dichter der usa ernannt worden war, ich mache es schon wieder – ich kann nichts dafür, es ist wahr – da habe ich einen lyrikkanal für delta airlines entwickelt der einige jahre auf sendung war. +manchmal setze ich die menschen an ihren platz am tisch knicke ihre beine an den kniegelenken ein, falls sie diese funktion eingebaut haben, und setze sie auf ihre kleinen hölzernen stühle. +das nächste gedicht basiert auf ihm, wie er versucht, mir ein wenig von der häuslichen etikette auf dem land zu erzählen, wobei ich zu beginn schwierigkeiten hatte, diese zu verstehen. +ich habe gerade noch genug zeit, ihnen ein neueres gedicht vorzulesen. +das wirft die frage auf, was passiert, wenn wir quasi nicht vom baum der erkenntnis genascht hätten, und wie es dann um unsere moral aussähe. +der wolf ist schließlich ein sehr kooperatives tier. +er nimmt quasi alles. +und so lassen wir im nächsten schritt einen elefanten vor dem anderen in das szenario und dieser elefant muss clever genug sein, innezuhalten und nicht am seil zu ziehen – denn wenn er am seil zieht, verschwindet es und der test ist vorbei. +menschen gähnen, wenn andere gähnen. +in diesem fall postierten wir zwei schimpansen nebeneinander, +also haben wir herausgefunden, dass schimpansen sich um das wohlergehen anderer sorgen – besonders wenn es um mitglieder ihrer gruppe geht. +und jetzt macht sie das. +also lassen sie uns eine bewegung in weniger als drei minuten, vom anfang bis zum ende, beobachten. und ein paar lehren daraus ziehen. +also zuerst, wenn sie ein charakter, wie der tanzende typ ohne shirt sind, der alleine tanzt, denken sie an die wichtigkeit, ihre ersten anhänger als gleichgesinnte zu betrachten, so dass es deutlich um die bewegung geht, nicht um sie. +aber ich wollte mehr über die bibel und mein erbe erfahren, indem ich darin eintauchte und versuchte, es zu leben und mich darin zu versenken. +mein immunologe erzählte mir, dass ich auch alle fernbedienungen und iphones in meinem haus abwaschen müsste, da die für keime regelrechte orgien sind. +ohne den sex. +aber ich glaube wir können ihre technik auch für gesundes essen anwenden. +wir entdeckten, dass personen mit niedrigem tryptophanspiegel eher rache nahmen, wenn sie unfair behandelt worden waren. +aber ich fand keine. +sicher ist sie an positiven emotionen wie liebe und mitgefühl beteiligt, aber sie ist auch an einem haufen anderer vorgänge beteiligt, wie gedächtnis, sprache, aufmerksamkeit, sogar ärger, ekel und schmerz. +da ist nur ein problem. +vielleicht wird eine der archäologinnen berühmt als sie irgendwo in den bergen von nordamerika riesige versionen eben dieser symbole entdeckt. +oder vielleicht so gross? +wie gesagt, findet man sie meist auf siegeln, die sehr, sehr klein sind. +jetzt gibt es mehrere: ein "e", ein "i" oder ein "a", aber sicher kein "b", "c" oder "d". +wir haben entdeckt, dass sie auch in die bandbreite der linguistischen skripte fällt. +die nächste grosse herausforderung! +heute können wir ein wort wie "ted" in ägyptischen hieroglyphen und in keilschrift schreiben, denn beide wurden schon im 19. jahrhundert entziffert. +und das ist die raumsonde cassini, die durch die eisringe des saturns pirouetten dreht. +als er das erste telefon benutzte, wurde watson direkt mit dem himmel verbunden. +ein mysteriöses andauerndes geräusch störte ihre forschung. +und sobald sie alle dort lagen, so ein ganzer stapel dieser sonnenschirme, die man im alten indien dabei hatte, vollbrachte er eine art special effect, der sie in ein gigantisches planetarium verwandelte, das wunder des universums. jeder schaute hinein und sie sahen darin die vollkommene verbundenheit allen lebens in allen universen. +durch diese kosmische grundannahme, dass wir ganz für uns allein sind, jeder von uns, und jeder andere andersartig ist, geraten wir in eine unmögliche situation, nicht wahr? +es ist einfach zu langweilig, ob man sich so oder so fühlt oder was, und nebenbei bemerkt, je mehr sie sich darauf konzentrieren, wie sie sich fühlen, desto schlimmer wird es. +nehmen sie doch diese wundervolle sache, die chiho uns gezeigt hat. sie jagte uns angst ein mit dem lava-mann. +das hier ist birhan, das äthiopische mädchen, mit dem in den 1980ern live aid gestartet wurde, 15 minuten vom tod entfernt, als sie gerettet wurde. und dieses bild ihrer rettung ist um die welt gegangen. +aber es hat 24 jahre gedauert, bis die aktion erfolgreich war. +und amy winehouse sagte: "nelson mandela und ich haben einiges gemeinsam. +ich habe vor kurzem mit dem präsidenten von sierra leone gesprochen. +wir müssen auf dieser erde institutionen zur friedenswahrung und zur humanitären hilfe, aber auch zum wiederaufbau und zur sicherheit errichten -- für einige der konfliktbeladenen länder der welt. +also wenden wir uns der literatur zu. +der fuß ist über das ganze bein verteilt. +nicht nur mit dem traditionellen fuß, auch mit dem bein und selbst mit dem körper. +und dort haben sie ein problem mit so einem gitter, denn ihnen fehlen die stacheln. +ein geheimnis. das tier klettert, indem es ausrutscht und es kann eigentlich überhaupt nicht gut die oberfläche greifen. +schauen sie was passiert, wenn der fuß auf ihr sandwich gerät. +wir entdeckten, dass sie allein durch intermolekulare kräfte funktionieren. +und hier kommt es auf uns zu, die ersten schritte eine wand hinauf. +die botschaft ist also deutlich: ob man sich für fundamentale, tiefe forschung interessiert oder für sehr interessante, bizarre, wunderbare tiere, oder ob man einen such- und berge-roboter bauen möchte, der in einem erdbeben hilft oder jemanden aus einem feuer rettet, oder ob man sich für medizin interessiert, wir müssen die baupläne der natur retten. +und hier ist ein junges in gefangenschaft, dass die pfeife des trainers wenn sie die melodie ihrem hund oder ihrer katze summen würden, und die tiere würden diese wiederholen, würden sie bestimmt augen machen. +wie hier oben zu sehen ist, haben diese einen aufsteigenden bogen gemeinsam, wie "wuup, wuup, wuup". +beachten sie wie wenige barrieren es zwischen den ozeanen im vergleich zum festland gibt. +und wenn buckelwale die fähigkeit erlangen, diesen gesang zu singen, horchen sie anderen walen, wobei sie ihren gesang auf der grundlage des gehörten verändern, wie die singvögel oder die von mir erwähnten delfinpfeiftöne. +aber sie können immer noch diesen schwachen ruf hören. +ich beschreibe ein paar lösungsmöglichkeiten. +jährlich sterben gefährdete wale bei einem zusammenstoß mit einem schiff. es ist also notwendig, die zahl der fälle zu verringern. +zugleich müssen wir besonders einfallsreich sein, wenn es darum geht, lösungen für derartige probleme zu finden. +zum einen ermöglicht es uns, das universum zu erkunden. das worldwide-telescope ist für mich eine art fliegender teppich, mit dem man durchs universum navigieren kann, wohin man will. +als kostenloser download. danke, craig mundie. man wird es auf der website worldwidetelescope.org finden, die etwas neues ist. +es ist eine soziale unbeholfenheit, wie wenn man als fremder im ausland ist. +das bedeutet, sie sind vollkommen aus der spur im hinblick auf traditionelle kategorien, die analog, statisch und interaktiv passiv sind. +wir haben heutzutage so viel technologie, dass sich die benutzeroberflächen an uns anpassen sollten. +diese art von technologie wird es immer mehr leute ermöglichen sich dafür zu begeistern und ich bin wirklich gespannt mit euch allen in den nächsten tagen zu reden um zu sehen wo wir dies in euren gebieten einsetzen können. +ist es die korruption, die armut oder etwas anderes? +wir möchten weiterhin unser tägliches leben führen, als befänden wir uns in einer normalen situation. +heutzutage, und das ist eine sehr heikle zahl, wurden im jahr 2010 bisher 35 öffentliche vorfälle der lynchjustiz registriert. +mit tausend julians, die zusammenarbeiten, wäre mexiko ein ganz anderes land. +dies ist ein aufruf, damit alle dinge, die wir an mexiko lieben - die feste, die märkte, die restaurants, die kneipen, der tequila, der mariachi, die serenaden, die posadas, el grito, der tag der toten, san miguel, die freude, die lust am leben, der kampf und alles, was es bedeutet, mexikaner zu sein - nicht von dieser welt verschwinden. +danke. ich danke ihnen. also, jonglieren kann viel spass machen, mit können spielen, mit raum spielen und mit rhythmus. +oder sie können zurückgehen und die höhe ändern. jetzt. geschicklichkeit. +bringen sie es wieder hoch. +finger, finger, finger, finger, finger, finger, finger, finger. +warum zur hölle sollen sie dies lernen? ok? +und wofür reservieren sie sie, wenn sie etwas bestimmtes erforschen? +ich machte meine lehre bei einem schreiner und lernte über senkrecht, rechtwinklich und waagrecht. +und die neuste nummer, an der ich arbeite - ist ewas wirklich - ich weiss noch nicht, was es ist. +und zurückdenkend dachte mir also, dass wir im sillicon valley sehr produkt- und objektorientiert waren -- insbesondere was technische objekte angeht. +ich habe einige -- sie sind nicht länger als eine oder eineinhalb minuten lang -- und ich dachte, dass es interessant sei einige unserer projekte des letzten jahres in form von videos zu zeigen. +dann, wenn man das imax kino in der vierten etage verlässt -- das sind meistens teenager -- betritt man eine grosse fläche die mit diesen tischen ausgestattet ist. die tische sind interaktive spiele die sehr lustig sind. die spiele wurden auch von durrel [bishop] und andrew [hirniak] von itch designt. +und selbstverständlich: eine hängematte für das nickerchen welche man im arbeitsbereich ausbreiten kann. +man schaut sich das video mit eingeblendeten grafiken an. die grafiken bilden die tiefe und kompassrichtung ab. +es gibt mehr davon, als man eigentlich denken möchte. +ein foto ist da nicht genug. " +die gesetze der physik: unsichtbar, ewig, allgegenwärtig, allmächtig. +und ich sagte "ja." und er sagte, "warum kann ich das nicht?" +ich finde das außergewöhnlich, nicht in der lage dazu zu sein, licht zu sehen, nicht in der lage dazu zu sein, dunkelheit zu sehen. +"warum sind wir hier?", und "was sollten wir damit anfangen, während wir es sind?" +das ist extrem praktisch, aber weniger toll. +man hat also 5 millionen bücher, das heißt 5 millionen autoren, 5 millionen kläger und einen gewaltigen prozess. +zwei reihen aus dieser tabelle mit zwei milliarden einträgen. +und wir haben herausgefunden, dass wir das sehr genau messen können. +das ist also mehr oder weniger was wir erwarten. +dies müssen wir allen zugänglich machen. " +und wenn das passiert, muss das unser verständnis für unsere vergangenheit, unsere gegenwart und die menschliche kultur verändern. +aber das ist nicht alles. +es ist nicht trivial. +oder versuchen sie mal das hier: +und wenn wir zuhören in unseren schulen lehren, können wir unser hören von diesem schlüpfrigen gefälle wegnehmen zu dieser gefährlichen, beängstigenden welt, von der ich sprach, und es zu einem ort bringen, wo jeder die ganze zeit bewusst zuhört – oder zumindest dazu in der lage ist. +währenddessen spielte ich in der gegend mit meiner band, den dresden dolls, in nachtklubs. +immer war meine band oder meine crew dabei. +und das passierte immer wieder. +das ist meine kickstarter-spender-party in berlin. +nun, ich sage euch, im weltveränderungsgeschäft gab es im letzten jahr viel konkurrenz, denn der arabische frühling breitet sich immer noch aus, die eurozone ist kollabiert... was noch? +dieses foto wurde sogar in einer polizeistation aufgeklebt und auf dem boden sehen sie die personalausweise der menschen, die von der polizei verfolgt wurden. +die kinder machen einfach fotos in einer klasse, der lehrer erhält sie, sie plakatieren sie auf die schulmauern. +ich mache zwei dinge. ich entwerfe tragbare computer und erforsche das gehirn. +ich fand das wort gerüst großartig. +einer ist -- der natürlichste -- dass menschen dinge wissen wollen. +und das ist schade. warum ist dies so? +schließlich sagen manche, naja ich fühle mich nicht wie ein haufen von zellen. ich bin bei bewusstsein. +evolution war das gleiche. wir lehrten unsere kinder, die bibel sagt, gott hat all diese spezies kreiert, katzen sind katzen, hunde sind hunde, menschen sind menschen, pflanzen sind pflanzen und sie verändern sich nicht. +und das irgendwie, voraussage zu intelligentem verhalten führt. +und in der zukunft wenn es etwas ähnliches sieht, in einer ähnlichen umgebung oder der exakt gleichen umgebung, spielt es das wieder ab. es wird anfangen es abzuspielen. +tür, tür, tür, farbe, sie wissen was ich meine. +wenn man in diesem gerüst ist, nimmt man einige theoretiker. +es gibt in meinem verständnis keinen zweifel, dass dies passieren wird. +ich bin heute hier, um menschen herauszufordern. +nur dieses kleine bisschen geld, von dem ich wünschte, ich hätte es auf meinem bankkonto -- leider nicht, aber... +ich sprach vor ein paar tagen mit aung sun suu kyi. +aber wenn man zusammen ist, um bäume für die umwelt zu pflanzen, dann ist das in ordnung - kreativität. +aber es ist die gemeinsame aktion von uns, die den wandel bringt. +heutzutage, in schweden und anderen reichen industrieländern, nutzen menschen so viele unterschiedliche maschinen. +aber wenn ich eine vorlesung für umweltbewusste studenten halte, sagen sie mir: "nein, es können nicht alle auf der welt autos und waschmaschinen haben." +zweitens, wirtschaftswachstum. +es ist eine große herausforderung für die zukunft. +ich möchte eine geschichte erzählen, die den berüchtigten datenschutz-zwischenfall von adam und eva und die bemerkenswerte verschiebung der grenzen zwischen "öffentlich" und "privat" in den letzten 10 jahren vereint. +sehen sie, worauf ich hinauswill? +durch soziale medien wurden bewerber trotz gleicher fähigkeiten diskriminiert. +wir wiederholten das experiment mit den gleichen gruppen, fügten aber eine verzögerung ein zwischen der aufklärung darüber, wie wir mit den daten umgehen, und dem eigentlichen beginn des fragebogens. +sie erreichen bewusstsein und selbständigkeit. +einmal – das ist schon jahre her – beobachtete ich ein treffen zwischen ted kennedy und dan quayle im treppenhaus des senates. +und das hat zu einer sicht der menschlichen natur geführt, dass wir rationale individuen sind, die auf geradlinige weise auf belohnungen reagieren. und das hat zu sichtweisen der welt geführt, in denen menschen versuchten, die annahmen der physik zu verwenden, um zu messen, wie menschliches verhalten funktioniert. +sie bekommen ihre eigenen kinder und sie haben ein genetisches wunder vollbracht, indem sie schöne menschen geheiratet haben, so dass ihre großmütter wie gertrude stein aussieht, ihre töchter wie halle berry – ich weiß nicht, wie sie das hinbekommen haben. +menschen mit gehirnschlägen und verletzungen in dem teil des gehirns, das gefühle weitergibt, sind nicht mega-intelligent, sie sind tatsächlich manchmal ziemlich hilflos. +aber ich denke, dass die forschung zeigt, dass die britische aufklärung, oder die schottische aufklärung mit david hume, adam smith, tatsächlich ein besseres verständnis davon hatte, wer wir sind – dass die vernunft oft schwach ist, dass unsere emotionen stark sind und unsere emotionen oft vertrauenswürdig sind. +96 prozent der college-studenten sagen, dass sie überdurchschnittliche sozialkompetenz besitzen. +aber das ist die grundlage der innovation. +vielen dank. +und davon erzähle ich ihnen. +wir leben unter diesen männern: sie sind unsere brüder, väter, onkel, cousins, überall um uns rum. +sie arbeitet bei einer sehr großen firma, in einer werkstatt in hyderabad und stellt möbel her. +es ist sehr modisch über menschenhandel zu reden, in diesem tollen, klimatisierten raum. +ich frage sie, im namen dieser kinder, deren gesichter sie sehen - die es nicht mehr gibt. +nur damit sie es wissen, ich habe keine lexikografische trillerpfeife. +computer! was ist mit computern? +also -- -- nun, wenn sie darüber nachdenken, dann haben wir hier das problem des schinkenendes. +nein. es wird weiterhin papierwörterbücher geben. +sie haben es nicht zerstört, es hat nur eine neue position eingenommen, und diese neue position kann genauso schön sein. +wenn wir uns das wörterbuch als landkarte der englischen sprache vorstellen, dann stehen die hellen stellen für das, was wir darüber wissen, und bei den dunklen stellen tappen wir im dunklen. +denn es wird mich ins internet führen, wo ich jeden erreichen kann. +und wir können das wörterbuch nicht länger nur zum symbol der sprache machen -- wir können es zur gesamten sprache machen. +das datum war februar 2000. +wir haben darüber sehr viel gesprochen, und ich habe darüber nachgedacht, hierfür ein beispiel zu geben, nur eins. madame de gaulle, die frau des französischen präsidenten, war bekannterweise mal gefragt worden "wonach begehren sie am meisten?" +jeff bezos war so nett mir anzumerken, "chris, ted ist wirklich eine tolle konferenz. +ich bin hier auf lange sicht und ich wäre sehr geehrt und gespannt wenn sie mich auf dieser reise begleiten. +erstens funktioniert gps nicht in gebäuden und zweitens gibt es keine so kleinen gps-empfänger, erst recht nicht, wenn die ihre position an ein netzwerk senden müssen. +als ich ihren fall untersuchte, habe ich zu meiner überraschung festgestellt, dass es nicht eindeutig illegal ist, gps-sender in fremden autos zu verstecken. +ich werde das ihnen mal vorführen. +daher geriet meine welt aus den fugen +wir nennen uns pors & amp; rao und wir leben und arbeiten in indien. +dies ist ein video des prototyps. +sobald sie aber daran vorbeigingen, begann es, ruckartig die wand hochzuklettern. +sobald uns ein wesen einfällt entsteht fast ein schöpfungsprozess, in dem wir mit der kreatur rausfinden, wie sie leben will, welche form sie haben und wie sie sich bewegen will. +aber wir ziehen in die städte, zu den hellen lichtern, und dort gibt etwas, das wir wollen, außer arbeitsplätzen, nämlich elektrizität. +ähnlich ist es mit den solaranlagen, besonders hier in kalifornien, erkennen wir, dass für die 80 solarfarmen, die im bau sind, im grunde 260000 hektar der südkalifornischen wüste umgepflügt werden müssen. +gegen die these spricht nun ein mann, der seit jahren mittendrin in der energie- und klimadebatte steht. +und das berücksichtigt noch nicht die co2 bilanz vorort. +auf dem ozean gibt es überhaupt kein land. +bei atomenergie wird schon die zeitliche verzögerung dazu führen verzögerungszeit allein dass das eis der arktik und anderswo weiter schmelzen wird. +die lösung der weltprobleme kann man erreichen, wenn man es sich wirklich vornimmt und saubere, erneuerbare energie nutzt. +danke. +jeder von ihnen hat nur ein paar sätze -- 30 sekunden für eine zusammenfassung. +unverschämt, unverschämt, unverschämt. +wir erforschen aus drei gründen, der schwächste ist die neugier. +ein shuttleabflug kostet eine milliarde dollar. +100 dollar! das ist eine preisverbesserungskurve, gut, wir brauchen noch ein paar entdeckungen in der physik, das gebe ich zu. +wir liefen – ich lief zu 100, 200 firmenchefs. +möchtest du ein unbeschwertes geschmackserlebnis? dann ist der einzige weg nach oben. +dann muss man sich potenziell der lächerlichkeit preisgeben: "das ist eine verrückte idee, das funktioniert nie!" +der hauptschöpfungsprozess der natur ist die morphogenese, die teilung einer zelle in zwei zellen. +ich habe den prozess entworfen, der die form generiert hat. +im unterschied zu traditioneller architektur ist es aber ein einziger ablauf, der sowohl die gesamtform als auch die mikroskopischen oberflächendetails erzeugt. +ich benötigte mehrere monate, die säule zu erstellen, aber im grunde braucht der computer nur 30 sekunden, um alle 16 millionen flächen zu berechnen. +hier ist die absenkung wegen der spanischen grippe von 1918. +dann sortiert man sie durch verschiedene schritte aus, demzufolge schaffen es viele nicht. +sie heißt hutchinson-gilford-progerie. es ist die schlimmste form von vorzeitiger alterung. +ich wollte nur noch ein paar dinge über diese ungewöhnliche geschichte sagen, um vielleicht eine allgemeinformel zu finden, wie wir auf allen ebenen erfolgsgeschichten haben könnten für diese krankheiten, wie sam sagt, diese 4000, die auf eine antwort warten. +sie wissen bereits vielleicht, wenn sie aufmerksam die wissenschaftsliteratur verfolgt haben, dass man nun eine hautzelle nehmen kann und sie dazu anregen kann, eine leberzelle, eine herz-, nieren- oder gehirnzelle zu werden, die für jeden von uns genutzt werden könnte. +wenn sie mir nicht glauben, fragen sie sam. +und für uns junge leute, sie versuchen, individuen zu werden, und die unterschiede untereinander zu finden. +wir sind hier, wir sind teil einer gemeinschaft, und teilen und diskutieren ideen. +diese institution wird von der regierung unterstützt, und das ist schon seit drei jahrzehnten so. +sinnlos. +meine arbeit ist – sie spiegelt mein ich wider. +in diesem alter konnte ich es natürlich nicht so ausdrücken, aber ich sagte ihr, ich fühle mich fehl am platz. +sie wurde ein teil von mir. +und ich sah es mir unter dem mikroskpop an. und ein teil davon war flach. +um die geschichte zu verkürzen, ich entschied, dass ich zurückgehen und es tun musste. +kann jeder die schneide am ende der nadel sehen? +und ich schaute sie mir unter dem mikroskop an. +ich erinnere mich als ich das einmal tat, und das fesnter offen stand. +ich benutzte eine mikroskopisches bruchstück eines diamanten um tatsächlich das eigentliche fundament zu schnitzen. +habe jede planke aus gold gemacht. +und diese gelehrten oder diese meister, diese spirituellen meister der sufi tradition, beziehen sich auf lehren und beispiele unseres propheten, die uns lehren, wo die quelle unseres probleme liegt. +alles was wir zu tun haben ist, unser ego auf die seite stellen, unseren egoismus zur seite schieben. +und das sollten auch die primären eigenschaften eines menschen sein. +und eines tages habe ich diese sackgasse erforscht die ein paar straßen weiter versteckt war. +am nächsten tag besuchte ich ihn und sagte: "dr., das war ein richtig guter witz." +in arkansas fragen sie erst gar nicht. " +und jeff stand plötzlich neben mir und sagte: "hast du jemals kuh-kippen betrieben?" +zwei wochen nach meiner diagnose betätigte eine biopsie, daß ich ein 18cm osteo-sarkom in meinem linken oberschenkel hatte. +ich habe aufgehängt und habe mein gesicht in den händen vergraben und habe diesen lautlosen schrei losgelassen. +und eines der erschütternsten dinge, die passierten war die tatsache der verbindung mit all diesen menschen. +gib der wand nicht nach. +und jedes siebte mal der sieben jahre bekommt das land ein exta jahr der ruhe, während dessen alle familien wiedervereinigt sind und menschen umgeben sind von denen, die sie lieben. +wenn sie also zu 23andme gehen, oder wenn sie zu councilofdads.com gehen können sie auf einen link klicken. +ao: du hast dich selbst das spielen gelehrt und folglich war klavier spielen für dich, derek, mit viel faust- und karateschlägen verbunden, und sogar ein stück nase war dabei. +hoffentlich können wir nun dem publikum zeigen, wie es sein kann, dass du tust, was du tust. +dp: "hummelflug" auf diesem ton. +dp: er spielte "chopsticks". ao: und er spielte "chopsticks". +dies ist bekannt als das "theme-gebäude". diesen namen hat es aus immer noch sehr geheimnisvollen gründen bekommen. +weiß das jemand? chi? +sie kämpfen darum, ihre eigene lebensweise in diesem wald weiterzuentwickeln, in einer welt, die noch sauber ist, einer welt, die noch nicht verseucht, in einer welt, die noch nicht verschmutzt ist. +wir benutzen auch gps -- geographisches, was auch immer gps bedeutet -- um den bewegungsradius der schimpansen zu bestimmen. +wir wissen heute, dass es alleine in gombe neun verschiedene arten gibt, auf die schimpansen verschiedene objekte zu unterschiedlichen zwecken verwenden. +das traurige ist, dass diese schimpansen -- die uns vielleicht mehr als jedes andere lebewesen ein bisschen bescheidenheit beigebracht haben, dass sie in der wildnis sehr schnell verschwinden. +das einzige, was wir haben, das uns wirklich unterscheidet von schimpansen und anderen lebewesen, ist unsere hochentwickelte sprache -- eine sprache, mit der wir kindern von dingen erzählen können, die wir nicht direkt vor augen haben. +da draußen liegen überall kleine broschüren, und wenn jemand von ihnen mit kindern zu tun hat und ihnen ihre zukunft am herzen liegt, dann bitte ich sie, nehmen sie diese broschüre mit. +wir wollen zeit mit alten menschen verbringen und uns ihre geschichten anhören und aufschreiben. +ich glaube, dass eine solche gruppe sehr viel einfluss nehmen kann, nicht nur weil sie und wir dieselbe technik benutzen, sondern weil so viele von ihnen kinder haben. +in ihren und in meinen und in denen unserer kinder. +wie tun wir das? also, wir verwenden ein modellsystem, das wir protozelle nennen. +er könnte einen stoffwechself darauf laufen haben. +es kann seine lokale umgebung spüren und in dieser umwelt ressourcen finden um sich selbst zu erhalten. +da wir also ein paar interessante protozellen machen können, die uns gefallen, mit interessanten farben und interessantem verhalten, und sie leicht zu machen sind, und sie interessante lebensähnliche eigenschaften haben, vielleicht haben diese protozellen uns etwas über den ursprung des leben auf der erde zu sagen. vielleicht stellen sie einen leicht zugänglich schritt dar, einen der ersten schritte, wie das leben auf der frühen erde begonnen hat. +er wird in bezug auf einen bericht aus 2007 vom national research council der vereinigten staaten verwendet, in dem sie versuchen zu verstehen, wie wir nach leben woanders im universum suchen können, ok, besonders wenn dieses leben sehr anders als unseres auf der erde ist. wenn wir auf einen anderen planeten kämen und meinten, dort könnte es leben geben, wie könnten wir dieses leben als solches erkennen? +80 bis 90 prozent ihrer zeit verbrachten sie mit fünf dingen. +der höhepunkt davon ist: wenn sie ihre kaulquappe erfolgreich aufgezogen haben, und dabei die abläufe im verhalten und der entwicklung beobachtet haben, dann werden sie losgehen, ihre kaulquappe ihrem namensgeber vorstellen und die anzeichen, die sie beobachtet haben, diskutieren. +da drin ist ein altes handy – eine gute verwendung für alte handys – das die klinik anruft, und dann kommen wir und holen die maus ab. +was die klimakrise uns hat erkennen lassen ist eine sekundäre, hinterlistigere und tiefergreifende krise, und das ist die tätigkeitskrise, nämlich was tun. +und dann tausche ich sie mit den studenten aus und setze diesen ruß wieder ein. +und sie testeten, welches argument kooperative verhaltensweisen von den leuten unten hervorrief – etwa 100: 1 beschlossen, dass dies das argument war das uns am besten überzeugte. +in diesem fall, anstelle kaugummi oder doritos oder was sie auch immer in ihren taschen haben, den fischen hinzuwerfen – es gibt da ein gewässer in island, mit dem ich mich beschäftigt habe, das mitten in der stadt liegt. die größte schadstoffbelastung in ihm ist nicht die straßenverschmutzung, sondern vielmehr weißbrot von leuten, die die fische und vögel füttern. +haben sie gewusst, dass wir heutzutage eine globale herde von 60 milliarden tieren halten, um uns mit fleisch, milchprodukten, eiern und lederware zu versorgen? +das tier könnte eine kuh sein, ein lamm, oder etwas exotischeres. +es muss nicht so aussehen, so sieht es tatsächlich heute aus. +er hat nicht "little red laptop" oder "little red dirt devil" geschrieben. +und sequel ist wirklich ein richtiges auto. +in der tat glauben wir, dass die zukunft ereignis-getrieben ist. +und zweitens ist es ein fundamentales geschaeftvorhaben. +also sagte meine mutter: "du fährst täglich mit dem bus eineinhalb stunden weit von unserem wohnort weg." +er erwiderte: "nein, fräulein, ich gehe nirgendwo hin. +animation, software, filmerstellungsprogramme, sie haben all das. +mit 15 jahren verließ ich diesen ort, um in einer stadt, die etwas größer – sehr viel größer – war, den zweiten teil der oberstufe zu absolvieren. +du musst aufhören. schluss damit. +wir arbeiteten mit vielen unternehmen in brasilien zusammen, die in das projekt investierten, und auch mit der regierung. +ich frage mich... vor drei oder vier wochen lasen wir in den zeitungen, dass in norwegen millionen fische sterben, +wie ich glaube, haben alle in diesem raum das gleiche anliegen und das modell, das wir in brasilien anwandten, kann man auch hier umsetzen. +ich bin zum times square gegangen, sah all die tollen frauen an der leinwand und ich fragte mich, warum niemand die historischen gebilde dahinter betrachtet. +sie können die lispenard wiesen sehen, die hier durchlaufen, was heute tribeca ist, und die strände von battery park hochlaufend bis hin zur 42. straße. +wir wissen, dass es eine lenape-siedlung gab hier unten am collect pond. +wir haben rasch festgestellt, dass biber etwas sein können, was der rotluchs benötigt. +und schwarzbär lief umher. und indiander gab es auch. +obwohl ich nur wenig zeit für meinen vortrag hatte, hoffe ich, dass sie mannahatta als einen besonderen ort wahrnehmen konnten. +und... bauten die gesellschaft, in der wir jetzt leben. +möglicherweise wollen sie nicht genauso leben wie wir. +und leute, die in den städten der industrieländer leben, neigen dazu, sehr wohlhabend zu sein, und folglich sehr viel zeugs zu benutzen. +eine andere sache, die uns die informationstechnologien ermöglichen, ist, dass wir beginnen herauszufinden, wie man weniger dinge braucht, indem wir über die menge der dinge, die wir tatsächlich nutzen, bescheid wissen und dies auch genau kontrollieren. +die meisten dieser städte wachsen unglaublich schnell. +ein daraus resultierender effekt ist sowas wie eine südliche kulturelle explosion. +also lula, er ist voll von problemen, voll von widersprüchen, aber eines der dinge, die er tut, ist, er treibt eine idee voran, wie wir uns an internationalen beziehungen beteiligen können, die das gleichgewicht weg vom klassischen nord-süd-dialog hin zu einer ganz neuen art globaler zusammenarbeit verschieben. +hier ist ein design, das wasser mit hilfe der sonne destilliert. +es geht nicht nur darum zu überleben. +sopa steht für den "stop online piracy act". +wir konsumieren gerne, aber jedesmal, wenn eines dieser neuen geräte auftauchte, stellte sich heraus, dass wir auch gerne produzieren und wir teilen gerne. +das ist eine nebenwirkung ihrer regulären operationen. +das ist also das internet, das sie im kopf haben. +sie wollen keine gesetzliche unterscheidung zwischen legalem und illegalem teilen. +das hat mein leben verändert. +"was machst du hier? +das college funktioniert gemäss der lebens- und arbeitshaltung von mahatma gandhi. +wir sind die einzigen, die den $50,000 preis tatsächlich zurückgaben, weil sie uns nicht glaubten, und wir dachten, das sie sich abfällig äusserten über die barefoot architekten von tilonia. +aber die leute, die den solarkocher gebaut haben, sind frauen, analphabetinnen, die tatsächlich, den ausgeklügelsten solarkocher gebaut haben. +sie hat ein kabinett, einen bildungsminister, einen energieminister, einen gesundheitsminister. +männer sind unruhig, männer sind ehrgeizeig, männer sind zwanghaft nicht ortsgebunden, und sie wollen alle ein diplom. +und das ist nicht zusammengebrochen. +ich wusste, welche frau ich gerne mitnehmen wollte. +hören sie nicht auf die world bank, hören sie auf die leuten vor ort. +unsere quelldaten hier sind echte fmri daten welche visuell und akustisch abgebildet werden. +sauerstoff, wasserstoff und zink haben ihre eigenen signaturen. +und trotzdem hat sich die masse des menschlichen gehirns in zwei millionen jahren verdreifacht – von einem 600-gramm-gehirn unserer vorfahren, habilis, zu fast 1,4 kg hackbraten, die jeder hier zwischen seinen ohren hat. +fakt ist, dass ein jahr nachdem man die kontrolle über die füße verloren hat und ein jahr nach gewinn der lotterie, der lottogewinner und der querschnittsgelähmte gleich glücklich mit ihrem leben sind. +wer sind diese charaktere, die so verdammt glücklich sind? +und schließlich das beste – manche von ihnen erkennen dieses photo vom jungen pete best, dem ursprünglichen schlagzeuger der beatles, bevor sie ihn zigaretten holen geschickt haben, sich davon gemacht haben und ringo auf einer tour eingesammelt haben. +in diesem fall sind es, weil sie im experiment, von dem ich ihnen berichten werden benutzt wurden, drucke von monets bildern. +wir erklärten ihnen, dass wir nummer drei an sie schicken werden. +es stellt sich heraus, dass freiheit – die fähigkeit, seine meinung zu bilden und diese zu verändern – der freund natürlicher zufriedenheit ist, weil es einem erlaubt, von all den schmackhaften zukunftsszenarien die zu finden und auszuwählen, die man am meisten genießt. +wir gaben ihnen kameras, sie gingen über den kampus und machten 12 bilder von ihren lieblings-professoren, ihren zimmern und hunden und all den anderen dingen, von denen sie in harvard erinnerungen haben wollten. +sie mochten ihr bild nicht. selbst nach ablauf der möglichkeit eines tausches mochten sie ihr bild immer noch nicht. warum? +vielen dank. +manchmal explodieren sie einfach vor deinen augen oder stürzen mit überschall herunter. +ich habe eine kleine kubanische mutter – sie ist etwa so groß. +"papa, hilfe." +ich wurde 19.. – ich weiß nicht mehr – geboren und kam mit meinen eltern in dieses land als folge der kubanischen revolution. +was natürlich bedeutete, dass jeder in der familie bereit stehen musste, um sie zum friseur zum haarefärben zu fahren. sie kennen ihn, diesen eigenartigen blauton, passend zum turnanzug aus polyester. sie wissen schon, die gleiche farbe wie der buick. +sie steigt in den wagen – sie sitzt auf zwei telefonbüchern. +es wir mir beim atmen helfen. es kann vielleicht meinen puls zu beruhigen. +sie sind alle schon mal während der ferien in einem einkaufszentrum gewesen, oder? +inzwischen sind wir etwa einen meter weiter gekommen. da sagt meine mutter plötzlich: "ich wusste es, ich wusste es. +wir warten auch auf die langsameren. ok. +"nein, meine tochter, sie kommt da mit dem buick. +all die leute um uns schauen uns an ". +ich hätte es fast verpasst. +wir von zipcar parken autos in dicht besiedelten städtischen gebieten, damit miglieder sie für eine bestimmte zeit buchen können, anstatt ein eigenes auto zu benutzen. +es war notwendig, dass es ganz trivial ist, in 30 sekunden ein auto zu mieten – es zu reservieren, es zu holen und zu fahren. +auch hier sehen wir, dass der preis eine enorme rolle spielt bei der bereitschaft, das eigene fahrverhalten zu verändern. +sie werden auch verflochtene netzwerke genannt. +das sind die nächsten beiden zeilen im film. +das bedeutete, dass es – wenn wir unsere sache wirklich gut machen – dass es sehr rasch rund um die welt genutzt werden könnte. +2006 war ein tolles jahr. +und als mich diese dunklen wolken umkreisten und ich es sehr, sehr schwierig fand, an überhaupt irgendetwas gutes zu denken, sagte ich mir, dass ich wirklich einen weg finden muss, um mich auf etwas positives zu konzentrieren. +ich würde nun gerne kurz über jedes dieser 3 aspekte reden. +es gab also eine zeit, als es dein erstes mal war, dass du eine grüne ampelwelle auf dem nachhauseweg hattest. +das sind also die drei a 's. +er meinte: "weißt du überhaupt wo marokko ist?" +und das ist der traurige teil. +tourist: die menschen sind sehr frustriert, dass sie nicht näher ran kommen, um alles zu sehen. +ich fand es merkwürdig darüber zu spekulieren, als wäre es ein wettbewerb, über eine so frische wunde. +dr: es war keine inklusive gruppe. +um das zu regeln, brauchte man sofort ein gesamtkonzept. +so ähnlich wie die szene in spinal tap, mit dem miniatur-stonehenge, oder? +alles ist aus sehr einfachem material. +solange das thema mit der gedenkstätte nicht entschieden ist, wird es sehr schwer, eine intelligente diskussion zu führen. +diese art von formen? +sie sehen ungefähr, was ich meine. +aber was ist mit dem kind links oder dem athleten, der das spielfeld verlässt? +ich erzähle ihnen, was ich mir ausgedacht habe. +wie alt ist das material? +und heute haben wir die wahrscheinlich anstößigste aller definitionen, jeden falls für mich, und sie lautet: doodlen bedeutet offiziell bummeln, trödeln, zeit verschwenden, bedeutungslose zeichen machen, etwas von geringem wert, gehalt oder bedeutung tun und – mein persönlicher favorit – nichts tun. +wir denken, dass man doodlet, wenn man die konzentration verliert, aber tatsächlich ist es eine präventivmaßnahme, um den konzentrationsverlust zu stoppen. +2002 traf sich eine gruppe von therapie-aktivisten, um die frühe entwicklung des flugzeuges zu diskutieren. +therapien wurden möglich, finanzierung war vorhanden, und die anzahl der menschen in antriretroviraler behandlung begann sehr schnell zu steigen. +sicherlich, wenn ein patentpool eingerichtet werden kann, um die produktion von militärflugzeugen voranzutreiben, sollten wir in der lage sein, etwas ähnliches zu tun, um mit der hiv / aids-epidemie fertig zu werden. +in der regel gibt es eine 10-jährige verzögerung für ein neues produkt, um in entwicklungsländern auf den markt zu kommen, wenn überhaupt. +was ist mit athen? mediterranes klima, aber in der sonne war es nicht angenehm. +anstatt einen wirbelsturm gekühlter luft durch das stadium zu blasen, können wir kühlflächen-systeme verwenden, wie ein bodenheizungssystem, wobei wasserrohre in den boden gelegt werden. +und hoffentlich sind auch sie für diese die idee, dass ingenieure und designer all diese verschiedenen klimaparameter nutzen, damit es möglich sein wird, richtig gute und komfortable freiluftbedingungen zu schaffen, um unsere thermische wahrnehmung zu verändern, damit wir uns in einem außenbereich wohlfühlen. wir erreichen das mit dem besten passiven design, aber auch indem wir die energiequelle des grundstücks in katar nutzen, die sonne. +die hauptsache, das » mach es vor ort «, ist ideal, weil so ein produkt oder eine dienstleistung ohne viel bürokratie erstellt werden kann. +sie sind so etwas wie überweisungsdienste. +wir machen gerade systematische feldtests, um sicherzustellen, dass das gerät sich für asha-aktivisten eignet. +und ich begann, die welt aus einer ganz neuen perspektive zu sehen, wie paare von menschen miteinander verbunden sind. +und am wichtigsten, was verursacht diese cluster? +und wir dachten, dass dies ein sehr interessanter kommentar bezüglich amerika sei -- und dieses irgendwie eigennützige, gewissermaßen "nicht-meine-verantwortung" phänomen. +ich meine, es würde von vorteil sein, unsere emotionen im inneren zu erleben, sie wissen schon, zorn oder zufriedenheit. +so, um eine andere metapher anzuführen, wenn sie sich soziale netzwerke vorstellen als eine art riesiges gewebe von menschlichkeit -- ich bin verbunden mit ihnen und ihnen und ihr, und darüber hinaus endlos in der entfernung -- dieses gewebe ist eigentlich wie eine altmodische amerikanische decke, und es hat flicken darauf, glückliche und unglückliche flicken. +das ist meine sozialerfahrung. " +sie bestehen beide aus kohlenstoff, und dennoch hat eines von beiden kohlenstoff-atome in sich, die auf eine spezielle weise angeordnet sind, auf der linken seite, und sie bekommen graphit, das weich und dunkel ist. +darüber lesen sie in ihren zeitungen. +in einer umfrage stellte die amerikanische gesundheitsbehörde cdc die einfache frage, ob in der vergangenen woche erheblicher psychologischer stress erfahren wurde. +in unserer studie sind ältere menschen positiver gestimmt, aber sie durchleben auch wahrscheinlicher als jüngere gemischte emotionen – traurigkeit, die zur selben zeit erfahren wird wie glück; sie wissen schon, diese träne im auge, wenn sie einen freund anlächeln. +wir gehen auf blind dates. +ich meine, dort waren lauter menschen mit wahrlich übermenschlichen kräften und fähigkeiten. +hier haben wir madd chadd, lil 'c, kid david und j smooth. +die lxd elektrisieren die bühne der ted2010 mit einer neu entstehenden globalen kultur des straßentanzes, die durch das internet angetrieben wird. in dieser vorschau vauf jon chu 's neue internetserie führt die erstaunliche tanztruppe ihre superkräfte vor. +dem vertrag zufolge ist dieses land eine eigenständige nation. +wir hatten pläne. +am 29. dezember umzingelten us-truppen ein sioux camp an einem bach namens wounded knee und massakrierten den häuptling big foot und 300 kriegsgefangene mit einer neuen schnellfeuerwaffe, namens hotchkiss geschütz, die explodierende geschosse abfeuerte. +2010: statistiken über die eingeborene bevölkerung heute, mehr als ein jahrhundert nach dem massaker von wounded knee, offenbaren ein erbe der kolonialzeit, erzwungener migration und vertragsverstößen. +diese ereignisse führten zu einem dominoeffekt der noch nicht aufgehört hat. +und das ist ziel meines vortrags: 1. diesen moment zu beschreiben 2. dafür zu sorgen, dass sie nach meinem vortrag dümmer sind als davor. +viele dieser menschen hätten nicht sterben müssen. und genau das verwirrt mich. ich möchte es das "problem der letzten meile" nennen. +mischkulturen. mischkulturen steigern das einkommen. +und nun diese frauen. sie haben gesehen, wie ihre eltern unter durchfall litten, sie selbst haben darunter gelitten. sie haben viele menschen sterben sehen. wie also beantworten sie diese frage? +o.k., jemand sagte "fünf". +fast raus aus dem kindergarten. +sie sagt: "dieser schafft 35 meilen pro gallone. ich tue lieber das richtige für die umwelt und nehme den prius mit 50 meilen pro gallone." +das ist ein gutes beispiel und zeigt uns dass absichten nicht automatisch zu handlungen werden. eine der fundamentalen herausforderungen ist daher uns dazu bringen, es wirklich zu tun. +es geht hier nicht um biologie. es geht um unser gehirn, die menschliche psyche. innovation muss auf allen ebenen stattfinden, bis hin zur letzten meile. +sorgsames testen, nochmals testen, design. wir werden neue einsichten gewinnen, komplexität und schwierige dinge besser erforschen. +sendil mullainathan, gewinner des "genius grant" der amerikanischen mac arthur stiftung, nimmt mit dem blick des verhaltensökonomen eine besondere form sozialer probleme unter die lupe - jene, die wir lösen könnten, es aber nicht tun. wir können kindersterblichkeit verursacht durch durchfallerkrankungen reduzieren, wir können blindheit bei diabetikern verhindern, wir wissen, wie man solartechnik einsetzen kann... aber wir tun es nicht. warum? +richtig, der strom will durch die knete und nicht durch das led-licht fließen. +daher ermutige ich sie alle: nehmen sie etwas knete, etwas salz und zucker und beginnen sie, damit zu spielen. +und ein freund von mir in österreich tat ich so leid, dass er den grössten casinobesitzer in linz dazu brachte, uns sein gebäude komplett einpacken zu lassen. +trotzdem will ich verschiedene wege aufzeigen, um schwierigkeiten zu umgehen und direkt zum punkt zu kommen; um so sehr viel schneller eine lösung zu finden - zumindest schneller als arthur. daher - werden wir zunächst den gesunden menschenverstand betrügen, die logik. es soll jeder mitmachen. haltet eure hand so, im 90-grad-winkel. alle. nicht so -- +jetzt - ich benötige eine assistentin. +das ist eine herausforderung, ich mag das. +hier habe ich nun tatsächlich - ich weiß genau, wo die karten sind. +und wenn du mit der rechten seite arbeitest, mit humor, hast du - das ist der schlüssel zu dem kosmischen sammelspeicher allen wissens, in dem du die lösung für jedes problem finden kannst. +und jetzt werde ich etwas von einem... russischen satelliten zeigen. gestehlt - gestohlen, wahrscheinlich von amerika abgekupfert, aber wir sehen uns das jetzt mal an. +wenn ich den stapel hochhebe, linse ich. +versuchen wir es noch einmal. +das ist so eine art optische täuschung, oder? +jetzt - - jemand lachte. um nun die dame zu finden - machen wir das folgendermaßen: man nimmt eine hoch, nimmt die dame hoch. +den pik-könig finde. +mit beiden händen, schneller. ja, gut, gut. +in ordnung? gut. +zwei - und das war die pik-zwei, oder? +ja? sui: ja. +karo-könig. lg: ah! +es ist aber nicht passiert, was sie vielleicht denken. dass er plötzlich leidenschaftlich wurde, engagiert einen neuen lehrer bekam, in die pubertät kam, oder was auch immer. +ihre kinder spielen instrumente. +die ohne gehör sind nicht mehr hier. +jetzt geht es runter zum a, zum g und zum f. +und dann, endlich... +dann fragte ich: "warum klatsche ich?" +seine stärke ist abhängig von der fähigkeit, andere menschen stark zu machen. +bedauerlicherweise war es das letzte, das sie zu ihm sagte. sie hat ihn nie wieder gesehen. er hat nicht überlebt. +einige von ihnen haben das vielleicht schon mal gesehen. +es ist ein netter motivator. +glucksberg hat also ein weiteres, ähnliches experiment durchgeführt, bei dem er das problem in einer etwas anderen weise dargestellt hat, wie hier oben zu sehen ist. okay? +die regeln sind verwirrend. +was passiert? +dies sind die bausteine eines völlig neuen betriebssystems für unsere geschäfte. +es ist schön. es ist nicht schlecht. es ist eine riesige markenrechtsverletzung. aber es ist ziemlich raffiniert. +mach es zum spaß. keiner bekommt einen cent, einen euro oder yen. +so kann es auf einer stelle balancieren. +das hier ist also die erde. etwas kleiner als ein millimeter, die aus fester bronze gedreht ist. +das ist eine andere art von arbeit die ich mache. +und der idee dass man darin dinge sieht und die zukunft vorhersagen kann -- oder ein fernseher, einer art magischer kiste in welcher alles erscheinen kann. +es ist komplett lautlos und umweltfreundlich. +die eigentliche soziale innovation, über die ich sprechen möchte, umfasst wohltätigkeit. +sie möchten also 50 millionen dollar umsetzen, indem sie kindern gewalttätige computerspiele verkaufen, machen sie 's. +spenden an gemeinnützige einrichtungen stagnieren in den u.s.a. bei 2% des bip seit beginn der erhebungen in den 70er jahren. +wie so viele fanatische glaubensansätze amerikas gehen diese vorstellungen auf alte puritanische glaubensmuster zurück. +innerhalb von neun jahren haben wir das 1.982 mal vervielfacht und haben nach abzug der ausgaben 108 millionen dollar eingenommen. +wenn wir die gemeinnützigen spenden von 2% durch investition in das wachstum, eine stufe höher, auf 3% des bip, bringen könnten, dann wären das 150 milliarden dollar mehr einnahmen, und würde dieses geld direkt in gesundheitsleistungen und soziale dienste fließen, weil wir diese bei den investitionen in den vordergrund gestellt haben, würde das eine verdreifachung der spenden auf diesem sektor bedeuten. +und plötzlich, aus dem chaos: ordnung. +wissen sie, ein publikum wie sie, ja, ist die show. +können wir ein kleines experiment machen? würden sie für eine sekunde mein orchester sein? +und unsere freude an der musik, etc. etc.... " +und dann wie karajan. sehen wir, was passiert. okay? +das heißt, du weißt, du hast keinerlei macht, irgendwas zu ändern. +das ist sehr aufregend für die musiker. +vielmehr genießt er, was der solist spielt. +wissen sie, warum? weil diese musik schmerz ausdrückt. +aber meine ganze arbeit hat sich viele jahre lang um die idee gedreht, dass nachhaltigkeit im grunde genommen bedeutet, das modell des globalisierten wirtschaftswachstums zu betrachten und zu mäßigen, was an dem einen ende hereinkommt, und zu mäßigen, was am anderen ende herauskommt. +aber müssen wir annehmen, dass die gleiche brillanz und kreativität und anpassungsfähigkeit, die uns in erster linie an die spitze dieses energiebergs gebracht hat, sich irgendwie auf mysteriöse art in luft auflösen wird, wenn wir einen kreativen weg finden müssen, zurück auf die andere seite? +und angesichts des klimawandels, ist das auch nicht wirklich durchführbar. +es lernt viel von seinen fehlern. +es begann also mit der arbeit, die ich in irland machte, wo ich lehrte, und hat sich seither verbreitet. +vor drei jahren, als es nur eine idee war; daraus ist etwas geworden, das sich wie ein virus über die welt verbreitet. +also, hier geht es um die budgets der bundesstaaten. +das hier enthält verschiedene aspekte, ich könnte sagen, dass wir mehr einnahmen erzielen könnten, oder dass medizinische erfindungen die kosten sogar noch erhöhen könnten. +achtet irgendjemand darauf, was diese typen eigentlich so alles tun? +je mehr man sich damit beschäftigt, umso verwirrter werden die leute leider, und sie denken: "na, vielleicht ist das ja okay." +was müssen wir also tun? +es erlaubt uns, kunst, biotechnologie, software und all solch wunderbaren dinge zu schaffen. +und nachdem ich zwei weitere jahre musik studiert hatte, entschied ich mich, das unmögliche zu wagen, bevor ich den aufnahmetest machen und mich an einer medizinischen hochschule bewerben würde, wie ein guter indischer sohn, um der nächste dr. gupta zu werden. +keats selbst hat ebenfalls eine karriere der medizin aufgegeben, um sich der poesie zu widmen, aber er starb, als er ein jahr älter war als ich. +jeder in diesem haus kennt die zeit nur aufgrund des geruchs. +mit diesen leute treffe ich mich immer noch. +gut, weiter. +fallen ihnen nicht auch gerade einer ein? +es ist erstaunlich. ein wunderbarer moment. +hätte er das seinem vater gezeigt, hätte der sich gedacht: "mein junge ist verrückt geworden." +vom französische schriftsteller michel tournier gibt es einen berühmten spruch. +und ich erklärte ihm: "es ist eine dunkle nacht und eine krähe sitzt auf einem zweig." +ja, das heißt, dass ich nicht gyeonghoeru zeichnen musste. +wir werden zu diktatoren mit einer fernbedienung und fangen an, die menschen im fernsehen zu kritisieren. +ich laufe herum und ermutige sie, "los, los!" sie müssen wie verrückt ein oder zwei stunden schreiben. +kunst ist das höchste ziel. +nur diese drei worte und dann verließ sie den flughafen. das war 's. +der britische physiker john tyndall stellte in den 1850er jahren labormessungen an zur infrarotstrahlung, also wärme. +ich hatte bis dahin die erste zeile des nasa-leitspruchs: "den heimatplaneten zu verstehen und zu schützen" genommen, um meine vorträge zu rechtfertigen. +klimaskeptiker argumentieren, dass die sonne die hauptursache des klimawandels ist. +methan beginnt ebenso aus dem permafrost auszutreten. +es wäre unmoralisch, diese jungen leute einem klimasystem zu überlassen, das außer kontrolle gerät. +die wissenschaft ist eindeutig. +yakima canutt ist mein favorit und ein echter held für mich. +wir realisieren heute größere auto-stunts denn je. +ich vergesse mit der zeit, wie bizarr einige dieser gespräche sind. +zwei stuntmen führen hier einen meiner ansicht nach eher harmlosen stunt aus. +das helium muss sich ausbreiten, daher die form. +ich habe lange gebraucht, jahre gebraucht, um das richtige ballon-team zu finden, das den ballon bauen könnte, um die aufgabe zu erfüllen. +ich habe ein unternehmen in den staaten kontaktiert, welches anzüge für nasa herstellt. +dieser ist mit 7 kg ein echtes leichtgewicht. +wenn sie aber eingeladen sind und mit jemandem reden, sie wissen schon, wenn jemand fragt "was machen sie so?" +erinnern sie sich an die geschichte? nein, sie ist groß. +wir zogen dann von stratford nach los angeles. +warum nicht? ich denke, dass das ziemlich wichtig ist. +die hierarchie fusst also auf zwei ideen. +tatsächlich entsteht kreativität -- darunter verstehe ich den prozess originelle ideen von bedeutung zu haben -- sehr häufig durch die interaktion verschiedener wege eine sache zu betrachten. +ich fragte: "was ist passiert?" +jetzt ist der moment zu dem wir über uns selbst lachen sollten bevor andere mit uns lachen können. +also zog ich mich in meine höhle zurück und produzierte und unterstützte weiterhin comedy und erlaubte meinen freunden mein sofa als operationale drehscheibe vor ort zu benutzen. +auf jeder station der tour liessen wir amateure vorsprechen. +erstens: wird der nahe osten in der gegenwart und im richtigen zusammenhang dargestellt? +früherkennung und schnelles gegensteuern sind die erklärungen für diese erfolge. +bei 50 prozent brechen sie bis zum 14. lebensjahr aus, bei 75 prozent bis zum 24. lebensjahr, ein bild, das sich sehr von dem unterscheidet, das sich zeigt, wenn man über krebs oder herzleiden spricht, über diabetes, bluthochdruck – über die meisten der großen krankheiten, die wir als ursachen für krankheit und sterblichkeit kennen. +wichtig ist hier, dass, wenn man beginnt, sich die menschen mit diesen störungen, diesen jeden fünften, der sich damit rumquält, anzusehen, man herausfindet, dass es viele spielarten gibt, wie das gehirn verdrahtet ist, es aber vorhersagbare muster gibt, und diese muster sind risikofaktoren dafür, dass sich eine dieser störungen entwickelt. +aber das sagt uns, wie wir es anschauen müssen, und wohin wir gehen müssen. +wie viele kinder wirst du bekommen? +aber wie falsch ist das! +es ist sehr interessant. als wir unsere schule begannen, registrierten die eltern sich in der anwesenheitsliste mit einem daumenabdruck. +dort haben sie kinder getroffen mit einem anderen standard und all das, einer anderen denkweise, eine vollkommen andere gesellschaft. +ist es der einfluss? wir haben professoren vom mit, aus berkeley, stanford, vom indischen wissenschaftsinstitut, die kommen und unseren kinder viele wissenschaftliche formeln beibringen, experimente, die weit über normalen unterricht hinausgehen. +als ich parikrma begonnen habe, startete ich mit einer großen portion arroganz die ganze welt zu verändern. +diese frage scheint schnell beantwortet zu sein, und so dachte auch howard. denn pepsi hatte ihm gesagt: "sehen sie, wir arbeiten in einem bereich zwischen acht und zwölf prozent. +sie hätten besser nach den perfekten pepsis suchen sollen. " +in jeder nur vorstellbaren art spaghetti-sauce zu variieren, variierte er spaghetti-sauce. +howard veränderte grundlegend die denkart der industrie darüber, wie man sie glücklich macht. +viel mehr ätherische braune senfkörner, etwas weißwein, ein toller duft, ein viel besseres aroma. und was tun sie? +und sie serviert es immer wieder auf diese art, und wenn sie sich beschweren, wird sie sagen: "was wissen sie schon? in diesem restaurant gibt es das gericht auf die beste art." +wenn ich sie alle bitten würde, mir ihre kaffee-marke zu nennen -- einen kaffee-typen, ein gebräu -- die sie alle glücklich macht, und sie dann bitte, den kaffee zu bewerten, würde der durchschnittswert auf einer skala von 0 bis 100 bei 60 liegen. +es gibt prä-karzinöse wunden, die sich oft gar nicht zu krebs entwickeln. +man fliegt von der insel, wenn man eine krankheit bekommt. +erst als journalist wurde mir bewusst, wie sehr ich teil dieses problems bin, wie wir alle teil dieses problems sind. +also, dad erhielt seinen abschluss in harvard 1946, heiratete meine mutter und kaufte ein kleines haus in lexington, massachusetts, wo 1775 die ersten schüsse gegen die briten gefallen waren, obwohl wir sie bis concord nicht wirklich trafen. +und, naja, wir können heute zurückblicken und sagen: natürlich, ha ha, ist ja alles mikrofilm. aber das ist nicht der punkt. er verstand die form der zukunft. +und wenn sie es diagonal sehen, bekommen sie inhalt und form -- und dann schönheit und wahrheit. +darüber habe ich 1993 ein buch geschrieben, aber als ich das buch beendete, musste ich ein wenig schrift setzen und ich war es leid, dafür zu meinem copy shop gehen zu müssen, also kaufte ich einen computer. +wir könnten kreisförmige erzählungen haben, die tatsächlich rund sind. +warum ist das wichtig? +vielleicht war euch allen das schon lange klar, aber für mich, so oft ich genau dieser schwierigkeit täglich begegnete, hatte ich diese der verständigung inhärente herausforderung nie so kristallklar gesehen. +der schlüssel ist, dass feys texte nicht von ihr oder ihren saturday night live autoren stammten, +die drei dinge, die schwule amerikaner am meisten zu wollen scheinen, sind zum militär gehen, heiraten und eine familie gründen. +wenn man all diese elemente vereint: den viralen reiz eines tollen witzes, eine zündende schlusspointe, die auf ehrlichkeit und integrität basiert, erzielt man einen effekt in der realen welt, der eine debatte verändern kann. +das ist viel einfluss für 14 worte. +wie weit führt das zurück? wie weit zurück reicht die geschichte der modernen sprachen? +er kann gut zwei tonnen wiegen – und frisst dabei hauptsächlich quallen. +als jungtiere leben sie in schwärmen und werden als erwachsene zu gigantischen einzelgängern. +das tolle am mondfisch – wenn wir sie mit den anhängern versehen – wenn sie hier mal schauen – da ist der datenstrom, dorthin kommt der anhänger. +sie kommen heraus und geben den mondfischen – hier können sie ihre körperstellung sehen, die sagt: "ich bin nicht gefährlich, aber ich brauch eine massage." +wichtig ist auch, dass sie keine faulpelz-fische sind. +es war eine 200-fuss-durchmesser geodätischen kugel um über den east river in new york city ausgesetzt werden, in voller sicht der vereinten nationen. +ich habe ein kleines video für euch, aber bedenkt euch, dass es ist ohne elektronische regelung, und es ist auch nur mit vier leds. +wie fühlt es sich an, wenn jemand wie er deine kunst nimmt und so viel damit tut? +sofort verstand er was geschehen war. +so, sind wir einäugigen affen alle zweiäugige affen geworden? +und eingeborene frauen aus afrika kamen und sagten: "das ist es!" +ich habe eine lösung die keinerlei maschienen bedarf, noch feuerholz, noch gas. +eure eltern waren friedvolle menschen. +hallo regierungen reicher länder, die waffen verkaufen an regierungen armer länder, aber nicht schaffen ihnen essen zu geben. +ihr vater der könig sagte: "pfeif nicht!" +"aha!", sagt die prinzessin. +leibniz war der erste, der tatsächlich darüber sprach, solch eine maschine zu bauen. +von neumann, ein logiker und ein mathematiker von der armee brachten alles zusammen. dann brauchten sie einen raum, um sie zu bauen. +da waren nun 40 von diesen röhren; das ist, als ob ein v40-motor den speicher antreiben würde. +"maniac hat seine erinnering wiedererlangt, als der strom ausfiel." "maschine oder mensch?" +jetzt habe ich drei verschiedene ergebnisse. +also konzipierte er dieses universum und ließ es laufen. +und da war es. sein universum auf lochkarten. +das ist das ende. +schaut euch "ermordung" ganz unten an, um himmels willen. +ich ging nach west virginia, dem ungesündesten staat in amerika. +seht ihr, das problem ist, dass fettleibigkeit und ernährungsbedingte krankheiten nicht nur die menschen, die es haben, verletzen, nein, es verletzt deren freunde, familie, brüder und schwestern. +heutzutage sind sie zum großteil verarbeitet und voll mit allen möglichen zusätzen, weiteren inhaltsstoffen, ihr kennt den rest der geschichte. +normal. lasst uns zu den schulen gehen, etwas worin ich tatsächlich ein spezialist bin. +sie haben scheren in den klassenräumen aber messer und gabel? - nein. +ich möchte über etwas so grundlegendes wie milch reden. +das, all diese schlechten nachrichten, können vermieden werden. +also werden diese leute teil der lösung sein. +huntington kitchen. in huntington, wo ich diese sendung gemacht habe, wisst ihr, wir machen diese sendung zur besten sendezeit, die hoffentlich die menschen dazu anregt, diesen wandel mitzumachen. +ich bin legastheniker, deshalb bin ich etwas langsam. +einer meiner freunde aus der sicherheitsindustrie sagte mir neulich tatsächlich, dass es zwei arten von unternehmen auf der welt gibt: die, die wissen dass sie gehackt wurden, und die es nicht wissen. +sie sind absolut anonym, sozusagen. +diese herausforderung ist: wie macht man geschäfte, wie vertraut man jemandem im netz, wenn du weißt dass derjenige mit dem du geschäfte machen willst, ein krimineller ist? +er entwickelte seinen sozialen und moralischen kompass im hafen am schwarzen meer während der 90er. +und dieser mann, mit einem planetengroßen gehirn sitzt nun eine 13-jährige strafe in kalifornien ab. +vielen dank für ihre aufmerksamkeit. +das gesundheitswesen ist ein weiterer grund eine umnutzung in betracht zu ziehen. +und die marktforschung, konsumentenforschung, hat die boomers und die gen y gefragt was sie haben möchten, wie sie leben möchten, und sagen uns dass es eine grosse nachfrage geben wird – und wir sehen das schon – nach urbanerem lebenstil innerhalb vorstädte. +sie sind so erfolgreich, dass sie auch die gegenüberliegende strassenseite übernommen haben. +das ist eines meines lieblingsbeispiele, belmar. +man will auch mehr systematische transformationen erreichen. +der erste ist die umnutzung viel systematischer zu planen, im metropolitanen massstab. +aber wir müssen die architektur besser hinbekommen. +also entschied ich mich, mit frauen über ihre vaginas zu sprechen. +und sie sagte dinge über ihre vagina, die mich schockierten, dass sie ausgetrocknet und fertig und tot sei, und ich war wirklich schockiert. +also sagte ich 1997, "lasst uns die frauen zusammen bringen. +ich liebe es, von all diesen spezies auf dem meeresgrund zu hören. +sie ging nach juarez, um sich um eine kränkliche tante zu kümmern und dabei entdeckte sie, was mit den ermordeten und verschwundenen frauen von juarez geschah. +aber als vagina-kriegerin machte sie einfach weiter. und sie verpflichtete sich weiter der umwandlung von bewusstsein. +nun, mir erscheint diese ungarische präsenz in meinem leben schwer erklärbar, aber ich schreibe es letztlich einer bewunderung für menschen mit komplexer moralischer achtsamkeit zu - mit einem erbe aus schuld und niederlage, gepaart mit trotz und draufgängertum. +und eines tages dann geschah es: er und seine familie wurden festgenommen und in eine todeszelle an der donau gebracht. +herr teszler stellte 16 männer ein, acht weiße, acht schwarze. +und in den langsamen zweiten satz, "adagio religioso", hatte er die laute eines singvogels eingebaut, den er draußen vor seinem fenster gehört hatte, wohlwissend, dass dies sein letzter frühling war. er stellte sich eine zukunft für ditta vor, in der er keine rolle mehr spielte. +und erst als wir uns zum dinner setzten, erkannte ich das ausmaß der gefahr, die ich geschaffen hatte. denn diese zwei titanen, diese zwei herren des universums zusammenzubringen war als machte man mothra über der skyline tokyos mit godzilla bekannt. +und ich – keiner meldete sich, also tat ich es – sagte: "das ist ein bacchanal von tizian ‟. +und um 1997 gab mir der damalige direktor philippe de montebello die erlaubnis, eine ausstellung für 2002 zu organisieren. wir haben gewöhnlich diese sehr langen vorlaufzeiten. +in dieser besonderen kulisse waren die kostüme wie schauspieler oder lebende skulpturen. +ich arbeite daran, dieses gefühl von elitismus aufzubrechen. +aber wir kümmern uns um die schwersten fälle und bestellen die anderen für den nächsten tag wieder her. +so kamen wir zu diesen zwei regeln. +also ging ich nach russland, und meine mutter ging mit, während der zeit der sowjetunion. +und wenn man denkt, es geht nicht mehr, drängt sie so lange, bis man weiter macht. +ich nehme sie nun mit auf eine 16 minütige reise rund um 72 prozent des planeten, also schnallen sie sich an. +wissen sie, was man auf der einen seite gewinnt, verliert man auf der anderen. +und wie ein lebendiger organismus, wo, wenn man ihn aufreißt, das geschmolzene blut austritt, was, um die wunde zu heilen, aus der asthenosphäre aufsteigt, sich verhärtet, neues gewebe formt und sich seitwärts bewegt. +also stellten wir viele verschiedene hypothesen auf, dort unten sind kleine grüne männchen, welche die wärme benutzen. alle möglichen dinge treiben sich dort herum. +wir stolperten darüber, als wir nach fehlender hitze suchten. +nahe davon gab es methan. ich habe noch nie methanvulkane gesehen. +glücklicherweise konnten wir den kongress überzeugen. +das ist ein fernes zentrum an der universität von washington. +ich danke ihnen vielmals. +kommen wir zu dem plötzlich möglichen. +seit dem launch der website im februar hatten wir 640.000 studierende aus 190 ländern. +andere studierende sind vielleicht an zusatzmaterial interessiert, mit dem sie sich genauer befassen möchten. +zusätzlich zu multiple choice und den kompakten frage-antwort-aufgaben aus dem video können wir auch mathematik, mathematische begriffe und auch mathematische abweichungen bewerten. +ich konnte so einen service meinen studierenden bei stanford nie bieten. +schließlich gab es noch eine studierendenpopulation, die persönlich durch einen tutor betreut wurde. +so kann man etwa sehen, wie der wert für leistung sich fast verdoppelt in diesem experiment. +kaki king rockt zu "pink noise" +"lerne die « lingua franca »." +emily levine: richard. was habe ich denn gesagt? +ich weiß nicht, ob sie das wissen, aber -- vielleicht ist es heute anders, oder sie wollten damit etwas bestimmtes erreichen -- aber in vielen krankenhäusern des landes konnte man, laut einem buch von jessica benjamin, noch bis vor kurzem über den kinderbetten kleiner jungen lesen: "ich bin ein junge." und der hinweis über den betten kleiner mädchen lautete: "es ist ein mädchen." genau. +nochmal, dieses ganze subjekt-objekt-ding ist für den humor schon relevant. +und ich habe irgendwie, als ich angefangen habe zu durchleuchten, was es eigentlich ist, was ich da mache -- ich hab mal ein buch von lewis hyde gelesen. es heißt "trickster makes this world", +gäbe es bei den olympischen spielen die disziplin des martyriums, hätte meine großmutter freiwillig verloren. +darauf achte ich am meisten, fast mehr als auf widersprüche. +und die mutter ist schon im hohen alter. +ich aber liebe es, alle möglichkeiten zu erforschen, in der hoffnung, dass man auf derselben wellenlänge wie sein publikum ist. +wir sind aug in aug mit ein paar ernsthaften katastrophen, die wir aber genau so verleugnen, wie wir den terrorismus verleugneten, und das geschehen vom 11. september. +1995 fanden wir drei. jetzt sind wir bei ungefähr 80 – wir finden zwei bis drei pro monat. +es war kein richtiger forschungsbericht, eher eine tirade. +nummer sieben: unfall mit dem teilchenbeschleuniger. +wir vermuten, dass mais seinen ursprung in mexiko hat. +wir müssen lernen, wie wir die ozonschicht der erde reparieren und wiederauffüllen. +wir haben alle gelernt, was für eine panik auftreten kann, wenn eine alte krankheit wieder aufkommt, wie milzbrand. +aber in galaxien geht 's rabiat zu und dinge werden aus ihrem orbit geschleudert. +was mir aber noch mehr sorgen bereitet, sind die asteroiden zwischen mars und jupiter. +als die mission vorbei war, landeten sie auf dem ding. +basho war ein genialer mensch. +und diese zwei bekriegen sich beinahe andauernd. +nun gut, sprechen wir über eine andere perspektive der wichtigkeit der ozeane. +modellierung: auf der rechten seite ist ein komplexes rechenmodell. +wir sind bereits verkabelt, als wären wir in einem glasfaserkorsett, wenn sie so wollen. +das wird alles viel gewaltiger sein, als ein einzelnes schiff zu haben, an einem ort, um dann zu einem anderen ort zu fahren. +wir punmpen die flüssigkeit durch eines dieser systeme und wir drücken den knopf, und die geneigenschaften werden analysiert. +so können wir eine ganz neue telepräsenz erzeugen für die welt, den gesamten ozean umfassend. +ich denke, dass die architektur eigentlich darauf gründet. +und doch ist es diese energie und diese kraft der architektur die einen ganzen gesellschaftlichen und politischen raum getrieben hat, den diese gebäuden besetzen. +es ist wie das alte las vegas früher mal war. +all unsere handeln hängt vom rechnen ab. +und ich glaube dass dieses zusammenspiel mit der geschichte, der geschichte mit der sich oft schwierig auseinanderzusetzen ist, um eine position zu schaffen, die jenseits unserer normalen erwartungen liegt, und um eine kreative kritik herzustellen. +ich wiederhole; das unerwartete, das auch das rohe ist. +und es ist nicht nur unser gedächtnis, sondern jene, die sich an uns erinnern. das bedeutet, dass die architektur nicht stumm ist. +es geht darum mit minimalen mitteln etwas zu schaffen, das nicht wiederhohlt werden kann; und in keiner anderen sphäre simuliert werden kann. +ein kompromiss, wenn er künstlerisch ist, wenn er mit ihren strategien zurechtkommt -- und da ist mein erster aufriss und das linke rendering -- ist nicht so weit entfernt. +nachhaltige energie ist das größte problem, das wir dieses jahrhundert lösen müssen, unabhängig von umweltproblemen. +das war bruno bowden, der heute auch hier ist. weltrekord. em: herzlichen glückwunsch. +am ende dieses jahres wird man in der lage sein, von l.a. nach new york zu fahren, nur mit hilfe des supercharger-netzwerks, das fünfmal so schnell auflädt wie alle anderen möglichkeiten. +was machen sie? +sie bauen eine neue art von stromversorgungsunternehmen. +wird die menschheit eine raumfahrtzivilisation werden? +es ist ähnlich wie bei einem jet. +diese projekte sind so – paypal, solarcity, tesla, spacex, sie sind so spektakulär anders, das sind so ehrgeizige projekte, gemessen mit anderen. +elon musk, ich wünschte, wir hätten den ganzen tag, vielen dank, dass sie zu ted gekommen sind. +als junge war ich ein hirte, wachte über unser vieh – ziegen, schafe und rinder. +weil krieg herrschte waren großkalibrige gewehre über das ganze land verteilt. +und in dem maße wie die menschen verantwortung für den wildbestand übernahmen, wuchs die zahl der wildtiere wieder an. und das ist eine grundlage für den naturschutz in namibia geworden. +die anderen partner, die wir haben, sind wirtschaftsverbände und gemeinschaften. +im jahr 2008 haben conservancies 5,7 millionen dollar generiert. +das ermöglicht uns die meerestiere zu würdigen, von denen wir uns glücklich schätzen können sie verzehren zu dürfen. +und, nach wie vielen flaschen sagen sie mir, dass ich ein problem habe? +deshalb denke ich, dass wir ein komplett falsches essverhalten haben. +sie nahmen mehr kalorien im verlauf einer vielfältigen mahlzeit zu sich. +ich erinnere mich sehr gut an die mahlzeiten meiner kindheit. +danke. +die ironie und tragik unserer zeit ist, ein großer teil der gesellschaft denkt, die wissenschaft würde darüber noch streiten. +so wie auch viele projekte innerhalb der künstlerischen gemeinschaft bleiben, und ich fühle eine verantwortung, durch zusammenkünfte wie ted und unser verhältnis zu obama und dem weißen haus, dem senat und senator john kerry, um mit diesen bildern auch größtmöglichen einfluss auf die politik auszuüben. +der gletscher kommt von rechts und stürzt ins meer, die kamera belichtet stündlich. +dann endlich fängt er sich wieder und wächst. +all diese farben sind eis, es ist bis zu drei kilometer dick, eine riesige kuppel, die vom ozean kommt und in der mitte ansteigt. +aber wir haben ein problem der wahrnehmung, viele kapieren es einfach nicht. +die etwas höflicheren sagten: » ach, wissen sie, inder geben gute softwareprogrammierer und buchhalter ab, aber das kreative zeugs können sie nicht. « +sie arbeiteten an durch und durch globalen produkten, und firmen wie microsoft, google, astrazeneca, general electric, philips haben schon bestätigt, dass sie aus ihren bangalore- und hyderabad-f & amp; e-zentren heraus in der lage sind, produkte und dienstleistungen für die ganze welt zu produzieren. +es handelt sich nicht um ein neues produkt oder einen neuen prozess, sondern um einen neuen weg, die arbeit zu organisieren, und die bedeutendste management innovation aus indien, von der indischen offshoring-industrie entwickelt, nennen wir das modell der weltweiten lieferung. +2010 beschlossen sie, diese zahlen nicht mehr zu veröffentlichen, also musste ich einige zahlen basierend auf verschiedenen quellen schätzen. +für eine uhrzeit, die ich für die seelenruhigste und unspektakulärste stunde des tages halte, sind die resonanzen auf vier uhr morgens in der presse doch ziemlich negativ – und das über verschiedene medien hinweg von einer vielzahl großer namen. +genau 100 jahre nach dem todestag von alfred nobel selbst. +und dann – drei absätze später bekommen wir diese kleine schönheit: "wir gingen zurück ins blair house, um uns die rede ein letztes mal anzusehen. +lassen sie mich zuerst auf einige gängige irrtümer eingehen. +und wenn sich diese zelluläre raumstation innerhalb des elektrischen felds befindet, wirkt es auf die hochaufgeladenen proteine ein und richtet sie in einer linie aus. +die zu erwartende 5-jahres-überlebensrate liegt bei unter 5 prozent. +und ein jahr nach der behandlung kam sein tumor mit gewalt zurück. +ich bin der glücklichste mensch der welt. +und ich bin fest davon überzeugt, dass in den nächsten 10 jahren die tumortherapiefelder den ärzten und patienten als waffe dienen für die schwer behandelbaren soliden tumore. +und wie sie sehen können, haben sie eine art künstlichen auffangraum geschaffen. +es ist 400 jahre alt. +wir hatten ganzseitige annoncen, vor etwa 30, 25 jahre, als dieser kanal kam. +und es ist eine art gewässer für alle jahreszeiten. +und diese dritte wasserart hat man [unklar] genannt. +auf drei seiten gibt es diese stufen, auf der vierten seite ist ein viergeschossiges gebäude wo sie solche ted konferenzen jederzeit organisieren könnten. +diese bauwerke und konzepte sind inspirierend. +es spielt keine rolle, ob es im dschungel von singapur ist oder in der tundra nordfinnlands. +die investitionen fließen in telekommunikation, einkaufszentren. +südafrika spielt eine rolle. +wie bewegen wir uns von armut und korruption zu wohlstand mit weniger korruption? +und 1980 passierte etwas. +investieren sie. +aber ich denke, dass ein viel größeres problem damit darin liegt, dass diese logik -- dass wir ipods und nicht bomben abwerfen sollten -- ich meine, es würde einen tollen titel abgeben für thomas friedmans neues buch. +anstatt zu versuchen, diese kommentare zu beseitigen, sind sie statt dessen an dieser blogger herangetreten. +nicht wahr? so dass sie online gehen können und ideen dazu beisteuern können, wie die region im jahr 2020 aussehen könnte. +und was sollen wir dagegen tun? +erklär mir, was los ist! +nein, der junge sagte zu mir - der junge sagte zu mir: "das würde mich vernichten." +sie nannten mich als kind anthony. +wir hatten eine ganze reihe unpassender namen für sie. +wie sollen sich männer in der welt verhalten, die ich mir für sie vorstelle? +soft power ist ein konzept, das von einem harvard-akademiker, joseph nye, der mein freund ist, entwickelt wurde. +aber mitunter stand es einfach nur so da. +bauern haben normalerweise den halben tag knochenharter arbeit damit verbracht herauszukriegen ob die ortschaften offen waren, der markt stattfand, die produkte, die sie geerntet haben verkauft werden konnten und welchen preis sie kriegen würden. +sie mussten veranstaltungen um 8: 30 einstellen. +und bis zum heutigen tage bleibt es die einzige jüdische diaspora in der geschichte des jüdischen volkes, die niemals einem vorfall von antisemitismus ausgesetzt war. +es ist die idee eines ewigen landes, das sich aus einer alten zivilisation heraus entwickelte, durch eine gemeinsame geschichte vereint ist, aber vor allem durch pluralistische demokratie aufrecht erhalten wird. +ein trachom ist eine augeninfektion, die durch dreck im auge verursacht wird. kann zu dauerhafter blindheit führen. +während dieser zeit habe ich noch etwas gelernt. letztes jahr beschrieb google mich als eines den klügsten, jungen talente der welt. letztes jahr beschrieb google mich als eines den klügsten, jungen talente der welt. +wahrscheinlich spielt das in 50 jahren, wenn es streptokokken und ähnliches zeug in hülle und fülle geben wird, sowieso keine rolle mehr, weil es uns dann nicht mehr gibt. falls aber doch - brauchen wir etwas gegen diese bakterien. +auftrag ausgeführt! +dem honig ist keine süße inne. +es ist wichtig, dass wir babies lieb haben, und uns nicht von - sagen wir mal - dreckigen windeln abschrecken lassen. +er mochte es, seine studierenden eine übung machen zu lassen. sie sollten ein stück papier nehmen und die person neben ihnen zeichnen, ihren nachbarn, sehr schnell, so schnell wie sie konnten. +wo sie vielleicht die sicherheit haben, zu spielen. +danke. also gut. +wir haben also diese fingersprenger, andere haben dinosaurier. +ja, das dachte ich mir. wir kennen das alle, nicht wahr? +großartig. cool. es ging mir wirklich um die menge. +es war ein ziemlich erfolgreicher abend. +konstruktionsspiel – es ist offensichtlich etwas spielerisches, aber auch eine sehr gute art, zu lernen. +und natürlich, wenn man dann einen durchschnittlichen arbeitsort hat, sind post-it zettel vielleicht das beste baumaterial, das wir noch haben. das ist ziemlich öde. +wir haben diese erfahrungen im leben gemacht. und sie liefern uns eine sehr gute intuition derüber, ob eine handlung funktionieren wird. +kurz gesagt, wir bewundern ihre bereitschaft zu spielen. +vielleicht müssen wir im konvergenten modus ernsthafter sein. +um erfolg zu erreichen, wurde ich ziemlich gut darin, neue ideen zu finden. +also nahmen sie ihr geld und ihre projekte mit zu anderen, deren service besser war. +um genau zu sein, wollte ich ein popstar sein. +ich hatte inzwischen gelernt, noten zu lesen, bzw. war dabei, es langsam zu lernen. +dies ist cheryl ang aus singapur. +ich hab genau wie sie reagiert. +"meine schwester und ich haben immer zusammen in chören gesungen. +sie können sich vorstellen, dass bei 2000 synchronisierten youtube-videos die wiedergabezeit einfach grässlich ist. +das hier ist nissans myleaf, bei dem ihr fahrverhalten verglichen wird mit dem fahrverhalten anderer menschen, so dass sie miteinander konkurrieren können, wer am spritsparendsten fährt. +sie wollen, dass wir noch besser hineinpassen. +und das ist eine idee, die, wie ich finde, paul richard buchanan sehr nett in einem aktuellen essay ausgedrückt hat, in dem er sagt: "produkte sind lebendige argumente dafür, wie wir unser leben leben sollten." +arbeiter werden so gut oder schlecht behandelt, wie die arbeiter behandelt wurden, die diesen stuhl gebaut haben. " +tatsächlich ist es im grunde dieselbe methode, wie im 14. jahrhundert. +und diese art von reaktion gefällt mir. +was haben wir also gelernt? +ein schneller schlag wie dieser hier. wenn wir das etwas verlangsamen, das ist der fangschreckenkrebs - die gleiche spezies - aufgenommen bei 1000 einzelbildern pro sekunde, abgespielt bei 15 einzelbildern pro sekunde. +ich hoffe, es sind keine schneckenaktivisten anwesend. +es sieht aus wie ein sattel, den man einem pferd aufzäumt. +bei biologischen systemen ist es wichtig, nicht zu allzu viel überflüssiges material zu verbauen. +die erste spitze ist offensichtlich das bein, das auf die wägezelle trifft. +und diese tiere können sehr wahrscheinlich gebrauch machen, nicht nur von der kraft und energie, die in dieser speziellen sprungfeder gespeichert ist, sondern auch von den extremen eigenschaften der strömungsmechanik. sie könnten tatsächlich die strömungsmechanik als zweite kraft gebrauchen, um die schnecke aufzubrechen. +die biologin sheila patek spricht über ihre arbeit, die vermessung der nahrungsaufnahme des fangschreckenkrebses, eine der schnellsten bewegungen des tierreichs, mithilfe von filmaufnahmen bei 20.000 einzelbildern pro sekunde. +es stellt sich heraus, dass etwas mehr als 94 prozent des lebens auf der erde aquatisch ist. +nun, gehen sie in die wirkliche atmosphäre dieses planeten. +ich drehe den schub und versuche, langsam runterzugehen. +ich komme wieder hoch, aber nicht für die luft. +wenn uns also jemand kopieren will, kommt und macht mit, los. +es gibt probleme mit abwasserüberfluss und verunreinigungen, aber das betrifft wohl jede stadt ziemlich genau so, und das geht uns alle an. +was diese schnüre sind, fragen sie? +und die antwort ist, noch nicht; sie arbeiten. +wir mussten den gestank los werden! +schließlich kreierte snow eine landkarte des ausbruchs. +innerhalb einer generation halbieren wir also unsere kulturelle vielfältigkeit. +zwei monate später ging ich nach tibet und begann, die menschen dort zu befragen und zu fotografieren. das ist es, was ich tue. +das ist ein weiterer stammesführer. +das war eine tolle erfahrung für ihn. er blieb die ganze nacht wach und tanzte und trommelte mit ihnen. +erst letztes jahr haben wir das mit einer gruppe jugendlicher gemacht und das hat am besten funktioniert. +mit dem ersten bild werde ich über den beginn des universums sprechen und darüber, was ich die kosmische tatortuntersuchung nenne, also die betrachtung der überbleibsel des schöpfungsprozesses, um daraus abzuleiten, wie er sich abgespielt hat, und den anschließenden versuch, es zu verstehen. +und dann werde ich ihnen zeigen, dass es tatsächlich viel komplizierter ist. +und es gibt einen teil des universums, den wir nicht sehen können, denn er ist so dicht und heiß, dass ihn das licht nicht verlassen kann. +sie richten ein teleskop in den himmel, machen ein bild, finden heraus, was sterne sind und löschen diese, betrachten die galaxien, schätzen ein, wie weit entfernt sie sind, und markieren sie. +jetzt geht es um ein ernsthaftes spiel. +wir zoomen also hinein. +die frage ist: wie schwierig wäre es, so etwas zusammenzusetzen? +das zieht dann noch mehr materie an und so weiter. +auf der serious-play-konferenz 2008 zeigt george smoot überwältigende neue bilder aus der tiefe des alls und bringt uns dazu, darüber nachzudenken, wie der kosmos – mit seinen gigantischen netzen aus dunkler materie und geheimnisvollen leerräumen – sich dorthin entwickelt hat. +man hat stress, man meditiert ein bisschen. +wir brauchen eine übung. rahmenbedingungen, um zu lernen, wie man achtsamer wird. +er tut wirklich weh. wir verstärken es nur noch, oder? +der neurologe schaute sich meine kritzelige linie an und sagte, "warum versuchen sie nicht, ihre einschränkung zu akzeptieren?" +was könnte ich z. b. nur mit einem dollar anfangen? +das ganze passierte nicht von heute auf morgen. +also filmte ich. +als ich mich zu dem rauchenden schornstein aufmachte, den ich von fern erspäht hatte, traf ich auf hanna saworotina. +zu meinem laptop habe ich eine innigere verbindung als zu irgendeinem stück erde. +ich verkörpere das zentrale paradoxon. +eltern schreiben sms und e-mails beim frühstück und abendbrot, während ihre kinder sich beschweren, dass sie nicht die volle aufmerksamkeit ihrer eltern bekommen. +aber was sich gerade richtig anfühlt für die führungskraft im mittleren alter, kann ein problem für einen jugendlichen sein, der beziehungen von angesicht zu angesicht entwickeln muss. +das gefühl, dass niemand mir zuhört, ist sehr wichtig in unserer beziehung mit technik. +und wir sind alle verwundbar. +was tun wir also? wir verbinden uns immer weiter. +schaffen sie dafür raum. +sprechen wir darüber, wie wir digitale technologie, die technologie unserer träume, einsetzen können, um aus diesem leben das leben zu machen, das wir lieben. +da sagte der herr, 'du hast dein bestes gegeben, das ist doch ein erfolg.' "dies und ähnliches war die grundlage für meine definition von erfolg. nämlich: seelenfrieden, ausgelöst durch die genugtuung zu wissen, dass man sich angestrengt hat, sein bestmögliches zu leisten. +ich kannte ihn einst, aber damals war er noch ein junge. +und ein junger, verheirateter mann sollte nicht schlechtgelaunt nach hause gehen. " +oft hoffen wir zwar, dass sich alles so entwickelt, wie wir es uns wünschen, aber wir tun nicht das erforderliche, um diese wünsche wahr werden zu lassen. +und gewinnen, obwohl der gegner mehr punkte gemacht hat. +ich hatte welche, die es konnten, aber nicht taten, und welche, die es taten, aber nicht konnten. +so hat sich in den letzten 10 jahren die zahl der patienten, die ein organ benötigen, verdoppelt, während die zahl faktisch vorhandener transplantate kaum gestiegen ist. +leberzellen, nervenzellen, pankreaszellen – die können wir selbst heute nicht züchten. +dann stellen wir es in ein ofenähnliches gerät und so können wir diese struktur herstellen und herausbringen. +zum guten schluss kommt dabei diese struktur heraus. +der drucker, den sie hier sehen, hat diese nierenstruktur gedruckt, die ich ihnen vorher gezeigt habe. +ich wurde teamkapitän, und das war klasse. +ich nahm sie zur seite. +vor ein paar wochen habe ich eine dieser seiten besucht, die erwartungsgemäß swaptree heißt. und dort gab es über 59.300 gegenstände, die ich sofort eintauschen konnte gegen meine ausgabe von "24". +das ist es, was mir passiert ist, als ich bemerkte, dass wir uns wegbewegen von passiven konsumenten hin zu schöpfern, hin zu höchst aktiven kollaboratoren. +diese vier elemente verbinden sich und schaffen den großen wandel -- weg vom 20. jahrhundert, das vom hyperkonsum definiert wurde, hin zum 21. jahrhundert, das vom kollaborativen konsum gekennzeichnet wird. +diese drei systeme kommen zusammen, erlauben es den menschen, ressourcen gemeinsam zu nutzen, ohne ihre lebensgewohnheiten aufzugeben, oder ihre in ehren gehaltene persönliche freiheit. +das befeuert eine massive veränderung, in der nutzung besitztum übertrumpft -- oder wie kevin kelly, der redakteur des magazins wired, es ausdrückt, "wo zugriff besser ist als besitz." +ich heiße joseph und bin parlamentsmitglied in kenia. +der anführer der häuptlinge sagte: "tut uns leid, wir können euch nicht mitnehmen, dann sind wir zu langsam. +ich bitte meine freunde aus amerika um hilfe, schwestern und ärzte zu schicken, um uns zu helfen. +ich war im naturwissenschaftlichen museum, als der tornado hereinbrach und spielte gerade mit dem tornado-muster. +co: sie haben meine nummer aus den nachrichten? +solche systeme, die wir unvorbereitet erstellten, könnten schon vorher vorhanden sein. +mo: daten. +in unserer heimatstadt haben wir ein halbes dutzend anwohner geschult, diese internetgestützten instrumente anzuwenden. +und ich habe julius in der letzten woche getroffen, in der ich in kibera gelebt habe. +‚ wenn man ihm einen monat schuldet, dann kommt der vermieter mit seinen handlangern und wirft einen raus. er wird deine sachen konfiszieren. ', sagte armstrong. +das ist die vielleicht primitivste hütte, die man in kibera finden kann, wenig mehr als eine stock-und-schlamm-hütte neben einer müllhalde. +sie befindet sich auf ziemlich abschüssigem grund. +einer ist, dass die leute die versicherung brauchen, dass sie nicht hinausgeworfen werden. +die zukunft dieser gemeinschaften liegt in ihren menschen und in unserer fähigkeit, mit diesen menschen zu arbeiten. +ich weiß nicht, woher julian morrow das hat. +sehen sie ihn da oben? +einer davon ist ein weiterer amerikanischer erfinder, ted henter. +viele webseiten können wir nicht mit jaws und den anderen technologien lesen. +ich glaube, ich muss mich jetzt verabschieden. +interessanterweise zeigen andere neurologische erkrankungen, die völlig andere bereiche des gehirns betreffen, ebenfalls bündel falsch strukturierter proteine, was darauf hindeutet, dass der ansatz ein allgemeiner sein könnte, der nicht nur für alzheimer, sondern auch für andere neurolog. erkrankungen angewandt werden könnte. +ich werde ihre warnungen ignorieren und eine sehr spezifische vorhersage machen. +eine große blütezeit also, und ich glaube immer mehr dass dieses zitat des physikers freeman dyson keineswegs übertrieben ist. es nennt lediglich fakten. ["technologie ist ein geschenk gottes. nach dem geschenk des lebens +um sie wirklich zum stereotyp zu machen, sagen wir, sie sind beide weiße männer. +und wenn sie befürchten, dass so etwas wie ein garantiertes einkommen unseren erfolgskurs im keim ersticken wird und uns irgendwie selbstgefällig werden lässt, könnte es sie interessieren, dass die soziale mobilität, eines der dinge, auf die wir in den usa wirklich stolz sind, jetzt niedriger ist als in den nordeuropäischen ländern, die diese sehr großzügigen sozialen sicherheitsnetze haben. +die realität dieses neuen maschinenzeitalters und der wirtschaftliche wandel werden immer bekannter. +im lauf der jahre begann ich mich zunehmend unwohler mit dieser auffassung von gott zu fühlen. +einige haben geschlussfolgert, dass wir nur an einen gott glauben können, der unseren schmerz teilt. +in der zweiten strophe kommt die zeile "wind und wellen gehorchen ihm". +wer also ist gott, falls nicht der große strippenzieher oder stammesbewahrer? +was wenn gott in den dingen ist? +wie könnte man einen solchen glauben ausüben? +und so möchte ich mit euch sozusagen durch meine kleine geschichte gehen darüber, was ich herausgefunden habe. +und wenn wir diese stämme von jägern und sammlern untersuchen und die neandertaler, die den ersten menschen sehr ähnlich waren, finden wir eine merkwürdige sache in dieser welt ohne technologie, und das ist eine art kurve ihres durchschnittlichen alters. +es war in einer gewissen weise, im mcluhan 'schen sinne, ein externer magen. im sinne, dass es essen kochte, das wir andernfalls nicht verspeisen konnten. +während das etwas ist, das aus unserem geist kommt, hat es auch tiefe wurzeln im kosmos. +es zweigt ab von der menschlichen form. +ich glaube, das führt nirgendwo hin. +das ist es, was wir von technologie erhalten. ständig. darum verlassen menschen ihr dorf und gehen in die städte, weil sie immer von chancen und möglichkeiten angezogen sind. +ich war indessen in der umgebung vieler lehrer aufgewachsen. +die idee war also, dass man eben seine arbeit macht, um 14: 30 kommen die schüler reingeströmt und man unterbricht was man tut, oder man tauscht oder arbeitet eben ein bisschen später. +das war nur mein ding -- ich hab gesagt wir brauchen etwas das auf die köpfe der leute fällt. +der laden war also jeden tag gefüllt mit kindern. +der schlüssel ist, auch wenn du nur ein paar stunden im monat frei hast, diese zwei stunden schulter-an-schulter mit einem schüler, konzentrierte aufmerksamkeit, die licht auf ihre arbeit strahlt, auf ihre gedanken und ihren selbst-ausdruck, der komplett transformierend ist weil so viele der schüler das noch nie hatten. +sie arbeiten unter anleitung der lehrer und alles in einem großen raum. +all die bücher werden im laden verkauft. in der nähe der planken. +sie wollten kein piratenzubehör verkaufen; +das ist der laden während den nachhilfe stunden. +nunja. ich werde etwas nach vorne springen. +die schulen brauchen euch. die lehrer brauchen euch. +sehen sie, ich bin im kriegsgeschundenen irak aufgewachsen und ich glaube, dass es zwei seiten des krieges gibt und dass wir nur eine seite davon sehen. +damit nehmen wir vergewaltigungen und todesfälle als zwangsläufig wahr. +es gibt die seite, die kämpft und es gibt eine seite, die die schulen und die fabriken und die krankenhäuser offen hält. +eine kongolesin, die mir erzählte, wie ihre kinder dabei zusehen mussten, wie ihr vater getötet wurde und wie sie selbst vor ihren augen vergewaltigt und geschändet wurde, und wie ihre kinder sahen, wir ihr neunjähriges geschwister vor ihren augen getötet wurde, wie sie es schafften, dass es ihnen heute gut geht. +zainab salbi: frauen, kriegszeiten und der traum von frieden +sie war in dieser sendung namens 'das einfache leben'. +letzten monat war ich bei google, und wow, was für eine cafeteria! +sie ist sehr wichtig in meinem leben, denn sie sagte mir, ich soll das mit verlassen und zur kunstakademie gehen. +wenn man also komplexität mit einfachheit vergleicht, holt diese auch irgendwie auf. +und wenn einem das jemand sagt, fühlt man sich komisch. +ich ging also zurück zum computer und kaufte fünf grosse portionen pommes, um sie alle einzuscannen. ich suchte nach einer art essensthema und schrieb eine software, um automatisch pommes-bilder anzulegen. +es ist ein bisschen gruselig, nicht wahr? +ich schrieb das buch, weil ich etwas übers leben herausfinden wollte. +zum vierten mal hier, ich denke, ich komme für diese weisheit hierher. +die herausforderungen des umweltschutzes fallen in dieselben drei kategorien und zumeist denken wir an lokale umweltprobleme: luftverschmutzung, wasserverschmutzung, giftmülllagerungen. aber es gibt auch regionale umweltprobleme wie saurer regen vom mittleren westen bis zum nordosten und von westeuropa bis zur arktis und vom mittleren westen aus dem mississippi bis in die todeszone des golfs von mexiko. +sie alle wissen dies. bei der letzten zusammenfassung des ipcc wollten die wissenschaftler auf die frage "wie sicher ist das?" mit "99 prozent" antworten. +wir müssen eine gemeinsame sichtweise darüber haben, wie wir dies angehen können: der kampf gegen die armut in der welt und die herausforderung der verringerung der emissionen in den industrieländern haben alle eine einzige, sehr einfache lösung. +was wir brauchen, ist eine neue generation von helden. besonders jene von uns, die heute in den vereinigten staaten von amerika leben, aber auch der rest der welt muss verstehen, dass die geschichte uns eine wahl gegeben hat - so wie jill bolte taylor herausfand, wie sie ihr leben retten konnte, während sie durch die erstaunliche erfahrung, die sie erlebte, abgelenkt wurde. +sie sagen das richtige und wer auch immer gewählt wird, wird vielleicht das richtige tun, aber ich möchte ihnen sagen: als ich 1997 von kyoto mit einem großen glücksgefühl zurückkam, dass wir dort einen durchbruch erzielt hatten und dann den senat der vereinigten staaten konfronierte, war nur einer von 100 senatoren bereit, diesen vertrag zu bestätigen und ihn zu ratifizieren. das, was der kandidat sagt, muss mit dem, was die leute sagen, übereinstimmen. +eine veränderung in unserem engagement. einen neuen sinn für die dringlichkeit. +diese ausstellung ist über die arbeit von designern, die uns dabei helfen, elastischer zu sein, und auch über designer, die an dieser elastizität arbeiten als chance. und letztlich sind es nicht nur die designer, sondern auch die wissenschaftler. +er überlegt – es ist natürlich nur ein konzept – schriften in spermatozoen zu spritzen, ich weiß nicht, wie man das auf englisch sagt – spermatazoi – somit werden sie – fast ein lied haben oder mit jeder ejakulation ein ganzes gedicht schreiben. +in diesem speziellen fall wird ein abschnitt dem informationsdesign gewidmet sein. +schnelle fertigung ist eine computerdatei, die direkt vom computer an die produktionsmaschine geschickt wird. +eine andere form wird für krebs angefertigt. +viele designer haben in letzter zeit an der idee von tod und trauer gearbeitet, und was wir mit den neuen technologien machen können. +wir taten dies in drei schritten. +und das selbe muster tauchte in jedem konflikt auf. +was passiert denn hier? +das gegenteil passierte. +und innerhalb der jüdischen lehren, also in den rabbinischen lehren, haben wir hillel, der sagt, dass man anderen nichts antun sollte, was man selbst nicht angetan haben möchte. +und dann schaute gott in die zukunft und ihm wurde bewusst, dass, wenn die welt nur mit gerechtigkeit erschaffen wäre, sie nicht existieren könnte. +und dass diese einheit alles erschaffene miteinander verbindet. +und er eilte nach hause. nach sabbat backte er zwölf laibe brot, die er zur synagoge brachte, und rein ging, er öffnete den schrein und sprach: "gott, ich weiss zwar nicht warum du dieses brot willst, aber hier hast du es." +und er bestellte die beiden in sein büro. +er bleibt für monate und oftmals für jahre. und wenn das passiert, ist es eine eigene krankheit. +aber das schlimmste daran war nicht der plötzliche schmerz, der 24 stunden am tag da war. +wir behandeln diese patienten zu diesem zeitpunkt in einer eher unausgegorenen art. +wenn sie aus dem fenster schauen, können sie long 's peak sehen. den kennen sie vermutlich. +also, er ist etwa 1,6 kilometer im durchmesser, 200 meter tief. +lassen sie mich festhalten, dass wir einen gigantischen einschlag wie den dinosaurier-killer seit 65 millionen jahren noch nicht wieder hatten. die sind sehr selten. +okay, die gute nachricht dabei ist, dass die chancen, dass er durch dieses "keyhole" fliegt und uns auf seiner nächsten runde trifft, eins zu einer millionen stehen, ungefähr - sehr sehr kleine chancen. also ich persönlich habe deswegen keine schlaflosen nächte, in denen ich mir darüber sorgen mache. +es gibt noch eine reihe anderer probleme damit. es ist sehr schwer umzusetzen. +diese sonde kann keine chemischen raketen verwenden. +also dachte ich, dass es gut wäre, damit zu beginnen. +und wir hatten all das auf band. +das ist so offensichtlich, sonnenklar, und jemand musste diese idee doch gehabt haben. +sehen sie, banken, ich weiß nicht, ob hier irgendwelche banker sind, ich entschuldige mich im voraus, aber es ist der beste job der welt. +nur ganz schnell zu den ergebnissen: +er geht hin und trifft den gouverneur. der gouverneur sagt, boris nikolajewitsch, ich sehe, sie machen einen tollen job, und ihre ist die angesehenste zeitung in unserem distrikt, +denn wenn man über die bedeutung einiger der themen, über die wir letzte nacht gesprochen haben, nachdenkt -- diese letzte session über afrika und seine hypothetischen 50 milliarden doller, die für afrika bestimmt sind. +jetzt tagträumen wir um 11: 30 mit 55 sekunden übrig. +was passiert mit materie, wenn man sie sehr fein zerstückelt? +nehmen wir einmal an sie haben, nun ja, gänzlich andere sinnesorgane und dergleichen. +und bei einer menge wohlbekannter fälle sind sie es natürlich. +das ist ein sehr einfaches beispiel. +hier also eine sehr spannende entwicklung von der viele leute noch nicht gehört haben. +es ist dieselbe theorie der schwerkraft. +vermutlich meinen sie etwas übernatürliches. +wie wahr für lincoln. +danach überraschte er die nation mit seinem sieg bei den präsidentschaftswahlen gegen drei weitaus erfahrenere, weitaus gebildetere, weitaus berühmtere gegner. +aber nicht einmal in seinen wildesten träumen hätte lincoln sich vorstellen können, wie weit sein ansehen reichen würde. +aber es war nicht ganz so einfach. +ein sieger in tausenden wettbewerben, drei große bürgerrechtsgesetze, die gesundheitsversicherung für ältere, bildungsunterstützungen. +eine seiner lieblingsgeschichten zum beispiel hatte mit dem revolutionshelden ethan allen zu tun. +und ich war so aufgeregt, der erste, den ich außerhalb von ebbets field sah. +aber glücklicherweise, meine erste beichte - zu einem priester, der baseball liebte! +beginnen möchte ich mit einer episode aus dieser reihe von ereignissen, die die meisten von ihnen wohl kennen, belsazars fest – denn wir sprechen vom golfkrieg im jahr 539 v. chr. +und was wird der große könig, der mächtige könig, der könig der vier weltgegenden tun? +es war das bis dahin größte reich der welt. +kein weiterer beweis. +und er wäre genauso überrascht gewesen, dass er auf befehl von marduk handelt. +sie wollen sich den kyros-zylinder leihen. +und ich möchte abschließen mit der frage an sie, was die nächste geschichte sein wird, in der dieses objekt auftauchen wird. +erst wenn es schief läuft, beginnen wir, die bedeutung von familien für kinder zu erkennen. +die ohne behinderungen werden mit drei jahren in eine andere einrichtung verlegt und mit sieben wieder in eine andere. getrennt nach alter und geschlecht werden sie willkürlich von ihren geschwistern getrennt, oft ohne die möglichkeit, sich zu verabschieden. +die menschen müssen wissen, welchen schaden pflegeeinrichtungen kindern zufügen können und dass es bessere alternativen gibt. +denn es ist offenbar unglaublich beängstigend. +deswegen wollten wir, dass der 21. september das jährliche friedensdatum wird. +auf diesem weg einfach im moment zu bleiben, war wundervoll und wirklich sehr ermutigend. +es spielte keine rolle, wenn ich den friedenstag nicht erschaffen würde. +ich erinnere mich, wie ich dachte, "das ist genau der grund, warum wir tatsächlich noch härter arbeiten müssen. +es war historisch. könnte es in afghanistan funktionieren, mit unama und der who und der zivilbevölkerung, etc., etc., etc.? +und das taten wir, wir reisten herum und wir sprachen mit den ältesten, mit den ärztern, mit den krankenschwestern, wir hielten pressekonferenzen, wir gingen mit soldaten aus, wir setzten uns mit der isaf hin und mit der nato, wir sassen mit der regierung des vereinigten königreichs zusammen. +wir überreichten den film. +das ist letzlich, worum es dabei geht. " +es geht um ihre wählerbezirke, um ihr geschäft. +aber spielen wir mal mit. +dies wurde also für mich die zu eruierende zentralfrage: wie viele neuronen hat das menschliche gehirn und das im vergleich zu anderen tieren? +verglichen mit einer ratte mögen wir besonders sein, aber das ist kein fairer vergleich, denn wir wissen ja, dass wir keine nagetiere sind. +wenn man wie ein primat frisst, kann man sich beides nicht leisten. +ich glaube, so wurden wir zu menschen. +mich fasziniert die idee, was passiert, wenn man biologie mit technologie mischt, und ich las einmal von der idee, biologie umprogrammieren zu können, in der zukunft, fern von krankheit und altern. +es ist ein logischer plan, aber das ist nicht immer so gewesen. +aber eines tages passierte etwas. +dieser mann, sein name war mahmoud, und das kind, sein name war rafi, gingen. +es hat keine priorität. " +die beinprothese wurde hergestellt und er begann mit der wirklichen physikalischen rehabilitation. +es ist nicht nötig, den ganzen tag bei mir zu bleiben, um den rollstuhl zu schieben. " +ich möchte nicht, dass sie in der schule von anderen schülern aufgezogen werden. " +aber mit najmuddin kann man nicht diskutieren. +jedes jahr sind es 7.000 – leute, die das erste mal kommen. +dies ist mein großer wunsch. +ich möchte ihnen einige geschichten erzählen, die meine ansicht erklären. +ihre entscheidungen, ihre handlungen zählen. +was für lehren würden sie aus einer solchen erfahrung ziehen? +und davon war ich ein teil. +also, ich war ein bisschen verängstigt, denn wenn man diese drei probleme sieht, scheinen sie echt hart zu bekämpfen zu sein. +und er beendet sie mit "danke." +es sagt eine menge, über ihre mitstudenten, die sie gewählt haben, aus. +können sie sie sehen? +wenn wr also verstehen wollen, ob ein planet bewohnbar ist, ob er lebensförderliche bedingungen bietet, wollen wir nicht nur wissen, wieviel licht er abbekommt und wie warm er ist, sondern auch welches allwetter ihn umgibt – diese energiereiche strahlung, die uv- und röntgenstrahlen, die von seinem stern ausgehen und ihn in hochenergiestrahlung baden. +falsch. ich sehe sie nicht an. ich kann sie nicht sehen. +aber es gibt dort draußen eine große menge von leuten, die sagen ihnen dass sie übersinnliche, magische kräfte haben, dass sie die zukunft vorhersagen, dass sie kontakt mit den toten herstellen. +sie bringt uns keine nützliche information. +"hatte er je einen elektrorasierer?" nein. +nun, wie könnten wir ohne die nur leben? +sie konnte mich nicht erreichen. jetzt sagt sie, sie will mich nicht erreichen. weil ich eine gottlose person bin. +leute, das ist keine einfache metapher, von der ich spreche, es stimmt. +das ist sehr wichtig, überlebenswichtig für uns. +der legendäre skeptiker james randi nimmt eine tödliche dosis homöopatischer schlaftabletten auf der bühne und tritt damit eine glühende 18-minütige anklage irrationalen glaubens los. er fordert die hellseher auf der ganzen welt heraus: beweisen sie, dass, was sie tun, echt ist, und ich gebe ihnen eine million dollar. +deshalb läuft das gesamte krankenhaus oft nur über einen generator. +es muss etwas besseres geben. " +aber so kann der benutzer kontrollieren, ob es gerade strom gibt oder nicht, denn sie können die zufuhr auf der basis steuern, wieviel prozent sauerstoff sie ihrem patient geben. +aber wir wollen sicher sein, dass dies das effektivste und sicherste gerät ist, das wir krankenhäusern zur verfügung stellen können. +ein paar von meinen schülern entworfene logos. +der kreative geist in afrika, die kreative tradition ist so potent wie eh und je, wenn designer doch nur im inneren suchen würden. +es ist ein holocaust einer anderen art, und das zu ignorieren, hilft niemandem. +ich habe keine zeit, über die vorteile von pflanzlicher kost zu sprechen, aber das ist nachgewiesen – und ich möchte das ganz deutlich machen – es sind nicht bestandteile der pflanzen, es sind die pflanzen an sich. +die ernährungspyramide wird zur hälfte von leuten erstellt, die verbindungen zur agrarindustrie haben. +es gab keine margarine. +die auswirkungen davon sind bekannt und überall zu sehen. +die meisten mütter kochten wie meine: ein stück fleisch, ein schneller salat mit einem dressing aus der flasche, suppe aus der dose, obstsalat ebenfalls aus der dose. +und am meisten essen wir – sie erraten es sicher: +ich sage das als jemand, der eine menge corned beef in seinem leben gegessen hat. +wir können weiterhin nach zutaten suchen, die wir lieben, und stundenlang über unsere lieblingsspeisen reden. +klingt vertraut? +wenn ich eine indiskrete frage stellen darf: wie viele von ihnen haben tattoos? +mythos nr. 2: orpheus, ein feiner kerl, charmant in seiner nähe zu sein, partylöwe, großartiger sänger, verliert seine liebste, bezaubert seinen weg in die unterwelt, – die einzige person, die es mit charme in die unterwelt geschafft hat – bezaubert die götter der unterwelt, sie lassen seine schönheit unter einer bedingung frei; er darf sie nicht ansehen, bis sie draußen sind. +manche wurden von anderen vortragenden bereits erwähnt, das ist ermutigend. +52 millionen menschen sterben jährlich aus natürlichen gründen, das entspäche dann 52 zerstörten ausgaben. +wenn wir die zukünftigen generationen einberechnen, die niemals existieren werden, wenn wir uns in die luft jagen, dann wird die zahl astronomisch hoch. +wir wären sehr erfolgreich. +wenn sie darüber nachdenken, was es bedeutet, rechnen oder lesen zu lernen, dann beschreibt man tatsächlich sinngemäss das eigene hirn neu. +sie würden uns ganz verblüfft anstarren, wenn wir zeit damit verbringen, eine schöne aufführung anzuhören wie die eine, die wir gerade hörten – aufgrund von menschen, die dumme bewegungen machen. und sie wären wirklich irritiert und würden nicht sehen, was mit uns los ist. +dann bewegt man sich in diesen grösseren raum des 'menschen plus' und man könnte diesen prozess fortsetzen, um viel von diesem grösseren raum voller möglicher daseinsmodi erfahren zu können. +ts: das sind dauermagneten. +ts: yeah, wir nehmen ein paar leinwände. +und dann als ich das zweite machte hat es die arbeit wirklich durcheinandergebracht -- diese starken blauen linien krachen durch die mitte -- und das schaffte spannung und überschneidung. +es scheint, dass in dieser phase ihres lebens sie persönlich sich auch im zustand der konfrontation mit einer art unstimmigkeit befinden -- ich nehme an, es ist eine elektromagnetische kraft die irgendwie parkinsons lenkt und diese kreative kraft, die zugleich der hier und jetzt anwesende künstler ist und die spanne ihres ganzen lebens. +ts: vielen dank, john. +also will er geld von meiner mutter, als sie rauskommt, aber sie hat nicht genug. +ich wuchs auch, wo fuchs und hase sich gute nacht sagen, an einer schotterstrasse im ländlichen arkansas, eine stunde vom nächsten kino entfernt. +einen davon nenne ich mimaw 's test. +ich bin under dem wasser mit diesen fischen. +eines davon sind rubbelbilder meisterwerke. +er benutzte wilde vögel, um kunst für ihn zu schaffen. +und so gingen wir zum grab und machten dies, es war urkomisch -- die aufmerksamkeit die wir erhielten. +und sie beschreibt wie das zäpfchen -- alles was sie sage is gefallen wegen der verbotenen frucht. +er ist ein australischer stammesältester der aborigines, und er ist auch ein künstler. +und sie denken, das eine hat mit dem anderen nichts zu tun, aber ich hoffe, dass sie nach diesen 18 minuten eine gewisse verbindung sehen. +und was sich verändert hat, ist etwas, das man in der kunst nicht erwartet, nämlich mathematik. +und wenn sie nicht 400 schuppen falten wollen, können sie sich zurückhalten und nur ein paar dinge tun, und platten eines schildkrötenpanzers hinzufügen, oder zehen. +wir werden lernen, eine lasche zu machen. +und ich kann diese muster heute nutzen, um origamiformen zu erschaffen. +zehen sind zu einem origami-mem geworden. denn jeder macht sie. +die mussten sicherlich nicht mit origamikünstlern reden. +das problem, das hier gelöst ist, ist, dass etwas am ziel groß und blattähnlich sein muss, aber klein für die reise. +forrest north: der beginn jeder kollaboration fängt mit einem gespräch an. +er hat unsern name und logo ausgedacht. wir sind mission motors. +die 200.000-jährige periode, in der männer die platzhirsche waren, neigt sich sage und schreibe tatsächlich dem ende zu, und deswegen rede ich vom ende der männer. +und weil sie von diesem ergebnis fasziniert waren, entschieden sie sich dazu, eine landesweite untersuchung durchzuführen. +aber so gehts heute nicht mehr. +und was noch verstörender ist, ist, was mit jüngeren knaben passiert. +und ich denke, der grund, warum es es in sich hat, ist, dass tausende jahre geschichte sich selbst nicht umdrehen ohne viel schmerzen. und deswegen rede ich darüber, dass wir alle gemeinsam dadurch gehen. +aber im laufe der 70ern und 80ern beschloss die regierung von süd-korea eine rasante industrialisierung, und was sie dann tat, war, frauen in die arbeitnehmerschaft zu drängen. +und wir verfügen über sehr viel fähigkeiten und erfahrungen, aber es ist ein trick, wie soll man sich also darauf vorbereiten, durch die gläserne decke zu kommen. +und der mann, der an jenem abend den vortrag hielt, war sehr interessant. +und es ist interessant, wenn sie mal drüber nachdenken, wie, wenn man über die zivilisationen nachdenkt, die wir als höhepunkte menschlicher errungenschaft betrachten, ob das nun china ist, griechenland, die zivilisation der hindus, oder die mayas, die ägypter - was wir über sie wissen, dreht sich um ihre ekstasen, und nicht um ihren alltag. +ob es mathematik ist oder musik - es braucht einfach lange um an einen punkt zu geraten, an dem man etwas so verändern kann, dass es danach besser ist als vorher. +man weiß, dass das, was man zu tun hat, auch getan werden kann, auch wenn es schwer sein mag, und das zeitgefühl verschwindet, man vergisst sich selbst, man empfindet sich als teil von etwas größerem. +obwohl fernsehen manchmal, circa sieben bis acht prozent der zeit, in den flow-zustand versetzt, aber das geschieht dann, wenn man eine sendung wählt, die man wirklich sehen möchte, und von ihr feedback bekommt. +und wenn "wo kommst du her?" bedeutet: +und die zahl der menschen unter uns, die außerhalb der alten nationalstaatlichen kategorien leben, steigt dermaßen schnell, dass wir allein in den letzten 12 jahren auf 64 millionen gekommen sind, und bald die einwohnerzahl der usa überschreiten. +dennoch gibt es ein großes problem mit der bewegung, und zwar die tatsache, dass es schwer ist, sich in der luft zu orientieren. +also habe ich mich hingesetzt und fing an zu schreiben, weiter und weiter zu schreiben, obwohl ich ja eigentlich dahin gefahren bin, um von meinem schreibtisch wegzukommen. +danke. +und ich werde nun darüber reden, wie sich die weltweite bevölkerung seitdem und bis in die zukunft hinaus verändert hat. aber ich werde keine digitalen technologien verwenden, wie ich es in meinen ersten fünf tedtalks getan habe. +und die erfolgreichsten der entwicklungsländer, die sind fortgeschritten, wissen sie. und sie wurden zu so genannten schwellenländern. +werden sie sich weiter bewegen? +[alle] schwellenländer [der] welt fügen sich der westlichen welt an mit guten überlebensquoten der kinder und kleinen familiengrößen. aber die ärmsten milliarden haben wir immer noch. +über die nächsten 50 jahre wird die weltweite bevölkerung auf 9 milliarden anwachsen - und nur indem wir die lebensstandards der ärmsten verbessern, können wir das bevölkerungswachstum eindämmen. das ist die paradoxe antwort, die hans rosling bei ted @ cannes enthüllt, mit der hilfe einer bunten neuen datenveranschaulichungsmethode. +was bleibt, ist dieser abstand, dieser anstieg der sterblichkeitsrate, je weiter man nach norden kommt. +und ich begann zu forschen und wir fanden heraus, sehr spannend, dass die haut stickstoffmonoxid produziert. +wir mussten auf eines achten – denn vitamin d wird durch uv-b-strahlen produziert und wir wollten unsere sache von der vitamin d-sache trennen. +es gibt keine veränderung bei der durchblutung, bei der erweiterung der blutgefäße. +und das ist noch in arbeit, aber dermatologen – also, ich bin ein hautarzt. +das sind große probleme. +folglich regeneriert sich unser körper ständig. +sie lösen sich innerhalb einiger monate auf. +und dieses röntgenbild zeigt das patentierte, funktionale blutgefäß. +es gibt jedoch andere hohlorgane mit weiterer komplexität. +eine weitere strategie, die wir verfolgt haben, ist die verwendung von dezellularisierten organen. +was die größe angeht, sind wir im moment eingeschränkt, aber unser eigentliches ziel ist es, diese flächen mit der zeit zu vergrößern. +schließlich stoppt er die durchgegangene kutsche. +ich wette mit ihnen, dass ich der dümmste hier in diesem raum bin, weil ich nicht durch die schule gekommen bin. ich bin in der schule gescheitert. +was wir tun ist, wir unterrichten kinder all jene sachen, die sie nicht tun sollen. schlag nicht, beiß nicht, fluche nicht. +alle drei gründer von netscape hatten sie. +ist es das eine oder das andere? was ist es? +an einen kunden erinnere ich mich besonders gut, weil ich noch andere geschäfte mit ihm machte. +ich lernte auch, dass man seine quellen nicht offenbart, weil ich nach 4 wochen verprügelt wurde, weil eins der reichen kinder entdeckte, von wem ich meine comics kaufte und er mochte es überhaupt nicht, dass er so viel mehr bezahlte. +und man konnte nadeln in sie hinstecken. +die lieferte ich an 70-jährige frauen, die bridge spielten. +das war klasse, weil ich so verkaufsstellen hatte. +sie bekommen kein regelmäßiges einkommen, aber sie haben die möglichkeit weitere aufgaben zu finden und sie lernen, die fähigkeit des verhandelns, und sie lernen ebenfalls die fähigkeit, weitere möglichkeiten zu finden. +wenn sie in ein restaurant gehen und schlecht bedient werden, zeigen sie ihnen wie schlechter kundenservice aussieht. +es ist ein video von einem unternehmen, bei dem ich als mentor agiere. +wir haben es sogar geschafft, die literaturwissenschaften obskur werden zu lassen. +eine erschütternde vorliebe für den einsatz von gewalt war zum gemeinplatz geworden. mit einer gleichermaßen großen abscheu für die alternativen formen von einflussnahme. +aber mit strukturen, die verbinden statt trennen, kreise, die voneinander abhängen anstatt isolierende dreiecke. +die wichtigste entdeckung, die wir mit unserem fokus auf öffentliches handeln machten, war, dass die schwierigen entscheidungen nicht zwischen gut und böse zu fällen sind, sondern zwischen rivalisierenden guten. +präsident obama und sein team können es schlicht nicht alleine schaffen. +okay, sehen sie? das wars. fast fertig. da haben wirs. +sie erkennen, dass diese beiden dinge koexistieren müssen. +sie handeln alle in dem bewußtsein, die originale version nachzuspielen. +in den guten alten tagen, als ein republikaner diese firma leitete, bauten ihre besten werke auf der vergangenheit auf. +ich glaube es gibt hier einige lektionen zu lernen, lektionen über offenheit. +man konnte die musik noch kaufen, aber hören konnte man nichts, weil es stumm geschaltet war. +auf jeden fall bitte ich sie, zusammen mit mir diese werte zu vermitteln. +dass man verurteilt wird, wenn man nicht die richtige kreative sache sagt. +und es passierte noch etwas anderes: die leute, die den prozess durchliefen und die schlange anfassten, hatten am ende weniger ängste vor anderen dingen in ihrem leben. +ungefähr zur gleichen zeit nahm er unterricht an der d.school in stanford. +also, während man in seinem schlafanzug mit den anderen patienten herumsitzt und jeder blass und dünn aussieht, und man auf seine runde gammastrahlen wartet, denkt man über eine menge nach. +vielen dank. +schauen wir uns nun die situation in anderen raumbereichen dieses gebäudes an. +als er mich traf und erkannte, dass er quantitativ untersuchen konnte, welchen einfluss seine design-entscheidungen auf die ökologie und biologie dieses gebäudes hatten, war er fasziniert, da sich ihm dadurch völlig neue möglichkeiten erschlossen. +wollen wir uns diese jungs mal näher anschauen. +es war zur erweiterung der menschlichen intelligenz bestimmt, so nannte man das. +in den 80ern gibt es einige beispiele für dieses system im einsatz. +und laut dem fortune magazine 700 millionen dollar schwer ist. +irgendwer bei reddit dachte sich nämlich: "mann, das klingt toll. wir sollten alle dafür stimmen." +sie gaben sogar eine e-card heraus, sodass man seinem freund einen tanzenden splashy schicken konnte. +ich komme aus burkina faso. +fundraising war keine leichte aufgabe. +für mich und meine gemeinschaft war dieses projekt ein riesiger erfolg. +ich möchte es ihnen gern zeigen. +sie wissen es schon. +und wenn man hindurchschaut, kann man einen blick in die gedanken eines cyber-illusionisten erhaschen. +stimme: verraten sie es nicht oder es geht nicht in erfüllung. +digitaler mt: das ist ohne frage die echte karte. +nun ist die große frage hier offensichtlich: wie können wir china verstehen? +die erste ist, dass der größte politische wert für chinesen einheit ist, die wahrung der chinesischen zivilisation. +die chinesen haben einen sehr, sehr unterschiedlichen begriff von ethnie als die meisten anderen länder. +er hatte keine ernstzunehmenden rivalen. +hier haben wir also drei bausteine um zu versuchen das andere, das china ist, zu verstehen -- der zivilisationsstaat, das konzept von ethnie, und die art des staates und seine beziehung zur gesellschaft. +erstens: der westen verliert rasant weltweit seinen einfluss. +das ist also, wie sich dinge entwickeln werden, denn china hat ein sehr spezifisches problem, das sich von europa und den vereinigten staaten unterscheidet. china hat eine hohe bevölkerungszahl und keinen platz. +rot = trommeln blau = bass grün = akkorde orange = leads violett = pads das mundstück besteht aus... +seitdem sind acht jahre vergangen, und ich kann so viel sagen, dass ich nicht nach china ging, um anwältin zu werden. +[chinesisch] "große schwester wong," washburn, wong, jacke wie hose. +wie ist das mit kunst? +alle klebten vor den fernsehern und schauten sich die beunruhigenden, beängstigenden bilder an, die vom rande des viertels stammten. +als wir dort ankamen, gingen wir einfach auf die straße, begannen, mit leuten überall zu sprechen und wir merkten, daß die dinge ein bisschen anders waren als die phrasen, die wir in den medien hörten. +die leute kommen um uns herum und beginnen zu fragen: "was macht ihr da?" +ich beobachtete nur. +dann, am nächsten tag, hielt ich am hauptplatz eine versammlung ab und ein paar frauen kamen. +wir reisten nach afrika, in den sudan, nach sierra leone, liberia, kenia. +wissen sie, was ich liebe ist, zum beispiel, wenn sie das grösste auge dort ansehen, da sind so viele häuser drin. +über jedes projekt machen wir einen film. +aber gestern rief die stadt sie an und sagte: "seht her, wir werden das abreißen müssen, +tatsächlich macht die tatsache, dass sie nichts verändern kann, aus der kunst einen neutralen ort für austausch und diskussionen, und ermöglicht einem dann, die welt zu verändern. +wir haben eine lange kultur des gemeinsamen nutzens. +eine der gründerinnen war in der schweiz, sah es irgendwo in gebrauch, und sagte "wow, das ist richtig toll. +in den usa und westeuropa sind es 8 prozent. +wie wenn ludotruck in los angeles das macht, was eine gourmet-imbissbude so macht, und eine treue kundschaft erreicht. +es macht einen riesenspaß und es findet in einem gut besuchten viertel statt. +die zukunft ist, wie wir wissen, sehr unvorhersehbar. +wir haben es bei der finanzkrise gesehen, wir haben es bei der fieber-pandemie gesehen. +wird das aber nur den superreichen zugänglich sein, jenen, die es sich leisten können? bewegen wir uns auf eine neue eugenik zu? +bis 2030 wird ein einzelner mensch zum ersten mal in der geschichte der menschheit in der lage sein, diesen planeten zu zerstören, alles zu vernichten. zum beispiel durch erfindung eines biopathogens. +ich bin nicht der klassenbeste. +aber, was am wichtigsten war: während ich reiste, brachte ich kindern das karikieren bei, und im austausch, lernte ich spontan zu sein. +ich habe gezögert, ob ich dies in meine präsentation aufnehmen soll, weil diese karikatur kurz nach dem 11. september veröffentlicht wurde. +alles musste riesig sein. das nächste bild war noch größer. +das ist eine bibliothek, die ich für die robin hood stiftung entwarf. +dann sagte ich: "nets, was soll ich tun?" +wir hatten modedesigner, installationskünstler, models, wir hatten maskenbildner, schmuckdesigner, alle möglichen leute, die mit mir zusammen arbeiteten, um aus meiner hochzeit eine kunstinstallation zu machen. +meine arbeiten wurden auch autobiografisch. +wissen sie, ich saß zu hause und sah es mir an. +und ich zeichnete es für sie. +e: hatschi! +kannst du abtanzen? +weil einer ihrer lieblinge von zu hause hier ist und sie ist ziemlich nervös, ihn zu treffen. +e: quak, quak, quak. +sw: du bist sehr besonders. was würdest du gerne all diesen netten leuten sagen? +eines bestimmten tages, sprangen die camper durch rohre. sie tauchten durch rohre. und ich dachte, dass das spaß machen würde. +ich begann damit triathlethen zu suchen da ich fand, dass lebenslange schwimmer einem oft nicht das beibringen können was sie selbst die ganze zeit tun. +der kopf ist in einer linie mit dem rückgrat gehalten, so, dass man den strategischen wasserdruck nutzt um seine beine nach oben zu strecken -- dies ist sehr wichtig, speziell für menschen mit wenig körperfett. +ich dachte also warum nicht mich selbst bestrafen? ich werde japanisch nehmen. +dies war es, was mich dazu antrieb nach der perfekten lernmethode für sprachen zu suchen. +und ich bewegte mich eigentlich in etwa so. +ich sprach mit diesen personen weil sie alle in buenos aires unterrichteten. +das ist nur einer der vorteile davon. +ich möchte heute über eine zentrale idee sprechen. +nicht sehr überraschend bewegte das einige zum gedanken, dass wir auf dem richtigen weg waren. +geoff mulgan: eine kleine einführung in die studio-schule +und der philister, der hinuntergeschickt wurde, ihr mächtiger krieger, ist ein riese. +also david, in der geschichte, soll der unterlegene sein, oder? +wenn man in der geschichte antiker kriegsführung zurückblickt, findet man wieder und wieder, dass schleuderer in den verschiedensten schlachten der entscheidende faktor gegen infanterie waren. +und dann gibt es noch diese ganze komische sache, wie lang es dauert, bis goliath auf den anblick von david reagiert. +und das würde auch vieles erklären, was an seinem verhalten an dem tag komisch gewesen ist. +und irgendetwas nagte seitdem an mir. +wir haben millionen von genen von mikroben, die uns in unserem menschlichen mikrobiom bedecken. +diese studien haben also belegt oder darauf hingedeutet, dass es aus einer vielfalt von wichtigen funktionen der mikrobiellen gemeinschaft diese wolke gibt, die nicht-pathogene, die in und auf uns leben. +wir sollten es vorsichtig und mit respekt behandeln, und wir sollten ihm nicht in die quere kommen, sagen wir mal mit einem kaiserschnitt oder mit antibiotika oder übermäßiger reinlichkeit, ohne eine sehr gute begründung. +und das ist es, was wir tun. wikipedia -- sie haben gerade eine kleine demonstration davon gesehen -- ist eine frei lizensierte enzyklopädie. sie wird von tausenden freiwilligen überall auf der welt in vielen, vielen sprachen verfasst. +und er ist auch erst seit januar 2005 bei uns angestellt, wir hatten auch vorher schon wachstum. +das ist eine -- die medien haben das sehr ausführlich behandelt. +wir sollten nur berichten, was angesehene parteien darüber gesagt haben. +dies sind die leute, die den löwenanteil auf der seite machen, und sie sind in gewissem sinne semi-professionell bei dem, was sie tun, dass wir die ansprüche für uns selbst gleichwertig oder höher setzen als professionelle qualitäts-ansprüche. +jemand sagt also: "löscht es bitte. löscht es -- es ist nicht relevant." +und ich sage immer gern, dass sie auch die einzige person ist, die tatsächlich alle regeln von wikipedia kennt, darum... +ben saunders: ja, hi, ben saunders. +ich und meine kollegen art aron und lucy brown sowie einige andere haben 37 total verliebte menschen in einen mrt-gehirnscanner geschoben. +fast niemand kommt aus der liebe unversehrt hinaus. +wir fanden aktivität in einer winzig kleinen fabrik in der nähe des hirnstamms dem sogenannten ventralen tegmentum. +2.000 jahre später können wir die vorgänge in unserem gehirn erklären. +ich glaube zudem, dass romantische liebe eine sucht ist: eine absolut wundervolle sucht, wenn es gut läuft, und eine absolut schreckliche sucht, wenn es schief geht. +unser neuestes experiment wurde von meinem kollegen art aron entwickelt und untersucht menschen in einem gehirnscanner, die von sich behaupten, nach einer langjährigen partnerschaft immer noch verliebt zu sein. +damit möchte ich zum ende kommen. das sind meine älteren leute. +ich bin mir selbst nicht sicher. +drei: sehne in der außenschicht des bogenarms maximiert die gespeicherte energie. +dong woo jang: die kunst des bogenmachens +und wie alle delfine in unserer gruppe fotografierten wir mugsy und zeichneten ihre flecken auf, sowie die kerben in der rückenflosse, als auch die einzigartigen muster ihrer flecken im laufe der zeit. +und diese stoßartigen pulsgeräusche sowie kopf-an-kopf-verhalten setzen sie in kämpfen ein. +diese unterwassertastatur in orlando, florida, am epcot-center, war sogar die fortschrittlichste je entwickelte zwei-wege-schnittstelle für die kollaboration von menschen und delfinen zur interaktion unter wasser. +der taucher hat das seilspielzeug, und ich bin an der tastatur zur linken und habe gerade die taste für das seil betätigt, das ist die bitte um das spielzeug vom menschen. +der delfin ist an der tastatur. +denise herzing: könnten wir die sprache der delfine sprechen? +es hat einen argentinischen rhythmus, den man "carnivalito" nennt. +kommentator: da ist er. +also die idee war jenes gefühl des freiseins zu behalten, aber dabei die richtung zu verändern und die zeit zu verlängern. +weil -- ich bin recht erfahrenen erfahren im leiten von systemen als pilot, aber dies ist wirklich -- man muss flüssig sein, man muss flink sein, und mann muss sich auch richtig schnell anpassen. +also ich versuchte noch einmal an höhe zu gewinnen. +damit, muss ich mich an etwas neues anpassen. +yr: ich habe eine standardantwort. +ich wette, diese prähistorischen höhlenkünstler hätten nur zu gerne gewusst, wie man besser zeichnet. +beunruhigenderweise herrscht kein konsens darüber, was genau sie ist. +wir sehen nicht die kernreaktionen in sternen. +wir nehmen also nichts als das wahr, was es wirklich ist. +warum ein ehevertrag und kein anderer grund für regelmäßiges jährliches handeln? +es ist das grundlegende steuernde prinzip der aufklärung. +diese kleine folie hier zeigt ihnen einen augenoptiker und die kleine, blaue person repräsentiert ungefähr 10.000 personen und das ist das verhältnis in großbritannien. +ich habe eine globale vision als vision. +ich muss zugeben, es war nicht das, was ich mir für meinen ersten tag "down under" vorstellte. +das neue festival fordert die zuschauer auf, eine wesentliche rolle in der gestaltung der performance zu spielen. +typisches beispiel: als "the sultan 's elephant" nach london kam, nur neun monate nach dem 7 / 7, schrieb ein londoner: "zum ersten mal seit dem londoner bombenattentat rief meine tochter mit fröhlichkeit in ihrer stimme an. +["oscar für 'beste visuelle effekte'"] zweiter arzt: "willkommen im neuen körper, jake." erster arzt: "gut." +und diese bilder sind -- sie werden sie zu beginn der slide-show sehen -- es sind nur vier bilder -- aber auf ihnen ist ein kleiner bär zu sehen, der im regenwald des großen bären lebt. +wenn man diese nachrichten eine weile gelesen hat, sind es nur noch nachrichten. +doch leider ziehen sich 95 prozent der arktischen gletscher derzeit ebenfalls zurück bis zu dem punkt, an dem das eis das festland erreicht hat und kein weiteres eis zurück ins ökosystem zurückführt. +nach einer stunde in diesen bedingungen, das ist so extrem, dass ich, wenn ich runtertauche, fast immer in meinen atemregler erbrechen muss, weil mein körper mit dem stress der kälte an meinem kopf nicht umgehen kann. +wenn ich auf dem sterbebett liege, werde ich mich an eine geschichte mehr als an jede andere erinnern. +er sieht nur diesen großen ballon im meer -- er hat keine hände -- er beißt ein wenig zu, das boot platzt auf und schon ist es passiert. +ich zog meine flossen an. ich konnte meinen mund kaum öffnen. +es passierte nicht nur ein paar mal. +diese geschichte bleibt tief in meinem herzen und ich bin stolz, dass ich sie mit ihnen teilen darf. +jetzt, da sie damit fertig sind, schließen sie es, denn jedes handy hat eines gemeinsam. +doch anstatt es mittels irreführung zu tun, und sie in eine andere richtung zu lenken. konzentriere ich mich lieber auf frank, also darauf, mit dem frank in ihrem kopf zu spielen, ihrem kleinen wachmann, und ihre aufmerksamkeit von ihren äußeren sinnen kurzzeitig auf die inneren zu lenken. +haben sie eine brieftasche bei sich? joe: nein, habe ich nicht. +öffnen sie ihre hand. vielen dank. +ich werd ihn wieder in ihre hand geben. +hier unten habe ich etwas bemerkt. gehört das hier ihnen, mein herr? +das haben sie nie. +wir dachten nicht, dass es so viele karten auf der ganzen welt geben würde. +können wir diese technologien dazu nutzen, geschickt umzuschalten, wenn wir von land zu land reisen? +und die örtliche finanzierung ist nicht teil des umfelds, das hardware-projekte unterstützt. +wir müssen etwas anderes finden, denn wir sind in eine art trott verfallen. +dieses letzte projekt besteht auch aus bauteilen. +man kann sogar prognostizieren welche art von literatur sie gerne lesen, wo sie gerne urlaub machen, und was sie gerne essen. +und wenn ich 'matrix' sage meine ich buchstäblich die matrix aus dem film "matrix". +diese programmierung gibt uns sehr starke emotionen gegenüber denen die leid verursachen. +ich denke dass wir damit beginnen, wenigstens mit einer bereitschaft all dies zu lernen. +beachten sie dass in all diesen graphen das gefälle steiler ist bei dem 'inneren der gruppe', 'autorität', 'reinheit'. +dieses triptychon also, diese drei tafeln, stellen die ewige wahrheit dar dass ordnung dazu neigt zu zerbrechen. +denn meiner meinung nach ist der grand canyon nicht das größte wunder der welt. +sie wollen ordnung, auch zu kosten derer die sich ganz unten befinden. +können sie weder für etwas noch gegen etwas sein? +ich möchte heute darüber reden, auf welche probleme das militär einiger westlicher staaten – australien, die usa, england und so weiter – bei einigen einsätzen trifft, die sie in der modernen welt durchführen. +und wieder würden sie sagen: "wenn wir zugriff auf nicht-tödliche waffen hätten, dann könnten wir bei bekannten bedrohungen mit diesen umgehen und wir wissen, wenn wir jemand anderes treffen, haben wir ihn wenigstens nicht getötet." +generell neigen sie zu der einstellung: "warum sollten wir uns darum kümmern, was bei der polizei geschieht? +und in den nächsten zwei jahren wurde die studie durchgeführt: 2001-02. +es wurde wahllos eingesetzt. +tatsächlich war er 15 cm größer als ich, und sie war so groß. +sie sind ausgebildet, verhaltener im gebrauch von gewalt zu sein als das militär. +und die frage die er hat ist: "kann ich es schaffen? ist es möglich?" +wir haben kunststudenten, die alte radiatorteile nehmen und einen schmelzofen verwenden um neues daraus herzustellen. +sie sind ein wenig revolutionär indem was sie tun. +und dann mochte er die schule nicht so besonders, aber er hat sich an einem robotikwettkampf beteiligt, und er erkannte das er talent hatte, und, viel wichtiger, war es eine richtige leidenschaft für ihn. +nun könnte das eine hundeklappe sein, es könnte jemand sein der irgendwohin geht wohin er nicht sollte, z.b. ein kleiner bruder in das zimmer der kleinen schwester. +das ist steve wozniak. wo lernt er den umgang mit computern? +und drew barrymore, trotz all ihres wunderbaren charmes, ist auch nicht glamourös. +und das hier ist hedy lamarr. +das ist filippino lippis portrait der heiligen apollonia aus dem jahr 1543. +man kann also ein glorifiziertes bild eines autos kreieren, aber kein glorifiziertes bild von verkehr. +das gefühl davon, dass das leben besser sein könnte, dass man daran teilnehmen könnte – dass man ein perfekter mensch sein könnte und an dieser perfekten welt teilnehmen könnte. +also, in diesem abschnitt soll es um das pure vergnügen gehen, aber bei glamour dreht es sich wirklich teilweise um die bedeutung. +ich wrude dafür kritisiert, gewalt zu verherrlichen, denn sehen sie – sonnenbrille und diese langen mäntel, und natürlich, man könnte wände hinauflaufen und all diese dinge machen, die in der realen welt unmöglich sind. +sie ist also sogar noch glamouröser, wenn man weiß, dass sie wirklich nicht dumm war, obwohl sie dachte, dass sie dumm aussehen könnte. +es war eine art, mich selbst zu lokalisieren. +oh, natürlich gab es momente, in denen ich meinen körper schätzte, etwa so, wie ein ausfälliger elternteil, manchmal einen netten moment haben kann. +ich hörte von einem kleinen mädchen, das nicht aufhören konnte, sich zu bepinkeln, weil sich so viele erwachsene soldaten in sie hineingeschoben hatten. +und das feuer, das an am dritten von sechs chemo-tagen in mir brennt, ist das feuer, das in den wäldern der welt brennt. +es war der honig im wasser, der es süss machte, es war das öl, das es krank machte. +es waren all diese dinge. +offensichtlich ist es insgesamt ein gewaltiges vorhaben. +und ivan legt sein sandwich dorthin, oben auf die schatztruhe. +welches sandwich wird er sich wohl nehmen? +kind: nein, denn der wind sollte den ärger bekommen. +jetzt hält sie den puder für zucker. +ok, also es wird unwillentlich eine kleine kontraktion meiner hand hervorgerufen, nachdem der impuls in mein gehirn gedrungen ist. +also, zu tms muss man noch ein paar worte sagen. +das ist eine großartige antwort. rebecca saxe, vielen dank. das war fantastisch. +und manchmal brauchen wir einen... einen weckruf, nicht wahr, um uns zu zeigen, dass wir durchs leben rasen, statt es zu leben. dass wir schnell leben, statt gut zu leben. +aber ich glaube, wenn man sich ansieht, was hinter diesen dingen steht, kommt man zu dem, was vielleicht der eigentliche grund ist, der kern der frage, nämlich wie wir über zeit denken. +und dabei haben städte begonnen zu überdenken, wie urbane strukturen angelegt sein sollten, damit die leute ermutigt werden, langsamer zu werden, an rosen zu riechen und beziehungen zueinander aufzubauen. +und norwegen, schweden, dänemark und finnland sind unter den sechs wettbewerbsfähigsten nationen der welt und arbeiten stunden, bei denen der durchschnittliche amerikaner vor neid weinen würde. +die metaphysische dimension dahinter ist, dass wir uns durch schnelligkeit von den großen, wichtigen fragen abschotten wollen. +ich höre nicht mehr den geflügelten wagen der zeit nahen, zumindest nicht mehr so oft wie vorher. +wie entdecken wir das einzigartige an einem projekt, das so einzigartig wie ein mensch ist? +als es dann klagen über das budget gab, sagte ich, "die insel ist es wert gebaut zu werden, weil sie für ihr geld das doppelte bekommen: spiegelungen." +ich fuhr hin, und premierminister badal sagte zu mir: wir sikhs haben viel gelitten, ihr juden auch. +und ich fühlte mich wiederum unwohl bei dem gedanken, dass ein gebäude in der größe des museums in washington – ca. 4.600 m ² – auf diesem zarten hügel stehen soll, und dass man in galerien geht – räume mit türen eine art vertrauter räume – um die geschichte des holocaust zu erzählen. +studien über die dachstruktur, die vielleicht neue materialien verlangen: damit man es weiß manchen kann, lichtdurchlässig, leuchtend, und nicht launenhaft. +also ich denke, dass ich mit dem beginnen werde, was ich soeben gehört habe. +ich werde ihnen das also zeigen, wir werden nur einen moment lang spielen. +nun, wir sind alle jazzmusiker und haben dem klischee nach keine besonders gute beziehung zu geldangelegenheiten. +namaste. salaam. +ich bin aus einem sehr düsteren ort gekommen. +eigentlich komme ich aus großbritannien, aber ich lebe seit 26 jahren auf den malediven. +sie kommt vom ozean hier und wird nach indien hineingezogen. +die bestimmte art von libellen, über die ich sprechen möchte, ist nun diese hier. weil bei den meisten libellen, wie bei denen, die ich ihnen gerade gezeigt habe, das erwachsene tier nur für die kurze zeit von ein, zwei monaten am leben bleibt, macht es keine großen sprünge. es kann nicht allzu weit migrieren. +und ich dachte nicht weiter darüber nach, bis es im darauf folgenden jahr, wieder passierte. und im jahr danach auch, und im folgenden jahr ebenfalls. +sie sind zu eifrig. sie sind zu eifrig. nein. halt. halt. +es erstreckt sich über 800 kilometer. natürlich hier ist indien. +das ist die zeit dazwischen, die zeit, wenn die richtung des monsuns sich ändert. +die larven müssen sich sehr schnell entwickeln. +und die libellen sind dort, wie mir meine verschiedenen kontakten berichten. +und ich bin nur darüber gestolpert, weil ich in lange genug in malé auf den malediven gelebt habe, damit die tatsache, dass da etwas sehr besonderes vor sich geht, in mein hirn eindringen konnte. +und nicht nur sie überqueren den ozean. +das habe ich aus meinem leben gemacht. +meister klingt so albern, doch das war es ja auch. +das hier sieht aus, als ob man seitlich rutscht, aber in welche richtung? +dieser hier, ein wenig flüchtig, rückwärts fahrend, und achtet auf den hinteren fuß. +und nicht alles daran ist schlecht. +das nächste. nun geht es um was tiefsinnigeres, und das ist wo ich – ich glaube ich war auf tour, als ich eine der feynman-biographien las. es war die rote oder die blaue. +es sehen wohl sehr viele leute diese videos. +aber carl norden hat wirklich den code geknackt. +in den jahren vor dem zweiten weltkrieg kaufte das us-militär also 90.000 norden-bombenzielgeräte für je 14.000 dollar – noch einmal: in dollars von 1940 ist das eine menge geld. +wie viele wolkenlose himmel, glauben sie, gab es über zentraleuropa zwischen 1940 und 1945? +ihr auftrag war es, boden-luft-raketen zu finden und zerstören – erinnern sie sich an die scud-raketenwerfer, diese boden-luft-raketen, die die irakis auf die israelis abschossen? +in der exakt gleichen zeitspanne, in der wir diese drohnen mit verheerender genauigkeit benutzt haben, hat sich die anzahl der angriffe, selbstmordattentate und terroranschläge gegen amerikanische streitkräfte in afghanistan verzehnfacht. +ich habe dabei unglaubliche orte gesehen. länder wie die mongolei, kambodscha, neuguinea, südafrika, zweimal tansania; ich war vor einem monat hier. +aber um diese frage geht es mir nicht. +als er die vielfalt der menschen studierte, postulierte er: "es scheint uns in einzelnen subspezies oder kategorien zu geben." +wenn sie alles zusammenrechnen, ist es über 6 milliarden nukleotide lang. +anders ausgedrückt: wir stammen aus afrika. so steht es in unserer dna. +afrika ist der tropischste kontinent auf der erde. etwa 85 prozent liegen zwischen dem nördlichen und dem südlichen wendekreis. und es gibt nicht viele gletscher hier, nur auf den hohen bergen hier in ostafrika. +wir wurden sozialer. das soziale netzwerk breitete sich aus. +sie basiert auf ein paar tausend menschen, von denen wir proben nahmen, auf einer handvoll gruppen auf der welt. +projekte weltweit dokumentieren mündliche dichtkunst in sierra leone, erhalten traditionelle webmuster in gaza, fördern die sprachwiederbelebung in tadschikistan und so weiter. +nun die antwort scheint wohl, dass das universum komplexität erzeugen kann, aber mit großer schwierigkeit. +zuerst ist es nur ein schleier, aber es entstehen sehr schnell verschiedene dinge in diesem schleier. +sterne werden neue goldilocks bedinungen erzeugen die zwei neue schwellen überschreiten werden. +sie brauchen auch eine große vielfalt an chemischen elementen, und sie brauchen flüssigkeit wie wasser. +während sie sich kopiert, eine von milliarden sprossen, schleichen sich fehler ein. +wir sind gesegnet mit einer sprache, ein system der kommunikation, so mächtig und so präzise, dass wir mit solcher präzision zeigen können, was wir gelernt haben, dass es im kollektiven gedächtnis akkumliert werden kann. +kollektives lernen ist eine sehr, sehr mächtige kraft, und es ist nicht klar, ob wir menschen die kontrolle darüber haben. +und beschuldigen die banken als die bösen, die ihnen die hypothek gegeben hatten. +menschen mit niedrigem einkommen geben viel mehr als eintausend dollar im lotto aus. +nehmen wir mal die raus, die sagen, dass sie zu wenig sparen. +manche ökonomen nennen es auch gegenwärtige befangenheit. +was sind die folgen in bezug aufs retten von leben und auf die verfügbarkeit von organen? +es ist sehr schmerzhaft, obwohl es nichts bedeutet. +vielleicht sollten leute mehr sparen, wenn sie mehr geld verdienen. +denken sie an leute, die zu viele risiken aufnehmen und die höhe ihres risikos nicht einschätzen können, oder nicht genügend risiken eingehen, wir müssen da etwas tun. +es ist total verwirrend und kann nur in einem lied erklärt werden. +sie sind live! +ich wünsche ihnen eine tolle konferenz. +wenn ich bei einem film regie führe, bereiten wir uns jeden tag viel zu sehr vor. wir denken zu viel. +und ich sage: "kate, was willst du tun?" +also, wie groß ist die unendlichkeit? +wir erzählen uns selbst geschichten. +weil sie sich in walter raleigh verliebte, vergaß sie, dass sie königin war. dann verliebte sich walter raleigh in ihre zofe und sie musste sich entscheiden, ob sie königin war, die in den krieg zog, oder ob sie … +elisabeth: bess? +elisabeth: dieser mann hat ein mündel der königin verführt. und sie hat sich ohne königliche erlaubnis vermählt. +aber wie fängt das alles an? +sie reißen das ganze wasser an sich, behalten es für sich und lassen nur wenige tropfen hinab. +sie ist endlich. harmonie ist unendlich. +ich traf einen mann – der typ links. +wir mussten am fleisch arbeiten. +hier stehen wir heute. +wir müssen weniger verbrauchen um mehr zu machen. +sie haben vielleicht eine meinung darüber, aber sie werden nicht besonders gut informiert sein. +arbeiten wir also mit 1,5 milliarden herstellern? +wir brauchen veränderung auch wenn wir mit einzelnen firmen arbeiten, wird uns das nicht weit bringen. +wir nutzen alles, was wir an einfluss haben, um sie an den tisch zu kriegen. +das ist mehr mit weniger und noch weniger. +ich bin neurowissenschaftler und habe physik und medizin studiert. +und ich kann ihnen sagen, dies war ein sehr entscheidender moment in meiner karriere, als mir klar wurde, dass der große mentor an junge menschen und neue ideen glaubte. +ich fasse zusammen: bei der ratte wurde ein zur lähmung führender schnitt im rückenmark vorgenommen. +es sind die ergebnisse eines jungen teams von sehr talentierten menschen: physiotherapeuten, neurobiologen, neurochirurgen, verschiedene ingenieure, die zusammen das erreicht haben, was für einzelne personen unmöglich gewesen wäre. +durch eine rückenmarksverletzung wird die kommunikation zwischen gehirn und körper unterbrochen. dies führt zu einer lähmung. direkt aus dem labor zeigt grégoire courtine eine neue methode: durch die kombination von medikamenten, elektronischer stimulation und einem roboter können die nervenbahnen wieder aktiviert werden und der körper lernt neu, sich zu bewegen. sehen sie sich hier an, wie eine gelähmte ratte wieder gehen und treppensteigen lernt. +ich bin ein beispiel dafür, was möglich ist, wenn mädchen vom tag ihrer geburt an von den menschen um sie herum geliebt und gefördert werden. +und daran muss ich heute denken, weil ich davon überzeugt bin, dass ihr alle in dieser schule einen ganz wichtigen teil dazu beitragen könnt. +ich bekam gerne einsen. +denn die welt ist groß. +sommerzeit, und das leben ist leicht die fische springen, und die baumwolle steht schon hoch oh, dein papa ist reich, und deine mama sieht gut aus still, mein kleines baby weine nicht! und als ich die augen wieder öffnete, sah ich, dass die frau ihre augen geschlossen hatte. +"die menschliche stimme: mysteriös, spontan, ursprünglich." mit diesen worten fordert uns die sopranistin claron mcfadden auf, mit ihr die geheimnisse von atmung und gesang zu untersuchen, während sie uns die anspruchsvolle "arie" von john cage vorträgt. +keinen geschäftsführer, keine verantwortliche einzelne firma, die es erschaffen sollte. +stattdessen ist es, als säßen wir alle zusammen in einem theater, doch wir können in dem ganzen nebel nur die leute unmittelbar in unserer nähe sehen. +wie war das passiert? +das habe ich mir nicht ausgedacht. +und das hat wikipedia verstanden. +aber sie können dieselben launen auch auf menschen angewandt finden. +hier sieht man ein diagramm von mehr als 43 leuten, die dem roboter, der nicht steuern konnte, halfen, auf dem weg zu bleiben, damit er die gegenüberliegende seite des washington square parks erreichen konnte. +in der schulbildung sind wir von einer kompromisslosen offenheit noch weit entfernt. +rot bedeutet unter dem oecd-durchschnitt, +die ausgaben pro schüler sind nur zu unter 20% für die leistungsschwankungen zwischen den ländern verantwortlich. luxemburg etwa, das teuerste system, schneidet nicht besonders gut ab. +deutschland etwa, mein heimatland, befand sich im jahr 2000 im unteren quadranten, unterdurchschnittliche leistung, große soziale ungleichheiten. +noch seine wirtschaft. noch hat sich die zusammensetzung der bevölkerung geändert. +länder mit guten pisa-ergebnissen nehmen die unterschiede über differenzierte pädagogische vorangehensweisen an. +jede schule ist erfolgreich. +reiche nationen haben arme nationen seit 60 jahren mit hilfsgütern unterstützt. +da gibt es verschiedenste technologien. eine davon sind handys. +also begann ich nach beweisen für die steigerung der produktivität durch konnektivität zu suchen. +einer davon ist die fehlende kaufkraft. +um es kurz zu machen – ich fing also an. als erstes ging ich zu ihnen und sagte: "wissen sie, vielleicht könnte ich ihre filialen vernetzen und sie so effizienter machen." +nun, zu dem kuh-modell, von dem ich sprach: +"arme nationen benötigen hilfsgüter." +in schweden lasen wir es einmal und dann gingen wir zur party. +in china fand 1858 der sieg der britischen truppen im opium krieg statt. +aber wirklich, die unabhängigkeit war gut für japan. +das ist der "große sprung nach vorn", als china abfiel. +sie sehen die große ungleichheit innerhalb chinas inmitten des schnellen wirtschaftlichen wachstums. +ich werde das pro-kopf-einkommen auf dieser achse zeigen, arm dort unten, reich hier oben. +aber die echten projektionen für diese, würde ich in etwa so geben. +für den größten teil meiner forscherlaufbahn habe ich teilchenbeschleuniger verwendet -- wie zum beispiel den elektronenbeschleuniger in der universität von standford gleich die straße hinauf -- um dinge der niedrigsten größenordnung zu untersuchen. +tatsächlich scheint diese sowie jede andere galaxie in einer wolke der unsichtbaren dunklen materie eingeschlossen zu sein. +wie leiten wir nun ab, wo sich die galaxie befindet? +wir nennen das "gravitationslinseneffekt". +desweiteren können sie mit bloßem auge erkennen -- wenn sie sich das hier anschauen -- dass die bögen sich nicht auf individuelle galaxien zentrieren; +die erstaunliche antwort auf diese frage -- infolge der experimente -- war, dass der raum sich heute schneller ausdehnt als vor ein paar milliarden jahren. +einer oder beide, wer weiß das schon? es könnte auch etwas ganz anderes sein. +wir entdeckten bluegrass vor ein paar jahren und haben uns in diese musikrichtung verliebt. wir hoffen, dass das bei ihnen genauso ist. +und das traurige an dieser geschichte war, dass sobald ihre eltern davon erfuhren, und vergesst nicht, ihre eltern brachten sie zum arzt, wurden sie von ihren eltern auf die straße gesetzt. +sie bespritzen sich damit gegenseitig, was herrlich und unschuldig ist. +wenn sie noch mehr wissen, dann wahrscheinlich, dass uganda bis heute das einzige land in sub-sahara-afrika ist, das im kampf gegen die epidemie erfolgreich war +etwas vergleichbares haben wir in afrika nicht beobachtet. +also eine möglichkeit, um zu überprüfen, ob wir einige der verhaltensänderung über unterschiede in der lebenserwartung erklären können ist, nachzuschauen, ob dort wo malaria weniger verbreitet ist, mehr verhaltensänderung zu beobachten ist. +das ist nicht der einzige ort, an dem wir interventionen hatten. +aber weil es sehr wenige andere tödlichen krankheiten gibt, können wir diese sterblichkeit wirklich hiv zuschreiben. +und hiv ist tatsächlich besonders stark mit durchgangsverkehr verknüpft. +die exporte sind in den frühen 90ern stark gefallen -- und das passt ziemlich genau mit der abnahme der neuen hiv infektionen. +wenn ich etwas enthüllen könnte, das uns verborgen ist, zumindest in modernen kulturen, dann wäre es etwas, das wir vergessen haben, das wir früher wussten, so wie wir unsere eigenen namen kennen. +also kam er zu mir und klopfte an. +also sagte der chef zu seinem ingenieur: "finden sie einen weg, um diesen zug leiser zu machen." +diese höcker wirken auf das wasser wie ein magnet. +dann fragen wir uns, warum sich die membran verstopft und warum dafür so viel strom benötigt wird. +zum beispiel in der einbettung von nanopartikeln in ein material. +bei biomimicry guild, meiner beratungsgesellschaft, arbeiten wir mit dem architektenbüro hok architects zusammen. +und hoffentlich werden wir mit ihrer hilfe lernen, wie wir auf dieser erde zu leben haben, hier auf dem planeten, der unsere heimat ist, aber nicht nur uns gehört. +ich darauf: "warum?" +sie gehörten den jungen. +wenn sie schlecht sind, du hast sie verursacht. lerne daraus. +was sie sehen, wenn sie sich den titel namens, "pm auto angehalten" ansehen. +ich sagte, "beten sie?" +ich möchte ihnen einige momente meiner entwicklung zeigen, die sie wahrscheinlich niemals auf der ganzen welt zu sehen bekämen. +und sehen sie, alle sind beschäftigt; es galt keine zeit zu verschwenden. +text: "hilfe! ich warte schon über 20 minuten und nichts passiert." +lassen sie mich erklären, wie das funktioniert. +und da wir das vor drei, vier jahren herausgebracht haben, haben viele websites gewechselt von dem alten captcha bei dem leute zeit vergeudet haben zum neuen captcha bei dem leute helfen bücher zu digitalisieren. +stellen sie sich vor, sie benutzen das internet und sehen ein captcha das sie ein wenig eigenartig finden, so wie dies captcha. +ok, das ist severin hacker. +ich lasse sie das einfach lesen. +ich weiss nicht einmal, ob es 100 millionen menschen gibt, die das web benutzen, und zweisprachig genug sind, um uns übersetzen zu helfen. +man kann damit wirklich eine sprache erlernen, +das ist das aktuelle geschäftsmodell. +anstatt in ein auto zu investieren, investieren wir nun in die gemeinschaft. +dieses konzept der "peers, inc." ist ein sehr schwieriger und komplexer bereich. +das kunststück war es also, diese beiden seiten zusammenzuführen. +ich kann ihnen zwei großartige geschichten dazu erzählen. +wir leben länger. uns stehen technologien zur verfügung, die noch vor wenigen jahren science-fiction waren. +vielleicht haben diese menschen ja recht. seinen gedanken nachzuhängen, ist vielleicht nicht gut. +ich habe vorhin das mind-wandering verglichen mit einem spielautomaten, an dem man nicht spielen will. +und kurz darauf verließen wir das land und kehrten in die schweiz zurück. +ich meine, heute ist singapur eine erste-welt-nation, ghana aber nicht. +als das echo der schüsse langsam ausklang, wurde es bald von den rufen der menge übertönt, und ich konnte nicht glauben, was ich hörte. +ich habe jetzt gelernt, dass mein platz nicht nur im westen oder in afrika ist, und ich suche noch immer nach meiner identität, aber ich habe gesehen, wie ghana demokratie besser gestaltete. +also werde ich ein wenig darüber sprechen, und darüber, was genau wissenschaftler tun sollten. +deshalb sagte die kirche, dass man kein vakuum erzeugen könne. +die tatsächliche natur der wirklichkeit war nicht von interesse. +und ich meine jeden in diesem raum – also, das war gerade mal vor 350 jahren. +ich dachte darüber nach, meine eigenen kleinen raketen zu bauen. +es brannte irgendwie langsam, aber es roch gut, im vergleich zu anderen raketentreibstoffen, die ich ausprobiert hatte, die alle schwefel enthielten. +aber dieser... prozess ist es, was ich als wissenschaft betrachte, wo man mit einer idee anfängt, und dann, statt einfach jede autorität nachzuschlagen, von der man je gehört hat, – manchmal tut man das, wenn man später einen artikel schreibt will man herausfinden, wer sonst daran gearbeitet hat. +sie entwickelten alle möglichen – und schließlich eine riesige bombe, um das ganze zu beenden, ja? +aber niemand hat es wirklich aufgezeigt, richtig? +wenn die sagen würden, wisst ihr was? +und im hauptstudium habe ich dann angefangen, mich für kreaturen zu interessieren, die in den verborgenen ecken der stadt hausten. +als ich mich an diesen ort gewöhnt hatte, hat er sich auch wie ein spielplatz angefühlt. +das muss ein sehr ungewöhnlicher tag für ihn gewesen sein. +sie wurden durchweg als kalksteinbrüche gegraben und im 18. jahrhundert stellten einstürze in einigen dieser brüche sicherheitsbedrohungen dar, also hat die regierung die verstärkung der schon existierenden brüche angeordnet und man hat neue kontrollgänge gegraben, um das ganze beobachten und aufzeichnen zu können. +und das hier ist das erste theaterprojekt, an dem ich gearbeitet habe. +und wenn sie können, zeichnen sie einfach ein muster. +und als wir ihnen eine batterie und ein stück draht und eine glühbirne gaben und sagten, "können sie das machen?" - dann konnten sie es nicht. klar? +zwischen australien und hier, richtig, die haben sommer und wir haben winter, und was -- rast die erde gewissermaßen in der nacht der sonne entgegen, und rast dann wieder zurück? ich meine, das ist eine komische sache, die da abläuft, und wir haben diese beiden modelle im kopf von dem, was richtig ist und was nicht, und wir machen das, als menschen, auf allen möglichen gebieten. +kinder sind also nicht leere gefäße, ja? +jetzt, oh, oh ja, dann weiter, weiter. +als ich also darüber nachdachte, erkannte ich plötzlich, dass biologie uns die antwort lieferte. +als ein chemiker wollte ich sagen: "moment. was geht hier vor? +man hat regulation; information wird transkribiert; katalysatoren werden geschaffen; sachen passieren. +also gibt es zwei möglichkeiten: intelligentes design, direkt und indirekt - also gott oder mein freund. +ich brauche information und ich brauche einen container. +wenn wir es schaffen, das zu tun, vergessen sie die molekularen details. +sie sitzen in sesseln. +denn es ist so, wir sind so chauvinistisch im hinblick auf biologie, wenn man kohlenstoff entfernt, dann gibt es andere dinge, die passieren können. +und ich greife kenia hier als beispiel raus. +diese umfragen in ihre datenbanken eingegeben hatten, dann nutzen sie dazu hochentwickelte mathematische formeln um einen trendverlauf darzustellen, und so ein verlauf sieht dann so aus. +also was ich ihnen damit sagen will ist, dass wir die kindersterblichkeit kennen. +hier sehen wir das jahr. +meine vorfahren gingen in die usa. +hier haben wir ein problem. +und sehen sie, jetzt kommen die ersten afrikanischen länder dazu. +also die schulbildung für mädchen, wirkt sich 15 bis 20 jahre später aus, das ist ein sehr profaner, aber auch sehr starker trend. +und wenn das geschieht, dann verbessern sich natürlich die bedingungen, und sie fahren roller. +natürlich, so bald sie so etwas sagen, sagen die leute, unmöglich, und das sagte suzuki. +sie brachen viele normen der standardkonventionen zum ersten mal. +und nano, peng, $2000. +sie müssen einen künstlichen fuß für solche bedingungen entwickeln. +wir haben über mobilität gesprochen, jetzt reden wir über gesundheit. +wissen sie was? das hat man in indien fertiggebracht. +tut mir leid, das funktioniert nicht. man muss für 100 $, 200 $anbieten. +meine damen und herren, ich möchte vor der zeit fertig sein. +als das papier brannte, drehte er sich aus irgendeinem grund zu mir um, und er sagte, "mashelkar, so, wenn du deine energien nicht vergeudest, wenn du deine energien fokussierst, kannst du alles in der welt erreichen." +ich möchte ihnen heute ein paar davon zeigen. +wir bekommen also feedback von lehrern auf der schule, um zu sehen was sie für apps mögen. +da wurde mir klar, dass ich auf etwas gestoßen war, was riesiges potential barg, die welt zu verändern. +der grund dafür, dass die effizienz in diesen reaktoren so niedrig ist, hängt mit den niedrigen temperaturen zusammen. +der brennstoff, wie ich bereits sagte, ist keramik verkleidet mit zirkon-brennstäben, und bei einem unfall in einem solchen reaktor, fukushima und three mile island – zurückblickend auf three mile island, das haben wir lange zeit nicht entdeckt – aber diese zirkonverkleidungen an den brennstäben, wenn die wasser unter hohem druck erkennen, dampf, in einer oxidierenden umgebung, dann produzieren sie wasserstoff und dieser wasserstoff hat die explosive fähigkeit, spaltprodukte freizusetzen. +alle waren von curiosity äußerst begeistert, und der hatte eine große plutonium-batterie an bord, welche plutonium-238 enthält, was eine höhere spezifische aktivität hat als das schwach angereicherte uran in diesen flüssig-salz reaktoren. das heißt, dass deren auswirkungen unbedeutend wären, weil man sie kalt startet und man den reaktor eigentlich erst im weltall startet. +wir bewegten uns also von der industriewirtschaft zum individuum. +mit der zeit habe ich eine standardantwort parat: zunächst weise ich darauf hin, dass es klar sein sollte, dass so etwas wie ein nicht-authentisches erlebnis nicht existiert. +das ist das schlüsselwort - "schaffen". +eine allgemeine regel lautet: wenn es mir nicht gefällt ist es falsch, wenn ich es so tun will, ist es eine fälschung. +abc, in fachkreisen auch das t & amp; a netz genannt - das ist nicht zu viel jargon oder? +lassen sie es mich kurz für unsere geschäftsleute im publikum zusammenfassen in 3 grundregeln. +ich interessierte mich auch für chirurgie und wollte chirurg werden. denn so konnte ich auf sehr konzentrierte und anspruchsvolle art und weise mit den händen arbeiten. +sie ist ungefähr so groß. +sie hat ein wenig mit der letzten zu tun, aber sie ist viel erotischer. +aber ich hatte eine menge spaß. +und unser gesamter körper, alles – die haare, haut, knochen, nägel – alles ist aus collagen gemacht. +das wunder dieser information: wie können wir diesen biologischen mechanismus in unserem körper haben, um diese information wirklich zu sehen? +der bildermacher alexander tsiaras zeigt eine beeindruckende medizinische visualisation und zeigt die menschliche entwicklung von der empfängnis bis zur geburt und darüber hinaus. +weil sie dachten, wenn man ein teleskop hat, sei man ein astronom, was man also macht, sei eigentlich, durch ein teleskop zu sehen. +und es gibt eine kalte atmosphäre. +dies wurde als erster beweis angesehen, dass schwarze löcher tatsächlich aus supernova-explosionen entstehen. +das hat mit der veränderung der frequenz einer sich bewegenden quelle zu tun. +das ist sehr schwer. es ist sehr schwer. +es gibt verschiedene möglichkeiten, das zu tun. +und ich dachte: "okay - was ist das problem?" +und ich bin mehr der typ: leben ist chaos, also räum es auf, organisiere es und pack es in eine bento box. +was ich ihnen dazu sagen kann: sie ist universal; wir alle haben sie. +was ich also machte, war, all die interviews zu nehmen, wo ich würdigkeit sah, wo ich menschen sah, die so leben, und betrachtete nur diese. +sie dachten, dies sei fundamental. +und sie sagte, "womit denn?" +nein. +dann fühlen wir uns elend, suchen nach sinn und bedeutung im leben, fühlen uns verletzlich, dann nehmen wir ein paar bier und einen banane-nuss-muffin. +wenn man diese perfekten, kleinen babies in seiner hand hält, dann ist unsere aufgabe nicht zu sagen: "sieh sie an, sie ist perfekt. +nachdem ich um 0: 45 ins bett gegangen war. +und nike weiß, wie man damit laufgeschwindigkeit und zurückgelegte distanz berechnet. +gary wolf: unser vermessener körper +die angaben zu seinem körperlichen zustand werden als männchen auf seinem profl angezeigt. aber die restlichen angaben sind die wichtigen hier. +das sind dinge, die für jeden ms-patienten verschieden sind. +alles offen, alles verfügbar. +jahre, nachdem er diese medikamente genommen hat, habe ich herausgefunden, dass alles, was er gegen übermässigen speichelfluss tat, inklusive einiger positiven nebenwirkungen von anderen medikamenten, seine verstopfung verschlimmert haben. +was geschah, als die pnas das veröffentlicht hatte: +und dann sagen wir: "ok, wie ordnen wir sie an?" +und sogar jene, die glaubten, es ginge ihnen besser, entsprachen genau den kontrollen. exakt. +man sieht sich die patienten an, man kann alle kontrollen durchgehen. man kann sie ansehen, man kann sie fragen. +nur 90 tage danach, wurde die größte entdeckung der menschheit des letzten jahrhunderts gemacht. +um den zustand zu verändern, braucht man nur zwei volt eines millisekunden-impulses. +wir sagten: "könnt ihr das bauen?" +es ist falsch. +leider lautet die antwort darauf: ja. +ob es eine zelle, eine termite oder ein vogel ist, konzentrieren sie sich nur auf die regeln der wechselwirkung. +ich halte dies für eine interessante frage. +das heißt also, dass er mit jedem euro, den er investierte, 26 euro marktwert bewegen konnte, aufgrund dieser kette von eigentumsverhältnissen. +wir hoffen, die tür für weitere forschungen in dieser richtung geöffnet zu haben, sodass das verbleibende unbekannte terrain in zukunft ergründet wird. +wenn wir baugewerbe und produktion betrachten, sind da große ineffizienzen, energieverbrauch und übermäßiger arbeitseinsatz. +so können wir es als physisches, intuitives modell studieren. +diese teile sind mit verschiedenen materialien gedruckt. +es sind komplexe gebilde, die aus komplexen teilen gebaut und auf komplexe art zusammengesetzt werden. +das war geflunkert, aber es gab nichts auf dieser welt, das meine schwester mehr wollte, als nicht amy, die verletzte fünfjährige kleine schwester zu sein, sondern amy, das geheimnisvolle einhorn. +fällt man nun unter den durchschnitt dieser kurve, dann sind die psychologen aus dem häuschen, denn das heißt, man ist entweder depressiv oder hat eine störung, hoffentlich sogar beides. +plötzlich war aus etwas unmöglichem eine realität geworden. +donnerstagabend der konsum illegaler drogen. +sie sind 37% besser bei verkäufen. +so begann edv. +und weil die arbeit im laden so hart war gefiel es mir in der schule. es war himmlisch. +ich habe es nicht ganz verstanden. und paul rand war so ein krustiger designer. ein krustiger designer, so wie gutes französisches brot, wissen sie? +es hält ewig. es ist ein sehr seltsames medium. +wenn man am computer die maus bewegt, dann bewegt sich der pfeil. +er fiel ins koma. +computer selbst interessierten mich nicht mehr, und so machte ich gemälde aus palmpilots. +ich habe das hier gefunden. die natur hat ein bild für mich gemacht. +und mir wurde klar, dass es ok war, zu gehen. +aber, tatsächlich verhalten sich die meisten jungen auf eine bestimmte art und die meisten mädchen verhalten sich auf eine bestimmte art. +videospiele sind nicht der grund +über einen tornado, der in unser haus kommt, und alle fenster rausweht, und die möbel zerstört und alle tötet. " +wir erleben eine zunehmende verdichtung des curriculums. +die meisten bildungsspiele, die es gibt, sind eigentlich leselernkarten. +lehrer werden sofort nervös bei allem, das mit gewalt zu tun hat, wegen der nulltoleranz-politik. +wir werden ein überraschendes und fesselndes ergebnis über unser universum bekommen. zum besseren verständnis lassen sie mich zunächst das higgs erklären. dazu müssen wir zu einem zehntel einer milliardstel sekunde nach dem urknall zurückkehren. +ist das ein problem? ja, ein großes problem. +mehr noch wie ein phänomen funktioniert, interessiert theroetische physiker immer, "warum" es funktioniert, "wie" es funktioniert. +ich liebe papier und ich liebe technologie, und ich gestalte papier auf eine interaktive weise. +also war die herausforderung, sie dazu zu bringen, dass sie das tun, was wir von ihnen wollten, durch wetterbeobachtung, die beschaffenheit des bodens und durch dinge, die die schafe "fließen" lassen, damit sie dahin gingen, wo wir es wollten. +es ist nur ein zusammenbringen von sachen, die vorher schon gemacht worden sind, nur auf eine andere weise zusammengesetzt. +ein paar dinge, die ich hergestellt habe, sind das poster hier drüben, auf dem man schlagzeug spielen kann. +also vielen dank. +sie können weggehen, oder einfach zuschauen, wie diese rollenfigur im mixer steht und sie anschaut, oder sie können tatsächlich mit ihr interagieren. +aber wir sind noch nicht an dem punkt angelangt, an dem sie auf ihrem morgendlichen weg hierher etwas gesehen hätten, was wirklich nahtlos die zweidimensionale welt, in der wir uns wohl fühlen, mit dem dreidimensionalen himmel über uns verbindet, in dem ich – ich weiß nicht, wie es ihnen geht – wirklich gerne zeit verbringe. +glücklicherweise ist notwendigkeit noch immer die mutter der erfindung, und ein großer teil der design-arbeit, auf die wir bei unserem flugzeug am stolzesten sind, war ein resultat davon, dass wir die einzigartigen probleme lösen mussten, die damit verbunden waren, es am boden zu operieren – alles, von einem kontinuierlich variablen getriebe und einem kühlsystem mit kühlflüssigkeit, dass es uns erlaubt, eine flugzeugmaschine im stop-and-go-verkehr zu nutzen, bis zu einem speziell angepassten fahrgetriebe, das entweder den propeller antreibt, wenn man fliegt, oder die räder, wenn man am boden ist, bis zum automatisierten faltmechanismus für die tragflächen, den wir gleich sehen werden, bis zu sicherheitseinrichtungen im fall eines absturzes. +und unser testpilot gab uns das beste feedback, dass man von einem testpiloten nach einem ersten flug bekommen kann, und zwar, dass der flug "auffällig unauffällig" war. +falten sie nur die tragflächen zusammen und fahren sie weiter. +hier noch eine frage von einem naiven werbe-fachmann. +also versuchte er es mit plan b. +winziges verhaltensökonomisches detail: in italien werden punkte für verkehrssünden rückwärts gezählt. +es gibt diese grundsätzliche sicht der dinge, dass zu echtem wert das herstellen von dingen und physische arbeit gehört. dass technik dazugehört. +es schmeckt toll innerhalb der grenzen des jeweiligen landes. aber vollkommen beschissen, wenn man es sonst irgendwohin mitnimmt. +offkommentar: die neuen karo-shreddies. +wir müssen mehr zeit damit verbringen, das wertzuschätzen, was bereits da ist, und weniger zeit, uns damit abzuquälen, was wir sonst noch machen können. +jeden tag brauchte es viele stunden, um meine fähigkeiten zu verbessern. +wir sind die jenigen, die den 2ten replikator aus der kiste ließen und wir können es nicht rückgängig machen.. +sehen sie die idee? +er sprach hauptsächlich von tieren und pflanzen, aber auch über das entstehen und vergehen von sprachen. +ein mem ist nicht das selbe wie eine idee! +sb: pardon? +von dem augenblick an, seit unsere vorfahren vor ungefähr zweieinhalb millionen jahren zu imitieren begannen, entstand ein neuer kopiervorgang. +und wir kommen da hin. +dem anteil mit dem ersten replikator. +wisst ihr, hier sitzend nutzt unser gehirn ca. 20 prozent des energiehaushalts unseres körpers für nur 2 prozent unseres körpergewichtes. +und wozu würden die das tun? +es waren 25 minuten absoluten terrors, den tausende menschen überall in den usa spürten. +es gibt hier nichts, was wir nicht wissen. +mit haiti rewired, mit build change, architektur für die menschheit, aidg, ist es möglich, 30.000, 40.000 maurer im ganzen land zu erreichen und eine bewegung für die richtige bauweise zu starten. +das ist übrigens nicht nur im hebräischen so, +ich möchte ihnen ein beispiel für solcherlei irrationalität geben und mit ihnen über betrug reden. +wir zahlten ihnen 10 cent pro richtiger frage, 50 cent, einen dollar, fünf dollar, 10 dollar pro richtiger frage. +die zehn gebote sind allerdings nur schwierig mit dem bildungssystem vereinbar, also haben wir uns überlegt, warum wir nicht von leuten verlangen, einen ehrenkodex zu unterschreiben. +aber das hat das größte problem noch nicht gelöst, das ich in enron sah, da enron nämlich ein zusätzliches soziales element besaß: +alle testpersonen im experiment studierten an der carnegie mellon. +etwas genereller wollte ich ihnen etwas über verhaltensökonomie erzählen. +wenn ich aber sage, dass beide ein beispiel für eine alternative oder neue währungsform sind, in einer hypervernetzten, daten-getriebenen, weltweiten wirtschaft, denken sie wahrscheinlich, dass ich spinne. +"zweitklassig radfahren" "barclays fährt mit ihnen schlitten" +sie können also apps kaufen und innerhalb dieser apps einkaufen. aber wenn sie an amazon denken, denken sie auch an das vertrauensbarometer, das ich ihnen gezeigt habe, laut dem menschen anfangen, unternehmen mehr zu trauen, insbesondere unternehmen, an die sie glauben, als sie regierungen trauen. +wir haben eine umfrage gemacht, die bestätigt, dass 45% der menschen in einer wichtigen demographischen gruppe in den usa, +und ich suche nach den ähnlichkeiten und unterschieden in den lösungen, die sich für grundlegende biologische probleme entwickelt haben. +leicht zu biegen. +denn nach sechs monaten, die ich darüber geredet hatte, hatte er wohl endlich kapiert, dass es mir mit dieser penis-sache ernst war. +da musste also etwas interessantes passieren. +nicht nur über seine genetik und molekularbiologie, sondern am fleischigen ende der skala. +und sie sagte: erzähl einfach über dich selbst. +dl: wie dem auch sei, wir verlieren zeit, ich werde mal zur sache kommen. +nm: nicht zu schnell. +das ist unsere letzte nummer, und nat wird auf dem klavier spielen. +wie sie auf den bildern sehen können, waren noam und ich schon sehr früh für grundprinzipien zu begeistern. und im lauf der jahre, während wir immer mehr über wissenschaft und die technologie lernten, hat sich diese frühe ehrfurcht vor den grundlagen nur verstärkt. +die leute, die an diesem kurs interesse zeigen, haben normalerweise eine hacker-mentalität. +angesichts dessen würde ich gerne einige worte über aufwertung sagen, und ein wenig über mein neues projekt erzählen. dieses projekt ist anders als das vorherige, aber beide fördern genau die gleichen eigenschaften des selbstlernen, des lernen durch erfahren, der selbsterforschung und den aufbau von gemeinschaften. dieses projekt beschäftigt sich mit mathematik für alle schulstufen, angefangen bei der vorschule. wir tun dies auf tablet-pcs, weil wir glauben, dass mathe, so wie alles andere, praxisbezogen unterrichtet werden sollte. +er bedeutet im grunde menschlich zu sein, und das richtige zu tun. +es wäre toll, wenn die geschichte hier enden würde. +wo kommt sie her? +es geht hier um einen verborgenen winkel des arbeitsmarktes. +alle sind für die arbeit im lager geschult. +märkte haben sich in den letzten 20 jahren bis zur unkenntlichkeit verändert, aber eben nur für organisationen am oberen ende der wirtschaft. +politiker in einem großen, komplexen, kniffligen it-projekt? +und es sollten gewisse verpflichtungen an die zuschüsse gekoppelt sein, die den betreibern auferlegt werden, und die wichtigste ist, dass die betreiber für alles bezahlen, und das schließt die ankopplung an den öffentlichen sektor ein. +es sind kleine geschäfte von kleinen leuten, aber es ist wohlinformiert, sicher, bequem, mit wenig zuschlägen und unmittelbar. +aber verbunden mit jedem foto, sind individuen mit erfüllten leben und geschichten die es verdienen erzählt zu werden. +gas, ich bin wohl der einzige mensch, den es wirklich freut, wenn herr putin den gashahn zudreht, denn ich erhalte dann ein größeres budget. +aber kleine atome wollen verschmelzen, kleine kerne wollen verschmelzen, um größere in richtung eisen zu bilden. +zum glück erhält man ein neutron, wenn man diese fusionsreaktion hinbekommt, und kann loslegen. +und nur die straße runter, sehen sie jet, +ich wünschte, wir hätten das geld und größere ressourcen. +doch unter der oberfläche sah es ganz anders aus. +einige sagen, es sieht nicht gut aus. +die ägypter und viele andere araber, die am umsturz beteiligt waren und sind, erwarten sehr, sehr viel von der regierung. +das bedeutet, dass menschliche entwicklung und nicht säkularisierung der schlüssel zur ermächtigung der frauen beim wandel des nahen ostens ist. +wir haben auch eine unbeabsichtigte konsequenz festgestellt. +denn mir ist nicht wirklich wohl dabei, dem mädchen mit beratung und empfehlungen nur zu helfen. +als nancy lublin anfing, teenagern sms zu schicken, damit sie ihr halfen ihre sozialprojekte zu verbreiten, fand sie etwas schockierendes heraus – sie fingen an, ihr zurückzuschreiben und berichteten über ihre eigenen probleme, vom drangsalieren über depressionen bis hin zum missbrauch. also richtete sie eine hotline nur für sms ein und die ergebnisse sind vielleicht noch viel bedeutender, als sie erwartete. +ferdinand foch, ein französischer general, mit dem ruf eines der brillantesten köpfe der französischen armee, sagte: "flugzeuge sind interessante spielzeuge, aber ohne militärischen wert." +sie ist auf den überschall-gleiter gerichtet. +viele prototypen sind abgestürzt – viele. +vom kleinsten lufthauch zu den schieren kräften der stürme der natur. +wir können darin als individuen beiträge leisten und uns gehör verschaffen. +zweifel und angst schleichen sich immer ein. +er endete auch im pazifik. +die leute bei aerovironment versuchten 300 oder mehr flügeldesigns, 12 verschiedene formen der avionik. +ich arbeite mit absolut genialen menschen. +ja ohne möglichkeit zu beweisen, dass sie hier überhaupt angekommen sind. +diese geschichte begann vor vier jahren. +ich bin an algorithmen gewohnt, und an datenstrukturen und hochmotivierte studierende, und nichts in meiner vergangenheit hat mich darauf vorbereitet mit einem tobenden, gewalttätigen jugendlichen mitten im nirgendwo umzugehen. +mit acht beförderte man ihn auf ein boot in odessa, und verschifft ihn auf sich selbst gestellt nach israel. +ich sage den burschen, wenn sie sich bergauf kämpfen, und spüren, dass sie nicht weiter können, dass es wirklich hilft, die unmittelbaren hindernisse zu ignorieren und den kopf zu heben, sich umzusehen und zu sehen wie die aussicht um dich herum zunimmt. +und als er das sagte, fühlte ich gänseschauer auf meiner haut, weil er es im angesicht der moab-gebirges hier im hintergrund sagte. +was real ist, ist trennung. und an einem punkt im frühen säuglingsalter, nimmt die idee vom selbst gestalt an. +es hat eine extrem wichtige funktion. +nun, ich dachte ich hätte die antwort zu dieser frage. und ich sagte. "hautfarbe." +der kampf des selbst um authentizität und definition wird nie enden bis es mit seinem erschaffer verbunden ist -- mit ihnen und mit mir. +und wenn sie das tun können. passieren unglaubliche dinge. +und das beeinflusste mich. +also hat er einen hybrid-antrieb. +und so reisten wir mit ihnen und lernten über verschiedene komponenten, und entdeckten, dass es sehr viel ineffizienz gab, die nicht beachtet wurde. +und es kommen bis zu 1 millionen menschen täglich. +übrigens stand uns die hälfte des budgets von anderen westlichen nationen zur verfügung. +die regierung von großbritannien – jede regierung ist potentiell der schlimmste kunde der welt, den man sich bloß vorstellen kann. +danke schön. +einer davon, in der anthropologie, ist die erforschung menschlicher universalien. +sollte aber etwas auf dem blatt geschrieben sein, dann könnten ja manche leute mehr davon haben, als andere, und denkt man das konsequent weiter, würde das diskriminierung und ungleichheit rechtfertigen. +wie dem auch sei, schon bald wurden sie bombardiert mit erbosten briefen, todesdrohungen, einer sperre zu diesem thema in gewissen wissenschaftlichen zeitschriften zu publizieren, die von empörten linkshändern und deren anwälten stammten und sie waren buchstäblich zu verängstigt, ihre post zu öffnen, wegen der giftigkeiten und schmähungen die sie aus unachtsamkeit heraufbeschworen haben. +unter ökonomischem blickwinkel schießt die nachfrage nach jeglicher art von kunst durch die decke, was man an den preisen für eintrittskarten in die oper, der anzahl der verkauften bücher, der anzahl veröffentlichter bücher, der anzahl veröffentlichter musiktitel, der anzahl neuer alben, und so weiter, erkennen kann. +also, in "das unbeschrieben blatt" habe ich argumentiert dass hochkultur und kritikerwesen im zwanzigsten jahrhundert, wenngleich nicht die künste im allgemeinen, schönheit, genuss, klarheit, einsicht und stil mit verachtung gestraft haben. +falsch. eineiige zwillingen, oder alle geschwister, die nach der geburt getrennt werden, sind nicht weniger ähnlich als wenn sie gemeinsam aufgewachsen wären. +also rief ich die die humane society an und sagte: "leute, ich werde ein paar lämmer kastrieren, könnt ihr mir sagen, wie das funktioniert?" +und ich denke mir, das ist überhaupt kein gummi. +und ich sagte: "ja, wie die humane society. +albert weist mich an: "drücke es ganz nach oben." +was unser sender macht, es ist das, was dirty jobs ausmacht. +ich kann immer noch hillary vor mir sehen wie sie mit den stahlarbeitern rye whiskey trinkt, der ihr das kinn herunter läuft. +sie fragen ihn: "sind sie ihrer leidenschaft hierher gefolgt?" +unsagbar gefährlich. +sie sehen ihn ständig. +ich lag bei vielem falsch. +ich habe eltern-kind- beziehungsprobleme, wofür ich meine eltern schuldig halte. +aber er hat es zu gut vorgetäuscht und jetzt steckt er in broadmoor fest und niemand glaubt ihm, dass er bei verstand ist. +wahnsinn vortäuschen. +es ist einfach unmöglich. " +und sein kliniker sagte zu mir: "wenn sie mehr über psychopathen herausfinden wollen, können sie zu einem psychopathen-identifizierungskurs gehen, der von robert hare geleitet wird, der die psychopathen-checkliste erfunden hat." +kann ich kommen und sie bezüglich ihrer besonderen gehirnanomalie interviewen? " +und er sah trotz allem interessiert aus und er sagte: "okay, fahren sie fort." +und wir nähen sie zusammen, wie mittelalterliche mönche. +wie dem auch sei, das war vor zwei jahren und das ist, wo mein buch endete. +lassen sie mich einflechten, warum ich glaube, dass die der fall ist, denn ich denke, dass es sich hierbei um eine möglicherweise kontroverse aussage handelt. +man kann eine moschee zeigen, oder man kann gläubige zeigen, aber es gibt keinen direkten weg den islam darzustellen. +und die hoffnungsvolle antowort leitet sich von der erkenntnis ab, dass islam und demokratie technologien sind. +weil sie außerordentlich erfolgreich gewesen wären. +und es ist entscheidend, in einem praktischen und aktivistischen sinne entscheidend, dass menschen, die sich mit diesen themen beschäftigen, sicherstellen dass sie innerhalb der technologie der demokratie, in diesem system, ihre vorlieben, ihre entscheidungen und ihre stimme üben um ein solches ergebnis zu unterstützen. +damals habe ich nicht weit entfernt gearbeitet. +und insgesamt hatten wir alle keine ahnung, ob wir es schaffen konnten. +aber es wurde etwas interessantes im trainingsprozess bemerkt. +sie könnten in weniger als 10 jahren ausgestorben sein, wenn wir nicht jetzt etwas tun, um sie zu schützen. +an der corner row eisenbahn, am bahnhofsparkplatz, vor einem gesundheitszentrum, in den vorgärten und sogar vor der polizeistation. +also, zurück zur sitzung. +wir bekamen land, das uns von einem örtlichen gartencenter geschenkt wurde. +wie auch immer sie das möchten, freiwillig, versuchen sie, ihre leben zu verändern. weltweit gibt es gemeinden in amerika und japan – unglaublich, oder? stellen sie sich vor: amerika, japan und neuseeland. +ich bin ebenso reichlich überrascht, denn wenn ich auf mein leben zurückblicke, war das letzte, was ich jemals tun wollte, über religion zu schreiben, oder in irgend einer form an religion beteiligt zu sein. +wenn es bei religion nun aber nicht darum geht, dinge zu glauben, worum geht es dann? +und diese anstrengung, mitgefühl in einigen der eher abstoßenden texte zu finden, ist eine gute generalprobe, das gleiche im alltäglichen leben zu tun. +sagen sie uns, was wir falsch machen. sprechen wir darüber, wo religion versagt. " +damit ist gemeint, das grauen, das wir im angesicht unserer feinde verspüren, zu überwinden und anzufangen, einander zu achten. +vergrößern wir den maßstab, sehen wir ein menschliches haar. +diese kleine ameise krabbelt also hier, sie ist wie in einem kleinen willy-wonka-land. +ich konnte es nicht glauben und ich begann, die kleinen stücke herauszulösen und fotos von ihnen zu machen. +nun, der mond hat keine atmosphäre, daher treten die mikrometeoriten dauernd ein und die ganze mondoberfläche ist jetzt mit staub bedeckt, weil sie über vier milliarden jahre von mikrometeoriten bombardiert wurde und wenn mikrometeoriten mit bis zu 100 000 km / h eintreten, verdampfen sie bei kontakt. +es war genau so eine lotterie-sache, bei der man alles beim ersten mal richtig macht. +design kommt von innen. +die röntgen-technologie hat sich, wenn es um lebensgroße aufnahmen geht, und abgesehen von diesen großen lasten-scan-maschinen, nicht genügend weiterentwickelt, um eine ausreichende bildqualität und die auflösung für das zu bieten, was ich damit tun möchte, nämlich meine bilder in großem maßstab zu zeigen. +und wenn sie das machen, stehe ich in der schlange. +und so wird es gemacht. scheibe für scheibe. +aber wenn ich den strahler etwas dunkler machen würde, dann würde alles andere leiden. +ich denke, dass er ganz nett als röntgenaufnahme aussähe. +aber ich verstehe auch nicht wie es die magie zerstört. +aber jeden einzelne ding aus dem wir bestehen, jedes einzelne atom in uns, hat bereits myriaden von anderen dingen erschaffen und wird weiter machen und myriaden von neuen dingen erschaffen. +nun weiß ich, dass sie das nicht denken. +jedes mal, wenn ich einatme atme ich eine million-milliarden-milliarden atome sauerstoff ein. +das ist mein schüler tony. +vielleicht du, vielleicht ich – aber wir sind nicht hier, um mit meinungen zu handeln, jeder hat eine meinung. +und sage zu tony, » los geht 's. « +alles war okay, bis ich ungefähr 26 jahre war und ich in einen film mit dem titel "nummer 5 lebt!" ging. +und das passiert hier. +da beginnt man zu verstehen, dass man krank werden kann, sich vergiften kann. man muss seine ernährung im gleichgewicht halten. wenn man einmal genauer hinsieht; und seither habe ich alles, was ich bei der aufnahme von informationen tat, der erzeugung von information, der zubereitung von information aus der sichtweise von essen betrachtet. +wir haben viel zeit damit verbracht, ein 1 milliarden dollar geschäft ‒ sie hören richtig ‒ eine milliarden dollar- ölgeschäft zu untersuchen, in das er verwickelt war, und was wir herausfanden, war schockierend, aber dazu später noch mehr. +eine bank in paris unterhielt konten von firmen, die er kontrollierte und von denen eine kunst zu pflegen kaufte, und amerikanische banken, die 73 mio. dollar in die vereinigten staaten überwiesen, von denen einige dem kauf der villa in kalifornien dienten. +sie fand heraus, dass in 70% der fälle anonyme scheinfirmen benutzt wurden, die auf insgesamt fast 56 milliarden dollar beziffert werden. +es sollten aber nicht so große bemühungen erforderlich sein, um herauszufinden, wo das geld derartiger geschäfte abblieb. +ich sehe dieses wort, höre dieses wort, fühle dieses wort überall. +man wird sein land. man wird seine religion. +ich fand es toll als er über diese andere welt redete, die direkt neben dieser welt ist. +sie ist in der high school. +nicht vor verlusten davonzulaufen, sondern trauer anzunehmen, sich dem leid zu ergeben. +denn wenn man viel zeit damit verbringt von ort zu ort zu gehen, von land zu land, von stadt zu stadt, das ausmaß zu dem frauen, zum beispiel, misshandelt werden und die epidemie davon, und das gewöhnliche daran, ist so verheerend für die seele, dass man sich die zeit nehmen muss, zumindest muss ich mir die zeit nehmen, um das zu verarbeiten. +nun, ich war dumm, aber nicht so dumm, das abzulehnen. +purer inhalt und pure form, nebeneinander. +ich war so betrunken. " +ich setzte also die schrift, ich druckte sie auf einem epson-drucker mit wasserlöslicher tinte, klebte sie an die wand und warf einen eimer wasser hinterher. presto! +ernsthaft. +nicht gerade jackie collins. +wie mein wunsch, dass niemand hungern soll oder dass alles kostenlos wäre, eine art utopie. +wir lieben herausforderungen, aber wenn die erwartungen niedrig sind, glauben sie mir, werden wir auch nur diese erfüllen. +und falls sie glauben, das habe wirklich keine bedeutung für sie, dann erinnern sie sich daran, dass klonen möglich ist und das bedeutet, dass sie nochmal durch die kindheit gehen, in welchem falle, sie ebenso gehört werden wollen wie meine generation das will. +als ich in den späten 60ern mit den aufnahmen anfing, waren die typischen aufnahmemethoden auf die bruchstückhafte erfassung einzelner arten begrenzt. zu anfang waren es meistens vögel, aber später kamen säugetiere und amphibien hinzu. +dennoch erzählen uns unsere ohren eine ganz andere geschichte. +dies ist das wahrscheinlich traurigste geräusch, den ich je von einem organismus gehört habe, menschlicher, oder anderer natur. +die lehrer an der schule hatten keinen richtigen spaß, im sport ging es sehr dreckig oder schmerzvoll zu. +aber natürlich konnten die wissenschaftler nicht anders. +es gibt also viel mehr weibliche spieler, als sich die leute bewusst sind. +was also die verbreitung von spielen angeht, was denken sie, was diese leute hier gerade tun? +und wenn wir erst genügend dieser leute haben, dann wollen wir noch mehr fantasy-künstler, die orte bebildern können, wo wir noch nie zuvor gewesen sind, oder charaktere, die wir noch nie vorher gesehen haben. +ich bin süchtig, denn wiewohl ich weiß, dass ich den bezug zur realität verliere, will ich doch immer mehr. +keine knöpfe oder abzüge, die man betätigen muss, nur ich und das spiel. +aber vielleicht ist gehirnwäsche nicht immer schlecht. +was die unis betrifft, es gibt an die 350 unis auf der welt, die kurse über videospiele unterrichten. +danke. +irgendwie müssen wir uns selbst verstehen, um unsere unzulänglichkeiten zu umgehen. +ein 14jähriges kind bekommt in der schule, diese version des satzes von pythagoras, die wirklich sehr spitzfindig und interessant ist, aber eigentlich keine gute herangehensweise an mathematik. +die mathematiker und naturwissenschaftler in der menge werden diese beiden progressionen als diskrete differentialgleichung erster ordnung und als diskrete differentialgleichung zweiter ordnung erkennen. von sechsjährigen abgeleitet. +also, wenn man sich dieses kleine skript hier ansieht, ist die geschwindigkeit immer 30. +und dann sagen sie, oh ja, konstante beschleunigung. +die zukunft des lebens, und wohin die entschlüsselung unserer biologie -- machen sie das licht etwas heller! ich habe keine folien. +ich weiß, dass es einen großen hype gab um unsere fähigkeit, die biologie zu kontrollieren. +es wird uns hinterfragen lassen, was es heißt, ein mensch zu sein. +und er passt nicht zu der zukunft, auf die wir uns zubewegen. +es gibt drei offensichtliche arten, auf die man dies tun kann. +die menschheit wird diesen weg beschreiten. +eines ist jedoch wirklich gefährlich an dieser art von technologie; es ist sehr leicht, von ihr verführt zu werden. +und was kommt dabei heraus? neues leben. +gregory stock: aufrüsten ist menschlich +es ist ja unser privater teich. tja, so geht das. " +sagt der mann dann einfach: 'ist jetzt der zeitpunkt gekommen, meine hose auszuziehen?' "und ich antwortete:" ja. " +schließlich sagt sie: "mama, glaubst du, dass es im internet auch menschen gibt, die sich paaren?" +also besteht die möglichkeit, die röhre einfach von außen zu umwickeln. +einmal fertiggestellt, ist die installation ganz einfach. +wie sie sehen können, machen da nicht nur zwei technische hauptdisziplinen mit, medizin und ingenieurwesen, sondern auch verschiedene spezialisten innerhalb dieser zwei disziplinen. +ich glaube, in polen ist das genauso. +sie wollen einfach tun, was sie schon immer getan haben. +und als ergebnis, ist es eine ganz andere verwendung von technik und wissen, mit denen sie umgeben sind. +damit macht man eine gute karikatur. +es hat die musikindustrie umgekrempelt. es hat die art, wie wir musik konsumieren, verändert. +sie kennen die geschichte. +und ich traf die dozo. +und ich forderte sie nicht auf, nette karikaturen zu zeichnen. +vielen dank. +wenn sie 2 milliarden jahre zurückgehen, sind wir nicht mehr auf einem erdähnlichen planet. +wir sind momentan im schönen spalt der existenz, wenigstens des lebens auf planet erde, im anschluss an die erste furchtbare mikrobiellen ära. +der schwarze stein ist das sediment auf dem seeboden in der abwesenheit von plankton. +dies sind säugetier-ähnliche reptilien. +die überlebenden die durchkommen produzieren diese welt voller krokodil ähnlichen kreaturen. +es kann nur auftreten wenn die oberfläche eines ozean kein sauerstoff hat und vollkommen mit schwefelwasserstoff gesättigt ist; genug um z.b. aus einer lösung zu stammen. +es ist auf dem planeten seit dem anfang der tiere, 500 millionen jahre. +jetzt, die selbe maus bekommt 80 teile pro million schwefelwasserstoff in dieser durchgezogenen linie und sehen sie was mit ihrer temperatur passiert. +verstehe ich dich richtig, dass du hier sagst das wir in unseren körpern eine biochemische reaktion auf schwefelwasserstoff haben, was in deiner sicht beweist, das es in der vergangenheit massenaussterben wegen klimawandeln gegeben hat? +dies ist institutionalisierte am ende des zyklus enden diese produkte wahrscheinlich auf einer müllkippe wie dieser in manila. +diese fabrik in china, die selbst ziemlich sauber ist, bekommt ihre zutaten aus hinterhof-schlachtereien, wo familien die tiere schlachten und die zutaten extrahieren. +ihre wähler sind lokal. +selbst wenn sie ihre arbeit täten, und bußgelder von diesen einrichtungen forderten, wären diese wohl kaum nennenswert. +sie können sich verantwortlich nennen, aber verantwortlichkeit ohne rechenschaft funktioniert meist nicht. +wir reden hier von tausenden von lieferanten. " +arbeiten sie mit, kommen sie an den sicheren ort, und lassen sie uns etwas bewegen. +du wirst etwas fangen und wieder von vorne anfangen. +also schreibe ich gedicht um dinge herauszufinden. +ich kann meine reise in die gesprochenen poesie in drei schritte teilen. +und jemand anderes hat eine sache, die das komplette gegenteil von ihrer ist. +es ist nicht, dass ich denke, gesprochene poesie sei die ideale kunstform. +ich habe immer gedacht, dass mein anfang im bowery poetry club war, aber es ist möglich, dass es schon viel früher war. +das ist es, was ich jedes mal anstrebe, wenn ich meinen mund öffne – diese unmögliche verbindung. +ich war student in den 60ern, einer zeit sozialen umbruchs und fragestellungen, und, auf einer persönlichen ebene, eines erwachenden sinns für idealismus. +aber ich war getrieben von der inhärenten bedeutung, dass ein bild, das das wirkliche gesicht des krieges enthüllte, beinahe per definitionem ein antikriegsfoto sein würde. +eines der dinge, die ich als journalist lernen musste, war, wie ich mit meiner wut umgehen sollte. +dieser mann war gerade aus einem todeslager der hutu befreit worden. +ich verbrachte recht viel zeit mit einem mann, der mit seiner familie an einer gleisanlage lebte und einen arm und ein bein bei einem zugunglück verloren hatte. +ein krankenhaus der "ärzte ohne grenzen" in einem flüchtlingslager. +das ist ein hubschrauber-notarzt, der einem soldaten erste hilfe leistet, dem in den kopf geschossen worden war. +bei jeder wahl sieht es so aus, als ob irgendwas immer falsch läuft, einige versuchen zu betrügen, oder irgendwas läuft schief - hier verschwindet eine wahlurne, dort bleiben stanzreste übrig. +der strichcode mag zwar kompliziert verschlüsselt sein, aber das wählen mit diesen zetteln ist überhaupt nicht kompliziert. +david bismark demonstriert ein neues wählsystem mit einer einfachen, nachweisbaren methode, betrug und rechenfehler auszuschließen - wobei das wahlgeheimnis unangetastet bleibt. +aber die unterteilt christentum, islam und buddhismus in so viele untergruppen, dass es uns zu detailliert war. +aber es gab auch christliche länder, wo es sechs bis sieben babies pro frau gab. +aber es gibt hier auch länder wie guatemala, papua neuguinea, yemen und afghanistan. +hier ist qatar heute und dort ist bangladesch heute. +und die weltbevölkerung wird aufhören zu wachsen. +und dann sterben wieder die alten und ihr bekommt zwei milliarden kinder. +ich landete in jeder fernsehshow. +1980 erklärten wir die pocken für ausgerottet. +aber in diesem jahr explodierte die pockenausbreitung in indien. +drei weitere male sind wir gescheitert. +dieses jahr wird dieses eine krankhenhaus mehr als 300.000 menschen in tamil nadu, indien, das augenlicht zurück geben. +innerhalb von drei wochen ist sie überall auf der welt. +aber mit aller ernsthaftigkeit – weil diese idee aus ted geboren wurde, möchte ich, dass dies ein erbe von ted wird, und ich möchte es das internationale system für totale früherkennung von krankheiten nennen. +aber sie konnten auf die who zeigen und sie wissen lassen, dass es diese überraschende und unerklärte häufung von krankheitsfällen gab, die wie vogelgrippe aussahen. +die erste zahl ist drei: drei milliarden menschen. +wir wissen aus befragungen von china bis zur usa, +sie wechseln ihr smartphone sieben oder acht mal, vielleicht auch öfter, wenn sie in diesem publikum sitzen. +aber wir haben herausgefunden, dass 100% einfacher zu erreichen sind als 90 oder 50%. +die energie ist kostenlos. +und wir wollen keine weiteren hundert jahre warten. +es gab eine gleichung in meiner familie, etwa so: wenn du intelligent bist, bist du infolgedessen nicht spirituell. +ich habe mich immer angezogen gefühlt von diesen seltenen menschen die das einfach abstreifen und ihr leben der menschlichkeit widmen mit der entschlossenheit der kriegerin und der gnade der mystikerin. menschen wie martin luther king jr., der schrieb, « ich kann niemals sein, was ich sein sollte, solange du nicht bist, was du sein solltest. +oder vielleicht ihr schwager, der nicht an die klimaerwärmung glaubt – +wir vereinbarten, wir würden in unseren gruppen das wort ergreifen wenn wir zeugen würden von dieser art ausgrenzender rede, die verletzen und zu paranoia vergären kann, um dann von jenen an den rändern zum aufwiegeln verwendet zu werden. +ich war im irak, in afghanistan und in liberia. +und er hat eine mission. +und dass sie vor allem dazu fähig ist, diese friedvoll aufzulösen. +aber die frage, welche in meinem kopf nachklang, war: was treibt menschen dazu, feuerwehrautos zu zerstören die ihren eigenen häusern zu hilfe eilen? +es wird berichtet, dass wikileaks, dein kind, in den letzten paar jahren mehr geheimdokumente veröffentlicht hat als die restlichen medien der welt zusammen. +und dann behielt ihn die regierung für sich und benutzte ihn als politisches druckmittel gegen moi, der der reichste mann war -- immer noch der reichste mann in kenia ist. +roger, ich hab 'sie. +j nun ja, weil sowas den wahren stand der dinge zeigen zum beipspiel von arabischen regierungen, die wirklichen menschenrechtsverstöße dieser regierungen. +es wird die wahrnehmung und meinung der leute ändern, die für das alles bezahlen. und das ist unsere hoffnung. +und im technischen bericht stand überhaupt nichts davon. es war für uns also ein extrem schwieriges dokument. +kann das stimmen? +das hat euch sehr prominent gemacht in island. was passierte dann? +die musiker haben eine dreidimensionale veranschaulichung von wetterdaten wie diesen abgespielt. +die vertikalen elemente sind einer bestimmten stunde am tag zugeordnet. +lauren hodge: wenn ihr in einem restaurant die gesündere option wollt, was würdet ihr wählen, gegrilltes oder frittiertes hühnchen? +es war eine große verpflichtung, mehrmals zu dem labor zur arbeit zu fahren. +das klingt total albern. +das ist sogar eines der größten probleme, das die heutige chemotherapie mit sich bringt. +1,6 millionen tode weltweit. +julie geht also zu ihrem arzt, damit ihr asthma behandelt wird. +ich möchte also, dass ihr euch eine welt vorstellt, in der wir bessere luftqualität haben, in der die lebensqualität besser ist und in der die lebensqualität für alle besser ist, auch für unsere zukünftigen generationen. +und so einfach verwandelte ich mich von einer frau, die diesen kinder beigebracht worden wäre, als "behindert" zu betrachten, in jemanden, der ein potenzial hatte, das ihre körper noch nicht hatten. +und aus meiner sicht besonders interessant, was bedeutet es, behindert zu sein? +schrulligkeit ist also wichtig. +danke. +nach dem bewerbungsgespräch mit dem japanischen manager, das eine halbe stunde dauerte, sagte er letztendlich: "so, frau yang, haben sie fragen an mich?" +heute werde ich über junge menschen sprechen, über die plattform der sozialen medien. +erstens, sind die meisten von ihnen in den 80ern und 90ern geboren, unter der ein-kind-politik. +so stellte den letzten jahren stellten küstengebiete fest, dass es ihnen an arbeitskräften mangelt. +obwohl junge menschen sich ihrer beteilligung an der öffentlichen politischen entscheidungsfindung sicher scheinen, sind sie manchmal dennoch ein bisschen verloren, in bezug auf was sie für ihr privatleben wollen. +und unsere jüngere generation wird dieses land transformieren während sie selbst transformiert werden. +diese berge sind gefährliche orte, aber letztendlich hängt das schicksal dieser bärenfamilien, und tatsächlich das aller bären um den nordpazifik, von den lachsen ab. +notwendigkeit ist die mutter der evolution. +aber wenn sie mit dem nackten auge nach oben schauen, brauchen sie wirklich keins. +ein kultur, die von oben herab gesteuert wird, in der die stimmbänder von millionen verloren sind. +allerdings gab ascap an, dass sie das nicht beeindrucken würde. +i want to share all my love with you... +der extremismus auf der einen seite fördert den extremismus auf der anderen seite. ein umstand, den wir mittlerweile ausreichend verstanden haben sollten. und beide extreme in dieser diskussion sind einfach falsch. +wir können sie nur zu "raubkopierern" machen. und ist das in ordnung? +"denn wir sind weit entfernt von zu hause und wir sind sehr erschöpft." +ich weiß, es klingt nach strenger liebe, aber sehen sie, wenn sie angelogen werden, dann weil sie damit einverstanden sind. +wenn sie nicht belogen werden wollen, müssen sie wissen, wonach sie hungrig sind. +lügen hat für unsere spezies evolutionäre bedeutung. +der rest von uns ist nur etwa 54% akkurat. +wir alle reden mit unseren fingerspitzen. +wenn sie merken, dass sie zu unrecht verdächtigt werden, sind sie das gesamte gespräch über wütend, nicht nur hin und wieder; sie werden während der gesamten befragung wütend sein. +ihr neuer geschäftspartner mag ihnen die hand schütteln mit ihnen feiern, essen gehen, und dann einen ausdruck des ärgers zeigen. +seien sie nicht zu aggressiv, es funktioniert nicht. +aber in der zwischenzeit müssen sie sich folgendes fragen: wen wollen sie bei einem treffen neben sich sitzen haben, jemanden, der ausgebildet wurde, der wahrheit auf den grund zu gehen, oder jemanden, der ein 200 kilo schweres elektroenzephalogramm durch die tür schleppt? +ab jetzt geht es nur noch bergab. ich möchte emeka und chris danken. +das ist sehr wichtig. +nigeria hat 1960 unabhängigkeit erlangt. +ich hatte einen erfinderischen lehrer, ein pakistanischer moslem, der uns genau das beibringen wollte. +fraser kniet auf dem boden, die arme auf den rücken gefesselt, und er weint. +und ich habe zugesehen, wie sie eingesperrt wurden und reizgasvergiftet. +mein freund ronald gottesman sagt, dass es drei arten von menschen gibt: diejenigen, die zählen können, und die die es nicht können. +eine meiner bevorzugten aufgaben in meiner arbeit in der gates foundation besteht darin, dass ich entwiklungsländer besuche und das sehr oft. +sie zapfen lokale unternehmertalente an und sie betreiben unglaubliches marketing. +und 1990 beschlossen sie, dass sie die lokalen unternehmer trainieren wollten und anfingen ihnen geringen lohn zu zahlen. +der grund warum diese mikrounternehmer verkaufen und profit machen können während sie jede einzelne dose in ihrem hand- oder schubkarren verkaufen. +und ich denke, dass das ein fehler ist. +wir wissen, dass beschneidung die hiv infektionen bei männern um rund 60% reduziert. +nun, am 4. september gab es eine große aufräumaktion, das ist was man bei polio macht. +heute werde ich ihnen zwei dinge erzählen. erstens, was wir verloren haben, und zweitens, wie wir es wiedererlangen. +hier können sie den größten teil der lebewesen des meeresschutzgebiets der florida keys sehen. +aber es gibt ja noch die globale erwärmung. +und dort sah ich dies: jede menge fische. +also fangen die fischer mehr. +also wieviel davon gibt es? +das bringt uns zum dritten grund, wieso wir nicht mehr schutzgebiete haben, nämlich dass die mittelbeschaffung falsch aufgezogen ist. +der produktionsüberschuss dieser kleinen kerle da unten ist sozusagen genug, diese träge biomasse zu bewahren. +und dort, und nur dort, kann man wirklich fühlen, teil einer größeren sache zu sein, oder eines größeren ökosystems. +wir benutzen das unterseeboot alvin und kameras, und diese kameras hat bill lange mit hilfe von sony entwickelt. +man weiß sehr wenig über sie. +und es gibt zehntausende von bergen hier draußen, die auf keiner karte verzeichnet sind. +inzwischen haben wir herausgefunden, dass sie wahrscheinlich aus dem erdinneren gekommen sind. +es gibt hier keine lichtquellen außer denen, die wir mitbringen. +sie brauchen die sonne überhaupt nicht. +bl: dieses bakterium, über das wir gesprochen haben, ist die einfachste uns bekannte lebensform. +el niño kommt und geht. es ist kein desaster, es ist ein rhythmus. +wir fänden es großartig, wenn schüler das behalten, selbst wenn sie keine mathematischen fachrichtungen einschlagen. +ich glaube an das wirkliche leben. +wenn wir dann beginnen die bedeutung von 'steile' zu definieren, erkennen wir, dass es nett wäre, einige maße zu besitzen um wirklich eingrenzen zu können, was es genau bedeutet. +wie lange dauert es, ih aufzufüllen? +dies ist eine einmalige zeit, mathematik lehrer zu sein, denn wir haben die werkzeuge, um diesen hochwertigen lehrplan in unserer vordertasche zu erstellen. +die lehre aus brians vortrag ist irgendwie -- all diese fantastischen bilder -- wirklich dies: der blickwinkel bestimmt alles, was man sieht. +sie war langweilig. +so sind die herausforderungen an bildung, an einem ort wie diesem, nicht die könige und königinnen von kenia und großbritannien zu lernen. +wie sehen sie aus? +10 jahre auf den ertrag der bildung zu warten, ist zu lang, wenn man seine täglichen aufgaben erfüllen muss, wenn man die geschwister versorgen muss, oder im geschäft mithelfen muss. +das ist eine stadt. +und es wird keine fehler geben. " +sie bräuchten abermillionen von lehrern in china, indien, nigeria und dem rest der entwicklungsländer, um den bedarf zu decken. +aber es ist, anders als autos, die sich so schnell und geordnet entwickelt haben, das schulsystem ist eigentlich erkennbar ein erbe des 19. jahrhunderts, von einem bismarckschen model von deutschem unterricht, das von englischen reformern aufgegriffen wurde, und oft von religiösen missionaren in den vereinigten staaten aufgegriffen wurde als ein mittel des gesellschaftlichen zusammenhalts, und dann in japan und südkorea, während sie sich entwickelten. +und während ich ihn schaue, kommt diese szene, die mich zu tränen rührt, und die ich seit 25 jahren mit mir herumtrage. +und da ich einen 15-jährigen zu hause habe, muss ich ständig kochen, kochen, kochen. +dieser "gay lifestyle" ist echt gruselig. er ist super-böse und nimmt kein ende! +die verfassung der usa ist die "gay agenda". +aber wenn sie sich die karte ansehen und unseren staat michigan hier sehen – es ist hier legal, menschen zu feuern, weil sie schwul, lesbisch, bisexuell oder transgender sind, es ist legal, jemanden aus ihrem heim zu werfen, weil sie schwul, lesbisch, bisexuell oder transgender sind, dann erkennen sie, dass dieses ganze gerede über gleichstellung in der ehe nicht darum geht, jemandes rechte zu beschneiden, sondern es geht darum, ihnen die rechte zu gewähren, die bereits formuliert sind. +danke. +einige der studien belegen sogar, dass wir glücklicher sind. +entropie bedeutet, dass alles auf dieser welt, wirklich alles in einem zustand des verfalls und verderbens ist, das ist der bogen. +wie sollte ich den dritten akt leben? +wenn es uns aber möglich ist, zurückzugehen und unsere beziehung zu ändern, unsere beziehung zu vergangenen menschen und ereignissen neu auszulegen, dann können sich die nervenbahnen ändern. +ich weiss woran sie denken, wenn sie diese bilder anschauen. +sie müssen bestäuber anlocken die ihnen helfen. +es ist eine wunderbare sache. +das ist der philodendron selloum. +letzte woche habe ich dieses sonnenröschen in dorset fotografiert. +vielleicht sind sie genervt, oder sie freuen sich auf ein neues spiel. oder es hält sie vom schlafen ab. +er reist durch das ganze land und fotografiert sich selbst. hier ist zig in einem indianerreservat. diese aufnahme zählt zu den traditionelleren aufnahmen. das ist ein regentänzer. +sie wollen auch mit. "– und ich:" liebling, sie wollen nicht mit. das ist die 'middle passage'. +es ist ein spiel mit 50.000 einzelteilen. +was ihr seht, sind die flugbewegungen über nordamerika über einen zeitraum von 24-stunden. +man sieht die warteschleifen, die unten auf dem bildschirm entstehen +also haben sie diesen webdienstleistung gemacht und gesagt: "jeder programmierer kann eine software schreiben und auf den geist von tausenden von menschen zugreifen." +das verschafft einen eindruck über die verschiedenen grade der motivation und hingabe. +also haben wir ein hundert-dollar-schein genommen und in 10,000 winzig kleine teile zerlegt, und diese in den mechanical turk eingespeist. +man bekommt einen einfachen audioclip. +aber wir wussten, dass wir auf jeden fall die richtige person brauchten um uns dahinter zu stellen und für den wir etwas aufbauen konnten. +ak: wenn ihr zu der website johnnycashproject.com geht, wird ihr das video oben sehen. +win butler: now our lives are changing fast now our lives are changing fast hope that something pure can last hope that something pure can last ooh we used to wait ooh we used to wait ooh we used to wait sometimes it never came sometimes it never came still moving through the pain we used to wait for it we used to wait for it we used to wait for it ak: ich denke, wenn es eine sache gibt, die ihr von meiner rede heute mitnehmen sollt, ist dass ein interface ein starkes erzählerisches instrument sein kann. +und sie kommt auch aufs wesentliche der dinge. +falls man eine der sprachen nicht kann, lernt man sofort. +hier ist "candycity." +und parallel zu meinem schneiden ist mein laufen. +die identitäten sind nicht autobiographisch. +also bei der u-bahn in new york sah ich einen zusammenhang zwischen dem fahren in der u-bahn und dem lesen. +es wird genutzt als absperrung die schienen und fahrgäste schützt, und verhindert, dass sachen auf die schienen fallen. +béatrice coron: aus papier geschnittene geschichten +nun, das gegenstück eines snobs ist ihre mutter. +neid - es ist ein echtes tabu, neid zu erwähnen - aber wenn es ein vorherrschendes gefühl in der modernen gesellschaft gibt, dann ist es neid. +es gibt noch einen weiteren grund, warum wir möglicherweise unseren karriere, unserem status in der heutigen welt, ängstlicher gegenüberstehen als je zuvor. +dennoch glaube ich, dass es verrückt ist zu glauben, dass wir jemals eine wirklich meritokratische gesellschaft haben werden können. ein unmöglicher traum. +nun, gibt es dazu irgendwelche alternativen? +und so sind wir geneigt, uns selbst anzubeten. +die psychoanalyse posaunt diese botschaft schon seit ungefähr 80 jahren heraus. +andernfalls kann es ganz schön klaustrophobisch werden. +und ich beschloss, dass das einzige mittel gegen diesen zustand, ein schwer erreichbarer traum sei, ein extremer traum, den zu verfolgen äußerste überzeugung und unerschütterliche leidenschaft bedürfte, etwas, das mich zu meinem besten selbst in jedem aspekt meines lebens machen würde, zu jeder minute jeden tages, denn der traum war so groß, dass ich ihn ohne diese einstellung und überzeugung nicht erreichen konnte. +die navigation is schwierig. +ich konnte es nicht erwarten, den fantastischen geist auszulösen. +und jeder dieser stachel überträgt dieses gift in das zentrale nevensystem. +und ich schwamm durch die nacht, und auch noch durch den nächsten tag. +und ein kleines kind ganz hinten machte so. +ja. +danke. danke. +und was ist mit schlaf? +dies ist ein gerät, das nicht nur den herzrhythmus misst, wie sie bereits gesehen haben, es kann noch viel mehr. +das sieht so aus. +in der regel sind es 90 prozent. also, sie sagen mir, sie schlafen besser als erwartet. +so, diabetes ist eine der großen krankheiten. +es gibt zwei dinge, die diesen ganzen prozess wirklich beschleunigen können. +so, ich hoffe, ich habe sie davon überzeugt -- die auswirkungen auf die krankenhausressorcen sind enorm und die auswirkungen auf krankheiten sind ebenso beeindruckend in allen diesen verschiedenen krankheiten und mehr. +wie schaffen wir stabile gesellschaften? langlebigkeit. +und man beginnt nachzudenken über sich selbst und seine erinnerungen, und bevor man zurück in die versenkung geht verändert man seine erinnerung und man verändert seine persönlichkeit und so weiter. +und natürlich, wir sind nicht verantwortlich für die konsequenzen für das was wir gerade tun, oderr? wie diese ganzen bedenken ums klonen. +dankeschön. +und ich zeige ihnen, was wir entwickelt haben. +also kann man genauso viel sorgfalt und technik verwenden um einen hamburger zu machen, wie bei einem deutlich kulinarischerem gericht. +das ist wie in einem hollywoodfilm, wenn ein mensch an seilen in der luft schwebt, und digital die seile entfernt werden, so dass er fliegt. +die region, die aussieht wie ein horn nennen wir "sweet spot". +und weil viele menschen mythbusters und csi anschauen dachte ich mir, nehmen wir ein rezept für ballistische gelatine mit auf. +aber vielleicht hilft es, wenn ich ihm ein loch in den kopf bohre. " +wer würde sich so was denn schon antun? +die laparoskopie macht diese art von operation möglich. eine operation mit langen instrumenten durch kleine einschnitte. +und jetzt, im gegensatz zur laparoskopie, kann man die nadel genau im instrument platzieren, und man kann sie ganz durchführen und ihr in ihrer laufbahn folgen. +und sie müssen alles neu einstellen. +wir können das drehbuch für die nächste revolution in der chirurgie schreiben. +wir können die krankheit heilen. +wir stellten fest, wenn plastikmüll einmal auf der deponie ist, ist er wegen seiner ähnlichen dichte schwer sortierbar, und wenn er mit organischen stoffen und bauschutt vermischt wird, ist es wahrlich unmöglich, ihn herauszusuchen und umweltbewusst zu entsorgen. +phtalate verschmutzen nicht nur unsere umwelt, sie verschmutzen auch unseren körper. +das bedeutet, dass unsere bakterien tatsächlich von den phtalaten lebten. +danke. jy: danke. +aber menschen leben auf dieses land. +das ist eine ungewöhnliche installation von flughafensitzen. +die frühre versionen haben ein "x" gestell. das mögen die sammler. +das ist ein film, von dem wir schon vieles gehört haben. +jetzt schauen wir uns einen anderen film an. +also, "ich sah viele züge und bin auch mit einem gefahren. +und da sind eine ganze menge spassige dinge. das ist das museum der parkbank. +es geht darum wie man probleme angeht. und da ist diese grosse, wunderschöne gemeinsamkeit zwischen design, das wirtschaftsleben und die welt. +das ist das, was wir alle tun müssen. +es war überwältigend. +aber wenn sich korruption einschleicht und menschen nicht mehr die möglichkeit haben, von einem rechtsstaat beschützt zu werden und man gewalt benutzen kann, wenn man gewalt strafffrei benutzen kann, dann kann man die schwachen einsammeln und versklaven. +dies ist also das szenario, auf das wir kapital setzen sollten. +diese kleinen jungen sind in nepal. +befreiung kostet aber auch geld. +kinder, die aus der fischereiindustrie in ghana befreit wurden, werden mit ihren eltern wieder vereint und dann mit den eltern zurück in ihr dorf gebracht, um dort ihren wirtschaftlichen wohlstand wieder aufzubauen, so dass sie gegen verskalvung abgesichert sind. absolut nicht mehr versklavbar. +aber erst seit kurzem können wir, dank technischer fortschritte, nun die quanten-levitation und die quanten-arretierung demonstrieren. +zuerst sind einige bündel von magnetfeldlinien im inneren gefangen, aber der supraleiter mag es nicht, wenn sie sich bewegen, da ihre bewegungen energie verbrauchen, und so die supraleitung stören. +diesen runden magneten kann ich natürlich auch erweitern, um ein beliebiges gleis zu formen. +und es war inspiriert von diesem zitat von douglas adams. die situation ist aus "per anhalter durch die galaxis". +aber egal, ich bekam meinen koffer voll eisenerz und brachte ihn mit dem zug zurück nach london, wo ich mit dem problem konfrontiert wurde: okay, wie mache ich aus diesem stein bauteile für einen toaster? +und das letzte material über das ich heute reden werde, ist plastik. und natürlich musste mein toaster eine plastikhülle bekommen. +das ist er ohne gehäuse. +als ich student am mit war, teilten wir uns alle einen einzigen computer, der ein gesamtes gebäude einnahm. +wir haben sie also aktualisiert, so dass ich sie nun bis zum jahr 2007 zeigen kann. +kommunikationstechnologien: es gibt 50 verschiedene arten das hier zu messen. die anzahl der bits, die bewegt werden, die größe des internets. +und wir werden anfangen, unsere gesundheit und unsere intelligenz damit zu beeinflussen, je weiter wir uns diesen technologien nähern. +es geschah in einer gegend names wellawatta, einer erstklassigen wohngegend in colombo. +noch stunden später war das meer meilenweit mit holzteilen übersät -- das alles kam von den häusern des slums. +1. stimme: es kommt zurück. eine neue welle. +und sie bietet wirklich interessante möglichkeiten, um eine ganze reihe von aktionen in der zukunft zu organisieren. +es ist sehr einfach, sich in die dezentralisierte, von unten nach oben struktur des internets zu verlieben. +es gibt dieses berühmte beispiel von einem kreis, der 366 meter lang war und zwei tage lang andauerte, die ameisen wanderten einfach immer im kreis herum bis sie irgendwann starben. +ich kann aber nicht aufhören, an diese jungen leute ohne arme zu denken. +ich zeige ihnen gleich jemanden, der mit dem ding ein paar einfache bewegungen macht, die wir auch in washington vorgeführt haben. bitte film ab! +alles begann, als sich zwei wissenschaftler, fred grassle und jesse ausubel, in woods hole, massachusetts, trafen, als beide zu gast im berühmten ozeanographischen institut weilten. +und damit wurde es möglich, fisch haltbar zu machen und über lange strecken zu transportieren. +und so war eines der mittel, mit dem wir den ozean erkundeten, die akustik, also schallwellen. +was sie fanden, war falsch etikettierter fisch. +das ist etwas, das wir bereits seit einer weile wissen, also nicht weiter bahnbrechend. +das interessante an ihm ist, dass wissenschaftler, die an der erfassung teilnahmen, vor ein paar jahren entdeckten, dass dieser kleine kerl in sauerstoffarmen sedimenten in den tiefen des mittelmeers leben kann. +also haben wir noch eine menge arbeit vor uns, was das unbekannte angeht. +und die ozeane sind so produktiv, es passiert so viel dort, das für menschen wichtig ist, das wir unbedingt, selbst aus einer eigennützigen perspektive, besser machen müssen als bisher. +und wir tun etwas anderes als das, was wir in der vergangenheit getan hat. wir fügen ein minimum von intelligenz da hin. +wissen sie, ich kenne mich so schlecht mit technik aus, dass ich meine tochter – die jetzt 41 ist – als sie fünf war, zufällig zu einer freundin sagen hörte, "wenn es nicht blutet, wenn du es schneidest, dann versteht mein papa es nicht." +die indo-europäische wurzel des wortes hoffnung ist ein stamm, k-e-u – wir würden es k-e-u buchstabieren, es wird koy ausgesprochen – und es ist dieselbe wurzel, von dem das wort bogen stammt. +und ich denke, das werden auf die länge die elemente des menschlichen geistes sein, über die wir nach und nach von so vielen rednern gehört haben. +wir sind, oder sollten es sein, moralisch dazu verpflichtet, der heiler der welt zu sein. +nun, das stimmt nicht ganz. sie können das auch durch schwitzen machen. +aber warum ist die obere frage so einfach und die untere so schwer? +man sendet einen befehl, der eine muskelkontraktion auslöst. +was sind das für vorstellungen? +und was die bayes-regel aussagt, ist, dass man die anzahl im roten mit der anzahl im grünen multiplizieren sollte, um die anzahl der gelben zu erhalten, die die ellipsen aufweisen, und das ist meine überzeugung. +nun gibt es einen guten grund dafür zu glauben, dass sie in der lage sein wollen externe von internen vorgängen zu unterscheiden. +wenn man von 0,1 auf 0,2 geht, wird es zum ende immer kitzliger +wir begannen mit einem motor mit einem kleinen hebel, und kleiner kraftübertragung. +also muss ich jede menge entscheidungen treffen. +wenn ich mich anders bewege – rechts zum beispiel – dann gibt es einen anderen befehl, ein anderes rauschen, das durch unser lärmsystem läuft – ziemlich kompliziert. +man muss das sehvermögen mit der erkenntnis untersuchen, wie das bewegungssystem das sehen nutzt. +und ja, der rote planet ist rot. +hier sind einige der jüngsten bilder. +und was wir hier sehen ist das auftreten des gases methan, ch4, in der marsatmosphäre. +in der südhalbkugel gibt es einschlagkrater, es gibt vulkankrater. +wir werden dort fliegen, wo das methan ist. +wir glauben, dass wir mit einem einstündigen flug die lehrbücher über den mars umschreiben können, indem wir hochauflösende messungen der atmosphäre vornehmen, wobei wir nach gasen biogener und vulkanischer herkunft suchen, die oberfläche studieren, den magnetismus auf der oberfläche studieren, den wir nicht verstehen, und außerdem ungefähr ein dutzend andere gebiete. +wenn sie an weiteren informationen interessiert sind haben wir eine website, die diese aufregende und faszinierende mission beschreibt, und warum wir sie durchführen wollen. +ich dann so: "yeah. +dann muss du bemerken, das wenn die lego unterstützen cad programme nicht genug sind, dort ist ein open- source unabhängiges lego cad program mit dem man 3d modelle und 3d wiedergaben machen kann, in der tat, filme von lego 3d filme bei denen tausende auf youtube sind. und dort sind gibst einige nachgemachte bekannte filme. und einige haben absolut gleichen inhalt. nur bewundernswert und leute machen alle möglichen filme. +ich habe große angst. ich glaube nicht, dass wir es schaffen werden. +und sehen sie, was walmart gemacht hat. +aber der nutzen ist enorm. +kalifornien produziert nur sieben prozent der co2-emissionen der usa. +jedes jahr sterben eine halbe million menschen an einer gänzlich vermeidbaren krankheit: malaria. 6.000 menschen sterben täglich, +davon wurden nur 0,2% der einnahmen in forschung und entwicklung investiert. +das könnte die größte wirtschaftliche gelegenheit des 21. jahrhunderts sein. +jeder punkt ist eine person. +denn, wie ich sagte, leben wir in netzwerken und diese netzwerke haben eine bestimmte art struktur. +wenn wir also etwas verfolgen wollen, das sich in einem netzwerk ausbreitet, würden wir idealerweise sensoren auf den zentralen personen im netzwerk einrichten, inklusive knoten a, die leute beobachten, die genau da in der mitte des netzwerks sind, und irgendwie eine früherkennung bekommen von dem, was sich da auch immer im netzwerk verbreitet. +wir dachten also, wir würden diese idee nutzen, um zu prüfen, ob wir phänomene in netzwerken vorhersagen können. +und die größe der punkte wird proportional dazu sein, wie viele ihrer freunde die grippe haben. +die antwort ist nein. +und es gibt, denke ich, drei arten auf die diese massiv-passiven daten genutzt werden können. +während der letzten 7 jahre bin ich meiner faszination für die gebaute umwelt gefolgt, und alle, die mich kennen, würden sagen, dass diese leidenschaft mich dazu veranlasst hat, 365 tage im jahr aus dem koffer zu leben. +und es gibt sogar eine kirche. +heute leben in diesem gebiet ungefähr 50.000 - 70.000 menschen, die in dieser selbsterbauten gemeinschaft von mehrstöckigen häusern leben, wo bis zu drei generationen in einer einheit leben. +in eine region, die berühmt ist für ihre weichen, porösen lößböden, lebten bis vor kurzem ungefähr 40 mio. menschen in diesen unterirdischen häusern. +sie wissen wie es ausging, spencer tracy besorgte einen computer, einen großrechner von 1957, um den bibliothekaren zu helfen. +rechts sind einige tugs einer firma namens aethon in pittsburgh. +eine person, die mit dem roboter interagiert, begreift, wohin er greifen wird und wird von seinen bewegungen nicht überrascht. +mildred ist eine fabrikarbeiterin in connecticut. +und anders betrachtet, gibt es immer mehr menschen im rentenalter, da die geburtenstarken jahrgänge das rentenalter erreichen. +das system misst die flugzeit des strahls und zeichnet auf, wie lange das licht braucht um auf eine oberfläche zu treffen und zurückzukehren. +und das hier ist der flug durch die punktwolke für tikal. und hier sehen sie das rendering und mit fototextur der fotos, die wir vor ort machen. +letzten märz erreichte uns dann eine sehr traurige nachricht. +ben kacyra: antike wunder in 3d erfasst +wir wurden über den holocaust in den schulen informiert. +sie werden direkt zu ihrem kongresszuständigen weitergeleitet, zu ihrem us senator, zu ihrem gouvernour, wo die gesetzgebung zum kapitalabzug ansteht. +europäische regierungen haben sich größtenteils nicht zur verantwortung bekannt, und es gibt nichts wogegen man steuern und druck ausüben könnte. +er war wie bobby kennedy, weil man nie sagen konnte, ob er ein realist war, der sich als idealist ausgab oder ein idealist, der sich als realist ausgab, so wie viele sich das oft von bobby kennedy und john kennedy fragten. +aber, oh, die mörder sind in den lagern. +du bist herrenlos. +blende die geschichte nicht aus. lass deine prinzipien nicht an der tür zurück. +der vierte und letzte punkt: weil er an den schrecklichsten orten der welt arbeitete, hatte er natürlich eine demut, ein bewusstsein für die komplexität der welt um ihn herum. +einige sind angetrieben von mitgefühl, denken, dass es vielleicht eines der grundlegenden handlungen der menschheit sei. +vor 100 jahren wussten wir es nicht. +trotzdem, muss in vielen orten, jedes dritte kind, sobald sie drei jahre alt sind, elend in ihren leben erfahren aufgrund dessen, was ich genannt habe. +und solche arten von technologie haben das potential das bild von hunger und nahrung, unterernährung an den frontlinien zu verändern. +vor zwei jahren beschlossen wir die art der bekämpfung von hunger zu verändern, anstatt ihnen lebensmittel als hilfe zu geben, lagern wir sie in bunker. +es ist eine win-win-win situation, die die lebensmittelwirtschaft in 's rollen bringt. +die world bank schätzt, dass es etwa 10 millarden dollar, 10,3, kosten würde, um die fehlernährung in diesen ländern zu bekämpfen. +das hier ist eine erstaunliche tabelle. +je älter man wird, desto häufiger wird es. +warum? weil wir wissen, was sie haben, und wir wissen, wie es zu behandeln ist, obwohl wir hierzulande keinen impfstoff herstellen können, aber das ist eine andere geschichte. +und ich glaube, dass dies das fundamentale problem der letzten 50 jahre war, dass wir verstehen wollten, was krebs ist. +und so, wenn sie sich krebs als ein system denken, gibt es da einen input und einen output und in der mitte einen zustand. +wenn ich einer frau mit brustkrebs alle drei wochen ein medikament namens taxol gebe, das ist standard, haben etwa 40 prozent der frauen mit metastatischem krebs eine großartige reaktion auf das medikament. +also statt einer reduktionistischen sichtweise treten wir einen schritt zurück. +das problem ist nur, wenn ich ihr arzt bin und heute ihren ct-scan bekomme, und sie eine zwei cm große geschwulst in ihrer leber haben, und sie in drei monaten wiederkommen, und jetzt sind es drei cm, hat das medikament ihnen geholfen oder nicht? +und so werden wir als onkologen nicht mehr unmengen von papier in den akten haben, sondern einen datenfluss, der ungefähr so aussehen wird, wobei dieser tropfen blut gigabytes an daten erzeugt. +die meisten von uns finden das beruhigend, und interessanterweise sind 12 schwingungen pro minute ungefähr die atem-frequenz eines schlafenden menschen. +wenn ich beispielsweise das hier - - länger als ein paar sekunden laufen ließe, würden sie sich unwohl fühlen; länger als ein paar minuten, und sie würden den saal in scharen verlassen. +das haben alle erkannt.. und das ist die melodie, die zur zeit am häufigsten in der welt zu hören ist, +und ich stand dort mit zwei sehr guten freunden von mir, richard weber und kevin vallely. +wir würden also eine live webseite haben, jeden einzelnen der 33 tage würden wir bloggen, geschichten von, sie wissen schon, aufgebrauchtem sauerstoff erzählen, der uns zwingt unsere gesichter zu bedecken oder wir verbrennen. +das ich der extrem-ausdaue-typ bin? +ich liebe nachttauchgänge. man kann dann eine ganze menge anderer fische sehen als tagsüber. +egal wo auf der welt man lebt. +wir können mit google earth sogar herumschwimmen und die buckelwale besuchen. +wir töten mit langleinen von gut und gerne 80 kilometern, an denen alle paar meter köderhaken hängen, +und 1972 begannen die usa, ein gegenstück im meer einzurichten, die nationalen meeresschutzgebiete. +aber, alles ist egal, wenn wir es nicht schaffen, die meere zu schützen. +ohne insekten gäbe es keine blühenden pflanzen. +auf dem kopf haben sie noch einen satz augen. +eine maus hat tausendmal mehr nervenzellen als eine fliege. +das sind die beiden konzepte, die ich erforschen möchte. +diese versuchsanordung hat eine meiner postdoktoranden, gaby maimon, jetzt an der rockefeller university, entwickelt. es ist eigentlich ein flugsimulator, bei dem man eine elektrode im gehirn der fliege anbringen kann und dann eine aufzeichnung einer genetisch identifizierten nervenzelle machen kann +zum ersten, es ist unerlässlich das menschliche gehirn zu verstehen, wenn wir als gesellschaft zurechtkommen wollen, und ich denke das ist ein wichtiger schritt in evolution. +also kann ich mit gewisser sicherheit sagen, dass "ich denke, also bin ich." +wir packen sie nur in säulen, so dass wir mehr neokortikalen säulen besitzen, um komplexere funktionen durchzuführen. +und das machten wir für tausende von neuronen, bauten digitale modelle für alle verschiedenen typen von neuronen welche wir antrafen. +und wenn wir das machen, was wir entdeckt haben, ist, dass der schaltkreis sich verändert. +nun, wenn man das das erste mal sieht, fragt man sich, "oh mein gott. wie kann aus dem realität hervorkommen?" +das ereignete sich in meiner kindheit -- 1957 bis 1965. +"das raumschiffprojekt hat offiziell begonnen. die arbeit wartet auf sie. dyson." +das sind 3 pfund ladungen c4. das ist ungefähr 10 mal soviel, wie der typ in seinen schuhen hatte. +das ist eine version für 20 männer, um zum jupiter zu gelangen: kojen, schutzbunker, übungsraum. +sie wissen, ich weiß nicht wieviele sie davon lesen. aber es macht keinen spaß sie zu lesen und oft keinen spaß zu schreiben sogar schlimmer zu schreiben. +ich denke das ist einfach faszinierend. +sehr sehr schwer. +ihre organe jemand anders geben hat wahrscheinlich damit zu tun wieviel einem die gesellschaft wert ist, wie verbunden sie sind. +interessanter weise, wenn menschen das bekommen, kreuzen sie wieder nicht an. aber jetzt nehmen sie teil. +dies ist eine abhandlung von redelmeier und schaefer. +es gibt eine weitere entscheidung. +ein print abo für 125. +und weil wir unseren präferenzen nicht so gut kennen sind wir anfällig für all diese einflüssen von externen kräften. die standards, die speziellen optionen die uns präsentiert werden. und so weiter. +die gute seite ist, denke ich, eine art des grundes dafür dass verhaltensökonomie interessant und aufregend ist. +sie sind knapp, teuer und wir haben nur ein gewisses spektrum von ihnen. +und schließlich gibt es die radiowellen, deren probleme ich bereits genannt habe. +das ist eine grundlegende eigenschaft, die wir mit unserer technologie ausnutzen. +und denken sich: "ha ha ha, +und ich habe über die verfügbarkeit gesprochen. +und dann gibt es noch millionen von straßenlaternen auf der welt. +sie haben schon einmal was von dna gehört, vielleicht in biologie. +was für komplexe und wunderbare dinge man nur mit einer eins und einer null kreieren kann. +dann wurde james watsons genom – einer der gründer der dna – für zwei millionen dollar und in nur zwei monaten sequenziert. +ein architekt viel besser und klüger als wir hat uns diese werkzeuge gegeben, und jetzt können wir sie auch benutzen. +man könnte sich viele dinge vorstellen: +er gab die beste antwort auf diese frage: » tja, irgendjemand muss es ja tun. « +ich schnuppere das hinterteil dieses hundes, das herrchen ruft, +und was man erkennen kann ist, dass eine sehr rangniedere hündin ohne weiteres einen knochen einem ranghohen rüden vorenthalten kann. +und so nutzen wir den futter-köder in der hand, und wir nutzen futter, weil wir es mit besitzern zu tun haben. +also machen wir "sitz", auf die couch, "sitz", bauch streicheln, "sitz", schau, ich werfe einen tennisball, "sitz", begrüß den anderen hund. +sie denken, eine strafe ist etwas böses. +ihr kopf ist jetzt 100 meter weiter weg, er fliegt durch die luft, ok? +eine häßliches gesicht ist das -- wenn man auge in auge mit einem welpen oder kind ist, und dann sagt "was machst du! jetzt hör auf, hör auf hör auf!" +sie ist es wirklich. +in seiner rede bei der eg konferenz 2007 fordert ian dunbar uns dazu auf, die welt mit den augen unserer geliebten hunde zu sehen. indem wir uns in die perspektive unserer haustiere versetzen, können wir ihre liebe und ihr vertrauen gewinnen und festigen. es handelt sich dabei um eine botschaft, die auch außerhalb der tierwelt auf resonanz stößt. +und woraus hast du es gemacht? +wk: ja, ich will noch eines bauen -- um wasser zu pumpen und die pflanzen zu bewässern. +im grunde genommen ist es ein song über schleifen, aber nicht die art von schleifen, die ich hier erschaffe. +und das ist die frage, die dieser song stellt. +jedes mal, wenn ich tschechow lese und seine einzigartige sicht des menschlichen lebens, erinnert mich das daran, warum auch ich autor wurde. +was ist mit größeren zahlen? +ich bin sicher, das ist viel einfacher, als einen die schule mathematik gelernt hat. +der hase selber, das tier – keine katze, kein hund, ein hase – warum ein hase? +wie sind wir zur einzigen spezie geworden, die wohlhabender wird, während sie zahlreicher wird? +und genau diese kombination, diese kumulative technologie, fasziniert mich. denn ich glaube, dass darin das geheimnis liegt, wenn man verstehen möchte, was in der welt vor sich geht. +es gibt keinen austausch von ideen zwischen ihnen. +damit haben sie siebeneinhalb sekunden wohlstand erzielt; seit 1950 sozusagen. denn in diesen siebeneinhalb sekunden können sie etwas anderes tun. oder sie können eine andere ware oder dienstleistung erwerben. +wir können uns spezialisieren und austauschen, um unseren lebensstandard gegenseitig zu erhöhen. +und so erhöhen beide seiten durch geschlechtsspezifische arbeitsteilung gegenseitig ihre lebensstandards. +und das wird zu spezialisierung geführt haben. +die person am fließband weiß es nicht, denn sie weiß nicht, wie man nach einer ölquelle bohrt, um das öl zu gewinnen, aus dem plastik gemacht wird, und so weiter. +bei meiner arbeit geht es um verhaltensweisen, die wir auf einer kollektiven ebene, alle unbewusst an den tag legen. +und seitdem sind es mehr geworden, wir haben aber die zahlen noch nicht. +und darum geht es in dem nächsten werk. +bei dem versuch, diese perspektive zu errichten und uns über das enorme wesen unserer kultur aufzuklären versuchen, müssen wir mit diesen riesigen zahlen arbeiten. die zahlen haben millionenhöhe, hunderte von millionen, milliarden und mittlerweile auch billionen. +sie sehen hier die außenhülle des virus, das gelbe sind die teile des virus, die sich sehr schnell entwickeln, während die blauen teile recht langsam sind. +aber eigentlich ist sie recht robust. +es gibt nur 102, weil es irgendwann langweilig wurde, sie zu sammeln. jedes jahr gibt es neue. +schön, aber auch wieder ein billiger trick, oder? +wir stellten diese piepser in der klinik auf. +ich meine, sie taten alles für diese frau. +aus diesem signal lese ich, dass männer mit einer mutation dieses virusabwehrenzyms und einem tumor häufig -- in 40 prozent der fälle -- eine signatur mit neuem retrovirus aufweisen. +joe derisis viroscan lüftet medizinische rätsel +das ist die erste batterie – ein stapel münzen, zink und silber, getrennt durch einen, in einer salzlösung getränkten karton. +das elektrolyt ist nicht eine wasser-salz-lösung, sondern eher geschmolzenes salz. +das ist echt cool, zumindest theoretisch. +vor 1,5 jahren also haben david und ich gemeinsam mit einem weiteren teammitglied eine firma gegründet, um unsere fortschritte zu beschleunigen und schneller ein produkt herstellen zu können. +donald sadoway: erneuerbare energien: das fehlende glied +ich möchte daher kurz erzählen, wie alles begann. +habt ihr das gold gefunden? +dinge, bei denen man über ideen stolpert wie das kopernikanische prinzip, das fermi-paradoxon, das anthropische prinzip, den ursprung des lebens. +spieler werden aufgefordert, in diesem spiel sehr kreativ zu sein. +das ist der planet, auf dem wir bis jetzt gespielt haben. +all unsere ozeane verdampfen von der oberfläche und da die hitze ansteigt, wird irgendwann unser ganzer planet schmelzen. +so entsteht dieses wunderschöne glitzernde, sich langsam drehende ding, es sähe ungefähr so aus. es soll hier diese schönheit der natürlichen welt näher gebracht werden, auf eine sehr kreative art und weise, damit jeder seine intuition kalibrieren kann im hinblick auf die weiten von raum und zeit. +sogar bei der bbc und der new york times. +sie tun es, wenn sie ständig über macht verfügen. und auch wenn sie sich während eines moments mächtig fühlen. +in business schools ist dieser geschlechts- spezifische notenunterschied ein problem. +wahrscheinlich nicht, oder? man will die person, die leistungsstark, bestimmend und dominant ist, und dabei mit stress umgehen kann. eine entspannte person. +zwei minuten führen zu diesen hormonellen veränderungen, die ihr gehirn derart umgestalten, dass sie entweder bestimmt, selbstbewusst sind und sich wohlfühlen, oder dass sie sehr stressanfällig sind und sie das gefühl haben, keine energie zu haben. wir alle kennen das gefühl, oder? +generell schätzen wir diese menschen sehr viel positiver ein. " +in der nacht vor meiner rede im ersten jahr, diese präsentation in princeton dauert 20 minuten und findet vor 20 zuhörern statt. mehr nicht. +zwei minuten, zwei minuten, zwei minuten. +sie spazieren also im wald oder auf einer wiese und sehen eine ameise, wie sie einen grashalm hochklettert. +viele menschen haben ihr leben für den kommunismus gelassen, und viele für den kapitalismus. +welche theorien wollen wir also heranziehen, um ihn zu untersuchen? +nicht aus silikon. +es gibt noch weitere parasiten, die ihren wirt sterilisieren. +sie sind keine große sache für uns. +früher ging es beim dirigieren und beim musizieren weniger um vertrauen und, ehrlich gesagt, mehr um nötigung. +ich muss sagen, damals konnte ich den vogel nicht einmal finden, wirklich. +sie lesen die musik nicht. +haben sie es gehört? +gut gemacht, meine damen und herren. +lyn: wenn ich musiziere, fühle ich mich wie eine pilotin im cockpit, die ein flugzeug fliegt. +mein onkel ed schenkte mir einen wunderhübschen blauen pullover -- zumindest hielt ich ihn für sehr schön. +wir konzentrierten uns auf ein geschäftsmodell, wir bestanden auf persönlichem einsatz. +sie sind farmer und fabrikarbeiter. +schätzungen zufolge verliert afrika rund 13 milliarden dollar im jahr wegen dieser krankheit. +sie führt zwei der produktionslinien und hat schon genug geld gespart, um eine anzahlung auf ihr haus zu leisten. +nun, die drei söhne begannen zu verhandeln. +wie gehen wir mit unseren größten streitigkeiten um, in anbetracht der menschlichen neigung zu konflikten und des menschlichen genies, waffen mit enormer zerstörungskraft zu erfinden? +und wir können eine unglaublich konstruktive rolle spielen. +jetzt möchte ich sie für einen moment mitnehmen zu dem, was überwiegend als der schwierigste konflikt dieser welt oder als der unlösbarste konflikt angesehen wird, zum mittleren osten. +nun, als anthropologen wissen wir, dass jede kultur ihre ursprungsgeschichte hat. +und das ist es, was zu dem ersten schritt hier führt. +lassen sie mich ihnen eine frage stellen. +und genau darum geht es. +aber sie haben es dank einer gemeinsamen identität - europa - und einer gemeinsamen wirtschaft geschafft. +natalie macmaster fiedelt die geige im reel-takt +als erstes ging der arzt für 6 monate fort, und er begann mit der ausarbeitung von 9 gesundheitszielen, die wir anstrebten. +ihnen und ihren kindern geht es gut. +das ist unser durchschnittliches budget. +sie machen alle aspekte der arbeit. +sie konnten die fliegen fangen und zu ihm nach perth schicken. +ich frage sie: ist das beseitigung von armut? +wenn ich meine arbeit mache, hassen mich die leute. +und zweitens: mich interessiert nicht das wort, mich interessiert, wie sie es benutzen. +ich sage nicht, dass es leicht ist. +alles begann mit samen in einem klassenraum, bei mir, der so aussieht. +was taten wir dann? ich traf nette menschen, wie sie, die uns in die hamptons einluden. +das ist ein bild vom bürgermeister der bronx, der die kinder in seinem haus empfing, nicht im gefängnis, sodass sie sich zugehörig fühlten. +wir gaben etwas zurück. +wollen sie ihren gaumen zu erweitern, erweitern sie ihren wortschatz. +wenn man kinder mit unterschiedlicher herkunft nimmt, und so was besonderes macht, dann schaffen wir einen moment. +sie können das alle tun. +sí se puede! +bei dem schwein war hier die nulllinie, bevor wir ihm zur simulation eines herzanfalls eine arterie blockierten. +hier war es. donnerstag früh setzten wir die medikation ab. hier wird das kardiogramm, das signal aus seinem herzen, über radiotelemetrie ausgegeben. +das ist die erste erfindung, die ich beschreiben wollte. +stacy sager: aber für christina sidebottom ist alles, was migräne verhindern kann, einen versuch wert. +dieses bild ist wahrscheinlich besser. +ein signal im gehirn, das störungen verursacht, könnten wir als auslöser einer elektrische stimulation betrachten, wie bei der epilepsie. +jeder weiß, dass wir mit visuellen dingen besser umgehen können, die der patient interaktiv bedienen kann, wo man ein video sehen kann, und selbst gefilmt wird, und man knöpfe drücken kann. verstanden? nein, hab ich nicht. +und dafür gibt es eine softwareentwickler-gruppe bestehend aus menschen aus ganz afrika, aus ghana, aus malawi, aus kenia. +das sieht man auch bei twitter. man bekommt dadurch eine ungebremste informationsflut. +nachdem er starb, bemerkte ich, dass niemand mir mehr schreibt. +es gibt tatsächlich so viele verschiedene resonanzpunkte, dass es schwierig wird, sie alle anzusprechen, aber ich werde mein bestes geben. +stellen sie es sich als riesiges itunes vor, für buchähnliche inhalte. +firmen wie national instruments integrieren mächtige interaktive simulationen in die materialien. das geht weit über das normale lehrbuch hinaus, hin zu einer erfahrung, dass man mit allen lehrmaterialien wirklich interagieren und mit ihnen spielen kann. somit lernt man durch praktische anwendung. +was wir hier sehen, ist die verschiebung dieses brenn- oder veröffentlichungsprozesses vom alltäglichen einzelnen autor zu gemeinschaftlich erstellten materialien, die in module aufgeteilt, auf individuelle kurse abgestimmt und nach bedarf zu geringen kosten herausgegeben werden. sie werden entweder über amazon vertrieben oder direkt über einen bedarfsverleger wie coop. +die lehrer unter uns, jeder der gelehrt hat, weiß, dass es beim lehren in wirklichkeit um verbindungen geht. +wir reden hier nicht von harry potter. +und wenn sie die nachrichten verfolgt haben, dann stand da tatsächlcih letzte woche, dass ich das media lab verlassen hätte. +und es geht dabei um zwei anektoden – eine war in kambodscha, in einem dorf, das weder strom, noch wasser, fernsehen oder ein telefon hatte, aber jetzt über internet mit breitbandverbindung verfügt. +wir interessieren uns für große, helle displays. +es ist der rest – der kleinen braunen kasten – der ziemlich faszinierend ist, denn der rest ihres laptops ist sich selbst gewidmet. +ist all das bereits ausgearbeitet? nein. +dem gesetz zufolge muss man ein angebot unterbreiten und so weiter und so fort. +weil es keinen markt für post-lkws gibt. +und wenn er am ende bei 138 dollar herauskommt, was soll 's? +wir können dort alles hineinpacken, was wir wollen, und sie werden nicht schwerer und dann können wir was auch immer wieder herausnehmen. +und ich sagte: "ich will das machen." +das sind die menschen, zu denen sie in diesem moment zugriff haben, im allgemeinen -- all diese menschen, all ihre freunde und familienmitglieder, mit denen sie in kontakt treten können. +ich möchte sie auf eine reise mitnehmen. +in ressourcenreichen ländern werden dank der modernen test- und behandlungsmöglichkeiten weniger als 2% der kinder hiv-positiv geboren. 98% der kinder sind bei der geburt hiv-negativ. +die frauen kommen wegen der behandlung, aber wir wissen, ein test und die verabreichung eines medikaments sind nicht genug. +ihr baby wird nicht infiziert sein. " +zweitens, die mütter gesund und am leben zu halten. die kinder am leben halten. keine waisen mehr. +sie war von einer klientin um einen hausbesuch gebeten worden, weil diese ihrer mutter und ihren geschwister von ihrer hiv-infektion erzählen wollte und angst hatte, es alleine zu machen. +wir habe uns entschieden, gesundheitsvorsorge neu zu definieren als arzt, pfleger oder mentorin. +mütter mit hiv kümmern sich um mütter mit hiv. +er ist beim menschen proportional wesentlich größer als bei anderen spezies, und an zahlreichen hohen kognitiven funktionen beteiligt, wie etwa entscheidungsfindung, planung, was man morgen, nächste woche oder nächstes jahr tut; blockierung unangemessenen verhaltens, es hindert einen etwas wirklich unhöfliches oder dummes zu sagen. +es gibt drei lastwagen. man nimmt instinktiv den weißen, denn das ist der oberste lkw aus ihrer sicht. aber sie werden sich erinnern: "oh, er sieht ihn nicht, also sollte ich den blauen laster bewegen", der oberste aus seiner perspektive. glauben sie es oder nicht, normale, gesunde, intelligente erwachsene wie sie machen in der hälfte der zeit fehler bei diesen tests. +aber jetzt versuchen wir das hinsichtlich der entwicklung einer gehirnregion namens limbisches system zu verstehen. ich zeige ihnen das limbische system, in rot auf der folie hinter mir und auf dem gehirn. +er besaß eine firma für verchromung und sie mussten schwere stahlteile zwischen chemikalienbehältern transportieren. also brauchte er einen industrieroboter wie diesen hier, der die schwerstarbeit übernehmen konnte. +aber ich wusste, was er meinte, denn es wäre möglich, ein paar bilder von blumen in einem garten in ein computersystem einzufügen, damit es so aussah, als wäre dort ein echter roboter, obwohl keiner da ist. +als sie gerade auf die bühne laufen wollte, hätten die tele-regisseure immer noch versucht, sich auf etwas zu einigen, also sei sie einfach auf die bühne gelaufen und hätte gemacht, was sich am natürlichsten anfühlte. +diese menschlichen demonstrationen, alle unruhig und mangelhaft, und wir gewinnen aus ihnen eine abgeleitete aufgabenbahn und steuersequenz für den roboter. +je mehr roboter in unser alltägliches leben eingebunden werden, desto mehr müssen wir uns damit auseinandersetzen, was es bedeutet, mensch zu sein. bei tedxberkeley teilt ken goldberg vier sehr menschliche lektionen, die er durch seine arbeit mit robotern gelernt hat. +es wird sogar gesagt, dass wir im kollektiven bewusstsein afrikas die tiefsten teile unserer eigenen menschlichkeit erleben können, indem wir mit anderen interagieren. +und daran war für mich etwas so wunderbar afrikanisches, ein winziges haus mit einem riesigen herz. +so wie ich das wasser verlasse, erreicht solly eine untiefe, einen kanal zwischen uns. +in unser reservat kam sie aus einem reservat, das östlich von uns auf ihrer wanderroute lag. +und während ubuntu eine afrikanische idee ist, ist die essenz dieses wertes doch: "hier erfunden". +vor ein paar wochen bekam kaesava einen kleinen jungen namens rehan. +vielleicht ist der gedächtnisverlust so entscheidend für unser überleben als menschen. +wenn ich an die zukunft denke, sehe ich mich nie in der zeit nach vorn bewegen. ich stelle mir vor, dass sich die zeit rückwärts auf mich zubewegt. +ich fügte sogar geschichten meiner großmutter ein. +zugegeben, auch ich war so ein kind. +dass es bereits ein bewegung gibt, die nach besseren lösungen sucht. +birke baehr: was mit unserer lebensmittelindustrie nicht stimmt +wie sie sehen können, nimmt die steigende linie in den 60er und 70er jahren die form der kelle eines hockeyschlägers an. jetzt verläuft das ganze auf einer etwas gleichmäßigeren bahn. +unterwasserberge sind wichtig für die artenvielfalt. +was ist nun der kontext der phoenixinseln? +ich würde gern zurückfahren und unsere forschungsergebnisse mit der regierung von kiribati, die ihren sitz auf dem atoll tarawa, also auf der westlichsten inselgruppe, hat, teilen. +diese fälle waren eher auf dem festland bekannt, wie etwa in den regenwäldern südamerikas und afrikas, wo die landbesitzer dafür bezahlt wurden, die bäume nicht zu fällen. +es ist vielleicht, wie wenn man mit mehreren krankheiten zu kämpfen hat, dann ist es schwer, gesund zu werden. man könnte sterben. aber wenn man nur an einer krankheit leidet, kann sich der zustand bessern. +ich habe ihnen gerade die geschichte über die phoenixinseln, diesem einen viereckigen gebiet in der mitte, erzählt, aber hier hat jede grüne fläche ihre eigene geschichte. +allen in den letzten paar jahren haben wir digitale werkzeuge gesehen mit fähigkeiten und fertigkeiten, die sie nie zuvor hatten und die irgendwie das, was wir menschen als lebensunterhalt machen, angreifen. ich gebe ihnen ein paar beispiele. +auf kurze sicht können wir den beschäftigungswachstum ankurbeln durch die förderung des unternehmertums und durch investitionen in infrastruktur, da die roboter heute noch nicht sehr gut sind in der brückenreparation. +das heißt, die arbeit der innovation, die arbeit neue ideen zu entwickeln, ist eine der mächtigsten, eine der grundlegendsten arbeiten, die wir in einer volkswirtschaft tun können. und so hat man früher innovationen betrieben. +vielen dank. +es ist 1983. +und als letztes unter "harmonie" hatten sie dieses mandala aus tibet aus dem 13. jahrhundert. +er wollte nicht, dass einer seiner freunde verhaftet wird. also hat er jeden mit diesem falschen freiwilligenausweis ausgestattet. +was mich zurück gebracht hat zum listenmachen -- -- wissen sie, nur um zu sehen was mir tatsächlich an meinem job gefällt. +und dann steht da: haben +die zweite bedingung betrifft gesellschaften, die in einer sich verändernden umwelt wie der arktis oder der wüste leben, in denen periodische nahrungsknappheiten auftreten und lebensmittel gelegentlich nicht ausreichen, um alle am leben zu erhalten. +in ostasien z. b. wird besonders viel wert auf respekt für ältere menschen gelegt, in verbindung mit konfuzius 'lehre der kindlichen pietät, welche gehorsam gegenüber, respekt vor den eltern und deren unterstützung bedeutet. +die vielleicht größte veränderung zum schlechten ist, dass unsere älteren objektiv weniger nützlich sind als in traditionellen gesellschaften. +leider können sich diese grauenhaften situationen alle wiederholen. +dies sind nur einige beispiele, die uns traditionelle gesellschaften lehren. +die geschichte der "99" spielt 1258, als die mongolen in bagdad eindrangen und es zerstörten. +das konzept des comics basiert auf den noor-steinen. +mir wurde in blogs vorgeworfen ich sei vom papst gesandt worden, um trinität und katholizismus im nahen osten zu predigen, also sie – können glauben wem sie wollen – ich habe ihnen meine version gegeben. +super schriftsteller stuart moore, schreiber für iron man. +haben vor eineinhalb jahren einen freizeitpark namens "die 99" in kuwait eröffnet: 300.000 qm, 20 attraktionen, mit unseren figuren. hatten ein paar elternabende in spanien und der türkei. +ich hab es nicht verdient, ich verdiene gar nichts. +der erste handelte von einer gruppe namens "die partei gottes", die den valentinstag verbieten wollten. rot wurde illegal. +rayan richtete die situation neu aus und brachte sich auf mein level runter. +denn ohne zusammenhang sind sie nichtssagend. 500 milliarden für diese rohrleitung. 20 milliarden für diesen krieg. +ich möchte ihnen noch ein weiteres landschaftsbild zeigen. +warum april? +klar, eine einkaufstherapie könnte helfen. +und da ist etwas beinahe magisches in unseren visuellen informationen. +so gewaltig in der tat, dass es alle anderen militäretats auf der welt umfassen kann. +wir benötigen relative zahlen, die mit anderen daten verbunden sind, so dass wir ein umfassenderes bild sehen können, welches uns dann dazu bewegt, unseren blickwinkel zu ändern. +lassen sie es uns also herausfiltern. +ich glaube, ich finde informationen einfach zu interessant. +nun was ihr riecht ist eine kombination aus -- ich habe gefragt wie viele moleküle dort drinnen seien und niemand konnte es mir sagen. +und das ist eine perfekte theorie in dem sinne, dass fast alles in der biologie sich nach der form richtet. +das ist cis-3-hexanol. es riecht wie gemähtes gras. +die schlechte nachricht ist, dass es raketentreibstoff ist. +das ist die grundlage für den apparat, den diese zwei leute von ford gebaut haben. +und ich hab gemeint, erst einmal, lass mich die berechnungen für diese verbindung durchführen, unten rechts, die mit kumarin verwandt ist, aber ein extra fünfeck im molekül enthält. +ich komme aus der werbe- und design-branche. +als ich mir einen dieser typischen briefe ansah, ließ ich ihn durch mein vereinfachungslabor laufen. er war völlig unverständlich. +moses! – die jungs in michael morpurgos "freund oder feind"; alem in benjamin zephaniahs "refugee boy"; luke skywalker – luke skywalker! – oliver twist; cassia in hong yings "die konkubine von shanghai"; celie in alice walkers "die farbe lila". +der adoptionsprozess brauchte ein paar monate, es war eine industrie, wissen sie, ein besiegeltes geschäft, eine umtriebige, nützliche lösung: die regierung als bauer, die adoptiveltern als abnehmer, die mutter, die erde, das kind, die ernte. +und ich stand an der schwelle zur pubertät, also nahm ich kekse aus der dose, ohne zu fragen. +aber da ich keine familie hatte, die nach mir fragte, konnten sie alles mit mir machen. +lemn sissay: ein kind in staatlicher fürsorge +wir haben immer noch kein komplettes bild davon. +und wenn sie hier nach norden schauen, gibt es dort einen großen fluss, der in den see mündet und der sediment mit sich führt und die überreste der tiere konserviert, die dort gelebt haben. +und er blieb dort 1,6 millionen jahre lang, bis jener äußerst berühmte fossiljäger, kamoya kimeu, einen kleinen hang entlang wanderte und dieses kleine stück seines schädels an der oberfläche fand, zwischen den kieseln, und es als hominid identifizierte. +ich denke es ist unsere kollektive intelligenz. +naja, um mit einer äußerst positiven überlegung zu enden, ich denke, dass dies evolutionär gesehen am ende wahrscheinlich eine recht gute sache ist. +in diesem ordner sind 17.000 fotos - über 20 gigabite an daten - und es werden immer mehr. +wie man sieht, habe ich dafür sogar ein museumsschild mit einer kurzen geschichte des dodos hergestellt. +ich fand es lustig, dass es so lange gedauert hat, ihn zu authentifizieren, weil ich ihn so mit diesem hier vergleichen konnte, und ich kann ihnen versichern - er ist echt, er ist aus der exakt gleichen form gegossen wie dieser hier. +und es wird noch seltsamer: 1974, während der produktion einer unheimlichen komödien-fortsetzung zur "spur des falken" titel: "the black bird", mit george segal, wurde dem los angeles county museum of art ein gips-original des malteser falken gestohlen - einer von sechs original-gipsabgüssen, glaube ich, die für den film gemacht wurden. viele leute glaubten, es wäre ein werbegag für den neuen film. +wenn man etwas abformt und gießt, passiert allerdings folgendes: jedesmal, wenn man es in silikon formt und mit harz ausgießt, verliert es ein wenig an volumen und ein wenig an größe. +ich hatte enorme lebensbedrohliche verletzungen. +die nächste sorge war, ob ich wieder laufen könnte, da ich von der hüfte abwärts gelähmt war. +ich lag auf einem dünnen, harten spezialbett. +im krankenhaus, da ist alles normal. +es war jedermanns schmerz. und dann wusste ich, genau wie vorher, dass ich eine wahl habe. ich könnte weiter kämpfen, oder ich könnte loslassen und nicht nur meinen körper, sondern auch meine lebensumstände akzeptieren. +sie schauten mich an und rannten nach hinten, um den schwarzen peter zu vergeben. +ich ging also nach hause, nahm mir ein trainingtagebuch und ich hatte einen plan. +die piloten-flamme in mir war immer noch eine flamme, genau wie sie in jedem von uns lodert. +und wir sollten dinge entwickeln -- wir sollten verpackungen für ideen entwickeln, die die wahrnehmung von menschen verbessern, den respekt vor dingen erhöhen die wir aus der erde ausgraben und sie in dinge für den alltagsgebrauch umzuwandeln. +wenn ich etwas geld mache, lasse ich mir eine für mich selbst herstellen. +es geht zurück auf die instinkte. +er kostet in der entwicklung 1,7 millionen dollar. er wird "go" genannt und ist von bernhardt, usa. +das ist die macht von organischem design. +es wuchs in meinem kopf, und dann ist es in bezug auf den gesamten prozess, den ich durchlaufe gewachsen. +ich habe soviel darauf rumgehämmert, das ich es selbst nicht glauben kann. +und das ist was ich mit meinen möbeln tue. +es ist in notting hill, neben all dem dreck -- sie wissen schon, die prostituierten und all dieses zeug. +an der wand ist mein buch mit dem namen "supernatural," das mir erlaubt mich daran zu erinnern was ich getan habe, denn ich vergesse. +wir übten in einem becken in port hueneme. und mein erster tauchgang im offenen ozean war im santa barbara kanal. +z.b. sind diese großen explosionen von funken von einer kleinen rippenqualle. und dort sind krill und andere krustentiere und quallen. +dieser hier ist blau, und das ist die farbe der meisten biolumineszenz im meer, weil die evolution die farbe gewählt hat, die am weitesten durch meerwasser sichtbar ist, um die kommunikation zu optimieren. +er muss eine freundin finden und dann sein ganzes leben an ihr festhalten. +um dann die reaktion herbeizurufen, die sie gleich sehen. ich habe sie einmal pro sekunde mit einer scharfen spitze an ihrem nervenring berührt, wie die scharfen zähne eines fisches. +aber es kam der moment, an dem alles passte und alles funktionierte +edith widder: leuchtendes leben in einer welt unter wasser +was also heutzutage, wo wir mit den verschiedensten krisen weltweit konfrontiert werden, für uns auf individueller ebene gut ist, und was mehr freude, dankbarkeit und erfolg in unser leben bringt und für unsere persönliche laufbahn am besten ist, das ist auch für die gesamte welt am besten. +also – also nehme ich meine kamera, mein notizbuch, zog einen stuhl heran und beobachtete das geschehen. +hier ist einer der anderen gewinner. das ist charles paxton, er erhielt 2000 den biologie-preis für seine studie "balzverhalten von straußen gegenüber menschen auf farmen in großbritannien." +die missionarsstellung ist im tierreich sehr selten. +und am ende gehen wir zum chinesen und bestellen sechs gänge mit ente. +er war ein teil meines körpers geworden, eine erweiterung meiner sinne, und nach einer weile wurde er sogar zu einem teil meines öffentlichen bildes. +prinz charles hat einige ähnlichkeit mit nicole kidman. +und das gute an der wahrnehmung von ultraviolett ist, dass man hören kann, ob es ein guter oder schlechter tag zum sonnenbaden ist, denn ultraviolett ist eine gefährliche farbe, eine farbe, die uns töten kann. deshalb denke ich, wir sollten uns alle wünschen, etwas wahrnehmen zu können, was eigentlich nicht möglich ist. +wegen der bären machte sie sich absolut keine sorgen, aber vor anwälten hatte sie eine heidenangst. +aber die wahrheit ist, dass solche verrückten fälle relativ selten sind. meistens werden sie nicht gewonnen. +es ist schwer einzuschätzen, da es unterschiedliche motive gibt. +es scheint nicht sehr gut zu funktionieren, oder? +damit das gesetz die basis der freiheit sein kann, müssen ihm die menschen vertrauen. +was jetzt notwendig ist, ist ein wiederaufbau dieser grenzen. +diese person existiert heute nicht. +nur so können wir unsere freiheit zurückgewinnen. und nur so können die energie und die leidenschaft freiwerden, die nötig sind, damit wir die herausforderungen unserer zeit meistern können. vielen dank. +oder -- oder vielleicht und -- zusätzlich zu den regeln schauen wir uns an, ob wir mit ein paar wirklich raffinierten anreizen aufwarten können. auch wenn die leute, mit denen wir zu tun haben, nicht in unserem interesse handeln wollen, ist es somit in ihrem interesse, in unserem interesse zu handeln -- die magischen anreize, welche die leute dazu bringen werden, das richtige zu tun, wenn auch aus reinem eigennutz. +nun ja, wenn sie darüber nachdenken, ist es wirklich schwierig runde säulen mit einem lineal auszumessen. +er hatte eine sehr schlecht bezahlte arbeitsstelle. +er hatte letzten endes nur eine spielzeugpistole. +aber das problem, sich auf regeln und anreize zu verlassen, liegt darin, dass sie die berufliche tätigkeit demoralisieren. und sie demoralisieren die berufliche tätigkeit in zweierlei hinsicht. +kluge gesetzlose sind also besser als nichts, aber es ist schwer vorstellbar, dass irgendein kluger gesetzloser dies für unbegrenzte zeit aufrecht erhalten kann. +es gibt inzwischen 22 städte, die ein veteranen-gericht wie dieses haben. +es gibt also eine menge beispiele wie dieses, über das wir gesprochen haben. +die usa hatten im manhatten project einige atomwaffen entwickelt. die idee war ganz einfach: wir nutzen die kraft des atoms um die gräuel und den horror dieses endlosen zweiten weltkriegs, an dem wir in europa und im pazifik beteiligt waren, zu beenden. +während dieses ersten kapitels gab es ein starkes öffentliches bewusstsein des schadenspotentials einer nuklearen katastrophe, und ein dauerhaftes bild hat sich in unser kollektives gedächtnis eingebrannt, dass ein nuklearer holocaust eine globale zerstörung und, in gewisser weise, das ende unserer heutigen zivilisation bedeuten würde. +die idee war, die zielstädte zu evakuieren. +es gibt viele orte, an denen sprengköpfe gelagert werden und viele orte mit spaltbarem material, wie hoch angereichertes uran und plutonium, die absolut nicht sicher sind. +sie sind ziemlich engagiert. +dies ist die größe der "little boy" bombe, die auf hiroshima fiel. +in dieser viertelstunde ist alles was sie tun müssen - und das meine ich ernst - 1,5 kilometer von der explosion wegzugehen. +abschottung - hoffentlich mit dreck oder beton, oder einem keller - abstand und zeit werden sie retten. +ernste probleme, große probleme, dringende probleme. +und viele von uns hier sind darin hoch involviert. +und das ist jetzt deutlicher, als es seit jahrzehnten war. +das ist es, was unternehmen bewirken, indem sie gewinne erzielen. +unternehmen erzielen keine gewinne, nicht im ursprünglichen sinn, indem sie soziale probleme verursachen. +wir sehen firmen wie das brasilianische forstunternehmen fibria, das eine methode gefunden hat, die abholzung der alten wälder zu vermeiden und stattdessen eukalyptus zu verwenden und gleichzeitig höhere erträge pro hektar papierbrei zu erwirtschaften und viel mehr papier herzustellen, als durch die abholzung dieser alten bäume. +wenn wir diese grenze durchbrechen können, dieses unbehagen, diese spannung, dieses gefühl, dass wir in bezug auf soziale probleme nicht ausreichend zusammenarbeiten; wir können es durchbrechen und letztendlich, so denke ich, werden wir lösungen finden. +hier zeigen sich zahlreiche innere strukturen. +man muss nicht immer sezieren. +und noch schockierter sind sie von dem, was er sagt. +sie sprachen über wissenschaft und über die notwendigkeit für eine neue wissenschaftliche revolution. +jeder monat benötigte 1.365 berechnungen, dadurch waren die tabellen voller fehler. +es gibt auch eine kehrseite. +eines tages kam ein nasa manager in mein büro, setzte sich und sagte: "können sie uns bitte sagen, wie wir nach leben außerhalb der erde suchen sollten?" +also er war überzeugt, aber tatsächlich sind die meisten menschen das nicht. +und in wahrheit ist es der rüstungswettlauf zwischen hackern und designern der computersysteme, der alles es hin und her gehen lässt. +und wie man hier sieht, gibt es gruppen, die übereinander wachsen, weil sie sich ausbreiten. +und offensichtlich kommt jeder dieser buchstaben ungefähr gleich häufig vor. +es ist nebensächlich, welches sediment man verwendet, um es zu zermahlen, ob es bakterien, pflanzen oder tiere sind. +schauen wir uns an, wie sie ausschaut +und wenn man das geheimnis des lebens rausnimmt, dann ist es auch ein wenig leichter über unsere art zu leben nachzudenken und dass wir vielleicht nicht so etwas besonderes sind, wie wir immer denken. +dies ist ein papierformular. und was sie hier sehen ist ein formular in den händen einer krankenschwester des gesundheitsministeriums in indonesien, die in der ländlichen gegend herumfährt, an einem sicherlich sehr heißen und feuchten tag in indonesien, und sie wird an tausende türen klopfen, in einem zeitraum von wochen oder monaten, sie wird anklopfen und fragen: "entschuldigen sie, wir würden ihnen gerne ein paar fragen stellen. +nun versuchen sie mal, das zu begreifen. +das problem war, nachdem wir es ein paar jahre so gemacht hatten, merkte ich, dass ich vielleicht bei 6 oder 7 programmen war, und wissen sie, ich dachte, wenn ich das in diesem tempo weiter mache, meine ganze karriere lang, gehe ich vielleicht zu insgesamt 20 oder 30 prgrammen. +nun, sie können sagen, dass hotmail kein wunder war, aber für mich war es eins, weil ich merkte, als ich so mit meinem problem kämpfte, ich arbeitete meistens in subsahara-afrika. +es gibt auch einige zusätzliche vorteile. +das sammeln von daten für das globale gesundheitswesen sah schlecht aus: arbeiter wanderten durch dörfer, klopften an türen und stellten fragen, schrieben die antworten auf papier und gaben sie in den computer ein – und basierend auf diesen lückenhaften informationen haben länder wichtige entscheidungen gefällt. datenfreak joel selanikio erzählt vom umbruch dieses prozesses im letzten jahrzehnt – vom palm pilot und hotmail, bis zur cloudbasierten technologie. +und wenn wir den ballast über bord werfen, steigen wir. +einfach über bord werfen, wie ballast, um unsere richtung zu ändern. +aber wir sollten keine zweifel haben, wir sollten keine ängste haben. +aber es wird in der zukunft nicht mehr möglich sein. +warum das? weil treibstoff nicht leicht zu ersetzen ist. +und das ist genau das symbol unserer welt, +aber viel mehr, um rat zu erhalten, ihre kommentare zu geben, die kunde zu verbreiten, dass, wenn es in der luft möglich ist, es natürlich auch am boden möglich ist. +sehen sie, es war mal so, dass, wenn man ein lied aufnehmen wollte, man ein studio und einen produzenten brauchte. +fragen sie nicht. +und was wir in afrika sehen ist eine unvergleichliche bedrohung der menschenwürde und der gleichberechtigung. +sehen sie, es ist nicht so dramatisch wie der tsunami. +denken sie nicht, dass auf einer rein kommerziellen ebene, die antiretrovirale medizin nicht eine großartige werbung für den westlichen einfallsreichtum und technologie ist? +das ist die reine wahrheit, die rechtschaffene wahrheit. +also warum strecken wir nicht unsere faust in die luft? +momentum hat sich aufgegebaut. +da ist der kontinent afrika. +vor ein paar minuten habe ich über all die bürgerkampagnen die entstehen gesprochen. +ich glaube wirklich an die alte truman-zeile, dass wenn man den amerikanern die fakten gibt sie das richtige tun werden. +ich denke wir haben das geld und die gehirne im raum um das zu tun. +"all shook up" [wörtlich: "ganz aufgerüttelt"] ist ein wunderbares liebeslied. +leute, die farblich hören, sehen tatsächlich farben, wenn sie den klang von wörtern oder buchstaben wahrnehmen. +testpersonen brauchen bei metaphern länger, sie als falsch zu erkennen, als sie bei wörtlich falschen sätze brauchen. +jene, welche die weltkrieg-version lasen, befürworteten öfters eine intervention als die anderen. +james geary, liebhaber von aphorismen und schriftsteller, macht sich gedanken über einen festen bestandteil der sprache: metaphern. metaphern, beliebt bei wortkünstlern von aristoteles bis elvis, können unsere entscheidungen fast unmerklich beeinflussen. +aber wir wollen der welt sagen: nein. wir werden unter einer gemeinsamen flagge jemeniten bleiben. +er sagte, "du bist die brücke." +pm: wir sollten erwähnen, dass er ihnen bei der zeitung arbeitet. +wir wurden strafrechtlich verfolgt; die zeitung wurde mehr als drei mal geschlossen. +das ist eine reportage, die man online ansehen kann; das video ist online. +während der politische aufruhr im jemen weitergeht, spricht die herausgeberin der yemen times, nadia al-sakkaf, bei tedglobal mit gastgeberin pat mitchell. die unabhängige englischsprachige zeitung al-sakkafs ist entscheidend für das vermitteln von nachrichten -- und für das vermitteln eines neuen bildes vom jemen und von den frauen dieses landes als gleichwertige partner bei der arbeit und bei einem wandel des landes. +mein vater und mein großvater suchten ständig nach den neuesten dingen in alternativen oder traditionellen therapien für ph, aber nach sechs monaten konnte ich keinen kleinen hügel mehr hochlaufen, ich konnte keine treppe mehr erklimmen, +es bereitete mich sicher nicht darauf vor, was als nächstes kam. +mein arzt wollte mich auf die liste für eine lungentransplantation setzen; +aber organe warten nicht. ich wurde operiert bevor ich abschied nehmen konnte. +medizinische umstände bestimmen nicht die menschlichen umstände. +und viele dieser chemikalien sind mit den in die höhe schießenden vorfällen von chronischen kinderkrankheiten, die wir in den industriestaaten beobachten können, verbunden. +und sie sehen hier diese großen, dottrigen eier durch die oberfläche der männlichen hoden brechen. +erst zwei wochen zuvor hatte der amerikanische senat selbst den gedanken an ein verbot von bpa in baby-flaschen und schnabeltassen abgelehnt. +hinzu kommt, dass das baby nach der geburt aufgrund einer weiteren einzigartigen erfindung der säugetiere "gesäugt" bzw. mit muttermilch versorgt wird. +th: einer der gründe, die es hochinteressant und angemessen machen, für mich hier bei tedwomen zu sein, ist, dass... tja, beim gestrigen dinner wurde es am besten zusammengefasst, als jemand sagte, "wende dich an die männer an deinem tisch und sage ihnen: 'wenn die revolution beginnt, dann unterstützen wir euch.'" die wahrheit, liebe frauen, ist, dass wir euch euch bei diesem thema bereits für eine lange zeit unterstützt haben. angefangen bei rachel carson mit "silent spring", dann theo colborns "our stolen future" bis hin zu sandra steingrabers werken "living downstream" und "having faith". +und es ist ein gefühl, das mich dazu drängt, heute hier zu sein. das wissen, dass wir frauen voranschreiten, als boten für all das, aber auch als diejenigen, die die verantwortung für die kinder zu tragen haben. als mütter haben wir die größte kaufkraft in unserem haushalt. es ist an uns, voranzugehen und die arbeit von tyrone und anderen wissenschaftlern weltweit voranzutreiben. +hier ist eine sammelstelle für flaschen auf einer abgelegenen insel vor der küste von niederkalifornien. +aber diese aktion kostete mich am ende fast 60 dollar. +nicht zehn pferde, nicht hundert mann... +seltsamerweise sind die reste der redwood-regenwälder, die wir noch haben, bis heute wenig erforscht. +zusammen mit einem freund entschloss er sich, ohne seile oder ausrüstung auf einen redwood zu steigen, um zu sehen, was dort oben war. +wenn steve sillett einen redwood besteigt, schießt er einen pfeil ab mit einer angelschnur dran. diese legt sich über einen ast und man zieht daran ein seil in den baum hoch, an dem man entlangklettern kann. +diese wiederholung ist ein riesiger strebebogen, der aus dem baum selbst herauskommt. +sie stellen fest, dass redwoods feuchtigkeit aus der luft in ihre stämme und vielleicht ganz bis hinunter in ihre wurzeln transportieren können. +was können die redwoods uns über uns selbst lehren? +- richard preston, danke dir sehr. +das problem der pc-viren ist jetzt 25 jahre alt. +wir sie in der oberen hälfte des bildschirms sehen können, ist dort ein tausendfüßler, der über den computer läuft, wenn er mit diesem virus infiziert ist. +nun, es gibt verschiedene wege, zum beispiel banking-trojaner, die geld von konten stehlen, wenn man online-banking benutzt, oder keylogger. +sie nutzen außerdem den globalen charakter des internets zu ihrem vorteil. +und das ist die hintertür, über die ihr computer übernommen wird. +tja, ich bin kein anwalt, aber wenn ich es wäre, dann würde ich an dieser stelle sagen: "damit ist der fall abgeschlossen". +bereit sein bedeutet, dass wir auch dann sachen tun können, wenn uns die dinge, die wir für selbstverständlich halten, nicht zur verfügung stehen. +es gibt viele dinge, die der von mir verfolgte ansatz voraussagen kann, und einige, bei denen es nicht geht. +und viele von ihnen haben wohl schon bemerkt, dass dies keine so großen resultate zeigt, wie man vielleicht gern hätte, +wir haben sie auf 3,6 millionen erhöht. +vielleicht haben sie auch bemerkt, was wir nicht wissen müssen, es gibt nämlich keine vergangenheit in der rechnung. +und weiter unten bei 100 würden sie zivile atomkraft errichten, was sie auch als ziel angeben. +alles kann man nicht voraussagen, der aktienmarkt ist, zumindest für mich, nicht vorhersagbar, aber die meisten komplizierten verhandlungen sind es. +ob sie ein künstler sind, ein techniker, ein anwalt, oder einfach nur ein fan, der umgang mit dem urheberrecht beeinflusst ihr leben unmittelbar. +und dann profitieren sie durch die weitere verbreitung des videos, durch werbung und die damit verbundenen verkäufe. +da sind zunächst einmal die musik-labels. +wenn sie diese frauen auf der straße sähen, in ihren verblichenen kleidern, dann würden sie sie abtun als arm und einfältig. +satawal ist eine halbe meile lang und eine meile breit. +es ist teil unserer kollektiven geschichte. +es ist die wichtigste karte von allen. +ihre arbeitet nicht immer aus eigeninteresse, denn wenn gefühle ins spiel kommen, ändern sich die verknüpfungen, wie es funktioniert. +ich hatte eine aufschlussreiches labor, um diese frage zu beantworten, die wirkliche frage, die lautet: was ist der unterschied in jemandes leben, wenn du einen der menschen betrachtest, denen du alles gegeben hast? wie all die ressourcen, die sie vorgeben zu brauchen. keinen billig-computer hast du ihnen gegeben, den besten rechner hast du gegegeben. du hast ihnen liebe gegeben, du hast ihnen freude geschenkt. du warst da, um sie zu trösten. +entscheidend sind niemals die ressourcen, es ist "ressourcevoll sein". +ehrlich, besser oder schlechter? sagt: "ja". +dein bild der welt ist der filter. das ist es, was uns formt. +wie viele von euch lieben überraschungen? sagt: "ja." +wenn nichts anderes mehr geht, hol dir einen hund. keine katze, hol einen hund, wenn du für zwei minuten raus gehst, ist es, als wärst du für sechs monate weg gewesen, wenn du nach fünf minuten wiederkommst. +heute, 18 jahre später, kann ich stolz sagen, dass wir im letzten jahr zwei millionen menschen in 35 ländern durch unsere stiftung essen gegeben haben, alles während der feiertage; thanksgiving, weihnachten -- -- in den verschiedensten ländern rund um die welt. +sie sagte: "es ist vorbei." als ich an diesem abend endete, rief sie ihn an, hinterließ eine nachricht -- wahre geschichte -- an die spitze des world trade centers, wo er arbeitete: sagte: "schatz, ich liebe dich. ich möchte, dass du weißt, dass ich dich heiraten möchte. es war dumm von mir." und sie schlief, weil es drei uhr nachts für uns war, als er sie zurückrief von der spitze und sagte: "schatz, ich kann dir gar nicht sagen, was das für mich bedeutet." +und das vor allem deswegen, weil es keinen gibt. +und wir definieren uns über diese unterschiede. +jeden punkt kann man anklicken und im detail betrachten. hier sehen wir: "ich würde mich einfach so viel besser fühlen, wenn ich mich jetzt in seine arme schmiegen könnte und seine liebe für mich in der umarmung seines körpers und der sanftheit seiner lippen spüren könnte." +die nächste bewegung heißt mobs. +wir sehen menschen, die sich "abgleitend", "angeekelt", "verantwortlich" fühlen. +das ist eine antwort auf: was ist schön? "miss world." +es heißt "universum: enthüllung unserer modernen mythologie". +wir können eines anklicken und das foto zum zentrum des universums machen. +hier haben wir unser sternenfeld. hier sind unsere formen. +aber ich finde sie schön. sie nicht? +was mag das bedeuten? ich habe keine ahnung. +sie sieht aus, wie eine reihe brechender wellen, winde verursachen hier eine scherschicht. die winde über und unter der wolkenschicht unterscheiden sich stark. in der mitte, zwischen den winden, entstehen luftwirbel. wenn der geschwindigkeitsunterschied genau richtig ist, werden die spitzen der wolkenwellen umgebogen und diese schönen, wie brechende wellen aussehenden wirbel entstehen. +durch die deutlichen, gestochen scharfen ränder dieser wolken, sind sie ideal, um figuren darin zu entdecken. +lassen sie uns ein paar jahre zurück gehen und sehen, was damals los war. +selbst mit computern, die immer schneller und besser werden, ist es eine herausforderung, mit gigabytes an daten, terabytes an daten, zu arbeiten und die relevanten informationen herauszufischen. +man kann sehen, dass röntgenstrahlung gestreut werden: von den zähnen, dem metall in den zähnen. +noch mal, es ist komplett interaktiv, man kann es drehen und sich die dinge in echtzeit ansehen auf diesen systemen. +es funktioniert eigentlich so wie ein großes iphone. +und um einen schritt weiter zu gehen, haben wir hier ein herz. +motts macht da also etwas im mrt. wahrscheinlich macht er so mit seiner rechten hand, weil die linke hälfte des motorischen kortex aktiv ist. +ich kann die haut der löwin ablösen. +ich fand es deshalb sehr erstaunlich, auf eine organisation zu stoßen, die beide seiten wertschätzt. +er sagte: "ok. ich habe die höhe eines backsteins gemessen. +die übliche erklärung lautet, dass das universum irgendwie plötzlich entstanden ist, voller merkwürdiger energie - inflationärer energie -, die es gesprengt hat. +die dichte der materie ist endlich und wir können vielleicht mit einer konsistenten reihe von gleichungen den ganzen prozess beschreiben. +die nächste karte zeigt afrikas bip von 1960, etwa zu der zeit, in der viele afrikanische staaten unabhängig wurden. +zu meinem erstaunen erfuhr ich von ihnen 100% ige unterstützung. +im hotel leben alle zusammen, dozenten und studenten und es nicht ungewöhnlich, sie alle um 1 uhr morgens bei einer spontanen übung zu finden. +ich werde am aims studieren. +ich möchte auf weitere außergewöhnliche menschen auf diesem bild hinweisen. +unsere partner in ganz afrika sind sehr enthusiastisch. +als die ersten computer auf den markt kamen, wurde gesagt, sie seien eine million mal schneller als neuronen. +lassen sie mich das nochmal zusammenfassen: das gehirn verarbeitet informationen mit 100.000 mal weniger energie, als wir das momentan mit unserer computertechnologie können. +weil transistoren jedoch kleiner und kleiner und kleiner werden, sehen wir zunehmend, dass sie sich nicht mehr so verhalten. +okay, also ein computer holt bestimmte daten aus dem speicher, und sendet sie an den hauptprozessor oder die alu, und schickt das resultat zurück in den speicher. +hier sind kareems dunkle augen und das hier ist der weiße hintergrund. +ich hatte einen anderen blickwinkel darauf und habe meinen blickwinkel benutzt, um das problem anzugehen. +also trotz der tatsache, dass ich zu ihnen über ein objekt sprechen werde, das supermassiv ist, und ich komme gleich dazu, was das wirklich bedeutet, hat es keine finite größe. +ich muss die masse eines objektes kennen, von dem ich behaupte, dass es ein schwarzes loch ist, und seinen schwarzschildradius. +also dort im zentrum, von dort kommt tatsächlich das meiste sternenlicht. +was ich ihnen ja heute zeigen will. +sie sehen eine animation, die von einem beispiel dessen ausgeht, was man ohne verwendung des verfahrens sehen würde. in anderen worten, nur ein bild, das die sterne zeigt, und der rahmen ist zentriert mit dem zentrum der galaxie, wo wir das schwarze loch vermuten. +und daher konnten wir zeigen, das sich dort ein supermassives schwarzes loch befindet. +wir haben wirklich erwartet, dass sterne in dieser umgebung nicht enstehen können, +und ich hoffe, dass ich sie wenigstens überzeugt habe, dass wir zum einen wirklich ein supermassives schwarzes loch im zentrum der galaxie haben, +wie menschen zu dieser musik gelangen, wie sie in ihr leben kommt, das fasziniert mich sehr. +aber die art und weise, wie wir auf verschiedene kombinationen dieser phänomene reagieren, ist komplex, emotional und noch nicht ganz geklärt. +aber jeder musiker findet ein anderes gleichgewicht zwischen glauben und vernunft, instinkt und intelligenz. +es war die zeit, in der all die großen gattungen aufkamen. +die kultur, in der wir jetzt leben, ist überflutet mit improvisationsmusik, die geschnitten, gemischt, übereinander gelegt, und, weiß der geier, vertrieben und verkauft wird. +es begeistert mich, menschen wie wanderer, küchenchefs, programmierer und taxifahrer zu treffen. menschen, bei denen ich nie vermutet hätte, dass sie diese musik lieben und sie weitergeben. +die entscheidende schlüsselbeobachtung, die er machte, war, dass ein frei fliegender flügel durch mehr luft segeln und mehr energie in einer bestimmten zeit erzeugen kann als die turbine eines starrflüglers. +wenn man mir eine boeing 747 gäbe, würde ich daraus 6 megawatt machen, was mehr als die größten heutigen windturbinen wäre. +es kommt von dem familiennamen von einer von schumanns freundinnen. +und dann muss man den ersten entwurf des charakters machen, was ähnlich ist wie die struktur eines stückes, und dann fügt man stift und bleistift hinzu und alle anderen details, die man braucht – das ist die zeichnung polieren. +nun, sie hat c, g, h, a, e ausgesucht. +es war wie eine revolution. +sie basiert auf hunderten stunden forschung und anwendung. +es geht darum, das preizugeben, von dem man denkt, es sei das größte geheimnis, damit vielleicht millionen von menschen die möglichkeit erhalten zu helfen, es zu verbessern. +aber der schlüssel hier, der grund, warum diese gruppen sich miteinander verbinden können, ist, dass ihre arbeit zu der art arbeit gehört, die leicht digital geteilt werden kann -- ein bild, eine musikdatei, software. +es gibt ein problem mit traditionellen wissenschaftlichen abhandlungen. +es ist genau hier. +schulen dürfen keine bunker sein. +die selbe müllhalde ernährt nun mehr als 30 familien. +um dies konkreter zu machen, lassen sie uns die top 10 wörter ansehen, die statistisch auffällig sind, und zwar sowohl in den beliebtesten ted-talks als auch in den unbeliebtesten ted-talks. +und die analyse zeigt, dass sie dann, wenn sie zu den beliebtesten ted-rednern zählen wollen, ihre haare etwas länger als der durchschnitt wachsen lassen sollten und darauf achten sollten, dass sie ihre brille tragen und etwas eleganter angezogen sind als der durchschnittliche ted-redner. +als inspiration dient mir die tatsache, dass wir alle mit anderen menschen interagieren wollen. alle komplizierten funktionen werde ich dabei herauslassen und werde dieses simplifizierte objekt, einem test unterziehen und die frühen stadien neuer erkenntnisse zeigen, dessen was da in zwei gehirnen geschieht, während sie gleichzeitig interagieren. +drogenmissbrauch verändert die art, wie sie die welt bewerten. sie ändern die art wie sie die mit dem medikament ihrer wahl verbundenen symbole bewerten, und sie schätzen sie vor allen anderen dinge. +die kurze antwort darauf heißt: spiele. +kanarienvögel wurden in minen als biosensoren benutzt. +read montague: was wir von 5000 gehirnen lernen +politik und politiker sind nur erfolgreich, wenn sie wirklich versuchen, die menschen so zu sehen, wie sie sind, und nicht, wie wir sie gerne sehen würden. +jetzt sind wir hier mit long beach und sonstwo verbunden, mit all den geheimen orten, und zwar mit einem bruchteil dieser kosten, und wir können riesige datenmengen verschicken und empfangen, ohne dass es uns etwas kostet. +was sie hier sehen sieht ein bisschen wie die haube eines kochs aus, das ist ein überfall, das blaue da. +hier haben wir natürlich jfk mit seiner unglaublich einfachen und schlagkräftigen formulierung "frag nicht, was dein land für dich tun kann, frag was du für dein land tun kannst", eine sehr noble aussage. +wie sollte ich jemals erfahren, wer die besten sind? +einige lehrer sind erfolgreicher als andere. +man kann den fakten des videos nichts entgegensetzen, jedoch eine menge daraus lernen, es gibt viele wege, die uns helfen, in den beruf des lehrers hineinzuwachsen, wenn uns verbesserungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt werden. +das ist zwar verständlich, doch unsere erfahrungswerte mit met zeigen, dass viele lehrer, die den vorgang leiten, die videos im eigenen klassenzimmer aufnehmen und die unterrichtsstunden selbst auswählen, begeistert am projekt teilnehmen. +diese bewegung plädiert dafür, biotechnologie allen zugänglich zu machen, also nicht nur wissenschaftlern und forschern in staatlichen labors. +wir nehmen sie dann auch gern auseinander. +ich zeige ihnen, was man gerade jetzt machen kann. +wenn sich jeder in diesem raum engagiert, wer weiß, was wir dann erreichen? +aber wissen sie was? +wir werden von zwei menschen hören, die von solchen gesetzen betroffen sind. +weil ich hiv-positiv bin. +der konsum oder besitz von drogen ist in fast allen ländern illegal. +wir können richter schulen, dass sie den spielraum der gesetze ausnutzen und eher tolerante urteile fällen, als vorurteilen den vorzug zu geben. +hier wurden kinder geboren, menschen starben dort. +bürogebäude für persönliches arbeiten sind jetzt schon überholt. +hier ein noch interessanteres beispiel in seoul, korea. +wir hoffen, das bis zum herbst gebaut zu haben. +wir glauben nicht, dass kameras in wohnungen gut sind. +und es wird vermutet, dass sie einen kubikmeter wasser pro stunde filtern können, und pro tag 30 kilogramm zooplankton aufnehmen. +dank "der weiße hai" haben wir oft alle angst vor haien. +es könnte eine veränderung in der verteilung des planktons sein. +ich zeige ihnen, wie das aussieht. +also versuchen wir sehr einfache dinge über die riesenhaie zu lernen. +aber das ist wieder überraschend. man erwartet das nicht. +das ist nun verboten, und die haie freuen sich sicherlich darüber. +und sie saßen monatelang daran. +sie haben wahrscheinlich die videos vom buckelwal gesehen, den wir vor einem monat oder zweien vor county wexford hatten. +ich danke ihnen fürs zuhören. +sie machten sich fertig. +mit meinem vorhaben im hinterkopf blieb ich ruhig +wie gesagt: ich kann gesellschaft und regierung nur bewegen, wenn ich schlagende beweise beibringe. +wie kamen sie ins gefängnis – das war doch erst vor ein paar wochen, oder? +hast du schlechten mundgeruch, während du meine befragung beantwortest? +niemand sollte wissen, dass ich ein mädchen war, und keiner wusste es. +ich durfte einfach ich selbst sein, sich entwickelnd und verändernd in jedem moment. +das life magazine machte generationen von menschen mit entfernten, unbekannten kulturen durch bilder bekannt. +das ist mein beitrag zum bürgerrechtskampf meiner generation. +sobald sie sich vom schock erholten, entschieden sie sich weitgehend für 70 bis 95 prozent oder 3 bis 20-prozent-marken. +es ist zu spät. +anscheinend bedeutet luzifer "licht". +und sie alle kommen aus den kameras von us-soldaten. +wir schauen uns das innenleben der person an, die faulen eier. +das hier ist stanley milgram, ein jüdischer junge aus der bronx, und er fragte sich: "könnte der holocaust passieren, hier und jetzt?" +sie sind ein guter mensch. sie beschweren sich. +die meiste zeit waren wir in einrichtungen, und so ist das stanford-gefängnisexperiment eine untersuchung der macht von einrichtungen auf das individuelle verhalten +sie würden nummern werden. +unbekümmert macht man den ersten kleinen schritt. +mobbing ist eine krankheit. vorurteile sind eine krankheit. gewalt ist eine krankheit. +sie kam runter, sah dieses tollhaus und sagte: "weißt du was, es ist furchtbar, was du diesen jungs antust. +wesley und der typ: 50 cm hoch. +wir hätten keinen zugang zu liebe oder zu schöpferischer fähigkeit. +natürlich denken sie an bilder, die sensorische muster sein können, visuell, wie sie sie jetzt haben, in beziehung zur bühne und mir, oder auditive bilder, die sie in verbindung mit meinen worten haben. +sehr seltsam, ich habe es einige zeit analysiert. +und ich dachte über eine lösung für das problem nach. +sie haben im endeffekt das bewusstsein verloren, durch einen schaden im roten bereich des hirnstamms. +mit der ausnahme, dass es nicht so reichhaltig ist, weil sie keine hirnrinde wie wir haben. +wir sollten darauf blicken, wie gesellschaft und kultur in dieser soziokulutrellen regulierung in laufender arbeit sind. +denn mein vater verließ den business club in unserer heimatstadt, der nur für männer offen war, denn er sagte, er wolle nie teil einer organisation sein, die eines tages seinen sohn aufnehmen würde, aber nicht seine tochter. +ich sage: "online organisation." +fremdenfurcht gewinnt an bedeutung -- der handel mit frauen und mädchen. +viele von ihnen arbeiten in extrem widerspenstigen systemen -- beim militär, im kongress, im bildungssystem usw. +die maxime "erkenne dich selbst" existiert schon seit den alten griechen. +armeen benutzen ihn, wenn sie eine schlacht verloren haben. +es könnte mich auch interessieren, wie konzentriert ich bin, sodass ich meinen aufmerksamkeitsgrad in dem schaltbrett auf der anderen seite eintragen kann. +wir schufen den reaktionsraum, wo lichter, musik und jalousien sich nach ihrem zustand richten. +normalerweise stellen wir uns technologie als interaktiv vor. +mit vermenschlichender technik können wir die qualität unserer schlafzyklen überwachen. +ariel garten: erkenne dich selbst – mit einem hirnscanner +lassen sie mich ihnen sagen, das beste ist, +mit derselben hartnäckigkeit die mir mein vater anerzogen hatte, seit ich klein war – er brachte mir das segeln bei, obwohl er wusste, ich würde nie sehen können, wohin ich fuhr, nie das ufer sehen, oder die segel, niemals das ziel. +sie wissen alle, wie das ist; sie brauchen keine behinderung, um das zu verstehen. +er fragte: » lieben sie ihren job? « +ich wusste nicht, was ich tun sollte. +niemand hat es vorher versucht, also werde ich es versuchen. +ich gründete kanchi, denn mein unternehmen sollte so heißen wie mein elefant. behinderungen sind wie ein elefant im raum. +hört auf mit den etiketten, den abgrenzungen. +vielleicht liegt der grund darin, dass die rentner glauben, aus eigenem willen rentner geworden zu sein, während junge arbeitslose das gefühl haben, dass es ihnen aufgedrängt wurde. +nennen sie es das rettungspaket für griechenland oder die rettung einer ladung von dummen banken, die griechenland geld geliehen haben? +und ich denke, das ist wohl richtig. +alles bei google war mehr oder weniger darauf abgezielt, ein portal zu sein. +wenn sie auf dem weg zu ihrer schwiegermutter sind, würden sie wahrscheinlich lieber auf der linken seite bleiben. +das gibt es den realen wert, der ensteht, wenn sie etwas in einer fabrik produzieren und einen service liefern, und dann gibt es eine art zweifelhaften wert, den sie erzeugen, wenn sie die sichtweise der menschen auf dinge verändern. +ich würde behaupten, in großbritannien gibt es einen viel besseren bezugsrahmen, nämlich indem man den leuten sagt, dass in großbritannien mehr express-post am nächsten tag ankommt als in deutschland. +und innerhalb dieses rahmens, können wir den kindern zeit anbieten. etwas, wovon sie immer zu wenig haben, wie es scheint, in ihren terminverplanten leben. +hi. dieser kerl hier glaubt, er kann euch die zukunft vorhersagen. +diese medikamente wurden auf den markt gebracht. sie wurden sehr häufig verschrieben, weil herzinfarkte sehr oft vorkommen. es dauerte lange, bis wir herausfanden, dass diese medikamente auch zu mehr sterbefällen führten. und dass bevor wir dieses warnsignal hörten, mehr als 100.000 menschen in amerika unnötig durch die verschreibung von medikamenten gegen herzrhythmusstörungen starben. +nur drei der negativen versuche waren veröffentlicht worden, aber bis auf einen alle positiven versuche. +das erstaunlichste an all dem ist für mich folgendes: dies ist nicht nur ein erkennbares und erkanntes problem, sondern wir mussten bisher mit wirkungslosen lösungen dafür leben. +nasa unterstütze diese arbeit vor 12 jahren als teil des umbaus des hayden planetariums damit wir das mit der welt teilen können. +wir haben eine wachsende nutzerzahl davon. und wir vernetzen kuppeln. +mit dem mit media lab engagieren wir uns schon seit einer ganzen weile in einem gebiet namens aktive musik. +wir wissen zum beispiel, dass musik fast immer das letzte ist, worauf menschen mit fortgeschrittenem alzheimer noch ansprechen können. +der hauptsänger verschwindet zu beginn der oper und die gesamte bühne wird zum hauptcharakter. sie wird sein vermächtnis. +also, dan, als allerstes, willst du allen hier hallo sagen und erzählen wer du bist? +stellen sie uns strukturen dafür bereit? und wissen sie, dies ist eine persönliche beziehung zum ausdruck, der in den technologischen kreisen fehlt. deswegen brauchten wir mit dan einen neuen gestaltungsprozess, einen neuen konstruktionsprozess, um seine bewegungen zu entdecken und seinen weg zum ausdruck, der ihm das aufführen erlaubt. +erinnern sie sich an die geschichte von odysseus und den sirenen aus der high school, oder junior high school? +wenn du das morgen machst, dann werde ich sterben, du wirst sterben, jeder einzelne dieser männer wird sterben. +es hat diese starken, heroischen arme, die donuts in den eigenen mund schaufeln können. +alles in allem war es einfach ein komplett sinnfreier austausch von geld, den ich bereuen würde. +wir sehen uns die sparquote an und die nimmt seit den 1950er jahren stetig ab. +ja, diese person ist in rente gegangen mit 150 prozent des einkommens von seiner arbeit während der rente. +und von der sichtweise des zukünftigen selbst ist alles umgekehrt. +und einfach nur aus spaß haben wir sein bild durch die software für glatzenbildung, alterung und gewichtszunahme laufen lassen, um zu sehen, wie er aussehen würde. +genau diese töne werden meist nicht von den zeichen, die wir in den europäischen sprachen zur verfügung haben, repräsentiert. +selbst in den wohlhabendsten ländern der welt klaffen die lebenserwartungen bis zu 20 jahre auseinander. +in zimbabwe, zum beispiel, gab es nur ungefähr ein dutzend psychiater, die meisten in harare city, nur ein paar wenige standen für die versorgung psychisch erkrankter innerhalb der 9 millionen starken landbevölkerung bereit. +was für mich wirklich schön am gedanken der aufgabenverlagerung ist, ist aber nicht, dass sie die gesundheitsversorgung einfach zugänglicher und erschwinglicher macht, sondern dass sie grundsätzlich stärkend wirkt. +wir begannen das projekt mit einem zwischenbericht, der einfach viele informationen zusammenfasste, die über dieses thema gesammelt worden waren, von vielen, vielen forschern. +hat ihnen eine biene schon mal eine rechnung ausgestellt? +jetzt zeige ich ihnen was sich wie ändert, wenn wir weitermachen wie bisher. +wenn sie nach wasser bohren, um in der nähe eines bauerndorfs cola herzustellen ist das nichts illegales, doch es verursacht der gemeinde kosten. +die chinesische regierung antwortete mit verstand und verbot die rodungen. +es geht um energieemissionen +genau genommen haben wir so etwas wie eine ethische wahl in der gesellschaft getroffen, keine korallenriffe zu haben. +aber irgendwie hatte der mann auch unter dem strich auch sehr viel platz. +feynman liebte diese geschichte. +aber es war wirklich brutal. +wir waren in den bergen, 1976. +aber er war sehr aufgeregt darüber, dass er endlich jemanden getroffen hatte, dass ich dieselbe erfahrung mit meinem vater hatte, die er mit seinem vater hatte. +er wollte versuchen, es zu visualisieren, unter berücksichtigung einiger einfacher prinzipien. +wenn man sie alle lösen könnte, hätte man eine sehr präzise methode. +wie sollten wir feynman wirklich ehren? +es ist eine zusammengesetzte, kurvige inneneinrichtung. +also war das problem, und sie überließen dieses dilemma mir, dass man die inneneinrichtung nur mit der vorhandenen technologie entwerfen musste, und es kein geld gab für werkzeuge oder formen. +und trotz unserer besten bemühungen und absichten werden kinder immer die gefährlichste sache finden, in welcher umgebung auch immer sie sind. +ich habe das mit zehn in einem film der kanadischen filmbehörde gesehen und es hat mich nachhaltig beeindruckt, babys mit messern spielen zu sehen. +es ist eine sehr einfache übung – kauf ein lied bei itunes, brenne es auf eine cd, dann rippe die cd zu einer mp3 und spiele es auf dem selben computer ab. +das motivierte mich dazu, orthopädischer chirurg zu werden und herauszufinden, ob ich mich nicht lösungen diseer probleme widmen könnte, die mich weiter sport trieben ließen, anstatt mich einzuschränken. +nun, der grund ist, es gibt nicht genug spenderzirkel. +das ist also unser biologischer ansatz heute. +es würde nicht soviel spaß machen, über das raumzeitalter zu sprechen, ohne eine der flaggen zu sehen, die mit apollo 11 zum mond hin und zurück getragen wurden. +mehr dazu morgen. ich habe auch bilder aus der bibliothek für diejenigen unter ihnen, die um bilder gebeten haben. +daher hoffe ich, dass ich ihnen morgen ein oder zwei weitere objekte von dieser bühne zeigen kann. heute aber wollte ich einfach nur all denen danken, die zu uns kamen und mit uns darüber gesprochen haben. +ich habe hier einen brocken kohle mitgebracht - hier, ein stück kohle. +als edison die glühbirne erfand, sah sie ungefähr so aus. +aber sie wollen es benutzen - im ernst. +weiterhin arbeiten wir an geräuschsignalen, die dinge wie schnarchen und lärm von automobilen neutralisieren. +wie ich sagte, können wir den kanal kürzen, wir können ihn über die couch ausbreiten. +ich habe eine reihe weiterer erfindungen. +erreicht es sie dort drüben? +so exustiere ich etwas außerhalb des mainstreams des designdenkens. +als beispiel hierfür begann ich mit zucker zu arbeiten, für stefan sagmeister, dreimaliger ted-referent. +irgendwie dachte ich, es wäre eine gute idee eine pause in meinen vortrag einzulegen. +"… du warst dir niemals sicher, aber ich kann dir versichern, dass deine marotte, wegen der du immer so unsicher warst, äußerst liebenswert ist. +und es ist sehr, sehr verbreitet für designer und menschen in der visuellen kunst, zu denken, dass wir nicht genug beitragen. oder schlimmer noch, dass alles, was wir tun, die mülldeponien füllt. +rezero hält seine balance, indem er konstant seinen nickwinkel mit einem sensor berechnet. +mit einem monitor könnte er die leute informieren, oder sie auf unterhaltsame und spaßige art herumführen. +und wenn wir nun zur abalone-muschel zurückkehren, abgesehen von ihrer nanostruktur begeistert eine sache: wenn eine männliche und eine weibliche abalone zusammen kommen, geben sie genetische information weiter, die sagt: "so baut man ein vorzügliches material. +die abalone-muschel hier – und wenn man sie bricht, kann man feststellen, das sie eine nanostruktur hat. +sie brauchten fast 50 millionen jahre, um zu lernen wie man den bau einer abalone-muschel perfektioniert. +ich hab sie mitgebracht. +angela blecher: mit der natur batterien schaffen +und dann hört man dinge wie im zug, im flugzeug, im auto – also auf dem weg zur arbeit. +man erkennt, dass besonders kreative menschen – designer, programmierer, schriftsteller, ingenieure, denker – dass die leute vor allem längere zeiträume ohne unterbrechungen brauchen, um etwas zu schaffen. +warum erwarten wir, dass leute gut arbeiten, wenn sie im büro die ganze zeit unterbrochen werden? +das ist irgendwie albern. das ist eine ersatzhandlung. +ich meine, wie hoch ist die wahrscheinlichkeit, dass alle 10 bereit sind aufzuhören? +denn büros sind gut ausgestattet, alles, was man zum arbeiten braucht, sollte da sein, doch die leute gehen da jetzt nicht gern hin; wie können wir das ändern? +man kann im ausstellen, aber nicht den manager. +dies ist mein arbeitsplatz. er ist dort draußen, +ich glaube, ich könnte ihnen ihr handy nicht wegnehmen, selbst, wenn ich es wollte. +eigentlich 'ne ganz nette eigenart. +wir haben hier eine menge forschung betrieben. +es bringt ein rudimentäres banksystem an orte, wo keine bank-infrastruktur existiert. +etwa das viagra hier, das ich in einem hinterhof-sexshop irgendwo china gekauft habe. +dies verkörpert für mich irgendwie das verbundensein mit der welt, wo alles miteinander verknüpft zu sein scheint, alle punkte verbinden sich miteinander. +und damit folgt der dritte punkt, welcher zwang ist -- und ein zwang zu dieser verfügbarkeit. +unsere gegenwärtige realität ist weniger interessant als die geschichte die wir später darüber erzählen werden. +worüber sprachen wir gerade? +dean ornish teilt mit uns neue forschungsergebnisse, die zeigen, wie die aneignung gesunder lebensgewohnheiten einen menschen auf genetischer ebene beeinflussen kann. er sagt z.b., dass, wenn wir gesünder leben, besser essen, sport treiben und mehr lieben, sich unsere hirnzellen tatsächlich vermehren. +diese idee wird von diesem zitat gut eingefangen: "dinge, gegen die es kein rezept gibt, sollten ohne bedauern sein, was getan ist, ist getan." +das sind die klassischen bedingungen, die zu bedauern führen. +aber es stellt sich heraus, dass sich bedauern auf vier ganz spezifische und beständige arten schrecklich anfühlt. +mach, dass es weg geht. mach, dass es weg geht. " +denn natürlich treffen wir manchmal entscheidungen, die unwiderrufliche und grausame konsequenzen haben. entweder für uns selber oder für die gesundheit und das glück und die lebensgrundlagen anderer menschen, und im allerschlimmsten fall sogar für ihre leben. +wenn andere leute mein tattoo sehen, mögen sie meistens, wie es aussieht. +danke. +die hälfte von ihnen spendete im internet. +und ziemlich schnell lag der durchschnittliche preis bei 192 dollar. +heute sind diese niedrigen preise verfügbar in den 25 ländern, in denen wir arbeiten, und in insgesamt 62 ländern. und ca. 550.000 menschen profitieren davon. +wir führten kürzlich eine auswertung der ersten 18 monate unserer bestrebungen in ruanda durch. +das entspricht ca. 43 prozent aller schwangerschaften. +ich bin für diesen preis dankbar und werde ihn für diesen zweck verwenden. +die klassenzimmer haben keine wände. +aber eine tolle firma für alternativenergien aus paris nimmt uns den aus dem stromnetz heraus mit solarenergie. +das war grossartig. +dieser junge mann pflückt biologisches gemüse. +und gemeinsam sind diese freiwilligen und die lehrer tief verbunden, um eine neue generation von globalen, grünen anführern zu schaffen. +ist das machbar in eurer gemeinde? +chaz ebert: » es war chaz, die mir zur seite stand, durch drei versuche hindurch, meinen kiefer zu rekonstruieren und mir so die fähigkeit zu sprechen wiederzugeben. +dann versuchte ich, wörter auf meinem notebook zu tippen und die eingebaute computerstimme zu benutzen. +sie hatte noch nie eine aus bereits vorliegendem material gemacht. +menschen, die eine stimme brauchen, sollten wissen, dass die meisten computer bereits über eingebaute sprachtechnologie verfügen. +die initialen standen für programmed logic for automated teaching operations. +nun leben wir im zeitalter des internets, was eine art globalen bewusstseins zu schaffen scheint. +manchmal glauben sie, ich sei taub. +ein mann kommt zum psychiater. +was können wir also tun? +andere beispiele, die sie hier sehen können, sind aus lettland, litauen, estland - die mitteleuropäischen länder. +zunächst stellen sie sich eine große frage: "warum machen wir das? was ist unser ziel?" +bekanntlich boykottierten am 16. juni 1976 die studenten südafrikas die sprache afrikaans als sprache der unterdrücker, denn man schrieb ihnen gewissermaßen vor, dass sie alles in afrikaans zu studieren hätten – biologie, mathematik – was aber war mit unseren sprachen? +er landete unter dem wagen. +und am ende hatte ich eine nase aus plastik, zähne aus porzellan und alle möglichen anderen dinge. +letztlich begannen sie, ihre talente und fähigkeiten auf meine bedürfnisse abzugleichen. +also ging ich von da an weiter. +und als blinde person verblassen die visuellen erinnerungen und werden durch die gefühle ersetzt, die man zu dingen hat und dadurch, wie dinge klingen und wie sie riechen. +er schrieb den gelehrten an der pariser akademie und versuchte, ihnen seine theorie darzulegen. +galileo hat, wie ich finde, sehr treffend zusammengefasst, wie die macht der mathematik uns hilft, die naturwissenschaftliche welt um uns herum zu begreifen. +aber ich wollte ihm etwas zeigen, das ihn bereichert. +ich werde sie dazu bringen, vielleicht auch mathematisch etwas antreiben, – also halten sie sich gut fest – ich werde sie dazu bringen, diese sprache verstehen, die es uns erlaubt, zu begreifen, was symmetrie ist. +beide objekte haben also sechs symmetrieeigenschaften. +zuerst eine dritteldrehung gegen den uhrzeigersinn und dann eine spiegelung an der x-achse. +aber die formen stimmen überein, wenn ich eine sechsteldrehung ausführe und als rotationsachse den punkt wähle, an dem sich die dreiecke berühren. +leider ist es nicht wirklich ein bild. kann ich bitte meinen zeichenblock haben? danke, wunderbar. +zwei? dann hätten sie sich schon früher setzen müssen. +ich habe gelernt, dass sie die essenz dessen sind, was fortschritt ausmacht, selbst wenn sie schrecklich erscheinen. +aber ich glaube aus sicht eines neandertalers hätte es gegen unsere heutigen winzigen hauer, jede menge widerspruch gegeben. +und mark twain, der alles über druckerei wusste, war ganz besessen von dieser maschine. +und mein lieblingsbeispiel dafür ereignete sich anfang 1976, als erkannt wurde, dass die bakterien, die die legionärskrankheit verursachen, schon immer in natürlichen gewässern existiert hatten. aber es war die genaue wassertemperatur in den heiz-, ventilations- und klimasystemen, die die richtigen bedingungen für die maximale reproduktion des legionella bazillus verursachten. +denken sie zum beispiel einmal an die finanzwelt. +es gibt kein standardisiertes regelwerk, nicht mal im ansatz. +folgendes macht mich ganz verrückt. +und der schnappschuss gelingt. +und an die stelle des mausklick tritt nun ein schieben und ziehen, dinge kollidieren, wie man es erwarten würde. wie auf meinem echten schreibtisch kann ich -- ich will mir mal eben diesen burschen greifen -- kann ich dinge in stapeln anlegen, anstatt nur in den üblichen ordnern. +ich glaube, man kann die art, wie wir fotos betrachten, wirklich bereichern und diese art schuhkarton machen, mit fotos von der eigenen familie auf dem küchentisch und so. +ich möchte ihnen mein neuestes projekt vorstellen, » baroque in rock «, für das es unlängst eine goldene platte gab. +sie erlangen ein wahrheitsvermögen, weil sie sich immer und immer wiederholen. und sie verkalken und verknöchern, und werden wirklich. +und ich fragte: "was ist die blackbox für die wall street?" +und der witz ist, dass die natürlich nicht nur im markt laufen. +das ding ist, das hier ist nicht google. +unser design ist gemacht für die sprache einer maschine. +es kommen lichtkegel vor und quantenverwicklungen und ich verstehe nicht wirklich etwas davon. +so viel, oder? +js: selbstabreißend. +50% aller unfälle passieren an kreuzungen. +zusammen mit dem benzin, und es sind 112.000 $pro jahr nur für dieses schild in beide richtungen. +wenn menschen in eine ungewohnte situation kommen, für die sie kein verhaltensmuster haben werden sie langsamer. +zum beispiel waren masern für vier millionen tode verantwortlich - das war vor kurzem, 1990 - und jetzt ist die zahl unter 400,000. +und vor kurzem ist sie nur noch um den äquator zu sehen. +und deshalb sahen wir das schrumpfen der malariakarte. +ich kann es sagen obwohl ich studienabbrecher bin. +also, wie verbessern wir bildung? +man mag denken, dies seien die lehrer mit master abschlüssen. +und der ganze geist und die einstellung dieser schulen ist sehr anders als in normalen öffentlichen schulen. +und dies erlaubt uns nachzuvollziehen wer gut arbeitet, diese herauszurufen und herauszufinden welche techniken es sind. +sie wissen, das system lässt es nicht automatisch geschehen. +die erste "umarmung" ist etwas, von dem wir denken: "oh, das ist ganz einfach," doch es wird eigentlich schwieriger und das ist, der welt um uns herum aufmerksamkeit zu schenken. +ich war an dem punkt, an dem ich eine stoppuhr benutzte und willkürlich kästchen malte und es führte mich nirgendwo hin. also ging ich zurück und versenkte alle meine gemälde im arno und ich dachte, ich fange einfach mal an, herumzuspielen. +"ich werde den weg finden, um dort hineinzukommen, denn ich möchte nicht, dass diese geschichte verschwindet." +wie viele von ihnen fühlen sich damit wohl, sich selbst einen anführer zu nennen? +"und der typ tat mir so leid, dass ich den lolli nahm, und dann setztest du eine unglaublich ernste miene auf, schautest meine eltern an und sagtest:" sehen sie sich das an. sehen sie nur. +wir müssen darüber hinweg kommen, so dass unsere kleinen brüder und schwestern und unsere kinder eines tages – oder heute – zuschauen können und den einfluss, den wir auf unsere gegenseitigen leben haben, wertschätzen, mehr als geld und macht und titel und einfluss. +in den heutigen operationsräumen brauchen wir kein tageslicht mehr. +hat man drei stichproben, dauert dies also eine ganze stunde. +das molekül dringt hindurch und wird ausgeschieden. +wenn dieser lymphknoten krebs hat, würde diese frau die angrenzenden lymphknoten entfernt bekommen. +bei prostata-krebs leiden bis zu 60% der männer nach der operation an inkontinenz und erektionsproblemen. +hier ist also der tumor. +ich möchte ihnen diesen letzten gedanken mitgeben. +und diese zelle ist eine der tausend verschiedenen zellarten, von denen wir lernen. +aber elektrizität breitet sich auch in jede richtung aus -- den weg des geringsten widerstandes. woher diese redewendung teilweise kommt. +und weil es ein protein ist ist es in der dns des organismus gespeichert. +wenn wir also herausfinden, welche zellen sie sind, könnten wir vielleicht neue ziele finden für die medikamente entwickelt oder vor ihnen abgeschirmt werden, oder vielleicht orte, an denen man elektroden anbringen könnte bei menschen, die sehr ernste behinderungen haben. +und das tier hört einen ton -- und ein lichtblitz erscheint dort. +vielleicht 100.000 menschen haben cochleaimplantate, die ihnen das hören ermöglichen. +das ziel des labyrinths ist natürlich das wasser zu verlassen und zu der kleinen plattform zu gelangen die unter dem oberen öffnung liegt. +und durch ausschalten ist es mehr oder weniger eine null. +und wir nahmen auch proben der außenluft. +vielen dank. +es gab keine autos und so schien es irgendwie noch besser. +ich denke, es war eine sehr optimistische zeit und ich möchte über einige dieser dinge sprechen. +das ist es, was sie über meine seite denken – sie wird über die gewichtung aufgestellt. +die anzahl der seiten, die diesen begriff erwähnen und die auch diese seite erwähnen, der prozentsatz dieser seiten ist der goolge share dieser person von diesem begriff. +1860 spricht man über sklaverei. +wenn man die zweite seite hier hat, verlinken einen die meisten. +wir bekommen zunehmend eine diät vorgesetzt, in der der sinneseindruck, nicht die geschichte, dominiert. +und die geschwindigkeit, mit der sie ihn "slumdog millionaire" oder den favelas in rio zuordnen, spricht von der nachhaltigen art. +und die enthaltenen geschichten lieferten eine gemeinsame erfahrung. +diese filme enthielten das, was zu sehr schmerzte um es laut zu sagen, und sie wurden für mich nützlicher als das flüstern der überlebenden und den gelegentlichen blick auf ein tattoo auf dem handgelenk meiner altjüngferlichen tante. +kann operngesang so sexy sein? die wunderbare sopranistin danielle de niese beweist es mit ihrem vortrag der koketten arie "meine lippen, sie küssen so heiß" aus der operette guiditta von franz lehár. begleitung: ingrid surgenor. +der handel, andererseits, ist relativ schnell, total kreativ, höchst effektiv und effizient, und im grunde ehrlich, denn wir können unsere werte nicht langfristig tauschen, wenn wir einander nicht trauen. +und so haben wir produkte designt, und alle chemikalien bis in den millionstel-teilchen-bereich analysiert. +der obere teil besteht aus nylon 6, das wieder zu caprolactam wird, der untere teil, ein polyalken - unendlich wiederverwertbare thermoplaste. +als wir sie fragen, sagten sie: "es ist wie eine riesentoilette die nicht runterspült." +wir haben jede menge energie, also werden wir dieses problem lösen, jedoch die biologie ist heikel, weil wir all diese giftigen materialien, die wir ausspucken, durch das system schleusen, werden wir niemals im stande sein das wieder gut zu machen. +schuhe für nike, wo die oberteile aus polyester sind, unendlich wiederverwertbar, und die unterteile bestehen aus biologisch abbaubaren sohlen. +weil, wenn sie sich selbst vergiften, indem sie der billigst-produzent sind, um es dem billigst-verkäufer -- wal-mart zu senden -- und wir ihnen dann all unser geld schicken. was wir dann entdecken ist, das wir effektiv etwas haben, was, als ich noch student war, gemeinsame beiderseitige zerstörung genannt wurde. +der kompost wird dann wieder komplett zurückgenommen, um auf den dächern der stadt eingesetzt zu werden, wo wir landwirtschaft haben. was wir nämlich gemacht haben, ist, wir haben den boden der stadt in die höhe gehoben - um die ursprüngliche landschaft auf den dächern der gebäude wieder herzustellen. +dies ist fünfmal so groß. +wir wussten nichts über xkeyscore. wir wusste nichts von cybertrans. +und trotzdem sind diese dateien da. +okay, wie viele schwedische entscheidungsträger, politiker und führungspersonen aus der wirtschaft nutzen, jeden tag, us-basierte dienstleistungen, wie zum beispiel windows oder osx, oder nutzen facebook oder linkedln, oder speichern ihre daten in externen netzwerken wie icloud oder skydrive oder dropbox, oder nutzen dienstleistungen wie den amazon web service oder die verkaufsunterstützung? +und wer auch immer ihnen erzählt, er habe nichts zu verbergen hat darüber einfach nicht lange genug nachgedacht. +sie war eines der ziele der nsa-überwachung. +seit langem übt das menschliche gehirn eine faszination auf menschen aus. +und was sie sehen ist sehr ungleichmäßig. hier sehen sie eine größere anordnung. +eins bekommen wir von der mutter, eins vom vater. +in seattle nehmen wir sie – das ist eine ganze menschliche gehirnhälfte – und legen sie hier rein – nur eine bessere aufschnittmaschine. +sie können hier auf dem objektträger sehen, das dies in echtzeit passiert. +grün gehört zu den kühleren bereichen, wo sie nicht stimuliert sind. +wenn sie also z.b. in der pharmaforschung tätig sind, können sie durch eine ganze liste von angeboten gehen, die ein genom zu bieten hat, um vielleicht bessere wirkungsorte zu finden und zu optimieren. +dies sind keine schizophrenen personen aber sie zeigen abweichungen von der grundgesamtheit. +also warum ist das so? +fakt ist, wenn wir nicht wissen ob wir überhaupt gutes tun sind wir nicht besser als die mediziner und ihre blutegel im mittelalter. +"wenn ihr die netze kostenlos verteilt, werden die menschen sie nicht wertschätzen. +das ist schlecht, aber solche orte gibt es. +und dann kannst du es leicht machen und einen anlass geben jetzt zu handeln, in dem wir für jede impfung einen kilo linsen verteilt haben. +die dritte ist wichtig, weil wenn wir denken, dass sich die leute an almosen gewöhnen könnte die kostenlose vergabe von netzen den markt zerstören. +man weiß wie zu impfen ist, man weiß wie man moskitonetze verteilen soll. +erklär den leuten die vorteile von bildung. das zu tun ist sehr billig. +aber schaut was wir heute gemacht haben. +und jetzt können wir vielleicht auf die wichtigere frage zurückkommen mit der ich am anfang begonnen habe. +wir alle haben von diesen dingen gehört. +und das hat mit mir zu tun. denn 1994 packte ich ein paar dinge in einen rucksack und machte mich auf den weg auf eine einjährige reise, genau in der mitte meiner universitätslaufbahn. +bringen wir doch etwas licht in diesen verblüffenden, vielseitigen kontinenten, der so viel zu bieten hat. +allein der ausdruck "investieren in afrika" ist also inakzeptabel. +doch sehen wir uns das werk von goldman sachs an – der berühmte bbc-bericht. +diese ankündigung kam in den letzten paar wochen raus. +es ist teurer, waren zu transportieren. die warenpreise erhöhen sich, das wirkt sich auf die inflation aus. +ein afrikanischer nachrichtenkanal, der rund um die uhr sendet. +sie bilden auch ein drittel unserer lebensmittel. +wir schauen so selten in den himmel. +hier sind die aufnahmen, die ich den leuten gezeigt habe. +okay. +also, das sind die aufnahmen, die er gefilmt hatte, und sie waren ganz schön bewegend und erfurchtgebietend. +es war zufälligerweise auch das letzte mal, dass ich das tageslicht sah. +und er sagte: "weil keiner weiß, dass du irgendwas damit zu tun hattest." +wie konnte jemand mit den fingerspitzen lesen? +kt: nein. +kb: stören sie nur nicht meine konzentration. +ich brauche schnell zwei leute, die mir helfen. +ok, nun, glauben sie überhaupt an hexerei? +kb: was haben sie gespürt? +ok, elrauben sie ihr, dort zu bleiben. +halten sie es, halten sie es, sie beide, halten sie es. +kommen sie hier her, neben mich. +und ich will, dass sie die negative energie rauslassen. indem sie es schütteln. +du wusstest es. +sie passen auf mich auf, damit ich keine späße mache. +sj: du bist über einem becher. +denkst du, dass die spitze unter der linken hand oder unter der rechten ist? +das ist nicht gut. hi. ja. wirklich schlecht. schauen sie mich bloß nicht an. +sie wissen sicher, wenn sie diese stimmen hören, dann versammeln sich all die kleinen neuronen und in diesem kleinen loch bekommen sie eine richtig giftige "ich will mich umbringen" -chemikalie, und wenn sie das immer und immer wieder in dauerschleife hören, dann haben sie sich wohl eine depression eingefangen. +wir sind nicht fürs 21. jahrhundert ausgestattet. +wir müssen wissen, warum die leute tun, was sie tun. +aber sie war überprüfbar blöd. +in einem paar bekommt eine person folgende nachricht: "möchten sie einen teil ihrer 10 dollar, die sie hier verdient haben, jemand anders im labor zukommen lassen?" +für das experiment müsste ich also in das gehirn eingreifen und das oxytocin direkt manipulieren. +wenn ich etwas tue, das dich verletzt, fühle ich den schmerz. +der mann soll eine halbe stunde warten. +es gibt andere methoden, das system zu unterdrücken. +die braut. +es gibt unzählige wege, uns mit anderen menschen zu verbinden, und das scheint überall gleich zu sein. +ich wollte wissen, woher die art des lernens rührt, die wir heute in der schule vorfinden. +und es gibt menschen, die diese computer bedienen, um ihre beamtentätigkeit auszuüben. +einer unserer studenten muss vorbeigekommen sein und ihnen gezeigt haben, wie man die maus benutzt. " +es gibt eine gruppe von kindern in süd-indien, deren englische aussprache wirklich schlecht ist und die eine gute aussprache brauchen, denn das könnte ihre jobaussichten verbessern. +nach zwei monaten kam ich zurück und die kinder marschierten auf und sagten: "wir haben nichts verstanden." +kallikuppam hatte den anschluss an meine kontrollgruppe einer schule in neu-delhi gefunden, einer reichen privatschule mit einem ausgebildeten biologielehrer. +nimmt der protoreptilische teil in unserem hirnzentrum eine bedrohung wahr, legt er alles andere lahm, er legt den präfrontalen cortex lahm, die für das lernen zuständigen teile, sie alle werden lahmgelegt. +du kannst mich nicht fangen. +sie haben davon schon gehört. sie wissen, was das heißt. +es ist eine eigentlich unbemannte einrichtung. +wisst ihr, ich spiele bei diesen rock konzerten, und bin auf der bühne, völlig ruhig stehend, wisst ihr, nur darauf konzentriert. und naja, "was tut sie? was tut sie?", wisst ihr. +wenn ich beim nächsten lied in ohnmacht falle... -- +dieses dilemma ergab den titel dieses projekts, der auf unterschiedliche weisen zeigt, dass wir alle lebende tote sind und dass wir in mancher hinsicht die geister der vergangenheit und der zukunft sind. +und ich stieß auf die karten, die sie hier sehen. +es wird also die virulenz getestet. +jeder tauchte auf. +die spannungen zwischen den beiden familien reichen bis 1913 zurück, als es streit über lokale politische machtverhältnisse gab. +das ist nur eine verkürzte darstellung von über 1.000 bildern. +das stück ist überhaupt nicht kompliziert. +und sie werden sich - ob sie es glauben oder nicht - abgetrennt von dem instrument und dem stick fühlen, obwohl ich den stick wirklich sehr fest halte. +sie sind alle verschieden. +genau. weil ich es noch nicht mal berühre. +in einem jahr könnten es zwei weitere schritte sein. +aber, nicht einer von ihnen ist aufgestanden um zu denken, "richtig! wie kann ich klatschen? ok, vielleicht.... +und interessanterweise, je älter ich wurde, als ich ein vollzeitstudent an einer so genannten "musik-institution" wurde, wurde all das verworfen. +in dieser sich steigernden demonstation zeigt die taube perkussionistin evelyn glennie, warum das hören von musik viel mehr beinhaltet als schallwellen auf sein trommelfell treffen zu lassen. +und es wurde so groß, bis zum punkt wo es einen festwagen letztes jahr bei macy 's thanksgiving parade gab und rick astley rausspringt und "rickrolled" millionen menschen im fernsehen. +aber das ist nicht das interessante daran. +ich habe ein paar fragen an dich. +aber ein paar gute dinge kamen auch daraus. +und sie waren sicherlich stolz, dich als gewinner der time-wahl zu sehen. +die entwicklung der dinosaurier verlief langsam, immer einen schritt langsamer, egal wie sie sie messen. +ein rund 1 meter großes tier mit schönem schädel, ein räuber, fleischfresser, ein zweibeiner. +als anführer – das ist definitiv ein mannschaftssport – müssen sie sie inspirieren, mehr arbeit zu leisten, als je zuvor in ihrem leben, unter bedingungen, die sie sich nicht vorstellen können. +es hat ein stirnhirn, ein fünfzehntel der größe eines menschen. +jemand muss an die vorderbeine. +und dann später wird uns die arbeit nach tibet führen. +jetzt haben wir die abweichung, aber wir haben eine dritte dimension des ortes erstellt. +das sind wirklich verwandte disziplinen. +sie müssen diese schritte tun. wenn sie das tun – es ist einfach, kinder an wissenschaft zu interessieren. +man gibt ihr einen kurzen stoß mit dem ellbogen und stürmt zur ziellinie. +sie laufen nicht 42 kilometer, sondern 150, 250 kilometer am stück, und anscheinend ohne verletzungen, ohne probleme. +es gibt keine schnelle frau auf dem planeten und es hat noch nie eine gegeben. +etwa sieben, acht jahre also, um euren höhepunkt zu erreichen, um dann allmählich wieder zurückzufallen bis ihr zum anfangspunkt zurückkehrt. +man muss sich zu einer gruppe zusammenschließen. +und was ist geschehen, als wir angefangen haben, diese modischen, gepolsterten dinge zu erfinden, die das laufen verbessern, genannt schuhe. +aber vielleicht gibt es da noch einen weiteren vorteil. +für mich war das der leerraum, das war es, was roboter noch nicht tun konnten. +es ist ein gruseliges monster. +sie rufen ihre freundin an, sie platziert ihren hörer in einem roboter und zack!, sind sie ein mebot – sie können augenkontakt aufnehmen, sie können mit ihren freunden sprechen sie können sich bewegen, sie können gestikulieren – vielleicht das zweitbeste nach tatsächlicher anwesenheit, oder? +ich stelle mir also einen moment vor, gar nicht so weit in der zukunft – meine mutter kann an ihren computer gehen, einen browser öffnen und sich in einen kleinen roboter einklinken. +um diese frage zu beantworten, haben wir eine studie in boston durchgeführt, bei der wir eine von drei vermittlungstechniken in den wohnräumen der menschen über einen zeitraum von mehreren wochen installierten. +aber wir können diese idee noch weiter vorantreiben +roboter berühren etwas zutiefst menschliches in uns. +und es geht nicht, dass meine jungs mich auslachen. +und ich folgte diesem typen überallhin, bis wir im selben raum waren und ich ihm eines meiner stücke vorlas, und wisst ihr, was er mir sagte? +ich kann mit dem schock aus "the crying game" mithalten mit der ehrfurcht eines kindes, das von einem schulrüpel "aids-opfer" genannt wird, nicht wissend, dass sein vater es meiner mutter gab, und das ist doppeldeutig. +dann machte ich mir gedanken, ob ich ihr bild tatsächlich ersetzen könnte. ich suchte mir also eine doppelgängerin von diana und stellte sie in den korrekten positionen und winkel auf und erschuf etwas, das es im öffentlichen bewusstsein schon gab. +also, hier ist das bild. +alle diese arbeiten wurden in galerien gezeigt. +dieses bild ist tatsächlich recht interessant, denn wir haben es, denke ich, vor drei jahren gemacht, +jack nicholson in seinem promi-leben so treiben könnte. und die tatsache, dass er versucht hat, er hatte einen kleinen wutanfall und schlug neulich einen fahrer mit einem golfschläger. +hat sich jemand hier einmal gefragt, was passiert, wenn sie nachts in ihr zimmer zurückgehen, und plötzlich bekommen sie schmerzen in der brust, kurzatmigkeit, schweißausbrüche? +bitte merken sie sich das. wir können damit nicht in solchen umgebungen umgehen. +wir unterhalten zur zeit 25 stellen - alle von ihnen ausgebildete fachärzte aus den usa, kanada oder großbritannien. +und dann werden wir weitere zentren eröffnen. +sie müssen am leben sein, sie müssen sich ernähren. +wir arbeiten auch an unterstützender ausbildung in der gesundheitsvorsorgetechnologie, wir bilden auch in echokardiographie aus, ultraschall am herzen, so was alles. diese art von ausbildung motiviert menschen. +und ich fühle mich hier wirklich zu hause, denn hier gibt es eine menge autistische gene. +auch meine zeichnungen spielten eine hauptrolle im film. +und meine verkaufstaktik war, dass ich meine zeichnungen und bilder von dingen zeigte. +ich war sehr beunruhigt darüber, dieses gerät [im gehirnscanner] über meinem gesicht zu tragen. +ich finde, viele menschen haben damit schwierigkeiten. +der im film dr carlock heißt. +mit 13 jahren hatte ich eine stelle in einem kleidergeschäft wo ich kleider genäht habe. +denn ich beobachte, dass an den community colleges viele gute lehrer / innen für viele dieser kinder zu finden sind. davon müssen wir einige in die high schools holen. +wofür haben sie am meisten leidenschaft? +meine eigene spezialität liegt in der kombination von digitaler technologie und magie. +auf wiedersehen. +und es war tief. tief in meiner seele. +das ist doch mal ein talent. +und jetzt kommt die küste, und ein ganz kleiner teil von mir ist traurig. +danke. +das erste problem ist, dass die katastrophenhilfe unzureichend ist. +sie schicken ihn in den irak. +ich denke, es ist sehr wichtig, weil genau jetzt gerade jemand wieder aufstehen muss, und diese generation der veteranen hat die möglichkeit, das zu tun, wenn sie die chance dazu bekommen. +wohin würde das führen? +und so erfanden sie die wissenschaftliche zeitschrift als weg, die diskussionen zu synchronisieren über die gesamte gemeinschaft von naturwissenschaftlern. +die programmierer kommen und gehen. +dies hat folgende auswirkung: ein programmierer in edinburgh und ein programmierer in entebbe können beide dieselbe – eine kopie desselben teils der software erhalten. +richtig. +es war die erwartung der bürger dass sie nicht zensiert werden würde. +dieses foto möchte ich ihnen zeigen. +morgan hendry: "beware of safety" ist eine instrumentelle rockband. +wir bestehen im wahrsten sinne des wortes aus sternenstaub. +und wenn sie auf die obere linke ecke sehen, dann sehen sie einen kleinen dunklen punkt. +ok, der fallschirm ist ausgerichtet. +bc: wir treten in die atmosphäre des mars ein. +das ist auch der zeitpunkt, an dem wir die hintere verkleidung abwerfen und uns nun im freien fall befinden. +dann werden wir etwas ernster, also müssen wir unsere cad / cams und die ingenieure involvieren. oder wissenschaftler, die sich mit den thermischen eigenschaften auskennen, die designs verstehen, atmosphärische interaktion, fallschirme und dergleichen verstehen. sie arbeiten als team und entwickeln gewissermaßen am computer eine raumsonde um zu sehen, ob sie unseren anforderungen genügt. +und für den fall, dass wir etwas nicht erreichen können weil es z.b. zu hoch auf einer klippe ist, haben wir ein kleines lasersystem das auf den felsen schießt, ein wenig verdampft und analysiert, was da von dem felsen abgegeben wird. +beim vorbeifliegen blickten wir zurück. und raten sie, was wir sahen. +sie fahren einfach zum nächsten see, stecken den schlauch hinein und ihr auto ist vollgetankt. +wenn wir anfangen, exponentiell zu denken, können wir verstehen, wie dies die technologien in unserem umfeld beeinflusst. +wir können komplexere probleme mit computern bearbeiten. +und natürlich gibt es dazu eine app. +sie können ihr gewicht an ihre freunde tweeten, und diese können ihnen dann helfen, ihr gewicht zu halten. +aber wie können wir den arzt verbessern? +hier ein paar beispiele: wir sind in der ära der "phantastischen reise", dank der ipill. +kommen wir zur genomik, als vor 10 jahren die ersten menschlichen genom-sequenzierungen durchgeführt wurden, betrugen die kosten rund eine milliarde dollar. +wir können präventiver sein; diese vorsichtsmaßnahmen können personalisiert sein, aber am wichtigsten wird die ansteigende partizipation sein. +wir haben eigentlich erwachsene stammzellen seit 15 jahren in klinischen tests benutzt, in verschiedenen fällen, insbesondere für herz-kreislauf-krankheiten. +das erste ist spencer gewidmet und seiner großmutter, die von seiner arbeit schockiert war. +in jenen tagen, gab es noch ländliche gegenden, nahe an der stadt, höfe, kornfelder, kühe; auch gar nicht weit entfernt von unserem haus, mit seinen verwischten steinen und dem langen, schattigen korridor, konnte man gebiete mit hügeln und bäumen finden, und man konnte so tun, als seien es berge und wälder. +das mädchen, meine alte liebe, das letzte verlorene mal sah ich sie als sie mich auf einer party suchte, wie sie betrunken stammelte, fiel, sich lümmelte, verrutschter rock, rot umränderte augen, von tränen verschwollen, ihre schande, ihre schmach. +dieses hier heißt "durst". +ein lässiger impuls, eine laune, bis jetzt noch nie bedacht, schwerlich sogar jetzt bedacht... +die mädchen, zu meinem erschrecken, wendeten den blick ab. +c.k. williams liest gedichte von jugend und alter +samuel pisar, einr der überlebenden von auschwitz, hat gesagt, ich zitiere, "der holocaust lehrt uns, dass die natur, selbst in ihren grausamsten momenten, noch gütig ist im vergleich zum menschen, wenn er seine moralische orientierung und vernunft verliert." +aber bilder müssen nicht drastisch sein, um uns an die tragik des krieges zu erinnern. +was wir heute versuchen werden, in den gut sechzehn minuten, die mir bleiben, ist es, drei fragen zu beantworten. die erste ist: "warum?". +das war unsere hochfrequenz-funkantenne. +zwei norweger haben es 2000 im team geschafft. allein aber keiner. +wenn das eis mehr oder weniger eben war, konnte ich gerade mal so beide ziehen. +das war eine ziemlich radikale technologie und ein radikaler ansatz - aber es funktionierte prima. +ich habe das fotografiert. habe mich auf meinen schlitten gesetzt und so einen videoeintrag gemacht. +ich dachte, das muss einfach reichen. +deswegen wurde mir wahrscheinlich auch kein vorwurf wegen der länge meiner startbahn gemacht. +seitdem ist niemand auf ski - das war vor 93 jahren - seitdem also ist niemand auf ski von der küste von antarktis zu dem pol und zurück. +aber ich hatte noch immer zweifel, also sagte ich: "wissen sie was, ich werde es nicht tun." +und ich erinnerte mich, dass der alte und betrunkene kerl eines tages ins labor kam, um leichtes geld zu verdienen, und das war dieser kerl. +ich möchte mit einem positiven gedanken enden. +was, wenn wir angst einmal anders betrachten? +diese ängste tanzten in der vorstellung dieser armen menschen. es zeigte sich, dass die angst, der sie gehör schenkten, über leben oder tod entscheiden würde. +was würde mit unserem verstand passieren? +der romanautor vladimir nabokov sagte, der beste leser kombiniere zwei sehr verschiedene temperamente, das künstlerische und das wissenschaftliche. +ich bin nun 43 jahre alt. +deshalb baten sie ihre eltern auf die straße zu gehen und sie einzusammeln und nach hause zu bringen. +das war der große unterschied zwischen den vielen versuchen zuvor um wandel zu schaffen, bevor wir dachten und die regierung uns befahl - und manchmal stimmte es sogar - dass wandel uns aufgezwungen wurde und die menschen wehrten sich, denn sie dachten, es sei fremd für ihre kultur, +ich erinnere mich an eine nacht, als mich jemand auf meinem handy anrief - eine gewöhnliche person, die ich nicht kannte - vom tahrir platz. +ist es eine story des jahres, eine story des jahrzehnts, oder noch mehr? +sie hatten einige redner dort. +und frankie sagte: "ich bin als 22. an der reihe, und ich sehe die nadel auf mich zukommen, und da ist überall blut. +du willst eine nadel genau so wenig teilen wie du eine zahnbürste teilen willst, selbst mit jemandem, mit dem du schläfst. +was wir also in den vereinigten staaten gemacht haben ist, die daten zu prüfen, endlos lang die daten zu prüfen. +es sind homosexuelle männer in der partyszene, die im schnitt drei mal so viele partner haben wie heterosexuelle leute in der partyszene, +aber er verändert die rechnung, was rational ist beim treffen sexueller entscheidungen. +was bedeutet das? +es gibt so viele unterschiedliche arten, rational zu sein wie menschen auf diesem planeten, und das ist eine der herrlichkeiten menschlicher existenz. +ich habe sie hinaus auf die terasse genommen. +den sogenannten "clawhammer" stil hatte er von seiner mutter und großmutter gelernt. +es hört sich ungefähr so an. +wir standen am rande von tausenden von hektar baumwolle. +unsere mutter hoffte, dass wir dadurch harte arbeit wertzuschätzen gelernt hätten. +gute neuigkeuten: der wagen kommt. +aber wenn ich an anderes dachte, waren es ganz einfache dinge. +wir zogen gegenüber von michael and john whitney ein. +sagten, sie würden uns verhauen, wenn wir für sie kein schießpulver herstellen würden. +lassen sie mich also alle kombinieren. und, ich kann die klänge auch verändern, indem ich auf dieses pedal hier trete, und – lassen sie mich das hier beenden mit einem kleinen "hambone" solo oder so ähnlich. +wissenschaftsethik und die ethik, bürger einer demokratie zu sein, stehen nicht nur in beziehung zueinander, sondern es gibt auch, historisch gesehen, eine beziehung zwischen dem, wie menschen über zeit und raum denken und was der kosmos ist, und wie menschen über die gesellschaft denken, in der sie leben. +sie zur endgültigen quantentheorie von zeit, raum und gravitation zu verschmelzen ist deren höhepunkt, etwas, das gerade jetzt stattfindet. +nun, darwin lehrte uns, dass es prozesse der selbstorganisation gibt, die genügen, um uns alle und alles, was wir sehen zu erklären. +ich bin tatsächlich fertig. die wissenschaft wird nie verschwinden. +ich kann meine arbeit als einen job sehen, ich mache es für geld. +also sah ich mich nach möbeln um. +übers jahr kann er ungefähr 8000 plätze im restaurant besetzen. +was kam dabei heraus? +es gibt ein komplettes orchester im gebäude, +das sind einige bilder, die besucher mir geschickt haben. +und die affen da im wald sahen tatsächlich ziemlich glücklich aus. +denn obwohl wir tod als universelle erfahrung teilen, erleben wir ihn nicht überall auf der welt gleich. +sie ist auch ein moment der selbsterkenntnis. +aber ich sehe etwas zutiefst transformierendes darin, den tod als sozialen prozess zu erleben und nicht einfach als biologischen. +eines dieser … – vielen dank für die einladung. +man trifft einige großartige menschen, menschen, die die welt mit ganz anderen augen sehen. +"es tut mir leid. ich habe nur 18 minuten, 18 minuten, um über die rettung der welt, die rettung des planeten und globale instituitionen zu sprechen. +warum würde man so etwas machen? warum würde... das ist wie ein schritt davon entfernt, eine dieser e-mails aus nigeria zu beantworten. ist es nicht so? +aber wir haben wieder hoffnung. wir haben einen neuen mann. +er sprach zu der menschenmenge in chicago: "wenn es jemanden in der welt gibt, der immer noch zweifel hat, dass amerika ein ort ist, an dem alle dinge möglich sind..." +erinnern sie sich? george bush sagte: "eine nu-ke-lare." +"ich war im gefängnis für fast 30 jahre auf einer insel mitten im ozean. +es gibt viele verschiedene formen. +deshalb haben sie jedes mal, wenn sie etwas gefunden haben, das ein wenig anders aussah, diesem einen andern namen gegeben. +die mögen es nicht, wenn man ankommt und die knochen aufsägen und reinschauen will. +die leute sahen sich also diese saurier an und sprachen darüber, wie unterschiedlich sie seien. +was interessant ist, die stacheln am hinterkopf des dracorex wuchsen auch sehr schnell. +und dann, weil die jungtiere ja in meiner sammlung sind, habe ich sie aufgeschnitten und mir das innere angesehen. +hier ist noch einer. +wie ihr euch vorstellen könnt, ist das bei viertklässlern nicht besonders beliebt. +es ist ein responives system, das auf echtes wetter ausgelegt ist. +jedenfalls, es geht weiter. +auf einer gesamtlänge von 91 metern. +die sicht ist der galerie verschlossen, wo nur das natürliche licht genutzt wird, und mit einem panorama-blick in der nördlichen galerie wieder geöffnet wird. +moment - es ist in diesem zustand, wir haben noch viel zu tun. +das ist ein mock-up, der sich in salt lake city befindet, der ihnen einen eindruck gibt, wie es wirklich aussehen wird. +sogar in nachrichten über sexuelle gewalt bekommen männer eine überwältigende mehrheit an druckfläche und sendezeit. +sie fand heraus, dass viele dieser geschichten dazu tendieren den opfern die schuld zu geben und ihr leben abzuwerten. +sie dort abzubilden verlieh ihnen ihren wiedererkennungswert. +sie war die redakteurin von den cbs nachrichten, die in ägypten am tahrir platz unmittelbar nach diesem foto sexuell missbraucht wurde. +ihre botanischen namen sehen sie hier vorne. +'sei du selbst die veränderung, die du dir wünschst für diese welt', hat mahatma gandhi einmal gesagt. +pm: nun, das ist eine gute idee. +dies passierte dann bei unterschiedlichen gelegenheiten häufiger, aber ich denke, dass es ein großer vorteil war, eine frau zu sein. +als amerikanerin beschloss ich sofort ein gremium zu gründen. +das andere das ich für wichtig halte ist: bei vielen themen der nationalen sicherheitspolitik geht es nicht nur um außenpolitik, sondern es geht um budgets, militärbudgets, und wie sich staatsschulden entwickeln. +also, okay! +großartige nachrichten! es macht mich verrückt, dass die meisten menschen nichts davon zu wissen scheinen. +nun weiß ich, dass einige von euch denken, dieser fortschritt geschieht nur in asien oder lateinamerika oder in vorzeigeländern wie brasilien – und wer liebt keine brasilianischen models? – aber sehen sie sich subsahara-afrika an. +genau jetzt und heute kämpfen ölgesellschaften in oslo darum, ihre geheimen zahlungen an die regierungen zu verschleiern, weil sie öl aus entwicklungsländern abgezogen haben. +dabei schließen sie sich uns und vielen anderen bei etwas an, das ich das größte abenteuer der geschichte nenne, den anspruchsvollen weg, der zur gleichheit führt. +wenn wir diese metapher eines genoms als programm nun ernst nehmen, dann müssen sie bedenken, dass chris anderson ein computer-erzeugter gegenstand ist, wie auch jim watson, craig venter, und alle von uns. +man entwirft so etwas wie ein handy, und in sehr abstrakter sprache beschreibt man dieses handy. +das hier ist normale dna, was man für normale dna hält. +wir erhitzen sie, fügen etwas salz hinzu, erhitzen sie fast bis zum siedepunkt und kühlen sie ab, und während des abkühlens fixieren die kurzen stränge die langen und es bildet sich eine struktur heraus. +sie schrieb ihre ganz eigene software, um dieses dna-origami zu entwerfen und zu bauen, eine wunderbare darstellung von china, sogar mit taiwan, und es hängt im prinzip an der kürzesten leine der welt, nicht? +sie wurde von erik winfree initiiert, und diese methode kann bausteine von einem hundertstel der größe eines dna-origami verarbeiten. +und wenn man das tut, hat das origami dieselbe größe, aber unser quadrat ist am ende dreimal so groß. +und ich glaube, dass wir in den nächsten 5 bis 10 jahren die quadrate herstellen können, die ich beschrieben habe, und vielleicht sogar ein paar der selbstmontierten schaltkreise. +als das leben eine reihe von tod- und nahtod-erfahrungen in meinem engsten kreis vorbei brachte, hob das die notwendigkeit eines medizinischen notdienstes in indien, ähnlich dem 911 in den usa, hervor. +sieht man sich jedoch den gewöhnlichen mann an, wacht dieser nicht jeden tag auf und denkt sich: "hmm, sehen wir mal wen wir heute bestechen könnten." +er kann bis zu 1 billion wert sein, die jedes jahr an bestechung gezahlt werden, genausoviel wie indiens bip. +ein paar leute sagen tatsächlich: "oh, lassen sie mich das einfach erledigen und vergessen wir es dann." +die vorhanden daten ist dieses tolle ding namens youtube. wir können im grunde in die tiefe gehen und alle freien inhalte aus youtube beziehen, alle kommentare, alle besuche, wer sie ansieht, wo sie sie ansehen und was in den kommentaren gesagt wird. +wenn wir uns hier annähern, sehen wir, – wir wenden wieder die physik-engine an – erkennen wir, dass eine unterhaltung eigentlich aus vielen kleineren besteht. +hier ist einer von jessica green über die mikrobielle ökologie von gebäuden. +männlichkeit zeigen die jungs, die ohne väter aufgewachsen sind. die schläger tragen tarnmuster und waffen, aber sie brauchen ne 'umarmung. +investiert, investiert, investiert. " +eine weise person weiß, wie man improvisiert, wie luke es gemacht hat, als er den boden zwei mal wusch. +alles was es dort gab war "mike 's hard lemonade", welche fünf prozent alkohol enthält. +wir können dies sehr gut an den reaktionen auf die aktuelle finanzkrise sehen. +versteht mich nicht falsch. wir brauchen regeln! +nur noch fragen, "dient es meinem interesse?" +seid stolz darauf sie zu haben. +es gibt hier bei ted und an anderen orten viel zu zelebrieren. +wenn man das gemacht hat, läuft der rest von selbst. +die haben besonderes interesse an technologien, die unseren soldaten helfen werden. +sie haben wohl zu oft "terminator" gesehen. +es hat sich aber herausgestellt, dass, wie sie an aimees fähigkeiten und verhalten sehen können, menschen mit dem verlangen, etwas zu machen, sehr bemerkenswert sind und die natur ziemlich anpassungsfähig ist. +ich erzähle ihnen nun einige verblüffende sachen, die passiert sind, als wir damit angefangen haben. +er war auf seinen anderen arm gestützt. +ich kriege einen anruf und wir fahren zurück nach washington. +"was soll ich denn erzählen?", habe ich gesagt. +es ist eine einfache antwort. +sie ist der pfadfinder, der uns die einfache straße durch ein undurchdringliches moralisches dickicht weist. +die erde bewegte sich für beide. +es gab so viele skeptiker, vor allem die londoner presse, sodass sie anfingen cheeseburger in hubschraubern um meinen kasten herumzufliegen, um mich in versuchung zu führen. +dann unterhielt ich mich mit einem befreundeten arzt und fragte ihn, wie ich es wohl anstellen könnte. +und es gibt bewegungslose apnoe, +er ist 1,95m groß und wiegt 72kg. +das war ein entscheidender fehler. +und darauf reagierte er damit, dass er zu regis und kelly ging und seinen alten rekord brach. +was mich noch nervöser machte. +es war schrecklich. +ich dann so: "was?" +wir können jetzt die titelseite der zeitung anvisieren und sofort das bulletin erhalten. +lehrer: jetzt verschiebe es in beide richtungen. sieh, was passiert. +es braucht nur ein klein wenig verarbeitung, um das gerade aufgenommene bild zu konvertieren, in eine art digitalen fingerabdruck, und das tolle ist, wenn sie ein professioneller nutzer sind, – also eine zeitung – die werkzeuge sind beinahe identisch zu denen, die wir gerade in dieser demonstration verwendet haben. +für uns hier in diesem raum ist es nicht nur das ärmste und verletztlichste wesen, es ist die gemeinschaft, die kultur, die welt an sich. +letzte woche sagte bill clinton bei den ted awards, "diese lage ist noch nie dagewesen, ungleich, ungerecht und unstabil." +ich denke, viele von ihnen sind dort wohl schon gewandert. +wir haben die ausrottung der pocken erlebt. +das ist etwas, worüber man sehr, serh optimistisch sein kann. +und als sie das taten, brachten sie die pocken in 10 andere länder und lösten die epidemie wieder aus. +es gibt auf der ganzen welt keinen hund, der natürlichen ursprungs ist. +und jetzt haben sie einfach das gen dafür, dieses biolumineszente gen, mit normalen zellen gekreuzt. +auch wenn wir uns noch so sehr darüber aufregen, wir haben genau das in diesem land erlaubt – ganz anders als in europa – und zwar ohne jegliche regulierung, und sogar ohne irgendeine kennzeichnung auf der verpackung. +und das wirft die frage auf, wie wir tierarten im zeitalter der biotechnologie zukünftig definieren – eine frage, von der wir noch nicht mal wissen wie wir sie beantworten sollen. +wir haben diesem tier seine autonomie genommen. " +das ist eine maus, die von charles vacanti erchaffen wurde, an der university of massachusetts. +wir gestalten unmittelbar die zukunft der arten auf diesem planeten. +und weiter sagte er: "diese unterschiede stimmen nicht überein mit den dazugehörigen unterschieden im klima." +aber uvb und besonders uva kamen ungehindert durch. +es gab eine natürliche selektion zugunsten der evolution von leicht pigmentierter haut. +nun haben wir mit der hautpigmentierung eines dieser wunderbaren produkte der evolution, das heutzutage immer noch konsequenzen hat. +sie, sie können es lehren. +lassen sie mich ihnen ein paar gegenstände zeigen. +auf der rechten seite habe ich eine höhere rauigkeit abgebildet. +doch wie kommt das? daher, weil die lungenoberfläche im grunde etwas sehr unscharf definiertes ist. +und sie vermischen sich doch! +einige zeit spielte ich damit herum, und brachte sie anschließend wieder in die ursprüngliche lage. +die grundidee war somit die, man sollte in der lage sein - wie sagt man? - kurssteigerungen zu "modellieren". +und uninteressant dazu. +benoit mandelbrot: fraktale und die kunst der rauigkeit +stellen sie sich vor, sie wären alle teilnehmer dieser studie. +hier ist ein beispiel der zu lösenden rätsel. +das heißt, sie bemühen sich weniger und deshalb ist das ergebnis: weniger rätsel gelöst. +richtig? ein patient, der das steuer hält, zum beispiel. +nicht weil es nicht genug zu essen gab – denn tatsächlich gab es einen nahrungsmittelüberschuss in den fruchtbaren regionen der südlichen landesteile – sondern weil die menschen im norden keinen zugang oder keine berechtigung zu dieser nahrung hatten. +haben sich unsere bauern in hoch-produktive, kommerzielle akteure verwandelt? +um ein beispiel zu geben, zwischen 2001 und 2002 produzierten äthiopische maisbauern zwei jahre topernten. +im amerikanischen mittelwesten luden bauern getreide auf kähne und sandten es den fluss hoch auf den markt nach chicago. +das heißt, die börse wird mit einem handelssystem agieren, das mit einem großen aufschrei beginnen wird, denn wir glauben nicht, dass das land bereit ist für komplett elektronischen handel. +wir glauben, die einsätze sind hoch, aber dass die erträge sogar noch größer sein werden. +es ist immer das gleiche, niemals das selbe, endlos faszinierend. +all das kann passieren, wenn wir das problem nicht ernst nehmen. +sie bietet den bäumen eine stützende struktur, und es schafft räume, bewohnbare räume innerhalb der sanddüne. +dann, ein paar jahre später, begrünen wir diesen teil der wüste durch nutzung von permakulturen. +es ist nicht nur etwas, dass bäume unterstützt, sondern etwas, das menschen und länder verbindet. +ich zahlte für die reparatur – er ging wieder kaputt. +wenn diese idee wirklich nachhaltig stabil ist, dann sind die auswirkungen bedeutend. +er ist barfuß. er wird zurück in sein haus rennen, und er wird sein trinkwasser, sein essen und seine umgebung mit den krankheiten kontaminieren, die er durch die fäkalpartikel auf seinen fingern und füßen mit sich herumträgt. +wir haben kein neutrales word dafür. +vielleicht denken sie, dass es bloß gutes karma ist, wenn diese männer scheiße rühren, aber es ist auch wirtschaftlich sinnvoll, weil sie jedes jahr eine milliarde dollar sparen. +sie wuchs in einer ländlichen, ärmlichen region indiens auf, wurde mit 14 verlobt, und mit ungefähr 21 zog sie in das haus ihrer schwiegereltern ein. +es ist das millenium-entwicklungsziel mit dem größten rückstand. +und genau das habe ich gemacht. +es gibt zehntausende solcher geschichten auf der welt. und es ist wirklich schwierig ein nennenswertes niveau von wohlbefinden heraufzubeschwören, weil es immer nur schlimmer wird. +und wir fischen mit grundschleppnetzen. das bedeutet, dass man einen gegenstand von der größe eines sattelschleppers von mehreren tonnen gewicht an eine große kette hängt und ihn über den meeresgrund schleift, um den boden aufzuwühlen und fische zu fangen. +aber seit wir alle austern gegessen haben, und all den fisch, der das plankton essen würde, ist nichts mehr da, was das plankton isst. und deshalb gibt es immer mehr davon, also stirbt es an altersschwäche, was man von plankton noch nie gehört hat. +und dann gibt es natürlich noch den klimawandel, und wir alle kennen den klimawandel. +sondern dass es so etwas gibt, was man positive rückmeldung bezeichnet. die synergien dazwischen machen das ganze so unheimlich viel größer als die summe seiner einzelteile. +in diesem anregenden vortrag legt der korallenriff-ökologe jeremy jackson den schockierenden istzustand des ozeans dar: überfischt, überhitzt, verschmutzt, mit hinweisen darauf, dass sich die situation stark verschlimmern wird. erstaunliche fotos und statistiken liefern die argumente. +das ist -- nicht wahr. +dass dieser alte mann seinen mondscheinspatziergang mit seinem liebling unterbrechen sollte, genau zu dem zweck, sich über ein kind lustig zu machen +ich ging mit meinem freund tim mcgonigal dorthin, der zu meiner linken saß. +die sandwürmer waren okay, aber als lieblingscharakter? +kommt ihnen da nicht etwas seltsam vor? +sie war eine frau, die davor war, allein in ein land zu gehen, dessen sprache sie nicht einmal sprechen konnte, alleine mit bus und boot zu reisen, an einen strand zu gehen, den sie nicht kannte oder noch nie gesehen hatte. +sie lächelte. sie konnte nicht verstehen, wieso ich so besorgt war. +aber ich finde, wir sollten auch auf die zahlen schauen, wie die wirklichkeit tatsächlich aussieht. +joseph schumpeter nannte das "den prozess der kreativen zerstörung" +ist es wirklich, wie ökonomen sich verhalten? " +was ist der zweck? +was bedeutet das alles für die wirtschaft? +aber es ist auch klar, dass wohlstand mehr als das bedeutet. +ich meine, könnten sie sich vorstellen, ein politiker, der in großbritanien sagt: "das bip ist dieses jahr um 2% gefallen. gute nachrichten! +ich malte es direkt auf den mann. +ich traf die schwierige entscheidung, nach meinem abschluss nach hause zurückzukehren und nicht zum capitol hill aufzusteigen, sondern nach unten in den keller meiner eltern und es zu meiner aufgabe zu machen, malen zu lernen. +als wir mit dem milchprojekt begannen, und ich startete, konnte ich nicht vorhersehen, dass ich von meinem traum von politik und an einem schreibtisch zu arbeiten über einen schatten stolpern würde, und menschen dann in gemälde verwandeln würde, und menschen in einem milchpool bemalen würde. +und es geht immer weiter zu diesen großen, dicken, klobigen dingern, die hunderte von kohlenstoffen enthalten, und die tausende von wasserstoffen enthalten, und sie enthalten vanadium und schwermetale und schwefel und lauter verrückte sachen hängen an ihren seiten. +sie beschließen preise, und ich weiß es nicht eimmal. +ok, ölpolitik ist stark moralisch geprägt in den usa. +und wir nehmen es als, sie wissen schon -- wir betrachten es eher auf einer moralischen ebene, anstatt es auf der rechtlichen und finanziellen ebene zu betrachten. +tatsächlich ist es so, dass sie weiter steigt. +das hier ist 1988. wir haben in diesem jahr zwei iranische ölplattformen bombadiert. +was sie hier in der oberen zeichnung sehen ist ein schema, wie öl in u.s.wirtschaft genutzt wird. +das ist eine menge. +wir sind spät dran. +nun sollte man annehmen, dass "american idol" ein gewisses maß an amerikanisierung mit sich bringen würde. +und jenes schwimmen dauerte 18 minuten und 50 sekunden, aber es fühlte sich an wie 18 tage. +und wir sahen auf unserer rechten seite diesen großen khumbu-gletscher. +wir wollen, dass du nach zwei weiteren tagen diesen hügel hinauf gehst. +nachdem er am nordpol schwamm, schwörte sich lewis pugh, dass er nie wieder in solch kaltem wasser schwimmen würde. dann hörte er vom imja see am mt. everest - einer großen menge wasser auf einer höhe von 5300 metern, die erst kürzlich durch geschmolzenes gletschereis entstanden ist - und unternahm dorthin eine reise, die ihm eine gänzlich neue einstellung über zwei dinge lehren sollte: das schwimmen und die beurteilung des klimawandels. +das ist ein zustandsdiagramm. es ist ein sehr einfach angelegter computer. +ich habe darüber nachgedacht in dem sinne, dass es toll ist, mit biologischen materialien zu bauen, aber können wir ähnliche dinge tun? +also habe ich versucht, die version des ingenieurs zu nehmen: können wir ein mechanisches system aus anorganischen materialien bauen, welches dasselbe tun wird? +und mit tatsächlich nur diesen zwei eingaben – also die form der randbedingung und der druck – kann man eine unbegrenzte anzahl an linsen definieren, welche die anzahl der menschlichen brechungsfehler abdecken von minus 12 bis plus acht dioptrien, bis zu vier dioptrien des zylinders. +aber sie können einem zeigen, wie man dinge in einer abfolge baut. +man könnte ihn einfach als bettlaken aufhängen, aber noch einmal, mit der berechnung all der physik erhält man diese aerodynamische form. +und der zusammenhang lautet natürlich, dass die dichter besiedelten orte eher weniger emissionen ausstoßen -- im grunde ganz logisch, wenn man kurz darüber nachdenkt. +auf dieser karte kann ich sehen, wie weit ich von meinem zuhause in 30 minuten mit öffentlichen verkehrsmitteln komme. +und dadurch wird eine weitere kettenreaktion ausgelöst, die ich als "furnace dumping" bezeichnen würde. das ist ganz einfach erklärt: durch ein gebäude, dass sie nicht mit einem ofen beheizen müssen, können sie eine ganze menge geld sparen. +während des 20. jahrhunderts, wurden wir zeugen der abscheulichkeiten von stalin, hitler, mao, pol pot, ruanda und anderer völkermorde und obwohl das 21. jahrhundert erst sieben jahre alt ist, wurden wir bereits zeugen des laufenden genozids in darfur und des täglichen horrors im irak. +entsprechend den nicht-regierungs organisationen die solche statistiken erheben, gab es seit 1945 in europa und amerika einen starken abfall von zwischenstaatlichen kriegen, tödlichen ethnischen unruhen oder pogromen und militärputschen, sogar in südamerika. weltweit gab es eine steile abnahme von toten in zwischenstaatlichen kriegen. die gelben balken zeigen die anzahl von toten pro krieg und pro jahr von 1950 bis heute. +das ist ein bisschen unterstützung für die leviathan-theorie. +faktisch ist es so groß wie westeuropa, hat jedoch nur etwa 500 km gepflasterte straßen. +nun, das ist nicht unbedingt das, woran man denkt, bevor man ein kondom kauft. +und wie lautet dann die definition? "die definition? +und liberia. und kongo. +schauen sie mir eine minute lang zu und sehen sie die ganze entwicklung. +in asien konnte sich zuerst die gesellschaft entwickeln bevor sich die wirtschaft entwickelt hat. +das wird mehr oder weniger geschehen. wir haben eine welt, die nicht mehr länger als geteilt betrachtet werden kann. +dann sind die vereinigten staaten heute, hier oben. +auch die einkommen steigen an. +die länder mit mittleren einkommen, die schwellenländer, sie holen auf. +ungefähr 20 prozent der erwachsenen bevölkerung ist infiziert. +sie wird verursacht durch schnelle zuführung der giftigen cassavawurzeln in einer hungersnot. +und wir setzen große hoffnungen in sie. vielen dank. +es kommt direkt nach videospielen. +es gibt sie schon in jäger-und-sammler-verbänden, aber dann durch den technischen fortschritt entstanden neue formen von technologie, die das spielen von nicht-nullsummen-spielen vereinfachen oder ermutigen, wobei mehr menschen und größere gebiete beteiligt sin. +und ich würde sagen, diese nicht-nullsummendynamik wird mit der zeit nur verstärkt werden, aufgrund technischer entwichklung, aber auf eine negative weise verstärkt werden. +erst wenn die geschicke von menschen verknüpft sind. +ich glaube, das ist der erste schritt in diese richtung. das ist das langzeitziel. +der g8-gipfel schlägt als lösung für afrikas probleme eine massive erhöhung der hilfe vor, so etwas wie den marshall-plan. +aber es hat gleichzeitig möglichkeiten und viel potenzial. +tja, da ich kein handzeichen sehe, scheint es wahr zu sein, was ich sage. +nun, sie haben dadurch gut bezahlte jobs. oder, in afrikanischen ländern, inoffizielle möglichkeiten, von korruption zu profitieren. +die regierungen ändern das nicht. warum? +es waren mal 56 und als unser präsident gerne die verfassung ändern und amtszeitbegrenzungen abschaffen wollte, hat er 25 neue verwaltungsbezirke geschaffen, und nun sind es 81. +doktor seligman, wie ist die aktuelle lage der psychologie? " +und daraus folgt, dass die psychologie und die psychiatrie über die letzten 60 jahre sogar behaupten können, unglückliche leute weniger unglücklich gemacht zu haben. +ich habe mein leben mit der arbeit an extrem unglücklichen leuten verbracht und ich habe mich gefragt: wie unterscheiden sich extrem unglückliche leute vom rest von uns? +ich möchte also ein kleines bisschen über jedes dieser leben und was wir über sie wissen sagen. +wenn er um 9: 30 morgens das parkett der amerikanischen börse betritt steht die zeit für ihn still. bis zur schlussglocke. +und sinn besteht in dieser sicht darin -- entsprechend der eudemonie besteht er darin, zu wissen, was seine größten stärken sind und sie zu nutzen, zuzugehören und im dienste von etwas zu stehen, das größer ist als man selbst. +die vorletzte sache, die ich sagen möchte ist also, dass wir uns dafür interessieren, wie viel lebenszufriedenheit die leute haben, +aber sie waren leer. +dies sind kamele, die den großen grabenbruch in afrika durchqueren, fotografiert von chris johns. +jetzt muss ich ihnen aber auch erzählen, dass ich letzte woche mit kyle darüber gesprochen habe, dass ich diese geschichte erzählen werde. +ein löwe, der gerade einen mitternachtssnack zu sich nimmt -- sehen sie, er hat einen abgebrochenen zahn. +zum ersten mal in der geschichte leben mehr menschen in städtischen als in ländlichen gebieten. +brian fotografierte ein meeresschutzgebiet in neuseeland, in dem kommerzieller fischfang verboten ist, was zum ergebnis hat, dass überfischte sorten sich erholen haben, und damit kommt eine mögliche lösung für nachhaltigen fischfang. +aber dann ist paul ins wasser gegangen. +david griffin erklärt, wie uns fotografie verbindet +wenn wir also die information nutzen, die von dieser spiegelnden reflektion kommt, können wir mit einem traditionellen gesichtsscan beginnen, der die groben konturen des gesichtes und die grundform wiedergibt, und ihn durch diejenige information ergänzen, welche die ganze poren-struktur und alle feine falten einbezieht. +wir können die lautstärke erhöhen, falls dies möglich ist. +zwischen meinem 14. und 17. lebensjahr half ich ihnen beim einsammeln von stoßzähnen, fleisch und was sie sonst noch im wald töteten, wilderten oder jagten, und wir brachten es in die hauptstadt auf den markt. +hier haben wir steppengiraffen, aber durch die evolution gibt es auch diese waldgiraffe, die nur im kongo lebt. +sie können ihn nicht fragen, wie alt er ist, weil er bewaffnet ist. +und das war die sprache des krieges. +sie konnten einfach nicht so weitermachen. +und eines tages gingen wir zu einem treffen. +sie wollten ihn sezieren – ich wollte sie aufhalten, bis ich den bericht eingereicht und den oberkommandeur gesehen hätte. +schauen sie sich die kriege in ruanda an. +der aufbau von kompetenzen für die junge generation wird zu einer besseren generation führen, und zu einer besseren zukunft für afrika. +wussten sie, dass es in irak und afghanistan mehr private militärunternehmer am boden gab als us-amerikanische militärische streitkräfte? +mal sehen, was die leute hier darüber denken. +oh, nachdem man aufgehört hat, zu bezahlen. +aus angst vor uneinigkeit schrecken wir vor diesen fragen zurück. +einige gründe dafür sind nicht sonderlich umstritten. +die vertikale achse zeigt die tausende von dollar in heutigen preisen an. +der ganze rest ging zum obersten 1 prozent der einkommensbezieher. +pro tag ergibt das fünf bis zehn tonnen pro quadratmeile in den städten. +sie müssen sich entweder für option a oder b entscheiden. +und manche leute denken, dass wir auf andere weise damit geboren werden, +alle, bis auf den zufall. sie glaubte nicht an den zufall. +das ist es auch, wonach ich in meiner arbeit suche, nach einem persönlichen sinn. +aber beide sprichworte, die fische vor dem ertrinken retten, oder einen mensch vor dem ertrinken rettten, für mich haben beide mehr mit die absichten zu tun. +es kann etwas sein, das vielleivht sehr ernst ist --wie ich es gesagt habe, die menschenrechte in birma +nun, was ist zufällig? was ist chance? was ist glück? +ich konnte dies aus erster hand sehen, als ich zu einem schönen dong-dorf ging, in guizhou, der ärmsten provinz von china. +ich glaube an die besonderheiten, die besonderheiten der geschichte, und an die vergangenheit, die besonderheiten der vergangenheit, und was in der geschichte an dieser stelle passiert. +und das liegt daran, dass, bis wonder auf den trichter kam, wie man die idee von geschnitten brot verbreiten konnte, es niemand haben wollte. +gut. ich gehe in die apotheke, ich bin krank und brauche medikamente. +wer hält schon an und sagt: oh, schau mal, eine kuh? niemand. +aus einem stuhl, d.h. aus einem artikel, den der einkauf bestellte, wurde ein statussymbol gemacht, das bestimmte, wo man bei der arbeit saß. +sprich mit ihnen und erleichtere es ihnen, mit ihren freunden zu sprechen. +amihotornot.com – jeden tag gehen 250.000 menschen auf diese seite, die von zwei freiwilligen betrieben wird, und sie sehen, dass sie knallhart bewerten, sie haben es nicht deshalb so weit gebracht, weil sie viel werbung gemacht haben. +silk. stellen sie ein produkt, das nicht gekühlt werden muss, neben die milch ins kühlregal. +in einer welt des überreichen angebots und des zeitmangels entschließen wir uns offensichtlich gern dazu, dinge zu ignorieren. werbe-guru seth godin erklärt, warum schlechte oder bizarre ideen erfolgreicher sind als langweilige, wenn es darum geht, unsere aufmerksamkeit zu erlangen. +da es um wände geht, möchte ich ihnen die geschichte einer mauer in kairo erzählen. +die meisten der wirtschaftlichen modelle arbeiten mit den begriffen mangel und wachstum. +wenn wir die nächsten 150 jahre überstehen können, denke ich, dass unsere ur-urenkel malthus komplett vergessen werden +das problem ist, dass die welpen auf stabiles, festes eis angewiesen sind, um von ihren müttern gesäugt werden zu können. +wir können uns nicht weiterhin so viel nehmen ohne ernste folgen zu erwarten. +ich wollte nicht, dass sie bedrohend oder gefährlich sind. +hier sehen wir ein weibchen, wie es im mondlicht aus dem meer heraus auf die insel trinidad geht. +72% der wale haben solche narben, aber die meisten können sich nicht mehr befreien von den hummer- und krabbenfallen. +ich habe auch in anderen teilen neuseelands gearbeitet, in wunderschönen, fragilen, geschützten bereichen, z.b. in fiordland, wo ich diese kolonie von seefedern gefunden habe. +das ist schrecklich. es ist ein beweis für unser versagen, ihr überleben in der wildnis zu sichern. +als ich dort im gras stand, war es heiß - nicht einmal insekten waren zu hören - nur wogendes gras. +in diesem rezept hat man auch die kosten. +und sobald der boden trocken wird - man ist in einer trockenzeit, es entstehen risse, sauerstoff tritt ein - flammen kommen raus und das ganze problem beginnt von vorn. +aber es ist komplizierter, es ist nicht so einfach und man muss mit den menschen zusammenarbeiten. +und das nach zwei jahre. +sehen sie, hier gibt es nun 11,2% mehr wolken und dass schon nach 3 jahren. +aber was man auch immer in dem programm macht, es muss völlig von den menschen unterstützt werden was bedeutet, dass es den örtlichen, kulturellen werten angepasst werden muss. +alle skulpturen bewegen sich mechanisch. +das klingt gut, aber tief drin wisst ihr doch, dass das nicht die ganze wahrheit ist. und ich sage auch, warum. +und ich wartete ab und am nächsten tag mochte ich sie etwas mehr, am tag darauf noch ein stück mehr und jetzt liebe ich sie. +autobahnen. +was ich sagen will, ist, dass die meisten kohlenstoffemissionen von den autos herrühren - über 50%. wenn wir also nur von autos abhängig sind... +man sollte immer das leben und die arbeit miteinander verbinden. +wir können nicht auf alles eine antwort haben. +aber warum gibt es diese seltsame abneigung und feindseligkeit gegen das bewusstsein? +wie könnte spiritualität etwas bewegen? +so wie sich das wasser in einem gefäß von flüssig zu fest verändern kann, abhängig vom verhalten der moleküle, so kann ihr hirn vom zustand des bewusstseins in den zustand der bewusstlosigkeit übergehen, abhängig vom verhalten der moleküle. +die nächste eigenschaft nach diesem sagenhaften einheitlichen bewusstseinsfeld ist, dass es kausal in unserem verhalten agiert. +für die im bewusstsein wirkenden kräfte ist es relativ, dass ein stück papier geld oder eine menge von gebäuden eine universität ist. +ich führe jetzt kein schmerzverhalten vor, aber ich kann ihnen sagen, dass ich im moment keine schmerzen habe. +aber ich glaube auch, dass es noch eine klimakrise gibt, die ebenso ernst ist, welche die gleichen wurzeln hat, und die wir mit der gleichen dringlichkeit angehen müssen. +und menschliche ressourcen sind wie rohstoffe; sie sind oftmals tief vergraben. +wir müssen uns selbst entfesseln und dann werden wir unser land retten. " +sie versteht den sinn nicht. +er sagte: "schon als kind." er sagte: "in der schule war das wirklich ein problem, denn wenn man in der schule ist, will jeder feuerwehrmann werden." +"sie sind schon seit 36 monaten auf der welt, und das ist alles?" +sie kennen das, wenn sie etwas tun, das sie lieben, fühlt sich eine stunde wie fünf minuten an. +er schrieb dies an seine liebe, maud gonne, und er bedauerte, dass er ihr nicht das geben konnte, von dem er glaubte, dass sie es von ihm wolle. +das interessante dabei ist, dass die verben zwischen alfred und jay-z regelmäßiger geworden sind. +im nächsten jahrzehnt werden natur- und geisteswissenschaften näher zusammenrücken, um antworten auf tiefgründige fragen zur menschheit zu finden. +und so lernte ich und arbeitete den größten teil meiner 20er jahre in afrika. +und sie ging nach vorn, mit so einer ruhe und klarheit und so einer abwesenheit von angst, dass sie bis zur ersten waffe kam, ihre hand auf sie legte und sie senkte. +doch wut wirkt wie benzin, wenn man sie verbreitet und jemand ein streichholz anzündet, entsteht eine feuersbrunst. +und dabei haben sie erkannt, dass der einsatz von gewalt in solchen situationen nicht nur weniger human ist, sondern auch weniger effektiv als der einsatz von methoden, die menschen verbinden, die wieder aufbauen. +es ist um die welt geflogen. +würde es ihnen etwas ausmachen, etwas ganz anderes zu machen? +jetzt könnte man sagen, dass es nicht wirklich anders aussieht als zu beginn. +und geht es in der kunst darum, sich vorzustellen, was jenseits des horizonts liegt? +wenn man nach unten schaut, kann man seine füße nicht erkennen. +und dank der leute bei interface bin ich jetzt ein rettender plünderer. +als ich das durchdachte, wurde mir klar, dass alle diese attribute verändert werden müssen, damit t in den nenner kommen kann. +schätzungsweise haben wir etwas mehr als die hälfte unseres ziels "null auswirkung, null fußabdruck" erreicht. +ich habe noch probleme mit der veränderten ehrlich-gleichung, i = / t2 +denn es bedeutete, dass zumindest eine person mich verstanden hatte. gott sei dank. +während wir zunächst das internet als das fantastische neue marketinginstrument ankündigten, das alle unsere probleme lösen würde, erkennen wir nun, dass das internet diesbezüglich, wenn überhaupt etwas, dann zu effektiv ist. +und im kern, denke ich, stellten beide umwälzungen die fragen: wer darf praktizieren? +die professionelle theatergemeinde von heute wird nicht allein von den shaw und stratford-festspielen bestimmt, sonden vom cornerstone theater in los angeles, einem künstlerkollektiv, das nach dem 11. september 10 verschiende religiöse gemeinden zusammenbrachte -- bahia, katholiken, muslime, juden, selbst amerikanische ureinwohner und homosexuelle glaubensgemeinschaften und ihnen half, ihre eigenen individuellen stücke zu schaffen und ein gigantisches stück, in dem sie die unterschiede ihres glaubens erkundeten und gemeinsamkeit als einen ersten wichtigen schritt zu gemeinschaftsübergreifender heilung zu finden. +wir möchten ihnen ein weiteres stück präsentieren. +und so kam ich durch die schule. +und am empfang im innenhof, bemerkte ich, dass sie einen springbrunnen hatten weil sie glauben, dass leute die in ein museum gehen, einen springbrunnen verdienen. +das nächste was ihr sehen werdet ist eine küche im wert von einer million dollar, sie wurde von der firma heinz gebaut - haben sie von denen gehört? +wir haben schüler die zusammen sitzen, weiße und schwarze kinder, und was wir raus fanden ist dass man rassenprobleme lösen kann indem man ein weltklasse umfeld schafft weil menschen dazu neigen sich weltklasse zu verhalten wenn man sie so behandelt. +das ist unsere bibliothek mit mehr handgefertigten möbeln +er zog leute aus bars und rettete diese leben für den herrn. +sie sagte, "ich arbeite für eine firma namens hewlett packard." +und ich will dass meine musik mit dir ist. " +und das ist das gebäude, und das das modell. und auf der rechten seite das high-tech-gewächshaus und in der mitte das medizin-technologie gebäude. +das ist ein ort namens san francisco. +ich sagte, "das ist sehr schön. +weil herr ross deine alben in den töpferunterricht brachte als ich 16 jahre war, wenn die welt dunkel war, brachte mir deine musik sonnenlicht. " +das ist unser erster vorstoß in dieses feld. +sie besteht aus zwei teilen, die wir encoder und transducer nennen. +lassen sie mich ihnen das zeigen, ich werde mit der standardmethode beginnen. +dieser mann hier ist dazu bestimmt, den allgemeinen menschen zu repräsentieren. und alle kreise in diesem mann sind alle zellen, die ihren körper erschaffen. +wir machen nichts mit diesen zellen hier. +das ist quasi der tarnkappenbomber der meere. +das ist das vibrio fischeri molekül. +diese information verinnerlichen sie und entscheiden dann, welche aufgabe sie ausführen abhängig davon, wer in der minderheit bzw. in der mehrheit der vorhanden population ist. +wir haben das gleiche ebenfalls auf das rosa system angewandt. +genau das passiert in ihrem körper. +schauen sie sich alle auseinandersetzungenan an, die wir in diesen tagen haben über das gesunheitssystem, über boni und helfen für die wallstreet, über kluft zwischen arm und reich, förderung von minderheiten und gleichgeschlechtlichen ehen. +eigentlich, es war auch die antwort des aristoteles. +er war ein sehr guter golfspieler, aber er hatte eine behinderung gehabt, +wie ist ihr name? +ist das gehen auf dem golfplatz wesentlich für das spiel? +als erstes, kein echter sport- fan würde in dieser weise sprechen. +also lass uns einen schritt zurück machen von diesen fällen und schauen, wie sie uns helfen können, und schauen, wie sie uns helfen können, den politischen diskurs in den vereinigten staaten und in der welt zu verbessern und auf ein höheres niveau zu bringen. +michael sandel: die verlorene kunst der demokratischen auseinandersetzung +viele leute sagten, "naja, wissen sie, städter haben uns ländlichen typen nicht zu sagen, was wir mit unserer zeit anfangen sollen. +und ich glaube das ist gut -- die zukünftige menschheit darf eine solche entscheidung treffen. +wir haben zum beispiel dinge wie die bedeutung der rna erst vor ein paar jahren entdeckt, und die ist wirklich wesentlich für die funktion der zellen. +die therapien werden sich schneller verbessern als die verbleibenden mängel der therapien uns einholen. +zweitens, was bedeutet das für die allgemeine vorstellung wie lange es dauern wird zu diesem punkt zu kommen, beginnend bei dem zeitpunkt an dem wir die mäuse soweit haben? +nennen wir ihn den ingenieurs-ansatz, und ich behaupte der ingenieurs-ansatz ist in reichweite. +einige sind bereits teilweise verfügbar, die in der oberen hälfte. +publikum: die lebewesen auf diesem planet haben ein immunsystem entwickelt, das krankheiten bekämpft so dass individuen lange genug leben um sich fortzupflanzen. +es gibt lebewesen die nicht älter werden -- die hydra zum beispiel -- aber die schaffen das weil sie kein nervensystem haben -- und sie haben kein gewebe, dessen funktion von sehr langlebigen zellen abhängt. +und obwohl ich all den talentierten menschen in unserem unternehmen zuallererst dafür danken will - obwohl da natürlich auch glück und timing eine rolle spielen -, sind wir vollkommen davon überzeugt, dass wir das alles unserer werte wegen geschafft haben. +an manchen tagen will ich es glauben, aber es gibt auch tage des zweifels. +wir sollten also unsere unterschiedlichkeit annehmen und nach herausforderung streben. +was passiert, wenn eine stadt entscheidet, dass sie ihre prioritäten anders setzt? +laut der öffentlichen gesundheitsbehörde wird ein volles drittel aller nach 2000 geborenen kinder an diabetes erkranken. +wir nehmen autounfälle als gegeben hin. +aber wir haben ja gesehen, wozu das führt. +man möchte ja den us-amerikanern nicht sagen, dass sie ihr leben umstellen müssen. +zweitens, weil wir sie ausgerottet haben. +wir sahen uns das gewebe genauer an, +die ersten tauchten in den regenwäldern australiens vor 25 millionen jahren auf. die » national geographic « - gesellschaft hilft uns, diese fossilen ablagerungen in riversleigh zu untersuchen. +wilde hunde rissen ein paar schafe, aber der beutelwolf bekam 's ab. +die sind entfernt verwandt. +er dachte lange nach. er war zuletzt vor 80 jahren bei dieser hütte. +es ist sehr, sehr schwierig am ende einer solchen konferenz zu sprechen denn alle anderen haben gesprochen. alles wurde schon gesagt. +warum ist es so wichtig, dass es schnell geht? +unsere eigenen lösungen zu finden, um probleme wie korruption zu lösen, institutionen aufbauen, die mikro-ökonomie stabilisieren. +wird es effektiv verwaltet? +es war sehr heiß. ich war sehr hungrig. +und jetzt lassen sie mich weniger sentimental werden und sagen, dass leben retten - was manche hilfe, die wir auf diesem kontinent erhalten, bewirkt - wenn man ein leben rettet, dass eines farmers, eines lehrers, einer mutter, diese menschen können alle produktiv etwas zur wirtschaft beitragen. +wenn wir sie fragen und ihnen sagen, was wir brauchen, ist eine meiner sorgen, dass es heutzutage so viele organisationen gibt. +unsere unfähigkeit, die initiative zu ergreifen und zu den menschen, die geld bringen, zu sagen: "setzen sie sich." +hilfe kann unsere probleme nicht lösen, da bin ich überzeugt. +vieles wurde hier schon über frauen gesagt, das muss ich nicht wiederholen. +ich werde einige wissenschaftliche experimente abhandeln und versuchen, drei musikalische experimente zu behandeln. +alle von uns haben dieses bemerksenwerte gehirn, das wir - nett ausgedrückt - kaum verstehen. +man kann nicht einfach -- "klasse dass wir dieses keyboard haben." +wirklich, das bewusstsein liegt im frontalllappen. +cl: jetzt werde ich mir einen moment zeit nehmen. +ich ließ sie also diese einheit unten links auswendig zu lernen. ton bitte. +also schlussendlich müssen wir noch viele fragen stellen. und wie ich schon sagte, wir werden hier fragen stellen, nicht beantworten. +schauen sie, die welt hat sich verändert von analog zu digital. +ein techniker platziert die elektroden auf die kopfhaut, und benutzt dabei ein leitendes gel oder eine paste, und normalerweise nach der prozedur der kopfhautvorbereitung gibt es leichte abschürfungen. +das erste mal wird nichts passieren, weil das system noch keine ahnung hat, dass er "ziehen" denkt. +und wenn sie diese aufspürungen herangebildet haben, können diese gedanken an jedem beliebigen rechner, anwendung oder gerät zugewiesen oder abgebildet werden. +ich werde kurz einige der probleme, die es gibt, ansprechen, und ein paar der probleme, für die wir an lösungen arbeiten. +esther duflo hat ein bisschen was darüber gesagt. +die andere sache ist die, wissen sie, es wäre sogar besser, wenn man kein blut nehmen müsste. +es gibt all diese verschiedenen möglichkeiten, aber sie sind unterschiedlich effektiv. +1935 gab es 150 000 fälle von malaria in den usa, aber ddt und massive anstrengen des gesundheitswesen schafften es, sie auszurotten. +jetzt stellen wir fest, dass wir nur die weiblichen moskitos töten. +hier sieht man das ganze mit hoher geschwindigkeit. +dann wird sie verkauft und gekauft und wird dann zu mir geliefert. +aber ich dachte, nein, nein, experimentiere mit hartzen und experimentiere mit polymeren. +drei komposteimer, 70 kilo reiner gemüseabfall die woche kommt hinein. wirklich gut, ergibt grandiosen kompost. +sehr fortschrittlich, keine klimaanlage - ich bin davon begeistert. +das heißt null verschwendung von essen. +es geht darum, dass ich an jedem tag meines lebens eine sekunde aufnehme, mein ganzes leben lang, und dann diese eine sekunde kurzen stücke meines lebens chronologisch in ein einziges zusammenhängendes video zusammenfüge, solange, bis ich sie nicht mehr aufnehmen kann. +dabei ist mir noch etwas anderes klar geworden, und zwar, dass es an einem schlechten tag extrem schwierig ist, diese eine sekunde aufzunehmen. +hier kommt nun ein film darüber, der uns einen kleinen zeitlichen rückblick zeigt. +dies sind die abstände der röhren, die das tier so gehen lassen. +es ist ein binärer schrittzähler. +lediglich eine zur gleichen zeit ist möglich. +allein schon vom philosophischen aspekt her gesehen glaube ich, dass dies eine der wichtigsten publikationen war, die wir je vorgestellt hatten, da sie demonstrierte, wie dynamisch das leben ist. +also entwickelte das team neue software für die fehleranalyse, mit hilfe derer wir jedes synthetische fragment darauf überprüfen konnten, ob es sich in einem milieu von wildtyp-dna züchten lassen würde. +drei zitate haben wir auch noch hinzugefügt, denn beim ersten genom wurde kritik laut, dass wir nicht einmal versucht hätten, etwas tiefgreifenderes auszusagen als einfach unsere arbeit zu signieren. +oder - noch viel wichtiger - gegen hiv? ein virus, das sich weiterentwickelt in einer solch evolutionären geschwindigkeit, dass gegenwärtig verfügbare impfstoffe nicht mehr damit schritt halten können. +also las ich langsam. +das war vielleicht die größte überraschung -- wie flexibel der koran ist, zumindestens bei denen, deren geist nicht grundsätzlich unflexibel ist. +ich studiere ameisen and zwar weil ich gerne darüber nachdenke, wie organisationen funktionieren. +und sie tun das jedes jahr, indem sie reproduktionsfähige ameisen -- das sind jene mit flügeln -- auf einen paarungsflug schicken. +und sie bleibt bei dieser grösse, bis die königin im alter von circa 15 bis 20 jahren stirbt und es niemanden mehr gibt, der neue ameisen erzeugen kann. +am einen tag ist dieser hier und dann am nächsten tag verschieben sie ihn nach da und danach verschieben sie ihn wieder zurück. +werden irgendwie dieser reserve zugeschlagen +es zeigt sich, dass unterschiedliche aufgaben tatsächlich interdependent sind. +die ameisen in den alten kolonien, die stabiler scheinen, sind also kein bisschen älter als die ameisen in den jungen kolonien. +sie sind hinausgegangen um unterschiedliche aufgaben zu erledigen. und die rate, mit der sie sich beim hinein- und hinausgehen am nesteingang treffen, bestimmt oder beinflusst die entscheidung jeder ameise, ob sie hinausgehen soll und welche aufgabe sie erledigen soll. +aber in einer kleinen kolonie wird die ameise eher weniger nahrungssuchende treffen, einfach weil es weniger gibt. +aber das ist der größte vermögenstransfer von einer gruppe zu einer anderen in der geschichte der menschheit. +ja, es wird so weitergehen. +es hat 130 oktan. +ich muss mir in meinem alter keine gedanken machen, wo die brücke hinführt. +kann man das so zusammenfassen? +und damit können alle glücklich sein, wenigstens eine verlagerung von kohle und öl zu erdgas zu sehen. +zweitens: bauen sie keinen reformer auf dem ozean. +ich verstehe nicht, warum die medien sich auf ost-pennsylvania konzentrieren. +boone, ich freue mich wirklich sehr, dass sie hier waren, zu diesem gespräch. +"das eldorado der vereinigten staaten von amerika: die entdeckung von unerschöpflichen goldminen in kalifornien. +die hälfte von ihnen desertierte, um nach gold zu suchen. +die haben aber dreieinhalb millionen dollar ausgegeben, um diesen spot während des super bowl 2000 auszustrahlen, obwohl sie zu der zeit gerade einmal eine million dollar jahresumsatz hatten. +das sind arbeiten in lower manhattan, wo man mit die ersten elektrizitätswerke baute. +diese gab es in vielleicht sechs verschiedenen farben. +ich meine, man wollte nicht, dass dieses ding die lampenfassung besetzte. +ein freund von mir erzählte mir diese geschichte: die kamen nicht nur und mussten warten, aber dann mussten die fachmänner, als sie schließlich dort waren, zum dritten mal, mussten sie jemanden anrufen. +ich werde versuchen, ihnen ein bisschen naturgeschichte über mitgefühl und die goldene regel zu vermitteln. +es gibt aber mehr gute nachrichten, die später in der evolution hinzu kamen, eine art sekundäre evolutionäre logik. +nun, wir haben eine begründung dafür. +und wenn sie fragen, welche art von situation dazu führt, dass menschen einander als feinde definieren, dann ist es eine art nullsummen-situation. +deswegen ist die soziale organisation über das jäger- und sammler-dorf zum antiken staat, zum imperium geworden und jetzt sind wir in einer globalisierten welt. +ich denke, politiker können dabei helfen, nicht-nullsummen-beziehungen zu fördern, wissen sie, wirtschaftliches engagement ist in der regel besser als blockaden usw., in dieser hinsicht, denke ich. +es ist bedauerlich, dass sie tendenziell selektiv angewandt werden. +in welchem alter hatten sie mit der schule begonnen? +er suchte tatkräftig nach widerlegung. +in befragungen europäischer und amerikanischer führungskräfte, haben ganze 85 prozent zugegeben, dass es fragen oder bedenken bei der arbeit gab, die sie fürchteten anzusprechen. +aber er hatte soviel angst vor konflikt gehabt, bis er schließlich mehr angst vor dem schweigen bekam. +also, was die leute mir über die ursache von krebs, die auslöser von krebs erzählten, oder auch, warum du bist, wer du bist, das machte keinen sinn. +und so entschied ich über die jahre aufgrund einer reihe von experimenten, dass dies aufgrund von kontext und architektur so ist. +und wir sagten: "wunderbar!" schauen wir uns diese hübsche struktur an. +ich habe eine radikale hypothese aufgestellt. +wir haben gezeigt, dass es kleine dna-stücke auf den spezifischen genen der brustdrüsen gibt, die tatsächlich auf die extrazelluläre matrix reagieren. +aber hier ist ein gedicht von yeats. ich will nur die letzten beiden zeilen vorlesen. +es war fantastisch. +es klingt ein bisschen wie ein eigenartiges buch, aber es handelt sich tatsächlich um neue arten von lügen. +er schrieb sehr, sehr positive rezensionen über sich selbst. überraschung! +meine freunde, keinesfalls können sie so cool sein und so ein gutes leben führen. +um das zu tun, können wir uns zum einen die literatur zur täuschungsaufdeckung ansehen. +hat heute irgendjemand etwas geschrieben? hat irgendjemand ein wort geschrieben? +diese kalten, harten winter, ich liebe es. +wenn sie also etwas sagen oder tun wollen, können wir darüber nachdenken, möchte ich, dass das teil meines erbes wird, teil meiner persönlichen datenaufzeichnungen? +aber ernsthaft, die körperhaltung, in der sie mich gerade gesehen haben, also auf mein handy herunterschauend, ist einer der gründe für das projekt glass. +wir mussten es vor unserer designerin verstecken bis sie den job angenommen hatte und dann ist sie fast schreiend davongerannt. +aber das mache ich die ganze zeit. +ich komme immer wieder auf die farbe zurück. +meine mutter hat irgendwie empfindlich auf seine mutter reagiert, die anscheinend ihre zweifel an dem ganzen alternativen lifestyle-kram hatte. +ich war an einer schule mit schwerpunkt darstellende künste, dort war ich schauspieler. +also hatte ich diese fernsehshow. +man muss das doch irgendwie richtig machen können, rosie. +und oft betrachte ich dinge, als wären sie essen. +köchin: wussten sie das nicht? ich erkläre es ihnen. +modedesigner isaac mizrahi wirbelt durch eine schwindelerregende sammlung von inspirationen – von pinups der 50er bis zu einem zufälligen blick auf ein löchriges hemd, das ihn "halten sie das taxi an!" rufen lässt. in seinem ausschweifenden vortrag finden sich wertvolle hinweise für ein glückliches, kreatives leben. +tatsächlich war ich eine starke kraft in der verbreitung von ideen über grenzen hinweg. ich habe den aufstieg des islamistischen extremismus als unterschiedlich vom glauben des islam erlebt und von der art, in der es meine mit-gläubigen in aller welt beeinflusste. +was tatsächlich geschieht, ist, dass das, was vorher lokale engstirnigkeit war, individuen oder gruppierungen von extremisten, die von einander isoliert waren, sind jetzt auf globalisierte weise miteinander verbunden und wurden somit, oder werden, auf diese weise etabliert. +und eine soziale bewegung besteht, in meinen augen, besteht aus vier hauptcharakteristiken. +der zweite grund ist, glaube ich, ist political correctness. +nicht exklusiv zu diesen dingen, sondern zusätzlich zu ihnen, ist das propagieren einer wahrhaften forderung nach demokratie an der basis. +weil es nicht genug ist, einen führer, einen herrscher oder einen diktator zu beseitigen. +es ist nicht dann, wenn tolle neue hilfsmittel auftauchen, dass ihr nutzen die gesellschaft durchdringt. +das internet ist das erste medium der geschichte das natürliche unterstützung für gruppen und konversationen zur gleichen zeit bietet. +die bbc hat zuerst über twitter von dem chinesischen erdbeben erfahren. +und zuletzt griffen die chinesen durch. +all dies ist vorbei. +er hatte eine antwort zu verfassen. +okay. das ist der mt. everest. +es war eine national geographic expedition, aber sie wurde vom explorers club organisiert. +er ist nicht mit eis bedeckt. +von hier aus sind es ca. 460 meter mit 30 grad steigung hinauf zum gipfel. +das ist ein bild, das am gipfelgrat aufgenommen wurde. +es ist wirklich kalt. es ist auf 7.300 meter. +die überlebenden kamen einer nach dem anderen. +nachdem er lange zeit im schnee gelegen hatte stand er auf und fand zurück ins lager. +er liegt im sterben. +er war todkrank. es gab andere todkranke patienten. zum glück konnten wir einen hubschrauber herauf bekommen, um diese leute zu retten. +ideen verändern staaten. +aber eine demografische dividende ist nur so gut, wie die investition ins humankapital. +und dann denke ich, die andere sache ist, dass inder heute weitaus mehr einverstanden mit der globalisierung sind. +es ist sicherlich nicht wie china. +was sind diese ideen? ich glaube eine sind unsere ideologischen streitfragen. +wir können technologie für transparenz nutzen und viele andere dinge. +wenn wir wirklich an einen punkt kommen wollen, wollen wir wirklich die kohlenstoffemmission begrenzen. wir wollen wirklich unseren energieverbrauch senken. es muss in ländern wie indien gelöst werden. +es ist ein verregneter wahltag in einem kleinen land – das könnte mein land sein, aber auch ihr land. +meine frage ist im prinzip: was ist in diesen 50 jahren, in denen wir über demokratie sprechen, gut und schlecht gelaufen? +da ist die revolution der märkte in den 1980ern und das enorme anwachsen von ungleichheit in den gesellschaften. +es gibt facebook- und twitter-revolutionen. +in einem kleinen land – egal, ob meines oder ihres – beschloss man – tatsachengeschichte –, dass alle regierungsentscheidungen, die diskussionen im ministerrat, 24 stunden, nachdem sie passiert waren, im internet veröffentlich werden sollten. +die idee nennt sich "social impact bond". +und die dienstleister haben zum ersten mal die möglichkeit, maßnahmen umzusetzen und ihre arbeit als erfolgreich zu zeigen, und das auf eine sehr konstruktive art. sie erfahren und zeigen den wert ihrer arbeit über einen zeitraum von 5 bis 6 jahren, nicht nur zwei oder drei, wie heute üblich. +wir können neue ideen ausprobieren auf eine für alle einfachere art und weise. +"hah, ich bin die einzige, die ich je geliebt habe." +und er dann so: "wollen sie nicht fahren?" +warum? seid ihr zu müde, um bis zur wange zu gelangen? +ich sollte nicht den gang lang laufen und sagen: "hi, jack!" ich weiß, das ist nicht cool. +was geht. +tedx. +wir beschlossen, materialien aus der zement- und stahlproduktion wiederzuverwenden. +wir müssen alles ändern. +es ist transparent und nur für sie gemacht. +ihnen fehlte die bildgebung. +sobald diese bilder gemacht sind und der arzt die sicherheitszonen und sonstiges aufgemalt hat, wählt er einen punkt – sie sehen den runden punkt wo der zeiger ist – und drückt seinen "beschallen" -knopf. +john ist einer von etwa 12 sehr mutigen, heldenhaften menschen, die sich für die studie freiwillig gemeldet haben. +er ist ein 78 jahre alter landwirt der an - wie soll man es sagen? - schmerzen im hinterteil litt. +wenn diese nation nicht ein wenig grundsolidarität aufbringt oder sich dies zum landesweiten ziel macht wird nichts in der richtung passieren. +ein neues leben wurde geboren. +alles, was es gibt, ist in der tat der markenschutz. und das heißt, dass jeder jedes beliebige kleidungsstück nachmachen könnte von jeder person in diesem raum und es als eigenes design verkaufen könnte. +nun, modedesigner haben die breiteste palette, die sie sich vorstellen können, in der kreativbranche. +einer, auf den viel kulturkritik hingewiesen hat, ist, dass wir jetzt eine viel breitere palette haben an designs, von denen wir auswählen können, als wir jemals zuvor hatten. das ist vor allem den modediscountern zu verdanken. +ich liebe diese gallianos. +wenn sie sich das register tatsächlich ansehen, dann sehen sie, dass viele der in der e.u. angemeldeten dinge +feuerwerk. der geruch eines parfums, nein. +es ist kaum gebunden an eine art von physischer realität in unseren gedanken. +ich reiste durch japan, ohne etwas anderes im sinn als fotografieren. dann hörte ich von diesem baum, der 2.180 jahre alt ist, und ich musste ihn mir anschauen. +hier sind wir wieder auf der erde und sie sehen, wie der pilz diesen baum befällt. +ich habe dieses bild hier gezeigt, weil ich oft gefragt werde, ob in dem projekt auch tiere vorkommen. +was wie zwei große haufen blätter aussieht, sind tatsächlich zwei einzelne blätter, die im laufe der zeit durch die unwirtlichen wüstenbedingungen zerpflückt wurden. +diese bakterie wurde vor einigen jahren von einem team planetarischer biologen entdeckt, die nach leben auf anderen planeten suchten, in dem sie sich die schwierigsten bedingungen auf unserem anschauten. +es wird gratis sein und in jedem browser funktionieren. +ich glaube, 'popcorn' kann verändern, wie wir geschichten im internet erzählen und wie wir die welt verstehen, in der wir leben. +erinnern sich sich an den terrorangriff 2008 in mumbai. +hat er eine stirnglatze? trägt er eine brille? " +man konnte 200 menschen in einem zug ausrauben, eine tolle innovation. +wenn man metall drucken kann, kann man das auch drucken. in wahrheit können sie auch das hier drucken. +für hacker ist die dna nur ein weiteres betriebssystem, das darauf wartet, gehackt zu werden. +das werde ich die ganze zeit gefragt. +die bedrohung ist ernst, und wir müssen uns jetzt vorbereiten. +werde ich ausgegrenzt werden? +und wenn wir an ein vermächtnis denken, dann kann ich mir kein kraftvolleres vorstellen, auch wenn ihr leben so kurz war. +und es gibt keine gruppe, die für diese art der manipulation anfälliger wäre als junge männer. +ich weiß, dass das funktioniert. +wer darf die moschee an freitagen benutzen? " +wir schickten ihn in eine firma in westkenia, nur 200 meilen entfernt. +also, was denken sie? +und als letztes das einzige portrait eines mannes, das er malte, "der musiker". +meine damen und herren, diese geschichte wurde noch nicht veröffentlicht. +ich weiß nicht warum. ich hatte ihn nicht nach einem kondom gefragt. +und dann habe ich es mit medizinstudentinnnen versucht. +kann nicht jemand mal von anfang an aus menschenliebe handeln? +mach einfach deinen job und das mädchen wird dir hinterherrennen. +jeden urlaub, den ich als kleiner junge hatte, verbrachte ich in nationalparks. +die passagiere, die von der titanic fielen, fielen in wasser mit gerade mal fünf grad celsius. +ich konnte nur schwer atmen. ich schnappte nach luft. +und schon nach drei minuten in diesem wasser, nach nur drei minuten in diesem wasser, konnte er sich wieder befreien. +und ich erinnere mich, wie ich das eis ansah, und es gab darin große stücke weißen eises und das wasser war total schwarz. +lewis pugh: ich möchte dann gerne mit den folgenden worten enden. ich brauchte vier monate, um meine hände wieder zu fühlen. +der vortrag wird im großen und ganzen von energie handeln, aber man kann gut mit öl anfangen. +und genauso, wie es vor 25 jahren ein ölfördermaximum gab, gab es 1920 ein kohlefördermaximum, und hundert jahre davor gab es ein holzfördermaximum. +sie sind nicht verschieden. sie bestehen aus dem gleichen stoff. calciumcarbonat, calciumcarbonat. +nicht, weil wir windräder noch und nöcher bauen werden. +das ist ein vorteil den ältere menschen haben. +und ich sagte: "ich habe keine ausbildung gemacht, das habe ich nie behauptet" +und dann ließ sie sich von mir das video besorgen, um zu sehen, dass george abbott tatsächlich gesprochen hatte. +und, nebenbei bemerkt, nenne ich sie die eleanor roosevelt der rechten. +und ich antwortete "ich lerne." +sein vater war ein mistkerl, und in der tat war er ein weiterer comedian mit einer unglücklichen kindheit. und von da an sind wir in gang gekommen. +eine erstaunliche frau. +zum einen war es das tanzen, das, obwohl es ihr nicht angeboten wurde, ihr alles bedeutete. +das problem ist: ohne techniker, ohne ersatzteile werden solche spenden schnell zu müll. +michael free von "path" sagt, es geht darum, wer so ein produkt aussucht, benutzt und bezahlt. +man muss das kind unter blaues licht legen – helles, blaues licht auf so viel haut wie möglich. +sie sind nicht teuer, ziemlich unempflindlich. +eins noch: ein indischer freund hat mir erzählt, dass ein elektrisches gerät erst dann für den asiatischen markt getestet wurde, wenn man eine kakerlake dazu gebracht hat, hineinzuklettern und auf jede einzelne komponente zu pinkeln. +das eine ist die große globale wirtschaft, die große globalisierte wirtschaft, und das andere die geringe und sehr eingeschränkte kapazität unserer traditionellen regierungen und deren internationalen institutionen, diese wirtschaft zu lenken, zu formen. +wir sprechen hier nicht von 50.000 dollar hier oder 100.000 dollar da oder einer million dollar dort. +vielen dank, es ist interessant, denn durch diese aktion mussten wir uns mit den firmen zusammensetzen. +in deutschland haben wir ein system, in dem es nicht erlaubt ist, einen beamten zu bestechen, wohl aber einen abgeordneten. +ich kann mich nicht mit ihnen verbinden. +ich nutze also jetzt diese "speisekarten-art" für den besuch von kunstgalerien. +und ich dachte, nein, das ist ein sehr intimer blick, aber es ist nicht der blick, den eine tochter ihrem vater zuwirft. +darunter ein gelber mantel mit weißem pelz, ein gelb-schwarzes mieder, und sie sehen diese kleidung in vielen anderen gemälden, an verschiedenen frauen in vermeers gemälden. +nicht der maler, ich will nicht an den maler denken. +und ich dachte an betten und rote wangen, und natürlich dachte ich an sex, wenn ich ihn betrachtete, und ich dachte: ist es das, woran er denkt? +aber es ist schwierig, die worte laut ausgesprochen zu hören. +es gab hollywood. +als ich dann in einer zeitung auf den business-seiten die geschichte nollywoods gelesen habe, fühlte ich tatsächlich, dass es eine unglaubliche gelegenheit sei, eine geschichte zu erzählen, die sich über all diese vorgefassten meinungen hinwegsetzt. +wir machen sie nicht für die elite und für die leute in ihren glashäusern. +es geht immer nur um ausländische filme. +beweg dich. +die nigerianischen filmemacher tun wirklich das, was sie mögen. +schwierig, nicht wahr? es ist bedeutungslos. +und wir wissen, dass es mehr gibt. +der in sambia geborene filmemacher franco sacchi nimmt uns mit auf eine tour durch nollywood, nigerias boomende filmindustrie. guerilla-filmemachen und grossartigkeit unter druck von crews, die einen spielfilm innerhalb einer woche drehen können. +redeten wir über die entrückung? sie kommt. +wissen sie, wir müssen da durch. +man rollt einen ball und hebt so viele objekte wie möglich auf, in einer begrenzten zeitspanne und hoffentlich wird es zu einem planeten. +wir zeigen "portal", weil man auf mauern schießt, um neue räume zu schaffen. +also zeit, raum, ästhetik, und dann, am wichtigsten, verhalten. +wir zeigen eine manifestation von etwas, was wirklich wichtig ist. es ist ein teil unserer identität, den aber niemand besitzen kann. +ich war bemüht, einen ort für das jurastudium zu schaffen. +dieses gebäude setzte ich in japan um. +wir fertigten zeichnungen des fischs und der schuppen an. +er war das souvenirhändler, der immer ein maler sein wollte, und ich war frankie p. toronto. +es schien als mittel, uns beide zusammenzubringen, zu funktionieren +und herman miller hat diese philosophie von einem ort für menschen. +also machte er zwei brücken — das passierte alles auf dem fax, das ging über wochen hin und her. +sie bauen schon so lange daran, dass ich nicht mehr weiss, wo es ist. +wir haben es in loyola für die kapelle benutzt und es hat nicht funktioniert. +das ist ein grundstück in brentwood. +und dann betritt man das wohnzimmer und so weiter. +man schaut von den büros auf sie und es entsteht eine art von interaktion zwischen diesen teilen. +wenn irgendjemand von ihnen eine idee dafür hat, kontaktieren sie mich bitte. +ich versuchte — es gibt hier drüben ein gebäude von nick grimshaw, hier ist eine skulptur von oldenburg — ich versuchte, eine städtebauliche beziehung zu schaffen. +der akustiker in dem wettbewerb gab uns kriterien mit, die zu diesem gegliederten schema führten, welches, wie wir nach dem wettbewerb merkten, nicht funktionieren würde. +das hier ist ein teekanne, die ich für alessi designt habe. +es funktionierte nicht. +also machen sie das hier. +man fängt also mit der bagasse an und dann nimmt man einen sehr einfachen ofen. den kann man ganz einfach aus einem alten 200-liter-ölfass herstellen. +also wollten wir ein stabileres brikett herstellen, das mit der holzkohle auf dem markt von haiti mithalten konnte. +aber dies ist auch eine der sehr seltenen situationen, wo es noch einen wirtschaftlichen vorteil gibt. +und wir müssen darüber nachdenken, wie wir das effektiv gestalten können. +und dieser knochen ist voller licht, wie sie sehen können: licht, das durch den schädel scheint, mit all seinen vertiefungen, den nebenhöhlen, die die luft erwärmen und befeuchten, die wir einatmen. +wie sie sehen, blockiert der tumor ihre augen. +das ist genau, was die leute zu sue sagten. +er bewahrte sich eine ruhige unbekümmertheit. +man könnte sagen: » nun, diese art von operation ist doch auch nur kosmetischer natur. « +schönheit ist nicht gleich güte und ganz sicher nicht gleich zufriedenheit. +» so möchte ich aussehen. so habe ich vorher ausgesehen. « +die bessere nachricht ist: die zukunft ist fast schon hier und die zukunft heißt tissue engineering. +wie können wir die beziehung von kindern zu essen ändern? +70% aller antibiotika, die in den usa konsumiert werden, werden über die tierhaltung aufgenommen. +es geht darum, wie wir sie ernähren. +wieso gibt es literweise softdrinks für 29 cent und doppelte burger für 99 cent? +wir müssen dieses ganze denkmuster mit kindern und essen ändern. +und sie können die zutaten im schulgarten kosten. +was ich häufig mache, sind öffentlich-private partnerschaften. +und na ja, jetzt ist es eigentlich nicht viel besser. +also geben wir für ein mittagessen weniger als einen dollar aus. okay? +er zeigte in den himmel und sagte: » schau mal – siehst du das? +wenn ich zu einer philosophenparty gehe, und sie mich fragen, woran ich arbeite, und ich sage: "bewusstsein", dann werden ihre augen nicht gläsern - ihre lippen verziehen sich zu einem knurren. +darüber will ich heute sprechen. +das bedeutet, dass viele leute total unzufrieden und skeptisch sind, wenn ich versuche, bewusstsein zu erklären. +ich arbeite mit einem jungen computer-animations-dokumentarfilmer, namens nick deamer, und das ist eine kleine demo, die er für mich gemacht hat, teil eines größeren projekts, das für einige von ihnen interessant sein könnte. +ich ging in north carolina quer durch den saal, da ich annahm, es sei wahrscheinlich ein canaletto, und ich wollte alles in allen details sehen. +wer von ihnen machte es, indem er die linke in gedanken gedreht hat, um zu sehen, ob sie mit der rechten übereinstimmt? +falls sie ihn als einen würfel vor einigen kreisen schweben sehen, vor schwarzen kreisen, dann gibt es auch eine andere art. +das geht so weiter, bis die testperson den knopf drückt und sagt: "ich sehe die änderung." +vielen dank für ihre aufmerksamkeit. +sie sind eigentlich versuche, um herauszufinden, was menschen statt autofahren in der hauptverkehrszeit tun sollten. +denn sie haben noch 80 prozent des verkehrs. +siebzig prozent der bevölkerung wollten es nicht. +jonas eliasson: wie löst man das problem der verkehrsstaus? +was wissen wir über dieses land und die menschen die wir angeblich beschützen, über die dörfer in denen die einzige medizin gegen schmerzen und hunger opium ist? +sie, sie selbst, werden sich in einem hotelbett wiederfinden – oder ihre mutter, ihr kind – einige nicken, leute sagen: "ja, ich weiss genau was sie meinen." +nun, er sah auch, dass sich, sobald gesundheitsfürsorge in ärztliche fürsorge wechselte, aufgrund einer ernsthafteren erkrankung, der hauptgrund, der uns selbst zurückhält, der zugang zu informationen ist. +die frage war, woher? +wo beginnen die ärztlichen fähigkeiten und wo enden sie? +es ist wirklich ernsthaft. +kümmern sie sich nicht um die nummern. +auf twitter gibt es jemanden den ich kenne, aus der gesundheits-it branche ausserhalb bostons, der schrieb den e-patient rap. +und sie sah, dass, wenn es keine entzündung gab, der scan einheitlich grau war. +dave debronkart: lernen sie e-patient dave kennen +und im falle des magnesiums bei der wassermenge, die ich gerade erwähnte, gleicht das einer grubenindustrie im wert von 4,5 milliarden usd für singapur – ein ort, der über keine natürlichen ressourcen verfügt. +ein weiteres, einzigartiges merkmal an fledermäusen ist, dass sie fähig sind, schallwellen zu nutzen, um ihr umfeld wahrzunehmen. sie benutzen echoortung. +es stellt die "fünf segnungen" dar. +nur ganz kurz. machen sie sich bewusst, dass sie sich in jedem 300. basenpaar voneinander unterscheiden. +allein in europa wird die zahl der menschen über 65 bis 2050 um 70 prozent ansteigen. und die zahl der menschen über 80 sogar um 170 prozent. +emma teeling: das geheimnis des fledermausgenoms +europa musste in die wirtschaftliche entwicklung gezerrt werden. +die möglichkeit, die wir uns anschauen werden, ist ein wirklicher grund zum optimismus für die unterste milliarde, und das ist der boom der rohstoffe. +das ist keine vorhersage für die preise der rohstoffe, es ist eine vorhersage für die langzeit-konsequenzen, über das wachstum von preiserhöhungen. +und der wahlkampf stellt sich als die ursache für die nachteiligen effekte der demokratie heraus, während eine solide gewaltenteilung die ressourcen-booms wettmacht. +sie fanden heraus, dass sie zwei milliarden pfund wert waren. +paul collier über die unterste milliarde +sie kennen diesen spruch: "er ist der geborene chirurg." +ich wurde von einem freund inspiriert. +es ist meine leidenschaft, glc überall zu unterrichten. +derzeit verfügen wir über 11 sprachenpaare. +wir brauchen sie im täglichen leben, um die welt zu einem kleineren ort zu machen. +ich fuhr fort handwerkstraditionen zu studieren und mit künstlerinnen zusammenzuarbeiten, als nächstes mit klöpplerinnen in litauen. +mein leben würde nicht mehr dasselbe sein. +mein künstlerischer horizont erweitert sich kontinuierlich. +es waren 23 tonnen für einen einzigen liter. +man könnte in den arterien angegriffen werden von weißen blutkörperchen. +sie lernen den ablauf zu beugen, der ihre eigenen endogenen opiate freisetzt. +werte sind eine art von fakten. +also, der beitrag der kultur, falls kultur uns prägt, was sie tatsächlich tut, sie verändert uns indem sie unsere gehirne verändert. +nun, denken sie als analogie an physische gesundheit. +die tatsache, dass es hier ausnahmen gibt, ficht dies nicht im geringsten an. +deshalb verbringen wir unsere zeit damit, über dinge wie gleichgeschlechtliche hochzeiten zu reden und nicht über genozid oder die verbreitung von atomwaffen oder armut oder jedes andere entsprechende thema. +wann immer wir über fakten reden müssen manche meinungen ausgeschlossen werden. +sam harris: ja, nun, ich denke ich habe versucht, das in einem satz anzusprechen während ich die zeit habe verstreichen sehen, aber die frage ist, was bedeutet 'freiwillig' in einem kontext, in dem männer bestimmte erwartungen haben und du garantiert auf eine bestimmte weise behandelt wirst, wenn du dich nicht verschleierst. +sam harris: die wissenschaft kann moralische fragen beantworten +hier ist ein verheerendes ungeziefer, ein spinnmilbe, denn sie spinnt netze wie eine spinne. +nur das ei des parasiten wird in die säfte der blattlaus eingeführt. +alles bestens unter diesen umständen. +und as beantwortet die frage, die vor allem von züchtern und landwirten gestellt wird: warum biokontrolle? +schließt sich schritt für schritt. +automobilretrofuturismus ist eine meiner spezialitäten. +das hier ist panzerpolo in south-hamptons. dies ist -- +leute schrieben mir, um nachdrucke davon zu bekommen. +es war absolut klar. ich musste nicht darüber nachdenken. +der dritter punkt auf meiner checkliste sind die beziehungen zu befreundeten nachbargesellschaften, die eine gesellschaft unterstützen kann. und wenn diese freundliche unterstützung entfällt, dann kann das zum kollaps einer gesellschaft beitragen. die nordmänner auf grönland trieben handel mit dem mutterland, mit norwegen, und dieser handel wurde weniger, teilweise, weil norwegen schwächer wurde, teilweise, weil das meer zwischen grönland und norwegen zufror. +so sind also einige gesellschaften aufgrund subtiler umweltfaktoren fragiler als andere. und dann schließlich noch eine weitere generalisierung. denn ich unterrichte gerade studenten an der ucla über diese kollapse von gesellschaften. und was meine ucla-studenten wirklich nicht verstehen können, ist, warum diese gesellschaften nicht sehen konnten, was sie taten? +stattdessen sind alle großen bedrohungen von heute probleme, die wir alle selbst verursacht haben. und da wir die probleme verursacht haben, können wir sie auch lösen. das bedeutet dann, dass es vollkommen in unserer macht liegt, diese probleme anzugehen. +also, wir wissen, dass das kein billiger krieg war. +was essen sie? +wie werden wir diese welt ernähren? +das ist in den 1990ern in den niederlanden passiert während die klassische schweinepest ausbrach. +ein kilogramm heuschrecken hat die selbe menge kalorien wie 10 hotdogs oder sechs big macs. +also warum essen wir insekten noch nicht? +schau sie dir erst an. schau sie dir erst an. +das bedeutet, dass wir unsere neuen hüften umsonst kriegen. +wenn wir im ausland auf reisen sind, dann erkennen wir auf diese weise sogar unsere mit-kanadier. +ich habe sie beiläufig über den stuhl im büro des arztes gehangen. +es war der erste gängige computer der welt. +das ist ein astrolabium. ziemlich eindrucksvoll nicht wahr? +also, das sind ungefähr 26 grad. ihr könnt es von da nicht sehen. +es kann benutzt werden um mathematische gleichungen aller art zu berechnen. +aber, was wir verlieren ist, denke ich genau – ein gefühlter sinn für den himmel eine art kontext. +man bedient sich des im eigenen körperbau eingebauten kräftespiels, genauso wie ein pendel. +ich werde ihnen zeigen wie er funktioniert. +und dort gab es schon damals einen sechsfüßigen roboter namens lemur. +anstelle von elektrischen motoren und elektrischen bedienteilen verwenden wir druckluft. +für diejenigen unter ihnen, die wahrscheinlich wissen, wenn man keine sensoren hat und es irgendwelche störungen gibt, sie wissen ja was passiert. +was sie hier sehen können ist wunderschön den louis vuitton cup pokal. +und diese gliedern sich und formen diese mechanismen. +da gab es einen großartigen ted-moment, ich denke es war sir ken robinson, oder? +es ist eine geschichte von öffentlicher bildung und von ländlichen gemeinschaften und davon, was design bewirken kann, um beide zu verbessern. +der größte arbeitgeber ist die purdue-hühnerverarbeitungs-fabrik. +genau gesagt, nutzen wir diese sechs design-leitsätze. der wichtigste davon ist wahrscheinlich der zweite: wir designen "mit", nicht "für" – daher, wenn wir humanitäres design machen, geht es nicht mehr darum, für kunden zu gestalten; +es ist die physische konstruktion verbesserter räume und materialien und erfahrungen für lehrer und schüler. +in vielen fällen geht es hierbei nicht so sehr darum, etwas zu verändern, sondern mehr darum, die bedingungen zu schaffen, unter denen veränderung möglich ist, und einen anreiz zu geben, eine veränderung vornehmen zu wollen. das ist einfacher gesagt als getan in ländlichen gemeinschaften und in in sich abgeschlossenen bildungssystemen in ländlichen gemeinschaften. +während dieser zeit, tun sie alles: hinausgehen und ethnographisch forschen und ein bedürfnis finden, ins studio zurückkommen, brainstorming und visualisierung des designs, konzepte finden, die funktionieren könnten, und sie dann im werkraum testen, bauen, prototypen erstellen, herausfinden, ob diese funktionieren werden, und sie verfeinern. +aber wir haben das gefühl, dasselbe könnte auch an anderen orten funktionieren. +was hier grün erscheint, ist keine desertifikation. was braun erscheint, versteppt. das sind die größten gebiete der erde. +ich hatte eine furchtbare entscheidung zu treffen, und, offen gesagt, war es politisches dynamit. +nach vier monaten regenzeit sprießt es hervor und nun stehen ihm 8 monate trockenzeit bevor. +und auch wir biologen und ökologen haben noch nie etwas so komplexes bewältigt. +sie stellten eine herde von 25.000 schafen auf, ahmten die natur mit geplantem weiden gut nach. sie erzielten eine 50% ige steigerung ihrer produktion im ersten jahr. +danke von ganzem herzen. as: dank dir. danke, chris. +diese zwei missionen passen, wie man sieht, perfekt zusammen, eine ergänzt die andere. tatsächlich wären sie ohne einander nicht möglich. +nach der behandlung gewinnt das kind maßgeblich an funktionalität. +wenn man ihm bilder der realen welt zeigt, wenn man anderen wie ihm bilder der realen welt zeigt, können sie die meisten objekte nicht erkennen, denn die welt ist für sie überfragmentiert, sie besteht aus einer collage, einem flickwerk aus bereichen verschiedener farben und helligkeiten. +ps: wir sehen dieses muster immer wieder. +wie geschieht das? wir wollen, dass dylan das kann. indem er das mantra der bewegung nutzt, kann dylan das wirklich tun, +cheryl: aimee und ich dachten -- hallo aimee. aimee mullins: hi +dan o 'brien sprang' 96 in atlanta 1,55m. ich meine, damit sie einen vergleich haben -- das sind, wissen sie, richtig gut ausgebildete athleten, ohne das wort "athlet" zu bewerten. +und er sagte, "nein, nein, wirklich. du kannst es. +sie ist nun -- zwei jahre bist du nun schon im laufsport? +ich versuchte jeden, den ich konnte, auszufragen gegen wen, gegen welche läufer, also gegen wen trete ich hier an? +ich hatte immer alles gewonnen und jetzt dachte ich, wozu? +und ich meine, "zieh sie aus! mach dir keine gedanken, verstehst du. +ich brauche ein paar neue, weil das letzte meeting, wo ich war, sie wissen schon, es ist wie ein großes.. es schließt sich der kreis. +und sie kam in die stadt und sie hetzte sich ab und sie sagte, "ich muss mir neue schuhe kaufen!" +sie sehen schon, diese erkenntnis hat potential, man könnte sie als regelrechtes zunderfass sehen. +einige leute halten die zahl für etwas hoch, aber urheberrechtsmathematiker, die auch experten in der medienlobby sind, sind lediglich überrascht, dass sie nicht jedes jahr für die inflation aufgezinst wird. +in der wirklichen welt wird mathematik nicht notwendigerweise von mathematikern betrieben. +wenn man das einmal hat, dann kommt die berechnung.. +ich schätze, dass wir heute weltweit durchschnittlich 106 erdalter damit zugebracht haben, leuten beizubringen, von hand zu rechnen. +meine übliche gegenfrage ist, was meinen sie mit grundbegriffen? +ich glaube nicht. +aber es gibt einen fantastischen weg, genau das in der heutigen zeit zu tun: +und selbstverständlich wird daraus ein kreis. +und sie wissen, wenn man über eine kluft geht, wird es viel schlimmer als wäre man gar nicht erst losgegangen – größeres desaster. +seine leine war am stuhl festgebunden worden, während ihr besitzer drinnen einen kaffee trank und er war einfach eifrig in seiner bemühung, mich zu begrüßen, um vielleicht ein wenig hinter dem ohr gekrault zu werden. +das spektrum dieser ausblicke reichte vom belanglosen bis zum tiefgreifenden, vom banalen bis zum unterhaltsamen. +aber alles in allem ist es doch in ordnung. +jeder ist willkommen. +und ich sehe mein leben als eine abfolge von experimenten. +wie ich in meinem buch schreibe, bin ich genau so jüdisch, wie "olive garden" italienisch ist. +es war auf jeden fall eine herausforderung. +also, es gelang mir, einen ehebrecher zu steinigen. +aber dieses gebot, die bibel sagt, du darfst keine frau berühren während bestimmter zeiten des monats, mehr noch, du darfst nirgendwo sitzen, wo eine menstruierende frau gesessen hat. +das war für mich einer der großartigen aspekte des jahres, den sabbat zu wahren, denn ich bin ein workaholic und diesen einen tag zu haben, an dem man nicht arbeiten darf -- das hat wirklich mein leben verändert. +und sie sagten, "wissen wir nicht, aber es sind nur rituale die uns sinn geben". +so, wie auch immer, herzlichen dank, dass sie mir erlaubt haben, hier zu sprechen. +das problem, wie wir es sehen, hat mit einem wort zu tun: "raum" oder einem ausdruck: "geometrie der realen welt." +aber wenn man das auf einem crt oder flachbildschirm darstellt würde es sinnlos sein irgendeinen gegenstand daran zu halten, also einen realen gegenstand. +und das führte wiederum dazu, dass wir die ideen zu dem entwickeln was wir glauben, ist die unausweichliche zukunft des mensch-maschinen-interface 's: wir nennen es die räumliche bedienumgebung. +es gibt eine menge verschiedener elemente. +wir arbeiten zusammen, ob nebeneinander oder über entfernung, ist immer wichtig. +kann es das für jeden geben oder ist das nur etwas für unternehmen und filmproduzenten? +john underkoffler zeigt die zukunft der bedienoberfläche +was okolloh machte, wäre nicht möglich gewesen ohne menschliche großzügigkeit. +jemand, der so etwas gemacht hat, sei es noch so mittelmäßig und zum wegwerfen, hat etwas probiert, hat etwas an die öffentlichkeit gebracht. +aber die einrichtungen, die von dieser schwarzen linie dargestellt werden, sagten: "wir ändern diese abmachung ab sofort. +doch hier ist der entscheidende unterschied: lolcats haben gemeinschaftlichen wert. +möge sie auf ewig weiterlaufen, weil sie menschen wie mir einen arbeitsplatz verschafft. +oder man konnte viele spiele auf einem kleinen stück land spielen, selbst wenn man bald nicht mehr wusste, in welchen spiel man selbst spielte. +england führte das 20-overs-spiel ein und sagte: "die welt muss t20-cricket spielen." +innerhalb von 6 wochen spielte jede stadt gegen einander. +aber sie machten ihre sache gut, indem sie es indien anpassten. +lieder und tanz hielten einzug im indischen cricket. +shane warne verkauft für 450 000 dollar. +können sie sich vorstellen, den dollar vor augen zu haben und nicht mehr das typische indien? +es gibt zwei arten von fehlentscheidungen, die man begeht, wenn man versucht sich zu entscheiden, was das richtige ist, und diese sind: fehler beim einschätzen von erfolgsaussichten, und fehler beim einschätzen des erfolgswerts. +nun, sie sehen hier ein sehr interessantes muster, dass zu allererst zwei dinge gewaltig überschätzt werden: nämlich tornados und feuerwerke. +und die meisten leute sagen: "ok, ich spiele." +wenn menschen nach diesen beiden verschiedenen stellen gefragt werden: eine stelle, bei der sie 60 '000, dann 50' 000, dann 40 '000 verdienen, eine stelle, bei der sie jedes jahr eine gehaltskürzung bekommen, und eine, in welcher sie eine gehaltserhöhung erhalten, mögen menschen die zweite lieber als die erste, obwohl ihnen gesagt wurde, dass sie sehr viel weniger geld verdienen. warum? +auf dem weg haben sie etwas verloren. +bei manchen teilnehmenden, steht in einer zimmerecke eine schachtel godiva-schokolade, bei anderen steht eine dose spam ®. +als amerikaner sind sie möglicherweise schon einmal nach frankreich gereist. +das heißt, man verlangt zinssätze im hundertstel oder tausendstel prozent, um das warten zu belohnen und wartet bis zum nächsten monat auf die zusätzlichen 10 dollar. +man denkt immer, mehr ist besser als weniger: 60 ist immer besser als 50; und man denkt auch immer, jetzt ist besser als später: die balken auf dieser seite sind höher als die balken auf dieser seite. +natürlich, die art von ereignissen, die uns die amerikanischen medien zeigen, und verzeihen sie mir, aber in zahlen sind dies sehr winzige unfälle. +aber gibt es eine rationale angt, die tatsächlich der grund ist, warum wir uns davor fürchten? ist das, weil wir denken, dass uns das ganz schlimme erst bevorsteht? +wissen sie, wenn ein schulbus in die luft gesprengt wird, und wir das vorher noch nie gesehen haben, tendieren wir dazu, uns gegenüber dem neuen auszurichten und das neue wird angesteuert. +adg: um die menschen zu überzeugen. +anscheinend hatte er ein auge im kampf verloren, darum wird er auch immer im profil dargestellt. +das führte auch zu nichts. +dieses erzeugt keine bilder - gar keine. " +das kann ein wichtiger beitrag sein. +der satz "kunst ist was auch immer" drückt die derzeitige "einschließlichkeit" im kunst-machen aus -- die ansicht "es geht nicht darum was du machst sondern dass du es machst". +im großen und ganzen sichern sie also unser überleben. +die philosophin martha nussbaum weist darauf in diesem zitat hin: "deswegen wurden im laufe der geschichte bestimmte ekelbesetzte erscheinungen – schleimigkeit, schlechter geruch, verfall, fäule – wiederholt und ausschließlich assoziiert mit... +wenn wir nicht nur nach der angegebenen politischen überzeugung, sondern nach dem wahlverhalten schauten, konnten wir die nation geographisch betrachten. wir erkannten, dass in regionen, in denen menschen einen hohen wert an ekelempfindlichkeit beschrieben, mccain mehr stimmen erhielt. +es macht weniger sinn, dass ein gefühl zum schutz vor der aufnahme von gift, vorhersagen kann, wen ich bei der nächsten präsidentschaftswahl wähle. +wünschte, ich könnte. +und wie viele soldaten hast du schon rekrutiert, um diesen krieg mit dir zu kämpfen? +newton aduaka: ich danke ihnen. ich habe nur - der erste ausschnitt, von diesen ausschnitten, versucht wirklich total einzufangen, was kino für mich bedeutet, und wie ich alles angehe, was das kino betrifft. +ihr müsst euch? +onicha: ezra! +wir brauchen keine probleme mehr keine probleme mehr wir brauchen keine probleme mehr keine probleme mehr aufwachen! alle aufwachen. straßensperre! +warum? weil sie unsere diamanten wollen. +n ich danke ihnen. +wir können auch das inhaltsverzeichnis vergrößern, während der film weiterläuft. +nun denn, mike, vielen dank. +viele von uns arbeiten für jemanden; wir befinden uns in den händen anderer. +also, was machen wir jetzt? +der 11. september hat ein gewisses interesse geschürt, es soll auf den ground zero verlegt werden und ich bin absolut dagegen. +ich habe versucht, diese sprache zu verstehen als ein anfang, als ein punkt, von dem aus man loslegen kann, und es wurde so viel von spekulanten gebaut und es wurde so viel trivialisiert, dass es... +fg: das weiß ich nicht. +ich war so stolz. +genau das hat mich schon immer interessiert, nämlich – ein persönlicher ausdruck, eine note. +da war ein tisch so lang wie dieser teppich und der hafenvorsteher war da, und ich war dort und meine leute. +frank gehry fragt: "was dann?" +total verändert durch den menschen. +die dinge, die ich fotografiert habe – dieser haufen reifen hier bestand aus 45 millionen reifen. es war der größte haufen. +für mich ist china – vor vier jahren begann ich, es zu fotografieren, und china ist für mich wahrhaftig eine frage der nachhaltigkeit, um nicht zu sagen, dass china auch einen großen effekt auf die industrien meiner kindheit hat. +das ist wushan, eine der größten städte, die umgesiedelt wurde. +außerdem passiert in shanghai eins – china verändert sich, denn das hier wäre zum beispiel vor fünf jahren unmöglich gewesen. ein verweigerer. +und sicherlich wissen hier andere leute mehr über effizienz als ich, aber ich kann mir nicht vorstellen, dass eine klimaanlage pro wohnung ein gebäude dieser größe effizient kühlt. +sie arbeiteten den ganzen tag wie aufgezogen, dass der manager mit strenger stimme sagen musste: "okay, alle stillhalten." +das war eine der größten fabriken, die ich je gesehen hatte. +wenn auch so viele großartige dinge in greifbarer nähe sind – in diesem raum ist das sehr spürbar – von all den dingen, die kurz davor sind zu geschehen, die so viele probleme lösen können, so hoffe ich doch, dass diese dinge sich in der welt verbreiten werden, und eine positive auswirkung haben werden. +und alles, was sie zur weiterverbreitung beitragen können, wäre toll. +und das ausmaß meiner arbeit, die ideen, mit denen ich arbeite, als ich das erste mal einen imax-film sah, dachte ich fast sofort: "es gibt eine resonanz zwischen dem, was ich tun möchte, und dem ausmaß dessen, was ich als fotograf umsetzen will." +und der grund, wieso wir minen sehen, ist, dass es hier viel wertvolle rohstoffe gibt aus denen dieses material ursprünglich geschaffen wurde. +kunststoffe haben überlappende dichten über eine enge bandbreite. +und schlussendlich haben wir den code geknackt. +wir entfernen, was nicht kunststoff ist, wie metalle die sie verfehlt haben, teppich, schaumstoff, gummi, holz, glas, papier, alles mögliche. +und schlussendlich hoffe ich, dass sie mir beistimmen, um die letzte kleinkind-regel nur ein bisschen zu ändern in: "wenn es kaputt ist, ist es mein kram." +wir sind das klügste da draußen, warum bekommen wir es nicht auf die reihe? +sie können sich also mit der tatsache trösten, dass dieser affe ein sehr weit-entfernter verwandter ist, wenn auch nur in evolutionärer hinsicht. +aber dies ist eine einheit der währung, die wir affen gelehrt haben im kontakt mit menschen zu verwenden, um unterschiedliche arten futter zu kaufen. +nun, man könnte sich wirklich vorstellen, wie sie alle möglichen klugen dinge tun, die menschen tun, wenn sie beginnen untereinander geld zu verwenden. +noch überraschend war, als wir mit ökonomen zusammenarbeiteten um die affen-daten mit hilfe von ökonomischen verfahren auszuwerten, dass sie grundsätzlich mit dem übereinstimmten, was wir menschen in den richtigen märkten tun sahen, nicht nur qualitativ, sondern auch quantitativ. +ihre andere option ist sicherer. sie erhalten auf jeden fall etwas geld. +also was geschieht hier? +die person zur linken ist ein sicherer fall. +wieder die gleiche wahl, sie können auf nummer sicher gehen und jedes mal zwei trauben bekommen, oder sie können ein risiko eingehen und zwischen einer und drei wählen. +unter anderem wissen wir, dass sie meistens wirklich schwer zu überwinden sind. +vielen dank. +ich glaube das, weil in den nächsten 20 jahren drei milliarden menschen ein neues zuhause brauchen. +das ist der durchbruch. +die technik stellt hier den einfachen teil dar. +kugelsichere vorhänge verdeckten meine fenster. +bedenken sie nur: welches andere business kennen sie, welchen anderen sektor der wirtschaft, und besonders einen, der so groß ist wie der öffentliche sektor, der nicht versucht, sein business-modell regelmäßig zu optimieren? +aber keiner ist besser darin, uns zum erbringen von dienstleistungen zu bewegen, auch dort, wo es keine gibt, als ushahidi. +ich möchte festhalten – es ist vielleicht kontrovers – dass "open government" sich nicht darum bemüht, die regierung transparenter zu gestalten. +wir haben bis jetzt wirklich nicht die richtigen worte, sie zu beschreiben. +sie sagte sogar, dass wenn wir dies täten, dann würde uns nicht nur die freude zuteil werden, dass uns die erweiterte familie dankbar war, sondern sie sagte: "selbst gott wird lächeln, und wenn gott lächelt, dann heißt das frieden, gerechtigkeit, und freude." +und wie chief seattle sagte, "wir weben nicht das netz des lebens. +und er sagte, "ich hoffe, dass ihr die stärke haben werdet, das zu tun, was ich tat. +und laut jesus wird gesagt: "du musst dich selbst lieben, du musst den herren, deinen gott, mit deinem ganzen herz, geist und seele lieben, und deinen nachbarn wie dich selbst." +ich werde mit diesem lied abschließen – ein kinderlied – weil wir alle kinder am tisch der ewigen mutter sind. +die proteste gegen vietnam, das gedenken an alle opfer der aids-pandemie, der marsch für die reproduktiven rechte der frauen, bis beinahe hin zur gegenwart. +es hat aber auch versöhnliche züge: es ist abgehoben vom boden, und es hat diese leere, und es hat eine leere mitte, sein geist und seine fassade erinnern an eine firma oder ein amtsgebäude. +und es muss frei sein. +das daneben ist das pantheon. +das sind die kett- und die schussfäden. +also ich habe mich als kriegskind markiert. +das was uns tötete waren nicht die muslime, waren nicht die araber. +manchmal musst du verlieren, um zu gewinnen. +weißt nicht einmal wann ich je zurückkehren werde. +und eine sache, die mich eines tages schockte war ein arabischer musiker kam um die soldaten zu unterhalten. +aber es hat mich bewegt. +nun läuft gleich meine zeit ab. also möchte ich ein lied singen. +er hatte seinen vater nie näher kennengelernt, weil sein vater seine mutter verlassen hatte, als sie mit ihm schwanger war. +manche dieser anwälte waren erfolgreich. sie verschafften ihren mandanten neue verhandlungen. +ich will ihnen nur sagen, dass der grund für diese entwicklung ist, dass die anwälte in diesen prozessen verstanden haben, je eher sie sich in einen fall einschalten, desto größer ist ihre chance, das leben ihres mandanten zu retten. +worüber wir heute sprechen ist genauso kompliziert. +das war ein logistisches problem. +ich hoffe, dass sie alle eine sache nicht vergessen: zwischen ihrer ankunft hier heute morgen und unserer mittagspause werden vier tötungsdelikte in den usa verübt werden. +der weihnachtsmann weiß, ob man artig war oder nicht. stimmt 's? " +der 10. september ist nicht dein geburtstag. es ist der 10. oktober. und ich sagte: "was?" +ich war im pazifischen nordwesten aufgewachsen, wo viele mitglieder der kirche jesu christi der heiligen der letzten tage leben. ich hatte mit ihnen zusammen gearbeitet und war sogar mit einigen ausgegangen, aber deren doktrin kannte ich nicht oder wusste auch nicht, was sie leuten erzählten, wenn sie auf einer mission waren. anscheinend war ich schon etwas neugierig, und so sagte ich: "oh, bitte, kommt doch herein." sie sahen wirklich glücklich aus. ich glaube, dass ihnen so etwas nicht so oft passiert. +also fragte ich: "was war mit den lamaniten?" +ich meine, was ist, wenn man eine nasenoperation hatte und man mag das ergebnis? +wir haben unsere aufmerksamkeit auf die probleme gerichtet. +ich glaube, wenn kennedy heute am leben wäre, würde er statistiker wie mich beauftragen, sich auf zu machen und herauszufinden, was das leben lebenswert macht. +wenn es eine knappe ressource gibt, die sie in ein erwünschtes ergebnis umsetzen möchten, denken sie an effizienz. +das land, das dort oben ganz alleine steht, ist ein ort, an dem ich noch nicht war. +das ist eine art, die dinge zu sehen. +und das heißt, wir müssen die effizienz sogar noch erhöhen. +investieren sie die zeit, und die energie, die sie haben, um sie mit ihren lieben zu verbringen? +sie brauchen zur umsetzung nicht viel materielle güter. +ob jemand anhielt und dem hilfsbedürftigen fremden half, wurde tatsächlich davon bestimmt, ob sich eine person in eile wähnte – ob sie sich für verspätet hielten oder ob sie in dem, worüber sie sprechen wollten, versunken waren. +nun, dies ist ein kleiner test. ich ermuntere sie, ihn auf einer party zu probieren. +wie schon bill mcdonough angemerkt hat, haben die objekte, die wir kaufen und verwenden, versteckte konsequenzen. +in diesem moment formte ein halbes dutzend anderer sofort einen ring um diesen typen. +mir wurde dann klar dass ich gedacht hatte, dass ich völlige kontrolle über mein leben hätte, in wahrheit aber nur drei dinge kontrollieren konnte: meine gedanken, meinen geist - die bilder, die von diesen gedanken erzeugt werden - und die handlungen, die ich davon ableite. +ich brauchte noch etwas, um den weiteren weg zu bestehen. und ich fand es in der metapher die ich von meiner mutter gelernt hatte, als ich vier war. +ananda shankar jayant bekämpft krebs mit tanzen +aber grundsätzlich war es schwierig. es war wirklich schwierig zu erklären, wie das web sein würde. +was meinen sie mit daten? was ist der unterschied -- dokumente, daten? +daten sind beziehungen. +lassen sie uns kurz über daten nachdenken. +publikum: "roh." +wenn ich nun so weitermache, werden sie denken, dass all diese daten aus riesigen einrichtungen stammen und nichts mit ihnen zu tun haben. +sie haben vielleicht nicht viele daten, die sie dort einstellen könnten, aber sie wissen, sie einzufordern. +gemeinsam erreichten sie diese ergebnisse: sie erhöhten die anzahl an leuten, die anti-retrovirale einnehmen, lebensrettende anti-aids-medikamente; reduzierten die malaria-todesfälle um fast die hälfte; impften so viele, dass 5,4 millionen leben gerettet werden. +hier sehen wir die rolle für eine neuartige koalition von social-media-giganten und start-ups, telekommunikationsunternehmen, reality-tv-sendeformaten, und spielefirmen; alle zusammen in einer art von "wir sind die welt" -moment. +es nähert sich der null. +danke, danke. +und er sagte, "oh, ich unterrichte an einer kunstakademie. +also dachte ich, ich versuche sie festzuhalten: daumenabdruck, fußabdruck oder alle möglichen spuren, die wir als menschen hinterlassen. +wenn wir einstein fragten, würde er sagen: "ob die kuh die straße überquerte, oder die straße sich unter der kuh wegbewegte, hängt von ihrem referenzrahmen ab." +nochmal, "inward out." +und dieses werk wurde von anapum erworben. dabei wird er am ende eigentlich nichts haben, denn es wird verdunsten. +das gab mir noch größere gewissheit. +hier sehen sie ein detail. +ich gebe gern den hobbyhistoriker, also habe ich einige zeit damit verbracht herauszufinden, wann das das erste mal erwähnt wurde. das beste, früheste zitat, das ich finden konnte, war von david livingstone, der in den 1850ern schrieb, wie ostafrika durch eisenbahn, dampfschiff und telegraphen vollkommen in den rest der welt integriert wurde. +es ist also sehr klar, dass wir angesichts dieser zahlen, oder all der anderen zahlen, die ich in meinem buch "world 3.0" erwähne, sehr, sehr weit von der richtgröße für gefallene grenzen entfernt sind, die internationalisierungsgrade bei 85, 90, 95 prozent sieht. +die sichtweise war: "hier ist der arme professor. +denken sie an frankreich und die aktuelle einwanderungsdebatte. +zur selben zeit dachte ich, dass es hier eine vielzahl an möglichkeiten gibt zeitgemäße produkte herzustellen, weg vom ethnischen - hin zu etwas modernerem. +aber wenn wir diese formel schnell umschreiben, dann bekommen wir heraus, daß beschleunigung gleich kraft geteilt durch masse ist, was heißt, dass man für ein größeres teilchen, eine größere masse, mehr kraft braucht um die richtung zu ändern. +markting ist -- die botschaft für marketing ist -- daß man besser misst was verbraucher wirklich tun, als daß was sie sagen, was sie tun werden oder zu antizipieren was sie tun werden. +ihre marke beginnt zu dispergieren. und es wird chaotischer. +die dritte saite ist etwas ganz neuartiges. +zum beispiel könnten sie ein werfer oder fänger sein, und das hängt damit zusammen, ob sie einen sexuellen akt durchführen oder ihn empfangen. +können sie sich vorstellen, dass sie ihrem trainer sagen: "mmh, ich fühle mich heute nicht gut. ich denke, ich pausiere bei diesem spiel." +"vielleicht können wir ja hälfte-hälfte machen". +und manchmal können das unterschiedliche mengen über verschiedene zeiten oder mit verschiedenen menschen oder an verschiedenen tagen sein. +"was ist die liebe?", schrieb shakespeare. +richtige abhängigkeit von dieser person. +es hat mich einfach erstaunt. +und ich denke, dass der sextrieb sich entwickelt hat, um einen daraus zu holen, und sich eine ganze bandbreite an partnern anzusehen. +kurz gesagt, sie erhalten den status, den sie vor einer million jahren hatten, vor 10.000 oder 100.000 jahren. +es ist eine der vielen charakteristiken, die frauen besitzen, die sie ins arbeitsleben mitbringen. +wir kehren auch zurück zu einer sehr alten form der gleichberechtigung in der ehe. +das ist der grund, warum man eine kosmische einheit mit jemandem verspüren kann, nachdem man mit ihm geschlafen hat. +dopamin ist verantwortlich für empfindungen romantischer liebe. +aber ich will ihnen eine geschichte erzählen, um das zu illustrieren. +alle dort waren sich einig, dass diese frau sehr krank und zu recht im krankenhaus war. +tatsächlich nahm ich an, dass der krankheitsverlauf wissenschaftlich feststand. +wenn sie nur ein symptom eines viel größeren problems ist, die spitze des sprichwörtlichen eisbergs? +ich weiß nicht, warum das so ist, aber vielleicht wissen deren zellen noch nicht, wie sie mit dem energieüberschuss richtig umgehen sollen. +aber dieses team von interdisziplinären, hoch-skeptischen und -talentierten forschern ist sich in zwei punkten einig. +peter attia: was wäre, wenn unsere ansichten über diabetes falsch wären? +als ich geboren wurde, waren die erwartungen an mich also wohl relativ hoch. +ich glaube, die meisten menschen in der industrie verstehen, dass wir uns dieses problems annehmen müssen. +ehrlich gesagt, vier milliarden saubere autos auf den straßen sind immer noch vier milliarden autos. und ein stau ohne emissionen ist immer noch ein stau. +car-sharing-dienste entstehen jetzt überall auf der welt. diese bemühungen sind, wie ich finde, großartig. +wir brauchen diese leidenschaft und energie, um die globalen verkehrsprobleme anzugreifen. +ich finde charlie ledbetter sprach gestern sehr deutlich über die notwendigkeit, die verbraucher, die leute in den schaffensprozess mit einzubinden. +sie wurden auf einmal aktiv. +george de mestral – das sind keine insekten auf der sandale – ging mit seinem hund durch ein feld gassi und war danach mit kletten übersät, daher kommt der klettverschluss. +es geht darin um all die unüberlegten dinge, die der mensch so tut und in denen ein großes potenzial steckt. +ich spreche oft darüber, situationen zu "entdenken". +wir wurden also wieder mal beauftragt, eine wasserpumpe zu entwerfen, für eine kenianische firma namens approtec. +ansteckend ist ein gutes wort. +und in zwei stunden, nachdem ihre rücken gebrochen waren, waren sie verändert. +sie skaten. sie spielen straßenspiele. +k zum ersten mal eine versammlung und spiel auf der strasse in einer ländlichen schule noch nie dagewesen -- um ihren eltern zu erklären, warum lesen- und schreiben können wichtig ist. +nun, wen braucht es heute, um die infektion von 100.000 kinder auszuweiten auf die 200 millionen kinder in indien? +wenn ich zurückdenke, waren diese interessanterweise die ersten wahren umweltschützer. +leider ist sie es nicht. +wenn ich von dieser globalen betrachtung zurückkehre und die auswirkungen in einem ähnlichen zeitraum in bezug auf die technik betrachte, die eine art werkzeug für gestalter ist, und von unseren erfahrungen als unternehmen berichte, – ich zeige dies nur anhand einer kleinen auswahl an projekten – wie misst man dann die veränderung der technik? +ungefähr in dieser entwurfzeit, in der dieses gebäude entstanden ist, machte ich einen skizze, die wir neulich aus dem archiv gezogen haben. +so würden wir zum beispiel die modelle unter einen künstlichen himmel setzen. +tatsächlich ein rückübersetzen der technologie und entwickeln von etwas, das so rein ist, praktisch schadstofffrei. +es gab ein projekt, welches das tote meer rettet, indem eine rohrleitung, ein rohr, verlegt wird, über- und unterirdisch, das abhilfe schafft und eine zuleitung vom golf von aqaba in das tote meer schafft. +es ist mehr als ein gerät, es ist erneuerbar. +hier sehen sie, wie ein ein schöner designprozess mit physikalischen modellen und quantitativen sowie qualitativen methoden wirklich gestaltet wurde, um am ende eine lösung zu erzielen, die wirklich in die architektur integriert ist und alle aspekte umfasst. +für mich steht das in verbindung mit theater, darauf komme ich etwas später noch zurück. +licht ist somit natürlich auch wichtig für soziale interaktion -- für die entwicklung von freundschaften mit allen dazugehörigen, uns umgebenden aspekten. +und dort, wo wir es gar nicht brauchen und es dunkel bleiben soll, können wir es vermeiden. +können wir licht dezenter verwenden? +in der architektur funktioniert es genauso. +ist es, weil ich gut schreibe? +die forschungsrichtlinien der u.s. akademie der wissenschaften oder des "research councils" von großbritannien +wenn diese frau wasser auf ihrem kopf trägt, meile für meile für meile, kann man das nicht gutheißen. +sie könnten kreativ sein in der erziehung; sie können kulturell kreativ sein; sie können kreativ in institutionen sein, aber viel unserer arbeit liegt im bereich der technologischen kreativität, den innovationen, entweder in form zeitgenössischer innovationen oder in form traditionellen wissens. +offensichtlich eine künstlerin, sie ist ein kreativer mensch. +sie bringen das wasser, sie bringen die seife. ich wasche die kleider für sie, berechne 50 paisa, eine rupie an sie, je ladung. und so kann ein neues geschäftsmodell aufkommen. +je höher die lokale eignung, desto größer ist die chance der skalierung. +meine technologie. +von dem wir sprachen, meine freunde in brasilien, wie wir also das modell skalieren können in china und brasilien. +sie sagte, "wechsle deinen beruf". +dann bräuchte man gar nichts mehr um ein auto zu steuern, außer darüber nachzudenken. +vor 500 jahren begannen segelschiffe zuverlässig zu werden; und wir fanden einen neuen kontinent. +oder schneemobile. man braucht keinen schnee. +und sie benutzen die bürgersteige und werden verantwortlich damit umgehen. ' +also, nach ich sowas gesehen habe nach ich mich für acht jahre sorgen gemacht habe, ist das erste was ich tue, ich nehme mein handy und sagte meine marketing- und gesetzesleute sie sollten aarp anrufen und sofort einen termin ausmachen. +wir haben daran gearbeitet, als alternative energiequelle vor längerer zeit mit johnson und johnson, um den ibot zum laufen zu bringen, weil die besten batterien die man bekommen konnte -- 10 wattstunden pro kilogramm an blei, 20 wattstunden pro kilogramm nickel-cadmium-, 40 wattstunden pro kilogramm in nickel-metallhydrid, 60 wattstunden pro kilogramm in lithium, 8750 watt-stunden energie auf jedes kilogramm propan oder benzin -- weshalb niemand elektroautos benutzt. +tierfreundin nellie mckay singt eine glänzende hommage an ihren lieben hund und schlägt vor, dass wir alle dasselbe tun wie sie: "gehen sie hinunter zum teich, suchen sie sich einen kleinen hund, und machen sie ihn stolz, denn das ist es, worauf es ankommt." +es ist zwar einfacher, von uns selbst, den bürgern, der polizei, der armee als den guten zu denken, und von den drogenhändlern und den kartellen als den bösen, sollten wir bedenken, dass die einen nur eine dienstleistung für die anderen bieten. +aber das ist ein ergebnis einer sorgfältigen marken- und geschäftsstrategie. +sie haben den zugriff zum profitablen drogenhandel weiter in der hand, aber da sie ganz michoacán kontrollieren, wie auch den hafen lázaro cárdenas, nutzen sie diese infrastruktur gleich mit. zum beispiel tauschen sie legal abgebautes kupfer aus michoacán gegen illegales ephedrin aus china, das ein kritischer vorläufer für das methamphetamin ist, das sie herstellen. sie pflegen auch partnerschaften mit größeren organisationen wie dem sinaloa-kartell, die ihre produkte in den usa platzieren. +und so stellt sich mir nicht die frage, ob diese dynamik so weitermacht wie bisher. +und dann ist es zeit sie nochmal zu behandeln. letztes jahr. +als nächste phase hat sie ersetzung erreicht. +hier ist noch eine technologie die den kritischen preis erreicht. +man kann regeneratives bremsen haben, man kann drive-by-wire haben, man kann ersetzbare karosserieteile haben -- es ist ein kleines ding das mit einem hybrid anfängt, aber zu einer völlig neuen ära des autos führen kann. +und was interessant ist, ist dass noch 1990 es mehr als zwei dollar pro minute waren. +ihre metapher ist mobutu. +ich möchte mit ihnen eine geschichte teilen, die von einer innovation namens tröpfchenbewässerung handelt. +also trafen wir uns mit dr. sono khangharani in pakistan. +aber ich würde wieder sagen, dass dies der moment für außerordentliche ereignisse ist. +und zum ersten mal in drei generationen, würden seine kinder zur schule gehen. +danke. +ich habe einen freund, der hat einen digitalen blog – auf pdrs, einem aufnahmegerät. +ich mag musik, und ich mag banjos, und ich glaube, ich hörte steve martin spielen und sagte mir, das kann ich auch. +ich schrieb diesen eintrag, und ich habe das genommen wegen einstein heute. +und sie sehen diesen eintrag. +ich habe vorhin ein bild von norman rockwell gezeigt, und das, mit dem ich aufwuchs, und es ständig vor augen hatte.. +ich lade die schlechten bilder ebenso hoch, weil es sie gibt. +sie sind die größten thunfische, und die zweitgrößten im meer -- knochenfische. +die europäische und die nordafrikanische population -- der östliche blauflossenthunfisch -- werden in enormen mengen befischt: über die letzten 10 jahre fast jedes jahr 50000 tonnen. +im grunde nehmen wir die selben satellitentelefon- und computerteile wie sie, normale chips. +die tätigkeiten im labor haben uns geholfen, im offenen meer zu arbeiten. +es gibt zwei dörfer, harris und morehead city, die seit über 10 jahren jeden winter eine feier namens tag-a-giant veranstaltet haben. und die fischer haben mit uns zusammengearbeitet, um 800 bis 900 fische zu markieren. +diese orte sind die wichtigsten, die wir schützen müssen. +das thunfisch-team topp hat das undenkbare getan: drei teams haben 1700 thunfische markiert, blauflossen-, gelbflossen- und weißen thunfisch, alle zur selben zeit -- mit sorgsam erprobten markierungsverfahren, bei denen wir hinausfahren, jugendliche thunfische fangen, sie mit marken, die sogar sensoren beinhalten, versehe, und dann wieder freilassen. +wir haben das mit der großen rasse der schildkröten gemacht -- schildkröten markiert, und vier millionen treffer erzielt. +hallo. ich bin hasan. ein künstler. +er schaut mich verwundert an und fragt: "kein sprengstoff?" +und sagte dann, "wenn alaska das aktuelle memo nicht bekommt, dann fängt alles wieder von vorne an." +das war auf dem delta flug 719 von new york nach san francisco. +diese angaben sind direkt aus meinen kontoauszügen, und alle infos sind gleich da. +und am sonntag, den 14. juni 2009... um 14h nachmittags in meiner wohnung in skowhegan in maine. +weil es niemanden wirklich interessiert. +he: sie sehen immer den letzten ort, an dem ich war +und jetzt von 2012. +vor vier jahren verlor chris seinen job im kunstankauf bei macy 's und wie so viele menschen hatte er schwierigkeiten, in der rezession einen neuen job zu finden. +wie ahmen wir nach, wie vertrauen von angesicht zu angesicht aufgebaut wird? +es war lächerlich. ich konnte keinen handyvertrag bekommen, weil meine bonitätsgeschichte nicht mitgereist war. +interessant dabei ist, dass reputation das sozioökonomische schmiermittel ist, das kollaborativen konsum zum laufen bringt und misst, aber die quellen, aus denen sie stammt, und deren anwendungen sind viel größer als der ursprüngliche raum. +der kollaborative konsum hat sich explosionsartig entwickelt – web-basierte gemeinsame benutzung von autos, wohnungen und fähigkeiten. rachel botsman untersucht jene währung, mit der systeme wie airbnb und taskrabbit arbeiten: vertrauen, einfluss und, wie sie es nennt, "vertrauenskapital". +jetzt zeige ich ihnen, was das mit unseren gesellschaften macht. +einfach der anteil der bevölkerung der glaubt, dass man den meisten leuten vertrauen kann. +sie geht von ca. 40 bis 400 inhaftierten menschen. +die stellung der frau, wie sehr sie an der kernfamilie festhalten, hier liegen sie an entgegengesetzten polen der reichen, entwickelten welt. +aber ich sollte noch etwas dazu sagen was da passiert. +und natürlich haben andere mit ausgefeilteren methoden auch armut und bildung überprüft und weitere. +einer unserer schwerpunkte der letzten zeit sind medizinische geräte. die parallele von medizinischen geräten zu dem stromnetz des iraks sind nicht offensichtlich, doch es gibt sie. +wie stellt man sicher, dass es sie erreicht und ihr leben verbessert? +merken sie etwas? +der durchschnitt liegt bei 65%. +du musst für deine seife, dein deo, deine zahnbürste, deine zahnpasta zahlen – für alles. +das beste, was wir tun können, ist wege zu finden, wie man den geschäftsgeist und das enorme, ungenutzte potential in unseren gefängnissen fördert. denn wenn wir das nicht tun, werden sie nichts neues lernen was ihnen hilft und sie werden rückfällig. +zweitens ist es wirklich sch ausbalanciert. es liegt wunderbar in der hand und fühlt sich gut an. +das sonderbare daran ist allerdings, dass google lügt. denn wenn man "design und emotion" eingibt, sagt google "das 'und' ist nicht notwendig. wir machen das automatisch." +allerdings können einige menschen es - zirkusartisten und stahlarbeiter. +kein ding. +und beim verhaltens-design dreht sich alles um das gefühl bei der benutzung. das beinhaltet die bedienbarkeit, das verstehen, aber auch die haptik und das gewicht. +es ist irgendwie nett. was für ein wunderbares design. +und das ist das schöne an emotionen. +aber es war ziemlich offensichtlich, ziemlich klar, dass für diese spezielle strecke, die ich gewählt hatte, je weiter die schule entfernt war, die ergebnisse um so schlechter zu sein schienen. +jedenfalls meine ich, dass eine alternative elementarbildung, was auch immer sie sich darunter vorstellen, dort gebraucht wird, wo keine schulen existieren, wo schulen nicht gut genug sind, wo keine lehrer verfügbar sind oder wo lehrer nicht gut genug sind, aus welchem grund auch immer. +also fand er es heraus. er brauchte über zwei minuten um zu realisieren, dass er dinge in dem fernsehgerät tat. +also sagten sie, dass ich diese maschine hiergelassen hatte die nur in englisch redet, also mussten wir englisch lernen. +was können sie nun tatsächlich lernen zu tun? +ein typisches beispiel war: "manchmal ist es nötig zu lügen". +vielen dank. +als ich dies eines tages meinen eltern verkündete - und mein vater bestreitet diese geschichte bis zum heutigen tag - sagte ich: "papa, ich möchte diplomat werden." +überhaupt war meine tour - es war irgendwie eine aufregende zeit. +zweitens hatte die regierung alle vorhandenen alternativen zum krieg ignoriert, was in mancherlei hinsicht eine noch schändlichere sache war. +meine rente befand sich darin. +warum berätst du ihre regierung nicht in ihren diplomatischen angelegenheiten? " +eins kam zum anderen und letztendlich hatte ich einen schreibtisch bei? what if! in new york, als ich independent diplomat startete. +das bedeutet, dass es nicht länger ausreicht zu sagen, dass internationale beziehungen oder globale angelegenheiten oder chaos in somalia oder was in burma passiert uns nichts angehen, und dass man es den regierungen überlassen kann, damit umzugehen. +und natürlich verstand es jeder. jeder sagte: "ja, natürlich, sie haben völlig recht. +es ist diese zerrüttende erfahrung im internet. +das ganze wurde wichtig für mich, weil ich eine ideenschmiede leite, in der wir acht startups betreuen. +fast jeder sieht fern. +tiere spielen vielleicht gerne, aber sie sehen nicht gerne zu. +am anfang sehen sie im jahr 1960, dass die inspiration stabil bleibt. +sehen sie sich diese spitze im jahr 1966 an für eine richtungsweisende sendung. +glamour und reichtum. +das ist toll, oder? +und dann erklärt sie es. sie sagt: "wissen sie was, das meine ich gar nicht. ich meine, ich habe kein einziges wort verstanden. +denn dna ist wie ein bauplan, versteht ihr, der lebendigen dingen sagt, was zu tun ist. +es bringt mich um. ehrlich. +oder noch schlimmer, naturwissenschaftliche bildung wird immer mehr wie der typ, der immer sagt: "eigentlich..." +aber wir haben noch so viel arbeit vor uns und wenn hier jemand in wissenschaft involviert ist, dann bitte ich euch, mit mir mitzumachen. +aber manchmal ist es, als erscheine eine türöffnung aus dem nichts und sie öffnet sich zu einer treppe. +aber das hier ist der seltsamste ort von allen: krieg. +diese ebene nannte durkheim die ebene des sakralen, weil er glaubte, dass die funktion von religion die vereinigung von leuten in einer gruppe sei, in einer moralische gemeinschaft. +er sagte: "wenn ein stamm eine große anzahl mutiger, sympathischer und treuer mitglieder hätte, die immer bereit sind, einander zu helfen und zu verteidigen, wäre dieser stamm erfolgreicher und würde den anderen besiegen." +und wie sie in der simulation sehen werden, wenn sie interagieren, gewinnen sie punkte, sie wachsen, und wenn sie ihre größe verdoppelt haben, werden sie sehen, dass sie sich teilen und so reproduzieren sie sich und die population wächst. +es ist erneut passiert vor etwa 120 oder 140 millionen jahren als vereinzelte wespen anfingen, kleine, einfache, primitive nester, oder bienenstöcke zu bauen. +ich meine nicht, dass wir entstanden sind, um riesigen organisierten religionen beizutreten. +und das gibt mir hoffnung, weil es bedeutet, dass die menschen nicht ausschließlich egoistisch sind. +damals wurde mir klar, dass ich eine reise machen wollte, um mir anzusehen, was männer heutzutage so für sich selbst erschaffen. +hier ist noch ein typisches beispiel. ein viertel in einem vorort von las vegas. +und was man sich wirklich erhofft, ist, dass sie ab und zu in flammen aufgehen, was wir heute abend nicht erleben werden. also. +dieser graffitikünstler kam vorbei, verbesserte das schild ein bisschen und ging dann seines weges. +und je mehr man darüber nachdenkt, desto weiter entfernt man sich von der antwort, und sobald man aufhört darüber nachzudenken, gibt dir deine intuition die antwort, in einem gewissen sinn. +das war 's. das hielt er für die einzigen möglichkeiten. und er lag nicht so falsch. +wir haben sie absichtlich ziemlich seriös aussehen lassen. +so sah die anzeige auf der ganzen welt aus; deutschland veränderte sie ein klein wenig. +die begehrte rechte seite wurde nicht dem inhalt zugeschlagen. +was kommt als nächstes? als nächstes kommen menschen. +wenn die antwort ja ist, hat man eine gute arbeit. +etwas, wiederum, das auf etwas fundamentaleres zurück geht. +dies ist eine andere version. es ist ein fetzenfisch, und der am grund, der blaue ist ein jungtier, das noch nicht die säure geschluckt hat, noch nicht den braungrünen algentümpelschaum in seinen körper aufnahm, um ihm energie zu geben. +sie berühren nie die innere materie. es gibt mehr und mehr koevolution. +und er hat sich entschieden, die so zu behandeln, als wären sie trilobiten oder schnecken. und eine morphologische analyse zu machen und zu versuchen, ihre genealogische geschichte abzuleiten. +wir haben von den amish gehört, die autos aufgeben. +und ein hammer, wenn wir einen hammer greifen, ist das was wir nehmen. +und wenn sie das gut spielen, dann beziehen sie andere leute ein, also erweitert sich das spiel und geht weiter, sogar wenn sie nicht mehr sind. +als ich student dort war, arbeitete ich am waikiki-aquarium. +es war eine gute erfahrung. +und so fanden wir einen weg, es herauszufinden. ich bekam zum ersten mal diesen berühmten schnabel in aktion zu sehen. +und über ihren gipfeln sind drei- bis viertausend meter wasser, das einen enormen druck ausübt und wasser in die risse dem erdmittelpunkt entgegen treibt, bis es auf eine magmakammer trifft, wo es überhitzt und mit mineralien übersättigt wird. dann ändert es seine fließrichtung und beginnt, zurück zur oberfläche zu schießen, wo es aus der erde gestoßen wird wie ein geisir in yellowstone. +die vergänglichkeit der hydrothermalen schlotgesellschaft unterscheidet sich nicht wirklich von einigen gebieten, die ich in den 35 jahren gesehen habe, in denen ich herumgereist bin und filme gemacht habe. +und eine kleine gruppe verantwortungsbewusster leute hat diese bucht verändert. +nun war es sylvias ted-prize-wunsch uns anzuflehen, alles was wir tun können zu tun, alles was wir tun können, nicht nur kleine beträge, sondern beträchtliche beträge für den erhalt der ozeane aufzubringen, "hoffnungsflecken" nennt sie sie. +die regeln, die ich meine, werden ständig von unserer kultur überwacht. +und ich dachte, denn mit über 40 fing ich an zu denken: "warum mache ich nicht irgendetwas? +hier einige zahlen. +städte zu töten. sie können eine atombombe auf eine stadt werfen, 30 jahre später +lassen sie uns zuerst über biologie reden. +ist london ein vergrössertes birmingham, welches ein skaliertes brighton ist, etc. etc.? +mehr kriminalität. wir haben alles betrachtet, aids-infizierungen, grippe etc. +das wäre schlecht für wirtschaft und städte. +aber sie haben bemerkt, dass ich gemogelt habe, da ich nur bis 1994 gegangen bin. +gerade zu der zeit, als das internet zu einem pädagogischen werkeug wurde, verließ ich wisconsin und ging nach kansas, die kleine stadt kansas, wo ich die möglichkeit bekam, zu unterrichten, in einer schmucken kleinstadt eine ländliche schule in kansas, an der ich mein lieblingsfach unterrichtete politik. +aber das interessante an dieser stelle in arizona war für mich, dass ich mit dieser außerordentlich an einer normalen öffentlichen schule arbeiten durfte. und es gab diese zeiten, in denen sich uns chancen eröffneten. +es die falsche herangehensweise, kindern beizubringen, dass sie keine fehler machen dürfen. +und wenn wir das inmeiner klasse dieses jahr nochmal machen, werden sie diesmal besser sein. weil lernen viele fehler machen beinhaltet, weil der fehler lehrreich in diesem prozess ist. +sie beschleunigt das tempo mit welchem sich der körper selbst heilt verglichen mit dem auf einer klinisch relevanten zeitskala. +41 personen, die im grunde nicht wirklich krank waren, zahlten für einen rentner, der an einer unheilbaren erkrankung litt. +wenn das ein molch kann, wieso nicht auch wir? +wenn wir die daher richtigen zellen finden könnten und diese in den körper implantieren, könnten sie die heilung übernehmen. +und das material veranlasste den körper seine heilreaktion wieder anzuschalten, was er davor nicht getan hat. +das ist das größte. +eine großartige quelle von stammzellen ist. +es ist eine sehr kraftvolle arbeit. +vielen dank. +oh, wundervoll. +und – oh, ich habe goldie hawn gesehen. +es ist wahr, es ist wahr. +aber dann hat sarah jones mir auch noch gesagt, ich habe nur 18 minuten zeit. +also verdienen wir es genauso, ein teil des ideenaustausches zu sein, wie alle anderen. +mein name ist praveen manvi und ich danke ihnen für diese gelegenheit. +mein sohn sagt, er ist noch nicht bereit zum heiraten. +ich denke, ted, sie, beeinflussen das leben von menschen auf arten, die sie vielleicht nicht einmal realisieren. +das ist alles [undeutlich]. vielen dank für diese möglichkeit. +aber eigentlich bin ich heute hier, um eine geschichte zu erzählen. +ich startete ein paar unternehmen, von denen ich glaubte, sie wären das ticket zur finanziellen freiheit. +doch es gibt noch eine reihe weiterer menschen, die sie nicht kennen. +wir wollen nicht, dass menschen unsere filme anschauen und sagen, "das war lustig", und sie dann wieder vergessen. +wir schickten 50.000 dvds an high school-lehrer in den usa, +und schließlich ein ebay-eintrag für "einen weltbekannten diavortrag, inzwischen obsolet, ein museumsstück. bitte kontaktieren sie al gore." +ob sie es glauben oder nicht, einige von uns überleben das. +dieses klebeband verwenden wir nicht mal mehr in großbritannien. +veraltete ausrüstung, ausrüstung die nicht ganz funktioniert. oder sie funktioniert und man kann sie nicht reparieren. das ist auch nicht schlimm, solange wir sie verwenden und danach weitermachen. +und daher steht er da, er hält das bett aufrecht, weil das bett einfach nicht funktioniert. +das sind die grundzüge meines apparates, oder unseres apparats. +das hat großen eindruck auf mich gemacht, denn ich bin eine frau und ich bin eine mutter und es war mir nicht klar gewesen, dass die hiv / aids-pandemie gerade frauen derart betraf. +in den letzten zweieinhalb jahren habe ich die ganze welt bereist. ich war in etwa 12 verschiedenen ländern. +avelile hatte den virus. sie wurde mit dem virus geboren. +sollen sich unsere feinde zu tode reden und wir werden sie mit ihrer eigenen verwirrung bekämpfen. +aber eine regierung zu stürzen ist nicht so kompliziert, wie eine solide demokratie aufzubauen. +sie haben die situation, wo die beziehung zwischen der regierung und den lokalen sozialen netzwerkunternehmen einen effekt hervorruft, wo, gewissermaßen, das machtverschaffende potential dieser plattformen eingeschränkt wird durch jene beziehungen zwischen firmen und regierungen. +und hier im vereinigten königreich gibt es ebenfalls bedenken über ein gesetz, das digitaler wirtschafts akt genannt wird, das mehr beweispflicht auf private zwischenhändler abwälzt, um bürgerverhalten zu überwachen. +aber in den letzten zwei jahrzehnten hat sie eine bisher nie da gewesene expansion erlebt. sie trägt nun etwa zu 15 prozent zum weltweiten bruttoinlandsprodukt bei. +das justizsystem nicht mehr richtig funktionierte. +die produktionsstandorte und vertriebszentren haben die tendenz in entwicklungsländern zu liegen. und sie werden desöfteren gefährdet durch entsetzliche gewalt und blutbäder. +ich habe ihnen gezeigt wieviele boote, wieviele schiffe es benötigt um nur einen von diesen typen zu erwischen. +ich wurde von inspektor brian cantera der royal canadian mounted police zu einer halle im osten vancouvers gebracht um zu sehen, welche art von gütern gewöhnlich konfiziert werden durch die rcmp von schmugglern, die sie natürlich in den süden schicken, in die vereinigten staaten, wo ein unersättlicher markt für british columbia bud, wie es genannt wird, herrscht, insbesondere weil es als "organisch" vermarktet wird, was wiederum besonders gut ankommt in kalifornien. +angeschlossen an meinen laptop schaffte er es in weniger als 5 minuten in das computersystem einer großen brasilianischen bank einzudringen. +bei diesen gangstern gibt es keine romantik mehr im 21sten jahrhundert. +alle wussten die antwort darauf. +wir haben seit generationen daran geglaubt. +alle seine kollegen sagten: "das ist unerhört. +die einzige ausnahme ist der nackte, in somalia lebende maulwurf, der nie an die erdoberfläche kommt. +dann denken sie an einen gorilla, der das gleiche tut. sie werden sehen, verglichen mit dem gorilla sind wir quasi ein fisch. +sir david attenborough hat es verstanden. +die wissenschaftler sagen nein. +erstens: ich will so zeitig wie möglich vortragen. +ah, mark -- serfaas. +ich hatte im prinzip eine sehr schwer zu erklärende und komplexe philosophie entwickelt, auf die ich aber nicht eingehen werde, weil sie ein wenig zu tiefgreifend ist für euch alle -- aber es geht darum, was websites populär macht, wisst ihr, es ist... onscreen: tanz wie ein idiot und verkauf nichts es ist schade, dass ich nicht mehr zeit habe. +und der frosch-modus. +es ist der prozess der erstellung, der mich ein kleines bisschen über der ständigen sorge in meinem leben hält. und es ist das gefühl von "zu 80% fertig mit dem projekt", bei dem du weißt, dass du immer noch etwas zu tun hast, aber es ist nicht fertig, und du fängst auch nicht mit etwas an -- das erfüllt wirklich mein ganzes leben. +ich glaube, dass dieses "nun verschnürt, gebunden, herrin streng kommt auf mich zu, nun gebunden, es ist vorbei." +sie können ihnen eine e-mail schicken. +vielleicht können sie weder die person noch sonst irgendetwas loben, aber vielleicht können sie die tatsache loben, dass der mann ein selbstsicheres auftreten hat. +wenn sie diese form wählen, kann ich ihnen versprechen: sie werden der 800-pfund-gorilla im wald sein. +also bin ich nach hause gegangen und habe einen prototypen für diesen hut entworfen. +und ich dachte, "naja, hey! +diese sehr grundlegende verschiebung in meiner körperlichen verortung hat mir dabei geholfen, meine sicht in bezug auf gletscher zu verändern. +aber trotzdem zögern wir. wir unternehmen nichts, um den asteroiden abzulenken. doch je länger wir warten, desto schwieriger und teurer wird es. +unser problem und unsere tragödie ist, dass es in diesen extrem parteiisch polarisierten zeiten reicht, dass eine seite sagt: "schaut, hier ist ein asteroid.", damit die andere seite sagt: "häh? was? +es veranlasst sie, die realität zu verzerren. +etwa welche warmen oder kalten gefühle sie gegenüber den nordamerikanischen indianern, dem militär, der republikanischen partei, der demokratischen partei und den verschiedensten gruppen des amerikanischen lebens hegen. +aber das problem ist nicht primär, dass wir schlechte leute in den kongress wählen. +hier ist ein weiterer asteroid. +wenn amerikaner aufs college gehen und untereinander heiraten, sind die scheidungsraten sehr niedrig. +am erstaunlichsten ist, dass sie bei der strafjustiz manchmal sogar einer meinung sind. +das ist der übergang von einer gruppe von substanzen in eine andere, entweder durch produktion oder absorption von energie. +was wir also versuchen, ist, diese technologien für bottom-up-ansätze in der architektur zu fördern, im gegensatz zu den heutigen viktorianischen top-down-methoden, welche dem stoff eine struktur aufbürden. +nun, das ist sehr interessant. +venedig in italien versinkt. um es zu retten, sagt rachel armstrong, müssen wir über die architektur, die aus inaktiven materialien besteht, hinauswachsen und eine architektur erschaffen, die sich von selbst aufbaut. sie schlägt ein nicht-ganz-lebendiges material vor, das sich eigenständig repariert und dazu noch kohlenstoff absondert. +ich habe angst. sag ihnen, sie sollen weggehen. '"als junge frau war ich dreimal zu unterschiedlichen zeiten für längere zeit in der psychiatrie. +solche menschen leiden oft an einer form von schizophrenie. +diese episode führte zu meinem ersten psychiatrieaufenthalt in amerika. +sie erleben die fixierung nicht so, wie wir es würden. " +, na gut. klein. feuer auf eis. sagen sie ihnen, sie sollen mich nicht töten. +abschließend möchte ich noch folgendes sagen: +als ich 18 wurde, starb mein bester freund bei einem autounfall. +zweiter es fährt von allein. +es sind die adern des ökosystems – häufig leere adern. +ich bin sicher ihr wisst alle, dies hat zu bedeutenden konflikten zwischen landwirtschaft und umweltschützern geführt. +aber sie haben keinen anreiz, sich so zu verhalten. +bäche und flüsse trocknen aufgrund von übernutzung aus. rob harmon hat einen geschickten marktmechanismus eingesetzt, um wasser wieder zurückzuführen. landwirte und brauereien stellen fest, dass ihre schicksale verbunden sind, durch die faszinierende, jahrhunderte alte geschichte des prickly-pear-baches. +aber, naja. +er ist bei weitem der glücklichste mann, der je wissenschaftlich ermittelt wurde. +und vielleicht ist mitgefühl deshalb innerhalb des unternehmens organisch und weit verbreitet. +worin bestehen sie? +also, diese gegenseitige inspiration fördert zusammenarbeit, initiative und kreativität. +die aufmerksamkeit ist die basis für alle höheren kognitiven und emotionalen fähigkeiten. +chade-meng tan: alltägliches mitgefühl bei google +es bedurfte viel mut von diesen verteidigern sich dazu entscheiden, dass sie sich wehren und einander unterstützen werden bei der umsetzung dieser gesetze. +und dadurch gelang es ihm erfolgreich 68 anwälte zu organisieren, die systematisch fälle übernommen haben. +ich saß neben einer unserer sehr mutigen anwälte und sagte: "wie können wir dies verbreiten? wie können wir sicherstellen, dass das umgesetzt wird? +ich danke ihnen also, dass sie die prophetische kraft haben, sich vorzustellen, die gemeinsame schaffung einer neuen welt, und ich möchte sie auf diese reise mit uns einladen. +wissen sie, wenn die kinder hausaufgaben zu hause machen? +es kann eine design-schule in jerusalem sein, die versucht, eine bessere methode zu finden, um gasmasken für menschen zu entwerfen, denn wie sie wissen, verteilt israel pro person, babys eingeschlossen, eine gasmaske. +hella jongerius ist eine person, die in der lage ist, eine synthese zu erstellen, die wirklich sehr erstaunlich ist und auch recht komisch. +designer tun manchmal dinge, die nicht unbedingt immer funktionell sind, aber sie funktionieren im rahmen unseres verstehen von problemen. +und das macht sinn. +aber ich will versuchen, es ein wenig anders zu machen, und zwar, indem ich versuche, den kreis mit ein paar persönlichen geschichten zu schließen. dadurch kann ich vielleicht viele der themen, über die wir schon gesprochen haben, ein wenig anschaulicher gestalten. +und folgendes ist passiert: weil sie es sich manchmal leisten konnten und manchmal nicht, wurde ich so gut wie jedes halbjahr rausgeworfen. +mein vater, über den ich schon gesprochen habe, ist 1999 an aids gestorben. +wie würden sie mir begegnen? +wir müssen also besser werden. +ich kann das gar nicht genug betonen. +sie werden sich nicht einfach ändern, von jetzt auf nachher. +eine meiner cousinen ist an aids gestorben und hat ein waisenkind hinterlassen, also fragten wir uns, gut, was machen wir mit ihr? +und das ist nur eine verdeutlichung. +langstreckenlauf war nicht nur gut für mein wohlbefinden, sondern half mir auch dabei zu meditieren und große träume zu wagen. +aber für jedes desaster, dass wir hatten, fand der marathon einen weg menschen zusammenzubringen. +ich glaube, dass dies die grundsteine für frieden in der zukunft sind. +er half in parol bei einer geburt. +sie ist das herz der medizinischen versorgung. +ich werde diese einfach an jede klinik der welt verkaufen. +im mai 2013, ich war 35 jahre alt, mit einer zweijährigen zu hause und meinem zweiten kind auf dem weg, wurde mir ein großes aneurysma, an der basis meiner brustaorta diagnostiziert. +das hier sind meine töchter. +die meisten leute, die hier lebten, wohnten entweder am meer und waren fischer oder nomaden, die auf der suche nach wasser umherzogen. +das ist die skyline von doha, die wohl die meisten hier kennen. +energie ist der wichtigste, der alles verändernde faktor hier. +diese beeinträchtigen direkt die zukunftsfähigkeit dieser nation und dieses landes. +stellen sie sich ein land vor, das reich an energieressourcen ist: öl und gas, sonne, wind, aber dem das wichtigste lebenselement fehlt: wasser. infrastruktur-experte fahad al-attiya spricht über die außergewöhnlichen wege des kleinen nahöstlichen staates qatar, seine wasserversorgung sicherzustellen. +ich erkläre es anhand des mittleren ostens, wo alles begann. während so vieler jahre lebten wir mit einer völlig falschen wahrnehmung des mittleren ostens. +es traten neun präsidentschaftskandidaten gegen lukashenko an. +man kann so viele andere dinge tun, als sich nur an einem platz zu versammeln, zu schreien und sich vor den sicherheitskräften hervorzutun. +es stimmt, dass das internet und die neuen medien sehr nützlich sind, um die dinge schneller und billiger zu machen. +2011 war ein jahr des außerordentlichen, vom volk ausgehenden widerstands. er begann mit dem arabischen frühling und breitete sich über die ganze welt aus. weshalb war dieser widerstand so erfolgreich? srdja popovic beschreibt die pläne, fähigkeiten und werkzeuge, die jede bewegung braucht – von gewaltfreien taktiken bis hin zum sinn für humor. +und ich sagte "erinnerst du dich ans college und wie wild und dumm wir waren?" +die mehrheit der menschen. +ich bin texanerin der fünften generation. +der zweck ist nicht hineinzugehen und ein haus zu bauen und dort zu leben. +dies ist wie eine konferenz des versagens. +wir. +scham fühlt sich gleich an für männer und frauen, aber sie ist nach geschlecht organisiert. +ziegen sie mir einen mann, der mit einer frau sitzen kann, der es reicht, die alles nicht mehr kann, und seine erste reaktion ist nicht "ich hab die spülmaschine ausgeräumt," der wirklich zuhört -- denn das ist alles, war wir brauchen -- ich zeige ihnen einen kerl, der 'ne menge erreicht hat. +es ist ein menschheitstraum, wie ein vogel zu fliegen. +wir müssen es drehen, auf und ab. +die ironie an der sache ist, dass sie es nicht sein müssten. +dr. v.: das konzept von mcdonald 's ist einfach. +diese maßnahme hatte zur folge, dass wir im ersten jahr 40 prozent der nachfrage abdecken konnten, was über 50.000 menschen entspricht. +unsere erlöse sind dabei deutlich schneller angestiegen, was uns einen gesunden profit beschert hat, und das obwohl wir viele leute kostenlos behandeln. +wie machen sich menschen diese probleme zu eigen, machen sich gedanken, was sie tun können? +es ist ein gehäuse in form eines handys mit einem eisengewicht im inneren, das wir bewegen können. und man kann fühlen, wo es schwer ist. +wir menschen sind sozial, wir sind empathisch, und das ist großartig. +aber trotz dieser neugewonnenen freude und freiheit veränderte sich die reaktion der menschen mir gegenüber. +für mich bedeutet das, dass sie den wert des unterschieds sehen, die freude, die es mit sich bringt, wenn wir uns nicht auf verlust und limitation konzentrieren, sondern die kraft und freude sehen und entdecken und die welt aus neuen aufregenden perspektiven sehen. +aber noch bemerkenswerter als die wilde kraft, die aus der quelle ausströmte, war die rücksichtslosigkeit mit der diese kraft freigesetzt wurde – die gleichgültigkeit, der mangel an planung, der die operation von der bohrung bis zu den aufräumarbeiten ausgezeichnet hat. +eine reihe von erklärungen könnte ihnen inzwischen durch den kopf schießen, wie gier. +ich zeige es, weil – sie sind kein sponsor, oder? – weil, auf seine art ist das eine krasse version unserer gründergeschichte. +ignoriere diese schleichenden ängste, dass wir schließlich das ende erreicht haben. +das hier unten bei dem rad ist ein mensch. +ein weiteres neuland ist gefunden. +bf:... ganz ohne ein macarthur stipendium. +bf: das ist ok, das macht er so. nun gut. +dh: wow, du hast trainiert. +könntest du den bitte einziehen? +bf: 10 jahre perfektion, die sie gleich erleben werden. +das design des körpers ist eine andere geschichte. +dh: erzähl ihnen von unserer biografie. +und es ist schrecklich windig da drüben. +um es noch schwieriger zu machen, werden wir nun die sieben keulen +ich werde dafür ein vermögen ausgeben. ich habe eine bessere idee. +wenn sie jemals ein bild von einem elektronenmikroskop gesehen haben, sehen sie dies. das alles sieht gleich aus, dann gibt es diesen teil hier drüben, der so unglaublich kompliziert ist. +manche leute nennen sie den ersten programmierer. +um ihnen eine vorstellung zu geben, wie langsam: sie hatte etwa 1 kb speicher. +ich bin hierher gekommen um über ökologie zu sprechen. und ich habe soviel co2 ausgestossen, wie ein franzose in einem ganzen jahr. +aus wissenschaftlicher sicht werden in 100 jahren alle berggletscher verschwunden sein. +ich habe eine projekt namens "sechs milliarden andere" gestartet. +ihr solltet euch keine sorgen um mich machen. papa muss nicht arbeiten. +er ist über den zustand des planeten. +wir versuchen nur unser leben zu verbessern. +chromosom eins, oben links. +weltbevölkerung, pc-platzierungen, das archiv der ganzen medizinischen literatur, mooresches gesetz, die alte weise vom sequenzieren, und hier sind alle neuen sachen. +leider hilft es dieser frau nicht, aber es hat schwerwiegende, tiefgreifende, wenn man so will, auswirkungen auf ihre familie. +doch das gen, das das regelt, ist beschädigt. +zum glück konnte ich die antwort a ankreuzen, und ich bin ehrlich, falls mein versicherungsvertreter zuhört. +und nun stellen sie sich noch etwas vor: dass diese software fähig ist, beide parteien nach gegenseitigem einverständnis zu fragen: "wären sie bereit, ihre cousine dritten grades zu treffen?" +übergibt es wieder an mich und das machen wir immer und immer wieder -- +warum sollte sie das interessieren? knochenmark ist eine reichhaltige quelle an adulten stammzellen. +sehen sie. diese korallen können wirklich gemein sein. ich habe narben vom surfen, die das beweisen. +dinge können nur dann passieren, wenn sich diese interaktionen in perfektem gleichgewicht befinden. +schließlich gibt es noch die gravitation, die mit materie über deren masse und spin wechselwirkt. +die elektromagnetischen und schwachen kernkräfte werden also durch dieses muster im zweidimensionalen raum beschrieben. +aus diesem muster erkennen wir schon jetzt die teilchenphysik im winzigen maßstab. die art, wie das universum im winzigen maßstab arbeitet ist sehr schön. +jeder punkt in diesem muster gehört zu einer symmetrie dieser sehr komplexen und schönen struktur. +findet er neue teilchen, die nicht in das e8 muster passen -- na ja, das wäre sehr interessant, aber schlecht für die e8 theorie. +mich nie um die miete kümmern musste, konnte ich meine zeit damit verbringen, zu tun, was ich wirklich mag. +ich weiß nicht, ob ich das noch deutlicher erklären kann. +so liegt es an mir zu zeigen, in welcher weise schimpansen uns in bestimmten aspekten ihres verhaltens so stark ähneln. +so ist es ausgesprochen traurig, wenn man entdeckt, dass die schimpansen wie so viele andere lebewesen auf der ganzen welt, ihren lebensraum verlieren. +sie haben sich für gesundheit interessiert, sie waren an ausbildung interessiert. +das wasser – es ist vermutlich eines der schwerwiegensten probleme, mit denen wir in diesem jahrhundert konfrontiert werden. und überall wird das wasser verschmutzt von landwirtschaftlichen, industriellen und haushaltschemikalien, die noch immer auf der welt angewendet und verteilt werden, scheinbar unfähig aus den bisherigen erfahrungen zu lernen. +nehmen sie die ziegelmauer für alle die probleme, die wir dem planeten aufgebürdet haben, bezogen auf die umwelt und im sozialen. es ist eine botschaft der hoffnung. +aber -- oh, sie arbeiten auch an hiv / aids. +all diese technologien können wir nutzen. +danke. +ich gehe zum supermarkt, und all meine lebensmittel sind in plastik verpackt. +wir können den stamm abschneiden -- diese flut in unsere ozeane, und dabei unsere ozeane retten, unseren planeten retten, uns selbst retten. +und ja, sie interagieren auch mittels normaler gesten, beide hände, usw. +mein student pranav, der wie ich gesagt habe, der brillante kopf hinter dieser idee ist. +aber wenn die leute erfuhren, wofür ihr sohn angeklagt war, bekam sie diese sympathie nicht. +es liegt ganz bei uns, denn wir sind frauen, denn wir lieben unsere kinder. +also, aicha, hast du einige abschließende worte? +und heute möchte ich ihnen gerne zeigen, dass mit einer anderen denkweise das problem gelöst wurde. +es kommt also nichts hindurch. +das ist nicht dreckig genug. lassen sie es uns einfach ein wenig vermischen. +dann, nach wenigen wochen, richten wir lager ein. +mit nur acht milliarden dollar können wir das un-millenniumsziel erreichen -- die halbierung des anteils der menschen ohne zugang zu sauberem trinkwasser. +und der zweite ist über eine neue dimension, über die ich reden will, welche es in der heutigen form nie zuvor gegeben hat. +die welt braucht ein internationales forum. +bis jetzt waren die usa das dominante merkmal unserer welt. +nehmen wir die letzte finanzkrise nach dem zweiten weltkrieg. +diplomatie ist das verwalten des zusammenhangs der nationen. +doch nun eine letzte sache. +die anderen 90% werden durch unseren lebensstil bestimmt. +wir sind programmiert für etwas, das sich "zeugungs-erfolg" nennt. +aber die lebenserwartung in den usa beträgt nur 78 jahre. +man nennt das den großmutter-effekt. +vor dem essen sagen diese leute einfach einen kleinen spruch, der sie daran erinnern soll, mit dem essen aufzuhören, wenn der magen zu 80% gefüllt ist. +sie wussten sofort, warum sie morgens aufwachten. +sie übernehmen ihre ernährungsgewohnheiten direkt aus der bibel. +sie fährt fahrrad. +die menschen auf okinawa ehren ihre vorfahren. +dan buettner: wie wird man älter als 100? +mich interessiert, wie dinge funktionieren und woraus sie gemacht sind, aber auch weil ich glaube, dass wir ein fundierteres verständnis über die teile haben sollten, aus denen unsere welt besteht, und gerade jetzt wissen wir noch nicht genug darüber, woraus die high-tech-materalien der zukunft gemacht sind. +elektronikbaukästen sind mächtig, da sie uns lehren, wie dinge funktionieren, aber ihre grundlegenden beschränkungen im design beeinflussen die art, wie wir lernen. +ich war jung. ich fuhr auf der autobahn, als das auto vor mir plötzlich bremste. +ich glaube ihm. ich glaube das auch. +mit einem gps-system und einer kamera im auto lässt sich ziemlich genau sagen, wo und wie schnell ich fahre. +aber ich glaube, dass die privatsphäre geschützt werden kann. wenn ich mir ihr auto jetzt gerade, in diesem moment, von außen ansehe, weiß ich nichts über sie. +so kann man acht, zehn minuten schwerelosigkeit erzielen -- so trainiert die nasa ihre astronauten seit langem. +als er dann dort war, liessen wir ihn los, damit er fühlen konnte wie sich die schwerelosigkeit tatsächlich anfühlt. +und was ich versucht habe, seit ich als medizinischer illustrator ausgebildet wurde -- seit ich also von meinem vater, der ein bildhauer und mein visueller berater war, in animation unterrichtet wurde -- ist, einen weg zu finden, um den menschen zu helfen, die wahrheit und schönheit der biologischen wissenschaften zu verstehen - durch animationen, durch bilder, durch geschichten. damit die dinge, die für leute nicht unbedingt offensichtlich erscheinen, an sie herangebracht, gelehrt und verstanden werden können. +sie leiten sich gegenseitig informationen weiter; +also packte ich meine katze, meinen rottweiler und meine campingausrüstung in einen 1975er chevy-bus und fuhr los, dem sonnenuntergang entgegen, ohne allerdings drei sehr wichtige dinge zu beachten: +ich sah mich mit einer reihe völlig neuer herausforderungen konfrontiert. +ich begann zu lachen weil es soweit gekommen war, dass ich mich fragte, ob ich eine schriftstellerin oder eine obdachlose war. +becky blanton: das jahr in dem ich obdachlos war. +wir waren so viel größer als coca-cola heutzutage. +onkel betrinkt sich, benutzt kein kondom. komm zurück, fang neu an. " +und dann ist hier das, dann, ein junger mann namens willy bohm der für die usaid arbeitete. +also sagte ich: "okay." +natürlich kann ich. und sie genießen es ungemein. ich sehe sie überall herumstehen - gerade, überall. +90% prozent der finanzierung kam von thailand. +und dann haben wir seide, thai seide. +mechai vivravaidya: wie mr.condom thailnd zu einem besseren ort machte +ich kann alles sehen, was romo sieht, und erhalte die sicht eines roboters auf die welt. +danke, scott. +es gibt ein jüdisches sprichwort, das ich liebe. +am wichtigsten jedoch – wichtiger als training oder glück – ist das herz. +wie kann man nur so braungebrannt sein und keine falten haben? +irgendwie gelingt es ihr, ihre sieben kinder am leben zu halten, und einige monate später bringt sie vorzeitig zwillinge zur welt. +der feminismus war niemals sexy, aber ich kann ihnen versichern, dass mich das nie vom flirten abgehalten hat, und ich hatte selten einen mangel an männern zu beklagen. +jenny ist entsetzt darüber, was sie getan hat, aber dann erklärt die dolmetscherin, dass der zustand der patientin nichts mit der operation zu tun hat. +ist es sinnvoll, an der bestehenden weltordnung teilzunehmen? +warum nicht? es ist möglich. sehen sie sich hier um – all dieses wissen, diese energie, dieses talent und diese technologie. +daran haben ich und einige andere gearbeitet. sie weist auf eine hierarchie hin und überlegt, wie viele menschen wie viele schritte machen und wie viele interessante variablen und menschen eine ganz andere theorie ist viel beliebter und älter. sie beruht hauptsächlich auf john nash, bekannt aus "a beautiful mind", und heißt "gleichgewichtsanalyse". +hier sehen sie eine abbildung von regionen mit mehr gehirnaktivität, wenn der gegner ein mensch bzw. computer ist. +gut für sie. sie machen viel geld. +charles darwin, ich und sie haben den stammbaum der schimpansen vor ca. 5 mio. jahren verlassen. +status ist ihnen sehr wichtig. +colin camerer: neurowissenschaften, spieltheorie, affen +und obwohl die nahrung zu einem hohem preis hergestellt wird, wissen wir sie nicht zu schätzen. +ich nenne die antwort "antike nahrungswege". +und wenn sie sich die karte einer beliebigen stadt anschauen, die vor dem industriezeitalter enstanden ist, können sie die spuren der ankommenden nahrung entdecken. +und an diesem punkt ändert sich unsere beziehung komplett, sowohl zur nahrung als auch zu den städten. +das wort utopie nutzte thomas moore absichtlich. +dampfende haufen von humus. +wir müssen verstehen, dass die welt auch das ist, was wir essen. +und die religionen, die einen hauptbeitrag dazu leisten sollten, werden statt dessen als teil des problems wahrgenommen. +ich will, dass sie die medien einschalten, denn die medien sind ausschlaggebend dafür, einige der stereotypen ansichten aufzulösen, die wir über andere menschen haben und die uns voneinander trennen. +karen armstrong: lasst uns die goldene regel neu beleben +man dekodiert das, was man zusammenfalten will, in eine sequenz von winkeln – also minus 120, minus 120, 0, 0, 120, minus 120 – etwas in der art; eine sequenz von winkeln, oder drehungen, und man sendet diese sequenz durch die kette. +tauchen fehler auf, kann man einen teil austauschen. +skylar tibbits: können wir dinge erschaffen, die sich selbst herstellen? +und natürlich sind damit enorme praktische anwendungen mit dieser welt verknüpft – dinge wie die ausrottung von pocken, der beginn eines impfstoffs gegen gebärmutterhalskrebs, der, wie wir jetzt wissen, meistens vom menschlichen papillomavirus verursacht wird. +dass, während wir diese stränge von a 's, t' s c 's und g' s erforschen, wir eine komplett neue klasse von leben entdecken könnten, die, wie beijerinck, die art und weise, wie wir über die natur der biologie denken, verändern wird. +und besonders dann, wenn man diese beiden tatsachen als tiefe wahrheiten ansieht, an denen man sein leben ausrichten und aus denen man ratschluss für grundsatzentscheidungen ziehen sollte, dann scheinen sie doch ein kleines bisschen im widerspruch zueinander zu stehen. +wieso können wir nun überhaupt etwas über eine so weit entfernte umgebung sagen, die so verschieden ist, so anders als alles, an das wir gewöhnt sind? +da kommen wir zum beispiel nun endlich dazu, newtons gravitationsgesetz nachzuprüfen. -- vor rund 300 jahren -- +alles was es braucht ist eine supernova-explosion ein paar lichtjahre entfernt, und wir sind alle tot! +jedermann redet derzeit über maßnahmen, eine verringerung der abgasmengen um jeden preis zu erzwingen. +sie haben also weder die mittel, noch die anreize, weitere kunden anzuschliessen. +fokussieren wir auf haiti - hier hervorgehoben. +aber deng xiaoping verstand instinktiv die wichtigkeit den menschen eine auswahl zu geben. +wir brauchen auch wahlmöglichkeiten für die leute. +lass uns in der nähe ein hong kong haben. +sie bekommen grundgüter wie strom, +nehmen wir ein system, bei dem besitzverhältnisse von land bei einem staatlichen büro registriert sind, so dass es die leute als sicherheit hinterlegen können. +wir nehmen einfach meerwasser, filtern es, und sammeln unterschiedlich grosse organismen in unterschiedlichen filtern. dann bringen wir ihre dns in unser labor in rockville, wo wir alle 24 stunden einhundert millionen buchstaben ihres genetischen codes entschlüsseln können. +meiner ansicht nach sind diese gene nicht nur die designkomponenten der evolution. +dies ist ein beispiel dafür, wie software jetzt ihre eigene hardware baut, und so stellen wir uns biologie vor. +nachdem diese künstlichen genome hergestellt worden sind, ist der erste schritt einfach eine transplanatation in eine zelle, die kein genom enthält. +der genomik pionier craig venter unterbricht seine epische expedition um die welt, um über die millionen von genen zu sprechen, die seine mannschaft bisher bei ihrem streben, die biodiversität des ozeans aufzuzeichnen, entdeckt hat. +kinder die wiederstehen konnten erzielten durchschnittlich 250 punkte mehr beim sat +sie können ein an momentanen genüssen orientierter gegenwartsmensch sein, der sich nur auf die freuden des lebens konzentriert, oder ein gegenwarts-fatalist es spielt keine rolle. ihr leben ist vorbestimmt. +der gedanke ist so einfach, so offensichtlich, aber die folgen werden wirklich weitreichend sein. +wie steht es mit unseren ressourcen? wie werden wir neun milliarden menschen ernähren? +alleine indem wir die ringe studieren, können wir vieles über die scheiben aus sternen und gas lernen, die wir spiralgalaxien nennen. +es kann den schlamm von gebirgsspitzen und hügeln spülen hinunter ins flachland. denken sie darüber mal kurz nach. +es war noch aus einem anderen grund wichtig: diese mission ist international und das ereignis wurde in europa gefeiert, in deutschland. die feierlichen vorträge wurden in englischen akzenten gehalten und amerikanischen und deutschen und französischen, italienischen und holländischen. +das ist lockerer boden voller flüssigem methan. +mein team und ich haben bilder wie dieses überprüft und dieses und über die anderen ergebnisse von cassini nachgedacht. +diese führer versuchen, eine massive nationale, gewaltfreie bewegung aufzubauen, um die besetzung zu beenden und frieden in der region zu schaffen. +reporter: die israelische grenzpolizei wurde geschickt, um die menge aufzulösen. +aber das stimmt auch für erwachsene. +julia bacha: beachten sie gewaltlosigkeit +es ist eine einladung an die 70 prozent unseres planeten, die noch nicht kartografiert sind. +epileptiker brauchen manchmal die elektrische aktivität bei ihrer gehirnüberwachung. +wenn wir also den ort verlassen – vielleicht stellen wir das auto ab und laufen ein stück – dann wissen wir dank unseren eigenen bewegungen, mit denen wir diesen pfad gliedern können, ungefähr, welche richtung wir für den rückweg nehmen müssen. +wenn das geschähe, könnten sich platzzellen gegenseitig aktivieren durch diese dichten vernetzungen, und dann würden sie die grenzzellen reaktivieren, um die flächenstrukturen des erlebnisses rund um ihren standpunkt zu formen. +es stellt sich heraus -- es gibt ein muster -- +sie sind schön designed, einfach zu benutzen und benutzerfreundlich. +vor einigen jahren brachte gateway fernseher mit flachbildschirmen auf den markt. +sie kennen das, manchmal können sie jemandem alle fakten und zahlen geben und er sagt, "ich weiß, was alle fakten und details sagen, aber es fühlt sich einfach nicht richtig an." +die new york times ist ihm überall hin gefolgt. und jeder hat langley unterstützt. +die nächsten 34 prozent sind ihre frühe mehrheit, ihre späte mehrheit und ihre nachzügler. +es ist ein werbebeispiel. +wie macht man das? +die führungsmenschen besitzen eine position von macht oder autorität. aber die, die führen inspirieren uns. +die ärzte, so schien es, hatten nie wirklich genug zeit für all ihre patienten, so sehr sie es auch versuchten. +als ich also diese e-mail von dr. geiger bekam, wusste ich, dass ich hätte stolz sein müssen, teil dieser geschichte zu sein. +und wir entschieden uns, rezepte zu diesem zweck einzusetzen. +was wäre, wenn wir ein wartezimmer hätten, in dem man nicht nur einfach herumsitzt, wenn man krank ist, sondern in das man kommt, um gesund zu werden. +und dies ist nicht nur eine art kurzzeit-arbeitskraft, um patienten mit grundlegenden lebensmitteln zu versorgen, es ist die nächste generation an führungskäften für den bereich gesundheitswesen, die zwei, drei, vier jahre in krankenhaus-wartezimmern verbracht haben und mit patienten über ihre grundlegendsten bedürfnisse gesprochen haben. +ich glaube, dass wir alle eine vision haben für das gesundheitssystem in diesem land. +was ist falsch an diesem bild? +doch leider ist es ein halbtauchboot im einsatz der drogenkartelle. +sie würden vielleicht sagen: "das stimmt nicht. ich habe doch gelesen, diese generation junger afghanischer menschen in ihren 20ern und 30ern sei ungebildet." +als er eine brille über seine sehr kurzsichtigen augen bekam, sah er plötzlich auf und sagte: "mama, veo el mundo." +es gab einen von ap herausgegebenen artikel auf dem nachrichtendienstnetzwerk. +james stavridis: gedanken über globale sicherheit eines us-navy-admirals +aber das sind frühe verwendungen von illusionen, die aber - irgendwie brisant in hans holbeins "die botschafter" verwendet wurden. hans holbein arbeitete für heinrich viii. dieses bild hing an einer wand, an der man die treppe hinunterkommen konnte und diesen versteckten schädel sehen konnte. +die un hat ihre statistiken zur verfügung gestellt, und wir haben eine neue version der software online, sie müssen sie also nicht mehr erst herunterladen. +das war 2007. +sehen sie hier den vergleich zu den heutigen philippinen. +und jetzt sehen wir, dass die veränderung in japan enorm war. +aber: hommage an singapur. +dies hier können wir dollar-straße nennen. +so ist es, wenn forschung in gesellschaften funktioniert - man muss wirklich mit den menschen leben. +ich würde sagen, dass sich das subsaharische afrika im weltweiten vergleich in den letzten 50 jahren am besten geschlagen hat. +lassen sie mich zuerst die wichtigsten hilfsmittel priorisieren. +das scheinbar unmögliche ist also möglich. +es reiht so schön das "a" auf, schätze ich. +wir können gegen jeden schnell in führung gehen, aber in der zweiten hälfte werden wir ausgetanzt. das ist "kriegsführung der vierten generation". +antwort: "dr. barnett, sie haben recht." +wie saddam, wie mugabe, wie kim jong-il, machthaber, die abertausende oder millionen töten. +"wollt ihr es versuchen, frankreich?" +wollen sie robert mugabe weg haben? +ein militär beschafft und ein anderes eingesetzt. +die peitsche, das zuckerbrot. +sieht die arbeitsteilung so aus: +die transformations-gurus haben uns in den letzten jahren immer verklickert: "krieg geht schneller, billiger, effizienter" +general shinseki hatte recht: +danke. +wirklich, im grunde machen wir dies. tatsache ist, nicht sehr viel. +und der grund ist: es wurde bereits gemacht. +es gab eine menge physikalischer begründungen, warum es keine gute kompensation wäre. +aber dann fand ich heraus, dass dazu jede menge schon veröffentlicht war. da das thema in der natürlichen atmosphäre existiert. +vielleicht ist der ander knopf zur kontrolle der co2 konzentration. +ich sage ihnen, wie groß die kraft ist - so groß +einer der entscheidenden gründe, warum es so schwierig ist, über das problem zu reden, und generell denke ich, dass ist der grund warum es politisch unakzeptabel gewesen ist, darüber zu reden. +wir tauchen heute ab in die tiefsee. und jeder, der das schon mal gemacht hat, weiß, dass es nach etwa zweieinhalb stunden auf dem weg nach unten stockduster ist. +sehen wir es uns noch einmal an. achten sie auf die färbung: weiß auf der rechten, braun auf der linken seite. +ich dachte, er hätte das video nachbearbeitet. also, hier sehen wir es noch einmal rückwärts. +"glücklichsein ist uns egal. wir müssen mit leidenschaft leben. +ich war früher ein bachfan. ich spielte bach auf der gitarre, wissen sie. +aber es gibt auch eine boshafte freude, denn man kann sich auch am leid anderer erfreuen. +im gegensatz dazu, kennt jeder tief in seinem inneren diese tat selbstloser grosszügigkeit wenn aus der ferne, ohne dass jemand davon weiss, wir das leben eines kindes retten konnten, jemanden glücklich machen konnten. +wohlwollen, liebende freundlichkeit anstelle von hass. +das ist genau das, was die grossen meditierenden die ganze zeit über tun. +ich habe jetzt keine zeit, auf all die verschiedenen wissenschaftlichen resultate einzugehen. +was ist glück und wie können wir es erlangen? der zum buddhistischen mönch gewordene biochemiker matthieu ricard sagt, dass wir unseren geist in den gewohnheiten des wohlbefindens trainieren können, um einen wirklichen sinn von gelassenheit und erfüllung zu schaffen. +die umgebungen, in denen wir leben, sehen normalerweise wie diese hier aus. +ein so elender öffentlicher raum, dass ihn sogar die obdachlosen meiden. +ok. +wir lösen die urbanen probleme nicht, indem wir das land in die stadt zerren. genau das aber versuchen viele von uns ständig. +so nehmen sie oft das erste beste, das sich ihnen anbietet. +wir werden wieder lernen müssen, was die einzelnen bausteine dieser dinge sind. die straße. der häuserblock. wie man einen öffentlichen raum gestaltet, der zugleich groß und klein ist. der hof. der öffentliche platz. und wie man diese einrichtungen am besten nutzt. +bitte, machen sie sich ans werk und tun sie ihr bestes, um ein land mit schätzenswerten orten zu schaffen und eine schützenswerte nation. +je tiefer man kommt, desto mehr kommt einem wasser in den weg. +hier ist ein ausschnitt aus einem national geographic film, der 1999 herauskam. +i meine, ich überspringe hier drei jahre von ingenieursbesprechungen, design und systemintegration und präsentierte depthx - deep phreatic thermal explorer. +die regierung hat kürzlich pläne verkündet, bis 2024 zum mond zurückzukehren. +was würde also passieren, wenn sie ihren treibstoff zu einem zehntel des preises bekommen können? +es ist gefährlich und wäre sicherlich ein höllenritt, besser noch als bei disney. +100 jahre, nach dem sir ernest shackleton diese worte geschrieben hat, will ich die fahne der industrie auf dem mond hissen, und das letzte stück vollenden, dass uns die grenze zum all öffnet. zu unserer zeit und für alle von uns. +ich habe das leben als einen langen lernprozess gesehen. +hätten sie nicht auch die virgin-, die jungfrau-marke verwenden können? +rb: ah, das war ziemlich lustig. das war ein wunderbares auto-boot in dem – dieses auto, das war bei einem ted-event, glaube ich. +in 24 monaten dann, können menschen ausflüge ins all machen. +und sie inspirierten ian mcewan zu einer novelle damit. +waren sie nicht schrecklich in der schule? +denken sie, wenn sie die jetzige generation ansehen, dass sie zu verwöhnt ist, nicht weiß was sie alles hat, dass wir eine generation von priviligierten kindern aufziehen... +das ist ungeheuerlich. +wir wollen menschen ermutigen nach einer methode zu suchen, kohlenstoff aus der erdatmosphäre zu extrahieren. +der psychologe erik erikson sagt, soweit ich ihn verstehe und ich bin da ein totaler amateur, dass menschen in den 30ern, 40ern von dem wunsch nach wachstum angetrieben sind und darin ihre erfüllung finden. diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/valid.bert.en b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/valid.bert.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ead1ca5b4abda989f082c14ee9eb220166bb4fa --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/valid.bert.en @@ -0,0 +1,7283 @@ +it's that pyramid. +in mother's milk. +it had two-to-three-to-400 times the toxic loads ever allowed by the epa. +often what jams us up is sewage. +what do you do when you have this sort of disrupted flow? +stephen palumbi: following the mercury trail +i really thought they were so beneath me. +but we didn't realize at the time that we actually needed a third manipulator, because we couldn't manipulate the neck from inside and walk the horse at the same time. +and now we would like to introduce you to joey. +bj: and mikey also has, in his fingers, the ability to move the tail from left to right, and up and down with the other hand. +mikey brett, craig, leo, zem joaquin and basil and me. +in winter, there's a lot of sleeping going on; you enjoy your family life inside. +the thing to watch for as a global philanthropy industry comes about -- and that's exactly what is happening -- is how the aspiration is to flip these old assumptions, for philanthropy to become open and big and fast and connected, in service of the long term. +now, all of these big things for love -- experiments -- aren't going to take off. +i'm going to look quickly at the fourth and fifth categories, which are innovation, competitions and social investing. +it may be that the social singularity ahead is the one that we fear the most: a convergence of catastrophes, of environmental degradation, of weapons of mass destruction, of pandemics, of poverty. +i believe that there are new, hidden tensions that are actually happening between people and institutions -- institutions that are the institutions that people inhabit in their daily life: schools, hospitals, workplaces, factories, offices, etc. +the first gentleman, he's a baker. +so, think of the three settings i've talked to you about: factory, migration, office. +they were living on top of the workshops where they were working. +so, how many of you have ever gotten behind the wheel of a car when you really shouldn't have been driving? +one of the things that we've developed in the lab -- we've developed several vehicles -- is what we believe is the world's first autonomously drifting car. +now, clearly we're not going to put a couple of electrodes on his head and understand exactly what all of his thoughts are on the track. +watch the mental workload, and watch the steering. +so today, i'm going to tell you about some people who didn't move out of their neighborhoods. +so a few years ago, l.a. county decided that they needed to spend 2.5 billion dollars to repair the city schools. +i mean, literally, her hometown is called whitesville, west virginia. +so these three guys all understand how to productively channel dollars through our local economies to meet existing market demands, reduce the social problems that we have now and prevent new problems in the future. +our municipalities, rural and urban, play the operational course of infrastructure -- things like waste disposal, energy demand, as well as social costs of unemployment, drop-out rates, incarceration rates and the impacts of various public health costs. +and reading that book made me reexamine that theory because i need to explain what i mean by that. +and i think because early on, frankly, my programs were just a little bit ahead of their time. +and my question is, how did we get from there to here? +i went to deaf clubs. +and yet, we have nobody who is trying to ensure that the next generation of children born to african-americans and asians come out with creamy skin and yellow hair. +and he ended up achieving at a level that had never before been contemplated by any member of his family. +the experience of down syndrome people includes those who are actors, those who are writers, some who are able to live fully independently in adulthood. +and a lot of the time the question of parenthood is, what do we validate in our children, and what do we cure in them? +and ultimately i feel that in the same way that we test flame-retardant pajamas in an inferno to ensure they won't catch fire when our child reaches across the stove, so these stories of families negotiating these extreme differences reflect on the universal experience of parenting, which is always that sometimes you look at your child and you think, where did you come from? +and he had a very large head, which she thought might indicate hydrocephalus. +and i came from a very privileged background. i was very lucky. +never shown this picture before, and probably going to be sued for it. +the point being, this is going to be very, very intensive on the programming side. +you want a separate thing, like the ac adaptor. +if you're in a desert, they can talk to each other about two kilometers apart. +not something you'd envy or want to do. +and it's not to go out and buy 100 or 1,000, though, i invite you to do that, and 10,000 would be even better. +and there are days -- i don't know about the rest of you guys -- but there are days when i palpably feel how much i rely on other people for pretty much everything in my life. +so actually now on this website, we have 18,000 people. +and we're building upon innovations of generations who went before us. +but remember, greece is there today. +and when you think about the economy through these two different lenses, you understand why this crisis is so hard to solve, because the worse the crisis gets, the higher the stakes are, the more each side thinks they know the answer and the other side is just going to ruin everything. +that's 20 percent of the budget, and that presents a more difficult issue. +the phrase that you want, if you're a graduate student or a postdoc or you're a professor, a 38-year-old economics professor, is, "i'm an empiricist. +we know what it's like to have these people on tv, in congress, yelling about how the end of the world is coming if we don't adopt their view completely, because it's happened about the dollar ever since there's been a dollar. +and he said to the guy, "why have you put stuff on the back that no one will ever see?" +i thought, well that's not good enough. +the wiring from your sensory apparatus to those bits is shorter than the bits that have to pass through the thinky bit, the cortex. +where are you feeling this? +and also triumph, this sense of transcendence, this "i never knew that. ah, this is something new." +so i'm going to shamelessly expose something to you, which is beautiful to me. +and then i can't tell you how hard it is to do that radiator, which is curved. +no one's going to notice those split lines and changes. +but what i have to do now, feeling again, what i've got to do is to be able to supply enough of these enzymes, of these triggers into something early on in the process, that you pick it up, not through your thinking, but through your feeling. +no time. it says i have two minutes left, so we can't do this. +now i think it's too easy. +we have secularized badly, i would argue. +we need data, we don't need help. +you need to keep repeating the lesson 10 times a day. +this comes across also in the way in which religions set up rituals around important feelings. +and when they teach us a lesson, they do it via the body. +but that feeling of puzzlement is structural to contemporary art. +the people in the modern world, in the secular world, who are interested in matters of the spirit, in matters of the mind, in higher soul-like concerns, tend to be isolated individuals. +if you want to change the world, you have to group together, you have to be collaborative. +and i say, "of course." and they say, "so aren't you sort of religious?" +because you've agreed on 90 percent of things, because you have a shared view on so many things, and you politely differ. +so it took me from places like chile -- the atacama desert in chile -- to siberia, to underground mines in the japanese alps, in northern america, all the way to antarctica and even to the south pole. +you need something like tens of megatons of water -- almost a gigaton of water -- in order to have any chance of catching this neutrino. +the toilets there are literally holes in the ground covered with a wooden shack. +so this is us landing on the ross ice shelf in antarctica. +the fabric alone weighs two tons. +anil ananthaswamy: what it takes to do extreme astrophysics +well, first you have to, as an engineer, scope the problem. how big is it? +and a bookmobile -- the size of a van with a satellite dish, a printer, binder and cutter, and kids make their own books. +we have one of these things now. it's completely cool. +but we sent -- thought, ok, if we're going to need to do this, let's do it in-library. +the getty here is moving their books to the ucla, which is where we have one these scanning centers, and scanning their out-of-copyright books, which is fabulous. +it costs about 10 dollars a piece to go and take a disk and put it online, if you're doing things in volume. +we tended towards longer-term things and also things that people can reuse and make into new movies, which has just been great fun. +so anyway, you've got basically an idea of where things came from. +so envision what it looks like all wrapped up. +it looked more like this when it was all wrapped up -- not quite so pretty. +and frankly, i face a big obstacle. +but these are essentially externalized stomachs and lungs. +so, fungi and mycelium sequester carbon dioxide in the form of calcium oxalates. +the mycelium, in the right conditions, produces a mushroom -- it bursts through with such ferocity that it can break asphalt. +and i'll show you a graph here. +there's a vetted press release that you can read -- it's vetted by dod -- if you google "stamets" and "smallpox." +so, the house is no longer suitable for invasion. +too many withdrawals from the carbon bank, and so this population will be shut down. +so we had our own miniature rainforest, a private beach with a coral reef. +so eight of us went in: four men and four women. +we stopped irrigating our soil, as much as we could. +but on the other hand, it was the scientific gold of the project, because we could really crank this baby up, as a scientific tool, and see if we could, in fact, find where those seven tons of oxygen had gone. +i had been growing all my own food. +and all of it was coming from this: shrimp farms. +it's such a huge subject. " +and if you lose where you are in your biosphere, or are perhaps having a difficulty connecting with where you are in the biosphere, i would say to you, take a deep breath. +the cause of our troubles is actually the complexity that science has given us. +we have now found treatments for nearly all of the tens of thousands of conditions that a human being can have. +there's another sign that we need pit crews, and that's the unmanageable cost of our care. +skill number one is the ability to recognize success and the ability to recognize failure. +we got the lead safety engineer for boeing to help us. +there's a deep resistance because using these tools forces us to confront that we're not a system, forces us to behave with a different set of values. +and most of those losses are because of things we know. +if you don't just want a queen, you can buy, actually, a three-pound package of bees, which comes in the mail, and of course, the postal office is always very concerned when they get, you know, your three-pound packages of bees. +but if you're losing 50 percent to 80 percent of your colonies, you can't survive three years in a row. and we're really worried about losing this segment of our industry. +and bees are very faithful. +and of course, bees are not the only important factor here. +but i also want to reinforce some of the ideas we've heard here, because having a meadow or living by a meadow is transformational. +well actually, i've [been] whistling since the age of four, about four. +i lost my face. +and i want to first rehearse with you your whistling. +some of them are very easy. +and they also are able to show and to exhibit such a wonderful and complex behavior that can be described just with the term of intelligence. +look at this young bean that is moving to catch the light every time. +how is it possible to do this without a brain? +and why are they so similar? +thank you. +they're going to be entering this car one by one. +and also in 50 other cities around the world, people participated. +and because it was in union square park, right by a subway station, there were hundreds of people by the end who stopped and looked up and watched what we were doing. +they're wearing either a yellow shirt or a black shirt. +he gave 2,000 high fives that day, and he washed his hands before and afterward and did not get sick. +and not knowing where help was needed always ensured that help was in short supply in the areas that needed it most. +our goal over the next year is to get water canary ready for the field and to open-source the hardware so that anyone can contribute to the development and the evaluation, so we can tackle this problem together. +now why am i talking about cows? +so what i'm proposing is, just as we require reading, writing, arithmetic, american history, so we should have a curriculum on facts about all the religions of the world -- about their history, about their creeds, about their texts, their music, their symbolisms, their prohibitions, their requirements. +all i'm saying is -- facts. facts only. +except, of course, it wasn't the sheep's cleverness. +the lesson we learn from this is you don't have to have a mind to be a beneficiary. +and how can we do that? +i'm talking also about christianity. +yes. +but i wish it were better. +and here i think, "wait a minute." +well, this from "the purpose driven life" -- "the bible must become the authoritative standard for my life, the compass i rely on for direction, the counsel i listen to for making wise decisions and the benchmark i use for evaluating everything." +now do we really want to commit ourselves to engulfing all the other religions when their holy books are telling them, "don't listen to the other side, that's just satan talking!" +ears are made not for hearing, but for listening. +it looks a bit like this. +if you can't hear somebody talking to you in a loud voice, it's too loud. +first of all, listen consciously. +and my relationship to especially human-made objects which someone else said they work like this, well, i can say they work a different way, a little bit. +so kids don't have as hard of a time with this, and i saw in my own son, i gave him this book. +and then you can take the little piano circuit off the pencil. +and so we're like, "we gotta put a video out about this." +okay, just wait for this one. this is good. +it's really going to be seven billion pairs of hands, each following their own passions, and each kind of like a mosaic coming up and creating this world in their backyards and in their kitchens. +but they won't come to us directly through light. +but einstein always thought black holes were a mathematical oddity. +it would be bad if we tried to fire our rockets and get out of there because we couldn't, anymore than light can escape. +this is from my group -- a slightly less glamorous computer modeling. +and surely, somewhere in the universe two black holes have merged. +galaxies form, and generations of stars form in those galaxies, and around one star, at least one star, is a habitable planet. +so we have to wonder, if there is a multiverse, in some other patch of that multiverse, are there creatures? +of the 100 incarcerated people that are released, 60 will return to prison. +well, it has its pluses and minuses. +from the fact that they are only serving one audience, mainly the western culture. +i go everywhere to make believe it's iran. +now comes the green movement -- the summer of 2009, as my film is released -- the uprising begins in the streets of tehran. +it can't afford to doubt the person who tends the child. +one person wins. +i will come to it later. +you cannot command compassion unless you become limitless, and nobody can become limitless, either you are or you are not. period. +you act compassionately. +if this does not blow your mind, then you have no emotion. +and let's pause here. +it's good for motivated students. +in a traditional classroom, you have a couple of homework, homework, lecture, homework, lecture, and then you have a snapshot exam. +and you can go to the site right now. it's all free. not trying to sell anything. +red means they're stuck. +and we're seeing it over and over and over again. +i'm still doing all the videos, but we have a rockstar team doing the software. +and they're literally saying, "hey, this is nice, but..." like that focus graph, a lot of the teachers said, "i have a feeling that a lot of the kids are jumping around and not focusing on one topic." +but there are also hallucinations as well, and hallucinations are completely different. +i see a lot of children. they are walking up and down stairs. +i said, "there is a special form of visual hallucination which may go with deteriorating vision or blindness. +the first thing he said was he saw a handkerchief in midair. +and he turned around. and then he divided into six figures in striped shirts, who started walking towards her. +but no more than one percent of the people acknowledge them, because they are afraid they will be seen as insane or something. +when people have these simple geometrical hallucinations, the primary visual cortex is activated. +it is only if one is visually impaired or blind that the process is interrupted. +and actually i'm a little visually impaired myself. +but i would come back from those dives and try to share the experience with words, and they were totally inadequate to the task. +it's unbelievable. +this looks like something out of a dr. seuss book -- just all manner of creatures all over this thing. +and we view it with a camera system i developed called eye-in-the-sea that uses far red light that's invisible to most animals, so it's unobtrusive. +and it does actually seem to be trying to eat the electronic jellyfish. +edith widder: the weird, wonderful world of bioluminescence +the yellow-green area is the fluids of blood, which is mostly water, but it's also antibodies, sugars, hormones, that kind of thing. +it's an accurate representation, and it's pretty much at the correct speed for what is occurring inside you. +one set of dna goes to one side, the other side gets the other set of dna -- identical copies of dna. +it's able to feel when the cell is ready, when the chromosome is correctly positioned. +humanity is now fully into the techno-scientific age. +during 41 years of teaching biology at harvard, i watched sadly as bright students turned away from the possibility of a scientific career or even from taking non-required courses in science because they were afraid of failure. +judge opportunity by how few other students and researchers are on hand. +or larger, what's the role of dark matter in the expansion of the universe? +humans have lived for much, much longer than the approximately 10,000 years of settled agricultural civilization in small family groups. nomadic hunters bring down rabbits, gathering food. +more recently, that power is untethering and leaping off the desktops, and very, very quickly, we're going to see a significant proportion, if not the majority of the human race, walking around holding, carrying or wearing supercomputers linked at speeds greater than what we consider to be broadband today. +he used the example of a common grazing area in which each person by simply maximizing their own flock led to overgrazing and the depletion of the resource. +toyota, instead of treating its suppliers as a marketplace, treats them as a network and trains them to produce better, even though they are also training them to produce better for their competitors. +what forms of suffering could be alleviated, what forms of wealth could be created if we knew a little bit more about cooperation? +now, i'll show you a fun app that -- we've been working on a collaboration with our friends at flickr. +yeah, yeah, back to the corner, back to the corner. +blaise agüera y arcas: augmented-reality maps +this was in preparation for a merger and acquisition. +and if you remember the story about sisyphus, sisyphus was punished by the gods to push the same rock up a hill, and when he almost got to the end, the rock would roll over, and he would have to start again. +what happened? +i said, "how many of you now go home earlier than you used to?" +so you take a piece, you just put it on the side. +the next part i want to show you is something about the positive motivation. +you had to measure the milk and add it, mixing it. +at the top of the sheet, we had little diagrams of how do you fold origami. +by the way, these are my kids, which, of course, are wonderful and so on. +and we're actually cambodians. +this is a picture of what pursat looks like. +but for us it meant freedom. +one day a man told me, "my future does not look brilliant, but i want to have a brilliant future for my son." +so the key here is empathy. +we revised the mental health component of the primary health care services by adding psycho-social care and psycho-social counselors to the system. +when jungian analyst inge missmahl visited afghanistan, she saw the inner wounds of war -- widespread despair, trauma and depression. and yet, in this county of 30 million people, there were only two dozen psychiatrists. missmahl talks about her work helping to build the country's system of psychosocial counseling, promoting both individual and, perhaps, national healing. +that's true of european biofuels. +top left, we have canada and australia, with enormous land areas, very high per capita consumption, 200 or 300 light bulbs per person, and very low population densities. +wind power produces a bit more, 2.5 watts per square meter, but that's only twice as big as 1.25 watts per square meter, so that means if you wanted literally to produce total energy consumption in all forms on average from wind farms, you need wind farms half the area of the u.k. +but the same goes for renewables as well. +next, there's the heating lever. +so, if you wanted to get 16 light bulbs, remember, today our total energy consumption is 125 light bulbs' worth. +he mentioned four great world orchestras, and the fifth one was venezuela's youth symphony orchestra. +the structure of el sistema is based on a new and flexible managing style adapted to the features of each community and region, and today attends to 300,000 children of the lower and middle class all over venezuela. +from the minute a child's taught how to play an instrument, he's no longer poor. +think about it, all right? i'm going to answer the phone three different times. +behavioral markers matter. +that actually occurred this year. she took early retirement. +we are obsessed with this way of thinking. +classic. hip fracture often leads to institutionalization of a senior. +these discoveries of behavioral markers, and behavioral changes are game changing, and like the discovery of the microscope because of our collecting data streams that we've actually never done before. +it's achievable. we should do it economically, we should do it morally, and we should do it for quality of life. +we will see 30,000 new infected websites. +this is the market leader in malware distribution, the black hole exploit pack, responsible for nearly one third of malware distribution in the last couple of quarters. +so this is writing out the malicious code, and a few seconds later, on the left-hand side, you'll see the attacker's screen get some interesting new text. +what's really insulting about this is not only does it provide the attackers with access to your data, but when the scan finishes, they tell you in order to clean up the fake viruses, you have to register the product. +a little more searching, and here's our cybercriminal. +okay? so you can see a list of wireless networks. +you see, technology's changing at a staggering rate, and that 250,000 pieces of malware won't stay the same for long. +i wasn't very good at reading things. +you all know the story, right. +and that was really cool. +it was extraordinary. +"you can call it a dinosaur, but look at the velociraptor: the velociraptor is cool." +and they obviously make a lot of money off of them. +and so he agreed. +and quite frankly, i think if colonel sanders was to be careful how he worded it, he could actually advertise an extra piece. +that's based on diet intake surveys, it's based on levels of obesity, it's based on a range of factors that gives you an approximate guess as to how much food is actually going into people's mouths. +that's what's in fields around the world every single year. +go one step up, and you get to farmers, who throw away sometimes a third or even more of their harvest because of cosmetic standards. +the one in the middle, on my kitchen table. not much difference. +western countries throw out nearly half of their food, not because it's inedible -- but because it doesn't look appealing. tristram stuart delves into the shocking data of wasted food, calling for a more responsible use of global resources. +and this is all done, by the way, by the international astronomical union. +now, we're going to be going to mars one day. and when we do, it's going to be unfair for the people that are living there to have to live with these ridiculous names. +"listen, i'm going back to the swamp mermaid. can you call me in a little while?" +we have names for places where people don't exist. +blue cheese, ranch, oil and vinegar, thousand islands and house. +now this is isaac from a vietnamese stamp. +he's all murky. there is little kids leaning on his leg, little ghosts flying around. we gotta clean this stuff up fast, ladies and gentlemen. +prime numbers, gauss, one of my favorites. +every top adds up to 37. +it just seems like it's not sexy and elegant, it's hidden. +thank you. +it was incredibly successful. +it thought of itself as being disconnected from the internet, but it was possible for somebody to smuggle a usb drive in there, or something like that, and software got in there that causes the centrifuges, in that case, to actually destroy themselves. +and so if you hear an expert talking about the internet and saying it can do this, or it does do this, or it will do that, you should treat it with the same skepticism that you might treat the comments of an economist about the economy or a weatherman about the weather, or something like that. +good afternoon. +so military technologies can influence the course of the world, can make or break world peace -- and there lies the issue with cyber weapons. +today we're moving to a multipolar world in which coordination is much more complicated, as we have seen at copenhagen. +before that day, this is how i saw the ocean. +speaking of dinosaurs, sharks are basically the same fish they were 300 million years ago. +of course, sea cucumbers shoot them out their rears, which, in my opinion, makes them much more interesting a superhero. +and he does manage to find them, but great navigation skills, lousy pick-up lines. +i couldn't fit them in. +sherman's up in shark heaven. +and you're getting all kinds of cool stuff. +in the lower 48, the farthest you can get away from a maintained road is 20 miles. +the tahltan have called for the creation of a tribal heritage reserve which will set aside the largest protected area in british columbia. +multiply 22 times 47, make sure you get 1,034, or the calculators are not working. do all of you get 1,034? 1,034? +529. +722 is 500 -- ooh, that's a harder one. +in the meanwhile, let me conclude the first part of my show by doing something a little trickier. +ok, any six of them. +audience: february. +what year, chris, would you like? +audience: six. six. +now, 57 times 68 is 3,400, plus 476 is 3876, that's 38,760 plus 171, 38,760 plus 171 is 38,931. +a third time, it's just being a technician. +change is happening, and the change that is happening is not one that is in software. +had collected photographs of me, as mothers will do. +and i'll just say what i'm about to do. what i'm about to do -- i hope you can recognize that there's a distorted sine wave, almost a triangular wave upon this hewlett-packard oscilloscope. +but you will need to know eighth-grade algebra, and we're going to do serious experiments. +now, so i know the frequency. +i'm going home for a midterm. a riot's going on on campus. +i pop up the top, and there's a cupola. +well i'm here to suggest there's a better way, that less might actually equal more. +secondly, our new mantra: small is sexy. +maybe, just maybe, less might equal more. +that fixed behavior -- which is rigid and stereotyped and ends up with a meal -- changes. +if we've got them wired up with an electroencephalogram, the right brain of each of them becomes attuned, so that the joyful emergence of this earliest of play scenes and the physiology of that is something we're beginning to get a handle on. +this happens to be ok -- he's an anatomically interested little boy and that's his mom. other situations wouldn't be quite so good. +they'd given me a large grant when i was an academician for the study of felony drunken drivers, and i thought i had a pretty good track record, and by the time i had spent half an hour talking about play, it was obvious that they were not -- did not feel that play was serious. +and i think if you think about life without play -- no humor, no flirtation, no movies, no games, no fantasy and, and, and. +found that when he looked at a playground out of a window into which he had been confined, he felt something different. +characterized by a feeling of energized focus, full involvement and success in the process of the activity. +and its hugely important in learning and crafting the brain. +we decided to do something a little bit different and transform flavors that were very familiar -- so in this case, so we take a carrot cake, put it in a blender, and we have kind of like a carrot cake juice, and then that went into a balloon frozen in liquid nitrogen to create this hollow shell of carrot cake ice cream, i guess, and it comes off looking like, you know, jupiter's floating around your plate. +hc: so, after about a day of chris and i staring at each other, we came up with something that was pretty close to the hamburger patty, and as you can see it basically forms like hamburger meat. +hc: so this is where we step into the future and we leapfrog ahead. +so, why don't we hear more about the world? +where's art? i got productivity. i got sports. +and one of them is called taketa. which is which? +the full videos are online if you are interested. +but if i come up really close and stare directly at the camera on this laptop then you'll see these nice crisp eyes. +i'd like to show you thing called snout, which is -- the idea behind this project is to make a robot that appears as if it's continually surprised to see you. +if this virus was in thousands of individuals at this point, why was it the case that it took us until 1984 to be able to discover this virus? +deep in a remote region of cameroon, two hunters stalk their prey. +they're also going to ask you the question that when we knew that this was the way that hiv entered into the human population, and that other diseases had the potential to enter like this, why did we let these behaviors continue? +paul worked for years on the cameroonian national radio and television, and he spoke about health issues. he was a health correspondent. +and let's face it, any new retrovirus in the human population -- it's something we should be aware of. +and because of that announcement, we got a big article in the new york times, which led to more press, which led to more attention, and me deciding to become ceo of that company -- whereas i was just an adviser -- and raising a round of venture capital and ramping up hiring. +and they're tweeting, in some cases, from behind closed-door sessions with the president. +people have raised tens of thousands of dollars over twitter in a matter of days on several occasions. +my mother says that i started reading at the age of two, although i think four is probably close to the truth. +my mother was an administrator. +i must say that before i went to the u.s. i didn't consciously identify as african. +the political climate in the u.s. at the time was tense, and there were debates going on about immigration. +when i learned, some years ago, that writers were expected to have had really unhappy childhoods to be successful, i began to think about how i could invent horrible things my parents had done to me. +now, the conventional wisdom was that nigerians don't read literature. +she introduced them to a book about the southern life that they had left behind: "they sat around, reading the book themselves, listening to me read the book, and a kind of paradise was regained." +it literally flat-lined. +well for the sake of time, i want to focus on just three strategies. +we need to fundamentally redefine who it is that experts are. +i'm looking for a third way: i'm preparing to get alzheimer's disease. +would they give me charts and graphs that i could color? +alanna shaikh: how i'm preparing to get alzheimer's +the network has two components in them. +the battery is not the gas tank, in a sense. +and these prices are actually with clean electrons. +and i had to quit and come and do this thing called a better place. +as we stared scaling it up we looked at what is the problem to come up to the u.s.? +we go back down. it's going to go up and down. +now where is the car industry on that? +now when we're looking at solving big problems, we need to start thinking in two numbers. +we have to make the right moral decision. +they see us as rocking the boat, and you can understand why. +complexity is the problem that any theory of biology has to solve, and you can't solve it by postulating an agent that is even more complex, thereby simply compounding the problem. +now, there's a typical scientific journal, the quarterly review of biology. +and however we define atheism, it's surely the kind of academic belief that a person is entitled to hold without being vilified as an unpatriotic, unelectable non-citizen. +in 1998, larson and witham polled the cream of american scientists, those who'd been honored by election to the national academy of sciences, and among this select group, belief in a personal god dropped to a shattering seven percent. +darwin said, "i have never been an atheist in the same sense of denying the existence of a god. +nonetheless, if we want to attract deep down atheists to come out publicly, we're going to have find something better to stick on our banner than "tooth fairy" or "teapot agnostic." +we need an anti-templeton to step forward. +what this picture suggests to us is that we've got a radical change in the way information production and exchange is capitalized. not that it's become less capital intensive -- that there's less money that's required -- but that the ownership of this capital, the way the capitalization happens, is radically distributed. each of us, in these advanced economies, has one of these, or something rather like it -- a computer. +the critical innovation here is instead of our engineers, or our people saying which is the most relevant, we're going to go out and count what you, people out there on the web, for whatever reason -- vanity, pleasure -- produced links, and tied to each other. we're going to count those, and count them up. +and if dinner isn't entirely obvious, think of sex. +but -- and this is the dark lining -- it is threatened by -- in the same way that it threatens -- the incumbent industrial systems. +due to some slip-ups, he managed to escape dressed as a woman and ran from london back to nigeria where, according to our constitution, those in office as governors, president -- as in many countries -- have immunity and cannot be prosecuted. but what happened: people were so outraged by this behavior that it was possible for his state legislature to impeach him and get him out of office. +we are grateful, but we know that we can take charge of our own destinies if we have the will to reform. +and in the three years that i was finance minister, they made an average of 360 million dollars profit per year. +and what is more important, because we want to get away from oil and diversify -- and there are so many opportunities in this one big country, as in many countries in africa -- what was remarkable is that much of this growth came not from the oil sector alone, but from non-oil. +not all of them have been perfect, or will be, but the trend is very clear. +so, she'll make a little pair of dungarees with corduroys, with african material mixed in. very creative designs, has reached a stage where she even had an order from wal-mart. +every year, 36,000 people in the united states die of seasonal flu. +this worked well for most pathogens, somewhat well for crafty bugs like flu, but not at all for hiv, for which humans have no natural immunity. +and also, what the antibodies use is a handle to essentially grab and neutralize the virus. +many thought that it was just impossible to make an aids vaccine, but today, evidence tells us otherwise. +in the longer term, what they can do is use these tools of retro-vaccinology to make a preventive flu vaccine. +luckily for us, we live in an era of breathtaking biomedical advances. +india, mexico and others are already making experimental flu vaccines, and they may be the first place we see these vaccines in use. +sb: you know, everybody says it's 10 years, but it's been 10 years every 10 years. +and these are not really a people oppressed by poverty. +i would also like to pay homage and honor to the ted fellows june arunga, james shikwati, andrew, and the other ted fellows. +did you know that 40 percent of the wealth created in africa is not invested here in africa? +i belong to an internet discussion forum, an african internet discussion forum, and i asked them, i said, "since 1960, we've had exactly 204 african heads of state, since 1960." +that's not wealth creation. it's wealth redistribution. +if you look into their traditional systems, africans organize their states in two types. +and when they produce their crops, they sell the surplus on marketplaces. +a bigger boat will mean more fish will be caught and landed. +and i was sure that it was going to be great for democracy and for our society. +scott's results were full of them. +and the challenge with these kinds of algorithmic filters, these personalized filters, is that, because they're mainly looking at what you click on first, it can throw off that balance. +we need it to introduce us to new ideas and new people and different perspectives. +she said "yes, that's former vice president al gore and his wife tipper." +just in the last two days, we got the new temperature records in january. +a lot of us in here have made that decision and it is really pretty easy. +help with the mass persuasion campaign that will start this spring. +and all the burning of oil and coal and gas, all the fossil fuels, have changed the atmosphere greatly. +you go in along the shore, you can find it everywhere. +so this is the gulf of mexico, sparkling place full of fish. +but he told ted that on the last day he went out, a bottlenose dolphin suddenly appeared next to the boat, and it was splattering oil out its blowhole. +we're starting with something that's had a lot of stresses and a lot of problems to begin with. +here are shrimp boats employed. +it turns out that -- you see this sign on almost every commercial vessel in the united states -- you know, if you spilled a couple of gallons of oil, you would be in big trouble. +there's certainly a common theme about needing to make the moment out of this. +well i built a fusion reactor when i was 14 years old. +taylor wilson: yup, i built a nuclear fusion reactor +everybody: i am my connectome. +you can recognize them instantly by their fantastic shapes. +we color every neuron in, in a different color, and then we look through all of the images, find the synapses and note the colors of the two neurons involved in each synapse. +but may i? +and there's a lot of evidence that neural activity is encoding our thoughts, feelings and perceptions, our mental experiences. +let us attempt to read out memories from connectomes. +if you believe that i am my connectome, i think you must also accept the idea that death is the destruction of your connectome. +zach kaplan: keith and i lead a research team. +because the way that he presented the concept -- his approach was totally different than ours. he sold it to you as if it was for sale right now. +now, i'm not going to get into the physics of it, but all you need to know is that the faster the magnet's falling, the greater the stopping force. +zk: i'd just like to let you all know that this presentation has been brought to you by target. +while he was doing this, he noticed an unexpected thing. +packaging that changes color when your milk's gone off. +zach kaplan + keith schacht: toys and materials from the future +can we produce a menu that's delicious without foie gras? +"spanish chef accused..." -- and the french accused him. +he's really just in love with -- he's at one with -- he's the goose whisperer. +even though they were imprisoned in this garden of eden with figs and everything else. +his biggest obstacle, really, was the marketplace, which demands these days bright yellow foie gras. +and he grabs my arm and the translator's, and ducks us under a bush and says, "watch this." +they don't need anything more. " +but i can taste things. +i really was moved. +he tasted it and fell in love with it. +if human beings disappeared, life on earth as we know it would flourish. " +but now we need a new fire that makes us safe, secure, healthy and durable. +let me say that again. +america could lead this next automotive revolution. +we can use some smart it to enhance transit and enable car sharing and ride sharing. +most of it now is wasted and the technologies for saving it keep improving faster than we're installing them. +well, from the coal burned at the power plant through all these compounding losses, only a tenth of the fuel energy actually ends up coming out the pipe as flow. +and when a big plant goes down, you lose a thousand megawatts in milliseconds, often for weeks or months, often without warning. +in 1976, for example, government and industry insisted that the amount of energy needed to make a dollar of gdp could never go down. +thank you. +and third, the engagement in developing countries was with a narrow set of government elites with little interaction with the citizens, who are the ultimate beneficiaries of development assistance. +in this map from moldova, the green color shows those districts that have low spending on schools but good educational outcomes, and the red color shows the opposite. +we will find that these children, too, have a real chance of breaking their way out of poverty. +if we take the toothbrush -- i don't think about the toothbrush. +after, we become a fish; after, we become a frog; after, we become a monkey; after, we become what we are today: a super-monkey, and the fun is, the super-monkey we are today, is at half of the story. +if you walk like that, it's ok, it's ok, you can walk, but perhaps, because you walk with the eyes like that, you will not see, oh, there is a hole. +if you look like that, you look to the past, or you look inside if you are very flexible, inside yourself. +that's why we must adapt. +we can say to our children, ok, done, that was our story. that passed. +no slouching, no pants hanging down, none of that stuff. +and the drill sergeant starts screaming at them, and telling them to do all kinds of awful things. +no, no, it begins the first time a child in a mother's arms looks up at the mother and says, "oh, this must be my mother. +the last chapter in my book is called "the gift of a good start." +give him to the army. we'll never see him again. we'll never see him again. " +you get a job and get out of the house. +"it's okay, it's okay." +i'm a marketer, and as a marketer, i know that i've never really been in control. +hulu and netflix, among other companies, have open vacation policies. +the days are past when a person, company or brand could tightly control their reputation -- online chatter and spin mean that if you're relevant, there's a constant, free-form conversation happening about you that you have no control over. tim leberecht offers three big ideas about accepting that loss of control, even designing for it -- and using it as an impetus to recommit to your values. +they want to make people live in fear. +but people did not relate to this. +they were actually attacking them. +seriously, with the amount of change i had noticed in this square, i thought it was 12 years. +i feel that i have dignity that i have lost for so many years. " +so we've been studying the babies using a technique that we're using all over the world and the sounds of all languages. +so babies absorb the statistics of the language and it changes their brains; it changes them from the citizens of the world to the culture-bound listeners that we are. +whatever you put in front of them, they'll take statistics on. +in investigating the child's brain, we're going to uncover deep truths about what it means to be human, and in the process, we may be able to help keep our own minds open to learning for our entire lives. +but i have to tell you a funny story. +so what happened now is, when the watercolor was flowing into the structure, the watercolors do not mix with the ferrofluid. +i could do it again to show it one more time, but some would argue that this is a complete waste of the whiskey, and that i should rather drink it. +in that hospice, there were 31 men and women who were actively dying. +and my family brought in a woman whose mother had been a slave to take care of me. +and you know, we have a society, a world, that is paralyzed by fear. +but it also takes a soft front -- the capacity to really be open to the world as it is, to have an undefended heart. +may we actualize that capacity for women everywhere. +now, it's no surprise that when you add consecutive fibonacci numbers, you get the next fibonacci number. right? +beneath that, i'll put a two-by-two square, and next to that, a three-by-three square, beneath that, a five-by-five square, and then an eight-by-eight square, creating one giant rectangle, right? +now, being iranian-american presents its own set of problems, as you know. +and i started freaking out, because i don't know what kind of crap my grandfather was into. +but what was interesting was, the pakistani muslim guy -- see he gives a bad name to muslims and middle easterners and pakistanis from all over the world. +he goes, "i'm going to the zara store. it's three miles away. +i go, "he's got to be my driver." +marco tempest: when asked about deception, he said this: magic is the only honest profession. +where is the queen? +i'm going to show you how terrorism actually interacts with our daily life. +at the same time, while i was interviewing the red brigades, i also discovered that their life was not ruled by politics or ideology, but actually was ruled by economics. +so, i decided that i wanted to investigate the economics of terrorism. +but the great change came, of course, with globalization and deregulation. +now, when i went to look at the figures of the u.s. money supply, the u.s. money supply is the amount of dollars that the federal reserve prints every year in order to satisfy which, of course, reflects the growth of the economy. +now, the euro was a newly born currency of great opportunity for business, and, of course, for investment. +this has given me a very special relationship with the ocean. +i wanted to live a life that i could be proud of. +i don't think i've ever felt so happy in my entire life. +i don't see anybody for the whole time that i'm at sea, generally. +awful, really awful. +when they opened this one up, they found its stomach was full of plastic. +i even met one of them and she was just about my size. +and it's very difficult to be happy on a planet that's racked with famine and drought. +so anyway, today we'll talk about architecture a little bit, within the subject of creation and optimism. +it's too late. that is gone. +can i have the lights off for a moment? +and so what the builder will get is every single individual part that has been custom manufactured off-site and delivered on a truck to the site, to that builder, and a set of these instruction manuals. +they were asked to design, replace that bridge in six weeks, building it, including all of the parts, manufactured. +rosa mexicano restaurant, where he transports us to the shores of acapulco, up on the upper west side, with this wall of cliff divers who -- there you go, like that. +take it from me. under the bed is not a good hiding spot. +see, they asked me what i wanted to be, then told me what not to be. +standing up for yourself doesn't have to mean embracing violence. +so we grew up believing no one would ever fall in love with us, that we'd be lonely forever, that we'd never meet someone to make us feel like the sun was something they built for us in their toolshed. +we were freaks -- lobster claw boys and bearded ladies, oddities juggling depression and loneliness, playing solitaire, spin the bottle, trying to kiss the wounded parts of ourselves and heal, but at night, while the others slept, we kept walking the tightrope. +the future states that there is no time other than the collapsation of that sensation of the mirror of the memories in which we are living. +so, as i say before the last piece, feel not as though it is a sphere we live on, rather an infinite plane which has the illusion of leading yourself back to the point of origin. +in ontario, the boreal marches down south to the north shore of lake superior. +now, you can apply that same kind of thinking here as well. +and the tailings ponds range in size up to 9,000 acres. +this is one of the reasons why canada, originally a climate change hero -- we were one of the first signatories of the kyoto accord. +and the world certainly does not need the largest toxic impoundments to grow and multiply and further threaten the downstream communities. +bharti seeks to liberate this everyday cliche, as she calls it, by exploding it into something spectacular. +he creates these opulent tableaus inspired by hieronymus bosch, but also by the kashmiri textiles of his youth. +i'm an ecologist, and i study complexity. i love complexity. +and so now we can look one degrees, two degrees, three degrees away from that node and eliminate three-quarters of the diagram outside that sphere of influence. +for example, in my first tedtalk, i did propose that we should spend 21 billion hours a week as a planet playing video games. +they help us stay connected with people in our social network that we would otherwise grow distant from, if we weren't playing games together. +my brain started telling me, jane, you want to die. +even people were playing it for terminal diagnoses like als. +it seems that somehow, a traumatic event can unlock our ability to lead a life with fewer regrets. +go! +all right, pick one, last quest: shake someone's hand for six seconds, or send someone a quick thank you by text, email, facebook or twitter. go! +pretty clever, right? +on the right hand side, that bit there is part of an installation that is about 12 feet long. +by this stage the project had taken on a viral dimension of its own, which got completely beyond us. +the first one she did was knitting. +now mathematicians have answered that question. +it's a bit like this: imagine that we'd only ever encountered euclidean space. +and that's true. but it also goes deeper than that. +he believed that the crystal was the model for all kinds of representation. +so you can then map function onto structure, and then find out what the circuitry's doing to generate that particular function. +and then what happens is, there's a blow to your head, damaging the cortex, allowing these latent sexual urges to emerge, flaming to the surface, and suddenly and inexplicably you find yourself being sexually aroused by your mother. +and that's fortunate, because we can put two electrodes on your palm and measure the change in skin resistance produced by sweating. +there's no delusion through the phone. +the phantom limb -- they'll say, "but doctor, the phantom limb is paralyzed. +maybe you can relieve the phantom pain, the phantom cramp. +and he says, "oh my god, my phantom is moving again. i don't believe this! +and i said -- i got worried, i said, my god, i mean i've changed this guy's body image, what about human subjects, ethics and all of that? +bear in mind, these people are completely normal in other respects. +now remember -- why does this happen? +here, you've got martian alphabet. +it's kind of a well-kept secret. +and i think that as we look at culture, we kind of come to understand how we got to where we are. +what's more, they are able to walk upright for long distances. +you're happy. +he can now cut through tough animal hide. +ss: these are her symbols on her keyboard. +this environment brings out unexpected potential in kanzi and panbanisha. +we're learning how to communicate with them, in really high-pitched tones. +each one is like a sun with a retinue of planets orbiting around it. +and, as we've learned in the last few years, galaxies are held together by the gravitational pull of so-called dark matter: particles in huge swarms, far smaller even than atomic nuclei. +the geometric mean of the mass of a proton and the mass of the sun is 50 kilograms, within a factor of two of the mass of each person here. +and also, when a scientist makes a discovery, he or she normally has no clue what the applications are going to be. +but even in this concertinaed cosmic perspective, our century is very, very special, the first when humans can change themselves and their home planet. +these human-induced alterations occupying overall less than a millionth of the elapsed lifetime and seemingly occurring with runaway speed? +what was interesting about the article was people started commenting on the article, readers of the thing. +so some people got this slip of paper and five dollars. +they're also fairly wealthy and affluent and all these other sorts of things. +perfectly nice thing to do. +i would be a jerk and not tell you what it is, but in fact, it's central african republic. +and i know what you're all thinking about are dodgeball teams. +michael norton: how to buy happiness +in spite of the very clear anti-israeli ideology of the new regime, the geopolitical logic for their collaboration lived on, because they still had common threats. +the bush administration did not even respond. +the cry of "raw data now!" +how can you use this stuff? +so, now we have, immediately, a real-time map showing where there are refugee camps -- rapidly became the best map to use if you're doing relief work in port-au-prince. +okay, so we have a democracy, no doubt, but it's dependent upon the lesters and dependent upon the people. +there are rich lesters, poor lesters, black lesters, white lesters, not many women lesters, but put that to the side for one second. +this is a system that's designed to save the status quo, including the status quo of big and invasive government. +so it's not that mine is the most important issue. it's not. +it's solvable, not by being a democrat, not by being a republican. +a government dependent upon the people alone. +it began the space race. +i was sent to a place, a psych ward, and in the psych ward, everyone is doing their own one-man show. +now recently, there's been development in this field. +this is a room full of intelligent people, highly sensitive. +i'll show you a computer model made by iain couzin, a researcher at oxford, that shows how swarms work. +information can be sent over half a kilometer away in a very short time through this mechanism. +for a long time it was not believed when the first western travelers, like sir francis drake, went to thailand and came back with tales of this unbelievable spectacle. +what i have here are two empty water bottles. +now, that might seem a bit whimsical, but this pervasiveness of this tendency towards spontaneous order sometimes has unexpected consequences. +interviewer: right, so, at least this much? oh, yes. +engineer: absolutely. interviewer: you thought, "oh, bother." +so already, the simulator is making me walk in exactly the same way as our witnesses walked on the real bridge. +you don't see it in the newspaper every day. +so, i want to tell you that the piece of the good news is that the fowler apple is still out there. +in short, the answer is that in the future, in many countries, the coldest growing seasons are going to be hotter than anything those crops have seen in the past. +we have collected and conserved a great deal of biological diversity, agricultural diversity, mostly in the form of seed, and we put it in seed banks, which is a fancy way of saying a freezer. +when you open up the front door, this is what you're looking at. it's pretty simple. it's a hole in the ground. +agriculture takes 70 percent of fresh water supplies on earth. +it's time again to talk about "inconvenient truth," a truth that everyone is concerned about, but nobody is willing to talk about. +another benefit of wi-fi, we learned yesterday about the benefits of wi-fi. +i want to start off by saying, houston, we have a problem. +that has not happened at all in space flying. +three years, and we can't do that now. crazy. +and it will be sub-orbital. and the reason it has to be sub-orbital is, there is not solutions for adequate safety to fly the public to orbit. the governments have been doing this -- three governments have been doing this for 45 years, and still four percent of the people that have left the atmosphere have died. +these people are taking money and putting it in an interesting area, and i think it's a lot better than they put it in an area of a better cell phone or something -- but they're putting it in very -- areas and this will lead us into this kind of capability, and it will lead us into the next really big thing and it will allow us to explore. and i think eventually it will allow us to colonize and to keep us from going extinct. +100 million bucks -- hey, i can go to the moon. +the technology revolution is opening the world. +now, what is openness? +he viewed talent differently. +now, the third meaning and corresponding principle of openness is about sharing. +social media didn't create the revolution; it was created by a new generation of young people who wanted jobs and hope and who didn't want to be treated as subjects anymore. +people didn't know about things. +it protects the birds. +so why should we care about blood vessels? +so here we go. +in effect, when we give cancer patients antiangiogenic therapy -- here, an experimental drug for a glioma, which is a type of brain tumor -- you can see that there are dramatic changes that occur when the tumor is being starved. +and, in fact, the first pioneering treatments for people, as well as dogs, are already becoming available. +the active ingredient's resveratrol, it's also found in red wine. +now, i've shown you a bunch of lab data, and so the real question is: what is the evidence in people that eating certain foods can reduce angiogenesis in cancer? +the really, truly interesting thing about this is that we can't take these obese mice and make them lose more weight than what the normal mouse's weight is supposed to be. +for the last 20 years i've been designing puzzles. +went on, and eventually decided to devote myself, full time, to that. +the artist m.c. escher exploited that in some of his wonderful prints. +well, let's first of all simplify the vases illusion, make the thing on the right. +the first move is going to be what? +but it takes some persistence. +why? well, we aging boomers, baby boomers, we're eating our healthy food, we're exercising. what about our minds? +that's his hair. you get a lot of figure-ground problems. +i think the whole world has essentially been brought up not to be a girl. +their stories were so horrific, and so mind-blowing and so on the other side of human existence, that to be perfectly honest with you, i was shattered. +i've traveled, as i said, to many, many countries, and i've seen, if we do what we do to the girl inside us then obviously it's horrific to think what we do to girls in the world. +i know a 14-year-old girl in the netherlands, for example, who is demanding that she take a boat and go around the entire world by herself. +she taught girls what a healthy vagina looked like, and what a mutilated vagina looked like. +and when she got to the house she was greeted. +it's all bad. my brothers get everything. " +i rejoice that it's still in my body. +thank you very much. +sent to prison, adamantly insisting on his innocence, which he has consistently for 21 years. +this is looking directly across the street from where they were standing. +some of the teenagers said that in fact the car was 15 feet away when it shot. +and what does this example -- what's important to keep in mind for ourselves? +and this blew his mind. literally. he checked into a sanitarium. +so nature has this self-similar structure. +well, i noticed that line is about where the only square building in the village is at. +first of all, i agree with mudimbe's wonderful book, "the invention of africa," that africa is an artificial invention of first colonialism, and then oppositional movements. +here's a wonderful fractal. +and one of them said, "come here. i think i can help you out here." +so let me end with just a few words about applications that we've found for this. +so if we want to find a better way of doing that kind of work, we need look only no farther than africa to find these robust self-organizing algorithms. +at 7 p.m. on a sunday in hidden springs, idaho, where the six members of the starr family are sitting down to the highlight of their week: the family meeting. +he read 30 years of harvard business review before stumbling upon an article in 1986 called "the new new product development game." +he said, "you can't underestimate the power of doing this." +it felt like we were kind of laying these underground cables that wouldn't light up their world for many years to come. +we'll have family breakfast. we'll meet for a bedtime snack. +so we said, "okay, give us a reward and give us a punishment. okay?" +jim collins, the author of "good to great," told me that successful human organizations of any kind have two things in common: they preserve the core, they stimulate progress. +researchers at emory gave children a simple "what do you know" test. +that story perfectly captures for me the final lesson that i learned: happiness is not something we find, it's something we make. +a windshield coating is going to give you about 110 degrees. +and i'm going to leave you with one last demonstration, but before i do that, i would like to say thank you, and think small. +and that was that she did two entire shows promoting that movie "the secret." +when a word was mentioned, an image of it instantly appeared in his mind. +a world telegraphy center -- imagine news, messages, sounds, images delivered to any point in the world instantly and wirelessly. +it's been around for about 7,000 years. +again, we are making holes in the skull about the size of a dime, putting an electrode in, and then this electrode is completely underneath the skin down to a pacemaker in the chest, and with a remote control very much like a television remote control, we can adjust how much electricity we deliver to these areas of the brain. +so here he is. +so we went ahead and implanted electrodes in patients with depression. +and indeed, at the top, you'll see before the surgery, the areas in blue are the areas that use less glucose than normal, predominantly the parietal and temporal lobes. +i get to do this all the time, and it's just incredible. +and they can be modeled by a spring-mass system that we call the spring mass system because we're biomechanists. it's actually a pogo stick. +this is a collaboration we have with stanford. +we couldn't believe that it could do this. it said to us that if you could build a robot with very simple, springy legs, you could make it as maneuverable as any that's ever been built. +like if we had a piece of tape now, we'd peel it this way. +but that's what we're limited to, at the moment. +and just recently we've made a breakthrough, where we now believe we're going to be able to create the first synthetic, self-cleaning, dry adhesive. many companies are interested in this. +we also have another problem, which is that women face harder choices between professional success and personal fulfillment. +i don't have the right answer. +he reads one book of 12 and goes to a couple of lectures, marches himself up to our room a couple days before the exam to get himself tutored. +but it's not that simple. +and she said, "i learned something today. +message number three: don't leave before you leave. +they're just not moving. +when people don't take their pills, when people don't follow doctors' orders -- these are behavior problems. +they would get dentures, and if you got dentures, you weren't going to be able to eat corn-on-the-cob, you'll eat mush for the rest of your life. +this is still the way we're communicating messages about health. +we should probably slow down, and that point of action is probably now. +this is an approach that has been developed by a couple researchers at dartmouth medical school, lisa schwartz and steven woloshin. +so that's what i want to walk you through. +so we thought the patient might actually want to know the context as well. +but we're not using it. it's just sitting there. +i want to say a word for nature because we haven't talked that much about it the last couple days. +the bee is not calling the shots. +ugh. mini-me. +now, the other use of this is practical. +he waits three days, and then we towed in something called the eggmobile. +and the species in the soil go to work basically chewing through those roots, decomposing them -- the earthworms, the fungi, the bacteria -- and the result is new soil. +and so i say that i want to build a game layer on top of the world, but that's not quite true because it's already under construction; it's already happening. +and if you're happy with that, fantastic. +so the first one -- the most famous appointment dynamic in the world -- is something called happy hour. +you should get points for doing this on time. +why go from an a to an f or a b to a c? +and we've introduced a progression dynamic into it, where, by going to the same place over and over, by doing challenges, by engaging with the business, you move a green bar from the left edge of the screen to the right edge of the screen, and you eventually unlock rewards. +this next decade is the decade of games. +so you can see: here we are in the u.s., and they're all coming up red. +and if we can switch to slides -- all right, here we go. +they run google ads, and we just give them the ad credit so they can let organizations know. +you can see, even though the u.s. is still the majority here -- though, by the way, search-wise, it's only about 30 percent of our traffic -- but it's already going to japan, and the u.k., and europe, and all the rest of the countries. +i think usually, as companies get bigger, they find it really hard to have small, innovative projects. +froogle lets you search shopping information, and blogger lets you publish things. +but the idea is, like, on a newspaper, for example, we show you relevant ads. +so, "related searches," right there. you can't see it that well, but we decided we should put in this feature into our adsense ads, called "related searches." +now this rather old photo up there is actually the first project i was ever hired to do, something like 25 years ago. +and to do that meant creating the flattest gradients that had ever yet been made, which meant building long viaducts across river valleys -- this is actually the viaduct across the thames at maidenhead -- and long tunnels such as the one at box, in wiltshire. +what makes technology useful and usable? +and instead of installing the large-scale machines used by western producers, they used low-cost cad / cam prototyping technology. +now the industrial systems of brunel's time have run their course, and indeed they are part of the problem today. +so for me, this project shows kind of how far we can go from some of those sort of small things that i was working on at the beginning of my career. +in response, he gave me an even more courteous version of the same explanation. +people must choose for themselves, sometimes sticking to their guns, regardless of what other people want or recommend. +the assumption then that we do best when the individual self chooses only holds when that self is clearly divided from others. +of course, you and i know that coke is the better choice. +it's not a marker of liberation, but of suffocation by meaningless minutiae. +in france, the doctors decided whether and when the life support would be removed, while in the united states, the final decision rested with the parents. +but the history books and the daily news tell us it doesn't always work out that way. +and so one time i was in a beauty salon, and i was trying to decide between two very light shades of pink. +sheena iyengar studies how we make choices -- and how we feel about the choices we make. at tedglobal, she talks about both trivial choices and profound ones, and shares her groundbreaking research that has uncovered some surprising attitudes about our decisions. +then i was so happy that i kept playing with the robot, and so you see the robot has a front rudder here. +so i brought to you for the first time on the ted stage protei number eight. it's not the last one, but it's a good one for making demos. +this is a proud member of protei from korea, and on the right side, this is a multiple-masts design proposed by a team in mexico. +when senior fellow cesar harada heard about the devastating effects of the bp oil spill in the gulf of mexico in 2010, he quit his dream job and moved to new orleans to develop a more efficient way to soak up the oil. he designed a highly maneuverable, flexible boat capable of cleaning large tracts quickly. but rather than turn a profit, he has opted to open-source the design. +ph: there's been an uneasy relationship between the tv business and the tech business, really ever since they both turned about 30. +i mean, how did a machine that was built for accounting and artillery morph into media? +enter the atomic bomb. +and then, the 92 nuclear power plants that it would take to provide the power would fill up the rest of los angeles. +then take it and put it right up against the screen of your own television set, and rub it out from the center to the corners, like this. +if you substitute the word blogosphere, of the internet today, it is very true that his understanding is probably very enlightening now. let's listen in to him. +and into that ferment came the microprocessor. +this method allows you to use existing videodisc materials in ways which suit your specific needs and interests. +in 1939, the radio corporation of america introduced television. +it's a customer, it's an audience, it's a person who's participating. +voice 2: well, there goes the neighborhood. +and so every time a new medium arrives, the old medium is the content, and it is highly observable, highly noticeable, but the real, real roughing up and massaging is done by the new medium, and it is ignored. +i was walking around on the streets of amsterdam and i recognized, you know, the big story from amsterdam isn't what's in the design stores, it's what's out on the streets, and maybe it's self-explanatory, but a city that hasn't been taken over by modernism, that's preserved its kind of architecture and character, and where the bicycle plays an important part of the way in which people get around and where pedestrian rights are protected. +it takes your attention; it has a great amount of emotion; it stares back at you the way that a figure might. +the dutch are good also, but the italians are good. +and i do think pattern has the capability of eradicating some of the most evil forces of society, such as bad form in restaurants, but quite seriously, it was a statement to me that one thing that you do, sort of, see is the aggressive nature of the industrial world has produced -- kind of, large masses of things, and when you -- in monoculture, and i think the preservation of diversity in culture is something that's important to us. +rob forbes, the founder of design within reach, shows a gallery of snapshots that inform his way of seeing the world. charming juxtapositions, found art, urban patterns -- this slideshow will open your eyes to the world around you. +so i built model airplanes. +and for the following 25 years, living in italy, living in america, i doled out a piece of this romance to anybody who'd pay for it -- this sense, this aesthetic feeling, for the experience revolving around a designed object. +and that's the way i work now. +he reached down. he pulled a lever. and the chair sank down. +would everybody put their hand under their bottom and feel their tailbone? +ideally you want to put the head support in the cranial area, right there. +now let's assume you go on holiday. +that's two days ago. +clearly the product you've got has got to be safe to humans. +a single female will lay about up to 100 eggs at a time, up to about 500 in her lifetime. +so freight costs aren't our biggest problem. +i found myself in a hospital in an intensive-care ward, recuperating from emergency surgery. +so, it's not really simple when somebody asks you, "where do you live, where do you work, and where do you spend all your time? +no doctor, can i remember, ever asking me, "where have you lived?" +and all of those black dots are all of the toxic release inventories that are monitored by the epa. +and i would say he got it right almost a decade ago. +i am the emperor of oranges. i am the emperor of oranges. " +i'm going to start by asking you a question: is anyone familiar with the blue algae problem? +cell membranes are phosphorus-based: these are called phospholipids. +you're going to tell me it's wasteful. +what are we to do? we are faced with a paradox. +and over time, this mushroom has evolved and adapted to seek out even the tiniest trace of phosphorus, and to put it to use, to make it available to the plant. +mycorrhiza was used in one field but not in the other. +so, examples like christopher wren's king's cross: you can see that the structural forces of the vaulting get articulated as lines, so you're really actually seeing the expression of structural force and form. +now, typically you'd think that they would all be the same: like, the chairs you're sitting in would all be the same dimension. +and here we've broken the 500 apartments up into small neighborhoods, and differentiated those neighborhoods. +that way, each one of these tools we could pay for with a few hundred dollars, and get incredible variation in the components. +finally, i'd like to just show you some of the effects of using digital fabrication. +if we go a little bit further south in our little tour of the world, we can go to the bolivian edge of the amazon, here also in 1975, and if you look really carefully, there's a thin white line through that kind of seam, and there's a lone farmer out there in the middle of the primeval jungle. +well, the colorado on a typical day in the 1950s, this is just, you know, not a flood, not a drought, kind of an average day, it looks something like this. +let's put it that way. +and yet, we don't talk about it very much. +the green areas here show where corn yields, just showing corn as an example, are already really high, probably the maximum you could find on earth today for that climate and soil, but the brown areas and yellow areas are places where we're only getting maybe 20 or 30 percent of the yield you should be able to get. +we need to face 'the other inconvenient truth.' a global crisis in agriculture. +and there's nothing we do that is more crucial to our survival. +and i thought she'd say, "oh, you know, up the lagoon somewhere, or maybe across africa," but you'll be happy to know she said it came from here, it comes from the north sea. +so it's vast. but it should come with an asterisk, and the asterisk is that it excludes two thirds of the workers of the world. +they're going to eddy in lagos. +first, it would be to understand that it could be considered a cooperative, and this is a thought from the brazilian legal scholar roberto mangabeira unger. +there are also some children who are born without arms, called congenital limb deficiency. +there are several available on the market, and here you see a few. +imagine, with somebody who's lost their whole arm, we still have four major nerves that go down your arm. +and i challenge anybody in the room to make their chest go like this. +you see him with his original device on the left there after eight months of use, and on the right, it is two months. +i could work them just by my thoughts. +ak: so i have the elbow that goes up and down. +here's amanda using an arm made by deka research corporation. +but look at all the electrodes around it. +todd kuiken: a prosthetic arm that "feels" +also, research within the continent is a lot easier to conduct due to widespread poverty, endemic diseases and inadequate health care systems. +public accountability needs to be promoted through transparency and independent review by nongovernmental and international organizations as appropriate. +now, there are around a thousand trucks and buses and cars there. +and, more importantly, they're well-dressed. +where it's blue and it's green, it means the water is really cold. +and so we have this penguin project. the wildlife conservation society has funded me along with a lot of individuals over the last 27 years to be able to produce these kinds of maps. +because we've solved the problem in chubut province, which is like a state in argentina where punta tombo is -- so that's about 1,000 kilometers of coastline -- but we haven't solved the problem in northern argentina, uruguay and brazil. +turbo's never been fed. +here's a female that's in a hurry. she's got food. +for them, nations, countries, boundaries, borders still matter a great deal, and often violently. +as you can see on this map, russia is still the largest country in the world. +they set up their own bazaars and medical clinics. +specifically, it targets japan and korea and australia, countries that are strong allies of the united states. +so what can we do to think about borders differently in this part of the world? +what might? i believe that what might solve the problem is infrastructure. +and i assure you it's every bit as important to them as it might have been to colonizers and imperialists. +in 2004, 15 new countries joined the e.u. +the post-colonial entropy that is happening around the world is accelerating, and i expect more such changes to occur in the map as the states fragment. +many people think the lines on the map no longer matter, but parag khanna says they do. using maps of the past and present, he explains the root causes of border conflicts worldwide and proposes simple yet cunning solutions for each. +and next you're going to see the long-lived mutant when it's young. +that's what it's like. and you would never know. +now you've all heard of at least insulin. +so it's really interesting, and it makes sense in a way, that they're still young, so why would they be getting diseases of aging until their old? +that's how it works. that's why we don't see the long lifespan, until we have the daf-2 mutant. +and that's the case all over the world, as you can see from these stars. +although you're looking for a drug that can solve aging in old men like me, what you could do now pretty well in the lab, if you were allowed ethically, is start a human life from scratch with altered genes that would make it live for a lot longer? +if you look at birds, which live a long time, cells from the birds tend to be more resistant to a lot of different environmental stresses like high temperature or hydrogen peroxide, things like that. +as you can see, it's impossible to read. +here's another good article about a new campaign opposing privatization of transit without any contact information for the campaign. +which leads us to the last one, which is our elections. +i can see i've got my work cut out for me here. +now to begin to overcome our ignorance of the role of brain chemistry in brain circuitry, it's helpful to work on what we biologists call "model organisms," animals like fruit flies and laboratory mice, in which we can apply powerful genetic techniques to molecularly identify and pinpoint specific classes of neurons, as you heard about in allan jones's talk this morning. +valence means good or bad, positive or negative. +you can train a fly to avoid an odor, shown here in blue, if you pair that odor with a shock. +modern psychiatric drugs treat the chemistry of the whole brain, but neurobiologist david anderson believes in a more nuanced view of how the brain functions. he illuminates new research that could lead to targeted psychiatric medications -- that work better and avoid side effects. how's he doing it? for a start, by making a bunch of fruit flies angry. +so we set up an experiment whereby we put a naked volunteer in a large cage, and in that cage we released mosquitos to see where they were biting on the body of that person. +so the problem that we face with this is that, throughout the landscape, all these pools of water with the larvae, they are scattered all over the place, which makes it very hard for an inspector like this to actually find all these breeding sites and treat them with insecticides. +here we go. +but not all patients on the transplant wait list are so fortunate. +and in my mind, i realized as a surgical pioneer that the purpose of my position of influence was surely to speak up for those who have no influence. +and so guess what, scientists around the world and in the labs are racing to convert aging adult cells -- aging adult cells from you and me -- they are racing to reprogram these cells back into more useful ips cells. +stem cells may be used to deliver growth factors to repair damaged heart muscle or be differentiated into heart muscle cells to restore heart function. +and here are the results of this wonderful project that is the system in venezuela. +so what's going on when it doesn't? +but here's what's going on here. +yeah. +and for the good of your relationships, i would encourage you to do the same. +but we don't know where, since we don't know how to read the pattern. +first, it's clearly a non-invasive, wireless form of communication. +you're familiar with these cells because they are the ones that frustrate you when you try to swat the fly. +whenever a fly reaches the midpoint of the chamber where the two odor streams meet, it has to make a decision. +whenever it comes up to the midpoint, it pauses, it carefully scans the odor interface as if it was sniffing out its environment, and then it turns around. +the other piece of good news, for a scientist at least, is that much remains to be discovered. +and it's dependent on passive patients who just take it and don't ask any questions. +thomas batuik: hi there, eric. +and you just saw a little bit of the first two with my interaction with dr. batiuk. +i had my own heart scare years ago in graduate school, when we're under treatment for the kidney, and suddenly, they're like, "oh, we think you have a heart problem." +these population studies that we've done have created tons of miracle drugs that have saved millions of lives, but the problem is that health care is treating us as averages, not unique individuals, because at the end of the day, the patient is not the same thing as the population who are studied. that's what's leading to the guesswork. +so "thank you" feel likes a really trite word, but thank you from the bottom of my heart for saving my life. +that's kellar autumn, my former ph.d. student, professor now at lewis and clark, literally giving his first-born child up for this test. +oh. one thing i want to point out is, look at stickybot. +and when i went back to research this, i realized that one of the great ted moments in the past, from nathan, we've talked about an active tail. +for those of you who remember your physics, that's a zero-angular-momentum righting response. but it's like a cat. +so we can maneuver this way. +but then as it gets closer to the tree, look at the close-up. and see if you can see it land. +so i will spend a little time at the end. +well, the problem is that we've got very complicated forces in the climate system. +this was -- this is south of the antarctic circle. +it took about 10 years to put this project together. +we've actually changed the temperature in the last century just the right amount. +and it been growing for about 600 years. +the coral can take us back hundreds and thousands of years. +so i'll close with a short discussion of ocean acidification. +now, what that means is that all of the organisms that live in the sea have evolved in this chemostatted ocean, that's the reason that they're not able to respond or adapt to this rapid acidification that's going on right now. +the idea goes like this: imagine space is a substrate of all there is. +he said, if i want to describe one more force, maybe i need one more dimension. +some of you guys will fix that one day, but anything that's not flat on a screen is a new dimension, goes smaller, smaller, smaller, and way down in the microscopic depths of space itself, this is the idea, you could have additional curled up dimensions -- here is a little shape of a circle -- so small that we don't see them. +this something else is this dancing filament of energy. +and that question is this: when we look around the world, as scientists have done for the last hundred years, there appear to be about 20 numbers that really describe our universe. +and if you watch these little fellows vibrating around -- they'll be there in a second -- right there, notice that they way they vibrate is affected by the geometry of the extra dimensions. +and now string theory comes along and says, yes, gravity, quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, all together in one package, but only if the universe has more dimensions than the ones that we see. +what i want to talk about is not that context is everything, but why is context everything. +the one on the left comes from an orange surface, under direct light, facing to the right, viewed through a sort of a bluish medium. +so, if i could have the lights down up here. +but i'm not going to change anything within those boxes, except their meaning. +move your eyes around, blink, maybe close one eye. +and they land on the flower. they stick their tongue in there, called a proboscis, and they drink sugar water. +and you'll see there is a line, a faint line going across that image. +so, now, what i want to do: i'm going to put the middle nine surfaces here under yellow illumination by simply putting a filter behind them. +so if you look at security from economic terms, it's a trade-off. +and i think that's a fundamentally interesting question. +so you can imagine how that works. +there's no real word for stuff that makes us secure, but doesn't make us feel secure. +i have feeling and reality. +i was born in new york city. +intuitive is just another word for familiar. +an example, a great example, is the risk of smoking. +strong feelings can create a model. +i mean really though, information seems like our best hope. +i said, "well, that's kind of neat. +couldn't do it. could not wait. +and let me show you what happened. +joachim de posada: don't eat the marshmallow! +this was after 9 / 11; the city was in tough times. +and we've already started construction on section two. +let me show you a slide here which illustrates the character of conflicts since 1946 until today. +and my country relies on its security through military alliance, that's clear. +my point is that you don't have to be neutral to talk. +i think that is wrong. +so what can we learn from all of this? +it's crucial to understand, i believe, because of technology and because of globalization, societies from bottom-up. +i said, "no, it's -- it's penguin shit." +and recently, i was in easter island, which is an incredibly beautiful place, and an incredibly mysterious place, because no matter where you go in easter island, you're struck by these statues, called the moai. +how long have they been standing in what positions? +so, this device here is an invisibility cloak. +this subjects food to a force about 50,000 times that of normal gravity, and oh boy, does it clarify chicken stock. +i mean, can you imagine? e.t. 's phoning home, and i'm not, like, there? you know, horrible! +now, this is what tyrannosaurus rex looks like in my living room. +so, there's more and more activity near the boat, and all of a sudden somebody shouts, "what's that in the water?" +having explained those, that will set up for what i think will be a different idea about how to go about treating cancer. +so what you can tell is you can tell the difference between an asian person and a european person by looking at their ingredients list. +but sometimes you can learn much more useful things about that. +i mean, i see patients dying every day because we don't know what's going on inside of them. +so this is the signature out of which we're trying to get patterns. +the problem is that, in cancer, there isn't something else that's inside of you. +so your house is dealing with leaks all the time, but it's fixing them. it's draining them out and so on. +so thank you very much. +february 4th, we posted it on our website. this was before super tuesday. +stage one is a group where people systematically sever relationships from functional tribes, and then pool together with people who think like they do. +if that's how you talked, imagine what kind of work would get done. +here is the greatest challenge we face in innovation. +there is, in fact, another stage. +we're great! who is not great? england! " +one of the people we interviewed was frank jordan, former mayor of san francisco. before that he was chief of police in san francisco. +pretty much everybody else who does polls. +i'm going to read a few strips. +it's why they leave lights on around the house. +it was not until the 14th century that an italian painter recognized the lap as a grecian temple, upholstered in flesh and cloth. +apricot halves like the ears of cherubim. +and it's too cerebral to animate guts and hearts and behavior when the going gets rough. +and in that light, for the religious, compassion also brings us into the territory of mystery -- encouraging us not just to see beauty, but perhaps also to look for the face of god in the moment of suffering, in the face of a stranger, in the face of the vibrant religious other. +jean vanier says that his work, like the work of other people -- his great, beloved, late friend mother teresa -- is never in the first instance about changing the world; it's in the first instance about changing ourselves. +but he watched physicists and chemists become the purveyors of weapons of mass destruction in the early 20th century. +rachel naomi remen is a better doctor because of her life-long struggle with crohn's disease. +but i recited a cheer. i recited a cheer along with everybody else. +it's different from being shy. +and this turns out to have a special power all its own, because people could feel that these leaders were at the helm, not because they enjoyed directing others and not out of the pleasure of being looked at; they were there because they had no choice, because they were driven to do what they thought was right. +this is no surprise though if you look at the insights of contemporary psychology. +and they feature as their role models really great salesmen. +and even away from the podium, when you called him to say hello, he would often end the conversation prematurely for fear that he was taking up too much of your time. +this is especially important for extroverted children too. +and then i'll come back to the beginning, and tell you a little bit more -- hopefully convince you -- that i believe that in today's world, it is really important for business leaders not only to have an idea of what their business is all about, but to have a passion for something that is meaningful. +so, one of our passions in our company, and now one of my personal passions, is to be able to really work hard at making the technology useful, accessible and affordable. +as a matter of fact, we think reaching 100 percent is very doable, even before the 2015 timeframe. in other parts of emerging countries, such as india and china, the progress has been good -- has been solid, has been good. but in places that are not as developed, places like africa, latin america and other places in the world, the progress has been rather slow. as a matter of fact, i was just recently visiting south africa. +what i mean by that is that in some parts of the world, the government plays a key role in the development of technology. +one example of this has been the one laptop per child. +you have to be a better husband than i was, because that's how you make progress. "and now he began to make sense. +i meet a lot of people who are very smart, and say, "but why can't i figure out my problems?" +i started it with one other family in 1980. +and i asked this guy, i said, "well, do you believe that human beings are responsible to make the world a little bit better place for the next generation? +i don't own a guesthouse. +it's all about more, having more. +when you read this prayer, it sounds incredibly selfish, self-centered. +now, they're 13 miles up the road in santa ana. +but he doesn't do miracles just to show off. +last year, i was invited to speak at nba all-stars game. +if you're wired to make deals, you make deals. +and i don't mean that they drop out of school in the third or fourth grade -- they don't go. +her mother had not gone to primary school. +and somewhere in the middle of south dakota, i turn to my friend and i ask her a question that's been bothering me for 2,000 miles. +and finally, i want to convince you that it is possible to step outside of that feeling and that if you can do so, it is the single greatest moral, intellectual and creative leap you can make. +but there's a second reason that we get stuck inside this feeling as well -- and this one is cultural. +well the wrong side of her body is in bandages because the surgeon has performed a major operation on her left leg instead of her right one. +the miracle of your mind isn't that you can see the world as it is. +when it comes to our stories, we love being wrong. +and to me, if you really want to rediscover wonder, you need to step outside of that tiny, terrified space of rightness and look around at each other and look out at the vastness and complexity and mystery of the universe and be able to say, "wow, i don't know. +one of the ironies of this whole system is we're discussing what to do about a system that we don't understand. we don't even know what oil is. we don't know where oil comes from. i mean, literally, it's still a source of debate what this black river of stuff is and where it comes from. the best assumption, and one of the best guesses in this stuff, is that this stuff comes out of this stuff, that these things absorb sunlight, rot under pressure for millions of years, and you get these black rivers. +what is this? this is the first transplant of naked dna, where you take an entire dna operating system out of one cell, insert it into a different cell, and have that cell boot up as a separate species. that's one month old. you will see stuff in the next month that will be just as important as this stuff. +i happened to buy that motel about three months after vivian started working there. +but given my befuddled state of mind, i ended up in the self-help section very quickly. +they didn't even see the intangible stuff higher up the pyramid. +so as i spent time with leaders in the gnh movement, i got to really understand what they're doing. +actually, in fact, if you look in the dictionary, many dictionaries define pursuit as to "chase with hostility." +we're asking 10 simple questions -- it is simplicity. +in fact, as leaders, what we need to learn is that we can influence the quality of that unit of production by creating the conditions for our employees to live their calling. +bl: all right. one, two, three. +right? if you go down below on a boat, your inner ears are you telling you you're moving. your eyes, because it's moving in register with the boat, say i'm standing still. +now here, i want to share the stage with someone quite special. right? +bl: "can you help me, henry?" what good scientist says that, right? +so we asked larry and natalie hempel to write a commentary situating the findings for scientists, right, putting in the references, and we submit it to biology letters. +bl: this is the epitome of technology. right. okay. +this is terrible, this oil -- it's in the water. +we feel so good about ourselves. +biomimicry, which is something that is an emerging science, winds up being a very important social justice idea. +california has one of the highest incarceration rates of all the 50 states. +it was a trying and scary thing for a young kid to be going through. +it's bad enough on a highway, what's it going to be like to be in the air? +this is the world -- there won't be you as a pilot. and i know the pilots in the audience aren't going to like that -- and i've had a lot of bad feedback from people who want to be up there, flying around and experiencing that. +wonderful engine. +twenty-three percent said, "yes, as soon as possible." +wires suck, they really do. +what dr. soljacic figured out how to do was separate the coils in a transformer to a greater distance than the size of those transformers using this technology, which is not dissimilar from the way an opera singer shatters a glass on the other side of the room. +and then finally, electric vehicles. +imagine, you get one of these things. you want to hang them on the wall. +and nokia as well. +so what happens to all these toxins when we die? +we want to eat, not be eaten by, our food. +thank you. +we followed my job, and it seemed like there was nothing that we couldn't do. +they're exotic. they're experimental. +so what do we make of all of this? +it's so clear, yet they're in denial. " +hospice was for people who were dying, and terence wasn't dying. +it's part of our dna as humans, and maybe it's time our healthcare system -- doctors, patients, insurance companies, us, started accounting for the power of that hope. +well, we collect data from satellites, from airplanes, from ground vehicles, from people. +this process is a very calculated process. +microsoft's stephen lawler gives a whirlwind tour of virtual earth, moving up, down and through its hyper-real cityscapes with dazzlingly fluidity, a remarkable feat that requires staggering amounts of data to bring into focus. +you need also state ownership, especially of land assets, in order to build and roll out infrastructures very quickly. +this is a very little known fact about the two countries. +by that comparison, democracy looks very, very good in terms of economic growth. +this is the world development index indicator data in the early 1990s. +these are the two pictures taken of garment factories in guangdong province and garment factories in india. +but nevertheless, the system has moved in a more liberal direction, moved in a more democratic direction. +i believe that the political reforms are a must for china to maintain its growth. +i've been spending a lot of time thinking about coffeehouses for the last five years, because i've been kind of on this quest to investigate this question of where good ideas come from. +and what they noticed was they don't have a lot of dvrs, they don't have a lot of microwaves, but they seem to do a pretty good job of keeping their cars on the road. +this is what your office should look like, is part of my message here. +and darwin kept these copious notebooks where he wrote down every little idea he had, every little hunch. +and so they ask around to a couple of their colleagues, and everybody's like, "no, i hadn't thought of doing that. +could you go the other way? +this shift is the most striking in the u.s. and in the u.k., but it's a global phenomenon. +so we're living in the age of surging income inequality, especially at the top. +we have superstar bankers. +again, this is no mere hypothetical. +the dystopia that worries me is a universe in which a few geniuses invent google and its ilk and the rest of us are employed giving them massages. +there's many of them up there. +one in a hundred. +and this one's the biggest growth industry of all, and at least six out of 10 of the people in this room will die in this form, which is the dwindling of capacity with increasing frailty, and frailty's an inevitable part of aging, and increasing frailty is in fact the main thing that people die of now, and the last few years, or the last year of your life is spent with a great deal of disability, unfortunately. +the small idea is, let's all of us engage more with this in the way that jason has illustrated. +it deprives euthanasia of its oxygen supply. +my family was on a road trip and we were in the grand canyon. +and this is really what i want to talk to you about today -- about cancer. +so, this really changed my view of looking at cancer. +tumor cells can travel through the blood vessels. +so, is it possible that the tumor cells are going to the skeletal muscle tissue, but once in contact inside the skeletal muscle tissue, myod acts upon these tumor cells and causes them to become skeletal muscle cells? +and the grandmother had never let any westerners ever see her. +and remember this picture, because i'm going to show you another picture later, but you can see how much she looks like her grandmother, although she looks so western. +and i said, "i'm 28 years old, and i live in hotels, and i'm not married." +so, i went back to korea, and i went back to hyun-sook's village, and she was gone. +and the more i tried talking to him, the less friendly he was getting. +i just think that -- what little i know about the situation, she has very little chance here of having the kind of life that you probably would like her to have. " +and he said, "the second day she was here she made up a list of all of the names of the older kids and the younger kids. +and the third night, we came back, we'd just gone out to dinner, where you saw the pictures, and we got to the front desk and the guy at the front desk said, "there's no other free rooms on your floor tonight, so if you want to put the kids five floors below you, there's a room there." +and the whole room filled with smoke in about two seconds. +and i remember, natasha didn't want us opening the door -- sorry, i was trying not to open the door, because we'd spent so much time barricading the room. +this is a tri-star, and so they let natasha actually sit in the jump seat. +gene even did a little tile work in the kitchen, which was that, "once upon a time, there was a beautiful girl that came from hills of korea to live happily ever after in atlanta." +thank you all of you. +a lot has happened in the last few years, and let's start with the planets. +in fact, even back during the ancients, the solar system in that sense would look on a diagram like this. +most of these are candidates. +so the question is: is that chemical phenomenon universal, or is it something which depends on the planet? +this understanding of chemistry actually can help us with our daily lives. +can you imagine how small it is? +let's start this new revolution at the tail end of the old one, with synthetic biology being the way to transform both our environment and our future. +then, uganda started to turn back, whereas zimbabwe skyrocketed, and some years later south africa had a terrible rise of hiv frequency. +not the drug in itself, but the treatment and the care which is needed around it. +there's a lot of things that we thought, that now, good research, done by african institutions and researchers together with the international researchers, show that that's not the case. +unaids have done good data available, finally, about the spread of hiv. +hans rosling unveils new data visuals that untangle the complex risk factors of one of the world's deadliest diseases: hiv. he argues that preventing transmissions -- not drug treatments -- is the key to ending the epidemic. +it's based on purchasing power parity. +we know that's wrong, because we conducted two great natural experiments in the 20th century to see if geography mattered more than institutions. +let's call them the killer apps. +meanwhile, there's no scientific revolution anywhere else. +that's the consumer society, and it propels economic growth more than even technological change itself. +any society can adopt these institutions, and when they do, they achieve what the west achieved after 1500 -- only faster. +that's so true. +and that's all we seem to be caring about recently. +so what this figure shows is that spiders date back to almost 380 million years. +these can be grouped into seven categories. +so i've colored in the glycines again in green, alanine in red, and the serines, the letter s, in purple. and you can see that the top repeat unit can be explained almost entirely by green and red, and the bottom repeat unit has a substantial amount of purple. +what you see here on this toughness graph is the higher the black dot is on the graph, the higher the toughness. +to borrow from the writings of a spider named charlotte, silk is terrific. +flickr is a photo-sharing service that allows people to take photos, upload them, share them over the web and so forth. +you notice we haven't got everybody who has a photo. +and worst of all, that figure at the bottom, approximately ten photos per photographer, is a lie. +this is the math underlying the 80 / 20 rule. right? +right? so, when institutions are told they are obstacles, and that there are other ways of coordinating the value, they go through something a little bit like the kubler-ross stages -- -- of reaction, being told you have a fatal illness: denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance. +the inventors don't know what the invention is. +there are people in the states right now tying themselves into knots, trying to figure out whether or not bloggers are journalists. +it was produced by analyzing their communications patterns using a lot of these tools. and doubtless the intelligence communities of the world are doing the same work today for the attacks of last week. +so a baker, and a good baker, knows how to pull or draw forth the inherent sugar trapped in the starch. +that's the challenge. okay, so, now, what we -- in the journey of wheat, let's go back and look at these 12 stages. +this takes a second, but it's a distinctive stage. +and then we have stage 12, which the textbooks call "packaging," but my students call "eating." +it's not only been killed, but it's been denied any potential for creating future life. +bacteria is in there, eating the same sugars, turning them into acids. +it's used as a symbol for transformation. +and i'm not kidding, i just think we should just say that and move forward. +they're all mounted on my instruments. +it's a bunch of crazy pictographic notation. +let's watch just another clip. +i've decided, ultimately, that this is the wrong question, that this is not the important question. +so half the time, she acted as if she liked the crackers and didn't like the broccoli -- just like a baby and any other sane person. +if we look across many, many different species of animals, not just us primates, but also including other mammals, birds, even marsupials like kangaroos and wombats, it turns out that there's a relationship between how long a childhood a species has and how big their brains are compared to their bodies and how smart and flexible they are. +and at least until they're 23, we're still popping those worms into those little open mouths. +then they test that new hypothesis and so on and so forth. +the first one is, again, remember, these are four year-olds. +oh. +and we even know something about the way the brain does this. +alison gopnik: what do babies think? +now, the only way to get around that is to actually simulate the human body and to simulate that bit of the nervous system of the brain that controls that body. +those are then selected by the algorithm, reproduced with mutation and recombinations to introduce sex as well. +now, this might look kind of trivial, but it's actually very important because this is not something you get at the moment in any interactive or any virtual worlds. +and then, finally hits the floor. +so, they wanted to have a digital version of a stuntman and that's what we've been working on for the past few months. +at the moment, doing something like this by hand would take you probably a couple of days. +there's so many things we can do with this right now. +we do have one unintentional dancer actually, the last thing i'm going to show you. +it's a children's book for the ipad. +i remember we cried profusely when the little goats we played with in the summer became biriani. +and my argument [is] that the only way for us to teach creativity is by teaching children perspectives at the earliest stage. +and you'll get paid for it. you can think about it, if you want. +which they do. +let's create a word processor that's just a word processor. +there are these "wizards" everywhere. +palm is also, especially in the old days, wonderful about this. +i write the code that fits the world today. +i made a fortune over at pixar. +in my very last example -- i do a lot of my work using speech recognition software, and you have to be kind of quiet because the software is nervous. +dp: thank you very much. +and the danger is that they can cause roughly what's a pandemic. +and i would say that we can't give up the rule of law to fight an asymmetric threat, which is what we seem to be doing because of the present, the people that are in power, because that's to give up the thing that makes civilization. +we'll hear a lot more about that from al gore very shortly. +it's a strange place inside a nanotube. +we need new anti-virals and cocktails. we need new kinds of vaccines. +and finally, i think we have to do something that's not really -- it's almost unacceptable to say this -- which, we have to begin to design the future. +i think it's time that we transitioned to a solar system-going civilization and species. +how hard is it going to be to find life on mars? +i think it's there, and i think we need to go look for it, and i think it's underground. +it's a very simple trick, and i never fail to do it when i'm sitting in a window seat. +in this cave, great areas are covered by this reddish material that you see here, and also these enormous crystals of selenite that you can see dangling down. +in order to access these sub-surface environments that we're interested in, we're very interested in developing the tools to do this. +so, we're talking about things like inflatable liners that can conform to the complex topological shape on the inside of a cave, foamed-in-place airlocks to deal with this complex topology, various ways of getting breathing gases made from the intrinsic materials of these bodies. +but when you tell someone your goal and they acknowledge it, psychologists have found that it's called a "social reality." +and so it is with archimedes, the great greek mathematician. +forgeries were painted over it, and it suffered very badly from mold. +and so before we could start imaging archimedes, we had to take this book apart. +and that's what it looks like. +but as the electrons go round at the speed of light, they shed x-rays. +this was a bad idea, because philip of macedon had a son called alexander the great, and they lost the battle of chaeronea. +because institutions at the moment confine their data with copyright restrictions and that sort of thing. +how do you read a two-thousand-year-old manuscript that has been erased, cut up, written on and painted over? with a powerful particle accelerator, of course! ancient books curator william noel tells the fascinating story behind the archimedes palimpsest, a byzantine prayer book containing previously-unknown original writings from ancient greek mathematician archimedes and others. +there are very few places in the u.s. where you can try real kobe, and one of them is wolfgang puck's restaurant, cut, in los angeles. +they did give me a tour, though. +i did a blind taste test of this with 20 people and five other olive oils. +and to try this -- i couldn't get a loaner, but i did go into the manhattan showroom of the manufacturer, toto, and they have a bathroom off of the showroom that you can use, which i used. +most of the cars that i drive, if i get up to 80 they start to rattle. +it was three days, four meals. +and in particular, i think we can learn things about learning. +it's from the game world of warcraft with more than 10 million players globally, one of whom is me, another of whom is my wife. +now, if you take a game like warcraft, you can think about it, if you like, as a great box-opening effort. +no, we want one or two monsters on the screen at any one time. +second, multiple long and short-term aims -- 5,000 pies, boring, 15 pies, interesting. +and what this means is we can predict learning, we can predict enhanced engagement, these windows, these windows of time, in which the learning is taking place at an enhanced level. +let's start with business. +and through this work, i hope to better understand the evolutionary vulnerabilities of our bodies, so that we can improve and better manage our health in the future. +and so previous studies had only focused on microscopy. +so i took a job at the united nations world food programme as a way to try to address these security issues through food security issues. +unfortunately, obesity's not only an american problem. +there's this large, consolidated farming that's led to what we eat in america, and it's really been since around 1980, after the oil crisis, when, you know, mass consolidation, mass exodus of small farmers in this country. +the icons like michael pollan and jamie oliver in his ted prize wish both addressed this last three-decade time period as incredibly relevant for food system change. +this is a construction helmet that i received two years ago at the groundbreaking of the largest project i, and my firm, have ever been involved in. +but i'm going to reduce this to the beginning of the process, into three very pedantic statements. +if we are so good at our craft shouldn't we be able to conceive of an architectural manifestation that slides seamlessly through the project's and the client's constraints? +the architectural manifestation was frankly just dumb. +you're going down into our lobby, go through the lobby with our own little dangly bits, whether you like them or not, up through the stair that leads you into the auditorium. +and the solution in terms of the balconies was to use something that we all know as a scoreboard lift. +this building has the ability, in short order, to go back to a flat floor organization such that they can rent it out. +and to remind you that here is an example in which architecture actually did something. +and i really loved this idea of the partial glimpse into somebody's life. +"i love how they were able to preserve most in everything that makes you feel close to nature -- butterflies, man-made forests, limestone caves and hey, even a huge python." +so these are some newer projects that actually aren't even launched publicly yet. +we're very used to this. +this graph that i'm clicking down here is meant to be reminiscent of a medical heartbeat graph, showing the exciting moments of adrenaline. +so, you have some really happy person holding 10 balloons, and some really sad soul holding one balloon. +he had this amazing series of hairs growing out of a mole on the left side of his face, which i'm told is very good luck. +one of the more touchy political subjects in bhutan is the use of indian cheap labor that they import from india to build the roads, and then they send these people home once the roads are built. +but i prefer for maybe 40 to 50. +and you never think you're going to be the guy who's walking down the street and, because you choose to go down one side or the other, the rest of your life is changed forever. +and — — the nurse kind of had a hysterical laugh, and i'm turning my head trying to see everybody, and i had this weird memory of being in college and raising, raising money for the flood victims of bangladesh, and then i look over and my anesthesiologist is clamping the mask on me, and i think, "he looks bangladeshi," — — and i just have those two facts, and i just think, "this could work somehow." +ed gavagan: a story about knots and surgeons +now of course, as history has gone by, it's been natural for there to be a certain amount of bleed between speech and writing. +that's what we're seeing in this fingered speech. +if you listen to the way black youth today speak, think about the use of the word "yo." +"many do not know the alphabet or multiplication table, cannot write grammatically --" we've heard that sort of thing before, not just in 1956. 1917, connecticut schoolteacher. +and then the third thing would be, please show me a sheaf of texts written by 16-year-old girls, because i would want to know where this language had developed since our times, and ideally i would then send them back to you and me now so we could examine this linguistic miracle happening right under our noses. +golan levin: software art +it is extremely unlikely the taliban would ever be able to take over the country -- extremely unlikely they'd be able to seize kabul. +and the same is true for the troops. +and yet, nobody listened to them. +very, very sadly, our foreign services, the united nations, the military in these countries have very little idea of what's going on. +but you need to look at context. +it makes failure invisible, inconceivable and inevitable. +the problem that i want to talk with you about is really the problem of: how does one supply healthcare in a world in which cost is everything? +that's what a hydrophilic surface does. +those half of you, roughly, who are women, at some point may have had a pregnancy test. +there is a very important issue here, which is that because it's a printer, a color printer, it prints colors. that's what color printers do. +so, you take the drop of blood, no further manipulations, you put it on a little device, the device filters out the blood cells, lets the serum go through, and you get a series of colors down in the bottom there. +and, of course the answer is, "you don't." +and we sent it off, and by return mail it came back. +traditional lab tests for disease diagnosis can be too expensive and cumbersome for the regions most in need. george whitesides' ingenious answer is a foolproof tool that can be manufactured at virtually zero cost. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +and we think people like this probably don't want to vote for people who look like this and are named barack obama. +and so we can look at a bunch of different variables. +but you see democrats versus republican, not a big difference based on who your neighbors are. +and you interact a lot with your neighbors -- people you like, people you might not know. +i'm a physician practicing with cutting-edge technology. +he says, "you see, when she said, 'good morning,' i picked up her fife accent. +so within a few years, in the late 1800s, early 1900s, all of a sudden, the barber surgeon had given way to the physician who was trying to make a diagnosis. +there's a real disjunction between the patient's perception and our own perceptions as physicians of the best medical care. +and to her, that spoke of a kind of attentiveness that she needed. +the good news, it's not cancer, it's not tuberculosis, it's not coccidioidomycosis or some obscure fungal infection. +i would percuss the chest. i would listen to the heart. +modern medicine is in danger of losing a powerful, old-fashioned tool: human touch. physician and writer abraham verghese describes our strange new world where patients are merely data points, and calls for a return to the traditional one-on-one physical exam. +and the answer is, if you open enough of them, yes. +and in all cases we have to ask -- what's the more likely explanation? +in the case of galileo, he had two problems when he turned his telescope to saturn. +faces of all kinds are easy to see. +i guess you can only have one miracle per building. +it was in the top five in 2005, called, "nine million bicycles in beijing." +heart and blood vessel diseases still kill more people -- not only in this country, but also worldwide -- than everything else combined, and yet it's completely preventable for almost everybody. +imagine: many of these problems could be prevented if these babies were just kept warm. +over the next five years we hope to save the lives of almost a million babies. +but what do we do for a living? +and then he went to north carolina and did it again. +and you can build an entire industry on that. +and people in white hats sailing boats. +so some people will go out and get people to be on one team. +someone stands up and says, "this one is important. +"what would happen if every time someone bought a pair of these shoes i gave exactly the same pair to someone who doesn't even own a pair of shoes?" +being a leader gives you charisma. +the sensor would have to be inexpensive, rapid, simple, sensitive, selective, and minimally invasive. +you start with some water, pour in some nanotubes, add antibodies, mix it up, take some paper, dip it, dry it, and you can detect cancer. +and so in the next two to five years, this sensor could potentially lift for pancreatic cancer survival rates from a dismal 5.5 percent to close to 100 percent, and it would do similar for ovarian and lung cancer. +my experience, however, in the islamic world is very different. +so, for example, there is the character of noora. +and why does sex make babies, and babies spell erotic disaster in couples? +what is the relationship between love and desire? +and in this space between me and the other lies the erotic élan, lies that movement toward the other. +is it a place where you can express your infantile wishes? +it won't make a dent. there is nobody at the reception desk. +child number two comes back but looks like that over their shoulder all the time. +it's focus and presence. +we managed, but sometimes those halls didn't seem exactly suited to the music i was making or had made. +they're smaller, even less reverberant, so he can write really frilly music that's very intricate -- and it works. +it meant that there could be extreme dynamics, which there weren't in some of these other kinds of music. +other singers after him went even further. +and in some ways, the music that they're writing for this place works perfectly. +and i thought: well, if this is a model for creation, if we make music, primarily the form at least, to fit these contexts, and if we make art to fit gallery walls or museum walls, and if we write software to fit existing operating systems, is that how it works? +and had such -- it was an eye-opening experience to hear them talk about the world that is yet to come through technology and science. +but this is not the first time that we've had a technological revolution. +and yet he says, "he restores my soul." +you've seen people take beneficial technological advances, such as the internet we've heard about tonight, and twist them into something corrupting. +and i knew mr. dobrynin very well, and i said, "i'm going to sit beside mrs. gorbachev tonight. +unbearable psychological pressures bear down on us. +it's difficult for them to understand that they're going to die. +i've done a lot of speaking in germany and in france, and in different parts of the world -- 105 countries it's been my privilege to speak in. +essentially, he said this: "if you bet on god, and open yourself to his love, you lose nothing, even if you're wrong. +i couldn't take it to a laboratory and experiment with it. +life is a right, not collateral or casual. +are you holding her? +i experience exponentially. +resolutions, smoke. +the women's chief of the village has this little girl, fair color like me, totally dirty. +she's highly athletic. +today, we've worked with over 300. +so i will do this. +i want to look back 20 years from now and see that there's another liberian girl, ghanaian girl, nigerian girl, ethiopian girl standing on this ted stage. +lg: you're welcome. +licklider foresaw computers doing all the routinizable work that was required to prepare the way for insights and decision making. +every interaction we have in the world is recorded by an ever growing array of sensors: your phone, your credit card, your computer. the result is big data, and it actually presents us with an opportunity to more deeply understand the human condition. +these foreign fighters had left their families in the gulf, the levant and north africa to join al qaeda in iraq. +the human goal here was to identify camps for relocation based on priority need. +and the reality of the society that we're in is there are thousands and thousands of people out there leading lives of quiet, screaming desperation, where they work long, hard hours at jobs they hate to enable them to buy things they don't need to impress people they don't like. +play a sport with a friend at lunchtime. +now i don't mean to mock, but being a fit 10-hour-a-day office rat isn't more balanced; it's more fit. +and that, i think, is an idea worth spreading. +as a black person in america, i am twice as likely as a white person to live in an area where air pollution poses the greatest risk to my health. +so how did things get so different for us? +who profits? does anything justify what the local community goes through? +and they provide habitats for our little friends! +and we are operating with a comprehensive urban planning deficit. +for his brilliant efforts, he was nearly impeached. +of the 90 percent of the energy that mr. gore reminded us that we waste every day, don't add wasting our energy, intelligence and hard-earned experience to that count. +she wrote back to me and she said, "i'm so proud to have a son that created the software that allowed these kids to make mother's day cards for their mothers." +it seems that everybody is getting into the act. +and as i move my hand, i can pop the balloons or i can move the bug. +so i showed him. +again, it's useful to think about this analogy with language. +this is completely different than automobiles. +i want to talk about this. +we're interested in finding beauty that's more than just an aesthetic; it's really a truth. +all right? now one thing about art is, art is discovery, and art is discovering yourself through your art. right? +hopefully, really understand the customer at its heart, where the customer is, live with them in america. so -- sent the team off, and actually something different happened. they went other places. +the engineers flew over, and designers got together with them, and they put their presentation together. +that's what you get furious about right? +chris bangle: great cars are great art +now as i was training in clinical medicine and hematology and oncology and stem cell transplantation, what we had instead, cascading through the regulatory network at the fda, were these substances -- arsenic, thalidomide and this chemical derivative of nitrogen mustard gas. +in effect, the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell. +and this was, unfortunately, successful. +the first is if anything is unique about this research, it's less the science than the strategy -- that this for us was a social experiment, an experiment in what would happen if we were as open and honest at the earliest phase of discovery chemistry research as we could be. +one thing you can do with a picture like this is simply admire it. +because if there had been, they would have collapsed under the gravitational pull into a huge black hole. +that's our job as cosmologists. +and this energy, according to einstein, exerts a push on the universe. +that implication was studied by boltzmann back in the 19th century. +that's the region where entropy is low. +but we now know enough about the future of the universe to say a lot more. +or maybe the big bang is not the beginning of the universe. +i had never seen an internet. +i felt very happy to be at the secondary school, so i was determined to do anything possible to receive education. +god bless. +so, here, whatever movement i do in my physical world is actually replicated inside the digital world just using this small device that i made, around eight years back, in 2000. +i took it very literally, and took my bike helmet, put a little cut over there so that the projector actually fits nicely. +the camera is actually not only understanding your hand movements, but, interestingly, is also able to understand what objects you are holding in your hand. +and why only computers? we can just play with papers. +pm: there is a lot of energy here. lots of learning. +actually it was a very hard challenge. +if you don't have open spaces, you've got to go there and open spaces. +you can build nice stations. +the first one is, you can change from what i call a [vicious] circle to a virtual circle. +you can imagine how people get happy with me watching these kinds of scenes. +i'll get to you now the incidents of the day. +that is great, that means we're going to have 10 billion minds working together, 10 billion talents together. +inca sculptures are regarded as treasures in british museums, while shakespeare is translated into every major language of the earth. +darwin himself, by the way, had no doubts that the peacock's tail was beautiful in the eyes of the peahen. +beautiful shell necklaces that look like something you'd see at an arts and crafts fair, as well as ochre body paint, have been found from around 100,000 years ago. +yes, hairstyling -- i insist on that. +we have already an autonomous vehicle. +the system is also smart enough to figure out the safest way to operate the car. +so it's actually a multi-dimensional user interface. +you must be out of your mind. " +i was leaving a seminar when it started, humming to myself, fumbling with my bag just as i'd done a hundred times before, when suddenly i heard a voice calmly observe, "she is leaving the room." +it was at this point that events began to rapidly overtake me. +i used to say that these people saved me, but what i now know is they did something even more important in that they empowered me to save myself, and crucially, they helped me to understand something which i'd always suspected: that my voices were a meaningful response to traumatic life events, particularly childhood events, and as such were not my enemies but a source of insight into solvable emotional problems. +to paraphrase chavez, once social change begins, it cannot be reversed. +what they remember is, of course, the great triumph, that the brits were beaten, and we won, and that the country was born. +and that makes it extraordinarily interesting as a place to explore. +but better -- what is more important is that they would have to concentrate sunlight. +you see the red glow in their eyes, which is the reflection of the flashlight. +they look like, maybe like sunflowers. +i was a teenager, and at 15 or 16, i guess like all teenagers, we want to just do what we love and what we believe in. +and that allows me to check my timer discretely, here, without bending my elbow. +i mean, think about it: the care we take in selecting sunglasses, or jewelry, or accessories is really important, so if it isn't beautiful, it really doesn't belong on your face. +so we called it y water. and so this is another place where it all comes together in the same room: the three-dimensional design, the ideas, the branding, it all becomes deeply connected. +in fact, you can see each logo is a little bit different. +and if anybody asks why you're carrying a condom, you can just say you like the design. +the first half will be performed by the live singers here on stage. +and what, if anything, do men have to do with it? +my father, who had fought in three wars, could not save his own sister from this suffering. +"he was flattered. +i see traditional music like a kind of rebellion, in which people can really speak their voice, especially traditional songs from other parts of the former yugoslav republic. +but no, for the protest, they dressed all in white, no makeup. +women like sakena and leah and layma have humbled me and changed me and made me realize that i should not be so quick to jump to assumptions of any kind. +we can demilitarize societies and pour resources, instead, into reservoirs of genuine security. +and i thought, "well, sir, i am not a strategist, nor am i specialist. i am merely a storyteller." +so what could this mean? +they were together while praying. +and there are two important messages, or two lessons, to take from that reality. +and the religious police imposes the supposed islamic way of life on every citizen, by force -- like women are forced to cover their heads -- wear the hijab, the islamic head cover. +it's our faith, and we will be loyal to it. +and this is a question, i think, which needs to be discussed carefully. +that's an experience that not every other muslim nation in the middle east had until very recently. +mustafa akyol: faith versus tradition in islam +it clears the forest, reveals the trees inside. +and antibody stainings like this one can be used to understand that sort of question. +darfur may have slipped from the news headlines, but the killing and displacement there continues as well, and the sheer human misery that it creates is very hard to fathom. +thus, even though every civilian killed, maimed, raped, or tortured is one too many, the fact that the number of civilian casualties is clearly lower today than it was a decade ago, is good news. +but then, is northern ireland a unique example, or does this kind of explanation only hold more generally in democratic and developed countries? +both successes and failures teach us several critically important things that we need to bear in mind if we want the good news to continue. +as a photographer for national geographic, i've portrayed it for many. +mud and minerals become substrate; there are bacteria. +on land, life turned a corner. jaws formed first; teeth came later. +extinction can come slowly, but sometimes it arrives fast. +and where it doesn't, as in greenland in winter, mars is still not very far. +so in australia, "mo" is slang for mustache, so we renamed the month of november "movember" and created some pretty basic rules, which still stand today. +and we persisted, and we got 450 guys growing mustaches, and together we raised 54,000 dollars, and we donated every cent of that to the prostate cancer foundation of australia, and that represented at the time the single biggest donation they'd ever received. +so what we did was, we took some of the money that we raised in australia to bring the campaign across to this country, the u.s, and the u.k., and we did that because we knew, if this was successful, we could raise infinitely more money globally than we could just in australia. and that money fuels research, and that research will get us to a cure. +so we piled into a taxi, and this is our taxi driver, and i was sitting in the back seat, and he turned around and said, "where are you going?" +and so we said, right, we'd redefined charity. we need to redefine the way these guys operate. how do we do that? +he could see what was happening to his forest, to his environment, because he was taken under his grandfather's wing when he was only two years old to begin to learn about the forest and the way of life of his people. +he would tell you, as he told me, "i asked myself," he said, "what did my grandparents and my great-grandparents do to protect the forest for me? +we have to change. +even that wasn't enough. +he would tell you, "i'm a collector, and i curate a museum." +they have a sense of the great arc of time and their tiny place in it. +he went around once, he went around twice, he went around thrice. +on the banks of a river called the indus, now in pakistan. +you should not be sisyphus, who rolls a rock up a mountain all day only to find the boulder rolled down at night. +you see, the indians also had a river that separates the land of the living from the land of the dead. +the denominator of the gymnosophist's life was infinity. +there is no orchestra conductor. +and i would see the exasperation between my american and european colleagues, when they were dealing with india. +so, there is nothing right or wrong in what you do in life. +and so the next time you meet someone, a stranger, one request: understand that you live in the subjective truth, and so does he. +you're afraid if you look for your passion and don't find it, you'll feel like you're an idiot, so then you make excuses about why you're not going to look for your passion. +you know what? here's a little secret. +you need 20 interests, and then one of them, one of them might grab you, one of them might engage you more than anything else, and then you may have found your greatest love in comparison to all the other things that interest you, and that's what passion is. +what do you want me to say? +"look kid. i had a dream once, too, but -- but." +and that's why you're not going to have a great career, unless -- unless, that most evocative of all english words -- unless. +you may recall a year ago when a firestorm erupted after the united states preventive services task force reviewed the world's mammography screening literature and issued a guideline recommending against screening mammograms in women in their 40s. +so it's easy to see this tumor in the upper part of this fatty breast. +and sooner or later, we're going to have to accept the fact that health care innovation can't always come at a much higher price. +so here we were, a nuclear physicist, an internist, soon joined by carrie hruska, a biomedical engineer, and two radiologists, and we were trying to take on the entrenched world of mammography with a machine that was held together by duct tape. +here's an example from that screening study. +we still need to complete the screening study using the low dose, and then our findings will need to be replicated at other institutions, and this could take five or more years. +the babies that we were carrying when my patient first asked me this question are now both in middle school, and the answer has been so slow to come. +i can look at your financial records. +or should we respect his privacy, protect his dignity and leave him alone? +what's a moral operating system? +i'm just going back and forth; i'm not getting anywhere. +if you think that way, you have a platonist moral framework. +not just because it rang earlier, but i'm going to take it because i made a little calculation. +what's the formula? +or like kant, did i use reason to figure out what was intrinsically right? " +dum ta da da dum dum ta da da dum well, your musician friend will stop you and say, "you know, the theme music for your data revolution, that's an opera, that's wagner. +it's our invisible reality. +and this noise is the most neutral. +definitely not perfect. so you would probably shut it, at this point. +you have to know that today, roughly one or two every drug pills is not taken correctly. +i designed it to help kids to follow the treatment. +so, huge tragedy. +because the roots of the plant are not very effective. +now we can eat local food. +so, if you believe the media accounts, being a drug dealer in the height of the crack cocaine epidemic was a very glamorous life, in the words of virginia postrel. +and in the words of malcolm gladwell, crack cocaine was the extra-chunky version of tomato sauce for the inner city. +he was really a curious sight to be seen. +went up to the floor, the second floor, and said: "hey, guys. +now, the group i really want you to think about, though, are the ones at the bottom, the foot soldiers. +we found in our gang -- and, admittedly, this was not really sort of a standard situation; this was a time of intense violence -- of a lot of gang wars -- as this gang actually became quite successful. but there were costs. +but what happened was, the rules changed, and they never got to make partner. +and the words of a gang member capture it quite nicely. +from there i started with skydiving. +2005 i did a base jump from the eiger, from the monk and from the jungfrau, three very famous mountains in switzerland. +i know the answer to this, but how do you land? +and do you ever say, "no, no i'm not going to." +i think there is a socializing dimension in, kind of, moving that border. +is art about that? +so the movement with your legs will change the color of your horizon. +and "ha-ha, there is a picture and here is i. and what does it matter?" +in the spectacular large-scale projects he's famous for, olafur eliasson creates art from a palette of space, distance, color and light. this idea-packed talk begins with an experiment in the nature of perception. +i think that's got to be scaring a lot of animals away. +we need a nasa-like organization for ocean exploration, because we need to be exploring and protecting our life support systems here on earth. +when she was 10 years old in 1927, she published her first book of poems called "the janitor's boy." +and my blood froze when i read that because i had written the plain-song music 130 years after he'd written the letter. +natalie merchant sings from her new album, & lt; em & gt; leave your sleep. & lt; / em & gt; lyrics from near-forgotten 19th-century poetry pair with her unmistakable voice for a performance that brought the audience to its feet. +they are very different from us in body form. +so as an adult, when i started to read about the amazing breakthroughs with penny patterson and koko, with sue savage-rumbaugh and kanzi, panbanisha, irene pepperberg, alex the parrot, i got all excited. +this is what the internet looked like when it was born and you can call that the internet of middle-aged white men, mostly middle-aged white men. +joining me are three of our eight atlantic bottlenose dolphins: 20-year-old chesapeake, who was our first dolphin born here, her four-year-old daughter bayley, and her half sister, 11-year-old maya. +that's a number only that congress can appreciate. +what that means is that what we're learning with these interactions with other species will teach us, ultimately, how we might interact with an alien from another world. +all right, well thank you all so much for joining us. +and now people from iran are talking to me. +they have graphic designers. what? +and this whole list of pages on facebook dedicated to the same message, to people sending their love, one to each other. +remember that image from the beginning? +and i'm just going to take a picture of it, and i'm just going to post it on facebook with kind of "israelis for peace" or something. +as you can see, a project evolves through a series of generations of design meetings. +but then we had a meeting with a chinese businessman who saw our design and said, "wow, that's the chinese character for the word 'people.'" so, apparently this is how you write "people," as in the people's republic of china. +china symbolized by the dragon. +you can try it. +if you do come to copenhagen, you will probably see an installation by ai weiwei, the chinese artist. +so if you go back into the parking, into the corridors, it's almost like traveling into a parallel universe from cars and colors, into this sort of south-facing urban oasis. +and our main idea was to sort of sample the seven most significant mountains of the topography of azerbaijan and reinterpret them into urban and architectural structures, inhabitable of human life. +and i must say, before i go on, i should ask every one of you to try and get out pen and paper because i'm actually going to ask you to help me to look at how we do that. +because we can't solve problems. +so what i'm proposing is really to say that we have, for a very long time, had a situation when we've had a menu of choices. +and then you ask, why economists? +but it's saying that what we can do about it is very little, at a very high cost. +the incidence of malaria is about a couple of [million] people get infected every year. +so again, what we focus on is prevention rather than treatment, at first rate. +of course, that's mainly because climate change has good pictures. +the only two requirements were that they were studying at the university, and they spoke english. +over the past hundred years, the combination of liberal democracy and private capitalism has helped to catapult the united states and western countries to new levels of economic development. +i put it to you today that it is this system that is embodied by china that is gathering momentum amongst people in the emerging markets as the system to follow, because they believe increasingly that it is the system that will promise the best and fastest improvements in living standards in the shortest period of time. +i'm here to also tell you that there are lots of shifts occurring around what china is doing in the democratic stance. +but i put it to you that if the united states and european countries want to remain globally influential, they may have to consider cooperating in the short term in order to compete, and by that, they might have to focus more aggressively on economic outcomes to help create the middle class and therefore be able to hold government accountable and create the democracies that we really want. +in this vein, we can increase economic growth. +that if you live in the best climate, in san diego in the united states, or in the shittiest climate, in buffalo, new york, you are going to be just as happy in either place. +and so even if we make those very important decisions for very silly reasons, it remains statistically true that there are more georges living in georgia and there are more dennises becoming dentists and there are more paulas who are married to paul than statistically viable. +and i of course knew stuff, as a designer, about typography, even though we worked with those animals not so successfully. +after about three days, the bubbles will appear on the surface of the liquid. +and using indigo, make it anti-microbial. +suzanne, just a curiosity, what you're wearing is not random. +bao yongxiu: "my mother tells me to come home and get married, but if i marry now, before i have fully developed myself, i can only marry an ordinary worker, so i'm not in a rush." +many articles calculate: how long would it take for this worker to work in order to earn enough money to buy what he's making? +another time, after min had already left the handbag factory, her younger sister came to visit, bringing two coach signature handbags as gifts. +thank you. +in 2009, there were 500 bomb blasts across pakistan. +step two: they teach the children the koran, which is islam's holiest book, in arabic, a language these children do not understand and cannot speak. +this boy is called messoud. +we've flown the cassini spacecraft by this moon now several times, flying closer and deeper into these jets, into the denser regions of these jets, so that now we have come away with some very precise compositional measurements. +we're always sort of small in the face of its expanse. +and that connection is an unequivocally physical process. +they looked for the unwired places, and that's meant north and south, primarily these cables to africa. +thank you. +and this material that's deposited either starts as a liquid form or a material powder form. +the detail that you can get today is quite amazing. +but it's very hard to create that in standard ways. +you can just make it physically on the spot. +we're now, instead of shipping a product across the world, we're sending data across the internet. +businesses want different things. +but it wasn't just us. even in the muslim world, his definition of jihad began to gain acceptance. +what does that mean for us in the west? +but that's still not reason for us to disengage, because we've seen that movie before, in afghanistan. +al jazeera brought information to them, showed them what was being said and done in the name of their religion, exposed the hypocrisy of osama bin laden and al qaeda, and allowed them, gave them the information that allowed them to come to their own conclusions. +thank you. +i was struck immediately by the kindness and the gentleness in her face, and i asked her to tell me her story. +she lives with all of that insecurity, and in fact, in january, during the ethnic riots, she was chased from her home and had to find a new shack in which she would live. +i truly believe it's where dignity starts. +by the way, the secret is not to go to sleep until you've written your words for the day. +i had just taken trigonometry in high school, i learned about the parabola and how it could concentrate rays of light to a single focus. +i'm glad you heard earlier today, batteries are unbelievably energy -- lack of density compared to fuel. +you take a problem that you can't solve with a pure mathematical answer, you build an evolutionary system to try multiple tries at guessing, you add sex -- where you take half of one solution and half of another and then make new mutations -- and you use natural selection to kill off not as good solutions. +so what you see here is 12 separate petals, that each could be controlled with individual microprocessors that would only cost a dollar. +so, once you have mobility, now you're making a lot of engines because you've got lots of units, as opposed to steam ships or big factories where you're not making as many units, so this was the engine that ended up benefiting from mass production where all the other engines didn't benefit. +you move that up and down with a little bit of energy but now you're only shifting the air down to the hot end and up to the cold end, down to the hot end and up to the cold end. +so now you put the two things together. +so this is the first test where we took it outside and each of the petals were individually seeking. +it's just unbelievable what the potential is to take advantage of solar energy there, and i'm really excited to talk more about finding ways we can help with that. +bill gross: a solar energy system that tracks the sun +but still, we look at the pieces. +and out of that field campaign we'll probably get a few dozen papers on a few dozen processes or molecules. +and that was a good thing to help, you know, the cause. +so, good things come out of, you know, incomprehension -- -- which i will do a painting of, and then it will end up in my work. +i work for the new yorker, and i do covers, and 9 / 11 happened and it was, you know, a complete and utter end of the world as we knew it. +and "would" is coco chanel's lover, "should" is edith sitwell, and "could" is an august sander subject. +and then, we don't have a stuffed spinoza, but we do have a stuffed pavlov's dog, and i visited him in the museum of hygiene in st. petersburg, in russia. +i received a box in the mail and it was wrapped with newspaper and there was the picture of the man on the newspaper and he was dead. +so -- and that's a song about how everybody's miserable because, you know, we're from russia. +maira kalman: the illustrated woman +but nevertheless, there's no real sense of separation from me in my heart, in terms of the love that i feel for these people. +so, as we are climbing the tree, some of the things that we're doing in order to climb the tree are actually undermining the tree's very root. +they'll be cooking, cleaning, buying things, shopping, building. but they aren't here. +we were hoping that it wass going to have a kind of evil, spidery walk, but instead it created this pretty lame way of moving forward. +katrina showed us that we cannot completely depend on government to have readiness in hand, to be capable of handling things. +for example, all masks are made in china. +add on pandemic threat, you're in big trouble. +let's see, should we order that all pets be kept indoors? +in the sars epidemic, we learned in hong kong that most of transmission was because people were removing their masks improperly. +every city, county, state did their own thing. +the institute of medicine study felt that you could not recycle masks. +clearly the bottom line is the virus eventually attenuates, and ceases to be a lethal virus to humanity, and finds other hosts. +in terms of where we are in science with dna identification capacities and so on, it's not that far off. +we've never seen anything even remotely like this before. " +it's really maneuverable. you have a hand-held remote, so you can pretty easily control acceleration, braking, go in reverse if you like, also have braking. +okay, i cheated, it was a mere 20 seconds. +but in america you have to explain. what are clubs? +i found two trees -- but not any kind of trees, trees with character -- and then a very long rope. +the murmur of the city dissolves into a squall whose chilling power i no longer feel. +you know that, right? +i make the dove appear. +i want you just for a second to experience this amazing human symphony. +and what i'd like to do is take you up to the canopy, not by putting all of you into ropes and harnesses, but rather showing you a very short clip from a national geographic film called "heroes of the high frontier." +we've done stripping experiments where we've removed mats of epiphytes and looked at the rates of recolonization. +we consult to the media about canopy questions; we have a canopy newsletter; we have an email listserv. +i saw the power of duke's song with urban youth -- an audience, you know, i as a middle-aged professor, i don't have a hope of getting to -- in terms of convincing them of the importance of wildlands. +i brought my scientific colleagues and sustainability practitioners into the prison. +once upon a time, the world was a big, dysfunctional family. +so we are moving to this democratization of information, and i've been in this field for quite a while. +so that's open-source and it can be used in any country where there is some kind of freedom of information law. +skepticism, because you must always be challenging. +they're watching all of us. they've dug a basement, and they've built a spy center to try and run algorithms and figure out which ones of us are troublesome, and if any of us complain about that, we're arrested for terrorism. +now, when you think of a coral reef, this is what most people think of: all these big, hard, elaborate corals and lots of bright, colorful fishes and things. +over time, those gas molecules dissolve into your blood and tissues and start to fill you up. +and this rig was actually used for a dive of 300 feet. +now, as we breathe, we produce carbon dioxide, and that carbon dioxide needs to be scrubbed out of the system. +and i can talk about it all day -- just ask my wife -- but i want to move on to something that's kind of much more interesting. +we also see sharks, much more regularly than i would have expected to. +now, i don't know if any of you get u.s. news and world report -- i got the recent issue. +now, this one's pretty cool. +the reason i show this -- not to put a downer on everything -- but i just want to use it to key off my philosophy of life in general, which is that we all have two goals. +despite the fact that each and every one of these disorders originates in the brain, most of these disorders are diagnosed solely on the basis of observable behavior. +research shows that 50 percent of children, almost 50 percent of children diagnosed with autism are actually suffering from hidden brain seizures. +they don't come back several times, so it really chronicles a journey. +richard saul wurman: i remember hearing him talk at penn. +louis kahn, yes! +he could not probably give the right kind of love for you, but for us, he has given the people the right kind of love, that is important. +what if they look up at the night sky, at the same stars, but from the opposite side? +where's the line that marks that? +zircons that are mined in the jack hills of western australia, zircons taken from the jack hills of western australia tell us that within a few hundred million years of the origin of the planet there was abundant water and perhaps even life. +now drake did not discover extraterrestrial intelligence, but he learned a very valuable lesson from a passing aircraft, and that's that terrestrial technology can interfere with the search for extraterrestrial technology. +so, if that's right, why did we only capture four out of those 151 minds? +come with me to the bottom of the world, antarctica, the highest, driest, windiest, and yes, coldest region on earth -- more arid than the sahara and, in parts, colder than mars. +but under the surface is a hive of industrial activity periodically, this drill, like a biopsy needle, plunges thousands of feet deep into the ice to extract a marrow of gases and isotopes for analysis. +don't we already know the consequences of a changing climate on our settled civilization? +the old story about climate protection is that it's costly, or it would have been done already. +and serious competition from europe, from korea, and next is china, which will soon be a major net exporter of cars. +it's financeable in the private capital market. +this is not very gratifying after more than a century of devoted engineering effort. +each one is formed by one fairly cheap die set, instead of four expensive ones for stamping steel. +for example, fee-bates, a combination of a fee and a rebate in any size class of vehicle you want, can increase the price of inefficient vehicles and correspondingly pay you a rebate for efficient vehicles. +and make the transition to more efficient vehicles go faster. +there's six billion dollars on the table. +we launched two titles in october -- "rockett's new school" -- the first of a series of products -- is about a character called rockett beginning her first day of school in eighth grade at a brand new place, with a blank slate, which allows girls to play with the question of, "what will i be like when i'm older?" +girl 6: like, if you were a girl and you were really adventurous and a real big tomboy, you would think that girls' games were kinda sissy. +bl: i'm going to fast-forward to the decision point because i know i don't have a lot of time. +brenda laurel: games for girls +i also need alcohol and morphine, because it's the only way i can work. " +many sociologists like veblen and wolfe would argue that the reason why we take origins so seriously is because we're snobs, because we're focused on status. +there are now dozens, perhaps hundreds of studies showing that if you believe you're drinking the expensive stuff, it tastes better to you. +people have murdered those that they loved, believing that they were murdering an imposter. +then we asked them, "how much would you pay for george clooney's sweater?" +they just don't like it. +as many of you know, this is the composition where the pianist sits at a bench, opens up the piano and sits and does nothing for four minutes and 33 seconds -- that period of silence. +paul bloom: the origins of pleasure +so what i'm going to show you is all of the main things, all of the main features of my discipline -- evidence-based medicine. +"a glass of red wine a day could help prevent breast cancer." +and the claim was fish oil pills improve school performance and behavior in mainstream children. +two sugar pills a day beats one sugar pill a day. +again, not an insane dose, not an illegal dose, but very much at the high end of normal. +so you can see here that the small negative trials that should be on the bottom left have disappeared. +we already have the data showing that it reduces the duration of your flu by a few hours. +and pretty soon, they began shipping that coal, ton by ton, rail car by rail car, boatload by boatload, back to china and elsewhere around the world. +can you imagine what you would feel if you were in my shoes? +it's all about oil; you know that, everybody knows that. +there's this thing, this militarization of the world, and it's centered right in the united states. +and what do you see? they're christians. +and this word here, george bush called this war a crusade. +you've got to see this -- bible boot camp. +of course, you got it wrong. +and what i want you to do is picture her as a chinese woman receiving a chinese flag because her loved one has died in america in the coal uprising. +can you feel their anger, their fear, their rage at what has happened in their country? +and suddenly, without realizing it, you're seeing the world differently. +communication walls, i don't have to tell you -- the internet -- have come tumbling down. +more than ever before it is these types of ideas which are driving growth on the cutting edge. +and that means an increase incentive to do research and development, which benefits everyone in the world. +i think of the great indian mathematician, ramanujan. +twentieth century: a little bit over two percent. +when i was writing up my notes oil was $140 per barrel. +if we were to wipe out insects alone, just that group alone, on this planet -- which we are trying hard to do -- the rest of life and humanity with it would mostly disappear from the land. +60,000 species are known to science, but more than 1.5 million have been estimated to exist. +what will we find as we map the living world, as, finally, we get this underway seriously? +human-forced climate change alone -- again, if unabated -- could eliminate a quarter of surviving species during the next five decades. +it makes all key information about life on earth accessible to anyone, on demand, anywhere in the world. +well, commercial hunting happened. +sorrow, anger, mourning. +there's just some bits that are band-tailed pigeon. +alberto worked with the bucardo in spain. +well birds are pretty hard-wired, as it happens, so most of that is already in their dna, but to supplement it, part of ben's idea is to use homing pigeons to help train the young passenger pigeons how to flock and how to find their way to their old nesting grounds and feeding grounds. +another interesting project, though it's going to need some help, is the northern white rhinoceros. +there's going to be unintended consequences. +he ran and worked in a factory. +and i liked making that book because i loved using my imagination, and that's what writing is. +i drew funny pictures of my teachers -- -- and i passed them around. +i just wanted a video camera. +i set up a studio and i tried to get published. +mrs. alisch cut in front of the line and said, "i taught him how to read." +i said, "mrs. alisch, how are you?" +when i was visiting my terminally ill father in a hospital, i was asking myself, how does anybody get well in a place that sounds like this? +this is affected massively by reverberation time, how reverberant a room is. +what does it cost to treat a classroom down to that 0.4-second reverberation time? +i love that phrase. +in "upwake" buildings wear suits, zero tap dances on a giant keyboard, clones himself with a scanner, tames and whips the computer mice, sails away into dreamscape from a single piece of paper and launches into space. +but the teachers came to me afterward and told me they hadn't seen the kids that attentive. +it's motion and emotion. +in the netherlands -- where i come from -- you actually never see a pig, which is really strange, because, on a population of 16 million people, we have 12 million pigs. +and in cheesecake and all kinds of desserts, like chocolate mousse, tiramisu, vanilla pudding, everything that's cooled in the supermarket, there's gelatin to make it look good. +and can you send me a bullet? " +christien meindertsma, author of "pig 05049" looks at the astonishing afterlife of the ordinary pig, parts of which make their way into at least 185 non-pork products, from bullets to artificial hearts. +tell a kid you're sorry, they're in shock. +i have things to do, people to impress, and places to go. " +will you like all your children? of course not. +now, this is one model of how language comes to be: namely, it's legislated by an academy. +a handy thing to have, because language is infinite, and you can't just parrot back the sentences that you've heard. +you can think of this as the language of thought, or "mentalese." +now, i'm sure most of you have seen the movie "fargo." +in dating, the transition from friendship to sex can lead to, notoriously, various forms of awkwardness, and as can sex in the workplace, in which we call the conflict between a dominant and a sexual relationship "sexual harassment." +so you get the best of both worlds. +i tend to win those arguments, because i know the tricks. +so we have these models -- argument as war, argument as proof, and argument as performance. +oh, and one more thing, and as an educator, this is the one that really bothers me: if argument is war, then there's an implicit equation of learning with losing. +what we need is new exit strategies for arguments. +why do we argue? to out-reason our opponents, prove them wrong, and, most of all, to win!... right? philosopher daniel h. cohen shows how our most common form of argument -- a war in which one person must win and the other must lose -- misses out on the real benefits of engaging in active disagreement. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +this is learning something, learning an idea, from an organism and then applying it. +learning about the natural world is one thing; learning from the natural world -- that's the switch. +life can't afford to do that. how does life make things? +imagine making all of our hard materials that way. +power of shape: here's a whale. we've seen that the fins of this whale have tubercles on them. and those little bumps actually increase efficiency in, for instance, the edge of an airplane -- increase efficiency by about 32 percent. +and we use all of them, even the toxic ones. +ok, so that's the healing one. +and in ways both big and small, the narrative of the victim shapes the way we see women. +why are you so passionate? " +microfinance is an incredibly powerful tool that leads to self-sufficiency and self-respect, but we must move beyond micro-hopes and micro-ambitions for women, because they have so much greater hopes for themselves. +you know why? +and when i was applying to business school and felt certain i couldn't do it and nobody i knew had done it, i went to my aunt who survived years of beatings at the hand of her husband and escaped a marriage of abuse with only her dignity intact. +but it was a little bit boring. +but the way that humans tell the stories has always evolved with pure, consistent novelty. +and now all bets are off. +and yet, all the press is focused on that. +about 10 years ago, i was at a cocktail party with a friend of mine, and we're sitting there, and he was complaining about the crows that he had seen that were all over his yard and making a big mess. +and in all that area, they're only rarely found breeding more than five kilometers away from human beings. +so, it turns out we've been finding more and more that crows are really, really intelligent. +in fact, that's old hat for crows. +so, when they get really used to that, we move on to the crows coming back. +i think that crows can be trained to do other things. +so the management of electrolux took our pile, our list of incentives, and they went outside the room for 17 minutes, and they came back in and they said, "wow, this is the most generous any community has ever been to try to keep jobs here. +as we know, only half the states have opted in. +every region has something to offer, and if you created a competition, it respects the states and it respects federalism. +if you hadn't noticed, our media climate generally provides a very distorted mirror of our lives and of our gender, and i think that's going to change. +when they're monitoring your clickstream -- and you know they are -- they have a really hard time figuring out your age, your gender and your income. +the future entertainment media that we're going to see is going to be very data-driven, and it's going to be based on the information that we ascertain from taste communities online, where women are really driving the action. +up goes the bird, out come the words, "juanito, juanito, vente a comer mi hijo!" +you might wanna avert your gaze, because that is a newt about to regenerate its limb, and shaking hands spreads more germs than kissing. +okay. now on the left you can see the hand -- that's the big arrow -- and the penis on the right. the hand hovering. +and i said, "so, could you do it right here?" +i actually suggested to -- there is a researcher at the university of alabama who does orgasm research. +doctors back then were routinely telling men the importance of pleasuring their wives. +british sexologist roy levin has speculated that this is perhaps why men evolved to be such enthusiastic and frequent masturbators. +and i said, "so why don't you just stimulate the clitoris of the pig? +and the woman would have sex with it. +and yet, despite everything going really well for john, he was struggling, fighting addiction and a gripping depression. +now i know that seems ludicrous. +pull the knot. +and it seemed to me even he felt really bad facing these unorganized red squares day after day. +we are only happy when things are in order. +so we can also see that very clearly in this next painting. +and i think the whole thing adds up much better if you do it like this. +but after a while, i just decided here to go all the way and put the paint back into the cans. +and i started to bring some order into some flags. +he had a dixieland jazz band when we were growing up, and he would always cover louis armstrong tunes. +and moms grab their kids out of the way and say, "don't stare!" +that's right, that's right; i'm no longer a victim. +it's as though intent is an essential component for humanity. +in fact, maybe that's the problem. +they were trying to answer the question of what would human beings do now that they were no longer simply trying to survive? +i was in a wheelchair; i didn't look like a looter. +this is what we must demand of our lives, of our objects, of our things, of our circumstances: living with intent. +i didn't have an exact address, but i knew his name, abed, i knew that he lived in a town of 15,000, kfar kara, and i knew that, 21 years before, just outside this holy city, he broke my neck. +but abed did not slow, and on that xeroxed piece of paper, my neck again broke, and again, i was left without anger. +were all of us the results of things done to us, done for us, the infidelity of a parent or spouse, money inherited? +and as i sat contemplating what to say, a woman approached in a black shawl and black robe. +no, i was quiet. i was quiet because i had not come for truth. +"um, abed," i said, "i thought you had a few driving issues before the crash." +yes, contrast. +i built the head. they built the body. +and it sees multiple people in a scene, remembers where individual people are, and looks from person to person, remembering people. +someone invited me to a meeting, but couldn't manage to fit me in to a regular sort of conference room meeting, and said, "i have to walk my dogs tomorrow. could you come then?" +and i did a little calculation of this. +for example, dan pink's talk on motivation, which was pretty good if you haven't seen it: "drop carrot. drop stick. bring meaning." +they used their six words to talk back to me and ask me if i'd been too much on google lately. +and i would only pay $99.50 -- so stay even below a hundred dollars for it. +okay, part one starts back in 1929 when the great astronomer edwin hubble realized that the distant galaxies were all rushing away from us, establishing that space itself is stretching, it's expanding. +expressed in the relevant unit, it is spectacularly small. +so particle masses, the strengths of forces, and most importantly, the amount of dark energy would be determined by the shape of the extra dimensions. +and in those universes that have much less dark energy, well they collapse back on themselves so quickly that, again, galaxies don't form. +because such a mechanism has been found by cosmologists trying to understand the big bang. +you see, we learned that our universe is not static, that space is expanding, that that expansion is speeding up and that there might be other universes all by carefully examining faint pinpoints of starlight coming to us from distant galaxies. +we can understand how to understand the data from the microwave background radiation that was set down 13.72 billion years ago -- and yet, we can do calculations today to predict how it will look and it matches. +you're going to meet milo for the first time. +you can lean back, but the camera will change its perspective depending on which way you're looking. +milo: i wonder how deep it is. +now, to do that, we needed a set up, like a magician's trick. +you cleaned up my room. +and suddenly she sees a tank ambling down the main road of sarajevo knocking everything out of its path. +i believe a story there has to be told. +and that's pretty much why i do it. +and all i can really do is hope, not to policymakers or politicians, because as much as i'd like to have faith that they read my words and do something, i don't delude myself. +and that's exactly what we did 10 years ago. +just fast forward 10 years. +as fast as we can reset our computers, the brain activity shifts to start representing this new tool, as if this too was a part of that primate's body. +and i was five years old, and i never understood why nasa didn't hire captain kirk and spock to do the job; after all, they were very proficient -- but just seeing that as a kid made me believe, as my grandmother used to tell me, that "impossible is just the possible that someone has not put in enough effort to make it come true." +why would we waste this money on you? " +and that brings me to my first major of two tenets of "half the sky." +in india, in the first year of life, from zero to one, boy and girl babies basically survive at the same rate because they depend upon the breast, and the breast shows no son preference. +so what would some of the specific challenges look like? +so that meant she was incontinent; she couldn't control her wastes. +well, when she had her second daughter, her mother in-law told her son, "i think you'd better get a second wife. +the twins started producing milk. +we also think that individuals can make a difference, and they should, because individuals, together, we can all help create a movement. +sheryl wudunn's book "half the sky" investigates the oppression of women globally. her stories shock. only when women in developing countries have equal access to education and economic opportunity will we be using all our human resources. +why not? i mean, that's what we do. +and this cumulative cultural adaptation, as anthropologists call this accumulation of ideas, is responsible for everything around you in your bustling and teeming everyday lives. +the other option we could choose was to develop the systems of communication that would allow us to share ideas and to cooperate amongst others. +and this is why our species has prospered around the world while the rest of the animals sit behind bars in zoos, languishing. +and this is also true of some remote oceanic islands. +to put it this way, nature knows no other circumstance in which functionally equivalent traits coexist. +biologist mark pagel shares an intriguing theory about why humans evolved our complex system of language. he suggests that language is a piece of "social technology" that allowed early human tribes to access a powerful new tool: cooperation. +and what i'm most interested in is the invisible space between a text and its accompanying image, and how the image is transformed by the text and the text by the image. +this is the only federally funded site where it is legal to cultivate cannabis for scientific research in the united states. +this is the death star. +for the men in these photographs, the primary cause of their wrongful conviction was mistaken identification. +he ended up serving 18 and a half years of an 80 year sentence for rape and robbery. +last year alone, 99 federally declared disasters were on file with fema, from joplin, missouri, and tuscaloosa, alabama, to the central texas wildfires that just happened recently. +so the first idea i had, initially, was just to go the federal and state governments and go, "here, take it, for free." +our school would show bill nye the science guy. +we have dawn orbiting vesta, and we have over here new horizons on a straight shot to pluto. +there's a point to be made here. +so given that that's true, how good are we at increasing our happiness? +we also find that people are more averse to losing than they are happy to gain. +so when people's symptoms go away, they tend to recur, because there isn't a sense of the other half -- of what pleasure, happiness, compassion, gratitude, what are the positive emotions. +it wouldn't eat. it wouldn't sleep. it wouldn't have sex. +and even studies of cooperation show that cooperation between individuals lights up reward centers of the brain. +i seize command by physical prowess, and i keep it by beating my chest, and you make submissive gestures. +i end with a few quotes. +why would you choose rats? +once the animal knows click, food, click, food, click, food -- so click is food -- we bring it in a cage with a hole, and actually the animal learns to stick the nose in the hole under which a target scent is placed, and to do that for five seconds -- five seconds, which is long for a rat. +it means that, if you have t.b., you have more chance that you won't be detected, but will just die from t.b. secondary infections and so on. +and by just presenting the samples once more to the rats and looping those results back, we were able to increase case detection rates by over 30 percent. +and this is truly the most amazing thing in the world. +now, what is the significance of these mirror neurons? +in other words, if somebody touches me, my hand, neuron in the somatosensory cortex in the sensory region of the brain fires. +it emerges from our understanding of basic neuroscience. +so, that's 20 micrometers across, that pollen grain there. +this is a bee's leg with the pollen glommed onto it from a mallow plant. +four very different habitats might look similar, but they've got very different pollen signatures. +it's certainly what i learned when i was training. +we have effective therapies now. +and she started, the women's health initiative. +some women have those heart attacks, but a whole bunch of women have this kind of heart attack, where it erodes, doesn't completely fill with clot, symptoms are subtle, ekg findings are different -- female-pattern. +now what are the implications of that? +and those little red boxes are deaths. +we still have two to three more women dying for every man. +so if we can be as good as breast cancer and give women this new charge, we have a lot of lives to save. +we copy this in the lab by outfitting cell culture systems with electrodes. +and in the case of the flora in our gut, these cells may not even be human. +but there's also a scientific reason that drove this project, which was to use this natural longitudinal data to understand the process of how a child learns language -- that child being my son. +the way to interpret this apparently simple graph is, on the vertical is an indication of how complex caregiver utterances are based on the length of utterances. +now we freeze the action, 30 minutes, we turn time into the vertical axis, and we open up for a view of these interaction traces we've just left behind. +this has become my favorite way of videographing just about any space. +and there are, again, now tens of millions of these links that give us the connective tissue of social graphs and how they relate to content. +and then i went on to reflect, "isn't it amazing, this entire database, all these recordings, i'm going to hand off to you and to your sister" -- who arrived two years later -- "and you guys are going to be able to go back and re-experience moments that you could never, with your biological memory, possibly remember the way you can now?" +mit researcher deb roy wanted to understand how his infant son learned language -- so he wired up his house with videocameras to catch every moment of his son's life, then parsed 90,000 hours of home video to watch "gaaaa" slowly turn into "water." astonishing, data-rich research with deep implications for how we learn. +a second part of the brain is called the dorsal stream. +we make meaning by seeing, by an act of visual interrogation. +secondly, making them interactive. +this is a laundry chute, and this right here is a shoe last. +but i get a lot of toilets, and so you just dispatch a toilet with a hammer, and then you have lumpy tiles. +but you've never seen this one before. +and in there he said that cultures tend to swing between one of two perspectives. +and so if something isn't standard, "oops, dumpster." "oops" this. "oops, warped." +the problem is we can't afford it. +all we have to do is look at what one company did with carbonated prune juice. +that exacerbates and continues this model. +that is, our housing has become a commodity. +in this funny and insightful talk, builder dan phillips tours us through a dozen homes he's built in texas using recycled and reclaimed materials in wildly creative ways. brilliant, low-tech design details will refresh your own creative drive. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +and the reason i think it would be so interesting to you is because consciousness is so interesting. +there is no more drastic and sudden gap created between potential and actual mind than a severe head injury. +but if you look into the eye of consciousness, that single eye you can see, i'm looking down, but let me tell you how i felt at that point. +the global perspective is that up to 30 percent of children in school have learning weaknesses that are not self-correcting, but with appropriate treatment, they can be screened for and detected and corrected and avoid their academic failure. +the answer is yes, and for the first time, it's my pleasure to be able to share two examples. +imagine the blood flowing through your body -- i was told at ucla medical center -- as one sealed system. +so it goes in and it stays there. +and so i was sitting in this restaurant, waiting for a man to come by who obviously would have some difficulty... +and if you walk faster, if i walk faster, it detects what's called the time interval, which is the interval between each heel lift. +and i started in our medical university, karolinska institute, an undergraduate course called global health. but when you get that opportunity, you get a little nervous. i thought, these students coming to us actually have the highest grade you can get in swedish college systems -- so, i thought, maybe they know everything i'm going to teach them about. so i did a pre-test when they came. +now what has happened since 1962? we want to see the change. +where are the different countries? i can show you africa. +yemen, civil war. united arab emirate, money which was quite equally and well used. +everything in this world exists in africa. and you can't discuss universal access to hiv [medicine] for that quintile up here with the same strategy as down here. the improvement of the world must be highly contextualized, and it's not relevant to have it on regional level. we must be much more detailed. +and that's a quite clever guy, huh? +but it slightly bores me. +so i had a really quite happy life at indiana. +and certainly, neither crick or i were chemists, so we tried to build a model. and he knew, francis knew wilkins. +and i read it, and it was just -- it was crap. +and we knew we were right. +but that's the only -- no, we were only photographed twice. +so, we started with breast cancer because there's lots of money for it, no government money. +were they crazy also, and we didn't know it? +you need to know that the average patent troll defense costs two million dollars and takes 18 months when you win. +now what did i learn from this case? well, three things. +behold, patent infringement via mobile device -- defined as a computer which is not stationary. +it was a huge success. +they laughed together. +now i bet, in this audience, you're thinking of some really incredible technology, some stuff that i haven't even heard of, i'm absolutely sure. +bruce aylward: oops. jon, polio's almost been eradicated. +so what we're looking for is a permanent solution. +it deteriorates so quickly in the tropics that we've had to put this special vaccine monitor on every single vial so that it will change very quickly when it's exposed to too much heat, and we can tell that it's not a good vaccine to use on a child -- it's not potent; it's not going to protect them. +within a couple of years, every country that started polio eradication rapidly eradicated all three of their polio viruses, with the exception of four countries that you see here. +he lives in a family home there with his eight brothers and sisters. +and this started an incredible collaboration with industry, and within six months, we were testing a new polio vaccine that targeted, just two years ago, the last two types of polio in the world. +it's ready to reach them with bed nets, with other things. +and is it easy to raise that money? +and she took us on a journey and revealed something very special to us -- her own daughter, eight days old. +dj: now one of the big things, of course, everybody knows that cats hate water, and so this was a real revelation for us. +bj: so, as dereck says, we have to work through extremes -- extreme temperatures, push ourselves at night. +it was phenomenal, and we felt grateful that she trusted us to that extent. +but i have to tell you -- everybody always asks, "what happened to the baby baboon?" +and that's probably because we haven't seen it like we are today. +my title: "queerer than we can suppose: the strangeness of science." +science has taught us, against all intuition, that apparently solid things, like crystals and rocks, are really almost entirely composed of empty space. +if we'd evolved in a vacuum, we would expect them to hit the ground simultaneously. if we were bacteria, constantly buffeted by thermal movements of molecules, it would be different, but we middle worlders are too big to notice brownian motion. +what we see of the real world is not the unvarnished world but a model of the world, regulated and adjusted by sense data, but constructed so it's useful for dealing with the real world. +miracles are just events that are extremely improbable. +we'd be different, our characters would be different, if our neuro-anatomy and our physiological chemistry were different. +i went to notre dame university and graduated with degrees in accounting and german, including spending a year of study in austria. +all of us have disabilities in one form or another. +can you show us how good of a pilot you are? +moving on from this, the next person to explore this field was a gentleman called hans jenny in the 1970s. +then on the right we can see a cymatically created snowflake. +their pictures became part of our collective consciousness and, as consciousness evolved into a shared sense of conscience, change became not only possible, but inevitable. +and it's terribly endangered. +and you don't necessarily have the sense that twitter is in fact a very heavily brazilian space. +it's the economy of moving these heavy, slow atoms over long distances that's very difficult to do. +you start looking at how the global plane flights move, and you suddenly discover that the world isn't even close to flat. +when you look at the new york times, you look at other elite media, what you largely get are pictures of very wealthy nations and the nations we've invaded. +nor do i think we are by ourselves, actually going to solve the problem. +there's a group right now in china called yeeyan. +not only does she have to keep our israeli and palestinian contributors from killing each other, she has to figure out what is going to interest you about the middle east. +he knows one world, and he's finding a way to communicate it to another world, both of which he has deep connections to. +we have to fix our immigration policy. +in afghanistan, for example, we haven't just had one election or two elections. we've gone through three elections, presidential and parliamentary. and what do we find? +it's not that it guarantees peace with itself or with its neighbors. +the public is losing faith in democracy, says british mp rory stewart. iraq and afghanistan's new democracies are deeply corrupt; meanwhile, 84 percent of people in britain say politics is broken. in this important talk, stewart sounds a call to action to rebuild democracy, starting with recognizing why democracy is important -- not as a tool, but as an ideal. +the short answer is, actually, they're from japan. +this is a billboard that says: "welcome to the birthplace of general tso." +let's go back to mid-1800s when the chinese first came to america. +for example, there is french chinese food, where they serve salt and pepper frog legs. +so, like, ok, maybe it had to do with the patterns on the little pieces of paper -- you know, like, it was a diamond, or, you know, diagonal. +so me, general tso's chicken and this logo are all karmacally related. +finally, in about the sixteenth century, a physician whose name was theophrastus bombastus aureolus von hohenheim, called paracelsus, a name probably familiar to some people here -- -- good, old paracelsus found that he could predict the degree of convulsion by using a measured amount of camphor to produce the convulsion. +he relapsed a little bit, they gave him a series of treatments, and he was essentially cured. +it had to do with being brought up in a family where no one spoke english, no one could read or write english. +and they tried everything they had. +well, he said, "can't we try a course of electroshock therapy?" +and things got better and better, and within three or four months, i was discharged from that hospital, and i joined a group of surgeons where i could work with other people in the community, not in new haven, but fairly close by. +so one of the reasons that i have come here to talk about this today is to -- frankly, selfishly -- unburden myself and let it be known that this is not an untroubled mind that has written all of these books. +i believe the concept of global citizenship will simply grow out of people talking to each other across continents. +now, what is remarkable is that civil rights in america were achieved in the 1960s. +but i think this is the frustration that perhaps a lot people have, like people in the audience here, where we love the kind of language that you're talking about. +and we have had a speaker who said that very thing, and swallowed a sword right after that, which was quite dramatic. +i mean, the great difficulty in europe is if you're at a meeting and 27 people speak, it takes a very very long time. +and then the secretary general of the united nations "when will our international institutions work?" +so the question is, how do you reinvent something that has been around for five millennia? +and the most remarkable feat is that my hand actually stayed still long enough to do that. +and you see here a picture of a tissue section. +some of the greatest innovations and developments in the world often happen at the intersection of two fields. +if you don't like the subject or the performance, you can hold the red. +data: a couple of new jersey hunters are out in the woods. +so this is actually the first time we've ever done live audience feedback to a performance. +what can we do together that benefits us both? +strangeness is that calibration of closeness and distance that enables me to find the people that i need right now, that enables me to find the sources of intimacy, of discovery, and of inspiration that i need right now. +it all began for him during world war ii, when at age 17 he found himself thrust into a forged documents workshop. +i was born in algeria. +so at the age of 14 my father had to work. +but it was only the beginning. +he also explained to me that i had a brother, too, and the first time i saw them i must have been three or four, and they were 30 years older than me. +europe was not spared either. +this is bad news, but perhaps surprising to you, it's also part of the good news. +never have we seen, in the past 50 years, such a sharp decline of ecosystem functions and services on the planet, one of them being the ability to regulate climate on the long term, in our forests, land and biodiversity. +as a sideline, you know that the only red flag that popped up here was a submarine from an unnamed country that planted a red flag at the bottom of the arctic to be able to control the oil resources. +what you see here in black line is the safe operating space, the quantified boundaries, as suggested by this analysis. +under the realization from tourist operators, fishermen, the australian great barrier reef authority and scientists that the great barrier reef is doomed under the current governance regime. +the key though in all of these, the red thread, is the shift in mindset, moving away from a situation where we simply are pushing ourselves into a dark future, where we instead backcast our future, and we say, "what is the playing field on the planet? +though it's actually true, you know, the reason i'm talking to you right now is because i was born in brazil. +but i wasn't into selling whiskey; i was into selling ice. +"the snail." +this is "6,500 yards," after corot. "9,000 yards," after gerhard richter. +they do a dna scan of this, they will come up with a great mailing list. +a hanger. +and we can then see the result of such mutations when we compare dna sequences among us here in the room, for example. +and later, between 100 and 50,000 years ago or so, went out of africa to colonize the rest of the world. +there is another thing with those traits that we so easily observe in each other that i think is worthwhile to consider, and that is that, in a very literal sense, they're really on the surface of our bodies. +statistically speaking, there is no difference in how often the neanderthal matches one african or the other. +they meet neanderthals, mix with them, continue to spread over the world, and somewhere in southeast asia, they meet denisovans and mix with them and continue on out into the pacific. +so sustainability is quite important for us, which should incorporate social but as well as environmental and economic values. +so let's compare the old world with the new world. +we have social areas inside the aircraft which might turn into a place where you can play virtual golf. +these are survival skills. +this is our body wisdom. it's not something that is mediated by our language. our body just knows that, and we've known that for a long time. +there are millions of individuals with autism all around us. +well, it's hard to do that, so we had to create the technologies. we had to basically step inside a body. +it's almost as if that stimulus, you, you're not exerting influence on what happens as they navigate their daily lives. +early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder can improve the lives of everyone affected, but the complex network of causes make it incredibly difficult to predict. at tedxpeachtree, ami klin describes a new early detection method that uses eye-tracking technologies to gauge babies' social engagement skills and reliably measure their risk of developing autism. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +if you're an outboard personnel, now you stand up. +you are going to hit the ground. +i was raised with traditional stories of leadership: robert e. lee, john buford at gettysburg. +more importantly, the force that i led was spread over more than 20 countries. +i asked, "where were you on 9 / 11?" +i learned they are the sinew which hold the force together. +and if you're a leader, the people who count on you need you on your feet. +she then assigned these works racial identities, basically saying to me that the work on the right, clearly, was made by a black artist, the work on the left, clearly, by a white artist, when, in effect, that was the opposite case: bob colescott, african-american artist; leon golub, a white artist. +what that might mean for cultural movements all over this moment, the "me, we" seems incredibly prescient totally important. +so, what do i discover when i look at artworks? +they downloaded it from disney.com, or one of these websites, 14 days after putting the computer in their village. +this is a 15 year-old boy. +i called in 26 children. +but 30 percent is not a pass. +i gave them six gcse questions. +you can't catch me. +they typed it into google, translated it into italian, went back into italian google. +["oedipus rex"] ["the lion king"] ["titus"] ["frida"] ["the magic flute"] ["across the universe"] julie taymor: thank you. thank you very much. +the next moment, as soon as they finished and disappeared into the shadows, a young man with a propane lantern came on, hung it up on a tree, set up a curtain. +i love the apparent truth of theater. +ariel: i boarded the king's ship. in every cabin, i flamed amazement. +and as she was there on the edge of that stage, two stagehands all in black with watering cans ran along the top and started to pour water on the sand castle, and the sand castle started to drip and sink, but before it did, the audience saw the black-clad stagehands. +what the hell are we doing up there on that stage? +julie taymor: spider-man, the lion king and life on the creative edge +you choose. it's your bakery, your street, your country -- not mine. " +and so, on a micro level, there's a real role for this combination of investment and philanthropy. +and i really understood what patient capital meant emotionally in the last month or so. because the company was literally 10 days away from proving that the product they produced was at the world-quality level needed to make coartem, when they were in the biggest cash crisis of their history. +in our first year, the first net went off the line in october of 2003. +she was very much like those women sitting behind the sewing machines. +now, when we first started talking to ok go -- the name of the song is "this too shall pass" -- we were really excited because they expressed interest in building a machine that they could dance with. +the machine itself would start the music. +it doesn't matter what temperature it is, doesn't matter what's in its way; it will pretty much get where it needs to go. +and now to introduce their music video, we have ok go. +and so we built some very sophisticated radio antennas just for probing both walls and searching for an air gap. +so we thought of an augmented reality application using a tablet. let me show you just simulating what we could be doing, any of us could be doing, in a museum environment. +and the later it fails, the worse the consequences. +it's a disease that runs in my family, and we really hope that cells like these will help us find a cure. +i've tried to show in this -- though the color doesn't come out -- that what i'm concerned with is the little 50-year time bubble that you are in. you tend to be interested in a generation past, a generation future -- your parents, your kids, things you can change over the next few decades -- and this 50-year time bubble you kind of move along in. and in that 50 years, if you look at the population curve, you find the population of humans on the earth more than doubles and we're up three-and-a-half times since i was born. when you have a new baby, by the time that kid gets out of high school more people will be added than existed on earth when i was born. +your great-great grandparents got by on muscle power, and yet we all think there's this huge power that's essential for our lifestyle. and with all the wonderful technology we have we can do things that are much more efficient: conserve, recycle, etc. +it's part of a long-term program nasa sponsored. +all right. +well, inspired by the sentences, i decided to wield the paintbrush. +thank you. +"it'd be like putting a piece of toast through a basketball hoop, wouldn't it?" +over thousands of years ago, he proved that for us. +he proved it was prime with nothing more than a quill, ink, paper and his mind. +it took him, by his estimate, "three years of sundays." +it's because of curtis cooper that we know, currently the largest prime number we know, is 2 ^ 57,885,161. +we live in an age where some of the great breakthroughs are not going to happen in the labs or the halls of academia but on laptops, desktops, in the palms of people's hands who are simply helping out for the search. +and what was so gorgeous about this discovery was 50 years ago peter higgs and his team considered one of the deepest of all questions: how is it that the things that make us up have no mass? +in fact, growing up in tasmania, it always was incredibly exciting when we got a chance to see a tasmanian devil in the wild. +scientists around the world were intrigued by this cancer, this infectious cancer, that was spreading through the tasmanian devil population. +he's a tasmanian devil that we found with a large tumor on his face. +he's a dog that belongs to a family in mombasa in kenya. +however, under some circumstances, it can happen. +so if we're married, we're more likely to have kids. +so most of us put ourselves above average on most of these abilities. +number two: regardless of the outcome, the pure act of anticipation makes us happy. +so they tend to expect the future to be worse than it ends up being. +but if someone started off saying, "my average likelihood of suffering from cancer is about 10 percent," and we said, "hey, bad news. +and what he's doing is he's passing a small magnetic pulse through the skull of the participant in our study into their inferior frontal gyrus. +and i believe there's a way for us to do that. +it really should be called the recovery or return of asia. +but think of what it does to how we think in traditional terms and concepts. +the tectonic plates of world politics were shifting. +you know, it looks at economic power measured by gdp. +and as i said earlier, china has not passed the united states. +now i don't mean to be pollyannaish about this. +in fact, they've accounted for half of all civil wars. +and why is it so difficult initially? +so the donors have to stick with this situation for at least a decade. +and indeed, unfortunately, if you navigate by needs you get a very unfocused agenda, because in these situations, needs are everywhere, but the capacity to implement change is very limited. +there's one sector which isn't exposed to international trade, and which can generate a lot of jobs, and which is, in any case, a sensible sector to expand, post-conflict, and that is the construction sector. +the planning function and policy function stays with the ministry; the delivery of services on the ground, you should use whatever works -- churches, ngos, local communities, whatever works. +what's the goal? +there are important distributional consequences, and they're not what you always might think. +we need better planning and systems for evacuation. +it makes sense, right? there's open space, the planes can take off and land without worrying about creating noise or avoiding tall buildings. +there are no quick fixes. +t: most importantly... s: most importantly... +jw: so is english mania good or bad? +now this has raised all sorts of questions. +and he asked that particular person, what do crows and fish have in common? +they weren't willing to engage in this. +well, in 1900, three percent of americans practiced professions that were cognitively demanding. +now over the last century, in developed nations like america, moral debate has escalated because we take the hypothetical seriously, and we also take universals seriously and look for logical connections. +you have to say, well, blackness of skin, you couldn't suffer just for that. +one of the ways in which we would like to deal with the sophistication of the modern world is through politics, and sadly you can have humane moral principles, you can classify, you can use logic on abstractions, and if you're ignorant of history and of other countries, you can't do politics. +i'm a public school teacher, and i just want to share a story of my superintendent. +it could have been dentistry, but the word "experimental" was in it, and so that's what i had to go for. +it's a story that's a testament to teaching and teachers. +and so that gesture of my mother's continues through many generations. +i offer them the job, they can turn it down, and then they choose their own cabinet. +see, mr. hunter is doing that because he says his time has messed up a lot, and he's trying to tell us how to fix that problem. +this is the world peace game. what is wrong with you? " +"let's ask that mom to read the letter. +this is about my friend brennan. +he rings the bell again. he says, "we have" -- and there's 12 seconds left on the clock -- "we have, all nations, pooled all our funds together. +in india, we had the naxalite movement, the [unclear] movement. +when you pump in air in a bicycle, you use a bit of this. +they always make a triangular roof. +now this is a little pump with which you could inflate a balloon. +but this is great fun for children. +i just put this inside this. +they are fused together, so you can't separate them. +there are no patents. anyone can make it. +this is called "the captain's hat story." +and the ship sinks, and the captain has lost everything, but for a life jacket. +so i'm going to talk about some projects that have explored these ideas. +the way we tend to use resources is we extract them, we turn them into short-life products and then dispose of them. +and we'd also have a coffee shop, and the waste grains from that could be used as a substrate for growing mushrooms. +so amazing example of an adaptation to a very resource-constrained environment -- and in that sense, very relevant to the kind of challenges we're going to be facing over the next few years, next few decades. +so this is how this scheme would look. +they're not just possible; they're critical. +and if i want to start having children by the time i'm 35, that meant that i would have had to have been on my way to marriage five years ago. +now, there was one small catch. +and they say to me, "stop complaining." +for me, the hobbies that i have are really just new work projects that i've launched. +she said she is "silly, nice and friendly." +remember, i'm somebody who said that i speak fluent japanese and i know javascript and i was okay with that. +obviously, i'm having a fabulous life, so -- -- the question is, what does all of this mean for you? +i know most of you have had the experience of coming back home and finding your kids playing these kinds of games. +imagine you're driving in a fog. that makes a difference between seeing the car in front of you and avoiding the accident, or getting into an accident. +but a few kids are sad and blue because they've forgotten their coat. +that's a multimedia-tasker. +so let me illustrate that step with a task which is called mental rotation. +daphne bavelier: your brain on video games +you get something a little bit more complicated. +well, this has deep implications about the limits of science, about predictability and controllability of things like biological processes or economies, about intelligence in the universe, about questions like free will and about creating technology. +so let's try asking a question, like a health related question. +so, i'm pretty pleased with it all. +then, the idea is that wolfram alpha will be able to figure out what precise pieces of code can do what they're asking for and then show them examples that will let them pick what they need to build up bigger and bigger, precise programs. +but in at least a large class of cases, one can think of the universe as being like some kind of network, which, when it gets big enough, behaves like continuous space in much the same way as having lots of molecules can behave like a continuous fluid. +that was astonishing. +there are very few doctors and, quite frankly, these countries do not have the resources that are needed to cope with such epidemics. +and this is only done in four hours, 50 times faster than the current state of the art, at a cost that will be five to 500 times cheaper than the current options. +it's because my mother was denied an education, and she constantly reminded me and my siblings that she never wanted us to live the life she was living. +well, my dream of becoming a teacher will not come to pass. +i was lucky because one, also, my mom did something that most women don't do. +this should have been given to a boy. we can't do this. " +i learned that she did not have to be abused because she is a woman. +and yes, she was older to be in fourth grade. +and we will live in a very peaceful world. thank you very much. +it took us 50 years to reach annual savings ratings of almost 10 percent. 50 years. +so we're starting to pay for things with money that we have. +we're going to go through four value-shifts that we see driving new consumer behaviors, that offer new management principles. +another quick example of these types of movements is the rise of zynga. +but they also talk about the fact that their executives, all of their expense reports are put onto their company intranet for everyone to see. +another great example is fidelity. +the traditional thing would be to boycott right? +it's been tremendously powerful for consumers. +i know a woman who's good at this. +go home to your husband -- what does he need? +in fact, i grew up observing two different kinds of womanhood. +we tend to form clusters based on similarity, and then we produce stereotypes about other clusters of people. +i skipped school often and dreamed of becoming a sailor during those days. +for me, like millions of other people around the world today, english is an acquired language. +many authors feel this pressure, but non-western authors feel it more heavily. +but there were times when i wanted to remind both sides that this was fiction. +books have saved the introverted, timid child that i was -- that i once was. +audre lorde once said, "the white fathers taught us to say, 'i think, therefore i am.'" she suggested, "i feel, therefore i am free." +i think these are the basic elements of all creativity. +now, american copyright and patent laws run counter to this notion that we build on the work of others. +that is all there is to it. apple has patented this. +he records a song called "blind willie mctell," named after the blues singer, and the song is a voyage through the past, through a much darker time, but a simpler one, a time when musicians like willie mctell had few illusions about what they did. +just look at google maps here. there's block 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. +and one of the first victims of difficult economic times, i think, is public spending of any kind, but certainly in the firing line at the moment is public spending for science, and particularly curiosity-led science and exploration. +it's about 500 kilometers in diameter. +so below the ice, there's an ocean of liquid around the whole moon. +well, this looks like a picture of virtually nothing. +and one of the astonishing predictions of quantum mechanics, just by looking at the structure of atoms -- the same theory that describes transistors -- is that there can be no stars in the universe that have reached the end of their life that are bigger than, quite specifically, 1.4 times the mass of the sun. +it was made in stars like that, locked away and then returned to the universe in explosions like that in order to recondense into planets, stars, new solar systems and, indeed, people like us. +but it visited jupiter, saturn, uranus and neptune. +thank you. +the red dots you see up there are sites that are behavioral tracking that i have not navigated to, but are following me. +pretty simple -- it's huge business. +thank you for being here. +you're walking to make us feel bad. " +i was 27. i thought i knew everything. +and they said, "don't worry about that." +now this was a discussion class and we were having a discussion. +my dad said, "that's one," and i still didn't let that go. +i was walking through el dorado -- it's a prison town, famous prison, or infamous prison -- in venezuela, and i don't know what possessed me, because this was not like me. +but i know i needed to. +but even as a child, i could feel the heaviness in their hearts. +hope kept me alive. +my father tried very hard to motivate me into studying, but it didn't work. +in north korea, i made it myself. +i just wanted to say that i miss you, and i love you, and please come back to me and stay alive. +i was asked to design the building, because the theme of the expo was environmental issues. +that's the responsibility of architects. +i started commuting to kobe, and i met the society of vietnamese people. +i brought my japanese students to work with the chinese students. +i used the shipping container and also the students helped us to make all the building furniture to make them comfortable, within the budget of the government but also the area of the house is exactly the same, but much more comfortable. +and those two roles came together for me in a book that i wrote called "origins." +now why would this kind of fetal learning be useful? +and often it does something more. +when food is scarce, they divert nutrients towards the really critical organ, the brain, and away from other organs like the heart and liver. +but there's another way of thinking about ptsd. +mt: this faith in the fictional is essential for any kind of theatrical experience. +the audience is led to make assumptions or elaborations that are perfectly reasonable, but do not, in fact, match what is being done in front of them. +and if the story is a good one, it might even make us smile. +so what i'm asking for is the creation of a new job title -- i'll come to this a little later -- and perhaps the addition of a new word into the english language. +but i was at a ted event recently and esther duflo, probably one of the leading experts in, effectively, the eradication of poverty in the developing world, actually spoke. +one of them also being, although logically it's quite a good idea to have a lift with no up and down button in it, if it only serves two floors, it's actually bloody terrifying, okay? +because, if the board of directors convince everybody that the success of any organization is almost entirely dependent on the decisions made by the board of directors, it makes the disparity in salaries slightly more justifiable than if you actually acknowledge that quite a lot of the credit for a company's success might actually lie somewhere else, in small pieces of tactical activity. +so the first thing i'd like is a competition -- to anybody watching this as a film -- is to come up with a name for that stuff on the bottom right. +i become the medium through which the music is being channeled, and in the process, when all is right, the music is transformed and so am i. +because this is about 10 dollars of additional hardware if you already have a nintendo wii. +but i also learned very soon thereafter that jesus also said, and i'm paraphrasing, the poor would always be with us. +the truth be told, i was giving out of that place, not out of a genuine place of hope and excitement to help and of generosity. +for the first time, actually, in a long time i wanted to meet those individuals, i wanted to meet these entrepreneurs, and see for myself what their lives were actually about. +i just got this impression that the money would work. +because as that happens, i think we can feel free to interact in a way that's more open, more just and more creative, to engage with each other and to help each other. +so with that in mind, this particular incident has led to the things that i'm working on now. +so that's what i'm working on now. +there is nothing bigger or older than the universe. +the universe can spontaneously create itself out of nothing. +but we are entering an increasingly dangerous period of our history. +i'm a designer and an educator. +in other words, i look for aliens, and when i tell people that at a cocktail party, they usually look at me with a mildly incredulous look on their face. +that's a degree of an improvement that would look good on your report card, okay? +so that's not so bad. i mean, even with two dozen years, you open up your browser and there's news of a signal, or you get a cup of coffee. +it would change his day, all right? +these sorts of ideas don't really have any validity, that you can't trust the scientists. +this allows you to pay it forward by using this subject as a hook to science, because seti involves all kinds of science, obviously biology, obviously astronomy, but also geology, also chemistry, various scientific disciplines all can be presented in the guise of, "we're looking for e.t." +let me just say, look, my job is a privilege because we're in a special time. +after i was invited by ted, i did some digging, because that's what we do, to know about my host. +you find elephants, rhinos, monkeys, pigs, etc. +in a way, this was like the second birth for the child, after 3.3 million years, but the labor was very long. +what do we actually know about our ancestors? +what does that tell us? " +i think it's important to promote in a more positive way on how we see ourselves. +for example, garbage discharge, something you would think just simply goes away, but the laws regulating ship discharge of garbage actually get weaker the further you are from shore. +but the sargasso sea, the same way it aggregates sargassum weed, actually is pulling in the plastic from throughout the region. +getting closer to shore, where we are, this was in fact taken in the galapagos. +at the same time we're saying, "yes, we need more. we need to move forward." +kristina gjerde: making law on the high seas +and it's focus. norman jewison said to me, "i think it all has to do with focusing yourself on one thing." +why do people succeed? is it because they're smart? or are they just lucky? neither. analyst richard st. john condenses years of interviews into an unmissable 3-minute slideshow on the real secrets of success. +death: go to ifidie.net before it's too late. +and this man, archie cochrane, is a prisoner of war and a doctor, and he has a problem. +he very carefully and meticulously notes his results in an exercise book. +and you know, with the future billions that we've been hearing about, the world is simply far too complex to understand in that way. +there are 100,000 there. it would take you all day. +i realize that's an ambiguous statement. +even this problem, too complicated. +it didn't come because you put some incredibly smart person in charge. +it's so uncomfortable. +would you like to close down the trial now, or should we wait until we have robust results? " +but he made mistakes in a good direction. +it will stop because of the end of trade resources. +i find this argument fascinating, as though we can kind of bend the rules of physics to suit our needs. +i accept where we are. +imagine our highly-tuned, just-in-time food industry and our highly-stressed agricultural system failing and supermarket shelves emptying. +think about war. +we need to act like the future depends on it. +and i will try and give you a sense of what the ultimate reboot looks like. +and we thought we were going to be able to lay these debts off on our kids, but, guess what? +everything else is mandated. +that's the financial crisis. +graduate students wanted a way of telling which stage they were in. +this should not surprise you, right? +and all we've got is a roomba. +and about two or three years after they can hear as well as you and i can, they'll be able to hear maybe how bats sing, or how whales talk, or how dogs talk, and other types of tonal scales. +i think we're going to move from a homo sapiens into a homo evolutis. +and the people thought, "you know, you're right. +so in every car crash in which at least one person dies, they have information on all of the people. +and so if we look at recent crashes -- the whole data set is almost 30 years' worth of data -- you won't see it in the recent crashes. the new car seats are far, far better. " +so, let me show you what happens. +that's some more evidence, so in some sense -- i was criticized by a scientist, who said, "you could never publish a study with an n of 4," meaning those four crashes. +and it turned out that most people wouldn't come back, because it worked. but every once in a while, there was still a patient convinced that he was sick, and he'd come back. and my dad had a third jar of pills. +it's in 5,000 days, all this stuff has come. +so, i was trying to basically make measurements. +so by the year 2040, the total processing of this machine will exceed a total processing power of humanity, in raw bits and stuff. and this is, i think, where ray kurzweil and others get this little chart saying that we're going to cross. +right now, it's not. if you do spreadsheets and things at work, a word document, they aren't on the web, but they are going to be. they're going to be part of this machine. +mcluhan was saying, "machines are the extensions of the human senses." +so every idea is basically being supported -- or every item, or every noun -- is being supported by the entire web. +so we have this database of things. +but it'll anticipate what we're doing, in a good sense. +my journey to coming here today started in 1974. +and so i decided to write a book, a memoir, about this decade of my life. +all i have to do is humbly follow. +and i organize it. and, well, it's also a bit different because an architect versus, let's say, a dance company finally is a negotiation between one's private world, one's conceptual world, the world of ideas, the world of aspirations, of inventions, with the relationship of the exterior world and all the limitations, the naysayers. +and it had to do with the notion of walking a kilometer, observing every kilometer a particular object of desire, and then placing that within this. +and then the broader ideas of city-making start having direct influences on architecture, on the elements that make up the broader scheme, the buildings themselves, and start guiding us. +it's transparent, and it allows you to understand, i think, what is always the most interesting thing in any building, which is the actual constructional processes that make it. +we could talk about the relationship at a more biological sense of the relationship of building and ground. +they have 22 satellites zipping around at plus or minus 100 miles, and the site's in red. +well, then we get to this image. +please, also on the balcony. +you now, our brain is two to three percent of the body mass, but actually it uses 25 percent of the total energy we use. +you can continue to innovate and invent. +this is what we are using. " +it's this brain which makes this reflex. +then we would generate something all of us would like to have -- a balance between the hunger and the satiation. +and you could look at this art and you could, of course, see the complex social organization of the people who brought it into being. +10,000 square kilometers, tens of thousands of islands flung like jewels upon the southern sea. +the third noble truth said that ignorance can be overcome. +and then you do the ritual dances that empower the crosses. +they consume more coca leaves than any human population, half a pound per man, per day. +this little boy will never step outside of the sacred fields that surround the men's hut for all that time, until he begins his journey of initiation. +so, their entire year has been cut in half. +anthropologist wade davis muses on the worldwide web of belief and ritual that makes us human. he shares breathtaking photos and stories of the elder brothers, a group of sierra nevada indians whose spiritual practice holds the world in balance. +today, we use a single feedstock, petroleum, to heat our homes, power our cars and make most of the materials you see around you. +the first is selecting a feedstock, preferably something that's regional, that's in your area, right -- local manufacturing. +it actually takes a little longer. it takes five days. +good afternoon. +now of course, the moment that it does hit the outside environment, and its temperature rises by even a fraction of a degree, it immediately turns back into normal matter. +but what seems so slow and graceful from the outside is really more like chaos inside, because cells control their shape with a skeleton of rigid protein fibers, and those fibers are constantly falling apart. +as a test case, i propose we start with american dancers. +when they say to you, "what do you do?" -- you say, "i'm a statistician." +you've got to think, and i'm going to ask you some questions. +so what you want to do is compare the average number of tosses until we first see head-tail-head with the average number of tosses until we first see head-tail-tail. +if it's a tail -- well, rather disappointedly, you put the glasses away and put the champagne back. +but it turns out that unlocking the secrets in the information generated by modern experimental technologies, a key part of that has to do with fairly sophisticated -- you'll be relieved to know that i do something useful in my day job, rather more sophisticated than the head-tail-head story -- but quite sophisticated computer modelings and mathematical modelings and modern statistical techniques. +so a natural answer is 99 percent. +one explanation is that the person doesn't have the disease -- that's overwhelmingly likely, if you pick someone at random -- but the test gets it wrong, which is unlikely. +it might well be that there are environmental factors that we're not aware of, and it's pretty likely to be the case that there are genetic factors we're not aware of. +it has to do with weighing up the strength of the other evidence against her and the statistical evidence. +that's what engineers do. " +well, a couple of friends and i figured out how to do this. +there are 10 billion electrical outlets in north america alone. +and now, today i want to tell you my personal observation in the past several years, from that wall. +on the one hand, he wants to satisfy people's need of a social network, which is very important; people really love social networking. +and later this year, the rail minister was sacked and sentenced to jail for 10 years. +at the commenting area, [it makes] the chinese weibo more like facebook, rather than the original twitter. +for example, you can't post the name of the president, hu jintao, and also you can't post the city of chongqing, the name, and until recently, you can't search the surname of top leaders. +so they want an excuse -- public opinion is a very good excuse to punish him. +whatever the future is, we should fight against the [cat]. +it's acoustic vibrations in the air, little waves of energy in the air that tickle our eardrum. +now hearing loss and the treatment for hearing loss has really evolved in the past 200 years. +girl: holly. +so if we had to design a perfect cochlear implant, what we would try to do is target it to be able to allow music transmission. +cochlear implant users cannot tell the difference between these instruments. +what that suggests is that, even in the case of hearing loss, the capacity for music remains. +he is now a medical student at yale university, and he's contemplating a surgical career -- one of the first deaf individuals to consider a career in surgery. +when i look around this tedxamsterdam venue, i see a very special audience. +guns are not a part of our lives. +when he aimed, he never missed. +despite the pictures we are shown daily in the news, wars between developed countries are no longer commonplace. +the armed forces implement the state monopoly on violence. +i hope you will respect my soldiers, this soldier with this gun. +and the interesting thing is that if you change the sequence, you change the three-dimensional folding. +we want to be able to build technological artifacts that are maybe good for the world. we want to learn how to build biological artifacts, like people and whales and trees. +and then what happens? +women are much more in balance because they don't have that idea that they're going to be able to do 100 pull-ups. +but we do have the potential to overcome disease and poverty, and i'm going to talk about those issues, if we have the will. +i'm going to show you just a few examples of how pervasive this phenomena is. +there's a basic, profound acceleration of this evolutionary process. +i mean, you'd think this is the result of some tabletop experiment, but this is the result of worldwide chaotic behavior -- countries accusing each other of dumping products, ipos, bankruptcies, marketing programs. +we're understanding the software programs that make our body run. +these are some designs from eric drexler's book -- which we're now showing are feasible with super-computing simulations, where actually there are scientists building molecule-scale robots. +doug hofstadter wonders, well, maybe our intelligence just isn't great enough to understand our intelligence, and if we were smarter, well, then our brains would be that much more complicated, and we'd never catch up to it. +computers will combine the subtle pan-recognition powers of human intelligence with ways in which machines are already superior, in terms of doing analytic thinking, remembering billions of facts accurately. +inventor, entrepreneur and visionary ray kurzweil explains in abundant, grounded detail why, by the 2020s, we will have reverse-engineered the human brain and nanobots will be operating your consciousness. +so like fox mulder on "x-files," who wants to believe in ufos? well, we all do, and the reason for that is because we have a belief engine in our brains. +you've been taken out of the gene pool. +because there's nothing in this. well, allegedly there's nothing. +an increase of dopamine caused subjects to see more patterns than those that did not receive the dopamine. +the other one also, but maybe too many patterns. +well here's the late, great jerry andrus' "impossible crate" illusion in 3d, in which jerry is standing inside the impossible crate. +especially when they're upside down, you're engaging that general facial recognition software there. +some conspiracies really are true. +and this is test on some lip balms that we have over here. +i love trees, and i'm very lucky, because we live near a wonderful arboretum, and sundays, usually, i'd go there with my wife and now, with my four-year-old, and we'd climb in the trees, we'd play hide and seek. +but later the government soldiers began mistreating us a lot. +but this, surely, whoever that man is, whatever he's done, this is cruel and unusual punishment. +so the question is, how do they deal with this material? +what we're going to do now is shade the sun with a board and then move the sun with a mirror to a completely different position. +every now and then, when they climb on top of the ball, they wipe their face. +so this is called stilting. it's a thermal behavior that you and i do if we cross the beach, we jump onto a towel, somebody has this towel -- "sorry, i've jumped onto your towel." -- and then you scuttle across onto somebody else's towel, and that way you don't burn your feet. +so here's our cunning experimenter. +it's about an 8-foot-long tube of metal, it's got a hundred or so holes on top, on that side is the speaker, and here is some lab tubing, and it's connected to this tank of propane. +you see the skaters often trick in this direction. the obstacles are easier. +sometimes you get a little star applause, and then i think even bill gates takes a nervous breath, and the talk begins. +but he was credited with coining the phrase, "because it's there." +i didn't see anyone else. we took this photo next to the helicopter. +it is, arguably, the most audacious endeavor of that edwardian golden age of exploration, and it seemed to me high time, given everything we have figured out in the century since from scurvy to solar panels, that it was high time someone had a go at finishing the job. +and so therefore, the entire purpose of a vc pitch is to convince them that you are the entrepreneur in whom they are going to invest their money and make a lot of money in return. +and now along with that, along with the experience of starting an enterprise, or running something -- and it doesn't have to be a business. +there's never been an angel- or a venture-funded company where bad things didn't happen. +and then from there, you've got to take them on a very solid, steady, upward path, right from beginning to end. +"we have no competition. there's nobody else who's ever made a widget like this." +you're focusing on him! this is steve jobs. +you do that, you give me your quick 15-second or 30-second intro, grab my attention. +there has never been a company that doesn't have competition. +this is that rocket going up. +number three: the handouts you give are not your presentation. +you can use it at ted. +this is the most successful order on the planet by far. +so when i click on "sympathetic magic," i get sympathetic magic and voodoo dolls. +when i click on yuri gagarin's page, i get this guy who was surprisingly short in stature, huge in heroism. +by revolution, i mean a drastic and far-reaching change in the way we think and behave -- the way we think and the way we behave. +last. +because it's shown the way we apply, generate and use knowledge is affected by our social and institutional context, which told us what in communism? +it's a crap system. +and you can say, "that's ridiculous, steve. what a dumb idea. +the more you play, the bigger the brains there are. +it's not fiction, it's not story tales, it's not make-believe; it's cold, hard science. +for example, it stimulates creativity. +one, play is universal. +i don't care if it's mountain biking or reading a book or playing a game. +unacceptable. nepriemliv. +all of these things were made during the last 75 years. +my work actually took me through many countries, and showed me a great part of the world. +however, everybody in the factory spent his time at the art department. +so i was arrested quite early in stalin's purges, and spent 16 months in a russian prison. +this was bad! man, i was -- i cough. i was sick. +idea about women. +obviously a really profound moment, and it changed our lives in many ways. +we really felt like what we went in expecting had nothing to do with what we were actually experiencing, and so we decided we really wanted to give it to parents straight. +but what i felt towards the child at that moment was deep affection, but nothing like what i feel for him now, five years later. +you can't talk about how lonely having a baby can be. +and we were grateful that i was able to get pregnant, and i soon learned that we were having a boy, and then when i was five months, we learned that we had lost our child. +and i got about two-thirds of the way through, and there was a chart on the right-hand side -- on the right-hand page -- that we've labeled here "the most terrifying chart imaginable for a new parent." +av: yeah, and then you have your first child, and then you really resubmit yourself to these highs and lows -- the highs being the first steps, the first smile, your child reading to you for the first time -- the lows being, our house, any time from six to seven every night. +so the point of all this for us today is not just hopefully honesty for the sake of honesty, but a hope that by being more honest and candid about these experiences, that we can all collectively bend that happiness baseline up a little bit. +and, you know, it's a thing your piano teacher teaches you, but we never had a science behind these kinds of things. +and then you heard the original. +your eyes are pretty happy with some color and movement, you know. +you want to hear it in different rooms and whatever. +john q. walker: great piano performances, recreated +and when people aren't allowed to be useful, they soon think that they're useless. +a few of these. this is atilla the hen. +we know our societies have to radically change. +and some are quite structural, like social impact bonds where you raise money to invest in diverting teenagers from crime or helping old people keep out of hospital, and you get paid back according to how successful your projects are. +then monarchy had seen off its big challenger, mass democracy, which was seen as a well-intentioned but doomed experiment, just as capitalism has seen off socialism. +despite all of these similarities, we see huge differences in savings behavior. +why? because i have to consider that and i have to modify what i'm saying to say, "it will rain," or "it's going to rain." +well, what i did with that was to access the linguistics literature. +the survey takes over a day. +it's current pleasure in exchange for future pain. +of course, from their grandparents and even their great-grandparents. +would he need the same language as a lawyer, for example? +we need one today more than ever. +they were doing an experiment to do with genetics and the forelimbs and the hind limbs of animals. +patricia ryan: don't insist on english! +it turned out that giving the planes to the museum was worth much more than the debt, so for five years, six years, i only had to pay one third income tax. +and then, what population of the earth would be an equilibrium that could continue on, and be for 2050, 2100, 2150? +as the sky gets darker, and the outside air temperatures drop below minus 100 degrees fahrenheit, the most environmentally hostile segment of helios's journey has gone by without notice, except for being recorded by specially designed data acquisition systems and their associated sensors. +tm: oh, 10, 11. +this delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. +and he had a lump of iron. +well, at least i can clean this wound and wash it. " +and maitreya says, "i was with you. who do you think was making needles and making nests and dripping on rocks for you, mister dense?" +i got mad. brothers can fight. parents and children can fight. +the mother is the model of all altruism for human beings, in spiritual traditions. +and so you see beings in their potential happiness. +and this is where you feel real compassion for them. +so, practice compassion, read the charter, disseminate it and develop it within yourself. +but there's another class of simple things, which are also very important. +we have a lot of interesting information about what complexity is. +all of us, to some extent, study this thing called a bill gates. +now, if you like to represent this zero and one of binary, you need a device. +all right, let me then finish off with four general statements, an example and two aphorisms. +and i don't want to spend your time in going through the details, but in the lower right-hand corner, you see an example of the kind of thing that we have. +but it does make a point -- which is one which, in a sense, differentiates the real world of people who make things, and the world of people who think about things, which is, there is an intellectual merit to asking: how do we make things as simple as we can, as cheap as we can, as functional as we can and as freely interconnectable as we can? +so, they got the frames from these big bikes, put them together with the gears from the racing bikes, got the brakes from motorcycles, and sort of mixed and matched various ingredients. +the ideas are coming back from the consumers, and they're often ahead of the producers. +that sounds like a winner; we'll go with it. " +well, just imagine a world, for the moment, divided into two camps. +or the op-ed page, where if they knew the editor -- had been to school with him, slept with his wife -- they could write an article for the op-ed page. +and i was having dinner with this guy called timothy chan. +if you're a games company, and you've got a million players in your game, you only need one percent of them to be co-developers, contributing ideas, and you've got a development workforce of 10,000 people. +this was a mother's day gift. +hundreds of remixes came back -- lots of different attempts. +and this is it, right, to feel and be felt. +recording: okay, here's something. +and he said, "i'm dressed as batman to hide my identity." +one person sent me a very detailed description; the other person didn't. +right now, it feels like i forgot to turn the light on and things that looked so good yesterday are now shades of gray and it seems like the world is spinning while i'm standing still or maybe i am spinning i can't tell and then you say hey you're okay you'll be fine just breathe and now the words sing hey you're okay you'll be fine just breathe now everybody sings hey you're okay you'll be fine just breathe hey you're okay you'll be fine just breathe hey you're okay you'll be fine just breathe thank you. +so there is the pattern that every one of them had, but they all were a little different too. +but then my mother said to me, "i hear you've been going around talking about psychopathic killers. +but our grandkids are going to be kind of concerned here. +and we re-create the conditions that were present less than a billionth of a second after the universe began up to 600 million times a second inside that detector -- immense numbers. +imagine a snowflake in your hand, and you look at it, and it's an incredibly complicated, beautiful object. but as you heat it up, it'll melt into a pool of water, and you would be able to see that, actually, it was just made of h20, water. +but what he meant was that what we've done, really, is stamp collect there. +so all the exquisitely detailed calculations we can do with that wonderful equation wouldn't be possible without an extra bit. +so that's one thing. +in about the first billionth of a second or so, the higgs field kicked in, and the quarks and the gluons and the electrons that make us up got mass. +and i'm certainly looking forward with immense excitement to it being turned on. +so from papua new guinea to hollywood all the way to modern art in beijing, we smile often, and you smile to express joy and satisfaction. +smiling can help reduce the level of stress-enhancing hormones like cortisol, adrenaline and dopamine, increase the level of mood-enhancing hormones like endorphin and reduce overall blood pressure. +but i told him no, i'm sorry, compromise in colors is gray, and we have enough gray to last us a lifetime. +and this was not a misplaced feeling. +we put the citizen first, and not the clerks. +efharisto and kalinihta. +people that were hungry and hurting were signaling their distress, were signaling their need for help. +technology is transformational. +and not only is it empowering to the communities, but really importantly, this information stays in the community where it is needed to formulate long-term health polices. +half the city was dark because of a power cut, and i was living on the dark side. +but the story is not about these chapters. +your last job, your dinner reservations from last year, your former friends, lie on a flat plain with today's friends, because the internet also archives, and it warps the past. +for us as individuals who live in the digital now and spend most of our waking moments in it, the challenge is to live in two streams of time that are parallel and almost simultaneous. +i wanted to learn to cook, and she kept me in the kitchen, cutting, cubing and chopping for a whole month. +but if you're like me, my humanity is more like a window. +i was seven. +and then the next planting season, when they sang the dirge, they would remove as many names of the dead that equaled as many people that were born. +i cried for a very long time. +he was obsessed. +there are some of you in this room, amazing people, who offer all of us the mirror to our own humanity. +if you take a close-up of those, they look like this. +and if it is -- and particularly given the fact that we came very close to extinction. +so about 10,000 years ago by the black sea, we had one mutation in one gene which led to blue eyes. +three different options. +you can tag them with proteins that light up when you light them. +but one question you might want to ask is, are we seeing a rapid evolution of the brain and of how we process data? +throughout human evolution, multiple versions of humans co-existed. could we be mid-upgrade now? at tedxsummit, juan enriquez sweeps across time and space to bring us to the present moment -- and shows how technology is revealing evidence that suggests rapid evolution may be under way. +and when that happens there's moment that causes this robot to roll. +you can send them inside buildings like this as first responders to look for intruders, maybe look for biochemical leaks, gaseous leaks. +so the robot is obviously capable of executing any curve trajectory. +so when we have a robot which is surrounded by neighbors -- and let's look at robot i and robot j -- what we want the robots to do is to monitor the separation between them as they fly in formation. +this is work done by quentin lindsey who's a graduate student. +and that's how it populates this map. +we're very co-evolved, because we depend on bees for pollination and, even more recently, as an economic commodity. +there's a counterintuitive trend that we noticed in these numbers. so let's look at the first metric here, overwintering survival. +it's 1968, and we're pretty much covering asia. +it's like, "ugh," so that's what we do. +i would like to encourage you to open your mind. +one is a supermarket standard: white bread, pre-packaged, which i'm told is called a wonderbread. +but we have, somehow, in the course of the last few centuries, or even decades, started to cultivate an image of a mythical, rural agricultural past. +and this is true, as you can see, for all countries, including the so-called developing countries. +the costs have been tremendous -- water pollution, all the things you know about, destruction of our habitats. +in fact we do not want this poor woman to work the land like this. +but yes there are some solutions. +i want to see fish ponds in parking lots and basements. +we need to make them proud of being a farmer because they allow us to survive. +living with a physical disability isn't easy anywhere in the world, but if you live in a country like the united states, there's certain appurtenances available to you that do make life easier. +it's the person that's sliding his hands up and down the levers, so the mechanism itself can be very simple and composed of bicycle parts you can get anywhere in the world. +and then you can also engage the end user in the design process, and not just ask him what he needs, but ask him how he thinks it can be achieved. +what my purpose of the talk today really is, is to sort of indelibly scar your minds with these charismatic and majestic creatures. +and they didn't kill it. they called us to catch it. +and now the king cobra is a new one. +i mean, just incredible to see bunches of gharial basking on the river again. +and, you know, once a toxin is in the food chain everything is affected, including us. +so, people talk about political will. +rw: yes, this is actually the first time anyone of us knew about it, for one thing. +and it's not a diet. +now i thought, you know, if we just did good science, that would change medical practice. but, that was a little naive. +and yet, look at the number of prescriptions that are being sold. +but the problem is, you get hungry, so it's hard to keep it off. +it also helps reduce the risk of the most common cancers like breast, prostate and colon cancer. +when we looked at their psa levels -- which is a marker for prostate cancer -- they got worse in the control group, but they actually got better in the experimental group, and these differences were highly significant. +it was a randomized control study published in the lancet. +bp: i was born old. +the human form, in particular the human head, has been considered the holy grail of our industry. +and so, in 2004, they commissioned us to do a screen test of benjamin. +and we also needed to make sure that we could take brad's idiosyncrasies, his little tics, the little subtleties that make him who he is and have that translate through our process so that it appears in benjamin on the screen. +we started to look out in other fields. +this is when we're like, "ok, we're going to be ok, this is actually going to work." +and because the life cast, or the bust -- the maquette -- of benjamin was made from brad, we could transpose the data of brad at 44 onto brad at 87. +and then this is what we called the "dead head," no reference to jerry garcia. +so, effectively we created a digital puppet that brad pitt could operate with his own face. +and the bear cubs were being harvested from across the country and being sold and traded. +and then it started, there was no turning back after that. +and the beautiful bears can of course live in the wild again. +we were in the desert, in wadi rum, in a small jeep. +so as we talked, richard and i, i said, "you know, maybe i should bring a camel. +but not a big -- for instance, in zebras, they have a huge ear that's very mobile, so they can actually turn them both around. +you can actually see, right here, it will vibrate. +well, if poor old suki is in search of a mate, what would suki do to find the perfect mate? +i'm built to last. +and i think when you look at the animal kingdom, that is one of the most remarkable things. +when i was poet laureate, there i go again -- i can't help it, it's true -- i created a poetry channel on delta airlines that lasted for a couple of years. +some days i put the people in their places at the table, bend their legs at the knees, if they come with that feature, and fix them into the tiny wooden chairs. +the poem that's coming up is based on him trying to tell me a little something about a domestic point of etiquette in country living that i had a very hard time, at first, processing. +i just have time to read a more recent poem to you. +and so it makes you wonder, what would happen if we hadn't tasted the fruit of knowledge, so to speak, and what kind of morality would we have? +the wolf is, after all, a very cooperative animal. +he takes basically everything. +and so what we do in the next step is we release one elephant before the other, and that elephant needs to be smart enough to stay there and wait and not pull at the rope -- because if he pulls at the rope, it disappears and the whole test is over. +humans yawn when others yawn. +in this case, we put two chimpanzees side-by-side. +and so we found that the chimpanzees do care about the well-being of somebody else -- especially, these are other members of their own group. +and that's what she does. +so let's watch a movement happen, start to finish, in under three minutes and dissect some lessons from it. +so first, if you are the type, like the shirtless dancing guy that is standing alone, remember the importance of nurturing your first few followers as equals so it's clearly about the movement, not you. +but i decided to learn about the bible and my heritage by actually diving in and trying to live it and immerse myself in it. +and my immunologist told me that i should also wipe down all of the remote controls and iphones in my house, because those are just orgies of germs. +without the sex part. +but i think we can use their techniques and apply them to healthy food. +so what we found was, when tryptophan was low, people were more likely to take revenge when they're treated unfairly. +but i didn't find any. +sure, it is involved in positive emotions like love and compassion, but it's also involved in tons of other processes, like memory, language, attention, even anger, disgust and pain. +there's just one problem. +and perhaps one archeologist becomes an instant celebrity when she discovers -- buried in the hills somewhere in north america -- massive versions of these same symbols. +or maybe that big? +so as i showed you, they're usually found on these seals that are very, very tiny. +now there's several thoughts. there's e. it could be i. it could be a, but certainly not b, c or d, right? +we found that the indus script actually falls within the range of the linguistic scripts. +that's our next big challenge. +today, we can write a word such as ted in egyptian hieroglyphics and in cuneiform script, because both of these were deciphered in the 19th century. +and this is the space probe cassini pirouetting through the ice rings of saturn. +using the very first telephone, watson was in fact dialed into the heavens. +a mysterious persistent noise was disrupting their research. +and as soon as they had laid all these, all their big stack of these jeweled parasols that they used to carry in ancient india, he performed a kind of special effect which made it into a giant planetarium, the wonder of the universe. everyone looked in that, and they saw in there the total interconnectedness of all life in all universes. +because that cosmic basic idea that it is us all alone, each of us, and everyone else is different, then that puts us in an impossible situation, doesn't it? +it's really too boring whether you feel like this or like that, or what, you know -- and the more you focus on how you feel, by the way, the worse it gets. +look at that beautiful thing chiho showed us. she scared us with the lava man. +this is birhan, who was the ethiopian girl who launched live aid in the 1980s, 15 minutes away from death when she was rescued, and that picture of her being rescued is one that went round the world. +but it took 24 years for the campaign to be successful. +amy winehouse said, "nelson mandela and i have a lot in common. +i have just been talking to the president of sierra leone. +so we have got to create in this world also institutions for peacekeeping and humanitarian aid, but also for reconstruction and security for some of the conflict-ridden states of the world. +so you go to the literature. +the foot is distributed along the whole leg. +not just with the traditional foot, but also the leg, and even of the body. +and where they have a problem with this kind of mesh, because they don't have spines. +it's a secret. the animal effectively climbs by slipping and look -- and doing, actually, terribly, with respect to grabbing on the surface. +watch what happens when the foot goes onto your sandwich. +we discovered they work by intermolecular forces alone. +and here it is coming up at you, in its first steps up a wall. +so there's a clear message: whether you care about a fundamental, basic research of really interesting, bizarre, wonderful animals, or you want to build a search-and-rescue robot that can help you in an earthquake, or to save someone in a fire, or you care about medicine, we must preserve nature's designs. +this is a calf in captivity making an imitation if you hummed this tune to your dog or cat and it hummed it back to you, you ought to be pretty surprised. +as you can see at the top here, they share an up-sweep, like "woop, woop, woop." +notice how few barriers there are to movement across all of the oceans compared to land. +humpbacks, when they develop the ability to sing this song, they're listening to other whales and modifying what they sing based on what they're hearing, just like song birds or the dolphin whistles i described. +but you can still hear that faint call. +i'll describe a couple strategies. +endangered whales are killed every year by ship collision, and it's very important to try to reduce this. +at the same time, we need to be really creative in thinking of solutions to be able to help reduce these problems. +first, it enables you to experience the universe: the worldwide telescope, for me, is a kind of magic carpet that lets you navigate through the universe where you want to go. +it'll be a free download -- thank you, craig mundie -- and it'll be available at the website worldwidetelescope.org, which is something new. +it's a social awkwardness like you're a stranger in a foreign land. +that means they're totally out of sync in traditional classes, which are analog, static, interactively passive. +we have so much technology nowadays that these interfaces should start conforming to us. +this kind of technology is going to let even more people get into it, and i'm really looking forward to interacting with all you guys over the next few days and seeing how it can apply to your respective fields. +corruption? poverty? or is it something else? +we want to go on with our daily life even though we are not living under normal circumstances. +recently -- this is a sensitive figure -- 35 public lynchings have been recorded so far in 2010 in mexico. +with a thousand juliáns working together, mexico would be a very different country. +this is a call so that every single thing we love about mexico -- the festivals, the markets, the restaurants, the cantinas, the tequila, the mariachis, the serenades, the posadas, el grito, the day of the dead, san miguel, the joy, the passion for life, the fight and everything it means to be mexican -- doesn't disappear from this world. +thanks. thank you. now, juggling can be a lot of fun; play with skill and play with space, play with rhythm. +or you can go back and change the height. now, skill. +bring it back up. +finger, finger, finger, finger, finger, finger, finger, finger. +why the hell should i learn this? ok? +and what do you dedicate it to, in exploring a particular thing? +i apprenticed with a carpenter and learned about plumb, square and level. +and the latest thing that i'm working on -- -- is something really -- i don't know what it is yet. +and so thinking back, i was thinking those of us in silicon valley were really focused on products or objects -- certainly technological objects. +i have a few of them -- they're no more than a minute or a minute-and-a-half apiece -- but i thought you might be interested in seeing some of our work over the last year, and how it responds in video. +then when you exit the imax theatre on the fourth floor -- mostly teenagers coming out of there -- there's this big open space that has these tables in it that have interactive games which are quite fun, also designed by durrell [bishop] and andrew [hirniak] of itch. +and of course: a hammock for your afternoon nap that stretches across your cubicle. +you watch the video with superimposed graphics that indicate your depth and compass heading. +there is more of it than you think, actually. +a photo is not enough. " +the laws of physics: invisible, eternal, omnipresent, all-powerful. +and i said, "yes." and he said, "why can't i?" +i find that extraordinary, not to be able to see light, not to be able to see darkness. +"why are we here?" and "what should we do about it while we are? +this is extremely practical, but not so awesome. +so you have five million, that is, five million authors and five million plaintiffs is a massive lawsuit. +two rows from this table of two billion entries. +and it turns out that we can measure that very precisely. +so that's sort of what we expect. +we have to make this available for people. " +and when that happens, that will transform the way we have to understand our past, our present and human culture. +but that's not all. +this is not trivial. +or just try this one on for size. +and if we can teach listening in our schools, we can take our listening off that slippery slope to that dangerous, scary world that i talked about and move it to a place where everybody is consciously listening all the time -- or at least capable of doing it. +and meanwhile, i was touring locally and playing in nightclubs with my band, the dresden dolls. +i've always been with my band or my crew. +and this starts happening all the time. +this is my kickstarter backer party in berlin. +well let me tell you, in terms of changing the world there has been a lot of competition this year, because the arab spring is still spreading, the eurozone has collapsed... what else? +actually, that photo was pasted in a police station, and what you see on the ground are id cards of all the photos of people being tracked by the police. +kids just make photos in a class, the teacher receives them, they paste them on the school. +i do two things: i design mobile computers and i study brains. +i thought the word framework was great. +one is -- the most basic one is -- people like to know things. +and it's a real shame. now why has this come about? +and finally, some people say, well, you know, i don't feel like a bunch of cells, you know. i'm conscious. +evolution's the same thing. we taught our kids, well, the bible says, you know, god created all these species, cats are cats, dogs are dogs, people are people, plants are plants, they don't change. +and that somehow, prediction leads to intelligent behavior. +and in the future, when it sees something similar to that again, so in a similar environment, or the exact same environment, it'll play it back. it'll start playing it back. +door, door, door, you know, color, you know what i'm saying. +then, if in that framework, you take a bunch of theoreticians. +no doubt that it's going to happen, in my mind. +i'm actually here to make a challenge to people. +just that little bit of money, which to me, i wish it was in my bank account -- it's not, but... +i spoke with aung sun suu kyi a couple of days ago. +but if they were together planting trees for the environment, it was okay -- creativity. +but it was the actions, together, of all of us that brought about that change. +today, in sweden and other rich countries, people are using so many different machines. +but when i lecture to environmentally-concerned students, they tell me, "no, everybody in the world cannot have cars and washing machines." +second, economic growth. +it's a real challenge in the future. +i would like to tell you a story connecting the notorious privacy incident involving adam and eve, and the remarkable shift in the boundaries between public and private which has occurred in the past 10 years. +do you see where i'm going with this? +discrimination was happening through social media for equally skilled candidates. +we repeated the experiment with the same two groups, this time adding a delay between the time we told subjects how we would use their data and the time we actually started answering the questions. +they become aware. they achieve autonomy. +i once -- this was years ago -- i saw ted kennedy and dan quayle meet in the well of the senate. +and it's led to a view of human nature that we're rational individuals who respond in straightforward ways to incentives, and it's led to ways of seeing the world where people try to use the assumptions of physics to measure how human behavior is. +they have kids of their own, and they've achieved a genetic miracle by marrying beautiful people, so their grandmoms look like gertrude stein, their daughters looks like halle berry -- i don't know how they've done that. +people with strokes and lesions in the emotion-processing parts of the brain are not super smart, they're actually sometimes quite helpless. +but i think this research shows that the british enlightenment, or the scottish enlightenment, with david hume, adam smith, actually had a better handle on who we are -- that reason is often weak, our sentiments are strong, and our sentiments are often trustworthy. +ninety-six percent of college students say they have above-average social skills. +but this is the source of innovation. +thank you. +and i tell you stories from there. +we are living among those men: they're our brothers, fathers, uncles, cousins, all around us. +she works for a very big company, a workshop in hyderabad, making furnitures. +it's very fashionable to talk about human trafficking, in this fantastic a-c hall. +i'm asking you, for these children, whose faces you see, they're no more. +just to let you know, i do not have a lexicographical whistle. +computers! what about computers? +so -- -- now, when you think about this, what we have here is a ham butt problem. +no. there will still be paper dictionaries. +you didn't break it. it's just in a new position, and that new position can be just as beautiful. +if we think of the dictionary as being the map of the english language, these bright spots are what we know about, and the dark spots are where we are in the dark. +because i'm going to the internet, which is where everybody goes. +and we can make the dictionary not just be a symbol of the language -- we can make it be the whole language. +the date was february 2000. +we talk about this a lot, and i thought about trying to give an example of this. so, just one example: madame de gaulle, the wife of the french president, was famously asked once, "what do you most desire?" +jeff bezos kindly remarked to me, "chris, ted is a really great conference. +i'm in this for the long run, and i would be greatly honored and excited if you'll come on this journey with me. +for one thing, gps doesn't work indoors, and for another, they don't make devices quite this small, especially when those devices have to relay their measurements back over a network. +in fact, as i looked into her case, i discovered to my surprise that it's not clearly illegal for you or me to put a tracking device on someone else's car. +so let me show you how this works. +so something felt very wrong about the world. +we call ourselves pors and rao, and we live and work in india. +this is a video prototype. +but as soon as they passed by, it would start to climb up the wall in jerky fashion. +and once a creature pops into our minds, it's almost like the process of creation is to discover the way this creature really wants to exist and what form it wants to take and what way it wants to move. +but we move to cities, toward the bright lights, and one of the things that is there that we want, besides jobs, is electricity. +likewise, with solar, especially here in california, we're discovering that the 80 solar farm schemes that are going forward want to basically bulldoze 1,000 square miles of southern california desert. +so arguing against, a man who's been at the nitty, gritty heart of the energy debate and the climate change debate for years. +and this doesn't even account for the footprint on the ground. +over the ocean, it's not even land. +nuclear, the time lag alone will allow the arctic to melt and other places to melt more. +solving the world's problems can be done, if you really put your mind to it and use clean, renewable energy. +thank you. +so each of you has really just a couple sentences -- 30 seconds each to sum up. +shameless. shameless. shameless. +we explore for three reasons, the weakest of which is curiosity. +the shuttle is costing a billion dollars a launch. +100 bucks. that's the price-improvement curve that -- we need some breakthroughs in physics along the way, i'll grant you that. +we went -- i went to 100, 200 ceos, cmos. +when you want the taste that won't weigh you down, the only way to go is up. +then, you've got to, you know, face potential public ridicule of -- that's a crazy idea, it'll never work. +nature's main process of creation, morphogenesis, is the splitting of one cell into two cells. +i designed the process that generated the form. +and unlike traditional architecture, it's a single process that creates both the overall form and the microscopic surface detail. +it took me several months to design the column, but ultimately it takes the computer about 30 seconds to calculate all of the 16 million faces. +there's that dip there for the 1918 flu. +you weed down through various steps that cause many of these to fail. +it's called hutchinson-gilford progeria, and it is the most dramatic form of premature aging. +so i just want to say a couple more things about that particular story, and then try to generalize how could we have stories of success all over the place for these diseases, as sam says, these 4,000 that are waiting for answers. +you probably know, if you've been paying attention to some of the science literature that you can now take a skin cell and encourage it to become a liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us. +if you don't believe me, just ask sam. +and for us young people, they're looking to become individuals and find their differences amongst themselves. +we're here, we're part of a community, sharing out ideas and discussing them. +this institution is government-backed and it has been the case for the past three decades. +useless. +my work is -- it's a reflection of myself. +at that age, obviously, i couldn't express it that way, but i told her i didn't feel right. +it became part of me. +and i looked at it beneath the microscope. and some of it was flat. +so to cut the story short, i decided that i had to go back and do it. +can anybody see the blade on the end of that needle? +and i looked at it underneath the microscope. +i remember one time i was doing it, and the window was open. +i used a microscopic shard of diamond to actually carve the actual base. +constructed each plank of gold. +and these doctors or these masters, these spiritual masters of the sufi tradition, refer to teachings and examples of our prophet that teach us where the source of our problems lies. +all we have to do is to get our egos out of the way, get our egotism out of the way. +and these should also be the primary attributes of what it means to be human. +and one day i was exploring this cul-de-sac hidden away a few streets away. +the next day i came to see him. i was like, "doctor, that was a really good joke." +in arkansas they don't even ask. " +and jeff came up beside me and said, "so, have you ever been cow tipping?" +two weeks after my diagnosis, a biopsy confirmed i had a seven-inch osteosarcoma in my left femur. +and i hung up the phone, and i put my face in my hands, and i screamed this silent scream. +and one of the profound things that happened was this act of actually connecting to all these people. +don't give in to the wall. +and every seven sets of seven years, the land gets an extra year of rest during which time all families are reunited and people surrounded with the ones they love. +so if you go to 23andme, or if you go to councilofdads.com, you can click on a link. +ao: you did teach yourself to play, and as a consequence, playing the piano for you, derek, was a lot of knuckles and karate chops, and even a bit of nose going on in there. +and hopefully we can show the audience now how it is you do what you do. +dp: "flight of the bumblebee" on that note. +dp: he played "chopsticks." ao: and played "chopsticks." +this is known as the theme building; that is its name for reasons that are still very murky. +does anyone know? chi? +they're fighting to develop their own way of living within the forest in a world that's clean, a world that isn't contaminated, a world that isn't polluted. +and we use gsi -- geographic whatever it is, gsi -- to determine the range of the chimps. +we now know that at gombe alone, there are nine different ways in which chimpanzees use different objects for different purposes. +so, the sad thing is that these chimpanzees -- who've perhaps taught us, more than any other creature, a little humility -- are in the wild, disappearing very fast. +the one thing we have, which makes us so different from chimpanzees or other living creatures, is this sophisticated spoken language -- a language with which we can tell children about things that aren't here. +there's little brochures all around outside, and if any of you have anything to do with children and care about their future, i beg that you pick up that brochure. +we want to go and spend time with the old people and hear their stories and record their oral histories. +and i believe that a group like this can have a very major impact, not just because you can share technology with us, but because so many of you have children. +it's in your hands and my hands and those of our children. +so how do we do this? well, we use a model system that we term a protocell. +it could run a metabolism on it. +it can sense its local environment and actually find resources in the environment to sustain itself. +so since we can make some interesting protocells that we like, interesting colors and interesting behaviors, and they're very easy to make, and they have interesting lifelike properties, perhaps these protocells have something to tell us about the origin of life on the earth. perhaps these represent an easily accessible step, one of the first steps by which life got started on the early earth. +this is used in reference to a report in 2007 by the national research council in the united states, wherein they tried to understand how we can look for life elsewhere in the universe, okay, especially if that life is very different from life on earth. if we went to another planet and we thought there might be life there, how could we even recognize it as life? +80 to 90 percent of their time was spent on five things. +the culmination of this is if you've successfully raised your tadpole, observing the behavioral and developmental events, you will then go and introduce your tadpole to its namesake and discuss the evidence that you've seen. +there's an old cellphone in there -- a good use for old cellphones -- which dials the clinic, we go and pick up the mouse. +what the climate crisis has revealed to us is a secondary, more insidious and more pervasive crisis, which is the crisis of agency, which is what to do. +and then i swap it out with the students and actually re-release that carbon black. +and an early test which argument elicited cooperative behavior from the people below -- about a hundred to one decided that this was the argument that worked best on us. +in this case, instead of throwing chewing gum, or doritos or whatever you have in your pocket at the fish -- there's a body of water in iceland that i've been dealing with that's in the middle of the city, and the largest pollution burden on it is not the roadborne pollution, it's actually white bread from people feeding the fish and the birds. +did you know that today we maintain a global herd of 60 billion animals to provide our meat, dairy, eggs and leather goods? +the animal could be a cow, lamb, or even something more exotic. +it need not look like this, which is actually the state of the art today. +he didn't write "little red laptop computer" or "little red dirt devil." +and sequel truly is a real car. +we actually think the future's going to be event-driven. +and secondly, it's a fundamental business proposition. +so my mom said, "you're going on a bus an hour and a half away from where we live every day." +he's like, "no, miss, i'm not going. +animation, software, moviemaking software, they have it all. +when i was 15 years old, it was necessary for me to leave this place and go to a town a little bit bigger -- much bigger -- where i did the second part of secondary school. +you must stop. stop. +we worked with a lot of companies in brazil that put money into this project, the government. +i put the question -- three or four weeks ago, we saw in the newspapers millions of fish that die in norway. +we here inside the room, i believe that we have the same concern, and the model that we created in brazil, we can transplant it here. +i'd go to times square and i'd look at the amazing ladies on the wall, and wonder why nobody is looking at the historical figures just behind them. +you can see the lispenard meadows draining down through here, through what is tribeca now, and the beaches that come up from the battery, all the way to 42nd st. +we know that there was a lenape settlement down here by the collect pond. +and rapidly we started to realize that beavers can be something that a bobcat needs. +and perhaps a black bear walked by. and maybe native americans were there. +and even though i've only had a brief time to speak, i hope you appreciate that mannahatta was a very special place. +and, you know, built the society that we now live in. +and they may not want to live exactly like us. +and people who live in cities in the developed world tend to be very prosperous, and thus use a lot of stuff. +another thing that information technology lets us do is start figuring out how to use less stuff by knowing, and by monitoring, the amount we're actually using. +most of those cites are growing incredibly quickly. +so one of the things that that's leading to is a sort of southern cultural explosion. +so lula, he's full of problems, full of contradictions, but one of the things that he's doing is, he is putting forward an idea of how we engage in international relations that completely shifts the balance from the standard sort of north-south dialogue into a whole new way of global collaboration. +here's a design for distilling water using sunlight. +you know, that it's not just enough to survive. +sopa stands for the stop online piracy act. +we do like to consume, but every time one of these new tools came along, it turned out we also like to produce and we like to share. +that is a side effect of their ordinary operation. +so this is the internet they have in mind. +they don't want legal distinctions between legal and illegal sharing. +it changed my life. +"what are you doing here? +so the college works following the lifestyle and workstyle of mahatma gandhi. +we are the only ones who actually returned the award for $50,000, because they didn't believe us, and we thought that they were actually casting aspersions on the barefoot architects of tilonia. +but the people who fabricated that solar cooker are women, illiterate women, who actually fabricate the most sophisticated solar cooker. +she has a cabinet, a minister of education, a minister for energy, a minister for health. +men are restless, men are ambitious, men are compulsively mobile, and they all want a certificate. +and they haven't collapsed. +i knew which woman i would like to take. +don't listen to the world bank, listen to the people on the ground. +our narrative here is real fmri data that's mapped visually and sonically. +oxygen, hydrogen and zinc have their own signature. +and yet in two million years the human brain has nearly tripled in mass, going from the one-and-a-quarter pound brain of our ancestor here, habilis, to the almost three-pound meatloaf that everybody here has between their ears. +because the fact is that a year after losing the use of their legs, and a year after winning the lotto, lottery winners and paraplegics are equally happy with their lives. +who are these characters who are so damn happy? +and then finally -- you know, the best of all possible worlds -- some of you recognize this young photo of pete best, who was the original drummer for the beatles, until they, you know, sent him out on an errand and snuck away and picked up ringo on a tour. +in this case, because the experiment i'm going to tell you about uses them, these are monet prints. +we explained we would have number three mailed to them. +it turns out that freedom -- the ability to make up your mind and change your mind -- is the friend of natural happiness, because it allows you to choose among all those delicious futures and find the one that you would most enjoy. +so we gave them cameras; they went around campus; they took 12 pictures of their favorite professors and their dorm room and their dog, and all the other things they wanted to have harvard memories of. +they don't like their picture, and in fact even after the opportunity to swap has expired, they still don't like their picture. why? +thank you. +sometimes they just explode before your eyes or come down supersonic. +i have a little cuban mother -- she's about that big. +"papi, help." +i was born in 19 -- i forget, and i came to this country with them in the aftermath of the cuban revolution. +and that meant that everyone in the family had to sign up to take her to have her hair dyed, you know, that peculiar color of blue that matches her polyester pants suit, you know, same color as the buick. +she gets into the car -- she's sitting on two phone books. +it'll help my breathing. it'll do something for my pulse, maybe. +now, you have all been at a mall during the holidays, yes? +by now, we have now crawled another four feet, and my mother finally says to me, "i knew it, i knew it. +we'll wait for the slow ones. ok. +"no, my daughter, she's coming in the buick. +people are watching us all around, "right? +i almost miss it. +what zipcar does is we park cars throughout dense urban areas for members to reserve, by the hour and by the day, instead of using their own car. +it required that it was completely trivial: that it takes 30 seconds to reserve a car, go get it, drive it. +so again, we can see that price plays an enormous role in people's willingness to reduce their driving behavior. +these are also called mesh networks. +these are the next two lines in the movie. +and this open-source version means that it could be -- if we did a brilliant job of it -- it could be used around the world very quickly. +2006 was a great year. +and as these dark clouds were circling me, and i was finding it really, really difficult to think of anything good, i said to myself that i really needed a way to focus on the positive somehow. +i'd love to just talk about each one briefly. +so there was a time when it was your first time ever hitting a string of green lights on the way home from work. +so those are the three a's. +he's like, "do you know where morocco even is?" +and that's the sad part. +tourist: i think that people are very frustrated that they're not able to get closer to see what's going on. +and i thought it was astonishing to speculate, as if this were a competition, on something that was such a fresh wound. +dr: it was not an inclusive group. +so dealing with it is just an immediate master plan. +sort of like the spinal tap scene where you get the tiny little stonehenge, i guess? +it's all incredibly humble material. +and i truly believe until the issue of memorial is sorted out, that it's going to be very hard to have an intelligent discussion. +those kinds of forms? +so you can get kind of a feel for this. +but how about the kid on the left, or the athlete that leaves the field of play? +let me tell you what i've come up with. +how old it is? +and today, we have what is perhaps our most offensive definition, at least to me, which is the following: to doodle officially means to dawdle, to dilly dally, to monkey around, to make meaningless marks, to do something of little value, substance or import, and -- my personal favorite -- to do nothing. +we think doodling is something you do when you lose focus, but in reality, it is a preemptive measure to stop you from losing focus. +in 2002, a group of treatment activists met to discuss the early development of the airplane. +treatment programs became possible, funding became available, and the number of people on antiretroviral drugs started to increase very rapidly. +so surely if a patent pool could be established to ramp up the production of military airplanes, we should be able to do something similar to tackle the hiv / aids epidemic. +the rule is about a 10-year delay for a new product to go to market in developing countries, if at all. +what about athens? mediterranean climate, but in the sun it was not comfortable. they didn't perceive comfort. +instead of blowing a hurricane of chilled air through the stadium, we can use radiant cooling technologies, like a floor heating system where water pipes are embedded in the floor. +and i also hope that you share the idea that if engineers and designers can use all these different climatic parameters, it will be possible to create really good and comfortable outdoor conditions, to change our thermal perception that we feel comfortable in an outdoor environment, and we can do that with the best passive design, but also using the energy source of the site in qatar which is the sun. +the main thing is a fix-it-locally culture, which is fantastic because it means that your product or your service doesn't have to go through a huge bureaucratic system to get it fixed. +they are basically referral services, essentially. +so we are right now doing some systematic field tests to basically ascertain whether something like this actually makes sense to the asha worker. +and i started to see the world in a whole new way, like pairs of people connected to each other. +and, most importantly, what causes the clusters? +and we thought this was a very interesting comment on america, and a kind of self-serving, "not my responsibility" kind of phenomenon. +i mean, there would be an advantage to experiencing our emotions inside, you know, anger or happiness. +so to invoke another metaphor, if you imagine social networks as a kind of vast fabric of humanity -- i'm connected to you and you to her, on out endlessly into the distance -- this fabric is actually like an old-fashioned american quilt, and it has patches on it: happy and unhappy patches. +that's my social experience. " +they're both made of carbon, and yet one of them has carbon atoms in it that are arranged in one particular way -- on the left -- and you get graphite, which is soft and dark. +you read about it in your newspapers. +the cdc recently conducted a survey where they asked respondents simply to tell them whether they experienced significant psychological distress in the previous week. +in our study, they are more positive, but they're also more likely than younger people to experience mixed emotions -- sadness at the same time you experience happiness; you know, that tear in the eye when you're smiling at a friend. +we go on blind dates. +i mean, this is literally human beings with super-human strength and abilities. +we got madd chadd, lil 'c, kid david and j smooth. +the lxd electrify the ted2010 stage with an emerging global street-dance culture, revved up by the internet. in a preview of jon chu's upcoming web series, this astonishing troupe show off their superpowers. +according to the treaty, those lands are a sovereign nation. +we had plans. +on december 29th, u.s. troops surrounded a sioux encampment at wounded knee creek and massacred chief big foot and 300 prisoners of war, using a new rapid-fire weapon that fired exploding shells called a hotchkiss gun. +2010: statistics about native population today, more than a century after the massacre at wounded knee, reveal the legacy of colonization, forced migration and treaty violations. +those events led to a domino effect that has yet to end. +so, that's really the goal of my talk, is to a, communicate that moment to you and b, have you leave this session a little dumber than when you entered. +many of these deaths were completely preventable, and this what i want to think of as the disconcerting thing, what i want to call "the last mile" problem. +intercropping. intercropping really increases income. +so, here are these women. they've seen their parents have struggled with diarrhea, they've struggled with diarrhea, they've seen lots of deaths. how do they answer this question? +so, somebody out there says, "five." +almost out of kindergarten. +they are saying, "this is 35 miles per gallon. i'm going to do the environmentally right thing, i'm going to buy the prius, 50 miles per gallon." +now, this is an example of that battle, and makes us realize intentions don't always translate into action, and so one of the fundamental challenges is how we would actually do that. ok? +this isn't about the biology of people; this is now about the brains, the psychology of people, and innovation needs to continue all the way through the last mile. +the careful testing, retesting, design, are going to open up vistas of understanding, complexities, difficult things. +macarthur winner sendhil mullainathan uses the lens of behavioral economics to study a tricky set of social problems -- those we know how to solve, but don't. we know how to reduce child deaths due to diarrhea, how to prevent diabetes-related blindness and how to implement solar-cell technology... yet somehow, we don't or can't. why? +right, the current wants to run through the play-dough, not through that led. +so i would encourage you all to grab some play-doh, grab some salt, grab some sugar and start playing. +and a friend of mine in austria felt so sorry for me that he talked the largest casino owner in linz into letting us wrap his building. +but i will demonstrate different ways to get rid of difficulties and go to the point, to find an answer probably much quicker than arthur did. so, first, we violate the common sense, the logic. all of you, if you hold your hand like this, 90 degrees -- all of you. not you. +now, i need an assistant. +that's a challenge. i like this. +so here i have, actually -- i know exactly where the cards are. +and if you work with, in the right atmosphere, with humor, you have -- that's the password to the cosmic bank of knowledge, where you can find any solution of any problem. +and then, i will demonstrate a thing from russian satellite, stealen -- stolen, probably copied from america but we will see. +when i lift the heap, i peek. +we do it again. +this is a kind of optical deal, right? +now -- -- one guy laughed. so now, to find the queen, do it this way: take back the other one, take back the queen. +king of spades. +do with both hands, and quick. yes, good, good. +right? good. +two -- and it was two of spades, right? +yes? zoe: yeah. +king of diamonds. lg: ah! +now, what happened was not maybe what you thought, which is, he suddenly became passionate, engaged, involved, got a new teacher, he hit puberty, or whatever it is. +and your children are playing instruments. +the tone-deaf people, they're no longer here. +now, it goes down to a. now to g. and then to f. +and then finally... +finally, i said, "why am i clapping?" +he depends, for his power, on his ability to make other people powerful. +unfortunately, it was the last thing she ever said to him, because she never saw him again. he did not survive. +some of you might have seen this before. +it's a nice motivator. +so glucksberg did another experiment similar to this where he presented the problem in a slightly different way, like this up here. okay? +the rules are mystifying. +what happens? +these are the building blocks of an entirely new operating system for our businesses. +it's pretty. it's not bad. it's a huge trademark violation, but it's pretty clever. +do it for fun. no one gets paid a cent, or a euro or a yen. +so, it can balance on a point. +so here is the earth. it's a little less than a millimeter that was turned of solid bronze. +this is another species of work that i do. +and the idea that you could see things inside of a crystal ball and predict the future -- or a television set, where it's sort of like a magic box where anything can appear. +it's completely silent and nonpolluting. +the real social innovation i want to talk about involves charity. +you know, you want to make 50 million dollars selling violent video games to kids, go for it. +charitable giving has remained stuck, in the u.s., at two percent of gdp ever since we started measuring it in the 1970s. +well, like most fanatical dogma in america, these ideas come from old puritan beliefs. +within nine years, we had multiplied that 1,982 times into 108 million dollars after all expenses for aids services. +but if we could move charitable giving from two percent of gdp up just one step to three percent of gdp, by investing in that growth, that would be an extra 150 billion dollars a year in contributions, and if that money could go disproportionately to health and human services charities, because those were the ones we encouraged to invest in their growth, that would represent a tripling of contributions to that sector. +and suddenly, out of the chaos, order. +you know, audiences like you, yeah, make the event. +can we have a little demonstration? would you be my orchestra for a second? +and our joy of music, etc., etc.... " +and then like karajan. let's see what happens. okay? +meaning that you know you have no authority to change anything. +this is very exciting for those players. +rather enjoying what the soloist is doing. +you know why? because the meaning of the music is pain. +but all my work for many years was focused around the idea that sustainability means basically looking at the globalized economic growth model, and moderating what comes in at one end, and moderating the outputs at the other end. +but are we to assume that the same brilliance and creativity and adaptability that got us up to the top of that energy mountain in the first place is somehow mysteriously going to evaporate when we have to design a creative way back down the other side? +and in terms of climate change, is something that is not actually feasible. +it learns very much from its mistakes. +so it started out with some work i was involved in in ireland, where i was teaching, and has since spread. +from three years ago, it just being an idea, this has become something that has virally swept around the world. +well, this is about state budgets. +there are various things in here: i could say we might raise more revenue, or medical innovation will make the spending even higher. +is anyone paying attention to some of the things these guys do? +and unfortunately, as you get into that, people get confused and think, well maybe you think that's okay. +so what do we need to do? +it allows us to do the art, the biotechnology, the software and all those magic things. +and after two more years of studying music, i decided to shoot for the impossible before taking the mcat and applying to medical school like a good indian son to become the next dr. gupta. +keats himself had also given up a career in medicine to pursue poetry, but he died when he was a year older than me. +anyone living in that house can tell the time just by the smell. +these people i still do hang out with. +all right, next. +don't they just pop into your head? +it's amazing. it's a wonderful moment. +had he shown his father, "my boy has finally lost it," he would've thought. +the french writer michel tournier has a famous saying. +and i explained, "it's a dark night and a crow is perching on a branch." +yes, it means i didn't have to draw gyeonghoeru. +we become dictators with a remote and start to criticize the people on tv. +i walk around and encourage them, "come on, come on!" they have to write like crazy for an hour or two. +art is the ultimate goal. +only those three words and she left the airport. that's it. +british physicist john tyndall, in the 1850's, made laboratory measurements of the infrared radiation, which is heat. +i had been using the first line of the nasa mission statement, "to understand and protect the home planet," to justify my talks. +climate change deniers argue that the sun is the main cause of climate change. +methane is also beginning to escape from the permafrost. +it would be immoral to leave these young people with a climate system spiraling out of control. +the science is clear. +my favorite and a real hero of mine is yakima canutt. +we can do bigger car stunts than ever before now. +i sort of forget how bizarre some of those conversations are. +two stunt guys doing what i consider to be a rather benign stunt. +it's that shape because the helium has to expand. +it took me a while; it took me years to find the right balloon team to build the balloon that would do this job. +i contacted a company in the states who make suits for nasa. +this is a very lightweight suit. it weighs about 15 pounds. +but if you are, and you say to somebody, you know, they say, "what do you do?" +do you remember the story? no, it was big. +in fact, we moved from stratford to los angeles. +why not? i think this is rather important. +so the hierarchy is rooted on two ideas. +in fact, creativity -- which i define as the process of having original ideas that have value -- more often than not comes about through the interaction of different disciplinary ways of seeing things. +i said, "what happened?" +now is the time for us to laugh at ourselves, before others can laugh with us. +so i retreated back to my cave and continued to support and produce comedy and let my friends use my couch as a regional operations hub. +so everywhere we went, we auditioned amateurs. +one: is the middle east being shown in a current time and correct context? +early detection, early intervention, that's the story for these successes. +fifty percent will have onset by age 14, 75 percent by age 24, a picture that is very different than what one would see if you're talking about cancer or heart disease, diabetes, hypertension -- most of the major illnesses that we think about as being sources of morbidity and mortality. +the important piece here is that as you begin to look at people who have these disorders, the one in five of us who struggle in some way, you find that there's a lot of variation in the way that the brain is wired, but there are some predictable patterns, and those patterns are risk factors for developing one of these disorders. +but this tells us how we need to think about it, and where we need to go. +how many children will you get? +but how wrong it is. +it's very interesting. when we started our school the parents would give thumbprints in the attendance register. +there they met children who are with a different standard and a different mindset, a totally different society. +is it the exposure? we have professors from mit, berkeley, stanford, indian institute of science who come and teach our children lots of scientific formulas, experiments, much beyond the classroom. +when i started parikrma i began with a great deal of arrogance of transforming the world. +now that sounds like an incredibly straightforward question to answer, and that's what howard thought. because pepsi told him, "look, we're working with a band between eight and 12 percent. +you should be looking for the perfect pepsis. " +every conceivable way you can vary spaghetti sauce, he varied spaghetti sauce. +what howard did is he fundamentally changed the way the food industry thinks about making you happy. +much more volatile brown mustard seed, some white wine, a nose hit, much more delicate aromatics. and what do they do? +and she serves it that way time and time again, and if you quarrel with her, she will say, "you know what? you're wrong! this is the best way it ought to be in this restaurant." +if i were to ask all of you to try and come up with a brand of coffee -- a type of coffee, a brew -- that made all of you happy, and then i asked you to rate that coffee, the average score in this room for coffee would be about 60 on a scale of 0 to 100. +we have pre-cancerous lesions, which often don't turn into cancer. +if you develop a disease, you're off the island. +it was when i became a journalist that i really realized how i was part of this problem, and how we all are part of this problem. +so, dad graduated harvard in 1946, married my mom, and bought a house in lexington, massachusetts, where the first shots were fired against the british in 1775, although we didn't actually hit any of them until concord. +and, yeah, we can look back in retrospect and say, yeah, ha-ha, you know -- it's all microfilm. but that's -- that's not the point. he understood the shape of the future. +and if you go on the diagonal, you get content and form -- and then beauty and truth. +so i wrote a book about this in '93, but as i was finishing the book, i had to do a little bit of typesetting, and i was tired of going to my local copy shop to do it, so i bought a computer. +we could do circular narratives that were literally circular. +why is this important? +now maybe that's been obvious to all of you for a long time, but for me, as often as i'd encountered that exact difficulty on a daily basis, i had never seen the inherent challenge of communication in so crystalline a light. +and the key detail of this is that fey's scripts weren't written by her and they weren't written by the snl writers. +because from what i can tell, the three things gay americans seem to want most are to join the military, get married and start a family. +but it's when you put all of these elements together -- when you get the viral appeal of a great joke with a powerful punchline that's crafted from honesty and integrity, it can have a real world impact at changing a conversation. +that is a lot of punch for 14 words. +how far back does that go? how far back does modern language go? +it reaches up to almost 5,000 pounds -- on a diet of jellyfish, primarily. +they school as adolescents, and become behemoth loners as adults. +so the great thing about the mola is that when we put the tag on them -- if you look up here -- that's streaming off, that's right where we put the tag. +and they come and give the molas -- you can see they strike this funny little position that says, "i'm not threatening, but i need a massage." +but also what's important is that they're not slacker, lazy fish. +it was a 200-foot diameter geodesic sphere to be suspended over the east river in new york city, in full view of the united nations. +i've got a little video to show you, but keep in mind that this is with no electronic control, and this is also with only four leds. +how does it feel to see someone like this come along taking your art and doing so much with it? +he realized at once what had happened. +so, have we all become one-eyed -- two-eyed instead of one-eyed -- monkeys? +and then aboriginal women in africa would come and say, "this is it!" +i have a solution that requires neither machine, nor wood, nor cooking gas. +your parents were peaceful people. +hello governments of rich countries selling arms to governments of poor countries who can't even afford to give them food. +her father the king said, "don't whistle." +"uh-huh..." she said. +and leibniz was the first person to really talk about building such a machine. +von neumann, and a logician, and a mathematician from the army put this together. then, they needed a place to build it. +so, there's 40 of these tubes, like a v-40 engine running the memory. +"maniac regained its memory, when the power went off." "machine or human?" +this now is the third different output. +so he designed this universe, and ran it. +and it was his universe on punch cards. +and that's the end. +look at homicide at the bottom, for god's sake. +i went to west virginia, the most unhealthy state in america. +you see, the thing is obesity and diet-related disease doesn't just hurt the people that have it; it's all of their friends, families, brothers, sisters. +now it's largely processed and full of all sorts of additives, extra ingredients, and you know the rest of the story. +normal. let's get on schools, something that i'm fairly much a specialist in. +they have scissors in the classroom, but knives and forks? no. +i want to talk about something so basic as milk. +this, all this bad news, is preventable. +so, these guys are going to be part of the solution. +huntington's kitchen. huntington, where i made this program, you know, we've got this prime-time program that hopefully will inspire people to really get on this change. +dyslexic, so i'm a bit slow. +in fact, a friend of mine from the security industry told me the other day that there are two types of companies in the world: those that know they've been hacked, and those that don't. +they're completely anonymous, as it were. +and that challenge is: how do you do business, how do you trust somebody on the web who you want to do business with when you know that they're a criminal? +now he developed his social and moral compass on the black sea port during the 1990s. +and this man with a planetary-sized brain is now serving a 13-year sentence in california. +thank you very much for listening. +public health is another reason to consider retrofitting. +and the market research, consumer research, asking the boomers and gen y what it is they would like, what they would like to live in, tells us there is going to be a huge demand -- and we're already seeing it -- for more urban lifestyles within suburbia. +it's been so successful, they've now taken over the strip across the street. +this one is one of my favorites, belmar. +you want to also try to get more systemic transformation. +the first is to plan retrofitting much more systemically at the metropolitan scale. +but we've got to get the architecture better. +so i decided to talk to women about their vaginas. +and she said things that really shocked me about her vagina -- that it was dried-up and finished and dead -- and i was kind of shocked. +and so in 1997, i said, "let's get women together. +and i really love hearing about all these species at the bottom of the sea. +she went to juarez to take care of an ailing aunt, and over the course of it, she began to discover what was happening to the murdered and disappeared women of juarez. +but, being a vagina warrior, she kept going, and she kept committing herself to transforming consciousness. +well, it seems to me that this hungarian presence in my life is difficult to account for, but ultimately i ascribe it to an admiration for people with a complex moral awareness, with a heritage of guilt and defeat matched by defiance and bravado. +and then one day, it happened: he and his family were arrested and they were taken to a death house on the danube. +mr. teszler hired 16 men: eight white, eight black. +and into the slow, second movement, marked "adagio religioso," he incorporated the sounds of birdsong that he heard outside his window in what he knew would be his last spring; he was imagining a future for her in which he would play no part. +and it was only at that moment, as we were sitting down to dinner, that i recognized the enormity of the risk i had created, because to bring these two titans, these two masters of the universe together -- it was like introducing mothra to godzilla over the skyline of tokyo. +and i -- no one else did, so i put up my hand, and i said, "it's a bacchanal by titian." +and in about 1997, the then-director philippe de montebello gave me the go-ahead to organize an exhibition for 2002. we normally have these very long lead-in times. +and in this extraordinary setting, the costumes were like actors and actresses, or living sculptures. +i'm working to try and break down that sense of that elitism. +but we take the severe ones, and we reschedule the other ones the next day. +so we came up with these two rules. +so i went to russia, and my mother also, [during the] time of [the] soviet union. +and really when you think [you] cannot do it, she will push you, and i can do it. +i'm going to take you on a 16-minute trip on 72 percent of the planet, so buckle up. +you know, we're going to do this, we're going to take it away from something else. +and like a living organism, you tear it open, it bleeds its molten blood, rises up to heal that wound from the asthenosphere, hardens, forms new tissue and moves laterally. +so, we came up with multiple hypotheses: there's little green people down there taking it; there's all sorts of things going on. +we stumbled on it, looking for some missing heat. +near that was methane. i've never seen volcanoes of methane. +fortunately, we've been able to convince congress. +this is a remote center at the university of washington. +thank you very much. +let's talk about what's suddenly possible. +since we opened the website in february, we now have 640,000 students from 190 countries. +other students might be interested in a particular enrichment topic that they want to pursue individually. +in addition to multiple choice and the kinds of short answer questions that you saw in the video, we can also grade math, mathematical expressions as well as mathematical derivations. +which is not a level of service i have ever offered to my stanford students. +and finally, there was a population of students that were taught in a one-on-one instruction using a tutor. +you can see, for example, that the achievement score almost doubles in this particular experiment. +kaki king: playing "pink noise" on guitar +"learn the lingua franca." +emily levine: richard. what did i say? +i don't know if you know this but -- maybe it's different now, or maybe you were making a statement -- but in many hospital nurseries across the country, until very recently anyway, according to a book by jessica benjamin, the signs over the little boys cribs read, "i'm a boy," and the signs over the little girls cribs read, "it's a girl." yeah. +so this whole subject-object thing has relevance to humor in this way. +and i was sort of, as i was starting to analyze what exactly it is that i do, i read a book called "trickster makes this world," by lewis hyde. +if they had had an olympics in martyrdom, my grandmother would have lost on purpose. +this is what i tend to see almost more than contradictions. +and the mother is elderly. +and i like to explore all the possibilities in the hope that you'll be on the wavelength of your audience. +there are really serious calamities staring us in the eye that we're in the same kind of denial about that we were about terrorism, and what could've happened on september 11. +1995, we found three. the count now is up to 80 -- we're finding about two or three a month. +it wasn't really a research report; it was a screed. +number seven: particle accelerator mishap. +now, corn originated, we think, in mexico. +we need to learn how to repair and replenish the earth's ozone layer. +we've all learned what -- the kind of panic that can occur when an old disease rears its head, like anthrax. +but galaxies are very violent places, and things can be spun out of orbit. +of more concern, i think, is the asteroids that exist between mars and jupiter. +when the mission was over, they actually landed on the thing. +basho was a brilliant man. +and these two war against one another almost continuously. +all right, let's talk about another perspective on the importance of the oceans. +modeling: on the right hand side, there's a very complex computational model. +we are already laced up as if we're in a fiber optic corset, if you like. +this is going to be much more powerful than having a single ship in a single location, then move to a new location. +we pump the fluid through one of these systems, and we press the button, and it's analyzed for the genomic character. +so we can bring an entirely new telepresence to the world, throughout the ocean. +and i think that's really what architecture is based on. +and yet that energy and power of architecture has driven an entire social and political space that these buildings occupy. +it's like the old las vegas used to be. +our whole practice depends on computing. +and i do believe that this interaction with the history, with history that is often very difficult, to grapple with it, to create a position that is beyond our normal expectations and to create a critique. +so again, the unexpected which is also the raw. +and it's not only our memory, but those who remember us, which means that architecture is not mute. +it's about creating with minimal means something which can not be repeated, cannot be simulated in any other sphere. +compromise, if it's artistic, if it is able to cope with its strategies -- and there is my first sketch and the last rendering -- it's not that far away. +that sort of overall sustainable energy problem is the biggest problem that we have to solve this century, independent of environmental concerns. +bruno bowden, who's here, did that, broke the world record.em: congratulations. +by the end of this year, you'll be able to drive from l.a. to new york just using the supercharger network, which charges at five times the rate of anything else. +what are you doing? +you're kind of building a new type of distributed utility. +would humanity become a space-faring civilization? +it's much like on a jet. +these projects are so -- paypal, solarcity, tesla, spacex, they're so spectacularly different, they're such ambitious projects at scale. +elon musk, i wish we had all day, but thank you so much for coming to ted. +i grew up herding, looking after our livestock -- goats, sheep and cattle. +because it was wartime, the british .303 rifle was just all over the whole country. +and thus, as people started feeling ownership over wildlife, wildlife numbers started coming back, and that's actually becoming a foundation for conservation in namibia. +the other partners that we have got is business communities. +in 2008, conservancy generated 5.7 million dollars. +it allows for us to celebrate the seafood that we're also so fortunate to eat. +well, how many bottles is it before you tell me that i have a problem? +so i think we have this whole eating thing wrong. +they got more calories over the course of a diversified meal. +i remember well the meals of my childhood. +thank you. +and the great irony and tragedy of our time is that a lot of the general public thinks that science is still arguing about that. +similarly, a lot of art projects stay in the art community, and i feel very much a responsibility through mechanisms like ted, and like our relationship with the obama white house, with the senate, with john kerry, to influence policy as much as possible with these pictures as well. +you see the glacier flowing in from the right, dropping off into the sea, camera shooting every hour. +finally catches up to itself, it advances. +all those colors are ice and it goes up to about two miles thick, just a gigantic dome that comes in from the coast and rises in the middle. +but what we have is a perception problem because not enough people really get it yet. +the more polite ones said, "well, you know, indians make good software programmers and accountants, but they can't do the creative stuff." +they were working on truly global products, and companies like microsoft, google, astrazeneca, general electric, philips, have already answered in the affirmative the question that from their bangalore and hyderabad r & amp; d centers they are able to produce products and services for the world. +it's not a new product or a new process but a new way to organize work, and the most significant management innovation to come out of india, invented by the indian offshoring industry is what we call the global delivery model. +well, in 2010, they decided they're not going to reveal this data anymore, so i had to make some estimates based on various sources. +for a time that i find to be the most placid and uneventful hour of the day, four in the morning sure gets an awful lot of bad press -- across a lot of different media from a lot of big names. +100 years to the day after the death of alfred nobel himself. +and then -- three paragraphs later we get this little beauty: "we went back to blair house to look at the speech for the last time. +let me first address a few popular misconceptions. +and when that cellular space station is within the electric field, it acts on those highly charged proteins and aligns them. +the expected five year survival is less than five percent. +and a year after that treatment, his tumor grew back with a vengeance. +i am the happiest, the happiest person in the world. +and i firmly believe that in the next 10 years tumor treating fields will be a weapon available to doctors and patients for all of these most-difficult-to-treat solid tumors. +and you can notice they have created a kind of false catchment. +the age is 400 years. +we had full-page advertisements, some 30 years, 25 years ago when this canal came. +and it's a kind of water body for all seasons. +and they have dubbed this water as the third one called [unclear]. +three sides, such steps, on the fourth side there is a four-story building where you can organize such ted conferences anytime. +these artifacts and designs are inspiring. +it doesn't matter if this is the jungles of singapore or the tundra of northern finland. +and they're investing in telecoms, shopping malls. +south africa is playing a role. +how do you get from poverty and corruption to wealth and less corruption? +and then something happened in 1980. +invest. +but i think a much bigger problem with this is that this logic -- that we should be dropping ipods not bombs -- i mean, it would make a fascinating title for thomas friedman's new book. +instead of trying to purge these comments, they instead went and reached out to the bloggers. +right? so they can go online and contribute ideas on what that region would look like by the year 2020. +so what should we do about it? +explain to me what's wrong. +no, the boy said to me -- the boy said to me, "it would destroy me." +they called me anthony growing up as a kid. +we had a whole choice of inappropriate names for her. +the world i envision for her -- how do i want men to be acting and behaving? +soft power is a concept invented by a harvard academic, joseph nye, a friend of mine. +but sometimes it just sat there. +farmers now, who used to have to spend half a day of backbreaking labor to find out if the market town was open, if the market was on, whether the product they'd harvested could be sold, what price they'd fetch. +they had to suspend functions at 8: 30. +and to this day remains the only jewish diaspora in the history of the jewish people, which has never encountered a single incident of anti-semitism. +it's the idea of an ever-ever-land, emerging from an ancient civilization, united by a shared history, but sustained, above all, by pluralist democracy. +trachoma is an infection of the eye due to dirt can leave you permanently blind. +and another key thing that i learned a lot throughout this whole process, last year google named me as one of the brightest young minds in the world. +so probably it doesn't matter 50 years from now -- streptococcus and stuff like that will be rampant -- because we won't be here. but if we are -- we're going to need something to do with the bacteria. +mission accomplished! +there's nothing intrinsically sweet about honey. +it's important that we love babies, and that we not be put off by, say, messy diapers. +and he liked to do an exercise with his students where he got them to take a piece of paper and draw the person who sat next to them, their neighbor, very quickly, just as quickly as they could. +maybe have the same kind of security to play. +thank you. all right. +so we have the finger blasters. other people have dinosaurs, you know. +yeah, thought so. so we've all seen it, haven't we? +great. cool. so i was really interested in quantity. +so it was a pretty successful evening. +construction play -- it's playful, obviously, but also a powerful way to learn. +and of course, by the time you get to the average workplace, maybe the best construction tool we have might be the post-it notes. it's pretty barren. +we've gone through lots of experiences in life, and they provide a strong intuition as to whether an interaction is going to work. +in short, we admire their willingness to play. +perhaps in convergent mode we need to be more serious. +reaching success, i was pretty good at coming up with good ideas. +so they took their money and their projects to others who would serve them better. +to be more accurate, i wanted to be a pop star. +i had learned to read music by then, or slowly learning to read music. +this is cheryl ang from singapore. +and i had the same reaction you did. +"my sister and i used to sing in choirs together constantly. +you can imagine, with 2,000 synchronized youtube videos, the render time is just atrocious. +this here is nissan's myleaf, where your driving behavior is compared with the driving behavior of other people, so you can compete for who drives around the most fuel efficiently. +they want us to fit in even better. +and that is an idea that, i think, that paul richard buchanan nicely put in a recent essay where he said, "products are vivid arguments about how we should live our lives." +workers are treated as well or as badly as the workers were treated who built that chair. " +in fact, i use basically the same technology as this 14th-century classroom. +and i like that kind of response. +so what have we learned? +so, a quick strike like that. and if we slow it down a bit, this is the mantis shrimp -- the same species -- recorded at 1,000 frames a second, played back at 15 frames per second. +i hope there aren't any snail rights activists around here. +it just looks like a saddle you'd put on a horse. +in biological systems it's important not to have a whole lot of extra material requirements for building it. +the first peak, obviously, is the limb hitting the load cell. +and these animals may very well be making use of not only the force and the energy stored with that specialized spring, but the extremes of the fluid dynamics. and they might actually be making use of fluid dynamics as a second force for breaking the snail. +biologist sheila patek talks about her work measuring the feeding strike of the mantis shrimp, one of the fastest movements in the animal world, using video cameras recording at 20,000 frames per second. +it turns out that something more than 94 percent of life on earth is aquatic. +now, go into the real atmosphere of this planet. +i put reverse thrust and i try and pull gently down. +i come back up, not for air. +so anybody who wants to copy us and come and join us, go for it. +there are problems of sewage overflow and contamination, but i would also argue that almost every city has this exact condition, and it's a condition that we're all facing. +what is fuzzy rope, you ask? +and the answer is: not yet, they're working. +we had to get rid of the smell. +and eventually snow made a map of the outbreak. +so that in one generation, we're going to halve our cultural diversity. +so, two months later, i went into tibet, and i started interviewing the people there, taking my photographs. that's what i do. +this is another leader of his people. +so it was a great experience for him. he stayed up all night with them, drumming and dancing. +and just this last year we've taken a group of teenagers in, and this has worked the best. +and so, i have my first slide to talk about the dawning of the universe and what i call the cosmic scene investigation, that is, looking at the relics of creation and inferring what happened at the beginning, and then following it up and trying to understand it. +and then i'm going to show you it's actually a lot more complicated. +and then there's a part of the universe we can't see because it's so dense and so hot, light can't escape. +they go out and point a telescope at the sky, take a picture, identify what are stars and throw them away, look at the galaxies, estimate how far away they are, and plot them up. +and so now we're in for some serious play. +so we're zooming in. +so the question is, how hard would it be to assemble this, right? +that pulls in more material and pulls in more material. +at serious play 2008, astrophysicist george smoot shows stunning new images from deep-space surveys, and prods us to ponder how the cosmos -- with its giant webs of dark matter and mysterious gaping voids -- got built this way. +you get stressed, you do some meditation. +we need an exercise. we need a framework to learn how to be more mindful. +it does hurt. and we reinforce the storyline, right? +and he actually took one look at my squiggly line, and said, "well, why don't you just embrace the shake?" +what if i could only create with a dollar's worth of supplies? +it did not happen overnight. +so i was filming. +and when i made my way to that piping chimney i'd seen in the distance, i saw hanna zavorotnya, and i met her. +i have a deeper connection to my laptop than any bit of soil. +i embody the central paradox. +parents text and do email at breakfast and at dinner while their children complain about not having their parents' full attention. +but what might feel just right for that middle-aged executive can be a problem for an adolescent who needs to develop face-to-face relationships. +that feeling that no one is listening to me is very important in our relationships with technology. +and we are vulnerable. +so what do we do? we connect more and more. +make room for it. +let's talk about how we can use digital technology, the technology of our dreams, to make this life the life we can love. +the master said, 'thou didst thy best, that is success.' "from those things, and one other perhaps, i coined my own definition of success, which is: peace of mind attained only through self-satisfaction in knowing you made the effort to do the best of which you're capable. +i knew him once, but then he was a boy. +and that's not good, for a young married man to go home in a bad mood. +i think our tendency is to hope that things will turn out the way we want them to much of the time. but we don't do the things that are necessary to make those things become reality. +and you can win when you're outscored. +i've had some that could and wouldn't, and i've had some that would and couldn't. +in fact, in the last 10 years, the number of patients requiring an organ has doubled, while in the same time, the actual number of transplants has barely gone up. +liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells -- we still can't grow them even today. +we then place it in an oven-like device, and we're able to create that structure and bring it out. +and then finally you're able to get that structure out. +that's actually the actual printer right now, and that's been printing this kidney structure that you see here. +i became the captain of the team, and that was great. +i pulled them aside. +the other week, i went on one of these sites, appropriately called swaptree, and there were over 59,300 items that i could instantly swap for my copy of "24." +that's what happened to me when i noticed that we are moving from passive consumers to creators, to highly enabled collaborators. +these four drivers are fusing together and creating the big shift -- away from the 20th century, defined by hyper-consumption, towards the 21st century, defined by collaborative consumption. +these three systems are coming together, allowing people to share resources without sacrificing their lifestyles, or their cherished personal freedoms. +this is fueling a massive shift from where usage trumps possessions -- or as kevin kelly, the editor of wired magazine, puts it, "where access is better than ownership." +my name is joseph, a member of parliament in kenya. +the leader of the chiefs said, "no, sorry. we can't take you. you'll slow us down. +i'm asking my friends from america to help with bringing nurses or doctors to help us out. +so i was in the museum of science at the time the tornado hit, playing with the tornado display. +co: you got my number off the news? +systems like the ones that we were creating on the fly could exist ahead of time. +mo: data. +in our hometown, we trained a half-dozen residents to run these web tools on their own. +and i met julius the last week that i was living in kibera. +'in case you owe one month, the landlord will come with his henchmen and bundle you out. he will confiscate your things, 'armstrong said. +this is perhaps the most primitive shanty that you can find in kibera, little more than a stick-and-mud hut next to a garbage heap. +it's on very steep ground. +one is people need a guarantee they won't be evicted. +the future of these communities is in the people and in our ability to work with those people. +i don't know where julian morrow got that from. +see it up there? +one is another american inventor ted henter. +many websites we can't read using jaws and the other technologies. +i think i have to say goodbye now. +interestingly enough, other neurologic diseases which affect very different parts of the brain also show tangles of misfolded protein, which suggests that the approach might be a general one, and might be used to cure many neurologic diseases, not just alzheimer's disease. +i'm going to ignore their cautions and make one very specific forecast. +so this is a time of great flourishing, and the more i look around, the more convinced i become that this quote, from the physicist freeman dyson, is not hyperbole at all. +and to make them really stereotypical, let's make them both white guys. +and if you find yourself worried that something like a guaranteed income is going to stifle our drive to succeed and make us kind of complacent, you might be interested to know that social mobility, one of the things we really pride ourselves on in the united states, is now lower than it is in the northern european countries that have these very generous social safety nets. +the realities of this new machine age and the change in the economy are becoming more widely known. +i have become more and more uncomfortable with this perception of god over the years. +some have concluded that we can only believe in a god who shares our pain. +in the second verse comes the line, "the wind and waves obey him." +so who is god, if not the great puppet-master or the tribal protector? +what if god is in things? +how could one practice such a faith? +and so, i want to kind of go through my little story of what i found out. +and if we study those hunter-gatherer tribes and the neanderthal, which are very similar to early man, we find out a very curious thing about this world without technology, and this is a kind of a curve of their average age. +it was sort of, in a certain sense, in a mcluhan sense, an external stomach, in the sense that it was cooking food that we could not eat otherwise. +while this is something that comes from our mind, it also has its roots deeply into the cosmos. +it's a branching off from the human form. +i think that really leads nowhere. +that's what we get from technology all the time. that's why people leave villages and go into cities, is because they are always gravitating towards increased choices and possibilities. +meanwhile, i had grown up around a lot of teachers. +so the idea was that we would be working on whatever we're working on, at 2: 30 p.m. the students flow in and you put down what you're doing, or you trade, or you work a little bit later or whatever it is. +that was just my one thing -- i said we had to have something that drops on people's heads. +and we found ourselves full every day with kids. +the key thing is, even if you only have a couple of hours a month, those two hours shoulder-to-shoulder, next to one student, concentrated attention, shining this beam of light on their work, on their thoughts and their self-expression, is going to be absolutely transformative, because so many of the students have not had that ever before. +they work under the teacher's guide, and it's all in one big room. +and so then they're all sold in the store. this is near the planks. +they didn't want to sell pirate supplies. +so this is the space during tutoring hours. +anyway. so i'm going to jump ahead. +the schools need you. the teachers need you. +you see, i grew up in war-torn iraq, and i believe that there are two sides of wars and we've only seen one side of it. +this is where we conceive of rape and casualties as inevitabilities. +there is a side that fights, and there is a side that keeps the schools and the factories and the hospitals open. +a congolese woman, who was telling me about how her children saw their father killed in front of them and saw her raped in front of them and mutilated in front of them, and her children saw their nine-year-old sibling killed in front of them, how they're doing okay right now. +zainab salbi: women, wartime and the dream of peace +and she has this show, "the simple life." +last month, i was at google, and, boy, that cafeteria, man. +and she's very important in my life, because she's the one that told me to leave mit and go to art school. +so if you compare complexities to simplicity, it's also catching up in a way, too. +and when you're told this, you feel kind of weird. +so, i went back to the computer, and i bought five large fries, and scanned them all. and i was looking for some kind of food theme, and i wrote some software to automatically lay out french-fry images. +it's a bit eerie, isn't it? +this book i wrote because i want to figure out life. +and this is the fourth time, and i come here for this wisdom, i think. +environmental challenges fall into the same three categories, and most of what we think about are local environmental problems: air pollution, water pollution, hazardous waste dumps. but there are also regional environmental problems, like acid rain from the midwest to the northeast, and from western europe to the arctic, and from the midwest out the mississippi into the dead zone of the gulf of mexico. +you all know that. at the last ipcc summary, the scientists wanted to say, "how certain are you?" they wanted to answer that "99 percent." +we have to have a unified view of how to go about this: the struggle against poverty in the world and the challenge of cutting wealthy country emissions, all has a single, very simple solution. +what we need is another hero generation. those of us who are alive in the united states of america today especially, but also the rest of the world, have to somehow understand that history has presented us with a choice -- just as jill [bolte] taylor was figuring out how to save her life while she was distracted by the amazing experience that she was going through. +so they're saying the right things and they may -- whichever of them is elected -- may do the right thing, but let me tell you: when i came back from kyoto in 1997, with a feeling of great happiness that we'd gotten that breakthrough there, and then confronted the united states senate, only one out of 100 senators was willing to vote to confirm, to ratify that treaty. whatever the candidates say has to be laid alongside what the people say. +a change in commitment. a new sense of urgency. +and this exhibition is about the work of designers that help us be more elastic, and also of designers that really work on this elasticity as an opportunity. and one last thing is that it's not only designers, but it's also scientists. +he's thinking -- of course it's all a concept -- of injecting typefaces into spermatozoa, i don't know how to say it in english -- spermatazoi -- in order to make them become -- to almost have a song or a whole poem written with every ejaculation. +in this particular case a section will be devoted to information design. +rapid manufacturing is a computer file sent directly from the computer to the manufacturing machine. +another shape is made for cancer. +and many designers have been working recently on the idea of death and mourning, and what we can do about it today with new technologies. +we did it in three steps. +and the same pattern emerged in each conflict. +so what's going on? +the opposite happened. +and within jewish teachings, the rabbinic teachings, we have hillel, who taught that you shouldn't do to others what you don't like being done to yourself. +and then god looked to the future and realized, if the world was created just with justice, the world couldn't exist. +and that unity is something that connects all of creation. +and he rushed home. and after the sabbath, he made 12 loaves of bread, took them to the synagogue, went into the synagogue, opened the ark and said, "god, i don't know why you want this bread, but here you are." +and he called the two of them to his office. +it persists for months and oftentimes for years, and when that happens, it is its own disease. +but the worst part was, not the spontaneous pain that was there 24 hours a day. +we treat these patients in a rather crude fashion at this point in time. +if you look out your window and you can see long's peak, you're probably familiar with it. +so it's about a mile across, 600 feet deep. +let me note that we have not had a giant impact like the dinosaur-killer for 65 million years. they're very rare. +now the good news is that the odds of it actually passing through this keyhole and hitting us next go-around are one in a million, roughly -- very, very low odds, so i personally am not lying awake at night worrying about this at all. +and there are a lot of other problems with that. it's very hard to do. +this probe actually can't use chemical rockets. +so i thought that it will be good to start with it. +and we all had all of that on tapes. +it's so obvious, straight in your face, and somebody must have thought of it. +you see banks -- i don't know if there are any bankers over here; i apologize in advance -- but it's the best job in the world. +just quickly on the results. +he goes and sees the governor. the governor says, boris nikolayevich, i understand you are doing a great job, and you are the most respected newspaper in our district. +because when you think about the importance, some of the issues that we were talking about last night -- this last session we had about africa and his hypothetical 50 billion dollars destined for africa. +now we do daydreaming in 11: 30 with 55 seconds left. +what happens to matter if you chop it up very fine? +and suppose they have, you know, very different sensory apparatus, and so on. +and in a lot of familiar cases, they of course are. +it's a very simple example. +now, here is a very exciting development that many people have not heard of. +it's the same theory of gravity. +presumably, they mean something supernatural. +how true for lincoln. +so then he surprised the nation with an upset victory for the presidency over three far more experienced, far more educated, far more celebrated rivals. +but even in his wildest dreams, lincoln could never have imagined how far his reputation would reach. +but it was not to be that simple. +a victor in a thousand contests, three great civil rights laws, medicare, aid to education. +one of his favorite stories, for example, had to do with the revolutionary war hero, ethan allen. +and i was so excited -- first person i'd ever see outside of ebbets field. +but luckily, my first confession -- to a baseball-loving priest! +and i want to begin with one episode from that sequence of events that most of you would be very familiar with, belshazzar's feast -- because we're talking about the iran-iraq war of 539 bc. +and what is the great king, the powerful king, the king of the four quarters of the world going to do? +it was the largest empire the world had known until then. +no other evidence. +and equally, he'd have been surprised that he was acting under orders from marduk. +they want to borrow the cyrus cylinder. +and i want to finish by asking you what the next story will be in which this object figures. +and it's only when it goes wrong that we start to realize the importance of families to children. +for those without disabilities, at age three, they're transferred to another institution, and at age seven, to yet another. segregated according to age and gender, they are arbitrarily separated from their siblings, often without even a chance to say goodbye. +people need to know the harm that institutions cause to children, and the better alternatives that exist. +because it's obviously incredibly frightening. +and that's why we wanted it to be the 21st of september as the date of peace. +and just staying in the moment with it was a beautiful thing and really empowering actually. +it didn't matter if it didn't create a day of peace. +and i remember thinking, "this is exactly why, actually, we have to work even harder. +it was historical. could it work in afghanistan with unama and who and civil society, etc., etc., etc.? +and we did, and we traveled around, and we spoke to elders, we spoke to doctors, we spoke to nurses, we held press conferences, we went out with soldiers, we sat down with isaf, we sat down with nato, we sat down with the u.k. government. +and we gave the film over. +ultimately, that's what it's about. " +it's about your constituencies; it's about your businesses. +but let's play along. +so this to me became the important question to answer: how many neurons does the human brain have, and how does that compare to other animals? +compared to a rat, we might seem special, yes, but that's not a fair comparison to make, given that we know that we are not rodents. +when you eat like a primate, you can't afford both. +and i think that's how we got to become human. +i'm fascinated with the idea of what happens when you merge biology with technology, and i remember reading about this idea of being able to reprogram biology, in the future, away from disease and aging. +it's a very logical plan, but it was not always like this. +but one day, something happened. +the man, his name was mahmoud, and the child, whose name was rafi, left. +it's not a priority. " +the stump or cast prosthesis was made, and he was starting the real physical rehabilitation. +no need of staying with me all the day pushing my wheelchair. " +i don't want them to be teased at school by the other students. " +but with najmuddin, we cannot discuss. +they are 7,000 every year -- people coming for the first time. +this is my big wish. +i want to tell you some stories that explain my view. +their decisions, their actions matter. +what lessons would you take from an experience like this? +and i was part of that. +now, i was a little scared because when you see those three problems, they seem really hard to deal with. +and he signs off, "thank you." +it says a lot about her peers who elected her. +can you see it? +so when we want to learn whether a planet is habitable, whether it might be amenable to life, we want to know not only how much total light it receives and how warm it is, but we want to know about its space weather -- this high-energy radiation, the uv and the x-rays that are created by its star and that bathe it in this bath of high-energy radiation. +wrong. i'm not looking at you. i can't see you. +but there exists out there a very large population of people who will tell you that they have psychic, magical powers that they can predict the future, that they can make contact with the deceased. +she doesn't bring any useful information to us. +"did he ever have an electric razor?" "no." +now, without that, how could we possibly function? +she couldn't reach me. now she says she doesn't want to reach me because i'm a godless person. +now folks, this is not just a metaphor i'm going to give you now, it's true. +those are very important, critically important to us. +legendary skeptic james randi takes a fatal dose of homeopathic sleeping pills onstage, kicking off a searing 18-minute indictment of irrational beliefs. he throws out a challenge to the world's psychics: prove what you do is real, and i'll give you a million dollars. +so it runs frequently, the entire hospital, just on a generator. +there has to be something better. " +but this gives control to the provider, whether there's power or not, because they can adjust the flow based on the percentage of oxygen they see that they're giving their patient. +but we still want to be sure that this is the most effective and safe device that we can be putting into hospitals. +some logos designed by my students. +the creative spirit in africa, the creative tradition, is as potent as it has always been, if only designers could look within. +it's a holocaust of a different kind, and hiding under our desks isn't going to help. +now, there's no time to get into the benefits of eating plants here, but the evidence is that plants -- and i want to make this clear -- it's not the ingredients in plants, it's the plants. +half the people who developed the food pyramid have ties to agribusiness. +margarine didn't exist. +the effects of this are well known. they are everywhere. +most moms cooked like mine: a piece of broiled meat, a quickly made salad with bottled dressing, canned soup, canned fruit salad. +leading the way -- what's leading the way? +and i say this as a man who has eaten a fair share of corned beef in his life. +we can continue the search for the ingredients we love, and we can continue to spin yarns about our favorite meals. +sound familiar? +if i can ask an indiscreet question, how many of you have tattoos? +myth number two: orpheus, wonderful guy, charming to be around, great partier, great singer, loses his beloved, charms his way into the underworld, only person to charm his way into the underworld, charms the gods of the underworld, they release his beauty on the condition he never look at her until they're out. +some of these have already been touched upon by other speakers, which is encouraging. +52 million people die of natural causes each year corresponds, then, to 52 million volumes destroyed. +if we were to take into account future generations that will never come into existence if we blow ourselves up, then the figure becomes astronomical. +we were very successful. +so if you think about what it means to learn arithmetic or to learn to read, you're actually, literally rewriting your own brain. +and they would just stare at us with bafflement when we spend time listening to a beautiful performance, like the one we just heard -- because of people making stupid movements, and they would be really irritated and wouldn't see what we were up to. +so then, you move off to this larger sphere of "human +," and you could continue that process and eventually explore a lot of this larger space of possible modes of being. +ts: those are permanent magnets, yeah. +ts: yeah, well let's put a couple of canvases. +and then when i did the second one, it really disturbed the piece -- these big blue lines crashing through the center of it -- and so it created a kind of tension and an overlap. +you know, it seems at this stage in your life, you also very personally are in this state of confrontation with a sort of dissonant -- i suppose it's an electromagnetic force that somehow governs your parkinson's and this creative force that is both the artist who is in the here and now and this sort of arc of your whole life. +ts: thank you, john. +my mother comes out, and he asks her for money, but she doesn't have enough. +i grew up in the middle of nowhere on a dirt road in rural arkansas, an hour from the nearest movie theater. +one of them, i call my mimaw's test. +i'm under the river with those fish. +one of these is scratch-off masterpieces. +what he did was to get wild birds to make his art for him. +and so we got to the grave and made this, which was hilarious -- the attention that we got. +and also they reference how the uvula -- everything they say is fallen because of the forbidden fruit. +he's an australian aboriginal elder, and he's also an artist. +and you would think that should have nothing to do with one another, but i hope by the end of these 18 minutes, you'll see a little bit of a relation. +and what changed is something you might not have expected in an art, which is math. +and if you don't want to fold 400 scales, you can back off and just do a few things, and add plates to the back of a turtle, or toes. +we're going to learn how to make one flap. +and i can use those patterns now to create origami shapes. +toes have become an origami meme, because everyone's doing it. +they certainly didn't need to talk to origami artists. +the problem that's being solved here is something that needs to be big and sheet-like at its destination, but needs to be small for the journey. +forrest north: the beginning of any collaboration starts with a conversation. +he came up with our name and logo. we're mission motors. +the 200,000-year period in which men have been top dog is truly coming to an end, believe it or not, and that's why i talk about the "end of men." +and so they decided, because they were intrigued by this finding, to do a nationwide survey. +but that really isn't true anymore. +and what's even more disturbing is what's happening with younger boys. +and i think the reason it has a sting is because thousands of years of history don't reverse themselves without a lot of pain, and that's why i talk about us all going through this together. +but over the '70s and' 80s, the south korea government decided they wanted to rapidly industrialize, and so what they did was, they started to push women into the workforce. +and we have a lot of skill and experience, but it's a trick, so how are you supposed to prepare to get through that glass ceiling? +and the man who talked at that evening lecture was very interesting. +and it's interesting, if you think about it, how, when we think about the civilizations that we look up to as having been pinnacles of human achievement -- whether it's china, greece, the hindu civilization, or the mayas, or egyptians -- what we know about them is really about their ecstasies, not about their everyday life. +whether it's mathematics or music, it takes that long to be able to begin to change something in a way that it's better than what was there before. +you know that what you need to do is possible to do, even though difficult, and sense of time disappears, you forget yourself, you feel part of something larger. +even though sometimes watching television about seven to eight percent of the time is in flow, but that's when you choose a program you really want to watch and you get feedback from it. +and if "where do you come from?" +and the number of us who live outside the old nation-state categories is increasing so quickly, by 64 million just in the last 12 years, that soon there will be more of us than there are americans. +and yet, there is one great problem with movement, and that is that it's really hard to get your bearings when you're in midair. +and i sat down, and i began to write, and write, and write, even though i'd gone there really to get away from my desk. +thank you. +i'm going to talk now about how world population has changed from that year and into the future, but i will not use digital technology, as i've done during my first five tedtalks. +and the most successful of the developing countries, they have moved on, you know, and they have become emerging economies, we call them. +will they move on? +the whole emerging world joins the western world with good child survival and small family size, but we still have the poorest billion. +the world's population will grow to 9 billion over the next 50 years -- and only by raising the living standards of the poorest can we check population growth. this is the paradoxical answer that hans rosling unveils at ted @ cannes using colorful new data display technology. +we are left with this missing space of increased deaths the further north you go. +and i started doing research, and we found, very excitingly, that the skin produces nitric oxide. +now, what we were careful to do was, vitamin d is made by ultraviolet b rays and we wanted to separate our story from the vitamin d story. +there is no change in blood flow, in dilatation of the blood vessels. +and this is ongoing work, but dermatologists -- i mean, i'm a dermatologist. +these are major issues. +so, your body is constantly regenerating. +it disintegrates a few months later. +and this is an x-ray showing you the patent, functional blood vessel. +but there are other hollow organs that have added complexity to it. +another strategy that we have followed is actually to use decellularized organs. +we are limited with distances right now, but our goal is actually to increase those distances over time. +he finally stops the runaway stage. +i would be willing to bet that i'm the dumbest guy in the room because i couldn't get through school. i struggled with school. +what we do is we sit and teach our kids all the things they shouldn't do: don't hit; don't bite; don't swear. +all three of the founders of netscape had it. +is it thing one or thing two? what is it? +and i remember this one customer so vividly because i also did some other stuff with these clients. +i also learned, don't reveal your source, because i got beat up after about four weeks of doing this because one of the rich kids found out where i was buying my comics from, and he didn't like the fact that he was paying a lot more. +and you could stuff pins in them. +then i would go up and deliver them to these 70-year-old women playing bridge. +that was cool because then i had retail outlets. +and then they don't have a regular check, but they have more opportunities to find more stuff, and they learn the skill of negotiating, and they learn the skill of finding opportunities as well. +if you go into a restaurant and you have bad customer service, show them what bad customer service looks like. +it's a video that was done by one of the companies that i mentor. +we have even managed to make the study of literature arcane. +a harrowing predilection for the uses of force had become commonplace, with an equal distaste for the alternative forms of influence. +but structures designed to connect, rather than divide mutually dependent circles, rather than isolating triangles. +the most important discovery we made in our focus on public action was to appreciate that the hard choices are not between good and evil, but between competing goods. +president obama and his team simply cannot do it alone. +okay, see? it's done. it's almost done. here we go. +they recognize: both of these things have to live together. +they are acting in the sense that they're emulating the original mashup. +in the good old days when this republican ran that company, their greatest work was work that built on the past, right. +now, i think there are lessons we should learn here, lessons about openness. +you could still buy the music, but you couldn't hear anything because it had been silenced. +anyway, please join me in teaching these values. +if you don't say the right creative thing, you're going to be judged. +and something else happened, these people who went through the process and touched the snake ended up having less anxiety about other things in their lives. +about that time he was at the d.school at stanford taking classes. +so while you're sitting around with the other patients in your pajamas and everybody's pale and thin and you're waiting for your turn to get the gamma rays, you think of a lot of things. +thank you. +let's take a look at what's going on in different space types in this building. +when he met me and realized that it was possible for him to study in a quantitative way how his design choices impacted the ecology and biology of this building, he got really excited, because it added a new dimension to what he did. +so let's just run through these guys. +the system was designed to augment human intelligence, it was called. +these are some examples of this system in action in the late 80s. +and according to fortune magazine, he's worth 700 million dollars. +in fact, someone on reddit thought, "oh, what a great thing, we should all vote this up." +they even created an e-card so you could send your friend a dancing splashy. +i am a native of burkina faso. +fundraising was not an easy task. +and for me and my community, this project was a huge success. +i would like to share with you this. +yes, you know it. +and when you look through them, you get a glimpse into the mind of the cyber-illusionist. +voice: don't tell, or it won't come true. +digital mt: this is without a question the real thing. +now the big question here is obviously, how do we make sense of china? +the first is that the most important political value for the chinese is unity, is the maintenance of chinese civilization. +the chinese have a very, very different conception of race to most other countries. +it's had no serious rivals. +so there we have three building blocks for trying to understand the difference that is china -- the civilization-state, the notion of race and the nature of the state and its relationship to society. +first, the west is rapidly losing its influence in the world. +now this is the way things are going to move, because china has a very specific problem, which is different from europe and different from the united states: china has huge numbers of people and no space. +red = drums, blue = bass, green = chords, orange = leads, purple = pads the mouthpiece consists of... +it's been eight years, and i can tell you that i didn't go to china to become a lawyer. +[chinese] "big sister wong," washburn, wong, same difference. +what about art? +everyone was glued to the tv, watching disturbing, frightening images taken from the edge of the neighborhood. +when we got there, we just went in the street, started talking with people everywhere, and we realized that things were a bit different from the rhetoric we heard in the media. +people come around us and start asking, "what are you doing here?" +i just observed. +then the next day, i held a meeting on the main square and some women came. +we went to africa, sudan, sierra leone, liberia, kenya. +you know what i love is, for example, when you see the biggest eye there, there are so [many] houses inside. +for each project we do a film. +but yesterday the city called them and said, "look, you're going to have to tear it down. +actually the fact that art cannot change things makes it a neutral place for exchanges and discussions, and then enables you to change the world. +and we come from a long tradition of sharing. +one of the founders went to switzerland, saw it implemented someplace, said, "wow, that looks really cool. +the number across the u.s. and western europe is eight percent. +so here we have ludotruck, which is in l.a., doing the things that gourmet food trucks do, and they've gathered quite a following. +super fun, and it happens in a very transitional neighborhood. +the future, as we know it, is very unpredictable. +we've seen it in the financial crisis. we've seen it in the pandemic flu. +but will this only be available for the super rich, for those that can afford it? are we headed for a new eugenics? +an individual, for the first time in the history of humanity, will have the capacity, by 2030, to destroy the planet, to wreck everything, through the creation, for example, of a biopathogen. +i'm not on top of the class. +but, most importantly, while i was traveling, i taught children cartooning, and in exchange, i learned how to be spontaneous. +i was hesitant to include this in my presentation because this cartoon was published soon after 9 / 11. +everything had to be larger. the next painting was even bigger. +this is a work, a library i designed for the robin hood foundation. +so then i said, "nets, what do i do?" +we had fashion designers, installation artists, models, we had makeup artists, jewelry designers, all kinds of people working with me to make my wedding an art installation. +my works also turned autobiographical. +you know i sat at home and i watched. +and i drew it out for her. +e: achoo! +can you get down? +because one of her favorite folks from back home is here, and she's pretty nervous to meet him. +e: quack, quack, quack. +sw: you are very special. what would you like to say to all these nice people? +and on one particular day, the campers were jumping through inner tubes, they were diving through inner tubes. and i thought this would be great fun. +i started seeking out triathletes because i found that lifelong swimmers often couldn't teach what they did. +the head is held in line with the spine, so that you use strategic water pressure to raise your legs up -- very important, especially for people with lower body fat. +so i thought why not punish myself? i'll do japanese. +and that set me on this panic driven search for the perfect language method. +and so i ended up walking like this. +i interviewed these people because they all taught in buenos aires. +that's just one benefit of that. +what i want to talk about today is one idea. +now not surprisingly, that influenced some people to think we were onto something. +geoff mulgan: a short intro to the studio school +and the philistine who is sent down, their mighty warrior, is a giant. +so david, in that story, is supposed to be the underdog, right? +if you go back over the history of ancient warfare, you will find time and time again that slingers were the decisive factor against infantry in one kind of battle or another. +and then there's this whole weird thing about how long it takes goliath to react to the sight of david. +and that would also explain so much of what was strange about his behavior that day. +and something festered inside me after this happened. +we have millions of genes of microbes in our human microbiome covering us. +and so, these studies have documented or suggested out of a variety of important functions for the microbial community, this cloud, the non-pathogens that live in and on us. +we should treat it carefully and with respect, and we do not want to mess with it, say by c-sections or by antibiotics or excessive cleanliness, without some real good justification. +and that's what we're doing. so wikipedia -- you just saw the little demonstration of it -- it's a freely licensed encyclopedia. it's written by thousands of volunteers all over the world in many, many languages. +and he's only been our employee since january 2005, all the other growth before that. +the media has covered this somewhat extensively. +we should merely report on what reputable parties have said about it. +these are the people who are doing the bulk of the site, and they are, in a sense, semi-professionals at what they're doing, that the standards we set for ourselves are equal to or higher than professional standards of quality. +so somebody says, "delete it, please. delete it -- it's not notable." +and i also like to say she's the only person who actually knows all the rules of wikipedia, so... +ben saunders: yeah, hi, ben saunders. +i and my colleagues art aron and lucy brown and others, have put 37 people who are madly in love into a functional mri brain scanner. +almost nobody gets out of love alive. +we found activity in a tiny, little factory near the base of the brain called the ventral tegmental area. +two thousand years later, we can explain this in the brain. +i've also come to believe that romantic love is an addiction: a perfectly wonderful addiction when it's going well, and a perfectly horrible addiction when it's going poorly. +our newest experiment has been hatched by my colleague, art aron -- putting people who are reporting that they are still in love, in a long-term relationship, into the functional mri. +so, i will close with this. these are my older people. +i'm not quite sure. +three: sinew used in the outer layer of the limb for maximum tension storage. +dong woo jang: the art of bow-making +and like all the dolphins in our community, we photographed mugsy and tracked her little spots and nicks in her dorsal fin, and also the unique spot patterns as she matured over time. +and they use these burst-pulsed sounds as well as their head-to-head behaviors when they're fighting. +this underwater keyboard in orlando, florida, at the epcot center, was actually the most sophisticated ever two-way interface designed for humans and dolphins to work together under the water and exchange information. +the diver here has a rope toy, and i'm on the keyboard on the left, and i've just played the rope key, and that's the request for the toy from the human. +the dolphin's at the keyboard. +denise herzing: could we speak the language of dolphins? +it's based on an argentinian rhythm called "carnivalito." +commentator: there he is. +so the idea was, okay, keep that feeling of freedom, but change the vector and increase the time. +because this is -- i'm quite an experienced manager of systems as a pilot, but this is really -- you need fluidity, you need to be agile and also to adapt really fast. +so i did try to take, again, a climb altitude. +with that, i have to adapt to something new. +yr: i have a standard answer. +i bet those prehistoric cave artists would have loved to know how to draw better. +worryingly, there is no consensus about what it is. +we don't see those nuclear reactions in stars. +so we perceive nothing as what it really is. +why a marriage contract and not any other reason for regular annual action? +it's the basic regulating principle of the enlightenment. +so this little slide here shows you an optometrist and the little blue person represents about 10,000 people and that's the ratio in the u.k. +i have a global vision for vision. +i have to say, it wasn't exactly what i had in mind for my first day down under. +so, the new festival, it asks the audience to play an essential role in shaping the performance. +case in point: when "the sultan's elephant" came to london just nine months after 7 / 7, a londoner wrote, "for the first time since the london bombings, my daughter called up with that sparkle back in her voice. +["academy award winner for visual effects"] second doctor: welcome to your new body, jake.first doctor: good. +and what these images are -- you'll see them at the start of the slide show -- there's only about four images -- but it's of a little bear that lives in the great bear rainforest. +after a while of reading this in the news, it just becomes news. +but unfortunately, 95 percent of the glaciers in the arctic are also receding right now to the point that the ice is ending up on land and not injecting any ice back into the ecosystem. +after an hour in these conditions, it's so extreme that, when i go down, almost every dive i vomit into my regulator because my body can't deal with the stress of the cold on my head. +when i'm on my deathbed, i'm going to remember one story more than any other. +it just sees this big balloon in the ocean -- it doesn't have hands -- it's going to take a little bite, the boat pops, and off they go. +i put my flippers on. i could barely part my lips. +this just didn't happen a couple of times. +it's a story that lives deep in my heart, and i'm proud to share this with you. +now that you're done looking at those, close them down, because every phone has something in common. +now, instead of doing it like misdirection and throwing it off to the side, instead, what i choose to focus on is frank, to be able to play with the frank inside your head, your little security guard, and get you, instead of focusing on your external senses, just to go internal for a second. +do you have a wallet on you? joe: i don't. +open your hand. thank you very much. +i'm going to try to push it inside your hand. +down here i noticed this. is this something of yours, sir? +never have been. +we did not imagine that there would be this many maps around the world. +could we leverage these technologies to switch smartly whenever you travel from country to country? +and the local financing is not part of the ecosystem for supporting hardware projects. +we need to look for something else, and we've gotten ourselves a little bit into a rut. +this last project is also of components. +you can actually predict what kinds of books they like to read, what kinds of places they like to travel to, and what kinds of food they like to eat. +and by the matrix, i mean literally the matrix, like the movie "the matrix." +it gives us very strong feelings about those who cause harm. +i think this is what we come with, at least a preparedness to learn all of these things. +notice also that on all of these graphs, the slope is steeper on in-group, authority, purity. +so this triptych, these three panels portray the timeless truth that order tends to decay. +because i think that the greatest wonder in the world is not the grand canyon. +they want order, even at some cost to those at the bottom. +can you be not for or against anything? +what i want to talk to you about today is some of the problems that the military of the western world -- australia, united states, u.k. and so on -- face in some of the deployments that they're dealing with in the modern world at this time. +so again, they would say, "well if we have access to non-lethal weapons, if we've got someone we know is hostile, we can do something to deal with them and know that if we hit anyone else around the place, at least, again, we're not going to kill them." +they generally seem to think, "well, why would we care what's happened with the police? +so the next two years were the years they studied -- 2001, 2002. +it was used indiscriminately. +in fact, he was probably six inches taller than me, and she was about this tall. +they're trained to be more restrained in the use of force than the military are. +and the question he had is, "can i do it? can it be done?" +we have art students getting together, taking old radiator parts and doing an iron-pour to make something new out of it. +they're a bit subversive in what they do. +and then he didn't particularly like school that much, but he got involved in robotics competitions, and he realized he had a talent, and, more importantly, he had a real passion for it. +now that could be a dog door, it could be someone going somewhere where they shouldn't, like a little brother into a little sister's room. +this is steve wozniak. where does he learn about computers? +and drew barrymore, for all her wonderful charm, is not glamorous either. +and this is hedy lamarr. +this is filippino lippi's 1543 portrait of saint apollonia. +so you can do a glamorized picture of a car, but you can't do a glamorized picture of traffic. +the sense of, you know, life could be better, i could join this -- i could be a perfect person, i could join this perfect world. +so, this session's supposed to be about pure pleasure but glamour's really partly about meaning. +it was criticized for glamorizing violence, because, look -- sunglasses and those long coats, and, of course, they could walk up walls and do all these kinds of things that are impossible in the real world. +so she's even more glamorous if you know that she really wasn't stupid, even though she thought she could look stupid. +it was a way of locating myself. +oh sure, sure, i had moments of appreciation of my body, the way an abusive parent can sometimes have a moment of kindness. +i heard about a little girl who couldn't stop peeing on herself because so many grown soldiers had shoved themselves inside her. +and the fire that burned in me on day three through six of chemo is the fire that is burning in the forests of the world. +it was the honey in the water that made it sweet, it was the oil that made it sick. +it was all these things. +obviously the whole project here is huge. +and ivan puts his sandwich over here, on top of the pirate chest. +which sandwich is he going to take? +no, because the wind should get in trouble. +now she thinks the powder is sugar. +okay, so it causes a small involuntary contraction in my hand by putting a magnetic pulse in my brain. +so, there's a couple of things to say about tms. +that's a great answer. rebecca saxe, thank you very much. that was fantastic. +and sometimes it takes a wake-up call, doesn't it, to alert us to the fact that we're hurrying through our lives, instead of actually living them; that we're living the fast life, instead of the good life. +but i think if you cut through those forces, you get to what might be the deeper driver, the nub of the question, which is how we think about time itself. +and in this, towns begin to rethink how they organize the urban landscape, so that people are encouraged to slow down and smell the roses and connect with one another. +and norway, sweden, denmark and finland now rank among the top six most competitive nations on earth, and they work the kind of hours that would make the average american weep with envy. +i think there's a kind of metaphysical dimension -- that speed becomes a way of walling ourselves off from the bigger, deeper questions. +i no longer hear time's winged chariot drawing near, or at least not as much as i did before. +how do you discover the uniqueness of a project as unique as a person? +and when there were complaints about budget, i said, "well, it's worth doing the island because you get twice for your money: reflections." +and i went down and chief minister badal said to me, "we sikhs have suffered a great deal, as you have jews. +and again, i felt kind of uncomfortable with the notion that a building the size of the washington building -- 50,000 square feet -- will sit on that fragile hill and that we will go into galleries -- rooms with doors and sort of familiar rooms -- to tell the story of the holocaust. +studies for the structure of the roof, which demands maybe new materials: how to make it white, how to make it translucent, how to make it glowing, how to make it not capricious. +so i think i'm going to start with what i just heard. +so i'm going to show you, we're going to play just for a second. +well we're jazz musicians, so stereotypically we don't have a great relationship to finance. +namaste. salaam. +i have come from a place of intense darkness. +actually, i come from britain, but i've been living in maldives for 26 years now. +it comes off the ocean here and is drawn up towards india. +now, the particular species of dragonfly i want to talk about is this one, because most dragonflies, like the one we've just seen, when the adult is there for its brief one or two months of life, it doesn't go very far. it can't travel very far. +and i didn't think anything more of it until the following year, when it happened again, and then the year after that, and then the year after that. +you're too keen. you're too keen. no. hang on. hang on. +it stretches about 500 miles, of course it's india here. +that's the inter-monsoon, the time when the monsoon changes. +the larvae have to develop very quickly. +and the dragonflies are there. i have reports from my various contacts. +and i only stumbled on this because i was living in malé, in maldives for long enough for it to percolate into my brain that something rather special was going on. +and they are not the only one that makes the crossing. +so, that's what i've done with my life. +champion sounds so goofy, but it's what it was, right? +and this one, look how it slides sideways, every which way? +this one, a little sketchy going backwards, and watch the back foot, watch the back foot. +and they're not all bad. +next. and this is something deeper, and this is where i'm — i think i was on tour when i, i was reading one of the feynman biographies. it was the red one or the blue one. +and so many people, i guess, watch those videos. +but carl norden is really the one who cracks the code. +so in the years leading up to the second world war, the u.s. military buys 90,000 of these norden bombsights at a cost of $14,000 each -- again, in 1940 dollars, that's a lot of money. +well how many cloudless skies do you think there were above central europe between 1940 and 1945? +and their mission was to find and to destroy -- remember the scud missile launchers, those surface-to-air missiles that the iraqis were launching at the israelis? +in that exact same period that we've been using these drones with devastating accuracy, the number of attacks, of suicide attacks and terrorist attacks, against american forces in afghanistan has increased tenfold. +and visiting some pretty incredible places, places like mongolia, cambodia, new guinea, south africa, tanzania twice -- i was here a month ago. +but that's not really the question i'm asking. +but looking around the world at the diversity of humans, he said, "well, you know, we seem to come in discreet sub-species or categories." +and the whole thing, if you add it all together, is over six billion nucleotides long. +and what that means is that we originated in africa. it's written in our dna. +now, africa is the most tropical continent on the planet -- about 85 percent of it lies between cancer and capricorn -- and there aren't a lot of glaciers here, except on the high mountains here in east africa. +we became much more social. the social networks expanded. +and it's based on a few thousand people we've sampled from, you know, a handful of populations around the world. +projects around the world -- documenting oral poetry in sierra leone, preserving traditional weaving patterns in gaza, language revitalization in tajikistan, etc., etc. +well, the answer seems to be, the universe can create complexity, but with great difficulty. +and at first, it's just a blur, but very quickly distinct things begin to appear in that blur. +stars will create the goldilocks conditions for crossing two new thresholds. +you also need a great diversity of chemical elements, and you need liquid such as water. +as it copies itself, once in every billion rungs, there tends to be an error. +we are blessed with a language, a system of communication, so powerful and so precise that we can share what we've learned with such precision that it can accumulate in the collective memory. +collective learning is a very, very powerful force, and it's not clear that we humans are in charge of it. +and then they blame the banks for being the bad guys who gave them the mortgages. +low-income people spend a lot more than a thousand on lotteries. +take out those who say they save too little. +or as some economists call it, present bias. +what are the implications to saving lives and having organs available? +it's very painful, even though it doesn't mean anything. +maybe we should make people save more when they make more money. +if you're thinking about people taking too much risk and not understanding how much risk they're taking or taking too little risk, we need to think about that. +it's completely fucked up and can only be explained in song. +you're live. +have a great session. +when i go out to direct a film, every day we prepare too much, we think too much. +and i say, "cate, what do you want to do?" +so, how far does eternity go? +we tell ourselves stories. +because she fell in love with walter raleigh, she was giving up the reasons she was a queen, and then walter raleigh fell in love with her lady in waiting, and she had to decide whether she was a queen going to war or she wanted... +elizabeth: bess? +elizabeth: this man has seduced a ward of the queen, and she has married without royal consent. +so how do i start all this? +they suck up all the water, keep to themselves, and they drip feed the lower city. +it is finite; harmony is infinite. +i met a guy -- the guy on the left. +we needed to be working on beef. +this is where we stand today. +we need to use less to make more. +they may have a lot of opinions about it, but they're not going to be terribly informed. +are we going to work with 1.5 billion producers? +we need change even working with individual companies is not probably going to get us there. +we're using whatever leverage we have to bring them to the table. +it's more with less and less again. +i am a neuroscientist with a mixed background in physics and medicine. +and i promise to you, this was such an important moment in my career, when i realized that the great leader believed in young people and new ideas. +let me summarize: the rat received a paralyzing lesion of the spinal cord. +they are the result of a young team of very talented people: physical therapists, neurobiologists, neurosurgeons, engineers of all kinds, who have achieved together what would have been impossible by single individuals. +a spinal cord injury can sever the communication between your brain and your body, leading to paralysis. fresh from his lab, grégoire courtine shows a new method -- combining drugs, electrical stimulation and a robot -- that could re-awaken the neural pathways and help the body learn again to move on its own. see how it works, as a paralyzed rat becomes able to run and navigate stairs. +i am an example of what's possible when girls from the very beginning of their lives are loved and nurtured by the people around them. +and i think about that today because i am reminded and convinced that all of you in this school are very important parts of closing that gap. +i loved getting as. +because the world is big. +summertime and the living is easy fish are jumping and the cotton is high oh, your daddy's rich and your ma is good-looking so hush little baby don't you cry and i opened my eyes, and i saw that she had her eyes closed. +"the human voice: mysterious, spontaneous, primal." with these words, soprano claron mcfadden invites us to explore the mysteries of breathing and singing, as she performs the challenging "aria," by john cage. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +no ceo, no firm responsible, singly, for building it. +instead, again, it is as if we are all sitting together in a theater, but we can only see amidst the fog the people immediately around us. +how did this happen? +i am not making this up. +and wikipedia has embraced this. +but then, you can see the same kind of whimsy applied to people. +here is the chart of over 43 people helping to steer the robot that could not steer and get it on its way, from one corner from one corner of washington square park to another. +radical openness is still a distant future in the field of school education. +in red, sort of below oecd average. +spending per student only explains about, well, less than 20 percent of the performance variation among countries, and luxembourg, for example, the most expensive system, doesn't do particularly well. +germany, my own country, in the year 2000, featured in the lower quadrant, below average performance, large social disparities. +it didn't change its economy. it didn't change the compositions of its population. +high performers on pisa embrace diversity with differentiated pedagogical practices. +every school succeeds. +rich countries have been sending aid to poor countries for the last 60 years. +there could be all sorts of technologies. and one is cell phones. +so i started looking for any evidence that -- does connectivity really increase productivity? +and one of them is the lacking buying power. +and anyway, to cut the time short -- so i started -- i first went to them and said, "you know, perhaps i could connect all your branches and make you more efficient." +now, about that cow model i talked about. +"poor countries need aid." +in sweden we read it once and then we went partying. +1858 in china was the victory in the opium war by the british forces. +but really, really natural sovereignty was good for japan. +this is the great leap forward, when china fell down. +you see this enormous inequity in china, in the midst of fast economic growth. +i will show income per person on this axis instead, poor down here, rich up there. +but the real projections for those ones, i would like to give it like this. +for most of my research career, i've been using accelerators, such as the electron accelerator at stanford university, just up the road, to study things on the smallest scale. +in fact, this galaxy and every other galaxy appears to be embedded in a cloud of this invisible dark matter. +now, how do we deduce where the galaxy is? +we call this gravitational lensing. +and also, you can tell by eye, by looking at this, that these arcs are not centered on individual galaxies. +the startling answer to this question, ok, from these experiments, was that space is expanding at a faster rate today than it was a few billion years ago, ok. +one or both, who knows? or it could be something completely different. +we discovered bluegrass a few years ago, and we fell in love with it. we hope you guys will too. +and what was so sad about this particular story was that once their parents had found out -- and don't forget, their parents took them to the doctor -- the parents threw them out on the street. +they squirt them at each other, which is lovely and innocent. +if you know something more, you probably know that uganda, to date, is the only country in sub-saharan africa that has had success in combating the epidemic. +we didn't see anything like that in africa. +so one way to test to see whether we can explain some of this behavior change by differences in life expectancy is to look and see is there more behavior change in areas where there's less malaria. +it's not the only place we had any interventions. +but since there are very few other diseases that kill people, we can really attribute that mortality to hiv. +and hiv is actually particularly closely linked to transit. +their exports went down a lot in the early 1990s -- and actually that decline lines up really, really closely with this decline in new hiv infections. +if i could reveal anything that is hidden from us, at least in modern cultures, it would be to reveal something that we've forgotten, that we used to know as well as we knew our own names. +and he came up to me and he knocked. +so the engineer's boss said, "find a way to quiet this train." +and those bumps act like a magnet for water. +and then we wonder why the membrane clogs and why it takes so much electricity. +embedding nanoparticles in a material for instance, always. +at biomimicry guild, which is my consulting company, we work with hok architects. +and hopefully, with their help, we'll learn how to live on this earth, and on this home that is ours, but not ours alone. +i go, "why?" +they belonged to boys. +if they're bad, they're your creation. learn from it. +what you see, if you see the title called "pm's car held." +i said, "do you pray?" +i want to show you some moments of history in my journey, which probably you would never ever get to see anywhere in the world. +and you see, everybody's busy. there was no time to waste. +text: "help! i've been waiting for over 20 minutes, and nothing happens." +so let me explain how this works. +and basically, since we released it about three or four years ago, a lot of websites have started switching from the old captcha where people wasted their time to the new captcha where people are helping to digitize books. +imagine you're using the internet and you see a captcha that you think is somewhat peculiar, like this captcha. +okay, that's severin hacker. +so i'll just let you read. +so i don't even know if there exists 100 million people out there using the web who are bilingual enough to help us translate. +people really can learn a language with it. +that's the current business model. +instead of investing in a car, we invest in a community. +this peers, inc. concept is in a very difficult and complex realm. +so this was a trick to get these two sides. +and i can tell you two great stories. +we live longer. we have access to technology that would have seemed like science fiction just a few years ago. +maybe these people are right. maybe mind-wandering is a bad thing. +a few minutes ago, i likened mind-wandering to a slot machine you'd never want to play. +and shortly after, we left the country, and we returned to switzerland. +i mean, today, singapore is a first world country and ghana is not. +so when the echo of the gunshots had lingered, it was soon drowned by the chanting of the mob, and i didn't believe what i was hearing. +now i have learned that my place is not just in the west or in africa, and i'm still searching for my identity, but i saw ghana create democracy better. +so i'm going to talk a little bit about that, and what exactly is it that scientists are supposed to do. +so therefore the church said that you can't make a vacuum, you know. +the actual nature of reality was not at issue. +and, i mean, everybody in this room -- now, this is 350 short years ago. +i was thinking about making my own little rockets. +it burned kind of slow, but it made a nice smell, compared to other rocket fuels i had tried, that all had sulfur in them. +but that... process is what i think of as science, see, where you start with some idea, and then instead of, like, looking up, every authority that you've ever heard of i -- sometimes you do that, if you're going to write a paper later, you want to figure out who else has worked on it. +they made all kinds of -- and then finally one giant bomb to end the whole thing, right? +but nobody actually demonstrated it, right? +you know, if they said, you know what? +and in grad school i became interested in creatures that dwell in the hidden corners of the city. +when i got comfortable in the space, it also felt like a big playground. +it must have been a very unusual day for him. +they were consistently dug as limestone quarries and by the 18th century, the caving-in of some of these quarries posed safety threats, so the government ordered reinforcing of the existing quarries and dug new observation tunnels in order to monitor and map the whole place. +and this is the first theater project i worked on. +and if you can, just scribble a pattern. +and when we gave them a battery, and a piece of wire, and a bulb, and said, "can you do it?" they couldn't do it. right? +between australia and here, right, they've got summer and we've got winter, and what -- does the earth kind of rush towards the sun at night, and then rush back again? i mean, it's a very strange thing going on, and we hold these two models in our head, of what's right and what isn't right, and we do that, as human beings, in all sorts of fields. +so, children are not empty vessels, ok? +now -- oh, oh yeah, go on then, go on. +so when i thought about it, then suddenly i realized that biology gave us the answer. +so as a chemist, i wanted to say, "hang on. what is going on here? +you have regulation; information is transcribed; catalysts are made; stuff is happening. +so there are two options: intelligent design, direct and indirect -- so god, or my friend. +i need some information, and i need a container. +if we manage to do that, forget the molecular detail. +you're sitting on chairs. +because the thing is, we are so chauvinistic to biology, if you take away carbon, there's other things that can happen. +and i will take kenya as an example. +have got these surveys in place in their database, then they use advanced mathematical formulas to produce a trend line, and the trend line looks like this. +so what i'm telling you is that we know the child mortality. +here we have [the] year. +my ancestors moved to the united states. +here we have a problem. +and look now, the first african countries here are coming in. +that is, when we get girls in school, we'll get an impact 15 to 20 years later, which is a secular trend which is very strong. +and if they do so, then, of course, the conditions improve, and they start riding on scooters. +of course, as soon as you say something like this people say it is impossible, and that's what was said by suzuki. +broke many norms of the standard conventions for the first time. +and nano was, bang, 2,000 dollars. +you have to design an artificial foot for such conditions. +we've talked about mobility and the rest of it, let's talk about health. +you know something? this has been achieved in india. +sorry, it doesn't work. you have to give it for 100 dollars, 200 dollars. +ladies and gentlemen, i'd like to end before time. +when the paper burned, for some reason he turned to me, and he said, "mashelkar, like this, if you do not diffuse your energies, if you focus your energies, you can achieve anything in the world." +i'd like to share a couple with you today. +so we're getting feedback from teachers at the school to see what kind of apps they'd like. +and i realized that i had hit upon something that i think has this huge potential to change the world. +and the reason the efficiencies are so low is these reactors operate at pretty low temperature. +the fuel, like i said, is ceramic inside zirconium fuel rods, and in the event of an accident in one of these type of reactors, fukushima and three mile island -- looking back at three mile island, we didn't really see this for a while — but these zirconium claddings on these fuel rods, what happens is, when they see high pressure water, steam, in an oxidizing environment, they'll actually produce hydrogen, and that hydrogen has this explosive capability to release fission products. +everybody was really excited about curiosity, and that had this big plutonium battery on board that has plutonium-238, which actually has a higher specific activity than the low-enriched uranium fuel of these molten salt reactors, which means that the effects would be negligible, because you launch it cold, and when it gets into space is where you actually activate this reactor. +so, we moved from an industrial economy to a service-based economy. +so much has that happened that i've developed a fairly praticed response, which is: i point out that first of all, you have to understand that there is no such thing as an inauthentic experience. +rendering authenticity -- and the keyword is "rendering." +fact is, there's a general rule: if you don't like it, it's fake; if you do like it, it's faux. +the abc network, affectionately known in the trade as the t & amp; a network, right -- that's not too much jargon, is it? +let me summarize it, for the business people in the audience, with three rules, three basic rules. +i was also very interested in perhaps going into surgery and becoming a surgeon, because it meant working with my hands in a very focused, intense way. +that's about that big. +so, it's sort of related, but you can see it's much more overtly erotic. +but i had a lot of fun. +and your entire body, everything -- your hair, skin, bone, nails -- everything is made of collagen. +the marvel of this information: how do we actually have this biological mechanism inside our body to actually see this information? +image-maker alexander tsiaras shares a powerful medical visualization, showing human development from conception to birth and beyond. +because they thought that if you are having a telescope, you are an astronomer so what you are doing is actually looking in a telescope. +and we have a cool atmosphere. +this was considered as first evidence that actually black holes come from supernovae explosions. +and this is related to the change of the frequency of a moving source. +it's very tough. it's very tough. +there can be different ways doing this. +and i thought, "well, what's the struggle?" +and i'm more of the, "life's messy, clean it up, organize it and put it into a bento box." +the things i can tell you about it: it's universal; we all have it. +so what i did is i took all of the interviews where i saw worthiness, where i saw people living that way, and just looked at those. +they thought this was fundamental. +and she said, "what's the struggle?" +no. +and then we are miserable, and we are looking for purpose and meaning, and then we feel vulnerable, so then we have a couple of beers and a banana nut muffin. +and when you hold those perfect little babies in your hand, our job is not to say, "look at her, she's perfect. +after going to sleep at 12: 45 a.m. +and nike knows how to get your pace and distance from just that sensor. +gary wolf: the quantified self +so, the first set of pathologies, they end up in the stick man on his icon, but the rest of them are really what's important here. +those are things that are different for each m.s. patient. +all open, all available. +years after he's had these drugs, i learned that everything he did to manage his excess saliva, including some positive side effects that came from other drugs, were making his constipation worse. +so, this is what happened when pnas published this. +and then we say, "well how do we line them all up?" +even the ones that believed they were getting better matched the controls exactly. exactly. +you look at the patients, you can drill in all the controls, you can look at them, you can ask them. +only 90 days after this, arguably the greatest discovery of the last century occurred. +to change its state, by the way, takes two volts from a millisecond pulse. +we said, "could you build this?" +it's just wrong. +unfortunately, the answer is yes. +so if it's a cell or a termite or a bird, you just focus on the rules of interaction. +i think this is an interesting question. +so this means that, with each euro he invested, he was able to move 26 euros of market value through the chain of ownership relations. +we hope to have opened the door for more such research in this direction, so the remaining unknown terrain will be charted in the future. +if we look at construction and manufacturing, there's major inefficiencies, energy consumption and excessive labor techniques. +so we can study this as a physical, intuitive model. +these are parts being printed with multi-material properties. +these are complex things built with complex parts that come together in complex ways. +now that was cheating, because there was nothing in the world my sister would want more than not to be amy the hurt five year-old little sister, but amy the special unicorn. +now if you fall below the average on this curve, then psychologists get thrilled, because that means you're either depressed or you have a disorder, or hopefully both. +suddenly, something that wasn't even a possibility became a reality. +thursday night is elicit drug use. +you're 37 percent better at sales. +this was how computing began. +and because working in a store was so hard, i liked going to school; it was like heaven. +i didn't quite get it. and paul rand was a kind of crusty designer, you know, a crusty designer, like a good -- kind of like a good french bread? +it lasts forever. it's a very strange medium. +on the computer, when you move your mouse, that arrow moves around. +he went into a coma. +i began to be very disinterested in computers themselves, so i began to make paintings out of palmpilots. +this i found, where nature had made a picture for me. +and so i realized it was o.k. to go. +but, in fact, most boys tend to be a certain way, and most girls tend to be a certain way. +video games are not the cause. +i want to write about a tornado that comes into our house and blows all the windows out and ruins all the furniture and kills everybody. " +we have a serious compression of the curriculum happening out there. +most of the educational games that are out there today are really flashcards. +they're nervous about anything that has anything to do with violence because of the zero tolerance policies. +we will find a surprising and intriguing result about our universe, and to explain my point, let me first tell you what the higgs is about, and to do so, we have to go back to one tenth of a billionth of a second after the big bang. +is this a problem? yes, it's a big a problem. +more than how a phenomenon works, theoretical physicists are always interested in why a phenomenon works in the way it works. +i love paper, and i love technology, and what i do is i make paper interactive. +so the challenge was to try and get them to do what we wanted them to do by listening to the weather, the lay of the land, and creating things that would let the sheep flow and go where we wanted them to go. +it's just a collection of things that have been done before, but bringing them together in a different way. +so a couple of things i've created are, there's a poster over here that you can play drums on. +so thank you very much. +you can walk away, you can just watch as this character stands there in the blender and looks at you, or you can actually choose to interact with it. +but we haven't yet gotten to the point where on your way here this morning you see something that really, truly seamlessly integrates the two-dimensional world that we're comfortable in with the three-dimensional sky above us -- that, i don't know about you, but i really enjoy spending time in. +fortunately, necessity remains the mother of invention, and a lot of the design work that we're the most proud of with the aircraft came out of solving the unique problems of operating it on the ground -- everything from a continuously-variable transmission and liquid-based cooling system that allows us to use an aircraft engine in stop-and-go traffic, to a custom-designed gearbox that powers either the propeller when you're flying or the wheels on the ground, to the automated wing-folding mechanism that we'll see in a moment, to crash safety features. +and our test pilot gave us the best feedback you can get from a test pilot after a first flight, which was that it was "remarkably unremarkable." +just fold up the wings and keep going. +now, here is another naive advertising man's question again. +so he tried plan b. +tiny little behavioral economics detail: in italy, penalty points go backwards. +there is a basic view that real value involves making things, involves labor. it involves engineering. +it tastes great within the borders of that country, but absolute shite if you take it anywhere else. +voiceover: new diamond shreddies cereal. +we need to spend more time appreciating what already exists, and less time agonizing over what else we can do. +it took me hours and hours a day to build my skills up to the next level. +we're the ones who let the second replicator out of its box, and we can't push it back in. +you see the idea? +he talked mostly about animals and plants, but also about languages evolving and becoming extinct. +a meme is not equivalent to an idea. +sb: pardon? +from the moment that our ancestors, perhaps two and a half million years ago or so, began imitating, there was a new copying process. +and we're getting there. +the fraction of those which get a first replicator. +do you know, sitting here, your brain is using about 20 percent of your body's energy output for two percent of your body weight? +and why would they do that? +it was 25 minutes of absolute terror that thousands of people across the u.s. felt. +there is nothing here that we don't know. +through haiti rewired, through build change, architecture for humanity, aidg, there is the possibility to reach out to 30,000 -- 40,000 masons across the country and create a movement of proper building. +this is not just in hebrew, by the way. +and i want to give you one example of one of these irrationalities, and i want to talk to you about cheating. +we paid them 10 cents per correct question, 50 cents, a dollar, five dollars, 10 dollars per correct question. +now, ten commandments is something that is hard to bring into the education system, so we said, "why don't we get people to sign the honor code?" +but this did not solve the big problem i had with enron yet, because in enron, there's also a social element. +all of the subjects sitting in the experiment were carnegie mellon students. +more generally, i want to tell you something about behavioral economics. +but if i was to say that they're both examples of alternative or new forms of currency in a hyperconnected, data-driven global economy, you'd probably think i was a little bit bonkers. +"sub-prime pedaling." "barclays takes you for a ride." +so you can buy apps and make purchases within those apps, but you think about amazon, you look at the trust barometer that i showed you where people are starting to trust businesses, especially businesses that they believe in and trust more than governments. +and we did a survey that backs up the fact that, you know, 45 percent of people in this very crucial demographic in the u.s. +and what i do is i look for similarities and differences in the solutions that they've evolved for fundamental biological problems. +it's easy to bend. +because after about six months of me talking about this, i think he finally figured out that i was really serious about the penis thing. +so something interesting had to be going on. +not just about its genetics and molecular biology, but up here in the meat end of the scale. +and she said, just talk about yourself. +dl: so anyway, we're running out of time, so i'll just get to it. +nm: not too fast. +so this is our last number, and we'll feature nat on piano. +as you can see from the pictures, both noam and i had an early fascination with first principles, and over the years, as our knowledge of science and technology became more sophisticated, this early awe with the basics has only intensified. +the people who are attracted to these courses typically have a hacker mentality. +so with that, i'd like to say a few words about upgrading, and share with you a glimpse from my current project, which is different from the previous one, but it shares exactly the same characteristics of self-learning, learning by doing, self-exploration and community-building, and this project deals with k-12 math education, beginning with early age math, and we do it on tablets because we believe that math, like anything else, should be taught hands on. +it basically means to be human and to do the right thing. +it would be great if the story ended there. +where does it come from? +this is about a hidden corner of the labor market. +of course, they're all trained to work in warehouses. +markets have changed beyond recognition in the last 20 years, but only for organizations at the top of the economy. +politicians in a big, complex, sophisticated i.t. project? +and there are certain obligations that should go with those benefits to be placed on the operators, and the key one is, of course, that the operators pay for everything, including all the interfacing into the public sector. +so it's small trades by small people, but it's very informed, safe, convenient, low-overhead and immediate. +with every picture, there are individuals who have full lives and stories that deserve to be told. +gas, i'm probably the only person who really enjoys it when mister putin turns off the gas tap, because my budget goes up. +but small atoms want to join together, small nuclei want to join together to make bigger ones to go towards iron. +but fortunately, if you can do this fusion reaction, you've got a neutron, so you can make that happen. +and just down the road, this is jet. +i wish we had more money, i wish we had more resources. +but under the surface was a very different reality. +the signs don't look good, some have said. +the egyptian people, and many other arabs who've revolted and are in transition, have very high expectations of the government. +what this means is that human development, not secularization, is what's key to women's empowerment in the transforming middle east. +we've also found an unintended consequence. +because i'm not really comfortable just helping that girl with counseling and referrals. +when nancy lublin started texting teenagers to help with her social advocacy organization, what she found was shocking -- they started texting back about their own problems, from bullying to depression to abuse. so she's setting up a text-only crisis line, and the results might be even more important than she expected. +ferdinand foch, a french army general credited with having one of the most original and subtle minds in the french army, said, "airplanes are interesting toys, but of no military value." +and it's pointed at the hypersonic glider. +many prototypes crashed -- many. +from the smallest wisp of air to the powerful forces of nature's storms. +it allows us to contribute and to be heard as individuals. +doubt and fear always creep in. +yeah, it also went into the pacific. +the folks at aerovironment tried 300 or more different wing designs, 12 different forms of the avionics. +i work with some of the most amazing people. +and there is no way, and no proof of arrival. +this story began four years ago. +i'm used to algorithms and data structures and super motivated students, and nothing in my background prepared me to deal with a raging, violent adolescent in the middle of nowhere. +when he was eight, someone put him on a boat in odessa and sent him, shipped him to israel on his own. +i tell kids when they struggle through some uphill and feel like they cannot take it anymore, it really helps to ignore the immediate obstacles and raise your head and look around and see how the vista around you grows. +now i remember, when he said it, i felt goosebumps on my body, because he said it overlooking the moab mountains here in the background. +what is real is separateness, and at some point in early babyhood, the idea of self starts to form. +it has an extremely important function. +well, i thought i had the answer to that one, and i said, "skin color." +the self's struggle for authenticity and definition will never end unless it's connected to its creator -- to you and to me. +and if you can do that, incredible things happen. +and this influenced me. +so it's got hybrid drive. +and so we spent time traveling with them and learning about all the different elements, and finding that there were plenty of inefficiencies that weren't being capitalized on. +so there are up to a million people there everyday. +by the way, we had half the budget of the other western nations. +the british government -- any government is potentially the worst client in the world you could ever possibly want to have. +thank you. +one of them, from anthropology, is the study of human universals. +but if something is written on the slate, then some people could have more of it than others, and according to this line of thinking, that would justify discrimination and inequality. +well, pretty soon they were barraged with enraged letters, death threats, ban on the topic in a number of scientific journals, coming from irate left-handers and their advocates, and they were literally afraid to open their mail because of the venom and vituperation that they had inadvertently inspired. +by any economic standard, the demand for art of all forms is skyrocketing, as you can tell from the price of opera tickets, by the number of books sold, by the number of books published, the number of musical titles released, the number of new albums and so on. +well, the argument in "the blank slate" was that elite art and criticism in the 20th century, although not the arts in general, have disdained beauty, pleasure, clarity, insight and style. +wrong. identical twins, or any siblings, who are separated at birth are no less similar than if they had grown up together. +so i called the humane society and i say, "look, i'm going to be castrating some lambs, can you tell me the deal?" +and i'm like that's not rubber at all, you know. +and i said, "yes, like the humane society. +albert instructs, "push it way up there." +it's what our network does; it's what "dirty jobs" is. +i can still see hillary doing the shots of rye, dribbling down her chin, with the steel workers. +you ask him, "did you follow your passion here?" +unspeakably dangerous. +you see him all the time. +i got a lot wrong. +i've got parent-child relational problems, which i blame my parents for. +but he faked it too well, and now he's stuck in broadmoor and nobody will believe he's sane. +fake madness. +it's just impossible. " +and his clinician said to me, "if you want to know more about psychopaths, you can go on a psychopath spotting course run by robert hare who invented the psychopath checklist." +can i come and interview you about your special brain anomaly? " +and he looked intrigued despite himself, and he said, "okay, go on." +and we stitch them together like medieval monks. +anyway, that was two years ago, and that's where my book ended. +let me say parenthetically why i think that's the case, because i think it's a potentially controversial statement. +you can show a mosque, or you can show worshippers, but there's not a straightforward way of depicting islam. +and the hopeful response derives from recognizing that islam and democracy are technologies. +because they would have done extraordinarily well. +and it is crucial -- it is crucial in a practical, activist way -- for people who care about these issues to make sure that within the technology of democracy, in this system, they exercise their preferences, their choices and their voices to encourage that outcome. +now at the time, i was working down the street. +and collectively, we really didn't know if we could pull this off. +but an interesting thing was noted during the training process. +and they could be extinct in less than 10 years, if we don't do something now to protect them. +corner row railway, station car park, front of a health center, people's front gardens, and even in front of the police station. +so, back to the public meeting. +so we got some land that was donated by a local garden center. +whichever way they want to do it, of their own volition, they're trying to make their own lives differently, and worldwide, we've got communities across america and japan -- it's incredible, isn't it? i mean, america and japan and new zealand. +and i'm also rather surprised, because when i look back on my life the last thing i ever wanted to do was write, or be in any way involved in religion. +so if religion is not about believing things, what is it about? +and this struggle to find compassion in some of these rather rebarbative texts is a good dress rehearsal for doing the same in ordinary life. +tell us where we're going wrong. let's talk together about where religion is failing. " +it's what is meant by overcoming the horror that we feel when we are under threat of our enemies, and beginning to appreciate the other. +as we go smaller, here is a human hair. +so this little ant that's crawling here, it's like it's in a little willy wonka land. +i couldn't believe it, and i'd go around dissecting the little bits out and making photographs of them. +now, the moon has no atmosphere, so micrometeorites come in continuously, and the whole surface of the moon is covered with powder now, because for four billion years it's been bombarded by micrometeorites, and when micrometeorites come in at about 20 to 60,000 miles an hour, they vaporize on contact. +it was just one of those pot-luck things where you get it right first time. +the design comes from within. +technology in x-ray where it's life-size processed, apart from these large cargo-scanning machines, hasn't moved on enough for the quality of the image and the resolution to be good enough for what i want to do with it, which is show my pictures big. +and when they do, i'm in the queue. +and that's how this was done. it's actually slice, slice. +but i could get a bit darker in the tube, but everything else would suffer. +and i think that would look quite neat as an x-ray. +but i also don't understand how it does ruin the magic. +but every single thing that makes us, every atom in us, has already created a myriad of different things and will go on to create a myriad of new things. +now i know you don't think that. +every time i breathe in, i'm breathing in a million-billion-billion atoms of oxygen. +meet tony. he's my student. +maybe it's you, maybe it's me -- but we're not here to trade opinions; everyone's got an opinion. +and i say to tony, "let's do this." +everything was okay, until i got to about the age of 26, and i went to a movie called "short circuit." +and this is happening here. +so you start really understanding that you can have diseases, toxins, a need to balance your diet, and once you start looking, and from that point on, everything i have done in terms of the consumption of information, the production of information, the preparation of information, i've looked at from the viewpoint of food. +we've spent a great deal of time investigating a $1 billion -- that's right, a $1 billion — oil deal that he was involved with, and what we found was pretty shocking, but more about that later. +a bank in paris held accounts of companies controlled by him, one of which was used to buy the art, and american banks, well, they funneled 73 million dollars into the states, some of which was used to buy that california mansion. +it found that over 70 percent of those cases had used anonymous shell companies, totaling almost 56 billion dollars. +now, it just shouldn't take these sorts of efforts to find out where the money in deals like this went. +i see this word, hear this word, feel this word everywhere. +you become your nation. you become your religion. +i loved when he was talking about this other world that's right next to this world. +she's a high school student. +not running from loss, but entering grief, surrendering to sorrow. +because when you spend a lot of time going from place to place, country to country, and city to city, the degree to which women, for example, are violated, and the epidemic of it, and the kind of ordinariness of it, is so devastating to one's soul that you have to take the time, or i have to take the time now, to process that. +now i was stupid, but not so stupid that i turned it down. +pure content and pure form, side by side. +i was so wasted. " +i set up the type, i printed it out on an epson printer with water-soluble ink, taped it to the wall and threw a bucket of water at it. presto! +seriously. +not exactly jackie collins. +like my wish that no one went hungry or that everything were a free kind of utopia. +we love challenges, but when expectations are low, trust me, we will sink to them. +and in case you don't think that this really has meaning for you, remember that cloning is possible, and that involves going through childhood again, in which case you'll want to be heard just like my generation. +when i began recording in the late '60s, the typical methods of recording were limited to the fragmented capture of individual species like birds mostly, in the beginning, but later animals like mammals and amphibians. +however, our ears tell us a very different story. +this is probably the saddest sound i've ever heard coming from any organism, human or other. +the school teachers weren't having much fun, the sports were very dirty or very painful. +but of course the scientists couldn't help themselves. +so there's a lot more female gamers than people are really aware. +so as far as popularity of games, what do you think these people are doing here? +and once we get enough of those guys, we're going to want more fantasy artists that can create places we've never been to before, or characters that we've just never seen before. +i'm addicted, because even though i know i'm losing my grip on reality, i still crave more. +no buttons to push, no triggers to pull, just me and the game. +but maybe brainwashing isn't always bad. +as far as colleges go, there's about 350 colleges around the world teaching video game courses. +thank you. +somehow we have to understand ourselves to get around our flaws. +so a kid who's 14 in high school gets this version of the pythagorean theorem, which is a truly subtle and interesting proof, but in fact it's not a good way to start learning about mathematics. +and the mathematicians and scientists in the crowd will recognize these two progressions as a first-order discrete differential equation and a second-order discrete differential equation, derived by six-year-olds. +so if you look at the little script here, the speed is always going to be 30. +and they say, "oh, yeah. constant acceleration. +the future of life, where the unraveling of our biology -- and bring up the lights a little bit. i don't have any slides. +now i know there's been a whole lot of hype about our power to control biology. +it will really make us question what it is to be a human being. +and it is really not suited for the future that we're moving into. +there are three obvious ways of doing this. +humanity is going to go down this path. +the one thing though that is really dangerous about these sorts of technologies, is that it's easy to become seduced by them. +and then what comes out of it? new life. +gregory stock: to upgrade is human +it's our own pond. and that's how it happens. " +mom, does the man just say, 'is now the time to take off my pants?' "and i said," yes. " +and then she goes, "mom, do you think they would have, on the internet, any humans mating?" +so the possibility exists to simply externally wrap the pipe. +once you've made it, the installation's quite easy. +and as you can see, there are not only two principal technical disciplines there, medicine and engineering, but also there are various specialists from within those two disciplines. +i'm sure it's the same in poland. +they simply want to do whatever they've done before. +and as a result, it's an entirely different use of the technology and the knowledge around you. +that makes a good cartoon. +it has rocked the music industry; it has changed the way we consume music. +you know the story. +and i went to see the dozo. +and i didn't ask them to do nice cartoons. +thank you. +if you go back two billion years, you're not on an earth-like planet any more. +we are right now in the beautiful oreo of existence -- of at least life on planet earth -- following the first horrible microbial age. +and the black rock is the sediment on the sea bottom in the absence of plankton. +these are mammal-like reptiles. +the survivors that do get through produce this world of crocodile-like creatures. +it can only occur if the surface of the ocean has no oxygen, and is totally saturated with hydrogen sulfide -- enough, for instance, to come out of solution. +it's been on this planet since the animals first started -- 500 million years. +now, the same mouse is given 80 parts per million hydrogen sulfide in this solid graph, and look what happens to its temperature. +am i understanding you right, that what you're saying here is that we have in our own bodies a biochemical response to hydrogen sulfide that in your mind proves that there have been past mass extinctions due to climate change? +it's forced child labor and all of those products probably end their lives in a dump like this one in manila. +and their factory in china -- which probably is pretty clean -- is getting all of the ingredients from backyard abattoirs, where families slaughter pigs and extract the ingredient. +their voters are local. +even if they did their jobs, and they cited those facilities for their violations, the fine would be derisory. +you can call yourself responsible, but responsibility without accountability often doesn't work. +there are thousands of suppliers in there. " +join us, come into that safe space, and let's start to make this happen. +you will put the star in starting over, and over. +so i write poems to figure things out. +now i can divide my spoken word journey into three steps. +and then someone else has something the complete opposite of yours. +it's not that i think that spoken word poetry is the ideal art form. +and i always thought that my beginning was at the bowery poetry club, but it's possible that it was much earlier. +it's what i strive for every time i open my mouth -- that impossible connection. +i was a student in the '60s, a time of social upheaval and questioning, and on a personal level, an awakening sense of idealism. +but i was driven by an inherent sense that a picture that revealed the true face of war would almost by definition be an anti-war photograph. +one of the things i had to learn as a journalist was what to do with my anger. +this man had just been liberated from a hutu death camp. +i spent a good deal of time with a man who lived with his family on a railway embankment and had lost an arm and a leg in a train accident. +an msf hospital in a camp for displaced people. +this is a helicopter medic giving cpr to a soldier who had been shot in the head. +whenever there is an election, it seems like something always goes wrong, someone tries to cheat, or something goes accidentally awry -- a ballot box goes missing here, chads are left hanging over here. +and there's some complicated cryptography going on in there, but what's not complicated is voting with one of these forms. +david bismark demos a new system for voting that contains a simple, verifiable way to prevent fraud and miscounting -- while keeping each person's vote secret. +but that subdivides christianity, islam and buddhism into many subgroups, which was too detailed. +but there was also many christian countries that had six to seven babies per woman. +but there are also countries here like guatemala, like papua new guinea, like yemen and afghanistan. +here we have qatar today, and there we have bangladesh today. +and the world population will stop growing. +and then again the old will die and you will get two billion children. +i wound up on every television show. +we declared smallpox eradicated in 1980. +but in that year, smallpox exploded throughout india. +we failed three other times. +this year, that one hospital will give back sight to more than 300,000 people in tamil nadu, india. +within three weeks it will be everywhere in the world. +but in all seriousness -- because this idea is birthed in ted, i would like it to be a legacy of ted, and i'd like to call it the "international system for total early disease detection." +but they were able to point to who and let them know that there was this surprising and unexplained cluster of illnesses that looked like bird flu. +the first number is three: three billion people. +we know from asking people from china to the u.s. +you'll change your smartphone seven or eight times, probably more if you're in this audience. +actually, we found 100 percent is easier to do than 90 percent or 50 percent. +the electricity is free. +and we do not want to wait another hundred years. +there was this equation in my family that went something like this: if you are intelligent, you therefore are not spiritual. +i've always been attracted to those rare people who pull that off, who devote their lives to humanity with the grit of the warrior and the grace of the mystic -- people like martin luther king, jr., who wrote, "i can never be what i ought to be until you are what you ought to be. +or maybe your brother-in-law who doesn't believe in global warming. +we agreed we'd speak up in our own communities when we witnessed the kind of "otherizing" talk that can wound and fester into paranoia and then be used by those on the fringes to incite. +i traveled to iraq, afghanistan and liberia. +and he's on a mission. +and that they were definitely capable of diffusing it non-aggressively. +but the question that lingered in my mind was, what causes people to destroy fire trucks headed to their own homes? +it's been reported that wikileaks, your baby, has, in the last few years has released more classified documents than the rest of the world's media combined. +and then the government sat on it and used it for political leverage on moi, who was the richest man -- still is the richest man -- in kenya. +roger. i got 'em. +j well, because these sort of things reveal what the true state of, say, arab governments are like, the true human-rights abuses in those governments. +it will change the perception and opinion of the people who are paying for it all, and that's our hope. +and the engineering report had nothing on the top of it, so it was an extremely difficult document for us. +can that be right? +that made you very high-profile in iceland. what happened next? +the musicians played off a three-dimensional graph of weather data like this. +the vertical elements are assigned a specific hour of the day. +lauren hodge: if you were going to a restaurant and wanted a healthier option, which would you choose, grilled or fried chicken? +so it was a big commitment to drive to the lab to work multiple times. +sounds ridiculous, right. +in fact, it's one of the biggest problems with chemotherapy today. +1.6 million deaths worldwide. +so julie's going to her doctor's office to get treated for her asthma. +so i want you to reimagine a world with better air quality, better quality of life and better quality of living for everyone including our future generations. +and just like that, i went from being a woman that these kids would have been trained to see as "disabled" to somebody that had potential that their bodies didn't have yet. +and interestingly, from an identity standpoint, what does it mean to have a disability? +so whimsy matters. +thank you. +so after being interrogated by this japanese manager for a half an hour, he finally said, "so, miss yang, do you have any questions to ask me?" +so today i want to talk about young people through the platform of social media. +first of all, most of them were born in the 80s and 90s, under the one-child policy. +so for the past few years, the coastal areas, they found themselves in a shortage of labor. +while young people seem to be very sure about their participation in public policy-making, but sometimes they're a little bit lost in terms of what they want for their personal life. +and our younger generation are going to transform this country while at the same time being transformed themselves. +these mountains are dangerous places, but ultimately the fate of these bear families, and indeed that of all bears around the north pacific, depends on the salmon. +necessity is the mother of evolution. +but just looking up with the naked eye, you really don't need one. +a culture which is top-down, owned, where the vocal chords of the millions have been lost. +now, ascap said they didn't care. +i want to share all my love with you... +the extremism on one side begets extremism on the other, a fact we should have learned many, many times over, and both extremes in this debate are just wrong. +we can only make them, quote, "pirates." and is that good? +because we're far from home, we're very tired. " +so i know it may sound like tough love, but look, if at some point you got lied to, it's because you agreed to get lied to. +if you don't want to be deceived, you have to know, what is it that you're hungry for? +lying has evolutionary value to us as a species. +the rest of us, we're only 54 percent accurate. +we all chatter with our fingertips. +they're going to be infuriated if they sense they're wrongly accused throughout the entire course of the interview, not just in flashes; they'll be infuriated throughout the entire course of the interview. +your new joint venture partner might shake your hand, celebrate, go out to dinner with you and then leak an expression of anger. +don't be too aggressive, it doesn't work. +but you've got to ask yourself in the meantime: who do you want on your side of the meeting, someone who's trained in getting to the truth or some guy who's going to drag a 400-pound electroencephalogram through the door? +it's downhill from now on. i wanted to thank emeka and chris. +that's very important. +nigeria got its independence in 1960. +so i had a very inventive teacher, a pakistani muslim, who wanted to teach us about this. +and fraser's on his knees, arms tied behind his back, and he's crying. +and i watched them being locked up in prison and tear gassed. +my friend ronald gottesman says there are three kinds of people in the world: those who can count, and those who can't. +one of my favorite parts of my job at the gates foundation is that i get to travel to the developing world, and i do that quite regularly. +they tap into local entrepreneurial talent, and they do incredible marketing. +and they decided in 1990 that they wanted to start training the local entrepreneurs, giving them small loans. +now the reason these micro-entrepreneurs can sell or make a profit is they have to sell every single bottle in their pushcart or their wheelbarrow. +and i think that's a mistake. +we know that circumcision reduces hiv infection by 60 percent in men. +well on september 4th, there was a huge mop-up campaign, which is what you do in polio. +i'm going to tell you two things today: one is what we have lost, and two, a way to bring it back. +this is where you can see most of the florida keys national marine sanctuary. +but still, now we have global warming. +and this is what i saw, lots of fish. +so the fishermen are catching more. +so how much of this do we have? +which takes us to the third reason, why we don't have many more reserves, is that the funding models have been wrong. +so, basically, the production surplus of these guys down there is enough to maintain this biomass that is not moving. +and there, only there, you really feel that you are part of a larger thing or of a larger global ecosystem. +we use the submarine alvin and we use cameras, and the cameras are something that bill lange has developed with the help of sony. +they're very little understood. +and there's tens of thousands of those mountains out there that haven't been mapped yet. +what we find out now is that it's probably coming from inside the earth. +there are never any lights there, except the lights that we bring. +they don't need the sun at all. +bl: this bacteria that we've been talking about turns out to be the most simplest form of life found. +el nino comes and goes. it's not a disaster, it's rhythmic. +this is what we would love students to retain, even if they don't go into mathematical fields. +i believe in real life. +and then as we start to define what does steepness mean, we realize it would be nice to have some measurements to really narrow it down, specifically what that means. +how long will it take it to fill it up? +and why this is an amazing time to be a math teacher right now is because we have the tools to create this high-quality curriculum in our front pocket. +the lesson of brian's presentation, in a way -- all those fantastic pictures -- is this really: that vantage point determines everything that you see. +it was boring. +so the challenges of education in this kind of place are not to learn the kings and queens of kenya or britain. +what do they look like? +waiting 10 years for the payoff from education is too long when you need to meet daily needs, when you've got siblings to look after or a business to help with. +that's one city. +and there will be no mistakes. " +you'd need millions and millions of teachers in china, india, nigeria and the rest of developing world to meet need. +but it is, unlike cars, which have developed so rapidly and orderly, actually the school system is recognizably an inheritance from the 19th century, from a bismarkian model of german schooling that got taken up by english reformers, and often by religious missionaries, taken up in the united states as a force of social cohesion, and then in japan and south korea as they developed. +so as i'm watching this, i see this powerful scene that brought me to tears, and it stuck with me for the past 25 years. +and because i have a 15-year-old, all i do is cook and cook and cook. +it's really scary, this gay lifestyle thing; it's super duper evil and there's no end to it! +the u.s. constitution is the gay agenda. +but when you see the map, and you see our state of michigan -- it's legal to fire someone for being gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgendered, that it's legal to remove someone from their home because they're gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgendered, then you realize that this whole conversation about marriage equality is not about stripping someone's rights away, it's about granting them the rights that [have] already been stated. +thank you. +some of the studies even say we're happier. +entropy means that everything in the world, everything, is in a state of decline and decay, the arch. +how was i supposed to live it? +if however, we can go back and alter our relationship, re-vision our relationship to past people and events, neural pathways can change. +i know what's on your mind when you're looking at these pictures. +they have to try and attract pollinators to do their bidding. +it's a wonderful, amazing thing. +this is the philodendron selloum. +last week i took these pictures of rock rose, helianthemum, in dorset. +maybe you're ticked off, or maybe you're looking forward to a new game. you've been up too late playing a game. +and he goes all around the country taking pictures of himself, and you can see here he's got zig's indian reservation. and this particular shot, this is one of the more traditional shots. this is a rain dancer. +and she says, "they want to go." and i said, "honey, no they don't want to go. this is the middle passage. +this is a game with 50,000 individual pieces. +what you're looking at is airplane traffic over north america for a 24-hour period. +you see the holding patterns that start to develop in the bottom of the screen. +so they made this web service and said, "any programmer can write a piece of software and tap into the minds of thousands of people." +that gives you an idea of the different types of motivations and dedication. +so we took a hundred dollar bill and divided it into 10,000 teeny pieces, and we fed those into the mechanical turk. +you'd be fed a simple audio clip. +but we knew we really needed the right person to kind of rally behind and build something for. +ak: so if you go to the website johnnycashproject.com, what you'll see is the video playing above. +win butler: now our lives are changing fast now our lives are changing fast hope that something pure can last hope that something pure can last ooh we used to wait ooh we used to wait ooh we used to wait sometimes it never came sometimes it never came still moving through the pain we used to wait for it we used to wait for it we used to wait for it ak: so i think, if there's one thing to take away from my talk today, it's that an interface can be a powerful narrative device. +and it's also just getting to the essential of things. +so if you don't know one of these languages, it's instant learning. +here it's "candycity." +and parallel to my cutting is my running. +it's not autobiographical identities. +so for the subway in new york, i saw a correspondence between riding the subway and reading. +so it acts as a screen to protect the rail and the commuter, and not to have objects falling on the rails. +béatrice coron: stories cut from paper +now, the opposite of a snob is your mother. +envy, it's a real taboo to mention envy, but if there is one dominant emotion in modern society, that is envy. +there is another reason why we might be feeling more anxious, about our careers, about our status in the world today, than ever before. +but i think it's insane to believe that we will ever make a society that is genuinely meritocratic. it's an impossible dream. +now is there any alternative to this? +and so we tend to worship ourselves. +psychoanalysis has been drumming home this message for about 80 years. +because otherwise it can get quite claustrophobic. +and i decided the remedy to all this malaise was going to be for me to chase an elevated dream, an extreme dream, something that would require utter conviction and unwavering passion, something that would make me be my best self in every aspect of my life, every minute of every day, because the dream was so big that i couldn't get there without that kind of behavior and that kind of conviction. +the navigation is difficult. +and i couldn't wait to trip the mind fantastic. +and every one of those barbs is sending that venom into this central nervous system. +and i swam through the night and i swam through the next day. +and a little kid from the back was like this. +yeah. +thank you. thank you. +and what about sleep? +this is a device that not only measures cardiac rhythm, as you saw already, but it also goes well beyond that. +that looks like this. +it's usually 90 percent. so, you tell me you sleep better than expected. +now, diabetes is one of the big ones. +there are two things that can really accelerate this whole process. +so, i hope i've convinced you of this, of the impact on hospital clinic resources is profound and then the impact on diseases is equally impressive across all these different diseases and more. +how do we make stable societies? longevity. +and you get to think about yourself and your memories, and before you go back into suspension, you edit your memories and you change your personality and so forth. +and, of course, we're not responsible for the consequences of what we're doing now, are we? like all this complaint about clones. +thank you. +so we tried, and i'll show you what we came up with. +so you can lavish all the same care, all the same technique, on a hamburger as you would on some much more fancy dish. +so it's very much like in a hollywood movie where a guy flies through the air, supported by wires, and then they take the wires away digitally so you're flying through the air. +that horn-shaped region is what we call the sweet spot. +and because people watch mythbusters and csi, i thought, well, let's put in a recipe for a ballistics gelatin. +but maybe if i cut a hole in his head i can fix it. " +i mean who would put themselves through that? +laparoscopy is doing this kind of surgery: surgery with long instruments through small incisions. +and now, in contrast to the laparoscopy, you can precisely place the needle in your instruments, and you can pass it all the way through and follow it in a trajectory. +and you need to re-set it up. +we get to write the script of the next revolution in surgery. +we can heal the disease. +we realized that when plastics get to the dump, it's difficult to sort them because they have similar densities, and when they're mixed with organic matter and construction debris, it's truly impossible to pick them out and environmentally eliminate them. +not only do phthalates pollute our environment, but they also pollute our bodies. +this means that our bacteria were actually living off of phthalates. +thank you. jy: thank you. +but people live on this land. +this is an unusual installation of airport seating. +its early version had an "x" base. that's what the collectors like. +here's a film we've been hearing things about. +so we're going to watch another film. +so, "i saw many trains and also rode on one. +and there are a lot of fun things. this is the museum of the bench. +it's about how you approach problems. and there is this huge, beautiful commonality between design, business and the world. +that's what we all need to do. +it was mind-blowing. +but if corruption creeps in and people don't have the opportunity to have that protection of the rule of law, then if you can use violence, if you can use violence with impunity, you can reach out and harvest the vulnerable into slavery. +so, that's a scenario that we think we should be capitalizing on. +these young boys are in nepal. +liberation, however, costs some money. +children rescued from slavery in the fishing industry in ghana, reunited with their parents, and then taken with their parents back to their villages to rebuild their economic well-being so that they become slave-proof -- absolutely unenslaveable. +however, only recently, due to several technological advancements, we are now able to demonstrate to you quantum levitation and quantum locking. +well, first there are strands of magnetic field left inside, but now the superconductor doesn't like them moving around, because their movements dissipate energy, which breaks the superconductivity state. +now, i can extend this circular magnet, and make whatever track i want. +and it was also inspired by this quote from douglas adams, and the situation is from "the hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy." +but anyway, i got my suitcase of iron ore and dragged it back to london on the train, and then was faced with the problem: okay, how do you make this rock into components for a toaster? +and the last material i'm going to talk about today is plastic, and, of course, my toaster had to have a plastic case. +that's it without the case on. +when i was a student at mit, we all shared one computer that took up a whole building. +so we updated them, so i could present it here, to 2007. +communication technologies: 50 different ways to measure this, the number of bits being moved around, the size of the internet. +and we will begin to actually deeply influence our health and our intelligence, as we get closer and closer to this technology. +this was in an area called wellawatta, a prime residential area in colombo. +for hours afterwards, the sea was strewn with bits of wood for miles around -- all of this was from the houses in the slum. +voice 1: it's coming again. voice 2: new wave? +and it's one that offers really interesting possibilities for organizing a whole host of activities down the road. +it is very easy to fall in love with the decentralized, bottom-up structure of the internet. +and there's this famous example of one that was 1,200 feet long and lasted for two days, and the ants just kept marching around and around in a circle until they died. +i keep thinking about these kids with no arms. +i'm going to show you a guy doing a couple of simple things with this that we demonstrated in washington. can we look at this thing? +it all began when two scientists, fred grassle and jesse ausubel, met in woods hole, massachusetts where both were guests at the famed oceanographic institute. +and with salting, it became possible to store fish and to transport it long distances. +and so one of the tools that we can use to sample the oceans is acoustics, or sound waves. +well what they found was mislabeled fish. +this is something we've actually known for a while, so it's not a real breakthrough. +but the really interesting thing about it is that, a few years ago, census scientists discovered that this guy can thrive in oxygen-poor sediments in the deep mediterranean sea. +so we still have quite a lot of work to do in terms of unknowns. +and the oceans are so productive, there's so much going on in there that's of relevance to humans that we really need to, even from a selfish perspective, try to do better than we have in the past. +and we do something different than what we did in the past; we add kind of a modicum of intelligence to that. +you know, i am so bad at tech that my daughter -- who is now 41 -- when she was five, was overheard by me to say to a friend of hers, if it doesn't bleed when you cut it, my daddy doesn't understand it. +the indo-european root of the word hope is a stem, k-e-u -- we would spell it k-e-u; it's pronounced koy -- and it is the same root from which the word curve comes from. +and i think that it's going to be, in time, the elements of the human spirit that we've been hearing about bit by bit by bit from so many of the speakers in the last few days. +we are, should be, morally committed to being the healer of the world. +now that's not quite true. there's one other way, and that's through sweating. +now why is that top problem so easy and the bottom problem so hard? +you send a command down, it causes muscles to contract. +so what are beliefs? +and what bayes' rule says is that i should multiply the numbers on the red by the numbers on the green to get the numbers of the yellow, which have the ellipses, and that's my belief. +now there's good reason to believe that you would want to be able to distinguish external events from internal events. +as you go from 0.1 to 0.2, it becomes more ticklish at the end. +we started with a motor with a little lever, a little force transfuser. +so i have a huge amount of choice to make. +if i choose a different way of moving -- on the right for example -- then i'll have a different command, different noise, playing through a noisy system, very complicated. +you have to study vision with the realization of how the movement system is going to use vision. +and yes, the red planet is red. +here are some recent images. +and what we're looking at is the presence of the gas methane, ch4, in the atmosphere of mars. +in the southern hemisphere there are impact craters, there are volcanic craters. +we will fly where the methane is. +we believe that in a one-hour flight we can rewrite the textbook on mars by making high-resolution measurements of the atmosphere, looking for gases of biogenic origin, looking for gases of volcanic origin, studying the surface, studying the magnetism on the surface, which we don't understand, as well as about a dozen other areas. +if you're interested in more information, we have a website that describes this exciting and intriguing mission, and why we want to do it. +i was like, "yeah. +then you notice that if that lego-provided cad program isn't enough, there's an entire open-source, third-party, independent lego cad program that lets you do 3d modeling and 3d rendering and make, in fact, movies out of lego, 3d films of which there are thousands on youtube, and some of them sort of mimicking famous films and some totally original content -- just beautiful -- and people recreating all sorts of things. +i'm really scared. i don't think we're going to make it. +so, look what they did. +but the pay-off is really enormous. +california emits only seven percent of u.s. co2 emissions. +every year a million and a half people die of a completely preventable disease. that's malaria. 6,000 people a day. +do you know, they only invested 0.2 percent of revenues in r & amp; d? +it could be the biggest economic opportunity of the 21st century. +every dot is a person. +because, as i said, we live our lives in networks, and these networks have a particular kind of a structure. +so, if we want to track something that was spreading through a network, what we ideally would like to do is to set up sensors on the central individuals within the network, including node a, monitor those people that are right there in the middle of the network, and somehow get an early detection of whatever it is that is spreading through the network. +so, we thought we would exploit this idea in order to study whether we could predict phenomena within networks. +and the size of the dots is going to be proportional to how many of their friends have the flu. +and the answer is no. +and there are three ways, i think, that these massive-passive data can be used. +over the past seven years, i've been following my fascination with the built environment, and for those of you who know me, you would say that this obsession has led me to live out of a suitcase 365 days a year. +and you even find a church. +today, they live in this area, approximately 50,000 to 70,000 people, who live in this community of self-built multi-story houses where up to three generations live in one structure. +in a region famous for the soft, porous loess plateau soil, there lived until recently an estimated 40 million people in these houses underground. +so you know how it ended up, spencer tracy brought a computer, a mainframe computer of 1957, in to help the librarians. +on the right are some tugs from a company called aethon in pittsburgh. +so a person that's interacting with the robot understands where it's going to reach and isn't surprised by its motions. +mildred's a factory worker in connecticut. +and turned up the other way, the people who are retirement age goes up very, very fast, as the baby boomers get to retirement age. +the system measures the beam's time of flight, recording the time it takes for the light to hit a surface and make its return. +and here, this is a fly-through the cloud of points of tikal, and here you see it rendered and photo-textured with the photography that we take of the site. +last march, we received very sad news. +ben kacyra: ancient wonders captured in 3d +we had holocaust education in the schools. +it will refer you directly to your congressperson, to your u.s. senator, to your governor where divestment legislation is pending. +european governments, for the most part, haven't acknowledged responsibility, and there's nothing to kind of to push back and up against. +he was bobby kennedy-like because in some ways one could never tell if he was a realist masquerading as an idealist or an idealist masquerading as a realist, as people always wondered about bobby kennedy and john kennedy in that way. +but, uh-oh, the killers are within the camps. +you're un-owned. +don't black-box history. don't check your principles at the door. +fourth and final point: he somehow, because he was working in all the world's worst places and all lesser evils, had a humility, of course, and an awareness of the complexity of the world around him. +some are driven by compassion, feel it's perhaps one of the fundamental acts of humanity. +a hundred years ago, we didn't. +and yet, in many places, a third of the children, by the time they're three already are facing a life of hardship due to this. +and these types of technologies, i see, have the potential to transform the face of hunger and nutrition, malnutrition out on the front lines. +well two years ago, we decided, let's transform the model of fighting hunger, and instead of giving out the food aid, we put it into food banks. +it is a win-win-win situation that starts the food economy moving. +well, the world bank estimates it would take about 10 billion dollars -- 10.3 -- to address malnutrition in those countries. +so, this is an astounding table. +as one gets older? very, very common. +why? because we know what you have, and we know how to treat it -- although we can't make vaccine in this country, but that's a different story. +and i think that's been the fundamental problem over the last five decades, is that we have strived to understand cancer. +and so, if you think of cancer as a system, there's an input and an output and a state in the middle. +if i give a woman with breast cancer a drug called taxol every three weeks, which is the standard, about 40 percent of women with metastatic cancer have a great response to that drug. +so, instead of a reductionist view, we're taking a step back. +the problem is that, if i'm this doc, and i get your ct scan today and you've got a two centimeter mass in your liver, and you come back to me in three months and it's three centimeters, did that drug help you or not? +and so, as a cancer doctor, instead of having paper in my chart, in your chart, and it being this thick, this is what data flow is starting to look like in our offices, where that drop of blood is creating gigabytes of data. +most people find that very soothing, and, interestingly, 12 cycles per minute is roughly the frequency of the breathing of a sleeping human. +so if i were to play this -- -- for more than a few seconds, you'd feel uncomfortable; for more than a few minutes, you'd be leaving the room in droves. +you all recognize that one. this is the most-played tune in the world today. +and i stood there beside two very good friends of mine, richard weber and kevin vallely. +so we would have a live website, that every single day of the 33 days, we would be blogging, telling stories of, you know, depleted ozone forcing us to cover our faces, or we will burn. +that i'm this uber-endurance guy? +i actually love diving at night; you see a lot of fish then that you don't see in the daytime. +no matter where on earth you live. +we can go actually and swim around on google earth and visit with humpback whales. +we kill using long lines, with baited hooks every few feet that may stretch for 50 miles or more. +and, in 1972, this nation began to establish a counterpart in the sea, national marine sanctuaries. +but, nothing else will matter if we fail to protect the ocean. +without insects, there'd be no flowering plants. +they have another set of eyes on the top of their head. +a mouse has about 1,000 times as many neurons as a fly. +and these are the two concepts i'd like to explore. +so this is the preparation that one of my former post-docs, gaby maimon, who's now at rockefeller, developed, and it's basically a flight simulator but under conditions where you actually can stick an electrode in the brain of the fly and record from a genetically identified neuron in the fly's brain. +the first is, it's essential for us to understand the human brain if we do want to get along in society, and i think that it is a key step in evolution. +so i can say, with some certainty, "i think, therefore i am." +we're just packing in columns, so that we'd have more neocortical columns to perform more complex functions. +and we did that for tens of thousands of neurons, built digital models of all the different types of neurons we came across. +and when we do that what we discovered is that the circuitry does change. +now, when you look at that the first time, you think, "my god. how is reality coming out of that?" +this took place in my childhood -- 1957 to '65. +"spaceship project officially begun. job waiting for you. dyson." +so, these are three-pound charges of c4; that's about 10 times what the guy had in his shoes. +this is a 20 man version for going to jupiter: bunks, storm cellars, exercise room. +you know, i don't know how many of those you read, but it's not fun to read and often not fun to write -- even worse to write. +which i think is just fascinating. +very very hard. +giving your organs to somebody else is probably about how much you care about society, how linked you are. +interestingly enough, when people get this, they again don't check -- but now they join. +this is from a paper by redelmeier and schaefer. +there is one more decision. +a print subscription for 125. +and because we don't know our preferences that well we're susceptible to all of these influences from the external forces: the defaults, the particular options that are presented to us, and so on. +the silver lining is, i think, kind of the reason that behavioral economics is interesting and exciting. +they are scarce; they are expensive; and we only have a certain range of it. +and then we have the radio waves, they have the issues i've just mentioned. +and this is a fundamental basic property that we exploit with our technology. +you think, "ha, ha, ha. +and then i've mentioned the availability. +and then you have these millions of street lamps deployed around the world. +you've heard of dna; you probably studied a little bit in biology. +and look at all the complex things and wonderful things we've been able to create with just a one and a zero. +and then james watson's -- one of the co-founders of dna -- genome was done for two million dollars, and in just two months. +an architect far better and smarter than us has given us that toolbox, and we now have the ability to use it. +we could produce better flavors and aromas. +and he had the best answer i ever heard to this question: "well, somebody has to." +i'm sniffing this other dog's rear end, the owner's calling. " +and what you will find is a very, very low-ranking bitch will quite easily keep a bone away from a high-ranking male. +and that's how we use the food lure in the hand, and we use food because we're dealing with owners. +so we go, "sit," on the couch; "sit," tummy-rub; "sit," look, i throw a tennis ball; "sit," say hello to that other dog. +they think a punishment is something nasty. +your head now is 100 yards away, sailing through the air, ok? +and ugly face is this -- when you go face-to-face with a puppy or a child, you say, "what are you doing! now stop it, stop it, stop it!" +it really is. +speaking at the 2007 eg conference, trainer ian dunbar asks us to see the world through the eyes of our beloved dogs. by knowing our pets' perspective, we can build their love and trust. it's a message that resonates well beyond the animal world. +and you made it out of what? +wk: yeah, i want to build another one -- to pump water and irrigation for crops. +and so this is basically a song about loops, but not the kind of loops that i make up here. +and that's what the song is asking. +every time i read chekhov and his unique vision of human life, i'm reminded of why i too became a writer. +what about bigger numbers? +that's a lot easier than the way that the school taught you to do math, i'm sure. +the hare itself, the animal -- not a cat, not a dog, a hare -- why a hare? +how did we become the only species that becomes more prosperous as it becomes more populous? +and it's this combination, this cumulative technology, that intrigues me, because i think it's the secret to understanding what's happening in the world. +there's no exchange of ideas between them. +and that's seven and a half seconds of prosperity that you've gained since 1950, as it were, because that's seven and a half seconds in which you can do something else, or you can acquire another good or service. +we're able to draw upon specialization and exchange to raise each other's living standards. +and so both sides raise each other's standards of living through the sexual division of labor. +and that will have led to specialization. +the person on the assembly line doesn't know because he doesn't know how to drill an oil well to get oil out to make plastic, and so on. +my work is about the behaviors that we all engage in unconsciously, on a collective level. +and that's gone up since then, but we don't have the numbers yet. +and this is what the next piece is about. +as we try to build this view, and try to educate ourselves about the enormity of our culture, the information that we have to work with is these gigantic numbers: numbers in the millions, in the hundreds of millions, in the billions and now in the trillions. +you're looking at the outside shell of the virus, and the yellow color here are those parts of the virus that are evolving very, very fast, and the blue parts are not evolving very fast. +but really, it's pretty robust. +and there're only 102 because people got bored collecting them: there are just new ones every year. +so that's great, but again, cheap shot, right? +we put the beeper in the clinic. +i mean, they went to the max for this woman. +and what i'm telling you here from the signal, is that men who have a mutation in this antiviral defense enzyme, and have a tumor, often have -- 40 percent of the time -- a signature which reveals a new retrovirus. +joe derisi: solving medical mysteries +here's the first battery -- a stack of coins, zinc and silver, separated by cardboard soaked in brine. +the electrolyte is not a solution of salt and water, but rather salt that's melted. +it's pretty cool, at least in theory. +so a year and a half ago, david and i, along with another research staff-member, formed a company to accelerate the rate of progress and the race to manufacture product. +donald sadoway: the missing link to renewable energy +so i want to give you a quick story of how it got started. +did you find the gold? +things where you might trip across things like the copernican principle, the fermi paradox, the anthropic principle, the origin of life. +so pretty much players are encouraged to be very creative in the game. +so this is the planet that we've been playing on up to this point in the game. +now here, our entire oceans are evaporating off the surface, and as it keeps getting hotter at some point the entire planet's going to melt down. +and so you'd have this wonderful sparkling thing, with the disk slowly rotating, and this is roughly what it would look like. and so really, part of this is about bringing the beauty of this, of the natural world, to somebody in a very imaginative way, so that they can start calibrating their instinct across these vast scales of space and time. +even the bbc and the new york times. +so they do this both when they have power sort of chronically, and also when they're feeling powerful in the moment. +so business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap. +probably not, right? you want the person who's powerful and assertive and dominant, but not very stress reactive, the person who's laid back. +so two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident and comfortable, or really stress-reactive, and, you know, feeling sort of shut down. and we've all had the feeling, right? +we also evaluate these people much more positively overall. " +and the night before my first-year talk, and the first-year talk at princeton is a 20-minute talk to 20 people. that's it. +two minutes, two minutes, two minutes. +so you're out in the woods, or you're out in the pasture, and you see this ant crawling up this blade of grass. +many people have laid down their lives for communism, and many have laid down their lives for capitalism. +now, what theories do we want to use to look at this? +not silicon. +there are other parasites that do this -- which render the host sterile. +they're not a big deal for us. +now in the old days, conducting, music making, was less about trust and more, frankly, about coercion. +i have to say, in those days, i couldn't really even find the bird. +they don't read music. +do you hear it? +well done, ladies and gentlemen. +lyn: when i'm making music, i feel like a pilot in the cockpit flying an airplane. +my uncle ed gave me a beautiful blue sweater -- at least i thought it was beautiful. +we focused on a business model; we insisted on skin in the game. +they are farmers and factory workers. +it's estimated that africa loses about 13 billion dollars a year to the disease. +she runs two of the lines, and has already saved enough money to put a down payment on her house. +well three sons got into a negotiation. +how do we deal with our deepest differences, given the human propensity for conflict and the human genius at devising weapons of enormous destruction? +and we can play an incredibly constructive role. +now let me take you for a moment to what's widely regarded as the world's most difficult conflict, or the most impossible conflict, is the middle east. +now as anthropologists, we know that every culture has an origin story. +and that's what comes to the first step here. +let me ask you a question. +and so that's what it's about. +but they did it thanks to a common identity -- europe -- and a common economy. +natalie macmaster: cape breton fiddling in reel time +first step, the medical doctor went away for about six months, and he worked on what were to become these nine health goals, what were we aiming at. +you and your kids are fine. +that's our average budget. +they do all aspects of the work. +they could trap the flies, send them to him in perth. +i put it to you, is this eliminating poverty? +so when i do my job, people hate me. +and second, i don't care about the word, i care about how you use it. +i'm not saying it's easy. +but it all starts with seeds in classrooms, in my place, which looks like this. +and what'd we do then? well, i met nice people like you, and they invited us to the hamptons. +that's a picture i took of my bronx borough president, addressing my kids in his house, not the jailhouse, making them feel a part of it. +so we started giving back. +and when you expand their palates, you expand their vocabulary. +and again, when you can take kids from backgrounds as diverse as this to do something as special as this, we're really creating a moment. +people, you can all do that. +sí se puede! +well, with the pig, at the baseline, before we blocked the pig's artery to simulate a heart attack, that was the signal. +so there it was, thursday morning we stopped the pig's medication and there is his electrogram, the signal from inside the pig's heart coming out by radio telemetry. +that's the first invention that i wanted to describe. +stacy sager: but for christina sidebottom, almost anything was worth trying if it could stop a migraine. +this is probably a better picture. +a signal in the brain that triggers brain dysfunction might be sensed as a trigger for electro-stimulation like we're doing with epilepsy. +everybody knows that we can do better with a visual thing that can be interactive with the patient, where they see the video and they're being videoed and they press, do you understand this? no, i don't. +and so there is a team of developers from all over africa, who are part of this team now -- from ghana, from malawi, from kenya. +you see this with twitter, too. you get this information overload. +after he died, i realized that no one writes to me anymore. +in fact, so many different points of resonance that it's going to be difficult to bring them all up, but i'll try to do my best. +think of it as a massive itunes for book type content. +companies like national instruments, who are embedding very powerful, interactive simulations into the materials, so that we can go way beyond our regular kind of textbook to an experience that all the teaching materials are things you can actually interact with and play around with and actually learn as you do. +so what we're seeing is moving this burning or publication process from the regular sort of single-authored book towards community-authored materials that are modular, that are customized to each individual class and published on demand very inexpensively, either pushed out through amazon, or published directly through an on-demand press, like coop. +and people who are teachers out here, whoever taught, you know this -- it's the interconnections between ideas that teaching is really all about. +we're not talking about harry potter, right? +and if you read the press, it actually last week said i quit the media lab. +and these are two anecdotes -- one was in cambodia, in a village that has no electricity, no water, no television, no telephone, but has broadband internet now. +we're interested in big displays, bright displays. +it's the rest -- that little brown box -- that is pretty fascinating, because the rest of your laptop is devoted to itself. +is it all worked out? no. +by law you've got to bid, and so on and so forth. +because there's no market for post office trucks. +and if it comes out at 138 dollars, so what? +we can put anything we want into it, and it doesn't get heavier, and then we can take anything out. +and i said, "i want to do that." +these are the people that you have access to right now, in general -- all of these people, all of your friends and family that you can connect to. +i want you to take a trip with me. +in resource-rich countries, with all the tests and treatment we currently have, less than two percent of babies are born hiv-positive -- 98 percent of babies are born hiv-negative. +these women are here for care, but we know that just doing a test, just giving someone a drug, it's not enough. +your baby is going to be hiv-negative. " +the second: keep mothers healthy, keep mothers alive, keep the children alive -- no more orphans. +she had been asked by one of the clients to go to the home of the client, because the client wanted to tell the mother and her brothers and sisters about her hiv status, and she was afraid to go by herself. +we've chosen to redefine the health care system as a doctor, a nurse and a mentor mother. +mothers with hiv caring for mothers with hiv. +it's proportionally much bigger in humans than in any other species, and it's involved in a whole range of high level cognitive functions, things like decision-making, planning, planning what you're going to do tomorrow or next week or next year, inhibiting inappropriate behavior, so stopping yourself saying something really rude or doing something really stupid. +there are three trucks there. you're going to instinctively go for the white truck, because that's the top truck from your perspective, but then you have to remember, "oh, he can't see that truck, so he must mean me to move the blue truck," which is the top truck from his perspective. now believe it or not, normal, healthy, intelligent adults like you make errors about 50 percent of the time on that kind of trial. +but now we try to understand that in terms of the development of a part of their brain called the limbic system, so i'm going to show you the limbic system in red in the slide behind me, and also on this brain. +see, he owned a chromium plating company, and they had to move heavy steel parts between tanks of chemicals, and so he needed an industrial robot like this that could basically do the heavy lifting. +but i knew what he meant, because it would be possible to take a bunch of pictures of flowers in a garden and then, basically, index them in a computer system such that it would appear that there was a real robot when there wasn't. +she said, when she was just about to walk on stage, the tele-directors were still trying to agree on what to do, and so she just walked on stage and did what felt most natural. +human demonstrations, they're all noisy and imperfect, and we extract from them an inferred task trajectory and control sequence for the robot. +the more that robots ingrain themselves into our everyday lives, the more we're forced to examine ourselves as people. at tedxberkeley, ken goldberg shares four very human lessons that he's learned from working with robots. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +in fact, it is said that in the collective consciousness of africa, we get to experience the deepest parts of our own humanity through our interactions with others. +and there was something so beautifully african about it to me, this small house with a huge heart in it. +as i come out of the water, solly arrives at a deep section, a channel between us. +she arrived at our reserve from a reserve east of us on her migratory route. +and while it's true that ubuntu is an african idea, what i see is the essence of that value being invented here. +now kaesava had a baby boy called rehan a couple of weeks ago. +perhaps loss of memory is so crucial for our survival as human beings. +well, when i think of the future, i never see myself moving forward in time. i actually see time moving backward towards me. +i actually included stories from my grandmother. +i must admit, i used to be one of them. +i discovered that there's a movement for a better way. +birke baehr: what's wrong with our food system +and you can see that it kind of hockey sticks up around the 1960s and '70s, and it's on kind of a nice trajectory right now. +seamounts are important for biodiversity. +and what's the context of the phoenix islands? +i'd like to go back and share it with the government of kiribati, who are over in tarawa, the westernmost group. +it had occurred on land, in rainforests of south america and africa, where landowners had been paid not to cut the trees down. +it's almost like if a person has multiple diseases, it's hard to get well, you might die, but if you only have one disease to deal with, you can get better. +i've just described to you the one story behind that rectangular area in the middle, the phoenix islands, but every other green patch on that has its own story. +just in the past couple years, we've seen digital tools display skills and abilities that they never, ever had before, and that, kind of, eat deeply into what we human beings do for a living. let me give you a couple examples. +in the short term, we can stimulate job growth by encouraging entrepreneurship and by investing in infrastructure, because the robots today still aren't very good at fixing bridges. +so the work of innovation, the work of coming up with new ideas, is some of the most powerful, some of the most fundamental work that we can do in an economy. and this is kind of how we used to do innovation. +thanks very much. +this is 1983. +and, lastly, under "harmony," they had this 13th-century mandala from tibet. +he didn't want any of his friends to be arrested, so he supplied everybody with this fake volunteer card. +which brought me back to my list making -- you know, just to see what i actually like about my job. +then it's: "guts." +the other condition is in societies living in marginal or fluctuating environments, such as the arctic or deserts, where there are periodic food shortages, and occasionally there just isn't enough food to keep everyone alive. +for example, there's particular emphasis on respect for the elderly in east asia, associated with confucius' doctrine of filial piety, which means obedience, respect and support for elderly parents. +perhaps the biggest change for the worse is that our elderly are objectively less useful than in traditional societies. +unfortunately, all of those terrible situations could come back. +those are just some examples of what we can learn from traditional societies. +and so the backstory of the 99 takes place in 1258, which history tells us the mongols invaded baghdad and destroyed it. +the concept centers on something called the noor stones. +i got accused in a few blogs that i was actually sent by the pope to preach the trinity and catholicism in the middle east, so you -- you believe who you want. i gave you my version of the story. +top right is stuart moore, a writer for iron man. +opened a theme park through a license in kuwait a year and a half ago called the 99 village theme park -- 300,000 square feet, 20 rides, all with our characters: a couple back-to-school licenses in spain and turkey. +i don't deserve it. i don't deserve anything. +and the first one was about a group called the party of god, who wanted to ban valentine's day. red was made illegal. +rayan reframed the situation and brought himself down to my level. +that is, they're meaningless without context: 500 billion for this pipeline, 20 billion for this war. +so i want to show you another landscape now. +why april? +yeah, retail therapy might help. +there's something almost quite magical about visual information. +so massive, in fact, that it can contain all the other military budgets in the world inside itself. +we need relative figures that are connected to other data so that we can see a fuller picture, and then that can lead to us changing our perspective. +so let's filter that out. +i mean, i find information just too interesting. +now what you are smelling is a combination of -- i asked how many molecules there were in there, and nobody would tell me. +and that's a perfectly reasonable theory in the sense that almost everything else in biology works by shape. +this is cis-3-hexene-1-ol. it smells of cut grass. +the bad news is they're rocket fuels. +this is the basis for the device that these two guys at ford built. +and i said, first of all, let me do the calculation on that compound, bottom right, which is related to coumarin, but has an extra pentagon inserted into the molecule. +i come out of the advertising and design business. +running through this typical letter that they had, i ran it through my simplicity lab, it's pretty unintelligible. +moses! -- the boys in michael morpurgo's "friend or foe;" alem in benjamin zephaniah's "refugee boy;" luke skywalker -- luke skywalker! -- oliver twist; cassia in "the concubine of shanghai" by hong ying; celie in alice walker's "the color purple." +the adoption process took, like, a matter of months, so it was a closed shop, you know, sealed deal, an industrious, utilitarian solution: the government, the farmer, the adopting parents, the consumer, the mother, the earth, and the child, the crop. +and i was on the cusp of, sort of, adolescence, so i was starting to take biscuits from the tin without asking. +but because i had no family to inquire about me, they could do anything to me. +lemn sissay: a child of the state +we still really haven't got a very complete picture of it. +and if you look north here, there's a big river that flows into the lake that's been carrying sediment and preserving the remains of the animals that lived there. +and he remained there until 1.6 million years later, when this very famous fossil hunter, kamoya kimeu, walked along a small hillside and found that small piece of his skull lying on the surface amongst the pebbles, recognized it as being hominid. +i think it's our collective intelligence. +well, to end on a very positive note, i think evolutionarily speaking, this is probably a fairly good thing, in the end. +this folder has 17,000 photos -- over 20 gigabytes of information -- and it's growing constantly. +you can see that i even made a museum label for it that includes a brief history of the dodo. +it's funny to me that it took a while to authenticate it, because i can see it compared to this thing, and i can tell you -- it's real, it's the real thing, it's made from the exact same mold that this one is. +i'll go you one stranger than that: in 1974, during the production of a weird comedy sequel to "the maltese falcon," called "the black bird," starring george segal, the los angeles county museum of art had a plaster original of the maltese falcon -- one of the original six plasters, i think, made for the movie -- stolen out of the museum. a lot of people thought it was a publicity stunt for the movie. +there's a thing that happens when you mold and cast things, which is that every time you throw it into silicone and cast it in resin, you lose a little bit of volume, you lose a little bit of size. +i had extensive and life-threatening injuries. +the next concern was whether i would walk again, because i was paralyzed from the waist down. +i was lying on a thin, hard spinal bed. +in the spinal ward, that's normal. +it was everybody's pain. and then i knew, just like before, that i had a choice. i could keep fighting this or i could let go and accept not only my body but the circumstances of my life. +and they took one look and ran out the back to draw short straws. +so i went home, i got a training diary out, and i had a plan. +the pilot light inside of me was still a light, just as it is in each and every one of us. +and we should be developing things -- we should be developing packaging for ideas which elevate people's perceptions and respect for the things that we dig out of the earth and translate into products for everyday use. +when i do make some money, i'll have one machined for myself. +it comes back to instinct. +it cost 1.7 million dollars to develop. it's called "go" by bernhardt, usa. +that is the power of organic design. +it's grown in my mind, and then it's grown in terms of the whole process that i go through. +i've been banging on about this like i can't believe. +and that's what i do with my furniture. +it's in notting hill next to all the crap -- you know, the prostitutes and all that stuff. +on the wall is my book called "supernatural," which allows me to remember what i've done, because i forget. +we trained in a tank in port hueneme, and then my first open ocean dive was in santa barbara channel. +like those big explosions, sparks, are from a little comb jelly, and there's krill and other kinds of crustaceans, and jellyfish. +now, this one is blue, and that's the color of most bioluminescence in the ocean because evolution has selected for the color that travels farthest through seawater in order to optimize communication. +he's got to find himself a babe and then he's got to latch on for life. +and then to generate the display you're about to see, all i did was touch it once per second on its nerve ring with a sharp pick that's sort of like the sharp tooth of a fish. +but there came a moment when it all came together, and everything worked. +edith widder: glowing life in an underwater world +so as we are facing all the multiple crises in our world at the moment, what is good for us on a personal level, what's going to bring more joy, gratitude, effectiveness in our lives and be the best for our own careers is also what is best for the world. +so i -- i took my camera, i took my notebook, took a chair, and started to observe this behavior. +here's one of my fellow winners. that's charles paxton who won the 2000 biology prize for his paper, "courtship behavior of ostriches towards humans under farming conditions in britain." +the missionary position is very rare in the animal kingdom. +and when it's over, we go to a chinese restaurant and we have a six-course duck dinner. +it had become a part of my body, an extension of my senses, and after some time, it even became a part of my official image. +prince charles has some similarities with nicole kidman. +and the good thing about perceiving ultraviolet is that you can hear if it's a good day or a bad day to sunbathe, because ultraviolet is a dangerous color, a color that can actually kill us, so i think we should all have this wish to perceive things that we cannot perceive. +she was wholly unconcerned about the bears, but she was terrified of lawyers. +but the reality is, these crazy cases are relatively rare. they don't usually win. +it's very hard to measure because there are mixed motives. +it doesn't seem to be working very well does it? +people -- for law to be the platform for freedom, people have to trust it. +so, what's needed now is to rebuild these boundaries. +that person doesn't exist today. +it's the only way to get our freedom back, and it's the only way to release the energy and passion needed so that we can meet the challenges of our time. thank you. +or -- or maybe and -- in addition to rules, let's see if we can come up with some really clever incentives so that, even if the people we deal with don't particularly want to serve our interests, it is in their interest to serve our interest -- the magic incentives that will get people to do the right thing even out of pure selfishness. +well if you think about it, it's really hard to measure out round columns using a ruler. +he had a pretty low-wage job. +he did after all have a toy gun. +but the problem with relying on rules and incentives is that they demoralize professional activity, and they demoralize professional activity in two senses. +so canny outlaws are better than nothing, but it's hard to imagine any canny outlaw sustaining that for an indefinite period of time. +there are now 22 cities that have veterans' courts like this. +so there are lots of examples like this that we talk about. +the united states had developed a couple of atomic weapons through the manhattan project, and the idea was very straightforward: we would use the power of the atom to end the atrocities and the horror of this unending world war ii that we'd been involved in in europe and in the pacific. +during this chapter one, there was a high level of public awareness about the potential of nuclear catastrophe, and an indelible image was implanted in our collective minds that, in fact, a nuclear holocaust would be absolutely globally destructive and could, in some ways, mean the end of civilization as we know it. +so the goal was to evacuate the target cities. +there are many, many sites where warheads are stored and, in fact, lots of sites where fissionable materials, like highly enriched uranium and plutonium, are absolutely not safe. +they are very dedicated and committed. +this is the size of the "little boy" bomb that was dropped at hiroshima. +in that 10 to 15 minutes, all you have to do -- and i mean this seriously -- is go about a mile away from the blast. +so separation -- hopefully with dirt or concrete, or being in a basement -- distance and time is what will save you. +serious problems, big problems, pressing problems. +and many of us here are deeply involved in that. +and that's clearer now than it's been for decades. +that's what business does when it makes a profit. +business does not profit from causing social problems, actually not in any fundamental sense. +we see companies like the brazilian forestry company fibria that's figured out how to avoid tearing down old growth forest and using eucalyptus and getting much more yield per hectare of pulp and making much more paper than you could make by cutting down those old trees. +if we can break down this sort of divide, this unease, this tension, this sense that we're not fundamentally collaborating here in driving these social problems, we can break this down, and we finally, i think, can have solutions. +this shows a lot of internal structures. +it doesn't have to be always dissection. +they're even more shocked by what he says. +they talked about science and the need for a new scientific revolution. +each month required 1,365 calculations, so these tables were filled with mistakes. +there's a flip side as well. +one day a nasa manager comes into my office, sits down and says, "can you please tell us, how do we look for life outside earth?" +so he was convinced, but, in fact, most people aren't. +and it is in fact due to this arms race between hackers and operating system designers that things go back and forth. +and as you see here, there are groups that are growing on top of each other, because they are spreading. +and obviously each of these letters comes off about roughly equally frequent. +it doesn't matter what kind of sediment you're using to grind up, whether it's bacteria or any other plants or animals. +so let's see what that looks like. +and if we remove the mystery of life, then i think it is a little bit easier for us to think about how we live, and how perhaps we're not as special as we always think we are. +this is a paper form, and what you're looking at is a paper form in the hand of a ministry of health nurse in indonesia who is tramping out across the countryside in indonesia on, i'm sure, a very hot and humid day, and she is going to be knocking on thousands of doors over a period of weeks or months, knocking on the doors and saying, "excuse me, we'd like to ask you some questions. +now try and wrap your head around that for a second. +the problem was, after a few years of doing that, i realized i had done -- i had been to maybe six or seven programs, and i thought, you know, if i keep this up at this pace, over my whole career, maybe i'm going to go to maybe 20 or 30 programs. +now you may not think of hotmail as being miraculous, but for me it was miraculous, because i noticed, just as i was wrestling with this problem, i was working in sub-saharan africa mostly at the time. +but there are some additional benefits as well. +collecting global health data was an imperfect science: workers tramped through villages to knock on doors and ask questions, wrote the answers on paper forms, then input the data -- and from this gappy information, countries would make huge decisions. data geek joel selanikio talks through the sea change in collecting health data in the past decade -- starting with the palm pilot and hotmail, and now moving into the cloud. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +and when we drop the ballast overboard we climb. +throwing overboard, as ballast, to change our direction. +but we were expected to have doubts; we're expected to have fears. +but it will not be possible in the future any more. +why that? because fuel is not easy to replace. +and this is exactly the symbol of our world. +but much more, to get advices, to give your comments, to spread the word that if it's possible in the air, of course it's possible in the ground. +you see, it used to be that if you wanted to make a record of a song, you needed a studio and a producer. +don't ask. +and what we're facing in africa is an unprecedented threat to human dignity and equality. +you see, it's not as dramatic as the tsunami. +don't you think that on a purely commercial level, that anti-retroviral drugs are great advertisements for western ingenuity and technology? +this is the straight truth, the righteous truth. +so why, then, are we not pumping our fists into the air? +momentum has been building. +there's the continent africa. +a few minutes ago, i talked about all the citizens' campaigns that are springing up. +i really believe that old truman line, that if you give the american people the facts, they'll do the right thing. +i think we have the money and brains in the room to do that. +now, "all shook up" is a great love song. +people with colored hearing actually see colors when they hear the sounds of words or letters. +they took longer to reject metaphors as false than they did to reject literally false sentences. +those exposed to the world war ii scenario made more interventionist recommendations than the others. +aphorism enthusiast and author james geary waxes on a fascinating fixture of human language: the metaphor. friend of scribes from aristotle to elvis, metaphor can subtly influence the decisions we make, geary says. +but we want to tell the world that, no, under the one flag, we'll still remain as yemeni people. +and he said, "you are the bridge." +pm: and we should point out that he works with you as well at the paper. +we've suffered prosecution; the paper was closed down more than three times. +actually, that's a documentary that's available online; the video's online. +as political turmoil in yemen continues, the editor of the yemen times, nadia al-sakkaf, talks at tedglobal with host pat mitchell. al-sakkaf's independent, english-language paper is vital for sharing news -- and for sharing a new vision of yemen and of that country's women as equal partners in work and change. +my father and my grandfather were always looking for the newest thing in alternative or traditional therapies for ph, but after six months, i couldn't walk up a small hill. i couldn't climb a flight of stairs. +it certainly didn't prepare me for what came next. +my doctor wanted me to get on the list for a lung transplant. +but organs don't wait, and i went into surgery before i could say goodbye. +medical conditions don't negate the human condition. +and many of these chemicals are now linked to the skyrocketing incidents of chronic childhood disease that we're seeing across industrialized nations. +and you can see these large, yolked-up eggs bursting through the surface of this male's testes. +but just two weeks before that, the u.s. senate refused to even debate the banning of bpa in babies' bottles and sippy cups. +in addition to that, after the baby's born, our other unique invention as mammals is that we nourish our offspring after they're born. +th: one of this things that's exciting and appropriate for me to be here at tedwomen is that, well, i think it was summed up best last night at dinner when someone said, "turn to the man at your table and tell them, 'when the revolution starts, we've got your back.'" the truth is, women, you've had our back on this issue for a very long time, starting with rachel carson's "silent spring" to theo colborn's "our stolen future" to sandra steingraber's books "living downstream" and "having faith." +and it's my feeling and it's my urging being here to know that, as we women move forward as the communicators of this, but also as the ones who carry that burden of carrying the children, bearing the children, we hold most of the buying power in the household, is that it's going to be us moving forward to carry the work of tyrone and other scientists around the world. +here is a remote island repository for bottles off the coast of baja california. +that day i ended up spending nearly 60. +all the king's horses and all the king's men... +but curiously, redwood rainforests, the fragments that we have left, to this day remain under-explored. +and with a friend of his, he took it upon himself to free-climb a redwood without ropes or any equipment to see what was up there. +when steve sillett gets up into a big redwood, he fires an arrow, which trails a fishing line, which gets over a branch in the tree, and then you ascend up a rope which has been dragged into the tree by the line. +this reiteration is a huge flying buttress that comes out the tree itself. +they're finding out that redwoods can move moisture out of the air and down into their trunks, possibly all the way into their root systems. +what can the redwoods tell us about ourselves? +richard preston, thank you very much, i think. +the pc virus problem is 25 years old now. +and you can see at the top of the screen, there's a centipede scrolling across your computer when you get infected by this one. +well there's multiple different ways, such as banking trojans, which will steal money from your online banking accounts when you do online banking, or keyloggers. +they also use the global nature of internet to their advantage. +and that's a backdoor which will take over your computer. +now i'm not a lawyer, but if i would be, this is where i would say, "i rest my case." +so preparedness means that we can do stuff even when the things we take for granted aren't there. +there are lots of thing that the approach i take can predict, and there are some that it can't. +and many of you may have noticed that doesn't have as big an effect, as perhaps you would like it to have. +we've increased it to 3.6 million. +you might notice what we don't need to know: there's no history in here. +and down at 100 they would build civilian nuclear energy, which is what they say is their objective. +everything is not predictable: the stock market is, at least for me, not predictable, but most complicated negotiations are predictable. +whether you're an artist, a technologist, a lawyer or a fan, the handling of copyright directly impacts your life. +and then they benefit through the exposure, advertising and linked sales. +there's musical labels. +if you saw these women on the street in their faded clothes, you might dismiss them as poor and simple. +satawal is one half-mile long by one mile wide. +this is part of our collective narrative. +it's the most important map of all. +you don't work in your self-interest all the time, because when emotion comes into it, the wiring changes in the way it functions. +so, i've had an interesting laboratory to try to answer the question of the real question, which is what's the difference in somebody's life if you look at somebody like those people that you've given everything to? like all the resources they say they need. you gave them not a 100-dollar computer; you gave them the best computer. you gave them love; you gave them joy. you were there to comfort them. +the defining factor is never resources; it's resourcefulness. +honestly, better or worse? say, "aye." +your model of the world is the filter. that's what's shaping us. +how many of you here love surprises? say, "aye." +if nothing else works for you, get a dog. don't get a cat. get a dog, because if you leave for two minutes, it's like you've been gone for six months when you show back up again five minutes later, right? +now, 18 years later, i'm proud to tell you, last year we fed two million people in 35 countries through our foundation, all during the holidays: thanksgiving, christmas -- -- in all the different countries around the world. +she said, "it's over." when i finished that night, she called him and left a message -- true story -- at the top of the world trade center where he worked, saying, "honey, i love you, i just want you to know i want to marry you. it was stupid of me." she was asleep, because it was 3 a.m. for us, when he called her back from the top and said, "honey, i can't tell you what this means." +and that was largely because there weren't any. +and we define ourselves by our gaps. +any dot can be clicked and expanded. and we see here, "i would just feel so much better if i could curl up in his arms right now and feel his affection for me in the embrace of his body and the tenderness of his lips." +the next movement is called mobs. +here we see people that feel "slipping," "nauseous," "responsible." +this is in response to, what's beautiful? "miss world." +it's called universe: revealing our modern mythology. +we can click on one of those and have the photograph be the center of the universe. +here we have our star field. here we have our shapes. +but i think they're beautiful, don't you? +what would that mean? i have no idea. +this looks like a series of breaking waves, and it's caused by shearing winds -- the wind above the cloud layer and below the cloud layer differ significantly, and in the middle, in between, you get this undulating of the air, and if the difference in those speeds is just right, the tops of the undulations curl over in these beautiful breaking wave-like vortices. +the sharp, crisp outlines of this formation make it the best one for finding shapes in. +let's go back a few years in time and see what happened back then. +using computers, even though they're getting faster and better all the time, it's a challenge to deal with gigabytes of data, terabytes of data and extracting the relevant information. +you can see that there is [a] scattering of x-rays on the teeth, the metal in the teeth. +and again, it's fully interactive, so you can rotate and you can look at things in real time on these systems here. +it really just works like a huge iphone. +and to take that even further, this is a heart. +so motts is doing something here, and probably he is going like this with his right hand, because the left side is activated on the motor cortex. +i can peel off the layer of the lion. +and so it was simply astonishing to me to find an organization that actually appreciated both those sides. +he said, "ok. i measured the height of a brick. +the standard explanation is that the universe somehow sprang into existence, full of a strange kind of energy -- inflationary energy -- which blew it up. +the density of matter is finite, and we have a chance of a consistent set of equations that can describe the whole process. +and the next map now shows africa's gdp in 1960, around the time of independence for many african states. +and to my astonishment, they backed me 100 percent. +everyone lives together in this hotel -- lecturers and students -- and it's not surprising at all to find an impromptu tutorial at 1 a.m. +i will be attending aims. +i want to point out a few other exceptional people in this picture. +and our partners across africa are extremely enthusiastic about this. +when computers were first introduced, they were said to be a million times faster than neurons. +and let me just summarize. so the bottom line: the brain processes information using 100,000 times less energy than we do right now with this computer technology that we have. +now, what's happening is that as transistors are getting smaller and smaller and smaller, they no longer behave like this. +ok, so a computer picks a specific item of data from memory, it sends it into the processor or the alu, and then it puts the result back into memory. +this is kareem's dark eyes and that's the white background that you see here. +i was coming at it from a different perspective, where i was bringing that different perspective to bear on the problem. +so, despite the fact that i'm going to talk to you about an object that's supermassive, and i'm going to get to what that really means in a moment, it has no finite size. +i need to understand the mass of the object i'm claiming is a black hole, and what its schwarzschild radius is. +so, at the center there, that's actually where most of the starlight comes out from. +which is the job that i have to show you today. +you're seeing an animation that goes between an example of what you would see if you don't use this technique -- in other words, just a picture that shows the stars -- and the box is centered on the center of the galaxy, where we think the black hole is. +and because of that, we've been able to show that there is a supermassive black hole there. +in fact, we anticipated that star formation shouldn't proceed in that environment. +and i hope, if nothing else, i've convinced you that, one, we do in fact have a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy. +and how people get this music, how it comes into their lives, really fascinates me. +but the way we react to different combinations of these phenomena is complex and emotional and not totally understood. +but every musician strikes a different balance between faith and reason, instinct and intelligence. +it's the time in which the big forms began to arise. +the culture in which we live now is awash with music of improvisation that's been sliced, diced, layered and, god knows, distributed and sold. +and it excites me now to meet people who are hikers, chefs, code writers, taxi drivers, people i never would have guessed who loved the music and who are passing it on. +the real key observation he made is that a free-flying wing can sweep through more sky and generate more power in a unit of time than a fixed-wing turbine. +if you give me a 747, i'll make six megawatts, which is more than the largest wind turbines today. +that comes from the last name of one of schumann's female friends. +and then you have to do the initial sketch of the character, which is like your structure of a piece, and then you add pen and pencil and whatever details that you need -- that's polishing the drawing. +now, she chose c, g, b, a, e. +it felt like a revolution. +it's based on hundreds of hours of research, of practice. +it's by giving away what you think is your deepest secret that maybe millions of people are empowered to help improve it. +but what's key here is, the reason these groups have been able to connect is because their work output is of the type that can be easily shared digitally -- a picture, a music file, software. +there's a problem with a traditional scientific paper. +it's right here. +schools can't be silos. +the same trash site is feeding more than 30 families. +now, to make this more concrete, let's look at the list of top 10 words that statistically stick out in the most favorite tedtalks and in the least favorite tedtalks. +and analysis shows if you want to be among the most favorite ted speakers, you should let your hair grow a little bit longer than average, make sure you wear your glasses and be slightly more dressed-up than the average ted speaker. +so i'm going to take as inspiration the fact that we're all interested in interacting with other people, i'm going to completely strip it of all its complicating features, and i'm going to turn that object, that simplified object, into a scientific probe, and provide the early stages, embryonic stages of new insights into what happens in two brains while they simultaneously interact. +drugs of abuse would come in, and they would change the way you value the world. they change the way you value the symbols associated with your drug of choice, and they make you value that over everything else. +and the short answer is games. +canaries used to be used as kind of biosensors in mines. +read montague: what we're learning from 5,000 brains +politics and politicians will only succeed if they actually try and treat with people as they are, rather than as they would like them to be. +right now, here we are linked up to long beach and everywhere else, and all these secret locations for a fraction of that cost, and we can send and receive huge quantities of information without it costing anything. +and you can see this looks a bit like a chef's hat, but actually that's an assault, the one in blue. +obviously, here we have jfk with that incredibly simple and powerful formulation, "ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country," an incredibly noble sentiment. +how would i know who was the best? +some teachers are far more effective than others. +you can't really dispute what you see on the video, and there is a lot to be learned from that, and there are a lot of ways that we can grow as a profession when we actually get to see this. +that's understandable, but our experience with met suggests that if teachers manage the process, if they collect video in their own classrooms, and they pick the lessons they want to submit, a lot of them will be eager to participate. +it's a movement that -- it advocates making biotechnology accessible to everyone, not just scientists and people in government labs. +then we like to take things apart. +let me show you what you could do right now. +if everyone in this room got involved, who knows what we could do? +but you know what? +we're going to hear from two people who are on the sharp end of the law. +because i am hiv positive. +now drug use or possession is illegal in almost every country. +we can also train judges so that they find flexibilities in the law and so that they rule on the side of tolerance rather than prejudice. +that's where babies were born and people died. +the office building is basically obsolete for doing private work. +this is even a more interesting solution in seoul, korea. +we hope to have that built this fall. +we don't really believe in cameras to do things in homes. +and they are thought to be able to filter a cubic kilometer of water every hour and can feed on 30 kilos of zoo plankton a day to survive. +we're often all frightened of sharks thanks to "jaws." +it might be a change in the distribution of plankton. +i'll show you what they look like. +so very simple things like that, we're trying to learn about basking sharks. +but again, it's kind of surprising. you wouldn't really expect that. +that's banned now, and that'll be good news for the sharks. +and they sat on it for months actually. +you probably saw the humpback whale footage that we got there a month or two ago off county wexford. +so thank you and thank you for listening. +they got themselves ready. +so with my hidden intention, i kept quiet. +but again, i can only affect society and affect government if i bring out the hard core evidence. +how did you end up in jail? this was just a few weeks ago, i believe, yeah? +does your breath smell bad while you're answering my interrogation right now? +i didn't want anyone to know that i was a girl, and they didn't. +i was just allowed to be me, growing and changing in every moment. +life magazine introduced generations of people to distant, far-off cultures they never knew existed through pictures. +this is my contribution to the civil rights fight of my generation. +once they got over the shock, though, by and large people opted for somewhere between 70 to 95 percent or the 3 to 20 percent marks. +it's too late. +apparently, lucifer means "the light." +all of them come from the cameras of american soldiers. +we look at what's inside of the person, the bad apples. +this is stanley milgram, little jewish kid from the bronx, and he asked the question, "could the holocaust happen here, now?" +you're a good person. you complain. +most of the time, we are in institutions, so the stanford prison study is a study of the power of institutions to influence individual behavior. +they're going to become numbers. +mindlessly taking the first small step. +bullying is a disease. prejudice is a disease. violence is a disease. +she came down, saw that madhouse and said, "you know what, it's terrible what you're doing to those boys. +wesley and the guy -- 20 and a half inches height. +we would have no access to love or to the ability to create. +and of course consider images that can be sensory patterns, visual, such as you're having right now in relation to the stage and me, or auditory images, as you are having now in relation to my words. +very odd -- i've analyzed this for a while. +and i thought about a solution to this problem. +you have, in effect, lost consciousness when you have damage to that red section of the brain stem. +except that they're not as rich as ours, because they don't have a cerebral cortex like we do. +we should look at how society and culture in this socio-cultural regulation are a work in progress. +my dad actually resigned from the male-only business club in my hometown because he said he would never be part of an organization that would one day welcome his son, but not his daughter. +i say, "online organizing." +xenophobia's on the rise. the trafficking of women and girls. +many of them are working in deeply intractable systems -- the military, congress, the education system, etc. +the maxim, "know thyself" has been around since the ancient greeks. +this is the term that armies use when they've lost a battle. +i may also be interested in knowing how focused i am, so i can put my level of attention into the circuit board on the other side. +we created the responsive room where the lights music and blinds adjusted to your state. +normally we think about technology as interactive. +with humanized technology we can monitor the quality of your sleep cycles. +ariel garten: know thyself, with a brain scanner +so let me just tell you, the great part of all of this? +and with the same dogged determination that my father had bred into me since i was such a child -- he taught me how to sail, knowing i could never see where i was going, i could never see the shore, and i couldn't see the sails, and i couldn't see the destination. +and you all know what it is. you don't need to have a disability to know that. +and he said, "do you love it?" +and i didn't know what to do. +nobody's ever done it before, so i'm going to go do it. +and i set up kanchi, because my organization was always going to be named after my elephant, because disability is like the elephant in the room. +and stop with the labels, the limiting. +the reason, i think, is that the pensioners believe they've chosen to be pensioners, whereas the young unemployed feel it's been thrust upon them. +do you call it the bailout of greece or the bailout of a load of stupid banks which lent to greece? +and i think that's probably right. +everybody else at the time of google, more or less, was trying to be a portal. +if you're on the way to visit your mother in-law, you'd probably prefer to stay on the left. +there's the real value, which is when you make something in a factory and provide a service, and then there's a kind of dubious value, which you create by changing the way people look at things. +i would argue, in britain there's a much better frame of reference, which is to tell people that more first-class mail arrives the next day in the u.k. than in germany. +and within that context, we can offer the kids time -- something that seems in short supply in their over-scheduled lives. +hi. so, this chap here, he thinks he can tell you the future. +these drugs were brought to market. they were prescribed very widely because heart attacks are a very common thing, and it took so long for us to find out that these drugs also caused an increased rate of death that before we detected that safety signal, over 100,000 people died unnecessarily in america from the prescription of anti-arrhythmic drugs. +only three of the negative trials were published, but all but one of the positive trials were published. +and the most staggering thing of all of this, to me, is that not only is this a problem, not only do we recognize that this is a problem, but we've had to suffer fake fixes. +nasa supported this work 12 years ago as part of the rebuilding of the hayden planetarium so that we would share this with the world. +we have a growing user base of this, and we network domes. +so, with the mit media lab, for quite a while now, we've been engaged in a field called active music. +so we know, for instance, that music is almost always the last thing that people with advanced alzheimer's can still respond to. +the main singer disappears at the beginning of the opera and the entire stage becomes the main character. it becomes his legacy. +so, first of all, dan, do you want to say hi to everyone and tell everyone who you are? +do they provide structure for us to do that? and, you know, that's a personal relationship to expression that is lacking in the technological sphere. so, you know, with dan, we needed a new design process, a new engineering process to sort of discover his movement and his path to expression that allow him to perform. +do you remember the story of odysseus and the sirens from high school or junior high school? +if you do that tomorrow, i'll be dead, you'll be dead, every single one of the men will be dead. +it has these strong, heroic arms that can lift doughnuts into your mouth. +on average, it was just a completely pointless exchange of money that i would regret. +we look at the savings rate and it has been declining since the 1950s. +yes, this person retired at 150 percent of their working income in retirement. +and from the future self's point of view, everything is in reverse. +and just for kicks we ran his picture through the balding, aging and weight gain software to see how he would look. +also, those very sounds tend not to be represented by the characters that are available in european languages. +even in the best-resourced countries in the world, this life expectancy gap is as much as 20 years. +in zimbabwe, for example, there were just about a dozen psychiatrists, most of whom lived and worked in harare city, leaving only a couple to address the mental health care needs of nine million people living in the countryside. +for me, what's truly sundar about the idea of task shifting, though, isn't that it simply makes health care more accessible and affordable but that it is also fundamentally empowering. +we began the project with an interim report, which quickly pulled together a lot of information that had been collected on the subject by many, many researchers. +but when did a bee actually ever give you an invoice? +now i'm going to show you how business as usual will affect this. +if you drill water to make coke near a village farm, that's not illegal, but yes, it costs the community. +and the chinese government responded sensibly and placed a ban on felling. +it's about energy emissions. +we've actually kind of made an ethical choice in society to not have coral reefs. +but the man had somehow a lot of room at the bottom. +feynman loved this story. +but it was really brutal. +we were up in the mountains, 1976. +but he was very excited that he had finally met somebody who had the same experience with my father as he had with his father. +he would try to visualize it, guided by a small number of simple principles. +if you could do all of them, you would have a very precise theory. +how should we really honor feynman? +it's a compound curve interior. +so the problem became -- and they set this dilemma to me -- that you have to design the interior using only our existing technology, and there's no money for tooling or molding. +and despite all of our best efforts and intentions, kids are always going to figure out how to do the most dangerous thing they can, in whatever environment they can. +i first saw this in a canadian film board film when i was 10, and it left a lasting impression, to see babies playing with knives. +it's a very simple exercise -- buy a song on itunes, write it to a cd, then rip the cd to an mp3 and play it on your very same computer. +so this motivated me to become an orthopedic surgeon and to see if i couldn't focus on solutions for those problems that would keep me playing sports and not limit me. +well the reason is because there's not enough donor cycles. +so that's our biologic approach right now. +and it wouldn't be fun to talk about the space age without seeing a flag that was carried to the moon and back, on apollo 11. +more tomorrow. i also have pictures coming of the library for those of you that have asked for pictures. +so hopefully tomorrow i'll show one or two more objects from the stage, but for today i just wanted to say thank you for all the people that came and talked to us about it. +but i brought along here a lump of coal -- right here, one lump of coal. +when edison invented the light bulb, pretty much looked like this. +but they want to use it -- seriously. +we're also working on noise canceling things like snoring, noise from automobiles. +i said we can shorten the column, we can spread it out to cover the couch. +i have a bunch of other inventions. +getting it over there? +so i exist somewhat outside of the mainstream of design thinking. +to this end, i have worked in sugar for stefan sagmeister, three-time ted speaker. +for some reason, i thought it would be a good idea to put an intermission in my talk. +"you've never really been sure of this, but i can assure you that this quirk you're so self-conscious of is intensely endearing. +and it's very, very common for designers and people in the visual arts to feel that we're not contributing enough, or worse, that all we're doing is contributing to landfill. +rezero keeps his balance by constantly measuring his pitch angle with a sensor. +with a screen it could inform people or show them around in a fun and entertaining way. +and so, going back to this abalone shell, besides being nano-structured, one thing that's fascinating, is when a male and a female abalone get together, they pass on the genetic information that says, "this is how to build an exquisite material. +the abalone shell here -- and if you fracture it, you can look at the fact that it's nano-structured. +it took them about 50 million years to learn how to perfect how to make that abalone shell. +i brought it here. +angela belcher: using nature to grow batteries +and then you'll hear things like the train, a plane, a car -- so, the commute. +and what you find is that, especially with creative people -- designers, programmers, writers, engineers, thinkers -- that people really need long stretches of uninterrupted time to get something done. +why do we expect people to work well if they're being interrupted all day at the office? +that's kind of ridiculous. it's a total decoy. +i mean, what are the chances that all 10 people are ready to stop? +because the offices are well equipped, everything should be there for them to do their work, but they don't want to go there right now, so how do we change that? +you can quit i.m.; you can't hide your manager. +this is my office. it's out there. +i mean, i couldn't take your phones off you if i wanted to. +i think, quite a nice feature. +so, we've been conducting a lot of research. +it brings rudimentary banking services to places where there's no banking infrastructure. +like, this is viagra that i bought from a backstreet sex shop in china. +for me, this kind of personifies this connected world, where everything is intertwined, and the dots are -- it's all about the dots joining together. +and, with that, comes the third point, which is obligation -- and an obligation to that availability. +our reality right now is less interesting than the story we're going to tell about it later. +what were we just talking about? +dean ornish shares new research that shows how adopting healthy lifestyle habits can affect a person at a genetic level. for instance, he says, when you live healthier, eat better, exercise, and love more, your brain cells actually increase. +this idea is nicely captured by this quote: "things without all remedy should be without regard; what's done is done." +these are the classic conditions that create regret. +but it turns out that regret feels awful in four very specific and consistent ways. +make it go away. make it go away. " +because of course, sometimes we do make decisions that have irrevocable and terrible consequences, either for our own or for other people's health and happiness and livelihoods, and in the very worst case scenario, even their lives. +when other people see my tattoo, for the most part they like how it looks. +thank you. +half of them gave over the internet. +and pretty soon, the average price was 192 dollars. +today these low prices are available in the 25 countries where we work, and in a total of 62 countries, and about 550,000 people are getting the benefits of them. +recently we did an evaluation of the first 18 months of our efforts in rwanda. +that's about 43 percent of all the pregnancies. +i am grateful for this prize, and i will use it to that end. +the classrooms have no walls. +but an amazing alternative energy company in paris is taking us off the grid with solar. +this was a great thing. +this young man is picking organic vegetables. +and together these volunteers and the teachers are deeply committed to creating a new generation of global, green leaders. +is this doable in your community? +chaz ebert: it was chaz who stood by my side through three attempts to reconstruct my jaw and restore my ability to speak. +then i tried typing words on my laptop and using its built in voice. +they'd never made one from previously-recorded materials. +people who need a voice should know that most computers already come with built-in speaking systems. +the initials stood for programmed logic for automated teaching operations. +now we live in the age of the internet, which seems to be creating a form of global consciousness. +sometimes they assume i am deaf. +a guy goes into a psychiatrist. +so what can we do? +other examples you can see here are from latvia, lithuania, estonia -- the central european countries. +so first you ask a big question: why we do it? what is the goal? +you will recall that in 1976, june 16, the students of south africa boycotted the language of afrikaans as the medium of the oppressor, as they were sort of like really told that they must do everything in afrikaans -- biology, mathematics -- and what about our languages? +she ended up underneath the car. +and i ended up with a plastic nose, porcelain teeth and all kinds of other things. +so they eventually started matching their talents and skills to all of my needs. +so i moved on from there. +and as a blind person, your visual memory fades and is replaced with how you feel about things and how things sound and how things smell. +and he wrote to the academicians in paris, trying to explain his theory. +and i think galileo summed up, very nicely, the power of mathematics to understand the scientific world around us. +but i wanted to try and enrich him. +so i'm going to take you through, perhaps push you a little bit mathematically -- so brace yourselves -- push you a little bit to understand how this language works, which enables us to capture what is symmetry. +so both of these objects have six symmetries. +let's do a rotation by a third of a turn anticlockwise, and reflect in the line through x. +but the shapes match up if i rotate by a sixth of a turn around the point where all the triangles meet. +well, unfortunately it isn't really a picture. if i could have my board at the side here, great, excellent. +two? so you should have sat down earlier. +i've learned that they're really the essence of what makes for progress, even when they seem to be terrible. +but i think from the point of view of a neanderthal, there would have been a lot of disapproval of the wimpish choppers that we now have. +and mark twain, who knew all about typesetting, really was smitten by this machine. +and my favorite example of that occurred beginning in 1976, when it was discovered that the bacteria causing legionnaires disease had always been present in natural waters, but it was the precise temperature of the water in heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems that raised the right temperature for the maximum reproduction of legionella bacillus. +think of the financial world, for example. +for some reason, there's no standard syllabus, there's no basic course. +here's something that drives me crazy. +you get it every time. +and instead of that point and click, it's like a push and pull, things collide as you'd expect them. just like on my real desk, i can -- let me just grab these guys -- i can turn things into piles instead of just the folders that we have. +i think you can really enrich the way we browse our photographs and bring it to that kind of shoebox of, you know, photos with your family on the kitchen table kind of thing. +let me introduce you to my brand new project, "baroque in rock," which became a golden disc most recently. +they acquire the sensibility of truth because they repeat over and over again, and they ossify and calcify, and they become real. +and i said, "what's the black box for wall street?" +and the gag is that, of course, these aren't just running through the market. +and the thing is, is that this isn't google. +we're designing for this machine dialect. +it involves light cones and quantum entanglement, and i don't really understand any of that. +this much, right? +js: cuts itself. +fifty percent of crashes happen at intersections. +add that together with the gas, and it's $112,000 per year, just for that sign in each direction. +when people come to an unfamiliar situation they don't know how to deal with they slow down. +for example, measles was four million of the deaths back as recently as 1990 and now is under 400,000. +and more recently you can see it's just around the equator. +and that's where we saw the malaria map shrinking. +i can say that, even though i'm a college drop-out. +so, how do you make education better? +you might think these are people with master's degrees. +and the whole spirit and attitude in those schools is very different than in the normal public schools. +and that allows us to understand who's doing it well, and call them out, and find out what those techniques are. +you know, the system doesn't naturally make it happen. +the first embrace is something that we think, "oh, this is very easy," but it's actually getting harder, and that's paying attention to the world around us. +i was to the point where i was using a stopwatch and painting squares out of randomness, and i wasn't getting anywhere. so i went back and dumped all my paintings in the arno, and i thought, i'm going to just start playing around. +i'll find a way to get in, because i don't want to see this history disappear. " +how many of you are completely comfortable with calling yourselves a leader? +"and i felt so bad for this dude that i took the lollipop, and as soon as i did, you got this incredibly severe look on your face and you looked at my mom and my dad, and you said, 'look at that. look at that. +we need to get over it so we can move beyond it, and our little brothers and our little sisters, and one day our kids -- or our kids right now -- can watch and start to value the impact we can have on each other's lives more than money and power and titles and influence. +so nowadays in the operating room, we no longer need to use sunlight. +so if you've sent three specimens, it's an hour later. +the molecule passes through and gets excreted. +and then if that node has cancer, the woman would go on to get the axillary lymph node dissection. +in the setting of prostate cancer, up to 60 percent of men after prostate cancer surgery may have urinary incontinence and erectile disfunction. +so here's a tumor. +i'd like to leave you with this final thought. +and this cell is one of the thousands of kinds of cell that we are learning about. +but electricity also will go in all directions -- the path of least resistance, which is where that phrase, in part, comes from. +and because it's a protein, it's encoded for in the dna of this organism. +so if we could figure out what cells they are, we could maybe find new targets for which drugs could be designed or screened against, or maybe places where electrodes could be put in for people who have very severe disability. +and the animal's going to hear a tone -- and a flash of light occurred there. +maybe 100,000 people have cochlear implants, which allow them to hear. +and the goal, of course, of this maze is to get out of the water and go to a little platform that's under the lit top port. +and by turning things off, it's more or less a zero. +and we also sampled the outdoor air. +thank you. +there were no cars, so it seemed even better, in some ways. +so it's been a very optimistic time, i think, and i want to just talk about a few of those things. +this is what they think about my site; it's ranked by blog authority. +so basically, the number of pages that mention this term, that also mention this page, the percentage of those pages is that person's google share of that term. +they're talking about slavery in 1860. +if you're the second site there, most people link to you. +we are increasingly offered a diet in which sensation, not story, is king. +and the speed with which they associate it with "slumdog millionaire" or the favelas in rio speaks to the enduring nature. +and the stories they held provided a shared experience. +these films held what was too hurtful to say out loud, and they became more useful to me than the whispers of survivors and the occasional glimpse of a tattoo on a maiden aunt's wrist. +can opera be ever-so-slightly sexy? the glorious soprano danielle de niese shows how, singing the flirty "meine lippen, sie küssen so heiss." which, translated, means, as you might guess: "i kiss so hot." from giuditta by frans lehár; accompanist: ingrid surgenor. +commerce, on the other hand, is relatively quick, essentially creative, highly effective and efficient, and fundamentally honest, because we can't exchange value for very long if we don't trust each other. +so we've designed products and we analyzed chemicals down to the parts per million. +the upper is nylon 6 that can go back to caprolactam, the bottom, a polyolephine -- infinitely recyclable thermoplastic. +when asked, they said, "it's kind of like a giant toilet that doesn't flush." +and we have plenty of energy, so we'll solve that problem, but the biology problem's tricky, because as we put through all these toxic materials that we disgorge, we will never be able to recover that. +shoes for nike, where the uppers are polyesters, infinitely recyclable, the bottoms are biodegradable soles. +because if they toxify themselves, being the lowest-cost producer, send it to the lowest-cost distribution -- wal-mart -- and then we send them all our money, what we'll discover is that we have what, effectively, when i was a student, was called mutually assured destruction. +and then the compost is all taken back to the roofs of the city, where we've got farming, because what we've done is lifted up the city, the landscape, into the air to -- to restore the native landscape on the roofs of the buildings. +this is five times larger. +we didn't know about xkeyscore. we didn't know about cybertrans. +yet we have these files. +all right, how many swedish decisionmakers and politicians and business leaders use, every day, u.s.-based services, like, you know, run windows or osx, or use facebook or linkedin, or store their data in clouds like icloud or skydrive or dropbox, or maybe use online services like amazon web services or sales support? +and whoever tells you that they have nothing to hide simply hasn't thought about this long enough. +she was one of the targets of nsa surveillance. +humans have long held a fascination for the human brain. +and what you can see is it's very non-uniform. you see a lot more structure there. +we get one from mom, one from dad. +and in seattle, we take these -- this is a whole human hemisphere -- and we put them into what's basically a glorified meat slicer. +you can see on the microscope slide here, that's what's happening in real time. +green is the sort of cool areas where it's not turned on. +so if you're in drug discovery, for example, you can go through an entire listing of what the genome has on offer to find perhaps better drug targets and optimize. +these aren't schizophrenic individuals, but they do show some population variation. +so why is that? +the thing is, if we don't know whether we are doing any good, we are not any better than the medieval doctors and their leeches. +"if you give the nets for free, people are not going to value them. +that's bad, but there are places like that. +and then you make it easy and give a reason to act now by adding a kilo of lentils for each immunization. +the third one is important because if we think people get used to handouts, it might destroy markets to distribute free bed nets. +you know how to immunize kids, you know how to give bed nets. " +tell people the benefits of education, that's very cheap to do. +but look what we just did today. +and now, maybe, we can go back to the bigger question that i started with at the beginning. +we've all heard these things. +and that has to do with me because in 1994, i packed a few things into a backpack and headed off for a year of travel in the middle of my university career. +so let's start shedding light on this amazing eclectic continent that has so much to offer. +so the very definition -- to say "invest in africa" is a no-go. +but looking at goldman sachs' work -- we had the famous bric report. +the announcement just came out the last few weeks. +it's more expensive to transport goods. prices of goods go up, inflation is affected. +it's the 24-hour rolling african news channel. +it also provides a third of the food we eat. +we so rarely look at the sky. +so this is the footage that i was showing everybody. +okay. +so this is the footage he photographed, and it was pretty moving and pretty awe-inspiring. +it was, incidentally, the last time i ever saw daylight. +and he said, "because no one knows you had anything to do with it." +how could somebody read using their fingertips? +kt: no. +kb: just don't break my concentration. +i need two people to help me out real quick. +ok, now, do you believe in witchcraft at all? +kb: what did you feel? +ok, now, allow it to stay there. +and hold it there, hold it there, both of you, hold it there. +come right over here, next to me. +and i want you to release that negative energy by shaking it from side to side. +you knew! +they'll keep an eye on me to make sure i don't do anything funny. +sj: you're over a cup. +do you think the spike is under your left hand, or under your right hand? +that's not good. hi. yeah. real bad. don't even look at me. +you know that when you have those abusive voices, all those little neurons get together and in that little gap you get a real toxic "i want to kill myself" kind of chemical, and if you have that over and over again on a loop tape, you might have yourself depression. +we are not equipped for the 21st century. +we need to know why people are doing what they're doing. +but it was testably stupid. +and in that pair, one person gets a message saying, "do you want to give up some of your $10 you earned for being here and ship it to someone else in the lab?" +so to make the experiment, i knew i'd have to go into the brain and manipulate oxytocin directly. +so if i do something that hurts you, i feel that pain. +tell that guy to wait half an hour. +now there are other ways the system can be inhibited. +the bride. +so there's tons of ways that we can connect to other people, and it seems to be universal. +i tried to look at where did the kind of learning we do in schools, where did it come from? +and you have people who guide those computers to do their clerical jobs. +one of your students must have been passing by, showed them how to use the mouse. " +there's one community of children in southern india whose english pronunciation is really bad, and they needed good pronunciation because that would improve their jobs. +i came back after two months and the children trooped in and said, "we've understood nothing." +kallikuppam had caught up with my control school in new delhi, a rich private school with a trained biotechnology teacher. +the reptilian part of our brain, which sits in the center of our brain, when it's threatened, it shuts down everything else, it shuts down the prefrontal cortex, the parts which learn, it shuts all of that down. +you can't catch me. +you already heard about that. you know what that means. +it's a facility which is practically unmanned. +i'll play at these rock shows, be on stage standing completely still, and they're like, "what's she doing?! what's she doing?!" +if i pass out on the next song... +this quandary led to the title of the project, which considers in many ways that we are all the living dead and that we in some ways represent ghosts of the past and the future. +and i found these maps which you see here. +so they're testing its virulence. +everyone showed up. +tensions between these two families date back to 1913 when there was a dispute over local political power. +this is just an abridged rendering of over a thousand images. +there's nothing too difficult about the piece. +and you feel really quite -- believe it or not -- detached from the instrument and from the stick, even though i'm actually holding the stick quite tightly. +they're all different. +exactly. because i'm not even touching it. +in a year's time, it could be two extra steps. +however, not one of you got out of your seats to think, "right! how can i clap? ok, maybe... +and interestingly, the older i became, and when i became a full-time student at a so called "music institution," all of that went out of the window. +in this soaring demonstration, deaf percussionist evelyn glennie illustrates how listening to music involves much more than simply letting sound waves hit your eardrums. +and it got big enough to the point where there was a float last year at the macy's thanksgiving day parade, and rick astley pops out, and rickrolls millions of people on television. +but that's not what's interesting about this. +got a couple questions for you. +but there were some good things that came out of that too. +and they were probably pleased to see you on top of the time poll. +dinosaur evolution proceeded at a stately pace, an order of magnitude slower on any way you want to measure it. +a three-and-a-half foot thing, beautiful skull, predator, meat-eater, a two-legged animal. +your job as a leader -- this is definitely a team sport -- your job as a leader is to try to inspire them to do more work than they've ever done in their life under conditions that they can't imagine. +it turns out to have a forebrain one-fifteenth the size of a human. +somebody get the front legs. +and then work later is going to take us to tibet. +now we have divergence over time, but we've created the third dimension of area. +they're really kindred disciplines. +you have to have those steps. if you have -- it's easy to get kids interested in science. +you give her a quick crack in the teeth with your elbow and blaze for the finish line. +they're not doing 26 miles; they're doing 100, 150 miles at a time, and apparently without injury, without problems. +there's not a fast woman on the planet and there never has been. +so about seven years, eight years to reach your peak, and then gradually you fall off your peak, until you go back to the starting point. +you need a pack to pull together. +and what happened was we started creating these fancy cushioned things, which can make running "better," called running shoes. +but maybe there's another benefit there as well. +for me, that was the white space; that's what robots could not do yet. +he's a scary monster. +you call your friend, she puts her handset in a robot, and, bam! you're a mebot -- you can make eye contact, you can talk with your friends, you can move around, you can gesture -- maybe the next best thing to really being there, or is it? +i imagine a time not too far from now -- my mom can go to her computer, open up a browser and jack into a little robot. +to explore that question, we did a study in the boston area where we put one of three interventions in people's homes for a period of several weeks. +but we can push this idea further. +robots touch something deeply human within us. +and i can't have my posse laughin 'at me. +and i followed this guy everywhere until i had him in the room, and i read him one of my pieces, and you know what he told me? +i can master shock of "the crying game" with the awe of a child being called an aids victim by a bully who didn't know that it was his father who gave it to my mother, and that's a double entendre. +i then went on wondering whether i could actually replace her image, so i got a look-alike of diana and posed her in the right positions and angles and created something that was in, or existed in, the public imagination. +well, here is the image. +so, all this work is getting shown in art galleries. +this image is quite interesting, actually, because i think we made it three years ago. +what jack nicholson might be up to in his celebrity life, and the fact that he tried to... he had a bit of road rage and golf-clubbed a driver the other day. +has anyone here wondered what will happen if you go back to your room at night, and you start getting chest pains, shortness of breath, sweating? +that is something to keep in mind. we can't deal with it with situations like this. +we have 25 positions right now -- all of them trained, board certified in the usa, canada or britain. +and we will do other centers. +they need to be alive, they need to feed. +we're also starting ancillary health-care technology training programs -- training people in echocardiography, cardiac ultrasound, those kinds of things. now, with that kind of training, it gives people motivation. +and i actually feel at home here, because there's a lot of autism genetics here. +my drawings got to star in the movie too. +and the way i sold livestock jobs is i showed off my drawings, i showed off pictures of things. +i was really concerned about having to wear this gadget on my face. +i find a lot of people have difficulty doing that. +he was now dr. carlock in the movie. +and when i was 13, i had a job at a dressmaker's shop sewing clothes. +because what i'm observing is the good teachers, for a lot of these kids, are out in the community colleges, but we need to be getting some of these good teachers into the high schools. +what are you most passionate about? +now my own speciality is combining digital technology and magic. +bye-bye. +and it was deep. it was deep in my soul. +now there's a talent unto itself. +and now the shore is coming, and there's just a little part of me that's sad. +thank you. +the first problem is there's inadequate disaster response. +they send him to iraq. +i think it's very important, because right now somebody needs to step up, and this generation of veterans has the opportunity to do that if they are given the chance. +what would this lead to? +and so they invented the scientific journal as a way of synchronizing the argument across the community of natural scientists. +the programmers come and go. +this has the following effect: a programmer in edinburgh and a programmer in entebbe can both get the same -- a copy of the same piece of software. +right. +it was the expectation of the citizens that she would not be censored. +this one i thought i'd show you. +morgan hendry: beware of safety is an instrumental rock band. +so we literally are all made out of stardust. +and if you look at the top left, you see a little teeny dark dot. +okay, we have parachute aligned. +bc: we enter the martian atmosphere. +that's when we separate from the back shell, and we're now in free-fall. +then we get a little bit more serious, so we have what we call our cad / cams and all the engineers who are involved, or scientists who are involved, who know about thermal properties, know about design, know about atmospheric interaction, parachutes, all of these things, which they work in a team effort and actually design a spacecraft in a computer to some extent, so to see, does that meet the requirement that we need. +but also, if there is something that we cannot reach because it is too high on a cliff, we have a little laser system which will actually zap the rock, evaporate some of it, and actually analyze what's coming from that rock. +so as we flew by away from it, we looked back. and guess what? +you just drive to the nearest lake, stick your hose in it, and you've got your car filled up. +so if we start to think exponentially, we can see how this is starting to affect all the technologies around us. +we have the ability to do more powerful things with them. +and of course, there's an app for that. +you can tweet your weight to your friends, and they can keep you in line. +how about augmenting the physician? +so a few examples: we're now in the era of "fantastic voyage," the ipill. +in genomics now, the genome cost about a billion dollars about 10 years ago when the first one came out. +we can be preventative; that prevention can be personalized; and more importantly, it's going to become increasingly participatory. +we've been actually using adult stem cells now in clinical trials for about 15 years to approach a whole range of topics, particularly in cardiovascular disease. +the first one is dedicated to spencer, and his grandmother, who was shocked by his work. +in those days there was still countryside close to the city, farms, cornfields, cows; even not far from our building with its blurred brick and long shadowy hallway you could find tracts with hills and trees you could pretend were mountains and forests. +the girl, my old love, the last lost time i saw her when she came to find me at a party, her drunkenly stumbling, falling, sprawling, skirt hiked, eyes veined red, swollen with tears, her shame, her dishonor. +this is called "thirst." +a casual impulse, a fancy, never thought of until now, hardly thought of even now... +the girls, to my horror, averted their gaze. +c.k. williams: poetry of youth and age +samuel pisar, an auschwitz survivor, said, and i'll quote him, "the holocaust teaches us that nature, even in its cruelest moments, is benign in comparison with man, when he loses his moral compass and his reason." +but images don't need to be graphic in order to remind us of the tragedy of war. +what we're going to try and do today, in the 16 and a bit minutes i've got left, is to try and answer three questions. the first one is, why? +that was our hf radio antenna. +two norwegians did it as a team in 2000. no one's done it solo. +when the ice was flat or flattish, i could just about pull both. +some pretty radical technology, a radical approach --but it worked perfectly. +i took a photo of that. sat down on my sledge. did a sort of video diary piece. +i thought, it'll have to do. +this is probably why i didn't get into trouble about the length of my airstrip. +since then, no one has ever skied -- this was 93 years ago -- since then, no one has ever skied from the coast of antarctica to the pole and back. +but i was still concerned, so i said, "you know what, i'm not going to do it." +and i remembered that the old and drunken guy came one day to the lab wanting to make some easy cash and this was the guy. +i do want to leave you with one positive thought. +but what if we looked at fear in a fresh way? +these were the fears that danced in the imaginations of these poor men, and as it turned out, the fear they chose to listen to would govern whether they lived or died. +what would happen to our minds? +the novelist vladimir nabokov said that the best reader has a combination of two very different temperaments, the artistic and the scientific. +i'm 43 years old right now. +therefore, they asked their parents to go down to the streets and collect them, bring them back home. +and while this was the major difference between many initiatives before to create change, before we thought, and governments told us -- and even sometimes it was true -- that change was imposed on us, and people rejected that, because they thought that it is alien to their culture. +i remember one night when someone phoned me on my cellphone -- ordinary person who i don't know -- from tahrir square. +is this a story-of-the-year, a story-of-the-decade or something more? +they've had some speakers there. +and frankie says, "i'm number 22 in line, and i can see the needle coming down towards me, and there is blood all over the place. +you don't want to share a needle anymore than you want to share a toothbrush even with someone you're sleeping with. +so what we've been doing in the united states is reviewing the data -- endlessly reviewing the data. +they are gay men on the party scene who have, on average, three times more partners than straight people on the party scene. +but it is changing the equation of what's rational in sexual decision-making. +what does that mean? +there are as many different ways of being rational as there are human beings on the planet, and that's one of the glories of human existence. +and i'd pull her out on the front porch. +it's called claw-hammer style, that he had learned from his mother and grandmother. +it sounds something like this. +we were standing on the edge of thousands of acres of cotton. +now, my mother hoped that we learned from that the value of hard work. +good news: chariot's coming. +but then, when i thought about it beyond that, it was very simple things. +and we moved across the street from michael and john whitney. +they said they were going to beat us up if we didn't make some gunpowder for them. +so let me put them all together. and also, i can change the sounds by stepping on this pedal right here, and -- let me just close out here by doing you a little hambone solo or something like this. +not only is there a relationship between the ethics of science and the ethics of being a citizen in democracy, but there has been, historically, a relationship between how people think about space and time, and what the cosmos is, and how people think about the society that they live in. +and merging them together to make the final quantum theory of space and time and gravity, is the culmination of that, something that's going on right now. +now, darwin taught us that there are processes of self-organization that suffice to explain all of us and everything we see. +in fact, i'm finished. science will never go away. +i can see my work as a job. i do it for money. +so i looked for furniture. +he can seat, throughout the year, he can seat 8,000 people. +what came out of it? +there is a full-blown orchestra living inside the building. +these are some pictures visitors sent to me. +and the monkeys in that monkey forest looked, actually, fairly happy. +so even as we share death as a universal experience, it's not experienced the same way the world over. +and it's also a moment of self-awareness. +but i see something profoundly transformative in experiencing death as a social process and not just a biological one. +one of the -- thank you for inviting us. +but you do meet some fantastic people, people who look at the world in a totally different way. +"i'm sorry. i've only got 18 minutes, 18 minutes to talk about saving the world, saving the planet, global institutions. +why would you do that? why would -- it's like one step up from replying to one of those emails from nigeria, isn't it? +but we have a new hope. we have a new man. +and he spoke to the crowd in chicago, he said, "if there is anyone out there who still doubts that america is a place where all things are possible..." +do you remember that? george bush, "a nu-ca-ler." +"i was held in prison for nearly 30 years on an island in the middle of the ocean. +and there's lots of different shapes. +and so every time they found something that looked a little different, they named it something different. +they don't like it if you come in and want to saw them open and look inside. +so people were looking at these and they were talking about how different they are. +what's interesting is the spike on the back of the dracorex was growing very fast as well. +and then, because the juveniles are in my collection, i cut them open and look inside. +here's another one. +now as you can imagine, this is not very popular with fourth-graders. +and it's a responsive system that's trained on actual weather. +anyway, moving along. +so, unfolded it's about 300 linear feet. +the view is denied in the galleries where we receive just natural light, and then exposed again in the north gallery with a panoramic view. +wait a minute, it's just in that state, we have a long way to go. +and this is a mockup that is in salt lake city that gives you a sense of what this is going to look like in full-scale. +even in stories on gender-based violence, men get an overwhelming majority of print space and airtime. +what she found was many of these stories tend to blame victims and devalue their lives. +putting them there made them more recognizable. +she was the cbs news correspondent who was brutally sexually assaulted in egypt's tahrir square right after this photo was taken. +the botanical names are in front of you. +"be the change you want to see in the world," said mahatma gandhi. +pm: so is this a good idea. +and so that happened more at various times, but i really think that there was a great advantage in many ways to being a woman. +so being an american, i decided to set up a caucus. +the other thing that i think is really important: a lot of national security policy isn't just about foreign policy, but it's about budgets, military budgets, and how the debts of countries work out. +so, yeah. +great news. it drives me nuts that most people don't seem to know this news. +now i know that some of you think this progress is all in asia or latin america or model countries like brazil -- and who doesn't love a brazilian model? -- but look at sub-saharan africa. +right now today, in oslo as it happens, oil companies are fighting to keep secret their payments to governments for extracting oil in developing countries. +by doing so, you will join us and countless others in what i truly believe is the greatest adventure ever taken, the ever-demanding journey of equality. +so now, if you take this metaphor [of] genome as program seriously, you have to consider that chris anderson is a computer-fabricated artifact, as is jim watson, craig venter, as are all of us. +you're going to design something like a cell phone, and in a high-level language, you'll describe that cell phone. +so, this is normal dna, what you think of as normal dna. +we heat them up, we add a little bit of salt, we heat them up to almost boiling and cool them down, and as we cool them down, the short strands bind the long strands and start to form structure. +she wrote all her own software to design and built this dna origami, a beautiful rendition of china, which even has taiwan, and you can see it's sort of on the world's shortest leash, right? +it was started by erik winfree, and what it does, it has tiles that are a hundredth the size of a dna origami. +and if you do that, the origami's the same size, but the resulting square that you get is three times bigger. +and i think in the next five or 10 years, we'll make the kind of squares that i described and maybe even get to some of those self-assembled circuits. +when life brought about a series of death and near-death experiences within my close circle, which highlighted the need for an emergency medical response service in india, similar to 911 in usa. +yet, if you analyze the common man, he or she does not wake up every day and say, "hmm, let me see who i can pay a bribe to today." +it can be worth up to one trillion dollars, being paid in bribes every year, or equal to india's gdp. +a set of people actually say, "oh, let me just grant it to them, and run away from it." +so the data that you've got is a great thing called youtube, and we can go down and basically pull all the open information from youtube, all the comments, all the views, who's watching it, where are they watching it, what are they saying in the comments. +so as we go in here, what we start to see, apply the physics engine again, we see what's one conversation is actually composed of many smaller ones. +well here's one by jessica green about the microbial ecology of buildings. +masculinity mimicked by men who grew up with no fathers, camouflage worn by bullies who are dangerously armed but need hugs. +invest, invest, invest. " +a wise person knows how to improvise, as luke did when he re-washed the floor. +all they had was mike's hard lemonade, which was five percent alcohol. +we can certainly see this in response to the current financial crisis. +don't get me wrong. we need rules! +all we ask is, "what serves my interests?" +be proud that you have them. +so there's a lot here at ted, and at other places, to celebrate. +if you do that, the rest is just pretty much a coast downhill. +they have a particular interest in ones that will help our soldiers. +they've been watching too much "terminator." +it turned out, as i think you could see in aimee's capabilities and attitudes, people with a desire to do something are quite remarkable and nature is quite adaptable. +i'll give you some astounding things that have happened as we started this. +he was leaning on his other arm. +and i get a call and we go back to washington. +i said, "what am i going to say? +it is an easy answer. +it's the pathfinder that shows us a simple road through an impenetrable moral maze. +the earth moved for both of them. +there was so many skeptics, especially the press in london, that they started flying cheeseburgers on helicopters around my box to tempt me. +so, i went to talk to a doctor friend, and i asked him how could i do that? +and then there is static apnea. +he's six foot four. he's 160 pounds. +this was a critical mistake. +and what he did in response, is he went on regis and kelly, and broke his old record. +which was making me more nervous. +it was awful. +i was like "what?" +now what we can do is point at the front of the newspaper and immediately get the bulletin. +teacher: now move it either side. see what happens. +it's just going to do a tiny bit of processing to convert that image that we just took into a sort of digital fingerprint, and the great thing is, if you're a professional user, -- so, a newspaper -- the tools are pretty much identical to what we've just used to create this demonstration. +for those of us in this room, it's not just the poorest and the most vulnerable individual, it's the community, it's the culture, it's the world itself. +last week, bill clinton at the ted awards said, "this situation is unprecedented, unequal, unfair and unstable." +many of you, i think, have probably trekked here. +we've seen the eradication of smallpox. +it is something to be greatly optimistic about. +and when they did, they took smallpox to 10 other countries and reignited the epidemic. +there isn't a dog on this earth that's a natural creature. +well, they've now taken that gene, that bioluminescent gene, and put it into mammal cells. +so even as we worry about it, we have allowed it to go on in this country -- much different in europe -- without any regulation, and even without any identification on the package. +and it raises the question of how we're going to define animal species in the age of biotechnology -- a question that we're not really sure yet how to solve. +we've taken away the autonomy of this animal. " +this is a mouse created by charles vacanti of the university of massachusetts. +we are directly designing the future of the species of this planet. +and he went on to say, "these differences do not coincide with corresponding differences in climate." +but uvb and uva especially, came in unimpeded. +there was natural selection for the evolution of lightly pigmented skin. +so we have, in skin pigmentation, one of these wonderful products of evolution that still has consequences for us today. +you, you can teach it. +so let me show you a few objects. +to the right, i took a higher roughness. +why so? because, in fact, the area of the lung is something very ill-defined. +well, they do mix. +i played with it for a while, and i made it return to the origin. +so the idea there was that one must be able to -- how do you say? -- model price variation. +it's so uninteresting. +benoit mandelbrot: fractals and the art of roughness +so, imagine that all of you are participants in the study. +here's an example of the puzzle you're going to solve. +so, you're putting in less juice, and therefore the outcome: fewer puzzles solved. +right? a patient in the driver's seat, for example. +not because there was not enough food -- because there was actually a surplus of food in the fertile regions of the south parts of the country -- but because in the north, people could not access or entitle themselves to that food. +did our farmers turn into highly productive commercial actors? +to give you an example, between 2001 and 2002, ethiopian maize farmers produced two years of bumper harvest. +in the american midwest, farmers used to load grain onto barges and send it upriver to the chicago market. +that means that the exchange will operate a trading system, which will initially start as an open outcry, because we don't think the country's ready for full electronic trading. +we believe that the stakes are high, but that the returns will be even greater. +it is always the same, never the same, endlessly fascinating. +that's a potential scenario if we fail to take this seriously. +it provides a physical support structure for the trees, and it creates physical spaces, habitable spaces inside of the sand dunes. +then, a few years afterwards, using permacultural strategies, we green that part of the desert. +it's not only something that supports trees, but something that connects people and countries together. +i paid to get it repaired -- then it broke again. +if this idea is truly sound, then the implications are significant. +he's barefoot. he'll run back into his house, and he will contaminate his drinking water and his food and his environment with whatever diseases he may be carrying by fecal particles that are on his fingers and feet. +we don't have a neutral word for it. +and you might think it's just good karma to see these guys stirring shit, but it's also good economic sense, because they're saving a million dollars a year. +she grew up in a rural village in a poor area of india, and she was engaged at 14, and then at 21 or so, she moved into her in-law's house. +it's the most off-track millennium development goal. +and that was what i did. +there are tens of thousands of those stories out there, and it's really hard to conjure up much of a sense of well-being, because it just keeps getting worse. +and we trawl, which means to take something the size of a tractor trailer truck that weighs thousands and thousands of pounds, put it on a big chain, and drag it across the sea floor to stir up the bottom and catch the fish. +but since we ate all the oysters and we ate all the fish that would eat the plankton, there's nothing to eat the plankton and there's more and more of it, so it dies of old age, which is unheard of for plankton. +and then, of course, there's climate change, and we all know about climate change. +but there are these, what we call, positive feedbacks, the synergies among them that make the whole vastly greater than the sum of the parts. +in this bracing talk, coral reef ecologist jeremy jackson lays out the shocking state of the ocean today: overfished, overheated, polluted, with indicators that things will get much worse. astonishing photos and stats make the case. +that's -- that's not true. +that this old man would interrupt his moonlight stroll with his sweetheart with the precise reason of making fun of a child. +i went with my friend tim mcgonigal, who sat on my left. +the sandworms were fine, but your favorite character? +does something seem strange about this to you? +she was a single woman about to go alone into a country, not even speaking the language, to travel alone by bus and boat to go to a beach she did not know or had never seen. +she was smiling. she did not understand why i was so worried. +but i think we should also just check the numbers, take a reality check here. +joseph schumpeter called this "the process of creative destruction." +is this really how economies behave? " +what is the objective? +what does all this mean for economics? +but it's also clear that prosperity goes beyond this. +i mean, can you picture a politician standing up in britain and saying, "gdp fell two percent this year. good news! +i painted it directly on top of the man. +i made the tough decision of going home after graduation and not going up to capitol hill, but going down to my parents' basement and making it my job to learn how to paint. +when we started out on the milk project, and when i started out, i couldn't have foreseen that i would go from pursuing my dream in politics and working at a desk to tripping over a shadow and then turning people into paintings and painting on people in a pool of milk. +and it goes all the way over to these big, thick, galumphy ones that have hundreds of carbons, and they have thousands of hydrogens, and they have vanadium and heavy metals and sulfur and all kinds of craziness hanging off the sides of them. +they set the prices, and i don't even know. +okay, so the politics of oil are very moral in the united states. +and we take it as, you know -- we look at it on a moral level, rather than looking at it on a legal and financial level. +in fact, it's continued to increase. +this is 1988 -- we actually bombed two iranian oil platforms that year. +what you see in this top drawing is a schematic of how petroleum gets used in the u.s. economy. +that's a lot. +we are running late. +now you'd think that "american idol" would introduce a measure of americanization. +and that swim took me 18 minutes and 50 seconds, and it felt like 18 days. +and to the right hand side of us was this great khumbu glacier. +we want you to walk up the hill in another two days' time. +after he swam the north pole, lewis pugh vowed never to take another cold-water dip. then he heard of lake imja in the himalayas, created by recent glacial melting, and lake pumori, a body of water at an altitude of 5300 m on everest -- and so began a journey that would teach him a radical new way to approach swimming and think about climate change. +this is a state diagram. that's an extremely simple computer. +i thought about this in the sense that it's great to build in biological materials, but can we do similar things? +so i was trying to, you know, take the engineer's version: can we build a mechanical system in inorganic materials that will do the same thing? +and literally with only those two inputs -- so, the shape of your boundary condition and the pressure -- you can define an infinite number of lenses that cover the range of human refractive error, from minus 12 to plus eight diopters, up to four diopters of cylinder. +but they can show you how to build things in sequence. +you could just hang it as a bed sheet, but again, the computation of all the physics gives you the aerodynamic shape. +and the correlation, of course, is that denser places tend to have lower emissions -- which isn't really all that difficult to figure out, if you think about it. +this is a mapnificent map that shows me, in this case, how far i can get from my home in 30 minutes using public transportation. +which brings on another threshold effect i like to call furnace dumping, which is, quite simply, if you have a building that doesn't need to be heated with a furnace, you save a whole bunch of money up front. +during the twentieth century, we witnessed the atrocities of stalin, hitler, mao, pol pot, rwanda and other genocides, and even though the twenty-first century is only seven years old, we have already witnessed an ongoing genocide in darfur and the daily horrors of iraq. +according to non-governmental organizations that keep such statistics, since 1945, in europe and the americas, there has been a steep decline in interstate wars, in deadly ethnic riots or pogroms, and in military coups, even in south america. worldwide, there's been a steep decline in deaths in interstate wars. the yellow bars here show the number of deaths per war per year from 1950 to the present. +so that's a bit of a support for the leviathan theory. +in fact, it's as large as western europe, but it only has 300 miles of paved roads. +now these are not the kinds of things that someone is thinking about just before they go get a condom. +and what is the definition then? "the definition? +we have liberia. we have congo. +you can watch me for one minute now and you'll see the whole thing. +and asia could have social development before they got the economic development. +but more or less, this is what will happen, and we have a world which cannot be looked upon as divided. +and then it's united states today, up here. +and we had an increase in income. +the middle income countries, the emerging economy, they are catching up. +about 20 percent of the adult population are infected. +it's caused by fast processing of toxic cassava root in famine situation. +and we have a high hope in you. thank you very much. +next best thing to a video game. +you have them in hunter-gatherer societies, but then through technological evolution, new forms of technology arise that facilitate or encourage the playing of non-zero-sum games, involving more people over larger territory. +and i would say the non-zero-sum dynamic is only going to grow more intense over time because of technological trends, but more intense in a kind of negative way. +it's when people's fortunes are correlated. +i think it's the first step toward that. that's the long-term goal. +the g8 summit proposes that the solution to africa's problems should be a massive increase in aid, something akin to the marshall plan. +but equally, it has opportunities and a lot of potential. +well, since i'm not seeing the hand, it appears that what i'm stating is true. +well, because it gives them good, paying jobs, or, in many african countries, unofficial opportunities to profit from corruption. +governments are not changing it. why? +there were 56, and when our president wanted to amend the constitution and remove term limits, he had to create 25 new districts, and now there are 81. +doctor seligman, what is the state of psychology today? " +and the conclusion of that is that psychology and psychiatry, over the last 60 years, can actually claim that we can make miserable people less miserable. +i've spent my life working on extremely miserable people, and i've asked the question, how do extremely miserable people differ from the rest of you? +so i want to say a little bit about each of those lives and what we know about them. +when he walks onto the floor of the american exchange at 9: 30 in the morning, time stops for him. and it stops till the closing bell. +and meaning, in this view, consists of -- very parallel to eudaimonia -- it consists of knowing what your highest strengths are, and using them to belong to and in the service of something larger than you are. +so, the next to last thing i want to say is we're interested in how much life satisfaction people have. +but they were empty. +these are camels moving across the rift valley in africa, photographed by chris johns. +now i have to tell you, i was talking to kyle last week about this, that i was going to tell this story. +a lion having a late night snack -- notice he's got a broken tooth. +for the first time in history, more people live in urban, rather than rural, environments. +brian photographed a marine sanctuary in new zealand, where commercial fishing had been banned -- the result being that the overfished species have been restored, and with them a possible solution for sustainable fisheries. +but then paul got in the water. +david griffin: how photography connects us +so, if we use information that comes off of this specular reflection, we can go from a traditional face scan that might have the gross contours of the face and the basic shape, and augment it with information that puts in all of that skin pore structure and fine wrinkles. +we can turn the volume up a little bit if that's available. +what i've been doing from 14 to 17 was, i was assisting them collecting ivory tusk, meat and whatever they were killing, poaching, hunting in the forest, bring it in the main city to get access to the market. +here we have savanna giraffes, but through evolution we have this forest giraffe that lives only in congo. +you can't ask him how old he is because he has guns. +and that was the language of the war. +and they can't do what they are doing. +and one day, we went for a meeting. +i oppose it -- that they are now going to dissect it, until i do my report and then i see the chief commander. +see what the wars in rwanda. +building capacities for the young generation is going to make a better generation and a better future tomorrow for africa. +did you know that, in iraq and afghanistan, there were more private military contractors on the ground than there were u.s. military troops? +let's see what people here think about it. +oh, after you stopped paying. +for fear of disagreement, we shrink from these questions. +some of the reasons for this are not really very controversial. +the vertical axis now is thousands of dollars in today's prices. +all the rest went to the top one percent. +that comes out at five to 10 tons daily per square mile in cities. +you have to choose either option a or option b. +and some people would say that we're born with it in some other means. +everything except randomness. she did not believe in randomness. +and that's what i look for in my work, a personal meaning. +but, both of these sayings -- saving a fish from drowning, or saving a man from drowning -- to me they had to do with intentions. +it may be something that is perhaps more serious -- as i said, human rights in burma. +well, what is random? what is chance? what is luck? +i was able to see that in a firsthand way, when i went to beautiful dong village, in guizhou, the poorest province of china. +i believe in specifics, the specifics of story, and the past, the specifics of that past, and what is happening in the story at that point. +and the reason is that until wonder came along and figured out how to spread the idea of sliced bread, no one wanted it. +right. i go to the deli; i'm sick; i need to buy some medicine. +who's going to stop and pull over and say -- oh, look, a cow. nobody. +they turned a chair from something the purchasing department bought, to something that was a status symbol about where you sat at work. +talk to them and make it easy for them to tell their friends. +amihotornot.com -- everyday 250,000 people go to this site, run by two volunteers, and i can tell you they are hard graders, and they didn't get this way by advertising a lot. +silk. put a product that does not need to be in the refrigerated section next to the milk in the refrigerated section. +in a world of too many options and too little time, our obvious choice is to just ignore the ordinary stuff. marketing guru seth godin spells out why, when it comes to getting our attention, bad or bizarre ideas are more successful than boring ones. +now, speaking of walls, i want to share with you the story of one wall in cairo. +most of the economic models are built around scarcity and growth. +if we can make it through the next 150 years, i think that your great great grandchildren will forget all about malthus. +the problem is that these pups need a stable platform of solid ice in order to nurse from their moms. +we can't keep taking without expecting serious consequences as a result. +i didn't want them to be overly threatening or scary. +here we see a female crawling out of the ocean under moonlight on the island of trinidad. +72 percent of the population has such scars, but most don't shed the gear, things like lobster traps and crab pots. +i worked in other parts of new zealand as well, in beautiful, fragile, protected areas like in fiordland, where this sea pen colony was found. +it's horrible. it's a proof of our failing to save them in the wild. +when i stood there in the grass, it's hot -- not even the sound of insects -- just this waving grass. +now in this recipe you also have the cost. +and once the soil gets dried, you're in a dry season -- you get cracks, oxygen goes in, flames come out and the problem starts all over again. +but, it's more complicated. it's not that simple, and you have to work with the people. +and this is after two years. +and look, there's now 11.2 percent more clouds -- already, after three years. +but whatever you do in that program, it has to be fully supported by the people, meaning that you also have to adjust it to the local, cultural values. +all the sculptures move by mechanical means. +it sounds good, but i'll bet you know in your gut that it's not the whole truth, and i'll tell you why. +and i waited, and the next day i liked it a bit better, the next day i liked it a bit better, and now i really love it. +freeways. +what i'm trying to say is the major contribution on carbon emissions are from the cars -- more than 50 percent -- so when we depend only on cars, it's... +you should have always a structure of living and working together. +and we cannot have all the answers. +okay, now why then is this curious reluctance and curious hostility to consciousness? +how could spirituality move anything? +and just as the jar full of water can go from liquid to solid depending on the behavior of the molecules, so your brain can go from a state of being conscious to a state of being unconscious, depending on the behavior of the molecules. +okay, the next feature of consciousness, after this marvelous unified conscious field, is that it functions causally in our behavior. +it's only relative to conscious agents that a piece of paper is money or that a bunch of buildings is a university. +i won't demonstrate pain behavior, but i can tell you i'm not having any pains right now. +but i believe there's a second climate crisis, which is as severe, which has the same origins, and that we have to deal with with the same urgency. +and human resources are like natural resources; they're often buried deep. +we must disenthrall ourselves, and then we shall save our country. " +she doesn't see the point. +he said, "as a kid." he said, "actually, it was a problem for me at school, because at school, everybody wanted to be a fireman." +"you've been around for 36 months, and this is it?" +you know this, if you're doing something you love, an hour feels like five minutes. +he wrote this to his love, maud gonne, and he was bewailing the fact that he couldn't really give her what he thought she wanted from him. +now what's interesting about that is irregular verbs between alfred and jay-z have become more regular. +so i think in the next decade, the sciences and the humanities will come closer together to be able to answer deep questions about mankind. +and so i got some training and went and worked in africa during most of my 20s. +and she walked forward with such calm and such clarity and such total lack of fear that she could walk right up to the first gun, put her hand on it and lower it. +but anger is like gasoline, and if you spray it around and somebody lights a match, you've got an inferno. +and what they've realized is that using violence in the situations they operate in is not only less humane, but it's less effective than using methods that connect people with people, that rebuild. +it's flown around the world. +do you mind if we do something completely different? +you could say, well, it doesn't look very different from when he started. +and is art about trying to imagine what lies beyond the horizon? +if you look down, you can't see your feet. +and thanks to the people of interface, i have become a recovering plunderer. +thinking it through, i realized that all those attributes must be changed to move t to the denominator. +we reckon that we are a bit over halfway to our goal: zero impact, zero footprint. +i remain troubled by the revised ehrlich equation, i equals p times a divided by t2. +because it told me, by god, one person got it. +while we initially heralded the internet as the fantastic new marketing device that was going to solve all our problems, we now realize that the internet is, if anything, too effective in that regard. +and at heart, both reformations, i think were asking the questions: who's entitled to practice? +today's professional theater community is defined, not only the shaw and stratford festivals, but by the cornerstone theater of los angeles -- a collective of artists that after 9 / 11, brought together 10 different religious communities -- the bahia, the catholic, the muslim, the jewish, even the native american and the gay and lesbian communities of faith, helping them create their own individual plays and one massive play, where they explored the differences in their faith and found commonality as an important first step toward cross-community healing. +we want to play you one more selection. +and that's how i got out of high school. +at a reception in their courtyard, i noticed that they had a fountain because they think that the people who go to the museum deserve a fountain. +and so the next thing you'll see is a million dollar kitchen that was built by the heinz company -- you've heard of them? +we have students who sit together, black kids and white kids, and what we've discovered is you can solve the race problem by creating a world class environment, because people will have a tendency to show you world class behavior if you treat them in that way. +that's our library with more handcrafted furniture. +he was dragging guys out of bars and saving those lives for the lord. +she said, "well, i work for a company called hewlett-packard." +and i want my music to be with you. " +and that's the building, and that's the model, and on the right's a high-tech greenhouse and in the middle's the medical technology building. +this is in a place called san francisco. +i said, "well, that's very nice. +because mr. ross used to bring in your albums when i was 16 years old in the pottery class, when the world was all dark, and your music got me to the sunlight. " +it's really our first foray into this. +so it consists of two parts, what we call an encoder and a transducer. +so let me show you, and i'm going to start with the standard method first. +this man is supposed to represent a generic human being, and all of the circles in that man are all of the cells that make up your body. +we're not doing anything to the cells here. +this is like the stealth bomber of the ocean. +this is the vibrio fischeri molecule. +they take that information inside, and they decide what tasks to carry out depending on who's in the minority and who's in the majority of any given population. +we've also done the same thing with the pink system. +this is exactly what happens in your body. +look at all the arguments we have these days over health care, over bonuses and bailouts on wall street, over the gap between rich and poor, over affirmative action and same-sex marriage. +actually, that was aristotle's answer too. +he was a very good golfer, but he had a disability. +what's your name? +is walking the course essential to the game? +first, no real sports fan would talk that way. +so let's step back from these cases and see how they shed light on the way we might improve, elevate, the terms of political discourse in the united states, and for that matter, around the world. +michael sandel: the lost art of democratic debate +you know, a lot of people said, "well, you know, city boys have no business telling us rural types what to do with our time. +and, i say that that's fine -- the future of humanity is entitled to make that choice. +we've discovered things like, for example, rna interference only a few years ago, and this is a really fundamental component of how cells work. +the therapies will be improving faster than the remaining imperfections in the therapies are catching up with us. +secondly, what does it mean for the public's perception of how long it's going to take for us to get to those things, starting from the time we get the mice? +we can call it the "engineering approach," and i claim that the engineering approach is within range. +some of them are partially implemented already, the ones at the top. +audience: species on this planet have evolved with immune systems to fight off all the diseases so that individuals live long enough to procreate. +there are species that have no aging -- hydra for example -- but they do it by not having a nervous system -- and not having any tissues in fact that rely for their function on very long-lived cells. +and although i want to thank the talented people of our company foremost for that -- and also there's a factor of luck and timing -- we are absolutely convinced that we did this because of our values. +i have days that i believe, but i have days that i'm full of doubt. +so we should embrace our difference and aim for challenge. +what happens when a city decides it's going to set other priorities? +according to the center for disease control, fully one third of all children born after 2000 will get diabetes. +and we take car crashes for granted. +but, of course, we've seen what that does. +you don't want to tell americans, god forbid, that they have to change their lifestyle. +the second reason is that we killed these things. +well, we looked at the tissue under the microscope. +the first one that we see occurs in the ancient rainforests of australia about 25 million years ago, and the national geographic society is helping us to explore these fossil deposits. this is riversleigh. +wild dogs did eat a few of the sheep, but the thylacine got a bad rap. +they're related distantly to thylacines. +he thought hard. i mean, it was nearly 80 years before this that he'd been at this hut. +it's very, very difficult to speak at the end of a conference like this, because everyone has spoken. everything has been said. +now, why is all this important, to have to go really fast? +creating our own program to solve problems, like fighting corruption, building institutions, stabilizing the micro economy. +is it being directed effectively? +it was really hot. i was very hungry. +and now let me become less sentimental, and say that saving lives -- which some of the aid we get does on this continent -- when you save the life of anyone, a farmer, a teacher, a mother, they are contributing productively into the economy. +when we ask them and tell them what we need, one of my worries today is that we have many foundations now. +our inability to take charge and say to all these people bringing their money, "sit down." +aid cannot solve our problems, i'm firmly convinced about that. +a lot has been said here about women, i don't need to repeat it. +i'm going to go over some science experiments and try to cover three musical experiments. +and so all of us have this remarkable brain, which is poorly understood to say the least. +you can't just sort of -- "it's great we've got this keyboard." +really, consciousness is seated in the frontal lobe. +cl: at this point, i'll take a few moments. +so what we had them do was memorize this lower-left sound icon, please. +so just to conclude, we've got a lot of questions to ask, and like i said, we'll ask questions here, not answer them. +look, the world has changed from analog to digital. +a technician will put the electrodes onto the scalp using a conductive gel or paste and usually after a procedure of preparing the scalp by light abrasion. +the first time, nothing will happen, because the system has no idea how he thinks about "pull." +and once you've trained up the detections, these thoughts can be assigned or mapped to any computing platform, application or device. +so i'm going to briefly discuss a couple of problems that we have and a couple of problems where we've got some solutions underway. +esther duflo talked a little bit about this. +the other thing is, you know, it would be even better if you didn't have to draw the blood. +there's all these different interventions but they have different kinds of effectiveness. +in 1935, there were 150,000 cases a year of malaria in the united states, but ddt and a massive public health effort managed to squelch it. +now, it turns out we only kill the female mosquitoes. +here we have it running at high-speed mode. +it's then sold and bought, and it's then delivered to me. +but i thought, no, no, experiment with resins, experiment with polymers. +three compost bins -- go through about 70 kilos of raw vegetable waste a week -- really good, makes fantastic compost. +very advanced, no air-conditioning -- i love it. +that's zero food waste. +basically i'm recording one second of every day of my life for the rest of my life, chronologically compiling these one-second tiny slices of my life into one single continuous video until, you know, i can't record them anymore. +it helped me realize something else during this project, is that recording that one second on a really bad day is extremely difficult. +and we can start a film about that, and we can see a little bit backwards in time. +these are the distances of the tubes which make it walk that way. +it's a binary step counter. +you can only do them one at a time. +i think philosophically, that was one of the most important papers that we've ever done because it showed how dynamic life was. +so the team developed new debugging software, where we could test each synthetic fragment to see if it would grow in a background of wild type dna. +and we added three quotations, because with the first genome we were criticized for not trying to say something more profound than just signing the work. +or, more importantly, hiv, where the virus evolves so quickly the vaccines that are made today can't keep up with those evolutionary changes. +so i read slowly. +this was perhaps the biggest surprise -- how flexible the koran is, at least in minds that are not fundamentally inflexible. +i study ants, and that's because i like to think about how organizations work. +and they do that by each year sending out the reproductives -- those are the ones with wings -- on a mating flight. +and it stays that size until the queen dies and there's nobody to make more ants, when she's about 15 or 20 years old. +on one day, it'll all be here, and then the next day they'll move it over there, and then they'll move it back. +they somehow get into this reserve. +well it turns out that yes, the different tasks are interdependent. +so, the ants in the older colony that seem to be more stable are not any older than the ants in the younger colony. +they've gone out to do different tasks, and the rate at which they meet as they come in and out of the nest entrance determines, or influences, each ant's decision about whether to go out, and which task to perform. +but in a small colony, it's likely to meet fewer foragers, just because there are fewer other foragers there to meet. +but it's the greatest transfer of wealth, from one group to another in the history of mankind. +yes, it's going to continue. +it's 130 octane fuel. +i don't have to worry about the bridge to where at my age. +in a nutshell that's what happened? +and so everyone can be at least happy to see a shift from coal or oil to natural gas. +and number two, do not build a reformer on the ocean. +i don't understand why the media is focused on eastern pennsylvania. +boone, i really, really appreciate you coming here, engaging in this conversation. +"the eldorado of the united states of america: the discovery of inexhaustible gold mines in california." +half of them deserted to go look for gold. +but they spent three and a half million dollars in the 2000 super bowl to air that ad, even though, at the time, they only had a million dollars in annual revenue. +this is work going on down in lower manhattan where they built some of the first electric power generating stations. +this came in, like, six different colors. +i mean, you didn't want this thing clogging up a light socket. +and one friend of mine was telling me a story: not only did they get there and have to wait, but then the engineers, when they finally did get there, for the third time, they had to call somebody. +i'm going to try to give you a little bit of a natural history of compassion and the golden rule. +now, there's more good news that came along later in evolution, a second kind of evolutionary logic. +now, we have a rationale for that. +and if you ask what kind of situation is conducive to people defining people as enemies, it's a zero-sum situation. +it's why social organization has grown from the hunter-gatherer village to the ancient state, the empire, and now here we are in a globalized world. +i think politicians can help foster non-zero-sum relationships, economic engagement is generally better than blockades and so on, in this regard. +it's unfortunate that they tend to be selectively deployed. +what time of life had they started school? +he actively sought disconfirmation. +in surveys of european and american executives, fully 85 percent of them acknowledged that they had issues or concerns at work that they were afraid to raise. +but he had been so afraid of conflict, until finally he became more afraid of the silence. +so, what people were saying to me about the cause of cancer, sources of cancer, or, for that matter, why you are who you are, didn't make sense. +so, i decided over the years, because of a series of experiments that this is because of context and architecture. +and we said, wonderful! look at this pretty structure. +i made a radical hypothesis. +we have shown that there's little pieces of dna on the specific genes of the mammary gland that actually respond to extracellular matrix. +but here is a poem from yeats. i'll just read you the last two lines. +it's been fantastic. +it sounds a little bit like a weird book, but actually they're all new types of lies. +he wrote very, very positive reviews about himself. surprise, surprise. +my friends, no way they can be that cool and have good of a life. +well, to do that, one thing is we can look at the deception-detection literature. +anybody do any writing today? did anybody write a word? +those cold, hard winters, i love it. +now, when you are about to say or do something, we can think, do i want this to be part of my legacy, part of my personal record? +though in all seriousness, this position that you just saw me in, looking down at my phone, that's one of the reasons behind this project, project glass. +we had to keep it secret from our industrial designer until she actually accepted the job, and then she almost ran away screaming. +but i do that all the time. +i go back to color all the time. +my mother was, sort of, very sensitive to his mother, who it seemed was a little bit skeptical about the whole alternative lifestyle thing. +i went to performing arts high school, where i was an actor. +and so i had this t.v. show. +and there's got to be some way to do that, rosie. +and i often look at things as though they're food. +chef: oh, you don't know? let me tell you something. +fashion designer isaac mizrahi spins through a dizzying array of inspirations -- from '50s pinups to a fleeting glimpse of a woman on the street who makes him shout "stop the cab!" inside this rambling talk are real clues to living a happy, creative life. +and i was actually a potent force in spreading ideas across borders, and i witnessed the rise of islamist extremism as distinct from islam the faith, and the way in which it influenced my co-religionists across the world. +what's actually happening is that what were previously localized parochialisms, individual or groupings of extremists who were isolated from one another, have become interconnected in a globalized way and have thus become, or are becoming, mainstream. +and a social movement is comprised, in my view, it's comprised of four main characteristics. +the second, i believe, is political correctness. +not exclusive to these things, but in addition to them, is propagating a genuine demand for democracy on the ground. +because it's not enough to remove a leader or ruler or dictator. +it isn't when the shiny new tools show up that their uses start permeating society. +the internet is the first medium in history that has native support for groups and conversation at the same time. +the bbc got their first wind of the chinese quake from twitter. +and finally the chinese cracked down. +all of that is over. +he had to issue a reply. +ok, this is mount everest. +it was a national geographic expedition, but it was organized by the explorers club. +there's no ice over it. +from here, it's about 1,500 feet up at a 30-degree angle to the summit. +this is a view taken along the summit ridge. +it's really cold; it's 24,000 feet. +the survivors came in one by one. +after laying in the snow that long a time, he got up and found his way back to the camp. +he's dying. +he was critically ill, there were other critically ill patients; luckily, we were able to get a helicopter in to rescue these guys. +so ideas change states. +but a demographic dividend is only as good as the investment in your human capital. +and then i think the other point is that indians today are far more comfortable with globalization. +it's certainly not like china. +what are those ideas? one is, i think, are ideological issues. +we can use technology for transparency, and many other things. +if we really want to come to a point, we really want to put a cap on our carbon emission, we want to really lower the use of energy -- it has to be solved in countries like india. +and this is a rainy election day in a small country -- that can be my country, but could be also your country. +so basically i want to ask: what went right and what went wrong in these 50 years when we talk about democracy? +and you have the market revolution of the 1980s and the huge increase of inequality in societies. +you have facebook revolutions, twitter revolutions. +in a small country that could be my country, but could be also your country, they took a decision -- it is a real case story -- that all of the governmental decisions, discussions of the council of ministers, were going to be published on the internet 24 hours after the council discussions took place. +the idea is called the social impact bond. +the service providers, well, for the first time, they've got an opportunity to provide services and grow the evidence for what they're doing in a really constructive way and learn and demonstrate the value of what they're doing over five or six years, not just one or two as often happens at the moment. +it enables testing of new ideas in a way that's less difficult for everybody. +"ha, i'm the only person i ever loved." +he goes, "sir, why don't you drive?" +why is that? are you too tired to go all the way around? +i'm not supposed to be, like, walking down the aisle, and be like, "hi, jack." you know, that's not cool. +wassup. +tedx. +decided to use recycled content from cement and steel manufacturing. +we must change everything. +it is transparent, made just for you. +they were missing the vision. +so once those pictures are acquired and the physician has drawn all the necessary safety limits and so on, he selects basically a point -- you see the round point in the middle where the cursor is -- and he presses this blue button called "sonicate." +john is one of [about] a dozen very heroic, courageous people who volunteered for the study. +he's a 78 year-old farmer who suffered from -- how should i say it? -- it's called pain in the butt. +i don't see, without this nation taking it as some collective will or something that is a national goal to make that happen, it will not happen. +so new life was born. +all they have, really, is trademark protection, and so it means that anybody could copy any garment on any person in this room and sell it as their own design. +now, fashion designers have the broadest palette imaginable in this creative industry. +one that a lot of cultural critics have pointed to is that we now have a much broader palette of design choices to choose from than we ever have before, and this is mainly because of the fast fashion industry, actually. +i love these gallianos. +if you look at the registry, actually, a lot of the registered things in the e.u. +fireworks displays, the smell of perfume: no. +it is barely tethered to any sort of physical reality in our minds. +i'd been traveling in japan without an agenda other than to photograph, and then i heard about this tree that is 2,180 years old and knew that i had to go visit it. +and then this back down on the ground and you can see that the fungus is actually invading this tree. +but i put that slide in there because i'm often asked if there are any animals in the project. +and what looks like two big heaps of leaves, is actually two single leaves that get shredded up by the harsh desert conditions over time. +this bacteria was discovered several years ago by a team of planetary biologists hoping to find clues to life on other planets by looking at one of the harshest conditions on ours. +it will be completely free, and it will work in any browser. +i think popcorn could change the way that we tell stories on the web, and the way we understand the world we live in. +consider the 2008 terrorist attack on mumbai. +is he bald in front? does he wear glasses? " +you could rob 200 people on a train, a great innovation. +you see, if you can print in metal, you can print one of these, and in fact you can also print one of these too. +and to hackers, dna is just another operating system waiting to be hacked. +that's what i get asked all the time. +the threat is serious, and the time to prepare for it is now. +will i be marginalized? +and when we think about legacy, i can think of no more powerful one, despite how short her life was. +and there is no group more vulnerable to those kinds of manipulations than young men. +i know it works. +who gets to use the mosque on fridays? " +and we placed him in a company in western kenya, just 200 miles away. +so, what do you think? +and lastly, the only portrait of a male that leonardo painted, "the musician." +ladies and gentlemen, this story has not yet been published. +i don't know why. i did not ask for a condom. +then i used, tried to use the medical college girls. +what if one decided to start philanthropy from the day one? +do your job simply, the girl will chase you. +every holiday i had as a young boy was in a national park. +the passengers who fell off the titanic fell into water of just five degrees centigrade. +i could barely breathe. i was gasping for air. +and after just three minutes in that water, he was able to get himself out. +and i remember looking into the ice, and there were big chunks of white ice in there, and the water was completely black. +lp: i'd just like to end off by just saying this: it took me four months again to feel my hands. +the talk will be broadly about energy, but oil's a good place to start. +and so, 25 years ago, there was a peak oil; just like, in the 1920s, there was a peak coal; and a hundred years before that, there was a peak wood. +it's not different, it's the same stuff: calcium carbonate, calcium carbonate. +it's not because we're going to build a bajillion windmills. +that's the one advantage that older people have. +and i said, "i have no training as a doctor. i never claimed that." +and then she made me go up with the tape of it and prove that george abbott actually could talk. +and, incidentally, i call her the eleanor roosevelt of the right. +and i said, "i'm learning." +his father was an sob, and, in fact, he was another comedian with an unhappy childhood, but then we were off and running. +an amazing woman. +first of all, was that dance, even though it hadn't been offered to her, was her life. +the problem is, without technicians, without spare parts, donations like this very quickly turn into junk. +michael free at path says you have to figure out who will "choose, use and pay the dues" for a product like this. +you've got to shine blue light on the kid -- bright blue light on as much of the skin as you can cover. +they're inexpensive, really rugged. +last story here: i've got a friend in india who told me that you haven't really tested a piece of electronic technology for distribution in asia until you've trained a cockroach to climb in and pee on every single little component on the inside. +one is the large global economy, the large globalized economy, and the other one is the small, and very limited, capacity of our traditional governments and their international institutions to govern, to shape, this economy. +we are not talking about 50,000 dollars here, or 100,000 dollars there, or one million dollars there. +well, thank you. i mean, it's interesting, in doing this, we had to sit together with the companies. +in germany, we have a system where you are not allowed to bribe a civil servant, but you are allowed to bribe a deputy. +i'm not connecting to them. +so i now have this sort of restaurant menu visiting of art galleries. +and i thought, no, it's a very intimate look, but it's not a look a daughter gives her father. +amongst them a yellow coat with white fur, a yellow and black bodice, and you see these clothes on lots of other paintings, different women in the paintings, vermeer's paintings. +not the painter, i don't want to think about the painter. +i kept thinking of beds and red cheeks, and of course i kept thinking of sex when i looked at him, and i thought, is that what he's thinking about? +but it is difficult to hear the words aloud. +there was hollywood. +so when i read in a newspaper in the business page the story of nollywood, i really felt this is an incredible opportunity to tell a story that goes against all these preconceived notions. +we're not doing films for the elite and the people in their glass houses. +it's all about the foreign movies. +move it. +the nigerian filmmakers really, really, are doing what they like. +difficult, eh? it's meaningless. +and we know that there are more. +zambia-born filmmaker franco sacchi tours us through nollywood, nigeria's booming film industry. guerrilla filmmaking and brilliance under pressure from crews that can shoot a full-length feature in a week. +we were talking about the rapture? it's coming. +you know, we have to go through that. +it's about rolling a ball and picking up as many objects as you can in a finite amount of time and hopefully you'll be able to make it into a planet. +so we have portal because you shoot walls in order to create new spaces. +so time, space, aesthetics, and then, most important, behavior. +so in a way, we're showing a manifestation of something that is truly important and that is part of our identity but that nobody can have. +i was concerned about making a place for the study of law. +i did this building in japan. +we made the drawings of the fish and the scales. +he was a souvenir salesman who always wanted to be a painter, and i was frankie p. toronto. +and it seemed to work as a way to put he and i together. +and herman miller has this philosophy of having a place -- a people place. +and so then he put two bridges -- this all happened on the fax, going back and forth over a couple of weeks' period. +they've been building it so long i don't remember where it is. +we used it at loyola on the chapel, and it didn't work. +this is a piece of property in brentwood. +and then you enter into the living room and then so on. +and you're looking at it from the offices and you create a kind of interaction between these pieces. +if any of you guys have any ideas for it, please contact me. +and i tried to -- there's a nick grimshaw building over here, there's an oldenburg sculpture over here -- i tried to make a relationship urbanistically. +the acoustician in the competition gave us criteria, which led to this compartmentalized scheme, which we found out after the competition would not work at all. +and this is a teapot i designed for alessi. +it didn't work. +and so this is what they do. +so you start with the bagasse, and then you take a very simple kiln that you can make out of a waste fifty five-gallon oil drum. +so we wanted to try to find a way to make a stronger briquette so that we could compete with wood charcoal in the markets in haiti. +but this is one of the incredibly rare situations where you also have economic benefits. +and we need to think about how we can do that effectively. +and this bone is peppered, as you can see, with the light shining through the skull with cavities, the sinuses, which warm and moisten the air we breathe. +as you can see, it's blocking her vision. +that's exactly what people used to say to sue. +he maintained a calm insouciance. +because you might say, "well, this type of surgery might be regarded as cosmetic." +and beauty doesn't equate to goodness, and certainly doesn't equate to contentment. +"i want to look like this. this is how i looked before." +so the better news is the future's almost here -- and the future is tissue engineering. +how do we really change children's relationship to food? +seventy percent of all antibiotics consumed in america is consumed in animal husbandry. +it is about what we feed them. +why can we have 29-cent big gulps and 99-cent double burgers? +we really need to change this whole paradigm with kids and food. +they do tastings of these ingredients in the gardening classes. +one of the things i do a lot is public-private partnerships. +and, you know, i'm not that better off now. +so we're spending less than a dollar, ok, on lunch. +and he pointed up to the sky, and he said, "look, do you see that? +when i go to a philosopher's party and they ask me what i work on and i say, "consciousness," their eyes don't glaze over -- their lips curl into a snarl. +that's the order of the day here. +this means that a lot of people are just left completely dissatisfied and incredulous when i attempt to explain consciousness. +i'm working with a young computer-animator documentarian named nick deamer, and this is a little demo that he's done for me, part of a larger project some of you may be interested in. +and i started across the hall in north carolina, because i thought it was probably a canaletto, and would have all that in detail. +how many of you did it by rotating the one on the left in your mind's eye, to see if it matched up with the one on the right? +if you're seeing it as a cube floating in front of some circles, some black circles, there's another way of seeing it. +and keep going, until the subject presses the button, saying, "i see the change." +thanks very much for your attention. +they're basically attempts at figuring out what people should do instead of rush hour car driving. +because you still have 80 percent of the traffic. +seventy percent of the population didn't want this. +jonas eliasson: how to solve traffic jams +what do we know about the country and the people that we pretend to protect, about the villages where the only one medicine to kill the pain and to stop the hunger is opium? +you, yourself, will find yourself in a hospital bed -- or your mother, your child -- there are heads nodding, people who say, "yes, i know exactly what you mean." +well he also saw that when health care turns to medical care because of a more serious disease, the key thing that holds us back is access to information. +the question was, where from? +where does medical ability end and start? +it's really serious. +don't worry about the numbers. +there's a guy on twitter that i know, a health it guy outside boston, and he wrote the e-patient rap. +and she saw that if there is no inflammation then the scan is a uniform gray. +dave debronkart: meet e-patient dave +and this, in terms of magnesium and the amount of water that i just mentioned, equates to a $4.5 billion mining industry for singapore -- a place that doesn't have any natural resources. +but one other extremely unique thing about bats is that they are able to use sound to perceive their environment. they use echolocation. +this is considered the five blessings. +just have a quick look. and what we need to realize is that every 300 base pairs in your dna, you're a little bit different. +in europe alone, by 2050, there is going to be a 70 percent increase of individuals over 65, and 170 percent increase in individuals over 80. +emma teeling: the secret of the bat genome +europe had to be dragged into economic development. +the opportunity we're going to look to is a genuine basis for optimism about the bottom billion, and that is the commodity booms. +that is not a forecast about how commodity prices go; it's a forecast of the consequences, the long-term consequences, for growth of an increase in prices. +it turns out that electoral competition is the thing that's doing the damage with democracy, whereas strong checks and balances make resource booms good. +they worked out they were worth two billion pounds. +paul collier: the "bottom billion" +all right, you've all heard the term: "he's a born surgeon." +so i was inspired by a friend. +so i'm passionate about teaching these fls skills all over the world. +and we currently have access to eleven language pairs. +we need it for our everyday life, in order to make the world a smaller place. +i continued studying craft traditions and collaborating with artisans, next in lithuania with lace makers. +my life was not going to be the same. +my artistic horizons continue to grow. +it was 23 metric tons for one liter. +you could be attacked by white blood cells in the arteries. +they're learning to flex this system that releases their own endogenous opiates. +values are a certain kind of fact. +so the contributions of culture -- if culture changes us, as indeed it does, it changes us by changing our brains. +well, consider by analogy, the concept of physical health. +the fact that there are exceptions here does not change that at all. +this is why we spend our time talking about things like gay marriage and not about genocide or nuclear proliferation or poverty or any other hugely consequential issue. +whenever we are talking about facts certain opinions must be excluded. +sam harris: yeah, well i think i tried to broach this in a sentence, watching the clock ticking, but the question is: what is voluntary in a context where men have certain expectations, and you're guaranteed to be treated in a certain way if you don't veil yourself? +sam harris: science can answer moral questions +here is a pest, devastating pest, a spider mite, because it does a lot of webbing like a spider. +only the egg of the parasite will be inserted into the body fluids of the aphid. +everything is just fine under these circumstances. +and there goes the question, especially if you ask growers, agriculturists: why biological control? +step by step, it does narrow. +automotive retrofuturism is one of my specialties. +this is tank polo in the south hamptons. +people wrote in for reprints of that thing. +it was perfectly clear. i didn't do any thinking about it. +the third thing on my checklist is relations with neighboring friendly societies that may prop up a society. and if that friendly support is pulled away, that may make a society more likely to collapse. in the case of the greenland norse, they had trade with the mother country -- norway -- and that trade dwindled: partly because norway got weaker, partly because of sea ice between greenland and norway. +so, some societies, for subtle environmental reasons, are more fragile than others. and then finally, another generalization. i'm now teaching a course at ucla, to ucla undergraduates, on these collapses of societies. what really bugs my ucla undergraduate students is, how on earth did these societies not see what they were doing? +instead, all the major threats facing us today are problems entirely of our own making. and since we made the problems, we can also solve the problems. that then means that it's entirely in our power to deal with these problems. +well we know that that was not a cheap war. +what are you eating? +how are we going to feed this world? +this has happened in the netherlands in the 1990s during the classical swine fever outbreak. +one kilogram of grasshoppers has the same amount of calories as 10 hot dogs, or six big macs. +so why are we not eating insects yet? +look at them first. look at them first. +that means we get our new hips for free. +in fact, when we're traveling abroad, it's how we identify fellow canadians. +i draped them casually over the chair in the doctor's office. +it was the world's first popular computer. +this is an astrolabe. pretty impressive, isn't it? +so, it's about 26 degrees. you can't see it from over there. +it can be used for calculating mathematical equations of all different types. +but what we lose, i think, is an accurate -- a felt sense of the sky, a sense of context. +you're using your built-in dynamics, the physics of your body, just like a pendulum. +let me demonstrate how it works. +and they already had a six legged robot called lemur. +instead of using electrical motors, electromechanical actuators, we're using compressed air. +for those who probably know, if you don't have any sensors and there are any disturbances, you know what happens. +what you see over here, this is the beautiful louis vuitton cup trophy. +and they assemble, and they form these kinds of mechanisms. +there was a great ted moment, i think it was sir ken robinson, was it? +it's a story of public education and of rural communities and of what design might do to improve both. +the biggest employer is the purdue chicken processing plant. +specifically, we use these six design directives, probably the most important being number two: we design with, not for -- in that, when we're doing humanitarian-focused design, it's not about designing for clients anymore. +it's the physical construction of improved spaces and materials and experiences for teachers and students. +so in many cases this is not so much about making change as it is creating the conditions under which change is possible and the incentive to want to make change, which is easier said than done in rural communities and in inside-the-box education systems in rural communities. +and during that time, they're doing everything from going out and doing ethnographic research and doing the need-finding, coming back into the studio, doing the brainstorming and design visualization to come up with concepts that might work, and then moving into the shop and actually testing them, building them, prototyping them, figuring out if they are going to work and refining that. +but we feel like this could work in other places. +generally, what you see in green is not desertifying, and what you see in brown is, and these are by far the greatest areas of the earth. +now, that was a terrible decision for me to have to make, and it was political dynamite, frankly. +it has just come through four months of rain, and it's now going into eight months of dry season. +but we biologists and ecologists had never tackled anything as complex as this. +they put 25,000 sheep in one flock, really mimicking nature now with planned grazing, and they have documented a 50-percent increase in the production of the land in the first year. +thank you so much.as: well, thank you. thank you. thank you, chris. +and these two missions, as you can tell, thread together perfectly. one adds to the other; in fact, one would be impossible without the other. +after treatment, the child gains significant functionality. +if you show him real world images, if you show others like him real world images, they are unable to recognize most of the objects because the world to them is over-fragmented; it's made up of a collage, a patchwork, of regions of different colors and luminances. +ps: and we see this pattern over and over again. +how does that happen? we want dylan to be able to do that, and using this mantra of motion, dylan actually can do that. +sheryl shade: hi, aimee. aimee mullins: hi. +dan o'brien jumped 5 '11 "in' 96 in atlanta, i mean, if it just gives you a comparison of -- these are truly accomplished athletes, without qualifying that word" athlete. " +and he said, "no, no, really. you can. +it's now two years that you've been running? +i tried to get it out of anybody i could, you know, "who am i running against here?" +if i had won everything -- but it was like, what was the point? +i'm like, "get it off! don't worry about it, you know. +i need to get some new ones because the last meet i was at, they were everywhere. you know, it's like a big -- it's come full circle. +and she came into town and she rushed around and she said, "i have to buy some new shoes!" +now this is obviously a powerful, some might say dangerously powerful, insight. +some people think this number's a little bit large, but copyright mathematicians who are media lobby experts are merely surprised that it doesn't get compounded for inflation every year. +see, in the real world math isn't necessarily done by mathematicians. +once you've done that, then there's the computation step. +i estimated that, just today, across the world, we spent about 106 average world lifetimes teaching people how to calculate by hand. +so my usual question is, what do you mean by "basics?" +i don't think so. +but there's a fantastic way to do that in the modern world. +and of course, it turns into a circle. +and you know if you walk across a chasm, you end up making it worse than if you didn't start at all -- bigger disaster. +its leash had been tied to the chair as her master went in for coffee, and she was just persistent in her efforts to greet me, perhaps get a scratch behind the ear. +these outsights ranged from the trival to the profound, from the mundane to the humorous. +but it's all good in the grand scheme of things. +everybody's welcome. +and i see my life as a series of experiments. +as i say in my book, i'm jewish in the same way the olive garden is italian. +so, certainly the challenge was there. +so, i was able to stone one adulterer. +but this one is -- the bible says that you cannot touch women during certain times of the month, and more than that, you cannot sit on a seat where a menstruating woman has sat. +this was one of the great things about my year, doing the sabbath, because i am a workaholic, so having this one day where you cannot work, it really, that changed my life. +and they said, "we don't know, but it's just rituals that give us meaning." +so, anyway, thank you so much for letting me speak. +the problem, as we see it, has to do with a single, simple word: "space," or a single, simple phrase: "real world geometry." +but if you displayed that on a crt or flat panel display, it would be meaningless to hold up an arbitrary object, a real world object in that. +so this led full circle, in a strange way, to build these ideas into what we believe is the necessary future of human machine interface: the spatial operating environment, we call it. +there're a lot of elements. +so collaborative work, whether it's immediately co-located or distant and distinct, is always important. +can it be for every man, or is this just for corporations and movie producers? +john underkoffler: pointing to the future of ui +what okolloh did would not have been possible without human generosity. +someone who has done something like this, however mediocre and throwaway, has tried something, has put something forward in public. +but the group of daycare centers represented by the black line, they said, "we are changing this bargain as of right now. +here is the critical difference between these: lolcats is communal value. +and may it run forever, because it gives people like me a living. +or you could play many games in one small patch of land, even if you didn't know which game you were actually in. +england invented 20 overs cricket, and said, "the world must play 20 overs cricket." +six weeks, city versus city. +but what they were very good at doing was making it very localized. +we started getting song and dance in indian cricket. +shane warne sold for 450,000 dollars. +can you imagine, you've got the dollar on view and there's no delhi belly in there anymore. +there are two kinds of errors people make when trying to decide what the right thing is to do, and those are errors in estimating the odds that they're going to succeed, and errors in estimating the value of their own success. +now, you see a very interesting pattern here, which is first of all, two things are vastly over-estimated, namely tornadoes and fireworks. +and most people say, "ok, i'll play." +when people are asked about these two different jobs: a job where you make 60k, then 50k, then 40k, a job where you're getting a salary cut each year, and one in which you're getting a salary increase, people like the second job better than the first, despite the fact they're all told they make much less money. why? +along the way, you lost something. +for some of the subjects, sitting in the far corner of a room is a box of godiva chocolates, and for others is a can of spam. +if you're an american, for example, you've probably traveled in france. +that is, they require interest rates in the hundred or thousands of percents in order to delay gratification and wait until next month for the extra 10 dollars. +people always think more is better than less: 60 is always better than 50, and they always think now is better than later: the bars on this side are higher than the bars on this side. +surely the kinds of play that at least american media give to -- and forgive me, but in raw numbers these are very tiny accidents. +but is there a rational fear that actually, the reason we're frightened about this is because we think that the big one is to come? +so, you know, when a school bus is blown up and we've never seen this before, our general tendency is to orient towards that which is new and novel is activated. +adg: in persuading them. +he apparently lost an eye in battle, which is why he is always shown in profile. +so, it was going nowhere. +this one generates no imagery at all. " +that can be a big contribution. +the phrase 'art is whatever' expresses the current inclusiveness that surrounds art-making -- a sort of 'it ain't what you do, it's the way that you do it' notion. +so by and large, they are good for our survival. +the philosopher martha nussbaum points this out in this quote: "thus throughout history, certain disgust properties -- sliminess, bad smell, stickiness, decay, foulness -- have been repeatedly and monotonously been associated with... +when we actually looked at not just self-reported political orientation, but voting behavior, we were able to look geographically across the nation. what we found was that in regions in which people reported high levels of disgust sensitivity, mccain got more votes. +it makes less sense that an emotion that was built to prevent me from ingesting poison should predict who i'm going to vote for in the upcoming presidential election. +wish i could. +marcus: and how many soldiers have you recruited to fight this war with you? +newton aduaka: thank you. the first clip, really, is totally trying to capture what cinema is for me, and where i'm coming from in terms of cinema. +you must get --? +onicha: ezra! +we don't need no more trouble no more trouble we don't need no more trouble no more trouble. wake up! everybody wake up. road block! +why? because you want our diamond. +n thank you. +or we can zoom out to the table of contents, and the video keeps playing. +all right. mike, thanks so much. +a lot of us work for people; we're in the hands of other people. +so where do we go now? +september 11 generated some interest in moving it over to ground zero, and i'm totally against that. +i tried to understand that language as a beginning, as a place to jump off, and there was so much of it being done by spec builders and it was trivialized so much that it wasn't... +fg: i don't know. +i was so proud. +and i think that's what i've always been interested in, is that -- which is a personal kind of expression. +it was a table as long as this carpet and the harbor commissioner was here, and i was here, and my guys. +frank gehry: a master architect asks, now what? +totally transformed by man. +these things that i photographed -- this tire pile here had 45 million tires in it. it was the largest one. +and for me china -- i started photographing it four years ago, and china truly is a question of sustainability in my mind, not to mention that china, as well, has a great effect on the industries that i grew up around. +this is wushan, one of the largest cities that was relocated. +what's also happening in shanghai is -- china is changing because this wouldn't have happened five years ago, for instance. this is a holdout. +and i'm sure there are people here who probably know better than i do about efficiencies, but i can't imagine that every apartment having its own air conditioner is a very efficient way to cool a building on this scale. +they were just wound up doing these things all day long, until the manager had to, with a stern voice, say, "okay, everybody freeze." +this was one of the biggest factories i've ever seen. +and as much as there are great things around the corner -- and it's palpable in this room -- of all of the things that are just about to break that can solve so many problems, i'm really hoping that those things will spread around the world and will start to have a positive effect. +and anything that you can do to promote that would be fantastic. +and the scale of my work, and the kinds of ideas i'm playing with -- when i first saw an imax film, i almost immediately thought, "there's a real resonance between what i'm trying to do and the scale of what i try to do as a photographer." +and the reason we see mines is because there's a lot of valuable raw materials that went into making all of this stuff in the first place. +plastics have overlapping densities over a very narrow range. +and we eventually broke the code. +we take out the things that aren't plastics, such as the metals they missed, carpeting, foam, rubber, wood, glass, paper, you name it. +and finally, i hope you agree with me to change that last toddler rule just a little bit to: "if it's broken, it's my stuff." +you know, we're the smartest thing out there, why can't we figure this out? +you know, so you can take comfort in the fact that this guy up here is a really really distant, but albeit evolutionary, relative. +but this is the unit of currency that we've taught our monkeys at yale to actually use with humans, to actually buy different pieces of food. +well, you might actually imagine them to do all the kinds of smart things that humans do when they start exchanging money with each other. +the more surprising thing was that when we collaborated with economists to actually look at the monkeys' data using economic tools, they basically matched, not just qualitatively, but quantitatively with what we saw humans doing in a real market. +your other option is a bit safe. your just going to get some money for sure. +so what's going on? +the guy on the left is a safe bonus. +again, same choice; they can play it safe for always getting two grapes every single time, or they can take a risky bet and choose between one and three. +well, one thing we know is that they tend to be really hard to overcome. +thank you. +and i feel that way because three billion people in the world today, over the next 20 years, will need a new home. +that's the change. +the engineering is, truthfully, the easy part of this. +bomb blast curtains covered my windows. +think about it: what other business do you know, what other sector of the economy, and especially one as big as the public sector, that doesn't seek to reinvent its business model on a regular basis? +no one is better at this activity of actually getting us to engage in delivering services, sometimes where none exist, than ushahidi. +let me be very clear, and perhaps controversial, that open government is not about transparent government. +we don't have words, really, to describe it yet. +in fact, she indicated that if we would do that, not only would we have the joy of receiving the gratitude from the members of the extended family, but she said, "even god will smile, and when god smiles, there is peace, and justice, and joy." +and, like chief seattle said, "we did not spin the web of life. +and he said, "i hope that you will have the strength to do what i did. +and, according to jesus, the word comes forth, "you must love yourself, you must love the lord your god with all your heart, mind and soul, and your neighbor as yourself." +i close with this song -- it's a children's song -- because we are all children at the table of mama eternal. +the vietnam protests, the commemoration of all that died in the pandemic of aids, the march for women's reproductive rights, right up until almost the present. +one redeeming feature is it's lifted up off the ground and it's got this void, and it's got an empty core kind of in the spirit and that facade very much corporate and federal style. +and it has to be free. +that's the pantheon next to it. +this is the warp and weft. +so i have branded myself as a war child. +what was actually killing us wasn't the muslims, wasn't the arabs. +sometimes you gotta lose to win. +don't even know the day i'll ever return. +and one thing that shocked me is one day they brought an arab musician to come and entertain the soldiers. +but that moved me. +well now, my time is going, so i want to sing a song. +he never knew his father very well, because his father left his mom while she was pregnant with him. +some of these lawyers were successful; they managed to get new trials for their clients. +all that i want to tell you is that the reason that this has happened is because death penalty lawyers have understood that the earlier you intervene in a case, the greater the likelihood that you're going to save your client's life. +what we're talking about today is just as complicated. +now, it was logistically difficult. +i hope there's one thing you all won't forget: in between the time you arrived here this morning and the time we break for lunch, there are going to be four homicides in the united states. +i mean, santa claus knows if you're naughty or nice, right? " +september 10 is not your birthday. it's october 10. "and i said," what? " +now, i was raised in the pacific northwest, around a lot of church of latter-day saints people and, you know, i've worked with them and even dated them, but i never really knew the doctrine or what they said to people when they were out on a mission, and i guess i was, sort of, curious, so i said, "well, please, come in." and they looked really happy, because i don't think this happens to them all that often. +i said, "what happened to the lamanites?" +what if you had a nose job and you liked it? +we have focused on the problems. +i believe, if kennedy was alive today, he would be asking statisticians such as myself to go out and find out what makes life worthwhile. +when it has a scarce resource that it wants to turn into a desirable outcome, it thinks in terms of efficiency. +the country on its own up at the top is a place i haven't been to. +that's one way of looking at it. +and that means we have to really increase efficiency even more. +do you invest the time with your loved ones that you could do, and energy? +they don't need a lot of material goods to be satisfied. +what turned out to determine whether someone would stop and help a stranger in need was how much of a hurry they thought they were in -- were they feeling they were late, or were they absorbed in what they were going to talk about. +now this is a -- it's a little test i encourage you to try out at a party. +right now, as bill mcdonough has pointed out, the objects that we buy and use have hidden consequences. +the moment i stopped, half a dozen other people immediately ringed the same guy. +i realized then that i, who thought i had complete control of my life, had control of only three things: my thought, my mind -- the images that these thoughts created -- and the action that derived from it. +i needed something to go that extra mile, and i found it in that metaphor which i had learned from my mother when i was four. +ananda shankar jayant: fighting cancer with dance +but in general it was difficult -- it was really difficult to explain what the web was like. +what do you mean, "data"? what's the difference -- documents, data? +data is relationships. +let's think about data for a bit. +audience: raw. +now if i go on like this, you'll think that all the data comes from huge institutions and has nothing to do with you. +you may not have lots of data which you have yourself to put on there but you know to demand it. +all together, they achieved these results: increased the number of people on anti-retrovirals, life-saving anti-aids drugs; nearly halved deaths from malaria; vaccinated so many that 5.4 million lives will be saved. +now here, we see the role for an unprecedented coalition of social media giants and upstarts, telecoms companies, reality tv show formats, gaming companies, telecoms, all of them together in kind of their "we are the world" moment. +it's getting near zero. +thank you, thank you. +and he said, "oh, i teach at a college of arts. +so i just thought, "i'm going to capture thumbprint, footprint, or whatever traces we leave as humans." +if we ask einstein, he would say, "whether the cow crossed the road, or the road moved underneath the cow, depends on your frame of reference." +again, "inward out." +and this was collected by anapum -- which is like, finally in the end, he will not have anything, because it will evaporate. +this gave me a greater faith. +you can see the detail. +i'm a little bit of an amateur historian, so i've spent some time going back, trying to see the first mention of this kind of thing. and the best, earliest quote that i could find was one from david livingstone, writing in the 1850s about how the railroad, the steam ship, and the telegraph were integrating east africa perfectly with the rest of the world. +so it's very clear that if you look at these numbers or all the other numbers that i talk about in my book, "world 3.0," that we're very, very far from the no-border effect benchmark, which would imply internationalization levels of the order of 85, 90, 95 percent. +the perspective was, here is this poor professor. +think of france and the current debate about immigration. +at the same time, i was thinking, well, there's lots of possibility here to produce contemporary products, away from the ethnic, a little bit more contemporary. +but if we rearrange this formula quickly, we can get to acceleration equals force over mass, which means that for a larger particle -- a larger mass -- it requires more force to change its direction. +the marketing is -- the message for marketing is -- that try to measure what consumers actually do, rather than what they say they'll do or anticipate they'll do. +your brand starts being dispersed, it gets more chaotic. +and the third string is pretty innovative. +so, for example, you can be a pitcher or a catcher, and that corresponds to whether you perform a sexual act or receive a sexual act. +can you imagine saying to your coach, "uh, i'm not really feeling it today, i think i'll sit this game out." +"well, maybe we can go half and half." +and sometimes that can be different amounts over different times or with different people or on different days. +"what 'tis to love?" shakespeare said. +real dependence on this person. +i was just staggered by it. +and i think that the sex drive evolved to get you out there, looking for a whole range of partners. +in short, they are acquiring the status that they had a million years ago, 10,000 years ago, 100,000 years ago. +it's one of many, many characteristics that women have that they will bring into the job market. +we're also returning to an ancient form of marriage equality. +this is why you can feel such a sense of cosmic union with somebody after you've made love to them. +dopamine is associated with romantic love. +but i want to tell you a story about -- to illustrate. +and everybody there agreed this woman was very sick and she needed to be in the hospital. +i actually just assmed the pathologic sequence of events was settled science. +in fact, what if it's a symptom of a much deeper problem, the tip of a proverbial iceberg? +now i don't know why, but it might be because, in their case, their cells haven't actually figured out the right thing to do with that excess energy. +but this team of multi-disciplinary, highly skeptical and exceedingly talented researchers do agree on two things. +peter attia: is the obesity crisis hiding a bigger problem? +so when i was born, i guess you could say expectations were kind of high for me. +i mean, i think most people in the industry understand that we've got to get on with it. +frankly, four billion clean cars on the road are still four billion cars, and a traffic jam with no emissions is still a traffic jam. +now shared car services are also springing up around the world, and these efforts, i think, are great. +we need that same kind of passion and energy to attack global gridlock. +charlie ledbetter, yesterday, i thought, talked very articulately about this need to bring consumers, to bring people into the process of creating things. +so they snapped into action. +george de mestral -- this is not bugs all over a birkenstock -- was walking his dog in a field and got covered in burrs, sort of little prickly things, and from that came velcro. +it's been all about these kind of thoughtless things that people do, which have huge intention and huge opportunity. +i talk about unthinking situations all the time. +so, again, we were asked to design a water pump for a company called approtec, in kenya. +contagious is a good word. +and in two hours, after their backs were broke, they were changed. +they are skating. they are doing street plays. +k first time, a rally and a street play in a rural school -- unheard of -- to tell their parents why literacy is important. +so, today who is it going to take to spread the infection from 100,000 children to the 200 million children in india? +and interestingly, as i think back, they were the first true environmentalists. +unfortunately, it's not the answer. +if i pull back from that global picture, and i look at the implication over a similar period of time in terms of the technology -- which, as a tool, is a tool for designers, and i cite our own experience as a company, and i just illustrate that by a small selection of projects -- then how do you measure that change of technology? +round about that design period leading up to this building, i did a sketch, which we pulled out of the archive recently. +so for example, we would put models under an artificial sky. +so really, retranslating that technology and developing something which was so clean, it was virtually pollution-free. +so there has been a project which rescues the dead sea by creating a pipeline, a pipe, sometimes above the surface, sometimes buried, that will redress that, and will feed from the gulf of aqaba into the dead sea. +it's more than one device, you know, it's renewable. +and here you can see how they really crafted a beautiful design process with physical models, with quantitative, as well as qualitative, methods to come to a final solution that is truly integrated and completely holistic with the architecture. +to me it is something from theatre, and i will get back to that a little bit later. +so light is, of course, for social interaction also -- to create relationships with all the features around us. +and we can actually leave it out where it's not needed at all and where we can preserve darkness. +can we be more gentle with light? +in architecture, it works just the same. +is it that i write very well? +the research guidelines of u.s. national academy of sciences or research councils of the u.k. +if this woman has to carry water on her head for miles and miles and miles, you cannot be celebrating that. +they could be creative in terms of education, they may be creative in terms of culture, they may be creative in terms of institutions; but a lot of our work is in the field of technological creativity, the innovations, either in terms of contemporary innovations, or in terms of traditional knowledge. +obviously she's an artist; she's a creative person. +you bring your water, you bring your soap, i wash the clothes for you. charge 50 paisa, one rupee for you per lot, and a new business model can emerge. +higher the local fit, greater is the chance of scaling up. +my technology. +we were talking about, my friends in brazil, how we scale up this model in china and brazil. +she said, "change your profession." +then you don't need anything to control the car, except thinking about it. +500 years ago, sailing ships started getting reliable enough; we found a new continent. +or snowmobiles. you don't need the snow. +and they belong on the sidewalks, and they'll use it seriously. " +so, having seen this, and having worried about it for eight years, the first thing i do is pick up my phone and ask our marketing and regulatory guys, call aarp, get an appointment right away. +we've been working on this, actually, as an alternative energy source, starting way back with johnson & amp; johnson, to run an ibot, because the best batteries you could get -- 10 watt-hours per kilogram in lead, 20 watt-hours per kilogram nickel-cadmium, 40 watt-hours per kilogram in nickel-metal hydride, 60 watt-hours per kilogram in lithium, 8,750 watt-hours of energy in every kilogram of propane or gasoline -- which is why nobody drives electric cars. +animal fan nellie mckay sings a sparkling tribute to her dear dog. she suggests we all do the same: "just go right to the pound / and find yourself a hound / and make that doggie proud / 'cause that's what it's all about." +however, while it's easier to think of us, the citizens, the police, the army, as the good guys, and them, the narcos, the carteles, as the bad guys, if you think about it, the latter are only providing a service to the former. +but this is the result of a very careful branding and business strategy. +they have actually retained access to the profitable drug trade, but the way they do it is, because they control all of michoacán, and they control the port of lázaro cárdenas, they leverage that to, for example, trade copper from michoacán that is legally created and legally extracted with illegal ephedrine from china which is a critical precursor for methamphetamines that they produce, and then they have partnerships with larger organizations like the sinaloa federation that place their products in the u.s. +and so to me the question is not whether these dynamics will continue the way they have. +and then it's time to do it again. last year. +the next phase it hit was displacement. +here's another technology that's approaching a critical price. +you can have regenerative braking; you can have drive-by-wire; you can have replaceable body shapes -- it's a little thing that starts with a hybrid, but it can lead to a whole new era of the car. +and what's interesting is that it was just 1990 when it was more than two dollars a minute. +they use mobutu as metaphor. +i want to share one story about an innovation called drip irrigation. +and so we met dr. sono khangharani in pakistan. +but again i would say that this is our moment for extraordinary things to happen. +and for the first time ever in three generations, his children would go to school. +thank you. +you have my friend, who has a blog on digital -- on pdrs, personal recorders. +i like music, and i like banjos, and i think i probably heard steve martin playing, and i said, "i could do that." +i wrote this one, and i put this up because of einstein today. +and you see this post. +i showed a norman rockwell painting before, and this one i grew up with, looking at constantly. +i put the bad pictures up too, because there are bad pictures. +they're the largest of the tunas, the second-largest fish in the sea -- bony fish. +the european population and north african -- the eastern bluefin tuna -- is fished at tremendous levels: 50,000 tons over the last decade almost every year. +we basically are taking the same satellite phone parts, or the same parts that are in your computer, chips. +now, the activities from the lab have taught us now how to go out in the open ocean. +there are two villages, harris and morehead city, every winter for over a decade, held a party called tag-a-giant, and together, fishers worked with us to tag 800 to 900 fish. +these become forthright in places we need to protect. +the tuna team from topp has done the unthinkable: three teams tagged 1,700 tunas, bluefin, yellowfin and albacore all at the same time -- carefully rehearsed tagging programs in which we go out, pick up juvenile tunas, put in the tags that actually have the sensors, stick out the tuna and then let them go. +we did this with the great turtle race -- tagged turtles, brought in four million hits. +hi there. i'm hasan. i'm an artist. +and he looks at me really confused and says, "no explosives?" +and i was like, "all we need is alaska not to get the last memo, and here we go all over again." +this was on delta 719 going from jfk to san francisco. +all of these are extracted directly from my bank accounts, and everything pops up right away. +and on sunday, june 14th at 2009 -- this was actually about two o'clock in the afternoon in skowhegan, maine -- this was my apartment there. +because no one's really watching. +he: well it goes to the last point that i was at. +and now, 2012. +now, four years ago, chris lost his job, unfortunately, as an art buyer at macy's, and like so many people, he struggled to find a new one during the recession. +how do we mimic the way trust is built face-to-face online? +it was ridiculous. i couldn't get a mobile phone plan because my credit history didn't travel with me. +now the interesting thing is, reputation is the socioeconomic lubricant that makes collaborative consumption work and scale, but the sources it will be generated from, and its applications, are far bigger than this space alone. +there's been an explosion of collaborative consumption -- web-powered sharing of cars, apartments, skills. rachel botsman explores the currency that makes systems like airbnb and taskrabbit work: trust, influence, and what she calls "reputation capital." +now i'm going to show you what that does to our societies. +it's simply the proportion of the population who agree most people can be trusted. +but it goes from about 40 to 400 people in prison. +the position of women, how closely they keep to the nuclear family, are on opposite ends of the poles in terms of the rich developed world. +but i should say a few words about what's going on. +and of course, others using more sophisticated methods in the literature have controlled for poverty and education and so on. +one of the key areas we've been working on recently is medical devices, and while it may not be obvious that medical devices have something in common with iraq's electricity grid then, there are some commonalities. +how do you ensure it gets to them and it improves their lives? +notice anything about it? +the industry average is about 65 percent. +you've got to pay for your soap, your deodorant, toothbrush, toothpaste, all of it. +the best thing we can do is figure out ways to nurture the entrepreneurial spirit and the tremendous untapped potential in our prisons, because if we don't, they're not going to learn any new skills that's going to help them, and they'll be right back. +second of all, it's really beautifully balanced: it holds well, it feels well. +now, the weird thing is google lies, because if i type "design and emotion," it says, "you don't need the 'and.' we do it anyway." +now some people can -- circus workers, steel workers. +no big deal. +and behavioral design is all about feeling in control, which includes usability, understanding -- but also the feel and heft. +it's kind of neat. what a wonderful design. +and that's what's nice about emotion. +but it was quite obvious, quite clear, that for this particular route that i had taken, the remoter the school was, the worse its results seemed to be. +anyway, so i'm proposing that an alternative primary education, whatever alternative you want, is required where schools don't exist, where schools are not good enough, where teachers are not available or where teachers are not good enough, for whatever reason. +so he figured that out. it took him over two minutes to figure out that he was doing things to the television. +so they said, "well, you've left this machine which talks only in english, so we had to learn english." +what could they learn to do? +a typical example being, "sometimes it is necessary to tell lies." +thank you. +and i, one day, i announced this to my parents -- and my father denies this story to this day -- i said, "daddy, i want to be a diplomat." +and anyway, my tour -- it was kind of a very exciting time. +secondly, the government had ignored all available alternatives to war, which in some ways was a more discreditable thing still. +my pension was in it. +why don't you advise their government on their diplomacy? " +and one thing led to another, and i ended up having a desk in? what if! in new york, when i started independent diplomat. +what this means is it's no longer good enough to say that international relations, or global affairs, or chaos in somalia, or what's going on in burma is none of your business, and that you can leave it to governments to get on with. +and of course, everybody got it. everybody went, "yes, of course, you're absolutely right. +it's that broken experience on the web. +so where this comes into play and why this is important is i head up a technology incubator, and we had eight startups sitting around there. +so most everyone watches tv. +animals might love to play, but they don't love to watch. +as we start, you see in 1960 inspiration is holding steady. +look at this green spike in 1966 to a bellwether show. +glamorous and rich. +that's all great, right? +and then she clarified. she said, "you know what, i don't mean that it sucks. it means that i didn't understand a word of it. +because, you see, dna is like a blueprint that tells living things what to make. +it kills me. i'm not kidding. +or even worse, science education is becoming like that guy who always says, "actually." +there's still so much work left to be done, though, and if you're involved with science in any way i urge you to join me. +but sometimes it's as though a doorway appears from out of nowhere and it opens onto a staircase. +but here's the weirdest place of all: war. +durkheim called this level the level of the sacred because he believed that the function of religion was to unite people into a group, into a moral community. +he said, "if the one tribe included a great number of courageous, sympathetic and faithful members who are always ready to aid and defend each other, this tribe would succeed better and conquer the other." +and as you'll see in this simulation, as they interact they gain points, as it were, they grow, and when they've doubled in size, you'll see them split, and that's how they reproduce and the population grows. +it happened again about 120 or a 140 million years ago when some solitary wasps began creating little simple, primitive nests, or hives. +i don't mean that we evolved to join gigantic organized religions. +and that gives me hope because people are not purely selfish. +so i realized then that i wanted to go out on a journey and see what guys were creating for themselves now. +here is another pretty typical scene. this is a suburban las vegas neighborhood. +and the thing you really hope for is occasionally they burn up, which we won't see tonight. so. +and this graffiti artist has come along, made this sign a little bit better, and then moved on. +and the more you try to think about it, the further the answer gets from you, and the minute you stop thinking about it, your intuition gives you that answer, in a sense. +that was it. that's all he saw as the options. and not too far off. +and it was purposely done to look fairly serious. +this is how the ad ran throughout the world; germany made one slight change in the ad. +the coveted right-hand page was not given up to the whole issue. +what's next? what's next is going to be people. +and if you would, you've got a great job. +something, again, that went back to something more fundamental. +this is another version of that. this is a sea dragon, and the one on the bottom, the blue one, is a juvenile that has not yet swallowed the acid, has not yet taken in the brown-green algae pond scum into its body to give it energy. +they never touch the inner matter. there is more and more co-evolution. +and he has decided to treat them as if they were trilobites, or snails, and to do a morphological analysis, and try to derive their genealogical history over time. +so we've all heard about the amish giving up cars. +and so a hammer, when we grab a hammer, that's what we're grabbing. +and if you play that well, you'll have other people involved, so even that game extends and continues even when you're gone. +and while a student at hawaii, i worked at the waikiki aquarium. +it's been a good ride. +so we created a way to find out, and i got my first look at that famous beak in action. +and over the tops of them is 3,000 to 4,000 meters of water creating enormous pressure, forcing water down through the cracks toward the center of the earth, until it hits a magma chamber where it becomes superheated and supersaturated with minerals, reverses its flow and starts shooting back to the surface and is ejected out of the earth like a geyser at yellowstone. +and that ephemeral nature of the hydrothermal vent community isn't really different from some of the areas that i've seen in 35 years of traveling around, making films. +and a small group of thoughtful people changed that bay. +now, sylvia's ted prize wish was to beseech us to do anything we could, everything we could, to set aside not pin pricks, but significant expanses of the ocean for preservation, "hope spots," she calls them. +now the rules that i'm talking about are constantly being monitored by the culture. +and then i thought -- in my 40s i started thinking, "well, why don't i do something? +here's some numbers. +you could drop an atom bomb on a city, and 30 years later it's surviving. +so let's first talk about biology. +so is london a scaled up birmingham, which is a scaled up brighton, etc., etc.? +and we've looked at everything: more aids cases, flu, etc. +that would be bad for economies and cities. +but you notice, i've cheated, because i've only gone up to '94. +right about the time that the internet gets going as an educational tool, i take off from wisconsin and move to kansas, small town kansas, where i had an opportunity to teach in a lovely, small-town, rural kansas school district, where i was teaching my favorite subject, american government. +but what was interesting about this position i found myself in in arizona, was i had this really in a truly public school, and we got to have these moments where we would get these opportunities. +that is the absolute wrong thing to ask, to tell kids to never be wrong. +and when we do another round of this in my class this year, they will do better this time, because learning has to include an amount of failure, because failure is instructional in the process. +it's simply accelerating the pace at which the body heals itself to a clinically relevant timescale. +41 people who were basically outside of being really sick, paying for the one retiree who was experiencing debilitating disease. +if a newt can do this kind of thing, why can't we? +therefore, if we can find the right cells and implant them in the body, they may do the healing. +and that material induced the body to switch back on a healing response that it didn't have before. +it's the coolest stuff. +it's a great source of stem cells. +it's very powerful work. +thank you. +oh, wonderful. +and -- oh, i saw goldie hawn. +it's true. it's true. +but then on top of that, you know, sarah jones told me we only have 18 minutes. +so, we deserve just as much to be part of the exchange of ideas as everybody else. +my name is praveen manvi and thank you very much for this opportunity. +my son, he says he is not ready to get married. +so i think maybe ted, you impact people's lives in the ways maybe even you don't realize. +that's all, shukran. thank you very much for the opportunity. +but i'm actually here today to tell a story. +i started a couple of businesses that i thought would be the ticket to financial freedom. +but there's also a lot of people that you don't know. +and we don't just want people to see our movies and say, that was fun, and forget about it. +we've sent 50,000 dvds to high school teachers in the u.s. +and finally, an ebay listing for one well-traveled slide show, now obsolete, museum piece. please contact al gore. +believe it or not, some of us do survive. +it's been taped with tape that we even stopped using in the u.k. +equipment that's obsolete, equipment that doesn't quite work, or it works and you can't fix it. and there's nothing wrong with that, so long as we use it and we move on. +that's what he was doing, propping up the bed because the bed simply didn't work. +these are the basic features of my device, or our device. +this was a huge impact on my mind, because i am a woman and i am a mother, and i hadn't realized that the hiv / aids pandemic was directly affecting women in such a way. +i've traveled all over the world in the last two and a half years -- i went to about 12 different countries. +avelile had the virus, she was born with the virus. +our enemies shall talk themselves to death, and we will fight them with their own confusion. +but overthrowing a government is one thing and building a stable democracy is a bit more complicated. +you have a situation where the relationship between government and local social networking companies is creating a situation where, effectively, the empowering potential of these platforms is being constrained because of these relationships between companies and government. +and here in the united kingdom there's also concern over a law called the digital economy act that's placing more onus on private intermediaries to police citizen behavior. +but in the last two decades, it has experienced an unprecedented expansion, now accounting for roughly 15 percent of the world's gdp. +the court system wasn't functioning properly. +the zones of production and distribution tend to lie in the developing world, and they are often threatened by appalling violence and bloodshed. +so i have shown you this to demonstrate how many boats, how many vessels it takes to catch one of these guys. +now, i was taken by inspector brian cantera, of the royal canadian mounted police, to a cavernous warehouse east of vancouver to see some of the goods which are regularly confiscated by the rcmp from the smugglers who are sending it, of course, down south to the united states where there is an insatiable market for b.c. bud, as it's called, in part because it's marketed as organic, which of course goes down very well in california. +hooked it up to my laptop, and within about five minutes he had penetrated the computer security system of a major brazilian bank. +there is no romance involved with gangsters in the 21st century. +everybody knew the answer. +you've believed it through generations. +all his colleagues said, "this is outrageous. +the only exception is the naked somalian mole-rat, which never puts its nose above the surface of the ground. +try to imagine a gorilla performing the same maneuver, and you can see that, compared with gorilla, we are halfway to being shaped like a fish. +sir david attenborough, he's come over. +academia says no. +one -- i want to speak as early in the morning as possible. +ah, mark -- serfaas. +i'd basically distilled a very difficult-to-explain and complex philosophy, which i won't get into here, because it's a little too deep for all of you, but -- it's about what makes websites popular, and, you know, it's -- it's unfortunate that i don't have more time. +and frog mode. +it's the process of creation that keeps me sort of a bubble and a half above perpetual anxiety in my life, and it's that feeling of being about 80 percent complete on a project -- where you know you still have something to do, but it's not finished, and you're not starting something -- that really fills my entire life. +i think that the "now tied up, tied down, mistress cruel approaches me, now tied down, it's up." +you can send them an email. +you may not appreciate the person, you may not appreciate anything else, but maybe you appreciate the fact that they've got a tough gig. +so when you do that, here's what i can promise: you're going to be the 800 pound gorilla in the forest. +and so i went home, and i made a prototype of this hat. +and i thought, "well, hey! +this very basic shift in my physical orientation helped me shift my perspective in relation to the glacier. +yet we dither, taking no action to deflect the asteroid, even though the longer we wait, the more difficult and expensive it becomes. " +our problem and our tragedy is that in these hyper-partisan times, the mere fact that one side says, "look, there's an asteroid," means that the other side's going to say, "huh? what? +it causes them to distort reality. +so, how warm or cold do you feel about, you know, native americans, or the military, the republican party, the democratic party, all sorts of groups in american life. +but the problem isn't primarily that we're electing bad people to congress. +so here's another asteroid. +when americans go to college and marry each other, they have very low divorce rates. +and most surprisingly to me, they sometimes can even see eye to eye on criminal justice. +and this is the conversion of one group of substances into another, either through the production or the absorption of energy. +so what we're trying to do is, we're trying to push these technologies towards creating bottom-up construction approaches for architecture, which contrast the current, victorian, top-down methods which impose structure upon matter. +now, this is the very interesting part. +venice is sinking. to save it, rachel armstrong says we need to outgrow architecture made of inert materials and, well, make architecture that grows itself. she proposes a not-quite-alive material that does its own repairs and sequesters carbon, too. +i'm scared. tell them to get away. '"as a young woman, i was in a psychiatric hospital on three different occasions for lengthy periods. +this person is likely to have some form of schizophrenia. +this episode led to my first hospitalization in america. +they wouldn't experience restraints as we would. " +'okay. small. fire on ice. tell them not to kill me. +so let me share some final thoughts. +when i turned 18, i lost my best friend to a car accident. +second it's driving itself. +they're the veins of the ecosystem, and they're often empty veins. +and i'm sure you all know, this has created significant conflicts between the agricultural and environmental communities. +but they have no incentive to do so. +with streams and rivers drying up because of over-usage, rob harmon has implemented an ingenious market mechanism to bring back the water. farmers and beer companies find their fates intertwined in the intriguing century-old tale of prickly pear creek. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +but, yeah. +he's by far the happiest man ever measured by science. +and maybe because of that, compassion is organic and widespread company-wide. +so what are they? +so this mutual inspiration promotes collaboration, initiative and creativity. +attention is the basis of all higher cognitive and emotional abilities. +chade-meng tan: everyday compassion at google +and it took a lot of courage for these defenders to decide that they would begin to stand up and support each other in implementing these laws. +and with that, he successfully organized 68 lawyers who have been systematically taking the cases. +and i was sitting side by side with one of our very courageous lawyers, and said, "how can we get this out? how can we make sure that this is implemented? +so i thank you for having the prophetic imagination to imagine the shaping of a new world with us together, and invite you into this journey with us. +you know when they do homeworks at home? +it can be a school of design in jerusalem that tries to find a better way to design gas masks for people, because, as you know, israel deploys one gas mask per person including babies. +hella jongerius is a person that is able to make a synthesis that is really quite amazing and also quite hilarious. +so, designers sometimes don't do things that are immediately functional, but they're functional to our understanding of issues. +and that makes sense. +but i'm going to try and do something different, and try and just close the loop with some of my personal stories, and try and put a face to a lot of the issues that we've been talking about. +and what happened was, because they could afford it sometimes, sometimes not, i got kicked out pretty much every term. +my father, who i've been talking about, died of aids in 1999. +how would you look at me? +so we need to start getting better. +and i can't emphasize that enough, you know. +you know, they're not going to change just out of nowhere. +a cousin of mine died of aids, left an orphan, so we said, well, what are we going to do with her? +and this is just an illustration. +long distance running was not only good for my well-being but it helped me meditate and dream big. +but for every disaster we had, the marathon found ways to bring people together. +i believe these are the building blocks for future peace. +he was out there in parol delivering a baby. +she is really the center of the health care system. +i'm just going to sell these to every clinic in the world. +in may of 2010, at 35 years old, with a two-year-old at home and my second child on the way, i was diagnosed with a large aneurysm at the base of my thoracic aorta. +so these are my daughters. +most of the people who lived here either lived in coastal villages, fishing, or were nomads who roamed around with the environment trying to find water. +this is probably the skyline that most of you know about doha. +energy is the key factor here. it changed everything. +these risks directly affect the sustainability of this nation and its continuity. +imagine a country with abundant power -- oil and gas, sunshine, wind -- but missing one key essential for life: water. infrastructure engineer fahad al-attiya talks about the unexpected ways that the small middle eastern nation of qatar creates its water supply. +i'll try where it all started in the middle east, and for so many years we were living with completely the wrong perception of the middle east. +you see nine presidential candidates running against lukashenko. +so there are so many things you can do instead of getting into one place, shouting and showing off in front of the security forces. +it is true that the internet and new media are very useful in making things faster and cheaper. +2011 was a year of extraordinary people-powered resistance, starting with arab spring and spreading across the world. how did this resistance work so well? srdja popovic lays out the plans, skills and tools each movement needs -- from nonviolent tactics to a sense of humor. & lt; em & gt; & lt; / em & gt; +and i said, "do you remember when we were in college and really wild and kind of dumb?" +the majority of people. +i'm a fifth generation texan. +and the purpose is not to walk in and construct a home and live there. +this is like the failure conference. +us. +shame feels the same for men and women, but it's organized by gender. +you show me a man who can sit with a woman who's just had it, she can't do it all anymore, and his first response is not, "i unloaded the dishwasher," but he really listens -- because that's all we need -- i'll show you a guy who's done a lot of work. +it is a dream of mankind to fly like a bird. +we have to turn it, go up and go down. +and the irony is that they don't need to be. +dr. v: see, mcdonald's' concept is simple. +the effect of this has been that, within the first year, we really had a 40 percent penetration in the market that it served, which is over 50,000 people. +the revenues increase at a higher level, giving us a healthy margin while you're treating a large number of people for free. +now, how do you make people own the problem, want to do something about it? +it is a mobile phone-shaped box that has an iron weight inside, which we can move around, and you can feel where it's heavy. +as humans, we are social, we are empathic, and that's great. +but even though i had this newfound joy and freedom, people's reaction completely changed towards me. +for me, this means that they're seeing the value of difference, the joy it brings when instead of focusing on loss or limitation, we see and discover the power and joy of seeing the world from exciting new perspectives. +but even more striking than the ferocious power emanating from that well was the recklessness with which that power was unleashed -- the carelessness, the lack of planning that characterized the operation from drilling to clean-up. +a range of explanations may be popping into your mind by now, like "greed." +i'm showing it because -- they're not a sponsor, are they? -- because, in its own way, this is a crass version of our founding story. +ignore those creeping fears that we have finally hit the wall. +that's a person down there by the wheel. +a new frontier has been found. +bf:... without a macarthur grant. +bf: that's all right, he does that. all right. +dh: wow, you've been working out. +could you just push that? +bf: ten years to perfect, which you're about to see. +the design of the body is a whole different thing. +dh: tell them about our bio and stuff. +and it's awfully windy over there. +because now, to make this twice as difficult, we'll juggle the seven clubs back... +i'll spend a fortune on it. i've got a better idea. +if you've ever seen an electron microscope picture, you'll see this. this all looks the same, then there's this bit over here which is incredibly complicated. +now, some people call her the first programmer. +to give you an idea of how slowly, it had about 1k of memory. +i came here to speak about ecology, and i emitted as much co2 as a frenchman in one year. +according to scientists, in 100 years all the mountain glacier will be gone. +i launched a project named six billion others. +you shouldn't worry about me. dad doesn't need to go to work. +it is about the state of the planet. +we're only trying to improve our lives. +chromosome one, top left. +world population, pc placements, the archive of all the medical literature, moore's law, the old way of sequencing, and here's all the new stuff. +so unfortunately, this doesn't help this woman, but it does have severe, profound if you will, implications to her family. +but the gene that regulates that down is broken. +thankfully, i was able to answer a, and i say that honestly in case my life insurance agent is listening. +and so imagine one more thing: that that software is able to ask both parties for mutual consents, "would you be willing to meet your third cousin?" +hands it back to me. and we do that again and again. +so why should you care? bone marrow is a very rich source of adult stem cells. +these corals can be quite kind of mean, you see, and i have surfing scars to prove that. +and things can happen only if these interactions are perfectly balanced. +finally, there's the force of gravity, which interacts with matter via its mass and spin. +so the electromagnetic and weak forces are described by this pattern of particle charges in two-dimensional space. +from this pattern, we already know the particle physics of these tiny scales. the way the universe works with these tiny scales is very beautiful. +each point in this pattern corresponds to a symmetry of this very complex and beautiful shape. +if the lhc finds new particles, but they don't fit this pattern -- well, that will be very interesting, but bad for this e8 theory. +but not worrying about rent allowed me to spend my time doing what i love. +i don't know if i'll be able to make this any clearer. +so it remains for me to comment on the ways in which chimpanzees are so like us, in certain aspects of their behavior. +so it's pretty sad to find that chimpanzees, like so many other creatures around the world, are losing their habitats. +they were interested in health; they were interested in education. +the water -- water is perhaps one of the most crucial issues that we're going to face in this century -- and everywhere water is being polluted by agricultural, industrial and household chemicals that still are being sprayed around the world, seemingly with the inability to profit from past experience. +see the brick wall as all these problems we've inflicted on the planet, environmental and social. it's a message of hope. +but -- oh, they're also working on hiv / aids. +all of these technologies we can use. +thank you. +i'd go to the supermarket and all of my food is packaged in plastic. +we can cut the stem -- tide the stem of this into our oceans and in doing so, save our oceans, save our planet, save ourselves. +and yes, you also interact using natural gestures, both hands, etc. +my student pranav, who's really, like i said, the genius behind this. +but when people learned what her son was accused of, she didn't get that sympathy. +it's up to us women, because we are women, because we love our children. +so, aicha, do you have a couple of words for conclusion? +well, today, i'd like to show you that through thinking differently, the problem has been solved. +so nothing is getting through. +that's not dirty enough. let's just stir that up a little bit. +then, after a few weeks, we set up camps. +so with just eight billion dollars, we can hit the millennium goal's target of halving the number of people without access to safe drinking water. +and the second is about some new dimension which i want to refer to, which has never quite happened in the way it's happening now. +the world needs an international forum. +up until now, the united states has been the dominant feature of our world. +take the last financial crisis after the second world war. +diplomacy is about managing the interrelationship of nations. +but now one final thing. +the other 90 percent is dictated by our lifestyle. +we are programmed for something called procreative success. +but life expectancy in this country is only 78. +that's called the grandmother effect. +it's simply a little saying these people say before their meal to remind them to stop eating when their stomach is [80] percent full. +they instantly knew why they woke up in the morning. +they take their diet directly from the bible. +she rides her bicycle. +the okinawans have this ancestor veneration. +dan buettner: how to live to be 100 + +i'm curious about how things work and how they are made, but also because i believe we should have a deeper understanding of the components that make up our world, and right now, we don't know enough about these high-tech composites our future will be made of. +electronics kits are very powerful in that they teach us how things work, but the constraints inherent in their design influence the way we learn. +i was a young driver out on the highway, and the car in front of me, i saw the brake lights go on. +and i believe that. i believe that. +if i have a gps and a camera in my car, i have a pretty precise idea of where i am and how fast i'm going. +but i believe it can be done in a way that protects our privacy, just like right now, when i look at your car from the outside, i don't really know about you. +you can get eight, 10 minutes of weightlessness -- how nasa's trained their astronauts for so long. +once he was there, [we] let him go to experience what weightlessness was truly like. +and what i've tried to do since i had my training as a medical illustrator -- since i was taught animation by my father, who was a sculptor and my visual mentor -- i wanted to figure out a way to help people understand truth and beauty in the biological sciences by using animation, by using pictures, by telling stories so that the things that are not necessarily evident to people can be brought forth, and can be taught, and can be understood. +they pass information to each other. +so i packed my cat, my rottweiler and my camping gear into a 1975 chevy van, and drove off into the sunset, having fully failed to realize three critical things. +and i faced a whole new set of challenges. +i started laughing because it got to the point where, was i a writer, or was i a homeless woman? +becky blanton: the year i was homeless +we were so much bigger than coca-cola in those days. +uncle gets drunk, doesn't use condom. come back, start again. " +and here is this, then, young man called willy bohm who worked for the usaid. +so i said, "okay." +of course i can. and they'd enjoy it immensely; i see them standing around right now, everywhere. +90 percent of the funding came from thailand. +and then we have silk, thai silk. +mechai viravaidya: how mr. condom made thailand a better place +so i can see everything that romo sees, and i get a robot's-eye-view of the world. +thanks, scott. +there's a jewish saying that i love. +however, what matters most -- more than training or luck -- is the heart. +now, how can you have a deep tan and have no wrinkles? +somehow she manages to keep her seven children alive, and a few months later, she gives birth to premature twins. +feminism has never been sexy, but let me assure you that it never stopped me from flirting, and i have seldom suffered from lack of men. +jenny is horrified at what she has done, but then the translator explains that the patient's condition has nothing to do with the operation. +does it make sense to participate in the existing world order? +why not? it is possible. look around in this room -- all this knowledge, energy, talent and technology. +it's something that i've worked on and a few other people, and it indicates a kind of hierarchy along with some assumptions about how many people stop at different steps and how the steps of thinking are affected a very different theory, a much more popular one, and an older one, due largely to john nash of "a beautiful mind" fame, is what's called equilibrium analysis. +so what you see here is a subtraction of areas in which there's more brain activity when you're playing people compared to playing the computer. +it's good for them. they make a lot of money. +charles darwin and i and you broke off from the family tree from chimpanzees about five million years ago. +they're also very obsessed with status. +colin camerer: neuroscience, game theory, monkeys +and even though there is food that we are producing at great cost, we don't actually value it. +the answer is what i call "ancient food miles." +and, in fact, if you look at the map of any city built before the industrial age, you can trace food coming in to it. +and this really is the moment when our relationship, both with food and cities, changes completely. +utopia was actually a word that thomas moore used deliberately. +steaming piles of humus. +we need to realize that the world is also what we eat. +and the religions that should be making a major contribution are instead seen as part of the problem. +i want them to get the media involved because the media are crucial in helping to dissolve some of the stereotypical views we have of other people, which are dividing us from one another. +karen armstrong: let's revive the golden rule +you decode what you want to fold up into, into a sequence of angles -- so negative 120, negative 120, 0, 0, 120, negative 120 -- something like that; so a sequence of angles, or turns, and you send that sequence through the string. +if you have errors, you can replace a part. +skylar tibbits: can we make things that make themselves? +and obviously there's been tremendous practical applications associated with this world -- things like the eradication of smallpox, the advent of a vaccine against cervical cancer, which we now know is mostly caused by human papillomavirus. +that as we explore these strings of a's, t's, c's and g's, we may uncover a completely new class of life that, like beijerinck, will fundamentally change the way that we think about the nature of biology. +and especially if you regard these two as deep truths to live by and to inform your life decisions, then they seem a little bit to conflict with each other. +now how do we know about an environment that's so far away, and so different, and so alien, from anything we're used to? +we happen to get round to testing, let's say, newton's law of gravity about 300 years ago. +all it takes is for a supernova to go off a few light years away, and we'll all be dead! +the world is buzzing at the moment with plans to force reductions in gas emissions at all costs. +so it has neither the resources, nor the incentives, to hook up many other users. +zoom in on haiti, in outline here. +but deng xiaoping instinctively understood the importance of offering choices to his people. +we also need the choices for people. +let us have a hong kong nearby. +they can get basic utilities like electricity. +let's have a system where we have ownership of land that is registered in a government office, that people can pledge as collateral. +we just take seawater and we filter it, and we collect different size organisms on different filters, and then take their dna back to our lab in rockville, where we can sequence a hundred million letters of the genetic code every 24 hours. +i view that these genes are now not only the design components of evolution. +this is a case where the software now builds its own hardware, and that's the notions that we have with biology. +after these genomes are synthesized, the first step is just transplanting them into a cell without a genome. +genomics pioneer craig venter takes a break from his epic round-the-world expedition to talk about the millions of genes his team has discovered so far in its quest to map the ocean's biodiversity. +the kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the sat. +you can be present-hedonistic, namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist -- it doesn't matter, your life is controlled. +and the idea is so simple, so obvious, but i think the consequences are really profound. +what about resources? how are we going to feed nine billion people? +in fact, just studying the rings alone, we stand to learn a lot about the discs of stars and gas that we call the spiral galaxies. +it can wash the sludge off high mountain peaks and hills, down into the lowlands. so stop and think for a minute. +it was significant for another reason. this is an international mission, and this event was celebrated in europe, in germany, and the celebratory presentations were given in english accents, and american accents, and german accents, and french and italian and dutch accents. +this is an unconsolidated ground that is suffused with liquid methane. +my team and i have examined images like this, and like this one, and have thought about the other results from cassini. +these leaders are trying to forge a massive national nonviolent movement to end the occupation and build peace in the region. +reporter: israeli border police were sent to disperse the crowd. +but that's true for adults too. +julia bacha: pay attention to nonviolence +this is an invitation to the 70 percent of our unmapped planet. +so epilepsy patients sometimes need the electrical activity in their brain monitoring. +so if we take some outbound path -- perhaps we park and we wander off -- we know because our own movements, which we can integrate over this path roughly what the heading direction is to go back. +so if this was happening, your memories could start by place cells activating each other via these dense interconnections and then reactivating boundary cells to create the spatial structure of the scene around your viewpoint. +as it turns out, there's a pattern. +they're beautifully designed, simple to use and user friendly. +a few years ago, gateway came out with flat screen tvs. +you know, sometimes you can give somebody all the facts and figures, and they say, "i know what all the facts and details say, but it just doesn't feel right." +the new york times followed him around everywhere, and everyone was rooting for langley. +the next 34 percent are your early majority, your late majority and your laggards. +it's a commercial example. +how do you do that? +leaders hold a position of power or authority, but those who lead inspire us. +the doctors, it seemed, never really had enough time for all the patients, try as they might. +so when i got this email from dr. geiger, i knew i was supposed to be proud to be part of this history. +and we chose to use the prescription for that purpose. +what if we had a waiting room where you don't just sit when you're sick, but where you go to get healthy. +and this isn't just a sort of short-term workforce to connect patients to basic resources, it's a next generation healthcare leadership pipeline who've spent two, three, four years in the clinic waiting room talking to patients about their most basic health needs. +i believe that we all have a vision for healthcare in this country. +what's wrong with this picture? +the bad news is, this is a semi-submersible run by drug cartels. +you should say, "that's odd. i thought i read that this demographic, young men and women in their 20s and 30s, is largely illiterate in afghanistan." +when he was fitted, over his extremely myopic eyes, he suddenly looked up and said, "mama, veo el mundo." +there was an article which was run by ap, on the wire. +james stavridis: a navy admiral's thoughts on global security +but these are early incorporations of illusions brought to -- sort of high point with hans holbein's "ambassadors." and hans holbein worked for henry viii. this was hung on a wall where you could walk down from the stair and you can see this hidden skull. +u.n. opened their statistic databases, and we have a new version of the software up working as a beta on the net, so you don't have to download it any longer. +and this was 2007. +and look here -- compare to the philippines of today. +and now we can see that the rate of change was enormous in japan. +but homage to singapore. +this we can call dollar street. +that's when research functions in poor societies -- you must really live with the people. +i would say that sub-saharan africa has done best in the world during the last 50 years. +let me first grade what are the most important means. +so the seemingly impossible is possible. +because it's got all those a's lined up i guess. +we can run the score up against anybody, and then get our asses kicked in the second half -- what they call fourth generation warfare. +and the chinese said to me, "dr. barnett, you're absolutely right. +like saddam, like mugabe, like kim jong-il -- people who kill in hundreds of thousands or millions. +do you want to do it, france? +would you like mugabe gone? +we bought one military and we operated another. +can of whup ass, the networking force. +the rule is going to be this. +i've been told by the revolution of military affairs crowd for years, we can do it faster, cheaper, smaller, just as lethal. +shinseki was right with the argument. +thanks. +really, we're doing this, basically. really, not very much. +and the reason is, it's been done. +gave a bunch of physical reasons why it wouldn't do a very good compensation. +but then i found out that there were all sorts of papers already published that addressed this topic because it happens already in the natural atmosphere. +maybe another knob is a knob for controlling co2 concentrations. +i'll tell you how big the lever is: the lever is that big. +and that's one of the fundamental reasons that this problem is so hard to talk about, and, in general, i think it's the underlying reason that it's been politically unacceptable to talk about this. +we're going to go on a dive to the deep sea, and anyone that's had that lovely opportunity knows that for about two and half hours on the way down, it's a perfectly positively pitch-black world. +let's take a look at it again. watch the coloration: white on the right, brown on the left. +i thought it was all graphics -- so here it is in reverse. +"we don't care about being happy. we need to live with passion. +i used to be a fan of bach. i used to play it on the guitar, you know. +but there's also wicked joy, you can rejoice in someone's suffering. +at the opposite, everyone knows deep within that an act of selfless generosity, if from the distance, without anyone knowing anything about it, we could save a child's life, make someone happy. +benevolence, loving kindness against hatred. +so that's what those great meditators have been doing. +so, i've no time to go into all the different scientific results. +what is happiness, and how can we all get some? biochemist turned buddhist monk matthieu ricard says we can train our minds in habits of well-being, to generate a true sense of serenity and fulfillment. +the environments we are living in, more typically, are like these. +a public place so dismal that the winos don't even want to go there. +ok. +and we're not going to cure the problems of the urban by dragging the country into the city, which is what a lot of us are trying to do all the time. +so they take the first one that comes along, often. +we're going to have to re-learn what the building blocks of these things are: the street, the block, how to compose public space that's both large and small, the courtyard, the civic square and how to really make use of this property. +please go out and do what you can to make this a land full of places that are worth caring about and a nation that will be worth defending. +the deeper you go, the more you run into a conflict with water. +here's a clip from a national geographic movie that came out in 1999. +i mean, i cut through three years of engineering meetings, design and system integration, and introduced depthx -- deep phreatic thermal explorer. +the government recently announced plans to return to the moon by 2024. +so, what if you could get your gas at a 10th the price? +it's risky and it's going to be one hell of a ride -- better than disney. +100 years after sir ernest shackleton wrote these words, i intend to plant an industrial flag on the moon and complete the final piece that will open the space frontier, in our time, for all of us. +so i've seen life as one long learning process. +i mean, couldn't you have used the virgin brand for that as well? +rb: ah, that was quite fun. that was a wonderful car-boat in which -- oh, that car that we -- actually we -- it was a tedster event there, i think. +and then 24 months from now, people will be able to take a ride into space. +and you inspired an ian mcewan novel i think with that. +didn't -- weren't you just terrible at school? +do you look at the current generation of kids coming up and think they're too coddled, they don't know what they've got, we're going to raise a generation of privileged... +that is outrageous. +we need to try to encourage people to come up with a way of extracting carbon out of the earth's atmosphere. +i mean, the psychologist erik erikson says that -- as i understand him and i'm a total amateur -- but that during 30s, 40s people are driven by this desire to grow and that's where they get their fulfillment. diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/valid.de b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/valid.de new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bae485c4a2fc21ae0070b0eb70691714c5960a6f --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/valid.de @@ -0,0 +1,7283 @@ +es ist diese pyrami@@ de . +durch die mutter@@ mil@@ ch . +es enth@@ i@@ elt das zwei@@ - , drei@@ - , bis 40@@ 0-@@ fa@@ che des gren@@ z@@ wer@@ ts an sch@@ ad@@ stoffen der laut ep@@ a erlaubt war . +oft ist es ab@@ wasser , was uns ver@@ stop@@ ft . +was macht man , wenn man solch eine unter@@ bre@@ chung im fluss hat ? +ste@@ phen pal@@ um@@ bi : der sp@@ ur des que@@ ck@@ sil@@ bers folgen +sie wären unter meinem nive@@ au . +aber wir hatten damals nicht ge@@ mer@@ kt , dass wir einen dritten brauchten , denn der h@@ als war von innen nicht len@@ k@@ bar , wenn das pfer@@ d gleichzeitig laufen sollte . +jetzt würden wir euch gerne jo@@ ey vorstellen . +und mi@@ key kann mit seinen fing@@ ern den schwei@@ f bewegen , von rechts nach links und von oben nach unten mit der anderen hand . +mi@@ key bre@@ tt - cra@@ ig - le@@ o z@@ em jo@@ a@@ qu@@ in und ich . +im winter schlä@@ ft man viel . man genie@@ ßt das familien@@ leben im hause . +während eine globale phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ ie@@ -@@ industrie im entstehen ist , und genau dies geschieht derzeit , sollte man beobachten , welche be@@ stre@@ b@@ ungen es gibt , diese alten voraus@@ setz@@ ungen über den haufen zu werfen . damit die phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ ie offen und groß und schnell und verne@@ tzt sein wird , auf lange sicht . +nun , nicht alle diese versuche , großes aus liebe zu tun , funktionieren gut . +ich rei@@ ße die vi@@ erte und fün@@ fte kat@@ eg@@ or@@ ie nur kurz an ; es sind innovation , wettbewerb und soziale investi@@ tion . +es könnte sein , dass die vor uns lie@@ gende soziale sing@@ ul@@ ar@@ ität die@@ jen@@ ige ist , vor der wir uns am meisten für@@ chten . ein zusam@@ ment@@ re@@ ffen von katastrop@@ hen , von um@@ wel@@ tz@@ er@@ stör@@ ung , von massen@@ ver@@ nicht@@ ungs@@ waffen , von pan@@ de@@ mi@@ en , von armut . +ich glaube , dass es neue , ver@@ bor@@ gene span@@ nungen gibt die sich tatsächlich zwischen menschen und einrichtungen ab@@ spielen -- solche einrichtungen , die menschen in ihrem tä@@ glichen leben nutzen : schulen , kranken@@ häuser , arbeitsp@@ lä@@ tze , be@@ trie@@ be , büro@@ s , us@@ w . +der erste herr ist ein bä@@ cker . +also denken sie an diese drei situationen , von denen ich ihnen erzählt habe : fabrik , migra@@ tion , büro . +sie lebten ober@@ halb der geschäf@@ te , in denen sie arbeiteten . +wie viele haben sich jemals hinter das steu@@ er eines autos gesetzt , obwohl man am besten nicht hätte fahren sollen . +eines der dinge , die wir im labor entwickelt haben – wir haben mehrere fahr@@ zeuge entwickelt – ist , wie wir glauben , das erste auton@@ ome dri@@ ft@@ auto der welt . +es ist klar , dass wir nicht einfach ein paar elektro@@ den auf seinem kopf an@@ bringen und genau verstehen , was alle seine gedanken auf der st@@ rec@@ ke sind . +sehen sie die ment@@ ale belast@@ ung und wie er len@@ kt . +also , heute werde ich ihnen von ein paar menschen erzählen , die nie aus ihrer hei@@ mat@@ stadt weg@@ gezogen sind . +deswegen hat vor ein paar jahren das l@@ .@@ a. coun@@ ty beschlossen , 2,@@ 5 milliarden dollar auszu@@ geben , um die städ@@ tischen schulen zu repar@@ ieren . +ich meine , ihre hei@@ mat@@ stadt heißt wor@@ t@@ wör@@ tlich whit@@ es@@ ville , west virg@@ ini@@ a , +diese drei leute wissen alle , wie man produ@@ ktiv dollars durch unsere lokalen wirtschafts@@ systeme lei@@ tet , um be@@ steh@@ enden bedarf zu be@@ frie@@ digen , der@@ zei@@ tige soziale probleme zu reduzieren und zukünf@@ tige probleme zu verhindern . +unsere gemeinden , län@@ dliche und städ@@ tische , be@@ dienen den oper@@ a@@ tiven teil der infrastruktur – sachen wie mü@@ ll@@ bes@@ ei@@ tigung , energie@@ bedarf , genauso wie die sozialen kosten von arbeits@@ lo@@ sigkeit , dro@@ p-@@ out@@ -@@ raten , in@@ haf@@ tier@@ g@@ ungs@@ -@@ raten und die folgen von verschiedenen kosten des gesundheits@@ wes@@ ens . +und das buch ließ mich jene theorie über@@ denken , denn , ich muss erklären , was ich damit meine . +und ich denke ehrlich gesagt , zu beginn waren meine programme ihrer zeit ein wenig voraus . +und meine frage ist , wie haben wir es so weit gebracht ? +ich besu@@ chte ge@@ hör@@ lo@@ sen@@ ver@@ eine . +und trotzdem versucht niemand alles daran zu setzen , dass die nächste generation von kindern af@@ ro@@ -@@ amerikan@@ ischer oder asi@@ a@@ tischer eltern mit cre@@ me@@ far@@ ben@@ er haut und bl@@ on@@ dem ha@@ ar auf die welt kommt . +und am ende schaff@@ te er es auf ein bildungs@@ nive@@ au , das niemand in seiner familie je zuvor in erwä@@ gung gezogen hatte . +unter den menschen mit down@@ -@@ syndro@@ m finden sich heute schau@@ spieler , schrift@@ steller , und einige , die im erwachsen@@ en@@ alter ganz selb@@ ständig leben können . +oft ist die frage , die wir uns als eltern stellen müssen , was wir an unseren kindern an@@ erkennen , und was wir an ihnen hei@@ len . +und letztendlich denke ich , dass genauso wie wir fl@@ am@@ m@@ fe@@ ste schla@@ fan@@ züge in einem in@@ fer@@ no testen , um sicher@@ zustellen , dass sie nicht feuer fangen , wenn unser kind über den her@@ d lan@@ gt , auch diese geschichten von familien , die diese extre@@ men unterschiede zu über@@ winden haben , die univer@@ sel@@ le erfahrung des el@@ tern@@ s@@ eins wider@@ spie@@ geln , welche immer darauf hin@@ aus@@ läuft , dass man manchmal dein kind an@@ sie@@ h@@ st und sich fragt : " von welchem planeten komm@@ st du ? " +und er hatte einen sehr großen kopf , was , wie sie mein@@ te , auf einen wasser@@ kopf hin@@ weisen könnte . +ich komme aus einer privi@@ legi@@ erten familie . ich habe viel glück gehabt . +ich habe noch nie das bild gezeigt und ich werde wahrscheinlich verk@@ la@@ gt . +der punkt ist , es wird sehr auf@@ w@@ än@@ dig zu program@@ mieren sein . +man will ein separ@@ ates ding wie den stro@@ ma@@ da@@ p@@ ter . +wenn man in der wüste ist , können diese miteinander kommunizieren , bis zu ungefähr zwei kilometer reich@@ weite . +nicht etwas , um was man ben@@ ei@@ det wird oder das man machen möchte . +es geht nicht darum , 100 oder 1@@ 000 zu kaufen . ich la@@ de sie ein , das zu machen und 10.000 wären sogar besser . +und es gibt tage – ich weiß ja nicht , wie es ihnen so geht – aber es gibt tage , an denen ich es greif@@ bar fühlen kann , wie sehr ich für ziemlich alles in meinem leben auf andere leute ange@@ wiesen bin . +jetzt haben wir auf dieser webseite tatsächlich 18@@ .000 menschen . +wir bauen auf innova@@ tionen von generationen vor uns auf . +aber denken sie daran , dort ist g@@ rie@@ chen@@ land heute . +wenn sie sich die wirtschaft aus diesen beiden unterschiedlichen win@@ keln betrachten , verstehen sie , wes@@ halb diese krise so schwierig ist , je schlimmer die krise wird , je höher die ein@@ sätze werden , um so mehr glaubt jede seite , allein die antwort zu kennen , und dass die andere seite alles nur ru@@ inieren wird . +das sind 20 % des haus@@ hal@@ ts und das ist ein un@@ gleich schwier@@ iges thema . +der satz , den man als dok@@ tor@@ and , post@@ do@@ c oder professor , als 3@@ 8@@ -@@ jähri@@ ger wirtschaft@@ spro@@ f@@ ess@@ or sagt , ist : " ich bin em@@ pi@@ ri@@ ker , +wir wissen wie es ist , wenn diese leute im fernsehen , im kon@@ gress herum@@ brü@@ llen , dass das ende der welt na@@ ht , wenn wir uns ihrer meinung nicht völlig an@@ schließen , denn das geschieht mit dem dollar , seit es den dollar gibt . +und er sagte zu dem mann , " warum haben sie da auf der rück@@ seite dinge hin@@ geschrieben , die niemand jemals sehen wird ? " +nun , ich dachte , das ist nicht gut genug . +die ver@@ dra@@ h@@ tung von unserem system der sinne zu diesen teilen ist kür@@ zer als jene teile , die durch den den@@ ka@@ pp@@ ar@@ at durch müssen , den kor@@ tex . +wo fühlen sie das ? +und auch tri@@ um@@ ph , dieses gefühl der trans@@ zen@@ den@@ z , dieses " das wusste ich gar nicht . ah , das ist etwas neues . " +also werde ich ihnen jetzt sch@@ am@@ los etwas enth@@ ü@@ llen , was für mich sehr schön ist . +und ich kann ihnen nicht sagen , wie schwierig es ist , diesen gew@@ öl@@ b@@ ten kühl@@ er zu machen . +niemand wird diese gebro@@ ch@@ enen linien und die änder@@ ungen bemerken . +aber was ich jetzt tun muss , wenn ich wieder fühle , was ich tun muss , ist , in der lage zu sein , genü@@ gend dieser enzy@@ me von diesen aus@@ lö@@ s@@ ern zu senden , früh genug im prozess , dass sie bei ihnen an@@ kommen , nicht durch ihr denken , sondern durch ihr fühlen . +kei@@ en zeit . hier steht , ich habe noch zwei minuten , also können wir das nicht machen . +also ich finde das zu sim@@ pel . +wir haben ziemlich schlecht sä@@ kul@@ ar@@ isi@@ ert , würde ich sagen . +wir brauchen daten , keine hilfe . +man muss die lektion zehn@@ mal am tag wieder@@ holen . +das wird daran deutlich , wie religi@@ onen ritu@@ ale um wichtige gefühle erschaffen . +und wenn sie uns eine lehr@@ e er@@ teilen wollen , tun sie das über den körper . +doch dieses gefühl der verwir@@ r@@ ung ist element@@ ar in der zeit@@ gen@@ ö@@ ss@@ ischen kunst . +die menschen in der modernen , sä@@ kul@@ aren welt , die sich für spiritu@@ elle bel@@ ange interessieren , für bel@@ ange des bewusst@@ s@@ eins , für die hö@@ h@@ eren , se@@ eli@@ schen proble@@ mati@@ ken , sind ziemlich oft is@@ oli@@ erte wesen . +wenn sie die welt verändern wollen , müssen sie gruppen bilden , koll@@ ab@@ ori@@ eren . +und dann sage ich : " na klar . " und sie sagen : " also sind sie irgendwie religiö@@ s ? " +weil man sich zu 90 % ein@@ ig war , weil man eine ähnliche sicht auf so viele dinge hat , und man an der stelle hö@@ f@@ lich anderer meinung ist . +so führte er mich von orten wie chi@@ le – der at@@ ac@@ ama wüste in chi@@ le – nach si@@ bi@@ ri@@ en , in unter@@ ir@@ dische min@@ en , in den japan@@ ischen al@@ pen , in nor@@ dameri@@ ka , bis nach ant@@ arkti@@ ka und sogar zum süd@@ po@@ l . +man braucht so etwas wie zig me@@ gat@@ onnen an wasser – beinahe eine gi@@ gat@@ on@@ ne an wasser – um eine chance zu haben , das neu@@ trin@@ o zu er@@ wi@@ schen . +die toile@@ tten dort sind wör@@ tlich löcher im boden , be@@ deckt von einer bre@@ tter@@ bu@@ de . +hier landen wir auf dem ross fest@@ land@@ so@@ ck@@ el in ant@@ arkti@@ ka . +der stoff alleine wie@@ gt zwei ton@@ nen . +an@@ il an@@ anth@@ as@@ w@@ am@@ y : was extreme astro@@ physik er@@ fordert +zuerst müssen wir das problem von der techn@@ ischen seite an@@ gehen . wie groß ist es ? +ein buch@@ mo@@ bi@@ l -- die größe eines liefer@@ wa@@ gens mit satelli@@ ten@@ schü@@ s@@ sel , dru@@ cker , buch@@ bin@@ der und schnei@@ d@@ maschine , und die kinder machen ihre eigenen bücher . +wir haben so einen . er ist echt cool . +aber wir dachten , ok , wenn wir ' s schon machen müssen , dann in der bibliothe@@ k . +das ge@@ tty bringt gerade seine bücher zur u@@ cl@@ a wo wir eins dieser scan@@ -@@ center haben , um die von autor@@ en@@ rechten freien bücher zu scan@@ nen , was toll ist . +es kostet ca. 10 dollar pro stück , um eine plat@@ te online zu stellen , wenn man in großen mengen arbeitet . +wir streben langfri@@ stige dinge an , und auch wieder@@ ver@@ wert@@ bare dinge , für neue filme was echt sp@@ ass machen kann . +man bekommt eine vorstellung davon , wo dinge her@@ kommen . +stellen sie sich vor , wie es einge@@ pac@@ kt aussieht . +es sah im ver@@ pac@@ kten zustand ungefähr so aus - nicht besonders schön . +und ehrlich gesagt , ich sto@@ ße auf große vor@@ ur@@ teile , +aber das sind grundsätzlich nach außen ver@@ la@@ ger@@ te mä@@ gen und lungen . +also f@@ ung@@ i und my@@ z@@ el sondern kohlen@@ di@@ ox@@ id in form von kal@@ zi@@ u@@ mo@@ x@@ al@@ aten ab . +das my@@ z@@ el , unter ent@@ sprech@@ enden um@@ ständen , produziert einen pil@@ z -- der mit solcher kraft hoch@@ schi@@ es@@ st , dass er as@@ p@@ halt auf@@ brechen kann . +und ich zeige ihnen eine graphi@@ k . +es gibt einen sicher@@ heit@@ sprü@@ f@@ ungs@@ beri@@ cht , den sie lesen können -- er ist ge@@ prü@@ ft durch do@@ d , wenn sie " stam@@ ets " und " po@@ cken " goog@@ eln . +so , ist das haus nicht mehr für die invasi@@ on ge@@ eig@@ net . +zu viel ab@@ he@@ bung von der kohlen@@ stoff@@ bank , und diese population versch@@ win@@ det . +wir hatten unseren eigenen mini@@ regen@@ wald , einen privat@@ strand mit kor@@ allen@@ riff . +also gingen acht von uns hinein , vier männer und vier frauen . +wir hörten auf , unseren boden zu be@@ wä@@ ss@@ ern , so@@ weit es ging . +aber auf der anderen seite war dies für die wissenschaft gold wert . denn wir konnten dieses schmu@@ ck@@ stück wirklich als wissenschaft@@ liches instrument einsetzen und nach@@ sehen und auch herausfinden , wo diese sieben ton@@ nen sauerstoff hin sind . +ich hatte mir mein ganzes essen selbst an@@ gebaut . +und das kam alles hier@@ von , sh@@ ri@@ mp@@ -@@ far@@ men . +bei so einer riesigen aufgabe . " +und wenn sie aus den augen verlieren , wo sie sich in ihrer bio@@ sphäre befinden , oder nicht die verbindung erkennen , die zwischen ihnen und der bio@@ sphäre besteht , schla@@ ge ich vor : atmen sie tief durch . +die ur@@ sache unserer sorgen liegt in der komplexität , die die wissenschaft uns besch@@ ert hat . +wir haben nun behand@@ lungen für fast alle der zehn@@ tausende von krankheiten gefunden , die ein mensch haben kann . +es gibt noch ein an@@ zeichen dafür , dass wir bo@@ x@@ en@@ cre@@ ws brauchen , und das sind die un@@ über@@ sicht@@ lichen kosten unserer pf@@ lege . +ferti@@ gkeit nummer eins ist die fähigkeit , erfolg zu erkennen und die ferti@@ gkeit , versagen zu erkennen . +wir konnten den haupt@@ sicherheits@@ ingenie@@ ur von bo@@ eing zur hilfe über@@ reden . +der wider@@ stand ist groß , denn diese werkzeuge zw@@ ingen uns zu der erkenntnis , dass wir kein system sind , dass wir uns mit einem anderen wert@@ es@@ atz verhalten müssen . +und die meisten dieser ver@@ lu@@ ste haben uns bekannte ur@@ sachen . +wenn man nicht nur eine köni@@ g@@ in möchte , kann man auch ein drei@@ -@@ pf@@ und@@ -@@ pa@@ ket bienen kaufen , es kommt per post , und die leute in der post sind immer ziemlich besor@@ gt , wenn sie , na ja , wenn sie ihr drei@@ -@@ pf@@ und@@ -@@ pa@@ ket bienen bekommen . +aber wenn man 5@@ 0-@@ 80 prozent der kol@@ on@@ ien ver@@ liert , dann kann man nicht drei jahre hinter@@ einander überleben . und das berei@@ tet uns große sorgen , dass wir diesen bereich unserer wirtschaft verlieren . +und bienen sind sehr tre@@ u . +und natürlich sind bienen nicht der einzi@@ g wichtige faktor hier . +ich möchte aber auch einige der hier ge@@ hörten ideen unter@@ strei@@ chen , denn eine wi@@ ese zu haben oder in ihrer nähe zu leben ist ein veränder@@ n@@ des erleb@@ nis . +nun , ich pfei@@ fe eigentlich seit ich vier bin - so ungefähr seitdem . +mir ist das gesicht r@@ unter@@ gefallen . +und zunächst möchte ich mit ihnen ihr pfei@@ fen üben . +einige davon sind sehr einfach . +und sie sind auch in der lage , ein so wunder@@ bares und komplex@@ es verhalten zu zeigen , das nur mit dem begriff intelligenz besch@@ rieben werden kann . +sehen sie sich diese junge bo@@ hne an , die sich bewegt , um das licht immer einzu@@ fangen . +wie ist es möglich , das alles ohne gehirn zu tun ? +und warum sind sie sich so ähnlich ? +danke . +sie werden einer nach dem anderen in diesen wagen ein@@ steigen . +und auch in 50 anderen städten weltweit haben leute mit@@ gemacht . +und weil es im union square park war , genau neben einer u-@@ bahn@@ -@@ station , waren da am ende hunderte von menschen , die an@@ hielten und auf@@ schauten und zus@@ a@@ hen bei dem , was wir da taten . +sie tragen entweder gel@@ be oder schwarze he@@ m@@ den . +er hat 2000 high-@@ fi@@ ves verteilt an diesem tag und er wus@@ ch seine hände davor und danach und wurde nicht krank . +dass man nicht wusste , wo hilfe ge@@ braucht wurde , ließ in allen fällen hilfe gerade dort k@@ nap@@ p werden , wo sie am meisten ge@@ braucht wurde . +unser ziel für das nächste jahr ist die mark@@ trei@@ fe der wasser@@ kan@@ ar@@ ie und der fre@@ ie zugang zur hard@@ ware , damit jeder zur entwicklung und ev@@ al@@ u@@ ation bei@@ tragen kann , damit wir dieses problem gemeinsam an@@ pac@@ ken können . +nun warum spreche ich über kü@@ he ? +was ich vor@@ schla@@ ge ist , so wie wir lesen , schreiben , ari@@ th@@ me@@ tik und amerikanische geschichte for@@ dern , so sollten wir einen lehr@@ plan über die fa@@ kten aller religi@@ onen dieser welt haben — über ihre geschichte , über ihr kre@@ do , über ihre tex@@ te , ihre musik , ihre symbo@@ le , ihre ver@@ bo@@ te , ihre bedürfnisse . +alles was ich sage ist — fa@@ kten . nur fa@@ kten . +außer , natürlich , es war nicht die cle@@ vern@@ ess der schaf@@ e . +die lektion die wir davon lernen ist : man muss keinen geist haben um nutz@@ nie@@ ß@@ er zu sein . +und wie können wir das be@@ werk@@ st@@ elli@@ gen ? +ich rede auch über das christ@@ ent@@ um . +ja . +aber ich wün@@ schte es wäre besser . +und hier denke ich , " moment mal . " +diese , aus " leben mit visi@@ onen " — " die bi@@ bel muss der maß@@ ge@@ bende standard für mein leben werden , der kom@@ pass der mir die richtung zeigt , der rat@@ geber auf den ich höre um weise entscheidungen zu treffen und der maßstab nach dem ich alles bewer@@ te . " +nun wollen wir uns wirklich darauf fest@@ legen all die anderen religi@@ onen zu versch@@ lin@@ gen wenn deren heili@@ gen bücher ihnen sagt , " hört nicht auf die andere seite , dies ist nur der teu@@ fel der spricht ! " +o@@ hren sind nicht zum hören da , sondern zum zuhören . +es sieht dann so aus . +wenn sie jemanden , der laut zu ihnen spricht , nicht mehr verstehen können , ist es zu laut ein@@ gestellt , +als erstes , hören sie be@@ wu@@ ßt zu . +besonders meine ein@@ stellung zu mensch@@ ge@@ machten gegen@@ ständen , über die jemand sagt , sie funktionieren auf diese weise nun , ich kann sagen , dass sie ein bisschen anders funktionieren . +kinder haben weniger probleme damit . ich sah es bei meinem eigenen sohn , als ich ihm dieses buch gab . +man kann die kla@@ vier@@ sch@@ al@@ tung von dem blei@@ sti@@ ft nehmen . +wir dachten daher : " wir müssen ein video darüber raus@@ bringen . " +okay , einen moment , das hier ist gut . +es sind genau@@ genommen 7 milliarden hän@@ de@@ pa@@ are , die alle ihrer eigenen leidenschaft folgen , und alle als teil einen mo@@ sa@@ i@@ ks zusammen@@ kommen und diese welt zu erschaffen – in ihren hinter@@ hö@@ fen und in ihren kü@@ chen . +aber sie erreichen uns nicht direkt durch licht . +aber einstein hielt schwarze löcher zeit@@ lebens für eine mathemati@@ sche ku@@ ri@@ o@@ si@@ tät . +es wäre schlecht , wenn wir versuchten , unsere trie@@ b@@ werke zu z@@ ün@@ den und zu flü@@ chten , denn das könnten wir nicht , genauso wenig , wie das licht ent@@ kommen kann . +dies hier ist von meiner arbeits@@ gruppe – ein etwas weniger glam@@ our@@ ö@@ ses computer@@ modell . +aber mit großer wahrscheinlichkeit sind gerade irgendwo im universum zwei schwarze löcher miteinander versch@@ mol@@ zen . +galaxien bilden sich und generationen von ster@@ nen werden in diesen galaxien geboren . und um einen dieser sterne , wenig@@ stens einen einzigen , krei@@ st ein be@@ wohn@@ barer planet . +wir müssen uns also fragen : wenn es ein multi@@ ver@@ sum gibt , existieren dann in einem anderen frag@@ ment dieses multi@@ versums lebewesen ? +von 100 in@@ haf@@ ti@@ erten , die ent@@ lassen werden , werden 60 wieder rück@@ fä@@ llig . +nun , die sache hat vor@@ - und nach@@ teile . +von der tatsache , dass sie nur ein publikum be@@ dienen , hauptsächlich die west@@ liche kultur . +ich gehe über@@ all@@ hin und tue so , als sei es der iran . +jetzt kommt die grüne bewegung , der sommer 2009 , als mein film heraus@@ kam – die auf@@ stände beginnen in den straßen von te@@ her@@ an . +es kann es sich nicht leisten , diese pfle@@ gende person in frage zu stellen . +eine person gewinn@@ t . +ich werde dazu später kommen . +sie können mitgefühl nicht kontrollieren ohne unbe@@ gren@@ zt zu werden , und niemand kann unbe@@ gren@@ zt werden . entweder sie sind es oder sie sind es nicht . ba@@ st@@ a . +sie handeln mit@@ fühl@@ end . +wenn dich das nicht von den so@@ cken haut , dann hast du keine gefühle . +lassen sie uns hier kurz in@@ ne@@ halten . +es ist gut um schüler zu motivi@@ eren . +im her@@ kö@@ mm@@ lichen klassen@@ zimmer hat man ein paar haus@@ aufgaben , haus@@ aufgaben , vortrag , haus@@ aufgaben , vortrag und dann eine moment@@ aufnahme in der prü@@ fung . +sie können jetzt direkt auf die seite gehen . es ist alles frei . wir versuchen nichts zu verkaufen . +rot bedeutet , dass sie fes@@ th@@ än@@ gen . +und wir sehen das immer um immer wieder . +ich mache immer noch die ganzen videos , aber wir haben ein brilli@@ an@@ tes team , das sich um die software kümm@@ ert . +sie sagen buchstäblich , " hey , das ist nett , aber ... " wie die kur@@ ve über den fo@@ kus , viele lehrer sagten , " ich habe das gefühl das viele kinder hin und her springen und sich nicht auf ein thema konzentrieren . " +aber es gibt auch hallu@@ zin@@ ationen . und hallu@@ zin@@ ationen sind völlig anders . +ich sehe viele kinder . sie gehen tre@@ ppen auf und ab . +ich sagte , " es gibt eine besondere form visu@@ eller hallu@@ zin@@ ationen , die mit nach@@ las@@ sen@@ der seh@@ fähigkeit oder blin@@ d@@ heit ein@@ her@@ gehen . " +das erste , was er sah , war ein schwe@@ ben@@ des ta@@ sch@@ ent@@ u@@ ch . +und er dre@@ hte sich um . und dann teil@@ te er sich in sechs identi@@ sche männer in gest@@ rei@@ ften he@@ m@@ den , die auf sie zu kamen . +aber höch@@ stens ein prozent gibt das zu . weil sie angst haben , dass man sie für verrückt hält oder sowas . +wenn die leute diese einfachen geome@@ tr@@ ische hallu@@ zin@@ ationen haben , ist die pri@@ mä@@ re visu@@ elle rin@@ de aktiv . +nur wenn man seh@@ behinder@@ t oder blind ist wird der prozess unter@@ bro@@ chen . +und ich bin tatsächlich selbst ein bisschen seh@@ behinder@@ t . +aber wenn ich von diesen tau@@ ch@@ gän@@ gen zurück@@ komme und versuche meine erfahrungen zu teilen , finde ich nicht die richtigen worte . +es war unglaublich . +es sieht aus wie aus einem dr. se@@ uss com@@ ic@@ buch - alle möglichen arten von lebewesen . +wir fil@@ men es mit einem von mir entwickelten k@@ amer@@ as@@ y@@ stem namens " eye in the sea " , das in@@ fr@@ ar@@ ot@@ licht verwendet , das für die meisten tiere unsicht@@ bar ist , um sie nicht zu beeinflussen . +und es sieht so aus , als ob er versucht die elektron@@ ische qu@@ alle zu fres@@ sen . +edi@@ th wid@@ der : die bizar@@ re und wunderbare welt der bi@@ ol@@ umines@@ z@@ enz +das sind flüs@@ sig@@ keiten im blut , zum großteil ist das wasser , aber da sind auch anti@@ körper , zu@@ cker , hor@@ m@@ one und so weiter . +das ist eine genau@@ e dar@@ stellung und hat das ungefä@@ hre temp@@ o des origin@@ al@@ vor@@ gan@@ gs in ihrem körper . +ein teil der dna geht auf die eine seite , die andere seite bekommt das dna-@@ gegen@@ stück – bei@@ des sind identi@@ sche kop@@ ien . +es spür@@ t , wenn die zelle bereit ist , wenn die chromo@@ som@@ en ihre position ein@@ genommen haben . +die menschheit befindet sich vollkommen im techn@@ isch@@ -@@ wissenschaftlichen zeitalter . +während meiner 4@@ 1 jahre als lehrer der biologie in harvard war ich betr@@ üb@@ t durch die viel@@ zahl an viel@@ ver@@ sprech@@ enden studenten , die sich von einer wissenschaftlichen karriere ab@@ wand@@ ten oder sogar von freiwilli@@ gen mod@@ ul@@ en der wissenschaft , weil sie angst vor@@ m versagen hatten . +bewer@@ ten sie chan@@ cen danach , wie wenig andere studenten und forscher daran arbeiten . +oder es ist größer : was ist die bedeutung von dunkl@@ er materie bei der aus@@ brei@@ tung des universums ? +menschen haben viel , viel länger gelebt als die ungefähr 10.000 jahre s@@ ess@@ haf@@ ter und ac@@ ker@@ bau@@ trei@@ ben@@ der kultur . in kleinen familien@@ gruppen , erle@@ gten no@@ ma@@ dische jä@@ ger kan@@ in@@ chen , um nahrung zu sammeln . +in jün@@ ger@@ er zeit hat sich diese macht von den arbeitsp@@ lä@@ tzen gelöst . und sehr , sehr schnell werden wir einen signi@@ fi@@ kan@@ ten anteil , wenn nicht die mehr@@ heit , der menschheit mit super@@ compu@@ tern herum@@ laufen sehen , verbunden mit geschwindi@@ gkeiten , die größer sind als was wir heute unter brei@@ t@@ band verstehen . +er verwen@@ dete das beispiel einer gemeinsam genu@@ tz@@ ten wei@@ de@@ fläche , auf der jede person , indem sie einfach ihre eigene her@@ de zu ma@@ xi@@ mieren versuchte , zur über@@ gras@@ ung und dem rau@@ b@@ bau der res@@ source bei@@ trug . +to@@ y@@ ota , anstatt seine zu@@ liefer@@ er gegen@@ einander aus@@ zus@@ pi@@ el@@ en , behandelt diese wie ein netzwerk und train@@ iert sie , um besser zu produzieren , obwohl sie sie ebenfalls darin tra@@ inieren , besser für ihre wettbewer@@ ber zu produzieren . +welche formen des leiden@@ s könnten gel@@ in@@ der@@ t werden , welche formen von rei@@ cht@@ um könnten geschaffen werden , wenn wir ein wenig mehr über ko@@ operation w@@ üs@@ sten ? +ich zeige ihnen jetzt eine wi@@ tz@@ ige anwendung , an der wir zusammen mit unseren freunden von fli@@ ck@@ r arbeiten . +ja , ja , zurück in die ecke . zurück in die ecke . +bla@@ ise a@@ gu@@ era y arc@@ as demon@@ stri@@ ert aug@@ ment@@ e@@ d-@@ real@@ it@@ y-@@ land@@ karten +es war eine vorberei@@ tung für eine fusion und ak@@ qu@@ isi@@ tion . +und wenn sie sich an die geschichte von s@@ is@@ yp@@ ho@@ s erinnern , er wurde von den gö@@ ttern damit be@@ stra@@ ft , den selben fel@@ sen einen hü@@ gel em@@ por@@ zu@@ rollen . und als er fast am ende war , roll@@ te der fel@@ sen wieder runter und er musste erneu@@ t anfangen . +was ist passiert ? +ich sagte : " wie viele von ihnen gehen nun eher nach hause als sonst " ? +sie nehmen also ein blatt und legen es zur seite . +nun möchte ich ihnen gern etwas über positive motivation zeigen . +sie mussten die mil@@ ch ab@@ messen und hinzu@@ fügen , dann mischen . +oben auf dem blatt gab es kleine diagra@@ mme , wie sie origami falten müssen . +übrigens , dies sind meine kinder , welche natürlich wunderbar sind und so weiter . +eigentlich sind wir ja aus kam@@ bo@@ d@@ sch@@ a . +so wie auf diesem bild sieht pur@@ sat aus . +für uns bedeu@@ tete er die freiheit . +eines tages erzählte mir ein » meine zukunft sieht nicht ro@@ si@@ g aus , aber ich wün@@ sche mir eine ro@@ si@@ ge zukunft für meinen sohn . « +der schlüssel hier ist als mitgefühl . +wir über@@ arbeiteten den aspekt der psych@@ ischen gesundheit innerhalb der medizin@@ ischen grund@@ versorgung , indem wir psycho@@ soziale pf@@ lege und psycho@@ soziale ber@@ at@@ ung zum system hinzu@@ fü@@ gten . +als die jun@@ gi@@ an@@ erin inge miss@@ ma@@ hl afghanistan besu@@ chte , sah sie die inneren wunden des krie@@ ges – weit verbrei@@ tete verzwei@@ fl@@ ung , trau@@ mat@@ a und depression . trotz allem gab es in diesem land mit seinen 30 millionen ein@@ wohn@@ ern nur zwei dutz@@ end psychi@@ ater . miss@@ ma@@ hl spricht über ihre arbeit , mit der sie dazu bei@@ trägt , das psycho@@ soziale ber@@ at@@ ungs@@ system des landes aufzubauen , wo@@ durch nicht nur die individu@@ elle hei@@ lung , sondern vielleicht auch die nation@@ ale hei@@ lung ge@@ förder@@ t wird . +das trifft auf europä@@ ische bio@@ -@@ brenn@@ stoffe zu . +oben links haben wir kanada und australien , mit enor@@ men land@@ flächen , sehr ho@@ h@@ em pro@@ -@@ kop@@ f-@@ ver@@ brauch , 200 oder 300 glü@@ h@@ bir@@ nen pro person , und sehr kleiner bevölker@@ ungs@@ dichte . +win@@ d-@@ energie produziert etwas mehr , 2,@@ 5 watt pro quad@@ rat@@ meter , doch das ist gerade mal doppelt so viel wie 1,@@ 25 watt pro quad@@ rat@@ meter . das heißt also , wollte man buchstäblich den gesamten energie@@ bedarf in je@@ g@@ licher form mit win@@ d-@@ far@@ men decken , so müsste man das halbe vereinig@@ te köni@@ grei@@ ch damit über@@ sä@@ en . +dasselbe gilt allerdings auch für erneu@@ er@@ bare energi@@ en . +als nächstes haben wir den hei@@ z@@ he@@ bel . +wenn sie auf 16 glü@@ h@@ bir@@ nen kommen wollen , denken sie daran , der heu@@ tige ver@@ brauch liegt bei 1@@ 25 glü@@ h@@ bir@@ nen . +er nannte vier große wel@@ tor@@ che@@ ster und das fün@@ fte war das ven@@ e@@ zu@@ ela ju@@ gend sym@@ ph@@ onie orche@@ ster . +die struktur von el si@@ ste@@ ma basiert auf einem neuen und flexi@@ bl@@ en führ@@ ungs@@ stil , ange@@ passt an die besonder@@ heiten jeder gemeinde und region , und kümm@@ ert sich heute um 300 000 kinder der unter@@ - und mittel@@ schicht in ganz ven@@ e@@ zu@@ ela . +von der minute an , in der ein kind gele@@ hrt wird , ein instrument zu spielen , ist es nicht mehr arm . +denken sie mal darüber nach . ich werde jetzt drei@@ mal unterschie@@ dlich einen an@@ ruf annehmen . +verhalten@@ smar@@ ker sind wichtig . +das ist dieses jahr passiert . sie ging in den frü@@ hr@@ u@@ he@@ stand . +wir sind bes@@ essen von diesem denken . +klas@@ s@@ isch . hü@@ ft@@ fra@@ k@@ turen führen oft zur ein@@ wei@@ sung eines sen@@ i@@ oren . +die entdeckung der verhalten@@ smar@@ ker und verhaltens@@ änder@@ ungen sind bahn@@ brech@@ end wie die entdeckung des mikrosk@@ ops denn wir sammeln daten@@ strö@@ me , die vorher un@@ denk@@ bar waren . +es ist mach@@ bar . wir sollten es aus wirtschaftlichen gründen tun , wir sollten es aus moral@@ ischen gründen tun , und wir sollten es für lebens@@ qualität tun . +es wird 3@@ 0.000 neue in@@ fi@@ zierte inter@@ ne@@ ts@@ ei@@ ten geben . +das ist der markt@@ führer in der verbreitung von sch@@ ad@@ program@@ men das black hole explo@@ it pack , das für fast ein drittel der verbreitung von sch@@ ad@@ program@@ men in den letzten paar quar@@ tal@@ en verantwortlich ist . +das ist das aus@@ schreiben des sch@@ ad@@ co@@ des , und sie werden einige sekunden später auf der linken seite sehen , wie auf dem bildschirm des an@@ greif@@ ers ein interessan@@ ter neuer text erscheint . +wirklich fre@@ ch hier@@ bei ist , dass es den an@@ grei@@ fern nicht nur den zu@@ griff auf ihre daten ver@@ schafft , sondern wenn der scan be@@ endet ist , wird es sie an@@ weisen , das produkt zu regi@@ stri@@ eren , um diese un@@ echten viren zu bes@@ ei@@ tigen . +ein bisschen weiter des su@@ ch@@ ens und hier ist unser cyber@@ krimin@@ eller . +okay ? sie können eine liste von w@@ lan@@ -@@ netz@@ we@@ ken sehen . +be@@ achten sie , dass sich technologie mit einer erstaun@@ lichen geschwindigkeit verändert und dass 25@@ 0.000 verschiedene sch@@ ad@@ programme sich auch sehr schnell verändern . +ich war nicht sehr gut im lesen von dingen . +sie alle kennen die geschichte , ja ? +das war schon nicht schlecht . +das war unglaublich . +" sie können das einen dinosaurier nennen , aber sehen sie sich den vel@@ o@@ ci@@ ra@@ p@@ tor an : der ist cool . " +und es wird offensichtlich jede menge geld damit gemacht . +und er war ein@@ verstanden . +und ehrlich gesagt glaube ich , wenn k@@ f@@ c@@ -@@ grün@@ der col@@ on@@ el s@@ anders es vor@@ sichti@@ g for@@ mu@@ lieren würde , könnte er mit einem extra@@ stück wer@@ ben . +dies basiert auf ernähr@@ ung@@ sum@@ fragen , auf über@@ gewi@@ chts@@ raten und vielen weiteren faktoren , die uns einen ziemlich guten eindruck davon ver@@ schaffen , was tatsächlich von den menschen konsu@@ miert wird . +sie sind das , was wir jedes jahr weltweit auf unseren fel@@ dern haben . +geht man einen schritt weiter , kommt man zu den bauern , die manchmal ein drittel oder mehr ihrer er@@ nte aufgrund ko@@ s@@ me@@ tischer de@@ fe@@ kte weg@@ werfen . +der mittl@@ ere auf meinem kü@@ ch@@ enti@@ sch . kein großer unterschied . +west@@ liche länder werfen fast die hälfte ihres essen@@ s fort und zwar nicht , weil es nicht ess@@ bar ist , sondern weil es nicht appe@@ ti@@ tlich aussieht . tri@@ stra@@ m stu@@ art konfron@@ tiert uns mit der scho@@ ck@@ ier@@ enden masse versch@@ wen@@ de@@ ter nahrung und app@@ elli@@ ert an einen verantwor@@ tungs@@ voll@@ eren um@@ gang mit den ressourcen unsere erde . +und all das ist übrigens die arbeit von der international astronom@@ ical union . +also , wir werden eines tages zum mars fliegen , und wenn wir das tun , wird das un@@ fair sein gegenüber den leuten , die da leben , mit solch läch@@ er@@ lichen namen leben zu müssen . +" hö@@ r zu , ich ge@@ h zurück zur mo@@ or@@ -@@ ni@@ x@@ e . kannst du mich später nochmal an@@ rufen ? +wir haben namen für orte , wo es gar keine leute gibt . +blau@@ sch@@ im@@ mel@@ kä@@ se , ran@@ ch , essi@@ g und öl , thousand island und haus . +a@@ ha , das ist is@@ a@@ a@@ c auf einer viet@@ nam@@ es@@ ischen brie@@ f@@ mar@@ ke . +er ist total d@@ ü@@ ster . da le@@ hnen kleine kinder an seinem bein , kleine gei@@ ster fliegen um@@ her . wir müssen das zeug kor@@ ri@@ gieren , schnell , meine damen und herren . +pri@@ m@@ zahlen , g@@ aus@@ s , einer meiner favor@@ i@@ ten . +jede spitze er@@ gibt 3@@ 7 . +sie erscheinen irgendwie nicht sex@@ y und elegan@@ t , die sind verste@@ ckt . +danke . +es war unglaublich erfolgreich . +viel@@ mehr dachte sie , sie sei gar nicht mit dem internet verbunden . aber für irgend@@ jemand war es möglich , ein us@@ b@@ -@@ lauf@@ werk r@@ einzu@@ schmu@@ g@@ geln und software ger@@ ie@@ t hinein , die diese zent@@ ri@@ fu@@ gen damals veran@@ las@@ ste sich selbst zu zerstören . +wenn sie einen experten über das internet sprechen hören , dass es dies und das kann oder machen wird , sollten sie dem mit der@@ selben skep@@ sis gegen@@ über@@ treten wie sie der meinung eines wirtschafts@@ wissenschaft@@ l@@ ers über die wirtschaft gegen@@ über@@ treten würden , oder einem me@@ te@@ or@@ ologen über@@ s we@@ tter oder so . +guten tag . +die militär@@ ischen technologien sind also in der lage , den lauf der welt zu beeinflussen , den wel@@ trie@@ den zu schaffen oder zu zerstören , und da liegt das problem mit den cyber@@ waffen . +heute treten wir in eine multi@@ pol@@ are welt ein und die ko@@ ordin@@ ation wird viel kompli@@ zier@@ ter , wir haben das übrigens mit kop@@ en@@ ha@@ gen gesehen , +vor diesem tag sah ich das meer so : +wo wir gerade über dinosaurier sprechen , ha@@ ie sind eigentlich die gleichen fische wie vor über 300 millionen jahren . +natürlich schie@@ ßen se@@ eg@@ ur@@ ken ihre fä@@ den aus ihrer rück@@ seite was , wenn ihr mich fragt , sie noch weit interessan@@ ter als super@@ hel@@ d@@ in macht . +und irgendwie schafft er es , einen zu finden , aber großartige navi@@ ga@@ tions@@ fähigkeiten er@@ geben schlechte fli@@ r@@ t@@ möglichkeiten . +ich konnte sie darin einfach nicht unter@@ bringen . +s@@ her@@ man ist im ha@@ i@@ himmel . +sie bekommen so ganz viele sachen . +im amerikanischen kern@@ land kann man sich ma@@ xi@@ mal 30 km von einer gut in@@ stand ge@@ halten@@ en str@@ asse entfernen . +die ta@@ hl@@ tan for@@ dern die er@@ richtung eines stam@@ mes@@ er@@ be@@ -@@ reser@@ v@@ ats , welches das größte schutz@@ gebiet in british colum@@ bia er@@ geben soll . +multi@@ pli@@ zieren sie 22 mit 4@@ 7 , achten sie darauf dass sie 1.@@ 0@@ 3@@ 4 erhalten , oder die rech@@ ner funktionieren nicht . haben sie alle 1.@@ 0@@ 3@@ 4 ? 1.@@ 0@@ 3@@ 4 ? +5@@ 29 . +7@@ 22 ist 500 -- oh , das ist eine schwier@@ ig@@ ere . +währ@@ end@@ dessen , lassen sie mich den ersten teil meiner show mit etwas schwier@@ i@@ ger@@ em ab@@ schließen . +ok , sechs davon . +publikum : febru@@ ar . +welches jahr willst du chris ? +publikum : 6@@ . 6 . +also , 5@@ 7 mal 6@@ 8 ist 3@@ .@@ 400 , plus 4@@ 7@@ 6 ist 3@@ .@@ 8@@ 7@@ 6 , das ist 3@@ 8@@ .@@ 7@@ 60 plus 17@@ 1 , 3@@ 8@@ .@@ 7@@ 60 plus 17@@ 1 ist 3@@ 8@@ .@@ 9@@ 3@@ 1 . +das dritte mal ist man einfach nur ein techni@@ ker . +es voll@@ zieht sich ein wandel , und das was sich wand@@ elt , ist nicht software . +hat fotos von mir gesam@@ melt , wie mütter das so machen . +und ich werde kurz sagen was ich tun werde . was ich tun werde -- ich hoffe sie können erkennen das dort eine de@@ for@@ mi@@ erte sin@@ us@@ kur@@ ve ist , eine fast drei@@ e@@ ck@@ ige welle auf diesem he@@ w@@ le@@ tt@@ -@@ pac@@ kar@@ d-@@ o@@ sz@@ il@@ lo@@ sk@@ op . +aber ihr wer@@ det acht@@ kl@@ ä@@ ss@@ ler@@ al@@ ge@@ br@@ a brauchen , und wir werden ernsthaf@@ te experimente machen . +jetzt weiß ich die frequ@@ enz . +ich gehe über die fer@@ ien nach hause . auf dem cam@@ pus gab es aus@@ schrei@@ tungen . +ich komme oben an , und dort ist ein gew@@ öl@@ be . +ich bin hier , um ihnen etwas besser@@ es vorzu@@ schlagen , nämlich dass weniger vielleicht mehr ist . +zweitens lautet unser neues man@@ tra : klein ist sex@@ y . +vielleicht , nur vielleicht , wäre weniger mehr . +und dieses un@@ veränder@@ liche verhalten - was fest verk@@ ab@@ elt und vor@@ program@@ miert ist und normalerweise mit einer ma@@ hl@@ zeit endet -- das ändert sich . +wenn man diese beiden mit einem ek@@ g ver@@ dra@@ h@@ tet , sieht man , dass die rechten gehirn@@ häl@@ ften von beiden sich auf@@ einander ein@@ spielen , so dass wir die freu@@ dige entwicklung dieser frü@@ he@@ sten spiel@@ mo@@ tive und der physi@@ ologie davon langsam anfangen zu verstehen . +das war zufällig ok - er ist ein an@@ atom@@ isch interessi@@ erter kleiner junge , und das hier ist seine mutter . in anderen situationen wäre das nicht ganz so gut . +sie hatten mir eine große bei@@ hilfe gegeben , als ich noch ak@@ ade@@ mi@@ em@@ it@@ g@@ lied zur untersuchung von fahr@@ ern unter al@@ ko@@ hol@@ einfluss war , und ich mal@@ te mir gute chan@@ cen aus . und als ich dann eine halbe stunde mit reden über spiele verbracht hatte , war es klar , dass sie nicht das gefühl hatten , dass spielen etwas ern@@ stes sei . +und wenn sie mal über ein leben ohne spiel nachdenken -- ohne humor , ohne fli@@ rt , ohne filme , ohne spiele , ohne ph@@ ant@@ as@@ ie -- und , und , und . +er fand heraus , dass er , wenn er den spiel@@ platz aus dem fenster betra@@ chtete , hinter das er ges@@ per@@ rt war , etwas anderes fühlte . +er ist charak@@ ter@@ isi@@ ert durch ein gefühl von ener@@ ge@@ tischer fo@@ kus@@ si@@ erung , vö@@ lli@@ ge verein@@ nah@@ mung und erfolg beim tun . +es ist un@@ fas@@ s@@ bar wichtig für lernen und gehirn@@ ausbildung . +wir beschlossen , etwas ein bisschen anders zu machen und wand@@ elten geschma@@ ck@@ s@@ richtungen um , die sehr vertraut waren – in diesem fall wir nehmen also einen kar@@ ot@@ ten@@ ku@@ chen , stecken ihn in einen mix@@ er , und haben dann eine art kar@@ ot@@ ten@@ ku@@ ch@@ en-@@ sa@@ ft , und der kam dann in einen ball@@ on , ge@@ fr@@ oren in flüs@@ si@@ gem sti@@ ck@@ stoff , um diese ho@@ hl@@ es netz aus kar@@ ot@@ ten@@ ku@@ ch@@ en-@@ eis sa@@ g ich mal , und ar@@ ran@@ gi@@ ert sieht es dann aus , sehen sie , als ob ju@@ pi@@ ter@@ mon@@ de um ihren t@@ eller sch@@ web@@ ten . +h@@ c : nachdem chris und ich uns also etwa einen tag lang ange@@ star@@ rt hatten , entwickelten wir etwas , das der ham@@ bur@@ ger@@ -@@ fri@@ k@@ ad@@ elle ziemlich nah kam , und wie sie sehen können , for@@ mt es sich grundsätzlich auch wie ha@@ ck@@ fleisch . +h@@ c : hier treten wir also in die zukunft und machen einen gro@@ ssen spr@@ ung . +wes@@ halb also hören wir nicht mehr über die welt ? +wo ist die kunst ? es gibt produk@@ tivität , es gibt sport . +und die andere heißt ta@@ ket@@ a . welche ist welche ? +im internet gibt es die videos in voller län@@ ge , falls sie interessiert sind . +aber wenn ich sehr nahe r@@ ange@@ he und direkt in die kamera star@@ re , sieht man diese schönen kl@@ aren augen . +ich würde ihnen gerne s@@ n@@ out zeigen , der … der gedanke hinter diesem projekt ist es , einen roboter zu bauen , der aussieht , als wäre er immer überrascht , dich zu sehen . +wenn sich das virus zu diesem zeitpunkt schon in tausenden einzel@@ personen be@@ fand , wieso haben wir bis 198@@ 4 ge@@ braucht um das virus zu entdecken ? +: er@@ za@@ e@@ hl@@ er : tief in einer ent@@ le@@ genen region von c@@ amer@@ o@@ on verfolgen zwei ja@@ e@@ ger ihre be@@ ute . +sie werden ihnen auch die frage stellen , dass wenn wir wussten , dass dies der weg war , auf dem hiv in die menschliche be@@ vo@@ el@@ k@@ erung kam und andere krankheiten das potenzi@@ al hatten auf diese weise einzu@@ treten , warum haben wir verhalten wie dieses weiterhin erlaubt ? +paul arbeitete jahr@@ el@@ ang im k@@ amer@@ un@@ er nation@@ alen radio und fernsehen und er sprach u@@ e@@ ber gesundheits@@ risiken . er war ein gesund@@ heit@@ sk@@ or@@ respon@@ dent . +und seien wir mal ehrlich , jeder neue retro@@ virus in der menschlichen be@@ vo@@ el@@ k@@ erung -- ist etwas was wir kennen sollten . +und wegen diesem vortrag bekamen wir einen großen artikel in der new york times , der zu noch mehr presse führte , zu mehr aufmerksamkeit , und ich mich dazu entsch@@ loss ce@@ o dieses unterneh@@ men@@ s zu werden -- wobei ich nur ein ber@@ ater war , vent@@ ure capital auf@@ brachte und den ein@@ stell@@ ungs@@ vor@@ gang vor@@ an@@ trieb . +und in man@@ chen fällen twi@@ ttern sie aus nicht-@@ öffentlichen sitz@@ ungen mit dem präsi@@ denten . +user haben zehn@@ tausende von dollar über twitter gesam@@ melt innerhalb von tagen und für unterschied@@ lich@@ ste gele@@ gen@@ heiten . +meine mutter sagt , dass ich mit zwei jahren zu lesen angefangen habe ; ich denke allerdings , dass vier wohl eher der wahrheit entspricht . +meine mutter war verwal@@ tungs@@ ange@@ stellte . +ich muss erwä@@ hnen , dass ich mich , bevor ich in die usa kam , nie bewusst als afrikan@@ erin identi@@ fiziert hatte . +das politische kli@@ ma in den usa war damals an@@ ges@@ pan@@ nt . und es gab and@@ au@@ ern@@ de ein@@ wander@@ ungs@@ debat@@ ten . +als ich vor ein paar jahren lernte , dass au@@ toren mit einer un@@ glück@@ lichen kindheit auf@@ warten müssen , um erfolgreich sein zu können , begann ich darüber nachzudenken , wie ich schli@@ mme dinge erfinden könnte , die meine eltern mir ange@@ tan hatten . +nun , in der gän@@ gi@@ gen meinung las@@ en nigeri@@ aner keine liter@@ atur . +sie gab ihnen ein buch über das leben im sü@@ den , das sie hinter sich gelassen hatten . " sie sa@@ ßen herum , las@@ en das buch , hörten mir zu , wie ich aus dem buch vor@@ las , und ein stück vom para@@ dies wurde zurück@@ er@@ ob@@ ert . " +sie waren buchstäblich plat@@ t . +nun , weil die zeit hier begren@@ zt ist , möchte ich mich einfach auf drei strategi@@ en konzentrieren . +wir müssen grundsätzlich neu definieren wer experten sind . +ich suche nach einem dritten weg : ich berei@@ te mich darauf vor , alzheimer zu bekommen . +werde ich tab@@ ellen und grafi@@ ken bekommen , die ich aus@@ malen darf ? +al@@ an@@ na sha@@ i@@ k@@ h : wie ich mich auf alzheimer vorberei@@ te +das netz hat zwei kompon@@ enten . +genau genommen , ist die bat@@ terie nicht mit dem t@@ ank gleich@@ zu@@ setzen . +und diese prei@@ se bas@@ ieren auf sau@@ b@@ eren elektr@@ onen . +und dann kün@@ di@@ gte ich und grün@@ dete " better place " . +und als wir über größere sk@@ ali@@ er@@ barkeit nach@@ dachten , fragten wir uns , wo liegt das problem um die usa abzu@@ decken ? +es geht wieder ab@@ wärts . es wird auf@@ wärts und dann wieder ab@@ wärts gehen . +was hat das mit der automo@@ bil@@ industrie zu tun ? +wenn man ein großes problem lösen will , muss man sich ste@@ ts zwei zahlen vor augen halten . +wir müssen die richtige moralische entscheidung treffen . +sie sehen uns als un@@ ru@@ he@@ stif@@ ter und sie können verstehen warum . +komplexität ist das problem , das jede theorie in der biologie lösen muss , und man kann es nicht lösen , indem man eine macht po@@ stu@@ liert , die noch viel komplex@@ er ist , und damit das problem einfach versch@@ är@@ ft . +nun , hier ist eine typ@@ ische wissenschaftliche fach@@ zeit@@ schrift , die " quar@@ ter@@ ly re@@ view of biology " +und wie auch immer wir den athei@@ s@@ mus definieren , er ist bestimmt die art wissenschaft@@ licher meinung , die eine person haben kann , ohne als ein un@@ patri@@ o@@ tischer , nicht@@ wähl@@ barer nicht-@@ bürger ver@@ ung@@ li@@ mp@@ ft zu werden . +199@@ 8 be@@ fragten lar@@ son und with@@ am die besten amerikanischen wissenschaftler , solche , die durch die wahl in die national acade@@ my of sci@@ ences ge@@ e@@ hrt wurden . und innerhalb dieser er@@ les@@ enen gruppe s@@ ank der glaube an einen persönlichen gott auf er@@ schü@@ tter@@ nde sieben prozent . +darwin sagte : " ich war nie ein athei@@ st im dem sinne , dass ich die exi@@ stenz eines got@@ tes be@@ strei@@ te . +ni@@ chts@@ dest@@ ot@@ ro@@ tz , wenn wir wollen , dass diejenigen sich der öffentlichkeit zeigen , die tief im inn@@ ern athei@@ sten sind , dann müssen wir uns etwas besser@@ es auf die fa@@ hnen schreiben , als zahn@@ fe@@ e@@ - oder te@@ ek@@ es@@ sel@@ ag@@ no@@ sti@@ ker . +we brauchen einen anti-@@ temp@@ le@@ ton , der hervor@@ tritt . +dieses bild sug@@ ger@@ iert einen radik@@ alen wandel in der weise wie information produziert und au@@ st@@ aus@@ ch genutzt wird . es ist nicht weniger kapit@@ al@@ intensi@@ v geworden , es bedarf nicht weniger geld ; aber der besit@@ z von kapital , der weg wie sich kapit@@ alisierung voll@@ zieht , ist radik@@ al de@@ zent@@ ral . jeder von uns , in diesen fort@@ gesch@@ ri@@ tt@@ enen wirt@@ schaften , hat eines hier@@ von , oder etwas ähn@@ liches : einen computer . +die zentr@@ ale innovation ist , dass anstatt unsere ange@@ stellte sagen was das relev@@ an@@ teste ist wir nach draußen gehen und zählen was ihr macht , leute da draußen im netz , aus irgend@@ einem grund - stolz , verg@@ nü@@ gen - links er@@ stellten und an@@ einander bin@@ den . wir zählen und addi@@ eren dies . +und wenn essen nicht offensichtlich ist , dann nehmen sie sex . +aber - und dies ist der sch@@ atten - es ist bedro@@ ht , genauso wie es selber dro@@ ht - und zwar von den et@@ abli@@ erten industri@@ es@@ y@@ ste@@ men . +aufgrund einiger pan@@ nen gel@@ ang es ihm jedoch , als frau ver@@ klei@@ det von london nach nigeria zu flie@@ hen , wo laut unserer ver@@ fassung diejenigen , die das am@@ t eines g@@ ou@@ ver@@ neur@@ s oder präsi@@ denten in@@ ne@@ haben - so wie in vielen anderen ländern auch - imm@@ un@@ ität genie@@ ßen und nicht stra@@ fre@@ cht@@ lich ver@@ folgt werden können . aber es passierte folgendes : die leute waren so auf@@ gebracht über diese mach@@ en@@ schaften , dass das par@@ lam@@ ent in der lage war , ihn wegen am@@ ts@@ ver@@ gehen anzu@@ k@@ lagen und ihn seines am@@ tes zu en@@ the@@ ben . +wir sind dank@@ bar , aber wir wissen , dass wir unser schick@@ sal selbst in die hand nehmen können , wenn wir zu re@@ formen bereit sind . +und in meinen ersten drei am@@ ts@@ jahren als finanz@@ minister@@ in machten sie durchschnitt@@ lich 3@@ 60 millionen dollar gew@@ inn im jahr . +und was noch wichtiger ist , weil wir vom öl weg@@ kommen und uns brei@@ ter auf@@ stellen wollen - es gibt so viele möglichkeiten in diesem einen großen land , so wie in vielen ländern in afrika - was be@@ m@@ wer@@ kens@@ wert war , ist , dass ein großer teil dieses wachst@@ ums nicht allein vom öl@@ sektor kam , sondern aus anderen bereichen , die nichts mit öl zu tun hatten . +nicht alle davon sind perfekt oder werden es sein , aber es zeigt sich eine sehr deut@@ liche entwicklung . +also macht sie zum beispiel eine kleine lat@@ z@@ ho@@ se aus kor@@ d , und arbeitet afrikan@@ ische materialien ein . ihre designs sind sehr origin@@ ell , und in der zwischen@@ zeit hat sie sogar eine be@@ stellung von w@@ al m@@ art erhalten hat . +jedes jahr sterben 3@@ 6@@ .000 menschen in den usa pro sa@@ ison an der gri@@ ppe . +für die meisten krank@@ heit@@ ser@@ re@@ ger hat das gut funktioniert , halb@@ wegs gut für sch@@ lau@@ e ba@@ z@@ ill@@ en wie die gri@@ ppe , aber überhaupt nicht für hiv , für das menschen keine natürliche imm@@ un@@ ität haben . +und was die anti@@ körper nutzen ist ein griff , um im grunde das virus zu greifen und auszu@@ schalten . +viele dachten , dass es einfach unmöglich wäre , einen ai@@ d@@ s-@@ impf@@ stoff zu machen , aber heute sprechen die indi@@ zi@@ en eine andere sprache . +was sie auf län@@ gere sicht tun können , ist diese werkzeuge der retro@@ -@@ vac@@ cin@@ ology zu nutzen , um einen vor@@ beu@@ genden gri@@ pp@@ ei@@ mp@@ f@@ stoff zu machen . +zum glück leben wir in einer zeit atem@@ ber@@ au@@ ben@@ den bi@@ ome@@ di@@ zin@@ ischen fort@@ schri@@ t@@ ts . +indien , mexico und andere machen bereits experiment@@ elle gri@@ p@@ pe@@ -@@ impf@@ stoffe , und das könnten die ersten orte sein , in denen diese impf@@ stoffe benutzt werden . +s@@ b : weißt du , jeder sagt es sind 10 jahre , aber es waren alle 10 jahre 10 jahre . +sie sind nicht wirklich ein durch armut unter@@ drück@@ tes volk . +ich möchte auch den ted fel@@ lo@@ ws meinen respe@@ kt be@@ zeugen - jun@@ e ar@@ ung@@ a , james shi@@ k@@ wat@@ i , andre@@ w und den anderen ted fel@@ lo@@ ws . +wussten sie , dass 40 prozent des wohl@@ stand@@ es , der in afrika entsteht , nicht in afrika investi@@ ert wird ? +ich bin mitg@@ lied in einem internet@@ -@@ diskus@@ sion@@ s@@ for@@ um einem afrikanischen internet@@ -@@ diskus@@ sion@@ s@@ for@@ um und ich fragte sie : " seit 1960 hatten wir genau 20@@ 4 afrikan@@ ische staat@@ sch@@ ef@@ s , seit 1960 . " +das ist nicht schaff@@ ung von rei@@ cht@@ um - das ist um@@ verteilung von rei@@ cht@@ um . +wenn man in ihre traditionellen systeme schaut , kat@@ eg@@ or@@ isi@@ eren die afrikan@@ er ihre staaten in zwei verschiedenen typen . +und wenn sie die er@@ nte einfa@@ hren , verkaufen sie den über@@ sch@@ uss auf mär@@ kten . +ein größ@@ eres boot bedeutet , dass mehr fisch ge@@ fangen und ein@@ gebracht wird . +und ich war sicher , dass es großartig für die demokratie sein würde und für unsere gesellschaft . +scot@@ t ' s ergebnisse waren voll davon . +und die herausforderung für algorith@@ m@@ ische filter , diese person@@ alisi@@ erten filter , ist , dass sie diese balance um@@ ki@@ ppen , weil sie vor allem danach gehen , wor@@ auf man zuerst kli@@ ckt . +es soll uns an neue ideen heran@@ führen und an neue leute und frem@@ de perspe@@ ktiven . +sie sagte : " ja , das ist ex@@ -@@ vi@@ ze@@ präsident al gore und seine frau ti@@ pp@@ er . " +erst in den letzten beiden tagen hatten wir neue janu@@ ar-@@ temper@@ atur@@ re@@ kor@@ de . +viele von uns hier haben diese entscheidung getroffen , und es ist wirklich nicht schwer . +helfen sie bei der groß an@@ gele@@ gten mein@@ ungsk@@ am@@ pagne , die im frü@@ hl@@ ing beginnt . +und all das ver@@ bren@@ nen von o@@ el , ko@@ hle und gas , alle fossi@@ len brenn@@ stoffe , haben die atmosp@@ ha@@ ere gewal@@ tig ver@@ a@@ en@@ der@@ t . +wenn sie den strand entlang gehen , sehen sie u@@ e@@ ber@@ all o@@ el . +also das ist der golf von mexiko , ein funk@@ el@@ n@@ der ort voller fische . +er er@@ za@@ e@@ hlte ted , dass am letzten tag , als er auf see ging , plo@@ e@@ tzlich ein gro@@ sser tu@@ em@@ m@@ ler an seinem boot auf@@ tau@@ chte und o@@ el aus seinem blas@@ loch bli@@ ess . +wir fangen mit etwas an , das von anfang an viele belast@@ ungen und und probleme mit sich brachte . +hier sind kr@@ ab@@ ben@@ ku@@ tter im einsatz . +es hat sich heraus@@ gestellt dass -- sie ko@@ en@@ nen dieses zeichen an fast allen kom@@ mer@@ zi@@ ell genu@@ tzen wasser@@ fahr@@ zeugen in den usa sehen -- und sie wissen , dass , wenn sie ein paar li@@ ter o@@ el ver@@ schu@@ et@@ ten wu@@ er@@ den , sie jede menge a@@ er@@ ger am h@@ als ha@@ et@@ ten . +hier gibt es sicherlich einen gemein@@ samen ten@@ or , aus all diesen gesch@@ e@@ hn@@ issen den einen moment zu machen . +naja , ich baute einen fu@@ sion@@ s@@ reak@@ tor , als ich 14 jahre alt war . +ta@@ yl@@ or wil@@ son : ja@@ p , ich habe einen kern@@ fu@@ sion@@ s@@ reak@@ tor gebaut . +alle : ich bin mein connec@@ tom@@ e . +sie können sie sofort erkennen an ihren fanta@@ stischen formen . +wir fä@@ r@@ ben jede nerven@@ zelle in einer unterschiedlichen farbe und wenn wir alle bilder betrachten finden wir die sy@@ nap@@ sen und be@@ achten wir die farben der beiden beteili@@ gten nerven@@ zellen , +aber darf ich ? +und es gibt eine menge hin@@ weise dass in neur@@ on@@ ale aktivität unsere gedanken , gefühle und wahrnehmung sowie unsere gei@@ stige erfahrung ver@@ schlüssel@@ t ist . +lasst uns versuchen erinn@@ erungen aus einem connec@@ tom@@ e auszu@@ lesen . +wenn sie an " ich bin mein connec@@ tom@@ e " glauben , dann müssen sie meiner meinung nach auch die idee akzeptieren , dass der tod die zerstör@@ ung des connec@@ tom@@ es ist . +z@@ ach ka@@ plan : kei@@ th und ich leiten ein forsch@@ ung@@ ste@@ am . +denn die art und weise , wie er sein konzept präsen@@ tierte – sein ansatz war ganz anders als der uns@@ ri@@ ge . er präsen@@ tierte einem die dinge , als st@@ ün@@ den sie jetzt gleich zum verk@@ auf . +nun , ich werde den physi@@ kal@@ ischen teil nicht genauer erklären , aber alles , was sie wissen müssen , ist dass je schneller der mag@@ net fällt , desto größer ist die bre@@ m@@ sk@@ raft . +z@@ k : ich möchte nur , dass sie alle wissen , dass diese vor@@ führung von target unterstützt wird . +während er das tat , bemer@@ kte er eine un@@ erwar@@ tete sache . +eine ver@@ pac@@ kung , welche die farbe ändert , wenn ihre mil@@ ch schlecht geworden ist . +z@@ ach ka@@ plan und kei@@ th scha@@ cht demon@@ stri@@ eren spiel@@ zeug aus der zukunft +kann man auch ohne fo@@ ie gras ein men@@ ü kochen , das le@@ cker schme@@ ckt ? +" span@@ ischer ko@@ ch besch@@ ul@@ digt ... " -- und die fran@@ zo@@ sen besch@@ ul@@ di@@ gten ihn . +ihn verbindet eine liebe mit -@@ -- er ist eins mit -@@ -- er ist der gän@@ se@@ flü@@ ster@@ er . +obwohl sie in einen garten e@@ den ges@@ per@@ rt waren , mit fei@@ gen und allem möglichen anderen . +sein größ@@ tes hinder@@ nis war eigentlich der markt , der heute hell@@ gel@@ be fo@@ ie gras ver@@ lan@@ gt . +und er grei@@ ft meinen arm und den des über@@ setz@@ ers schie@@ bt uns unter einen bus@@ ch und sagt " gu@@ ckt mal " . +sie brauchen sonst nichts weiter . " +aber ich kann dinge schme@@ cken . +ich war sehr bewegt . +er pro@@ bi@@ erte es und hat sich darin ver@@ liebt . +wenn die menschen versch@@ w@@ än@@ den , würde dasselbe leben auf@@ blü@@ hen . " +aber nun brauchen wir ein neues feuer , das uns sicher , gesund und be@@ ständig macht . +ich wieder@@ hole das nochmal : +amerika könnte diese nächste automo@@ bil@@ -@@ revolution an@@ führen . +wir können smar@@ te it@@ -@@ lösungen nutzen , um den trans@@ it zu verbessern und car@@ sharing und fahr@@ gemeinschaften zu ermöglichen . +das meiste davon geht heute verloren und die technologie zum ein@@ sparen verbessert sich schneller als wir sie bisher instal@@ lieren . +nun , von der ver@@ bran@@ nten ko@@ hle im kraft@@ werk durch all diese ver@@ lu@@ ste zusammen@@ genommen , kommt nur ein zehn@@ tel der treib@@ stoff@@ energie am ende des ro@@ hr@@ es als durch@@ lauf an . +und wenn eine große anlage ab@@ sch@@ altet , ver@@ liert man 1.000 me@@ ga@@ watt in milli@@ sekunden , oft für wochen oder monate , oft ohne vor@@ war@@ nung . +197@@ 6 , zum beispiel , be@@ standen die regierung und die industrie darauf , dass die energie@@ menge , die für einen dollar des bi@@ p benötigt wird , niemals sin@@ ken könnte . +danke . +dritt@@ ens lei@@ tete das engagement in entwicklungsländern eine kleine eli@@ tä@@ re gruppe von regi@@ erungs@@ mitg@@ lie@@ dern mit wenig kontakt zur bevölkerung , den beg@@ ün@@ sti@@ gten der entwickl@@ ung@@ sh@@ ilfe . +auf dieser karte mol@@ da@@ wi@@ ens zeigt grün be@@ zir@@ ke , die wenig geld für schulen ausgeben , aber gute bildungs@@ -@@ resul@@ tate er@@ zielen und rot zeigt das gegenteil . +wir werden sehen , dass auch diese kinder eine re@@ ale chance haben , ihre armut zu über@@ winden . +wenn wir die zahn@@ bür@@ ste nehmen – ich denke nicht an die zahn@@ bür@@ ste . +danach werden wir zum fisch , danach zum fro@@ sch , danach werden wir zum affen , danach werden wir , was wir heute sind : ein super@@ -@@ aff@@ e , und das lu@@ stige ist , dass unser heu@@ tiger zustand als super@@ -@@ aff@@ e nur die halbe geschichte ist . +wenn sie so gehen , ist das ok , es ist ok , sie können gehen , aber vielleicht können sie nicht sehen , wenn sie so mit den augen gehen , oh , da ist ein loch . +wenn man so gu@@ ckt , schaut man in die vergangenheit oder in sich selbst hinein , wenn man sehr bewe@@ glich ist . +deshalb müssen wir uns an@@ passen . +wir können unseren kindern sagen : ok , fertig , das war unsere geschichte . das ist vorbei . +nicht k@@ ru@@ mm stehen , keine ho@@ sen auf k@@ nie@@ höhe , nichts davon . +der aus@@ bilder brü@@ llt sie an und be@@ f@@ ie@@ hlt ihnen , alle möglichen schreck@@ lichen dinge zu tun . +nein , er beginnt erst@@ mals , wenn ein kind in den armen seiner mutter zu ihr auf@@ schaut und sagt : " oh , das muss meine mutter sein . +das letzte kapit@@ el meines bu@@ ches heißt " das geschen@@ k eines guten starts . " +geben wir ihn in die ar@@ mee . wir werden ihn nie wieder sehen . " +such dir einen job und zie@@ h aus . +" es ist alles gut . " +ich bin marke@@ ter und als marke@@ ter weiß ich , dass ich nie wirklich kontrolle hatte . +h@@ ul@@ u , net@@ fli@@ x und andere firmen haben off@@ ene ur@@ lau@@ bs@@ regel@@ ungen . +die zeiten , in denen ein mensch , ein unternehmen oder eine mar@@ ke genau über ihren ruf kontrollieren konnten , sind vorbei – online-@@ tr@@ at@@ sch und viele nen@@ nungen bedeuten , dass man , wenn man wichtig ist , ständig im gespräch ist , über das man selbst nicht die kontrolle hat . tim le@@ ber@@ echt präsentiert drei vor@@ schlä@@ ge , diesen kontro@@ ll@@ verlust zu akzeptieren und es sogar auf ihn anzu@@ legen – und ihn als an@@ sto@@ ß zu nutzen , sich wieder zu seinen eigenen werten zu be@@ kennen . +sie wollen die menschen in angst leben lassen . +aber die menschen haben es nicht verstanden . +sie haben sie ange@@ gri@@ ffen . +ernsthaf@@ t , diese veränderungen die ich auf dem platz er@@ lebte , ich dachte es wären 12 jahre vergan@@ gen . +ich fühle , dass ich würde habe die ich für so viele jahre verloren hatte . " +also analy@@ si@@ erten wir die babys mit einer technik die wir überall anwenden und mit den lau@@ ten jeder sprache . +die statistiken , die von den babys aufgenommen wurden ändern ihre gehirne ; sie werden von den " bür@@ gern der welt " zu den kultur@@ geb@@ un@@ denen zu@@ hör@@ ern die wir sind . +was auch immer wir ihnen vor@@ setzen , sie werden statistiken an@@ fer@@ tigen . +indem wir kinder@@ hir@@ ne untersuchen werden wir grundlegende erkenn@@ tnisse darüber sammeln , was es heißt , ein mensch zu sein . und während wir das tun , können wir vielleicht unseren eigenen verstand öffnen , um für das leben zu lernen . +aber ich muss ihnen dazu eine wi@@ tz@@ ige geschichte erzählen . +was hier passiert als die wasser@@ farbe in die struktur flo@@ ss , ist , dass die wasser@@ farben sich nicht mit dem fer@@ ro@@ flu@@ id ver@@ mis@@ chten . +ich könnte es noch einmal tun , um es nochmal zu zeigen , aber einige werden dann sagen , dass es eine vö@@ lli@@ ge versch@@ wen@@ dung des wh@@ is@@ keys wäre und ich es lieber trinken sollte . +in diesem ho@@ spi@@ z be@@ fanden sich 3@@ 1 männer und frauen , die im sterben lagen . +und meine familie brachte diese frau her@@ ein , deren mutter eine skla@@ v@@ in gewesen war , damit sie sich um mich kü@@ m@@ mer@@ te . +und sie wissen , wir haben eine gesellschaft , eine welt , die star@@ r vor angst ist . +aber man braucht auch eine wei@@ che vor@@ der@@ seite - die fähigkeit , für die welt , wie sie ist , offen zu sein , ein un@@ geschü@@ tz@@ tes herz . +mögen wir diese fähigkeit ver@@ wirklichen für alle frauen überall auf der welt . +es ist also keine überrasch@@ ung , dass wenn man auf@@ einander@@ folgende fi@@ bon@@ acci@@ -@@ zahlen addi@@ ert , die nächste fi@@ bon@@ acci@@ -@@ zahl erhält . stimmt ' s ? +darunter setzen wir ein 2@@ x@@ 2-@@ quad@@ rat , und dan@@ eben ein 3@@ x@@ 3@@ -@@ quad@@ rat , darunter ein 5@@ x@@ 5@@ -@@ quad@@ rat , und dann ein 8@@ x@@ 8@@ -@@ quad@@ rat , erschaffen ein ries@@ iges rech@@ te@@ ck . stimmt ' s ? +nun , wie ihr wisst hat man es als ir@@ an-@@ amerikaner hat man es mit ganz eigenen schwierigkeiten zu tun . +und da begann ich auszu@@ ra@@ sten , da ich keine ahnung hatte was mein groß@@ vater alles für m@@ ist ver@@ bo@@ ckt hatte . +lachen das interessante ist , dass der musli@@ mis@@ cher paki@@ stan@@ er , er ver@@ sau@@ t den ruf aller musli@@ men , paki@@ stan@@ er und menschen aus dem mittleren osten . und das auf der ganzen welt . +und er antwor@@ tet : " ich fahr@@ e zu zar@@ a . es ist drei meilen entfernt . +ich dachte mir : das wird mein fahrer sein . +mar@@ co temp@@ est : wenn man ihn nach täusch@@ ung fragte , sagte er : an@@ sa@@ ger : mag@@ ie ist der einzi@@ g ehr@@ bare beru@@ f . +wo ist die köni@@ g@@ in ? +ich werde ihnen demon@@ stri@@ eren , wie en@@ g terror@@ ismus mit unserem tä@@ glichen leben verbunden ist . +zu der zeit , als ich die roten bri@@ ga@@ den intervie@@ w@@ te , entdeckte ich außerdem , dass deren leben nicht von ide@@ ologie und politik bestimmt war , sondern von wirtschaftlichen zw@@ än@@ gen . +also beschloss ich , die ökonom@@ ie des terr@@ ors zu untersuchen . +diese dinge veränder@@ ten sich na@@ ür@@ lich gewal@@ tig mit der glob@@ alisierung und liber@@ alisierung . +dann schaute ich mir das geld@@ volu@@ men der usa näher an , und dieses geld@@ volu@@ men der usa ist genau die menge an dollar , die die us-@@ not@@ en@@ bank jedes jahr dru@@ ckt , um die st@@ eigen@@ de nach@@ frage nach geld was natürlich das wachstum der wirtschaft wider@@ spiegel@@ t . +der eur@@ o war damals eine sehr junge währ@@ ung und bot gute geschäfts@@ bedingungen , natürlich auch für inv@@ e@@ stor@@ en . +das hat mir eine ganz besondere beziehung zum ozean ver@@ schafft . +ich wollte ein leben leben , auf das ich stolz sein konnte . +ich glaube , ich war in meinem ganzen leben noch nie so glücklich gewesen . +in der ganzen zeit , in der ich auf see bin , sehe ich normalerweise nieman@@ den . +schrecklich , wirklich schrecklich . +als sie die öff@@ neten fanden sie heraus , dass ihr ma@@ gen voller plasti@@ k war . +ich traf sogar eine von ihnen und sie war ungefähr genau so groß wie ich . +und es ist sehr schwer , glücklich zu sein auf einem planeten , der von hunger und dür@@ re zerstört ist . +wie dem auch sei , heute werden wir ein wenig über architektur sprechen , zum thema kre@@ ation und optimis@@ mus . +es ist zu sp@@ ät . das ist vorbei . +können die lich@@ ter bitte einen moment lang aus@@ gesch@@ altet werden ? +und was der er@@ bau@@ er bekommen wird , ist jeder einzelne individu@@ elle teil , der außerhalb maß@@ gesch@@ nei@@ der@@ t ange@@ fer@@ tigt wurde und auf einem la@@ st@@ wagen ge@@ liefert wurde zur bau@@ stelle , zu diesem er@@ bau@@ er , mit einem set dieser an@@ lei@@ t@@ ung@@ sh@@ and@@ bücher . +sie wurden gebeten , diese brücke innerhalb von sechs wochen zu desig@@ nen , zu ersetzen , sie zu bauen , in@@ klu@@ sive aller ange@@ ferti@@ gten teile . +das ro@@ sa mexic@@ an@@ o-@@ restaurant , in dem er uns an die str@@ ände von ak@@ ap@@ ul@@ ko bringt , oben an der upp@@ er west side , mit dieser wand voller fel@@ sent@@ au@@ cher , die – da sehen sie es , genau so . +glauben sie mir . unter dem bett ist kein gutes verste@@ ck . +sie haben mich gefragt , was ich werden wollte , und sagten mir dann , was ich nicht sein soll . +für sich selbst einzu@@ stehen muss nicht bedeuten , gewalt an@@ zunehmen . +also wu@@ ch@@ sen wir auf in dem glauben , dass uns nie jemand lieben würde , dass wir für immer ein@@ sam sein würden , niemand uns je das gefühl gebe , dass die sonne etwas ist , das sie uns in ihrem schu@@ ppen geb@@ ast@@ elt hatten . +wir waren fre@@ a@@ ks -- hum@@ mer@@ hand@@ jungen und b@@ är@@ tige damen , ku@@ ri@@ o@@ si@@ täten , die mit depression und ein@@ samkeit jon@@ gli@@ erten , die bei soli@@ ta@@ ire und fla@@ schen@@ drehen versuchten , ihre eigenen verletz@@ ungen zu kü@@ ssen und zu hei@@ len , aber nachts , während die anderen schlie@@ fen , lie@@ fen wir weiter auf dem sei@@ l . +die zukunft di@@ kti@@ ert , dass es keine zeit gibt , bis auf den zusammen@@ bruch der empfin@@ dung des erinn@@ erungs@@ spiegel@@ s , in dem wir leben . +wie ich also vor dem letzten stück gesagt habe , fühlen sie sich nicht , als lebten wir auf einer ku@@ gel , sondern auf einer un@@ end@@ lichen ebene , welche die illusion er@@ we@@ ckt , sie zum aus@@ gan@@ g@@ spun@@ kt zurückzu@@ führen . +in on@@ t@@ ari@@ o rück@@ t die ta@@ ig@@ a in richtung sü@@ den zur nord@@ küste des ob@@ eren sees . +nun können sie genau dieses denken auch hier anwenden . +und die schl@@ am@@ m@@ be@@ cken sind bis zu 3@@ 6 km ² groß . +das ist einer der gründe , warum kanada , ursprün@@ glich ein held des klima@@ wand@@ els – wir waren einer der ersten unter@@ zeich@@ ner des k@@ y@@ ot@@ o-@@ proto@@ koll@@ s . +und die welt braucht ganz sicher kein wachsen und ver@@ me@@ hren der größten tox@@ ischen stau@@ an@@ lagen , die weiterhin die gemeinden stro@@ ma@@ b@@ wärts bedro@@ hen . +b@@ har@@ ti versucht dieses all@@ tag@@ sk@@ li@@ sche@@ e aufzu@@ decken , indem sie es gewis@@ ser@@ maßen explo@@ dieren lässt und neu interpre@@ tiert . +er er@@ schafft diese auf@@ wen@@ digen gemäl@@ de , die von hier@@ ony@@ mus bo@@ sch und den k@@ as@@ h@@ mi@@ ri@@ -@@ tex@@ tili@@ en seiner ju@@ gend inspiriert sind . +ich bin ök@@ ologe und untersu@@ che komplexität . ich mag komplexität . +und jetzt nehmen wir ein , zwei , drei stu@@ fen weiter weg von diesem punkt ins blick@@ feld und bl@@ enden drei viertel des diagra@@ m@@ ms außerhalb jen@@ es einflus@@ s@@ berei@@ chs aus . +so schlu@@ g ich in meinem ersten ted@@ talk vor , dass wir als planet 21 milliarden stunden pro woche mit video@@ spielen verbringen sollten . +über sie können wir mit den leuten in unserem sozialen netzwerk in kontakt bleiben , von denen wir uns sonst ent@@ frem@@ den würden , wenn wir keine spiele zusammen spiel@@ ten . +mein gehirn sagte mir : " jan@@ e , du mö@@ cht@@ est sterben . " +selbst to@@ d@@ kran@@ ke leute mit als oder ähn@@ lichem spiel@@ ten es . +trau@@ mati@@ sche ereig@@ nisse können schein@@ bar unsere fähigkeit er@@ schließen , ein leben mit weniger re@@ ue zu leben . +los ! +okay , und noch eine letzte aus@@ wahl@@ aufgabe : schü@@ tt@@ eln sie sechs sekunden lang die hand von jemandem oder senden sie jemandem ein kleines dank@@ es@@ ch@@ ö@@ n in einer sms , e-@@ mail , facebook oder twitter . los ! +clever , oder ? +das stück auf der rechten seite ist teil einer instal@@ lation , die ungefähr drei@@ einhalb meter lang ist . +zu diesem zeitpunkt hatte das projekt eine eigene vir@@ ale dimension angenommen , die vollkommen über unsere vorstell@@ ungskraft hin@@ aus@@ ging . +zuerst versuchte sie es mit stri@@ cken . +mathemati@@ ker haben diese frage be@@ antwor@@ tet . +es ist ungefähr so : stellen sie sich vor , wir wären aus@@ schließlich eu@@ kli@@ dischen flächen begeg@@ net . +und das stimmt . aber es steckt noch mehr da@@ hinter . +er glaub@@ te , dass der kri@@ st@@ all das modell aller arten der dar@@ stellung war . +so lässt sich dann also eine funktion auf eine struktur ab@@ bilden , um herauszufinden , welche schalt@@ vor@@ gän@@ ge ab@@ laufen , um diese funktion hervor@@ zur@@ u@@ fen . +wenn sie nun einen schlag auf den kopf bekommen , der den kor@@ tex besch@@ ä@@ digt und ihren ver@@ bor@@ genen sexu@@ al@@ trieb wieder frei@@ setzt , der an die oberfläche fl@@ am@@ mt , fühlen sie sich plötzlich und un@@ erklär@@ licherweise sexu@@ ell von ihrer mutter er@@ re@@ gt . +zum glück , denn wir können zwei elektro@@ den in ihren hand@@ flächen an@@ bringen und die veränderung des hau@@ twi@@ der@@ stands durch die tran@@ spi@@ ration messen . +über das telefon gibt es diese wahn@@ vorstellung nicht . +sie sagen : " herr do@@ ktor , mein ph@@ ant@@ om@@ -@@ körper@@ g@@ lied ist gel@@ ä@@ hmt . +vielleicht kann man dadurch den ph@@ ant@@ om@@ schmerz , die ver@@ kra@@ mp@@ fung im ph@@ ant@@ om@@ -@@ körper@@ g@@ lied lösen . +und er sagte : " oh mein gott , mein ph@@ ant@@ om@@ -@@ arm bewegt sich wieder . ich kann es nicht glauben ! +und ich sagte -- ich machte mir sorgen und sagte : " mein gott ! " ich meine , ich habe das körper@@ bild dieses man@@ nes verändert . was ist mit menschlichen versu@@ ch@@ sper@@ son@@ en , der eth@@ ik und alle@@ dem ? +bedenken sie bitte , dass diese personen an@@ son@@ sten völlig normal sind . +nun überlegen sie -- wie kommt das zu@@ stan@@ de ? +hier haben wir also das mar@@ si@@ an@@ ische alp@@ hab@@ et . +das ist wie ein gut ge@@ hü@@ te@@ tes geheimnis . +und ich denke , wenn wir kultur betrachten , kommen wir auch irgendwie zu einem verständnis dafür , wie wir so wurden , wie wir sind . +und außerdem sind sie in der lage , über lange stre@@ cken auf@@ recht zu gehen . +du bist glücklich . +er kann jetzt durch zä@@ hes tier@@ fell schneiden . +ss : das sind ihre symbo@@ le auf dem ta@@ stat@@ ur . +dieses umfeld bringt un@@ erwar@@ te@@ tes potential zu tage in kan@@ z@@ i und pan@@ ban@@ ish@@ a . +wir lernen , wie wir mit ihnen kommunizieren können , in sehr hoch@@ -@@ frequ@@ enten tö@@ nen . +jeder ist eine sonne mit einer gruppe von planeten , die sie um@@ krei@@ sen . +in der jün@@ gsten vergangenheit haben wir gelernt , dass die galaxien durch die gravi@@ tation der so genan@@ nten dunkl@@ en materie zusammen@@ gehalten werden : parti@@ kel in riesigen sch@@ wär@@ men , viel kleiner als atom@@ kern@@ e . +das geome@@ tr@@ ische mittel zwischen der masse eines prot@@ ons und der masse der sonne be@@ trägt 50 kil@@ ogra@@ mm@@ . was im bereich des fa@@ k@@ tors 2 der masse von jeder person hier liegen sollte . +zu@@ dem hat ein wissenschaftler , wenn er oder sie eine entdeckung macht , normalerweise keine ahnung , welche anwen@@ dungen daraus hervor@@ gehen könnten . +aber selbst aus dieser besonder@@ en ko@@ sm@@ ischen perspektive ist unser jahrhundert wirklich eine ganz große besonder@@ heit , das erste , in dem menschen sich und ihren hei@@ mat@@ planeten ändern können . +diese durch menschen verursa@@ chten änder@@ ungen , in weniger als einem milli@@ on@@ ste@@ l teil der ab@@ gel@@ auf@@ enen erd@@ geschichte mit schein@@ bar un@@ kontrolli@@ erter geschwindigkeit ? +interessant an dem artikel war , dass les@@ er des arti@@ k@@ els an@@ fingen , komment@@ are zum artikel zu schreiben . +also bekamen einige leute die no@@ ti@@ z und fünf dollar . +sie sind außerdem ziemlich ver@@ mö@@ gend und wohl@@ hab@@ end und all so was . +absolut nett , das zu tun . +ich könnte ge@@ mein sein und es ihnen nicht sagen , aber tatsächlich ist es die zentr@@ al@@ afrikan@@ ische republi@@ k . +und ich weiß , dass sie jetzt alle an völ@@ ker@@ ball@@ -@@ teams denken . +michael nor@@ ton : wie man sich glück kauft +trotz der sehr kl@@ aren anti-@@ isra@@ el@@ -@@ ide@@ ologie des neuen regi@@ mes war eine zusammenarbeit ge@@ o@@ politi@@ sch gesehen weiterhin log@@ isch und bestand fort , da immer noch gemeinsame gefahren be@@ standen . +die bus@@ h-@@ regierung antwor@@ tete nicht einmal . +der ruf nach " roh@@ daten jetzt ! " +wie kann man solche sachen benutzen ? +jetzt haben wir direkt eine echtz@@ ei@@ t-@@ karte , welche zeigt wo flü@@ cht@@ l@@ ing@@ sla@@ ger sind und schnell wurde es die beste karte , die man benutzen konnte , wenn man not@@ stand@@ s@@ arbeit in port au@@ -@@ prin@@ ce machte . +wir haben also zwei@@ fel@@ los eine demokratie , aber sie hängt sowohl von den le@@ sters als auch von der bevölkerung ab . +es gibt reiche und arme , schwarze und weiße le@@ sters , nicht viele weib@@ liche le@@ sters , aber lassen wir das erst@@ mal bei@@ seite . +dieses system will den status qu@@ o bei@@ behalten , auch den status qu@@ o einer invasi@@ ven regierung . +es geht also nicht darum , dass mein thema das wichtigste ist . das ist es nicht . +es ist lö@@ s@@ bar , nicht als demo@@ kr@@ at , nicht als republi@@ kan@@ er , +eine regierung , die nur von der bevölkerung abhän@@ gt . +es lö@@ ste den wett@@ lauf ins welt@@ all aus . +ich wurde einge@@ wiesen in eine nerven@@ klini@@ k , und in einer nerven@@ klini@@ k macht jeder seine eigene ein@@ -@@ man@@ n-@@ show . +nun , kürzlich gab es fort@@ schritte auf diesem gebiet . +das ist ein raum voller intelli@@ gent@@ er , hö@@ chst sensi@@ bl@@ er menschen . +ich zeige ihnen ein computer@@ modell von i@@ a@@ in cou@@ zin , einem forscher in oxford , das zeigt , wie sch@@ wär@@ me funktionieren . +informationen können mit diesem mechan@@ ismus in kür@@ ze@@ ster zeit über mehr als einen hal@@ ben kilometer ges@@ endet werden . +man glaub@@ te den frühen rei@@ senden aus dem westen – wie sir fran@@ c@@ is dra@@ ke – lange nicht , wenn sie aus th@@ a@@ il@@ and zurück kamen und von diesem unglaublichen spek@@ ta@@ kel beri@@ chteten . +hier habe ich zwei le@@ ere wasser@@ fla@@ schen . +und das ist jetzt vielleicht ein bisschen verrückt , aber diese weit@@ verbrei@@ tete tenden@@ z zur spon@@ tan@@ en ordnung hat manchmal un@@ erwar@@ tete kon@@ sequenzen . +intervie@@ wer : also ungefähr so viel ? oh ja . +ingenie@@ ur : absolut . intervie@@ wer : sie dachten bestimmt " oh , m@@ ist . " +also lässt mich der simul@@ ator schon genau so laufen , wie unsere zeugen auf der echten brücke lie@@ fen . +davon li@@ est man nicht täglich in den zeit@@ ungen . +also ich möchte euch die gute nachricht mit@@ teilen , dass es den fo@@ w@@ ler ap@@ fel noch gibt . +kurz gesagt , die antwor@@ tet lautet dass in der zukunft in vielen ländern die k@@ äl@@ testen an@@ bau@@ zeiten wär@@ mer sein werden als alles , was diese pflanzen bisher erlebt haben . +wir haben eine große menge an biolog@@ ischer vielfalt zusammenge@@ tragen und auf@@ be@@ wahr@@ t , land@@ wirtschaftliche vielfalt , meistens in der form von sa@@ at@@ gut , die wir in sam@@ en@@ ban@@ ken auf@@ be@@ wahren , eine art von ge@@ fri@@ er@@ sch@@ r@@ ank . +wenn man die ein@@ gan@@ g@@ stü@@ r auf@@ macht , dann sieht man das hier . es ist ziemlich einfach . es ist ein loch im boden . +die landwirtschaft ver@@ braucht 70 prozent der fr@@ isch@@ wasser@@ vor@@ rä@@ te der erde . +denn es ist höch@@ ste zeit , über eine unbe@@ que@@ me wahrheit zu sprechen , eine wahrheit , die zwar je@@ der@@ mann an@@ geht , über die aber niemand zu sprechen wa@@ gt . +noch ein vorteil von wi@@ -@@ f@@ i . gestern haben wir ja etwas über die vor@@ teile von wi@@ -@@ f@@ i gehört . +zu@@ aller@@ erst möchte ich sagen : hou@@ ston , wir haben ein problem . +in der raum@@ fahrt ist das überhaupt nicht passiert . +drei jahre , und heute können wir das nicht mehr . +und es wird sub@@ or@@ b@@ ital sein . und der grund , warum es sub@@ or@@ b@@ ital sein muss ist , dass es keine aus@@ reich@@ enden sicherheits@@ lösungen gibt , um mit pas@@ sa@@ gieren in den orbit zu fliegen . die regierungen machen das -- drei regierungen machen das seit 45 jahren , und trotzdem sind vier prozent der menschen , die die atmosphäre verlassen haben , gestorben . +diese leute nehmen ihr geld und investieren in eine interessante sache , und ich finde das viel besser , als wenn man es in ein besser@@ es handy oder sowas steckt -- aber sie investieren in sehr [ un@@ klar ] gebiete , und dadurch bekommen wir diese möglichkeiten , und das wird uns zu der nächsten wirklich großen sache führen und uns ermöglichen , zu erforschen . und ich glaube , irgendwann werden wir dadurch kol@@ on@@ ien gründen und unser aus@@ sterben verhindern können . +100 millionen dollar -- hey , ich kann zum mond fliegen . +die technolog@@ ische revolution öffnet die welt . +was ist denn nun offen@@ heit ? +er sah talent anders . +die dritte bedeutung und das da@@ zuge@@ hö@@ ri@@ ge prinzip von offen@@ heit ist teilen . +die revolution wurde nicht von sozialen medien geschaffen sondern von einer neuen generation junger leute , die arbeit und hoffnung wollten und die nicht mehr wie unter@@ tan@@ en behandelt werden wollten . +menschen wussten nichts von dingen . +es besch@@ ü@@ tzt die vögel . +also warum sollten wir uns um blut@@ gefä@@ sse gedanken machen ? +so lassen sie uns anfangen . +im effekt , wenn wir kre@@ b@@ s-@@ patienten mit der anti-@@ angi@@ o@@ gene@@ tischen therapie behandeln ; hier ein experiment@@ elles medikament für ein gli@@ om - was eine art von hirn@@ tumor ist ; können sie sehen , dass dra@@ mati@@ sche änder@@ ungen ein@@ treten wenn der tumor ausge@@ h@@ ung@@ ert wird . +und tatsächlich , die ersten behand@@ l@@ ungs@@ methoden , für menschen sowie auch h@@ unde , werden bereits verfügbar . +der ak@@ tive wirk@@ stoff ist res@@ ver@@ at@@ ro@@ l . er ist auch in ro@@ tw@@ ein zu finden . +nun , ich habe ihnen ein paar labor@@ daten gezeigt , und nun ist die eigent@@ liche frage : wie steht die be@@ wei@@ s@@ lage für menschen , dass bestimmte lebens@@ mittel@@ sor@@ ten essen , die angiogen@@ ese in krebs verring@@ ern ? +das wirklich interessante daran ist , dass wir diese fett@@ lei@@ bi@@ gen mä@@ use nicht mehr gewicht verlieren lassen können , als was für eine maus an gewicht normal ist . +ich habe die letzten 20 jahre lang rätsel entworfen +und das ging immer weiter , bis ich mich entschieden habe , es in voll@@ zeit zu tun . +m@@ .@@ c. es@@ cher hat das in einigen seiner wunder@@ vollen dru@@ cke aus@@ genutzt . +zuerst sollten wir die vas@@ en@@ illusion etwas ver@@ einfachen , dann kriegen wir das hier rechts . +was muss der erste zug sein ? +man braucht aber ein wenig ge@@ du@@ ld . +wieso ? naja , unsere generation wird langsam alt , wir baby bo@@ om@@ er essen ges@@ un@@ des essen und tra@@ inieren . aber was ist mit unserem geist ? +das sind seine ha@@ are . man hat jede menge fig@@ ur@@ -@@ grund@@ -@@ rätsel hier . +ich denke , dass die ganze welt im wesentlichen dazu er@@ zogen wurde kein mädchen zu sein . +und ihre geschichten waren so voll hor@@ ror , und so über@@ wäl@@ ti@@ gend , und so von der anderen seite des menschlichen s@@ eins , dass ich , ehrlich gesagt , am boden zerstört war . +wie ich sagte , bin ich in viele länder gerei@@ st , und ich habe gesehen , wenn wir mit dem mädchen in uns machen was wir machen , dann ist es offensichtlich er@@ schreck@@ end darüber nachzudenken , was wir den mädchen auf der welt an@@ tun . +ich kenne zum beispiel ein 14@@ -@@ jähri@@ ges mädchen in den nieder@@ landen , die darauf besteht mit einem boot auf sich selbst gestellt um die welt zu se@@ geln . +sie lehr@@ te mädchen wie eine ges@@ unde vagina aussieht , und wie eine ver@@ stü@@ mm@@ elte vagina aussieht . +und als sie zum haus kam , wurde sie be@@ grü@@ ßt . +es ist ganz schlecht . meine brü@@ der bekommen alles . " +ich ju@@ ble , weil es noch immer in meinem körper ist . +ich danke ihnen viel@@ mals . +ins gefängnis geschickt , be@@ har@@ r@@ te er eis@@ ern auf seiner un@@ schu@@ ld , und bleibt seit 21 jahren kon@@ sequ@@ ent dabei . +das ist die sicht direkt über die straße von dort aus , wo sie standen . +einige der teenager sagten aus , der wagen sei tatsächlich fünf meter entfernt gewesen , als der sch@@ uss fiel . +und was zeigt dieses beispiel — was davon ist wichtig für uns im ge@@ däch@@ tnis zu behalten ? +und das machte ihn verrückt . wirklich . er ließ sich ein@@ weisen . +die natur hat also selbst@@ ähnliche strukturen . +ich bemer@@ kte , dass die linie etwa dort ist , wo das einzige quad@@ ra@@ tische gebäude im dorf ist . +zu@@ aller@@ erst stimme ich mu@@ di@@ m@@ bes wunder@@ bar@@ em buch " die erfindung afrikas " zu , dass afrika eine erfindung des frühen kol@@ oni@@ alismus und dann der gegen@@ bewegungen ist . +hier ist ein wunder@@ bares fra@@ k@@ tal . +einer von ihnen sagte : " kom@@ m her . ich denke , ich kann dir helfen . " +lassen sie mich also mit einigen worten über die anwen@@ dungen enden , die wir dafür gefunden haben . +wenn wir diese art arbeit besser ver@@ richten wollen , müssen wir nur nach afrika bli@@ cken , um diese ro@@ bu@@ sten , selb@@ stor@@ gan@@ isi@@ erenden algorith@@ men zu finden . +um sieben uhr an einem son@@ n@@ ta@@ gab@@ end in hidden spr@@ ings , i@@ da@@ h@@ o , ver@@ sammeln sich die sechs mitglieder der familie star@@ r zum hö@@ he@@ punkt ihrer woche : der familien@@ bes@@ pre@@ chung . +er hatte drei@@ ß@@ ig jahre des " harvard business re@@ view " gelesen , bis er 198@@ 6 über einen artikel stol@@ per@@ te , der " das neue neue produ@@ kt@@ entwicklungs@@ spiel " hie@@ ß . +er sagte : " man kann die kraft hier@@ von gar nicht hoch genug ein@@ schätzen . " +wir hatten das gefühl , die verk@@ ab@@ el@@ ung zu ver@@ legen , die erst viele jahre später ihre welt er@@ h@@ ellen würde . +dann machen wir eben ein familien@@ früh@@ stück oder ein gemein@@ sam@@ es na@@ cht@@ essen . +also sagten wir : " wir brauchen eine belo@@ hnung und eine stra@@ fe . okay ? " +jim coll@@ ins , der autor von " der weg zu den besten " , erzählte mir , dass erfolgrei@@ che organisationen aller art zwei dinge gemeinsam haben : sie be@@ wahren den kern , sie fördern den fortschritt . +forscher der e@@ mor@@ y-@@ universität führten mit kindern einen einfachen wissen@@ st@@ est durch . +diese geschichte ver@@ körper@@ t für mich die ab@@ schließ@@ ende lektion , die ich gelernt habe : glück ist nicht etwas , das wir finden , es ist etwas , das wir machen . +eine im@@ prä@@ gni@@ erte wind@@ schutz@@ schei@@ be erhö@@ ht das auf 1@@ 10 ° . +und ich zeige ihnen noch eine letzte demon@@ stration , aber zuerst möchte ich mich be@@ danken , und : immer schön klein denken . +und das kam daher , dass op@@ ra@@ h zwei ganze wochen lang werbung für den film " the secret " gemacht hat . +sobald ein wort erwähnt wurde , er@@ schien sofort ein bild davon vor seinem inneren auge . +ein wel@@ tt@@ ele@@ graphi@@ e@@ zentrum – man stelle sich nachrichten , bot@@ schaften , geräusche , bilder vor , die an jeden punkt der welt ge@@ liefert werden , un@@ mittel@@ bar und dra@@ ht@@ los . +es gibt sie schon seit ca. 7@@ .000 jahren . +wieder bo@@ hren wir löcher in der größe eines 10@@ -@@ cent@@ -@@ stück@@ s in den schä@@ del und legen eine elektro@@ de hinein . diese befindet sich dann vollständig unter der haut , verbunden mit einem schritt@@ macher in der br@@ ust . mit einer fern@@ be@@ dien@@ ung ähnlich der für einen fern@@ se@@ her können wir regu@@ lieren , wie viel strom wir in diese gehirn@@ are@@ ale ab@@ geben wollen . +da ist er . +wir pflan@@ zten also depres@@ si@@ ven patienten elektro@@ den ein . +und in der tat , oben können sie die blauen felder vor dem ein@@ griff sehen , die weniger gl@@ u@@ ko@@ se als normal ver@@ brauchen , besonders hier in den schei@@ tel@@ -@@ und schl@@ äf@@ en@@ la@@ ppen . +das mache ich die ganze zeit , und es ist einfach unglaublich . +und sie können durch ein fe@@ der@@ -@@ mas@@ se-@@ system mod@@ elli@@ ert werden . wir nennen das so , weil wir bi@@ ome@@ chan@@ i@@ ker sind . es ist eigentlich ein po@@ go@@ -@@ stab . +dies ist eine zusammenarbeit mit stanford . +wir konnten nicht glauben , dass es das tun konnte . es zeigt uns , dass , wenn man einen roboter mit sehr einfachen , fe@@ der@@ nden b@@ einen bauen könnte , man ihn so wen@@ dig machen könnte , wie alles was bisher gebaut worden ist . +wenn wir jetzt ein stück kle@@ be@@ band hätten , würden wir es auf diese art ab@@ lösen . +aber das ist das , wor@@ auf wir im moment beschrän@@ kt sind . +gerade kürzlich ist uns ein durch@@ bruch gel@@ ungen , wo wir jetzt glauben , dass wir den ersten syn@@ the@@ tischen , selb@@ str@@ ein@@ i@@ genden tro@@ cken@@ kle@@ ber erzeugen können . viele firmen sind darin interessiert . +wir haben auch ein anderes problem , denn frauen sind mit här@@ teren entscheidungen konfron@@ tiert , die zwischen beru@@ f@@ lichem erfolg und persön@@ licher ver@@ wirk@@ lich@@ ung liegen . +ich habe nicht die richtige antwort ; +er li@@ est eines der 12 bücher und geht zu ein paar vor@@ les@@ ungen , spa@@ ziert zu unserem zimmer ein paar tage vor der prü@@ fung für eine nach@@ hil@@ fest@@ unde . +aber es ist nicht so einfach . +und sie sagte : " ich habe heute etwas gelernt . +botschaft nummer drei : gehe nicht , bevor du geh@@ st . +sie bewegen sich einfach nicht . +wenn menschen ihre medikamente nicht nehmen , oder wenn sie die an@@ wei@@ sungen ihres ar@@ z@@ tes nicht be@@ folgen . dies sind verhalten@@ spro@@ ble@@ me . +sie würden zahn@@ er@@ satz bekommen , mit dem man aber keine ma@@ is@@ kol@@ ben essen könnte , sie würden den rest ihres lebens von bre@@ i leben müssen . +so for@@ mu@@ lieren wir noch immer unsere bot@@ schaften , wenn es um gesundheit geht . +wir sollten vermutlich lang@@ samer werden , und wir sollten das vermutlich genau jetzt tun . +er wurde entwickelt von ein paar forsch@@ ern an der dar@@ t@@ mouth medical school , li@@ sa schwar@@ tz und steven w@@ olo@@ sh@@ in . +und das ist , was ich ihnen jetzt zeigen möchte . +wir dachten , ein patient würde den zusammenhang auch gerne verstehen . +aber wir nutzen sie nicht . die zahlen liegen nur so herum . +ich möchte ein gutes wort für die natur ein@@ legen , denn wir haben in den vergan@@ genen tagen nicht viel über sie gesprochen . +die hum@@ mel hat hier überhaupt nicht das sagen . +u@@ ff ... mini@@ -@@ me . +die andere anwendung hat prakti@@ schen wert . +er war@@ tet drei tage , und dann hol@@ ten wir sein sogenan@@ n@@ tes " ei@@ mo@@ bi@@ l " raus . +und die arten im boden machen sich ans werk , k@@ auen diese wurz@@ eln gut durch , zer@@ setzen sie - die regen@@ wür@@ mer , pil@@ ze , bakterien - und das resultat ist neuer boden . +und nun sage ich , dass ich eine schicht der spiele an der welt@@ spitze bauen will , doch das ist nicht ganz wahr , denn es ist bereits in der entwicklung ; es passiert schon . +und wenn sie damit glücklich sind , fantastisch . +also die erste ist -- die bedeuten@@ d@@ ste ter@@ m@@ in dynam@@ ik auf der welt -- ist etwas , genannt " happy hour " , +sie sollten punkte dafür kriegen , das ter@@ m@@ ing@@ er@@ echt zu tun . +wieso geht man von einer a zu einer f oder von b zu einer c ? +und wir haben eine fort@@ schritt@@ s@@ dynam@@ ik einge@@ führt , durch das besuchen der@@ selben plä@@ tze wieder und wieder , durch das absol@@ vi@@ eren von herausforderungen , durch die konta@@ kt@@ aufnahme mit geschä@@ ften , bewegen sie einen grünen bal@@ ken von der linken ecke des bild@@ schir@@ ms hin zur rechten ecke des bild@@ schir@@ ms und sie bekommen letztendlich belo@@ hn@@ ungen . +die nächste de@@ ka@@ de ist die de@@ ka@@ de der spiele . +man sieht also : hier sind wir in den vereinigten staaten und die punkte erscheinen rot . +wenn wir jetzt bitte zu den di@@ as wechseln könnten -- ok , da sind sie . +sie schalten google werbung und wir geben ihnen die wer@@ beein@@ nahmen , damit sie die organisationen davon in kenn@@ tnis setzen können . +man sieht , auch wenn die usa immer noch die mehr@@ heit aus@@ macht hier -- auch wenn sie übrigens , wenn man nach den su@@ chan@@ fragen geht , nur 30 prozent des verkehr@@ s aus@@ machen . aber es geht schon bis nach japan , und england und europa , und auch in all die rest@@ lichen länder . +ich denke , dass normalerweise wenn firmen grö@@ sser werden , sie es sehr schwierig finden , trotzdem noch kleine , innovative projekte anzu@@ gehen . +bei fro@@ og@@ le können sie nach ein@@ kauf@@ s@@ informationen suchen , und mit blog@@ ger können sie dinge veröffent@@ lichen . +aber die idee da@@ hinter ist , wie in einer zeitung zum beispiel , zeigen wir ent@@ sprech@@ ende an@@ zeigen . +also " rele@@ ated sear@@ ches " , hier . sie können es nicht so gut sehen , aber wir haben beschlossen , dass wir diese funktion in unsere ad@@ sense an@@ zeigen rein@@ tun und sie heisst " related sear@@ ches . " +dieses recht alte foto hier zeigt das erste projekt , an dem ich beru@@ f@@ lich je gearbeitet habe . vor etwa 25 jahren . +und das zu be@@ werk@@ st@@ elli@@ gen bedeu@@ tete , die fla@@ ch@@ sten stre@@ cken zu kreieren , die je ver@@ wirk@@ licht worden waren , was bedeu@@ tete , dass lange hoch@@ br@@ ücken über fl@@ us@@ stä@@ ler gebaut werden mussten - das hier ist die hoch@@ brücke über die them@@ se bei ma@@ iden@@ head - und lange tun@@ nel , wie den bei box in wil@@ ts@@ hi@@ re . +was macht technologie nützlich und anwen@@ d@@ bar ? +und anstatt die groß@@ an@@ gele@@ gten , von westlichen produ@@ z@@ enten benutz@@ ten maschinen zu instal@@ lieren , benutz@@ ten sie ko@@ st@@ eng@@ ün@@ stige c@@ ad / c@@ am origin@@ al@@ technologie . +heute haben die industri@@ ellen systeme der zeit br@@ un@@ els ausge@@ dient und sind in der tat teil des gegenwär@@ tigen problems geworden . +für mich zeigt dieses projekt , wie weit wir gehen können , ausge@@ h@@ end von diesen recht kleinen dingen , an denen ich zu beginn meiner karriere gearbeitet habe . +als antwort gab er mir eine noch hö@@ f@@ lich@@ ere version der selben erklärung . +menschen müssen für sich selbst entscheiden und auf eigene fau@@ st agieren , egal was andere menschen wollen oder raten . +die annahme , daß wir immer dann am besten sind wenn das individu@@ um selbst wä@@ hlt trifft nur dann zu wenn dieses individu@@ um klar von anderen abge@@ gren@@ zt ist . +natürlich wissen sie und ich , daß co@@ ca col@@ a die bessere wahl ist . +sie ist kein hin@@ weis auf freiheit sondern auf er@@ sti@@ ck@@ ung an un@@ bedeuten@@ den details +in frank@@ reich entschieden die ärzte ob und wann die lebenser@@ halten@@ den systeme ab@@ gesch@@ altet würden während in den usa die end@@ gü@@ l@@ tige entscheidung bei den eltern verb@@ lieb . +aber die geschi@@ chts@@ bücher und die tä@@ glichen nachrichten sagen uns , daß es nicht immer in dieser art funktioniert . +und so war ich einmal in einem schön@@ heits@@ sal@@ on und ich versuchte mich zwischen sehr lei@@ chten nu@@ an@@ cen von p@@ ink zu entscheiden . +she@@ en@@ a i@@ y@@ en@@ gar erforsch@@ t wie wir entscheidungen treffen - und was wir uns nach ge@@ tro@@ ff@@ en@@ er entscheidungen fühlen . bei ted@@ global spricht sie sowohl über tri@@ vi@@ ale entscheidungen als auch über tief@@ greif@@ ende und erzählt von ihren bahn@@ brech@@ enden forsch@@ ungen , die einige überrasch@@ ende verhaltens@@ weisen bei unseren entscheidungen entdecken . +das machte mich so fro@@ h , dass ich einfach mit dem roboter weiter@@ spielte . hier kann man also sehen , dass der roboter das steu@@ er vor@@ n hat . +ich habe also als pre@@ mi@@ ere auf der ted-@@ bühne prote@@ i nummer acht mit@@ gebracht . das ist nicht der letzte , aber man kann daran gut dinge demon@@ stri@@ eren . +das hier ist ein stol@@ zes pro@@ tei@@ -@@ mitg@@ lied aus korea , und auf der rechten seite sehen wir ein viel@@ ma@@ sten@@ design , das von einem team in mexiko vor@@ geschlagen wurde . +als sen@@ ior fellow c@@ es@@ ar har@@ ada von den katastrop@@ hal@@ en folgen der b@@ p-@@ öl@@ p@@ est im golf von mexiko im jahr 2010 hörte , sch@@ miss er seinen trau@@ m@@ job und zog nach new or@@ le@@ ans , um eine effizi@@ ent@@ ere methode zu entwickeln , das öl zu bin@@ den . er ent@@ war@@ f ein hö@@ chst man@@ ö@@ v@@ ri@@ er@@ fähi@@ ges , flexi@@ bles boot , das riesige flächen schnell säu@@ ber@@ n kann . aber anstatt daraus profit zu machen , entschied er sich für eine off@@ ene entwicklung . +ph : die beziehung zwischen der t@@ v-@@ industrie und den it@@ -@@ industrie hat sich cir@@ ca seit dem 3@@ 0@@ . geburt@@ stag bei@@ der ver@@ schle@@ chter@@ t . +ich meine , wie hat sich ein gerät , das für die buch@@ haltung und die arti@@ ll@@ er@@ ie gebaut wurde , in ein medium entwickelt ? +die atom@@ bom@@ be be@@ tritt die bühne . +und dann würden die 9@@ 2 kern@@ kraft@@ werke , die die energie berei@@ t@@ stellen würden , den rest von los angeles auf@@ füllen . +dann neh@@ mt ihr es und k@@ lebt es an den bildschirm e@@ ures fern@@ se@@ her@@ s , und rei@@ bt von innen nach außen darüber , genau so . +wenn sie das wort blo@@ go@@ sphäre oder das heu@@ tige internet ersetzen , dann ist es sehr richtig , dass seine auff@@ as@@ sung jetzt wohl sehr auf@@ schluss@@ reich ist . hören wir mal rein . +und in diesen g@@ är@@ prozess kommt der mikro@@ proz@@ ess@@ or . +diese methode erlaubt es , vorge@@ ferti@@ gte video@@ disc@@ -@@ materialien so zu nutzen , wie es am besten zu ihren spezi@@ fischen inter@@ essen und bedürf@@ nissen passt . +193@@ 9 stellte die r@@ und@@ funk@@ gesellschaft der usa das fernsehen vor . +es ist ein kunde , es ist ein publikum , es ist eine person , die sich beteili@@ gt . +stimme 2 : es ist vorbei mit der nachbar@@ schaft . +und so ist bei jeder an@@ kunft eines neuen medi@@ ums das alte medium der inhalt , und es ist sehr beob@@ acht@@ bar , sehr bemerkens@@ wert , aber das echte auf@@ mischen und mas@@ sieren wird von dem neuen medium getan , und es wird ignor@@ iert . +ich lief durch am@@ ster@@ dam@@ s straßen und mir wurde klar , dass das wichtige in am@@ ster@@ dam sich nicht in den desig@@ ner@@ -@@ lä@@ den ab@@ spielte , sondern draußen auf der straße , und vielleicht erklärt es sich von selbst , aber es ist eine stadt , die nicht vom moder@@ nis@@ mus über@@ ru@@ mp@@ elt worden ist , sondern sich ihre architektur und ihren charakter be@@ wahr@@ t hat , in der fahr@@ rä@@ der eine wichtige rolle dabei spielen , wie die leute sich fort@@ bewegen , und in der die rechte der fuß@@ gän@@ ger geschü@@ tzt werden . +es len@@ kt die aufmerksamkeit auf sich ; es ist sehr emotion@@ ell ; es er@@ wider@@ t den blick wie eine skulp@@ tur es manchmal tut . +die nieder@@ länder sind auch gut , aber die itali@@ en@@ er sind gut . +ich glaube , dass muster die fähigkeit haben , einige der bö@@ s@@ arti@@ gsten kräfte der gesellschaft auszu@@ radi@@ eren , wie z@@ . b. schlechte man@@ ieren im restaurant , aber im ernst , was man dadurch sieht , ist , wie die ag@@ gressi@@ vi@@ tät der industri@@ alisi@@ erten welt diese – gewis@@ ser@@ maßen – riesigen ma@@ ssen von dingen produziert hat – mon@@ o@@ kulturen , und ich glaube , dass die er@@ haltung der kultur@@ ellen vielfalt sehr wichtig für uns ist . +ro@@ b for@@ bes , grün@@ der von design within reach , zeigt eine gal@@ er@@ ie von sch@@ na@@ pp@@ schü@@ ssen , die seine art , die welt zu betrachten , illu@@ stri@@ eren . char@@ man@@ te gegen@@ über@@ stellungen , ge@@ fun@@ dene kunst , urban@@ e muster – diese präsentation wird ihnen die augen für die welt um sie herum öffnen . +also ba@@ st@@ elte ich mod@@ ell@@ flie@@ ger . +und in den fol@@ genden 25 jahren , lebte ich in it@@ alien , lebte in amerika , teil@@ te ich sor@@ g@@ sam teile dieser roman@@ tik an jeden aus , der dafür za@@ hlte . dieser sinn , dieses äs@@ the@@ tische gefühl , für das erleb@@ nis , das sich um ein desig@@ no@@ b@@ je@@ kt dreht . +und genauso arbeite ich jetzt . +er griff hin@@ ab . er zog einen he@@ bel . und der stuhl fuhr hin@@ unter . +würde jeder einmal seine hand unter dem hinter@@ teil plat@@ zieren und sein stei@@ ß@@ bein er@@ spüren . +ide@@ al@@ erweise gehört die kopf@@ stü@@ tze in den sch@@ äd@@ el@@ bereich , genau hier . +stellen sie sich vor , sie fahren in den ur@@ lau@@ b . +das ist zwei tage her . +offensichtlich muss das produkt , das wir wollen , har@@ m@@ los für menschen sein . +ein einzel@@ nes weib@@ chen kann bis zu 100 ei@@ er am stück legen , bis zu 500 in ihrem leben . +fra@@ cht@@ kosten sind also nicht unser größ@@ tes problem . +ich wa@@ chte in einem krankenhaus auf , auf der intensi@@ v@@ station wo ich mich von einer not@@ fal@@ lo@@ per@@ ation er@@ hol@@ te . +es ist also nicht so leicht zu antworten , wenn sie jemand fragt , " wo wo@@ hnen sie , wo arbeiten sie und wo verbringen sie ihre ganze zeit ? +ich kann mich nicht erinnern , dass mich jemals ein arzt gefragt hat : " wo haben sie bisher gewohn@@ t ? " +und alle diese schwarzen punkte sind orte , an denen gi@@ ft@@ g@@ ase frei@@ gesetzt werden , die von der ep@@ a über@@ wa@@ cht werden . +und ich finde , er lag richtig damit , vor fast einem jahrzehnt . +ich bin der or@@ an@@ gen@@ -@@ ka@@ is@@ er . ich bin der or@@ an@@ gen@@ -@@ ka@@ is@@ er . " +ich möchte mit einer frage beginnen : w@@ em ist das blau@@ al@@ gen@@ problem ein begriff ? +grundlage der zell@@ mem@@ bran@@ en ist phosp@@ h@@ or : phosp@@ ho@@ li@@ pi@@ de . +bestimmt denken sie jetzt : " was für eine verwen@@ dung . " +was sollen wir tun ? wir stehen vor einem dile@@ m@@ ma . +und mit der zeit hat sich der pil@@ z entwickelt und ange@@ passt , selbst die winzi@@ gste phosp@@ hor@@ sp@@ ur auf@@ zus@@ p@@ ür@@ en und einzu@@ setzen , sie der pflan@@ ze zugänglich zu machen . +my@@ kor@@ r@@ hi@@ za wurde nur in einem der felder eingesetzt . +beispiele wie christ@@ op@@ her wr@@ ens k@@ ings cross : sie sehen , dass die struk@@ tur@@ ellen kräfte des gew@@ öl@@ bes als linien ausge@@ drückt werden . man kann also den ausdruck der struk@@ tur@@ ellen kraft und form tatsächlich sehen . +nun , typ@@ is@@ cher@@ weise denken sie , dass alle gleich sind : die stü@@ hle , auf denen sie sitzen , haben alle die gleichen ma@@ ße . +und hier haben wir die 500 wohn@@ ungen in kleine nachbar@@ schaften auf@@ gebro@@ chen und diese nachbar@@ schaften differ@@ en@@ ziert . +auf diesem weg konnten wir ein paar hundert dollar für diese werkzeuge bezahlen , und hatten eine unglaubliche vielfalt an kompon@@ enten . +zum schluss möchte ich ihnen noch einige effe@@ kte durch digitale herstellung zeigen . +gehen wir auf unserer wel@@ trei@@ se weiter richtung sü@@ den , können wir zum bo@@ li@@ vi@@ anischen rand des ama@@ z@@ ons gehen , hier auch im jahr 197@@ 5 , und wenn sie sehr genau hin@@ sehen , da geht eine kleine weiße linie mit@@ ten@@ durch , wie ein gest@@ ein@@ s@@ ris@@ s , und da draußen ist ein ein@@ samer bau@@ er , in der mitte des ur@@ alten d@@ sch@@ un@@ gel@@ s . +t@@ ja , der color@@ a@@ do river an einem typ@@ ischen tag , wissen sie , keine flu@@ t , keine dür@@ ren ein ganz durchschnitt@@ licher tag , so sieht der fluss dann aus . +sagen wir es mal so . +und dennoch reden wir bis jetzt wenig darüber . +in den grünen bereichen , sind die er@@ träge von ma@@ is — einfach nur als beispiel — schon sehr hoch , wahrscheinlich die höch@@ sten , die man weltweit für dieses kli@@ ma und diesen boden findet . aber die bra@@ un@@ en bereiche zeigen regionen , die nur 20 oder 30 prozent dessen er@@ zielen , was sie er@@ bringen sollten . +wir müssen uns der anderen un@@ an@@ gene@@ hmen wahrheit stellen . eine globale krise der landwirtschaft . +und nichts , was wir tun ist wichtiger für unser überleben +ich hatte als antwort erwartet : » von hier , der la@@ g@@ une , oder irgendwo aus afrika . « , aber sie werden sich freu@@ en , sie sagte er kä@@ me von hier , aus der nord@@ see . +enor@@ m . aber das sollte eine fuß@@ note haben , die bes@@ agt , dass zwei drittel der arbeiter auf der welt davon aus@@ geschlossen sind . +die gehen an ed@@ dy in la@@ gos . +erstens müsste man verstehen , dass man dies als ko@@ oper@@ ative sehen könnte , eine idee des brasili@@ anischen rechts@@ wissenschaft@@ l@@ ers ro@@ ber@@ to ma@@ gab@@ ei@@ ra unger . +es gibt auch kinder die ohne arme geboren werden , genannt " angeb@@ or@@ en@@ es g@@ lie@@ d@@ maß@@ en@@ fehlen " . +es sind verschiedene auf dem markt , hier sehen sie ein paar . +stellen sie sich vor , jemand hat seinen ganzen arm verloren , wir haben noch vier große ner@@ ven die den arm entlang gehen . +ich for@@ dere jeden im raum auf seine br@@ ust so zu bewegen . +sie sehen ihn mit dem origin@@ al@@ gerät auf der linken seite nach 8 monaten ge@@ brauch . auf der rechten seite zwei monate . +ich konnte sie allein durch gedanken verwenden . +ak : nun ich habe den ell@@ en@@ bogen der hoch und runter geht . +hier benutzt am@@ anda einen arm der de@@ ka@@ -@@ forschungs@@ gruppe . +aber schauen sie sich all die elektro@@ den dru@@ m@@ herum an . +to@@ d@@ d ku@@ i@@ ken : eine arm@@ pro@@ these die fühlt +forschung ist in afrika auch viel lei@@ chter durch@@ zu@@ führen aufgrund der weit verbrei@@ teten armut , en@@ de@@ mi@@ en und man@@ gel@@ ha@@ ften gesundheits@@ wes@@ ens . +öffentliche verantwortung muss durch transpar@@ enz und unabhängi@@ ge prü@@ f@@ ungen ge@@ ge@@ ben@@ en@@ falls durch n@@ gos und internationale organisationen ge@@ förder@@ t werden . +heute gibt es dort um die tausend l@@ k@@ ws , bus@@ se und p@@ k@@ ws . +und , was noch wichtiger ist , sie sind gut ge@@ klei@@ det . +an den blauen und grünen stellen ist das wasser sehr k@@ alt . +wir arbeiten also an diesem pingu@@ in-@@ projekt , die wild@@ life conser@@ vation society hat mir geld gegeben , genauso wie viele einzel@@ personen in den letzten 27 jahren , sodass wir in der lage sind , diese karten zu produzieren . +weil wir das problem zwar in der pro@@ vin@@ z ch@@ u@@ but gelöst haben , eine art bun@@ des@@ staat von ar@@ gent@@ ini@@ en , in dem pun@@ ta tom@@ bo liegt – das sind etwa 1.000 km küste – aber wir haben das problem nicht in nor@@ dar@@ gent@@ ini@@ en , ur@@ u@@ gu@@ ay und brasili@@ en gelöst . +tur@@ bo ist nie gefü@@ tter@@ t worden . +hier ist ein weib@@ chen , das es ei@@ lig hat . +für sie spielen nationen , länder , grenzen noch eine große rolle , o@@ ft@@ mals eine gewal@@ tt@@ ä@@ tige . +wie sie auf dieser karte sehen können , ist rus@@ s@@ land immer noch das größte land der erde . +sie richten ihre eigenen märkte und kranken@@ häuser ein . +ganz besonders fo@@ kus@@ siert es sich auf japan , korea und australien , länder , die en@@ ge verb@@ ün@@ dete der usa sind . +wie können wir also anfangen , über die grenzen in dieser gegend der welt anders zu denken ? +was würde es ? ich glaube , dass infrastruktur das problem lösen könnte . +und ich kann ihnen versi@@ chern , es ist ihnen ebenso wichtig wie es kol@@ oni@@ alisten und im@@ peri@@ alisten wichtig gewesen wäre . +im jahr 2005 , tr@@ aten 15 neue länder der e@@ u bei +die post-@@ kol@@ oni@@ ale entrop@@ ie die rund um den glo@@ bus vor sich geht , beschle@@ uni@@ gt sich und ich erwar@@ te mehr solcher veränderungen auf der karte sobald staaten aus@@ einander@@ fallen . +viele menschen meinen , dass die grenzen heute keine rolle mehr spielen . para@@ g k@@ han@@ na sagt , dass sie es doch tun . mit karten von heute und damals erklärt k@@ han@@ na die haup@@ tur@@ sachen der welt@@ weiten gren@@ z@@ konfli@@ kte und bietet für jeden einzelnen eine einfache und doch intelligen@@ te lösung an . +und als nächstes se@@ ht ihr den lang@@ le@@ bi@@ gen mu@@ tan@@ ten , wenn er noch j@@ ung ist . +so ist es . und du wür@@ dest es nie wissen . +nun habt ihr sich alle zumindest von insu@@ lin gehört . +es ist also wirklich interessant , und es er@@ gibt einen gewissen sinn , da sie noch immer j@@ ung sind , also warum würden sie krankheiten bekommen , bevor sie alt würden ? +so funktioniert es . das ist der grund , warum wir keine lange lebens@@ span@@ ne sehen , bis wir einen da@@ f-@@ 2 mu@@ tan@@ ten haben . +und das ist der fall auf der ganzen welt , wie man an den ster@@ nen erkennen kann . +obwohl du nach einem medikament su@@ chst , dass das al@@ tern verhindern kann , in alten männern wie mir , was du nun ziemlich gut im labor@@ at@@ ori@@ um machen kön@@ n@@ test , wenn du eth@@ isch dazu be@@ fu@@ gt wär@@ st , ist es , menschliches leben von grund auf zu kreieren mit modi@@ fi@@ zierten genen , welche es dazu be@@ fähi@@ gen würde , viel länger zu leben ? +wenn man vögel an@@ schaut , welche eine lange zeit leben können , zellen von den vö@@ geln ten@@ dieren resi@@ st@@ enter gegenüber umwelt@@ beding@@ tem stress zu sein , wie hö@@ h@@ eren temper@@ aturen oder hydro@@ gen per@@ ox@@ id , solchen dingen . +wie sie sehen , ist es unmöglich zu lesen . +hier ist ein weiter@@ er guter artikel über eine neue kampagne gegen die pri@@ va@@ ti@@ si@@ erung von durch@@ fahr@@ ts@@ straßen ohne irgend@@ eine konta@@ kt@@ information zur kampagne . +das führt und zum letzten punkt , nämlich zu unseren wa@@ hlen . +ich sehe schon , da kommt noch viel arbeit auf mich zu . +um unsere un@@ wissen@@ heit zu über@@ winden , was die rolle der ger@@ hirn@@ chemie betrifft , ist es hil@@ frei@@ ch – wie wir bi@@ ologen sagen – mit " vor@@ führ@@ mod@@ ellen " zu arbeiten , tiere wie fru@@ cht@@ fliegen und labor@@ mä@@ use , an denen wir leistungs@@ fähi@@ ge gene@@ tische techni@@ ken au@@ spro@@ bieren können , um molekul@@ ar@@ isch in der lage zu sein , spezi@@ fische neur@@ on@@ en@@ arten genau zu identi@@ fizieren , wie ihr heute morgen schon bei dem vortrag von all@@ an j@@ ones gehört habt . +wer@@ tigkeit bedeutet , gut oder schlecht , posi@@ tiv oder nega@@ tiv . +man kann eine flie@@ ge tra@@ inieren , einen geru@@ ch nicht anzu@@ fliegen , wie ihr hier in blau se@@ ht , wenn ihr diesen geru@@ ch mit einem scho@@ ck verbindet . +moderne psychop@@ har@@ ma@@ ka behandeln die chemie des gesamten gehirns , aber neuro@@ bi@@ ologe david ander@@ son glaubt an eine differ@@ en@@ zier@@ tere vorstellung davon , wie das gehirn funktioniert . er bele@@ u@@ chtet neue forsch@@ ung@@ ser@@ geb@@ nisse , die zu einer ge@@ zi@@ elten psychiat@@ r@@ ischen medikam@@ enti@@ erung führen könnte – , die besser funktionieren und neben@@ wirkungen vermeiden . wie macht er das ? für den anfang macht er eine reihe von fru@@ cht@@ fliegen wü@@ tend . +also machten wir ein experiment , dafür setzten wir einen n@@ ac@@ kten freiwilli@@ gen in einen großen kä@@ fi@@ g und in diesen kä@@ fi@@ g gaben wir mü@@ cken , um zu sehen , welche körper@@ stellen sie bei der person ste@@ chen . +das problem dabei ist , dass in der gesamten landschaft diese wasser@@ lachen mit den lar@@ ven , überall verteilt sind , was es für einen kontro@@ l@@ le@@ ur sehr schwierig macht , all die bru@@ t@@ stä@@ tten zu finden und mit inse@@ kti@@ zi@@ den zu behandeln . +los geht ' s . +aber nicht alle patienten auf der war@@ te@@ liste für spen@@ der@@ organ@@ e haben so viel glück . +und in meinen gedanken re@@ alisi@@ erte ich als chirur@@ g@@ ische pi@@ oni@@ erin , dass der zweck meiner einflus@@ s@@ reichen position sicher war , meine stimme zu er@@ heben für die , die keinen einfluss haben . +und stellen sie sich vor , forscher auf der ganzen welt und in den labor@@ at@@ orien sind ras@@ end dabei alter@@ nde erwachsene stammzellen umzu@@ wand@@ eln – alter@@ nde erwachsene stammzellen von ihnen und mir – sie sind ras@@ end dabei diese zellen umzu@@ program@@ mieren zurück in nütz@@ lich@@ ere i@@ ps zellen . +stammzellen können genutzt werden um wachst@@ um@@ s@@ faktoren zu über@@ mitteln für die repar@@ atur eines besch@@ ä@@ di@@ gten herz@@ mus@@ k@@ els oder um differ@@ en@@ ziert zu werden zu herz@@ mus@@ kel@@ zellen um die herz@@ funktion wieder herzustellen . +und hier sind die ergebnisse dieses wunder@@ vollen proje@@ ktes es ist " das system " in ven@@ e@@ zu@@ ela . +was geschieht also , wenn so was nicht passiert ? +aber hier sehen sie , was wirklich los ist . +ja . +und zum wo@@ hle ihrer beziehung möchte ich sie ermu@@ tigen , mir das nachzu@@ machen . +aber wir wissen nicht wo , da wir nicht wissen , wie wir das muster lesen sollen . +erstens ist es eindeu@@ tig eine un@@ blu@@ tige , dra@@ ht@@ lose form der kommunikation . +sie kennen diese zellen , denn es sind diejenigen , die sie fru@@ stri@@ eren , wenn sie versuchen eine flie@@ ge tot@@ zu@@ schlagen . +immer dann , wenn eine flie@@ ge die mitte der kam@@ mer erreicht , dort wo die beiden gerü@@ che sich treffen , muss sie eine entscheidung treffen . +immer wenn sie zum mittel@@ punkt kommt , bleibt sie stehen , untersucht sor@@ g@@ fäl@@ tig die schnitt@@ stelle der gerü@@ che , als ob sie die umgebung aus@@ schn@@ ü@@ ff@@ eln würde , und dann dreht sie um . +der andere teil der guten nachrichten , zumindest für den wissenschaftler , ist , dass noch viel@@ es ver@@ bleibt , um entdeckt zu werden . +es ver@@ lässt sich auch auf passi@@ ve patienten , die dinge einfach hin@@ nehmen und keine fragen stellen . +thomas ba@@ ti@@ u@@ k : hallo , eric ! +die ersten beiden haben sie gerade in meinem gespräch mit dr. ba@@ ti@@ u@@ k gesehen . +später im studi@@ um bekam ich angst vor herz@@ besch@@ werden , als ich wegen der ni@@ ere in behandlung war . plötzlich sagen sie : " oh , wir glauben , sie haben ein herz@@ problem . " +diese popu@@ la@@ tions@@ studien haben ton@@ nen@@ weise wunder@@ mittel hervor@@ gebracht , die millionen menschen@@ leben ger@@ et@@ tet haben . das problem ist aber , dass uns das gesundheitswesen als durch@@ schnitt behandelt , nicht als einzigarti@@ ge individuen . letzten endes ist aber der patient nicht dasselbe wie die population , die untersucht wird . das führt zum rät@@ sel@@ raten . +" danke " klingt so abge@@ dro@@ schen , aber ich danke ihnen von gan@@ z@@ em herzen , dass sie mir das leben ger@@ et@@ tet haben . +hier sehen sie k@@ ell@@ ar au@@ tu@@ m@@ n , meinen ehe@@ mali@@ gen dok@@ tor@@ an@@ den , der jetzt professor am le@@ wi@@ s & amp ; c@@ lar@@ k college ist , wie er sp@@ rich@@ wör@@ tlich seinen erst@@ geb@@ or@@ enen her@@ gibt , um diesen test machen zu können . +oh . eine weitere sache , auf die ich hin@@ weisen wollte . sehen sie sich sti@@ ck@@ y@@ bot an . +und als ich mich daran machte , dies zu erforschen , wurde mir klar , dass wir bei einem der großartigen ted-@@ vor@@ träge der vergangenheit , von na@@ than , über einen ak@@ tiven schwan@@ z gesprochen haben . +für diejenigen von ihnen , die sich an den physi@@ k@@ unterricht erinnern : das ist eine dre@@ hung bei einem an@@ fan@@ gs@@ dre@@ hi@@ mp@@ ul@@ s von null . aber das ist wie bei kat@@ zen . +man kann also so man@@ ö@@ v@@ ri@@ eren . +aber wenn es di@@ chter an den baum heran@@ kommt , achten sie auf die nah@@ aufnahme und versuchen sie zu erkennen , wie es lan@@ det . +also werde ich ihm am ende ein wenig zeit wid@@ men . +das problem ist , dass es sehr kompli@@ zierte kräfte im klima@@ system gibt . +das war - das ist sü@@ dlich des sü@@ dlichen po@@ lar@@ kreis . +die plan@@ ung des proje@@ kts be@@ an@@ spru@@ chte ca. 10 jahre . +wir haben die temperatur im letzten jahrhundert um genau diesen betra@@ g erhö@@ ht . +und wuchs 600 jahre lang . +die kor@@ allen reichen hunderte bis tausende jahre zurück . +als letztes werde ich noch kurz über die ver@@ sau@@ erung der me@@ ere sprechen . +das bedeutet , dass all die organismen , die in den me@@ eren leben , sich bei kon@@ stan@@ ten niedri@@ g@@ eren co@@ 2-@@ werten als heute das ist der grund , warum sie sich an die schn@@ elle ver@@ sau@@ erung die im moment statt@@ findet nicht an@@ passen können . +die idee geht in etwa so : stellen sie sich vor , der raum ist der trä@@ ger für alles was da ist . +er sagte : wenn ich eine weitere kraft beschreiben will , brauche ich vielleicht eine weitere dimension . +jemand von ihnen wird das mal ändern aber alles nicht fla@@ che auf dem schirm ist eine neue dimension es wird kleiner , kleiner , kleiner bis zu den mikrosk@@ op@@ ischen tie@@ fen des rau@@ mes selbst . die idee ist : man könnte weitere auf@@ ger@@ oll@@ te dimensionen haben hier ist ein kleiner um@@ ris@@ s eines krei@@ ses - so klein , dass wir sie nicht sehen . +dieses " andere " ist dieses tanz@@ ende energi@@ e-@@ fil@@ am@@ ent . +diese frage lautet : wenn wir uns die welt ansehen , wie es die forscher in den letzten 100 jahren getan haben , scheint es 20 zahlen zu geben , die unser universum fundamental beschreiben . +und wenn sie sehen , wie diese kleinen ker@@ l@@ chen herum vi@@ bri@@ eren , - sie werden gleich hier sein - sehen sie , wie die art ihrer schw@@ ing@@ ung abhän@@ gt von der geome@@ trie der extra@@ -@@ dimensionen . +und jetzt kommt die str@@ ing@@ theorie daher und sagt : ja , gravi@@ tation , qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik , elektro@@ magne@@ tis@@ mus passen alle zusammen in ein pa@@ ket , aber nur , wenn das universum mehr dimensionen hat , als die , die wir sehen , +worüber ich sprechen will ist nicht , dass zusammenhang alles ist , sondern warum zusammenhang alles ist . +die links kommt von einer or@@ an@@ genen fläche , unter dire@@ k@@ tem licht , nach rechts ge@@ dreht , durch ein bl@@ äu@@ liches medium betrachtet . +wenn sie also bitte das licht hier hin richten könnten . +aber ich werde nichts an diesen bo@@ x@@ en verändern , außer ihrer bedeutung . +bewegen sie ihre augen , blin@@ z@@ eln sie , schließen sie vielleicht ein auge . +sie landen auf der blu@@ me , stecken ihre zun@@ ge hinein , auch r@@ üs@@ sel genannt , und dann trinken sie das zu@@ cker@@ wasser . +und sie sehen : hier ist eine schwa@@ che linie , die durch das bild hin@@ durch@@ geht . +was ich jetzt machen möchte : ich se@@ tze die mittleren neun flächen unter gel@@ be bele@@ u@@ chtung , einfach , indem ich einen filter hinter sie lege . +wenn wir sicherheit aus wirtschaft@@ licher sicht betrachten ist es ein kom@@ promis@@ s . +ich denke , dass ist eine grundle@@ gend interessante frage . +sie können sich also vorstellen , wie das funktioniert . +es gibt kein richti@@ ges wort für die dinge , die uns sicherheit geben , aber uns nicht sicherheit fühlen lassen . +ich habe gefühl und realität +ich bin in new york city geboren . +intui@@ tiv ist nur ein anderes wort für vertraut . +ein beispiel , ein toll@@ es beispiel , ist die gefahr des rau@@ ch@@ ens . +starke gefühle können ein modell schaffen . +ich meine richtig schwer , information scheint unsere beste hoffnung zu sein . +ich sagte : " das ist irgendwie klasse . +schaff@@ ten es nicht . konnten nicht warten . +und lassen sie mich ihnen zeigen was passierte . +jo@@ ach@@ im de pos@@ ag@@ a sagt , esse das mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low nicht +das war nach dem 1@@ 1. september , die stadt machte har@@ te zeiten durch . +wir haben in@@ des mit dem bau von ab@@ schnitt zwei begonnen . +ich zeige ihnen hier eine folie , die ich zeige ihnen hier eine folie , die das konfli@@ kt@@ wesen von 194@@ 6 +mein land ver@@ lässt sich auf seine sicherheit durch militär@@ ische b@@ ün@@ dn@@ is@@ se . ganz klar . +was ich meine , ist , man muss nicht neu@@ tra@@ l sein , um zu reden . +das ist , meines er@@ ach@@ tens , falsch . +was können wir also daraus lernen ? +das müssen wir unbedingt be@@ greifen , da wegen technologie und glob@@ alisierung die gesellschaft von der basis auf funktioniert . +ich sagte , " nein , es ist – es ist pingu@@ in@@ schei@@ ße . " +und vor kurzem war ich auf der o@@ ster@@ insel , die ein unglaublich schö@@ ner und geheim@@ nis@@ voller ort ist , denn egal , wo sie auf der o@@ ster@@ insel hin@@ gehen , treffen sie auf diese stat@@ u@@ en , mo@@ ai genannt . +wie lange haben sie in welcher position ge@@ standen ? +so , dieses gerät ist eine op@@ tische tar@@ n@@ ka@@ ppe . +lebens@@ mittel werden mit einer schle@@ u@@ der@@ kraft be@@ arbeitet , die etwa 50@@ .@@ 00@@ 0-@@ mal stärker ist als die normale er@@ dan@@ zieh@@ ungskraft , und , meine gü@@ te , wie sie die hü@@ hn@@ er@@ brü@@ he klär@@ t ! +ich meine , können sie sich das vorstellen ? e@@ .@@ t@@ . telefon@@ iert nach hause und ich bin nicht da ? das wäre schrecklich ! +nun , so sieht ein ty@@ ran@@ no@@ sau@@ rus re@@ x in meinem wohn@@ zimmer aus . +also , es gibt mehr und mehr aktivität neben dem boot , und plötzlich ru@@ ft jemand , " was ist das da im wasser ? " +nachdem ich das erklärt habe , wird etwas darauf bas@@ ieren das , wie ich glaube , eine andere idee sein wird darüber , wie wir die krebs@@ behandlung in ang@@ riff nehmen können +was sie also sagen können , ist , dass sie den unterschied zwischen einer asi@@ a@@ tischen person und einer europä@@ ischen person erkennen können , indem sie auf ihre in@@ hal@@ ts@@ stoffe schauen . +aber manchmal können sie viel mehr nütz@@ liche dinge damit lernen . +ich meine , ich sehe täglich patienten sterben weil wir nicht wissen , was in ihnen vor sich geht . +das ist also die han@@ schrift , in der wir versuchen muster zu erkennen . +das problem ist , dass es bei krebs nichts zusätz@@ liches gibt dass in ihnen ist . +ihr haus ist also ständig mit le@@ cks beschäftigt . aber es repar@@ iert sie . es tro@@ ck@@ net sie aus und so weiter . +ich danke ihnen viel@@ mals . +am 4@@ . febru@@ ar veröffent@@ lich@@ ten wir es auf unserer webseite . vor@@ m " super tu@@ es@@ day " . +stufe eins ist eine gruppe , in der menschen syste@@ matisch die verbindungen von funktion@@ ier@@ enden stä@@ mmen ka@@ ppen , und sich dann zusammen@@ finden mit gleich@@ ges@@ inn@@ ten menschen . +wenn sie so spr@@ ä@@ chen , stellen sie sich vor , was sie zu@@ stan@@ de br@@ ä@@ chten . +hier ist die größte herausforderung für innovation . +es gibt noch eine weitere stufe . +wir sind toll ! wer ist nicht toll ? england ! " +einer der menschen , die wir intervie@@ w@@ t haben , war frank j@@ or@@ den , der ehe@@ mali@@ ge bürger@@ meister von san fr@@ ans@@ is@@ co . vorher war er der poli@@ zei@@ che@@ f in san fr@@ ans@@ is@@ co . +so ziemlich alle anderen , die um@@ fragen machen . +ich werde ein paar com@@ ic@@ -@@ stri@@ ps vor@@ lesen . +daher lassen sie das licht überall im haus an . +erst im 14@@ . jahrhundert erkannte ein itali@@ en@@ ischer mal@@ er den scho@@ ß als g@@ rie@@ ch@@ ischen tem@@ pel , ge@@ pol@@ stert mit fleisch und stoff . +apri@@ ko@@ sen@@ häl@@ ften wie o@@ hren der cher@@ u@@ b@@ im . +und es ist zu zer@@ e@@ bra@@ l , um mut und herzen zu ani@@ mieren und verhalten , wen@@ ns hart auf hart kommt . +und in diesem licht betrachtet , für religiö@@ se menschen , bringt mitgefühl uns auch in den bereich des myster@@ i@@ ums -- es er@@ m@@ unter@@ t uns zu sehen , nicht nur schönheit , sondern vielleicht auch nach got@@ tes ant@@ li@@ tz zu schauen im moment des leiden@@ s , im gesicht eines frem@@ den , im gesicht eines strahl@@ enden religiö@@ s ander@@ s@@ den@@ ken@@ den . +je@@ an v@@ ani@@ er sagt , dass seine arbeit , wie die arbeit anderer menschen -- seiner großartigen , ge@@ lieb@@ ten , ver@@ stor@@ benen freundin mutter ter@@ es@@ a -- nie vor@@ ran@@ gi@@ g dazu da ist , um die welt zu verändern ; sie ist vor@@ ran@@ gi@@ g dazu da , um uns selbst zu verändern . +aber er beobach@@ tete , wie physiker und chemi@@ ker liefer@@ anten von massen@@ ver@@ nicht@@ ungs@@ waffen wurden , zu beginn des 20. jahrhunderts . +ra@@ ch@@ el na@@ om@@ i re@@ men ist eine bessere är@@ z@@ tin , wegen ihres lebens@@ langen kam@@ pf@@ es mit der cro@@ hn@@ -@@ krankheit . +aber ich san@@ g das mot@@ to . ich san@@ g es mit allen anderen . +sie unterschei@@ det sich von schü@@ ch@@ tern@@ heit . +es stellt sich heraus , dass dem eine eigene kraft in@@ ne@@ wohn@@ t , denn die leute spüren , dass diese an@@ führer am steu@@ er waren , nicht weil sie gerne andere leiten , und nicht weil sie es genie@@ ßen , gesehen zu werden , sie waren da , weil sie keine andere wahl hatten , weil sie dazu ge@@ trieben waren , das zu tun , was sie für richtig hielten . +das ist nicht überrasch@@ end , wenn man sich die erkenn@@ tnisse zeit@@ gen@@ ö@@ ss@@ ischer psych@@ ologie an@@ schaut . +und in ihnen sind die vor@@ bilder ganz großartige verk@@ äu@@ fer . +und selbst wenn er nicht auf dem po@@ dium stand , wenn man ihm nur kurz hallo sagen wollte , be@@ en@@ dete er oft das gespräch vor@@ zeitig , aus sorge , dass er der anderen person zeit weg@@ nahm . +dies ist auch für ex@@ tro@@ verti@@ erte kinder besonders wichtig . +und danach komme ich zurück zum anfang und erzähle ihnen ein wenig mehr - hoffentlich über@@ zeuge ich sie - darüber , dass ich glaube , dass es in der heutigen welt wirklich sehr wichtig für führ@@ ungsk@@ r@@ äf@@ te ist , nicht nur eine idee davon zu haben , was für ihre firma wichtig ist , sondern auch eine leidenschaft für etwas zu haben , das bedeu@@ tsam ist . +eine unserer leiden@@ schaften in unserer firma ist es also , und jetzt eine meiner persönlichen leiden@@ schaften , im stan@@ de zu sein , richtig hart daran zu arbeiten , technologien nützlich , errei@@ ch@@ bar und er@@ schw@@ ing@@ lich zu machen . +in der tat glauben wir , dass es mach@@ bar ist , 100 prozent zu erreichen , sogar vor 20@@ 15 . in anderen teilen der schw@@ ell@@ en@@ länder , wie zum beispiel indien und china , gab es gute fort@@ schritte - die stab@@ il waren , gut waren . aber in nicht so entwickelten gegen@@ den , wie afrika , lat@@ ein@@ amerika und anderen regionen dieser welt , war die entwicklung eher langsam . ich habe erst vor kurzem südafri@@ ka besu@@ cht . +was ich damit meine , ist , dass in einigen teilen der welt die regierung eine schlüssel@@ rolle spielt bei der entwicklung von technologien . +ein beispiel davon ist das projekt " one laptop per child " . +und du musst ein besser@@ er ehe@@ mann sein als ich , weil du so fort@@ schritte mach@@ st . " und langsam begann das , was er sagte , sinn zu machen . +ich kenne viele leute , die sehr schla@@ u sind und trotzdem sagen : " warum kann ich meine problem nicht lösen ? " +ich grün@@ dete sie 19@@ 80 zusammen mit einer anderen familie . +und ich fragte . " glauben sie nicht , dass der mensch die verantwortung hat , die welt für die nächste generation ein bisschen besser zu machen ? +ich besit@@ ze immer noch kein gä@@ ste@@ haus . +es geht nur darum , immer mehr zu haben . +wenn man dieses ge@@ bet li@@ est , dann hört sich das unglaublich selbst@@ sü@@ chti@@ g und e@@ go@@ zentr@@ isch an . +denn sie leben 13 meilen weiter oben in s@@ ant@@ a ana . +aber er voll@@ bringt keine wunder , nur um anzu@@ geben . +letztes jahr wurde ich zu einem spiel der n@@ ba all@@ -@@ stars ein@@ geladen . +wenn sie dazu bestimmt sind , geschäf@@ te zu machen , dann machen sie geschäf@@ te . +und ich sage nicht , dass sie die schule in der dritten oder vi@@ erten klasse verlassen -- sie gehen nie dort hin . +seine mutter hatte die grund@@ schule nicht besu@@ cht . +und irgendwo in der mitte von south da@@ k@@ ota wen@@ de ich mich zu meiner freundin und stelle ihr eine frage , die mich schon 2@@ .000 meilen lang beschäftigt hat . +und schließlich möchte ich sie überzeugen , dass es möglich ist dieses gefühl hinter sich zu lassen , und dass dies , wenn sie es können , der größte moralische , intellektu@@ elle und kre@@ ative spr@@ ung ist , den sie machen können . +aber es gibt noch einen zweiten grund , warum wir in diesem gefühl ge@@ fangen sind – und dieser ist kultur@@ ell . +nun , die falsche seite ihres körpers ist verbunden , weil der chirur@@ g eine große operation an ihrem linken , anstatt an ihrem rechten bein durchgeführt hat . +das wunder ihres gei@@ sts ist nicht , dass sie die welt sehen können , wie sie ist . +wenn es um unsere geschichten geht , lieben wir es , uns zu ir@@ ren . +und für mich heißt das , wenn sie wirklich die ver@@ wunder@@ ung wieder@@ entdecken wollen , müssen sie her@@ au@@ stre@@ ten aus ihrem kleinen , in angst er@@ star@@ r@@ ten raum der richti@@ gkeit und sich gegensei@@ tig anschauen und in die weite und komplexität und in das rätsel des universums hin@@ aus@@ bli@@ cken und in der lage sein , zu sagen , " wow , ich habe keine ahnung . +eine der ir@@ on@@ ien dieser zeit ist , dass wir über ein system disku@@ tieren , dass wir nicht verstehen . wir wissen nicht einmal was öl ist . wir wissen nicht wo öl her@@ kommt . ich meine , in der tat ist es immer noch eine quelle für debat@@ ten , was dieser schwarze strom aus materie ist und woher er kommt . die beste erklärung und eine der besten vermu@@ tungen zu diesem thema ist , dass diese materie aus dieser materie entsteht . dass diese pflanzen sonnen@@ licht absor@@ bieren , unter druck für jahr@@ millionen ver@@ ro@@ tten und das ergebnis sind diese schwarzen flüs@@ se . +was das ist ? das ist die erste transplan@@ tation n@@ ack@@ ter dn@@ s , bei der man das dn@@ s be@@ trie@@ bs@@ system aus einer zelle nimmt und in eine andere zelle ein@@ bet@@ tet und die zelle an@@ schließ@@ end als neue art hoch@@ star@@ tet . das war vor einem monat . sie werden im nächsten monat sachen sehen , die genau so wichtig sein werden wie dieses zeug . +ich habe das hotel ge@@ kauft drei monate nachdem vi@@ vi@@ an dort an@@ fing zu arbeiten , +aber aufgrund meiner verwir@@ r@@ ten gei@@ st@@ es@@ ver@@ fassung lan@@ dete ich relativ schnell bei den selb@@ sth@@ il@@ fe@@ -@@ büchern . +sie waren sich dem im@@ materi@@ ellen am ob@@ eren ende der pyrami@@ de nicht einmal bewusst . +als ich also zeit mit führ@@ ungsk@@ rä@@ ften in der big@@ -@@ bewegung verbrachte , begann ich erst richtig zu verstehen , wor@@ um es ihnen ging . +wenn man es im wör@@ ter@@ buch nach@@ schlägt , wird " ja@@ gen " tatsächlich häufig als " einen fein@@ d verfolgen " defin@@ iert . +und wir stellen 10 einfache fragen -- das ist die einfach@@ heit . +was wir als führ@@ ungsk@@ r@@ äf@@ te wirklich lernen müssen , ist dass wir die qu@@ al@@ ti@@ tät der produktion beeinflussen können , indem wir die richtigen bedingungen schaffen , damit unsere ange@@ stellten ihre beru@@ fung leben können . +b@@ l : in ordnung . eins , zwei , drei . +unter de@@ ck sagt euch das innen@@ o@@ hr , ihr bewegt euch . aber die augen bewegen sich im ein@@ klang mit dem boot , und sagen : " ich stehe still . " +ab hier möchte ich die bühne mit jemand ganz besonder@@ em teilen . +b@@ l : " kannst du mir helfen , henry ? " welcher gute wissenschaftler sagt das ? +also b@@ aten wir lar@@ ry und nat@@ al@@ ie he@@ m@@ pel , eine er@@ läu@@ ter@@ ung für wissenschaftler über die aufge@@ stellten ergebnisse zu ver@@ fassen . diese rei@@ chten wir mit@@ sam@@ t der emp@@ fehl@@ ungen bei " biology letters " ein . +b@@ l : das ist der in@@ begriff von technik . in ordnung . +das ist furcht@@ bar , das ganze öl im wasser . +und fühlen uns gut dabei . +bi@@ om@@ i@@ mi@@ kr@@ y , eine auf@@ kommen@@ de wissenschaft , hat sich als wert@@ volle idee von sozi@@ aler gerechtigkeit ent@@ pu@@ ppt . +kalifornien hat eine der höch@@ sten raten an ver@@ teil@@ ten gefäng@@ nis@@ stra@@ fen unter allen 50 bun@@ des@@ staaten . +das war eine an@@ str@@ en@@ gende und furcht@@ einfl@@ ö@@ ß@@ ende sache für ein jung@@ es kind . +auf dem high@@ way ist es schon schli@@ mm genug , wie wird das erst dort oben ? " +es wird keinen pil@@ oten geben -- und ich weiß , den pil@@ oten hier im publikum wird das nicht gefallen -- das hat mir schon viel kri@@ tik von denen ein@@ gebracht , die da oben selbst ru@@ m@@ fliegen wollen . +wunder@@ barer motor . +23 % sagen " ja , so bald wie möglich . " +kab@@ el sind " besch@@ issen " -- wirklich . +was dr. sol@@ jac@@ ic heraus@@ fand , war , wie man zwischen diesen sp@@ ul@@ en in einem transforma@@ tor eine größere di@@ stan@@ z als die größe der transforma@@ toren selbst ermöglichen kann und all dies mit hilfe dieser technologie , die einem op@@ ern@@ s@@ än@@ ger , der ein glass am anderen ende eines z@@ imm@@ ers zer@@ springen lässt , nicht un@@ ähnlich ist . +und dann schließlich auch elektro@@ fahr@@ zeuge . +stellen sie sich vor , sie kaufen sich eins von diesen d@@ ing@@ ern und wollen ihn an die wand hängen . +und no@@ ki@@ a haben wir ebenfalls . +was passiert also mit all diesen gi@@ ft@@ stoffen , wenn wir sterben ? +wir wollen sie essen , nicht von ihr ge@@ gessen werden . +ich danke ihnen . +wir rei@@ sten meinem beru@@ f hinter@@ her und es schien nichts zu geben , was wir nicht tun konnten . +sie sind ex@@ o@@ tisch . sie sind experiment@@ ell . +was nehmen wir von dieser erfahrung mit ? +es ist alles so eindeu@@ tig , aber sie ver@@ drän@@ gen es . " +das ho@@ spi@@ z war für menschen , die im sterben lagen , aber ter@@ ence war noch nicht so weit . +sie ist teil unserer menschlichen dna und vielleicht ist es zeit , dass unser gesundheits@@ system – ärzte , patienten , ver@@ sicher@@ ungs@@ gesellschaften , wir – an@@ fängt , auf die kraft dieser hoffnung zu zählen . +nun , wir sammeln daten : aufgenommen von satelli@@ ten , von flug@@ zeugen , von fahr@@ zeugen , von menschen . +dieser prozess ist ein sehr berech@@ en@@ barer prozess +mir@@ co@@ so@@ f@@ ts ste@@ phen law@@ ler bietet uns mit einer kurzen r@@ und@@ reise durch virtual earth , bei der er sich mit erstaun@@ licher geschwindigkeit auf , ab und durch dessen hyper@@ re@@ ale stad@@ t@@ land@@ schaften bewegt , ein be@@ acht@@ liches mei@@ ster@@ werk , das zur fo@@ kus@@ si@@ erung erstaunliche mengen von daten benötigt . +man braucht auch staat@@ s@@ besit@@ z besonders an grund@@ st@@ ücken , um die infra@@ strukturen schnell aufzubauen und auszu@@ weiten . +hier hören sie eine wenig bekannte tatsache über die beiden länder . +in diesem vergleich kommt demokratie im hin@@ blick auf wirtschafts@@ wachstum sehr gut weg . +hier sehen sie die daten der welt@@ entwicklungs@@ indi@@ kat@@ oren in den frühen 199@@ 0ern . +diese beiden bilder zeigen klei@@ der@@ fabri@@ ken in der gu@@ ang@@ don@@ g-@@ pro@@ vin@@ z und in indien . +dennoch hat sich das system in eine liber@@ al@@ ere richtung bewegt , in eine demokra@@ ti@@ sch@@ ere richtung . +ich glaube , dass politische re@@ formen für china zum weiteren wachstum un@@ ab@@ d@@ ing@@ bar sind . +ich habe in den letzten fünf jahren viel zeit damit verbracht , über ka@@ ffe@@ e@@ häuser nachzudenken , weil ich auf der suche nach der antwort auf die frage war , wo gute ideen her@@ kommen . +sie stellten fest , dass sie nicht viele d@@ v@@ rs haben sie haben nur wenige mikro@@ wellen , aber sie leisten eine gute arbeit , um ihre autos auf der straße zu halten . +so sollte ihr büro aussehen , das ist ein teil meines an@@ lie@@ gens . +und darwin be@@ hielt diese reich@@ hal@@ tigen no@@ ti@@ z@@ bücher , in denen er jede kleine idee , die er hatte , jedes kleine gefühl auf@@ schrieb . +sie er@@ kun@@ digen sich bei ihren kollegen , aber jeder sagte : " nein , ich habe nicht daran gedacht es zu tun . +geht das auch ander@@ s@@ herum ? +diese bewegung ist besonders auff@@ all@@ end in den usa und großbritannien , aber sie ist ein glob@@ ales phänomen . +wir leben also im zeitalter der an@@ schw@@ ell@@ enden ein@@ kommen@@ s-@@ un@@ gleichheit , vor allem an der spitze . +wir haben super@@ star@@ -@@ ban@@ ker . +und wiederum ist dies nicht rein theore@@ tisch . +die dy@@ stop@@ ie , die mich be@@ än@@ g@@ sti@@ gt , ist ein universum , in dem ein paar gen@@ ies dinge wie google erfinden und der rest von uns dafür bezahlt wird , sie zu mas@@ sieren . +hier sehen sie einige davon . +einer von 100 . +und dies ist der größte wachst@@ um@@ s@@ bereich von allen , und mindestens 6 von 10 menschen in diesem raum werden auf diese weise sterben , nämlich am sch@@ winden der leistungs@@ fähigkeit ge@@ kop@@ p@@ elt mit st@@ eigen@@ der geb@@ rech@@ lichkeit ; und geb@@ rech@@ lichkeit gehört zum al@@ tern . st@@ eigen@@ de geb@@ rech@@ lichkeit ist aktu@@ ell die häu@@ fig@@ ste todes@@ ur@@ sache . die letzten jahre oder das letzte lebens@@ jahr geht leider mit großen beein@@ tr@@ äch@@ tig@@ ungen ein@@ her . +beteili@@ gen wir uns alle viel mehr daran , so wie j@@ as@@ on das aufge@@ zeigt hat . +es ent@@ zieht der eu@@ than@@ as@@ ie ihre sauer@@ stoff@@ versorgung . +meine familie war auf reisen und wir waren gerade im grand c@@ any@@ on . +und darüber möchte ich heute eigentlich zu ihnen sprechen - über krebs . +das hat also meine sicht auf den krebs wirklich verändert . +tumor@@ zellen können durch die a@@ dern reisen . +wäre es also möglich , dass die tumor@@ zellen in das skelet@@ t@@ mus@@ kel@@ gewebe gehen , dass aber , sobald sie in kontakt innerhalb des skelet@@ t@@ mus@@ kel@@ ge@@ web@@ es sind , m@@ yo@@ d auf diese tumor@@ zellen wirkt und sie in skelet@@ t@@ mus@@ kel@@ zellen verwandelt ? +diese groß@@ f@@ mutter hatte nie zu@@ gelassen , dass west@@ liche ihrer en@@ ke@@ lin nahe@@ kommen . +mer@@ ken sie sich dieses bild , denn ich werde ihnen ein anderes bild später zeigen . hier sehen sie , wie sehr sie ihrer großmutter ähn@@ elt , obwohl sie gleichzeitig auch so west@@ lich aussieht . +und ich sagte : " ich bin 28 jahre alt , ich le@@ be in hot@@ els und ich bin nicht ver@@ heirat@@ et " . +also ging in zurück nach korea , in das dorf von hy@@ un so@@ ok , doch sie war weg . +um@@ so mehr ich mit ihm reden wollte , desto un@@ freund@@ licher wurde er . +ich glaube einfach nur - von dem bisschen , was ich über die situation weiß - , dass sie eine kleine chance hat , das leben zu leben , dass sie ihr wahrscheinlich wün@@ schen . " +und er sagte : " am 2@@ . tag , an dem sie hier war , stellte sie eine liste auf mit allen namen der äl@@ teren und der jün@@ g@@ eren kinder . +als wir in der 3@@ . nacht gerade vom essen kamen , von dem sie die bilder gesehen haben , sagte der re@@ zep@@ tion@@ ist zu uns : " es gibt keine freien zimmer mehr auf ihrer e@@ tage , aber 5 e@@ tagen tief@@ er ist noch eins frei , wenn sie möchten " +und das ganze zimmer fü@@ ll@@ te sich mit r@@ auch innerhalb von 2 sekunden . +ich erinnere mich - nat@@ as@@ ha wollte nicht , dass wir die tür auf@@ machten - , ich habe versucht nicht die tür zu öffnen , weil wir solange ge@@ braucht hatten , uns zu ver@@ barri@@ ka@@ dieren . +das ist ein tri@@ -@@ star , und sie haben nat@@ as@@ ha wirklich im not@@ sitz sitzen lassen . +gene hat sogar in der kü@@ che fli@@ esen gelegt , die eine geschichte erzählen : es war einmal ein schönes mädchen , das von den hü@@ geln kore@@ as kam , um für immer glücklich in atlan@@ ta zu leben . +vielen dank an euch alle . " +viel ist passiert in den letzten jahren . lassen sie uns mit den planeten beginnen . +genau genommen sah , selbst in der anti@@ ke , das sonnen@@ system in gewis@@ ser weise so aus wie in diesem diagramm dar@@ gestellt . +die meisten von diesen planeten sind kan@@ di@@ daten . +also lautet die frage : ist dieses chem@@ ische phänomen univer@@ sell , oder ist es etwas , dass vom jewei@@ li@@ gen planeten abhän@@ gt ? +dieses verständnis von chemie kann uns , in unserem all@@ tag , helfen . +können sie sich vorstellen wie klein sie ist ? +lasst uns diese neue revolution beginnen , ank@@ nü@@ pf@@ end an der alten , mit syn@@ the@@ tischer biologie als den weg , sowohl unsere umwelt als auch unsere zukunft zu trans@@ for@@ mieren . +dann begann uganda ab@@ zus@@ in@@ ken , während sim@@ bab@@ we nach oben scho@@ ss , und einige jahre später hatte südafri@@ ka einen schreck@@ lichen an@@ stieg des hiv-@@ vor@@ kommen@@ s . +nicht die medikamente selber , sondern die behandlung und die pf@@ lege , die damit verbunden ist . +es gibt eine menge , von dem wir dachten , dass jetzt , gute forschung von afrikanischen einrichtungen und forsch@@ ern zusammen mit den internationalen forsch@@ ern , zeigen , dass das nicht der fall ist . +un@@ aids haben endlich gute daten zur verfügung gestellt zur verbreitung von hiv . +h@@ ans ro@@ s@@ ling enth@@ ü@@ llt du@@ ch neue daten@@ visu@@ alisi@@ erungen die kompli@@ zierten risi@@ ko@@ faktoren einer der tö@@ d@@ lichsten krankheiten der welt : hiv / aids . er zeigt , dass der schlüssel zur über@@ win@@ dung der epide@@ mie in der über@@ trag@@ ungs@@ ver@@ hinder@@ ung liegt und nicht in der behandlung durch medikamente . +es basiert auf der kauf@@ kraft@@ par@@ ität . +wir wissen , dies ist falsch , denn wir haben zwei bedeuten@@ de natürliche experimente im 20. jahrhundert durchgeführt , um zu sehen , ob geogra@@ fie aus@@ schlag@@ ge@@ ben@@ der ist als institutionen . +nennen wir sie die kil@@ ler appli@@ ka@@ tionen . +der@@ weil gab es keine wissenschaftliche revolution irgendwo anders . +das ist die kon@@ sum@@ gesellschaft , und es treibt das wirtschafts@@ wachstum stärker an als der technolog@@ ische wandel an sich . +und die gesellschaft kann diese einrichtungen übernehmen , und wenn sie das tun , werden sie das erreichen , was der westen nach 1@@ 500 errei@@ chte -- nur schneller . +das ist so wahr . +und das scheint alles zu sein , worüber wir uns derzeit sorgen . +was dieses diagramm veran@@ schau@@ licht , ist dass es sp@@ innen seit fast 3@@ 80 millionen jahren gibt . +man kann diese in sieben kat@@ eg@@ orien zusammen@@ fassen . +deshalb habe ich die gl@@ y@@ c@@ ine wieder grün und die al@@ an@@ ine rot ein@@ gefä@@ r@@ bt , und die ser@@ ine – das ist der buchstab@@ e s – li@@ la . und ihr se@@ ht , dass die ob@@ ere einheit fast vollständig aus grün und rot zusammen@@ gest@@ zt werden kann , während die un@@ tere einheit einen substan@@ ti@@ ellen anteil li@@ la auf@@ wei@@ st . +was ihr in diesem festi@@ g@@ keits@@ diagramm se@@ ht , ist , je weiter oben der schwarze punkt auf dem diagramm ist , desto fe@@ ster . +um die werke einer sp@@ inn@@ e namens char@@ lot@@ te zu zi@@ tieren , sei@@ de ist großartig . +fli@@ ck@@ r ist ein internet@@ dienst , der jedem erlaubt fotos hoch@@ zu@@ laden , um sie anderen über das web zur verfügung zu stellen , und so weiter . +bedenken sie , wir haben nicht alle , die ein foto besitzen . +und das schlimm@@ ste sind die zahlen am unter@@ en rand , denn ungefähr 10 fotos pro fotogra@@ f ist eine lü@@ ge . +das hier ist die mathematik der 80 zu 20 regel , ok ? +also , wenn man institutionen ver@@ hinder@@ er nennt , und ihnen sagt , dass es andere ko@@ or@@ di@@ an@@ tions@@ möglichkeiten gibt zeigen sie ein verhalten , das ähn@@ lichkeit hat mit den k@@ üb@@ ler@@ -@@ ross stu@@ fen lachen der reak@@ tionen auf die diagno@@ se eines bal@@ digen to@@ des : leu@@ g@@ nung , z@@ or@@ n , ver@@ handeln , akzep@@ tanz . +die erfin@@ der wissen nicht , was die erfindung ist . +da gibt es menschen in den staaten , die kra@@ mp@@ f@@ haft versuchen herauszufinden , ob blog@@ ger journ@@ alisten sind oder nicht . +sie wurde erstellt , indem man deren kommuni@@ ka@@ tions@@ muster , der ge@@ brauch viel@@ er dieser werkzeuge , analy@@ si@@ erte . zwei@@ fel@@ los leisten die geheim@@ dien@@ ste der welt heute die gleiche arbeit für die ang@@ ri@@ ffe in der letzten woche . +ein bä@@ cker , und ein guter bä@@ cker vor allem , weiss , wie man den ein@@ gesch@@ lossen@@ en zu@@ cker in der stärke hervor@@ bringt . +das ist die herausforderung . ok , nun , lassen sie uns die reise des wei@@ zens anschauen und diese 12 zu@@ stände betrachten . +es dauert einen moment , aber es ist be@@ zeich@@ n@@ end . +und dann haben wir ebene 12 , in den büchern steht " ver@@ pac@@ ken " aber meine lehr@@ linge nennen sie " essen " . +er ist nicht nur getötet worden , sondern jeden potenzi@@ als zum schaffen zukünf@@ tigen lebens ber@@ au@@ bt . +bakterien da drin ver@@ arbeiten diesel@@ ben zu@@ cker und verwandeln sie in sä@@ uren . +es wird als symbol für transforma@@ tin genutzt . +und das meine ich im ernst , ich denke nur , wir sollten das mal klar@@ stellen und weiter@@ machen . +sie sind alle auf meinem instrument mon@@ tiert . +es ist ein haufen verrück@@ ter pi@@ k@@ to@@ gra@@ fis@@ cher not@@ ation . +sehen wir uns noch einen clip an . +ich bin zu dem ent@@ schluss gekommen , dass das am ende die falsche frage ist , dass das nicht die bedeuten@@ de frage ist . +so tat sie zur hälfte so , als ob sie die krä@@ cker mo@@ chte und nicht den bro@@ k@@ kol@@ i – so wie ein baby oder jede andere normale person . +wenn wir uns die vielen , vielen verschiedenen tier@@ arten ansehen , nicht nur uns pri@@ ma@@ ten , sondern auch andere säu@@ ge@@ tiere , vögel , sogar beu@@ tel@@ tiere wie k@@ än@@ gur@@ u@@ h@@ s und wom@@ bat@@ s ein@@ schli@@ essen , zeigt sich , dass es eine beziehung gibt zwischen der län@@ ge der kindheit einer gat@@ tung und der grö@@ sse ihrer gehirne im vergleich zu ihren körper@@ n , und wie schla@@ u und flexi@@ bel sie sind . +und mindestens bis sie 23 sind , stecken wir ihnen noch immer diese wür@@ mer in diese kleinen off@@ enen mü@@ n@@ der . +dann testen sie diese neue hypo@@ these , und so weiter und so fort . +die erste ist , wieder , denken sie daran , das sind vier@@ jährige . +oh . +und wir wissen sogar etwas über die weise , wie unser gehirn das tut . +al@@ ison g@@ op@@ nik : was denken babys ? +der einzige weg , das zu umgehen , ist einen wirklich menschlichen körper zu simu@@ lieren und den teil des gehirns zu simu@@ lieren , der diesen körper kontrolli@@ ert . +der algorith@@ mus wä@@ hlt diese wenigen dann aus , re@@ produziert sie mit mu@@ tation und re@@ kombination , wie bei unserer fort@@ pflan@@ zung . +das ganze mag ziemlich bel@@ an@@ glo@@ s wirken , aber in wirklichkeit ist es sehr wichtig , weil es sowas zur@@ zeit in keiner interak@@ tiven oder virtu@@ ellen welt gibt . +und nun fällt er zu boden . +also wollten sie eine digitale version eines stun@@ t@@ man@@ s und wir haben die letzten paar monate daran gearbeitet . +zur@@ zeit würde es wahrscheinlich einige tage dauern , sowas von hand zu ani@@ mieren . +wir können mittler@@ weile so viele sachen damit veran@@ st@@ alten . +eigentlich haben wir schon einen überrasch@@ enden t@@ än@@ zer , der das letzte ist , was ich euch heute zeigen werde . +es ist ein kinder@@ buch für@@ s i@@ pad . +ich erinnere mich , dass wir he@@ f@@ tig wein@@ ten , als die kleinen zie@@ gen , mit denen wir im sommer gespielt hatten , zu bir@@ y@@ an@@ i wurden . +und dieses argument ist , dass wir nur kreativität lehren können , wenn wir kindern so früh wie ir@@ gend möglich perspe@@ ktiven bei@@ bringen . +und sie werden dafür bezahlt . sie können darüber nachdenken , wenn sie wollen . +was gemacht wird . +einfach eine text@@ ver@@ arbei@@ tung , die nur eine text@@ ver@@ arbei@@ tung ist . +überall gibt es diese assi@@ st@@ enten . +auch pal@@ m ist – besonders in frühen tagen – toll darin . +ich schrei@@ b programme die zur heutigen welt passen . +ich habe ein vermögen drüben bei pi@@ x@@ ar gemacht . +bei meinem letzten beispiel – einen großen teil meiner arbeit mache ich mit spra@@ cher@@ kenn@@ ungs@@ -@@ software , und sie müssen lei@@ se sein , denn die software ist un@@ ruhi@@ g . okay . +dp : ich danke ihnen viel@@ mals . +und die gefahr besteht darin , dass sie eine pan@@ dem@@ ie hervor@@ rufen können . +und ich würde sagen , wir können die grund@@ regel nicht auf@@ geben , as@@ y@@ m@@ me@@ tr@@ ische bedro@@ h@@ ungen zu be@@ kämpfen , was wir aufgrund der gesch@@ e@@ hn@@ is@@ se an@@ schein@@ end gerade tun , die leute an der macht tun dies , denn das hie@@ ße , die eine sache aufzu@@ geben , die zivilisation aus@@ macht . +in kür@@ ze werden wir noch viel mehr darüber von al gore hören . +es geht ziemlich wunder@@ lich zu in so einem nan@@ or@@ ö@@ hr@@ chen . +wir brauchen neue anti@@ vir@@ ale wirk@@ stoffe und cock@@ ta@@ ils . wir brauchen neue impf@@ stoffe . +und schließlich müssen wir etwas tun , das nicht sehr -- es ist fast in@@ akzep@@ tab@@ el , das zu erwä@@ hnen -- also ... wir müssen beginnen , unsere zukunft zu gestalten . +es ist an der zeit , den wandel zu einer sonnen@@ syste@@ m-@@ besu@@ ch@@ enden zivilisation und spezies zu voll@@ ziehen . +wie schwer wird es sein , leben auf dem mars zu finden ? +ich denke , es existiert und wir müssen danach suchen , und es ist unter der oberfläche . +es ist ein sehr einfacher trick , aber ich mache ihn immer , wenn ich einen fen@@ ster@@ platz habe . +in dieser hö@@ hle sind große ab@@ schni@@ tte von diesem roten material hier be@@ deckt und auch von diesen riesigen sel@@ en@@ it@@ kri@@ st@@ allen , die sie hier herunter@@ hängen sehen . +um diese unter@@ ir@@ dischen umgeb@@ ungen , an denen wir interessiert sind , zu be@@ treten , gilt unser interesse der entwicklung von unterstü@@ tz@@ enden werk@@ zeugen . +wir sprechen also über so was wie auf@@ blas@@ bare rö@@ hren , die sich der komplex@@ en to@@ po@@ log@@ ischen form im inneren einer hö@@ hle an@@ passen , und von vor ort auf@@ geschä@@ um@@ ten luft@@ schle@@ us@@ en , um mit der to@@ po@@ log@@ ie ferti@@ g@@ zu@@ werden , sowie verschiedene methoden , um atem@@ g@@ ase aus dem inneren material dieser körper zu erhalten . +wenn man aber jemandem von seinem ziel erzählt und dessen zu@@ stimmung er@@ fährt , tritt das ein , was psych@@ ologen eine " soziale realität " nennen . +and so ist es auch bei archi@@ me@@ des , dem großen g@@ rie@@ ch@@ ischen mathemati@@ ker . +fäl@@ sch@@ ungen wurden darüber ge@@ mal@@ t und es li@@ tt unter star@@ k@@ em sch@@ im@@ mel@@ be@@ fall . +das heißt , bevor wir anfangen konnten , den arch@@ im@@ des zu digit@@ alisieren , mussten wir das buch aus@@ einander nehmen . +und so sieht das aus . +aber indem die elektr@@ onen mit licht@@ geschwindigkeit herum fliegen , geben sie r@@ ön@@ t@@ gen@@ strahlung ab . +das war eine schlechte idee , denn phili@@ p@@ p von ma@@ ze@@ don@@ ien hatte einen sohn namens alex@@ ander der große , und sie verloren die schla@@ cht von cha@@ ir@@ on@@ ei@@ a . +denn im moment schrän@@ ken institutionen ihre daten mit ur@@ he@@ ber@@ rechts@@ beschrän@@ kungen und der@@ gleichen mehr ein . +wie li@@ est man ein zwei@@ tausend jahre al@@ tes man@@ us@@ kri@@ pt , welches aus@@ radi@@ ert , zer@@ schni@@ tten , über@@ sch@@ rieben und über@@ mal@@ t wurde ? mit einem mäch@@ tigen teil@@ chen@@ beschle@@ un@@ iger natürlich ! hand@@ schri@@ f@@ ten@@ -@@ konser@@ v@@ ator willi@@ am no@@ el erzählt die faszinier@@ ende geschichte des archi@@ me@@ des@@ -@@ pal@@ imp@@ se@@ sts , einem by@@ z@@ ant@@ in@@ ischen ge@@ bet@@ buch , welches bisher un@@ bekannte origin@@ al@@ tex@@ te des g@@ rie@@ ch@@ ischen mathemati@@ kers arch@@ im@@ des und anderen enth@@ ält . +es gibt nur wenige orte in den usa , wo man e@@ chtes ko@@ be probieren kann , und einer davon ist wol@@ f@@ gang pu@@ ck ' s restaurant , cut , in los angeles . +sie haben mir jedoch eine r@@ und@@ führung gegeben . +ich habe das in einem blin@@ d@@ versuch , zusammen mit 20 anderen leuten , gegen fünf andere oli@@ ven@@ ö@@ le au@@ spro@@ biert . +und um das auszu@@ probieren - ich konnte keinen spon@@ sor finden , aber ich ging in den manhattan sho@@ w@@ room des her@@ stell@@ ers , to@@ to , und die haben dort toile@@ tten , ab@@ seits des aus@@ stell@@ ungs@@ rau@@ mes , welche man benutzen kann , was ich getan habe . +die meisten autos , die ich fahr@@ e , fangen an zu rat@@ tern , wenn ich mich 80 meilen pro stunde nä@@ here . +es waren drei tage , vier ma@@ hl@@ zeiten +und im besonder@@ en , denke ich , dass wir etwas über das lernen lernen können . +es ist aus dem spiel world of war@@ craft mit mehr als 10 millionen spieler weltweit , einer davon bin ich , ein anderer ist meine frau . +wenn man nun ein spiel wie war@@ craft betrachtet , kann man es , wenn man will , als eine große ki@@ sten@@ öff@@ nungs@@ -@@ unterneh@@ mung sehen . +nein , wir wollen jewei@@ ls nur ein oder zwei mon@@ ster auf dem bildschirm haben . +zweitens , mehrere lang@@ - und kurz@@ fri@@ stige ziele -- 5.000 ku@@ chen - langwei@@ lig , 15 ku@@ chen - interessant . +dies bedeutet , dass wir lernen vorhersagen können , wir können ver@@ stär@@ ktes engagement vorhersagen , diese fenster , diese zeit@@ fenster , in denen lernen auf einem erhö@@ h@@ ten nive@@ au statt@@ findet . +ich beginn@@ e mit der geschäfts@@ welt . +durch diese arbeit hoffe ich , die evolution@@ äre an@@ fä@@ lli@@ gkeit unserer körper besser zu verstehen , damit wir unsere gesundheit in zukunft verbessern und besser be@@ wahren können . +frü@@ here studien konzentri@@ erten sich vor allem auf die mikrosk@@ op@@ ie . +so nahm ich einen job im united nations food pro@@ gam@@ me an , um diese sicherheits@@ aspe@@ kte durch ernähr@@ ungs@@ sich@@ erung anzu@@ gehen . +un@@ glücklicherweise ist fett@@ lei@@ bi@@ gkeit nicht nur ein amerikan@@ isches problem . +da ist diese große , konzentri@@ erte landwirtschaft , die zu dem geführt hat , was wir in amerika essen . und es ist wirklich so seit ungefähr 19@@ 80 , nach der öl@@ krise , als , sie wissen , massen@@ zusam@@ mensch@@ l@@ üs@@ se , massen@@ ex@@ o@@ du@@ s von kleinen far@@ mern in diesem land . +i@@ kon@@ en wie michael po@@ ll@@ an und jam@@ ie oli@@ ver in seinem ted-@@ wunsch haben beide diese letzten drei jahrzehn@@ te als unglaublich bedeu@@ tend für die veränderung unseres ernähr@@ ungs@@ systems the@@ mati@@ siert . +dies ist ein bau@@ hel@@ m , den ich vor zwei jahren bekommen habe . das war bei einem der größten projekte , an denen ich und meine firma je beteili@@ gt waren . +aber ich werde mich auf den beginn des proz@@ esses beschrän@@ ken , auf drei sehr pe@@ dan@@ tische aus@@ sagen . +wenn wir so gut sind , in dem , was wir tun , sollten wir dann nicht in der lage sein , eine architek@@ ton@@ ische mani@@ fest@@ ation zu schaffen , die absolut rei@@ b@@ ungs@@ los durch die kun@@ den@@ - und proje@@ k@@ ts@@ ei@@ tigen eng@@ pä@@ sse glei@@ tet ? +die architek@@ ton@@ ische um@@ setzung war , e@@ h@@ lich gesagt , sim@@ pel . +sie gehen hin@@ unter in die lo@@ bby , gehen durch die lo@@ bby mit all den kleinen d@@ ing@@ ern , die da herunter@@ hängen , egal ob sie sie mögen oder nicht , gehen die tre@@ ppe hoch in den zuschau@@ er@@ raum . +die lösung für die bal@@ k@@ one war etwas , das wir alle als an@@ zei@@ ge@@ ta@@ fel@@ -@@ hu@@ b kennen . +dieses gebäude kann sich in kur@@ zer zeit in ein eben@@ er@@ di@@ ges gebäude verwandeln , so dass es ver@@ mie@@ tet werden kann . +zur erinn@@ erung , dass dies ein beispiel ist dafür , dass architektur tatsächlich etwas erreicht hat . +und ich war begeistert von dieser idee , kleine ein@@ bli@@ cke in das leben anderer gewinnen zu können , +" ich finde es klasse , dass sie es geschafft haben , das meiste zu be@@ wahren , was einen dazu bringt , sich mit der natur verbunden zu fühlen - schme@@ tter@@ linge , von menschen@@ hand geschaff@@ ene wäl@@ der , kal@@ k@@ stein@@ hö@@ hlen und hey , sogar eine riesige py@@ th@@ on . " +dies hier sind einige neu@@ ere projekte , die offi@@ zi@@ ell noch nicht einmal ge@@ star@@ tet worden sind . +daran sind wir gewöhn@@ t . +dieses diagramm , das ich hier unten ank@@ li@@ cke , soll dem medizin@@ ischen diagramm eines herz@@ schla@@ gs ähn@@ eln und die aufre@@ genden momente auf@@ zeigen mit hohen le@@ v@@ eln von ad@@ ren@@ al@@ in . +eine wirklich glück@@ liche person hielt dann also zehn ball@@ ons und eine wirklich un@@ glück@@ liche se@@ ele einen ball@@ on . +er hatte eine erstaunliche anzahl von ha@@ aren , die aus einem mutter@@ mal auf der linken seite seines gesi@@ chts wu@@ ch@@ sen , was sehr großes glück bedeutet , wie mir gesagt wurde . +eines der hei@@ kel@@ sten politischen themen in b@@ hu@@ tan ist die verwen@@ dung von billi@@ ger in@@ dis@@ cher arbeit@@ sk@@ raft , dass arbeiter aus indien einge@@ führt werden , um die straßen zu bauen , und dass diese leute dann wieder heim geschickt werden , sobald die straßen gebaut sind . +frau : aber ich würde vielleicht 40 bis 50 vor@@ ziehen . +und es kommt ihnen nie in den sinn , dass sie einmal eine straße entlang gehen , und nur , weil sie auf der einen oder der anderen straßen@@ seite gehen , sich ihr leben für immer ändert . +und – – die schwester bekommt einen la@@ chan@@ fall und ich bewe@@ ge meinen kopf und versuche , die leute zu erkennen und mich über@@ kommt diese bizar@@ re erinn@@ erung , wie ich im college geld sam@@ mel@@ te für die opfer der flu@@ t@@ katastrophe in banglades@@ h , und dann gu@@ cke ich nach oben , und mein nar@@ ko@@ se@@ arzt stü@@ l@@ pt mir die mas@@ ke über und ich denke mir : » er sieht banglades@@ ch@@ isch aus « – – und ich habe nur diese beiden dinge und ich denke mir : » das könnte irgendwie hin@@ h@@ auen . « +ed ga@@ vag@@ an : eine geschichte von k@@ noten und chirur@@ gen +mit der zeit ist es nur natürlich , dass sprechen und schreiben zu einem teil in@@ einander über@@ gegangen sind . +das sehen wir in dieser ge@@ ti@@ pp@@ ten sprache . +bedenken sie , wie das wort " yo " benutzt wird , wenn jugend@@ liche heute sprechen . +" viele kennen das alp@@ hab@@ et oder das ein@@ mal@@ eins nicht , schreiben nicht gra@@ m@@ mati@@ kal@@ isch korre@@ kt – " so etwas haben wir schon früher gehört , nicht erst 195@@ 6 . 19@@ 17 , ein lehrer aus connec@@ tic@@ ut . +das dritte wäre , mir eine samm@@ lung von tex@@ ten zeigen zu lassen , die 16@@ -@@ jährige mädchen geschrieben haben , denn ich würde wissen wollen , wie sich diese sprache seit unserer zeit verändert hat . im ide@@ al@@ fall würde ich das an sie und mich heute zurück@@ schicken , damit wir dieses sprach@@ liche wunder untersuchen könnten , das sich gerade vor uns ab@@ spielt . +gol@@ an le@@ v@@ in über software kunst +es ist hö@@ chst un@@ wahrscheinlich , dass die taliban je das land übernehmen könnten -- hö@@ chst un@@ wahrscheinlich , dass sie kab@@ u@@ l er@@ ober@@ n könnten . +und das gleiche gilt für die tru@@ ppen . +und doch hat ihnen niemand zu@@ gehört . +trauri@@ ger@@ weise hatten unsere aus@@ land@@ s@@ dien@@ ste , die verein@@ ten nationen , die militär@@ s in diesen ländern nur eine sehr wa@@ ge vorstellung davon , was vor sich geht . +aber sie müssen sich den kontext ansehen . +es macht das versagen unsicht@@ bar , un@@ denk@@ bar und un@@ vermei@@ d@@ bar . +das problem , über das ich heute mit ihnen sprechen möchte , ist die frage davon , wie man medizinische versorgung ge@@ währ@@ t in einer welt , die von kosten bestimmt wird . +so wirkt eine hydro@@ phi@@ le oberfläche . +ungefähr die hälfte von ihnen , die frauen sind , haben vielleicht irgendwann einmal einen schwan@@ ger@@ schaft@@ st@@ est gemacht . +es gibt hier eine sehr wichtige an@@ gelegenheit , da es ein dru@@ cker ist , ein f@@ arb@@ dru@@ cker , er dru@@ ckt farben . das ist was f@@ arb@@ dru@@ cker tun . +so , sie nehmen den tro@@ pfen blut , ohne weitere ver@@ arbei@@ tung . sie bringen ihn in ein kleines gerät . das gerät fil@@ tert die blu@@ tz@@ ellen heraus , und lässt das ser@@ um durch , und sie erhalten eine reihe von farben dort unten . +und die antwort ist natürlich , " sie tun es nicht " . +und wir schi@@ ckten es aus und es kam post@@ wen@@ den@@ d zurück . +tradition@@ elle labor@@ tests für die diagno@@ se von krankheiten können zu teuer und zu um@@ stän@@ dlich sein für die regionen , die sie am meisten benötigen . george whit@@ es@@ i@@ des ' ra@@ ff@@ ini@@ erte lösung in diesem talk von tedx@@ boston ist ein to@@ d@@ sicher@@ es instrument , das mit fast null kosten hergestellt werden kann . +und wir glauben , dass solche leute wahrscheinlich nicht für menschen stimmen wollen , die so aussehen und bar@@ ack obama heißen . +de@@ ment@@ sprech@@ end können wir uns einige verschiedene vari@@ ab@@ len ansehen . +aber im vergleich von demo@@ kr@@ aten und republi@@ kan@@ ern lässt sich kein großer unterschied feststellen , basier@@ end darauf , wer die nachbarn sind . +und man kann viel mit seinen nachbarn interagieren , mit menschen , die man mag , mit menschen , die man vielleicht gar nicht kennt . +als arzt prakti@@ zi@@ ere ich auf dem neu@@ e@@ sten techn@@ ischen stand . +" sehen sie , als sie " guten morgen " sagte , habe ich ihren ak@@ z@@ ent von fi@@ fe erkannt . +innerhalb von ein paar jahren im spä@@ ten 19@@ . und frühen 20. jahrhundert lö@@ ste plötzlich der arzt , der versuchte , eine diagno@@ se zu stellen , den bar@@ bi@@ er ab . +zwischen der wahrnehmung des patienten und der der ärzte im hin@@ blick auf die best@@ mögliche medizinische versorgung besteht ein e@@ chter wider@@ spruch . +für sie war das die art aufmerksamkeit , die sie brauchte . +die gute nachricht : kein krebs , keine tu@@ ber@@ ku@@ lose . es ist nicht ko@@ k@@ zi@@ dio@@ i@@ dom@@ y@@ ko@@ se oder eine andere ob@@ sk@@ ure pil@@ zin@@ fe@@ ktion . +ich würde den brust@@ kor@@ b ab@@ klo@@ pfen , mir das herz an@@ hören . +die moderne medizin läuft gefahr ein mäch@@ tiges , alt@@ mo@@ dis@@ ches werkzeug zu verlieren : die menschliche berühr@@ ung . arzt und autor abra@@ ham ver@@ gh@@ ese beschrei@@ bt unsere selts@@ ame neue welt , in der patienten blo@@ ße daten@@ punkte sind , und fordert eine rück@@ e@@ hr zu der traditionellen kö@@ per@@ lichen untersuchung . +und die antwort ist , wenn man genug davon öffnet – ja . +und in all den fällen müssen wir fragen – – welche ist die wahrschein@@ lich@@ ere erklärung ? +bei g@@ ali@@ le@@ o zum beispiel : er hatte zwei probleme , wenn er den saturn betrachtet hatte . +wir können alle möglichen gesichter sehen . +ich nehme an , dass man nur ein wunder pro gebäude haben kann . +es war 2005 in den top 5 : " nine million bi@@ cy@@ cles " . +herz@@ krankheiten bringen immer noch mehr menschen um - nicht nur in amerika , sondern auf der ganzen welt - als alles andere zusammen . dabei sind sie bei fast allen menschen vermei@@ d@@ bar . +und dabei ließen sich viele dieser probleme verhindern , wenn diese babys nur warm genug gehalten würden . +und so hoffen wir , innerhalb der nächsten 5 jahre fast eine million babys retten zu können . +was tun wir für unseren lebens@@ unter@@ halt ? +danach ging er nach north car@@ ol@@ ina und hat es nochmal gemacht . +um dieses prinzip kann man eine gesamte industrie aufbauen . +leute in weißen hü@@ ten , die boo@@ te se@@ geln . +einige leute werden versuchen , andere für ihr team zu motivi@@ eren . +jemand steht auf und sagt : " das ist wichtig . +" was würde passieren , wenn ich für jedes ge@@ kauf@@ te paar dieser schuhe , genau das gleiche paar jemandem gebe , der gar keine schuhe besit@@ zt ? " +führer sein , gibt einem char@@ is@@ ma . +er müsste prei@@ s@@ wert , schnell , einfach , sensi@@ tiv und spezi@@ fisch sein und minim@@ al@@ invasi@@ v . +man braucht etwas wasser , gibt die nan@@ or@@ ö@@ hren hinein , und die anti@@ körper , und mis@@ cht das ganze , nimmt etwas papier , taucht es hinein und tro@@ ck@@ net es , und schon kann man krebs auf@@ spüren . +in den nächsten zwei bis fünf jahren könnte dieser dete@@ ktor die über@@ lebens@@ raten bei bau@@ ch@@ spei@@ ch@@ el@@ drü@@ sen@@ krebs von mi@@ ck@@ ri@@ gen 5@@ ,@@ 5 prozent auf fast 100 prozent an@@ heben , und ähnlich auch bei ei@@ er@@ stock@@ - und lun@@ gen@@ krebs . +meine erfahrungen mit der islam@@ ischen welt sind jedoch ganz anders . +es gibt z@@ . b. die figu@@ r no@@ or@@ a . +und warum führt sex zu babys , und warum bedeuten babys in beziehungen eine ero@@ tische katastrophe ? +welche beziehung besteht zwischen liebe und verlangen ? +und in diesem raum zwischen mir und dem anderen entsteht die ero@@ tische an@@ zieh@@ ung , die bewegung zum anderen hin . +ist es ein ort , wo sie in@@ fan@@ ti@@ le wün@@ sche aus@@ drücken können ? +das wird nichts be@@ wirken . das steht keiner am emp@@ fang . +kind nummer 2 kehrt zurück , gu@@ ckt aber immer über seine schul@@ ter . +es geht um fo@@ kus und präsen@@ z . +wir sind zu@@ recht@@ gekommen , aber manchmal schien es , daß diese h@@ allen für die musik die ich machte oder gemacht hatte nicht ganz pas@@ send waren . +die räume sind kleiner , mit noch weniger hall , also kann er ziemlich ver@@ spielte musik schreiben , die sehr komplex ist -- und es funktioniert . +da konnte jetzt extreme dynam@@ ik eingesetzt werden die es in man@@ cher der anderen musi@@ karten einfach nicht gab . +andere s@@ än@@ ger nach sin@@ at@@ ra gingen sogar einen schritt weiter . +und in man@@ cher hinsicht passt die musik , die sie für diese orte sch@@ rieben einfach perfekt . +da hab ich mir gedacht : also , wenn das ein schöpf@@ ungs@@ modell ist , wenn wir musik machen die in erster linie die form für diesen zusammenhang erfü@@ llt , und wenn wir kunst machen , die an w@@ än@@ den von kunst@@ gal@@ eri@@ ern und mu@@ seen hängt , und wenn wir programme schreiben , die zu existi@@ erenden be@@ trie@@ bs@@ systemen passt , ist es das , wor@@ um es geht ? +es war für mich eine so auf@@ schluss@@ reiche erfahrung , sie darüber reden zu hören , wel@@ ch neue welt dank technologie und wissenschaft entstehen wird . +es ist nicht das erste mal , dass wir eine techn@@ ische revolution erleben . +und trotzdem sagt er : " gott hei@@ lt meine se@@ ele . " +es gibt leute , die nutzen die techn@@ ischen fort@@ schritte , zum beispiel die des inter@@ nets , von denen wir heute abend gehört haben , und verwandeln sie in etwas sch@@ äd@@ liches . +daher kan@@ nte ich also do@@ br@@ yn@@ in sehr gut , und ich sagte , " ich werde heute abend neben frau gor@@ bat@@ scho@@ w sitzen . +uner@@ trä@@ gliche psych@@ ische belast@@ ungen drücken uns nie@@ der . +es ist für sie schwer zu verstehen , dass sie sterben werden . +ich habe viele vor@@ träge in deutsch@@ land und in frank@@ reich und in anderen teilen der welt gehalten . in 10@@ 5 ländern dur@@ fte ich bereits reden halten . +im wesentlichen sagte er folgendes : " wenn du auf gott setzt und dich seiner liebe öff@@ nest , ver@@ li@@ erst du nichts , selbst dann nicht , wenn du dich ir@@ r@@ st . +ich konnte die sache nicht in ein labor bringen und damit versuche an@@ stellen . +das leben ist ein recht , nichts neben@@ s@@ äch@@ liches oder zufä@@ lli@@ ges . +haben sie sie ? +ich mache meine erfahrungen exponenti@@ ell . +resol@@ u@@ tionen , r@@ auch , +die frau des hä@@ up@@ t@@ l@@ ings hatte ein kleines mädchen , die haupt@@ farbe ähnlich hell wie meine , und ganz dre@@ ck@@ ig . +sie ist extrem s@@ port@@ lich . +bis jetzt haben wir mit über 300 gearbeitet . +ich werde es also tun . +ich möchte 20 jahre von nun an zurück@@ bli@@ cken und sehen , dass da noch ein li@@ beri@@ an@@ isches mädchen , ein gh@@ an@@ a@@ isches , nigeri@@ an@@ isches , ä@@ thi@@ op@@ isches mädchen auf dieser ted-@@ bühne steht . +l@@ g : gern geschehen . +li@@ ck@@ li@@ der erkannte , computer können die notwen@@ dige rou@@ tin@@ ear@@ b@@ eit tun , um ein@@ sichten und entscheidungen vorzu@@ berei@@ ten . +jede interak@@ tion wird von immer mehr sensor@@ en aufge@@ zeichnet : ihr telefon , ihre kre@@ di@@ t@@ karte , ihr computer . es sind viele daten und wir bekommen dadurch die gelegenheit , unser das@@ ein genauer zu verstehen . +sie hatten ihre familien im golf , der le@@ van@@ te und nor@@ dafri@@ ka zurück gelassen , um sich al-@@ q@@ ai@@ da im irak anzu@@ schließen . +das menschliche ziel war hier , cam@@ ps für um@@ sie@@ d@@ lung zu identi@@ fizieren , basier@@ end auf vor@@ ran@@ gi@@ gem bedarf . +und die realität der gesellschaft , in der wir leben , ist die , dass es tausende und ab@@ er@@ tausende von menschen da draußen gibt , die ihr leben im st@@ um@@ men schre@@ i der verzwei@@ fl@@ ung leben , dabei lange , har@@ te stunden in ver@@ has@@ sten jobs arbeiten , um dinge kaufen können , die sie nicht brauchen , um menschen zu beein@@ dru@@ cken , die sie nicht mögen . +zur mitta@@ gs@@ zeit sport mit einem freund . +also ich will ja nicht spo@@ tten , aber ein fit@@ ter büro@@ ham@@ ster mit 10@@ -@@ stun@@ den-@@ tag zu sein , ist nicht ausge@@ g@@ lich@@ en@@ er , sondern nur ange@@ pas@@ ster . +und das ist meiner ansicht nach eine idee , die verbreitung verdi@@ ent . +als schwarze in amerika ist es für mich , im vergleich zu einem weißen , zwei@@ mal so wahrscheinlich in einer gegend zu leben , in der die luft@@ verschmu@@ tzung für mich das größte gesundheits@@ risiko dar@@ stellt . +aber warum ist unsere lage so anders ? +wer er@@ zi@@ elt einen gew@@ inn ? gibt es irgend@@ eine recht@@ ferti@@ gung dafür , was die lok@@ ale komm@@ une erd@@ ul@@ den muss ? +und sie schaffen wohn@@ raum für unsere kleinen freunde ! +und wir arbeiten mit einem über@@ greif@@ enden städ@@ tischen plan@@ ungs@@ de@@ fi@@ z@@ it . +für seine bri@@ llan@@ ten an@@ streng@@ ungen wurde er fast ange@@ kla@@ gt . +versch@@ wenden sie nicht zusä@@ tzlich zu den 90 prozent an energie , die wir täglich versch@@ wenden und wor@@ an uns herr gore erinnert hat , auch noch unsere energie , intelligenz und hart er@@ wor@@ bene erfahrung . +sie schrieb mir zurück und sagte : " ich bin so stolz , einen sohn zu haben , der eine software entwickelt hat , die es diesen kindern ermög@@ li@@ chte , ihren mü@@ ttern mutter@@ tag@@ sk@@ arten zu machen . " +es scheint als spr@@ inge jeder auf diesen trend auf . +und wenn ich meine hand bewe@@ ge , kann ich die ball@@ ons zer@@ plat@@ zen lassen oder ich kann den k@@ äf@@ er bewegen . +also zeigte ich es ihm . +es macht wiederum sinn , über eine analog@@ ie mit sprache nachzudenken . +das hat mit automo@@ bil@@ en überhaupt nichts zu tun . +hier@@ über möchte ich sprechen . +unser interesse ist es , schönheit zu finden , die mehr als nur äs@@ the@@ tisch ist , sondern tatsächlich eine wahrheit . +alles klar ? eine sache zum thema kunst : kunst ist entdeckung und kunst ist es , sich selbst durch seine kunst zu entdecken . richtig ? +hoffentlich würden wir den kunden in seinem inneren verstehen , dort wo er zu hause ist , indem wir mit ihm in amerika leben . und so -- schi@@ ckten wir das team los , und dann passierte tatsächlich etwas anderes . sie machten sich auf ihre eigene reise . +die ingenie@@ ure flo@@ gen her@@ über , und die designer tra@@ fen sich mit ihnen und sie stellten ihre präsentation zusammen . +über so was kann man sich aber auch aufre@@ gen , oder ? +chris bang@@ le sagt , großartige autos sind kunst +während meiner ausbildung in klin@@ ischer medizin , hä@@ mat@@ ologie , on@@ k@@ ologie , und stamm@@ zell@@ transplan@@ tation , hatten wir statt dessen durch die regu@@ lation der f@@ da [ us-@@ ar@@ z@@ nei@@ mittel@@ zu@@ las@@ s@@ ungs@@ behör@@ de ] nur substan@@ zen wie ar@@ sen , th@@ ali@@ dom@@ id und ein chem@@ isches der@@ i@@ v@@ at von sen@@ f@@ gas . +tatsächlich ver@@ ga@@ ßen sie , dass sie krebs@@ zellen waren und wurden zu normalen zellen . +und das war leider erfolgreich . +der erste ist dieser : wenn etwas an dieser forschung einzigarti@@ g ist , ist es weniger die wissenschaft als eher die strategie – für uns war dies ein sozi@@ ales experiment , in dem wir herausfinden wollten was passiert , wenn wir in den frü@@ he@@ sten ph@@ as@@ en der chem@@ ischen forschung so offen und ehrlich wie möglich wären . +eins , was sie mit einem bild wie diesem machen können , ist , es einfach zu be@@ w@@ un@@ dern . +denn wenn das der fall gewesen wäre , wären sie unter der gravi@@ ta@@ tion@@ sk@@ raft koll@@ ab@@ iert zu einem riesigen schwarzen loch . +das ist unsere aufgabe als ko@@ sm@@ ologen . +und nach einstein treibt diese energie das universum an . +die kon@@ sequenz wurde von bol@@ tz@@ mann im 19@@ . jahrhundert untersucht . +das ist die region , in dem die entrop@@ ie niedri@@ g ist . +aber wir wissen jetzt genug über die zukunft des universums , dass wir sehr viel mehr sagen können . +oder vielleicht ist der ur@@ kn@@ all nicht der beginn des universums . +ich hatte niemals ein internet gesehen . +ich fühlte mich sehr wohl auf dem gy@@ m@@ n@@ asi@@ um . also war ich entsch@@ lossen alles mögliche zu tun um bildung zu erhalten . +gott se@@ g@@ ne sie . +egal welche bewegung ich in meiner echten welt machte wurde nur mi@@ th@@ ilfe meines kleinen gerä@@ tes in der digitalen welt repli@@ ziert . vor acht jahren , im jahre 2000 . +ich nahm das sehr wör@@ tlich , ich nahm meinen fahr@@ rad@@ hel@@ m , und setzte ihn ein wenig schie@@ ff auf , das der proje@@ ktor gut dar@@ auf@@ pas@@ ste . +die kamera versteht interessan@@ ter@@ weise nicht nur meine bewegungen , sondern ist auch fähig zu verstehen welche dinge ich in meiner hand halte . +und warum nur com@@ u@@ ter ? wir können einfach mit papi@@ eren spielen . +p@@ m : es gibt sehr viel energie hei@@ r . sehr viel zu lernen . +es war eine große herausforderung . +falls sie keine frei@@ räume haben , müssen sie dorthin gehen und frei@@ räume schaffen . +man kann gute hal@@ te@@ stellen bauen . +der erste : man kann einen , nennen wir es teu@@ fel@@ sk@@ rei@@ s in einen virtu@@ ellen kreis ändern . +sie können sich vorstellen , wie zu@@ frieden die menschen mit mir sind wenn sie diese sz@@ enen sehen . +ich teile ihnen nun die vor@@ fälle des tages mit . +das ist großartig , das bedeutet , es gibt bald 10 milliarden kö@@ pfe , die miteinander arbeiten , 10 milliarden tal@@ ente zusammen . +in@@ ka@@ -@@ skulp@@ turen werden als schä@@ tze betrachtet in bri@@ tischen mu@@ seen , während sha@@ k@@ espe@@ are über@@ setzt ist in jede wichtige sprache der erde . +übrigens hatte darin selbst keinen zwei@@ fel daran , dass das pf@@ au@@ en@@ rad für die pf@@ au@@ en@@ hen@@ nen schön ist . +wunder@@ schöne mu@@ sch@@ el@@ hal@@ sk@@ et@@ ten , die wie etwas aussehen , was sie auf einer ausstellung des k@@ uns@@ th@@ and@@ wer@@ ks finden würden , ebenso o@@ cker@@ gel@@ be körper@@ farbe sind gefunden worden , die ungefähr 10@@ 0.000 jahre alt sind . +ja , fr@@ is@@ ur -- darauf be@@ stehe ich . +wir haben schon ein auto@@ mati@@ sches fahr@@ zeug . +das system ist ebenfalls schla@@ u genug um den sicher@@ sten weg zu berech@@ nen um das auto zu be@@ dienen . +daher , handelt es sich in der tat um einen multi@@ dimension@@ alen nutz@@ er-@@ interface . +sie müssen ir@@ re sein . " +ich ver@@ ließ gerade ein se@@ min@@ ar , als es an@@ fing . ich su@@ mm@@ te vor mich hin , f@@ um@@ mel@@ te an meiner tasche herum , so wie ich es schon hunder@@ t@@ mal gemacht hatte , als ich plötzlich eine stimme hörte , die ruhi@@ g bemer@@ kte : " sie geht aus dem raum . " +zu diesem zeitpunkt begannen die ereig@@ nisse sich zu über@@ schlagen . +ich sagte immer , dass diese menschen mich ger@@ et@@ tet haben , aber jetzt weiß ich , dass sie etwas viel wichti@@ ger@@ es getan haben als sie mich dazu be@@ fähi@@ gten , mich selbst zu retten , und , ganz entscheiden@@ d , hal@@ fen sie mir etwas zu verstehen , das ich immer vermu@@ tet hatte , nämlich dass meine stimmen eine sinn@@ volle reaktion auf trau@@ mati@@ sche lebenser@@ eig@@ nisse , besonders kind@@ heit@@ ser@@ leb@@ nisse , waren , und daher nicht meine fein@@ de , sondern eine erkenn@@ t@@ nis@@ quelle für un@@ lö@@ s@@ bare emotion@@ ale probleme waren . +um cha@@ ve@@ z zu par@@ ap@@ hr@@ asi@@ eren : wenn der soziale wandel beginnt , kann er nicht mehr aufge@@ halten werden . +an was sie sich erinnern ist , natürlich , der wichtige sie@@ g : dass die bri@@ ten geschlagen waren , und wir ges@@ ie@@ gt hatten , und das der staat geboren war . +und das macht es zu einem außer@@ ord@@ entlich span@@ nen@@ den ort für untersu@@ chungen . +aber besser - was viel wichtiger ist ist , dass sie sonnen@@ licht b@@ ün@@ deln müssten . +man sieht das rote leu@@ chten in ihren augen , was die refle@@ ktion der ta@@ schen@@ lam@@ pe ist . +sie sehen aus wie , vielleicht wie sonnen@@ blu@@ men . +ich war ein teenager und mit 15 oder 16 wollen wir , wie alle teenager , nehme ich an , einfach nur das machen , was uns gefällt und wor@@ an wir glauben . +und das ermöglicht es mir , dis@@ kre@@ t auf die uhr zu schauen , hier , ohne den arm zu anzu@@ win@@ keln . +ich meine , überlegen sie mal : die sor@@ g@@ falt , mit der wir sonnen@@ bri@@ llen aus@@ suchen oder schmu@@ ck oder acc@@ es@@ so@@ ires , ist wirklich wichtig , also wenn es nicht schön ist , gehört es nicht in dein gesicht . +also nan@@ nten wir es y water . das ist also ein weiteres beispiel , bei dem alles zusammen in einem raum passiert : das drei@@ dimension@@ ale design , die ideen , die entwicklung der mar@@ ke , es ist alles en@@ g miteinander ver@@ wo@@ ben . +tatsächlich können sie sehen , dass jedes lo@@ go ein bisschen anders ist . +und wenn jemand fragt , wes@@ halb sie ein kon@@ dom dabei haben , können sie einfach sagen , ihnen gefällt das design . +die erste hälfte wird von den s@@ än@@ gern hier auf der bühne aufge@@ führt . +und was , wenn überhaupt , haben männer damit zu tun ? +mein vater , der in drei kriegen ge@@ kämp@@ ft hatte , konnte seine eigene schwester nicht vor diesem leid be@@ wahren . +" er war gesch@@ mei@@ ch@@ elt . +ich sehe tradition@@ elle musik als eine art re@@ bel@@ li@@ on , in der menschen wirklich eine stimme haben , besonders in den traditionellen lie@@ dern aus anderen teilen der früh@@ eren republi@@ k von ju@@ go@@ sla@@ wi@@ en . +aber nein , für den pro@@ test , klei@@ deten sie sich alle in weiß , ohne ma@@ ke@@ up . +frauen , wie sa@@ ken@@ a und lea@@ h und la@@ y@@ ma haben mich beschei@@ den gemacht , mich verändert und erkennen lassen , dass ich nicht so schnell an@@ nahmen irgend@@ einer art treffen sollte . +wir können gesellschaften ent@@ milit@@ ar@@ isi@@ eren und die mittel stattdessen in reser@@ vo@@ ire wahr@@ er sicherheit gi@@ e@@ ßen . +und ich dachte : " t@@ ja , ich bin kein strate@@ ge und auch kein spezi@@ alist . ich bin nur ein geschi@@ chten@@ erzähl@@ er . " +was könnte das bedeuten ? +sie waren während des be@@ tens zusammen . +und da gibt es zwei wichtige bot@@ schaften , oder zwei le@@ ktionen , die man dieser realität ent@@ nehmen kann . +und die religi@@ on@@ s@@ polizei zw@@ ingt die angeb@@ liche islam@@ ische lebens@@ weise jedem bürger auf , mit gewalt – z.b. werden frauen ge@@ zw@@ ungen , ihre kö@@ pfe zu be@@ decken – den hi@@ d@@ scha@@ b zu tragen , die islam@@ ische kopf@@ be@@ de@@ ck@@ ung . +es ist unser glaube und wir werden ihm tre@@ u bleiben . " . +und ich denke das ist eine frage , die vor@@ sich@@ it@@ g disku@@ tiert werden muss . +das ist eine erfahrung , die nicht jede musli@@ m@@ ische nation im mittleren osten bis vor kurzem hatte . +mu@@ staf@@ a ak@@ yo@@ l : glaube gegenüber tradition im islam +es lich@@ tet den wald und macht die einzelnen bäume sicht@@ bar . +eine anti@@ körper@@ -@@ fä@@ r@@ bung wie diese hier kann genutzt werden , um diese art von fragen zu verstehen . +dar@@ fu@@ r mag sich aus den schlag@@ zei@@ len verab@@ schie@@ det haben , aber die tö@@ tungen und die ver@@ treib@@ ungen dort dauern ebenfalls an und das schi@@ ere menschliche el@@ end , das daraus hervor@@ geht ist sehr schwer zu er@@ gründen . +somit ist die tatsache , dass die zahl zi@@ vil@@ er ge@@ tö@@ te@@ ter , auch wenn jeder ge@@ tö@@ tete , ver@@ kr@@ ü@@ pp@@ elte , ver@@ gewal@@ tigte , ge@@ fol@@ ter@@ te zivili@@ st einer zu viel ist , heute sicht@@ bar ger@@ inger ist als noch vor einem jahrzehn@@ t@@ . eine gute nachricht . +aber ander@@ erseits ist nor@@ d ir@@ land ein sehr einzigarti@@ ges beispiel oder trifft diese erklärung nur allge@@ mein für demokra@@ tische und entwicklungs@@ länder zu ? +sowohl erfol@@ ge als auch mis@@ ser@@ folge lehren uns einige sehr wichtige dinge die wir im hinter@@ kopf behalten müssen wenn wir wollen , dass das mit den guten nachrichten so weiter geht . +als national geogra@@ phi@@ c@@ -@@ fotogra@@ f habe ich sie schon für viele por@@ trä@@ tiert . +mor@@ ast und miner@@ alien werden zu nähr@@ boden , auf dem bakterien ge@@ d@@ ei@@ hen . +an land ging es neue wege : k@@ ie@@ fer@@ knochen wu@@ ch@@ sen zuerst , später zä@@ hne . +das aus@@ sterben einer art kann sich langsam voll@@ ziehen , aber manchmal auch sehr schnell . +und wo es das nicht tut , wie im grö@@ n@@ län@@ dischen winter , ist der mars nicht weit . +in australien ist " mo " der j@@ ar@@ g@@ on für schn@@ ur@@ r@@ bart . also haben wir den no@@ v@@ ember in " mov@@ ember " umge@@ t@@ auf@@ t und ein paar einfache regeln auf@@ gestellt , die bis heute gel@@ ten . +und wir b@@ lieben be@@ har@@ r@@ lich und brachten 4@@ 50 männer dazu , sich schn@@ ur@@ r@@ b@@ är@@ te wachsen zu lassen und zusammen sam@@ mel@@ ten wir 5@@ 4 000 dollar und spen@@ deten jeden cent an die pro@@ state cancer foundation of australia und das war damals die größte einzel@@ sp@@ ende , die sie jemals erhalten hatten . +wir haben also folgendes gemacht : wir haben etwas von dem geld genommen , das wir in australien gesam@@ melt hatten , um die kampagne in dieses land zu bringen , in die usa und nach england , und wir haben das gemacht , weil wir wussten , dass , wenn es erfolgreich wäre , wir un@@ endlich viel mehr geld weltweit sammeln könnten als nur in australien . und das geld treibt die forschung an und diese forschung wird uns ein hei@@ l@@ mittel bringen . +wir stie@@ gen also in ein tax@@ i und dies ist unser ta@@ xi@@ fahrer und ich saß auf dem rück@@ sitz und er dre@@ hte sich um und sagte : " wo woll@@ t ihr hin ? " +deshalb haben wir beschlossen wohl@@ tä@@ tigkeit neu zu definieren . wir müssen die art und weise der tä@@ tigkeit dieser leute neu definieren . wie machen wir das ? +er konnte sehen was seinem wald passierte , seiner umwelt , weil sein groß@@ vater ihn unter seine fit@@ ti@@ che nahm als er gerade einmal zwei jahre alt war und begann ihn über den wald und den weg des lebens seiner leute zu lehren . +er würde ihnen sagen , wie er es mir erzählt hat , er sagte : " ich fragte mich : was taten meine groß@@ eltern und ur@@ groß@@ eltern um den wald für mich zu schützen ? +wir müssen uns ändern . +sogar dies war nicht genug . +würde er ihnen sagen : " ich bin ein samm@@ ler und ich ku@@ ra@@ tiere ein museum . " +sie haben einen sinn für großen zusammen@@ hän@@ ge ihrer zeit und ihre kleine rolle darin . +er um@@ flo@@ g sie zum ersten mal , er um@@ flo@@ g sie zum zweiten mal , er um@@ flo@@ g sie zum dritten mal . +an den u@@ fern eines fl@@ us@@ ses namens indu@@ s , im heutigen pakistan . +du soll@@ test nicht s@@ is@@ yp@@ ho@@ s sein , der bei tage einen f@@ els einen berg hin@@ au@@ fro@@ llt , nur um ihn am nächsten morgen wieder herunter@@ ger@@ oll@@ t aufzu@@ finden . +sehen sie , die in@@ der kan@@ nten auch einen fluss , der das land der lebenden vom land der toten trennt . +der nen@@ ner im leben des gy@@ m@@ n@@ sop@@ hen war " un@@ endlich " . +es gibt keinen di@@ ri@@ gen@@ ten . +und immer sah ich die verzwei@@ fl@@ ung bei meinen amerikanischen und europä@@ ischen kollegen , wenn sie es mit indien zu tun hatten . +also ist nichts richtig oder falsch an dem , was man in d@@ einem leben tut . +und wenn sie also das nächste mal jemandem begeg@@ nen , einem frem@@ den , dann habe ich eine bitte : verstehen sie , dass sie in einer subje@@ ktiven wahrheit leben , und der andere auch . +sie haben angst , dass wenn sie ihre leidenschaft suchen und diese nicht finden , sie sich wie ein i@@ di@@ ot fühlen würden . also machen sie aus@@ flü@@ chte , warum sie nicht nach ihrer leidenschaft aus@@ schau halten . +wissen sie was ? hier ist ein kleines geheimnis . +sie brauchen 20 inter@@ essen und eins davon , eins davon wird sie pac@@ ken , eins davon wird sie fes@@ seln , mehr als alles andere und dann haben sie wom@@ ö@@ glich ihre größte liebe im vergleich zu allen anderen dingen gefunden , die sie interessieren , und das ist leidenschaft . +was soll ich ihnen darauf sagen ? +" schau mal . ich hatte auch mal einen traum , aber – " " aber . " +und das ist der grund , wes@@ halb sie keine großartige karriere haben werden , es sei denn – ' es sei denn ' , die auf@@ rü@@ tt@@ el@@ n@@ d@@ sten aller wörter – ' es sei denn ' . +sie erinnern sich vielleicht an den auf@@ schre@@ i vor einem jahr , als eine arbeits@@ gruppe der amerikanischen vor@@ sor@@ ge@@ dien@@ ste die liter@@ atur über mammo@@ gra@@ f@@ ie@@ untersu@@ chungen überprü@@ fte und eine richt@@ linie gegen mammo@@ graphi@@ e@@ untersu@@ chungen er@@ ließ für frauen zwischen vier@@ zig und fünf@@ zig . +deshalb ist es einfach , diesen tumor im ob@@ eren teil dieser br@@ ust mit viel fett@@ gewebe zu sehen . +früher oder später müssen wir die tatsache akzeptieren , dass innova@@ tionen im gesundheitswesen nicht immer viel mehr kosten können . +da waren wir also , ein kern@@ physiker , eine inter@@ ni@@ stin , kurz darauf er@@ gän@@ zt durch car@@ r@@ ie hr@@ us@@ ka , eine bi@@ ome@@ di@@ zin@@ -@@ ingenie@@ ur@@ in und zwei radi@@ ologen . wir versuchten , uns mit der et@@ abli@@ erten welt der mammo@@ graph@@ ie anzu@@ legen , mit hilfe einer maschine , die von kle@@ be@@ band zusammen@@ gehalten wurde . +hier ist ein beispiel aus dieser studie . +wir müssen noch die studie mit der ger@@ ingen strahl@@ ungs@@ do@@ sis be@@ enden und dann müssen unsere ergebnisse von anderen institutionen wieder@@ holt werden . das könnte fünf jahre oder länger dauern . +die babys , mit denen wir schwan@@ ger waren , als meine pati@@ enti@@ n mir damals diese frage stellte , sind jetzt beide in der mittel@@ stufe , so lange haben die antworten darauf ge@@ braucht . +ich kann mir ihre finanz@@ bele@@ ge ansehen . +oder sollten wir seine privat@@ sphäre respe@@ kti@@ eren , seine würde schützen und ihn in ru@@ he lassen ? +was ist ein moral@@ isches be@@ trie@@ bs@@ system ? +ich gehe hin und her , ich komme ni@@ r@@ gen@@ ds an . +wenn man so darüber nach@@ denkt , hat man einen moral@@ ischen mas@@ s@@ stab nach pla@@ to . +nicht , weil es vor@@ hin ge@@ kl@@ ing@@ elt hat , ich nehme es , weil ich eine kleine berech@@ nung gemacht habe . +was ist die for@@ mel ' +oder habe ich wie k@@ ant meine vern@@ un@@ ft benutzt , um herauszufinden , was in@@ trin@@ s@@ isch richtig ist ? " +d@@ um ta da da d@@ um d@@ um ta da da d@@ um ihr musi@@ ker@@ freund wird sie stopp@@ en und sagen , " wei@@ sst du , diese ti@@ tel@@ musik für eure daten@@ revolution , das ist eine op@@ er , das ist wa@@ g@@ ner . +er ist unsere unsicht@@ bare wirklichkeit . +und dieses rau@@ schen ist das neu@@ tr@@ al@@ ste . +defini@@ tiv nicht perfekt . als wür@@ det ihr es wahrscheinlich an diesem punkt aus@@ machen . +ihr mü@@ sst wissen : heutzutage wird etwa eine von zwei tab@@ le@@ tten jeder ar@@ z@@ ne@@ i falsch ein@@ genommen . +ich habe es entworfen , um kindern mit der behandlung zu helfen . +große trag@@ ö@@ die also . +denn in den wurz@@ eln der pflan@@ ze ist sie nicht sehr effektiv . +jetzt können wir lo@@ kal@@ es essen genie@@ ßen . +wenn man den medien@@ berichten glaubt , war das leben eines dro@@ gen@@ de@@ al@@ ers in der blü@@ te@@ zeit der cra@@ ck@@ -@@ epide@@ mie sehr glam@@ our@@ ö@@ s , zumindest nach den worten von virg@@ ini@@ a po@@ stre@@ l . +laut mal@@ col@@ m gla@@ d@@ well war [ das ko@@ ka@@ in-@@ der@@ i@@ v@@ at ] cra@@ ck die ge@@ hal@@ t@@ voll@@ ere version von to@@ ma@@ ten@@ su@@ ppe für die innen@@ stadt . +er war ein wirklich interessan@@ ter an@@ blick . +er ging zurück in den zweiten stock und sagte : " hey jungs . +die gruppe , die ich näher betrachten möchte , sind jedoch die leute ganz unten , das fuß@@ volk . +in unserer gang – und das war zuge@@ ge@@ ben@@ erweise nicht die standar@@ d@@ situation – es herr@@ schte gerade inten@@ sive gewalt – viele ban@@ den@@ kriege – und diese gang wurde tatsächlich ziemlich erfolgreich . aber es gab dafür einen preis . +aber die regeln änder@@ ten sich , und sie wurden nie zum partner er@@ ho@@ ben . +die worte eines ban@@ den@@ mitg@@ lie@@ ds drücken das sehr schön aus . +danach begann ich mit sky@@ di@@ ving . +2005 fol@@ gte mein bas@@ e-@@ jump von ei@@ ger , mö@@ n@@ ch und jung@@ frau , drei sehr berühm@@ ten ber@@ gen in der schwei@@ z . +ich kenne zwar schon die antwort darauf , aber : wie landen sie ? +und sagen sie dann jemals : " nein , das werde ich nicht tun " ? +ich denke , es gibt eine so@@ z@@ il@@ alisi@@ erende dimension in diesem verschie@@ ben der grenze . +geht es darum bei kunst ? +so dass sich mit der bewegung ihrer beine die farbe ihres horizon@@ ts verändern wird . +und " ha@@ -@@ ha , da ist ein bild und hier bin ich . und was soll das ganze ? " +in den spek@@ ta@@ kul@@ ären groß@@ proje@@ kten , für die er berü@@ hmt ist , er@@ schafft ol@@ af@@ ur eli@@ as@@ son kunst aus einer pal@@ ette von raum , di@@ stan@@ z , farbe und licht . dieser mit vortrag voller ideen beginnt mit einem experiment zur natur der wahrnehmung . +ich vermu@@ te , dass das eine menge tiere versch@@ eu@@ cht . +wir brauchen eine organisation wie die nasa für ozean@@ forschung , denn wir müssen unsere lebenser@@ hal@@ tungs@@ systeme hier auf der erde schützen und erforschen . +als die 10 jahre alt war , 19@@ 27 , veröffent@@ li@@ chte sie ihren ersten ge@@ di@@ cht@@ band mit dem titel " the jan@@ it@@ or ' s boy " +mir ge@@ fro@@ r mein blut als ich das las weil ich eine einfache musik geschrieben hatte 1@@ 30 jahre nachdem er diesem brief schrieb .. +nat@@ al@@ ie mer@@ ch@@ ant sing@@ t von ihrem neuen al@@ bu@@ m " leave your sleep " . die tex@@ te aus fast ver@@ ges@@ sen@@ en di@@ cht@@ ungen aus dem 19@@ . jahrhundert pa@@ aren sich mit ihrer un@@ ver@@ wech@@ selb@@ aren stimme zu einem auf@@ tritt , der das publikum begei@@ ster@@ te . +ihr körper unterschei@@ det sich grundle@@ gend von unserem . +als erwachsen@@ er , als ich über die erstaun@@ lichen erkenn@@ tnisse von pen@@ ny patter@@ son und ko@@ ko , sue sa@@ va@@ ge-@@ ru@@ m@@ bau@@ gh mit kan@@ z@@ i und pan@@ ban@@ ish@@ a , ir@@ ene pe@@ p@@ per@@ berg und ale@@ x , den pa@@ pa@@ ge@@ i , hörte , begei@@ ster@@ te ich mich dafür . +so sah es aus , als es an@@ fing und man kann es als internet der weißen männer mittleren al@@ ters be@@ zeichnen , über@@ wie@@ gend weiße männer mittleren al@@ ters . +bei mir sind 8 große tü@@ mm@@ ler : die 20@@ -@@ jährige ch@@ es@@ a@@ pe@@ a@@ ke , unser erster hier geb@@ or@@ en@@ er del@@ ph@@ in , ihre 4 jahre alte tochter ba@@ y@@ ley und ihre halb@@ schwester , die 11 jahre alte may@@ a . +nur der kon@@ gress kann diese zahl wert@@ schätzen . +das bedeutet , dass das , was wir gerade über diese interak@@ tionen mit anderen arten lernen , uns letztendlich bei@@ bringt , wie wir vielleicht mit ali@@ ens von einem anderen planeten interagieren . +nun , vielen dank euch allen , dass ihr dabei wart . +und nun sprachen menschen aus dem iran mit mir . +es gibt dort grafi@@ k@@ designer . wirklich ? +diese ganze liste an face@@ boo@@ k@@ seiten , der gleichen botschaft gewi@@ d@@ met ; menschen , die einander ihre liebe senden . +erinnern sie sich an das bild vom anfang ? +ich werde einfach ein bild davon machen und ich werde es auf facebook hoch@@ laden mit etwas wie " isra@@ eli@@ s für den frieden " . +wie sie sehen , entwickelt sich ein projekt durch eine folge von generationen von desig@@ n@@ meetings . +aber dann tra@@ fen wir einen chines@@ ischen unternehmer , der unser design gesehen hatte und sagte : " wow , das ist das chines@@ ische zeichen für das wort ‚ volk ' " . offen@@ bar schreibt man so also " volk " , wie in " vol@@ ks@@ republi@@ k china " . +china wird durch den dra@@ chen symbo@@ li@@ siert , +sondern bieten an es auszu@@ probieren . +wenn sie trotzdem nach kop@@ en@@ ha@@ gen kommen , werden sie wohl eine instal@@ lation des chines@@ ischen künst@@ l@@ ers ai wei@@ we@@ i sehen , +wenn man jetzt vom par@@ k@@ haus durch die gän@@ ge geht , ist es fast wie eine reise durch ein par@@ all@@ el@@ universum aus bun@@ ten autos und farben zu dieser urban@@ e o@@ ase in süd@@ lage . +unser grund@@ gedanke war , die sieben wichtigsten ber@@ ge as@@ er@@ ba@@ i@@ d@@ sch@@ ans als muster zu nehmen , und sie in urban@@ e architek@@ ton@@ ische strukturen umzu@@ setzen , die von menschen be@@ wohn@@ t werden können . +und ich muss sagen , bevor ich weiter mache , bitte ich jeden von ihnen es zu versuchen und sti@@ ft und papier herauszu@@ holen weil ich sie tatsächlich darum bitten werde , mir zu helfen , einen blick darauf zu werfen , wie wir das machen . +weil wir probleme nicht lösen können . +was ich also be@@ ab@@ sichti@@ ge ist , wirklich zu sagen , dass wir für eine sehr lange zeit , eine situation gehabt haben , in der wir eine anzahl der aus@@ wahl@@ möglichkeiten gehabt haben . +und dann fragen sie , warum ökon@@ omen ? +aber es bes@@ agt , dass das was wir dagegen machen können sehr wenig ist , zu sehr hohen kosten . +die neu@@ erkrank@@ ungen an malaria bel@@ aufen sich auf einige millionen in@@ fi@@ zierte pro jahr . +also nochmal , auf was wir uns konzentrieren , ist prä@@ ven@@ tion eher als behandlung , zunächst einmal . +natürlich liegt das hauptsächlich daran , dass der klimawandel so gute bilder hat . +die einzigen zwei bedingungen waren , dass sie an der universität studieren , und dass sie englisch sprechen . +im letzten jahrhundert hat die kombination aus liber@@ aler demokratie und privat@@ em kapit@@ alismus den vereinigten staaten und der westlichen welt zu ras@@ an@@ tem wirtschafts@@ wachstum ver@@ holfen . +denken sie einmal darüber nach , ob das von china re@@ präsen@@ tierte system nicht das ist , welches bei den menschen in entwicklungsländern immer mehr zu dem system wird , das es anzu@@ streben gilt , da sie immer mehr davon überzeugt sind , dass durch dieses system ihr lebens@@ standard innerhalb kür@@ ze@@ ster zeit am besten und schnell@@ sten verbessert werden kann . +ich stehe auch hier , um ihnen zu sagen , dass sich gerade einiges verändert im hin@@ blick auf chin@@ as haltung zur demokratie . +aber ich glaube , dass die usa und die europä@@ ischen staaten , um ihren welt@@ weiten einfluss zu behalten , vielleicht darüber nachdenken müssen , kurz@@ fri@@ stig zu ko@@ oper@@ ieren , um konkur@@ ri@@ eren zu können und dadurch müssen sie sich vielleicht ag@@ gressi@@ ver auf die wirtschaftlichen erfol@@ ge konzentrieren , um dazu bei@@ zu@@ tragen , eine mittel@@ schicht zu schaffen und somit die regierung zur verantwortung ziehen zu können und die demokratie zu bilden , die wir wirklich wollen . +auf die gleiche weise können wir das wirtschafts@@ wachstum an@@ kur@@ b@@ eln . +heißt also , wenn man im besten kli@@ ma lebt , in san die@@ go in den usa oder im schle@@ ch@@ testen kli@@ ma , in bu@@ ff@@ al@@ o , new york , wird man gleich glücklich an beiden orten sein . +wenn wir also eben diese sehr wichtigen entscheidungen aufgrund sehr kom@@ ischer gründe machen , bleibt es doch stati@@ stisch er@@ wiesen , dass mehr geor@@ ges in geor@@ gi@@ a leben und mehr den@@ nis@@ es zahn@@ arzt werden und dass mehr pau@@ las mit paul ver@@ heirat@@ et sind als stati@@ stisch nötig . +und ich weiß natürlich dinge , als designer , über ty@@ po@@ gra@@ fie , auch wenn wir nicht sonder@@ lich erfolgreich mit diesen tieren gearbeitet haben . +nach etwa drei tagen zeigen sich blas@@ en an der oberfläche der flüs@@ sigkeit . +mit indi@@ go en@@ steht ein schutz vor mikro@@ ben . +su@@ z@@ an@@ ne , ganz kurz , was du an@@ hast , trä@@ gst du nicht zufällig ? +ba@@ o y@@ on@@ g@@ xi@@ u : " meine mutter sagt mir , ich sol@@ le heim@@ kommen und hei@@ raten , aber wenn ich jetzt hei@@ rate , bevor ich mich ganz entwickelt habe , kann ich nur einen gewöhn@@ lichen arbeiter hei@@ raten . deshalb habe ich keine ei@@ le . " +in vielen arti@@ keln wird aus@@ ger@@ ech@@ net : wie lange muss ein arbeiter arbeiten , um so viel geld zu verdienen , dass er sich das kaufen kann , was er her@@ stellt ? +ein ander@@ mal , nachdem m@@ in die hand@@ ta@@ schen@@ fabrik bereits verlassen hatte , kam ihre jün@@ gere schwester zu besu@@ ch und brachte zwei der bekannten co@@ ach@@ -@@ hand@@ ta@@ schen mit . +danke . +im jahr 2009 gab es 500 bom@@ ben@@ explo@@ sionen in pakistan . +stufe zwei : sie lehren den kindern den kor@@ an , welcher das heili@@ gste buch des islam ist , auf arab@@ isch ; eine sprache , die diese kinder nicht verstehen und nicht sprechen können . +dieser junge heißt mess@@ oud . +wir haben die cas@@ sin@@ i raum@@ son@@ de nun mehr@@ mals über diesen mond ge@@ flo@@ gen . wir sind näher und tief@@ er in diese strö@@ me ge@@ flo@@ gen , in die di@@ chter@@ en regionen dieser strö@@ me , so , dass wir jetzt einige sehr prä@@ z@@ ise , viel@@ sei@@ tige mess@@ werte erhalten konnten . +gegenüber dieser weite erscheinen wir immer irgendwie klein . +diese verbindung ist eindeu@@ tig ein materi@@ eller prozess . +sie su@@ chten nach bis jetzt uner@@ sch@@ lossen@@ en orten und das bedeu@@ tete in erster linie nor@@ d und sü@@ d , hauptsächlich diese kab@@ el nach afrika . +danke sehr . +das material , das ab@@ gelegt wird , kommt zunächst entweder in flüs@@ si@@ ger form oder als pu@@ der heraus . +die details , die man heute machen kann , sind erstaunlich . +aber dies auf her@@ kö@@ mm@@ liche art herzustellen , ist schwierig . +sie können es einfach direkt vor ort herstellen . +statt ein produkt um die welt zu schicken , schicken wir daten über das internet . +firmen wollen unterschiedliche dinge . +aber es waren nicht nur wir . sogar in der musli@@ mischen welt wurde seine definition von d@@ schi@@ had aufge@@ gri@@ ffen . +was heißt das für uns im westen ? +aber das ist immer noch kein grund für uns , uns abzu@@ wenden , weil wir diesen film schon aus afghanistan kennen . +al ja@@ ze@@ era brachte ihnen informationen , zeigte ihnen was im namen ihrer religion gesagt und getan wurde , de@@ ckte die heu@@ ch@@ el@@ ei@@ en von o@@ sam@@ a bin laden und al-@@ q@@ ai@@ da auf , und gab ihnen die informationen , die den menschen erlaub@@ te , ihre eigenen schlüs@@ se zu ziehen . +vielen dank . +die freund@@ lichkeit und gü@@ te in ihrem gesicht nahmen mich sofort für sie ein , und ich bat sie , mir ihre geschichte zu erzählen . +sie lebt mit all dieser un@@ sicherheit und tatsächlich wurde sie im janu@@ ar , während der stam@@ mes@@ kra@@ w@@ alle , aus ihrem heim ver@@ trieben und musste eine neue hü@@ tte finden , in der sie fort@@ an leben konnte . +ich glaube wirklich , dass dort die würde ihre wurz@@ eln hat . +neben@@ bei bemerkt , das geheimnis ist , nicht zu bett zu gehen , e@@ he man seine wörter für diesen tag zusammen hat . +ich hatte gerade tri@@ gon@@ ome@@ trie in der schule bele@@ gt und lernte dort über par@@ ab@@ eln , und ihre fähigkeit , licht@@ stra@@ hlen in einem punkt zu konzentrieren . +ich bin fro@@ h , dass sie vor@@ hin schon gehört haben , dass bat@@ teri@@ en im vergleich zu öl einen unglaublich viel weniger effe@@ ktiven energi@@ es@@ p@@ ei@@ cher darstellen . +man nimmt ein problem , welches nicht durch eine durch und durch mathemati@@ sche antwort lö@@ s@@ bar ist , und stellt ein evolution@@ är@@ es system für viel@@ fa@@ che rat@@ ever@@ suche auf , fü@@ gt sex hin@@ zu - was bedeuten soll , dass man die hälfte einer ersten und die hälfte einer zweiten lösung nimmt und daraus neue mu@@ ta@@ tionen erstellt - und nutzt dann die natürliche sele@@ ktion , um die nicht so guten lösungen abzu@@ töten . +was sie hier sehen sind 12 separate blä@@ tter , die mit individu@@ ellen mikro@@ proz@@ ess@@ oren bewegt werden könnten , die nur etwa einen dollar kosten würden . +und sobald man mobili@@ tät hat , kann man viele mot@@ oren produzieren , da man mehr ein@@ heiten benötigt , im gegensatz zu dam@@ pf@@ schi@@ ffen oder großen fabri@@ ken , für die nicht so viele ein@@ heiten notwendig sind , also war dies der motor@@ typ der aus der massen@@ produktion nutzen zog , was alle anderen mot@@ oren nicht taten . +das bewegt man dann hoch und runter durch ein kleines bisschen energie , aber nun schie@@ bt man die luft nur her@@ unter zum heißen und hoch zum k@@ alten ende , her@@ unter zum heißen ende und hoch zum k@@ alten . +nun setzen wir die zwei dinge zusammen . +dies ist der erste test im freien und jedes der blä@@ tter sucht jetzt also individu@@ ell nach dem besten winkel . +es ist unglaublich , wie groß das potential für solar@@ energie dort ist und ich bin sehr begeistert , mehr über wege zu reden , wie wir darauf hin arbeiten können . +bill gro@@ ss über revolution@@ äre ideen für das finden neuer formen von energie@@ gewinn@@ ung +aber trotzdem sehen wir uns die teile an . +und aus diesem fel@@ d@@ zug werden wir wahrscheinlich ein paar dutz@@ end artikel über ein paar dutz@@ end proz@@ esse oder moleküle bekommen . +und das war ja auch gut so , dass man die sache unterstützt hat . +also , aus un@@ verständnis können tolle sachen entstehen -- -- von denen ich dann ein bild male , das schließlich in meinem werk landen wird . +ich arbeite für den new yor@@ ker und ich mache ti@@ tel@@ seiten , und dann kam der 1@@ 1. september und das war , ä@@ h@@ m , ein vö@@ lli@@ ges ende der welt wie wir sie kan@@ nten . +und " würde " ist der lieb@@ hab@@ er von co@@ co chan@@ el und " sollte " ist edi@@ th si@@ t@@ well , und könnte ist ein aug@@ ust s@@ ander modell . +und dann gibt es keinen aus@@ gest@@ op@@ ften spin@@ o@@ za , aber dafür einen aus@@ gest@@ op@@ ften pa@@ v@@ lo@@ v ' schen hund , und ich habe ihn im hy@@ gi@@ en@@ e-@@ museum in st@@ . pe@@ ter@@ s@@ bur@@ g in rus@@ s@@ land besu@@ cht . +ich habe in der post eine sch@@ ach@@ tel erhalten und die war in zeit@@ ung@@ sp@@ ap@@ ier einge@@ wick@@ elt und in dieser zeitung war das bild dieses man@@ nes und er war tot . +so , und dieses lied handelt davon wie el@@ en@@ dig alle sind denn , nun ja , wir kommen aus rus@@ s@@ land . +ma@@ ir@@ a kal@@ man , die be@@ bil@@ der@@ te frau +aber trotzdem , konnte ich in meinem herzen keine wirkliche tren@@ nung spüren , die liebe , die ich für diese menschen emp@@ finde , war einfach größer . +wir kle@@ ttern also auf einen baum , und einige dinge , die wir dabei machen um auf den baum zu kle@@ ttern unter@@ graben tatsächlich die wurz@@ eln des bau@@ mes . +kochen , pu@@ tzen , ein@@ kaufen , bauen . aber sie sind nicht hier . +wir hoff@@ ten , dass sie eine art bö@@ sen , sp@@ innen@@ arti@@ gen gang haben würde , aber stattdessen entwickelte sie diese ziemlich la@@ h@@ me art der vor@@ wär@@ ts@@ bewegung . +der hur@@ ri@@ k@@ an kat@@ r@@ ina hat uns gezeigt , dass wir uns nicht vollständig darauf verlassen können , das die regierung je@@ derzeit bereit und in der lage ist , zu handeln . +alle gesi@@ chts@@ mas@@ ken werden beispielsweise in china hergestellt . +wenn sie jetzt eine pan@@ dem@@ ische bedro@@ hung hinzu@@ fügen , haben sie ein gro@@ s@@ ses problem . +lassen sie uns überlegen : sollen wir veran@@ lassen , dass alle hau@@ sti@@ ere drin bleiben ? +bei der sar@@ s-@@ epide@@ mie in hon@@ g@@ kon@@ g haben wir fest@@ gestellt , dass die meisten über@@ trag@@ ungen statt@@ fanden , weil die leute ihre mas@@ ken nicht richtig aus@@ zogen . +jede stadt , jeder be@@ zir@@ k er@@ griff eigene maß@@ nahmen . +die studie des medizin@@ ischen institu@@ ts be@@ män@@ gel@@ t , dass die mas@@ ken nicht re@@ zy@@ kli@@ ert werden können . +im en@@ de@@ ffe@@ kt schwä@@ cht sich das virus vielleicht ab ist für die menschheit nicht mehr tö@@ dlich und findet andere wir@@ te . +im hin@@ blick darauf , wo wir in der wissenschaft mit dn@@ s-@@ identi@@ fi@@ kation us@@ w. stehen , ist das nicht mehr so weit entfernt . +wir haben nie auch nur an@@ näher@@ n@@ d so etwas gesehen . " +es ist wirklich gut steu@@ er@@ bar . es gibt eine trag@@ bare fern@@ be@@ dien@@ ung , mit der sie beschle@@ uni@@ gen können , bre@@ m@@ sen , in den rück@@ wär@@ ts@@ gang wechseln , auch mit bre@@ m@@ s@@ funktion . +okay , ich habe gesch@@ um@@ melt , das waren nur 20 sekunden . +aber in amerika sind ke@@ ul@@ en ein syn@@ ony@@ m für gol@@ f@@ schlä@@ ger . +ich fand zwei bäume – aber nicht irgend@@ welche bäume , bäume mit charakter – und dann ein sehr lan@@ ges sei@@ l . +das mur@@ m@@ eln der stadt lö@@ st sich in einer wind@@ b@@ ö auf , deren ei@@ si@@ ge kraft ich nicht mehr fühle . +sie wissen das , oder ? +ich zau@@ b@@ ere die tau@@ be her@@ bei . +ich möchte , dass sie für eine sekunde nur diese fanta@@ stische menschliche sym@@ ph@@ onie erleben . +und ich würde sie gerne hoch ins blä@@ tter@@ dach mit@@ nehmen , nicht indem ich sie alle in sei@@ le und kle@@ tter@@ gur@@ te ste@@ cke , sondern indem ich ihnen einen sehr kurzen clip aus einem film von national geographic namens " hero@@ es of the high fron@@ tier " zeige . +wir haben ab@@ lö@@ s@@ ung@@ sex@@ per@@ im@@ ente gemacht , bei denen wir ma@@ tten von epi@@ phy@@ ten entfernt und uns die rate der wieder@@ bes@@ ie@@ d@@ lung angesehen haben . +wir ber@@ aten uns mit den medien über baum@@ kr@@ on@@ en-@@ fragen ; wir haben einen baum@@ kr@@ on@@ en-@@ new@@ sle@@ tter ; wir haben ma@@ il@@ ing@@ listen . +ich habe die wirkung von du@@ kes song auf die urban@@ e ju@@ gend gesehen – eine ziel@@ gruppe , an die ich als profess@@ or@@ in mittleren al@@ ters nicht hoffen kann , her@@ anzu@@ kommen – in bezug darauf , sie von der wichti@@ gkeit der natur@@ land@@ schaften zu überzeugen . +ich habe meine wissenschaftlichen kollegen und fach@@ leute für nachhal@@ tigkeit mit in die gefäng@@ nisse genommen . +vor langer , langer zeit war die welt einmal eine große , schwer gest@@ ör@@ te familie . +wir bewegen uns in richtung demokra@@ ti@@ si@@ erung der information , und ich arbeite schon eine ganze weile auf diesem gebiet . +das ist open source und kann in jedem land benutzt werden , in dem es ein informa@@ tions@@ frei@@ heits@@ gesetz gibt . +skep@@ tisch , weil man alles hinter@@ fragen sollte : +sie beobachten uns alle . sie haben im k@@ eller ein spi@@ on@@ a@@ ge@@ zentrum gebaut , wo sie mit algorith@@ men die stör@@ en@@ frie@@ de unter uns finden wollen , und w@@ em das nicht passt , der wird wegen terror@@ ismus fest@@ genommen . +wenn man an ein kor@@ allen@@ riff denkt , stellen sich die meisten leute dies vor : all diese großen , har@@ ten , kunst@@ vollen kor@@ allen und viele bun@@ te fisch@@ l@@ ein und so . +lösen sich mit der zeit im blut und den gewe@@ ben , und rei@@ chern sich darin an . +und diese aus@@ rü@@ stung haben wir für einen 9@@ 0-@@ m-@@ tau@@ ch@@ gang verwendet . +beim atmen produzieren wir ja kohlen@@ di@@ ox@@ id , und dieses kohlen@@ di@@ ox@@ id muss aus dem system ge@@ fil@@ tert werden . +und ich könnte den ganzen tag darüber reden – fragen sie meine frau – aber ich möchte zu etwas anderem kommen , das irgendwie noch interessan@@ ter ist . +wir sehen auch ha@@ ie , viel mehr ha@@ ie als ich erwartet hätte . +ich weiß ja nicht , ob sie " us news and world report " lesen – ich habe die aktu@@ elle aus@@ gabe . +und der hier ist interessant . +ich zeige ihnen dieses bild nicht , weil ich ihnen einen dä@@ mp@@ fer ver@@ passen will , sondern um ihnen meine leben@@ sp@@ hil@@ osop@@ h@@ ie deutlich zu machen , und zwar , dass wir alle zwei ziele haben . +trotz der tatsache , dass alle dieser stör@@ ungen im gehirn entstehen , werden die meisten dieser stör@@ ungen aus@@ schließlich auf basis von beob@@ acht@@ bar@@ em verhalten diagno@@ sti@@ ziert . +die forschung zeigt , dass 50 prozent der kinder , fast 50 prozent der kinder , die mit autis@@ mus diagno@@ sti@@ ziert werden , tatsächlich an verste@@ ckten hirn@@ krä@@ mp@@ fen leiden . +sie tauchen nicht mehr@@ mals auf , sodass er tatsächlich wie ein rei@@ se@@ beri@@ cht ist . +richard sau@@ l wur@@ man : ich weiß noch , wie er am pen@@ n-@@ college eine rede hielt . +lou@@ is ka@@ hn , ja ! +ihnen konnte er wahrscheinlich nicht die richtige art von liebe geben , aber uns , unserem volk hat er die richtige art von liebe gegeben , das ist wichtig . +was wäre , wenn sie auch zum nach@@ th@@ im@@ mel hin@@ auf@@ sehen , zu den@@ selben ster@@ nen , aber von der anderen seite ? +welche linie zeigt die zahl an ? +in den j@@ ack@@ -@@ hü@@ geln in west@@ australien werden zir@@ k@@ one ab@@ gebaut , diese zir@@ k@@ one aus den j@@ ack@@ -@@ hü@@ geln west@@ austr@@ ali@@ ens erzählen uns von einer zeit ein paar hundert millionen jahre nach dem planet@@ en@@ urspr@@ ung , in der es reich@@ lich wasser und vielleicht sogar leben gab . +dra@@ ke entdeckte zwar keine außer@@ ir@@ dische intelligenz , doch lernte er eine wert@@ volle lektion von einem vorbei@@ flie@@ genden flugzeug : ter@@ re@@ str@@ ische technologie kann mit der suche nach außer@@ ir@@ dis@@ cher technologie inter@@ fer@@ ieren . +wenn das also richtig ist , wieso konnten wir nur vier der 15@@ 1 menschen überzeugen ? +kommen sie mit zum ent@@ le@@ gen@@ sten teil der welt , zur ant@@ arkti@@ s . die höch@@ ste , tro@@ cken@@ ste , w@@ indi@@ gste , und k@@ äl@@ teste region der erde - noch tro@@ cken@@ er als die sahar@@ a und teil@@ weise k@@ älter als der mars . +unter der oberfläche aber herr@@ scht rund um ein 6 millionen eur@@ o te@@ ures bo@@ h@@ ra@@ g@@ gre@@ g@@ at der bo@@ hr@@ er taucht regel@@ mäßig , wie ein instrument der bi@@ op@@ sie , hunderte meter tief in das eis ein , um g@@ ase und is@@ ot@@ op@@ e zur analyse aus dem inn@@ ersten zu extra@@ hi@@ eren . +kennen wir denn nicht bereits die kon@@ sequenzen eines klima@@ wand@@ els auf unsere alt@@ ein@@ ges@@ essen@@ e zivilisation ? +das alte problem beim thema klima@@ schutz ist , daß er teuer ist , ander@@ n@@ falls ha@@ et@@ ten wir schon la@@ eng@@ st mit dem klima@@ schutz angefangen . +auch kommt aus europa und korea ern@@ st@@ zunehmen@@ de konkur@@ ren@@ z ge@@ folgt von china , das bald einer der wichtigsten net@@ to@@ ex@@ por@@ teure fu@@ er autos sein wird . +fin@@ a@@ zieren la@@ es@@ st es sich u@@ e@@ ber den priv@@ aten kapit@@ al@@ markt . +das ist nicht besonders er@@ bau@@ end nach mehr als einem jahrhundert hin@@ geb@@ ungs@@ voller ingenie@@ ur@@ arbeit . +jedes dieser teile wird von einem einzigen , recht billi@@ gen du@@ es@@ en@@ set ge@@ for@@ mt anstelle von vier teu@@ eren , die man zum stam@@ pfen von sta@@ hl ben@@ o@@ e@@ tigt . +zum beispiel ko@@ en@@ nen fo@@ er@@ der@@ programme , die eine mis@@ chung aus ge@@ bu@@ e@@ hren und ver@@ gu@@ et@@ ungen sind , fu@@ er alle belie@@ bi@@ gen fahr@@ zeug@@ klas@@ sen den preis fu@@ er in@@ effizi@@ ente autos er@@ ho@@ ehen und de@@ ment@@ sprech@@ end eine ver@@ gu@@ et@@ ung fu@@ er effizi@@ ente fahr@@ zeuge zahlen . +und den u@@ e@@ ber@@ gang zu effizi@@ enter@@ en fahr@@ zeugen beschle@@ uni@@ gen . +es geht dabei immer@@ hin um sechs milliarden dollar . +im ok@@ tober brachten wir zwei titel auf den markt – " rock@@ et@@ t ' s new school " , was der ersten teil einer serie von produ@@ kten über eine figu@@ r namens rock@@ et@@ t , die ihren ersten schul@@ tag beginnt , in der achten klasse , an einem ganz neuen ort , völlig ohne vor@@ geschichte . das erlaubt es den mädchen erlaubt , mit fragen zu spielen wie : " wie werde ich sein , wenn ich älter bin ? " , +wenn man ein mädchen wäre und wirklich ab@@ ent@@ eu@@ er@@ lustig und wirklich wild , würde man denken , dass spiele für mädchen irgendwie la@@ h@@ m sind . +b@@ l : ich spu@@ le vor zum moment der entscheidung , denn ich weiß , dass ich nicht viel zeit habe . +bren@@ da lau@@ re@@ l über die produktion von video@@ spielen für mädchen +ich brauche auch al@@ ko@@ hol und mor@@ phi@@ um , denn nur so kann ich arbeiten . " +viele sozi@@ ologen wie ve@@ bl@@ en und wol@@ fe würden behaup@@ ten , dass wir ursprün@@ ge so wichtig nehmen , weil wir s@@ no@@ bs sind , weil wir auf status fo@@ kus@@ siert sind . +es gibt in@@ zwischen dutz@@ ende , vielleicht hunderte von studien , die zeigen , dass wenn man glaubt , dass man das teure zeug trin@@ kt , es einem besser schme@@ ckt . +menschen haben ihre ge@@ lieb@@ ten um@@ gebracht im glauben , dass sie einen betr@@ ü@@ ger er@@ mor@@ deten . +dann fragten wir sie , " wieviel würden sie für george clo@@ one@@ ys pul@@ lo@@ ver bezahlen ? " +sie mögen es einfach nicht . +wie viele von ihnen wissen , ist das die kom@@ position , wo der pian@@ ist auf seiner bank sitzt , das piano öffnet und da sitzt und vier minuten 3@@ 3 sekunden gar nichts tut – diese zeit der st@@ ille . +paul blo@@ om : der urspr@@ ung der freude +was ich ihnen also zeigen werde , sind alle wichtigen dinge , alle haupt@@ merk@@ male meiner diszi@@ pli@@ n – be@@ wei@@ s@@ be@@ zo@@ gene medizin . +" ein glas ro@@ tw@@ ein am tag könnte brust@@ krebs verhindern helfen . " +die behaup@@ tung war , dass fisch@@ öl@@ kap@@ seln schul@@ leistungen und -@@ verhalten von durchschnitt@@ s@@ kindern verbessern . +zwei zu@@ cker@@ p@@ ill@@ en pro tag bes@@ ie@@ gt eine zu@@ cker@@ pil@@ le pro tag . +und wieder : das ist keine ir@@ r@@ sinni@@ ge do@@ sis , keine il@@ leg@@ ale do@@ sis , aber ganz nah an der höch@@ st@@ grenze vom normalen . +sie können hier sehen , dass die kleinen nega@@ tiven versuche , die unten links sein sollten , versch@@ wunden sind . +wir haben die daten bereits , die zeigen , dass es die dau@@ er ihrer gri@@ ppe um ein paar stunden verk@@ ür@@ zt . +und sehr bald hätten sie begonnen , diese ko@@ hle abzu@@ transpor@@ tieren , ton@@ ne um ton@@ ne , zu@@ g@@ wa@@ g@@ on um zu@@ g@@ wa@@ g@@ on , bo@@ ot@@ sla@@ dung um bo@@ ot@@ sla@@ dung , zurück nach china und überall in die welt . +können sie sich vorstellen , wie sie sich fühlen würden , wenn sie an meiner stelle wären ? +es geht nur ums öl ; sie wissen das , alle wissen das . +da ist diese sache , die milit@@ ar@@ isi@@ erung der welt , und die stammt direkt aus der mitte der vereinigten staaten . +und was sehen sie ? sie sind chri@@ sten . +und dieses wort , george bush hat diesen krieg einen kreu@@ z@@ zug genannt . +das musst du sehen -- bi@@ bel train@@ ing@@ sla@@ ger . +natürlich , haben sie das alles falsch verstanden . +und ich möchte , dass sie sie sich als chines@@ ische frau vorstellen , die eine chines@@ ische fla@@ g@@ ge erhält , weil ihr ge@@ lieb@@ ter in amerika gestorben ist , während des ko@@ h@@ le@@ auf@@ stands . +können sie ihre wu@@ t fühlen , ihre angst , ihren z@@ or@@ n über das , was in ihrem land passiert ? +und plötzlich , ohne dass sie es mer@@ ken , sehen sie die welt anders . +mau@@ ern der kommunikation sind -- das muss ich ihnen sicher nicht sagen -- mit dem internet ein@@ gest@@ ür@@ zt . +mehr als je zuvor sind es ideen dieser art , die an vor@@ der@@ ster wirtschaft@@ licher front wachstum an@@ treiben . +und das bedeutet einen größeren an@@ trieb für forschung und entwicklung , was jedem in der welt zu@@ gute kommt . +ich denke da an den großen in@@ dischen mathemati@@ ker ra@@ manu@@ j@@ an . +20. jahrhundert : ein wenig über zwei prozent . +als ich meine no@@ ti@@ zen ange@@ fer@@ tigt hatte , stand der öl@@ preis bei 1@@ 40 dollar pro f@@ ass . +wenn wir alle insekten auf diesem planeten aus@@ ro@@ t@@ teten , nur sie – was wir übrigens intensi@@ v versuchen – würde der rest des lebens und der menschheit zum großteil vom land verschwinden . +6@@ 0.000 arten sind der wissenschaft bekannt , aber ihre exi@@ stenz wird auf mehr als 1,@@ 5 millionen geschä@@ tzt . +was werden wir finden , wenn wir das leben endlich ernsthaf@@ t k@@ arti@@ eren können ? +durch menschen verursa@@ chte klima@@ änder@@ ungen – halten wir sie nicht auf – könnten in den nächsten fünf de@@ ka@@ den ein viertel der noch lebenden arten aus@@ ro@@ tten . +alle schlüssel@@ informationen über das leben auf er@@ den werden jedem auf an@@ frage zugänglich , egal wo auf der welt . +sie wurde kom@@ mer@@ zi@@ ell ge@@ ja@@ gt . +be@@ dauern , wu@@ t , trau@@ er . +nur einige dinge sind rein für die schu@@ pp@@ en@@ hal@@ stau@@ be spezi@@ fisch . +al@@ ber@@ to arbeitete am py@@ ren@@ ä@@ en@@ stein@@ bo@@ ck in sp@@ ani@@ en . +nun , vögel sind ziemlich gut program@@ miert , das meiste ist schon in ihrer dn@@ s enth@@ alten . aber zur er@@ gän@@ zung schlu@@ g ben vor , brie@@ ft@@ au@@ ben zu verwenden , um den jungen wander@@ tau@@ ben das sch@@ wär@@ men zu zeigen , und wie sie ihre alten bru@@ t@@ plä@@ tze und fu@@ tter@@ plä@@ tze finden . +ein weiteres interessan@@ tes projekt , das noch etwas unterstützung braucht , ist das der brei@@ t@@ mau@@ l@@ nas@@ hör@@ ner . +das wird unbe@@ ab@@ sichti@@ gte kon@@ sequenzen haben . +er be@@ trieb und arbeitete in einer fabrik . +ich habe das buch gerne gemacht , weil ich es liebte , meine fan@@ tas@@ ie spielen zu lassen , und das ist schreiben . +ich zeich@@ nete lu@@ stige bilder meiner lehrer und rei@@ chte sie herum . +ich wollte nur eine video@@ kamera . +ich rich@@ tete ein studio ein und versuchte , meine arbeit zu veröffent@@ lichen . +mr@@ s. al@@ isch drän@@ gte sich in der sch@@ lange vor und sagte : " ich hab ihm lesen bei@@ gebracht ! " +ich sagte : " mr@@ s. al@@ isch , wie geht es ihnen ? " +als ich meinen to@@ d@@ kran@@ ken vater im krankenhaus besu@@ chte , fragte ich mich , wie kann man an einem ort , der so klingt , überhaupt gesund werden ? +das wird sehr stark von der res@@ on@@ an@@ z@@ zeit beeinflusst , wie viel hall ein raum hat . +was kostet es , ein klassen@@ zimmer auf 0@@ ,@@ 4 sekunden nach@@ hall@@ zeit auf@@ zur@@ ü@@ sten ? +ich liebe diese for@@ mu@@ li@@ erung . +in " up@@ wake " tragen gebäude an@@ züge , zero ste@@ ppt auf einem gigan@@ tischen key@@ board , kl@@ on@@ t sich mit einem scan@@ ner , zä@@ hmt und p@@ ei@@ t@@ scht die computer@@ mä@@ use , se@@ gel@@ t von einem stück papier hinweg in die trau@@ m@@ landschaft , und rei@@ st ins welt@@ all . +aber die lehrer sind danach zu mir gekommen und sagten , dass sie die kinder noch nie so konzentri@@ ert gesehen hatten . +sie ist bewegung und gefühl . +in den nieder@@ landen , wo ich her@@ komme , sieht man so gut wie nie schw@@ eine , was seltsam ist , weil wir bei einer bevölkerung von 16 millionen leuten 12 millionen schw@@ eine haben . +und in kä@@ se@@ ku@@ chen und vielen anderen arten von des@@ ser@@ ts , wie zum beispiel scho@@ kom@@ ous@@ se , ti@@ ra@@ mis@@ u oder van@@ il@@ le@@ pu@@ d@@ ding , in allen produ@@ kten , die im super@@ markt ge@@ kü@@ hlt gel@@ ag@@ ert werden ist gel@@ at@@ ine um sie gut aussehen zu lassen . +und sie gefragt , ob sie mir eine ku@@ gel schicken können . +chri@@ sti@@ en mein@@ der@@ ts@@ ma , autor@@ in von " pi@@ g 0@@ 50@@ 4@@ 9 " re@@ cher@@ ch@@ iert das erstaunliche nach@@ leben eines gewöhn@@ lichen schw@@ eines , dessen teile ihren weg in mindestens 18@@ 5 nicht-@@ flei@@ sch@@ liche produkte finden , von gewe@@ hr@@ ku@@ geln bis zu künst@@ lichen herzen . +sagen sie einem kind , dass ihnen etwas leid tut , und es wird scho@@ ck@@ iert sein . +ich werde noch viele dinge erreichen , menschen beein@@ dru@@ cken und es weit bringen . " +werden sie alle ihre schüler lieben ? natürlich nicht . +das ist ein model wie sich sprache entwickelt : nämlich durch die regeln einer ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ie . +es ist nützlich zu wissen , weil sprache un@@ endlich ist und man nicht einfach die sätze nach@@ pla@@ p@@ per@@ n kann , die man hört . +man kann das als die sprache der gedanken sehen , oder " ment@@ al@@ ese " . +ich bin mir sicher , dass die meisten von ihnen den film " far@@ go " gesehen haben . +in einer beziehung , kann der über@@ gang von freund@@ schaft zu sex zu verschiedenen formen des un@@ beha@@ gens führen , und genauso kann sex am arbeitsp@@ l@@ atz , bei dem wir den konflikt zwischen einer domin@@ anten und einer sexu@@ ellen beziehung als " sexu@@ elle bel@@ ä@@ sti@@ gung " be@@ zeichnen . +sie bekommen das beste aus beiden wel@@ ten . +bei solchen strei@@ ter@@ ei@@ en gewinn@@ e ich immer , weil ich die tricks kenne . +nun haben wir diese modelle – str@@ eit als krieg , str@@ eit als argu@@ ment@@ ation und str@@ eit als auf@@ tritt . +oh , und noch etwas , als lehrer stör@@ t mich das besonders : wenn str@@ eit krieg bedeutet , dann gibt es eine impli@@ zi@@ te gleich@@ ung vom lernen mit verlieren . +was wir brauchen , sind neue aus@@ gan@@ gs@@ strategi@@ en für strei@@ t@@ gesprä@@ che . +warum strei@@ ten wir ? um unser gegenüber auszu@@ ste@@ chen , ihm das gegenteil zu beweisen und vor allem zu gewinnen ! ... oder doch nicht ? philosop@@ h dan@@ iel h@@ . co@@ hen zeigt uns , wie die weit verbrei@@ t@@ ste art des strei@@ tens – ein krieg , in dem einer gewinnen und einer verlieren muss – sich die wahren vor@@ teile einer ak@@ tiven mein@@ ungs@@ verschieden@@ heit ent@@ gehen lässt . +damit ist gemein@@ t , etwas zu lernen , eine idee von einem organis@@ mus zu lernen und dann anzu@@ wenden . +über die welt der natur zu lernen ist eine sache , von der welt der natur zu lernen – das legte den sch@@ alter um . +das leben kann sich das nicht leisten . wie stellt das leben dinge her ? +stellen sie sich vor , alle unsere har@@ ten materialien so zu erzeugen . +die macht der form : hier ist ein w@@ al und auf seinen flo@@ ssen sehen wir kleine kn@@ ö@@ t@@ chen . diese kleinen er@@ he@@ b@@ ungen erhö@@ hen die effizi@@ enz , zum beispiel an einer flug@@ zeug@@ kan@@ te um ungefähr 32 prozent . +aber wir verwenden sie alle – sogar die gif@@ tigen . +ok , das ist die folie zum thema " hei@@ lung " . +im großen und kleinen for@@ mt die geschichte der opfer , wie wir frauen sehen . +warum sind sie so leiden@@ schaft@@ lich ? " +mikro@@ finanzi@@ erung ist ein kraft@@ voll@@ es mittel zu wirtschaft@@ licher unabhängi@@ gkeit und selb@@ sta@@ chtung , aber wir müssen über mikro@@ -@@ hoff@@ nungen und mikro@@ -@@ ambi@@ tionen für frauen hin@@ aus@@ gehen , weil sie für sich viel größere hoff@@ nungen he@@ gen . +wissen sie warum ? +und als ich mich an der business school be@@ war@@ b und sicher war , ich könnte es nicht schaffen , niemand , den ich kan@@ nte , hatte das geschafft , ging ich zu meiner tan@@ te , die jahre der mis@@ sh@@ and@@ lung durch ihren ehe@@ mann über@@ lebt hatte und aus ihrer e@@ he mit nichts als ihrer würde ent@@ kommen war . +aber es war ein kleines bisschen langwei@@ lig . +aber die art , wie menschen die geschichten erzählen , hat sich immer mit r@@ einer , be@@ stän@@ di@@ ger neu@@ heit weiter@@ entwickelt . +jetzt ist alles möglich . +trotzdem konzentri@@ ert sich die ganze presse aus@@ ger@@ ech@@ net darauf . +vor etwa zehn jahren war ich mit einem meiner freunde auf einer cock@@ ta@@ il@@ party , und wie wir so da sa@@ ßen , besch@@ werte er sich über die krä@@ hen , von denen es in seinem garten wi@@ mm@@ elte und die dort eine riesen@@ schw@@ ein@@ er@@ ei an@@ rich@@ teten . +und in diesem ganzen gebiet brü@@ ten sie selten mehr als fünf kilometer von menschen entfernt . +wir stellen also immer mehr fest , dass krä@@ hen wirklich , wirklich intelligent sind . +in wirklichkeit ist das ein alter hu@@ t für krä@@ hen . +wenn sie sich richtig daran gewöhn@@ t haben , machen wir mit den krä@@ hen weiter , die zurück@@ kommen . +ich denke , dass man krä@@ hen bei@@ bringen kann , andere dinge zu tun . +die fir@@ men@@ lei@@ tung nahm unseren sta@@ pel , unsere liste von anrei@@ zen , und ver@@ ließ das zimmer für 17 minuten , und sagte beim zurück@@ kommen : " wow , das ist das groß@@ zü@@ gi@@ gste , was eine gemeinde je gemacht hat , um die jobs hier@@ zu@@ behalten . +nur die hälfte der staaten nimmt teil . +jede region hat etwas anzu@@ bieten und so ein wettbewerb respe@@ kti@@ ert die staaten und den f@@ ö@@ der@@ alismus . +wenn sie es noch nicht bemerkt haben , unser medien@@ kli@@ ma stellt im allgemeinen ein sehr ver@@ zer@@ r@@ tes spiegel@@ bild unseres lebens und unserer geschle@@ chter@@ rollen dar . und ich denke , dass sich das ändern wird . +wenn sie ihren kli@@ ck@@ strom auf@@ zeichnen -- und sie wissen , dass sie das tun -- dann fällt es ihnen wirklich schwer , ihr alter , geschle@@ cht und einkommen zu bestimmen . +die unter@@ hal@@ tungs@@ medien der zukunft , die wir sehen werden , werden sehr von daten ge@@ steu@@ ert sein und sie werden auf den informationen bas@@ ieren , die wir von den gemeinschaften mit dem selben geschma@@ ck online er@@ mitteln werden , wo die frauen die wirkliche an@@ trie@@ b@@ sk@@ raft sind . +der vo@@ gel er@@ he@@ bt sich in die lü@@ fte , und schon hört man die worte : " ju@@ ani@@ to , ju@@ ani@@ to , vi@@ ente a com@@ er m@@ i hi@@ jo ! " +sie sollten vielleicht ihren blick ab@@ wenden , denn das ist ein mol@@ ch , der gerade seine g@@ lie@@ d@@ ma@@ ße re@@ gener@@ iert . hän@@ des@@ ch@@ ü@@ tt@@ eln über@@ trägt mehr bakterien als kü@@ ssen . +auf dem linken bild können sie die hand sehen . das ist der große pf@@ eil . und den pen@@ is rechts . die hand noch ab@@ war@@ tend . +ich sagte : " könnten sie es auch hier an ort und stelle machen ? " +ich habe dann tatsächlich vor@@ geschlagen ... es gibt da eine wissenschaft@@ ler@@ in an der universität von al@@ ab@@ ama , die den or@@ gas@@ mus erforsch@@ t . +damals haben die ärzte den männern rou@@ tin@@ em@@ ä@@ ß@@ ig erklärt , wie wichtig es sei , ihre frauen zu be@@ frie@@ digen . +der bri@@ tische sex@@ ologe ro@@ y le@@ v@@ in vermu@@ tete nun , dass das vielleicht der grund sei , wes@@ halb männer sich zu solch enth@@ usi@@ ast@@ ischen und re@@ fel@@ mäß@@ igen on@@ ani@@ er@@ ern entwickelt haben . +und ich sagte : " warum stimu@@ liert ihr nicht einfach die kli@@ tor@@ is des schw@@ eins ? +und die frau hatte damit sex . +und doch , obwohl für john alles richtig gut lief , hatte er probleme , kämp@@ fte er mit abhängi@@ gkeit und schwer@@ er depression . +nun , ich weiß , dass das läch@@ er@@ lich erscheint . +ziehen den k@@ noten fest . +und es schien mir , dass es sogar ihm wirklich schlecht dabei ging , sich jeden tag diese un@@ organisi@@ erten roten quad@@ rate anzu@@ sehen . +wir sind nur glücklich , wenn dinge in ordnung sind . +das können wir auch in diesem nächsten bild sehr klar sehen . +und ich denke das ganze passt viel besser zusammen , wenn sie es so machen . +aber nach einer weile entschied ich mich einfach ganz zurück zu gehen und die farbe wieder in die do@@ sen zu pac@@ ken +und ich fing an mehr ordnung in einige fla@@ g@@ gen zu bringen . +als wir auf@@ wu@@ ch@@ sen , hatte er eine di@@ xi@@ el@@ and-@@ ja@@ zz@@ band , und er spielte immer gerne lou@@ is@@ -@@ arm@@ stron@@ g-@@ mel@@ o@@ di@@ en nach . +und mütter sch@@ na@@ ppen nach ihren kindern , damit sie mir aus@@ wei@@ chen , und sie sagen , " nicht hin@@ star@@ ren ! " +ganz recht , ganz recht ; ich bin kein opfer mehr . +absicht ist wie ein wesent@@ licher bestand@@ teil der menschheit . +daran liegt vielleicht das problem . +man versuchte , eine antwort auf die folgende frage zu finden : was würden die menschen tun , nun , da sie nicht länger einfach ums überleben kämp@@ ften ? +ich war in einem roll@@ stuhl ; ich sah einem pl@@ ün@@ derer nicht ähnlich . +wir müssen folgendes unseren leben ab@@ verlangen , unseren obje@@ kten , unseren dingen , unseren um@@ ständen : mit absicht leben . +ich hatte nicht einmal eine genau@@ e ad@@ res@@ se , aber ich wusste , dass er ab@@ ed hie@@ ß . ich wusste , dass er in einer stadt mit 15@@ .000 ein@@ wohn@@ ern namens k@@ far kar@@ a lebte , und ich wusste , dass er 21 jahre zuvor , außerhalb dieser heili@@ gen stadt , mir das geni@@ ck gebro@@ chen hatte . +aber ab@@ ed fuhr nicht lang@@ samer und auf dieser kop@@ ie brach mein geni@@ ck erneu@@ t und wieder blieb ich mit meiner wu@@ t zurück . +waren wir alle ein ergebnis der dinge , die uns ange@@ tan wurden , dinge , die für uns getan wurden , die un@@ tre@@ ue eines el@@ tern@@ teil@@ es oder eines ehe@@ g@@ atten , ver@@ er@@ b@@ tes geld ? +und als ich dort saß und darüber nach@@ dachte , was ich sagen sollte , näher@@ te sich eine frau in einem schwarzen kopf@@ tu@@ ch und einem schwarzen gew@@ and . +nein , ich war ruhi@@ g , weil ich nicht für die wahrheit gekommen war . +" e@@ h@@ m , ab@@ ed " , sagte ich , " ich dachte , du hä@@ tt@@ est schon einige probleme bezüglich des fahr@@ ens vor dem unfall gehabt . " +ja , kon@@ tr@@ ast . +ich habe den kopf gebaut . sie haben den körper ge@@ fer@@ tigt . +und er sieht mehrere menschen in einer sz@@ ene , erinnert sich daran wo einzelne personen sind und schaut , sich erinn@@ ern@@ d , von person zu person . +jemand lu@@ d mich zu einem treffen ein , konnte mich aber nicht in einem konfer@@ enz@@ raum emp@@ fangen und sagte : " morgen muss ich meine h@@ unde aus@@ führen . wollen sie nicht mit@@ kommen ? " +ich habe dazu eine kleine berech@@ nung gemacht . +zum beispiel dank pin@@ ks vortrag über motivation , der war sehr gut , falls sie ihn nicht gesehen haben : " lass kar@@ ot@@ te fallen . lass stock fallen . bring bedeutung . " +die benutz@@ ten die sechs wörter , um mir un@@ versch@@ ä@@ m@@ te antworten zu geben , und fragten mich , ob ich kürzlich zu oft auf google gewesen sei . +und ich würde dafür nur $ 9@@ 9@@ .@@ 50 bezahlen – b@@ liebe damit sogar unter ein@@ hundert dollar . +okay , teil eins beginnt im jahr 19@@ 29 , als der großartige astron@@ om ed@@ win hu@@ b@@ ble fest@@ stellte , dass sich die fer@@ nen galaxien alle von uns weg@@ bewe@@ gten , und damit et@@ abli@@ erte , dass sich der raum selbst de@@ hnt , sich aus@@ wei@@ tet . +in der relev@@ anten einheit ausge@@ drückt , ist sie spek@@ ta@@ kul@@ ä@@ r klein . +teil@@ chen@@ ma@@ ssen , die stärke der kräfte , und am wichtigsten , die menge dunkl@@ er energie würden bestimmt von diesen zusätz@@ lichen dimensionen . +und jene galaxien , die viel weniger dunkle energie haben , koll@@ ab@@ ieren so schnell in sich selbst , dass sich ebenfalls keine galaxien bilden . +denn ein solcher mechan@@ ismus wurde bereits gefunden , von ko@@ sm@@ ologen , die versuchen , den ur@@ kn@@ all zu verstehen . +wir haben gelernt , dass unser universum nicht sta@@ tisch ist , dass der wel@@ traum sich aus@@ wei@@ tet , dass die expan@@ sion schneller wird und dass es vielleicht andere univer@@ sen gibt , durch sor@@ g@@ fäl@@ tige untersuchung von sch@@ wachen winzi@@ gen pun@@ kten stern@@ en@@ licht , das zu uns kommt aus fer@@ nen galaxien . +wir verstehen , wie man die mikro@@ well@@ en@@ hinter@@ grund@@ strahlung interpre@@ tieren muss , die vor 13@@ ,@@ 7@@ 2 milliarden jahren hinter@@ lassen wurde – und doch können wir berech@@ nen , wie sie aussehen sollte und es passt . +sie werden mil@@ o gleich zum ersten mal treffen . +man kann sich zurück@@ le@@ hnen , und dann verändert die kamera ihre perspektive , je nachdem , in welche richtung man bli@@ ckt . +mil@@ o : ich frage mich , wie tief es wohl ist . +um das zu re@@ alisieren , brauchten wir einen versu@@ chs@@ aufbau , wie bei einem zauber@@ trick . +du hast mein zimmer auf@@ gerä@@ um@@ t . +und auf einmal sah sie einen pan@@ zer , der die haupt@@ straße von sar@@ a@@ je@@ vo hin@@ unter@@ wal@@ zte und alles aus seinem weg scho@@ b . +ich glaube , dass es dort eine geschichte gibt , die erzählt werden muss . +und das ist eigentlich mein mo@@ tiv . +alles was ich tun kann ist hoffen , nicht auf entschei@@ d@@ ung@@ str@@ ä@@ ger und politiker , denn so gerne ich den glauben hätte , dass sie meine worte lesen und etwas tun , ich täu@@ sche mich nicht selbst . +genau das taten wir vor 10 jahren . +sp@@ ul@@ en sie bloß 10 jahre vor . +so schnell wie wir unsere computer neu ein@@ stellen können , ver@@ la@@ g@@ ert sich die gehir@@ na@@ k@@ tivität um dieses neue werkzeug abzu@@ bilden , als wenn es ein körper@@ teil des pri@@ ma@@ ten wäre . +ich war fünf jahre alt und ich habe nie verstanden , warum die nasa nicht cap@@ tain kir@@ k und spo@@ ck für den job ange@@ heu@@ erte hat ; schließlich waren sie sehr erfahren – aber das als kind zu sehen , ließ mich , wie meine großmutter mir oft sagte , glauben , dass " das un@@ mögliche nur das mögliche ist , um dessen ver@@ wirk@@ lich@@ ung sich noch niemand genü@@ gend bemü@@ ht hat . " +warum sollten wir das geld auf dich versch@@ wenden ? " +damit komme ich zum ersten der zwei haupt@@ themen von " die hälfte des hi@@ mm@@ els . " +in indien , im ersten lebens@@ jahr , zwischen null und eins , überleben mädchen und jungen etwa im gleichen verhäl@@ t@@ nis@@ . weil sie die br@@ ust bekommen , und die br@@ ust s@@ ö@@ hne nicht be@@ vorzu@@ gt . +wie würden also einige der kon@@ kre@@ ten herausforderungen aussehen ? +das heißt , sie war in@@ kontin@@ ent ; sie konnte ihre aus@@ schei@@ dung nicht kontrollieren . +als sie ihre zweite tochter bekam , sagte ihre sch@@ wie@@ ger@@ mutter zu ihrem sohn , " ich glaube , du su@@ chst dir besser eine zweite frau . +die zwi@@ l@@ linge begannen mil@@ ch zu geben . +wir glauben auch , dass einzelne einen unterschied machen können , und auch sollten , weil einzelne gemeinsam eine bewegung gründen helfen können . +s@@ her@@ y@@ l wu@@ dun@@ ns buch " die hälfte des hi@@ mm@@ els " untersucht die unter@@ drück@@ ung von frauen auf der ganzen welt . ihre geschichten scho@@ ck@@ ieren . nur wenn frauen in entwicklungsländern den gleichen zugang zu er@@ zieh@@ ung und wirtschaftlichen möglichkeiten haben , werden wir alle unsere menschlichen resour@@ cen aus@@ schö@@ pfen . +warum nicht ? ich meine , wir machen das doch so . +diese ku@@ mu@@ la@@ tive kultur@@ elle adap@@ tion , wie die anthropo@@ lo@@ gen diese ak@@ ku@@ mu@@ lation von ideen nennen , ist verantwortlich für alles um sie herum in ihrem geschäf@@ tigen und tur@@ bul@@ enten tä@@ glichen leben . +die andere möglichkeit , die wir wählen konnten , war ein kommuni@@ ka@@ tions@@ system zu entwickeln , dass es uns erlauben würde , ideen auszu@@ stau@@ schen und mit anderen zu ko@@ oper@@ ieren . +und deshalb war unsere gat@@ tung in der ganzen welt erfolgreich , während der rest der tiere im zo@@ os hinter git@@ tern sitzt und ver@@ kümm@@ ert . +das gilt auch für einige ab@@ gele@@ gene ozean@@ ische inseln . +wenn man es so betrachtet , kennt die natur keine anderen verhäl@@ tnisse , in denen funk@@ tional ähnliche charak@@ ter@@ merk@@ male ko@@ existieren . +der bi@@ ologe mark pa@@ gel stellt eine faszinier@@ ende theorie vor , die erklären soll , warum die menschen unser komplex@@ es spra@@ chen@@ system entwickelten . seiner meinung nach ist sprache teil einer " sozialen technologie " , die den frühen menschlichen stä@@ mmen ein neues , ma@@ cht@@ voll@@ es instrument zur verfügung stellte : die ko@@ operation . +und was mich am meisten interessiert , ist der unsicht@@ bare raum zwischen einem text und dem zuge@@ hö@@ ri@@ gen bild , und wie das bild durch den text verändert wird , und der text durch das bild . +dies ist der einzige staat@@ lich finanzi@@ erte stelle in den usa , in der legal can@@ n@@ ab@@ is an@@ gebaut wird , für die wissenschaftliche forschung . +das ist der todes@@ stern . +bei den menschen auf diesen bildern war der haupt@@ grund ihrer fal@@ schen verur@@ teilung eine falsche identi@@ fi@@ zi@@ erung . +schließlich hat er 18 ½ jahre einer verur@@ teilung zu 80 jahren für ver@@ gewal@@ tigung und rau@@ b ab@@ ges@@ essen . +allein letztes jahr [ 2011 ] wurden 99 katastrop@@ hen bei der fe@@ der@@ al emergen@@ cy agen@@ cy ver@@ zeichnet , von j@@ op@@ lin , mis@@ sour@@ i und t@@ us@@ cal@@ o@@ o@@ sa , al@@ ab@@ ama , bis zu den wal@@ d@@ br@@ än@@ den im zentrum von texas vor kurzem . +meine erste idee war , einfach zur bun@@ des@@ - und land@@ es@@ regierung zu gehen und zu sagen : " da , neh@@ mt es , kostet ni@@ x . " +unsere schule zeigte " bill n@@ ye the science guy " . +wir haben da@@ wn im orbit um v@@ est@@ a , und hier drüben ist new hori@@ z@@ ons , gerade zu plu@@ to unter@@ wegs . +ich muss hier auf etwas hin@@ weisen . +wenn das stimmt , wie gut sind wir bei der mehr@@ ung unseres glück@@ s ? +auch reagieren menschen stärker auf einen verlust als dass sie sich über einen gew@@ inn freu@@ en . +einmal versch@@ w@@ un@@ dene symptom@@ e nei@@ gen zur rück@@ kehr – weil kein gefühl für die andere hälfte besteht , für verg@@ nü@@ gen , glück , mit@@ fühlen , dank@@ barkeit , die posi@@ tiven emotionen . +sie wollte nicht essen . sie wollte nicht schlafen . sie wollte keinen sex . +selbst studien zum thema ko@@ operation zeigen , dass ko@@ operation zwischen individuen die belo@@ hn@@ ungs@@ zentr@@ en im gehirn auf@@ leu@@ chten lässt . +ich über@@ nehme das komm@@ and@@ o durch phy@@ sische fähigkeiten und be@@ halte es in dem ich auf meine br@@ ust klo@@ pfe und sie ge@@ sten der unter@@ wer@@ fung machen . +ich möchte mit einigen zit@@ aten schließen . +warum sollte man rat@@ ten wählen ? +sobald das tier folgendes weiß : kli@@ ck , fu@@ tter , kli@@ ck , fu@@ tter , kli@@ ck , fu@@ tter -- also , dass kli@@ ck fu@@ tter bedeutet -- bringen wir es in einen kä@@ fi@@ g mit einem loch . im grunde lernt das tier seine n@@ ase in das loch zu stecken , unter dem der geru@@ ch des ziel@@ obje@@ kts plat@@ ziert wurde . es macht das fünf sekunden lang -- fünf sekunden ist eine lange zeit für eine rat@@ te . +das heißt , wenn man t@@ .b. hat , ist die wahrscheinlichkeit , nicht diagno@@ sti@@ ziert zu werden , größer , aber man stir@@ bt an se@@ k@@ und@@ ären infe@@ ktionen der t@@ .b. us@@ w . +und indem wir die proben dann no@@ ch@@ mals den rat@@ ten gaben und diese resul@@ tate zurück@@ spiel@@ ten , konnten wir die auf@@ de@@ ck@@ ungs@@ raten um über 30 prozent stei@@ gern . +und das ist wahr@@ haf@@ tig die verblüff@@ end@@ ste sache der welt . +nun , was ist die bedeutung dieser spiegel@@ neuronen ? +mit anderen worten , wenn jemand mich berührt , meine hand , feu@@ ert ein neuron im sensor@@ ischen cortex in der sensor@@ ischen region des gehirns . +sie er@@ gibt sich aus unserem verständnis der grundle@@ genden neuro@@ log@@ ie . +also , das sind 20 mikro@@ meter im durch@@ schnitt , dieses po@@ ll@@ en@@ kor@@ n da . +das ist das bein einer bi@@ ene , das mit den pollen einer mal@@ ven@@ pflan@@ ze verk@@ lebt ist . +vier verschiedene lebens@@ räume scheinen ähnlich zu sein , aber sie haben sehr unterschiedliche po@@ ll@@ en@@ sig@@ nat@@ uren . +es ist mit sicherheit das , was ich während meiner ausbildung lernte . +jetzt haben wir effe@@ ktive therap@@ ien . +im an@@ gesicht einer großen kontro@@ verse die initiative für fr@@ au@@ en@@ gesundheit ein . +einige frauen haben solche herz@@ an@@ fälle , aber eine groß@@ zahl der frauen haben diese art von herz@@ an@@ fall , wo es zur ero@@ sion kommt , nicht komplett von einem ger@@ insel block@@ iert , symptom@@ e sind unter@@ sch@@ wel@@ lig , ek@@ g-@@ be@@ fun@@ de unterscheiden sich -- weib@@ liches muster . +welche schluss@@ fol@@ ger@@ ungen können wir nun ziehen ? +und diese kleinen roten kä@@ st@@ chen sind todes@@ fälle . +es sterben immer noch zwei bis drei@@ mal soviel frauen wie männer . +wenn wir also so gut wie beim brust@@ krebs sein können und frauen diesen neuen auf@@ trag geben , haben wir eine menge leben zu retten . +wir a@@ hmen dies im labor nach , indem wir die zell@@ kultur@@ -@@ systeme mit elektro@@ den aus@@ stat@@ ten . +und im fall unserer dar@@ m@@ fl@@ or@@ a sind diese zellen vielleicht nicht mal mensch@@ li@@ sch . +es gibt aber auch einen wissenschaftlichen grund für dieses proje@@ kt@@ . nämlich die daten dieser natürlichen lang@@ zeit@@ studie zu verwenden , um den prozess zu verstehen mit dem ein kind seine sprache lern@@ t@@ . dieses kind , mein sohn . +diese einfache grafik ist fol@@ gen@@ der@@ maßen zu interpre@@ tieren : verti@@ k@@ al ist ange@@ geben , wie komplex die sprache der be@@ zu@@ g@@ sper@@ son ist basier@@ end auf der län@@ ge der sätze . +jetzt stopp@@ en wir den drei@@ ß@@ ig minuten langen film , wir verwandeln die zeit in die verti@@ k@@ ale achse und öffnen die sicht auf die interak@@ tions@@ sp@@ uren , die wir hinter@@ lassen haben . +dies wurde meine be@@ vorzu@@ gte art jeden er@@ denk@@ lichen bereich auf film zu ban@@ nen . +und hier sind wieder mehrere zehn@@ millionen verbindungen die dieses ge@@ fle@@ cht eines sozialen netz@@ es er@@ geben und auf@@ zeigen , wie sie mit dem inhalt der sen@@ dungen kor@@ reli@@ eren . +ich fuhr weiter und refle@@ kti@@ erte , " ist es nicht total faszinier@@ end , diese ganze daten@@ samm@@ lung , all diese aufnahmen werde ich dir und d@@ einer schwester über@@ geben , " die zwei jahre später zur welt kam . " und ihr zwei könnt zurück@@ gehen und die momente wieder@@ erleben wie ihr euch mit eu@@ rem biolog@@ ischen erinn@@ erungs@@ vermögen wohl nie so gut daran erinnern kön@@ n@@ tet . +der mit@@ -@@ forscher de@@ b ro@@ y wollte herausfinden , wie sein neu@@ geb@@ or@@ en@@ er sohn die sprache lernt - dafür stat@@ tete er sein haus mit video@@ k@@ ameras aus , um jeden moment des lebens seines so@@ hn@@ es einzu@@ fangen . danach par@@ ste er 9@@ 0.000 stunden heim@@ video , um zu beobachten , wie aus " ga@@ a@@ a " langsam " wasser " wurde . eine erstaunliche , daten@@ reiche forschungs@@ arbeit mit wei@@ trei@@ ch@@ enden kon@@ sequenzen für unser lernen . +ein zwei@@ ter gehirn@@ teil nennt sich dor@@ sal@@ er fluss . +wir erzeugen bedeutung durch sehen , durch einen akt visu@@ eller ab@@ frage . +zweitens , sie interak@@ tiv zu gestalten . +das ist ein wä@@ sch@@ e-@@ scha@@ cht , und das hier ist eine schu@@ hl@@ ei@@ ste . +aber ich be@@ komme viele toile@@ tten , und wenn man eine toile@@ tte mit einem ham@@ mer aus@@ einander nimmt , dann bekommt man schie@@ fe flie@@ ßen . +aber das hier haben sie noch nie zuvor gesehen . +darin sagt er , dass jede kultur dazu ten@@ diert , zwischen zwei perspe@@ ktiven hin und her zu pen@@ deln . +und wenn etwas nicht dem standard entspricht , dann heißt es gleich : " o@@ ops , müll . o@@ ops irgend@@ was . o@@ ops , schie@@ f . " +das problem ist , dass wir uns das nicht leisten können . +alles was wir tun müssten , ist , was eine firma mit kohlen@@ säu@@ re@@ hal@@ ti@@ gem p@@ fl@@ au@@ men@@ sa@@ ft gemacht hat . +das versch@@ är@@ ft und führt dieses modell weiter . +das bedeutet , unser ob@@ dach ist eine ware geworden +in diesem unter@@ hal@@ ts@@ am@@ en und auf@@ schluss@@ reichen vortrag von tedx@@ hou@@ ston führt uns bau@@ herr dan phil@@ li@@ ps durch ein dutz@@ end häuser , die er in texas aus recy@@ cli@@ erten und rück@@ gew@@ on@@ nen@@ en materialien gebaut hat . heraus@@ ra@@ gende low-@@ tech desig@@ n@@ details werden ihre eigene kreativität be@@ flü@@ geln ! +und ich glaube , der grund , warum das so interessant für sie wäre ist , dass das bewusstsein so interessant ist . +es gibt keine dra@@ st@@ isch@@ ere und plö@@ tz@@ licher auf@@ tre@@ ten@@ de lü@@ cke zwischen dem poten@@ ti@@ ellen und dem tats@@ äch@@ lichen verstand als eine sch@@ were kopf@@ verletz@@ ung . +aber wenn sie in das auge des bewusst@@ s@@ eins sehen , das einzelne auge , das sie sehen , bin ich , wie ich her@@ unter schaue , aber lassen sie mich erklären , wie ich mich zu diesem zeitpunkt fühlte . +die globale perspektive zeigt , dass bis zu 30 prozent aller schul@@ kinder unter lern@@ schwä@@ chen leiden , die sich nicht von selbst bess@@ ern , aber mit ange@@ m@@ essen@@ er behandlung , aus@@ fin@@ dig gemacht und ge@@ zi@@ elt behandelt werden können um das ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ische versagen zu verhindern . +die antwort ist " ja " , und zum ersten mal ist es mein großes verg@@ nü@@ gen , zwei beispiele mit ihnen zu teilen . +stellen sie sich vor , wie das blut durch ihren körper flie@@ ßt -- sagte man mir am u@@ cl@@ a medical center -- als ein einzi@@ ges gesch@@ lossen@@ es system . +es geht also da rein und bleibt da . +und so saß ich in diesem restaurant , war@@ tete auf den mann , der da kommen sollte der natürlich ein paar schwierigkeiten haben würde ... +und wenn sie schneller laufen , wenn ich schneller laufe , dann mer@@ kt es das verk@@ ür@@ zte zeit@@ inter@@ v@@ all , was das inter@@ v@@ all ist zwischen zwei fer@@ sen@@ he@@ b@@ ungen . +ich führte an unserer universität für medizin , dem kar@@ ol@@ in@@ sk@@ a-@@ institu@@ t , einen kurs namens " welt@@ gesundheit " im grund@@ studi@@ um ein . wenn man aber so eine gelegenheit bekommt , wird man etwas ner@@ vö@@ s . ich sagte mir , die studenten , die zu uns kommen , haben den besten abschluss , den man im schwe@@ dischen hoch@@ schul@@ system bekommen kann . vielleicht wissen sie schon alles , was ich ihnen lehren möchte . deshalb habe ich +was hat sich seit 196@@ 2 geändert ? sehen wir uns die veränderungen an . +wo sind die verschiedenen länder ? ich kann ihnen afrika zeigen . +nachbar@@ staaten . je@@ men , bürger@@ krieg . vereinig@@ te arab@@ ische e@@ mi@@ rate , geld , das +alles auf der welt ist in afrika vorhanden . und sie können nicht einen univer@@ s@@ alen zugang zu hiv-@@ medikam@@ enten für dieses qu@@ in@@ til hier oben mit der@@ selben strategie wie für hier unten disku@@ tieren . die verbesser@@ ung in der welt , muss ganz im zusammenhang disku@@ tiert werden und ist auf regi@@ on@@ aler ebene nicht relevant . wir müssen aus@@ führ@@ licher vor@@ gehen . +und er ist ein ziemlich sch@@ lau@@ er kerl , oder ? +aber es langwei@@ lt mich ein bisschen . +ich hatte ein ziemlich schönes leben in indi@@ ana . +und sicherlich waren weder cri@@ ck noch ich chemi@@ ker , also versuchten wir ein modell zu bauen . und er wusste es , fran@@ c@@ is kan@@ nte wil@@ kins . +und ich las es und es war -- es war einfach m@@ ist . +und wir wussten , dass wir recht hatten . +aber das hier ist das einzige -- nein , wir wurden nur zwei@@ mal fotografi@@ ert . +wir haben also mit brust@@ krebs angefangen , weil es da viel geld dafür gibt , keine regi@@ erungs@@ gel@@ der . +waren diese anderen auch verrückt und wir wussten es nur nicht ? +durchschnitt@@ lich kostet die vertei@@ digung in einem solchen fall zwei millionen dollar und dauert 18 monate , wenn sie gewinnen . +was habe ich von diesem fall gelernt ? nun , drei dinge . +auf@@ passen : pat@@ ent@@ verletz@@ ung mittel@@ s mobil@@ gerät – defin@@ iert als nicht sta@@ tion@@ är@@ er computer . +es war ein gewal@@ tiger erfolg . +sie la@@ chten gemeinsam . +nun , ich we@@ tte , in diesem publikum denken sie an einige wirklich unglaubliche technologien , an dinge , von denen ich noch nicht einmal gehört habe , da bin ich mir sicher . +bru@@ ce a@@ yl@@ ward : o@@ ops . j@@ on , polio ist beinahe aus@@ ger@@ ot@@ tet . +was wir also suchen , ist eine perman@@ ente lösung . +er ver@@ schle@@ chter@@ t sich so schnell in den tro@@ pen , dass wir einen speziellen impf@@ schutz@@ -@@ monit@@ or auf jede einzelne am@@ pul@@ le an@@ bringen mussten , so dass sofort ange@@ zeigt wird , wenn der impf@@ stoff zu@@ viel hit@@ ze aus@@ gesetzt ist , und wir können sagen , dass der impf@@ stoff sich nicht für kinder eig@@ net – er ist nicht po@@ tent ; er wird sie nicht schützen . +während weniger jahre hat jedes land , das mit der aus@@ ro@@ tt@@ ung von polio begonnen hatte , schnell alle drei ihrer poli@@ o@@ viren aus@@ ger@@ ot@@ tet , mit der aus@@ nahme der vier länder , die sie hier sehen . +er wohn@@ t dort in einem familien@@ haus mit acht brü@@ dern und sch@@ western . +und damit begann eine unglaubliche zusammenarbeit mit der industrie . und innerhalb von sechs monaten , haben wir einen neuen poli@@ o@@ impf@@ stoff ge@@ te@@ stet der vor genau zwei jahren die letzten beiden poli@@ ot@@ yp@@ en auf der welt an@@ visi@@ erte . +sie ist bereit , diese mit be@@ tt@@ ne@@ tzen auszu@@ stat@@ ten , mit anderen dingen . +und ist es einfach , das geld zu besch@@ affen ? +und sie nahm uns mit auf eine reise und zeigte und etwas sehr besonder@@ es — ihre tochter , acht tage alt . +d@@ j : nun mal zu einem der großen themen , natürlich weiß jeder , dass kat@@ zen wasser has@@ sen . und das war daher eine echte entdeckung für uns . +b@@ j : wie der@@ e@@ ck schon sagte , wir müssen mit extre@@ men arbeiten — extreme temper@@ aturen , mitten in der nacht raus . +es war phän@@ omen@@ al und wie waren dank@@ bar , dass sie uns in diesem ausmaß vertraut . +aber ich muss es euch erzählen — jeder fragt immer " was ist mit dem bab@@ y@@ pa@@ vi@@ an passiert ? " +und das ist wahrscheinlich so , weil wir es noch nicht so gesehen haben wie wir das heute machen . +mein titel : " sonder@@ barer als wir annehmen können : das frem@@ dar@@ tige an der wissenschaft . " +die wissenschaft lehr@@ t uns , wi@@ der alle intuition , dass ver@@ mein@@ tlich fe@@ ste gegen@@ stände , wie kri@@ st@@ alle oder fel@@ sen , in wirklichkeit fast vollständig aus le@@ er@@ em raum bestehen . +hätten wir uns in einem v@@ aku@@ um entwickelt , würden wir erwarten , dass sie gleichzeitig auf dem boden auf@@ pr@@ allen würden . wären wir bakterien , immer@@ zu von den ther@@ mischen bewegungen der moleküle herum@@ gesch@@ u@@ b@@ st , wäre das anders , aber wir mittel@@ -@@ welt@@ ler sind zu groß , als dass wir die brow@@ n@@ sche bewegung spüren könnten . +was wir von der wirklichen welt sehen ist nicht die un@@ besch@@ ö@@ ni@@ gte wahrheit , sondern ein modell der welt , ge@@ steu@@ ert und gere@@ gel@@ t durch die sinn@@ es@@ ein@@ drü@@ cke , aber so konstru@@ iert , dass es dabei hilft , sich in der re@@ alen welt zu@@ rech@@ tzu@@ finden . +wunder sind lediglich äußerst un@@ wahrschein@@ liche ereig@@ nisse . +wir wären anders , unser charakter wäre anders , wenn unsere neuro@@ -@@ an@@ ant@@ om@@ ie und unsere physi@@ ologische chemie anders wären . +ich ging an die not@@ re-@@ dam@@ e-@@ universität und machte ab@@ schlüs@@ se in rech@@ nungs@@ wesen und deu@@ ts@@ ch . ein studi@@ en@@ jahr verbrachte ich in ö@@ ster@@ reich . +wir alle haben behinder@@ ungen in irgend@@ einer form . +können sie uns zeigen , was für ein guter pilot sie sind ? +der nächste , der hier weiter@@ machte und dieses feld erforsch@@ te , war ein herr namens h@@ ans jen@@ ny in den 197@@ 0ern . +und auf der rechten seite sieht man eine cy@@ matisch er@@ schaff@@ ene sch@@ ne@@ ef@@ lo@@ cke . +ihre bilder wurden teil unseres kolle@@ ktiven bewusst@@ s@@ eins , und weil sich das bewusstsein zu einem gemein@@ samen gewissen entwickelte , wurde ein um@@ denken nicht nur möglich , sondern auch un@@ vermei@@ dlich . +und dadurch ist er extrem gefähr@@ det . +und sie haben nicht unbedingt den eindruck , dass twitter tatsächlich von vielen brasili@@ an@@ ern bevölk@@ ert wird . +es ist die wirtschaft der bewegung von diesen schwer@@ en , lang@@ samen at@@ omen über große di@@ stan@@ zen , was sehr schwierig ist . +man schaut sich an , wie globale flu@@ gl@@ ini@@ en agieren , und man erkennt plötzlich , dass die welt nicht an@@ näher@@ n@@ d fla@@ ch ist . +schaut man sich die new york times an oder andere medien@@ eli@@ ten , bekommt man einen über@@ blick von sehr wohl@@ hab@@ enden nationen und die , in die wir ein@@ mar@@ schi@@ ert sind . +ich denke auch nicht , dass nur wir alleine dieses problem wirklich lösen können . +es gibt derzeit eine gruppe in china namens ye@@ e@@ y@@ an . +sie muss nicht nur die isra@@ eli@@ schen und palä@@ stin@@ en@@ sischen mit@@ wirk@@ enden daran hindern , sich gegensei@@ tig umzu@@ bringen , sie muss zu@@ dem herausfinden , was uns interessieren könnte im hin@@ blick auf den mittleren osten . +er kennt eine welt , und findet einen weg , dies einer anderen welt zu kommunizieren , denn er hat zu beiden tiefe verbindungen . +wir müssen unsere ein@@ wander@@ ungs@@ politik in ordnung bringen . +in afghanistan etwa hatten wir nicht nur eine oder zwei wa@@ hlen . wir haben drei wa@@ hlen durch@@ laufen , für das am@@ t des präsi@@ denten und das par@@ lam@@ ent . und was finden wir vor ? +es geht nicht darum , dass sie frieden nach innen und außen gar@@ anti@@ ert . +die öffentlichkeit ver@@ liert ihren glauben an die demokratie , sagt der bri@@ tische par@@ lam@@ ent@@ s@@ abge@@ ord@@ nete r@@ ory ste@@ wart . die neuen demokra@@ ti@@ en im irak und in afghanistan sind durch und durch kor@@ ru@@ pt . gleichzeitig halten 8@@ 4 prozent der bri@@ ten die politik für kapu@@ tt . in diesem vortrag ru@@ ft ste@@ wart dazu auf , die demokratie wieder aufzubauen , angefangen bei der erkenntnis , warum demokratie wichtig ist – nicht als mittel zum zweck , sondern als ide@@ al . +die kurze antwort ist , in wirklichkeit sind sie aus japan . +das ist eine pla@@ kat@@ wand , auf der steht : " will@@ kommen zu dem gebur@@ ts@@ ort von general t@@ so . " +lassen sie uns in die mitte der 18@@ 0@@ 0er zurück@@ springen , als die chin@@ esen erst@@ mals nach amerika kamen . +zum beispiel gibt es franzö@@ s@@ isches chines@@ isches essen , wo fro@@ sch@@ beine mit sal@@ z und p@@ fe@@ ffer ser@@ viert werden . +okay , vielleicht hatte es etwas mit den mu@@ stern auf den kleinen papi@@ erst@@ ücken zu tun -- wissen sie , zum beispiel war es ein diam@@ ant oder diag@@ onal +also sind ich , gen@@ ral t@@ so@@ s hü@@ hn@@ chen und dieses lo@@ go all@@ es@@ am@@ t über das kar@@ ma verwand@@ t . +schließlich fand , ungefähr im 16@@ ten jahrhundert , ein physi@@ kus , dessen name the@@ op@@ h@@ ra@@ st@@ us bom@@ ba@@ st@@ us au@@ ri@@ cul@@ ar@@ is von ho@@ hen@@ heim , genannt par@@ ac@@ el@@ su@@ s , war , ein name den wahrscheinlich ein paar leute hier kennen , -- -- der gute alte par@@ ac@@ el@@ su@@ s , dass er das ausmaß der krä@@ mp@@ fe vorhersagen konnte , indem er eine abge@@ m@@ essen@@ e menge an kam@@ pf@@ er nutz@@ te , um die krä@@ mp@@ fe auszu@@ lösen . +er hatte einen kleinen rück@@ fall , sie gaben ihm eine reihe von behand@@ lungen und er war praktisch gehei@@ lt . +es hatte etwas damit zu tun , in einer familie aufge@@ zogen zu werden , in der niemand englisch sprach , niemand englisch lesen oder schreiben konnte . +und sie versuchten alles , was sie hatten . +nun , er sagte , " können wir nicht eine reihe von elektro@@ scho@@ ck@@ therap@@ ien versuchen ? " +und es wurde besser und besser und innerhalb von drei oder vier monaten wurde ich von diesem krankenhaus ent@@ lassen und ich sch@@ lo@@ ß mich einer gruppe chirur@@ gen an , in der ich mit leuten arbeiten konnte , in der gemeinde , nicht in new haven , aber ziemlich nahe dran . +also ist einer der gründe warum ich heute hier her gekommen bin um darüber zu sprechen , -- ehrlich gesagt , e@@ go@@ i@@ st@@ is@@ cher@@ weise -- mich selbst von dieser last zu be@@ freien und es bekannt zu machen , dass es kein un@@ besch@@ wer@@ ter geist war , der alle diese bücher geschrieben hat . +ich glaube , dass sich das konzept einer globalen bürger@@ schaft einfach aus leuten , die über kontin@@ ente hinweg miteinander reden , entwickeln wird . +das bemerkens@@ werte daran ist , dass in amerika die bürger@@ rechte in den 196@@ 0@@ gern erreicht wurden . +ich glaube , dass das vielleicht viele menschen fru@@ stri@@ ert , auch leute hier im publikum , wo wir diese art der sprache , über die sie hier reden , lieben . +wir hatten hier einen red@@ ner , der genau das sagte , und hinter@@ her ein sch@@ wert schlu@@ ckte . das war ganz schön dra@@ matisch . +das schwier@@ ige an eu@@ op@@ a ist , dass es sehr lange dauert , wenn 27 leute bei einer konferenz sprechen . +der se@@ kre@@ tä@@ r der verein@@ ten nationen ging zu gott " wann werden unsere internationalen institutionen funktionieren ? " +die frage ist , wie man etwas neu er@@ findet , das es seit ungefähr 5@@ 000 jahren gibt . +das bemerkens@@ wer@@ teste ist aber , dass meine hand lange genug ruhi@@ g geb@@ lieben ist . +hier se@@ ht ihr ein bild eines gewe@@ besch@@ ni@@ t@@ ts . +einige der besten neu@@ erungen und entwickl@@ ungen auf dieser welt entstehen oft an der schnitt@@ stelle von zwei fach@@ gebieten . +wenn ihnen das thema oder der auf@@ tritt nicht gefällt , dann können sie rot hoch@@ halten . +data : ein paar jä@@ ger aus new jer@@ sey sind draußen im wald . +das ist tatsächlich das erste mal , dass wir li@@ ve-@@ feedback aus dem publikum für einen auf@@ tritt verwendet haben . +was können wir zusammen tun , von dem wir beide profi@@ tieren ? « +frem@@ d@@ heit bestimmt den ab@@ gleich von nähe und di@@ stan@@ z , der mich die menschen finden lässt , die ich gerade jetzt brauche , das maß an vertrau@@ theit , an entdeckung und an inspiration , die ich in genau diesem augenblick brauche . +für ihn begann tatsächlich alles während des zweiten welt@@ krie@@ gs , als er sich im alter von 17 jahren in einem labor@@ at@@ ori@@ um von fal@@ schen papi@@ eren wieder@@ fand . +ich wurde in al@@ ger@@ ien geboren . +also musste mein vater im alter von 14 jahren arbeiten . +aber das war nur ein anfang . +und er erklär@@ te mir , dass ich übrigens auch einen bruder hätte , und als ich sie das erste mal sah , war ich wohl etwa 3 oder 4 jahre alt und sie waren 30 jahre älter als ich . +und europa wurde auch nicht aus@@ ges@@ part . +das ist die schlechte nachricht , aber vielleicht überrasch@@ end für sie , es ist auch teil der guten nachricht . +noch nie haben wir , wie in den letzten 50 jahren , solch einen deut@@ lichen rück@@ gang gesehen in öko@@ syste@@ m@@ funk@@ tionen und -@@ leistungen des planeten , von denen eine die fähigkeit ist , das kli@@ ma langfri@@ stig zu regu@@ lieren , in unseren wäl@@ dern , land@@ schaften und ar@@ ten@@ vielfalt . +nur am ran@@ de , sie wissen dass die einzige rote fla@@ g@@ ge , die hier aufge@@ taucht ist , ein u-@@ boot eines hier un@@ genan@@ nten landes war , das eine rote fa@@ hne am grunde der arkti@@ k an@@ gebracht hatte , um die öl@@ reser@@ ven zu kontrollieren . +was sie hier in schwarzen linien sehen , ist der sich@@ ere raum , die quanti@@ fi@@ zierten grenzen , vor@@ geschlagen von dieser analyse . +mit der erkenntnis von tour@@ be@@ trei@@ ber@@ n , fis@@ chern , der austr@@ ali@@ an great bar@@ rier re@@ e@@ f auth@@ ority und wissenschaft@@ lern , dass das great bar@@ rier re@@ e@@ f verdam@@ mt ist under dem der@@ zei@@ tigen kontro@@ ll@@ regi@@ me . +der schlüssel zu all dem , der rote fa@@ den , ist eine veränderung der denk@@ weise , weg von einer situation , in der wir uns einfach auf eine dunkle zukunft zu bewegen , wo wir stattdessen unsere zukunft [ un@@ klar ] und wir sagen " was sind die bedingungen auf diesem planeten ? +obwohl es tatsächlich wahr ist , wissen sie ; der grund wieso ich zu ihnen spreche ist , weil ich in brasili@@ en geboren wurde . +aber ich war weniger am wh@@ is@@ ke@@ y-@@ verk@@ auf interessiert , als viel@@ mehr am ei@@ s-@@ verk@@ auf . +" die sch@@ ne@@ cke " . +das ist " 6@@ ,@@ 500 y@@ ards , " nach c@@ aro@@ t . " 9@@ ,000 y@@ ards , " nach ger@@ hard ri@@ chter . +wenn sie die dna daraus er@@ mitteln , bekommen sie eine großartige ver@@ teil@@ er@@ liste . +ein klei@@ der@@ bü@@ gel . +und wir können die folgen solcher mu@@ ta@@ tionen sehen , wenn wir dna sequenzen vergleichen , unsere hier im raum zum beispiel . +und später , vor etwa 10@@ 0.000 bis 5@@ 0.000 jahren , ver@@ ließen sie afrika , um den rest der welt zu kol@@ oni@@ alisieren . +und da ist noch etwas an diesen eigenschaften , die wir an@@ einander beobachten , das man , wie ich denke , ber@@ ück@@ sichti@@ gen sollte . und zwar , dass sie eigentlich nur an der oberfläche unseres körpers zu finden sind . +stati@@ stisch gesehen gibt es keinen unterschied , wie oft der ne@@ anderth@@ aler mit dem einen oder dem anderen afrikan@@ er über@@ ein@@ stimmt . +er traf auf ne@@ anderth@@ aler , ver@@ mis@@ chte sich und verbrei@@ tete sich weiter auf der welt . irgendwo in sü@@ do@@ st@@ asien traf er auf den den@@ iso@@ va@@ -@@ menschen , ver@@ mis@@ chte sich und brei@@ tete sich weiter in den pazi@@ fi@@ kr@@ aum aus . +nachhal@@ tigkeit ist ziemlich wichtig für uns , was sowohl soziale , als auch ök@@ ologische und ökonom@@ ische werte um@@ fassen sollte . +lassen sie uns die alte mit der neuen welt vergleichen . +es gibt soziale bereiche innerhalb des flug@@ zeu@@ gs die man in einen ort verwandeln könnte , wo man virtu@@ el golf spielen kann . +dies sind über@@ leben@@ stech@@ ni@@ ken , +das ist unsere körper@@ wei@@ sheit . es ist nicht durch unsere sprache ver@@ mittel@@ t . unser körper weiß es sch@@ licht und wir wissen das schon lange . +um uns herum gibt es millionen menschen mit autis@@ mus . +das ist schwierig , deshalb mussten wir die technologien entwickeln . wir mussten uns im grunde in einen körper hinein@@ ver@@ setzen . +es ist fast , als ob dieser stimul@@ us , sie , sie haben keinen einfluss darauf , was passiert , als sie durch ihr tä@@ g@@ liches leben steuern . +die früh@@ zei@@ tige diagno@@ se von stör@@ ungs@@ bildern des au@@ ti@@ stischen spek@@ tr@@ ums kann das leben aller be@@ tro@@ ff@@ enen verbessern , aber das komplexe ur@@ sa@@ chen@@ ge@@ fle@@ cht macht es unglaublich schwierig , sie vorher@@ zu@@ sehen . bei tedx@@ pe@@ ach@@ tree beschrei@@ bt ami kli@@ n eine neue methode der früh@@ zei@@ tigen erken@@ nung , die e@@ ye@@ -@@ tra@@ ck@@ ing-@@ technologien nutzt , um die fähigkeiten der sozialen interak@@ tion bei babys zu be@@ ur@@ teilen und das risiko , dass sie autis@@ mus entwickeln , ver@@ lä@@ ss@@ lich zu messen . +wenn du zur spr@@ un@@ grei@@ he a oder d ge@@ hör@@ st , steh@@ st du auf . +du wirst auf dem boden auf@@ schlagen . +ich bin mit traditionellen geschichten über führung groß geworden . robert e@@ . lee , john bu@@ ford in der schla@@ cht von ge@@ tt@@ y@@ s@@ bur@@ g . +und was noch wichtiger ist : die tru@@ ppe , die ich führte , war verteilt über mehr als 20 länder . +ich fragte sie : " wo waren sie am 1@@ 1. september ? " +ich habe gelernt , dass sie die se@@ hnen sind , die die tru@@ ppe zusammen@@ halten . +und wenn du eine führ@@ ung@@ sper@@ s@@ ön@@ lichkeit bist , dann brauchen dich die leute , die sich auf dich verlassen , auf den b@@ einen . +dann bestimmte sie für diese werke ras@@ sen@@ identi@@ täten , sie sagte mir im grunde , dass das werk rechts , offensichtlich , von einem schwar@@ ten künstler gemacht wurde , das werk links , klar von einem weißen künstler , obwohl in wahrheit , das gegenteil der fall war . bob col@@ es@@ c@@ ot@@ t , af@@ ro@@ amerikan@@ ischer künstler , le@@ on gol@@ u@@ b , ein wei@@ ß@@ er künstler . +was es heißen könnte , dieser moment , für kultur@@ elle bewegungen überall , das " mich , wir " scheint unglaublich vorher@@ wissen@@ d absolut wichtig . +so , was entde@@ cke ich , wenn ich kunst@@ werke an@@ gu@@ cke ? +sie haben es von dis@@ ne@@ y@@ .com herunter@@ geladen , oder einer dieser web@@ sites , 14 tage nachdem ein computer in ihrem dorf auf@@ gestellt wurde . +das ist ein 15 jähri@@ ger junge . +ich ver@@ sam@@ mel@@ te 26 kinder . +aber 30 prozent ist noch keine be@@ stan@@ dene prü@@ fung . +ich gab ihnen sechs g@@ c@@ se fragen . +du kannst mich nicht fangen . +sie gaben es in google ein , über@@ setzten es auf itali@@ en@@ isch , kamen zum itali@@ en@@ ischen google zurück . +[ " o@@ edi@@ pus re@@ x " ] [ " the li@@ on king " ] [ " ti@@ tus " ] [ " fri@@ da " ] [ " the magic fl@@ ute " ] [ " across the universe " ] j@@ ul@@ ie ta@@ y@@ mor : danke . vielen dank . +im nächsten moment , direkt nachdem sie fertig und in den sch@@ atten versch@@ wunden waren , kam ein junger mann mit einer gas@@ lat@@ ern@@ e , hän@@ gte sie an einen baum und be@@ festi@@ gte einen vor@@ hang . +ich liebe diese offen@@ bare wahrheit am theater . +ar@@ iel : " ich kam an bor@@ d des köni@@ glichen schi@@ ff@@ es , und se@@ zte [ ... ] jede ca@@ j@@ ü@@ te in schre@@ ken . " +wie sie so an der bü@@ hn@@ en@@ kan@@ te ist , laufen oben zwei bü@@ hn@@ en@@ arbeiter ganz in schwar@@ z mit gi@@ e@@ ß@@ kan@@ nen entlang und fangen an , wasser auf die sand@@ bur@@ g zu gi@@ e@@ ßen . die sand@@ bur@@ g beginnt zu tro@@ pfen und ein@@ zus@@ in@@ ken , aber bevor sie das tut , sieht das publikum die schwar@@ z ge@@ klei@@ deten bü@@ hn@@ en@@ arbeiter . +was zur hö@@ lle machen wir da oben auf der bühne ? +j@@ ul@@ ie ta@@ y@@ mor : spi@@ der@@ -@@ man , der köni@@ g der lö@@ wen und das leben am ran@@ de des krea@@ tiven ab@@ gr@@ unds . +ihr entschei@@ det . das ist eure bä@@ cker@@ ei , eure straße , euer land , nicht mein@@ s . " +und so existiert , auf der mikro@@ -@@ ebene , eine rolle für diese kombination von investi@@ tion und phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ ie . +und was ge@@ dul@@ di@@ ges kapital gefü@@ hl@@ sm@@ ä@@ ß@@ ig bedeutet , habe ich im lauf des letzten mon@@ ats begri@@ ffen . denn die firma war buchstäblich zehn tage vom nach@@ weis entfernt , dass ihr produkt den internationalen standards genü@@ gte , die man braucht , um co@@ ar@@ tem herzustellen , als sie in die schlimm@@ ste liqu@@ di@@ tä@@ t@@ sk@@ rise ihrer geschichte ger@@ ie@@ t . +in unserem ersten jahr , das erste netz lief im ok@@ tober 2003 vom band , +sie war wie einer diesen frauen , d hinter den nä@@ h@@ maschinen sitzen , ziemlich ähnlich . +bei unseren ersten gesprä@@ chen mit ok go - der name des lie@@ ds ist " this too shall pass " - waren wir ganz begeistert , weil sie ihr interesse dafür aus@@ drück@@ ten , eine maschine zu er@@ richten , mit der sie tan@@ zen konnten . +die maschine selbst würde die musik starten . +ganz egal , was für eine temperatur herr@@ scht , oder was in ihrem weg liegt , sie ro@@ llt so ziemlich dorthin , wo sie hin@@ soll . +und nun möchten sie ihr musik@@ video vorstellen . hier sind ok go . +wir bauten also sehr an@@ spru@@ chs@@ volle radi@@ o@@ anten@@ nen , bloß um an beiden w@@ än@@ den nach einem luft@@ sp@@ alt zu suchen . +wir dachten an eine anwendung zur vergröß@@ erung mit dem tab@@ let . lassen sie mich zeigen , was wir simu@@ lieren könnten , was wir tun könnten , jeder von uns in einem museum . +und je später es ver@@ sagt , desto schlimmer die auswirkungen . +diese krankheit liegt bei mir in der familie und wir hoffen wirklich , dass solche zellen uns dabei helfen werden , eine hei@@ l@@ methode zu finden . +darin versuche ich zu zeigen – leider kommen die farben nicht gut heraus – dass mir diese kleine fünf@@ zi@@ g@@ jährige zeit@@ blas@@ e , in der sie sich befinden , sorgen macht . man nei@@ ght dazu sich für die letzte und die zukünf@@ tige generation zu interessieren – eltern , kinder – dinge , die man in den nächsten jahrzehn@@ ten ändern kann – und sie bewegen sich innerhalb dieser fün@@ zi@@ g@@ jährigen zeit@@ blas@@ e . wenn sie sich die bevölker@@ ungsk@@ ur@@ ve ansehen , stellen sie fest , dass sich in diesen 50 jahren die menschliche bevölkerung auf der erde mehr als ver@@ doppelt , und wir sind drei@@ einhalb mal so viele menschen als zur zeit meiner geburt . wenn sie jetzt ein baby bekommen , bis zum zeitpunkt , zu dem das kind aus der schule kommt , werden mehr menschen dazu gekommen sein als es bei meiner geburt gab . +ihre ur@@ -@@ ur@@ -@@ groß@@ eltern sind mit mus@@ kel@@ kraft ausge@@ kommen , und dennoch glauben wir , dass für unseren lebens@@ stil großartige energie notwendig ist . und mit all der wunder@@ baren existi@@ erenden technologie können wir größere effizi@@ enz erreichen , wie z.b. mit umwelt@@ schutz , recycl@@ ing us@@ w . +es ist teil eines langfri@@ stigen von nasa in auf@@ trag ge@@ ge@@ benen program@@ ms . +in ordnung . +von diesen sä@@ tzen inspiriert , entschied ich mich den mal@@ er@@ pin@@ sel selbst in die hand zu nehmen . +vielen dank . +" so , als würde man ein stück to@@ ast durch einen bas@@ ket@@ ball@@ kor@@ b werfen , oder ? " +er hat es uns vor über tausend jahren be@@ wiesen . +er be@@ wi@@ es , dass sie eine pri@@ m@@ zahl war , mit nichts als einer fe@@ der , tin@@ te , papier und seinem intelle@@ kt . +es bedarf ihn nach seiner schä@@ tzung etwa " drei jahre an son@@ n@@ tagen " . +wegen cur@@ tis co@@ op@@ er wissen wir , dass die derzeit län@@ gste bekannte pri@@ m@@ zahl 2 ^ 5@@ 7 8@@ 85 16@@ 1 ist . +wir leben in einem zeitalter , in dem einige der größten durch@@ brü@@ che nicht in lab@@ oren oder den h@@ allen der ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ischen welt erreicht werden , sondern auf laptops , des@@ k@@ top@@ -@@ compu@@ tern , in den hand@@ flächen der menschen , die einfach nur bei der suche be@@ hil@@ f@@ lich sein wollen . +und so herr@@ lich an dieser entdeckung war , dass peter hig@@ gs und sein team vor 50 jahren eine der tief@@ grün@@ dig@@ sten aller fragen betrachtet hatten : wie kommt es , dass die dinge , aus denen wir bestehen , keine masse haben ? +in meiner kindheit in tas@@ man@@ ien war es immer sehr aufregend , wenn wir einen tas@@ man@@ ischen teu@@ fel in frei@@ er wild@@ bahn zu sehen bekamen . +wissenschaftler in der ganzen welt sind von diesem krebs faszin@@ iert , diesem an@@ ste@@ ck@@ enden krebs , der sich in der population der tas@@ man@@ ischen teu@@ fel aus@@ brei@@ tet . +er ist ein tas@@ man@@ ischer teu@@ fel , den wir mit einem großen tumor im gesicht fanden . +der hund gehört zu einer familie in mom@@ bas@@ a in ken@@ ia . +auch wenn es unter einigen um@@ ständen passieren kann . +wenn wir ver@@ heirat@@ et sind , haben wir eher kinder . +die meisten von uns haben uns für die meisten dieser fähigkeiten über@@ durchschnitt@@ lich einge@@ ord@@ net . +nummer zwei : unabhängig vom en@@ der@@ geb@@ nis macht uns allein die vor@@ freude schon glücklich . +sie erwarten also , dass die zukunft schle@@ chter sein wird , als sie tatsächlich ist . +aber wenn jemand zuerst sagte : " die wahrscheinlichkeit einer kre@@ b@@ ser@@ krank@@ ung bei mir liegt bei 10 % " , und wir sagten : " tut uns ja leid , +er schi@@ ckt gerade einen kleinen magne@@ tischen impul@@ s durch den schä@@ del unseres untersu@@ ch@@ ung@@ stei@@ l@@ neh@@ mers , in ihren gy@@ rus fron@@ tal@@ is in@@ fer@@ ior . +ich bin überzeugt , dass es so eine lösung gibt . +eigentlich müsste es heißen , die er@@ hol@@ ung oder rück@@ kehr asi@@ ens . +aber denken sie darüber nach , wie sich das auf unsere tradition@@ elle denk@@ weise aus@@ wirkt . +die te@@ k@@ ton@@ ischen plat@@ ten der welt@@ politik sind ver@@ scho@@ ben worden . +sie wissen es richtet sich nach der wirtschaftlichen stärke ge@@ messen am bru@@ t@@ to@@ in@@ land@@ spro@@ du@@ kt . +und wie ich schon vorher erwä@@ hnte china hat noch nicht die usa über@@ holt +doch ich meine jetzt nicht un@@ verbesser@@ lich optimi@@ stisch darüber zu sein +und machen damit die hälfte aller bürger@@ kriege aus . +und warum ist es so schwierig zu beginn ? +die geld@@ geber müssen sich daher langfri@@ stig , mindestens für 10 jahre , enga@@ gieren . +leider , wenn man sich auf die bedürfnisse konzentri@@ ert , erhält man keine ziel@@ führ@@ ende agenda . weil die bedürfnisse auf allen seiten so gro@@ ss sind in dieser situation . die möglichkeiten von veränderung sind jedoch beschrän@@ kt . +aber es gibt einen bereich , der nicht mit dem internationalen handel verknü@@ pft ist und eine menge jobs schaffen kann . und der auf jeden fall ein vern@@ ün@@ f@@ tiger sektor nach einem konflikt ist . und das ist die bau@@ bran@@ che . +die plan@@ ungs@@ - und regel@@ ungs@@ verantwortung bleibt beim minister@@ ium . für die versorgung der bevölkerung wird verwendet was auch immer funktioniert : kir@@ chen , hilfs@@ organisationen , lok@@ ale organisationen , lok@@ ale strukturen . egal was , haupt@@ sache es funktioniert . +was ist das ziel ? +es gibt wichtige kon@@ sequenzen der verteilung , jedoch andere , als man erwarten würde . +wir brauchen bessere plan@@ ung und systeme zur ev@@ aku@@ i@@ erung . +das macht sinn , oder ? es gibt frei@@ fläche , die flug@@ zeuge können starten und landen , ohne sich um l@@ är@@ me@@ mission oder aus@@ wei@@ chen vor hohen gebäu@@ den zu sorgen . +es gibt keine schn@@ ellen lösungen . +l : am wichtigsten ... s : am wichtigsten ... +j@@ w : ist engli@@ sch@@ man@@ ie also gut oder schlecht ? +das wir@@ ft alle möglichen fragen auf . +und er fragte diese bestimmte person , was krä@@ he und fische gemeinsam haben . +sie waren nicht bereit , sich darauf einzu@@ lassen . +um 19@@ 00 üb@@ ten 3 % der amerikaner beru@@ fe aus , die kogni@@ tiv an@@ spru@@ chs@@ voll waren . +nun ist im letzten jahrhundert in entwickelten ländern wie amerika die moral@@ debat@@ te es@@ k@@ ali@@ ert , weil wir das hypo@@ the@@ tische ernst nehmen und auch all@@ gemein@@ begri@@ ffe ernst nehmen , und nach log@@ ischen verbindungen suchen . +man muss sagen , nun , für die dunkel@@ heit der haut , sollte man nicht einfach leiden müssen . +ein weg mit dem entwicklungs@@ grad der modernen welt umzu@@ gehen , könnte politik sein , und leider können sie human@@ e moral@@ prinzipien haben , sie können klas@@ si@@ fizieren , logi@@ k auf abstra@@ ktionen anwenden , aber wenn sie die geschichte und andere länder nicht kennen , können sie keine politik machen . +ich bin ein grund@@ schul@@ lehrer und möchte ihnen eine geschichte meiner schul@@ lei@@ ter@@ in erzählen . +es hätte zahn@@ medizin sein können , aber das wort " experiment@@ ell " war drin und für sowas musste ich mich entscheiden . +es ist eine geschichte , die ein bele@@ g für die lehr@@ e und lehr@@ personen ist . +und deshalb lebt diese ge@@ ste meiner mutter weiter durch viele generationen . +ich bie@@ te ihnen den po@@ sten an , sie können ihn ab@@ le@@ hn@@ en@@ . und dann wählen sie ihr kab@@ in@@ et@@ t aus . +schauen sie , herr h@@ unter macht dies weil er sagt , seine generation habe viel m@@ ist gebaut , und er möchte uns erklären , wie man dieses probleme lö@@ st . +das ist ein welt@@ frieden@@ s-@@ spiel . was ist mit dir los ? +" lasst uns diese mama den brief lesen . +sie ist über meinen freund brenn@@ an . +er läu@@ tet noch einmal die glo@@ cke . er sagt : " wir legen " – und es bleiben nur noch 12 sekunden zeit – " wir legen jetzt alles geld aller nationen zusammen . +in indien hatten wir die na@@ x@@ al@@ it@@ en@@ bewegung , die [ un@@ klar ] bewegung . +wenn sie ein fahr@@ rad auf@@ pump@@ en , verwenden sie etwas davon . +man macht immer ein drei@@ e@@ ck@@ iges dach . +also das ist eine kleine pump@@ e mit der man einen ball@@ on auf@@ pump@@ en kann . +aber es ist ein großer spaß für kinder . +ich ste@@ cke einfach das hinein . +sie sind miteinander versch@@ mol@@ zen , also kann man sie nicht tren@@ nen . +es gibt keine pat@@ ente . jeder kann es machen . +sie heißt : " die geschichte des kapit@@ än@@ hu@@ ts " . +das schiff sin@@ kt und der kapit@@ ä@@ n hat alles verloren , bis auf eine schwi@@ mm@@ we@@ ste . +also werde ich über einige projekte reden die diese ideen ver@@ folgt haben . +wir nei@@ gen dazu ressourcen zu nutzen indem wir sie extra@@ hi@@ eren , wir verwandeln sie in kurz@@ le@@ bi@@ ge produkte und dann ent@@ sorgen wir sie . +und wir werden auch einen co@@ ff@@ es@@ ho@@ p haben , und die ma@@ hl@@ ab@@ fälle davon können als sub@@ str@@ at für den an@@ bau von pil@@ zen verwendet werden . +also ein beeindruck@@ endes beispiel an anpas@@ sung an eine umgebung stark begren@@ z@@ ter ressourcen - und in diesem sinne sehr relevant für die arten der herausforderung vor denen wir über die nächsten paar jahre , nächsten paar jahrzehn@@ te stehen werden . +der plan würde also wie folgt aussehen : +sie sind nicht nur möglich , sie sind entscheiden@@ d . +und wenn ich kinder im alter von 35 bekommen will , hie@@ ße das , dass ich bereits fünf jahre zuvor mit all dem hätte anfangen müssen . +da gab es nur einen kleinen ha@@ ken . +und sie sagen dann : " hö@@ r auf dich zu besch@@ weren . " +denn meine ho@@ b@@ b@@ ys sind eigentlich auch nur so etwas wie neue arbeit@@ spro@@ je@@ kte , die ich ins leben geru@@ fen habe . +sie sagte , sie sei " al@@ ber@@ n , nett und freund@@ lich " . +erinnern sie sich ? ich spreche flie@@ ß@@ end japan@@ isch und kenne mich mit ja@@ vas@@ cri@@ pt aus und das ist okay so . +an@@ schein@@ end habe ich ein toll@@ es leben , aber -- -- die frage ist , was bedeutet das nun für sie ? +ich weiß , dass die meisten von ihnen die erfahrung gemacht haben , nach hause zu kommen und ihre kinder spielen solche spiele . +stellen sie sich vor , sie fahren durch den ne@@ bel . es macht einen unterschied , ob sie das auto vor sich sehen und den unfall so vermeiden , oder ob sie einen unfall haben . +aber ein paar kinder sind trauri@@ g und blau , weil sie ihren man@@ tel vergessen haben . +das ist ein multi@@ medi@@ a-@@ tas@@ ker . +lassen sie mich diesen schritt er@@ läu@@ tern mit einer aufgabe , die sich ment@@ ale ro@@ tation nennt . +da@@ ph@@ ne ba@@ ve@@ li@@ er : das gehirn über computer@@ spiele +sie bekommen etwas leicht kompli@@ zier@@ ter@@ es , +nun , das hat große auswirkungen auf die grenzen der wissenschaft , auf berech@@ en@@ barkeit und steu@@ er@@ barkeit von dingen wie biolog@@ ischen proz@@ essen oder ein@@ spar@@ ungen , auf intelligenz im universum , auf fragen , wie die will@@ ens@@ freiheit und auf das erschaffen von technologien . +probieren wir also eine frage zu stellen , die sich mit der gesundheit beschäftigt . +ich bin also ziemlich zu@@ frieden mit all dem . +die idee ist es dann , dass wol@@ fra@@ m al@@ ph@@ a im@@ stan@@ de ist , herauszufinden welche prä@@ z@@ is@@ en teile von code das machen kann , won@@ ach gefragt wird und dann beispiele zeigt , aus welchen dann gewä@@ hlt werden kann , um größere und größere , prä@@ z@@ is@@ ere programme zu erstellen . +aber in zumindest einer große klasse von fällen , kann man davon aus@@ gehen , dass das universum , eine art netzwerk ist , welches sich , wenn es groß genug ist , wie ein un@@ end@@ licher raum ver@@ hält , ziemlich genau so als würde man eine menge moleküle haben , die sich wie eine flüs@@ sigkeit verhalten . +das war beeindruck@@ end . +es gibt sehr wenige ärzte , und offen@@ ge@@ standen , haben diese länder nicht die mittel , die ge@@ braucht werden , um mit solchen epide@@ mi@@ en fertig zu werden . +und das in nur vier stunden , 50 mal schneller als bei der@@ zei@@ ti@@ gem stand der technik , zu kosten , die ein fünf@@ tel bis ein fünf@@ hunder@@ t@@ ste@@ l der kosten der@@ zei@@ tiger möglichkeiten sind . +sondern weil meiner mutter eine ausbildung ver@@ we@@ hrt worden war und sie erinn@@ erte meine gesch@@ wi@@ ster und mich ständig daran , dass sie nicht möchte , dass wir ein leben wie das ihre leben . +das hie@@ ß , mein traum , lehr@@ erin zu werden , würde nicht in erfü@@ ll@@ ung gehen . +ich hatte ein@@ erseits auch glück , dass meine mutter etwas tat , was die meisten frauen nicht tun . +ein junge hätte gehen sollen . das können wir nicht machen . " +ich er@@ fuhr , dass sie nicht aufgrund ihres geschle@@ chts miss@@ braucht werden dur@@ fte . +und ja , sie war zu alt für die vi@@ erte klasse . +und wir werden in einer frie@@ dlichen welt leben . vielen dank . +wir haben 50 jahre ge@@ braucht um eine jähr@@ liche spar@@ rate von fast 10 prozent zu erreichen . 50 jahre . +wir beginnen also , mit geld zu bezahlen , dass wir wirklich haben . +wir werden vier wer@@ te@@ wandel an@@ sprechen , die wir sehen und die neues ver@@ brau@@ cher@@ verhalten an@@ treiben , die neue mana@@ ge@@ ment@@ -@@ prinzipien nah@@ ele@@ gen . +ein weiteres kur@@ zes beispiel für diese art der veränderung ist der auf@@ stieg von zy@@ n@@ ga . +aber sie sprechen auch davon , dass ihre vor@@ stän@@ d@@ s@@ mitglieder , all deren sp@@ es@@ en@@ ab@@ rech@@ nungen werden ins fir@@ men@@ netz gestellt , sodass jeder sie sehen kann . +ein weiteres großarti@@ ges beispiel ist fi@@ deli@@ ty . +tradition@@ ell wäre ein bo@@ y@@ k@@ ot@@ t , richtig ? +sie ist für die ver@@ brau@@ cher enor@@ m mäch@@ tig gewesen . +ich kenne eine frau die das gut kann . +geht nach hause zu eu@@ rem mann - was braucht er ? +als ich auf@@ wuchs konnte ich tatsächlich zwei unterschie@@ dlich arten des fr@@ aus@@ eins beobachten . +wir nei@@ gen zur grupp@@ en@@ bildung basier@@ end auf gemein@@ sam@@ keiten und dann erschaffen wir kli@@ sche@@ es über andere gruppen von menschen . +in diesen tagen schw@@ än@@ zte ich oft die schule und trä@@ um@@ te davon , zur see zu fahren . +für mich , wie für millionen anderer menschen auf der welt heutzutage , ist englisch eine er@@ wor@@ bene sprache . +viele au@@ toren spüren diesen druck , aber nicht-@@ west@@ liche au@@ toren spüren ihn stärker . +aber es gab zeiten , da wollte ich beide seiten daran erinnern , dass es sich um fi@@ ktion hand@@ elte . +bücher haben das intro@@ verti@@ erte , schü@@ chter@@ ne kind ger@@ et@@ tet , das ich war -- das ich einmal war . +au@@ d@@ re l@@ or@@ de sagte einmal : " die weißen v@@ ä@@ ter lehr@@ ten uns zu sagen : ' ich denke , also bin ich . ' " sie schlu@@ g vor : " ich fühle , also bin ich frei . " +ich denke , dass diese eher die grund@@ bau@@ steine je@@ g@@ licher kreativität sind . +nun bel@@ aufen sich die amerikanischen ur@@ he@@ ber@@ rechte und pat@@ ent@@ gesetze gegen@@ sä@@ tzlich zu dieser auff@@ as@@ sung , dass wir auf den werken anderer aufbauen . +das ist alles , was es dazu zu sagen gibt . apple hat dies pat@@ enti@@ ert . +er nimmt ein lied namens " blind will@@ ie mc@@ tell " auf , ben@@ an@@ nt nach dem blu@@ es s@@ än@@ ger , und das lied ist eine reise durch die vergangenheit , durch eine viel dunkl@@ ere zeit , aber einer einfach@@ eren , einer zeit , in der musi@@ ker wie will@@ ie mc@@ tell nur wenige illu@@ sionen von dem hatten , was sie taten . +gu@@ cken sie einfach auf die karte von google hier . da ist block 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 . +und eines der ersten opfer schwier@@ iger wirtschafts@@ zeiten sind wohl öffentliche aus@@ gaben jeder art , aber in der sch@@ uss@@ linie stehen zur zeit sicherlich die öffentlichen aus@@ gaben für wissenschaft , und besonders für wissenschaft die von neugi@@ er und forsch@@ er@@ geist ge@@ trieben wird . +er hat etwa 500 km durch@@ messer . +unter dem eis also gibt es ein meer an flüs@@ sigkeit um den ganzen mond herum . +so , das hier sich praktisch nach nichts aus . +und eine der erstaun@@ lichen vorhersagen der qu@@ anten@@ mechan@@ ik , nur durch die betra@@ chtung des auf@@ b@@ aus von at@@ omen -- die gleiche theorie die transi@@ stor@@ en beschrei@@ bt -- ist dass es keine sterne im universum geben kann , die das ende ihres lebens erreicht haben , die größer als ziemlich genau 1,@@ 4 sonnen@@ ma@@ ssen sind . +sie entstanden in ster@@ nen wie diesem , ein@@ geschlossen und dann ans universum zurück@@ gegeben , in explo@@ sionen wie dieser , um sich erneu@@ t zu verdi@@ chten und planeten zu bilden , sterne , neue sonnen@@ systeme , und wahr@@ haf@@ tig , menschen wie uns . +sie besu@@ chte jedoch ju@@ pit@@ er , saturn , ur@@ an@@ us und ne@@ p@@ tun . +danke ihnen . +die roten punkte , die sie sehen , sind seiten , die verhalten@@ s-@@ tracking anwenden , die ich nicht auf@@ geru@@ fen habe , aber die mir trotzdem folgen . +aus einem einfachen grund – das ist ein riesen@@ geschäft . +danke , dass ihr gekommen sei@@ d . +du läu@@ f@@ st , um uns ein schle@@ chtes gewissen zu machen . " +ich war 2@@ 7@@ . ich dachte , ich w@@ üs@@ ste alles . +und sie sagten : " machen sie sich darüber keine sorgen . " +es war ein diskus@@ sion@@ sk@@ urs und wir hatten eine diskussion . +mein vater sagte : " das war nummer 1. " und ich hörte damit immer noch nicht auf . +ich lief durch el dor@@ a@@ do -- eine gefäng@@ nis@@ stadt in ven@@ e@@ zu@@ ela , ein berühm@@ tes gefängnis , oder wohl eher ein berü@@ chti@@ g@@ tes -- und ich weiß nicht , was mit ger@@ it@@ ten hat , denn so etwas sah mir nicht ähnlich . +aber ich wusste , dass ich mich ändern musste . +aber sogar als kind konnte ich die last in ihren herzen spüren . +diese hoffnung hielt mich am leben . +mein vater hatte sich große mü@@ he gegeben , mich zum lernen zu motivi@@ eren , doch es hatte nicht ge@@ holfen . +in nord@@ korea er@@ schu@@ f ich sie mir selbst . +ich möchte dir nur sagen , dass ich dich ver@@ mis@@ se und dass ich dich liebe , und bitte kom@@ m zu mir zurück und blei@@ b am leben . +man bat mich , ein gebäude zu entwerfen , denn thema der exp@@ o waren umwelt@@ probleme . +das ist die verantwortung der architekten . +ich begann nach ko@@ be zu pen@@ deln und traf mich mit dem ver@@ ein der viet@@ nam@@ esen . +meine japan@@ ischen studenten arbeiteten mit chines@@ ischen studenten zusammen . +dazu benutz@@ te ich fra@@ cht@@ contain@@ er und studenten hal@@ fen dabei , mö@@ bel zu bauen , um sie wohn@@ lich zu machen . alles entspricht dem budget der regierung . die fläche , die das haus ein@@ nimmt , ist die gleiche , aber es ist viel wohn@@ licher . +und für mich versch@@ mol@@ zen diese beiden rollen in meinem buch " orig@@ ins " . +nun , warum sollte dieses f@@ ö@@ tale lernen von nutzen sein ? +und noch etwas anderes passiert oft . +wenn nahrung k@@ nap@@ p ist leiten sie die nähr@@ stoffe zum wichtigsten organ , dem gehirn , und weg von anderen organ@@ en wie herz und le@@ ber . +man kann p@@ ts@@ d aber auch mit anderen augen sehen . +dieses vertrauen in das fi@@ ktive ist für jede art the@@ at@@ r@@ ali@@ k essen@@ zi@@ ell . +die zuschau@@ er werden auf mu@@ t@@ maß@@ ungen hing@@ el@@ ei@@ tet , welche ganz log@@ isch sind , jedoch nicht mit dem über@@ ein@@ stimmen , was vor ihren augen geschieht . " +und wenn es eine gute geschichte ist , bringt sie uns vielleicht sogar zum lächeln . +ich for@@ dere also eine neue beru@@ fs@@ be@@ zeich@@ nung -- ich komme später darauf zurück -- und vielleicht die aufnahme eines neuen wor@@ tes in die engli@@ sche sprache . +aber ich war vor kurzem auf einem ted event und es@@ ther du@@ fl@@ o , wahrscheinlich eine der führ@@ enden exper@@ tin@@ nen in der effe@@ ktiven bes@@ ei@@ tigung von hunger in der dritten welt , sprach dort . +eines davon war auch , auch wenn es von der logi@@ k her eine gute idee ist , einen li@@ ft zu haben ohne hoch@@ -@@ und r@@ unter@@ ta@@ sten , wenn er nur 2 stock@@ werke be@@ dient , ist dies verdam@@ mt angst ein@@ ja@@ gend . +denn wenn der vor@@ stand alle davon überzeugt , dass der erfolg eines unterneh@@ men@@ s fast gän@@ z@@ lich von den entscheidungen des vor@@ stands abhän@@ gt , erscheint der ge@@ hal@@ ts@@ unterschied etwas mehr gere@@ cht@@ fer@@ tigt , als wenn man zu@@ gibt , dass ein großer teil des unterneh@@ men@@ ser@@ fol@@ gs eigentlich wo@@ anders liegt , in kleinen teilen der ta@@ kti@@ schen aktivität . +das erste , was ich möchte ist ein wettbewerb - an alle , die dies als film sehen - um einen namen zu finden , für diese sache unten rechts . +ich werde das medium , durch das diese musik kan@@ alisiert wird und während diesem vor@@ gang – wenn alles stimmt – wird die musik trans@@ for@@ miert und ich auch . +das sind etwa 10 dollar an zusätz@@ licher hard@@ ware wenn man bereits eine n@@ inten@@ do wi@@ i hat . +aber ich lernte auch schnell , dass jes@@ us sagte , und ich um@@ schrei@@ be das , dass immer arme unter uns sein werden . +um die wahrheit zu sagen , ich gab zwar , aber nicht aus auf@@ richti@@ ger hoffnung und dem rei@@ z zu helfen oder aus groß@@ zü@@ gi@@ gkeit . +zum ersten mal seit lan@@ gem wollte ich die menschen treffen , ich wollte diese unternehmer treffen , und selbst sehen wie sie lebten . +ich dachte nur , dass geld es schon richten würde . +weil , wenn dies passiert , denke ich , dass wir uns frei fühlen können um offen@@ er , gere@@ chter und krea@@ tiver zu sein , um miteinander zu handeln und einander zu helfen . +mit diesem wissen hat dieser bestimmte vor@@ fall zu den dingen geführt , die ich gerade be@@ arbeite . +dies ist , wor@@ an ich gerade arbeite . +es gibt nichts größ@@ eres oder äl@@ ter@@ es als das universum . +das universum kann sich plötzlich aus dem nichts heraus selbst erschaffen . +wir be@@ geben uns jedoch in einen zunehmen@@ d gefähr@@ lichen ab@@ schnitt unserer geschichte . +ich bin designer und pä@@ da@@ go@@ ge . +anders gesagt , ich suche nach ali@@ ens . wenn ich das auf einer cock@@ ta@@ il@@ party erzähle , sehen sie mich meist mit leicht am@@ ü@@ si@@ er@@ tem gesi@@ chts@@ ausdruck an . +das ist eine verbesser@@ ungs@@ rate , die auf ihrem schul@@ zeug@@ nis gut aussehen würde , oder ? +das ist nicht so schlecht , selbst bei zwei dutz@@ end jahren . entweder sie öffnen ihren brow@@ ser und es wird von einem signal beri@@ chtet , oder sie bekommen eine tas@@ se kaffee . +es würde seinen all@@ tag verändern , nicht wahr ? +diese art ideen haben keine wirkliche gü@@ l@@ tigkeit – dass sie den wissenschaft@@ lern nicht vertrauen können . +das erlaubt einem in vor@@ leistung zu treten , indem man dieses thema als verbindung zur wissenschaft nutzt , denn se@@ ti um@@ fasst verschiedene diszi@@ pl@@ inen , natürlich biologie und astronom@@ ie , aber auch ge@@ ologie , chemie und weitere wissenschaftliche diszi@@ pl@@ inen können sich alle unter dem vor@@ wand " wir suchen nach e@@ .@@ t@@ . " verste@@ cken . +ich möchte ihnen nur sagen , dass mein job ein privi@@ leg ist , weil wir in einer besonder@@ en zeit leben . +nachdem ich von ted ein@@ geladen wurde , habe ich einige nach@@ forsch@@ ungen ange@@ stellt , so machen wir anthropo@@ lo@@ gen das halt , um etwas über meinen ga@@ st@@ geber herauszufinden . +man findet ele@@ fan@@ ten , nas@@ hör@@ ner , affen , schw@@ eine us@@ w . +es war , als würde das kind nach 3@@ ,@@ 3 millionen jahren noch einmal geboren , aber der gebur@@ ts@@ vor@@ gang dau@@ erte sehr lang . +was wissen wir eigentlich über unsere vorfahren ? +was sagt uns das ? " +es ist wichtig , eine posi@@ ti@@ ver@@ e sicht auf uns selbst zu fördern . +mü@@ ll@@ verk@@ la@@ pp@@ ung zum beispiel , etwas wovon man glaubt , es würde sich von selbst erle@@ digen , doch die gesetze , die regeln wie schi@@ ffe müll ab@@ laden dürfen werden immer schwä@@ cher , je weiter man sich von der küste entfernt . +aber in der sar@@ gas@@ so-@@ see sammeln sich nicht nur sar@@ gas@@ sum@@ -@@ al@@ gen an , sondern auch plasti@@ k aus der gesamten region . +wir näher@@ n uns jetzt der küste , das hier ist auf den gala@@ pa@@ go@@ s-@@ inseln . +und wenn wir sagen " ja , wir brauchen mehr . es muss weiter gehen . " +kri@@ st@@ ina g@@ j@@ erde : gesetze schaffen für die hohe see +und es ist fo@@ kus . nor@@ man je@@ wi@@ son sagte mir : " ich glaube es hat damit zu tun , sich auf eine sache zu fo@@ kus@@ sieren . " +was macht menschen erfolgreich ? ist es schl@@ äu@@ e ? ist es glück ? weder noch . analy@@ tiker richard st@@ . john verdi@@ chtet jahre von intervie@@ ws in eine sehr se@@ hen@@ s@@ werte drei@@ min@@ ü@@ tige präsentation über die echten erfol@@ gs@@ geheim@@ nisse . +tod : ge@@ h auf i@@ fi@@ die@@ .@@ net , e@@ he es zu sp@@ ät ist . +und dieser mann , arch@@ ie co@@ ch@@ ran@@ e , ist kriegs@@ ge@@ fan@@ gen@@ er und arzt , und er hat ein problem . +die ergebnisse no@@ tiert er sor@@ g@@ fäl@@ tig in einem he@@ ft . +und mit den milliarden der zukunft , über die wir immer hören , ist diese welt einfach zu komplex , um sie einfach so verstehen zu können . +es gibt dort 100,000 . das würde einen tag lang dauern . +mir ist klar , dass das zwei@@ deu@@ tig ist . +sogar dieses problem war zu kompliziert . +das passierte nicht , weil ein unglaublich sch@@ lau@@ er mensch das sagen hatte . +das ist so unge@@ mü@@ tlich . +soll ich den versuch sofort ab@@ brechen , oder sollen wir warten , bis wir resul@@ tate haben ? " +aber die fehler gingen in eine gute richtung . +es wird aufhören , weil uns die ressourcen aus@@ gehen . +dieses argument finde ich faszinier@@ end , als könnten wir die physi@@ kal@@ ischen gesetze ein bisschen bie@@ gen , damit sie uns ins spiel passen . +ich akzep@@ tiere , wo wir sind . +stellen sie sich vor , unsere ho@@ chan@@ ge@@ pas@@ ste , be@@ dar@@ fs@@ syn@@ chr@@ one nahrungs@@ industrie und unser extrem bel@@ a@@ ste@@ tes land@@ wirtschafts@@ system versagen und die reg@@ ale im super@@ markt le@@ eren sich . +denken sie an krieg . +wir müssen handeln , als hin@@ ge unsere zukunft davon ab . +zusä@@ tzlich will ich versuchen ein gefühl dafür zu vermitteln , wie der ultima@@ tive neu@@ start aussieht . +und wir glaub@@ ten , wir können diese schul@@ den auf unsere kinder ab@@ legen , aber stellt euch vor +alles andere ist ver@@ plant . +das ist die finanz@@ krise . +studenten wollten wissen in welcher stufe der entwicklung sich die zelle befindet . +das sollte nichts erstaun@@ liches sein oder ? +alles was wir bekommen haben ist ro@@ om@@ ba . +zwei bis drei jahre nachdem sie so gut hören können wie du und ich werden sie vielleicht hören können wie fle@@ der@@ mä@@ use singen oder wie w@@ ale reden oder wie h@@ unde reden und andere arten von ton@@ al@@ sk@@ alen . +ich glaube wir werden vom homo sa@@ pi@@ ens zum homo evol@@ u@@ tis gehen . +und die menschen dachten : " du hast recht . +in jedem auto@@ unfall , in dem mindestens eine person stir@@ bt , gibt es informationen über alle beteili@@ gten . +schauen wir uns un@@ fälle aus der letzten zeit an " – der ganze daten@@ satz besteht aus cir@@ ca 30 jahren daten – " dann sieht man es nicht . die neuen kinder@@ si@@ tze sind viel besser . " +ich zeige ihnen nun , was passiert . +es gibt noch mehr beweise , also kann man sagen – ein wissenschaftler kri@@ ti@@ si@@ erte mich , er sagte : " nie werden sie eine studie mit n = 4 veröffent@@ lichen können " , und mein@@ te die vier un@@ fälle . +und danach kamen die meisten leute tatsächlich nicht zurück , denn es funktion@@ ierte . aber ab und an gab es einen patienten , der sich noch für krank hielt , und er kam wieder . und mein vater hatte noch einen top@@ f . +in 5.000 tagen sind all diese dinge gekommen . +ich habe also versucht maß zu nehmen . +im jahre 20@@ 40 wird die proz@@ ess@@ or@@ leistung dieser maschine die gesamte proz@@ ess@@ leistung der menschheit über@@ treffen in r@@ einen bits und so . und das ist glaube ich wo ray kurz@@ well und andere dieses kleine diagra@@ m her@@ bekommen , das wir alle über@@ treten . +jetzt ist es nicht so - wenn man eine tab@@ elle und dinge bei der arbeit macht , ein word dok@@ um@@ ent , sind sie nicht teil des we@@ bs aber sie werden es sein . sie werden teil der maschine . +m@@ clu@@ han sagte : " maschinen sind erweiter@@ ungen der menschlichen sinne . " +so ist jede idee prinzipi@@ ell unterstützt , oder jeder teil , jedes wort - wird vom ganzen web gest@@ ü@@ tzt . +wir haben diese daten@@ bank von dingen . +aber ich anti@@ zi@@ pi@@ ere wir tun es im guten sinne . +meine reise um heute hier@@ her@@ zu@@ kommen begann 197@@ 4 . +und so besch@@ lo@@ ß ich ein buch , meine me@@ mo@@ ir@@ en , über diese de@@ ka@@ de meines lebens zu schreiben . +alles was ich tun muss , ist , in de@@ mut folgen . +und ich ord@@ ne sie . und , nun ja , es ist auch etwas anders , da ein archite@@ kt im vergleich zu , sagen wir , einer tanz@@ gruppe letztendlich eine ver@@ mitt@@ lung zwischen der eigenen priv@@ aten welt ist , der wel@@ ten der eigenen konzep@@ te , der ideen , der se@@ hn@@ sü@@ chte , der erfin@@ dungen , mit der beziehung zur außen@@ welt und den ganzen ein@@ schrän@@ kungen , den n@@ ein@@ sa@@ gern . +und es hatte mit der vorstellung zu tun , einen kilometer zu gehen , jeden kilometer ein objekt der be@@ gi@@ erde zu beobachten , und dieses dann darin zu plat@@ zieren . +und dann beginnen die brei@@ teren ideen der stad@@ t@@ entwicklung dire@@ kten einfluss auf die architektur zu haben , auf die elemente , die das brei@@ tere sch@@ em@@ a bilden , die gebäude selbst , und uns zu leiten . +es ist transpar@@ ent , und ich denke , es ermöglicht uns , was immer das interessan@@ teste an einem gebäude ist , nämlich die tats@@ äch@@ lichen kon@@ struk@@ tion@@ spro@@ z@@ esse zu verstehen . +wir könnten über die beziehung sprechen , in einem biolog@@ isch@@ eren sinn über die beziehung von gebäude und boden . +sie haben 22 satelli@@ ten , die in einer höhe von etwa 100 meilen herum@@ fli@@ tzen , und das grund@@ stück ist rot . +dann kommen wir zu diesem bild . +bitte auch auf der em@@ po@@ re . +sie wissen , unser gehirn entspricht 2-@@ 3 % unseres gewi@@ chts braucht aber tatsächlich 25 % der gesamten energie . +sie können weiter erfinden und entwickeln . +bau@@ ch@@ gefühl , das ist es , was wir benutzen . " +es ist dieses hir@@ n , das diesen refle@@ x aus@@ lö@@ st . +damit würden wir etwas erzeugen , dass wir alle gerne hätten : ein gleich@@ gewicht zwischen hunger und sä@@ t@@ tigung . +man kann diese kunst@@ werke betrachten und natürlich die komplexe soziale organisation der menschen , die sie geschaffen haben , sehen . +10.000 quad@@ rat@@ kilometer , zehn@@ tausende von inseln wie ju@@ wel@@ en über die süd@@ see ver@@ stre@@ ut . +die dritte ed@@ le wahrheit bes@@ agt : ignor@@ anz kann be@@ wäl@@ tigt werden . +dann tan@@ zt man die ritu@@ ellen t@@ än@@ ze , die den kreu@@ zen macht geben . +sie konsu@@ mieren mehr co@@ cab@@ lä@@ tter als jede andere bevölker@@ ungs@@ gruppe , täglich ein hal@@ bes pfund pro person . +dieser kleine junge wird die heili@@ gen felder , die die hü@@ tte der männer ein@@ grenzen , erst verlassen , wenn er seine initi@@ a@@ tions@@ reise an@@ tritt . +so ist nun ihr gesam@@ tes jahr hal@@ biert . +der anthropo@@ lo@@ ge wa@@ de da@@ v@@ is betrachtet das welt@@ weite netz aus glaube und ritual , das uns zu menschen macht . er zeigt uns atem@@ ber@@ au@@ bende bilder und erzählt von den el@@ der brothers , einer gruppe von indi@@ an@@ ern aus der si@@ er@@ ra ne@@ v@@ ada , deren spiritu@@ elle prakti@@ ken die welt im gleich@@ gewicht halten . +heute nutzen wir nur einen einzigen roh@@ stoff , pe@@ tro@@ le@@ um , um unsere häuser zu hei@@ zen , unsere autos anzu@@ treiben und um die meisten materialien , die sie um sich herum sehen , herzustellen . +der erste besteht darin , einen roh@@ stoff zu wählen , vorzu@@ gs@@ weise einen , der regi@@ onal , also in ihrer umgebung vorhanden ist – zur lokalen herstellung also . +es dauert in wirklichkeit länger . es dauert fünf tage . +guten tag . +aber in dem moment , in dem sie auf die äuß@@ ere umgebung trifft , und ihre temperatur um auch nur den bru@@ ch@@ teil eines gra@@ des steigt , wird sie sofort wieder zu normal@@ er materie . +aber was von außen so langsam und an@@ mu@@ tig erscheint , ist eigentlich eher chaos im inneren , weil die zellen ihre form mit einem skelet@@ t aus star@@ ren prot@@ ein@@ fas@@ ern halten und diese fas@@ ern ständig zer@@ fallen . +als test schla@@ ge ich vor , dass wir mit amerikanischen t@@ än@@ z@@ ern beginnen . +wenn man sie fragt , " was machen sie beru@@ f@@ lich ? " – sagen sie : " ich bin statisti@@ ker . " +sie denken jetzt , ich werde ihnen einige fragen stellen . +was wir also machen wollen , ist die durchschnittliche anzahl der wür@@ fe , bis wir kop@@ f-@@ zahl@@ -@@ kopf sehen , vergleichen mit der durchschnitt@@ lichen anzahl wür@@ fe , bis kop@@ f-@@ zahl@@ -@@ zahl kommt . +wenn zahl kommt – nun ja , dann r@@ äumen sie ein@@ i@@ ger@@ maßen ent@@ täu@@ scht die gl@@ ä@@ ser und den se@@ kt wieder weg . +aber es stellt sich heraus , der schlüssel zu informationen aus modernen experiment@@ ellen technologien liegt in ziemlich ausge@@ kl@@ ü@@ gel@@ ten – es wird sie er@@ lei@@ chtern , dass ich meinen lebens@@ unter@@ halt mit etwas nütz@@ lichem verdi@@ ene , ra@@ ff@@ inier@@ ter als die kop@@ f-@@ zahl@@ -@@ kop@@ f-@@ geschichte – nämlich ziemlich abge@@ fahr@@ ene computer@@ - und mathemati@@ sche modelle und moderne stati@@ stische verfahren . +dann ist die antwort natürlich 99 prozent . +eine erklärung ist , das die person nicht in@@ fiziert ist – das ist über@@ wie@@ gend wahrscheinlich , wenn man jemanden zufällig aus@@ wä@@ hlt – aber der test liegt falsch , was un@@ wahrscheinlich ist . +uns un@@ bekannte umwelt@@ faktoren könnten eine rolle spielen , und das gilt sehr wahrscheinlich auch für gene@@ tische faktoren , deren wir uns nicht bewusst sind . +es hängt zusammen mit der ab@@ wä@@ gung der kraft anderer beweise gegen sie und den stati@@ stischen beweisen . +das ist eine ingenie@@ ur@@ aufgabe . " +ein paar freunde und ich haben herausgefunden , wie es zu machen ist . +es gibt 10 milliarden ste@@ ck@@ do@@ sen allein in nor@@ dameri@@ ka . +also möchte ich ihnen heute meine persönliche sicht auf diese zen@@ su@@ r in den letzten jahren geben . +sie wollen ein@@ erseits den wunsch der leute nach einem sozialen netzwerk be@@ frie@@ digen , was sehr wichtig ist . die leute lieben soziale netzwerke . +und danach , in diesem jahr , wurde der ei@@ sen@@ bahn@@ minister ent@@ lassen und zu 10 jahren haft verur@@ teilt . +der komment@@ ar@@ bereich macht das chines@@ ische weib@@ o mehr zu einem facebook als zu twitter , dem original . +man kann zum beispiel nicht den namen des präsi@@ denten schreiben , h@@ u j@@ in@@ ta@@ o , und auch nicht den namen der stadt ch@@ on@@ g@@ q@@ ing . und bis vor kurzem konnte man die nach@@ namen der höch@@ sten be@@ am@@ ten nicht suchen . +also wollten sie einen vor@@ wand ... öffentliche meinung ist ein sehr guter vor@@ wand , ihn zu be@@ stra@@ fen . +was auch die zukunft bringt , wir sollten die [ kat@@ ze ] be@@ kämpfen . +musik sind ak@@ ku@@ stische vi@@ bra@@ tionen in der luft , kleine energie@@ wellen , die unser tro@@ mm@@ el@@ fell zum schw@@ ingen bringen . +nun hat sich die behandlung von hör@@ schä@@ den in den letzten 200 jahren stark entwickelt . +mädchen : hol@@ ly . +wenn wir also ein perfe@@ ktes co@@ ch@@ lea@@ implan@@ tat entwerfen wollten , würden wir versuchen , zu erreichen , dass es musik übertragen kann . +patienten mit co@@ ch@@ lear@@ en implan@@ taten können diese beiden instru@@ mente nicht unterscheiden . +was sug@@ ger@@ iert , dass selbst wenn man das ge@@ hö@@ r ver@@ liert , die fähigkeit des gehirns , musik zu ver@@ arbeiten , bleibt +er studi@@ ert jetzt medizin an der y@@ ale university , und erwä@@ gt es , chirur@@ g zu werden -- einer der ersten tau@@ ben menschen , die eine chirur@@ g@@ ische karriere an@@ streben . +wenn ich mich um@@ sehe , in diesem tedx@@ am@@ ster@@ dam audi@@ tor@@ ium , sehe ich ein besonder@@ es publikum . +waffen sind nicht teil unseres lebens . +wenn er zi@@ elte , ver@@ fehl@@ te er nie . +trotz der bilder , die täglich in den nachrichten gezeigt werden , sind kriege zwischen indu@@ st@@ rie@@ staaten sind nicht mehr all@@ täglich . +die ar@@ mee verfü@@ gt über ein staat@@ liches gewal@@ t@@ mon@@ o@@ po@@ l . +ich hoffe , sie respe@@ kti@@ eren meine soldaten , diese sol@@ da@@ tin mit diesem gewä@@ hr . +und das interessante dabei ist , dass bei einer veränderung der sequenz auch die drei@@ dimension@@ ale struktur verändert wird . +wir möchten technolog@@ ische ar@@ te@@ fa@@ kte bauen können , die für die welt von nutzen sein könnten . wir möchten lernen , wie man biolog@@ ische ar@@ te@@ fa@@ kte baut , z.b. menschen , w@@ ale und bäume . +plant und was passiert dann ? +frauen sind viel mehr in balance , weil sie nicht diese ansicht teilen , dass sie 100 kli@@ mm@@ züge schaffen können . +doch wir haben das potenzi@@ al , krankheit und armut zu be@@ zw@@ ingen , und ich werde über diese aspe@@ kte sprechen , falls wir den willen dazu haben . +ich werde ihnen an ein paar bei@@ spielen zeigen , wie überzeu@@ gend dieses phänomen ist . +es gibt eine grundlegende , pro@@ fun@@ de beschle@@ un@@ ig@@ ung des evolution@@ ären proz@@ esses . +man könnte denken , das ist das ergebnis eines labor@@ versu@@ chs , aber dies ist das ergebnis von welt@@ wei@@ tem , cha@@ o@@ ti@@ sch@@ em verhalten – länder besch@@ ul@@ digen sich gegensei@@ tig der produk@@ t-@@ sub@@ ven@@ tion@@ i@@ erung , b@@ ör@@ sen@@ gän@@ ge , in@@ sol@@ ven@@ zen , market@@ ing@@ programme . +wir verstehen die soft@@ war@@ e-@@ programme , die unsere körper steuern . +dies sind einige designs aus eric dre@@ x@@ l@@ ers buch – wir zeigen gerade , dass sie mach@@ bar sind , mit super@@ -@@ computer@@ -@@ simu@@ la@@ tionen , es gibt tatsächlich forscher , die molekü@@ l@@ große robot@@ or ange@@ fer@@ tigt haben . +dou@@ g ho@@ f@@ stad@@ ter fragt sich , nun , vielleicht ist unsere intelligenz einfach nicht groß genug , um unsere intelligenz zu verstehen , und wenn wir kl@@ ü@@ ger wären , dann wäre unser gehirn noch kompli@@ zier@@ ter , und wir könnten nie mi@@ th@@ alten . +dann ver@@ einen computer die sch@@ ar@@ f@@ sinni@@ ge fähigkeit der mu@@ ster@@ -@@ erken@@ nung der menschlichen intelligenz mit den bereichen , in denen die maschinen uns bereits überlegen sind , was das analy@@ tische denken betrifft und die fähigkeit sich milliarden von fa@@ kten ak@@ kur@@ at zu mer@@ ken . +erfin@@ der , unternehmer und visi@@ on@@ ä@@ r ray kurz@@ weil erklärt aus@@ gi@@ e@@ big und mit fun@@ di@@ erten details , warum wir in den 20@@ 20@@ ern das menschliche gehirn ent@@ schlüssel@@ t haben werden und unser bewusstsein von nan@@ or@@ ob@@ ot@@ ern ge@@ steu@@ ert sein wird . +so wie fo@@ x mul@@ der in der serie " ak@@ te x " , der an u@@ fo@@ s glauben möchte ? nun , das wollen wir alle . und der grund für alles das ist die glau@@ ben@@ s@@ maschine in unseren gehir@@ nen . +sie wurden aus dem gen@@ pool entfernt . +weil hier nichts drin ist . naja , angeb@@ lich ist hier nichts . +eine erhö@@ h@@ tes dop@@ am@@ in be@@ wirk@@ te , dass prob@@ an@@ den mehr muster sehen als diejenigen , die kein dop@@ am@@ in bekamen . +der andere auch , aber er sieht vielleicht zu viele muster . +nun , hier die un@@ mögliche l@@ atten@@ ki@@ ste des ver@@ stor@@ benen , großartigen jer@@ ry and@@ rus in 3d , mit jer@@ ry mitten in der un@@ möglichen ki@@ ste steh@@ end . +insbesondere wenn die auf dem kopf stehen . sie benutzen hier ihre allge@@ meine gesi@@ chts@@ kenn@@ ungs@@ software . +einige versch@@ wör@@ ungen sind real . +und das wäre der test für li@@ pp@@ en@@ bal@@ same , die wir hier drüben haben . +ich liebe bäume und ich bin ein glück@@ sp@@ il@@ z , denn wir leben in der nähe eines wunder@@ vollen baum@@ gar@@ tens und oft gehe ich son@@ n@@ ta@@ gs mit meiner frau und unserem vier@@ jährigen dorthin , um in den b@@ äumen herum@@ zu@@ kle@@ ttern und verste@@ cken zu spielen . +aber später begannen die regi@@ erungs@@ soldaten , uns zu mis@@ sh@@ and@@ eln . +wer dieser mann auch ist und was immer er getan hat , dies ist sicherlich eine gr@@ aus@@ ame und ungewöhn@@ liche be@@ stra@@ fung . +man fragt sich , was sie mit diesem material machen ? +wir haben also die sonne mit einem bre@@ tt ver@@ dun@@ k@@ elt und dann mit hilfe eines spiegel@@ s an eine andere stelle ver@@ scho@@ ben . +wenn sie auf die k@@ ot@@ pil@@ le kle@@ ttern , strei@@ chen sie sich hin und wieder über@@ s gesicht . +das hier nennt man st@@ el@@ zen . es ist ein temper@@ atur@@ verhalten , das wir menschen beim überqu@@ eren des str@@ and@@ es zeigen . wir springen auf ein hand@@ tu@@ ch , das jemandem gehört – " entschul@@ digung , ihr hand@@ tu@@ ch , ich weiß . " – und dann hop@@ st man auf das nächste , damit man sich nicht die fü@@ ße ver@@ bren@@ nt . +hier ist unser durch@@ tri@@ eben@@ er versu@@ chs@@ leiter . +es ist ein etwa 2,@@ 5 meter lan@@ ges met@@ all@@ ro@@ hr , mit etwa 100 lö@@ chern darauf , an der seite ist der lau@@ t@@ sprecher , und hier ist ein schl@@ auch , durch den es mit einer prop@@ ang@@ as@@ fla@@ sche verbunden ist . +man sieht , dass die sk@@ ater häufi@@ ger hier üben . die hinder@@ nisse sind einfacher . +ma@@ chmal gibt es einen kleinen extra appl@@ aus für stars und dann , glaube ich , holt sogar bill gates einmal ner@@ vö@@ s luft , und dann beginnt der vortrag . +ihm wird der satz " weil er da ist . " zu@@ geschrieben . +ich sah nieman@@ den . das foto entstand neben dem heli@@ kop@@ ter . +es ist wohl das kü@@ hn@@ ste unter@@ fangen des gol@@ denen zeital@@ ters der er@@ forschung , und es schien mir höch@@ ste zeit , nach all@@ dem was wir im vergan@@ genen jahrhundert entdeckt haben , von sk@@ or@@ but zu solar@@ kolle@@ ktoren , dass jemand die aufgabe voll@@ endet . +also ist der ganze zweck der präsentation der , die kapit@@ al@@ geber zu überzeugen , dass sie der unternehmer sind , in den sie investieren und eine menge geld damit machen werden . +und neben der erfahrung , ein unternehmen zu gründen oder etwas zu leiten – das muss kein unternehmen sein . +es gibt keine finanzi@@ ell unterstü@@ tz@@ te unterneh@@ mung , in der es keine probleme gab . +von da aus nehmen sie sie mit – auf einem soli@@ den , ord@@ ent@@ lichen p@@ fa@@ d nach oben . direkt von anfang zum ende . +" wir haben keinen wettbewerb . es gibt nieman@@ den , der jemals so ein gerät hergestellt hat . " +sie achten auf ihn ! das ist steve jobs . +sie geben mir ihr schn@@ elles 15@@ - oder 3@@ 0-@@ se@@ kun@@ den-@@ in@@ tr@@ o , erreichen meine aufmerksamkeit . +es gab noch nie eine firma , die keine wettbewer@@ ber hat . +das ist die ra@@ ke@@ te . +n@@ r@@ . 3 : die hand@@ ou@@ ts , die sie geben ist nicht ihre präsentation . +man kann es bei ted verwenden . +sie sind die im län@@ gen erfolgrei@@ ch@@ ste ordnung auf diesem planeten . +aber " an@@ teilneh@@ men@@ de mag@@ ie " führt mich zu einer seite mit an@@ teilneh@@ men@@ der mag@@ ie und vo@@ o@@ do@@ op@@ upp@@ en . +wenn ich auf die seite über j@@ ur@@ i g@@ ag@@ ar@@ in kli@@ cke , komme ich zu diesem überrasch@@ end kleinen typen , der unge@@ heu@@ er hel@@ den@@ haft ist . +revolution meiner meinung nach ist ein radi@@ kal@@ er und durch@@ grei@@ fen@@ der wandel in denken und verhalten -- wie wir denken und wie wir uns verhalten . +letzten . +es ist bekannt , dass die art und weise , wie wir wissen ge@@ brauchen , gener@@ ieren und nutzen , ist von unserem sozial@@ - und i@@ stit@@ ution@@ al@@ kontext be@@ troffen , der was uns bei dem komm@@ un@@ ismus gele@@ hrt hat ? +dieses system ist kapu@@ tt . +und sie können sagen , " das ist uns@@ inn , steve . eine du@@ mme idee . +je mehr sie spielen , desto grö@@ sser ist ihr gehirn . +das ist keine fi@@ ktion , kein mär@@ chen , keine ph@@ ant@@ as@@ ie ; es ist un@@ empfin@@ dliche , sch@@ ar@@ fe wissenschaft . +zum beispiel , es stimu@@ liert kreativität . +erstens - spielen ist universal . +es ist mir egal , ob es moun@@ tain@@ bi@@ ke ist , oder ein buch zu lesen , oder ein spiel zu spielen , +nicht akzep@@ tab@@ el . ne@@ pri@@ em@@ li@@ v . +all diese arbeiten entstanden in den letzten 75 jahren . +meine arbeit führte mich in viele länder und zeigte mir einen großen teil der welt . +aber jeder mitarbeiter der fabrik verbrachte einige zeit in der kunst@@ ab@@ teilung . +ich wurde ziemlich früh bei diesen säu@@ ber@@ ung@@ sa@@ ktionen ver@@ haf@@ tet und verbrachte 16 monate in einem rus@@ sischen gefängnis . +das war schli@@ mm ! mensch , ich war -- ich hu@@ ste . ich war krank . +idee über frauen . +eindeu@@ tig ein sehr nachhal@@ tiger moment , und er veränderte unser leben in viel@@ erle@@ i hinsicht . +es schien uns , dass die erwar@@ tungen , die wir hatten , rein gar nichts mit unseren wirklichen erfahrungen zu tun hatten . deshalb entsch@@ lossen wir uns , eltern die wahrheit zu sagen . +aber was ich in dem moment für dieses kind em@@ pf@@ and war tiefe zun@@ eig@@ ung und nichts im vergleich zu dem , was ich jetzt , fünf jahre später , emp@@ finde . +man darf nicht darüber sprechen , wie ein@@ sam einen das el@@ tern@@ das@@ ein machen kann . +und wir waren dank@@ bar dafür , dass ich noch einmal schwan@@ ger wurde . bald darauf er@@ fuhr ich , dass es ein junge werden würde . und dann , als ich im fün@@ ften monat war , er@@ fu@@ hren wir , dass wir unser kind verloren hatten . +als ich ungefähr drei@@ viertel durch war , war da eine grafik rechts -- auf der rechten seite -- die wir hier " die er@@ schreck@@ end@@ ste grafik , die man sich für fr@@ isch@@ geb@@ ac@@ ken@@ e eltern vorstellen kann " genannt haben . +a@@ v : ja , und dann hat man sein erstes kind . und man unter@@ wir@@ ft sich wieder diesen hö@@ he@@ - und tief@@ pun@@ kten -- zu den hö@@ he@@ pun@@ kten gehören erste schritte , das erste lächeln , wenn dein kind dir das erste mal vor@@ li@@ est -- zu den tief@@ pun@@ kten gehört regel@@ mäßig unser zuhause zwischen 6 und 7 uhr ab@@ ends . +der kern von all dem heute ist hoffentlich nicht nur ehr@@ lichkeit um der ehr@@ lichkeit willen , sondern die hoffnung , dass wir offen und ehrlich über diese erfahrungen reden , um gemeinsam die zu@@ frieden@@ heit@@ sk@@ ur@@ ve ein wenig nach oben zu bie@@ gen . +und das ist eine sache , die ihr kla@@ vier@@ lehrer ihnen bei@@ bringt , aber es gab nie eine wissenschaft über solche dinge . +und dann hörten sie das original . +ihre augen sind mit etwas farbe und bewegung schon ganz glücklich . +sie wollen es in verschiedenen r@@ äumen hören . +john wal@@ ker lässt große auf@@ tri@@ tte wieder auf@@ leben +und wenn menschen die möglichkeit sich nützlich zu machen ver@@ we@@ hrt wird , dann halten sie sich auch bald selbst für nutz@@ los . +ein paar davon . das hier ist at@@ ti@@ la die hen@@ ne . +wir wissen , dass sich unsere gesellschaften radik@@ al verändern müssen . +wieder andere sind ziemlich struk@@ tur@@ ell , etwa an@@ lei@@ hen , die eine wirkung im sozialen bereich haben : man samm@@ elt gel@@ der , die investi@@ ert werden , um jugend@@ liche von krimin@@ alität fern@@ zu@@ halten , oder um alten menschen zu helfen , gesund zu bleiben und kranken@@ haus@@ auf@@ enth@@ alte zu vermeiden . die rück@@ zahl@@ ung be@@ mis@@ st sich am erfolg der projekte , in die man investi@@ ert hat . +dann ver@@ trieb die mon@@ arch@@ ie ihren große herausforder@@ in , die massen@@ demokratie , die als gut gemein@@ tes , aber zum schei@@ tern verur@@ teil@@ tes experiment betrachtet wurde , genauso , wie der kapit@@ alismus den sozi@@ alismus ver@@ trieben hat . +trotz all dieser gemein@@ sam@@ keiten sehen wir große unterschiede im spar@@ verhalten . +warum ? weil ich darüber nachdenken muss , wie ich " es wird reg@@ nen " oder " es reg@@ net bald " aus@@ drücken möchte . +nun , ich habe auf die l@@ ingu@@ i@@ stische liter@@ atur zurück@@ ge@@ gri@@ ffen . +die um@@ frage dauert länger als einen tag . +es ist das gegenwär@@ tige verg@@ nü@@ gen im taus@@ ch für künf@@ tige schmerzen . +natürlich von ihren groß@@ eltern und sogar ihren ur@@ groß@@ eltern . +br@@ äu@@ chte er die selbe sprache wie zum beispiel ein an@@ wal@@ t ? +wir brauchen sie heute mehr als je zuvor . +sie führten ein exper@@ mi@@ ent durch , das mit gene@@ tik zu tun hatte und den vor@@ deren und hinter@@ en g@@ lie@@ d@@ maßen von tieren . +patri@@ ci@@ a r@@ y@@ an : bestehen sie nicht auf englisch ! +es stellte sich heraus , dass unsere ab@@ gabe der flug@@ zeuge an das museum viel mehr wert war als die schul@@ den , also musste ich für fünf , sechs jahre nur ein drittel ein@@ kommen@@ s@@ steuern zahlen . +und dann , welche welt@@ bevölkerung würde ein gleich@@ gewicht herstellen , das weiter@@ existieren könnte , bis 20@@ 50 , 2@@ 100 , 2@@ 150 ? +der himmel ver@@ dun@@ k@@ elt sich , die auß@@ ent@@ em@@ per@@ atur fällt unter -@@ 7@@ 3 ° c , die e@@ ta@@ ppe mit der risi@@ kor@@ ei@@ ch@@ sten umgebung hat heli@@ os ohne weiteres über@@ standen , außer dass sie von spezi@@ ell ent@@ wor@@ f@@ enen daten@@ auf@@ zeich@@ nern und ihren sensor@@ en aufgenommen wurde . +t@@ m : oh , 10 , 11 . +diese täusch@@ ung bildet eine art gefängnis für uns , das uns auf unsere persönlichen be@@ gi@@ er@@ den und auf die liebe zu einigen wenigen , uns nahe steh@@ enden personen beschrän@@ kt . +er hatte einen kl@@ um@@ pen ei@@ sen bei sich , +wenig@@ stens könnte ich diese w@@ unde r@@ einigen und wa@@ schen . " +und ma@@ it@@ re@@ ya sagt : " ich war mit dir . was denk@@ st du , wer für dich die na@@ deln gemacht hat und die ne@@ ster und das tro@@ pfen auf die fel@@ sen , herr du@@ mm@@ b@@ atz ? " +ich wurde wü@@ tend . brü@@ der können strei@@ ten . eltern und kinder können strei@@ ten . +die mutter ist in spiritu@@ ellen tradi@@ tionen das sinn@@ bild allen al@@ tru@@ ismus für menschliche wesen . +und so se@@ ht ihr die lebewesen in ihrem poten@@ ti@@ ellen glück . +und hier könnt ihr echte bar@@ m@@ her@@ zi@@ gkeit für sie emp@@ finden . +also , prakti@@ ziert bar@@ m@@ her@@ zi@@ gkeit , l@@ est die schrift , verbreitet es , und entwickelt es in euch selbst . +doch es gibt eine weitere kat@@ eg@@ or@@ ie einfacher dinge , die auch sehr wichtig sind . +wir haben viele interessante informationen darüber , was komplexität ist . +alle von uns interessieren uns auf eine weise für dieses ding , das wir einen bill gates nennen . +nun , wenn sie diese null und eins des bin@@ ären darstellen möchten , benötigen sie ein gerät . +gut , lassen sie mich ab@@ schli@@ essen mit vier gener@@ ellen be@@ merk@@ ungen , einem beispiel und zwei a@@ ph@@ or@@ is@@ men . +und ich möchte sie nicht mit details auf@@ halten , doch in der unter@@ en rechten ecke sehen sie ein beispiel dafür , was wir haben dafür . +doch es macht die fest@@ stellung , die auf eine weise unterschei@@ det zwischen der re@@ alen welt der menschen , die dinge herstellen , und der welt der menschen , die über dinge nachdenken , was die intellektu@@ elle herausforderung beinhaltet zu fragen : wir machen wir dinge so einfach als möglich , so gün@@ stig als möglich , so funktion@@ ell als möglich und so frei verknü@@ pf@@ bar als möglich ? +also besor@@ gten sie sich die rahmen dieser großen rä@@ der , mon@@ ti@@ erten die gan@@ g@@ sch@@ al@@ tungen von ren@@ n@@ rä@@ dern an und die bre@@ m@@ sen von motor@@ rä@@ dern und somit mix@@ ten eine viel@@ zahl von zu@@ taten zusammen . +die ideen kommen aus richtung der ver@@ brau@@ cher , und oft sind sie j@@ enen der produ@@ z@@ enten voraus . +das klingt wie der große br@@ inge ; das machen wir . +nun , stellen sie sich eine welt vor welche in zwei häl@@ ften ge@@ teilt ist . +oder die ga@@ st@@ komment@@ ar@@ seite , wo sie , wenn sie den edi@@ tor kan@@ nten , mit ihm in der schule waren , mit seiner frau gesch@@ la@@ fen hatten , einen artikel für die ga@@ st@@ komment@@ ar@@ seite schreiben konnten . +ich a@@ ß zu abend mit diesem kerl namens ti@@ mo@@ thy chen . +angenommen sie führen ein spi@@ ele@@ unternehmen , mit einer million spiel@@ ern in ihrem spiel , dann braucht nur 1 prozent von j@@ enen als mit@@ -@@ entwick@@ ler agieren , welche ideen bei@@ steuern und sie haben eine entwickl@@ ung@@ ste@@ am von 10.000 leuten . +dies hier war ein mutter@@ ta@@ gs@@ geschen@@ k . +ich bekam hunderte re@@ mix@@ e - ganz unterschiedliche ans@@ ä@@ tze . +und darum geht es , nicht wahr : etwas spüren und gesp@@ ür@@ t werden . +aufnahme : okay , es geht um folgendes . +er sagte : " ich bin wie bat@@ man ange@@ zogen , um meine anony@@ mit@@ ät zu wahren . " +die eine person hat sehr deta@@ il@@ li@@ erte ang@@ ab@@ en gemacht , die andere nicht . +jetzt gerade fühlt es sich an , als ob ich vergessen hätte , das licht anzu@@ machen und was gestern noch so gut aus@@ sah ist heute tr@@ ü@@ b und gra@@ u und es sieht so aus , als ob die welt sich weiter dreht während ich mich nicht bewe@@ ge oder vielleicht dre@@ he ich mich ja , keine ahnung und dann sagt du hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen at@@ me einfach durch und jetzt sing diesen text hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen at@@ me einfach durch jetzt alle zusammen hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen at@@ me einfach durch hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen at@@ me einfach durch hey du bist okay es wird dir bald besser gehen at@@ me einfach durch vielen dank . +das ist also das muster , das jeder von ihnen auf@@ wi@@ es , aber sie waren alle auch ein wenig verschie@@ den . +aber dann sagte meine mutter zu mir : " ich habe gehört , dass du herum@@ rei@@ st und über psychop@@ ath@@ ische mö@@ r@@ der sp@@ rich@@ st . +unsere en@@ kel jedoch werden wohl davon irgendwie be@@ troffen sein . +wir stellen innerhalb des dete@@ k@@ tors die bedingungen nach , wie sie weniger als eine milliar@@ d@@ st@@ el@@ -@@ sekunde nach der ent@@ ste@@ hung des universums herr@@ sch@@ ten – und das bis zu 600 millionen mal pro sekunde . das sind gewal@@ tige zahlen . +stellen sie sich eine sch@@ ne@@ ef@@ lo@@ cke in ihrer hand vor . sie betrachten sie und sie ist ein unglaublich kompli@@ zier@@ tes , schönes objekt . aber wenn sie sie er@@ wär@@ men , zer@@ flie@@ ßt sie zu einem wasser@@ tro@@ pfen und sie können sehen , dass sie in wirklichkeit bloß aus h@@ 2@@ o bestand , aus wasser . +was er damit eigentlich sagen wollte , ist , dass wir hier im grunde brie@@ f@@ mar@@ ken gesam@@ melt haben . +all diese unge@@ mein deta@@ il@@ li@@ erten berech@@ nungen , die wir mit dieser wunder@@ baren gleich@@ ung durch@@ führen können , wären nicht möglich , ohne eine zusätz@@ liche information . +das ist die eine sache . +etwa nach der ersten milliar@@ d@@ st@@ el@@ -@@ sekunde setzte das hig@@ g@@ s-@@ feld ein und die quar@@ ks und gl@@ u@@ onen und elektr@@ onen aus denen wir bestehen , er@@ hielten masse . +ich fre@@ ue mich bereits sehr und kann es kaum erwarten , dass er ein@@ gesch@@ altet wird . +also von pa@@ pu@@ a neu gu@@ ine@@ a bis hollywood , bis zur modernen kunst in bei@@ j@@ ing , lächeln wir häufig um glück und zu@@ frieden@@ heit auszu@@ drücken . +lächeln redu@@ ziert der spiegel von stress stei@@ ger@@ nden hor@@ m@@ one wie kor@@ ti@@ so@@ l , ad@@ ren@@ al@@ ine und dop@@ am@@ in . es erhö@@ ht der menge von stimm@@ ung@@ ser@@ hell@@ ender hor@@ m@@ one wie end@@ or@@ ph@@ ine und redu@@ ziert den blut@@ druck . +aber ich sagte ihm nein , es tä@@ te mir leid , kom@@ promis@@ se sind gleich der farbe gra@@ u und wir hatten genug gra@@ u für den rest unseres lebens . +und das war kein fehl@@ gelei@@ te@@ tes gefühl . +wir stellten die bürger an erste stelle , nicht die be@@ am@@ ten . +ef@@ ch@@ ari@@ st@@ o und kal@@ ini@@ cht@@ a . +h@@ ung@@ ri@@ ge und ver@@ letzte menschen sign@@ alisi@@ erten ihre not , sign@@ alisi@@ erten ihre hil@@ fe@@ bedürf@@ tigkeit . +technologie ist veränder@@ lich . +und es ver@@ lei@@ ht den gemeinden nicht nur macht , sondern , viel wichtiger , es bleibt in den gemeinden , wo es ge@@ braucht wird , um langfri@@ stige gesundheits@@ richt@@ linien zu erstellen . +wegen eines strom@@ aus@@ falls war die halbe stadt dun@@ kel , und ich lebte auf der dun@@ keln seite +aber in der geschichte geht es nicht um diese kapit@@ el , +ihr letz@@ ter job , ihre letz@@ t@@ jährige reser@@ vi@@ erung im restaurant , ihre früh@@ eren freunde stehen auf einer ebene mit den aktu@@ ellen freunde , weil das internet auch archi@@ viert und die vergangenheit ver@@ zer@@ rt . +wir als individuen , die im digitalen jetzt leben und einen gro@@ ssen teil unserer wachen momente darin verbringen , stehen vor der herausforderung , in diesen beiden zeit@@ strö@@ men , die par@@ alle@@ l und fast simul@@ tan flie@@ ßen , zu leben . +ich wollte kochen lernen , und sie ließ mich in der kü@@ che einen ganzen monat lang schneiden und ha@@ cken . +aber wenn ihr so sei@@ d wie ich , ist meine mensch@@ lichkeit eher ein fenster . +ich war sieben . +und in der nächsten pflan@@ z@@ zeit ließen sie bei den kla@@ ge@@ lie@@ dern so viele namen der toten weg , wie es der zahl der menschen ent@@ sprach , die geboren worden waren . +ich habe eine sehr lange zeit gew@@ ein@@ t . +er war bes@@ essen . +es sind einige davon in diesem raum , fanta@@ stische menschen , die uns allen den spiegel für unsere eigene mensch@@ lichkeit vor@@ halten . +wenn sie da näher heran@@ zo@@ omen , schauen sie so aus . +und wenn das so ist – und besonders wegen der tatsache , dass wir fast aus@@ ger@@ ot@@ tet wurden . +vor ca. 10.000 jahren am schwarzen meer hatten wir also eine mu@@ tation in einem gen , die blau@@ e augen erzeugt hat . +drei verschiedene op@@ tionen . +man kann ihnen prot@@ eine hinzu@@ fügen , die auf@@ leu@@ chten , wenn man sie an@@ leu@@ chtet . +aber wir sollten die frage stellen , ob wir gerade eine ra@@ sche evolution des gehirns und der art , wie wir daten ver@@ arbeiten , beobachten . +im laufe der menschlichen evolution haben mehrere menschen@@ arten gleichzeitig existiert . stecken wir vielleicht gerade auf hal@@ be@@ m wege in einer hö@@ her@@ entwicklung ? ju@@ an en@@ ri@@ q@@ e@@ z fe@@ gt beim tedx@@ sum@@ mit durch zeit und raum , um uns in die gegenwart zu bringen – und zeigt , wie technologie beweise offen@@ bart , die vermu@@ ten lassen , dass gerade eine ras@@ an@@ te evolution im gan@@ ge sein könnte . +und sobald das passiert , entsteht ein moment , das den roboter ki@@ ppt . +man kann sie in gebäude wie dieses schicken um als erste nach ein@@ dr@@ ing@@ lin@@ gen zu suchen , vielleicht nach bio@@ chem@@ ischen le@@ cks zu suchen , oder gas@@ le@@ cks . +der roboter ist offensichtlich in der lage , jede bahn@@ kur@@ ve auszu@@ führen . +wenn wir also einen roboter haben , der von seinen nachbarn um@@ geben ist – schauen wir uns roboter i und j an – was wir von den robot@@ ern wollen , ist , dass sie den ab@@ stand zwischen sich über@@ wachen , während sie in der forma@@ tion fliegen . +das ist die arbeit von qu@@ enti@@ n lin@@ d@@ sey , der ein dok@@ tor@@ and ist . +und auf diese weise erstellt er die karte . +wir haben uns zusammen entwickelt , denn wir hängen von der best@@ äu@@ bung durch bienen ab und sie liefern uns auch einen roh@@ stoff . +bei diesen zahlen stellten wir einen nicht sehr ein@@ gän@@ gi@@ gen trend fest . schauen wir uns die erste statisti@@ k hier an : über@@ w@@ inter@@ ungs@@ wahrscheinlichkeit . +im jahr 196@@ 8 be@@ deckt sie fast ganz asien . +und alle st@@ öhn@@ ten auf und so taten wir das . +ich möchte sie er@@ m@@ unter@@ n , ihren horizon@@ t zu erweitern . +eines ist ein hand@@ el@@ s@@ üb@@ liches , wei@@ ß@@ es fertig abge@@ pac@@ ktes brot aus dem super@@ markt , das man , wie ich er@@ fuhr , wonder@@ bread nennt . +aber irgendwie haben wir im laufe der letzten paar jahrhunder@@ te oder auch nur jahrzehn@@ te angefangen , das bild einer my@@ th@@ ischen , län@@ dlichen , land@@ wirtschaftlichen vergangenheit zu pf@@ legen . +und wie sie sehen trifft das auf alle länder zu , ein@@ schließlich der sogenan@@ nten entwicklungs@@ länder . +die kosten waren enor@@ m -- wasser@@ verschmu@@ tzung , all die dinge , die sie kennen , zerstör@@ ung unserer lebens@@ räume . +tatsächlich wollen wir nicht , dass diese arme frau das land so be@@ arbeiten muss . +aber ja , es gibt ein paar lösungen . +ich möchte fisch@@ tei@@ che auf par@@ k@@ plä@@ tzen und in k@@ ell@@ ern sehen . +wir müssen be@@ wirken , dass sie stolz darauf sind , bauern zu sein , weil sie uns ermöglichen , zu überleben . +mit einer körper@@ lichen behinder@@ ung zu leben , ist ni@@ r@@ gen@@ ds auf der welt einfach , aber wenn man in einem land wie den vereinigten sa@@ aten lebt , er@@ lei@@ chtern einem gewisse hilfs@@ mittel das leben . +es ist der fahrer , der seine hände an den he@@ b@@ eln auf@@ - und ab@@ bewegt . der mechan@@ ismus kann also sehr einfach gehalten werden und aus fahr@@ rad@@ teilen gebaut werden , die man überall auf der welt bekommt . +dann kann man auch den end@@ nutz@@ er mit in den desig@@ n@@ prozess ein@@ beziehen , nicht nur nach seinen bedürf@@ nissen fragen , sondern danach , wie man das seiner meinung nach erreichen kann . +das ziel meiner rede heute ist es , ihr ge@@ däch@@ tnis un@@ aus@@ lö@@ sch@@ lich mit diesen char@@ is@@ mati@@ schen und ma@@ je@@ stä@@ tischen wesen zu prä@@ gen . +sie haben sie nicht getötet , sondern uns geru@@ fen , um sie zu fangen . +und nun ist die ko@@ br@@ a ein neues symbol . +es ist einfach unglaublich , mehrere gan@@ ges@@ ga@@ vi@@ ale zu sehen , die sich am fluss son@@ nen . +und sobald ein gift in der nahr@@ ungsk@@ ette ist , ist alles davon be@@ troffen , auch wir . +so viel also zu politi@@ sch@@ em willen . +r@@ m : ja , das ist das erste mal , dass wir überhaupt davon erfahren haben . +und das ist keine di@@ ät . +jetzt dachte ich , wenn man gute wissenschaft macht , ändert das die medizinische behandlung . das war aber ein bisschen nai@@ v . +schauen sie sich doch die anzahl der verkauf@@ ten vi@@ ag@@ ra@@ -@@ re@@ zep@@ te an . +aber das problem ist , man wird h@@ ung@@ ri@@ g , das ist nur schwer zu ignor@@ ieren . +so wird auch die gefahr der verbrei@@ te@@ t@@ sten krebs@@ arten redu@@ ziert , wie brust@@ - , pro@@ stat@@ a@@ - und dar@@ m@@ krebs . +als wir uns ihre p@@ sa@@ -@@ level an@@ schauten – das ist ein an@@ zei@@ ger für pro@@ stat@@ ak@@ re@@ bs – dann wurden diese in der kontro@@ ll@@ gruppe schle@@ chter , aber in der experiment@@ ellen gruppe wurden sie besser , und diese unterschiede waren hö@@ chst bemerkens@@ wert . +es war eine rand@@ om@@ isi@@ erte kontro@@ ll@@ studie , die in " the lan@@ c@@ et " veröffentlicht wurde . +b@@ b : ich wurde alt geboren . +die menschliche form , in besonders der menschliche kopf , werden als heili@@ ger gra@@ l der fil@@ min@@ du@@ str@@ ie betrachtet . +und so wurde wir in 2004 be@@ auf@@ tra@@ gt pro@@ be@@ aufnahmen von ben@@ jam@@ in zu machen . +und wir mussten uns sicher sein , dass bra@@ ds eigen@@ heiten , seine speziellen ma@@ cken und fein@@ heiten , die ihn machen , wer er ist , in dem prozess erhalten bleiben würden , so dass sie im digitalen ben@@ jam@@ in auf@@ scheinen würden . +wir begannen in anderen bereichen zu re@@ cher@@ ch@@ ieren , +es war in diesem moment , in dem wir uns klar wurden , dass es tatsächlich funktionieren würde . +und weil der gi@@ p@@ s@@ ab@@ druck , die bü@@ ste von ben@@ jam@@ in , von bra@@ d gemacht wurde , konnten wir die daten von bra@@ d im alter von 4@@ 4 jahren auf bra@@ d im alter von 8@@ 7 übertragen . +und dies ist der " dead head " , der " to@@ te kopf " . +wir stellten im prinzip eine digitale mar@@ i@@ on@@ ette her , die bra@@ d pit@@ t mi@@ th@@ ilfe seines eigenes gesi@@ chtes bet@@ ä@@ tigen konnte . +die b@@ är@@ en@@ jungen wurden von überall aus dem land ein@@ gesam@@ melt und verkauft und ge@@ handelt . +und als die sache erst einmal begonnen hatte , gab es kein zurück mehr . +und die wunder@@ schönen b@@ ären können natürlich wieder in frei@@ er wild@@ bahn leben . +wir waren in der wüste , im wa@@ di r@@ um , in einem kleinen je@@ ep . +richard und ich unter@@ hielten uns also und ich sagte : " weißt du , vielleicht sollte ich ein kam@@ el mit@@ bringen . +aber nicht sehr groß – ze@@ br@@ as zum beispiel haben riesige o@@ hren , die sehr bewe@@ glich sind , so dass sie beide um@@ drehen können . +hier kann man sehen , dass es vi@@ bri@@ eren wird . +wenn der arme alte su@@ ki einen partner sucht , was würde su@@ ki tun , um ihn zu finden ? +ich bin für die ewi@@ gkeit gebaut . +und ich glaube , wenn man sich die tier@@ welt an@@ schaut , ist das eine der bemerkens@@ wer@@ testen sachen . +als ich zum höch@@ sten di@@ chter der usa ern@@ an@@ nt worden war , ich mache es schon wieder – ich kann nichts dafür , es ist wahr – da habe ich einen ly@@ ri@@ k@@ kan@@ al für del@@ ta air@@ lines entwickelt der einige jahre auf sen@@ dung war . +manchmal se@@ tze ich die menschen an ihren platz am tisch kni@@ cke ihre beine an den k@@ nie@@ gelen@@ ken ein , falls sie diese funktion ein@@ gebaut haben , und se@@ tze sie auf ihre kleinen hö@@ l@@ zer@@ nen stü@@ hle . +das nächste ge@@ dicht basiert auf ihm , wie er versucht , mir ein wenig von der häus@@ lichen e@@ ti@@ ket@@ te auf dem land zu erzählen , wobei ich zu beginn schwierigkeiten hatte , diese zu verstehen . +ich habe gerade noch genug zeit , ihnen ein neu@@ eres ge@@ dicht vorzu@@ lesen . +das wir@@ ft die frage auf , was passiert , wenn wir quasi nicht vom baum der erkenntnis gen@@ a@@ scht hätten , und wie es dann um unsere moral aus@@ sä@@ he . +der wol@@ f ist schließlich ein sehr ko@@ oper@@ a@@ tives tier . +er nimmt quasi alles . +und so lassen wir im nächsten schritt einen ele@@ fan@@ ten vor dem anderen in das s@@ zen@@ ari@@ o und dieser ele@@ f@@ ant muss clever genug sein , in@@ ne@@ zu@@ halten und nicht am sei@@ l zu ziehen – denn wenn er am sei@@ l zieht , versch@@ win@@ det es und der test ist vorbei . +menschen gä@@ hnen , wenn andere gä@@ hnen . +in diesem fall po@@ sti@@ erten wir zwei schimpansen neben@@ einander , +also haben wir herausgefunden , dass schimpansen sich um das wohl@@ er@@ gehen anderer sorgen – besonders wenn es um mitglieder ihrer gruppe geht . +und jetzt macht sie das . +also lassen sie uns eine bewegung in weniger als drei minuten , vom anfang bis zum ende , beobach@@ ten@@ . und ein paar lehren daraus ziehen . +also zuerst , wenn sie ein charakter , wie der tanz@@ ende typ ohne shir@@ t sind , der alleine tan@@ zt , denken sie an die wichti@@ gkeit , ihre ersten an@@ hän@@ ger als gleich@@ ges@@ inn@@ te zu betrachten , so dass es deutlich um die bewegung geht , nicht um sie . +aber ich wollte mehr über die bi@@ bel und mein er@@ be erfahren , indem ich darin ein@@ tau@@ chte und versuchte , es zu leben und mich darin zu ver@@ sen@@ ken . +mein imm@@ un@@ ologe erzählte mir , dass ich auch alle fern@@ be@@ dien@@ ungen und i@@ phones in meinem haus ab@@ wa@@ schen müsste , da die für kei@@ me regel@@ rechte or@@ gi@@ en sind . +ohne den sex . +aber ich glaube wir können ihre technik auch für ges@@ un@@ des essen anwenden . +wir entdeck@@ ten , dass personen mit niedri@@ gem tr@@ yp@@ top@@ han@@ spiegel eher ra@@ che nahmen , wenn sie un@@ fair behandelt worden waren . +aber ich fand keine . +sicher ist sie an posi@@ tiven emotionen wie liebe und mitgefühl beteili@@ gt , aber sie ist auch an einem haufen anderer vor@@ gän@@ ge beteili@@ gt , wie ge@@ däch@@ tnis , sprache , aufmerksamkeit , sogar är@@ ger , e@@ kel und schmerz . +da ist nur ein problem . +vielleicht wird eine der arch@@ ä@@ olog@@ innen berü@@ hmt als sie irgendwo in den ber@@ gen von nor@@ dameri@@ ka riesige ver@@ sionen eben dieser symbo@@ le entdeckt . +oder vielleicht so gro@@ ss ? +wie gesagt , findet man sie meist auf sie@@ geln , die sehr , sehr klein sind . +jetzt gibt es mehrere : ein " e " , ein " i " oder ein " a " , aber sicher kein " b " , " c " oder " d " . +wir haben entdeckt , dass sie auch in die band@@ breite der l@@ ingu@@ i@@ stischen sk@@ ri@@ p@@ te fällt . +die nächste grosse herausforderung ! +heute können wir ein wort wie " ted " in ägyp@@ tischen hier@@ o@@ gl@@ yp@@ hen und in kei@@ l@@ schrift schreiben , denn beide wurden schon im 19@@ . jahrhundert ent@@ zi@@ ff@@ ert . +und das ist die raum@@ son@@ de cas@@ sin@@ i , die durch die eis@@ r@@ inge des satur@@ ns pir@@ ou@@ et@@ ten dreht . +als er das erste telefon benutz@@ te , wurde wat@@ son direkt mit dem himmel verbunden . +ein myster@@ i@@ ö@@ ses and@@ au@@ ern@@ des gerä@@ usch stör@@ te ihre forschung . +und sobald sie alle dort lagen , so ein gan@@ zer sta@@ pel dieser sonnen@@ schir@@ me , die man im alten indien dabei hatte , voll@@ brachte er eine art special effect , der sie in ein gigan@@ ti@@ sches planet@@ ari@@ um verwand@@ elte , das wunder des universums . jeder schaute hinein und sie sahen darin die voll@@ kommen@@ e verb@@ un@@ den@@ heit allen lebens in allen univer@@ sen . +durch diese ko@@ sm@@ ische grund@@ annahme , dass wir ganz für uns allein sind , jeder von uns , und jeder andere ander@@ s@@ arti@@ g ist , ger@@ aten wir in eine un@@ mögliche situation , nicht wahr ? +es ist einfach zu langwei@@ lig , ob man sich so oder so fühlt oder was , und neben@@ bei bemerkt , je mehr sie sich darauf konzentrieren , wie sie sich fühlen , desto schlimmer wird es . +nehmen sie doch diese wunder@@ volle sache , die ch@@ ih@@ o uns gezeigt hat . sie ja@@ gte uns angst ein mit dem la@@ va@@ -@@ mann . +das hier ist bir@@ han , das ä@@ thi@@ op@@ ische mädchen , mit dem in den 198@@ 0ern live aid ge@@ star@@ tet wurde , 15 minuten vom tod entfernt , als sie ger@@ et@@ tet wurde . und dieses bild ihrer rett@@ ung ist um die welt gegangen . +aber es hat 24 jahre ge@@ dauert , bis die ak@@ tion erfolgreich war . +und am@@ y win@@ e@@ house sagte : " nel@@ son mand@@ ela und ich haben einiges gemeinsam . +ich habe vor kurzem mit dem präsi@@ denten von si@@ er@@ ra le@@ one gesprochen . +wir müssen auf dieser erde institutionen zur frieden@@ s@@ wahr@@ ung und zur human@@ it@@ ären hilfe , aber auch zum wieder@@ aufbau und zur sicherheit er@@ richten -- für einige der konfli@@ kt@@ bel@@ a@@ denen länder der welt . +also wenden wir uns der liter@@ atur zu . +der fuß ist über das ganze bein verteilt . +nicht nur mit dem traditionellen fuß , auch mit dem bein und selbst mit dem körper . +und dort haben sie ein problem mit so einem git@@ ter , denn ihnen fehlen die sta@@ ch@@ eln . +ein geheimnis . das tier kle@@ tter@@ t , indem es aus@@ ru@@ t@@ scht und es kann eigentlich überhaupt nicht gut die oberfläche greifen . +schauen sie was passiert , wenn der fuß auf ihr sandwi@@ ch gerät . +wir entdeck@@ ten , dass sie allein durch inter@@ molekul@@ are kräfte funktionieren . +und hier kommt es auf uns zu , die ersten schritte eine wand hin@@ auf . +die botschaft ist also deutlich : ob man sich für fundament@@ ale , tiefe forschung interessiert oder für sehr interessante , bizar@@ re , wunderbare tiere , oder ob man einen su@@ ch@@ - und ber@@ ge-@@ roboter bauen möchte , der in einem erd@@ be@@ ben hilft oder jemanden aus einem feuer re@@ t@@ tet , oder ob man sich für medizin interessiert , wir müssen die bau@@ pl@@ äne der natur retten . +und hier ist ein jung@@ es in ge@@ fan@@ gen@@ schaft , dass die pfei@@ fe des train@@ ers wenn sie die mel@@ o@@ die ihrem hund oder ihrer kat@@ ze sum@@ men würden , und die tiere würden diese wieder@@ holen , würden sie bestimmt augen machen . +wie hier oben zu sehen ist , haben diese einen auf@@ st@@ eigen@@ den bogen gemeinsam , wie " wu@@ up , wu@@ up , wu@@ up " . +be@@ achten sie wie wenige barri@@ eren es zwischen den ozean@@ en im vergleich zum fest@@ land gibt . +und wenn bu@@ ck@@ el@@ w@@ ale die fähigkeit er@@ langen , diesen ges@@ ang zu singen , hor@@ chen sie anderen w@@ alen , wobei sie ihren ges@@ ang auf der grundlage des ge@@ hörten verändern , wie die sing@@ vögel oder die von mir erwä@@ hn@@ ten del@@ fin@@ pfei@@ ft@@ ö@@ ne . +aber sie können immer noch diesen sch@@ wachen ruf hören . +ich beschrei@@ be ein paar lö@@ s@@ ungs@@ möglichkeiten . +jähr@@ lich sterben gefähr@@ dete w@@ ale bei einem zusammen@@ sto@@ ß mit einem schiff . es ist also notwendig , die zahl der fälle zu verring@@ ern . +zu@@ gleich müssen wir besonders ein@@ fall@@ s@@ reich sein , wenn es darum geht , lösungen für der@@ artige probleme zu finden . +zum einen ermöglicht es uns , das universum zu er@@ kunden . das world@@ wi@@ de-@@ telescop@@ e ist für mich eine art flie@@ gender te@@ pp@@ ich , mit dem man durch@@ s universum navi@@ gieren kann , wohin man will . +als kosten@@ lo@@ ser down@@ load . danke , cra@@ ig m@@ un@@ die . man wird es auf der website world@@ wi@@ de@@ telescop@@ e@@ .@@ or@@ g finden , die etwas neues ist . +es ist eine soziale unbe@@ hol@@ fen@@ heit , wie wenn man als frem@@ der im aus@@ land ist . +das bedeutet , sie sind vollkommen aus der sp@@ ur im hin@@ blick auf tradition@@ elle kat@@ eg@@ orien , die anal@@ o@@ g , sta@@ tisch und interak@@ tiv passi@@ v sind . +wir haben heutzutage so viel technologie , dass sich die benutz@@ er@@ ober@@ flächen an uns an@@ passen sollten . +diese art von technologie wird es immer mehr leute ermöglichen sich dafür zu begei@@ stern und ich bin wirklich ges@@ pan@@ nt mit euch allen in den nächsten tagen zu reden um zu sehen wo wir dies in e@@ uren gebieten einsetzen können . +ist es die korruption , die armut oder etwas anderes ? +wir möchten weiterhin unser tä@@ g@@ liches leben führen , als be@@ fän@@ den wir uns in einer normalen situation . +heutzutage , und das ist eine sehr hei@@ kle zahl , wurden im jahr 2010 bisher 35 öffentliche vor@@ fälle der ly@@ n@@ ch@@ justi@@ z regi@@ stri@@ ert . +mit tausend juli@@ ans , die zusammen@@ arbeiten , wäre mexiko ein ganz anderes land . +dies ist ein auf@@ ruf , damit alle dinge , die wir an mexiko lieben - die fe@@ ste , die märkte , die restaurants , die k@@ nei@@ pen , der te@@ qu@@ il@@ a , der mar@@ i@@ ach@@ i , die ser@@ en@@ aden , die pos@@ a@@ das , el gri@@ to , der tag der toten , san mi@@ gu@@ el , die freude , die l@@ ust am leben , der kampf und alles , was es bedeutet , mexi@@ kan@@ er zu sein - nicht von dieser welt verschwinden . +danke . ich danke ihnen . also , jon@@ g@@ lieren kann viel sp@@ ass machen , mit können spielen , mit raum spielen und mit rhyth@@ mus . +oder sie können zurück@@ gehen und die höhe ändern . jetzt . geschi@@ ck@@ lichkeit . +bringen sie es wieder hoch . +finger , finger , finger , finger , finger , finger , finger , finger . +warum zur hö@@ lle sollen sie dies lernen ? ok ? +und wofür reser@@ vi@@ eren sie sie , wenn sie etwas bestimm@@ tes erforschen ? +ich machte meine lehr@@ e bei einem sch@@ r@@ einer und lernte über sen@@ kre@@ cht , recht@@ win@@ k@@ lich und wa@@ ag@@ recht . +und die neu@@ ste nummer , an der ich arbeite - ist e@@ was wirklich - ich weiss noch nicht , was es ist . +und zurück@@ denk@@ end dachte mir also , dass wir im si@@ lli@@ c@@ on valley sehr produ@@ kt@@ - und obje@@ k@@ tor@@ i@@ enti@@ ert waren -- insbesondere was techn@@ ische objekte an@@ geht . +ich habe einige -- sie sind nicht länger als eine oder ein@@ einhalb minuten lang -- und ich dachte , dass es interessant sei einige unserer projekte des letzten jahres in form von videos zu zeigen . +dann , wenn man das ima@@ x kin@@ o in der vi@@ erten e@@ tage ver@@ lässt -- das sind meistens teenager -- be@@ tritt man eine grosse fläche die mit diesen tischen ausge@@ stat@@ tet ist . die tische sind interak@@ tive spiele die sehr lustig sind . die spiele wurden auch von dur@@ re@@ l [ bis@@ ho@@ p ] und andre@@ w [ hir@@ ni@@ ak ] von it@@ ch desig@@ nt . +und selbstverständlich : eine hän@@ ge@@ ma@@ tte für das ni@@ cker@@ chen welche man im arbeits@@ bereich aus@@ brei@@ ten kann . +man schaut sich das video mit ein@@ geb@@ len@@ deten grafi@@ ken an . die grafi@@ ken bilden die tiefe und kom@@ pas@@ s@@ richtung ab . +es gibt mehr davon , als man eigentlich denken möchte . +ein foto ist da nicht genug . " +die gesetze der physik : unsicht@@ bar , ewi@@ g , all@@ gegenwär@@ tig , all@@ mäch@@ tig . +und ich sagte " ja . " und er sagte , " warum kann ich das nicht ? " +ich finde das außergewöhn@@ lich , nicht in der lage dazu zu sein , licht zu sehen , nicht in der lage dazu zu sein , dunkel@@ heit zu sehen . +" warum sind wir hier ? " , und " was sollten wir damit anfangen , während wir es sind ? " +das ist extrem praktisch , aber weniger toll . +man hat also 5 millionen bücher , das heißt 5 millionen au@@ toren , 5 millionen kl@@ ä@@ ger und einen gewal@@ tigen prozess . +zwei rei@@ hen aus dieser tab@@ elle mit zwei milliarden ein@@ trä@@ gen . +und wir haben herausgefunden , dass wir das sehr genau messen können . +das ist also mehr oder weniger was wir erwarten . +dies müssen wir allen zugänglich machen . " +und wenn das passiert , muss das unser verständnis für unsere vergangenheit , unsere gegenwart und die menschliche kultur verändern . +aber das ist nicht alles . +es ist nicht tri@@ vi@@ al . +oder versuchen sie mal das hier : +und wenn wir zuhören in unseren schulen lehren , können wir unser hören von diesem schl@@ ü@@ pf@@ ri@@ gen gefä@@ lle weg@@ nehmen zu dieser gefähr@@ lichen , be@@ än@@ g@@ sti@@ genden welt , von der ich sprach , und es zu einem ort bringen , wo jeder die ganze zeit bewusst zu@@ hört – oder zumindest dazu in der lage ist . +währ@@ end@@ dessen spielte ich in der gegend mit meiner band , den d@@ res@@ den doll@@ s , in na@@ cht@@ klu@@ bs . +immer war meine band oder meine cre@@ w dabei . +und das passierte immer wieder . +das ist meine ki@@ ck@@ star@@ ter-@@ spen@@ der@@ -@@ party in ber@@ lin . +nun , ich sage euch , im welt@@ veränder@@ ungs@@ geschäft gab es im letzten jahr viel konkur@@ ren@@ z , denn der arab@@ ische frü@@ hl@@ ing brei@@ tet sich immer noch aus , die euro@@ zone ist koll@@ ab@@ iert ... was noch ? +dieses foto wurde sogar in einer poli@@ zei@@ station aufge@@ k@@ lebt und auf dem boden sehen sie die person@@ al@@ aus@@ weise der menschen , die von der polizei ver@@ folgt wurden . +die kinder machen einfach fotos in einer klasse , der lehrer erhält sie , sie pla@@ ka@@ tieren sie auf die schul@@ mau@@ ern . +ich mache zwei dinge . ich ent@@ wer@@ fe trag@@ bare computer und er@@ for@@ sche das gehirn . +ich fand das wort gerü@@ st großartig . +einer ist -- der natür@@ lich@@ ste -- dass menschen dinge wissen wollen . +und das ist scha@@ de . warum ist dies so ? +schließlich sagen manche , naja ich fühle mich nicht wie ein haufen von zellen . ich bin bei bewusstsein . +evolution war das gleiche . wir lehr@@ ten unsere kinder , die bi@@ bel sagt , gott hat all diese spezies krei@@ ert , kat@@ zen sind kat@@ zen , h@@ unde sind h@@ unde , menschen sind menschen , pflanzen sind pflanzen und sie verändern sich nicht . +und das irgendwie , voraus@@ sage zu intelli@@ gent@@ em verhalten führt . +und in der zukunft wenn es etwas ähn@@ liches sieht , in einer ähn@@ lichen umgebung oder der ex@@ akt gleichen umgebung , spielt es das wieder ab . es wird anfangen es ab@@ zus@@ pi@@ el@@ en . +tür , tür , tür , farbe , sie wissen was ich meine . +wenn man in diesem gerü@@ st ist , nimmt man einige theore@@ tiker . +es gibt in meinem verständnis keinen zwei@@ fel , dass dies passieren wird . +ich bin heute hier , um menschen herauszu@@ for@@ dern . +nur dieses kleine bisschen geld , von dem ich wün@@ schte , ich hätte es auf meinem bank@@ kon@@ to -- leider nicht , aber ... +ich sprach vor ein paar tagen mit a@@ ung sun su@@ u k@@ y@@ i . +aber wenn man zusammen ist , um bäume für die umwelt zu pflanzen , dann ist das in ordnung - kreativität . +aber es ist die gemeinsame ak@@ tion von uns , die den wandel bringt . +heutzutage , in schwe@@ den und anderen reichen industri@@ el@@ ändern , nutzen menschen so viele unterschiedliche maschinen . +aber wenn ich eine vor@@ les@@ ung für umwelt@@ bewus@@ ste studenten halte , sagen sie mir : " nein , es können nicht alle auf der welt autos und wa@@ sch@@ maschinen haben . " +zweitens , wirtschafts@@ wachstum . +es ist eine große herausforderung für die zukunft . +ich möchte eine geschichte erzählen , die den berü@@ chti@@ gten daten@@ schutz@@ -@@ zwischen@@ fall von adam und ev@@ a und die bemerkens@@ werte verschie@@ bung der grenzen zwischen " öff@@ entlich " und " priv@@ at " in den letzten 10 jahren verein@@ t . +sehen sie , wor@@ auf ich hin@@ aus@@ will ? +durch soziale medien wurden bewer@@ ber trotz glei@@ cher fähigkeiten dis@@ krimin@@ iert . +wir wieder@@ hol@@ ten das experiment mit den gleichen gruppen , fü@@ gten aber eine ver@@ zö@@ gerung ein zwischen der auf@@ klär@@ ung darüber , wie wir mit den daten umgehen , und dem eigent@@ lichen beginn des fra@@ ge@@ bo@@ gens . +sie erreichen bewusstsein und selb@@ stän@@ digkeit . +einmal – das ist schon jahre her – beobach@@ tete ich ein treffen zwischen ted ken@@ ne@@ dy und dan qua@@ yle im tre@@ pp@@ en@@ haus des sen@@ ates . +und das hat zu einer sicht der menschlichen natur geführt , dass wir ration@@ ale individuen sind , die auf ger@@ ad@@ lin@@ ige weise auf belo@@ hn@@ ungen reagieren . und das hat zu sicht@@ weisen der welt geführt , in denen menschen versuchten , die an@@ nahmen der physik zu verwenden , um zu messen , wie menschliches verhalten funktioniert . +sie bekommen ihre eigenen kinder und sie haben ein gene@@ ti@@ sches wunder voll@@ bra@@ cht , indem sie schöne menschen gehei@@ rat@@ et haben , so dass ihre groß@@ mütter wie ger@@ tru@@ de stein aussieht , ihre tö@@ chter wie hal@@ le ber@@ ry – ich weiß nicht , wie sie das hin@@ bekommen haben . +menschen mit gehirn@@ schlä@@ gen und verletz@@ ungen in dem teil des gehirns , das gefühle weiter@@ gibt , sind nicht me@@ ga@@ -@@ intelligent , sie sind tatsächlich manchmal ziemlich hil@@ flo@@ s . +aber ich denke , dass die forschung zeigt , dass die bri@@ tische auf@@ klär@@ ung , oder die sch@@ ot@@ tische auf@@ klär@@ ung mit david hu@@ me , adam smith , tatsächlich ein besser@@ es verständnis davon hatte , wer wir sind – dass die vern@@ un@@ ft oft schwa@@ ch ist , dass unsere emotionen stark sind und unsere emotionen oft vertrau@@ ens@@ wür@@ dig sind . +9@@ 6 prozent der colle@@ ge-@@ studenten sagen , dass sie über@@ durchschnittliche sozial@@ kom@@ pe@@ ten@@ z besitzen . +aber das ist die grundlage der innovation . +vielen dank . +und davon erzähle ich ihnen . +wir leben unter diesen männern : sie sind unsere brü@@ der , v@@ ä@@ ter , on@@ kel , cou@@ s@@ ins , überall um uns r@@ um . +sie arbeitet bei einer sehr großen firma , in einer werk@@ statt in hy@@ der@@ ab@@ ad und stellt mö@@ bel her . +es ist sehr mo@@ dis@@ ch über menschen@@ handel zu reden , in diesem toll@@ en , kli@@ mati@@ si@@ erten raum . +ich frage sie , im namen dieser kinder , deren gesichter sie sehen - die es nicht mehr gibt . +nur damit sie es wissen , ich habe keine le@@ xi@@ k@@ ogra@@ fische tri@@ ll@@ er@@ pfei@@ fe . +computer ! was ist mit compu@@ tern ? +also -- -- nun , wenn sie darüber nachdenken , dann haben wir hier das problem des sch@@ in@@ ken@@ endes . +nein . es wird weiterhin papi@@ er@@ wör@@ ter@@ bücher geben . +sie haben es nicht zerstört , es hat nur eine neue position ein@@ genommen , und diese neue position kann genauso schön sein . +wenn wir uns das wör@@ ter@@ buch als land@@ karte der engli@@ schen sprache vorstellen , dann stehen die h@@ ellen stellen für das , was wir darüber wissen , und bei den dunkl@@ en stellen ta@@ ppen wir im dunkl@@ en . +denn es wird mich ins internet führen , wo ich jeden erreichen kann . +und wir können das wör@@ ter@@ buch nicht länger nur zum symbol der sprache machen -- wir können es zur gesamten sprache machen . +das dat@@ um war febru@@ ar 2000 . +wir haben darüber sehr viel gesprochen , und ich habe darüber nach@@ gedacht , hier@@ für ein beispiel zu geben , nur eins . ma@@ d@@ ame de g@@ au@@ lle , die frau des franzö@@ sischen präsi@@ denten , war bekann@@ ter@@ weise mal gefragt worden " won@@ ach be@@ ge@@ hren sie am meisten ? " +je@@ ff be@@ z@@ os war so nett mir anzu@@ mer@@ ken , " chris , ted ist wirklich eine tolle konferenz . +ich bin hier auf lange sicht und ich wäre sehr ge@@ e@@ hrt und ges@@ pan@@ nt wenn sie mich auf dieser reise beglei@@ ten . +erstens funktioniert gps nicht in gebäu@@ den und zweitens gibt es keine so kleinen g@@ p@@ s-@@ em@@ pf@@ än@@ ger , erst recht nicht , wenn die ihre position an ein netzwerk senden müssen . +als ich ihren fall untersu@@ chte , habe ich zu meiner überrasch@@ ung fest@@ gestellt , dass es nicht eindeu@@ tig illegal ist , g@@ p@@ s-@@ sen@@ der in frem@@ den autos zu verste@@ cken . +ich werde das ihnen mal vor@@ führen . +daher ger@@ ie@@ t meine welt aus den fu@@ gen +wir nennen uns por@@ s & amp ; ra@@ o und wir leben und arbeiten in indien . +dies ist ein video des protot@@ y@@ ps . +sobald sie aber daran vorbei@@ gingen , begann es , ru@@ ck@@ arti@@ g die wand hoch@@ zu@@ kle@@ ttern . +sobald uns ein wesen ein@@ fällt entsteht fast ein schöpf@@ ungspro@@ z@@ ess , in dem wir mit der kre@@ atur raus@@ finden , wie sie leben will , welche form sie haben und wie sie sich bewegen will . +aber wir ziehen in die städte , zu den h@@ ellen lich@@ tern , und dort gibt etwas , das wir wollen , außer arbeitsp@@ lä@@ tzen , nämlich elektrizität . +ähnlich ist es mit den solar@@ an@@ lagen , besonders hier in kalifornien , erkennen wir , dass für die 80 solar@@ far@@ men , die im bau sind , im grunde 2@@ 6@@ 0@@ 000 he@@ kt@@ ar der süd@@ kalifor@@ n@@ ischen wüste umge@@ p@@ flü@@ gt werden müssen . +gegen die these spricht nun ein mann , der seit jahren mit@@ ten@@ drin in der energie@@ - und klima@@ debat@@ te steht . +und das ber@@ ück@@ sichti@@ gt noch nicht die co2 bil@@ anz vor@@ ort . +auf dem ozean gibt es überhaupt kein land . +bei atom@@ energie wird schon die zeit@@ liche ver@@ zö@@ gerung dazu führen ver@@ zö@@ ger@@ ungs@@ zeit allein dass das eis der arkti@@ k und ander@@ s@@ wo weiter sch@@ mel@@ zen wird . +die lösung der welt@@ probleme kann man erreichen , wenn man es sich wirklich vor@@ nimmt und sau@@ b@@ ere , erneu@@ er@@ bare energie nutzt . +danke . +jeder von ihnen hat nur ein paar sätze -- 30 sekunden für eine zusammen@@ fassung . +un@@ versch@@ ä@@ mt , un@@ versch@@ ä@@ mt , un@@ versch@@ ä@@ mt . +wir erforschen aus drei gründen , der schwä@@ ch@@ ste ist die neugi@@ er . +ein shu@@ tt@@ le@@ ab@@ flug kostet eine milliarde dollar . +100 dollar ! das ist eine prei@@ s@@ verbesser@@ ungsk@@ ur@@ ve , gut , wir brauchen noch ein paar entdeck@@ ungen in der physik , das gebe ich zu . +wir lie@@ fen – ich lief zu 100 , 200 fir@@ men@@ che@@ fs . +mö@@ cht@@ est du ein un@@ besch@@ wer@@ tes geschma@@ ck@@ ser@@ leb@@ nis ? dann ist der einzige weg nach oben . +dann muss man sich potenzi@@ ell der läch@@ er@@ lichkeit prei@@ s@@ geben : " das ist eine verrück@@ te idee , das funktioniert nie ! " +der haupt@@ schöpf@@ ungspro@@ z@@ ess der natur ist die mor@@ pho@@ gen@@ ese , die teilung einer zelle in zwei zellen . +ich habe den prozess entworfen , der die form gener@@ iert hat . +im unterschied zu tradition@@ eller architektur ist es aber ein einzi@@ ger ab@@ lauf , der sowohl die gesam@@ t@@ form als auch die mikrosk@@ op@@ ischen ober@@ fl@@ äch@@ en@@ details erzeugt . +ich benö@@ tigte mehrere monate , die säu@@ le zu erstellen , aber im grunde braucht der computer nur 30 sekunden , um alle 16 millionen flächen zu berech@@ nen . +hier ist die ab@@ sen@@ kung wegen der span@@ ischen gri@@ ppe von 19@@ 18 . +dann sor@@ tiert man sie durch verschiedene schritte aus , dem@@ zu@@ folge schaffen es viele nicht . +sie heißt hu@@ t@@ chin@@ son@@ -@@ gil@@ for@@ d-@@ pro@@ ger@@ ie . es ist die schlimm@@ ste form von vor@@ zei@@ tiger alter@@ ung . +ich wollte nur noch ein paar dinge über diese ungewöhn@@ liche geschichte sagen , um vielleicht eine all@@ gemein@@ for@@ mel zu finden , wie wir auf allen ebenen erfol@@ gs@@ geschichten haben könnten für diese krankheiten , wie sam sagt , diese 4@@ 000 , die auf eine antwort warten . +sie wissen bereits vielleicht , wenn sie aufmerk@@ sam die wissen@@ schafts@@ liter@@ atur ver@@ folgt haben , dass man nun eine hau@@ tz@@ elle nehmen kann und sie dazu an@@ regen kann , eine le@@ ber@@ zelle , eine herz@@ - , ni@@ er@@ en@@ - oder gehirn@@ zelle zu werden , die für jeden von uns genutzt werden könnte . +wenn sie mir nicht glauben , fragen sie sam . +und für uns junge leute , sie versuchen , individuen zu werden , und die unterschiede unter@@ einander zu finden . +wir sind hier , wir sind teil einer gemeinschaft , und teilen und disku@@ tieren ideen . +diese institution wird von der regierung unterstützt , und das ist schon seit drei jahrzehn@@ ten so . +sinn@@ los . +meine arbeit ist – sie spiegel@@ t mein ich wi@@ der . +in diesem alter konnte ich es natürlich nicht so aus@@ drücken , aber ich sagte ihr , ich fühle mich fe@@ hl am platz . +sie wurde ein teil von mir . +und ich sah es mir unter dem mikrosk@@ pop an . und ein teil davon war fla@@ ch . +um die geschichte zu verk@@ ür@@ zen , ich entschied , dass ich zurück@@ gehen und es tun musste . +kann jeder die schnei@@ de am ende der na@@ del sehen ? +und ich schaute sie mir unter dem mikrosk@@ op an . +ich erinnere mich als ich das einmal tat , und das fes@@ n@@ ter offen stand . +ich benutz@@ te eine mikrosk@@ op@@ isches bru@@ ch@@ stück eines diam@@ anten um tatsächlich das eigent@@ liche fundam@@ ent zu schni@@ tzen . +habe jede plan@@ ke aus gold gemacht . +und diese gele@@ hr@@ ten oder diese meister , diese spiritu@@ ellen meister der su@@ f@@ i tradition , beziehen sich auf lehren und beispiele unseres prop@@ he@@ ten , die uns lehren , wo die quelle unseres probleme liegt . +alles was wir zu tun haben ist , unser e@@ go auf die seite stellen , unseren e@@ go@@ ismus zur seite schie@@ ben . +und das sollten auch die pri@@ m@@ ären eigenschaften eines menschen sein . +und eines tages habe ich diese s@@ ack@@ gas@@ se erforsch@@ t die ein paar straßen weiter verste@@ ckt war . +am nächsten tag besu@@ chte ich ihn und sagte : " dr. , das war ein richtig guter witz . " +in ar@@ kan@@ s@@ as fragen sie erst gar nicht . " +und je@@ ff stand plötzlich neben mir und sagte : " hast du jemals ku@@ h-@@ ki@@ ppen be@@ trieben ? " +zwei wochen nach meiner diagno@@ se bet@@ ä@@ tigte eine bi@@ op@@ sie , daß ich ein 18@@ c@@ m o@@ ste@@ o-@@ sar@@ k@@ om in meinem linken ober@@ schen@@ kel hatte . +ich habe aufge@@ hängt und habe mein gesicht in den händen ver@@ graben und habe diesen lau@@ t@@ losen schre@@ i los@@ gelassen . +und eines der er@@ schü@@ tter@@ n@@ sten dinge , die passi@@ erten war die tatsache der verbindung mit all diesen menschen . +gi@@ b der wand nicht nach . +und jedes sie@@ b@@ te mal der sieben jahre bekommt das land ein ex@@ ta jahr der ru@@ he , während dessen alle familien wieder@@ verein@@ i@@ gt sind und menschen um@@ geben sind von denen , die sie lieben . +wenn sie also zu 2@@ 3@@ and@@ me gehen , oder wenn sie zu coun@@ c@@ il@@ o@@ f@@ da@@ d@@ s@@ .com gehen können sie auf einen link kli@@ cken . +a@@ o : du hast dich selbst das spielen gele@@ hrt und fol@@ glich war kla@@ vier spielen für dich , derek , mit viel fau@@ st@@ - und kar@@ at@@ es@@ ch@@ lä@@ gen verbunden , und sogar ein stück n@@ ase war dabei . +hoffentlich können wir nun dem publikum zeigen , wie es sein kann , dass du t@@ ust , was du t@@ ust . +dp : " hum@@ mel@@ flug " auf diesem ton . +dp : er spielte " ch@@ op@@ sti@@ cks " . a@@ o : und er spielte " ch@@ op@@ sti@@ cks " . +dies ist bekannt als das " the@@ me@@ -@@ gebäude " . diesen namen hat es aus immer noch sehr geheim@@ nis@@ vollen gründen bekommen . +weiß das jemand ? ch@@ i ? +sie kämpfen darum , ihre eigene lebens@@ weise in diesem wald weiter@@ zu@@ entwickeln , in einer welt , die noch sau@@ ber ist , einer welt , die noch nicht ver@@ se@@ u@@ cht , in einer welt , die noch nicht verschmu@@ tzt ist . +wir benutzen auch gps -- geogra@@ ph@@ isches , was auch immer gps bedeutet -- um den beweg@@ ungs@@ radi@@ us der schimpansen zu bestimmen . +wir wissen heute , dass es alleine in g@@ om@@ be neun verschiedene arten gibt , auf die schimpansen verschiedene objekte zu unterschiedlichen zwe@@ cken verwenden . +das trauri@@ ge ist , dass diese schimpansen -- die uns vielleicht mehr als jedes andere lebewesen ein bisschen beschei@@ den@@ heit bei@@ gebracht haben , dass sie in der wil@@ dnis sehr schnell verschwinden . +das einzige , was wir haben , das uns wirklich unterschei@@ det von schimpansen und anderen lebewesen , ist unsere hoch@@ entwickelte sprache -- eine sprache , mit der wir kindern von dingen erzählen können , die wir nicht direkt vor augen haben . +da draußen liegen überall kleine bro@@ sch@@ ür@@ en , und wenn jemand von ihnen mit kindern zu tun hat und ihnen ihre zukunft am herzen liegt , dann bitte ich sie , nehmen sie diese bro@@ schü@@ re mit . +wir wollen zeit mit alten menschen verbringen und uns ihre geschichten an@@ hören und auf@@ schreiben . +ich glaube , dass eine solche gruppe sehr viel einfluss nehmen kann , nicht nur weil sie und wir dieselbe technik benutzen , sondern weil so viele von ihnen kinder haben . +in ihren und in meinen und in denen unserer kinder . +wie tun wir das ? also , wir verwenden ein mod@@ ell@@ system , das wir proto@@ zelle nennen . +er könnte einen stoff@@ wech@@ self darauf laufen haben . +es kann seine lok@@ ale umgebung spüren und in dieser umwelt ressourcen finden um sich selbst zu erhalten . +da wir also ein paar interessante proto@@ zellen machen können , die uns gefallen , mit interessan@@ ten farben und interessan@@ tem verhalten , und sie leicht zu machen sind , und sie interessante lebens@@ ähnliche eigenschaften haben , vielleicht haben diese proto@@ zellen uns etwas über den urspr@@ ung des leben auf der erde zu sagen . vielleicht stellen sie einen leicht zugänglich schritt dar , einen der ersten schritte , wie das leben auf der frühen erde begonnen hat . +er wird in bezug auf einen beri@@ cht aus 2007 vom national research coun@@ cil der vereinigten staaten verwendet , in dem sie versuchen zu verstehen , wie wir nach leben wo@@ anders im universum suchen können , ok , besonders wenn dieses leben sehr anders als unseres auf der erde ist . wenn wir auf einen anderen planeten kä@@ men und mein@@ ten , dort könnte es leben geben , wie könnten wir dieses leben als sol@@ ches erkennen ? +80 bis 90 prozent ihrer zeit verbra@@ chten sie mit fünf dingen . +der hö@@ he@@ punkt davon ist : wenn sie ihre k@@ au@@ l@@ qu@@ app@@ e erfolgreich aufge@@ zogen haben , und dabei die ab@@ läu@@ fe im verhalten und der entwicklung beobachtet haben , dann werden sie los@@ gehen , ihre k@@ au@@ l@@ qu@@ app@@ e ihrem nam@@ ens@@ geber vorstellen und die an@@ zeichen , die sie beobachtet haben , disku@@ tieren . +da drin ist ein al@@ tes handy – eine gute verwen@@ dung für alte hand@@ ys – das die klini@@ k an@@ ru@@ ft , und dann kommen wir und holen die maus ab . +was die klima@@ krise uns hat erkennen lassen ist eine se@@ k@@ und@@ äre , hinter@@ li@@ sti@@ gere und tie@@ fer@@ greif@@ ende krise , und das ist die tä@@ tig@@ kei@@ t@@ sk@@ rise , nämlich was tun . +und dann tau@@ sche ich sie mit den studenten aus und se@@ tze diesen ru@@ ß wieder ein . +und sie te@@ ste@@ ten , welches argument ko@@ oper@@ ative verhaltens@@ weisen von den leuten unten hervor@@ rief – etwa 100 : 1 beschlossen , dass dies das argument war das uns am besten überzeu@@ gte . +in diesem fall , anstelle k@@ au@@ gu@@ mm@@ i oder dor@@ it@@ os oder was sie auch immer in ihren ta@@ schen haben , den fischen hinzu@@ werfen – es gibt da ein gewä@@ sser in island , mit dem ich mich beschäftigt habe , das mitten in der stadt liegt . die größte sch@@ ad@@ stoff@@ belast@@ ung in ihm ist nicht die straßen@@ verschmu@@ tzung , sondern viel@@ mehr wei@@ ß@@ brot von leuten , die die fische und vögel fü@@ ttern . +haben sie gew@@ us@@ st , dass wir heutzutage eine globale her@@ de von 60 milliarden tieren halten , um uns mit fleisch , mil@@ ch@@ produ@@ kten , ei@@ ern und le@@ der@@ ware zu ver@@ sorgen ? +das tier könnte eine ku@@ h sein , ein lam@@ m , oder etwas ex@@ o@@ ti@@ sch@@ eres . +es muss nicht so aussehen , so sieht es tatsächlich heute aus . +er hat nicht " little red laptop " oder " little red di@@ rt de@@ vil " geschrieben . +und sequ@@ el ist wirklich ein richti@@ ges auto . +in der tat glauben wir , dass die zukunft ereig@@ nis@@ -@@ ge@@ trieben ist . +und zweitens ist es ein fundament@@ ales gesch@@ a@@ ef@@ t@@ vor@@ haben . +also sagte meine mutter : " du fä@@ hr@@ st täglich mit dem bus ein@@ einhalb stunden weit von unserem wohn@@ ort weg . " +er er@@ wider@@ te : " nein , fr@@ ä@@ ul@@ ein , ich gehe ni@@ r@@ gend@@ wo hin . +anima@@ tion , software , fil@@ mer@@ stell@@ ungspro@@ gra@@ mme , sie haben all das . +mit 15 jahren ver@@ ließ ich diesen ort , um in einer stadt , die etwas größer – sehr viel größer – war , den zweiten teil der ober@@ stufe zu absol@@ vi@@ eren . +du musst aufhören . schluss damit . +wir arbeiteten mit vielen unternehmen in brasili@@ en zusammen , die in das projekt investi@@ erten , und auch mit der regierung . +ich frage mich ... vor drei oder vier wochen las@@ en wir in den zeit@@ ungen , dass in nor@@ wegen millionen fische sterben , +wie ich glaube , haben alle in diesem raum das gleiche an@@ liegen und das modell , das wir in brasili@@ en an@@ wand@@ ten , kann man auch hier um@@ setzen . +ich bin zum times square gegangen , sah all die toll@@ en frauen an der l@@ ein@@ wand und ich fragte mich , warum niemand die histor@@ ischen ge@@ bil@@ de da@@ hinter betrachtet . +sie können die li@@ spen@@ ard wiesen sehen , die hier durch@@ laufen , was heute tri@@ bec@@ a ist , und die str@@ ände von battery park hoch@@ lauf@@ end bis hin zur 4@@ 2@@ . straße . +wir wissen , dass es eine len@@ a@@ pe@@ -@@ sie@@ d@@ lung gab hier unten am collect pon@@ d . +wir haben ras@@ ch fest@@ gestellt , dass bi@@ ber etwas sein können , was der ro@@ t@@ lu@@ chs benötigt . +und schwarz@@ bä@@ r lief um@@ her . und indi@@ ander gab es auch . +obwohl ich nur wenig zeit für meinen vortrag hatte , hoffe ich , dass sie man@@ na@@ hat@@ ta als einen besonder@@ en ort wahr@@ nehmen konnten . +und ... bauten die gesellschaft , in der wir jetzt leben . +möglicherweise wollen sie nicht genauso leben wie wir . +und leute , die in den städten der industri@@ el@@ än@@ der leben , nei@@ gen dazu , sehr wohl@@ hab@@ end zu sein , und fol@@ glich sehr viel zeu@@ gs zu benutzen . +eine andere sache , die uns die informa@@ tion@@ stech@@ n@@ ologi@@ en ermöglichen , ist , dass wir beginnen herauszufinden , wie man weniger dinge braucht , indem wir über die menge der dinge , die wir tatsächlich nutzen , beschei@@ d wissen und dies auch genau kontrollieren . +die meisten dieser städte wachsen unglaublich schnell . +ein daraus resul@@ tier@@ ender effekt ist sowas wie eine süd@@ liche kultur@@ elle explosion . +also l@@ ul@@ a , er ist voll von problemen , voll von wider@@ sprü@@ chen , aber eines der dinge , die er tut , ist , er treibt eine idee vor@@ an , wie wir uns an internationalen beziehungen beteili@@ gen können , die das gleich@@ gewicht weg vom klas@@ sischen nor@@ d-@@ sü@@ d-@@ dialo@@ g hin zu einer ganz neuen art glob@@ aler zusammenarbeit verschie@@ ben . +hier ist ein design , das wasser mit hilfe der sonne dest@@ il@@ liert . +es geht nicht nur darum zu überleben . +sop@@ a steht für den " stop online pi@@ ra@@ cy act " . +wir konsu@@ mieren gerne , aber je@@ des@@ mal , wenn eines dieser neuen geräte auf@@ tau@@ chte , stellte sich heraus , dass wir auch gerne produzieren und wir teilen gerne . +das ist eine neben@@ wirkung ihrer regul@@ ären oper@@ ationen . +das ist also das internet , das sie im kopf haben . +sie wollen keine gesetz@@ liche unterschei@@ dung zwischen le@@ gal@@ em und il@@ le@@ gal@@ em teilen . +das hat mein leben verändert . +" was mach@@ st du hier ? +das college funktioniert ge@@ mä@@ ss der lebens@@ - und arbeits@@ haltung von ma@@ hat@@ ma gand@@ hi . +wir sind die einzigen , die den $ 5@@ 0,000 preis tatsächlich zurück@@ gaben , weil sie uns nicht glaub@@ ten , und wir dachten , das sie sich ab@@ fä@@ llig ä@@ us@@ ser@@ ten über die bar@@ e@@ foot architekten von ti@@ lon@@ ia . +aber die leute , die den solar@@ ko@@ cher gebaut haben , sind frauen , anal@@ p@@ hab@@ et@@ innen , die tatsächlich , den ausge@@ kl@@ ü@@ gel@@ sten solar@@ ko@@ cher gebaut haben . +sie hat ein kab@@ in@@ et@@ t , einen bildungs@@ minister , einen energi@@ em@@ ini@@ ster , einen gesundheits@@ minister . +männer sind un@@ ruhi@@ g , männer sind ehr@@ gei@@ zei@@ g , männer sind zwan@@ g@@ haft nicht or@@ ts@@ geb@@ unden , und sie wollen alle ein diplo@@ m . +und das ist nicht zusammen@@ gebro@@ chen . +ich wusste , welche frau ich gerne mit@@ nehmen wollte . +hören sie nicht auf die world bank , hören sie auf die leuten vor ort . +unsere qu@@ ell@@ daten hier sind echte f@@ mr@@ i daten welche visu@@ ell und aku@@ stisch abge@@ bildet werden . +sauerstoff , wasser@@ stoff und zin@@ k haben ihre eigenen sig@@ nat@@ uren . +und trotzdem hat sich die masse des menschlichen gehirns in zwei millionen jahren ver@@ drei@@ fa@@ cht – von einem 6@@ 0@@ 0-@@ gra@@ mm@@ -@@ gehirn unserer vorfahren , hab@@ ili@@ s , zu fast 1,@@ 4 k@@ g ha@@ ck@@ br@@ aten , die jeder hier zwischen seinen o@@ hren hat . +fa@@ kt ist , dass ein jahr nachdem man die kontrolle über die fü@@ ße verloren hat und ein jahr nach gew@@ inn der lot@@ terie , der lot@@ to@@ gewinn@@ er und der qu@@ er@@ schnitt@@ s@@ gel@@ ä@@ hm@@ te gleich glücklich mit ihrem leben sind . +wer sind diese charak@@ tere , die so verdam@@ mt glücklich sind ? +und schließlich das beste – manche von ihnen erkennen dieses photo vom jungen pe@@ te best , dem ursprün@@ glichen schlag@@ zeu@@ ger der be@@ at@@ les , bevor sie ihn zi@@ gar@@ et@@ ten holen geschickt haben , sich davon gemacht haben und ring@@ o auf einer tour ein@@ gesam@@ melt haben . +in diesem fall sind es , weil sie im experiment , von dem ich ihnen berichten werden benutzt wurden , dru@@ cke von mon@@ ets bildern . +wir erklär@@ ten ihnen , dass wir nummer drei an sie schicken werden . +es stellt sich heraus , dass freiheit – die fähigkeit , seine meinung zu bilden und diese zu verändern – der freund natür@@ licher zu@@ frieden@@ heit ist , weil es einem erlaubt , von all den sch@@ ma@@ ck@@ ha@@ ften zu@@ kun@@ f@@ ts@@ s@@ zen@@ ari@@ en die zu finden und auszu@@ wählen , die man am meisten genie@@ ßt . +wir gaben ihnen k@@ ameras , sie gingen über den kam@@ pus und machten 12 bilder von ihren liebl@@ ing@@ s-@@ profess@@ oren , ihren z@@ imm@@ ern und h@@ unden und all den anderen dingen , von denen sie in harvard erinn@@ erungen haben wollten . +sie mo@@ chten ihr bild nicht . selbst nach ab@@ lauf der möglichkeit eines tau@@ sches mo@@ chten sie ihr bild immer noch nicht . warum ? +vielen dank . +manchmal explo@@ dieren sie einfach vor deinen augen oder stür@@ zen mit über@@ sch@@ all her@@ unter . +ich habe eine kleine ku@@ ban@@ ische mutter – sie ist etwa so groß . +" pa@@ pa , hilfe . " +ich wurde 19 .. – ich weiß nicht mehr – geboren und kam mit meinen eltern in dieses land als folge der ku@@ ban@@ ischen revolution . +was natürlich bedeu@@ tete , dass jeder in der familie bereit stehen musste , um sie zum fr@@ is@@ eu@@ r zum ha@@ are@@ fä@@ r@@ ben zu fahren . sie kennen ihn , diesen eigen@@ arti@@ gen blau@@ ton , pas@@ send zum tur@@ n@@ anzu@@ g aus pol@@ ye@@ ster . sie wissen schon , die gleiche farbe wie der bu@@ i@@ ck . +sie steigt in den wagen – sie sitzt auf zwei telefon@@ büchern . +es wir mir beim atmen helfen . es kann vielleicht meinen pul@@ s zu beru@@ hi@@ gen . +sie sind alle schon mal während der fer@@ ien in einem ein@@ kauf@@ s@@ zentrum gewesen , oder ? +in@@ zwischen sind wir etwa einen meter weiter gekommen . da sagt meine mutter plötzlich : " ich wusste es , ich wusste es . +wir warten auch auf die lang@@ sam@@ eren . ok . +" nein , meine tochter , sie kommt da mit dem bu@@ i@@ ck . +all die leute um uns schauen uns an " . +ich hätte es fast ver@@ passt . +wir von zi@@ p@@ car par@@ ken autos in dicht bes@@ ie@@ del@@ ten städ@@ tischen gebieten , damit mi@@ g@@ lieder sie für eine bestimmte zeit bu@@ chen können , anstatt ein eigenes auto zu benutzen . +es war notwendig , dass es ganz tri@@ vi@@ al ist , in 30 sekunden ein auto zu mie@@ ten – es zu reser@@ vi@@ eren , es zu holen und zu fahren . +auch hier sehen wir , dass der preis eine enorme rolle spielt bei der berei@@ t@@ schaft , das eigene fahr@@ verhalten zu verändern . +sie werden auch ver@@ flo@@ chten@@ e netzwerke genannt . +das sind die nächsten beiden zei@@ len im film . +das bedeu@@ tete , dass es – wenn wir unsere sache wirklich gut machen – dass es sehr ras@@ ch rund um die welt genutzt werden könnte . +2006 war ein toll@@ es jahr . +und als mich diese dunkl@@ en wol@@ ken um@@ krei@@ sten und ich es sehr , sehr schwierig fand , an überhaupt irgendetwas gutes zu denken , sagte ich mir , dass ich wirklich einen weg finden muss , um mich auf etwas posi@@ tives zu konzentrieren . +ich würde nun gerne kurz über jedes dieser 3 aspe@@ kte reden . +es gab also eine zeit , als es dein erstes mal war , dass du eine grüne am@@ p@@ el@@ welle auf dem nach@@ hau@@ se@@ weg hat@@ test . +das sind also die drei a ' s . +er mein@@ te : " weißt du überhaupt wo mar@@ ok@@ ko ist ? " +und das ist der trauri@@ ge teil . +tour@@ ist : die menschen sind sehr fru@@ stri@@ ert , dass sie nicht näher ran kommen , um alles zu sehen . +ich fand es merk@@ wür@@ dig darüber zu spe@@ ku@@ lieren , als wäre es ein wettbewerb , über eine so fr@@ ische w@@ unde . +d@@ r : es war keine in@@ klu@@ sive gruppe . +um das zu regeln , brauchte man sofort ein gesam@@ t@@ konzept . +so ähnlich wie die sz@@ ene in spin@@ al ta@@ p , mit dem mini@@ atur@@ -@@ st@@ one@@ hen@@ ge , oder ? +alles ist aus sehr einfa@@ chem material . +solange das thema mit der ge@@ denk@@ stä@@ tte nicht entschieden ist , wird es sehr schwer , eine intelligen@@ te diskussion zu führen . +diese art von formen ? +sie sehen ungefähr , was ich meine . +aber was ist mit dem kind links oder dem ath@@ le@@ ten , der das spiel@@ feld ver@@ lässt ? +ich erzähle ihnen , was ich mir ausge@@ dacht habe . +wie alt ist das material ? +und heute haben wir die wahrscheinlich an@@ stö@@ ß@@ ig@@ ste aller defini@@ tionen , jeden falls für mich , und sie lautet : do@@ od@@ len bedeutet offi@@ zi@@ ell bu@@ mm@@ eln , tr@@ ö@@ deln , zeit versch@@ wenden , bedeu@@ tungs@@ lose zeichen machen , etwas von ger@@ in@@ gem wert , ge@@ halt oder bedeutung tun und – mein persön@@ licher favor@@ it – nichts tun . +wir denken , dass man do@@ od@@ let , wenn man die konzent@@ ration ver@@ liert , aber tatsächlich ist es eine prä@@ venti@@ v@@ maß@@ nahme , um den konzent@@ ra@@ tions@@ verlust zu stopp@@ en . +200@@ 2 traf sich eine gruppe von therap@@ ie@@ -@@ aktivi@@ sten , um die frü@@ he entwicklung des flug@@ zeu@@ ges zu disku@@ tieren . +therap@@ ien wurden möglich , finanzi@@ erung war vorhanden , und die anzahl der menschen in an@@ tri@@ retro@@ vir@@ aler behandlung begann sehr schnell zu steigen . +sicherlich , wenn ein pat@@ ent@@ pool ein@@ geri@@ chtet werden kann , um die produktion von militär@@ flug@@ zeugen vor@@ anzu@@ treiben , sollten wir in der lage sein , etwas ähn@@ liches zu tun , um mit der hiv / ai@@ d@@ s-@@ epide@@ mie fertig zu werden . +in der regel gibt es eine 10@@ -@@ jährige ver@@ zö@@ gerung für ein neues produkt , um in entwicklungsländern auf den markt zu kommen , wenn überhaupt . +was ist mit a@@ then ? medi@@ ter@@ ran@@ es kli@@ ma , aber in der sonne war es nicht angeneh@@ m . +anstatt einen wir@@ bel@@ stur@@ m ge@@ kühl@@ ter luft durch das sta@@ dium zu blas@@ en , können wir kühl@@ fl@@ äch@@ en-@@ systeme verwenden , wie ein bo@@ den@@ hei@@ z@@ ungs@@ system , wobei wasser@@ ro@@ hre in den boden gelegt werden . +und hoffentlich sind auch sie für diese die idee , dass ingenie@@ ure und designer all diese verschiedenen klima@@ par@@ am@@ e@@ ter nutzen , damit es möglich sein wird , richtig gute und kom@@ fort@@ able frei@@ luft@@ bedingungen zu schaffen , um unsere ther@@ m@@ ische wahrnehmung zu verändern , damit wir uns in einem außen@@ bereich wohl@@ fühlen . wir erreichen das mit dem besten passi@@ ven design , aber auch indem wir die energi@@ equ@@ elle des grund@@ stück@@ s in kat@@ ar nutzen , die sonne . +die haupt@@ sache , das » mach es vor ort « , ist ide@@ al , weil so ein produkt oder eine dienst@@ leistung ohne viel büro@@ kratie erstellt werden kann . +sie sind so etwas wie über@@ wei@@ s@@ ungs@@ dien@@ ste . +wir machen gerade syste@@ mati@@ sche fel@@ d@@ tests , um sicher@@ zustellen , dass das gerät sich für as@@ ha@@ -@@ aktivi@@ sten eig@@ net . +und ich begann , die welt aus einer ganz neuen perspektive zu sehen , wie pa@@ are von menschen miteinander verbunden sind . +und am wichtigsten , was verursacht diese clu@@ ster ? +und wir dachten , dass dies ein sehr interessan@@ ter komment@@ ar bezüglich amerika sei -- und dieses irgendwie eigen@@ nütz@@ ige , gewis@@ ser@@ maßen " nicht-@@ mein@@ e-@@ verantwortung " phänomen . +ich meine , es würde von vorteil sein , unsere emotionen im inneren zu erleben , sie wissen schon , z@@ or@@ n oder zu@@ frieden@@ heit . +so , um eine andere metapher anzu@@ führen , wenn sie sich soziale netzwerke vorstellen als eine art ries@@ iges gewebe von mensch@@ lichkeit -- ich bin verbunden mit ihnen und ihnen und ihr , und darüber hinaus end@@ los in der entfern@@ ung -- dieses gewebe ist eigentlich wie eine alt@@ mo@@ dische amerikanische de@@ cke , und es hat fli@@ cken darauf , glück@@ liche und un@@ glück@@ liche fli@@ cken . +das ist meine sozial@@ erfahrung . " +sie bestehen beide aus kohlen@@ stoff , und dennoch hat eines von beiden kohlen@@ stoff@@ -@@ atom@@ e in sich , die auf eine spezi@@ elle weise ange@@ ord@@ net sind , auf der linken seite , und sie bekommen graph@@ it , das wei@@ ch und dun@@ kel ist . +darüber lesen sie in ihren zeit@@ ungen . +in einer um@@ frage stellte die amerikanische gesundheits@@ behör@@ de c@@ d@@ c die einfache frage , ob in der vergan@@ genen woche er@@ he@@ b@@ licher psych@@ olog@@ ischer stress erfahren wurde . +in unserer studie sind äl@@ tere menschen posi@@ tiver ge@@ stimmt , aber sie durch@@ leben auch wahrschein@@ licher als jün@@ gere ge@@ mis@@ chte emotionen – trauri@@ gkeit , die zur selben zeit erfahren wird wie glück ; sie wissen schon , diese tr@@ äne im auge , wenn sie einen freund an@@ lächeln . +wir gehen auf blind dat@@ es . +ich meine , dort waren lau@@ ter menschen mit wahr@@ lich über@@ menschlichen krä@@ ften und fähigkeiten . +hier haben wir ma@@ d@@ d ch@@ add , li@@ l ' c , kid david und j smo@@ oth . +die l@@ x@@ d elektr@@ isi@@ eren die bühne der ted@@ 2010 mit einer neu ent@@ steh@@ enden globalen kultur des straß@@ ent@@ an@@ zes , die durch das internet ange@@ trieben wird . in dieser vor@@ schau v@@ auf j@@ on ch@@ u ' s neue internet@@ serie führt die erstaunliche tanz@@ tru@@ ppe ihre super@@ kräfte vor . +dem ver@@ trag zu@@ folge ist dieses land eine eigen@@ stän@@ dige nation . +wir hatten pl@@ äne . +am 2@@ 9@@ . de@@ z@@ ember um@@ z@@ ing@@ elten us-@@ tru@@ ppen ein si@@ ou@@ x camp an einem b@@ ach namens wo@@ unded k@@ nee und mas@@ sa@@ kri@@ erten den hä@@ up@@ t@@ ling big foot und 300 kriegs@@ ge@@ fan@@ gene mit einer neuen schnell@@ feuer@@ wa@@ ffe , namens hot@@ ch@@ k@@ is@@ s geschü@@ tz , die explo@@ di@@ erende gesch@@ o@@ sse ab@@ feu@@ erte . +2010 : statistiken über die ein@@ geb@@ or@@ ene bevölkerung heute , mehr als ein jahrhundert nach dem mas@@ sa@@ ker von wo@@ unded k@@ nee , offen@@ baren ein er@@ be der kol@@ oni@@ al@@ zeit , er@@ zw@@ un@@ gen@@ er migra@@ tion und ver@@ tra@@ gs@@ ver@@ stö@@ ßen . +diese ereig@@ nisse führten zu einem domin@@ o@@ effekt der noch nicht auf@@ gehört hat . +und das ist ziel meines vor@@ tra@@ gs : 1. diesen moment zu beschreiben 2@@ . dafür zu sorgen , dass sie nach meinem vortrag d@@ ü@@ mmer sind als davor . +viele dieser menschen hätten nicht sterben müssen . und genau das verwir@@ rt mich . ich möchte es das " problem der letzten mei@@ le " nennen . +mis@@ ch@@ kulturen . mis@@ ch@@ kulturen stei@@ gern das einkommen . +und nun diese frauen . sie haben gesehen , wie ihre eltern unter durch@@ fall li@@ tten , sie selbst haben darunter ge@@ li@@ tten . sie haben viele menschen sterben sehen . wie also beantworten sie diese frage ? +o@@ .@@ k. , jemand sagte " fünf " . +fast raus aus dem kinder@@ garten . +sie sagt : " dieser schafft 35 meilen pro gall@@ one . ich tue lieber das richtige für die umwelt und nehme den pri@@ us mit 50 meilen pro gall@@ one . " +das ist ein gutes beispiel und zeigt uns dass ab@@ sichten nicht auto@@ matisch zu handlungen werden . eine der fundament@@ alen herausforderungen ist daher uns dazu bringen , es wirklich zu tun . +es geht hier nicht um biologie . es geht um unser gehirn , die menschliche psy@@ che . innovation muss auf allen ebenen statt@@ finden , bis hin zur letzten mei@@ le . +sor@@ g@@ sam@@ es testen , no@@ ch@@ mals testen , design . wir werden neue ein@@ sichten gewinnen , komplexität und schwier@@ ige dinge besser erforschen . +sen@@ di@@ l mul@@ la@@ in@@ a@@ than , gewinn@@ er des " geni@@ us gr@@ ant " der amerikanischen ma@@ c ar@@ th@@ ur stif@@ tung , nimmt mit dem blick des verhaltens@@ ökon@@ omen eine besondere form sozi@@ aler probleme unter die lu@@ pe - jene , die wir lösen könnten , es aber nicht tun . wir können kinder@@ sterb@@ lichkeit verursacht durch durch@@ fall@@ erkrank@@ ungen reduzieren , wir können blin@@ d@@ heit bei diab@@ e@@ ti@@ kern verhindern , wir wissen , wie man solar@@ technik einsetzen kann ... aber wir tun es nicht . warum ? +richtig , der strom will durch die k@@ nete und nicht durch das le@@ d-@@ licht flie@@ ßen . +daher ermu@@ tige ich sie alle : nehmen sie etwas k@@ nete , etwas sal@@ z und zu@@ cker und beginnen sie , damit zu spielen . +und ein freund von mir in ö@@ ster@@ reich tat ich so leid , dass er den grö@@ s@@ sten cas@@ in@@ o@@ besit@@ zer in lin@@ z dazu brachte , uns sein gebäude komplett ein@@ pac@@ ken zu lassen . +trotzdem will ich verschiedene wege auf@@ zeigen , um schwierigkeiten zu umgehen und direkt zum punkt zu kommen ; um so sehr viel schneller eine lösung zu finden - zumindest schneller als ar@@ th@@ ur . daher - werden wir zunächst den ges@@ unden menschen@@ verstand betr@@ ü@@ gen , die logi@@ k . es soll jeder mit@@ machen . hal@@ tet eure hand so , im 9@@ 0-@@ gra@@ d-@@ win@@ kel@@ . alle . nicht so -- +jetzt - ich benö@@ tige eine assi@@ st@@ enti@@ n . +das ist eine herausforderung , ich mag das . +hier habe ich nun tatsächlich - ich weiß genau , wo die karten sind . +und wenn du mit der rechten seite arbei@@ test , mit humor , hast du - das ist der schlüssel zu dem ko@@ sm@@ ischen sam@@ mel@@ spei@@ cher allen wissen@@ s , in dem du die lösung für jedes problem finden kannst . +und jetzt werde ich etwas von einem ... rus@@ sischen satelli@@ ten zeigen . ge@@ ste@@ hlt - ge@@ sto@@ hlen , wahrscheinlich von amerika abge@@ ku@@ pf@@ ert , aber wir sehen uns das jetzt mal an . +wenn ich den sta@@ pel hoch@@ he@@ be , lin@@ se ich . +versuchen wir es noch einmal . +das ist so eine art op@@ tische täusch@@ ung , oder ? +jetzt - - jemand la@@ chte . um nun die d@@ ame zu finden - machen wir das fol@@ gen@@ der@@ maßen : man nimmt eine hoch , nimmt die d@@ ame hoch . +den pi@@ k-@@ köni@@ g finde . +mit beiden händen , schneller . ja , gut , gut . +in ordnung ? gut . +zwei - und das war die pi@@ k-@@ zwei , oder ? +ja ? su@@ i : ja . +k@@ aro@@ -@@ köni@@ g . l@@ g : ah ! +es ist aber nicht passiert , was sie vielleicht denken . dass er plötzlich leiden@@ schaft@@ lich wurde , enga@@ gi@@ ert einen neuen lehrer bekam , in die pu@@ ber@@ tät kam , oder was auch immer . +ihre kinder spielen instru@@ mente . +die ohne ge@@ hö@@ r sind nicht mehr hier . +jetzt geht es runter zum a , zum g und zum f . +und dann , endlich ... +dann fragte ich : " warum kl@@ at@@ sche ich ? " +seine stärke ist abhängig von der fähigkeit , andere menschen stark zu machen . +be@@ dau@@ er@@ licherweise war es das letzte , das sie zu ihm sagte . sie hat ihn nie wieder gesehen . er hat nicht über@@ lebt . +einige von ihnen haben das vielleicht schon mal gesehen . +es ist ein ne@@ tter motiv@@ ator . +gl@@ u@@ ck@@ s@@ berg hat also ein weiteres , ähn@@ liches experiment durchgeführt , bei dem er das problem in einer etwas anderen weise dar@@ gestellt hat , wie hier oben zu sehen ist . okay ? +die regeln sind verwir@@ r@@ end . +was passiert ? +dies sind die bau@@ steine eines völlig neuen be@@ trie@@ bs@@ systems für unsere geschäf@@ te . +es ist schön . es ist nicht schlecht . es ist eine riesige mar@@ ken@@ rechts@@ verletz@@ ung . aber es ist ziemlich ra@@ ff@@ in@@ iert . +mach es zum spaß . keiner bekommt einen cent , einen eur@@ o oder y@@ en . +so kann es auf einer stelle bal@@ an@@ ci@@ eren . +das hier ist also die erde . etwas kleiner als ein milli@@ meter , die aus fe@@ ster bron@@ ze ge@@ dreht ist . +das ist eine andere art von arbeit die ich mache . +und der idee dass man darin dinge sieht und die zukunft vorhersagen kann -- oder ein fern@@ se@@ her , einer art mag@@ ischer ki@@ ste in welcher alles erscheinen kann . +es ist komplett lau@@ t@@ los und umwelt@@ freund@@ lich . +die eigent@@ liche soziale innovation , über die ich sprechen möchte , um@@ fasst wohl@@ tä@@ tigkeit . +sie möchten also 50 millionen dollar um@@ setzen , indem sie kindern gewal@@ tt@@ ä@@ tige computer@@ spiele verkaufen , machen sie ' s . +sp@@ enden an gemein@@ nütz@@ ige einrichtungen st@@ ag@@ ni@@ eren in den u.@@ s@@ .@@ a. bei 2 % des bi@@ p seit beginn der er@@ he@@ b@@ ungen in den 7@@ 0er jahren . +wie so viele fan@@ a@@ tische glau@@ ben@@ s@@ ans@@ ä@@ tze ameri@@ kas gehen diese vorstellungen auf alte pu@@ ri@@ tan@@ ische glau@@ ben@@ s@@ muster zurück . +innerhalb von neun jahren haben wir das 1.@@ 9@@ 8@@ 2 mal ver@@ viel@@ fa@@ cht und haben nach ab@@ zug der aus@@ gaben 10@@ 8 millionen dollar ein@@ genommen . +wenn wir die gemein@@ nütz@@ igen sp@@ enden von 2 % durch investi@@ tion in das wachstum , eine stufe höher , auf 3 % des bi@@ p , bringen könnten , dann wären das 150 milliarden dollar mehr ein@@ nahmen , und würde dieses geld direkt in gesundheits@@ leistungen und soziale dien@@ ste flie@@ ßen , weil wir diese bei den investi@@ tionen in den vor@@ der@@ grund gestellt haben , würde das eine ver@@ drei@@ fa@@ chung der sp@@ enden auf diesem sektor bedeuten . +und plötzlich , aus dem chaos : ordnung . +wissen sie , ein publikum wie sie , ja , ist die show . +können wir ein kleines experiment machen ? würden sie für eine sekunde mein orche@@ ster sein ? +und unsere freude an der musik , et@@ c. et@@ c. ... " +und dann wie kar@@ a@@ j@@ an . sehen wir , was passiert . okay ? +das heißt , du weißt , du hast k@@ ein@@ erle@@ i macht , irgend@@ was zu ändern . +das ist sehr aufregend für die musi@@ ker . +viel@@ mehr genie@@ ßt er , was der so@@ list spielt . +wissen sie , warum ? weil diese musik schmerz aus@@ drückt . +aber meine ganze arbeit hat sich viele jahre lang um die idee ge@@ dreht , dass nachhal@@ tigkeit im grunde genommen bedeutet , das modell des glob@@ alisi@@ erten wirtschafts@@ wachst@@ ums zu betrachten und zu mäß@@ igen , was an dem einen ende her@@ ein@@ kommt , und zu mäß@@ igen , was am anderen ende heraus@@ kommt . +aber müssen wir annehmen , dass die gleiche bri@@ llan@@ z und kreativität und anpas@@ s@@ ungs@@ fähigkeit , die uns in erster linie an die spitze dieses energie@@ ber@@ gs gebracht hat , sich irgendwie auf myster@@ i@@ ö@@ se art in luft auf@@ lösen wird , wenn wir einen krea@@ tiven weg finden müssen , zurück auf die andere seite ? +und an@@ gesi@@ chts des klima@@ wand@@ els , ist das auch nicht wirklich durch@@ führ@@ bar . +es lernt viel von seinen fehl@@ ern . +es begann also mit der arbeit , die ich in ir@@ land machte , wo ich lehr@@ te , und hat sich sei@@ ther verbreitet . +vor drei jahren , als es nur eine idee war ; daraus ist etwas geworden , das sich wie ein virus über die welt verbreitet . +also , hier geht es um die bud@@ gets der bun@@ des@@ staaten . +das hier enth@@ ält verschiedene aspe@@ kte , ich könnte sagen , dass wir mehr ein@@ nahmen er@@ zielen könnten , oder dass medizinische erfin@@ dungen die kosten sogar noch erhö@@ hen könnten . +ach@@ tet irgend@@ jemand darauf , was diese typen eigentlich so alles tun ? +je mehr man sich damit beschäftigt , um@@ so verwir@@ r@@ ter werden die leute leider , und sie denken : " na , vielleicht ist das ja okay . " +was müssen wir also tun ? +es erlaubt uns , kunst , biot@@ echn@@ ologie , software und all solch wunder@@ baren dinge zu schaffen . +und nachdem ich zwei weitere jahre musik studi@@ ert hatte , entschied ich mich , das un@@ mögliche zu wagen , bevor ich den auf@@ nah@@ me@@ test machen und mich an einer medizin@@ ischen hoch@@ schule bewer@@ ben würde , wie ein guter in@@ dis@@ cher sohn , um der nächste dr. gu@@ p@@ ta zu werden . +ke@@ ats selbst hat ebenfalls eine karriere der medizin aufge@@ geben , um sich der po@@ es@@ ie zu wid@@ men , aber er starb , als er ein jahr älter war als ich . +jeder in diesem haus kennt die zeit nur aufgrund des geru@@ chs . +mit diesen leute tre@@ ffe ich mich immer noch . +gut , weiter . +fallen ihnen nicht auch gerade einer ein ? +es ist erstaunlich . ein wunder@@ barer moment . +hätte er das seinem vater gezeigt , hätte der sich gedacht : " mein junge ist verrückt geworden . " +vom franzö@@ sische schrift@@ steller mich@@ el tour@@ ni@@ er gibt es einen berühm@@ ten spruch . +und ich erklär@@ te ihm : " es ist eine dunkle nacht und eine krä@@ he sitzt auf einem zwei@@ g . " +ja , das heißt , dass ich nicht g@@ ye@@ on@@ g@@ ho@@ er@@ u zeichnen musste . +wir werden zu di@@ k@@ tat@@ oren mit einer fern@@ be@@ dien@@ ung und fangen an , die menschen im fernsehen zu kri@@ ti@@ sieren . +ich laufe herum und ermu@@ tige sie , " los , los ! " sie müssen wie verrückt ein oder zwei stunden schreiben . +kunst ist das höch@@ ste ziel . +nur diese drei worte und dann ver@@ ließ sie den flug@@ ha@@ fen . das war ' s . +der bri@@ tische physiker john ty@@ n@@ d@@ all stellte in den 18@@ 5@@ 0er jahren labor@@ mess@@ ungen an zur in@@ fr@@ ar@@ ot@@ strahlung , also wär@@ me . +ich hatte bis dahin die erste zei@@ le des nas@@ a-@@ lei@@ t@@ spru@@ chs : " den hei@@ mat@@ planeten zu verstehen und zu schützen " genommen , um meine vor@@ träge zu recht@@ fer@@ tigen . +kli@@ mas@@ ke@@ p@@ tiker argu@@ men@@ tieren , dass die sonne die haup@@ tur@@ sache des klima@@ wand@@ els ist . +me@@ than beginnt ebenso aus dem per@@ ma@@ fro@@ st auszu@@ treten . +es wäre un@@ moral@@ isch , diese jungen leute einem klima@@ system zu über@@ lassen , das außer kontrolle gerät . +die wissenschaft ist eindeu@@ tig . +y@@ ak@@ im@@ a can@@ u@@ tt ist mein favor@@ it und ein e@@ chter held für mich . +wir re@@ alisieren heute größere auto@@ -@@ stun@@ ts denn je . +ich ver@@ ges@@ se mit der zeit , wie bizar@@ r einige dieser gesprä@@ che sind . +zwei stun@@ t@@ men führen hier einen meiner ansicht nach eher har@@ m@@ losen st@@ unt aus . +das heli@@ um muss sich aus@@ brei@@ ten , daher die form . +ich habe lange ge@@ braucht , jahre ge@@ braucht , um das richtige ball@@ on-@@ team zu finden , das den ball@@ on bauen könnte , um die aufgabe zu erfü@@ llen . +ich habe ein unternehmen in den staaten konta@@ kti@@ ert , welches an@@ züge für nasa her@@ stellt . +dieser ist mit 7 k@@ g ein e@@ chtes lei@@ cht@@ gewicht . +wenn sie aber ein@@ geladen sind und mit jemandem reden , sie wissen schon , wenn jemand fragt " was machen sie so ? " +erinnern sie sich an die geschichte ? nein , sie ist groß . +wir zogen dann von strat@@ ford nach los angeles . +warum nicht ? ich denke , dass das ziemlich wichtig ist . +die hier@@ arch@@ ie f@@ us@@ st also auf zwei ideen . +tatsächlich entsteht kreativität -- darunter verste@@ he ich den prozess origin@@ elle ideen von bedeutung zu haben -- sehr häufig durch die interak@@ tion verschieden@@ er wege eine sache zu betrachten . +ich fragte : " was ist passiert ? " +jetzt ist der moment zu dem wir über uns selbst lachen sollten bevor andere mit uns lachen können . +also zog ich mich in meine hö@@ hle zurück und produ@@ zierte und unterstü@@ tz@@ te weiterhin com@@ e@@ dy und erlaub@@ te meinen freunden mein so@@ f@@ a als oper@@ a@@ tion@@ ale dre@@ h@@ schei@@ be vor ort zu benutzen . +auf jeder station der tour li@@ essen wir ama@@ teure vor@@ sprechen . +erstens : wird der nahe osten in der gegenwart und im richtigen zusammenhang dar@@ gestellt ? +frü@@ her@@ ken@@ nung und schn@@ elles gegen@@ steuern sind die erklär@@ ungen für diese erfol@@ ge . +bei 50 prozent brechen sie bis zum 14@@ . lebens@@ jahr aus , bei 75 prozent bis zum 24@@ . lebens@@ jahr , ein bild , das sich sehr von dem unterschei@@ det , das sich zeigt , wenn man über krebs oder herz@@ leiden spricht , über diabetes , blu@@ tho@@ ch@@ druck – über die meisten der großen krankheiten , die wir als ur@@ sachen für krankheit und sterb@@ lichkeit kennen . +wichtig ist hier , dass , wenn man beginnt , sich die menschen mit diesen stör@@ ungen , diesen jeden fün@@ ften , der sich damit ru@@ m@@ qu@@ ält , anzu@@ sehen , man heraus@@ findet , dass es viele spiel@@ arten gibt , wie das gehirn ver@@ dra@@ h@@ tet ist , es aber vorher@@ sa@@ g@@ bare muster gibt , und diese muster sind risi@@ ko@@ faktoren dafür , dass sich eine dieser stör@@ ungen entwickelt . +aber das sagt uns , wie wir es anschauen müssen , und wohin wir gehen müssen . +wie viele kinder wirst du bekommen ? +aber wie falsch ist das ! +es ist sehr interessant . als wir unsere schule begannen , regi@@ stri@@ erten die eltern sich in der an@@ wes@@ en@@ heits@@ liste mit einem dau@@ men@@ ab@@ druck . +dort haben sie kinder getroffen mit einem anderen standard und all das , einer anderen denk@@ weise , eine vollkommen andere gesellschaft . +ist es der einfluss ? wir haben profess@@ oren vom mit , aus ber@@ k@@ ele@@ y , stanford , vom in@@ dischen wissen@@ schafts@@ institu@@ t , die kommen und unseren kinder viele wissenschaftliche form@@ eln bei@@ bringen , experimente , die weit über normalen unterricht hin@@ aus@@ gehen . +als ich par@@ i@@ kr@@ ma begonnen habe , star@@ tete ich mit einer großen por@@ tion ar@@ ro@@ ganz die ganze welt zu verändern . +diese frage scheint schnell be@@ antwor@@ tet zu sein , und so dachte auch howard . denn pe@@ p@@ s@@ i hatte ihm gesagt : " sehen sie , wir arbeiten in einem bereich zwischen acht und zw@@ öl@@ f prozent . +sie hätten besser nach den perfe@@ kten pe@@ p@@ sis suchen sollen . " +in jeder nur vorstell@@ baren art sp@@ ag@@ he@@ t@@ ti@@ -@@ sau@@ ce zu vari@@ ieren , vari@@ ierte er sp@@ ag@@ he@@ t@@ ti@@ -@@ sau@@ ce . +howard veränderte grundle@@ gend die denk@@ art der industrie darüber , wie man sie glücklich macht . +viel mehr ä@@ ther@@ ische bra@@ une sen@@ f@@ kör@@ ner , etwas wei@@ ß@@ w@@ ein , ein toll@@ er du@@ ft , ein viel besser@@ es ar@@ om@@ a . und was tun sie ? +und sie ser@@ viert es immer wieder auf diese art , und wenn sie sich besch@@ weren , wird sie sagen : " was wissen sie schon ? in diesem restaurant gibt es das geri@@ cht auf die beste art@@ . " +wenn ich sie alle bitten würde , mir ihre ka@@ ffe@@ e-@@ mar@@ ke zu nennen -- einen ka@@ ffe@@ e-@@ typen , ein ge@@ br@@ ä@@ u -- die sie alle glücklich macht , und sie dann bitte , den kaffee zu bewer@@ ten , würde der durchschnitt@@ s@@ wert auf einer sk@@ ala von 0 bis 100 bei 60 liegen . +es gibt prä@@ -@@ kar@@ zin@@ ö@@ se wunden , die sich oft gar nicht zu krebs entwickeln . +man flie@@ gt von der insel , wenn man eine krankheit bekommt . +erst als journalist wurde mir bewusst , wie sehr ich teil dieses problems bin , wie wir alle teil dieses problems sind . +also , dad er@@ hielt seinen abschluss in harvard 194@@ 6 , heirat@@ e@@ te meine mutter und kauf@@ te ein kleines haus in le@@ x@@ ing@@ ton , mas@@ sach@@ use@@ t@@ ts , wo 17@@ 75 die ersten schü@@ sse gegen die bri@@ ten gefallen waren , obwohl wir sie bis con@@ cor@@ d nicht wirklich tra@@ fen . +und , naja , wir können heute zurück@@ bli@@ cken und sagen : natürlich , ha ha , ist ja alles mikro@@ film . aber das ist nicht der punkt . er verstand die form der zukunft . +und wenn sie es diag@@ onal sehen , bekommen sie inhalt und form -- und dann schönheit und wahrheit . +darüber habe ich 199@@ 3 ein buch geschrieben , aber als ich das buch be@@ en@@ dete , musste ich ein wenig schrift setzen und ich war es leid , dafür zu meinem copy shop gehen zu müssen , also kauf@@ te ich einen computer . +wir könnten krei@@ s@@ förmi@@ ge erzähl@@ ungen haben , die tatsächlich rund sind . +warum ist das wichtig ? +vielleicht war euch allen das schon lange klar , aber für mich , so oft ich genau dieser schwier@@ igkeit täglich begeg@@ nete , hatte ich diese der verstän@@ digung in@@ här@@ ente herausforderung nie so kri@@ st@@ all@@ klar gesehen . +der schlüssel ist , dass fe@@ ys tex@@ te nicht von ihr oder ihren satur@@ day night live au@@ toren stamm@@ ten , +die drei dinge , die schw@@ u@@ le amerikaner am meisten zu wollen scheinen , sind zum mili@@ tä@@ r gehen , hei@@ raten und eine familie gründen . +wenn man all diese elemente verein@@ t : den vir@@ alen rei@@ z eines toll@@ en wi@@ tz@@ es , eine z@@ ün@@ den@@ de schluss@@ poin@@ te , die auf ehr@@ lichkeit und integri@@ tät basiert , er@@ zi@@ elt man einen effekt in der re@@ alen welt , der eine debat@@ te verändern kann . +das ist viel einfluss für 14 worte . +wie weit führt das zurück ? wie weit zurück reicht die geschichte der modernen sprachen ? +er kann gut zwei ton@@ nen wie@@ gen – und fr@@ is@@ st dabei hauptsächlich qu@@ allen . +als jung@@ tiere leben sie in sch@@ wär@@ men und werden als erwachsene zu gigan@@ tischen einzel@@ gän@@ gern . +das tolle am mon@@ d@@ fisch – wenn wir sie mit den an@@ hän@@ gern ver@@ sehen – wenn sie hier mal schauen – da ist der daten@@ strom , dorthin kommt der an@@ hän@@ ger . +sie kommen heraus und geben den mon@@ d@@ fischen – hier können sie ihre körper@@ stellung sehen , die sagt : " ich bin nicht gefährlich , aber ich brauch eine mas@@ sage . " +wichtig ist auch , dass sie keine fau@@ l@@ p@@ el@@ z@@ -@@ fische sind . +es war eine 200@@ -@@ f@@ us@@ s-@@ durch@@ messer ge@@ od@@ ä@@ tischen ku@@ gel um über den east river in new york city aus@@ gesetzt werden , in voller sicht der verein@@ ten nationen . +ich habe ein kleines video für euch , aber be@@ denkt euch , dass es ist ohne elektron@@ ische regel@@ ung , und es ist auch nur mit vier le@@ ds . +wie fühlt es sich an , wenn jemand wie er deine kunst nimmt und so viel damit tut ? +sofort verstand er was geschehen war . +so , sind wir ein@@ äu@@ gi@@ gen affen alle zwei@@ äu@@ gi@@ ge affen geworden ? +und ein@@ geb@@ or@@ ene frauen aus afrika kamen und sagten : " das ist es ! " +ich habe eine lösung die k@@ ein@@ erle@@ i ma@@ schi@@ enen bedarf , noch feuer@@ holz , noch gas . +eure eltern waren frie@@ d@@ volle menschen . +hallo regierungen rei@@ cher länder , die waffen verkaufen an regierungen ar@@ mer länder , aber nicht schaffen ihnen essen zu geben . +ihr vater der köni@@ g sagte : " pfei@@ f nicht ! " +" a@@ ha ! " , sagt die prin@@ z@@ ess@@ in . +lei@@ b@@ ni@@ z war der erste , der tatsächlich darüber sprach , solch eine maschine zu bauen . +von ne@@ um@@ ann , ein logi@@ ker und ein mathemati@@ ker von der ar@@ mee brachten alles zusammen . dann brauchten sie einen raum , um sie zu bauen . +da waren nun 40 von diesen rö@@ hren ; das ist , als ob ein v@@ 4@@ 0-@@ motor den spei@@ cher an@@ treiben würde . +" mani@@ a@@ c hat seine erinn@@ ering wieder@@ er@@ lan@@ gt , als der strom aus@@ fiel . " " maschine oder mensch ? " +jetzt habe ich drei verschiedene ergebnisse . +also kon@@ zi@@ pi@@ erte er dieses universum und ließ es laufen . +und da war es . sein universum auf lo@@ ch@@ karten . +das ist das ende . +schaut euch " er@@ mor@@ dung " ganz unten an , um hi@@ mm@@ els willen . +ich ging nach west virg@@ ini@@ a , dem un@@ ges@@ ün@@ de@@ sten staat in amerika . +se@@ ht ihr , das problem ist , dass fett@@ lei@@ bi@@ gkeit und ernähr@@ ungs@@ beding@@ te krankheiten nicht nur die menschen , die es haben , ver@@ le@@ tzen , nein , es ver@@ letzt deren freunde , familie , brü@@ der und sch@@ western . +heutzutage sind sie zum großteil ver@@ arbeitet und voll mit allen möglichen zusä@@ tzen , weiteren in@@ hal@@ ts@@ stoffen , ihr kennt den rest der geschichte . +normal . lasst uns zu den schulen gehen , etwas wor@@ in ich tatsächlich ein spezi@@ alist bin . +sie haben sch@@ eren in den klassen@@ r@@ äumen aber messer und gab@@ el ? - nein . +ich möchte über etwas so grundle@@ gendes wie mil@@ ch reden . +das , all diese schlechten nachrichten , können ver@@ mie@@ den werden . +also werden diese leute teil der lösung sein . +hun@@ t@@ ing@@ ton kitchen . in hun@@ t@@ ing@@ ton , wo ich diese sen@@ dung gemacht habe , wisst ihr , wir machen diese sen@@ dung zur besten sen@@ de@@ zeit , die hoffentlich die menschen dazu an@@ re@@ gt , diesen wandel mit@@ zu@@ machen . +ich bin leg@@ as@@ th@@ en@@ i@@ ker , deshalb bin ich etwas langsam . +einer meiner freunde aus der sicherheits@@ industrie sagte mir neu@@ lich tatsächlich , dass es zwei arten von unternehmen auf der welt gibt : die , die wissen dass sie ge@@ ha@@ ckt wurden , und die es nicht wissen . +sie sind absolut anony@@ m , sozusagen . +diese herausforderung ist : wie macht man geschäf@@ te , wie vertraut man jemandem im netz , wenn du weißt dass der@@ jen@@ ige mit dem du geschäf@@ te machen willst , ein krimin@@ eller ist ? +er entwickelte seinen sozialen und moral@@ ischen kom@@ pass im ha@@ fen am schwarzen meer während der 9@@ 0er . +und dieser mann , mit einem planet@@ en@@ großen gehirn sitzt nun eine 13@@ -@@ jährige stra@@ fe in kalifornien ab . +vielen dank für ihre aufmerksamkeit . +das gesundheitswesen ist ein weiter@@ er grund eine um@@ nutzung in betra@@ cht zu ziehen . +und die markt@@ forschung , konsu@@ ment@@ en@@ forschung , hat die bo@@ om@@ ers und die gen y gefragt was sie haben möchten , wie sie leben möchten , und sagen uns dass es eine grosse nach@@ frage geben wird – und wir sehen das schon – nach urban@@ er@@ em leben@@ stil innerhalb vor@@ städte . +sie sind so erfolgreich , dass sie auch die gegen@@ über@@ lie@@ gende str@@ as@@ sen@@ seite über@@ nom@@ men haben . +das ist eines meines lieblings@@ beispiele , bel@@ ma@@ r . +man will auch mehr syste@@ mati@@ sche transforma@@ tionen erreichen . +der erste ist die um@@ nutzung viel syste@@ mati@@ scher zu plan@@ en , im me@@ tro@@ poli@@ tan@@ en mas@@ s@@ stab . +aber wir müssen die architektur besser hin@@ bekommen . +also entschied ich mich , mit frauen über ihre vag@@ in@@ as zu sprechen . +und sie sagte dinge über ihre vagina , die mich scho@@ ck@@ ierten , dass sie ausge@@ tro@@ ck@@ net und fertig und tot sei , und ich war wirklich scho@@ ck@@ iert . +also sagte ich 199@@ 7 , " lasst uns die frauen zusammen bringen . +ich liebe es , von all diesen spezies auf dem meeres@@ grund zu hören . +sie ging nach ju@@ are@@ z , um sich um eine kr@@ än@@ k@@ liche tan@@ te zu kümmern und dabei entdeckte sie , was mit den er@@ mor@@ deten und versch@@ w@@ un@@ denen frauen von ju@@ are@@ z geschah . +aber als vag@@ in@@ a-@@ krie@@ ger@@ in machte sie einfach weiter . und sie verpflich@@ tete sich weiter der um@@ wand@@ lung von bewusstsein . +nun , mir erscheint diese ung@@ ar@@ ische präsen@@ z in meinem leben schwer erklär@@ bar , aber ich schrei@@ be es letz@@ tlich einer be@@ wunder@@ ung für menschen mit komplex@@ er moral@@ ischer acht@@ samkeit zu - mit einem er@@ be aus schu@@ ld und nieder@@ lage , ge@@ pa@@ art mit trotz und dr@@ auf@@ gän@@ ger@@ t@@ um . +und eines tages dann geschah es : er und seine familie wurden fest@@ genommen und in eine todes@@ zelle an der don@@ au gebracht . +herr tes@@ z@@ ler stellte 16 männer ein , acht weiße , acht schwarze . +und in den lang@@ samen zweiten satz , " ada@@ gi@@ o religi@@ o@@ so " , hatte er die lau@@ te eines sing@@ vog@@ els ein@@ gebaut , den er draußen vor seinem fenster gehört hatte , wohl@@ wissen@@ d , dass dies sein letz@@ ter frü@@ hl@@ ing war . er stellte sich eine zukunft für di@@ tt@@ a vor , in der er keine rolle mehr spielte . +und erst als wir uns zum dinner setzten , erkannte ich das ausmaß der gefahr , die ich geschaffen hatte . denn diese zwei ti@@ tan@@ en , diese zwei herren des universums zusammen@@ zubringen war als machte man mo@@ thr@@ a über der sky@@ line to@@ k@@ yo@@ s mit go@@ d@@ z@@ ill@@ a bekannt . +und ich – keiner mel@@ dete sich , also tat ich es – sagte : " das ist ein bac@@ chan@@ al von ti@@ zi@@ an ‟ . +und um 199@@ 7 gab mir der dam@@ ali@@ ge dire@@ ktor phili@@ ppe de mon@@ te@@ b@@ ell@@ o die erlaub@@ nis , eine ausstellung für 200@@ 2 zu organisi@@ eren . wir haben gewöhn@@ lich diese sehr langen vor@@ lauf@@ zeiten . +in dieser besonder@@ en ku@@ li@@ sse waren die ko@@ stü@@ me wie schau@@ spieler oder leben@@ de skulp@@ turen . +ich arbeite daran , dieses gefühl von eli@@ tis@@ mus aufzu@@ brechen . +aber wir kümmern uns um die schwer@@ sten fälle und be@@ stellen die anderen für den nächsten tag wieder her . +so kamen wir zu diesen zwei regeln . +also ging ich nach rus@@ s@@ land , und meine mutter ging mit , während der zeit der so@@ w@@ je@@ t@@ union . +und wenn man denkt , es geht nicht mehr , drän@@ gt sie so lange , bis man weiter macht . +ich nehme sie nun mit auf eine 16 min@@ ü@@ tige reise rund um 7@@ 2 prozent des planeten , also schn@@ allen sie sich an . +wissen sie , was man auf der einen seite gewinn@@ t , ver@@ liert man auf der anderen . +und wie ein leben@@ di@@ ger organis@@ mus , wo , wenn man ihn auf@@ rei@@ ßt , das gesch@@ mol@@ z@@ ene blut au@@ stri@@ tt , was , um die w@@ unde zu hei@@ len , aus der as@@ th@@ en@@ o@@ sphäre auf@@ steigt , sich ver@@ här@@ tet , neues gewebe for@@ mt und sich seit@@ wärts bewegt . +also stellten wir viele verschiedene hypo@@ th@@ esen auf , dort unten sind kleine grüne männ@@ chen , welche die wär@@ me benutzen . alle möglichen dinge treiben sich dort herum . +wir stol@@ per@@ ten darüber , als wir nach fehl@@ ender hit@@ ze su@@ chten . +nahe davon gab es me@@ than . ich habe noch nie me@@ than@@ vul@@ kan@@ e gesehen . +glücklicherweise konnten wir den kon@@ gress überzeugen . +das ist ein fern@@ es zentrum an der universität von washington . +ich danke ihnen viel@@ mals . +kommen wir zu dem plötzlich möglichen . +seit dem laun@@ ch der website im febru@@ ar hatten wir 6@@ 4@@ 0.000 studi@@ erende aus 19@@ 0 ländern . +andere studi@@ erende sind vielleicht an zus@@ at@@ z@@ material interessiert , mit dem sie sich genauer be@@ fassen möchten . +zusä@@ tzlich zu multiple choice und den kom@@ pa@@ kten fra@@ ge-@@ antwor@@ t-@@ aufgaben aus dem video können wir auch mathematik , mathemati@@ sche begri@@ ffe und auch mathemati@@ sche ab@@ wei@@ chungen bewer@@ ten . +ich konnte so einen service meinen studi@@ erenden bei stanford nie bieten . +schließlich gab es noch eine studi@@ er@@ en@@ den@@ population , die persönlich durch einen tu@@ tor be@@ tre@@ ut wurde . +so kann man etwa sehen , wie der wert für leistung sich fast ver@@ doppelt in diesem experiment . +k@@ ak@@ i king ro@@ ckt zu " p@@ ink noise " +" lern@@ e die « l@@ ingu@@ a fran@@ ca » . " +e@@ mi@@ ly le@@ v@@ ine : richard . was habe ich denn gesagt ? +ich weiß nicht , ob sie das wissen , aber -- vielleicht ist es heute anders , oder sie wollten damit etwas bestimm@@ tes erreichen -- aber in vielen kranken@@ häusern des landes konnte man , laut einem buch von j@@ essi@@ ca ben@@ jam@@ in , noch bis vor kurzem über den kinder@@ be@@ tten kleiner jungen lesen : " ich bin ein junge . " und der hin@@ weis über den be@@ tten kleiner mädchen lau@@ tete : " es ist ein mädchen . " genau . +nochmal , dieses ganze subje@@ k@@ t-@@ obje@@ k@@ t-@@ ding ist für den humor schon relevant . +und ich habe irgendwie , als ich angefangen habe zu durch@@ leu@@ chten , was es eigentlich ist , was ich da mache -- ich hab mal ein buch von le@@ wi@@ s hy@@ de gelesen . es heißt " tri@@ ck@@ ster makes this world " , +gäbe es bei den olymp@@ ischen spielen die diszi@@ pli@@ n des mar@@ ty@@ ri@@ ums , hätte meine großmutter frei@@ wi@@ llig verloren . +darauf a@@ chte ich am meisten , fast mehr als auf wider@@ sprü@@ che . +und die mutter ist schon im hohen alter . +ich aber liebe es , alle möglichkeiten zu erforschen , in der hoffnung , dass man auf der@@ selben well@@ en@@ län@@ ge wie sein publikum ist . +wir sind au@@ g in au@@ g mit ein paar ernsthaf@@ ten katastrop@@ hen , die wir aber genau so ver@@ leu@@ g@@ nen , wie wir den terror@@ ismus ver@@ leu@@ g@@ neten , und das geschehen vom 1@@ 1. september . +199@@ 5 fanden wir drei . jetzt sind wir bei ungefähr 80 – wir finden zwei bis drei pro monat . +es war kein richti@@ ger forschungs@@ beri@@ cht , eher eine ti@@ ra@@ de . +nummer sieben : unfall mit dem teil@@ chen@@ beschle@@ un@@ iger . +wir vermu@@ ten , dass ma@@ is seinen urspr@@ ung in mexiko hat . +wir müssen lernen , wie wir die o@@ zon@@ schicht der erde repar@@ ieren und wieder@@ auf@@ füllen . +wir haben alle gelernt , was für eine p@@ ani@@ k auf@@ treten kann , wenn eine alte krankheit wieder auf@@ kommt , wie mil@@ z@@ brand . +aber in galaxien geht ' s rab@@ i@@ at zu und dinge werden aus ihrem orbit gesch@@ leu@@ der@@ t . +was mir aber noch mehr sorgen berei@@ tet , sind die astero@@ i@@ den zwischen mars und ju@@ pit@@ er . +als die mission vorbei war , lan@@ deten sie auf dem ding . +bas@@ h@@ o war ein geni@@ aler mensch . +und diese zwei be@@ kriegen sich beinahe and@@ au@@ ern@@ d . +nun gut , sprechen wir über eine andere perspektive der wichti@@ gkeit der ozean@@ e . +mod@@ elli@@ erung : auf der rechten seite ist ein komplex@@ es rechen@@ modell . +wir sind bereits verk@@ ab@@ elt , als wären wir in einem glas@@ fas@@ er@@ kor@@ se@@ tt , wenn sie so wollen . +das wird alles viel gewal@@ tiger sein , als ein einzel@@ nes schiff zu haben , an einem ort , um dann zu einem anderen ort zu fahren . +wir pun@@ mp@@ en die flüs@@ sigkeit durch eines dieser systeme und wir drücken den kno@@ pf , und die gen@@ eigenschaften werden analy@@ siert . +so können wir eine ganz neue tele@@ präsen@@ z erzeugen für die welt , den gesamten ozean um@@ fas@@ send . +ich denke , dass die architektur eigentlich darauf gründet . +und doch ist es diese energie und diese kraft der architektur die einen ganzen gesellschaft@@ lichen und politischen raum ge@@ trieben hat , den diese gebäu@@ den bes@@ e@@ tzen . +es ist wie das alte las v@@ eg@@ as früher mal war . +all unsere handeln hängt vom rech@@ nen ab . +und ich glaube dass dieses zusammen@@ spiel mit der geschichte , der geschichte mit der sich oft schwierig aus@@ einander@@ zu@@ setzen ist , um eine position zu schaffen , die jen@@ seits unserer normalen erwar@@ tungen liegt , und um eine kre@@ ative kri@@ tik herzustellen . +ich wieder@@ hole ; das un@@ erwar@@ tete , das auch das ro@@ he ist . +und es ist nicht nur unser ge@@ däch@@ tnis , sondern jene , die sich an uns erinnern . das bedeutet , dass die architektur nicht st@@ um@@ m ist . +es geht darum mit minim@@ alen mitteln etwas zu schaffen , das nicht wieder@@ ho@@ hlt werden kann ; und in keiner anderen sphäre simu@@ liert werden kann . +ein kom@@ promis@@ s , wenn er künstler@@ isch ist , wenn er mit ihren strategi@@ en zu@@ recht@@ kommt -- und da ist mein erster auf@@ ris@@ s und das lin@@ ke ren@@ der@@ ing -- ist nicht so weit entfernt . +nachhal@@ tige energie ist das größte problem , das wir dieses jahrhundert lösen müssen , unabhängig von umwelt@@ problemen . +das war br@@ un@@ o bow@@ den , der heute auch hier ist . wel@@ tre@@ kor@@ d . em : herz@@ lichen glück@@ wunsch . +am ende dieses jahres wird man in der lage sein , von l@@ .@@ a. nach new york zu fahren , nur mit hilfe des super@@ char@@ ger@@ -@@ netz@@ wer@@ ks , das fünf@@ mal so schnell auf@@ l@@ äd@@ t wie alle anderen möglichkeiten . +was machen sie ? +sie bauen eine neue art von strom@@ versor@@ g@@ ungs@@ unternehmen . +wird die menschheit eine raum@@ fahr@@ tz@@ i@@ vili@@ sation werden ? +es ist ähnlich wie bei einem je@@ t . +diese projekte sind so – pa@@ yp@@ al , solar@@ city , tes@@ la , spac@@ e@@ x , sie sind so spek@@ ta@@ kul@@ ä@@ r anders , das sind so ehr@@ gei@@ zi@@ ge projekte , ge@@ messen mit anderen . +el@@ on mus@@ k , ich wün@@ schte , wir hätten den ganzen tag , vielen dank , dass sie zu ted gekommen sind . +als junge war ich ein hir@@ te , wa@@ chte über unser vie@@ h – zie@@ gen , schaf@@ e und rin@@ der . +weil krieg herr@@ schte waren groß@@ k@@ ali@@ bri@@ ge gewe@@ hre über das ganze land verteilt . +und in dem ma@@ ße wie die menschen verantwortung für den wild@@ bestand über@@ nahmen , wuchs die zahl der wild@@ tiere wieder an . und das ist eine grundlage für den natur@@ schutz in nam@@ i@@ bia geworden . +die anderen partner , die wir haben , sind wirtschafts@@ verb@@ ände und gemeinschaften . +im jahr 2008 haben conser@@ van@@ cies 5@@ ,@@ 7 millionen dollar gener@@ iert . +das ermöglicht uns die meer@@ esti@@ ere zu wür@@ digen , von denen wir uns glücklich schätzen können sie ver@@ ze@@ hren zu dürfen . +und , nach wie vielen fla@@ schen sagen sie mir , dass ich ein problem habe ? +deshalb denke ich , dass wir ein komplett fal@@ sches ess@@ verhalten haben . +sie nahmen mehr kal@@ orien im verl@@ auf einer viel@@ fäl@@ tigen ma@@ hl@@ zeit zu sich . +ich erinnere mich sehr gut an die ma@@ hl@@ zeiten meiner kindheit . +danke . +die ir@@ onie und tra@@ gi@@ k unserer zeit ist , ein großer teil der gesellschaft denkt , die wissenschaft würde darüber noch strei@@ ten . +so wie auch viele projekte innerhalb der künstler@@ ischen gemeinschaft bleiben , und ich fühle eine verantwortung , durch zusammen@@ kün@@ fte wie ted und unser verhältnis zu obama und dem weißen haus , dem sen@@ at und sen@@ ator john ker@@ ry , um mit diesen bildern auch größ@@ t@@ möglichen einfluss auf die politik auszu@@ üben . +der g@@ let@@ scher kommt von rechts und stür@@ zt ins meer , die kamera be@@ lich@@ tet st@@ ün@@ dlich . +dann endlich fängt er sich wieder und wächst . +all diese farben sind eis , es ist bis zu drei kilometer di@@ ck , eine riesige ku@@ p@@ pel , die vom ozean kommt und in der mitte an@@ steigt . +aber wir haben ein problem der wahrnehmung , viele kap@@ ieren es einfach nicht . +die etwas hö@@ f@@ lich@@ eren sagten : » ach , wissen sie , in@@ der geben gute soft@@ war@@ e@@ program@@ mier@@ er und buch@@ hal@@ ter ab , aber das kre@@ ative zeu@@ gs können sie nicht . « +sie arbeiteten an durch und durch globalen produ@@ kten , und firmen wie microsoft , google , a@@ stra@@ zen@@ ec@@ a , general electric , phili@@ ps haben schon bestä@@ tigt , dass sie aus ihren bang@@ al@@ ore@@ - und hy@@ der@@ ab@@ ad@@ -@@ f & amp ; e-@@ zentr@@ en heraus in der lage sind , produkte und dienst@@ leistungen für die ganze welt zu produzieren . +es handelt sich nicht um ein neues produkt oder einen neuen prozess , sondern um einen neuen weg , die arbeit zu organisi@@ eren , und die bedeuten@@ d@@ ste management innovation aus indien , von der in@@ dischen off@@ shor@@ ing-@@ industrie entwickelt , nennen wir das modell der welt@@ weiten liefer@@ ung . +2010 beschlossen sie , diese zahlen nicht mehr zu veröffent@@ lichen , also musste ich einige zahlen basier@@ end auf verschiedenen quellen schätzen . +für eine u@@ hr@@ zeit , die ich für die se@@ el@@ en@@ ru@@ hig@@ ste und un@@ spek@@ ta@@ kul@@ är@@ ste stunde des tages halte , sind die res@@ on@@ an@@ zen auf vier uhr morgens in der presse doch ziemlich nega@@ tiv – und das über verschiedene medien hinweg von einer viel@@ zahl großer namen . +genau 100 jahre nach dem to@@ de@@ stag von al@@ fre@@ d no@@ bel selbst . +und dann – drei ab@@ sätze später bekommen wir diese kleine schönheit : " wir gingen zurück ins bla@@ ir house , um uns die rede ein letztes mal anzu@@ sehen . +lassen sie mich zuerst auf einige gän@@ gi@@ ge ir@@ r@@ tü@@ mer ein@@ gehen . +und wenn sich diese zell@@ ul@@ äre raum@@ station innerhalb des elektr@@ ischen fel@@ ds befindet , wirkt es auf die hoch@@ auf@@ gel@@ a@@ denen prot@@ eine ein und richtet sie in einer linie aus . +die zu erwar@@ ten@@ de 5@@ -@@ jahr@@ es@@ -@@ über@@ lebens@@ rate liegt bei unter 5 prozent . +und ein jahr nach der behandlung kam sein tumor mit gewalt zurück . +ich bin der glück@@ lich@@ ste mensch der welt . +und ich bin fest davon überzeugt , dass in den nächsten 10 jahren die tumor@@ therap@@ ie@@ felder den är@@ zten und patienten als wa@@ ffe dienen für die schwer behand@@ el@@ baren soli@@ den tu@@ more . +und wie sie sehen können , haben sie eine art künst@@ lichen auff@@ an@@ gr@@ aum geschaffen . +es ist 400 jahre alt . +wir hatten gan@@ z@@ sei@@ tige an@@ non@@ cen , vor etwa 30 , 25 jahre , als dieser kan@@ al kam . +und es ist eine art gewä@@ sser für alle jahr@@ es@@ zeiten . +und diese dritte wasser@@ art hat man [ un@@ klar ] genannt . +auf drei seiten gibt es diese stu@@ fen , auf der vi@@ erten seite ist ein vier@@ gesch@@ o@@ ssi@@ ges gebäude wo sie solche ted konfer@@ en@@ zen je@@ derzeit organisi@@ eren könnten . +diese bau@@ werke und konzep@@ te sind inspiri@@ er@@ end . +es spielt keine rolle , ob es im d@@ sch@@ un@@ gel von sing@@ a@@ pu@@ r ist oder in der tun@@ dr@@ a nord@@ fin@@ n@@ lands . +die investi@@ tionen flie@@ ßen in tele@@ kommunikation , ein@@ kauf@@ s@@ zentr@@ en . +südafri@@ ka spielt eine rolle . +wie bewegen wir uns von armut und korruption zu wohl@@ stand mit weniger korruption ? +und 19@@ 80 passierte etwas . +investieren sie . +aber ich denke , dass ein viel größ@@ eres problem damit darin liegt , dass diese logi@@ k -- dass wir ipo@@ ds und nicht bom@@ ben ab@@ werfen sollten -- ich meine , es würde einen toll@@ en titel ab@@ geben für thomas frie@@ d@@ man@@ s neues buch . +anstatt zu versuchen , diese komment@@ are zu bes@@ ei@@ tigen , sind sie statt dessen an dieser blog@@ ger her@@ ange@@ treten . +nicht wahr ? so dass sie online gehen können und ideen dazu bei@@ steuern können , wie die region im jahr 20@@ 20 aussehen könnte . +und was sollen wir dagegen tun ? +er@@ kl@@ ä@@ r mir , was los ist ! +nein , der junge sagte zu mir - der junge sagte zu mir : " das würde mich ver@@ ni@@ chten . " +sie nan@@ nten mich als kind anth@@ ony . +wir hatten eine ganze reihe un@@ pas@@ sen@@ der namen für sie . +wie sollen sich männer in der welt verhalten , die ich mir für sie vor@@ stelle ? +soft power ist ein konzept , das von einem harv@@ ar@@ d-@@ ak@@ ade@@ mi@@ ker , jo@@ se@@ ph n@@ ye , der mein freund ist , entwickelt wurde . +aber mit@@ unter stand es einfach nur so da . +bauern haben normalerweise den hal@@ ben tag kno@@ chen@@ har@@ ter arbeit damit verbracht herauszu@@ kriegen ob die or@@ t@@ schaften offen waren , der markt statt@@ fand , die produkte , die sie ge@@ ern@@ tet haben verkauft werden konnten und welchen preis sie kriegen würden . +sie mussten veran@@ stal@@ tungen um 8 : 30 ein@@ stellen . +und bis zum heutigen tage bleibt es die einzige j@@ ü@@ dische di@@ as@@ por@@ a in der geschichte des j@@ ü@@ dischen vol@@ kes , die niemals einem vor@@ fall von anti@@ se@@ mi@@ tis@@ mus aus@@ gesetzt war . +es ist die idee eines ewi@@ gen landes , das sich aus einer alten zivilisation heraus entwickelte , durch eine gemeinsame geschichte verein@@ t ist , aber vor allem durch pl@@ ur@@ ali@@ stische demokratie auf@@ recht erhalten wird . +ein tra@@ ch@@ om ist eine augen@@ infe@@ ktion , die durch dre@@ ck im auge verursacht wir@@ d. kann zu dau@@ er@@ haf@@ ter blin@@ d@@ heit führen . +während dieser zeit habe ich noch etwas gelernt . letztes jahr besch@@ rieb google mich als eines den kl@@ ü@@ gsten , jungen tal@@ ente der welt . letztes jahr besch@@ rieb google mich als eines den kl@@ ü@@ gsten , jungen tal@@ ente der welt . +wahrscheinlich spielt das in 50 jahren , wenn es stre@@ p@@ to@@ ko@@ k@@ ken und ähn@@ liches zeug in hü@@ lle und fü@@ lle geben wird , so@@ wieso keine rolle mehr , weil es uns dann nicht mehr gibt . falls aber doch - brauchen wir etwas gegen diese bakterien . +auf@@ trag ausge@@ führt ! +dem hon@@ ig ist keine sü@@ ße inn@@ e . +es ist wichtig , dass wir babies lieb haben , und uns nicht von - sagen wir mal - dre@@ ck@@ igen wind@@ eln ab@@ schre@@ cken lassen . +er mo@@ chte es , seine studi@@ erenden eine üb@@ ung machen zu lassen . sie sollten ein stück papier nehmen und die person neben ihnen zeichnen , ihren nachbarn , sehr schnell , so schnell wie sie konnten . +wo sie vielleicht die sicherheit haben , zu spielen . +danke . also gut . +wir haben also diese finger@@ spr@@ en@@ ger , andere haben dinosaurier . +ja , das dachte ich mir . wir kennen das alle , nicht wahr ? +großartig . cool . es ging mir wirklich um die menge . +es war ein ziemlich erfolgrei@@ cher abend . +kon@@ struk@@ tions@@ spiel – es ist offensichtlich etwas spiel@@ er@@ isches , aber auch eine sehr gute art , zu lernen . +und natürlich , wenn man dann einen durchschnitt@@ lichen arbeits@@ ort hat , sind post-@@ it z@@ et@@ tel vielleicht das beste bau@@ material , das wir noch haben . das ist ziemlich ö@@ de . +wir haben diese erfahrungen im leben gemacht . und sie liefern uns eine sehr gute intuition der@@ über , ob eine hand@@ lung funktionieren wird . +kurz gesagt , wir be@@ w@@ un@@ dern ihre berei@@ t@@ schaft zu spielen . +vielleicht müssen wir im kon@@ ver@@ gen@@ ten mo@@ du@@ s ernsth@@ after sein . +um erfolg zu erreichen , wurde ich ziemlich gut darin , neue ideen zu finden . +also nahmen sie ihr geld und ihre projekte mit zu anderen , deren service besser war . +um genau zu sein , wollte ich ein po@@ p@@ star sein . +ich hatte in@@ zwischen gelernt , noten zu lesen , b@@ zw@@ . war dabei , es langsam zu lernen . +dies ist cher@@ y@@ l ang aus sing@@ a@@ pu@@ r . +ich hab genau wie sie re@@ agi@@ ert . +" meine schwester und ich haben immer zusammen in ch@@ ör@@ en ges@@ ungen . +sie können sich vorstellen , dass bei 2000 syn@@ chron@@ isi@@ erten you@@ tu@@ be@@ -@@ videos die wieder@@ gab@@ e@@ zeit einfach gr@@ ä@@ ss@@ lich ist . +das hier ist nis@@ s@@ ans my@@ lea@@ f , bei dem ihr fahr@@ verhalten ver@@ glichen wird mit dem fahr@@ verhalten anderer menschen , so dass sie miteinander konkur@@ ri@@ eren können , wer am sp@@ ri@@ t@@ spar@@ end@@ sten fährt . +sie wollen , dass wir noch besser hinein@@ passen . +und das ist eine idee , die , wie ich finde , paul richard bu@@ chan@@ an sehr nett in einem aktu@@ ellen es@@ say ausge@@ drückt hat , in dem er sagt : " produkte sind leben@@ dige argu@@ mente dafür , wie wir unser leben leben sollten . " +arbeiter werden so gut oder schlecht behandelt , wie die arbeiter behandelt wurden , die diesen stuhl gebaut haben . " +tatsächlich ist es im grunde dieselbe methode , wie im 14@@ . jahrhundert . +und diese art von reaktion gefällt mir . +was haben wir also gelernt ? +ein schneller schlag wie dieser hier . wenn wir das etwas ver@@ lang@@ samen , das ist der fan@@ g@@ schreck@@ en@@ krebs - die gleiche spezies - aufgenommen bei 1@@ 000 einzel@@ bildern pro sekunde , ab@@ gespielt bei 15 einzel@@ bildern pro sekunde . +ich hoffe , es sind keine sch@@ ne@@ cken@@ aktivi@@ sten an@@ wes@@ end . +es sieht aus wie ein sat@@ tel , den man einem pfer@@ d auf@@ zä@@ um@@ t . +bei biolog@@ ischen systemen ist es wichtig , nicht zu all@@ zu viel über@@ flüs@@ si@@ ges material zu ver@@ bauen . +die erste spitze ist offensichtlich das bein , das auf die wä@@ ge@@ zelle trifft . +und diese tiere können sehr wahrscheinlich ge@@ brauch machen , nicht nur von der kraft und energie , die in dieser speziellen spr@@ ung@@ fe@@ der gesp@@ ei@@ ch@@ ert ist , sondern auch von den extre@@ men eigenschaften der strö@@ m@@ ungs@@ mechan@@ ik . sie könnten tatsächlich die strö@@ m@@ ungs@@ mechan@@ ik als zweite kraft ge@@ brauchen , um die sch@@ ne@@ cke aufzu@@ brechen . +die biolog@@ in sh@@ ei@@ la pat@@ ek spricht über ihre arbeit , die ver@@ mess@@ ung der nahrungs@@ aufnahme des fan@@ g@@ schreck@@ en@@ kre@@ b@@ ses , eine der schnell@@ sten bewegungen des ti@@ errei@@ chs , mi@@ th@@ ilfe von film@@ aufnahmen bei 20@@ .000 einzel@@ bildern pro sekunde . +es stellt sich heraus , dass etwas mehr als 9@@ 4 prozent des lebens auf der erde a@@ qua@@ tisch ist . +nun , gehen sie in die wirkliche atmosphäre dieses planeten . +ich dre@@ he den schu@@ b und versuche , langsam r@@ unter@@ zu@@ gehen . +ich komme wieder hoch , aber nicht für die luft . +wenn uns also jemand kop@@ ieren will , kommt und macht mit , los . +es gibt probleme mit ab@@ wasser@@ über@@ fluss und ver@@ un@@ rein@@ ig@@ ungen , aber das betrifft wohl jede stadt ziemlich genau so , und das geht uns alle an . +was diese schn@@ ü@@ re sind , fragen sie ? +und die antwort ist , noch nicht ; sie arbeiten . +wir mussten den gest@@ ank los werden ! +schließlich krei@@ erte s@@ now eine land@@ karte des aus@@ bru@@ chs . +innerhalb einer generation hal@@ bieren wir also unsere kultur@@ elle viel@@ fäl@@ tigkeit . +zwei monate später ging ich nach ti@@ bet und begann , die menschen dort zu be@@ fragen und zu fotografi@@ eren . das ist es , was ich tue . +das ist ein weiter@@ er stam@@ mes@@ führer . +das war eine tolle erfahrung für ihn . er blieb die ganze nacht wa@@ ch und tan@@ zte und tro@@ mm@@ elte mit ihnen . +erst letztes jahr haben wir das mit einer gruppe jugend@@ licher gemacht und das hat am besten funktioniert . +mit dem ersten bild werde ich über den beginn des universums sprechen und darüber , was ich die ko@@ sm@@ ische tat@@ or@@ t@@ untersuchung nenne , also die betra@@ chtung der über@@ blei@@ b@@ sel des schöpf@@ ungspro@@ z@@ esses , um daraus abzu@@ leiten , wie er sich ab@@ gespielt hat , und den an@@ schließ@@ enden versuch , es zu verstehen . +und dann werde ich ihnen zeigen , dass es tatsächlich viel kompli@@ zier@@ ter ist . +und es gibt einen teil des universums , den wir nicht sehen können , denn er ist so dicht und hei@@ ß , dass ihn das licht nicht verlassen kann . +sie richten ein teles@@ ko@@ p in den himmel , machen ein bild , finden heraus , was sterne sind und lö@@ schen diese , betrachten die galaxien , schätzen ein , wie weit entfernt sie sind , und marki@@ eren sie . +jetzt geht es um ein ernsthaf@@ tes spiel . +wir zo@@ omen also hinein . +die frage ist : wie schwierig wäre es , so etwas zusammenzu@@ setzen ? +das zieht dann noch mehr materie an und so weiter . +auf der seri@@ ous@@ -@@ pla@@ y-@@ konferenz 2008 zeigt george smo@@ ot über@@ wäl@@ ti@@ gende neue bilder aus der tiefe des alls und bringt uns dazu , darüber nachzudenken , wie der ko@@ smo@@ s – mit seinen gigan@@ tischen ne@@ tzen aus dunkl@@ er materie und geheim@@ nis@@ vollen le@@ er@@ r@@ äumen – sich dorthin entwickelt hat . +man hat stress , man medi@@ tiert ein bisschen . +wir brauchen eine üb@@ ung . ra@@ hmen@@ bedingungen , um zu lernen , wie man acht@@ samer wird . +er tut wirklich we@@ h . wir ver@@ stärken es nur noch , oder ? +der neuro@@ lo@@ ge schaute sich meine kri@@ tz@@ eli@@ ge linie an und sagte , " warum versuchen sie nicht , ihre ein@@ schrän@@ kung zu akzeptieren ? " +was könnte ich z@@ . b. nur mit einem dollar anfangen ? +das ganze passierte nicht von heute auf morgen . +also film@@ te ich . +als ich mich zu dem rau@@ ch@@ enden sch@@ or@@ n@@ stein auf@@ machte , den ich von fern er@@ spä@@ ht hatte , traf ich auf han@@ na sa@@ wor@@ ot@@ ina . +zu meinem laptop habe ich eine in@@ ni@@ gere verbindung als zu irgend@@ einem stück erde . +ich ver@@ kör@@ p@@ ere das zentr@@ ale parado@@ x@@ on . +eltern schreiben sms und e-@@ mails beim früh@@ stück und ab@@ end@@ brot , während ihre kinder sich besch@@ weren , dass sie nicht die volle aufmerksamkeit ihrer eltern bekommen . +aber was sich gerade richtig an@@ fühlt für die führ@@ ungskraft im mittleren alter , kann ein problem für einen jugend@@ lichen sein , der beziehungen von an@@ gesicht zu an@@ gesicht entwickeln muss . +das gefühl , dass niemand mir zu@@ hört , ist sehr wichtig in unserer beziehung mit technik . +und wir sind alle ver@@ w@@ und@@ bar . +was tun wir also ? wir verbinden uns immer weiter . +schaffen sie dafür raum . +sprechen wir darüber , wie wir digitale technologie , die technologie unserer träume , einsetzen können , um aus diesem leben das leben zu machen , das wir lieben . +da sagte der herr , ' du hast dein be@@ stes gegeben , das ist doch ein erfolg . ' " dies und ähn@@ liches war die grundlage für meine definition von erfolg . nämlich : se@@ el@@ en@@ frieden , aus@@ gelöst durch die genu@@ g@@ tu@@ ung zu wissen , dass man sich ange@@ str@@ en@@ gt hat , sein best@@ mög@@ liches zu leisten . +ich kan@@ nte ihn ein@@ st , aber damals war er noch ein junge . +und ein junger , ver@@ heirat@@ e@@ ter mann sollte nicht schle@@ cht@@ gel@@ a@@ unt nach hause gehen . " +oft hoffen wir zwar , dass sich alles so entwickelt , wie wir es uns wün@@ schen , aber wir tun nicht das er@@ forder@@ liche , um diese wün@@ sche wahr werden zu lassen . +und gewinnen , obwohl der geg@@ ner mehr punkte gemacht hat . +ich hatte welche , die es konnten , aber nicht taten , und welche , die es taten , aber nicht konnten . +so hat sich in den letzten 10 jahren die zahl der patienten , die ein organ benötigen , ver@@ doppelt , während die zahl fa@@ kti@@ sch vorhan@@ den@@ er transplan@@ tate kaum gest@@ ie@@ gen ist . +le@@ ber@@ zellen , nerven@@ zellen , pan@@ kre@@ as@@ zellen – die können wir selbst heute nicht zü@@ chten . +dann stellen wir es in ein o@@ fen@@ ähn@@ liches gerät und so können wir diese struktur herstellen und heraus@@ bringen . +zum guten schluss kommt dabei diese struktur heraus . +der dru@@ cker , den sie hier sehen , hat diese ni@@ er@@ en@@ struktur ge@@ dru@@ ckt , die ich ihnen vorher gezeigt habe . +ich wurde te@@ am@@ kapit@@ ä@@ n , und das war klasse . +ich nahm sie zur seite . +vor ein paar wochen habe ich eine dieser seiten besu@@ cht , die erwar@@ tungs@@ ge@@ mä@@ ß swa@@ p@@ tree heißt . und dort gab es über 5@@ 9@@ .@@ 300 gegen@@ stände , die ich sofort ein@@ tau@@ schen konnte gegen meine aus@@ gabe von " 24 " . +das ist es , was mir passiert ist , als ich bemer@@ kte , dass wir uns weg@@ bewegen von passi@@ ven konsu@@ menten hin zu schöpf@@ ern , hin zu hö@@ chst ak@@ tiven koll@@ abor@@ at@@ oren . +diese vier elemente verbinden sich und schaffen den großen wandel -- weg vom 20. jahrhundert , das vom hyper@@ kon@@ sum defin@@ iert wurde , hin zum 21. jahrhundert , das vom koll@@ abor@@ a@@ tiven kon@@ sum ge@@ kenn@@ zeichnet wird . +diese drei systeme kommen zusammen , erlauben es den menschen , ressourcen gemeinsam zu nutzen , ohne ihre lebens@@ gewohn@@ heiten aufzu@@ geben , oder ihre in e@@ hren ge@@ halten@@ e persönliche freiheit . +das be@@ feu@@ ert eine massive veränderung , in der nutzung besit@@ z@@ t@@ um über@@ tr@@ um@@ pft -- oder wie kev@@ in kel@@ ly , der re@@ da@@ k@@ te@@ ur des maga@@ z@@ ins wired , es aus@@ drückt , " wo zu@@ griff besser ist als besit@@ z . " +ich hei@@ ße jo@@ se@@ ph und bin par@@ lam@@ ent@@ s@@ mitg@@ lied in ken@@ ia . +der an@@ führer der hä@@ up@@ t@@ linge sagte : " tut uns leid , wir können euch nicht mit@@ nehmen , dann sind wir zu langsam . +ich bitte meine freunde aus amerika um hilfe , sch@@ western und ärzte zu schicken , um uns zu helfen . +ich war im natur@@ wissenschaftlichen museum , als der tor@@ na@@ do her@@ ein@@ brach und spielte gerade mit dem tor@@ na@@ do@@ -@@ muster . +co : sie haben meine nummer aus den nachrichten ? +solche systeme , die wir un@@ vorberei@@ tet er@@ stellten , könnten schon vorher vorhanden sein . +mo : daten . +in unserer hei@@ mat@@ stadt haben wir ein hal@@ bes dutz@@ end an@@ wohner gesch@@ ult , diese internet@@ gest@@ ü@@ tz@@ ten instru@@ mente anzu@@ wenden . +und ich habe juli@@ us in der letzten woche getroffen , in der ich in ki@@ ber@@ a gelebt habe . +‚ wenn man ihm einen monat schul@@ det , dann kommt der ver@@ mie@@ ter mit seinen hand@@ lan@@ gern und wir@@ ft einen raus . er wird deine sachen kon@@ fis@@ zieren . ' , sagte arm@@ strong . +das ist die vielleicht primi@@ tiv@@ ste hü@@ tte , die man in ki@@ ber@@ a finden kann , wenig mehr als eine stock@@ -@@ und@@ -@@ schl@@ am@@ m-@@ hü@@ tte neben einer mü@@ ll@@ hal@@ de . +sie befindet sich auf ziemlich ab@@ schü@@ ssi@@ gem grund . +einer ist , dass die leute die ver@@ sich@@ erung brauchen , dass sie nicht hin@@ ausge@@ worfen werden . +die zukunft dieser gemeinschaften liegt in ihren menschen und in unserer fähigkeit , mit diesen menschen zu arbeiten . +ich weiß nicht , woher juli@@ an mor@@ row das hat . +sehen sie ihn da oben ? +einer davon ist ein weiter@@ er amerikan@@ ischer erfin@@ der , ted h@@ enter . +viele web@@ seiten können wir nicht mit ja@@ ws und den anderen technologien lesen . +ich glaube , ich muss mich jetzt verab@@ schieden . +interessan@@ ter@@ weise zeigen andere neuro@@ log@@ ische erkrank@@ ungen , die völlig andere bereiche des gehirns be@@ treffen , ebenfalls b@@ ün@@ del falsch struk@@ tu@@ ri@@ erter prot@@ eine , was darauf hin@@ deu@@ tet , dass der ansatz ein allge@@ meiner sein könnte , der nicht nur für alzheimer , sondern auch für andere neuro@@ lo@@ g . erkrank@@ ungen an@@ gewand@@ t werden könnte . +ich werde ihre war@@ nungen ignor@@ ieren und eine sehr spezi@@ fische vorher@@ sage machen . +eine große blü@@ te@@ zeit also , und ich glaube immer mehr dass dieses zitat des physi@@ kers free@@ man dy@@ son k@@ ein@@ es@@ wegs über@@ trieben ist . es nennt lediglich fa@@ kten . [ " technologie ist ein geschen@@ k got@@ tes . nach dem geschen@@ k des lebens +um sie wirklich zum stere@@ ot@@ y@@ p zu machen , sagen wir , sie sind beide weiße männer . +und wenn sie be@@ für@@ chten , dass so etwas wie ein gar@@ anti@@ ertes einkommen unseren erfol@@ g@@ sk@@ urs im kei@@ m er@@ sti@@ cken wird und uns irgendwie selbst@@ gefä@@ llig werden lässt , könnte es sie interessieren , dass die soziale mobili@@ tät , eines der dinge , auf die wir in den usa wirklich stolz sind , jetzt niedri@@ ger ist als in den nor@@ deu@@ rop@@ ä@@ ischen ländern , die diese sehr groß@@ zü@@ gi@@ gen sozialen sicherheits@@ ne@@ tze haben . +die realität dieses neuen masch@@ in@@ en@@ zeital@@ ters und der wirtschaftliche wandel werden immer bekann@@ ter . +im lauf der jahre begann ich mich zunehmen@@ d un@@ wohl@@ er mit dieser auff@@ as@@ sung von gott zu fühlen . +einige haben gesch@@ l@@ uss@@ fol@@ g@@ ert , dass wir nur an einen gott glauben können , der unseren schmerz teilt . +in der zweiten st@@ rop@@ he kommt die zei@@ le " wind und wellen ge@@ hor@@ chen ihm " . +wer also ist gott , falls nicht der große stri@@ pp@@ en@@ zie@@ her oder stam@@ mes@@ be@@ wahr@@ er ? +was wenn gott in den dingen ist ? +wie könnte man einen solchen glauben aus@@ üben ? +und so möchte ich mit euch sozusagen durch meine kleine geschichte gehen darüber , was ich herausgefunden habe . +und wenn wir diese stä@@ mme von jä@@ gern und samm@@ lern untersuchen und die ne@@ ander@@ tal@@ er , die den ersten menschen sehr ähnlich waren , finden wir eine merk@@ wür@@ dige sache in dieser welt ohne technologie , und das ist eine art kur@@ ve ihres durchschnitt@@ lichen al@@ ters . +es war in einer gewissen weise , im m@@ clu@@ han ' schen sinne , ein ex@@ ter@@ ner ma@@ gen . im sinne , dass es essen ko@@ chte , das wir ander@@ n@@ falls nicht ver@@ spei@@ sen konnten . +während das etwas ist , das aus unserem geist kommt , hat es auch tiefe wurz@@ eln im ko@@ smo@@ s . +es zwei@@ gt ab von der menschlichen form . +ich glaube , das führt ni@@ r@@ gend@@ wo hin . +das ist es , was wir von technologie erhalten . ständig . darum verlassen menschen ihr dorf und gehen in die städte , weil sie immer von chan@@ cen und möglichkeiten ange@@ zogen sind . +ich war in@@ dessen in der umgebung viel@@ er lehrer aufge@@ wachsen . +die idee war also , dass man eben seine arbeit macht , um 14 : 30 kommen die schüler r@@ einge@@ strö@@ mt und man unter@@ bri@@ cht was man tut , oder man tau@@ scht oder arbeitet eben ein bisschen später . +das war nur mein ding -- ich hab gesagt wir brauchen etwas das auf die kö@@ pfe der leute fällt . +der laden war also jeden tag gefü@@ llt mit kindern . +der schlüssel ist , auch wenn du nur ein paar stunden im monat frei hast , diese zwei stunden schul@@ ter-@@ an-@@ schul@@ ter mit einem schüler , konzentri@@ erte aufmerksamkeit , die licht auf ihre arbeit stra@@ hlt , auf ihre gedanken und ihren selbst@@ -@@ ausdruck , der komplett trans@@ for@@ mier@@ end ist weil so viele der schüler das noch nie hatten . +sie arbeiten unter an@@ lei@@ tung der lehrer und alles in einem großen raum . +all die bücher werden im laden verkauft . in der nähe der plan@@ ken . +sie wollten kein pir@@ at@@ en@@ zu@@ be@@ hö@@ r verkaufen ; +das ist der laden während den nach@@ hilfe stunden . +n@@ un@@ ja . ich werde etwas nach vorne springen . +die schulen brauchen euch . die lehrer brauchen euch . +sehen sie , ich bin im kriegs@@ gesch@@ un@@ denen irak aufge@@ wachsen und ich glaube , dass es zwei seiten des krie@@ ges gibt und dass wir nur eine seite davon sehen . +damit nehmen wir ver@@ gewal@@ tig@@ ungen und todes@@ fälle als zwan@@ gs@@ läu@@ fi@@ g wahr . +es gibt die seite , die kämp@@ ft und es gibt eine seite , die die schulen und die fabri@@ ken und die kranken@@ häuser offen hält . +eine kon@@ gol@@ es@@ in , die mir erzählte , wie ihre kinder dabei zu@@ sehen mussten , wie ihr vater getötet wurde und wie sie selbst vor ihren augen ver@@ gewal@@ tigt und gesch@@ än@@ det wurde , und wie ihre kinder sahen , wir ihr ne@@ un@@ jähri@@ ges gesch@@ wi@@ ster vor ihren augen getötet wurde , wie sie es schaff@@ ten , dass es ihnen heute gut geht . +za@@ in@@ ab sal@@ bi : frauen , kriegs@@ zeiten und der traum von frieden +sie war in dieser sen@@ dung namens ' das einfache leben ' . +letzten monat war ich bei google , und wow , was für eine caf@@ e@@ teri@@ a ! +sie ist sehr wichtig in meinem leben , denn sie sagte mir , ich soll das mit verlassen und zur kun@@ sta@@ ka@@ dem@@ ie gehen . +wenn man also komplexität mit einfach@@ heit ver@@ glei@@ cht , holt diese auch irgendwie auf . +und wenn einem das jemand sagt , fühlt man sich kom@@ isch . +ich ging also zurück zum computer und kauf@@ te fünf grosse por@@ tionen po@@ m@@ mes , um sie alle ein@@ zus@@ can@@ nen . ich su@@ chte nach einer art essen@@ s@@ thema und schrieb eine software , um auto@@ matisch po@@ mm@@ es@@ -@@ bilder anzu@@ legen . +es ist ein bisschen gr@@ use@@ lig , nicht wahr ? +ich schrieb das buch , weil ich etwas über@@ s leben herausfinden wollte . +zum vi@@ erten mal hier , ich denke , ich komme für diese wei@@ sheit hierher . +die herausforderungen des umwelt@@ schutz@@ es fallen in diesel@@ ben drei kat@@ eg@@ orien und zu@@ meist denken wir an lok@@ ale umwelt@@ probleme : luft@@ verschmu@@ tzung , wasser@@ verschmu@@ tzung , gi@@ ft@@ mü@@ ll@@ la@@ ger@@ ungen . aber es gibt auch regi@@ on@@ ale umwelt@@ probleme wie sau@@ r@@ er regen vom mittleren westen bis zum nor@@ do@@ sten und von we@@ steu@@ rop@@ a bis zur arkti@@ s und vom mittleren westen aus dem miss@@ is@@ si@@ pp@@ i bis in die todes@@ zone des gol@@ fs von mexiko . +sie alle wissen dies . bei der letzten zusammen@@ fassung des i@@ p@@ c@@ c wollten die wissenschaftler auf die frage " wie sicher ist das ? " mit " 99 prozent " antworten . +wir müssen eine gemeinsame sicht@@ weise darüber haben , wie wir dies an@@ gehen können : der kampf gegen die armut in der welt und die herausforderung der verring@@ erung der emis@@ sionen in den industri@@ el@@ ändern haben alle eine einzige , sehr einfache lösung . +was wir brauchen , ist eine neue generation von helden . besonders jene von uns , die heute in den vereinigten staaten von amerika leben , aber auch der rest der welt muss verstehen , dass die geschichte uns eine wahl gegeben hat - so wie j@@ ill bol@@ te ta@@ yl@@ or heraus@@ fand , wie sie ihr leben retten konnte , während sie durch die erstaunliche erfahrung , die sie er@@ lebte , ab@@ gelen@@ kt wurde . +sie sagen das richtige und wer auch immer gewä@@ hlt wird , wird vielleicht das richtige tun , aber ich möchte ihnen sagen : als ich 199@@ 7 von k@@ yo@@ to mit einem großen glück@@ s@@ gefühl zurück@@ kam , dass wir dort einen durch@@ bruch er@@ zi@@ elt hatten und dann den sen@@ at der vereinigten staaten konfron@@ ierte , war nur einer von 100 sen@@ at@@ oren bereit , diesen ver@@ trag zu bestä@@ tigen und ihn zu ra@@ ti@@ fizieren . das , was der kan@@ di@@ d@@ at sagt , muss mit dem , was die leute sagen , über@@ ein@@ stimmen . +eine veränderung in unserem engagement . einen neuen sinn für die dr@@ ing@@ lichkeit . +diese ausstellung ist über die arbeit von desig@@ nern , die uns dabei helfen , el@@ ast@@ ischer zu sein , und auch über designer , die an dieser el@@ a@@ sti@@ zität arbeiten als chance . und letz@@ tlich sind es nicht nur die designer , sondern auch die wissenschaftler . +er über@@ legt – es ist natürlich nur ein konzept – schriften in sper@@ ma@@ to@@ zo@@ en zu sp@@ ri@@ tzen , ich weiß nicht , wie man das auf englisch sagt – sper@@ ma@@ ta@@ zo@@ i – somit werden sie – fast ein lied haben oder mit jeder e@@ ja@@ ku@@ lation ein ganzes ge@@ dicht schreiben . +in diesem speziellen fall wird ein ab@@ schnitt dem informa@@ tions@@ design gewi@@ d@@ met sein . +schn@@ elle ferti@@ gung ist eine computer@@ dat@@ ei , die direkt vom computer an die produk@@ tions@@ maschine geschickt wird . +eine andere form wird für krebs ange@@ fer@@ tigt . +viele designer haben in letz@@ ter zeit an der idee von tod und trau@@ er gearbeitet , und was wir mit den neuen technologien machen können . +wir taten dies in drei schri@@ tten . +und das selbe muster tau@@ chte in jedem konflikt auf . +was passiert denn hier ? +das gegenteil passierte . +und innerhalb der j@@ ü@@ dischen lehren , also in den rab@@ bin@@ ischen lehren , haben wir hil@@ le@@ l , der sagt , dass man anderen nichts an@@ tun sollte , was man selbst nicht ange@@ tan haben möchte . +und dann schaute gott in die zukunft und ihm wurde bewusst , dass , wenn die welt nur mit gerechtigkeit erschaffen wäre , sie nicht existieren könnte . +und dass diese einheit alles er@@ schaff@@ ene miteinander verbindet . +und er ei@@ l@@ te nach hause . nach s@@ ab@@ bat bac@@ kte er zw@@ öl@@ f la@@ i@@ be brot , die er zur sy@@ na@@ go@@ ge brachte , und rein ging , er öff@@ nete den sch@@ rein und sprach : " gott , ich weiss zwar nicht warum du dieses brot willst , aber hier hast du es . " +und er be@@ stellte die beiden in sein büro . +er bleibt für monate und o@@ ft@@ mals für jahre . und wenn das passiert , ist es eine eigene krankheit . +aber das schlimm@@ ste daran war nicht der plö@@ tz@@ liche schmerz , der 24 stunden am tag da war . +wir behandeln diese patienten zu diesem zeitpunkt in einer eher un@@ ausge@@ gor@@ enen art . +wenn sie aus dem fenster schauen , können sie long ' s peak sehen . den kennen sie vermutlich . +also , er ist etwa 1,@@ 6 kilometer im durch@@ messer , 200 meter tief . +lassen sie mich fes@@ th@@ alten , dass wir einen gigan@@ tischen ein@@ schlag wie den dinosau@@ ri@@ er-@@ kil@@ ler seit 65 millionen jahren noch nicht wieder hatten . die sind sehr selten . +okay , die gute nachricht dabei ist , dass die chan@@ cen , dass er durch dieses " key@@ hole " flie@@ gt und uns auf seiner nächsten r@@ unde trifft , eins zu einer millionen stehen , ungefähr - sehr sehr kleine chan@@ cen . also ich persönlich habe deswegen keine schla@@ flo@@ sen nä@@ chte , in denen ich mir darüber sorgen mache . +es gibt noch eine reihe anderer probleme damit . es ist sehr schwer umzu@@ setzen . +diese son@@ de kann keine chem@@ ischen ra@@ ke@@ ten verwenden . +also dachte ich , dass es gut wäre , damit zu beginnen . +und wir hatten all das auf band . +das ist so offensichtlich , sonnen@@ klar , und jemand musste diese idee doch gehabt haben . +sehen sie , ban@@ ken , ich weiß nicht , ob hier irgend@@ welche ban@@ ker sind , ich entschul@@ dige mich im voraus , aber es ist der beste job der welt . +nur ganz schnell zu den ergeb@@ nissen : +er geht hin und trifft den g@@ ou@@ ver@@ neu@@ r . der g@@ ou@@ ver@@ neu@@ r sagt , bor@@ is ni@@ kol@@ a@@ je@@ wi@@ ts@@ ch , ich sehe , sie machen einen toll@@ en job , und ihre ist die an@@ gese@@ hen@@ ste zeitung in unserem distri@@ kt , +denn wenn man über die bedeutung einiger der themen , über die wir letzte nacht gesprochen haben , nach@@ denkt -- diese letzte s@@ ession über afrika und seine hypo@@ the@@ tischen 50 milliarden doll@@ er , die für afrika bestimmt sind . +jetzt tag@@ tr@@ äumen wir um 11 : 30 mit 5@@ 5 sekunden übrig . +was passiert mit materie , wenn man sie sehr f@@ ein zer@@ stück@@ elt ? +nehmen wir einmal an sie haben , nun ja , gän@@ z@@ lich andere sinn@@ es@@ organ@@ e und der@@ gleichen . +und bei einer menge wohl@@ bekann@@ ter fälle sind sie es natürlich . +das ist ein sehr einfaches beispiel . +hier also eine sehr span@@ n@@ ende entwicklung von der viele leute noch nicht gehört haben . +es ist dieselbe theorie der schwer@@ kraft . +vermutlich meinen sie etwas über@@ natür@@ liches . +wie wahr für lincol@@ n . +danach überrasch@@ te er die nation mit seinem sie@@ g bei den präsi@@ dent@@ schafts@@ wa@@ hlen gegen drei weit@@ aus erfahr@@ en@@ ere , weit@@ aus ge@@ bil@@ de@@ tere , weit@@ aus berühm@@ tere geg@@ ner . +aber nicht einmal in seinen wil@@ de@@ sten tr@@ äumen hätte lincol@@ n sich vorstellen können , wie weit sein ansehen reichen würde . +aber es war nicht ganz so einfach . +ein sie@@ ger in tausenden wettbewer@@ ben , drei große bürger@@ rechts@@ gesetze , die gesundheits@@ ver@@ sich@@ erung für äl@@ tere , bildungs@@ unterstü@@ tz@@ ungen . +eine seiner lieblings@@ geschichten zum beispiel hatte mit dem revolution@@ shel@@ den e@@ than allen zu tun . +und ich war so auf@@ geregt , der erste , den ich außerhalb von e@@ b@@ be@@ ts field sah . +aber glücklicherweise , meine erste bei@@ chte - zu einem p@@ rie@@ ster , der baseball liebte ! +beginnen möchte ich mit einer ep@@ iso@@ de aus dieser reihe von ereig@@ nissen , die die meisten von ihnen wohl kennen , bel@@ sa@@ z@@ ars fest – denn wir sprechen vom gol@@ f@@ krieg im jahr 5@@ 3@@ 9 v@@ . ch@@ r . +und was wird der große köni@@ g , der mäch@@ tige köni@@ g , der köni@@ g der vier welt@@ gegen@@ den tun ? +es war das bis dahin größte reich der welt . +kein weiter@@ er beweis . +und er wäre genauso überrascht gewesen , dass er auf be@@ fe@@ hl von mar@@ du@@ k handelt . +sie wollen sich den k@@ y@@ ro@@ s-@@ zy@@ lin@@ der lei@@ hen . +und ich möchte ab@@ schließen mit der frage an sie , was die nächste geschichte sein wird , in der dieses objekt auf@@ tauchen wird . +erst wenn es schie@@ f läuft , beginnen wir , die bedeutung von familien für kinder zu erkennen . +die ohne behinder@@ ungen werden mit drei jahren in eine andere ein@@ richtung ver@@ legt und mit sieben wieder in eine andere . ge@@ trennt nach alter und geschle@@ cht werden sie will@@ kür@@ lich von ihren gesch@@ wi@@ stern ge@@ trennt , oft ohne die möglichkeit , sich zu verab@@ schieden . +die menschen müssen wissen , welchen schaden pfle@@ ge@@ einrichtungen kindern zu@@ fügen können und dass es bessere alterna@@ tiven gibt . +denn es ist offen@@ bar unglaublich be@@ än@@ g@@ sti@@ gend . +deswegen wollten wir , dass der 21. september das jähr@@ liche frieden@@ s@@ dat@@ um wird . +auf diesem weg einfach im moment zu bleiben , war wunder@@ voll und wirklich sehr ermu@@ ti@@ gend . +es spielte keine rolle , wenn ich den frieden@@ stag nicht erschaffen würde . +ich erinnere mich , wie ich dachte , " das ist genau der grund , warum wir tatsächlich noch här@@ ter arbeiten müssen . +es war histor@@ isch . könnte es in afghanistan funktionieren , mit un@@ ama und der who und der zi@@ vil@@ bevölkerung , et@@ c. , et@@ c. , et@@ c. ? +und das taten wir , wir rei@@ sten herum und wir sprachen mit den äl@@ testen , mit den är@@ z@@ tern , mit den kranken@@ sch@@ western , wir hielten pres@@ se@@ konfer@@ en@@ zen , wir gingen mit soldaten aus , wir setzten uns mit der is@@ a@@ f hin und mit der na@@ to , wir s@@ assen mit der regierung des vereinigten köni@@ grei@@ chs zusammen . +wir über@@ rei@@ chten den film . +das ist letz@@ lich , wor@@ um es dabei geht . " +es geht um ihre wähl@@ er@@ be@@ zir@@ ke , um ihr geschäft . +aber spielen wir mal mit . +dies wurde also für mich die zu er@@ u@@ ier@@ ende zentr@@ al@@ frage : wie viele neuronen hat das menschliche gehirn und das im vergleich zu anderen tieren ? +ver@@ glichen mit einer rat@@ te mögen wir besonders sein , aber das ist kein fair@@ er vergleich , denn wir wissen ja , dass wir keine na@@ ge@@ tiere sind . +wenn man wie ein pri@@ m@@ at fr@@ is@@ st , kann man sich bei@@ des nicht leisten . +ich glaube , so wurden wir zu menschen . +mich faszin@@ iert die idee , was passiert , wenn man biologie mit technologie mis@@ cht , und ich las einmal von der idee , biologie um@@ program@@ mieren zu können , in der zukunft , fern von krankheit und al@@ tern . +es ist ein log@@ ischer plan , aber das ist nicht immer so gewesen . +aber eines tages passierte etwas . +dieser mann , sein name war ma@@ h@@ mou@@ d , und das kind , sein name war ra@@ f@@ i , gingen . +es hat keine pri@@ or@@ ität . " +die bein@@ pro@@ these wurde hergestellt und er begann mit der wirklichen physi@@ kal@@ ischen re@@ hab@@ ili@@ tation . +es ist nicht nötig , den ganzen tag bei mir zu bleiben , um den roll@@ stuhl zu schie@@ ben . " +ich möchte nicht , dass sie in der schule von anderen schü@@ lern aufge@@ zogen werden . " +aber mit na@@ j@@ mu@@ dd@@ in kann man nicht disku@@ tieren . +jedes jahr sind es 7@@ .000 – leute , die das erste mal kommen . +dies ist mein großer wunsch . +ich möchte ihnen einige geschichten erzählen , die meine ansicht erklären . +ihre entscheidungen , ihre handlungen zählen . +was für lehren würden sie aus einer solchen erfahrung ziehen ? +und davon war ich ein teil . +also , ich war ein bisschen verän@@ g@@ sti@@ gt , denn wenn man diese drei probleme sieht , scheinen sie echt hart zu be@@ kämpfen zu sein . +und er be@@ endet sie mit " danke . " +es sagt eine menge , über ihre mit@@ studenten , die sie gewä@@ hlt haben , aus . +können sie sie sehen ? +wenn w@@ r also verstehen wollen , ob ein planet be@@ wohn@@ bar ist , ob er lebens@@ förder@@ liche bedingungen bietet , wollen wir nicht nur wissen , wieviel licht er ab@@ bekommt und wie warm er ist , sondern auch welches all@@ we@@ tter ihn um@@ gibt – diese energi@@ er@@ ei@@ che strahlung , die u@@ v@@ - und r@@ ön@@ t@@ gen@@ stra@@ hlen , die von seinem stern aus@@ gehen und ihn in hoch@@ energie@@ strahlung ba@@ den . +falsch . ich sehe sie nicht an . ich kann sie nicht sehen . +aber es gibt dort draußen eine große menge von leuten , die sagen ihnen dass sie über@@ sinn@@ liche , mag@@ ische kräfte haben , dass sie die zukunft vorhersagen , dass sie kontakt mit den toten herstellen . +sie bringt uns keine nütz@@ liche information . +" hatte er je einen elektr@@ or@@ asi@@ erer ? " nein . +nun , wie könnten wir ohne die nur leben ? +sie konnte mich nicht erreichen . jetzt sagt sie , sie will mich nicht errei@@ chen@@ . weil ich eine got@@ t@@ lose person bin . +leute , das ist keine einfache metapher , von der ich spreche , es stimmt . +das ist sehr wichtig , über@@ lebens@@ wichtig für uns . +der le@@ gend@@ äre skep@@ tiker james rand@@ i nimmt eine tö@@ dliche do@@ sis hom@@ ö@@ op@@ a@@ tischer schla@@ ft@@ ab@@ le@@ tten auf der bühne und tritt damit eine glü@@ h@@ ende 18@@ -@@ min@@ ü@@ tige ank@@ lage ir@@ ration@@ alen glau@@ ben@@ s los . er fordert die hell@@ se@@ her auf der ganzen welt heraus : beweisen sie , dass , was sie tun , echt ist , und ich gebe ihnen eine million dollar . +deshalb läuft das gesamte krankenhaus oft nur über einen gener@@ ator . +es muss etwas besser@@ es geben . " +aber so kann der benutz@@ er kontrollieren , ob es gerade strom gibt oder nicht , denn sie können die zu@@ fuhr auf der basis steuern , wieviel prozent sauerstoff sie ihrem patient geben . +aber wir wollen sicher sein , dass dies das effe@@ kti@@ v@@ ste und sicher@@ ste gerät ist , das wir kranken@@ häusern zur verfügung stellen können . +ein paar von meinen schü@@ lern ent@@ wor@@ f@@ ene lo@@ gos . +der kre@@ ative geist in afrika , die kre@@ ative tradition ist so po@@ tent wie e@@ h und je , wenn designer doch nur im inneren suchen würden . +es ist ein h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st einer anderen art , und das zu ignor@@ ieren , hilft nieman@@ dem . +ich habe keine zeit , über die vor@@ teile von pflan@@ z@@ licher ko@@ st zu sprechen , aber das ist nach@@ gewi@@ esen – und ich möchte das ganz deutlich machen – es sind nicht bestand@@ teile der pflanzen , es sind die pflanzen an sich . +die ernähr@@ ung@@ sp@@ y@@ rami@@ de wird zur hälfte von leuten erstellt , die verbindungen zur a@@ gr@@ ar@@ industrie haben . +es gab keine mar@@ gar@@ ine . +die auswirkungen davon sind bekannt und überall zu sehen . +die meisten mütter ko@@ chten wie meine : ein stück fleisch , ein schneller sal@@ at mit einem d@@ res@@ sing aus der fla@@ sche , su@@ ppe aus der do@@ se , ob@@ st@@ sal@@ at ebenfalls aus der do@@ se . +und am meisten essen wir – sie er@@ raten es sicher : +ich sage das als jemand , der eine menge cor@@ ned bee@@ f in seinem leben ge@@ gessen hat . +wir können weiterhin nach zu@@ taten suchen , die wir lieben , und stun@@ den@@ lang über unsere lieblings@@ spei@@ sen reden . +klingt vertraut ? +wenn ich eine in@@ dis@@ kre@@ te frage stellen darf : wie viele von ihnen haben tat@@ to@@ os ? +my@@ tho@@ s n@@ r@@ . 2 : or@@ p@@ he@@ us , ein f@@ einer kerl , char@@ m@@ ant in seiner nähe zu sein , part@@ y@@ lö@@ we , großarti@@ ger s@@ än@@ ger , ver@@ liert seine lieb@@ ste , be@@ zau@@ bert seinen weg in die unter@@ welt , – die einzige person , die es mit char@@ me in die unter@@ welt geschafft hat – be@@ zau@@ bert die gö@@ tter der unter@@ welt , sie lassen seine schönheit unter einer beding@@ ung frei ; er darf sie nicht ansehen , bis sie draußen sind . +manche wurden von anderen vor@@ tra@@ genden bereits erwähnt , das ist ermu@@ ti@@ gend . +5@@ 2 millionen menschen sterben jähr@@ lich aus natürlichen gründen , das ent@@ spä@@ che dann 5@@ 2 zerstör@@ ten aus@@ gaben . +wenn wir die zukünf@@ tigen generationen ein@@ berech@@ nen , die niemals existieren werden , wenn wir uns in die luft ja@@ gen , dann wird die zahl astronom@@ isch hoch . +wir wären sehr erfolgreich . +wenn sie darüber nachdenken , was es bedeutet , rech@@ nen oder lesen zu lernen , dann beschrei@@ bt man tatsächlich sinn@@ ge@@ mä@@ ss das eigene hir@@ n neu . +sie würden uns ganz verblü@@ fft an@@ star@@ ren , wenn wir zeit damit verbringen , eine schöne auf@@ führung anzu@@ hören wie die eine , die wir gerade hörten – aufgrund von menschen , die du@@ mme bewegungen machen . und sie wären wirklich ir@@ ri@@ tiert und würden nicht sehen , was mit uns los ist . +dann bewegt man sich in diesen grö@@ ss@@ eren raum des ' menschen plus ' und man könnte diesen prozess fort@@ setzen , um viel von diesem grö@@ ss@@ eren raum voller mög@@ licher das@@ ein@@ s@@ mod@@ i erfahren zu können . +ts : das sind dau@@ er@@ magne@@ ten . +ts : yeah , wir nehmen ein paar l@@ ein@@ w@@ ände . +und dann als ich das zweite machte hat es die arbeit wirklich durch@@ einander@@ gebracht -- diese star@@ ken blauen linien kra@@ chen durch die mitte -- und das schaff@@ te span@@ nung und über@@ schnei@@ dung . +es scheint , dass in dieser phase ihres lebens sie persönlich sich auch im zustand der konfron@@ tation mit einer art un@@ stim@@ mi@@ gkeit befinden -- ich nehme an , es ist eine elektro@@ magne@@ tische kraft die irgendwie par@@ kin@@ sons len@@ kt und diese kre@@ ative kraft , die zu@@ gleich der hier und jetzt an@@ wes@@ ende künstler ist und die span@@ ne ihres ganzen lebens . +ts : vielen dank , john . +also will er geld von meiner mutter , als sie raus@@ kommt , aber sie hat nicht genug . +ich wuchs auch , wo fu@@ chs und h@@ ase sich gute nacht sagen , an einer sch@@ ot@@ ter@@ str@@ asse im län@@ dlichen ar@@ kan@@ s@@ as , eine stunde vom nächsten kin@@ o entfernt . +einen davon nenne ich mi@@ ma@@ w ' s test . +ich bin under dem wasser mit diesen fischen . +eines davon sind ru@@ b@@ bel@@ bilder mei@@ ster@@ werke . +er benutz@@ te wil@@ de vögel , um kunst für ihn zu schaffen . +und so gingen wir zum gra@@ b und machten dies , es war ur@@ kom@@ isch -- die aufmerksamkeit die wir er@@ hielten . +und sie beschrei@@ bt wie das zä@@ pf@@ chen -- alles was sie sage is gefallen wegen der ver@@ bot@@ enen fru@@ cht . +er ist ein austr@@ al@@ ischer stam@@ mes@@ äl@@ te@@ ster der ab@@ origin@@ es , und er ist auch ein künstler . +und sie denken , das eine hat mit dem anderen nichts zu tun , aber ich hoffe , dass sie nach diesen 18 minuten eine gewisse verbindung sehen . +und was sich verändert hat , ist etwas , das man in der kunst nicht erwartet , nämlich mathematik . +und wenn sie nicht 400 schu@@ ppen falten wollen , können sie sich zurück@@ halten und nur ein paar dinge tun , und plat@@ ten eines schil@@ d@@ kr@@ ö@@ ten@@ pan@@ z@@ ers hinzu@@ fügen , oder ze@@ hen . +wir werden lernen , eine la@@ sche zu machen . +und ich kann diese muster heute nutzen , um orig@@ am@@ i@@ formen zu erschaffen . +ze@@ hen sind zu einem orig@@ am@@ i@@ -@@ me@@ m geworden . denn jeder macht sie . +die mussten sicherlich nicht mit orig@@ am@@ i@@ künst@@ lern reden . +das problem , das hier gelöst ist , ist , dass etwas am ziel groß und bl@@ at@@ tä@@ hn@@ lich sein muss , aber klein für die reise . +for@@ rest north : der beginn jeder koll@@ abor@@ ation fängt mit einem gespräch an . +er hat uns@@ ern name und lo@@ go ausge@@ dacht . wir sind mission mot@@ ors . +die 200@@ .@@ 00@@ 0-@@ jährige peri@@ o@@ de , in der männer die plat@@ z@@ hir@@ sche waren , nei@@ gt sich sage und schrei@@ be tatsächlich dem ende zu , und deswegen rede ich vom ende der männer . +und weil sie von diesem ergebnis faszin@@ iert waren , entschieden sie sich dazu , eine land@@ es@@ weite untersuchung durch@@ zu@@ führen . +aber so geh@@ ts heute nicht mehr . +und was noch ver@@ stör@@ ender ist , ist , was mit jün@@ g@@ eren kn@@ ab@@ en passiert . +und ich denke , der grund , warum es es in sich hat , ist , dass tausende jahre geschichte sich selbst nicht um@@ drehen ohne viel schmerzen . und deswegen rede ich darüber , dass wir alle gemeinsam dadurch gehen . +aber im laufe der 7@@ 0ern und 8@@ 0ern beschloss die regierung von sü@@ d-@@ korea eine ras@@ an@@ te industri@@ alisierung , und was sie dann tat , war , frauen in die arbeit@@ neh@@ mer@@ schaft zu drän@@ gen . +und wir verfü@@ gen über sehr viel fähigkeiten und erfahrungen , aber es ist ein trick , wie soll man sich also darauf vorberei@@ ten , durch die gl@@ ä@@ ser@@ ne de@@ cke zu kommen . +und der mann , der an jen@@ em abend den vortrag hielt , war sehr interessant . +und es ist interessant , wenn sie mal dr@@ über nachdenken , wie , wenn man über die zivili@@ sa@@ tionen nach@@ denkt , die wir als hö@@ he@@ punkte menschlicher er@@ run@@ gen@@ schaft betrachten , ob das nun china ist , g@@ rie@@ chen@@ land , die zivilisation der hin@@ du@@ s , oder die may@@ as , die ägyp@@ ter - was wir über sie wissen , dreht sich um ihre ek@@ st@@ as@@ en , und nicht um ihren all@@ tag . +ob es mathematik ist oder musik - es braucht einfach lange um an einen punkt zu ger@@ aten , an dem man etwas so verändern kann , dass es danach besser ist als vorher . +man weiß , dass das , was man zu tun hat , auch getan werden kann , auch wenn es schwer sein mag , und das zeit@@ gefühl versch@@ win@@ det , man verg@@ is@@ st sich selbst , man emp@@ findet sich als teil von etwas größ@@ er@@ em . +obwohl fernsehen manchmal , cir@@ ca sieben bis acht prozent der zeit , in den flo@@ w-@@ zustand ver@@ setzt , aber das geschieht dann , wenn man eine sen@@ dung wä@@ hlt , die man wirklich sehen möchte , und von ihr feedback bekommt . +und wenn " wo komm@@ st du her ? " bedeutet : +und die zahl der menschen unter uns , die außerhalb der alten national@@ staat@@ lichen kat@@ eg@@ orien leben , steigt der@@ maßen schnell , dass wir allein in den letzten 12 jahren auf 6@@ 4 millionen gekommen sind , und bald die ein@@ wohn@@ er@@ zahl der usa über@@ schrei@@ ten . +dennoch gibt es ein großes problem mit der bewegung , und zwar die tatsache , dass es schwer ist , sich in der luft zu orienti@@ eren . +also habe ich mich hin@@ gesetzt und fing an zu schreiben , weiter und weiter zu schreiben , obwohl ich ja eigentlich dahin gefahren bin , um von meinem schreib@@ tisch weg@@ zu@@ kommen . +danke . +und ich werde nun darüber reden , wie sich die welt@@ weite bevölkerung seitdem und bis in die zukunft hinaus verändert hat . aber ich werde keine digitalen technologien verwenden , wie ich es in meinen ersten fünf ted@@ talks getan habe . +und die erfolgrei@@ ch@@ sten der entwicklungs@@ länder , die sind fort@@ gesch@@ ri@@ tten , wissen sie . und sie wurden zu so genan@@ nten schw@@ ell@@ en@@ ländern . +werden sie sich weiter bewegen ? +[ alle ] schw@@ ell@@ en@@ länder [ der ] welt fügen sich der westlichen welt an mit guten über@@ lebens@@ quot@@ en der kinder und kleinen familien@@ grö@@ ßen . aber die ärm@@ sten milliarden haben wir immer noch . +über die nächsten 50 jahre wird die welt@@ weite bevölkerung auf 9 milliarden an@@ wachsen - und nur indem wir die lebens@@ standards der ärm@@ sten verbessern , können wir das bevölker@@ ungs@@ wachstum ein@@ dä@@ mmen . das ist die parado@@ x@@ e antwort , die h@@ ans ro@@ s@@ ling bei ted @ can@@ nes enth@@ ü@@ llt , mit der hilfe einer bun@@ ten neuen daten@@ veran@@ schau@@ lich@@ ungs@@ methode . +was bleibt , ist dieser ab@@ stand , dieser an@@ stieg der sterb@@ lich@@ keits@@ rate , je weiter man nach norden kommt . +und ich begann zu forschen und wir fanden heraus , sehr span@@ n@@ end , dass die haut sti@@ ck@@ stoff@@ mon@@ ox@@ id produziert . +wir mussten auf eines achten – denn vi@@ tam@@ in d wird durch u@@ v-@@ b@@ -@@ stra@@ hlen produziert und wir wollten unsere sache von der vi@@ tam@@ in d-@@ sache tren@@ nen . +es gibt keine veränderung bei der durch@@ blu@@ tung , bei der erweiter@@ ung der blut@@ gefä@@ ße . +und das ist noch in arbeit , aber der@@ mat@@ ologen – also , ich bin ein hau@@ tar@@ zt . +das sind große probleme . +fol@@ glich re@@ gener@@ iert sich unser körper ständig . +sie lösen sich innerhalb einiger monate auf . +und dieses r@@ ön@@ t@@ gen@@ bild zeigt das pat@@ enti@@ erte , funktion@@ ale blut@@ gefä@@ ß . +es gibt jedoch andere ho@@ hl@@ organ@@ e mit weiter@@ er komplexität . +eine weitere strategie , die wir ver@@ folgt haben , ist die verwen@@ dung von de@@ zell@@ ul@@ ar@@ isi@@ erten organ@@ en . +was die größe an@@ geht , sind wir im moment ein@@ gesch@@ rän@@ kt , aber unser eigent@@ liches ziel ist es , diese flächen mit der zeit zu vergröß@@ ern . +schließlich stop@@ pt er die durch@@ ge@@ gan@@ gene ku@@ t@@ sche . +ich we@@ tte mit ihnen , dass ich der d@@ ü@@ mm@@ ste hier in diesem raum bin , weil ich nicht durch die schule gekommen bin . ich bin in der schule gesch@@ ei@@ tert . +was wir tun ist , wir unterrichten kinder all jene sachen , die sie nicht tun sollen . schlag nicht , bei@@ ß nicht , flu@@ che nicht . +alle drei grün@@ der von net@@ scap@@ e hatten sie . +ist es das eine oder das andere ? was ist es ? +an einen kunden erinnere ich mich besonders gut , weil ich noch andere geschäf@@ te mit ihm machte . +ich lernte auch , dass man seine quellen nicht offen@@ bart , weil ich nach 4 wochen ver@@ prü@@ gel@@ t wurde , weil eins der reichen kinder entdeckte , von w@@ em ich meine com@@ ics kauf@@ te und er mo@@ chte es überhaupt nicht , dass er so viel mehr be@@ za@@ hlte . +und man konnte na@@ deln in sie hin@@ stecken . +die liefer@@ te ich an 7@@ 0-@@ jährige frauen , die bridge spiel@@ ten . +das war klasse , weil ich so verkauf@@ s@@ stellen hatte . +sie bekommen kein regel@@ mäß@@ iges einkommen , aber sie haben die möglichkeit weitere aufgaben zu finden und sie lernen , die fähigkeit des ver@@ hand@@ el@@ ns , und sie lernen ebenfalls die fähigkeit , weitere möglichkeiten zu finden . +wenn sie in ein restaurant gehen und schlecht be@@ dient werden , zeigen sie ihnen wie schle@@ chter kun@@ den@@ service aussieht . +es ist ein video von einem unternehmen , bei dem ich als ment@@ or agi@@ ere . +wir haben es sogar geschafft , die liter@@ atur@@ wissenschaften ob@@ sk@@ ur werden zu lassen . +eine er@@ schü@@ tter@@ nde vor@@ liebe für den einsatz von gewalt war zum gemein@@ platz geworden . mit einer glei@@ cher@@ maßen großen ab@@ sche@@ u für die alterna@@ tiven formen von einflus@@ s@@ nahme . +aber mit strukturen , die verbinden statt tren@@ nen , krei@@ se , die von@@ einander abhän@@ gen anstatt is@@ oli@@ erende drei@@ ecke . +die wichtigste entdeckung , die wir mit unserem fo@@ kus auf öffent@@ liches handeln machten , war , dass die schwier@@ igen entscheidungen nicht zwischen gut und bö@@ se zu fällen sind , sondern zwischen ri@@ val@@ isi@@ erenden guten . +präsident obama und sein team können es sch@@ licht nicht alleine schaffen . +okay , sehen sie ? das wars . fast fertig . da haben wir@@ s . +sie erkennen , dass diese beiden dinge ko@@ existieren müssen . +sie handeln alle in dem be@@ wu@@ ß@@ t@@ sein , die origin@@ ale version nach@@ zus@@ pi@@ el@@ en . +in den guten alten tagen , als ein republi@@ kan@@ er diese firma lei@@ tete , bauten ihre besten werke auf der vergangenheit auf . +ich glaube es gibt hier einige le@@ ktionen zu lernen , le@@ ktionen über offen@@ heit . +man konnte die musik noch kaufen , aber hören konnte man nichts , weil es st@@ um@@ m gesch@@ altet war . +auf jeden fall bitte ich sie , zusammen mit mir diese werte zu vermitteln . +dass man verur@@ teilt wird , wenn man nicht die richtige kre@@ ative sache sagt . +und es passierte noch etwas anderes : die leute , die den prozess durch@@ lie@@ fen und die sch@@ lange an@@ fas@@ sten , hatten am ende weniger än@@ gste vor anderen dingen in ihrem leben . +ungefähr zur gleichen zeit nahm er unterricht an der d.@@ school in stanford . +also , während man in seinem schla@@ fan@@ zug mit den anderen patienten herum@@ sitzt und jeder bl@@ ass und dün@@ n aussieht , und man auf seine r@@ unde gam@@ ma@@ stra@@ hlen war@@ tet , denkt man über eine menge nach . +vielen dank . +schauen wir uns nun die situation in anderen raum@@ bereichen dieses gebäu@@ des an . +als er mich traf und erkannte , dass er quanti@@ ta@@ tiv untersuchen konnte , welchen einfluss seine desig@@ n-@@ entscheidungen auf die ök@@ ologie und biologie dieses gebäu@@ des hatten , war er faszin@@ iert , da sich ihm dadurch völlig neue möglichkeiten er@@ sch@@ lossen . +wollen wir uns diese jungs mal näher anschauen . +es war zur erweiter@@ ung der menschlichen intelligenz bestimmt , so nannte man das . +in den 8@@ 0ern gibt es einige beispiele für dieses system im einsatz . +und laut dem fortun@@ e magazine 700 millionen dollar schwer ist . +irgend@@ wer bei re@@ dd@@ it dachte sich nämlich : " mann , das klingt toll . wir sollten alle dafür stimmen . " +sie gaben sogar eine e-@@ card heraus , sodass man seinem freund einen tanz@@ enden sp@@ las@@ h@@ y schicken konnte . +ich komme aus bur@@ kin@@ a fas@@ o . +fund@@ raising war keine lei@@ chte aufgabe . +für mich und meine gemeinschaft war dieses projekt ein ries@@ iger erfolg . +ich möchte es ihnen gern zeigen . +sie wissen es schon . +und wenn man hin@@ durch@@ schaut , kann man einen blick in die gedanken eines cyber@@ -@@ illu@@ si@@ oni@@ sten er@@ ha@@ schen . +stimme : ver@@ raten sie es nicht oder es geht nicht in erfü@@ ll@@ ung . +digit@@ aler mt : das ist ohne frage die echte karte . +nun ist die große frage hier offensichtlich : wie können wir china verstehen ? +die erste ist , dass der größte politische wert für chin@@ esen einheit ist , die wahr@@ ung der chines@@ ischen zivilisation . +die chin@@ esen haben einen sehr , sehr unterschiedlichen begriff von eth@@ nie als die meisten anderen länder . +er hatte keine ern@@ st@@ zunehmen@@ den ri@@ v@@ alen . +hier haben wir also drei bau@@ steine um zu versuchen das andere , das china ist , zu verstehen -- der zivili@@ sa@@ tions@@ staat , das konzept von eth@@ nie , und die art des sta@@ ates und seine beziehung zur gesellschaft . +erstens : der westen ver@@ liert ras@@ ant weltweit seinen einfluss . +das ist also , wie sich dinge entwickeln werden , denn china hat ein sehr spezi@@ fis@@ ches problem , das sich von europa und den vereinigten staaten unterschei@@ det . china hat eine hohe bevölker@@ ungs@@ zahl und keinen platz . +rot = tro@@ mm@@ eln blau = b@@ ass grün = ak@@ kor@@ de orange = leads vi@@ o@@ le@@ tt = pa@@ ds das m@@ und@@ stück besteht aus ... +seitdem sind acht jahre vergan@@ gen , und ich kann so viel sagen , dass ich nicht nach china ging , um an@@ wäl@@ tin zu werden . +[ chines@@ isch ] " große schwester w@@ ong , " was@@ h@@ burn , w@@ ong , jac@@ ke wie ho@@ se . +wie ist das mit kunst ? +alle k@@ lebten vor den fern@@ se@@ her@@ n und schauten sich die be@@ un@@ ruhi@@ genden , be@@ än@@ g@@ sti@@ genden bilder an , die vom ran@@ de des vier@@ tel@@ s stamm@@ ten . +als wir dort an@@ kamen , gingen wir einfach auf die straße , begannen , mit leuten überall zu sprechen und wir mer@@ kten , daß die dinge ein bisschen anders waren als die phr@@ as@@ en , die wir in den medien hörten . +die leute kommen um uns herum und beginnen zu fragen : " was macht ihr da ? " +ich beobach@@ tete nur . +dann , am nächsten tag , hielt ich am haupt@@ platz eine ver@@ samm@@ lung ab und ein paar frauen kamen . +wir rei@@ sten nach afrika , in den sud@@ an , nach si@@ er@@ ra le@@ one , liber@@ ia , ken@@ ia . +wissen sie , was ich liebe ist , zum beispiel , wenn sie das grö@@ s@@ ste auge dort ansehen , da sind so viele häuser drin . +über jedes projekt machen wir einen film . +aber gestern rief die stadt sie an und sagte : " se@@ ht her , wir werden das ab@@ rei@@ ßen müssen , +tatsächlich macht die tatsache , dass sie nichts verändern kann , aus der kunst einen neu@@ tr@@ alen ort für au@@ st@@ aus@@ ch und diskus@@ sionen , und ermöglicht einem dann , die welt zu verändern . +wir haben eine lange kultur des gemein@@ samen nutz@@ ens . +eine der grün@@ der@@ innen war in der schwei@@ z , sah es irgendwo in ge@@ brauch , und sagte " wow , das ist richtig toll . +in den usa und we@@ steu@@ rop@@ a sind es 8 prozent . +wie wenn lu@@ d@@ ot@@ ru@@ ck in los angeles das macht , was eine g@@ our@@ me@@ t-@@ im@@ bis@@ s@@ bu@@ de so macht , und eine tre@@ ue k@@ und@@ schaft erreicht . +es macht einen riesen@@ spaß und es findet in einem gut besu@@ chten viertel statt . +die zukunft ist , wie wir wissen , sehr un@@ vorher@@ seh@@ bar . +wir haben es bei der finanz@@ krise gesehen , wir haben es bei der f@@ ie@@ ber@@ -@@ pan@@ dem@@ ie gesehen . +wird das aber nur den super@@ reichen zugänglich sein , j@@ enen , die es sich leisten können ? bewegen wir uns auf eine neue eu@@ gen@@ ik zu ? +bis 20@@ 30 wird ein einzel@@ ner mensch zum ersten mal in der geschichte der menschheit in der lage sein , diesen planeten zu zerstören , alles zu ver@@ ni@@ chten . zum beispiel durch erfindung eines bi@@ op@@ a@@ tho@@ gens . +ich bin nicht der klassen@@ beste . +aber , was am wichtigsten war : während ich rei@@ ste , brachte ich kindern das kari@@ ki@@ eren bei , und im au@@ st@@ aus@@ ch , lernte ich spon@@ tan zu sein . +ich habe ge@@ zö@@ g@@ ert , ob ich dies in meine präsentation auf@@ nehmen soll , weil diese kari@@ kat@@ ur kurz nach dem 1@@ 1. september veröffentlicht wurde . +alles musste ries@@ ig sein . das nächste bild war noch größer . +das ist eine bibliothe@@ k , die ich für die ro@@ bin hood stif@@ tung ent@@ war@@ f . +dann sagte ich : " nets , was soll ich tun ? " +wir hatten mo@@ de@@ designer , instal@@ la@@ tion@@ sk@@ ün@@ st@@ ler , models , wir hatten mas@@ ken@@ bild@@ ner , schmu@@ ck@@ designer , alle möglichen leute , die mit mir zusammen arbeiteten , um aus meiner hoch@@ zeit eine kunst@@ instal@@ lation zu machen . +meine arbeiten wurden auch auto@@ bi@@ ogra@@ fisch . +wissen sie , ich saß zu hause und sah es mir an . +und ich zeich@@ nete es für sie . +e : hat@@ sch@@ i ! +kannst du ab@@ tan@@ zen ? +weil einer ihrer lie@@ blin@@ ge von zu hause hier ist und sie ist ziemlich ner@@ vö@@ s , ihn zu treffen . +e : qu@@ ak , qu@@ ak , qu@@ ak . +sw : du bist sehr besonders . was wür@@ dest du gerne all diesen ne@@ tten leuten sagen ? +eines bestimmten tages , spr@@ an@@ gen die cam@@ per durch ro@@ hre . sie tau@@ chten durch ro@@ hre . und ich dachte , dass das spaß machen würde . +ich begann damit tri@@ ath@@ le@@ then zu suchen da ich fand , dass lebens@@ lange schwi@@ mmer einem oft nicht das bei@@ bringen können was sie selbst die ganze zeit tun . +der kopf ist in einer linie mit dem rück@@ gr@@ at gehalten , so , dass man den strateg@@ ischen wasser@@ druck nutzt um seine beine nach oben zu stre@@ cken -- dies ist sehr wichtig , spezi@@ ell für menschen mit wenig kör@@ perfe@@ tt . +ich dachte also warum nicht mich selbst be@@ stra@@ fen ? ich werde japan@@ isch nehmen . +dies war es , was mich dazu an@@ trieb nach der perfe@@ kten lern@@ methode für sprachen zu suchen . +und ich bewe@@ gte mich eigentlich in etwa so . +ich sprach mit diesen personen weil sie alle in bu@@ en@@ os air@@ es unter@@ rich@@ teten . +das ist nur einer der vor@@ teile davon . +ich möchte heute über eine zentr@@ ale idee sprechen . +nicht sehr überrasch@@ end bewe@@ gte das einige zum gedanken , dass wir auf dem richtigen weg waren . +ge@@ off mul@@ gan : eine kleine ein@@ führung in die studi@@ o-@@ schule +und der phili@@ ster , der hin@@ unter@@ geschickt wurde , ihr mäch@@ tiger krie@@ ger , ist ein ri@@ ese . +also david , in der geschichte , soll der unter@@ le@@ gene sein , oder ? +wenn man in der geschichte anti@@ ker kriegs@@ führung zurück@@ bli@@ ckt , findet man wieder und wieder , dass schle@@ u@@ derer in den verschieden@@ sten schla@@ chten der entscheiden@@ de faktor gegen in@@ fan@@ terie waren . +und dann gibt es noch diese ganze kom@@ ische sache , wie lang es dauert , bis go@@ li@@ ath auf den an@@ blick von david re@@ agi@@ ert . +und das würde auch viel@@ es erklären , was an seinem verhalten an dem tag kom@@ isch gewesen ist . +und irgendetwas na@@ gte seitdem an mir . +wir haben millionen von genen von mikro@@ ben , die uns in unserem menschlichen mikro@@ bi@@ om be@@ decken . +diese studien haben also bele@@ gt oder darauf hin@@ ge@@ deu@@ tet , dass es aus einer vielfalt von wichtigen funk@@ tionen der mikro@@ bi@@ ellen gemeinschaft diese wol@@ ke gibt , die nicht-@@ pa@@ tho@@ gene , die in und auf uns leben . +wir sollten es vor@@ sichti@@ g und mit respe@@ kt behandeln , und wir sollten ihm nicht in die qu@@ ere kommen , sagen wir mal mit einem ka@@ is@@ er@@ schnitt oder mit antibio@@ ti@@ ka oder über@@ mäß@@ iger rein@@ lichkeit , ohne eine sehr gute be@@ grün@@ dung . +und das ist es , was wir tun . wikipedia -- sie haben gerade eine kleine demon@@ stration davon gesehen -- ist eine frei li@@ zen@@ si@@ erte enzy@@ klo@@ pä@@ die . sie wird von tausenden freiwilli@@ gen überall auf der welt in vielen , vielen sprachen ver@@ fasst . +und er ist auch erst seit janu@@ ar 2005 bei uns ange@@ stellt , wir hatten auch vorher schon wachstum . +das ist eine -- die medien haben das sehr aus@@ führ@@ lich behandelt . +wir sollten nur berichten , was an@@ gese@@ h@@ ene par@@ tei@@ en darüber gesagt haben . +dies sind die leute , die den lö@@ wen@@ anteil auf der seite machen , und sie sind in gewis@@ se@@ m sinne se@@ mi@@ -@@ profession@@ ell bei dem , was sie tun , dass wir die an@@ sprü@@ che für uns selbst gleich@@ wer@@ tig oder höher setzen als profession@@ elle qu@@ al@@ itä@@ ts@@ -@@ an@@ sprü@@ che . +jemand sagt also : " lö@@ scht es bitte . lö@@ scht es -- es ist nicht relevant . " +und ich sage immer gern , dass sie auch die einzige person ist , die tatsächlich alle regeln von wikipedia kennt , darum ... +ben sa@@ under@@ s : ja , hi , ben sa@@ under@@ s . +ich und meine kollegen art ar@@ on und lu@@ cy brown sowie einige andere haben 3@@ 7 total ver@@ liebte menschen in einen mr@@ t-@@ gehirn@@ scan@@ ner gesch@@ oben . +fast niemand kommt aus der liebe un@@ ver@@ se@@ hrt hinaus . +wir fanden aktivität in einer winzi@@ g kleinen fabrik in der nähe des hirn@@ stam@@ ms dem sogenan@@ nten vent@@ r@@ alen te@@ g@@ ment@@ um . +2@@ .000 jahre später können wir die vor@@ gän@@ ge in unserem gehirn erklären . +ich glaube zu@@ dem , dass roman@@ tische liebe eine sucht ist : eine absolut wunder@@ volle sucht , wenn es gut läuft , und eine absolut schreck@@ liche sucht , wenn es schie@@ f geht . +unser neu@@ est@@ es experiment wurde von meinem kollegen art ar@@ on entwickelt und untersucht menschen in einem gehirn@@ scan@@ ner , die von sich behaup@@ ten , nach einer lang@@ jährigen partner@@ schaft immer noch ver@@ liebt zu sein . +damit möchte ich zum ende kommen . das sind meine äl@@ teren leute . +ich bin mir selbst nicht sicher . +drei : se@@ hne in der außen@@ schicht des bo@@ gen@@ arms ma@@ xi@@ miert die gesp@@ ei@@ ch@@ erte energie . +d@@ ong wo@@ o j@@ ang : die kunst des bo@@ gen@@ mach@@ ens +und wie alle del@@ fine in unserer gruppe fotografi@@ erten wir mu@@ gs@@ y und zeich@@ neten ihre fle@@ cken auf , sowie die ker@@ ben in der rück@@ en@@ flo@@ sse , als auch die einzigarti@@ gen muster ihrer fle@@ cken im laufe der zeit . +und diese sto@@ ß@@ arti@@ gen pul@@ s@@ geräusche sowie kop@@ f-@@ an-@@ kop@@ f-@@ verhalten setzen sie in kämpfen ein . +diese unter@@ wasser@@ ta@@ stat@@ ur in or@@ land@@ o , florida , am ep@@ c@@ ot@@ -@@ center , war sogar die fort@@ schritt@@ lich@@ ste je entwickelte zwei@@ -@@ we@@ ge-@@ schnitt@@ stelle für die koll@@ abor@@ ation von menschen und del@@ fin@@ en zur interak@@ tion unter wasser . +der tau@@ cher hat das sei@@ l@@ spiel@@ zeug , und ich bin an der ta@@ stat@@ ur zur linken und habe gerade die taste für das sei@@ l bet@@ ä@@ tigt , das ist die bitte um das spiel@@ zeug vom menschen . +der del@@ f@@ in ist an der ta@@ stat@@ ur . +den@@ ise her@@ zing : könnten wir die sprache der del@@ fine sprechen ? +es hat einen ar@@ gent@@ in@@ ischen rhyth@@ mus , den man " car@@ ni@@ v@@ ali@@ to " nennt . +komment@@ ator : da ist er . +also die idee war jen@@ es gefühl des frei@@ s@@ eins zu behalten , aber dabei die richtung zu verändern und die zeit zu ver@@ län@@ gern . +weil -- ich bin recht erfahr@@ enen erfahren im leiten von systemen als pilot , aber dies ist wirklich -- man muss flüs@@ si@@ g sein , man muss fl@@ ink sein , und mann muss sich auch richtig schnell an@@ passen . +also ich versuchte noch einmal an höhe zu gewinnen . +damit , muss ich mich an etwas neues an@@ passen . +y@@ r : ich habe eine standar@@ dan@@ t@@ wort . +ich we@@ tte , diese prä@@ histor@@ ischen hö@@ hlen@@ künstler hätten nur zu gerne gew@@ us@@ st , wie man besser zeichnet . +be@@ un@@ ruhi@@ gen@@ der@@ weise herr@@ scht kein kon@@ sen@@ s darüber , was genau sie ist . +wir sehen nicht die kern@@ reak@@ tionen in ster@@ nen . +wir nehmen also nichts als das wahr , was es wirklich ist . +warum ein ehe@@ ver@@ trag und kein anderer grund für regel@@ mäß@@ iges jähr@@ liches handeln ? +es ist das grundlegende steu@@ ern@@ de prinzip der auf@@ klär@@ ung . +diese kleine folie hier zeigt ihnen einen augen@@ opti@@ ker und die kleine , blau@@ e person re@@ präsentiert ungefähr 10.000 personen und das ist das verhältnis in großbritannien . +ich habe eine globale vision als vision . +ich muss zu@@ geben , es war nicht das , was ich mir für meinen ersten tag " down under " vor@@ stellte . +das neue festi@@ val fordert die zuschau@@ er auf , eine wesent@@ liche rolle in der gestal@@ tung der performance zu spielen . +typ@@ isches beispiel : als " the su@@ l@@ tan ' s eleph@@ ant " nach london kam , nur neun monate nach dem 7 / 7 , schrieb ein lon@@ don@@ er : " zum ersten mal seit dem lon@@ don@@ er bom@@ ben@@ att@@ ent@@ at rief meine tochter mit fr@@ ö@@ h@@ lichkeit in ihrer stimme an . +[ " o@@ sc@@ ar für ' beste visu@@ elle effe@@ kte ' " ] zwei@@ ter arzt : " will@@ kommen im neuen körper , ja@@ ke . " erster arzt : " gut . " +und diese bilder sind -- sie werden sie zu beginn der sli@@ de-@@ show sehen -- es sind nur vier bilder -- aber auf ihnen ist ein kleiner bä@@ r zu sehen , der im regen@@ wald des großen b@@ ären lebt . +wenn man diese nachrichten eine weile gelesen hat , sind es nur noch nachrichten . +doch leider ziehen sich 95 prozent der arkti@@ schen g@@ let@@ scher derzeit ebenfalls zurück bis zu dem punkt , an dem das eis das fest@@ land erreicht hat und kein weiteres eis zurück ins öko@@ system zurück@@ führt . +nach einer stunde in diesen bedingungen , das ist so extrem , dass ich , wenn ich r@@ unter@@ tau@@ che , fast immer in meinen atem@@ re@@ gl@@ er er@@ brechen muss , weil mein körper mit dem stress der k@@ äl@@ te an meinem kopf nicht umgehen kann . +wenn ich auf dem ster@@ be@@ bett lie@@ ge , werde ich mich an eine geschichte mehr als an jede andere erinnern . +er sieht nur diesen großen ball@@ on im meer -- er hat keine hände -- er bei@@ ßt ein wenig zu , das boot plat@@ zt auf und schon ist es passiert . +ich zog meine flo@@ ssen an . ich konnte meinen mund kaum öffnen . +es passierte nicht nur ein paar mal . +diese geschichte bleibt tief in meinem herzen und ich bin stolz , dass ich sie mit ihnen teilen darf . +jetzt , da sie damit fertig sind , schließen sie es , denn jedes handy hat eines gemeinsam . +doch anstatt es mittel@@ s ir@@ re@@ führung zu tun , und sie in eine andere richtung zu len@@ ken@@ . konzentri@@ ere ich mich lieber auf frank , also darauf , mit dem frank in ihrem kopf zu spielen , ihrem kleinen wach@@ mann , und ihre aufmerksamkeit von ihren äuß@@ eren sin@@ nen kurz@@ zeitig auf die inneren zu len@@ ken . +haben sie eine brie@@ f@@ tasche bei sich ? joe : nein , habe ich nicht . +öffnen sie ihre hand . vielen dank . +ich wer@@ d ihn wieder in ihre hand geben . +hier unten habe ich etwas bemerkt . gehört das hier ihnen , mein herr ? +das haben sie nie . +wir dachten nicht , dass es so viele karten auf der ganzen welt geben würde . +können wir diese technologien dazu nutzen , geschickt umzu@@ schalten , wenn wir von land zu land reisen ? +und die ör@@ t@@ liche finanzi@@ erung ist nicht teil des um@@ fel@@ ds , das hard@@ war@@ e-@@ projekte unterstützt . +wir müssen etwas anderes finden , denn wir sind in eine art tro@@ tt ver@@ fallen . +dieses letzte projekt besteht auch aus bau@@ teilen . +man kann sogar pro@@ g@@ no@@ sti@@ zieren welche art von liter@@ atur sie gerne lesen , wo sie gerne ur@@ lau@@ b machen , und was sie gerne essen . +und wenn ich ' matri@@ x ' sage meine ich buchstäblich die matri@@ x aus dem film " matri@@ x " . +diese program@@ mi@@ erung gibt uns sehr starke emotionen gegenüber denen die leid verur@@ sachen . +ich denke dass wir damit beginnen , wenig@@ stens mit einer berei@@ t@@ schaft all dies zu lernen . +be@@ achten sie dass in all diesen gra@@ phen das gefä@@ lle stei@@ ler ist bei dem ' inneren der gruppe ' , ' autor@@ ität ' , ' rein@@ heit ' . +dieses tri@@ p@@ ty@@ ch@@ on also , diese drei ta@@ f@@ eln , stellen die ewi@@ ge wahrheit dar dass ordnung dazu nei@@ gt zu zer@@ brechen . +denn meiner meinung nach ist der grand c@@ any@@ on nicht das größte wunder der welt . +sie wollen ordnung , auch zu kosten derer die sich ganz unten befinden . +können sie weder für etwas noch gegen etwas sein ? +ich möchte heute darüber reden , auf welche probleme das mili@@ tä@@ r einiger west@@ licher staaten – australien , die usa , england und so weiter – bei einigen ein@@ sä@@ tzen trifft , die sie in der modernen welt durch@@ führen . +und wieder würden sie sagen : " wenn wir zu@@ griff auf nicht-@@ tö@@ dliche waffen hätten , dann könnten wir bei bekannten bedro@@ h@@ ungen mit diesen umgehen und wir wissen , wenn wir jemand anderes treffen , haben wir ihn wenig@@ stens nicht getötet . " +gener@@ ell nei@@ gen sie zu der ein@@ stellung : " warum sollten wir uns darum kümmern , was bei der polizei geschieht ? +und in den nächsten zwei jahren wurde die studie durchgeführt : 200@@ 1@@ -@@ 0@@ 2 . +es wurde wahl@@ los eingesetzt . +tatsächlich war er 15 c@@ m größer als ich , und sie war so groß . +sie sind ausge@@ bildet , verhalten@@ er im ge@@ brauch von gewalt zu sein als das mili@@ tä@@ r . +und die frage die er hat ist : " kann ich es schaffen ? ist es möglich ? " +wir haben kunst@@ studenten , die alte radi@@ at@@ or@@ teile nehmen und einen sch@@ mel@@ zo@@ fen verwenden um neues daraus herzustellen . +sie sind ein wenig revolution@@ ä@@ r indem was sie tun . +und dann mo@@ chte er die schule nicht so besonders , aber er hat sich an einem robo@@ ti@@ k@@ wett@@ kampf beteili@@ gt , und er erkannte das er talent hatte , und , viel wichtiger , war es eine richtige leidenschaft für ihn . +nun könnte das eine hun@@ de@@ kla@@ ppe sein , es könnte jemand sein der irgend@@ wohin geht wohin er nicht sollte , z.b. ein kleiner bruder in das zimmer der kleinen schwester . +das ist steve wo@@ z@@ ni@@ ak . wo lernt er den um@@ gang mit compu@@ tern ? +und dre@@ w bar@@ r@@ y@@ more , trotz all ihres wunder@@ baren char@@ mes , ist auch nicht glam@@ our@@ ö@@ s . +und das hier ist he@@ dy lam@@ ar@@ r . +das ist fi@@ li@@ pp@@ in@@ o li@@ pp@@ is portra@@ it der heili@@ gen apo@@ ll@@ on@@ ia aus dem jahr 15@@ 4@@ 3 . +man kann also ein gl@@ ori@@ fi@@ zier@@ tes bild eines autos kreieren , aber kein gl@@ ori@@ fi@@ zier@@ tes bild von verkehr . +das gefühl davon , dass das leben besser sein könnte , dass man daran teil@@ nehmen könnte – dass man ein perfe@@ k@@ ter mensch sein könnte und an dieser perfe@@ kten welt teil@@ nehmen könnte . +also , in diesem ab@@ schnitt soll es um das p@@ ure verg@@ nü@@ gen gehen , aber bei glamour dreht es sich wirklich teil@@ weise um die bedeutung . +ich w@@ ru@@ de dafür kri@@ ti@@ siert , gewalt zu ver@@ herr@@ lichen , denn sehen sie – sonnen@@ bri@@ lle und diese langen män@@ tel , und natürlich , man könnte w@@ ände hin@@ auf@@ laufen und all diese dinge machen , die in der re@@ alen welt unmöglich sind . +sie ist also sogar noch glam@@ our@@ ö@@ ser , wenn man weiß , dass sie wirklich nicht du@@ mm war , obwohl sie dachte , dass sie du@@ mm aussehen könnte . +es war eine art , mich selbst zu lok@@ alisieren . +oh , natürlich gab es momente , in denen ich meinen körper schä@@ tz@@ te , etwa so , wie ein aus@@ fä@@ lli@@ ger el@@ tern@@ teil , manchmal einen ne@@ tten moment haben kann . +ich hörte von einem kleinen mädchen , das nicht aufhören konnte , sich zu be@@ pin@@ keln , weil sich so viele erwachsene soldaten in sie hinein@@ gesch@@ oben hatten . +und das feuer , das an am dritten von sechs che@@ mo@@ -@@ tagen in mir bren@@ nt , ist das feuer , das in den wäl@@ dern der welt bren@@ nt . +es war der hon@@ ig im wasser , der es sü@@ ss machte , es war das öl , das es krank machte . +es waren all diese dinge . +offensichtlich ist es ins@@ gesam@@ t ein gewal@@ tiges vor@@ haben . +und i@@ van legt sein sandwi@@ ch dorthin , oben auf die sch@@ at@@ z@@ tru@@ he . +welches sandwi@@ ch wird er sich wohl nehmen ? +kind : nein , denn der wind sollte den är@@ ger bekommen . +jetzt hält sie den pu@@ der für zu@@ cker . +ok , also es wird un@@ will@@ entlich eine kleine kon@@ tra@@ ktion meiner hand hervor@@ geru@@ fen , nachdem der impul@@ s in mein gehirn ge@@ dr@@ ungen ist . +also , zu t@@ ms muss man noch ein paar worte sagen . +das ist eine großartige antwort . re@@ bec@@ ca sa@@ x@@ e , vielen dank . das war fantastisch . +und manchmal brauchen wir einen ... einen we@@ ck@@ ruf , nicht wahr , um uns zu zeigen , dass wir durch@@ s leben ras@@ en , statt es zu leben . dass wir schnell leben , statt gut zu leben . +aber ich glaube , wenn man sich an@@ sieht , was hinter diesen dingen steht , kommt man zu dem , was vielleicht der eigent@@ liche grund ist , der kern der frage , nämlich wie wir über zeit denken . +und dabei haben städte begonnen zu über@@ denken , wie urban@@ e strukturen an@@ gelegt sein sollten , damit die leute ermu@@ tigt werden , lang@@ samer zu werden , an ro@@ sen zu rie@@ chen und beziehungen zu@@ einander aufzubauen . +und nor@@ wegen , schwe@@ den , dä@@ ne@@ mark und fin@@ n@@ land sind unter den sechs wettbewer@@ bs@@ fähi@@ gsten nationen der welt und arbeiten stunden , bei denen der durchschnittliche amerikaner vor nei@@ d w@@ einen würde . +die meta@@ phy@@ sische dimension da@@ hinter ist , dass wir uns durch schn@@ elli@@ gkeit von den großen , wichtigen fragen ab@@ sch@@ ot@@ ten wollen . +ich höre nicht mehr den ge@@ flü@@ gel@@ ten wagen der zeit na@@ hen , zumindest nicht mehr so oft wie vorher . +wie entdecken wir das einzigarti@@ ge an einem projekt , das so einzigarti@@ g wie ein mensch ist ? +als es dann k@@ lagen über das budget gab , sagte ich , " die insel ist es wert gebaut zu werden , weil sie für ihr geld das dopp@@ elte bekommen : spiegel@@ ungen . " +ich fuhr hin , und pre@@ mier@@ minister b@@ ad@@ al sagte zu mir : wir si@@ k@@ h@@ s haben viel ge@@ li@@ tten , ihr ju@@ den auch . +und ich fühlte mich wiederum un@@ wohl bei dem gedanken , dass ein gebäude in der größe des muse@@ ums in washington – ca. 4@@ .@@ 600 m ² – auf diesem z@@ arten hü@@ gel stehen soll , und dass man in gal@@ er@@ ien geht – räume mit tür@@ en eine art vertrau@@ ter räume – um die geschichte des h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st zu erzählen . +studien über die da@@ ch@@ struktur , die vielleicht neue materialien verlangen : damit man es weiß man@@ chen kann , licht@@ durch@@ lässi@@ g , leu@@ cht@@ end , und nicht laun@@ en@@ haft . +also ich denke , dass ich mit dem beginnen werde , was ich so@@ eben gehört habe . +ich werde ihnen das also zeigen , wir werden nur einen moment lang spielen . +nun , wir sind alle ja@@ zz@@ musi@@ ker und haben dem kli@@ sche@@ e nach keine besonders gute beziehung zu gel@@ dan@@ gele@@ gen@@ heiten . +na@@ ma@@ ste . sal@@ a@@ am . +ich bin aus einem sehr d@@ ü@@ st@@ eren ort gekommen . +eigentlich komme ich aus großbritannien , aber ich le@@ be seit 26 jahren auf den mal@@ edi@@ ven . +sie kommt vom ozean hier und wird nach indien hin@@ einge@@ zogen . +die bestimmte art von li@@ b@@ ellen , über die ich sprechen möchte , ist nun diese hier . weil bei den meisten li@@ b@@ ellen , wie bei denen , die ich ihnen gerade gezeigt habe , das erwachsene tier nur für die kurze zeit von ein , zwei monaten am leben bleibt , macht es keine großen spr@@ ün@@ ge . es kann nicht all@@ zu weit mi@@ gri@@ eren . +und ich dachte nicht weiter darüber nach , bis es im darauf fol@@ genden jahr , wieder passierte . und im jahr danach auch , und im fol@@ genden jahr ebenfalls . +sie sind zu ei@@ fri@@ g . sie sind zu ei@@ fri@@ g . nein . halt . halt . +es er@@ stre@@ ckt sich über 800 kilometer . natürlich hier ist indien . +das ist die zeit da@@ zwischen , die zeit , wenn die richtung des mon@@ s@@ uns sich ändert . +die lar@@ ven müssen sich sehr schnell entwickeln . +und die li@@ b@@ ellen sind dort , wie mir meine verschiedenen konta@@ kten berichten . +und ich bin nur darüber gest@@ ol@@ per@@ t , weil ich in lange genug in mal@@ é auf den mal@@ edi@@ ven gelebt habe , damit die tatsache , dass da etwas sehr besonder@@ es vor sich geht , in mein hir@@ n ein@@ dr@@ ingen konnte . +und nicht nur sie überqu@@ eren den ozean . +das habe ich aus meinem leben gemacht . +meister klingt so al@@ ber@@ n , doch das war es ja auch . +das hier sieht aus , als ob man sei@@ tlich ru@@ t@@ scht , aber in welche richtung ? +dieser hier , ein wenig flü@@ chti@@ g , rück@@ wärts fahr@@ end , und ach@@ tet auf den hinter@@ en fuß . +und nicht alles daran ist schlecht . +das nächste . nun geht es um was tief@@ sinni@@ ger@@ es , und das ist wo ich – ich glaube ich war auf tour , als ich eine der fe@@ yn@@ man@@ -@@ bi@@ ogra@@ phi@@ en las . es war die rote oder die blau@@ e . +es sehen wohl sehr viele leute diese videos . +aber car@@ l norden hat wirklich den code ge@@ kn@@ ac@@ kt . +in den jahren vor dem zweiten welt@@ krieg kauf@@ te das us-@@ mili@@ tä@@ r also 9@@ 0.000 nor@@ den-@@ bom@@ ben@@ ziel@@ geräte für je 14@@ .000 dollar – noch einmal : in dollars von 19@@ 40 ist das eine menge geld . +wie viele wol@@ ken@@ lose himmel , glauben sie , gab es über zentr@@ al@@ europa zwischen 19@@ 40 und 19@@ 45 ? +ihr auf@@ trag war es , bo@@ den-@@ luft@@ -@@ ra@@ ke@@ ten zu finden und zerstören – erinnern sie sich an die sc@@ u@@ d-@@ ra@@ ket@@ en@@ wer@@ fer , diese bo@@ den-@@ luft@@ -@@ ra@@ ke@@ ten , die die ira@@ k@@ is auf die isra@@ eli@@ s ab@@ scho@@ ssen ? +in der ex@@ akt gleichen zeit@@ span@@ ne , in der wir diese dro@@ hnen mit ver@@ he@@ er@@ ender genau@@ igkeit benutzt haben , hat sich die anzahl der ang@@ ri@@ ffe , selbst@@ mor@@ dat@@ tent@@ ate und terror@@ an@@ schlä@@ ge gegen amerikanische strei@@ t@@ kräfte in afghanistan ver@@ zehn@@ fa@@ cht . +ich habe dabei unglaubliche orte gesehen . länder wie die mon@@ go@@ le@@ i , kam@@ bo@@ d@@ sch@@ a , neu@@ gu@@ ine@@ a , südafri@@ ka , zwei@@ mal t@@ ans@@ ania ; ich war vor einem monat hier . +aber um diese frage geht es mir nicht . +als er die vielfalt der menschen studi@@ erte , po@@ stu@@ li@@ erte er : " es scheint uns in einzelnen sub@@ spezies oder kat@@ eg@@ orien zu geben . " +wenn sie alles zusammen@@ rech@@ nen , ist es über 6 milliarden nu@@ kle@@ o@@ ti@@ de lang . +anders ausge@@ drückt : wir stam@@ men aus afrika . so steht es in unserer dna . +afrika ist der tro@@ p@@ isch@@ ste kontin@@ ent auf der erde . etwa 85 prozent liegen zwischen dem n@@ ör@@ dlichen und dem sü@@ dlichen wen@@ de@@ kreis . und es gibt nicht viele g@@ let@@ scher hier , nur auf den hohen ber@@ gen hier in ost@@ afrika . +wir wurden sozi@@ aler . das soziale netzwerk brei@@ tete sich aus . +sie basiert auf ein paar tausend menschen , von denen wir proben nahmen , auf einer hand@@ voll gruppen auf der welt . +projekte weltweit doku@@ men@@ tieren mü@@ n@@ dliche di@@ cht@@ kunst in si@@ er@@ ra le@@ one , erhalten tradition@@ elle web@@ muster in ga@@ za , fördern die sprach@@ wieder@@ bele@@ bung in ta@@ d@@ schi@@ ki@@ stan und so weiter . +nun die antwort scheint wohl , dass das universum komplexität erzeugen kann , aber mit großer schwier@@ igkeit . +zuerst ist es nur ein schlei@@ er , aber es entstehen sehr schnell verschiedene dinge in diesem schlei@@ er . +sterne werden neue gol@@ di@@ lo@@ cks be@@ din@@ ungen erzeugen die zwei neue schw@@ ellen über@@ schrei@@ ten werden . +sie brauchen auch eine große vielfalt an chem@@ ischen ele@@ menten , und sie brauchen flüs@@ sigkeit wie wasser . +während sie sich kop@@ iert , eine von milliarden spro@@ ssen , schlei@@ chen sich fehler ein . +wir sind gese@@ g@@ net mit einer sprache , ein system der kommunikation , so mäch@@ tig und so prä@@ z@@ ise , dass wir mit solcher prä@@ z@@ ision zeigen können , was wir gelernt haben , dass es im kolle@@ ktiven ge@@ däch@@ tnis ak@@ k@@ um@@ liert werden kann . +kolle@@ kti@@ ves lernen ist eine sehr , sehr mäch@@ tige kraft , und es ist nicht klar , ob wir menschen die kontrolle darüber haben . +und besch@@ ul@@ digen die ban@@ ken als die bö@@ sen , die ihnen die hypo@@ the@@ k gegeben hatten . +menschen mit niedri@@ gem einkommen geben viel mehr als ein@@ tausend dollar im lot@@ to aus . +nehmen wir mal die raus , die sagen , dass sie zu wenig sparen . +manche ökon@@ omen nennen es auch gegenwär@@ tige be@@ fan@@ genheit . +was sind die folgen in bezug auf@@ s retten von leben und auf die verfüg@@ barkeit von organ@@ en ? +es ist sehr schmer@@ z@@ haft , obwohl es nichts bedeutet . +vielleicht sollten leute mehr sparen , wenn sie mehr geld verdienen . +denken sie an leute , die zu viele risiken auf@@ nehmen und die höhe ihres risi@@ ko@@ s nicht ein@@ schätzen können , oder nicht genü@@ gend risiken ein@@ gehen , wir müssen da etwas tun . +es ist total verwir@@ r@@ end und kann nur in einem lied erklärt werden . +sie sind live ! +ich wün@@ sche ihnen eine tolle konferenz . +wenn ich bei einem film reg@@ ie führ@@ e , berei@@ ten wir uns jeden tag viel zu sehr vor . wir denken zu viel . +und ich sage : " k@@ ate , was willst du tun ? " +also , wie groß ist die un@@ end@@ lichkeit ? +wir erzählen uns selbst geschichten . +weil sie sich in wal@@ ter r@@ al@@ ei@@ gh ver@@ liebte , ver@@ ga@@ ß sie , dass sie köni@@ g@@ in war . dann ver@@ liebte sich wal@@ ter r@@ al@@ ei@@ gh in ihre zo@@ fe und sie musste sich entscheiden , ob sie köni@@ g@@ in war , die in den krieg zog , oder ob sie … +eli@@ s@@ ab@@ eth : bes@@ s ? +eli@@ s@@ ab@@ eth : dieser mann hat ein mü@@ n@@ del der köni@@ g@@ in ver@@ führt . und sie hat sich ohne köni@@ gliche erlaub@@ nis ver@@ mä@@ hlt . +aber wie fängt das alles an ? +sie rei@@ ßen das ganze wasser an sich , behalten es für sich und lassen nur wenige tro@@ pfen hin@@ ab . +sie ist endlich . harmon@@ ie ist un@@ endlich . +ich traf einen mann – der typ links . +wir mussten am fleisch arbeiten . +hier stehen wir heute . +wir müssen weniger ver@@ brauchen um mehr zu machen . +sie haben vielleicht eine meinung darüber , aber sie werden nicht besonders gut infor@@ miert sein . +arbeiten wir also mit 1,@@ 5 milliarden her@@ stell@@ ern ? +wir brauchen veränderung auch wenn wir mit einzelnen firmen arbeiten , wird uns das nicht weit bringen . +wir nutzen alles , was wir an einfluss haben , um sie an den tisch zu kriegen . +das ist mehr mit weniger und noch weniger . +ich bin neuro@@ wissenschaftler und habe physik und medizin studi@@ ert . +und ich kann ihnen sagen , dies war ein sehr entscheiden@@ der moment in meiner karriere , als mir klar wurde , dass der große ment@@ or an junge menschen und neue ideen glaub@@ te . +ich fas@@ se zusammen : bei der rat@@ te wurde ein zur lä@@ h@@ mung führ@@ ender schnitt im rück@@ en@@ mark vor@@ genommen . +es sind die ergebnisse eines jungen teams von sehr tal@@ enti@@ erten menschen : physi@@ other@@ a@@ pe@@ uten , neuro@@ bi@@ ologen , neuro@@ chirur@@ gen , verschiedene ingenie@@ ure , die zusammen das erreicht haben , was für einzelne personen unmöglich gewesen wäre . +durch eine rück@@ en@@ mark@@ s@@ verletz@@ ung wird die kommunikation zwischen gehirn und körper unter@@ bro@@ chen . dies führt zu einer lä@@ h@@ mung . direkt aus dem labor zeigt gr@@ é@@ go@@ ire cour@@ t@@ ine eine neue methode : durch die kombination von medikam@@ enten , elektron@@ ischer stimu@@ lation und einem roboter können die nerven@@ ba@@ hnen wieder aktivi@@ ert werden und der körper lernt neu , sich zu bewegen . sehen sie sich hier an , wie eine gel@@ ä@@ hm@@ te rat@@ te wieder gehen und tre@@ pp@@ en@@ steigen lernt . +ich bin ein beispiel dafür , was möglich ist , wenn mädchen vom tag ihrer geburt an von den menschen um sie herum ge@@ liebt und ge@@ förder@@ t werden . +und daran muss ich heute denken , weil ich davon überzeugt bin , dass ihr alle in dieser schule einen ganz wichtigen teil dazu bei@@ tragen könnt . +ich bekam gerne ein@@ sen . +denn die welt ist groß . +som@@ mer@@ zeit , und das leben ist leicht die fische springen , und die baum@@ wol@@ le steht schon hoch oh , dein pa@@ pa ist reich , und deine mama sieht gut aus still , mein kleines baby w@@ eine nicht ! und als ich die augen wieder öff@@ nete , sah ich , dass die frau ihre augen geschlossen hatte . +" die menschliche stimme : myster@@ i@@ ö@@ s , spon@@ tan , ursprün@@ glich . " mit diesen worten fordert uns die sop@@ r@@ ani@@ stin c@@ lar@@ on mc@@ fa@@ dden auf , mit ihr die geheim@@ nisse von at@@ mung und ges@@ ang zu untersuchen , während sie uns die an@@ spru@@ chs@@ volle " ar@@ ie " von john c@@ age vor@@ trägt . +keinen geschäfts@@ führer , keine verantwor@@ t@@ liche einzelne firma , die es erschaffen sollte . +stattdessen ist es , als sä@@ ßen wir alle zusammen in einem theater , doch wir können in dem ganzen ne@@ bel nur die leute un@@ mittel@@ bar in unserer nähe sehen . +wie war das passiert ? +das habe ich mir nicht ausge@@ dacht . +und das hat wikipedia verstanden . +aber sie können diesel@@ ben laun@@ en auch auf menschen an@@ gewand@@ t finden . +hier sieht man ein diagramm von mehr als 4@@ 3 leuten , die dem roboter , der nicht steuern konnte , hal@@ fen , auf dem weg zu bleiben , damit er die gegen@@ über@@ lie@@ gende seite des washington square par@@ ks erreichen konnte . +in der schul@@ bildung sind wir von einer kom@@ promis@@ slo@@ sen offen@@ heit noch weit entfernt . +rot bedeutet unter dem o@@ ec@@ d-@@ durch@@ schnitt , +die aus@@ gaben pro schüler sind nur zu unter 20 % für die leistungs@@ schwan@@ kungen zwischen den ländern verantwortlich . lux@@ em@@ bur@@ g etwa , das teu@@ erste system , schnei@@ det nicht besonders gut ab . +deutsch@@ land etwa , mein hei@@ mat@@ land , be@@ fand sich im jahr 2000 im unter@@ en quad@@ ran@@ ten , unter@@ durchschnittliche leistung , große soziale un@@ gleich@@ heiten . +noch seine wirtschaft . noch hat sich die zusammen@@ setzung der bevölkerung geändert . +länder mit guten p@@ is@@ a-@@ ergeb@@ nissen nehmen die unterschiede über differ@@ en@@ zierte pä@@ da@@ go@@ g@@ ische vor@@ ange@@ hen@@ s@@ weisen an . +jede schule ist erfolgreich . +reiche nationen haben arme nationen seit 60 jahren mit hilfs@@ gü@@ tern unterstützt . +da gibt es verschieden@@ ste technologien . eine davon sind hand@@ ys . +also begann ich nach beweisen für die stei@@ gerung der produk@@ tivität durch kon@@ ne@@ k@@ tivität zu suchen . +einer davon ist die fehl@@ ende kauf@@ kraft . +um es kurz zu machen – ich fing also an . als erstes ging ich zu ihnen und sagte : " wissen sie , vielleicht könnte ich ihre fi@@ li@@ alen verne@@ tzen und sie so effizi@@ enter machen . " +nun , zu dem ku@@ h-@@ modell , von dem ich sprach : +" arme nationen benötigen hilfs@@ gü@@ ter . " +in schwe@@ den las@@ en wir es einmal und dann gingen wir zur party . +in china fand 18@@ 5@@ 8 der sie@@ g der bri@@ tischen tru@@ ppen im op@@ ium krieg statt . +aber wirklich , die unabhängi@@ gkeit war gut für japan . +das ist der " große spr@@ ung nach vor@@ n " , als china ab@@ fiel . +sie sehen die große un@@ gleichheit innerhalb chin@@ as in@@ mitten des schn@@ ellen wirtschaftlichen wachst@@ ums . +ich werde das pro@@ -@@ kop@@ f-@@ einkommen auf dieser achse zeigen , arm dort unten , reich hier oben . +aber die echten proje@@ ktionen für diese , würde ich in etwa so geben . +für den größten teil meiner forsch@@ er@@ lauf@@ bahn habe ich teil@@ chen@@ beschle@@ un@@ iger verwendet -- wie zum beispiel den elektron@@ en@@ beschle@@ un@@ iger in der universität von stand@@ ford gleich die straße hin@@ auf -- um dinge der niedri@@ gsten größ@@ enor@@ dnung zu untersuchen . +tatsächlich scheint diese sowie jede andere galaxie in einer wol@@ ke der unsicht@@ baren dunkl@@ en materie ein@@ geschlossen zu sein . +wie leiten wir nun ab , wo sich die galaxie befindet ? +wir nennen das " gravi@@ ta@@ tions@@ lin@@ sen@@ effekt " . +des@@ weiteren können sie mit blo@@ ß@@ em auge erkennen -- wenn sie sich das hier anschauen -- dass die bö@@ gen sich nicht auf individu@@ elle galaxien zent@@ ri@@ eren ; +die erstaunliche antwort auf diese frage -- in@@ folge der experimente -- war , dass der raum sich heute schneller aus@@ de@@ hnt als vor ein paar milliarden jahren . +einer oder beide , wer weiß das schon ? es könnte auch etwas ganz anderes sein . +wir entdeck@@ ten blu@@ e@@ gr@@ ass vor ein paar jahren und haben uns in diese musik@@ richtung ver@@ liebt . wir hoffen , dass das bei ihnen genauso ist . +und das trauri@@ ge an dieser geschichte war , dass sobald ihre eltern davon er@@ fu@@ hren , und ver@@ ges@@ st nicht , ihre eltern brachten sie zum arzt , wurden sie von ihren eltern auf die straße gesetzt . +sie bes@@ pri@@ tzen sich damit gegensei@@ tig , was herr@@ lich und un@@ schul@@ dig ist . +wenn sie noch mehr wissen , dann wahrscheinlich , dass uganda bis heute das einzige land in sub-@@ sahar@@ a-@@ afrika ist , das im kampf gegen die epide@@ mie erfolgreich war +etwas ver@@ gleich@@ bares haben wir in afrika nicht beobachtet . +also eine möglichkeit , um zu überprü@@ fen , ob wir einige der verhaltens@@ änder@@ ung über unterschiede in der lebenser@@ war@@ tung erklären können ist , nachzu@@ schauen , ob dort wo malaria weniger verbreitet ist , mehr verhaltens@@ änder@@ ung zu beobachten ist . +das ist nicht der einzige ort , an dem wir interven@@ tionen hatten . +aber weil es sehr wenige andere tö@@ dlichen krankheiten gibt , können wir diese sterb@@ lichkeit wirklich hiv zu@@ schreiben . +und hiv ist tatsächlich besonders stark mit durch@@ gan@@ gs@@ verkehr verknü@@ pft . +die ex@@ por@@ te sind in den frühen 9@@ 0ern stark gefallen -- und das passt ziemlich genau mit der ab@@ nahme der neuen hiv infe@@ ktionen . +wenn ich etwas enth@@ ü@@ llen könnte , das uns ver@@ bor@@ gen ist , zumindest in modernen kulturen , dann wäre es etwas , das wir vergessen haben , das wir früher wussten , so wie wir unsere eigenen namen kennen . +also kam er zu mir und klo@@ pf@@ te an . +also sagte der che@@ f zu seinem ingenie@@ ur : " finden sie einen weg , um diesen zug lei@@ ser zu machen . " +diese hö@@ cker wirken auf das wasser wie ein mag@@ net . +dann fragen wir uns , warum sich die mem@@ br@@ an ver@@ stop@@ ft und warum dafür so viel strom benötigt wird . +zum beispiel in der ein@@ be@@ tt@@ ung von nan@@ op@@ arti@@ keln in ein material . +bei bi@@ om@@ i@@ mi@@ c@@ ry gu@@ il@@ d , meiner ber@@ at@@ ungs@@ gesellschaft , arbeiten wir mit dem architek@@ ten@@ büro ho@@ k architec@@ ts zusammen . +und hoffentlich werden wir mit ihrer hilfe lernen , wie wir auf dieser erde zu leben haben , hier auf dem planeten , der unsere heim@@ at ist , aber nicht nur uns gehört . +ich darauf : " warum ? " +sie ge@@ hörten den jungen . +wenn sie schlecht sind , du hast sie verursacht . lern@@ e daraus . +was sie sehen , wenn sie sich den titel namens , " p@@ m auto ange@@ halten " ansehen . +ich sagte , " beten sie ? " +ich möchte ihnen einige momente meiner entwicklung zeigen , die sie wahrscheinlich niemals auf der ganzen welt zu sehen be@@ kä@@ men . +und sehen sie , alle sind beschäftigt ; es g@@ alt keine zeit zu versch@@ wenden . +text : " hilfe ! ich war@@ te schon über 20 minuten und nichts passiert . " +lassen sie mich erklären , wie das funktioniert . +und da wir das vor drei , vier jahren heraus@@ gebracht haben , haben viele web@@ sites ge@@ wechsel@@ t von dem alten cap@@ t@@ ch@@ a bei dem leute zeit ver@@ ge@@ u@@ det haben zum neuen cap@@ t@@ ch@@ a bei dem leute helfen bücher zu digit@@ alisieren . +stellen sie sich vor , sie benutzen das internet und sehen ein cap@@ t@@ ch@@ a das sie ein wenig eigen@@ arti@@ g finden , so wie dies cap@@ t@@ ch@@ a . +ok , das ist sever@@ in ha@@ cker . +ich lasse sie das einfach lesen . +ich weiss nicht einmal , ob es 100 millionen menschen gibt , die das web benutzen , und zwei@@ sprach@@ ig genug sind , um uns über@@ setzen zu helfen . +man kann damit wirklich eine sprache er@@ lernen , +das ist das aktu@@ elle geschäfts@@ modell . +anstatt in ein auto zu investieren , investieren wir nun in die gemeinschaft . +dieses konzept der " pe@@ ers , in@@ c . " ist ein sehr schwier@@ iger und komplex@@ er bereich . +das kunst@@ stück war es also , diese beiden seiten zusammenzu@@ führen . +ich kann ihnen zwei großartige geschichten dazu erzählen . +wir leben länger . uns stehen technologien zur verfügung , die noch vor wenigen jahren sci@@ en@@ ce-@@ fi@@ ction waren . +vielleicht haben diese menschen ja recht . seinen gedanken nachzu@@ hängen , ist vielleicht nicht gut . +ich habe vor@@ hin das min@@ d-@@ wander@@ ing ver@@ glichen mit einem spiel@@ auto@@ ma@@ ten , an dem man nicht spielen will . +und kurz darauf ver@@ ließen wir das land und kehr@@ ten in die schwei@@ z zurück . +ich meine , heute ist sing@@ a@@ pu@@ r eine er@@ ste@@ -@@ welt@@ -@@ nation , ghana aber nicht . +als das ech@@ o der schü@@ sse langsam aus@@ klang , wurde es bald von den rufen der menge über@@ tö@@ nt , und ich konnte nicht glauben , was ich hörte . +ich habe jetzt gelernt , dass mein platz nicht nur im westen oder in afrika ist , und ich suche noch immer nach meiner identität , aber ich habe gesehen , wie ghana demokratie besser gestal@@ tete . +also werde ich ein wenig darüber sprechen , und darüber , was genau wissenschaftler tun sollten . +deshalb sagte die kirche , dass man kein v@@ aku@@ um erzeugen kön@@ ne . +die tats@@ äch@@ liche natur der wirklichkeit war nicht von interesse . +und ich meine jeden in diesem raum – also , das war gerade mal vor 3@@ 50 jahren . +ich dachte darüber nach , meine eigenen kleinen ra@@ ke@@ ten zu bauen . +es bran@@ nte irgendwie langsam , aber es ro@@ ch gut , im vergleich zu anderen ra@@ ket@@ ent@@ rei@@ b@@ stoffen , die ich au@@ spro@@ biert hatte , die alle schwe@@ fel enth@@ i@@ elten . +aber dieser ... prozess ist es , was ich als wissenschaft betra@@ chte , wo man mit einer idee an@@ fängt , und dann , statt einfach jede autor@@ ität nachzu@@ schlagen , von der man je gehört hat , – manchmal tut man das , wenn man später einen artikel schreibt will man herausfinden , wer sonst daran gearbeitet hat . +sie entwickelten alle möglichen – und schließlich eine riesige bom@@ be , um das ganze zu be@@ enden , ja ? +aber niemand hat es wirklich aufge@@ zeigt , richtig ? +wenn die sagen würden , wisst ihr was ? +und im haupt@@ studi@@ um habe ich dann angefangen , mich für kre@@ aturen zu interessieren , die in den ver@@ bor@@ genen e@@ cken der stadt hau@@ sten . +als ich mich an diesen ort gewöhn@@ t hatte , hat er sich auch wie ein spiel@@ platz an@@ gefü@@ hlt . +das muss ein sehr ungewöhn@@ licher tag für ihn gewesen sein . +sie wurden durch@@ weg als kal@@ k@@ stein@@ brü@@ che ge@@ graben und im 18@@ . jahrhundert stellten ein@@ stür@@ ze in einigen dieser brü@@ che sicherheits@@ bedro@@ h@@ ungen dar , also hat die regierung die ver@@ stär@@ kung der schon existi@@ erenden brü@@ che ange@@ ord@@ net und man hat neue kontro@@ ll@@ gän@@ ge ge@@ graben , um das ganze beobachten und auf@@ zeichnen zu können . +und das hier ist das erste the@@ at@@ er@@ projekt , an dem ich gearbeitet habe . +und wenn sie können , zeichnen sie einfach ein muster . +und als wir ihnen eine bat@@ terie und ein stück dra@@ ht und eine glü@@ h@@ bir@@ ne gaben und sagten , " können sie das machen ? " - dann konnten sie es nicht . klar ? +zwischen australien und hier , richtig , die haben sommer und wir haben winter , und was -- r@@ ast die erde gewis@@ ser@@ maßen in der nacht der sonne ent@@ gegen , und r@@ ast dann wieder zurück ? ich meine , das ist eine kom@@ ische sache , die da ab@@ läuft , und wir haben diese beiden modelle im kopf von dem , was richtig ist und was nicht , und wir machen das , als menschen , auf allen möglichen gebieten . +kinder sind also nicht le@@ ere gefä@@ ße , ja ? +jetzt , oh , oh ja , dann weiter , weiter . +als ich also darüber nach@@ dachte , erkannte ich plötzlich , dass biologie uns die antwort liefer@@ te . +als ein chemi@@ ker wollte ich sagen : " moment . was geht hier vor ? +man hat regu@@ lation ; information wird tran@@ sk@@ ri@@ biert ; kat@@ aly@@ sat@@ oren werden geschaffen ; sachen passieren . +also gibt es zwei möglichkeiten : intelli@@ gent@@ es design , direkt und indi@@ re@@ kt - also gott oder mein freund . +ich brauche information und ich brauche einen contain@@ er . +wenn wir es schaffen , das zu tun , vergessen sie die molekul@@ aren details . +sie sitzen in s@@ es@@ seln . +denn es ist so , wir sind so ch@@ au@@ v@@ ini@@ stisch im hin@@ blick auf biologie , wenn man kohlen@@ stoff entfernt , dann gibt es andere dinge , die passieren können . +und ich grei@@ fe ken@@ ia hier als beispiel raus . +diese um@@ fragen in ihre daten@@ ban@@ ken einge@@ geben hatten , dann nutzen sie dazu hoch@@ entwickelte mathemati@@ sche form@@ eln um einen tr@@ end@@ verl@@ auf dar@@ zustellen , und so ein verl@@ auf sieht dann so aus . +also was ich ihnen damit sagen will ist , dass wir die kinder@@ sterb@@ lichkeit kennen . +hier sehen wir das jahr . +meine vorfahren gingen in die usa . +hier haben wir ein problem . +und sehen sie , jetzt kommen die ersten afrikanischen länder dazu . +also die schul@@ bildung für mädchen , wirkt sich 15 bis 20 jahre später aus , das ist ein sehr pro@@ fan@@ er , aber auch sehr star@@ ker trend . +und wenn das geschieht , dann verbessern sich natürlich die bedingungen , und sie fahren roll@@ er . +natürlich , so bald sie so etwas sagen , sagen die leute , unmöglich , und das sagte su@@ zu@@ ki . +sie bra@@ chen viele nor@@ men der standar@@ d@@ kon@@ ven@@ tionen zum ersten mal . +und nan@@ o , pen@@ g , $ 2000 . +sie müssen einen künst@@ lichen fuß für solche bedingungen entwickeln . +wir haben über mobili@@ tät gesprochen , jetzt reden wir über gesundheit . +wissen sie was ? das hat man in indien ferti@@ g@@ gebracht . +tut mir leid , das funktioniert nicht . man muss für 100 $ , 200 $ an@@ bieten . +meine damen und herren , ich möchte vor der zeit fertig sein . +als das papier bran@@ nte , dre@@ hte er sich aus irgend@@ einem grund zu mir um , und er sagte , " ma@@ shel@@ k@@ ar , so , wenn du deine energi@@ en nicht ver@@ ge@@ u@@ dest , wenn du deine energi@@ en fo@@ kus@@ si@@ erst , kannst du alles in der welt erreichen . " +ich möchte ihnen heute ein paar davon zeigen . +wir bekommen also feedback von lehr@@ ern auf der schule , um zu sehen was sie für app@@ s mögen . +da wurde mir klar , dass ich auf etwas ge@@ stoßen war , was ries@@ iges potential bar@@ g , die welt zu verändern . +der grund dafür , dass die effizi@@ enz in diesen reak@@ toren so niedri@@ g ist , hängt mit den niedri@@ gen temper@@ aturen zusammen . +der brenn@@ stoff , wie ich bereits sagte , ist ker@@ am@@ ik ver@@ klei@@ det mit zir@@ kon@@ -@@ brenn@@ stä@@ ben , und bei einem unfall in einem solchen reak@@ tor , fu@@ kus@@ hi@@ ma und three mile island – zurück@@ blick@@ end auf three mile island , das haben wir lange zeit nicht entdeckt – aber diese zir@@ kon@@ ver@@ klei@@ dungen an den brenn@@ stä@@ ben , wenn die wasser unter ho@@ h@@ em druck erkennen , dam@@ pf , in einer o@@ xi@@ di@@ erenden umgebung , dann produzieren sie wasser@@ stoff und dieser wasser@@ stoff hat die explo@@ sive fähigkeit , sp@@ alt@@ produkte frei@@ zu@@ setzen . +alle waren von curi@@ osity äußerst begeistert , und der hatte eine große plu@@ ton@@ i@@ um@@ -@@ bat@@ terie an bor@@ d , welche plu@@ ton@@ i@@ um@@ -@@ 2@@ 3@@ 8 enth@@ ält , was eine hö@@ here spezi@@ fische aktivität hat als das schwa@@ ch an@@ gerei@@ ch@@ erte ur@@ an in diesen flüs@@ sig@@ -@@ sal@@ z reak@@ toren . das heißt , dass deren auswirkungen un@@ bedeu@@ tend wären , weil man sie k@@ alt star@@ tet und man den reak@@ tor eigentlich erst im welt@@ all star@@ tet . +wir bewe@@ gten uns also von der indu@@ st@@ rie@@ wirtschaft zum individu@@ um . +mit der zeit habe ich eine standar@@ dan@@ t@@ wort par@@ at : zunächst weise ich darauf hin , dass es klar sein sollte , dass so etwas wie ein nicht-@@ authenti@@ sches erleb@@ nis nicht existiert . +das ist das schlüssel@@ wort - " schaffen " . +eine allge@@ meine regel lautet : wenn es mir nicht gefällt ist es falsch , wenn ich es so tun will , ist es eine fäl@@ sch@@ ung . +ab@@ c , in fach@@ krei@@ sen auch das t & amp ; a netz genannt - das ist nicht zu viel j@@ ar@@ g@@ on oder ? +lassen sie es mich kurz für unsere geschäfts@@ leute im publikum zusammen@@ fassen in 3 grund@@ regeln . +ich interessi@@ erte mich auch für chirur@@ gie und wollte chirur@@ g werden . denn so konnte ich auf sehr konzentri@@ erte und an@@ spru@@ chs@@ volle art und weise mit den händen arbeiten . +sie ist ungefähr so groß . +sie hat ein wenig mit der letzten zu tun , aber sie ist viel ero@@ tischer . +aber ich hatte eine menge spaß . +und unser gesam@@ ter körper , alles – die ha@@ are , haut , knochen , nä@@ gel – alles ist aus col@@ lagen gemacht . +das wunder dieser information : wie können wir diesen biolog@@ ischen mechan@@ ismus in unserem körper haben , um diese information wirklich zu sehen ? +der bil@@ der@@ macher alex@@ ander t@@ si@@ ar@@ as zeigt eine beeindruck@@ ende medizinische visu@@ al@@ is@@ ation und zeigt die menschliche entwicklung von der em@@ pf@@ än@@ g@@ nis bis zur geburt und darüber hinaus . +weil sie dachten , wenn man ein teles@@ ko@@ p hat , sei man ein astron@@ om , was man also macht , sei eigentlich , durch ein teles@@ ko@@ p zu sehen . +und es gibt eine kal@@ te atmosphäre . +dies wurde als erster beweis angesehen , dass schwarze löcher tatsächlich aus super@@ no@@ va@@ -@@ explo@@ sionen entstehen . +das hat mit der veränderung der frequ@@ enz einer sich bewe@@ genden quelle zu tun . +das ist sehr schwer . es ist sehr schwer . +es gibt verschiedene möglichkeiten , das zu tun . +und ich dachte : " okay - was ist das problem ? " +und ich bin mehr der typ : leben ist chaos , also rä@@ um es auf , organisi@@ ere es und pack es in eine ben@@ to box . +was ich ihnen dazu sagen kann : sie ist universal ; wir alle haben sie . +was ich also machte , war , all die intervie@@ ws zu nehmen , wo ich wür@@ digkeit sah , wo ich menschen sah , die so leben , und betra@@ chtete nur diese . +sie dachten , dies sei fundamental . +und sie sagte , " wom@@ it denn ? " +nein . +dann fühlen wir uns el@@ end , suchen nach sinn und bedeutung im leben , fühlen uns verletz@@ lich , dann nehmen wir ein paar bi@@ er und einen ban@@ an@@ e-@@ n@@ us@@ s-@@ mu@@ ff@@ in . +wenn man diese perfe@@ kten , kleinen babies in seiner hand hält , dann ist unsere aufgabe nicht zu sagen : " sie@@ h sie an , sie ist perfekt . +nachdem ich um 0 : 45 ins bett gegangen war . +und ni@@ ke weiß , wie man damit lauf@@ geschwindigkeit und zurück@@ gele@@ gte di@@ stan@@ z berech@@ net . +g@@ ary wol@@ f : unser ver@@ m@@ essen@@ er körper +die ang@@ ab@@ en zu seinem körper@@ lichen zustand werden als männ@@ chen auf seinem prof@@ l ange@@ zeigt . aber die rest@@ lichen ang@@ ab@@ en sind die wichtigen hier . +das sind dinge , die für jeden m@@ s-@@ patienten verschie@@ den sind . +alles offen , alles verfügbar . +jahre , nachdem er diese medikamente genommen hat , habe ich herausgefunden , dass alles , was er gegen über@@ mä@@ ssi@@ gen spei@@ ch@@ el@@ fluss tat , in@@ klu@@ sive einiger posi@@ tiven neben@@ wirkungen von anderen medikam@@ enten , seine ver@@ stop@@ fung versch@@ li@@ mm@@ ert haben . +was geschah , als die p@@ n@@ as das veröffentlicht hatte : +und dann sagen wir : " ok , wie ord@@ nen wir sie an ? " +und sogar jene , die glaub@@ ten , es g@@ inge ihnen besser , ent@@ sprachen genau den kontro@@ llen . ex@@ akt . +man sieht sich die patienten an , man kann alle kontro@@ llen durch@@ gehen . man kann sie ansehen , man kann sie fragen . +nur 90 tage danach , wurde die größte entdeckung der menschheit des letzten jahrhunderts gemacht . +um den zustand zu verändern , braucht man nur zwei vol@@ t eines milli@@ se@@ kun@@ den-@@ impul@@ ses . +wir sagten : " könnt ihr das bauen ? " +es ist falsch . +leider lautet die antwort darauf : ja . +ob es eine zelle , eine ter@@ mi@@ te oder ein vo@@ gel ist , konzentrieren sie sich nur auf die regeln der wechsel@@ wirkung . +ich halte dies für eine interessante frage . +das heißt also , dass er mit jedem eur@@ o , den er investi@@ erte , 26 eur@@ o markt@@ wert bewegen konnte , aufgrund dieser ket@@ te von eigent@@ um@@ s@@ verhäl@@ t@@ nissen . +wir hoffen , die tür für weitere forsch@@ ungen in dieser richtung ge@@ öffnet zu haben , sodass das ver@@ blei@@ bende un@@ bekannte ter@@ rain in zukunft er@@ gründet wird . +wenn wir bau@@ ge@@ wer@@ be und produktion betrachten , sind da große in@@ effizi@@ en@@ zen , energi@@ ever@@ brauch und über@@ mäß@@ iger arbeits@@ einsatz . +so können wir es als phy@@ s@@ isches , intui@@ tives modell studieren . +diese teile sind mit verschiedenen materialien ge@@ dru@@ ckt . +es sind komplexe ge@@ bil@@ de , die aus komplex@@ en teilen gebaut und auf komplexe art zusammen@@ gesetzt werden . +das war ge@@ fl@@ un@@ k@@ ert , aber es gab nichts auf dieser welt , das meine schwester mehr wollte , als nicht am@@ y , die ver@@ letzte fünf@@ jährige kleine schwester zu sein , sondern am@@ y , das geheim@@ nis@@ volle ein@@ hor@@ n . +fällt man nun unter den durch@@ schnitt dieser kur@@ ve , dann sind die psych@@ ologen aus dem häu@@ schen , denn das heißt , man ist entweder depres@@ si@@ v oder hat eine stör@@ ung , hoffentlich sogar bei@@ des . +plötzlich war aus etwas un@@ möglich@@ em eine realität geworden . +don@@ ner@@ st@@ ag@@ abend der kon@@ sum il@@ le@@ gal@@ er dro@@ gen . +sie sind 3@@ 7 % besser bei verk@@ äu@@ fen . +so begann ed@@ v . +und weil die arbeit im laden so hart war ge@@ fiel es mir in der schule . es war hi@@ mm@@ li@@ sch . +ich habe es nicht ganz verstanden . und paul rand war so ein k@@ ru@@ sti@@ ger designer . ein k@@ ru@@ sti@@ ger designer , so wie gutes franzö@@ s@@ isches brot , wissen sie ? +es hält ewi@@ g . es ist ein sehr selts@@ ames medium . +wenn man am computer die maus bewegt , dann bewegt sich der pf@@ eil . +er fiel ins kom@@ a . +computer selbst interessi@@ erten mich nicht mehr , und so machte ich gemäl@@ de aus pal@@ mp@@ il@@ ots . +ich habe das hier gefunden . die natur hat ein bild für mich gemacht . +und mir wurde klar , dass es ok war , zu gehen . +aber , tatsächlich verhalten sich die meisten jungen auf eine bestimmte art und die meisten mädchen verhalten sich auf eine bestimmte art . +video@@ spiele sind nicht der grund +über einen tor@@ na@@ do , der in unser haus kommt , und alle fenster raus@@ we@@ ht , und die mö@@ bel zerstört und alle tötet . " +wir erleben eine zunehmen@@ de verdi@@ chtung des cur@@ ri@@ cul@@ ums . +die meisten bildungs@@ spiele , die es gibt , sind eigentlich les@@ el@@ ern@@ karten . +lehrer werden sofort ner@@ vö@@ s bei allem , das mit gewalt zu tun hat , wegen der nu@@ ll@@ toler@@ an@@ z@@ -@@ politik . +wir werden ein überra@@ schen@@ des und fes@@ sel@@ n@@ des ergebnis über unser universum bekommen . zum besseren verständnis lassen sie mich zunächst das hig@@ gs erklären . dazu müssen wir zu einem zehn@@ tel einer milliar@@ d@@ ste@@ l sekunde nach dem ur@@ kn@@ all zurück@@ kehren . +ist das ein problem ? ja , ein großes problem . +mehr noch wie ein phänomen funktioniert , interessiert ther@@ o@@ e@@ tische physiker immer , " warum " es funktioniert , " wie " es funktioniert . +ich liebe papier und ich liebe technologie , und ich gest@@ alte papier auf eine interak@@ tive weise . +also war die herausforderung , sie dazu zu bringen , dass sie das tun , was wir von ihnen wollten , durch we@@ tter@@ beob@@ a@@ chtung , die besch@@ aff@@ enheit des bo@@ dens und durch dinge , die die schaf@@ e " flie@@ ßen " lassen , damit sie dahin gingen , wo wir es wollten . +es ist nur ein zusammen@@ bringen von sachen , die vorher schon gemacht worden sind , nur auf eine andere weise zusammen@@ gesetzt . +ein paar dinge , die ich hergestellt habe , sind das poster hier drüben , auf dem man schlag@@ zeug spielen kann . +also vielen dank . +sie können weg@@ gehen , oder einfach zu@@ schauen , wie diese roll@@ en@@ figu@@ r im mix@@ er steht und sie an@@ schaut , oder sie können tatsächlich mit ihr interagieren . +aber wir sind noch nicht an dem punkt an@@ gelan@@ gt , an dem sie auf ihrem mor@@ gend@@ lichen weg hierher etwas gesehen hätten , was wirklich nah@@ t@@ los die zwei@@ dimension@@ ale welt , in der wir uns wohl fühlen , mit dem drei@@ dimension@@ alen himmel über uns verbindet , in dem ich – ich weiß nicht , wie es ihnen geht – wirklich gerne zeit ver@@ br@@ inge . +glücklicherweise ist notwen@@ digkeit noch immer die mutter der erfindung , und ein großer teil der desig@@ n-@@ arbeit , auf die wir bei unserem flugzeug am stol@@ ze@@ sten sind , war ein resultat davon , dass wir die einzigarti@@ gen probleme lösen mussten , die damit verbunden waren , es am boden zu oper@@ ieren – alles , von einem kontin@@ u@@ ier@@ lich vari@@ ab@@ len ge@@ trie@@ be und einem kühl@@ system mit kühl@@ flüs@@ sigkeit , dass es uns erlaubt , eine flug@@ zeug@@ maschine im stop@@ -@@ and-@@ go@@ -@@ verkehr zu nutzen , bis zu einem spezi@@ ell ange@@ pas@@ sten fahr@@ ge@@ trie@@ be , das entweder den prop@@ eller an@@ treibt , wenn man flie@@ gt , oder die rä@@ der , wenn man am boden ist , bis zum auto@@ mati@@ si@@ erten fal@@ t@@ mechan@@ ismus für die trag@@ flächen , den wir gleich sehen werden , bis zu sicherheits@@ einrichtungen im fall eines ab@@ stur@@ zes . +und unser te@@ st@@ pilot gab uns das beste feedback , dass man von einem te@@ st@@ pil@@ oten nach einem ersten flug bekommen kann , und zwar , dass der flug " auff@@ ä@@ llig un@@ auff@@ ä@@ llig " war . +falten sie nur die trag@@ flächen zusammen und fahren sie weiter . +hier noch eine frage von einem nai@@ ven wer@@ be@@ -@@ fach@@ mann . +also versuchte er es mit plan b . +winzi@@ ges verhaltens@@ ökonom@@ isches detail : in it@@ alien werden punkte für verkehr@@ ss@@ ün@@ den rück@@ wärts ge@@ zä@@ hlt . +es gibt diese grundsä@@ tz@@ liche sicht der dinge , dass zu ech@@ tem wert das herstellen von dingen und phy@@ sische arbeit gehört . dass technik da@@ zu@@ gehört . +es schme@@ ckt toll innerhalb der grenzen des jewei@@ li@@ gen landes . aber vollkommen besch@@ issen , wenn man es sonst irgend@@ wohin mit@@ nimmt . +off@@ komment@@ ar : die neuen k@@ aro@@ -@@ sh@@ red@@ dies . +wir müssen mehr zeit damit verbringen , das wer@@ tzu@@ schätzen , was bereits da ist , und weniger zeit , uns damit abzu@@ qu@@ äl@@ en , was wir sonst noch machen können . +jeden tag brauchte es viele stunden , um meine fähigkeiten zu verbessern . +wir sind die jenigen , die den 2@@ ten repli@@ kat@@ or aus der ki@@ ste ließen und wir können es nicht rück@@ gän@@ gi@@ g machen .. +sehen sie die idee ? +er sprach hauptsächlich von tieren und pflanzen , aber auch über das entstehen und ver@@ gehen von sprachen . +ein me@@ m ist nicht das selbe wie eine idee ! +s@@ b : par@@ don ? +von dem augenblick an , seit unsere vorfahren vor ungefähr zwei@@ einhalb millionen jahren zu i@@ mi@@ tieren begannen , entstand ein neuer kop@@ ier@@ vor@@ gang . +und wir kommen da hin . +dem anteil mit dem ersten repli@@ kat@@ or . +wisst ihr , hier sitz@@ end nutzt unser gehirn ca. 20 prozent des energie@@ haus@@ hal@@ ts unseres körpers für nur 2 prozent unseres körper@@ gewi@@ chtes . +und wo@@ zu würden die das tun ? +es waren 25 minuten absol@@ uten terr@@ ors , den tausende menschen überall in den usa spür@@ ten . +es gibt hier nichts , was wir nicht wissen . +mit haiti re@@ wired , mit build change , architektur für die menschheit , ai@@ d@@ g , ist es möglich , 3@@ 0.000 , 4@@ 0.000 mau@@ r@@ er im ganzen land zu erreichen und eine bewegung für die richtige bau@@ weise zu starten . +das ist übrigens nicht nur im he@@ br@@ ä@@ ischen so , +ich möchte ihnen ein beispiel für sol@@ cher@@ le@@ i ir@@ ration@@ alität geben und mit ihnen über be@@ trug reden . +wir zahl@@ ten ihnen 10 cent pro richti@@ ger frage , 50 cent , einen dollar , fünf dollar , 10 dollar pro richti@@ ger frage . +die zehn ge@@ bo@@ te sind allerdings nur schwierig mit dem bildungs@@ system verein@@ bar , also haben wir uns über@@ legt , warum wir nicht von leuten verlangen , einen ehr@@ en@@ ko@@ de@@ x zu unter@@ schreiben . +aber das hat das größte problem noch nicht gelöst , das ich in en@@ r@@ on sah , da en@@ r@@ on nämlich ein zusätz@@ liches sozi@@ ales element bes@@ a@@ ß : +alle te@@ st@@ personen im experiment studi@@ erten an der car@@ ne@@ gie m@@ ell@@ on . +etwas gener@@ eller wollte ich ihnen etwas über verhaltens@@ ökonom@@ ie erzählen . +wenn ich aber sage , dass beide ein beispiel für eine alternative oder neue währ@@ ungs@@ form sind , in einer hyper@@ ver@@ netz@@ ten , dat@@ en-@@ ge@@ tri@@ ebenen , welt@@ weiten wirtschaft , denken sie wahrscheinlich , dass ich sp@@ inn@@ e . +" zwei@@ t@@ klas@@ si@@ g rad@@ fahren " " bar@@ cla@@ ys fährt mit ihnen schli@@ tten " +sie können also app@@ s kaufen und innerhalb dieser app@@ s ein@@ kaufen . aber wenn sie an ama@@ zon denken , denken sie auch an das vertrau@@ ens@@ bar@@ ome@@ ter , das ich ihnen gezeigt habe , laut dem menschen anfangen , unternehmen mehr zu tr@@ auen , insbesondere unternehmen , an die sie glauben , als sie regierungen tr@@ auen . +wir haben eine um@@ frage gemacht , die bestä@@ tigt , dass 45 % der menschen in einer wichtigen demo@@ graph@@ ischen gruppe in den usa , +und ich suche nach den ähn@@ lichkeiten und unterschie@@ den in den lösungen , die sich für grundlegende biolog@@ ische probleme entwickelt haben . +leicht zu bie@@ gen . +denn nach sechs monaten , die ich darüber gere@@ det hatte , hatte er wohl endlich kap@@ iert , dass es mir mit dieser pen@@ is@@ -@@ sache ernst war . +da musste also etwas interessan@@ tes passieren . +nicht nur über seine gene@@ tik und molekul@@ ar@@ biologie , sondern am flei@@ schi@@ gen ende der sk@@ ala . +und sie sagte : erzä@@ hl einfach über dich selbst . +d@@ l : wie dem auch sei , wir verlieren zeit , ich werde mal zur sache kommen . +n@@ m : nicht zu schnell . +das ist unsere letzte nummer , und n@@ at wird auf dem kla@@ vier spielen . +wie sie auf den bildern sehen können , waren no@@ am und ich schon sehr früh für grund@@ prinzipien zu begei@@ stern@@ . und im lauf der jahre , während wir immer mehr über wissenschaft und die technologie lern@@ ten , hat sich diese frü@@ he ehr@@ fur@@ cht vor den grund@@ lagen nur ver@@ stär@@ kt . +die leute , die an diesem kurs interesse zeigen , haben normalerweise eine ha@@ ck@@ er-@@ ment@@ alität . +an@@ gesi@@ chts dessen würde ich gerne einige worte über auf@@ wer@@ tung sagen , und ein wenig über mein neues projekt erzählen . dieses projekt ist anders als das vorher@@ ige , aber beide fördern genau die gleichen eigenschaften des selbst@@ lernen , des lernen durch erfahren , der selb@@ ster@@ forschung und den aufbau von gemeinschaften . dieses projekt beschäftigt sich mit mathematik für alle schul@@ stu@@ fen , angefangen bei der vor@@ schule . wir tun dies auf tab@@ le@@ t-@@ p@@ cs , weil wir glauben , dass ma@@ the , so wie alles andere , pra@@ x@@ is@@ be@@ zogen unter@@ richtet werden sollte . +er bedeutet im grunde mensch@@ lich zu sein , und das richtige zu tun . +es wäre toll , wenn die geschichte hier enden würde . +wo kommt sie her ? +es geht hier um einen ver@@ bor@@ genen winkel des arbeits@@ mark@@ tes . +alle sind für die arbeit im lager gesch@@ ult . +märkte haben sich in den letzten 20 jahren bis zur un@@ kenn@@ t@@ lichkeit verändert , aber eben nur für organisationen am ob@@ eren ende der wirtschaft . +politiker in einem großen , komplex@@ en , kni@@ ff@@ li@@ gen it@@ -@@ projekt ? +und es sollten gewisse verpflich@@ tungen an die zu@@ schü@@ sse ge@@ kop@@ p@@ elt sein , die den be@@ trei@@ ber@@ n auf@@ erle@@ gt werden , und die wichtigste ist , dass die be@@ trei@@ ber für alles bezahlen , und das schlie@@ ßt die ank@@ op@@ pl@@ ung an den öffentlichen sektor ein . +es sind kleine geschäf@@ te von kleinen leuten , aber es ist wohl@@ infor@@ miert , sicher , be@@ qu@@ em , mit wenig zu@@ schlä@@ gen und un@@ mittel@@ bar . +aber verbunden mit jedem foto , sind individuen mit erfü@@ ll@@ ten leben und geschichten die es verdienen erzählt zu werden . +gas , ich bin wohl der einzige mensch , den es wirklich freu@@ t , wenn herr pu@@ tin den gas@@ ha@@ hn zu@@ dreht , denn ich er@@ halte dann ein größ@@ eres budget . +aber kleine atom@@ e wollen versch@@ mel@@ zen , kleine kern@@ e wollen versch@@ mel@@ zen , um größere in richtung ei@@ sen zu bilden . +zum glück erhält man ein neu@@ tr@@ on , wenn man diese fu@@ sion@@ s@@ reaktion hin@@ bekommt , und kann los@@ legen . +und nur die straße runter , sehen sie je@@ t , +ich wün@@ schte , wir hätten das geld und größere ressourcen . +doch unter der oberfläche sah es ganz anders aus . +einige sagen , es sieht nicht gut aus . +die ägyp@@ ter und viele andere ar@@ aber , die am um@@ stur@@ z beteili@@ gt waren und sind , erwarten sehr , sehr viel von der regierung . +das bedeutet , dass menschliche entwicklung und nicht sä@@ kul@@ ar@@ isi@@ erung der schlüssel zur er@@ mäch@@ tigung der frauen beim wandel des na@@ hen o@@ stens ist . +wir haben auch eine unbe@@ ab@@ sichti@@ gte kon@@ sequenz fest@@ gestellt . +denn mir ist nicht wirklich wohl dabei , dem mädchen mit ber@@ at@@ ung und emp@@ fehl@@ ungen nur zu helfen . +als nan@@ cy lu@@ bli@@ n an@@ fing , teen@@ a@@ gern sms zu schicken , damit sie ihr hal@@ fen ihre sozial@@ projekte zu verbreiten , fand sie etwas scho@@ ck@@ ier@@ endes heraus – sie fingen an , ihr zurückzu@@ schreiben und beri@@ chteten über ihre eigenen probleme , vom dr@@ ang@@ s@@ ali@@ eren über depres@@ sionen bis hin zum miss@@ brauch . also rich@@ tete sie eine hot@@ line nur für sms ein und die ergebnisse sind vielleicht noch viel bedeuten@@ der , als sie erwar@@ tete . +fer@@ din@@ and fo@@ ch , ein franzö@@ s@@ ischer general , mit dem ruf eines der bri@@ llan@@ testen kö@@ pfe der franzö@@ sischen ar@@ mee , sagte : " flug@@ zeuge sind interessante spiel@@ zeuge , aber ohne militär@@ ischen wert . " +sie ist auf den über@@ sch@@ all@@ -@@ glei@@ ter geri@@ chtet . +viele prototyp@@ en sind ab@@ gest@@ ür@@ zt – viele . +vom klein@@ sten lu@@ f@@ th@@ auch zu den schi@@ eren krä@@ ften der stür@@ me der natur . +wir können darin als individuen bei@@ träge leisten und uns ge@@ hö@@ r ver@@ schaffen . +zwei@@ fel und angst schlei@@ chen sich immer ein . +er en@@ dete auch im pazi@@ fi@@ k . +die leute bei a@@ ero@@ viron@@ ment versuchten 300 oder mehr flü@@ gel@@ designs , 12 verschiedene formen der a@@ vi@@ oni@@ k . +ich arbeite mit absolut geni@@ alen menschen . +ja ohne möglichkeit zu beweisen , dass sie hier überhaupt ange@@ kommen sind . +diese geschichte begann vor vier jahren . +ich bin an algorith@@ men gewohn@@ t , und an daten@@ strukturen und hoch@@ motivi@@ erte studi@@ erende , und nichts in meiner vergangenheit hat mich darauf vorberei@@ tet mit einem to@@ ben@@ den , gewal@@ tt@@ ä@@ tigen jugend@@ lichen mitten im ni@@ r@@ gend@@ wo umzu@@ gehen . +mit acht be@@ förder@@ te man ihn auf ein boot in o@@ des@@ sa , und ver@@ schi@@ fft ihn auf sich selbst gestellt nach israel . +ich sage den bur@@ schen , wenn sie sich berg@@ auf kämpfen , und spüren , dass sie nicht weiter können , dass es wirklich hilft , die un@@ mittel@@ baren hinder@@ nisse zu ignor@@ ieren und den kopf zu heben , sich umzu@@ sehen und zu sehen wie die aus@@ sicht um dich herum zun@@ im@@ mt . +und als er das sagte , fühlte ich gän@@ s@@ es@@ ch@@ au@@ er auf meiner haut , weil er es im an@@ gesicht der mo@@ ab@@ -@@ ge@@ bir@@ ges hier im hintergrund sagte . +was real ist , ist tren@@ nung . und an einem punkt im frühen säu@@ gl@@ ing@@ sal@@ ter , nimmt die idee vom selbst gest@@ alt an . +es hat eine extrem wichtige funktion . +nun , ich dachte ich hätte die antwort zu dieser frage . und ich sagte . " hau@@ t@@ farbe . " +der kampf des selbst um authenti@@ zität und definition wird nie enden bis es mit seinem er@@ schaff@@ er verbunden ist -- mit ihnen und mit mir . +und wenn sie das tun kön@@ nen@@ . passieren unglaubliche dinge . +und das beeinflus@@ ste mich . +also hat er einen hy@@ bri@@ d-@@ an@@ trieb . +und so rei@@ sten wir mit ihnen und lern@@ ten über verschiedene kompon@@ enten , und entdeck@@ ten , dass es sehr viel in@@ effizi@@ enz gab , die nicht be@@ ach@@ tet wurde . +und es kommen bis zu 1 millionen menschen täglich . +übrigens stand uns die hälfte des bud@@ gets von anderen westlichen nationen zur verfügung . +die regierung von großbritannien – jede regierung ist poten@@ ti@@ ell der schlimm@@ ste kunde der welt , den man sich bloß vorstellen kann . +danke schön . +einer davon , in der anthropo@@ log@@ ie , ist die er@@ forschung menschlicher univer@@ s@@ alien . +sollte aber etwas auf dem blatt geschrieben sein , dann könnten ja manche leute mehr davon haben , als andere , und denkt man das kon@@ sequ@@ ent weiter , würde das dis@@ kri@@ mini@@ erung und un@@ gleichheit recht@@ fer@@ tigen . +wie dem auch sei , schon bald wurden sie bom@@ bar@@ diert mit er@@ bo@@ sten brie@@ fen , todes@@ dro@@ h@@ ungen , einer sper@@ re zu diesem thema in gewissen wissenschaftlichen zeit@@ schriften zu publi@@ zieren , die von emp@@ ör@@ ten lin@@ k@@ sh@@ ändern und deren an@@ wäl@@ ten stamm@@ ten und sie waren buchstäblich zu verän@@ g@@ sti@@ gt , ihre post zu öffnen , wegen der gif@@ ti@@ gkeiten und sch@@ mä@@ h@@ ungen die sie aus un@@ acht@@ samkeit her@@ auf@@ besch@@ wor@@ en haben . +unter ökonom@@ is@@ chem blick@@ winkel schie@@ ßt die nach@@ frage nach je@@ g@@ licher art von kunst durch die de@@ cke , was man an den prei@@ sen für ein@@ tri@@ tt@@ sk@@ arten in die op@@ er , der anzahl der verkauf@@ ten bücher , der anzahl veröffent@@ lich@@ ter bücher , der anzahl veröffent@@ lich@@ ter musi@@ kti@@ tel , der anzahl neuer al@@ ben , und so weiter , erkennen kann . +also , in " das un@@ besch@@ rieben blatt " habe ich argu@@ men@@ tiert dass hoch@@ kultur und kri@@ ti@@ ker@@ wesen im zwan@@ zi@@ gsten jahrhundert , wen@@ n@@ gleich nicht die kün@@ ste im allgemeinen , schönheit , gen@@ uss , klar@@ heit , ein@@ sicht und stil mit ver@@ a@@ chtung ge@@ stra@@ ft haben . +falsch . ein@@ ei@@ ige zwi@@ l@@ lin@@ gen , oder alle gesch@@ wi@@ ster , die nach der geburt ge@@ trennt werden , sind nicht weniger ähnlich als wenn sie gemeinsam aufge@@ wachsen wären . +also rief ich die die human@@ e society an und sagte : " leute , ich werde ein paar lä@@ mmer ka@@ stri@@ eren , könnt ihr mir sagen , wie das funktioniert ? " +und ich denke mir , das ist überhaupt kein gu@@ mm@@ i . +und ich sagte : " ja , wie die human@@ e society . +al@@ bert wei@@ st mich an : " drü@@ cke es ganz nach oben . " +was unser sen@@ der macht , es ist das , was dir@@ ty jobs aus@@ macht . +ich kann immer noch h@@ ill@@ ary vor mir sehen wie sie mit den sta@@ hl@@ arbei@@ tern r@@ ye wh@@ is@@ key trin@@ kt , der ihr das kin@@ n her@@ unter läuft . +sie fragen ihn : " sind sie ihrer leidenschaft hierher ge@@ folgt ? " +un@@ sa@@ g@@ bar gefährlich . +sie sehen ihn ständig . +ich lag bei viel@@ em falsch . +ich habe el@@ tern@@ -@@ kind@@ - bezieh@@ ungspro@@ ble@@ me , wofür ich meine eltern schul@@ dig halte . +aber er hat es zu gut vorge@@ täu@@ scht und jetzt steckt er in broad@@ mo@@ or fest und niemand glaubt ihm , dass er bei verstand ist . +wahn@@ sinn vor@@ täu@@ schen . +es ist einfach unmöglich . " +und sein klini@@ ker sagte zu mir : " wenn sie mehr über psychop@@ a@@ then herausfinden wollen , können sie zu einem psychop@@ ath@@ en-@@ identi@@ fi@@ zier@@ ungsk@@ urs gehen , der von robert h@@ are gelei@@ tet wird , der die psychop@@ ath@@ en-@@ che@@ ck@@ liste erfunden hat . " +kann ich kommen und sie bezüglich ihrer besonder@@ en gehir@@ nan@@ om@@ al@@ ie intervie@@ wen ? " +und er sah trotz allem interessiert aus und er sagte : " okay , fahren sie fort . " +und wir nä@@ hen sie zusammen , wie mittel@@ alter@@ liche mö@@ n@@ che . +wie dem auch sei , das war vor zwei jahren und das ist , wo mein buch en@@ dete . +lassen sie mich ein@@ fle@@ chten , warum ich glaube , dass die der fall ist , denn ich denke , dass es sich hier@@ bei um eine möglicherweise kontro@@ verse aus@@ sage handelt . +man kann eine mo@@ sche@@ e zeigen , oder man kann gl@@ äu@@ bi@@ ge zeigen , aber es gibt keinen dire@@ kten weg den islam dar@@ zustellen . +und die hoff@@ nungs@@ volle an@@ to@@ wort lei@@ tet sich von der erkenntnis ab , dass islam und demokratie technologien sind . +weil sie außer@@ ord@@ entlich erfolgreich gewesen wären . +und es ist entscheiden@@ d , in einem prakti@@ schen und aktivi@@ stischen sinne entscheiden@@ d , dass menschen , die sich mit diesen themen beschäftigen , sicher@@ stellen dass sie innerhalb der technologie der demokratie , in diesem system , ihre vor@@ lieben , ihre entscheidungen und ihre stimme üben um ein sol@@ ches ergebnis zu unterstützen . +damals habe ich nicht weit entfernt gearbeitet . +und ins@@ gesam@@ t hatten wir alle keine ahnung , ob wir es schaffen konnten . +aber es wurde etwas interessan@@ tes im train@@ ing@@ spro@@ z@@ ess bemerkt . +sie könnten in weniger als 10 jahren ausge@@ storben sein , wenn wir nicht jetzt etwas tun , um sie zu schützen . +an der corner row ei@@ sen@@ bahn , am bahn@@ ho@@ f@@ spar@@ k@@ platz , vor einem gesundheits@@ zentrum , in den vor@@ g@@ är@@ ten und sogar vor der poli@@ zei@@ station . +also , zurück zur si@@ tzung . +wir bekamen land , das uns von einem ör@@ tlichen gar@@ ten@@ center geschen@@ kt wurde . +wie auch immer sie das möchten , frei@@ wi@@ llig , versuchen sie , ihre leben zu verändern . weltweit gibt es gemeinden in amerika und japan – unglaublich , oder ? stellen sie sich vor : amerika , japan und neu@@ se@@ eland . +ich bin ebenso reich@@ lich überrascht , denn wenn ich auf mein leben zurück@@ bli@@ cke , war das letzte , was ich jemals tun wollte , über religion zu schreiben , oder in ir@@ gend einer form an religion beteili@@ gt zu sein . +wenn es bei religion nun aber nicht darum geht , dinge zu glauben , wor@@ um geht es dann ? +und diese an@@ streng@@ ung , mitgefühl in einigen der eher ab@@ sto@@ ß@@ enden tex@@ te zu finden , ist eine gute gener@@ al@@ probe , das gleiche im all@@ tä@@ glichen leben zu tun . +sagen sie uns , was wir falsch machen . sprechen wir darüber , wo religion ver@@ sagt . " +damit ist gemein@@ t , das gr@@ auen , das wir im an@@ gesicht unserer fein@@ de ver@@ spüren , zu über@@ winden und anzu@@ fangen , einander zu achten . +vergröß@@ ern wir den maßstab , sehen wir ein menschliches ha@@ ar . +diese kleine amei@@ se kr@@ ab@@ b@@ elt also hier , sie ist wie in einem kleinen will@@ y-@@ won@@ ka@@ -@@ land . +ich konnte es nicht glauben und ich begann , die kleinen stücke herauszu@@ lösen und fotos von ihnen zu machen . +nun , der mond hat keine atmosphäre , daher treten die mikro@@ me@@ te@@ ori@@ ten dau@@ ern@@ d ein und die ganze mon@@ do@@ ber@@ fläche ist jetzt mit stau@@ b be@@ deckt , weil sie über vier milliarden jahre von mikro@@ me@@ te@@ ori@@ ten bom@@ bar@@ diert wurde und wenn mikro@@ me@@ te@@ ori@@ ten mit bis zu 100 000 km / h ein@@ treten , verdam@@ pfen sie bei kontakt . +es war genau so eine lot@@ ter@@ ie@@ -@@ sache , bei der man alles beim ersten mal richtig macht . +design kommt von innen . +die r@@ ön@@ t@@ gen@@ -@@ technologie hat sich , wenn es um lebens@@ große aufnahmen geht , und ab@@ gesehen von diesen großen la@@ sten@@ -@@ scan@@ -@@ maschinen , nicht genü@@ gend weiter@@ entwickelt , um eine aus@@ reich@@ ende bild@@ qualität und die auf@@ lösung für das zu bieten , was ich damit tun möchte , nämlich meine bilder in groß@@ em maßstab zu zeigen . +und wenn sie das machen , stehe ich in der sch@@ lange . +und so wird es gemacht . schei@@ be für schei@@ be . +aber wenn ich den strahl@@ er etwas dunkl@@ er machen würde , dann würde alles andere leiden . +ich denke , dass er ganz nett als r@@ ön@@ t@@ gen@@ aufnahme aus@@ sä@@ he . +aber ich verste@@ he auch nicht wie es die mag@@ ie zerstört . +aber jeden einzelne ding aus dem wir bestehen , jedes einzelne at@@ om in uns , hat bereits my@@ ri@@ aden von anderen dingen erschaffen und wird weiter machen und my@@ ri@@ aden von neuen dingen erschaffen . +nun weiß ich , dass sie das nicht denken . +jedes mal , wenn ich ein@@ at@@ me at@@ me ich eine milli@@ on-@@ milliar@@ den-@@ milliarden atom@@ e sauerstoff ein . +das ist mein schüler tony . +vielleicht du , vielleicht ich – aber wir sind nicht hier , um mit mein@@ ungen zu handeln , jeder hat eine meinung . +und sage zu tony , » los geht ' s. « +alles war okay , bis ich ungefähr 26 jahre war und ich in einen film mit dem titel " nummer 5 lebt ! " ging . +und das passiert hier . +da beginnt man zu verstehen , dass man krank werden kann , sich ver@@ gi@@ ften kann . man muss seine ernährung im gleich@@ gewicht halten . wenn man einmal genauer hin@@ sieht ; und sei@@ ther habe ich alles , was ich bei der aufnahme von informationen tat , der er@@ zeu@@ gung von information , der zu@@ berei@@ tung von information aus der sicht@@ weise von essen betrachtet . +wir haben viel zeit damit verbracht , ein 1 milliarden dollar geschäft ‒ sie hören richtig ‒ eine milliarden doll@@ ar@@ - öl@@ geschäft zu untersuchen , in das er ver@@ wick@@ elt war , und was wir heraus@@ fanden , war scho@@ ck@@ ier@@ end , aber dazu später noch mehr . +eine bank in paris unter@@ hielt kon@@ ten von firmen , die er kontrolli@@ erte und von denen eine kunst zu pf@@ legen kauf@@ te , und amerikanische ban@@ ken , die 7@@ 3 mi@@ o@@ . dollar in die vereinigten staaten über@@ wiesen , von denen einige dem k@@ auf der v@@ ill@@ a in kalifornien di@@ enten . +sie fand heraus , dass in 70 % der fälle anony@@ me schein@@ firmen benutzt wurden , die auf ins@@ gesam@@ t fast 5@@ 6 milliarden dollar be@@ zi@@ ff@@ ert werden . +es sollten aber nicht so große bemü@@ h@@ ungen er@@ forder@@ lich sein , um herauszufinden , wo das geld der@@ arti@@ ger geschäf@@ te ab@@ blieb . +ich sehe dieses wort , höre dieses wort , fühle dieses wort überall . +man wird sein land . man wird seine religion . +ich fand es toll als er über diese andere welt re@@ dete , die direkt neben dieser welt ist . +sie ist in der high school . +nicht vor ver@@ lu@@ sten da@@ von@@ zu@@ laufen , sondern trau@@ er an@@ zunehmen , sich dem leid zu er@@ geben . +denn wenn man viel zeit damit ver@@ bringt von ort zu ort zu gehen , von land zu land , von stadt zu stadt , das ausmaß zu dem frauen , zum beispiel , mis@@ sh@@ and@@ elt werden und die epide@@ mie davon , und das gewöhn@@ liche daran , ist so ver@@ he@@ er@@ end für die se@@ ele , dass man sich die zeit nehmen muss , zumindest muss ich mir die zeit nehmen , um das zu ver@@ arbeiten . +nun , ich war du@@ mm , aber nicht so du@@ mm , das abzu@@ le@@ hnen . +pur@@ er inhalt und p@@ ure form , neben@@ einander . +ich war so betr@@ un@@ ken . " +ich setzte also die schrift , ich druck@@ te sie auf einem ep@@ son@@ -@@ dru@@ cker mit wasser@@ lö@@ s@@ licher tin@@ te , k@@ lebte sie an die wand und war@@ f einen ei@@ mer wasser hinter@@ her . pre@@ st@@ o ! +ernsthaf@@ t . +nicht gerade j@@ ack@@ ie coll@@ ins . +wie mein wunsch , dass niemand hun@@ gern soll oder dass alles kosten@@ los wäre , eine art u@@ top@@ ie . +wir lieben herausforderungen , aber wenn die erwar@@ tungen niedri@@ g sind , glauben sie mir , werden wir auch nur diese erfü@@ llen . +und falls sie glauben , das habe wirklich keine bedeutung für sie , dann erinnern sie sich daran , dass kl@@ onen möglich ist und das bedeutet , dass sie nochmal durch die kindheit gehen , in welchem f@@ alle , sie ebenso gehört werden wollen wie meine generation das will . +als ich in den spä@@ ten 6@@ 0ern mit den aufnahmen an@@ fing , waren die typ@@ ischen auf@@ nah@@ me@@ methoden auf die bru@@ ch@@ stück@@ hafte er@@ fassung einzel@@ ner arten begren@@ zt . zu anfang waren es meistens vögel , aber später kamen säu@@ ge@@ tiere und am@@ phi@@ bi@@ en hin@@ zu . +dennoch erzählen uns unsere o@@ hren eine ganz andere geschichte . +dies ist das wahrscheinlich trauri@@ gste gerä@@ usch , den ich je von einem organis@@ mus gehört habe , menschlicher , oder anderer natur . +die lehrer an der schule hatten keinen richtigen spaß , im sport ging es sehr dre@@ ck@@ ig oder schmer@@ z@@ voll zu . +aber natürlich konnten die wissenschaftler nicht anders . +es gibt also viel mehr weib@@ liche spieler , als sich die leute bewusst sind . +was also die verbreitung von spielen an@@ geht , was denken sie , was diese leute hier gerade tun ? +und wenn wir erst genü@@ gend dieser leute haben , dann wollen wir noch mehr fan@@ tas@@ y-@@ künstler , die orte be@@ bildern können , wo wir noch nie zuvor gewesen sind , oder charak@@ tere , die wir noch nie vorher gesehen haben . +ich bin sü@@ chti@@ g , denn wie@@ wohl ich weiß , dass ich den bezug zur realität ver@@ li@@ ere , will ich doch immer mehr . +keine kn@@ ö@@ pfe oder ab@@ züge , die man bet@@ ä@@ tigen muss , nur ich und das spiel . +aber vielleicht ist gehirn@@ wä@@ sche nicht immer schlecht . +was die un@@ is betrifft , es gibt an die 3@@ 50 un@@ is auf der welt , die kur@@ se über video@@ spiele unterrichten . +danke . +irgendwie müssen wir uns selbst verstehen , um unsere un@@ zu@@ län@@ g@@ lichkeiten zu umgehen . +ein 14@@ jähri@@ ges kind bekommt in der schule , diese version des sat@@ zes von py@@ th@@ ag@@ or@@ as , die wirklich sehr spit@@ z@@ fin@@ dig und interessant ist , aber eigentlich keine gute her@@ ange@@ hen@@ sweise an mathematik . +die mathemati@@ ker und natur@@ wissenschaftler in der menge werden diese beiden pro@@ gressi@@ onen als dis@@ kre@@ te differ@@ enti@@ al@@ gleich@@ ung erster ordnung und als dis@@ kre@@ te differ@@ enti@@ al@@ gleich@@ ung zwei@@ ter ordnung erkennen . von se@@ chs@@ jährigen ab@@ gelei@@ tet . +also , wenn man sich dieses kleine sk@@ ri@@ pt hier an@@ sieht , ist die geschwindigkeit immer 30 . +und dann sagen sie , oh ja , kon@@ stan@@ te beschle@@ un@@ ig@@ ung . +die zukunft des lebens , und wohin die ent@@ schlüssel@@ ung unserer biologie -- machen sie das licht etwas h@@ eller ! ich habe keine fo@@ li@@ en . +ich weiß , dass es einen großen h@@ yp@@ e gab um unsere fähigkeit , die biologie zu kontrollieren . +es wird uns hinter@@ fragen lassen , was es heißt , ein mensch zu sein . +und er passt nicht zu der zukunft , auf die wir uns zu@@ bewegen . +es gibt drei offen@@ sicht@@ liche arten , auf die man dies tun kann . +die menschheit wird diesen weg beschrei@@ ten . +eines ist jedoch wirklich gefährlich an dieser art von technologie ; es ist sehr leicht , von ihr ver@@ führt zu werden . +und was kommt dabei heraus ? neues leben . +gre@@ g@@ ory stock : auf@@ rü@@ sten ist mensch@@ lich +es ist ja unser pri@@ vater tei@@ ch . t@@ ja , so geht das . " +sagt der mann dann einfach : ' ist jetzt der zeitpunkt gekommen , meine ho@@ se auszu@@ ziehen ? ' " und ich antwor@@ tete : " ja . " +schließlich sagt sie : " mama , glaub@@ st du , dass es im internet auch menschen gibt , die sich pa@@ aren ? " +also besteht die möglichkeit , die rö@@ hre einfach von außen zu um@@ wick@@ eln . +einmal ferti@@ g@@ gestellt , ist die instal@@ lation ganz einfach . +wie sie sehen können , machen da nicht nur zwei techn@@ ische haupt@@ diszi@@ pl@@ inen mit , medizin und ingenie@@ ur@@ wesen , sondern auch verschiedene spezi@@ alisten innerhalb dieser zwei diszi@@ pl@@ inen . +ich glaube , in po@@ len ist das genauso . +sie wollen einfach tun , was sie schon immer getan haben . +und als ergebnis , ist es eine ganz andere verwen@@ dung von technik und wissen , mit denen sie um@@ geben sind . +damit macht man eine gute kari@@ kat@@ ur . +es hat die musi@@ kin@@ du@@ str@@ ie umge@@ kre@@ mp@@ elt . es hat die art , wie wir musik konsu@@ mieren , verändert . +sie kennen die geschichte . +und ich traf die do@@ z@@ o . +und ich forder@@ te sie nicht auf , ne@@ tte kari@@ kat@@ uren zu zeichnen . +vielen dank . +wenn sie 2 milliarden jahre zurück@@ gehen , sind wir nicht mehr auf einem erd@@ ähn@@ lichen planet . +wir sind momentan im schönen sp@@ alt der exi@@ stenz , wenig@@ stens des lebens auf planet erde , im an@@ schluss an die erste furcht@@ bare mikro@@ bi@@ ellen är@@ a . +der schwarze stein ist das se@@ di@@ ment auf dem see@@ boden in der ab@@ wes@@ enheit von plan@@ k@@ ton . +dies sind säu@@ ge@@ tier@@ -@@ ähnliche re@@ p@@ tili@@ en . +die über@@ lebenden die durch@@ kommen produzieren diese welt voller kro@@ ko@@ di@@ l ähn@@ lichen kre@@ aturen . +es kann nur auf@@ treten wenn die oberfläche eines ozean kein sauerstoff hat und vollkommen mit schwe@@ fel@@ wasser@@ stoff ges@@ ä@@ t@@ tigt ist ; genug um z.b. aus einer lösung zu stam@@ men . +es ist auf dem planeten seit dem anfang der tiere , 500 millionen jahre . +jetzt , die selbe maus bekommt 80 teile pro million schwe@@ fel@@ wasser@@ stoff in dieser durch@@ ge@@ zo@@ genen linie und sehen sie was mit ihrer temperatur passiert . +verste@@ he ich dich richtig , dass du hier sa@@ gst das wir in unseren körper@@ n eine bio@@ chem@@ ische reaktion auf schwe@@ fel@@ wasser@@ stoff haben , was in d@@ einer sicht be@@ wei@@ st , das es in der vergangenheit massen@@ aus@@ sterben wegen klima@@ wand@@ eln gegeben hat ? +dies ist institu@@ tion@@ alisi@@ erte am ende des zy@@ kl@@ us enden diese produkte wahrscheinlich auf einer mü@@ ll@@ ki@@ ppe wie dieser in man@@ il@@ a . +diese fabrik in china , die selbst ziemlich sau@@ ber ist , bekommt ihre zu@@ taten aus hinter@@ ho@@ f-@@ schla@@ chter@@ ei@@ en , wo familien die tiere schla@@ chten und die zu@@ taten extra@@ hi@@ eren . +ihre wähl@@ er sind lok@@ al . +selbst wenn sie ihre arbeit täten , und bu@@ ß@@ gel@@ der von diesen einrichtungen forder@@ ten , wären diese wohl kaum nen@@ nen@@ s@@ wert . +sie können sich verantwortlich nennen , aber verantwor@@ t@@ lichkeit ohne rechen@@ schaft funktioniert meist nicht . +wir reden hier von tausenden von liefer@@ anten . " +arbeiten sie mit , kommen sie an den sich@@ eren ort , und lassen sie uns etwas bewegen . +du wirst etwas fangen und wieder von vorne anfangen . +also schrei@@ be ich ge@@ dicht um dinge herauszufinden . +ich kann meine reise in die gespro@@ ch@@ enen po@@ es@@ ie in drei schritte teilen . +und jemand anderes hat eine sache , die das komple@@ tte gegenteil von ihrer ist . +es ist nicht , dass ich denke , gespro@@ ch@@ ene po@@ es@@ ie sei die ide@@ ale kunst@@ form . +ich habe immer gedacht , dass mein anfang im bo@@ wer@@ y poetry club war , aber es ist möglich , dass es schon viel früher war . +das ist es , was ich jedes mal an@@ stre@@ be , wenn ich meinen mund öff@@ ne – diese un@@ mögliche verbindung . +ich war student in den 6@@ 0ern , einer zeit sozialen um@@ bru@@ chs und fra@@ ge@@ stellungen , und , auf einer persönlichen ebene , eines er@@ wach@@ enden sinn@@ s für ide@@ alismus . +aber ich war ge@@ trieben von der in@@ här@@ enten bedeutung , dass ein bild , das das wirkliche gesicht des krie@@ ges enth@@ ü@@ ll@@ te , beinahe per defini@@ tion@@ em ein anti@@ kriegs@@ foto sein würde . +eines der dinge , die ich als journalist lernen musste , war , wie ich mit meiner wu@@ t umgehen sollte . +dieser mann war gerade aus einem todes@@ lager der hu@@ tu be@@ fr@@ eit worden . +ich verbrachte recht viel zeit mit einem mann , der mit seiner familie an einer glei@@ san@@ lage lebte und einen arm und ein bein bei einem zu@@ g@@ un@@ glück verloren hatte . +ein krankenhaus der " ärzte ohne grenzen " in einem flü@@ cht@@ l@@ ing@@ sla@@ ger . +das ist ein hu@@ b@@ sch@@ rau@@ ber@@ -@@ not@@ arzt , der einem soldaten erste hilfe lei@@ stet , dem in den kopf gesch@@ o@@ ssen worden war . +bei jeder wahl sieht es so aus , als ob irgend@@ was immer falsch läuft , einige versuchen zu betr@@ ü@@ gen , oder irgend@@ was läuft schie@@ f - hier versch@@ win@@ det eine wahl@@ ur@@ ne , dort bleiben stan@@ z@@ re@@ ste übrig . +der stri@@ ch@@ code mag zwar kompliziert ver@@ schlüssel@@ t sein , aber das wählen mit diesen z@@ et@@ tel@@ n ist überhaupt nicht kompliziert . +david bis@@ mark demon@@ stri@@ ert ein neues wähl@@ system mit einer einfachen , nach@@ wei@@ s@@ baren methode , be@@ trug und rechen@@ fehler auszu@@ schließen - wobei das wahl@@ geheimnis un@@ ange@@ ta@@ stet bleibt . +aber die unter@@ teilt christ@@ ent@@ um , islam und budd@@ h@@ ismus in so viele unter@@ gruppen , dass es uns zu deta@@ il@@ liert war . +aber es gab auch christ@@ liche länder , wo es sechs bis sieben babies pro frau gab . +aber es gibt hier auch länder wie gu@@ atem@@ ala , pa@@ pu@@ a neu@@ gu@@ ine@@ a , ye@@ men und afghanistan . +hier ist q@@ at@@ ar heute und dort ist banglades@@ ch heute . +und die welt@@ bevölkerung wird aufhören zu wachsen . +und dann sterben wieder die alten und ihr bekommt zwei milliarden kinder . +ich lan@@ dete in jeder fernseh@@ show . +19@@ 80 erklär@@ ten wir die po@@ cken für aus@@ ger@@ ot@@ tet . +aber in diesem jahr explo@@ di@@ erte die po@@ cken@@ aus@@ brei@@ tung in indien . +drei weitere male sind wir gesch@@ ei@@ tert . +dieses jahr wird dieses eine krank@@ hen@@ haus mehr als 3@@ 0@@ 0.000 menschen in tam@@ il na@@ du , indien , das augen@@ licht zurück geben . +innerhalb von drei wochen ist sie überall auf der welt . +aber mit aller ernsthaf@@ tigkeit – weil diese idee aus ted geboren wurde , möchte ich , dass dies ein er@@ be von ted wird , und ich möchte es das internationale system für tot@@ ale frü@@ her@@ ken@@ nung von krankheiten nennen . +aber sie konnten auf die who zeigen und sie wissen lassen , dass es diese überrasch@@ ende und un@@ erklär@@ te häu@@ fung von krank@@ heits@@ fällen gab , die wie vog@@ el@@ gri@@ ppe aus@@ sahen . +die erste zahl ist drei : drei milliarden menschen . +wir wissen aus be@@ frag@@ ungen von china bis zur usa , +sie wechseln ihr smar@@ t@@ phone sieben oder acht mal , vielleicht auch ö@@ f@@ ter , wenn sie in diesem publikum sitzen . +aber wir haben herausgefunden , dass 100 % einfacher zu erreichen sind als 90 oder 50 % . +die energie ist kosten@@ los . +und wir wollen keine weiteren hundert jahre warten . +es gab eine gleich@@ ung in meiner familie , etwa so : wenn du intelligent bist , bist du in@@ fol@@ ge@@ dessen nicht spiritu@@ ell . +ich habe mich immer ange@@ zogen gefü@@ hlt von diesen sel@@ ten@@ en menschen die das einfach ab@@ strei@@ fen und ihr leben der mensch@@ lichkeit wid@@ men mit der entsch@@ lossen@@ heit der krie@@ ger@@ in und der g@@ na@@ de der my@@ sti@@ ker@@ in . menschen wie martin lu@@ ther king j@@ r . , der schrieb , « ich kann niemals sein , was ich sein sollte , solange du nicht bist , was du sein soll@@ test . +oder vielleicht ihr schwa@@ ger , der nicht an die klima@@ er@@ wärmung glaubt – +wir verein@@ bar@@ ten , wir würden in unseren gruppen das wort er@@ greifen wenn wir zeugen würden von dieser art aus@@ gren@@ zen@@ der rede , die ver@@ le@@ tzen und zu par@@ an@@ o@@ ia verg@@ ären kann , um dann von j@@ enen an den r@@ ändern zum auf@@ wie@@ geln verwendet zu werden . +ich war im irak , in afghanistan und in liber@@ ia . +und er hat eine mission . +und dass sie vor allem dazu fähig ist , diese frie@@ d@@ voll aufzu@@ lösen . +aber die frage , welche in meinem kopf nach@@ klang , war : was treibt menschen dazu , feuer@@ we@@ hr@@ autos zu zerstören die ihren eigenen häusern zu hilfe ei@@ len ? +es wird beri@@ chtet , dass wiki@@ lea@@ ks , dein kind , in den letzten paar jahren mehr geheim@@ doku@@ mente veröffentlicht hat als die rest@@ lichen medien der welt zusammen . +und dann be@@ hielt ihn die regierung für sich und benutz@@ te ihn als politi@@ sches druck@@ mittel gegen mo@@ i , der der reich@@ ste mann war -- immer noch der reich@@ ste mann in ken@@ ia ist . +ro@@ ger , ich hab ' sie . +j nun ja , weil sowas den wahren stand der dinge zeigen zum bei@@ p@@ spiel von arab@@ ischen regierungen , die wirklichen menschen@@ rechts@@ ver@@ stö@@ ße dieser regierungen . +es wird die wahrnehmung und meinung der leute ändern , die für das alles bezahlen . und das ist unsere hoffnung . +und im techn@@ ischen beri@@ cht stand überhaupt nichts davon . es war für uns also ein extrem schwier@@ iges dok@@ um@@ ent . +kann das stimmen ? +das hat euch sehr pro@@ min@@ ent gemacht in island . was passierte dann ? +die musi@@ ker haben eine drei@@ dimension@@ ale veran@@ schau@@ lich@@ ung von we@@ tter@@ daten wie diesen ab@@ gespielt . +die verti@@ k@@ alen elemente sind einer bestimmten stunde am tag zuge@@ ord@@ net . +lau@@ ren ho@@ dge : wenn ihr in einem restaurant die ges@@ ün@@ dere option woll@@ t , was wür@@ det ihr wählen , ge@@ gri@@ ll@@ tes oder fri@@ t@@ tier@@ tes hü@@ hn@@ chen ? +es war eine große verpflich@@ tung , mehr@@ mals zu dem labor zur arbeit zu fahren . +das klingt total al@@ ber@@ n . +das ist sogar eines der größten probleme , das die heu@@ tige che@@ mo@@ therapie mit sich bringt . +1,@@ 6 millionen to@@ de weltweit . +j@@ ul@@ ie geht also zu ihrem arzt , damit ihr as@@ th@@ ma behandelt wird . +ich möchte also , dass ihr euch eine welt vor@@ stellt , in der wir bessere luft@@ qualität haben , in der die lebens@@ qualität besser ist und in der die lebens@@ qualität für alle besser ist , auch für unsere zukünf@@ tigen generationen . +und so einfach verwand@@ elte ich mich von einer frau , die diesen kinder bei@@ gebracht worden wäre , als " behinder@@ t " zu betrachten , in jemanden , der ein potenzi@@ al hatte , das ihre körper noch nicht hatten . +und aus meiner sicht besonders interessant , was bedeutet es , behinder@@ t zu sein ? +sch@@ rul@@ li@@ gkeit ist also wichtig . +danke . +nach dem bewer@@ b@@ ungs@@ gespräch mit dem japan@@ ischen man@@ ager , das eine halbe stunde dau@@ erte , sagte er letztendlich : " so , frau y@@ ang , haben sie fragen an mich ? " +heute werde ich über junge menschen sprechen , über die platt@@ form der sozialen medien . +erstens , sind die meisten von ihnen in den 8@@ 0ern und 9@@ 0ern geboren , unter der ein@@ -@@ kin@@ d-@@ politik . +so stellte den letzten jahren stellten kü@@ sten@@ gebiete fest , dass es ihnen an arbeit@@ sk@@ rä@@ ften man@@ gel@@ t . +obwohl junge menschen sich ihrer be@@ teil@@ li@@ gung an der öffentlichen politischen entschei@@ dungs@@ fin@@ dung sicher scheinen , sind sie manchmal dennoch ein bisschen verloren , in bezug auf was sie für ihr privat@@ leben wollen . +und unsere jün@@ gere generation wird dieses land trans@@ for@@ mieren während sie selbst trans@@ for@@ miert werden . +diese ber@@ ge sind gefähr@@ liche orte , aber letztendlich hängt das schick@@ sal dieser b@@ är@@ en@@ familien , und tatsächlich das aller b@@ ären um den nord@@ pazi@@ fi@@ k , von den la@@ ch@@ sen ab . +notwen@@ digkeit ist die mutter der evolution . +aber wenn sie mit dem n@@ ac@@ kten auge nach oben schauen , brauchen sie wirklich k@@ eins . +ein kultur , die von oben her@@ ab ge@@ steu@@ ert wird , in der die stimm@@ b@@ än@@ der von millionen verloren sind . +allerdings gab as@@ ca@@ p an , dass sie das nicht beein@@ dru@@ cken würde . +i want to share all my love with you ... +der extre@@ mis@@ mus auf der einen seite förder@@ t den extre@@ mis@@ mus auf der anderen seite . ein um@@ stand , den wir mittler@@ weile aus@@ reich@@ end verstanden haben sollten . und beide extreme in dieser diskussion sind einfach falsch . +wir können sie nur zu " rau@@ b@@ kop@@ ier@@ ern " machen . und ist das in ordnung ? +" denn wir sind weit entfernt von zu hause und wir sind sehr er@@ schö@@ pft . " +ich weiß , es klingt nach str@@ en@@ ger liebe , aber sehen sie , wenn sie angel@@ o@@ gen werden , dann weil sie damit ein@@ verstanden sind . +wenn sie nicht belo@@ gen werden wollen , müssen sie wissen , won@@ ach sie h@@ ung@@ ri@@ g sind . +lü@@ gen hat für unsere spezies evolution@@ äre bedeutung . +der rest von uns ist nur etwa 5@@ 4 % ak@@ kur@@ at . +wir alle reden mit unseren finger@@ spit@@ zen . +wenn sie mer@@ ken , dass sie zu un@@ recht ver@@ däch@@ tigt werden , sind sie das gesamte gespräch über wü@@ tend , nicht nur hin und wieder ; sie werden während der gesamten be@@ fra@@ gung wü@@ tend sein . +ihr neuer geschä@@ ft@@ spar@@ t@@ ner mag ihnen die hand schü@@ tt@@ eln mit ihnen fei@@ ern , essen gehen , und dann einen ausdruck des är@@ gers zeigen . +seien sie nicht zu ag@@ gressi@@ v , es funktioniert nicht . +aber in der zwischen@@ zeit müssen sie sich folgendes fragen : wen wollen sie bei einem treffen neben sich sitzen haben , jemanden , der ausge@@ bildet wurde , der wahrheit auf den grund zu gehen , oder jemanden , der ein 200 kil@@ o schwer@@ es elektro@@ en@@ zep@@ hal@@ ogra@@ mm durch die tür schle@@ ppt ? +ab jetzt geht es nur noch ber@@ gab . ich möchte e@@ me@@ ka und chris danken . +das ist sehr wichtig . +nigeria hat 1960 unabhängi@@ gkeit er@@ lan@@ gt . +ich hatte einen erfin@@ der@@ ischen lehrer , ein paki@@ stan@@ ischer mo@@ sle@@ m , der uns genau das bei@@ bringen wollte . +fr@@ as@@ er kni@@ et auf dem boden , die arme auf den rücken ge@@ fes@@ sel@@ t , und er wein@@ t . +und ich habe zu@@ gesehen , wie sie ein@@ ges@@ per@@ rt wurden und rei@@ z@@ gas@@ ver@@ gif@@ tet . +mein freund r@@ on@@ ald got@@ tes@@ man sagt , dass es drei arten von menschen gibt : diejenigen , die zählen können , und die die es nicht können . +eine meiner be@@ vorzu@@ gten aufgaben in meiner arbeit in der gates foundation besteht darin , dass ich ent@@ wi@@ kl@@ ungs@@ länder besu@@ che und das sehr oft . +sie z@@ ap@@ fen lok@@ ale unterneh@@ mer@@ tal@@ ente an und sie be@@ treiben unglaub@@ liches marketing . +und 199@@ 0 beschlossen sie , dass sie die lokalen unternehmer tra@@ inieren wollten und an@@ fingen ihnen ger@@ ingen lo@@ hn zu zahlen . +der grund warum diese mikro@@ unternehmer verkaufen und profit machen können während sie jede einzelne do@@ se in ihrem hand@@ - oder schu@@ b@@ kar@@ ren verkaufen . +und ich denke , dass das ein fehler ist . +wir wissen , dass besch@@ nei@@ dung die hiv infe@@ ktionen bei männern um rund 60 % redu@@ ziert . +nun , am 4@@ . september gab es eine große auf@@ r@@ äu@@ ma@@ ktion , das ist was man bei polio macht . +heute werde ich ihnen zwei dinge erzählen . erstens , was wir verloren haben , und zweitens , wie wir es wieder@@ er@@ langen . +hier können sie den größten teil der lebewesen des meeres@@ schutz@@ gebie@@ ts der florida keys sehen . +aber es gibt ja noch die globale er@@ wärmung . +und dort sah ich dies : jede menge fische . +also fangen die fis@@ cher mehr . +also wieviel davon gibt es ? +das bringt uns zum dritten grund , wieso wir nicht mehr schutz@@ gebiete haben , nämlich dass die mittel@@ besch@@ aff@@ ung falsch aufge@@ zogen ist . +der produk@@ tions@@ über@@ sch@@ uss dieser kleinen ker@@ le da unten ist sozusagen genug , diese träge bio@@ masse zu be@@ wahren . +und dort , und nur dort , kann man wirklich fühlen , teil einer größeren sache zu sein , oder eines größeren öko@@ systems . +wir benutzen das unter@@ see@@ boot al@@ v@@ in und k@@ ameras , und diese k@@ ameras hat bill lange mit hilfe von son@@ y entwickelt . +man weiß sehr wenig über sie . +und es gibt zehn@@ tausende von ber@@ gen hier draußen , die auf keiner karte ver@@ zeichnet sind . +in@@ zwischen haben wir herausgefunden , dass sie wahrscheinlich aus dem er@@ din@@ n@@ eren gekommen sind . +es gibt hier keine licht@@ quellen außer denen , die wir mit@@ bringen . +sie brauchen die sonne überhaupt nicht . +b@@ l : dieses bakteri@@ um , über das wir gesprochen haben , ist die einfach@@ ste uns bekannte lebens@@ form . +el ni@@ ñ@@ o kommt und geht . es ist kein des@@ aster , es ist ein rhyth@@ mus . +wir fän@@ den es großartig , wenn schüler das behalten , selbst wenn sie keine mathemati@@ schen fach@@ richtungen ein@@ schlagen . +ich glaube an das wirkliche leben . +wenn wir dann beginnen die bedeutung von ' stei@@ le ' zu definieren , erkennen wir , dass es nett wäre , einige ma@@ ße zu besitzen um wirklich ein@@ grenzen zu können , was es genau bedeutet . +wie lange dauert es , i@@ h aufzu@@ füllen ? +dies ist eine ein@@ mali@@ ge zeit , mathematik lehrer zu sein , denn wir haben die werkzeuge , um diesen hoch@@ wer@@ tigen lehr@@ plan in unserer vor@@ der@@ tasche zu erstellen . +die lehr@@ e aus bri@@ ans vortrag ist irgendwie -- all diese fanta@@ stischen bilder -- wirklich dies : der blick@@ winkel bestimmt alles , was man sieht . +sie war langwei@@ lig . +so sind die herausforderungen an bildung , an einem ort wie diesem , nicht die köni@@ ge und köni@@ g@@ innen von ken@@ ia und großbritannien zu lernen . +wie sehen sie aus ? +10 jahre auf den er@@ trag der bildung zu warten , ist zu lang , wenn man seine tä@@ glichen aufgaben erfü@@ llen muss , wenn man die gesch@@ wi@@ ster ver@@ sorgen muss , oder im geschäft mi@@ th@@ el@@ fen muss . +das ist eine stadt . +und es wird keine fehler geben . " +sie br@@ äu@@ chten ab@@ er@@ millionen von lehr@@ ern in china , indien , nigeria und dem rest der entwicklungs@@ länder , um den bedarf zu decken . +aber es ist , anders als autos , die sich so schnell und ge@@ ord@@ net entwickelt haben , das schul@@ system ist eigentlich erkenn@@ bar ein er@@ be des 19@@ . jahrhunderts , von einem bis@@ mar@@ ck@@ schen model von deutsch@@ em unterricht , das von engli@@ schen re@@ form@@ ern aufge@@ gri@@ ffen wurde , und oft von religiö@@ sen mis@@ sion@@ aren in den vereinigten staaten aufge@@ gri@@ ffen wurde als ein mittel des gesellschaft@@ lichen zusammen@@ hal@@ ts , und dann in japan und süd@@ korea , während sie sich entwickelten . +und während ich ihn schaue , kommt diese sz@@ ene , die mich zu trä@@ nen rü@@ hrt , und die ich seit 25 jahren mit mir herum@@ tra@@ ge . +und da ich einen 15@@ -@@ jährigen zu hause habe , muss ich ständig kochen , kochen , kochen . +dieser " gay lifest@@ yle " ist echt gr@@ use@@ lig . er ist super@@ -@@ bö@@ se und nimmt kein ende ! +die ver@@ fassung der usa ist die " gay agenda " . +aber wenn sie sich die karte ansehen und unseren staat mich@@ ig@@ an hier sehen – es ist hier legal , menschen zu feu@@ ern , weil sie schw@@ u@@ l , les@@ b@@ isch , bis@@ ex@@ u@@ ell oder trans@@ gender sind , es ist legal , jemanden aus ihrem heim zu werfen , weil sie schw@@ u@@ l , les@@ b@@ isch , bis@@ ex@@ u@@ ell oder trans@@ gender sind , dann erkennen sie , dass dieses ganze gere@@ de über gleich@@ stellung in der e@@ he nicht darum geht , jem@@ and@@ es rechte zu besch@@ nei@@ den , sondern es geht darum , ihnen die rechte zu ge@@ währ@@ en , die bereits for@@ mu@@ liert sind . +danke . +einige der studien bele@@ gen sogar , dass wir glück@@ licher sind . +entrop@@ ie bedeutet , dass alles auf dieser welt , wirklich alles in einem zustand des ver@@ falls und ver@@ der@@ ben@@ s ist , das ist der bogen . +wie sollte ich den dritten akt leben ? +wenn es uns aber möglich ist , zurückzu@@ gehen und unsere beziehung zu ändern , unsere beziehung zu vergan@@ genen menschen und ereig@@ nissen neu auszu@@ legen , dann können sich die nerven@@ ba@@ hnen ändern . +ich weiss wor@@ an sie denken , wenn sie diese bilder anschauen . +sie müssen best@@ äu@@ ber an@@ lo@@ cken die ihnen helfen . +es ist eine wunderbare sache . +das ist der phil@@ o@@ den@@ dr@@ on s@@ ell@@ ou@@ m . +letzte woche habe ich dieses sonnen@@ rö@@ schen in dor@@ set fotografi@@ ert . +vielleicht sind sie gener@@ v@@ t , oder sie freu@@ en sich auf ein neues spiel . oder es hält sie vom schlafen ab . +er rei@@ st durch das ganze land und fotografi@@ ert sich selbst . hier ist zig in einem indi@@ an@@ er@@ reser@@ v@@ at . diese aufnahme zä@@ hlt zu den tradition@@ ell@@ eren aufnahmen . das ist ein re@@ gent@@ än@@ zer . +sie wollen auch mit . " – und ich : " liebl@@ ing , sie wollen nicht mit . das ist die ' middle pas@@ sage ' . +es ist ein spiel mit 5@@ 0.000 einzel@@ teilen . +was ihr se@@ ht , sind die flug@@ bewegungen über nor@@ dameri@@ ka über einen zei@@ traum von 24@@ -@@ stunden . +man sieht die war@@ tes@@ ch@@ lei@@ fen , die unten auf dem bildschirm entstehen +also haben sie diesen web@@ dienst@@ leistung gemacht und gesagt : " jeder program@@ mier@@ er kann eine software schreiben und auf den geist von tausenden von menschen zu@@ greifen . " +das ver@@ schafft einen eindruck über die verschiedenen grade der motivation und hing@@ ab@@ e . +also haben wir ein hunder@@ t-@@ doll@@ ar-@@ sch@@ ein genommen und in 10,000 winzi@@ g kleine teile zer@@ legt , und diese in den mechan@@ ical tur@@ k ein@@ gesp@@ ei@@ st . +man bekommt einen einfachen audi@@ o@@ clip . +aber wir wussten , dass wir auf jeden fall die richtige person brauchten um uns da@@ hinter zu stellen und für den wir etwas aufbauen konnten . +ak : wenn ihr zu der website john@@ n@@ y@@ cas@@ h@@ proje@@ ct@@ .com geht , wird ihr das video oben sehen . +win bu@@ t@@ ler : now our lives are changing fast now our lives are changing fast hope that something p@@ ure can last hope that something p@@ ure can last o@@ oh we used to wait o@@ oh we used to wait o@@ oh we used to wait sometimes it never came sometimes it never came still moving through the pain we used to wait for it we used to wait for it we used to wait for it ak : ich denke , wenn es eine sache gibt , die ihr von meiner rede heute mit@@ nehmen soll@@ t , ist dass ein interface ein star@@ kes erzähl@@ er@@ isches instrument sein kann . +und sie kommt auch auf@@ s wesent@@ liche der dinge . +falls man eine der sprachen nicht kann , lernt man sofort . +hier ist " c@@ and@@ y@@ city . " +und par@@ alle@@ l zu meinem schneiden ist mein laufen . +die identi@@ täten sind nicht auto@@ bi@@ ograph@@ isch . +also bei der u-@@ bahn in new york sah ich einen zusammenhang zwischen dem fahren in der u-@@ bahn und dem lesen . +es wird genutzt als ab@@ sper@@ r@@ ung die schi@@ enen und fahr@@ gä@@ ste schü@@ tzt , und ver@@ hinder@@ t , dass sachen auf die schi@@ enen fallen . +b@@ é@@ at@@ ri@@ ce cor@@ on : aus papier gesch@@ ni@@ tt@@ ene geschichten +nun , das gegen@@ stück eines s@@ no@@ bs ist ihre mutter . +nei@@ d - es ist ein e@@ chtes tab@@ u , nei@@ d zu erwä@@ hnen - aber wenn es ein vor@@ herr@@ schen@@ des gefühl in der modernen gesellschaft gibt , dann ist es nei@@ d . +es gibt noch einen weiteren grund , warum wir möglicherweise unseren karriere , unserem status in der heutigen welt , än@@ g@@ st@@ licher gegen@@ über@@ stehen als je zuvor . +dennoch glaube ich , dass es verrückt ist zu glauben , dass wir jemals eine wirklich mer@@ it@@ o@@ kra@@ tische gesellschaft haben werden können . ein un@@ mög@@ licher traum . +nun , gibt es dazu irgend@@ welche alterna@@ tiven ? +und so sind wir gen@@ ei@@ gt , uns selbst anzu@@ beten . +die psycho@@ analyse pos@@ a@@ unt diese botschaft schon seit ungefähr 80 jahren heraus . +ander@@ n@@ falls kann es ganz schön kl@@ au@@ st@@ rop@@ ho@@ b@@ isch werden . +und ich beschloss , dass das einzige mittel gegen diesen zustand , ein schwer errei@@ ch@@ barer traum sei , ein extre@@ mer traum , den zu verfolgen äuß@@ erste überzeu@@ gung und uner@@ schü@@ tter@@ liche leidenschaft bedür@@ fte , etwas , das mich zu meinem besten selbst in jedem aspekt meines lebens machen würde , zu jeder minute jeden tages , denn der traum war so groß , dass ich ihn ohne diese ein@@ stellung und überzeu@@ gung nicht erreichen konnte . +die navi@@ gation is schwierig . +ich konnte es nicht erwarten , den fanta@@ stischen geist auszu@@ lösen . +und jeder dieser sta@@ ch@@ el über@@ trägt dieses gift in das zentr@@ ale ne@@ ven@@ system . +und ich schw@@ am@@ m durch die nacht , und auch noch durch den nächsten tag . +und ein kleines kind ganz hinten machte so . +ja . +danke . danke . +und was ist mit schla@@ f ? +dies ist ein gerät , das nicht nur den herz@@ rhyth@@ mus mis@@ st , wie sie bereits gesehen haben , es kann noch viel mehr . +das sieht so aus . +in der regel sind es 90 prozent . also , sie sagen mir , sie schlafen besser als erwartet . +so , diabetes ist eine der großen krankheiten . +es gibt zwei dinge , die diesen ganzen prozess wirklich beschle@@ uni@@ gen können . +so , ich hoffe , ich habe sie davon überzeugt -- die auswirkungen auf die kranken@@ haus@@ res@@ sor@@ cen sind enor@@ m und die auswirkungen auf krankheiten sind ebenso beeindruck@@ end in allen diesen verschiedenen krankheiten und mehr . +wie schaffen wir stab@@ i@@ le gesellschaften ? lang@@ le@@ bi@@ gkeit . +und man beginnt nachzudenken über sich selbst und seine erinn@@ erungen , und bevor man zurück in die ver@@ sen@@ kung geht verändert man seine erinn@@ erung und man verändert seine persön@@ lichkeit und so weiter . +und natürlich , wir sind nicht verantwortlich für die kon@@ sequenzen für das was wir gerade tun , o@@ der@@ r ? wie diese ganzen bedenken ums kl@@ onen . +dank@@ es@@ ch@@ ö@@ n . +und ich zeige ihnen , was wir entwickelt haben . +also kann man genauso viel sor@@ g@@ falt und technik verwenden um einen ham@@ bur@@ ger zu machen , wie bei einem deutlich kul@@ in@@ ar@@ is@@ cher@@ em geri@@ cht . +das ist wie in einem h@@ olly@@ wo@@ od@@ film , wenn ein mensch an sei@@ len in der luft schwe@@ bt , und digital die sei@@ le entfernt werden , so dass er flie@@ gt . +die region , die aussieht wie ein hor@@ n nennen wir " swe@@ et spot " . +und weil viele menschen my@@ th@@ bu@@ sters und c@@ s@@ i anschauen dachte ich mir , nehmen wir ein re@@ zept für bal@@ li@@ stische gel@@ at@@ ine mit auf . +aber vielleicht hilft es , wenn ich ihm ein loch in den kopf bo@@ hre . " +wer würde sich so was denn schon an@@ tun ? +die la@@ par@@ o@@ sk@@ op@@ ie macht diese art von operation möglich . eine operation mit langen instru@@ menten durch kleine ein@@ schni@@ tte . +und jetzt , im gegensatz zur la@@ par@@ o@@ sk@@ op@@ ie , kann man die na@@ del genau im instrument plat@@ zieren , und man kann sie ganz durch@@ führen und ihr in ihrer lauf@@ bahn folgen . +und sie müssen alles neu ein@@ stellen . +wir können das dre@@ h@@ buch für die nächste revolution in der chirur@@ gie schreiben . +wir können die krankheit hei@@ len . +wir stellten fest , wenn plasti@@ k@@ müll einmal auf der de@@ pon@@ ie ist , ist er wegen seiner ähn@@ lichen dichte schwer sor@@ tier@@ bar , und wenn er mit organ@@ ischen stoffen und bau@@ schu@@ tt ver@@ mis@@ cht wird , ist es wahr@@ lich unmöglich , ihn heraus@@ zus@@ u@@ chen und umwelt@@ bewusst zu ent@@ sorgen . +ph@@ tal@@ ate verschmu@@ tzen nicht nur unsere umwelt , sie verschmu@@ tzen auch unseren körper . +das bedeutet , dass unsere bakterien tatsächlich von den ph@@ tal@@ aten lebten . +danke . j@@ y : danke . +aber menschen leben auf dieses land . +das ist eine ungewöhn@@ liche instal@@ lation von flug@@ ha@@ fen@@ sitzen . +die frü@@ hre ver@@ sionen haben ein " x " gest@@ ell . das mögen die samm@@ ler . +das ist ein film , von dem wir schon viel@@ es gehört haben . +jetzt schauen wir uns einen anderen film an . +also , " ich sah viele züge und bin auch mit einem gefahren . +und da sind eine ganze menge sp@@ assi@@ ge dinge . das ist das museum der par@@ k@@ bank . +es geht darum wie man probleme an@@ geht . und da ist diese grosse , wunder@@ schöne gemein@@ samkeit zwischen design , das wirtschafts@@ leben und die welt . +das ist das , was wir alle tun müssen . +es war über@@ wäl@@ ti@@ gend . +aber wenn sich korruption ein@@ sch@@ leicht und menschen nicht mehr die möglichkeit haben , von einem rechts@@ staat besch@@ ü@@ tzt zu werden und man gewalt benutzen kann , wenn man gewalt stra@@ ff@@ frei benutzen kann , dann kann man die sch@@ wachen ein@@ sammeln und ver@@ skla@@ ven . +dies ist also das s@@ zen@@ ari@@ o , auf das wir kapital setzen sollten . +diese kleinen jungen sind in ne@@ p@@ al . +be@@ frei@@ ung kostet aber auch geld . +kinder , die aus der fis@@ cher@@ ei@@ industrie in ghana be@@ fr@@ eit wurden , werden mit ihren eltern wieder verein@@ t und dann mit den eltern zurück in ihr dorf gebracht , um dort ihren wirtschaftlichen wohl@@ stand wieder aufzubauen , so dass sie gegen ver@@ sk@@ al@@ v@@ ung ab@@ gesi@@ ch@@ ert sind . absolut nicht mehr ver@@ skla@@ v@@ bar . +aber erst seit kurzem können wir , dank techn@@ ischer fort@@ schritte , nun die qu@@ anten@@ -@@ le@@ vi@@ tation und die qu@@ anten@@ -@@ ar@@ reti@@ erung demon@@ stri@@ eren . +zuerst sind einige b@@ ün@@ del von mag@@ net@@ fel@@ d@@ linien im inneren ge@@ fangen , aber der su@@ pr@@ al@@ ei@@ ter mag es nicht , wenn sie sich bewegen , da ihre bewegungen energie ver@@ brauchen , und so die su@@ pr@@ al@@ ei@@ tung stör@@ en . +diesen r@@ unden magne@@ ten kann ich natürlich auch erweitern , um ein belie@@ bi@@ ges glei@@ s zu formen . +und es war inspiriert von diesem zitat von dou@@ glas ad@@ ams . die situation ist aus " per an@@ hal@@ ter durch die galax@@ is " . +aber egal , ich bekam meinen ko@@ ffer voll ei@@ sen@@ er@@ z und brachte ihn mit dem zug zurück nach london , wo ich mit dem problem konfron@@ tiert wurde : okay , wie mache ich aus diesem stein bau@@ teile für einen to@@ aster ? +und das letzte material über das ich heute reden werde , ist plasti@@ k . und natürlich musste mein to@@ aster eine plasti@@ k@@ hü@@ lle bekommen . +das ist er ohne ge@@ hä@@ use . +als ich student am mit war , teil@@ ten wir uns alle einen einzigen computer , der ein gesam@@ tes gebäude ein@@ nahm . +wir haben sie also aktu@@ alisiert , so dass ich sie nun bis zum jahr 2007 zeigen kann . +kommuni@@ ka@@ tion@@ stech@@ n@@ ologi@@ en : es gibt 50 verschiedene arten das hier zu messen . die anzahl der bits , die bewegt werden , die größe des inter@@ nets . +und wir werden anfangen , unsere gesundheit und unsere intelligenz damit zu beeinflussen , je weiter wir uns diesen technologien näher@@ n . +es geschah in einer gegend names well@@ a@@ wat@@ ta , einer erst@@ klas@@ si@@ gen wohn@@ gegend in col@@ om@@ bo . +noch stunden später war das meer mei@@ len@@ weit mit holz@@ teilen über@@ s@@ ät -- das alles kam von den häusern des sl@@ ums . +1. stimme : es kommt zurück . eine neue welle . +und sie bietet wirklich interessante möglichkeiten , um eine ganze reihe von ak@@ tionen in der zukunft zu organisi@@ eren . +es ist sehr einfach , sich in die de@@ zentr@@ alisi@@ erte , von unten nach oben struktur des inter@@ nets zu ver@@ lieben . +es gibt dieses berühm@@ te beispiel von einem kreis , der 3@@ 6@@ 6 meter lang war und zwei tage lang and@@ au@@ erte , die ameisen wander@@ ten einfach immer im kreis herum bis sie irgendwann star@@ ben . +ich kann aber nicht aufhören , an diese jungen leute ohne arme zu denken . +ich zeige ihnen gleich jemanden , der mit dem ding ein paar einfache bewegungen macht , die wir auch in washington vor@@ geführt haben . bitte film ab ! +alles begann , als sich zwei wissenschaftler , fre@@ d gras@@ s@@ le und j@@ esse au@@ su@@ bel , in wo@@ ods hole , mas@@ sach@@ use@@ t@@ ts , tra@@ fen , als beide zu g@@ ast im berühm@@ ten ozean@@ ograph@@ ischen institu@@ t wei@@ l@@ ten . +und damit wurde es möglich , fisch hal@@ t@@ bar zu machen und über lange stre@@ cken zu transpor@@ tieren . +und so war eines der mittel , mit dem wir den ozean er@@ kun@@ deten , die aku@@ sti@@ k , also sch@@ all@@ wellen . +was sie fanden , war falsch e@@ ti@@ ket@@ tier@@ ter fisch . +das ist etwas , das wir bereits seit einer weile wissen , also nicht weiter bahn@@ brech@@ end . +das interessante an ihm ist , dass wissenschaftler , die an der er@@ fassung teil@@ nahmen , vor ein paar jahren entdeck@@ ten , dass dieser kleine kerl in sauer@@ stoff@@ armen se@@ dimen@@ ten in den tie@@ fen des mittel@@ me@@ ers leben kann . +also haben wir noch eine menge arbeit vor uns , was das un@@ bekannte an@@ geht . +und die ozean@@ e sind so produ@@ ktiv , es passiert so viel dort , das für menschen wichtig ist , das wir unbedingt , selbst aus einer eigen@@ nütz@@ igen perspektive , besser machen müssen als bisher . +und wir tun etwas anderes als das , was wir in der vergangenheit getan hat . wir fügen ein minim@@ um von intelligenz da hin . +wissen sie , ich kenne mich so schlecht mit technik aus , dass ich meine tochter – die jetzt 4@@ 1 ist – als sie fünf war , zufällig zu einer freundin sagen hörte , " wenn es nicht blu@@ tet , wenn du es schnei@@ dest , dann versteht mein pa@@ pa es nicht . " +die in@@ do@@ -@@ europä@@ ische wurz@@ el des wor@@ tes hoffnung ist ein stam@@ m , k-@@ e-@@ u – wir würden es k-@@ e-@@ u buchstab@@ ieren , es wird ko@@ y aus@@ gesprochen – und es ist dieselbe wurz@@ el , von dem das wort bogen stammt . +und ich denke , das werden auf die län@@ ge die elemente des menschlichen gei@@ stes sein , über die wir nach und nach von so vielen re@@ dn@@ ern gehört haben . +wir sind , oder sollten es sein , moral@@ isch dazu verpflich@@ tet , der hei@@ ler der welt zu sein . +nun , das stimmt nicht ganz . sie können das auch durch schwi@@ tzen machen . +aber warum ist die ob@@ ere frage so einfach und die un@@ tere so schwer ? +man sen@@ det einen be@@ fe@@ hl , der eine mus@@ kel@@ kon@@ tra@@ ktion aus@@ lö@@ st . +was sind das für vorstellungen ? +und was die ba@@ y@@ es@@ -@@ regel aus@@ sagt , ist , dass man die anzahl im roten mit der anzahl im grünen multi@@ pli@@ zieren sollte , um die anzahl der gel@@ ben zu erhalten , die die elli@@ p@@ sen auf@@ weisen , und das ist meine überzeu@@ gung . +nun gibt es einen guten grund dafür zu glauben , dass sie in der lage sein wollen ex@@ ter@@ ne von inter@@ nen vor@@ gän@@ gen zu unterscheiden . +wenn man von 0@@ ,@@ 1 auf 0@@ ,@@ 2 geht , wird es zum ende immer kit@@ z@@ li@@ ger +wir begannen mit einem motor mit einem kleinen he@@ bel , und kleiner kraft@@ über@@ tra@@ gung . +also muss ich jede menge entscheidungen treffen . +wenn ich mich anders bewe@@ ge – rechts zum beispiel – dann gibt es einen anderen be@@ fe@@ hl , ein anderes rau@@ schen , das durch unser l@@ ärm@@ system läuft – ziemlich kompliziert . +man muss das seh@@ vermögen mit der erkenntnis untersuchen , wie das beweg@@ ungs@@ system das sehen nutzt . +und ja , der rote planet ist rot . +hier sind einige der jün@@ gsten bilder . +und was wir hier sehen ist das auf@@ treten des g@@ ases me@@ than , ch@@ 4 , in der mar@@ sat@@ mosp@@ häre . +in der süd@@ halb@@ ku@@ gel gibt es ein@@ schlag@@ kr@@ ater , es gibt vul@@ kan@@ kr@@ ater . +wir werden dort fliegen , wo das me@@ than ist . +wir glauben , dass wir mit einem ein@@ st@@ ün@@ digen flug die lehr@@ bücher über den mars um@@ schreiben können , indem wir hoch@@ auf@@ lö@@ sende mess@@ ungen der atmosphäre vor@@ nehmen , wobei wir nach gas@@ en bio@@ gen@@ er und vul@@ kan@@ ischer her@@ kunft suchen , die oberfläche studieren , den magne@@ tis@@ mus auf der oberfläche studieren , den wir nicht verstehen , und außerdem ungefähr ein dutz@@ end andere gebiete . +wenn sie an weiteren informationen interessiert sind haben wir eine website , die diese aufre@@ gende und faszinier@@ ende mission beschrei@@ bt , und warum wir sie durch@@ führen wollen . +ich dann so : " yeah . +dann muss du bemerken , das wenn die le@@ go unterstützen c@@ ad programme nicht genug sind , dort ist ein open@@ - source unabhängi@@ ges le@@ go c@@ ad program mit dem man 3d modelle und 3d wieder@@ gaben machen kann , in der tat , filme von le@@ go 3d filme bei denen tausende auf youtube sind . und dort sind gi@@ b@@ st einige nach@@ ge@@ machte bekannte filme . und einige haben absolut gleichen inhalt . nur be@@ wunder@@ n@@ s@@ wert und leute machen alle möglichen filme . +ich habe große angst . ich glaube nicht , dass wir es schaffen werden . +und sehen sie , was wal@@ m@@ art gemacht hat . +aber der nutzen ist enor@@ m . +kalifornien produziert nur sieben prozent der co@@ 2-@@ emis@@ sionen der usa . +jedes jahr sterben eine halbe million menschen an einer gän@@ z@@ lich vermei@@ d@@ baren krankheit : malaria . 6@@ .000 menschen sterben täglich , +davon wurden nur 0@@ ,@@ 2 % der ein@@ nahmen in forschung und entwicklung investi@@ ert . +das könnte die größte wirtschaftliche gelegenheit des 21. jahrhunderts sein . +jeder punkt ist eine person . +denn , wie ich sagte , leben wir in netz@@ werken und diese netzwerke haben eine bestimmte art struktur . +wenn wir also etwas verfolgen wollen , das sich in einem netzwerk aus@@ brei@@ tet , würden wir ide@@ al@@ erweise sensor@@ en auf den zentr@@ alen personen im netzwerk ein@@ richten , in@@ klu@@ sive k@@ noten a , die leute beobachten , die genau da in der mitte des netz@@ wer@@ ks sind , und irgendwie eine frü@@ her@@ ken@@ nung bekommen von dem , was sich da auch immer im netzwerk verbreitet . +wir dachten also , wir würden diese idee nutzen , um zu prü@@ fen , ob wir phän@@ om@@ ene in netz@@ werken vorhersagen können . +und die größe der punkte wird propor@@ tional dazu sein , wie viele ihrer freunde die gri@@ ppe haben . +die antwort ist nein . +und es gibt , denke ich , drei arten auf die diese massi@@ v-@@ passi@@ ven daten genutzt werden können . +während der letzten 7 jahre bin ich meiner faszin@@ ation für die geb@@ au@@ te umwelt ge@@ folgt , und alle , die mich kennen , würden sagen , dass diese leidenschaft mich dazu veran@@ lasst hat , 3@@ 65 tage im jahr aus dem ko@@ ffer zu leben . +und es gibt sogar eine kirche . +heute leben in diesem gebiet ungefähr 5@@ 0.000 - 7@@ 0.000 menschen , die in dieser selb@@ ster@@ bauten gemeinschaft von mehr@@ stö@@ ck@@ igen häusern leben , wo bis zu drei generationen in einer einheit leben . +in eine region , die berü@@ hmt ist für ihre wei@@ chen , por@@ ö@@ sen lö@@ ß@@ bö@@ den , lebten bis vor kurzem ungefähr 40 mi@@ o@@ . menschen in diesen unter@@ ir@@ dischen häusern . +sie wissen wie es aus@@ ging , spen@@ cer tra@@ cy besor@@ gte einen computer , einen groß@@ rech@@ ner von 195@@ 7 , um den bibliothe@@ kar@@ en zu helfen . +rechts sind einige tu@@ gs einer firma namens a@@ eth@@ on in pit@@ ts@@ burgh . +eine person , die mit dem roboter inter@@ agi@@ ert , be@@ grei@@ ft , wohin er greifen wird und wird von seinen bewegungen nicht überrascht . +mil@@ dre@@ d ist eine fabri@@ k@@ arbei@@ ter@@ in in connec@@ tic@@ ut . +und anders betrachtet , gibt es immer mehr menschen im r@@ ent@@ en@@ alter , da die gebur@@ ten@@ star@@ ken jahr@@ gän@@ ge das r@@ ent@@ en@@ alter erreichen . +das system mis@@ st die flug@@ zeit des strahl@@ s und zeichnet auf , wie lange das licht braucht um auf eine oberfläche zu treffen und zurückzu@@ kehren . +und das hier ist der flug durch die pun@@ kt@@ wol@@ ke für ti@@ k@@ al . und hier sehen sie das ren@@ der@@ ing und mit fot@@ ot@@ ex@@ tur der fotos , die wir vor ort machen . +letzten mär@@ z errei@@ chte uns dann eine sehr trauri@@ ge nachricht . +ben k@@ ac@@ y@@ ra : anti@@ ke wunder in 3d er@@ fasst +wir wurden über den h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st in den schulen infor@@ miert . +sie werden direkt zu ihrem kon@@ gr@@ ess@@ zu@@ stän@@ digen weiter@@ gelei@@ tet , zu ihrem us sen@@ ator , zu ihrem g@@ ou@@ vern@@ our , wo die gesetz@@ geb@@ ung zum kapit@@ al@@ ab@@ zug an@@ steht . +europä@@ ische regierungen haben sich größ@@ tent@@ ei@@ ls nicht zur verantwortung bekannt , und es gibt nichts wo@@ gegen man steuern und druck aus@@ üben könnte . +er war wie bo@@ bby ken@@ ne@@ dy , weil man nie sagen konnte , ob er ein re@@ alist war , der sich als ide@@ alist aus@@ gab oder ein ide@@ alist , der sich als re@@ alist aus@@ gab , so wie viele sich das oft von bo@@ bby ken@@ ne@@ dy und john ken@@ ne@@ dy fragten . +aber , oh , die mö@@ r@@ der sind in den la@@ gern . +du bist her@@ ren@@ los . +bl@@ ende die geschichte nicht aus . lass deine prinzipien nicht an der tür zurück . +der vi@@ erte und letzte punkt : weil er an den schreck@@ lichsten orten der welt arbeitete , hatte er natürlich eine de@@ mut , ein bewusstsein für die komplexität der welt um ihn herum . +einige sind ange@@ trieben von mitgefühl , denken , dass es vielleicht eines der grundle@@ genden handlungen der menschheit sei . +vor 100 jahren wussten wir es nicht . +trotzdem , muss in vielen orten , jedes dritte kind , sobald sie drei jahre alt sind , el@@ end in ihren leben erfahren aufgrund dessen , was ich genannt habe . +und solche arten von technologie haben das potential das bild von hunger und nahrung , unter@@ ernährung an den fron@@ t@@ linien zu verändern . +vor zwei jahren beschlossen wir die art der be@@ kämp@@ fung von hunger zu verändern , anstatt ihnen lebens@@ mittel als hilfe zu geben , la@@ gern wir sie in bun@@ ker . +es ist eine win@@ -@@ win@@ -@@ win situation , die die lebens@@ mittel@@ wirtschaft in ' s rollen bringt . +die world bank schä@@ tzt , dass es etwa 10 mil@@ lar@@ den dollar , 10@@ ,@@ 3 , kosten würde , um die fehl@@ ernährung in diesen ländern zu be@@ kämpfen . +das hier ist eine erstaunliche tab@@ elle . +je älter man wird , desto häufi@@ ger wird es . +warum ? weil wir wissen , was sie haben , und wir wissen , wie es zu behandeln ist , obwohl wir hier@@ zu@@ lan@@ de keinen impf@@ stoff herstellen können , aber das ist eine andere geschichte . +und ich glaube , dass dies das fundament@@ ale problem der letzten 50 jahre war , dass wir verstehen wollten , was krebs ist . +und so , wenn sie sich krebs als ein system denken , gibt es da einen input und einen out@@ put und in der mitte einen zustand . +wenn ich einer frau mit brust@@ krebs alle drei wochen ein medikament namens tax@@ ol gebe , das ist standard , haben etwa 40 prozent der frauen mit meta@@ stati@@ sch@@ em krebs eine großartige reaktion auf das medikament . +also statt einer redu@@ k@@ tion@@ i@@ stischen sicht@@ weise treten wir einen schritt zurück . +das problem ist nur , wenn ich ihr arzt bin und heute ihren c@@ t-@@ scan be@@ komme , und sie eine zwei c@@ m große geschw@@ ul@@ st in ihrer le@@ ber haben , und sie in drei monaten wieder@@ kommen , und jetzt sind es drei c@@ m , hat das medikament ihnen ge@@ holfen oder nicht ? +und so werden wir als on@@ k@@ ologen nicht mehr un@@ mengen von papier in den ak@@ ten haben , sondern einen daten@@ fluss , der ungefähr so aussehen wird , wobei dieser tro@@ pfen blut gi@@ gab@@ y@@ tes an daten erzeugt . +die meisten von uns finden das beru@@ hi@@ gend , und interessan@@ ter@@ weise sind 12 schw@@ ing@@ ungen pro minute ungefähr die atem@@ -@@ frequ@@ enz eines schla@@ f@@ enden menschen . +wenn ich beispielsweise das hier - - länger als ein paar sekunden laufen lie@@ ße , würden sie sich un@@ wohl fühlen ; länger als ein paar minuten , und sie würden den saal in sch@@ aren verlassen . +das haben alle erkannt . . und das ist die mel@@ o@@ die , die zur zeit am häu@@ fig@@ sten in der welt zu hören ist , +und ich stand dort mit zwei sehr guten freunden von mir , richard we@@ ber und kev@@ in v@@ all@@ ely . +wir würden also eine live webseite haben , jeden einzelnen der 3@@ 3 tage würden wir blog@@ gen , geschichten von , sie wissen schon , aufge@@ brau@@ ch@@ tem sauerstoff erzählen , der uns zw@@ ingt unsere gesichter zu be@@ decken oder wir ver@@ bren@@ nen . +das ich der extrem@@ -@@ aus@@ dau@@ e-@@ typ bin ? +ich liebe nach@@ tt@@ au@@ ch@@ gän@@ ge . man kann dann eine ganze menge anderer fische sehen als ta@@ gs@@ über . +egal wo auf der welt man lebt . +wir können mit google earth sogar herum@@ schwimmen und die bu@@ ck@@ el@@ w@@ ale besuchen . +wir töten mit lan@@ gl@@ einen von gut und gerne 80 kilome@@ tern , an denen alle paar meter kö@@ der@@ ha@@ ken hängen , +und 197@@ 2 begannen die usa , ein gegen@@ stück im meer einzu@@ richten , die nation@@ alen meeres@@ schutz@@ gebiete . +aber , alles ist egal , wenn wir es nicht schaffen , die me@@ ere zu schützen . +ohne insekten gäbe es keine blü@@ h@@ enden pflanzen . +auf dem kopf haben sie noch einen satz augen . +eine maus hat taus@@ end@@ mal mehr nerven@@ zellen als eine flie@@ ge . +das sind die beiden konzep@@ te , die ich erforschen möchte . +diese versu@@ ch@@ san@@ or@@ dung hat eine meiner post@@ dok@@ tor@@ an@@ den , gab@@ y ma@@ im@@ on , jetzt an der rock@@ ef@@ eller university , entwickelt . es ist eigentlich ein flug@@ simul@@ ator , bei dem man eine elektro@@ de im gehirn der flie@@ ge an@@ bringen kann und dann eine auf@@ zeich@@ nung einer gene@@ tisch identi@@ fi@@ zierten nerven@@ zelle machen kann +zum ersten , es ist uner@@ lä@@ ss@@ lich das menschliche gehirn zu verstehen , wenn wir als gesellschaft zu@@ recht@@ kommen wollen , und ich denke das ist ein wichtiger schritt in evolution . +also kann ich mit gewis@@ ser sicherheit sagen , dass " ich denke , also bin ich . " +wir pac@@ ken sie nur in sä@@ ul@@ en , so dass wir mehr ne@@ o@@ kor@@ ti@@ k@@ alen sä@@ ul@@ en besitzen , um komplex@@ ere funk@@ tionen durch@@ zu@@ führen . +und das machten wir für tausende von neuronen , bauten digitale modelle für alle verschiedenen typen von neuronen welche wir an@@ tra@@ fen . +und wenn wir das machen , was wir entdeckt haben , ist , dass der schalt@@ kreis sich verändert . +nun , wenn man das das erste mal sieht , fragt man sich , " oh mein gott . wie kann aus dem realität hervor@@ kommen ? " +das ereig@@ nete sich in meiner kindheit -- 195@@ 7 bis 196@@ 5 . +" das raum@@ schi@@ ff@@ projekt hat offi@@ zi@@ ell begonnen . die arbeit war@@ tet auf sie . dy@@ son . " +das sind 3 pfund la@@ dungen c@@ 4 . das ist ungefähr 10 mal soviel , wie der typ in seinen schu@@ hen hatte . +das ist eine version für 20 männer , um zum ju@@ pit@@ er zu gelangen : ko@@ j@@ en , schutz@@ bun@@ ker , üb@@ ungs@@ raum . +sie wissen , ich weiß nicht wie@@ viele sie davon lesen . aber es macht keinen spaß sie zu lesen und oft keinen spaß zu schreiben sogar schlimmer zu schreiben . +ich denke das ist einfach faszinier@@ end . +sehr sehr schwer . +ihre organ@@ e jemand anders geben hat wahrscheinlich damit zu tun wieviel einem die gesellschaft wert ist , wie verbunden sie sind . +interessan@@ ter weise , wenn menschen das bekommen , kreu@@ zen sie wieder nicht an . aber jetzt nehmen sie teil . +dies ist eine ab@@ hand@@ lung von re@@ del@@ mei@@ er und scha@@ ef@@ er . +es gibt eine weitere entscheidung . +ein print ab@@ o für 1@@ 25 . +und weil wir unseren prä@@ fer@@ en@@ zen nicht so gut kennen sind wir an@@ fä@@ llig für all diese einfl@@ ü@@ ssen von ex@@ ter@@ nen krä@@ ften . die standards , die speziellen op@@ tionen die uns präsentiert werden . und so weiter . +die gute seite ist , denke ich , eine art des gr@@ un@@ des dafür dass verhaltens@@ ökonom@@ ie interessant und aufregend ist . +sie sind k@@ nap@@ p , teuer und wir haben nur ein gewis@@ ses spek@@ trum von ihnen . +und schließlich gibt es die radi@@ ow@@ ellen , deren probleme ich bereits genannt habe . +das ist eine grundlegende eigen@@ schaft , die wir mit unserer technologie aus@@ nutzen . +und denken sich : " ha ha ha , +und ich habe über die verfüg@@ barkeit gesprochen . +und dann gibt es noch millionen von straßen@@ lat@@ er@@ nen auf der welt . +sie haben schon einmal was von dna gehört , vielleicht in biologie . +was für komplexe und wunderbare dinge man nur mit einer eins und einer null kreieren kann . +dann wurde james wat@@ sons genom – einer der grün@@ der der dna – für zwei millionen dollar und in nur zwei monaten sequen@@ ziert . +ein archite@@ kt viel besser und kl@@ ü@@ ger als wir hat uns diese werkzeuge gegeben , und jetzt können wir sie auch benutzen . +man könnte sich viele dinge vorstellen : +er gab die beste antwort auf diese frage : » t@@ ja , irgend@@ jemand muss es ja tun . « +ich sch@@ nu@@ pp@@ ere das hinter@@ teil dieses hun@@ des , das herr@@ chen ru@@ ft , +und was man erkennen kann ist , dass eine sehr r@@ ang@@ nie@@ dere h@@ ün@@ d@@ in ohne weiteres einen knochen einem r@@ ang@@ hohen rü@@ den vor@@ enth@@ alten kann . +und so nutzen wir den fu@@ tter@@ -@@ kö@@ der in der hand , und wir nutzen fu@@ tter , weil wir es mit besit@@ z@@ ern zu tun haben . +also machen wir " sitz " , auf die cou@@ ch , " sitz " , b@@ auch strei@@ ch@@ eln , " sitz " , schau , ich wer@@ fe einen ten@@ nis@@ ball , " sitz " , be@@ grü@@ ß den anderen hund . +sie denken , eine stra@@ fe ist etwas bö@@ ses . +ihr kopf ist jetzt 100 meter weiter weg , er flie@@ gt durch die luft , ok ? +eine hä@@ ß@@ liches gesicht ist das -- wenn man auge in auge mit einem wel@@ pen oder kind ist , und dann sagt " was mach@@ st du ! jetzt hö@@ r auf , hö@@ r auf hö@@ r auf ! " +sie ist es wirklich . +in seiner rede bei der e@@ g konferenz 2007 fordert ian dun@@ bar uns dazu auf , die welt mit den augen unserer ge@@ lieb@@ ten h@@ unde zu sehen . indem wir uns in die perspektive unserer hau@@ sti@@ ere ver@@ setzen , können wir ihre liebe und ihr vertrauen gewinnen und festi@@ gen . es handelt sich dabei um eine botschaft , die auch außerhalb der tier@@ welt auf res@@ on@@ anz stö@@ ßt . +und wor@@ aus hast du es gemacht ? +w@@ k : ja , ich will noch eines bauen -- um wasser zu pump@@ en und die pflanzen zu be@@ wä@@ ss@@ ern . +im grunde genommen ist es ein song über schlei@@ fen , aber nicht die art von schlei@@ fen , die ich hier er@@ scha@@ ffe . +und das ist die frage , die dieser song stellt . +jedes mal , wenn ich tsch@@ e@@ cho@@ w l@@ ese und seine einzigarti@@ ge sicht des menschlichen lebens , erinnert mich das daran , warum auch ich autor wurde . +was ist mit größeren zahlen ? +ich bin sicher , das ist viel einfacher , als einen die schule mathematik gelernt hat . +der h@@ ase selber , das tier – keine kat@@ ze , kein hund , ein h@@ ase – warum ein h@@ ase ? +wie sind wir zur einzigen spe@@ z@@ ie geworden , die wohl@@ hab@@ ender wird , während sie zahl@@ rei@@ cher wird ? +und genau diese kombination , diese ku@@ mu@@ la@@ tive technologie , faszin@@ iert mich . denn ich glaube , dass darin das geheimnis liegt , wenn man verstehen möchte , was in der welt vor sich geht . +es gibt keinen au@@ st@@ aus@@ ch von ideen zwischen ihnen . +damit haben sie sie@@ ben@@ einhalb sekunden wohl@@ stand er@@ zi@@ elt ; seit 19@@ 50 sozusagen . denn in diesen sie@@ ben@@ einhalb sekunden können sie etwas anderes tun . oder sie können eine andere ware oder dienst@@ leistung er@@ wer@@ ben . +wir können uns spezi@@ alisieren und au@@ stau@@ schen , um unseren lebens@@ standard gegensei@@ tig zu erhö@@ hen . +und so erhö@@ hen beide seiten durch geschle@@ chts@@ spezi@@ fische arbeit@@ stei@@ lung gegensei@@ tig ihre lebens@@ standards . +und das wird zu spezi@@ alisierung geführt haben . +die person am flie@@ ß@@ band weiß es nicht , denn sie weiß nicht , wie man nach einer öl@@ quelle bo@@ hrt , um das öl zu gewinnen , aus dem plasti@@ k gemacht wird , und so weiter . +bei meiner arbeit geht es um verhaltens@@ weisen , die wir auf einer kolle@@ ktiven ebene , alle un@@ bewusst an den tag legen . +und seitdem sind es mehr geworden , wir haben aber die zahlen noch nicht . +und darum geht es in dem nächsten werk . +bei dem versuch , diese perspektive zu er@@ richten und uns über das enorme wesen unserer kultur aufzu@@ klär@@ en versuchen , müssen wir mit diesen riesigen zahlen arbeiten . die zahlen haben milli@@ on@@ en@@ höhe , hunderte von millionen , milliarden und mittler@@ weile auch billi@@ onen . +sie sehen hier die außen@@ hü@@ lle des virus , das gel@@ be sind die teile des virus , die sich sehr schnell entwickeln , während die blauen teile recht langsam sind . +aber eigentlich ist sie recht rob@@ ust . +es gibt nur 10@@ 2 , weil es irgendwann langwei@@ lig wurde , sie zu sammeln . jedes jahr gibt es neue . +schön , aber auch wieder ein billi@@ ger trick , oder ? +wir stellten diese pie@@ p@@ ser in der klini@@ k auf . +ich meine , sie taten alles für diese frau . +aus diesem signal l@@ ese ich , dass männer mit einer mu@@ tation dieses vir@@ us@@ ab@@ we@@ hren@@ zy@@ ms und einem tumor häufig -- in 40 prozent der fälle -- eine sig@@ natur mit neu@@ em retro@@ virus auf@@ weisen . +joe der@@ is@@ is vi@@ ro@@ scan lü@@ f@@ tet medizinische rätsel +das ist die erste bat@@ terie – ein sta@@ pel mü@@ n@@ zen , zin@@ k und sil@@ ber , ge@@ trennt durch einen , in einer sal@@ z@@ lösung ge@@ tr@@ än@@ kten kar@@ ton . +das elektro@@ ly@@ t ist nicht eine wasser@@ -@@ sal@@ z@@ -@@ lösung , sondern eher gesch@@ mol@@ zen@@ es sal@@ z . +das ist echt cool , zumindest theore@@ tisch . +vor 1,@@ 5 jahren also haben david und ich gemeinsam mit einem weiteren te@@ am@@ mitg@@ lied eine firma gegründet , um unsere fort@@ schritte zu beschle@@ uni@@ gen und schneller ein produkt herstellen zu können . +don@@ ald sa@@ do@@ way : erneu@@ er@@ bare energi@@ en : das fehl@@ ende g@@ lied +ich möchte daher kurz erzählen , wie alles begann . +habt ihr das gold gefunden ? +dinge , bei denen man über ideen stol@@ per@@ t wie das kop@@ er@@ ni@@ kan@@ ische prinzip , das fer@@ mi@@ -@@ parado@@ x@@ on , das anth@@ rop@@ ische prinzip , den urspr@@ ung des lebens . +spieler werden aufge@@ fordert , in diesem spiel sehr krea@@ tiv zu sein . +das ist der planet , auf dem wir bis jetzt gespielt haben . +all unsere ozean@@ e verdam@@ pfen von der oberfläche und da die hit@@ ze an@@ steigt , wird irgendwann unser gan@@ zer planet sch@@ mel@@ zen . +so entsteht dieses wunder@@ schöne gli@@ tz@@ ern@@ de , sich langsam dre@@ h@@ ende ding , es sä@@ he ungefähr so aus . es soll hier diese schönheit der natürlichen welt näher gebracht werden , auf eine sehr kre@@ ative art und weise , damit jeder seine intuition k@@ ali@@ bri@@ eren kann im hin@@ blick auf die weiten von raum und zeit . +sogar bei der b@@ b@@ c und der new york times . +sie tun es , wenn sie ständig über macht verfü@@ gen . und auch wenn sie sich während eines moments mäch@@ tig fühlen . +in business schools ist dieser geschle@@ chts@@ - spezi@@ fische not@@ en@@ unterschied ein problem . +wahrscheinlich nicht , oder ? man will die person , die leistungs@@ stark , bestim@@ men@@ d und domin@@ ant ist , und dabei mit stress umgehen kann . eine ent@@ span@@ nte person . +zwei minuten führen zu diesen hor@@ mon@@ ellen veränderungen , die ihr gehirn der@@ art um@@ gestalten , dass sie entweder bestimmt , selbst@@ bewusst sind und sich wohl@@ fühlen , oder dass sie sehr st@@ res@@ san@@ fä@@ llig sind und sie das gefühl haben , keine energie zu haben . wir alle kennen das gefühl , oder ? +gener@@ ell schätzen wir diese menschen sehr viel posi@@ tiver ein . " +in der nacht vor meiner rede im ersten jahr , diese präsentation in prin@@ c@@ et@@ on dauert 20 minuten und findet vor 20 zu@@ hör@@ ern statt . mehr nicht . +zwei minuten , zwei minuten , zwei minuten . +sie spa@@ zieren also im wald oder auf einer wi@@ ese und sehen eine amei@@ se , wie sie einen gras@@ hal@@ m hoch@@ kle@@ tter@@ t . +viele menschen haben ihr leben für den komm@@ un@@ ismus gelassen , und viele für den kapit@@ alismus . +welche the@@ orien wollen wir also heran@@ ziehen , um ihn zu untersuchen ? +nicht aus si@@ lik@@ on . +es gibt noch weitere par@@ asi@@ ten , die ihren wir@@ t ster@@ ili@@ sieren . +sie sind keine große sache für uns . +früher ging es beim di@@ ri@@ gieren und beim musi@@ zieren weniger um vertrauen und , ehrlich gesagt , mehr um nö@@ tigung . +ich muss sagen , damals konnte ich den vo@@ gel nicht einmal finden , wirklich . +sie lesen die musik nicht . +haben sie es gehört ? +gut gemacht , meine damen und herren . +ly@@ n : wenn ich musi@@ zi@@ ere , fühle ich mich wie eine pil@@ o@@ tin im cock@@ p@@ it , die ein flugzeug flie@@ gt . +mein on@@ kel ed schen@@ kte mir einen wunder@@ h@@ üb@@ schen blauen pul@@ lo@@ ver -- zumindest hielt ich ihn für sehr schön . +wir konzentri@@ erten uns auf ein geschäfts@@ modell , wir be@@ standen auf persön@@ lichem einsatz . +sie sind farmer und fabri@@ k@@ arbeiter . +schä@@ tz@@ ungen zu@@ folge ver@@ liert afrika rund 13 milliarden dollar im jahr wegen dieser krankheit . +sie führt zwei der produk@@ tions@@ linien und hat schon genug geld ges@@ part , um eine an@@ zahl@@ ung auf ihr haus zu leisten . +nun , die drei s@@ ö@@ hne begannen zu ver@@ handeln . +wie gehen wir mit unseren größten strei@@ ti@@ gkeiten um , in an@@ betra@@ cht der menschlichen n@@ eig@@ ung zu konfli@@ kten und des menschlichen gen@@ ies , waffen mit enor@@ mer zerstör@@ ungskraft zu erfinden ? +und wir können eine unglaublich kon@@ struk@@ tive rolle spielen . +jetzt möchte ich sie für einen moment mit@@ nehmen zu dem , was über@@ wie@@ gend als der schwier@@ ig@@ ste konflikt dieser welt oder als der un@@ lö@@ s@@ bar@@ ste konflikt angesehen wird , zum mittleren osten . +nun , als anthropo@@ lo@@ gen wissen wir , dass jede kultur ihre urspr@@ ungs@@ geschichte hat . +und das ist es , was zu dem ersten schritt hier führt . +lassen sie mich ihnen eine frage stellen . +und genau darum geht es . +aber sie haben es dank einer gemein@@ samen identität - europa - und einer gemein@@ samen wirtschaft geschafft . +nat@@ al@@ ie ma@@ c@@ master f@@ ie@@ d@@ elt die gei@@ ge im re@@ el@@ -@@ ta@@ kt +als erstes ging der arzt für 6 monate fort , und er begann mit der aus@@ arbei@@ tung von 9 gesundheits@@ zielen , die wir an@@ stre@@ b@@ ten . +ihnen und ihren kindern geht es gut . +das ist unser durchschnitt@@ liches budget . +sie machen alle aspe@@ kte der arbeit . +sie konnten die fliegen fangen und zu ihm nach per@@ th schicken . +ich frage sie : ist das bes@@ ei@@ tigung von armut ? +wenn ich meine arbeit mache , has@@ sen mich die leute . +und zweitens : mich interessiert nicht das wort , mich interessiert , wie sie es benutzen . +ich sage nicht , dass es leicht ist . +alles begann mit samen in einem klassen@@ raum , bei mir , der so aussieht . +was taten wir dann ? ich traf ne@@ tte menschen , wie sie , die uns in die ham@@ p@@ tons ein@@ lu@@ den . +das ist ein bild vom bürger@@ meister der bronx , der die kinder in seinem haus em@@ pf@@ ing , nicht im gefängnis , sodass sie sich zuge@@ hö@@ ri@@ g fühl@@ ten . +wir gaben etwas zurück . +wollen sie ihren g@@ au@@ men zu erweitern , erweitern sie ihren wor@@ tsch@@ atz . +wenn man kinder mit unterschied@@ licher her@@ kunft nimmt , und so was besonder@@ es macht , dann schaffen wir einen moment . +sie können das alle tun . +s@@ í se pu@@ e@@ de ! +bei dem schw@@ ein war hier die nu@@ ll@@ linie , bevor wir ihm zur simulation eines herz@@ an@@ falls eine ar@@ terie block@@ ierten . +hier war es . don@@ ner@@ stag früh setzten wir die medi@@ kation ab . hier wird das kar@@ di@@ ogra@@ mm , das signal aus seinem herzen , über radi@@ ot@@ ele@@ me@@ trie ausge@@ geben . +das ist die erste erfindung , die ich beschreiben wollte . +st@@ acy sa@@ ger : aber für christ@@ ina si@@ de@@ bottom ist alles , was migr@@ äne verhindern kann , einen versuch wert . +dieses bild ist wahrscheinlich besser . +ein signal im gehirn , das stör@@ ungen verursacht , könnten wir als aus@@ lö@@ ser einer elektr@@ ische stimu@@ lation betrachten , wie bei der epi@@ le@@ p@@ sie . +jeder weiß , dass wir mit visu@@ ellen dingen besser umgehen können , die der patient interak@@ tiv be@@ dienen kann , wo man ein video sehen kann , und selbst ge@@ fil@@ mt wird , und man kn@@ ö@@ pfe drücken kann . verstanden ? nein , hab ich nicht . +und dafür gibt es eine soft@@ war@@ e@@ entwick@@ ler@@ -@@ gruppe be@@ steh@@ end aus menschen aus ganz afrika , aus ghana , aus mal@@ aw@@ i , aus ken@@ ia . +das sieht man auch bei twitter . man bekommt dadurch eine un@@ geb@@ re@@ m@@ ste informa@@ tions@@ flu@@ t . +nachdem er starb , bemer@@ kte ich , dass niemand mir mehr schreibt . +es gibt tatsächlich so viele verschiedene res@@ on@@ an@@ z@@ punkte , dass es schwierig wird , sie alle an@@ zus@@ pre@@ chen , aber ich werde mein be@@ stes geben . +stellen sie es sich als ries@@ iges it@@ un@@ es vor , für buch@@ ähnliche in@@ halte . +firmen wie national instru@@ ments integri@@ eren mäch@@ tige interak@@ tive simu@@ la@@ tionen in die materialien . das geht weit über das normale lehr@@ buch hinaus , hin zu einer erfahrung , dass man mit allen lehr@@ materialien wirklich interagieren und mit ihnen spielen kann . somit lernt man durch prakti@@ sche anwendung . +was wir hier sehen , ist die verschie@@ bung dieses brenn@@ - oder veröffent@@ lich@@ ungspro@@ z@@ esses vom all@@ tä@@ glichen einzelnen autor zu gemein@@ schaft@@ lich er@@ stellten materialien , die in mo@@ du@@ le aufge@@ teilt , auf individu@@ elle kur@@ se abge@@ stimmt und nach bedarf zu ger@@ ingen kosten heraus@@ gegeben werden . sie werden entweder über ama@@ zon ver@@ trieben oder direkt über einen be@@ dar@@ fs@@ ver@@ le@@ ger wie co@@ op . +die lehrer unter uns , jeder der gele@@ hrt hat , weiß , dass es beim lehren in wirklichkeit um verbindungen geht . +wir reden hier nicht von har@@ ry po@@ tter . +und wenn sie die nachrichten ver@@ folgt haben , dann stand da tats@@ äch@@ l@@ ci@@ h letzte woche , dass ich das media lab verlassen hätte . +und es geht dabei um zwei an@@ ek@@ to@@ den – eine war in kam@@ bo@@ d@@ sch@@ a , in einem dorf , das weder strom , noch wasser , fernsehen oder ein telefon hatte , aber jetzt über internet mit brei@@ t@@ band@@ verbindung verfü@@ gt . +wir interessieren uns für große , hel@@ le dis@@ plays . +es ist der rest – der kleinen bra@@ un@@ en ka@@ sten – der ziemlich faszinier@@ end ist , denn der rest ihres laptops ist sich selbst gewi@@ d@@ met . +ist all das bereits ausge@@ arbeitet ? nein . +dem gesetz zu@@ folge muss man ein ange@@ bot unter@@ brei@@ ten und so weiter und so fort . +weil es keinen markt für post-@@ l@@ k@@ ws gibt . +und wenn er am ende bei 13@@ 8 dollar heraus@@ kommt , was soll ' s ? +wir können dort alles hinein@@ pac@@ ken , was wir wollen , und sie werden nicht schwer@@ er und dann können wir was auch immer wieder heraus@@ nehmen . +und ich sagte : " ich will das machen . " +das sind die menschen , zu denen sie in diesem moment zu@@ griff haben , im allgemeinen -- all diese menschen , all ihre freunde und familien@@ mitglieder , mit denen sie in kontakt treten können . +ich möchte sie auf eine reise mit@@ nehmen . +in ressour@@ cen@@ reichen ländern werden dank der modernen te@@ st@@ - und behand@@ l@@ ungs@@ möglichkeiten weniger als 2 % der kinder hiv-@@ posi@@ tiv geboren . 9@@ 8 % der kinder sind bei der geburt hiv-@@ nega@@ tiv . +die frauen kommen wegen der behandlung , aber wir wissen , ein test und die verab@@ rei@@ chung eines medikam@@ ents sind nicht genug . +ihr baby wird nicht in@@ fiziert sein . " +zweitens , die mütter gesund und am leben zu halten . die kinder am leben halten . keine wa@@ is@@ en mehr . +sie war von einer kli@@ enti@@ n um einen haus@@ besu@@ ch gebeten worden , weil diese ihrer mutter und ihren gesch@@ wi@@ ster von ihrer hiv-@@ infe@@ ktion erzählen wollte und angst hatte , es alleine zu machen . +wir habe uns entschieden , gesundheits@@ vor@@ sorge neu zu definieren als arzt , pfle@@ ger oder ment@@ or@@ in . +mütter mit hiv kümmern sich um mütter mit hiv . +er ist beim menschen propor@@ tional wesentlich größer als bei anderen spezies , und an zahl@@ reichen hohen kogni@@ tiven funk@@ tionen beteili@@ gt , wie etwa entschei@@ dungs@@ fin@@ dung , plan@@ ung , was man morgen , nächste woche oder nächstes jahr tut ; block@@ i@@ erung un@@ ange@@ m@@ essen@@ en ver@@ hal@@ tens , es hinder@@ t einen etwas wirklich un@@ hö@@ f@@ liches oder du@@ m@@ mes zu sagen . +es gibt drei la@@ st@@ wagen . man nimmt instin@@ ktiv den weißen , denn das ist der ober@@ ste l@@ k@@ w aus ihrer sicht . aber sie werden sich erinnern : " oh , er sieht ihn nicht , also sollte ich den blauen la@@ ster bewegen " , der ober@@ ste aus seiner perspektive . glauben sie es oder nicht , normale , ges@@ unde , intelligen@@ te erwachsene wie sie machen in der hälfte der zeit fehler bei diesen tests . +aber jetzt versuchen wir das hin@@ sichtlich der entwicklung einer gehirn@@ region namens lim@@ bis@@ ches system zu verstehen . ich zeige ihnen das lim@@ b@@ ische system , in rot auf der folie hinter mir und auf dem gehirn . +er bes@@ a@@ ß eine firma für ver@@ chro@@ mung und sie mussten sch@@ were sta@@ hl@@ teile zwischen chemi@@ k@@ ali@@ en@@ be@@ häl@@ tern transpor@@ tieren . also brauchte er einen industri@@ er@@ ob@@ ot@@ er wie diesen hier , der die schwer@@ star@@ b@@ eit übernehmen konnte . +aber ich wusste , was er mein@@ te , denn es wäre möglich , ein paar bilder von blu@@ men in einem garten in ein computer@@ system einzu@@ fügen , damit es so aus@@ sah , als wäre dort ein e@@ chter roboter , obwohl keiner da ist . +als sie gerade auf die bühne laufen wollte , hätten die tel@@ e-@@ reg@@ is@@ se@@ ure immer noch versucht , sich auf etwas zu einigen , also sei sie einfach auf die bühne gel@@ aufen und hätte gemacht , was sich am natür@@ lichsten an@@ fühlte . +diese menschlichen demon@@ stra@@ tionen , alle un@@ ruhi@@ g und man@@ gel@@ haft , und wir gewinnen aus ihnen eine ab@@ gelei@@ tete aufgab@@ en@@ bahn und steu@@ er@@ sequenz für den roboter . +je mehr roboter in unser all@@ tä@@ g@@ liches leben ein@@ geb@@ unden werden , desto mehr müssen wir uns damit aus@@ einander@@ setzen , was es bedeutet , mensch zu sein . bei tedx@@ ber@@ k@@ ele@@ y teilt ken gold@@ berg vier sehr menschliche le@@ ktionen , die er durch seine arbeit mit robot@@ ern gelernt hat . +es wird sogar gesagt , dass wir im kolle@@ ktiven bewusstsein afrikas die tief@@ sten teile unserer eigenen mensch@@ lichkeit erleben können , indem wir mit anderen interagieren . +und daran war für mich etwas so wunderbar afrikan@@ isches , ein winzi@@ ges haus mit einem riesigen herz . +so wie ich das wasser ver@@ lasse , erreicht sol@@ ly eine un@@ tiefe , einen kan@@ al zwischen uns . +in unser reser@@ v@@ at kam sie aus einem reser@@ v@@ at , das ö@@ st@@ lich von uns auf ihrer wander@@ rou@@ te lag . +und während u@@ bun@@ tu eine afrikan@@ ische idee ist , ist die essen@@ z dieses wer@@ tes doch : " hier erfunden " . +vor ein paar wochen bekam ka@@ es@@ a@@ va einen kleinen jungen namens re@@ han . +vielleicht ist der ge@@ däch@@ t@@ nis@@ verlust so entscheiden@@ d für unser überleben als menschen . +wenn ich an die zukunft denke , sehe ich mich nie in der zeit nach vor@@ n bewegen . ich stelle mir vor , dass sich die zeit rück@@ wärts auf mich zu@@ bewegt . +ich fü@@ gte sogar geschichten meiner großmutter ein . +zu@@ gegeben , auch ich war so ein kind . +dass es bereits ein bewegung gibt , die nach besseren lösungen sucht . +bir@@ ke ba@@ e@@ hr : was mit unserer lebens@@ mittel@@ industrie nicht stimmt +wie sie sehen können , nimmt die st@@ eigen@@ de linie in den 6@@ 0er und 7@@ 0er jahren die form der k@@ elle eines ho@@ ck@@ e@@ y@@ schlä@@ gers an . jetzt verl@@ äu@@ ft das ganze auf einer etwas gleich@@ mäß@@ ig@@ eren bahn . +unter@@ wasser@@ ber@@ ge sind wichtig für die ar@@ ten@@ vielfalt . +was ist nun der kontext der pho@@ en@@ i@@ x@@ inseln ? +ich würde gern zurück@@ fahren und unsere forsch@@ ung@@ ser@@ geb@@ nisse mit der regierung von ki@@ ri@@ bat@@ i , die ihren sitz auf dem at@@ ol@@ l tar@@ a@@ wa , also auf der west@@ lichsten in@@ sel@@ gruppe , hat , teilen . +diese fälle waren eher auf dem fest@@ land bekannt , wie etwa in den regen@@ wäl@@ dern sü@@ dameri@@ kas und afrikas , wo die land@@ besit@@ zer dafür bezahlt wurden , die bäume nicht zu fällen . +es ist vielleicht , wie wenn man mit mehr@@ eren krankheiten zu kämpfen hat , dann ist es schwer , gesund zu werden . man könnte sterben . aber wenn man nur an einer krankheit lei@@ det , kann sich der zustand bess@@ ern . +ich habe ihnen gerade die geschichte über die pho@@ en@@ i@@ x@@ inseln , diesem einen vier@@ e@@ ck@@ igen gebiet in der mitte , erzählt , aber hier hat jede grüne fläche ihre eigene geschichte . +allen in den letzten paar jahren haben wir digitale werkzeuge gesehen mit fähigkeiten und ferti@@ gkeiten , die sie nie zuvor hatten und die irgendwie das , was wir menschen als lebens@@ unter@@ halt machen , an@@ greifen . ich gebe ihnen ein paar beispiele . +auf kurze sicht können wir den beschäf@@ tig@@ ungs@@ wachstum an@@ kur@@ b@@ eln durch die förder@@ ung des unterneh@@ mer@@ tu@@ ms und durch investi@@ tionen in infrastruktur , da die roboter heute noch nicht sehr gut sind in der br@@ ück@@ en@@ repar@@ ation . +das heißt , die arbeit der innovation , die arbeit neue ideen zu entwickeln , ist eine der mäch@@ ti@@ gsten , eine der grundle@@ gend@@ sten arbeiten , die wir in einer vol@@ ks@@ wirtschaft tun können . und so hat man früher innova@@ tionen be@@ trieben . +vielen dank . +es ist 198@@ 3 . +und als letztes unter " harmon@@ ie " hatten sie dieses mand@@ ala aus ti@@ bet aus dem 13@@ . jahrhundert . +er wollte nicht , dass einer seiner freunde ver@@ haf@@ tet wird . also hat er jeden mit diesem fal@@ schen freiwilli@@ gen@@ aus@@ weis ausge@@ stat@@ tet . +was mich zurück gebracht hat zum listen@@ machen -- -- wissen sie , nur um zu sehen was mir tatsächlich an meinem job gefällt . +und dann steht da : haben +die zweite beding@@ ung betrifft gesellschaften , die in einer sich veränder@@ nden umwelt wie der arkti@@ s oder der wüste leben , in denen peri@@ o@@ dische nahr@@ ungsk@@ na@@ pp@@ heiten auf@@ treten und lebens@@ mittel gel@@ eg@@ entlich nicht aus@@ reichen , um alle am leben zu erhalten . +in ost@@ asien z@@ . b. wird besonders viel wert auf respe@@ kt für äl@@ tere menschen gelegt , in verbindung mit kon@@ fu@@ zi@@ us ' lehr@@ e der kin@@ dlichen pie@@ tät , welche ge@@ hor@@ sam gegenüber , respe@@ kt vor den eltern und deren unterstützung bedeutet . +die vielleicht größte veränderung zum schlechten ist , dass unsere äl@@ teren obje@@ ktiv weniger nützlich sind als in traditionellen gesellschaften . +leider können sich diese grau@@ en@@ ha@@ ften situationen alle wieder@@ holen . +dies sind nur einige beispiele , die uns tradition@@ elle gesellschaften lehren . +die geschichte der " 99 " spielt 12@@ 5@@ 8 , als die mon@@ gol@@ en in bag@@ dad ein@@ dr@@ an@@ gen und es zerstör@@ ten . +das konzept des com@@ ics basiert auf den no@@ or@@ -@@ st@@ einen . +mir wurde in blogs vorge@@ worfen ich sei vom pa@@ p@@ st ges@@ and@@ t worden , um trin@@ ität und ka@@ tho@@ li@@ z@@ ismus im na@@ hen osten zu pre@@ digen , also sie – können glauben w@@ em sie wollen – ich habe ihnen meine version gegeben . +super schrift@@ steller stu@@ art mo@@ ore , schrei@@ ber für ir@@ on man . +haben vor ein@@ einhalb jahren einen frei@@ zeit@@ park namens " die 99 " in ku@@ wait er@@ öffnet : 3@@ 0@@ 0.000 q@@ m , 20 attra@@ ktionen , mit unseren fig@@ uren . hatten ein paar el@@ tern@@ ab@@ ende in sp@@ ani@@ en und der tür@@ ke@@ i . +ich hab es nicht verdi@@ ent , ich verdi@@ ene gar nichts . +der erste hand@@ elte von einer gruppe namens " die par@@ te@@ i got@@ tes " , die den val@@ ent@@ in@@ stag verb@@ ie@@ ten wollten . rot wurde illegal . +ra@@ y@@ an rich@@ tete die situation neu aus und brachte sich auf mein level runter . +denn ohne zusammenhang sind sie ni@@ chts@@ sa@@ gend . 500 milliarden für diese ro@@ hr@@ lei@@ tung . 20 milliarden für diesen krieg . +ich möchte ihnen noch ein weiteres land@@ schafts@@ bild zeigen . +warum apri@@ l ? +klar , eine ein@@ kauf@@ s@@ therapie könnte helfen . +und da ist etwas beinahe mag@@ isches in unseren visu@@ ellen informationen . +so gewal@@ tig in der tat , dass es alle anderen mili@@ tä@@ re@@ tat@@ s auf der welt um@@ fassen kann . +wir benötigen relative zahlen , die mit anderen daten verbunden sind , so dass wir ein um@@ fas@@ sen@@ der@@ es bild sehen können , welches uns dann dazu bewegt , unseren blick@@ winkel zu ändern . +lassen sie es uns also heraus@@ fil@@ tern . +ich glaube , ich finde informationen einfach zu interessant . +nun was ihr rie@@ cht ist eine kombination aus -- ich habe gefragt wie viele moleküle dort dr@@ innen seien und niemand konnte es mir sagen . +und das ist eine perfe@@ kte theorie in dem sinne , dass fast alles in der biologie sich nach der form richtet . +das ist cis@@ -@@ 3@@ -@@ h@@ ex@@ an@@ ol . es rie@@ cht wie ge@@ mä@@ h@@ tes gras . +die schlechte nachricht ist , dass es ra@@ ket@@ ent@@ rei@@ b@@ stoff ist . +das ist die grundlage für den appar@@ at , den diese zwei leute von ford gebaut haben . +und ich hab gemein@@ t , erst einmal , lass mich die berech@@ nungen für diese verbindung durch@@ führen , unten rechts , die mit k@@ um@@ ar@@ in verwand@@ t ist , aber ein extra fün@@ fe@@ ck im molekül enth@@ ält . +ich komme aus der wer@@ be@@ - und desig@@ n-@@ bran@@ che . +als ich mir einen dieser typ@@ ischen brie@@ fe an@@ sah , ließ ich ihn durch mein ver@@ einfach@@ ungs@@ labor laufen . er war völlig un@@ verständlich . +mo@@ ses ! – die jungs in michael mor@@ pur@@ gos " freund oder fein@@ d " ; al@@ em in ben@@ jam@@ in ze@@ ph@@ ani@@ ah@@ s " re@@ fu@@ ge@@ e boy " ; lu@@ ke sky@@ wal@@ ker – lu@@ ke sky@@ wal@@ ker ! – oli@@ ver twi@@ st ; cas@@ si@@ a in h@@ ong y@@ ings " die kon@@ ku@@ bine von shang@@ hai " ; cel@@ ie in ali@@ ce wal@@ kers " die farbe li@@ la " . +der adop@@ tion@@ spro@@ z@@ ess brauchte ein paar monate , es war eine industrie , wissen sie , ein bes@@ ie@@ gel@@ tes geschäft , eine um@@ trie@@ bi@@ ge , nütz@@ liche lösung : die regierung als bau@@ er , die ad@@ opti@@ vel@@ tern als ab@@ neh@@ mer , die mutter , die erde , das kind , die er@@ nte . +und ich stand an der sch@@ welle zur pu@@ ber@@ tät , also nahm ich ke@@ k@@ se aus der do@@ se , ohne zu fragen . +aber da ich keine familie hatte , die nach mir fragte , konnten sie alles mit mir machen . +le@@ m@@ n s@@ is@@ say : ein kind in staat@@ licher für@@ sorge +wir haben immer noch kein komple@@ tt@@ es bild davon . +und wenn sie hier nach norden schauen , gibt es dort einen großen fluss , der in den see mü@@ n@@ det und der se@@ di@@ ment mit sich führt und die über@@ re@@ ste der tiere konser@@ viert , die dort gelebt haben . +und er blieb dort 1,@@ 6 millionen jahre lang , bis jen@@ er äußerst berühm@@ te fo@@ s@@ sil@@ jä@@ ger , kam@@ o@@ ya ki@@ me@@ u , einen kleinen hang entlang wander@@ te und dieses kleine stück seines sch@@ äd@@ els an der oberfläche fand , zwischen den ki@@ es@@ eln , und es als hom@@ in@@ id identi@@ fi@@ zierte . +ich denke es ist unsere kolle@@ ktive intelligenz . +naja , um mit einer äußerst posi@@ tiven über@@ le@@ gung zu enden , ich denke , dass dies evolution@@ ä@@ r gesehen am ende wahrscheinlich eine recht gute sache ist . +in diesem ord@@ ner sind 17@@ .000 fotos - über 20 gi@@ gab@@ ite an daten - und es werden immer mehr . +wie man sieht , habe ich dafür sogar ein muse@@ um@@ s@@ schil@@ d mit einer kurzen geschichte des do@@ do@@ s hergestellt . +ich fand es lustig , dass es so lange ge@@ dauert hat , ihn zu authenti@@ fizieren , weil ich ihn so mit diesem hier vergleichen konnte , und ich kann ihnen versi@@ chern - er ist echt , er ist aus der ex@@ akt gleichen form ge@@ go@@ ssen wie dieser hier . +und es wird noch selts@@ am@@ er : 197@@ 4 , während der produktion einer un@@ heim@@ lichen kom@@ ö@@ di@@ en-@@ fort@@ setzung zur " sp@@ ur des fal@@ ken " titel : " the black bird " , mit george se@@ g@@ al , wurde dem los angeles coun@@ ty museum of art ein gi@@ p@@ s-@@ original des mal@@ tes@@ er fal@@ ken ge@@ sto@@ hlen - einer von sechs origin@@ al-@@ gi@@ p@@ s@@ ab@@ gü@@ ssen , glaube ich , die für den film gemacht wurden . viele leute glaub@@ ten , es wäre ein wer@@ be@@ ga@@ g für den neuen film . +wenn man etwas ab@@ for@@ mt und gi@@ e@@ ßt , passiert allerdings folgendes : je@@ des@@ mal , wenn man es in si@@ lik@@ on for@@ mt und mit har@@ z aus@@ gi@@ e@@ ßt , ver@@ liert es ein wenig an volu@@ men und ein wenig an größe . +ich hatte enorme lebens@@ bedro@@ h@@ liche verletz@@ ungen . +die nächste sorge war , ob ich wieder laufen könnte , da ich von der hü@@ fte ab@@ wärts gel@@ ä@@ hmt war . +ich lag auf einem dün@@ nen , har@@ ten spezi@@ al@@ bett . +im krankenhaus , da ist alles normal . +es war je@@ der@@ man@@ ns schmerz . und dann wusste ich , genau wie vorher , dass ich eine wahl habe . ich könnte weiter kämpfen , oder ich könnte los@@ lassen und nicht nur meinen körper , sondern auch meine leben@@ sum@@ stände akzeptieren . +sie schauten mich an und ran@@ nten nach hinten , um den schwarzen peter zu ver@@ geben . +ich ging also nach hause , nahm mir ein train@@ ing@@ ta@@ ge@@ buch und ich hatte einen plan . +die pil@@ ot@@ en-@@ fl@@ am@@ me in mir war immer noch eine fl@@ am@@ me , genau wie sie in jedem von uns lo@@ der@@ t . +und wir sollten dinge entwickeln -- wir sollten ver@@ pac@@ kungen für ideen entwickeln , die die wahrnehmung von menschen verbessern , den respe@@ kt vor dingen erhö@@ hen die wir aus der erde aus@@ graben und sie in dinge für den all@@ ta@@ gs@@ ge@@ brauch umzu@@ wand@@ eln . +wenn ich etwas geld mache , lasse ich mir eine für mich selbst herstellen . +es geht zurück auf die instin@@ kte . +er kostet in der entwicklung 1,@@ 7 millionen dollar . er wird " go " genannt und ist von ber@@ n@@ hard@@ t , usa . +das ist die macht von organis@@ chem design . +es wuchs in meinem kopf , und dann ist es in bezug auf den gesamten prozess , den ich durch@@ laufe ge@@ wachsen . +ich habe soviel darauf ru@@ m@@ ge@@ hä@@ mm@@ ert , das ich es selbst nicht glauben kann . +und das ist was ich mit meinen mö@@ b@@ eln tue . +es ist in not@@ ting h@@ ill , neben all dem dre@@ ck -- sie wissen schon , die pro@@ stit@@ u@@ ierten und all dieses zeug . +an der wand ist mein buch mit dem namen " super@@ natural , " das mir erlaubt mich daran zu erinnern was ich getan habe , denn ich ver@@ ges@@ se . +wir üb@@ ten in einem be@@ cken in port hu@@ ene@@ me . und mein erster tau@@ ch@@ gang im off@@ enen ozean war im s@@ ant@@ a bar@@ bar@@ a kan@@ al . +z.b. sind diese großen explo@@ sionen von fun@@ ken von einer kleinen ri@@ pp@@ en@@ qu@@ alle . und dort sind kri@@ ll und andere k@@ ru@@ st@@ enti@@ ere und qu@@ allen . +dieser hier ist blau , und das ist die farbe der meisten bi@@ ol@@ umines@@ z@@ enz im meer , weil die evolution die farbe gewä@@ hlt hat , die am wei@@ testen durch meer@@ wasser sicht@@ bar ist , um die kommunikation zu opti@@ mieren . +er muss eine freundin finden und dann sein ganzes leben an ihr fes@@ th@@ alten . +um dann die reaktion her@@ bei@@ zur@@ u@@ fen , die sie gleich sehen . ich habe sie einmal pro sekunde mit einer sch@@ ar@@ fen spitze an ihrem nerven@@ ring berührt , wie die sch@@ ar@@ fen zä@@ hne eines fis@@ ches . +aber es kam der moment , an dem alles pas@@ ste und alles funktion@@ ierte +edi@@ th wid@@ der : leu@@ chten@@ des leben in einer welt unter wasser +was also heutzutage , wo wir mit den verschieden@@ sten kr@@ is@@ en weltweit konfron@@ tiert werden , für uns auf individu@@ eller ebene gut ist , und was mehr freude , dank@@ barkeit und erfolg in unser leben bringt und für unsere persönliche lauf@@ bahn am besten ist , das ist auch für die gesamte welt am besten . +also – also nehme ich meine kamera , mein no@@ ti@@ z@@ buch , zog einen stuhl her@@ an und beobach@@ tete das geschehen . +hier ist einer der anderen gewinn@@ er . das ist charles pa@@ x@@ ton , er er@@ hielt 2000 den bi@@ ologi@@ e-@@ preis für seine studie " bal@@ z@@ verhalten von str@@ außen gegenüber menschen auf far@@ men in großbritannien . " +die mis@@ sion@@ ar@@ s@@ stellung ist im ti@@ errei@@ ch sehr selten . +und am ende gehen wir zum chin@@ esen und be@@ stellen sechs gän@@ ge mit ente . +er war ein teil meines körpers geworden , eine erweiter@@ ung meiner sinne , und nach einer weile wurde er sogar zu einem teil meines öffentlichen bil@@ des . +prin@@ z charles hat einige ähn@@ lichkeit mit ni@@ co@@ le kid@@ man . +und das gute an der wahrnehmung von ultra@@ vi@@ o@@ le@@ tt ist , dass man hören kann , ob es ein guter oder schle@@ chter tag zum sonnen@@ ba@@ den ist , denn ultra@@ vi@@ o@@ le@@ tt ist eine gefähr@@ liche farbe , eine farbe , die uns töten kann . deshalb denke ich , wir sollten uns alle wün@@ schen , etwas wahr@@ nehmen zu können , was eigentlich nicht möglich ist . +wegen der b@@ ären machte sie sich absolut keine sorgen , aber vor an@@ wäl@@ ten hatte sie eine hei@@ den@@ angst . +aber die wahrheit ist , dass solche verrück@@ ten fälle relativ selten sind . meistens werden sie nicht gewonnen . +es ist schwer einzu@@ schätzen , da es unterschiedliche mo@@ tive gibt . +es scheint nicht sehr gut zu funktionieren , oder ? +damit das gesetz die basis der freiheit sein kann , müssen ihm die menschen vertrauen . +was jetzt notwendig ist , ist ein wieder@@ aufbau dieser grenzen . +diese person existiert heute nicht . +nur so können wir unsere freiheit zurück@@ gewinnen . und nur so können die energie und die leidenschaft frei@@ werden , die nötig sind , damit wir die herausforderungen unserer zeit mei@@ stern können . vielen dank . +oder -- oder vielleicht und -- zusä@@ tzlich zu den regeln schauen wir uns an , ob wir mit ein paar wirklich ra@@ ff@@ ini@@ erten anrei@@ zen auf@@ warten können . auch wenn die leute , mit denen wir zu tun haben , nicht in unserem interesse handeln wollen , ist es somit in ihrem interesse , in unserem interesse zu handeln -- die mag@@ ischen anrei@@ ze , welche die leute dazu bringen werden , das richtige zu tun , wenn auch aus r@@ einem eigen@@ nu@@ tz . +nun ja , wenn sie darüber nachdenken , ist es wirklich schwierig r@@ unde sä@@ ul@@ en mit einem lin@@ e@@ al auszu@@ messen . +er hatte eine sehr schlecht be@@ za@@ hlte arbeits@@ stelle . +er hatte letzten endes nur eine spiel@@ zeug@@ pi@@ sto@@ le . +aber das problem , sich auf regeln und anrei@@ ze zu verlassen , liegt darin , dass sie die beru@@ f@@ liche tä@@ tigkeit de@@ mor@@ alisieren . und sie de@@ mor@@ alisieren die beru@@ f@@ liche tä@@ tigkeit in zwei@@ erle@@ i hinsicht . +klu@@ ge gesetz@@ lose sind also besser als nichts , aber es ist schwer vorstell@@ bar , dass irgend@@ ein klu@@ ger gesetz@@ lo@@ ser dies für unbe@@ gren@@ zte zeit auf@@ recht erhalten kann . +es gibt in@@ zwischen 22 städte , die ein veter@@ an@@ en-@@ geri@@ cht wie dieses haben . +es gibt also eine menge beispiele wie dieses , über das wir gesprochen haben . +die usa hatten im man@@ hatten project einige atom@@ waffen entwickelt . die idee war ganz einfach : wir nutzen die kraft des atoms um die gr@@ äu@@ el und den hor@@ ror dieses end@@ losen zweiten welt@@ krie@@ gs , an dem wir in europa und im pazi@@ fi@@ k beteili@@ gt waren , zu be@@ enden . +während dieses ersten kapit@@ els gab es ein star@@ kes öffent@@ liches bewusstsein des scha@@ den@@ s@@ poten@@ ti@@ als einer nu@@ k@@ lear@@ en katastrophe , und ein dau@@ er@@ haf@@ tes bild hat sich in unser kolle@@ kti@@ ves ge@@ däch@@ tnis einge@@ bran@@ nt , dass ein nu@@ k@@ lear@@ er h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st eine globale zerstör@@ ung und , in gewis@@ ser weise , das ende unserer heutigen zivilisation bedeuten würde . +die idee war , die ziel@@ städte zu ev@@ aku@@ ieren . +es gibt viele orte , an denen spr@@ eng@@ kö@@ pfe gel@@ ag@@ ert werden und viele orte mit sp@@ alt@@ bar@@ em material , wie hoch an@@ gerei@@ cher@@ tes ur@@ an und plu@@ ton@@ ium , die absolut nicht sicher sind . +sie sind ziemlich enga@@ gi@@ ert . +dies ist die größe der " little boy " bom@@ be , die auf hi@@ ro@@ shi@@ ma fiel . +in dieser vier@@ tel@@ stunde ist alles was sie tun müssen - und das meine ich ernst - 1,@@ 5 kilometer von der explosion weg@@ zu@@ gehen . +ab@@ sch@@ ot@@ tung - hoffentlich mit dre@@ ck oder bet@@ on , oder einem k@@ eller - ab@@ stand und zeit werden sie retten . +ern@@ ste probleme , große probleme , drin@@ gende probleme . +und viele von uns hier sind darin hoch invol@@ viert . +und das ist jetzt deut@@ licher , als es seit jahrzehn@@ ten war . +das ist es , was unternehmen be@@ wirken , indem sie gewinn@@ e er@@ zielen . +unternehmen er@@ zielen keine gewinn@@ e , nicht im ursprün@@ glichen sinn , indem sie soziale probleme verur@@ sachen . +wir sehen firmen wie das brasili@@ an@@ ische for@@ st@@ unternehmen fi@@ bri@@ a , das eine methode gefunden hat , die ab@@ hol@@ zung der alten wäl@@ der zu vermeiden und stattdessen eu@@ kal@@ yp@@ tus zu verwenden und gleichzeitig hö@@ here er@@ träge pro he@@ kt@@ ar papi@@ er@@ bre@@ i zu er@@ wirt@@ schaften und viel mehr papier herzustellen , als durch die ab@@ hol@@ zung dieser alten bäume . +wenn wir diese grenze durch@@ brechen können , dieses un@@ beha@@ gen , diese span@@ nung , dieses gefühl , dass wir in bezug auf soziale probleme nicht aus@@ reich@@ end zusammen@@ arbeiten ; wir können es durch@@ brechen und letztendlich , so denke ich , werden wir lösungen finden . +hier zeigen sich zahl@@ reiche innere strukturen . +man muss nicht immer se@@ zieren . +und noch scho@@ ck@@ ier@@ ter sind sie von dem , was er sagt . +sie sprachen über wissenschaft und über die notwen@@ digkeit für eine neue wissenschaftliche revolution . +jeder monat benö@@ tigte 1.@@ 3@@ 65 berech@@ nungen , dadurch waren die tab@@ ellen voller fehler . +es gibt auch eine kehr@@ seite . +eines tages kam ein nasa man@@ ager in mein büro , setzte sich und sagte : " können sie uns bitte sagen , wie wir nach leben außerhalb der erde suchen sollten ? " +also er war überzeugt , aber tatsächlich sind die meisten menschen das nicht . +und in wahrheit ist es der rü@@ st@@ ungs@@ wett@@ lauf zwischen ha@@ ck@@ ern und desig@@ nern der computer@@ systeme , der alles es hin und her gehen lässt . +und wie man hier sieht , gibt es gruppen , die über@@ einander wachsen , weil sie sich aus@@ brei@@ ten . +und offensichtlich kommt jeder dieser buchstab@@ en ungefähr gleich häufig vor . +es ist neben@@ s@@ ächlich , welches se@@ di@@ ment man verwendet , um es zu zer@@ ma@@ hlen , ob es bakterien , pflanzen oder tiere sind . +schauen wir uns an , wie sie aus@@ schaut +und wenn man das geheimnis des lebens raus@@ nimmt , dann ist es auch ein wenig lei@@ chter über unsere art zu leben nachzudenken und dass wir vielleicht nicht so etwas besonder@@ es sind , wie wir immer denken . +dies ist ein papi@@ er@@ for@@ mul@@ ar . und was sie hier sehen ist ein for@@ mul@@ ar in den händen einer kranken@@ schwester des gesundheits@@ minister@@ i@@ ums in in@@ don@@ es@@ ien , die in der län@@ dlichen gegend herum@@ fährt , an einem sicherlich sehr heißen und feu@@ chten tag in in@@ don@@ es@@ ien , und sie wird an tausende tür@@ en klo@@ pfen , in einem zei@@ traum von wochen oder monaten , sie wird ank@@ lo@@ pfen und fragen : " entschul@@ digen sie , wir würden ihnen gerne ein paar fragen stellen . +nun versuchen sie mal , das zu be@@ greifen . +das problem war , nachdem wir es ein paar jahre so gemacht hatten , mer@@ kte ich , dass ich vielleicht bei 6 oder 7 program@@ men war , und wissen sie , ich dachte , wenn ich das in diesem temp@@ o weiter mache , meine ganze karriere lang , gehe ich vielleicht zu ins@@ gesam@@ t 20 oder 30 pr@@ gra@@ mmen . +nun , sie können sagen , dass hot@@ mail kein wunder war , aber für mich war es eins , weil ich mer@@ kte , als ich so mit meinem problem kämp@@ fte , ich arbeitete meistens in sub@@ sahar@@ a-@@ afrika . +es gibt auch einige zusätz@@ liche vor@@ teile . +das sammeln von daten für das globale gesundheitswesen sah schlecht aus : arbeiter wander@@ ten durch d@@ ör@@ fer , klo@@ pf@@ ten an tür@@ en und stellten fragen , sch@@ rieben die antworten auf papier und gaben sie in den computer ein – und basier@@ end auf diesen l@@ ück@@ en@@ ha@@ ften informationen haben länder wichtige entscheidungen gefällt . daten@@ fre@@ ak jo@@ el sel@@ ani@@ ki@@ o erzählt vom um@@ bruch dieses proz@@ esses im letzten jahrzehnt – vom pal@@ m pilot und hot@@ mail , bis zur clou@@ d@@ bas@@ ierten technologie . +und wenn wir den ball@@ ast über bor@@ d werfen , steigen wir . +einfach über bor@@ d werfen , wie ball@@ ast , um unsere richtung zu ändern . +aber wir sollten keine zwei@@ fel haben , wir sollten keine än@@ gste haben . +aber es wird in der zukunft nicht mehr möglich sein . +warum das ? weil treib@@ stoff nicht leicht zu ersetzen ist . +und das ist genau das symbol unserer welt , +aber viel mehr , um rat zu erhalten , ihre komment@@ are zu geben , die kunde zu verbreiten , dass , wenn es in der luft möglich ist , es natürlich auch am boden möglich ist . +sehen sie , es war mal so , dass , wenn man ein lied auf@@ nehmen wollte , man ein studio und einen produ@@ z@@ enten brauchte . +fragen sie nicht . +und was wir in afrika sehen ist eine un@@ ver@@ gleich@@ liche bedro@@ hung der menschen@@ würde und der gleich@@ ber@@ e@@ chti@@ gung . +sehen sie , es ist nicht so dra@@ matisch wie der tsun@@ ami . +denken sie nicht , dass auf einer rein kom@@ mer@@ zi@@ ellen ebene , die anti@@ retro@@ vir@@ ale medizin nicht eine großartige werbung für den westlichen ein@@ fall@@ s@@ rei@@ cht@@ um und technologie ist ? +das ist die r@@ eine wahrheit , die recht@@ schaff@@ ene wahrheit . +also warum stre@@ cken wir nicht unsere fau@@ st in die luft ? +moment@@ um hat sich aufge@@ gebaut . +da ist der kontin@@ ent afrika . +vor ein paar minuten habe ich über all die bürger@@ kam@@ pag@@ nen die entstehen gesprochen . +ich glaube wirklich an die alte tru@@ man@@ -@@ zei@@ le , dass wenn man den amerikan@@ ern die fa@@ kten gibt sie das richtige tun werden . +ich denke wir haben das geld und die gehirne im raum um das zu tun . +" all sho@@ ok up " [ wör@@ tlich : " ganz auf@@ gerü@@ tt@@ elt " ] ist ein wunder@@ bares lie@@ bes@@ lied . +leute , die f@@ arb@@ lich hören , sehen tatsächlich farben , wenn sie den klang von wör@@ tern oder buchstab@@ en wahr@@ nehmen . +te@@ st@@ personen brauchen bei meta@@ pher@@ n länger , sie als falsch zu erkennen , als sie bei wör@@ tlich fal@@ schen sätze brauchen . +jene , welche die welt@@ krie@@ g-@@ version las@@ en , be@@ für@@ wor@@ teten ö@@ f@@ ters eine interven@@ tion als die anderen . +james ge@@ ary , lieb@@ hab@@ er von a@@ ph@@ or@@ is@@ men und schrift@@ steller , macht sich gedanken über einen fe@@ sten bestand@@ teil der sprache : meta@@ pher@@ n . meta@@ pher@@ n , belie@@ bt bei wor@@ t@@ künst@@ lern von ari@@ st@@ ot@@ el@@ es bis el@@ v@@ is , können unsere entscheidungen fast un@@ merk@@ lich beeinflussen . +aber wir wollen der welt sagen : nein . wir werden unter einer gemein@@ samen fla@@ g@@ ge je@@ men@@ i@@ ten bleiben . +er sagte , " du bist die brücke . " +p@@ m : wir sollten erwä@@ hnen , dass er ihnen bei der zeitung arbeitet . +wir wurden stra@@ fre@@ cht@@ lich ver@@ folgt ; die zeitung wurde mehr als drei mal geschlossen . +das ist eine repor@@ tage , die man online ansehen kann ; das video ist online . +während der politische auf@@ ru@@ hr im je@@ men weiter@@ geht , spricht die heraus@@ ge@@ ber@@ in der ye@@ men times , na@@ dia al-@@ sa@@ k@@ ka@@ f , bei ted@@ global mit ga@@ st@@ ge@@ ber@@ in p@@ at mit@@ ch@@ ell . die unabhängi@@ ge engli@@ sch@@ sprach@@ ige zeitung al-@@ sa@@ k@@ k@@ af@@ s ist entscheiden@@ d für das vermitteln von nachrichten -- und für das vermitteln eines neuen bil@@ des vom je@@ men und von den frauen dieses landes als gleich@@ wer@@ tige partner bei der arbeit und bei einem wandel des landes . +mein vater und mein groß@@ vater su@@ chten ständig nach den neu@@ e@@ sten dingen in alterna@@ tiven oder traditionellen therap@@ ien für ph , aber nach sechs monaten konnte ich keinen kleinen hü@@ gel mehr hoch@@ laufen , ich konnte keine tre@@ ppe mehr er@@ kli@@ mmen , +es berei@@ tete mich sicher nicht darauf vor , was als nächstes kam . +mein arzt wollte mich auf die liste für eine l@@ ung@@ ent@@ ran@@ sp@@ lan@@ tation setzen ; +aber organ@@ e warten nicht . ich wurde oper@@ iert bevor ich ab@@ schied nehmen konnte . +medizinische um@@ stände bestimmen nicht die menschlichen um@@ stände . +und viele dieser chemikalien sind mit den in die höhe schie@@ ß@@ enden vor@@ fällen von chron@@ ischen kinder@@ krankheiten , die wir in den indu@@ st@@ rie@@ staaten beobachten können , verbunden . +und sie sehen hier diese großen , d@@ ot@@ tri@@ gen ei@@ er durch die oberfläche der männ@@ lichen ho@@ den brechen . +erst zwei wochen zuvor hatte der amerikanische sen@@ at selbst den gedanken an ein ver@@ bot von b@@ pa in bab@@ y-@@ fla@@ schen und schn@@ ab@@ el@@ tas@@ sen ab@@ gele@@ hnt . +hin@@ zu kommt , dass das baby nach der geburt aufgrund einer weiteren einzigarti@@ gen erfindung der säu@@ ge@@ tiere " ges@@ äu@@ gt " b@@ zw@@ . mit mutter@@ mil@@ ch versor@@ gt wird . +th : einer der gründe , die es hoch@@ interessant und ange@@ messen machen , für mich hier bei ted@@ women zu sein , ist , dass ... t@@ ja , beim ge@@ stri@@ gen dinner wurde es am besten zusammenge@@ fasst , als jemand sagte , " wen@@ de dich an die männer an d@@ einem tisch und sage ihnen : ' wenn die revolution beginnt , dann unterstützen wir euch . ' " die wahrheit , liebe frauen , ist , dass wir euch euch bei diesem thema bereits für eine lange zeit unterstützt haben . angefangen bei ra@@ ch@@ el car@@ son mit " sil@@ ent spring " , dann the@@ o col@@ bor@@ ns " our stol@@ en future " bis hin zu sand@@ ra stein@@ grab@@ ers werken " living down@@ stream " und " having faith " . +und es ist ein gefühl , das mich dazu drän@@ gt , heute hier zu sein . das wissen , dass wir frauen vor@@ an@@ schrei@@ ten , als bot@@ en für all das , aber auch als diejenigen , die die verantwortung für die kinder zu tragen haben . als mütter haben wir die größte kauf@@ kraft in unserem haus@@ halt . es ist an uns , vor@@ anzu@@ gehen und die arbeit von ty@@ r@@ one und anderen wissenschaft@@ lern weltweit vor@@ anzu@@ treiben . +hier ist eine sam@@ mel@@ stelle für fla@@ schen auf einer ab@@ gele@@ genen insel vor der küste von nieder@@ kalifornien . +aber diese ak@@ tion ko@@ ste@@ te mich am ende fast 60 dollar . +nicht zehn pfer@@ de , nicht hundert mann ... +selts@@ amer@@ weise sind die re@@ ste der red@@ woo@@ d-@@ regen@@ wäl@@ der , die wir noch haben , bis heute wenig erforsch@@ t . +zusammen mit einem freund entsch@@ loss er sich , ohne sei@@ le oder aus@@ rü@@ stung auf einen red@@ wood zu steigen , um zu sehen , was dort oben war . +wenn steve sil@@ le@@ tt einen red@@ wood be@@ steigt , schie@@ ßt er einen pf@@ eil ab mit einer angel@@ sch@@ nur dran . diese legt sich über einen ast und man zieht daran ein sei@@ l in den baum hoch , an dem man ent@@ lang@@ kle@@ ttern kann . +diese wieder@@ hol@@ ung ist ein ries@@ iger stre@@ be@@ bogen , der aus dem baum selbst heraus@@ kommt . +sie stellen fest , dass red@@ wo@@ ods feu@@ chtigkeit aus der luft in ihre stä@@ mme und vielleicht ganz bis hin@@ unter in ihre wurz@@ eln transpor@@ tieren können . +was können die red@@ wo@@ ods uns über uns selbst lehren ? +- richard pre@@ ston , danke dir sehr . +das problem der p@@ c@@ -@@ viren ist jetzt 25 jahre alt . +wir sie in der ob@@ eren hälfte des bild@@ schir@@ ms sehen können , ist dort ein taus@@ end@@ fü@@ ß@@ ler , der über den computer läuft , wenn er mit diesem virus in@@ fiziert ist . +nun , es gibt verschiedene wege , zum beispiel bank@@ ing-@@ tro@@ jan@@ er , die geld von kon@@ ten ste@@ hlen , wenn man online-@@ ban@@ king benutzt , oder key@@ log@@ ger . +sie nutzen außerdem den globalen charakter des inter@@ nets zu ihrem vorteil . +und das ist die hinter@@ tür , über die ihr computer über@@ nom@@ men wird . +t@@ ja , ich bin kein an@@ wal@@ t , aber wenn ich es wäre , dann würde ich an dieser stelle sagen : " damit ist der fall ab@@ geschlossen " . +bereit sein bedeutet , dass wir auch dann sachen tun können , wenn uns die dinge , die wir für selbstverständlich halten , nicht zur verfügung stehen . +es gibt viele dinge , die der von mir ver@@ fol@@ gte ansatz voraus@@ sagen kann , und einige , bei denen es nicht geht . +und viele von ihnen haben wohl schon bemerkt , dass dies keine so großen resul@@ tate zeigt , wie man vielleicht gern hätte , +wir haben sie auf 3@@ ,@@ 6 millionen erhö@@ ht . +vielleicht haben sie auch bemerkt , was wir nicht wissen müssen , es gibt nämlich keine vergangenheit in der rech@@ nung . +und weiter unten bei 100 würden sie zi@@ vi@@ le atom@@ kraft er@@ richten , was sie auch als ziel an@@ geben . +alles kann man nicht voraus@@ sagen , der ak@@ ti@@ en@@ markt ist , zumindest für mich , nicht vorher@@ sa@@ g@@ bar , aber die meisten kompli@@ zierten ver@@ handlungen sind es . +ob sie ein künstler sind , ein techni@@ ker , ein an@@ wal@@ t , oder einfach nur ein fan , der um@@ gang mit dem ur@@ he@@ ber@@ recht beeinflusst ihr leben un@@ mittel@@ bar . +und dann profi@@ tieren sie durch die weitere verbreitung des videos , durch werbung und die damit verb@@ un@@ denen verk@@ äu@@ fe . +da sind zunächst einmal die musi@@ k-@@ lab@@ els . +wenn sie diese frauen auf der straße sä@@ hen , in ihren verb@@ lich@@ enen klei@@ dern , dann würden sie sie ab@@ tun als arm und ein@@ fäl@@ tig . +sat@@ aw@@ al ist eine halbe mei@@ le lang und eine mei@@ le br@@ eit . +es ist teil unserer kolle@@ ktiven geschichte . +es ist die wichtigste karte von allen . +ihre arbeitet nicht immer aus eigen@@ interesse , denn wenn gefühle ins spiel kommen , ändern sich die verknü@@ pf@@ ungen , wie es funktioniert . +ich hatte eine auf@@ schluss@@ rei@@ ches labor , um diese frage zu beantworten , die wirkliche frage , die lautet : was ist der unterschied in jem@@ and@@ es leben , wenn du einen der menschen betra@@ cht@@ est , denen du alles gegeben hast ? wie all die ressourcen , die sie vor@@ geben zu brauchen . keinen billi@@ g-@@ computer hast du ihnen gegeben , den besten rech@@ ner hast du ge@@ gegeben . du hast ihnen liebe gegeben , du hast ihnen freude geschen@@ kt . du war@@ st da , um sie zu tr@@ ö@@ sten . +entscheiden@@ d sind niemals die ressourcen , es ist " ressour@@ c@@ evol@@ l sein " . +ehrlich , besser oder schle@@ chter ? sagt : " ja " . +dein bild der welt ist der filter . das ist es , was uns for@@ mt . +wie viele von euch lieben überrasch@@ ungen ? sagt : " ja . " +wenn nichts anderes mehr geht , hol dir einen hund . keine kat@@ ze , hol einen hund , wenn du für zwei minuten raus geh@@ st , ist es , als wär@@ st du für sechs monate weg gewesen , wenn du nach fünf minuten wieder@@ komm@@ st . +heute , 18 jahre später , kann ich stolz sagen , dass wir im letzten jahr zwei millionen menschen in 35 ländern durch unsere stif@@ tung essen gegeben haben , alles während der fei@@ er@@ tage ; th@@ ank@@ s@@ giving , weih@@ na@@ chten -- -- in den verschieden@@ sten ländern rund um die welt . +sie sagte : " es ist vorbei . " als ich an diesem abend en@@ dete , rief sie ihn an , hinter@@ ließ eine nachricht -- wahre geschichte -- an die spitze des world trade centers , wo er arbeitete : sagte : " sch@@ atz , ich liebe dich . ich möchte , dass du weißt , dass ich dich hei@@ raten möchte . es war du@@ mm von mir . " und sie schlie@@ f , weil es drei uhr nachts für uns war , als er sie zurück@@ rief von der spitze und sagte : " sch@@ atz , ich kann dir gar nicht sagen , was das für mich bedeutet . " +und das vor allem deswegen , weil es keinen gibt . +und wir definieren uns über diese unterschiede . +jeden punkt kann man ank@@ li@@ cken und im detail betrachten . hier sehen wir : " ich würde mich einfach so viel besser fühlen , wenn ich mich jetzt in seine arme sch@@ mie@@ gen könnte und seine liebe für mich in der um@@ ar@@ mung seines körpers und der san@@ f@@ theit seiner li@@ ppen spüren könnte . " +die nächste bewegung heißt mo@@ bs . +wir sehen menschen , die sich " ab@@ glei@@ tend " , " ange@@ ek@@ elt " , " verantwortlich " fühlen . +das ist eine antwort auf : was ist schön ? " miss world . " +es heißt " universum : enth@@ ü@@ ll@@ ung unserer modernen my@@ th@@ ologie " . +wir können eines ank@@ li@@ cken und das foto zum zentrum des universums machen . +hier haben wir unser stern@@ en@@ feld . hier sind unsere formen . +aber ich finde sie schön . sie nicht ? +was mag das bedeuten ? ich habe keine ahnung . +sie sieht aus , wie eine reihe bre@@ chen@@ der wellen , win@@ de verur@@ sachen hier eine sch@@ er@@ schicht . die win@@ de über und unter der wol@@ ken@@ schicht unterscheiden sich stark . in der mitte , zwischen den winden , entstehen luft@@ wir@@ bel . wenn der geschwindi@@ g@@ keits@@ unterschied genau richtig ist , werden die spit@@ zen der wol@@ ken@@ wellen umge@@ bogen und diese schönen , wie brech@@ ende wellen aus@@ seh@@ enden wir@@ bel entstehen . +durch die deut@@ lichen , ge@@ sto@@ chen sch@@ ar@@ fen rän@@ der dieser wol@@ ken , sind sie ide@@ al , um fig@@ uren darin zu entdecken . +lassen sie uns ein paar jahre zurück gehen und sehen , was damals los war . +selbst mit compu@@ tern , die immer schneller und besser werden , ist es eine herausforderung , mit gi@@ gab@@ y@@ tes an daten , ter@@ ab@@ y@@ tes an daten , zu arbeiten und die relev@@ anten informationen herauszu@@ fischen . +man kann sehen , dass r@@ ön@@ t@@ gen@@ strahlung ge@@ stre@@ ut werden : von den zä@@ hnen , dem met@@ all in den zä@@ hnen . +noch mal , es ist komplett interak@@ tiv , man kann es drehen und sich die dinge in echtz@@ eit ansehen auf diesen systemen . +es funktioniert eigentlich so wie ein großes iphone . +und um einen schritt weiter zu gehen , haben wir hier ein herz . +mot@@ ts macht da also etwas im mr@@ t . wahrscheinlich macht er so mit seiner rechten hand , weil die lin@@ ke hälfte des motor@@ ischen kor@@ tex aktiv ist . +ich kann die haut der lö@@ win ab@@ lösen . +ich fand es deshalb sehr erstaunlich , auf eine organisation zu stoßen , die beide seiten wert@@ schä@@ tzt . +er sagte : " ok . ich habe die höhe eines back@@ st@@ eins ge@@ messen . +die üb@@ liche erklärung lautet , dass das universum irgendwie plötzlich entstanden ist , voller merk@@ wür@@ di@@ ger energie - in@@ fla@@ tion@@ är@@ er energie - , die es ges@@ pr@@ en@@ gt hat . +die dichte der materie ist endlich und wir können vielleicht mit einer kon@@ si@@ st@@ enten reihe von gleich@@ ungen den ganzen prozess beschreiben . +die nächste karte zeigt afrikas bi@@ p von 1960 , etwa zu der zeit , in der viele afrikan@@ ische staaten unabhängig wurden . +zu meinem erstaun@@ en er@@ fuhr ich von ihnen 100 % ige unterstützung . +im hotel leben alle zusammen , do@@ z@@ enten und studenten und es nicht ungewöhn@@ lich , sie alle um 1 uhr morgens bei einer spon@@ tan@@ en üb@@ ung zu finden . +ich werde am a@@ ims studieren . +ich möchte auf weitere außergewöhn@@ liche menschen auf diesem bild hin@@ weisen . +unsere partner in ganz afrika sind sehr enth@@ usi@@ ast@@ isch . +als die ersten computer auf den markt kamen , wurde gesagt , sie seien eine million mal schneller als neuronen . +lassen sie mich das nochmal zusammen@@ fassen : das gehirn ver@@ arbeitet informationen mit 10@@ 0.000 mal weniger energie , als wir das momentan mit unserer computer@@ technologie können . +weil transi@@ stor@@ en jedoch kleiner und kleiner und kleiner werden , sehen wir zunehmen@@ d , dass sie sich nicht mehr so verhalten . +okay , also ein computer holt bestimmte daten aus dem spei@@ cher , und sen@@ det sie an den haupt@@ proz@@ ess@@ or oder die al@@ u , und schi@@ ckt das resultat zurück in den spei@@ cher . +hier sind kar@@ e@@ em@@ s dunkle augen und das hier ist der weiße hintergrund . +ich hatte einen anderen blick@@ winkel darauf und habe meinen blick@@ winkel benutzt , um das problem anzu@@ gehen . +also trotz der tatsache , dass ich zu ihnen über ein objekt sprechen werde , das super@@ massi@@ v ist , und ich komme gleich dazu , was das wirklich bedeutet , hat es keine fin@@ ite größe . +ich muss die masse eines obje@@ ktes kennen , von dem ich behaup@@ te , dass es ein schwar@@ zes loch ist , und seinen schwarz@@ schil@@ dra@@ di@@ us . +also dort im zentrum , von dort kommt tatsächlich das meiste stern@@ en@@ licht . +was ich ihnen ja heute zeigen will . +sie sehen eine anima@@ tion , die von einem beispiel dessen aus@@ geht , was man ohne verwen@@ dung des ver@@ fahr@@ ens sehen würde . in anderen worten , nur ein bild , das die sterne zeigt , und der rahmen ist zent@@ ri@@ ert mit dem zentrum der galaxie , wo wir das schwarze loch vermu@@ ten . +und daher konnten wir zeigen , das sich dort ein super@@ massi@@ ves schwar@@ zes loch befindet . +wir haben wirklich erwartet , dass sterne in dieser umgebung nicht en@@ stehen können , +und ich hoffe , dass ich sie wenig@@ stens überzeugt habe , dass wir zum einen wirklich ein super@@ massi@@ ves schwar@@ zes loch im zentrum der galaxie haben , +wie menschen zu dieser musik gelangen , wie sie in ihr leben kommt , das faszin@@ iert mich sehr . +aber die art und weise , wie wir auf verschiedene kombin@@ ationen dieser phän@@ om@@ ene reagieren , ist komplex , emotional und noch nicht ganz ge@@ klär@@ t . +aber jeder musi@@ ker findet ein anderes gleich@@ gewicht zwischen glauben und vern@@ un@@ ft , instin@@ kt und intelligenz . +es war die zeit , in der all die großen g@@ att@@ ungen auf@@ kamen . +die kultur , in der wir jetzt leben , ist über@@ flu@@ tet mit impro@@ vis@@ a@@ tions@@ musik , die gesch@@ ni@@ tten , ge@@ mis@@ cht , über@@ einander gelegt , und , weiß der gei@@ er , ver@@ trieben und verkauft wird . +es begeistert mich , menschen wie w@@ anderer , kü@@ chen@@ che@@ fs , program@@ mier@@ er und ta@@ xi@@ fahrer zu treffen . menschen , bei denen ich nie vermu@@ tet hätte , dass sie diese musik lieben und sie weiter@@ geben . +die entscheiden@@ de schlüssel@@ beob@@ a@@ chtung , die er machte , war , dass ein frei flie@@ gender flü@@ gel durch mehr luft se@@ geln und mehr energie in einer bestimmten zeit erzeugen kann als die tur@@ bine eines star@@ r@@ flü@@ gl@@ ers . +wenn man mir eine bo@@ eing 7@@ 4@@ 7 gäbe , würde ich daraus 6 me@@ ga@@ watt machen , was mehr als die größten heutigen wind@@ tur@@ bin@@ en wäre . +es kommt von dem familien@@ namen von einer von schu@@ man@@ ns fre@@ un@@ din@@ nen . +und dann muss man den ersten ent@@ wur@@ f des charak@@ ters machen , was ähnlich ist wie die struktur eines stück@@ es , und dann fü@@ gt man sti@@ ft und blei@@ sti@@ ft hin@@ zu und alle anderen details , die man braucht – das ist die zeich@@ nung poli@@ eren . +nun , sie hat c , g , h , a , e aus@@ ges@@ u@@ cht . +es war wie eine revolution . +sie basiert auf hunder@@ ten stunden forschung und anwendung . +es geht darum , das prei@@ zu@@ geben , von dem man denkt , es sei das größte geheimnis , damit vielleicht millionen von menschen die möglichkeit erhalten zu helfen , es zu verbessern . +aber der schlüssel hier , der grund , warum diese gruppen sich miteinander verbinden können , ist , dass ihre arbeit zu der art arbeit gehört , die leicht digital ge@@ teilt werden kann -- ein bild , eine musik@@ dat@@ ei , software . +es gibt ein problem mit traditionellen wissenschaftlichen ab@@ handlungen . +es ist genau hier . +schulen dürfen keine bun@@ ker sein . +die selbe mü@@ ll@@ hal@@ de ernä@@ hrt nun mehr als 30 familien . +um dies kon@@ kre@@ ter zu machen , lassen sie uns die top 10 wörter ansehen , die stati@@ stisch auff@@ ä@@ llig sind , und zwar sowohl in den belie@@ b@@ testen ted-@@ talks als auch in den un@@ belie@@ b@@ testen ted-@@ talks . +und die analyse zeigt , dass sie dann , wenn sie zu den belie@@ b@@ testen ted-@@ re@@ dn@@ ern zählen wollen , ihre ha@@ are etwas länger als der durch@@ schnitt wachsen lassen sollten und darauf achten sollten , dass sie ihre bri@@ lle tragen und etwas elegan@@ ter ange@@ zogen sind als der durchschnittliche ted-@@ red@@ ner . +als inspiration dient mir die tatsache , dass wir alle mit anderen menschen interagieren wollen . alle kompli@@ zierten funk@@ tionen werde ich dabei heraus@@ lassen und werde dieses simpli@@ fi@@ zierte objekt , einem test unter@@ ziehen und die frühen sta@@ di@@ en neuer erkenn@@ tnisse zeigen , dessen was da in zwei gehir@@ nen geschieht , während sie gleichzeitig interagieren . +dro@@ gen@@ miss@@ brauch verändert die art , wie sie die welt bewer@@ ten . sie ändern die art wie sie die mit dem medikament ihrer wahl verb@@ un@@ denen symbo@@ le bewer@@ ten , und sie schätzen sie vor allen anderen dinge . +die kurze antwort darauf heißt : spiele . +kan@@ ari@@ en@@ vögel wurden in min@@ en als bio@@ sensor@@ en benutzt . +read mon@@ ta@@ gue : was wir von 5@@ 000 gehir@@ nen lernen +politik und politiker sind nur erfolgreich , wenn sie wirklich versuchen , die menschen so zu sehen , wie sie sind , und nicht , wie wir sie gerne sehen würden . +jetzt sind wir hier mit long beach und son@@ st@@ wo verbunden , mit all den gehei@@ men orten , und zwar mit einem bru@@ ch@@ teil dieser kosten , und wir können riesige daten@@ mengen ver@@ schicken und emp@@ fangen , ohne dass es uns etwas kostet . +was sie hier sehen sieht ein bisschen wie die hau@@ be eines ko@@ chs aus , das ist ein über@@ fall , das blau@@ e da . +hier haben wir natürlich j@@ f@@ k mit seiner unglaublich einfachen und schlag@@ kräf@@ tigen for@@ mu@@ li@@ erung " fra@@ g nicht , was dein land für dich tun kann , fra@@ g was du für dein land tun kannst " , eine sehr no@@ ble aus@@ sage . +wie sollte ich jemals erfahren , wer die besten sind ? +einige lehrer sind erfolgrei@@ cher als andere . +man kann den fa@@ kten des videos nichts ent@@ gegen@@ setzen , jedoch eine menge daraus lernen , es gibt viele wege , die uns helfen , in den beru@@ f des lehr@@ ers hin@@ einzu@@ wachsen , wenn uns verbesser@@ ungs@@ möglichkeiten aufge@@ zeigt werden . +das ist zwar verständlich , doch unsere erfahr@@ ungs@@ werte mit met zeigen , dass viele lehrer , die den vor@@ gang leiten , die videos im eigenen klassen@@ zimmer auf@@ nehmen und die unter@@ richt@@ s@@ stunden selbst aus@@ wählen , begeistert am projekt teil@@ nehmen . +diese bewegung plä@@ diert dafür , biot@@ echn@@ ologie allen zugänglich zu machen , also nicht nur wissenschaft@@ lern und forsch@@ ern in staat@@ lichen lab@@ ors . +wir nehmen sie dann auch gern aus@@ einander . +ich zeige ihnen , was man gerade jetzt machen kann . +wenn sich jeder in diesem raum enga@@ gi@@ ert , wer weiß , was wir dann erreichen ? +aber wissen sie was ? +wir werden von zwei menschen hören , die von solchen gese@@ tzen be@@ troffen sind . +weil ich hiv-@@ posi@@ tiv bin . +der kon@@ sum oder besit@@ z von dro@@ gen ist in fast allen ländern illegal . +wir können ri@@ chter schulen , dass sie den spiel@@ raum der gesetze aus@@ nutzen und eher toler@@ an@@ te ur@@ teile fällen , als vor@@ ur@@ teilen den vor@@ zug zu geben . +hier wurden kinder geboren , menschen star@@ ben dort . +büro@@ gebäude für persön@@ liches arbeiten sind jetzt schon über@@ holt . +hier ein noch interessan@@ ter@@ es beispiel in se@@ ou@@ l , korea . +wir hoffen , das bis zum her@@ b@@ st gebaut zu haben . +wir glauben nicht , dass k@@ ameras in wohn@@ ungen gut sind . +und es wird vermu@@ tet , dass sie einen ku@@ bi@@ k@@ meter wasser pro stunde fil@@ tern können , und pro tag 30 kil@@ ogra@@ mm zo@@ op@@ lan@@ k@@ ton auf@@ nehmen . +dank " der weiße hai " haben wir oft alle angst vor ha@@ ien . +es könnte eine veränderung in der verteilung des plan@@ kt@@ ons sein . +ich zeige ihnen , wie das aussieht . +also versuchen wir sehr einfache dinge über die riesen@@ ha@@ ie zu lernen . +aber das ist wieder überrasch@@ end . man erwartet das nicht . +das ist nun ver@@ bot@@ en , und die ha@@ ie freu@@ en sich sicherlich darüber . +und sie sa@@ ßen mon@@ at@@ el@@ ang daran . +sie haben wahrscheinlich die videos vom bu@@ ck@@ el@@ w@@ al gesehen , den wir vor einem monat oder zwei@@ en vor coun@@ ty we@@ x@@ ford hatten . +ich danke ihnen für@@ s zuhören . +sie machten sich fertig . +mit meinem vor@@ haben im hinter@@ kopf blieb ich ruhi@@ g +wie gesagt : ich kann gesellschaft und regierung nur bewegen , wenn ich schla@@ gende beweise bei@@ br@@ inge . +wie kamen sie ins gefängnis – das war doch erst vor ein paar wochen , oder ? +hast du schlechten m@@ und@@ geru@@ ch , während du meine be@@ fra@@ gung be@@ antwor@@ test ? +niemand sollte wissen , dass ich ein mädchen war , und keiner wusste es . +ich dur@@ fte einfach ich selbst sein , sich entwick@@ el@@ n@@ d und veränder@@ n@@ d in jedem moment . +das life magazine machte generationen von menschen mit entfern@@ ten , un@@ bekannten kulturen durch bilder bekannt . +das ist mein bei@@ trag zum bürger@@ recht@@ sk@@ am@@ pf meiner generation . +sobald sie sich vom scho@@ ck er@@ hol@@ ten , entschieden sie sich weit@@ geh@@ end für 70 bis 95 prozent oder 3 bis 20@@ -@@ proz@@ ent@@ -@@ mar@@ ken . +es ist zu sp@@ ät . +an@@ schein@@ end bedeutet lu@@ zi@@ fer " licht " . +und sie alle kommen aus den k@@ ameras von us-@@ soldaten . +wir schauen uns das innen@@ leben der person an , die fau@@ len ei@@ er . +das hier ist stan@@ ley mil@@ gra@@ m , ein j@@ ü@@ dis@@ cher junge aus der bronx , und er fragte sich : " könnte der h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st passieren , hier und jetzt ? " +sie sind ein guter mensch . sie besch@@ weren sich . +die meiste zeit waren wir in einrichtungen , und so ist das stan@@ for@@ d-@@ gefäng@@ nis@@ experiment eine untersuchung der macht von einrichtungen auf das individu@@ elle verhalten +sie würden nu@@ mm@@ ern werden . +unbe@@ kümm@@ ert macht man den ersten kleinen schritt . +mo@@ b@@ bing ist eine krankheit . vor@@ ur@@ teile sind eine krankheit . gewalt ist eine krankheit . +sie kam runter , sah dieses toll@@ haus und sagte : " weißt du was , es ist furcht@@ bar , was du diesen jungs ant@@ ust . +wes@@ ley und der typ : 50 c@@ m hoch . +wir hätten keinen zugang zu liebe oder zu schö@@ pfer@@ ischer fähigkeit . +natürlich denken sie an bilder , die sensor@@ ische muster sein können , visu@@ ell , wie sie sie jetzt haben , in beziehung zur bühne und mir , oder audi@@ tive bilder , die sie in verbindung mit meinen worten haben . +sehr seltsam , ich habe es einige zeit analy@@ siert . +und ich dachte über eine lösung für das problem nach . +sie haben im en@@ de@@ ffe@@ kt das bewusstsein verloren , durch einen schaden im roten bereich des hirn@@ stam@@ ms . +mit der aus@@ nahme , dass es nicht so reich@@ hal@@ tig ist , weil sie keine hirn@@ rin@@ de wie wir haben . +wir sollten darauf bli@@ cken , wie gesellschaft und kultur in dieser sozi@@ o@@ kul@@ u@@ tr@@ ellen regu@@ li@@ erung in lauf@@ ender arbeit sind . +denn mein vater ver@@ ließ den business club in unserer hei@@ mat@@ stadt , der nur für männer offen war , denn er sagte , er wol@@ le nie teil einer organisation sein , die eines tages seinen sohn auf@@ nehmen würde , aber nicht seine tochter . +ich sage : " online organisation . " +frem@@ den@@ fur@@ cht gewinn@@ t an bedeutung -- der handel mit frauen und mädchen . +viele von ihnen arbeiten in extrem wider@@ spen@@ stigen systemen -- beim mili@@ tä@@ r , im kon@@ gress , im bildungs@@ system us@@ w . +die ma@@ xi@@ me " erken@@ ne dich selbst " existiert schon seit den alten g@@ rie@@ chen . +ar@@ me@@ en benutzen ihn , wenn sie eine schla@@ cht verloren haben . +es könnte mich auch interessieren , wie konzentri@@ ert ich bin , sodass ich meinen aufmerk@@ sam@@ keits@@ grad in dem schalt@@ bre@@ tt auf der anderen seite ein@@ tragen kann . +wir schu@@ fen den reak@@ tions@@ raum , wo lich@@ ter , musik und j@@ al@@ ou@@ si@@ en sich nach ihrem zustand richten . +normalerweise stellen wir uns technologie als interak@@ tiv vor . +mit ver@@ mensch@@ lich@@ ender technik können wir die qualität unserer schla@@ f@@ zy@@ kl@@ en über@@ wachen . +ar@@ iel garten : erken@@ ne dich selbst – mit einem hirn@@ scan@@ ner +lassen sie mich ihnen sagen , das beste ist , +mit der@@ selben har@@ t@@ nä@@ ck@@ igkeit die mir mein vater an@@ er@@ zogen hatte , seit ich klein war – er brachte mir das se@@ geln bei , obwohl er wusste , ich würde nie sehen können , wohin ich fuhr , nie das u@@ fer sehen , oder die se@@ gel , niemals das ziel . +sie wissen alle , wie das ist ; sie brauchen keine behinder@@ ung , um das zu verstehen . +er fragte : » lieben sie ihren job ? « +ich wusste nicht , was ich tun sollte . +niemand hat es vorher versucht , also werde ich es versuchen . +ich grün@@ dete kan@@ ch@@ i , denn mein unternehmen sollte so heißen wie mein ele@@ f@@ ant . behinder@@ ungen sind wie ein ele@@ f@@ ant im raum . +hört auf mit den e@@ ti@@ ket@@ ten , den ab@@ gren@@ z@@ ungen . +vielleicht liegt der grund darin , dass die r@@ ent@@ ner glauben , aus eigen@@ em willen r@@ ent@@ ner geworden zu sein , während junge arbeits@@ lose das gefühl haben , dass es ihnen aufge@@ drän@@ gt wurde . +nennen sie es das rett@@ ung@@ spa@@ ket für g@@ rie@@ chen@@ land oder die rett@@ ung einer la@@ dung von du@@ mmen ban@@ ken , die g@@ rie@@ chen@@ land geld ge@@ lie@@ hen haben ? +und ich denke , das ist wohl richtig . +alles bei google war mehr oder weniger darauf abge@@ zi@@ elt , ein port@@ al zu sein . +wenn sie auf dem weg zu ihrer sch@@ wie@@ ger@@ mutter sind , würden sie wahrscheinlich lieber auf der linken seite bleiben . +das gibt es den re@@ alen wert , der en@@ steht , wenn sie etwas in einer fabrik produzieren und einen service liefern , und dann gibt es eine art zwei@@ fel@@ ha@@ ften wert , den sie erzeugen , wenn sie die sicht@@ weise der menschen auf dinge verändern . +ich würde behaup@@ ten , in großbritannien gibt es einen viel besseren be@@ zu@@ gs@@ rahmen , nämlich indem man den leuten sagt , dass in großbritannien mehr expres@@ s-@@ post am nächsten tag an@@ kommt als in deutsch@@ land . +und innerhalb dieses ra@@ hmen@@ s , können wir den kindern zeit an@@ bieten . etwas , wovon sie immer zu wenig haben , wie es scheint , in ihren ter@@ min@@ ver@@ plan@@ ten leben . +hi . dieser kerl hier glaubt , er kann euch die zukunft vorhersagen . +diese medikamente wurden auf den markt gebracht . sie wurden sehr häufig versch@@ rieben , weil her@@ zin@@ far@@ kte sehr oft vor@@ kommen . es dau@@ erte lange , bis wir heraus@@ fanden , dass diese medikamente auch zu mehr ster@@ be@@ fällen führten . und dass bevor wir dieses war@@ n@@ signal hörten , mehr als 10@@ 0.000 menschen in amerika un@@ nötig durch die ver@@ schrei@@ bung von medikam@@ enten gegen herz@@ rhyth@@ mus@@ stör@@ ungen star@@ ben . +nur drei der nega@@ tiven versuche waren veröffentlicht worden , aber bis auf einen alle posi@@ tiven versuche . +das erstaun@@ lich@@ ste an all dem ist für mich folgendes : dies ist nicht nur ein erkenn@@ bares und erkan@@ n@@ tes problem , sondern wir mussten bisher mit wirk@@ ungs@@ losen lösungen dafür leben . +nasa unterstü@@ tze diese arbeit vor 12 jahren als teil des um@@ b@@ aus des ha@@ y@@ den planet@@ ari@@ ums damit wir das mit der welt teilen können . +wir haben eine wachsen@@ de nutz@@ er@@ zahl davon . und wir verne@@ tzen k@@ upp@@ eln . +mit dem mit media lab enga@@ gieren wir uns schon seit einer ganzen weile in einem gebiet namens ak@@ tive musik . +wir wissen zum beispiel , dass musik fast immer das letzte ist , wor@@ auf menschen mit fort@@ gesch@@ ri@@ tt@@ en@@ em alzheimer noch an@@ sprechen können . +der haupts@@ än@@ ger versch@@ win@@ det zu beginn der op@@ er und die gesamte bühne wird zum haupt@@ charakter . sie wird sein ver@@ mäch@@ tnis . +also , dan , als aller@@ stes , willst du allen hier hallo sagen und erzählen wer du bist ? +stellen sie uns strukturen dafür bereit ? und wissen sie , dies ist eine persönliche beziehung zum ausdruck , der in den technolog@@ ischen krei@@ sen fe@@ hlt . deswegen brauchten wir mit dan einen neuen gest@@ alt@@ ungspro@@ z@@ ess , einen neuen kon@@ struk@@ tion@@ spro@@ z@@ ess , um seine bewegungen zu entdecken und seinen weg zum ausdruck , der ihm das auf@@ führen erlaubt . +erinnern sie sich an die geschichte von o@@ dy@@ s@@ se@@ us und den si@@ r@@ enen aus der high school , oder j@@ uni@@ or high school ? +wenn du das morgen mach@@ st , dann werde ich sterben , du wirst sterben , jeder einzelne dieser männer wird sterben . +es hat diese star@@ ken , hero@@ ischen arme , die don@@ u@@ ts in den eigenen mund sch@@ auf@@ eln können . +alles in allem war es einfach ein komplett sinn@@ frei@@ er au@@ st@@ aus@@ ch von geld , den ich ber@@ eu@@ en würde . +wir sehen uns die spar@@ quote an und die nimmt seit den 195@@ 0er jahren ste@@ tig ab . +ja , diese person ist in r@@ ente gegangen mit 150 prozent des ein@@ kommen@@ s von seiner arbeit während der r@@ ente . +und von der sicht@@ weise des zukünf@@ tigen selbst ist alles umge@@ kehrt . +und einfach nur aus spaß haben wir sein bild durch die software für gl@@ at@@ zen@@ bildung , alter@@ ung und gewi@@ chts@@ zun@@ ah@@ me laufen lassen , um zu sehen , wie er aussehen würde . +genau diese tö@@ ne werden meist nicht von den zeichen , die wir in den europä@@ ischen sprachen zur verfügung haben , re@@ präsentiert . +selbst in den wohl@@ hab@@ end@@ sten ländern der welt kla@@ ffen die lebenser@@ war@@ tungen bis zu 20 jahre aus@@ einander . +in z@@ im@@ bab@@ we , zum beispiel , gab es nur ungefähr ein dutz@@ end psychi@@ ater , die meisten in har@@ are city , nur ein paar wenige standen für die versorgung psych@@ isch erkrank@@ ter innerhalb der 9 millionen star@@ ken land@@ bevölkerung bereit . +was für mich wirklich schön am gedanken der aufgab@@ en@@ ver@@ la@@ gerung ist , ist aber nicht , dass sie die gesundheits@@ versorgung einfach zugän@@ g@@ licher und er@@ schw@@ ing@@ licher macht , sondern dass sie grundsätzlich stär@@ k@@ end wirkt . +wir begannen das projekt mit einem zwischen@@ beri@@ cht , der einfach viele informationen zusammen@@ fas@@ ste , die über dieses thema gesam@@ melt worden waren , von vielen , vielen forsch@@ ern . +hat ihnen eine bi@@ ene schon mal eine rech@@ nung ausge@@ stellt ? +jetzt zeige ich ihnen was sich wie ändert , wenn wir weiter@@ machen wie bisher . +wenn sie nach wasser bo@@ hren , um in der nähe eines bau@@ ern@@ dor@@ fs col@@ a herzustellen ist das nichts il@@ le@@ gal@@ es , doch es verursacht der gemeinde kosten . +die chines@@ ische regierung antwor@@ tete mit verstand und ver@@ bot die ro@@ dungen . +es geht um energie@@ emis@@ sionen +genau genommen haben wir so etwas wie eine eth@@ ische wahl in der gesellschaft getroffen , keine kor@@ allen@@ ri@@ ffe zu haben . +aber irgendwie hatte der mann auch unter dem str@@ ich auch sehr viel platz . +fe@@ yn@@ man liebte diese geschichte . +aber es war wirklich bru@@ tal . +wir waren in den ber@@ gen , 197@@ 6 . +aber er war sehr auf@@ geregt darüber , dass er endlich jemanden getroffen hatte , dass ich dieselbe erfahrung mit meinem vater hatte , die er mit seinem vater hatte . +er wollte versuchen , es zu visu@@ alisieren , unter ber@@ ück@@ sichti@@ gung einiger einfacher prinzipien . +wenn man sie alle lösen könnte , hätte man eine sehr prä@@ z@@ ise methode . +wie sollten wir fe@@ yn@@ man wirklich e@@ hren ? +es ist eine zusammen@@ gesetz@@ te , kur@@ vi@@ ge innen@@ ein@@ richtung . +also war das problem , und sie über@@ ließen dieses dile@@ m@@ ma mir , dass man die innen@@ ein@@ richtung nur mit der vorhan@@ denen technologie entwerfen musste , und es kein geld gab für werkzeuge oder formen . +und trotz unserer besten bemü@@ h@@ ungen und ab@@ sichten werden kinder immer die gefähr@@ lich@@ ste sache finden , in welcher umgebung auch immer sie sind . +ich habe das mit zehn in einem film der kan@@ ad@@ ischen film@@ behör@@ de gesehen und es hat mich nachhal@@ tig beein@@ dru@@ ckt , babys mit mess@@ ern spielen zu sehen . +es ist eine sehr einfache üb@@ ung – k@@ auf ein lied bei it@@ un@@ es , bren@@ ne es auf eine c@@ d , dann ri@@ ppe die c@@ d zu einer mp@@ 3 und spiele es auf dem selben computer ab . +das motivi@@ erte mich dazu , or@@ th@@ op@@ ä@@ dis@@ cher chirur@@ g zu werden und herauszufinden , ob ich mich nicht lösungen dise@@ er probleme wid@@ men könnte , die mich weiter sport trieben ließen , anstatt mich einzu@@ schrän@@ ken . +nun , der grund ist , es gibt nicht genug spen@@ der@@ zir@@ kel . +das ist also unser biolog@@ ischer ansatz heute . +es würde nicht soviel spaß machen , über das raum@@ zeitalter zu sprechen , ohne eine der fla@@ g@@ gen zu sehen , die mit apo@@ ll@@ o 11 zum mond hin und zurück ge@@ tragen wurden . +mehr dazu morgen . ich habe auch bilder aus der bibliothe@@ k für diejenigen unter ihnen , die um bilder gebeten haben . +daher hoffe ich , dass ich ihnen morgen ein oder zwei weitere objekte von dieser bühne zeigen kann . heute aber wollte ich einfach nur all denen danken , die zu uns kamen und mit uns darüber gesprochen haben . +ich habe hier einen bro@@ cken ko@@ hle mit@@ gebracht - hier , ein stück ko@@ hle . +als e@@ dis@@ on die glü@@ h@@ bir@@ ne er@@ fand , sah sie ungefähr so aus . +aber sie wollen es benutzen - im ernst . +weiterhin arbeiten wir an geräu@@ sch@@ sign@@ alen , die dinge wie schn@@ ar@@ chen und l@@ är@@ m von automo@@ bil@@ en neu@@ tr@@ alisieren . +wie ich sagte , können wir den kan@@ al kür@@ zen , wir können ihn über die cou@@ ch aus@@ brei@@ ten . +ich habe eine reihe weiter@@ er erfin@@ dungen . +erreicht es sie dort drüben ? +so ex@@ u@@ sti@@ ere ich etwas außerhalb des main@@ stre@@ ams des desig@@ n@@ den@@ ken@@ s . +als beispiel hier@@ für begann ich mit zu@@ cker zu arbeiten , für ste@@ fan sa@@ g@@ meister , drei@@ mal@@ iger ted-@@ refer@@ ent . +irgendwie dachte ich , es wäre eine gute idee eine pause in meinen vortrag einzu@@ legen . +" … du war@@ st dir niemals sicher , aber ich kann dir versi@@ chern , dass deine mar@@ ot@@ te , wegen der du immer so un@@ sicher war@@ st , äußerst lie@@ ben@@ s@@ wert ist . +und es ist sehr , sehr verbreitet für designer und menschen in der visu@@ ellen kunst , zu denken , dass wir nicht genug bei@@ tragen . oder schlimmer noch , dass alles , was wir tun , die mü@@ ll@@ de@@ po@@ nien fü@@ llt . +re@@ zero hält seine balance , indem er kon@@ stant seinen ni@@ ck@@ winkel mit einem sen@@ sor berech@@ net . +mit einem monit@@ or könnte er die leute infor@@ mieren , oder sie auf unter@@ hal@@ ts@@ ame und spa@@ ß@@ ige art herum@@ führen . +und wenn wir nun zur ab@@ al@@ one-@@ mu@@ sch@@ el zurück@@ kehren , ab@@ gesehen von ihrer nan@@ o@@ struktur begeistert eine sache : wenn eine männ@@ liche und eine weib@@ liche ab@@ alone zusammen kommen , geben sie gene@@ tische information weiter , die sagt : " so baut man ein vor@@ zü@@ g@@ liches material . +die ab@@ al@@ one-@@ mu@@ sch@@ el hier – und wenn man sie bri@@ cht , kann man feststellen , das sie eine nan@@ o@@ struktur hat . +sie brauchten fast 50 millionen jahre , um zu lernen wie man den bau einer ab@@ al@@ one-@@ mu@@ sch@@ el perfe@@ k@@ tion@@ iert . +ich hab sie mit@@ gebracht . +angel@@ a ble@@ cher : mit der natur bat@@ teri@@ en schaffen +und dann hört man dinge wie im zug , im flugzeug , im auto – also auf dem weg zur arbeit . +man erkennt , dass besonders kre@@ ative menschen – designer , program@@ mier@@ er , schrift@@ steller , ingenie@@ ure , den@@ ker – dass die leute vor allem län@@ gere zei@@ träume ohne unter@@ brech@@ ungen brauchen , um etwas zu schaffen . +warum erwarten wir , dass leute gut arbeiten , wenn sie im büro die ganze zeit unter@@ bro@@ chen werden ? +das ist irgendwie al@@ ber@@ n . das ist eine er@@ sat@@ z@@ hand@@ lung . +ich meine , wie hoch ist die wahrscheinlichkeit , dass alle 10 bereit sind aufzu@@ hören ? +denn büro@@ s sind gut ausge@@ stat@@ tet , alles , was man zum arbeiten braucht , sollte da sein , doch die leute gehen da jetzt nicht gern hin ; wie können wir das ändern ? +man kann im aus@@ stellen , aber nicht den man@@ ager . +dies ist mein arbeitsp@@ l@@ atz . er ist dort draußen , +ich glaube , ich könnte ihnen ihr handy nicht weg@@ nehmen , selbst , wenn ich es wollte . +eigentlich ' ne ganz ne@@ tte eigen@@ art . +wir haben hier eine menge forschung be@@ trieben . +es bringt ein ru@@ di@@ ment@@ är@@ es bank@@ system an orte , wo keine bank@@ -@@ infrastruktur existiert . +etwa das vi@@ a@@ gr@@ a hier , das ich in einem hinter@@ ho@@ f-@@ sex@@ shop irgendwo china ge@@ kauft habe . +dies ver@@ körper@@ t für mich irgendwie das verb@@ un@@ den@@ sein mit der welt , wo alles miteinander verknü@@ pft zu sein scheint , alle punkte verbinden sich miteinander . +und damit folgt der dritte punkt , welcher zwan@@ g ist -- und ein zwan@@ g zu dieser verfüg@@ barkeit . +unsere gegenwär@@ tige realität ist weniger interessant als die geschichte die wir später darüber erzählen werden . +worüber sprachen wir gerade ? +de@@ an or@@ nis@@ h teilt mit uns neue forsch@@ ung@@ ser@@ geb@@ nisse , die zeigen , wie die an@@ eig@@ nung ges@@ under lebens@@ gewohn@@ heiten einen menschen auf gene@@ tischer ebene beeinflussen kann . er sagt z.b. , dass , wenn wir ges@@ ün@@ der leben , besser essen , sport treiben und mehr lieben , sich unsere hirn@@ zellen tatsächlich ver@@ me@@ hren . +diese idee wird von diesem zitat gut einge@@ fangen : " dinge , gegen die es kein re@@ zept gibt , sollten ohne be@@ dauern sein , was getan ist , ist getan . " +das sind die klas@@ sischen bedingungen , die zu be@@ dauern führen . +aber es stellt sich heraus , dass sich be@@ dauern auf vier ganz spezi@@ fische und be@@ stän@@ dige arten schrecklich an@@ fühlt . +mach , dass es weg geht . mach , dass es weg geht . " +denn natürlich treffen wir manchmal entscheidungen , die un@@ wider@@ ru@@ f@@ liche und gr@@ aus@@ ame kon@@ sequenzen hab@@ en@@ . entweder für uns selber oder für die gesundheit und das glück und die lebens@@ grund@@ lagen anderer menschen , und im aller@@ schlimm@@ sten fall sogar für ihre leben . +wenn andere leute mein tat@@ too sehen , mögen sie meistens , wie es aussieht . +danke . +die hälfte von ihnen spen@@ dete im internet . +und ziemlich schnell lag der durchschnittliche preis bei 19@@ 2 dollar . +heute sind diese niedri@@ gen prei@@ se verfügbar in den 25 ländern , in denen wir arbeiten , und in ins@@ gesam@@ t 6@@ 2 ländern . und ca. 5@@ 5@@ 0.000 menschen profi@@ tieren davon . +wir führten kürzlich eine aus@@ wer@@ tung der ersten 18 monate unserer be@@ stre@@ b@@ ungen in ru@@ anda durch . +das entspricht ca. 4@@ 3 prozent aller schwan@@ ger@@ schaften . +ich bin für diesen preis dank@@ bar und werde ihn für diesen zweck verwenden . +die klassen@@ zimmer haben keine w@@ ände . +aber eine tolle firma für alterna@@ tiv@@ energi@@ en aus paris nimmt uns den aus dem strom@@ netz heraus mit solar@@ energie . +das war gross@@ arti@@ g . +dieser junge mann p@@ fl@@ ück@@ t biolog@@ isches gemü@@ se . +und gemeinsam sind diese freiwilli@@ gen und die lehrer tief verbunden , um eine neue generation von globalen , grünen an@@ führ@@ ern zu schaffen . +ist das mach@@ bar in eur@@ er gemeinde ? +cha@@ z e@@ bert : » es war cha@@ z , die mir zur seite stand , durch drei versuche hin@@ durch , meinen k@@ ie@@ fer zu re@@ konstru@@ ieren und mir so die fähigkeit zu sprechen wieder@@ zu@@ geben . +dann versuchte ich , wörter auf meinem not@@ e@@ book zu ti@@ ppen und die ein@@ geb@@ au@@ te computer@@ stimme zu benutzen . +sie hatte noch nie eine aus bereits vor@@ lie@@ gen@@ dem material gemacht . +menschen , die eine stimme brauchen , sollten wissen , dass die meisten computer bereits über ein@@ geb@@ au@@ te sprach@@ technologie verfü@@ gen . +die initi@@ alen standen für progra@@ mm@@ ed lo@@ gic for auto@@ ma@@ ted teaching oper@@ ations . +nun leben wir im zeitalter des inter@@ nets , was eine art globalen bewusst@@ s@@ eins zu schaffen scheint . +manchmal glauben sie , ich sei tau@@ b . +ein mann kommt zum psychi@@ ater . +was können wir also tun ? +andere beispiele , die sie hier sehen können , sind aus le@@ tt@@ land , li@@ t@@ auen , est@@ land - die mittel@@ europä@@ ischen länder . +zunächst stellen sie sich eine große frage : " warum machen wir das ? was ist unser ziel ? " +bekann@@ tlich bo@@ y@@ k@@ ot@@ ti@@ erten am 16@@ . jun@@ i 197@@ 6 die studenten südafri@@ kas die sprache afri@@ ka@@ ans als sprache der unter@@ drück@@ er , denn man schrieb ihnen gewis@@ ser@@ maßen vor , dass sie alles in afri@@ ka@@ ans zu studieren hätten – biologie , mathematik – was aber war mit unseren sprachen ? +er lan@@ dete unter dem wagen . +und am ende hatte ich eine n@@ ase aus plasti@@ k , zä@@ hne aus por@@ zell@@ an und alle möglichen anderen dinge . +letz@@ tlich begannen sie , ihre tal@@ ente und fähigkeiten auf meine bedürfnisse abzu@@ gleichen . +also ging ich von da an weiter . +und als blin@@ de person verb@@ lassen die visu@@ ellen erinn@@ erungen und werden durch die gefühle er@@ setzt , die man zu dingen hat und dadurch , wie dinge kl@@ ingen und wie sie rie@@ chen . +er schrieb den gele@@ hr@@ ten an der par@@ is@@ er ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ie und versuchte , ihnen seine theorie dar@@ zu@@ legen . +g@@ ali@@ le@@ o hat , wie ich finde , sehr tre@@ ff@@ end zusammenge@@ fasst , wie die macht der mathematik uns hilft , die natur@@ wissenschaftliche welt um uns herum zu be@@ greifen . +aber ich wollte ihm etwas zeigen , das ihn berei@@ ch@@ ert . +ich werde sie dazu bringen , vielleicht auch mathemati@@ sch etwas an@@ treiben , – also halten sie sich gut fest – ich werde sie dazu bringen , diese sprache verstehen , die es uns erlaubt , zu be@@ greifen , was symme@@ trie ist . +beide objekte haben also sechs symme@@ trie@@ eigenschaften . +zuerst eine dritt@@ el@@ dre@@ hung gegen den u@@ hr@@ zei@@ ger@@ sinn und dann eine spiegel@@ ung an der x-@@ achse . +aber die formen stimmen über@@ ein , wenn ich eine se@@ ch@@ st@@ el@@ dre@@ hung aus@@ führ@@ e und als ro@@ ta@@ tion@@ sach@@ se den punkt wä@@ hle , an dem sich die drei@@ ecke berü@@ hren . +leider ist es nicht wirklich ein bild . kann ich bitte meinen zeich@@ en@@ block haben ? danke , wunderbar . +zwei ? dann hätten sie sich schon früher setzen müssen . +ich habe gelernt , dass sie die essen@@ z dessen sind , was fortschritt aus@@ macht , selbst wenn sie schrecklich erscheinen . +aber ich glaube aus sicht eines ne@@ ander@@ tal@@ ers hätte es gegen unsere heutigen winzi@@ gen hau@@ er , jede menge wider@@ spruch gegeben . +und mark t@@ wa@@ in , der alles über druck@@ er@@ ei wusste , war ganz bes@@ essen von dieser maschine . +und mein lieblings@@ beispiel dafür ereig@@ nete sich anfang 197@@ 6 , als erkannt wurde , dass die bakterien , die die legi@@ on@@ är@@ sk@@ r@@ ank@@ heit verur@@ sachen , schon immer in natürlichen gewä@@ ss@@ ern existiert hatten . aber es war die genau@@ e wasser@@ temperatur in den hei@@ z@@ - , venti@@ la@@ tions@@ - und klima@@ systemen , die die richtigen bedingungen für die ma@@ x@@ im@@ ale re@@ produktion des legi@@ on@@ ell@@ a ba@@ z@@ ill@@ us verursa@@ chten . +denken sie zum beispiel einmal an die finanz@@ welt . +es gibt kein standar@@ dis@@ ier@@ tes regel@@ werk , nicht mal im ansatz . +folgendes macht mich ganz verrückt . +und der sch@@ na@@ pp@@ sch@@ uss gel@@ ingt . +und an die stelle des m@@ aus@@ kli@@ ck tritt nun ein schie@@ ben und ziehen , dinge kol@@ li@@ dieren , wie man es erwarten würde . wie auf meinem echten schreib@@ tisch kann ich -- ich will mir mal eben diesen bur@@ schen greifen -- kann ich dinge in sta@@ p@@ eln an@@ legen , anstatt nur in den üb@@ lichen or@@ dn@@ ern . +ich glaube , man kann die art , wie wir fotos betrachten , wirklich berei@@ chern und diese art schu@@ h@@ kar@@ ton machen , mit fotos von der eigenen familie auf dem kü@@ ch@@ enti@@ sch und so . +ich möchte ihnen mein neu@@ est@@ es projekt vorstellen , » b@@ aro@@ que in rock « , für das es un@@ län@@ gst eine gol@@ dene plat@@ te gab . +sie er@@ langen ein wahr@@ heits@@ vermögen , weil sie sich immer und immer wieder@@ holen . und sie verk@@ al@@ ken und verk@@ nö@@ chern , und werden wirklich . +und ich fragte : " was ist die black@@ box für die wall street ? " +und der witz ist , dass die natürlich nicht nur im markt laufen . +das ding ist , das hier ist nicht google . +unser design ist gemacht für die sprache einer maschine . +es kommen licht@@ ke@@ gel vor und qu@@ anten@@ ver@@ wick@@ lungen und ich verste@@ he nicht wirklich etwas davon . +so viel , oder ? +j@@ s : selbst@@ ab@@ rei@@ ß@@ end . +50 % aller un@@ fälle passieren an kreu@@ z@@ ungen . +zusammen mit dem ben@@ zin , und es sind 1@@ 12@@ .000 $ pro jahr nur für dieses schil@@ d in beide richtungen . +wenn menschen in eine unge@@ wohn@@ te situation kommen , für die sie kein verhaltens@@ muster haben werden sie lang@@ samer . +zum beispiel waren mas@@ ern für vier millionen to@@ de verantwortlich - das war vor kurzem , 199@@ 0 - und jetzt ist die zahl unter 40@@ 0,000 . +und vor kurzem ist sie nur noch um den ä@@ qu@@ ator zu sehen . +und deshalb sahen wir das sch@@ ru@@ mp@@ fen der malari@@ ak@@ ar@@ te . +ich kann es sagen obwohl ich studi@@ en@@ ab@@ bre@@ cher bin . +also , wie verbessern wir bildung ? +man mag denken , dies seien die lehrer mit master ab@@ schl@@ ü@@ ssen . +und der ganze geist und die ein@@ stellung dieser schulen ist sehr anders als in normalen öffentlichen schulen . +und dies erlaubt uns nachzu@@ voll@@ ziehen wer gut arbeitet , diese heraus@@ zur@@ u@@ fen und herauszufinden welche techni@@ ken es sind . +sie wissen , das system lässt es nicht auto@@ matisch geschehen . +die erste " um@@ ar@@ mung " ist etwas , von dem wir denken : " oh , das ist ganz einfach , " doch es wird eigentlich schwier@@ iger und das ist , der welt um uns herum aufmerksamkeit zu schen@@ ken . +ich war an dem punkt , an dem ich eine stop@@ pu@@ hr benutz@@ te und will@@ kür@@ lich kä@@ st@@ chen mal@@ te und es führte mich ni@@ r@@ gend@@ wo hin . also ging ich zurück und ver@@ sen@@ kte alle meine gemäl@@ de im ar@@ no und ich dachte , ich fan@@ ge einfach mal an , herum@@ zus@@ pi@@ el@@ en . +" ich werde den weg finden , um dort hin@@ einzu@@ kommen , denn ich möchte nicht , dass diese geschichte versch@@ win@@ det . " +wie viele von ihnen fühlen sich damit wohl , sich selbst einen an@@ führer zu nennen ? +" und der typ tat mir so leid , dass ich den l@@ oll@@ i nahm , und dann setz@@ test du eine unglaublich ern@@ ste mi@@ ene auf , schau@@ test meine eltern an und sa@@ g@@ test : " sehen sie sich das an . sehen sie nur . +wir müssen darüber hinweg kommen , so dass unsere kleinen brü@@ der und sch@@ western und unsere kinder eines tages – oder heute – zu@@ schauen können und den einfluss , den wir auf unsere gegensei@@ tigen leben haben , wert@@ schätzen , mehr als geld und macht und titel und einfluss . +in den heutigen oper@@ a@@ tions@@ r@@ äumen brauchen wir kein ta@@ ges@@ licht mehr . +hat man drei sti@@ ch@@ proben , dauert dies also eine ganze stunde . +das molekül dr@@ ingt hin@@ durch und wird aus@@ geschie@@ den . +wenn dieser ly@@ m@@ ph@@ k@@ noten krebs hat , würde diese frau die an@@ gren@@ z@@ enden ly@@ m@@ ph@@ k@@ noten entfernt bekommen . +bei pro@@ stat@@ a-@@ krebs leiden bis zu 60 % der männer nach der operation an in@@ kontin@@ enz und er@@ ek@@ tion@@ spro@@ ble@@ men . +hier ist also der tumor . +ich möchte ihnen diesen letzten gedanken mit@@ geben . +und diese zelle ist eine der tausend verschiedenen zell@@ arten , von denen wir lernen . +aber elektrizität brei@@ tet sich auch in jede richtung aus -- den weg des gering@@ sten wider@@ stand@@ es@@ . woher diese re@@ de@@ wen@@ dung teil@@ weise kommt . +und weil es ein protein ist ist es in der dn@@ s des organis@@ mus gesp@@ ei@@ ch@@ ert . +wenn wir also herausfinden , welche zellen sie sind , könnten wir vielleicht neue ziele finden für die medikamente entwickelt oder vor ihnen ab@@ gesch@@ ir@@ mt werden , oder vielleicht orte , an denen man elektro@@ den an@@ bringen könnte bei menschen , die sehr ern@@ ste behinder@@ ungen haben . +und das tier hört einen ton -- und ein licht@@ bli@@ tz erscheint dort . +vielleicht 10@@ 0.000 menschen haben co@@ ch@@ lea@@ implan@@ tate , die ihnen das hören ermöglichen . +das ziel des lab@@ y@@ rin@@ ths ist natürlich das wasser zu verlassen und zu der kleinen platt@@ form zu gelangen die unter dem ob@@ eren öff@@ nung liegt . +und durch aus@@ schalten ist es mehr oder weniger eine null . +und wir nahmen auch proben der außen@@ luft . +vielen dank . +es gab keine autos und so schien es irgendwie noch besser . +ich denke , es war eine sehr optimi@@ stische zeit und ich möchte über einige dieser dinge sprechen . +das ist es , was sie über meine seite denken – sie wird über die gewi@@ chtung auf@@ gestellt . +die anzahl der seiten , die diesen begriff erwä@@ hnen und die auch diese seite erwä@@ hnen , der proz@@ ent@@ satz dieser seiten ist der go@@ ol@@ ge share dieser person von diesem begriff . +18@@ 60 spricht man über skla@@ ver@@ ei . +wenn man die zweite seite hier hat , ver@@ linken einen die meisten . +wir bekommen zunehmen@@ d eine di@@ ät vor@@ gesetzt , in der der sinn@@ es@@ eindruck , nicht die geschichte , domin@@ iert . +und die geschwindigkeit , mit der sie ihn " sl@@ um@@ dog milli@@ on@@ ai@@ re " oder den fa@@ vel@@ as in rio zu@@ ord@@ nen , spricht von der nachhal@@ tigen art . +und die enth@@ al@@ ten@@ en geschichten liefer@@ ten eine gemeinsame erfahrung . +diese filme enth@@ i@@ elten das , was zu sehr schmer@@ zte um es laut zu sagen , und sie wurden für mich nütz@@ licher als das flü@@ stern der über@@ lebenden und den gel@@ eg@@ ent@@ lichen blick auf ein tat@@ too auf dem hand@@ gelen@@ k meiner alt@@ jün@@ g@@ fer@@ lichen tan@@ te . +kann op@@ ern@@ ges@@ ang so sex@@ y sein ? die wunderbare sop@@ r@@ ani@@ stin dan@@ i@@ elle de ni@@ ese be@@ wei@@ st es mit ihrem vortrag der ko@@ ket@@ ten ar@@ ie " meine li@@ ppen , sie kü@@ ssen so hei@@ ß " aus der oper@@ ette gui@@ di@@ tt@@ a von fran@@ z le@@ h@@ á@@ r . beglei@@ tung : ing@@ rid sur@@ gen@@ or . +der handel , ander@@ erseits , ist relativ schnell , total krea@@ tiv , hö@@ chst effektiv und effizi@@ ent , und im grunde ehrlich , denn wir können unsere werte nicht langfri@@ stig tau@@ schen , wenn wir einander nicht tr@@ auen . +und so haben wir produkte desig@@ nt , und alle chemikalien bis in den milli@@ on@@ st@@ el@@ -@@ teil@@ ch@@ en-@@ bereich analy@@ siert . +der ob@@ ere teil besteht aus n@@ yl@@ on 6 , das wieder zu ca@@ pro@@ l@@ ac@@ ta@@ m wird , der un@@ tere teil , ein poly@@ al@@ ken - un@@ endlich wieder@@ ver@@ wert@@ bare ther@@ m@@ op@@ la@@ ste . +als wir sie fragen , sagten sie : " es ist wie eine ries@@ ent@@ o@@ i@@ le@@ tte die nicht r@@ unter@@ sp@@ ü@@ lt . " +wir haben jede menge energie , also werden wir dieses problem lösen , jedoch die biologie ist hei@@ kel , weil wir all diese gif@@ tigen materialien , die wir aus@@ spu@@ cken , durch das system schle@@ us@@ en , werden wir niemals im stan@@ de sein das wieder gut zu machen . +schuhe für ni@@ ke , wo die ober@@ teile aus pol@@ ye@@ ster sind , un@@ endlich wieder@@ ver@@ wert@@ bar , und die unter@@ teile bestehen aus biolog@@ isch ab@@ bau@@ baren so@@ hlen . +weil , wenn sie sich selbst ver@@ gi@@ ften , indem sie der billi@@ g@@ st-@@ produ@@ z@@ ent sind , um es dem billi@@ g@@ st-@@ verk@@ äu@@ fer -- wal@@ -@@ m@@ art zu senden -- und wir ihnen dann all unser geld schicken . was wir dann entdecken ist , das wir effektiv etwas haben , was , als ich noch student war , gemeinsame bei@@ der@@ sei@@ tige zerstör@@ ung genannt wurde . +der kom@@ post wird dann wieder komplett zurück@@ genommen , um auf den däch@@ ern der stadt eingesetzt zu werden , wo wir landwirtschaft haben . was wir nämlich gemacht haben , ist , wir haben den boden der stadt in die höhe ge@@ ho@@ ben - um die ursprün@@ gliche landschaft auf den däch@@ ern der gebäude wieder herzustellen . +dies ist fünf@@ mal so groß . +wir wussten nichts über x@@ key@@ sc@@ ore . wir wusste nichts von cyber@@ tr@@ ans . +und trotzdem sind diese dat@@ ei@@ en da . +okay , wie viele schwe@@ dische entschei@@ d@@ ung@@ str@@ ä@@ ger , politiker und führ@@ ung@@ sper@@ son@@ en aus der wirtschaft nutzen , jeden tag , us-@@ bas@@ ierte dienst@@ leistungen , wie zum beispiel windows oder o@@ s@@ x , oder nutzen facebook oder lin@@ ke@@ d@@ l@@ n , oder spei@@ chern ihre daten in ex@@ ter@@ nen netz@@ werken wie ic@@ l@@ oud oder sky@@ drive oder dro@@ p@@ box , oder nutzen dienst@@ leistungen wie den ama@@ zon web service oder die verkauf@@ s@@ unterstützung ? +und wer auch immer ihnen erzählt , er habe nichts zu ver@@ ber@@ gen hat darüber einfach nicht lange genug nach@@ gedacht . +sie war eines der ziele der n@@ sa@@ -@@ über@@ wach@@ ung . +seit lan@@ gem üb@@ t das menschliche gehirn eine faszin@@ ation auf menschen aus . +und was sie sehen ist sehr un@@ gleich@@ mäßig . hier sehen sie eine größere an@@ ordnung . +eins bekommen wir von der mutter , eins vom vater . +in se@@ attle nehmen wir sie – das ist eine ganze menschliche gehirn@@ hälfte – und legen sie hier rein – nur eine bessere auf@@ schnitt@@ maschine . +sie können hier auf dem obje@@ kt@@ trä@@ ger sehen , das dies in echtz@@ eit passiert . +grün gehört zu den kühl@@ eren bereichen , wo sie nicht stimu@@ liert sind . +wenn sie also z.b. in der pharma@@ forschung tä@@ tig sind , können sie durch eine ganze liste von angeb@@ oten gehen , die ein genom zu bieten hat , um vielleicht bessere wirk@@ ungs@@ orte zu finden und zu opti@@ mieren . +dies sind keine schizop@@ hr@@ enen personen aber sie zeigen ab@@ wei@@ chungen von der grund@@ gesam@@ theit . +also warum ist das so ? +fa@@ kt ist , wenn wir nicht wissen ob wir überhaupt gutes tun sind wir nicht besser als die medizin@@ er und ihre blu@@ te@@ gel im mittel@@ alter . +" wenn ihr die ne@@ tze kosten@@ los verteilt , werden die menschen sie nicht wert@@ schätzen . +das ist schlecht , aber solche orte gibt es . +und dann kannst du es leicht machen und einen an@@ lass geben jetzt zu handeln , in dem wir für jede impf@@ ung einen kil@@ o lin@@ sen verteilt haben . +die dritte ist wichtig , weil wenn wir denken , dass sich die leute an al@@ mo@@ sen gew@@ ö@@ hnen könnte die kosten@@ lose ver@@ gabe von ne@@ tzen den markt zerstören . +man weiß wie zu imp@@ fen ist , man weiß wie man mo@@ sk@@ it@@ one@@ tze ver@@ teilen soll . +er@@ kl@@ ä@@ r den leuten die vor@@ teile von bildung . das zu tun ist sehr billi@@ g . +aber schaut was wir heute gemacht haben . +und jetzt können wir vielleicht auf die wichtig@@ ere frage zurück@@ kommen mit der ich am anfang begonnen habe . +wir alle haben von diesen dingen gehört . +und das hat mit mir zu tun . denn 199@@ 4 pac@@ kte ich ein paar dinge in einen ru@@ ck@@ s@@ ack und machte mich auf den weg auf eine ein@@ jährige reise , genau in der mitte meiner universi@@ tä@@ ts@@ lauf@@ bahn . +bringen wir doch etwas licht in diesen verblüff@@ enden , viel@@ sei@@ tigen kontin@@ enten , der so viel zu bieten hat . +allein der ausdruck " investieren in afrika " ist also in@@ akzep@@ tab@@ el . +doch sehen wir uns das werk von gold@@ man sa@@ chs an – der berühm@@ te b@@ b@@ c@@ -@@ beri@@ cht . +diese ank@@ ün@@ digung kam in den letzten paar wochen raus . +es ist te@@ ur@@ er , waren zu transpor@@ tieren . die war@@ en@@ prei@@ se erhö@@ hen sich , das wirkt sich auf die inf@@ lation aus . +ein afrikan@@ ischer nach@@ rich@@ ten@@ kan@@ al , der rund um die uhr sen@@ det . +sie bilden auch ein drittel unserer lebens@@ mittel . +wir schauen so selten in den himmel . +hier sind die aufnahmen , die ich den leuten gezeigt habe . +okay . +also , das sind die aufnahmen , die er ge@@ fil@@ mt hatte , und sie waren ganz schön bewe@@ gend und er@@ furcht@@ gebie@@ tend . +es war zufä@@ lli@@ ger@@ weise auch das letzte mal , dass ich das ta@@ ges@@ licht sah . +und er sagte : " weil keiner weiß , dass du irgend@@ was damit zu tun hat@@ test . " +wie konnte jemand mit den finger@@ spit@@ zen lesen ? +kt : nein . +kb : stör@@ en sie nur nicht meine konzent@@ ration . +ich brauche schnell zwei leute , die mir helfen . +ok , nun , glauben sie überhaupt an h@@ exer@@ ei ? +kb : was haben sie gesp@@ ür@@ t ? +ok , el@@ rau@@ ben sie ihr , dort zu bleiben . +halten sie es , halten sie es , sie beide , halten sie es . +kommen sie hier her , neben mich . +und ich will , dass sie die negative energie raus@@ las@@ sen@@ . indem sie es schü@@ tt@@ eln . +du wus@@ st@@ est es . +sie passen auf mich auf , damit ich keine spä@@ ße mache . +s@@ j : du bist über einem be@@ cher . +denk@@ st du , dass die spitze unter der linken hand oder unter der rechten ist ? +das ist nicht gut . hi . ja . wirklich schlecht . schauen sie mich bloß nicht an . +sie wissen sicher , wenn sie diese stimmen hören , dann ver@@ sammeln sich all die kleinen neuronen und in diesem kleinen loch bekommen sie eine richtig gif@@ tige " ich will mich um@@ bringen " -@@ chemi@@ kal@@ ie , und wenn sie das immer und immer wieder in dau@@ er@@ schlei@@ fe hören , dann haben sie sich wohl eine depression einge@@ fangen . +wir sind nicht für@@ s 21. jahrhundert ausge@@ stat@@ tet . +wir müssen wissen , warum die leute tun , was sie tun . +aber sie war überprü@@ f@@ bar bl@@ ö@@ d . +in einem paar bekommt eine person folgende nachricht : " möchten sie einen teil ihrer 10 dollar , die sie hier verdi@@ ent haben , jemand anders im labor zu@@ kommen lassen ? " +für das experiment müsste ich also in das gehirn ein@@ greifen und das oxyto@@ cin direkt manipu@@ lieren . +wenn ich etwas tue , das dich ver@@ letzt , fühle ich den schmerz . +der mann soll eine halbe stunde warten . +es gibt andere methoden , das system zu unter@@ drücken . +die brau@@ t . +es gibt un@@ zä@@ h@@ lige wege , uns mit anderen menschen zu verbinden , und das scheint überall gleich zu sein . +ich wollte wissen , woher die art des lern@@ ens rü@@ hrt , die wir heute in der schule vor@@ finden . +und es gibt menschen , die diese computer be@@ dienen , um ihre be@@ am@@ tent@@ ä@@ tigkeit auszu@@ üben . +einer unserer studenten muss vorbei@@ gekommen sein und ihnen gezeigt haben , wie man die maus benutzt . " +es gibt eine gruppe von kindern in sü@@ d-@@ indien , deren engli@@ sche aus@@ sprache wirklich schlecht ist und die eine gute aus@@ sprache brauchen , denn das könnte ihre job@@ aus@@ sichten verbessern . +nach zwei monaten kam ich zurück und die kinder mar@@ schi@@ erten auf und sagten : " wir haben nichts verstanden . " +kal@@ lik@@ upp@@ am hatte den an@@ schluss an meine kontro@@ ll@@ gruppe einer schule in neu@@ -@@ del@@ hi gefunden , einer reichen privat@@ schule mit einem ausge@@ bil@@ deten bi@@ ologi@@ ele@@ hr@@ er . +nimmt der pro@@ tor@@ ep@@ tili@@ sche teil in unserem hirn@@ zentrum eine bedro@@ hung wahr , legt er alles andere la@@ h@@ m , er legt den prä@@ fron@@ tal@@ en cortex la@@ h@@ m , die für das lernen zu@@ stän@@ digen teile , sie alle werden la@@ hm@@ gelegt . +du kannst mich nicht fangen . +sie haben davon schon gehört . sie wissen , was das heißt . +es ist eine eigentlich unbe@@ man@@ nte ein@@ richtung . +wisst ihr , ich spiele bei diesen rock kon@@ zer@@ ten , und bin auf der bühne , völlig ruhi@@ g steh@@ end , wisst ihr , nur darauf konzentri@@ ert . und naja , " was tut sie ? was tut sie ? " , wisst ihr . +wenn ich beim nächsten lied in o@@ hn@@ macht f@@ alle ... -- +dieses dile@@ m@@ ma er@@ gab den titel dieses proje@@ kts , der auf unterschiedliche weisen zeigt , dass wir alle leben@@ de to@@ te sind und dass wir in man@@ cher hinsicht die gei@@ ster der vergangenheit und der zukunft sind . +und ich stie@@ ß auf die karten , die sie hier sehen . +es wird also die vir@@ ul@@ enz ge@@ te@@ stet . +jeder tau@@ chte auf . +die span@@ nungen zwischen den beiden familien reichen bis 19@@ 13 zurück , als es str@@ eit über lok@@ ale politische ma@@ cht@@ verhäl@@ tnisse gab . +das ist nur eine verk@@ ür@@ zte dar@@ stellung von über 1.000 bildern . +das stück ist überhaupt nicht kompliziert . +und sie werden sich - ob sie es glauben oder nicht - abge@@ trennt von dem instrument und dem stick fühlen , obwohl ich den stick wirklich sehr fest halte . +sie sind alle verschie@@ den . +genau . weil ich es noch nicht mal berühr@@ e . +in einem jahr könnten es zwei weitere schritte sein . +aber , nicht einer von ihnen ist aufge@@ standen um zu denken , " richtig ! wie kann ich kl@@ at@@ schen ? ok , vielleicht .@@ ... +und interessan@@ ter@@ weise , je älter ich wurde , als ich ein voll@@ zeit@@ student an einer so genan@@ nten " musi@@ k-@@ institution " wurde , wurde all das ver@@ worfen . +in dieser sich stei@@ ger@@ nden demon@@ station zeigt die tau@@ be per@@ kus@@ si@@ oni@@ stin ev@@ el@@ yn gl@@ en@@ nie , warum das hören von musik viel mehr beinhaltet als sch@@ all@@ wellen auf sein tro@@ mm@@ el@@ fell treffen zu lassen . +und es wurde so groß , bis zum punkt wo es einen fest@@ wagen letztes jahr bei ma@@ cy ' s th@@ ank@@ s@@ giving par@@ ade gab und ri@@ ck ast@@ ley raus@@ spr@@ ingt und " ri@@ ck@@ roll@@ ed " millionen menschen im fernsehen . +aber das ist nicht das interessante daran . +ich habe ein paar fragen an dich . +aber ein paar gute dinge kamen auch daraus . +und sie waren sicherlich stolz , dich als gewinn@@ er der ti@@ me@@ -@@ wahl zu sehen . +die entwicklung der dinosaurier ver@@ lief langsam , immer einen schritt lang@@ samer , egal wie sie sie messen . +ein rund 1 meter großes tier mit schö@@ ne@@ m schä@@ del , ein r@@ äu@@ ber , flei@@ sch@@ fres@@ ser , ein zwei@@ b@@ einer . +als an@@ führer – das ist defini@@ tiv ein man@@ n@@ schafts@@ sport – müssen sie sie inspiri@@ eren , mehr arbeit zu leisten , als je zuvor in ihrem leben , unter bedingungen , die sie sich nicht vorstellen können . +es hat ein stir@@ n@@ hir@@ n , ein fünf@@ zehn@@ tel der größe eines menschen . +jemand muss an die vor@@ der@@ beine . +und dann später wird uns die arbeit nach ti@@ bet führen . +jetzt haben wir die ab@@ wei@@ chung , aber wir haben eine dritte dimension des or@@ tes erstellt . +das sind wirklich verwand@@ te diszi@@ pl@@ inen . +sie müssen diese schritte tun . wenn sie das tun – es ist einfach , kinder an wissenschaft zu interessieren . +man gibt ihr einen kurzen sto@@ ß mit dem ell@@ bogen und stür@@ mt zur zi@@ ell@@ in@@ ie . +sie laufen nicht 4@@ 2 kilometer , sondern 150 , 250 kilometer am stück , und an@@ schein@@ end ohne verletz@@ ungen , ohne probleme . +es gibt keine schn@@ elle frau auf dem planeten und es hat noch nie eine gegeben . +etwa sieben , acht jahre also , um e@@ uren hö@@ he@@ punkt zu erreichen , um dann all@@ mä@@ h@@ lich wieder zurückzu@@ fallen bis ihr zum an@@ fan@@ g@@ spun@@ kt zurück@@ kehrt . +man muss sich zu einer gruppe zusam@@ mensch@@ ließen . +und was ist geschehen , als wir angefangen haben , diese mo@@ dischen , ge@@ pol@@ ster@@ ten dinge zu erfinden , die das laufen verbessern , genannt schuhe . +aber vielleicht gibt es da noch einen weiteren vorteil . +für mich war das der le@@ er@@ raum , das war es , was roboter noch nicht tun konnten . +es ist ein gr@@ use@@ li@@ ges mon@@ ster . +sie rufen ihre freundin an , sie plat@@ ziert ihren hör@@ er in einem roboter und z@@ ack ! , sind sie ein me@@ bot – sie können augen@@ kontakt auf@@ nehmen , sie können mit ihren freunden sprechen sie können sich bewegen , sie können ge@@ sti@@ ku@@ lieren – vielleicht das zwei@@ t@@ beste nach tats@@ äch@@ licher an@@ wes@@ enheit , oder ? +ich stelle mir also einen moment vor , gar nicht so weit in der zukunft – meine mutter kann an ihren computer gehen , einen brow@@ ser öffnen und sich in einen kleinen roboter ein@@ klin@@ ken . +um diese frage zu beantworten , haben wir eine studie in boston durchgeführt , bei der wir eine von drei ver@@ mittl@@ ung@@ stech@@ ni@@ ken in den wohn@@ r@@ äumen der menschen über einen zei@@ traum von mehr@@ eren wochen instal@@ li@@ erten . +aber wir können diese idee noch weiter vor@@ an@@ treiben +roboter berü@@ hren etwas zu@@ tief@@ st menschliches in uns . +und es geht nicht , dass meine jungs mich aus@@ lachen . +und ich fol@@ gte diesem typen über@@ all@@ hin , bis wir im selben raum waren und ich ihm eines meiner stücke vor@@ las , und wisst ihr , was er mir sagte ? +ich kann mit dem scho@@ ck aus " the cr@@ ying game " mi@@ th@@ alten mit der ehr@@ fur@@ cht eines kin@@ des , das von einem schul@@ rü@@ pel " ai@@ d@@ s-@@ opfer " genannt wird , nicht wissen@@ d , dass sein vater es meiner mutter gab , und das ist dopp@@ el@@ deu@@ tig . +dann machte ich mir gedanken , ob ich ihr bild tatsächlich ersetzen könnte . ich su@@ chte mir also eine dopp@@ el@@ gän@@ ger@@ in von di@@ ana und stellte sie in den korre@@ kten posi@@ tionen und winkel auf und er@@ schu@@ f etwas , das es im öffentlichen bewusstsein schon gab . +also , hier ist das bild . +alle diese arbeiten wurden in gal@@ er@@ ien gezeigt . +dieses bild ist tatsächlich recht interessant , denn wir haben es , denke ich , vor drei jahren gemacht , +jack ni@@ chol@@ son in seinem pro@@ mi@@ -@@ leben so treiben könnte . und die tatsache , dass er versucht hat , er hatte einen kleinen wu@@ tan@@ fall und schlu@@ g neu@@ lich einen fahrer mit einem gol@@ f@@ schlä@@ ger . +hat sich jemand hier einmal gefragt , was passiert , wenn sie nachts in ihr zimmer zurück@@ gehen , und plötzlich bekommen sie schmerzen in der br@@ ust , kurz@@ at@@ mi@@ gkeit , schwei@@ ß@@ aus@@ brü@@ che ? +bitte mer@@ ken sie sich das . wir können damit nicht in solchen umgeb@@ ungen umgehen . +wir unter@@ halten zur zeit 25 stellen - alle von ihnen ausge@@ bil@@ dete fach@@ ärzte aus den usa , kanada oder großbritannien . +und dann werden wir weitere zentr@@ en er@@ öffnen . +sie müssen am leben sein , sie müssen sich ernä@@ hren . +wir arbeiten auch an unterstü@@ tz@@ ender ausbildung in der gesundheits@@ vor@@ sor@@ ge@@ technologie , wir bilden auch in e@@ cho@@ kar@@ di@@ ograph@@ ie aus , ultra@@ sch@@ all am herzen , so was alles . diese art von ausbildung motivi@@ ert menschen . +und ich fühle mich hier wirklich zu hause , denn hier gibt es eine menge au@@ ti@@ stische gene . +auch meine zeichnungen spiel@@ ten eine haup@@ tro@@ lle im film . +und meine verkauf@@ sta@@ kti@@ k war , dass ich meine zeichnungen und bilder von dingen zeigte . +ich war sehr be@@ un@@ ruhi@@ gt darüber , dieses gerät [ im gehirn@@ scan@@ ner ] über meinem gesicht zu tragen . +ich finde , viele menschen haben damit schwierigkeiten . +der im film d@@ r car@@ lock heißt . +mit 13 jahren hatte ich eine stelle in einem klei@@ der@@ geschäft wo ich klei@@ der gen@@ ä@@ ht habe . +denn ich beob@@ a@@ chte , dass an den community colle@@ ges viele gute lehrer / innen für viele dieser kinder zu finden sind . davon müssen wir einige in die high schools holen . +wofür haben sie am meisten leidenschaft ? +meine eigene spezi@@ alität liegt in der kombination von digit@@ aler technologie und mag@@ ie . +auf wieder@@ sehen . +und es war tief . tief in meiner se@@ ele . +das ist doch mal ein talent . +und jetzt kommt die küste , und ein ganz kleiner teil von mir ist trauri@@ g . +danke . +das erste problem ist , dass die kat@@ astro@@ phen@@ hilfe un@@ zur@@ ei@@ ch@@ end ist . +sie schicken ihn in den irak . +ich denke , es ist sehr wichtig , weil genau jetzt gerade jemand wieder auf@@ stehen muss , und diese generation der veter@@ an@@ en hat die möglichkeit , das zu tun , wenn sie die chance dazu bekommen . +wohin würde das führen ? +und so er@@ fanden sie die wissenschaftliche zeit@@ schrift als weg , die diskus@@ sionen zu syn@@ chron@@ isi@@ eren über die gesamte gemeinschaft von natur@@ wissenschaft@@ lern . +die program@@ mier@@ er kommen und gehen . +dies hat folgende aus@@ wirkung : ein program@@ mier@@ er in e@@ din@@ burgh und ein program@@ mier@@ er in ent@@ e@@ b@@ be können beide dieselbe – eine kop@@ ie des@@ selben teil@@ s der software erhalten . +richtig . +es war die erwar@@ tung der bürger dass sie nicht zen@@ siert werden würde . +dieses foto möchte ich ihnen zeigen . +mor@@ gan hen@@ dry : " be@@ ware of safety " ist eine instru@@ ment@@ elle rock@@ band . +wir bestehen im wahr@@ sten sinne des wor@@ tes aus stern@@ en@@ stau@@ b . +und wenn sie auf die ob@@ ere lin@@ ke ecke sehen , dann sehen sie einen kleinen dunkl@@ en punkt . +ok , der fall@@ schirm ist aus@@ geri@@ chtet . +b@@ c : wir treten in die atmosphäre des mars ein . +das ist auch der zeitpunkt , an dem wir die hin@@ tere ver@@ klei@@ dung ab@@ werfen und uns nun im freien fall befinden . +dann werden wir etwas ern@@ ster , also müssen wir unsere c@@ ad / cam@@ s und die ingenie@@ ure invol@@ vi@@ eren . oder wissenschaftler , die sich mit den ther@@ mischen eigenschaften aus@@ kennen , die designs verstehen , atmosp@@ här@@ ische interak@@ tion , fall@@ schir@@ me und der@@ gleichen verstehen . sie arbeiten als team und entwickeln gewis@@ ser@@ maßen am computer eine raum@@ son@@ de um zu sehen , ob sie unseren an@@ forder@@ ungen genü@@ gt . +und für den fall , dass wir etwas nicht erreichen können weil es z.b. zu hoch auf einer kli@@ ppe ist , haben wir ein kleines las@@ er@@ system das auf den fel@@ sen schie@@ ßt , ein wenig verdam@@ pft und analy@@ siert , was da von dem fel@@ sen ab@@ gegeben wird . +beim vorbei@@ fliegen bli@@ ckten wir zurück . und raten sie , was wir sahen . +sie fahren einfach zum nächsten see , stecken den schl@@ auch hinein und ihr auto ist voll@@ ge@@ tan@@ kt . +wenn wir anfangen , exponenti@@ ell zu denken , können wir verstehen , wie dies die technologien in unserem umfeld beeinflusst . +wir können komplex@@ ere probleme mit compu@@ tern be@@ arbeiten . +und natürlich gibt es dazu eine ap@@ p . +sie können ihr gewicht an ihre freunde t@@ wee@@ ten , und diese können ihnen dann helfen , ihr gewicht zu halten . +aber wie können wir den arzt verbessern ? +hier ein paar beispiele : wir sind in der är@@ a der " phan@@ ta@@ stischen reise " , dank der i@@ p@@ ill . +kommen wir zur genom@@ ik , als vor 10 jahren die ersten menschlichen genom@@ -@@ sequen@@ zi@@ erungen durchgeführt wurden , be@@ tru@@ gen die kosten rund eine milliarde dollar . +wir können prä@@ venti@@ ver sein ; diese vor@@ sicht@@ s@@ maß@@ nahmen können person@@ alisiert sein , aber am wichtigsten wird die an@@ st@@ eigen@@ de parti@@ zi@@ pa@@ tion sein . +wir haben eigentlich erwachsene stammzellen seit 15 jahren in klin@@ ischen tests benutzt , in verschiedenen fällen , insbesondere für herz@@ -@@ krei@@ s@@ lauf@@ -@@ krankheiten . +das erste ist spen@@ cer gewi@@ d@@ met und seiner großmutter , die von seiner arbeit scho@@ ck@@ iert war . +in j@@ enen tagen , gab es noch län@@ dliche gegen@@ den , nahe an der stadt , hö@@ fe , kor@@ n@@ felder , kü@@ he ; auch gar nicht weit entfernt von unserem haus , mit seinen ver@@ wi@@ sch@@ ten st@@ einen und dem langen , sch@@ at@@ tigen kor@@ ri@@ d@@ or , konnte man gebiete mit hü@@ geln und b@@ äumen finden , und man konnte so tun , als seien es ber@@ ge und wäl@@ der . +das mädchen , meine alte liebe , das letzte verl@@ or@@ ene mal sah ich sie als sie mich auf einer party su@@ chte , wie sie betr@@ un@@ ken stam@@ mel@@ te , fiel , sich lü@@ mm@@ elte , ver@@ ru@@ tsch@@ ter rock , rot um@@ r@@ änder@@ te augen , von trä@@ nen versch@@ wollen , ihre sch@@ an@@ de , ihre sch@@ mach . +dieses hier heißt " dur@@ st " . +ein lässi@@ ger impul@@ s , eine laun@@ e , bis jetzt noch nie be@@ dacht , schwer@@ lich sogar jetzt be@@ dacht ... +die mädchen , zu meinem er@@ schre@@ cken , wen@@ deten den blick ab . +c@@ .@@ k. willi@@ ams li@@ est ge@@ dichte von ju@@ gend und alter +sam@@ u@@ el p@@ is@@ ar , ein@@ r der über@@ lebenden von au@@ schwi@@ tz , hat gesagt , ich zi@@ tiere , " der h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st lehr@@ t uns , dass die natur , selbst in ihren gr@@ aus@@ am@@ sten mom@@ enten , noch gü@@ tig ist im vergleich zum menschen , wenn er seine moralische orienti@@ erung und vern@@ un@@ ft ver@@ liert . " +aber bilder müssen nicht dra@@ stisch sein , um uns an die tra@@ gi@@ k des krie@@ ges zu erinnern . +was wir heute versuchen werden , in den gut se@@ ch@@ zehn minuten , die mir bleiben , ist es , drei fragen zu beantworten . die erste ist : " warum ? " . +das war unsere hoch@@ frequ@@ enz@@ -@@ fun@@ kan@@ ten@@ ne . +zwei nor@@ we@@ ger haben es 2000 im team geschafft . allein aber keiner . +wenn das eis mehr oder weniger eben war , konnte ich gerade mal so beide ziehen . +das war eine ziemlich radik@@ ale technologie und ein radi@@ kal@@ er ansatz - aber es funktion@@ ierte pri@@ ma . +ich habe das fotografi@@ ert . habe mich auf meinen schli@@ tten gesetzt und so einen video@@ ein@@ trag gemacht . +ich dachte , das muss einfach reichen . +deswegen wurde mir wahrscheinlich auch kein vor@@ wur@@ f wegen der län@@ ge meiner star@@ t@@ bahn gemacht . +seitdem ist niemand auf sk@@ i - das war vor 9@@ 3 jahren - seitdem also ist niemand auf sk@@ i von der küste von ant@@ arkti@@ s zu dem po@@ l und zurück . +aber ich hatte noch immer zwei@@ fel , also sagte ich : " wissen sie was , ich werde es nicht tun . " +und ich erinn@@ erte mich , dass der alte und betr@@ un@@ ken@@ e kerl eines tages ins labor kam , um lei@@ chtes geld zu verdienen , und das war dieser kerl . +ich möchte mit einem posi@@ tiven gedanken enden . +was , wenn wir angst einmal anders betrachten ? +diese än@@ gste tan@@ zten in der vorstellung dieser armen menschen . es zeigte sich , dass die angst , der sie ge@@ hö@@ r schen@@ kten , über leben oder tod entscheiden würde . +was würde mit unserem verstand passieren ? +der roman@@ autor v@@ la@@ di@@ mir n@@ abo@@ ko@@ v sagte , der beste les@@ er kombin@@ i@@ ere zwei sehr verschiedene temper@@ am@@ ente , das künstler@@ ische und das wissenschaftliche . +ich bin nun 4@@ 3 jahre alt . +deshalb b@@ aten sie ihre eltern auf die straße zu gehen und sie ein@@ zusam@@ m@@ eln und nach hause zu bringen . +das war der große unterschied zwischen den vielen versuchen zuvor um wandel zu schaffen , bevor wir dachten und die regierung uns be@@ fa@@ hl - und manchmal stimm@@ te es sogar - dass wandel uns aufge@@ zw@@ ungen wurde und die menschen we@@ hr@@ ten sich , denn sie dachten , es sei frem@@ d für ihre kultur , +ich erinnere mich an eine nacht , als mich jemand auf meinem handy an@@ rief - eine gewöhn@@ liche person , die ich nicht kan@@ nte - vom ta@@ hri@@ r platz . +ist es eine story des jahres , eine story des jahrzehn@@ ts , oder noch mehr ? +sie hatten einige red@@ ner dort . +und frank@@ ie sagte : " ich bin als 2@@ 2@@ . an der reihe , und ich sehe die na@@ del auf mich zu@@ kommen , und da ist überall blut . +du willst eine na@@ del genau so wenig teilen wie du eine zahn@@ bür@@ ste teilen willst , selbst mit jemandem , mit dem du schl@@ äf@@ st . +was wir also in den vereinigten staaten gemacht haben ist , die daten zu prü@@ fen , end@@ los lang die daten zu prü@@ fen . +es sind homo@@ sexu@@ elle männer in der part@@ y@@ sz@@ ene , die im schnitt drei mal so viele partner haben wie he@@ ter@@ o@@ sexu@@ elle leute in der part@@ y@@ sz@@ ene , +aber er verändert die rech@@ nung , was rational ist beim treffen sexu@@ eller entscheidungen . +was bedeutet das ? +es gibt so viele unterschiedliche arten , rational zu sein wie menschen auf diesem planeten , und das ist eine der herr@@ lichkeiten menschlicher exi@@ stenz . +ich habe sie hinaus auf die ter@@ asse genommen . +den sogenan@@ nten " cla@@ wh@@ am@@ mer " stil hatte er von seiner mutter und großmutter gelernt . +es hört sich ungefähr so an . +wir standen am ran@@ de von tausenden von he@@ kt@@ ar baum@@ wol@@ le . +unsere mutter hoff@@ te , dass wir dadurch har@@ te arbeit wer@@ tzu@@ schätzen gelernt hätten . +gute neu@@ ig@@ ke@@ uten : der wagen kommt . +aber wenn ich an anderes dachte , waren es ganz einfache dinge . +wir zogen gegenüber von michael and john whit@@ ney ein . +sagten , sie würden uns ver@@ h@@ auen , wenn wir für sie kein schie@@ ß@@ pul@@ ver herstellen würden . +lassen sie mich also alle kombin@@ ieren . und , ich kann die kl@@ änge auch verändern , indem ich auf dieses pe@@ d@@ al hier tre@@ te , und – lassen sie mich das hier be@@ enden mit einem kleinen " ham@@ bone " sol@@ o oder so ähnlich . +wissenschaft@@ se@@ thi@@ k und die eth@@ ik , bürger einer demokratie zu sein , stehen nicht nur in beziehung zu@@ einander , sondern es gibt auch , histor@@ isch gesehen , eine beziehung zwischen dem , wie menschen über zeit und raum denken und was der ko@@ smo@@ s ist , und wie menschen über die gesellschaft denken , in der sie leben . +sie zur end@@ gü@@ l@@ tigen qu@@ anten@@ theorie von zeit , raum und gravi@@ tation zu versch@@ mel@@ zen ist deren hö@@ he@@ punkt , etwas , das gerade jetzt statt@@ findet . +nun , darwin lehr@@ te uns , dass es proz@@ esse der selb@@ stor@@ gan@@ is@@ ation gibt , die genü@@ gen , um uns alle und alles , was wir sehen zu erklären . +ich bin tatsächlich fertig . die wissenschaft wird nie verschwinden . +ich kann meine arbeit als einen job sehen , ich mache es für geld . +also sah ich mich nach mö@@ b@@ eln um . +über@@ s jahr kann er ungefähr 8@@ 000 plä@@ tze im restaurant bes@@ e@@ tzen . +was kam dabei heraus ? +es gibt ein komple@@ tt@@ es orche@@ ster im gebäude , +das sind einige bilder , die besu@@ cher mir geschickt haben . +und die affen da im wald sahen tatsächlich ziemlich glücklich aus . +denn obwohl wir tod als univer@@ sel@@ le erfahrung teilen , erleben wir ihn nicht überall auf der welt gleich . +sie ist auch ein moment der selb@@ ster@@ kenn@@ tnis . +aber ich sehe etwas zu@@ tief@@ st trans@@ for@@ mier@@ endes darin , den tod als sozialen prozess zu erleben und nicht einfach als biolog@@ ischen . +eines dieser … – vielen dank für die ein@@ la@@ dung . +man trifft einige großartige menschen , menschen , die die welt mit ganz anderen augen sehen . +" es tut mir leid . ich habe nur 18 minuten , 18 minuten , um über die rett@@ ung der welt , die rett@@ ung des planeten und globale institu@@ i@@ tionen zu sprechen . +warum würde man so etwas machen ? warum würde ... das ist wie ein schritt davon entfernt , eine dieser e-@@ mails aus nigeria zu beantworten . ist es nicht so ? +aber wir haben wieder hoffnung . wir haben einen neuen mann . +er sprach zu der menschen@@ menge in chicago : " wenn es jemanden in der welt gibt , der immer noch zwei@@ fel hat , dass amerika ein ort ist , an dem alle dinge möglich sind ... " +erinnern sie sich ? george bush sagte : " eine nu@@ -@@ ke@@ -@@ l@@ are . " +" ich war im gefängnis für fast 30 jahre auf einer insel mitten im ozean . +es gibt viele verschiedene formen . +deshalb haben sie jedes mal , wenn sie etwas gefunden haben , das ein wenig anders aus@@ sah , diesem einen ander@@ n namen gegeben . +die mögen es nicht , wenn man an@@ kommt und die knochen auf@@ sä@@ gen und rein@@ schauen will . +die leute sahen sich also diese sau@@ rier an und sprachen darüber , wie unterschie@@ dlich sie seien . +was interessant ist , die sta@@ ch@@ eln am hinter@@ kopf des dra@@ cor@@ e@@ x wu@@ ch@@ sen auch sehr schnell . +und dann , weil die jung@@ tiere ja in meiner samm@@ lung sind , habe ich sie auf@@ gesch@@ ni@@ tten und mir das innere angesehen . +hier ist noch einer . +wie ihr euch vorstellen könnt , ist das bei vier@@ t@@ kl@@ ä@@ ss@@ lern nicht besonders belie@@ bt . +es ist ein res@@ po@@ ni@@ ves system , das auf e@@ chtes we@@ tter aus@@ gelegt ist . +jedenfalls , es geht weiter . +auf einer gesam@@ t@@ län@@ ge von 9@@ 1 me@@ tern . +die sicht ist der gal@@ er@@ ie versch@@ lossen , wo nur das natürliche licht genutzt wird , und mit einem pan@@ or@@ ama@@ -@@ blick in der n@@ ör@@ dlichen gal@@ er@@ ie wieder ge@@ öffnet wird . +moment - es ist in diesem zustand , wir haben noch viel zu tun . +das ist ein mo@@ ck@@ -up , der sich in s@@ alt la@@ ke city befindet , der ihnen einen eindruck gibt , wie es wirklich aussehen wird . +sogar in nachrichten über sexu@@ elle gewalt bekommen männer eine über@@ wäl@@ ti@@ gende mehr@@ heit an druck@@ fläche und sen@@ de@@ zeit . +sie fand heraus , dass viele dieser geschichten dazu ten@@ dieren den op@@ fern die schu@@ ld zu geben und ihr leben abzu@@ werten . +sie dort abzu@@ bilden ver@@ lie@@ h ihnen ihren wieder@@ erkenn@@ ungs@@ wert . +sie war die re@@ da@@ k@@ te@@ ur@@ in von den c@@ bs nachrichten , die in ägyp@@ ten am ta@@ hri@@ r platz un@@ mittel@@ bar nach diesem foto sexu@@ ell miss@@ braucht wurde . +ihre bot@@ anischen namen sehen sie hier vorne . +' sei du selbst die veränderung , die du dir wün@@ sch@@ st für diese welt ' , hat ma@@ hat@@ ma gand@@ hi einmal gesagt . +p@@ m : nun , das ist eine gute idee . +dies passierte dann bei unterschiedlichen gele@@ gen@@ heiten häufi@@ ger , aber ich denke , dass es ein großer vorteil war , eine frau zu sein . +als amerikan@@ erin beschloss ich sofort ein gre@@ mi@@ um zu gründen . +das andere das ich für wichtig halte ist : bei vielen themen der nation@@ alen sicherheits@@ politik geht es nicht nur um außen@@ politik , sondern es geht um bud@@ gets , militär@@ bud@@ gets , und wie sich staat@@ s@@ schul@@ den entwickeln . +also , okay ! +großartige nachrichten ! es macht mich verrückt , dass die meisten menschen nichts davon zu wissen scheinen . +nun weiß ich , dass einige von euch denken , dieser fortschritt geschieht nur in asien oder lat@@ ein@@ amerika oder in vor@@ zei@@ gel@@ ändern wie brasili@@ en – und wer liebt keine brasili@@ anischen models ? – aber sehen sie sich sub@@ sahar@@ a-@@ afrika an . +genau jetzt und heute kämpfen öl@@ gesellschaften in o@@ sl@@ o darum , ihre gehei@@ men zahl@@ ungen an die regierungen zu versch@@ lei@@ ern , weil sie öl aus entwicklungsländern abge@@ zogen haben . +dabei schließen sie sich uns und vielen anderen bei etwas an , das ich das größte ab@@ ent@@ euer der geschichte nenne , den an@@ spru@@ chs@@ vollen weg , der zur gleichheit führt . +wenn wir diese metapher eines genom@@ s als programm nun ernst nehmen , dann müssen sie bedenken , dass chris ander@@ son ein computer@@ -@@ er@@ zeug@@ ter gegen@@ stand ist , wie auch jim wat@@ son , cra@@ ig vent@@ er , und alle von uns . +man ent@@ wir@@ ft so etwas wie ein handy , und in sehr abstra@@ k@@ ter sprache beschrei@@ bt man dieses handy . +das hier ist normale dna , was man für normale dna hält . +wir er@@ hit@@ zen sie , fügen etwas sal@@ z hin@@ zu , er@@ hit@@ zen sie fast bis zum sie@@ de@@ punkt und kü@@ hlen sie ab , und während des ab@@ kühl@@ ens fix@@ ieren die kurzen str@@ änge die langen und es bildet sich eine struktur heraus . +sie schrieb ihre ganz eigene software , um dieses dna-@@ origami zu entwerfen und zu bauen , eine wunderbare dar@@ stellung von china , sogar mit ta@@ i@@ w@@ an , und es hängt im prinzip an der kür@@ ze@@ sten l@@ eine der welt , nicht ? +sie wurde von er@@ ik win@@ free initi@@ iert , und diese methode kann bau@@ steine von einem hunder@@ t@@ ste@@ l der größe eines dna-@@ origami ver@@ arbeiten . +und wenn man das tut , hat das origami dieselbe größe , aber unser quad@@ rat ist am ende drei@@ mal so groß . +und ich glaube , dass wir in den nächsten 5 bis 10 jahren die quad@@ rate herstellen können , die ich besch@@ rieben habe , und vielleicht sogar ein paar der selbst@@ mon@@ ti@@ erten schalt@@ krei@@ se . +als das leben eine reihe von to@@ d@@ - und nah@@ to@@ d-@@ erfahrungen in meinem eng@@ sten kreis vorbei brachte , ho@@ b das die notwen@@ digkeit eines medizin@@ ischen not@@ dien@@ stes in indien , ähnlich dem 9@@ 11 in den usa , her@@ vor . +sieht man sich jedoch den gewöhn@@ lichen mann an , wa@@ cht dieser nicht jeden tag auf und denkt sich : " h@@ mm , sehen wir mal wen wir heute be@@ ste@@ chen könnten . " +er kann bis zu 1 billion wert sein , die jedes jahr an be@@ ste@@ chung ge@@ zahlt werden , gen@@ aus@@ o@@ viel wie indi@@ ens bi@@ p . +ein paar leute sagen tatsächlich : " oh , lassen sie mich das einfach erle@@ digen und vergessen wir es dann . " +die vorhanden daten ist dieses tolle ding namens youtube . wir können im grunde in die tiefe gehen und alle freien in@@ halte aus youtube beziehen , alle komment@@ are , alle besu@@ che , wer sie an@@ sieht , wo sie sie ansehen und was in den komment@@ aren gesagt wird . +wenn wir uns hier an@@ näher@@ n , sehen wir , – wir wenden wieder die physi@@ k-@@ engine an – erkennen wir , dass eine unterhaltung eigentlich aus vielen klein@@ eren besteht . +hier ist einer von j@@ essi@@ ca green über die mikro@@ bi@@ elle ök@@ ologie von gebäu@@ den . +männ@@ lichkeit zeigen die jungs , die ohne v@@ ä@@ ter aufge@@ wachsen sind . die schlä@@ ger tragen tar@@ n@@ muster und waffen , aber sie brauchen ne ' um@@ ar@@ mung . +investi@@ ert , investi@@ ert , investi@@ ert . " +eine weise person weiß , wie man impro@@ visi@@ ert , wie lu@@ ke es gemacht hat , als er den boden zwei mal wus@@ ch . +alles was es dort gab war " mi@@ ke ' s hard le@@ mon@@ ade " , welche fünf prozent al@@ ko@@ hol enth@@ ält . +wir können dies sehr gut an den reak@@ tionen auf die aktu@@ elle finanz@@ krise sehen . +versteht mich nicht falsch . wir brauchen regeln ! +nur noch fragen , " dient es meinem interesse ? " +sei@@ d stolz darauf sie zu haben . +es gibt hier bei ted und an anderen orten viel zu z@@ ele@@ bri@@ eren . +wenn man das gemacht hat , läuft der rest von selbst . +die haben besonder@@ es interesse an technologien , die unseren soldaten helfen werden . +sie haben wohl zu oft " ter@@ min@@ ator " gesehen . +es hat sich aber heraus@@ gestellt , dass , wie sie an ai@@ me@@ es fähigkeiten und verhalten sehen können , menschen mit dem verlangen , etwas zu machen , sehr bemerkens@@ wert sind und die natur ziemlich anpas@@ s@@ ungs@@ fähig ist . +ich erzähle ihnen nun einige verblüff@@ ende sachen , die passiert sind , als wir damit angefangen haben . +er war auf seinen anderen arm gest@@ ü@@ tzt . +ich kriege einen an@@ ruf und wir fahren zurück nach washington . +" was soll ich denn erzählen ? " , habe ich gesagt . +es ist eine einfache antwort . +sie ist der p@@ fa@@ d@@ fin@@ der , der uns die einfache straße durch ein un@@ durch@@ dr@@ ing@@ liches moral@@ isches di@@ ck@@ i@@ cht wei@@ st . +die erde bewe@@ gte sich für beide . +es gab so viele skep@@ tiker , vor allem die lon@@ don@@ er presse , sodass sie an@@ fingen che@@ es@@ e@@ bur@@ ger in hu@@ b@@ sch@@ rau@@ ber@@ n um meinen ka@@ sten herum@@ zu@@ fliegen , um mich in versu@@ chung zu führen . +dann unter@@ hielt ich mich mit einem be@@ fre@@ un@@ deten arzt und fragte ihn , wie ich es wohl an@@ stellen könnte . +und es gibt beweg@@ ungs@@ lose ap@@ no@@ e , +er ist 1,@@ 9@@ 5@@ m groß und wie@@ gt 7@@ 2@@ k@@ g . +das war ein entscheiden@@ der fehler . +und darauf re@@ agi@@ erte er damit , dass er zu reg@@ is und kel@@ ly ging und seinen alten re@@ kor@@ d brach . +was mich noch ner@@ vö@@ ser machte . +es war schrecklich . +ich dann so : " was ? " +wir können jetzt die ti@@ tel@@ seite der zeitung an@@ visi@@ eren und sofort das bul@@ le@@ tin erhalten . +lehrer : jetzt verschie@@ be es in beide richtungen . sie@@ h , was passiert . +es braucht nur ein klein wenig ver@@ arbei@@ tung , um das gerade auf@@ genom@@ men@@ e bild zu kon@@ ver@@ tieren , in eine art digitalen finger@@ ab@@ druck , und das tolle ist , wenn sie ein profession@@ eller nutz@@ er sind , – also eine zeitung – die werkzeuge sind beinahe identi@@ sch zu denen , die wir gerade in dieser demon@@ stration verwendet haben . +für uns hier in diesem raum ist es nicht nur das ärm@@ ste und verletz@@ t@@ lich@@ ste wesen , es ist die gemeinschaft , die kultur , die welt an sich . +letzte woche sagte bill clin@@ ton bei den ted a@@ wards , " diese lage ist noch nie da@@ gewesen , un@@ gleich , un@@ gere@@ cht und un@@ stab@@ il . " +ich denke , viele von ihnen sind dort wohl schon gew@@ ander@@ t . +wir haben die aus@@ ro@@ tt@@ ung der po@@ cken erlebt . +das ist etwas , worüber man sehr , ser@@ h optimi@@ stisch sein kann . +und als sie das taten , brachten sie die po@@ cken in 10 andere länder und lö@@ sten die epide@@ mie wieder aus . +es gibt auf der ganzen welt keinen hund , der natürlichen urspr@@ ung@@ s ist . +und jetzt haben sie einfach das gen dafür , dieses bi@@ ol@@ umines@@ z@@ ente gen , mit normalen zellen ge@@ kreu@@ zt . +auch wenn wir uns noch so sehr darüber aufre@@ gen , wir haben genau das in diesem land erlaubt – ganz anders als in europa – und zwar ohne je@@ gliche regu@@ li@@ erung , und sogar ohne irgend@@ eine kenn@@ zeich@@ nung auf der ver@@ pac@@ kung . +und das wir@@ ft die frage auf , wie wir tier@@ arten im zeitalter der biot@@ echn@@ ologie zukünf@@ tig definieren – eine frage , von der wir noch nicht mal wissen wie wir sie beantworten sollen . +wir haben diesem tier seine autonom@@ ie genommen . " +das ist eine maus , die von charles vac@@ ant@@ i er@@ cha@@ ffen wurde , an der university of mas@@ sach@@ use@@ t@@ ts . +wir gestalten un@@ mittel@@ bar die zukunft der arten auf diesem planeten . +und weiter sagte er : " diese unterschiede stimmen nicht über@@ ein mit den da@@ zuge@@ hö@@ ri@@ gen unterschie@@ den im kli@@ ma . " +aber u@@ v@@ b und besonders u@@ va kamen unge@@ hinder@@ t durch . +es gab eine natürliche sele@@ ktion zu@@ g@@ un@@ sten der evolution von leicht pig@@ men@@ tier@@ ter haut . +nun haben wir mit der hau@@ t@@ pig@@ men@@ ti@@ erung eines dieser wunder@@ baren produkte der evolution , das heutzutage immer noch kon@@ sequenzen hat . +sie , sie können es lehren . +lassen sie mich ihnen ein paar gegen@@ stände zeigen . +auf der rechten seite habe ich eine hö@@ here rau@@ igkeit abge@@ bildet . +doch wie kommt das ? daher , weil die lun@@ gen@@ oberfläche im grunde etwas sehr un@@ sch@@ ar@@ f defini@@ ertes ist . +und sie ver@@ mischen sich doch ! +einige zeit spielte ich damit herum , und brachte sie an@@ schließ@@ end wieder in die ursprün@@ gliche lage . +die gr@@ un@@ di@@ de@@ e war somit die , man sollte in der lage sein - wie sagt man ? - kur@@ s@@ stei@@ ger@@ ungen zu " mod@@ el@@ lieren " . +und un@@ interessant dazu . +ben@@ o@@ it mand@@ el@@ brot : fra@@ k@@ tale und die kunst der rau@@ igkeit +stellen sie sich vor , sie wären alle teilneh@@ mer dieser studie . +hier ist ein beispiel der zu lö@@ senden rätsel . +das heißt , sie bemü@@ hen sich weniger und deshalb ist das ergebnis : weniger rätsel gelöst . +richtig ? ein patient , der das steu@@ er hält , zum beispiel . +nicht weil es nicht genug zu essen gab – denn tatsächlich gab es einen nahrungs@@ mittel@@ über@@ sch@@ uss in den fru@@ cht@@ baren regionen der sü@@ dlichen lan@@ de@@ stei@@ le – sondern weil die menschen im norden keinen zugang oder keine ber@@ e@@ chti@@ gung zu dieser nahrung hatten . +haben sich unsere bauern in hoch@@ -@@ produ@@ ktive , kom@@ mer@@ zi@@ elle ak@@ teure verwandelt ? +um ein beispiel zu geben , zwischen 2001 und 200@@ 2 produ@@ zierten ä@@ thi@@ op@@ ische ma@@ is@@ bauern zwei jahre top@@ ern@@ ten . +im amerikanischen mittel@@ westen lu@@ den bauern ge@@ trei@@ de auf kä@@ hne und sand@@ ten es den fluss hoch auf den markt nach chicago . +das heißt , die b@@ ör@@ se wird mit einem hand@@ el@@ s@@ system agieren , das mit einem großen auf@@ schre@@ i beginnen wird , denn wir glauben nicht , dass das land bereit ist für komplett elektron@@ ischen handel . +wir glauben , die ein@@ sätze sind hoch , aber dass die er@@ träge sogar noch größer sein werden . +es ist immer das gleiche , niemals das selbe , end@@ los faszinier@@ end . +all das kann passieren , wenn wir das problem nicht ernst nehmen . +sie bietet den b@@ äumen eine stü@@ tz@@ ende struktur , und es schafft räume , be@@ wohn@@ bare räume innerhalb der sand@@ dün@@ e . +dann , ein paar jahre später , be@@ grünen wir diesen teil der wüste durch nutzung von per@@ ma@@ kulturen . +es ist nicht nur etwas , dass bäume unterstützt , sondern etwas , das menschen und länder verbindet . +ich za@@ hlte für die repar@@ atur – er ging wieder kapu@@ tt . +wenn diese idee wirklich nachhal@@ tig stab@@ il ist , dann sind die auswirkungen bedeu@@ tend . +er ist bar@@ fuß . er wird zurück in sein haus rennen , und er wird sein trin@@ k@@ wasser , sein essen und seine umgebung mit den krankheiten kon@@ tam@@ inieren , die er durch die fä@@ kal@@ parti@@ kel auf seinen fing@@ ern und fü@@ ßen mit sich herum@@ trägt . +wir haben kein neu@@ tr@@ ales word dafür . +vielleicht denken sie , dass es bloß gutes kar@@ ma ist , wenn diese männer schei@@ ße rü@@ hren , aber es ist auch wirtschaft@@ lich sinn@@ voll , weil sie jedes jahr eine milliarde dollar sparen . +sie wuchs in einer län@@ dlichen , ärm@@ lichen region indi@@ ens auf , wurde mit 14 ver@@ lo@@ bt , und mit ungefähr 21 zog sie in das haus ihrer sch@@ wie@@ ger@@ eltern ein . +es ist das mil@@ len@@ i@@ um@@ -@@ entwicklungs@@ ziel mit dem größten rück@@ stand . +und genau das habe ich gemacht . +es gibt zehn@@ tausende solcher geschichten auf der welt . und es ist wirklich schwierig ein nen@@ nen@@ s@@ wer@@ tes nive@@ au von wohl@@ befinden her@@ aufzu@@ besch@@ wör@@ en , weil es immer nur schlimmer wird . +und wir fischen mit grund@@ schle@@ pp@@ ne@@ tzen . das bedeutet , dass man einen gegen@@ stand von der größe eines sat@@ tel@@ schle@@ p@@ pers von mehr@@ eren ton@@ nen gewicht an eine große ket@@ te hängt und ihn über den meeres@@ grund schlei@@ ft , um den boden aufzu@@ wü@@ hlen und fische zu fangen . +aber seit wir alle au@@ stern ge@@ gessen haben , und all den fisch , der das plan@@ k@@ ton essen würde , ist nichts mehr da , was das plan@@ k@@ ton is@@ st . und deshalb gibt es immer mehr davon , also stir@@ bt es an alter@@ s@@ schwä@@ che , was man von plan@@ k@@ ton noch nie gehört hat . +und dann gibt es natürlich noch den klimawandel , und wir alle kennen den klimawandel . +sondern dass es so etwas gibt , was man positive rück@@ mel@@ dung be@@ zeichnet . die sy@@ ner@@ gi@@ en da@@ zwischen machen das ganze so un@@ hei@@ mlich viel größer als die sum@@ me seiner einzel@@ teile . +in diesem an@@ re@@ genden vortrag legt der kor@@ allen@@ ri@@ ff@@ -@@ ök@@ ologe jer@@ e@@ my j@@ ack@@ son den scho@@ ck@@ ier@@ enden i@@ st@@ zustand des oze@@ ans dar : über@@ fis@@ cht , über@@ hit@@ zt , verschmu@@ tzt , mit hin@@ weisen darauf , dass sich die situation stark versch@@ li@@ mm@@ ern wird . erstaunliche fotos und statistiken liefern die argu@@ mente . +das ist -- nicht wahr . +dass dieser alte mann seinen mon@@ d@@ schein@@ sp@@ at@@ zier@@ gang mit seinem liebl@@ ing unter@@ brechen sollte , genau zu dem zweck , sich über ein kind lustig zu machen +ich ging mit meinem freund tim mc@@ gon@@ ig@@ al dorthin , der zu meiner linken saß . +die sand@@ wür@@ mer waren okay , aber als liebl@@ ing@@ sch@@ ar@@ ak@@ ter ? +kommt ihnen da nicht etwas seltsam vor ? +sie war eine frau , die davor war , allein in ein land zu gehen , dessen sprache sie nicht einmal sprechen konnte , alleine mit bus und boot zu reisen , an einen strand zu gehen , den sie nicht kan@@ nte oder noch nie gesehen hatte . +sie läch@@ elte . sie konnte nicht verstehen , wieso ich so besor@@ gt war . +aber ich finde , wir sollten auch auf die zahlen schauen , wie die wirklichkeit tatsächlich aussieht . +jo@@ se@@ ph sch@@ um@@ peter nannte das " den prozess der krea@@ tiven zerstör@@ ung " +ist es wirklich , wie ökon@@ omen sich verhalten ? " +was ist der zweck ? +was bedeutet das alles für die wirtschaft ? +aber es ist auch klar , dass wohl@@ stand mehr als das bedeutet . +ich meine , könnten sie sich vorstellen , ein politiker , der in großbritan@@ ien sagt : " das bi@@ p ist dieses jahr um 2 % gefallen . gute nachrichten ! +ich mal@@ te es direkt auf den mann . +ich traf die schwier@@ ige entscheidung , nach meinem abschluss nach hause zurückzu@@ kehren und nicht zum capit@@ ol h@@ ill aufzu@@ steigen , sondern nach unten in den k@@ eller meiner eltern und es zu meiner aufgabe zu machen , malen zu lernen . +als wir mit dem mil@@ ch@@ projekt begannen , und ich star@@ tete , konnte ich nicht vorher@@ sehen , dass ich von meinem traum von politik und an einem schreib@@ tisch zu arbeiten über einen sch@@ atten stol@@ per@@ n würde , und menschen dann in gemäl@@ de verwandeln würde , und menschen in einem mil@@ ch@@ pool be@@ malen würde . +und es geht immer weiter zu diesen großen , di@@ cken , klo@@ bi@@ gen d@@ ing@@ ern , die hunderte von kohlen@@ stoffen enth@@ alten , und die tausende von wasser@@ stoffen enth@@ alten , und sie enth@@ alten van@@ a@@ dium und schwer@@ me@@ tale und schwe@@ fel und lau@@ ter verrück@@ te sachen hängen an ihren seiten . +sie besch@@ ließen prei@@ se , und ich weiß es nicht ei@@ m@@ mal . +ok , öl@@ politik ist stark moral@@ isch ge@@ prä@@ gt in den usa . +und wir nehmen es als , sie wissen schon -- wir betrachten es eher auf einer moral@@ ischen ebene , anstatt es auf der recht@@ lichen und finanzi@@ ellen ebene zu betrachten . +tatsächlich ist es so , dass sie weiter steigt . +das hier ist 198@@ 8 . wir haben in diesem jahr zwei ir@@ an@@ ische öl@@ platt@@ formen bom@@ ba@@ diert . +was sie hier in der ob@@ eren zeich@@ nung sehen ist ein sch@@ em@@ a , wie öl in u.@@ s@@ .@@ wirtschaft genutzt wird . +das ist eine menge . +wir sind sp@@ ät dran . +nun sollte man annehmen , dass " american i@@ do@@ l " ein gewis@@ ses maß an amerikan@@ isi@@ erung mit sich bringen würde . +und jen@@ es schwimmen dau@@ erte 18 minuten und 50 sekunden , aber es fühlte sich an wie 18 tage . +und wir sahen auf unserer rechten seite diesen großen k@@ hum@@ bu@@ -@@ g@@ let@@ scher . +wir wollen , dass du nach zwei weiteren tagen diesen hü@@ gel hin@@ auf geh@@ st . +nachdem er am nord@@ po@@ l schw@@ am@@ m , schw@@ ör@@ te sich le@@ wi@@ s pu@@ gh , dass er nie wieder in solch kal@@ tem wasser schwimmen würde . dann hörte er vom im@@ ja see am mt . ever@@ est - einer großen menge wasser auf einer höhe von 5@@ 300 me@@ tern , die erst kürzlich durch gesch@@ mol@@ zen@@ es g@@ le@@ tsch@@ er@@ eis entstanden ist - und unter@@ nahm dorthin eine reise , die ihm eine gän@@ z@@ lich neue ein@@ stellung über zwei dinge lehren sollte : das schwimmen und die be@@ ur@@ teilung des klima@@ wand@@ els . +das ist ein zu@@ stand@@ s@@ diagramm . es ist ein sehr einfach angel@@ eg@@ ter computer . +ich habe darüber nach@@ gedacht in dem sinne , dass es toll ist , mit biolog@@ ischen materialien zu bauen , aber können wir ähnliche dinge tun ? +also habe ich versucht , die version des ingenie@@ urs zu nehmen : können wir ein mechan@@ isches system aus an@@ organ@@ ischen materialien bauen , welches dasselbe tun wird ? +und mit tatsächlich nur diesen zwei ein@@ gaben – also die form der rand@@ beding@@ ung und der druck – kann man eine unbe@@ gren@@ zte anzahl an lin@@ sen definieren , welche die anzahl der menschlichen brech@@ ungs@@ fehler ab@@ decken von min@@ us 12 bis plus acht di@@ op@@ tri@@ en , bis zu vier di@@ op@@ tri@@ en des zy@@ lin@@ ders . +aber sie können einem zeigen , wie man dinge in einer ab@@ folge baut . +man könnte ihn einfach als be@@ tt@@ la@@ ken auf@@ hängen , aber noch einmal , mit der berech@@ nung all der physik erhält man diese a@@ ero@@ dynam@@ ische form . +und der zusammenhang lautet natürlich , dass die di@@ chter bes@@ ie@@ del@@ ten orte eher weniger emis@@ sionen aus@@ stoßen -- im grunde ganz log@@ isch , wenn man kurz darüber nach@@ denkt . +auf dieser karte kann ich sehen , wie weit ich von meinem zuhause in 30 minuten mit öffentlichen verkehr@@ s@@ mitteln komme . +und dadurch wird eine weitere ket@@ ten@@ reaktion aus@@ gelöst , die ich als " fur@@ n@@ ace du@@ mp@@ ing " be@@ zeichnen würde . das ist ganz einfach erklärt : durch ein gebäude , dass sie nicht mit einem o@@ fen be@@ hei@@ zen müssen , können sie eine ganze menge geld sparen . +während des 20. jahrhunderts , wurden wir zeugen der ab@@ sch@@ eu@@ lichkeiten von stal@@ in , hit@@ ler , ma@@ o , po@@ l po@@ t , ru@@ anda und anderer völ@@ ker@@ mor@@ de und obwohl das 21. jahrhundert erst sieben jahre alt ist , wurden wir bereits zeugen des lauf@@ enden geno@@ zi@@ ds in dar@@ fu@@ r und des tä@@ glichen hor@@ r@@ ors im irak . +ent@@ sprech@@ end den nicht-@@ regi@@ er@@ ung@@ s organisationen die solche statistiken er@@ heben , gab es seit 19@@ 45 in europa und amerika einen star@@ ken ab@@ fall von zwischen@@ staat@@ lichen kriegen , tö@@ dlichen eth@@ n@@ ischen un@@ ru@@ hen oder po@@ gro@@ men und militär@@ pu@@ t@@ schen , sogar in sü@@ dameri@@ ka . weltweit gab es eine stei@@ le ab@@ nahme von toten in zwischen@@ staat@@ lichen kriegen . die gel@@ ben bal@@ ken zeigen die anzahl von toten pro krieg und pro jahr von 19@@ 50 bis heute . +das ist ein bisschen unterstützung für die le@@ vi@@ a@@ than@@ -@@ theorie . +fa@@ kti@@ sch ist es so groß wie we@@ steu@@ rop@@ a , hat jedoch nur etwa 500 km ge@@ pf@@ la@@ ster@@ te straßen . +nun , das ist nicht unbedingt das , wor@@ an man denkt , bevor man ein kon@@ dom kauft . +und wie lautet dann die definition ? " die definition ? +und liber@@ ia . und kon@@ go . +schauen sie mir eine minute lang zu und sehen sie die ganze entwicklung . +in asien konnte sich zuerst die gesellschaft entwickeln bevor sich die wirtschaft entwickelt hat . +das wird mehr oder weniger geschehen . wir haben eine welt , die nicht mehr länger als ge@@ teilt betrachtet werden kann . +dann sind die vereinigten staaten heute , hier oben . +auch die einkommen steigen an . +die länder mit mittleren einkommen , die schw@@ ell@@ en@@ länder , sie holen auf . +ungefähr 20 prozent der erwachsenen bevölkerung ist in@@ fiziert . +sie wird verursacht durch schn@@ elle zu@@ führung der gif@@ tigen cas@@ sa@@ va@@ wurz@@ eln in einer hun@@ ger@@ s@@ not . +und wir setzen große hoff@@ nungen in sie . vielen dank . +es kommt direkt nach video@@ spielen . +es gibt sie schon in jä@@ ger@@ -@@ und@@ -@@ samm@@ ler@@ -@@ verb@@ än@@ den , aber dann durch den techn@@ ischen fortschritt entstanden neue formen von technologie , die das spielen von nicht-@@ nu@@ ll@@ sum@@ men@@ -@@ spielen ver@@ einfachen oder ermu@@ tigen , wobei mehr menschen und größere gebiete beteili@@ gt sin . +und ich würde sagen , diese nicht-@@ nu@@ ll@@ sum@@ men@@ dynam@@ ik wird mit der zeit nur ver@@ stär@@ kt werden , aufgrund techn@@ ischer ent@@ wi@@ ch@@ kl@@ ung , aber auf eine negative weise ver@@ stär@@ kt werden . +erst wenn die gesch@@ ic@@ ke von menschen verknü@@ pft sind . +ich glaube , das ist der erste schritt in diese richtung . das ist das lang@@ zei@@ tz@@ iel . +der g@@ 8@@ -@@ gi@@ p@@ fel schlägt als lösung für afrikas probleme eine massive erhö@@ hung der hilfe vor , so etwas wie den mar@@ sh@@ all@@ -@@ plan . +aber es hat gleichzeitig möglichkeiten und viel potenzi@@ al . +t@@ ja , da ich kein hand@@ zeichen sehe , scheint es wahr zu sein , was ich sage . +nun , sie haben dadurch gut be@@ za@@ hlte jobs . oder , in afrikanischen ländern , in@@ offi@@ zi@@ elle möglichkeiten , von korruption zu profi@@ tieren . +die regierungen ändern das nicht . warum ? +es waren mal 5@@ 6 und als unser präsident gerne die ver@@ fassung ändern und am@@ ts@@ zeit@@ begren@@ z@@ ungen ab@@ schaffen wollte , hat er 25 neue verwal@@ tungs@@ be@@ zir@@ ke geschaffen , und nun sind es 8@@ 1 . +do@@ ktor se@@ li@@ g@@ man , wie ist die aktu@@ elle lage der psych@@ ologie ? " +und daraus folgt , dass die psych@@ ologie und die psychiat@@ r@@ ie über die letzten 60 jahre sogar behaup@@ ten können , un@@ glück@@ liche leute weniger un@@ glücklich gemacht zu haben . +ich habe mein leben mit der arbeit an extrem un@@ glück@@ lichen leuten verbracht und ich habe mich gefragt : wie unterscheiden sich extrem un@@ glück@@ liche leute vom rest von uns ? +ich möchte also ein kleines bisschen über jedes dieser leben und was wir über sie wissen sagen . +wenn er um 9 : 30 morgens das par@@ ket@@ t der amerikanischen b@@ ör@@ se be@@ tritt steht die zeit für ihn still . bis zur schluss@@ glo@@ cke . +und sinn besteht in dieser sicht darin -- ent@@ sprech@@ end der eu@@ demon@@ ie besteht er darin , zu wissen , was seine größten stärken sind und sie zu nutzen , zu@@ zu@@ gehören und im dien@@ ste von etwas zu stehen , das größer ist als man selbst . +die vor@@ letzte sache , die ich sagen möchte ist also , dass wir uns dafür interessieren , wie viel lebens@@ zu@@ frieden@@ heit die leute haben , +aber sie waren le@@ er . +dies sind kam@@ ele , die den großen grab@@ en@@ bruch in afrika durch@@ qu@@ eren , fotografi@@ ert von chris john@@ s . +jetzt muss ich ihnen aber auch erzählen , dass ich letzte woche mit k@@ yle darüber gesprochen habe , dass ich diese geschichte erzählen werde . +ein lö@@ we , der gerade einen mit@@ ter@@ na@@ cht@@ ss@@ n@@ ack zu sich nimmt -- sehen sie , er hat einen ab@@ gebro@@ ch@@ enen za@@ hn . +zum ersten mal in der geschichte leben mehr menschen in städ@@ tischen als in län@@ dlichen gebieten . +brian fotografi@@ erte ein meeres@@ schutz@@ gebiet in neu@@ se@@ eland , in dem kom@@ mer@@ zi@@ eller fisch@@ fang ver@@ bot@@ en ist , was zum ergebnis hat , dass über@@ fis@@ chte sor@@ ten sich er@@ holen haben , und damit kommt eine mögliche lösung für nachhal@@ tigen fisch@@ fang . +aber dann ist paul ins wasser gegangen . +david gri@@ ff@@ in erklärt , wie uns fotogra@@ fie verbindet +wenn wir also die information nutzen , die von dieser spiegel@@ nden refle@@ ktion kommt , können wir mit einem traditionellen gesi@@ cht@@ ss@@ can beginnen , der die gro@@ ben kon@@ turen des gesi@@ chtes und die grund@@ form wieder@@ gibt , und ihn durch die@@ jen@@ ige information er@@ gän@@ zen , welche die ganze por@@ en-@@ struktur und alle f@@ eine falten ein@@ be@@ zieht . +wir können die lau@@ t@@ stärke erhö@@ hen , falls dies möglich ist . +zwischen meinem 14@@ . und 17@@ . lebens@@ jahr half ich ihnen beim ein@@ sammeln von sto@@ ß@@ zä@@ hnen , fleisch und was sie sonst noch im wald tö@@ teten , wil@@ der@@ ten oder ja@@ gten , und wir brachten es in die haupt@@ stadt auf den markt . +hier haben wir ste@@ pp@@ en@@ gi@@ ra@@ ffen , aber durch die evolution gibt es auch diese wal@@ d@@ gi@@ ra@@ ffe , die nur im kon@@ go lebt . +sie können ihn nicht fragen , wie alt er ist , weil er be@@ waff@@ net ist . +und das war die sprache des krie@@ ges . +sie konnten einfach nicht so weiter@@ machen . +und eines tages gingen wir zu einem treffen . +sie wollten ihn se@@ zieren – ich wollte sie auf@@ halten , bis ich den beri@@ cht ein@@ ger@@ eicht und den ober@@ kom@@ man@@ deu@@ r gesehen hätte . +schauen sie sich die kriege in ru@@ anda an . +der aufbau von kom@@ pe@@ ten@@ zen für die junge generation wird zu einer besseren generation führen , und zu einer besseren zukunft für afrika . +wussten sie , dass es in irak und afghanistan mehr private militär@@ unternehmer am boden gab als us-@@ amerikanische militär@@ ische strei@@ t@@ kräfte ? +mal sehen , was die leute hier darüber denken . +oh , nachdem man auf@@ gehört hat , zu bezahlen . +aus angst vor un@@ ein@@ igkeit schre@@ cken wir vor diesen fragen zurück . +einige gründe dafür sind nicht sonder@@ lich um@@ stri@@ tten . +die verti@@ k@@ ale achse zeigt die tausende von dollar in heutigen prei@@ sen an . +der ganze rest ging zum ober@@ sten 1 prozent der ein@@ kommen@@ s@@ be@@ zie@@ her . +pro tag er@@ gibt das fünf bis zehn ton@@ nen pro quad@@ rat@@ mei@@ le in den städten . +sie müssen sich entweder für option a oder b entscheiden . +und manche leute denken , dass wir auf andere weise damit geboren werden , +alle , bis auf den zu@@ fall . sie glaub@@ te nicht an den zu@@ fall . +das ist es auch , won@@ ach ich in meiner arbeit suche , nach einem persönlichen sinn . +aber beide sp@@ rich@@ worte , die fische vor dem er@@ trinken retten , oder einen mensch vor dem er@@ trinken rett@@ ten , für mich haben beide mehr mit die ab@@ sichten zu tun . +es kann etwas sein , das viell@@ ei@@ v@@ ht sehr ernst ist -@@ -@@ wie ich es gesagt habe , die menschen@@ rechte in bir@@ ma +nun , was ist zufällig ? was ist chance ? was ist glück ? +ich konnte dies aus erster hand sehen , als ich zu einem schönen don@@ g-@@ dorf ging , in gui@@ z@@ ho@@ u , der ärm@@ sten pro@@ vin@@ z von china . +ich glaube an die besonder@@ heiten , die besonder@@ heiten der geschichte , und an die vergangenheit , die besonder@@ heiten der vergangenheit , und was in der geschichte an dieser stelle passiert . +und das liegt daran , dass , bis wonder auf den tri@@ chter kam , wie man die idee von gesch@@ ni@@ tten brot verbreiten konnte , es niemand haben wollte . +gut . ich gehe in die apo@@ the@@ ke , ich bin krank und brauche medikamente . +wer hält schon an und sagt : oh , schau mal , eine ku@@ h ? niemand . +aus einem stuhl , d.@@ h@@ . aus einem artikel , den der ein@@ k@@ auf be@@ stellte , wurde ein stat@@ us@@ symbol gemacht , das bestimmte , wo man bei der arbeit saß . +spr@@ ich mit ihnen und er@@ lei@@ cht@@ ere es ihnen , mit ihren freunden zu sprechen . +am@@ ih@@ ot@@ or@@ not@@ .com – jeden tag gehen 25@@ 0.000 menschen auf diese seite , die von zwei freiwilli@@ gen be@@ trieben wird , und sie sehen , dass sie kn@@ all@@ hart bewer@@ ten , sie haben es nicht deshalb so weit gebracht , weil sie viel werbung gemacht haben . +silk . stellen sie ein produkt , das nicht ge@@ kü@@ hlt werden muss , neben die mil@@ ch ins kühl@@ reg@@ al . +in einer welt des über@@ reichen angeb@@ ots und des zeit@@ man@@ gel@@ s ent@@ schließen wir uns offensichtlich gern dazu , dinge zu ignor@@ ieren . wer@@ be@@ -@@ gur@@ u se@@ th go@@ d@@ in erklärt , warum schlechte oder bizar@@ re ideen erfolgrei@@ cher sind als langwei@@ lige , wenn es darum geht , unsere aufmerksamkeit zu er@@ langen . +da es um w@@ ände geht , möchte ich ihnen die geschichte einer mau@@ er in ka@@ ir@@ o erzählen . +die meisten der wirtschaftlichen modelle arbeiten mit den begri@@ ffen man@@ gel und wachstum . +wenn wir die nächsten 150 jahre über@@ stehen können , denke ich , dass unsere ur@@ -@@ ur@@ en@@ kel mal@@ th@@ us komplett vergessen werden +das problem ist , dass die wel@@ pen auf stab@@ il@@ es , fest@@ es eis ange@@ wiesen sind , um von ihren mü@@ ttern ges@@ äu@@ gt werden zu können . +wir können uns nicht weiterhin so viel nehmen ohne ern@@ ste folgen zu erwarten . +ich wollte nicht , dass sie bedro@@ h@@ end oder gefährlich sind . +hier sehen wir ein weib@@ chen , wie es im mon@@ d@@ licht aus dem meer heraus auf die insel tr@@ ini@@ dad geht . +7@@ 2 % der w@@ ale haben solche nar@@ ben , aber die meisten können sich nicht mehr be@@ freien von den hum@@ mer@@ - und kr@@ ab@@ ben@@ fallen . +ich habe auch in anderen teilen neu@@ se@@ el@@ ands gearbeitet , in wunder@@ schönen , fra@@ gil@@ en , geschü@@ tz@@ ten bereichen , z.b. in fi@@ ord@@ land , wo ich diese kol@@ onie von see@@ fe@@ dern gefunden habe . +das ist schrecklich . es ist ein beweis für unser versagen , ihr überleben in der wil@@ dnis zu si@@ chern . +als ich dort im gras stand , war es hei@@ ß - nicht einmal insekten waren zu hören - nur wo@@ gendes gras . +in diesem re@@ zept hat man auch die kosten . +und sobald der boden tro@@ cken wird - man ist in einer tro@@ cken@@ zeit , es entstehen ris@@ se , sauerstoff tritt ein - fl@@ am@@ men kommen raus und das ganze problem beginnt von vor@@ n . +aber es ist kompli@@ zier@@ ter , es ist nicht so einfach und man muss mit den menschen zusammen@@ arbeiten . +und das nach zwei jahre . +sehen sie , hier gibt es nun 1@@ 1,@@ 2 % mehr wol@@ ken und dass schon nach 3 jahren . +aber was man auch immer in dem programm macht , es muss völlig von den menschen unterstützt werden was bedeutet , dass es den ör@@ tlichen , kultur@@ ellen werten ange@@ passt werden muss . +alle skulp@@ turen bewegen sich mechan@@ isch . +das klingt gut , aber tief drin wisst ihr doch , dass das nicht die ganze wahrheit ist . und ich sage auch , warum . +und ich war@@ tete ab und am nächsten tag mo@@ chte ich sie etwas mehr , am tag darauf noch ein stück mehr und jetzt liebe ich sie . +auto@@ ba@@ hnen . +was ich sagen will , ist , dass die meisten kohlen@@ stoff@@ emis@@ sionen von den autos herr@@ ü@@ hren - über 50 % . wenn wir also nur von autos abhängig sind ... +man sollte immer das leben und die arbeit miteinander verbinden . +wir können nicht auf alles eine antwort haben . +aber warum gibt es diese selts@@ ame ab@@ n@@ eig@@ ung und fein@@ d@@ se@@ li@@ gkeit gegen das bewusstsein ? +wie könnte spiritu@@ alität etwas bewegen ? +so wie sich das wasser in einem gefä@@ ß von flüs@@ si@@ g zu fest verändern kann , abhängig vom verhalten der moleküle , so kann ihr hir@@ n vom zustand des bewusst@@ s@@ eins in den zustand der bewusst@@ lo@@ sigkeit über@@ gehen , abhängig vom verhalten der moleküle . +die nächste eigen@@ schaft nach diesem sa@@ gen@@ ha@@ ften ein@@ heit@@ lichen bewusst@@ s@@ ein@@ s@@ feld ist , dass es k@@ au@@ sal in unserem verhalten agi@@ ert . +für die im bewusstsein wirk@@ enden kräfte ist es relativ , dass ein stück papier geld oder eine menge von gebäu@@ den eine universität ist . +ich führ@@ e jetzt kein schmer@@ z@@ verhalten vor , aber ich kann ihnen sagen , dass ich im moment keine schmerzen habe . +aber ich glaube auch , dass es noch eine klima@@ krise gibt , die ebenso ernst ist , welche die gleichen wurz@@ eln hat , und die wir mit der gleichen dr@@ ing@@ lichkeit an@@ gehen müssen . +und menschliche ressourcen sind wie roh@@ stoffe ; sie sind o@@ ft@@ mals tief ver@@ graben . +wir müssen uns selbst ent@@ fes@@ seln und dann werden wir unser land retten . " +sie versteht den sinn nicht . +er sagte : " schon als kind . " er sagte : " in der schule war das wirklich ein problem , denn wenn man in der schule ist , will jeder feuer@@ we@@ hr@@ mann werden . " +" sie sind schon seit 3@@ 6 monaten auf der welt , und das ist alles ? " +sie kennen das , wenn sie etwas tun , das sie lieben , fühlt sich eine stunde wie fünf minuten an . +er schrieb dies an seine liebe , mau@@ d gon@@ ne , und er be@@ dau@@ erte , dass er ihr nicht das geben konnte , von dem er glaub@@ te , dass sie es von ihm wol@@ le . +das interessante dabei ist , dass die ver@@ ben zwischen al@@ fre@@ d und ja@@ y-@@ z regel@@ mäß@@ iger geworden sind . +im nächsten jahrzehnt werden natur@@ - und gei@@ st@@ es@@ wissenschaften näher zusammen@@ rücken , um antworten auf tief@@ grün@@ dige fragen zur menschheit zu finden . +und so lernte ich und arbeitete den größten teil meiner 20@@ er jahre in afrika . +und sie ging nach vor@@ n , mit so einer ru@@ he und klar@@ heit und so einer ab@@ wes@@ enheit von angst , dass sie bis zur ersten wa@@ ffe kam , ihre hand auf sie legte und sie sen@@ kte . +doch wu@@ t wirkt wie ben@@ zin , wenn man sie verbreitet und jemand ein strei@@ ch@@ holz an@@ z@@ ün@@ det , entsteht eine feuer@@ s@@ br@@ un@@ st . +und dabei haben sie erkannt , dass der einsatz von gewalt in solchen situationen nicht nur weniger human ist , sondern auch weniger effektiv als der einsatz von methoden , die menschen verbinden , die wieder aufbauen . +es ist um die welt ge@@ flo@@ gen . +würde es ihnen etwas aus@@ machen , etwas ganz anderes zu machen ? +jetzt könnte man sagen , dass es nicht wirklich anders aussieht als zu beginn . +und geht es in der kunst darum , sich vorzustellen , was jen@@ seits des horizon@@ ts liegt ? +wenn man nach unten schaut , kann man seine fü@@ ße nicht erkennen . +und dank der leute bei interface bin ich jetzt ein rett@@ ender pl@@ ün@@ derer . +als ich das durch@@ dachte , wurde mir klar , dass alle diese at@@ tribu@@ te verändert werden müssen , damit t in den nen@@ ner kommen kann . +schä@@ tz@@ ungs@@ weise haben wir etwas mehr als die hälfte unseres zi@@ els " null aus@@ wirkung , null fuß@@ ab@@ druck " erreicht . +ich habe noch probleme mit der veränder@@ ten ehr@@ lich@@ -@@ gleich@@ ung , i = / t@@ 2 +denn es bedeu@@ tete , dass zumindest eine person mich verstanden hatte . gott sei dank . +während wir zunächst das internet als das fanta@@ stische neue market@@ ing@@ instrument ank@@ ün@@ di@@ gten , das alle unsere probleme lösen würde , erkennen wir nun , dass das internet dies@@ bezüglich , wenn überhaupt etwas , dann zu effektiv ist . +und im kern , denke ich , stellten beide um@@ wäl@@ z@@ ungen die fragen : wer darf prakti@@ zieren ? +die profession@@ elle the@@ at@@ er@@ gemeinde von heute wird nicht allein von den sha@@ w und strat@@ for@@ d-@@ fest@@ spielen bestimmt , son@@ den vom cor@@ ner@@ stone theater in los angeles , einem künstler@@ kolle@@ ktiv , das nach dem 1@@ 1. september 10 ver@@ schi@@ ende religiö@@ se gemeinden zusammen@@ brachte -- ba@@ hi@@ a , ka@@ tho@@ li@@ ken , musli@@ me , ju@@ den , selbst amerikanische ur@@ ein@@ wohner und homo@@ sexu@@ elle glau@@ ben@@ s@@ gemeinschaften und ihnen half , ihre eigenen individu@@ ellen stücke zu schaffen und ein gigan@@ ti@@ sches stück , in dem sie die unterschiede ihres glau@@ ben@@ s er@@ kun@@ deten und gemein@@ samkeit als einen ersten wichtigen schritt zu gemein@@ schafts@@ über@@ grei@@ fen@@ der hei@@ lung zu finden . +wir möchten ihnen ein weiteres stück präsentieren . +und so kam ich durch die schule . +und am emp@@ fang im innen@@ h@@ of , bemer@@ kte ich , dass sie einen spr@@ ing@@ br@@ un@@ nen hatten weil sie glauben , dass leute die in ein museum gehen , einen spr@@ ing@@ br@@ un@@ nen verdienen . +das nächste was ihr sehen wer@@ det ist eine kü@@ che im wert von einer million dollar , sie wurde von der firma h@@ ein@@ z gebaut - haben sie von denen gehört ? +wir haben schüler die zusammen sitzen , weiße und schwarze kinder , und was wir raus fanden ist dass man ras@@ sen@@ probleme lösen kann indem man ein welt@@ klasse umfeld schafft weil menschen dazu nei@@ gen sich welt@@ klasse zu verhalten wenn man sie so behandelt . +das ist unsere bibliothe@@ k mit mehr hand@@ ge@@ ferti@@ gten mö@@ b@@ eln +er zog leute aus b@@ ars und re@@ t@@ tete diese leben für den herr@@ n . +sie sagte , " ich arbeite für eine firma namens he@@ w@@ le@@ tt pac@@ k@@ ard . " +und ich will dass meine musik mit dir ist . " +und das ist das gebäude , und das das mod@@ ell@@ . und auf der rechten seite das high-@@ tech@@ -@@ gewä@@ ch@@ sh@@ aus und in der mitte das medizin@@ -@@ technologie gebäude . +das ist ein ort namens san francisco . +ich sagte , " das ist sehr schön . +weil herr ross deine al@@ ben in den tö@@ pfer@@ unterricht brachte als ich 16 jahre war , wenn die welt dun@@ kel war , brachte mir deine musik sonnen@@ licht . " +das ist unser erster vor@@ sto@@ ß in dieses feld . +sie besteht aus zwei teilen , die wir en@@ co@@ der und trans@@ duc@@ er nennen . +lassen sie mich ihnen das zeigen , ich werde mit der standar@@ d@@ methode beginnen . +dieser mann hier ist dazu bestimmt , den allgemeinen menschen zu re@@ präsentieren . und alle krei@@ se in diesem mann sind alle zellen , die ihren körper erschaffen . +wir machen nichts mit diesen zellen hier . +das ist quasi der tar@@ n@@ ka@@ pp@@ en@@ bom@@ ber der me@@ ere . +das ist das vi@@ bri@@ o fis@@ cher@@ i molekül . +diese information ver@@ inner@@ lichen sie und entscheiden dann , welche aufgabe sie aus@@ führen abhängig davon , wer in der min@@ der@@ heit b@@ zw@@ . in der mehr@@ heit der vorhanden population ist . +wir haben das gleiche ebenfalls auf das ro@@ sa system an@@ gewand@@ t . +genau das passiert in ihrem körper . +schauen sie sich alle aus@@ einander@@ setz@@ un@@ gen@@ an an , die wir in diesen tagen haben über das ges@@ un@@ heits@@ system , über bon@@ i und helfen für die w@@ all@@ street , über klu@@ ft zwischen arm und reich , förder@@ ung von min@@ der@@ heiten und gleich@@ geschle@@ cht@@ lichen ehen . +eigentlich , es war auch die antwort des ari@@ st@@ ot@@ el@@ es . +er war ein sehr guter gol@@ f@@ spieler , aber er hatte eine behinder@@ ung gehabt , +wie ist ihr name ? +ist das gehen auf dem gol@@ f@@ platz wesentlich für das spiel ? +als erstes , kein e@@ chter s@@ port@@ - fan würde in dieser weise sprechen . +also lass uns einen schritt zurück machen von diesen fällen und schauen , wie sie uns helfen können , und schauen , wie sie uns helfen können , den politischen dis@@ kurs in den vereinigten staaten und in der welt zu verbessern und auf ein hö@@ her@@ es nive@@ au zu bringen . +michael san@@ del : die verl@@ or@@ ene kunst der demokra@@ tischen aus@@ einander@@ setzung +viele leute sagten , " naja , wissen sie , städ@@ ter haben uns län@@ dlichen typen nicht zu sagen , was wir mit unserer zeit anfangen sollen . +und ich glaube das ist gut -- die zukünf@@ tige menschheit darf eine solche entscheidung treffen . +wir haben zum beispiel dinge wie die bedeutung der r@@ na erst vor ein paar jahren entdeckt , und die ist wirklich wesentlich für die funktion der zellen . +die therap@@ ien werden sich schneller verbessern als die ver@@ blei@@ ben@@ den män@@ gel der therap@@ ien uns ein@@ holen . +zweitens , was bedeutet das für die allge@@ meine vorstellung wie lange es dauern wird zu diesem punkt zu kommen , beginn@@ end bei dem zeitpunkt an dem wir die mä@@ use so@@ weit haben ? +nennen wir ihn den ingenie@@ ur@@ s-@@ ansatz , und ich behaup@@ te der ingenie@@ ur@@ s-@@ ansatz ist in reich@@ weite . +einige sind bereits teil@@ weise verfügbar , die in der ob@@ eren hälfte . +publikum : die lebewesen auf diesem planet haben ein imm@@ uns@@ y@@ stem entwickelt , das krankheiten be@@ kämp@@ ft so dass individuen lange genug leben um sich for@@ tzu@@ pflanzen . +es gibt lebewesen die nicht älter werden -- die hy@@ dr@@ a zum beispiel -- aber die schaffen das weil sie kein nerven@@ system haben -- und sie haben kein gewebe , dessen funktion von sehr lang@@ le@@ bi@@ gen zellen abhän@@ gt . +und obwohl ich all den tal@@ enti@@ erten menschen in unserem unternehmen zu@@ aller@@ erst dafür danken will - obwohl da natürlich auch glück und ti@@ ming eine rolle spielen - , sind wir vollkommen davon überzeugt , dass wir das alles unserer werte wegen geschafft haben . +an man@@ chen tagen will ich es glauben , aber es gibt auch tage des zwei@@ f@@ els . +wir sollten also unsere unterschied@@ lichkeit annehmen und nach herausforderung streben . +was passiert , wenn eine stadt entschei@@ det , dass sie ihre pri@@ or@@ itäten anders setzt ? +laut der öffentlichen gesundheits@@ behör@@ de wird ein voll@@ es drittel aller nach 2000 geb@@ or@@ enen kinder an diabetes er@@ kran@@ ken . +wir nehmen auto@@ un@@ fälle als gegeben hin . +aber wir haben ja gesehen , wo@@ zu das führt . +man möchte ja den us-@@ amerikan@@ ern nicht sagen , dass sie ihr leben um@@ stellen müssen . +zweitens , weil wir sie aus@@ ger@@ ot@@ tet haben . +wir sahen uns das gewebe genauer an , +die ersten tau@@ chten in den regen@@ wäl@@ dern austr@@ ali@@ ens vor 25 millionen jahren auf . die » national geographic « - gesellschaft hilft uns , diese fossi@@ len ab@@ la@@ ger@@ ungen in ri@@ ver@@ s@@ lei@@ gh zu untersuchen . +wil@@ de h@@ unde ris@@ sen ein paar schaf@@ e , aber der beu@@ tel@@ wol@@ f bekam ' s ab . +die sind entfernt verwand@@ t . +er dachte lange nach . er war zu@@ letzt vor 80 jahren bei dieser hü@@ tte . +es ist sehr , sehr schwierig am ende einer solchen konferenz zu sprechen denn alle anderen haben gesprochen . alles wurde schon gesagt . +warum ist es so wichtig , dass es schnell geht ? +unsere eigenen lösungen zu finden , um probleme wie korruption zu lösen , institutionen aufbauen , die mikro@@ -@@ ökonom@@ ie stabili@@ sieren . +wird es effektiv verwal@@ tet ? +es war sehr hei@@ ß . ich war sehr h@@ ung@@ ri@@ g . +und jetzt lassen sie mich weniger sen@@ ti@@ mental werden und sagen , dass leben retten - was manche hilfe , die wir auf diesem kontin@@ ent erhalten , be@@ wirkt - wenn man ein leben re@@ t@@ tet , dass eines farmers , eines lehr@@ ers , einer mutter , diese menschen können alle produ@@ ktiv etwas zur wirtschaft bei@@ tragen . +wenn wir sie fragen und ihnen sagen , was wir brauchen , ist eine meiner sorgen , dass es heutzutage so viele organisationen gibt . +unsere un@@ fähigkeit , die initiative zu er@@ greifen und zu den menschen , die geld bringen , zu sagen : " setzen sie sich . " +hilfe kann unsere probleme nicht lösen , da bin ich überzeugt . +viel@@ es wurde hier schon über frauen gesagt , das muss ich nicht wieder@@ holen . +ich werde einige wissenschaftliche experimente ab@@ handeln und versuchen , drei musi@@ kal@@ ische experimente zu behandeln . +alle von uns haben dieses be@@ merk@@ sen@@ werte gehirn , das wir - nett ausge@@ drückt - kaum verstehen . +man kann nicht einfach -- " klasse dass wir dieses key@@ board haben . " +wirklich , das bewusstsein liegt im fron@@ t@@ all@@ la@@ ppen . +c@@ l : jetzt werde ich mir einen moment zeit nehmen . +ich ließ sie also diese einheit unten links aus@@ wen@@ dig zu lernen . ton bitte . +also schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich müssen wir noch viele fragen stellen . und wie ich schon sagte , wir werden hier fragen stellen , nicht beantworten . +schauen sie , die welt hat sich verändert von anal@@ o@@ g zu digital . +ein techni@@ ker plat@@ ziert die elektro@@ den auf die kopf@@ haut , und benutzt dabei ein lei@@ ten@@ des gel oder eine pa@@ ste , und normalerweise nach der pro@@ ze@@ du@@ r der kopf@@ hau@@ t@@ vorberei@@ tung gibt es lei@@ chte ab@@ sch@@ ür@@ f@@ ungen . +das erste mal wird nichts passieren , weil das system noch keine ahnung hat , dass er " ziehen " denkt . +und wenn sie diese auf@@ spür@@ ungen her@@ ange@@ bildet haben , können diese gedanken an jedem belie@@ bi@@ gen rech@@ ner , anwendung oder gerät zu@@ gewi@@ esen oder abge@@ bildet werden . +ich werde kurz einige der probleme , die es gibt , an@@ sprechen , und ein paar der probleme , für die wir an lösungen arbeiten . +es@@ ther du@@ fl@@ o hat ein bisschen was darüber gesagt . +die andere sache ist die , wissen sie , es wäre sogar besser , wenn man kein blut nehmen müsste . +es gibt all diese verschiedenen möglichkeiten , aber sie sind unterschie@@ dlich effektiv . +19@@ 35 gab es 150 000 fälle von malaria in den usa , aber dd@@ t und massive an@@ str@@ en@@ gen des gesundheitswesen schaff@@ ten es , sie auszu@@ ro@@ tten . +jetzt stellen wir fest , dass wir nur die weib@@ lichen mo@@ sk@@ it@@ os töten . +hier sieht man das ganze mit ho@@ her geschwindigkeit . +dann wird sie verkauft und ge@@ kauft und wird dann zu mir ge@@ liefert . +aber ich dachte , nein , nein , experim@@ enti@@ ere mit har@@ tzen und experim@@ enti@@ ere mit poly@@ m@@ eren . +drei kom@@ po@@ stei@@ mer , 70 kil@@ o r@@ einer gemü@@ se@@ ab@@ fall die woche kommt hinein . wirklich gut , er@@ gibt gran@@ dio@@ sen kom@@ post . +sehr fort@@ schritt@@ lich , keine klima@@ anlage - ich bin davon begeistert . +das heißt null versch@@ wen@@ dung von essen . +es geht darum , dass ich an jedem tag meines lebens eine sekunde auf@@ nehme , mein ganzes leben lang , und dann diese eine sekunde kurzen stücke meines lebens chron@@ olog@@ isch in ein einzi@@ ges zusammen@@ hän@@ gendes video zusammen@@ fü@@ ge , solange , bis ich sie nicht mehr auf@@ nehmen kann . +dabei ist mir noch etwas anderes klar geworden , und zwar , dass es an einem schlechten tag extrem schwierig ist , diese eine sekunde auf@@ zunehmen . +hier kommt nun ein film darüber , der uns einen kleinen zeit@@ lichen rück@@ blick zeigt . +dies sind die ab@@ stände der rö@@ hren , die das tier so gehen lassen . +es ist ein bin@@ är@@ er schri@@ t@@ tz@@ ä@@ hl@@ er . +lediglich eine zur gleichen zeit ist möglich . +allein schon vom philosoph@@ ischen aspekt her gesehen glaube ich , dass dies eine der wichtigsten publi@@ ka@@ tionen war , die wir je vor@@ gestellt hatten , da sie demon@@ stri@@ erte , wie dynam@@ isch das leben ist . +also entwickelte das team neue software für die fehl@@ er@@ analyse , mit hilfe derer wir jedes syn@@ the@@ tische frag@@ ment darauf überprü@@ fen konnten , ob es sich in einem mi@@ lie@@ u von wild@@ typ@@ -@@ dna zü@@ chten lassen würde . +drei zit@@ ate haben wir auch noch hinzu@@ gefü@@ gt , denn beim ersten genom wurde kri@@ tik laut , dass wir nicht einmal versucht hätten , etwas tief@@ grei@@ fen@@ der@@ es aus@@ zusagen als einfach unsere arbeit zu signi@@ eren . +oder - noch viel wichtiger - gegen hiv ? ein virus , das sich weiter@@ entwickelt in einer solch evolution@@ ären geschwindigkeit , dass gegenwär@@ tig verfüg@@ bare impf@@ stoffe nicht mehr damit schritt halten können . +also las ich langsam . +das war vielleicht die größte überrasch@@ ung -- wie flexi@@ bel der kor@@ an ist , zumin@@ de@@ stens bei denen , deren geist nicht grundsätzlich un@@ flexi@@ bel ist . +ich studi@@ ere ameisen and zwar weil ich gerne darüber nach@@ denke , wie organisationen funktionieren . +und sie tun das jedes jahr , indem sie re@@ produk@@ tions@@ fähi@@ ge ameisen -- das sind jene mit flü@@ geln -- auf einen pa@@ ar@@ ungs@@ flug schicken . +und sie bleibt bei dieser grö@@ sse , bis die köni@@ g@@ in im alter von cir@@ ca 15 bis 20 jahren stir@@ bt und es nieman@@ den mehr gibt , der neue ameisen erzeugen kann . +am einen tag ist dieser hier und dann am nächsten tag verschie@@ ben sie ihn nach da und danach verschie@@ ben sie ihn wieder zurück . +werden irgendwie dieser reser@@ ve zu@@ geschlagen +es zeigt sich , dass unterschiedliche aufgaben tatsächlich inter@@ depen@@ dent sind . +die ameisen in den alten kol@@ on@@ ien , die stab@@ il@@ er scheinen , sind also kein bisschen älter als die ameisen in den jungen kol@@ on@@ ien . +sie sind hin@@ ausge@@ gangen um unterschiedliche aufgaben zu erle@@ digen . und die rate , mit der sie sich beim hinein@@ - und hin@@ aus@@ gehen am ne@@ stein@@ gang treffen , bestimmt oder bein@@ fl@@ us@@ st die entscheidung jeder amei@@ se , ob sie hin@@ aus@@ gehen soll und welche aufgabe sie erle@@ digen soll . +aber in einer kleinen kol@@ onie wird die amei@@ se eher weniger nahrungs@@ su@@ ch@@ ende treffen , einfach weil es weniger gibt . +aber das ist der größte ver@@ mö@@ gen@@ str@@ ans@@ fer von einer gruppe zu einer anderen in der geschichte der menschheit . +ja , es wird so weiter@@ gehen . +es hat 1@@ 30 ok@@ tan . +ich muss mir in meinem alter keine gedanken machen , wo die brücke hin@@ führt . +kann man das so zusammen@@ fassen ? +und damit können alle glücklich sein , wenig@@ stens eine ver@@ la@@ gerung von ko@@ hle und öl zu erd@@ gas zu sehen . +zweitens : bauen sie keinen re@@ former auf dem ozean . +ich verste@@ he nicht , warum die medien sich auf o@@ st-@@ pen@@ n@@ syl@@ v@@ ania konzentrieren . +bo@@ one , ich fre@@ ue mich wirklich sehr , dass sie hier waren , zu diesem gespräch . +" das el@@ dor@@ a@@ do der vereinigten staaten von amerika : die entdeckung von uner@@ schöpf@@ lichen gold@@ min@@ en in kalifornien . +die hälfte von ihnen deser@@ tierte , um nach gold zu suchen . +die haben aber drei@@ einhalb millionen dollar ausge@@ geben , um diesen spot während des super bow@@ l 2000 auszu@@ stra@@ hlen , obwohl sie zu der zeit gerade einmal eine million dollar jahr@@ es@@ um@@ satz hatten . +das sind arbeiten in lower manhattan , wo man mit die ersten elektri@@ z@@ itä@@ ts@@ werke baute . +diese gab es in vielleicht sechs verschiedenen farben . +ich meine , man wollte nicht , dass dieses ding die lam@@ pen@@ fassung bes@@ e@@ tz@@ te . +ein freund von mir erzählte mir diese geschichte : die kamen nicht nur und mussten warten , aber dann mussten die fach@@ männer , als sie schließlich dort waren , zum dritten mal , mussten sie jemanden an@@ rufen . +ich werde versuchen , ihnen ein bisschen natur@@ geschichte über mitgefühl und die gol@@ dene regel zu vermitteln . +es gibt aber mehr gute nachrichten , die später in der evolution hin@@ zu kamen , eine art se@@ k@@ und@@ äre evolution@@ äre logi@@ k . +nun , wir haben eine be@@ grün@@ dung dafür . +und wenn sie fragen , welche art von situation dazu führt , dass menschen einander als fein@@ de definieren , dann ist es eine art nu@@ ll@@ sum@@ men@@ -@@ situation . +deswegen ist die soziale organisation über das jä@@ ger@@ - und samm@@ ler@@ -@@ dorf zum anti@@ ken staat , zum im@@ peri@@ um geworden und jetzt sind wir in einer glob@@ alisi@@ erten welt . +ich denke , politiker können dabei helfen , nicht-@@ nu@@ ll@@ sum@@ men@@ -@@ beziehungen zu fördern , wissen sie , wirtschaft@@ liches engagement ist in der regel besser als block@@ aden us@@ w. , in dieser hinsicht , denke ich . +es ist be@@ dau@@ er@@ lich , dass sie tenden@@ zi@@ ell sele@@ ktiv an@@ gewand@@ t werden . +in welchem alter hatten sie mit der schule begonnen ? +er su@@ chte tat@@ kräf@@ tig nach wider@@ le@@ gung . +in be@@ frag@@ ungen europä@@ ischer und amerikan@@ ischer führ@@ ungsk@@ r@@ äf@@ te , haben ganze 85 prozent zu@@ gegeben , dass es fragen oder bedenken bei der arbeit gab , die sie für@@ chteten an@@ zus@@ pre@@ chen . +aber er hatte soviel angst vor konflikt gehabt , bis er schließlich mehr angst vor dem schwei@@ gen bekam . +also , was die leute mir über die ur@@ sache von krebs , die aus@@ lö@@ ser von krebs erzähl@@ ten , oder auch , warum du bist , wer du bist , das machte keinen sinn . +und so entschied ich über die jahre aufgrund einer reihe von experim@@ enten , dass dies aufgrund von kontext und architektur so ist . +und wir sagten : " wunderbar ! " schauen wir uns diese h@@ üb@@ sche struktur an . +ich habe eine radik@@ ale hypo@@ these auf@@ gestellt . +wir haben gezeigt , dass es kleine dna-@@ stücke auf den spezi@@ fischen genen der brust@@ drü@@ sen gibt , die tatsächlich auf die extra@@ zell@@ ul@@ äre matri@@ x reagieren . +aber hier ist ein ge@@ dicht von ye@@ ats . ich will nur die letzten beiden zei@@ len vor@@ lesen . +es war fantastisch . +es klingt ein bisschen wie ein eigen@@ arti@@ ges buch , aber es handelt sich tatsächlich um neue arten von lü@@ gen . +er schrieb sehr , sehr positive re@@ zen@@ sionen über sich selbst . überrasch@@ ung ! +meine freunde , k@@ ein@@ es@@ falls können sie so cool sein und so ein gutes leben führen . +um das zu tun , können wir uns zum einen die liter@@ atur zur täusch@@ ungs@@ auf@@ de@@ ck@@ ung ansehen . +hat heute irgend@@ jemand etwas geschrieben ? hat irgend@@ jemand ein wort geschrieben ? +diese k@@ alten , har@@ ten winter , ich liebe es . +wenn sie also etwas sagen oder tun wollen , können wir darüber nachdenken , möchte ich , dass das teil meines er@@ bes wird , teil meiner persönlichen daten@@ auf@@ zeichnungen ? +aber ernsthaf@@ t , die körper@@ haltung , in der sie mich gerade gesehen haben , also auf mein handy herunter@@ schau@@ end , ist einer der gründe für das projekt glass . +wir mussten es vor unserer desig@@ ner@@ in verste@@ cken bis sie den job angenommen hatte und dann ist sie fast schrei@@ end da@@ von@@ ger@@ an@@ nt . +aber das mache ich die ganze zeit . +ich komme immer wieder auf die farbe zurück . +meine mutter hat irgendwie empfin@@ dlich auf seine mutter re@@ agi@@ ert , die an@@ schein@@ end ihre zwei@@ fel an dem ganzen alterna@@ tiven lifest@@ y@@ le-@@ kra@@ m hatte . +ich war an einer schule mit schwer@@ punkt dar@@ stell@@ ende kün@@ ste , dort war ich schau@@ spieler . +also hatte ich diese fernseh@@ show . +man muss das doch irgendwie richtig machen können , ro@@ sie . +und oft betra@@ chte ich dinge , als wären sie essen . +kö@@ ch@@ in : wussten sie das nicht ? ich er@@ kl@@ äre es ihnen . +mo@@ de@@ designer is@@ a@@ a@@ c mi@@ z@@ ra@@ hi wir@@ b@@ elt durch eine sch@@ win@@ del@@ er@@ re@@ gende samm@@ lung von inspi@@ ra@@ tionen – von pin@@ u@@ ps der 5@@ 0er bis zu einem zufä@@ lli@@ gen blick auf ein lö@@ chri@@ ges he@@ m@@ d , das ihn " halten sie das tax@@ i an ! " rufen lässt . in seinem aus@@ schwei@@ f@@ enden vortrag finden sich wert@@ volle hin@@ weise für ein glück@@ liches , krea@@ tives leben . +tatsächlich war ich eine starke kraft in der verbreitung von ideen über grenzen hinweg . ich habe den auf@@ stieg des islam@@ i@@ stischen extre@@ mis@@ mus als unterschie@@ dlich vom glauben des islam erlebt und von der art , in der es meine mit@@ -@@ gl@@ äu@@ bi@@ gen in aller welt beeinflus@@ ste . +was tatsächlich geschieht , ist , dass das , was vorher lok@@ ale eng@@ stir@@ ni@@ gkeit war , individuen oder grupp@@ i@@ erungen von extre@@ mi@@ sten , die von einander iso@@ liert waren , sind jetzt auf glob@@ alisi@@ erte weise miteinander verbunden und wurden somit , oder werden , auf diese weise et@@ ab@@ liert . +und eine soziale bewegung besteht , in meinen augen , besteht aus vier haupt@@ charak@@ teri@@ sti@@ ken . +der zweite grund ist , glaube ich , ist political cor@@ rec@@ t@@ ness . +nicht ex@@ klu@@ si@@ v zu diesen dingen , sondern zusä@@ tzlich zu ihnen , ist das pro@@ pa@@ gieren einer wahr@@ ha@@ ften forder@@ ung nach demokratie an der basis . +weil es nicht genug ist , einen führer , einen herr@@ scher oder einen di@@ k@@ tat@@ or zu bes@@ ei@@ tigen . +es ist nicht dann , wenn tolle neue hilfs@@ mittel auf@@ tauchen , dass ihr nutzen die gesellschaft durch@@ dr@@ ingt . +das internet ist das erste medium der geschichte das natürliche unterstützung für gruppen und kon@@ ver@@ sa@@ tionen zur gleichen zeit bietet . +die b@@ b@@ c hat zuerst über twitter von dem chines@@ ischen erd@@ be@@ ben erfahren . +und zu@@ letzt gri@@ ffen die chin@@ esen durch . +all dies ist vorbei . +er hatte eine antwort zu ver@@ fassen . +okay . das ist der mt . ever@@ est . +es war eine national geographic expedi@@ tion , aber sie wurde vom explor@@ ers club organisi@@ ert . +er ist nicht mit eis be@@ deckt . +von hier aus sind es ca. 4@@ 60 meter mit 30 grad st@@ eig@@ ung hin@@ auf zum gi@@ p@@ fel . +das ist ein bild , das am gi@@ pf@@ el@@ gr@@ at aufgenommen wurde . +es ist wirklich k@@ alt . es ist auf 7@@ .@@ 300 meter . +die über@@ lebenden kamen einer nach dem anderen . +nachdem er lange zeit im sch@@ nee gele@@ gen hatte stand er auf und fand zurück ins lager . +er liegt im sterben . +er war to@@ d@@ krank . es gab andere to@@ d@@ kran@@ ke patienten . zum glück konnten wir einen hu@@ b@@ sch@@ rau@@ ber her@@ auf bekommen , um diese leute zu retten . +ideen verändern staaten . +aber eine demo@@ gra@@ fische divi@@ den@@ de ist nur so gut , wie die investi@@ tion ins human@@ kapital . +und dann denke ich , die andere sache ist , dass in@@ der heute weit@@ aus mehr ein@@ verstanden mit der glob@@ alisierung sind . +es ist sicherlich nicht wie china . +was sind diese ideen ? ich glaube eine sind unsere ide@@ ologischen strei@@ t@@ fragen . +wir können technologie für transpar@@ enz nutzen und viele andere dinge . +wenn wir wirklich an einen punkt kommen wollen , wollen wir wirklich die kohlen@@ stoff@@ em@@ mission be@@ grenzen . wir wollen wirklich unseren energi@@ ever@@ brauch sen@@ ken . es muss in ländern wie indien gelöst werden . +es ist ein ver@@ reg@@ ne@@ ter wahl@@ tag in einem kleinen land – das könnte mein land sein , aber auch ihr land . +meine frage ist im prinzip : was ist in diesen 50 jahren , in denen wir über demokratie sprechen , gut und schlecht gel@@ aufen ? +da ist die revolution der märkte in den 198@@ 0ern und das enorme an@@ wachsen von un@@ gleichheit in den gesellschaften . +es gibt face@@ boo@@ k@@ - und twi@@ tter@@ -@@ revol@@ u@@ tionen . +in einem kleinen land – egal , ob meines oder ihres – beschloss man – tat@@ sa@@ chen@@ geschichte – , dass alle regi@@ erungs@@ entscheidungen , die diskus@@ sionen im minister@@ rat , 24 stunden , nachdem sie passiert waren , im internet ver@@ öff@@ entlich werden sollten . +die idee nennt sich " social impact bon@@ d " . +und die dienst@@ lei@@ ster haben zum ersten mal die möglichkeit , maß@@ nahmen umzu@@ setzen und ihre arbeit als erfolgreich zu zeigen , und das auf eine sehr kon@@ struk@@ tive art@@ . sie erfahren und zeigen den wert ihrer arbeit über einen zei@@ traum von 5 bis 6 jahren , nicht nur zwei oder drei , wie heute üb@@ lich . +wir können neue ideen au@@ spro@@ bieren auf eine für alle einfach@@ ere art und weise . +" ha@@ h , ich bin die einzige , die ich je ge@@ liebt habe . " +und er dann so : " wollen sie nicht fahren ? " +warum ? sei@@ d ihr zu mü@@ de , um bis zur wan@@ ge zu gelangen ? +ich sollte nicht den gang lang laufen und sagen : " hi , jack ! " ich weiß , das ist nicht cool . +was geht . +ted@@ x . +wir beschlossen , materialien aus der z@@ ement@@ - und sta@@ hl@@ produktion wieder@@ zu@@ verwenden . +wir müssen alles ändern . +es ist transpar@@ ent und nur für sie gemacht . +ihnen fehl@@ te die bild@@ geb@@ ung . +sobald diese bilder gemacht sind und der arzt die sicherheits@@ z@@ onen und son@@ sti@@ ges aufge@@ mal@@ t hat , wä@@ hlt er einen punkt – sie sehen den r@@ unden punkt wo der zei@@ ger ist – und drückt seinen " besch@@ allen " -@@ kno@@ pf . +john ist einer von etwa 12 sehr mu@@ tigen , hel@@ den@@ ha@@ ften menschen , die sich für die studie frei@@ wi@@ llig ge@@ mel@@ det haben . +er ist ein 7@@ 8 jahre alter land@@ wir@@ t der an - wie soll man es sagen ? - schmerzen im hinter@@ teil li@@ tt . +wenn diese nation nicht ein wenig grund@@ soli@@ dar@@ ität auf@@ bringt oder sich dies zum land@@ es@@ weiten ziel macht wird nichts in der richtung passieren . +ein neues leben wurde geboren . +alles , was es gibt , ist in der tat der mar@@ ken@@ schutz . und das heißt , dass jeder jedes belie@@ bi@@ ge klei@@ dungs@@ stück nach@@ machen könnte von jeder person in diesem raum und es als eigenes design verkaufen könnte . +nun , mo@@ de@@ designer haben die brei@@ teste pal@@ ette , die sie sich vorstellen können , in der krea@@ tiv@@ bran@@ che . +einer , auf den viel kultur@@ kri@@ tik hin@@ gewi@@ esen hat , ist , dass wir jetzt eine viel brei@@ tere pal@@ ette haben an designs , von denen wir aus@@ wählen können , als wir jemals zuvor hatten . das ist vor allem den mo@@ de@@ disco@@ unter@@ n zu ver@@ danken . +ich liebe diese gal@@ li@@ an@@ os . +wenn sie sich das regi@@ ster tatsächlich ansehen , dann sehen sie , dass viele der in der e@@ .@@ u@@ . ange@@ mel@@ deten dinge +feuer@@ werk . der geru@@ ch eines par@@ f@@ ums , nein . +es ist kaum geb@@ unden an eine art von phy@@ s@@ ischer realität in unseren gedanken . +ich rei@@ ste durch japan , ohne etwas anderes im sinn als fotografi@@ eren . dann hörte ich von diesem baum , der 2.@@ 1@@ 80 jahre alt ist , und ich musste ihn mir anschauen . +hier sind wir wieder auf der erde und sie sehen , wie der pil@@ z diesen baum be@@ fällt . +ich habe dieses bild hier gezeigt , weil ich oft gefragt werde , ob in dem projekt auch tiere vor@@ kommen . +was wie zwei große haufen blä@@ tter aussieht , sind tatsächlich zwei einzelne blä@@ tter , die im laufe der zeit durch die un@@ wirt@@ lichen wü@@ sten@@ bedingungen zer@@ p@@ fl@@ ück@@ t wurden . +diese bak@@ terie wurde vor einigen jahren von einem team planet@@ ar@@ ischer bi@@ ologen entdeckt , die nach leben auf anderen planeten su@@ chten , in dem sie sich die schwier@@ ig@@ sten bedingungen auf unserem an@@ schauten . +es wird gra@@ tis sein und in jedem brow@@ ser funktionieren . +ich glaube , ' po@@ p@@ cor@@ n ' kann verändern , wie wir geschichten im internet erzählen und wie wir die welt verstehen , in der wir leben . +erinnern sich sich an den terror@@ ang@@ riff 2008 in mu@@ m@@ bai . +hat er eine stir@@ n@@ gl@@ at@@ ze ? trägt er eine bri@@ lle ? " +man konnte 200 menschen in einem zug aus@@ rau@@ ben , eine tolle innovation . +wenn man met@@ all dru@@ cken kann , kann man das auch dru@@ cken . in wahrheit können sie auch das hier dru@@ cken . +für ha@@ cker ist die dna nur ein weiteres be@@ trie@@ bs@@ system , das darauf war@@ tet , ge@@ ha@@ ckt zu werden . +das werde ich die ganze zeit gefragt . +die bedro@@ hung ist ernst , und wir müssen uns jetzt vorberei@@ ten . +werde ich ausge@@ gren@@ zt werden ? +und wenn wir an ein ver@@ mäch@@ tnis denken , dann kann ich mir kein kraft@@ voll@@ eres vorstellen , auch wenn ihr leben so kurz war . +und es gibt keine gruppe , die für diese art der manipu@@ lation an@@ fä@@ lli@@ ger wäre als junge männer . +ich weiß , dass das funktioniert . +wer darf die mo@@ sche@@ e an frei@@ tagen benutzen ? " +wir schi@@ ckten ihn in eine firma in west@@ ken@@ ia , nur 200 meilen entfernt . +also , was denken sie ? +und als letztes das einzige portra@@ it eines man@@ nes , das er mal@@ te , " der musi@@ ker " . +meine damen und herren , diese geschichte wurde noch nicht veröffentlicht . +ich weiß nicht warum . ich hatte ihn nicht nach einem kon@@ dom gefragt . +und dann habe ich es mit medizin@@ stud@@ ent@@ inn@@ nen versucht . +kann nicht jemand mal von anfang an aus menschen@@ liebe handeln ? +mach einfach deinen job und das mädchen wird dir hinter@@ her@@ rennen . +jeden ur@@ lau@@ b , den ich als kleiner junge hatte , verbrachte ich in national@@ par@@ ks . +die pas@@ sa@@ gi@@ ere , die von der ti@@ tan@@ ic fiel@@ en , fiel@@ en in wasser mit gerade mal fünf grad cel@@ si@@ us . +ich konnte nur schwer atmen . ich sch@@ na@@ pp@@ te nach luft . +und schon nach drei minuten in diesem wasser , nach nur drei minuten in diesem wasser , konnte er sich wieder be@@ freien . +und ich erinnere mich , wie ich das eis an@@ sah , und es gab darin große stücke weißen ei@@ ses und das wasser war total schwar@@ z . +le@@ wi@@ s pu@@ gh : ich möchte dann gerne mit den fol@@ genden worten enden . ich brauchte vier monate , um meine hände wieder zu fühlen . +der vortrag wird im großen und ganzen von energie handeln , aber man kann gut mit öl anfangen . +und genauso , wie es vor 25 jahren ein öl@@ förder@@ ma@@ x@@ im@@ um gab , gab es 19@@ 20 ein ko@@ h@@ le@@ förder@@ ma@@ x@@ im@@ um , und hundert jahre davor gab es ein holz@@ förder@@ ma@@ x@@ im@@ um . +sie sind nicht verschie@@ den . sie bestehen aus dem gleichen stoff . cal@@ ci@@ um@@ car@@ bon@@ at , cal@@ ci@@ um@@ car@@ bon@@ at . +nicht , weil wir win@@ dr@@ ä@@ der noch und nö@@ cher bauen werden . +das ist ein vorteil den äl@@ tere menschen haben . +und ich sagte : " ich habe keine ausbildung gemacht , das habe ich nie behaup@@ tet " +und dann ließ sie sich von mir das video besor@@ gen , um zu sehen , dass george ab@@ bot@@ t tatsächlich gesprochen hatte . +und , neben@@ bei bemerkt , nenne ich sie die ele@@ an@@ or roo@@ se@@ v@@ elt der rechten . +und ich antwor@@ tete " ich lern@@ e . " +sein vater war ein mi@@ st@@ kerl , und in der tat war er ein weiter@@ er com@@ edi@@ an mit einer un@@ glück@@ lichen kindheit . und von da an sind wir in gang gekommen . +eine erstaunliche frau . +zum einen war es das tan@@ zen , das , obwohl es ihr nicht angeb@@ oten wurde , ihr alles bedeu@@ tete . +das problem ist : ohne techni@@ ker , ohne er@@ sat@@ z@@ teile werden solche sp@@ enden schnell zu müll . +michael free von " path " sagt , es geht darum , wer so ein produkt aus@@ sucht , benutzt und bezahlt . +man muss das kind unter blau@@ es licht legen – h@@ elles , blau@@ es licht auf so viel haut wie möglich . +sie sind nicht teuer , ziemlich un@@ emp@@ fl@@ in@@ dlich . +eins noch : ein in@@ dis@@ cher freund hat mir erzählt , dass ein elektr@@ isches gerät erst dann für den asi@@ a@@ tischen markt ge@@ te@@ stet wurde , wenn man eine k@@ ak@@ er@@ la@@ ke dazu gebracht hat , hin@@ einzu@@ kle@@ ttern und auf jede einzelne kompon@@ ente zu pin@@ keln . +das eine ist die große globale wirtschaft , die große glob@@ alisi@@ erte wirtschaft , und das andere die ger@@ inge und sehr ein@@ gesch@@ rän@@ kte ka@@ pa@@ zität unserer traditionellen regierungen und deren internationalen institutionen , diese wirtschaft zu len@@ ken , zu formen . +wir sprechen hier nicht von 5@@ 0.000 dollar hier oder 10@@ 0.000 dollar da oder einer million dollar dort . +vielen dank , es ist interessant , denn durch diese ak@@ tion mussten wir uns mit den firmen zusammen@@ setzen . +in deutsch@@ land haben wir ein system , in dem es nicht erlaubt ist , einen be@@ am@@ ten zu be@@ ste@@ chen , wohl aber einen abge@@ ord@@ neten . +ich kann mich nicht mit ihnen verbinden . +ich nu@@ tze also jetzt diese " spei@@ se@@ kar@@ ten@@ -@@ art " für den besu@@ ch von kunst@@ gal@@ er@@ ien . +und ich dachte , nein , das ist ein sehr inti@@ mer blick , aber es ist nicht der blick , den eine tochter ihrem vater zu@@ wir@@ ft . +darunter ein gel@@ ber man@@ tel mit wei@@ ß@@ em p@@ el@@ z , ein gel@@ b@@ -@@ schwar@@ zes mie@@ der , und sie sehen diese klei@@ dung in vielen anderen gemäl@@ den , an verschiedenen frauen in ver@@ me@@ ers gemäl@@ den . +nicht der mal@@ er , ich will nicht an den mal@@ er denken . +und ich dachte an be@@ tten und rote wan@@ gen , und natürlich dachte ich an sex , wenn ich ihn betra@@ chtete , und ich dachte : ist es das , wor@@ an er denkt ? +aber es ist schwierig , die worte laut aus@@ gesprochen zu hören . +es gab hollywood . +als ich dann in einer zeitung auf den busin@@ ess@@ -@@ seiten die geschichte n@@ olly@@ wo@@ ods gelesen habe , fühlte ich tatsächlich , dass es eine unglaubliche gelegenheit sei , eine geschichte zu erzählen , die sich über all diese vorge@@ fas@@ sten mein@@ ungen hin@@ weg@@ setzt . +wir machen sie nicht für die eli@@ te und für die leute in ihren glas@@ häusern . +es geht immer nur um aus@@ län@@ dische filme . +bewe@@ g dich . +die nigeri@@ anischen fil@@ me@@ macher tun wirklich das , was sie mögen . +schwierig , nicht wahr ? es ist bedeu@@ tungs@@ los . +und wir wissen , dass es mehr gibt . +der in sam@@ bia geb@@ or@@ ene fil@@ me@@ macher fran@@ co sac@@ ch@@ i nimmt uns mit auf eine tour durch n@@ ollywood , nigeri@@ as bo@@ om@@ ende fil@@ min@@ du@@ str@@ ie . gu@@ er@@ il@@ la@@ -@@ fil@@ me@@ machen und gross@@ arti@@ gkeit unter druck von cre@@ ws , die einen spiel@@ film innerhalb einer woche drehen können . +re@@ deten wir über die ent@@ rück@@ ung ? sie kommt . +wissen sie , wir müssen da durch . +man ro@@ llt einen ball und he@@ bt so viele objekte wie möglich auf , in einer begren@@ zten zeit@@ span@@ ne und hoffentlich wird es zu einem planeten . +wir zeigen " port@@ al " , weil man auf mau@@ ern schie@@ ßt , um neue räume zu schaffen . +also zeit , raum , äs@@ the@@ tik , und dann , am wichtigsten , verhalten . +wir zeigen eine mani@@ fest@@ ation von etwas , was wirklich wichtig ist . es ist ein teil unserer identität , den aber niemand besitzen kann . +ich war bemü@@ ht , einen ort für das ju@@ ra@@ studi@@ um zu schaffen . +dieses gebäude setzte ich in japan um . +wir ferti@@ gten zeichnungen des fis@@ chs und der schu@@ ppen an . +er war das sou@@ ven@@ ir@@ hän@@ d@@ ler , der immer ein mal@@ er sein wollte , und ich war frank@@ ie p@@ . tor@@ onto . +es schien als mittel , uns beide zusammen@@ zubringen , zu funktionieren +und her@@ man mil@@ ler hat diese philosoph@@ ie von einem ort für menschen . +also machte er zwei br@@ ücken — das passierte alles auf dem fa@@ x , das ging über wochen hin und her . +sie bauen schon so lange daran , dass ich nicht mehr weiss , wo es ist . +wir haben es in lo@@ yo@@ la für die kap@@ elle benutzt und es hat nicht funktioniert . +das ist ein grund@@ stück in br@@ ent@@ wood . +und dann be@@ tritt man das wohn@@ zimmer und so weiter . +man schaut von den büro@@ s auf sie und es entsteht eine art von interak@@ tion zwischen diesen teilen . +wenn irgend@@ jemand von ihnen eine idee dafür hat , konta@@ kti@@ eren sie mich bitte . +ich versuchte — es gibt hier drüben ein gebäude von ni@@ ck gri@@ m@@ sha@@ w , hier ist eine skulp@@ tur von ol@@ den@@ bur@@ g — ich versuchte , eine städ@@ te@@ bau@@ liche beziehung zu schaffen . +der aku@@ sti@@ ker in dem wettbewerb gab uns kri@@ teri@@ en mit , die zu diesem geg@@ lie@@ der@@ ten sch@@ em@@ a führten , welches , wie wir nach dem wettbewerb mer@@ kten , nicht funktionieren würde . +das hier ist ein te@@ e@@ kan@@ ne , die ich für al@@ ess@@ i desig@@ nt habe . +es funktion@@ ierte nicht . +also machen sie das hier . +man fängt also mit der bag@@ asse an und dann nimmt man einen sehr einfachen o@@ fen . den kann man ganz einfach aus einem alten 200@@ -@@ liter@@ -@@ öl@@ f@@ ass herstellen . +also wollten wir ein stab@@ il@@ eres bri@@ ket@@ t herstellen , das mit der holz@@ ko@@ hle auf dem markt von haiti mi@@ th@@ alten konnte . +aber dies ist auch eine der sehr sel@@ ten@@ en situationen , wo es noch einen wirtschaftlichen vorteil gibt . +und wir müssen darüber nachdenken , wie wir das effektiv gestalten können . +und dieser knochen ist voller licht , wie sie sehen können : licht , das durch den schä@@ del scheint , mit all seinen ver@@ tief@@ ungen , den neben@@ hö@@ hlen , die die luft er@@ wär@@ men und be@@ feu@@ chten , die wir ein@@ atmen . +wie sie sehen , block@@ iert der tumor ihre augen . +das ist genau , was die leute zu sue sagten . +er be@@ wahr@@ te sich eine ruhi@@ ge unbe@@ kü@@ m@@ mer@@ theit . +man könnte sagen : » nun , diese art von operation ist doch auch nur ko@@ s@@ me@@ tischer natur . « +schönheit ist nicht gleich gü@@ te und ganz sicher nicht gleich zu@@ frieden@@ heit . +» so möchte ich aussehen . so habe ich vorher aus@@ gesehen . « +die bessere nachricht ist : die zukunft ist fast schon hier und die zukunft heißt tissue engineering . +wie können wir die beziehung von kindern zu essen ändern ? +70 % aller antibio@@ ti@@ ka , die in den usa konsu@@ miert werden , werden über die tier@@ haltung aufgenommen . +es geht darum , wie wir sie ernä@@ hren . +wieso gibt es liter@@ weise soft@@ drin@@ ks für 29 cent und dopp@@ elte bur@@ ger für 99 cent ? +wir müssen dieses ganze denk@@ muster mit kindern und essen ändern . +und sie können die zu@@ taten im schul@@ garten kosten . +was ich häufig mache , sind öffent@@ lich@@ -@@ private partner@@ schaften . +und na ja , jetzt ist es eigentlich nicht viel besser . +also geben wir für ein mitta@@ gessen weniger als einen dollar aus . okay ? +er zeigte in den himmel und sagte : » schau mal – sie@@ h@@ st du das ? +wenn ich zu einer philosop@@ hen@@ party gehe , und sie mich fragen , wor@@ an ich arbeite , und ich sage : " bewusstsein " , dann werden ihre augen nicht gl@@ äs@@ ern - ihre li@@ ppen ver@@ ziehen sich zu einem kn@@ ur@@ ren . +darüber will ich heute sprechen . +das bedeutet , dass viele leute total un@@ zu@@ frieden und skep@@ tisch sind , wenn ich versuche , bewusstsein zu erklären . +ich arbeite mit einem jungen computer@@ -@@ anima@@ tion@@ s-@@ dok@@ um@@ ent@@ ar@@ fil@@ mer , namens ni@@ ck de@@ am@@ er , und das ist eine kleine dem@@ o , die er für mich gemacht hat , teil eines größeren proje@@ kts , das für einige von ihnen interessant sein könnte . +ich ging in north car@@ ol@@ ina qu@@ er durch den saal , da ich an@@ nahm , es sei wahrscheinlich ein can@@ al@@ et@@ to , und ich wollte alles in allen details sehen . +wer von ihnen machte es , indem er die lin@@ ke in gedanken ge@@ dreht hat , um zu sehen , ob sie mit der rechten über@@ ein@@ stimmt ? +falls sie ihn als einen wür@@ fel vor einigen krei@@ sen schwe@@ ben sehen , vor schwarzen krei@@ sen , dann gibt es auch eine andere art . +das geht so weiter , bis die te@@ st@@ person den kno@@ pf drückt und sagt : " ich sehe die änder@@ ung . " +vielen dank für ihre aufmerksamkeit . +sie sind eigentlich versuche , um herauszufinden , was menschen statt auto@@ fahren in der haupt@@ verkehr@@ s@@ zeit tun sollten . +denn sie haben noch 80 prozent des verkehr@@ s . +sie@@ b@@ zig prozent der bevölkerung wollten es nicht . +jon@@ as eli@@ as@@ son : wie lö@@ st man das problem der verkehr@@ s@@ st@@ aus ? +was wissen wir über dieses land und die menschen die wir angeb@@ lich besch@@ ü@@ tzen , über die d@@ ör@@ fer in denen die einzige medizin gegen schmerzen und hunger op@@ ium ist ? +sie , sie selbst , werden sich in einem hot@@ el@@ bett wieder@@ finden – oder ihre mutter , ihr kind – einige ni@@ cken , leute sagen : " ja , ich weiss genau was sie meinen . " +nun , er sah auch , dass sich , sobald gesundheits@@ für@@ sorge in är@@ z@@ t@@ liche für@@ sorge wechsel@@ te , aufgrund einer ernsth@@ after@@ en erkrank@@ ung , der haupt@@ grund , der uns selbst zurück@@ hält , der zugang zu informationen ist . +die frage war , woher ? +wo beginnen die är@@ z@@ tlichen fähigkeiten und wo enden sie ? +es ist wirklich ernsthaf@@ t . +kümmern sie sich nicht um die nu@@ mm@@ ern . +auf twitter gibt es jemanden den ich kenne , aus der gesundheits@@ -@@ it bran@@ che aus@@ ser@@ halb bo@@ st@@ ons , der schrieb den e-@@ patient ra@@ p . +und sie sah , dass , wenn es keine ent@@ z@@ ün@@ dung gab , der scan ein@@ hei@@ tlich gra@@ u war . +da@@ ve de@@ bron@@ k@@ art : lernen sie e-@@ patient da@@ ve kennen +und im f@@ alle des mag@@ nes@@ i@@ ums bei der wasser@@ menge , die ich gerade erwä@@ hnte , glei@@ cht das einer gr@@ u@@ ben@@ industrie im wert von 4@@ ,@@ 5 milliarden us@@ d für sing@@ a@@ pu@@ r – ein ort , der über keine natürlichen ressourcen verfü@@ gt . +ein weiteres , einzigarti@@ ges merk@@ mal an fle@@ der@@ mä@@ us@@ en ist , dass sie fähig sind , sch@@ all@@ wellen zu nutzen , um ihr umfeld wahr@@ zunehmen . sie benutzen e@@ cho@@ or@@ tung . +es stellt die " fünf se@@ g@@ nungen " dar . +nur ganz kurz . machen sie sich bewusst , dass sie sich in jedem 300 . bas@@ en@@ paar von@@ einander unterscheiden . +allein in europa wird die zahl der menschen über 65 bis 20@@ 50 um 70 prozent an@@ steigen . und die zahl der menschen über 80 sogar um 1@@ 70 prozent . +em@@ ma te@@ el@@ ing : das geheimnis des fle@@ der@@ m@@ aus@@ genom@@ s +europa musste in die wirtschaftliche entwicklung ge@@ zer@@ rt werden . +die möglichkeit , die wir uns anschauen werden , ist ein wirk@@ licher grund zum optimis@@ mus für die unter@@ ste milliarde , und das ist der bo@@ om der roh@@ stoffe . +das ist keine vorher@@ sage für die prei@@ se der roh@@ stoffe , es ist eine vorher@@ sage für die lang@@ zeit@@ -@@ kon@@ sequenzen , über das wachstum von prei@@ ser@@ hö@@ h@@ ungen . +und der wahl@@ kampf stellt sich als die ur@@ sache für die nach@@ teili@@ gen effe@@ kte der demokratie heraus , während eine soli@@ de gewal@@ tent@@ ei@@ lung die ressour@@ c@@ en-@@ bo@@ oms wett@@ macht . +sie fanden heraus , dass sie zwei milliarden pfund wert waren . +paul colli@@ er über die unter@@ ste milliarde +sie kennen diesen spruch : " er ist der geb@@ or@@ ene chirur@@ g . " +ich wurde von einem freund inspiriert . +es ist meine leidenschaft , gl@@ c überall zu unterrichten . +derzeit verfü@@ gen wir über 11 spra@@ chen@@ pa@@ are . +wir brauchen sie im tä@@ glichen leben , um die welt zu einem klein@@ eren ort zu machen . +ich fuhr fort hand@@ werk@@ stra@@ di@@ tionen zu studieren und mit künstler@@ innen zusammenzu@@ arbeiten , als nächstes mit kl@@ ö@@ p@@ pl@@ er@@ innen in li@@ t@@ auen . +mein leben würde nicht mehr dasselbe sein . +mein künstler@@ ischer horizon@@ t erweiter@@ t sich kontin@@ u@@ ier@@ lich . +es waren 23 ton@@ nen für einen einzigen li@@ ter . +man könnte in den ar@@ teri@@ en ange@@ gri@@ ffen werden von weißen blut@@ körper@@ chen . +sie lernen den ab@@ lauf zu beu@@ gen , der ihre eigenen en@@ do@@ genen op@@ i@@ ate frei@@ setzt . +werte sind eine art von fa@@ kten . +also , der bei@@ trag der kultur , falls kultur uns prä@@ gt , was sie tatsächlich tut , sie verändert uns indem sie unsere gehirne verändert . +nun , denken sie als analog@@ ie an phy@@ sische gesundheit . +die tatsache , dass es hier aus@@ nahmen gibt , fi@@ cht dies nicht im gering@@ sten an . +deshalb verbringen wir unsere zeit damit , über dinge wie gleich@@ geschle@@ cht@@ liche hoch@@ zeiten zu reden und nicht über geno@@ zi@@ d oder die verbreitung von atom@@ waffen oder armut oder jedes andere ent@@ sprech@@ ende thema . +wann immer wir über fa@@ kten reden müssen manche mein@@ ungen aus@@ geschlossen werden . +sam har@@ r@@ is : ja , nun , ich denke ich habe versucht , das in einem satz an@@ zus@@ pre@@ chen während ich die zeit habe ver@@ strei@@ chen sehen , aber die frage ist , was bedeutet ' frei@@ wi@@ llig ' in einem kontext , in dem männer bestimmte erwar@@ tungen haben und du gar@@ anti@@ ert auf eine bestimmte weise behandelt wirst , wenn du dich nicht versch@@ lei@@ erst . +sam har@@ r@@ is : die wissenschaft kann moralische fragen beantworten +hier ist ein ver@@ he@@ er@@ endes unge@@ zie@@ fer , ein sp@@ inn@@ mil@@ be , denn sie sp@@ inn@@ t ne@@ tze wie eine sp@@ inn@@ e . +nur das ei des par@@ asi@@ ten wird in die s@@ äf@@ te der bl@@ att@@ l@@ aus einge@@ führt . +alles be@@ stens unter diesen um@@ ständen . +und as be@@ antwor@@ tet die frage , die vor allem von zü@@ chtern und land@@ wir@@ ten gestellt wird : warum bio@@ kontrolle ? +schlie@@ ßt sich schritt für schritt . +automo@@ bil@@ retro@@ fu@@ tur@@ ismus ist eine meiner spezi@@ al@@ itäten . +das hier ist pan@@ zer@@ pol@@ o in sou@@ th-@@ ham@@ p@@ tons . dies ist -- +leute sch@@ rieben mir , um nach@@ dru@@ cke davon zu bekommen . +es war absolut klar . ich musste nicht darüber nachdenken . +der dri@@ tter punkt auf meiner che@@ ck@@ liste sind die beziehungen zu be@@ fre@@ un@@ deten nachbar@@ gesellschaften , die eine gesellschaft unterstützen kann . und wenn diese freund@@ liche unterstützung ent@@ fällt , dann kann das zum kol@@ la@@ ps einer gesellschaft bei@@ tragen . die nord@@ männer auf grö@@ n@@ land trieben handel mit dem mutter@@ land , mit nor@@ wegen , und dieser handel wurde weniger , teil@@ weise , weil nor@@ wegen schwä@@ cher wurde , teil@@ weise , weil das meer zwischen grö@@ n@@ land und nor@@ wegen zu@@ fro@@ r . +so sind also einige gesellschaften aufgrund sub@@ ti@@ ler umwelt@@ faktoren fra@@ gil@@ er als andere . und dann schließlich noch eine weitere gener@@ alisierung . denn ich unter@@ ri@@ chte gerade studenten an der u@@ cl@@ a über diese kol@@ lap@@ se von gesellschaften . und was meine u@@ cla@@ -@@ studenten wirklich nicht verstehen können , ist , warum diese gesellschaften nicht sehen konnten , was sie taten ? +stattdessen sind alle großen bedro@@ h@@ ungen von heute probleme , die wir alle selbst verursacht haben . und da wir die probleme verursacht haben , können wir sie auch lösen . das bedeutet dann , dass es vollkommen in unserer macht liegt , diese probleme anzu@@ gehen . +also , wir wissen , dass das kein billi@@ ger krieg war . +was essen sie ? +wie werden wir diese welt ernä@@ hren ? +das ist in den 199@@ 0ern in den nieder@@ landen passiert während die klas@@ sische schw@@ ein@@ ep@@ est aus@@ brach . +ein kil@@ ogra@@ mm heu@@ schre@@ cken hat die selbe menge kal@@ orien wie 10 hot@@ dogs oder sechs big ma@@ cs . +also warum essen wir insekten noch nicht ? +schau sie dir erst an . schau sie dir erst an . +das bedeutet , dass wir unsere neuen hü@@ ften um@@ sonst kriegen . +wenn wir im aus@@ land auf reisen sind , dann erkennen wir auf diese weise sogar unsere mit@@ -@@ kan@@ adi@@ er . +ich habe sie bei@@ läu@@ fi@@ g über den stuhl im büro des ar@@ z@@ tes ge@@ han@@ gen . +es war der erste gän@@ gi@@ ge computer der welt . +das ist ein astro@@ lab@@ ium . ziemlich ein@@ druck@@ s@@ voll nicht wahr ? +also , das sind ungefähr 26 grad . ihr könnt es von da nicht sehen . +es kann benutzt werden um mathemati@@ sche gleich@@ ungen aller art zu berech@@ nen . +aber , was wir verlieren ist , denke ich genau – ein gefü@@ hl@@ ter sinn für den himmel eine art kontext . +man be@@ dient sich des im eigenen körper@@ bau ein@@ geb@@ au@@ ten krä@@ ft@@ es@@ pi@@ els , genauso wie ein pen@@ del . +ich werde ihnen zeigen wie er funktioniert . +und dort gab es schon damals einen se@@ chs@@ fü@@ ß@@ igen roboter namens le@@ mu@@ r . +anstelle von elektr@@ ischen mot@@ oren und elektr@@ ischen be@@ di@@ ent@@ ei@@ len verwenden wir druck@@ luft . +für diejenigen unter ihnen , die wahrscheinlich wissen , wenn man keine sensor@@ en hat und es irgend@@ welche stör@@ ungen gibt , sie wissen ja was passiert . +was sie hier sehen können ist wunder@@ schön den lou@@ is v@@ u@@ it@@ ton c@@ up po@@ k@@ al . +und diese g@@ lie@@ dern sich und formen diese mechanis@@ men . +da gab es einen großartigen ted-@@ moment , ich denke es war sir ken ro@@ bin@@ son , oder ? +es ist eine geschichte von öffent@@ licher bildung und von län@@ dlichen gemeinschaften und davon , was design be@@ wirken kann , um beide zu verbessern . +der größte arbeit@@ geber ist die pur@@ du@@ e-@@ hü@@ hn@@ er@@ ver@@ arbei@@ tungs@@ -@@ fabrik . +genau gesagt , nutzen wir diese sechs desig@@ n-@@ lei@@ ts@@ ä@@ tze . der wichtigste davon ist wahrscheinlich der zweite : wir desig@@ nen " mit " , nicht " für " – daher , wenn wir human@@ it@@ är@@ es design machen , geht es nicht mehr darum , für kunden zu gestalten ; +es ist die phy@@ sische kon@@ struk@@ tion verbesser@@ ter räume und materialien und erfahrungen für lehrer und schüler . +in vielen fällen geht es hier@@ bei nicht so sehr darum , etwas zu verändern , sondern mehr darum , die bedingungen zu schaffen , unter denen veränderung möglich ist , und einen anrei@@ z zu geben , eine veränderung vor@@ nehmen zu wollen . das ist einfacher gesagt als getan in län@@ dlichen gemeinschaften und in in sich ab@@ gesch@@ lossen@@ en bildungs@@ systemen in län@@ dlichen gemeinschaften . +während dieser zeit , tun sie alles : hin@@ aus@@ gehen und eth@@ no@@ graph@@ isch forschen und ein bedürf@@ nis finden , ins studio zurück@@ kommen , bra@@ in@@ stor@@ ming und visu@@ alisierung des designs , konzep@@ te finden , die funktionieren könnten , und sie dann im wer@@ kr@@ aum testen , bauen , prototyp@@ en erstellen , herausfinden , ob diese funktionieren werden , und sie ver@@ fein@@ ern . +aber wir haben das gefühl , dasselbe könnte auch an anderen orten funktionieren . +was hier grün erscheint , ist keine deser@@ ti@@ fi@@ kation . was brau@@ n erscheint , verste@@ ppt . das sind die größten gebiete der erde . +ich hatte eine furcht@@ bare entscheidung zu treffen , und , offen gesagt , war es politi@@ sches dynam@@ it . +nach vier monaten regen@@ zeit sp@@ rie@@ ßt es her@@ vor und nun stehen ihm 8 monate tro@@ cken@@ zeit bevor . +und auch wir bi@@ ologen und ök@@ ologen haben noch nie etwas so komplex@@ es be@@ wäl@@ tigt . +sie stellten eine her@@ de von 25@@ .000 schaf@@ en auf , a@@ hm@@ ten die natur mit ge@@ plan@@ tem wei@@ den gut nach . sie er@@ zi@@ elten eine 50 % ige stei@@ gerung ihrer produktion im ersten jahr . +danke von gan@@ z@@ em herzen . as : dank dir . danke , chris . +diese zwei mis@@ sionen passen , wie man sieht , perfekt zusammen , eine er@@ gän@@ zt die andere . tatsächlich wären sie ohne einander nicht möglich . +nach der behandlung gewinn@@ t das kind maß@@ geb@@ lich an funktion@@ alität . +wenn man ihm bilder der re@@ alen welt zeigt , wenn man anderen wie ihm bilder der re@@ alen welt zeigt , können sie die meisten objekte nicht erkennen , denn die welt ist für sie über@@ frag@@ men@@ tiert , sie besteht aus einer col@@ lage , einem fli@@ ck@@ werk aus bereichen verschieden@@ er farben und hel@@ li@@ gkeiten . +ps : wir sehen dieses muster immer wieder . +wie geschieht das ? wir wollen , dass dy@@ lan das kann . indem er das man@@ tra der bewegung nutzt , kann dy@@ lan das wirklich tun , +cher@@ y@@ l : ai@@ mee und ich dachten -- hallo ai@@ mee . ai@@ mee mul@@ lin@@ s : hi +dan o ' bri@@ en spr@@ ang ' 9@@ 6 in atlan@@ ta 1,@@ 5@@ 5@@ m . ich meine , damit sie einen vergleich haben -- das sind , wissen sie , richtig gut ausge@@ bil@@ dete ath@@ le@@ ten , ohne das wort " ath@@ let " zu bewer@@ ten . +und er sagte , " nein , nein , wirklich . du kannst es . +sie ist nun -- zwei jahre bist du nun schon im lauf@@ sport ? +ich versuchte jeden , den ich konnte , auszu@@ fragen gegen wen , gegen welche läu@@ fer , also gegen wen tre@@ te ich hier an ? +ich hatte immer alles gewonnen und jetzt dachte ich , wo@@ zu ? +und ich meine , " zie@@ h sie aus ! mach dir keine gedanken , verste@@ h@@ st du . +ich brauche ein paar neue , weil das letzte meeting , wo ich war , sie wissen schon , es ist wie ein großes .. es schlie@@ ßt sich der kreis . +und sie kam in die stadt und sie he@@ tz@@ te sich ab und sie sagte , " ich muss mir neue schuhe kaufen ! " +sie sehen schon , diese erkenntnis hat potential , man könnte sie als regel@@ re@@ chtes z@@ under@@ f@@ ass sehen . +einige leute halten die zahl für etwas hoch , aber ur@@ he@@ ber@@ rechts@@ mathemati@@ ker , die auch experten in der medien@@ lo@@ bby sind , sind lediglich überrascht , dass sie nicht jedes jahr für die inf@@ lation aufge@@ zin@@ st wird . +in der wirklichen welt wird mathematik nicht notwen@@ di@@ ger@@ weise von mathemati@@ kern be@@ trieben . +wenn man das einmal hat , dann kommt die berech@@ nung .. +ich schä@@ tze , dass wir heute weltweit durchschnitt@@ lich 10@@ 6 erd@@ alter damit zu@@ gebracht haben , leuten bei@@ zubringen , von hand zu rech@@ nen . +meine üb@@ liche gegen@@ frage ist , was meinen sie mit grund@@ begri@@ ffen ? +ich glaube nicht . +aber es gibt einen fanta@@ stischen weg , genau das in der heutigen zeit zu tun : +und selbstverständlich wird daraus ein kreis . +und sie wissen , wenn man über eine klu@@ ft geht , wird es viel schlimmer als wäre man gar nicht erst los@@ gegangen – größ@@ eres des@@ aster . +seine l@@ eine war am stuhl fest@@ geb@@ unden worden , während ihr besit@@ zer dr@@ innen einen kaffee tr@@ ank und er war einfach ei@@ fri@@ g in seiner bemü@@ hung , mich zu be@@ grü@@ ßen , um vielleicht ein wenig hinter dem o@@ hr ge@@ kr@@ au@@ lt zu werden . +das spek@@ trum dieser aus@@ bli@@ cke rei@@ chte vom bel@@ an@@ glo@@ sen bis zum tief@@ greif@@ enden , vom ban@@ alen bis zum unter@@ hal@@ ts@@ am@@ en . +aber alles in allem ist es doch in ordnung . +jeder ist will@@ kommen . +und ich sehe mein leben als eine ab@@ folge von experim@@ enten . +wie ich in meinem buch schrei@@ be , bin ich genau so j@@ ü@@ dis@@ ch , wie " o@@ live garden " itali@@ en@@ isch ist . +es war auf jeden fall eine herausforderung . +also , es gel@@ ang mir , einen ehe@@ bre@@ cher zu st@@ einigen . +aber dieses ge@@ bot , die bi@@ bel sagt , du dar@@ f@@ st keine frau berü@@ hren während bestimm@@ ter zeiten des mon@@ ats , mehr noch , du dar@@ f@@ st ni@@ r@@ gend@@ wo sitzen , wo eine men@@ stru@@ ier@@ ende frau ges@@ essen hat . +das war für mich einer der großartigen aspe@@ kte des jahres , den s@@ ab@@ bat zu wahren , denn ich bin ein wor@@ ka@@ ho@@ lic und diesen einen tag zu haben , an dem man nicht arbeiten darf -- das hat wirklich mein leben verändert . +und sie sagten , " wissen wir nicht , aber es sind nur ritu@@ ale die uns sinn geben " . +so , wie auch immer , herz@@ lichen dank , dass sie mir erlaubt haben , hier zu sprechen . +das problem , wie wir es sehen , hat mit einem wort zu tun : " raum " oder einem ausdruck : " geome@@ trie der re@@ alen welt . " +aber wenn man das auf einem cr@@ t oder fla@@ ch@@ bildschirm dar@@ stellt würde es sinn@@ los sein irgend@@ einen gegen@@ stand daran zu halten , also einen re@@ alen gegen@@ stand . +und das führte wiederum dazu , dass wir die ideen zu dem entwickeln was wir glauben , ist die un@@ aus@@ wei@@ ch@@ liche zukunft des mensch@@ -@@ masch@@ in@@ en-@@ interface ' s : wir nennen es die rä@@ um@@ liche be@@ dien@@ umgebung . +es gibt eine menge verschieden@@ er elemente . +wir arbeiten zusammen , ob neben@@ einander oder über entfern@@ ung , ist immer wichtig . +kann es das für jeden geben oder ist das nur etwas für unternehmen und film@@ produ@@ z@@ enten ? +john under@@ ko@@ ff@@ ler zeigt die zukunft der be@@ dien@@ oberfläche +was o@@ kol@@ lo@@ h machte , wäre nicht möglich gewesen ohne menschliche groß@@ zü@@ gi@@ gkeit . +jemand , der so etwas gemacht hat , sei es noch so mittel@@ mäßig und zum weg@@ werfen , hat etwas pro@@ biert , hat etwas an die öffentlichkeit gebracht . +aber die einrichtungen , die von dieser schwarzen linie dar@@ gestellt werden , sagten : " wir ändern diese ab@@ mach@@ ung ab sofort . +doch hier ist der entscheiden@@ de unterschied : l@@ ol@@ cat@@ s haben gemein@@ schaft@@ lichen wert . +mö@@ ge sie auf ewi@@ g weiter@@ laufen , weil sie menschen wie mir einen arbeitsp@@ l@@ atz ver@@ schafft . +oder man konnte viele spiele auf einem kleinen stück land spielen , selbst wenn man bald nicht mehr wusste , in welchen spiel man selbst spielte . +england führte das 20@@ -@@ over@@ s-@@ spiel ein und sagte : " die welt muss t@@ 20@@ -@@ cri@@ cket spielen . " +innerhalb von 6 wochen spielte jede stadt gegen einander . +aber sie machten ihre sache gut , indem sie es indien anpas@@ sten . +lieder und tanz hielten einzu@@ g im in@@ dischen cri@@ cket . +sh@@ an@@ e war@@ ne verkauft für 4@@ 50 000 dollar . +können sie sich vorstellen , den dollar vor augen zu haben und nicht mehr das typ@@ ische indien ? +es gibt zwei arten von fehl@@ entscheidungen , die man be@@ geht , wenn man versucht sich zu entscheiden , was das richtige ist , und diese sind : fehler beim ein@@ schätzen von erfol@@ gs@@ aus@@ sichten , und fehler beim ein@@ schätzen des erfol@@ gs@@ wer@@ ts . +nun , sie sehen hier ein sehr interessan@@ tes muster , dass zu aller@@ erst zwei dinge gewal@@ tig über@@ schä@@ tzt werden : nämlich tor@@ na@@ do@@ s und feuer@@ werke . +und die meisten leute sagen : " ok , ich spiele . " +wenn menschen nach diesen beiden verschiedenen stellen gefragt werden : eine stelle , bei der sie 60 ' 000 , dann 50 ' 000 , dann 40 ' 000 verdienen , eine stelle , bei der sie jedes jahr eine ge@@ hal@@ t@@ sk@@ ür@@ zung bekommen , und eine , in welcher sie eine ge@@ hal@@ t@@ ser@@ hö@@ hung erhalten , mögen menschen die zweite lieber als die erste , obwohl ihnen gesagt wurde , dass sie sehr viel weniger geld verdienen . warum ? +auf dem weg haben sie etwas verloren . +bei man@@ chen teilneh@@ men@@ den , steht in einer z@@ immer@@ ecke eine sch@@ ach@@ tel go@@ di@@ va@@ -@@ scho@@ kol@@ ade , bei anderen steht eine do@@ se sp@@ am ® . +als amerikaner sind sie möglicherweise schon einmal nach frank@@ reich gerei@@ st . +das heißt , man ver@@ lan@@ gt zin@@ s@@ sätze im hunder@@ t@@ ste@@ l oder taus@@ end@@ ste@@ l prozent , um das warten zu belo@@ hnen und war@@ tet bis zum nächsten monat auf die zusätz@@ lichen 10 dollar . +man denkt immer , mehr ist besser als weniger : 60 ist immer besser als 50 ; und man denkt auch immer , jetzt ist besser als später : die bal@@ ken auf dieser seite sind höher als die bal@@ ken auf dieser seite . +natürlich , die art von ereig@@ nissen , die uns die amerikanischen medien zeigen , und ver@@ zei@@ hen sie mir , aber in zahlen sind dies sehr winzi@@ ge un@@ fälle . +aber gibt es eine ration@@ ale an@@ gt , die tatsächlich der grund ist , warum wir uns davor für@@ chten ? ist das , weil wir denken , dass uns das ganz schli@@ mme erst be@@ vor@@ steht ? +wissen sie , wenn ein schul@@ bus in die luft ges@@ pr@@ en@@ gt wird , und wir das vorher noch nie gesehen haben , ten@@ dieren wir dazu , uns gegenüber dem neuen auszu@@ richten und das neue wird ange@@ steu@@ ert . +ad@@ g : um die menschen zu überzeugen . +an@@ schein@@ end hatte er ein auge im kampf verloren , darum wird er auch immer im profi@@ l dar@@ gestellt . +das führte auch zu nichts . +dieses erzeugt keine bilder - gar keine . " +das kann ein wichtiger bei@@ trag sein . +der satz " kunst ist was auch immer " drückt die der@@ zei@@ tige " ein@@ schließ@@ lichkeit " im kun@@ st-@@ machen aus -- die ansicht " es geht nicht darum was du mach@@ st sondern dass du es mach@@ st " . +im großen und ganzen si@@ chern sie also unser überleben . +die philosop@@ hin mar@@ th@@ a n@@ uss@@ baum wei@@ st darauf in diesem zitat hin : " deswegen wurden im laufe der geschichte bestimmte e@@ kel@@ bes@@ e@@ tz@@ te er@@ schein@@ ungen – schlei@@ mi@@ gkeit , schle@@ chter geru@@ ch , ver@@ fall , fä@@ u@@ le – wieder@@ holt und aus@@ schließlich as@@ sozi@@ iert mit ... +wenn wir nicht nur nach der ange@@ ge@@ benen politischen überzeu@@ gung , sondern nach dem wahl@@ verhalten schauten , konnten wir die nation geogra@@ ph@@ isch betrachten . wir erkan@@ nten , dass in regionen , in denen menschen einen hohen wert an e@@ kel@@ empfin@@ d@@ lichkeit besch@@ rieben , mc@@ ca@@ in mehr stimmen er@@ hielt . +es macht weniger sinn , dass ein gefühl zum schutz vor der aufnahme von gift , vorhersagen kann , wen ich bei der nächsten präsi@@ dent@@ schafts@@ wahl wä@@ hle . +wün@@ schte , ich könnte . +und wie viele soldaten hast du schon re@@ k@@ ru@@ tiert , um diesen krieg mit dir zu kämpfen ? +new@@ ton a@@ du@@ ak@@ a : ich danke ihnen . ich habe nur - der erste aus@@ schnitt , von diesen aus@@ schni@@ tten , versucht wirklich total einzu@@ fangen , was kin@@ o für mich bedeutet , und wie ich alles ange@@ he , was das kin@@ o betrifft . +ihr mü@@ sst euch ? +oni@@ ch@@ a : e@@ z@@ ra ! +wir brauchen keine probleme mehr keine probleme mehr wir brauchen keine probleme mehr keine probleme mehr auf@@ wachen ! alle auf@@ wachen . straßen@@ sper@@ re ! +warum ? weil sie unsere diam@@ anten wollen . +n ich danke ihnen . +wir können auch das in@@ hal@@ ts@@ ver@@ zeich@@ nis vergröß@@ ern , während der film weiter@@ läuft . +nun denn , mi@@ ke , vielen dank . +viele von uns arbeiten für jemanden ; wir befinden uns in den händen anderer . +also , was machen wir jetzt ? +der 1@@ 1. september hat ein gewis@@ ses interesse gesch@@ ür@@ t , es soll auf den ground zero ver@@ legt werden und ich bin absolut dagegen . +ich habe versucht , diese sprache zu verstehen als ein anfang , als ein punkt , von dem aus man los@@ legen kann , und es wurde so viel von spe@@ kul@@ anten gebaut und es wurde so viel tri@@ vi@@ alisiert , dass es ... +f@@ g : das weiß ich nicht . +ich war so stolz . +genau das hat mich schon immer interessiert , nämlich – ein persön@@ licher ausdruck , eine note . +da war ein tisch so lang wie dieser te@@ pp@@ ich und der ha@@ fen@@ vor@@ ste@@ her war da , und ich war dort und meine leute . +frank ge@@ hr@@ y fragt : " was dann ? " +total verändert durch den menschen . +die dinge , die ich fotografi@@ ert habe – dieser haufen rei@@ fen hier bestand aus 45 millionen rei@@ fen . es war der größte haufen . +für mich ist china – vor vier jahren begann ich , es zu fotografi@@ eren , und china ist für mich wahr@@ haf@@ tig eine frage der nachhal@@ tigkeit , um nicht zu sagen , dass china auch einen großen effekt auf die industri@@ en meiner kindheit hat . +das ist wus@@ han , eine der größten städte , die um@@ ges@@ ie@@ d@@ elt wurde . +außerdem passiert in shang@@ hai eins – china verändert sich , denn das hier wäre zum beispiel vor fünf jahren unmöglich gewesen . ein ver@@ wei@@ ger@@ er . +und sicherlich wissen hier andere leute mehr über effizi@@ enz als ich , aber ich kann mir nicht vorstellen , dass eine klima@@ anlage pro wohn@@ ung ein gebäude dieser größe effizi@@ ent kü@@ hlt . +sie arbeiteten den ganzen tag wie aufge@@ zogen , dass der man@@ ager mit str@@ en@@ ger stimme sagen musste : " okay , alle still@@ halten . " +das war eine der größten fabri@@ ken , die ich je gesehen hatte . +wenn auch so viele großartige dinge in greif@@ barer nähe sind – in diesem raum ist das sehr spür@@ bar – von all den dingen , die kurz davor sind zu geschehen , die so viele probleme lösen können , so hoffe ich doch , dass diese dinge sich in der welt verbreiten werden , und eine positive aus@@ wirkung haben werden . +und alles , was sie zur weiter@@ verbreitung bei@@ tragen können , wäre toll . +und das ausmaß meiner arbeit , die ideen , mit denen ich arbeite , als ich das erste mal einen ima@@ x-@@ film sah , dachte ich fast sofort : " es gibt eine res@@ on@@ anz zwischen dem , was ich tun möchte , und dem ausmaß dessen , was ich als fotogra@@ f um@@ setzen will . " +und der grund , wieso wir min@@ en sehen , ist , dass es hier viel wert@@ volle roh@@ stoffe gibt aus denen dieses material ursprün@@ glich geschaffen wurde . +kunst@@ stoffe haben über@@ la@@ pp@@ ende di@@ chten über eine en@@ ge band@@ breite . +und schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich haben wir den code ge@@ kn@@ ac@@ kt . +wir entfernen , was nicht kunst@@ stoff ist , wie me@@ tal@@ le die sie ver@@ fe@@ hlt haben , te@@ pp@@ ich , schau@@ m@@ stoff , gu@@ mm@@ i , holz , glas , papier , alles mögliche . +und schl@@ us@@ sen@@ dlich hoffe ich , dass sie mir bei@@ stimmen , um die letzte klein@@ kin@@ d-@@ regel nur ein bisschen zu ändern in : " wenn es kapu@@ tt ist , ist es mein kra@@ m . " +wir sind das kl@@ ü@@ gste da draußen , warum bekommen wir es nicht auf die reihe ? +sie können sich also mit der tatsache tr@@ ö@@ sten , dass dieser aff@@ e ein sehr wei@@ t-@@ entfern@@ ter verwand@@ ter ist , wenn auch nur in evolution@@ är@@ er hinsicht . +aber dies ist eine einheit der währ@@ ung , die wir affen gele@@ hrt haben im kontakt mit menschen zu verwenden , um unterschiedliche arten fu@@ tter zu kaufen . +nun , man könnte sich wirklich vorstellen , wie sie alle möglichen klu@@ gen dinge tun , die menschen tun , wenn sie beginnen unter@@ einander geld zu verwenden . +noch überrasch@@ end war , als wir mit ökon@@ omen zusammen@@ arbeiteten um die aff@@ en-@@ daten mit hilfe von ökonom@@ ischen verfahren auszu@@ werten , dass sie grundsätzlich mit dem über@@ ein@@ stimm@@ ten , was wir menschen in den richtigen mär@@ kten tun sahen , nicht nur qu@@ al@@ it@@ a@@ tiv , sondern auch quanti@@ ta@@ tiv . +ihre andere option ist sicher@@ er . sie erhalten auf jeden fall etwas geld . +also was geschieht hier ? +die person zur linken ist ein sicher@@ er fall . +wieder die gleiche wahl , sie können auf nummer sicher gehen und jedes mal zwei trau@@ ben bekommen , oder sie können ein risiko ein@@ gehen und zwischen einer und drei wählen . +unter anderem wissen wir , dass sie meistens wirklich schwer zu über@@ winden sind . +vielen dank . +ich glaube das , weil in den nächsten 20 jahren drei milliarden menschen ein neues zuhause brauchen . +das ist der durch@@ bruch . +die technik stellt hier den einfachen teil dar . +ku@@ gel@@ sich@@ ere vor@@ hän@@ ge ver@@ de@@ ckten meine fenster . +bedenken sie nur : welches andere business kennen sie , welchen anderen sektor der wirtschaft , und besonders einen , der so groß ist wie der öffentliche sektor , der nicht versucht , sein busin@@ ess@@ -@@ modell regel@@ mäßig zu opti@@ mieren ? +aber keiner ist besser darin , uns zum er@@ bringen von dienst@@ leistungen zu bewegen , auch dort , wo es keine gibt , als us@@ ha@@ hi@@ di . +ich möchte fes@@ th@@ alten – es ist vielleicht kontro@@ vers – dass " open government " sich nicht darum bemü@@ ht , die regierung transpar@@ enter zu gestalten . +wir haben bis jetzt wirklich nicht die richtigen worte , sie zu beschreiben . +sie sagte sogar , dass wenn wir dies täten , dann würde uns nicht nur die freude zu@@ teil werden , dass uns die erweiter@@ te familie dank@@ bar war , sondern sie sagte : " selbst gott wird lächeln , und wenn gott läch@@ elt , dann heißt das frieden , gerechtigkeit , und freude . " +und wie ch@@ ie@@ f se@@ attle sagte , " wir we@@ ben nicht das netz des lebens . +und er sagte , " ich hoffe , dass ihr die stärke haben wer@@ det , das zu tun , was ich tat . +und laut jes@@ us wird gesagt : " du musst dich selbst lieben , du musst den herren , deinen gott , mit d@@ einem ganzen herz , geist und se@@ ele lieben , und deinen nachbarn wie dich selbst . " +ich werde mit diesem lied ab@@ schließen – ein kinder@@ lied – weil wir alle kinder am tisch der ewi@@ gen mutter sind . +die prote@@ ste gegen viet@@ na@@ m , das ge@@ denken an alle opfer der ai@@ d@@ s-@@ pan@@ dem@@ ie , der mar@@ sch für die re@@ produ@@ ktiven rechte der frauen , bis beinahe hin zur gegenwart . +es hat aber auch ver@@ s@@ öhn@@ liche züge : es ist abge@@ ho@@ ben vom boden , und es hat diese le@@ ere , und es hat eine le@@ ere mitte , sein geist und seine fas@@ sa@@ de erinnern an eine firma oder ein am@@ ts@@ gebäude . +und es muss frei sein . +das dan@@ eben ist das pan@@ the@@ on . +das sind die ket@@ t@@ - und die sch@@ uss@@ fä@@ den . +also ich habe mich als kriegs@@ kind marki@@ ert . +das was uns tö@@ tete waren nicht die musli@@ me , waren nicht die ar@@ aber . +manchmal musst du verlieren , um zu gewinnen . +weißt nicht einmal wann ich je zurück@@ kehren werde . +und eine sache , die mich eines tages scho@@ ckte war ein arab@@ ischer musi@@ ker kam um die soldaten zu unter@@ halten . +aber es hat mich bewegt . +nun läuft gleich meine zeit ab . also möchte ich ein lied singen . +er hatte seinen vater nie näher ken@@ nen@@ gelernt , weil sein vater seine mutter verlassen hatte , als sie mit ihm schwan@@ ger war . +manche dieser an@@ wäl@@ te waren erfolgreich . sie ver@@ schaff@@ ten ihren mand@@ anten neue ver@@ handlungen . +ich will ihnen nur sagen , dass der grund für diese entwicklung ist , dass die an@@ wäl@@ te in diesen proz@@ essen verstanden haben , je eher sie sich in einen fall ein@@ schalten , desto größer ist ihre chance , das leben ihres mand@@ anten zu retten . +worüber wir heute sprechen ist genauso kompliziert . +das war ein logi@@ st@@ isches problem . +ich hoffe , dass sie alle eine sache nicht vergessen : zwischen ihrer an@@ kunft hier heute morgen und unserer mit@@ tag@@ sp@@ ause werden vier tö@@ tungs@@ deli@@ kte in den usa ver@@ üb@@ t werden . +der weih@@ na@@ cht@@ sm@@ ann weiß , ob man arti@@ g war oder nicht . stimmt ' s ? " +der 10@@ . september ist nicht dein geburt@@ stag . es ist der 10@@ . ok@@ tober . und ich sagte : " was ? " +ich war im pazi@@ fischen nord@@ westen aufge@@ wachsen , wo viele mitglieder der kirche jes@@ u christ@@ i der heili@@ gen der letzten tage leben . ich hatte mit ihnen zusammen gearbeitet und war sogar mit einigen ausge@@ gangen , aber deren dok@@ tr@@ in kan@@ nte ich nicht oder wusste auch nicht , was sie leuten erzähl@@ ten , wenn sie auf einer mission waren . an@@ schein@@ end war ich schon etwas neugi@@ er@@ ig , und so sagte ich : " oh , bitte , kommt doch her@@ ein . " sie sahen wirklich glücklich aus . ich glaube , dass ihnen so etwas nicht so oft passiert . +also fragte ich : " was war mit den lam@@ ani@@ ten ? " +ich meine , was ist , wenn man eine nas@@ en@@ operation hatte und man mag das ergebnis ? +wir haben unsere aufmerksamkeit auf die probleme geri@@ chtet . +ich glaube , wenn ken@@ ne@@ dy heute am leben wäre , würde er statisti@@ ker wie mich be@@ auf@@ tragen , sich auf zu machen und herauszufinden , was das leben lebens@@ wert macht . +wenn es eine k@@ na@@ ppe res@@ source gibt , die sie in ein er@@ wün@@ sch@@ tes ergebnis um@@ setzen möchten , denken sie an effizi@@ enz . +das land , das dort oben ganz alleine steht , ist ein ort , an dem ich noch nicht war . +das ist eine art , die dinge zu sehen . +und das heißt , wir müssen die effizi@@ enz sogar noch erhö@@ hen . +investieren sie die zeit , und die energie , die sie haben , um sie mit ihren lieben zu verbringen ? +sie brauchen zur um@@ setzung nicht viel materi@@ elle gü@@ ter . +ob jemand an@@ hielt und dem hilfs@@ bedürf@@ tigen frem@@ den half , wurde tatsächlich davon bestimmt , ob sich eine person in ei@@ le wä@@ hnte – ob sie sich für ver@@ spä@@ tet hielten oder ob sie in dem , worüber sie sprechen wollten , ver@@ sun@@ ken waren . +nun , dies ist ein kleiner test . ich er@@ m@@ un@@ tere sie , ihn auf einer party zu probieren . +wie schon bill mc@@ don@@ ough ange@@ mer@@ kt hat , haben die objekte , die wir kaufen und verwenden , verste@@ ckte kon@@ sequenzen . +in diesem moment form@@ te ein hal@@ bes dutz@@ end anderer sofort einen ring um diesen typen . +mir wurde dann klar dass ich gedacht hatte , dass ich vö@@ lli@@ ge kontrolle über mein leben hätte , in wahrheit aber nur drei dinge kontrollieren konnte : meine gedanken , meinen geist - die bilder , die von diesen gedanken erzeugt werden - und die handlungen , die ich davon ab@@ lei@@ te . +ich brauchte noch etwas , um den weiteren weg zu bestehen . und ich fand es in der metapher die ich von meiner mutter gelernt hatte , als ich vier war . +an@@ anda sh@@ ank@@ ar ja@@ y@@ ant be@@ kämp@@ ft krebs mit tan@@ zen +aber grundsätzlich war es schwierig . es war wirklich schwierig zu erklären , wie das web sein würde . +was meinen sie mit daten ? was ist der unterschied -- doku@@ mente , daten ? +daten sind beziehungen . +lassen sie uns kurz über daten nachdenken . +publikum : " ro@@ h . " +wenn ich nun so weiter@@ mache , werden sie denken , dass all diese daten aus riesigen einrichtungen stam@@ men und nichts mit ihnen zu tun haben . +sie haben vielleicht nicht viele daten , die sie dort ein@@ stellen könnten , aber sie wissen , sie einzu@@ for@@ dern . +gemeinsam errei@@ chten sie diese ergebnisse : sie erhö@@ h@@ ten die anzahl an leuten , die anti-@@ retro@@ vir@@ ale ein@@ nehmen , lebens@@ rett@@ ende anti-@@ ai@@ d@@ s-@@ medikamente ; redu@@ zierten die malari@@ a-@@ todes@@ fälle um fast die hälfte ; impf@@ ten so viele , dass 5@@ ,@@ 4 millionen leben ger@@ et@@ tet werden . +hier sehen wir die rolle für eine neu@@ artige ko@@ ali@@ tion von soci@@ al-@@ medi@@ a-@@ gigan@@ ten und star@@ t-@@ u@@ ps , tele@@ kommuni@@ ka@@ tions@@ unternehmen , real@@ it@@ y-@@ t@@ v-@@ sen@@ de@@ forma@@ ten , und spi@@ ele@@ firmen ; alle zusammen in einer art von " wir sind die welt " -@@ moment . +es nä@@ h@@ ert sich der null . +danke , danke . +und er sagte , " oh , ich unter@@ ri@@ chte an einer kun@@ sta@@ ka@@ dem@@ ie . +also dachte ich , ich versuche sie fest@@ zu@@ halten : dau@@ men@@ ab@@ druck , fuß@@ ab@@ druck oder alle möglichen sp@@ uren , die wir als menschen hinter@@ lassen . +wenn wir einstein fragten , würde er sagen : " ob die ku@@ h die straße überqu@@ erte , oder die straße sich unter der ku@@ h weg@@ bewe@@ gte , hängt von ihrem refer@@ enz@@ rahmen ab . " +nochmal , " in@@ ward out . " +und dieses werk wurde von an@@ ap@@ um er@@ wor@@ ben . dabei wird er am ende eigentlich nichts haben , denn es wird ver@@ dun@@ sten . +das gab mir noch größere gewis@@ sheit . +hier sehen sie ein detail . +ich gebe gern den ho@@ b@@ by@@ histor@@ i@@ ker , also habe ich einige zeit damit verbracht herauszufinden , wann das das erste mal erwähnt wurde . das beste , frü@@ he@@ ste zitat , das ich finden konnte , war von david li@@ v@@ ing@@ stone , der in den 18@@ 5@@ 0ern schrieb , wie ost@@ afrika durch ei@@ sen@@ bahn , dam@@ pf@@ schiff und tele@@ gra@@ phen vollkommen in den rest der welt integri@@ ert wurde . +es ist also sehr klar , dass wir an@@ gesi@@ chts dieser zahlen , oder all der anderen zahlen , die ich in meinem buch " world 3@@ .@@ 0 " erwä@@ hne , sehr , sehr weit von der richt@@ größe für ge@@ fall@@ ene grenzen entfernt sind , die internation@@ alisi@@ erungs@@ grade bei 85 , 90 , 95 prozent sieht . +die sicht@@ weise war : " hier ist der arme professor . +denken sie an frank@@ reich und die aktu@@ elle ein@@ wander@@ ungs@@ debat@@ te . +zur selben zeit dachte ich , dass es hier eine viel@@ zahl an möglichkeiten gibt zeit@@ ge@@ mä@@ ße produkte herzustellen , weg vom eth@@ n@@ ischen - hin zu etwas moder@@ ner@@ em . +aber wenn wir diese for@@ mel schnell um@@ schreiben , dann bekommen wir heraus , daß beschle@@ un@@ ig@@ ung gleich kraft ge@@ teilt durch masse ist , was heißt , dass man für ein größ@@ eres teilchen , eine größere masse , mehr kraft braucht um die richtung zu ändern . +mark@@ ting ist -- die botschaft für marketing ist -- daß man besser mis@@ st was ver@@ brau@@ cher wirklich tun , als daß was sie sagen , was sie tun werden oder zu anti@@ zi@@ pi@@ eren was sie tun werden . +ihre mar@@ ke beginnt zu dis@@ per@@ gieren . und es wird cha@@ o@@ tischer . +die dritte sa@@ ite ist etwas ganz neu@@ arti@@ ges . +zum beispiel könnten sie ein wer@@ fer oder fän@@ ger sein , und das hängt damit zusammen , ob sie einen sexu@@ ellen akt durch@@ führen oder ihn emp@@ fangen . +können sie sich vorstellen , dass sie ihrem train@@ er sagen : " mm@@ h , ich fühle mich heute nicht gut . ich denke , ich pau@@ si@@ ere bei diesem spiel . " +" vielleicht können wir ja häl@@ f@@ te@@ -@@ hälfte machen " . +und manchmal können das unterschiedliche mengen über verschiedene zeiten oder mit verschiedenen menschen oder an verschiedenen tagen sein . +" was ist die liebe ? " , schrieb sha@@ k@@ espe@@ are . +richtige abhängi@@ gkeit von dieser person . +es hat mich einfach ersta@@ unt . +und ich denke , dass der sex@@ trieb sich entwickelt hat , um einen daraus zu holen , und sich eine ganze band@@ breite an part@@ nern anzu@@ sehen . +kurz gesagt , sie erhalten den status , den sie vor einer million jahren hatten , vor 10.000 oder 10@@ 0.000 jahren . +es ist eine der vielen charak@@ teri@@ sti@@ ken , die frauen besitzen , die sie ins arbeits@@ leben mit@@ bringen . +wir kehren auch zurück zu einer sehr alten form der gleich@@ ber@@ e@@ chti@@ gung in der e@@ he . +das ist der grund , warum man eine ko@@ sm@@ ische einheit mit jemandem ver@@ spüren kann , nachdem man mit ihm gesch@@ la@@ fen hat . +dop@@ am@@ in ist verantwortlich für empfin@@ dungen roman@@ tischer liebe . +aber ich will ihnen eine geschichte erzählen , um das zu illu@@ stri@@ eren . +alle dort waren sich ein@@ ig , dass diese frau sehr krank und zu recht im krankenhaus war . +tatsächlich nahm ich an , dass der krank@@ heits@@ verl@@ auf wissenschaft@@ lich fest@@ stand . +wenn sie nur ein symp@@ tom eines viel größeren problems ist , die spitze des sp@@ rich@@ wör@@ tlichen eis@@ ber@@ gs ? +ich weiß nicht , warum das so ist , aber vielleicht wissen deren zellen noch nicht , wie sie mit dem energie@@ über@@ sch@@ uss richtig umgehen sollen . +aber dieses team von inter@@ diszi@@ pl@@ in@@ ären , hoch@@ -@@ skep@@ tischen und -@@ tal@@ enti@@ erten forsch@@ ern ist sich in zwei pun@@ kten ein@@ ig . +peter at@@ ti@@ a : was wäre , wenn unsere an@@ sichten über diabetes falsch wären ? +als ich geboren wurde , waren die erwar@@ tungen an mich also wohl relativ hoch . +ich glaube , die meisten menschen in der industrie verstehen , dass wir uns dieses problems annehmen müssen . +ehrlich gesagt , vier milliarden sau@@ b@@ ere autos auf den straßen sind immer noch vier milliarden autos . und ein sta@@ u ohne emis@@ sionen ist immer noch ein sta@@ u . +car@@ -@@ shar@@ ing-@@ dien@@ ste entstehen jetzt überall auf der welt . diese bemü@@ h@@ ungen sind , wie ich finde , großartig . +wir brauchen diese leidenschaft und energie , um die globalen verkehr@@ spro@@ ble@@ me anzu@@ greifen . +ich finde char@@ lie le@@ d@@ better sprach gestern sehr deutlich über die notwen@@ digkeit , die ver@@ brau@@ cher , die leute in den schaff@@ en@@ spro@@ z@@ ess mit einzu@@ bin@@ den . +sie wurden auf einmal aktiv . +george de me@@ stra@@ l – das sind keine insekten auf der sand@@ ale – ging mit seinem hund durch ein feld gas@@ s@@ i und war danach mit kle@@ tten über@@ s@@ ät , daher kommt der kle@@ tt@@ ver@@ schluss . +es geht darin um all die un@@ über@@ le@@ gten dinge , die der mensch so tut und in denen ein großes potenzi@@ al steckt . +ich spreche oft darüber , situationen zu " ent@@ denken " . +wir wurden also wieder mal be@@ auf@@ tra@@ gt , eine wasser@@ pump@@ e zu entwerfen , für eine ken@@ i@@ an@@ ische firma namens ap@@ prote@@ c . +an@@ ste@@ ck@@ end ist ein gutes wort . +und in zwei stunden , nachdem ihre rücken gebro@@ chen waren , waren sie verändert . +sie sk@@ aten . sie spielen straßen@@ spiele . +k zum ersten mal eine ver@@ samm@@ lung und spiel auf der str@@ asse in einer län@@ dlichen schule noch nie da@@ gewesen -- um ihren eltern zu erklären , warum les@@ en@@ - und schreiben können wichtig ist . +nun , wen braucht es heute , um die infe@@ ktion von 10@@ 0.000 kinder auszu@@ weiten auf die 200 millionen kinder in indien ? +wenn ich zurück@@ denke , waren diese interessan@@ ter@@ weise die ersten wahren umwelt@@ schü@@ tz@@ er . +leider ist sie es nicht . +wenn ich von dieser globalen betra@@ chtung zurück@@ kehr@@ e und die auswirkungen in einem ähn@@ lichen zei@@ traum in bezug auf die technik betra@@ chte , die eine art werkzeug für gest@@ alter ist , und von unseren erfahrungen als unternehmen beri@@ chte , – ich zeige dies nur anhand einer kleinen aus@@ wahl an proje@@ kten – wie mis@@ st man dann die veränderung der technik ? +ungefähr in dieser ent@@ wur@@ f@@ zeit , in der dieses gebäude entstanden ist , machte ich einen ski@@ z@@ ze , die wir neu@@ lich aus dem archi@@ v gezogen haben . +so würden wir zum beispiel die modelle unter einen künst@@ lichen himmel setzen . +tatsächlich ein rück@@ über@@ setzen der technologie und entwickeln von etwas , das so rein ist , praktisch sch@@ ad@@ stoff@@ frei . +es gab ein projekt , welches das to@@ te meer re@@ t@@ tet , indem eine ro@@ hr@@ lei@@ tung , ein ro@@ hr , ver@@ legt wird , über@@ - und unter@@ ir@@ dis@@ ch , das ab@@ hilfe schafft und eine zu@@ lei@@ tung vom golf von a@@ q@@ ab@@ a in das to@@ te meer schafft . +es ist mehr als ein gerät , es ist erneu@@ er@@ bar . +hier sehen sie , wie ein ein schö@@ ner desig@@ n@@ prozess mit physi@@ kal@@ ischen mod@@ ellen und quanti@@ ta@@ tiven sowie qu@@ al@@ it@@ a@@ tiven methoden wirklich gestal@@ tet wurde , um am ende eine lösung zu er@@ zielen , die wirklich in die architektur integri@@ ert ist und alle aspe@@ kte um@@ fasst . +für mich steht das in verbindung mit theater , darauf komme ich etwas später noch zurück . +licht ist somit natürlich auch wichtig für soziale interak@@ tion -- für die entwicklung von freund@@ schaften mit allen da@@ zuge@@ hö@@ ri@@ gen , uns umge@@ ben@@ den aspe@@ kten . +und dort , wo wir es gar nicht brauchen und es dun@@ kel bleiben soll , können wir es vermeiden . +können wir licht de@@ zent@@ er verwenden ? +in der architektur funktioniert es genauso . +ist es , weil ich gut schrei@@ be ? +die forschungs@@ richt@@ linien der u.s. ak@@ a@@ dem@@ ie der wissenschaften oder des " research coun@@ c@@ ils " von großbritannien +wenn diese frau wasser auf ihrem kopf trägt , mei@@ le für mei@@ le für mei@@ le , kann man das nicht gu@@ thei@@ ßen . +sie könnten krea@@ tiv sein in der er@@ zieh@@ ung ; sie können kultur@@ ell krea@@ tiv sein ; sie können krea@@ tiv in institutionen sein , aber viel unserer arbeit liegt im bereich der technolog@@ ischen kreativität , den innova@@ tionen , entweder in form zeit@@ gen@@ ö@@ ss@@ ischer innova@@ tionen oder in form traditionellen wissen@@ s . +offensichtlich eine künstler@@ in , sie ist ein krea@@ tiver mensch . +sie bringen das wasser , sie bringen die sei@@ fe . ich wa@@ sche die klei@@ der für sie , berech@@ ne 50 pa@@ is@@ a , eine rup@@ ie an sie , je la@@ dung . und so kann ein neues geschäfts@@ modell auf@@ kommen . +je höher die lok@@ ale eig@@ nung , desto größer ist die chance der sk@@ ali@@ erung . +meine technologie . +von dem wir sprachen , meine freunde in brasili@@ en , wie wir also das modell sk@@ ali@@ eren können in china und brasili@@ en . +sie sagte , " wech@@ s@@ le deinen beru@@ f " . +dann br@@ äu@@ chte man gar nichts mehr um ein auto zu steuern , außer darüber nachzudenken . +vor 500 jahren begannen se@@ gel@@ schi@@ ffe zu@@ ver@@ lässi@@ g zu werden ; und wir fanden einen neuen kontin@@ ent . +oder sch@@ nee@@ mobile . man braucht keinen sch@@ nee . +und sie benutzen die bürger@@ stei@@ ge und werden verantwortlich damit umgehen . ' +also , nach ich sowas gesehen habe nach ich mich für acht jahre sorgen gemacht habe , ist das erste was ich tue , ich nehme mein handy und sagte meine market@@ ing@@ - und gesetz@@ es@@ leute sie sollten a@@ ar@@ p an@@ rufen und sofort einen ter@@ m@@ in aus@@ machen . +wir haben daran gearbeitet , als alternative energi@@ equ@@ elle vor län@@ ger@@ er zeit mit john@@ son und john@@ son , um den i@@ bot zum laufen zu bringen , weil die besten bat@@ teri@@ en die man bekommen konnte -- 10 wat@@ t@@ stunden pro kil@@ ogra@@ mm an ble@@ i , 20 wat@@ t@@ stunden pro kil@@ ogra@@ mm ni@@ ck@@ el@@ -@@ c@@ ad@@ mi@@ um@@ - , 40 wat@@ t@@ stunden pro kil@@ ogra@@ mm in ni@@ ck@@ el@@ -@@ met@@ all@@ hy@@ dri@@ d , 60 wat@@ t@@ stunden pro kil@@ ogra@@ mm in li@@ thi@@ um , 8@@ 7@@ 50 wat@@ t-@@ stunden energie auf jedes kil@@ ogra@@ mm pro@@ pan oder ben@@ zin -- wes@@ halb niemand elektro@@ autos benutzt . +tier@@ freundin n@@ ell@@ ie m@@ ck@@ ay sing@@ t eine gl@@ än@@ z@@ ende hom@@ ma@@ ge an ihren lieben hund und schlägt vor , dass wir alle dasselbe tun wie sie : " gehen sie hin@@ unter zum tei@@ ch , suchen sie sich einen kleinen hund , und machen sie ihn stolz , denn das ist es , wor@@ auf es an@@ kommt . " +es ist zwar einfacher , von uns selbst , den bür@@ gern , der polizei , der ar@@ mee als den guten zu denken , und von den dro@@ gen@@ hän@@ d@@ lern und den kar@@ t@@ ellen als den bö@@ sen , sollten wir bedenken , dass die einen nur eine dienst@@ leistung für die anderen bieten . +aber das ist ein ergebnis einer sor@@ g@@ fäl@@ tigen mar@@ ken@@ - und geschäfts@@ strategie . +sie haben den zu@@ griff zum prof@@ it@@ ab@@ len dro@@ gen@@ handel weiter in der hand , aber da sie ganz mi@@ cho@@ ac@@ á@@ n kontrollieren , wie auch den ha@@ fen l@@ á@@ zar@@ o c@@ á@@ r@@ den@@ as , nutzen sie diese infrastruktur gleich mit . zum beispiel tau@@ schen sie legal ab@@ geb@@ au@@ tes ku@@ pf@@ er aus mi@@ cho@@ ac@@ á@@ n gegen il@@ le@@ gal@@ es ep@@ he@@ drin aus china , das ein kri@@ tischer vor@@ läu@@ fer für das meth@@ am@@ p@@ he@@ tam@@ in ist , das sie herstellen . sie pf@@ legen auch partner@@ schaften mit größeren organisationen wie dem sin@@ alo@@ a-@@ kar@@ tell , die ihre produkte in den usa plat@@ zieren . +und so stellt sich mir nicht die frage , ob diese dynam@@ ik so weiter@@ macht wie bisher . +und dann ist es zeit sie nochmal zu behandeln . letztes jahr . +als nächste phase hat sie er@@ setzung erreicht . +hier ist noch eine technologie die den kri@@ tischen preis erreicht . +man kann re@@ gener@@ a@@ tives bre@@ m@@ sen haben , man kann dri@@ ve-@@ b@@ y-@@ wire haben , man kann er@@ setz@@ bare k@@ aro@@ s@@ ser@@ ie@@ teile haben -- es ist ein kleines ding das mit einem hy@@ bri@@ d an@@ fängt , aber zu einer völlig neuen är@@ a des autos führen kann . +und was interessant ist , ist dass noch 199@@ 0 es mehr als zwei dollar pro minute waren . +ihre metapher ist mo@@ bu@@ tu . +ich möchte mit ihnen eine geschichte teilen , die von einer innovation namens tr@@ ö@@ pf@@ chen@@ be@@ wä@@ s@@ ser@@ ung handelt . +also tra@@ fen wir uns mit dr. son@@ o k@@ han@@ gh@@ ar@@ an@@ i in pakistan . +aber ich würde wieder sagen , dass dies der moment für außer@@ ord@@ ent@@ liche ereig@@ nisse ist . +und zum ersten mal in drei generationen , würden seine kinder zur schule gehen . +danke . +ich habe einen freund , der hat einen digitalen blog – auf p@@ dr@@ s , einem auf@@ nah@@ me@@ gerät . +ich mag musik , und ich mag ban@@ jo@@ s , und ich glaube , ich hörte steve martin spielen und sagte mir , das kann ich auch . +ich schrieb diesen ein@@ trag , und ich habe das genommen wegen einstein heute . +und sie sehen diesen ein@@ trag . +ich habe vor@@ hin ein bild von nor@@ man rock@@ well gezeigt , und das , mit dem ich auf@@ wuchs , und es ständig vor augen hatte .. +ich la@@ de die schlechten bilder ebenso hoch , weil es sie gibt . +sie sind die größten th@@ un@@ fische , und die zwei@@ t@@ größten im meer -- kno@@ chen@@ fische . +die europä@@ ische und die nor@@ dafri@@ kan@@ ische population -- der ö@@ st@@ liche bl@@ auf@@ lossen@@ th@@ un@@ fisch -- werden in enor@@ men mengen be@@ fis@@ cht : über die letzten 10 jahre fast jedes jahr 50@@ 000 ton@@ nen . +im grunde nehmen wir die selben satelli@@ tent@@ ele@@ f@@ on@@ - und computer@@ teile wie sie , normale chi@@ ps . +die tä@@ ti@@ gkeiten im labor haben uns ge@@ holfen , im off@@ enen meer zu arbeiten . +es gibt zwei d@@ ör@@ fer , har@@ r@@ is und mor@@ e@@ head city , die seit über 10 jahren jeden winter eine fei@@ er namens ta@@ g-@@ a-@@ giant veran@@ stal@@ tet haben . und die fis@@ cher haben mit uns zusammen@@ gearbeitet , um 800 bis 9@@ 00 fische zu marki@@ eren . +diese orte sind die wichtigsten , die wir schützen müssen . +das th@@ un@@ fisch@@ -@@ team top@@ p hat das un@@ denk@@ bare getan : drei teams haben 17@@ 00 th@@ un@@ fische marki@@ ert , bl@@ auf@@ lossen@@ - , gel@@ b@@ flo@@ s@@ sen@@ - und weißen th@@ un@@ fisch , alle zur selben zeit -- mit sor@@ g@@ sam er@@ prob@@ ten marki@@ erungs@@ verfahren , bei denen wir hin@@ aus@@ fahren , jugend@@ liche th@@ un@@ fische fangen , sie mit mar@@ ken , die sogar sensor@@ en bein@@ halten , ver@@ sehe , und dann wieder frei@@ lassen . +wir haben das mit der großen ras@@ se der schil@@ d@@ kr@@ ö@@ ten gemacht -- schil@@ d@@ kr@@ ö@@ ten marki@@ ert , und vier millionen tre@@ ffer er@@ zi@@ elt . +hallo . ich bin has@@ an . ein künstler . +er schaut mich ver@@ wunder@@ t an und fragt : " kein spr@@ eng@@ stoff ? " +und sagte dann , " wenn al@@ as@@ ka das aktu@@ elle mem@@ o nicht bekommt , dann fängt alles wieder von vorne an . " +das war auf dem del@@ ta flug 7@@ 19 von new york nach san francisco . +diese ang@@ ab@@ en sind direkt aus meinen kon@@ to@@ aus@@ zü@@ gen , und alle in@@ fo@@ s sind gleich da . +und am son@@ n@@ tag , den 14@@ . jun@@ i 2009 ... um 14@@ h nach@@ mitta@@ gs in meiner wohn@@ ung in sk@@ o@@ wh@@ eg@@ an in ma@@ ine . +weil es nieman@@ den wirklich interessiert . +he : sie sehen immer den letzten ort , an dem ich war +und jetzt von 20@@ 12 . +vor vier jahren verl@@ or chris seinen job im kun@@ stan@@ k@@ auf bei ma@@ cy ' s und wie so viele menschen hatte er schwierigkeiten , in der re@@ z@@ ession einen neuen job zu finden . +wie a@@ hmen wir nach , wie vertrauen von an@@ gesicht zu an@@ gesicht aufgebaut wird ? +es war läch@@ er@@ lich . ich konnte keinen hand@@ y@@ ver@@ trag bekommen , weil meine bon@@ itä@@ ts@@ geschichte nicht mit@@ gerei@@ st war . +interessant dabei ist , dass repu@@ tation das sozi@@ o@@ ökonom@@ ische sch@@ mier@@ mittel ist , das koll@@ abor@@ a@@ tiven kon@@ sum zum laufen bringt und mis@@ st , aber die quellen , aus denen sie stammt , und deren anwen@@ dungen sind viel größer als der ursprün@@ gliche raum . +der koll@@ abor@@ ative kon@@ sum hat sich explo@@ sion@@ s@@ arti@@ g entwickelt – web@@ -@@ bas@@ ierte gemeinsame benu@@ tzung von autos , wohn@@ ungen und fähigkeiten . ra@@ ch@@ el bot@@ s@@ man untersucht jene währ@@ ung , mit der systeme wie air@@ b@@ n@@ b und tas@@ kr@@ ab@@ bit arbeiten : vertrauen , einfluss und , wie sie es nennt , " vertrau@@ en@@ sk@@ ap@@ ital " . +jetzt zeige ich ihnen , was das mit unseren gesellschaften macht . +einfach der anteil der bevölkerung der glaubt , dass man den meisten leuten vertrauen kann . +sie geht von ca. 40 bis 400 in@@ haf@@ ti@@ erten menschen . +die stellung der frau , wie sehr sie an der kern@@ familie fes@@ th@@ alten , hier liegen sie an ent@@ gegen@@ gesetz@@ ten po@@ len der reichen , entwickelten welt . +aber ich sollte noch etwas dazu sagen was da passiert . +und natürlich haben andere mit ausge@@ fei@@ l@@ teren methoden auch armut und bildung überprü@@ ft und weitere . +einer unserer schwer@@ punkte der letzten zeit sind medizinische geräte . die par@@ all@@ ele von medizin@@ ischen gerä@@ ten zu dem strom@@ netz des ira@@ ks sind nicht offensichtlich , doch es gibt sie . +wie stellt man sicher , dass es sie erreicht und ihr leben verbessert ? +mer@@ ken sie etwas ? +der durch@@ schnitt liegt bei 65 % . +du musst für deine sei@@ fe , dein de@@ o , deine zahn@@ bür@@ ste , deine zahn@@ pa@@ st@@ a zahlen – für alles . +das beste , was wir tun können , ist wege zu finden , wie man den geschäfts@@ geist und das enorme , un@@ genu@@ tz@@ te potential in unseren gefäng@@ nissen förder@@ t . denn wenn wir das nicht tun , werden sie nichts neues lernen was ihnen hilft und sie werden rück@@ fä@@ llig . +zweitens ist es wirklich sch aus@@ bal@@ an@@ ci@@ ert . es liegt wunderbar in der hand und fühlt sich gut an . +das sonder@@ bare daran ist allerdings , dass google lü@@ gt . denn wenn man " design und emotion " ein@@ gibt , sagt google " das ' und ' ist nicht notwendig . wir machen das auto@@ matisch . " +allerdings können einige menschen es - zir@@ kus@@ arti@@ sten und sta@@ hl@@ arbeiter . +kein ding . +und beim verhalten@@ s-@@ design dreht sich alles um das gefühl bei der benu@@ tzung . das beinhaltet die be@@ dien@@ barkeit , das verstehen , aber auch die ha@@ p@@ tik und das gewicht . +es ist irgendwie nett . was für ein wunder@@ bares design . +und das ist das schöne an emotionen . +aber es war ziemlich offensichtlich , ziemlich klar , dass für diese spezi@@ elle st@@ rec@@ ke , die ich gewä@@ hlt hatte , je weiter die schule entfernt war , die ergebnisse um so schle@@ chter zu sein schi@@ enen . +jedenfalls meine ich , dass eine alternative element@@ ar@@ bildung , was auch immer sie sich darunter vorstellen , dort ge@@ braucht wird , wo keine schulen existieren , wo schulen nicht gut genug sind , wo keine lehrer verfügbar sind oder wo lehrer nicht gut genug sind , aus welchem grund auch immer . +also fand er es heraus . er brauchte über zwei minuten um zu re@@ alisieren , dass er dinge in dem fernseh@@ gerät tat . +also sagten sie , dass ich diese maschine hier@@ gelassen hatte die nur in englisch re@@ det , also mussten wir englisch lernen . +was können sie nun tatsächlich lernen zu tun ? +ein typ@@ isches beispiel war : " manchmal ist es nötig zu lü@@ gen " . +vielen dank . +als ich dies eines tages meinen eltern ver@@ kün@@ dete - und mein vater be@@ strei@@ tet diese geschichte bis zum heutigen tag - sagte ich : " pa@@ pa , ich möchte di@@ pl@@ om@@ at werden . " +überhaupt war meine tour - es war irgendwie eine aufre@@ gende zeit . +zweitens hatte die regierung alle vorhan@@ denen alterna@@ tiven zum krieg ignor@@ iert , was in man@@ cher@@ le@@ i hinsicht eine noch sch@@ än@@ d@@ lich@@ ere sache war . +meine r@@ ente be@@ fand sich darin . +warum ber@@ ä@@ t@@ st du ihre regierung nicht in ihren diplo@@ mati@@ schen an@@ gele@@ gen@@ heiten ? " +eins kam zum anderen und letztendlich hatte ich einen schreib@@ tisch bei ? what if ! in new york , als ich independent di@@ pl@@ om@@ at star@@ tete . +das bedeutet , dass es nicht länger aus@@ reicht zu sagen , dass internationale beziehungen oder globale an@@ gele@@ gen@@ heiten oder chaos in som@@ alia oder was in bur@@ ma passiert uns nichts an@@ gehen , und dass man es den regierungen über@@ lassen kann , damit umzu@@ gehen . +und natürlich verstand es jeder . jeder sagte : " ja , natürlich , sie haben völlig recht . +es ist diese zer@@ rü@@ tt@@ ende erfahrung im internet . +das ganze wurde wichtig für mich , weil ich eine ide@@ en@@ sch@@ mie@@ de lei@@ te , in der wir acht star@@ tu@@ ps be@@ tre@@ u@@ en . +fast jeder sieht fern . +tiere spielen vielleicht gerne , aber sie sehen nicht gerne zu . +am anfang sehen sie im jahr 1960 , dass die inspiration stab@@ il bleibt . +sehen sie sich diese spitze im jahr 196@@ 6 an für eine richt@@ ungs@@ wei@@ sende sen@@ dung . +glamour und rei@@ cht@@ um . +das ist toll , oder ? +und dann erklärt sie es . sie sagt : " wissen sie was , das meine ich gar nicht . ich meine , ich habe kein einzi@@ ges wort verstanden . +denn dna ist wie ein bau@@ plan , versteht ihr , der leben@@ digen dingen sagt , was zu tun ist . +es bringt mich um . ehrlich . +oder noch schlimmer , natur@@ wissenschaftliche bildung wird immer mehr wie der typ , der immer sagt : " eigentlich ... " +aber wir haben noch so viel arbeit vor uns und wenn hier jemand in wissenschaft invol@@ viert ist , dann bitte ich euch , mit mir mit@@ zu@@ machen . +aber manchmal ist es , als er@@ sch@@ eine eine tür@@ öff@@ nung aus dem nichts und sie öffnet sich zu einer tre@@ ppe . +aber das hier ist der selts@@ am@@ ste ort von allen : krieg . +diese ebene nannte dur@@ k@@ heim die ebene des sa@@ kr@@ alen , weil er glaub@@ te , dass die funktion von religion die vereinig@@ ung von leuten in einer gruppe sei , in einer moralische gemeinschaft . +er sagte : " wenn ein stam@@ m eine große anzahl mu@@ tiger , sym@@ path@@ ischer und tre@@ u@@ er mitglieder hätte , die immer bereit sind , einander zu helfen und zu vertei@@ digen , wäre dieser stam@@ m erfolgrei@@ cher und würde den anderen bes@@ ie@@ gen . " +und wie sie in der simulation sehen werden , wenn sie interagieren , gewinnen sie punkte , sie wachsen , und wenn sie ihre größe ver@@ doppelt haben , werden sie sehen , dass sie sich teilen und so re@@ produzieren sie sich und die population wächst . +es ist erneu@@ t passiert vor etwa 120 oder 1@@ 40 millionen jahren als ver@@ einzel@@ te wes@@ pen an@@ fingen , kleine , einfache , primi@@ tive ne@@ ster , oder bi@@ en@@ en@@ stö@@ cke zu bauen . +ich meine nicht , dass wir entstanden sind , um riesigen organisi@@ erten religi@@ onen bei@@ zu@@ treten . +und das gibt mir hoffnung , weil es bedeutet , dass die menschen nicht aus@@ schließlich e@@ go@@ i@@ stisch sind . +damals wurde mir klar , dass ich eine reise machen wollte , um mir anzu@@ sehen , was männer heutzutage so für sich selbst erschaffen . +hier ist noch ein typ@@ isches beispiel . ein viertel in einem vor@@ ort von las v@@ eg@@ as . +und was man sich wirklich er@@ hoff@@ t , ist , dass sie ab und zu in fl@@ am@@ men auf@@ gehen , was wir heute abend nicht erleben werden . also . +dieser gra@@ ff@@ i@@ ti@@ künstler kam vorbei , verbesser@@ te das schil@@ d ein bisschen und ging dann seines we@@ ges . +und je mehr man darüber nach@@ denkt , desto weiter entfernt man sich von der antwort , und sobald man auf@@ hört darüber nachzudenken , gibt dir deine intuition die antwort , in einem gewissen sinn . +das war ' s. das hielt er für die einzigen möglichkeiten . und er lag nicht so falsch . +wir haben sie ab@@ sichtlich ziemlich seri@@ ö@@ s aussehen lassen . +so sah die an@@ zeige auf der ganzen welt aus ; deutsch@@ land veränderte sie ein klein wenig . +die be@@ ge@@ hr@@ te rechte seite wurde nicht dem inhalt zu@@ geschlagen . +was kommt als nächstes ? als nächstes kommen menschen . +wenn die antwort ja ist , hat man eine gute arbeit . +etwas , wiederum , das auf etwas fundament@@ al@@ eres zurück geht . +dies ist eine andere version . es ist ein fe@@ tz@@ en@@ fisch , und der am grund , der blau@@ e ist ein jung@@ tier , das noch nicht die sä@@ ure gesch@@ lu@@ ckt hat , noch nicht den bra@@ un@@ grünen al@@ gent@@ ü@@ mp@@ el@@ sch@@ aum in seinen körper auf@@ nahm , um ihm energie zu geben . +sie berü@@ hren nie die innere materie . es gibt mehr und mehr ko@@ evolution . +und er hat sich entschieden , die so zu behandeln , als wären sie tri@@ lo@@ bi@@ ten oder sch@@ ne@@ cken@@ . und eine mor@@ ph@@ ologische analyse zu machen und zu versuchen , ihre gene@@ al@@ og@@ ische geschichte abzu@@ leiten . +wir haben von den am@@ ish gehört , die autos auf@@ geben . +und ein ham@@ mer , wenn wir einen ham@@ mer greifen , ist das was wir nehmen . +und wenn sie das gut spielen , dann beziehen sie andere leute ein , also erweiter@@ t sich das spiel und geht weiter , sogar wenn sie nicht mehr sind . +als ich student dort war , arbeitete ich am wa@@ i@@ ki@@ ki@@ -@@ a@@ qu@@ ari@@ um . +es war eine gute erfahrung . +und so fanden wir einen weg , es herauszufinden . ich bekam zum ersten mal diesen berühm@@ ten schn@@ ab@@ el in ak@@ tion zu sehen . +und über ihren gi@@ pf@@ eln sind drei@@ - bis vier@@ tausend meter wasser , das einen enor@@ men druck aus@@ üb@@ t und wasser in die ris@@ se dem erd@@ mittel@@ punkt ent@@ gegen treibt , bis es auf eine mag@@ ma@@ kam@@ mer trifft , wo es über@@ hit@@ zt und mit miner@@ alien über@@ sä@@ t@@ tigt wird . dann ändert es seine flie@@ ß@@ richtung und beginnt , zurück zur oberfläche zu schie@@ ßen , wo es aus der erde ge@@ stoßen wird wie ein gei@@ sir in yel@@ lo@@ w@@ stone . +die ver@@ gän@@ g@@ lichkeit der hydro@@ ther@@ malen schl@@ ot@@ gesellschaft unterschei@@ det sich nicht wirklich von einigen gebieten , die ich in den 35 jahren gesehen habe , in denen ich herum@@ gerei@@ st bin und filme gemacht habe . +und eine kleine gruppe verantwor@@ tungs@@ bewus@@ ster leute hat diese bu@@ cht verändert . +nun war es syl@@ vi@@ as ted-@@ pri@@ ze@@ -@@ wunsch uns anzu@@ fle@@ hen , alles was wir tun können zu tun , alles was wir tun können , nicht nur kleine be@@ träge , sondern betr@@ äch@@ t@@ liche be@@ träge für den er@@ halt der ozean@@ e aufzu@@ bringen , " hoff@@ nungs@@ fle@@ cken " nennt sie sie . +die regeln , die ich meine , werden ständig von unserer kultur über@@ wa@@ cht . +und ich dachte , denn mit über 40 fing ich an zu denken : " warum mache ich nicht irgendetwas ? +hier einige zahlen . +städte zu töten . sie können eine atom@@ bom@@ be auf eine stadt werfen , 30 jahre später +lassen sie uns zuerst über biologie reden . +ist london ein ver@@ grö@@ s@@ ser@@ tes bir@@ m@@ ing@@ ham , welches ein sk@@ ali@@ ertes bri@@ gh@@ ton ist , et@@ c. et@@ c. ? +mehr krimin@@ alität . wir haben alles betrachtet , ai@@ d@@ s-@@ in@@ fi@@ zi@@ erungen , gri@@ ppe etc . +das wäre schlecht für wirtschaft und städte . +aber sie haben bemerkt , dass ich ge@@ mo@@ gel@@ t habe , da ich nur bis 199@@ 4 gegangen bin . +gerade zu der zeit , als das internet zu einem pä@@ da@@ go@@ g@@ ischen wer@@ ke@@ u@@ g wurde , ver@@ ließ ich wis@@ con@@ sin und ging nach kan@@ s@@ as , die kleine stadt kan@@ s@@ as , wo ich die möglichkeit bekam , zu unterrichten , in einer schmu@@ cken klein@@ stadt eine län@@ dliche schule in kan@@ s@@ as , an der ich mein lieblings@@ fa@@ ch unter@@ rich@@ tete politik . +aber das interessante an dieser stelle in ari@@ zon@@ a war für mich , dass ich mit dieser außer@@ ord@@ entlich an einer normalen öffentlichen schule arbeiten dur@@ fte . und es gab diese zeiten , in denen sich uns chan@@ cen er@@ öff@@ neten . +es die falsche her@@ ange@@ hen@@ sweise , kindern bei@@ zubringen , dass sie keine fehler machen dürfen . +und wenn wir das in@@ meiner klasse dieses jahr nochmal machen , werden sie dies@@ mal besser sein . weil lernen viele fehler machen beinhaltet , weil der fehler lehr@@ reich in diesem prozess ist . +sie beschle@@ uni@@ gt das temp@@ o mit welchem sich der körper selbst hei@@ lt ver@@ glichen mit dem auf einer klin@@ isch relev@@ anten zeit@@ sk@@ ala . +4@@ 1 personen , die im grunde nicht wirklich krank waren , zahl@@ ten für einen r@@ ent@@ ner , der an einer un@@ hei@@ l@@ baren erkrank@@ ung li@@ tt . +wenn das ein mol@@ ch kann , wieso nicht auch wir ? +wenn wir die daher richtigen zellen finden könnten und diese in den körper implan@@ tieren , könnten sie die hei@@ lung übernehmen . +und das material veran@@ las@@ ste den körper seine hei@@ l@@ reaktion wieder anzu@@ schalten , was er davor nicht getan hat . +das ist das größte . +eine großartige quelle von stammzellen ist . +es ist eine sehr kraft@@ volle arbeit . +vielen dank . +oh , wunder@@ voll . +und – oh , ich habe gol@@ die ha@@ wn gesehen . +es ist wahr , es ist wahr . +aber dann hat sar@@ ah j@@ ones mir auch noch gesagt , ich habe nur 18 minuten zeit . +also verdienen wir es genauso , ein teil des ide@@ en@@ au@@ stau@@ sches zu sein , wie alle anderen . +mein name ist pra@@ ve@@ en man@@ v@@ i und ich danke ihnen für diese gelegenheit . +mein sohn sagt , er ist noch nicht bereit zum hei@@ raten . +ich denke , ted , sie , beeinflussen das leben von menschen auf arten , die sie vielleicht nicht einmal re@@ alisieren . +das ist alles [ un@@ deutlich ] . vielen dank für diese möglichkeit . +aber eigentlich bin ich heute hier , um eine geschichte zu erzählen . +ich star@@ tete ein paar unternehmen , von denen ich glaub@@ te , sie wären das ti@@ cket zur finanzi@@ ellen freiheit . +doch es gibt noch eine reihe weiter@@ er menschen , die sie nicht kennen . +wir wollen nicht , dass menschen unsere filme anschauen und sagen , " das war lustig " , und sie dann wieder vergessen . +wir schi@@ ckten 5@@ 0.000 d@@ v@@ ds an high scho@@ ol@@ -@@ lehrer in den usa , +und schließlich ein e@@ ba@@ y-@@ ein@@ trag für " einen welt@@ bekannten di@@ a@@ vortrag , in@@ zwischen ob@@ so@@ let , ein muse@@ um@@ s@@ stück . bitte konta@@ kti@@ eren sie al gore . " +ob sie es glauben oder nicht , einige von uns überleben das . +dieses kle@@ be@@ band verwenden wir nicht mal mehr in großbritannien . +ver@@ al@@ tete aus@@ rü@@ stung , aus@@ rü@@ stung die nicht ganz funktioniert . oder sie funktioniert und man kann sie nicht repar@@ ieren . das ist auch nicht schli@@ mm , solange wir sie verwenden und danach weiter@@ machen . +und daher steht er da , er hält das bett auf@@ recht , weil das bett einfach nicht funktioniert . +das sind die grund@@ züge meines appar@@ ates , oder unseres appar@@ ats . +das hat großen eindruck auf mich gemacht , denn ich bin eine frau und ich bin eine mutter und es war mir nicht klar gewesen , dass die hiv / ai@@ d@@ s-@@ pan@@ dem@@ ie gerade frauen der@@ art betra@@ f . +in den letzten zwei@@ einhalb jahren habe ich die ganze welt berei@@ st . ich war in etwa 12 verschiedenen ländern . +a@@ ve@@ li@@ le hatte den virus . sie wurde mit dem virus geboren . +sollen sich unsere fein@@ de zu to@@ de reden und wir werden sie mit ihrer eigenen verwir@@ r@@ ung be@@ kämpfen . +aber eine regierung zu stür@@ zen ist nicht so kompliziert , wie eine soli@@ de demokratie aufzubauen . +sie haben die situation , wo die beziehung zwischen der regierung und den lokalen sozialen netz@@ werk@@ unternehmen einen effekt hervor@@ ru@@ ft , wo , gewis@@ ser@@ maßen , das ma@@ cht@@ ver@@ schaff@@ ende potential dieser platt@@ formen ein@@ gesch@@ rän@@ kt wird durch jene beziehungen zwischen firmen und regierungen . +und hier im vereinigten köni@@ grei@@ ch gibt es ebenfalls bedenken über ein gesetz , das digit@@ aler wirt@@ schaf@@ ts akt genannt wird , das mehr be@@ wei@@ sp@@ f@@ licht auf private zwischen@@ hän@@ d@@ ler ab@@ wäl@@ zt , um bürger@@ verhalten zu über@@ wachen . +aber in den letzten zwei jahrzehn@@ ten hat sie eine bisher nie da gew@@ es@@ ene expan@@ sion erlebt . sie trägt nun etwa zu 15 prozent zum welt@@ weiten bru@@ t@@ to@@ in@@ land@@ spro@@ du@@ kt bei . +das justi@@ z@@ system nicht mehr richtig funktion@@ ierte . +die produk@@ tions@@ stand@@ orte und ver@@ trie@@ bs@@ zentr@@ en haben die tenden@@ z in entwicklungsländern zu liegen . und sie werden des@@ ö@@ f@@ teren gefähr@@ det durch ent@@ setz@@ liche gewalt und blut@@ bä@@ der . +ich habe ihnen gezeigt wie@@ viele boo@@ te , wie@@ viele schi@@ ffe es benötigt um nur einen von diesen typen zu er@@ wi@@ schen . +ich wurde von in@@ spe@@ ktor brian can@@ ter@@ a der ro@@ y@@ al can@@ adi@@ an moun@@ ted police zu einer hal@@ le im osten van@@ cou@@ vers gebracht um zu sehen , welche art von gü@@ tern gewöhn@@ lich kon@@ fiziert werden durch die r@@ c@@ mp von schmu@@ g@@ gl@@ ern , die sie natürlich in den sü@@ den schicken , in die vereinigten staaten , wo ein uner@@ sä@@ tt@@ licher markt für british colum@@ bia bu@@ d , wie es genannt wird , herr@@ scht , insbesondere weil es als " organ@@ isch " ver@@ mark@@ tet wird , was wiederum besonders gut an@@ kommt in kalifornien . +an@@ geschlossen an meinen laptop schaff@@ te er es in weniger als 5 minuten in das computer@@ system einer großen brasili@@ anischen bank einzu@@ dr@@ ingen . +bei diesen gan@@ g@@ stern gibt es keine roman@@ tik mehr im 21@@ sten jahrhundert . +alle wussten die antwort darauf . +wir haben seit generationen daran ge@@ glaubt . +alle seine kollegen sagten : " das ist uner@@ hört . +die einzige aus@@ nahme ist der n@@ ac@@ kte , in som@@ alia leben@@ de mau@@ l@@ wur@@ f , der nie an die er@@ do@@ ber@@ fläche kommt . +dann denken sie an einen gor@@ ill@@ a , der das gleiche tut . sie werden sehen , ver@@ glichen mit dem gor@@ ill@@ a sind wir quasi ein fisch . +sir david atten@@ bor@@ ough hat es verstanden . +die wissenschaftler sagen nein . +erstens : ich will so zeitig wie möglich vor@@ tragen . +ah , mark -- ser@@ fa@@ as . +ich hatte im prinzip eine sehr schwer zu erklär@@ ende und komplexe philosoph@@ ie entwickelt , auf die ich aber nicht ein@@ gehen werde , weil sie ein wenig zu tief@@ greif@@ end ist für euch alle -- aber es geht darum , was web@@ sites popul@@ ä@@ r macht , wisst ihr , es ist ... on@@ screen : tanz wie ein i@@ di@@ ot und verk@@ auf nichts es ist scha@@ de , dass ich nicht mehr zeit habe . +und der fro@@ sch@@ -@@ mo@@ du@@ s . +es ist der prozess der er@@ stellung , der mich ein kleines bisschen über der stän@@ digen sorge in meinem leben hält . und es ist das gefühl von " zu 80 % fertig mit dem projekt " , bei dem du weißt , dass du immer noch etwas zu tun hast , aber es ist nicht fertig , und du fäng@@ st auch nicht mit etwas an -- das erfü@@ llt wirklich mein ganzes leben . +ich glaube , dass dieses " nun ver@@ schn@@ ür@@ t , geb@@ unden , herr@@ in str@@ en@@ g kommt auf mich zu , nun geb@@ unden , es ist vorbei . " +sie können ihnen eine e-@@ mail schicken . +vielleicht können sie weder die person noch sonst irgendetwas lo@@ ben , aber vielleicht können sie die tatsache lo@@ ben , dass der mann ein selbst@@ sicher@@ es auf@@ treten hat . +wenn sie diese form wählen , kann ich ihnen ver@@ sprechen : sie werden der 8@@ 0@@ 0-@@ pf@@ und@@ -@@ gor@@ ill@@ a im wald sein . +also bin ich nach hause gegangen und habe einen prototyp@@ en für diesen hu@@ t entworfen . +und ich dachte , " naja , hey ! +diese sehr grundlegende verschie@@ bung in meiner körper@@ lichen ver@@ or@@ tung hat mir dabei ge@@ holfen , meine sicht in bezug auf g@@ let@@ scher zu verändern . +aber trotzdem zö@@ gern wir . wir unternehmen nichts , um den astero@@ i@@ den abzu@@ len@@ ken . doch je länger wir warten , desto schwier@@ iger und te@@ ur@@ er wird es . +unser problem und unsere trag@@ ö@@ die ist , dass es in diesen extrem par@@ tei@@ isch po@@ lar@@ isi@@ erten zeiten reicht , dass eine seite sagt : " schaut , hier ist ein astero@@ id . " , damit die andere seite sagt : " hä@@ h ? was ? +es veran@@ lasst sie , die realität zu ver@@ zer@@ ren . +etwa welche war@@ men oder k@@ alten gefühle sie gegenüber den nor@@ dameri@@ kan@@ ischen indi@@ an@@ ern , dem mili@@ tä@@ r , der republi@@ kan@@ ischen par@@ te@@ i , der demokra@@ tischen par@@ te@@ i und den verschieden@@ sten gruppen des amerikanischen lebens he@@ gen . +aber das problem ist nicht pri@@ mä@@ r , dass wir schlechte leute in den kon@@ gress wählen . +hier ist ein weiter@@ er astero@@ id . +wenn amerikaner auf@@ s college gehen und unter@@ einander hei@@ raten , sind die schei@@ dungs@@ raten sehr niedri@@ g . +am erstaun@@ lichsten ist , dass sie bei der stra@@ f@@ justi@@ z manchmal sogar einer meinung sind . +das ist der über@@ gang von einer gruppe von substan@@ zen in eine andere , entweder durch produktion oder absor@@ ption von energie . +was wir also versuchen , ist , diese technologien für bot@@ tom@@ -@@ up@@ -@@ ans@@ ä@@ tze in der architektur zu fördern , im gegensatz zu den heutigen vi@@ k@@ tor@@ i@@ anischen top@@ -@@ down@@ -@@ methoden , welche dem stoff eine struktur auf@@ bür@@ den . +nun , das ist sehr interessant . +ven@@ e@@ dig in it@@ alien ver@@ sin@@ kt . um es zu retten , sagt ra@@ ch@@ el arm@@ strong , müssen wir über die architektur , die aus in@@ ak@@ tiven materialien besteht , hin@@ aus@@ wachsen und eine architektur erschaffen , die sich von selbst auf@@ baut . sie schlägt ein nicht-@@ gan@@ z@@ -@@ leben@@ di@@ ges material vor , das sich eigen@@ ständig repar@@ iert und dazu noch kohlen@@ stoff ab@@ sonder@@ t . +ich habe angst . sa@@ g ihnen , sie sollen weg@@ gehen . ' " als junge frau war ich drei@@ mal zu unterschiedlichen zeiten für län@@ gere zeit in der psychiat@@ r@@ ie . +solche menschen leiden oft an einer form von schizophren@@ ie . +diese ep@@ iso@@ de führte zu meinem ersten psychiat@@ rie@@ auf@@ enth@@ alt in amerika . +sie erleben die fi@@ xi@@ erung nicht so , wie wir es würden . " +, na gut . klein . feuer auf eis . sagen sie ihnen , sie sollen mich nicht töten . +ab@@ schließ@@ end möchte ich noch folgendes sagen : +als ich 18 wurde , starb mein be@@ ster freund bei einem auto@@ unfall . +zwei@@ ter es fährt von allein . +es sind die a@@ dern des öko@@ systems – häufig le@@ ere a@@ dern . +ich bin sicher ihr wisst alle , dies hat zu bedeuten@@ den konfli@@ kten zwischen landwirtschaft und umwelt@@ schü@@ tz@@ ern geführt . +aber sie haben keinen anrei@@ z , sich so zu verhalten . +bä@@ che und flüs@@ se tro@@ ck@@ nen aufgrund von über@@ nutzung aus . ro@@ b har@@ mon hat einen geschi@@ ckten markt@@ mechan@@ ismus eingesetzt , um wasser wieder zurückzu@@ führen . land@@ wir@@ te und brau@@ er@@ ei@@ en stellen fest , dass ihre schick@@ s@@ ale verbunden sind , durch die faszinier@@ ende , jahrhunder@@ te alte geschichte des pri@@ ck@@ l@@ y-@@ pe@@ ar-@@ b@@ ach@@ es . +aber , naja . +er ist bei wei@@ tem der glück@@ lich@@ ste mann , der je wissenschaft@@ lich er@@ mittel@@ t wurde . +und vielleicht ist mitgefühl deshalb innerhalb des unterneh@@ men@@ s organ@@ isch und weit verbreitet . +wor@@ in bestehen sie ? +also , diese gegensei@@ tige inspiration förder@@ t zusammenarbeit , initiative und kreativität . +die aufmerksamkeit ist die basis für alle hö@@ h@@ eren kogni@@ tiven und emotion@@ alen fähigkeiten . +cha@@ de-@@ men@@ g tan : all@@ tä@@ g@@ liches mitgefühl bei google +es be@@ dur@@ fte viel mut von diesen vertei@@ di@@ gern sich dazu entscheiden , dass sie sich we@@ hren und einander unterstützen werden bei der um@@ setzung dieser gesetze . +und dadurch gel@@ ang es ihm erfolgreich 6@@ 8 an@@ wäl@@ te zu organisi@@ eren , die syste@@ matisch fälle über@@ nom@@ men haben . +ich saß neben einer unserer sehr mu@@ tigen an@@ wäl@@ te und sagte : " wie können wir dies verbreiten ? wie können wir sicher@@ stellen , dass das um@@ gesetzt wird ? +ich danke ihnen also , dass sie die prop@@ he@@ tische kraft haben , sich vorzustellen , die gemeinsame schaff@@ ung einer neuen welt , und ich möchte sie auf diese reise mit uns ein@@ laden . +wissen sie , wenn die kinder haus@@ aufgaben zu hause machen ? +es kann eine desig@@ n-@@ schule in jer@@ us@@ al@@ em sein , die versucht , eine bessere methode zu finden , um gas@@ mas@@ ken für menschen zu entwerfen , denn wie sie wissen , verteilt israel pro person , babys ein@@ geschlossen , eine gas@@ mas@@ ke . +hell@@ a jon@@ geri@@ us ist eine person , die in der lage ist , eine syn@@ these zu erstellen , die wirklich sehr erstaunlich ist und auch recht kom@@ isch . +designer tun manchmal dinge , die nicht unbedingt immer funktion@@ ell sind , aber sie funktionieren im rahmen unseres verstehen von problemen . +und das macht sinn . +aber ich will versuchen , es ein wenig anders zu machen , und zwar , indem ich versuche , den kreis mit ein paar persönlichen geschichten zu schließen . dadurch kann ich vielleicht viele der themen , über die wir schon gesprochen haben , ein wenig an@@ schau@@ licher gestalten . +und folgendes ist passiert : weil sie es sich manchmal leisten konnten und manchmal nicht , wurde ich so gut wie jedes halb@@ jahr r@@ ausge@@ worfen . +mein vater , über den ich schon gesprochen habe , ist 199@@ 9 an aids gestorben . +wie würden sie mir begeg@@ nen ? +wir müssen also besser werden . +ich kann das gar nicht genug bet@@ onen . +sie werden sich nicht einfach ändern , von jetzt auf nach@@ her . +eine meiner cou@@ sin@@ en ist an aids gestorben und hat ein wa@@ is@@ en@@ kind hinter@@ lassen , also fragten wir uns , gut , was machen wir mit ihr ? +und das ist nur eine ver@@ deut@@ lich@@ ung . +lang@@ stre@@ cken@@ lauf war nicht nur gut für mein wohl@@ befinden , sondern half mir auch dabei zu medi@@ tieren und große träume zu wagen . +aber für jedes des@@ aster , dass wir hatten , fand der mar@@ ath@@ on einen weg menschen zusammen@@ zubringen . +ich glaube , dass dies die grund@@ steine für frieden in der zukunft sind . +er half in par@@ ol bei einer geburt . +sie ist das herz der medizin@@ ischen versorgung . +ich werde diese einfach an jede klini@@ k der welt verkaufen . +im ma@@ i 20@@ 13 , ich war 35 jahre alt , mit einer zwei@@ jährigen zu hause und meinem zweiten kind auf dem weg , wurde mir ein großes an@@ eur@@ y@@ sm@@ a , an der basis meiner bru@@ sta@@ or@@ ta diagno@@ sti@@ ziert . +das hier sind meine tö@@ chter . +die meisten leute , die hier lebten , wohn@@ ten entweder am meer und waren fis@@ cher oder no@@ ma@@ den , die auf der suche nach wasser um@@ her@@ zogen . +das ist die sky@@ line von do@@ ha , die wohl die meisten hier kennen . +energie ist der wichtigste , der alles veränder@@ nde faktor hier . +diese beein@@ tr@@ äch@@ tigen direkt die zu@@ kun@@ f@@ ts@@ fähigkeit dieser nation und dieses landes . +stellen sie sich ein land vor , das reich an energi@@ er@@ ess@@ our@@ cen ist : öl und gas , sonne , wind , aber dem das wichtigste leben@@ sel@@ ement fe@@ hlt : wasser . infra@@ struk@@ tur@@ -@@ exper@@ te fa@@ had al-@@ at@@ ti@@ ya spricht über die außergewöhn@@ lichen wege des kleinen na@@ hö@@ st@@ lichen sta@@ ates q@@ at@@ ar , seine wasser@@ versorgung sicher@@ zustellen . +ich er@@ kl@@ äre es anhand des mittleren o@@ stens , wo alles begann . während so viel@@ er jahre lebten wir mit einer völlig fal@@ schen wahrnehmung des mittleren o@@ stens . +es tr@@ aten neun präsi@@ dent@@ schafts@@ kan@@ di@@ daten gegen lu@@ k@@ as@@ hen@@ ko an . +man kann so viele andere dinge tun , als sich nur an einem platz zu ver@@ sammeln , zu schrei@@ en und sich vor den sicher@@ heit@@ sk@@ rä@@ ften hervor@@ zu@@ tun . +es stimmt , dass das internet und die neuen medien sehr nützlich sind , um die dinge schneller und billi@@ ger zu machen . +2011 war ein jahr des außer@@ ord@@ ent@@ lichen , vom volk ausge@@ h@@ enden wider@@ stands . er begann mit dem arab@@ ischen frü@@ hl@@ ing und brei@@ tete sich über die ganze welt aus . wes@@ halb war dieser wider@@ stand so erfolgreich ? s@@ r@@ d@@ ja po@@ po@@ vi@@ c beschrei@@ bt die pl@@ äne , fähigkeiten und werkzeuge , die jede bewegung braucht – von gewal@@ t@@ freien ta@@ kti@@ ken bis hin zum sinn für humor . +und ich sagte " erinn@@ erst du dich ans college und wie wild und du@@ mm wir waren ? " +die mehr@@ heit der menschen . +ich bin tex@@ an@@ erin der fün@@ ften generation . +der zweck ist nicht hin@@ einzu@@ gehen und ein haus zu bauen und dort zu leben . +dies ist wie eine konferenz des ver@@ sa@@ gens . +wir . +sch@@ am fühlt sich gleich an für männer und frauen , aber sie ist nach geschle@@ cht organisi@@ ert . +zie@@ gen sie mir einen mann , der mit einer frau sitzen kann , der es reicht , die alles nicht mehr kann , und seine erste reaktion ist nicht " ich hab die sp@@ ü@@ l@@ maschine aus@@ gerä@@ um@@ t , " der wirklich zu@@ hört -- denn das ist alles , war wir brauchen -- ich zeige ihnen einen kerl , der ' ne menge erreicht hat . +es ist ein mensch@@ heit@@ str@@ aum , wie ein vo@@ gel zu fliegen . +wir müssen es drehen , auf und ab . +die ir@@ onie an der sache ist , dass sie es nicht sein müssten . +dr. v@@ . : das konzept von mc@@ don@@ ald ' s ist einfach . +diese maß@@ nahme hatte zur folge , dass wir im ersten jahr 40 prozent der nach@@ frage ab@@ decken konnten , was über 5@@ 0.000 menschen entspricht . +unsere er@@ lö@@ se sind dabei deutlich schneller ange@@ stie@@ gen , was uns einen ges@@ unden profit besch@@ ert hat , und das obwohl wir viele leute kosten@@ los behandeln . +wie machen sich menschen diese probleme zu ei@@ gen , machen sich gedanken , was sie tun können ? +es ist ein ge@@ hä@@ use in form eines hand@@ ys mit einem ei@@ sen@@ gewicht im inneren , das wir bewegen können . und man kann fühlen , wo es schwer ist . +wir menschen sind sozi@@ al , wir sind em@@ path@@ isch , und das ist großartig . +aber trotz dieser neu@@ gew@@ on@@ nen@@ en freude und freiheit veränderte sich die reaktion der menschen mir gegenüber . +für mich bedeutet das , dass sie den wert des unterschie@@ ds sehen , die freude , die es mit sich bringt , wenn wir uns nicht auf verlust und limit@@ ation konzentrieren , sondern die kraft und freude sehen und entdecken und die welt aus neuen aufre@@ genden perspe@@ ktiven sehen . +aber noch bemerkens@@ wer@@ ter als die wil@@ de kraft , die aus der quelle aus@@ strö@@ m@@ te , war die rück@@ sicht@@ slo@@ sigkeit mit der diese kraft frei@@ gesetzt wurde – die gleich@@ gü@@ l@@ tigkeit , der man@@ gel an plan@@ ung , der die operation von der bo@@ hr@@ ung bis zu den auf@@ rä@@ um@@ arbeiten ausge@@ zeichnet hat . +eine reihe von erklär@@ ungen könnte ihnen in@@ zwischen durch den kopf schie@@ ßen , wie gi@@ er . +ich zeige es , weil – sie sind kein spon@@ sor , oder ? – weil , auf seine art ist das eine kr@@ asse version unserer grün@@ der@@ geschichte . +ignor@@ i@@ ere diese schlei@@ ch@@ enden än@@ gste , dass wir schließlich das ende erreicht haben . +das hier unten bei dem rad ist ein mensch . +ein weiteres ne@@ ul@@ and ist gefunden . +bf : ... ganz ohne ein ma@@ car@@ th@@ ur sti@@ pen@@ dium . +bf : das ist ok , das macht er so . nun gut . +dh : wow , du hast train@@ iert . +kön@@ n@@ test du den bitte ein@@ ziehen ? +bf : 10 jahre perfe@@ ktion , die sie gleich erleben werden . +das design des körpers ist eine andere geschichte . +dh : erzä@@ hl ihnen von unserer bi@@ ogra@@ fie . +und es ist schrecklich w@@ indi@@ g da drüben . +um es noch schwier@@ iger zu machen , werden wir nun die sieben ke@@ ul@@ en +ich werde dafür ein vermögen ausgeben . ich habe eine bessere idee . +wenn sie jemals ein bild von einem elektron@@ en@@ mikrosk@@ op gesehen haben , sehen sie dies . das alles sieht gleich aus , dann gibt es diesen teil hier drüben , der so unglaublich kompliziert ist . +manche leute nennen sie den ersten program@@ mier@@ er . +um ihnen eine vorstellung zu geben , wie langsam : sie hatte etwa 1 kb spei@@ cher . +ich bin hierher gekommen um über ök@@ ologie zu sprechen . und ich habe soviel co2 ausge@@ sto@@ ssen , wie ein fran@@ zo@@ se in einem ganzen jahr . +aus wissenschaft@@ licher sicht werden in 100 jahren alle berg@@ g@@ let@@ scher versch@@ wunden sein . +ich habe eine projekt namens " sechs milliarden andere " ge@@ star@@ tet . +ihr soll@@ tet euch keine sorgen um mich machen . pa@@ pa muss nicht arbeiten . +er ist über den zustand des planeten . +wir versuchen nur unser leben zu verbessern . +chromo@@ so@@ m eins , oben links . +welt@@ bevölkerung , p@@ c@@ -@@ plat@@ zi@@ erungen , das archi@@ v der ganzen medizin@@ ischen liter@@ atur , mo@@ or@@ es@@ ches gesetz , die alte weise vom sequen@@ zieren , und hier sind alle neuen sachen . +leider hilft es dieser frau nicht , aber es hat schwer@@ wie@@ gende , tief@@ greif@@ ende , wenn man so will , auswirkungen auf ihre familie . +doch das gen , das das regel@@ t , ist besch@@ ä@@ digt . +zum glück konnte ich die antwort a an@@ kreu@@ zen , und ich bin ehrlich , falls mein ver@@ sicher@@ ungs@@ ver@@ tre@@ ter zu@@ hört . +und nun stellen sie sich noch etwas vor : dass diese software fähig ist , beide par@@ tei@@ en nach gegensei@@ ti@@ gem ein@@ verständnis zu fragen : " wären sie bereit , ihre cou@@ s@@ ine dritten gra@@ des zu treffen ? " +über@@ gibt es wieder an mich und das machen wir immer und immer wieder -- +warum sollte sie das interessieren ? kno@@ chen@@ mark ist eine reich@@ hal@@ tige quelle an adul@@ ten stammzellen . +sehen sie . diese kor@@ allen können wirklich ge@@ mein sein . ich habe nar@@ ben vom sur@@ fen , die das beweisen . +dinge können nur dann passieren , wenn sich diese interak@@ tionen in perfe@@ k@@ tem gleich@@ gewicht befinden . +schließlich gibt es noch die gravi@@ tation , die mit materie über deren masse und sp@@ in wechsel@@ wirkt . +die elektro@@ magne@@ tischen und sch@@ wachen kern@@ kräfte werden also durch dieses muster im zwei@@ dimension@@ alen raum besch@@ rieben . +aus diesem muster erkennen wir schon jetzt die teil@@ chen@@ physik im winzi@@ gen maßstab . die art , wie das universum im winzi@@ gen maßstab arbeitet ist sehr schön . +jeder punkt in diesem muster gehört zu einer symme@@ trie dieser sehr komplex@@ en und schönen struktur . +findet er neue teilchen , die nicht in das e@@ 8 muster passen -- na ja , das wäre sehr interessant , aber schlecht für die e@@ 8 theorie . +mich nie um die mie@@ te kümmern musste , konnte ich meine zeit damit verbringen , zu tun , was ich wirklich mag . +ich weiß nicht , ob ich das noch deut@@ licher erklären kann . +so liegt es an mir zu zeigen , in welcher weise schimpansen uns in bestimmten aspe@@ kten ihres ver@@ hal@@ tens so stark ähn@@ eln . +so ist es aus@@ gesprochen trauri@@ g , wenn man entdeckt , dass die schimpansen wie so viele andere lebewesen auf der ganzen welt , ihren lebens@@ raum verlieren . +sie haben sich für gesundheit interessiert , sie waren an ausbildung interessiert . +das wasser – es ist vermutlich eines der schwer@@ wie@@ gen@@ sten probleme , mit denen wir in diesem jahrhundert konfron@@ tiert werden . und überall wird das wasser verschmu@@ tzt von land@@ wirtschaftlichen , industri@@ ellen und haus@@ hal@@ tsch@@ e@@ mi@@ kalien , die noch immer auf der welt ange@@ wen@@ det und verteilt werden , schein@@ bar un@@ fähig aus den bis@@ her@@ igen erfahrungen zu lernen . +nehmen sie die zie@@ gel@@ mau@@ er für alle die probleme , die wir dem planeten auf@@ geb@@ ür@@ det haben , be@@ zogen auf die umwelt und im sozialen . es ist eine botschaft der hoffnung . +aber -- oh , sie arbeiten auch an hiv / aids . +all diese technologien können wir nutzen . +danke . +ich gehe zum super@@ markt , und all meine lebens@@ mittel sind in plasti@@ k ver@@ pac@@ kt . +wir können den stam@@ m ab@@ schneiden -- diese flu@@ t in unsere ozean@@ e , und dabei unsere ozean@@ e retten , unseren planeten retten , uns selbst retten . +und ja , sie interagieren auch mittel@@ s normal@@ er ge@@ sten , beide hände , us@@ w . +mein student pr@@ an@@ a@@ v , der wie ich gesagt habe , der bri@@ llan@@ te kopf hinter dieser idee ist . +aber wenn die leute er@@ fu@@ hren , wofür ihr sohn ange@@ kla@@ gt war , bekam sie diese sym@@ path@@ ie nicht . +es liegt ganz bei uns , denn wir sind frauen , denn wir lieben unsere kinder . +also , ai@@ ch@@ a , hast du einige ab@@ schließ@@ ende worte ? +und heute möchte ich ihnen gerne zeigen , dass mit einer anderen denk@@ weise das problem gelöst wurde . +es kommt also nichts hin@@ durch . +das ist nicht dre@@ ck@@ ig genug . lassen sie es uns einfach ein wenig ver@@ mischen . +dann , nach wenigen wochen , richten wir lager ein . +mit nur acht milliarden dollar können wir das un@@ -@@ mil@@ len@@ ni@@ um@@ s@@ ziel erreichen -- die hal@@ bi@@ erung des an@@ teil@@ s der menschen ohne zugang zu sau@@ ber@@ em trin@@ k@@ wasser . +und der zweite ist über eine neue dimension , über die ich reden will , welche es in der heutigen form nie zuvor gegeben hat . +die welt braucht ein internation@@ ales for@@ um . +bis jetzt waren die usa das domin@@ an@@ te merk@@ mal unserer welt . +nehmen wir die letzte finanz@@ krise nach dem zweiten welt@@ krieg . +diplo@@ mat@@ ie ist das verwal@@ ten des zusammen@@ han@@ gs der nationen . +doch nun eine letzte sache . +die anderen 90 % werden durch unseren lebens@@ stil bestimmt . +wir sind program@@ miert für etwas , das sich " zeug@@ ungs@@ -@@ erfolg " nennt . +aber die lebenser@@ war@@ tung in den usa be@@ trägt nur 7@@ 8 jahre . +man nennt das den groß@@ mutter@@ -@@ effekt . +vor dem essen sagen diese leute einfach einen kleinen spruch , der sie daran erinnern soll , mit dem essen aufzu@@ hören , wenn der ma@@ gen zu 80 % gefü@@ llt ist . +sie wussten sofort , warum sie morgens auf@@ wa@@ chten . +sie übernehmen ihre ernähr@@ ungs@@ gewohn@@ heiten direkt aus der bi@@ bel . +sie fährt fahr@@ rad . +die menschen auf o@@ kin@@ a@@ wa e@@ hren ihre vorfahren . +dan bu@@ et@@ t@@ ner : wie wird man älter als 100 ? +mich interessiert , wie dinge funktionieren und wor@@ aus sie gemacht sind , aber auch weil ich glaube , dass wir ein fun@@ di@@ er@@ ter@@ es verständnis über die teile haben sollten , aus denen unsere welt besteht , und gerade jetzt wissen wir noch nicht genug darüber , wor@@ aus die high-@@ tech@@ -@@ ma@@ ter@@ alien der zukunft gemacht sind . +elektr@@ oni@@ k@@ bau@@ kä@@ sten sind mäch@@ tig , da sie uns lehren , wie dinge funktionieren , aber ihre grundle@@ genden beschrän@@ kungen im design beeinflussen die art , wie wir lernen . +ich war j@@ ung . ich fuhr auf der auto@@ bahn , als das auto vor mir plötzlich bre@@ m@@ ste . +ich glaube ihm . ich glaube das auch . +mit einem g@@ p@@ s-@@ system und einer kamera im auto lässt sich ziemlich genau sagen , wo und wie schnell ich fahr@@ e . +aber ich glaube , dass die privat@@ sphäre geschü@@ tzt werden kann . wenn ich mir ihr auto jetzt gerade , in diesem moment , von außen an@@ sehe , weiß ich nichts über sie . +so kann man acht , zehn minuten schwer@@ el@@ o@@ sigkeit er@@ zielen -- so train@@ iert die nasa ihre astron@@ au@@ ten seit lan@@ gem . +als er dann dort war , li@@ essen wir ihn los , damit er fühlen konnte wie sich die schwer@@ el@@ o@@ sigkeit tatsächlich an@@ fühlt . +und was ich versucht habe , seit ich als medizin@@ ischer illu@@ str@@ ator ausge@@ bildet wurde -- seit ich also von meinem vater , der ein bild@@ hau@@ er und mein visu@@ eller ber@@ ater war , in anima@@ tion unter@@ richtet wurde -- ist , einen weg zu finden , um den menschen zu helfen , die wahrheit und schönheit der biolog@@ ischen wissenschaften zu verstehen - durch anima@@ tionen , durch bilder , durch geschichten . damit die dinge , die für leute nicht unbedingt offensichtlich erscheinen , an sie heran@@ gebracht , gele@@ hrt und verstanden werden können . +sie leiten sich gegensei@@ tig informationen weiter ; +also pac@@ kte ich meine kat@@ ze , meinen ro@@ tt@@ wei@@ ler und meine cam@@ p@@ ing@@ aus@@ rü@@ stung in einen 197@@ 5@@ er ch@@ ev@@ y-@@ bus und fuhr los , dem sonnen@@ unter@@ gang ent@@ gegen , ohne allerdings drei sehr wichtige dinge zu be@@ achten : +ich sah mich mit einer reihe völlig neuer herausforderungen konfron@@ tiert . +ich begann zu lachen weil es so@@ weit gekommen war , dass ich mich fragte , ob ich eine schrift@@ stell@@ erin oder eine ob@@ da@@ ch@@ lose war . +be@@ cky blan@@ ton : das jahr in dem ich ob@@ da@@ ch@@ los war . +wir waren so viel größer als co@@ ca@@ -@@ col@@ a heutzutage . +on@@ kel be@@ trin@@ kt sich , benutzt kein kon@@ dom . kom@@ m zurück , fang neu an . " +und dann ist hier das , dann , ein junger mann namens wil@@ ly bo@@ h@@ m der für die us@@ aid arbeitete . +also sagte ich : " okay . " +natürlich kann ich . und sie genie@@ ßen es unge@@ mein . ich sehe sie überall herum@@ stehen - gerade , überall . +90 % prozent der finanzi@@ erung kam von th@@ a@@ il@@ and . +und dann haben wir sei@@ de , th@@ ai sei@@ de . +me@@ cha@@ i vi@@ v@@ ra@@ va@@ i@@ dy@@ a : wie mr@@ .@@ con@@ dom th@@ a@@ il@@ n@@ d zu einem besseren ort machte +ich kann alles sehen , was ro@@ mo sieht , und er@@ halte die sicht eines robot@@ ers auf die welt . +danke , scot@@ t . +es gibt ein j@@ ü@@ dis@@ ches sp@@ rich@@ wort , das ich liebe . +am wichtigsten jedoch – wichtiger als training oder glück – ist das herz . +wie kann man nur so bra@@ unge@@ bran@@ nt sein und keine falten haben ? +irgendwie gel@@ ingt es ihr , ihre sieben kinder am leben zu halten , und einige monate später bringt sie vor@@ zeitig zwi@@ l@@ linge zur welt . +der fe@@ min@@ ismus war niemals sex@@ y , aber ich kann ihnen versi@@ chern , dass mich das nie vom fli@@ r@@ ten abge@@ halten hat , und ich hatte selten einen man@@ gel an männern zu be@@ k@@ lagen . +jen@@ ny ist ent@@ setzt darüber , was sie getan hat , aber dann erklärt die dol@@ me@@ tsch@@ erin , dass der zustand der pati@@ enti@@ n nichts mit der operation zu tun hat . +ist es sinn@@ voll , an der be@@ steh@@ enden wel@@ tor@@ dnung teil@@ zunehmen ? +warum nicht ? es ist möglich . sehen sie sich hier um – all dieses wissen , diese energie , dieses talent und diese technologie . +daran haben ich und einige andere gearbeitet . sie wei@@ st auf eine hier@@ arch@@ ie hin und über@@ legt , wie viele menschen wie viele schritte machen und wie viele interessante vari@@ ab@@ len und menschen eine ganz andere theorie ist viel belie@@ b@@ ter und älter . sie beru@@ ht hauptsächlich auf john n@@ ash , bekannt aus " a beautiful mind " , und heißt " gleich@@ gewi@@ chts@@ analyse " . +hier sehen sie eine ab@@ bildung von regionen mit mehr gehir@@ na@@ k@@ tivität , wenn der geg@@ ner ein mensch b@@ zw@@ . computer ist . +gut für sie . sie machen viel geld . +charles darwin , ich und sie haben den stamm@@ baum der schimpansen vor ca. 5 mi@@ o@@ . jahren verlassen . +status ist ihnen sehr wichtig . +co@@ lin c@@ amer@@ er : neuro@@ wissenschaften , spiel@@ theorie , affen +und obwohl die nahrung zu einem ho@@ h@@ em preis hergestellt wird , wissen wir sie nicht zu schätzen . +ich nenne die antwort " anti@@ ke nahrungs@@ wege " . +und wenn sie sich die karte einer belie@@ bi@@ gen stadt anschauen , die vor dem indu@@ st@@ rie@@ zeitalter en@@ standen ist , können sie die sp@@ uren der an@@ kommen@@ den nahrung entdecken . +und an diesem punkt ändert sich unsere beziehung komplett , sowohl zur nahrung als auch zu den städten . +das wort u@@ top@@ ie nutz@@ te thomas mo@@ ore ab@@ sichtlich . +dam@@ pf@@ ende haufen von hu@@ mus . +wir müssen verstehen , dass die welt auch das ist , was wir essen . +und die religi@@ onen , die einen haupt@@ bei@@ trag dazu leisten sollten , werden statt dessen als teil des problems wahr@@ genommen . +ich will , dass sie die medien ein@@ schalten , denn die medien sind aus@@ schlag@@ geb@@ end dafür , einige der stere@@ ot@@ yp@@ en an@@ sichten aufzu@@ lösen , die wir über andere menschen haben und die uns von@@ einander tren@@ nen . +kar@@ en arm@@ strong : lasst uns die gol@@ dene regel neu bele@@ ben +man de@@ ko@@ diert das , was man zusammen@@ falten will , in eine sequenz von win@@ keln – also min@@ us 120 , min@@ us 120 , 0 , 0 , 120 , min@@ us 120 – etwas in der art ; eine sequenz von win@@ keln , oder dre@@ h@@ ungen , und man sen@@ det diese sequenz durch die ket@@ te . +tauchen fehler auf , kann man einen teil au@@ stau@@ schen . +sk@@ yl@@ ar ti@@ b@@ bits : können wir dinge erschaffen , die sich selbst herstellen ? +und natürlich sind damit enorme prakti@@ sche anwen@@ dungen mit dieser welt verknü@@ pft – dinge wie die aus@@ ro@@ tt@@ ung von po@@ cken , der beginn eines impf@@ stoff@@ s gegen geb@@ är@@ mutter@@ hal@@ sk@@ re@@ bs , der , wie wir jetzt wissen , meistens vom menschlichen pa@@ pil@@ lo@@ ma@@ virus verursacht wird . +dass , während wir diese str@@ änge von a ' s , t ' s c ' s und g ' s erforschen , wir eine komplett neue klasse von leben entdecken könnten , die , wie bei@@ jer@@ in@@ ck , die art und weise , wie wir über die natur der biologie denken , verändern wird . +und besonders dann , wenn man diese beiden tat@@ sachen als tiefe wahr@@ heiten an@@ sieht , an denen man sein leben aus@@ richten und aus denen man rat@@ schluss für grund@@ sat@@ zent@@ schei@@ dungen ziehen sollte , dann scheinen sie doch ein kleines bisschen im wider@@ spruch zu@@ einander zu stehen . +wieso können wir nun überhaupt etwas über eine so weit entfer@@ nte umgebung sagen , die so verschie@@ den ist , so anders als alles , an das wir gewöhn@@ t sind ? +da kommen wir zum beispiel nun endlich dazu , new@@ tons gravi@@ ta@@ tions@@ gesetz nachzu@@ prü@@ fen . -- vor rund 300 jahren -- +alles was es braucht ist eine super@@ no@@ va@@ -@@ explosion ein paar licht@@ jahre entfernt , und wir sind alle tot ! +je@@ der@@ mann re@@ det derzeit über maß@@ nahmen , eine verring@@ erung der ab@@ gas@@ mengen um jeden preis zu er@@ zw@@ ingen . +sie haben also weder die mittel , noch die anrei@@ ze , weitere kunden anzu@@ schli@@ essen . +fo@@ kus@@ sieren wir auf haiti - hier hervor@@ ge@@ ho@@ ben . +aber den@@ g xi@@ a@@ op@@ ing verstand instin@@ ktiv die wichti@@ gkeit den menschen eine aus@@ wahl zu geben . +wir brauchen auch wahl@@ möglichkeiten für die leute . +lass uns in der nähe ein h@@ ong kon@@ g haben . +sie bekommen grund@@ gü@@ ter wie strom , +nehmen wir ein system , bei dem besit@@ z@@ verhäl@@ tnisse von land bei einem staat@@ lichen büro regi@@ stri@@ ert sind , so dass es die leute als sicherheit hinter@@ legen können . +wir nehmen einfach meer@@ wasser , fil@@ tern es , und sammeln unterschie@@ dlich grosse organismen in unterschiedlichen fil@@ tern . dann bringen wir ihre dn@@ s in unser labor in rock@@ ville , wo wir alle 24 stunden ein@@ hundert millionen buchstab@@ en ihres gene@@ tischen co@@ des ent@@ schlüs@@ seln können . +meiner ansicht nach sind diese gene nicht nur die desig@@ n@@ kompon@@ enten der evolution . +dies ist ein beispiel dafür , wie software jetzt ihre eigene hard@@ ware baut , und so stellen wir uns biologie vor . +nachdem diese künst@@ lichen genome hergestellt worden sind , ist der erste schritt einfach eine transplan@@ at@@ ation in eine zelle , die kein genom enth@@ ält . +der genom@@ ik pi@@ oni@@ er cra@@ ig vent@@ er unter@@ bri@@ cht seine ep@@ ische expedi@@ tion um die welt , um über die millionen von genen zu sprechen , die seine man@@ n@@ schaft bisher bei ihrem streben , die bio@@ diver@@ si@@ tät des oze@@ ans aufzu@@ zeichnen , entdeckt hat . +kinder die wieder@@ stehen konnten er@@ zi@@ elten durchschnitt@@ lich 250 punkte mehr beim sat +sie können ein an moment@@ an@@ en genü@@ ssen orienti@@ erter gegen@@ war@@ ts@@ mensch sein , der sich nur auf die freu@@ den des lebens konzentri@@ ert , oder ein gegen@@ war@@ ts@@ -@@ f@@ at@@ alist es spielt keine rolle . ihr leben ist vor@@ bestimmt . +der gedanke ist so einfach , so offensichtlich , aber die folgen werden wirklich wei@@ trei@@ ch@@ end sein . +wie steht es mit unseren ressourcen ? wie werden wir neun milliarden menschen ernä@@ hren ? +alleine indem wir die r@@ inge studieren , können wir viel@@ es über die schei@@ ben aus ster@@ nen und gas lernen , die wir spir@@ al@@ galaxien nennen . +es kann den schl@@ am@@ m von ge@@ bir@@ gs@@ spit@@ zen und hü@@ geln sp@@ ü@@ len hin@@ unter ins fla@@ ch@@ land . denken sie darüber mal kurz nach . +es war noch aus einem anderen grund wichtig : diese mission ist international und das ereig@@ nis wurde in europa ge@@ fei@@ ert , in deutsch@@ land . die fei@@ er@@ lichen vor@@ träge wurden in engli@@ schen ak@@ z@@ enten gehalten und amerikanischen und deut@@ schen und franzö@@ sischen , itali@@ en@@ ischen und h@@ oll@@ än@@ dischen . +das ist lo@@ cker@@ er boden voller flüs@@ si@@ gem me@@ than . +mein team und ich haben bilder wie dieses überprü@@ ft und dieses und über die anderen ergebnisse von cas@@ sin@@ i nach@@ gedacht . +diese führer versuchen , eine massive nation@@ ale , gewal@@ t@@ fre@@ ie bewegung aufzubauen , um die bes@@ e@@ tzung zu be@@ enden und frieden in der region zu schaffen . +repor@@ ter : die isra@@ eli@@ sche gren@@ z@@ polizei wurde geschickt , um die menge aufzu@@ lösen . +aber das stimmt auch für erwachsene . +juli@@ a b@@ ach@@ a : be@@ achten sie gewal@@ t@@ lo@@ sigkeit +es ist eine ein@@ la@@ dung an die 70 prozent unseres planeten , die noch nicht kar@@ to@@ grafi@@ ert sind . +epi@@ le@@ p@@ tiker brauchen manchmal die elektr@@ ische aktivität bei ihrer gehirn@@ über@@ wach@@ ung . +wenn wir also den ort verlassen – vielleicht stellen wir das auto ab und laufen ein stück – dann wissen wir dank unseren eigenen bewegungen , mit denen wir diesen p@@ fa@@ d g@@ lie@@ dern können , ungefähr , welche richtung wir für den rück@@ weg nehmen müssen . +wenn das geschä@@ he , könnten sich plat@@ z@@ zellen gegensei@@ tig aktivi@@ eren durch diese di@@ chten ver@@ netz@@ ungen , und dann würden sie die gren@@ z@@ zellen reak@@ tivi@@ eren , um die fl@@ äch@@ en@@ strukturen des erleb@@ nis@@ ses rund um ihren stand@@ punkt zu formen . +es stellt sich heraus -- es gibt ein muster -- +sie sind schön designed , einfach zu benutzen und benutz@@ er@@ freund@@ lich . +vor einigen jahren brachte g@@ ate@@ way fern@@ se@@ her mit fla@@ ch@@ bild@@ schir@@ men auf den markt . +sie kennen das , manchmal können sie jemandem alle fa@@ kten und zahlen geben und er sagt , " ich weiß , was alle fa@@ kten und details sagen , aber es fühlt sich einfach nicht richtig an . " +die new york times ist ihm überall hin ge@@ folgt . und jeder hat lang@@ ley unterstützt . +die nächsten 3@@ 4 prozent sind ihre frü@@ he mehr@@ heit , ihre spä@@ te mehr@@ heit und ihre nach@@ zü@@ gl@@ er . +es ist ein wer@@ be@@ beispiel . +wie macht man das ? +die führ@@ ungs@@ menschen besitzen eine position von macht oder autor@@ ität . aber die , die führen inspiri@@ eren uns . +die ärzte , so schien es , hatten nie wirklich genug zeit für all ihre patienten , so sehr sie es auch versuchten . +als ich also diese e-@@ mail von dr. gei@@ ger bekam , wusste ich , dass ich hätte stolz sein müssen , teil dieser geschichte zu sein . +und wir entschieden uns , re@@ zep@@ te zu diesem zweck einzu@@ setzen . +was wäre , wenn wir ein war@@ te@@ zimmer hätten , in dem man nicht nur einfach herum@@ sitzt , wenn man krank ist , sondern in das man kommt , um gesund zu werden . +und dies ist nicht nur eine art kurz@@ zeit@@ -@@ arbeit@@ sk@@ raft , um patienten mit grundle@@ genden lebens@@ mitteln zu ver@@ sorgen , es ist die nächste generation an führ@@ ungsk@@ ä@@ ften für den bereich gesundheitswesen , die zwei , drei , vier jahre in kranken@@ haus@@ -@@ war@@ te@@ z@@ imm@@ ern verbracht haben und mit patienten über ihre grundle@@ gend@@ sten bedürfnisse gesprochen haben . +ich glaube , dass wir alle eine vision haben für das gesundheits@@ system in diesem land . +was ist falsch an diesem bild ? +doch leider ist es ein halb@@ tau@@ ch@@ boot im einsatz der dro@@ gen@@ kar@@ tel@@ le . +sie würden vielleicht sagen : " das stimmt nicht . ich habe doch gelesen , diese generation junger afgh@@ an@@ ischer menschen in ihren 20@@ ern und 3@@ 0ern sei unge@@ bildet . " +als er eine bri@@ lle über seine sehr kurz@@ sichti@@ gen augen bekam , sah er plötzlich auf und sagte : " mama , ve@@ o el m@@ un@@ do . " +es gab einen von ap heraus@@ ge@@ ge@@ benen artikel auf dem nach@@ rich@@ ten@@ dienst@@ netzwerk . +james sta@@ v@@ ri@@ d@@ is : gedanken über globale sicherheit eines us-@@ na@@ v@@ y-@@ ad@@ mir@@ als +aber das sind frü@@ he verwen@@ dungen von illu@@ sionen , die aber - irgendwie br@@ is@@ ant in h@@ ans hol@@ bein@@ s " die bot@@ schaf@@ ter " verwendet wurden . h@@ ans hol@@ bein arbeitete für h@@ ein@@ rich vi@@ i@@ i@@ . dieses bild hing an einer wand , an der man die tre@@ ppe hin@@ unter@@ kommen konnte und diesen verste@@ ckten schä@@ del sehen konnte . +die un hat ihre statistiken zur verfügung gestellt , und wir haben eine neue version der software online , sie müssen sie also nicht mehr erst herunter@@ laden . +das war 2007 . +sehen sie hier den vergleich zu den heutigen phili@@ pp@@ inen . +und jetzt sehen wir , dass die veränderung in japan enor@@ m war . +aber : hom@@ ma@@ ge an sing@@ a@@ pu@@ r . +dies hier können wir doll@@ ar-@@ straße nennen . +so ist es , wenn forschung in gesellschaften funktioniert - man muss wirklich mit den menschen leben . +ich würde sagen , dass sich das sub@@ sahar@@ ische afrika im welt@@ weiten vergleich in den letzten 50 jahren am besten geschlagen hat . +lassen sie mich zuerst die wichtigsten hilfs@@ mittel pri@@ or@@ isi@@ eren . +das schein@@ bar un@@ mögliche ist also möglich . +es rei@@ ht so schön das " a " auf , schä@@ tze ich . +wir können gegen jeden schnell in führung gehen , aber in der zweiten hälfte werden wir ausge@@ tan@@ zt . das ist " kriegs@@ führung der vi@@ erten generation " . +antwort : " dr. bar@@ nett , sie haben recht . " +wie sa@@ d@@ dam , wie mu@@ gabe , wie k@@ im jon@@ g-@@ il , mach@@ th@@ aber , die ab@@ er@@ tausende oder millionen töten . +" woll@@ t ihr es versuchen , frank@@ reich ? " +wollen sie robert mu@@ gabe weg haben ? +ein mili@@ tä@@ r besch@@ aff@@ t und ein anderes eingesetzt . +die p@@ ei@@ t@@ sche , das zu@@ cker@@ brot . +sieht die arbeit@@ stei@@ lung so aus : +die transforma@@ tion@@ s-@@ gur@@ us haben uns in den letzten jahren immer verk@@ li@@ ck@@ ert : " krieg geht schneller , billi@@ ger , effizi@@ enter " +general sh@@ inse@@ ki hatte recht : +danke . +wirklich , im grunde machen wir dies . tatsache ist , nicht sehr viel . +und der grund ist : es wurde bereits gemacht . +es gab eine menge physi@@ kal@@ ischer be@@ grün@@ dungen , warum es keine gute kom@@ pen@@ sation wäre . +aber dann fand ich heraus , dass dazu jede menge schon veröffentlicht war . da das thema in der natürlichen atmosphäre existiert . +vielleicht ist der ander kno@@ pf zur kontrolle der co2 konzent@@ ration . +ich sage ihnen , wie groß die kraft ist - so groß +einer der entscheiden@@ den gründe , warum es so schwierig ist , über das problem zu reden , und gener@@ ell denke ich , dass ist der grund warum es politi@@ sch un@@ akzep@@ tab@@ el gewesen ist , darüber zu reden . +wir tauchen heute ab in die tief@@ see . und jeder , der das schon mal gemacht hat , weiß , dass es nach etwa zwei@@ einhalb stunden auf dem weg nach unten stock@@ du@@ ster ist . +sehen wir es uns noch einmal an . achten sie auf die fä@@ r@@ bung : weiß auf der rechten , brau@@ n auf der linken seite . +ich dachte , er hätte das video nach@@ be@@ arbeitet . also , hier sehen wir es noch einmal rück@@ wärts . +" glück@@ lich@@ sein ist uns egal . wir müssen mit leidenschaft leben . +ich war früher ein b@@ ach@@ fan . ich spielte b@@ ach auf der git@@ ar@@ re , wissen sie . +aber es gibt auch eine bo@@ sha@@ fte freude , denn man kann sich auch am leid anderer er@@ freu@@ en . +im gegensatz dazu , kennt jeder tief in seinem inneren diese tat selbst@@ lo@@ ser gross@@ zü@@ gi@@ gkeit wenn aus der fern@@ e , ohne dass jemand davon weiss , wir das leben eines kin@@ des retten konnten , jemanden glücklich machen konnten . +wohl@@ wollen , lie@@ bende freund@@ lichkeit anstelle von h@@ ass . +das ist genau das , was die gro@@ ssen medi@@ tier@@ enden die ganze zeit über tun . +ich habe jetzt keine zeit , auf all die verschiedenen wissenschaftlichen resul@@ tate einzu@@ gehen . +was ist glück und wie können wir es er@@ langen ? der zum budd@@ hi@@ stischen mö@@ n@@ ch ge@@ wor@@ dene bio@@ chemi@@ ker mat@@ th@@ ie@@ u ri@@ card sagt , dass wir unseren geist in den gewohn@@ heiten des wohl@@ be@@ fin@@ dens tra@@ inieren können , um einen wirklichen sinn von gel@@ as@@ sen@@ heit und erfü@@ ll@@ ung zu schaffen . +die umgeb@@ ungen , in denen wir leben , sehen normalerweise wie diese hier aus . +ein so el@@ ender öffent@@ licher raum , dass ihn sogar die ob@@ da@@ ch@@ losen mei@@ den . +ok . +wir lösen die urban@@ en probleme nicht , indem wir das land in die stadt zer@@ ren . genau das aber versuchen viele von uns ständig . +so nehmen sie oft das erste beste , das sich ihnen an@@ bietet . +wir werden wieder lernen müssen , was die einzelnen bau@@ steine dieser dinge sind . die straße . der häus@@ er@@ block . wie man einen öffentlichen raum gestal@@ tet , der zu@@ gleich groß und klein ist . der h@@ of . der öffentliche platz . und wie man diese einrichtungen am besten nutzt . +bitte , machen sie sich ans werk und tun sie ihr be@@ stes , um ein land mit schä@@ tz@@ ens@@ werten orten zu schaffen und eine schü@@ tz@@ ens@@ werte nation . +je tief@@ er man kommt , desto mehr kommt einem wasser in den weg . +hier ist ein aus@@ schnitt aus einem national geographic film , der 199@@ 9 heraus@@ kam . +i meine , ich über@@ spr@@ inge hier drei jahre von ingenie@@ ur@@ s@@ bes@@ pre@@ chungen , design und syste@@ min@@ te@@ gra@@ tion und präsen@@ tierte dep@@ th@@ x - deep ph@@ re@@ a@@ tic ther@@ mal explor@@ er . +die regierung hat kürzlich pl@@ äne ver@@ kün@@ det , bis 20@@ 24 zum mond zurückzu@@ kehren . +was würde also passieren , wenn sie ihren treib@@ stoff zu einem zehn@@ tel des prei@@ ses bekommen können ? +es ist gefährlich und wäre sicherlich ein hö@@ ll@@ en@@ ri@@ tt , besser noch als bei dis@@ ney . +100 jahre , nach dem sir ern@@ est sha@@ ck@@ le@@ ton diese worte geschrieben hat , will ich die fa@@ hne der industrie auf dem mond h@@ issen , und das letzte stück voll@@ enden , dass uns die grenze zum all öffnet . zu unserer zeit und für alle von uns . +ich habe das leben als einen langen lern@@ prozess gesehen . +hätten sie nicht auch die virg@@ in@@ - , die jung@@ fr@@ au@@ -@@ mar@@ ke verwenden können ? +rb : ah , das war ziemlich lustig . das war ein wunder@@ bares auto@@ -@@ boot in dem – dieses auto , das war bei einem ted-@@ event , glaube ich . +in 24 monaten dann , können menschen aus@@ flü@@ ge ins all machen . +und sie inspiri@@ erten ian m@@ ce@@ w@@ an zu einer no@@ v@@ elle damit . +waren sie nicht schrecklich in der schule ? +denken sie , wenn sie die je@@ tz@@ ige generation ansehen , dass sie zu ver@@ w@@ öhn@@ t ist , nicht weiß was sie alles hat , dass wir eine generation von pri@@ vili@@ gi@@ erten kindern auf@@ ziehen ... +das ist unge@@ heu@@ er@@ lich . +wir wollen menschen ermu@@ tigen nach einer methode zu suchen , kohlen@@ stoff aus der er@@ dat@@ mosp@@ häre zu extra@@ hi@@ eren . +der psych@@ ologe er@@ ik eri@@ k@@ son sagt , so@@ weit ich ihn verste@@ he und ich bin da ein tot@@ aler ama@@ te@@ ur , dass menschen in den 3@@ 0ern , 4@@ 0ern von dem wunsch nach wachstum ange@@ trieben sind und darin ihre erfü@@ ll@@ ung finden . diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/valid.en b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/valid.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a981f7199cebecd3599885fa846fcd0d889f235b --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/valid.en @@ -0,0 +1,7283 @@ +it 's that pyrami@@ d . +in mother 's milk . +it had two-@@ to-@@ three-@@ to-@@ 400 times the tox@@ ic lo@@ ads ever allowed by the ep@@ a . +often what j@@ ams us up is se@@ wa@@ ge . +what do you do when you have this sort of dis@@ rup@@ ted flow ? +ste@@ phen pal@@ um@@ bi : following the mer@@ cur@@ y tra@@ il +i really thought they were so bene@@ ath me . +but we didn 't realize at the time that we actually needed a third mani@@ pul@@ ator , because we couldn 't manipu@@ late the ne@@ ck from inside and walk the horse at the same time . +and now we would like to introdu@@ ce you to jo@@ ey . +b@@ j : and mi@@ key also has , in his fing@@ ers , the ability to move the tail from left to right , and up and down with the other hand . +mi@@ key bre@@ tt , cra@@ ig , le@@ o , z@@ em jo@@ a@@ qu@@ in and bas@@ il and me . +in winter , there 's a lot of sle@@ eping going on ; you enjoy your family life inside . +the thing to watch for as a global phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ y industry comes about -- and that 's exactly what is happening -- is how the as@@ pi@@ ration is to fli@@ p these old assu@@ mp@@ tions , for phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ y to become open and big and fast and connected , in service of the long term . +now , all of these big things for love -- experiments -- aren 't going to take off . +i 'm going to look quickly at the fourth and fif@@ th categ@@ ories , which are innovation , competi@@ tions and social invest@@ ing . +it may be that the social sing@@ ul@@ ar@@ ity ahead is the one that we fear the most : a conver@@ gen@@ ce of cat@@ astro@@ ph@@ es , of environmental de@@ gra@@ dation , of weapons of mass destruction , of pan@@ de@@ mi@@ cs , of poverty . +i believe that there are new , hidden ten@@ sions that are actually happening between people and institutions -- institutions that are the institutions that people in@@ hab@@ it in their daily life : schools , hospitals , work@@ places , fac@@ tor@@ ies , off@@ ices , etc . +the first gentle@@ man , he 's a bak@@ er . +so , think of the three sett@@ ings i 've talked to you about : factory , migra@@ tion , office . +they were living on top of the work@@ sh@@ ops where they were working . +so , how many of you have ever gotten behind the whe@@ el of a car when you really shouldn 't have been driving ? +one of the things that we 've developed in the lab -- we 've developed several vehi@@ cles -- is what we believe is the world 's first autonom@@ ously dri@@ f@@ ting car . +now , clearly we 're not going to put a couple of electro@@ des on his head and understand exactly what all of his thoughts are on the track . +watch the mental work@@ load , and watch the ste@@ ering . +so today , i 'm going to tell you about some people who didn 't move out of their neighbor@@ ho@@ ods . +so a few years ago , l@@ .@@ a. coun@@ ty decided that they needed to spend 2.@@ 5 billion dollars to re@@ pair the city schools . +i mean , literally , her home@@ town is called whit@@ es@@ ville , west virg@@ ini@@ a . +so these three guys all understand how to produ@@ c@@ tively chan@@ nel dollars through our local econom@@ ies to meet exi@@ sting market dem@@ ands , reduce the social problems that we have now and prevent new problems in the future . +our m@@ uni@@ ci@@ p@@ ali@@ ties , rural and urban , play the oper@@ a@@ tional course of infrastructure -- things like waste dis@@ pos@@ al , energy demand , as well as social costs of un@@ emplo@@ y@@ ment , dro@@ p-@@ out rates , in@@ car@@ cer@@ ation rates and the im@@ pac@@ ts of various public health costs . +and reading that book made me re@@ exam@@ ine that theory because i need to explain what i mean by that . +and i think because early on , frank@@ ly , my programs were just a little bit ahead of their time . +and my question is , how did we get from there to here ? +i went to dea@@ f clu@@ bs . +and yet , we have nobody who is trying to en@@ sure that the next generation of children born to afri@@ can@@ -@@ americans and asi@@ ans come out with cre@@ am@@ y skin and yellow hair . +and he ended up achie@@ ving at a level that had never before been con@@ tem@@ pl@@ ated by any member of his family . +the experience of down syndro@@ me people inclu@@ des those who are ac@@ tors , those who are wri@@ ters , some who are able to live fully indepen@@ d@@ ently in adul@@ tho@@ od . +and a lot of the time the question of par@@ en@@ tho@@ od is , what do we v@@ ali@@ date in our children , and what do we cure in them ? +and ultimately i feel that in the same way that we test fl@@ am@@ e-@@ re@@ tar@@ d@@ ant pa@@ jam@@ as in an in@@ fer@@ no to en@@ sure they won 't catch fire when our child reach@@ es across the sto@@ ve , so these stories of families negoti@@ ating these extreme differences refle@@ ct on the universal experience of par@@ enting , which is always that sometimes you look at your child and you think , where did you come from ? +and he had a very large head , which she thought might indi@@ cate hydro@@ cep@@ hal@@ us . +and i came from a very privi@@ le@@ ged background . i was very lucky . +never shown this picture before , and probably going to be su@@ ed for it . +the point being , this is going to be very , very inten@@ sive on the progra@@ mming side . +you want a separate thing , like the a@@ c adap@@ tor . +if you 're in a desert , they can talk to each other about two kilometers apart . +not something you 'd en@@ vy or want to do . +and it 's not to go out and buy 100 or 1,000 , though , i invi@@ te you to do that , and 10,000 would be even better . +and there are days -- i don 't know about the rest of you guys -- but there are days when i pal@@ p@@ ably feel how much i rely on other people for pretty much everything in my life . +so actually now on this website , we have 18@@ ,000 people . +and we 're building upon innova@@ tions of generations who went before us . +but remember , gre@@ e@@ ce is there today . +and when you think about the economy through these two different len@@ ses , you understand why this crisis is so hard to solve , because the worse the crisis gets , the higher the sta@@ kes are , the more each side thinks they know the answer and the other side is just going to ru@@ in everything . +that 's 20 percent of the budget , and that pres@@ ents a more difficult issue . +the phr@@ ase that you want , if you 're a graduate student or a post@@ do@@ c or you 're a professor , a 3@@ 8@@ -year-old economics professor , is , " i 'm an em@@ pi@@ ri@@ c@@ ist . +we know what it 's like to have these people on tv , in con@@ gress , y@@ elling about how the end of the world is coming if we don 't adop@@ t their view completely , because it 's happened about the dollar ever since there 's been a dollar . +and he said to the guy , " why have you put stuff on the back that no one will ever see ? " +i thought , well that 's not good enough . +the wir@@ ing from your sensor@@ y appar@@ at@@ us to those bits is shor@@ ter than the bits that have to pass through the thin@@ ky bit , the cortex . +where are you feeling this ? +and also tri@@ um@@ ph , this sense of tran@@ scen@@ dence , this " i never knew that . ah , this is something new . " +so i 'm going to sh@@ am@@ el@@ ess@@ ly ex@@ pose something to you , which is beautiful to me . +and then i can 't tell you how hard it is to do that radi@@ ator , which is cur@@ ved . +no one 's going to notice those spli@@ t lines and changes . +but what i have to do now , feeling again , what i 've got to do is to be able to supply enough of these enzy@@ mes , of these tri@@ g@@ gers into something early on in the process , that you pick it up , not through your thinking , but through your feeling . +no time . it says i have two minutes left , so we can 't do this . +now i think it 's too easy . +we have se@@ cul@@ ari@@ zed b@@ ad@@ ly , i would argue . +we need data , we don 't need help . +you need to keep repe@@ ating the lesson 10 times a day . +this comes across also in the way in which religi@@ ons set up ritu@@ als around important feelings . +and when they teach us a lesson , they do it via the body . +but that feeling of puzz@@ le@@ ment is struc@@ tural to con@@ temporary art . +the people in the modern world , in the se@@ cular world , who are interested in matters of the spirit , in matters of the mind , in higher sou@@ l-@@ like concern@@ s , tend to be isol@@ ated individuals . +if you want to change the world , you have to group together , you have to be collabor@@ ative . +and i say , " of course . " and they say , " so aren 't you sort of religious ? " +because you 've agre@@ ed on 90 percent of things , because you have a shared view on so many things , and you poli@@ tely diff@@ er . +so it took me from places like chi@@ le -- the at@@ ac@@ ama desert in chi@@ le -- to si@@ ber@@ ia , to under@@ ground min@@ es in the japanese al@@ ps , in northern america , all the way to ant@@ arc@@ tic@@ a and even to the south pole . +you need something like tens of me@@ gat@@ ons of water -- almost a gi@@ gat@@ on of water -- in order to have any chance of cat@@ ching this neu@@ trin@@ o . +the toi@@ lets there are literally holes in the ground covered with a woo@@ den sha@@ ck . +so this is us land@@ ing on the ross ice shel@@ f in ant@@ arc@@ tic@@ a . +the fabri@@ c alone wei@@ gh@@ s two tons . +an@@ il an@@ anth@@ as@@ w@@ am@@ y : what it takes to do extreme astro@@ physics +well , first you have to , as an engineer , scop@@ e the problem . how big is it ? +and a boo@@ k@@ mobile -- the size of a van with a satelli@@ te dis@@ h , a prin@@ ter , bin@@ der and cu@@ tter , and kids make their own books . +we have one of these things now . it 's completely cool . +but we sent -- thought , ok , if we 're going to need to do this , let 's do it in-@@ library . +the ge@@ tty here is moving their books to the u@@ cl@@ a , which is where we have one these scan@@ ning centers , and scan@@ ning their out@@ -@@ of-@@ copy@@ right books , which is fab@@ ul@@ ous . +it costs about 10 dollars a piece to go and take a dis@@ k and put it online , if you 're doing things in volu@@ me . +we ten@@ ded towards lon@@ ger@@ -@@ term things and also things that people can re@@ use and make into new movies , which has just been great fun . +so anyway , you 've got basically an idea of where things came from . +so en@@ vision what it looks like all wra@@ pped up . +it looked more like this when it was all wra@@ pped up -- not quite so pretty . +and frank@@ ly , i face a big ob@@ stac@@ le . +but these are essentially ex@@ tern@@ alized sto@@ ma@@ chs and l@@ ung@@ s . +so , f@@ ung@@ i and my@@ ce@@ li@@ um sequ@@ e@@ ster carbon dio@@ xide in the form of cal@@ ci@@ um ox@@ al@@ ates . +the my@@ ce@@ li@@ um , in the right conditions , produ@@ ces a mush@@ room -- it bur@@ sts through with such fer@@ o@@ city that it can break as@@ p@@ halt . +and i 'll show you a graph here . +there 's a v@@ et@@ ted press rele@@ ase that you can read -- it 's v@@ et@@ ted by do@@ d -- if you google " stam@@ ets " and " small@@ po@@ x . " +so , the house is no longer su@@ it@@ able for invasi@@ on . +too many with@@ dra@@ w@@ als from the carbon bank , and so this population will be shu@@ t down . +so we had our own mini@@ ature rain@@ forest , a private beach with a coral re@@ e@@ f . +so eight of us went in : four men and four women . +we stopped ir@@ ri@@ g@@ ating our soil , as much as we could . +but on the other hand , it was the scientific gold of the project , because we could really cr@@ ank this baby up , as a scientific tool , and see if we could , in fact , find where those seven tons of oxygen had gone . +i had been growing all my own food . +and all of it was coming from this : sh@@ ri@@ mp far@@ ms . +it 's such a huge subject . " +and if you lose where you are in your bio@@ sphere , or are perhaps having a diffic@@ ul@@ ty conne@@ cting with where you are in the bio@@ sphere , i would say to you , take a deep breath . +the cause of our trou@@ bles is actually the complexity that science has given us . +we have now found treat@@ ments for nearly all of the tens of thousands of conditions that a human being can have . +there 's another sign that we need p@@ it cre@@ ws , and that 's the un@@ mana@@ ge@@ able cost of our care . +sk@@ ill number one is the ability to recognize success and the ability to recognize failure . +we got the lead safety engineer for bo@@ eing to help us . +there 's a deep resi@@ stance because using these tools forces us to con@@ front that we 're not a system , forces us to be@@ have with a different set of values . +and most of those los@@ ses are because of things we know . +if you don 't just want a queen , you can buy , actually , a three-@@ po@@ und pac@@ ka@@ ge of bees , which comes in the mail , and of course , the post@@ al office is always very concerned when they get , you know , your three-@@ po@@ und pac@@ k@@ ages of bees . +but if you 're losing 50 percent to 80 percent of your col@@ on@@ ies , you can 't survive three years in a row . and we 're really worried about losing this se@@ gment of our industry . +and bees are very fa@@ i@@ th@@ ful . +and of course , bees are not the only important factor here . +but i also want to rein@@ force some of the ideas we 've heard here , because having a me@@ a@@ dow or living by a me@@ a@@ dow is transforma@@ tional . +well actually , i 've [ been ] whi@@ st@@ ling since the age of four , about four . +i lost my face . +and i want to first re@@ he@@ ar@@ se with you your whi@@ st@@ ling . +some of them are very easy . +and they also are able to show and to exhi@@ bit such a wonderful and complex behavior that can be described just with the term of intelligence . +look at this young be@@ an that is moving to catch the light every time . +how is it possible to do this without a brain ? +and why are they so similar ? +thank you . +they 're going to be enter@@ ing this car one by one . +and also in 50 other cities around the world , people partici@@ p@@ ated . +and because it was in union square park , right by a sub@@ way station , there were hundreds of people by the end who stopped and looked up and watched what we were doing . +they 're wearing either a yellow shir@@ t or a black shir@@ t . +he gave 2,000 high fi@@ ves that day , and he was@@ hed his hands before and after@@ ward and did not get sick . +and not knowing where help was needed always en@@ su@@ red that help was in short supply in the areas that needed it most . +our goal over the next year is to get water can@@ ary ready for the field and to open-@@ source the hard@@ ware so that anyone can contribu@@ te to the development and the ev@@ al@@ u@@ ation , so we can t@@ ack@@ le this problem together . +now why am i talking about co@@ ws ? +so what i 'm pro@@ pos@@ ing is , just as we require reading , writing , ari@@ th@@ me@@ tic , american history , so we should have a cur@@ ri@@ cul@@ um on facts about all the religi@@ ons of the world -- about their history , about their cre@@ e@@ ds , about their tex@@ ts , their music , their symbo@@ li@@ sms , their pro@@ hi@@ bi@@ tions , their requi@@ re@@ ments . +all i 'm saying is -- facts . facts only . +except , of course , it wasn 't the she@@ ep 's cle@@ vern@@ ess . +the lesson we learn from this is you don 't have to have a mind to be a bene@@ fi@@ ci@@ ary . +and how can we do that ? +i 'm talking also about chri@@ sti@@ an@@ ity . +yes . +but i wish it were better . +and here i think , " wait a minute . " +well , this from " the purpose driven life " -- " the bi@@ ble must become the auth@@ or@@ it@@ ative standard for my life , the comp@@ ass i rely on for direction , the coun@@ sel i listen to for making wise decisions and the ben@@ ch@@ mark i use for ev@@ al@@ u@@ ating everything . " +now do we really want to com@@ mit ourselves to eng@@ ul@@ fing all the other religi@@ ons when their hol@@ y books are telling them , " don 't listen to the other side , that 's just sat@@ an talking ! " +e@@ ars are made not for hearing , but for listening . +it looks a bit like this . +if you can 't hear somebody talking to you in a l@@ oud voice , it 's too l@@ oud . +first of all , listen consci@@ ously . +and my relationship to especially human@@ -@@ made objects which someone else said they work like this , well , i can say they work a different way , a little bit . +so kids don 't have as hard of a time with this , and i saw in my own son , i gave him this book . +and then you can take the little piano circu@@ it off the pen@@ cil . +and so we 're like , " we got@@ ta put a video out about this . " +okay , just wait for this one . this is good . +it 's really going to be seven billion pa@@ irs of hands , each following their own passi@@ ons , and each kind of like a mo@@ sa@@ ic coming up and creating this world in their back@@ y@@ ards and in their kit@@ ch@@ ens . +but they won 't come to us directly through light . +but einstein always thought black holes were a mathematical od@@ di@@ ty . +it would be bad if we tried to fire our rock@@ ets and get out of there because we couldn 't , anymore than light can es@@ cape . +this is from my group -- a slightly less glam@@ or@@ ous computer mod@@ el@@ ing . +and sur@@ ely , somewhere in the universe two black holes have mer@@ ged . +galaxies form , and generations of stars form in those galaxies , and around one star , at least one star , is a habit@@ able planet . +so we have to wonder , if there is a multi@@ verse , in some other pat@@ ch of that multi@@ verse , are there creatures ? +of the 100 in@@ car@@ cer@@ ated people that are rele@@ ased , 60 will return to prison . +well , it has its pl@@ uses and min@@ uses . +from the fact that they are only ser@@ ving one audience , main@@ ly the western culture . +i go everywhere to make believe it 's iran . +now comes the green movement -- the summer of 2009 , as my film is rele@@ ased -- the u@@ pris@@ ing begins in the streets of te@@ hr@@ an . +it can 't afford to dou@@ bt the person who ten@@ ds the child . +one person w@@ ins . +i will come to it later . +you cannot comm@@ and compassion unless you become limit@@ less , and nobody can become limit@@ less , either you are or you are not . period . +you act com@@ passion@@ ately . +if this does not b@@ low your mind , then you have no emotion . +and let 's pause here . +it 's good for motiv@@ ated students . +in a traditional classroom , you have a couple of home@@ work , home@@ work , lec@@ ture , home@@ work , lec@@ ture , and then you have a s@@ nap@@ shot ex@@ am . +and you can go to the site right now . it 's all free . not trying to sell anything . +red means they 're stuck . +and we 're seeing it over and over and over again . +i 'm still doing all the videos , but we have a rock@@ star team doing the software . +and they 're literally saying , " hey , this is nice , but ... " like that focus graph , a lot of the teachers said , " i have a feeling that a lot of the kids are jum@@ ping around and not foc@@ using on one top@@ ic . " +but there are also hallu@@ cin@@ ations as well , and hallu@@ cin@@ ations are completely different . +i see a lot of children . they are walking up and down sta@@ irs . +i said , " there is a special form of visual hallu@@ cin@@ ation which may go with de@@ teri@@ or@@ ating vision or blin@@ dness . +the first thing he said was he saw a hand@@ ker@@ ch@@ ie@@ f in mi@@ da@@ ir . +and he turned around . and then he divi@@ ded into six fig@@ ures in stri@@ ped shir@@ ts , who started walking towards her . +but no more than one percent of the people ac@@ knowledge them , because they are afraid they will be seen as in@@ san@@ e or something . +when people have these simple ge@@ om@@ et@@ ri@@ cal hallu@@ cin@@ ations , the primary visual cortex is activ@@ ated . +it is only if one is visu@@ ally im@@ pa@@ i@@ red or blind that the process is inter@@ rup@@ ted . +and actually i 'm a little visu@@ ally im@@ pa@@ i@@ red myself . +but i would come back from those di@@ ves and try to share the experience with words , and they were totally in@@ ade@@ qu@@ ate to the task . +it 's un@@ belie@@ vable . +this looks like something out of a dr. se@@ uss book -- just all man@@ ner of creatures all over this thing . +and we view it with a camera system i developed called e@@ ye@@ -@@ in-@@ the-@@ sea that uses far red light that 's invisible to most animals , so it 's un@@ ob@@ tru@@ sive . +and it does actually seem to be trying to eat the electr@@ onic j@@ ell@@ y@@ fish . +edi@@ th wid@@ der : the weird , wonderful world of bi@@ ol@@ umines@@ c@@ ence +the yel@@ low-@@ green area is the flu@@ ids of blood , which is mostly water , but it 's also anti@@ bodies , sug@@ ars , hor@@ mon@@ es , that kind of thing . +it 's an accu@@ rate repres@@ entation , and it 's pretty much at the cor@@ rect speed for what is oc@@ curr@@ ing inside you . +one set of dna goes to one side , the other side gets the other set of dna -- iden@@ tical cop@@ ies of dna . +it 's able to feel when the cell is ready , when the chromo@@ some is cor@@ rec@@ tly posi@@ tioned . +humanity is now fully into the tech@@ no@@ -@@ scientific age . +during 4@@ 1 years of teaching biology at harvard , i watched sa@@ dly as bright students turned away from the possibility of a scientific career or even from taking non-@@ requi@@ red cour@@ ses in science because they were afraid of failure . +ju@@ dge opportunity by how few other students and researchers are on hand . +or larger , what 's the role of dark matter in the expan@@ sion of the universe ? +humans have lived for much , much longer than the appro@@ x@@ ima@@ tely 10,000 years of sett@@ led agri@@ cultural civilization in small family groups . no@@ ma@@ di@@ c h@@ unter@@ s bring down rab@@ bits , gather@@ ing food . +more recently , that power is un@@ te@@ ther@@ ing and le@@ ap@@ ing off the des@@ k@@ tops , and very , very quickly , we 're going to see a significant propor@@ tion , if not the majority of the human race , walking around holding , carrying or wearing super@@ computers lin@@ ked at spee@@ ds greater than what we consider to be broad@@ band today . +he used the example of a common gra@@ zing area in which each person by simply ma@@ xi@@ mi@@ zing their own flo@@ ck led to over@@ gra@@ zing and the de@@ ple@@ tion of the resource . +to@@ y@@ ota , instead of tre@@ ating its supp@@ li@@ ers as a market@@ place , tre@@ ats them as a network and tra@@ ins them to produce better , even though they are also training them to produce better for their competi@@ tors . +what forms of suffering could be alle@@ vi@@ ated , what forms of wealth could be created if we knew a little bit more about co@@ operation ? +now , i 'll show you a fun ap@@ p that -- we 've been working on a collaboration with our friends at fli@@ ck@@ r . +yeah , yeah , back to the corner , back to the corner . +bla@@ ise ag@@ ü@@ era y arc@@ as : aug@@ ment@@ e@@ d-@@ reality maps +this was in prepar@@ ation for a mer@@ ger and ac@@ qu@@ isi@@ tion . +and if you remember the story about s@@ is@@ y@@ ph@@ us , s@@ is@@ y@@ ph@@ us was pun@@ ished by the go@@ ds to push the same rock up a h@@ ill , and when he almost got to the end , the rock would roll over , and he would have to start again . +what happened ? +i said , " how many of you now go home earlier than you used to ? " +so you take a piece , you just put it on the side . +the next part i want to show you is something about the positive motivation . +you had to measure the milk and add it , mix@@ ing it . +at the top of the she@@ et , we had little diagra@@ ms of how do you fold origami . +by the way , these are my kids , which , of course , are wonderful and so on . +and we 're actually cam@@ bo@@ di@@ ans . +this is a picture of what pur@@ sat looks like . +but for us it meant freedom . +one day a man told me , " my future does not look brilliant , but i want to have a brilliant future for my son . " +so the key here is empathy . +we re@@ vis@@ ed the mental health compon@@ ent of the primary health care services by ad@@ ding psycho@@ -@@ social care and psycho@@ -@@ social coun@@ sel@@ ors to the system . +when jun@@ gi@@ an analy@@ st inge miss@@ ma@@ hl vis@@ ited afghanistan , she saw the inner wo@@ unds of war -- wi@@ des@@ pre@@ ad des@@ pair , trau@@ ma and depression . and yet , in this coun@@ ty of 30 million people , there were only two do@@ zen psychiat@@ ri@@ sts . miss@@ ma@@ hl talks about her work helping to build the country 's system of psycho@@ social coun@@ sel@@ ing , pro@@ mot@@ ing both individual and , perhaps , national heal@@ ing . +that 's true of european bio@@ fu@@ els . +top left , we have canada and australia , with enormous land areas , very high per capit@@ a consumption , 200 or 300 light bul@@ bs per person , and very low population den@@ si@@ ties . +wind power produ@@ ces a bit more , 2.@@ 5 wat@@ ts per square meter , but that 's only twice as big as 1.@@ 25 wat@@ ts per square meter , so that means if you wanted literally to produce total energy consumption in all forms on average from wind far@@ ms , you need wind far@@ ms half the area of the u.@@ k . +but the same goes for rene@@ w@@ ables as well . +next , there 's the he@@ ating le@@ ver . +so , if you wanted to get 16 light bul@@ bs , remember , today our total energy consumption is 1@@ 25 light bul@@ bs ' worth . +he mentioned four great world orche@@ str@@ as , and the fif@@ th one was ven@@ e@@ zu@@ ela 's you@@ th sym@@ ph@@ ony orche@@ str@@ a . +the structure of el si@@ ste@@ ma is based on a new and flexi@@ ble man@@ aging style adap@@ ted to the fe@@ atures of each community and region , and today atten@@ ds to 3@@ 0@@ 0,000 children of the lower and middle class all over ven@@ e@@ zu@@ ela . +from the minute a child 's taught how to play an instrument , he 's no longer poor . +think about it , all right ? i 'm going to answer the phone three different times . +behavi@@ oral mark@@ ers matter . +that actually occur@@ red this year . she took early reti@@ re@@ ment . +we are obs@@ essed with this way of thinking . +classi@@ c . hi@@ p fra@@ c@@ ture often leads to institu@@ tion@@ alization of a sen@@ ior . +these disco@@ ver@@ ies of behavi@@ oral mark@@ ers , and behavi@@ oral changes are game changing , and like the discovery of the microscop@@ e because of our colle@@ cting data stre@@ ams that we 've actually never done before . +it 's achie@@ vable . we should do it econom@@ ically , we should do it mor@@ ally , and we should do it for quality of life . +we will see 3@@ 0,000 new infe@@ cted web@@ sites . +this is the market leader in mal@@ ware distribution , the black hole explo@@ it pack , responsible for nearly one third of mal@@ ware distribution in the last couple of quar@@ ters . +so this is writing out the mali@@ cious code , and a few seconds later , on the le@@ ft@@ -@@ hand side , you 'll see the attac@@ ker 's screen get some interesting new text . +what 's really insu@@ l@@ ting about this is not only does it provide the attac@@ kers with access to your data , but when the scan fin@@ ish@@ es , they tell you in order to clean up the fa@@ ke viruses , you have to regi@@ ster the product . +a little more se@@ arch@@ ing , and here 's our cyber@@ crimin@@ al . +okay ? so you can see a list of wir@@ eless networks . +you see , technology 's changing at a st@@ ag@@ ger@@ ing rate , and that 25@@ 0,000 pieces of mal@@ ware won 't stay the same for long . +i wasn 't very good at reading things . +you all know the story , right . +and that was really cool . +it was extraordinary . +" you can call it a dinosau@@ r , but look at the vel@@ o@@ ci@@ ra@@ p@@ tor : the vel@@ o@@ ci@@ ra@@ p@@ tor is cool . " +and they obviously make a lot of money off of them . +and so he agre@@ ed . +and quite frank@@ ly , i think if col@@ on@@ el s@@ anders was to be care@@ ful how he wor@@ ded it , he could actually adverti@@ se an extra piece . +that 's based on diet in@@ take sur@@ ve@@ ys , it 's based on levels of o@@ bes@@ ity , it 's based on a range of fac@@ tors that gives you an appro@@ x@@ ima@@ te guess as to how much food is actually going into people 's mou@@ ths . +that 's what 's in fields around the world every single year . +go one step up , and you get to farmers , who throw away sometimes a third or even more of their harv@@ est because of co@@ s@@ me@@ tic standards . +the one in the middle , on my kitchen table . not much difference . +western countries throw out nearly half of their food , not because it 's ine@@ di@@ ble -- but because it doesn 't look appe@@ aling . tri@@ stra@@ m stu@@ art del@@ ves into the sho@@ cking data of wa@@ sted food , calling for a more responsible use of global resources . +and this is all done , by the way , by the international astronom@@ ical union . +now , we 're going to be going to mars one day . and when we do , it 's going to be un@@ fair for the people that are living there to have to live with these ridi@@ cul@@ ous names . +" listen , i 'm going back to the s@@ w@@ amp mer@@ ma@@ id . can you call me in a little while ? " +we have names for places where people don 't exist . +blue che@@ ese , ran@@ ch , oil and v@@ ine@@ gar , thousand is@@ lands and house . +now this is is@@ a@@ a@@ c from a viet@@ nam@@ ese stam@@ p . +he 's all mur@@ ky . there is little kids le@@ an@@ ing on his leg , little g@@ ho@@ sts flying around . we got@@ ta clean this stuff up fast , ladies and gentle@@ men . +prime numbers , g@@ aus@@ s , one of my favor@@ ites . +every top ad@@ ds up to 3@@ 7 . +it just seems like it 's not sex@@ y and elegan@@ t , it 's hidden . +thank you . +it was incredibly successful . +it thought of itself as being dis@@ connected from the internet , but it was possible for somebody to s@@ mu@@ g@@ gle a us@@ b drive in there , or something like that , and software got in there that causes the cent@@ ri@@ fu@@ ges , in that case , to actually destro@@ y themselves . +and so if you hear an exper@@ t talking about the internet and saying it can do this , or it does do this , or it will do that , you should treat it with the same skep@@ tic@@ ism that you might treat the comm@@ ents of an econom@@ ist about the economy or a wea@@ ther@@ man about the weather , or something like that . +good after@@ noon . +so military technologies can influence the course of the world , can make or break world peace -- and there lies the issue with cy@@ ber weapons . +today we 're moving to a multi@@ pol@@ ar world in which co@@ ordin@@ ation is much more complicated , as we have seen at cop@@ en@@ ha@@ gen . +before that day , this is how i saw the ocean . +speaking of dinosaurs , sharks are basically the same fish they were 300 million years ago . +of course , sea cu@@ cum@@ bers sho@@ ot them out their re@@ ars , which , in my opini@@ on , makes them much more interesting a super@@ hero . +and he does manage to find them , but great navi@@ gation skills , l@@ ous@@ y pi@@ ck@@ -up lines . +i couldn 't fit them in . +s@@ her@@ man 's up in shark hea@@ ven . +and you 're getting all kinds of cool stuff . +in the lower 4@@ 8 , the far@@ th@@ est you can get away from a main@@ tain@@ ed road is 20 miles . +the ta@@ hl@@ tan have called for the creation of a tri@@ b@@ al her@@ it@@ age reser@@ ve which will set asi@@ de the largest prote@@ cted area in british colum@@ bia . +multi@@ p@@ ly 22 times 4@@ 7 , make sure you get 1,@@ 0@@ 3@@ 4 , or the calcul@@ ators are not working . do all of you get 1,@@ 0@@ 3@@ 4 ? 1,@@ 0@@ 3@@ 4 ? +5@@ 29 . +7@@ 22 is 500 -- o@@ oh , that 's a harder one . +in the mean@@ while , let me conclu@@ de the first part of my show by doing something a little tri@@ ck@@ ier . +ok , any six of them . +audience : febru@@ ary . +what year , chris , would you like ? +audience : six . six . +now , 5@@ 7 times 6@@ 8 is 3@@ ,@@ 400 , plus 4@@ 7@@ 6 is 3@@ 8@@ 7@@ 6 , that 's 3@@ 8@@ ,@@ 7@@ 60 plus 17@@ 1 , 3@@ 8@@ ,@@ 7@@ 60 plus 17@@ 1 is 3@@ 8@@ ,@@ 9@@ 3@@ 1 . +a third time , it 's just being a techni@@ cian . +change is happening , and the change that is happening is not one that is in software . +had colle@@ cted photographs of me , as mothers will do . +and i 'll just say what i 'm about to do . what i 'm about to do -- i hope you can recognize that there 's a di@@ stor@@ ted s@@ ine wave , almost a tri@@ ang@@ ular wave upon this he@@ w@@ le@@ tt@@ -@@ pac@@ k@@ ard o@@ sc@@ il@@ lo@@ scop@@ e . +but you will need to know ei@@ gh@@ th-@@ grade al@@ ge@@ br@@ a , and we 're going to do serious experiments . +now , so i know the frequ@@ ency . +i 'm going home for a mid@@ term . a ri@@ ot 's going on on cam@@ pus . +i pop up the top , and there 's a cu@@ pol@@ a . +well i 'm here to suggest there 's a better way , that less might actually equal more . +secon@@ dly , our new man@@ tra : small is sex@@ y . +maybe , just maybe , less might equal more . +that fix@@ ed behavior -- which is ri@@ gi@@ d and stere@@ ot@@ yp@@ ed and ends up with a me@@ al -- changes . +if we 've got them wired up with an electro@@ en@@ cep@@ hal@@ ogra@@ m , the right brain of each of them becomes att@@ un@@ ed , so that the jo@@ y@@ ful emergen@@ ce of this earli@@ est of play scen@@ es and the physi@@ ology of that is something we 're beginning to get a hand@@ le on . +this happens to be ok -- he 's an an@@ atom@@ ically interested little boy and that 's his mom . other situations wouldn 't be quite so good . +they 'd given me a large gr@@ ant when i was an acade@@ mi@@ cian for the study of fel@@ ony dr@@ un@@ ken dri@@ vers , and i thought i had a pretty good track record , and by the time i had spent half an hour talking about play , it was obvious that they were not -- did not feel that play was serious . +and i think if you think about life without play -- no humor , no fli@@ r@@ tation , no movies , no games , no fan@@ t@@ asy and , and , and . +found that when he looked at a play@@ ground out of a window into which he had been con@@ fin@@ ed , he felt something different . +characteri@@ zed by a feeling of energi@@ zed focus , full invol@@ vement and success in the process of the activity . +and its hu@@ gely important in learning and cra@@ f@@ ting the brain . +we decided to do something a little bit different and transform fla@@ vor@@ s that were very familiar -- so in this case , so we take a car@@ rot ca@@ ke , put it in a bl@@ ender , and we have kind of like a car@@ rot ca@@ ke ju@@ ice , and then that went into a ballo@@ on fro@@ zen in liquid ni@@ tro@@ gen to create this hol@@ low sh@@ ell of car@@ rot ca@@ ke ice cre@@ am , i guess , and it comes off looking like , you know , ju@@ pit@@ er 's flo@@ ating around your pla@@ te . +h@@ c : so , after about a day of chris and i star@@ ing at each other , we came up with something that was pretty close to the ham@@ bur@@ ger pat@@ ty , and as you can see it basically forms like ham@@ bur@@ ger meat . +h@@ c : so this is where we step into the future and we le@@ ap@@ fro@@ g ahead . +so , why don 't we hear more about the world ? +where 's art ? i got produ@@ c@@ tivity . i got spor@@ ts . +and one of them is called ta@@ ket@@ a . which is which ? +the full videos are online if you are interested . +but if i come up really close and st@@ are directly at the camera on this laptop then you 'll see these nice cris@@ p eyes . +i 'd like to show you thing called s@@ n@@ out , which is -- the idea behind this project is to make a robot that appe@@ ars as if it 's contin@@ ually surprised to see you . +if this virus was in thousands of individuals at this point , why was it the case that it took us until 198@@ 4 to be able to discover this virus ? +deep in a remote region of c@@ amer@@ o@@ on , two h@@ unter@@ s stal@@ k their pre@@ y . +they 're also going to ask you the question that when we knew that this was the way that hiv enter@@ ed into the human population , and that other diseases had the potential to enter like this , why did we let these behaviors continue ? +paul worked for years on the c@@ amer@@ o@@ oni@@ an national radio and television , and he spoke about health issues . he was a health cor@@ respon@@ dent . +and let 's face it , any new retro@@ virus in the human population -- it 's something we should be aware of . +and because of that announ@@ c@@ ement , we got a big article in the new york times , which led to more press , which led to more attention , and me deci@@ ding to become ce@@ o of that company -- whereas i was just an ad@@ vis@@ er -- and raising a round of vent@@ ure capital and ra@@ mp@@ ing up hir@@ ing . +and they 're t@@ we@@ eting , in some cases , from behind clo@@ se@@ d-@@ door s@@ essi@@ ons with the president . +people have raised tens of thousands of dollars over twitter in a matter of days on several occasi@@ ons . +my mother says that i started reading at the age of two , although i think four is probably close to the truth . +my mother was an admini@@ str@@ ator . +i must say that before i went to the u.s. i didn 't consci@@ ously identify as african . +the political climate in the u.s. at the time was ten@@ se , and there were deb@@ ates going on about im@@ migra@@ tion . +when i learned , some years ago , that wri@@ ters were expected to have had really un@@ happy child@@ ho@@ ods to be successful , i began to think about how i could inv@@ ent horri@@ ble things my parents had done to me . +now , the conven@@ tional wisdom was that nigeri@@ ans don 't read liter@@ ature . +she introduced them to a book about the southern life that they had left behind : " they sat around , reading the book themselves , listening to me read the book , and a kind of par@@ ad@@ ise was re@@ ga@@ ined . " +it literally fl@@ at@@ -@@ lin@@ ed . +well for the sa@@ ke of time , i want to focus on just three strategi@@ es . +we need to fundament@@ ally re@@ define who it is that experts are . +i 'm looking for a third way : i 'm prepar@@ ing to get alzheimer 's disease . +would they give me char@@ ts and graph@@ s that i could color ? +al@@ an@@ na sha@@ i@@ k@@ h : how i 'm prepar@@ ing to get alzheimer 's +the network has two components in them . +the battery is not the gas t@@ ank , in a sense . +and these pri@@ ces are actually with clean electr@@ ons . +and i had to qu@@ it and come and do this thing called a better place . +as we star@@ ed sc@@ aling it up we looked at what is the problem to come up to the u.s. ? +we go back down . it 's going to go up and down . +now where is the car industry on that ? +now when we 're looking at solving big problems , we need to start thinking in two numbers . +we have to make the right moral decision . +they see us as ro@@ cking the boat , and you can understand why . +complexity is the problem that any theory of biology has to solve , and you can 't solve it by post@@ ul@@ ating an ag@@ ent that is even more complex , there@@ by simply com@@ po@@ unding the problem . +now , there 's a typical scientific journ@@ al , the quar@@ ter@@ ly re@@ view of biology . +and however we define athei@@ s@@ m , it 's sur@@ ely the kind of acade@@ mic belief that a person is enti@@ t@@ led to hold without being vili@@ fied as an un@@ patri@@ o@@ tic , un@@ elec@@ table non-@@ citi@@ zen . +in 199@@ 8 , lar@@ son and with@@ am po@@ ll@@ ed the cre@@ am of american scientists , those who 'd been hon@@ or@@ ed by ele@@ ction to the national acade@@ my of sci@@ ences , and among this sele@@ ct group , belief in a personal god dro@@ pped to a sh@@ at@@ ter@@ ing seven percent . +darwin said , " i have never been an athei@@ st in the same sense of den@@ ying the existence of a god . +non@@ eth@@ eless , if we want to attra@@ ct deep down athei@@ sts to come out publi@@ c@@ ly , we 're going to have find something better to stick on our ban@@ ner than " to@@ oth fair@@ y " or " tea@@ po@@ t ag@@ no@@ stic . " +we need an anti-@@ temp@@ le@@ ton to step forward . +what this picture suggests to us is that we 've got a radical change in the way information production and exchange is capit@@ alized . not that it 's become less capital inten@@ sive -- that there 's less money that 's requi@@ red -- but that the ow@@ ner@@ ship of this capital , the way the capit@@ alization happens , is radi@@ cally distribu@@ ted . each of us , in these advanced econom@@ ies , has one of these , or something rather like it -- a computer . +the critical innovation here is instead of our engineers , or our people saying which is the most relevant , we 're going to go out and count what you , people out there on the web , for whatever reason -- van@@ ity , pleasure -- produced links , and ti@@ ed to each other . we 're going to count those , and count them up . +and if dinner isn 't entirely obvious , think of sex . +but -- and this is the dark lin@@ ing -- it is thre@@ at@@ en@@ ed by -- in the same way that it thre@@ at@@ ens -- the in@@ cum@@ b@@ ent industrial systems . +due to some sli@@ p-@@ u@@ ps , he managed to es@@ cape d@@ ressed as a woman and ran from london back to nigeria where , according to our const@@ it@@ ution , those in office as gover@@ nor@@ s , president -- as in many countries -- have imm@@ unity and cannot be pro@@ se@@ cu@@ ted . but what happened : people were so ou@@ tra@@ ged by this behavior that it was possible for his state leg@@ is@@ l@@ ature to im@@ pe@@ ach him and get him out of office . +we are gr@@ ate@@ ful , but we know that we can take charge of our own dest@@ in@@ ies if we have the will to re@@ form . +and in the three years that i was fin@@ ance minister , they made an average of 3@@ 60 million dollars profit per year . +and what is more important , because we want to get away from oil and diver@@ si@@ fy -- and there are so many opportunities in this one big country , as in many countries in africa -- what was remarkable is that much of this growth came not from the oil sector alone , but from non-@@ oil . +not all of them have been perfect , or will be , but the trend is very clear . +so , she 'll make a little pair of d@@ ung@@ are@@ es with cor@@ du@@ ro@@ ys , with african material mix@@ ed in . very creative designs , has reach@@ ed a stage where she even had an order from wal@@ -@@ m@@ art . +every year , 3@@ 6@@ ,000 people in the united states die of seas@@ onal flu . +this worked well for most pa@@ tho@@ gens , some@@ what well for cra@@ f@@ ty bu@@ gs like flu , but not at all for hiv , for which humans have no natural imm@@ unity . +and also , what the anti@@ bodies use is a hand@@ le to essentially gra@@ b and neu@@ tr@@ alize the virus . +many thought that it was just impossible to make an aids v@@ acc@@ ine , but today , evidence tells us otherwise . +in the longer term , what they can do is use these tools of retro@@ -@@ vac@@ cin@@ ology to make a pre@@ ven@@ tive flu v@@ acc@@ ine . +lu@@ ck@@ ily for us , we live in an era of brea@@ th@@ taking bi@@ ome@@ di@@ cal advan@@ ces . +india , mexico and others are already making experiment@@ al flu vac@@ cin@@ es , and they may be the first place we see these vac@@ cin@@ es in use . +s@@ b : you know , everybody says it 's 10 years , but it 's been 10 years every 10 years . +and these are not really a people op@@ pres@@ sed by poverty . +i would also like to pay ho@@ ma@@ ge and honor to the ted fel@@ lo@@ ws jun@@ e ar@@ ung@@ a , james shi@@ k@@ wat@@ i , andre@@ w , and the other ted fel@@ lo@@ ws . +did you know that 40 percent of the wealth created in africa is not invest@@ ed here in africa ? +i bel@@ ong to an internet discussion for@@ um , an african internet discussion for@@ um , and i asked them , i said , " since 1960 , we 've had exactly 20@@ 4 african heads of state , since 1960 . " +that 's not wealth creation . it 's wealth re@@ distribution . +if you look into their traditional systems , afri@@ cans organi@@ ze their states in two types . +and when they produce their cro@@ ps , they sell the sur@@ plus on market@@ places . +a bigger boat will mean more fish will be caught and land@@ ed . +and i was sure that it was going to be great for democracy and for our society . +scot@@ t 's results were full of them . +and the challenge with these kinds of algorith@@ mic fil@@ ters , these person@@ alized fil@@ ters , is that , because they 're main@@ ly looking at what you click on first , it can throw off that balance . +we need it to introdu@@ ce us to new ideas and new people and different perspe@@ c@@ tives . +she said " yes , that 's former vice president al gore and his wife ti@@ pp@@ er . " +just in the last two days , we got the new temperature recor@@ ds in janu@@ ary . +a lot of us in here have made that decision and it is really pretty easy . +help with the mass per@@ su@@ asi@@ on campaign that will start this spring . +and all the burning of oil and coal and gas , all the fossil fu@@ els , have changed the atmosphere great@@ ly . +you go in along the sh@@ ore , you can find it everywhere . +so this is the gul@@ f of mexico , spar@@ kl@@ ing place full of fish . +but he told ted that on the last day he went out , a bot@@ t@@ len@@ o@@ se dolph@@ in suddenly appe@@ ared next to the boat , and it was sp@@ lat@@ ter@@ ing oil out its blo@@ whole . +we 're starting with something that 's had a lot of st@@ res@@ ses and a lot of problems to begin with . +here are sh@@ ri@@ mp bo@@ ats emplo@@ yed . +it turns out that -- you see this sign on almost every commercial ves@@ sel in the united states -- you know , if you sp@@ ill@@ ed a couple of gall@@ ons of oil , you would be in big trouble . +there 's certainly a common theme about nee@@ ding to make the moment out of this . +well i built a fusion re@@ actor when i was 14 years old . +ta@@ yl@@ or wil@@ son : y@@ up , i built a nuclear fusion re@@ actor +everybody : i am my connec@@ tom@@ e . +you can recognize them inst@@ antly by their fantastic shapes . +we color every neuron in , in a different color , and then we look through all of the images , find the sy@@ nap@@ ses and note the colors of the two neurons involved in each sy@@ nap@@ se . +but may i ? +and there 's a lot of evidence that neu@@ ral activity is en@@ co@@ ding our thoughts , feelings and per@@ cep@@ tions , our mental experiences . +let us attemp@@ t to read out memor@@ ies from connec@@ tom@@ es . +if you believe that i am my connec@@ tom@@ e , i think you must also accept the idea that death is the destruction of your connec@@ tom@@ e . +z@@ ach ka@@ plan : kei@@ th and i lead a research team . +because the way that he pres@@ ented the concept -- his approach was totally different than ours . he sold it to you as if it was for s@@ ale right now . +now , i 'm not going to get into the physics of it , but all you need to know is that the faster the mag@@ net 's fall@@ ing , the greater the stopp@@ ing force . +z@@ k : i 'd just like to let you all know that this pres@@ entation has been brought to you by target . +while he was doing this , he noticed an un@@ expected thing . +pac@@ k@@ aging that changes color when your milk 's gone off . +z@@ ach ka@@ plan + kei@@ th scha@@ cht : to@@ ys and materials from the future +can we produce a men@@ u that 's deli@@ cious without fo@@ ie gras ? +" span@@ ish che@@ f acc@@ used ... " -- and the french acc@@ used him . +he 's really just in love with -- he 's at one with -- he 's the goo@@ se wh@@ is@@ per@@ er . +even though they were im@@ pris@@ oned in this garden of e@@ den with fi@@ gs and everything else . +his biggest ob@@ stac@@ le , really , was the market@@ place , which dem@@ ands these days bright yellow fo@@ ie gras . +and he grab@@ s my arm and the transl@@ ator 's , and du@@ cks us under a bush and says , " watch this . " +they don 't need anything more . " +but i can taste things . +i really was moved . +he ta@@ sted it and fell in love with it . +if human beings disappe@@ ared , life on earth as we know it would fl@@ our@@ ish . " +but now we need a new fire that makes us safe , sec@@ ure , healthy and dur@@ able . +let me say that again . +america could lead this next automo@@ tive revolution . +we can use some smart it to en@@ h@@ ance trans@@ it and en@@ able car sharing and ride sharing . +most of it now is wa@@ sted and the technologies for saving it keep impro@@ ving faster than we 're inst@@ all@@ ing them . +well , from the coal bur@@ ned at the power plant through all these com@@ po@@ unding los@@ ses , only a tent@@ h of the fuel energy actually ends up coming out the pi@@ pe as flow . +and when a big plant goes down , you lose a thousand me@@ ga@@ wat@@ ts in milli@@ seconds , often for weeks or months , often without war@@ ning . +in 197@@ 6 , for example , government and industry insi@@ sted that the amount of energy needed to make a dollar of g@@ dp could never go down . +thank you . +and third , the engagement in developing countries was with a nar@@ row set of government eli@@ tes with little interaction with the citizens , who are the ulti@@ mate bene@@ fi@@ ci@@ aries of development assi@@ stance . +in this map from mol@@ do@@ va , the green color shows those distri@@ cts that have low spending on schools but good edu@@ cational out@@ comes , and the red color shows the opposite . +we will find that these children , too , have a real chance of breaking their way out of poverty . +if we take the to@@ o@@ th@@ br@@ ush -- i don 't think about the to@@ o@@ th@@ br@@ ush . +after , we become a fish ; after , we become a fro@@ g ; after , we become a mon@@ key ; after , we become what we are today : a super@@ -@@ mon@@ key , and the fun is , the super@@ -@@ mon@@ key we are today , is at half of the story . +if you walk like that , it 's ok , it 's ok , you can walk , but perhaps , because you walk with the eyes like that , you will not see , oh , there is a hole . +if you look like that , you look to the past , or you look inside if you are very flexi@@ ble , inside yourself . +that 's why we must ada@@ pt . +we can say to our children , ok , done , that was our story . that passed . +no sl@@ ou@@ ching , no pants han@@ ging down , none of that stuff . +and the dri@@ ll ser@@ ge@@ ant starts scre@@ aming at them , and telling them to do all kinds of awful things . +no , no , it begins the first time a child in a mother 's arms looks up at the mother and says , " oh , this must be my mother . +the last chap@@ ter in my book is called " the gift of a good start . " +give him to the army . we 'll never see him again . we 'll never see him again . " +you get a job and get out of the house . +" it 's okay , it 's okay . " +i 'm a marke@@ ter , and as a marke@@ ter , i know that i 've never really been in control . +h@@ ul@@ u and net@@ fli@@ x , among other companies , have open vac@@ ation poli@@ cies . +the days are past when a person , company or brand could ti@@ ghtly control their repu@@ tation -- online ch@@ at@@ ter and sp@@ in mean that if you 're relevant , there 's a const@@ ant , fre@@ e-@@ form conversation happening about you that you have no control over . tim le@@ ber@@ echt off@@ ers three big ideas about accep@@ ting that loss of control , even designing for it -- and using it as an im@@ pe@@ tus to re@@ com@@ mit to your values . +they want to make people live in fear . +but people did not rel@@ ate to this . +they were actually attac@@ king them . +seriously , with the amount of change i had noticed in this square , i thought it was 12 years . +i feel that i have dig@@ ni@@ ty that i have lost for so many years . " +so we 've been studying the babies using a techni@@ que that we 're using all over the world and the sounds of all languages . +so babies absor@@ b the statistics of the language and it changes their brains ; it changes them from the citizens of the world to the cul@@ tu@@ re-@@ bo@@ und listen@@ ers that we are . +whatever you put in front of them , they 'll take statistics on . +in investi@@ g@@ ating the child 's brain , we 're going to un@@ cover deep tru@@ ths about what it means to be human , and in the process , we may be able to help keep our own minds open to learning for our entire lives . +but i have to tell you a funny story . +so what happened now is , when the water@@ color was flo@@ wing into the structure , the water@@ colors do not mix with the fer@@ ro@@ flu@@ id . +i could do it again to show it one more time , but some would argue that this is a complete waste of the wh@@ is@@ key , and that i should rather drink it . +in that ho@@ spi@@ ce , there were 3@@ 1 men and women who were ac@@ tively dying . +and my family brought in a woman whose mother had been a sla@@ ve to take care of me . +and you know , we have a society , a world , that is paraly@@ zed by fear . +but it also takes a soft front -- the capacity to really be open to the world as it is , to have an un@@ defen@@ ded heart . +may we actu@@ alize that capacity for women everywhere . +now , it 's no surprise that when you add con@@ se@@ cu@@ tive fi@@ bon@@ acc@@ i numbers , you get the next fi@@ bon@@ acc@@ i number . right ? +bene@@ ath that , i 'll put a two-@@ b@@ y-@@ two square , and next to that , a three-@@ b@@ y-@@ three square , bene@@ ath that , a five-@@ b@@ y-@@ five square , and then an ei@@ ght-@@ b@@ y-@@ eight square , creating one giant rec@@ tan@@ gle , right ? +now , being ir@@ ani@@ an-@@ american pres@@ ents its own set of problems , as you know . +and i started fre@@ a@@ king out , because i don 't know what kind of cra@@ p my grand@@ father was into . +but what was interesting was , the paki@@ stan@@ i musli@@ m guy -- see he gives a bad name to musli@@ ms and middle e@@ ast@@ ern@@ ers and paki@@ stan@@ is from all over the world . +he goes , " i 'm going to the zar@@ a store . it 's three miles away . +i go , " he 's got to be my driver . " +mar@@ co temp@@ est : when asked about de@@ ception , he said this : magic is the only honest prof@@ ession . +where is the queen ? +i 'm going to show you how terror@@ ism actually inter@@ acts with our daily life . +at the same time , while i was intervie@@ wing the red bri@@ ga@@ des , i also discovered that their life was not rul@@ ed by politics or ide@@ ology , but actually was rul@@ ed by economics . +so , i decided that i wanted to investi@@ gate the economics of terror@@ ism . +but the great change came , of course , with glob@@ alization and der@@ e@@ gu@@ lation . +now , when i went to look at the fig@@ ures of the u.s. money supply , the u.s. money supply is the amount of dollars that the fe@@ der@@ al reser@@ ve prin@@ ts every year in order to satis@@ fy which , of course , refle@@ cts the growth of the economy . +now , the eur@@ o was a new@@ ly born cur@@ ren@@ cy of great opportunity for business , and , of course , for investment . +this has given me a very special relationship with the ocean . +i wanted to live a life that i could be proud of . +i don 't think i 've ever felt so happy in my entire life . +i don 't see anybody for the whole time that i 'm at sea , generally . +awful , really awful . +when they opened this one up , they found its sto@@ mach was full of plastic . +i even met one of them and she was just about my size . +and it 's very difficult to be happy on a planet that 's ra@@ cked with fam@@ ine and dr@@ ought . +so anyway , today we 'll talk about architecture a little bit , within the subject of creation and optimis@@ m . +it 's too late . that is gone . +can i have the lights off for a moment ? +and so what the buil@@ der will get is every single individual part that has been cu@@ sto@@ m manu@@ f@@ actu@@ red off@@ -@@ site and deli@@ vered on a tru@@ ck to the site , to that buil@@ der , and a set of these instru@@ ction manu@@ als . +they were asked to design , replace that bridge in six weeks , building it , including all of the parts , manu@@ f@@ actu@@ red . +ro@@ sa mexic@@ an@@ o restaurant , where he transpor@@ ts us to the shor@@ es of ac@@ ap@@ ul@@ co , up on the upp@@ er west side , with this wall of cli@@ ff diver@@ s who -- there you go , like that . +take it from me . under the bed is not a good hi@@ ding spot . +see , they asked me what i wanted to be , then told me what not to be . +standing up for yourself doesn 't have to mean embra@@ cing violence . +so we grew up belie@@ ving no one would ever fall in love with us , that we 'd be lon@@ ely forever , that we 'd never meet someone to make us feel like the sun was something they built for us in their to@@ ol@@ shed . +we were fre@@ a@@ ks -- lo@@ b@@ ster cla@@ w boys and be@@ ar@@ ded ladies , od@@ di@@ ties ju@@ g@@ gling depression and lon@@ el@@ iness , playing soli@@ ta@@ ire , sp@@ in the bottle , trying to k@@ is@@ s the wo@@ unded parts of ourselves and he@@ al , but at night , while the others sle@@ pt , we kept walking the ti@@ gh@@ tro@@ pe . +the future states that there is no time other than the collap@@ sation of that sen@@ sation of the mirror of the memor@@ ies in which we are living . +so , as i say before the last piece , feel not as though it is a sphere we live on , rather an infin@@ ite plane which has the illusion of leading yourself back to the point of orig@@ in . +in on@@ t@@ ari@@ o , the bor@@ e@@ al mar@@ ches down south to the north sh@@ ore of la@@ ke super@@ ior . +now , you can apply that same kind of thinking here as well . +and the ta@@ il@@ ings pon@@ ds range in size up to 9@@ ,000 ac@@ r@@ es . +this is one of the reasons why canada , origin@@ ally a climate change hero -- we were one of the first sig@@ nat@@ ories of the k@@ yo@@ to accor@@ d . +and the world certainly does not need the largest tox@@ ic im@@ po@@ und@@ ments to grow and multi@@ p@@ ly and further thre@@ aten the down@@ stream communities . +b@@ har@@ ti see@@ ks to liber@@ ate this everyday c@@ liche , as she calls it , by explo@@ ding it into something spec@@ tac@@ ular . +he creates these op@@ ul@@ ent tab@@ le@@ aus inspired by hier@@ ony@@ mus bo@@ sch , but also by the k@@ as@@ h@@ mir@@ i tex@@ ti@@ les of his you@@ th . +i 'm an ec@@ ologist , and i study complexity . i love complexity . +and so now we can look one degrees , two degrees , three degrees away from that no@@ de and elimin@@ ate three-@@ quar@@ ters of the diagra@@ m outside that sphere of influence . +for example , in my first ted@@ talk , i did pro@@ pose that we should spend 21 billion hours a week as a planet playing video games . +they help us stay connected with people in our social network that we would otherwise grow dist@@ ant from , if we weren 't playing games together . +my brain started telling me , jan@@ e , you want to die . +even people were playing it for ter@@ min@@ al diagno@@ ses like als . +it seems that somehow , a trau@@ matic event can un@@ lock our ability to lead a life with fewer re@@ gre@@ ts . +go ! +all right , pick one , last qu@@ est : sha@@ ke someone 's hand for six seconds , or send someone a quick thank you by text , email , facebook or twitter . go ! +pretty clever , right ? +on the right hand side , that bit there is part of an instal@@ lation that is about 12 feet long . +by this stage the project had taken on a vi@@ ral dimension of its own , which got completely beyond us . +the first one she did was kni@@ tting . +now mathemati@@ cians have ans@@ wer@@ ed that question . +it 's a bit like this : imagine that we 'd only ever en@@ counter@@ ed eu@@ cli@@ de@@ an space . +and that 's true . but it also goes deeper than that . +he believed that the cr@@ y@@ st@@ al was the model for all kinds of repres@@ entation . +so you can then map function onto structure , and then find out what the circu@@ it@@ ry 's doing to generate that particular function . +and then what happens is , there 's a b@@ low to your head , dama@@ ging the cortex , allo@@ wing these lat@@ ent sexual ur@@ ges to emer@@ ge , fl@@ aming to the surface , and suddenly and in@@ ex@@ pli@@ c@@ ably you find yourself being sex@@ ually ar@@ ous@@ ed by your mother . +and that 's fortun@@ ate , because we can put two electro@@ des on your pal@@ m and measure the change in skin resi@@ stance produced by swe@@ ating . +there 's no del@@ u@@ sion through the phone . +the phan@@ tom lim@@ b -- they 'll say , " but doctor , the phan@@ tom lim@@ b is paraly@@ zed . +maybe you can re@@ lie@@ ve the phan@@ tom pain , the phan@@ tom cra@@ mp . +and he says , " oh my god , my phan@@ tom is moving again . i don 't believe this ! +and i said -- i got worried , i said , my god , i mean i 've changed this guy 's body image , what about human subje@@ cts , eth@@ ics and all of that ? +bear in mind , these people are completely normal in other respe@@ cts . +now remember -- why does this happen ? +here , you 've got mar@@ ti@@ an alp@@ hab@@ et . +it 's kind of a well-@@ kept secret . +and i think that as we look at culture , we kind of come to understand how we got to where we are . +what 's more , they are able to walk up@@ right for long di@@ stances . +you 're happy . +he can now cut through tough animal hi@@ de . +ss : these are her sym@@ b@@ ols on her key@@ board . +this environment brings out un@@ expected potential in kan@@ z@@ i and pan@@ ban@@ ish@@ a . +we 're learning how to communicate with them , in really high-@@ pit@@ ched t@@ ones . +each one is like a sun with a re@@ tin@@ ue of planets or@@ bit@@ ing around it . +and , as we 've learned in the last few years , galaxies are held together by the gravi@@ ta@@ tional pull of so-@@ called dark matter : particles in huge s@@ war@@ ms , far smaller even than atom@@ ic nu@@ cle@@ i . +the ge@@ om@@ et@@ ric mean of the mass of a pro@@ ton and the mass of the sun is 50 kil@@ ogra@@ ms , within a factor of two of the mass of each person here . +and also , when a scientist makes a discovery , he or she normally has no clu@@ e what the appli@@ cations are going to be . +but even in this con@@ cer@@ tin@@ a@@ ed co@@ s@@ mic perspective , our century is very , very special , the first when humans can change themselves and their home planet . +these human@@ -@@ in@@ duced alter@@ ations occu@@ p@@ ying over@@ all less than a milli@@ on@@ th of the el@@ ap@@ sed lifetime and seem@@ ingly oc@@ curr@@ ing with run@@ away speed ? +what was interesting about the article was people started comm@@ enting on the article , re@@ a@@ ders of the thing . +so some people got this sli@@ p of paper and five dollars . +they 're also fairly weal@@ thy and aff@@ lu@@ ent and all these other sorts of things . +perfectly nice thing to do . +i would be a jer@@ k and not tell you what it is , but in fact , it 's central african re@@ public . +and i know what you 're all thinking about are do@@ d@@ geb@@ all teams . +michael nor@@ ton : how to buy happiness +in spi@@ te of the very clear anti-@@ isra@@ el@@ i ide@@ ology of the new regi@@ me , the ge@@ o@@ political lo@@ gic for their collaboration lived on , because they still had common thre@@ ats . +the bush admini@@ stration did not even respond . +the c@@ ry of " ra@@ w data now ! " +how can you use this stuff ? +so , now we have , immediately , a re@@ al-@@ time map showing where there are re@@ fu@@ ge@@ e cam@@ ps -- rapi@@ dly became the best map to use if you 're doing re@@ lief work in port@@ -@@ au@@ -@@ prin@@ ce . +okay , so we have a democracy , no dou@@ bt , but it 's depen@@ dent upon the le@@ sters and depen@@ dent upon the people . +there are rich le@@ sters , poor le@@ sters , black le@@ sters , white le@@ sters , not many women le@@ sters , but put that to the side for one second . +this is a system that 's designed to save the status qu@@ o , including the status qu@@ o of big and invasi@@ ve government . +so it 's not that mine is the most important issue . it 's not . +it 's sol@@ vable , not by being a demo@@ cr@@ at , not by being a republi@@ can . +a government depen@@ dent upon the people alone . +it began the space race . +i was sent to a place , a psy@@ ch ward , and in the psy@@ ch ward , everyone is doing their own one-@@ man show . +now recently , there 's been development in this field . +this is a room full of intelligent people , highly sensitive . +i 'll show you a computer model made by i@@ a@@ in cou@@ zin , a resear@@ cher at oxford , that shows how s@@ war@@ ms work . +information can be sent over half a kilometer away in a very short time through this mechan@@ ism . +for a long time it was not believed when the first western travel@@ ers , like sir fran@@ c@@ is dra@@ ke , went to th@@ a@@ il@@ and and came back with tal@@ es of this un@@ belie@@ vable spec@@ tac@@ le . +what i have here are two empty water bot@@ tles . +now , that might seem a bit wh@@ im@@ si@@ cal , but this per@@ v@@ asi@@ ven@@ ess of this tenden@@ cy towards spon@@ tane@@ ous order sometimes has un@@ expected consequences . +intervie@@ wer : right , so , at least this much ? oh , yes . +engineer : absolutely . intervie@@ wer : you thought , " oh , bo@@ ther . " +so already , the simul@@ ator is making me walk in exactly the same way as our wit@@ n@@ esses walked on the real bridge . +you don 't see it in the newspaper every day . +so , i want to tell you that the piece of the good news is that the fo@@ w@@ ler apple is still out there . +in short , the answer is that in the future , in many countries , the col@@ dest growing seas@@ ons are going to be hot@@ ter than anything those cro@@ ps have seen in the past . +we have colle@@ cted and conser@@ ved a great deal of biological diversity , agri@@ cultural diversity , mostly in the form of se@@ ed , and we put it in se@@ ed ban@@ ks , which is a fan@@ cy way of saying a free@@ zer . +when you open up the front door , this is what you 're looking at . it 's pretty simple . it 's a hole in the ground . +agriculture takes 70 percent of fresh water supp@@ lies on earth . +it 's time again to talk about " in@@ conven@@ i@@ ent truth , " a truth that everyone is concerned about , but nobody is willing to talk about . +another benefit of wi@@ -@@ f@@ i , we learned yesterday about the benefits of wi@@ -@@ f@@ i . +i want to start off by saying , hou@@ ston , we have a problem . +that has not happened at all in space flying . +three years , and we can 't do that now . crazy . +and it will be sub-@@ or@@ b@@ ital . and the reason it has to be sub-@@ or@@ b@@ ital is , there is not solutions for ade@@ qu@@ ate safety to fly the public to orbit . the governments have been doing this -- three governments have been doing this for 45 years , and still four percent of the people that have left the atmosphere have died . +these people are taking money and putting it in an interesting area , and i think it 's a lot better than they put it in an area of a better cell phone or something -- but they 're putting it in very -- areas and this will lead us into this kind of cap@@ ability , and it will lead us into the next really big thing and it will allow us to explore . and i think eventually it will allow us to col@@ oni@@ ze and to keep us from going extin@@ ct . +100 million bucks -- hey , i can go to the moon . +the technology revolution is opening the world . +now , what is open@@ ness ? +he vie@@ wed talent differently . +now , the third meaning and cor@@ respon@@ ding principle of open@@ ness is about sharing . +social media didn 't create the revolution ; it was created by a new generation of young people who wanted jobs and hope and who didn 't want to be treated as subje@@ cts anymore . +people didn 't know about things . +it prote@@ cts the birds . +so why should we care about blood ves@@ sel@@ s ? +so here we go . +in effect , when we give cancer patients anti@@ angiogen@@ ic therapy -- here , an experiment@@ al drug for a gli@@ om@@ a , which is a type of brain tumor -- you can see that there are dra@@ matic changes that occu@@ r when the tumor is being star@@ ved . +and , in fact , the first pi@@ one@@ ering treat@@ ments for people , as well as dogs , are already becoming available . +the active ingre@@ dient 's res@@ ver@@ at@@ ro@@ l , it 's also found in red wine . +now , i 've shown you a bunch of lab data , and so the real question is : what is the evidence in people that eating certain fo@@ ods can reduce angiogen@@ es@@ is in cancer ? +the really , truly interesting thing about this is that we can 't take these ob@@ ese mi@@ ce and make them lose more weight than what the normal mouse 's weight is supposed to be . +for the last 20 years i 've been designing puzz@@ les . +went on , and eventually decided to de@@ vote myself , full time , to that . +the artist m@@ .@@ c. es@@ cher explo@@ ited that in some of his wonderful prin@@ ts . +well , let 's first of all simpli@@ fy the v@@ ases illusion , make the thing on the right . +the first move is going to be what ? +but it takes some per@@ si@@ st@@ ence . +why ? well , we aging bo@@ om@@ ers , baby bo@@ om@@ ers , we 're eating our healthy food , we 're exer@@ cis@@ ing . what about our minds ? +that 's his hair . you get a lot of figu@@ re-@@ ground problems . +i think the whole world has essentially been brought up not to be a girl . +their stories were so horri@@ fic , and so min@@ d-@@ blo@@ wing and so on the other side of human existence , that to be perfectly honest with you , i was sh@@ at@@ ter@@ ed . +i 've travel@@ ed , as i said , to many , many countries , and i 've seen , if we do what we do to the girl inside us then obviously it 's horri@@ fic to think what we do to girls in the world . +i know a 14@@ -year-old girl in the ne@@ ther@@ lands , for example , who is dem@@ and@@ ing that she take a boat and go around the entire world by her@@ self . +she taught girls what a healthy vagina looked like , and what a mu@@ ti@@ l@@ ated vagina looked like . +and when she got to the house she was gre@@ et@@ ed . +it 's all bad . my brothers get everything . " +i re@@ jo@@ ice that it 's still in my body . +thank you very much . +sent to prison , ad@@ am@@ antly insi@@ sting on his inno@@ c@@ ence , which he has consi@@ st@@ ently for 21 years . +this is looking directly across the street from where they were standing . +some of the teen@@ a@@ gers said that in fact the car was 15 feet away when it shot . +and what does this example -- what 's important to keep in mind for ourselves ? +and this ble@@ w his mind . literally . he che@@ cked into a san@@ it@@ ari@@ um . +so nature has this self-@@ similar structure . +well , i noticed that line is about where the only square building in the village is at . +first of all , i agree with mu@@ di@@ m@@ be 's wonderful book , " the invention of africa , " that africa is an artificial invention of first col@@ oni@@ alism , and then op@@ posi@@ tional mov@@ ements . +here 's a wonderful fra@@ c@@ tal . +and one of them said , " come here . i think i can help you out here . " +so let me end with just a few words about appli@@ cations that we 've found for this . +so if we want to find a better way of doing that kind of work , we need look only no far@@ ther than africa to find these rob@@ ust self-@@ organi@@ zing algorith@@ ms . +at 7 p@@ .@@ m@@ . on a sun@@ day in hidden spr@@ ings , i@@ da@@ h@@ o , where the six members of the star@@ r family are sitting down to the high@@ light of their week : the family meeting . +he read 30 years of harvard business re@@ view before st@@ um@@ bling upon an article in 198@@ 6 called " the new new product development game . " +he said , " you can 't under@@ esti@@ mate the power of doing this . " +it felt like we were kind of la@@ ying these under@@ ground c@@ ables that wouldn 't light up their world for many years to come . +we 'll have family break@@ fast . we 'll meet for a bed@@ time s@@ n@@ ack . +so we said , " okay , give us a reward and give us a pun@@ ish@@ ment . okay ? " +jim coll@@ ins , the auth@@ or of " good to great , " told me that successful human organizations of any kind have two things in common : they preser@@ ve the core , they stimu@@ late progress . +researchers at e@@ mor@@ y gave children a simple " what do you know " test . +that story perfectly cap@@ tures for me the final lesson that i learned : happiness is not something we find , it 's something we make . +a wind@@ shi@@ el@@ d co@@ ating is going to give you about 1@@ 10 degrees . +and i 'm going to leave you with one last demon@@ stration , but before i do that , i would like to say thank you , and think small . +and that was that she did two entire shows pro@@ mot@@ ing that movie " the secret . " +when a word was mentioned , an image of it inst@@ antly appe@@ ared in his mind . +a world tele@@ graph@@ y center -- imagine news , mes@@ sages , sounds , images deli@@ vered to any point in the world inst@@ antly and wir@@ el@@ ess@@ ly . +it 's been around for about 7@@ ,000 years . +again , we are making holes in the sk@@ ul@@ l about the size of a di@@ me , putting an electro@@ de in , and then this electro@@ de is completely underneath the skin down to a pac@@ e@@ maker in the ch@@ est , and with a remote control very much like a television remote control , we can ad@@ just how much electricity we deliver to these areas of the brain . +so here he is . +so we went ahead and implan@@ ted electro@@ des in patients with depression . +and indeed , at the top , you 'll see before the surgery , the areas in blue are the areas that use less gl@@ u@@ co@@ se than normal , pre@@ domin@@ antly the par@@ ie@@ tal and tem@@ po@@ ral lo@@ bes . +i get to do this all the time , and it 's just incredible . +and they can be mod@@ el@@ ed by a spr@@ ing-@@ mass system that we call the spring mass system because we 're bi@@ ome@@ chan@@ ists . it 's actually a po@@ go stick . +this is a collaboration we have with stanford . +we couldn 't believe that it could do this . it said to us that if you could build a robot with very simple , spr@@ ing@@ y legs , you could make it as man@@ eu@@ ver@@ able as any that 's ever been built . +like if we had a piece of ta@@ pe now , we 'd pe@@ el it this way . +but that 's what we 're limited to , at the moment . +and just recently we 've made a break@@ through , where we now believe we 're going to be able to create the first syn@@ thetic , self-@@ cle@@ an@@ ing , dry ad@@ h@@ es@@ i@@ ve . many companies are interested in this . +we also have another problem , which is that women face harder choices between professional success and personal ful@@ fil@@ l@@ ment . +i don 't have the right answer . +he re@@ ads one book of 12 and goes to a couple of lec@@ tures , mar@@ ches himself up to our room a couple days before the ex@@ am to get himself tu@@ tor@@ ed . +but it 's not that simple . +and she said , " i learned something today . +message number three : don 't leave before you leave . +they 're just not moving . +when people don 't take their p@@ ills , when people don 't follow doctors ' orders -- these are behavior problems . +they would get dent@@ ures , and if you got dent@@ ures , you weren 't going to be able to eat cor@@ n-@@ on-@@ the-@@ co@@ b , you 'll eat mus@@ h for the rest of your life . +this is still the way we 're communic@@ ating mes@@ sages about health . +we should probably slow down , and that point of action is probably now . +this is an approach that has been developed by a couple researchers at dar@@ t@@ mouth medical school , li@@ sa schwar@@ tz and steven w@@ olo@@ sh@@ in . +so that 's what i want to walk you through . +so we thought the patient might actually want to know the context as well . +but we 're not using it . it 's just sitting there . +i want to say a word for nature because we haven 't talked that much about it the last couple days . +the be@@ e is not calling the sh@@ ots . +u@@ gh . mini@@ -@@ me . +now , the other use of this is practical . +he wa@@ its three days , and then we to@@ wed in something called the eg@@ g@@ mobile . +and the species in the soil go to work basically che@@ wing through those roots , de@@ com@@ pos@@ ing them -- the earth@@ wor@@ ms , the f@@ ung@@ i , the bacteria -- and the result is new soil . +and so i say that i want to build a game layer on top of the world , but that 's not quite true because it 's already under construction ; it 's already happening . +and if you 're happy with that , fantastic . +so the first one -- the most famous ap@@ poin@@ t@@ ment dynamic in the world -- is something called happy hour . +you should get points for doing this on time . +why go from an a to an f or a b to a c ? +and we 've introduced a pro@@ gr@@ ession dynamic into it , where , by going to the same place over and over , by doing challenges , by eng@@ aging with the business , you move a green bar from the left edge of the screen to the right edge of the screen , and you eventually un@@ lock re@@ wards . +this next decade is the decade of games . +so you can see : here we are in the u.s. , and they 're all coming up red . +and if we can switch to sli@@ des -- all right , here we go . +they run google ads , and we just give them the ad credit so they can let organizations know . +you can see , even though the u.s. is still the majority here -- though , by the way , se@@ arch@@ -@@ wise , it 's only about 30 percent of our traffic -- but it 's already going to japan , and the u.k. , and europe , and all the rest of the countries . +i think usually , as companies get bigger , they find it really hard to have small , innovative projects . +fro@@ og@@ le lets you search sh@@ opp@@ ing information , and blog@@ ger lets you publi@@ sh things . +but the idea is , like , on a newspaper , for example , we show you relevant ads . +so , " related sear@@ ches , " right there . you can 't see it that well , but we decided we should put in this fe@@ ature into our ad@@ sense ads , called " related sear@@ ches . " +now this rather old photo up there is actually the first project i was ever hi@@ red to do , something like 25 years ago . +and to do that meant creating the fl@@ at@@ test gra@@ di@@ ents that had ever yet been made , which meant building long vi@@ a@@ du@@ cts across river val@@ le@@ ys -- this is actually the vi@@ a@@ du@@ ct across the th@@ ames at ma@@ iden@@ head -- and long tun@@ n@@ els such as the one at box , in wil@@ ts@@ hi@@ re . +what makes technology useful and us@@ able ? +and instead of inst@@ all@@ ing the lar@@ ge-@@ scale machines used by western produ@@ cers , they used low-@@ cost c@@ ad / c@@ am prototyp@@ ing technology . +now the industrial systems of br@@ un@@ el 's time have run their course , and indeed they are part of the problem today . +so for me , this project shows kind of how far we can go from some of those sort of small things that i was working on at the beginning of my career . +in response , he gave me an even more cour@@ te@@ ous version of the same explan@@ ation . +people must choose for themselves , sometimes sti@@ cking to their g@@ uns , re@@ gar@@ d@@ less of what other people want or re@@ com@@ men@@ d . +the assu@@ mption then that we do best when the individual self choo@@ ses only hol@@ ds when that self is clearly divi@@ ded from others . +of course , you and i know that co@@ ke is the better choice . +it 's not a mar@@ ker of liber@@ ation , but of suff@@ oc@@ ation by meaning@@ less min@@ u@@ ti@@ a@@ e . +in fr@@ ance , the doctors decided whether and when the life support would be re@@ moved , while in the united states , the final decision re@@ sted with the parents . +but the history books and the daily news tell us it doesn 't always work out that way . +and so one time i was in a beauty sal@@ on , and i was trying to decide between two very light sha@@ des of p@@ ink . +she@@ en@@ a i@@ y@@ en@@ gar studies how we make choices -- and how we feel about the choices we make . at ted@@ global , she talks about both tri@@ vi@@ al choices and profound ones , and shares her gro@@ und@@ breaking research that has un@@ covered some surprising at@@ ti@@ tu@@ des about our decisions . +then i was so happy that i kept playing with the robot , and so you see the robot has a front ru@@ d@@ der here . +so i brought to you for the first time on the ted stage prote@@ i number eight . it 's not the last one , but it 's a good one for making demo@@ s . +this is a proud member of prote@@ i from korea , and on the right side , this is a multi@@ ple@@ -@@ ma@@ sts design pro@@ posed by a team in mexico . +when sen@@ ior fellow c@@ es@@ ar har@@ ada heard about the de@@ va@@ stat@@ ing effects of the b@@ p oil sp@@ ill in the gul@@ f of mexico in 2010 , he qu@@ it his dream job and moved to new or@@ le@@ ans to develop a more efficient way to so@@ ak up the oil . he designed a highly man@@ eu@@ ver@@ able , flexi@@ ble boat capable of cle@@ an@@ ing large tra@@ cts quickly . but rather than turn a profit , he has op@@ ted to open-@@ source the design . +ph : there 's been an un@@ easy relationship between the tv business and the tech business , really ever since they both turned about 30 . +i mean , how did a machine that was built for accoun@@ ting and arti@@ ll@@ ery mor@@ ph into media ? +enter the atom@@ ic bom@@ b . +and then , the 9@@ 2 nuclear power plants that it would take to provide the power would fill up the rest of los angeles . +then take it and put it right up against the screen of your own television set , and ru@@ b it out from the center to the cor@@ ners , like this . +if you sub@@ stit@@ ute the word blo@@ go@@ sphere , of the internet today , it is very true that his understanding is probably very en@@ ligh@@ ten@@ ing now . let 's listen in to him . +and into that fer@@ ment came the micro@@ process@@ or . +this method allows you to use exi@@ sting video@@ dis@@ c materials in ways which suit your specific needs and interests . +in 193@@ 9 , the radio corpo@@ ration of america introduced television . +it 's a custom@@ er , it 's an audience , it 's a person who 's partici@@ p@@ ating . +voice 2 : well , there goes the neighborhood . +and so every time a new medium arri@@ ves , the old medium is the content , and it is highly obser@@ vable , highly notic@@ e@@ able , but the real , real rough@@ ing up and mas@@ sa@@ ging is done by the new medium , and it is ignor@@ ed . +i was walking around on the streets of am@@ ster@@ dam and i recogni@@ zed , you know , the big story from am@@ ster@@ dam isn 't what 's in the design stor@@ es , it 's what 's out on the streets , and maybe it 's self-@@ explan@@ atory , but a city that hasn 't been taken over by moder@@ nis@@ m , that 's preser@@ ved its kind of architecture and character , and where the bi@@ cycle plays an important part of the way in which people get around and where pe@@ de@@ stri@@ an rights are prote@@ cted . +it takes your attention ; it has a great amount of emotion ; it star@@ es back at you the way that a figure might . +the du@@ tch are good also , but the itali@@ ans are good . +and i do think pattern has the cap@@ ability of er@@ a@@ dic@@ ating some of the most evil forces of society , such as bad form in restaurants , but quite seriously , it was a stat@@ ement to me that one thing that you do , sort of , see is the ag@@ gressi@@ ve nature of the industrial world has produced -- kind of , large mas@@ ses of things , and when you -- in mon@@ o@@ culture , and i think the preser@@ vation of diversity in culture is something that 's important to us . +ro@@ b for@@ bes , the fo@@ under of design within reach , shows a g@@ aller@@ y of s@@ nap@@ sh@@ ots that in@@ form his way of seeing the world . char@@ ming ju@@ x@@ ta@@ posi@@ tions , found art , urban patterns -- this sli@@ des@@ how will open your eyes to the world around you . +so i built model air@@ planes . +and for the following 25 years , living in it@@ al@@ y , living in america , i dol@@ ed out a piece of this roman@@ ce to anybody who 'd pay for it -- this sense , this a@@ es@@ thetic feeling , for the experience revol@@ ving around a designed object . +and that 's the way i work now . +he reach@@ ed down . he pulled a le@@ ver . and the chair s@@ ank down . +would everybody put their hand under their bottom and feel their ta@@ il@@ bone ? +ide@@ ally you want to put the head support in the cr@@ ani@@ al area , right there . +now let 's assu@@ me you go on ho@@ li@@ day . +that 's two days ago . +clearly the product you 've got has got to be safe to humans . +a single female will lay about up to 100 eg@@ gs at a time , up to about 500 in her lifetime . +so frei@@ ght costs aren 't our biggest problem . +i found myself in a hospital in an intensi@@ ve-@@ care ward , re@@ cu@@ per@@ ating from emergen@@ cy surgery . +so , it 's not really simple when somebody as@@ ks you , " where do you live , where do you work , and where do you spend all your time ? +no doctor , can i remember , ever asking me , " where have you lived ? " +and all of those black dots are all of the tox@@ ic rele@@ ase inv@@ ent@@ ories that are monit@@ or@@ ed by the ep@@ a . +and i would say he got it right almost a decade ago . +i am the em@@ per@@ or of or@@ an@@ ges . i am the em@@ per@@ or of or@@ an@@ ges . " +i 'm going to start by asking you a question : is anyone familiar with the blue al@@ ga@@ e problem ? +cell mem@@ bran@@ es are phosp@@ hor@@ us-@@ based : these are called phosp@@ ho@@ li@@ pi@@ ds . +you 're going to tell me it 's wa@@ ste@@ ful . +what are we to do ? we are fac@@ ed with a parado@@ x . +and over time , this mush@@ room has evolved and adap@@ ted to se@@ ek out even the tin@@ i@@ est tra@@ ce of phosp@@ hor@@ us , and to put it to use , to make it available to the plant . +my@@ cor@@ r@@ hi@@ za was used in one field but not in the other . +so , examples like christ@@ op@@ her wr@@ en 's king 's cross : you can see that the struc@@ tural forces of the v@@ au@@ l@@ ting get artic@@ ul@@ ated as lines , so you 're really actually seeing the expression of struc@@ tural force and form . +now , typically you 'd think that they would all be the same : like , the cha@@ irs you 're sitting in would all be the same dimension . +and here we 've broken the 500 a@@ part@@ ments up into small neighbor@@ ho@@ ods , and differ@@ enti@@ ated those neighbor@@ ho@@ ods . +that way , each one of these tools we could pay for with a few hundred dollars , and get incredible vari@@ ation in the components . +finally , i 'd like to just show you some of the effects of using digital fabri@@ cation . +if we go a little bit further south in our little tour of the world , we can go to the bo@@ li@@ vi@@ an edge of the ama@@ zon , here also in 197@@ 5 , and if you look really carefully , there 's a thin white line through that kind of se@@ am , and there 's a l@@ one farmer out there in the middle of the pri@@ me@@ val jung@@ le . +well , the color@@ a@@ do on a typical day in the 195@@ 0s , this is just , you know , not a flo@@ od , not a dr@@ ought , kind of an average day , it looks something like this . +let 's put it that way . +and yet , we don 't talk about it very much . +the green areas here show where cor@@ n y@@ i@@ el@@ ds , just showing cor@@ n as an example , are already really high , probably the ma@@ x@@ im@@ um you could find on earth today for that climate and soil , but the brown areas and yellow areas are places where we 're only getting maybe 20 or 30 percent of the y@@ i@@ el@@ d you should be able to get . +we need to face ' the other in@@ conven@@ i@@ ent truth . ' a global crisis in agriculture . +and there 's nothing we do that is more cru@@ cial to our survival . +and i thought she 'd say , " oh , you know , up the la@@ go@@ on somewhere , or maybe across africa , " but you 'll be happy to know she said it came from here , it comes from the north sea . +so it 's vast . but it should come with an a@@ ster@@ is@@ k , and the a@@ ster@@ is@@ k is that it ex@@ clu@@ des two thir@@ ds of the workers of the world . +they 're going to ed@@ dy in la@@ gos . +first , it would be to understand that it could be considered a co@@ oper@@ ative , and this is a thought from the brazi@@ li@@ an legal sch@@ ol@@ ar ro@@ ber@@ to man@@ gab@@ ei@@ ra unger . +there are also some children who are born without arms , called con@@ gen@@ ital lim@@ b de@@ fi@@ ci@@ ency . +there are several available on the market , and here you see a few . +imagine , with somebody who 's lost their whole arm , we still have four major ner@@ ves that go down your arm . +and i challenge anybody in the room to make their ch@@ est go like this . +you see him with his original device on the left there after eight months of use , and on the right , it is two months . +i could work them just by my thoughts . +ak : so i have the el@@ bo@@ w that goes up and down . +here 's am@@ anda using an arm made by de@@ ka research corpo@@ ration . +but look at all the electro@@ des around it . +to@@ d@@ d ku@@ i@@ ken : a pro@@ s@@ thetic arm that " feels " +also , research within the continent is a lot easier to condu@@ ct due to wi@@ des@@ pre@@ ad poverty , en@@ de@@ mic diseases and in@@ ade@@ qu@@ ate health care systems . +public accoun@@ t@@ ability needs to be pro@@ mot@@ ed through transpar@@ ency and independent re@@ view by non@@ govern@@ mental and international organizations as appropriate . +now , there are around a thousand tru@@ cks and bus@@ es and cars there . +and , more importantly , they 're well-@@ d@@ ressed . +where it 's blue and it 's green , it means the water is really cold . +and so we have this pengu@@ in project . the wild@@ life conser@@ vation society has fund@@ ed me along with a lot of individuals over the last 27 years to be able to produce these kinds of maps . +because we 've solved the problem in ch@@ u@@ but pro@@ vin@@ ce , which is like a state in ar@@ gent@@ ina where pun@@ ta tom@@ bo is -- so that 's about 1,000 kilometers of co@@ ast@@ line -- but we haven 't solved the problem in northern ar@@ gent@@ ina , ur@@ u@@ gu@@ ay and brazil . +tur@@ bo 's never been f@@ ed . +here 's a female that 's in a hur@@ ry . she 's got food . +for them , nations , countries , boundar@@ ies , bor@@ ders still matter a great deal , and often viol@@ ently . +as you can see on this map , russi@@ a is still the largest country in the world . +they set up their own ba@@ za@@ ars and medical clin@@ ics . +specifically , it tar@@ gets japan and korea and australia , countries that are strong al@@ lies of the united states . +so what can we do to think about bor@@ ders differently in this part of the world ? +what might ? i believe that what might solve the problem is infrastructure . +and i as@@ sure you it 's every bit as important to them as it might have been to col@@ oni@@ z@@ ers and im@@ peri@@ alists . +in 2004 , 15 new countries jo@@ ined the e@@ .@@ u . +the post-@@ col@@ oni@@ al entrop@@ y that is happening around the world is acceler@@ ating , and i expect more such changes to occu@@ r in the map as the states frag@@ ment . +many people think the lines on the map no longer matter , but para@@ g k@@ han@@ na says they do . using maps of the past and present , he explains the ro@@ ot causes of bor@@ der confli@@ cts worldwide and pro@@ pos@@ es simple yet c@@ un@@ ning solutions for each . +and next you 're going to see the long-@@ lived mu@@ t@@ ant when it 's young . +that 's what it 's like . and you would never know . +now you 've all heard of at least insu@@ lin . +so it 's really interesting , and it makes sense in a way , that they 're still young , so why would they be getting diseases of aging until their old ? +that 's how it works . that 's why we don 't see the long li@@ fes@@ pan , until we have the da@@ f-@@ 2 mu@@ t@@ ant . +and that 's the case all over the world , as you can see from these stars . +although you 're looking for a drug that can solve aging in old men like me , what you could do now pretty well in the lab , if you were allowed eth@@ ically , is start a human life from scrat@@ ch with alter@@ ed genes that would make it live for a lot longer ? +if you look at birds , which live a long time , cells from the birds tend to be more resi@@ stant to a lot of different environmental st@@ res@@ ses like high temperature or hydro@@ gen per@@ o@@ xide , things like that . +as you can see , it 's impossible to read . +here 's another good article about a new campaign op@@ pos@@ ing pri@@ va@@ ti@@ zation of trans@@ it without any contact information for the campaign . +which leads us to the last one , which is our elec@@ tions . +i can see i 've got my work cut out for me here . +now to begin to over@@ come our ignor@@ ance of the role of brain chemistry in brain circu@@ it@@ ry , it 's hel@@ p@@ ful to work on what we bi@@ ologists call " model organisms , " animals like fru@@ it flies and laboratory mi@@ ce , in which we can apply powerful genetic techniques to molecul@@ arly identify and pin@@ point specific clas@@ ses of neurons , as you heard about in all@@ an j@@ ones 's talk this morning . +val@@ ence means good or bad , positive or negative . +you can train a fly to avoid an od@@ or , shown here in blue , if you pair that od@@ or with a sho@@ ck . +modern psychiat@@ ric drugs treat the chemistry of the whole brain , but neuro@@ biolog@@ ist david ander@@ son belie@@ ves in a more nu@@ an@@ ced view of how the brain fun@@ ctions . he ill@@ umin@@ ates new research that could lead to tar@@ ge@@ ted psychiat@@ ric medi@@ cations -- that work better and avoid side effects . how 's he doing it ? for a start , by making a bunch of fru@@ it flies an@@ gry . +so we set up an experiment where@@ by we put a na@@ ked volunte@@ er in a large c@@ age , and in that c@@ age we rele@@ ased mo@@ squ@@ it@@ os to see where they were bit@@ ing on the body of that person . +so the problem that we face with this is that , throughout the landscape , all these po@@ ols of water with the lar@@ va@@ e , they are sc@@ at@@ ter@@ ed all over the place , which makes it very hard for an in@@ spec@@ tor like this to actually find all these bre@@ eding sites and treat them with inse@@ c@@ ti@@ ci@@ des . +here we go . +but not all patients on the transp@@ l@@ ant wait list are so fortun@@ ate . +and in my mind , i realized as a sur@@ gical pi@@ one@@ er that the purpose of my position of influence was sur@@ ely to speak up for those who have no influence . +and so guess what , scientists around the world and in the lab@@ s are ra@@ cing to conver@@ t aging adult cells -- aging adult cells from you and me -- they are ra@@ cing to re@@ program these cells back into more useful i@@ ps cells . +stem cells may be used to deliver growth fac@@ tors to re@@ pair dama@@ ged heart muscle or be differ@@ enti@@ ated into heart muscle cells to re@@ store heart function . +and here are the results of this wonderful project that is the system in ven@@ e@@ zu@@ ela . +so what 's going on when it doesn 't ? +but here 's what 's going on here . +yeah . +and for the good of your relationships , i would encoura@@ ge you to do the same . +but we don 't know where , since we don 't know how to read the pattern . +first , it 's clearly a non-@@ invasi@@ ve , wir@@ eless form of communication . +you 're familiar with these cells because they are the ones that fru@@ strate you when you try to s@@ w@@ at the fly . +whenever a fly reach@@ es the mid@@ point of the cham@@ ber where the two od@@ or stre@@ ams meet , it has to make a decision . +whenever it comes up to the mid@@ point , it p@@ aus@@ es , it carefully sc@@ ans the od@@ or interface as if it was s@@ ni@@ ff@@ ing out its environment , and then it turns around . +the other piece of good news , for a scientist at least , is that much rema@@ ins to be discovered . +and it 's depen@@ dent on passi@@ ve patients who just take it and don 't ask any questions . +thomas bat@@ u@@ ik : hi there , eric . +and you just saw a little bit of the first two with my interaction with dr. ba@@ ti@@ u@@ k . +i had my own heart sc@@ are years ago in graduate school , when we 're under treatment for the kid@@ ney , and suddenly , they 're like , " oh , we think you have a heart problem . " +these population studies that we 've done have created tons of mira@@ cle drugs that have saved millions of lives , but the problem is that health care is tre@@ ating us as a@@ ver@@ ages , not unique individuals , because at the end of the day , the patient is not the same thing as the population who are studied . that 's what 's leading to the gu@@ ess@@ work . +so " thank you " feel li@@ kes a really tri@@ te word , but thank you from the bottom of my heart for saving my life . +that 's k@@ ell@@ ar au@@ tu@@ m@@ n , my former ph@@ .@@ d. student , professor now at le@@ wi@@ s and c@@ lar@@ k , literally giving his fir@@ st-@@ born child up for this test . +oh . one thing i want to point out is , look at sti@@ ck@@ y@@ bot . +and when i went back to research this , i realized that one of the great ted moments in the past , from na@@ than , we 've talked about an active tail . +for those of you who remember your physics , that 's a zer@@ o-@@ ang@@ ul@@ ar-@@ moment@@ um ri@@ gh@@ ting response . but it 's like a c@@ at . +so we can man@@ eu@@ ver this way . +but then as it gets closer to the tree , look at the clo@@ se@@ -up . and see if you can see it land . +so i will spend a little time at the end . +well , the problem is that we 've got very complicated forces in the climate system . +this was -- this is south of the ant@@ arc@@ tic circle . +it took about 10 years to put this project together . +we 've actually changed the temperature in the last century just the right amount . +and it been growing for about 600 years . +the coral can take us back hundreds and thousands of years . +so i 'll close with a short discussion of ocean aci@@ di@@ fication . +now , what that means is that all of the organisms that live in the sea have evolved in this che@@ mo@@ stat@@ ted ocean , that 's the reason that they 're not able to respond or ada@@ pt to this ra@@ pid aci@@ di@@ fication that 's going on right now . +the idea goes like this : imagine space is a sub@@ strate of all there is . +he said , if i want to describe one more force , maybe i need one more dimension . +some of you guys will fix that one day , but anything that 's not flat on a screen is a new dimension , goes smaller , smaller , smaller , and way down in the microscop@@ ic dep@@ ths of space itself , this is the idea , you could have addi@@ tional cur@@ led up dimensions -- here is a little shape of a circle -- so small that we don 't see them . +this something else is this dan@@ cing fil@@ am@@ ent of energy . +and that question is this : when we look around the world , as scientists have done for the last hundred years , there appear to be about 20 numbers that really describe our universe . +and if you watch these little fel@@ lo@@ ws vi@@ br@@ ating around -- they 'll be there in a second -- right there , notice that they way they vi@@ bra@@ te is affected by the geome@@ try of the extra dimensions . +and now string theory comes along and says , yes , gravity , quant@@ um mechan@@ ics , electro@@ magne@@ tis@@ m , all together in one pac@@ ka@@ ge , but only if the universe has more dimensions than the ones that we see . +what i want to talk about is not that context is everything , but why is context everything . +the one on the left comes from an orange surface , under direct light , facing to the right , vie@@ wed through a sort of a blu@@ ish medium . +so , if i could have the lights down up here . +but i 'm not going to change anything within those bo@@ xes , except their meaning . +move your eyes around , blin@@ k , maybe close one eye . +and they land on the flo@@ wer . they stick their ton@@ gue in there , called a pro@@ bo@@ sc@@ is , and they drink sugar water . +and you 'll see there is a line , a fa@@ int line going across that image . +so , now , what i want to do : i 'm going to put the middle nine sur@@ faces here under yellow ill@@ um@@ ination by simply putting a filter behind them . +so if you look at security from economic terms , it 's a tra@@ de-@@ off . +and i think that 's a fundament@@ ally interesting question . +so you can imagine how that works . +there 's no real word for stuff that makes us sec@@ ure , but doesn 't make us feel sec@@ ure . +i have feeling and reality . +i was born in new york city . +intui@@ tive is just another word for familiar . +an example , a great example , is the risk of smo@@ king . +strong feelings can create a model . +i mean really though , information seems like our best hope . +i said , " well , that 's kind of ne@@ at . +couldn 't do it . could not wait . +and let me show you what happened . +jo@@ ach@@ im de pos@@ ada : don 't eat the mar@@ sh@@ mal@@ low ! +this was after 9 / 11 ; the city was in tough times . +and we 've already started construction on section two . +let me show you a slide here which illu@@ str@@ ates the character of confli@@ cts since 194@@ 6 until today . +and my country reli@@ es on its security through military alli@@ ance , that 's clear . +my point is that you don 't have to be neu@@ tra@@ l to talk . +i think that is wrong . +so what can we learn from all of this ? +it 's cru@@ cial to understand , i believe , because of technology and because of glob@@ alization , societies from bot@@ tom@@ -up . +i said , " no , it 's -- it 's pengu@@ in sh@@ it . " +and recently , i was in e@@ aster island , which is an incredibly beautiful place , and an incredibly myster@@ i@@ ous place , because no matter where you go in e@@ aster island , you 're stru@@ ck by these stat@@ u@@ es , called the mo@@ ai . +how long have they been standing in what posi@@ tions ? +so , this device here is an invisi@@ bility clo@@ ak . +this subje@@ cts food to a force about 5@@ 0,000 times that of normal gravity , and oh boy , does it cl@@ ari@@ fy chicken stock . +i mean , can you imagine ? e@@ .@@ t@@ . ' s ph@@ oning home , and i 'm not , like , there ? you know , horri@@ ble ! +now , this is what ty@@ ran@@ no@@ sau@@ rus re@@ x looks like in my living room . +so , there 's more and more activity near the boat , and all of a sudden somebody shou@@ ts , " what 's that in the water ? " +having expla@@ ined those , that will set up for what i think will be a different idea about how to go about tre@@ ating cancer . +so what you can tell is you can tell the difference between an asi@@ an person and a european person by looking at their ingre@@ di@@ ents list . +but sometimes you can learn much more useful things about that . +i mean , i see patients dying every day because we don 't know what 's going on inside of them . +so this is the sig@@ nature out of which we 're trying to get patterns . +the problem is that , in cancer , there isn 't something else that 's inside of you . +so your house is dealing with lea@@ ks all the time , but it 's fix@@ ing them . it 's dra@@ ining them out and so on . +so thank you very much . +febru@@ ary 4@@ th , we po@@ sted it on our website . this was before super tu@@ es@@ day . +stage one is a group where people syste@@ matically se@@ ver relationships from func@@ tional tri@@ bes , and then pool together with people who think like they do . +if that 's how you talked , imagine what kind of work would get done . +here is the greatest challenge we face in innovation . +there is , in fact , another stage . +we 're great ! who is not great ? england ! " +one of the people we intervie@@ wed was frank j@@ ord@@ an , former ma@@ yo@@ r of san francisco . before that he was ch@@ ie@@ f of police in san francisco . +pretty much everybody else who does po@@ ll@@ s . +i 'm going to read a few stri@@ ps . +it 's why they leave lights on around the house . +it was not until the 14@@ th century that an itali@@ an pain@@ ter recogni@@ zed the la@@ p as a gre@@ cian temp@@ le , u@@ ph@@ ol@@ ster@@ ed in fl@@ es@@ h and cl@@ oth . +apri@@ co@@ t hal@@ ves like the e@@ ars of cher@@ u@@ b@@ im . +and it 's too cer@@ e@@ bra@@ l to anima@@ te gu@@ ts and he@@ arts and behavior when the going gets r@@ ough . +and in that light , for the religious , compassion also brings us into the terri@@ tory of myster@@ y -- encoura@@ ging us not just to see beauty , but perhaps also to look for the face of god in the moment of suffering , in the face of a stran@@ ger , in the face of the vi@@ br@@ ant religious other . +je@@ an v@@ ani@@ er says that his work , like the work of other people -- his great , belo@@ ved , late friend mother ter@@ es@@ a -- is never in the first instance about changing the world ; it 's in the first instance about changing ourselves . +but he watched physi@@ ci@@ sts and chemi@@ sts become the pur@@ ve@@ y@@ ors of weapons of mass destruction in the early 20th century . +ra@@ ch@@ el na@@ om@@ i re@@ men is a better doctor because of her life@@ -@@ long struggle with cro@@ hn 's disease . +but i rec@@ ited a che@@ er . i rec@@ ited a che@@ er along with everybody else . +it 's different from being sh@@ y . +and this turns out to have a special power all its own , because people could feel that these leaders were at the hel@@ m , not because they enjo@@ yed direc@@ ting others and not out of the pleasure of being looked at ; they were there because they had no choice , because they were driven to do what they thought was right . +this is no surprise though if you look at the insi@@ ghts of con@@ temporary psychology . +and they fe@@ ature as their role models really great sal@@ es@@ men . +and even away from the po@@ dium , when you called him to say hell@@ o , he would often end the conversation pre@@ ma@@ tur@@ ely for fear that he was taking up too much of your time . +this is especially important for ex@@ tro@@ ver@@ ted children too . +and then i 'll come back to the beginning , and tell you a little bit more -- hopefully convince you -- that i believe that in today 's world , it is really important for business leaders not only to have an idea of what their business is all about , but to have a passion for something that is meaning@@ ful . +so , one of our passi@@ ons in our company , and now one of my personal passi@@ ons , is to be able to really work hard at making the technology useful , acc@@ essi@@ ble and aff@@ ord@@ able . +as a matter of fact , we think reach@@ ing 100 percent is very do@@ able , even before the 20@@ 15 ti@@ me@@ frame . in other parts of emerging countries , such as india and china , the progress has been good -- has been soli@@ d , has been good . but in places that are not as developed , places like africa , la@@ tin america and other places in the world , the progress has been rather slow . as a matter of fact , i was just recently vis@@ iting south africa . +what i mean by that is that in some parts of the world , the government plays a key role in the development of technology . +one example of this has been the one laptop per child . +you have to be a better husband than i was , because that 's how you make progress . " and now he began to make sense . +i meet a lot of people who are very smart , and say , " but why can 't i figure out my problems ? " +i started it with one other family in 19@@ 80 . +and i asked this guy , i said , " well , do you believe that human beings are responsible to make the world a little bit better place for the next generation ? +i don 't own a gu@@ es@@ thou@@ se . +it 's all about more , having more . +when you read this pra@@ yer , it sounds incredibly sel@@ fish , self-@@ cen@@ ter@@ ed . +now , they 're 13 miles up the road in s@@ ant@@ a ana . +but he doesn 't do mira@@ cles just to show off . +last year , i was invited to speak at n@@ ba all@@ -@@ stars game . +if you 're wired to make de@@ als , you make de@@ als . +and i don 't mean that they drop out of school in the third or fourth grade -- they don 't go . +her mother had not gone to primary school . +and somewhere in the middle of south da@@ k@@ ota , i turn to my friend and i ask her a question that 's been bo@@ ther@@ ing me for 2,000 miles . +and finally , i want to convince you that it is possible to step outside of that feeling and that if you can do so , it is the single greatest moral , intellectual and creative lea@@ p you can make . +but there 's a second reason that we get stuck inside this feeling as well -- and this one is cultural . +well the wrong side of her body is in ban@@ da@@ ges because the surge@@ on has per@@ formed a major operation on her left leg instead of her right one . +the mira@@ cle of your mind isn 't that you can see the world as it is . +when it comes to our stories , we love being wrong . +and to me , if you really want to re@@ discover wonder , you need to step outside of that tiny , terri@@ fied space of ri@@ ght@@ ness and look around at each other and look out at the va@@ st@@ ness and complexity and myster@@ y of the universe and be able to say , " wow , i don 't know . +one of the ir@@ on@@ ies of this whole system is we 're discus@@ sing what to do about a system that we don 't understand . we don 't even know what oil is . we don 't know where oil comes from . i mean , literally , it 's still a source of debate what this black river of stuff is and where it comes from . the best assu@@ mption , and one of the best gu@@ esses in this stuff , is that this stuff comes out of this stuff , that these things absor@@ b sun@@ light , rot under pressure for millions of years , and you get these black ri@@ vers . +what is this ? this is the first transp@@ l@@ ant of na@@ ked dna , where you take an entire dna operating system out of one cell , ins@@ ert it into a different cell , and have that cell boot up as a separate species . that 's one month old . you will see stuff in the next month that will be just as important as this stuff . +i happened to buy that mot@@ el about three months after vi@@ vi@@ an started working there . +but given my be@@ fu@@ dd@@ led state of mind , i ended up in the self-@@ help section very quickly . +they didn 't even see the in@@ tan@@ gi@@ ble stuff higher up the pyrami@@ d . +so as i spent time with leaders in the g@@ n@@ h movement , i got to really understand what they 're doing . +actually , in fact , if you look in the dic@@ tion@@ ary , many dic@@ tion@@ aries define pur@@ suit as to " ch@@ ase with ho@@ sti@@ li@@ ty . " +we 're asking 10 simple questions -- it is simpli@@ city . +in fact , as leaders , what we need to learn is that we can influence the quality of that unit of production by creating the conditions for our employees to live their calling . +b@@ l : all right . one , two , three . +right ? if you go down below on a boat , your inner e@@ ars are you telling you you 're moving . your eyes , because it 's moving in regi@@ ster with the boat , say i 'm standing still . +now here , i want to share the stage with someone quite special . right ? +b@@ l : " can you help me , henry ? " what good scientist says that , right ? +so we asked lar@@ ry and nat@@ al@@ ie he@@ m@@ pel to write a comm@@ ent@@ ary situ@@ ating the fin@@ dings for scientists , right , putting in the refer@@ ences , and we sub@@ mit it to biology letters . +b@@ l : this is the ep@@ it@@ ome of technology . right . okay . +this is terrible , this oil -- it 's in the water . +we feel so good about ourselves . +bi@@ om@@ i@@ mi@@ c@@ ry , which is something that is an emerging science , win@@ ds up being a very important social justice idea . +california has one of the highest in@@ car@@ cer@@ ation rates of all the 50 states . +it was a trying and sc@@ ary thing for a young kid to be going through . +it 's bad enough on a high@@ way , what 's it going to be like to be in the air ? +this is the world -- there won 't be you as a pilot . and i know the pil@@ ots in the audience aren 't going to like that -- and i 've had a lot of bad feedback from people who want to be up there , flying around and experi@@ en@@ cing that . +wonderful engine . +tw@@ ent@@ y-@@ three percent said , " yes , as soon as possible . " +wir@@ es su@@ ck , they really do . +what dr. sol@@ jac@@ ic figured out how to do was separate the co@@ ils in a trans@@ former to a greater distance than the size of those trans@@ form@@ ers using this technology , which is not dis@@ similar from the way an oper@@ a sing@@ er sh@@ at@@ ters a glass on the other side of the room . +and then finally , electric vehi@@ cles . +imagine , you get one of these things . you want to hang them on the wall . +and no@@ ki@@ a as well . +so what happens to all these tox@@ ins when we die ? +we want to eat , not be e@@ aten by , our food . +thank you . +we followed my job , and it seemed like there was nothing that we couldn 't do . +they 're ex@@ o@@ tic . they 're experiment@@ al . +so what do we make of all of this ? +it 's so clear , yet they 're in den@@ ial . " +ho@@ spi@@ ce was for people who were dying , and ter@@ ence wasn 't dying . +it 's part of our dna as humans , and maybe it 's time our healthcare system -- doctors , patients , in@@ sur@@ ance companies , us , started accoun@@ ting for the power of that hope . +well , we collect data from satelli@@ tes , from air@@ planes , from ground vehi@@ cles , from people . +this process is a very calcul@@ ated process . +microsoft 's ste@@ phen law@@ ler gives a wh@@ ir@@ l@@ wind tour of virtual earth , moving up , down and through its hyper@@ -@@ real c@@ it@@ y@@ scap@@ es with da@@ zz@@ l@@ ingly flu@@ i@@ di@@ ty , a remarkable fe@@ at that requires st@@ ag@@ ger@@ ing amo@@ unts of data to bring into focus . +you need also state ow@@ ner@@ ship , especially of land asse@@ ts , in order to build and roll out infra@@ structures very quickly . +this is a very little known fact about the two countries . +by that compar@@ ison , democracy looks very , very good in terms of economic growth . +this is the world development inde@@ x indi@@ c@@ ator data in the early 199@@ 0s . +these are the two pictures taken of gar@@ ment fac@@ tor@@ ies in gu@@ ang@@ d@@ ong pro@@ vin@@ ce and gar@@ ment fac@@ tor@@ ies in india . +but ne@@ ver@@ th@@ eless , the system has moved in a more liber@@ al direction , moved in a more democratic direction . +i believe that the political re@@ forms are a must for china to main@@ tain its growth . +i 've been spending a lot of time thinking about co@@ ffe@@ e@@ houses for the last five years , because i 've been kind of on this qu@@ est to investi@@ gate this question of where good ideas come from . +and what they noticed was they don 't have a lot of d@@ v@@ rs , they don 't have a lot of micro@@ waves , but they seem to do a pretty good job of keeping their cars on the road . +this is what your office should look like , is part of my message here . +and darwin kept these cop@@ i@@ ous not@@ e@@ books where he wrote down every little idea he had , every little hun@@ ch . +and so they ask around to a couple of their colleagues , and everybody 's like , " no , i hadn 't thought of doing that . +could you go the other way ? +this shift is the most stri@@ king in the u.s. and in the u.k. , but it 's a global phenomenon . +so we 're living in the age of sur@@ ging income ine@@ quality , especially at the top . +we have super@@ star bank@@ ers . +again , this is no m@@ ere hypo@@ the@@ tical . +the dy@@ stop@@ ia that wor@@ ries me is a universe in which a few geni@@ uses inv@@ ent google and its il@@ k and the rest of us are emplo@@ yed giving them mas@@ sages . +there 's many of them up there . +one in a hundred . +and this one 's the biggest growth industry of all , and at least six out of 10 of the people in this room will die in this form , which is the d@@ wind@@ ling of capacity with increasing fra@@ il@@ ty , and fra@@ il@@ ty 's an inevi@@ table part of aging , and increasing fra@@ il@@ ty is in fact the main thing that people die of now , and the last few years , or the last year of your life is spent with a great deal of dis@@ ability , unfortunately . +the small idea is , let 's all of us engage more with this in the way that j@@ as@@ on has illu@@ strated . +it de@@ pri@@ ves eu@@ than@@ asia of its oxygen supply . +my family was on a road trip and we were in the grand c@@ any@@ on . +and this is really what i want to talk to you about today -- about cancer . +so , this really changed my view of looking at cancer . +tumor cells can travel through the blood ves@@ sel@@ s . +so , is it possible that the tumor cells are going to the skelet@@ al muscle tissue , but once in contact inside the skelet@@ al muscle tissue , m@@ yo@@ d acts upon these tumor cells and causes them to become skelet@@ al muscle cells ? +and the grandmother had never let any west@@ ern@@ ers ever see her . +and remember this picture , because i 'm going to show you another picture later , but you can see how much she looks like her grandmother , although she looks so western . +and i said , " i 'm 28 years old , and i live in hot@@ els , and i 'm not married . " +so , i went back to korea , and i went back to hy@@ un@@ -@@ so@@ ok 's village , and she was gone . +and the more i tried talking to him , the less friend@@ ly he was getting . +i just think that -- what little i know about the situation , she has very little chance here of having the kind of life that you probably would like her to have . " +and he said , " the second day she was here she made up a list of all of the names of the older kids and the yo@@ unger kids . +and the third night , we came back , we 'd just gone out to dinner , where you saw the pictures , and we got to the front des@@ k and the guy at the front des@@ k said , " there 's no other free rooms on your floor ton@@ ight , so if you want to put the kids five flo@@ ors below you , there 's a room there . " +and the whole room filled with smo@@ ke in about two seconds . +and i remember , nat@@ as@@ ha didn 't want us opening the door -- sorry , i was trying not to open the door , because we 'd spent so much time barri@@ c@@ ading the room . +this is a tri@@ -@@ star , and so they let nat@@ as@@ ha actually sit in the jump seat . +gene even did a little ti@@ le work in the kitchen , which was that , " once upon a time , there was a beautiful girl that came from h@@ ills of korea to live happ@@ ily ever after in atlan@@ ta . " +thank you all of you . +a lot has happened in the last few years , and let 's start with the planets . +in fact , even back during the an@@ ci@@ ents , the solar system in that sense would look on a diagra@@ m like this . +most of these are can@@ di@@ dat@@ es . +so the question is : is that chemical phenomenon universal , or is it something which depen@@ ds on the planet ? +this understanding of chemistry actually can help us with our daily lives . +can you imagine how small it is ? +let 's start this new revolution at the tail end of the old one , with syn@@ thetic biology being the way to transform both our environment and our future . +then , uganda started to turn back , whereas z@@ im@@ bab@@ we sky@@ rock@@ et@@ ed , and some years later south africa had a terrible rise of hiv frequ@@ ency . +not the drug in itself , but the treatment and the care which is needed around it . +there 's a lot of things that we thought , that now , good research , done by african institutions and researchers together with the international researchers , show that that 's not the case . +un@@ aids have done good data available , finally , about the spread of hiv . +h@@ ans ro@@ s@@ ling un@@ v@@ ei@@ ls new data visu@@ als that un@@ tan@@ gle the complex risk fac@@ tors of one of the world 's de@@ ad@@ li@@ est diseases : hiv . he argu@@ es that pre@@ vent@@ ing trans@@ mis@@ sions -- not drug treat@@ ments -- is the key to en@@ ding the epidemic . +it 's based on pur@@ ch@@ asing power par@@ ity . +we know that 's wrong , because we condu@@ cted two great natural experiments in the 20th century to see if geogra@@ ph@@ y ma@@ tter@@ ed more than institutions . +let 's call them the kil@@ ler app@@ s . +mean@@ while , there 's no scientific revolution anywhere else . +that 's the consumer society , and it prop@@ els economic growth more than even technologi@@ cal change itself . +any society can adop@@ t these institutions , and when they do , they achieve what the west achie@@ ved after 1@@ 500 -- only faster . +that 's so true . +and that 's all we seem to be car@@ ing about recently . +so what this figure shows is that spi@@ ders date back to almost 3@@ 80 million years . +these can be grou@@ ped into seven categ@@ ories . +so i 've color@@ ed in the gl@@ y@@ cin@@ es again in green , al@@ an@@ ine in red , and the ser@@ ines , the letter s , in pur@@ ple . and you can see that the top repe@@ at unit can be expla@@ ined almost entirely by green and red , and the bottom repe@@ at unit has a substan@@ tial amount of pur@@ ple . +what you see here on this tou@@ g@@ hn@@ ess graph is the higher the black do@@ t is on the graph , the higher the tou@@ g@@ hn@@ ess . +to bor@@ row from the wri@@ t@@ ings of a spi@@ der named char@@ lot@@ te , silk is terri@@ fic . +fli@@ ck@@ r is a phot@@ o-@@ sharing service that allows people to take photos , u@@ plo@@ ad them , share them over the web and so forth . +you notice we haven 't got everybody who has a photo . +and worst of all , that figure at the bottom , appro@@ x@@ ima@@ tely ten photos per photograph@@ er , is a lie . +this is the math under@@ lying the 80 / 20 rule . right ? +right ? so , when institutions are told they are ob@@ stac@@ les , and that there are other ways of co@@ ordin@@ ating the value , they go through something a little bit like the ku@@ bl@@ er-@@ ross st@@ ages -- -- of reaction , being told you have a f@@ at@@ al illness : den@@ ial , an@@ ger , bar@@ ga@@ ining , accep@@ tan@@ ce . +the inv@@ ent@@ ors don 't know what the invention is . +there are people in the states right now t@@ ying themselves into kn@@ ots , trying to figure out whether or not blog@@ gers are journ@@ alists . +it was produced by analy@@ zing their communic@@ ations patterns using a lot of these tools . and dou@@ b@@ t@@ less the intelligence communities of the world are doing the same work today for the attac@@ ks of last week . +so a bak@@ er , and a good bak@@ er , knows how to pull or draw forth the in@@ her@@ ent sugar tra@@ pped in the star@@ ch . +that 's the challenge . okay , so , now , what we -- in the journey of whe@@ at , let 's go back and look at these 12 st@@ ages . +this takes a second , but it 's a distin@@ ctive stage . +and then we have stage 12 , which the text@@ books call " pac@@ k@@ aging , " but my students call " eating . " +it 's not only been killed , but it 's been den@@ i@@ ed any potential for creating future life . +bacteria is in there , eating the same sug@@ ars , turning them into aci@@ ds . +it 's used as a symbol for transformation . +and i 'm not kid@@ ding , i just think we should just say that and move forward . +they 're all moun@@ ted on my instru@@ ments . +it 's a bunch of crazy pic@@ to@@ graphic not@@ ation . +let 's watch just another clip . +i 've decided , ultimately , that this is the wrong question , that this is not the important question . +so half the time , she ac@@ ted as if she liked the cra@@ ck@@ ers and didn 't like the bro@@ c@@ col@@ i -- just like a baby and any other san@@ e person . +if we look across many , many different species of animals , not just us pri@@ mates , but also including other ma@@ mm@@ als , birds , even mar@@ su@@ pi@@ als like kan@@ g@@ aro@@ os and wom@@ bat@@ s , it turns out that there 's a relationship between how long a childhood a species has and how big their brains are compared to their bodies and how smart and flexi@@ ble they are . +and at least until they 're 23 , we 're still po@@ pping those wor@@ ms into those little open mou@@ ths . +then they test that new hypo@@ thesis and so on and so forth . +the first one is , again , remember , these are four year-@@ ol@@ ds . +oh . +and we even know something about the way the brain does this . +al@@ ison g@@ op@@ nik : what do babies think ? +now , the only way to get around that is to actually simu@@ late the human body and to simu@@ late that bit of the nervous system of the brain that contro@@ ls that body . +those are then sel@@ ec@@ ted by the algorith@@ m , re@@ produced with mu@@ tation and re@@ combin@@ ations to introdu@@ ce sex as well . +now , this might look kind of tri@@ vi@@ al , but it 's actually very important because this is not something you get at the moment in any inter@@ active or any virtual worl@@ ds . +and then , finally hits the floor . +so , they wanted to have a digital version of a stun@@ t@@ man and that 's what we 've been working on for the past few months . +at the moment , doing something like this by hand would take you probably a couple of days . +there 's so many things we can do with this right now . +we do have one un@@ inten@@ tional dan@@ cer actually , the last thing i 'm going to show you . +it 's a children 's book for the i@@ pad . +i remember we cri@@ ed prof@@ us@@ ely when the little go@@ ats we played with in the summer became bi@@ ri@@ an@@ i . +and my argument [ is ] that the only way for us to teach creativity is by teaching children perspe@@ c@@ tives at the earli@@ est stage . +and you 'll get paid for it . you can think about it , if you want . +which they do . +let 's create a word process@@ or that 's just a word process@@ or . +there are these " wi@@ z@@ ards " everywhere . +pal@@ m is also , especially in the old days , wonderful about this . +i write the code that f@@ its the world today . +i made a fortun@@ e over at pi@@ x@@ ar . +in my very last example -- i do a lot of my work using speech recogni@@ tion software , and you have to be kind of quie@@ t because the software is nervous . +dp : thank you very much . +and the dan@@ ger is that they can cause roughly what 's a pan@@ de@@ mic . +and i would say that we can 't give up the rule of law to fight an as@@ y@@ m@@ me@@ tri@@ c threat , which is what we seem to be doing because of the present , the people that are in power , because that 's to give up the thing that makes civilization . +we 'll hear a lot more about that from al gore very shor@@ tly . +it 's a strange place inside a nan@@ ot@@ u@@ be . +we need new anti-@@ vir@@ als and cock@@ ta@@ ils . we need new kinds of vac@@ cin@@ es . +and finally , i think we have to do something that 's not really -- it 's almost un@@ accep@@ table to say this -- which , we have to begin to design the future . +i think it 's time that we transi@@ tioned to a solar syste@@ m-@@ going civilization and species . +how hard is it going to be to find life on mars ? +i think it 's there , and i think we need to go look for it , and i think it 's under@@ ground . +it 's a very simple trick , and i never fail to do it when i 'm sitting in a window seat . +in this ca@@ ve , great areas are covered by this red@@ dis@@ h material that you see here , and also these enormous cr@@ y@@ st@@ als of sel@@ en@@ ite that you can see dan@@ gling down . +in order to access these sub-@@ surface environments that we 're interested in , we 're very interested in developing the tools to do this . +so , we 're talking about things like in@@ fl@@ at@@ able lin@@ ers that can con@@ form to the complex to@@ po@@ logi@@ cal shape on the inside of a ca@@ ve , fo@@ am@@ e@@ d-@@ in-@@ place air@@ lo@@ cks to deal with this complex to@@ po@@ log@@ y , various ways of getting brea@@ thing g@@ ases made from the in@@ trin@@ si@@ c materials of these bodies . +but when you tell someone your goal and they ac@@ knowledge it , psych@@ ologists have found that it 's called a " social reality . " +and so it is with archi@@ me@@ des , the great gre@@ ek mathemati@@ cian . +for@@ ger@@ ies were pain@@ ted over it , and it suff@@ ered very b@@ ad@@ ly from m@@ old . +and so before we could start ima@@ ging archi@@ me@@ des , we had to take this book apart . +and that 's what it looks like . +but as the electr@@ ons go round at the speed of light , they shed x-@@ ra@@ ys . +this was a bad idea , because phili@@ p of ma@@ ce@@ don had a son called alex@@ ander the great , and they lost the battle of cha@@ er@@ one@@ a . +because institutions at the moment con@@ fine their data with copy@@ right restri@@ ctions and that sort of thing . +how do you read a two-@@ thou@@ sand@@ -year-old man@@ us@@ cri@@ pt that has been er@@ ased , cut up , written on and pain@@ ted over ? with a powerful partic@@ le acceler@@ ator , of course ! ancient books cur@@ ator willi@@ am no@@ el tells the fascinating story behind the archi@@ me@@ des pal@@ imp@@ s@@ est , a by@@ z@@ ant@@ ine pra@@ yer book contain@@ ing previ@@ ous@@ l@@ y-@@ un@@ known original wri@@ t@@ ings from ancient gre@@ ek mathemati@@ cian archi@@ me@@ des and others . +there are very few places in the u.s. where you can try real ko@@ be , and one of them is wol@@ f@@ gang pu@@ ck 's restaurant , cut , in los angeles . +they did give me a tour , though . +i did a blind taste test of this with 20 people and five other o@@ live o@@ ils . +and to try this -- i couldn 't get a lo@@ aner , but i did go into the manhattan sho@@ w@@ room of the manufac@@ tur@@ er , to@@ to , and they have a ba@@ th@@ room off of the sho@@ w@@ room that you can use , which i used . +most of the cars that i drive , if i get up to 80 they start to r@@ attle . +it was three days , four me@@ als . +and in particular , i think we can learn things about learning . +it 's from the game world of war@@ craft with more than 10 million players glob@@ ally , one of whom is me , another of whom is my wife . +now , if you take a game like war@@ craft , you can think about it , if you like , as a great bo@@ x-@@ opening effort . +no , we want one or two mon@@ sters on the screen at any one time . +second , multiple long and shor@@ t-@@ term a@@ ims -- 5,000 pi@@ es , bor@@ ing , 15 pi@@ es , interesting . +and what this means is we can predict learning , we can predict en@@ han@@ ced engagement , these windows , these windows of time , in which the learning is taking place at an en@@ han@@ ced level . +let 's start with business . +and through this work , i hope to better understand the evolutionary vulner@@ abilities of our bodies , so that we can improve and better manage our health in the future . +and so previous studies had only focused on microscop@@ y . +so i took a job at the united nations world food programme as a way to try to address these security issues through food security issues . +unfortunately , o@@ bes@@ ity 's not only an american problem . +there 's this large , con@@ soli@@ d@@ ated far@@ ming that 's led to what we eat in america , and it 's really been since around 19@@ 80 , after the oil crisis , when , you know , mass con@@ soli@@ dation , mass ex@@ o@@ du@@ s of small farmers in this country . +the i@@ con@@ s like michael po@@ ll@@ an and jam@@ ie oli@@ ver in his ted prize wish both add@@ ressed this last three-@@ decade time period as incredibly relevant for food system change . +this is a construction hel@@ met that i received two years ago at the gro@@ und@@ breaking of the largest project i , and my fir@@ m , have ever been involved in . +but i 'm going to reduce this to the beginning of the process , into three very pe@@ dan@@ tic stat@@ ements . +if we are so good at our craft shouldn 't we be able to conc@@ ei@@ ve of an architec@@ tural mani@@ fest@@ ation that sli@@ des se@@ am@@ less@@ ly through the project 's and the cli@@ ent 's con@@ stra@@ in@@ ts ? +the architec@@ tural mani@@ fest@@ ation was frank@@ ly just du@@ m@@ b . +you 're going down into our lo@@ bby , go through the lo@@ bby with our own little dan@@ g@@ ly bits , whether you like them or not , up through the sta@@ ir that leads you into the audi@@ tor@@ ium . +and the solution in terms of the bal@@ con@@ ies was to use something that we all know as a sc@@ ore@@ board li@@ ft . +this building has the ability , in short order , to go back to a flat floor organization such that they can r@@ ent it out . +and to re@@ mind you that here is an example in which architecture actually did something . +and i really loved this idea of the par@@ tial gli@@ mp@@ se into somebody 's life . +" i love how they were able to preser@@ ve most in everything that makes you feel close to nature -- bu@@ tter@@ flies , man@@ -@@ made fore@@ sts , li@@ me@@ stone ca@@ ves and hey , even a huge py@@ th@@ on . " +so these are some ne@@ wer projects that actually aren 't even launched publi@@ c@@ ly yet . +we 're very used to this . +this graph that i 'm cli@@ cking down here is meant to be remin@@ is@@ cent of a medical he@@ art@@ beat graph , showing the exciting moments of ad@@ ren@@ al@@ ine . +so , you have some really happy person holding 10 ballo@@ ons , and some really sad sou@@ l holding one ballo@@ on . +he had this amazing series of ha@@ irs growing out of a mo@@ le on the left side of his face , which i 'm told is very good lu@@ ck . +one of the more tou@@ ch@@ y political subje@@ cts in b@@ hu@@ tan is the use of indian cheap labor that they im@@ port from india to build the roads , and then they send these people home once the roads are built . +but i pre@@ fer for maybe 40 to 50 . +and you never think you 're going to be the guy who 's walking down the street and , because you choose to go down one side or the other , the rest of your life is changed forever . +and — — the nur@@ se kind of had a hy@@ ster@@ ical lau@@ gh , and i 'm turning my head trying to see everybody , and i had this weird memory of being in college and raising , raising money for the flo@@ od vic@@ ti@@ ms of banglades@@ h , and then i look over and my an@@ es@@ thes@@ i@@ ologist is cl@@ am@@ ping the mas@@ k on me , and i think , " he looks banglades@@ hi , " — — and i just have those two facts , and i just think , " this could work somehow . " +ed ga@@ vag@@ an : a story about kn@@ ots and surge@@ ons +now of course , as history has gone by , it 's been natural for there to be a certain amount of ble@@ ed between speech and writing . +that 's what we 're seeing in this fing@@ ered speech . +if you listen to the way black you@@ th today speak , think about the use of the word " yo . " +" many do not know the alp@@ hab@@ et or multi@@ pli@@ cation table , cannot write gra@@ m@@ matically -- " we 've heard that sort of thing before , not just in 195@@ 6 . 19@@ 17 , connec@@ tic@@ ut scho@@ ol@@ teacher . +and then the third thing would be , please show me a s@@ hea@@ f of tex@@ ts written by 16@@ -year-old girls , because i would want to know where this language had developed since our times , and ide@@ ally i would then send them back to you and me now so we could exam@@ ine this l@@ ingu@@ i@@ stic mira@@ cle happening right under our no@@ ses . +gol@@ an le@@ v@@ in : software art +it is extremely un@@ likely the taliban would ever be able to take over the country -- extremely un@@ likely they 'd be able to sei@@ ze kab@@ u@@ l . +and the same is true for the tro@@ ops . +and yet , nobody listen@@ ed to them . +very , very sa@@ dly , our foreign services , the united nations , the military in these countries have very little idea of what 's going on . +but you need to look at context . +it makes failure invisible , in@@ conc@@ ei@@ vable and inevi@@ table . +the problem that i want to talk with you about is really the problem of : how does one supply healthcare in a world in which cost is everything ? +that 's what a hydro@@ phili@@ c surface does . +those half of you , roughly , who are women , at some point may have had a preg@@ nan@@ cy test . +there is a very important issue here , which is that because it 's a prin@@ ter , a color prin@@ ter , it prin@@ ts colors . that 's what color pr@@ inter@@ s do . +so , you take the drop of blood , no further manipu@@ lations , you put it on a little device , the device fil@@ ters out the blood cells , lets the ser@@ um go through , and you get a series of colors down in the bottom there . +and , of course the answer is , " you don 't . " +and we sent it off , and by return mail it came back . +traditional lab tests for disease diagno@@ sis can be too expensive and cum@@ ber@@ some for the regi@@ ons most in need . george whit@@ es@@ i@@ des ' in@@ geni@@ ous answer is a fo@@ ol@@ pro@@ of tool that can be manu@@ f@@ actu@@ red at virtu@@ ally zero cost . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +and we think people like this probably don 't want to vote for people who look like this and are named bar@@ ack obama . +and so we can look at a bunch of different vari@@ ables . +but you see demo@@ cr@@ ats versus republi@@ can , not a big difference based on who your neighb@@ ors are . +and you interact a lot with your neighb@@ ors -- people you like , people you might not know . +i 'm a physi@@ cian practic@@ ing with cu@@ tt@@ ing-@@ edge technology . +he says , " you see , when she said , ' good morning , ' i picked up her fi@@ fe ac@@ cent . +so within a few years , in the late 18@@ 0@@ 0s , early 19@@ 0@@ 0s , all of a sudden , the bar@@ ber surge@@ on had given way to the physi@@ cian who was trying to make a diagno@@ sis . +there 's a real dis@@ jun@@ ction between the patient 's perception and our own per@@ cep@@ tions as physi@@ cians of the best medical care . +and to her , that spoke of a kind of atten@@ ti@@ ven@@ ess that she needed . +the good news , it 's not cancer , it 's not tu@@ ber@@ cu@@ los@@ is , it 's not co@@ c@@ ci@@ dio@@ i@@ dom@@ y@@ co@@ sis or some ob@@ sc@@ ure f@@ ung@@ al infe@@ ction . +i would per@@ c@@ uss the ch@@ est . i would listen to the heart . +modern medicine is in dan@@ ger of losing a powerful , ol@@ d-@@ fashi@@ oned tool : human touch . physi@@ cian and writer abra@@ ham ver@@ gh@@ ese descri@@ bes our strange new world where patients are mer@@ ely data points , and calls for a return to the traditional one-@@ on-@@ one physical ex@@ am . +and the answer is , if you open enough of them , yes . +and in all cases we have to ask -- what 's the more likely explan@@ ation ? +in the case of g@@ ali@@ le@@ o , he had two problems when he turned his telescop@@ e to saturn . +faces of all kinds are easy to see . +i guess you can only have one mira@@ cle per building . +it was in the top five in 2005 , called , " nine million bi@@ cy@@ cles in bei@@ j@@ ing . " +heart and blood ves@@ sel diseases still kill more people -- not only in this country , but also worldwide -- than everything else combin@@ ed , and yet it 's completely pre@@ vent@@ able for almost everybody . +imagine : many of these problems could be pre@@ v@@ ented if these babies were just kept warm . +over the next five years we hope to save the lives of almost a million babies . +but what do we do for a living ? +and then he went to north car@@ ol@@ ina and did it again . +and you can build an entire industry on that . +and people in white hat@@ s sa@@ il@@ ing bo@@ ats . +so some people will go out and get people to be on one team . +someone stands up and says , " this one is important . +" what would happen if every time someone bought a pair of these shoes i gave exactly the same pair to someone who doesn 't even own a pair of shoes ? " +being a leader gives you char@@ is@@ ma . +the sen@@ sor would have to be in@@ expensive , ra@@ pid , simple , sensitive , sel@@ ec@@ tive , and minim@@ ally invasi@@ ve . +you start with some water , po@@ ur in some nan@@ ot@@ u@@ bes , add anti@@ bodies , mix it up , take some paper , di@@ p it , dry it , and you can dete@@ ct cancer . +and so in the next two to five years , this sen@@ sor could poten@@ tially li@@ ft for pan@@ crea@@ tic cancer survival rates from a dis@@ mal 5@@ .@@ 5 percent to close to 100 percent , and it would do similar for o@@ vari@@ an and lung cancer . +my experience , however , in the islam@@ ic world is very different . +so , for example , there is the character of no@@ or@@ a . +and why does sex make babies , and babies sp@@ ell ero@@ tic disaster in cou@@ ples ? +what is the relationship between love and desire ? +and in this space between me and the other lies the ero@@ tic é@@ lan , lies that movement toward the other . +is it a place where you can express your in@@ fan@@ ti@@ le wi@@ sh@@ es ? +it won 't make a dent . there is nobody at the re@@ ception des@@ k . +child number two comes back but looks like that over their shoul@@ der all the time . +it 's focus and pres@@ ence . +we managed , but sometimes those hall@@ s didn 't seem exactly su@@ ited to the music i was making or had made . +they 're smaller , even less rever@@ ber@@ ant , so he can write really fri@@ l@@ ly music that 's very intri@@ cate -- and it works . +it meant that there could be extreme dynam@@ ics , which there weren 't in some of these other kinds of music . +other sing@@ ers after him went even further . +and in some ways , the music that they 're writing for this place works perfectly . +and i thought : well , if this is a model for creation , if we make music , pri@@ mar@@ ily the form at least , to fit these con@@ tex@@ ts , and if we make art to fit g@@ aller@@ y walls or museum walls , and if we write software to fit exi@@ sting operating systems , is that how it works ? +and had such -- it was an e@@ ye@@ -@@ opening experience to hear them talk about the world that is yet to come through technology and science . +but this is not the first time that we 've had a technologi@@ cal revolution . +and yet he says , " he re@@ stor@@ es my sou@@ l . " +you 've seen people take bene@@ ficial technologi@@ cal advan@@ ces , such as the internet we 've heard about ton@@ ight , and twi@@ st them into something cor@@ rup@@ ting . +and i knew mr. do@@ br@@ yn@@ in very well , and i said , " i 'm going to sit bes@@ i@@ de mr@@ s. gor@@ ba@@ che@@ v ton@@ ight . +unbe@@ ar@@ able psych@@ ological pres@@ sur@@ es bear down on us . +it 's difficult for them to understand that they 're going to die . +i 've done a lot of speaking in germany and in fr@@ ance , and in different parts of the world -- 10@@ 5 countries it 's been my privi@@ lege to speak in . +essentially , he said this : " if you bet on god , and open yourself to his love , you lose nothing , even if you 're wrong . +i couldn 't take it to a laboratory and experiment with it . +life is a right , not coll@@ at@@ er@@ al or cas@@ ual . +are you holding her ? +i experience exponenti@@ ally . +resol@@ u@@ tions , smo@@ ke . +the women 's ch@@ ie@@ f of the village has this little girl , fair color like me , totally dir@@ ty . +she 's highly ath@@ le@@ tic . +today , we 've worked with over 300 . +so i will do this . +i want to look back 20 years from now and see that there 's another li@@ beri@@ an girl , gh@@ an@@ ai@@ an girl , nigeri@@ an girl , ethi@@ op@@ ian girl standing on this ted stage . +l@@ g : you 're wel@@ come . +li@@ ck@@ li@@ der for@@ es@@ a@@ w computers doing all the rou@@ tin@@ i@@ z@@ able work that was requi@@ red to pre@@ p@@ are the way for insi@@ ghts and decision making . +every interaction we have in the world is recor@@ ded by an ever growing ar@@ ray of sensor@@ s : your phone , your credit card , your computer . the result is big data , and it actually pres@@ ents us with an opportunity to more deeply understand the human condition . +these foreign figh@@ ters had left their families in the gul@@ f , the le@@ v@@ ant and north africa to join al q@@ a@@ e@@ da in iraq . +the human goal here was to identify cam@@ ps for rel@@ oc@@ ation based on pri@@ ority need . +and the reality of the society that we 're in is there are thousands and thousands of people out there leading lives of quie@@ t , scre@@ aming des@@ per@@ ation , where they work long , hard hours at jobs they hate to en@@ able them to buy things they don 't need to im@@ press people they don 't like . +play a sport with a friend at lun@@ ch@@ time . +now i don 't mean to mo@@ ck , but being a fit 10@@ -@@ h@@ our@@ -@@ a-@@ day office rat isn 't more bal@@ an@@ ced ; it 's more fit . +and that , i think , is an idea worth spre@@ ading . +as a black person in america , i am twice as likely as a white person to live in an area where air pollution pos@@ es the greatest risk to my health . +so how did things get so different for us ? +who prof@@ its ? does anything justi@@ fy what the local community goes through ? +and they provide habit@@ ats for our little friends ! +and we are operating with a com@@ pre@@ hen@@ sive urban planning de@@ fic@@ it . +for his brilliant eff@@ or@@ ts , he was nearly im@@ pe@@ ach@@ ed . +of the 90 percent of the energy that mr. gore remin@@ ded us that we waste every day , don 't add wa@@ sting our energy , intelligence and har@@ d-@@ ear@@ ned experience to that count . +she wrote back to me and she said , " i 'm so proud to have a son that created the software that allowed these kids to make mother 's day cards for their mothers . " +it seems that everybody is getting into the act . +and as i move my hand , i can pop the ballo@@ ons or i can move the bu@@ g . +so i showed him . +again , it 's useful to think about this analog@@ y with language . +this is completely different than automo@@ bil@@ es . +i want to talk about this . +we 're interested in finding beauty that 's more than just an a@@ es@@ thetic ; it 's really a truth . +all right ? now one thing about art is , art is discovery , and art is disco@@ vering yourself through your art . right ? +hopefully , really understand the custom@@ er at its heart , where the custom@@ er is , live with them in america . so -- sent the team off , and actually something different happened . they went other places . +the engineers fle@@ w over , and designers got together with them , and they put their pres@@ entation together . +that 's what you get fu@@ ri@@ ous about right ? +chris bang@@ le : great cars are great art +now as i was training in clinical medicine and he@@ mat@@ ology and on@@ c@@ ology and stem cell transplan@@ tation , what we had instead , cas@@ c@@ ading through the regul@@ atory network at the f@@ da , were these sub@@ stances -- ar@@ sen@@ ic , th@@ ali@@ dom@@ i@@ de and this chemical der@@ i@@ va@@ tive of ni@@ tro@@ gen mu@@ star@@ d gas . +in effect , the cancer cell was for@@ getting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell . +and this was , unfortunately , successful . +the first is if anything is unique about this research , it 's less the science than the strategy -- that this for us was a social experiment , an experiment in what would happen if we were as open and honest at the earli@@ est phase of discovery chemistry research as we could be . +one thing you can do with a picture like this is simply ad@@ mi@@ re it . +because if there had been , they would have collap@@ sed under the gravi@@ ta@@ tional pull into a huge black hole . +that 's our job as co@@ sm@@ ologists . +and this energy , according to einstein , exer@@ ts a push on the universe . +that impli@@ cation was studied by bol@@ tz@@ mann back in the 19@@ th century . +that 's the region where entrop@@ y is low . +but we now know enough about the future of the universe to say a lot more . +or maybe the big bang is not the beginning of the universe . +i had never seen an internet . +i felt very happy to be at the secon@@ dar@@ y school , so i was determin@@ ed to do anything possible to recei@@ ve education . +god bl@@ ess . +so , here , whatever movement i do in my physical world is actually repli@@ cated inside the digital world just using this small device that i made , around eight years back , in 2000 . +i took it very literally , and took my bi@@ ke hel@@ met , put a little cut over there so that the proje@@ ctor actually f@@ its ni@@ c@@ ely . +the camera is actually not only understanding your hand mov@@ ements , but , interest@@ ingly , is also able to understand what objects you are holding in your hand . +and why only computers ? we can just play with pa@@ pers . +p@@ m : there is a lot of energy here . lots of learning . +actually it was a very hard challenge . +if you don 't have open spaces , you 've got to go there and open spaces . +you can build nice sta@@ tions . +the first one is , you can change from what i call a [ vi@@ cious ] circle to a virtual circle . +you can imagine how people get happy with me watching these kinds of scen@@ es . +i 'll get to you now the inci@@ dents of the day . +that is great , that means we 're going to have 10 billion minds working together , 10 billion tal@@ ents together . +in@@ ca sculp@@ tures are re@@ gar@@ ded as tre@@ as@@ ures in british muse@@ ums , while sha@@ k@@ espe@@ are is transl@@ ated into every major language of the earth . +darwin himself , by the way , had no dou@@ b@@ ts that the pe@@ ac@@ o@@ ck 's tail was beautiful in the eyes of the pe@@ a@@ hen . +beautiful sh@@ ell ne@@ ck@@ l@@ ac@@ es that look like something you 'd see at an arts and cra@@ f@@ ts fair , as well as o@@ ch@@ re body paint , have been found from around 100,000 years ago . +yes , ha@@ ir@@ sty@@ ling -- i ins@@ ist on that . +we have already an autonom@@ ous vehicle . +the system is also smart enough to figure out the sa@@ fest way to operate the car . +so it 's actually a multi-@@ dimensional user interface . +you must be out of your mind . " +i was leaving a se@@ min@@ ar when it started , hum@@ ming to myself , f@@ um@@ bling with my bag just as i 'd done a hundred times before , when suddenly i heard a voice cal@@ m@@ ly obser@@ ve , " she is leaving the room . " +it was at this point that events began to rapi@@ dly over@@ take me . +i used to say that these people saved me , but what i now know is they did something even more important in that they em@@ powered me to save myself , and cru@@ cially , they helped me to understand something which i 'd always sus@@ pe@@ cted : that my voices were a meaning@@ ful response to trau@@ matic life events , particularly childhood events , and as such were not my ene@@ mi@@ es but a source of insi@@ ght into sol@@ vable emotional problems . +to par@@ ap@@ hr@@ ase cha@@ ve@@ z , once social change begins , it cannot be rever@@ sed . +what they remember is , of course , the great tri@@ um@@ ph , that the bri@@ ts were be@@ aten , and we won , and that the country was born . +and that makes it extra@@ ordin@@ arily interesting as a place to explore . +but better -- what is more important is that they would have to concent@@ rate sun@@ light . +you see the red glo@@ w in their eyes , which is the refle@@ ction of the flas@@ h@@ light . +they look like , maybe like sun@@ flo@@ wers . +i was a teenager , and at 15 or 16 , i guess like all teen@@ a@@ gers , we want to just do what we love and what we believe in . +and that allows me to check my ti@@ mer dis@@ cre@@ tely , here , without ben@@ ding my el@@ bo@@ w . +i mean , think about it : the care we take in sel@@ ec@@ ting sun@@ glas@@ ses , or je@@ wel@@ ry , or ac@@ cess@@ ories is really important , so if it isn 't beautiful , it really doesn 't bel@@ ong on your face . +so we called it y water . and so this is another place where it all comes together in the same room : the three-@@ dimensional design , the ideas , the brand@@ ing , it all becomes deeply connected . +in fact , you can see each lo@@ go is a little bit different . +and if anybody as@@ ks why you 're carrying a con@@ dom , you can just say you like the design . +the first half will be per@@ formed by the live sing@@ ers here on stage . +and what , if anything , do men have to do with it ? +my father , who had f@@ ought in three wars , could not save his own sister from this suffering . +" he was fl@@ at@@ ter@@ ed . +i see traditional music like a kind of re@@ bel@@ li@@ on , in which people can really speak their voice , especially traditional songs from other parts of the former y@@ u@@ go@@ sla@@ v re@@ public . +but no , for the pro@@ test , they d@@ ressed all in white , no ma@@ ke@@ up . +women like sa@@ ken@@ a and lea@@ h and la@@ y@@ ma have hum@@ bled me and changed me and made me realize that i should not be so quick to jump to assu@@ mp@@ tions of any kind . +we can de@@ milit@@ ari@@ ze societies and po@@ ur resources , instead , into reser@@ vo@@ irs of genu@@ ine security . +and i thought , " well , sir , i am not a strateg@@ ist , nor am i speci@@ alist . i am mer@@ ely a story@@ t@@ eller . " +so what could this mean ? +they were together while pra@@ ying . +and there are two important mes@@ sages , or two lessons , to take from that reality . +and the religious police im@@ pos@@ es the supposed islam@@ ic way of life on every citi@@ zen , by force -- like women are forced to cover their heads -- wear the hi@@ ja@@ b , the islam@@ ic head cover . +it 's our faith , and we will be lo@@ y@@ al to it . +and this is a question , i think , which needs to be discus@@ sed carefully . +that 's an experience that not every other musli@@ m nation in the middle east had until very recently . +mu@@ staf@@ a ak@@ yo@@ l : faith versus tradition in islam +it cle@@ ars the forest , reve@@ als the trees inside . +and anti@@ body sta@@ in@@ ings like this one can be used to understand that sort of question . +dar@@ fu@@ r may have sli@@ pped from the news head@@ lines , but the killing and dis@@ plac@@ ement there continu@@ es as well , and the she@@ er human mis@@ ery that it creates is very hard to fa@@ tho@@ m . +th@@ us , even though every civili@@ an killed , ma@@ im@@ ed , ra@@ ped , or tor@@ tured is one too many , the fact that the number of civili@@ an cas@@ u@@ al@@ ties is clearly lower today than it was a decade ago , is good news . +but then , is northern ir@@ eland a unique example , or does this kind of explan@@ ation only hold more generally in democratic and developed countries ? +both success@@ es and fail@@ ures teach us several cri@@ tically important things that we need to bear in mind if we want the good news to continue . +as a photograph@@ er for national geographic , i 've portra@@ yed it for many . +mu@@ d and miner@@ als become sub@@ strate ; there are bacteria . +on land , life turned a corner . ja@@ ws formed first ; teeth came later . +extin@@ ction can come slowly , but sometimes it arri@@ ves fast . +and where it doesn 't , as in green@@ land in winter , mars is still not very far . +so in australia , " mo " is s@@ lang for mu@@ sta@@ che , so we ren@@ am@@ ed the month of no@@ v@@ ember " mov@@ ember " and created some pretty basic rules , which still stand today . +and we per@@ si@@ sted , and we got 4@@ 50 guys growing mu@@ sta@@ ches , and together we raised 5@@ 4@@ ,000 dollars , and we don@@ ated every cent of that to the pro@@ state cancer foundation of australia , and that repres@@ ented at the time the single biggest don@@ ation they 'd ever received . +so what we did was , we took some of the money that we raised in australia to bring the campaign across to this country , the u.@@ s , and the u.k. , and we did that because we knew , if this was successful , we could raise infin@@ itely more money glob@@ ally than we could just in australia . and that money fu@@ els research , and that research will get us to a cure . +so we pil@@ ed into a tax@@ i , and this is our tax@@ i driver , and i was sitting in the back seat , and he turned around and said , " where are you going ? " +and so we said , right , we 'd re@@ defined char@@ ity . we need to re@@ define the way these guys operate . how do we do that ? +he could see what was happening to his forest , to his environment , because he was taken under his grand@@ father 's wing when he was only two years old to begin to learn about the forest and the way of life of his people . +he would tell you , as he told me , " i asked myself , " he said , " what did my grand@@ parents and my great@@ -@@ grand@@ parents do to protect the forest for me ? +we have to change . +even that wasn 't enough . +he would tell you , " i 'm a colle@@ ctor , and i cu@@ rate a museum . " +they have a sense of the great ar@@ c of time and their tiny place in it . +he went around once , he went around twice , he went around thri@@ ce . +on the ban@@ ks of a river called the indu@@ s , now in pakistan . +you should not be s@@ is@@ y@@ ph@@ us , who roll@@ s a rock up a mountain all day only to find the b@@ ou@@ l@@ der roll@@ ed down at night . +you see , the indi@@ ans also had a river that separ@@ ates the land of the living from the land of the dead . +the den@@ om@@ in@@ ator of the gy@@ m@@ no@@ sop@@ h@@ ist 's life was infin@@ ity . +there is no orche@@ str@@ a conduc@@ tor . +and i would see the ex@@ as@@ per@@ ation between my american and european colleagues , when they were dealing with india . +so , there is nothing right or wrong in what you do in life . +and so the next time you meet someone , a stran@@ ger , one requ@@ est : understand that you live in the subje@@ ctive truth , and so does he . +you 're afraid if you look for your passion and don 't find it , you 'll feel like you 're an i@@ di@@ ot , so then you make exc@@ uses about why you 're not going to look for your passion . +you know what ? here 's a little secret . +you need 20 interests , and then one of them , one of them might gra@@ b you , one of them might engage you more than anything else , and then you may have found your greatest love in compar@@ ison to all the other things that interest you , and that 's what passion is . +what do you want me to say ? +" look kid . i had a dream once , too , but -- but . " +and that 's why you 're not going to have a great career , unless -- unless , that most ev@@ o@@ ca@@ tive of all english words -- unless . +you may rec@@ all a year ago when a fire@@ stor@@ m er@@ up@@ ted after the united states pre@@ ven@@ tive services task force re@@ vie@@ wed the world 's mammo@@ graph@@ y scre@@ ening liter@@ ature and issu@@ ed a gui@@ del@@ ine re@@ com@@ men@@ ding against scre@@ ening mammo@@ gra@@ ms in women in their 4@@ 0s . +so it 's easy to see this tumor in the upp@@ er part of this f@@ at@@ ty breast . +and so@@ on@@ er or later , we 're going to have to accept the fact that health care innovation can 't always come at a much higher price . +so here we were , a nuclear physi@@ c@@ ist , an intern@@ ist , soon jo@@ ined by car@@ r@@ ie hr@@ us@@ ka , a bi@@ ome@@ di@@ cal engineer , and two radi@@ ologists , and we were trying to take on the ent@@ ren@@ ched world of mammo@@ graph@@ y with a machine that was held together by du@@ ct ta@@ pe . +here 's an example from that scre@@ ening study . +we still need to complete the scre@@ ening study using the low do@@ se , and then our fin@@ dings will need to be repli@@ cated at other institutions , and this could take five or more years . +the babies that we were carrying when my patient first asked me this question are now both in middle school , and the answer has been so slow to come . +i can look at your financial recor@@ ds . +or should we respect his priv@@ acy , protect his dig@@ ni@@ ty and leave him alone ? +what 's a moral operating system ? +i 'm just going back and forth ; i 'm not getting anywhere . +if you think that way , you have a plat@@ on@@ ist moral frame@@ work . +not just because it ran@@ g earlier , but i 'm going to take it because i made a little calcu@@ lation . +what 's the for@@ mul@@ a ? +or like k@@ ant , did i use reason to figure out what was in@@ trin@@ si@@ cally right ? " +d@@ um ta da da d@@ um d@@ um ta da da d@@ um well , your musi@@ cian friend will stop you and say , " you know , the theme music for your data revolution , that 's an oper@@ a , that 's wa@@ g@@ ner . +it 's our invisible reality . +and this noise is the most neu@@ tra@@ l . +definitely not perfect . so you would probably shu@@ t it , at this point . +you have to know that today , roughly one or two every drug p@@ ills is not taken cor@@ rec@@ tly . +i designed it to help kids to follow the treatment . +so , huge trage@@ dy . +because the roots of the plant are not very effective . +now we can eat local food . +so , if you believe the media accoun@@ ts , being a drug de@@ aler in the hei@@ ght of the cra@@ ck co@@ ca@@ ine epidemic was a very glam@@ or@@ ous life , in the words of virg@@ ini@@ a po@@ stre@@ l . +and in the words of mal@@ col@@ m gla@@ d@@ well , cra@@ ck co@@ ca@@ ine was the extra@@ -@@ ch@@ un@@ ky version of to@@ ma@@ to sau@@ ce for the inner city . +he was really a curious sight to be seen . +went up to the floor , the second floor , and said : " hey , guys . +now , the group i really want you to think about , though , are the ones at the bottom , the foot soldiers . +we found in our gang -- and , ad@@ mit@@ ted@@ ly , this was not really sort of a standard situation ; this was a time of inten@@ se violence -- of a lot of gang wars -- as this gang actually became quite successful . but there were costs . +but what happened was , the rules changed , and they never got to make partner . +and the words of a gang member capture it quite ni@@ c@@ ely . +from there i started with sky@@ di@@ ving . +2005 i did a base jump from the ei@@ ger , from the mon@@ k and from the jung@@ frau , three very famous mountains in swi@@ tz@@ er@@ land . +i know the answer to this , but how do you land ? +and do you ever say , " no , no i 'm not going to . " +i think there is a soci@@ ali@@ zing dimension in , kind of , moving that bor@@ der . +is art about that ? +so the movement with your legs will change the color of your hori@@ zon . +and " ha@@ -@@ ha , there is a picture and here is i@@ . and what does it matter ? " +in the spec@@ tac@@ ular lar@@ ge-@@ scale projects he 's famous for , ol@@ af@@ ur eli@@ as@@ son creates art from a pal@@ ette of space , distance , color and light . this ide@@ a-@@ pac@@ ked talk begins with an experiment in the nature of perception . +i think that 's got to be sc@@ aring a lot of animals away . +we need a nas@@ a-@@ like organization for ocean exploration , because we need to be explor@@ ing and prote@@ cting our life support systems here on earth . +when she was 10 years old in 19@@ 27 , she published her first book of po@@ em@@ s called " the jan@@ it@@ or 's boy . " +and my blood fro@@ ze when i read that because i had written the pla@@ in-@@ song music 1@@ 30 years after he 'd written the letter . +nat@@ al@@ ie mer@@ ch@@ ant s@@ ings from her new al@@ bu@@ m , & lt ; em & gt ; leave your sleep . & lt ; / em & gt ; ly@@ ri@@ cs from ne@@ ar-@@ for@@ gotten 19@@ th-@@ century poetry pair with her un@@ mista@@ k@@ able voice for a performance that brought the audience to its feet . +they are very different from us in body form . +so as an adult , when i started to read about the amazing break@@ through@@ s with pen@@ ny patter@@ son and ko@@ ko , with sue sa@@ va@@ ge-@@ ru@@ m@@ bau@@ gh and kan@@ z@@ i , pan@@ ban@@ ish@@ a , ir@@ ene pe@@ p@@ per@@ berg , ale@@ x the par@@ rot , i got all excited . +this is what the internet looked like when it was born and you can call that the internet of midd@@ le-@@ a@@ ged white men , mostly midd@@ le-@@ a@@ ged white men . +jo@@ ining me are three of our eight atlan@@ tic bot@@ t@@ len@@ o@@ se dolph@@ ins : 20@@ -year-old ch@@ es@@ a@@ pe@@ a@@ ke , who was our first dolph@@ in born here , her four@@ -year-old daughter ba@@ y@@ ley , and her half sister , 1@@ 1@@ -year-old may@@ a . +that 's a number only that con@@ gress can appreci@@ ate . +what that means is that what we 're learning with these inter@@ actions with other species will teach us , ultimately , how we might interact with an alien from another world . +all right , well thank you all so much for jo@@ ining us . +and now people from iran are talking to me . +they have graphic designers . what ? +and this whole list of pages on facebook de@@ dic@@ ated to the same message , to people sending their love , one to each other . +remember that image from the beginning ? +and i 'm just going to take a picture of it , and i 'm just going to post it on facebook with kind of " isra@@ eli@@ s for peace " or something . +as you can see , a project evol@@ ves through a series of generations of design meetings . +but then we had a meeting with a chinese busin@@ ess@@ man who saw our design and said , " wow , that 's the chinese character for the word ' people . ' " so , appar@@ ently this is how you write " people , " as in the people 's re@@ public of china . +china symbo@@ li@@ zed by the dra@@ g@@ on . +you can try it . +if you do come to cop@@ en@@ ha@@ gen , you will probably see an instal@@ lation by ai wei@@ we@@ i , the chinese artist . +so if you go back into the par@@ king , into the cor@@ ri@@ d@@ ors , it 's almost like travel@@ ing into a par@@ alle@@ l universe from cars and colors , into this sort of sou@@ th-@@ facing urban o@@ as@@ is . +and our main idea was to sort of sam@@ ple the seven most significant mountains of the to@@ po@@ graph@@ y of a@@ zer@@ ba@@ i@@ j@@ an and rein@@ ter@@ pre@@ t them into urban and architec@@ tural structures , in@@ habit@@ able of human life . +and i must say , before i go on , i should ask every one of you to try and get out pen and paper because i 'm actually going to ask you to help me to look at how we do that . +because we can 't solve problems . +so what i 'm pro@@ pos@@ ing is really to say that we have , for a very long time , had a situation when we 've had a men@@ u of choices . +and then you ask , why econom@@ ists ? +but it 's saying that what we can do about it is very little , at a very high cost . +the inci@@ dence of malaria is about a couple of [ million ] people get infe@@ cted every year . +so again , what we focus on is pre@@ ven@@ tion rather than treatment , at first rate . +of course , that 's main@@ ly because climate change has good pictures . +the only two requi@@ re@@ ments were that they were studying at the university , and they spoke english . +over the past hundred years , the combin@@ ation of liber@@ al democracy and private capit@@ alism has helped to cat@@ ap@@ ult the united states and western countries to new levels of economic development . +i put it to you today that it is this system that is em@@ bo@@ died by china that is gather@@ ing moment@@ um am@@ on@@ gst people in the emerging markets as the system to follow , because they believe increasingly that it is the system that will promise the best and fa@@ st@@ est impro@@ v@@ ements in living standards in the shor@@ test period of time . +i 'm here to also tell you that there are lots of shif@@ ts oc@@ curr@@ ing around what china is doing in the democratic stance . +but i put it to you that if the united states and european countries want to re@@ main glob@@ ally influ@@ enti@@ al , they may have to consider co@@ operating in the short term in order to compe@@ te , and by that , they might have to focus more ag@@ gressi@@ vely on economic out@@ comes to help create the middle class and therefore be able to hold government accoun@@ table and create the democra@@ cies that we really want . +in this v@@ ein , we can increase economic growth . +that if you live in the best climate , in san die@@ go in the united states , or in the sh@@ it@@ ti@@ est climate , in bu@@ ff@@ al@@ o , new york , you are going to be just as happy in either place . +and so even if we make those very important decisions for very sil@@ ly reasons , it rema@@ ins statisti@@ cally true that there are more geor@@ ges living in geor@@ gi@@ a and there are more den@@ nis@@ es becoming den@@ ti@@ sts and there are more pau@@ las who are married to paul than statisti@@ cally vi@@ able . +and i of course knew stuff , as a designer , about ty@@ po@@ graph@@ y , even though we worked with those animals not so success@@ fully . +after about three days , the bub@@ bles will appear on the surface of the liquid . +and using indi@@ go , make it anti-@@ micro@@ bi@@ al . +su@@ z@@ an@@ ne , just a curi@@ osity , what you 're wearing is not random . +ba@@ o y@@ on@@ g@@ xi@@ u : " my mother tells me to come home and get married , but if i mar@@ ry now , before i have fully developed myself , i can only mar@@ ry an ordinary wor@@ ker , so i 'm not in a rus@@ h . " +many artic@@ les calcu@@ late : how long would it take for this wor@@ ker to work in order to ear@@ n enough money to buy what he 's making ? +another time , after m@@ in had already left the hand@@ bag factory , her yo@@ unger sister came to visit , bringing two co@@ ach sig@@ nature hand@@ bag@@ s as gif@@ ts . +thank you . +in 2009 , there were 500 bom@@ b bla@@ sts across pakistan . +step two : they teach the children the kor@@ an , which is islam 's ho@@ li@@ est book , in arab@@ ic , a language these children do not understand and cannot speak . +this boy is called mess@@ oud . +we 've flo@@ wn the cas@@ sin@@ i spac@@ ec@@ raft by this moon now several times , flying closer and deeper into these je@@ ts , into the den@@ ser regi@@ ons of these je@@ ts , so that now we have come away with some very pre@@ cise com@@ posi@@ tional measu@@ re@@ ments . +we 're always sort of small in the face of its expan@@ se . +and that connection is an un@@ equi@@ vo@@ cally physical process . +they looked for the un@@ wired places , and that 's meant north and south , pri@@ mar@@ ily these c@@ ables to africa . +thank you . +and this material that 's de@@ pos@@ ited either starts as a liquid form or a material po@@ w@@ der form . +the detail that you can get today is quite amazing . +but it 's very hard to create that in standard ways . +you can just make it physi@@ cally on the spot . +we 're now , instead of shi@@ pping a product across the world , we 're sending data across the internet . +businesses want different things . +but it wasn 't just us . even in the musli@@ m world , his definition of ji@@ had began to gain accep@@ tan@@ ce . +what does that mean for us in the west ? +but that 's still not reason for us to dis@@ engage , because we 've seen that movie before , in afghanistan . +al ja@@ ze@@ era brought information to them , showed them what was being said and done in the name of their religion , ex@@ posed the hypo@@ cris@@ y of o@@ sam@@ a bin laden and al q@@ a@@ e@@ da , and allowed them , gave them the information that allowed them to come to their own conclu@@ sions . +thank you . +i was stru@@ ck immediately by the kin@@ dness and the gent@@ len@@ ess in her face , and i asked her to tell me her story . +she lives with all of that inse@@ curity , and in fact , in janu@@ ary , during the eth@@ ni@@ c ri@@ ots , she was ch@@ ased from her home and had to find a new sha@@ ck in which she would live . +i truly believe it 's where dig@@ ni@@ ty starts . +by the way , the secret is not to go to sleep until you 've written your words for the day . +i had just taken tri@@ gon@@ ome@@ try in high school , i learned about the par@@ ab@@ ol@@ a and how it could concent@@ rate ra@@ ys of light to a single focus . +i 'm gla@@ d you heard earlier today , bat@@ ter@@ ies are un@@ belie@@ v@@ ably energy -- lack of den@@ sity compared to fuel . +you take a problem that you can 't solve with a p@@ ure mathematical answer , you build an evolutionary system to try multiple tries at gu@@ ess@@ ing , you add sex -- where you take half of one solution and half of another and then make new mu@@ tations -- and you use natural sele@@ ction to kill off not as good solutions . +so what you see here is 12 separate pe@@ t@@ als , that each could be controlled with individual micro@@ process@@ ors that would only cost a dollar . +so , once you have mo@@ bility , now you 're making a lot of eng@@ ines because you 've got lots of un@@ its , as op@@ posed to ste@@ am ships or big fac@@ tor@@ ies where you 're not making as many un@@ its , so this was the engine that ended up benef@@ iting from mass production where all the other eng@@ ines didn 't benefit . +you move that up and down with a little bit of energy but now you 're only shif@@ ting the air down to the hot end and up to the cold end , down to the hot end and up to the cold end . +so now you put the two things together . +so this is the first test where we took it outside and each of the pe@@ t@@ als were individu@@ ally see@@ king . +it 's just un@@ belie@@ vable what the potential is to take advantage of solar energy there , and i 'm really excited to talk more about finding ways we can help with that . +bill gro@@ ss : a solar energy system that tra@@ cks the sun +but still , we look at the pieces . +and out of that field campaign we 'll probably get a few do@@ zen pa@@ pers on a few do@@ zen processes or molecules . +and that was a good thing to help , you know , the cause . +so , good things come out of , you know , in@@ com@@ pre@@ hen@@ sion -- -- which i will do a painting of , and then it will end up in my work . +i work for the new yor@@ ker , and i do co@@ vers , and 9 / 11 happened and it was , you know , a complete and u@@ tter end of the world as we knew it . +and " would " is co@@ co chan@@ el 's lo@@ ver , " should " is edi@@ th si@@ t@@ well , and " could " is an aug@@ ust s@@ ander subject . +and then , we don 't have a stu@@ ff@@ ed spin@@ o@@ za , but we do have a stu@@ ff@@ ed pa@@ v@@ lo@@ v 's dog , and i vis@@ ited him in the museum of hy@@ gi@@ ene in st@@ . pe@@ ter@@ s@@ bur@@ g , in russi@@ a . +i received a box in the mail and it was wra@@ pped with newspaper and there was the picture of the man on the newspaper and he was dead . +so -- and that 's a song about how everybody 's mis@@ er@@ able because , you know , we 're from russi@@ a . +ma@@ ir@@ a kal@@ man : the illu@@ strated woman +but ne@@ ver@@ th@@ eless , there 's no real sense of separ@@ ation from me in my heart , in terms of the love that i feel for these people . +so , as we are clim@@ bing the tree , some of the things that we 're doing in order to clim@@ b the tree are actually under@@ min@@ ing the tree 's very ro@@ ot . +they 'll be cooking , cle@@ an@@ ing , buying things , sh@@ opp@@ ing , building . but they aren 't here . +we were hop@@ ing that it w@@ ass going to have a kind of evil , spi@@ der@@ y walk , but instead it created this pretty l@@ ame way of moving forward . +kat@@ r@@ ina showed us that we cannot completely dep@@ end on government to have read@@ iness in hand , to be capable of hand@@ ling things . +for example , all mas@@ ks are made in china . +add on pan@@ de@@ mic threat , you 're in big trouble . +let 's see , should we order that all pe@@ ts be kept in@@ do@@ ors ? +in the s@@ ars epidemic , we learned in h@@ ong kon@@ g that most of trans@@ mission was because people were re@@ moving their mas@@ ks impro@@ per@@ ly . +every city , coun@@ ty , state did their own thing . +the institute of medicine study felt that you could not recy@@ cle mas@@ ks . +clearly the bottom line is the virus eventually atten@@ u@@ ates , and ce@@ ases to be a le@@ th@@ al virus to humanity , and fin@@ ds other ho@@ sts . +in terms of where we are in science with dna identi@@ fication capac@@ i@@ ties and so on , it 's not that far off . +we 've never seen anything even re@@ mot@@ ely like this before . " +it 's really man@@ eu@@ ver@@ able . you have a hand@@ -@@ held remote , so you can pretty easily control acceler@@ ation , bra@@ king , go in rever@@ se if you like , also have bra@@ king . +okay , i che@@ ated , it was a m@@ ere 20 seconds . +but in america you have to explain . what are clu@@ bs ? +i found two trees -- but not any kind of trees , trees with character -- and then a very long rop@@ e . +the mur@@ mu@@ r of the city dis@@ sol@@ ves into a squ@@ all whose chil@@ ling power i no longer feel . +you know that , right ? +i make the do@@ ve appear . +i want you just for a second to experience this amazing human sym@@ ph@@ ony . +and what i 'd like to do is take you up to the can@@ op@@ y , not by putting all of you into rop@@ es and har@@ n@@ esses , but rather showing you a very short clip from a national geographic film called " hero@@ es of the high fron@@ tier . " +we 've done stri@@ pping experiments where we 've re@@ moved ma@@ ts of epi@@ phy@@ tes and looked at the rates of re@@ col@@ oni@@ zation . +we consu@@ lt to the media about can@@ op@@ y questions ; we have a can@@ op@@ y new@@ sle@@ tter ; we have an email li@@ st@@ ser@@ v . +i saw the power of du@@ ke 's song with urban you@@ th -- an audience , you know , i as a midd@@ le-@@ a@@ ged professor , i don 't have a hope of getting to -- in terms of convin@@ cing them of the importance of wild@@ lands . +i brought my scientific colleagues and sustain@@ ability prac@@ ti@@ tion@@ ers into the prison . +once upon a time , the world was a big , dy@@ s@@ func@@ tional family . +so we are moving to this democra@@ ti@@ zation of information , and i 've been in this field for quite a while . +so that 's open-@@ source and it can be used in any country where there is some kind of freedom of information law . +skep@@ tic@@ ism , because you must always be challen@@ ging . +they 're watching all of us . they 've du@@ g a bas@@ ement , and they 've built a sp@@ y center to try and run algorith@@ ms and figure out which ones of us are trou@@ bl@@ es@@ ome , and if any of us com@@ pla@@ in about that , we 're ar@@ re@@ sted for terror@@ ism . +now , when you think of a coral re@@ e@@ f , this is what most people think of : all these big , hard , el@@ abor@@ ate cor@@ als and lots of bright , color@@ ful fis@@ hes and things . +over time , those gas molecules dis@@ solve into your blood and tis@@ su@@ es and start to fill you up . +and this ri@@ g was actually used for a di@@ ve of 300 feet . +now , as we brea@@ the , we produce carbon dio@@ xide , and that carbon dio@@ xide needs to be sc@@ ru@@ b@@ bed out of the system . +and i can talk about it all day -- just ask my wife -- but i want to move on to something that 's kind of much more interesting . +we also see sharks , much more regul@@ arly than i would have expected to . +now , i don 't know if any of you get u.s. news and world report -- i got the recent issue . +now , this one 's pretty cool . +the reason i show this -- not to put a dow@@ ner on everything -- but i just want to use it to key off my philosoph@@ y of life in general , which is that we all have two goals . +despite the fact that each and every one of these dis@@ orders origin@@ ates in the brain , most of these dis@@ orders are diagno@@ sed sol@@ ely on the basis of obser@@ vable behavior . +research shows that 50 percent of children , almost 50 percent of children diagno@@ sed with autis@@ m are actually suffering from hidden brain sei@@ zur@@ es . +they don 't come back several times , so it really chron@@ ic@@ les a journey . +richard sau@@ l wur@@ man : i remember hearing him talk at pen@@ n . +lou@@ is ka@@ hn , yes ! +he could not probably give the right kind of love for you , but for us , he has given the people the right kind of love , that is important . +what if they look up at the night sky , at the same stars , but from the opposite side ? +where 's the line that mar@@ ks that ? +zir@@ con@@ s that are min@@ ed in the jack h@@ ills of western australia , zir@@ con@@ s taken from the jack h@@ ills of western australia tell us that within a few hundred million years of the orig@@ in of the planet there was ab@@ und@@ ant water and perhaps even life . +now dra@@ ke did not discover ex@@ tr@@ at@@ er@@ restri@@ al intelligence , but he learned a very valuable lesson from a pas@@ sing air@@ craft , and that 's that ter@@ restri@@ al technology can inter@@ f@@ ere with the search for ex@@ tr@@ at@@ er@@ restri@@ al technology . +so , if that 's right , why did we only capture four out of those 15@@ 1 minds ? +come with me to the bottom of the world , ant@@ arc@@ tic@@ a , the highest , dri@@ est , win@@ dies@@ t , and yes , col@@ dest region on earth -- more ar@@ id than the sahar@@ a and , in parts , col@@ der than mars . +but under the surface is a hi@@ ve of industrial activity peri@@ o@@ di@@ cally , this dri@@ ll , like a bi@@ op@@ sy need@@ le , pl@@ ung@@ es thousands of feet deep into the ice to extra@@ ct a mar@@ row of g@@ ases and is@@ ot@@ op@@ es for analysis . +don 't we already know the consequences of a changing climate on our sett@@ led civilization ? +the old story about climate protection is that it 's co@@ stly , or it would have been done already . +and serious competition from europe , from korea , and next is china , which will soon be a major net ex@@ por@@ ter of cars . +it 's finan@@ ce@@ able in the private capital market . +this is not very gra@@ ti@@ fying after more than a century of de@@ vot@@ ed engineering effort . +each one is formed by one fairly cheap die set , instead of four expensive ones for stam@@ ping steel . +for example , fe@@ e-@@ b@@ ates , a combin@@ ation of a fe@@ e and a re@@ b@@ ate in any size class of vehicle you want , can increase the price of in@@ efficient vehi@@ cles and cor@@ respon@@ d@@ ingly pay you a re@@ b@@ ate for efficient vehi@@ cles . +and make the transition to more efficient vehi@@ cles go faster . +there 's six billion dollars on the table . +we launched two ti@@ tles in oc@@ tober -- " rock@@ et@@ t 's new school " -- the first of a series of products -- is about a character called rock@@ et@@ t beginning her first day of school in ei@@ gh@@ th grade at a brand new place , with a blan@@ k s@@ late , which allows girls to play with the question of , " what will i be like when i 'm older ? " +girl 6 : like , if you were a girl and you were really ad@@ vent@@ ur@@ ous and a real big tom@@ boy , you would think that girls ' games were kin@@ da s@@ is@@ sy . +b@@ l : i 'm going to fa@@ st-@@ forward to the decision point because i know i don 't have a lot of time . +bren@@ da lau@@ re@@ l : games for girls +i also need al@@ co@@ hol and mor@@ ph@@ ine , because it 's the only way i can work . " +many soci@@ ologists like ve@@ bl@@ en and wol@@ fe would argue that the reason why we take orig@@ ins so seriously is because we 're s@@ no@@ bs , because we 're focused on status . +there are now do@@ zens , perhaps hundreds of studies showing that if you believe you 're drin@@ king the expensive stuff , it ta@@ stes better to you . +people have mur@@ dered those that they loved , belie@@ ving that they were mur@@ der@@ ing an im@@ poster . +then we asked them , " how much would you pay for george clo@@ on@@ ey 's swe@@ ater ? " +they just don 't like it . +as many of you know , this is the com@@ position where the pian@@ ist si@@ ts at a ben@@ ch , op@@ ens up the piano and si@@ ts and does nothing for four minutes and 3@@ 3 seconds -- that period of sil@@ ence . +paul blo@@ om : the orig@@ ins of pleasure +so what i 'm going to show you is all of the main things , all of the main fe@@ atures of my discipl@@ ine -- evi@@ den@@ ce-@@ based medicine . +" a glass of red wine a day could help prevent breast cancer . " +and the cla@@ im was fish oil p@@ ills improve school performance and behavior in main@@ stream children . +two sugar p@@ ills a day be@@ ats one sugar p@@ ill a day . +again , not an in@@ san@@ e do@@ se , not an illegal do@@ se , but very much at the high end of normal . +so you can see here that the small negative trials that should be on the bottom left have disappe@@ ared . +we already have the data showing that it redu@@ ces the du@@ ration of your flu by a few hours . +and pretty soon , they began shi@@ pping that coal , ton by ton , ra@@ il car by ra@@ il car , bo@@ at@@ load by bo@@ at@@ load , back to china and el@@ se@@ where around the world . +can you imagine what you would feel if you were in my shoes ? +it 's all about oil ; you know that , everybody knows that . +there 's this thing , this milit@@ ari@@ zation of the world , and it 's cen@@ ter@@ ed right in the united states . +and what do you see ? they 're chri@@ sti@@ ans . +and this word here , george bush called this war a cr@@ us@@ ade . +you 've got to see this -- bi@@ ble boot camp . +of course , you got it wrong . +and what i want you to do is picture her as a chinese woman recei@@ ving a chinese fla@@ g because her loved one has died in america in the coal u@@ pris@@ ing . +can you feel their an@@ ger , their fear , their ra@@ ge at what has happened in their country ? +and suddenly , without reali@@ zing it , you 're seeing the world differently . +communication walls , i don 't have to tell you -- the internet -- have come tu@@ m@@ bling down . +more than ever before it is these types of ideas which are driving growth on the cutting edge . +and that means an increase in@@ cen@@ tive to do research and development , which benefits everyone in the world . +i think of the great indian mathemati@@ cian , ra@@ manu@@ j@@ an . +t@@ wen@@ tie@@ th century : a little bit over two percent . +when i was writing up my notes oil was $ 1@@ 40 per bar@@ re@@ l . +if we were to wi@@ pe out insects alone , just that group alone , on this planet -- which we are trying hard to do -- the rest of life and humanity with it would mostly disappe@@ ar from the land . +6@@ 0,000 species are known to science , but more than 1.@@ 5 million have been esti@@ ma@@ ted to exist . +what will we find as we map the living world , as , finally , we get this under@@ way seriously ? +human@@ -@@ forced climate change alone -- again , if un@@ ab@@ ated -- could elimin@@ ate a quar@@ ter of survi@@ ving species during the next five decades . +it makes all key information about life on earth acc@@ essi@@ ble to anyone , on demand , anywhere in the world . +well , commercial hun@@ ting happened . +sor@@ row , an@@ ger , m@@ our@@ ning . +there 's just some bits that are band@@ -@@ ta@@ iled pi@@ ge@@ on . +al@@ ber@@ to worked with the bu@@ car@@ do in spa@@ in . +well birds are pretty har@@ d-@@ wired , as it happens , so most of that is already in their dna , but to supp@@ le@@ ment it , part of ben 's idea is to use hom@@ ing pi@@ ge@@ ons to help train the young pas@@ sen@@ ger pi@@ ge@@ ons how to flo@@ ck and how to find their way to their old ne@@ sting gro@@ unds and fe@@ eding gro@@ unds . +another interesting project , though it 's going to need some help , is the northern white r@@ hin@@ o@@ cer@@ os . +there 's going to be un@@ inten@@ ded consequences . +he ran and worked in a factory . +and i liked making that book because i loved using my imagination , and that 's what writing is . +i dre@@ w funny pictures of my teachers -- -- and i passed them around . +i just wanted a video camera . +i set up a studio and i tried to get published . +mr@@ s. al@@ isch cut in front of the line and said , " i taught him how to read . " +i said , " mr@@ s. al@@ isch , how are you ? " +when i was vis@@ iting my ter@@ min@@ ally ill father in a hospital , i was asking myself , how does anybody get well in a place that sounds like this ? +this is affected massi@@ vely by rever@@ ber@@ ation time , how rever@@ ber@@ ant a room is . +what does it cost to treat a classroom down to that 0@@ .@@ 4@@ -@@ second rever@@ ber@@ ation time ? +i love that phr@@ ase . +in " up@@ wake " buildings wear su@@ its , zero ta@@ p dan@@ ces on a giant key@@ board , c@@ lon@@ es himself with a scan@@ ner , t@@ ames and whi@@ ps the computer mi@@ ce , sa@@ ils away into dre@@ am@@ scap@@ e from a single piece of paper and laun@@ ches into space . +but the teachers came to me after@@ ward and told me they hadn 't seen the kids that atten@@ tive . +it 's motion and emotion . +in the ne@@ ther@@ lands -- where i come from -- you actually never see a pi@@ g , which is really strange , because , on a population of 16 million people , we have 12 million pig@@ s . +and in che@@ es@@ e@@ ca@@ ke and all kinds of des@@ ser@@ ts , like cho@@ col@@ ate m@@ ous@@ se , ti@@ ra@@ mis@@ u , van@@ ill@@ a pu@@ d@@ ding , everything that 's cool@@ ed in the super@@ market , there 's gel@@ a@@ tin to make it look good . +and can you send me a bul@@ let ? " +chri@@ sti@@ en mein@@ der@@ ts@@ ma , auth@@ or of " pi@@ g 0@@ 50@@ 4@@ 9 " looks at the ast@@ on@@ ishing after@@ life of the ordinary pi@@ g , parts of which make their way into at least 18@@ 5 non-@@ por@@ k products , from bul@@ lets to artificial he@@ arts . +tell a kid you 're sorry , they 're in sho@@ ck . +i have things to do , people to im@@ press , and places to go . " +will you like all your children ? of course not . +now , this is one model of how language comes to be : nam@@ ely , it 's leg@@ is@@ l@@ ated by an acade@@ my . +a handy thing to have , because language is infin@@ ite , and you can 't just par@@ rot back the sent@@ ences that you 've heard . +you can think of this as the language of thought , or " ment@@ al@@ ese . " +now , i 'm sure most of you have seen the movie " far@@ go . " +in dat@@ ing , the transition from friend@@ ship to sex can lead to , not@@ ori@@ ously , various forms of aw@@ k@@ war@@ dness , and as can sex in the work@@ place , in which we call the conflict between a domin@@ ant and a sexual relationship " sexual har@@ as@@ s@@ ment . " +so you get the best of both worl@@ ds . +i tend to win those argu@@ ments , because i know the tricks . +so we have these models -- argument as war , argument as pro@@ of , and argument as performance . +oh , and one more thing , and as an educ@@ ator , this is the one that really bo@@ thers me : if argument is war , then there 's an impli@@ c@@ it equ@@ ation of learning with losing . +what we need is new ex@@ it strategi@@ es for argu@@ ments . +why do we argue ? to out@@ -@@ reason our op@@ pon@@ ents , prove them wrong , and , most of all , to win ! ... right ? philosop@@ her dan@@ iel h@@ . co@@ hen shows how our most common form of argument -- a war in which one person must win and the other must lose -- mis@@ ses out on the real benefits of eng@@ aging in active dis@@ agre@@ ement . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +this is learning something , learning an idea , from an organis@@ m and then appl@@ ying it . +learning about the natural world is one thing ; learning from the natural world -- that 's the switch . +life can 't afford to do that . how does life make things ? +imagine making all of our hard materials that way . +power of shape : here 's a wh@@ ale . we 've seen that the fin@@ s of this wh@@ ale have tu@@ ber@@ cles on them . and those little bu@@ mp@@ s actually increase efficiency in , for instance , the edge of an airplane -- increase efficiency by about 32 percent . +and we use all of them , even the tox@@ ic ones . +ok , so that 's the heal@@ ing one . +and in ways both big and small , the narra@@ tive of the vic@@ tim shapes the way we see women . +why are you so passionate ? " +micro@@ fin@@ ance is an incredibly powerful tool that leads to self-@@ suff@@ i@@ ci@@ ency and self-@@ respect , but we must move beyond micro@@ -@@ hop@@ es and micro@@ -@@ ambi@@ tions for women , because they have so much greater hop@@ es for themselves . +you know why ? +and when i was appl@@ ying to business school and felt certain i couldn 't do it and nobody i knew had done it , i went to my a@@ unt who survi@@ ved years of be@@ at@@ ings at the hand of her husband and es@@ cap@@ ed a marriage of ab@@ use with only her dig@@ ni@@ ty in@@ t@@ act . +but it was a little bit bor@@ ing . +but the way that humans tell the stories has always evolved with p@@ ure , consi@@ stent no@@ vel@@ ty . +and now all be@@ ts are off . +and yet , all the press is focused on that . +about 10 years ago , i was at a cock@@ tail party with a friend of mine , and we 're sitting there , and he was com@@ pla@@ ining about the cro@@ ws that he had seen that were all over his y@@ ard and making a big m@@ ess . +and in all that area , they 're only r@@ ar@@ ely found bre@@ eding more than five kilometers away from human beings . +so , it turns out we 've been finding more and more that cro@@ ws are really , really intelligent . +in fact , that 's old hat for cro@@ ws . +so , when they get really used to that , we move on to the cro@@ ws coming back . +i think that cro@@ ws can be trained to do other things . +so the management of electro@@ lu@@ x took our pi@@ le , our list of in@@ centi@@ ves , and they went outside the room for 17 minutes , and they came back in and they said , " wow , this is the most gener@@ ous any community has ever been to try to keep jobs here . +as we know , only half the states have op@@ ted in . +every region has something to offer , and if you created a competition , it respe@@ cts the states and it respe@@ cts fe@@ der@@ alism . +if you hadn 't noticed , our media climate generally provi@@ des a very di@@ stor@@ ted mirror of our lives and of our gender , and i think that 's going to change . +when they 're monit@@ or@@ ing your cli@@ ck@@ stream -- and you know they are -- they have a really hard time fig@@ uring out your age , your gender and your income . +the future entertain@@ ment media that we 're going to see is going to be very dat@@ a-@@ driven , and it 's going to be based on the information that we as@@ certain from taste communities online , where women are really driving the action . +up goes the bird , out come the words , " ju@@ ani@@ to , ju@@ ani@@ to , ven@@ te a com@@ er m@@ i hi@@ jo ! " +you might wan@@ na a@@ ver@@ t your ga@@ ze , because that is a new@@ t about to re@@ generate its lim@@ b , and sha@@ king hands spre@@ ads more ger@@ ms than k@@ is@@ sing . +okay . now on the left you can see the hand -- that 's the big ar@@ row -- and the pen@@ is on the right . the hand ho@@ vering . +and i said , " so , could you do it right here ? " +i actually suggest@@ ed to -- there is a resear@@ cher at the university of al@@ ab@@ ama who does or@@ gas@@ m research . +doctors back then were rou@@ tin@@ ely telling men the importance of pleas@@ uring their wi@@ ves . +british sex@@ ologist ro@@ y le@@ v@@ in has spe@@ cul@@ ated that this is perhaps why men evolved to be such enth@@ usi@@ a@@ stic and frequ@@ ent ma@@ stur@@ bat@@ ors . +and i said , " so why don 't you just stimu@@ late the cli@@ tor@@ is of the pi@@ g ? +and the woman would have sex with it . +and yet , despite everything going really well for john , he was strug@@ gling , fighting addi@@ ction and a gri@@ pping depression . +now i know that seems lu@@ di@@ cr@@ ous . +pull the k@@ not . +and it seemed to me even he felt really bad facing these un@@ organized red squ@@ ar@@ es day after day . +we are only happy when things are in order . +so we can also see that very clearly in this next painting . +and i think the whole thing ad@@ ds up much better if you do it like this . +but after a while , i just decided here to go all the way and put the paint back into the cans . +and i started to bring some order into some fla@@ gs . +he had a di@@ xi@@ eland ja@@ zz band when we were growing up , and he would always cover lou@@ is arm@@ strong tun@@ es . +and mom@@ s gra@@ b their kids out of the way and say , " don 't st@@ are ! " +that 's right , that 's right ; i 'm no longer a vic@@ tim . +it 's as though in@@ tent is an essential compon@@ ent for humanity . +in fact , maybe that 's the problem . +they were trying to answer the question of what would human beings do now that they were no longer simply trying to survive ? +i was in a wheel@@ chair ; i didn 't look like a lo@@ ot@@ er . +this is what we must demand of our lives , of our objects , of our things , of our circum@@ stances : living with in@@ tent . +i didn 't have an ex@@ act address , but i knew his name , ab@@ ed , i knew that he lived in a town of 15@@ ,000 , k@@ far kar@@ a , and i knew that , 21 years before , just outside this hol@@ y city , he broke my ne@@ ck . +but ab@@ ed did not slow , and on that x@@ er@@ ox@@ ed piece of paper , my ne@@ ck again broke , and again , i was left without an@@ ger . +were all of us the results of things done to us , done for us , the in@@ fi@@ deli@@ ty of a par@@ ent or spo@@ use , money in@@ her@@ ited ? +and as i sat con@@ tem@@ pl@@ ating what to say , a woman approach@@ ed in a black sha@@ w@@ l and black ro@@ be . +no , i was quie@@ t . i was quie@@ t because i had not come for truth . +" um , ab@@ ed , " i said , " i thought you had a few driving issues before the crash . " +yes , contr@@ ast . +i built the head . they built the body . +and it sees multiple people in a scene , remem@@ bers where individual people are , and looks from person to person , remem@@ ber@@ ing people . +someone invited me to a meeting , but couldn 't manage to fit me in to a regular sort of conference room meeting , and said , " i have to walk my dogs tomorrow . could you come then ? " +and i did a little calcu@@ lation of this . +for example , dan p@@ ink 's talk on motivation , which was pretty good if you haven 't seen it : " drop car@@ rot . drop stick . bring meaning . " +they used their six words to talk back to me and ask me if i 'd been too much on google l@@ ately . +and i would only pay $ 9@@ 9@@ .@@ 50 -- so stay even below a hundred dollars for it . +okay , part one starts back in 19@@ 29 when the great astronom@@ er ed@@ win hu@@ b@@ ble realized that the dist@@ ant galaxies were all rus@@ hing away from us , establi@@ sh@@ ing that space itself is stre@@ t@@ ching , it 's exp@@ and@@ ing . +expres@@ sed in the relevant unit , it is spec@@ tac@@ ul@@ arly small . +so partic@@ le mas@@ ses , the streng@@ ths of forces , and most importantly , the amount of dark energy would be determin@@ ed by the shape of the extra dimensions . +and in those univer@@ ses that have much less dark energy , well they collapse back on themselves so quickly that , again , galaxies don 't form . +because such a mechan@@ ism has been found by co@@ sm@@ ologists trying to understand the big bang . +you see , we learned that our universe is not sta@@ tic , that space is exp@@ and@@ ing , that that expan@@ sion is spee@@ ding up and that there might be other univer@@ ses all by carefully exam@@ ining fa@@ int pin@@ points of star@@ light coming to us from dist@@ ant galaxies . +we can understand how to understand the data from the micro@@ wave background radiation that was set down 13@@ .@@ 7@@ 2 billion years ago -- and yet , we can do calcu@@ lations today to predict how it will look and it mat@@ ches . +you 're going to meet mil@@ o for the first time . +you can le@@ an back , but the camera will change its perspective depen@@ ding on which way you 're looking . +mil@@ o : i wonder how deep it is . +now , to do that , we needed a set up , like a ma@@ gi@@ cian 's trick . +you cle@@ an@@ ed up my room . +and suddenly she sees a t@@ ank am@@ bling down the main road of sar@@ a@@ je@@ vo kno@@ cking everything out of its path . +i believe a story there has to be told . +and that 's pretty much why i do it . +and all i can really do is hope , not to poli@@ cy@@ makers or politicians , because as much as i 'd like to have faith that they read my words and do something , i don 't del@@ u@@ de myself . +and that 's exactly what we did 10 years ago . +just fast forward 10 years . +as fast as we can res@@ et our computers , the brain activity shif@@ ts to start repres@@ enting this new tool , as if this too was a part of that pri@@ mate 's body . +and i was five years old , and i never understood why nasa didn 't hi@@ re cap@@ tain kir@@ k and spo@@ ck to do the job ; after all , they were very profi@@ cient -- but just seeing that as a kid made me believe , as my grandmother used to tell me , that " impossible is just the possible that someone has not put in enough effort to make it come true . " +why would we waste this money on you ? " +and that brings me to my first major of two ten@@ ets of " half the sky . " +in india , in the first year of life , from zero to one , boy and girl babies basically survive at the same rate because they dep@@ end upon the breast , and the breast shows no son pre@@ ference . +so what would some of the specific challenges look like ? +so that meant she was in@@ continent ; she couldn 't control her wa@@ stes . +well , when she had her second daughter , her mother in-@@ law told her son , " i think you 'd better get a second wife . +the tw@@ ins started producing milk . +we also think that individuals can make a difference , and they should , because individuals , together , we can all help create a movement . +s@@ her@@ y@@ l wu@@ dun@@ n 's book " half the sky " investi@@ gates the op@@ pres@@ sion of women glob@@ ally . her stories sho@@ ck . only when women in developing countries have equal access to education and economic opportunity will we be using all our human resources . +why not ? i mean , that 's what we do . +and this cu@@ mu@@ la@@ tive cultural adap@@ tation , as anthropo@@ logi@@ sts call this accu@@ mu@@ lation of ideas , is responsible for everything around you in your bu@@ st@@ ling and te@@ em@@ ing everyday lives . +the other option we could choose was to develop the systems of communication that would allow us to share ideas and to co@@ operate am@@ on@@ gst others . +and this is why our species has pro@@ sper@@ ed around the world while the rest of the animals sit behind b@@ ars in zo@@ os , langu@@ ishing . +and this is also true of some remote oce@@ an@@ ic is@@ lands . +to put it this way , nature knows no other circum@@ stance in which func@@ tion@@ ally equivalent tra@@ its co@@ exist . +biolog@@ ist mark pa@@ gel shares an intri@@ gu@@ ing theory about why humans evolved our complex system of language . he suggests that language is a piece of " social technology " that allowed early human tri@@ bes to access a powerful new tool : co@@ operation . +and what i 'm most interested in is the invisible space between a text and its ac@@ compan@@ ying image , and how the image is trans@@ formed by the text and the text by the image . +this is the only fe@@ der@@ ally fund@@ ed site where it is legal to cul@@ tiv@@ ate can@@ n@@ ab@@ is for scientific research in the united states . +this is the death star . +for the men in these photographs , the primary cause of their wr@@ on@@ g@@ ful con@@ vi@@ ction was mista@@ ken identi@@ fication . +he ended up ser@@ ving 18 and a half years of an 80 year sentence for ra@@ pe and rob@@ ber@@ y . +last year alone , 99 fe@@ der@@ ally dec@@ lar@@ ed dis@@ ast@@ ers were on fi@@ le with fe@@ ma , from j@@ op@@ lin , mis@@ sour@@ i , and t@@ us@@ cal@@ o@@ o@@ sa , al@@ ab@@ ama , to the central texas wild@@ fir@@ es that just happened recently . +so the first idea i had , ini@@ tially , was just to go the fe@@ der@@ al and state governments and go , " here , take it , for free . " +our school would show bill n@@ ye the science guy . +we have da@@ wn or@@ bit@@ ing v@@ est@@ a , and we have over here new hori@@ z@@ ons on a straight shot to plu@@ to . +there 's a point to be made here . +so given that that 's true , how good are we at increasing our happiness ? +we also find that people are more a@@ verse to losing than they are happy to gain . +so when people 's symptom@@ s go away , they tend to re@@ cu@@ r , because there isn 't a sense of the other half -- of what pleasure , happiness , compassion , gra@@ titude , what are the positive emotions . +it wouldn 't eat . it wouldn 't sleep . it wouldn 't have sex . +and even studies of co@@ operation show that co@@ operation between individuals lights up reward centers of the brain . +i sei@@ ze comm@@ and by physical pro@@ w@@ ess , and i keep it by be@@ ating my ch@@ est , and you make sub@@ mis@@ sive gest@@ ures . +i end with a few quot@@ es . +why would you choose rat@@ s ? +once the animal knows click , food , click , food , click , food -- so click is food -- we bring it in a c@@ age with a hole , and actually the animal lear@@ ns to stick the nose in the hole under which a target sc@@ ent is placed , and to do that for five seconds -- five seconds , which is long for a rat . +it means that , if you have t@@ .b. , you have more chance that you won 't be dete@@ cted , but will just die from t@@ .b. secon@@ dar@@ y infe@@ ctions and so on . +and by just pres@@ enting the sam@@ ples once more to the rat@@ s and lo@@ op@@ ing those results back , we were able to increase case dete@@ ction rates by over 30 percent . +and this is truly the most amazing thing in the world . +now , what is the signi@@ fi@@ can@@ ce of these mirror neurons ? +in other words , if somebody tou@@ ches me , my hand , neuron in the so@@ ma@@ to@@ sensor@@ y cortex in the sensor@@ y region of the brain fir@@ es . +it emer@@ ges from our understanding of basic neuro@@ science . +so , that 's 20 micro@@ meters across , that pollen grain there . +this is a be@@ e 's leg with the pollen gl@@ om@@ med onto it from a mal@@ low plant . +four very different habit@@ ats might look similar , but they 've got very different pollen sig@@ natur@@ es . +it 's certainly what i learned when i was training . +we have effective therap@@ ies now . +and she started , the women 's health initiative . +some women have those heart attac@@ ks , but a whole bunch of women have this kind of heart attack , where it ero@@ des , doesn 't completely fill with c@@ lot , symptom@@ s are sub@@ tle , ek@@ g fin@@ dings are different -- fe@@ mal@@ e-@@ pattern . +now what are the impli@@ cations of that ? +and those little red bo@@ xes are dea@@ ths . +we still have two to three more women dying for every man . +so if we can be as good as breast cancer and give women this new charge , we have a lot of lives to save . +we copy this in the lab by out@@ fit@@ ting cell culture systems with electro@@ des . +and in the case of the fl@@ or@@ a in our gut , these cells may not even be human . +but there 's also a scientific reason that dro@@ ve this project , which was to use this natural lon@@ git@@ u@@ din@@ al data to understand the process of how a child lear@@ ns language -- that child being my son . +the way to interpre@@ t this appar@@ ently simple graph is , on the ver@@ tical is an indi@@ cation of how complex care@@ gi@@ ver u@@ tter@@ an@@ ces are based on the l@@ ength of u@@ tter@@ an@@ ces . +now we free@@ ze the action , 30 minutes , we turn time into the ver@@ tical axis , and we open up for a view of these interaction tra@@ ces we 've just left behind . +this has become my favorite way of vide@@ ograph@@ ing just about any space . +and there are , again , now tens of millions of these links that give us the conne@@ ctive tissue of social graph@@ s and how they rel@@ ate to content . +and then i went on to refle@@ ct , " isn 't it amazing , this entire dat@@ ab@@ ase , all these recor@@ dings , i 'm going to hand off to you and to your sister " -- who arrived two years later -- " and you guys are going to be able to go back and re-@@ experience moments that you could never , with your biological memory , possibly remember the way you can now ? " +mit resear@@ cher de@@ b ro@@ y wanted to understand how his inf@@ ant son learned language -- so he wired up his house with vide@@ oc@@ ameras to catch every moment of his son 's life , then par@@ sed 9@@ 0,000 hours of home video to watch " ga@@ a@@ a@@ a " slowly turn into " water . " ast@@ on@@ ishing , dat@@ a-@@ rich research with deep impli@@ cations for how we learn . +a second part of the brain is called the dor@@ sal stream . +we make meaning by seeing , by an act of visual inter@@ ro@@ gation . +secon@@ dly , making them inter@@ active . +this is a laun@@ dry ch@@ ute , and this right here is a sho@@ e last . +but i get a lot of toi@@ lets , and so you just dis@@ pat@@ ch a toi@@ let with a ham@@ mer , and then you have l@@ um@@ p@@ y ti@@ les . +but you 've never seen this one before . +and in there he said that cultures tend to s@@ wing between one of two perspe@@ c@@ tives . +and so if something isn 't standard , " o@@ ops , du@@ mp@@ ster . " " o@@ ops " this . " o@@ ops , war@@ ped . " +the problem is we can 't afford it . +all we have to do is look at what one company did with car@@ bon@@ ated pr@@ une ju@@ ice . +that exac@@ er@@ b@@ ates and continu@@ es this model . +that is , our hous@@ ing has become a com@@ modi@@ ty . +in this funny and insi@@ ght@@ ful talk , buil@@ der dan phil@@ li@@ ps t@@ ours us through a do@@ zen homes he 's built in texas using recycl@@ ed and rec@@ la@@ im@@ ed materials in wil@@ dly creative ways . brilliant , low-@@ tech design details will re@@ fresh your own creative drive . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +and the reason i think it would be so interesting to you is because consciousness is so interesting . +there is no more dra@@ stic and sudden gap created between potential and actual mind than a sever@@ e head in@@ j@@ ury . +but if you look into the eye of consciousness , that single eye you can see , i 'm looking down , but let me tell you how i felt at that point . +the global perspective is that up to 30 percent of children in school have learning we@@ ak@@ n@@ esses that are not self-@@ cor@@ rec@@ ting , but with appropriate treatment , they can be scre@@ en@@ ed for and dete@@ cted and cor@@ rec@@ ted and avoid their acade@@ mic failure . +the answer is yes , and for the first time , it 's my pleasure to be able to share two examples . +imagine the blood flo@@ wing through your body -- i was told at u@@ cl@@ a medical center -- as one se@@ aled system . +so it goes in and it sta@@ ys there . +and so i was sitting in this restaurant , waiting for a man to come by who obviously would have some diffic@@ ul@@ ty ... +and if you walk faster , if i walk faster , it dete@@ cts what 's called the time inter@@ val , which is the inter@@ val between each he@@ el li@@ ft . +and i started in our medical university , kar@@ ol@@ in@@ sk@@ a institute , an under@@ graduate course called global health . but when you get that opportunity , you get a little nervous . i thought , these students coming to us actually have the highest grade you can get in swe@@ dis@@ h college systems -- so , i thought , maybe they know everything i 'm going to teach them about . so i did a pre-@@ test when they came . +now what has happened since 196@@ 2 ? we want to see the change . +where are the different countries ? i can show you africa . +ye@@ men , civil war . united arab e@@ mi@@ rate , money which was quite equ@@ ally and well used . +everything in this world exists in africa . and you can 't disc@@ uss universal access to hiv [ medicine ] for that qu@@ inti@@ le up here with the same strategy as down here . the impro@@ vement of the world must be highly con@@ tex@@ tu@@ alized , and it 's not relevant to have it on regi@@ onal level . we must be much more deta@@ iled . +and that 's a quite clever guy , hu@@ h ? +but it slightly bor@@ es me . +so i had a really quite happy life at indi@@ ana . +and certainly , nei@@ ther cri@@ ck or i were chemi@@ sts , so we tried to build a model . and he knew , fran@@ c@@ is knew wil@@ kins . +and i read it , and it was just -- it was cra@@ p . +and we knew we were right . +but that 's the only -- no , we were only photograph@@ ed twice . +so , we started with breast cancer because there 's lots of money for it , no government money . +were they crazy also , and we didn 't know it ? +you need to know that the average patent tro@@ ll defen@@ se costs two million dollars and takes 18 months when you win . +now what did i learn from this case ? well , three things . +beh@@ old , patent in@@ fr@@ in@@ gement via mobile device -- defined as a computer which is not sta@@ tion@@ ary . +it was a huge success . +they laugh@@ ed together . +now i bet , in this audience , you 're thinking of some really incredible technology , some stuff that i haven 't even heard of , i 'm absolutely sure . +bru@@ ce a@@ yl@@ ward : o@@ ops . j@@ on , polio 's almost been er@@ a@@ dic@@ ated . +so what we 're looking for is a perman@@ ent solution . +it de@@ teri@@ or@@ ates so quickly in the tro@@ pic@@ s that we 've had to put this special v@@ acc@@ ine monit@@ or on every single vi@@ al so that it will change very quickly when it 's ex@@ posed to too much heat , and we can tell that it 's not a good v@@ acc@@ ine to use on a child -- it 's not po@@ tent ; it 's not going to protect them . +within a couple of years , every country that started polio er@@ a@@ dic@@ ation rapi@@ dly er@@ a@@ dic@@ ated all three of their polio viruses , with the ex@@ ception of four countries that you see here . +he lives in a family home there with his eight brothers and si@@ sters . +and this started an incredible collaboration with industry , and within six months , we were testing a new polio v@@ acc@@ ine that tar@@ ge@@ ted , just two years ago , the last two types of polio in the world . +it 's ready to reach them with bed nets , with other things . +and is it easy to raise that money ? +and she took us on a journey and reve@@ aled something very special to us -- her own daughter , eight days old . +d@@ j : now one of the big things , of course , everybody knows that cat@@ s hate water , and so this was a real re@@ vel@@ ation for us . +b@@ j : so , as der@@ e@@ ck says , we have to work through extre@@ mes -- extreme temper@@ atures , push ourselves at night . +it was phenomen@@ al , and we felt gr@@ ate@@ ful that she tru@@ sted us to that ex@@ tent . +but i have to tell you -- everybody always as@@ ks , " what happened to the baby bab@@ o@@ on ? " +and that 's probably because we haven 't seen it like we are today . +my ti@@ tle : " que@@ erer than we can suppose : the stran@@ gen@@ ess of science . " +science has taught us , against all intuition , that appar@@ ently soli@@ d things , like cr@@ y@@ st@@ als and ro@@ cks , are really almost entirely com@@ posed of empty space . +if we 'd evolved in a vac@@ u@@ um , we would expect them to hit the ground simul@@ tane@@ ously . if we were bacteria , constantly bu@@ ff@@ et@@ ed by ther@@ mal mov@@ ements of molecules , it would be different , but we middle worl@@ ders are too big to notice brow@@ ni@@ an motion . +what we see of the real world is not the un@@ var@@ nis@@ hed world but a model of the world , regul@@ ated and ad@@ ju@@ sted by sense data , but constru@@ cted so it 's useful for dealing with the real world . +mira@@ cles are just events that are extremely im@@ prob@@ able . +we 'd be different , our characters would be different , if our neuro@@ -@@ an@@ atom@@ y and our physi@@ ological chemistry were different . +i went to not@@ re d@@ ame university and gradu@@ ated with degrees in accoun@@ ting and ger@@ man , including spending a year of study in au@@ stri@@ a . +all of us have dis@@ abilities in one form or another . +can you show us how good of a pilot you are ? +moving on from this , the next person to explore this field was a gentle@@ man called h@@ ans jen@@ ny in the 197@@ 0s . +then on the right we can see a cy@@ matically created s@@ no@@ w@@ fla@@ ke . +their pictures became part of our collective consciousness and , as consciousness evolved into a shared sense of con@@ science , change became not only possible , but inevi@@ table . +and it 's terri@@ bly en@@ danger@@ ed . +and you don 't necessarily have the sense that twitter is in fact a very hea@@ vi@@ ly brazi@@ li@@ an space . +it 's the economy of moving these heavy , slow atoms over long di@@ stances that 's very difficult to do . +you start looking at how the global plane fli@@ ghts move , and you suddenly discover that the world isn 't even close to flat . +when you look at the new york times , you look at other eli@@ te media , what you lar@@ gely get are pictures of very weal@@ thy nations and the nations we 've inv@@ aded . +nor do i think we are by ourselves , actually going to solve the problem . +there 's a group right now in china called ye@@ e@@ y@@ an . +not only does she have to keep our isra@@ el@@ i and pal@@ est@@ ini@@ an contribu@@ tors from killing each other , she has to figure out what is going to interest you about the middle east . +he knows one world , and he 's finding a way to communicate it to another world , both of which he has deep connections to . +we have to fix our im@@ migra@@ tion policy . +in afghanistan , for example , we haven 't just had one ele@@ ction or two elec@@ tions . we 've gone through three elec@@ tions , pres@@ identi@@ al and par@@ li@@ am@@ ent@@ ary . and what do we find ? +it 's not that it guar@@ an@@ te@@ es peace with itself or with its neighb@@ ors . +the public is losing faith in democracy , says british mp r@@ ory ste@@ wart . iraq and afghanistan 's new democra@@ cies are deeply cor@@ ru@@ pt ; mean@@ while , 8@@ 4 percent of people in britain say politics is broken . in this important talk , ste@@ wart sounds a call to action to re@@ build democracy , starting with recogni@@ zing why democracy is important -- not as a tool , but as an ide@@ al . +the short answer is , actually , they 're from japan . +this is a bil@@ l@@ board that says : " wel@@ come to the birth@@ place of general t@@ so . " +let 's go back to mi@@ d-@@ 18@@ 0@@ 0s when the chinese first came to america . +for example , there is french chinese food , where they serve s@@ alt and pe@@ pp@@ er fro@@ g legs . +so , like , ok , maybe it had to do with the patterns on the little pieces of paper -- you know , like , it was a diam@@ ond , or , you know , diag@@ onal . +so me , general t@@ so 's chicken and this lo@@ go are all kar@@ ma@@ cally related . +finally , in about the six@@ te@@ ent@@ h century , a physi@@ cian whose name was the@@ op@@ h@@ ra@@ st@@ us bom@@ ba@@ st@@ us au@@ re@@ ol@@ us von ho@@ hen@@ heim , called par@@ ac@@ el@@ su@@ s , a name probably familiar to some people here -- -- good , old par@@ ac@@ el@@ su@@ s found that he could predict the degree of con@@ vul@@ sion by using a measu@@ red amount of cam@@ ph@@ or to produce the con@@ vul@@ sion . +he rel@@ ap@@ sed a little bit , they gave him a series of treat@@ ments , and he was essentially cu@@ red . +it had to do with being brought up in a family where no one spoke english , no one could read or write english . +and they tried everything they had . +well , he said , " can 't we try a course of electro@@ sho@@ ck therapy ? " +and things got better and better , and within three or four months , i was dis@@ char@@ ged from that hospital , and i jo@@ ined a group of surge@@ ons where i could work with other people in the community , not in new haven , but fairly close by . +so one of the reasons that i have come here to talk about this today is to -- frank@@ ly , sel@@ fis@@ h@@ ly -- un@@ bur@@ den myself and let it be known that this is not an un@@ trou@@ bled mind that has written all of these books . +i believe the concept of global citi@@ zen@@ ship will simply grow out of people talking to each other across contin@@ ents . +now , what is remarkable is that civil rights in america were achie@@ ved in the 196@@ 0s . +but i think this is the fru@@ stration that perhaps a lot people have , like people in the audience here , where we love the kind of language that you 're talking about . +and we have had a speak@@ er who said that very thing , and s@@ wal@@ lo@@ wed a s@@ word right after that , which was quite dra@@ matic . +i mean , the great diffic@@ ul@@ ty in europe is if you 're at a meeting and 27 people speak , it takes a very very long time . +and then the secre@@ t@@ ary general of the united nations " when will our international institutions work ? " +so the question is , how do you rein@@ vent something that has been around for five mil@@ len@@ nia ? +and the most remarkable fe@@ at is that my hand actually sta@@ yed still long enough to do that . +and you see here a picture of a tissue section . +some of the greatest innova@@ tions and develop@@ ments in the world often happen at the inter@@ section of two fields . +if you don 't like the subject or the performance , you can hold the red . +data : a couple of new jer@@ sey h@@ unter@@ s are out in the wo@@ ods . +so this is actually the first time we 've ever done live audience feedback to a performance . +what can we do together that benefits us both ? +stran@@ gen@@ ess is that c@@ ali@@ bra@@ tion of clo@@ sen@@ ess and distance that en@@ ables me to find the people that i need right now , that en@@ ables me to find the sources of inti@@ ma@@ cy , of discovery , and of inspiration that i need right now . +it all began for him during world war ii , when at age 17 he found himself thr@@ ust into a for@@ ged docum@@ ents work@@ shop . +i was born in al@@ geria . +so at the age of 14 my father had to work . +but it was only the beginning . +he also expla@@ ined to me that i had a brother , too , and the first time i saw them i must have been three or four , and they were 30 years older than me . +europe was not spar@@ ed either . +this is bad news , but perhaps surprising to you , it 's also part of the good news . +never have we seen , in the past 50 years , such a shar@@ p dec@@ line of ecosystem fun@@ ctions and services on the planet , one of them being the ability to regu@@ late climate on the long term , in our fore@@ sts , land and bio@@ diversity . +as a si@@ del@@ ine , you know that the only red fla@@ g that po@@ pped up here was a sub@@ marine from an un@@ named country that plan@@ ted a red fla@@ g at the bottom of the arc@@ tic to be able to control the oil resources . +what you see here in black line is the safe operating space , the quanti@@ fied boundar@@ ies , as suggest@@ ed by this analysis . +under the reali@@ zation from tour@@ ist oper@@ ators , fis@@ her@@ men , the austr@@ ali@@ an great bar@@ rier re@@ e@@ f auth@@ ority and scientists that the great bar@@ rier re@@ e@@ f is do@@ om@@ ed under the current govern@@ ance regi@@ me . +the key though in all of these , the red thre@@ ad , is the shift in min@@ d@@ set , moving away from a situation where we simply are pus@@ hing ourselves into a dark future , where we instead back@@ cast our future , and we say , " what is the playing field on the planet ? +though it 's actually true , you know , the reason i 'm talking to you right now is because i was born in brazil . +but i wasn 't into selling wh@@ is@@ key ; i was into selling ice . +" the sna@@ il . " +this is " 6@@ ,@@ 500 y@@ ards , " after cor@@ ot . " 9@@ ,000 y@@ ards , " after ger@@ hard ri@@ chter . +they do a dna scan of this , they will come up with a great ma@@ il@@ ing list . +a han@@ ger . +and we can then see the result of such mu@@ tations when we compare dna sequences among us here in the room , for example . +and later , between 100 and 5@@ 0,000 years ago or so , went out of africa to col@@ oni@@ ze the rest of the world . +there is another thing with those tra@@ its that we so easily obser@@ ve in each other that i think is wor@@ th@@ while to consider , and that is that , in a very liter@@ al sense , they 're really on the surface of our bodies . +statisti@@ cally speaking , there is no difference in how often the ne@@ anderth@@ al mat@@ ches one african or the other . +they meet ne@@ anderth@@ als , mix with them , continue to spread over the world , and somewhere in sou@@ the@@ ast asia , they meet den@@ iso@@ v@@ ans and mix with them and continue on out into the pacific . +so sustain@@ ability is quite important for us , which should in@@ corpo@@ rate social but as well as environmental and economic values . +so let 's compare the old world with the new world . +we have social areas inside the air@@ craft which might turn into a place where you can play virtual golf . +these are survival skills . +this is our body wisdom . it 's not something that is medi@@ ated by our language . our body just knows that , and we 've known that for a long time . +there are millions of individuals with autis@@ m all around us . +well , it 's hard to do that , so we had to create the technologies . we had to basically step inside a body . +it 's almost as if that stimul@@ us , you , you 're not exer@@ ting influence on what happens as they navi@@ gate their daily lives . +early diagno@@ sis of autis@@ m spectrum dis@@ order can improve the lives of everyone affected , but the complex network of causes make it incredibly difficult to predict . at tedx@@ pe@@ ach@@ tree , ami kli@@ n descri@@ bes a new early dete@@ ction method that uses e@@ ye@@ -@@ tracking technologies to g@@ auge babies ' social engagement skills and reli@@ ably measure their risk of developing autis@@ m . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +if you 're an out@@ board person@@ nel , now you stand up . +you are going to hit the ground . +i was raised with traditional stories of leadership : robert e@@ . lee , john bu@@ ford at ge@@ tt@@ y@@ s@@ bur@@ g . +more importantly , the force that i led was spread over more than 20 countries . +i asked , " where were you on 9 / 11 ? " +i learned they are the sin@@ e@@ w which hold the force together . +and if you 're a leader , the people who count on you need you on your feet . +she then as@@ sig@@ ned these works ra@@ cial identi@@ ties , basically saying to me that the work on the right , clearly , was made by a black artist , the work on the left , clearly , by a white artist , when , in effect , that was the opposite case : bob col@@ es@@ c@@ ot@@ t , afri@@ can@@ -@@ american artist ; le@@ on gol@@ u@@ b , a white artist . +what that might mean for cultural mov@@ ements all over this moment , the " me , we " seems incredibly pres@@ cient totally important . +so , what do i discover when i look at art@@ works ? +they down@@ lo@@ aded it from dis@@ ne@@ y@@ .com , or one of these web@@ sites , 14 days after putting the computer in their village . +this is a 15 year-old boy . +i called in 26 children . +but 30 percent is not a pass . +i gave them six g@@ c@@ se questions . +you can 't catch me . +they typ@@ ed it into google , transl@@ ated it into itali@@ an , went back into itali@@ an google . +[ " o@@ edi@@ pus re@@ x " ] [ " the li@@ on king " ] [ " ti@@ tus " ] [ " fri@@ da " ] [ " the magic fl@@ ute " ] [ " across the universe " ] j@@ ul@@ ie ta@@ y@@ mor : thank you . thank you very much . +the next moment , as soon as they finished and disappe@@ ared into the sha@@ do@@ ws , a young man with a pro@@ pan@@ e lan@@ tern came on , hung it up on a tree , set up a cur@@ tain . +i love the appar@@ ent truth of theater . +ar@@ iel : i bo@@ ar@@ ded the king 's ship . in every cab@@ in , i fl@@ am@@ ed ama@@ z@@ ement . +and as she was there on the edge of that stage , two sta@@ ge@@ hands all in black with wat@@ ering cans ran along the top and started to po@@ ur water on the sand ca@@ st@@ le , and the sand ca@@ st@@ le started to dri@@ p and sin@@ k , but before it did , the audience saw the black@@ -@@ cla@@ d sta@@ ge@@ hands . +what the hell are we doing up there on that stage ? +j@@ ul@@ ie ta@@ y@@ mor : spi@@ der@@ -@@ man , the li@@ on king and life on the creative edge +you choose . it 's your bak@@ ery , your street , your country -- not mine . " +and so , on a mi@@ cr@@ o level , there 's a real role for this combin@@ ation of investment and phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ y . +and i really understood what patient capital meant emotion@@ ally in the last month or so . because the company was literally 10 days away from pro@@ ving that the product they produced was at the worl@@ d-@@ quality level needed to make co@@ ar@@ tem , when they were in the biggest c@@ ash crisis of their history . +in our first year , the first net went off the line in oc@@ tober of 2003 . +she was very much like those women sitting behind the se@@ wing machines . +now , when we first started talking to ok go -- the name of the song is " this too shall pass " -- we were really excited because they expres@@ sed interest in building a machine that they could dance with . +the machine itself would start the music . +it doesn 't matter what temperature it is , doesn 't matter what 's in its way ; it will pretty much get where it needs to go . +and now to introdu@@ ce their music video , we have ok go . +and so we built some very sophisti@@ cated radio anten@@ n@@ as just for prob@@ ing both walls and se@@ arch@@ ing for an air gap . +so we thought of an aug@@ mented reality app@@ lic@@ ation using a tab@@ let . let me show you just simul@@ ating what we could be doing , any of us could be doing , in a museum environment . +and the later it fa@@ ils , the worse the consequences . +it 's a disease that runs in my family , and we really hope that cells like these will help us find a cure . +i 've tried to show in this -- though the color doesn 't come out -- that what i 'm concerned with is the little 5@@ 0-@@ year time bubble that you are in . you tend to be interested in a generation past , a generation future -- your parents , your kids , things you can change over the next few decades -- and this 5@@ 0-@@ year time bubble you kind of move along in . and in that 50 years , if you look at the population cur@@ ve , you find the population of humans on the earth more than dou@@ bles and we 're up three-@@ and-@@ a-@@ half times since i was born . when you have a new baby , by the time that kid gets out of high school more people will be ad@@ ded than exi@@ sted on earth when i was born . +your great@@ -@@ great grand@@ parents got by on muscle power , and yet we all think there 's this huge power that 's essential for our lifest@@ yle . and with all the wonderful technology we have we can do things that are much more efficient : conser@@ ve , recy@@ cle , etc . +it 's part of a long-term program nasa spon@@ sor@@ ed . +all right . +well , inspired by the sent@@ ences , i decided to wi@@ el@@ d the pain@@ t@@ br@@ ush . +thank you . +" it 'd be like putting a piece of to@@ ast through a bas@@ ket@@ ball ho@@ op , wouldn 't it ? " +over thousands of years ago , he pro@@ ved that for us . +he pro@@ ved it was prime with nothing more than a qu@@ ill , ink , paper and his mind . +it took him , by his esti@@ mate , " three years of sun@@ days . " +it 's because of cur@@ tis co@@ op@@ er that we know , currently the largest prime number we know , is 2 ^ 5@@ 7@@ ,@@ 8@@ 8@@ 5@@ ,@@ 16@@ 1 . +we live in an age where some of the great break@@ through@@ s are not going to happen in the lab@@ s or the hall@@ s of acade@@ mi@@ a but on laptops , des@@ k@@ tops , in the pal@@ ms of people 's hands who are simply helping out for the search . +and what was so gor@@ ge@@ ous about this discovery was 50 years ago peter hig@@ gs and his team considered one of the deep@@ est of all questions : how is it that the things that make us up have no mass ? +in fact , growing up in tas@@ man@@ ia , it always was incredibly exciting when we got a chance to see a tas@@ mani@@ an de@@ vil in the wild . +scientists around the world were intri@@ gu@@ ed by this cancer , this infe@@ c@@ tious cancer , that was spre@@ ading through the tas@@ mani@@ an de@@ vil population . +he 's a tas@@ mani@@ an de@@ vil that we found with a large tumor on his face . +he 's a dog that bel@@ on@@ gs to a family in mom@@ bas@@ a in kenya . +however , under some circum@@ stances , it can happen . +so if we 're married , we 're more likely to have kids . +so most of us put ourselves above average on most of these abilities . +number two : re@@ gar@@ d@@ less of the out@@ come , the p@@ ure act of anti@@ ci@@ pa@@ tion makes us happy . +so they tend to expect the future to be worse than it ends up being . +but if someone started off saying , " my average li@@ ke@@ li@@ hood of suffering from cancer is about 10 percent , " and we said , " hey , bad news . +and what he 's doing is he 's pas@@ sing a small magnetic pul@@ se through the sk@@ ul@@ l of the partici@@ p@@ ant in our study into their in@@ fer@@ ior fron@@ tal gy@@ rus . +and i believe there 's a way for us to do that . +it really should be called the re@@ co@@ very or return of asia . +but think of what it does to how we think in traditional terms and concep@@ ts . +the te@@ c@@ ton@@ ic pl@@ ates of world politics were shif@@ ting . +you know , it looks at economic power measu@@ red by g@@ dp . +and as i said earlier , china has not passed the united states . +now i don 't mean to be po@@ ll@@ y@@ an@@ na@@ ish about this . +in fact , they 've accoun@@ ted for half of all civil wars . +and why is it so difficult ini@@ tially ? +so the don@@ ors have to stick with this situation for at least a decade . +and indeed , unfortunately , if you navi@@ gate by needs you get a very un@@ focused agenda , because in these situations , needs are everywhere , but the capacity to imple@@ ment change is very limited . +there 's one sector which isn 't ex@@ posed to international trade , and which can generate a lot of jobs , and which is , in any case , a sensi@@ ble sector to exp@@ and , post-@@ conflict , and that is the construction sector . +the planning function and policy function sta@@ ys with the mini@@ stry ; the deli@@ very of services on the ground , you should use whatever works -- chur@@ ches , n@@ gos , local communities , whatever works . +what 's the goal ? +there are important distribu@@ tional consequences , and they 're not what you always might think . +we need better planning and systems for ev@@ ac@@ u@@ ation . +it makes sense , right ? there 's open space , the planes can take off and land without wor@@ rying about creating noise or avo@@ i@@ ding t@@ all buildings . +there are no quick fi@@ xes . +t : most importantly ... s : most importantly ... +j@@ w : so is english man@@ ia good or bad ? +now this has raised all sorts of questions . +and he asked that particular person , what do cro@@ ws and fish have in common ? +they weren 't willing to engage in this . +well , in 19@@ 00 , three percent of americans practic@@ ed professi@@ ons that were cogni@@ tively dem@@ and@@ ing . +now over the last century , in developed nations like america , moral debate has es@@ cal@@ ated because we take the hypo@@ the@@ tical seriously , and we also take univer@@ s@@ als seriously and look for logi@@ cal connections . +you have to say , well , black@@ ness of skin , you couldn 't suff@@ er just for that . +one of the ways in which we would like to deal with the sophisti@@ cation of the modern world is through politics , and sa@@ dly you can have human@@ e moral principles , you can classi@@ fy , you can use lo@@ gic on abstra@@ ctions , and if you 're ignor@@ ant of history and of other countries , you can 't do politics . +i 'm a public school teacher , and i just want to share a story of my super@@ inten@@ dent . +it could have been den@@ ti@@ stry , but the word " experiment@@ al " was in it , and so that 's what i had to go for . +it 's a story that 's a te@@ stam@@ ent to teaching and teachers . +and so that gest@@ ure of my mother 's continu@@ es through many generations . +i offer them the job , they can turn it down , and then they choose their own cab@@ in@@ et . +see , mr. h@@ unter is doing that because he says his time has mess@@ ed up a lot , and he 's trying to tell us how to fix that problem . +this is the world peace game . what is wrong with you ? " +" let 's ask that mom to read the letter . +this is about my friend brenn@@ an . +he r@@ ings the bell again . he says , " we have " -- and there 's 12 seconds left on the clock -- " we have , all nations , po@@ ol@@ ed all our fun@@ ds together . +in india , we had the na@@ x@@ ali@@ te movement , the [ un@@ clear ] movement . +when you pu@@ mp in air in a bi@@ cycle , you use a bit of this . +they always make a tri@@ ang@@ ular roof . +now this is a little pu@@ mp with which you could inf@@ late a ballo@@ on . +but this is great fun for children . +i just put this inside this . +they are f@@ used together , so you can 't separate them . +there are no pat@@ ents . anyone can make it . +this is called " the cap@@ tain 's hat story . " +and the ship sin@@ ks , and the cap@@ tain has lost everything , but for a life jac@@ ket . +so i 'm going to talk about some projects that have explor@@ ed these ideas . +the way we tend to use resources is we extra@@ ct them , we turn them into shor@@ t-@@ life products and then dis@@ pose of them . +and we 'd also have a coffee shop , and the waste gra@@ ins from that could be used as a sub@@ strate for growing mush@@ rooms . +so amazing example of an adap@@ tation to a very resour@@ ce-@@ con@@ stra@@ ined environment -- and in that sense , very relevant to the kind of challenges we 're going to be facing over the next few years , next few decades . +so this is how this sche@@ me would look . +they 're not just possible ; they 're critical . +and if i want to start having children by the time i 'm 35 , that meant that i would have had to have been on my way to marriage five years ago . +now , there was one small catch . +and they say to me , " stop com@@ pla@@ ining . " +for me , the ho@@ b@@ bi@@ es that i have are really just new work projects that i 've launched . +she said she is " sil@@ ly , nice and friend@@ ly . " +remember , i 'm somebody who said that i speak flu@@ ent japanese and i know ja@@ vas@@ cri@@ pt and i was okay with that . +obviously , i 'm having a fab@@ ul@@ ous life , so -- -- the question is , what does all of this mean for you ? +i know most of you have had the experience of coming back home and finding your kids playing these kinds of games . +imagine you 're driving in a fo@@ g . that makes a difference between seeing the car in front of you and avo@@ i@@ ding the accident , or getting into an accident . +but a few kids are sad and blue because they 've for@@ gotten their co@@ at . +that 's a multi@@ medi@@ a-@@ tas@@ ker . +so let me illu@@ strate that step with a task which is called mental ro@@ tation . +da@@ ph@@ ne ba@@ ve@@ li@@ er : your brain on video games +you get something a little bit more complicated . +well , this has deep impli@@ cations about the limit@@ s of science , about predic@@ t@@ ability and controll@@ ability of things like biological processes or econom@@ ies , about intelligence in the universe , about questions like free will and about creating technology . +so let 's try asking a question , like a health related question . +so , i 'm pretty pleas@@ ed with it all . +then , the idea is that wol@@ fra@@ m al@@ ph@@ a will be able to figure out what pre@@ cise pieces of code can do what they 're asking for and then show them examples that will let them pick what they need to build up bigger and bigger , pre@@ cise programs . +but in at least a large class of cases , one can think of the universe as being like some kind of network , which , when it gets big enough , beha@@ ves like continu@@ ous space in much the same way as having lots of molecules can be@@ have like a continu@@ ous flu@@ id . +that was ast@@ on@@ ishing . +there are very few doctors and , quite frank@@ ly , these countries do not have the resources that are needed to cop@@ e with such epide@@ mi@@ cs . +and this is only done in four hours , 50 times faster than the current state of the art , at a cost that will be five to 500 times che@@ aper than the current op@@ tions . +it 's because my mother was den@@ i@@ ed an education , and she constantly remin@@ ded me and my si@@ bl@@ ings that she never wanted us to live the life she was living . +well , my dream of becoming a teacher will not come to pass . +i was lucky because one , also , my mom did something that most women don 't do . +this should have been given to a boy . we can 't do this . " +i learned that she did not have to be ab@@ used because she is a woman . +and yes , she was older to be in fourth grade . +and we will live in a very pe@@ ac@@ e@@ ful world . thank you very much . +it took us 50 years to reach an@@ nu@@ al sav@@ ings rat@@ ings of almost 10 percent . 50 years . +so we 're starting to pay for things with money that we have . +we 're going to go through four valu@@ e-@@ shif@@ ts that we see driving new consumer behaviors , that offer new management principles . +another quick example of these types of mov@@ ements is the rise of zy@@ n@@ ga . +but they also talk about the fact that their ex@@ ecu@@ tives , all of their expen@@ se repor@@ ts are put onto their company in@@ tran@@ et for everyone to see . +another great example is fi@@ deli@@ ty . +the traditional thing would be to bo@@ y@@ c@@ ot@@ t right ? +it 's been tremend@@ ously powerful for consum@@ ers . +i know a woman who 's good at this . +go home to your husband -- what does he need ? +in fact , i grew up obser@@ ving two different kinds of wom@@ an@@ hood . +we tend to form clu@@ sters based on simil@@ ar@@ ity , and then we produce stere@@ ot@@ yp@@ es about other clu@@ sters of people . +i ski@@ pped school often and dre@@ am@@ ed of becoming a sa@@ il@@ or during those days . +for me , like millions of other people around the world today , english is an ac@@ qui@@ red language . +many auth@@ ors feel this pressure , but non-@@ western auth@@ ors feel it more hea@@ vi@@ ly . +but there were times when i wanted to re@@ mind both sides that this was fi@@ ction . +books have saved the intro@@ ver@@ ted , ti@@ mi@@ d child that i was -- that i once was . +au@@ d@@ re l@@ or@@ de once said , " the white fa@@ thers taught us to say , ' i think , therefore i am . ' " she suggest@@ ed , " i feel , therefore i am free . " +i think these are the basic elements of all creativity . +now , american copy@@ right and patent laws run counter to this notion that we build on the work of others . +that is all there is to it . apple has pat@@ ented this . +he recor@@ ds a song called " blind will@@ ie mc@@ tell , " named after the blu@@ es sing@@ er , and the song is a vo@@ y@@ age through the past , through a much dar@@ ker time , but a simpl@@ er one , a time when musi@@ cians like will@@ ie mc@@ tell had few illu@@ sions about what they did . +just look at google maps here . there 's block 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 . +and one of the first vic@@ ti@@ ms of difficult economic times , i think , is public spending of any kind , but certainly in the fir@@ ing line at the moment is public spending for science , and particularly curi@@ o@@ si@@ t@@ y-@@ led science and exploration . +it 's about 500 kilometers in diam@@ e@@ ter . +so below the ice , there 's an ocean of liquid around the whole moon . +well , this looks like a picture of virtu@@ ally nothing . +and one of the ast@@ on@@ ishing predic@@ tions of quant@@ um mechan@@ ics , just by looking at the structure of atoms -- the same theory that descri@@ bes transi@@ stors -- is that there can be no stars in the universe that have reach@@ ed the end of their life that are bigger than , quite specifically , 1.@@ 4 times the mass of the sun . +it was made in stars like that , lo@@ cked away and then re@@ turned to the universe in explo@@ sions like that in order to re@@ con@@ den@@ se into planets , stars , new solar systems and , indeed , people like us . +but it vis@@ ited ju@@ pit@@ er , saturn , ur@@ an@@ us and ne@@ p@@ tun@@ e . +thank you . +the red dots you see up there are sites that are behavi@@ oral tracking that i have not navi@@ g@@ ated to , but are following me . +pretty simple -- it 's huge business . +thank you for being here . +you 're walking to make us feel bad . " +i was 27 . i thought i knew everything . +and they said , " don 't worry about that . " +now this was a discussion class and we were having a discussion . +my dad said , " that 's one , " and i still didn 't let that go . +i was walking through el dor@@ a@@ do -- it 's a prison town , famous prison , or in@@ famous prison -- in ven@@ e@@ zu@@ ela , and i don 't know what pos@@ s@@ essed me , because this was not like me . +but i know i needed to . +but even as a child , i could feel the hea@@ v@@ iness in their he@@ arts . +hope kept me alive . +my father tried very hard to motiv@@ ate me into studying , but it didn 't work . +in north korea , i made it myself . +i just wanted to say that i miss you , and i love you , and please come back to me and stay alive . +i was asked to design the building , because the theme of the exp@@ o was environmental issues . +that 's the responsibility of architec@@ ts . +i started com@@ mu@@ ting to ko@@ be , and i met the society of viet@@ nam@@ ese people . +i brought my japanese students to work with the chinese students . +i used the shi@@ pping contain@@ er and also the students helped us to make all the building fur@@ ni@@ ture to make them comfortable , within the budget of the government but also the area of the house is exactly the same , but much more comfortable . +and those two ro@@ les came together for me in a book that i wrote called " orig@@ ins . " +now why would this kind of fe@@ tal learning be useful ? +and often it does something more . +when food is sc@@ ar@@ ce , they diver@@ t nutri@@ ents towards the really critical organ , the brain , and away from other organs like the heart and li@@ ver . +but there 's another way of thinking about p@@ ts@@ d . +mt : this faith in the fic@@ tional is essential for any kind of the@@ at@@ ri@@ cal experience . +the audience is led to make assu@@ mp@@ tions or el@@ abor@@ ations that are perfectly reas@@ on@@ able , but do not , in fact , match what is being done in front of them . +and if the story is a good one , it might even make us s@@ mile . +so what i 'm asking for is the creation of a new job ti@@ tle -- i 'll come to this a little later -- and perhaps the addition of a new word into the english language . +but i was at a ted event recently and es@@ ther du@@ fl@@ o , probably one of the leading experts in , effectively , the er@@ a@@ dic@@ ation of poverty in the developing world , actually spoke . +one of them also being , although logi@@ cally it 's quite a good idea to have a li@@ ft with no up and down butt@@ on in it , if it only ser@@ ves two flo@@ ors , it 's actually b@@ loo@@ dy terri@@ fying , okay ? +because , if the board of direc@@ tors convince everybody that the success of any organization is almost entirely depen@@ dent on the decisions made by the board of direc@@ tors , it makes the dis@@ par@@ ity in sal@@ aries slightly more justi@@ fi@@ able than if you actually ac@@ knowledge that quite a lot of the credit for a company 's success might actually lie somewhere else , in small pieces of tac@@ tical activity . +so the first thing i 'd like is a competition -- to anybody watching this as a film -- is to come up with a name for that stuff on the bottom right . +i become the medium through which the music is being chan@@ nel@@ ed , and in the process , when all is right , the music is trans@@ formed and so am i . +because this is about 10 dollars of addi@@ tional hard@@ ware if you already have a n@@ inten@@ do wi@@ i . +but i also learned very soon there@@ after that jes@@ us also said , and i 'm par@@ ap@@ hr@@ asing , the poor would always be with us . +the truth be told , i was giving out of that place , not out of a genu@@ ine place of hope and exc@@ it@@ ement to help and of gener@@ osity . +for the first time , actually , in a long time i wanted to meet those individuals , i wanted to meet these entreprene@@ urs , and see for myself what their lives were actually about . +i just got this impres@@ sion that the money would work . +because as that happens , i think we can feel free to interact in a way that 's more open , more just and more creative , to engage with each other and to help each other . +so with that in mind , this particular inci@@ dent has led to the things that i 'm working on now . +so that 's what i 'm working on now . +there is nothing bigger or older than the universe . +the universe can spon@@ tane@@ ously create itself out of nothing . +but we are enter@@ ing an increasingly dangerous period of our history . +i 'm a designer and an educ@@ ator . +in other words , i look for ali@@ ens , and when i tell people that at a cock@@ tail party , they usually look at me with a mil@@ dly incre@@ dul@@ ous look on their face . +that 's a degree of an impro@@ vement that would look good on your report card , okay ? +so that 's not so bad . i mean , even with two do@@ zen years , you open up your brow@@ ser and there 's news of a signal , or you get a c@@ up of coffee . +it would change his day , all right ? +these sorts of ideas don 't really have any v@@ ali@@ di@@ ty , that you can 't trust the scientists . +this allows you to pay it forward by using this subject as a ho@@ ok to science , because se@@ ti invol@@ ves all kinds of science , obviously biology , obviously astronom@@ y , but also ge@@ ology , also chemistry , various scientific discipl@@ ines all can be pres@@ ented in the gu@@ ise of , " we 're looking for e@@ .@@ t@@ . " +let me just say , look , my job is a privi@@ lege because we 're in a special time . +after i was invited by ted , i did some dig@@ ging , because that 's what we do , to know about my ho@@ st . +you find eleph@@ ants , r@@ hin@@ os , mon@@ keys , pig@@ s , etc . +in a way , this was like the second birth for the child , after 3@@ .@@ 3 million years , but the labor was very long . +what do we actually know about our ancestors ? +what does that tell us ? " +i think it 's important to pro@@ mote in a more positive way on how we see ourselves . +for example , g@@ arb@@ age dis@@ charge , something you would think just simply goes away , but the laws regul@@ ating ship dis@@ charge of g@@ arb@@ age actually get we@@ ak@@ er the further you are from sh@@ ore . +but the sar@@ gas@@ so sea , the same way it ag@@ gre@@ gates sar@@ gas@@ sum we@@ ed , actually is pul@@ ling in the plastic from throughout the region . +getting closer to sh@@ ore , where we are , this was in fact taken in the gala@@ pa@@ gos . +at the same time we 're saying , " yes , we need more . we need to move forward . " +kri@@ st@@ ina g@@ j@@ erde : making law on the high se@@ as +and it 's focus . nor@@ man je@@ wi@@ son said to me , " i think it all has to do with foc@@ using yourself on one thing . " +why do people succe@@ ed ? is it because they 're smart ? or are they just lucky ? nei@@ ther . analy@@ st richard st@@ . john con@@ den@@ ses years of intervie@@ ws into an un@@ miss@@ able 3@@ -@@ minute sli@@ des@@ how on the real secre@@ ts of success . +death : go to i@@ fi@@ die@@ .@@ net before it 's too late . +and this man , arch@@ ie co@@ ch@@ ran@@ e , is a pris@@ on@@ er of war and a doctor , and he has a problem . +he very carefully and me@@ tic@@ ul@@ ously notes his results in an exercise book . +and you know , with the future billions that we 've been hearing about , the world is simply far too complex to understand in that way . +there are 100,000 there . it would take you all day . +i realize that 's an ambi@@ gu@@ ous stat@@ ement . +even this problem , too complicated . +it didn 't come because you put some incredibly smart person in charge . +it 's so un@@ comfortable . +would you like to close down the trial now , or should we wait until we have rob@@ ust results ? " +but he made mistakes in a good direction . +it will stop because of the end of trade resources . +i find this argument fascinating , as though we can kind of b@@ end the rules of physics to suit our needs . +i accept where we are . +imagine our hig@@ hl@@ y-@@ tun@@ ed , ju@@ st-@@ in-@@ time food industry and our hig@@ hl@@ y-@@ st@@ ressed agri@@ cultural system fail@@ ing and super@@ market shel@@ ves emp@@ t@@ ying . +think about war . +we need to act like the future depen@@ ds on it . +and i will try and give you a sense of what the ulti@@ mate re@@ boot looks like . +and we thought we were going to be able to lay these deb@@ ts off on our kids , but , guess what ? +everything else is mand@@ ated . +that 's the financial crisis . +graduate students wanted a way of telling which stage they were in . +this should not surprise you , right ? +and all we 've got is a ro@@ om@@ ba . +and about two or three years after they can hear as well as you and i can , they 'll be able to hear maybe how bat@@ s sing , or how wh@@ ales talk , or how dogs talk , and other types of ton@@ al sc@@ ales . +i think we 're going to move from a homo sa@@ pi@@ ens into a homo evol@@ u@@ tis . +and the people thought , " you know , you 're right . +so in every car crash in which at least one person dies , they have information on all of the people . +and so if we look at recent cr@@ as@@ hes -- the whole data set is almost 30 years ' worth of data -- you won 't see it in the recent cr@@ as@@ hes . the new car se@@ ats are far , far better . " +so , let me show you what happens . +that 's some more evidence , so in some sense -- i was cri@@ ti@@ ci@@ zed by a scientist , who said , " you could never publi@@ sh a study with an n of 4 , " meaning those four cr@@ as@@ hes . +and it turned out that most people wouldn 't come back , because it worked . but every once in a while , there was still a patient convinced that he was sick , and he 'd come back . and my dad had a third j@@ ar of p@@ ills . +it 's in 5,000 days , all this stuff has come . +so , i was trying to basically make measu@@ re@@ ments . +so by the year 20@@ 40 , the total process@@ ing of this machine will ex@@ ce@@ ed a total process@@ ing power of humanity , in ra@@ w bits and stuff . and this is , i think , where ray kurz@@ weil and others get this little ch@@ art saying that we 're going to cross . +right now , it 's not . if you do spre@@ ad@@ she@@ ets and things at work , a word docum@@ ent , they aren 't on the web , but they are going to be . they 're going to be part of this machine . +m@@ clu@@ han was saying , " machines are the exten@@ sions of the human senses . " +so every idea is basically being suppor@@ ted -- or every it@@ em , or every n@@ ou@@ n -- is being suppor@@ ted by the entire web . +so we have this dat@@ ab@@ ase of things . +but it 'll anti@@ ci@@ pa@@ te what we 're doing , in a good sense . +my journey to coming here today started in 197@@ 4 . +and so i decided to write a book , a me@@ mo@@ ir , about this decade of my life . +all i have to do is hum@@ bly follow . +and i organi@@ ze it . and , well , it 's also a bit different because an architect versus , let 's say , a dance company finally is a negoti@@ ation between one 's private world , one 's concep@@ tual world , the world of ideas , the world of as@@ pi@@ ra@@ tions , of inven@@ tions , with the relationship of the ex@@ teri@@ or world and all the limit@@ ations , the na@@ y@@ sa@@ yers . +and it had to do with the notion of walking a kilometer , obser@@ ving every kilometer a particular object of desire , and then plac@@ ing that within this . +and then the bro@@ a@@ der ideas of c@@ it@@ y-@@ making start having direct influ@@ ences on architecture , on the elements that make up the bro@@ a@@ der sche@@ me , the buildings themselves , and start gui@@ ding us . +it 's transpar@@ ent , and it allows you to understand , i think , what is always the most interesting thing in any building , which is the actual con@@ struc@@ tional processes that make it . +we could talk about the relationship at a more biological sense of the relationship of building and ground . +they have 22 satelli@@ tes zi@@ pping around at plus or min@@ us 100 miles , and the site 's in red . +well , then we get to this image . +please , also on the bal@@ con@@ y . +you now , our brain is two to three percent of the body mass , but actually it uses 25 percent of the total energy we use . +you can continue to inno@@ v@@ ate and inv@@ ent . +this is what we are using . " +it 's this brain which makes this refle@@ x . +then we would generate something all of us would like to have -- a balance between the hunger and the sa@@ ti@@ ation . +and you could look at this art and you could , of course , see the complex social organization of the people who brought it into being . +10,000 square kilometers , tens of thousands of is@@ lands fl@@ ung like je@@ wel@@ s upon the southern sea . +the third no@@ ble truth said that ignor@@ ance can be over@@ come . +and then you do the ritual dan@@ ces that em@@ power the cros@@ ses . +they consu@@ me more co@@ ca leaves than any human population , half a po@@ und per man , per day . +this little boy will never step outside of the sac@@ red fields that surro@@ und the men 's hu@@ t for all that time , until he begins his journey of initi@@ ation . +so , their entire year has been cut in half . +anthropo@@ log@@ ist wa@@ de da@@ v@@ is mus@@ es on the worldwide web of belief and ritual that makes us human . he shares brea@@ th@@ taking photos and stories of the el@@ der brothers , a group of si@@ er@@ ra ne@@ v@@ ada indi@@ ans whose spi@@ ritual practice hol@@ ds the world in balance . +today , we use a single feed@@ stock , pe@@ tro@@ le@@ um , to heat our homes , power our cars and make most of the materials you see around you . +the first is sel@@ ec@@ ting a feed@@ stock , pre@@ fer@@ ably something that 's regi@@ onal , that 's in your area , right -- local manufacturing . +it actually takes a little longer . it takes five days . +good after@@ noon . +now of course , the moment that it does hit the outside environment , and its temperature ris@@ es by even a fra@@ ction of a degree , it immediately turns back into normal matter . +but what seems so slow and gra@@ ce@@ ful from the outside is really more like chaos inside , because cells control their shape with a skelet@@ on of ri@@ gi@@ d protein fi@@ bers , and those fi@@ bers are constantly fall@@ ing apart . +as a test case , i pro@@ pose we start with american dan@@ cers . +when they say to you , " what do you do ? " -- you say , " i 'm a statisti@@ cian . " +you 've got to think , and i 'm going to ask you some questions . +so what you want to do is compare the average number of to@@ s@@ ses until we first see head@@ -@@ ta@@ il@@ -@@ head with the average number of to@@ s@@ ses until we first see head@@ -@@ ta@@ il@@ -@@ tail . +if it 's a tail -- well , rather dis@@ ap@@ poin@@ ted@@ ly , you put the glas@@ ses away and put the cham@@ pagne back . +but it turns out that un@@ lo@@ cking the secre@@ ts in the information gener@@ ated by modern experiment@@ al technologies , a key part of that has to do with fairly sophisti@@ cated -- you 'll be re@@ lie@@ ved to know that i do something useful in my day job , rather more sophisti@@ cated than the head@@ -@@ ta@@ il@@ -@@ head story -- but quite sophisti@@ cated computer mod@@ el@@ ings and mathematical mod@@ el@@ ings and modern statisti@@ cal techniques . +so a natural answer is 99 percent . +one explan@@ ation is that the person doesn 't have the disease -- that 's over@@ wh@@ el@@ m@@ ingly likely , if you pick someone at random -- but the test gets it wrong , which is un@@ likely . +it might well be that there are environmental fac@@ tors that we 're not aware of , and it 's pretty likely to be the case that there are genetic fac@@ tors we 're not aware of . +it has to do with wei@@ gh@@ ing up the strength of the other evidence against her and the statisti@@ cal evidence . +that 's what engineers do . " +well , a couple of friends and i figured out how to do this . +there are 10 billion electrical out@@ lets in north america alone . +and now , today i want to tell you my personal obser@@ vation in the past several years , from that wall . +on the one hand , he wants to satis@@ fy people 's need of a social network , which is very important ; people really love social net@@ working . +and later this year , the ra@@ il minister was sac@@ ked and sent@@ enced to ja@@ il for 10 years . +at the comm@@ enting area , [ it makes ] the chinese weib@@ o more like facebook , rather than the original twitter . +for example , you can 't post the name of the president , h@@ u j@@ in@@ ta@@ o , and also you can 't post the city of ch@@ on@@ g@@ q@@ ing , the name , and until recently , you can 't search the sur@@ name of top leaders . +so they want an exc@@ use -- public opini@@ on is a very good exc@@ use to pun@@ ish him . +whatever the future is , we should fight against the [ c@@ at ] . +it 's ac@@ ou@@ stic vi@@ bra@@ tions in the air , little waves of energy in the air that ti@@ ck@@ le our ear@@ dr@@ um . +now hearing loss and the treatment for hearing loss has really evolved in the past 200 years . +girl : hol@@ ly . +so if we had to design a perfect co@@ ch@@ le@@ ar im@@ plant , what we would try to do is target it to be able to allow music trans@@ mission . +co@@ ch@@ le@@ ar im@@ plant users cannot tell the difference between these instru@@ ments . +what that suggests is that , even in the case of hearing loss , the capacity for music rema@@ ins . +he is now a medical student at y@@ ale university , and he 's con@@ tem@@ pl@@ ating a sur@@ gical career -- one of the first dea@@ f individuals to consider a career in surgery . +when i look around this tedx@@ am@@ ster@@ dam venue , i see a very special audience . +g@@ uns are not a part of our lives . +when he a@@ im@@ ed , he never mis@@ sed . +despite the pictures we are shown daily in the news , wars between developed countries are no longer common@@ place . +the ar@@ med forces imple@@ ment the state mon@@ o@@ po@@ ly on violence . +i hope you will respect my soldiers , this soldi@@ er with this gun . +and the interesting thing is that if you change the sequence , you change the three-@@ dimensional fol@@ ding . +we want to be able to build technologi@@ cal arti@@ facts that are maybe good for the world . we want to learn how to build biological arti@@ facts , like people and wh@@ ales and trees . +and then what happens ? +women are much more in balance because they don 't have that idea that they 're going to be able to do 100 pul@@ l-@@ u@@ ps . +but we do have the potential to over@@ come disease and poverty , and i 'm going to talk about those issues , if we have the will . +i 'm going to show you just a few examples of how per@@ v@@ asi@@ ve this phenomen@@ a is . +there 's a basic , profound acceler@@ ation of this evolutionary process . +i mean , you 'd think this is the result of some tab@@ le@@ top experiment , but this is the result of worldwide cha@@ o@@ tic behavior -- countries acc@@ using each other of du@@ mp@@ ing products , ipo@@ s , bank@@ rup@@ t@@ cies , marketing programs . +we 're understanding the software programs that make our body run . +these are some designs from eric dre@@ x@@ ler 's book -- which we 're now showing are fe@@ asi@@ ble with super@@ -@@ computing simu@@ lations , where actually there are scientists building mole@@ cu@@ le-@@ scale robots . +dou@@ g ho@@ f@@ stad@@ ter wonder@@ s , well , maybe our intelligence just isn 't great enough to understand our intelligence , and if we were smar@@ ter , well , then our brains would be that much more complicated , and we 'd never catch up to it . +computers will com@@ bine the sub@@ tle pan@@ -@@ recogni@@ tion power@@ s of human intelligence with ways in which machines are already super@@ ior , in terms of doing analy@@ tic thinking , remem@@ ber@@ ing billions of facts ac@@ cur@@ ately . +inv@@ ent@@ or , entrepr@@ en@@ eu@@ r and visi@@ on@@ ary ray kurz@@ weil explains in ab@@ und@@ ant , gro@@ unded detail why , by the 20@@ 20@@ s , we will have rever@@ se-@@ engine@@ ered the human brain and nan@@ ob@@ ots will be operating your consciousness . +so like fo@@ x mul@@ der on " x-@@ fil@@ es , " who wants to believe in u@@ fo@@ s ? well , we all do , and the reason for that is because we have a belief engine in our brains . +you 've been taken out of the gene pool . +because there 's nothing in this . well , alle@@ ge@@ dly there 's nothing . +an increase of dop@@ am@@ ine caused subje@@ cts to see more patterns than those that did not recei@@ ve the dop@@ am@@ ine . +the other one also , but maybe too many patterns . +well here 's the late , great jer@@ ry and@@ rus ' " impossible cra@@ te " illusion in 3d , in which jer@@ ry is standing inside the impossible cra@@ te . +especially when they 're up@@ side down , you 're eng@@ aging that general fac@@ ial recogni@@ tion software there . +some con@@ spi@@ ra@@ cies really are true . +and this is test on some li@@ p bal@@ ms that we have over here . +i love trees , and i 'm very lucky , because we live near a wonderful arb@@ or@@ et@@ um , and sun@@ days , usually , i 'd go there with my wife and now , with my four@@ -year-old , and we 'd clim@@ b in the trees , we 'd play hi@@ de and se@@ ek . +but later the government soldiers began mi@@ stre@@ ating us a lot . +but this , sur@@ ely , who@@ ever that man is , whatever he 's done , this is cru@@ el and unusual pun@@ ish@@ ment . +so the question is , how do they deal with this material ? +what we 're going to do now is sha@@ de the sun with a board and then move the sun with a mirror to a completely different position . +every now and then , when they clim@@ b on top of the ball , they wi@@ pe their face . +so this is called st@@ il@@ ting . it 's a ther@@ mal behavior that you and i do if we cross the beach , we jump onto a to@@ we@@ l , somebody has this to@@ we@@ l -- " sorry , i 've jum@@ ped onto your to@@ we@@ l . " -- and then you sc@@ u@@ ttle across onto somebody else 's to@@ we@@ l , and that way you don 't burn your feet . +so here 's our c@@ un@@ ning experim@@ enter . +it 's about an 8@@ -@@ foot@@ -@@ long tube of metal , it 's got a hundred or so holes on top , on that side is the speak@@ er , and here is some lab tu@@ bing , and it 's connected to this t@@ ank of pro@@ pan@@ e . +you see the sk@@ at@@ ers often trick in this direction . the ob@@ stac@@ les are easier . +sometimes you get a little star appl@@ ause , and then i think even bill gates takes a nervous breath , and the talk begins . +but he was cre@@ di@@ ted with co@@ ining the phr@@ ase , " because it 's there . " +i didn 't see anyone else . we took this photo next to the heli@@ cop@@ ter . +it is , argu@@ ably , the most au@@ d@@ aci@@ ous en@@ dea@@ vor of that ed@@ war@@ di@@ an golden age of exploration , and it seemed to me high time , given everything we have figured out in the century since from sc@@ ur@@ vy to solar pan@@ els , that it was high time someone had a go at fin@@ ishing the job . +and so therefore , the entire purpose of a v@@ c pit@@ ch is to convince them that you are the entrepr@@ en@@ eu@@ r in whom they are going to invest their money and make a lot of money in return . +and now along with that , along with the experience of starting an enter@@ prise , or running something -- and it doesn 't have to be a business . +there 's never been an angel@@ - or a vent@@ u@@ re-@@ fund@@ ed company where bad things didn 't happen . +and then from there , you 've got to take them on a very soli@@ d , ste@@ ad@@ y , up@@ ward path , right from beginning to end . +" we have no competition . there 's nobody else who 's ever made a wid@@ get like this . " +you 're foc@@ using on him ! this is steve jobs . +you do that , you give me your quick 15@@ -@@ second or 3@@ 0-@@ second in@@ tr@@ o , gra@@ b my attention . +there has never been a company that doesn 't have competition . +this is that ro@@ cket going up . +number three : the hand@@ ou@@ ts you give are not your pres@@ entation . +you can use it at ted . +this is the most successful order on the planet by far . +so when i click on " sym@@ pa@@ thetic magic , " i get sym@@ pa@@ thetic magic and vo@@ o@@ do@@ o doll@@ s . +when i click on y@@ ur@@ i g@@ ag@@ ar@@ in 's page , i get this guy who was surpris@@ ingly short in stat@@ ure , huge in hero@@ ism . +by revolution , i mean a dra@@ stic and far@@ -@@ reach@@ ing change in the way we think and be@@ have -- the way we think and the way we be@@ have . +last . +because it 's shown the way we apply , generate and use knowledge is affected by our social and institu@@ tional context , which told us what in commun@@ ism ? +it 's a cra@@ p system . +and you can say , " that 's ridi@@ cul@@ ous , steve . what a du@@ m@@ b idea . +the more you play , the bigger the brains there are . +it 's not fi@@ ction , it 's not story tal@@ es , it 's not ma@@ ke@@ -@@ believe ; it 's cold , hard science . +for example , it stimul@@ ates creativity . +one , play is universal . +i don 't care if it 's mountain bi@@ king or reading a book or playing a game . +un@@ accep@@ table . ne@@ pri@@ em@@ li@@ v . +all of these things were made during the last 75 years . +my work actually took me through many countries , and showed me a great part of the world . +however , everybody in the factory spent his time at the art department . +so i was ar@@ re@@ sted quite early in stal@@ in 's pur@@ ges , and spent 16 months in a russi@@ an prison . +this was bad ! man , i was -- i c@@ ough . i was sick . +idea about women . +obviously a really profound moment , and it changed our lives in many ways . +we really felt like what we went in expe@@ cting had nothing to do with what we were actually experi@@ en@@ cing , and so we decided we really wanted to give it to parents straight . +but what i felt towards the child at that moment was deep affe@@ ction , but nothing like what i feel for him now , five years later . +you can 't talk about how lon@@ ely having a baby can be . +and we were gr@@ ate@@ ful that i was able to get preg@@ nant , and i soon learned that we were having a boy , and then when i was five months , we learned that we had lost our child . +and i got about two-@@ thir@@ ds of the way through , and there was a ch@@ art on the ri@@ ght-@@ hand side -- on the ri@@ ght-@@ hand page -- that we 've lab@@ el@@ ed here " the most terri@@ fying ch@@ art imag@@ in@@ able for a new par@@ ent . " +a@@ v : yeah , and then you have your first child , and then you really res@@ u@@ b@@ mit yourself to these high@@ s and lo@@ ws -- the high@@ s being the first steps , the first s@@ mile , your child reading to you for the first time -- the lo@@ ws being , our house , any time from six to seven every night . +so the point of all this for us today is not just hopefully hon@@ est@@ y for the sa@@ ke of hon@@ est@@ y , but a hope that by being more honest and can@@ did about these experiences , that we can all colle@@ c@@ tively b@@ end that happiness bas@@ eline up a little bit . +and , you know , it 's a thing your piano teacher teach@@ es you , but we never had a science behind these kinds of things . +and then you heard the original . +your eyes are pretty happy with some color and movement , you know . +you want to hear it in different rooms and whatever . +john q@@ . wal@@ ker : great piano performan@@ ces , re@@ created +and when people aren 't allowed to be useful , they soon think that they 're us@@ eless . +a few of these . this is a@@ ti@@ ll@@ a the hen . +we know our societies have to radi@@ cally change . +and some are quite struc@@ tural , like social impact bon@@ ds where you raise money to invest in diver@@ ting teen@@ a@@ gers from crime or helping old people keep out of hospital , and you get paid back according to how successful your projects are . +then mon@@ arch@@ y had seen off its big challen@@ ger , mass democracy , which was seen as a well-@@ inten@@ tioned but do@@ om@@ ed experiment , just as capit@@ alism has seen off soci@@ alism . +despite all of these simil@@ ari@@ ties , we see huge differences in sav@@ ings behavior . +why ? because i have to consider that and i have to modi@@ fy what i 'm saying to say , " it will rain , " or " it 's going to rain . " +well , what i did with that was to access the l@@ ingu@@ i@@ stics liter@@ ature . +the survey takes over a day . +it 's current pleasure in exchange for future pain . +of course , from their grand@@ parents and even their great@@ -@@ grand@@ parents . +would he need the same language as a law@@ yer , for example ? +we need one today more than ever . +they were doing an experiment to do with gene@@ tics and the for@@ eli@@ m@@ bs and the h@@ ind lim@@ bs of animals . +patri@@ ci@@ a r@@ y@@ an : don 't ins@@ ist on english ! +it turned out that giving the planes to the museum was worth much more than the de@@ bt , so for five years , six years , i only had to pay one third income ta@@ x . +and then , what population of the earth would be an equ@@ ili@@ bri@@ um that could continue on , and be for 20@@ 50 , 2@@ 100 , 2@@ 150 ? +as the sky gets dar@@ ker , and the outside air temper@@ atures drop below min@@ us 100 degrees fahr@@ enheit , the most environ@@ ment@@ ally ho@@ sti@@ le se@@ gment of heli@@ os 's journey has gone by without notice , except for being recor@@ ded by speci@@ ally designed data ac@@ qu@@ isi@@ tion systems and their associated sensor@@ s . +t@@ m : oh , 10 , 11 . +this del@@ u@@ sion is a kind of prison for us , restri@@ cting us to our personal des@@ ires and to affe@@ ction for a few person@@ s ne@@ ar@@ est to us . +and he had a l@@ um@@ p of ir@@ on . +well , at least i can clean this wo@@ und and was@@ h it . " +and ma@@ it@@ re@@ ya says , " i was with you . who do you think was making need@@ les and making ne@@ sts and dri@@ pping on ro@@ cks for you , mi@@ ster den@@ se ? " +i got mad . brothers can fight . parents and children can fight . +the mother is the model of all al@@ tru@@ ism for human beings , in spi@@ ritual tradi@@ tions . +and so you see beings in their potential happiness . +and this is where you feel real compassion for them . +so , practice compassion , read the char@@ ter , dis@@ se@@ min@@ ate it and develop it within yourself . +but there 's another class of simple things , which are also very important . +we have a lot of interesting information about what complexity is . +all of us , to some ex@@ tent , study this thing called a bill gates . +now , if you like to represent this zero and one of bin@@ ary , you need a device . +all right , let me then finish off with four general stat@@ ements , an example and two a@@ ph@@ or@@ is@@ ms . +and i don 't want to spend your time in going through the details , but in the lower ri@@ ght-@@ hand corner , you see an example of the kind of thing that we have . +but it does make a point -- which is one which , in a sense , differ@@ enti@@ ates the real world of people who make things , and the world of people who think about things , which is , there is an intellectual mer@@ it to asking : how do we make things as simple as we can , as cheap as we can , as func@@ tional as we can and as fre@@ ely inter@@ connec@@ table as we can ? +so , they got the fra@@ mes from these big bi@@ kes , put them together with the ge@@ ars from the ra@@ cing bi@@ kes , got the bra@@ kes from motor@@ cy@@ cles , and sort of mix@@ ed and mat@@ ched various ingre@@ di@@ ents . +the ideas are coming back from the consum@@ ers , and they 're often ahead of the produ@@ cers . +that sounds like a w@@ inner ; we 'll go with it . " +well , just imagine a world , for the moment , divi@@ ded into two cam@@ ps . +or the op@@ -@@ ed page , where if they knew the edi@@ tor -- had been to school with him , sle@@ pt with his wife -- they could write an article for the op@@ -@@ ed page . +and i was having dinner with this guy called ti@@ mo@@ thy ch@@ an . +if you 're a games company , and you 've got a million players in your game , you only need one percent of them to be co-@@ develop@@ ers , contribu@@ ting ideas , and you 've got a development work@@ force of 10,000 people . +this was a mother 's day gift . +hundreds of re@@ mix@@ es came back -- lots of different attemp@@ ts . +and this is it , right , to feel and be felt . +recor@@ ding : okay , here 's something . +and he said , " i 'm d@@ ressed as bat@@ man to hi@@ de my identity . " +one person sent me a very deta@@ iled descri@@ ption ; the other person didn 't . +right now , it feels like i for@@ got to turn the light on and things that looked so good yesterday are now sha@@ des of gra@@ y and it seems like the world is sp@@ inning while i 'm standing still or maybe i am sp@@ inning i can 't tell and then you say hey you 're okay you 'll be fine just brea@@ the and now the words sing hey you 're okay you 'll be fine just brea@@ the now everybody s@@ ings hey you 're okay you 'll be fine just brea@@ the hey you 're okay you 'll be fine just brea@@ the hey you 're okay you 'll be fine just brea@@ the thank you . +so there is the pattern that every one of them had , but they all were a little different too . +but then my mother said to me , " i hear you 've been going around talking about psychop@@ ath@@ ic kill@@ ers . +but our grand@@ kids are going to be kind of concerned here . +and we re-@@ create the conditions that were present less than a billi@@ on@@ th of a second after the universe began up to 600 million times a second inside that dete@@ ctor -- im@@ men@@ se numbers . +imagine a s@@ no@@ w@@ fla@@ ke in your hand , and you look at it , and it 's an incredibly complicated , beautiful object . but as you heat it up , it 'll melt into a pool of water , and you would be able to see that , actually , it was just made of h@@ 20 , water . +but what he meant was that what we 've done , really , is stam@@ p collect there . +so all the ex@@ qu@@ is@@ itely deta@@ iled calcu@@ lations we can do with that wonderful equ@@ ation wouldn 't be possible without an extra bit . +so that 's one thing . +in about the first billi@@ on@@ th of a second or so , the hig@@ gs field ki@@ cked in , and the quar@@ ks and the gl@@ u@@ ons and the electr@@ ons that make us up got mass . +and i 'm certainly looking forward with im@@ men@@ se exc@@ it@@ ement to it being turned on . +so from pa@@ pu@@ a new gu@@ ine@@ a to hollywood all the way to modern art in bei@@ j@@ ing , we s@@ mile often , and you s@@ mile to express joy and satis@@ fac@@ tion . +s@@ mil@@ ing can help reduce the level of st@@ res@@ s-@@ en@@ han@@ cing hor@@ mon@@ es like cor@@ ti@@ so@@ l , ad@@ ren@@ al@@ ine and dop@@ am@@ ine , increase the level of mo@@ o@@ d-@@ en@@ han@@ cing hor@@ mon@@ es like end@@ or@@ ph@@ in and reduce over@@ all blood pressure . +but i told him no , i 'm sorry , com@@ promise in colors is gra@@ y , and we have enough gra@@ y to last us a lifetime . +and this was not a mis@@ placed feeling . +we put the citi@@ zen first , and not the c@@ ler@@ ks . +ef@@ h@@ ari@@ st@@ o and kal@@ in@@ ih@@ ta . +people that were hun@@ gry and hur@@ ting were sign@@ aling their dist@@ ress , were sign@@ aling their need for help . +technology is transforma@@ tional . +and not only is it em@@ power@@ ing to the communities , but really importantly , this information sta@@ ys in the community where it is needed to for@@ mu@@ late long-term health poli@@ ces . +half the city was dark because of a power cut , and i was living on the dark side . +but the story is not about these chap@@ ters . +your last job , your dinner reser@@ va@@ tions from last year , your former friends , lie on a flat pla@@ in with today 's friends , because the internet also archi@@ ves , and it war@@ ps the past . +for us as individuals who live in the digital now and spend most of our wa@@ king moments in it , the challenge is to live in two stre@@ ams of time that are par@@ alle@@ l and almost simul@@ tane@@ ous . +i wanted to learn to co@@ ok , and she kept me in the kitchen , cutting , cu@@ bing and ch@@ opp@@ ing for a whole month . +but if you 're like me , my humanity is more like a window . +i was seven . +and then the next plan@@ ting seas@@ on , when they san@@ g the dir@@ ge , they would re@@ move as many names of the dead that equ@@ aled as many people that were born . +i cri@@ ed for a very long time . +he was obs@@ essed . +there are some of you in this room , amazing people , who offer all of us the mirror to our own humanity . +if you take a clo@@ se@@ -up of those , they look like this . +and if it is -- and particularly given the fact that we came very close to extin@@ ction . +so about 10,000 years ago by the black sea , we had one mu@@ tation in one gene which led to blue eyes . +three different op@@ tions . +you can tag them with proteins that light up when you light them . +but one question you might want to ask is , are we seeing a ra@@ pid evolution of the brain and of how we process data ? +throughout human evolution , multiple ver@@ sions of humans co-@@ exi@@ sted . could we be mi@@ d-@@ up@@ grade now ? at tedx@@ sum@@ mit , ju@@ an en@@ ri@@ que@@ z s@@ wee@@ ps across time and space to bring us to the present moment -- and shows how technology is reve@@ aling evidence that suggests ra@@ pid evolution may be under way . +and when that happens there 's moment that causes this robot to roll . +you can send them inside buildings like this as first respon@@ ders to look for in@@ tru@@ ders , maybe look for bio@@ chemical lea@@ ks , gas@@ e@@ ous lea@@ ks . +so the robot is obviously capable of ex@@ ecu@@ ting any cur@@ ve tra@@ je@@ c@@ tory . +so when we have a robot which is surro@@ unded by neighb@@ ors -- and let 's look at robot i and robot j -- what we want the robots to do is to monit@@ or the separ@@ ation between them as they fly in forma@@ tion . +this is work done by qu@@ enti@@ n lin@@ d@@ sey who 's a graduate student . +and that 's how it popul@@ ates this map . +we 're very co-@@ evolved , because we dep@@ end on bees for pol@@ lin@@ ation and , even more recently , as an economic com@@ modi@@ ty . +there 's a counter@@ intui@@ tive trend that we noticed in these numbers . so let 's look at the first me@@ tri@@ c here , over@@ w@@ inter@@ ing survival . +it 's 196@@ 8 , and we 're pretty much co@@ vering asia . +it 's like , " u@@ gh , " so that 's what we do . +i would like to encoura@@ ge you to open your mind . +one is a super@@ market standard : white bread , pre-@@ pac@@ ka@@ ged , which i 'm told is called a wonder@@ bread . +but we have , somehow , in the course of the last few cent@@ u@@ ries , or even decades , started to cul@@ tiv@@ ate an image of a my@@ th@@ ical , rural agri@@ cultural past . +and this is true , as you can see , for all countries , including the so-@@ called developing countries . +the costs have been tremendous -- water pollution , all the things you know about , destruction of our habit@@ ats . +in fact we do not want this poor woman to work the land like this . +but yes there are some solutions . +i want to see fish pon@@ ds in par@@ king lots and bas@@ ements . +we need to make them proud of being a farmer because they allow us to survive . +living with a physical dis@@ ability isn 't easy anywhere in the world , but if you live in a country like the united states , there 's certain app@@ ur@@ ten@@ an@@ ces available to you that do make life easier . +it 's the person that 's sli@@ ding his hands up and down the le@@ vers , so the mechan@@ ism itself can be very simple and com@@ posed of bi@@ cycle parts you can get anywhere in the world . +and then you can also engage the end user in the design process , and not just ask him what he needs , but ask him how he thinks it can be achie@@ ved . +what my purpose of the talk today really is , is to sort of inde@@ li@@ bly sc@@ ar your minds with these char@@ is@@ matic and ma@@ je@@ stic creatures . +and they didn 't kill it . they called us to catch it . +and now the king co@@ br@@ a is a new one . +i mean , just incredible to see bun@@ ches of gh@@ ari@@ al bas@@ king on the river again . +and , you know , once a tox@@ in is in the food chain everything is affected , including us . +so , people talk about political will . +r@@ w : yes , this is actually the first time anyone of us knew about it , for one thing . +and it 's not a diet . +now i thought , you know , if we just did good science , that would change medical practice . but , that was a little nai@@ ve . +and yet , look at the number of pres@@ cri@@ p@@ tions that are being sold . +but the problem is , you get hun@@ gry , so it 's hard to keep it off . +it also helps reduce the risk of the most common can@@ cers like breast , pro@@ state and col@@ on cancer . +when we looked at their p@@ sa levels -- which is a mar@@ ker for pro@@ state cancer -- they got worse in the control group , but they actually got better in the experiment@@ al group , and these differences were highly significant . +it was a rand@@ om@@ i@@ zed control study published in the lan@@ c@@ et . +b@@ p : i was born old . +the human form , in particular the human head , has been considered the hol@@ y gra@@ il of our industry . +and so , in 2004 , they com@@ mis@@ sion@@ ed us to do a screen test of ben@@ jam@@ in . +and we also needed to make sure that we could take bra@@ d 's i@@ dio@@ syn@@ cr@@ as@@ ies , his little tics , the little sub@@ t@@ le@@ ties that make him who he is and have that trans@@ late through our process so that it appe@@ ars in ben@@ jam@@ in on the screen . +we started to look out in other fields . +this is when we 're like , " ok , we 're going to be ok , this is actually going to work . " +and because the life cast , or the b@@ ust -- the ma@@ qu@@ ette -- of ben@@ jam@@ in was made from bra@@ d , we could trans@@ pose the data of bra@@ d at 4@@ 4 onto bra@@ d at 8@@ 7 . +and then this is what we called the " dead head , " no re@@ ference to jer@@ ry gar@@ ci@@ a . +so , effectively we created a digital pu@@ p@@ pet that bra@@ d pit@@ t could operate with his own face . +and the bear cu@@ bs were being harv@@ est@@ ed from across the country and being sold and tra@@ ded . +and then it started , there was no turning back after that . +and the beautiful be@@ ars can of course live in the wild again . +we were in the desert , in wa@@ di r@@ um , in a small je@@ ep . +so as we talked , richard and i , i said , " you know , maybe i should bring a cam@@ el . +but not a big -- for instance , in ze@@ br@@ as , they have a huge ear that 's very mobile , so they can actually turn them both around . +you can actually see , right here , it will vi@@ bra@@ te . +well , if poor old su@@ ki is in search of a mate , what would su@@ ki do to find the perfect mate ? +i 'm built to last . +and i think when you look at the animal king@@ dom , that is one of the most remarkable things . +when i was po@@ et lau@@ re@@ ate , there i go again -- i can 't help it , it 's true -- i created a poetry chan@@ nel on del@@ ta air@@ lines that la@@ sted for a couple of years . +some days i put the people in their places at the table , b@@ end their legs at the k@@ ne@@ es , if they come with that fe@@ ature , and fix them into the tiny woo@@ den cha@@ irs . +the po@@ em that 's coming up is based on him trying to tell me a little something about a dom@@ esti@@ c point of e@@ ti@@ qu@@ ette in country living that i had a very hard time , at first , process@@ ing . +i just have time to read a more recent po@@ em to you . +and so it makes you wonder , what would happen if we hadn 't ta@@ sted the fru@@ it of knowledge , so to speak , and what kind of mor@@ ality would we have ? +the wol@@ f is , after all , a very co@@ oper@@ ative animal . +he takes basically everything . +and so what we do in the next step is we rele@@ ase one eleph@@ ant before the other , and that eleph@@ ant needs to be smart enough to stay there and wait and not pull at the rop@@ e -- because if he pul@@ ls at the rop@@ e , it disappe@@ ars and the whole test is over . +humans y@@ a@@ wn when others y@@ a@@ wn . +in this case , we put two chimpanze@@ es si@@ de-@@ b@@ y-@@ side . +and so we found that the chimpanze@@ es do care about the well-@@ being of somebody else -- especially , these are other members of their own group . +and that 's what she does . +so let 's watch a movement happen , start to finish , in under three minutes and dis@@ se@@ ct some lessons from it . +so first , if you are the type , like the shir@@ t@@ less dan@@ cing guy that is standing alone , remember the importance of nur@@ turing your first few follo@@ wers as equ@@ als so it 's clearly about the movement , not you . +but i decided to learn about the bi@@ ble and my her@@ it@@ age by actually di@@ ving in and trying to live it and immer@@ se myself in it . +and my imm@@ un@@ ologist told me that i should also wi@@ pe down all of the remote contro@@ ls and i@@ phones in my house , because those are just or@@ gi@@ es of ger@@ ms . +without the sex part . +but i think we can use their techniques and apply them to healthy food . +so what we found was , when tr@@ yp@@ top@@ han was low , people were more likely to take re@@ ven@@ ge when they 're treated un@@ fairly . +but i didn 't find any . +sure , it is involved in positive emotions like love and compassion , but it 's also involved in tons of other processes , like memory , language , attention , even an@@ ger , dis@@ g@@ ust and pain . +there 's just one problem . +and perhaps one ar@@ che@@ ologist becomes an inst@@ ant cele@@ bri@@ ty when she disco@@ vers -- bu@@ ried in the h@@ ills somewhere in north america -- massive ver@@ sions of these same sym@@ b@@ ols . +or maybe that big ? +so as i showed you , they 're usually found on these se@@ als that are very , very tiny . +now there 's several thoughts . there 's e@@ . it could be i@@ . it could be a , but certainly not b , c or d , right ? +we found that the indu@@ s scri@@ pt actually falls within the range of the l@@ ingu@@ i@@ stic scri@@ p@@ ts . +that 's our next big challenge . +today , we can write a word such as ted in eg@@ yp@@ ti@@ an hier@@ o@@ gl@@ yp@@ hi@@ cs and in c@@ un@@ ei@@ form scri@@ pt , because both of these were deci@@ pher@@ ed in the 19@@ th century . +and this is the space probe cas@@ sin@@ i pir@@ ou@@ et@@ ting through the ice r@@ ings of saturn . +using the very first tele@@ phone , wat@@ son was in fact di@@ aled into the hea@@ v@@ ens . +a myster@@ i@@ ous per@@ si@@ stent noise was dis@@ rup@@ ting their research . +and as soon as they had la@@ id all these , all their big st@@ ack of these je@@ wel@@ ed par@@ as@@ ols that they used to carry in ancient india , he per@@ formed a kind of special effect which made it into a giant planet@@ ari@@ um , the wonder of the universe . everyone looked in that , and they saw in there the total inter@@ connec@@ te@@ dness of all life in all univer@@ ses . +because that co@@ s@@ mic basic idea that it is us all alone , each of us , and everyone else is different , then that puts us in an impossible situation , doesn 't it ? +it 's really too bor@@ ing whether you feel like this or like that , or what , you know -- and the more you focus on how you feel , by the way , the worse it gets . +look at that beautiful thing ch@@ ih@@ o showed us . she sc@@ ared us with the la@@ va man . +this is bir@@ han , who was the ethi@@ op@@ ian girl who launched live aid in the 198@@ 0s , 15 minutes away from death when she was res@@ cu@@ ed , and that picture of her being res@@ cu@@ ed is one that went round the world . +but it took 24 years for the campaign to be successful . +am@@ y win@@ e@@ house said , " nel@@ son mand@@ ela and i have a lot in common . +i have just been talking to the president of si@@ er@@ ra le@@ one . +so we have got to create in this world also institutions for pe@@ ac@@ e@@ keeping and human@@ it@@ arian aid , but also for re@@ construction and security for some of the confli@@ c@@ t-@@ ri@@ dden states of the world . +so you go to the liter@@ ature . +the foot is distribu@@ ted along the whole leg . +not just with the traditional foot , but also the leg , and even of the body . +and where they have a problem with this kind of mes@@ h , because they don 't have sp@@ ines . +it 's a secret . the animal effectively clim@@ bs by sli@@ pping and look -- and doing , actually , terri@@ bly , with respect to grab@@ bing on the surface . +watch what happens when the foot goes onto your sandwi@@ ch . +we discovered they work by inter@@ molecular forces alone . +and here it is coming up at you , in its first steps up a wall . +so there 's a clear message : whether you care about a fundamental , basic research of really interesting , bizar@@ re , wonderful animals , or you want to build a se@@ arch@@ -@@ and-@@ res@@ cu@@ e robot that can help you in an earth@@ qua@@ ke , or to save someone in a fire , or you care about medicine , we must preser@@ ve nature 's designs . +this is a cal@@ f in cap@@ tivity making an im@@ it@@ ation if you hum@@ med this tun@@ e to your dog or c@@ at and it hum@@ med it back to you , you ought to be pretty surprised . +as you can see at the top here , they share an up@@ -@@ swe@@ ep , like " wo@@ op , wo@@ op , wo@@ op . " +notice how few barri@@ ers there are to movement across all of the oceans compared to land . +hum@@ p@@ bac@@ ks , when they develop the ability to sing this song , they 're listening to other wh@@ ales and modi@@ fying what they sing based on what they 're hearing , just like song birds or the dolph@@ in whi@@ st@@ les i described . +but you can still hear that fa@@ int call . +i 'll describe a couple strategi@@ es . +en@@ danger@@ ed wh@@ ales are killed every year by ship colli@@ sion , and it 's very important to try to reduce this . +at the same time , we need to be really creative in thinking of solutions to be able to help reduce these problems . +first , it en@@ ables you to experience the universe : the worldwide telescop@@ e , for me , is a kind of magic car@@ pet that lets you navi@@ gate through the universe where you want to go . +it 'll be a free down@@ load -- thank you , cra@@ ig m@@ un@@ die -- and it 'll be available at the website world@@ wi@@ de@@ telescop@@ e@@ .@@ or@@ g , which is something new . +it 's a social aw@@ k@@ war@@ dness like you 're a stran@@ ger in a foreign land . +that means they 're totally out of syn@@ c in traditional clas@@ ses , which are anal@@ o@@ g , sta@@ tic , inter@@ ac@@ tively passi@@ ve . +we have so much technology no@@ wa@@ days that these inter@@ faces should start con@@ forming to us . +this kind of technology is going to let even more people get into it , and i 'm really looking forward to inter@@ acting with all you guys over the next few days and seeing how it can apply to your respe@@ ctive fields . +corruption ? poverty ? or is it something else ? +we want to go on with our daily life even though we are not living under normal circum@@ stances . +recently -- this is a sensitive figure -- 35 public ly@@ n@@ ch@@ ings have been recor@@ ded so far in 2010 in mexico . +with a thousand juli@@ á@@ ns working together , mexico would be a very different country . +this is a call so that every single thing we love about mexico -- the festi@@ v@@ als , the markets , the restaurants , the c@@ ant@@ in@@ as , the te@@ qu@@ il@@ a , the mar@@ i@@ ach@@ is , the ser@@ en@@ a@@ des , the pos@@ a@@ das , el gri@@ to , the day of the dead , san mi@@ gu@@ el , the joy , the passion for life , the fight and everything it means to be mexi@@ can -- doesn 't disappe@@ ar from this world . +thanks . thank you . now , ju@@ g@@ gling can be a lot of fun ; play with sk@@ ill and play with space , play with rhyth@@ m . +or you can go back and change the hei@@ ght . now , sk@@ ill . +bring it back up . +finger , finger , finger , finger , finger , finger , finger , finger . +why the hell should i learn this ? ok ? +and what do you de@@ dic@@ ate it to , in explor@@ ing a particular thing ? +i app@@ ren@@ tic@@ ed with a car@@ p@@ enter and learned about pl@@ um@@ b , square and level . +and the lat@@ est thing that i 'm working on -- -- is something really -- i don 't know what it is yet . +and so thinking back , i was thinking those of us in silicon valley were really focused on products or objects -- certainly technologi@@ cal objects . +i have a few of them -- they 're no more than a minute or a min@@ u@@ te@@ -@@ and-@@ a-@@ half ap@@ ie@@ ce -- but i thought you might be interested in seeing some of our work over the last year , and how it respon@@ ds in video . +then when you ex@@ it the ima@@ x the@@ at@@ re on the fourth floor -- mostly teen@@ a@@ gers coming out of there -- there 's this big open space that has these tables in it that have inter@@ active games which are quite fun , also designed by dur@@ r@@ ell [ bis@@ ho@@ p ] and andre@@ w [ hir@@ ni@@ ak ] of it@@ ch . +and of course : a ham@@ mo@@ ck for your after@@ noon na@@ p that stre@@ t@@ ches across your cu@@ bi@@ cle . +you watch the video with super@@ im@@ posed graphi@@ cs that indi@@ cate your dep@@ th and comp@@ ass head@@ ing . +there is more of it than you think , actually . +a photo is not enough . " +the laws of physics : invisible , e@@ ternal , om@@ ni@@ present , all@@ -@@ powerful . +and i said , " yes . " and he said , " why can 't i ? " +i find that extraordinary , not to be able to see light , not to be able to see dar@@ k@@ ness . +" why are we here ? " and " what should we do about it while we are ? +this is extremely practical , but not so a@@ wes@@ ome . +so you have five million , that is , five million auth@@ ors and five million pla@@ inti@@ ff@@ s is a massive law@@ suit . +two ro@@ ws from this table of two billion ent@@ ries . +and it turns out that we can measure that very pre@@ cis@@ ely . +so that 's sort of what we expect . +we have to make this available for people . " +and when that happens , that will transform the way we have to understand our past , our present and human culture . +but that 's not all . +this is not tri@@ vi@@ al . +or just try this one on for size . +and if we can teach listening in our schools , we can take our listening off that sli@@ p@@ per@@ y slo@@ pe to that dangerous , sc@@ ary world that i talked about and move it to a place where everybody is consci@@ ously listening all the time -- or at least capable of doing it . +and mean@@ while , i was tour@@ ing lo@@ cally and playing in ni@@ ght@@ clu@@ bs with my band , the d@@ res@@ den doll@@ s . +i 've always been with my band or my cre@@ w . +and this starts happening all the time . +this is my ki@@ ck@@ star@@ ter bac@@ ker party in ber@@ lin . +well let me tell you , in terms of changing the world there has been a lot of competition this year , because the arab spring is still spre@@ ading , the euro@@ zone has collap@@ sed ... what else ? +actually , that photo was pa@@ sted in a police station , and what you see on the ground are id cards of all the photos of people being tra@@ cked by the police . +kids just make photos in a class , the teacher recei@@ ves them , they pa@@ ste them on the school . +i do two things : i design mobile computers and i study brains . +i thought the word frame@@ work was great . +one is -- the most basic one is -- people like to know things . +and it 's a real sh@@ ame . now why has this come about ? +and finally , some people say , well , you know , i don 't feel like a bunch of cells , you know . i 'm conscious . +evolution 's the same thing . we taught our kids , well , the bi@@ ble says , you know , god created all these species , cat@@ s are cat@@ s , dogs are dogs , people are people , plants are plants , they don 't change . +and that somehow , predi@@ ction leads to intelligent behavior . +and in the future , when it sees something similar to that again , so in a similar environment , or the ex@@ act same environment , it 'll play it back . it 'll start playing it back . +door , door , door , you know , color , you know what i 'm saying . +then , if in that frame@@ work , you take a bunch of theore@@ ti@@ cians . +no dou@@ bt that it 's going to happen , in my mind . +i 'm actually here to make a challenge to people . +just that little bit of money , which to me , i wish it was in my bank account -- it 's not , but ... +i spoke with a@@ ung sun su@@ u k@@ y@@ i a couple of days ago . +but if they were together plan@@ ting trees for the environment , it was okay -- creativity . +but it was the actions , together , of all of us that brought about that change . +today , in swe@@ den and other rich countries , people are using so many different machines . +but when i lec@@ ture to environ@@ ment@@ all@@ y-@@ concerned students , they tell me , " no , everybody in the world cannot have cars and was@@ hing machines . " +second , economic growth . +it 's a real challenge in the future . +i would like to tell you a story conne@@ cting the not@@ ori@@ ous priv@@ acy inci@@ dent invol@@ ving adam and e@@ ve , and the remarkable shift in the boundar@@ ies between public and private which has occur@@ red in the past 10 years . +do you see where i 'm going with this ? +dis@@ crimin@@ ation was happening through social media for equ@@ ally sk@@ ill@@ ed can@@ di@@ dat@@ es . +we repe@@ ated the experiment with the same two groups , this time ad@@ ding a del@@ ay between the time we told subje@@ cts how we would use their data and the time we actually started ans@@ wer@@ ing the questions . +they become aware . they achieve autonom@@ y . +i once -- this was years ago -- i saw ted ken@@ ne@@ dy and dan qua@@ yle meet in the well of the sen@@ ate . +and it 's led to a view of human nature that we 're rational individuals who respond in stra@@ ig@@ ht@@ forward ways to in@@ centi@@ ves , and it 's led to ways of seeing the world where people try to use the assu@@ mp@@ tions of physics to measure how human behavior is . +they have kids of their own , and they 've achie@@ ved a genetic mira@@ cle by mar@@ rying beautiful people , so their grand@@ mom@@ s look like ger@@ tru@@ de stein , their dau@@ gh@@ ters looks like hal@@ le ber@@ ry -- i don 't know how they 've done that . +people with stro@@ kes and les@@ i@@ ons in the emotion@@ -@@ process@@ ing parts of the brain are not super smart , they 're actually sometimes quite hel@@ pl@@ ess . +but i think this research shows that the british en@@ ligh@@ ten@@ ment , or the scot@@ tish en@@ ligh@@ ten@@ ment , with david hu@@ me , adam smith , actually had a better hand@@ le on who we are -- that reason is often we@@ ak , our sen@@ ti@@ ments are strong , and our sen@@ ti@@ ments are often tru@@ st@@ wor@@ thy . +nin@@ et@@ y-@@ six percent of college students say they have abo@@ ve-@@ average social skills . +but this is the source of innovation . +thank you . +and i tell you stories from there . +we are living among those men : they 're our brothers , fa@@ thers , un@@ cles , cou@@ s@@ ins , all around us . +she works for a very big company , a work@@ shop in hy@@ der@@ ab@@ ad , making fur@@ ni@@ tures . +it 's very fashi@@ on@@ able to talk about human traff@@ i@@ cking , in this fantastic a-@@ c hall . +i 'm asking you , for these children , whose faces you see , they 're no more . +just to let you know , i do not have a le@@ xi@@ co@@ graphi@@ cal whi@@ st@@ le . +computers ! what about computers ? +so -- -- now , when you think about this , what we have here is a ham bu@@ tt problem . +no . there will still be paper dic@@ tion@@ aries . +you didn 't break it . it 's just in a new position , and that new position can be just as beautiful . +if we think of the dic@@ tion@@ ary as being the map of the english language , these bright spo@@ ts are what we know about , and the dark spo@@ ts are where we are in the dark . +because i 'm going to the internet , which is where everybody goes . +and we can make the dic@@ tion@@ ary not just be a symbol of the language -- we can make it be the whole language . +the date was febru@@ ary 2000 . +we talk about this a lot , and i thought about trying to give an example of this . so , just one example : ma@@ d@@ ame de g@@ au@@ lle , the wife of the french president , was fam@@ ously asked once , " what do you most desire ? " +je@@ ff be@@ z@@ os kin@@ dly re@@ mar@@ ked to me , " chris , ted is a really great conference . +i 'm in this for the long run , and i would be great@@ ly hon@@ or@@ ed and excited if you 'll come on this journey with me . +for one thing , gps doesn 't work in@@ do@@ ors , and for another , they don 't make devices quite this small , especially when those devices have to rela@@ y their measu@@ re@@ ments back over a network . +in fact , as i looked into her case , i discovered to my surprise that it 's not clearly illegal for you or me to put a tracking device on someone else 's car . +so let me show you how this works . +so something felt very wrong about the world . +we call ourselves por@@ s and ra@@ o , and we live and work in india . +this is a video prototyp@@ e . +but as soon as they passed by , it would start to clim@@ b up the wall in jer@@ ky fashion . +and once a cre@@ ature po@@ ps into our minds , it 's almost like the process of creation is to discover the way this cre@@ ature really wants to exist and what form it wants to take and what way it wants to move . +but we move to cities , toward the bright lights , and one of the things that is there that we want , bes@@ i@@ des jobs , is electricity . +li@@ ke@@ wise , with solar , especially here in california , we 're disco@@ vering that the 80 solar farm sch@@ em@@ es that are going forward want to basically bu@@ ll@@ do@@ ze 1,000 square miles of southern california desert . +so argu@@ ing against , a man who 's been at the ni@@ tty , gri@@ tty heart of the energy debate and the climate change debate for years . +and this doesn 't even account for the foot@@ print on the ground . +over the ocean , it 's not even land . +nuclear , the time lag alone will allow the arc@@ tic to melt and other places to melt more . +solving the world 's problems can be done , if you really put your mind to it and use clean , rene@@ w@@ able energy . +thank you . +so each of you has really just a couple sent@@ ences -- 30 seconds each to sum up . +sh@@ am@@ eless . sh@@ am@@ eless . sh@@ am@@ eless . +we explore for three reasons , the we@@ ak@@ est of which is curi@@ osity . +the shu@@ ttle is co@@ sting a billion dollars a laun@@ ch . +100 bucks . that 's the pri@@ ce-@@ impro@@ vement cur@@ ve that -- we need some break@@ through@@ s in physics along the way , i 'll gr@@ ant you that . +we went -- i went to 100 , 200 ce@@ os , c@@ mo@@ s . +when you want the taste that won 't wei@@ gh you down , the only way to go is up . +then , you 've got to , you know , face potential public ridi@@ cule of -- that 's a crazy idea , it 'll never work . +nature 's main process of creation , mor@@ pho@@ gen@@ es@@ is , is the spli@@ tting of one cell into two cells . +i designed the process that gener@@ ated the form . +and unlike traditional architecture , it 's a single process that creates both the over@@ all form and the microscop@@ ic surface detail . +it took me several months to design the colum@@ n , but ultimately it takes the computer about 30 seconds to calcu@@ late all of the 16 million faces . +there 's that di@@ p there for the 19@@ 18 flu . +you we@@ ed down through various steps that cause many of these to fail . +it 's called hu@@ t@@ chin@@ son@@ -@@ gil@@ ford pro@@ geria , and it is the most dra@@ matic form of pre@@ ma@@ ture aging . +so i just want to say a couple more things about that particular story , and then try to gener@@ alize how could we have stories of success all over the place for these diseases , as sam says , these 4@@ ,000 that are waiting for answers . +you probably know , if you 've been paying attention to some of the science liter@@ ature that you can now take a skin cell and encoura@@ ge it to become a li@@ ver cell or a heart cell or a kid@@ ney cell or a brain cell for any of us . +if you don 't believe me , just ask sam . +and for us young people , they 're looking to become individuals and find their differences am@@ on@@ gst themselves . +we 're here , we 're part of a community , sharing out ideas and discus@@ sing them . +this institution is govern@@ ment@@ -@@ bac@@ ked and it has been the case for the past three decades . +us@@ eless . +my work is -- it 's a refle@@ ction of myself . +at that age , obviously , i couldn 't express it that way , but i told her i didn 't feel right . +it became part of me . +and i looked at it bene@@ ath the microscop@@ e . and some of it was flat . +so to cut the story short , i decided that i had to go back and do it . +can anybody see the bla@@ de on the end of that need@@ le ? +and i looked at it underneath the microscop@@ e . +i remember one time i was doing it , and the window was open . +i used a microscop@@ ic sh@@ ard of diam@@ ond to actually car@@ ve the actual base . +constru@@ cted each plan@@ k of gold . +and these doctors or these ma@@ sters , these spi@@ ritual ma@@ sters of the su@@ f@@ i tradition , re@@ fer to teach@@ ings and examples of our prop@@ he@@ t that teach us where the source of our problems lies . +all we have to do is to get our e@@ gos out of the way , get our e@@ go@@ tis@@ m out of the way . +and these should also be the primary at@@ tribu@@ tes of what it means to be human . +and one day i was explor@@ ing this cul@@ -@@ de-@@ sa@@ c hidden away a few streets away . +the next day i came to see him . i was like , " doctor , that was a really good jo@@ ke . " +in ar@@ kan@@ s@@ as they don 't even ask . " +and je@@ ff came up bes@@ i@@ de me and said , " so , have you ever been co@@ w ti@@ pping ? " +two weeks after my diagno@@ sis , a bi@@ op@@ sy con@@ fir@@ med i had a se@@ ven@@ -@@ in@@ ch o@@ ste@@ o@@ sar@@ com@@ a in my left fe@@ mu@@ r . +and i hung up the phone , and i put my face in my hands , and i scre@@ am@@ ed this sil@@ ent scre@@ am . +and one of the profound things that happened was this act of actually conne@@ cting to all these people . +don 't give in to the wall . +and every seven sets of seven years , the land gets an extra year of rest during which time all families are re@@ united and people surro@@ unded with the ones they love . +so if you go to 2@@ 3@@ and@@ me , or if you go to coun@@ c@@ il@@ o@@ f@@ da@@ d@@ s@@ .com , you can click on a link . +a@@ o : you did teach yourself to play , and as a con@@ sequence , playing the piano for you , derek , was a lot of k@@ nu@@ ck@@ les and kar@@ ate ch@@ ops , and even a bit of nose going on in there . +and hopefully we can show the audience now how it is you do what you do . +dp : " flight of the bu@@ m@@ ble@@ be@@ e " on that note . +dp : he played " ch@@ op@@ sti@@ cks . " a@@ o : and played " ch@@ op@@ sti@@ cks . " +this is known as the theme building ; that is its name for reasons that are still very mur@@ ky . +does anyone know ? ch@@ i ? +they 're fighting to develop their own way of living within the forest in a world that 's clean , a world that isn 't cont@@ amin@@ ated , a world that isn 't pollu@@ ted . +and we use gs@@ i -- geographic whatever it is , gs@@ i -- to deter@@ mine the range of the ch@@ im@@ ps . +we now know that at g@@ om@@ be alone , there are nine different ways in which chimpanze@@ es use different objects for different pur@@ pos@@ es . +so , the sad thing is that these chimpanze@@ es -- who 've perhaps taught us , more than any other cre@@ ature , a little hu@@ mili@@ ty -- are in the wild , disappe@@ aring very fast . +the one thing we have , which makes us so different from chimpanze@@ es or other living creatures , is this sophisti@@ cated spo@@ ken language -- a language with which we can tell children about things that aren 't here . +there 's little bro@@ ch@@ ures all around outside , and if any of you have anything to do with children and care about their future , i be@@ g that you pick up that bro@@ ch@@ ure . +we want to go and spend time with the old people and hear their stories and record their oral hi@@ stories . +and i believe that a group like this can have a very major impact , not just because you can share technology with us , but because so many of you have children . +it 's in your hands and my hands and those of our children . +so how do we do this ? well , we use a model system that we term a proto@@ cell . +it could run a me@@ tab@@ oli@@ s@@ m on it . +it can sense its local environment and actually find resources in the environment to susta@@ in itself . +so since we can make some interesting proto@@ cells that we like , interesting colors and interesting behaviors , and they 're very easy to make , and they have interesting life@@ like properties , perhaps these proto@@ cells have something to tell us about the orig@@ in of life on the earth . perhaps these represent an easily acc@@ essi@@ ble step , one of the first steps by which life got started on the early earth . +this is used in re@@ ference to a report in 2007 by the national research coun@@ cil in the united states , wher@@ ein they tried to understand how we can look for life el@@ se@@ where in the universe , okay , especially if that life is very different from life on earth . if we went to another planet and we thought there might be life there , how could we even recognize it as life ? +80 to 90 percent of their time was spent on five things . +the cul@@ min@@ ation of this is if you 've success@@ fully raised your ta@@ d@@ pole , obser@@ ving the behavi@@ oral and develop@@ mental events , you will then go and introdu@@ ce your ta@@ d@@ pole to its nam@@ es@@ a@@ ke and disc@@ uss the evidence that you 've seen . +there 's an old cell@@ phone in there -- a good use for old cell@@ phones -- which di@@ als the clin@@ ic , we go and pick up the mouse . +what the climate crisis has reve@@ aled to us is a secon@@ dar@@ y , more insi@@ di@@ ous and more per@@ v@@ asi@@ ve crisis , which is the crisis of agen@@ cy , which is what to do . +and then i swa@@ p it out with the students and actually re-@@ rele@@ ase that carbon black . +and an early test which argument e@@ lic@@ ited co@@ oper@@ ative behavior from the people below -- about a hundred to one decided that this was the argument that worked best on us . +in this case , instead of thro@@ wing che@@ wing g@@ um , or dor@@ it@@ os or whatever you have in your po@@ cket at the fish -- there 's a body of water in ic@@ eland that i 've been dealing with that 's in the middle of the city , and the largest pollution bur@@ den on it is not the ro@@ ad@@ bor@@ ne pollution , it 's actually white bread from people fe@@ eding the fish and the birds . +did you know that today we main@@ tain a global her@@ d of 60 billion animals to provide our meat , da@@ ir@@ y , eg@@ gs and lea@@ ther goods ? +the animal could be a co@@ w , lam@@ b , or even something more ex@@ o@@ tic . +it need not look like this , which is actually the state of the art today . +he didn 't write " little red laptop computer " or " little red di@@ rt de@@ vil . " +and sequ@@ el truly is a real car . +we actually think the future 's going to be event@@ -@@ driven . +and secon@@ dly , it 's a fundamental business pro@@ position . +so my mom said , " you 're going on a bus an hour and a half away from where we live every day . " +he 's like , " no , miss , i 'm not going . +anima@@ tion , software , mo@@ vie@@ making software , they have it all . +when i was 15 years old , it was necessary for me to leave this place and go to a town a little bit bigger -- much bigger -- where i did the second part of secon@@ dar@@ y school . +you must stop . stop . +we worked with a lot of companies in brazil that put money into this project , the government . +i put the question -- three or four weeks ago , we saw in the new@@ spa@@ pers millions of fish that die in nor@@ way . +we here inside the room , i believe that we have the same conc@@ ern , and the model that we created in brazil , we can transp@@ l@@ ant it here . +i 'd go to times square and i 'd look at the amazing ladies on the wall , and wonder why nobody is looking at the histor@@ ical fig@@ ures just behind them . +you can see the li@@ spen@@ ard me@@ a@@ do@@ ws dra@@ ining down through here , through what is tri@@ bec@@ a now , and the be@@ ach@@ es that come up from the battery , all the way to 4@@ 2@@ n@@ d st . +we know that there was a len@@ ap@@ e sett@@ le@@ ment down here by the collect pon@@ d . +and rapi@@ dly we started to realize that be@@ a@@ vers can be something that a bo@@ b@@ c@@ at needs . +and perhaps a black bear walked by . and maybe na@@ tive americans were there . +and even though i 've only had a brief time to speak , i hope you appreci@@ ate that man@@ na@@ hat@@ ta was a very special place . +and , you know , built the society that we now live in . +and they may not want to live exactly like us . +and people who live in cities in the developed world tend to be very pro@@ sper@@ ous , and th@@ us use a lot of stuff . +another thing that information technology lets us do is start fig@@ uring out how to use less stuff by knowing , and by monit@@ or@@ ing , the amount we 're actually using . +most of those c@@ ites are growing incredibly quickly . +so one of the things that that 's leading to is a sort of southern cultural explosion . +so l@@ ul@@ a , he 's full of problems , full of con@@ tradi@@ ctions , but one of the things that he 's doing is , he is putting forward an idea of how we engage in international rela@@ tions that completely shif@@ ts the balance from the standard sort of nor@@ th-@@ south dialo@@ gue into a whole new way of global collaboration . +here 's a design for dist@@ ill@@ ing water using sun@@ light . +you know , that it 's not just enough to survive . +sop@@ a stands for the stop online pi@@ ra@@ cy act . +we do like to consu@@ me , but every time one of these new tools came along , it turned out we also like to produce and we like to share . +that is a side effect of their ordinary operation . +so this is the internet they have in mind . +they don 't want legal distin@@ ctions between legal and illegal sharing . +it changed my life . +" what are you doing here ? +so the college works following the lifest@@ yle and work@@ style of ma@@ hat@@ ma gand@@ hi . +we are the only ones who actually re@@ turned the a@@ ward for $ 5@@ 0,000 , because they didn 't believe us , and we thought that they were actually ca@@ sting as@@ per@@ sions on the bar@@ e@@ foot architec@@ ts of ti@@ lon@@ ia . +but the people who fabri@@ cated that solar coo@@ ker are women , il@@ liter@@ ate women , who actually fabri@@ cate the most sophisti@@ cated solar coo@@ ker . +she has a cab@@ in@@ et , a minister of education , a minister for energy , a minister for health . +men are rest@@ less , men are ambi@@ tious , men are comp@@ ul@@ si@@ vely mobile , and they all want a cer@@ ti@@ fic@@ ate . +and they haven 't collap@@ sed . +i knew which woman i would like to take . +don 't listen to the world bank , listen to the people on the ground . +our narra@@ tive here is real f@@ mr@@ i data that 's ma@@ pped visu@@ ally and son@@ ically . +oxygen , hydro@@ gen and zin@@ c have their own sig@@ nature . +and yet in two million years the human brain has nearly tri@@ pl@@ ed in mass , going from the one-@@ and-@@ a-@@ quar@@ ter po@@ und brain of our ance@@ st@@ or here , hab@@ ili@@ s , to the almost three-@@ po@@ und me@@ at@@ lo@@ a@@ f that everybody here has between their e@@ ars . +because the fact is that a year after losing the use of their legs , and a year after w@@ inning the lot@@ to , lot@@ tery w@@ inn@@ ers and par@@ ap@@ legi@@ cs are equ@@ ally happy with their lives . +who are these characters who are so dam@@ n happy ? +and then finally -- you know , the best of all possible worl@@ ds -- some of you recognize this young photo of pe@@ te best , who was the original dru@@ mmer for the be@@ at@@ les , until they , you know , sent him out on an er@@ rand and s@@ nu@@ ck away and picked up ring@@ o on a tour . +in this case , because the experiment i 'm going to tell you about uses them , these are mon@@ et prin@@ ts . +we expla@@ ined we would have number three ma@@ iled to them . +it turns out that freedom -- the ability to make up your mind and change your mind -- is the friend of natural happiness , because it allows you to choose among all those deli@@ cious fu@@ tures and find the one that you would most enjoy . +so we gave them c@@ ameras ; they went around cam@@ pus ; they took 12 pictures of their favorite profess@@ ors and their dor@@ m room and their dog , and all the other things they wanted to have harvard memor@@ ies of . +they don 't like their picture , and in fact even after the opportunity to swa@@ p has ex@@ pi@@ red , they still don 't like their picture . why ? +thank you . +sometimes they just explo@@ de before your eyes or come down su@@ person@@ ic . +i have a little cu@@ ban mother -- she 's about that big . +" pa@@ p@@ i , help . " +i was born in 19 -- i forget , and i came to this country with them in the after@@ math of the cu@@ ban revolution . +and that meant that everyone in the family had to sign up to take her to have her hair dy@@ ed , you know , that pe@@ cu@@ li@@ ar color of blue that mat@@ ches her pol@@ ye@@ ster pants suit , you know , same color as the bu@@ i@@ ck . +she gets into the car -- she 's sitting on two phone books . +it 'll help my brea@@ thing . it 'll do something for my pul@@ se , maybe . +now , you have all been at a m@@ all during the ho@@ li@@ days , yes ? +by now , we have now cra@@ w@@ led another four feet , and my mother finally says to me , " i knew it , i knew it . +we 'll wait for the slow ones . ok . +" no , my daughter , she 's coming in the bu@@ i@@ ck . +people are watching us all around , " right ? +i almost miss it . +what zi@@ p@@ car does is we park cars throughout den@@ se urban areas for members to reser@@ ve , by the hour and by the day , instead of using their own car . +it requi@@ red that it was completely tri@@ vi@@ al : that it takes 30 seconds to reser@@ ve a car , go get it , drive it . +so again , we can see that price plays an enormous role in people 's will@@ ing@@ ness to reduce their driving behavior . +these are also called mes@@ h networks . +these are the next two lines in the movie . +and this open-@@ source version means that it could be -- if we did a brilliant job of it -- it could be used around the world very quickly . +2006 was a great year . +and as these dark clou@@ ds were cir@@ cl@@ ing me , and i was finding it really , really difficult to think of anything good , i said to myself that i really needed a way to focus on the positive somehow . +i 'd love to just talk about each one brie@@ fly . +so there was a time when it was your first time ever hit@@ ting a string of green lights on the way home from work . +so those are the three a 's . +he 's like , " do you know where mor@@ oc@@ co even is ? " +and that 's the sad part . +tour@@ ist : i think that people are very fru@@ strated that they 're not able to get closer to see what 's going on . +and i thought it was ast@@ on@@ ishing to spe@@ cu@@ late , as if this were a competition , on something that was such a fresh wo@@ und . +d@@ r : it was not an inclu@@ sive group . +so dealing with it is just an immedi@@ ate master plan . +sort of like the spin@@ al ta@@ p scene where you get the tiny little st@@ one@@ hen@@ ge , i guess ? +it 's all incredibly hum@@ ble material . +and i truly believe until the issue of memor@@ ial is sor@@ ted out , that it 's going to be very hard to have an intelligent discussion . +those kinds of forms ? +so you can get kind of a feel for this . +but how about the kid on the left , or the ath@@ le@@ te that leaves the field of play ? +let me tell you what i 've come up with . +how old it is ? +and today , we have what is perhaps our most offen@@ sive definition , at least to me , which is the following : to do@@ od@@ le offi@@ cially means to da@@ w@@ d@@ le , to di@@ l@@ ly d@@ ally , to mon@@ key around , to make meaning@@ less mar@@ ks , to do something of little value , sub@@ stance or im@@ port , and -- my personal favorite -- to do nothing . +we think do@@ od@@ ling is something you do when you lose focus , but in reality , it is a pre@@ emp@@ tive measure to stop you from losing focus . +in 200@@ 2 , a group of treatment activi@@ sts met to disc@@ uss the early development of the airplane . +treatment programs became possible , fund@@ ing became available , and the number of people on anti@@ retro@@ vi@@ ral drugs started to increase very rapi@@ dly . +so sur@@ ely if a patent pool could be establi@@ shed to ra@@ mp up the production of military air@@ planes , we should be able to do something similar to t@@ ack@@ le the hiv / aids epidemic . +the rule is about a 10@@ -@@ year del@@ ay for a new product to go to market in developing countries , if at all . +what about ath@@ ens ? medi@@ ter@@ ran@@ e@@ an climate , but in the sun it was not comfortable . they didn 't percei@@ ve comfort . +instead of blo@@ wing a hur@@ ri@@ can@@ e of chil@@ led air through the sta@@ dium , we can use radi@@ ant cool@@ ing technologies , like a floor he@@ ating system where water pi@@ pes are em@@ bed@@ ded in the floor . +and i also hope that you share the idea that if engineers and designers can use all these different cli@@ matic par@@ am@@ e@@ ters , it will be possible to create really good and comfortable out@@ door conditions , to change our ther@@ mal perception that we feel comfortable in an out@@ door environment , and we can do that with the best passi@@ ve design , but also using the energy source of the site in q@@ at@@ ar which is the sun . +the main thing is a fi@@ x-@@ it@@ -@@ lo@@ cally culture , which is fantastic because it means that your product or your service doesn 't have to go through a huge bu@@ re@@ au@@ cra@@ tic system to get it fix@@ ed . +they are basically refer@@ ral services , essentially . +so we are right now doing some syste@@ matic field tests to basically as@@ certain whether something like this actually makes sense to the as@@ ha wor@@ ker . +and i started to see the world in a whole new way , like pa@@ irs of people connected to each other . +and , most importantly , what causes the clu@@ sters ? +and we thought this was a very interesting com@@ ment on america , and a kind of self-@@ ser@@ ving , " not my responsibility " kind of phenomenon . +i mean , there would be an advantage to experi@@ en@@ cing our emotions inside , you know , an@@ ger or happiness . +so to inv@@ o@@ ke another metaphor , if you imagine social networks as a kind of vast fabri@@ c of humanity -- i 'm connected to you and you to her , on out end@@ less@@ ly into the distance -- this fabri@@ c is actually like an ol@@ d-@@ fashi@@ oned american qu@@ il@@ t , and it has pat@@ ches on it : happy and un@@ happy pat@@ ches . +that 's my social experience . " +they 're both made of carbon , and yet one of them has carbon atoms in it that are ar@@ ran@@ ged in one particular way -- on the left -- and you get graphi@@ te , which is soft and dark . +you read about it in your new@@ spa@@ pers . +the c@@ d@@ c recently condu@@ cted a survey where they asked respon@@ dents simply to tell them whether they experienced significant psych@@ ological dist@@ ress in the previous week . +in our study , they are more positive , but they 're also more likely than yo@@ unger people to experience mix@@ ed emotions -- sa@@ dness at the same time you experience happiness ; you know , that te@@ ar in the eye when you 're s@@ mil@@ ing at a friend . +we go on blind dat@@ es . +i mean , this is literally human beings with super@@ -@@ human strength and abilities . +we got ma@@ d@@ d ch@@ add , li@@ l ' c , kid david and j smo@@ oth . +the l@@ x@@ d electri@@ fy the ted@@ 2010 stage with an emerging global stre@@ et@@ -@@ dance culture , re@@ v@@ ved up by the internet . in a pre@@ view of j@@ on ch@@ u 's up@@ coming web series , this ast@@ on@@ ishing trou@@ pe show off their super@@ power@@ s . +according to the treat@@ y , those lands are a so@@ ver@@ eig@@ n nation . +we had plans . +on dec@@ ember 2@@ 9@@ th , u.s. tro@@ ops surro@@ unded a si@@ ou@@ x en@@ cam@@ pment at wo@@ unded k@@ nee cre@@ ek and mas@@ sac@@ red ch@@ ie@@ f big foot and 300 pris@@ on@@ ers of war , using a new rapi@@ d-@@ fire wea@@ pon that fi@@ red explo@@ ding sh@@ ells called a hot@@ ch@@ k@@ is@@ s gun . +2010 : statistics about na@@ tive population today , more than a century after the mas@@ sac@@ re at wo@@ unded k@@ nee , reve@@ al the leg@@ acy of col@@ oni@@ zation , forced migra@@ tion and treat@@ y viol@@ ations . +those events led to a domin@@ o effect that has yet to end . +so , that 's really the goal of my talk , is to a , communicate that moment to you and b , have you leave this s@@ ession a little du@@ mber than when you enter@@ ed . +many of these dea@@ ths were completely pre@@ vent@@ able , and this what i want to think of as the dis@@ con@@ cer@@ ting thing , what i want to call " the last mile " problem . +inter@@ cro@@ pping . inter@@ cro@@ pping really incre@@ ases income . +so , here are these women . they 've seen their parents have strug@@ gl@@ ed with di@@ arr@@ he@@ a , they 've strug@@ gl@@ ed with di@@ arr@@ he@@ a , they 've seen lots of dea@@ ths . how do they answer this question ? +so , somebody out there says , " five . " +almost out of kinder@@ garten . +they are saying , " this is 35 miles per gall@@ on . i 'm going to do the environ@@ ment@@ ally right thing , i 'm going to buy the pri@@ us , 50 miles per gall@@ on . " +now , this is an example of that battle , and makes us realize inten@@ tions don 't always trans@@ late into action , and so one of the fundamental challenges is how we would actually do that . ok ? +this isn 't about the biology of people ; this is now about the brains , the psychology of people , and innovation needs to continue all the way through the last mile . +the care@@ ful testing , re@@ testing , design , are going to open up vi@@ st@@ as of understanding , comple@@ xi@@ ties , difficult things . +ma@@ car@@ th@@ ur w@@ inner sen@@ d@@ hi@@ l mul@@ la@@ in@@ a@@ than uses the l@@ ens of behavi@@ oral economics to study a tri@@ cky set of social problems -- those we know how to solve , but don 't . we know how to reduce child dea@@ ths due to di@@ arr@@ he@@ a , how to prevent diab@@ et@@ es@@ -@@ related blin@@ dness and how to imple@@ ment sol@@ ar-@@ cell technology ... yet somehow , we don 't or can 't . why ? +right , the current wants to run through the pla@@ y-@@ d@@ ough , not through that led . +so i would encoura@@ ge you all to gra@@ b some pla@@ y-@@ do@@ h , gra@@ b some s@@ alt , gra@@ b some sugar and start playing . +and a friend of mine in au@@ stri@@ a felt so sorry for me that he talked the largest cas@@ in@@ o ow@@ ner in lin@@ z into le@@ tting us wra@@ p his building . +but i will demon@@ strate different ways to get rid of diffic@@ ul@@ ties and go to the point , to find an answer probably much quick@@ er than ar@@ th@@ ur did . so , first , we viol@@ ate the common sense , the lo@@ gic . all of you , if you hold your hand like this , 90 degrees -- all of you . not you . +now , i need an assi@@ stant . +that 's a challenge . i like this . +so here i have , actually -- i know exactly where the cards are . +and if you work with , in the right atmosphere , with humor , you have -- that 's the pas@@ s@@ word to the co@@ s@@ mic bank of knowledge , where you can find any solution of any problem . +and then , i will demon@@ strate a thing from russi@@ an satelli@@ te , ste@@ alen -- stol@@ en , probably cop@@ i@@ ed from america but we will see . +when i li@@ ft the hea@@ p , i pe@@ ek . +we do it again . +this is a kind of op@@ tical deal , right ? +now -- -- one guy laugh@@ ed . so now , to find the queen , do it this way : take back the other one , take back the queen . +king of spa@@ des . +do with both hands , and quick . yes , good , good . +right ? good . +two -- and it was two of spa@@ des , right ? +yes ? zo@@ e : yeah . +king of diam@@ on@@ ds . l@@ g : ah ! +now , what happened was not maybe what you thought , which is , he suddenly became passionate , enga@@ ged , involved , got a new teacher , he hit pu@@ ber@@ ty , or whatever it is . +and your children are playing instru@@ ments . +the ton@@ e-@@ dea@@ f people , they 're no longer here . +now , it goes down to a. now to g@@ . and then to f . +and then finally ... +finally , i said , " why am i cla@@ pping ? " +he depen@@ ds , for his power , on his ability to make other people powerful . +unfortunately , it was the last thing she ever said to him , because she never saw him again . he did not survive . +some of you might have seen this before . +it 's a nice motiv@@ ator . +so gl@@ u@@ ck@@ s@@ berg did another experiment similar to this where he pres@@ ented the problem in a slightly different way , like this up here . okay ? +the rules are my@@ sti@@ fying . +what happens ? +these are the building blocks of an entirely new operating system for our businesses . +it 's pretty . it 's not bad . it 's a huge tra@@ de@@ mark viol@@ ation , but it 's pretty clever . +do it for fun . no one gets paid a cent , or a eur@@ o or a y@@ en . +so , it can balance on a point . +so here is the earth . it 's a little less than a milli@@ meter that was turned of soli@@ d bron@@ ze . +this is another species of work that i do . +and the idea that you could see things inside of a cr@@ y@@ st@@ al ball and predict the future -- or a television set , where it 's sort of like a magic box where anything can appear . +it 's completely sil@@ ent and non@@ pollu@@ ting . +the real social innovation i want to talk about invol@@ ves char@@ ity . +you know , you want to make 50 million dollars selling violent video games to kids , go for it . +char@@ it@@ able giving has rema@@ ined stuck , in the u.s. , at two percent of g@@ dp ever since we started meas@@ uring it in the 197@@ 0s . +well , like most fan@@ a@@ tical do@@ g@@ ma in america , these ideas come from old pu@@ ri@@ tan belie@@ fs . +within nine years , we had multi@@ pli@@ ed that 1,@@ 9@@ 8@@ 2 times into 10@@ 8 million dollars after all expen@@ ses for aids services . +but if we could move char@@ it@@ able giving from two percent of g@@ dp up just one step to three percent of g@@ dp , by invest@@ ing in that growth , that would be an extra 150 billion dollars a year in contribu@@ tions , and if that money could go dis@@ propor@@ tion@@ ately to health and human services ch@@ ari@@ ties , because those were the ones we encoura@@ ged to invest in their growth , that would represent a tri@@ pl@@ ing of contribu@@ tions to that sector . +and suddenly , out of the chaos , order . +you know , audi@@ ences like you , yeah , make the event . +can we have a little demon@@ stration ? would you be my orche@@ str@@ a for a second ? +and our joy of music , etc . , etc . ... " +and then like kar@@ a@@ j@@ an . let 's see what happens . okay ? +meaning that you know you have no auth@@ ority to change anything . +this is very exciting for those players . +rather enjo@@ ying what the sol@@ o@@ ist is doing . +you know why ? because the meaning of the music is pain . +but all my work for many years was focused around the idea that sustain@@ ability means basically looking at the glob@@ alized economic growth model , and moder@@ ating what comes in at one end , and moder@@ ating the out@@ puts at the other end . +but are we to assu@@ me that the same brilli@@ ance and creativity and adap@@ t@@ ability that got us up to the top of that energy mountain in the first place is somehow myster@@ i@@ ously going to ev@@ apo@@ rate when we have to design a creative way back down the other side ? +and in terms of climate change , is something that is not actually fe@@ asi@@ ble . +it lear@@ ns very much from its mistakes . +so it started out with some work i was involved in in ir@@ eland , where i was teaching , and has since spread . +from three years ago , it just being an idea , this has become something that has vir@@ ally swe@@ pt around the world . +well , this is about state bud@@ gets . +there are various things in here : i could say we might raise more re@@ venue , or medical innovation will make the spending even higher . +is anyone paying attention to some of the things these guys do ? +and unfortunately , as you get into that , people get conf@@ used and think , well maybe you think that 's okay . +so what do we need to do ? +it allows us to do the art , the biot@@ echn@@ ology , the software and all those magic things . +and after two more years of studying music , i decided to sho@@ ot for the impossible before taking the mc@@ at and appl@@ ying to medical school like a good indian son to become the next dr. gu@@ p@@ ta . +ke@@ ats himself had also given up a career in medicine to pur@@ sue poetry , but he died when he was a year older than me . +anyone living in that house can tell the time just by the smell . +these people i still do hang out with . +all right , next . +don 't they just pop into your head ? +it 's amazing . it 's a wonderful moment . +had he shown his father , " my boy has finally lost it , " he would 've thought . +the french writer mich@@ el tour@@ ni@@ er has a famous saying . +and i expla@@ ined , " it 's a dark night and a cro@@ w is per@@ ching on a bran@@ ch . " +yes , it means i didn 't have to draw g@@ ye@@ on@@ g@@ ho@@ er@@ u . +we become dic@@ tat@@ ors with a remote and start to cri@@ ti@@ ci@@ ze the people on tv . +i walk around and encoura@@ ge them , " come on , come on ! " they have to write like crazy for an hour or two . +art is the ulti@@ mate goal . +only those three words and she left the air@@ port . that 's it . +british physi@@ c@@ ist john ty@@ n@@ d@@ all , in the 18@@ 50 's , made laboratory measu@@ re@@ ments of the in@@ fr@@ ared radiation , which is heat . +i had been using the first line of the nasa mission stat@@ ement , " to understand and protect the home planet , " to justi@@ fy my talks . +climate change den@@ i@@ ers argue that the sun is the main cause of climate change . +me@@ than@@ e is also beginning to es@@ cape from the per@@ ma@@ fro@@ st . +it would be im@@ moral to leave these young people with a climate system spir@@ aling out of control . +the science is clear . +my favorite and a real hero of mine is y@@ ak@@ im@@ a can@@ u@@ tt . +we can do bigger car stun@@ ts than ever before now . +i sort of forget how bizar@@ re some of those conver@@ sa@@ tions are . +two st@@ unt guys doing what i consider to be a rather ben@@ ig@@ n st@@ unt . +it 's that shape because the heli@@ um has to exp@@ and . +it took me a while ; it took me years to find the right ballo@@ on team to build the ballo@@ on that would do this job . +i cont@@ ac@@ ted a company in the states who make su@@ its for nasa . +this is a very ligh@@ t@@ weight suit . it wei@@ gh@@ s about 15 pounds . +but if you are , and you say to somebody , you know , they say , " what do you do ? " +do you remember the story ? no , it was big . +in fact , we moved from strat@@ ford to los angeles . +why not ? i think this is rather important . +so the hier@@ arch@@ y is ro@@ ot@@ ed on two ideas . +in fact , creativity -- which i define as the process of having original ideas that have value -- more often than not comes about through the interaction of different discipl@@ in@@ ary ways of seeing things . +i said , " what happened ? " +now is the time for us to lau@@ gh at ourselves , before others can lau@@ gh with us . +so i re@@ treated back to my ca@@ ve and continu@@ ed to support and produce com@@ e@@ dy and let my friends use my cou@@ ch as a regi@@ onal oper@@ ations hu@@ b . +so everywhere we went , we audi@@ tioned ama@@ te@@ urs . +one : is the middle east being shown in a current time and cor@@ rect context ? +early dete@@ ction , early interven@@ tion , that 's the story for these success@@ es . +fif@@ ty percent will have on@@ set by age 14 , 75 percent by age 24 , a picture that is very different than what one would see if you 're talking about cancer or heart disease , diabetes , hyper@@ ten@@ sion -- most of the major ill@@ n@@ esses that we think about as being sources of mor@@ bi@@ di@@ ty and mortality . +the important piece here is that as you begin to look at people who have these dis@@ orders , the one in five of us who struggle in some way , you find that there 's a lot of vari@@ ation in the way that the brain is wired , but there are some predic@@ table patterns , and those patterns are risk fac@@ tors for developing one of these dis@@ orders . +but this tells us how we need to think about it , and where we need to go . +how many children will you get ? +but how wrong it is . +it 's very interesting . when we started our school the parents would give th@@ um@@ b@@ prin@@ ts in the atten@@ dance regi@@ ster . +there they met children who are with a different standard and a different min@@ d@@ set , a totally different society . +is it the ex@@ pos@@ ure ? we have profess@@ ors from mit , ber@@ k@@ ele@@ y , stanford , indian institute of science who come and teach our children lots of scientific for@@ mul@@ as , experiments , much beyond the classroom . +when i started par@@ i@@ kr@@ ma i began with a great deal of ar@@ ro@@ gan@@ ce of trans@@ forming the world . +now that sounds like an incredibly stra@@ ig@@ ht@@ forward question to answer , and that 's what howard thought . because pe@@ p@@ s@@ i told him , " look , we 're working with a band between eight and 12 percent . +you should be looking for the perfect pe@@ p@@ sis . " +every conc@@ ei@@ vable way you can v@@ ary sp@@ ag@@ he@@ tt@@ i sau@@ ce , he vari@@ ed sp@@ ag@@ he@@ tt@@ i sau@@ ce . +what howard did is he fundament@@ ally changed the way the food industry thinks about making you happy . +much more vol@@ a@@ ti@@ le brown mu@@ star@@ d se@@ ed , some white wine , a nose hit , much more de@@ lic@@ ate aro@@ ma@@ tics . and what do they do ? +and she ser@@ ves it that way time and time again , and if you quar@@ re@@ l with her , she will say , " you know what ? you 're wrong ! this is the best way it ought to be in this restaurant . " +if i were to ask all of you to try and come up with a brand of coffee -- a type of coffee , a bre@@ w -- that made all of you happy , and then i asked you to rate that coffee , the average sc@@ ore in this room for coffee would be about 60 on a scale of 0 to 100 . +we have pre-@@ can@@ cer@@ ous les@@ i@@ ons , which often don 't turn into cancer . +if you develop a disease , you 're off the island . +it was when i became a journalist that i really realized how i was part of this problem , and how we all are part of this problem . +so , dad gradu@@ ated harvard in 194@@ 6 , married my mom , and bought a house in le@@ x@@ ing@@ ton , mas@@ sach@@ use@@ t@@ ts , where the first sh@@ ots were fi@@ red against the british in 17@@ 75 , although we didn 't actually hit any of them until con@@ cor@@ d . +and , yeah , we can look back in retro@@ spe@@ ct and say , yeah , ha@@ -@@ ha , you know -- it 's all micro@@ film . but that 's -- that 's not the point . he understood the shape of the future . +and if you go on the diag@@ onal , you get content and form -- and then beauty and truth . +so i wrote a book about this in ' 9@@ 3 , but as i was fin@@ ishing the book , i had to do a little bit of typ@@ es@@ et@@ ting , and i was ti@@ red of going to my local copy shop to do it , so i bought a computer . +we could do cir@@ cular narra@@ tives that were literally cir@@ cular . +why is this important ? +now maybe that 's been obvious to all of you for a long time , but for me , as often as i 'd en@@ counter@@ ed that ex@@ act diffic@@ ul@@ ty on a daily basis , i had never seen the in@@ her@@ ent challenge of communication in so cr@@ y@@ st@@ all@@ ine a light . +and the key detail of this is that fe@@ y 's scri@@ p@@ ts weren 't written by her and they weren 't written by the s@@ n@@ l wri@@ ters . +because from what i can tell , the three things gay americans seem to want most are to join the military , get married and start a family . +but it 's when you put all of these elements together -- when you get the vi@@ ral appe@@ al of a great jo@@ ke with a powerful pun@@ ch@@ line that 's cra@@ f@@ ted from hon@@ est@@ y and integri@@ ty , it can have a real world impact at changing a conversation . +that is a lot of pun@@ ch for 14 words . +how far back does that go ? how far back does modern language go ? +it reach@@ es up to almost 5,000 pounds -- on a diet of j@@ ell@@ y@@ fish , pri@@ mar@@ ily . +they school as ad@@ oles@@ cents , and become be@@ he@@ mot@@ h lon@@ ers as adults . +so the great thing about the mol@@ a is that when we put the tag on them -- if you look up here -- that 's stre@@ aming off , that 's right where we put the tag . +and they come and give the mol@@ as -- you can see they stri@@ ke this funny little position that says , " i 'm not thre@@ at@@ ening , but i need a mas@@ sage . " +but also what 's important is that they 're not sl@@ ac@@ ker , la@@ zy fish . +it was a 200@@ -@@ foot diam@@ e@@ ter ge@@ o@@ des@@ ic sphere to be sus@@ pen@@ ded over the east river in new york city , in full view of the united nations . +i 've got a little video to show you , but keep in mind that this is with no electr@@ onic control , and this is also with only four le@@ ds . +how does it feel to see someone like this come along taking your art and doing so much with it ? +he realized at once what had happened . +so , have we all become one-@@ e@@ yed -- two-@@ e@@ yed instead of one-@@ e@@ yed -- mon@@ keys ? +and then ab@@ original women in africa would come and say , " this is it ! " +i have a solution that requires nei@@ ther machine , nor wood , nor cooking gas . +your parents were pe@@ ac@@ e@@ ful people . +hell@@ o governments of rich countries selling arms to governments of poor countries who can 't even afford to give them food . +her father the king said , " don 't whi@@ st@@ le . " +" u@@ h-@@ hu@@ h ... " she said . +and lei@@ b@@ ni@@ z was the first person to really talk about building such a machine . +von ne@@ um@@ ann , and a logi@@ cian , and a mathemati@@ cian from the army put this together . then , they needed a place to build it . +so , there 's 40 of these tu@@ bes , like a v-@@ 40 engine running the memory . +" mani@@ a@@ c re@@ ga@@ ined its memory , when the power went off . " " machine or human ? " +this now is the third different out@@ put . +so he designed this universe , and ran it . +and it was his universe on pun@@ ch cards . +and that 's the end . +look at hom@@ i@@ cide at the bottom , for god 's sa@@ ke . +i went to west virg@@ ini@@ a , the most un@@ healthy state in america . +you see , the thing is o@@ bes@@ ity and di@@ et@@ -@@ related disease doesn 't just hurt the people that have it ; it 's all of their friends , families , brothers , si@@ sters . +now it 's lar@@ gely process@@ ed and full of all sorts of addi@@ tives , extra ingre@@ di@@ ents , and you know the rest of the story . +normal . let 's get on schools , something that i 'm fairly much a speci@@ alist in . +they have sc@@ is@@ sor@@ s in the classroom , but kni@@ ves and for@@ ks ? no . +i want to talk about something so basic as milk . +this , all this bad news , is pre@@ vent@@ able . +so , these guys are going to be part of the solution . +hun@@ t@@ ing@@ ton 's kitchen . hun@@ t@@ ing@@ ton , where i made this program , you know , we 've got this pri@@ me@@ -@@ time program that hopefully will inspi@@ re people to really get on this change . +dy@@ sle@@ x@@ ic , so i 'm a bit slow . +in fact , a friend of mine from the security industry told me the other day that there are two types of companies in the world : those that know they 've been ha@@ cked , and those that don 't . +they 're completely anony@@ mous , as it were . +and that challenge is : how do you do business , how do you trust somebody on the web who you want to do business with when you know that they 're a crimin@@ al ? +now he developed his social and moral comp@@ ass on the black sea port during the 199@@ 0s . +and this man with a planet@@ ar@@ y-@@ si@@ zed brain is now ser@@ ving a 13@@ -@@ year sentence in california . +thank you very much for listening . +public health is another reason to consider retro@@ fit@@ ting . +and the market research , consumer research , asking the bo@@ om@@ ers and gen y what it is they would like , what they would like to live in , tells us there is going to be a huge demand -- and we 're already seeing it -- for more urban lifest@@ y@@ les within sub@@ ur@@ bia . +it 's been so successful , they 've now taken over the stri@@ p across the street . +this one is one of my favor@@ ites , bel@@ ma@@ r . +you want to also try to get more syste@@ mic transformation . +the first is to plan retro@@ fit@@ ting much more syste@@ mi@@ cally at the me@@ tro@@ poli@@ tan scale . +but we 've got to get the architecture better . +so i decided to talk to women about their vag@@ in@@ as . +and she said things that really sho@@ cked me about her vagina -- that it was d@@ rie@@ d-@@ up and finished and dead -- and i was kind of sho@@ cked . +and so in 199@@ 7 , i said , " let 's get women together . +and i really love hearing about all these species at the bottom of the sea . +she went to ju@@ are@@ z to take care of an a@@ il@@ ing a@@ unt , and over the course of it , she began to discover what was happening to the mur@@ dered and disappe@@ ared women of ju@@ are@@ z . +but , being a vagina war@@ ri@@ or , she kept going , and she kept commit@@ ting her@@ self to trans@@ forming consciousness . +well , it seems to me that this h@@ ung@@ arian pres@@ ence in my life is difficult to account for , but ultimately i as@@ cri@@ be it to an ad@@ mi@@ ration for people with a complex moral awareness , with a her@@ it@@ age of gu@@ il@@ t and de@@ fe@@ at mat@@ ched by de@@ fi@@ ance and bra@@ va@@ do . +and then one day , it happened : he and his family were ar@@ re@@ sted and they were taken to a death house on the dan@@ u@@ be . +mr. tes@@ z@@ ler hi@@ red 16 men : eight white , eight black . +and into the slow , second movement , mar@@ ked " ada@@ gi@@ o religi@@ o@@ so , " he in@@ cor@@ por@@ ated the sounds of bir@@ d@@ song that he heard outside his window in what he knew would be his last spring ; he was imag@@ ining a future for her in which he would play no part . +and it was only at that moment , as we were sitting down to dinner , that i recogni@@ zed the enor@@ m@@ ity of the risk i had created , because to bring these two ti@@ t@@ ans , these two ma@@ sters of the universe together -- it was like intro@@ duc@@ ing mo@@ thr@@ a to go@@ d@@ z@@ ill@@ a over the sky@@ line of to@@ k@@ yo . +and i -- no one else did , so i put up my hand , and i said , " it 's a bac@@ chan@@ al by ti@@ ti@@ an . " +and in about 199@@ 7 , the th@@ en-@@ director phili@@ ppe de mon@@ te@@ b@@ ell@@ o gave me the go@@ -@@ ahead to organi@@ ze an exhi@@ bi@@ tion for 200@@ 2 . we normally have these very long le@@ ad@@ -@@ in times . +and in this extraordinary setting , the co@@ st@@ um@@ es were like ac@@ tors and ac@@ tr@@ esses , or living sculp@@ tures . +i 'm working to try and break down that sense of that eli@@ tis@@ m . +but we take the sever@@ e ones , and we res@@ che@@ du@@ le the other ones the next day . +so we came up with these two rules . +so i went to russi@@ a , and my mother also , [ during the ] time of [ the ] so@@ vi@@ et union . +and really when you think [ you ] cannot do it , she will push you , and i can do it . +i 'm going to take you on a 16@@ -@@ minute trip on 7@@ 2 percent of the planet , so bu@@ ck@@ le up . +you know , we 're going to do this , we 're going to take it away from something else . +and like a living organis@@ m , you te@@ ar it open , it ble@@ e@@ ds its mol@@ ten blood , ris@@ es up to he@@ al that wo@@ und from the as@@ th@@ en@@ o@@ sphere , har@@ dens , forms new tissue and moves lat@@ er@@ ally . +so , we came up with multiple hypo@@ thes@@ es : there 's little green people down there taking it ; there 's all sorts of things going on . +we st@@ um@@ bled on it , looking for some missing heat . +near that was me@@ than@@ e . i 've never seen vol@@ can@@ o@@ es of me@@ than@@ e . +fortunately , we 've been able to convince con@@ gress . +this is a remote center at the university of washington . +thank you very much . +let 's talk about what 's suddenly possible . +since we opened the website in febru@@ ary , we now have 6@@ 4@@ 0,000 students from 19@@ 0 countries . +other students might be interested in a particular en@@ rich@@ ment top@@ ic that they want to pur@@ sue individu@@ ally . +in addition to multiple choice and the kinds of short answer questions that you saw in the video , we can also grade math , mathematical expres@@ sions as well as mathematical der@@ i@@ va@@ tions . +which is not a level of service i have ever off@@ ered to my stanford students . +and finally , there was a population of students that were taught in a one-@@ on-@@ one instru@@ ction using a tu@@ tor . +you can see , for example , that the achie@@ vement sc@@ ore almost dou@@ bles in this particular experiment . +k@@ ak@@ i king : playing " p@@ ink noise " on gu@@ it@@ ar +" learn the l@@ ingu@@ a fran@@ ca . " +e@@ mi@@ ly le@@ v@@ ine : richard . what did i say ? +i don 't know if you know this but -- maybe it 's different now , or maybe you were making a stat@@ ement -- but in many hospital nur@@ series across the country , until very recently anyway , according to a book by j@@ essi@@ ca ben@@ jam@@ in , the sig@@ ns over the little boys cri@@ bs read , " i 'm a boy , " and the sig@@ ns over the little girls cri@@ bs read , " it 's a girl . " yeah . +so this whole subje@@ c@@ t-@@ object thing has relev@@ ance to humor in this way . +and i was sort of , as i was starting to analy@@ ze what exactly it is that i do , i read a book called " tri@@ ck@@ ster makes this world , " by le@@ wi@@ s hy@@ de . +if they had had an olymp@@ ics in mar@@ ty@@ r@@ dom , my grandmother would have lost on purpose . +this is what i tend to see almost more than con@@ tradi@@ ctions . +and the mother is el@@ der@@ ly . +and i like to explore all the possibilities in the hope that you 'll be on the wa@@ vel@@ ength of your audience . +there are really serious cal@@ am@@ i@@ ties star@@ ing us in the eye that we 're in the same kind of den@@ ial about that we were about terror@@ ism , and what could 've happened on september 11 . +199@@ 5 , we found three . the count now is up to 80 -- we 're finding about two or three a month . +it wasn 't really a research report ; it was a scre@@ ed . +number seven : partic@@ le acceler@@ ator mis@@ ha@@ p . +now , cor@@ n origin@@ ated , we think , in mexico . +we need to learn how to re@@ pair and re@@ pl@@ en@@ ish the earth 's o@@ zone layer . +we 've all learned what -- the kind of pan@@ ic that can occu@@ r when an old disease re@@ ars its head , like anth@@ ra@@ x . +but galaxies are very violent places , and things can be spu@@ n out of orbit . +of more conc@@ ern , i think , is the astero@@ ids that exist between mars and ju@@ pit@@ er . +when the mission was over , they actually land@@ ed on the thing . +bas@@ h@@ o was a brilliant man . +and these two war against one another almost continu@@ ously . +all right , let 's talk about another perspective on the importance of the oceans . +mod@@ el@@ ing : on the right hand side , there 's a very complex compu@@ ta@@ tional model . +we are already l@@ ac@@ ed up as if we 're in a fi@@ ber op@@ tic cor@@ set , if you like . +this is going to be much more powerful than having a single ship in a single location , then move to a new location . +we pu@@ mp the flu@@ id through one of these systems , and we press the butt@@ on , and it 's analy@@ zed for the genom@@ ic character . +so we can bring an entirely new tele@@ pres@@ ence to the world , throughout the ocean . +and i think that 's really what architecture is based on . +and yet that energy and power of architecture has driven an entire social and political space that these buildings occu@@ p@@ y . +it 's like the old las v@@ eg@@ as used to be . +our whole practice depen@@ ds on computing . +and i do believe that this interaction with the history , with history that is often very difficult , to gra@@ pp@@ le with it , to create a position that is beyond our normal expec@@ tations and to create a cri@@ ti@@ que . +so again , the un@@ expected which is also the ra@@ w . +and it 's not only our memory , but those who remember us , which means that architecture is not mu@@ te . +it 's about creating with mini@@ mal means something which can not be repe@@ ated , cannot be simul@@ ated in any other sphere . +com@@ promise , if it 's arti@@ stic , if it is able to cop@@ e with its strategi@@ es -- and there is my first sk@@ et@@ ch and the last ren@@ der@@ ing -- it 's not that far away . +that sort of over@@ all sustainable energy problem is the biggest problem that we have to solve this century , independent of environmental concern@@ s . +br@@ un@@ o bow@@ den , who 's here , did that , broke the world recor@@ d.@@ em : con@@ gr@@ at@@ u@@ lations . +by the end of this year , you 'll be able to drive from l@@ .@@ a. to new york just using the super@@ char@@ ger network , which char@@ ges at five times the rate of anything else . +what are you doing ? +you 're kind of building a new type of distribu@@ ted u@@ tili@@ ty . +would humanity become a spac@@ e-@@ far@@ ing civilization ? +it 's much like on a je@@ t . +these projects are so -- pa@@ yp@@ al , solar@@ city , tes@@ la , spac@@ e@@ x , they 're so spec@@ tac@@ ul@@ arly different , they 're such ambi@@ tious projects at scale . +el@@ on mus@@ k , i wish we had all day , but thank you so much for coming to ted . +i grew up her@@ ding , looking after our li@@ ve@@ stock -- go@@ ats , she@@ ep and c@@ attle . +because it was war@@ time , the british .@@ 3@@ 0@@ 3 ri@@ f@@ le was just all over the whole country . +and th@@ us , as people started feeling ow@@ ner@@ ship over wild@@ life , wild@@ life numbers started coming back , and that 's actually becoming a foundation for conser@@ vation in nam@@ i@@ bia . +the other part@@ ners that we have got is business communities . +in 2008 , conser@@ van@@ cy gener@@ ated 5@@ .@@ 7 million dollars . +it allows for us to celebra@@ te the se@@ af@@ o@@ od that we 're also so fortun@@ ate to eat . +well , how many bot@@ tles is it before you tell me that i have a problem ? +so i think we have this whole eating thing wrong . +they got more cal@@ ories over the course of a diver@@ si@@ fied me@@ al . +i remember well the me@@ als of my childhood . +thank you . +and the great ir@@ ony and trage@@ dy of our time is that a lot of the general public thinks that science is still argu@@ ing about that . +simil@@ arly , a lot of art projects stay in the art community , and i feel very much a responsibility through mechanis@@ ms like ted , and like our relationship with the obama white house , with the sen@@ ate , with john ker@@ ry , to influence policy as much as possible with these pictures as well . +you see the gl@@ aci@@ er flo@@ wing in from the right , dro@@ pping off into the sea , camera sho@@ ot@@ ing every hour . +finally cat@@ ches up to itself , it advan@@ ces . +all those colors are ice and it goes up to about two miles thi@@ ck , just a gigan@@ tic dom@@ e that comes in from the coast and ris@@ es in the middle . +but what we have is a perception problem because not enough people really get it yet . +the more poli@@ te ones said , " well , you know , indi@@ ans make good software progra@@ mm@@ ers and accoun@@ tan@@ ts , but they can 't do the creative stuff . " +they were working on truly global products , and companies like microsoft , google , a@@ stra@@ zen@@ ec@@ a , general electric , phili@@ ps , have already ans@@ wer@@ ed in the aff@@ ir@@ ma@@ tive the question that from their bang@@ al@@ ore and hy@@ der@@ ab@@ ad r & amp ; d centers they are able to produce products and services for the world . +it 's not a new product or a new process but a new way to organi@@ ze work , and the most significant management innovation to come out of india , invented by the indian off@@ shor@@ ing industry is what we call the global deli@@ very model . +well , in 2010 , they decided they 're not going to reve@@ al this data anymore , so i had to make some esti@@ mates based on various sources . +for a time that i find to be the most plac@@ id and un@@ event@@ ful hour of the day , four in the morning sure gets an awful lot of bad press -- across a lot of different media from a lot of big names . +100 years to the day after the death of al@@ fre@@ d no@@ bel himself . +and then -- three par@@ ag@@ ra@@ ph@@ s later we get this little beauty : " we went back to bla@@ ir house to look at the speech for the last time . +let me first address a few popular mis@@ concep@@ tions . +and when that cell@@ ular space station is within the electric field , it acts on those highly char@@ ged proteins and al@@ ig@@ ns them . +the expected five year survival is less than five percent . +and a year after that treatment , his tumor grew back with a ven@@ ge@@ ance . +i am the happ@@ i@@ est , the happ@@ i@@ est person in the world . +and i fir@@ m@@ ly believe that in the next 10 years tumor tre@@ ating fields will be a wea@@ pon available to doctors and patients for all of these mo@@ st-@@ diffic@@ ul@@ t-@@ to-@@ treat soli@@ d tumor@@ s . +and you can notice they have created a kind of fal@@ se cat@@ ch@@ ment . +the age is 400 years . +we had ful@@ l-@@ page adverti@@ se@@ ments , some 30 years , 25 years ago when this can@@ al came . +and it 's a kind of water body for all seas@@ ons . +and they have du@@ b@@ bed this water as the third one called [ un@@ clear ] . +three sides , such steps , on the fourth side there is a four@@ -@@ story building where you can organi@@ ze such ted con@@ fer@@ ences any@@ time . +these arti@@ facts and designs are in@@ spir@@ ing . +it doesn 't matter if this is the jun@@ gles of sing@@ apo@@ re or the tun@@ dr@@ a of northern fin@@ land . +and they 're invest@@ ing in tele@@ com@@ s , sh@@ opp@@ ing m@@ alls . +south africa is playing a role . +how do you get from poverty and corruption to wealth and less corruption ? +and then something happened in 19@@ 80 . +invest . +but i think a much bigger problem with this is that this lo@@ gic -- that we should be dro@@ pping ipo@@ ds not bom@@ bs -- i mean , it would make a fascinating ti@@ tle for thomas frie@@ d@@ man 's new book . +instead of trying to pur@@ ge these comm@@ ents , they instead went and reach@@ ed out to the blog@@ gers . +right ? so they can go online and contribu@@ te ideas on what that region would look like by the year 20@@ 20 . +so what should we do about it ? +explain to me what 's wrong . +no , the boy said to me -- the boy said to me , " it would destro@@ y me . " +they called me anth@@ ony growing up as a kid . +we had a whole choice of in@@ appropriate names for her . +the world i en@@ vision for her -- how do i want men to be acting and be@@ having ? +soft power is a concept invented by a harvard acade@@ mic , jo@@ se@@ ph n@@ ye , a friend of mine . +but sometimes it just sat there . +farmers now , who used to have to spend half a day of back@@ breaking labor to find out if the market town was open , if the market was on , whether the product they 'd harv@@ est@@ ed could be sold , what price they 'd fe@@ tch . +they had to sus@@ p@@ end fun@@ ctions at 8 : 30 . +and to this day rema@@ ins the only je@@ wish di@@ as@@ por@@ a in the history of the je@@ wish people , which has never en@@ counter@@ ed a single inci@@ dent of anti-@@ se@@ mi@@ tis@@ m . +it 's the idea of an ever@@ -@@ ever@@ -@@ land , emerging from an ancient civilization , united by a shared history , but susta@@ ined , above all , by pl@@ ur@@ alist democracy . +tra@@ ch@@ om@@ a is an infe@@ ction of the eye due to di@@ rt can leave you perman@@ ently blind . +and another key thing that i learned a lot throughout this whole process , last year google named me as one of the bri@@ gh@@ test young minds in the world . +so probably it doesn 't matter 50 years from now -- stre@@ p@@ to@@ co@@ c@@ c@@ us and stuff like that will be ra@@ mp@@ ant -- because we won 't be here . but if we are -- we 're going to need something to do with the bacteria . +mission ac@@ compli@@ shed ! +there 's nothing in@@ trin@@ si@@ cally swe@@ et about hon@@ ey . +it 's important that we love babies , and that we not be put off by , say , mess@@ y di@@ a@@ pers . +and he liked to do an exercise with his students where he got them to take a piece of paper and draw the person who sat next to them , their neighb@@ or , very quickly , just as quickly as they could . +maybe have the same kind of security to play . +thank you . all right . +so we have the finger bla@@ sters . other people have dinosaurs , you know . +yeah , thought so . so we 've all seen it , haven 't we ? +great . cool . so i was really interested in quanti@@ ty . +so it was a pretty successful ev@@ ening . +construction play -- it 's play@@ ful , obviously , but also a powerful way to learn . +and of course , by the time you get to the average work@@ place , maybe the best construction tool we have might be the post-@@ it notes . it 's pretty bar@@ ren . +we 've gone through lots of experiences in life , and they provide a strong intuition as to whether an interaction is going to work . +in short , we ad@@ mi@@ re their will@@ ing@@ ness to play . +perhaps in conver@@ gent mode we need to be more serious . +reach@@ ing success , i was pretty good at coming up with good ideas . +so they took their money and their projects to others who would serve them better . +to be more accu@@ rate , i wanted to be a pop star . +i had learned to read music by then , or slowly learning to read music . +this is cher@@ y@@ l ang from sing@@ apo@@ re . +and i had the same reaction you did . +" my sister and i used to sing in cho@@ irs together constantly . +you can imagine , with 2,000 syn@@ chr@@ oni@@ zed youtube videos , the ren@@ der time is just at@@ ro@@ cious . +this here is nis@@ san 's my@@ lea@@ f , where your driving behavior is compared with the driving behavior of other people , so you can compe@@ te for who dri@@ ves around the most fuel effici@@ ently . +they want us to fit in even better . +and that is an idea that , i think , that paul richard bu@@ chan@@ an ni@@ c@@ ely put in a recent es@@ say where he said , " products are vi@@ vid argu@@ ments about how we should live our lives . " +workers are treated as well or as b@@ ad@@ ly as the workers were treated who built that chair . " +in fact , i use basically the same technology as this 14@@ th-@@ century classroom . +and i like that kind of response . +so what have we learned ? +so , a quick stri@@ ke like that . and if we slow it down a bit , this is the man@@ tis sh@@ ri@@ mp -- the same species -- recor@@ ded at 1,000 fra@@ mes a second , played back at 15 fra@@ mes per second . +i hope there aren 't any sna@@ il rights activi@@ sts around here . +it just looks like a sa@@ dd@@ le you 'd put on a horse . +in biological systems it 's important not to have a whole lot of extra material requi@@ re@@ ments for building it . +the first peak , obviously , is the lim@@ b hit@@ ting the load cell . +and these animals may very well be making use of not only the force and the energy stor@@ ed with that speci@@ alized spring , but the extre@@ mes of the flu@@ id dynam@@ ics . and they might actually be making use of flu@@ id dynam@@ ics as a second force for breaking the sna@@ il . +biolog@@ ist sh@@ ei@@ la pat@@ ek talks about her work meas@@ uring the fe@@ eding stri@@ ke of the man@@ tis sh@@ ri@@ mp , one of the fa@@ st@@ est mov@@ ements in the animal world , using video c@@ ameras recor@@ ding at 20@@ ,000 fra@@ mes per second . +it turns out that something more than 9@@ 4 percent of life on earth is a@@ qua@@ tic . +now , go into the real atmosphere of this planet . +i put rever@@ se thr@@ ust and i try and pull g@@ ently down . +i come back up , not for air . +so anybody who wants to copy us and come and join us , go for it . +there are problems of se@@ wa@@ ge over@@ flow and cont@@ am@@ ination , but i would also argue that almost every city has this ex@@ act condition , and it 's a condition that we 're all facing . +what is fu@@ zz@@ y rop@@ e , you ask ? +and the answer is : not yet , they 're working . +we had to get rid of the smell . +and eventually s@@ now made a map of the out@@ break . +so that in one generation , we 're going to hal@@ ve our cultural diversity . +so , two months later , i went into ti@@ bet , and i started intervie@@ wing the people there , taking my photographs . that 's what i do . +this is another leader of his people . +so it was a great experience for him . he sta@@ yed up all night with them , dru@@ mming and dan@@ cing . +and just this last year we 've taken a group of teen@@ a@@ gers in , and this has worked the best . +and so , i have my first slide to talk about the da@@ w@@ ning of the universe and what i call the co@@ s@@ mic scene investi@@ gation , that is , looking at the reli@@ cs of creation and in@@ fer@@ ring what happened at the beginning , and then following it up and trying to understand it . +and then i 'm going to show you it 's actually a lot more complicated . +and then there 's a part of the universe we can 't see because it 's so den@@ se and so hot , light can 't es@@ cape . +they go out and point a telescop@@ e at the sky , take a picture , identify what are stars and throw them away , look at the galaxies , esti@@ mate how far away they are , and p@@ lot them up . +and so now we 're in for some serious play . +so we 're zo@@ om@@ ing in . +so the question is , how hard would it be to assem@@ ble this , right ? +that pul@@ ls in more material and pul@@ ls in more material . +at serious play 2008 , astro@@ physi@@ c@@ ist george smo@@ ot shows stun@@ ning new images from deep@@ -@@ space sur@@ ve@@ ys , and pro@@ ds us to pon@@ der how the co@@ smo@@ s -- with its giant we@@ bs of dark matter and myster@@ i@@ ous g@@ ap@@ ing vo@@ ids -- got built this way . +you get st@@ ressed , you do some medi@@ tation . +we need an exercise . we need a frame@@ work to learn how to be more min@@ d@@ ful . +it does hurt . and we rein@@ force the story@@ line , right ? +and he actually took one look at my squ@@ ig@@ g@@ ly line , and said , " well , why don 't you just embra@@ ce the sha@@ ke ? " +what if i could only create with a dollar 's worth of supp@@ lies ? +it did not happen over@@ night . +so i was fil@@ ming . +and when i made my way to that pi@@ ping ch@@ im@@ ney i 'd seen in the distance , i saw han@@ na za@@ vor@@ ot@@ n@@ ya , and i met her . +i have a deeper connection to my laptop than any bit of soil . +i em@@ body the central parado@@ x . +parents text and do email at break@@ fast and at dinner while their children com@@ pla@@ in about not having their parents ' full attention . +but what might feel just right for that midd@@ le-@@ a@@ ged ex@@ ecu@@ tive can be a problem for an ad@@ oles@@ cent who needs to develop fac@@ e-@@ to-@@ face relationships . +that feeling that no one is listening to me is very important in our relationships with technology . +and we are vulnerable . +so what do we do ? we connect more and more . +make room for it . +let 's talk about how we can use digital technology , the technology of our dreams , to make this life the life we can love . +the master said , ' tho@@ u di@@ d@@ st thy best , that is success . ' " from those things , and one other perhaps , i co@@ ined my own definition of success , which is : peace of mind at@@ tain@@ ed only through self-@@ satis@@ fac@@ tion in knowing you made the effort to do the best of which you 're capable . +i knew him once , but then he was a boy . +and that 's not good , for a young married man to go home in a bad mo@@ od . +i think our tenden@@ cy is to hope that things will turn out the way we want them to much of the time . but we don 't do the things that are necessary to make those things become reality . +and you can win when you 're out@@ sc@@ or@@ ed . +i 've had some that could and wouldn 't , and i 've had some that would and couldn 't . +in fact , in the last 10 years , the number of patients requ@@ ir@@ ing an organ has dou@@ bled , while in the same time , the actual number of transplan@@ ts has bar@@ ely gone up . +li@@ ver cells , ner@@ ve cells , pan@@ crea@@ tic cells -- we still can 't grow them even today . +we then place it in an o@@ ven@@ -@@ like device , and we 're able to create that structure and bring it out . +and then finally you 're able to get that structure out . +that 's actually the actual prin@@ ter right now , and that 's been prin@@ ting this kid@@ ney structure that you see here . +i became the cap@@ tain of the team , and that was great . +i pulled them asi@@ de . +the other week , i went on one of these sites , appropri@@ ately called swa@@ p@@ tree , and there were over 5@@ 9@@ ,@@ 300 it@@ em@@ s that i could inst@@ antly swa@@ p for my copy of " 24 . " +that 's what happened to me when i noticed that we are moving from passi@@ ve consum@@ ers to cre@@ ators , to highly en@@ ab@@ led collabor@@ ators . +these four dri@@ vers are f@@ using together and creating the big shift -- away from the 20th century , defined by hyper@@ -@@ consumption , towards the 21@@ st century , defined by collabor@@ ative consumption . +these three systems are coming together , allo@@ wing people to share resources without sac@@ ri@@ fi@@ cing their lifest@@ y@@ les , or their cher@@ ished personal free@@ dom@@ s . +this is fu@@ el@@ ing a massive shift from where us@@ age tr@@ um@@ ps pos@@ s@@ essi@@ ons -- or as kev@@ in kel@@ ly , the edi@@ tor of wired magazine , puts it , " where access is better than ow@@ ner@@ ship . " +my name is jo@@ se@@ ph , a member of par@@ li@@ am@@ ent in kenya . +the leader of the ch@@ ie@@ fs said , " no , sorry . we can 't take you . you 'll slow us down . +i 'm asking my friends from america to help with bringing nur@@ ses or doctors to help us out . +so i was in the museum of science at the time the tor@@ na@@ do hit , playing with the tor@@ na@@ do display . +co : you got my number off the news ? +systems like the ones that we were creating on the fly could exist ahead of time . +mo : data . +in our home@@ town , we trained a hal@@ f-@@ do@@ zen resi@@ dents to run these web tools on their own . +and i met juli@@ us the last week that i was living in ki@@ ber@@ a . +'@@ in case you o@@ we one month , the land@@ l@@ ord will come with his hen@@ ch@@ men and b@@ und@@ le you out . he will con@@ fis@@ cate your things , ' arm@@ strong said . +this is perhaps the most primi@@ tive sh@@ an@@ ty that you can find in ki@@ ber@@ a , little more than a sti@@ ck@@ -@@ and-@@ mu@@ d hu@@ t next to a g@@ arb@@ age hea@@ p . +it 's on very ste@@ ep ground . +one is people need a guar@@ an@@ tee they won 't be evi@@ cted . +the future of these communities is in the people and in our ability to work with those people . +i don 't know where juli@@ an mor@@ row got that from . +see it up there ? +one is another american inv@@ ent@@ or ted h@@ enter . +many web@@ sites we can 't read using ja@@ ws and the other technologies . +i think i have to say go@@ od@@ b@@ ye now . +interest@@ ingly enough , other neuro@@ lo@@ gic diseases which affect very different parts of the brain also show tan@@ gles of mis@@ fol@@ ded protein , which suggests that the approach might be a general one , and might be used to cure many neuro@@ lo@@ gic diseases , not just alzheimer 's disease . +i 'm going to ignor@@ e their cau@@ tions and make one very specific for@@ ec@@ ast . +so this is a time of great fl@@ our@@ ishing , and the more i look around , the more convinced i become that this quote , from the physi@@ c@@ ist free@@ man dy@@ son , is not hyper@@ bo@@ le at all . +and to make them really stere@@ ot@@ yp@@ ical , let 's make them both white guys . +and if you find yourself worried that something like a guar@@ an@@ te@@ ed income is going to stif@@ le our drive to succe@@ ed and make us kind of com@@ plac@@ ent , you might be interested to know that social mo@@ bility , one of the things we really pri@@ de ourselves on in the united states , is now lower than it is in the northern european countries that have these very gener@@ ous social safety nets . +the reali@@ ties of this new machine age and the change in the economy are becoming more wid@@ ely known . +i have become more and more un@@ comfortable with this perception of god over the years . +some have conclu@@ ded that we can only believe in a god who shares our pain . +in the second verse comes the line , " the wind and waves o@@ be@@ y him . " +so who is god , if not the great pu@@ p@@ pe@@ t-@@ master or the tri@@ b@@ al prote@@ ctor ? +what if god is in things ? +how could one practice such a faith ? +and so , i want to kind of go through my little story of what i found out . +and if we study those h@@ unter@@ -@@ gather@@ er tri@@ bes and the ne@@ anderth@@ al , which are very similar to early man , we find out a very curious thing about this world without technology , and this is a kind of a cur@@ ve of their average age . +it was sort of , in a certain sense , in a m@@ clu@@ han sense , an ex@@ ternal sto@@ mach , in the sense that it was cooking food that we could not eat otherwise . +while this is something that comes from our mind , it also has its roots deeply into the co@@ smo@@ s . +it 's a bran@@ ching off from the human form . +i think that really leads no@@ where . +that 's what we get from technology all the time . that 's why people leave villa@@ ges and go into cities , is because they are always gravi@@ tat@@ ing towards increas@@ ed choices and possibilities . +mean@@ while , i had grown up around a lot of teachers . +so the idea was that we would be working on whatever we 're working on , at 2 : 30 p@@ .@@ m@@ . the students flow in and you put down what you 're doing , or you trade , or you work a little bit later or whatever it is . +that was just my one thing -- i said we had to have something that dro@@ ps on people 's heads . +and we found ourselves full every day with kids . +the key thing is , even if you only have a couple of hours a month , those two hours shoul@@ der@@ -@@ to-@@ shoul@@ der , next to one student , concent@@ r@@ ated attention , sh@@ ining this be@@ am of light on their work , on their thoughts and their self-@@ expression , is going to be absolutely transforma@@ tive , because so many of the students have not had that ever before . +they work under the teacher 's gui@@ de , and it 's all in one big room . +and so then they 're all sold in the store . this is near the plan@@ ks . +they didn 't want to sell pi@@ rate supp@@ lies . +so this is the space during tu@@ tor@@ ing hours . +anyway . so i 'm going to jump ahead . +the schools need you . the teachers need you . +you see , i grew up in war@@ -@@ tor@@ n iraq , and i believe that there are two sides of wars and we 've only seen one side of it . +this is where we conc@@ ei@@ ve of ra@@ pe and cas@@ u@@ al@@ ties as inevi@@ t@@ abilities . +there is a side that fi@@ ghts , and there is a side that kee@@ ps the schools and the fac@@ tor@@ ies and the hospitals open . +a con@@ gol@@ ese woman , who was telling me about how her children saw their father killed in front of them and saw her ra@@ ped in front of them and mu@@ ti@@ l@@ ated in front of them , and her children saw their nin@@ e-@@ year-old si@@ bling killed in front of them , how they 're doing okay right now . +za@@ in@@ ab sal@@ bi : women , war@@ time and the dream of peace +and she has this show , " the simple life . " +last month , i was at google , and , boy , that caf@@ e@@ teri@@ a , man . +and she 's very important in my life , because she 's the one that told me to leave mit and go to art school . +so if you compare comple@@ xi@@ ties to simpli@@ city , it 's also cat@@ ching up in a way , too . +and when you 're told this , you feel kind of weird . +so , i went back to the computer , and i bought five large fri@@ es , and scan@@ ned them all . and i was looking for some kind of food theme , and i wrote some software to auto@@ matically lay out fren@@ ch@@ -@@ fr@@ y images . +it 's a bit e@@ er@@ ie , isn 't it ? +this book i wrote because i want to figure out life . +and this is the fourth time , and i come here for this wisdom , i think . +environmental challenges fall into the same three categ@@ ories , and most of what we think about are local environmental problems : air pollution , water pollution , ha@@ zar@@ d@@ ous waste du@@ mp@@ s . but there are also regi@@ onal environmental problems , like ac@@ id rain from the mid@@ west to the nor@@ the@@ ast , and from western europe to the arc@@ tic , and from the mid@@ west out the miss@@ is@@ si@@ pp@@ i into the dead zone of the gul@@ f of mexico . +you all know that . at the last i@@ p@@ c@@ c sum@@ mary , the scientists wanted to say , " how certain are you ? " they wanted to answer that " 99 percent . " +we have to have a uni@@ fied view of how to go about this : the struggle against poverty in the world and the challenge of cutting weal@@ thy country emissions , all has a single , very simple solution . +what we need is another hero generation . those of us who are alive in the united states of america today especially , but also the rest of the world , have to somehow understand that history has pres@@ ented us with a choice -- just as j@@ ill [ bol@@ te ] ta@@ yl@@ or was fig@@ uring out how to save her life while she was di@@ stra@@ cted by the amazing experience that she was going through . +so they 're saying the right things and they may -- whi@@ che@@ ver of them is ele@@ cted -- may do the right thing , but let me tell you : when i came back from k@@ yo@@ to in 199@@ 7 , with a feeling of great happiness that we 'd gotten that break@@ through there , and then con@@ fron@@ ted the united states sen@@ ate , only one out of 100 sen@@ ators was willing to vote to con@@ fir@@ m , to ra@@ ti@@ fy that treat@@ y . whatever the can@@ di@@ dat@@ es say has to be la@@ id al@@ on@@ g@@ side what the people say . +a change in commit@@ ment . a new sense of ur@@ gen@@ cy . +and this exhi@@ bi@@ tion is about the work of designers that help us be more el@@ a@@ stic , and also of designers that really work on this el@@ a@@ sti@@ city as an opportunity . and one last thing is that it 's not only designers , but it 's also scientists . +he 's thinking -- of course it 's all a concept -- of inje@@ cting ty@@ pe@@ faces into sper@@ ma@@ to@@ zo@@ a , i don 't know how to say it in english -- sper@@ ma@@ ta@@ zo@@ i -- in order to make them become -- to almost have a song or a whole po@@ em written with every e@@ jac@@ u@@ lation . +in this particular case a section will be de@@ vot@@ ed to information design . +ra@@ pid manufacturing is a computer fi@@ le sent directly from the computer to the manufacturing machine . +another shape is made for cancer . +and many designers have been working recently on the idea of death and m@@ our@@ ning , and what we can do about it today with new technologies . +we did it in three steps . +and the same pattern emer@@ ged in each conflict . +so what 's going on ? +the opposite happened . +and within je@@ wish teach@@ ings , the rab@@ bin@@ ic teach@@ ings , we have hil@@ le@@ l , who taught that you shouldn 't do to others what you don 't like being done to yourself . +and then god looked to the future and realized , if the world was created just with justice , the world couldn 't exist . +and that unity is something that conne@@ cts all of creation . +and he rus@@ hed home . and after the s@@ ab@@ bat@@ h , he made 12 lo@@ a@@ ves of bread , took them to the sy@@ na@@ go@@ gue , went into the sy@@ na@@ go@@ gue , opened the ar@@ k and said , " god , i don 't know why you want this bread , but here you are . " +and he called the two of them to his office . +it per@@ si@@ sts for months and o@@ f@@ ten@@ times for years , and when that happens , it is its own disease . +but the worst part was , not the spon@@ tane@@ ous pain that was there 24 hours a day . +we treat these patients in a rather cru@@ de fashion at this point in time . +if you look out your window and you can see long 's peak , you 're probably familiar with it . +so it 's about a mile across , 600 feet deep . +let me note that we have not had a giant impact like the dinosau@@ r@@ -@@ kil@@ ler for 65 million years . they 're very rare . +now the good news is that the od@@ ds of it actually pas@@ sing through this key@@ hole and hit@@ ting us next go@@ -@@ around are one in a million , roughly -- very , very low od@@ ds , so i personally am not lying a@@ wake at night wor@@ rying about this at all . +and there are a lot of other problems with that . it 's very hard to do . +this probe actually can 't use chemical rock@@ ets . +so i thought that it will be good to start with it . +and we all had all of that on ta@@ pes . +it 's so obvious , straight in your face , and somebody must have thought of it . +you see ban@@ ks -- i don 't know if there are any bank@@ ers over here ; i apo@@ logi@@ ze in ad@@ v@@ ance -- but it 's the best job in the world . +just quickly on the results . +he goes and sees the gover@@ nor . the gover@@ nor says , bor@@ is ni@@ kol@@ a@@ ye@@ v@@ ich , i understand you are doing a great job , and you are the most respe@@ cted newspaper in our distri@@ ct . +because when you think about the importance , some of the issues that we were talking about last night -- this last s@@ ession we had about africa and his hypo@@ the@@ tical 50 billion dollars dest@@ ined for africa . +now we do da@@ y@@ dre@@ aming in 11 : 30 with 5@@ 5 seconds left . +what happens to matter if you cho@@ p it up very fine ? +and suppose they have , you know , very different sensor@@ y appar@@ at@@ us , and so on . +and in a lot of familiar cases , they of course are . +it 's a very simple example . +now , here is a very exciting development that many people have not heard of . +it 's the same theory of gravity . +pres@@ u@@ ma@@ bly , they mean something super@@ natural . +how true for lincol@@ n . +so then he surprised the nation with an up@@ set vic@@ tory for the pres@@ iden@@ cy over three far more experienced , far more educ@@ ated , far more cele@@ br@@ ated ri@@ v@@ als . +but even in his wil@@ dest dreams , lincol@@ n could never have imag@@ ined how far his repu@@ tation would reach . +but it was not to be that simple . +a vic@@ tor in a thousand con@@ tests , three great civil rights laws , medi@@ care , aid to education . +one of his favorite stories , for example , had to do with the revolution@@ ary war hero , e@@ than allen . +and i was so excited -- first person i 'd ever see outside of e@@ b@@ be@@ ts field . +but lu@@ ck@@ ily , my first conf@@ ession -- to a base@@ ball@@ -@@ lo@@ ving pri@@ est ! +and i want to begin with one ep@@ iso@@ de from that sequence of events that most of you would be very familiar with , bel@@ sha@@ zz@@ ar 's fe@@ ast -- because we 're talking about the ir@@ an-@@ iraq war of 5@@ 3@@ 9 b@@ c . +and what is the great king , the powerful king , the king of the four quar@@ ters of the world going to do ? +it was the largest em@@ pi@@ re the world had known until then . +no other evidence . +and equ@@ ally , he 'd have been surprised that he was acting under orders from mar@@ du@@ k . +they want to bor@@ row the cy@@ rus cy@@ lin@@ der . +and i want to finish by asking you what the next story will be in which this object fig@@ ures . +and it 's only when it goes wrong that we start to realize the importance of families to children . +for those without dis@@ abilities , at age three , they 're trans@@ fer@@ red to another institution , and at age seven , to yet another . se@@ gre@@ g@@ ated according to age and gender , they are arb@@ it@@ r@@ arily separ@@ ated from their si@@ bl@@ ings , often without even a chance to say go@@ od@@ b@@ ye . +people need to know the har@@ m that institutions cause to children , and the better alterna@@ tives that exist . +because it 's obviously incredibly fri@@ gh@@ ten@@ ing . +and that 's why we wanted it to be the 21@@ st of september as the date of peace . +and just sta@@ ying in the moment with it was a beautiful thing and really em@@ power@@ ing actually . +it didn 't matter if it didn 't create a day of peace . +and i remember thinking , " this is exactly why , actually , we have to work even harder . +it was histor@@ ical . could it work in afghanistan with un@@ ama and who and civil society , etc . , etc . , etc . ? +and we did , and we travel@@ ed around , and we spoke to el@@ ders , we spoke to doctors , we spoke to nur@@ ses , we held press con@@ fer@@ ences , we went out with soldiers , we sat down with is@@ a@@ f , we sat down with na@@ to , we sat down with the u.k. government . +and we gave the film over . +ultimately , that 's what it 's about . " +it 's about your const@@ it@@ u@@ en@@ cies ; it 's about your businesses . +but let 's play along . +so this to me became the important question to answer : how many neurons does the human brain have , and how does that compare to other animals ? +compared to a rat , we might seem special , yes , but that 's not a fair compar@@ ison to make , given that we know that we are not ro@@ dents . +when you eat like a pri@@ mate , you can 't afford both . +and i think that 's how we got to become human . +i 'm fascin@@ ated with the idea of what happens when you mer@@ ge biology with technology , and i remember reading about this idea of being able to re@@ program biology , in the future , away from disease and aging . +it 's a very logi@@ cal plan , but it was not always like this . +but one day , something happened . +the man , his name was ma@@ h@@ mou@@ d , and the child , whose name was ra@@ f@@ i , left . +it 's not a pri@@ ority . " +the st@@ um@@ p or cast pro@@ s@@ thesis was made , and he was starting the real physical re@@ hab@@ ili@@ tation . +no need of sta@@ ying with me all the day pus@@ hing my wheel@@ chair . " +i don 't want them to be te@@ ased at school by the other students . " +but with na@@ j@@ mu@@ dd@@ in , we cannot disc@@ uss . +they are 7@@ ,000 every year -- people coming for the first time . +this is my big wish . +i want to tell you some stories that explain my view . +their decisions , their actions matter . +what lessons would you take from an experience like this ? +and i was part of that . +now , i was a little sc@@ ared because when you see those three problems , they seem really hard to deal with . +and he sig@@ ns off , " thank you . " +it says a lot about her pe@@ ers who ele@@ cted her . +can you see it ? +so when we want to learn whether a planet is habit@@ able , whether it might be am@@ en@@ able to life , we want to know not only how much total light it recei@@ ves and how warm it is , but we want to know about its space weather -- this high-@@ energy radiation , the u@@ v and the x-@@ ra@@ ys that are created by its star and that ba@@ the it in this bat@@ h of high-@@ energy radiation . +wrong . i 'm not looking at you . i can 't see you . +but there exists out there a very large population of people who will tell you that they have psych@@ ic , ma@@ gical power@@ s that they can predict the future , that they can make contact with the de@@ ce@@ ased . +she doesn 't bring any useful information to us . +" did he ever have an electric ra@@ z@@ or ? " " no . " +now , without that , how could we possibly function ? +she couldn 't reach me . now she says she doesn 't want to reach me because i 'm a go@@ d@@ less person . +now folks , this is not just a metaphor i 'm going to give you now , it 's true . +those are very important , cri@@ tically important to us . +le@@ gen@@ dar@@ y skep@@ tic james rand@@ i takes a f@@ at@@ al do@@ se of home@@ op@@ ath@@ ic sle@@ eping p@@ ills on@@ stage , ki@@ cking off a se@@ aring 18@@ -@@ minute indi@@ ct@@ ment of ir@@ rational belie@@ fs . he thro@@ ws out a challenge to the world 's psych@@ ics : prove what you do is real , and i 'll give you a million dollars . +so it runs frequ@@ ently , the entire hospital , just on a gener@@ ator . +there has to be something better . " +but this gives control to the provi@@ der , whether there 's power or not , because they can ad@@ just the flow based on the percentage of oxygen they see that they 're giving their patient . +but we still want to be sure that this is the most effective and safe device that we can be putting into hospitals . +some lo@@ gos designed by my students . +the creative spirit in africa , the creative tradition , is as po@@ tent as it has always been , if only designers could look within . +it 's a h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st of a different kind , and hi@@ ding under our des@@ ks isn 't going to help . +now , there 's no time to get into the benefits of eating plants here , but the evidence is that plants -- and i want to make this clear -- it 's not the ingre@@ di@@ ents in plants , it 's the plants . +half the people who developed the food pyrami@@ d have ties to agri@@ business . +mar@@ gar@@ ine didn 't exist . +the effects of this are well known . they are everywhere . +most mom@@ s coo@@ ked like mine : a piece of bro@@ iled meat , a quickly made sal@@ ad with bot@@ t@@ led d@@ res@@ sing , can@@ ned sou@@ p , can@@ ned fru@@ it sal@@ ad . +leading the way -- what 's leading the way ? +and i say this as a man who has e@@ aten a fair share of cor@@ ned bee@@ f in his life . +we can continue the search for the ingre@@ di@@ ents we love , and we can continue to sp@@ in y@@ ar@@ ns about our favorite me@@ als . +sound familiar ? +if i can ask an in@@ dis@@ cre@@ et question , how many of you have tat@@ to@@ os ? +my@@ th number two : or@@ p@@ he@@ us , wonderful guy , char@@ ming to be around , great parti@@ er , great sing@@ er , lo@@ ses his belo@@ ved , char@@ ms his way into the under@@ world , only person to char@@ m his way into the under@@ world , char@@ ms the go@@ ds of the under@@ world , they rele@@ ase his beauty on the condition he never look at her until they 're out . +some of these have already been tou@@ ched upon by other speak@@ ers , which is encoura@@ ging . +5@@ 2 million people die of natural causes each year cor@@ respon@@ ds , then , to 5@@ 2 million vol@@ um@@ es destro@@ yed . +if we were to take into account future generations that will never come into existence if we b@@ low ourselves up , then the figure becomes astronom@@ ical . +we were very successful . +so if you think about what it means to learn ari@@ th@@ me@@ tic or to learn to read , you 're actually , literally re@@ writing your own brain . +and they would just st@@ are at us with ba@@ ff@@ le@@ ment when we spend time listening to a beautiful performance , like the one we just heard -- because of people making stupid mov@@ ements , and they would be really ir@@ ri@@ t@@ ated and wouldn 't see what we were up to . +so then , you move off to this larger sphere of " human + , " and you could continue that process and eventually explore a lot of this larger space of possible mo@@ des of being . +ts : those are perman@@ ent magne@@ ts , yeah . +ts : yeah , well let 's put a couple of can@@ v@@ ases . +and then when i did the second one , it really dist@@ ur@@ bed the piece -- these big blue lines cr@@ as@@ hing through the center of it -- and so it created a kind of ten@@ sion and an over@@ la@@ p . +you know , it seems at this stage in your life , you also very personally are in this state of con@@ fron@@ tation with a sort of dis@@ son@@ ant -- i suppose it 's an electro@@ magnetic force that somehow gover@@ ns your par@@ kin@@ son 's and this creative force that is both the artist who is in the here and now and this sort of ar@@ c of your whole life . +ts : thank you , john . +my mother comes out , and he as@@ ks her for money , but she doesn 't have enough . +i grew up in the middle of no@@ where on a di@@ rt road in rural ar@@ kan@@ s@@ as , an hour from the ne@@ ar@@ est movie theater . +one of them , i call my mi@@ ma@@ w 's test . +i 'm under the river with those fish . +one of these is scrat@@ ch@@ -@@ off ma@@ ster@@ pieces . +what he did was to get wild birds to make his art for him . +and so we got to the gra@@ ve and made this , which was hil@@ ari@@ ous -- the attention that we got . +and also they re@@ ference how the u@@ vul@@ a -- everything they say is fallen because of the for@@ bi@@ dden fru@@ it . +he 's an austr@@ ali@@ an ab@@ original el@@ der , and he 's also an artist . +and you would think that should have nothing to do with one another , but i hope by the end of these 18 minutes , you 'll see a little bit of a relation . +and what changed is something you might not have expected in an art , which is math . +and if you don 't want to fold 400 sc@@ ales , you can back off and just do a few things , and add pl@@ ates to the back of a tur@@ tle , or to@@ es . +we 're going to learn how to make one fla@@ p . +and i can use those patterns now to create origami shapes . +to@@ es have become an origami me@@ me , because everyone 's doing it . +they certainly didn 't need to talk to origami artists . +the problem that 's being solved here is something that needs to be big and she@@ et@@ -@@ like at its dest@@ ination , but needs to be small for the journey . +for@@ rest north : the beginning of any collaboration starts with a conversation . +he came up with our name and lo@@ go . we 're mission mot@@ ors . +the 200@@ ,@@ 00@@ 0-@@ year period in which men have been top dog is truly coming to an end , believe it or not , and that 's why i talk about the " end of men . " +and so they decided , because they were intri@@ gu@@ ed by this finding , to do a nation@@ wide survey . +but that really isn 't true anymore . +and what 's even more dist@@ ur@@ bing is what 's happening with yo@@ unger boys . +and i think the reason it has a sting is because thousands of years of history don 't rever@@ se themselves without a lot of pain , and that 's why i talk about us all going through this together . +but over the ' 7@@ 0s and ' 8@@ 0s , the south korea government decided they wanted to rapi@@ dly industri@@ alize , and so what they did was , they started to push women into the work@@ force . +and we have a lot of sk@@ ill and experience , but it 's a trick , so how are you supposed to pre@@ p@@ are to get through that glass cei@@ ling ? +and the man who talked at that ev@@ ening lec@@ ture was very interesting . +and it 's interesting , if you think about it , how , when we think about the civili@@ zations that we look up to as having been p@@ inn@@ ac@@ les of human achie@@ vement -- whether it 's china , gre@@ e@@ ce , the hin@@ du civilization , or the may@@ as , or eg@@ yp@@ ti@@ ans -- what we know about them is really about their ec@@ st@@ as@@ ies , not about their everyday life . +whether it 's mathematics or music , it takes that long to be able to begin to change something in a way that it 's better than what was there before . +you know that what you need to do is possible to do , even though difficult , and sense of time disappe@@ ars , you forget yourself , you feel part of something larger . +even though sometimes watching television about seven to eight percent of the time is in flow , but that 's when you choose a program you really want to watch and you get feedback from it . +and if " where do you come from ? " +and the number of us who live outside the old nation@@ -@@ state categ@@ ories is increasing so quickly , by 6@@ 4 million just in the last 12 years , that soon there will be more of us than there are americans . +and yet , there is one great problem with movement , and that is that it 's really hard to get your be@@ ar@@ ings when you 're in mi@@ da@@ ir . +and i sat down , and i began to write , and write , and write , even though i 'd gone there really to get away from my des@@ k . +thank you . +i 'm going to talk now about how world population has changed from that year and into the future , but i will not use digital technology , as i 've done during my first five ted@@ talks . +and the most successful of the developing countries , they have moved on , you know , and they have become emerging econom@@ ies , we call them . +will they move on ? +the whole emerging world jo@@ ins the western world with good child survival and small family size , but we still have the poor@@ est billion . +the world 's population will grow to 9 billion over the next 50 years -- and only by raising the living standards of the poor@@ est can we check population growth . this is the parado@@ x@@ ical answer that h@@ ans ro@@ s@@ ling un@@ v@@ ei@@ ls at ted @ can@@ nes using color@@ ful new data display technology . +we are left with this missing space of increas@@ ed dea@@ ths the further north you go . +and i started doing research , and we found , very exc@@ it@@ ingly , that the skin produ@@ ces ni@@ tri@@ c o@@ xide . +now , what we were care@@ ful to do was , vi@@ tam@@ in d is made by ultra@@ vi@@ o@@ let b ra@@ ys and we wanted to separate our story from the vi@@ tam@@ in d story . +there is no change in blood flow , in di@@ lat@@ ation of the blood ves@@ sel@@ s . +and this is on@@ going work , but der@@ mat@@ ologists -- i mean , i 'm a der@@ mat@@ ologist . +these are major issues . +so , your body is constantly re@@ gener@@ ating . +it dis@@ integr@@ ates a few months later . +and this is an x-@@ ray showing you the patent , func@@ tional blood ves@@ sel . +but there are other hol@@ low organs that have ad@@ ded complexity to it . +another strategy that we have followed is actually to use dec@@ ell@@ ul@@ ari@@ zed organs . +we are limited with di@@ stances right now , but our goal is actually to increase those di@@ stances over time . +he finally st@@ ops the run@@ away stage . +i would be willing to bet that i 'm the du@@ m@@ best guy in the room because i couldn 't get through school . i strug@@ gl@@ ed with school . +what we do is we sit and teach our kids all the things they shouldn 't do : don 't hit ; don 't bi@@ te ; don 't swe@@ ar . +all three of the fo@@ under@@ s of net@@ scap@@ e had it . +is it thing one or thing two ? what is it ? +and i remember this one custom@@ er so vi@@ vi@@ dly because i also did some other stuff with these cli@@ ents . +i also learned , don 't reve@@ al your source , because i got beat up after about four weeks of doing this because one of the rich kids found out where i was buying my com@@ ics from , and he didn 't like the fact that he was paying a lot more . +and you could stuff p@@ ins in them . +then i would go up and deliver them to these 7@@ 0-@@ year-old women playing bridge . +that was cool because then i had re@@ tail out@@ lets . +and then they don 't have a regular check , but they have more opportunities to find more stuff , and they learn the sk@@ ill of negoti@@ ating , and they learn the sk@@ ill of finding opportunities as well . +if you go into a restaurant and you have bad custom@@ er service , show them what bad custom@@ er service looks like . +it 's a video that was done by one of the companies that i ment@@ or . +we have even managed to make the study of liter@@ ature ar@@ can@@ e . +a har@@ ro@@ wing predi@@ le@@ ction for the uses of force had become common@@ place , with an equal di@@ sta@@ ste for the alternative forms of influence . +but structures designed to connect , rather than divi@@ de mu@@ tu@@ ally depen@@ dent cir@@ cles , rather than isol@@ ating tri@@ an@@ gles . +the most important discovery we made in our focus on public action was to appreci@@ ate that the hard choices are not between good and evil , but between compe@@ ting goods . +president obama and his team simply cannot do it alone . +okay , see ? it 's done . it 's almost done . here we go . +they recognize : both of these things have to live together . +they are acting in the sense that they 're em@@ ul@@ ating the original ma@@ sh@@ up . +in the good old days when this republi@@ can ran that company , their greatest work was work that built on the past , right . +now , i think there are lessons we should learn here , lessons about open@@ ness . +you could still buy the music , but you couldn 't hear anything because it had been sil@@ enced . +anyway , please join me in teaching these values . +if you don 't say the right creative thing , you 're going to be jud@@ ged . +and something else happened , these people who went through the process and tou@@ ched the sna@@ ke ended up having less an@@ x@@ iety about other things in their lives . +about that time he was at the d.@@ school at stanford taking clas@@ ses . +so while you 're sitting around with the other patients in your pa@@ jam@@ as and everybody 's p@@ ale and thin and you 're waiting for your turn to get the gam@@ ma ra@@ ys , you think of a lot of things . +thank you . +let 's take a look at what 's going on in different space types in this building . +when he met me and realized that it was possible for him to study in a quanti@@ ta@@ tive way how his design choices im@@ pac@@ ted the ec@@ ology and biology of this building , he got really excited , because it ad@@ ded a new dimension to what he did . +so let 's just run through these guys . +the system was designed to aug@@ ment human intelligence , it was called . +these are some examples of this system in action in the late 8@@ 0s . +and according to fortun@@ e magazine , he 's worth 700 million dollars . +in fact , someone on re@@ dd@@ it thought , " oh , what a great thing , we should all vote this up . " +they even created an e-@@ card so you could send your friend a dan@@ cing sp@@ las@@ h@@ y . +i am a na@@ tive of bur@@ kin@@ a fas@@ o . +fund@@ raising was not an easy task . +and for me and my community , this project was a huge success . +i would like to share with you this . +yes , you know it . +and when you look through them , you get a gli@@ mp@@ se into the mind of the cyber@@ -@@ illu@@ sion@@ ist . +voice : don 't tell , or it won 't come true . +digital mt : this is without a question the real thing . +now the big question here is obviously , how do we make sense of china ? +the first is that the most important political value for the chinese is unity , is the ma@@ inten@@ ance of chinese civilization . +the chinese have a very , very different con@@ ception of race to most other countries . +it 's had no serious ri@@ v@@ als . +so there we have three building blocks for trying to understand the difference that is china -- the civili@@ za@@ tion@@ -@@ state , the notion of race and the nature of the state and its relationship to society . +first , the west is rapi@@ dly losing its influence in the world . +now this is the way things are going to move , because china has a very specific problem , which is different from europe and different from the united states : china has huge numbers of people and no space . +red = dru@@ ms , blue = b@@ ass , green = ch@@ or@@ ds , orange = leads , pur@@ ple = pa@@ ds the mou@@ th@@ piece consi@@ sts of ... +it 's been eight years , and i can tell you that i didn 't go to china to become a law@@ yer . +[ chinese ] " big sister w@@ ong , " was@@ h@@ burn , w@@ ong , same difference . +what about art ? +everyone was gl@@ u@@ ed to the tv , watching dist@@ ur@@ bing , fri@@ gh@@ ten@@ ing images taken from the edge of the neighborhood . +when we got there , we just went in the street , started talking with people everywhere , and we realized that things were a bit different from the r@@ he@@ tor@@ ic we heard in the media . +people come around us and start asking , " what are you doing here ? " +i just obser@@ ved . +then the next day , i held a meeting on the main square and some women came . +we went to africa , sud@@ an , si@@ er@@ ra le@@ one , liber@@ ia , kenya . +you know what i love is , for example , when you see the biggest eye there , there are so [ many ] houses inside . +for each project we do a film . +but yesterday the city called them and said , " look , you 're going to have to te@@ ar it down . +actually the fact that art cannot change things makes it a neu@@ tra@@ l place for ex@@ changes and discus@@ sions , and then en@@ ables you to change the world . +and we come from a long tradition of sharing . +one of the fo@@ under@@ s went to swi@@ tz@@ er@@ land , saw it imple@@ mented some@@ place , said , " wow , that looks really cool . +the number across the u.s. and western europe is eight percent . +so here we have lu@@ d@@ ot@@ ru@@ ck , which is in l@@ .@@ a. , doing the things that g@@ our@@ met food tru@@ cks do , and they 've gather@@ ed quite a following . +super fun , and it happens in a very transi@@ tional neighborhood . +the future , as we know it , is very un@@ predic@@ table . +we 've seen it in the financial crisis . we 've seen it in the pan@@ de@@ mic flu . +but will this only be available for the super rich , for those that can afford it ? are we head@@ ed for a new eu@@ gen@@ ics ? +an individual , for the first time in the history of humanity , will have the capacity , by 20@@ 30 , to destro@@ y the planet , to w@@ re@@ ck everything , through the creation , for example , of a bi@@ op@@ a@@ tho@@ gen . +i 'm not on top of the class . +but , most importantly , while i was travel@@ ing , i taught children carto@@ oning , and in exchange , i learned how to be spon@@ tane@@ ous . +i was h@@ es@@ it@@ ant to inclu@@ de this in my pres@@ entation because this carto@@ on was published soon after 9 / 11 . +everything had to be larger . the next painting was even bigger . +this is a work , a library i designed for the ro@@ bin hood foundation . +so then i said , " nets , what do i do ? " +we had fashion designers , instal@@ lation artists , models , we had ma@@ ke@@ up artists , je@@ wel@@ ry designers , all kinds of people working with me to make my we@@ d@@ ding an art instal@@ lation . +my works also turned auto@@ bi@@ ogra@@ phi@@ cal . +you know i sat at home and i watched . +and i dre@@ w it out for her . +e : ach@@ o@@ o ! +can you get down ? +because one of her favorite folks from back home is here , and she 's pretty nervous to meet him . +e : qu@@ ack , qu@@ ack , qu@@ ack . +sw : you are very special . what would you like to say to all these nice people ? +and on one particular day , the cam@@ pers were jum@@ ping through inner tu@@ bes , they were di@@ ving through inner tu@@ bes . and i thought this would be great fun . +i started see@@ king out tri@@ ath@@ le@@ tes because i found that li@@ fel@@ ong swi@@ mm@@ ers often couldn 't teach what they did . +the head is held in line with the sp@@ ine , so that you use strate@@ gic water pressure to raise your legs up -- very important , especially for people with lower body fat . +so i thought why not pun@@ ish myself ? i 'll do japanese . +and that set me on this pan@@ ic driven search for the perfect language method . +and so i ended up walking like this . +i intervie@@ wed these people because they all taught in bu@@ en@@ os air@@ es . +that 's just one benefit of that . +what i want to talk about today is one idea . +now not surpris@@ ingly , that influ@@ enced some people to think we were onto something . +ge@@ off mul@@ gan : a short in@@ tr@@ o to the studio school +and the phili@@ st@@ ine who is sent down , their mi@@ gh@@ ty war@@ ri@@ or , is a giant . +so david , in that story , is supposed to be the under@@ dog , right ? +if you go back over the history of ancient war@@ f@@ are , you will find time and time again that sl@@ ing@@ ers were the decisi@@ ve factor against in@@ fan@@ try in one kind of battle or another . +and then there 's this whole weird thing about how long it takes go@@ li@@ ath to re@@ act to the sight of david . +and that would also explain so much of what was strange about his behavior that day . +and something fe@@ ster@@ ed inside me after this happened . +we have millions of genes of micro@@ bes in our human micro@@ bi@@ ome co@@ vering us . +and so , these studies have docum@@ ented or suggest@@ ed out of a variety of important fun@@ ctions for the micro@@ bi@@ al community , this cloud , the non-@@ pa@@ tho@@ gens that live in and on us . +we should treat it carefully and with respect , and we do not want to m@@ ess with it , say by c@@ -@@ se@@ ctions or by antibio@@ tics or exc@@ essi@@ ve cle@@ an@@ lin@@ ess , without some real good justi@@ fication . +and that 's what we 're doing . so wikipedia -- you just saw the little demon@@ stration of it -- it 's a fre@@ ely licen@@ sed en@@ cy@@ clo@@ pedia . it 's written by thousands of volunte@@ ers all over the world in many , many languages . +and he 's only been our employe@@ e since janu@@ ary 2005 , all the other growth before that . +the media has covered this some@@ what exten@@ si@@ vely . +we should mer@@ ely report on what repu@@ table par@@ ties have said about it . +these are the people who are doing the bul@@ k of the site , and they are , in a sense , se@@ mi@@ -@@ profession@@ als at what they 're doing , that the standards we set for ourselves are equal to or higher than professional standards of quality . +so somebody says , " d@@ ele@@ te it , please . d@@ ele@@ te it -- it 's not not@@ able . " +and i also like to say she 's the only person who actually knows all the rules of wikipedia , so ... +ben sa@@ under@@ s : yeah , hi , ben sa@@ under@@ s . +i and my colleagues art ar@@ on and lu@@ cy brown and others , have put 3@@ 7 people who are ma@@ dly in love into a func@@ tional mr@@ i brain scan@@ ner . +almost nobody gets out of love alive . +we found activity in a tiny , little factory near the base of the brain called the vent@@ ral te@@ g@@ mental area . +two thousand years later , we can explain this in the brain . +i 've also come to believe that roman@@ tic love is an addi@@ ction : a perfectly wonderful addi@@ ction when it 's going well , and a perfectly horri@@ ble addi@@ ction when it 's going poor@@ ly . +our ne@@ west experiment has been hat@@ ched by my collea@@ gue , art ar@@ on -- putting people who are repor@@ ting that they are still in love , in a long-term relationship , into the func@@ tional mr@@ i . +so , i will close with this . these are my older people . +i 'm not quite sure . +three : sin@@ e@@ w used in the ou@@ ter layer of the lim@@ b for ma@@ x@@ im@@ um ten@@ sion stor@@ age . +d@@ ong wo@@ o j@@ ang : the art of bo@@ w-@@ making +and like all the dolph@@ ins in our community , we photograph@@ ed mu@@ gs@@ y and tra@@ cked her little spo@@ ts and ni@@ cks in her dor@@ sal f@@ in , and also the unique spot patterns as she ma@@ tured over time . +and they use these bur@@ st-@@ pul@@ sed sounds as well as their head@@ -@@ to-@@ head behaviors when they 're fighting . +this under@@ water key@@ board in or@@ land@@ o , florida , at the ep@@ co@@ t center , was actually the most sophisti@@ cated ever two-@@ way interface designed for humans and dolph@@ ins to work together under the water and exchange information . +the di@@ ver here has a rop@@ e to@@ y , and i 'm on the key@@ board on the left , and i 've just played the rop@@ e key , and that 's the requ@@ est for the to@@ y from the human . +the dolph@@ in 's at the key@@ board . +den@@ ise her@@ zing : could we speak the language of dolph@@ ins ? +it 's based on an ar@@ gent@@ ini@@ an rhyth@@ m called " car@@ ni@@ v@@ ali@@ to . " +comm@@ ent@@ ator : there he is . +so the idea was , okay , keep that feeling of freedom , but change the v@@ ec@@ tor and increase the time . +because this is -- i 'm quite an experienced man@@ ager of systems as a pilot , but this is really -- you need flu@@ i@@ di@@ ty , you need to be agi@@ le and also to ada@@ pt really fast . +so i did try to take , again , a clim@@ b al@@ titude . +with that , i have to ada@@ pt to something new . +y@@ r : i have a standard answer . +i bet those pre@@ histor@@ ic ca@@ ve artists would have loved to know how to draw better . +wor@@ r@@ y@@ ingly , there is no con@@ sen@@ su@@ s about what it is . +we don 't see those nuclear re@@ actions in stars . +so we percei@@ ve nothing as what it really is . +why a marriage contra@@ ct and not any other reason for regular an@@ nu@@ al action ? +it 's the basic regul@@ ating principle of the en@@ ligh@@ ten@@ ment . +so this little slide here shows you an op@@ tom@@ e@@ tr@@ ist and the little blue person represents about 10,000 people and that 's the ra@@ ti@@ o in the u.@@ k . +i have a global vision for vision . +i have to say , it wasn 't exactly what i had in mind for my first day down under . +so , the new festi@@ val , it as@@ ks the audience to play an essential role in sha@@ ping the performance . +case in point : when " the su@@ l@@ tan 's eleph@@ ant " came to london just nine months after 7 / 7 , a lon@@ don@@ er wrote , " for the first time since the london bom@@ b@@ ings , my daughter called up with that spar@@ kle back in her voice . +[ " acade@@ my a@@ ward w@@ inner for visual effects " ] second doctor : wel@@ come to your new body , ja@@ ke@@ .@@ first doctor : good . +and what these images are -- you 'll see them at the start of the slide show -- there 's only about four images -- but it 's of a little bear that lives in the great bear rain@@ forest . +after a while of reading this in the news , it just becomes news . +but unfortunately , 95 percent of the gl@@ aci@@ ers in the arc@@ tic are also re@@ ce@@ ding right now to the point that the ice is en@@ ding up on land and not inje@@ cting any ice back into the ecosystem . +after an hour in these conditions , it 's so extreme that , when i go down , almost every di@@ ve i v@@ om@@ it into my regul@@ ator because my body can 't deal with the stress of the cold on my head . +when i 'm on my de@@ ath@@ bed , i 'm going to remember one story more than any other . +it just sees this big ballo@@ on in the ocean -- it doesn 't have hands -- it 's going to take a little bi@@ te , the boat po@@ ps , and off they go . +i put my fli@@ p@@ pers on . i could bar@@ ely part my li@@ ps . +this just didn 't happen a couple of times . +it 's a story that lives deep in my heart , and i 'm proud to share this with you . +now that you 're done looking at those , close them down , because every phone has something in common . +now , instead of doing it like mis@@ direction and thro@@ wing it off to the side , instead , what i choose to focus on is frank , to be able to play with the frank inside your head , your little security gu@@ ard , and get you , instead of foc@@ using on your ex@@ ternal senses , just to go intern@@ al for a second . +do you have a wal@@ let on you ? joe : i don 't . +open your hand . thank you very much . +i 'm going to try to push it inside your hand . +down here i noticed this . is this something of y@@ ours , sir ? +never have been . +we did not imagine that there would be this many maps around the world . +could we le@@ verage these technologies to switch smar@@ tly whenever you travel from country to country ? +and the local finan@@ cing is not part of the ecosystem for suppor@@ ting hard@@ ware projects . +we need to look for something else , and we 've gotten ourselves a little bit into a ru@@ t . +this last project is also of components . +you can actually predict what kinds of books they like to read , what kinds of places they like to travel to , and what kinds of food they like to eat . +and by the matri@@ x , i mean literally the matri@@ x , like the movie " the matri@@ x . " +it gives us very strong feelings about those who cause har@@ m . +i think this is what we come with , at least a prepar@@ e@@ dness to learn all of these things . +notice also that on all of these graph@@ s , the slo@@ pe is ste@@ e@@ per on in-@@ group , auth@@ ority , pu@@ ri@@ ty . +so this tri@@ p@@ ty@@ ch , these three pan@@ els portra@@ y the ti@@ mel@@ ess truth that order ten@@ ds to deca@@ y . +because i think that the greatest wonder in the world is not the grand c@@ any@@ on . +they want order , even at some cost to those at the bottom . +can you be not for or against anything ? +what i want to talk to you about today is some of the problems that the military of the western world -- australia , united states , u.k. and so on -- face in some of the de@@ plo@@ y@@ ments that they 're dealing with in the modern world at this time . +so again , they would say , " well if we have access to non-@@ le@@ th@@ al weapons , if we 've got someone we know is ho@@ sti@@ le , we can do something to deal with them and know that if we hit anyone else around the place , at least , again , we 're not going to kill them . " +they generally seem to think , " well , why would we care what 's happened with the police ? +so the next two years were the years they studied -- 2001 , 200@@ 2 . +it was used in@@ dis@@ crimin@@ ately . +in fact , he was probably six in@@ ches t@@ aller than me , and she was about this t@@ all . +they 're trained to be more re@@ stra@@ ined in the use of force than the military are . +and the question he had is , " can i do it ? can it be done ? " +we have art students getting together , taking old radi@@ ator parts and doing an ir@@ on-@@ po@@ ur to make something new out of it . +they 're a bit sub@@ ver@@ sive in what they do . +and then he didn 't particularly like school that much , but he got involved in robo@@ tics competi@@ tions , and he realized he had a talent , and , more importantly , he had a real passion for it . +now that could be a dog door , it could be someone going somewhere where they shouldn 't , like a little brother into a little sister 's room . +this is steve wo@@ z@@ ni@@ ak . where does he learn about computers ? +and dre@@ w bar@@ r@@ y@@ more , for all her wonderful char@@ m , is not glam@@ or@@ ous either . +and this is he@@ dy lam@@ ar@@ r . +this is fi@@ li@@ pp@@ in@@ o li@@ pp@@ i 's 15@@ 4@@ 3 portra@@ it of sa@@ int apo@@ ll@@ on@@ ia . +so you can do a glam@@ ori@@ zed picture of a car , but you can 't do a glam@@ ori@@ zed picture of traffic . +the sense of , you know , life could be better , i could join this -- i could be a perfect person , i could join this perfect world . +so , this s@@ ession 's supposed to be about p@@ ure pleasure but glamour 's really par@@ tly about meaning . +it was cri@@ ti@@ ci@@ zed for glam@@ ori@@ zing violence , because , look -- sun@@ glas@@ ses and those long co@@ ats , and , of course , they could walk up walls and do all these kinds of things that are impossible in the real world . +so she 's even more glam@@ or@@ ous if you know that she really wasn 't stupid , even though she thought she could look stupid . +it was a way of lo@@ c@@ ating myself . +oh sure , sure , i had moments of appreci@@ ation of my body , the way an ab@@ u@@ sive par@@ ent can sometimes have a moment of kin@@ dness . +i heard about a little girl who couldn 't stop pe@@ eing on her@@ self because so many grown soldiers had sho@@ ved themselves inside her . +and the fire that bur@@ ned in me on day three through six of chem@@ o is the fire that is burning in the fore@@ sts of the world . +it was the hon@@ ey in the water that made it swe@@ et , it was the oil that made it sick . +it was all these things . +obviously the whole project here is huge . +and i@@ van puts his sandwi@@ ch over here , on top of the pi@@ rate ch@@ est . +which sandwi@@ ch is he going to take ? +no , because the wind should get in trouble . +now she thinks the po@@ w@@ der is sugar . +okay , so it causes a small invol@@ un@@ t@@ ary contra@@ ction in my hand by putting a magnetic pul@@ se in my brain . +so , there 's a couple of things to say about t@@ ms . +that 's a great answer . re@@ bec@@ ca sa@@ x@@ e , thank you very much . that was fantastic . +and sometimes it takes a wa@@ ke@@ -up call , doesn 't it , to al@@ ert us to the fact that we 're hur@@ rying through our lives , instead of actually living them ; that we 're living the fast life , instead of the good life . +but i think if you cut through those forces , you get to what might be the deeper driver , the nu@@ b of the question , which is how we think about time itself . +and in this , to@@ w@@ ns begin to re@@ think how they organi@@ ze the urban landscape , so that people are encoura@@ ged to slow down and smell the ro@@ ses and connect with one another . +and nor@@ way , swe@@ den , den@@ mark and fin@@ land now r@@ ank among the top six most competi@@ tive nations on earth , and they work the kind of hours that would make the average american we@@ ep with en@@ vy . +i think there 's a kind of meta@@ physical dimension -- that speed becomes a way of w@@ all@@ ing ourselves off from the bigger , deeper questions . +i no longer hear time 's win@@ ged ch@@ ari@@ ot drawing near , or at least not as much as i did before . +how do you discover the uni@@ qu@@ eness of a project as unique as a person ? +and when there were com@@ pla@@ in@@ ts about budget , i said , " well , it 's worth doing the island because you get twice for your money : refle@@ ctions . " +and i went down and ch@@ ie@@ f minister b@@ ad@@ al said to me , " we si@@ k@@ h@@ s have suff@@ ered a great deal , as you have je@@ ws . +and again , i felt kind of un@@ comfortable with the notion that a building the size of the washington building -- 5@@ 0,000 square feet -- will sit on that fra@@ gi@@ le h@@ ill and that we will go into g@@ aller@@ ies -- rooms with do@@ ors and sort of familiar rooms -- to tell the story of the h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st . +studies for the structure of the roof , which dem@@ ands maybe new materials : how to make it white , how to make it trans@@ lu@@ cent , how to make it glo@@ wing , how to make it not cap@@ ri@@ cious . +so i think i 'm going to start with what i just heard . +so i 'm going to show you , we 're going to play just for a second . +well we 're ja@@ zz musi@@ cians , so stere@@ ot@@ yp@@ ically we don 't have a great relationship to fin@@ ance . +na@@ ma@@ ste . sal@@ a@@ am . +i have come from a place of inten@@ se dar@@ k@@ ness . +actually , i come from britain , but i 've been living in mal@@ di@@ ves for 26 years now . +it comes off the ocean here and is dra@@ wn up towards india . +now , the particular species of dra@@ gon@@ fly i want to talk about is this one , because most dra@@ gon@@ flies , like the one we 've just seen , when the adult is there for its brief one or two months of life , it doesn 't go very far . it can 't travel very far . +and i didn 't think anything more of it until the following year , when it happened again , and then the year after that , and then the year after that . +you 're too ke@@ en . you 're too ke@@ en . no . hang on . hang on . +it stre@@ t@@ ches about 500 miles , of course it 's india here . +that 's the inter@@ -@@ mon@@ soon , the time when the mon@@ soon changes . +the lar@@ va@@ e have to develop very quickly . +and the dra@@ gon@@ flies are there . i have repor@@ ts from my various cont@@ acts . +and i only st@@ um@@ bled on this because i was living in mal@@ é , in mal@@ di@@ ves for long enough for it to per@@ col@@ ate into my brain that something rather special was going on . +and they are not the only one that makes the cros@@ sing . +so , that 's what i 've done with my life . +cham@@ pi@@ on sounds so goo@@ fy , but it 's what it was , right ? +and this one , look how it sli@@ des si@@ de@@ ways , every which way ? +this one , a little sk@@ et@@ ch@@ y going back@@ wards , and watch the back foot , watch the back foot . +and they 're not all bad . +next . and this is something deeper , and this is where i 'm — i think i was on tour when i , i was reading one of the fe@@ yn@@ man bi@@ ogra@@ phi@@ es . it was the red one or the blue one . +and so many people , i guess , watch those videos . +but car@@ l norden is really the one who cra@@ cks the code . +so in the years leading up to the second world war , the u.s. military bu@@ ys 9@@ 0,000 of these norden bom@@ b@@ si@@ ghts at a cost of $ 14@@ ,000 each -- again , in 19@@ 40 dollars , that 's a lot of money . +well how many clou@@ d@@ less sk@@ ies do you think there were above central europe between 19@@ 40 and 19@@ 45 ? +and their mission was to find and to destro@@ y -- remember the sc@@ u@@ d mis@@ si@@ le laun@@ chers , those sur@@ fac@@ e-@@ to-@@ air mis@@ si@@ les that the ira@@ q@@ is were laun@@ ching at the isra@@ eli@@ s ? +in that ex@@ act same period that we 've been using these dr@@ ones with de@@ va@@ stat@@ ing accu@@ ra@@ cy , the number of attac@@ ks , of su@@ i@@ cide attac@@ ks and terror@@ ist attac@@ ks , against american forces in afghanistan has increas@@ ed ten@@ fold . +and vis@@ iting some pretty incredible places , places like mon@@ go@@ li@@ a , cam@@ bo@@ dia , new gu@@ ine@@ a , south africa , tanz@@ ania twice -- i was here a month ago . +but that 's not really the question i 'm asking . +but looking around the world at the diversity of humans , he said , " well , you know , we seem to come in dis@@ cre@@ et sub-@@ species or categ@@ ories . " +and the whole thing , if you add it all together , is over six billion nu@@ cle@@ o@@ ti@@ des long . +and what that means is that we origin@@ ated in africa . it 's written in our dna . +now , africa is the most tro@@ pic@@ al continent on the planet -- about 85 percent of it lies between cancer and cap@@ ri@@ cor@@ n -- and there aren 't a lot of gl@@ aci@@ ers here , except on the high mountains here in east africa . +we became much more social . the social networks exp@@ and@@ ed . +and it 's based on a few thousand people we 've sam@@ pl@@ ed from , you know , a hand@@ ful of popu@@ lations around the world . +projects around the world -- docum@@ enting oral poetry in si@@ er@@ ra le@@ one , preser@@ ving traditional wea@@ ving patterns in ga@@ za , language re@@ vi@@ tali@@ zation in ta@@ ji@@ ki@@ stan , etc . , etc . +well , the answer seems to be , the universe can create complexity , but with great diffic@@ ul@@ ty . +and at first , it 's just a blu@@ r , but very quickly distin@@ ct things begin to appear in that blu@@ r . +stars will create the gol@@ di@@ lo@@ cks conditions for cros@@ sing two new th@@ res@@ hol@@ ds . +you also need a great diversity of chemical elements , and you need liquid such as water . +as it cop@@ ies itself , once in every billion r@@ ung@@ s , there ten@@ ds to be an er@@ ror . +we are bl@@ essed with a language , a system of communication , so powerful and so pre@@ cise that we can share what we 've learned with such pre@@ c@@ ision that it can accu@@ mu@@ late in the collective memory . +collective learning is a very , very powerful force , and it 's not clear that we humans are in charge of it . +and then they bl@@ ame the ban@@ ks for being the bad guys who gave them the mor@@ t@@ g@@ ages . +low-@@ income people spend a lot more than a thousand on lot@@ ter@@ ies . +take out those who say they save too little . +or as some econom@@ ists call it , present bi@@ as . +what are the impli@@ cations to saving lives and having organs available ? +it 's very pain@@ ful , even though it doesn 't mean anything . +maybe we should make people save more when they make more money . +if you 're thinking about people taking too much risk and not understanding how much risk they 're taking or taking too little risk , we need to think about that . +it 's completely fu@@ cked up and can only be expla@@ ined in song . +you 're live . +have a great s@@ ession . +when i go out to direct a film , every day we pre@@ p@@ are too much , we think too much . +and i say , " cate , what do you want to do ? " +so , how far does e@@ ter@@ ni@@ ty go ? +we tell ourselves stories . +because she fell in love with wal@@ ter r@@ al@@ ei@@ gh , she was giving up the reasons she was a queen , and then wal@@ ter r@@ al@@ ei@@ gh fell in love with her lady in waiting , and she had to decide whether she was a queen going to war or she wanted ... +eli@@ z@@ ab@@ eth : bes@@ s ? +eli@@ z@@ ab@@ eth : this man has se@@ duced a ward of the queen , and she has married without ro@@ y@@ al con@@ sent . +so how do i start all this ? +they su@@ ck up all the water , keep to themselves , and they dri@@ p feed the lower city . +it is fin@@ ite ; harmon@@ y is infin@@ ite . +i met a guy -- the guy on the left . +we needed to be working on bee@@ f . +this is where we stand today . +we need to use less to make more . +they may have a lot of opini@@ ons about it , but they 're not going to be terri@@ bly in@@ formed . +are we going to work with 1.@@ 5 billion produ@@ cers ? +we need change even working with individual companies is not probably going to get us there . +we 're using whatever le@@ verage we have to bring them to the table . +it 's more with less and less again . +i am a neuro@@ scientist with a mix@@ ed background in physics and medicine . +and i promise to you , this was such an important moment in my career , when i realized that the great leader believed in young people and new ideas . +let me sum@@ mar@@ ize : the rat received a paraly@@ zing les@@ i@@ on of the spin@@ al cor@@ d . +they are the result of a young team of very tal@@ ented people : physical therap@@ ists , neuro@@ bi@@ ologists , neuro@@ surge@@ ons , engineers of all kinds , who have achie@@ ved together what would have been impossible by single individuals . +a spin@@ al cor@@ d in@@ j@@ ury can se@@ ver the communication between your brain and your body , leading to paraly@@ sis . fresh from his lab , gr@@ é@@ go@@ ire cour@@ t@@ ine shows a new method -- combin@@ ing drugs , electrical stimu@@ lation and a robot -- that could re-@@ a@@ wa@@ ken the neu@@ ral path@@ ways and help the body learn again to move on its own . see how it works , as a paraly@@ zed rat becomes able to run and navi@@ gate sta@@ irs . +i am an example of what 's possible when girls from the very beginning of their lives are loved and nur@@ tured by the people around them . +and i think about that today because i am remin@@ ded and convinced that all of you in this school are very important parts of clo@@ sing that gap . +i loved getting as . +because the world is big . +sum@@ mer@@ time and the living is easy fish are jum@@ ping and the c@@ ot@@ ton is high oh , your da@@ d@@ dy 's rich and your ma is goo@@ d-@@ looking so hus@@ h little baby don 't you c@@ ry and i opened my eyes , and i saw that she had her eyes closed . +" the human voice : myster@@ i@@ ous , spon@@ tane@@ ous , pri@@ mal . " with these words , sop@@ ran@@ o c@@ lar@@ on mc@@ fa@@ dden invi@@ tes us to explore the myster@@ ies of brea@@ thing and sing@@ ing , as she per@@ forms the challen@@ ging " ari@@ a , " by john c@@ age . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +no ce@@ o , no fir@@ m responsible , sing@@ ly , for building it . +instead , again , it is as if we are all sitting together in a theater , but we can only see am@@ i@@ d@@ st the fo@@ g the people immediately around us . +how did this happen ? +i am not making this up . +and wikipedia has embra@@ ced this . +but then , you can see the same kind of wh@@ im@@ sy applied to people . +here is the ch@@ art of over 4@@ 3 people helping to ste@@ er the robot that could not ste@@ er and get it on its way , from one corner from one corner of washington square park to another . +radical open@@ ness is still a dist@@ ant future in the field of school education . +in red , sort of below o@@ ec@@ d average . +spending per student only explains about , well , less than 20 percent of the performance vari@@ ation among countries , and lux@@ em@@ b@@ our@@ g , for example , the most expensive system , doesn 't do particularly well . +germany , my own country , in the year 2000 , fe@@ at@@ u@@ red in the lower quad@@ rant , below average performance , large social dis@@ par@@ i@@ ties . +it didn 't change its economy . it didn 't change the com@@ posi@@ tions of its population . +high per@@ form@@ ers on p@@ is@@ a embra@@ ce diversity with differ@@ enti@@ ated pe@@ da@@ go@@ gical practic@@ es . +every school succe@@ e@@ ds . +rich countries have been sending aid to poor countries for the last 60 years . +there could be all sorts of technologies . and one is cell phones . +so i started looking for any evidence that -- does connec@@ tivity really increase produ@@ c@@ tivity ? +and one of them is the l@@ ac@@ king buying power . +and anyway , to cut the time short -- so i started -- i first went to them and said , " you know , perhaps i could connect all your bran@@ ches and make you more efficient . " +now , about that co@@ w model i talked about . +" poor countries need aid . " +in swe@@ den we read it once and then we went part@@ ying . +18@@ 5@@ 8 in china was the vic@@ tory in the op@@ ium war by the british forces . +but really , really natural so@@ ver@@ eig@@ n@@ ty was good for japan . +this is the great lea@@ p forward , when china fell down . +you see this enormous ine@@ qu@@ ity in china , in the mid@@ st of fast economic growth . +i will show income per person on this axis instead , poor down here , rich up there . +but the real proje@@ ctions for those ones , i would like to give it like this . +for most of my research career , i 've been using acceler@@ ators , such as the electr@@ on acceler@@ ator at stanford university , just up the road , to study things on the small@@ est scale . +in fact , this galaxy and every other galaxy appe@@ ars to be em@@ bed@@ ded in a cloud of this invisible dark matter . +now , how do we de@@ du@@ ce where the galaxy is ? +we call this gravi@@ ta@@ tional len@@ sing . +and also , you can tell by eye , by looking at this , that these ar@@ cs are not cen@@ ter@@ ed on individual galaxies . +the star@@ t@@ ling answer to this question , ok , from these experiments , was that space is exp@@ and@@ ing at a faster rate today than it was a few billion years ago , ok . +one or both , who knows ? or it could be something completely different . +we discovered blu@@ e@@ gr@@ ass a few years ago , and we fell in love with it . we hope you guys will too . +and what was so sad about this particular story was that once their parents had found out -- and don 't forget , their parents took them to the doctor -- the parents thre@@ w them out on the street . +they squ@@ ir@@ t them at each other , which is lo@@ vely and inno@@ cent . +if you know something more , you probably know that uganda , to date , is the only country in sub-@@ sahar@@ an africa that has had success in com@@ b@@ ating the epidemic . +we didn 't see anything like that in africa . +so one way to test to see whether we can explain some of this behavior change by differences in life expec@@ tan@@ cy is to look and see is there more behavior change in areas where there 's less malaria . +it 's not the only place we had any interven@@ tions . +but since there are very few other diseases that kill people , we can really at@@ tribu@@ te that mortality to hiv . +and hiv is actually particularly clo@@ sely lin@@ ked to trans@@ it . +their ex@@ por@@ ts went down a lot in the early 199@@ 0s -- and actually that dec@@ line lines up really , really clo@@ sely with this dec@@ line in new hiv infe@@ ctions . +if i could reve@@ al anything that is hidden from us , at least in modern cultures , it would be to reve@@ al something that we 've for@@ gotten , that we used to know as well as we knew our own names . +and he came up to me and he kno@@ cked . +so the engineer 's bo@@ ss said , " find a way to quie@@ t this train . " +and those bu@@ mp@@ s act like a mag@@ net for water . +and then we wonder why the mem@@ bran@@ e clo@@ gs and why it takes so much electricity . +em@@ bed@@ ding nan@@ op@@ artic@@ les in a material for instance , always . +at bi@@ om@@ i@@ mi@@ c@@ ry gu@@ il@@ d , which is my consu@@ l@@ ting company , we work with ho@@ k architec@@ ts . +and hopefully , with their help , we 'll learn how to live on this earth , and on this home that is ours , but not ours alone . +i go , " why ? " +they bel@@ on@@ ged to boys . +if they 're bad , they 're your creation . learn from it . +what you see , if you see the ti@@ tle called " p@@ m 's car held . " +i said , " do you pra@@ y ? " +i want to show you some moments of history in my journey , which probably you would never ever get to see anywhere in the world . +and you see , everybody 's bus@@ y . there was no time to waste . +text : " help ! i 've been waiting for over 20 minutes , and nothing happens . " +so let me explain how this works . +and basically , since we rele@@ ased it about three or four years ago , a lot of web@@ sites have started swi@@ t@@ ching from the old cap@@ t@@ ch@@ a where people wa@@ sted their time to the new cap@@ t@@ ch@@ a where people are helping to di@@ gi@@ ti@@ ze books . +imagine you 're using the internet and you see a cap@@ t@@ ch@@ a that you think is some@@ what pe@@ cu@@ li@@ ar , like this cap@@ t@@ ch@@ a . +okay , that 's sever@@ in ha@@ cker . +so i 'll just let you read . +so i don 't even know if there exists 100 million people out there using the web who are bil@@ ing@@ ual enough to help us trans@@ late . +people really can learn a language with it . +that 's the current business model . +instead of invest@@ ing in a car , we invest in a community . +this pe@@ ers , in@@ c. concept is in a very difficult and complex real@@ m . +so this was a trick to get these two sides . +and i can tell you two great stories . +we live longer . we have access to technology that would have seemed like science fi@@ ction just a few years ago . +maybe these people are right . maybe min@@ d-@@ wander@@ ing is a bad thing . +a few minutes ago , i li@@ ken@@ ed min@@ d-@@ wander@@ ing to a s@@ lot machine you 'd never want to play . +and shor@@ tly after , we left the country , and we re@@ turned to swi@@ tz@@ er@@ land . +i mean , today , sing@@ apo@@ re is a first world country and ghana is not . +so when the ech@@ o of the g@@ uns@@ h@@ ots had l@@ ing@@ ered , it was soon dro@@ w@@ ned by the chan@@ ting of the mo@@ b , and i didn 't believe what i was hearing . +now i have learned that my place is not just in the west or in africa , and i 'm still se@@ arch@@ ing for my identity , but i saw ghana create democracy better . +so i 'm going to talk a little bit about that , and what exactly is it that scientists are supposed to do . +so therefore the church said that you can 't make a vac@@ u@@ um , you know . +the actual nature of reality was not at issue . +and , i mean , everybody in this room -- now , this is 3@@ 50 short years ago . +i was thinking about making my own little rock@@ ets . +it bur@@ ned kind of slow , but it made a nice smell , compared to other ro@@ cket fu@@ els i had tried , that all had su@@ l@@ fu@@ r in them . +but that ... process is what i think of as science , see , where you start with some idea , and then instead of , like , looking up , every auth@@ ority that you 've ever heard of i -- sometimes you do that , if you 're going to write a paper later , you want to figure out who else has worked on it . +they made all kinds of -- and then finally one giant bom@@ b to end the whole thing , right ? +but nobody actually demon@@ strated it , right ? +you know , if they said , you know what ? +and in grad school i became interested in creatures that d@@ well in the hidden cor@@ ners of the city . +when i got comfortable in the space , it also felt like a big play@@ ground . +it must have been a very unusual day for him . +they were consi@@ st@@ ently du@@ g as li@@ me@@ stone quar@@ ries and by the 18@@ th century , the ca@@ v@@ ing-@@ in of some of these quar@@ ries posed safety thre@@ ats , so the government or@@ dered rein@@ for@@ cing of the exi@@ sting quar@@ ries and du@@ g new obser@@ vation tun@@ n@@ els in order to monit@@ or and map the whole place . +and this is the first theater project i worked on . +and if you can , just scri@@ b@@ ble a pattern . +and when we gave them a battery , and a piece of wire , and a bul@@ b , and said , " can you do it ? " they couldn 't do it . right ? +between australia and here , right , they 've got summer and we 've got winter , and what -- does the earth kind of rus@@ h towards the sun at night , and then rus@@ h back again ? i mean , it 's a very strange thing going on , and we hold these two models in our head , of what 's right and what isn 't right , and we do that , as human beings , in all sorts of fields . +so , children are not empty ves@@ sel@@ s , ok ? +now -- oh , oh yeah , go on then , go on . +so when i thought about it , then suddenly i realized that biology gave us the answer . +so as a chem@@ ist , i wanted to say , " hang on . what is going on here ? +you have regu@@ lation ; information is tran@@ scri@@ bed ; cat@@ aly@@ sts are made ; stuff is happening . +so there are two op@@ tions : intelligent design , direct and indi@@ rect -- so god , or my friend . +i need some information , and i need a contain@@ er . +if we manage to do that , forget the molecular detail . +you 're sitting on cha@@ irs . +because the thing is , we are so ch@@ au@@ v@@ ini@@ stic to biology , if you take away carbon , there 's other things that can happen . +and i will take kenya as an example . +have got these sur@@ ve@@ ys in place in their dat@@ ab@@ ase , then they use advanced mathematical for@@ mul@@ as to produce a trend line , and the trend line looks like this . +so what i 'm telling you is that we know the child mortality . +here we have [ the ] year . +my ancestors moved to the united states . +here we have a problem . +and look now , the first african countries here are coming in . +that is , when we get girls in school , we 'll get an impact 15 to 20 years later , which is a se@@ cular trend which is very strong . +and if they do so , then , of course , the conditions improve , and they start ri@@ ding on s@@ co@@ ot@@ ers . +of course , as soon as you say something like this people say it is impossible , and that 's what was said by su@@ zu@@ ki . +broke many nor@@ ms of the standard conven@@ tions for the first time . +and nan@@ o was , bang , 2,000 dollars . +you have to design an artificial foot for such conditions . +we 've talked about mo@@ bility and the rest of it , let 's talk about health . +you know something ? this has been achie@@ ved in india . +sorry , it doesn 't work . you have to give it for 100 dollars , 200 dollars . +ladies and gentle@@ men , i 'd like to end before time . +when the paper bur@@ ned , for some reason he turned to me , and he said , " ma@@ shel@@ k@@ ar , like this , if you do not diff@@ use your energi@@ es , if you focus your energi@@ es , you can achieve anything in the world . " +i 'd like to share a couple with you today . +so we 're getting feedback from teachers at the school to see what kind of app@@ s they 'd like . +and i realized that i had hit upon something that i think has this huge potential to change the world . +and the reason the effici@@ en@@ cies are so low is these re@@ ac@@ tors operate at pretty low temperature . +the fuel , like i said , is cer@@ am@@ ic inside zir@@ con@@ ium fuel ro@@ ds , and in the event of an accident in one of these type of re@@ ac@@ tors , fu@@ kus@@ hi@@ ma and three mile island -- looking back at three mile island , we didn 't really see this for a while — but these zir@@ con@@ ium cla@@ dd@@ ings on these fuel ro@@ ds , what happens is , when they see high pressure water , ste@@ am , in an o@@ xi@@ di@@ zing environment , they 'll actually produce hydro@@ gen , and that hydro@@ gen has this explo@@ sive cap@@ ability to rele@@ ase fis@@ sion products . +everybody was really excited about curi@@ osity , and that had this big plu@@ ton@@ ium battery on board that has plu@@ ton@@ i@@ um@@ -@@ 2@@ 3@@ 8 , which actually has a higher specific activity than the low-@@ en@@ rich@@ ed ur@@ ani@@ um fuel of these mol@@ ten s@@ alt re@@ ac@@ tors , which means that the effects would be ne@@ gli@@ gi@@ ble , because you laun@@ ch it cold , and when it gets into space is where you actually activ@@ ate this re@@ actor . +so , we moved from an industrial economy to a ser@@ vi@@ ce-@@ based economy . +so much has that happened that i 've developed a fairly pra@@ tic@@ ed response , which is : i point out that first of all , you have to understand that there is no such thing as an in@@ authenti@@ c experience . +ren@@ der@@ ing auth@@ en@@ tic@@ ity -- and the key@@ word is " ren@@ der@@ ing . " +fact is , there 's a general rule : if you don 't like it , it 's fa@@ ke ; if you do like it , it 's fau@@ x . +the ab@@ c network , affec@@ tion@@ ately known in the trade as the t & amp ; a network , right -- that 's not too much j@@ ar@@ g@@ on , is it ? +let me sum@@ mar@@ ize it , for the business people in the audience , with three rules , three basic rules . +i was also very interested in perhaps going into surgery and becoming a surge@@ on , because it meant working with my hands in a very focused , inten@@ se way . +that 's about that big . +so , it 's sort of related , but you can see it 's much more over@@ tly ero@@ tic . +but i had a lot of fun . +and your entire body , everything -- your hair , skin , bone , na@@ ils -- everything is made of col@@ lagen . +the mar@@ vel of this information : how do we actually have this biological mechan@@ ism inside our body to actually see this information ? +ima@@ ge-@@ maker alex@@ ander t@@ si@@ ar@@ as shares a powerful medical visu@@ alization , showing human development from con@@ ception to birth and beyond . +because they thought that if you are having a telescop@@ e , you are an astronom@@ er so what you are doing is actually looking in a telescop@@ e . +and we have a cool atmosphere . +this was considered as first evidence that actually black holes come from super@@ no@@ va@@ e explo@@ sions . +and this is related to the change of the frequ@@ ency of a moving source . +it 's very tough . it 's very tough . +there can be different ways doing this . +and i thought , " well , what 's the struggle ? " +and i 'm more of the , " life 's mess@@ y , clean it up , organi@@ ze it and put it into a ben@@ to box . " +the things i can tell you about it : it 's universal ; we all have it . +so what i did is i took all of the intervie@@ ws where i saw wor@@ thin@@ ess , where i saw people living that way , and just looked at those . +they thought this was fundamental . +and she said , " what 's the struggle ? " +no . +and then we are mis@@ er@@ able , and we are looking for purpose and meaning , and then we feel vulnerable , so then we have a couple of be@@ ers and a ban@@ ana nu@@ t mu@@ ff@@ in . +and when you hold those perfect little babies in your hand , our job is not to say , " look at her , she 's perfect . +after going to sleep at 12 : 45 a@@ .@@ m . +and ni@@ ke knows how to get your p@@ ace and distance from just that sen@@ sor . +g@@ ary wol@@ f : the quanti@@ fied self +so , the first set of path@@ ologi@@ es , they end up in the stick man on his ic@@ on , but the rest of them are really what 's important here . +those are things that are different for each m@@ .@@ s. patient . +all open , all available . +years after he 's had these drugs , i learned that everything he did to manage his ex@@ cess s@@ ali@@ va , including some positive side effects that came from other drugs , were making his con@@ sti@@ pa@@ tion worse . +so , this is what happened when p@@ n@@ as published this . +and then we say , " well how do we line them all up ? " +even the ones that believed they were getting better mat@@ ched the contro@@ ls exactly . exactly . +you look at the patients , you can dri@@ ll in all the contro@@ ls , you can look at them , you can ask them . +only 90 days after this , argu@@ ably the greatest discovery of the last century occur@@ red . +to change its state , by the way , takes two vol@@ ts from a milli@@ second pul@@ se . +we said , " could you build this ? " +it 's just wrong . +unfortunately , the answer is yes . +so if it 's a cell or a ter@@ mi@@ te or a bird , you just focus on the rules of interaction . +i think this is an interesting question . +so this means that , with each eur@@ o he invest@@ ed , he was able to move 26 euro@@ s of market value through the chain of ow@@ ner@@ ship rela@@ tions . +we hope to have opened the door for more such research in this direction , so the rema@@ ining un@@ known ter@@ rain will be char@@ ted in the future . +if we look at construction and manufacturing , there 's major in@@ effici@@ en@@ cies , energy consumption and exc@@ essi@@ ve labor techniques . +so we can study this as a physical , intui@@ tive model . +these are parts being prin@@ ted with multi-@@ material properties . +these are complex things built with complex parts that come together in complex ways . +now that was che@@ ating , because there was nothing in the world my sister would want more than not to be am@@ y the hurt five year-old little sister , but am@@ y the special un@@ ic@@ or@@ n . +now if you fall below the average on this cur@@ ve , then psych@@ ologists get thri@@ ll@@ ed , because that means you 're either depres@@ sed or you have a dis@@ order , or hopefully both . +suddenly , something that wasn 't even a possibility became a reality . +th@@ ur@@ s@@ day night is e@@ lic@@ it drug use . +you 're 3@@ 7 percent better at sal@@ es . +this was how computing began . +and because working in a store was so hard , i liked going to school ; it was like hea@@ ven . +i didn 't quite get it . and paul rand was a kind of cru@@ sty designer , you know , a cru@@ sty designer , like a good -- kind of like a good french bread ? +it la@@ sts forever . it 's a very strange medium . +on the computer , when you move your mouse , that ar@@ row moves around . +he went into a com@@ a . +i began to be very dis@@ interested in computers themselves , so i began to make pain@@ t@@ ings out of pal@@ mp@@ il@@ ots . +this i found , where nature had made a picture for me . +and so i realized it was o@@ .@@ k. to go . +but , in fact , most boys tend to be a certain way , and most girls tend to be a certain way . +video games are not the cause . +i want to write about a tor@@ na@@ do that comes into our house and blo@@ ws all the windows out and ru@@ ins all the fur@@ ni@@ ture and kill@@ s everybody . " +we have a serious com@@ pres@@ sion of the cur@@ ri@@ cul@@ um happening out there . +most of the edu@@ cational games that are out there today are really flas@@ h@@ cards . +they 're nervous about anything that has anything to do with violence because of the zero toler@@ ance poli@@ cies . +we will find a surprising and intri@@ gu@@ ing result about our universe , and to explain my point , let me first tell you what the hig@@ gs is about , and to do so , we have to go back to one tent@@ h of a billi@@ on@@ th of a second after the big bang . +is this a problem ? yes , it 's a big a problem . +more than how a phenomenon works , theore@@ tical physi@@ ci@@ sts are always interested in why a phenomenon works in the way it works . +i love paper , and i love technology , and what i do is i make paper inter@@ active . +so the challenge was to try and get them to do what we wanted them to do by listening to the weather , the lay of the land , and creating things that would let the she@@ ep flow and go where we wanted them to go . +it 's just a colle@@ ction of things that have been done before , but bringing them together in a different way . +so a couple of things i 've created are , there 's a poster over here that you can play dru@@ ms on . +so thank you very much . +you can walk away , you can just watch as this character stands there in the bl@@ ender and looks at you , or you can actually choose to interact with it . +but we haven 't yet gotten to the point where on your way here this morning you see something that really , truly se@@ am@@ less@@ ly integr@@ ates the two-@@ dimensional world that we 're comfortable in with the three-@@ dimensional sky above us -- that , i don 't know about you , but i really enjoy spending time in . +fortunately , ne@@ c@@ essi@@ ty rema@@ ins the mother of invention , and a lot of the design work that we 're the most proud of with the air@@ craft came out of solving the unique problems of operating it on the ground -- everything from a continu@@ ous@@ l@@ y-@@ vari@@ able trans@@ mission and li@@ qui@@ d-@@ based cool@@ ing system that allows us to use an air@@ craft engine in stop@@ -@@ and-@@ go traffic , to a custom@@ -@@ designed ge@@ ar@@ box that power@@ s either the prop@@ eller when you 're flying or the whe@@ els on the ground , to the auto@@ ma@@ ted w@@ ing-@@ fol@@ ding mechan@@ ism that we 'll see in a moment , to crash safety fe@@ atures . +and our test pilot gave us the best feedback you can get from a test pilot after a first flight , which was that it was " remark@@ ably un@@ remarkable . " +just fold up the wings and keep going . +now , here is another nai@@ ve adverti@@ sing man 's question again . +so he tried plan b . +tiny little behavi@@ oral economics detail : in it@@ al@@ y , pen@@ al@@ ty points go back@@ wards . +there is a basic view that real value invol@@ ves making things , invol@@ ves labor . it invol@@ ves engineering . +it ta@@ stes great within the bor@@ ders of that country , but absolute shi@@ te if you take it anywhere else . +vo@@ ic@@ e@@ over : new diam@@ ond sh@@ red@@ dies cer@@ e@@ al . +we need to spend more time appreci@@ ating what already exists , and less time ag@@ oni@@ zing over what else we can do . +it took me hours and hours a day to build my skills up to the next level . +we 're the ones who let the second repli@@ c@@ ator out of its box , and we can 't push it back in . +you see the idea ? +he talked mostly about animals and plants , but also about languages evol@@ ving and becoming extin@@ ct . +a me@@ me is not equivalent to an idea . +s@@ b : par@@ don ? +from the moment that our ancestors , perhaps two and a half million years ago or so , began im@@ it@@ ating , there was a new cop@@ ying process . +and we 're getting there . +the fra@@ ction of those which get a first repli@@ c@@ ator . +do you know , sitting here , your brain is using about 20 percent of your body 's energy out@@ put for two percent of your body weight ? +and why would they do that ? +it was 25 minutes of absolute ter@@ ror that thousands of people across the u.s. felt . +there is nothing here that we don 't know . +through haiti re@@ wired , through build change , architecture for humanity , ai@@ d@@ g , there is the possibility to reach out to 3@@ 0,000 -- 4@@ 0,000 ma@@ sons across the country and create a movement of pro@@ per building . +this is not just in he@@ bre@@ w , by the way . +and i want to give you one example of one of these ir@@ ration@@ ali@@ ties , and i want to talk to you about che@@ ating . +we paid them 10 cents per cor@@ rect question , 50 cents , a dollar , five dollars , 10 dollars per cor@@ rect question . +now , ten comm@@ and@@ ments is something that is hard to bring into the education system , so we said , " why don 't we get people to sign the honor code ? " +but this did not solve the big problem i had with en@@ r@@ on yet , because in en@@ r@@ on , there 's also a social element . +all of the subje@@ cts sitting in the experiment were car@@ ne@@ gie m@@ ell@@ on students . +more generally , i want to tell you something about behavi@@ oral economics . +but if i was to say that they 're both examples of alternative or new forms of cur@@ ren@@ cy in a hyper@@ connected , dat@@ a-@@ driven global economy , you 'd probably think i was a little bit bon@@ kers . +" sub-@@ prime pe@@ d@@ aling . " " bar@@ cla@@ ys takes you for a ride . " +so you can buy app@@ s and make pur@@ ch@@ ases within those app@@ s , but you think about ama@@ zon , you look at the trust bar@@ ome@@ ter that i showed you where people are starting to trust businesses , especially businesses that they believe in and trust more than governments . +and we did a survey that bac@@ ks up the fact that , you know , 45 percent of people in this very cru@@ cial demo@@ graphic in the u.@@ s . +and what i do is i look for simil@@ ari@@ ties and differences in the solutions that they 've evolved for fundamental biological problems . +it 's easy to b@@ end . +because after about six months of me talking about this , i think he finally figured out that i was really serious about the pen@@ is thing . +so something interesting had to be going on . +not just about its gene@@ tics and molecular biology , but up here in the meat end of the scale . +and she said , just talk about yourself . +d@@ l : so anyway , we 're running out of time , so i 'll just get to it . +n@@ m : not too fast . +so this is our last number , and we 'll fe@@ ature n@@ at on piano . +as you can see from the pictures , both no@@ am and i had an early fascin@@ ation with first principles , and over the years , as our knowledge of science and technology became more sophisti@@ cated , this early a@@ we with the bas@@ ics has only intensi@@ fied . +the people who are attra@@ cted to these cour@@ ses typically have a ha@@ cker ment@@ ality . +so with that , i 'd like to say a few words about up@@ gra@@ ding , and share with you a gli@@ mp@@ se from my current project , which is different from the previous one , but it shares exactly the same characteri@@ stics of self-@@ learning , learning by doing , self-@@ exploration and commun@@ it@@ y-@@ building , and this project de@@ als with k-@@ 12 math education , beginning with early age math , and we do it on tab@@ lets because we believe that math , like anything else , should be taught hands on . +it basically means to be human and to do the right thing . +it would be great if the story ended there . +where does it come from ? +this is about a hidden corner of the labor market . +of course , they 're all trained to work in war@@ e@@ houses . +markets have changed beyond recogni@@ tion in the last 20 years , but only for organizations at the top of the economy . +politicians in a big , complex , sophisti@@ cated i@@ .@@ t@@ . project ? +and there are certain ob@@ li@@ ga@@ tions that should go with those benefits to be placed on the oper@@ ators , and the key one is , of course , that the oper@@ ators pay for everything , including all the inter@@ facing into the public sector . +so it 's small tra@@ des by small people , but it 's very in@@ formed , safe , conven@@ i@@ ent , low-@@ over@@ head and immedi@@ ate . +with every picture , there are individuals who have full lives and stories that deser@@ ve to be told . +gas , i 'm probably the only person who really enjo@@ ys it when mi@@ ster pu@@ tin turns off the gas ta@@ p , because my budget goes up . +but small atoms want to join together , small nu@@ cle@@ i want to join together to make bigger ones to go towards ir@@ on . +but fortunately , if you can do this fusion reaction , you 've got a neu@@ tr@@ on , so you can make that happen . +and just down the road , this is je@@ t . +i wish we had more money , i wish we had more resources . +but under the surface was a very different reality . +the sig@@ ns don 't look good , some have said . +the eg@@ yp@@ ti@@ an people , and many other arab@@ s who 've revol@@ ted and are in transition , have very high expec@@ tations of the government . +what this means is that human development , not se@@ cul@@ ari@@ zation , is what 's key to women 's em@@ power@@ ment in the trans@@ forming middle east . +we 've also found an un@@ inten@@ ded con@@ sequence . +because i 'm not really comfortable just helping that girl with coun@@ sel@@ ing and refer@@ r@@ als . +when nan@@ cy lu@@ bli@@ n started tex@@ ting teen@@ a@@ gers to help with her social ad@@ vo@@ c@@ acy organization , what she found was sho@@ cking -- they started tex@@ ting back about their own problems , from bu@@ ll@@ ying to depression to ab@@ use . so she 's setting up a tex@@ t-@@ only crisis line , and the results might be even more important than she expected . +fer@@ din@@ and fo@@ ch , a french army general cre@@ di@@ ted with having one of the most original and sub@@ tle minds in the french army , said , " air@@ planes are interesting to@@ ys , but of no military value . " +and it 's poin@@ ted at the hy@@ person@@ ic gli@@ der . +many prototyp@@ es cr@@ as@@ hed -- many . +from the small@@ est wis@@ p of air to the powerful forces of nature 's stor@@ ms . +it allows us to contribu@@ te and to be heard as individuals . +dou@@ bt and fear always cre@@ ep in . +yeah , it also went into the pacific . +the folks at a@@ ero@@ viron@@ ment tried 300 or more different wing designs , 12 different forms of the a@@ vi@@ on@@ ics . +i work with some of the most amazing people . +and there is no way , and no pro@@ of of arri@@ val . +this story began four years ago . +i 'm used to algorith@@ ms and data structures and super motiv@@ ated students , and nothing in my background prepared me to deal with a ra@@ ging , violent ad@@ oles@@ cent in the middle of no@@ where . +when he was eight , someone put him on a boat in o@@ des@@ sa and sent him , shi@@ pped him to israel on his own . +i tell kids when they struggle through some u@@ ph@@ ill and feel like they cannot take it anymore , it really helps to ignor@@ e the immedi@@ ate ob@@ stac@@ les and raise your head and look around and see how the vi@@ st@@ a around you gro@@ ws . +now i remember , when he said it , i felt goo@@ se@@ bu@@ mp@@ s on my body , because he said it over@@ looking the mo@@ ab mountains here in the background . +what is real is separ@@ at@@ eness , and at some point in early bab@@ y@@ hood , the idea of self starts to form . +it has an extremely important function . +well , i thought i had the answer to that one , and i said , " skin color . " +the self 's struggle for auth@@ en@@ tic@@ ity and definition will never end unless it 's connected to its cre@@ ator -- to you and to me . +and if you can do that , incredible things happen . +and this influ@@ enced me . +so it 's got hy@@ bri@@ d drive . +and so we spent time travel@@ ing with them and learning about all the different elements , and finding that there were pl@@ ent@@ y of in@@ effici@@ en@@ cies that weren 't being capit@@ alized on . +so there are up to a million people there everyday . +by the way , we had half the budget of the other western nations . +the british government -- any government is poten@@ tially the worst cli@@ ent in the world you could ever possibly want to have . +thank you . +one of them , from anthropo@@ log@@ y , is the study of human univer@@ s@@ als . +but if something is written on the s@@ late , then some people could have more of it than others , and according to this line of thinking , that would justi@@ fy dis@@ crimin@@ ation and ine@@ quality . +well , pretty soon they were bar@@ ra@@ ged with en@@ ra@@ ged letters , death thre@@ ats , ban on the top@@ ic in a number of scientific journ@@ als , coming from i@@ rate le@@ ft@@ -@@ h@@ anders and their ad@@ vo@@ c@@ ates , and they were literally afraid to open their mail because of the ven@@ om and vi@@ tu@@ per@@ ation that they had in@@ ad@@ ver@@ t@@ ently inspired . +by any economic standard , the demand for art of all forms is sky@@ rock@@ eting , as you can tell from the price of oper@@ a ti@@ ckets , by the number of books sold , by the number of books published , the number of musical ti@@ tles rele@@ ased , the number of new al@@ bu@@ ms and so on . +well , the argument in " the blan@@ k s@@ late " was that eli@@ te art and cri@@ tic@@ ism in the 20th century , although not the arts in general , have dis@@ da@@ ined beauty , pleasure , c@@ lar@@ ity , insi@@ ght and style . +wrong . iden@@ tical tw@@ ins , or any si@@ bl@@ ings , who are separ@@ ated at birth are no less similar than if they had grown up together . +so i called the human@@ e society and i say , " look , i 'm going to be ca@@ str@@ ating some lam@@ bs , can you tell me the deal ? " +and i 'm like that 's not ru@@ b@@ ber at all , you know . +and i said , " yes , like the human@@ e society . +al@@ bert instru@@ cts , " push it way up there . " +it 's what our network does ; it 's what " dir@@ ty jobs " is . +i can still see h@@ ill@@ ary doing the sh@@ ots of r@@ ye , dri@@ b@@ bling down her ch@@ in , with the steel workers . +you ask him , " did you follow your passion here ? " +un@@ speak@@ ably dangerous . +you see him all the time . +i got a lot wrong . +i 've got par@@ ent@@ -@@ child rela@@ tional problems , which i bl@@ ame my parents for . +but he fa@@ ked it too well , and now he 's stuck in broad@@ mo@@ or and nobody will believe he 's san@@ e . +fa@@ ke ma@@ dness . +it 's just impossible . " +and his clin@@ i@@ cian said to me , " if you want to know more about psychop@@ a@@ ths , you can go on a psychop@@ ath spo@@ tting course run by robert h@@ are who invented the psychop@@ ath che@@ ck@@ list . " +can i come and interview you about your special brain an@@ om@@ al@@ y ? " +and he looked intri@@ gu@@ ed despite himself , and he said , " okay , go on . " +and we stit@@ ch them together like medi@@ ev@@ al mon@@ ks . +anyway , that was two years ago , and that 's where my book ended . +let me say par@@ en@@ the@@ tically why i think that 's the case , because i think it 's a poten@@ tially contro@@ versi@@ al stat@@ ement . +you can show a mo@@ squ@@ e , or you can show wor@@ shi@@ p@@ pers , but there 's not a stra@@ ig@@ ht@@ forward way of de@@ pic@@ ting islam . +and the hop@@ e@@ ful response der@@ i@@ ves from recogni@@ zing that islam and democracy are technologies . +because they would have done extra@@ ordin@@ arily well . +and it is cru@@ cial -- it is cru@@ cial in a practical , activ@@ ist way -- for people who care about these issues to make sure that within the technology of democracy , in this system , they exercise their pre@@ fer@@ ences , their choices and their voices to encoura@@ ge that out@@ come . +now at the time , i was working down the street . +and colle@@ c@@ tively , we really didn 't know if we could pull this off . +but an interesting thing was not@@ ed during the training process . +and they could be extin@@ ct in less than 10 years , if we don 't do something now to protect them . +corner row ra@@ il@@ way , station car park , front of a health center , people 's front gar@@ dens , and even in front of the police station . +so , back to the public meeting . +so we got some land that was don@@ ated by a local garden center . +whi@@ che@@ ver way they want to do it , of their own vo@@ li@@ tion , they 're trying to make their own lives differently , and worldwide , we 've got communities across america and japan -- it 's incredible , isn 't it ? i mean , america and japan and new ze@@ al@@ and . +and i 'm also rather surprised , because when i look back on my life the last thing i ever wanted to do was write , or be in any way involved in religion . +so if religion is not about belie@@ ving things , what is it about ? +and this struggle to find compassion in some of these rather re@@ bar@@ ba@@ tive tex@@ ts is a good d@@ ress re@@ he@@ ar@@ sal for doing the same in ordinary life . +tell us where we 're going wrong . let 's talk together about where religion is fail@@ ing . " +it 's what is meant by over@@ coming the hor@@ ror that we feel when we are under threat of our ene@@ mi@@ es , and beginning to appreci@@ ate the other . +as we go smaller , here is a human hair . +so this little ant that 's cra@@ w@@ ling here , it 's like it 's in a little wil@@ ly won@@ ka land . +i couldn 't believe it , and i 'd go around dis@@ se@@ cting the little bits out and making photographs of them . +now , the moon has no atmosphere , so micro@@ me@@ te@@ or@@ ites come in continu@@ ously , and the whole surface of the moon is covered with po@@ w@@ der now , because for four billion years it 's been bom@@ bar@@ ded by micro@@ me@@ te@@ or@@ ites , and when micro@@ me@@ te@@ or@@ ites come in at about 20 to 6@@ 0,000 miles an hour , they va@@ po@@ ri@@ ze on contact . +it was just one of those po@@ t-@@ lu@@ ck things where you get it right first time . +the design comes from within . +technology in x-@@ ray where it 's life@@ -@@ size process@@ ed , apart from these large car@@ go@@ -@@ scan@@ ning machines , hasn 't moved on enough for the quality of the image and the resol@@ ution to be good enough for what i want to do with it , which is show my pictures big . +and when they do , i 'm in the qu@@ eu@@ e . +and that 's how this was done . it 's actually sli@@ ce , sli@@ ce . +but i could get a bit dar@@ ker in the tube , but everything else would suff@@ er . +and i think that would look quite ne@@ at as an x-@@ ray . +but i also don 't understand how it does ru@@ in the magic . +but every single thing that makes us , every at@@ om in us , has already created a my@@ ri@@ ad of different things and will go on to create a my@@ ri@@ ad of new things . +now i know you don 't think that . +every time i brea@@ the in , i 'm brea@@ thing in a milli@@ on-@@ billi@@ on-@@ billion atoms of oxygen . +meet tony . he 's my student . +maybe it 's you , maybe it 's me -- but we 're not here to trade opini@@ ons ; everyone 's got an opini@@ on . +and i say to tony , " let 's do this . " +everything was okay , until i got to about the age of 26 , and i went to a movie called " short circu@@ it . " +and this is happening here . +so you start really understanding that you can have diseases , tox@@ ins , a need to balance your diet , and once you start looking , and from that point on , everything i have done in terms of the consumption of information , the production of information , the prepar@@ ation of information , i 've looked at from the vie@@ w@@ point of food . +we 've spent a great deal of time investi@@ g@@ ating a $ 1 billion -- that 's right , a $ 1 billion — oil deal that he was involved with , and what we found was pretty sho@@ cking , but more about that later . +a bank in paris held accoun@@ ts of companies controlled by him , one of which was used to buy the art , and american ban@@ ks , well , they fun@@ nel@@ ed 7@@ 3 million dollars into the states , some of which was used to buy that california man@@ sion . +it found that over 70 percent of those cases had used anony@@ mous sh@@ ell companies , tot@@ aling almost 5@@ 6 billion dollars . +now , it just shouldn 't take these sorts of eff@@ or@@ ts to find out where the money in de@@ als like this went . +i see this word , hear this word , feel this word everywhere . +you become your nation . you become your religion . +i loved when he was talking about this other world that 's right next to this world . +she 's a high school student . +not running from loss , but enter@@ ing g@@ rief , sur@@ ren@@ der@@ ing to sor@@ row . +because when you spend a lot of time going from place to place , country to country , and city to city , the degree to which women , for example , are viol@@ ated , and the epidemic of it , and the kind of ordin@@ ar@@ iness of it , is so de@@ va@@ stat@@ ing to one 's sou@@ l that you have to take the time , or i have to take the time now , to process that . +now i was stupid , but not so stupid that i turned it down . +p@@ ure content and p@@ ure form , side by side . +i was so wa@@ sted . " +i set up the type , i prin@@ ted it out on an ep@@ son prin@@ ter with wat@@ er-@@ solu@@ ble ink , ta@@ ped it to the wall and thre@@ w a bu@@ cket of water at it . pre@@ st@@ o ! +seriously . +not exactly j@@ ack@@ ie coll@@ ins . +like my wish that no one went hun@@ gry or that everything were a free kind of u@@ top@@ ia . +we love challenges , but when expec@@ tations are low , trust me , we will sin@@ k to them . +and in case you don 't think that this really has meaning for you , remember that c@@ lon@@ ing is possible , and that invol@@ ves going through childhood again , in which case you 'll want to be heard just like my generation . +when i began recor@@ ding in the late ' 6@@ 0s , the typical metho@@ ds of recor@@ ding were limited to the frag@@ mented capture of individual species like birds mostly , in the beginning , but later animals like ma@@ mm@@ als and am@@ phi@@ bi@@ ans . +however , our e@@ ars tell us a very different story . +this is probably the sa@@ d@@ dest sound i 've ever heard coming from any organis@@ m , human or other . +the school teachers weren 't having much fun , the spor@@ ts were very dir@@ ty or very pain@@ ful . +but of course the scientists couldn 't help themselves . +so there 's a lot more female gam@@ ers than people are really aware . +so as far as popul@@ ar@@ ity of games , what do you think these people are doing here ? +and once we get enough of those guys , we 're going to want more fan@@ t@@ asy artists that can create places we 've never been to before , or characters that we 've just never seen before . +i 'm addi@@ cted , because even though i know i 'm losing my gri@@ p on reality , i still cra@@ ve more . +no butt@@ ons to push , no tri@@ g@@ gers to pull , just me and the game . +but maybe bra@@ in@@ was@@ hing isn 't always bad . +as far as colle@@ ges go , there 's about 3@@ 50 colle@@ ges around the world teaching video game cour@@ ses . +thank you . +somehow we have to understand ourselves to get around our fla@@ ws . +so a kid who 's 14 in high school gets this version of the py@@ th@@ ag@@ ore@@ an theor@@ em , which is a truly sub@@ tle and interesting pro@@ of , but in fact it 's not a good way to start learning about mathematics . +and the mathemati@@ cians and scientists in the crowd will recognize these two pro@@ gressi@@ ons as a fir@@ st-@@ order dis@@ cre@@ te differ@@ enti@@ al equ@@ ation and a secon@@ d-@@ order dis@@ cre@@ te differ@@ enti@@ al equ@@ ation , der@@ i@@ ved by si@@ x-@@ year-@@ ol@@ ds . +so if you look at the little scri@@ pt here , the speed is always going to be 30 . +and they say , " oh , yeah . const@@ ant acceler@@ ation . +the future of life , where the un@@ ra@@ vel@@ ing of our biology -- and bring up the lights a little bit . i don 't have any sli@@ des . +now i know there 's been a whole lot of h@@ yp@@ e about our power to control biology . +it will really make us question what it is to be a human being . +and it is really not su@@ ited for the future that we 're moving into . +there are three obvious ways of doing this . +humanity is going to go down this path . +the one thing though that is really dangerous about these sorts of technologies , is that it 's easy to become se@@ duced by them . +and then what comes out of it ? new life . +gre@@ g@@ ory stock : to up@@ grade is human +it 's our own pon@@ d . and that 's how it happens . " +mom , does the man just say , ' is now the time to take off my pants ? ' " and i said , " yes . " +and then she goes , " mom , do you think they would have , on the internet , any humans ma@@ ting ? " +so the possibility exists to simply ex@@ tern@@ ally wra@@ p the pi@@ pe . +once you 've made it , the instal@@ lation 's quite easy . +and as you can see , there are not only two princi@@ p@@ al technical discipl@@ ines there , medicine and engineering , but also there are various speci@@ alists from within those two discipl@@ ines . +i 'm sure it 's the same in po@@ land . +they simply want to do whatever they 've done before . +and as a result , it 's an entirely different use of the technology and the knowledge around you . +that makes a good carto@@ on . +it has ro@@ cked the music industry ; it has changed the way we consu@@ me music . +you know the story . +and i went to see the do@@ z@@ o . +and i didn 't ask them to do nice carto@@ ons . +thank you . +if you go back two billion years , you 're not on an ear@@ th-@@ like planet any more . +we are right now in the beautiful ore@@ o of existence -- of at least life on planet earth -- following the first horri@@ ble micro@@ bi@@ al age . +and the black rock is the se@@ di@@ ment on the sea bottom in the ab@@ sen@@ ce of plan@@ k@@ ton . +these are mam@@ mal@@ -@@ like re@@ p@@ ti@@ les . +the survi@@ vor@@ s that do get through produce this world of cro@@ co@@ di@@ le-@@ like creatures . +it can only occu@@ r if the surface of the ocean has no oxygen , and is totally satur@@ ated with hydro@@ gen su@@ l@@ fi@@ de -- enough , for instance , to come out of solution . +it 's been on this planet since the animals first started -- 500 million years . +now , the same mouse is given 80 parts per million hydro@@ gen su@@ l@@ fi@@ de in this soli@@ d graph , and look what happens to its temperature . +am i understanding you right , that what you 're saying here is that we have in our own bodies a bio@@ chemical response to hydro@@ gen su@@ l@@ fi@@ de that in your mind pro@@ ves that there have been past mass extin@@ ctions due to climate change ? +it 's forced child labor and all of those products probably end their lives in a du@@ mp like this one in man@@ il@@ a . +and their factory in china -- which probably is pretty clean -- is getting all of the ingre@@ di@@ ents from back@@ y@@ ard ab@@ at@@ to@@ irs , where families s@@ lau@@ ghter pig@@ s and extra@@ ct the ingre@@ dient . +their vot@@ ers are local . +even if they did their jobs , and they c@@ ited those facili@@ ties for their viol@@ ations , the fine would be der@@ is@@ ory . +you can call yourself responsible , but responsibility without accoun@@ t@@ ability often doesn 't work . +there are thousands of supp@@ li@@ ers in there . " +join us , come into that safe space , and let 's start to make this happen . +you will put the star in starting over , and over . +so i write po@@ em@@ s to figure things out . +now i can divi@@ de my spo@@ ken word journey into three steps . +and then someone else has something the complete opposite of y@@ ours . +it 's not that i think that spo@@ ken word poetry is the ide@@ al art form . +and i always thought that my beginning was at the bo@@ wer@@ y poetry club , but it 's possible that it was much earlier . +it 's what i stri@@ ve for every time i open my mouth -- that impossible connection . +i was a student in the ' 6@@ 0s , a time of social up@@ hea@@ val and questi@@ oning , and on a personal level , an a@@ wa@@ ken@@ ing sense of ide@@ alism . +but i was driven by an in@@ her@@ ent sense that a picture that reve@@ aled the true face of war would almost by definition be an anti-@@ war photograph . +one of the things i had to learn as a journalist was what to do with my an@@ ger . +this man had just been liber@@ ated from a hu@@ tu death camp . +i spent a good deal of time with a man who lived with his family on a ra@@ il@@ way em@@ bank@@ ment and had lost an arm and a leg in a train accident . +an m@@ s@@ f hospital in a camp for dis@@ placed people . +this is a heli@@ cop@@ ter medi@@ c giving c@@ p@@ r to a soldi@@ er who had been shot in the head . +whenever there is an ele@@ ction , it seems like something always goes wrong , someone tries to che@@ at , or something goes acci@@ dent@@ ally aw@@ ry -- a bal@@ lot box goes missing here , cha@@ ds are left han@@ ging over here . +and there 's some complicated cr@@ yp@@ to@@ graph@@ y going on in there , but what 's not complicated is vot@@ ing with one of these forms . +david bis@@ mark demo@@ s a new system for vot@@ ing that con@@ tains a simple , ver@@ i@@ fi@@ able way to prevent fr@@ au@@ d and mis@@ coun@@ ting -- while keeping each person 's vote secret . +but that sub@@ divi@@ des chri@@ sti@@ an@@ ity , islam and budd@@ h@@ ism into many sub@@ groups , which was too deta@@ iled . +but there was also many chri@@ stian countries that had six to seven babies per woman . +but there are also countries here like gu@@ atem@@ ala , like pa@@ pu@@ a new gu@@ ine@@ a , like ye@@ men and afghanistan . +here we have q@@ at@@ ar today , and there we have banglades@@ h today . +and the world population will stop growing . +and then again the old will die and you will get two billion children . +i wo@@ und up on every television show . +we dec@@ lar@@ ed small@@ po@@ x er@@ a@@ dic@@ ated in 19@@ 80 . +but in that year , small@@ po@@ x explo@@ ded throughout india . +we failed three other times . +this year , that one hospital will give back sight to more than 3@@ 0@@ 0,000 people in tam@@ il na@@ du , india . +within three weeks it will be everywhere in the world . +but in all seri@@ ousness -- because this idea is birth@@ ed in ted , i would like it to be a leg@@ acy of ted , and i 'd like to call it the " international system for total early disease dete@@ ction . " +but they were able to point to who and let them know that there was this surprising and un@@ expla@@ ined clu@@ ster of ill@@ n@@ esses that looked like bird flu . +the first number is three : three billion people . +we know from asking people from china to the u.@@ s . +you 'll change your smar@@ t@@ phone seven or eight times , probably more if you 're in this audience . +actually , we found 100 percent is easier to do than 90 percent or 50 percent . +the electricity is free . +and we do not want to wait another hundred years . +there was this equ@@ ation in my family that went something like this : if you are intelligent , you therefore are not spi@@ ritual . +i 've always been attra@@ cted to those rare people who pull that off , who de@@ vote their lives to humanity with the gr@@ it of the war@@ ri@@ or and the gra@@ ce of the my@@ stic -- people like martin lu@@ ther king , j@@ r . , who wrote , " i can never be what i ought to be until you are what you ought to be . +or maybe your bro@@ ther@@ -@@ in-@@ law who doesn 't believe in global warming . +we agre@@ ed we 'd speak up in our own communities when we wit@@ n@@ essed the kind of " other@@ i@@ zing " talk that can wo@@ und and fe@@ ster into par@@ an@@ o@@ ia and then be used by those on the fr@@ ing@@ es to inci@@ te . +i travel@@ ed to iraq , afghanistan and liber@@ ia . +and he 's on a mission . +and that they were definitely capable of diff@@ using it non-@@ ag@@ gressi@@ vely . +but the question that l@@ ing@@ ered in my mind was , what causes people to destro@@ y fire tru@@ cks head@@ ed to their own homes ? +it 's been repor@@ ted that wiki@@ lea@@ ks , your baby , has , in the last few years has rele@@ ased more classi@@ fied docum@@ ents than the rest of the world 's media combin@@ ed . +and then the government sat on it and used it for political le@@ verage on mo@@ i , who was the rich@@ est man -- still is the rich@@ est man -- in kenya . +ro@@ ger . i got ' em . +j well , because these sort of things reve@@ al what the true state of , say , arab governments are like , the true human@@ -@@ rights ab@@ uses in those governments . +it will change the perception and opini@@ on of the people who are paying for it all , and that 's our hope . +and the engineering report had nothing on the top of it , so it was an extremely difficult docum@@ ent for us . +can that be right ? +that made you very high-@@ profi@@ le in ic@@ eland . what happened next ? +the musi@@ cians played off a three-@@ dimensional graph of weather data like this . +the ver@@ tical elements are as@@ sig@@ ned a specific hour of the day . +lau@@ ren ho@@ dge : if you were going to a restaurant and wanted a heal@@ thi@@ er option , which would you choose , gri@@ ll@@ ed or fri@@ ed chicken ? +so it was a big commit@@ ment to drive to the lab to work multiple times . +sounds ridi@@ cul@@ ous , right . +in fact , it 's one of the biggest problems with che@@ mo@@ therapy today . +1.@@ 6 million dea@@ ths worldwide . +so j@@ ul@@ ie 's going to her doctor 's office to get treated for her as@@ th@@ ma . +so i want you to rei@@ mag@@ ine a world with better air quality , better quality of life and better quality of living for everyone including our future generations . +and just like that , i went from being a woman that these kids would have been trained to see as " dis@@ ab@@ led " to somebody that had potential that their bodies didn 't have yet . +and interest@@ ingly , from an identity stand@@ point , what does it mean to have a dis@@ ability ? +so wh@@ im@@ sy matters . +thank you . +so after being inter@@ ro@@ g@@ ated by this japanese man@@ ager for a half an hour , he finally said , " so , miss y@@ ang , do you have any questions to ask me ? " +so today i want to talk about young people through the platform of social media . +first of all , most of them were born in the 8@@ 0s and 9@@ 0s , under the one-@@ child policy . +so for the past few years , the co@@ ast@@ al areas , they found themselves in a shor@@ tage of labor . +while young people seem to be very sure about their participa@@ tion in public poli@@ cy@@ -@@ making , but sometimes they 're a little bit lost in terms of what they want for their personal life . +and our yo@@ unger generation are going to transform this country while at the same time being trans@@ formed themselves . +these mountains are dangerous places , but ultimately the fa@@ te of these bear families , and indeed that of all be@@ ars around the north pacific , depen@@ ds on the sal@@ mon . +ne@@ c@@ essi@@ ty is the mother of evolution . +but just looking up with the na@@ ked eye , you really don 't need one . +a culture which is top@@ -@@ down , ow@@ ned , where the vo@@ cal ch@@ or@@ ds of the millions have been lost . +now , as@@ ca@@ p said they didn 't care . +i want to share all my love with you ... +the extre@@ mis@@ m on one side be@@ gets extre@@ mis@@ m on the other , a fact we should have learned many , many times over , and both extre@@ mes in this debate are just wrong . +we can only make them , quote , " pir@@ ates . " and is that good ? +because we 're far from home , we 're very ti@@ red . " +so i know it may sound like tough love , but look , if at some point you got lied to , it 's because you agre@@ ed to get lied to . +if you don 't want to be dec@@ ei@@ ved , you have to know , what is it that you 're hun@@ gry for ? +lying has evolutionary value to us as a species . +the rest of us , we 're only 5@@ 4 percent accu@@ rate . +we all ch@@ at@@ ter with our finger@@ ti@@ ps . +they 're going to be in@@ fu@@ ri@@ ated if they sense they 're wr@@ on@@ g@@ ly acc@@ used throughout the entire course of the interview , not just in flas@@ hes ; they 'll be in@@ fu@@ ri@@ ated throughout the entire course of the interview . +your new jo@@ int vent@@ ure partner might sha@@ ke your hand , celebra@@ te , go out to dinner with you and then lea@@ k an expression of an@@ ger . +don 't be too ag@@ gressi@@ ve , it doesn 't work . +but you 've got to ask yourself in the mean@@ time : who do you want on your side of the meeting , someone who 's trained in getting to the truth or some guy who 's going to dra@@ g a 40@@ 0-@@ po@@ und electro@@ en@@ cep@@ hal@@ ogra@@ m through the door ? +it 's down@@ h@@ ill from now on . i wanted to thank e@@ me@@ ka and chris . +that 's very important . +nigeria got its indepen@@ dence in 1960 . +so i had a very inven@@ tive teacher , a paki@@ stan@@ i musli@@ m , who wanted to teach us about this . +and fr@@ as@@ er 's on his k@@ ne@@ es , arms ti@@ ed behind his back , and he 's cr@@ ying . +and i watched them being lo@@ cked up in prison and te@@ ar gas@@ sed . +my friend r@@ on@@ ald got@@ tes@@ man says there are three kinds of people in the world : those who can count , and those who can 't . +one of my favorite parts of my job at the gates foundation is that i get to travel to the developing world , and i do that quite regul@@ arly . +they ta@@ p into local entrepr@@ en@@ eu@@ ri@@ al talent , and they do incredible marketing . +and they decided in 199@@ 0 that they wanted to start training the local entreprene@@ urs , giving them small lo@@ ans . +now the reason these micro@@ -@@ entreprene@@ urs can sell or make a profit is they have to sell every single bottle in their pus@@ h@@ c@@ art or their wheel@@ bar@@ row . +and i think that 's a mistake . +we know that circum@@ c@@ ision redu@@ ces hiv infe@@ ction by 60 percent in men . +well on september 4@@ th , there was a huge m@@ op@@ -up campaign , which is what you do in polio . +i 'm going to tell you two things today : one is what we have lost , and two , a way to bring it back . +this is where you can see most of the florida keys national marine san@@ c@@ tu@@ ary . +but still , now we have global warming . +and this is what i saw , lots of fish . +so the fis@@ her@@ men are cat@@ ching more . +so how much of this do we have ? +which takes us to the third reason , why we don 't have many more reser@@ ves , is that the fund@@ ing models have been wrong . +so , basically , the production sur@@ plus of these guys down there is enough to main@@ tain this bio@@ mass that is not moving . +and there , only there , you really feel that you are part of a larger thing or of a larger global ecosystem . +we use the sub@@ marine al@@ v@@ in and we use c@@ ameras , and the c@@ ameras are something that bill lange has developed with the help of son@@ y . +they 're very little understood . +and there 's tens of thousands of those mountains out there that haven 't been ma@@ pped yet . +what we find out now is that it 's probably coming from inside the earth . +there are never any lights there , except the lights that we bring . +they don 't need the sun at all . +b@@ l : this bacteria that we 've been talking about turns out to be the most simpl@@ est form of life found . +el nin@@ o comes and goes . it 's not a disaster , it 's rhyth@@ mic . +this is what we would love students to re@@ tain , even if they don 't go into mathematical fields . +i believe in real life . +and then as we start to define what does ste@@ ep@@ ness mean , we realize it would be nice to have some measu@@ re@@ ments to really nar@@ row it down , specifically what that means . +how long will it take it to fill it up ? +and why this is an amazing time to be a math teacher right now is because we have the tools to create this high-@@ quality cur@@ ri@@ cul@@ um in our front po@@ cket . +the lesson of brian 's pres@@ entation , in a way -- all those fantastic pictures -- is this really : that van@@ tage point determin@@ es everything that you see . +it was bor@@ ing . +so the challenges of education in this kind of place are not to learn the k@@ ings and que@@ ens of kenya or britain . +what do they look like ? +waiting 10 years for the pa@@ yo@@ ff from education is too long when you need to meet daily needs , when you 've got si@@ bl@@ ings to look after or a business to help with . +that 's one city . +and there will be no mistakes . " +you 'd need millions and millions of teachers in china , india , nigeria and the rest of developing world to meet need . +but it is , unlike cars , which have developed so rapi@@ dly and or@@ der@@ ly , actually the school system is recogni@@ z@@ ably an in@@ her@@ it@@ ance from the 19@@ th century , from a bis@@ marki@@ an model of ger@@ man scho@@ ol@@ ing that got taken up by english re@@ form@@ ers , and often by religious mis@@ sion@@ aries , taken up in the united states as a force of social co@@ h@@ es@@ i@@ on , and then in japan and south korea as they developed . +so as i 'm watching this , i see this powerful scene that brought me to te@@ ars , and it stuck with me for the past 25 years . +and because i have a 15@@ -year-old , all i do is co@@ ok and co@@ ok and co@@ ok . +it 's really sc@@ ary , this gay lifest@@ yle thing ; it 's super du@@ per evil and there 's no end to it ! +the u.s. const@@ it@@ ution is the gay agenda . +but when you see the map , and you see our state of mich@@ ig@@ an -- it 's legal to fire someone for being gay , les@@ bi@@ an , bis@@ ex@@ ual or trans@@ gen@@ dered , that it 's legal to re@@ move someone from their home because they 're gay , les@@ bi@@ an , bis@@ ex@@ ual or trans@@ gen@@ dered , then you realize that this whole conversation about marriage equ@@ ality is not about stri@@ pping someone 's rights away , it 's about gran@@ ting them the rights that [ have ] already been st@@ ated . +thank you . +some of the studies even say we 're happ@@ ier . +entrop@@ y means that everything in the world , everything , is in a state of dec@@ line and deca@@ y , the ar@@ ch . +how was i supposed to live it ? +if however , we can go back and alter our relationship , re-@@ vision our relationship to past people and events , neu@@ ral path@@ ways can change . +i know what 's on your mind when you 're looking at these pictures . +they have to try and attra@@ ct pol@@ lin@@ ators to do their bi@@ d@@ ding . +it 's a wonderful , amazing thing . +this is the phil@@ o@@ den@@ dr@@ on s@@ ell@@ ou@@ m . +last week i took these pictures of rock ro@@ se , heli@@ an@@ them@@ um , in dor@@ set . +maybe you 're ti@@ cked off , or maybe you 're looking forward to a new game . you 've been up too late playing a game . +and he goes all around the country taking pictures of himself , and you can see here he 's got zig 's indian reser@@ vation . and this particular shot , this is one of the more traditional sh@@ ots . this is a rain dan@@ cer . +and she says , " they want to go . " and i said , " hon@@ ey , no they don 't want to go . this is the middle pas@@ sage . +this is a game with 5@@ 0,000 individual pieces . +what you 're looking at is airplane traffic over north america for a 24@@ -@@ hour period . +you see the holding patterns that start to develop in the bottom of the screen . +so they made this web service and said , " any program@@ mer can write a piece of software and ta@@ p into the minds of thousands of people . " +that gives you an idea of the different types of mo@@ ti@@ va@@ tions and de@@ dic@@ ation . +so we took a hundred dollar bill and divi@@ ded it into 10,000 teen@@ y pieces , and we f@@ ed those into the mechan@@ ical tur@@ k . +you 'd be f@@ ed a simple audi@@ o clip . +but we knew we really needed the right person to kind of r@@ ally behind and build something for . +ak : so if you go to the website john@@ n@@ y@@ cas@@ h@@ proje@@ ct@@ .com , what you 'll see is the video playing above . +win bu@@ t@@ ler : now our lives are changing fast now our lives are changing fast hope that something p@@ ure can last hope that something p@@ ure can last o@@ oh we used to wait o@@ oh we used to wait o@@ oh we used to wait sometimes it never came sometimes it never came still moving through the pain we used to wait for it we used to wait for it we used to wait for it ak : so i think , if there 's one thing to take away from my talk today , it 's that an interface can be a powerful narra@@ tive device . +and it 's also just getting to the essential of things . +so if you don 't know one of these languages , it 's inst@@ ant learning . +here it 's " c@@ and@@ y@@ city . " +and par@@ alle@@ l to my cutting is my running . +it 's not auto@@ bi@@ ogra@@ phi@@ cal identi@@ ties . +so for the sub@@ way in new york , i saw a cor@@ respon@@ dence between ri@@ ding the sub@@ way and reading . +so it acts as a screen to protect the ra@@ il and the com@@ mu@@ ter , and not to have objects fall@@ ing on the ra@@ ils . +b@@ é@@ at@@ ri@@ ce cor@@ on : stories cut from paper +now , the opposite of a s@@ no@@ b is your mother . +en@@ vy , it 's a real tab@@ o@@ o to mention en@@ vy , but if there is one domin@@ ant emotion in modern society , that is en@@ vy . +there is another reason why we might be feeling more an@@ xi@@ ous , about our care@@ ers , about our status in the world today , than ever before . +but i think it 's in@@ san@@ e to believe that we will ever make a society that is genu@@ in@@ ely mer@@ it@@ o@@ cra@@ tic . it 's an impossible dream . +now is there any alternative to this ? +and so we tend to wor@@ ship ourselves . +psycho@@ analysis has been dru@@ mming home this message for about 80 years . +because otherwise it can get quite c@@ lau@@ st@@ rop@@ ho@@ bi@@ c . +and i decided the reme@@ dy to all this mal@@ a@@ ise was going to be for me to ch@@ ase an el@@ ev@@ ated dream , an extreme dream , something that would require u@@ tter con@@ vi@@ ction and un@@ wa@@ vering passion , something that would make me be my best self in every aspe@@ ct of my life , every minute of every day , because the dream was so big that i couldn 't get there without that kind of behavior and that kind of con@@ vi@@ ction . +the navi@@ gation is difficult . +and i couldn 't wait to trip the mind fantastic . +and every one of those bar@@ bs is sending that ven@@ om into this central nervous system . +and i swa@@ m through the night and i swa@@ m through the next day . +and a little kid from the back was like this . +yeah . +thank you . thank you . +and what about sleep ? +this is a device that not only meas@@ ures car@@ di@@ a@@ c rhyth@@ m , as you saw already , but it also goes well beyond that . +that looks like this . +it 's usually 90 percent . so , you tell me you sleep better than expected . +now , diabetes is one of the big ones . +there are two things that can really acceler@@ ate this whole process . +so , i hope i 've convinced you of this , of the impact on hospital clin@@ ic resources is profound and then the impact on diseases is equ@@ ally impres@@ sive across all these different diseases and more . +how do we make stable societies ? lon@@ ge@@ vi@@ ty . +and you get to think about yourself and your memor@@ ies , and before you go back into sus@@ pen@@ sion , you ed@@ it your memor@@ ies and you change your person@@ ality and so forth . +and , of course , we 're not responsible for the consequences of what we 're doing now , are we ? like all this com@@ pla@@ int about c@@ lon@@ es . +thank you . +so we tried , and i 'll show you what we came up with . +so you can la@@ vis@@ h all the same care , all the same techni@@ que , on a ham@@ bur@@ ger as you would on some much more fan@@ cy dis@@ h . +so it 's very much like in a hollywood movie where a guy flies through the air , suppor@@ ted by wir@@ es , and then they take the wir@@ es away digit@@ ally so you 're flying through the air . +that hor@@ n-@@ sha@@ ped region is what we call the swe@@ et spot . +and because people watch my@@ th@@ bu@@ sters and c@@ s@@ i , i thought , well , let 's put in a reci@@ pe for a bal@@ li@@ stics gel@@ a@@ tin . +but maybe if i cut a hole in his head i can fix it . " +i mean who would put themselves through that ? +la@@ par@@ o@@ scop@@ y is doing this kind of surgery : surgery with long instru@@ ments through small in@@ c@@ isi@@ ons . +and now , in contr@@ ast to the la@@ par@@ o@@ scop@@ y , you can pre@@ cis@@ ely place the need@@ le in your instru@@ ments , and you can pass it all the way through and follow it in a tra@@ je@@ c@@ tory . +and you need to re-@@ set it up . +we get to write the scri@@ pt of the next revolution in surgery . +we can he@@ al the disease . +we realized that when plasti@@ cs get to the du@@ mp , it 's difficult to sort them because they have similar den@@ si@@ ties , and when they 're mix@@ ed with organic matter and construction de@@ br@@ is , it 's truly impossible to pick them out and environ@@ ment@@ ally elimin@@ ate them . +not only do ph@@ th@@ al@@ ates po@@ ll@@ ute our environment , but they also po@@ ll@@ ute our bodies . +this means that our bacteria were actually living off of ph@@ th@@ al@@ ates . +thank you . j@@ y : thank you . +but people live on this land . +this is an unusual instal@@ lation of air@@ port se@@ ating . +its early version had an " x " base . that 's what the colle@@ c@@ tors like . +here 's a film we 've been hearing things about . +so we 're going to watch another film . +so , " i saw many tra@@ ins and also ro@@ de on one . +and there are a lot of fun things . this is the museum of the ben@@ ch . +it 's about how you approach problems . and there is this huge , beautiful common@@ ality between design , business and the world . +that 's what we all need to do . +it was min@@ d-@@ blo@@ wing . +but if corruption cre@@ e@@ ps in and people don 't have the opportunity to have that protection of the rule of law , then if you can use violence , if you can use violence with im@@ pun@@ ity , you can reach out and harv@@ est the vulnerable into sla@@ very . +so , that 's a scen@@ ari@@ o that we think we should be capit@@ ali@@ zing on . +these young boys are in ne@@ p@@ al . +liber@@ ation , however , costs some money . +children res@@ cu@@ ed from sla@@ very in the fishing industry in ghana , re@@ united with their parents , and then taken with their parents back to their villa@@ ges to re@@ build their economic well-@@ being so that they become sla@@ ve-@@ pro@@ of -- absolutely un@@ en@@ sla@@ ve@@ able . +however , only recently , due to several technologi@@ cal advan@@ c@@ ements , we are now able to demon@@ strate to you quant@@ um le@@ vi@@ tation and quant@@ um lo@@ cking . +well , first there are str@@ ands of magnetic field left inside , but now the super@@ conduc@@ tor doesn 't like them moving around , because their mov@@ ements dis@@ si@@ pa@@ te energy , which brea@@ ks the super@@ conduc@@ tivity state . +now , i can ex@@ tend this cir@@ cular mag@@ net , and make whatever track i want . +and it was also inspired by this quote from dou@@ glas ad@@ ams , and the situation is from " the hit@@ ch@@ hi@@ ker 's gui@@ de to the galaxy . " +but anyway , i got my su@@ it@@ case of ir@@ on ore and dra@@ g@@ ged it back to london on the train , and then was fac@@ ed with the problem : okay , how do you make this rock into components for a to@@ aster ? +and the last material i 'm going to talk about today is plastic , and , of course , my to@@ aster had to have a plastic case . +that 's it without the case on . +when i was a student at mit , we all shared one computer that took up a whole building . +so we up@@ d@@ ated them , so i could present it here , to 2007 . +communication technologies : 50 different ways to measure this , the number of bits being moved around , the size of the internet . +and we will begin to actually deeply influence our health and our intelligence , as we get closer and closer to this technology . +this was in an area called well@@ a@@ wat@@ ta , a prime res@@ identi@@ al area in col@@ om@@ bo . +for hours after@@ wards , the sea was stre@@ wn with bits of wood for miles around -- all of this was from the houses in the sl@@ um . +voice 1 : it 's coming again . voice 2 : new wave ? +and it 's one that off@@ ers really interesting possibilities for organi@@ zing a whole ho@@ st of activi@@ ties down the road . +it is very easy to fall in love with the de@@ cent@@ r@@ alized , bot@@ tom@@ -up structure of the internet . +and there 's this famous example of one that was 1,@@ 200 feet long and la@@ sted for two days , and the ants just kept mar@@ ching around and around in a circle until they died . +i keep thinking about these kids with no arms . +i 'm going to show you a guy doing a couple of simple things with this that we demon@@ strated in washington . can we look at this thing ? +it all began when two scientists , fre@@ d gras@@ s@@ le and j@@ esse au@@ su@@ bel , met in wo@@ ods hole , mas@@ sach@@ use@@ t@@ ts where both were gu@@ ests at the fam@@ ed oce@@ an@@ ogra@@ phic institute . +and with sal@@ ting , it became possible to store fish and to transport it long di@@ stances . +and so one of the tools that we can use to sam@@ ple the oceans is ac@@ ou@@ stics , or sound waves . +well what they found was mis@@ lab@@ el@@ ed fish . +this is something we 've actually known for a while , so it 's not a real break@@ through . +but the really interesting thing about it is that , a few years ago , cen@@ su@@ s scientists discovered that this guy can thri@@ ve in oxy@@ gen@@ -@@ poor se@@ di@@ ments in the deep medi@@ ter@@ ran@@ e@@ an sea . +so we still have quite a lot of work to do in terms of un@@ know@@ ns . +and the oceans are so productive , there 's so much going on in there that 's of relev@@ ance to humans that we really need to , even from a sel@@ fish perspective , try to do better than we have in the past . +and we do something different than what we did in the past ; we add kind of a mo@@ dic@@ um of intelligence to that . +you know , i am so bad at tech that my daughter -- who is now 4@@ 1 -- when she was five , was over@@ heard by me to say to a friend of her@@ s , if it doesn 't ble@@ ed when you cut it , my da@@ d@@ dy doesn 't understand it . +the in@@ do@@ -@@ european ro@@ ot of the word hope is a stem , k-@@ e-@@ u -- we would sp@@ ell it k-@@ e-@@ u ; it 's pr@@ on@@ o@@ un@@ ced ko@@ y -- and it is the same ro@@ ot from which the word cur@@ ve comes from . +and i think that it 's going to be , in time , the elements of the human spirit that we 've been hearing about bit by bit by bit from so many of the speak@@ ers in the last few days . +we are , should be , mor@@ ally commit@@ ted to being the heal@@ er of the world . +now that 's not quite true . there 's one other way , and that 's through swe@@ ating . +now why is that top problem so easy and the bottom problem so hard ? +you send a comm@@ and down , it causes mus@@ cles to contra@@ ct . +so what are belie@@ fs ? +and what ba@@ yes ' rule says is that i should multi@@ p@@ ly the numbers on the red by the numbers on the green to get the numbers of the yellow , which have the elli@@ p@@ ses , and that 's my belief . +now there 's good reason to believe that you would want to be able to dist@@ ingu@@ ish ex@@ ternal events from intern@@ al events . +as you go from 0@@ .@@ 1 to 0@@ .@@ 2 , it becomes more ti@@ ck@@ li@@ sh at the end . +we started with a motor with a little le@@ ver , a little force trans@@ f@@ user . +so i have a huge amount of choice to make . +if i choose a different way of moving -- on the right for example -- then i 'll have a different comm@@ and , different noise , playing through a no@@ is@@ y system , very complicated . +you have to study vision with the reali@@ zation of how the movement system is going to use vision . +and yes , the red planet is red . +here are some recent images . +and what we 're looking at is the pres@@ ence of the gas me@@ than@@ e , ch@@ 4 , in the atmosphere of mars . +in the southern he@@ mis@@ ph@@ ere there are impact cr@@ at@@ ers , there are vol@@ can@@ ic cr@@ at@@ ers . +we will fly where the me@@ than@@ e is . +we believe that in a one-@@ hour flight we can re@@ write the text@@ book on mars by making high-@@ resol@@ ution measu@@ re@@ ments of the atmosphere , looking for g@@ ases of bio@@ gen@@ ic orig@@ in , looking for g@@ ases of vol@@ can@@ ic orig@@ in , studying the surface , studying the magne@@ tis@@ m on the surface , which we don 't understand , as well as about a do@@ zen other areas . +if you 're interested in more information , we have a website that descri@@ bes this exciting and intri@@ gu@@ ing mission , and why we want to do it . +i was like , " yeah . +then you notice that if that le@@ go@@ -@@ provi@@ ded c@@ ad program isn 't enough , there 's an entire open-@@ source , thir@@ d-@@ party , independent le@@ go c@@ ad program that lets you do 3d mod@@ el@@ ing and 3d ren@@ der@@ ing and make , in fact , movies out of le@@ go , 3d films of which there are thousands on youtube , and some of them sort of mi@@ mi@@ cking famous films and some totally original content -- just beautiful -- and people re@@ creating all sorts of things . +i 'm really sc@@ ared . i don 't think we 're going to make it . +so , look what they did . +but the pa@@ y-@@ off is really enormous . +california em@@ its only seven percent of u.s. co2 emissions . +every year a million and a half people die of a completely pre@@ vent@@ able disease . that 's malaria . 6@@ ,000 people a day . +do you know , they only invest@@ ed 0@@ .@@ 2 percent of re@@ ven@@ u@@ es in r & amp ; d ? +it could be the biggest economic opportunity of the 21@@ st century . +every do@@ t is a person . +because , as i said , we live our lives in networks , and these networks have a particular kind of a structure . +so , if we want to track something that was spre@@ ading through a network , what we ide@@ ally would like to do is to set up sensor@@ s on the central individuals within the network , including no@@ de a , monit@@ or those people that are right there in the middle of the network , and somehow get an early dete@@ ction of whatever it is that is spre@@ ading through the network . +so , we thought we would explo@@ it this idea in order to study whether we could predict phenomen@@ a within networks . +and the size of the dots is going to be propor@@ tional to how many of their friends have the flu . +and the answer is no . +and there are three ways , i think , that these massi@@ ve-@@ passi@@ ve data can be used . +over the past seven years , i 've been following my fascin@@ ation with the built environment , and for those of you who know me , you would say that this obs@@ ession has led me to live out of a su@@ it@@ case 3@@ 65 days a year . +and you even find a church . +today , they live in this area , appro@@ x@@ ima@@ tely 5@@ 0,000 to 7@@ 0,000 people , who live in this community of self-@@ built multi-@@ story houses where up to three generations live in one structure . +in a region famous for the soft , por@@ ous lo@@ ess plat@@ e@@ au soil , there lived until recently an esti@@ ma@@ ted 40 million people in these houses under@@ ground . +so you know how it ended up , spen@@ cer tra@@ cy brought a computer , a ma@@ infra@@ me computer of 195@@ 7 , in to help the libr@@ ari@@ ans . +on the right are some tu@@ gs from a company called a@@ eth@@ on in pit@@ ts@@ burgh . +so a person that 's inter@@ acting with the robot under@@ stands where it 's going to reach and isn 't surprised by its mo@@ tions . +mil@@ dre@@ d 's a factory wor@@ ker in connec@@ tic@@ ut . +and turned up the other way , the people who are reti@@ re@@ ment age goes up very , very fast , as the baby bo@@ om@@ ers get to reti@@ re@@ ment age . +the system meas@@ ures the be@@ am 's time of flight , recor@@ ding the time it takes for the light to hit a surface and make its return . +and here , this is a fl@@ y-@@ through the cloud of points of ti@@ k@@ al , and here you see it ren@@ dered and phot@@ o-@@ tex@@ tured with the photograph@@ y that we take of the site . +last mar@@ ch , we received very sad news . +ben k@@ ac@@ y@@ ra : ancient wonder@@ s cap@@ tured in 3d +we had h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st education in the schools . +it will re@@ fer you directly to your con@@ gr@@ es@@ sper@@ son , to your u.s. sen@@ ator , to your gover@@ nor where di@@ v@@ est@@ ment leg@@ is@@ lation is pen@@ ding . +european governments , for the most part , haven 't ac@@ knowle@@ d@@ ged responsibility , and there 's nothing to kind of to push back and up against . +he was bo@@ bby ken@@ ne@@ d@@ y-@@ like because in some ways one could never tell if he was a re@@ alist mas@@ qu@@ er@@ ading as an ide@@ alist or an ide@@ alist mas@@ qu@@ er@@ ading as a re@@ alist , as people always wonder@@ ed about bo@@ bby ken@@ ne@@ dy and john ken@@ ne@@ dy in that way . +but , u@@ h-@@ oh , the kill@@ ers are within the cam@@ ps . +you 're un@@ -@@ ow@@ ned . +don 't black@@ -@@ box history . don 't check your principles at the door . +fourth and final point : he somehow , because he was working in all the world 's worst places and all less@@ er ev@@ ils , had a hu@@ mili@@ ty , of course , and an awareness of the complexity of the world around him . +some are driven by compassion , feel it 's perhaps one of the fundamental acts of humanity . +a hundred years ago , we didn 't . +and yet , in many places , a third of the children , by the time they 're three already are facing a life of hard@@ ship due to this . +and these types of technologies , i see , have the potential to transform the face of hunger and nutri@@ tion , mal@@ nutri@@ tion out on the front lines . +well two years ago , we decided , let 's transform the model of fighting hunger , and instead of giving out the food aid , we put it into food ban@@ ks . +it is a win@@ -@@ win@@ -@@ win situation that starts the food economy moving . +well , the world bank esti@@ mates it would take about 10 billion dollars -- 10@@ .@@ 3 -- to address mal@@ nutri@@ tion in those countries . +so , this is an a@@ sto@@ unding table . +as one gets older ? very , very common . +why ? because we know what you have , and we know how to treat it -- although we can 't make v@@ acc@@ ine in this country , but that 's a different story . +and i think that 's been the fundamental problem over the last five decades , is that we have stri@@ ved to understand cancer . +and so , if you think of cancer as a system , there 's an input and an out@@ put and a state in the middle . +if i give a woman with breast cancer a drug called tax@@ ol every three weeks , which is the standard , about 40 percent of women with meta@@ sta@@ tic cancer have a great response to that drug . +so , instead of a re@@ duc@@ tion@@ ist view , we 're taking a step back . +the problem is that , if i 'm this do@@ c , and i get your ct scan today and you 've got a two centi@@ meter mass in your li@@ ver , and you come back to me in three months and it 's three centi@@ meters , did that drug help you or not ? +and so , as a cancer doctor , instead of having paper in my ch@@ art , in your ch@@ art , and it being this thi@@ ck , this is what data flow is starting to look like in our off@@ ices , where that drop of blood is creating gi@@ gab@@ y@@ tes of data . +most people find that very so@@ o@@ thing , and , interest@@ ingly , 12 cy@@ cles per minute is roughly the frequ@@ ency of the brea@@ thing of a sle@@ eping human . +so if i were to play this -- -- for more than a few seconds , you 'd feel un@@ comfortable ; for more than a few minutes , you 'd be leaving the room in dro@@ ves . +you all recognize that one . this is the mo@@ st-@@ played tun@@ e in the world today . +and i stood there bes@@ i@@ de two very good friends of mine , richard we@@ ber and kev@@ in v@@ all@@ ely . +so we would have a live website , that every single day of the 3@@ 3 days , we would be blog@@ ging , telling stories of , you know , de@@ ple@@ ted o@@ zone for@@ cing us to cover our faces , or we will burn . +that i 'm this u@@ ber@@ -@@ en@@ dur@@ ance guy ? +i actually love di@@ ving at night ; you see a lot of fish then that you don 't see in the da@@ y@@ time . +no matter where on earth you live . +we can go actually and swim around on google earth and visit with hum@@ p@@ back wh@@ ales . +we kill using long lines , with ba@@ ited ho@@ o@@ ks every few feet that may stre@@ tch for 50 miles or more . +and , in 197@@ 2 , this nation began to establi@@ sh a counter@@ part in the sea , national marine san@@ c@@ tu@@ aries . +but , nothing else will matter if we fail to protect the ocean . +without insects , there 'd be no flo@@ wer@@ ing plants . +they have another set of eyes on the top of their head . +a mouse has about 1,000 times as many neurons as a fly . +and these are the two concep@@ ts i 'd like to explore . +so this is the prepar@@ ation that one of my former post-@@ do@@ cs , gab@@ y ma@@ im@@ on , who 's now at rock@@ ef@@ eller , developed , and it 's basically a flight simul@@ ator but under conditions where you actually can stick an electro@@ de in the brain of the fly and record from a gene@@ tically identi@@ fied neuron in the fly 's brain . +the first is , it 's essential for us to understand the human brain if we do want to get along in society , and i think that it is a key step in evolution . +so i can say , with some certain@@ ty , " i think , therefore i am . " +we 're just pac@@ king in colum@@ ns , so that we 'd have more ne@@ o@@ cor@@ tical colum@@ ns to per@@ form more complex fun@@ ctions . +and we did that for tens of thousands of neurons , built digital models of all the different types of neurons we came across . +and when we do that what we discovered is that the circu@@ it@@ ry does change . +now , when you look at that the first time , you think , " my god . how is reality coming out of that ? " +this took place in my childhood -- 195@@ 7 to ' 65 . +" spac@@ es@@ hi@@ p project offi@@ cially be@@ gun . job waiting for you . dy@@ son . " +so , these are three-@@ po@@ und char@@ ges of c@@ 4 ; that 's about 10 times what the guy had in his shoes . +this is a 20 man version for going to ju@@ pit@@ er : bun@@ ks , stor@@ m cell@@ ars , exercise room . +you know , i don 't know how many of those you read , but it 's not fun to read and often not fun to write -- even worse to write . +which i think is just fascinating . +very very hard . +giving your organs to somebody else is probably about how much you care about society , how lin@@ ked you are . +interest@@ ingly enough , when people get this , they again don 't check -- but now they join . +this is from a paper by re@@ del@@ mei@@ er and scha@@ ef@@ er . +there is one more decision . +a print sub@@ scri@@ ption for 1@@ 25 . +and because we don 't know our pre@@ fer@@ ences that well we 're sus@@ cep@@ ti@@ ble to all of these influ@@ ences from the ex@@ ternal forces : the de@@ fau@@ l@@ ts , the particular op@@ tions that are pres@@ ented to us , and so on . +the sil@@ ver lin@@ ing is , i think , kind of the reason that behavi@@ oral economics is interesting and exciting . +they are sc@@ ar@@ ce ; they are expensive ; and we only have a certain range of it . +and then we have the radio waves , they have the issues i 've just mentioned . +and this is a fundamental basic property that we explo@@ it with our technology . +you think , " ha , ha , ha . +and then i 've mentioned the avail@@ ability . +and then you have these millions of street lam@@ ps de@@ plo@@ yed around the world . +you 've heard of dna ; you probably studied a little bit in biology . +and look at all the complex things and wonderful things we 've been able to create with just a one and a zero . +and then james wat@@ son 's -- one of the co-@@ fo@@ under@@ s of dna -- genome was done for two million dollars , and in just two months . +an architect far better and smar@@ ter than us has given us that to@@ ol@@ box , and we now have the ability to use it . +we could produce better fla@@ vor@@ s and ar@@ om@@ as . +and he had the best answer i ever heard to this question : " well , somebody has to . " +i 'm s@@ ni@@ ff@@ ing this other dog 's re@@ ar end , the ow@@ ner 's calling . " +and what you will find is a very , very low-@@ ran@@ king bit@@ ch will quite easily keep a bone away from a high-@@ ran@@ king male . +and that 's how we use the food l@@ ure in the hand , and we use food because we 're dealing with ow@@ ners . +so we go , " sit , " on the cou@@ ch ; " sit , " tu@@ m@@ my@@ -@@ ru@@ b ; " sit , " look , i throw a ten@@ nis ball ; " sit , " say hell@@ o to that other dog . +they think a pun@@ ish@@ ment is something na@@ sty . +your head now is 100 y@@ ards away , sa@@ il@@ ing through the air , ok ? +and ug@@ ly face is this -- when you go fac@@ e-@@ to-@@ face with a pu@@ pp@@ y or a child , you say , " what are you doing ! now stop it , stop it , stop it ! " +it really is . +speaking at the 2007 e@@ g conference , train@@ er ian dun@@ bar as@@ ks us to see the world through the eyes of our belo@@ ved dogs . by knowing our pe@@ ts ' perspective , we can build their love and trust . it 's a message that res@@ on@@ ates well beyond the animal world . +and you made it out of what ? +w@@ k : yeah , i want to build another one -- to pu@@ mp water and ir@@ ri@@ gation for cro@@ ps . +and so this is basically a song about lo@@ ops , but not the kind of lo@@ ops that i make up here . +and that 's what the song is asking . +every time i read che@@ k@@ ho@@ v and his unique vision of human life , i 'm remin@@ ded of why i too became a writer . +what about bigger numbers ? +that 's a lot easier than the way that the school taught you to do math , i 'm sure . +the h@@ are itself , the animal -- not a c@@ at , not a dog , a h@@ are -- why a h@@ are ? +how did we become the only species that becomes more pro@@ sper@@ ous as it becomes more popul@@ ous ? +and it 's this combin@@ ation , this cu@@ mu@@ la@@ tive technology , that intri@@ gues me , because i think it 's the secret to understanding what 's happening in the world . +there 's no exchange of ideas between them . +and that 's seven and a half seconds of pro@@ sper@@ ity that you 've ga@@ ined since 19@@ 50 , as it were , because that 's seven and a half seconds in which you can do something else , or you can ac@@ qui@@ re another good or service . +we 're able to draw upon speci@@ alization and exchange to raise each other 's living standards . +and so both sides raise each other 's standards of living through the sexual di@@ vision of labor . +and that will have led to speci@@ alization . +the person on the assem@@ bly line doesn 't know because he doesn 't know how to dri@@ ll an oil well to get oil out to make plastic , and so on . +my work is about the behaviors that we all engage in un@@ consci@@ ously , on a collective level . +and that 's gone up since then , but we don 't have the numbers yet . +and this is what the next piece is about . +as we try to build this view , and try to educ@@ ate ourselves about the enor@@ m@@ ity of our culture , the information that we have to work with is these gigan@@ tic numbers : numbers in the millions , in the hundreds of millions , in the billions and now in the trilli@@ ons . +you 're looking at the outside sh@@ ell of the virus , and the yellow color here are those parts of the virus that are evol@@ ving very , very fast , and the blue parts are not evol@@ ving very fast . +but really , it 's pretty rob@@ ust . +and there 're only 10@@ 2 because people got bor@@ ed colle@@ cting them : there are just new ones every year . +so that 's great , but again , cheap shot , right ? +we put the bee@@ per in the clin@@ ic . +i mean , they went to the ma@@ x for this woman . +and what i 'm telling you here from the signal , is that men who have a mu@@ tation in this an@@ tivi@@ ral defen@@ se enzy@@ me , and have a tumor , often have -- 40 percent of the time -- a sig@@ nature which reve@@ als a new retro@@ virus . +joe der@@ is@@ i : solving medical myster@@ ies +here 's the first battery -- a st@@ ack of co@@ ins , zin@@ c and sil@@ ver , separ@@ ated by car@@ d@@ board so@@ ak@@ ed in br@@ ine . +the electro@@ ly@@ te is not a solution of s@@ alt and water , but rather s@@ alt that 's mel@@ ted . +it 's pretty cool , at least in theory . +so a year and a half ago , david and i , along with another research sta@@ ff@@ -@@ member , formed a company to acceler@@ ate the rate of progress and the race to manufac@@ ture product . +don@@ ald sa@@ do@@ way : the missing link to rene@@ w@@ able energy +so i want to give you a quick story of how it got started . +did you find the gold ? +things where you might trip across things like the c@@ oper@@ ni@@ can principle , the fer@@ m@@ i parado@@ x , the anthro@@ pi@@ c principle , the orig@@ in of life . +so pretty much players are encoura@@ ged to be very creative in the game . +so this is the planet that we 've been playing on up to this point in the game . +now here , our entire oceans are ev@@ a@@ por@@ ating off the surface , and as it kee@@ ps getting hot@@ ter at some point the entire planet 's going to melt down . +and so you 'd have this wonderful spar@@ kl@@ ing thing , with the dis@@ k slowly ro@@ tat@@ ing , and this is roughly what it would look like . and so really , part of this is about bringing the beauty of this , of the natural world , to somebody in a very imag@@ in@@ ative way , so that they can start c@@ ali@@ br@@ ating their instin@@ ct across these vast sc@@ ales of space and time . +even the b@@ b@@ c and the new york times . +so they do this both when they have power sort of chron@@ ically , and also when they 're feeling powerful in the moment . +so business schools have been strug@@ gling with this gender grade gap . +probably not , right ? you want the person who 's powerful and as@@ ser@@ tive and domin@@ ant , but not very stress re@@ active , the person who 's la@@ id back . +so two minutes lead to these hor@@ mon@@ al changes that con@@ figure your brain to basically be either as@@ ser@@ tive , confi@@ dent and comfortable , or really st@@ res@@ s-@@ re@@ active , and , you know , feeling sort of shu@@ t down . and we 've all had the feeling , right ? +we also ev@@ al@@ u@@ ate these people much more posi@@ tively over@@ all . " +and the night before my fir@@ st-@@ year talk , and the fir@@ st-@@ year talk at prin@@ c@@ et@@ on is a 20@@ -@@ minute talk to 20 people . that 's it . +two minutes , two minutes , two minutes . +so you 're out in the wo@@ ods , or you 're out in the pa@@ st@@ ure , and you see this ant cra@@ w@@ ling up this bla@@ de of gr@@ ass . +many people have la@@ id down their lives for commun@@ ism , and many have la@@ id down their lives for capit@@ alism . +now , what theor@@ ies do we want to use to look at this ? +not silicon . +there are other par@@ as@@ ites that do this -- which ren@@ der the ho@@ st ster@@ i@@ le . +they 're not a big deal for us . +now in the old days , conduc@@ ting , music making , was less about trust and more , frank@@ ly , about co@@ er@@ ci@@ on . +i have to say , in those days , i couldn 't really even find the bird . +they don 't read music . +do you hear it ? +well done , ladies and gentle@@ men . +ly@@ n : when i 'm making music , i feel like a pilot in the cock@@ p@@ it flying an airplane . +my un@@ cle ed gave me a beautiful blue swe@@ ater -- at least i thought it was beautiful . +we focused on a business model ; we insi@@ sted on skin in the game . +they are farmers and factory workers . +it 's esti@@ ma@@ ted that africa lo@@ ses about 13 billion dollars a year to the disease . +she runs two of the lines , and has already saved enough money to put a down pay@@ ment on her house . +well three sons got into a negoti@@ ation . +how do we deal with our deep@@ est differences , given the human pro@@ pen@@ sity for conflict and the human geni@@ us at de@@ vis@@ ing weapons of enormous destruction ? +and we can play an incredibly con@@ struc@@ tive role . +now let me take you for a moment to what 's wid@@ ely re@@ gar@@ ded as the world 's most difficult conflict , or the most impossible conflict , is the middle east . +now as anthropo@@ logi@@ sts , we know that every culture has an orig@@ in story . +and that 's what comes to the first step here . +let me ask you a question . +and so that 's what it 's about . +but they did it thanks to a common identity -- europe -- and a common economy . +nat@@ al@@ ie ma@@ c@@ master : cape bre@@ ton fi@@ dd@@ ling in re@@ el time +first step , the medical doctor went away for about six months , and he worked on what were to become these nine health goals , what were we a@@ im@@ ing at . +you and your kids are fine . +that 's our average budget . +they do all aspe@@ cts of the work . +they could tra@@ p the flies , send them to him in per@@ th . +i put it to you , is this elimin@@ ating poverty ? +so when i do my job , people hate me . +and second , i don 't care about the word , i care about how you use it . +i 'm not saying it 's easy . +but it all starts with see@@ ds in class@@ rooms , in my place , which looks like this . +and what 'd we do then ? well , i met nice people like you , and they invited us to the ham@@ p@@ tons . +that 's a picture i took of my bronx bor@@ ough president , add@@ res@@ sing my kids in his house , not the ja@@ il@@ house , making them feel a part of it . +so we started giving back . +and when you exp@@ and their pal@@ ates , you exp@@ and their vo@@ cab@@ ul@@ ary . +and again , when you can take kids from back@@ gro@@ unds as diver@@ se as this to do something as special as this , we 're really creating a moment . +people , you can all do that . +s@@ í se pu@@ e@@ de ! +well , with the pi@@ g , at the bas@@ eline , before we blo@@ cked the pi@@ g 's ar@@ tery to simu@@ late a heart attack , that was the signal . +so there it was , th@@ ur@@ s@@ day morning we stopped the pi@@ g 's medic@@ ation and there is his electro@@ gra@@ m , the signal from inside the pi@@ g 's heart coming out by radio tele@@ me@@ try . +that 's the first invention that i wanted to describe . +st@@ acy sa@@ ger : but for christ@@ ina si@@ de@@ bottom , almost anything was worth trying if it could stop a migra@@ ine . +this is probably a better picture . +a signal in the brain that tri@@ g@@ gers brain dy@@ s@@ function might be sen@@ sed as a tri@@ g@@ ger for electro@@ -@@ stimu@@ lation like we 're doing with epi@@ le@@ p@@ sy . +everybody knows that we can do better with a visual thing that can be inter@@ active with the patient , where they see the video and they 're being video@@ ed and they press , do you understand this ? no , i don 't . +and so there is a team of develop@@ ers from all over africa , who are part of this team now -- from ghana , from mal@@ aw@@ i , from kenya . +you see this with twitter , too . you get this information over@@ load . +after he died , i realized that no one wri@@ tes to me anymore . +in fact , so many different points of res@@ on@@ ance that it 's going to be difficult to bring them all up , but i 'll try to do my best . +think of it as a massive it@@ un@@ es for book type content . +companies like national instru@@ ments , who are em@@ bed@@ ding very powerful , inter@@ active simu@@ lations into the materials , so that we can go way beyond our regular kind of text@@ book to an experience that all the teaching materials are things you can actually interact with and play around with and actually learn as you do . +so what we 're seeing is moving this burning or publi@@ cation process from the regular sort of sing@@ le-@@ auth@@ or@@ ed book towards commun@@ it@@ y-@@ auth@@ or@@ ed materials that are mod@@ ular , that are custom@@ i@@ zed to each individual class and published on demand very in@@ expen@@ si@@ vely , either pus@@ hed out through ama@@ zon , or published directly through an on-@@ demand press , like co@@ op . +and people who are teachers out here , who@@ ever taught , you know this -- it 's the inter@@ connections between ideas that teaching is really all about . +we 're not talking about har@@ ry po@@ tter , right ? +and if you read the press , it actually last week said i qu@@ it the media lab . +and these are two an@@ ec@@ d@@ ot@@ es -- one was in cam@@ bo@@ dia , in a village that has no electricity , no water , no television , no tele@@ phone , but has broad@@ band internet now . +we 're interested in big dis@@ plays , bright dis@@ plays . +it 's the rest -- that little brown box -- that is pretty fascinating , because the rest of your laptop is de@@ vot@@ ed to itself . +is it all worked out ? no . +by law you 've got to bi@@ d , and so on and so forth . +because there 's no market for post office tru@@ cks . +and if it comes out at 13@@ 8 dollars , so what ? +we can put anything we want into it , and it doesn 't get hea@@ vier , and then we can take anything out . +and i said , " i want to do that . " +these are the people that you have access to right now , in general -- all of these people , all of your friends and family that you can connect to . +i want you to take a trip with me . +in resour@@ ce-@@ rich countries , with all the tests and treatment we currently have , less than two percent of babies are born hiv-@@ positive -- 9@@ 8 percent of babies are born hiv-@@ negative . +these women are here for care , but we know that just doing a test , just giving someone a drug , it 's not enough . +your baby is going to be hiv-@@ negative . " +the second : keep mothers healthy , keep mothers alive , keep the children alive -- no more or@@ ph@@ ans . +she had been asked by one of the cli@@ ents to go to the home of the cli@@ ent , because the cli@@ ent wanted to tell the mother and her brothers and si@@ sters about her hiv status , and she was afraid to go by her@@ self . +we 've cho@@ sen to re@@ define the health care system as a doctor , a nur@@ se and a ment@@ or mother . +mothers with hiv car@@ ing for mothers with hiv . +it 's propor@@ tion@@ ally much bigger in humans than in any other species , and it 's involved in a whole range of high level cognitive fun@@ ctions , things like decisi@@ on-@@ making , planning , planning what you 're going to do tomorrow or next week or next year , in@@ hi@@ bit@@ ing in@@ appropriate behavior , so stopp@@ ing yourself saying something really ru@@ de or doing something really stupid . +there are three tru@@ cks there . you 're going to instin@@ c@@ tively go for the white tru@@ ck , because that 's the top tru@@ ck from your perspective , but then you have to remember , " oh , he can 't see that tru@@ ck , so he must mean me to move the blue tru@@ ck , " which is the top tru@@ ck from his perspective . now believe it or not , normal , healthy , intelligent adults like you make er@@ r@@ ors about 50 percent of the time on that kind of trial . +but now we try to understand that in terms of the development of a part of their brain called the lim@@ bi@@ c system , so i 'm going to show you the lim@@ bi@@ c system in red in the slide behind me , and also on this brain . +see , he ow@@ ned a chro@@ mi@@ um pl@@ ating company , and they had to move heavy steel parts between tan@@ ks of chemicals , and so he needed an industrial robot like this that could basically do the heavy li@@ f@@ ting . +but i knew what he meant , because it would be possible to take a bunch of pictures of flo@@ wers in a garden and then , basically , inde@@ x them in a computer system such that it would appear that there was a real robot when there wasn 't . +she said , when she was just about to walk on stage , the tel@@ e-@@ direc@@ tors were still trying to agree on what to do , and so she just walked on stage and did what felt most natural . +human demon@@ stra@@ tions , they 're all no@@ is@@ y and im@@ perfect , and we extra@@ ct from them an in@@ fer@@ red task tra@@ je@@ c@@ tory and control sequence for the robot . +the more that robots ing@@ rain themselves into our everyday lives , the more we 're forced to exam@@ ine ourselves as people . at tedx@@ ber@@ k@@ ele@@ y , ken gold@@ berg shares four very human lessons that he 's learned from working with robots . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +in fact , it is said that in the collective consciousness of africa , we get to experience the deep@@ est parts of our own humanity through our inter@@ actions with others . +and there was something so beauti@@ fully african about it to me , this small house with a huge heart in it . +as i come out of the water , sol@@ ly arri@@ ves at a deep section , a chan@@ nel between us . +she arrived at our reser@@ ve from a reser@@ ve east of us on her migr@@ atory rou@@ te . +and while it 's true that u@@ bun@@ tu is an african idea , what i see is the essen@@ ce of that value being invented here . +now ka@@ es@@ a@@ va had a baby boy called re@@ han a couple of weeks ago . +perhaps loss of memory is so cru@@ cial for our survival as human beings . +well , when i think of the future , i never see myself moving forward in time . i actually see time moving back@@ ward towards me . +i actually inclu@@ ded stories from my grandmother . +i must ad@@ mit , i used to be one of them . +i discovered that there 's a movement for a better way . +bir@@ ke ba@@ e@@ hr : what 's wrong with our food system +and you can see that it kind of ho@@ ck@@ ey sti@@ cks up around the 196@@ 0s and ' 7@@ 0s , and it 's on kind of a nice tra@@ je@@ c@@ tory right now . +se@@ amo@@ unts are important for bio@@ diversity . +and what 's the context of the pho@@ en@@ i@@ x is@@ lands ? +i 'd like to go back and share it with the government of ki@@ ri@@ bat@@ i , who are over in tar@@ a@@ wa , the west@@ ern@@ most group . +it had occur@@ red on land , in rain@@ fore@@ sts of south america and africa , where lan@@ dow@@ ners had been paid not to cut the trees down . +it 's almost like if a person has multiple diseases , it 's hard to get well , you might die , but if you only have one disease to deal with , you can get better . +i 've just described to you the one story behind that rec@@ tan@@ g@@ ular area in the middle , the pho@@ en@@ i@@ x is@@ lands , but every other green pat@@ ch on that has its own story . +just in the past couple years , we 've seen digital tools display skills and abilities that they never , ever had before , and that , kind of , eat deeply into what we human beings do for a living . let me give you a couple examples . +in the short term , we can stimu@@ late job growth by encoura@@ ging entreprene@@ ur@@ ship and by invest@@ ing in infrastructure , because the robots today still aren 't very good at fix@@ ing bri@@ d@@ ges . +so the work of innovation , the work of coming up with new ideas , is some of the most powerful , some of the most fundamental work that we can do in an economy . and this is kind of how we used to do innovation . +thanks very much . +this is 198@@ 3 . +and , la@@ stly , under " harmon@@ y , " they had this 13@@ th-@@ century mand@@ ala from ti@@ bet . +he didn 't want any of his friends to be ar@@ re@@ sted , so he supp@@ lied everybody with this fa@@ ke volunte@@ er card . +which brought me back to my list making -- you know , just to see what i actually like about my job . +then it 's : " gu@@ ts . " +the other condition is in societies living in mar@@ g@@ in@@ al or flu@@ c@@ tu@@ ating environments , such as the arc@@ tic or deser@@ ts , where there are peri@@ o@@ di@@ c food shor@@ tages , and occasi@@ on@@ ally there just isn 't enough food to keep everyone alive . +for example , there 's particular em@@ ph@@ as@@ is on respect for the el@@ der@@ ly in east asia , associated with con@@ fu@@ ci@@ us ' doc@@ tr@@ ine of fi@@ li@@ al pie@@ ty , which means o@@ be@@ di@@ ence , respect and support for el@@ der@@ ly parents . +perhaps the biggest change for the worse is that our el@@ der@@ ly are obje@@ c@@ tively less useful than in traditional societies . +unfortunately , all of those terrible situations could come back . +those are just some examples of what we can learn from traditional societies . +and so the back@@ story of the 99 takes place in 12@@ 5@@ 8 , which history tells us the mon@@ g@@ ols inv@@ aded bag@@ h@@ dad and destro@@ yed it . +the concept centers on something called the no@@ or st@@ ones . +i got acc@@ used in a few blogs that i was actually sent by the po@@ pe to pre@@ ach the trin@@ ity and ca@@ tho@@ lic@@ ism in the middle east , so you -- you believe who you want . i gave you my version of the story . +top right is stu@@ art mo@@ ore , a writer for ir@@ on man . +opened a theme park through a licen@@ se in ku@@ wait a year and a half ago called the 99 village theme park -- 3@@ 0@@ 0,000 square feet , 20 ri@@ des , all with our characters : a couple back@@ -@@ to-@@ school licen@@ ses in spa@@ in and tur@@ key . +i don 't deser@@ ve it . i don 't deser@@ ve anything . +and the first one was about a group called the party of god , who wanted to ban val@@ ent@@ ine 's day . red was made illegal . +ra@@ y@@ an re@@ fra@@ med the situation and brought himself down to my level . +that is , they 're meaning@@ less without context : 500 billion for this pi@@ p@@ eline , 20 billion for this war . +so i want to show you another landscape now . +why apri@@ l ? +yeah , re@@ tail therapy might help . +there 's something almost quite ma@@ gical about visual information . +so massive , in fact , that it can con@@ tain all the other military bud@@ gets in the world inside itself . +we need relative fig@@ ures that are connected to other data so that we can see a ful@@ ler picture , and then that can lead to us changing our perspective . +so let 's filter that out . +i mean , i find information just too interesting . +now what you are sm@@ elling is a combin@@ ation of -- i asked how many molecules there were in there , and nobody would tell me . +and that 's a perfectly reas@@ on@@ able theory in the sense that almost everything else in biology works by shape . +this is cis@@ -@@ 3@@ -@@ h@@ ex@@ en@@ e-@@ 1@@ -@@ ol . it sm@@ ells of cut gr@@ ass . +the bad news is they 're ro@@ cket fu@@ els . +this is the basis for the device that these two guys at ford built . +and i said , first of all , let me do the calcu@@ lation on that com@@ po@@ und , bottom right , which is related to cou@@ mar@@ in , but has an extra p@@ ent@@ ag@@ on in@@ ser@@ ted into the molecule . +i come out of the adverti@@ sing and design business . +running through this typical letter that they had , i ran it through my simpli@@ city lab , it 's pretty un@@ intelli@@ gi@@ ble . +mo@@ ses ! -- the boys in michael mor@@ pur@@ go 's " friend or fo@@ e ; " al@@ em in ben@@ jam@@ in ze@@ ph@@ ani@@ ah 's " re@@ fu@@ ge@@ e boy ; " lu@@ ke sky@@ wal@@ ker -- lu@@ ke sky@@ wal@@ ker ! -- oli@@ ver twi@@ st ; cas@@ si@@ a in " the con@@ cu@@ bine of shang@@ hai " by h@@ ong ying ; cel@@ ie in ali@@ ce wal@@ ker 's " the color pur@@ ple . " +the adop@@ tion process took , like , a matter of months , so it was a closed shop , you know , se@@ aled deal , an industri@@ ous , u@@ tili@@ t@@ arian solution : the government , the farmer , the adop@@ ting parents , the consumer , the mother , the earth , and the child , the cro@@ p . +and i was on the c@@ us@@ p of , sort of , ad@@ oles@@ c@@ ence , so i was starting to take bis@@ cu@@ its from the tin without asking . +but because i had no family to in@@ qui@@ re about me , they could do anything to me . +le@@ m@@ n s@@ is@@ say : a child of the state +we still really haven 't got a very complete picture of it . +and if you look north here , there 's a big river that flo@@ ws into the la@@ ke that 's been carrying se@@ di@@ ment and preser@@ ving the rema@@ ins of the animals that lived there . +and he rema@@ ined there until 1.@@ 6 million years later , when this very famous fossil h@@ unter , kam@@ o@@ ya ki@@ me@@ u , walked along a small h@@ ill@@ side and found that small piece of his sk@@ ul@@ l lying on the surface am@@ on@@ gst the pe@@ b@@ bles , recogni@@ zed it as being hom@@ in@@ id . +i think it 's our collective intelligence . +well , to end on a very positive note , i think evolution@@ arily speaking , this is probably a fairly good thing , in the end . +this fol@@ der has 17@@ ,000 photos -- over 20 gi@@ gab@@ y@@ tes of information -- and it 's growing constantly . +you can see that i even made a museum lab@@ el for it that inclu@@ des a brief history of the do@@ do . +it 's funny to me that it took a while to auth@@ en@@ tic@@ ate it , because i can see it compared to this thing , and i can tell you -- it 's real , it 's the real thing , it 's made from the ex@@ act same m@@ old that this one is . +i 'll go you one stran@@ ger than that : in 197@@ 4 , during the production of a weird com@@ e@@ dy sequ@@ el to " the mal@@ t@@ ese fal@@ c@@ on , " called " the black bird , " star@@ ring george se@@ g@@ al , the los angeles coun@@ ty museum of art had a pla@@ ster original of the mal@@ t@@ ese fal@@ c@@ on -- one of the original six pla@@ sters , i think , made for the movie -- stol@@ en out of the museum . a lot of people thought it was a publi@@ city st@@ unt for the movie . +there 's a thing that happens when you m@@ old and cast things , which is that every time you throw it into silic@@ one and cast it in res@@ in , you lose a little bit of volu@@ me , you lose a little bit of size . +i had exten@@ sive and life@@ -@@ thre@@ at@@ ening in@@ ju@@ ries . +the next conc@@ ern was whether i would walk again , because i was paraly@@ zed from the wa@@ ist down . +i was lying on a thin , hard spin@@ al bed . +in the spin@@ al ward , that 's normal . +it was everybody 's pain . and then i knew , just like before , that i had a choice . i could keep fighting this or i could let go and accept not only my body but the circum@@ stances of my life . +and they took one look and ran out the back to draw short stra@@ ws . +so i went home , i got a training di@@ ary out , and i had a plan . +the pilot light inside of me was still a light , just as it is in each and every one of us . +and we should be developing things -- we should be developing pac@@ k@@ aging for ideas which el@@ ev@@ ate people 's per@@ cep@@ tions and respect for the things that we dig out of the earth and trans@@ late into products for everyday use . +when i do make some money , i 'll have one machin@@ ed for myself . +it comes back to instin@@ ct . +it cost 1.@@ 7 million dollars to develop . it 's called " go " by ber@@ n@@ hard@@ t , usa . +that is the power of organic design . +it 's grown in my mind , and then it 's grown in terms of the whole process that i go through . +i 've been ban@@ ging on about this like i can 't believe . +and that 's what i do with my fur@@ ni@@ ture . +it 's in not@@ ting h@@ ill next to all the cra@@ p -- you know , the pro@@ stit@@ utes and all that stuff . +on the wall is my book called " super@@ natural , " which allows me to remember what i 've done , because i forget . +we trained in a t@@ ank in port hu@@ ene@@ me , and then my first open ocean di@@ ve was in s@@ ant@@ a bar@@ bar@@ a chan@@ nel . +like those big explo@@ sions , spar@@ ks , are from a little com@@ b j@@ el@@ ly , and there 's kri@@ ll and other kinds of cru@@ stac@@ e@@ ans , and j@@ ell@@ y@@ fish . +now , this one is blue , and that 's the color of most bi@@ ol@@ umines@@ c@@ ence in the ocean because evolution has sel@@ ec@@ ted for the color that tra@@ vels far@@ th@@ est through se@@ a@@ water in order to optimi@@ ze communication . +he 's got to find himself a bab@@ e and then he 's got to lat@@ ch on for life . +and then to generate the display you 're about to see , all i did was touch it once per second on its ner@@ ve ring with a shar@@ p pick that 's sort of like the shar@@ p to@@ oth of a fish . +but there came a moment when it all came together , and everything worked . +edi@@ th wid@@ der : glo@@ wing life in an under@@ water world +so as we are facing all the multiple cris@@ es in our world at the moment , what is good for us on a personal level , what 's going to bring more joy , gra@@ titude , effec@@ ti@@ ven@@ ess in our lives and be the best for our own care@@ ers is also what is best for the world . +so i -- i took my camera , i took my not@@ e@@ book , took a chair , and started to obser@@ ve this behavior . +here 's one of my fellow w@@ inn@@ ers . that 's charles pa@@ x@@ ton who won the 2000 biology prize for his paper , " cour@@ ts@@ hi@@ p behavior of o@@ stri@@ ches towards humans under far@@ ming conditions in britain . " +the mis@@ sion@@ ary position is very rare in the animal king@@ dom . +and when it 's over , we go to a chinese restaurant and we have a si@@ x-@@ course du@@ ck dinner . +it had become a part of my body , an exten@@ sion of my senses , and after some time , it even became a part of my offi@@ cial image . +prin@@ ce charles has some simil@@ ari@@ ties with ni@@ co@@ le kid@@ man . +and the good thing about percei@@ ving ultra@@ vi@@ o@@ let is that you can hear if it 's a good day or a bad day to sun@@ ba@@ the , because ultra@@ vi@@ o@@ let is a dangerous color , a color that can actually kill us , so i think we should all have this wish to percei@@ ve things that we cannot percei@@ ve . +she was wh@@ ol@@ ly un@@ concerned about the be@@ ars , but she was terri@@ fied of law@@ yers . +but the reality is , these crazy cases are relatively rare . they don 't usually win . +it 's very hard to measure because there are mix@@ ed mo@@ tives . +it doesn 't seem to be working very well does it ? +people -- for law to be the platform for freedom , people have to trust it . +so , what 's needed now is to re@@ build these boundar@@ ies . +that person doesn 't exist today . +it 's the only way to get our freedom back , and it 's the only way to rele@@ ase the energy and passion needed so that we can meet the challenges of our time . thank you . +or -- or maybe and -- in addition to rules , let 's see if we can come up with some really clever in@@ centi@@ ves so that , even if the people we deal with don 't particularly want to serve our interests , it is in their interest to serve our interest -- the magic in@@ centi@@ ves that will get people to do the right thing even out of p@@ ure sel@@ fis@@ hn@@ ess . +well if you think about it , it 's really hard to measure out round colum@@ ns using a rul@@ er . +he had a pretty low-@@ wa@@ ge job . +he did after all have a to@@ y gun . +but the problem with rel@@ ying on rules and in@@ centi@@ ves is that they de@@ mor@@ alize professional activity , and they de@@ mor@@ alize professional activity in two senses . +so can@@ ny out@@ laws are better than nothing , but it 's hard to imagine any can@@ ny out@@ law susta@@ ining that for an in@@ defini@@ te period of time . +there are now 22 cities that have veter@@ ans ' cour@@ ts like this . +so there are lots of examples like this that we talk about . +the united states had developed a couple of atom@@ ic weapons through the manhattan project , and the idea was very stra@@ ig@@ ht@@ forward : we would use the power of the at@@ om to end the at@@ ro@@ cities and the hor@@ ror of this un@@ en@@ ding world war ii that we 'd been involved in in europe and in the pacific . +during this chap@@ ter one , there was a high level of public awareness about the potential of nuclear cat@@ astrop@@ he , and an inde@@ li@@ ble image was implan@@ ted in our collective minds that , in fact , a nuclear h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st would be absolutely glob@@ ally de@@ struc@@ tive and could , in some ways , mean the end of civilization as we know it . +so the goal was to ev@@ ac@@ u@@ ate the target cities . +there are many , many sites where war@@ heads are stor@@ ed and , in fact , lots of sites where fis@@ sion@@ able materials , like highly en@@ rich@@ ed ur@@ ani@@ um and plu@@ ton@@ ium , are absolutely not safe . +they are very de@@ dic@@ ated and commit@@ ted . +this is the size of the " little boy " bom@@ b that was dro@@ pped at hi@@ ro@@ shi@@ ma . +in that 10 to 15 minutes , all you have to do -- and i mean this seriously -- is go about a mile away from the bl@@ ast . +so separ@@ ation -- hopefully with di@@ rt or con@@ cre@@ te , or being in a bas@@ ement -- distance and time is what will save you . +serious problems , big problems , pres@@ sing problems . +and many of us here are deeply involved in that . +and that 's clear@@ er now than it 's been for decades . +that 's what business does when it makes a profit . +business does not profit from caus@@ ing social problems , actually not in any fundamental sense . +we see companies like the brazi@@ li@@ an fore@@ stry company fi@@ bri@@ a that 's figured out how to avoid te@@ aring down old growth forest and using eu@@ cal@@ yp@@ tus and getting much more y@@ i@@ el@@ d per he@@ ct@@ are of pul@@ p and making much more paper than you could make by cutting down those old trees . +if we can break down this sort of divi@@ de , this un@@ e@@ ase , this ten@@ sion , this sense that we 're not fundament@@ ally collabor@@ ating here in driving these social problems , we can break this down , and we finally , i think , can have solutions . +this shows a lot of intern@@ al structures . +it doesn 't have to be always dis@@ section . +they 're even more sho@@ cked by what he says . +they talked about science and the need for a new scientific revolution . +each month requi@@ red 1,@@ 3@@ 65 calcu@@ lations , so these tables were filled with mistakes . +there 's a fli@@ p side as well . +one day a nasa man@@ ager comes into my office , si@@ ts down and says , " can you please tell us , how do we look for life outside earth ? " +so he was convinced , but , in fact , most people aren 't . +and it is in fact due to this arms race between ha@@ ck@@ ers and operating system designers that things go back and forth . +and as you see here , there are groups that are growing on top of each other , because they are spre@@ ading . +and obviously each of these letters comes off about roughly equ@@ ally frequ@@ ent . +it doesn 't matter what kind of se@@ di@@ ment you 're using to gr@@ ind up , whether it 's bacteria or any other plants or animals . +so let 's see what that looks like . +and if we re@@ move the myster@@ y of life , then i think it is a little bit easier for us to think about how we live , and how perhaps we 're not as special as we always think we are . +this is a paper form , and what you 're looking at is a paper form in the hand of a mini@@ stry of health nur@@ se in in@@ don@@ es@@ ia who is tra@@ mp@@ ing out across the coun@@ tr@@ y@@ side in in@@ don@@ es@@ ia on , i 'm sure , a very hot and hu@@ mi@@ d day , and she is going to be kno@@ cking on thousands of do@@ ors over a period of weeks or months , kno@@ cking on the do@@ ors and saying , " exc@@ use me , we 'd like to ask you some questions . +now try and wra@@ p your head around that for a second . +the problem was , after a few years of doing that , i realized i had done -- i had been to maybe six or seven programs , and i thought , you know , if i keep this up at this p@@ ace , over my whole career , maybe i 'm going to go to maybe 20 or 30 programs . +now you may not think of hot@@ mail as being mira@@ cul@@ ous , but for me it was mira@@ cul@@ ous , because i noticed , just as i was w@@ rest@@ ling with this problem , i was working in sub-@@ sahar@@ an africa mostly at the time . +but there are some addi@@ tional benefits as well . +colle@@ cting global health data was an im@@ perfect science : workers tra@@ mp@@ ed through villa@@ ges to kno@@ ck on do@@ ors and ask questions , wrote the answers on paper forms , then input the data -- and from this ga@@ pp@@ y information , countries would make huge decisions . data ge@@ ek jo@@ el sel@@ ani@@ ki@@ o talks through the sea change in colle@@ cting health data in the past decade -- starting with the pal@@ m pilot and hot@@ mail , and now moving into the cloud . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +and when we drop the ball@@ ast over@@ board we clim@@ b . +thro@@ wing over@@ board , as ball@@ ast , to change our direction . +but we were expected to have dou@@ b@@ ts ; we 're expected to have fe@@ ars . +but it will not be possible in the future any more . +why that ? because fuel is not easy to replace . +and this is exactly the symbol of our world . +but much more , to get ad@@ vices , to give your comm@@ ents , to spread the word that if it 's possible in the air , of course it 's possible in the ground . +you see , it used to be that if you wanted to make a record of a song , you needed a studio and a produ@@ cer . +don 't ask . +and what we 're facing in africa is an un@@ pre@@ ce@@ d@@ ented threat to human dig@@ ni@@ ty and equ@@ ality . +you see , it 's not as dra@@ matic as the tsun@@ ami . +don 't you think that on a pur@@ ely commercial level , that anti-@@ retro@@ vi@@ ral drugs are great adverti@@ se@@ ments for western in@@ genu@@ ity and technology ? +this is the straight truth , the ri@@ gh@@ te@@ ous truth . +so why , then , are we not pump@@ ing our fi@@ sts into the air ? +moment@@ um has been building . +there 's the continent africa . +a few minutes ago , i talked about all the citizens ' campaig@@ ns that are spr@@ inging up . +i really believe that old tru@@ man line , that if you give the american people the facts , they 'll do the right thing . +i think we have the money and brains in the room to do that . +now , " all sho@@ ok up " is a great love song . +people with color@@ ed hearing actually see colors when they hear the sounds of words or letters . +they took longer to re@@ je@@ ct metaph@@ ors as fal@@ se than they did to re@@ je@@ ct literally fal@@ se sent@@ ences . +those ex@@ posed to the world war ii scen@@ ari@@ o made more interven@@ tion@@ ist re@@ com@@ men@@ da@@ tions than the others . +a@@ ph@@ or@@ ism enth@@ usi@@ ast and auth@@ or james ge@@ ary wa@@ xes on a fascinating fix@@ ture of human language : the metaphor . friend of scri@@ bes from ari@@ st@@ ot@@ le to el@@ v@@ is , metaphor can sub@@ tly influence the decisions we make , ge@@ ary says . +but we want to tell the world that , no , under the one fla@@ g , we 'll still re@@ main as ye@@ men@@ i people . +and he said , " you are the bridge . " +p@@ m : and we should point out that he works with you as well at the paper . +we 've suff@@ ered pro@@ se@@ cu@@ tion ; the paper was closed down more than three times . +actually , that 's a docum@@ ent@@ ary that 's available online ; the video 's online . +as political tur@@ mo@@ il in ye@@ men continu@@ es , the edi@@ tor of the ye@@ men times , na@@ dia al-@@ sa@@ k@@ ka@@ f , talks at ted@@ global with ho@@ st p@@ at mit@@ ch@@ ell . al-@@ sa@@ k@@ ka@@ f 's independent , engli@@ sh@@ -@@ language paper is vi@@ tal for sharing news -- and for sharing a new vision of ye@@ men and of that country 's women as equal part@@ ners in work and change . +my father and my grand@@ father were always looking for the ne@@ west thing in alternative or traditional therap@@ ies for ph , but after six months , i couldn 't walk up a small h@@ ill . i couldn 't clim@@ b a flight of sta@@ irs . +it certainly didn 't pre@@ p@@ are me for what came next . +my doctor wanted me to get on the list for a lung transp@@ l@@ ant . +but organs don 't wait , and i went into surgery before i could say go@@ od@@ b@@ ye . +medical conditions don 't ne@@ gate the human condition . +and many of these chemicals are now lin@@ ked to the sky@@ rock@@ eting inci@@ dents of chr@@ onic childhood disease that we 're seeing across industri@@ alized nations . +and you can see these large , yo@@ l@@ ke@@ d-@@ up eg@@ gs bur@@ sting through the surface of this male 's te@@ stes . +but just two weeks before that , the u.s. sen@@ ate re@@ f@@ used to even debate the ban@@ ning of b@@ pa in babies ' bot@@ tles and si@@ pp@@ y cu@@ ps . +in addition to that , after the baby 's born , our other unique invention as ma@@ mm@@ als is that we n@@ our@@ ish our off@@ spring after they 're born . +th : one of this things that 's exciting and appropriate for me to be here at ted@@ women is that , well , i think it was su@@ mm@@ ed up best last night at dinner when someone said , " turn to the man at your table and tell them , ' when the revolution starts , we 've got your back . ' " the truth is , women , you 've had our back on this issue for a very long time , starting with ra@@ ch@@ el car@@ son 's " sil@@ ent spring " to the@@ o col@@ born 's " our stol@@ en future " to sand@@ ra stein@@ gr@@ aber 's books " living down@@ stream " and " having faith . " +and it 's my feeling and it 's my ur@@ ging being here to know that , as we women move forward as the communic@@ ators of this , but also as the ones who carry that bur@@ den of carrying the children , be@@ aring the children , we hold most of the buying power in the hou@@ se@@ hold , is that it 's going to be us moving forward to carry the work of ty@@ r@@ one and other scientists around the world . +here is a remote island re@@ pos@@ it@@ ory for bot@@ tles off the coast of ba@@ ja california . +that day i ended up spending nearly 60 . +all the king 's hor@@ ses and all the king 's men ... +but curi@@ ously , red@@ wood rain@@ fore@@ sts , the frag@@ ments that we have left , to this day re@@ main under@@ -@@ explor@@ ed . +and with a friend of his , he took it upon himself to fre@@ e-@@ clim@@ b a red@@ wood without rop@@ es or any equipment to see what was up there . +when steve sil@@ le@@ tt gets up into a big red@@ wood , he fir@@ es an ar@@ row , which tra@@ ils a fishing line , which gets over a bran@@ ch in the tree , and then you as@@ c@@ end up a rop@@ e which has been dra@@ g@@ ged into the tree by the line . +this rei@@ ter@@ ation is a huge flying bu@@ t@@ tr@@ ess that comes out the tree itself . +they 're finding out that red@@ wo@@ ods can move mo@@ i@@ st@@ ure out of the air and down into their tr@@ un@@ ks , possibly all the way into their ro@@ ot systems . +what can the red@@ wo@@ ods tell us about ourselves ? +richard pre@@ ston , thank you very much , i think . +the p@@ c virus problem is 25 years old now . +and you can see at the top of the screen , there 's a centi@@ pe@@ de sc@@ roll@@ ing across your computer when you get infe@@ cted by this one . +well there 's multiple different ways , such as ban@@ king tro@@ j@@ ans , which will ste@@ al money from your online ban@@ king accoun@@ ts when you do online ban@@ king , or key@@ log@@ gers . +they also use the global nature of internet to their advantage . +and that 's a back@@ door which will take over your computer . +now i 'm not a law@@ yer , but if i would be , this is where i would say , " i rest my case . " +so prepar@@ e@@ dness means that we can do stuff even when the things we take for gran@@ ted aren 't there . +there are lots of thing that the approach i take can predict , and there are some that it can 't . +and many of you may have noticed that doesn 't have as big an effect , as perhaps you would like it to have . +we 've increas@@ ed it to 3@@ .@@ 6 million . +you might notice what we don 't need to know : there 's no history in here . +and down at 100 they would build civili@@ an nuclear energy , which is what they say is their obje@@ ctive . +everything is not predic@@ table : the stock market is , at least for me , not predic@@ table , but most complicated negoti@@ ations are predic@@ table . +whether you 're an artist , a technolog@@ ist , a law@@ yer or a fan , the hand@@ ling of copy@@ right directly im@@ pac@@ ts your life . +and then they benefit through the ex@@ pos@@ ure , adverti@@ sing and lin@@ ked sal@@ es . +there 's musical lab@@ els . +if you saw these women on the street in their fa@@ ded clo@@ th@@ es , you might dis@@ miss them as poor and simple . +sat@@ aw@@ al is one hal@@ f-@@ mile long by one mile wide . +this is part of our collective narra@@ tive . +it 's the most important map of all . +you don 't work in your self-@@ interest all the time , because when emotion comes into it , the wir@@ ing changes in the way it fun@@ ctions . +so , i 've had an interesting laboratory to try to answer the question of the real question , which is what 's the difference in somebody 's life if you look at somebody like those people that you 've given everything to ? like all the resources they say they need . you gave them not a 10@@ 0-@@ dollar computer ; you gave them the best computer . you gave them love ; you gave them joy . you were there to comfort them . +the defin@@ ing factor is never resources ; it 's resour@@ ce@@ ful@@ ness . +hon@@ est@@ ly , better or worse ? say , " a@@ ye . " +your model of the world is the filter . that 's what 's sha@@ ping us . +how many of you here love surpris@@ es ? say , " a@@ ye . " +if nothing else works for you , get a dog . don 't get a c@@ at . get a dog , because if you leave for two minutes , it 's like you 've been gone for six months when you show back up again five minutes later , right ? +now , 18 years later , i 'm proud to tell you , last year we f@@ ed two million people in 35 countries through our foundation , all during the ho@@ li@@ days : th@@ ank@@ s@@ giving , christ@@ mas -- -- in all the different countries around the world . +she said , " it 's over . " when i finished that night , she called him and left a message -- true story -- at the top of the world trade center where he worked , saying , " hon@@ ey , i love you , i just want you to know i want to mar@@ ry you . it was stupid of me . " she was as@@ le@@ ep , because it was 3 a@@ .@@ m@@ . for us , when he called her back from the top and said , " hon@@ ey , i can 't tell you what this means . " +and that was lar@@ gely because there weren 't any . +and we define ourselves by our g@@ ap@@ s . +any do@@ t can be cli@@ cked and exp@@ and@@ ed . and we see here , " i would just feel so much better if i could cur@@ l up in his arms right now and feel his affe@@ ction for me in the embra@@ ce of his body and the ten@@ der@@ ness of his li@@ ps . " +the next movement is called mo@@ bs . +here we see people that feel " sli@@ pping , " " n@@ au@@ se@@ ous , " " responsible . " +this is in response to , what 's beautiful ? " miss world . " +it 's called universe : reve@@ aling our modern my@@ th@@ ology . +we can click on one of those and have the photograph be the center of the universe . +here we have our star field . here we have our shapes . +but i think they 're beautiful , don 't you ? +what would that mean ? i have no idea . +this looks like a series of breaking waves , and it 's caused by she@@ aring win@@ ds -- the wind above the cloud layer and below the cloud layer diff@@ er signific@@ antly , and in the middle , in between , you get this und@@ ul@@ ating of the air , and if the difference in those spee@@ ds is just right , the tops of the un@@ du@@ lations cur@@ l over in these beautiful breaking wa@@ ve-@@ like vor@@ tic@@ es . +the shar@@ p , cris@@ p out@@ lines of this forma@@ tion make it the best one for finding shapes in . +let 's go back a few years in time and see what happened back then . +using computers , even though they 're getting faster and better all the time , it 's a challenge to deal with gi@@ gab@@ y@@ tes of data , ter@@ ab@@ y@@ tes of data and extra@@ cting the relevant information . +you can see that there is [ a ] sc@@ at@@ ter@@ ing of x-@@ ra@@ ys on the teeth , the metal in the teeth . +and again , it 's fully inter@@ active , so you can ro@@ tate and you can look at things in real time on these systems here . +it really just works like a huge iphone . +and to take that even further , this is a heart . +so mot@@ ts is doing something here , and probably he is going like this with his right hand , because the left side is activ@@ ated on the motor cortex . +i can pe@@ el off the layer of the li@@ on . +and so it was simply ast@@ on@@ ishing to me to find an organization that actually appreci@@ ated both those sides . +he said , " ok . i measu@@ red the hei@@ ght of a bri@@ ck . +the standard explan@@ ation is that the universe somehow spr@@ ang into existence , full of a strange kind of energy -- in@@ fla@@ tion@@ ary energy -- which ble@@ w it up . +the den@@ sity of matter is fin@@ ite , and we have a chance of a consi@@ stent set of equ@@ ations that can describe the whole process . +and the next map now shows africa 's g@@ dp in 1960 , around the time of indepen@@ dence for many african states . +and to my ast@@ on@@ ish@@ ment , they bac@@ ked me 100 percent . +everyone lives together in this hotel -- lec@@ tur@@ ers and students -- and it 's not surprising at all to find an impro@@ mp@@ tu tu@@ tor@@ ial at 1 a@@ .@@ m . +i will be atten@@ ding a@@ ims . +i want to point out a few other ex@@ cep@@ tional people in this picture . +and our part@@ ners across africa are extremely enth@@ usi@@ a@@ stic about this . +when computers were first introduced , they were said to be a million times faster than neurons . +and let me just sum@@ mar@@ ize . so the bottom line : the brain processes information using 100,000 times less energy than we do right now with this computer technology that we have . +now , what 's happening is that as transi@@ stors are getting smaller and smaller and smaller , they no longer be@@ have like this . +ok , so a computer pi@@ cks a specific it@@ em of data from memory , it sen@@ ds it into the process@@ or or the al@@ u , and then it puts the result back into memory . +this is kar@@ e@@ em 's dark eyes and that 's the white background that you see here . +i was coming at it from a different perspective , where i was bringing that different perspective to bear on the problem . +so , despite the fact that i 'm going to talk to you about an object that 's super@@ massive , and i 'm going to get to what that really means in a moment , it has no fin@@ ite size . +i need to understand the mass of the object i 'm cla@@ im@@ ing is a black hole , and what its schwarz@@ schil@@ d radi@@ us is . +so , at the center there , that 's actually where most of the star@@ light comes out from . +which is the job that i have to show you today . +you 're seeing an anima@@ tion that goes between an example of what you would see if you don 't use this techni@@ que -- in other words , just a picture that shows the stars -- and the box is cen@@ ter@@ ed on the center of the galaxy , where we think the black hole is . +and because of that , we 've been able to show that there is a super@@ massive black hole there . +in fact , we anti@@ ci@@ p@@ ated that star forma@@ tion shouldn 't proce@@ ed in that environment . +and i hope , if nothing else , i 've convinced you that , one , we do in fact have a super@@ massive black hole at the center of the galaxy . +and how people get this music , how it comes into their lives , really fascin@@ ates me . +but the way we re@@ act to different combin@@ ations of these phenomen@@ a is complex and emotional and not totally understood . +but every musi@@ cian stri@@ kes a different balance between faith and reason , instin@@ ct and intelligence . +it 's the time in which the big forms began to ar@@ ise . +the culture in which we live now is a@@ was@@ h with music of impro@@ vis@@ ation that 's been sli@@ ced , di@@ ced , la@@ y@@ ered and , god knows , distribu@@ ted and sold . +and it exc@@ ites me now to meet people who are hi@@ kers , che@@ fs , code wri@@ ters , tax@@ i dri@@ vers , people i never would have gu@@ essed who loved the music and who are pas@@ sing it on . +the real key obser@@ vation he made is that a fre@@ e-@@ flying wing can swe@@ ep through more sky and generate more power in a unit of time than a fix@@ e@@ d-@@ wing tur@@ bine . +if you give me a 7@@ 4@@ 7 , i 'll make six me@@ ga@@ wat@@ ts , which is more than the largest wind tur@@ bin@@ es today . +that comes from the last name of one of sch@@ um@@ ann 's female friends . +and then you have to do the ini@@ tial sk@@ et@@ ch of the character , which is like your structure of a piece , and then you add pen and pen@@ cil and whatever details that you need -- that 's poli@@ sh@@ ing the drawing . +now , she cho@@ se c , g , b , a , e . +it felt like a revolution . +it 's based on hundreds of hours of research , of practice . +it 's by giving away what you think is your deep@@ est secret that maybe millions of people are em@@ powered to help improve it . +but what 's key here is , the reason these groups have been able to connect is because their work out@@ put is of the type that can be easily shared digit@@ ally -- a picture , a music fi@@ le , software . +there 's a problem with a traditional scientific paper . +it 's right here . +schools can 't be si@@ los . +the same tr@@ ash site is fe@@ eding more than 30 families . +now , to make this more con@@ cre@@ te , let 's look at the list of top 10 words that statisti@@ cally stick out in the most favorite ted@@ talks and in the least favorite ted@@ talks . +and analysis shows if you want to be among the most favorite ted speak@@ ers , you should let your hair grow a little bit longer than average , make sure you wear your glas@@ ses and be slightly more d@@ res@@ se@@ d-@@ up than the average ted speak@@ er . +so i 'm going to take as inspiration the fact that we 're all interested in inter@@ acting with other people , i 'm going to completely stri@@ p it of all its complic@@ ating fe@@ atures , and i 'm going to turn that object , that simpli@@ fied object , into a scientific probe , and provide the early st@@ ages , em@@ br@@ y@@ onic st@@ ages of new insi@@ ghts into what happens in two brains while they simul@@ tane@@ ously interact . +drugs of ab@@ use would come in , and they would change the way you value the world . they change the way you value the sym@@ b@@ ols associated with your drug of choice , and they make you value that over everything else . +and the short answer is games . +can@@ aries used to be used as kind of bio@@ sensor@@ s in min@@ es . +read mon@@ ta@@ gue : what we 're learning from 5,000 brains +politics and politicians will only succe@@ ed if they actually try and treat with people as they are , rather than as they would like them to be . +right now , here we are lin@@ ked up to long beach and everywhere else , and all these secret lo@@ cations for a fra@@ ction of that cost , and we can send and recei@@ ve huge quanti@@ ties of information without it co@@ sting anything . +and you can see this looks a bit like a che@@ f 's hat , but actually that 's an as@@ sau@@ lt , the one in blue . +obviously , here we have j@@ f@@ k with that incredibly simple and powerful for@@ mu@@ lation , " ask not what your country can do for you ; ask what you can do for your country , " an incredibly no@@ ble sen@@ ti@@ ment . +how would i know who was the best ? +some teachers are far more effective than others . +you can 't really dis@@ pu@@ te what you see on the video , and there is a lot to be learned from that , and there are a lot of ways that we can grow as a prof@@ ession when we actually get to see this . +that 's under@@ stand@@ able , but our experience with met suggests that if teachers manage the process , if they collect video in their own class@@ rooms , and they pick the lessons they want to sub@@ mit , a lot of them will be e@@ ager to participa@@ te . +it 's a movement that -- it ad@@ vo@@ c@@ ates making biot@@ echn@@ ology acc@@ essi@@ ble to everyone , not just scientists and people in government lab@@ s . +then we like to take things apart . +let me show you what you could do right now . +if everyone in this room got involved , who knows what we could do ? +but you know what ? +we 're going to hear from two people who are on the shar@@ p end of the law . +because i am hiv positive . +now drug use or pos@@ s@@ ession is illegal in almost every country . +we can also train jud@@ ges so that they find flexi@@ bilities in the law and so that they rule on the side of toler@@ ance rather than pre@@ ju@@ di@@ ce . +that 's where babies were born and people died . +the office building is basically ob@@ so@@ le@@ te for doing private work . +this is even a more interesting solution in se@@ ou@@ l , korea . +we hope to have that built this fall . +we don 't really believe in c@@ ameras to do things in homes . +and they are thought to be able to filter a cu@@ bi@@ c kilometer of water every hour and can feed on 30 kil@@ os of zo@@ o plan@@ k@@ ton a day to survive . +we 're often all fri@@ gh@@ ten@@ ed of sharks thanks to " ja@@ ws . " +it might be a change in the distribution of plan@@ k@@ ton . +i 'll show you what they look like . +so very simple things like that , we 're trying to learn about bas@@ king sharks . +but again , it 's kind of surprising . you wouldn 't really expect that . +that 's ban@@ ned now , and that 'll be good news for the sharks . +and they sat on it for months actually . +you probably saw the hum@@ p@@ back wh@@ ale foot@@ age that we got there a month or two ago off coun@@ ty we@@ x@@ ford . +so thank you and thank you for listening . +they got themselves ready . +so with my hidden inten@@ tion , i kept quie@@ t . +but again , i can only affect society and affect government if i bring out the hard core evidence . +how did you end up in ja@@ il ? this was just a few weeks ago , i believe , yeah ? +does your breath smell bad while you 're ans@@ wer@@ ing my inter@@ ro@@ gation right now ? +i didn 't want anyone to know that i was a girl , and they didn 't . +i was just allowed to be me , growing and changing in every moment . +life magazine introduced generations of people to dist@@ ant , far@@ -@@ off cultures they never knew exi@@ sted through pictures . +this is my contribu@@ tion to the civil rights fight of my generation . +once they got over the sho@@ ck , though , by and large people op@@ ted for somewhere between 70 to 95 percent or the 3 to 20 percent mar@@ ks . +it 's too late . +appar@@ ently , lu@@ ci@@ fer means " the light . " +all of them come from the c@@ ameras of american soldiers . +we look at what 's inside of the person , the bad ap@@ ples . +this is stan@@ ley mil@@ gra@@ m , little je@@ wish kid from the bronx , and he asked the question , " could the h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st happen here , now ? " +you 're a good person . you com@@ pla@@ in . +most of the time , we are in institutions , so the stanford prison study is a study of the power of institutions to influence individual behavior . +they 're going to become numbers . +min@@ d@@ less@@ ly taking the first small step . +bu@@ ll@@ ying is a disease . pre@@ ju@@ di@@ ce is a disease . violence is a disease . +she came down , saw that ma@@ d@@ house and said , " you know what , it 's terrible what you 're doing to those boys . +wes@@ ley and the guy -- 20 and a half in@@ ches hei@@ ght . +we would have no access to love or to the ability to create . +and of course consider images that can be sensor@@ y patterns , visual , such as you 're having right now in relation to the stage and me , or audi@@ tory images , as you are having now in relation to my words . +very od@@ d -- i 've analy@@ zed this for a while . +and i thought about a solution to this problem . +you have , in effect , lost consciousness when you have damage to that red section of the brain stem . +except that they 're not as rich as ours , because they don 't have a cer@@ e@@ bra@@ l cortex like we do . +we should look at how society and culture in this soci@@ o-@@ cultural regu@@ lation are a work in progress . +my dad actually res@@ ig@@ ned from the mal@@ e-@@ only business club in my home@@ town because he said he would never be part of an organization that would one day wel@@ come his son , but not his daughter . +i say , " online organi@@ zing . " +x@@ en@@ op@@ ho@@ bia 's on the rise . the traff@@ i@@ cking of women and girls . +many of them are working in deeply in@@ tra@@ c@@ table systems -- the military , con@@ gress , the education system , etc . +the ma@@ x@@ im , " know th@@ y@@ self " has been around since the ancient gre@@ e@@ ks . +this is the term that ar@@ mi@@ es use when they 've lost a battle . +i may also be interested in knowing how focused i am , so i can put my level of attention into the circu@@ it board on the other side . +we created the respon@@ sive room where the lights music and blin@@ ds ad@@ ju@@ sted to your state . +normally we think about technology as inter@@ active . +with human@@ i@@ zed technology we can monit@@ or the quality of your sleep cy@@ cles . +ar@@ iel garten : know th@@ y@@ self , with a brain scan@@ ner +so let me just tell you , the great part of all of this ? +and with the same do@@ g@@ ged determin@@ ation that my father had b@@ red into me since i was such a child -- he taught me how to sa@@ il , knowing i could never see where i was going , i could never see the sh@@ ore , and i couldn 't see the sa@@ ils , and i couldn 't see the dest@@ ination . +and you all know what it is . you don 't need to have a dis@@ ability to know that . +and he said , " do you love it ? " +and i didn 't know what to do . +nobody 's ever done it before , so i 'm going to go do it . +and i set up kan@@ ch@@ i , because my organization was always going to be named after my eleph@@ ant , because dis@@ ability is like the eleph@@ ant in the room . +and stop with the lab@@ els , the limit@@ ing . +the reason , i think , is that the pen@@ sion@@ ers believe they 've cho@@ sen to be pen@@ sion@@ ers , whereas the young un@@ emplo@@ yed feel it 's been thr@@ ust upon them . +do you call it the ba@@ il@@ out of gre@@ e@@ ce or the ba@@ il@@ out of a load of stupid ban@@ ks which l@@ ent to gre@@ e@@ ce ? +and i think that 's probably right . +everybody else at the time of google , more or less , was trying to be a port@@ al . +if you 're on the way to visit your mother in-@@ law , you 'd probably pre@@ fer to stay on the left . +there 's the real value , which is when you make something in a factory and provide a service , and then there 's a kind of du@@ bi@@ ous value , which you create by changing the way people look at things . +i would argue , in britain there 's a much better frame of re@@ ference , which is to tell people that more fir@@ st-@@ class mail arri@@ ves the next day in the u.k. than in germany . +and within that context , we can offer the kids time -- something that seems in short supply in their over@@ -@@ sch@@ ed@@ ul@@ ed lives . +hi . so , this cha@@ p here , he thinks he can tell you the future . +these drugs were brought to market . they were pres@@ cri@@ bed very wid@@ ely because heart attac@@ ks are a very common thing , and it took so long for us to find out that these drugs also caused an increas@@ ed rate of death that before we dete@@ cted that safety signal , over 100,000 people died un@@ necessarily in america from the pres@@ cri@@ ption of anti-@@ ar@@ rhyth@@ mic drugs . +only three of the negative trials were published , but all but one of the positive trials were published . +and the most st@@ ag@@ ger@@ ing thing of all of this , to me , is that not only is this a problem , not only do we recognize that this is a problem , but we 've had to suff@@ er fa@@ ke fi@@ xes . +nasa suppor@@ ted this work 12 years ago as part of the re@@ building of the ha@@ y@@ den planet@@ ari@@ um so that we would share this with the world . +we have a growing user base of this , and we network dom@@ es . +so , with the mit media lab , for quite a while now , we 've been enga@@ ged in a field called active music . +so we know , for instance , that music is almost always the last thing that people with advanced alzheimer 's can still respond to . +the main sing@@ er disappe@@ ars at the beginning of the oper@@ a and the entire stage becomes the main character . it becomes his leg@@ acy . +so , first of all , dan , do you want to say hi to everyone and tell everyone who you are ? +do they provide structure for us to do that ? and , you know , that 's a personal relationship to expression that is l@@ ac@@ king in the technologi@@ cal sphere . so , you know , with dan , we needed a new design process , a new engineering process to sort of discover his movement and his path to expression that allow him to per@@ form . +do you remember the story of o@@ dy@@ s@@ se@@ us and the si@@ r@@ ens from high school or j@@ uni@@ or high school ? +if you do that tomorrow , i 'll be dead , you 'll be dead , every single one of the men will be dead . +it has these strong , hero@@ ic arms that can li@@ ft dou@@ gh@@ nu@@ ts into your mouth . +on average , it was just a completely poin@@ t@@ less exchange of money that i would re@@ gre@@ t . +we look at the sav@@ ings rate and it has been dec@@ lin@@ ing since the 195@@ 0s . +yes , this person reti@@ red at 150 percent of their working income in reti@@ re@@ ment . +and from the future self 's point of view , everything is in rever@@ se . +and just for ki@@ cks we ran his picture through the bal@@ ding , aging and weight gain software to see how he would look . +also , those very sounds tend not to be repres@@ ented by the characters that are available in european languages . +even in the be@@ st-@@ resour@@ ced countries in the world , this life expec@@ tan@@ cy gap is as much as 20 years . +in z@@ im@@ bab@@ we , for example , there were just about a do@@ zen psychiat@@ ri@@ sts , most of whom lived and worked in har@@ are city , leaving only a couple to address the mental health care needs of nine million people living in the coun@@ tr@@ y@@ side . +for me , what 's truly s@@ und@@ ar about the idea of task shif@@ ting , though , isn 't that it simply makes health care more acc@@ essi@@ ble and aff@@ ord@@ able but that it is also fundament@@ ally em@@ power@@ ing . +we began the project with an inter@@ im report , which quickly pulled together a lot of information that had been colle@@ cted on the subject by many , many researchers . +but when did a be@@ e actually ever give you an inv@@ o@@ ice ? +now i 'm going to show you how business as usual will affect this . +if you dri@@ ll water to make co@@ ke near a village farm , that 's not illegal , but yes , it costs the community . +and the chinese government respon@@ ded sensi@@ bly and placed a ban on f@@ elling . +it 's about energy emissions . +we 've actually kind of made an eth@@ ical choice in society to not have coral re@@ ef@@ s . +but the man had somehow a lot of room at the bottom . +fe@@ yn@@ man loved this story . +but it was really bru@@ tal . +we were up in the mountains , 197@@ 6 . +but he was very excited that he had finally met somebody who had the same experience with my father as he had with his father . +he would try to visu@@ alize it , gui@@ ded by a small number of simple principles . +if you could do all of them , you would have a very pre@@ cise theory . +how should we really honor fe@@ yn@@ man ? +it 's a com@@ po@@ und cur@@ ve inter@@ ior . +so the problem became -- and they set this dile@@ m@@ ma to me -- that you have to design the inter@@ ior using only our exi@@ sting technology , and there 's no money for to@@ ol@@ ing or mol@@ ding . +and despite all of our best eff@@ or@@ ts and inten@@ tions , kids are always going to figure out how to do the most dangerous thing they can , in whatever environment they can . +i first saw this in a can@@ adi@@ an film board film when i was 10 , and it left a la@@ sting impres@@ sion , to see babies playing with kni@@ ves . +it 's a very simple exercise -- buy a song on it@@ un@@ es , write it to a c@@ d , then ri@@ p the c@@ d to an mp@@ 3 and play it on your very same computer . +so this motiv@@ ated me to become an or@@ th@@ op@@ edi@@ c surge@@ on and to see if i couldn 't focus on solutions for those problems that would keep me playing spor@@ ts and not li@@ mit me . +well the reason is because there 's not enough don@@ or cy@@ cles . +so that 's our bi@@ ologi@@ c approach right now . +and it wouldn 't be fun to talk about the space age without seeing a fla@@ g that was car@@ ried to the moon and back , on apo@@ ll@@ o 11 . +more tomorrow . i also have pictures coming of the library for those of you that have asked for pictures . +so hopefully tomorrow i 'll show one or two more objects from the stage , but for today i just wanted to say thank you for all the people that came and talked to us about it . +but i brought along here a l@@ um@@ p of coal -- right here , one l@@ um@@ p of coal . +when e@@ dis@@ on invented the light bul@@ b , pretty much looked like this . +but they want to use it -- seriously . +we 're also working on noise can@@ cel@@ ing things like s@@ nor@@ ing , noise from automo@@ bil@@ es . +i said we can sh@@ orten the colum@@ n , we can spread it out to cover the cou@@ ch . +i have a bunch of other inven@@ tions . +getting it over there ? +so i exist some@@ what outside of the main@@ stream of design thinking . +to this end , i have worked in sugar for ste@@ fan sa@@ g@@ meister , three-@@ time ted speak@@ er . +for some reason , i thought it would be a good idea to put an inter@@ mission in my talk . +" you 've never really been sure of this , but i can as@@ sure you that this qu@@ ir@@ k you 're so self-@@ conscious of is inten@@ sely en@@ de@@ aring . +and it 's very , very common for designers and people in the visual arts to feel that we 're not contribu@@ ting enough , or worse , that all we 're doing is contribu@@ ting to land@@ fill . +re@@ zero kee@@ ps his balance by constantly meas@@ uring his pit@@ ch angle with a sen@@ sor . +with a screen it could in@@ form people or show them around in a fun and entertain@@ ing way . +and so , going back to this ab@@ alone sh@@ ell , bes@@ i@@ des being nan@@ o-@@ struc@@ tured , one thing that 's fascinating , is when a male and a female ab@@ alone get together , they pass on the genetic information that says , " this is how to build an ex@@ qu@@ isi@@ te material . +the ab@@ alone sh@@ ell here -- and if you fra@@ c@@ ture it , you can look at the fact that it 's nan@@ o-@@ struc@@ tured . +it took them about 50 million years to learn how to perfect how to make that ab@@ alone sh@@ ell . +i brought it here . +angel@@ a bel@@ cher : using nature to grow bat@@ ter@@ ies +and then you 'll hear things like the train , a plane , a car -- so , the com@@ mu@@ te . +and what you find is that , especially with creative people -- designers , progra@@ mm@@ ers , wri@@ ters , engineers , thin@@ kers -- that people really need long stre@@ t@@ ches of un@@ inter@@ rup@@ ted time to get something done . +why do we expect people to work well if they 're being inter@@ rup@@ ted all day at the office ? +that 's kind of ridi@@ cul@@ ous . it 's a total de@@ co@@ y . +i mean , what are the chan@@ ces that all 10 people are ready to stop ? +because the off@@ ices are well equi@@ pped , everything should be there for them to do their work , but they don 't want to go there right now , so how do we change that ? +you can qu@@ it i@@ .@@ m@@ . ; you can 't hi@@ de your man@@ ager . +this is my office . it 's out there . +i mean , i couldn 't take your phones off you if i wanted to . +i think , quite a nice fe@@ ature . +so , we 've been conduc@@ ting a lot of research . +it brings ru@@ di@@ ment@@ ary ban@@ king services to places where there 's no ban@@ king infrastructure . +like , this is vi@@ a@@ gr@@ a that i bought from a back@@ street sex shop in china . +for me , this kind of person@@ i@@ fi@@ es this connected world , where everything is inter@@ t@@ win@@ ed , and the dots are -- it 's all about the dots jo@@ ining together . +and , with that , comes the third point , which is ob@@ li@@ gation -- and an ob@@ li@@ gation to that avail@@ ability . +our reality right now is less interesting than the story we 're going to tell about it later . +what were we just talking about ? +de@@ an or@@ nis@@ h shares new research that shows how adop@@ ting healthy lifest@@ yle hab@@ its can affect a person at a genetic level . for instance , he says , when you live heal@@ thi@@ er , eat better , exercise , and love more , your brain cells actually increase . +this idea is ni@@ c@@ ely cap@@ tured by this quote : " things without all reme@@ dy should be without reg@@ ard ; what 's done is done . " +these are the classi@@ c conditions that create re@@ gre@@ t . +but it turns out that re@@ gre@@ t feels awful in four very specific and consi@@ stent ways . +make it go away . make it go away . " +because of course , sometimes we do make decisions that have ir@@ re@@ vo@@ c@@ able and terrible consequences , either for our own or for other people 's health and happiness and li@@ ve@@ li@@ ho@@ ods , and in the very worst case scen@@ ari@@ o , even their lives . +when other people see my tat@@ too , for the most part they like how it looks . +thank you . +half of them gave over the internet . +and pretty soon , the average price was 19@@ 2 dollars . +today these low pri@@ ces are available in the 25 countries where we work , and in a total of 6@@ 2 countries , and about 5@@ 5@@ 0,000 people are getting the benefits of them . +recently we did an ev@@ al@@ u@@ ation of the first 18 months of our eff@@ or@@ ts in r@@ wand@@ a . +that 's about 4@@ 3 percent of all the preg@@ nan@@ cies . +i am gr@@ ate@@ ful for this prize , and i will use it to that end . +the class@@ rooms have no walls . +but an amazing alternative energy company in paris is taking us off the grid with solar . +this was a great thing . +this young man is pi@@ cking organic vege@@ tables . +and together these volunte@@ ers and the teachers are deeply commit@@ ted to creating a new generation of global , green leaders . +is this do@@ able in your community ? +cha@@ z e@@ bert : it was cha@@ z who stood by my side through three attemp@@ ts to re@@ constru@@ ct my ja@@ w and re@@ store my ability to speak . +then i tried typ@@ ing words on my laptop and using its built in voice . +they 'd never made one from previ@@ ous@@ l@@ y-@@ recor@@ ded materials . +people who need a voice should know that most computers already come with buil@@ t-@@ in speaking systems . +the initi@@ als stood for progra@@ mm@@ ed lo@@ gic for auto@@ ma@@ ted teaching oper@@ ations . +now we live in the age of the internet , which seems to be creating a form of global consciousness . +sometimes they assu@@ me i am dea@@ f . +a guy goes into a psychiat@@ r@@ ist . +so what can we do ? +other examples you can see here are from lat@@ via , li@@ th@@ u@@ ania , est@@ on@@ ia -- the central european countries . +so first you ask a big question : why we do it ? what is the goal ? +you will rec@@ all that in 197@@ 6 , jun@@ e 16 , the students of south africa bo@@ y@@ c@@ ot@@ ted the language of afri@@ ka@@ ans as the medium of the op@@ pres@@ sor , as they were sort of like really told that they must do everything in afri@@ ka@@ ans -- biology , mathematics -- and what about our languages ? +she ended up underneath the car . +and i ended up with a plastic nose , por@@ cel@@ a@@ in teeth and all kinds of other things . +so they eventually started mat@@ ching their tal@@ ents and skills to all of my needs . +so i moved on from there . +and as a blind person , your visual memory fa@@ des and is re@@ placed with how you feel about things and how things sound and how things smell . +and he wrote to the acade@@ mi@@ cians in paris , trying to explain his theory . +and i think g@@ ali@@ le@@ o su@@ mm@@ ed up , very ni@@ c@@ ely , the power of mathematics to understand the scientific world around us . +but i wanted to try and en@@ rich him . +so i 'm going to take you through , perhaps push you a little bit mathema@@ tically -- so bra@@ ce y@@ ourselves -- push you a little bit to understand how this language works , which en@@ ables us to capture what is symme@@ try . +so both of these objects have six symme@@ tries . +let 's do a ro@@ tation by a third of a turn an@@ tic@@ lo@@ ck@@ wise , and refle@@ ct in the line through x . +but the shapes match up if i ro@@ tate by a six@@ th of a turn around the point where all the tri@@ an@@ gles meet . +well , unfortunately it isn 't really a picture . if i could have my board at the side here , great , exc@@ ell@@ ent . +two ? so you should have sat down earlier . +i 've learned that they 're really the essen@@ ce of what makes for progress , even when they seem to be terrible . +but i think from the point of view of a ne@@ anderth@@ al , there would have been a lot of dis@@ appro@@ val of the wi@@ mp@@ ish ch@@ op@@ pers that we now have . +and mark t@@ wa@@ in , who knew all about typ@@ es@@ et@@ ting , really was s@@ mitten by this machine . +and my favorite example of that occur@@ red beginning in 197@@ 6 , when it was discovered that the bacteria caus@@ ing legi@@ on@@ na@@ ires disease had always been present in natural wat@@ ers , but it was the pre@@ cise temperature of the water in he@@ ating , venti@@ l@@ ating and air condi@@ tion@@ ing systems that raised the right temperature for the ma@@ x@@ im@@ um re@@ production of legi@@ on@@ ell@@ a bac@@ ill@@ us . +think of the financial world , for example . +for some reason , there 's no standard sy@@ ll@@ ab@@ us , there 's no basic course . +here 's something that dri@@ ves me crazy . +you get it every time . +and instead of that point and click , it 's like a push and pull , things colli@@ de as you 'd expect them . just like on my real des@@ k , i can -- let me just gra@@ b these guys -- i can turn things into pil@@ es instead of just the fol@@ ders that we have . +i think you can really en@@ rich the way we brow@@ se our photographs and bring it to that kind of sho@@ e@@ box of , you know , photos with your family on the kitchen table kind of thing . +let me introdu@@ ce you to my brand new project , " b@@ aro@@ que in rock , " which became a golden dis@@ c most recently . +they ac@@ qui@@ re the sensi@@ bility of truth because they repe@@ at over and over again , and they o@@ ssi@@ fy and cal@@ ci@@ fy , and they become real . +and i said , " what 's the black box for wall street ? " +and the ga@@ g is that , of course , these aren 't just running through the market . +and the thing is , is that this isn 't google . +we 're designing for this machine di@@ ale@@ ct . +it invol@@ ves light con@@ es and quant@@ um ent@@ ang@@ le@@ ment , and i don 't really understand any of that . +this much , right ? +j@@ s : cu@@ ts itself . +fif@@ ty percent of cr@@ as@@ hes happen at inter@@ se@@ ctions . +add that together with the gas , and it 's $ 1@@ 12@@ ,000 per year , just for that sign in each direction . +when people come to an un@@ familiar situation they don 't know how to deal with they slow down . +for example , meas@@ les was four million of the dea@@ ths back as recently as 199@@ 0 and now is under 40@@ 0,000 . +and more recently you can see it 's just around the equ@@ ator . +and that 's where we saw the malaria map s@@ hr@@ in@@ king . +i can say that , even though i 'm a college dro@@ p-@@ out . +so , how do you make education better ? +you might think these are people with master 's degrees . +and the whole spirit and at@@ titude in those schools is very different than in the normal public schools . +and that allows us to understand who 's doing it well , and call them out , and find out what those techniques are . +you know , the system doesn 't naturally make it happen . +the first embra@@ ce is something that we think , " oh , this is very easy , " but it 's actually getting harder , and that 's paying attention to the world around us . +i was to the point where i was using a stop@@ watch and painting squ@@ ar@@ es out of rand@@ om@@ ness , and i wasn 't getting anywhere . so i went back and du@@ mp@@ ed all my pain@@ t@@ ings in the ar@@ no , and i thought , i 'm going to just start playing around . +i 'll find a way to get in , because i don 't want to see this history disappe@@ ar . " +how many of you are completely comfortable with calling y@@ ourselves a leader ? +" and i felt so bad for this du@@ de that i took the l@@ ol@@ li@@ pop , and as soon as i did , you got this incredibly sever@@ e look on your face and you looked at my mom and my dad , and you said , ' look at that . look at that . +we need to get over it so we can move beyond it , and our little brothers and our little si@@ sters , and one day our kids -- or our kids right now -- can watch and start to value the impact we can have on each other 's lives more than money and power and ti@@ tles and influence . +so no@@ wa@@ days in the operating room , we no longer need to use sun@@ light . +so if you 've sent three spec@@ im@@ ens , it 's an hour later . +the molecule pas@@ ses through and gets ex@@ cre@@ ted . +and then if that no@@ de has cancer , the woman would go on to get the ax@@ ill@@ ary ly@@ mp@@ h no@@ de dis@@ section . +in the setting of pro@@ state cancer , up to 60 percent of men after pro@@ state cancer surgery may have ur@@ in@@ ary in@@ contin@@ ence and er@@ ec@@ ti@@ le dis@@ function . +so here 's a tumor . +i 'd like to leave you with this final thought . +and this cell is one of the thousands of kinds of cell that we are learning about . +but electricity also will go in all direc@@ tions -- the path of least resi@@ stance , which is where that phr@@ ase , in part , comes from . +and because it 's a protein , it 's en@@ co@@ ded for in the dna of this organis@@ m . +so if we could figure out what cells they are , we could maybe find new tar@@ gets for which drugs could be designed or scre@@ en@@ ed against , or maybe places where electro@@ des could be put in for people who have very sever@@ e dis@@ ability . +and the animal 's going to hear a t@@ one -- and a flas@@ h of light occur@@ red there . +maybe 100,000 people have co@@ ch@@ le@@ ar im@@ plants , which allow them to hear . +and the goal , of course , of this ma@@ ze is to get out of the water and go to a little platform that 's under the li@@ t top port . +and by turning things off , it 's more or less a zero . +and we also sam@@ pl@@ ed the out@@ door air . +thank you . +there were no cars , so it seemed even better , in some ways . +so it 's been a very optimi@@ stic time , i think , and i want to just talk about a few of those things . +this is what they think about my site ; it 's ran@@ ked by blog auth@@ ority . +so basically , the number of pages that mention this term , that also mention this page , the percentage of those pages is that person 's google share of that term . +they 're talking about sla@@ very in 18@@ 60 . +if you 're the second site there , most people link to you . +we are increasingly off@@ ered a diet in which sen@@ sation , not story , is king . +and the speed with which they associ@@ ate it with " sl@@ um@@ dog milli@@ on@@ ai@@ re " or the fa@@ vel@@ as in rio spea@@ ks to the en@@ during nature . +and the stories they held provi@@ ded a shared experience . +these films held what was too hur@@ t@@ ful to say out l@@ oud , and they became more useful to me than the wh@@ is@@ pers of survi@@ vor@@ s and the occasi@@ onal gli@@ mp@@ se of a tat@@ too on a ma@@ i@@ den a@@ unt 's wr@@ ist . +can oper@@ a be ever@@ -@@ so-@@ slightly sex@@ y ? the gl@@ ori@@ ous sop@@ ran@@ o dan@@ i@@ elle de ni@@ ese shows how , sing@@ ing the fli@@ r@@ ty " meine li@@ ppen , sie kü@@ ssen so hei@@ ss . " which , transl@@ ated , means , as you might guess : " i k@@ is@@ s so hot . " from gi@@ u@@ di@@ tt@@ a by fr@@ ans le@@ h@@ á@@ r ; ac@@ compan@@ ist : ing@@ rid sur@@ gen@@ or . +commer@@ ce , on the other hand , is relatively quick , essentially creative , highly effective and efficient , and fundament@@ ally honest , because we can 't exchange value for very long if we don 't trust each other . +so we 've designed products and we analy@@ zed chemicals down to the parts per million . +the upp@@ er is n@@ yl@@ on 6 that can go back to ca@@ pro@@ l@@ ac@@ ta@@ m , the bottom , a pol@@ yo@@ le@@ ph@@ ine -- infin@@ itely recycl@@ able ther@@ m@@ op@@ la@@ stic . +when asked , they said , " it 's kind of like a giant toi@@ let that doesn 't fl@@ ush . " +and we have pl@@ ent@@ y of energy , so we 'll solve that problem , but the biology problem 's tri@@ cky , because as we put through all these tox@@ ic materials that we dis@@ gor@@ ge , we will never be able to re@@ cover that . +shoes for ni@@ ke , where the up@@ pers are pol@@ ye@@ sters , infin@@ itely recycl@@ able , the bot@@ tom@@ s are bio@@ de@@ gra@@ d@@ able sol@@ es . +because if they to@@ xi@@ fy themselves , being the lo@@ west@@ -@@ cost produ@@ cer , send it to the lo@@ west@@ -@@ cost distribution -- wal@@ -@@ m@@ art -- and then we send them all our money , what we 'll discover is that we have what , effectively , when i was a student , was called mu@@ tu@@ ally assu@@ red destruction . +and then the com@@ post is all taken back to the roo@@ fs of the city , where we 've got far@@ ming , because what we 've done is li@@ f@@ ted up the city , the landscape , into the air to -- to re@@ store the na@@ tive landscape on the roo@@ fs of the buildings . +this is five times larger . +we didn 't know about x@@ key@@ sc@@ ore . we didn 't know about cyber@@ tr@@ ans . +yet we have these fil@@ es . +all right , how many swe@@ dis@@ h decisi@@ on@@ makers and politicians and business leaders use , every day , u.@@ s@@ .@@ -@@ based services , like , you know , run windows or o@@ s@@ x , or use facebook or lin@@ ke@@ d@@ in , or store their data in clou@@ ds like ic@@ l@@ oud or sky@@ drive or dro@@ p@@ box , or maybe use online services like ama@@ zon web services or sal@@ es support ? +and who@@ ever tells you that they have nothing to hi@@ de simply hasn 't thought about this long enough . +she was one of the tar@@ gets of n@@ sa sur@@ v@@ ei@@ llan@@ ce . +humans have long held a fascin@@ ation for the human brain . +and what you can see is it 's very non-@@ uni@@ form . you see a lot more structure there . +we get one from mom , one from dad . +and in se@@ attle , we take these -- this is a whole human he@@ mis@@ ph@@ ere -- and we put them into what 's basically a gl@@ ori@@ fied meat sli@@ cer . +you can see on the microscop@@ e slide here , that 's what 's happening in real time . +green is the sort of cool areas where it 's not turned on . +so if you 're in drug discovery , for example , you can go through an entire li@@ sting of what the genome has on offer to find perhaps better drug tar@@ gets and optimi@@ ze . +these aren 't schizophren@@ ic individuals , but they do show some population vari@@ ation . +so why is that ? +the thing is , if we don 't know whether we are doing any good , we are not any better than the medi@@ ev@@ al doctors and their le@@ e@@ ches . +" if you give the nets for free , people are not going to value them . +that 's bad , but there are places like that . +and then you make it easy and give a reason to act now by ad@@ ding a kil@@ o of l@@ enti@@ ls for each imm@@ uni@@ zation . +the third one is important because if we think people get used to hand@@ ou@@ ts , it might destro@@ y markets to distribu@@ te free bed nets . +you know how to imm@@ uni@@ ze kids , you know how to give bed nets . " +tell people the benefits of education , that 's very cheap to do . +but look what we just did today . +and now , maybe , we can go back to the bigger question that i started with at the beginning . +we 've all heard these things . +and that has to do with me because in 199@@ 4 , i pac@@ ked a few things into a back@@ pack and head@@ ed off for a year of travel in the middle of my university career . +so let 's start she@@ d@@ ding light on this amazing ec@@ lec@@ tic continent that has so much to offer . +so the very definition -- to say " invest in africa " is a no@@ -@@ go . +but looking at gold@@ man sa@@ chs ' work -- we had the famous bri@@ c report . +the announ@@ c@@ ement just came out the last few weeks . +it 's more expensive to transport goods . pri@@ ces of goods go up , inf@@ lation is affected . +it 's the 24@@ -@@ hour roll@@ ing african news chan@@ nel . +it also provi@@ des a third of the food we eat . +we so r@@ ar@@ ely look at the sky . +so this is the foot@@ age that i was showing everybody . +okay . +so this is the foot@@ age he photograph@@ ed , and it was pretty moving and pretty a@@ we@@ -@@ in@@ spir@@ ing . +it was , inci@@ dent@@ ally , the last time i ever saw da@@ y@@ light . +and he said , " because no one knows you had anything to do with it . " +how could somebody read using their finger@@ ti@@ ps ? +kt : no . +kb : just don 't break my concent@@ ration . +i need two people to help me out real quick . +ok , now , do you believe in wit@@ ch@@ craft at all ? +kb : what did you feel ? +ok , now , allow it to stay there . +and hold it there , hold it there , both of you , hold it there . +come right over here , next to me . +and i want you to rele@@ ase that negative energy by sha@@ king it from side to side . +you knew ! +they 'll keep an eye on me to make sure i don 't do anything funny . +s@@ j : you 're over a c@@ up . +do you think the spi@@ ke is under your left hand , or under your right hand ? +that 's not good . hi . yeah . real bad . don 't even look at me . +you know that when you have those ab@@ u@@ sive voices , all those little neurons get together and in that little gap you get a real tox@@ ic " i want to kill myself " kind of chemical , and if you have that over and over again on a loo@@ p ta@@ pe , you might have yourself depression . +we are not equi@@ pped for the 21@@ st century . +we need to know why people are doing what they 're doing . +but it was te@@ st@@ ably stupid . +and in that pair , one person gets a message saying , " do you want to give up some of your $ 10 you ear@@ ned for being here and ship it to someone else in the lab ? " +so to make the experiment , i knew i 'd have to go into the brain and manipu@@ late oxyto@@ cin directly . +so if i do something that hur@@ ts you , i feel that pain . +tell that guy to wait half an hour . +now there are other ways the system can be in@@ hi@@ b@@ ited . +the bri@@ de . +so there 's tons of ways that we can connect to other people , and it seems to be universal . +i tried to look at where did the kind of learning we do in schools , where did it come from ? +and you have people who gui@@ de those computers to do their c@@ ler@@ ical jobs . +one of your students must have been pas@@ sing by , showed them how to use the mouse . " +there 's one community of children in southern india whose english pr@@ on@@ un@@ ci@@ ation is really bad , and they needed good pr@@ on@@ un@@ ci@@ ation because that would improve their jobs . +i came back after two months and the children tro@@ op@@ ed in and said , " we 've understood nothing . " +kal@@ lik@@ upp@@ am had caught up with my control school in new del@@ hi , a rich private school with a trained biot@@ echn@@ ology teacher . +the re@@ p@@ tili@@ an part of our brain , which si@@ ts in the center of our brain , when it 's thre@@ at@@ en@@ ed , it shu@@ ts down everything else , it shu@@ ts down the pre@@ fron@@ tal cortex , the parts which learn , it shu@@ ts all of that down . +you can 't catch me . +you already heard about that . you know what that means . +it 's a facili@@ ty which is prac@@ tically un@@ man@@ ned . +i 'll play at these rock shows , be on stage standing completely still , and they 're like , " what 's she doing ? ! what 's she doing ? ! " +if i pass out on the next song ... +this qu@@ and@@ ary led to the ti@@ tle of the project , which consi@@ ders in many ways that we are all the living dead and that we in some ways represent g@@ ho@@ sts of the past and the future . +and i found these maps which you see here . +so they 're testing its vir@@ ul@@ ence . +everyone showed up . +ten@@ sions between these two families date back to 19@@ 13 when there was a dis@@ pu@@ te over local political power . +this is just an ab@@ ri@@ d@@ ged ren@@ der@@ ing of over a thousand images . +there 's nothing too difficult about the piece . +and you feel really quite -- believe it or not -- deta@@ ched from the instrument and from the stick , even though i 'm actually holding the stick quite ti@@ ghtly . +they 're all different . +exactly . because i 'm not even tou@@ ching it . +in a year 's time , it could be two extra steps . +however , not one of you got out of your se@@ ats to think , " right ! how can i cla@@ p ? ok , maybe ... +and interest@@ ingly , the older i became , and when i became a ful@@ l-@@ time student at a so called " music institution , " all of that went out of the window . +in this so@@ aring demon@@ stration , dea@@ f per@@ c@@ us@@ sion@@ ist ev@@ el@@ yn gl@@ en@@ nie illu@@ str@@ ates how listening to music invol@@ ves much more than simply le@@ tting sound waves hit your ear@@ dru@@ ms . +and it got big enough to the point where there was a flo@@ at last year at the ma@@ cy 's th@@ ank@@ s@@ giving day par@@ ade , and ri@@ ck ast@@ ley po@@ ps out , and ri@@ ck@@ roll@@ s millions of people on television . +but that 's not what 's interesting about this . +got a couple questions for you . +but there were some good things that came out of that too . +and they were probably pleas@@ ed to see you on top of the time po@@ ll . +dinosau@@ r evolution proce@@ e@@ ded at a stat@@ ely p@@ ace , an order of magni@@ tude slo@@ wer on any way you want to measure it . +a three-@@ and-@@ a-@@ half foot thing , beautiful sk@@ ul@@ l , predat@@ or , me@@ at@@ -@@ e@@ ater , a two-@@ leg@@ ged animal . +your job as a leader -- this is definitely a team sport -- your job as a leader is to try to inspi@@ re them to do more work than they 've ever done in their life under conditions that they can 't imagine . +it turns out to have a fore@@ brain one-@@ fif@@ te@@ ent@@ h the size of a human . +somebody get the front legs . +and then work later is going to take us to ti@@ bet . +now we have diver@@ gen@@ ce over time , but we 've created the third dimension of area . +they 're really kin@@ dre@@ d discipl@@ ines . +you have to have those steps . if you have -- it 's easy to get kids interested in science . +you give her a quick cra@@ ck in the teeth with your el@@ bo@@ w and bla@@ ze for the finish line . +they 're not doing 26 miles ; they 're doing 100 , 150 miles at a time , and appar@@ ently without in@@ j@@ ury , without problems . +there 's not a fast woman on the planet and there never has been . +so about seven years , eight years to reach your peak , and then gradu@@ ally you fall off your peak , until you go back to the starting point . +you need a pack to pull together . +and what happened was we started creating these fan@@ cy c@@ us@@ hi@@ oned things , which can make running " better , " called running shoes . +but maybe there 's another benefit there as well . +for me , that was the white space ; that 's what robots could not do yet . +he 's a sc@@ ary mon@@ ster . +you call your friend , she puts her hand@@ set in a robot , and , b@@ am ! you 're a me@@ bot -- you can make eye contact , you can talk with your friends , you can move around , you can gest@@ ure -- maybe the next best thing to really being there , or is it ? +i imagine a time not too far from now -- my mom can go to her computer , open up a brow@@ ser and jack into a little robot . +to explore that question , we did a study in the boston area where we put one of three interven@@ tions in people 's homes for a period of several weeks . +but we can push this idea further . +robots touch something deeply human within us . +and i can 't have my pos@@ se laugh@@ in ' at me . +and i followed this guy everywhere until i had him in the room , and i read him one of my pieces , and you know what he told me ? +i can master sho@@ ck of " the cr@@ ying game " with the a@@ we of a child being called an aids vic@@ tim by a bul@@ ly who didn 't know that it was his father who gave it to my mother , and that 's a double ent@@ end@@ re . +i then went on wondering whether i could actually replace her image , so i got a loo@@ k-@@ ali@@ ke of di@@ ana and posed her in the right posi@@ tions and an@@ gles and created something that was in , or exi@@ sted in , the public imagination . +well , here is the image . +so , all this work is getting shown in art g@@ aller@@ ies . +this image is quite interesting , actually , because i think we made it three years ago . +what jack ni@@ chol@@ son might be up to in his cele@@ bri@@ ty life , and the fact that he tried to ... he had a bit of road ra@@ ge and gol@@ f-@@ clu@@ b@@ bed a driver the other day . +has anyone here wonder@@ ed what will happen if you go back to your room at night , and you start getting ch@@ est pa@@ ins , shor@@ t@@ ness of breath , swe@@ ating ? +that is something to keep in mind . we can 't deal with it with situations like this . +we have 25 posi@@ tions right now -- all of them trained , board cer@@ ti@@ fied in the usa , canada or britain . +and we will do other centers . +they need to be alive , they need to feed . +we 're also starting an@@ c@@ ill@@ ary heal@@ th-@@ care technology training programs -- training people in e@@ cho@@ car@@ di@@ ograph@@ y , car@@ di@@ a@@ c ul@@ tr@@ as@@ o@@ und , those kinds of things . now , with that kind of training , it gives people motivation . +and i actually feel at home here , because there 's a lot of autis@@ m gene@@ tics here . +my dra@@ wings got to star in the movie too . +and the way i sold li@@ ve@@ stock jobs is i showed off my dra@@ wings , i showed off pictures of things . +i was really concerned about having to wear this g@@ ad@@ get on my face . +i find a lot of people have diffic@@ ul@@ ty doing that . +he was now dr. car@@ lock in the movie . +and when i was 13 , i had a job at a d@@ res@@ s@@ maker 's shop se@@ wing clo@@ th@@ es . +because what i 'm obser@@ ving is the good teachers , for a lot of these kids , are out in the community colle@@ ges , but we need to be getting some of these good teachers into the high schools . +what are you most passionate about ? +now my own speci@@ ality is combin@@ ing digital technology and magic . +b@@ ye@@ -@@ b@@ ye . +and it was deep . it was deep in my sou@@ l . +now there 's a talent un@@ to itself . +and now the sh@@ ore is coming , and there 's just a little part of me that 's sad . +thank you . +the first problem is there 's in@@ ade@@ qu@@ ate disaster response . +they send him to iraq . +i think it 's very important , because right now somebody needs to step up , and this generation of veter@@ ans has the opportunity to do that if they are given the chance . +what would this lead to ? +and so they invented the scientific journ@@ al as a way of syn@@ chr@@ oni@@ zing the argument across the community of natural scientists . +the progra@@ mm@@ ers come and go . +this has the following effect : a program@@ mer in e@@ din@@ burgh and a program@@ mer in ent@@ e@@ b@@ be can both get the same -- a copy of the same piece of software . +right . +it was the expec@@ tation of the citizens that she would not be cen@@ sor@@ ed . +this one i thought i 'd show you . +mor@@ gan hen@@ dry : be@@ ware of safety is an instru@@ mental rock band . +so we literally are all made out of star@@ d@@ ust . +and if you look at the top left , you see a little teen@@ y dark do@@ t . +okay , we have par@@ ach@@ ute al@@ ig@@ ned . +b@@ c : we enter the mar@@ ti@@ an atmosphere . +that 's when we separate from the back sh@@ ell , and we 're now in fre@@ e-@@ fall . +then we get a little bit more serious , so we have what we call our c@@ ad / cam@@ s and all the engineers who are involved , or scientists who are involved , who know about ther@@ mal properties , know about design , know about atmosp@@ her@@ ic interaction , par@@ ach@@ utes , all of these things , which they work in a team effort and actually design a spac@@ ec@@ raft in a computer to some ex@@ tent , so to see , does that meet the requi@@ re@@ ment that we need . +but also , if there is something that we cannot reach because it is too high on a cli@@ ff , we have a little las@@ er system which will actually za@@ p the rock , ev@@ apo@@ rate some of it , and actually analy@@ ze what 's coming from that rock . +so as we fle@@ w by away from it , we looked back . and guess what ? +you just drive to the ne@@ ar@@ est la@@ ke , stick your ho@@ se in it , and you 've got your car filled up . +so if we start to think exponenti@@ ally , we can see how this is starting to affect all the technologies around us . +we have the ability to do more powerful things with them . +and of course , there 's an ap@@ p for that . +you can t@@ we@@ et your weight to your friends , and they can keep you in line . +how about aug@@ ment@@ ing the physi@@ cian ? +so a few examples : we 're now in the era of " fantastic vo@@ y@@ age , " the i@@ p@@ ill . +in genom@@ ics now , the genome cost about a billion dollars about 10 years ago when the first one came out . +we can be pre@@ vent@@ ative ; that pre@@ ven@@ tion can be person@@ alized ; and more importantly , it 's going to become increasingly partici@@ pat@@ ory . +we 've been actually using adult stem cells now in clinical trials for about 15 years to approach a whole range of top@@ ics , particularly in car@@ dio@@ vas@@ cular disease . +the first one is de@@ dic@@ ated to spen@@ cer , and his grandmother , who was sho@@ cked by his work . +in those days there was still coun@@ tr@@ y@@ side close to the city , far@@ ms , cor@@ n@@ fields , co@@ ws ; even not far from our building with its bl@@ ur@@ red bri@@ ck and long sha@@ dow@@ y hall@@ way you could find tra@@ cts with h@@ ills and trees you could pre@@ tend were mountains and fore@@ sts . +the girl , my old love , the last lost time i saw her when she came to find me at a party , her dr@@ un@@ ken@@ ly st@@ um@@ bling , fall@@ ing , spra@@ w@@ ling , sk@@ ir@@ t hi@@ ked , eyes v@@ ein@@ ed red , s@@ wollen with te@@ ars , her sh@@ ame , her dis@@ honor . +this is called " thir@@ st . " +a cas@@ ual impul@@ se , a fan@@ cy , never thought of until now , har@@ dly thought of even now ... +the girls , to my hor@@ ror , a@@ ver@@ ted their ga@@ ze . +c@@ .@@ k. willi@@ ams : poetry of you@@ th and age +sam@@ u@@ el p@@ is@@ ar , an au@@ schwi@@ tz survi@@ vor , said , and i 'll quote him , " the h@@ olo@@ cau@@ st teach@@ es us that nature , even in its cru@@ el@@ est moments , is ben@@ ig@@ n in compar@@ ison with man , when he lo@@ ses his moral comp@@ ass and his reason . " +but images don 't need to be graphic in order to re@@ mind us of the trage@@ dy of war . +what we 're going to try and do today , in the 16 and a bit minutes i 've got left , is to try and answer three questions . the first one is , why ? +that was our h@@ f radio anten@@ na . +two nor@@ we@@ gi@@ ans did it as a team in 2000 . no one 's done it sol@@ o . +when the ice was flat or fl@@ at@@ tish , i could just about pull both . +some pretty radical technology , a radical approach -@@ -@@ but it worked perfectly . +i took a photo of that . sat down on my sle@@ dge . did a sort of video di@@ ary piece . +i thought , it 'll have to do . +this is probably why i didn 't get into trouble about the l@@ ength of my air@@ stri@@ p . +since then , no one has ever ski@@ ed -- this was 9@@ 3 years ago -- since then , no one has ever ski@@ ed from the coast of ant@@ arc@@ tic@@ a to the pole and back . +but i was still concerned , so i said , " you know what , i 'm not going to do it . " +and i remem@@ ber@@ ed that the old and dr@@ un@@ ken guy came one day to the lab wan@@ ting to make some easy c@@ ash and this was the guy . +i do want to leave you with one positive thought . +but what if we looked at fear in a fresh way ? +these were the fe@@ ars that dan@@ ced in the imag@@ in@@ ations of these poor men , and as it turned out , the fear they cho@@ se to listen to would gover@@ n whether they lived or died . +what would happen to our minds ? +the no@@ ve@@ list v@@ la@@ di@@ mir n@@ abo@@ ko@@ v said that the best re@@ a@@ der has a combin@@ ation of two very different temper@@ am@@ ents , the arti@@ stic and the scientific . +i 'm 4@@ 3 years old right now . +therefore , they asked their parents to go down to the streets and collect them , bring them back home . +and while this was the major difference between many initi@@ a@@ tives before to create change , before we thought , and governments told us -- and even sometimes it was true -- that change was im@@ posed on us , and people re@@ je@@ cted that , because they thought that it is alien to their culture . +i remember one night when someone ph@@ oned me on my cell@@ phone -- ordinary person who i don 't know -- from ta@@ hri@@ r square . +is this a stor@@ y-@@ of-@@ the-@@ year , a stor@@ y-@@ of-@@ the-@@ decade or something more ? +they 've had some speak@@ ers there . +and frank@@ ie says , " i 'm number 22 in line , and i can see the need@@ le coming down towards me , and there is blood all over the place . +you don 't want to share a need@@ le anymore than you want to share a to@@ o@@ th@@ br@@ ush even with someone you 're sle@@ eping with . +so what we 've been doing in the united states is re@@ vie@@ wing the data -- end@@ less@@ ly re@@ vie@@ wing the data . +they are gay men on the party scene who have , on average , three times more part@@ ners than straight people on the party scene . +but it is changing the equ@@ ation of what 's rational in sexual decisi@@ on-@@ making . +what does that mean ? +there are as many different ways of being rational as there are human beings on the planet , and that 's one of the gl@@ ories of human existence . +and i 'd pull her out on the front por@@ ch . +it 's called cla@@ w-@@ ham@@ mer style , that he had learned from his mother and grandmother . +it sounds something like this . +we were standing on the edge of thousands of ac@@ r@@ es of c@@ ot@@ ton . +now , my mother hop@@ ed that we learned from that the value of hard work . +good news : ch@@ ari@@ ot 's coming . +but then , when i thought about it beyond that , it was very simple things . +and we moved across the street from michael and john whit@@ ney . +they said they were going to beat us up if we didn 't make some g@@ un@@ po@@ w@@ der for them . +so let me put them all together . and also , i can change the sounds by ste@@ pping on this pe@@ d@@ al right here , and -- let me just close out here by doing you a little ham@@ bone sol@@ o or something like this . +not only is there a relationship between the eth@@ ics of science and the eth@@ ics of being a citi@@ zen in democracy , but there has been , histor@@ ically , a relationship between how people think about space and time , and what the co@@ smo@@ s is , and how people think about the society that they live in . +and mer@@ ging them together to make the final quant@@ um theory of space and time and gravity , is the cul@@ min@@ ation of that , something that 's going on right now . +now , darwin taught us that there are processes of self-@@ organization that suff@@ ice to explain all of us and everything we see . +in fact , i 'm finished . science will never go away . +i can see my work as a job . i do it for money . +so i looked for fur@@ ni@@ ture . +he can seat , throughout the year , he can seat 8@@ ,000 people . +what came out of it ? +there is a ful@@ l-@@ blo@@ wn orche@@ str@@ a living inside the building . +these are some pictures vis@@ it@@ ors sent to me . +and the mon@@ keys in that mon@@ key forest looked , actually , fairly happy . +so even as we share death as a universal experience , it 's not experienced the same way the world over . +and it 's also a moment of self-@@ awareness . +but i see something pro@@ fo@@ und@@ ly transforma@@ tive in experi@@ en@@ cing death as a social process and not just a biological one . +one of the -- thank you for invi@@ ting us . +but you do meet some fantastic people , people who look at the world in a totally different way . +" i 'm sorry . i 've only got 18 minutes , 18 minutes to talk about saving the world , saving the planet , global institutions . +why would you do that ? why would -- it 's like one step up from re@@ pl@@ ying to one of those e@@ mails from nigeria , isn 't it ? +but we have a new hope . we have a new man . +and he spoke to the crowd in chicago , he said , " if there is anyone out there who still dou@@ b@@ ts that america is a place where all things are possible ... " +do you remember that ? george bush , " a nu@@ -@@ ca@@ -@@ ler . " +" i was held in prison for nearly 30 years on an island in the middle of the ocean . +and there 's lots of different shapes . +and so every time they found something that looked a little different , they named it something different . +they don 't like it if you come in and want to saw them open and look inside . +so people were looking at these and they were talking about how different they are . +what 's interesting is the spi@@ ke on the back of the dra@@ cor@@ e@@ x was growing very fast as well . +and then , because the ju@@ ven@@ il@@ es are in my colle@@ ction , i cut them open and look inside . +here 's another one . +now as you can imagine , this is not very popular with four@@ th-@@ gra@@ ders . +and it 's a respon@@ sive system that 's trained on actual weather . +anyway , moving along . +so , un@@ fol@@ ded it 's about 300 lin@@ ear feet . +the view is den@@ i@@ ed in the g@@ aller@@ ies where we recei@@ ve just natural light , and then ex@@ posed again in the north g@@ aller@@ y with a pan@@ or@@ am@@ ic view . +wait a minute , it 's just in that state , we have a long way to go . +and this is a mo@@ ck@@ up that is in s@@ alt la@@ ke city that gives you a sense of what this is going to look like in ful@@ l-@@ scale . +even in stories on gen@@ der@@ -@@ based violence , men get an over@@ wh@@ el@@ ming majority of print space and air@@ time . +what she found was many of these stories tend to bl@@ ame vic@@ ti@@ ms and de@@ value their lives . +putting them there made them more recogni@@ z@@ able . +she was the c@@ bs news cor@@ respon@@ dent who was bru@@ t@@ ally sex@@ ually as@@ sau@@ l@@ ted in eg@@ y@@ pt 's ta@@ hri@@ r square right after this photo was taken . +the bot@@ an@@ ical names are in front of you . +" be the change you want to see in the world , " said ma@@ hat@@ ma gand@@ hi . +p@@ m : so is this a good idea . +and so that happened more at various times , but i really think that there was a great advantage in many ways to being a woman . +so being an american , i decided to set up a cau@@ c@@ us . +the other thing that i think is really important : a lot of national security policy isn 't just about foreign policy , but it 's about bud@@ gets , military bud@@ gets , and how the deb@@ ts of countries work out . +so , yeah . +great news . it dri@@ ves me nu@@ ts that most people don 't seem to know this news . +now i know that some of you think this progress is all in asia or la@@ tin america or model countries like brazil -- and who doesn 't love a brazi@@ li@@ an model ? -- but look at sub-@@ sahar@@ an africa . +right now today , in o@@ sl@@ o as it happens , oil companies are fighting to keep secret their pay@@ ments to governments for extra@@ cting oil in developing countries . +by doing so , you will join us and coun@@ t@@ less others in what i truly believe is the greatest ad@@ vent@@ ure ever taken , the ever@@ -@@ dem@@ and@@ ing journey of equ@@ ality . +so now , if you take this metaphor [ of ] genome as program seriously , you have to consider that chris ander@@ son is a computer@@ -@@ fabri@@ cated arti@@ fact , as is jim wat@@ son , cra@@ ig vent@@ er , as are all of us . +you 're going to design something like a cell phone , and in a high-@@ level language , you 'll describe that cell phone . +so , this is normal dna , what you think of as normal dna . +we heat them up , we add a little bit of s@@ alt , we heat them up to almost bo@@ il@@ ing and cool them down , and as we cool them down , the short str@@ ands b@@ ind the long str@@ ands and start to form structure . +she wrote all her own software to design and built this dna origami , a beautiful ren@@ di@@ tion of china , which even has ta@@ i@@ w@@ an , and you can see it 's sort of on the world 's shor@@ test le@@ ash , right ? +it was started by er@@ ik win@@ free , and what it does , it has ti@@ les that are a hundre@@ d@@ th the size of a dna origami . +and if you do that , the origami 's the same size , but the resul@@ ting square that you get is three times bigger . +and i think in the next five or 10 years , we 'll make the kind of squ@@ ar@@ es that i described and maybe even get to some of those self-@@ assem@@ bled circu@@ its . +when life brought about a series of death and ne@@ ar-@@ death experiences within my close circle , which high@@ ligh@@ ted the need for an emergen@@ cy medical response service in india , similar to 9@@ 11 in usa . +yet , if you analy@@ ze the common man , he or she does not wake up every day and say , " h@@ mm , let me see who i can pay a bri@@ be to today . " +it can be worth up to one trillion dollars , being paid in bri@@ bes every year , or equal to india 's g@@ dp . +a set of people actually say , " oh , let me just gr@@ ant it to them , and run away from it . " +so the data that you 've got is a great thing called youtube , and we can go down and basically pull all the open information from youtube , all the comm@@ ents , all the vie@@ ws , who 's watching it , where are they watching it , what are they saying in the comm@@ ents . +so as we go in here , what we start to see , apply the physics engine again , we see what 's one conversation is actually com@@ posed of many smaller ones . +well here 's one by j@@ essi@@ ca green about the micro@@ bi@@ al ec@@ ology of buildings . +ma@@ sc@@ ul@@ in@@ ity mi@@ mi@@ cked by men who grew up with no fa@@ thers , cam@@ ou@@ f@@ lage wor@@ n by bu@@ lli@@ es who are danger@@ ously ar@@ med but need hu@@ gs . +invest , invest , invest . " +a wise person knows how to impro@@ v@@ ise , as lu@@ ke did when he re-@@ was@@ hed the floor . +all they had was mi@@ ke 's hard le@@ mon@@ ade , which was five percent al@@ co@@ hol . +we can certainly see this in response to the current financial crisis . +don 't get me wrong . we need rules ! +all we ask is , " what ser@@ ves my interests ? " +be proud that you have them . +so there 's a lot here at ted , and at other places , to celebra@@ te . +if you do that , the rest is just pretty much a coast down@@ h@@ ill . +they have a particular interest in ones that will help our soldiers . +they 've been watching too much " ter@@ min@@ ator . " +it turned out , as i think you could see in ai@@ mee 's cap@@ abilities and at@@ ti@@ tu@@ des , people with a desire to do something are quite remarkable and nature is quite adap@@ table . +i 'll give you some a@@ sto@@ unding things that have happened as we started this . +he was le@@ an@@ ing on his other arm . +and i get a call and we go back to washington . +i said , " what am i going to say ? +it is an easy answer . +it 's the path@@ fin@@ der that shows us a simple road through an im@@ pen@@ e@@ tr@@ able moral ma@@ ze . +the earth moved for both of them . +there was so many skep@@ tics , especially the press in london , that they started flying che@@ es@@ e@@ bur@@ gers on heli@@ cop@@ ters around my box to temp@@ t me . +so , i went to talk to a doctor friend , and i asked him how could i do that ? +and then there is sta@@ tic ap@@ ne@@ a . +he 's six foot four . he 's 1@@ 60 pounds . +this was a critical mistake . +and what he did in response , is he went on reg@@ is and kel@@ ly , and broke his old record . +which was making me more nervous . +it was awful . +i was like " what ? " +now what we can do is point at the front of the newspaper and immediately get the bul@@ le@@ tin . +teacher : now move it either side . see what happens . +it 's just going to do a tiny bit of process@@ ing to conver@@ t that image that we just took into a sort of digital finger@@ print , and the great thing is , if you 're a professional user , -- so , a newspaper -- the tools are pretty much iden@@ tical to what we 've just used to create this demon@@ stration . +for those of us in this room , it 's not just the poor@@ est and the most vulnerable individual , it 's the community , it 's the culture , it 's the world itself . +last week , bill clin@@ ton at the ted a@@ wards said , " this situation is un@@ pre@@ ce@@ d@@ ented , un@@ equal , un@@ fair and un@@ stable . " +many of you , i think , have probably tre@@ k@@ ked here . +we 've seen the er@@ a@@ dic@@ ation of small@@ po@@ x . +it is something to be great@@ ly optimi@@ stic about . +and when they did , they took small@@ po@@ x to 10 other countries and rei@@ gni@@ ted the epidemic . +there isn 't a dog on this earth that 's a natural cre@@ ature . +well , they 've now taken that gene , that bi@@ ol@@ umines@@ cent gene , and put it into mam@@ mal cells . +so even as we worry about it , we have allowed it to go on in this country -- much different in europe -- without any regu@@ lation , and even without any identi@@ fication on the pac@@ ka@@ ge . +and it rais@@ es the question of how we 're going to define animal species in the age of biot@@ echn@@ ology -- a question that we 're not really sure yet how to solve . +we 've taken away the autonom@@ y of this animal . " +this is a mouse created by charles vac@@ ant@@ i of the university of mas@@ sach@@ use@@ t@@ ts . +we are directly designing the future of the species of this planet . +and he went on to say , " these differences do not co@@ in@@ cide with cor@@ respon@@ ding differences in climate . " +but u@@ v@@ b and u@@ va especially , came in un@@ im@@ pe@@ ded . +there was natural sele@@ ction for the evolution of ligh@@ tly pig@@ mented skin . +so we have , in skin pig@@ ment@@ ation , one of these wonderful products of evolution that still has consequences for us today . +you , you can teach it . +so let me show you a few objects . +to the right , i took a higher rou@@ g@@ hn@@ ess . +why so ? because , in fact , the area of the lung is something very ill@@ -@@ defined . +well , they do mix . +i played with it for a while , and i made it return to the orig@@ in . +so the idea there was that one must be able to -- how do you say ? -- model price vari@@ ation . +it 's so un@@ interesting . +ben@@ o@@ it mand@@ el@@ brot : fra@@ ct@@ als and the art of rou@@ g@@ hn@@ ess +so , imagine that all of you are partici@@ pants in the study . +here 's an example of the puzz@@ le you 're going to solve . +so , you 're putting in less ju@@ ice , and therefore the out@@ come : fewer puzz@@ les solved . +right ? a patient in the driver 's seat , for example . +not because there was not enough food -- because there was actually a sur@@ plus of food in the ferti@@ le regi@@ ons of the south parts of the country -- but because in the north , people could not access or enti@@ tle themselves to that food . +did our farmers turn into highly productive commercial ac@@ tors ? +to give you an example , between 2001 and 200@@ 2 , ethi@@ op@@ ian ma@@ ize farmers produced two years of bu@@ mp@@ er harv@@ est . +in the american mid@@ west , farmers used to load grain onto bar@@ ges and send it u@@ pri@@ ver to the chicago market . +that means that the exchange will operate a tra@@ ding system , which will ini@@ tially start as an open out@@ c@@ ry , because we don 't think the country 's ready for full electr@@ onic tra@@ ding . +we believe that the sta@@ kes are high , but that the re@@ turns will be even greater . +it is always the same , never the same , end@@ less@@ ly fascinating . +that 's a potential scen@@ ari@@ o if we fail to take this seriously . +it provi@@ des a physical support structure for the trees , and it creates physical spaces , habit@@ able spaces inside of the sand dun@@ es . +then , a few years after@@ wards , using per@@ ma@@ cultural strategi@@ es , we green that part of the desert . +it 's not only something that suppor@@ ts trees , but something that conne@@ cts people and countries together . +i paid to get it re@@ pa@@ i@@ red -- then it broke again . +if this idea is truly sound , then the impli@@ cations are significant . +he 's bar@@ e@@ foot . he 'll run back into his house , and he will cont@@ amin@@ ate his drin@@ king water and his food and his environment with whatever diseases he may be carrying by fe@@ cal particles that are on his fing@@ ers and feet . +we don 't have a neu@@ tra@@ l word for it . +and you might think it 's just good kar@@ ma to see these guys stir@@ ring sh@@ it , but it 's also good economic sense , because they 're saving a million dollars a year . +she grew up in a rural village in a poor area of india , and she was enga@@ ged at 14 , and then at 21 or so , she moved into her in-@@ law 's house . +it 's the most off@@ -@@ track mil@@ len@@ ni@@ um development goal . +and that was what i did . +there are tens of thousands of those stories out there , and it 's really hard to con@@ j@@ ure up much of a sense of well-@@ being , because it just kee@@ ps getting worse . +and we tra@@ w@@ l , which means to take something the size of a tra@@ ctor tra@@ il@@ er tru@@ ck that wei@@ gh@@ s thousands and thousands of pounds , put it on a big chain , and dra@@ g it across the sea floor to sti@@ r up the bottom and catch the fish . +but since we ate all the o@@ y@@ sters and we ate all the fish that would eat the plan@@ k@@ ton , there 's nothing to eat the plan@@ k@@ ton and there 's more and more of it , so it dies of old age , which is un@@ heard of for plan@@ k@@ ton . +and then , of course , there 's climate change , and we all know about climate change . +but there are these , what we call , positive feed@@ bac@@ ks , the sy@@ ner@@ gi@@ es among them that make the whole va@@ stly greater than the sum of the parts . +in this bra@@ cing talk , coral re@@ e@@ f ec@@ ologist jer@@ e@@ my j@@ ack@@ son la@@ ys out the sho@@ cking state of the ocean today : over@@ fis@@ hed , over@@ he@@ ated , pollu@@ ted , with indi@@ cat@@ ors that things will get much worse . ast@@ on@@ ishing photos and stat@@ s make the case . +that 's -- that 's not true . +that this old man would inter@@ ru@@ pt his mo@@ on@@ light stro@@ ll with his s@@ wee@@ the@@ art with the pre@@ cise reason of making fun of a child . +i went with my friend tim mc@@ gon@@ ig@@ al , who sat on my left . +the sand@@ wor@@ ms were fine , but your favorite character ? +does something seem strange about this to you ? +she was a single woman about to go alone into a country , not even speaking the language , to travel alone by bus and boat to go to a beach she did not know or had never seen . +she was s@@ mil@@ ing . she did not understand why i was so worried . +but i think we should also just check the numbers , take a reality check here . +jo@@ se@@ ph sch@@ um@@ peter called this " the process of creative destruction . " +is this really how econom@@ ies be@@ have ? " +what is the obje@@ ctive ? +what does all this mean for economics ? +but it 's also clear that pro@@ sper@@ ity goes beyond this . +i mean , can you picture a politi@@ cian standing up in britain and saying , " g@@ dp fell two percent this year . good news ! +i pain@@ ted it directly on top of the man . +i made the tough decision of going home after gradu@@ ation and not going up to capit@@ ol h@@ ill , but going down to my parents ' bas@@ ement and making it my job to learn how to paint . +when we started out on the milk project , and when i started out , i couldn 't have for@@ es@@ e@@ en that i would go from pur@@ su@@ ing my dream in politics and working at a des@@ k to tri@@ pping over a sha@@ dow and then turning people into pain@@ t@@ ings and painting on people in a pool of milk . +and it goes all the way over to these big , thi@@ ck , gal@@ um@@ ph@@ y ones that have hundreds of carb@@ ons , and they have thousands of hydro@@ gens , and they have van@@ a@@ dium and heavy met@@ als and su@@ l@@ fu@@ r and all kinds of cra@@ z@@ iness han@@ ging off the sides of them . +they set the pri@@ ces , and i don 't even know . +okay , so the politics of oil are very moral in the united states . +and we take it as , you know -- we look at it on a moral level , rather than looking at it on a legal and financial level . +in fact , it 's continu@@ ed to increase . +this is 198@@ 8 -- we actually bom@@ bed two ir@@ ani@@ an oil plat@@ forms that year . +what you see in this top drawing is a sche@@ matic of how pe@@ tro@@ le@@ um gets used in the u.s. economy . +that 's a lot . +we are running late . +now you 'd think that " american i@@ do@@ l " would introdu@@ ce a measure of americ@@ ani@@ zation . +and that swim took me 18 minutes and 50 seconds , and it felt like 18 days . +and to the right hand side of us was this great k@@ hum@@ b@@ u gl@@ aci@@ er . +we want you to walk up the h@@ ill in another two days ' time . +after he swa@@ m the north pole , le@@ wi@@ s pu@@ gh vo@@ wed never to take another col@@ d-@@ water di@@ p . then he heard of la@@ ke im@@ ja in the hi@@ mal@@ ay@@ as , created by recent gl@@ ac@@ ial mel@@ ting , and la@@ ke pu@@ mor@@ i , a body of water at an al@@ titude of 5@@ 300 m on ever@@ est -- and so began a journey that would teach him a radical new way to approach swi@@ mming and think about climate change . +this is a state diagra@@ m . that 's an extremely simple computer . +i thought about this in the sense that it 's great to build in biological materials , but can we do similar things ? +so i was trying to , you know , take the engineer 's version : can we build a mechan@@ ical system in in@@ organic materials that will do the same thing ? +and literally with only those two in@@ puts -- so , the shape of your boundar@@ y condition and the pressure -- you can define an infin@@ ite number of len@@ ses that cover the range of human re@@ fra@@ ctive er@@ ror , from min@@ us 12 to plus eight di@@ op@@ ters , up to four di@@ op@@ ters of cy@@ lin@@ der . +but they can show you how to build things in sequence . +you could just hang it as a bed she@@ et , but again , the compu@@ tation of all the physics gives you the a@@ ero@@ dynamic shape . +and the cor@@ relation , of course , is that den@@ ser places tend to have lower emissions -- which isn 't really all that difficult to figure out , if you think about it . +this is a ma@@ p@@ ni@@ fi@@ cent map that shows me , in this case , how far i can get from my home in 30 minutes using public transpor@@ tation . +which brings on another th@@ res@@ hold effect i like to call fur@@ n@@ ace du@@ mp@@ ing , which is , quite simply , if you have a building that doesn 't need to be he@@ ated with a fur@@ n@@ ace , you save a whole bunch of money up front . +during the t@@ wen@@ tie@@ th century , we wit@@ n@@ essed the at@@ ro@@ cities of stal@@ in , hit@@ ler , ma@@ o , po@@ l po@@ t , r@@ wand@@ a and other geno@@ ci@@ des , and even though the tw@@ ent@@ y-@@ first century is only seven years old , we have already wit@@ n@@ essed an on@@ going geno@@ cide in dar@@ fu@@ r and the daily hor@@ r@@ ors of iraq . +according to non-@@ govern@@ mental organizations that keep such statistics , since 19@@ 45 , in europe and the americ@@ as , there has been a ste@@ ep dec@@ line in inter@@ state wars , in de@@ ad@@ ly eth@@ ni@@ c ri@@ ots or po@@ gro@@ ms , and in military cou@@ ps , even in south america . worldwide , there 's been a ste@@ ep dec@@ line in dea@@ ths in inter@@ state wars . the yellow b@@ ars here show the number of dea@@ ths per war per year from 19@@ 50 to the present . +so that 's a bit of a support for the le@@ vi@@ a@@ than theory . +in fact , it 's as large as western europe , but it only has 300 miles of pa@@ ved roads . +now these are not the kinds of things that someone is thinking about just before they go get a con@@ dom . +and what is the definition then ? " the definition ? +we have liber@@ ia . we have con@@ go . +you can watch me for one minute now and you 'll see the whole thing . +and asia could have social development before they got the economic development . +but more or less , this is what will happen , and we have a world which cannot be looked upon as divi@@ ded . +and then it 's united states today , up here . +and we had an increase in income . +the middle income countries , the emerging economy , they are cat@@ ching up . +about 20 percent of the adult population are infe@@ cted . +it 's caused by fast process@@ ing of tox@@ ic cas@@ sa@@ va ro@@ ot in fam@@ ine situation . +and we have a high hope in you . thank you very much . +next best thing to a video game . +you have them in h@@ unter@@ -@@ gather@@ er societies , but then through technologi@@ cal evolution , new forms of technology ar@@ ise that facili@@ tate or encoura@@ ge the playing of non-@@ zer@@ o-@@ sum games , invol@@ ving more people over larger terri@@ tory . +and i would say the non-@@ zer@@ o-@@ sum dynamic is only going to grow more inten@@ se over time because of technologi@@ cal trends , but more inten@@ se in a kind of negative way . +it 's when people 's fortun@@ es are cor@@ related . +i think it 's the first step toward that . that 's the long-term goal . +the g@@ 8 sum@@ mit pro@@ pos@@ es that the solution to africa 's problems should be a massive increase in aid , something ak@@ in to the mar@@ shall plan . +but equ@@ ally , it has opportunities and a lot of potential . +well , since i 'm not seeing the hand , it appe@@ ars that what i 'm stat@@ ing is true . +well , because it gives them good , paying jobs , or , in many african countries , un@@ offi@@ cial opportunities to profit from corruption . +governments are not changing it . why ? +there were 5@@ 6 , and when our president wanted to am@@ end the const@@ it@@ ution and re@@ move term limit@@ s , he had to create 25 new distri@@ cts , and now there are 8@@ 1 . +doctor se@@ li@@ g@@ man , what is the state of psychology today ? " +and the conclu@@ sion of that is that psychology and psychiat@@ ry , over the last 60 years , can actually cla@@ im that we can make mis@@ er@@ able people less mis@@ er@@ able . +i 've spent my life working on extremely mis@@ er@@ able people , and i 've asked the question , how do extremely mis@@ er@@ able people diff@@ er from the rest of you ? +so i want to say a little bit about each of those lives and what we know about them . +when he wal@@ ks onto the floor of the american exchange at 9 : 30 in the morning , time st@@ ops for him . and it st@@ ops ti@@ ll the clo@@ sing bell . +and meaning , in this view , consi@@ sts of -- very par@@ alle@@ l to eu@@ da@@ im@@ on@@ ia -- it consi@@ sts of knowing what your highest streng@@ ths are , and using them to bel@@ ong to and in the service of something larger than you are . +so , the next to last thing i want to say is we 're interested in how much life satis@@ fac@@ tion people have . +but they were empty . +these are cam@@ els moving across the ri@@ ft valley in africa , photograph@@ ed by chris john@@ s . +now i have to tell you , i was talking to k@@ yle last week about this , that i was going to tell this story . +a li@@ on having a late night s@@ n@@ ack -- notice he 's got a broken to@@ oth . +for the first time in history , more people live in urban , rather than rural , environments . +brian photograph@@ ed a marine san@@ c@@ tu@@ ary in new ze@@ al@@ and , where commercial fishing had been ban@@ ned -- the result being that the over@@ fis@@ hed species have been re@@ stor@@ ed , and with them a possible solution for sustainable fis@@ her@@ ies . +but then paul got in the water . +david gri@@ ff@@ in : how photograph@@ y conne@@ cts us +so , if we use information that comes off of this spe@@ cular refle@@ ction , we can go from a traditional face scan that might have the gro@@ ss cont@@ ours of the face and the basic shape , and aug@@ ment it with information that puts in all of that skin po@@ re structure and fine wr@@ in@@ kl@@ es . +we can turn the volu@@ me up a little bit if that 's available . +what i 've been doing from 14 to 17 was , i was assi@@ sting them colle@@ cting i@@ vor@@ y t@@ us@@ k , meat and whatever they were killing , po@@ ach@@ ing , hun@@ ting in the forest , bring it in the main city to get access to the market . +here we have sa@@ van@@ na gi@@ ra@@ ff@@ es , but through evolution we have this forest gi@@ ra@@ ffe that lives only in con@@ go . +you can 't ask him how old he is because he has g@@ uns . +and that was the language of the war . +and they can 't do what they are doing . +and one day , we went for a meeting . +i op@@ pose it -- that they are now going to dis@@ se@@ ct it , until i do my report and then i see the ch@@ ie@@ f com@@ man@@ der . +see what the wars in r@@ wand@@ a . +building capac@@ i@@ ties for the young generation is going to make a better generation and a better future tomorrow for africa . +did you know that , in iraq and afghanistan , there were more private military contra@@ c@@ tors on the ground than there were u.s. military tro@@ ops ? +let 's see what people here think about it . +oh , after you stopped paying . +for fear of dis@@ agre@@ ement , we s@@ hr@@ ink from these questions . +some of the reasons for this are not really very contro@@ versi@@ al . +the ver@@ tical axis now is thousands of dollars in today 's pri@@ ces . +all the rest went to the top one percent . +that comes out at five to 10 tons daily per square mile in cities . +you have to choose either option a or option b . +and some people would say that we 're born with it in some other means . +everything except rand@@ om@@ ness . she did not believe in rand@@ om@@ ness . +and that 's what i look for in my work , a personal meaning . +but , both of these sa@@ y@@ ings -- saving a fish from dro@@ w@@ ning , or saving a man from dro@@ w@@ ning -- to me they had to do with inten@@ tions . +it may be something that is perhaps more serious -- as i said , human rights in bur@@ ma . +well , what is random ? what is chance ? what is lu@@ ck ? +i was able to see that in a fir@@ sth@@ and way , when i went to beautiful d@@ ong village , in gui@@ z@@ ho@@ u , the poor@@ est pro@@ vin@@ ce of china . +i believe in speci@@ fi@@ cs , the speci@@ fi@@ cs of story , and the past , the speci@@ fi@@ cs of that past , and what is happening in the story at that point . +and the reason is that until wonder came along and figured out how to spread the idea of sli@@ ced bread , no one wanted it . +right . i go to the del@@ i ; i 'm sick ; i need to buy some medicine . +who 's going to stop and pull over and say -- oh , look , a co@@ w . nobody . +they turned a chair from something the pur@@ ch@@ asing department bought , to something that was a status symbol about where you sat at work . +talk to them and make it easy for them to tell their friends . +am@@ ih@@ ot@@ or@@ not@@ .com -- everyday 25@@ 0,000 people go to this site , run by two volunte@@ ers , and i can tell you they are hard gra@@ ders , and they didn 't get this way by adverti@@ sing a lot . +silk . put a product that does not need to be in the re@@ fri@@ ger@@ ated section next to the milk in the re@@ fri@@ ger@@ ated section . +in a world of too many op@@ tions and too little time , our obvious choice is to just ignor@@ e the ordinary stuff . marketing gur@@ u se@@ th go@@ d@@ in sp@@ ells out why , when it comes to getting our attention , bad or bizar@@ re ideas are more successful than bor@@ ing ones . +now , speaking of walls , i want to share with you the story of one wall in ca@@ ir@@ o . +most of the economic models are built around sc@@ ar@@ city and growth . +if we can make it through the next 150 years , i think that your great great grand@@ children will forget all about mal@@ th@@ us . +the problem is that these pu@@ ps need a stable platform of soli@@ d ice in order to nur@@ se from their mom@@ s . +we can 't keep taking without expe@@ cting serious consequences as a result . +i didn 't want them to be over@@ ly thre@@ at@@ ening or sc@@ ary . +here we see a female cra@@ w@@ ling out of the ocean under mo@@ on@@ light on the island of tr@@ ini@@ dad . +7@@ 2 percent of the population has such sc@@ ars , but most don 't shed the ge@@ ar , things like lo@@ b@@ ster tra@@ ps and cra@@ b po@@ ts . +i worked in other parts of new ze@@ al@@ and as well , in beautiful , fra@@ gi@@ le , prote@@ cted areas like in fi@@ ord@@ land , where this sea pen col@@ ony was found . +it 's horri@@ ble . it 's a pro@@ of of our fail@@ ing to save them in the wild . +when i stood there in the gr@@ ass , it 's hot -- not even the sound of insects -- just this wa@@ ving gr@@ ass . +now in this reci@@ pe you also have the cost . +and once the soil gets dri@@ ed , you 're in a dry seas@@ on -- you get cra@@ cks , oxygen goes in , fl@@ ames come out and the problem starts all over again . +but , it 's more complicated . it 's not that simple , and you have to work with the people . +and this is after two years . +and look , there 's now 1@@ 1.@@ 2 percent more clou@@ ds -- already , after three years . +but whatever you do in that program , it has to be fully suppor@@ ted by the people , meaning that you also have to ad@@ just it to the local , cultural values . +all the sculp@@ tures move by mechan@@ ical means . +it sounds good , but i 'll bet you know in your gut that it 's not the whole truth , and i 'll tell you why . +and i wa@@ ited , and the next day i liked it a bit better , the next day i liked it a bit better , and now i really love it . +free@@ ways . +what i 'm trying to say is the major contribu@@ tion on carbon emissions are from the cars -- more than 50 percent -- so when we dep@@ end only on cars , it 's ... +you should have always a structure of living and working together . +and we cannot have all the answers . +okay , now why then is this curious rel@@ u@@ c@@ tan@@ ce and curious ho@@ sti@@ li@@ ty to consciousness ? +how could spiritu@@ ality move anything ? +and just as the j@@ ar full of water can go from liquid to soli@@ d depen@@ ding on the behavior of the molecules , so your brain can go from a state of being conscious to a state of being un@@ conscious , depen@@ ding on the behavior of the molecules . +okay , the next fe@@ ature of consciousness , after this mar@@ vel@@ ous uni@@ fied conscious field , is that it fun@@ ctions caus@@ ally in our behavior . +it 's only relative to conscious ag@@ ents that a piece of paper is money or that a bunch of buildings is a university . +i won 't demon@@ strate pain behavior , but i can tell you i 'm not having any pa@@ ins right now . +but i believe there 's a second climate crisis , which is as sever@@ e , which has the same orig@@ ins , and that we have to deal with with the same ur@@ gen@@ cy . +and human resources are like natural resources ; they 're often bu@@ ried deep . +we must dis@@ en@@ thr@@ all ourselves , and then we shall save our country . " +she doesn 't see the point . +he said , " as a kid . " he said , " actually , it was a problem for me at school , because at school , everybody wanted to be a fire@@ man . " +" you 've been around for 3@@ 6 months , and this is it ? " +you know this , if you 're doing something you love , an hour feels like five minutes . +he wrote this to his love , mau@@ d gon@@ ne , and he was be@@ wa@@ il@@ ing the fact that he couldn 't really give her what he thought she wanted from him . +now what 's interesting about that is ir@@ regular ver@@ bs between al@@ fre@@ d and ja@@ y-@@ z have become more regular . +so i think in the next decade , the sci@@ ences and the human@@ i@@ ties will come closer together to be able to answer deep questions about man@@ kind . +and so i got some training and went and worked in africa during most of my 20@@ s . +and she walked forward with such cal@@ m and such c@@ lar@@ ity and such total lack of fear that she could walk right up to the first gun , put her hand on it and lower it . +but an@@ ger is like gas@@ ol@@ ine , and if you spra@@ y it around and somebody lights a match , you 've got an in@@ fer@@ no . +and what they 've realized is that using violence in the situations they operate in is not only less human@@ e , but it 's less effective than using metho@@ ds that connect people with people , that re@@ build . +it 's flo@@ wn around the world . +do you mind if we do something completely different ? +you could say , well , it doesn 't look very different from when he started . +and is art about trying to imagine what lies beyond the hori@@ zon ? +if you look down , you can 't see your feet . +and thanks to the people of interface , i have become a re@@ co@@ vering pl@@ under@@ er . +thinking it through , i realized that all those at@@ tribu@@ tes must be changed to move t to the den@@ om@@ in@@ ator . +we re@@ ck@@ on that we are a bit over hal@@ f@@ way to our goal : zero impact , zero foot@@ print . +i re@@ main trou@@ bled by the re@@ vis@@ ed ehrlich equ@@ ation , i equ@@ als p times a divi@@ ded by t@@ 2 . +because it told me , by god , one person got it . +while we ini@@ tially her@@ al@@ ded the internet as the fantastic new marketing device that was going to solve all our problems , we now realize that the internet is , if anything , too effective in that reg@@ ard . +and at heart , both re@@ forma@@ tions , i think were asking the questions : who 's enti@@ t@@ led to practice ? +today 's professional theater community is defined , not only the sha@@ w and strat@@ ford festi@@ v@@ als , but by the cor@@ ner@@ stone theater of los angeles -- a collective of artists that after 9 / 11 , brought together 10 different religious communities -- the ba@@ hi@@ a , the ca@@ tho@@ lic , the musli@@ m , the je@@ wish , even the na@@ tive american and the gay and les@@ bi@@ an communities of faith , helping them create their own individual plays and one massive play , where they explor@@ ed the differences in their faith and found common@@ ality as an important first step toward cros@@ s-@@ community heal@@ ing . +we want to play you one more sele@@ ction . +and that 's how i got out of high school . +at a re@@ ception in their cour@@ ty@@ ard , i noticed that they had a foun@@ tain because they think that the people who go to the museum deser@@ ve a foun@@ tain . +and so the next thing you 'll see is a million dollar kitchen that was built by the h@@ ein@@ z company -- you 've heard of them ? +we have students who sit together , black kids and white kids , and what we 've discovered is you can solve the race problem by creating a world class environment , because people will have a tenden@@ cy to show you world class behavior if you treat them in that way . +that 's our library with more hand@@ cra@@ f@@ ted fur@@ ni@@ ture . +he was dra@@ g@@ ging guys out of b@@ ars and saving those lives for the l@@ ord . +she said , " well , i work for a company called he@@ w@@ le@@ tt@@ -@@ pac@@ k@@ ard . " +and i want my music to be with you . " +and that 's the building , and that 's the model , and on the right 's a high-@@ tech green@@ house and in the middle 's the medical technology building . +this is in a place called san francisco . +i said , " well , that 's very nice . +because mr. ross used to bring in your al@@ bu@@ ms when i was 16 years old in the po@@ tter@@ y class , when the world was all dark , and your music got me to the sun@@ light . " +it 's really our first for@@ ay into this . +so it consi@@ sts of two parts , what we call an en@@ co@@ der and a trans@@ duc@@ er . +so let me show you , and i 'm going to start with the standard method first . +this man is supposed to represent a gener@@ ic human being , and all of the cir@@ cles in that man are all of the cells that make up your body . +we 're not doing anything to the cells here . +this is like the ste@@ al@@ th bom@@ ber of the ocean . +this is the vi@@ bri@@ o fis@@ cher@@ i molecule . +they take that information inside , and they decide what tas@@ ks to carry out depen@@ ding on who 's in the min@@ ority and who 's in the majority of any given population . +we 've also done the same thing with the p@@ ink system . +this is exactly what happens in your body . +look at all the argu@@ ments we have these days over health care , over bon@@ uses and ba@@ il@@ ou@@ ts on wall street , over the gap between rich and poor , over aff@@ ir@@ ma@@ tive action and sam@@ e-@@ sex marriage . +actually , that was ari@@ st@@ ot@@ le 's answer too . +he was a very good gol@@ fer , but he had a dis@@ ability . +what 's your name ? +is walking the course essential to the game ? +first , no real spor@@ ts fan would talk that way . +so let 's step back from these cases and see how they shed light on the way we might improve , el@@ ev@@ ate , the terms of political dis@@ course in the united states , and for that matter , around the world . +michael san@@ del : the lost art of democratic debate +you know , a lot of people said , " well , you know , city boys have no business telling us rural types what to do with our time . +and , i say that that 's fine -- the future of humanity is enti@@ t@@ led to make that choice . +we 've discovered things like , for example , r@@ na inter@@ ference only a few years ago , and this is a really fundamental compon@@ ent of how cells work . +the therap@@ ies will be impro@@ ving faster than the rema@@ ining im@@ perfe@@ ctions in the therap@@ ies are cat@@ ching up with us . +secon@@ dly , what does it mean for the public 's perception of how long it 's going to take for us to get to those things , starting from the time we get the mi@@ ce ? +we can call it the " engineering approach , " and i cla@@ im that the engineering approach is within range . +some of them are par@@ tially imple@@ mented already , the ones at the top . +audience : species on this planet have evolved with imm@@ une systems to fight off all the diseases so that individuals live long enough to pro@@ create . +there are species that have no aging -- hy@@ dr@@ a for example -- but they do it by not having a nervous system -- and not having any tis@@ su@@ es in fact that rely for their function on very long-@@ lived cells . +and although i want to thank the tal@@ ented people of our company fore@@ most for that -- and also there 's a factor of lu@@ ck and ti@@ ming -- we are absolutely convinced that we did this because of our values . +i have days that i believe , but i have days that i 'm full of dou@@ bt . +so we should embra@@ ce our difference and a@@ im for challenge . +what happens when a city deci@@ des it 's going to set other pri@@ ori@@ ties ? +according to the center for disease control , fully one third of all children born after 2000 will get diabetes . +and we take car cr@@ as@@ hes for gran@@ ted . +but , of course , we 've seen what that does . +you don 't want to tell americans , god for@@ bi@@ d , that they have to change their lifest@@ yle . +the second reason is that we killed these things . +well , we looked at the tissue under the microscop@@ e . +the first one that we see occur@@ s in the ancient rain@@ fore@@ sts of australia about 25 million years ago , and the national geographic society is helping us to explore these fossil de@@ pos@@ its . this is ri@@ ver@@ s@@ lei@@ gh . +wild dogs did eat a few of the she@@ ep , but the th@@ yl@@ ac@@ ine got a bad ra@@ p . +they 're related dist@@ antly to th@@ yl@@ ac@@ ines . +he thought hard . i mean , it was nearly 80 years before this that he 'd been at this hu@@ t . +it 's very , very difficult to speak at the end of a conference like this , because everyone has spo@@ ken . everything has been said . +now , why is all this important , to have to go really fast ? +creating our own program to solve problems , like fighting corruption , building institutions , stabili@@ zing the mi@@ cr@@ o economy . +is it being direc@@ ted effectively ? +it was really hot . i was very hun@@ gry . +and now let me become less sen@@ ti@@ mental , and say that saving lives -- which some of the aid we get does on this continent -- when you save the life of anyone , a farmer , a teacher , a mother , they are contribu@@ ting produ@@ c@@ tively into the economy . +when we ask them and tell them what we need , one of my wor@@ ries today is that we have many foun@@ da@@ tions now . +our in@@ ability to take charge and say to all these people bringing their money , " sit down . " +aid cannot solve our problems , i 'm fir@@ m@@ ly convinced about that . +a lot has been said here about women , i don 't need to repe@@ at it . +i 'm going to go over some science experiments and try to cover three musical experiments . +and so all of us have this remarkable brain , which is poor@@ ly understood to say the least . +you can 't just sort of -- " it 's great we 've got this key@@ board . " +really , consciousness is se@@ ated in the fron@@ tal lo@@ be . +c@@ l : at this point , i 'll take a few moments . +so what we had them do was memor@@ ize this lo@@ wer@@ -@@ left sound ic@@ on , please . +so just to conclu@@ de , we 've got a lot of questions to ask , and like i said , we 'll ask questions here , not answer them . +look , the world has changed from anal@@ o@@ g to digital . +a techni@@ cian will put the electro@@ des onto the sc@@ al@@ p using a conduc@@ tive gel or pa@@ ste and usually after a proce@@ d@@ ure of prepar@@ ing the sc@@ al@@ p by light ab@@ r@@ asi@@ on . +the first time , nothing will happen , because the system has no idea how he thinks about " pull . " +and once you 've trained up the dete@@ ctions , these thoughts can be as@@ sig@@ ned or ma@@ pped to any computing platform , app@@ lic@@ ation or device . +so i 'm going to brie@@ fly disc@@ uss a couple of problems that we have and a couple of problems where we 've got some solutions under@@ way . +es@@ ther du@@ fl@@ o talked a little bit about this . +the other thing is , you know , it would be even better if you didn 't have to draw the blood . +there 's all these different interven@@ tions but they have different kinds of effec@@ ti@@ ven@@ ess . +in 19@@ 35 , there were 15@@ 0,000 cases a year of malaria in the united states , but dd@@ t and a massive public health effort managed to squ@@ el@@ ch it . +now , it turns out we only kill the female mo@@ squ@@ it@@ o@@ es . +here we have it running at high-@@ speed mode . +it 's then sold and bought , and it 's then deli@@ vered to me . +but i thought , no , no , experiment with res@@ ins , experiment with poly@@ mers . +three com@@ post b@@ ins -- go through about 70 kil@@ os of ra@@ w vege@@ table waste a week -- really good , makes fantastic com@@ post . +very advanced , no air@@ -@@ condi@@ tion@@ ing -- i love it . +that 's zero food waste . +basically i 'm recor@@ ding one second of every day of my life for the rest of my life , chron@@ ologi@@ cally comp@@ il@@ ing these one-@@ second tiny sli@@ ces of my life into one single continu@@ ous video until , you know , i can 't record them anymore . +it helped me realize something else during this project , is that recor@@ ding that one second on a really bad day is extremely difficult . +and we can start a film about that , and we can see a little bit back@@ wards in time . +these are the di@@ stances of the tu@@ bes which make it walk that way . +it 's a bin@@ ary step counter . +you can only do them one at a time . +i think philosop@@ hi@@ cally , that was one of the most important pa@@ pers that we 've ever done because it showed how dynamic life was . +so the team developed new de@@ bu@@ g@@ ging software , where we could test each syn@@ thetic frag@@ ment to see if it would grow in a background of wild type dna . +and we ad@@ ded three quot@@ ations , because with the first genome we were cri@@ ti@@ ci@@ zed for not trying to say something more profound than just sig@@ ning the work . +or , more importantly , hiv , where the virus evol@@ ves so quickly the vac@@ cin@@ es that are made today can 't keep up with those evolutionary changes . +so i read slowly . +this was perhaps the biggest surprise -- how flexi@@ ble the kor@@ an is , at least in minds that are not fundament@@ ally in@@ flexi@@ ble . +i study ants , and that 's because i like to think about how organizations work . +and they do that by each year sending out the re@@ produ@@ c@@ tives -- those are the ones with wings -- on a ma@@ ting flight . +and it sta@@ ys that size until the queen dies and there 's nobody to make more ants , when she 's about 15 or 20 years old . +on one day , it 'll all be here , and then the next day they 'll move it over there , and then they 'll move it back . +they somehow get into this reser@@ ve . +well it turns out that yes , the different tas@@ ks are inter@@ depen@@ dent . +so , the ants in the older col@@ ony that seem to be more stable are not any older than the ants in the yo@@ unger col@@ ony . +they 've gone out to do different tas@@ ks , and the rate at which they meet as they come in and out of the nest ent@@ r@@ ance determin@@ es , or influ@@ ences , each ant 's decision about whether to go out , and which task to per@@ form . +but in a small col@@ ony , it 's likely to meet fewer for@@ a@@ gers , just because there are fewer other for@@ a@@ gers there to meet . +but it 's the greatest trans@@ fer of wealth , from one group to another in the history of man@@ kind . +yes , it 's going to continue . +it 's 1@@ 30 oc@@ tan@@ e fuel . +i don 't have to worry about the bridge to where at my age . +in a nu@@ t@@ sh@@ ell that 's what happened ? +and so everyone can be at least happy to see a shift from coal or oil to natural gas . +and number two , do not build a re@@ former on the ocean . +i don 't understand why the media is focused on eastern pen@@ n@@ syl@@ v@@ ania . +bo@@ one , i really , really appreci@@ ate you coming here , eng@@ aging in this conversation . +" the el@@ dor@@ a@@ do of the united states of america : the discovery of in@@ ex@@ hau@@ sti@@ ble gold min@@ es in california . " +half of them deser@@ ted to go look for gold . +but they spent three and a half million dollars in the 2000 super bow@@ l to air that ad , even though , at the time , they only had a million dollars in an@@ nu@@ al re@@ venue . +this is work going on down in lower manhattan where they built some of the first electric power gener@@ ating sta@@ tions . +this came in , like , six different colors . +i mean , you didn 't want this thing clo@@ g@@ ging up a light so@@ cket . +and one friend of mine was telling me a story : not only did they get there and have to wait , but then the engineers , when they finally did get there , for the third time , they had to call somebody . +i 'm going to try to give you a little bit of a natural history of compassion and the golden rule . +now , there 's more good news that came along later in evolution , a second kind of evolutionary lo@@ gic . +now , we have a ration@@ ale for that . +and if you ask what kind of situation is condu@@ ci@@ ve to people defin@@ ing people as ene@@ mi@@ es , it 's a zer@@ o-@@ sum situation . +it 's why social organization has grown from the h@@ unter@@ -@@ gather@@ er village to the ancient state , the em@@ pi@@ re , and now here we are in a glob@@ alized world . +i think politicians can help fo@@ ster non-@@ zer@@ o-@@ sum relationships , economic engagement is generally better than block@@ a@@ des and so on , in this reg@@ ard . +it 's un@@ fortun@@ ate that they tend to be sel@@ ec@@ tively de@@ plo@@ yed . +what time of life had they started school ? +he ac@@ tively sou@@ ght dis@@ con@@ fir@@ ma@@ tion . +in sur@@ ve@@ ys of european and american ex@@ ecu@@ tives , fully 85 percent of them ac@@ knowle@@ d@@ ged that they had issues or concern@@ s at work that they were afraid to raise . +but he had been so afraid of conflict , until finally he became more afraid of the sil@@ ence . +so , what people were saying to me about the cause of cancer , sources of cancer , or , for that matter , why you are who you are , didn 't make sense . +so , i decided over the years , because of a series of experiments that this is because of context and architecture . +and we said , wonderful ! look at this pretty structure . +i made a radical hypo@@ thesis . +we have shown that there 's little pieces of dna on the specific genes of the mam@@ mary gl@@ and that actually respond to extra@@ cell@@ ular matri@@ x . +but here is a po@@ em from ye@@ ats . i 'll just read you the last two lines . +it 's been fantastic . +it sounds a little bit like a weird book , but actually they 're all new types of lies . +he wrote very , very positive re@@ vie@@ ws about himself . surprise , surprise . +my friends , no way they can be that cool and have good of a life . +well , to do that , one thing is we can look at the de@@ cep@@ tion@@ -@@ dete@@ ction liter@@ ature . +anybody do any writing today ? did anybody write a word ? +those cold , hard w@@ inter@@ s , i love it . +now , when you are about to say or do something , we can think , do i want this to be part of my leg@@ acy , part of my personal record ? +though in all seri@@ ousness , this position that you just saw me in , looking down at my phone , that 's one of the reasons behind this project , project glass . +we had to keep it secret from our industrial designer until she actually accep@@ ted the job , and then she almost ran away scre@@ aming . +but i do that all the time . +i go back to color all the time . +my mother was , sort of , very sensitive to his mother , who it seemed was a little bit skep@@ tical about the whole alternative lifest@@ yle thing . +i went to per@@ forming arts high school , where i was an actor . +and so i had this t@@ .@@ v@@ . show . +and there 's got to be some way to do that , ro@@ sie . +and i often look at things as though they 're food . +che@@ f : oh , you don 't know ? let me tell you something . +fashion designer is@@ a@@ a@@ c mi@@ z@@ ra@@ hi sp@@ ins through a di@@ zz@@ ying ar@@ ray of inspi@@ ra@@ tions -- from ' 5@@ 0s pin@@ u@@ ps to a fle@@ eting gli@@ mp@@ se of a woman on the street who makes him sh@@ out " stop the ca@@ b ! " inside this ra@@ m@@ bling talk are real clu@@ es to living a happy , creative life . +and i was actually a po@@ tent force in spre@@ ading ideas across bor@@ ders , and i wit@@ n@@ essed the rise of islam@@ ist extre@@ mis@@ m as distin@@ ct from islam the faith , and the way in which it influ@@ enced my co-@@ religi@@ oni@@ sts across the world . +what 's actually happening is that what were previ@@ ously lo@@ c@@ alized par@@ o@@ chi@@ al@@ is@@ ms , individual or grou@@ p@@ ings of extre@@ mi@@ sts who were isol@@ ated from one another , have become inter@@ connected in a glob@@ alized way and have th@@ us become , or are becoming , main@@ stream . +and a social movement is com@@ pris@@ ed , in my view , it 's com@@ pris@@ ed of four main characteri@@ stics . +the second , i believe , is political cor@@ rec@@ t@@ ness . +not ex@@ clu@@ sive to these things , but in addition to them , is pro@@ pag@@ ating a genu@@ ine demand for democracy on the ground . +because it 's not enough to re@@ move a leader or rul@@ er or dic@@ tat@@ or . +it isn 't when the sh@@ in@@ y new tools show up that their uses start per@@ me@@ ating society . +the internet is the first medium in history that has na@@ tive support for groups and conversation at the same time . +the b@@ b@@ c got their first wind of the chinese qua@@ ke from twitter . +and finally the chinese cra@@ cked down . +all of that is over . +he had to issue a re@@ p@@ ly . +ok , this is mo@@ unt ever@@ est . +it was a national geographic expedi@@ tion , but it was organized by the explor@@ ers club . +there 's no ice over it . +from here , it 's about 1,@@ 500 feet up at a 3@@ 0-@@ degree angle to the sum@@ mit . +this is a view taken along the sum@@ mit ri@@ dge . +it 's really cold ; it 's 24@@ ,000 feet . +the survi@@ vor@@ s came in one by one . +after la@@ ying in the s@@ now that long a time , he got up and found his way back to the camp . +he 's dying . +he was cri@@ tically ill , there were other cri@@ tically ill patients ; lu@@ ck@@ ily , we were able to get a heli@@ cop@@ ter in to res@@ cu@@ e these guys . +so ideas change states . +but a demo@@ graphic divi@@ den@@ d is only as good as the investment in your human capital . +and then i think the other point is that indi@@ ans today are far more comfortable with glob@@ alization . +it 's certainly not like china . +what are those ideas ? one is , i think , are ide@@ ological issues . +we can use technology for transpar@@ ency , and many other things . +if we really want to come to a point , we really want to put a ca@@ p on our carbon emis@@ sion , we want to really lower the use of energy -- it has to be solved in countries like india . +and this is a rain@@ y ele@@ ction day in a small country -- that can be my country , but could be also your country . +so basically i want to ask : what went right and what went wrong in these 50 years when we talk about democracy ? +and you have the market revolution of the 198@@ 0s and the huge increase of ine@@ quality in societies . +you have facebook revol@@ u@@ tions , twitter revol@@ u@@ tions . +in a small country that could be my country , but could be also your country , they took a decision -- it is a real case story -- that all of the govern@@ mental decisions , discus@@ sions of the coun@@ cil of mini@@ sters , were going to be published on the internet 24 hours after the coun@@ cil discus@@ sions took place . +the idea is called the social impact bon@@ d . +the service provi@@ ders , well , for the first time , they 've got an opportunity to provide services and grow the evidence for what they 're doing in a really con@@ struc@@ tive way and learn and demon@@ strate the value of what they 're doing over five or six years , not just one or two as often happens at the moment . +it en@@ ables testing of new ideas in a way that 's less difficult for everybody . +" ha , i 'm the only person i ever loved . " +he goes , " sir , why don 't you drive ? " +why is that ? are you too ti@@ red to go all the way around ? +i 'm not supposed to be , like , walking down the a@@ is@@ le , and be like , " hi , jack . " you know , that 's not cool . +was@@ su@@ p . +ted@@ x . +decided to use recycl@@ ed content from c@@ ement and steel manufacturing . +we must change everything . +it is transpar@@ ent , made just for you . +they were missing the vision . +so once those pictures are ac@@ qui@@ red and the physi@@ cian has dra@@ wn all the necessary safety limit@@ s and so on , he sel@@ ec@@ ts basically a point -- you see the round point in the middle where the cur@@ sor is -- and he pres@@ ses this blue butt@@ on called " son@@ ic@@ ate . " +john is one of [ about ] a do@@ zen very hero@@ ic , coura@@ ge@@ ous people who volunte@@ ered for the study . +he 's a 7@@ 8 year-old farmer who suff@@ ered from -- how should i say it ? -- it 's called pain in the bu@@ tt . +i don 't see , without this nation taking it as some collective will or something that is a national goal to make that happen , it will not happen . +so new life was born . +all they have , really , is tra@@ de@@ mark protection , and so it means that anybody could copy any gar@@ ment on any person in this room and sell it as their own design . +now , fashion designers have the broad@@ est pal@@ ette imag@@ in@@ able in this creative industry . +one that a lot of cultural cri@@ tics have poin@@ ted to is that we now have a much bro@@ a@@ der pal@@ ette of design choices to choose from than we ever have before , and this is main@@ ly because of the fast fashion industry , actually . +i love these gal@@ li@@ an@@ os . +if you look at the regi@@ stry , actually , a lot of the regi@@ ster@@ ed things in the e@@ .@@ u . +fire@@ works dis@@ plays , the smell of per@@ fu@@ me : no . +it is bar@@ ely te@@ ther@@ ed to any sort of physical reality in our minds . +i 'd been travel@@ ing in japan without an agenda other than to photograph , and then i heard about this tree that is 2,@@ 1@@ 80 years old and knew that i had to go visit it . +and then this back down on the ground and you can see that the fun@@ gu@@ s is actually inv@@ ading this tree . +but i put that slide in there because i 'm often asked if there are any animals in the project . +and what looks like two big he@@ ap@@ s of leaves , is actually two single leaves that get sh@@ red@@ ded up by the har@@ sh desert conditions over time . +this bacteria was discovered several years ago by a team of planet@@ ary bi@@ ologists hop@@ ing to find clu@@ es to life on other planets by looking at one of the har@@ sh@@ est conditions on ours . +it will be completely free , and it will work in any brow@@ ser . +i think po@@ p@@ cor@@ n could change the way that we tell stories on the web , and the way we understand the world we live in . +consider the 2008 terror@@ ist attack on mu@@ m@@ bai . +is he bald in front ? does he wear glas@@ ses ? " +you could ro@@ b 200 people on a train , a great innovation . +you see , if you can print in metal , you can print one of these , and in fact you can also print one of these too . +and to ha@@ ck@@ ers , dna is just another operating system waiting to be ha@@ cked . +that 's what i get asked all the time . +the threat is serious , and the time to pre@@ p@@ are for it is now . +will i be mar@@ g@@ in@@ alized ? +and when we think about leg@@ acy , i can think of no more powerful one , despite how short her life was . +and there is no group more vulnerable to those kinds of manipu@@ lations than young men . +i know it works . +who gets to use the mo@@ squ@@ e on fri@@ days ? " +and we placed him in a company in western kenya , just 200 miles away . +so , what do you think ? +and la@@ stly , the only portra@@ it of a male that leon@@ ardo pain@@ ted , " the musi@@ cian . " +ladies and gentle@@ men , this story has not yet been published . +i don 't know why . i did not ask for a con@@ dom . +then i used , tried to use the medical college girls . +what if one decided to start phil@@ anth@@ rop@@ y from the day one ? +do your job simply , the girl will ch@@ ase you . +every ho@@ li@@ day i had as a young boy was in a national park . +the pas@@ sen@@ gers who fell off the ti@@ tan@@ ic fell into water of just five degrees centi@@ grade . +i could bar@@ ely brea@@ the . i was gas@@ ping for air . +and after just three minutes in that water , he was able to get himself out . +and i remember looking into the ice , and there were big ch@@ un@@ ks of white ice in there , and the water was completely black . +l@@ p : i 'd just like to end off by just saying this : it took me four months again to feel my hands . +the talk will be broad@@ ly about energy , but oil 's a good place to start . +and so , 25 years ago , there was a peak oil ; just like , in the 19@@ 20@@ s , there was a peak coal ; and a hundred years before that , there was a peak wood . +it 's not different , it 's the same stuff : cal@@ ci@@ um car@@ bon@@ ate , cal@@ ci@@ um car@@ bon@@ ate . +it 's not because we 're going to build a ba@@ j@@ il@@ li@@ on wind@@ mil@@ ls . +that 's the one advantage that older people have . +and i said , " i have no training as a doctor . i never cla@@ im@@ ed that . " +and then she made me go up with the ta@@ pe of it and prove that george ab@@ bot@@ t actually could talk . +and , inci@@ dent@@ ally , i call her the ele@@ an@@ or roo@@ se@@ v@@ elt of the right . +and i said , " i 'm learning . " +his father was an so@@ b , and , in fact , he was another com@@ edi@@ an with an un@@ happy childhood , but then we were off and running . +an amazing woman . +first of all , was that dance , even though it hadn 't been off@@ ered to her , was her life . +the problem is , without techni@@ cians , without sp@@ are parts , don@@ ations like this very quickly turn into jun@@ k . +michael free at path says you have to figure out who will " choose , use and pay the du@@ es " for a product like this . +you 've got to sh@@ ine blue light on the kid -- bright blue light on as much of the skin as you can cover . +they 're in@@ expensive , really ru@@ g@@ ged . +last story here : i 've got a friend in india who told me that you haven 't really te@@ sted a piece of electr@@ onic technology for distribution in asia until you 've trained a cock@@ ro@@ ach to clim@@ b in and pe@@ e on every single little compon@@ ent on the inside . +one is the large global economy , the large glob@@ alized economy , and the other one is the small , and very limited , capacity of our traditional governments and their international institutions to gover@@ n , to shape , this economy . +we are not talking about 5@@ 0,000 dollars here , or 100,000 dollars there , or one million dollars there . +well , thank you . i mean , it 's interesting , in doing this , we had to sit together with the companies . +in germany , we have a system where you are not allowed to bri@@ be a civil ser@@ v@@ ant , but you are allowed to bri@@ be a de@@ pu@@ ty . +i 'm not conne@@ cting to them . +so i now have this sort of restaurant men@@ u vis@@ iting of art g@@ aller@@ ies . +and i thought , no , it 's a very inti@@ mate look , but it 's not a look a daughter gives her father . +am@@ on@@ gst them a yellow co@@ at with white fu@@ r , a yellow and black bo@@ di@@ ce , and you see these clo@@ th@@ es on lots of other pain@@ t@@ ings , different women in the pain@@ t@@ ings , ver@@ meer 's pain@@ t@@ ings . +not the pain@@ ter , i don 't want to think about the pain@@ ter . +i kept thinking of be@@ ds and red che@@ e@@ ks , and of course i kept thinking of sex when i looked at him , and i thought , is that what he 's thinking about ? +but it is difficult to hear the words al@@ oud . +there was hollywood . +so when i read in a newspaper in the business page the story of n@@ ollywood , i really felt this is an incredible opportunity to tell a story that goes against all these pre@@ conc@@ ei@@ ved no@@ tions . +we 're not doing films for the eli@@ te and the people in their glass houses . +it 's all about the foreign movies . +move it . +the nigeri@@ an film@@ makers really , really , are doing what they like . +difficult , e@@ h ? it 's meaning@@ less . +and we know that there are more . +z@@ ambi@@ a-@@ born film@@ maker fran@@ co sac@@ ch@@ i t@@ ours us through n@@ ollywood , nigeria 's bo@@ om@@ ing film industry . gu@@ er@@ ri@@ ll@@ a film@@ making and brilli@@ ance under pressure from cre@@ ws that can sho@@ ot a ful@@ l-@@ l@@ ength fe@@ ature in a week . +we were talking about the ra@@ p@@ ture ? it 's coming . +you know , we have to go through that . +it 's about roll@@ ing a ball and pi@@ cking up as many objects as you can in a fin@@ ite amount of time and hopefully you 'll be able to make it into a planet . +so we have port@@ al because you sho@@ ot walls in order to create new spaces . +so time , space , a@@ es@@ the@@ tics , and then , most important , behavior . +so in a way , we 're showing a mani@@ fest@@ ation of something that is truly important and that is part of our identity but that nobody can have . +i was concerned about making a place for the study of law . +i did this building in japan . +we made the dra@@ wings of the fish and the sc@@ ales . +he was a sou@@ ven@@ ir sal@@ es@@ man who always wanted to be a pain@@ ter , and i was frank@@ ie p@@ . tor@@ onto . +and it seemed to work as a way to put he and i together . +and her@@ man mil@@ ler has this philosoph@@ y of having a place -- a people place . +and so then he put two bri@@ d@@ ges -- this all happened on the fa@@ x , going back and forth over a couple of weeks ' period . +they 've been building it so long i don 't remember where it is . +we used it at lo@@ yo@@ la on the cha@@ pel , and it didn 't work . +this is a piece of property in br@@ ent@@ wood . +and then you enter into the living room and then so on . +and you 're looking at it from the off@@ ices and you create a kind of interaction between these pieces . +if any of you guys have any ideas for it , please contact me . +and i tried to -- there 's a ni@@ ck gri@@ m@@ sha@@ w building over here , there 's an ol@@ den@@ bur@@ g sculp@@ ture over here -- i tried to make a relationship ur@@ b@@ ani@@ sti@@ cally . +the ac@@ ou@@ sti@@ cian in the competition gave us cri@@ teri@@ a , which led to this com@@ part@@ ment@@ alized sche@@ me , which we found out after the competition would not work at all . +and this is a tea@@ po@@ t i designed for al@@ ess@@ i . +it didn 't work . +and so this is what they do . +so you start with the bag@@ asse , and then you take a very simple kil@@ n that you can make out of a waste fif@@ ty five-@@ gall@@ on oil dr@@ um . +so we wanted to try to find a way to make a stron@@ ger bri@@ qu@@ ette so that we could compe@@ te with wood char@@ coal in the markets in haiti . +but this is one of the incredibly rare situations where you also have economic benefits . +and we need to think about how we can do that effectively . +and this bone is pe@@ p@@ per@@ ed , as you can see , with the light sh@@ ining through the sk@@ ul@@ l with ca@@ vi@@ ties , the sin@@ uses , which warm and mo@@ i@@ sten the air we brea@@ the . +as you can see , it 's blo@@ cking her vision . +that 's exactly what people used to say to sue . +he main@@ tain@@ ed a cal@@ m in@@ sou@@ ci@@ ance . +because you might say , " well , this type of surgery might be re@@ gar@@ ded as co@@ s@@ me@@ tic . " +and beauty doesn 't equ@@ ate to goo@@ dness , and certainly doesn 't equ@@ ate to cont@@ ent@@ ment . +" i want to look like this . this is how i looked before . " +so the better news is the future 's almost here -- and the future is tissue engineering . +how do we really change children 's relationship to food ? +se@@ vent@@ y percent of all antibio@@ tics consum@@ ed in america is consum@@ ed in animal hus@@ band@@ ry . +it is about what we feed them . +why can we have 2@@ 9@@ -@@ cent big gul@@ ps and 9@@ 9@@ -@@ cent double bur@@ gers ? +we really need to change this whole paradig@@ m with kids and food . +they do ta@@ st@@ ings of these ingre@@ di@@ ents in the gar@@ den@@ ing clas@@ ses . +one of the things i do a lot is publi@@ c@@ -@@ private partner@@ ships . +and , you know , i 'm not that better off now . +so we 're spending less than a dollar , ok , on lunch . +and he poin@@ ted up to the sky , and he said , " look , do you see that ? +when i go to a philosop@@ her 's party and they ask me what i work on and i say , " consciousness , " their eyes don 't gla@@ ze over -- their li@@ ps cur@@ l into a s@@ nar@@ l . +that 's the order of the day here . +this means that a lot of people are just left completely dis@@ satis@@ fied and incre@@ dul@@ ous when i attemp@@ t to explain consciousness . +i 'm working with a young computer@@ -@@ anima@@ tor docum@@ ent@@ arian named ni@@ ck de@@ am@@ er , and this is a little dem@@ o that he 's done for me , part of a larger project some of you may be interested in . +and i started across the hall in north car@@ ol@@ ina , because i thought it was probably a can@@ al@@ et@@ to , and would have all that in detail . +how many of you did it by ro@@ tat@@ ing the one on the left in your mind 's eye , to see if it mat@@ ched up with the one on the right ? +if you 're seeing it as a cu@@ be flo@@ ating in front of some cir@@ cles , some black cir@@ cles , there 's another way of seeing it . +and keep going , until the subject pres@@ ses the butt@@ on , saying , " i see the change . " +thanks very much for your attention . +they 're basically attemp@@ ts at fig@@ uring out what people should do instead of rus@@ h hour car driving . +because you still have 80 percent of the traffic . +se@@ vent@@ y percent of the population didn 't want this . +jon@@ as eli@@ as@@ son : how to solve traffic j@@ ams +what do we know about the country and the people that we pre@@ tend to protect , about the villa@@ ges where the only one medicine to kill the pain and to stop the hunger is op@@ ium ? +you , yourself , will find yourself in a hospital bed -- or your mother , your child -- there are heads no@@ d@@ ding , people who say , " yes , i know exactly what you mean . " +well he also saw that when health care turns to medical care because of a more serious disease , the key thing that hol@@ ds us back is access to information . +the question was , where from ? +where does medical ability end and start ? +it 's really serious . +don 't worry about the numbers . +there 's a guy on twitter that i know , a health it guy outside boston , and he wrote the e-@@ patient ra@@ p . +and she saw that if there is no in@@ fl@@ am@@ ma@@ tion then the scan is a uni@@ form gra@@ y . +da@@ ve de@@ bron@@ k@@ art : meet e-@@ patient da@@ ve +and this , in terms of mag@@ nes@@ ium and the amount of water that i just mentioned , equ@@ ates to a $ 4@@ .@@ 5 billion min@@ ing industry for sing@@ apo@@ re -- a place that doesn 't have any natural resources . +but one other extremely unique thing about bat@@ s is that they are able to use sound to percei@@ ve their environment . they use ech@@ olo@@ cation . +this is considered the five bl@@ ess@@ ings . +just have a quick look . and what we need to realize is that every 300 base pa@@ irs in your dna , you 're a little bit different . +in europe alone , by 20@@ 50 , there is going to be a 70 percent increase of individuals over 65 , and 1@@ 70 percent increase in individuals over 80 . +em@@ ma te@@ el@@ ing : the secret of the bat genome +europe had to be dra@@ g@@ ged into economic development . +the opportunity we 're going to look to is a genu@@ ine basis for optimis@@ m about the bottom billion , and that is the com@@ modi@@ ty bo@@ oms . +that is not a for@@ ec@@ ast about how com@@ modi@@ ty pri@@ ces go ; it 's a for@@ ec@@ ast of the consequences , the long-term consequences , for growth of an increase in pri@@ ces . +it turns out that elec@@ tor@@ al competition is the thing that 's doing the damage with democracy , whereas strong che@@ cks and bal@@ an@@ ces make resource bo@@ oms good . +they worked out they were worth two billion pounds . +paul colli@@ er : the " bottom billion " +all right , you 've all heard the term : " he 's a born surge@@ on . " +so i was inspired by a friend . +so i 'm passionate about teaching these fl@@ s skills all over the world . +and we currently have access to el@@ even language pa@@ irs . +we need it for our everyday life , in order to make the world a smaller place . +i continu@@ ed studying craft tradi@@ tions and collabor@@ ating with arti@@ s@@ ans , next in li@@ th@@ u@@ ania with l@@ ace makers . +my life was not going to be the same . +my arti@@ stic hori@@ z@@ ons continue to grow . +it was 23 me@@ tri@@ c tons for one li@@ ter . +you could be attac@@ ked by white blood cells in the ar@@ ter@@ ies . +they 're learning to fle@@ x this system that rele@@ ases their own en@@ do@@ gen@@ ous op@@ i@@ ates . +values are a certain kind of fact . +so the contribu@@ tions of culture -- if culture changes us , as indeed it does , it changes us by changing our brains . +well , consider by analog@@ y , the concept of physical health . +the fact that there are ex@@ cep@@ tions here does not change that at all . +this is why we spend our time talking about things like gay marriage and not about geno@@ cide or nuclear pro@@ li@@ fer@@ ation or poverty or any other hu@@ gely con@@ sequ@@ enti@@ al issue . +whenever we are talking about facts certain opini@@ ons must be ex@@ clu@@ ded . +sam har@@ r@@ is : yeah , well i think i tried to bro@@ ach this in a sentence , watching the clock ti@@ cking , but the question is : what is volun@@ t@@ ary in a context where men have certain expec@@ tations , and you 're guar@@ an@@ te@@ ed to be treated in a certain way if you don 't v@@ eil yourself ? +sam har@@ r@@ is : science can answer moral questions +here is a p@@ est , de@@ va@@ stat@@ ing p@@ est , a spi@@ der mi@@ te , because it does a lot of web@@ bing like a spi@@ der . +only the eg@@ g of the par@@ asi@@ te will be in@@ ser@@ ted into the body flu@@ ids of the ap@@ hi@@ d . +everything is just fine under these circum@@ stances . +and there goes the question , especially if you ask gro@@ wers , agri@@ cul@@ tu@@ ri@@ sts : why biological control ? +step by step , it does nar@@ row . +automo@@ tive retro@@ fu@@ tur@@ ism is one of my speci@@ al@@ ties . +this is t@@ ank pol@@ o in the south ham@@ p@@ tons . +people wrote in for re@@ prin@@ ts of that thing . +it was perfectly clear . i didn 't do any thinking about it . +the third thing on my che@@ ck@@ list is rela@@ tions with neighbor@@ ing friend@@ ly societies that may pro@@ p up a society . and if that friend@@ ly support is pulled away , that may make a society more likely to collapse . in the case of the green@@ land nor@@ se , they had trade with the mother country -- nor@@ way -- and that trade d@@ wind@@ led : par@@ tly because nor@@ way got we@@ ak@@ er , par@@ tly because of sea ice between green@@ land and nor@@ way . +so , some societies , for sub@@ tle environmental reasons , are more fra@@ gi@@ le than others . and then finally , another gener@@ alization . i 'm now teaching a course at u@@ cl@@ a , to u@@ cl@@ a under@@ gradu@@ ates , on these collap@@ ses of societies . what really bu@@ gs my u@@ cl@@ a under@@ graduate students is , how on earth did these societies not see what they were doing ? +instead , all the major thre@@ ats facing us today are problems entirely of our own making . and since we made the problems , we can also solve the problems . that then means that it 's entirely in our power to deal with these problems . +well we know that that was not a cheap war . +what are you eating ? +how are we going to feed this world ? +this has happened in the ne@@ ther@@ lands in the 199@@ 0s during the classi@@ cal s@@ wine fe@@ ver out@@ break . +one kil@@ ogra@@ m of gras@@ sh@@ op@@ pers has the same amount of cal@@ ories as 10 hot dogs , or six big ma@@ cs . +so why are we not eating insects yet ? +look at them first . look at them first . +that means we get our new hi@@ ps for free . +in fact , when we 're travel@@ ing ab@@ road , it 's how we identify fellow can@@ adi@@ ans . +i dra@@ ped them cas@@ ually over the chair in the doctor 's office . +it was the world 's first popular computer . +this is an astro@@ lab@@ e . pretty impres@@ sive , isn 't it ? +so , it 's about 26 degrees . you can 't see it from over there . +it can be used for calcul@@ ating mathematical equ@@ ations of all different types . +but what we lose , i think , is an accu@@ rate -- a felt sense of the sky , a sense of context . +you 're using your buil@@ t-@@ in dynam@@ ics , the physics of your body , just like a pen@@ dul@@ um . +let me demon@@ strate how it works . +and they already had a six leg@@ ged robot called le@@ mu@@ r . +instead of using electrical mot@@ ors , electro@@ mechan@@ ical actu@@ ators , we 're using com@@ pres@@ sed air . +for those who probably know , if you don 't have any sensor@@ s and there are any dist@@ urban@@ ces , you know what happens . +what you see over here , this is the beautiful lou@@ is v@@ u@@ it@@ ton c@@ up tro@@ ph@@ y . +and they assem@@ ble , and they form these kinds of mechanis@@ ms . +there was a great ted moment , i think it was sir ken ro@@ bin@@ son , was it ? +it 's a story of public education and of rural communities and of what design might do to improve both . +the biggest emplo@@ yer is the pur@@ due chicken process@@ ing plant . +specifically , we use these six design direc@@ tives , probably the most important being number two : we design with , not for -- in that , when we 're doing human@@ it@@ ari@@ an-@@ focused design , it 's not about designing for cli@@ ents anymore . +it 's the physical construction of impro@@ ved spaces and materials and experiences for teachers and students . +so in many cases this is not so much about making change as it is creating the conditions under which change is possible and the in@@ cen@@ tive to want to make change , which is easier said than done in rural communities and in insi@@ de-@@ the-@@ box education systems in rural communities . +and during that time , they 're doing everything from going out and doing eth@@ no@@ graphic research and doing the nee@@ d-@@ finding , coming back into the studio , doing the bra@@ in@@ stor@@ ming and design visu@@ alization to come up with concep@@ ts that might work , and then moving into the shop and actually testing them , building them , prototyp@@ ing them , fig@@ uring out if they are going to work and re@@ fin@@ ing that . +but we feel like this could work in other places . +generally , what you see in green is not deser@@ ti@@ fying , and what you see in brown is , and these are by far the greatest areas of the earth . +now , that was a terrible decision for me to have to make , and it was political dynam@@ ite , frank@@ ly . +it has just come through four months of rain , and it 's now going into eight months of dry seas@@ on . +but we bi@@ ologists and e@@ col@@ o@@ gi@@ sts had never tac@@ kl@@ ed anything as complex as this . +they put 2@@ 5,000 she@@ ep in one flo@@ ck , really mi@@ mi@@ cking nature now with plan@@ ned gra@@ zing , and they have docum@@ ented a 5@@ 0-@@ percent increase in the production of the land in the first year . +thank you so mu@@ ch@@ .@@ as : well , thank you . thank you . thank you , chris . +and these two mis@@ sions , as you can tell , thre@@ ad together perfectly . one ad@@ ds to the other ; in fact , one would be impossible without the other . +after treatment , the child ga@@ ins significant func@@ tion@@ ality . +if you show him real world images , if you show others like him real world images , they are un@@ able to recognize most of the objects because the world to them is over@@ -@@ frag@@ mented ; it 's made up of a col@@ lage , a pat@@ ch@@ work , of regi@@ ons of different colors and l@@ umin@@ an@@ ces . +ps : and we see this pattern over and over again . +how does that happen ? we want dy@@ lan to be able to do that , and using this man@@ tra of motion , dy@@ lan actually can do that . +s@@ her@@ y@@ l sha@@ de : hi , ai@@ mee . ai@@ mee mul@@ lin@@ s : hi . +dan o '@@ bri@@ en jum@@ ped 5 ' 11 " in ' 9@@ 6 in atlan@@ ta , i mean , if it just gives you a compar@@ ison of -- these are truly ac@@ compli@@ shed ath@@ le@@ tes , without quali@@ fying that word " ath@@ le@@ te . " +and he said , " no , no , really . you can . +it 's now two years that you 've been running ? +i tried to get it out of anybody i could , you know , " who am i running against here ? " +if i had won everything -- but it was like , what was the point ? +i 'm like , " get it off ! don 't worry about it , you know . +i need to get some new ones because the last meet i was at , they were everywhere . you know , it 's like a big -- it 's come full circle . +and she came into town and she rus@@ hed around and she said , " i have to buy some new shoes ! " +now this is obviously a powerful , some might say danger@@ ously powerful , insi@@ ght . +some people think this number 's a little bit large , but copy@@ right mathemati@@ cians who are media lo@@ bby experts are mer@@ ely surprised that it doesn 't get com@@ po@@ unded for inf@@ lation every year . +see , in the real world math isn 't necessarily done by mathemati@@ cians . +once you 've done that , then there 's the compu@@ tation step . +i esti@@ ma@@ ted that , just today , across the world , we spent about 10@@ 6 average world life@@ times teaching people how to calcu@@ late by hand . +so my usual question is , what do you mean by " bas@@ ics ? " +i don 't think so . +but there 's a fantastic way to do that in the modern world . +and of course , it turns into a circle . +and you know if you walk across a ch@@ as@@ m , you end up making it worse than if you didn 't start at all -- bigger disaster . +its le@@ ash had been ti@@ ed to the chair as her master went in for coffee , and she was just per@@ si@@ stent in her eff@@ or@@ ts to gre@@ et me , perhaps get a scrat@@ ch behind the ear . +these out@@ si@@ ghts ran@@ ged from the tri@@ val to the profound , from the m@@ und@@ an@@ e to the hu@@ mor@@ ous . +but it 's all good in the grand sche@@ me of things . +everybody 's wel@@ come . +and i see my life as a series of experiments . +as i say in my book , i 'm je@@ wish in the same way the o@@ live garden is itali@@ an . +so , certainly the challenge was there . +so , i was able to stone one adul@@ ter@@ er . +but this one is -- the bi@@ ble says that you cannot touch women during certain times of the month , and more than that , you cannot sit on a seat where a men@@ stru@@ ating woman has sat . +this was one of the great things about my year , doing the s@@ ab@@ bat@@ h , because i am a wor@@ ka@@ ho@@ lic , so having this one day where you cannot work , it really , that changed my life . +and they said , " we don 't know , but it 's just ritu@@ als that give us meaning . " +so , anyway , thank you so much for le@@ tting me speak . +the problem , as we see it , has to do with a single , simple word : " space , " or a single , simple phr@@ ase : " real world geome@@ try . " +but if you dis@@ played that on a cr@@ t or flat pan@@ el display , it would be meaning@@ less to hold up an arb@@ it@@ r@@ ary object , a real world object in that . +so this led full circle , in a strange way , to build these ideas into what we believe is the necessary future of human machine interface : the spa@@ tial operating environment , we call it . +there 're a lot of elements . +so collabor@@ ative work , whether it 's immediately co-@@ lo@@ cated or dist@@ ant and distin@@ ct , is always important . +can it be for every man , or is this just for corpo@@ ra@@ tions and movie produ@@ cers ? +john under@@ ko@@ ff@@ ler : poin@@ ting to the future of u@@ i +what o@@ kol@@ lo@@ h did would not have been possible without human gener@@ osity . +someone who has done something like this , however medi@@ oc@@ re and thro@@ wa@@ way , has tried something , has put something forward in public . +but the group of da@@ y@@ care centers repres@@ ented by the black line , they said , " we are changing this bar@@ gain as of right now . +here is the critical difference between these : l@@ ol@@ cat@@ s is commun@@ al value . +and may it run forever , because it gives people like me a living . +or you could play many games in one small pat@@ ch of land , even if you didn 't know which game you were actually in . +england invented 20 over@@ s cri@@ cket , and said , " the world must play 20 over@@ s cri@@ cket . " +six weeks , city versus city . +but what they were very good at doing was making it very lo@@ c@@ alized . +we started getting song and dance in indian cri@@ cket . +sh@@ an@@ e war@@ ne sold for 4@@ 5@@ 0,000 dollars . +can you imagine , you 've got the dollar on view and there 's no del@@ hi bel@@ ly in there anymore . +there are two kinds of er@@ r@@ ors people make when trying to decide what the right thing is to do , and those are er@@ r@@ ors in esti@@ ma@@ ting the od@@ ds that they 're going to succe@@ ed , and er@@ r@@ ors in esti@@ ma@@ ting the value of their own success . +now , you see a very interesting pattern here , which is first of all , two things are va@@ stly over@@ -@@ esti@@ ma@@ ted , nam@@ ely tor@@ na@@ does and fire@@ works . +and most people say , " ok , i 'll play . " +when people are asked about these two different jobs : a job where you make 6@@ 0@@ k , then 50@@ k , then 40@@ k , a job where you 're getting a sal@@ ary cut each year , and one in which you 're getting a sal@@ ary increase , people like the second job better than the first , despite the fact they 're all told they make much less money . why ? +along the way , you lost something . +for some of the subje@@ cts , sitting in the far corner of a room is a box of go@@ di@@ va cho@@ col@@ ates , and for others is a can of sp@@ am . +if you 're an american , for example , you 've probably travel@@ ed in fr@@ ance . +that is , they require interest rates in the hundred or thousands of per@@ cents in order to del@@ ay gra@@ ti@@ fication and wait until next month for the extra 10 dollars . +people always think more is better than less : 60 is always better than 50 , and they always think now is better than later : the b@@ ars on this side are higher than the b@@ ars on this side . +sur@@ ely the kinds of play that at least american media give to -- and for@@ give me , but in ra@@ w numbers these are very tiny acci@@ dents . +but is there a rational fear that actually , the reason we 're fri@@ gh@@ ten@@ ed about this is because we think that the big one is to come ? +so , you know , when a school bus is blo@@ wn up and we 've never seen this before , our general tenden@@ cy is to ori@@ ent towards that which is new and novel is activ@@ ated . +ad@@ g : in per@@ su@@ ading them . +he appar@@ ently lost an eye in battle , which is why he is always shown in profi@@ le . +so , it was going no@@ where . +this one gener@@ ates no ima@@ gery at all . " +that can be a big contribu@@ tion . +the phr@@ ase ' art is whatever ' expres@@ ses the current inclu@@ si@@ ven@@ ess that surro@@ unds ar@@ t-@@ making -- a sort of ' it a@@ in 't what you do , it 's the way that you do it ' notion . +so by and large , they are good for our survival . +the philosop@@ her mar@@ th@@ a n@@ uss@@ baum points this out in this quote : " th@@ us throughout history , certain dis@@ g@@ ust properties -- sli@@ min@@ ess , bad smell , sti@@ ck@@ iness , deca@@ y , f@@ ou@@ l@@ ness -- have been repe@@ at@@ ed@@ ly and mon@@ ot@@ on@@ ously been associated with ... +when we actually looked at not just self-@@ repor@@ ted political ori@@ entation , but vot@@ ing behavior , we were able to look geogra@@ phi@@ cally across the nation . what we found was that in regi@@ ons in which people repor@@ ted high levels of dis@@ g@@ ust sensi@@ tivity , mc@@ ca@@ in got more vot@@ es . +it makes less sense that an emotion that was built to prevent me from in@@ gest@@ ing po@@ ison should predict who i 'm going to vote for in the up@@ coming pres@@ identi@@ al ele@@ ction . +wish i could . +mar@@ c@@ us : and how many soldiers have you rec@@ ru@@ ited to fight this war with you ? +new@@ ton a@@ du@@ ak@@ a : thank you . the first clip , really , is totally trying to capture what cin@@ em@@ a is for me , and where i 'm coming from in terms of cin@@ em@@ a . +you must get -- ? +oni@@ ch@@ a : e@@ z@@ ra ! +we don 't need no more trouble no more trouble we don 't need no more trouble no more trouble . wake up ! everybody wake up . road block ! +why ? because you want our diam@@ ond . +n thank you . +or we can zo@@ om out to the table of cont@@ ents , and the video kee@@ ps playing . +all right . mi@@ ke , thanks so much . +a lot of us work for people ; we 're in the hands of other people . +so where do we go now ? +september 11 gener@@ ated some interest in moving it over to ground zero , and i 'm totally against that . +i tried to understand that language as a beginning , as a place to jump off , and there was so much of it being done by spe@@ c buil@@ ders and it was tri@@ vi@@ alized so much that it wasn 't ... +f@@ g : i don 't know . +i was so proud . +and i think that 's what i 've always been interested in , is that -- which is a personal kind of expression . +it was a table as long as this car@@ pet and the h@@ arb@@ or com@@ mis@@ sion@@ er was here , and i was here , and my guys . +frank ge@@ hr@@ y : a master architect as@@ ks , now what ? +totally trans@@ formed by man . +these things that i photograph@@ ed -- this ti@@ re pi@@ le here had 45 million ti@@ r@@ es in it . it was the largest one . +and for me china -- i started photograph@@ ing it four years ago , and china truly is a question of sustain@@ ability in my mind , not to mention that china , as well , has a great effect on the industri@@ es that i grew up around . +this is wus@@ han , one of the largest cities that was rel@@ oc@@ ated . +what 's also happening in shang@@ hai is -- china is changing because this wouldn 't have happened five years ago , for instance . this is a hol@@ d@@ out . +and i 'm sure there are people here who probably know better than i do about effici@@ en@@ cies , but i can 't imagine that every a@@ partment having its own air condi@@ tion@@ er is a very efficient way to cool a building on this scale . +they were just wo@@ und up doing these things all day long , until the man@@ ager had to , with a stern voice , say , " okay , everybody free@@ ze . " +this was one of the biggest fac@@ tor@@ ies i 've ever seen . +and as much as there are great things around the corner -- and it 's pal@@ p@@ able in this room -- of all of the things that are just about to break that can solve so many problems , i 'm really hop@@ ing that those things will spread around the world and will start to have a positive effect . +and anything that you can do to pro@@ mote that would be fantastic . +and the scale of my work , and the kinds of ideas i 'm playing with -- when i first saw an ima@@ x film , i almost immediately thought , " there 's a real res@@ on@@ ance between what i 'm trying to do and the scale of what i try to do as a photograph@@ er . " +and the reason we see min@@ es is because there 's a lot of valuable ra@@ w materials that went into making all of this stuff in the first place . +plasti@@ cs have over@@ la@@ pping den@@ si@@ ties over a very nar@@ row range . +and we eventually broke the code . +we take out the things that aren 't plasti@@ cs , such as the met@@ als they mis@@ sed , car@@ pe@@ ting , fo@@ am , ru@@ b@@ ber , wood , glass , paper , you name it . +and finally , i hope you agree with me to change that last to@@ dd@@ ler rule just a little bit to : " if it 's broken , it 's my stuff . " +you know , we 're the smar@@ test thing out there , why can 't we figure this out ? +you know , so you can take comfort in the fact that this guy up here is a really really dist@@ ant , but al@@ b@@ eit evolutionary , relative . +but this is the unit of cur@@ ren@@ cy that we 've taught our mon@@ keys at y@@ ale to actually use with humans , to actually buy different pieces of food . +well , you might actually imagine them to do all the kinds of smart things that humans do when they start ex@@ changing money with each other . +the more surprising thing was that when we collabor@@ ated with econom@@ ists to actually look at the mon@@ keys ' data using economic tools , they basically mat@@ ched , not just qu@@ al@@ it@@ a@@ tively , but quanti@@ ta@@ tively with what we saw humans doing in a real market . +your other option is a bit safe . your just going to get some money for sure . +so what 's going on ? +the guy on the left is a safe bon@@ us . +again , same choice ; they can play it safe for always getting two gra@@ pes every single time , or they can take a ris@@ ky bet and choose between one and three . +well , one thing we know is that they tend to be really hard to over@@ come . +thank you . +and i feel that way because three billion people in the world today , over the next 20 years , will need a new home . +that 's the change . +the engineering is , tru@@ th@@ fully , the easy part of this . +bom@@ b bl@@ ast cur@@ tains covered my windows . +think about it : what other business do you know , what other sector of the economy , and especially one as big as the public sector , that doesn 't se@@ ek to rein@@ vent its business model on a regular basis ? +no one is better at this activity of actually getting us to engage in deli@@ vering services , sometimes where none exist , than us@@ ha@@ hi@@ di . +let me be very clear , and perhaps contro@@ versi@@ al , that open government is not about transpar@@ ent government . +we don 't have words , really , to describe it yet . +in fact , she indi@@ cated that if we would do that , not only would we have the joy of recei@@ ving the gra@@ titude from the members of the exten@@ ded family , but she said , " even god will s@@ mile , and when god s@@ miles , there is peace , and justice , and joy . " +and , like ch@@ ie@@ f se@@ attle said , " we did not sp@@ in the web of life . +and he said , " i hope that you will have the strength to do what i did . +and , according to jes@@ us , the word comes forth , " you must love yourself , you must love the l@@ ord your god with all your heart , mind and sou@@ l , and your neighb@@ or as yourself . " +i close with this song -- it 's a children 's song -- because we are all children at the table of mama e@@ ternal . +the viet@@ na@@ m prote@@ sts , the com@@ memor@@ ation of all that died in the pan@@ de@@ mic of aids , the mar@@ ch for women 's re@@ productive rights , right up until almost the present . +one re@@ de@@ em@@ ing fe@@ ature is it 's li@@ f@@ ted up off the ground and it 's got this vo@@ id , and it 's got an empty core kind of in the spirit and that fac@@ ade very much corpo@@ rate and fe@@ der@@ al style . +and it has to be free . +that 's the pan@@ the@@ on next to it . +this is the war@@ p and we@@ ft . +so i have brand@@ ed myself as a war child . +what was actually killing us wasn 't the musli@@ ms , wasn 't the arab@@ s . +sometimes you got@@ ta lose to win . +don 't even know the day i 'll ever return . +and one thing that sho@@ cked me is one day they brought an arab musi@@ cian to come and enter@@ tain the soldiers . +but that moved me . +well now , my time is going , so i want to sing a song . +he never knew his father very well , because his father left his mom while she was preg@@ nant with him . +some of these law@@ yers were successful ; they managed to get new trials for their cli@@ ents . +all that i want to tell you is that the reason that this has happened is because death pen@@ al@@ ty law@@ yers have understood that the earlier you interven@@ e in a case , the greater the li@@ ke@@ li@@ hood that you 're going to save your cli@@ ent 's life . +what we 're talking about today is just as complicated . +now , it was logi@@ sti@@ cally difficult . +i hope there 's one thing you all won 't forget : in between the time you arrived here this morning and the time we break for lunch , there are going to be four hom@@ i@@ ci@@ des in the united states . +i mean , s@@ ant@@ a cl@@ aus knows if you 're n@@ au@@ gh@@ ty or nice , right ? " +september 10 is not your birthday . it 's oc@@ tober 10 . " and i said , " what ? " +now , i was raised in the pacific nor@@ th@@ west , around a lot of church of lat@@ ter-@@ day sa@@ in@@ ts people and , you know , i 've worked with them and even d@@ ated them , but i never really knew the doc@@ tr@@ ine or what they said to people when they were out on a mission , and i guess i was , sort of , curious , so i said , " well , please , come in . " and they looked really happy , because i don 't think this happens to them all that often . +i said , " what happened to the lam@@ an@@ ites ? " +what if you had a nose job and you liked it ? +we have focused on the problems . +i believe , if ken@@ ne@@ dy was alive today , he would be asking statisti@@ cians such as myself to go out and find out what makes life wor@@ th@@ while . +when it has a sc@@ ar@@ ce resource that it wants to turn into a des@@ ir@@ able out@@ come , it thinks in terms of efficiency . +the country on its own up at the top is a place i haven 't been to . +that 's one way of looking at it . +and that means we have to really increase efficiency even more . +do you invest the time with your loved ones that you could do , and energy ? +they don 't need a lot of material goods to be satis@@ fied . +what turned out to deter@@ mine whether someone would stop and help a stran@@ ger in need was how much of a hur@@ ry they thought they were in -- were they feeling they were late , or were they absor@@ bed in what they were going to talk about . +now this is a -- it 's a little test i encoura@@ ge you to try out at a party . +right now , as bill mc@@ don@@ ough has poin@@ ted out , the objects that we buy and use have hidden consequences . +the moment i stopped , half a do@@ zen other people immediately rin@@ ged the same guy . +i realized then that i , who thought i had complete control of my life , had control of only three things : my thought , my mind -- the images that these thoughts created -- and the action that der@@ i@@ ved from it . +i needed something to go that extra mile , and i found it in that metaphor which i had learned from my mother when i was four . +an@@ anda sh@@ ank@@ ar ja@@ y@@ ant : fighting cancer with dance +but in general it was difficult -- it was really difficult to explain what the web was like . +what do you mean , " data " ? what 's the difference -- docum@@ ents , data ? +data is relationships . +let 's think about data for a bit . +audience : ra@@ w . +now if i go on like this , you 'll think that all the data comes from huge institutions and has nothing to do with you . +you may not have lots of data which you have yourself to put on there but you know to demand it . +all together , they achie@@ ved these results : increas@@ ed the number of people on anti-@@ retro@@ vir@@ als , life@@ -@@ saving anti-@@ aids drugs ; nearly hal@@ ved dea@@ ths from malaria ; vac@@ cin@@ ated so many that 5@@ .@@ 4 million lives will be saved . +now here , we see the role for an un@@ pre@@ ce@@ d@@ ented co@@ ali@@ tion of social media gi@@ ants and up@@ starts , tele@@ com@@ s companies , reality tv show forma@@ ts , gam@@ ing companies , tele@@ com@@ s , all of them together in kind of their " we are the world " moment . +it 's getting near zero . +thank you , thank you . +and he said , " oh , i teach at a college of arts . +so i just thought , " i 'm going to capture th@@ um@@ b@@ print , foot@@ print , or whatever tra@@ ces we leave as humans . " +if we ask einstein , he would say , " whether the co@@ w cros@@ sed the road , or the road moved underneath the co@@ w , depen@@ ds on your frame of re@@ ference . " +again , " in@@ ward out . " +and this was colle@@ cted by an@@ ap@@ um -- which is like , finally in the end , he will not have anything , because it will ev@@ apo@@ rate . +this gave me a greater faith . +you can see the detail . +i 'm a little bit of an ama@@ te@@ ur histor@@ ian , so i 've spent some time going back , trying to see the first mention of this kind of thing . and the best , earli@@ est quote that i could find was one from david li@@ v@@ ing@@ stone , writing in the 18@@ 5@@ 0s about how the ra@@ il@@ road , the ste@@ am ship , and the tele@@ graph were integr@@ ating east africa perfectly with the rest of the world . +so it 's very clear that if you look at these numbers or all the other numbers that i talk about in my book , " world 3@@ .@@ 0 , " that we 're very , very far from the no@@ -@@ bor@@ der effect ben@@ ch@@ mark , which would imp@@ ly internation@@ alization levels of the order of 85 , 90 , 95 percent . +the perspective was , here is this poor professor . +think of fr@@ ance and the current debate about im@@ migra@@ tion . +at the same time , i was thinking , well , there 's lots of possibility here to produce con@@ temporary products , away from the eth@@ ni@@ c , a little bit more con@@ temporary . +but if we re@@ ar@@ range this for@@ mul@@ a quickly , we can get to acceler@@ ation equ@@ als force over mass , which means that for a larger partic@@ le -- a larger mass -- it requires more force to change its direction . +the marketing is -- the message for marketing is -- that try to measure what consum@@ ers actually do , rather than what they say they 'll do or anti@@ ci@@ pa@@ te they 'll do . +your brand starts being dis@@ per@@ sed , it gets more cha@@ o@@ tic . +and the third string is pretty innovative . +so , for example , you can be a pit@@ cher or a cat@@ cher , and that cor@@ respon@@ ds to whether you per@@ form a sexual act or recei@@ ve a sexual act . +can you imagine saying to your co@@ ach , " u@@ h , i 'm not really feeling it today , i think i 'll sit this game out . " +" well , maybe we can go half and half . " +and sometimes that can be different amo@@ unts over different times or with different people or on different days . +" what ' tis to love ? " sha@@ k@@ espe@@ are said . +real depen@@ dence on this person . +i was just st@@ ag@@ ger@@ ed by it . +and i think that the sex drive evolved to get you out there , looking for a whole range of part@@ ners . +in short , they are ac@@ qu@@ ir@@ ing the status that they had a million years ago , 10,000 years ago , 100,000 years ago . +it 's one of many , many characteri@@ stics that women have that they will bring into the job market . +we 're also re@@ turning to an ancient form of marriage equ@@ ality . +this is why you can feel such a sense of co@@ s@@ mic union with somebody after you 've made love to them . +dop@@ am@@ ine is associated with roman@@ tic love . +but i want to tell you a story about -- to illu@@ strate . +and everybody there agre@@ ed this woman was very sick and she needed to be in the hospital . +i actually just as@@ sm@@ ed the path@@ ologi@@ c sequence of events was sett@@ led science . +in fact , what if it 's a symp@@ tom of a much deeper problem , the ti@@ p of a pro@@ ver@@ bi@@ al ic@@ e@@ berg ? +now i don 't know why , but it might be because , in their case , their cells haven 't actually figured out the right thing to do with that ex@@ cess energy . +but this team of multi-@@ discipl@@ in@@ ary , highly skep@@ tical and ex@@ ce@@ ed@@ ingly tal@@ ented researchers do agree on two things . +peter at@@ ti@@ a : is the o@@ bes@@ ity crisis hi@@ ding a bigger problem ? +so when i was born , i guess you could say expec@@ tations were kind of high for me . +i mean , i think most people in the industry understand that we 've got to get on with it . +frank@@ ly , four billion clean cars on the road are still four billion cars , and a traffic ja@@ m with no emissions is still a traffic ja@@ m . +now shared car services are also spr@@ inging up around the world , and these eff@@ or@@ ts , i think , are great . +we need that same kind of passion and energy to attack global gri@@ d@@ lock . +char@@ lie le@@ d@@ better , yesterday , i thought , talked very artic@@ ul@@ ately about this need to bring consum@@ ers , to bring people into the process of creating things . +so they sna@@ pped into action . +george de me@@ stra@@ l -- this is not bu@@ gs all over a bir@@ ken@@ stock -- was walking his dog in a field and got covered in bur@@ rs , sort of little pri@@ ck@@ ly things , and from that came vel@@ cr@@ o . +it 's been all about these kind of thou@@ ght@@ less things that people do , which have huge inten@@ tion and huge opportunity . +i talk about un@@ thinking situations all the time . +so , again , we were asked to design a water pu@@ mp for a company called ap@@ prote@@ c , in kenya . +con@@ ta@@ gi@@ ous is a good word . +and in two hours , after their bac@@ ks were broke , they were changed . +they are sk@@ ating . they are doing street plays . +k first time , a r@@ ally and a street play in a rural school -- un@@ heard of -- to tell their parents why liter@@ acy is important . +so , today who is it going to take to spread the infe@@ ction from 100,000 children to the 200 million children in india ? +and interest@@ ingly , as i think back , they were the first true environ@@ ment@@ alists . +unfortunately , it 's not the answer . +if i pull back from that global picture , and i look at the impli@@ cation over a similar period of time in terms of the technology -- which , as a tool , is a tool for designers , and i ci@@ te our own experience as a company , and i just illu@@ strate that by a small sele@@ ction of projects -- then how do you measure that change of technology ? +round about that design period leading up to this building , i did a sk@@ et@@ ch , which we pulled out of the archi@@ ve recently . +so for example , we would put models under an artificial sky . +so really , re@@ transl@@ ating that technology and developing something which was so clean , it was virtu@@ ally pollu@@ tion@@ -@@ free . +so there has been a project which res@@ cu@@ es the dead sea by creating a pi@@ p@@ eline , a pi@@ pe , sometimes above the surface , sometimes bu@@ ried , that will red@@ ress that , and will feed from the gul@@ f of a@@ q@@ ab@@ a into the dead sea . +it 's more than one device , you know , it 's rene@@ w@@ able . +and here you can see how they really cra@@ f@@ ted a beautiful design process with physical models , with quanti@@ ta@@ tive , as well as qu@@ al@@ it@@ ative , metho@@ ds to come to a final solution that is truly integr@@ ated and completely ho@@ li@@ stic with the architecture . +to me it is something from the@@ at@@ re , and i will get back to that a little bit later . +so light is , of course , for social interaction also -- to create relationships with all the fe@@ atures around us . +and we can actually leave it out where it 's not needed at all and where we can preser@@ ve dar@@ k@@ ness . +can we be more gent@@ le with light ? +in architecture , it works just the same . +is it that i write very well ? +the research gui@@ del@@ ines of u.s. national acade@@ my of sci@@ ences or research coun@@ c@@ ils of the u.@@ k . +if this woman has to carry water on her head for miles and miles and miles , you cannot be cele@@ br@@ ating that . +they could be creative in terms of education , they may be creative in terms of culture , they may be creative in terms of institutions ; but a lot of our work is in the field of technologi@@ cal creativity , the innova@@ tions , either in terms of con@@ temporary innova@@ tions , or in terms of traditional knowledge . +obviously she 's an artist ; she 's a creative person . +you bring your water , you bring your so@@ ap , i was@@ h the clo@@ th@@ es for you . charge 50 pa@@ is@@ a , one ru@@ pe@@ e for you per lot , and a new business model can emer@@ ge . +higher the local fit , greater is the chance of sc@@ aling up . +my technology . +we were talking about , my friends in brazil , how we scale up this model in china and brazil . +she said , " change your prof@@ ession . " +then you don 't need anything to control the car , except thinking about it . +500 years ago , sa@@ il@@ ing ships started getting reli@@ able enough ; we found a new continent . +or s@@ no@@ w@@ mobil@@ es . you don 't need the s@@ now . +and they bel@@ ong on the si@@ de@@ wal@@ ks , and they 'll use it seriously . " +so , having seen this , and having worried about it for eight years , the first thing i do is pick up my phone and ask our marketing and regul@@ atory guys , call a@@ ar@@ p , get an ap@@ poin@@ t@@ ment right away . +we 've been working on this , actually , as an alternative energy source , starting way back with john@@ son & amp ; john@@ son , to run an i@@ bot , because the best bat@@ ter@@ ies you could get -- 10 wat@@ t-@@ hours per kil@@ ogra@@ m in lead , 20 wat@@ t-@@ hours per kil@@ ogra@@ m ni@@ ck@@ el@@ -@@ c@@ ad@@ mi@@ um , 40 wat@@ t-@@ hours per kil@@ ogra@@ m in ni@@ ck@@ el@@ -@@ metal hy@@ dri@@ de , 60 wat@@ t-@@ hours per kil@@ ogra@@ m in li@@ thi@@ um , 8@@ ,@@ 7@@ 50 wat@@ t-@@ hours of energy in every kil@@ ogra@@ m of pro@@ pan@@ e or gas@@ ol@@ ine -- which is why nobody dri@@ ves electric cars . +animal fan n@@ ell@@ ie m@@ ck@@ ay s@@ ings a spar@@ kl@@ ing tribu@@ te to her de@@ ar dog . she suggests we all do the same : " just go right to the po@@ und / and find yourself a ho@@ und / and make that do@@ g@@ gie proud / ' cause that 's what it 's all about . " +however , while it 's easier to think of us , the citizens , the police , the army , as the good guys , and them , the nar@@ co@@ s , the car@@ tel@@ es , as the bad guys , if you think about it , the lat@@ ter are only provi@@ ding a service to the former . +but this is the result of a very care@@ ful brand@@ ing and business strategy . +they have actually re@@ tain@@ ed access to the prof@@ it@@ able drug trade , but the way they do it is , because they control all of mi@@ cho@@ ac@@ á@@ n , and they control the port of l@@ á@@ zar@@ o c@@ á@@ r@@ den@@ as , they le@@ verage that to , for example , trade cop@@ per from mi@@ cho@@ ac@@ á@@ n that is leg@@ ally created and leg@@ ally extra@@ cted with illegal ep@@ he@@ dr@@ ine from china which is a critical pre@@ cur@@ sor for meth@@ am@@ p@@ he@@ tam@@ ines that they produce , and then they have partner@@ ships with larger organizations like the sin@@ alo@@ a fe@@ der@@ ation that place their products in the u.@@ s . +and so to me the question is not whether these dynam@@ ics will continue the way they have . +and then it 's time to do it again . last year . +the next phase it hit was dis@@ plac@@ ement . +here 's another technology that 's approach@@ ing a critical price . +you can have re@@ gener@@ ative bra@@ king ; you can have dri@@ ve-@@ b@@ y-@@ wire ; you can have re@@ plac@@ e@@ able body shapes -- it 's a little thing that starts with a hy@@ bri@@ d , but it can lead to a whole new era of the car . +and what 's interesting is that it was just 199@@ 0 when it was more than two dollars a minute . +they use mo@@ bu@@ tu as metaphor . +i want to share one story about an innovation called dri@@ p ir@@ ri@@ gation . +and so we met dr. son@@ o k@@ han@@ gh@@ ar@@ an@@ i in pakistan . +but again i would say that this is our moment for extraordinary things to happen . +and for the first time ever in three generations , his children would go to school . +thank you . +you have my friend , who has a blog on digital -- on p@@ dr@@ s , personal recor@@ ders . +i like music , and i like ban@@ jo@@ s , and i think i probably heard steve martin playing , and i said , " i could do that . " +i wrote this one , and i put this up because of einstein today . +and you see this post . +i showed a nor@@ man rock@@ well painting before , and this one i grew up with , looking at constantly . +i put the bad pictures up too , because there are bad pictures . +they 're the largest of the tun@@ as , the secon@@ d-@@ largest fish in the sea -- bon@@ y fish . +the european population and north african -- the eastern blu@@ ef@@ in tun@@ a -- is fis@@ hed at tremendous levels : 5@@ 0,000 tons over the last decade almost every year . +we basically are taking the same satelli@@ te phone parts , or the same parts that are in your computer , chi@@ ps . +now , the activi@@ ties from the lab have taught us now how to go out in the open ocean . +there are two villa@@ ges , har@@ r@@ is and mor@@ e@@ head city , every winter for over a decade , held a party called ta@@ g-@@ a-@@ giant , and together , fis@@ her@@ s worked with us to tag 800 to 9@@ 00 fish . +these become for@@ th@@ right in places we need to protect . +the tun@@ a team from top@@ p has done the un@@ thin@@ k@@ able : three teams tag@@ ged 1,@@ 700 tun@@ as , blu@@ ef@@ in , yel@@ lo@@ w@@ f@@ in and al@@ bac@@ ore all at the same time -- carefully re@@ he@@ ar@@ sed tag@@ ging programs in which we go out , pick up ju@@ ven@@ i@@ le tun@@ as , put in the ta@@ gs that actually have the sensor@@ s , stick out the tun@@ a and then let them go . +we did this with the great tur@@ tle race -- tag@@ ged tur@@ tles , brought in four million hits . +hi there . i 'm has@@ an . i 'm an artist . +and he looks at me really conf@@ used and says , " no explo@@ si@@ ves ? " +and i was like , " all we need is al@@ as@@ ka not to get the last mem@@ o , and here we go all over again . " +this was on del@@ ta 7@@ 19 going from j@@ f@@ k to san francisco . +all of these are extra@@ cted directly from my bank accoun@@ ts , and everything po@@ ps up right away . +and on sun@@ day , jun@@ e 14@@ th at 2009 -- this was actually about two o '@@ clock in the after@@ noon in sk@@ o@@ wh@@ eg@@ an , ma@@ ine -- this was my a@@ partment there . +because no one 's really watching . +he : well it goes to the last point that i was at . +and now , 20@@ 12 . +now , four years ago , chris lost his job , unfortunately , as an art bu@@ yer at ma@@ cy 's , and like so many people , he strug@@ gl@@ ed to find a new one during the rec@@ ession . +how do we mi@@ mic the way trust is built fac@@ e-@@ to-@@ face online ? +it was ridi@@ cul@@ ous . i couldn 't get a mobile phone plan because my credit history didn 't travel with me . +now the interesting thing is , repu@@ tation is the soci@@ o@@ economic lu@@ bri@@ c@@ ant that makes collabor@@ ative consumption work and scale , but the sources it will be gener@@ ated from , and its appli@@ cations , are far bigger than this space alone . +there 's been an explosion of collabor@@ ative consumption -- web@@ -@@ powered sharing of cars , a@@ part@@ ments , skills . ra@@ ch@@ el bot@@ s@@ man explor@@ es the cur@@ ren@@ cy that makes systems like air@@ b@@ n@@ b and tas@@ kr@@ ab@@ bit work : trust , influence , and what she calls " repu@@ tation capital . " +now i 'm going to show you what that does to our societies . +it 's simply the propor@@ tion of the population who agree most people can be tru@@ sted . +but it goes from about 40 to 400 people in prison . +the position of women , how clo@@ sely they keep to the nuclear family , are on opposite ends of the po@@ les in terms of the rich developed world . +but i should say a few words about what 's going on . +and of course , others using more sophisti@@ cated metho@@ ds in the liter@@ ature have controlled for poverty and education and so on . +one of the key areas we 've been working on recently is medical devices , and while it may not be obvious that medical devices have something in common with iraq 's electricity grid then , there are some common@@ ali@@ ties . +how do you en@@ sure it gets to them and it impro@@ ves their lives ? +notice anything about it ? +the industry average is about 65 percent . +you 've got to pay for your so@@ ap , your de@@ o@@ dor@@ ant , to@@ o@@ th@@ br@@ ush , to@@ o@@ th@@ pa@@ ste , all of it . +the best thing we can do is figure out ways to nur@@ ture the entrepr@@ en@@ eu@@ ri@@ al spirit and the tremendous un@@ ta@@ pped potential in our pris@@ ons , because if we don 't , they 're not going to learn any new skills that 's going to help them , and they 'll be right back . +second of all , it 's really beauti@@ fully bal@@ an@@ ced : it hol@@ ds well , it feels well . +now , the weird thing is google lies , because if i type " design and emotion , " it says , " you don 't need the ' and . ' we do it anyway . " +now some people can -- cir@@ c@@ us workers , steel workers . +no big deal . +and behavi@@ oral design is all about feeling in control , which inclu@@ des us@@ ability , understanding -- but also the feel and he@@ ft . +it 's kind of ne@@ at . what a wonderful design . +and that 's what 's nice about emotion . +but it was quite obvious , quite clear , that for this particular rou@@ te that i had taken , the re@@ mot@@ er the school was , the worse its results seemed to be . +anyway , so i 'm pro@@ pos@@ ing that an alternative primary education , whatever alternative you want , is requi@@ red where schools don 't exist , where schools are not good enough , where teachers are not available or where teachers are not good enough , for whatever reason . +so he figured that out . it took him over two minutes to figure out that he was doing things to the television . +so they said , " well , you 've left this machine which talks only in english , so we had to learn english . " +what could they learn to do ? +a typical example being , " sometimes it is necessary to tell lies . " +thank you . +and i , one day , i announ@@ ced this to my parents -- and my father den@@ ies this story to this day -- i said , " da@@ d@@ dy , i want to be a di@@ pl@@ om@@ at . " +and anyway , my tour -- it was kind of a very exciting time . +secon@@ dly , the government had ignor@@ ed all available alterna@@ tives to war , which in some ways was a more dis@@ cre@@ di@@ table thing still . +my pen@@ sion was in it . +why don 't you ad@@ v@@ ise their government on their diplo@@ ma@@ cy ? " +and one thing led to another , and i ended up having a des@@ k in ? what if ! in new york , when i started independent di@@ pl@@ om@@ at . +what this means is it 's no longer good enough to say that international rela@@ tions , or global aff@@ air@@ s , or chaos in som@@ alia , or what 's going on in bur@@ ma is none of your business , and that you can leave it to governments to get on with . +and of course , everybody got it . everybody went , " yes , of course , you 're absolutely right . +it 's that broken experience on the web . +so where this comes into play and why this is important is i head up a technology in@@ cu@@ bat@@ or , and we had eight star@@ tu@@ ps sitting around there . +so most everyone wat@@ ches tv . +animals might love to play , but they don 't love to watch . +as we start , you see in 1960 inspiration is holding ste@@ ad@@ y . +look at this green spi@@ ke in 196@@ 6 to a b@@ ell@@ we@@ ther show . +glam@@ or@@ ous and rich . +that 's all great , right ? +and then she cl@@ ari@@ fied . she said , " you know what , i don 't mean that it su@@ cks . it means that i didn 't understand a word of it . +because , you see , dna is like a blu@@ e@@ print that tells living things what to make . +it kill@@ s me . i 'm not kid@@ ding . +or even worse , science education is becoming like that guy who always says , " actually . " +there 's still so much work left to be done , though , and if you 're involved with science in any way i ur@@ ge you to join me . +but sometimes it 's as though a do@@ or@@ way appe@@ ars from out of no@@ where and it op@@ ens onto a sta@@ ir@@ case . +but here 's the wei@@ r@@ dest place of all : war . +dur@@ k@@ heim called this level the level of the sac@@ red because he believed that the function of religion was to uni@@ te people into a group , into a moral community . +he said , " if the one tri@@ be inclu@@ ded a great number of coura@@ ge@@ ous , sym@@ pa@@ thetic and fa@@ i@@ th@@ ful members who are always ready to aid and de@@ f@@ end each other , this tri@@ be would succe@@ ed better and con@@ qu@@ er the other . " +and as you 'll see in this simulation , as they interact they gain points , as it were , they grow , and when they 've dou@@ bled in size , you 'll see them spli@@ t , and that 's how they re@@ produce and the population gro@@ ws . +it happened again about 120 or a 1@@ 40 million years ago when some soli@@ t@@ ary was@@ ps began creating little simple , primi@@ tive ne@@ sts , or hi@@ ves . +i don 't mean that we evolved to join gigan@@ tic organized religi@@ ons . +and that gives me hope because people are not pur@@ ely sel@@ fish . +so i realized then that i wanted to go out on a journey and see what guys were creating for themselves now . +here is another pretty typical scene . this is a sub@@ urban las v@@ eg@@ as neighborhood . +and the thing you really hope for is occasi@@ on@@ ally they burn up , which we won 't see ton@@ ight . so . +and this gra@@ ff@@ iti artist has come along , made this sign a little bit better , and then moved on . +and the more you try to think about it , the further the answer gets from you , and the minute you stop thinking about it , your intuition gives you that answer , in a sense . +that was it . that 's all he saw as the op@@ tions . and not too far off . +and it was pur@@ pos@@ ely done to look fairly serious . +this is how the ad ran throughout the world ; germany made one s@@ light change in the ad . +the co@@ v@@ et@@ ed ri@@ ght-@@ hand page was not given up to the whole issue . +what 's next ? what 's next is going to be people . +and if you would , you 've got a great job . +something , again , that went back to something more fundamental . +this is another version of that . this is a sea dra@@ g@@ on , and the one on the bottom , the blue one , is a ju@@ ven@@ i@@ le that has not yet s@@ wal@@ lo@@ wed the ac@@ id , has not yet taken in the brow@@ n-@@ green al@@ ga@@ e pon@@ d sc@@ um into its body to give it energy . +they never touch the inner matter . there is more and more co-@@ evolution . +and he has decided to treat them as if they were tri@@ lo@@ bit@@ es , or sna@@ ils , and to do a mor@@ ph@@ ological analysis , and try to der@@ i@@ ve their gene@@ alo@@ gical history over time . +so we 've all heard about the am@@ ish giving up cars . +and so a ham@@ mer , when we gra@@ b a ham@@ mer , that 's what we 're grab@@ bing . +and if you play that well , you 'll have other people involved , so even that game exten@@ ds and continu@@ es even when you 're gone . +and while a student at ha@@ wa@@ ii , i worked at the wa@@ i@@ ki@@ ki a@@ qu@@ ari@@ um . +it 's been a good ride . +so we created a way to find out , and i got my first look at that famous be@@ ak in action . +and over the tops of them is 3,000 to 4@@ ,000 meters of water creating enormous pressure , for@@ cing water down through the cra@@ cks toward the center of the earth , until it hits a mag@@ ma cham@@ ber where it becomes super@@ he@@ ated and super@@ satur@@ ated with miner@@ als , rever@@ ses its flow and starts sho@@ ot@@ ing back to the surface and is e@@ je@@ cted out of the earth like a ge@@ y@@ ser at yel@@ lo@@ w@@ stone . +and that ep@@ he@@ mer@@ al nature of the hydro@@ ther@@ mal vent community isn 't really different from some of the areas that i 've seen in 35 years of travel@@ ing around , making films . +and a small group of thou@@ ght@@ ful people changed that bay . +now , syl@@ via 's ted prize wish was to bes@@ ee@@ ch us to do anything we could , everything we could , to set asi@@ de not p@@ in pri@@ cks , but significant exp@@ ans@@ es of the ocean for preser@@ vation , " hope spo@@ ts , " she calls them . +now the rules that i 'm talking about are constantly being monit@@ or@@ ed by the culture . +and then i thought -- in my 4@@ 0s i started thinking , " well , why don 't i do something ? +here 's some numbers . +you could drop an at@@ om bom@@ b on a city , and 30 years later it 's survi@@ ving . +so let 's first talk about biology . +so is london a sc@@ aled up bir@@ m@@ ing@@ ham , which is a sc@@ aled up bri@@ gh@@ ton , etc . , etc . ? +and we 've looked at everything : more aids cases , flu , etc . +that would be bad for econom@@ ies and cities . +but you notice , i 've che@@ ated , because i 've only gone up to ' 9@@ 4 . +right about the time that the internet gets going as an edu@@ cational tool , i take off from wis@@ con@@ sin and move to kan@@ s@@ as , small town kan@@ s@@ as , where i had an opportunity to teach in a lo@@ vely , small@@ -@@ town , rural kan@@ s@@ as school distri@@ ct , where i was teaching my favorite subject , american government . +but what was interesting about this position i found myself in in ari@@ zon@@ a , was i had this really in a truly public school , and we got to have these moments where we would get these opportunities . +that is the absolute wrong thing to ask , to tell kids to never be wrong . +and when we do another round of this in my class this year , they will do better this time , because learning has to inclu@@ de an amount of failure , because failure is in@@ struc@@ tional in the process . +it 's simply acceler@@ ating the p@@ ace at which the body he@@ als itself to a clin@@ ically relevant ti@@ mes@@ c@@ ale . +4@@ 1 people who were basically outside of being really sick , paying for the one reti@@ re@@ e who was experi@@ en@@ cing de@@ bili@@ tat@@ ing disease . +if a new@@ t can do this kind of thing , why can 't we ? +therefore , if we can find the right cells and im@@ plant them in the body , they may do the heal@@ ing . +and that material in@@ duced the body to switch back on a heal@@ ing response that it didn 't have before . +it 's the cool@@ est stuff . +it 's a great source of stem cells . +it 's very powerful work . +thank you . +oh , wonderful . +and -- oh , i saw gol@@ die ha@@ wn . +it 's true . it 's true . +but then on top of that , you know , sar@@ ah j@@ ones told me we only have 18 minutes . +so , we deser@@ ve just as much to be part of the exchange of ideas as everybody else . +my name is pra@@ ve@@ en man@@ v@@ i and thank you very much for this opportunity . +my son , he says he is not ready to get married . +so i think maybe ted , you impact people 's lives in the ways maybe even you don 't realize . +that 's all , shu@@ kr@@ an . thank you very much for the opportunity . +but i 'm actually here today to tell a story . +i started a couple of businesses that i thought would be the ti@@ cket to financial freedom . +but there 's also a lot of people that you don 't know . +and we don 't just want people to see our movies and say , that was fun , and forget about it . +we 've sent 5@@ 0,000 d@@ v@@ ds to high school teachers in the u.@@ s . +and finally , an e@@ bay li@@ sting for one well-@@ travel@@ ed slide show , now ob@@ so@@ le@@ te , museum piece . please contact al gore . +believe it or not , some of us do survive . +it 's been ta@@ ped with ta@@ pe that we even stopped using in the u.@@ k . +equipment that 's ob@@ so@@ le@@ te , equipment that doesn 't quite work , or it works and you can 't fix it . and there 's nothing wrong with that , so long as we use it and we move on . +that 's what he was doing , pro@@ pping up the bed because the bed simply didn 't work . +these are the basic fe@@ atures of my device , or our device . +this was a huge impact on my mind , because i am a woman and i am a mother , and i hadn 't realized that the hiv / aids pan@@ de@@ mic was directly affec@@ ting women in such a way . +i 've travel@@ ed all over the world in the last two and a half years -- i went to about 12 different countries . +a@@ ve@@ li@@ le had the virus , she was born with the virus . +our ene@@ mi@@ es shall talk themselves to death , and we will fight them with their own con@@ fusion . +but over@@ thro@@ wing a government is one thing and building a stable democracy is a bit more complicated . +you have a situation where the relationship between government and local social net@@ working companies is creating a situation where , effectively , the em@@ power@@ ing potential of these plat@@ forms is being con@@ stra@@ ined because of these relationships between companies and government . +and here in the united king@@ dom there 's also conc@@ ern over a law called the digital economy act that 's plac@@ ing more on@@ us on private inter@@ medi@@ aries to police citi@@ zen behavior . +but in the last two decades , it has experienced an un@@ pre@@ ce@@ d@@ ented expan@@ sion , now accoun@@ ting for roughly 15 percent of the world 's g@@ dp . +the court system wasn 't func@@ tion@@ ing proper@@ ly . +the z@@ ones of production and distribution tend to lie in the developing world , and they are often thre@@ at@@ en@@ ed by app@@ all@@ ing violence and b@@ loo@@ d@@ shed . +so i have shown you this to demon@@ strate how many bo@@ ats , how many ves@@ sel@@ s it takes to catch one of these guys . +now , i was taken by in@@ spec@@ tor brian can@@ ter@@ a , of the ro@@ y@@ al can@@ adi@@ an moun@@ ted police , to a ca@@ vern@@ ous war@@ e@@ house east of van@@ cou@@ ver to see some of the goods which are regul@@ arly con@@ fis@@ cated by the r@@ c@@ mp from the s@@ mu@@ g@@ gl@@ ers who are sending it , of course , down south to the united states where there is an in@@ sa@@ ti@@ able market for b@@ .@@ c. bu@@ d , as it 's called , in part because it 's market@@ ed as organic , which of course goes down very well in california . +ho@@ o@@ ked it up to my laptop , and within about five minutes he had pen@@ e@@ tr@@ ated the computer security system of a major brazi@@ li@@ an bank . +there is no roman@@ ce involved with gan@@ g@@ sters in the 21@@ st century . +everybody knew the answer . +you 've believed it through generations . +all his colleagues said , " this is ou@@ trage@@ ous . +the only ex@@ ception is the na@@ ked som@@ ali@@ an mole@@ -@@ rat , which never puts its nose above the surface of the ground . +try to imagine a gor@@ ill@@ a per@@ forming the same man@@ eu@@ ver , and you can see that , compared with gor@@ ill@@ a , we are hal@@ f@@ way to being sha@@ ped like a fish . +sir david atten@@ bor@@ ough , he 's come over . +acade@@ mi@@ a says no . +one -- i want to speak as early in the morning as possible . +ah , mark -- ser@@ fa@@ as . +i 'd basically dist@@ ill@@ ed a very diffic@@ ul@@ t-@@ to-@@ explain and complex philosoph@@ y , which i won 't get into here , because it 's a little too deep for all of you , but -- it 's about what makes web@@ sites popular , and , you know , it 's -- it 's un@@ fortun@@ ate that i don 't have more time . +and fro@@ g mode . +it 's the process of creation that kee@@ ps me sort of a bubble and a half above per@@ pe@@ tual an@@ x@@ iety in my life , and it 's that feeling of being about 80 percent complete on a project -- where you know you still have something to do , but it 's not finished , and you 're not starting something -- that really fil@@ ls my entire life . +i think that the " now ti@@ ed up , ti@@ ed down , mi@@ stress cru@@ el approach@@ es me , now ti@@ ed down , it 's up . " +you can send them an email . +you may not appreci@@ ate the person , you may not appreci@@ ate anything else , but maybe you appreci@@ ate the fact that they 've got a tough gi@@ g . +so when you do that , here 's what i can promise : you 're going to be the 800 po@@ und gor@@ ill@@ a in the forest . +and so i went home , and i made a prototyp@@ e of this hat . +and i thought , " well , hey ! +this very basic shift in my physical ori@@ entation helped me shift my perspective in relation to the gl@@ aci@@ er . +yet we di@@ ther , taking no action to de@@ fle@@ ct the astero@@ id , even though the longer we wait , the more difficult and expensive it becomes . " +our problem and our trage@@ dy is that in these hyper@@ -@@ par@@ tis@@ an times , the m@@ ere fact that one side says , " look , there 's an astero@@ id , " means that the other side 's going to say , " hu@@ h ? what ? +it causes them to di@@ stor@@ t reality . +so , how warm or cold do you feel about , you know , na@@ tive americans , or the military , the republi@@ can party , the democratic party , all sorts of groups in american life . +but the problem isn 't pri@@ mar@@ ily that we 're elec@@ ting bad people to con@@ gress . +so here 's another astero@@ id . +when americans go to college and mar@@ ry each other , they have very low di@@ vor@@ ce rates . +and most surpris@@ ingly to me , they sometimes can even see eye to eye on crimin@@ al justice . +and this is the con@@ version of one group of sub@@ stances into another , either through the production or the absor@@ ption of energy . +so what we 're trying to do is , we 're trying to push these technologies towards creating bot@@ tom@@ -up construction approach@@ es for architecture , which contr@@ ast the current , vic@@ tor@@ ian , top@@ -@@ down metho@@ ds which im@@ pose structure upon matter . +now , this is the very interesting part . +ven@@ ice is sin@@ king . to save it , ra@@ ch@@ el arm@@ strong says we need to out@@ grow architecture made of in@@ ert materials and , well , make architecture that gro@@ ws itself . she pro@@ pos@@ es a not@@ -@@ qu@@ it@@ e-@@ alive material that does its own re@@ pa@@ irs and sequ@@ est@@ ers carbon , too . +i 'm sc@@ ared . tell them to get away . ' " as a young woman , i was in a psychiat@@ ric hospital on three different occasi@@ ons for l@@ eng@@ thy peri@@ ods . +this person is likely to have some form of schizophren@@ ia . +this ep@@ iso@@ de led to my first hospit@@ alization in america . +they wouldn 't experience re@@ stra@@ in@@ ts as we would . " +'@@ okay . small . fire on ice . tell them not to kill me . +so let me share some final thoughts . +when i turned 18 , i lost my best friend to a car accident . +second it 's driving itself . +they 're the v@@ eins of the ecosystem , and they 're often empty v@@ eins . +and i 'm sure you all know , this has created significant confli@@ cts between the agri@@ cultural and environmental communities . +but they have no in@@ cen@@ tive to do so . +with stre@@ ams and ri@@ vers dr@@ ying up because of over@@ -@@ us@@ age , ro@@ b har@@ mon has imple@@ mented an in@@ geni@@ ous market mechan@@ ism to bring back the water . farmers and be@@ er companies find their f@@ ates inter@@ t@@ win@@ ed in the intri@@ gu@@ ing cent@@ ur@@ y-@@ old tale of pri@@ ck@@ ly pe@@ ar cre@@ ek . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +but , yeah . +he 's by far the happ@@ i@@ est man ever measu@@ red by science . +and maybe because of that , compassion is organic and wi@@ des@@ pre@@ ad comp@@ any@@ -@@ wide . +so what are they ? +so this mu@@ tual inspiration pro@@ mot@@ es collaboration , initiative and creativity . +attention is the basis of all higher cognitive and emotional abilities . +cha@@ de-@@ men@@ g tan : everyday compassion at google +and it took a lot of coura@@ ge for these defen@@ ders to decide that they would begin to stand up and support each other in imple@@ ment@@ ing these laws . +and with that , he success@@ fully organized 6@@ 8 law@@ yers who have been syste@@ matically taking the cases . +and i was sitting side by side with one of our very coura@@ ge@@ ous law@@ yers , and said , " how can we get this out ? how can we make sure that this is imple@@ mented ? +so i thank you for having the prop@@ he@@ tic imagination to imagine the sha@@ ping of a new world with us together , and invi@@ te you into this journey with us . +you know when they do home@@ works at home ? +it can be a school of design in jer@@ us@@ al@@ em that tries to find a better way to design gas mas@@ ks for people , because , as you know , israel de@@ plo@@ ys one gas mas@@ k per person including babies . +hell@@ a jon@@ geri@@ us is a person that is able to make a syn@@ thesis that is really quite amazing and also quite hil@@ ari@@ ous . +so , designers sometimes don 't do things that are immediately func@@ tional , but they 're func@@ tional to our understanding of issues . +and that makes sense . +but i 'm going to try and do something different , and try and just close the loo@@ p with some of my personal stories , and try and put a face to a lot of the issues that we 've been talking about . +and what happened was , because they could afford it sometimes , sometimes not , i got ki@@ cked out pretty much every term . +my father , who i 've been talking about , died of aids in 199@@ 9 . +how would you look at me ? +so we need to start getting better . +and i can 't em@@ ph@@ asi@@ ze that enough , you know . +you know , they 're not going to change just out of no@@ where . +a cou@@ sin of mine died of aids , left an or@@ ph@@ an , so we said , well , what are we going to do with her ? +and this is just an illu@@ stration . +long distance running was not only good for my well-@@ being but it helped me medi@@ tate and dream big . +but for every disaster we had , the mar@@ ath@@ on found ways to bring people together . +i believe these are the building blocks for future peace . +he was out there in par@@ ol deli@@ vering a baby . +she is really the center of the health care system . +i 'm just going to sell these to every clin@@ ic in the world . +in may of 2010 , at 35 years old , with a two-@@ year-old at home and my second child on the way , i was diagno@@ sed with a large an@@ eur@@ y@@ s@@ m at the base of my th@@ or@@ ac@@ ic a@@ or@@ ta . +so these are my dau@@ gh@@ ters . +most of the people who lived here either lived in co@@ ast@@ al villa@@ ges , fishing , or were no@@ ma@@ ds who ro@@ am@@ ed around with the environment trying to find water . +this is probably the sky@@ line that most of you know about do@@ ha . +energy is the key factor here . it changed everything . +these risks directly affect the sustain@@ ability of this nation and its continu@@ ity . +imagine a country with ab@@ und@@ ant power -- oil and gas , s@@ uns@@ h@@ ine , wind -- but missing one key essential for life : water . infrastructure engineer fa@@ had al-@@ at@@ ti@@ ya talks about the un@@ expected ways that the small middle eastern nation of q@@ at@@ ar creates its water supply . +i 'll try where it all started in the middle east , and for so many years we were living with completely the wrong perception of the middle east . +you see nine pres@@ identi@@ al can@@ di@@ dat@@ es running against lu@@ k@@ as@@ hen@@ ko . +so there are so many things you can do instead of getting into one place , shou@@ ting and showing off in front of the security forces . +it is true that the internet and new media are very useful in making things faster and che@@ aper . +2011 was a year of extraordinary peop@@ le-@@ powered resi@@ stance , starting with arab spring and spre@@ ading across the world . how did this resi@@ stance work so well ? s@@ r@@ d@@ ja po@@ po@@ vi@@ c la@@ ys out the plans , skills and tools each movement needs -- from non@@ violent tac@@ tics to a sense of humor . & lt ; em & gt ; & lt ; / em & gt ; +and i said , " do you remember when we were in college and really wild and kind of du@@ m@@ b ? " +the majority of people . +i 'm a fif@@ th generation tex@@ an . +and the purpose is not to walk in and constru@@ ct a home and live there . +this is like the failure conference . +us . +sh@@ ame feels the same for men and women , but it 's organized by gender . +you show me a man who can sit with a woman who 's just had it , she can 't do it all anymore , and his first response is not , " i un@@ lo@@ aded the dis@@ h@@ was@@ her , " but he really li@@ stens -- because that 's all we need -- i 'll show you a guy who 's done a lot of work . +it is a dream of man@@ kind to fly like a bird . +we have to turn it , go up and go down . +and the ir@@ ony is that they don 't need to be . +dr. v : see , mc@@ don@@ ald 's ' concept is simple . +the effect of this has been that , within the first year , we really had a 40 percent pen@@ et@@ ration in the market that it ser@@ ved , which is over 5@@ 0,000 people . +the re@@ ven@@ u@@ es increase at a higher level , giving us a healthy mar@@ g@@ in while you 're tre@@ ating a large number of people for free . +now , how do you make people own the problem , want to do something about it ? +it is a mobile ph@@ one-@@ sha@@ ped box that has an ir@@ on weight inside , which we can move around , and you can feel where it 's heavy . +as humans , we are social , we are em@@ path@@ ic , and that 's great . +but even though i had this new@@ found joy and freedom , people 's reaction completely changed towards me . +for me , this means that they 're seeing the value of difference , the joy it brings when instead of foc@@ using on loss or limit@@ ation , we see and discover the power and joy of seeing the world from exciting new perspe@@ c@@ tives . +but even more stri@@ king than the fer@@ o@@ cious power e@@ man@@ ating from that well was the re@@ ck@@ less@@ ness with which that power was un@@ le@@ as@@ hed -- the car@@ el@@ ess@@ ness , the lack of planning that characteri@@ zed the operation from dri@@ ll@@ ing to cle@@ an-@@ up . +a range of explan@@ ations may be po@@ pping into your mind by now , like " gre@@ ed . " +i 'm showing it because -- they 're not a spon@@ sor , are they ? -- because , in its own way , this is a cr@@ ass version of our fo@@ unding story . +ignor@@ e those cre@@ eping fe@@ ars that we have finally hit the wall . +that 's a person down there by the whe@@ el . +a new fron@@ tier has been found . +bf : ... without a ma@@ car@@ th@@ ur gr@@ ant . +bf : that 's all right , he does that . all right . +dh : wow , you 've been working out . +could you just push that ? +bf : ten years to perfect , which you 're about to see . +the design of the body is a whole different thing . +dh : tell them about our bi@@ o and stuff . +and it 's aw@@ fully win@@ dy over there . +because now , to make this twice as difficult , we 'll ju@@ g@@ gle the seven clu@@ bs back ... +i 'll spend a fortun@@ e on it . i 've got a better idea . +if you 've ever seen an electr@@ on microscop@@ e picture , you 'll see this . this all looks the same , then there 's this bit over here which is incredibly complicated . +now , some people call her the first program@@ mer . +to give you an idea of how slowly , it had about 1@@ k of memory . +i came here to speak about ec@@ ology , and i em@@ it@@ ted as much co2 as a fren@@ ch@@ man in one year . +according to scientists , in 100 years all the mountain gl@@ aci@@ er will be gone . +i launched a project named six billion others . +you shouldn 't worry about me . dad doesn 't need to go to work . +it is about the state of the planet . +we 're only trying to improve our lives . +chromo@@ some one , top left . +world population , p@@ c plac@@ ements , the archi@@ ve of all the medical liter@@ ature , mo@@ ore 's law , the old way of sequen@@ cing , and here 's all the new stuff . +so unfortunately , this doesn 't help this woman , but it does have sever@@ e , profound if you will , impli@@ cations to her family . +but the gene that regul@@ ates that down is broken . +th@@ ank@@ fully , i was able to answer a , and i say that hon@@ est@@ ly in case my life in@@ sur@@ ance ag@@ ent is listening . +and so imagine one more thing : that that software is able to ask both par@@ ties for mu@@ tual con@@ s@@ ents , " would you be willing to meet your third cou@@ sin ? " +hands it back to me . and we do that again and again . +so why should you care ? bone mar@@ row is a very rich source of adult stem cells . +these cor@@ als can be quite kind of mean , you see , and i have sur@@ fing sc@@ ars to prove that . +and things can happen only if these inter@@ actions are perfectly bal@@ an@@ ced . +finally , there 's the force of gravity , which inter@@ acts with matter via its mass and sp@@ in . +so the electro@@ magnetic and we@@ ak forces are described by this pattern of partic@@ le char@@ ges in two-@@ dimensional space . +from this pattern , we already know the partic@@ le physics of these tiny sc@@ ales . the way the universe works with these tiny sc@@ ales is very beautiful . +each point in this pattern cor@@ respon@@ ds to a symme@@ try of this very complex and beautiful shape . +if the l@@ h@@ c fin@@ ds new particles , but they don 't fit this pattern -- well , that will be very interesting , but bad for this e@@ 8 theory . +but not wor@@ rying about r@@ ent allowed me to spend my time doing what i love . +i don 't know if i 'll be able to make this any clear@@ er . +so it rema@@ ins for me to com@@ ment on the ways in which chimpanze@@ es are so like us , in certain aspe@@ cts of their behavior . +so it 's pretty sad to find that chimpanze@@ es , like so many other creatures around the world , are losing their habit@@ ats . +they were interested in health ; they were interested in education . +the water -- water is perhaps one of the most cru@@ cial issues that we 're going to face in this century -- and everywhere water is being pollu@@ ted by agri@@ cultural , industrial and hou@@ se@@ hold chemicals that still are being spra@@ yed around the world , seem@@ ingly with the in@@ ability to profit from past experience . +see the bri@@ ck wall as all these problems we 've in@@ fli@@ cted on the planet , environmental and social . it 's a message of hope . +but -- oh , they 're also working on hiv / aids . +all of these technologies we can use . +thank you . +i 'd go to the super@@ market and all of my food is pac@@ ka@@ ged in plastic . +we can cut the stem -- ti@@ de the stem of this into our oceans and in doing so , save our oceans , save our planet , save ourselves . +and yes , you also interact using natural gest@@ ures , both hands , etc . +my student pr@@ an@@ a@@ v , who 's really , like i said , the geni@@ us behind this . +but when people learned what her son was acc@@ used of , she didn 't get that sym@@ pathy . +it 's up to us women , because we are women , because we love our children . +so , ai@@ ch@@ a , do you have a couple of words for conclu@@ sion ? +well , today , i 'd like to show you that through thinking differently , the problem has been solved . +so nothing is getting through . +that 's not dir@@ ty enough . let 's just sti@@ r that up a little bit . +then , after a few weeks , we set up cam@@ ps . +so with just eight billion dollars , we can hit the mil@@ len@@ ni@@ um goal 's target of hal@@ ving the number of people without access to safe drin@@ king water . +and the second is about some new dimension which i want to re@@ fer to , which has never quite happened in the way it 's happening now . +the world needs an international for@@ um . +up until now , the united states has been the domin@@ ant fe@@ ature of our world . +take the last financial crisis after the second world war . +diplo@@ ma@@ cy is about man@@ aging the inter@@ relationship of nations . +but now one final thing . +the other 90 percent is dic@@ t@@ ated by our lifest@@ yle . +we are progra@@ mm@@ ed for something called pro@@ creative success . +but life expec@@ tan@@ cy in this country is only 7@@ 8 . +that 's called the grandmother effect . +it 's simply a little saying these people say before their me@@ al to re@@ mind them to stop eating when their sto@@ mach is [ 80 ] percent full . +they inst@@ antly knew why they wo@@ ke up in the morning . +they take their diet directly from the bi@@ ble . +she ri@@ des her bi@@ cycle . +the o@@ kin@@ aw@@ ans have this ance@@ st@@ or v@@ ener@@ ation . +dan bu@@ et@@ t@@ ner : how to live to be 100 + +i 'm curious about how things work and how they are made , but also because i believe we should have a deeper understanding of the components that make up our world , and right now , we don 't know enough about these high-@@ tech com@@ pos@@ ites our future will be made of . +electr@@ on@@ ics k@@ its are very powerful in that they teach us how things work , but the con@@ stra@@ in@@ ts in@@ her@@ ent in their design influence the way we learn . +i was a young driver out on the high@@ way , and the car in front of me , i saw the bra@@ ke lights go on . +and i believe that . i believe that . +if i have a gps and a camera in my car , i have a pretty pre@@ cise idea of where i am and how fast i 'm going . +but i believe it can be done in a way that prote@@ cts our priv@@ acy , just like right now , when i look at your car from the outside , i don 't really know about you . +you can get eight , 10 minutes of wei@@ ght@@ less@@ ness -- how nasa 's trained their astron@@ au@@ ts for so long . +once he was there , [ we ] let him go to experience what wei@@ ght@@ less@@ ness was truly like . +and what i 've tried to do since i had my training as a medical illu@@ str@@ ator -- since i was taught anima@@ tion by my father , who was a sculp@@ tor and my visual ment@@ or -- i wanted to figure out a way to help people understand truth and beauty in the biological sci@@ ences by using anima@@ tion , by using pictures , by telling stories so that the things that are not necessarily evi@@ dent to people can be brought forth , and can be taught , and can be understood . +they pass information to each other . +so i pac@@ ked my c@@ at , my ro@@ tt@@ wei@@ ler and my cam@@ ping ge@@ ar into a 197@@ 5 ch@@ ev@@ y van , and dro@@ ve off into the sun@@ set , having fully failed to realize three critical things . +and i fac@@ ed a whole new set of challenges . +i started laugh@@ ing because it got to the point where , was i a writer , or was i a hom@@ eless woman ? +be@@ cky blan@@ ton : the year i was hom@@ eless +we were so much bigger than co@@ ca@@ -@@ col@@ a in those days . +un@@ cle gets dr@@ un@@ k , doesn 't use con@@ dom . come back , start again . " +and here is this , then , young man called wil@@ ly bo@@ h@@ m who worked for the us@@ aid . +so i said , " okay . " +of course i can . and they 'd enjoy it im@@ men@@ sely ; i see them standing around right now , everywhere . +90 percent of the fund@@ ing came from th@@ a@@ il@@ and . +and then we have silk , th@@ ai silk . +me@@ cha@@ i vi@@ ra@@ va@@ i@@ dy@@ a : how mr. con@@ dom made th@@ a@@ il@@ and a better place +so i can see everything that ro@@ mo sees , and i get a robot '@@ s-@@ e@@ ye@@ -@@ view of the world . +thanks , scot@@ t . +there 's a je@@ wish saying that i love . +however , what matters most -- more than training or lu@@ ck -- is the heart . +now , how can you have a deep tan and have no wr@@ in@@ kl@@ es ? +somehow she man@@ ages to keep her seven children alive , and a few months later , she gives birth to pre@@ ma@@ ture tw@@ ins . +fe@@ min@@ ism has never been sex@@ y , but let me as@@ sure you that it never stopped me from fli@@ r@@ ting , and i have sel@@ dom suff@@ ered from lack of men . +jen@@ ny is horri@@ fied at what she has done , but then the transl@@ ator explains that the patient 's condition has nothing to do with the operation . +does it make sense to participa@@ te in the exi@@ sting world order ? +why not ? it is possible . look around in this room -- all this knowledge , energy , talent and technology . +it 's something that i 've worked on and a few other people , and it indi@@ c@@ ates a kind of hier@@ arch@@ y along with some assu@@ mp@@ tions about how many people stop at different steps and how the steps of thinking are affected a very different theory , a much more popular one , and an older one , due lar@@ gely to john n@@ ash of " a beautiful mind " f@@ ame , is what 's called equ@@ ili@@ bri@@ um analysis . +so what you see here is a sub@@ tra@@ ction of areas in which there 's more brain activity when you 're playing people compared to playing the computer . +it 's good for them . they make a lot of money . +charles darwin and i and you broke off from the family tree from chimpanze@@ es about five million years ago . +they 're also very obs@@ essed with status . +co@@ lin c@@ amer@@ er : neuro@@ science , game theory , mon@@ keys +and even though there is food that we are producing at great cost , we don 't actually value it . +the answer is what i call " ancient food miles . " +and , in fact , if you look at the map of any city built before the industrial age , you can tra@@ ce food coming in to it . +and this really is the moment when our relationship , both with food and cities , changes completely . +u@@ top@@ ia was actually a word that thomas mo@@ ore used deli@@ ber@@ ately . +ste@@ aming pil@@ es of hu@@ mus . +we need to realize that the world is also what we eat . +and the religi@@ ons that should be making a major contribu@@ tion are instead seen as part of the problem . +i want them to get the media involved because the media are cru@@ cial in helping to dis@@ solve some of the stere@@ ot@@ yp@@ ical vie@@ ws we have of other people , which are divi@@ ding us from one another . +kar@@ en arm@@ strong : let 's re@@ vi@@ ve the golden rule +you de@@ code what you want to fold up into , into a sequence of an@@ gles -- so negative 120 , negative 120 , 0 , 0 , 120 , negative 120 -- something like that ; so a sequence of an@@ gles , or turns , and you send that sequence through the string . +if you have er@@ r@@ ors , you can replace a part . +sk@@ yl@@ ar ti@@ b@@ bits : can we make things that make themselves ? +and obviously there 's been tremendous practical appli@@ cations associated with this world -- things like the er@@ a@@ dic@@ ation of small@@ po@@ x , the ad@@ vent of a v@@ acc@@ ine against cer@@ vi@@ cal cancer , which we now know is mostly caused by human pa@@ pil@@ lo@@ ma@@ virus . +that as we explore these str@@ ings of a 's , t 's , c 's and g 's , we may un@@ cover a completely new class of life that , like bei@@ jer@@ in@@ ck , will fundament@@ ally change the way that we think about the nature of biology . +and especially if you reg@@ ard these two as deep tru@@ ths to live by and to in@@ form your life decisions , then they seem a little bit to conflict with each other . +now how do we know about an environment that 's so far away , and so different , and so alien , from anything we 're used to ? +we happen to get round to testing , let 's say , new@@ ton 's law of gravity about 300 years ago . +all it takes is for a super@@ no@@ va to go off a few light years away , and we 'll all be dead ! +the world is bu@@ z@@ zing at the moment with plans to force re@@ duc@@ tions in gas emissions at all costs . +so it has nei@@ ther the resources , nor the in@@ centi@@ ves , to ho@@ ok up many other users . +zo@@ om in on haiti , in out@@ line here . +but den@@ g xi@@ a@@ op@@ ing instin@@ c@@ tively understood the importance of off@@ ering choices to his people . +we also need the choices for people . +let us have a h@@ ong kon@@ g ne@@ ar@@ by . +they can get basic u@@ tili@@ ties like electricity . +let 's have a system where we have ow@@ ner@@ ship of land that is regi@@ ster@@ ed in a government office , that people can ple@@ dge as coll@@ at@@ er@@ al . +we just take se@@ a@@ water and we filter it , and we collect different size organisms on different fil@@ ters , and then take their dna back to our lab in rock@@ ville , where we can sequence a hundred million letters of the genetic code every 24 hours . +i view that these genes are now not only the design components of evolution . +this is a case where the software now buil@@ ds its own hard@@ ware , and that 's the no@@ tions that we have with biology . +after these genom@@ es are syn@@ thes@@ i@@ zed , the first step is just transplan@@ ting them into a cell without a genome . +genom@@ ics pi@@ one@@ er cra@@ ig vent@@ er takes a break from his epi@@ c ro@@ und@@ -@@ the-@@ world expedi@@ tion to talk about the millions of genes his team has discovered so far in its qu@@ est to map the ocean 's bio@@ diversity . +the kids who resi@@ sted sc@@ or@@ ed 250 points higher on the sat . +you can be pres@@ ent@@ -@@ he@@ don@@ i@@ stic , nam@@ ely you focus on the jo@@ ys of life , or pres@@ ent@@ -@@ f@@ at@@ alist -- it doesn 't matter , your life is controlled . +and the idea is so simple , so obvious , but i think the consequences are really profound . +what about resources ? how are we going to feed nine billion people ? +in fact , just studying the r@@ ings alone , we stand to learn a lot about the dis@@ cs of stars and gas that we call the spi@@ ral galaxies . +it can was@@ h the s@@ lu@@ dge off high mountain pe@@ a@@ ks and h@@ ills , down into the lo@@ w@@ lands . so stop and think for a minute . +it was significant for another reason . this is an international mission , and this event was cele@@ br@@ ated in europe , in germany , and the cele@@ br@@ atory pres@@ ent@@ ations were given in english acc@@ ents , and american acc@@ ents , and ger@@ man acc@@ ents , and french and itali@@ an and du@@ tch acc@@ ents . +this is an un@@ con@@ soli@@ d@@ ated ground that is suff@@ used with liquid me@@ than@@ e . +my team and i have exam@@ ined images like this , and like this one , and have thought about the other results from cas@@ sin@@ i . +these leaders are trying to for@@ ge a massive national non@@ violent movement to end the occu@@ pa@@ tion and build peace in the region . +repor@@ ter : isra@@ el@@ i bor@@ der police were sent to dis@@ per@@ se the crowd . +but that 's true for adults too . +juli@@ a b@@ ach@@ a : pay attention to non@@ violence +this is an invi@@ tation to the 70 percent of our un@@ ma@@ pped planet . +so epi@@ le@@ p@@ sy patients sometimes need the electrical activity in their brain monit@@ or@@ ing . +so if we take some out@@ bo@@ und path -- perhaps we park and we wan@@ der off -- we know because our own mov@@ ements , which we can integra@@ te over this path roughly what the head@@ ing direction is to go back . +so if this was happening , your memor@@ ies could start by place cells activ@@ ating each other via these den@@ se inter@@ connections and then re@@ activ@@ ating boundar@@ y cells to create the spa@@ tial structure of the scene around your vie@@ w@@ point . +as it turns out , there 's a pattern . +they 're beauti@@ fully designed , simple to use and user friend@@ ly . +a few years ago , g@@ ate@@ way came out with flat screen t@@ v@@ s . +you know , sometimes you can give somebody all the facts and fig@@ ures , and they say , " i know what all the facts and details say , but it just doesn 't feel right . " +the new york times followed him around everywhere , and everyone was ro@@ ot@@ ing for lang@@ ley . +the next 3@@ 4 percent are your early majority , your late majority and your la@@ g@@ gar@@ ds . +it 's a commercial example . +how do you do that ? +leaders hold a position of power or auth@@ ority , but those who lead inspi@@ re us . +the doctors , it seemed , never really had enough time for all the patients , try as they might . +so when i got this email from dr. gei@@ ger , i knew i was supposed to be proud to be part of this history . +and we cho@@ se to use the pres@@ cri@@ ption for that purpose . +what if we had a waiting room where you don 't just sit when you 're sick , but where you go to get healthy . +and this isn 't just a sort of shor@@ t-@@ term work@@ force to connect patients to basic resources , it 's a next generation healthcare leadership pi@@ p@@ eline who 've spent two , three , four years in the clin@@ ic waiting room talking to patients about their most basic health needs . +i believe that we all have a vision for healthcare in this country . +what 's wrong with this picture ? +the bad news is , this is a se@@ mi@@ -@@ sub@@ mer@@ si@@ ble run by drug car@@ tel@@ s . +you should say , " that 's od@@ d . i thought i read that this demo@@ graphic , young men and women in their 20@@ s and 3@@ 0s , is lar@@ gely il@@ liter@@ ate in afghanistan . " +when he was fit@@ ted , over his extremely m@@ yo@@ pi@@ c eyes , he suddenly looked up and said , " mama , ve@@ o el m@@ un@@ do . " +there was an article which was run by ap , on the wire . +james sta@@ v@@ ri@@ d@@ is : a na@@ vy ad@@ mi@@ ral 's thoughts on global security +but these are early in@@ corpo@@ ra@@ tions of illu@@ sions brought to -- sort of high point with h@@ ans hol@@ bein 's " am@@ bas@@ sa@@ d@@ ors . " and h@@ ans hol@@ bein worked for henry vi@@ ii . this was hung on a wall where you could walk down from the sta@@ ir and you can see this hidden sk@@ ul@@ l . +u.n. opened their stati@@ stic dat@@ ab@@ ases , and we have a new version of the software up working as a bet@@ a on the net , so you don 't have to down@@ load it any longer . +and this was 2007 . +and look here -- compare to the phili@@ pp@@ ines of today . +and now we can see that the rate of change was enormous in japan . +but ho@@ ma@@ ge to sing@@ apo@@ re . +this we can call dollar street . +that 's when research fun@@ ctions in poor societies -- you must really live with the people . +i would say that sub-@@ sahar@@ an africa has done best in the world during the last 50 years . +let me first grade what are the most important means . +so the seem@@ ingly impossible is possible . +because it 's got all those a 's lin@@ ed up i guess . +we can run the sc@@ ore up against anybody , and then get our as@@ ses ki@@ cked in the second half -- what they call fourth generation war@@ f@@ are . +and the chinese said to me , " dr. bar@@ nett , you 're absolutely right . +like sa@@ d@@ dam , like mu@@ gabe , like k@@ im jon@@ g-@@ il -- people who kill in hundreds of thousands or millions . +do you want to do it , fr@@ ance ? +would you like mu@@ gabe gone ? +we bought one military and we oper@@ ated another . +can of wh@@ up ass , the net@@ working force . +the rule is going to be this . +i 've been told by the revolution of military aff@@ air@@ s crowd for years , we can do it faster , che@@ aper , smaller , just as le@@ th@@ al . +sh@@ inse@@ ki was right with the argument . +thanks . +really , we 're doing this , basically . really , not very much . +and the reason is , it 's been done . +gave a bunch of physical reasons why it wouldn 't do a very good comp@@ en@@ sation . +but then i found out that there were all sorts of pa@@ pers already published that add@@ ressed this top@@ ic because it happens already in the natural atmosphere . +maybe another kno@@ b is a kno@@ b for controll@@ ing co2 concent@@ ra@@ tions . +i 'll tell you how big the le@@ ver is : the le@@ ver is that big . +and that 's one of the fundamental reasons that this problem is so hard to talk about , and , in general , i think it 's the under@@ lying reason that it 's been poli@@ tically un@@ accep@@ table to talk about this . +we 're going to go on a di@@ ve to the deep sea , and anyone that 's had that lo@@ vely opportunity knows that for about two and half hours on the way down , it 's a perfectly posi@@ tively pit@@ ch@@ -@@ black world . +let 's take a look at it again . watch the color@@ ation : white on the right , brown on the left . +i thought it was all graphi@@ cs -- so here it is in rever@@ se . +" we don 't care about being happy . we need to live with passion . +i used to be a fan of b@@ ach . i used to play it on the gu@@ it@@ ar , you know . +but there 's also wick@@ ed joy , you can re@@ jo@@ ice in someone 's suffering . +at the opposite , everyone knows deep within that an act of sel@@ fl@@ ess gener@@ osity , if from the distance , without anyone knowing anything about it , we could save a child 's life , make someone happy . +ben@@ evol@@ ence , lo@@ ving kin@@ dness against hat@@ red . +so that 's what those great medi@@ tat@@ ors have been doing . +so , i 've no time to go into all the different scientific results . +what is happiness , and how can we all get some ? bio@@ chem@@ ist turned budd@@ h@@ ist mon@@ k mat@@ th@@ ie@@ u ri@@ card says we can train our minds in hab@@ its of well-@@ being , to generate a true sense of ser@@ en@@ ity and ful@@ fil@@ l@@ ment . +the environments we are living in , more typically , are like these . +a public place so dis@@ mal that the win@@ os don 't even want to go there . +ok . +and we 're not going to cure the problems of the urban by dra@@ g@@ ging the country into the city , which is what a lot of us are trying to do all the time . +so they take the first one that comes along , often . +we 're going to have to re-@@ learn what the building blocks of these things are : the street , the block , how to com@@ pose public space that 's both large and small , the cour@@ ty@@ ard , the ci@@ vi@@ c square and how to really make use of this property . +please go out and do what you can to make this a land full of places that are worth car@@ ing about and a nation that will be worth defen@@ ding . +the deeper you go , the more you run into a conflict with water . +here 's a clip from a national geographic movie that came out in 199@@ 9 . +i mean , i cut through three years of engineering meetings , design and system integra@@ tion , and introduced dep@@ th@@ x -- deep ph@@ re@@ a@@ tic ther@@ mal explor@@ er . +the government recently announ@@ ced plans to return to the moon by 20@@ 24 . +so , what if you could get your gas at a 10@@ th the price ? +it 's ris@@ ky and it 's going to be one hell of a ride -- better than dis@@ ney . +100 years after sir ern@@ est sha@@ ck@@ le@@ ton wrote these words , i in@@ tend to plant an industrial fla@@ g on the moon and complete the final piece that will open the space fron@@ tier , in our time , for all of us . +so i 've seen life as one long learning process . +i mean , couldn 't you have used the virg@@ in brand for that as well ? +rb : ah , that was quite fun . that was a wonderful car@@ -@@ boat in which -- oh , that car that we -- actually we -- it was a ted@@ ster event there , i think . +and then 24 months from now , people will be able to take a ride into space . +and you inspired an ian m@@ ce@@ w@@ an novel i think with that . +didn 't -- weren 't you just terrible at school ? +do you look at the current generation of kids coming up and think they 're too co@@ dd@@ led , they don 't know what they 've got , we 're going to raise a generation of privi@@ le@@ ged ... +that is ou@@ trage@@ ous . +we need to try to encoura@@ ge people to come up with a way of extra@@ cting carbon out of the earth 's atmosphere . +i mean , the psych@@ ologist er@@ ik eri@@ k@@ son says that -- as i understand him and i 'm a total ama@@ te@@ ur -- but that during 3@@ 0s , 4@@ 0s people are driven by this desire to grow and that 's where they get their ful@@ fil@@ l@@ ment . diff --git a/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/validate.py b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/validate.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9c1c66bba5d3a216db7033e3ce7b7ccc27829da9 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack/validate.py @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 -u +# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. +# +# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the +# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. + +from fairseq_cli.validate import cli_main + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + cli_main() diff --git a/SimTranslation/ossutil_output/ossutil_report_20260625_112402.report b/SimTranslation/ossutil_output/ossutil_report_20260625_112402.report new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..111819ea4cac8ce0ce4f6ef0bc2704abe92543bc --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/ossutil_output/ossutil_report_20260625_112402.report @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +# ossutil cp -r /mnt/workspace/users/andongchen/同传跑通/SimTranslation_无权重版/ oss://alitranx-intern/chenandong.cad/SimTranslation_无权重版/ -i LTAI5t7dNQWisesahzYa76G2 -k bsIKZGxLeJg6yYnLlKhaVgmhBIvTG7 -u --include * diff --git a/SimTranslation/requirements.txt b/SimTranslation/requirements.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a86b29ff44929f71f4e96bb6332e0b3b9de0fd3a --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/requirements.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +# ============================================================ +# 源端信息补全的机器同传 - 环境依赖 +# 基于 Fairseq 0.9.0 (Wait-k fork) + BERT 源端补全 +# ============================================================ + +# Python >= 3.6, 推荐 3.8 或 3.9 +# CUDA >= 10.1 (与 PyTorch 版本匹配) + +# --- 核心依赖 --- +torch>=1.4.0,<1.13.0 +numpy>=1.19.0 +cython>=0.29.0 +cffi>=1.0.0 +regex +sacrebleu>=1.4.0,<2.0.0 +tqdm>=4.40.0 + +# --- Fairseq 构建依赖 --- +setuptools>=18.0 + +# --- BERT 相关 (项目自带 BERT 实现, 无需 HuggingFace transformers) --- +# 项目使用自实现的 bert/ 模块, 不依赖 transformers 库 +boto3 +requests + +# --- 可选依赖 (用于实验可视化) --- +matplotlib>=3.3.0 +tensorboard>=2.2.0 + +# ============================================================ +# 安装步骤: +# 1. conda create -n simt python=3.8 +# 2. conda activate simt +# 3. pip install torch==1.10.0+cu113 -f https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu113/torch_stable.html +# 4. pip install -r requirements.txt +# 5. cd && pip install --editable . +# ============================================================ diff --git a/SimTranslation/run_all.sh b/SimTranslation/run_all.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b82ee4a1fcbe8797e32260a9438b757a04fb398 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/run_all.sh @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +#!/bin/bash +# ============================================================ +# 源端信息补全机器同传 - 全自动训练+评估脚本 +# 从头训练所有模型并评估，结果保存到 logs/all_results.txt +# ============================================================ +set -e + +SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)" +FAIRSEQ="$SCRIPT_DIR/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack" +BERT_MODEL="$SCRIPT_DIR/bert_model/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased" +LOGDIR="$SCRIPT_DIR/logs" +BASELINE_DATA="$FAIRSEQ/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/iwslt14-de-en-onlyfariseq" +BERT_DATA="$FAIRSEQ/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en" + +mkdir -p "$LOGDIR" +RESULT="$LOGDIR/all_results.txt" +> "$RESULT" + +# ===== 配置 ===== +GPUS=(0 1 2 3) # 使用的 GPU +MAX_UPDATES=50000 # 训练步数 +MAX_TOKENS=4000 # 批大小 +BERT_DROPOUT=0.5 # BERT dropout + +RED='\033[0;31m'; GREEN='\033[0;32m'; NC='\033[0m' +log() { echo -e "[$(date '+%m-%d %H:%M:%S')] $*" | tee -a "$LOGDIR/pipeline.log"; } +ok() { echo -e "${GREEN}[OK]${NC} $*"; } +err() { echo -e "${RED}[ERR]${NC} $*"; } + +assert_file() { [ -f "$1" ] || { err "文件不存在: $1"; exit 1; }; } + +# ===== 环境检查 ===== +check_env() { + log "检查环境..." + python -c "import torch; assert torch.cuda.is_available(), 'CUDA不可用'" || { err "CUDA不可用"; exit 1; } + python -c "import fairseq" || { err "Fairseq未安装"; exit 1; } + assert_file "$FAIRSEQ/train.py" + assert_file "$FAIRSEQ/generate.py" + assert_file "$BERT_MODEL/pytorch_model.bin" + assert_file "$BERT_MODEL/vocab.txt" + n_gpu=$(python -c "import torch; print(torch.cuda.device_count())") + ok "环境OK, GPU数=$n_gpu" +} + +# ===== 训练 NMT warmup (512d, 与BERT同架构，用于warmup) ===== +train_nmt() { + local k=$1 gpu=$2 + local ckpt="$FAIRSEQ/checkpoints/nmt_wait${k}" + local log="$LOGDIR/train_nmt_k${k}.log" + if [ -f "$ckpt/checkpoint_best.pt" ]; then + ok "NMT k=$k 已存在, 跳过" + return 0 + fi + log "训练 NMT warmup k=$k (GPU=$gpu) -> $log" + mkdir -p "$ckpt" + CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=$gpu python "$FAIRSEQ/train.py" "$BASELINE_DATA" \ + -s de -t en --left-pad-source False \ + --user-dir "$FAIRSEQ/examples/waitk" --arch waitk_transformer_iwslt_de_en \ + --save-dir "$ckpt" --seed 1 --no-epoch-checkpoints --no-progress-bar \ + --log-interval 100 --optimizer adam --adam-betas '(0.9, 0.98)' \ + --weight-decay 0.0001 --max-tokens $MAX_TOKENS --update-freq 2 \ + --max-update $MAX_UPDATES --lr-scheduler inverse_sqrt --warmup-updates 4000 \ + --warmup-init-lr '1e-07' --lr 0.0002 --min-lr '1e-9' \ + --criterion label_smoothed_cross_entropy --label-smoothing 0.1 \ + --share-decoder-input-output-embed --waitk $k \ + > "$log" 2>&1 + ok "NMT k=$k 训练完成" +} + +# ===== 训练 BERT ===== +train_bert() { + local k=$1 gpu=$2 + local nmt_ckpt="$FAIRSEQ/checkpoints/nmt_wait${k}" + local ckpt="$FAIRSEQ/checkpoints/bert_wait${k}" + local log="$LOGDIR/train_bert_k${k}.log" + if [ -f "$ckpt/checkpoint_best.pt" ]; then + ok "BERT k=$k 已存在, 跳过" + return 0 + fi + assert_file "$nmt_ckpt/checkpoint_best.pt" + mkdir -p "$ckpt" + cp "$nmt_ckpt/checkpoint_best.pt" "$ckpt/checkpoint_nmt.pt" + log "训练 BERT k=$k (GPU=$gpu) -> $log" + CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=$gpu python "$FAIRSEQ/train.py" "$BERT_DATA" \ + -s de -t en --left-pad-source False \ + --user-dir "$FAIRSEQ/examples/waitk" --arch waitk_transformer_iwslt_de_en \ + --save-dir "$ckpt" --seed 1 --no-progress-bar --log-interval 100 \ + --optimizer adam --adam-betas '(0.9, 0.98)' --weight-decay 0.0001 \ + --max-tokens $MAX_TOKENS --update-freq 2 --max-update $MAX_UPDATES \ + --warmup-from-nmt --reset-lr-scheduler --warmup-nmt-file checkpoint_nmt.pt \ + --bert-model-name "$BERT_MODEL" --lr-scheduler inverse_sqrt \ + --warmup-updates 4000 --warmup-init-lr '1e-07' --lr 0.0002 \ + --min-lr '1e-9' --criterion label_smoothed_cross_entropy --label-smoothing 0.1 \ + --share-decoder-input-output-embed --waitk $k \ + --encoder-bert-dropout --encoder-bert-dropout-ratio $BERT_DROPOUT \ + > "$log" 2>&1 + ok "BERT k=$k 训练完成" +} + +# ===== 评估 ===== +evaluate() { + local k=$1 gpu=$2 name=$3 ckpt_dir=$4 data_bin=$5 bert_flag=$6 + local ckpt="$ckpt_dir/checkpoint_best.pt" + [ ! -f "$ckpt" ] && ckpt="$ckpt_dir/checkpoint_last.pt" + [ ! -f "$ckpt" ] && { err "找不到checkpoint: $ckpt_dir"; return 1; } + local log="$LOGDIR/eval_${name}.log" + log "评估 $name (GPU=$gpu)" + local extra="" + [ "$bert_flag" = "bert" ] && extra=", 'bert_model_name': '$BERT_MODEL'" + CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=$gpu python "$FAIRSEQ/generate.py" "$data_bin" \ + -s de -t en --gen-subset test --path "$ckpt" --task waitk_translation \ + --eval-waitk $k \ + --model-overrides "{'max_source_positions': 1024, 'max_target_positions': 1024${extra}}" \ + --left-pad-source False --user-dir "$FAIRSEQ/examples/waitk" --no-progress-bar \ + --max-tokens 8000 --remove-bpe --beam 1 \ + > "$log" 2>&1 + echo "" >> "$RESULT" + echo "========== $name ==========" >> "$RESULT" + python "$FAIRSEQ/examples/waitk/eval_delay.py" "$log" 2>/dev/null >> "$RESULT" + grep -E "BLEU|Translated" "$log" | tail -2 >> "$RESULT" 2>/dev/null + ok "$name 完成" +} + +# ============================================================ +# MAIN +# ============================================================ +echo "========================================" +echo " 源端信息补全机器同传 - 全自动流水线" +echo " 论文: IEEE TASLP 2025" +echo " GPU: ${GPUS[*]}" +echo " 日志: $LOGDIR/" +echo "========================================" + +check_env + +# 阶段 1: 训练 NMT warmup (可并行) +log "===== 阶段 1: NMT warmup =====" +train_nmt 1 ${GPUS[0]} & +train_nmt 5 ${GPUS[1]} & +train_nmt 9 ${GPUS[2]} & +wait +ok "阶段1完成" + +# 阶段 2: 训练 BERT (并行) +log "===== 阶段 2: BERT 训练 =====" +train_bert 1 ${GPUS[0]} & +train_bert 5 ${GPUS[1]} & +train_bert 9 ${GPUS[2]} & +wait +ok "阶段2完成" + +# 阶段 3: 评估所有模型 +log "===== 阶段 3: 评估 =====" +evaluate 1 ${GPUS[3]} "bert_k1" "$FAIRSEQ/checkpoints/bert_wait1" "$BERT_DATA" "bert" +evaluate 5 ${GPUS[3]} "bert_k5" "$FAIRSEQ/checkpoints/bert_wait5" "$BERT_DATA" "bert" +evaluate 9 ${GPUS[3]} "bert_k9" "$FAIRSEQ/checkpoints/bert_wait9" "$BERT_DATA" "bert" +evaluate 1 ${GPUS[3]} "nmt_k1" "$FAIRSEQ/checkpoints/baseline_wait1" "$BASELINE_DATA" "no" +evaluate 5 ${GPUS[3]} "nmt_k5" "$FAIRSEQ/checkpoints/baseline_wait5" "$BASELINE_DATA" "no" +evaluate 9 ${GPUS[3]} "nmt_k9" "$FAIRSEQ/checkpoints/baseline_wait9" "$BASELINE_DATA" "no" + +echo "" +echo "========================================" +echo " 全部完成!" +echo " 结果: $RESULT" +echo "========================================" +cat "$RESULT" diff --git a/SimTranslation/run_single.sh b/SimTranslation/run_single.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..490af0acb7d609565e2861fbfc92e8b3d73f5220 --- /dev/null +++ b/SimTranslation/run_single.sh @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +#!/bin/bash +# 单 k 值快速验证脚本 +# 用法: bash run_single.sh 5 [gpu_id] +set -e +K=${1:-5} +GPU=${2:-0} +SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)" +FAIRSEQ="$SCRIPT_DIR/code/unibert_waitk_0901_stack" +BERT="$SCRIPT_DIR/bert_model/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased" +LOGDIR="$SCRIPT_DIR/logs" +mkdir -p "$LOGDIR" + +echo "=== 单k验证: k=$K GPU=$GPU ===" + +# NMT warmup (对齐原始 SimTranslation: arch=waitk_transformer_small, lr=0.002) +CKPT_NMT="$FAIRSEQ/checkpoints/nmt_wait${K}" +if [ ! -f "$CKPT_NMT/checkpoint_best.pt" ]; then + echo "[1/3] 训练 NMT k=$K..." + mkdir -p "$CKPT_NMT" + CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=$GPU python "$FAIRSEQ/train.py" \ + "$FAIRSEQ/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/iwslt14-de-en-onlyfariseq" \ + -s de -t en --left-pad-source False --user-dir "$FAIRSEQ/examples/waitk" \ + --arch waitk_transformer_small --save-dir "$CKPT_NMT" --seed 1 \ + --no-epoch-checkpoints --no-progress-bar --log-interval 100 \ + --optimizer adam --adam-betas '(0.9, 0.98)' --weight-decay 0.0001 \ + --max-tokens 4000 --update-freq 2 --max-update 50000 \ + --lr-scheduler inverse_sqrt --warmup-updates 4000 --warmup-init-lr '1e-07' \ + --lr 0.002 --min-lr '1e-9' \ + --criterion label_smoothed_cross_entropy --label-smoothing 0.1 \ + --share-decoder-input-output-embed --waitk $K +else + echo "[1/3] NMT k=$K 已存在, 跳过" +fi + +# BERT (对齐原始 SimTranslation: 无 --share-all-embeddings) +CKPT_BERT="$FAIRSEQ/checkpoints/bert_wait${K}" +if [ ! -f "$CKPT_BERT/checkpoint_best.pt" ]; then + echo "[2/3] 训练 BERT k=$K..." + mkdir -p "$CKPT_BERT" + cp "$CKPT_NMT/checkpoint_best.pt" "$CKPT_BERT/checkpoint_nmt.pt" + CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=$GPU python "$FAIRSEQ/train.py" \ + "$FAIRSEQ/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en" \ + -s de -t en --left-pad-source False --user-dir "$FAIRSEQ/examples/waitk" \ + --arch waitk_transformer_iwslt_de_en --save-dir "$CKPT_BERT" --seed 1 \ + --no-progress-bar --log-interval 100 \ + --optimizer adam --adam-betas '(0.9, 0.98)' --weight-decay 0.0001 \ + --max-tokens 4000 --update-freq 2 --max-update 50000 \ + --warmup-from-nmt --reset-lr-scheduler --warmup-nmt-file checkpoint_nmt.pt \ + --bert-model-name "$BERT" --lr-scheduler inverse_sqrt \ + --warmup-updates 4000 --warmup-init-lr '1e-07' --lr 0.0002 \ + --min-lr '1e-9' --criterion label_smoothed_cross_entropy --label-smoothing 0.1 \ + --share-decoder-input-output-embed --waitk $K \ + --encoder-bert-dropout --encoder-bert-dropout-ratio 0.5 +else + echo "[2/3] BERT k=$K 已存在, 跳过" +fi + +# 评估 +echo "[3/3] 评估..." +for m in nmt bert; do + [ "$m" = "nmt" ] && CKPT="$CKPT_NMT" || CKPT="$CKPT_BERT" + [ "$m" = "nmt" ] && DATA="$FAIRSEQ/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/iwslt14-de-en-onlyfariseq" || DATA="$FAIRSEQ/iwslt14.tokenized.de-en/bi_iwslt_de_en" + EXTRA="" + [ "$m" = "bert" ] && EXTRA=", 'bert_model_name': '$BERT'" + LOG="$LOGDIR/eval_${m}_k${K}.log" + CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=$GPU python "$FAIRSEQ/generate.py" "$DATA" \ + -s de -t en --gen-subset test --path "$CKPT/checkpoint_best.pt" \ + --task waitk_translation --eval-waitk $K \ + --model-overrides "{'max_source_positions': 1024, 'max_target_positions': 1024${EXTRA}}" \ + --left-pad-source False --user-dir "$FAIRSEQ/examples/waitk" --no-progress-bar \ + --max-tokens 8000 --remove-bpe --beam 1 > "$LOG" 2>&1 + echo "=== $m k=$K ===" + python "$FAIRSEQ/examples/waitk/eval_delay.py" "$LOG" 2>/dev/null +done +echo "完成!"